bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of polyethylene chains grafted onto the sidewalls of single‐walled carbon nanotubes via copolymerization
Authors: Li Shiyun , Chen Hui , Bi Wuguo , Zhou Jianjun , Wang Yanhui , Li Jianzhong , Cheng Wenxi , Li Meiye , Li Lin , Tang Tao
Published: October 2007

Polyethylene (PE) chains grafted onto the sidewalls of SWCNTs (SWCNT‐g‐PE) were successfully synthesized via ethylene copolymerization with functionalized single‐walled carbon nanotubes (f‐SWCNTs) catalyzed by rac‐(en)(THInd)2ZrCl2/MAO. Here f‐SWCNTs, in which α‐alkene groups were chemically linked on the sidewalls of SWCNTs, were synthesized by Prato reaction. The composition and microstructure of SWCNT‐g‐PE were characterized by means of 1H NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), field‐emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Nanosized cable‐like structure was formed in the SWCNT‐g‐PE, in which the PE formed a tubular shell and several SWCNTs bundles existed as core. The formation of the above morphology in the SWCNT‐g‐PE resulted from successfully grafting of PE chains onto the surface of SWCNTs via copolymerization. The grown PE chains grafted onto the sidewall of the f‐SWCNTs promoted the exfoliation of the mass nanotubes. Comparing with pure PE, the physical mixture of PE/f‐SWCNTs and in situ PE/SWCNTs mixture, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of SWCNT‐g‐PE were higher because of the chemical bonding between the f‐SWCNTs and PE chains. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5459–5469, 2007
New architecture of supported metallocene catalysts for alkene polymerization
Authors: Velilla Teresa , Delgado Katherine , Quijada Raúl , Bianchini Daniela , Barrera Galland Griselda , Dos Santos João Henrique Z. , Fasce Diana P. , Williams Roberto J. J.
Published: October 2007

We report the synthesis of a supported metallocene catalyst that exhibits the same activity as a homogeneous catalyst for ethylene polymerization reactions. The key to this new catalytic system is a hybrid organic–inorganic polymer obtained by the cocondensation of an organotrialkoxysilane (OTAS; 40 mol %) with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS; 60 mol %). The particular organic group of OTAS enabled us to avoid gelation when the hydrolytic condensation was performed with a thermal cycle attaining 150 °C. The resulting product [soluble functionalized silica (SFS)] was a glass at room temperature that was soluble in several organic solvents such as tetrahydrofuran and toluene. The 29Si NMR spectrum of SFS showed that the OTAS units were fully condensed (T3 species), whereas the TEOS units were mainly present as tricondensed (Q3) and tetracondensed (Q4) units. SFS was grafted onto activated silica through a reaction of silanol groups. The metallocene [(nBuCp)2ZrCl2] was covalently bonded to the SFS‐modified support. The polymerization of ethylene was carried out in toluene in the presence of methylaluminoxane. The activity of the supported catalyst was similar to that of the metallocene catalyst in solution. The simplest explanation accounting for this fact is that most of the metallocene was grafted to SFS species issuing from the surface of the support through a reaction with their silanol groups. This improved the accessibility of the monomer to the reaction sites. Specific interactions of the metallocene species with neighboring organic branches of SFS might also affect the catalytic activity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5480–5486, 2007
Synthesis of polyallene‐based graft copolymer via 6‐methyl‐1,2‐heptadien‐4‐ol and styrene
Authors: Zhang Xiaohuan , Shen Zhong , Li Litao , Zhang Sen , Lu Guolin , Huang Xiaoyu
Published: October 2007

A series of well‐defined graft copolymers with a polyallene‐based backbone and polystyrene side chains were synthesized by the combination of living coordination polymerization of 6‐methyl‐1,2‐heptadien‐4‐ol and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene. Poly(alcohol) with polyallene repeating units were prepared via 6‐methyl‐1,2‐heptadien‐4‐ol by living coordination polymerization initiated by [(η3‐allyl)NiOCOCF3]2 firstly, followed by transforming the pendant hydroxyl groups into halogen‐containing ATRP initiation groups. Grafting‐from route was employed in the following step for the synthesis of the well‐defined graft copolymer: polystyrene was grafted to the backbone via ATRP of styrene. The cleaved polystyrene side chains show a narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn = 1.06). This kind of graft copolymer is the first example of graft copolymer via allene derivative and styrenic monomer. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5509–5517, 2007
Shear damping function measurements for branched polymers
Authors: Vega Daniel A. , Milner Scott T.
Published: October 2007

We present results for step‐strain experiments and the resulting damping functions of polyethylene blends of different structures, including solutions of linear, star and comb polymers. Remarkably, an entangled melt of combs exhibits a damping function close to that for entangled linear chains. Diluting the combs with faster‐relaxing material leads to a more nearly constant damping function. We find similar behavior for blends of commercial low density polyethylene LDPE. Our results suggest a simple picture: on timescales relevant to typical damping‐function experiments, the rheologically active portions of our PE combs as well as commercial LDPE are essentially chain backbones. When strongly entangled, these exhibit the Doi‐Edwards damping function; when diluted, the damping function tends toward the result for unentangled chains described by the Rouse model – namely, no damping. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 3117–3136, 2007
Surface Modification of Poly(propylene) Microporous Membrane to Improve Its Antifouling Characteristics in an SMBR: O2 Plasma Treatment
Authors: Yu Hai‐Yin , He Xiao‐Chun , Liu Lan‐Qin , Gu Jia‐Shan , Wei Xian‐Wen
Published: October 2007

Fouling is the major obstacle in membrane processes applied in water and wastewater treatment. To improve the antifouling characteristics of PPHFMMs in an SMBR for wastewater treatment, the PPHFMMs were surface‐modified by O2 low temperature plasma treatment. Structural and morphological changes on the membrane surface were characterized by XPS and FE‐SEM. The change of surface wettability was monitored by contact angle measurements. Results of XPS clearly indicated that the plasma treatment introduced oxygen containing polar groups on the membrane surface. The static water contact angle of the modified membrane reduced obviously with the increase of plasma treatment time. The relative pure water flux for the modified membranes increased with plasma treatment time up to 1 min, then it decreased with further increase of plasma treatment time. Decreases in the tensile strength and the tensile elongation at break of the modified membranes were also observed. To assess the relation between the plasma treatment and the membrane fouling in an SMBR, filtration for activated sludge was carried out by using synthetic wastewater. After continuous operation in the SMBR for about 75 h, flux recovery were 8.7 and 12.3%, reduction of flux were 91.6 and 87.4% for the nascent and O2 plasma treated PPHFMM for 1 min, relative flux ratio for O2 plasma treated PPHFMM for 1 min was 49.9% higher than that of the nascent PPHFMM.

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Gardasil: first vaccine for human papillomavirus infection
Authors: Chaplin Steve , Szarewski Anne
Published: October 2007

Gardasil is a quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine for the prevention of cervical cancer, cervical and vulvar dysplasia and external genital warts. In our New products review, Steve Chaplin presents the clinical data relating to its efficacy and Dr Anne Szarewski comments on the implications of the proposed immunisation programme. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Interface Ltd
Management of uncomplicated urinary tract infection
Authors: Townsend Robert
Published: October 2007

Urinary tract infections account for a significant proportion of GP consultations and prescribing of antibiotics. Our Drug review describes the properties and side‐effects of the antibiotics used in the treatment of uncomplicated UTI, followed by sources of further information and the Datafile. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Interface Ltd
Optical response of single‐wall carbon nanotube sheets in the far‐infrared spectral range from 1 THz to 40 THz
Authors: Kampfrath Tobias , Perfetti Luca , von Volkmann Konrad , Aguirre Carla M. , Desjardins Patrick , Martel Richard , Frischkorn Christian , Wolf Martin
Published: October 2007

The optical properties of single‐wall carbon nanotube sheets in the far‐infrared have been investigated with THz time‐domain spectroscopy. Over a wide frequency range from 1 THz to 40 THz, the complex dielectric function of the nanotube sample has been derived. Our data can be excellently reproduced by a Drude–Lorentz model function. The extracted fit parameters such as Lorentz resonance frequency and plasma frequency are consistent with values obtained by scanning tunneling techniques. We discuss the origin of both the Lorentz and Drude contribution in terms of direct and indirect optical transitions. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Encapsulation of molecular nitrogen in multiwall CNx nanotubes
Authors: Bulusheva L. G. , Okotrub A. V. , Kudashov A. G. , Pazhetnov E. M. , Boronin A. I. , Vyalikh D. V.
Published: October 2007

Multiwall CNx nanotubes have been grown in the result of acetonitrile decomposition over Fe catalyst (CVD method). The random nanotubes samples have been produced by classical technique using catalyst nanoparticles formed by iron bimaleate thermolysis. The aligned nanotubes have been synthesized by aerosol assisted CVD method where ferrocene was used as a catalyst source. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed the random sample contains two kinds of nitrogen, while additional high‐energy peak was detected in the N 1s‐spectrum of the aligned CNx nanotubes. X‐ray absorption spectra measured near the N K‐edge (NEXAFS) of the samples exhibited three peaks for both type of CNx nanotubes. The relative intensity of the high‐energy peak was found to be much higher in the spectrum of aligned nanotubes. Assignment of the NEXAFS peaks was made using results of quantum‐chemical calculations on carbon tube model incorporating pyridinic, three‐fold coordinated and molecule nitrogen. The high‐energy peak was shown to correspond to N2 molecules and its absence in the XPS spectrum of random CNx nanotubes indicates the gaseous nitrogen is mainly concentrated in the interior region of nanotubes. The larger encapsulation of molecules in the aligned CNx nanotubes could be due to the higher diffusion of nitrogen atoms trough the catalytic particles formed directly in the CVD process. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Issues with using baseline in last observation carried forward analysis
Authors: Julious Steven A. , Mullee Mark A.
Published: October 2007

The topic of this paper was prompted by a study for which one of us was the statistician. It was submitted to Annals of Internal Medicine. The paper had positive reviewer comment; however, the statistical reviewer stated that for the analysis to be acceptable for publication, the missing data had to be accounted for in the analysis through the use of baseline in a last observation carried forward imputation. We discuss the issues associated with this form of imputation and recommend that it should not be undertaken as a primary analysis. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast analysis of high‐energy compounds and agricultural chemicals in water with desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Mulligan Christopher C. , MacMillan Denise K. , Noll Robert J. , Cooks R. Graham
Published: October 2007

Novel sampling and detection methods using desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) are examined in the detection of explosives (RDX, TNT, HMX, and TNB) and agricultural chemicals (atrazine, alachlor and acetochlor) from aqueous matrices and authentic contaminated groundwater samples. DESI allows analysis of solid and liquid compounds directly from surfaces of interest with little or no sample preparation. Significant savings in analysis time and sample preparation are realized. The methods investigated here include (i) immediate analysis of filter paper wetted with contaminated water samples without further sample preparation, (ii) rapid liquid‐liquid extraction (LLE), and (iii) analyte extraction from contaminated groundwater samples on‐site using solid‐phase extraction (SPE) membranes, followed by direct DESI analysis of the membrane. The wetted filter paper experiment demonstrates the maximum sample throughput for DESI analysis of aqueous matrices but has inadequate sensitivity for some of these analytes. Both the LLE and the SPE methods have adequate sensitivity. The resulting SPE membranes and/or small volume solvent extracts produced in these experiments are readily transported to off‐site facilities for direct analysis by DESI. This realizes a significant reduction in the costs of sample shipping compared with those for typical liter‐sized samples of groundwater. Total analysis times for these preliminary DESI analyses are comparable with or shorter than those for GC/MS and limits of detection approach environmental action levels for these compounds while maintaining a modest relative standard deviation. Tandem mass spectrometric data is used to provide additional specificity as needed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accounting for patient heterogeneity in phase II clinical trials
Authors: Wathen J. Kyle , Thall Peter F. , Cook John D. , Estey Elihu H.
Published: October 2007

Phase II clinical trials typically are single‐arm studies conducted to decide whether an experimental treatment is sufficiently promising, relative to standard treatment, to warrant further investigation. Many methods exist for conducting phase II trials under the assumption that patients are homogeneous. In the presence of patient heterogeneity, however, these designs are likely to draw incorrect conclusions. We propose a class of model‐based Bayesian designs for single‐arm phase II trials with a binary or time‐to‐event outcome and two or more prognostic subgroups. The designs' early stopping rules are subgroup specific and allow the possibility of terminating some subgroups while continuing others, thus providing superior results when compared with designs that ignore treatment–subgroup interactions. Because our formulation requires informative priors on standard treatment parameters and subgroup main effects, and non‐informative priors on experimental treatment parameters and treatment–subgroup interactions, we provide an algorithm for computing prior hyperparameter values. A simulation study is presented and the method is illustrated by a chemotherapy trial in acute leukemia. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of MK‐801 on gene expressions in the amygdala of rats
Authors: Matsuoka Tadasu , Tsunoda Masahiko , Sumiyoshi Tomiki , Takasaki Ichiro , Tabuchi Yoshiaki , Seo Tomonori , Tanaka Kodai , Uehara Takashi , Itoh Hiroko , Suzuki Michio , Kurachi Masayoshi
Published: October 2007

Rodents treated with N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) antagonists have been thought to be an animal model of schizophrenia. In this study, we examined gene expression in the amygdala of rats chronically treated with MK‐801, as well as behavioral changes, such as social behavior, in these animals. The social interaction test, a measure of social behavior, and locomotor activity was performed in male Wistar rats injected with MK‐801 (0.13 mg/kg i.p.) or saline for 14 days. Changes in mRNA levels were analyzed using a GeneChip® microarray system. Real‐time quantitative PCR (RT‐qPCR) assay was subsequently conducted to confirm the results of the microarray analysis. MK‐801 decreased social interaction and increased locomotor activity in rats, consistent with previous reports. We found 23 downregulated genes and 16 upregulated genes, with the gene encoding arginine‐vasopressin (AVP) being most downregulated, and that for transthyretin (Ttr) most upregulated. mRNA levels, quantified by RT‐qPCR assay, were altered for genes related to neuropeptides (AVP, Sstr2), the arachidonic cascade (Ptgds), myelination (Mobp, Enpp2), neurotrophic factors (Igfbp2), and hormonal milieu (Ttr). Downregulation of the AVP gene in the amygdala of MK‐801‐treated rats may provide a basis for the ability of AVP‐analogues to ameliorate the behavioral disturbances caused by blockade of the NMDA receptor. The results of this study provide an insight into the neural substrates responsible for the generation of psychotic symptoms. Synapse 62:1–7, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alternative evacuation design solutions for high‐rise buildings
Authors: Lay Simon
Published: October 2007

There have been many proposals for novel and innovative evacuation solutions for high‐rise buildings, particularly since 11 September 2001. There has been much confusion with regard to what evacuation processes are appropriate for tall buildings and some condemnation of traditional evacuation practices. This paper investigates in detail the role to be played by elevators and stairs in novel evacuation solutions which can deliver safe, efficient evacuation using current technology and well‐tested products. The key drivers for alternative evacuation design are discussed and guidelines for the practicalities of modern high‐rise evacuation design are presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparative study of STBC transmissions at 2.4 GHz over indoor channels using a 2 × 2 MIMO testbed
Authors: Ramírez David , Santamaría Ignacio , Pérez Jesús , Vía Javier , García‐Naya José A. , Fernández‐Caramés Tiago M. , Pérez‐Iglesias Héctor J. , González‐López Miguel , Castedo Luis , Torres‐Royo José M.
Published: October 2007

In this paper we employ a 2 × 2 Multiple‐Input Multiple‐Output (MIMO) hardware platform to evaluate, in realistic indoor scenarios, the performance of different space‐time block coded (STBC) transmissions at 2.4 GHz. In particular, we focus on the Alamouti orthogonal scheme considering two types of channel state information (CSI) estimation: a conventional pilot‐aided supervised technique and a recently proposed blind method based on second‐order statistics (SOS). For comparison purposes, we also evaluate the performance of a Differential (non‐coherent) space‐time block coding (DSTBC). DSTBC schemes have the advantage of not requiring CSI estimation but they incur in a 3 dB loss in performance. The hardware MIMO platform is based on high‐performance signal acquisition and generation boards, each one equipped with a 1 GB memory module that allows the transmission of extremely large data frames. Upconversion to RF is performed by two RF vector signal generators whereas downconversion is carried out with two custom circuits designed from commercial components. All the baseband signal processing is implemented off‐line in MATLAB®, making the MIMO testbed very flexible and easily reconfigurable. Using this platform we compare the performance of the described methods in line‐of‐sight (LOS) and non‐line‐of‐sight (NLOS) indoor scenarios. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Progress and Future Challenges in Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Management
Authors: Safi Hazim J. , Estrera Anthony L. , Azizzadeh Ali , Coogan Sheila , Miller Charles C.
Published: October 2007

Background

Postoperative paraplegia and paraparesis have been the scourge of thoracoabdominal aortic repair since the inception of the procedure.

Methods and Results

In our experience with more than 1,250 cases in 15 years, we have developed adjunctive strategies that have pushed neurologic deficit rates down from over 30% percent in the most extensive cases to less than 2% overall in the modern era. The dramatic reductions in risk reported by ourselves and others have led to recent complacency regarding the importance of this complication, and widening use of endovascular technologies raises the potential specter of a return to suboptimal results.

Conclusions

Utmost care is required in the vetting of these new technologies to prevent regression of the hard‐won excellent results obtainable by open repair. Postoperative renal failure, in stark contrast to neurologic deficit, has remained resistant to every treatment that has been described in the literature. The fact that we haven’t learned to treat it means that we don’t understand the mechanisms behind it, and this problem is worthy of a major focused discovery and management effort. We have recently begun a multi‐pronged research program to discover basic mechanisms of renal injury so that appropriate and effective treatments can be discovered.
Laparoscopy‐assisted Pylorus‐preserving Gastrectomy: Preservation of Vagus Nerve and Infrapyloric Blood Flow Induces Less Stasis
Authors: Nunobe Souya , Hiki Naoki , Fukunaga Tetsu , Tokunaga Masanori , Ohyama Shigekazu , Seto Yasuyuki , Yamaguchi Toshiharu
Published: October 2007

Background

Pylorus‐preserving gastrectomy (PPG) prevents postprandial symptoms; however, delayed gastric retention due to aberrant pylorus function can occur during the early postoperative period. This study aimed to establish a stasis‐less PPG procedure with preservation of the vagal nerve and blood flow to the pyloric cuff, and to apply the technique for laparoscopy‐assisted PPG.

Methods

Ninety patients with T1 gastric cancer located in the middle third of the stomach were enrolled in this study for surgery from January 2003 to March 2006, undergoing either laparoscopy‐assisted PPG (LAPPG; 39 patients) or conventional PPG (CPPG; 51 patients). Operative and early postoperative outcomes were compared between the two groups.

Results

Relatively low rates of gastric stasis were observed in both the LAPPG (8%) and CPPG (6%) groups. Estimated blood loss in LAPPG (65.4 ± 12.3 ml) patients was significantly lower than in the CPPG group (160.7 ± 19.6 ml) (p < 0.001), and the total number of dissected lymph nodes was significantly greater in the LAPPG group (36.2 ± 1.8) than in the CPPG group (29.0 ± 1.3) (p = 0.001).

Conclusions

A PPG procedure with less postoperative stasis and adequate lymph node retrieval was established and applied successfully in laparoscopy‐assisted surgery.
Hyperlipoproteinaemia(a) is a common cause of autosomal dominant hypercholesterolaemia
Authors: Meriño‐Ibarra E. , Puzo J. , Jarauta E. , Cenarro A. , Recalde D. , García‐Otín Á. L. , Ros E. , Martorell E. , Pintó X. , Franco M. , Zambón D. , Brea Á. , Pocoví M. , Civeira F.
Published: October 2007

Autosomal dominant hypercholesterolaemias (ADH) are a heterogeneous group of monogenic lipid disorders. The plasma level of lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is a heritable trait associated with increased coronary heart disease (CHD) risk.

Objective

To evaluate the frequency of elevated Lp(a) as a cause of ADH and the characteristics of subjects with high Lp(a) (hyperLp(a)).

Material and methods

200 healthy subjects and 933 unrelated Spanish subjects with a clinical diagnosis of ADH who were screened for low‐density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and apolipoprotein B (APOB) gene mutations. Standard cardiovascular risk factors and blood lipid levels, including Lp(a), were evaluated. HyperLp(a) was defined as Lp(a) levels ≥95th centile of control values.

Results

Lp(a) was higher in 263 subjects without LDLR or APOB mutations (nonLDLR/nonAPOB group) than in 670 subjects with mutations (FH group): 40.0 mg/dl (interquartile range (IR) 15.0–89.0) versus 31.0 mg/dl (IR 11.0–73.7) respectively, p=0.002. HyperLp(a) was present in 23% of ADH subjects (odds ratio (OR) 5.6 (95% CI, 2.9 to 10.7) versus controls) and 29% of nonLDLR/nonAPOB subjects (OR 7.7; 3.9 to 15.4). After adjusting for Lp(a), LDL cholesterol levels were <95th centile in 28 (10.6%) nonLDLR/nonAPOB subjects and in 9 (1.3%) FH subjects. Lp(a) levels were nonsignificantly higher in ADH subjects with early‐onset CHD than in those without (43.5 mg/dl, (IR, 12.0–82.0) versus 31.7 mg/dl (11.8–76.5), respectively).

Conclusions

HyperLp(a) is responsible for ADH in approximately 6% of nonLDLR/nonAPOB subjects. HyperLp(a) would not appear to be a risk factor for early‐onset CHD in ADH, independently of whether genetic defects have or have not been demonstrated.
Conversations between China and the West: The missionaries in early Qing Dynasty and their researches on the Book of Changes
Authors: Xiping ZHANG
Published: October 2007

By the early 18thCentury, the “Rites Controversy” among the missionaries themselves has evolved into a culture conflict between the Qing Empire and Europe. To make the European missionaries in China follow the rites of Matteo Ricci, Emperor Kangxi had French Jesuit missionaries Joachim Bouvet and Jean Francoise Foucquet study theBook of Changesin his royal palace and had further conversions with the European missionaries based on their researches. Not only did this cultural conversation reveal the Figurist’s tendencies, as represented by Bouvet, and the interior conflict among the missionaries themselves after the “Rites controversy,” but also showed Kangxi’s policies towards the missionaries, as well as his attitude towards Western culture and religion.
Influence of China’s imperial examinations on Japan, Korea and Vietnam
Authors: Haifeng LIU
Published: October 2007

China’s imperial examinations greatly influenced the East Asian world. Japan imitated it during the eighth to tenth centuries; its subjects include xiucai, mingjing, jinshi, mingfa, as well as medicine and acupuncture. Korean imperial examinations are the longest and most comprehensive ones among other East Asian countries. Vietnam was the last to abolish the imperial examinations. All three East Asian countries imitated China in their imperial examinations, which greatly raised their cultural levels.
Construction of Yan Fu’s view on social history and the turning of modern history
Authors: Tiangen WANG
Published: October 2007

The construction of Yan Fu’s view on social history has combined the indigenization of Western historiography and the modernization of traditional Chinese historiography, which reflects the characteristic of a change towards modern historiography. The academic sources of Yan’s view on social history include some Western thoughts such as Herbert Spencer’s social Darwinist theory, Edward Jenks’ patriarchal clan system theory, John Seeley’s political historiography, etc.; and also many indigenous sources such as Yang Zhu’s self benefit, Mozi’s selfless love, Buddhist views on mood, etc.
Rural transformation patterns of the campaign of rural reconstruction in republican China
Authors: Heping YU
Published: October 2007

The campaign of rural reconstruction during the republic period was a comprehensive exploration of the changes in the traditional countryside. It establishes that the transformation of the countryside is a key issue in China’s modernization and attempts to find an effective way to connect the two. In political transformation, it promoted the system of democratic autonomy; in the transformation of agricultural economy, it advocated a joint-stock system with enterprise and market features; in the transformation of farmers’ quality, it tried to equip the farmers with basic modern cultural and technological knowledge. The characters above show a pattern of relatively systematic reconstruction of the countryside with modern significances.
Chinese Nationalist Party on a wartime campus: A study focused on the National Southwest Associated University
Authors: Qisheng WANG
Published: October 2007

During the Anti-Japanese War, universities became an important arena for the competition between GMD and CCP, as well as the contention among various nationalist factions. The GMD branch in the National Southwest Associated University was the most active one among its university party branches during the wartime. About half of the professors joined the GMD, and the university authorities also tolerated professors and students in other parties and factions. The professors made up a heterogeneous group that included “democratic fighters” like Wen Yiduo and “faithful party members” like Yao Congwu. The co-existence of intellectual elites belonging to different parties and factions created a highly tolerant “fortress of democracy” on campus.
Shuihudi bamboo strips of the Qin Dynasty and mathematics in Pre-Qin Period
Authors: Dahai ZOU
Published: October 2007

The Qin laws kept on the bamboo slips unearthed from Tomb No. 11 of the Qin Dynasty at Shuihudi in Yunmeng County have great value for the study on the history of mathematics in Pre-Qin China. Many law texts recorded the severe requirements of the Qin State in the administration concerning accounting and statistics, the conversion rates between various types of foodstuffs and the proportional allotment of foodstuffs, as well as the plans and practices of engineering projets, etc. Comparative studies on the relationships between these severe Laws and the relevant methematical methords ofJiuzhang suanshulead to such conclusions as: 1) the Qin laws were based upon the foundation of highly developed mathematics; 2) many mathematical methods ofJiuzhang suanshuwere produced before the Qin Dynasty; 3) The influence of Legalists on mathematics mostly took place in the Pre-Qin Period or the Qin Dynasty.
‘Recercar’ – The Collaborative Process as Invention
Authors: FITCH FABRICE , HEYDE NEIL
Published: October 2007

This article explores the notion of artistic collaboration between performer and composer, a topic that has attracted some attention but whose methodology might be thought to preclude objective discussion by the participants themselves. Although our report can make no claims to objectivity either, it attempts a critical reflection on a specific collaboration between the two authors as composer and performer, respectively. Cast in a dialogical format, it traces the genesis of a composition by Fabrice Fitch for speaking cellist,Per Serafino Calbarsi II: Le Songe de Panurge, written in 2002–3 and premiered in London in October 2006. The collaboration first evolved as a constant exchange of ideas in which concept, technique, and realization were held in fine balance. The piece engages a variety of frames of reference. If its stance in relation to the instrument clearly draws on certain contemporary traditions, for example Lachenmann’smusiqueconcrète instrumentale, other aspects draw on earlier idioms, notably a specialized instance ofscordatura, and the use of a spoken text (from the third book of Rabelais’sPantagruel) that recalls Marin Marais’sTableau de l’opération de la taille. The interferences and resonances between these influences pose aesthetic questions that are explored within the piece and its performance, while remaining open for the analyst and audience. Finally, the ‘extended techniques’ employed posed specific notational problems. The resulting score navigates a path between tablature and ‘traditional’ notation, in which the emphasis between what is heard and what is played shifts constantly. This hybrid status, we imagine, constitutes a challenge not only for the performer, but for the analyst as well.
‘A Multicoloured Alphabet’: Rediscovering Albert Giraud’s Pierrot Lunaire
Authors: MARSH ROGER
Published: October 2007

Albert Giraud’s cycle of fiftyrondels bergamasques,Pierrot Lunaire(1884), famously became, in Otto Erich Hartleben’s German translation, the basis of Schoenberg’s Op. 21 (1912). But for many decades the work of the Belgian poet was either straightforwardly denigrated for its anachronism and ‘mediocrity’ (Boulez), or at least declared inferior to its ‘vivid, Angst-filled transformation’ (Youens) in Hartleben’s hands. This article questions some widely held beliefs concerning the originalPierrotand its subsequent reworking. The claim that Schoenberg’s selection and reorganization of the poems imposed logic and order on an otherwise jumbled collection is found to be belied by the striking narrative coherence of Giraud’s original sequence, which is unified by a clearly defined set of symbols. Meanwhile, Hartleben’s putative ‘infidelity’ to Giraud is challenged by evidence both internal (his careful preservation of the rondel structure) and contextual (an esteem for his Belgian contemporary manifested in further poetic homages). While there is no doubt that Hartleben’s translations distance the poems from their background in Parnassian aesthetics – omitting crucial references to Brueghel, Shakespeare, Watteau, and the painter and lithographer Adolphe Willette – it is Giraud himself who deserves the credit for the most strikingly memorable images later absorbed into the expressionistic milieu of Schoenberg’s melodrama.
A synthesis of global particle export from the surface ocean and cycling through the ocean interior and on the seafloor
Authors: Dunne John P. , Sarmiento Jorge L. , Gnanadesikan Anand
Published: October 2007

We present a new synthesis of the oceanic cycles of organic carbon, silicon, and calcium carbonate. Our calculations are based on a series of algorithms starting with satellite‐based primary production and continuing with conversion of primary production to sinking particle flux, penetration of particle flux to the deep sea, and accumulation in sediments. Regional and global budgets from this synthesis highlight the potential importance of shelves and near‐shelf regions for carbon burial. While a high degree of uncertainty remains, this analysis suggests that shelves, less than 50 m water depths accounting for 2% of the total ocean area, may account for 48% of the global flux of organic carbon to the seafloor. Our estimates of organic carbon and nitrogen flux are in generally good agreement with previous work while our estimates for CaCO3 and SiO2 fluxes are lower than recent work. Interannual variability in particle export fluxes is found to be relatively small compared to intra‐annual variability over large domains with the single exception of the dominating role of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation variability in the central tropical Pacific. Comparison with available sediment‐based syntheses of benthic remineralization and burial support the recent theory of mineral protection of organic carbon flux through the deep ocean, pointing to lithogenic material as an important carrier phase of organic carbon to the deep seafloor. This work suggests that models which exclude the role of lithogenic material would underestimate the penetration of POC to the deep seafloor by approximately 16–51% globally, and by a much larger fraction in areas with low productivity. Interestingly, atmospheric dust can only account for 31% of the total lithogenic flux and 42% of the lithogenically associated POC flux, implying that a majority of this material is riverine or directly erosional in origin.
A field‐based study on variation in Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca in larger benthic foraminifera
Authors: Raja Ramalingam , Saraswati Pratul Kumar , Iwao Kenji
Published: October 2007

The Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios of foraminifera are used as proxies of paleotemperature. Although the Mg/Ca is found to be related with temperature in planktonic foraminifera, the reliability of this proxy in benthic foraminifera has yet to be established. It is essential therefore to understand the minor elements' composition and their relation to ambient water parameters in different benthic foraminiferal species. In this study, a systematic field‐based study was carried out on larger benthic foraminifera (LBF) of Okinawa (Japan) to assess if Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca in their tests could be used as proxies of seawater temperature. Five seasonal samples were collected from the reef flat to pick live specimens of Amphistegina lessonii, Neorotalia calcar, Calcarina hispida, Calcarina gaudichaudii, Baculogypsina sphaerulata, and Marginopora kudakajimaensis. The Mg/Ca in A. lessonii was ∼60 mmol/mol, while in the remaining five species the values were >200 mmol/mol, substantially higher than that recorded in planktonic and smaller benthic foraminifera. Interspecies and intraspecies Mg/Ca variations were fairly large even in samples of the same season. The Sr/Ca were quite uniform (∼2 mmol/mol) across the species and seasons. The correlations between test Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca and ambient water temperature and salinity were found to be poor. The possible reasons are (1) the influence of biological activities, particularly the photosynthesis‐respiration cycle of algal symbionts, and (2) masking of the true relationship due to an “averaging” effect in whole‐test analysis of species having longer a life span. In view of this it is suggested that the whole‐shell Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca of LBF is not an apt proxy of paleotemperature.
Electrodynamics of magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling and feedback on magnetospheric field line resonances
Authors: Lu J. Y. , Rankin R. , Marchand R. , Rae I. J. , Wang W. , Solomon S. C. , Lei J.
Published: October 2007

We present a new dynamic model that describes coupling between standing inertial or ion‐acoustic‐gyroradius‐scale shear Alfvén waves, compressional modes, and auroral density disturbances. The model is applied to the excitation of field line resonances (FLRs) in dipolar and stretched geomagnetic fields in Earth's magnetosphere. Magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling is included by accounting for the closure of magnetospheric field‐aligned currents (FACs) through Pedersen currents in the ionosphere. A second new aspect is that the height‐integrated Pedersen conductivity is treated as a dynamic parameter by electrodynamically coupling the two‐dimensional finite element wave model “Topo” to the ionospheric ionization model “Global Airglow Model (GLOW).” We demonstrate that field line stretching brings the equatorial plasma β above unity, where the reduced MHD formulism for low‐frequency plasma breaks down. As an application of our model, we study a specific FLR event observed on 31 January 1997, when the NASA FAST satellite was over the Canadian Auroral Network for the OPEN Program Unified Study (CANOPUS) Gillam station. Using geomagnetic fields computed from the T96 magnetic field model, we show that auroral electron precipitation produces strong Pedersen conductivity enhancements that control the final amplitude and width of the excited FLR, along with the amplitude of associated density fluctuations. The predictions of the model are generally consistent with observations of this event.
Bed forms created by simulated waves and currents in a large flume
Authors: Lacy Jessica R. , Rubin David M. , Ikeda Hiroshi , Mokudai Kuniyasu , Hanes Daniel M.
Published: October 2007

The morphology and evolution of bed forms created by combinations of waves and currents were investigated using an oscillating plate in a 4‐m‐wide flume. Current speed ranged from 0 to 30 cm/s, maximum oscillatory velocity ranged from 20 to 48 cm/s, oscillation period was 8 s (except for one run with 12 s period), and the median grain size was 0.27 mm. The angle between oscillations and current was 90°, 60°, or 45°. At the end of each run the sand bed was photographed and ripple dimensions were measured. Ripple wavelength was also determined from sonar images collected throughout the runs. Increasing the ratio of current to wave (i.e., oscillatory) velocity decreased ripple height and wavelength, in part because of the increased fluid excursion during the wave period. Increasing the ratio of current to waves, or decreasing the angle between current and waves, increased the three‐dimensionality of bed forms. During the runs, ripple wavelength increased by a factor of about 2. The average number of wave periods for evolution of ripple wavelength to 90% of its final value was 184 for two‐dimensional ripples starting from a flat bed. Bed form orientations at the end of each run were compared to four potential controlling factors: the directions of waves, current, maximum instantaneous bed shear stress, and maximum gross bed form normal transport (MGBNT). The directions of waves and of MGBNT were equally good predictors of bed form orientations, and were significantly better than the other two factors.
Influence of planetary wave activity on the stratospheric final warming and spring ozone
Authors: Salby Murry L. , Callaghan Patrick F.
Published: October 2007

A three‐dimensional model of dynamics and photochemistry is used to investigate the influence of planetary wave activity on the seasonal evolution of the wintertime stratosphere, which dictates springtime conditions. The final warming and springtime ozone are each found to depend strongly upon planetary wave activity during the disturbed season. The integrations reproduce their observed dependence, which enters through anomalous upward Eliassen‐Palm (EP) flux from the troposphere and equatorial wind associated with the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation (QBO). Of those major influences, changes of upward EP flux are predominant. Changes representative of those in the observed record alter the timing of the final warming by as much as 1–2 months. Much the same lag distinguishes warm and cold winters in the observed record. Accompanying the shift in the final warming is a change of ozone at spring equinox. Magnified over the Arctic, anomalous springtime ozone develops largely through anomalous isentropic mixing by planetary waves. Such mixing, which precedes the final warming, incorporates ozone‐rich air from lower latitude, leading to enriched polar ozone during spring. Relative to disturbed conditions, springtime polar ozone under undisturbed conditions appears depleted by some 60 DU. Derived through anomalous transport, the same difference characterizes observed changes between warm and cold winters. Much of the apparent depletion is eventually eliminated with the onset of isentropic mixing, as it is in the observed record. Together with anomalous dynamical structure, such behavior has implications important to the interpretation of interannual changes.
Stratomesospheric CO measured by a ground‐based Fourier Transform Spectrometer over Poker Flat, Alaska: Comparisons with Odin/SMR and a 2‐D model
Authors: Jones N. B. , Kasai Y. , Dupuy E. , Murayama Y. , Urban J. , Barret B. , Sinnhuber M. , Kagawa A. , Koshiro T. , Ricaud P. , Murtagh D.
Published: October 2007

The interseasonal variability of stratomesospheric CO is reported from Poker Flat, Alaska, using spectra from a ground‐based Fourier Transform Spectrometer (gb‐FTS) for the time period from 2000 to 2004. The CO spectra were analyzed using an optimal estimation technique that separates the tropospheric and stratospheric/mesospheric components into partial columns. The distribution of CO in the polar winter is such that the gb‐FTS retrieved partial column is weighted to the mesosphere. The gb‐FTS data are compared with measurements of partial column CO from the Sub‐Millimeter Radiometer on board the Odin satellite and shown to be in very good agreement despite the relatively small sample size. The mean difference of the two data sets indicates a small positive bias (7.6 ± 6%) in favor of the Odin data, with a correlation coefficient, r2 = 0.91. The gb‐FTS data indicate that there is a strong seasonal dependence of the CO partial column that is consistent with known winter polar thermospheric descent of CO enriched air. Year‐to‐year variability is explained in terms of mesospheric wind dynamics, which show 2004 and components of 2002 were affected by earlier than expected breakdown (30 ± 13 d) of the winter polar circulation compared with 2000 to 2003. Finally, the measured CO data is compared with a 2‐D chemical transport model that gives support to the idea that springtime polar mesospheric CO is driven by meridional winds.
Retrieval of volcanic SO2 column abundance from Atmospheric Infrared Sounder data
Authors: Prata A. J. , Bernardo C.
Published: October 2007

The concentrations of volcanic sulphur dioxide (SO2) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere are inferred using new infrared measurements made by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS). Column abundance of SO2 is derived using the strong SO2 absorption feature near 1362 cm−1 (ν3‐band). The retrieval takes into account interference from water vapor across the band. Examples from several recent volcanic eruptions are given to illustrate the technique and the retrievals are compared to contemporaneous SO2 ultraviolet measurements from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS).
A Northern Hemispheric climatology of indices for clear air turbulence in the tropopause region derived from ERA40 reanalysis data
Authors: Jaeger E. B. , Sprenger M.
Published: October 2007

Clear air turbulence (CAT) has relevance for aviation but also for cross‐tropopause transport of chemical constituents. This study presents a 44‐year climatology (from 1958 to 2001) of indicators for CAT for the Northern Hemisphere tropopause on the basis of reanalysis data (ERA40) from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts. Small Richardson numbers (Ri), negative squared Brunt‐Väisälä (N2) and negative potential vorticity (PV) values are used as indicators for Kelvin‐Helmholtz, hydrostatic, and symmetric instability, respectively. Additionally, an empirical indicator (TI) is applied. All indicators have winter frequency maxima for CAT over the North American east and west coasts. Other local maxima are found over the western part of the North Atlantic and North Pacific, the Himalayas, central Europe, and eastern China. In summer, frequencies are smaller, except for N2, and patterns are shifted poleward. Frequencies of TI and PV depend strongly on jet position, whereas Ri has moderate dependence. N2 frequencies are largest over land and are not markedly influenced by jets. The frequency maxima relative to the jets differ with a northern maximum for TI, a southern maximum for PV, and one for Ri that is essentially along the jet axis. For the 44‐year period pronounced nonlinear trends are identified with an increase of 40–90% over the North Atlantic, United States, and European sector. For the two phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Pacific/North American flow pattern the interannual variability of CAT, indicated by TI and PV, is significant (in contrast to Ri and especially N2).