bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of the Sea Ice Thickness Distribution on Polar Climate in CCSM3
Authors: Holland Marika M. , Bitz Cecilia M. , Hunke Elizabeth C. , Lipscomb William H. , Schramm Julie L.
Published: June 2006

The sea ice simulation of the Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3) T42-gx1 and T85-gx1 control simulations is presented and the influence of the parameterized sea ice thickness distribution (ITD) on polar climate conditions is examined. This includes an analysis of the change in mean climate conditions and simulated sea ice feedbacks when an ITD is included. It is found that including a representation of the subgrid-scale ITD results in larger ice growth rates and thicker sea ice. These larger growth rates represent a higher heat loss from the ocean ice column to the atmosphere, resulting in warmer surface conditions. Ocean circulation, most notably in the Southern Hemisphere, is also modified by the ITD because of the influence of enhanced high-latitude ice formation on the ocean buoyancy flux and resulting deep water formation. Changes in atmospheric circulation also result, again most notably in the Southern Hemisphere.

There are indications that the ITD also modifies simulated sea ice–related feedbacks. In regions of similar ice thickness, the surface albedo changes at 2XCO2 conditions are larger when an ITD is included, suggesting an enhanced surface albedo feedback. The presence of an ITD also modifies the ice thickness–ice strength relationship and the ice thickness–ice growth rate relationship, both of which represent negative feedbacks on ice thickness. The net influence of the ITD on polar climate sensitivity and variability results from the interaction of these and other complex feedback processes.
The Community Climate System Model Version 3 (CCSM3)
Authors: Collins William D. , Bitz Cecilia M. , Blackmon Maurice L. , Bonan Gordon B. , Bretherton Christopher S. , Carton James A. , Chang Ping , Doney Scott C. , Hack James J. , Henderson Thomas B. , Kiehl Jeffrey T. , Large William G. , McKenna Daniel S. , Santer Benjamin D. , Smith Richard D.
Published: June 2006

The Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3) has recently been developed and released to the climate community. CCSM3 is a coupled climate model with components representing the atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, and land surface connected by a flux coupler. CCSM3 is designed to produce realistic simulations over a wide range of spatial resolutions, enabling inexpensive simulations lasting several millennia or detailed studies of continental-scale dynamics, variability, and climate change. This paper will show results from the configuration used for climate-change simulations with a T85 grid for the atmosphere and land and a grid with approximately 1° resolution for the ocean and sea ice. The new system incorporates several significant improvements in the physical parameterizations. The enhancements in the model physics are designed to reduce or eliminate several systematic biases in the mean climate produced by previous editions of CCSM. These include new treatments of cloud processes, aerosol radiative forcing, land–atmosphere fluxes, ocean mixed layer processes, and sea ice dynamics. There are significant improvements in the sea ice thickness, polar radiation budgets, tropical sea surface temperatures, and cloud radiative effects. CCSM3 can produce stable climate simulations of millennial duration without ad hoc adjustments to the fluxes exchanged among the component models. Nonetheless, there are still systematic biases in the ocean–atmosphere fluxes in coastal regions west of continents, the spectrum of ENSO variability, the spatial distribution of precipitation in the tropical oceans, and continental precipitation and surface air temperatures. Work is under way to extend CCSM to a more accurate and comprehensive model of the earth's climate system.
Sensitivity of late-latency auditory and somatosensory evoked potentials to threat of electric shock and the sedative drugs diazepam and diphenhydramine in human volunteers
Authors: Scaife J. C. , Groves J. , Langley R. W. , Bradshaw C. M. , Szabadi E.
Published: June 2006

Late-latency auditory and somatosensory evoked potentials are sensitive to some centrally acting drugs and to certain psychological interventions. In this experiment we compared the effects of acute doses of a benzodiazepine, diazepam and an H1 histamine receptor-blocking sedative, diphenhydramine, on auditory and somatosensory evoked potentials within the latency range 100–500ms in a fear conditioning paradigm.

Twelve healthy males (18–30 years) participated in three sessions at weekly intervals in which they received diazepam 10mg, diphenhydramine 75mg and placebo in a balanced, double-blind, crossover protocol. One hundred and twenty min after diphenhydramine or 60min after diazepam, they underwent an 8min recording period in which auditory evoked potentials elicited by 40ms, 95dB[A], 1kHz tones, and somatosensory evoked potentials elicited by a mildly painful electric shock (1.8mA, 50ms) were recorded at Cz (vertex). Each session consisted of four blocks of trials in which either the sound pulse or the shock was presented. Alternate blocks were designated SAFE or THREAT (‘context’ conditions); in THREAT blocks subjects were warned that shocks would be delivered via electrodes placed on the wrist (electrodes were removed during SAFE blocks). In one SAFE and one THREAT block, the sound stimuli and shocks (shocks were delivered only in the THREAT block) were preceded by a 2s conditioned stimulus (CS: a red light) (‘cue’ condition).

Diazepam, but not diphenhydramine, reduced the amplitude of the P2 auditory evoked potential. The THREAT context was associated with increased N1 and reduced N2 potential amplitudes. The CS had no effect on the amplitudes, but markedly reduced the latencies of the N1, P2 and N2 potentials under the THREAT condition. Diazepam reduced the amplitudes of the somatosensory potential evoked by the shock; the CS shortened the latencies of the later components of the response. Diazepam and diphenhydramine were approximately equi-sedative in the doses used in this experiment, as judged by visual analogue self-rating scales.

The results indicate that the suppression of late-latency auditory and somatosensory evoked potentials by diazepam is not simply a reflection of sedation. Late-latency evoked potentials can be modified by an aversive CS, but the components that are sensitive to the CS are different from those that are sensitive to diazepam.
Actuation of the Artificial Muscle Based on Ionic Polymer Metal Composite by Electromyography (EMG) Signals
Authors: Lee Myoung Joon , Jung Sung Hee , Kim Gyoo Suk , Moon Inhyuk , Lee Sukmin , Mun Mu Seong
Published: June 2006

This article proposes an ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) actuating system with a biomimetic function. Electromyography (EMG) signals generated by an intended contraction of muscles in the human forearm are used as controlling signals for actuating the IPMC. By controlling this with EMG signals generated from the human flexor carpi ulnaris and extensor carpi ulnaris muscles, we investigated the actuation behavior of the IPMC based on Nafion. To obtain higher actuation force of the IPMC, the single layered IPMC, as thick as 800 mm, or multi-layered IPMC of which each layer is as thick as 178 mm are prepared. The experimental results using an implemented IPMC control system show a possibility and a usability of the biomimetic artificial muscle.
On the journalist beat in India
Authors: Ståhlberg Per
Published: June 2006

This article concerns journalism as an object of anthropological study. It raises questions about how we should study an occupation that is so familiar in most places of the world. For example, how should we conceptualize newspaper journalism both as a globally diffused media form and as localized cultural practice? Furthermore, I discuss the relationship between the anthropologist and the journalist as two professionals that are equally engaged in producing representations and interpretations of culture and society. The study is based on fieldwork among Hindi-language journalists in Lucknow, India, as well as my own previous experience of local journalism in Sweden
Clonal analysis of thymus-repopulating cells presents direct evidence for self-renewal division of human hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Yahata Takashi , Yumino Shizu , Seng Yin , Miyatake Hiroko , Uno Tomoko , Muguruma Yukari , Ito Mamoru , Miyoshi Hiroyuki , Kato Shunichi , Hotta Tomomitsu , Ando Kiyoshi
Published: June 2006

To elucidate the in vivo kinetics of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), CD34+CD38– cells were infected with lentivirus vector and transplanted into immunodeficient mice. We analyzed the multilineage differentiation and self-renewal abilities of individual thymus-repopulating clones in primary recipients, and their descending clones in paired secondary recipients, by tracing lentivirus gene integration sites in each lymphomyeloid progeny using a linear amplification-mediated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) strategy. Our clonal analysis revealed that a single human thymus-repopulating cell had the ability to produce lymphoid and myeloid lineage cells in the primary recipient and each secondary recipient, indicating that individual human HSCs expand clonally by self-renewal division. Furthermore, we found that the proportion of HSC clones present in the CD34+ cell population decreased as HSCs replicated during extensive repopulation and also as the differentiation capacity of the HSC clones became limited. This indicates the restriction of the ability of individual HSCs despite the expansion of total HSC population. We also demonstrated that the extensive self-renewal potential was confined in the relatively small proportion of HSC clones. We conclude that our clonal tracking studies clearly demonstrated that heterogeneity in the self-renewal capacity of HSC clones underlies the differences in clonal longevity in the CD34+ stem cell pool.
Host MHC class II+ antigen-presenting cells and CD4 cells are required for CD8-mediated graft-versus-leukemia responses following delayed donor leukocyte infusions
Authors: Chakraverty Ronjon , Eom Hyeon-Seok , Sachs Jessica , Buchli Jennifer , Cotter Pete , Hsu Richard , Zhao Guiling , Sykes Megan
Published: June 2006

Following bone marrow transplantation, delayed donor leukocyte infusions (DLIs) can induce graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effects without graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). These antitumor responses are maximized by the presence of host hematopoietic antigen-presenting cells (APCs) at the time of DLI. Using a tumor-protection model, we demonstrate here that GVL activity following administration of DLIs to established mixed chimeras is dependent primarily on reactivity to allogeneic MHC antigens rather than minor histocompatibility or tumor-associated antigens. CD8+ T-cell–dependent GVL responses against an MHC class II–negative tumor following delayed DLI require CD4+ T-cell help and are reduced significantly when host APCs lack MHC class II expression. CD4+ T cells primed by host APCs were required for maximal expansion of graft-versus-host reactive CD8+ T cells but not their synthesis of IFN-γ. In contrast, the GVL requirement for CD4+ T-cell help was bypassed almost completely when DLI was administered to freshly irradiated recipients, indicating that the host environment is a major factor influencing the cellular mechanisms of GVL.
A zebrafish screen for craniofacial mutants identifies wdr68 as a highly conserved gene required for endothelin-1 expression
Authors: Nissen Robert M , Amsterdam Adam , Hopkins Nancy
Published: June 2006

Background

Craniofacial birth defects result from defects in cranial neural crest (NC) patterning and morphogenesis. The vertebrate craniofacial skeleton is derived from cranial NC cells and the patterning of these cells occurs within the pharyngeal arches. Substantial efforts have led to the identification of several genes required for craniofacial skeletal development such as the endothelin-1 (edn1) signaling pathway that is required for lower jaw formation. However, many essential genes required for craniofacial development remain to be identified.

Results

Through screening a collection of insertional zebrafish mutants containing approximately 25% of the genes essential for embryonic development, we present the identification of 15 essential genes that are required for craniofacial development. We identified 3 genes required for hyomandibular development. We also identified zebrafish models for Campomelic Dysplasia and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. To further demonstrate the utility of this method, we include a characterization of the wdr68 gene. We show that wdr68 acts upstream of the edn1 pathway and is also required for formation of the upper jaw equivalent, the palatoquadrate. We also present evidence that the level of wdr68 activity required for edn1 pathway function differs between the 1st and 2nd arches. Wdr68 interacts with two minibrain-related kinases, Dyrk1a and Dyrk1b, required for embryonic growth and myotube differentiation, respectively. We show that a GFP-Wdr68 fusion protein localizes to the nucleus with Dyrk1a in contrast to an engineered loss of function mutation Wdr68-T284F that no longer accumulated in the cell nucleus and failed to rescue wdr68 mutant animals. Wdr68 homologs appear to exist in all eukaryotic genomes. Notably, we found that the Drosophila wdr68 homolog CG14614 could substitute for the vertebrate wdr68 gene even though insects lack the NC cell lineage.

Conclusion

This work represents a systematic identification of approximately 25% of the essential genes required for craniofacial development. The identification of zebrafish models for two human disease syndromes indicates that homologs to the other genes are likely to also be relevant for human craniofacial development. The initial characterization of wdr68 suggests an important role in craniofacial development for the highly conserved Wdr68-Dyrk1 protein complexes.
Hormonal exposures and the risk of intracranial meningioma in women: a population-based case-control study
Authors: Custer Brian , Longstreth WT , Phillips Leslie E , Koepsell Thomas D , Van Belle Gerald
Published: June 2006

Background

The role of exogenous hormone exposures in the development of meningioma is unclear, but these exposures have been proposed as one hypothesis to explain the over-abundance of such tumors in women.

Methods

The association between oral contraception (OC) or hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and intracranial meningioma in women was investigated using a population-based, matched case-control study. Exposures for 143 cases and 286 controls matched on age within five years were obtained by interview. Diagnoses were confirmed histopathologically and estrogen and progesterone receptor assays conducted.

Results

Although risk of meningioma appeared modestly elevated in past OC users (OR = 1.5, 95% CI 0.8 – 2.7), and in current users (OR = 2.5, 95% CI 0.5 – 12.6), the confidence intervals were wide. No significant association between meningioma risk and duration of OC use was found. Likewise, risk of meningioma was only weakly associated with past use of HRT (OR = 0.7, 95% CI 0.4 – 1.3), and not at all with current use of HRT (OR = 1.0, 95% CI 0.5 – 2.2). Of 142 available specimens, 2 (1%) expressed estrogen receptors, whereas 130 (92%) expressed progesterone receptors (PR). OC use was associated with increased risk of a meningioma expressing less rather than more PR (OR = 3.2, 95% CI 1.3 – 8.0). Overall, in post menopausal women, HRT use appeared to confer a non-significant protective effect, and was not associated with low or high PR expressing meningiomas.

Conclusion

This study found little evidence of associations between meningioma and exogenous hormone exposures in women but did suggest that some hormonal exposures may influence tumor biology in those women who develop meningioma.
Mental health consultations in a prison population: a descriptive study
Authors: Kjelsberg Ellen , Hartvig Paal , Bowitz Harald , Kuisma Irene , Norbech Peder , Rustad Aase-Bente , Seem Marthe , Vik Tom-Gunnar
Published: June 2006

Background

The psychiatric morbidity among prison inmates is substantially higher than in the general population. We do, however, have insufficient knowledge about the extent of psychiatric treatment provided in our prisons. The aim of the present study was to give a comprehensive description of all non-pharmacological interventions provided by the psychiatric health services to a stratified sample of prison inmates.

Methods

Six medium/large prisons (n = 928) representing 1/3 of the Norwegian prison population and with female and preventive detention inmates over-sampled, were investigated cross-sectionally. All non-pharmacological psychiatric interventions, excluding pure correctional programs, were recorded. Those receiving interventions were investigated further and compared to the remaining prison population.

Results

A total of 230 of the 928 inmates (25 %) had some form of psychiatric intervention: 184 (20 %) were in individual psychotherapy, in addition 40 (4 %) received ad hoc interventions during the registration week. Group therapy was infrequent (1 %). The psychotherapies were most often of a supportive (62 %) or behavioural-cognitive (26 %) nature. Dynamic, insight-oriented psychotherapies were infrequent (8 %). Concurrent psychopharmacological treatment was prevalent (52 %). Gender and age did not correlate with psychiatric interventions, whereas prisoner category (remanded, sentenced, or preventive detention) did (p < 0.001). Most inmates had a number of defined problem areas, with substance use, depression, anxiety, and personality disorders most prevalent. Three percent of all inmates were treated for a psychotic disorder. Remand prisoners averaged 14 sessions per week per 100 inmates, while sentenced inmates and those on preventive detention averaged 22 and 25 sessions per week per 100 inmates, respectively. Five out of six psychiatric health services estimated the inmates' psychiatric therapy needs as adequately met, both overall and in the majority of individual cases.

Conclusion

Our results pertain only to prisons with adequate primary and mental health services and effective diversion from prison of individuals with serious mental disorders. Given these important limitations, we do propose that the service estimates found may serve as a rough guideline to the minimum number of sessions a prison's psychiatric health services should be able to fulfil in order to serve the inmates psychiatric needs. The results rely on the specialist services' own estimates only. Future studies should take other important informants, including the inmates themselves, into consideration.
Hearing the Holocaust
Authors: Langer Lawrence L.
Published: June 2006

The search for words to convey the deathlife that was Auschwitz turns up in witness testimony, memoir, and fiction, as all three conspire to find a language appropriate to an experience that is utterly alien to most audiences and that is not based on research from written documents. Historians are slowly coming to agree that survivor accounts are a crucial source of evidence for appreciating the unorthodox and unprecedented moral universe of the Holocaust. Writers as diverse as Charlotte Delbo, Imre Kertész, Arnošt Lustig, and Aharon Appelfeld find ways of stripping a rhetoric of meaning from the chaos of mass murder to illuminate, explicitly and implicitly, the horrors that lay at the heart of the Holocaust universe.
The Witness in History
Authors: Wieviorka Annette
Published: June 2006

This essay traces transformations in the figure of the witness from the period of the ghettos to the present, focusing on the meaning and contexts of the predominant forms of testimony during the Holocaust and since. Efforts to bear witness in diaries, chronicles, and unpublished manuscripts began in the earliest stages of the genocide. In the postwar period, the meaning of testimony remained largely personal. The Eichmann trial conferred on the witnesses the social identity of survivor and transformed them into bearers of history. This image of the survivor continues in audiovisual testimony projects such as the Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies and the Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation, projects that pose new challenges to historians of the genocide.
Unwelcome Narratives: Listening to Suppressed Themes in American Holocaust Testimonies
Authors: Reich Walter
Published: June 2006

Western cultures, and especially American culture, commonly disapprove of persons who refuse to forgive those who have harmed them and disapprove even more strongly of persons who harbor a desire for revenge. As a consequence, persons who live within those cultures and hold such sentiments tend to suppress their expression. Not surprisingly, Holocaust survivors in America who have harbored such sentiments against the Germans and others who persecuted them and murdered their families have tended to be silent about those sentiments rather than incur such disapproval. Yet for such survivors, the freedom to articulate those sentiments can be psychologically important. Moreover, hearing those sentiments can be illuminating for those, especially in America, who seek to learn about the Holocaust and about the full range of reactions that its survivors have had. Examples are given of Holocaust memoirs by survivors living in America—as well as of educational experiences involving those memoirs, the authors who wrote them, and their American audiences. These demonstrate not only the psychological importance to the survivor of expressing such sentiments but also the educational value of hearing those sentiments expressed.
Cholesterol depletion facilitates ubiquitylation of NPC1 and its association with SKD1/Vps4
Authors: Ohsaki Yuki , Sugimoto Yuko , Suzuki Michitaka , Hosokawa Hiroshi , Yoshimori Tamotsu , Davies Joanna P. , Ioannou Yiannis A. , Vanier Marie T. , Ohno Kousaku , Ninomiya Haruaki
Published: June 2006

Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is an inherited lipid storage disorder caused by mutations in NPC1 or NPC2. NPC1 is a polytopic glycoprotein that contains a sterol-sensing domain, whereas NPC2 is a soluble protein that contains an MD-2-like lipid-recognition domain. In the current study, we addressed the hypothesis that ubiquitylation of NPC1 might be regulated by cholesterol. We found that depletion of cellular cholesterol facilitated ubiquitylation of NPC1 expressed in COS cells. A loss-of-function mutant, NPC1(P691S), which contains an amino acid substitution in the sterol-sensing domain, failed to respond to cholesterol depletion. Another mutant, NPC1(δLLNF), which lacks the endosomal-targeting motif, also failed to respond. SKD1(E235Q), a dominant-negative mutant of SKD1/Vps4 that inhibits disassembly of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT), caused an accumulation of ubiquitylated NPC1. SKD1(E235Q) associated with NPC1 on the endosomal membrane, whereas wild-type SKD1 associated with NPC1 only when cells were depleted of cholesterol. Similarly, in control human skin fibroblasts, cholesterol depletion facilitated ubiquitylation of endogenous NPC1. In patient cells that lack NPC2 function, NPC1 was ubiquitylated regardless of cellular cholesterol levels, suggesting that NPC2 is required to prevent NPC1 ubiquitylation under cholesterol-rich conditions. These results suggest that ubiquitylation of NPC1 and its association with the ESCRT complex are controlled by endosomal cholesterol levels utilizing a mechanism that involves NPC2.
Tuba stimulates intracellular N-WASP-dependent actin assembly
Authors: Kovacs Eva M. , Makar Robert S. , Gertler Frank B.
Published: June 2006

Tuba is a multidomain scaffolding protein that links cytoskeletal dynamics and membrane trafficking pathways. The N-terminus of Tuba binds dynamin1, and the C-terminus contains domains that can interact with signaling pathways and cytoskeletal regulatory elements. We investigated Tuba localization, distribution and function in B16 melanoma cells. Tuba overexpression stimulated dorsal ruffles that occurred independently of dynamin function. Tuba expression induced actin-driven motility of small puncta that required the C-terminal SH3, GEF and BAR domains. Additionally, Tuba was recruited to lipid vesicles generated by overexpression of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase type Iα (PIP5Kα), localizing prominently to the head of the comets and at lower levels along the actin tail. We propose that Tuba facilitates dorsal ruffling of melanoma cells through direct interaction with actin-regulatory proteins and the recruitment of signaling molecules to lipid microdomains for the coordinated assembly of a cytoskeletal network. Knockdown of Tuba by RNA interference (RNAi) attenuated PIP5Kα-generated comet formation and the invasive behavior of B16 cells, implying that Tuba function is required for certain aspects of these processes. These results suggest first that Tuba-stimulated dorsal ruffling might represent a novel mechanism for the coordination of N-WASP-dependent cytoskeletal rearrangements and second that Tuba function is implicated in motility processes.
Topical Alprostadil Treatment of Female Sexual Arousal Disorder
Authors: Kielbasa Luba A , Daniel Karen L
Published: June 2006

Objective:

TO review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of topical alprostadil in the treatment of female sexual arousal disorder (FSAD).

Data Sources:

A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE (1966–May 2006), EMBASE, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts with the search terms alprostadil, female, and sexual dysfunction/drug therapy.

Study Selection and Data Extraction:

All published and unpublished clinical trials and abstracts involving the efficacy and safety of topical alprostadil use in women were reviewed. Data on file with the manufacturer were also included.

Data Synthesis:

Topical alprostadil is a vasodilatory agent under development for the treatment of FSAD. In-clinic application of alprostadil increases genital vasocongestion, vaginal erythema, transudates, and some patient-assessed indices of sexual arousal; however, these effects have not been consistently superior to placebo. Three of 4 trials investigating at-home use of topical alprostadil have demonstrated improvements in achievement of satisfactory levels of sexual arousal and successful sexual encounters in patients with FSAD. Adverse events appear to be mild and localized and consist of burning and itching at the application site.

Conclusions:

Two formulations of topical alprostadil are in Phase II clinical trials for the treatment of FSAD. Initial results of clinical trials have demonstrated some beneficial effects on arousal success rates and other subjective measures of sexual arousal; however, these results have been inconsistent and not reproducible in all trials. The results of ongoing clinical studies are needed to further define the role of topical alprostadil in the treatment of FSAD.
Sustainable transport policies under scarcity of oil supply
Authors: Shepherd S. P. , Pfaffenbichler P.
Published: June 2006

A strategic land-use-transport interaction model is used to investigate the impacts of policies in technology, infrastructure, pricing and regulation under different assumptions about energy supply. Six scenarios have been defined, analysing three policy strategies in two different contexts of energy supply—A, generally accepted energy supply forecast and B, worst-case energy supply forecast (scarcity of energy). Policies include: business as usual; investment in infrastructure and technology; and a demand regulation based approach involving changes in taxation and tolls. The paper assesses the impact and robustness of each policy against assumptions about future oil supply/demand. Our results demonstrate three key issues. First, scarcity of oil will accelerate the development and take-up of alternative fuel technologies; second, investment in alternative technologies alone will alleviate the impact of local emissions and reduce energy consumption per kilometre travelled but will only reduce yearly carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions after a time lag of about 15 years; so that, third, some form of regulation of demand will be necessary to reduce total emissions and externalities caused by congestion. Research is required to define the necessary level of regulation in combination with technology investments. However, we suggest that a policy involving improvements in infrastructure coupled with investments in fuel technology and differentiated fuel taxes will be required in the future.
Transport, mobility and social capital in developing countries
Authors: Bradbury A. S. C.
Published: June 2006

The World Bank defines social capital as the institutions, relationships and norms that shape the quality and quantity of a society's social interactions. Social capital is a multi-faceted concept that implies emotional attachments to relatives and friends as well as interactions between people. Existing studies of transport and its impact on the rural poor in developing countries focus largely on its role in the process of economic growth, by increasing the productive capacity and market accessibility of small-scale farmers through investment in infrastructure and transport services. Few researchers have investigated the role that transport plays in providing access to and maintenance of valuable social networks. Social capital provides a catalyst for sustainable mobility and service delivery in the absence of conventionally measured economic benefits. Without the social capital argument the reasons for maintaining rural transport infrastructure and services remain weak. Access to social capital networks requires mobility, and transport is the agency by which social capital networks are supported. Mobility is essential to the sustainability of social networks yet, to date, existing literature disregards the means by which people physically access social capital, whether through associations and community groups or simply maintaining rural–urban linkages with extended family members. This paper draws on empirical evidence from Kenya to review the relationship between transport mobility and social capital and its relevance for rural development. It examines the significance of transport in accounting for the extent of social interaction and the way that transport interventions enable the poor to access, and be included in, social capital networks.
A New Perspective: A Vulnerable Population Framework to Guide Research and Practice for Persons With Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Bay Esther , Kreulen Grace J. , Shavers Clarissa Agee , Currier Connie
Published: June 2006

Recovery from traumatic brain injury (TBI) can be a tumultuous lifelong and expensive process. Guided therapies for community integration within community systems are a focus of treating therapists around the world, yet there are no published discussions concerning the most fitting community context. We propose a theoretical approach for practice and research using Flaskerud and Winslow’s conceptual model of vulnerable populations. Using the model constructs of health status, resource availability, and increased relative risk, we offer empirical support for proposed construct relationships applied to persons with traumatic brain injury. We then propose that interventions for health promotion, acute care, and rehabilitation or chronic disease management have a community focus, and we identify relevant goals for community-based practice and research.
Revising the British Occupational Hygiene Society Asbestos Standard: 1968–1982
Authors: Greenberg Morris
Published: June 2006

Background

In 1968 the British Occupational Hygiene Society (BOHS) published a chrysotile asbestos hygiene standard. As a consequence of acknowledged inadequacies of the data, it underestimated the risks of exposure, but its influence was international and operated for longer than it merited. Five years later, BOHS reported the standard not to be in need of amending, despite its own doubts and no cognizance having been taken of the cancer hazard. Within months, stung by criticism from Dr. Irving J. Selikoff, industry required it to review the standard, which BOHS continued to do for a number of years before giving up.

Methods

Material obtained for the American Courts by means of legal discovery from an asbestos company's archive, provided information on the membership of the new BOHS committees, and on its operation.

Results

Alterations in the composition of the new committees included importantly the introduction of certain independent scientists, whose rigor militated against the ready production of a new hygiene standard acceptable to industry.

Conclusions

There was a time in Britain when a learned society might with impunity omit to consult the views of workers or their representatives when making value judgments about their health and safety, but consider it proper to accede to industry's decision as to what hygiene standard it would accept. Health and Safety at Work legislation in 1974, established an organization on which industry and labor were represented, with the onus for recommending hygiene standards. For several years the BOHS Asbestos Sub‐Committee continued attempting to reconcile the interests of industry, until finally abandoning hygiene standard setting as its mission. Am. J. Ind. Med. 49:577–604, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antenatal presentation of the oculo‐auriculo‐vertebral spectrum (OAVS)
Authors: Castori Marco , Brancati Francesco , Rinaldi Rosanna , Adami Loredana , Mingarelli Rita , Grammatico Paola , Dallapiccola Bruno
Published: June 2006

We describe a fetus with abnormal ultrasound (US) imaging at 20 weeks showing hydrocephalus and radial aplasia. Post‐mortem examination followed pregnancy termination and confirmed the diagnosis of oculo‐auriculo‐vertebral spectrum (OAVS). To delineate the pattern of prenatal features in OAVS, we reviewed 20 published fetuses showing abnormal US and/or magnetic resonance imaging. Gestational age at diagnosis ranged from 14 to 34–35 weeks. Cephalic abnormalities were found in only 52.4% (i.e., micro/anophthalmia, ear anomalies, hemifacial microsomia, and facial cleft). CNS defects occurred in 47.6% (i.e., hydrocephalus, occipital encephalocele, cerebellar hemisphere/vermis hypoplasia, and lipoma of the corpus callosum), together with abnormal amniotic fluid volume (AFV), either poly‐ or oligohydramnios. Nineteen percent had congenital heart disease, mainly atrioventricular septal defect. Hydroureteronephrosis, radial aplasia, lung, and kidney agenesis were additional findings. Recurrent patterns of anomalies included multiple asymmetric facial lesions (i.e., hemifacial microsomia, ipsilateral micro/anophthalmia, malformed ear) and CNS (particularly hydrocephalus) plus AFV abnormalities. In addition, prognosis of prenatally detected OAVS patients resulted more severe than generally observed in this condition. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fe3GeTe2 and Ni3GeTe2 — Two New Layered Transition‐Metal Compounds: Crystal Structures, HRTEM Investigations, and Magnetic and Electrical Properties.
Authors: Deiseroth Hans‐Joerg , Aleksandrov Krasimir , Reiner Christof , Kienle Lorenz , Kremer Reinhard K.
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Studies on Structural and Thermal Expansion Behavior of Alkali‐Thorium Phosphates.
Authors: Krishnan K. , Sali S. K. , Mudher K. D. Singh
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Isothermal Section of the Y2S3—Cu2S—GeS2 System at 870 K and Crystal Structures of the Y3Ge1.25S7 and Y3CuGeS7 Compounds.
Authors: Gulay L. D. , Lychmanyuk O. S. , Stepien‐Damm J. , Pietraszko A. , Olekseyuk I. D.
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enantioselective Diethylzinc Addition to Aromatic and Aliphatic Aldehydes Using (3R,5R)‐Dihydroxypiperidine Derivatives Catalyst.
Authors: Roudeau Remi , Gomez Pardo Domingo , Cossy Janine
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Bis(phosphinimino)methanide Lanthanum Amide as Catalyst for the Hydroamination/Cyclization, Hydrosilylation and Sequential Hydroamination/Hydrosilylation Catalysis.
Authors: Rastaetter Marcus , Zulys Agustino , Roesky Peter W.
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Photochemical Reductive Desulfonylation of β‐Ketosulfones by Ascorbic Acid.
Authors: Liu Qiang , Han Bing , Liu Zhengang , Yang Li , Liu Zhong‐Li , Yu Wei
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium‐ and Copper‐Mediated Direct C‐2 Arylation of Azoles — Including Free (NH)‐Imidazole, ‐ Benzimidazole and ‐Indole — Under Base‐Free and Ligandless Conditions.
Authors: Bellina Fabio , Cauteruccio Silvia , Rossi Renzo
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
FeCl3‐Catalyzed Aminohalogenation of Arylmethylenecyclopropanes and Arylvinylidenecyclopropanes and Corresponding Mechanistic Studies.
Authors: Li Qingjiang , Shi Min , Timmons Cody , Li Guigen
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
4‐exo‐dig Cyclocarbopalladation: A Straightforward Synthesis of Cyclobutanediols from Acyclic γ‐Bromopropargylic Diols under Microwave Irradiation Conditions.
Authors: Bour Christophe , Suffert Jean
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A One‐Pot Synthesis and Functionalization of Polyynes.
Authors: Morisaki Yasuhiro , Luu Thanh , Tykwinski Rik R.
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
One‐Electron Oxidation of Alkyl Alkoxybenzenes by ω‐Fluorosulfonylperfluorodiacyl Peroxide.
Authors: Dong Jun‐Hua , Dou Hong‐Yan , Zhao Cheng‐Xue
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Iodine‐Catalyzed Conjugate Addition of Mercaptans to α,β‐Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids under Solvent‐Free Condition.
Authors: Gao Shijay , Tzeng Tingkai , Sastry M. N. V. , Chu Cheng‐Ming , Liu Ju‐Tsung , Lin Chunchi , Yao Ching‐Fa
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Butterfly Pyrene‐Based Organic Semiconductors for Field Effect Transistors.
Authors: Zhu Daoben , et al. et al.
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Reactions of 2,2‐[60]Fullerenoalkanoyl Chlorides.
Authors: Tada Tomoyuki , Ishida Yasuhiro , Saigo Kazuhiko
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Reaction of N‐Sulfenyl Heterocycles: Development of Effective Sulfenylating Reagents.
Authors: Shimizu Masao , Fukazawa Hidenori , Shimada Shigeru , Abe Yoshimoto
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Development of a Novel, Highly Efficient Halide‐Catalyzed Sulfenylation of Indoles.
Authors: Tudge Matthew , Tamiya Minoru , Savarin Cecile , Humphrey Guy R.
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
CuI‐Catalyzed Tandem Intramolecular Amidation Using gem‐Dibromovinyl Systems.
Authors: Yuen Josephine , Fang Yuan‐Qing , Lautens Mark
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Convenient Multi‐Gram Scale Synthesis of Polybrominated Imidazoles Building Blocks.
Authors: Bahnous Mebarek , Mouats Chabane , Fort Yves , Gros Philippe C.
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Direct Synthesis of 4,4‐Disubstituted N‐Silyl‐1,4‐dihydropyridines.
Authors: Braeckow Jan , Wanner Klaus T.
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Chemical Transformation of β‐Bromodifluoromethyl β‐Enaminoketones: Synthesis of Difluoromethylene Thioether Compounds.
Authors: Wu Yong‐Ming , Li Ya , Deng Juan
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9‐Octahydro‐1H‐pyrido[4,3‐b]azepines. Synthesis and Properties.
Authors: Grishina G. V. , Esipova T. V. , Terent'ev P. B.
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Studies on Organophosphorus Compounds. Part 11. The Reaction of Phosphorus Reagents with Hydrazonoyl Halides, Hydrazonoyl Azides, and Schiff′s Bases.
Authors: Mohamed Nadia R.
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Convenient Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of 1‐Chloroethyl Phosphates.
Authors: Kumpulainen Hanna , Saari Raimo , Lehtonen Marko , Rautio Jarkko , Jaervinen Tomi , Vepsaelaeinen Jouko
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Preparation of Chiral Diamines via Red‐Al Reduction of N‐Boc‐Protected Amino Acid‐Derived Secondary Amides.
Authors: Voight Eric A. , Bodenstein Matthew S. , Ikemoto Norihiro , Kress Michael H.
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Alaremycin.
Authors: Wang Yong‐Gang , Wachi Masaaki , Kobayashi Yuichi
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Comparative Diels—Alder Reactivities within a Family of Valence Bond Isomers: A Biomimetic Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐UCS1025A.
Authors: Hoye Thomas R. , Dvornikovs Vadims
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Preparation and Catalytic Properties of Nanosized Gold Catalysts
Authors: Chen Yu‐Wen
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nano‐ and Microfabricated Products from Self‐Organized Anodic Alumina
Authors: Routkevitch Dmitri
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Diluted Magnetic Oxide Systems
Authors: Ogale S. B. , Shinde S. R. , Kundaliya Darshan C. , Venkatesan T.
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Magnetic Phase Separation in Manganites
Authors: Baerner Klaus , Troyanchuk Igor O.
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Polymer‐Assisted Solution‐Phase Chemical Library Synthesis
Authors: Parlow John J.
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Solid‐State Chemistry and Particle Engineering with Supercritical Fluids in Pharmaceutics
Authors: Pasquali Irene , Bettini Ruggero , Giordano Ferdinando
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structure of Organic and Organoelement Peroxides: Experimental and Theoretical Investigation
Authors: Antonovsky Vilen L. , Khursan Sergey L.
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Amphotericin B: 50 Years of Chemistry and Biochemistry
Authors: Cereghetti Damiano M. , Carreira Erick M.
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chiral Dirhodium(II) Carboxamidates for Asymmetric Cyclopropanation and Carbon—Hydrogen Insertion Reactions
Authors: Doyle Michael P.
Published: June 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.