bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Scientism”: Abusing the Scientific Method
Authors: Di Ventra Massimiliano
Published: June 2018

This chapter warns against a bad form of “religion” that may be called Scientism. It shows that the abuse of the scientific method in context that are not addressable via experimental means leads to contradictions, inaccuracies, and logical fallacies.
The Gastropub and its Divided Identity: Drink, Food, and Sociality
Authors: Lane Christel
Published: June 2018

The chapter first examines the economic situation of pubs in the twenty-first century and reviews the pub industry as a whole. It then analyses the dual organizational identity of gastropubs as both restaurants and pubs. A focus on the resulting opportunities and tensions, experienced by publicans, follows. This involves an examination of the use of space for drinking and eating; the tension between preparing gastronomic fare, on the one side, and bar staples and traditional British roast dinners, on the other; and the effect of the dual focus on sociality. The chapter closes with an analysis of the ambiguous and divided organizational identity publicans express.
The Future of the Pub: Are Gastropubs the Saviour or the Nemesis of the Traditional Pub?
Authors: Lane Christel
Published: June 2018

This final chapter underlines the weak impact of the gastropub on the pub sector as a whole in purely quantitative terms. It cannot decisively stem the pub dying, but nevertheless has made many positive contributions to the sector. These are examined under four headings: its impact on the built landscape; the wider pub sector; the provision of a community focus; and its effect on the upgrading of food and drink, as well as its positive effect on consumers’ expectations and, on the whole, their greater appreciation of good food. By way of a conclusion, the historical continuities and divergences between taverns, inns, and gastropubs are explored. The relaxed hospitality and the extremely informal and flexible nature of consumption of food and drink today have echoes of tavern sociality. In general, today’s gastropubs share many more features with the taverns of old than with ale and public houses of earlier centuries.
Introduction
Authors: Adamson Peter
Published: June 2018

This introduction to the volume introduces the topic of animals in philosophy, focusing on the interaction between the question of animal minds and the ethical treatment of animals. The contribution of each chapter in the book is briefly discussed, emphasizing the way that these contributions overturn common assumptions about animals in the history of philosophy.
Aristotle on Animals
Authors: Henry Devin
Published: June 2018

This chapter provides an overview of Aristotle’s understanding of animal nature, drawing on his zoological treatises as well as his writings on the soul and psychological faculties. Particular focus is given to his appreciation of the complex cognitive powers of animals and of their capacity for voluntary action. Aristotle’s views on animal behavior (ethology) are also discussed. While the chapter does not question Aristotle’s notorious denial of rationality to humans, it does show that he was alive to the signs of intelligence in animals. Animal mental capacities are, indeed, analogous to those of humans.
Illuminating Community
Authors: Carpenter Amber D.
Published: June 2018

This chapter presents a discussion of the rich tradition of reflection on animals in ancient Indian philosophy, which deals with but is not restricted to the topic of reincarnation. At the center of the piece is the continuity that Indians saw between human and nonhuman animals and the consequences of this outlook for the widespread idea of nonviolence. Consideration is also given to the philosophical interest of fables centrally featuring animals, for example the Pañcatantra. In general it is suggested that ancient Indian authors did not, unlike European counterparts, focus on the question of what makes humans unique in contrast to all other animals, but rather on the ethical and metaphysical interconnections between humans and various kinds of animals.
Marking the Boundaries
Authors: Toivanen Juhana
Published: June 2018

The medieval reception of Aristotle’s theory of animals was rich and multifaceted and included reflection on his psychological theories but also, for instance, his claim that humans are “political animals.” A particular problem for the medievals was demarcating animals, that is, specifying the dividing line between animal and human. This is especially the case given the sophisticated capacities they ascribe to animals, while still retaining a hard and fast distinction between humans as rational and animals as irrational. Authors discussed in this chapter include Albert the Great, Peter Olivi, and Roger Bacon, who are examined for their psychological and metaphysical accounts of animals. It is also asked to what extent these theories affected moral evaluation of animals and what humans owe to them ethically speaking.
Reflection
Authors: Simpson James
Published: June 2018

Medieval literature abounds in stories about animals, of which there are two main, easily distinguished, varieties: animal fables and beast epic.1 Animal fables claim Aesop as their source. They are small narratives in which animals act and speak, with even smaller morals tacked on at the end of the little stories. They involve many animals (e.g., mice, lambs, cocks, foxes, birds, wolves, lions, and frogs). Such stories were used to teach schoolboys both Latin and some commonsense morality into the bargain (e.g., do not overeat; do not overreach; save up for the hard times; justice can be rough and ready, so keep clear of the predators). Beast epic, by contrast, is a group of interconnected narratives, set in the court of the lion; its single (anti-)hero is Reynard the Fox. Beast epic presents narratives of dark but vital humor that repeat the same narrative with many variations: its rhetorically brilliant fox, Reynard, outwits all comers by manipulating their bottomless greed. No matter how tight the corner into which Reynard has been backed, we know he will escape. He escapes through brilliant narrative control and intimate, intuitive knowledge of his enemies’ weaknesses. He exposes the arrogance of the greedy but even more damagingly the hypocrisy of the “civilized” order. We learn a fundamental truth from these stories: both animals and humans are predatory and self-interested ...
The Emergence of the Drive Concept and the Collapse of the Animal/ Human Divide
Authors: Katsafanas Paul
Published: June 2018

The focal point of this chapter is the notion of “drive” (Trieb), akin to “instinct,” which becomes a primary explanatory concept in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, especially in the work of Blumenbach, Spencer, Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche. Drive plays a central role in three distinct areas: embryology, ethology, and metaphysics. In embryology, it describes a force, inaccessible in itself but whose results are visible and susceptible to scientific and philosophical study, governing organic development. In ethology, drives are the sources of seemingly deliberate, highly articulated, yet nonconscious activities, which are directed at ends of which the animal is ignorant. In metaphysics, drive describes the human essence. This chapter focuses on the way in which the emergence of the drive concept undermines the idea that there is a sharp distinction between humans and animals, and concludes by examining how the blurring of this line reshapes ethical theories.
Governing Darwin’s World
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: June 2018

This chapter takes Darwin to have posed a new question for moral and social theory: How is the organic world described in the Origin of Species to be governed? Darwin also pointed toward a way of addressing that question. The Descent of Man, with its emphasis on the continuity between our species and the rest of the animal kingdom, indicates a new approach to ethics. After exploring Darwin’s defense of the continuity thesis, this chapter focuses on the connection between ethical practice and nonhuman animal behavior, outlining a contractualist ethics. It then considers how to apply that form of ethics to the governance of the animal world. Finally, the special responsibilities that we humans have toward the animals with whom we regularly interact are considered in the context of animal testing.
Playing Fair
Authors: Dagger Richard
Published: June 2018

Is there a general obligation to obey the laws of a reasonably just polity? Is there any justification for imposing suffering, in the form of punishment, on those who break the law? Political and legal philosophers have long debated these vexing questions, but the debates typically have taken up each question in isolation. Playing Fair, however, treats the two questions as intertwined and provides affirmative answers to both—answers grounded, in both cases, in the principle of fair play. According to this principle, those who are engaged in a mutually beneficial cooperative practice or enterprise have a duty to the cooperating participants to bear a fair share of the burdens of the practice. Applied to the political order, the principle holds that a reasonably just polity is a cooperative enterprise whose members receive benefits from the rule of law only because other members obey the law even when they find obedience burdensome. The members of a reasonably just polity thus have a political obligation, understood as a defeasible moral duty to obey the law, to one another. Those who break the laws fail to fulfill this obligation, and their failure justifies the law-abiding members, acting through the proper authorities, in punishing the lawbreakers. Rather than two separate problems, then, political obligation and punishment are two aspects of the same fundamental concern for sustaining a polity that its members can reasonably regard as a cooperative enterprise under the rule of law.
Punishing Fairly
Authors: Dagger Richard
Published: June 2018

Philosophers tend to think of the problem of punishment as being the problem of demonstrating that it is or can be justified. Settling the question of whether punishment is justified as a practice, however, does not answer the practical questions of when and how punishment is justified in particular cases, nor does it tell us whether some other response to lawbreaking is preferable or complementary to punishment. There are, in fact, a variety of problems associated with punishment, and I attend to four of them in this chapter in order to demonstrate the reach and power of fair-play theory. Two of them—the problems of excessive incarceration and of voting rights for felons—are much-discussed matters in recent years. The other two—the problems of assessing punishment for recidivists and of what role restitution should play in the sentencing of offenders—are also matters of both practical and philosophical interest.
Introduction
Authors: Chaney Michael A.
Published: June 2018

This introduction reviews the history and biography of David Drake and establishes key questions addressed in the remainder of the collection. The collection as a whole asks: Who is Dave? How do the subjects in his work fuse with and refuse the objects conveying them? Chaney understands Dave’s work in terms of a material poetics that the volume sets out to investigate. After introducing the key questions of the collection, Chaney analyzes the inscription on one of Dave’s pots from 1840, contextualizing the couplet in light of other scholarship on slavery’s rupture and the problem of subaltern vocality. He concludes with a postscript that reconsiders Dave in the face of our political present and provides a series of chapter summaries.
Shifted Perspectives on Dave
Authors: Calfas George
Published: June 2018

This chapter outlines the results of an archaeological project at the site of America’s first alkaline-glazed stoneware manufacturing center in Pottersville, one mile north of Edgefield, in the summer of 2011. The expedition discovered a 105-feet long “industrial” kiln. According to Calfas’s calculations regarding the population at the time and their estimated needs for pork and grain storage, the massive size of the kiln cannot be related to community needs alone. Only a “master potter” could have participated in the production of such a volume of storage vessels indicated by the presence of so large a kiln. David Drake is argued to be that master potter. Using archaeological data and a re-evaluation of historical research, this chapter claims that Dave the Potter was instrumental in maintaining a heretofore unknown “industry” in South Carolina.
Inscribing Economic Desire
Authors: Santamarina Xiomara
Published: June 2018

This chapter offers a compact analysis of the greed or money inscriptions made by Dave the Potter. “Cash wanted” and “Give me silver or; either Gold” are inscriptions in which the speaker brazenly announces a desire for cash despite the fact that slaves were not permitted to participate in a cash economy at the time. The announcement of economic desire brings into relief Dave’s status as an “ambiguous economic subject” whose relationship to commodity capitalism is challenged through his inscriptions. According to Santamarina, these rebellious inscriptions sallow Dave to challenge Lewis Miles’ ownership of himself and his jars. Through her analysis of the inscription’s engagement with commodity fantasy and economic reality, Santamarina demonstrates how Dave uses the inscription to make visible the “multivalent value-status” of his pots “in a space of contradiction between precapitalist and capitalist economies.” This space is then read back into the inscriptions not simply for its thematics but as a structuring principle of Dave the Potter’s inscriptive and ceramic practice.
Signifying Jars, Resonating Like a Banjar
Authors: Lawal Babatunde
Published: June 2018

This chapter glosses the major couplets and inscriptions, connecting formal matters of allusion, symbolism, tone, absence—in short, the poetics of the jars and pots—to their socio-historical, political, and philosophical contexts. Beginning with an investigation of the African roots of Dave the Potter’s practice, Lawal links Dave’s pottery to the tradition of colonoware and his cryptic marks to the cosmogram of the Kongo people. He proceeds to examine Dave’s inscriptions as an illustration of “the double-edged tendency in African American signifying,” which he positions in the religious and historical contexts of black theology and nineteenth-century evangelicalism. Lawal discovers in the couplets a rich vision of Dave the Potter’s poetic milieu and sensibility, one that puts him at the center rather than the margins of antebellum American culture.
The Fourth of July Is Surely Come
Authors: Edwards Elisa
Published: June 2018

In this chapter, Edwards explores the meaning of Drake’s subtly revolutionary inscription and interprets it as an example of double-consciousness and alienation. Although some have interpreted Dave’s couplet as a straightforward celebration of the holiday, Edwards critiques this view, finding evidence of a “countervailing assertion of Dave the Potter’s black consciousness” in the inscription. The allusion to drums conflates war and nationalistic celebration with a tool often noted by paranoid plantation owners for being a tool of slave communication. The couplet thus hints at a “radical directive” to rebel. Edwards concludes by considering a variety of other meanings circulating around Dave’s inscription.
The Concatenate Poetics of Slavery and the Articulate Material of Dave the Potter
Authors: Chaney Michael A.
Published: June 2018

This essay suggests the trope of “catination” as a governing aesthetic principle in Drake’s work. It then reads the illegibility of several of Drake’s inscriptions as being central to that aesthetic principle. The concept of catination is tied to the sequential nature of Dave the Potter’s inscriptions, their status on the jars as public utterances. Finally, this chapter theorizes the commodity relations and communities that Drake’s work proposes. It compares Drake’s inscriptions to those of Romantic poets and his craft objects to the colonoware made by other slaves in order to register a more precise account of Drake’s work as well as skepticism for Drake’s status as a singular, neo-romantic individual.
An Easter Prayer, 1859
Authors: Peterson Carla L.
Published: June 2018

Carla L. Peterson describes her own experience of seeing one of Dave’s pots on display at the Philadelphia Museum of Art and interprets the Easter imagery in the incised poem, “Good for lard—or holding fresh meats.” Peterson conducts a thorough biblical exegesis of the inscription in connection with the Gospel of John’s account of the graveclothes left behind by the resurrected Jesus and with the figure Peterson names as the other prophet implied within it. Peterson ends by proposing Passover as another religious touchstone for Dave the Potter and thus ascribing a radical ecumenicalism to him and his jar, which is ultimately argued to be Dave the Potter’s Easter service.
“Who Are the Other Potters? What Are Their Names?”
Authors: Jarenski Shelly
Published: June 2018

This chapter focuses on Theaster Gates’s 2010 exhibition To Speculate Darkly, which puts Gates’s multimedia work in dialogue with Drake. Jarenski’s chapter engages with the theme of erasure in Gates’s aesthetic and examines the ways that Gates imagined himself as Dave “the Slave” Potter, using Dave’s hyperbolic vessels as the staging area for his own artistic performance. Gates’s work with Dave resonates with the work of other artists, like Kara Walker (inspired by the panorama, the silhouette, and sentimental fiction) and Carrie Mae Weems, who has incorporated ethnographic daguerreotypes into her work. In order for us to fully appreciate the still undertheorized experimental breakthroughs of antebellum black artists, slave and free, this chapter claims that we must recognize the continued influence of nineteenth-century forms on contemporary African American art.
The Passions as Original Existences
Authors: Radcliffe Elizabeth S.
Published: June 2018

Hume’s thesis that reason and passion cannot be opposed depends in part on his defense of the claim that because passions do not represent, they cannot oppose the representations, or beliefs, that reason yields. Hume’s characterization of the passions as “original existences,” which do not refer to anything outside of themselves, is remarkable. For it does seem, contrary to Hume’s other words, that passions have intentionality and make reference to their objects; it also appears that Hume is inconsistent, since he explicitly depicts indirect passions as having objects. Chapter 4 vindicates Hume’s view of the passions as having objects, but without making reference to them, and shows that while Hume has both a phenomenal and a structural conception of passion, each is appropriate for its own context. It also examines in what sense passions can be thought “reasonable.”
Morality and Motivation
Authors: Radcliffe Elizabeth S.
Published: June 2018

Hume’s argument against moral rationalism says that because morals produce or prevent actions, and reason alone does not, morals cannot be derived from reason alone. The premise concerning morality is perplexing. This premise is best understood as claiming that the moral sentiments by which we judge virtue and vice produce motives when we find ourselves deficient of a morally-approved trait, or when we anticipate the pleasure of self-approval for exhibiting virtues. These motives are produced by self-approbation and self-disapprobation in the same way that motives are typically generated in Hume’s theory: a person retains an idea of a source of pleasure or displeasure and reacts to it with an impression of reflection. Hume’s sentimentalism is a way of explaining how normative concepts originate in impressions rather than in ideas; although internalist, it is consistent with cognitivism, since motives come from the discernment of morality, not from the ideas themselves.
Authorship
Authors: Garside Peter
Published: June 2018

This chapter examines authorship from 1750 to 1820. Out of 3,374 novels first published from 1770–1819, some 2,045 were published without the name of an author on the title page. Moreover, an overwhelming majority of over 80 per cent of new titles were published anonymously, making this the norm for the genre over those years. Novels carrying the author's name on the title page come more fully into view with the 1790s, actually outnumbering anonymous and pseudonymous titles in the 1800s. However, the resilience of anonymity is again apparent in the 1810s, when unattributed titles once more outnumber those with names on the title page, albeit narrowly so. The chapter then offers an overview of issues relating to output and popularity, anonymity and pseudonymity, gender distribution, and author dealings vis-à-vis publishers, seen as far as is possible from within the period itself.
Circulation
Authors: Allan David
Published: June 2018

This chapter studies how novels circulate among readers between the eighteenth and the early nineteenth centuries. The circulation of texts was plainly central to the broader culture of this period as well as to the social history of its literature. In fact, it performed many important functions in a rapidly changing environment. The mechanisms employed provided ample opportunities for sociability, for the cultivation and display of politeness, and even for genuine philanthropy. They also gave scope for the determined pursuit of self-improvement, for personal education, and, not least, for deep inward satisfaction. In all of this the novel was a crucial factor—helping, as it also benefited from, these vital transformational processes. Above all, its extraordinary cultural and commercial success between 1750 and 1820 confirms much about the scale and sophistication of the methods by which texts were now becoming available to readers.
The Novel in the 1750s
Authors: Clery E. J.
Published: June 2018

This chapter looks at the novel in the 1750s. The genre had started the decade with its reputation riding high on the remarkable success of Samuel Richardson's Clarissa (1748–9), Tobias Smollett's Roderick Random (1748), and especially Tom Jones (1749) by Henry Fielding. In the immediate aftermath of the last work, it was almost obligatory for other fiction writers to pay tribute to the great Fielding in their prefaces. However, the trade in new fiction remained in a drought. The average over the 1750s was around twenty-three new novels per year, ranging from a high of thirty in 1754 to a low of sixteen in 1758, compared with an average twenty-eight per annum for the 1760s.
Tobias Smollett and the Ramble Novel
Authors: Dickie Simon
Published: June 2018

This chapter explores the current image of mid-eighteenth-century fiction, considering the work of Tobias Smollett. No author sits less comfortably with, especially the emphasis on the politeness and sensibility of mid-century British culture, and no author is less amenable to feminist perspectives, than Smollett. Closer attention to this most unlikable author provides a better understanding of some of the most confounding incidents in Frances Burney, Maria Edgeworth, Walter Scott, Charles Dickens, and early sentimental fiction. The chapter then examines Smollett's major novel, Peregrine Pickle (1751), a text that moves almost systematically through the everyday comic situations of its age. Every season throughout the 1750s and 1760s brought ten or twelve new ‘lives’ and ‘histories’, each of them using a skeletal plot and a rudimentary central character to unify a string of broad comic incidents. These texts were often called ramble novels, after the names of so many central characters and their careless progress through the world.
The National Tale
Authors: Connolly Claire
Published: June 2018

This chapter focuses on the national tale. The designation ‘national tale’ was first used in the early years of the nineteenth century by Irish and Scottish novelists who sought, in the context of a centralizing British state, to draw attention to the cultural specificity of the worlds represented within their fictions. National tales more generally display a self-reflexive interest in genres that belong to both private and public worlds: biography, letters, diaries, and anecdotes all address a wider culture of politicized emotions that crosses the four nations. To this extent, the national tale builds on developments in eighteenth-century aesthetics pioneered by such Irish and Scottish thinkers as Edmund Burke, David Hume, and Adam Smith, which connected private responses to universal standards. The language used by these theorists to imagine embodied emotions becomes, in the novels, a way of writing about oppressed national cultures.
It-Narratives and Spy Novels
Authors: Festa Lynn
Published: June 2018

This chapter focuses on it-narratives and spy novels. In the 1750s and 1760s, coins, clockwork, coaches, garments, pens, pets, and pests, all assumed a speaking part in a series of immensely popular tales recounted from the point of view of inanimate things or animals. This popular appetite for the adventures and ruminations of coins and clothing was complemented by a resurgence of interest in ‘spy narratives’, which recorded the exploits of Europeans and exposed the follies of their customs and manners from the perspective of an invisible rambler or foreign observer. Although slighted in narratives of the rise of the novel that emphasize formal realism and psychological depth, such subgenres play a significant role in the mid-eighteenth-century history of prose fiction in their representation of the print market's response to the shifting relations between persons and things wrought by commercial expansion, social mobility, and the burgeoning imperial engagements of Great Britain at mid-century.
Philosophical and Oriental Tales
Authors: Ballaster Ros
Published: June 2018

This chapter discusses philosophical and oriental tales. The philosophical and oriental tale offer alternative means of exploring the same preoccupations as those that drive the more familiar realist and domestic fiction of the second half of the eighteenth century: a fiction that self-consciously explores relations between reader and text, between disciple and mentor, between past and present generations. Where philosophical and oriental tales differ from the domestic realist fictions is in exploring these relations on the level of form and plot rather than the level of character. It is not that character is insignificant in these tales but that it tends to demonstrate the universality of the human mind and its responses to external stimulus rather than to promote the belief in the plausibility or authenticity of persons through individualizing marks or impressions.
Assimilating the Novel: Reviews and Collections
Authors: Gamer Michael
Published: June 2018

This chapter looks at the novel's assimilation into British culture between 1750 and 1820. During this period, the vast majority of theories and histories of the novel were introduced not through formal critical studies like John Dunlop's The History of Fiction: Being a Critical Account of the Most Celebrated Prose Works of Fiction, from the earliest Greek Romances to the Novels of the Present Age (1814), but rather through an array of other publications that helped constitute print culture in these years. Of these other acts of publishing, the chapter focuses on the activities of eighteenth-century literary reviews and anthologies, particularly on large reprinted collections of novels published after 1774.
Readers and Reading Practices
Authors: Colclough Stephen
Published: June 2018

This chapter explores reading diaries to illustrate the bibliographic world in which individual readers encountered novels. From the recording of a baffled enjoyment of Tristram Shandy, through the conjuring up of the ‘excessive’ teenage delights taken in the illustrated novel, and on to the pleasures of dismissing emergent new genres as ‘too Highlandish’, the evidence presented here suggests just how much pleasure readers gained from novels. Readers engaged with fiction in a number of different forms during this time and textual context subtly altered the kind of reading that it was possible to produce. Similarly, anecdotal accounts of reading aloud recognizes reading as a material act, which brings the body as well as the mind into play. Moreover, it is worth remembering those everyday gestures of reading, such as hurrying to the library for the next volume, that were such an important part of the novel reader's experience during this period.
The Global British Novel
Authors: Verhoeven Wil
Published: June 2018

This chapter focuses on the global British novel. While the novel as such has its roots in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century romance, the British novel owes its emergence and subsequent rise to global supremacy during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to the expansion and ascendancy of the British Empire. The history of the globalization of the British novel in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is therefore by necessity a history of negotiations and compromises between the foreign British form at the core of the literary system and the various local realities in the peripheral zones. Consequently, the chapter's discussion of the British novel's transmission to America, the West Indies, India, and Europe will focus on variations in the dynamic interaction between the core's formal influence and local resistance; between hegemonic ideology and local mentalités; and between global markets and local material practices.
Foreign Imports
Authors: Mander Jenny
Published: June 2018

This chapter examines foreign novels, which greatly overshadowed the English novel. The prevalence of imitations and translations of foreign novels had been a matter of significant critical concern throughout the first half of the eighteenth century and contemptuously identified by many a censorious reviewer as a corrupting influence on both the morals and letters of the nation. By the middle of the century, however, there was a strong sense that the English novel had come of age; and as British novelists progressively consolidated their position both at home and abroad, readers became decreasingly dependent on foreign fiction. Nonetheless, non-native fiction remained a convenient focus for multiple anxieties relating to the genre of the novel and its commercialization. For while the overall picture for 1750–1820 as regards imported imaginative literature was one of general decline, many foreign novelists continued to compete successfully for the attention of the British public.
Authorship, Publication, Reception (2)
Authors: Hume Robert D.
Published: June 2018

This chapter examines the period between the mid-1680s and 1740, long considered to be the time ‘the rise of the novel’ occurred. Scholars have difficulty separating fiction from factual narrative during this era, as the authors and readers of the time thought of fiction not as the ‘novel’ but rather as a congeries of disparate and overlapping types: ‘history’, ‘letters’, ‘tale’, ‘romance’, ‘secret history’, ‘memoirs’, ‘true relation’, and the like. Only in the 1740s could one find a publishing environment more familiar to modern observers. Moreover, a recurrent theme of this era is price, to which book historians are usually sensitive, but which literary critics have not tended to consider important. Price is a crucial factor in relation to the length of the book, the author's remuneration, the publisher's profit, and the audience that can be reached.
Cross-Sections (1)
Authors: Shrank Cathy
Published: June 2018

This chapter studies narrative prose from the early decades of the sixteenth century. It surveys ten texts which constitute the ten known examples of narrative prose printed (and, in some cases, reprinted) between 1516 and 1520. There are three saints' lives, extracted from Jacobus de Voraigne's thirteenth-century Golden Legend (first printed in English by William Caxton in 1483); two ‘tales of the supernatural’; two ‘biographical jest-books’; and three romances. The survey works through each of these broad (and slightly rough and ready) generic categories in turn. The chapter concludes by highlighting some of the shared traits and motifs across all ten texts.
Cross-Sections (2)
Authors: Newcomb Lori Humphrey
Published: June 2018

This chapter looks at Elizabethan prose fiction. Once combed mainly for formal features that might presage the novel, Elizabethan prose fiction is today appreciated for its own distinctive energy and heterogeneity. However, prose fiction in the sixteenth century still was largely an experimental genre. For writers willing to move beyond set forms, prose narrative offered new freedoms to enhance the status of English letters while drawing freely on Continental sources, to develop prose style while incorporating verse elements, to claim usefulness while indulging writerly and readerly pleasure, and to vaunt exclusivity while driving the expansion of the leisure-reading audience. Above all, fiction was the genre in which writers could best experiment with ways to reconcile literary ambition and unapologetic commercialism.
Cross-Sections (3)
Authors: Turner James Grantham
Published: June 2018

This chapter considers the period after the Plague as well as the Fire of London. During this time, the euphoria of Charles II's Restoration faltered and the defeated ‘Puritan’ voice re-emerged, which proved momentous for the history of the novel, even though no major English novels appeared. The chapter reveals fascinating experiments with the romance genre, prefaces that promote the self-conscious author and conduct lively theoretical debates over the nature of fiction, translations of canonical works, and a general move towards realism, loosely defined. ‘Novelistic’ features developed in many genres. Meanwhile, other members of the Royal Society developed habits of observing and recording minutiae in their own experience. This close attention to details conventionally considered trivial — common to the scientific revolution and to the self-scrutiny demanded by radical Protestantism — played a significant role in the evolution of novelistic realism.
English Fiction and the Ancient Novel
Authors: Carver Robert H. F.
Published: June 2018

This chapter consider the emergence of novelistic texts from the fourteenth to the eighteenth centuries in light of the earlier efflorescence of prose fiction from classical antiquity. It argues that the links between the two are genetic as well as morphological. The ultimate point of origin for romance and novel is the Odyssey, a verse epic which amplifies the martial themes of the Iliad to include voyages, shipwrecks, fabulous and erotic encounters, and domestic strife and resolution. Setting aside beast fables of the Aesopic kind, this chapter identifies four distinct, if interfluent, streams within ancient prose fiction: the epical or sub-epical; the pseudo-historical; the Menippean. Finally there is the Milesian category: short stories, ultimately deriving from the lost Milesiaka of Aristides of Miletus, characterized by erotic or supernatural content, with a twist or sting in the tail.
Euphuism and Courtly Fiction
Authors: Das Nandini
Published: June 2018

This chapter focuses primarily on Euphues: The Anatomy of Wit (1578), by John Lyly. Euphues is a work of prose fiction that offers to tell the story of a young man ‘of more wit than wealth, and yet of more wealth than wisdom’. In addition, the chapter flanks the discussion with works of fiction produced by two other figures. The first of these is George Gascoigne's Discourse of the Adventures Passed by Master F.J. (1573), which is one of the earliest examples of the urbane, courtly fiction that Lyly would make his own. The second is Robert Greene's Menaphon (1589), whose secondary title, ‘Camilla's Alarum to slumbering Euphues’, signals both an acknowledgement and rewriting of Lyly's fiction by his successors, which would move Elizabethan fiction in a direction that Lyly himself may never have attempted.
Royalist Romance?
Authors: Zwicker Steven N.
Published: June 2018

This chapter considers how English-language and translated romances might have been valued during the seventeenth century. It asks whether these romances were thought of as mere trifles for female leisure and luxury or as allegories coded to flatter and console defeated royalists. The chapter also considers whether these fictions are intent on displaying the private and public dilemmas, obligations, and ideals shared across the many divisions and regimes of loyalty and over the years of civil war, political experiment, and Restoration. It is also possible that more than one of these reasons may be valid. In addition, the chapter considers a paradox at the centre of the modern critical conversation about mid-seventeenth-century romances: their sudden rise in popularity in the 1650s, the very moment when their political identity is said to have narrowed and hardened, and their appeal grown more selective and partisan.
Picaresque and Rogue Fiction
Authors: Dickie Simon
Published: June 2018

This chapter studies picaresque and rogue fiction. Though produced in vast quantities, and always entertaining, rogue fiction has rarely been more than a sideshow in serious histories of the novel. At most, fiction scholars acknowledged old stories of thieves and con artists as early attempts at realism. Recent interest in poverty, the justice system, prostitution, and criminal subcultures has led scholars to troves of such texts, but hundreds more have no modern readers. Two categories remain especially neglected: translated rogue literature, so long sidelined by the requirements of national literary history; and the general category of seventeenth-century fiction. Hence this chapter focuses on the two monstrous and forgotten bestsellers of these years, James Mabbe's translation of Guzmán de Alfarache (1622) and Richard Head and Francis Kirkman's The English Rogue (1665–71).
Cervantes, Anti-Romance, and the Novella
Authors: Hammond Brean
Published: June 2018

This chapter looks at how Miguel de Cervantes' writing influenced the genesis and development of the English novel. His most influential writings, Don Quijote and the Novelas ejemplares of 1613, were published at a time of exceptional English interest in Spanish culture — a country reopened to diplomatic relations in 1604 after nearly half a century of continuous rivalry and warfare. In destroying the enchantment of romance, Cervantes Saavedra's El ingenioso hidalgo don Quijote de la Mancha (1605–15) fatally undermined those values upon which the glory of the Spanish Golden Age rested, and ushered in an era of decadence and decline. However, he was not the first writer to parody knight-errantry. Nevertheless, a persuasive case can be made that the publication of Don Quijote was one crucial factor in the creation of an early modern sense of what medievalism was.
Bunyan and Religious Allegory
Authors: Davies Michael
Published: June 2018

This chapter re-examines John Bunyan's religious allegories, and in particular The Pilgrim's Progress (1678), as works that complicate what might be thought of as novelistic habits of reading and writing. It seeks to approach them not simply as precursors to the novel but as radically different kinds of fiction. One might wish to treat Bunyan's allegories as ‘entertainment machines’ similar to other kinds of early modern literature, such as chivalric romance or the rogue biography, but they resist and arguably seek to reform ‘the fiction reading impulse’. To this degree, Bunyan's major allegorical works are sometimes like novels and at the same time nothing like them. Should Bunyan still hold a place in the history of the novel, it could be despite rather than because of the narrative methods he adopts.
Finding Their Accounts
Authors: Sherman Stuart
Published: June 2018

This chapter focuses on the peculiarities of the Spectator, a publication which began in 1711. The Spectator is neither autobiography nor novel; it offers, starting with its first number, a useful map through the maze of their intertwining. That the two genres were intimately enmeshed during the decades of their first emergence is a proposition at once self-evident and much canvassed. But the chapter shows how the Spectator may provide a route worth further canvassing. In the peculiar characteristics of its wildly popular authorial persona, it plays out as paradigm (and as parody too) core patterns of transaction between author and reader which had already begun to establish the narrative of ‘my own History’ (whether factual or fictive) as a newly hypnotic cultural artefact — and as a mode of writing whose powerful appeal resides in ‘separations’.
Epistolary Fiction
Authors: Bowers Toni
Published: June 2018

This chapter focuses on epistolary fiction. In epistolary fiction, stories unfold by means of letters exchanged among fictional correspondents. The governing pretence is that the letters that make up the work represent not fiction at all, but a real-life exchange among correspondents who do not expect their communications ever to become public; only later are the letters collated for publication, often not by the supposed letter writers themselves. Typically written in a moment-by-moment simple past or present progressive tense, stories in epistolary form tend to privilege scenes of intense emotion or suspense, when fictional letter writers are uncertain or confused and the way forward is not clear. There is no controlling narrative voice; the characters who contribute to the telling of the story are themselves trying to determine what particular events mean.
Restoration Theatre and the Novel
Authors: Davidson Jenny
Published: June 2018

This chapter explores the broad cultural transition from drama to novel during the Restoration period, which triggered one of the most productive periods in the history of the London stage. However, when it comes to the eighteenth century proper, the novel is more likely to be identified as the century's most significant and appealing popular genre. The chapter considers why the novel has largely superseded drama as the literary form to which ambitious and imaginative literary types without a strong affinity for verse writing would by default have turned their attention and energies by the middle of the eighteenth century. Something important may have been lost in the broad cultural transition from drama to novel. This chapter, however, contends that many things were preserved: that the novel was able to absorb many of the functions and techniques not just of Restoration comedy but of the theatre more generally.
Exploration, Expansion, and the Early Novel
Authors: Wall Cynthia
Published: June 2018

This chapter shows how the exploration of the local and global worlds, the expansion of British trade and empire, catalysed new territories of fiction. It first focuses on writings regarding voyages and pirates, which have proliferated in the novels of the 1720s. The chapter then turns to the exploration of lands, where novels began providing zoological, ethnographic, and topographic detail. The point is not so much how the travel narratives may have been sources or models for the early novel, but rather how the early travel narratives themselves had the compelling power and quite often the narrative art of those early novels. Finally, the chapter turns to narratives set within England itself.
The Rise of the Irish Novel
Authors: Haslett Moyra
Published: June 2018

This chapter turns to Irish fiction and the ambivalence of the term. ‘Irish fiction’ may be so called by virtue of various factors: an author's birth or place of domicile; the identification of an Irish edition only; or a specifically Irish theme or setting. But the difficulty of defining the ‘Irish novel’ is compounded by the way in which such apparent demarcations — of birth, domicile, setting — are themselves refused within fiction of this period, refused particularly as ‘demarcations’. For example, Jonathan Swift, whose Gulliver's Travels (1726) stands as one of the most famous Irish novels, is himself ambivalent about his Irish birth. Swift's ambivalence about his Irish birth is marked in the fictionalizing of his own life, in which he used the anecdote of his nurse's kidnap of him to Whitehaven, for example, to imply that he was born in England.
Amatory and Scandal Fiction
Authors: Spencer Jane
Published: June 2018

This chapter takes a look at amatory and scandal fiction. In the first forty years of the eighteenth century, there appeared a wide variety of novels that have since been loosely grouped under the overlapping labels ‘amatory’ and ‘scandal’ fiction. ‘Amatory’ serves to name love stories neither so explicit as pornography nor so high-minded as romance; ‘scandal’ to designate the exposure of corrupt behaviour whether in political figures or merely people of the author's acquaintance. Drawing on various models including the long French romance, the short French and Italian novellas of the previous two centuries, and the Ovidian tradition of epistolary love-complaint revitalized in the popular Lettres portugaises (1669), they presented no real generic unity. However, they formed a handy group on whose plots, preoccupations, and techniques mid-century novelists drew, and against whose vices they liked to define their virtues.
LBE Flows in Disordered Media
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: June 2018

The study of transport phenomena in disordered media is a subject of wide interdisciplinary concern, with many applications in fluid mechanics, condensed matter, life and environmental sciences as well. Flows through grossly irregular (porous) media is a specific fluid mechanical application of great practical value in applied science and engineering. It is arguably also one of the applications of choice of the LBE methods. The dual field–particle character of LBE shines brightly here: the particle-like nature of LBE (populations move along straight particle trajectories) permits a transparent treatment of grossly irregular geometries in terms of elementary mechanical events, such as mirror and bounce-back reflections. These assets were quickly recognized by researchers in the field, and still make of LBE (and eventually LGCA) an excellent numerical tool for flows in porous media, as it shall be discussed in this Chapter.
Entropic Lattice Boltzmann
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: June 2018

The LB with enhanced collisions opened the way to the top-down design of LB schemes, with major gains in flexibility and computational efficiency. However, compliance with the second principle was swept under the carpet in the process, with detrimental effects on the numerical stability of the method. It is quite fortunate that, albeit forgotten, the above compliance did not get lost in the top-down procedure. Entropic LB schemes, the object of the present chapter, explain the whys and hows of this nice smile of Lady Luck.
Lattice Boltzmann for Turbulence Modeling
Authors: Succi Sauro
Published: June 2018

This chapter introduces the main ideas behind the application of LBE methods to the problem of turbulence modeling, namely the simulation of flows which contain scales of motion too small to be resolved on present-day and foreseeable future computers. Many real-life flows of practical interest exhibit Reynolds numbers far too high to be directly simulated in full resolution on present-day computers and arguably for many years to come. This raises the challenge of predicting the behavior of highly turbulent flows without directly simulating all scales of motion which take part to turbulence dynamics, but only those that fall within the computer resolution at hand.