bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tracer Experiments in Feeding Littoral Foraminifera*†‡
Authors: LEE JOHN J. , McENERY M. , PIERCE S. , FREUDENTHAL H. D. , MULLER W. A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Tracer technic has proved to be an excellent tool in the study of predator‐prey relationships among the foraminifera. More than fifty axenic species of protists including diatoms, dinoflagellates, chlorophytes, chrysophytes, cyanophytes, bacteria and yeasts were tested as potential food for Allogromia sp (NF), A. laticollaris, Am. monia beccarii, Quinqueloculina spp, Rosalina floridana, Anomalina sp, Elphidium sp, Spiroloculina hyalina, Globigerina bulloides, and Globorotalia truncatulinoides. Although many types of potential food are present in the environment, foraminifera select only certain organisms. The yeasts, cyanophytes, dinoflagellates, chrysophytes and most bacteria tested were not eaten. Selected species of diatoms, chlorophytes and bacteria were eaten in large quantity. Three additional factors affect feeding: the “age” of the food organism, the “age” of the foraminifer or its position in the life cycle, and the concentration of the food. Feeding by foraminifera on most food is erratic below a concentration of 103 organisms and is approximately directly proportional to concentration within a range of 103‐106 organisms per 10 ml experimental tube. A natural bloom of Protelphidium tisburyensis was analyzed. A high concentration of 6 species of diatoms characterized the community. A “bloom”‐feeder hypothesis for foraminiferal nutrition is presented.
Hepatocystis in Formosan Mammals with a Description of a New Species*
Authors: MANWELL REGINALD D. , KUNTZ ROBERT E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Hepatocystis has been found extremely common in a number of species of Formosan mammals, notably the large leafnosed bat (Hipposideros armiger terasensis), the Formosan macaque (Macaca cyclopis), and various subspecies of the red‐bellied tree squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus). Less often infected were the long‐winged bat (Miniopterus schreibersii) and the Formosan giant flying squirrel (Petaurista grandis). The species occurring in H. a. terasensis is believed to be new, and is named Hepatocystis hipposideri. It causes considerable enlargement (but not other changes) of the host cell, is often amoeboid, and usually has numerous fine pigment granules.
An Aspect of Morphogenesis in the Ciliate Protozoa*
Authors: CORLISS JOHN O.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Stomatogenesis or new mouth formation sensu lato repnts an explicit example of a major morphogenetic phenomenon le life cycle of most ciliate Protozoa. Investigations of the process a number of approaches may yield data of considerable value. The present paper 3 such approaches are treated in some detail.

udies of stomatogenesis can be of importance in providing addial information of significance on the structure and physiology a given organism. Five major types or categories of stomatoesis in ciliates are recognized. These are defined and discussed. search related to such an intrinsic value of the phenomenon the K carried out is generally only descriptive, and the most importechnic employed is some method of silver impregnation.

a comparative approach is used, then attention may be focused possible homolegies in stomatogenesis as it occurs in diverse ies of ciliates. Such data are (or potentially are) of value not in the practical taxonomy of the organisms involved but also onsideration of phylogenetic and evolutionary interrelationships ing the higher groups comprising the entire subphylum Ciliophora. Such application of comparative studies may well become a very fruitful approach to certain problems in ciliate phylogeny; 2 examples are discussed briefly. Silver impregnation technics are again indispensable.

Perhaps stomatogenesis will prove most valuable in the hands of developmental biologists who are seeking to solve 2 of the most intriguing problems in cell biology today: the exact origin of new kinetosomes (or centrioles), and their precise morphogenetic role in the life cycle of a cell or unicellular organism. Since this third approach to the study of stomatogenesis is of necessity a dynamic one, the researcher must employ sophisticated experimental technics to obtain data at the molecular and macromolecular levels of both organization and function. Some progress in this area has already been made, but the availability of “ideal” organisms has perhaps not been as widely realized as it should. Certain of the “higher” ciliates have a mode of stomatogenesis which would lend itself beautifully to fruitful investigation of problems concerning both replication or neoformation of kinetosomes and their possible role in fibrillogenesis in unicellular organisms.
Nutrition of Volvulina Playfair*
Authors: CAREFOOT J. RUSSEL
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Vitamin B12, biotin and thiamine requirements of 10 strains of Volvulina steinii and 1 strain of V. pringsheimii were studied. Vitamin B12 is required for growth of both species, thiamine stimulates growth slightly, and biotin has no discernible effect on growth. The minimum concentration of vitamin B12 giving a growth response in V. steinii, strain SC‐2, was 10−8 g/ml, and maximum growth response was obtained with 1.1 × 10−7 g/ml.

An organic carbon source is required for growth of V. steinii but not of V. pringsheimii. Growth of V. steinii, strain SC‐2, occurred in 20 of 21 carbon sources tested. Optimal growth with each carbon source was largely dependent upon pH. Except for pyruvate, acetate, and ethanol, carbon source utilization was light‐dependent, and growth in ethanol was reduced in the dark.

Isocitric lyase activity was detected in V. steinii grown on acetate medium.
Colpidium‐Produced RNA as a Growth Stimulant for Tetrahymena*
Authors: STILLWELL ROSALIE H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. During logarithmic growth, Colpidium campylum produced a complex, heat‐stable material which elevated the reproductive ate of Tetrahymena subsequently inoculated into the culture. This material stimulated only early stages in the growth of Tetrahymena—effect accompanied by an increased number and size of food vacuoles. The Colpidium product was found to be RNA, precipitable from the medium by acetone. Lipids and proteins or peptides were also present in the complex; these appeared to protect the RNA from the action of chemical and physical agents.
Ultrastructure of Trypanosoma conorhini in the Crithidial Phase*
Authors: MILDER REGINA , DEANE MARIA P.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The ultrastructure of the crithidial phase of T. conorhini culture has been studied. The structure of the plasma membrane is not easy to make out; only at a few points in highly magnified picit is seen as a double osmiophilic membrane with an intermedilayer of low density. Sub‐pellicular tubules are present also around the flagellar pocket. The nucleus usually has a single large nucleolus, but sometimes this may be double. The flagellum has the sual 2 central and 9 double peripheral fibers, the latter having lateral arms. The structure of the kinetoplast is similar to that of other rypanosomatids but the division of the organelle seems to be more complex than has been described: the central, DNA‐bearing lamellae duplicate, forming a double transverse band; 1 of these bands probably migrates toward the side before invagination of the membrane completes the division. Mitochondria are long tubular structures with few cristae, disposed chiefly along the periphery of the cell. A communication between the kinetoplast and tubular mitochondria is very frequent. The endoplasmic reticulum is poorly developed, represented chiefly by smooth membranes surrounding vesicles, rough‐surfaced membranes being scanty in most cells. Several inclusions may be found, some probably lipids, others being of unknown nature.
Effect of Aging of a Cell Population on Lipids and Drug Resistance in Ochromonas danica*
Authors: AARONSON S. , BENSKY BARBARA
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Stationary cultures of Ochromonas danica accumulated lipids as they aged. The bulk of the increase in fatty acids was in the unsaturates, particularly the polyunsaturates. The quantity of lipid peroxides (thiobarbituric acid‐positive material) also increased with age. Aging was also associated with increase in sensitivity to inhibitory compounds. The implications of lipid accumulation for cell sensitivity are discussed.
Population Size, Clones and Morphogenesis in Naegleria gruberi*
Authors: NAPOLITANO JOSEPH J. , SMITH BARBARA HELENE , PERSICO FRANCIS J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The size of the population of Naegleria gruberi at the time the amoebae are offered the opportunity to become flagellated is not a critical factor in the morphogenesis of this organism. Small populations (1‐15 cells) readily become flagellated. Small populations (1‐5 cells) washed several times also become flagellated. Clonal populations (25) have been established. All clones yield flagellates under the usual conditions. It is suggested that the physiological state of the amoebae is a factor in determining the number of cells that will undergo morphogenesis at any given time.
Effects of Certain O‐Acyl Derivatives of Oleandomycin and Erythromycin on Chloroplasts of Euglena gracilis
Authors: CELMER WALTER D. , EBRINGER LIBOR
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A series of mono‐, di‐ and triesters of oleandomycin and monoesters of erythromycin was tested for bleaching activity on the chloroplast system of Euglena gracilis. Many esters were more active than the original antibiotic base. The most active substances were those with esterification at the neutral sugar oleandrose. The effect of triacetyloleandomycin relative to oleandomycin on Euglena cells correlates directly with its relative antibacterial activity in vivo, while the effect correlates inversely with relative antibacterial activity in vitro. Like the macroorganism, E. gracilis probably accommodates the triester in a manner affording a net, relatively higher concentration of substances to which the chloroplasts are more sensitive.
Carbohydrate Utilization by the Soil Amoeba Hartmannella castellanii
Authors: ADAM KATHERINE M. G. , BLEWETT D. A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Carbohydrate utilization by 9 strains of Hartmannella castellanii has been studied by growing the amoebae in a chemically defined medium which did not support growth without an added energy source. Strains differed in the utilization of sucrose, raffinose, melibiose and mannitol. The strains which did not use sucrose for growth were shown to metabolize this sugar: 14CO2 was produced and 14C incorporated into TCA isoluble compounds when the amoebae were grown in the presence of radioactive sucrose.
The Ultrastructure of Crithidia fasciculata and Morphological Changes Induced by Growth in Acriflavin*
Authors: KUSEL J. PETER , MOORE KENNETH E. , WEBER MORTON M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Crithidia fasciculata is similar to other trypanosomatids in ultrastructure. Of considerable interest is the finding of a lamellar membrane formation attached to the mitochondrion. Some evidence is provided for the tentative hypothesis that this membrane formation is the precursor of mitochondrial membranes. The cellular origin of this structure is unknown.

Growth in acriflavin results in a marked alteration of the mitochondrion and kinetoplast. Both structures are deficient in cristae. In addition, the kinetoplast loses its normal fibrillar appearance and becomes a smaller, more electron‐dense organelle. These effects are discussed in relation to the proposed involvement of the kinetoplast in the elaboration of functional mitochondria.
Lipid Cytochemistry and Morphologic Change in Aging Populations of Tetrahymena
Authors: ALLISON BETZABÉ M. , RONKIN R. R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. In cultures of strains GL, S, W, and WH6 of Tetrahymena pyriformis grown in proteose‐peptone medium and stained with phosphine 3R the percentage of cells containing lipid granules increased in early stationary phase, decreased in the middle of stationary phase, and increased again toward the end of culture life. Granules appeared first in the anterior ends of cells and spread thruout the cytoplasm as the cultures aged. These granules consisted of neutral fat and were present in living cells. Changes in lipid accumulation were correlated with changes in cellular size, shape, volume and fragility.
The Structure of Colpoda elliotti n. sp.
Authors: BRADBURY P. C. , OUTKA D. E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Colpoda elliotti n. sp., found in an enrichment culture from deer droppings, is a small (15–28 by 7.5–17 μ) member of the genus with prominent, rigid, tooth‐like processes set between the kineties in the posterior 2/3 of the body. These “teeth” give it a distinctive outline even when viewed at low magnifications. The usual number of kineties is 12; the number of keel notches is 4. Multiplication occurs in reproductive cysts yielding typically 4 tomites. Thick‐walled, resting cysts are also formed.

The nuclear apparatus includes a single, crescentic ***micronucleus and a broadly elliptical macronucleus. The latter contains Feulgen‐positive material in a few large masses, but no central nucleolus.

The possibility that this species along with other members of the genas is perhaps more closely related to the Hymenostomatida than to the Trichostomatida as now defined is discussed.
Histomonas meleagridis after One Thousand in vitro Passages
Authors: LUND EVERETT E. , AUGUSTINE PATRICIA C. , CHUTE ANNE M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. During a 7‐year period Histomonas meleagridis survived 1000 passages in Medium 199 fortified with serum and antibiotic‐killed bacteria. The histomonads were originally isolated from a chicken's cecal dropping, and the bacteria were cultivated from the cecal contents of a normal turkey. In many respects, the histomonads remained unchanged during cultivation, but in some other respects they changed considerably, perhaps irreversibly.

Morphologically, the histomonads propagated in vitro showed only slight changes. When returned to birds, they resumed the structure characteristic of lumen‐dwelling individuals of this species. However, they had long since lost their ability to produce disease in either chickens or turkeys, and organisms of the tissue‐dwelling type were rarely seen. The long‐cultivated histomonads are actually as nonpathogenic as Histomonas wenrichi, but they have none of the distinguishing morphologic characteristics of the latter.

As has been reported elsewhere, H. meleagridis long maintained in the tissue culture medium has also lost much of its ability to immunize either chickens or turkeys against infection with virulent strains of this parasite. Also lost in the process of adaptation to its restricted medium has been the ability to multiply satisfactorily in vitro with the complement of bacteria normal to the ceca of the birds. However, in some instances, histomonads which have become adapted to in vitro cultivation are still able to live in birds with this diversified flora.

Activity of the histomonads cultivated in vitro differed but little from that of H. meleagridis freshly isolated from birds, when both were viewed under the same conditions. Histomonads from each of the above sources multiplied most satisfactorily in their accustomed habitat, probably because of a difference in nutritional requirements.
Trichodina (Ciliata: Urceolariidae) of Freshwater Fishes of the Southeastern United States*
Authors: WELLBORN THOMAS L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Eight new species of Trichodina are described from freshwater fishes of the Southeastern U.S.: T. davisi from Roccus saxatilus (Walbaum), T. funduli from Fundulus notti (Agassiz), T. globosa from Etheostoma radiosum (Hubbs and Black), T. hoffmani from Etheostoma edwini (Hubbs and Cannon), T. hypsilepis from Notropis hypsilepis Suttkus and Raney, T. microdenticula from Dorosoma petenense (Gunther). T. noturi from Noturus leptacanthus Jordan, and T. salmincola from Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Nine species of Trichodina are redescribed: T. californica, T. discoidea, T. fultoni, T. pediculus, T. platyformis, T. reticulata, T. sp. (?T. nigra), T. tumefaciens, and T. vallata. The name T. pediculus is re‐erected for the form that occurs on largemouth bass.

Host fish were collected from 36 geographic locations in 10 states (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee). A total of 939 fish of 46 species was examined for trichodinid parasites.

Two methods of impregnating formalin preserved specimens of Trichodina with silver are discussed.

A key to the species of Trichodina reported from North American freshwater fishes is given.
Intraclonal Dimorphism of Caudal Cirri in Euplotes vannus: Cortical Determination*
Authors: HUFNAGEL LINDA A. , TORCH REUBEN
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Intraclonal variation in number of right caudal cirri (RCC) occurs within some species of the hypotrichous genus Euplotes. Euplotes vannus, a marine species, may have either 2 or 3 RCC. A single clone always contains individuals of both types. The frequency of individuals of each type within a clone was found to be 0.5. This fact suggested that during division each parental cell gives rise to one daughter having 3 RCC and one having 2.

Formation of RCC during division was studied in E. vannus and in E. plumipes, a fresh‐water form which always has 2 RCC. The studies were made on living animals and on fixed animals stained with protargol or by the Chatton‐Lwoff method. In both species, the new RCC first appear in the right dorsal kineties and later migrate to the ventral surface. The RCC for the proter develop near the parental equator while those for the opisthe form near the posterior end of the parent cell, both sets developing in close proximity to kinetosomes of the kineties. In both species the 2 dorsal kineties furthest to the right each give rise to 2 RCC, one for the proter and one for the opisthe. In E. vannus, however, the third‐from‐the‐right dorsal kinety also produces one right caudal cirrus for the proter. Therefore, in E. vannus it is the proter which always receives 3 caudal cirri and the opisthe which gets only 2. The role of the cortex in determining these events is discussed.

Two cases of abnormal caudal cirrus formation are also described. Other aspects of morphogenesis during division, not previously reported, are also presented and discussed.
Ultrastructure of the Eyespot and its Possible Significance in Phototaxis of Tetracystis excentrica*†
Authors: ARNOTT HOWARD J. , BROWN R. MALCOLM
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The eyespot of the zoospore of Tetracystis excentrica (a green alga) has been studied by light and electron microscopy. In Tetracystis the eyespot consists of about 110 osmiophilic granules which form a plate in the anterior third of the cell. The granules are about 80 Å in diameter and are found in the outermost portion of the chloroplast; they commonly show hexagonal close packing and a hexagonal shape. The granules are confined positionally by the chloroplast envelope and an inner thylakoid. The plasmalemma over the eyespot is thickened and is separated from the chloroplast envelope by a 50 mμ space. The eyespot of Tetracystis is compared with others reported in the literature and the possible functional significance of these studies is discussed. The possibility that the eyespot plate in Tetracystis serves as a shading device rather than the primary photoreceptor is considered.
An Analysis of the Nutritional Requirements for Fatty Acids of Paramecium aurelia
Authors: SOLDO A. T. , VAN WAGTENDONK W. J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Axenically cultivated Paramecium aurelia, stock 299, required a fatty acid for growth. This need was satisfied by oleic acid and oleic acid‐containing lipids. These included: TEM‐4T (tartaric acid esters of tallow monoglycerides), certain phospholipids (crude as well as highly purified preparations), Tween 80, 85, Span 80 and glyceryl monoleate. High concentrations of oleic acid in the medium inhibited growth. This inhibition was partially released or annulled by certain mixtures of “non essential” fatty acids or by increasing the stigmasterol content of the growth medium. Definite but non‐stoichiometric levels of oleic acid and sterol were required for optimal growth. Tween 60, a non‐ionic emulsifier similar in its surfactant properties to Tween 80, stimulated growth in the presence of suboptimal amounts of oleic acid but failed itself to replace oleic acid as a growth requirement.
Microstome‐Macrostome Transformation in Tetrahymena vorax Strain V2 Type S Induced by a Transforming Principle, Stomatin
Authors: BUHSE HOWARD E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Microstome →macrostome transformation in Tetrahymena vorax was induced by suspending microstomes in a transforming principle, stomatin, released by a potential prey, T. pyriformis. It was found that 70–90% of the microstomes formed macrostomes within 7 hours following suspension in this transforming principle. Macrostome formation occurred by the process of oral replacement. This process involved resorption of the microstome oral apparatus and its replacement with a larger (macrostome) one, which arose from an anarchic field that formed behind the resorbing oral area. Ninety‐five percent of those microstomes which were destined to form macrostomes were in some stage of oral replacement 195 minutes after their suspension in stomatin. Several commercially produced products were tested over a wide range of concentrations to determine their ability to act as an inducer of macrostomes. Only 2, Trypticase and Bactocasitone, had any activity, and it was too small to be considered really effective. An attempt was also made to destroy the activity of stomatin by using enzymes. RNAse was effective but only in very high concentrations, so it was suggested that this activity might be related to the destruction of RNA within the transforming cell and not related to hydrolysis of stomatin. None of the other enzymes tested had any effect in reducing the activity of stomatin.
Ultrastructure of Pellicular and Ciliary Structures of Euplotes eurystomus
Authors: GRIM J. NORMAN
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Many of the sub‐pellicular and infraciliary structures in protozoa have proved difficult to study with standard thin‐sectioning technics. When these structures are viewed in isolated and fragmented form, many of the thin‐sectioning difficulties are circumvented. Langmuir‐trough isolation followed by critical‐point drying, as well as thin sectioning, were used in this study to determine the patterns of sub‐pellicular microtubules and fibrils interconnecting kinetosomes of membranelles and cirri of Euplotes eurystomus. The fibrillar network in the bases of these ciliary organelles is presented in some detail and apparent variations in pattern are noted. Functional aspects of some of the structures are discussed. With special preparation nearly whole Euplotes may be obtained for study in the electron microscope. Fused cilia were frequently obtained and their ultrastructure was studied.
Axenic Media for Blepharisma intermedium
Authors: SMITH S. G. , GIESE A. C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Blepharisma intermedium was cultured axenically. The organisms were freed of contaminating microorganisms by serial washing in a sterile salt solution. The major nutrients in the various media were: Freshly killed or lyophilized and autoclaved bacteria (Pseudomonas ovalis), yeast extract prepared from Fleischmann's baking yeast or Fleischmann's yeast autolysate, lettuce infusion or stigmasterol, 6 B‐vitamins, and phosphate buffer at 2 times 10−3 M. The cultures were kept in the dark at 25 C. Altho the 1st division after transfer into fresh media was delayed, B. intermedium divided in approximately 32 hours thereafter in most of these media.
Nature and Distribution of Carotenoid Pigments in Astasia ocellata
Authors: THOMAS D. M. , GOODWIN T. W. , RYLEY JOHN F.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The pigments synthesized by Astasia ocellata include α‐ and ε‐carotene, 4‐keto‐β‐carotene (echinenone), and 4,4′‐diketo‐β‐carotene (canthaxanthin); 4‐keto‐α‐carotene, accounting for about half the pigment in the cells, was tentatively identified; a strongly adsorbed keto‐carotenoid, accounting for 25% of the pigments and bearing some similarities to astacin, polytomaxanthin and phoenicoxanthin, was also found.
Labyrinthula
Authors: POKORNY KATHRYN STEIN
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The bionomics of Labyrinthula Cienkowski and the validity of the family Labyrinthulidae Haeckel are reviewed. The structure, physiology (including nutrition), locomotion, ecology, and possible pathogenicity for eel‐grass (Zostera marina L.) are discussed. The uniqueness of its gliding motility along slime tracks, lack of phagotrophy, and poorly understood congregation tendencies emphasize the present taxonomic isolation of the group. Further interest attaches to some species because of their steroid requirements.
Cochlodinium heterolobatum n.sp.: Structure and Some Cytophysiological Aspects*
Authors: SILVA ESTELA DE SOUSA E
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Structure and morphogenesis, and cytochemical data on Cochlodinium heterolobatum, a new species of unarmored dinoflagellate, were derived from living and fixed material from culture. C. heterolobatum is characterized by the torsion of the girdle which descends in a left‐hand spiral 1.8 turns; the sulcus having a torsion of 0.8 turn; a sulcus loop in the epicone; a tongue‐shaped lobe in the right hypocone; nucleus in the epicone; and a stigma in the left epicone. Trichocysts and behavior of the nucleus during typical and atypical divisions are described in cells from cultures of different ages. A small form with the specific characters was found. Intracellular bacteria were seen and their growth followed in individuals from cultures of different ages. A possible relationship between those bacteria and the accumulation of metabolites inside old cells is discussed.
Endogenous Stages of the Life Cycle of Isospora rivolta in the Dog
Authors: MAHRT JEROME L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Coccidia‐free beagle puppies were experimentally infected with a cloned culture of Isospora rivolta oocysts. The endogenous stages were found in the posterior 1/2 of the small intestine, and rarely in the cecum and colon. Maximum numbers of all stages occurred just anterior to the ileocecal valve. Endogenous stages were found in the distal third of the villi, predominantly parasitizing subepithelial cells of the lamina propria; however, stages were occasionally present in epithelial cells. The number of asexual generations could not be determined from their structure, but evidence based on oocyst production suggested that there were at least 2 asexual generations. The schizonts were 17–24 by 12–25 μ and contained 4–24 merozoites, the most common number being 4 or 8. Schizonts with mature merozoites were found as early as 72 hr, but were present in maximum numbers at 96 hr. Merozoites had slender curved bodies and were 10.5–13.4 by 2.3–3.0 μ. Mature gamonts were found by 144 hr. Mature microgametocytes were 13.4 by 8.7 μ and contained 50–70 microgametes. Microgametes had slightly curved tapering bodies (5.8–6.4 by 0.6 μ) with 2 posteriorly directed flagella 11–14 μ long. Mature macrogametes had reticular cytoplasm and a uniformly large nucleus and nucleolus.

The prepatent period was 142–146 hr. The patent period was 13–23 days with an average of 19 days.
The Role of Engulfment in the Dictyosteliaceae
Authors: HUFFMAN D. M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Experiments with mixtures of latex‐tagged cultures of amoebae of strains, species and genera of the Dictyosteliaceae indicate little specificity in engulfment. This is in sharp contrast to the decided specificity for compatibility in completion of morphogenesis in the same organisms. Lack of specificity in engulfment is considered additional evidence favoring engulfment as a normal feeding activity rather than a process associated with syngamy in the cellular slime molds.
Structure and Function of Mitochondria in Crithidia fasciculata*
Authors: HILL GEORGE C. , BROWN CHARLES A. , CLARK MARTIN V.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. In correlating mitochondrial structure with composition and function of the electron‐transport system in Crithidia fasciculata, failure to find cytochrome oxidase in isolated mitochondria coincided with the presence of longitudinally‐oriented lamellar cristae in the mitochondria in intact cells. Cytochromes b and c were detected spectrophotometrically. Respiration of intact cells and mitochondria, measured polarographically, was sensitive to 10−4 M antimycin A and 5 × 10−4 M KCN. The difficulty in detecting cytochrome oxidase and the biogenesis of mitochondria are briefly discussed.
Adenosine Triphosphate Acceleration of the Nephridial Apparatus of Paramecium multimicronucleatum*
Authors: ORGAN ALAN E. , BOVEE EUGENE C. , JAHN THEODORE L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Paramecium multimicronucleatum was exposed to various external concentrations of adenosine triphosphate (Na2ATP) to determine the effects thereof on the cycling rate of the nephridial apparatus. Normal rate was found to vary from 3.46 to 4.28 cycles/min with a mean rate of 3.85 cycles/min at 20 C. Concentrations of ATP of less than 5 × 10−4 M caused only slight, very temporary acceleration of the cycling rate. At 5 × 10−4 M the cycling rate was accelerated less than 15%. At 3 × 10−3 M cycling rate was accelerated, varying from 5.35 to 7.24 cycles/min, with a mean accelerated rate of 6.25 cycles/min, a mean aoceleration of 88.3%. Changes in rate after addition of 5 × 10−3 M ATP ranged from a decrease of 6.2% to an increase of 1.8%, with the nephridial apparatus ultimately stopping. At higher concentrations, stoppage was almost immediate. Paramecium is rapidly dehydrated by the ATP‐accelerated cycling of its nephridial apparatuses, with a net loss of 27% of its volume in 6 minutes in the 3 × 10−3 M ATP.
Immunologic Analysis by Quantitative Fluorescent Antibody Methods of the Effects of Prolonged Cultivation on Trichomonas gallinae*
Authors: HONIGBERG B. M. , GOLDMAN MORRIS , Holt Portia A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Antisera were developed in rabbits against homogenized antigens prepared from 3 axenic lines of Trichomonas gallinae: JB(VI), the 6th isolate of the very virulent Jones' Barn strain which was kept frozen in liquid nitrogen and was fully pathogenic for pigeons at the time at which it was employed for immunization; JB (VI)C, a substrain derived from JB(VI), but attenuated during continuous in vitro cultivation for 1 year; and JB(V)C, a substrain of the 5th isolate of the Jones' Barn strain attenuated during continuous in vitro cultivation for over 3 years. Globulin fractions of the antisera were conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), and fractionated on DEAE‐cellulose columns to yield highly specific fractions. Intact, formalin‐fixed flagellates of each line were stained on slides with each labelled antiserum under standardized conditions. Fluorescence emitted by individual organisms was measured with the aid of a special microfluorimetric apparatus. Experiments involving direct staining, one‐step inhibition, and cross‐absorption methods indicated the presence of unique and cross‐reacting antigenic systems in each of the 3 lines of trichomonads. The 2 substrains attenuated in the course of prolonged in vitro cultivation, altho antigenically similar, could be readily differentiated from each other. Further, both of them appeared to contain more antigenic systems than the still fully virulent JB(VI) parasites.
Trypanosoma avium: Fine Structure of All Developmental Stages*
Authors: BAKER J. R. , BIRD R. G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Thin sections of the following stages of Trypanosoma avium were examined in the electron microscope: Trypomastigote forms from the blood of a bird, large epimastigote forms developing from the former after 2 hours in vitro, small epimastigote and metacyclic trypomastigote forms developing after longer periods of cultivation in vitro. The general structure of all stages was similar to that which is already well known for the genus, with the following points being of particular interest:

(1) In the large trypomastigote and epimastigote forms, and possibly also in the smaller forms, the flagellar sheath was attached to the pellicle, at least in places. In the large trypomastigote forms, this resulted in the drawing out of a “fin” or ridge of cytoplasm, particularly in the mid‐region of the body, to form a true undulating membrane.

(2) At least some of the individuals in the blood of a bird have 2 basal bodies, one of which is aflagellate, altho these individuals rarely if ever divide. The large epimastigote forms into which they transform in vitro develop 4 basal bodies (2 flagellate and 2 aflagellate) before dividing.

(3) The chondriome is well‐developed in all stages, extending thruout the body, even to the tip of the elongated posterior end of the form in the avian host.

(4) A short cytostome, leading from the flagellar pocket, was seen in the hematozoic (blood‐inhabiting) trypomastigote form but not in other stages.

(5) It is suggested that the forward movement of the kinetoplast and basal body during the transformation from trypomastigote to epimastigote form is mediated by localized cytoplasmic movement, resulting in the “rolling‐up” of the organism's hind end. It is further suggested that protein synthesis is reduced or even suppressed entirely in the small epi‐ and trypomastigote forms appearing at the end of the developmental cycle in vitro or in the insect host, such synthesis recommencing rapidly after re‐entry into the vertebrate.
Cortical Studies on Glaucoma*
Authors: KLUG SANDRA HAGER
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Clones of 3 strains of the ciliated protozoon Glaucoma chattoni were subjected to corticotypic analysis. In agreement with previous studies on Tetrahymena, many cortical features vary in a systematic way with the total number of ciliary meridians. Most strikingly, the positions of the contractile vacuole pore and the numbers of postoral meridians change in a regular progression, but the patterns of change are distinctive in different strains. Under the growth conditions employed the corticotypes (meridian numbers) in G. chattoni are much less stable than those in T. pyriformis and no preferential “stability sink” is apparent.
Intestinal Protozoa of the Baboon Papio doguera Pucheran, 1856
Authors: MYERS BETTY JUNE , KUNTZ ROBERT E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Broad scope investigations have allowed a study of the intestinal parasitic protozoa of the Kenya baboon Papio doguera in its natural habitat as well as an opportunity to follow the intestinal protozoan populations in these primates held in captivity. Samplings indicate that the amoebae found in the baboon are essentially the same as those which commonly occur in man. Balantidium coli is frequent in wild baboons but is self‐limiting in animals after a few weeks in captivity. The flagellates Chilomastix mesnili and Giardia lamblia were detected in captive but not in wild baboons; the presence of the latter constitutes a new record for Papio doguera.
A Redescription of Uronema nigricans*
Authors: THOMPSON JESSE C. , EVANS FREDERICK R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Uronema nigricans, a hymenostome ciliate, is redescribed by modern technics. Anatomic studies were made on 4 strains treated primarily with the Chatton‐Lwoff silver impregnation technic. Particular attention was given to the buccal apparatus and its importance to generic assignment in the order Hymenostomatida.
Growth Characteristics of Axenic Strains of Entamoeba histolytica Schaudinn, 1903*
Authors: WITTNER MURRAY
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. An account of the culture methods for axenic growth of Entamoeba histolytica is given. Three media, including Diamond's medium, have been reliable. At present 6 strains are maintained axenically; details of isolation and axenization are outlined. Growth characteristics and oxygen requirements of 2 strains are examined.
Fever and Blood Sugar in Pinottii Malaria of Pigeons*
Authors: MANWELL REGINALD D. , STONE WARD B.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Plasmodium pinottii is an avian malaria parasite originally isolated from the Brazilian toucan, and maintained chiefly in the pigeon, in which it is extremely pathogenic. Infections must be transferred by blood inoculation, since gametocytes are no longer produced (and, in any event, the vector is unknown). Unlike most forms of avian malaria, pinottii malaria in the pigeon is characterized by fever, often high, with peaks at the time of parasite reproduction. Blood sugar levels vary considerably even in healthy birds, in which the mean was found to be 267 ± 9.2 SEm mg per 100 ml plasma (range 208–335, based on examination of 14 individuals. Values during fasting approximated those when feeding was ad libitum. Levels tended to rise in the early stages of the infection, reaching a mean of 305 ± 14.5 mg per 100 ml plasma (based on 10 cases) while parasitemia was 20‐49%. At death the mean (determined from 46 birds) had dropped to 155.8 ± 15.5 mg per 100 ml. However there is little reason to think that parasite demand on the host's glycogen reserves was a significant factor in causing death, despite the very high parasitemias often reached.
Differentiation of Reproductive Cells in Volvox carteri*
Authors: KOCHERT GARY
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The life cycle of Volvox carteri was studied in axenic culture using the NB‐3 and the NB‐7 strains isolated from Nebraska. Vegetative colonies of both strains contain 8–12 asexual reproductive cells (gonidia) which divide to form daughter colonies. During daughter colony formation, the reproductive cells of the daughters are delimited at an early stage of cleavage. Gonidia are delimited at the division from 16 to 32 cells, but eggs and male initial cells are not differentiated until the division of the 32‐celled stage. In all instances the reproductive cells are the products of unequal cleavages.

Male and female colonies are formed in separate clones. Female colonies contain approximately 20 eggs. Male colonies have approximately 50 male initial cells, each of which forms a sperm bundle containing 64 or 128 sperm. Sperm bundles penetrate female colonies and fertilize the eggs. Zygote formation, zygote germination, and the development of gone colonies is described. Sexual type was inherited in a 1:1 ratio.

Male colonies appear spontaneously in the male strain, but female colonies were formed in the female strain only in the presence of a substance produced by colonies from male cultures. This female inducing substance is produced in male cultures primarily, if not exclusively, by male colonies rather than by vegetative colonies. The female inducing substance is heat labile and non‐dialyzable. Activity is destroyed by Pronase, but not by trypsin, chymotrypsin or ribonuclease.

Gonidia appear to be most susceptible to female induction during the early stages of their expansion prior to cleavage.
Sporozoan Parasites of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst): Triboliocystis garnhami Dissanaike a Synonym of Farinocystis tribolii Weiser
Authors: ASHFORD R. W.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. New observations are described which confirm the synonymy of Triboliocystis garnhami Dissanaike with Farinocystis tribolii Weiser. The original descriptions have been amplified and combined, and the parasite is shown to have 2 distinct schizogonic cycles, the 2nd of which gives rise to uninucleate gametocytes. After association, the gametocytes each produce 16 gametes. The number of oocysts rarely reaches the expected 16, being usually 8 or 9. It is concluded that the parasite should retain its generic status and be placed according to Grassé's classification (2) in the family Lipotrophidae.
Myxosporidian Parasites from the Fish of the River Lugg
Authors: DAVIES ELIZABETH H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Six different species of Myxosporidia were recorded from fish of the River Lugg. Myxobolus muelleri, M. artus, M. macrocapsularis, Henneguya zschokkei, H. psorospermica and H. oviperda.

Leuciscus cephalus, L. leuciscus and Rutilus rutilus infected with M. muelleri were common; of these 3 hosts, L. cephalus had the highest intensity of infection and the greatest number of infected organs and tissues. M. muelleri was compared from all the different infection sites each month where possible, from the same host (i.e., L. cephalus) and from the same site on different hosts (i.e. from the gills of all 3 hosts). No seasonal variation in occurrence, spore shape or size was found for M. muelleri, but spore size varied depending on the host and site of infection.

Tailed and tailless forms of H. zschokkei were found on L. leucicus and H. oviperda on E. lucius. Only tailless H. psorospermica were found.

Variations in spore form and size are discussed in relation to their use as taxonomic characters.
Non‐Mendelian Inheritance in Blepharisma intermedium
Authors: ISQUITH I. R. , HIRSHFIELD H. I.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. An albino mutation of Blepharisma intermedium (a dark red ciliate) has been isolated. The inheritance of factors controlling pigmentation, mating‐type, and lethality level of sexually derived offspring has been studied. All 3 traits are inherited in a non‐Mendelian manner, perhaps via the cytoplasm.
Isozymes in the Culture Forms of Leishmania tarentolae*
Authors: KRASSNER STUART M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Leishmania tarentolae grown in Trager's defined medium C, blood brain heart infusion broth and blood agar contained 2 forms of malic dehydrogenase (MDH) after zone electrophoresis in potato starch: one at the point of origin and the other migrating towards the anode. The pH optimum with oxaloacetate as substrate was ≃ 8.35 for the anodal form and 7.50 for the point of origin enzyme. The Michaelis constant (Km) with oxaloacetate was 1.8–2.8 × 10−5 M for the anodal form and 4.0 × 10−5 M for the nonmigratory form. At pH 7.4, both MDHs were inhibited by oxaloacetate concentrations greater than 3.75 × 10−4 M. Ratios of activity with different NAD analogs were dissimilar. A few of the non‐migratory enzyme ratios corresponded with those reported for mitochondrial MDH. There was no correspondence between the ratios shown by anodal MDH and ratios reported either for mitochondrial MDH or for cytoplasmic MDH. The thionicotinamide analog was not utilized by point of origin MDH; however, the anodal form did show greater activity with this analog which is a characteristic of cytoplasmic MDH. Anodal MDH was more stable than non‐migratory enzyme. Heat inactivation studies indicated 80% inactivation at 68°C for the anodal form and 100% inactivation at 37°C for the other form. The point of origin enzyme had a half life of about 48 hours at 4°C whereas anodal MDH was stable for at least one week at 4°C. Addition of enzyme stabilizing agents (Cleland's reagent, mercaptoethanol and gelatin) did not prevent breakdown of the non‐migrating enzyme. Phosphate buffer increased the activity of the point of origin enzyme but had no effect on anodal MDH. On the basis of the above results, non‐migratory enzyme is thought to be a variant of mitochondrial MDH. The characteristics of the anodal MDH do not readily indentify it as a typical mitochondrial or cytoplasmic type and it may be a modified type similar to those found in parasitic protozoa by other workers.
The Nature of the Iodinophilous Vacuole of Myxosporidan Spores, and a Proposal to Synonymize the Genus Myxosoma Thélohan, 1892 with the Genus Myxobolus Bütschli, 1882
Authors: WALLIKER D.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The myxosporidan genera Myxobolus and Myxosoma differ only by the presence or absence of a so‐called iodinophilous vacuole in their spores which has in the past been shown to contain glycogen. In the present study, spores of Myxobolus pseudodispar, M. cyprini, M. muelleri, Myxosoma heterospora and Agarella gracilis were tested for glycogen using Best's carmine, iodine, and the Bauer‐Feulgen technic. These tests showed that (a) Glycogen was present in variable amounts in spores of each species. In some spores this took the form of a vacuole, while in others the distribution was diffuse or particulate; (b) In no species of Myxobolus did the majority of spores contain a vacuole; (c) In Myxosoma heterospora vacuoles were present in a small proportion of spores. It is concluded that the iodinophilous vacuole cannot be used as a taxonomic criterion in the Myxosporida, and therefore that the genus Myxosoma should be synonymised with the genus Myxobolus.
Etude de l'Ultrastructure de Gregarina polymorpha (Hamm.) en Syzygie
Authors: DEVAUCHELLE G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The electron‐microscope study of syzygy in Gregarina polymorpha, shows that this coupling, a prelude to cyst formation and to sexual phenomena, must not be considered as a simple pairing of individuals, but is rather the response of a gamont to a stimulus coming from another individual of a different sex. This response, in the species studied, can be recognized from the modifications that will appear progressively at the contact surfaces of the two gregarines. They affect only the protomerite apex of the posterior individual. There occur: rapid growth of the protomeritic epicyte; separation of this epicyte from the fibrillar zone underneath; formation of a protomeritic cup containing various inclusions; the disappearance of cuticular digitations and the formation of invaginations which become deeper and deeper.

All these modifications occur as soon as syzygy starts. They seem to indicate a reaction of the satellite epicyte to a possible stimulus coming from the anterior female gamont. This epicyte could play a different part from the initial one.

In the case of association between a primite and several satellites, the posterior gamonts react in a comparable manner but not together.
Comparison of Mitochondrial Enzymes Between Young and Adult Forms of Trypanosoma lewisi*
Authors: ENTNER NATHAN
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The changes in young, 6‐day‐old to adult (13‐day‐old) forms of T. lewisi during the course of infection in rats are attended by some changes in mitochondrial enzyme activities. The most significant differences between the 2 forms are in the content of isocitric dehydrogenases (2 distinct enzymes are present), and in the ability to carry out oxidative phosphorylation. In the mitochondria of adults there is a significant decrease in the ability to form ATP.
Further Studies on Antigenic Changes in Trypanosoma lewisi*
Authors: ENTNER NATHAN
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. An investigation of day‐to‐day changes in adult form antigens of T. lewisi in the rat shows that adult antigens, 2 of which are present in trace amounts in young forms, suddenly appear in large amounts in 9‐day‐old trypanosomes. An additional antigen is formed on the 13th day. In addition, 2‐day‐old trypanosomes contain some antigens not present in 6‐day‐old forms. The combined results of the present paper and a previous one indicate that there are antigenically 3 distinct stages of T. lewisi in the rat: 1‐ to 3‐day‐old, 4‐ to 8‐day‐old, and 9‐ to 14‐day‐old forms. From 9‐ to 11‐day‐old trypanosomes, there is a form containing both young and adult antigens.