bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Critique of Neoliberalism in Higher Education
Authors: del Cerro Santamaría Gerardo
Published: October 2019

Neoliberalism—the prevailing model of capitalist thinking based on the Washington Consensus—has conveyed the idea that a new educational and university model must emerge in order to meet the demands of a global productive system that is radically different from that of just a few decades ago. The overall argument put forward is that the requirements, particularly the managerial and labor force needs of a new economy—already developing within the parameters of globalization and the impact of information and communication technologies (ICTs)—cannot be adequately satisfied under the approaches and methods used by a traditional university. Neoliberalism affects the telos of higher education by redefining the very meaning of higher education. It dislocates education by commodifying its intrinsic value and emphasizing directly transferable skills and competencies. Nonmonetary values are marginalized and, with them, the nonmonetary ethos that is essential in sustaining a healthy democratic society.
Buddhist and Muslim Interactions in Asian History
Authors: Elverskog Johan
Published: October 2019

In the popular imagination, the meeting of Buddhism and Islam is often conceptualized as one of violence; namely, Muslims destroying the Dharma. Of course, in more recent years this narrative has been problematized by the reality of Buddhist ethnic cleansing and the genocide of Muslims in Sri Lanka and Myanmar. Yet, what needs to be recognized is that the meeting between Buddhists and Muslims has never simply been one of confrontation. Rather, the interaction of these two religions—which has been going on for more than one thousand years across the length and breadth of Asia (from Iran to China and Indonesia to Siberia)—has also involved much else, including artistic, cultural, economic, and intellectual exchanges.
Anti-capitalist Thought and Utopian Alternatives in America
Authors: Brick Howard
Published: October 2019

Utopia—the term derived from Thomas More’s 1516 volume by that name—always suggested a place that was both non-existent, a product of the imagination usually depicted fictionally as far distant in time or space, and better than the real and familiar world. In modern times, it has served as a mode of anti-capitalist critique and also, despite its supposed “unreality,” as a disposition joined to actual social movements for dramatic reform. Utopian alternatives to American capitalism, both in the sense of literary works projecting visions of ideal social relations and in real efforts to establish viable communitarian settlements, have long been a significant part of the nation’s cultural and political history. In the 1840s, American followers of the French “utopian socialist” Charles Fourier established dozens of communities based at least in part on Fourier’s principles, and those principles filtered down to the world’s most influential modern utopian novel, Edward Bellamy’s Looking Backward of 1888. Utopian community-building and the writing of anti-capitalist utopian texts surged and declined in successive waves from the 19th to the 21st century, and while the recent surges have never equaled the impact borne by Fourierism or Bellamy, the appeal of the utopian imagination has again surfaced, since the Great Recession of 2008 provoked new doubts about the viability or justice of capitalist economic and social relations.
Ireland-US Relations
Authors: Cooper Sophie
Published: October 2019

Irish and American histories are intertwined as a result of migration, mercantile and economic connections, and diplomatic pressures from governments and nonstate actors. The two fledgling nations were brought together by their shared histories of British colonialism, but America’s growth as an imperial power complicated any natural allegiances that were invoked across the centuries. Since the beginnings of that relationship in 1607 with the arrival of Irish migrants in America (both voluntary and forced) and the building of a transatlantic linen trade, the meaning of “Irish” has fluctuated in America, mirroring changes in both migrant patterns and international politics. The 19th century saw Ireland enter into Anglo-American diplomacy on both sides of the Atlantic, while the 20th century saw Ireland emerge from Britain’s shadow with the establishment of separate diplomatic connections between the United States and Ireland. American recognition of the newly independent Irish Free State was vital for Irish politicians on the world stage; however the Free State’s increasingly isolationist policies during the 1930s to 1950s alienated its American allies. The final decade of the century, however, brought America and Ireland (including both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland) closer than ever before. Throughout their histories, the Irish diasporas—both Protestant and Catholic—in America have played vital roles as pressure groups and fundraisers. The history of American–Irish relations therefore brings together governmental and nonstate organizations and unites political, diplomatic, social, cultural, and economic histories which are still relevant today.
Deponency in Morphology
Authors: Grestenberger Laura
Published: October 2019

Deponency refers to mismatches between morphological form and syntactic function (or “meaning”), such that a given morphological exponent appears in a syntactic environment that is unexpected from the point of view of its canonical (“normal” or “expected”) function. This phenomenon takes its name from Latin, where certain morphologically “passive” verbs appear in syntactically active contexts (for example, hort-or ‘I encourage’, with the same ending as passive am-or ‘I am loved’), but it occurs in other languages as well. Moreover, the term has been extended to include mismatches in other domains, such as number mismatches in nominal morphology or tense mismatches on verbs (e.g., in the Germanic preterite-presents). Theoretical treatments of deponency vary from seeking a unified (and uniform) account of all observed mismatches to arguing that the wide range of cross-linguistically attested form-function mismatches does not form a natural class and does not require explanatory devices specific to the domain of morphology. It has also been argued that some apparent mismatches are “spurious” and have been misanalyzed.

Nevertheless, it is generally agreed across frameworks that however such “morphological mismatches” are to be analyzed, deponency has potential ramifications for theories of the syntax-morphology interface and (depending on one’s theoretical approach) the structure of the lexicon.
Psycholinguistic Approaches to Morphology: Production
Authors: Tucker Benjamin V.
Published: October 2019

Speech production is an important aspect of linguistic competence. An attempt to understand linguistic morphology without speech production would be incomplete. A central research question develops from this perspective: what is the role of morphology in speech production. Speech production researchers collect many different types of data and much of that data has informed how linguists and psycholinguists characterize the role of linguistic morphology in speech production. Models of speech production play an important role in the investigation of linguistic morphology. These models provide a framework, which allows researchers to explore the role of morphology in speech production. However, models of speech production generally focus on different aspects of the production process. These models are split between phonetic models (which attempt to understand how the brain creates motor commands for uttering and articulating speech) and psycholinguistic models (which attempt to understand the cognitive processes and representation of the production process). Models that merge these two model types, phonetic and psycholinguistic models, have the potential to allow researchers the possibility to make specific predictions about the effects of morphology on speech production. Many studies have explored models of speech production, but the investigation of the role of morphology and how morphological properties may be represented in merged speech production models is limited.
317 Incidence of Cognitive Impairment after Stroke: a Retrospective Cohort of Rehabilitation Patients.
Authors: Gorey Sarah , Cassidy Tim
Published: October 2019

Background

Pendlebury and Rothwell’s recent paper reports the incidence of cognitive impairment and dementia post stroke as 5% for TIA, 8% for minor stroke and 34% for severe stroke. 1We wanted to explore if these trends were reproducible in an Irish cohort.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review of a random sample of 100 discharges from a dedicated stroke rehabilitation unit between 2017 and 2018. Diagnosis of cognitive impairment or dementia was extracted from MDT discharge documentation, along with results of cognitive assessments. This cohort required inpatient rehabilitation post stroke, so we can infer that these were severe strokes. As a surrogate marker of disability, the average Barthel Index of this sample on admission to rehabilitation was 13, indicating moderate functional dependency.

Results

Complete information was available for 94/100 patients. The average age was 67 years (age range 33-95 years) 37 of 94 (39%) were judged to have cognitive impairment on discharge. Demonstration of functional impairment was central to this assessment. 30 (81%) of these diagnoses were supported by abnormal cognitive tests. 3 of those judged to have cognitive impairment, were unable to complete cognitive assessment. 2 of those judged to have cognitive impairment had cognitive scores which were within the normal range. None of the discharge letters mentioned a diagnosis of post stroke or vascular dementia.

Conclusion

This study replicates Pendlebury and Rothwell’s findings that over a third of people suffering from severe strokes will develop cognitive impairment. This is of critical importance to stroke clinicians as it should prompt frank discussions with stroke patients and their families about prognosis, recovery and future planning.
Railway Sparks: Technological Development and the Common Law
Authors: Wilde Mark L
Published: October 2019

The railways have been described as Britain's ‘gift to the world’. The sheer scale, ambition and audaciousness of the engineering still inspires awe and reshaped the landscape forever. They brought towns and cities closer together and instigated irreversible economic, political and social changes. However, as is often the case with a new technology, the railways also brought negative side effects, one of the most destructive of which was fire damage caused by sparks and lighted coals from steam locomotives. The railway sparks issue has long served as a case study for the economic analysis of tort and the issue of where the loss should fall. Nevertheless, much of the analysis has lacked an appreciation of how the courts actually resolved these disputes. This has attracted some comment from tort scholars and legal historians but has never been the subject of a sustained piece of doctrinal or historical research. This article constitutes the first truly comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the cases (both reported and unreported). The study has yielded new insights into the main arguments (and in particular the need to fit spark arrestors to locomotives), the attitude of the railway industry to the problem and the role played by such cases in key doctrinal developments such as strict liability. Moreover, it examines how railway interests in Parliament were able to stymy attempts to replace the common law with a much more onerous strict liability regime under statute. As such it affords important new insights into how law responded to some of the new challenges of the Industrial Age.
Accuracy monism and doxastic dominance: reply to Steinberger
Authors: Hewson Matthew
Published: October 2019

Given the standard dominance conditions used in accuracy theories for outright belief, epistemologists must invoke epistemic conservatism if they are to avoid licensing belief in both a proposition and its negation. In ‘Accuracy and epistemic conservatism’ Florian Steinberger charges the committed accuracy monist – the theorist who thinks that the only epistemic value is accuracy – with being unable to motivate this conservatism. I show that the accuracy monist can avoid Steinberger’s charge by moving to a subtly different set of dominance conditions. Having done so, they no longer need to invoke conservatism. I briefly explore some ramifications of this shift.
Frugivory and Polygamy in Birds of Paradise
Authors: Beehler Bruce
Published: October 2019

I studied fruit-feeding by nine species of birds of paradise in Papua New Guinea from July 1978 through November 1980 and gathered 1,187 records of foraging at 31 species of trees and vines from 14 botanical families. Fruit consumed was consistently small-to moderate-sized (mean: 1 cm diameter), but fruit of different species of plants showed high morphological diversity. I classify the fruit of 31 plant species into three morphological groups: capsule, fig, and drupe/berry. Each of the primarily frugivorous birds of paradise was recorded taking fruits from 10-21 plant species, including representatives from each class.

The monogamous Trumpet Manucode and Crinkle-collared Manucode were fig specialists. More than 80% of their diet was figs. The polygamous species of paradisaeids were more "generalized" fruit-feeders and took significant amounts of fruit from all three morphological categories. The most important types of fruit among the polygamous birds were capsular species (49% of diet). While fig species were visited by birds from many families, most nonfig trees hosted a narrower range of foragers, and two species of trees, Chisocheton weinlandii (Meliaceae) and Gastonia spectabilis (Araliaceae), were visited only by birds of paradise.

The frugivorous habits of birds of paradise are similar in several respects to those of the neotropical cotingids and manakins. It is argued that while frugivory is an important component of the evolution of polygamous arena display in these birds, it cannot, by itself, explain why some birds are polygamous and others monogamous. Frugivory in the tropics is a complex syndrome that offers a number of ecological alternatives that, in turn, promote different behavioral adaptations.
Notes on the Behavior of the Costa Rican Sharpbill (Oxyruncus cristatus frater)
Authors: Stiles F. Gary , Whitney Bret
Published: October 2019

The Costa Rican Sharpbill (Oxyruncus cristatus frater) is a chunky bird of stolid demeanor, with rapid and jerky movements. Males apparently form exploded leks of 3-4 birds, advertising their lek territories by singing a high, thin, wiry, descending trill from conspicuous perches high in the canopy of precipitous, mid-elevation rain forest. The singing (and probable breeding) season extends from late February or March to late May or early June. The bright vermilion crest of the males is erected during intense aggressive interactions but not during singing. Probable courtship is described, but we were unable to observe copulation. We also describe a probable flight display of unknown significance. Sharpbills employ varied foraging tactics and take both fruit and animal prey. The sharp-pointed bill is used to pry open rolled leaves, undehisced fruits, and tufts of moss and epiphytes. The Sharpbills' bill and foraging appear to represent a unique specialization within the great tyrannine suboscine radiation of the New World tropics and a striking convergence with the family Icteridae in particular.
Why Do Brown-Headed Cowbirds Perform the Head-Down Display?
Authors: Scott Thomas W. , Grumstrup-Scott Judith M.
Published: October 2019

Four hypotheses for the function of the head-down display performed by Brown-headed Cowbirds were tested with observational data from free-ranging and captive cowbirds. Free-ranging cowbirds performed 284 interspecific and four intraspecific displays during 59.2 daylight hours while roosting in mixed-species flocks adjacent to feeding areas. The most common recipients of displays, female Red-winged Blackbirds and House Sparrows, preened cowbirds during 25 displays. Cowbirds that had just been preened displayed more often than those that had not recently been preened. Captive cowbirds displayed intraspecifically 475 times during 13.3 h, and dominant captive birds displayed more often than their subordinates. The following hypothesis was proposed to explain the display's function: the head-down display of Brown-headed Cowbirds is an appeasing agonistic behavior, the displayor is most often dominant to the recipient, and subsequent displaying is stimulated by interspecific preening. The display may function in: (a) obtaining food, (b) minimizing roosting energetics, and/or (c) establishing flock order.
Clutch Size in the Eastern Kingbird: Factors Affecting Nestling Survival
Authors: Murphy Michael T.
Published: October 2019

Observational and experimental procedures were used to evaluate the potential importance of brood size and weather on the evolution of clutch size in the Eastern Kingbird. Modal clutch size was three eggs, yet broods of four were most productive. Nestling size varied inversely with brood size, so that "nestling quality" was lower in broods of four than in broods of three. Asymptotic weight of nestlings in broods of three was directly and significantly correlated with ambient air temperature, followed by hatch order. Because larger broods were being fed during a period of relatively cool and wet weather, the effects of brood size were probably confounded by weather-induced changes in food availability, suggesting that the ability to produce surviving young successfully from large broods is dependent upon weather conditions during the nestling period. These observations match patterns seen in other aerial foragers and indicate that unpredictable changes in temperature and precipitation dramatically affect the ability of the adults to feed young. A high variance in fledging success from the largest broods is indicated and probably selects for a reduced number of offspring in the Eastern Kingbird. Trade-offs in reproductive effort and parental survival do not appear to be required to explain patterns of clutch size in the Eastern Kingbird or, probably, other aerial foragers.
Reproductively Dependent Song Cyclicity in Mated Male Mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos)
Authors: Logan Cheryl A.
Published: October 2019

Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos) song has been demonstrated to function in the species' perennial territoriality. Data reported here suggest that this species' diverse song may also function intersexually in reproduction. Observations on the amount of song produced by identified males throughout the breeding season revealed a pronounced cyclicity in the occurrence of song. Further, song cyclicity was systematically associated with the nature of the breeding activity in progress. In each of six mated males, the amount of song increased substantially while the male was nest building. The amount of song decreased significantly during incubation and during the care of offspring. This relationship held even when the cycle of breeding activities was disrupted through nest loss; males resumed singing immediately, although losses often occurred during periods of very little song. Analyses indicated that the nest-building song burst did not result from the activities involved in nest construction itself but often preceded the first observed instance of nest building. Increased song during nest building cannot be explained by excess amounts of unoccupied singing time available to males not engaged in the care of offspring. The overall pattern of results indicates that Mockingbird song may function in reproductive as well as in territorial contexts. Further, the cyclic relationship between song and breeding activities suggests that song may constitute a mechanism by which the reproductive state of the female is rapidly reset in preparation for subsequent broods.
Energetics and Growth Patterns of Three Tropical Bird Species
Authors: Bryant David M. , Hails Christopher J.
Published: October 2019

Energy budgets and growth data are presented for nestlings of three species of tropical insectivores: White-bellied Swiftlets (Collocalia esculenta), Blue-throated Bee-eaters (Merops viridis), and Pacific Swallows (Hirundo tahitica). A comparison with temperate nestlings, matched for body size, shows that the peak energy demand in our tropical sample averaged around 60% of temperate counterparts. We attribute savings to slow growth rates, reduced thermoregulatory requirements, a low resting metabolism (in swallows only), asynchronous hatching (in bee-eaters), and low nestling activity levels. Patterns of energy storage as lipid in nestlings of the three species were similar to the pattern in temperate swallows (Hirundinidae) and swifts (Apodidae), with those species feeding at the greatest heights, and hence on the most unpredictable supplies, storing the most fat while in the nest.
Obligate and Facultative Brood Reduction in Eagles: An Examination of Factors that Influence Fratricide
Authors: Edwards Thomas C. , Collopy Michael W.
Published: October 2019

Fratricide in eagles (Accipitridae: Accipitrinae) is either obligate [second hatched nestling (C2) always dies] or facultative (C2 occasionally dies) and appears to be a function of relative size differences between siblings. Several factors, including time between hatching, differences in hatching weights, and possibly the sex of the nestling in conjunction with its hatching sequence, influence size difference. Size differences are modified further by feeding rates of young by adults. These factors determine the relative differences in locomotor development and coordination and thus the ability of the first-hatched nestling to control access to and monopolize parent-provided resources. Significantly greater (P < 0.0001) within-clutch volume differences (an indicator of disparity in hatching weight) and greater time between hatching (mode of 3 versus 2 days) are found in eagles in which fratricide is obligate (three species) than in those in which fratricide is facultative (eight species). We suggest that these differences are proximate mechanisms that account for observed differences in the frequency of fratricide in eagles. Although size difference is determined in part by the sex and hatching sequence of the nestling, the role of offspring sex in fractricide is not clear.
Behavior and Taxonomic Status of Grayson's Dove
Authors: Baptista Luis F. , Boarman William I. , Kandianidis Paraskevas
Published: October 2019

Grayson's Dove (Zenaida graysoni) is extinct in the wild but is still found in aviaries. It has been treated variously as a full species or as a subspecies of the Mourning Dove (Z. macroura). The two taxa differ in shape, color, and color pattern of the rectrices and can be readily distinguished by characteristics of museum skins. They also differ in vocalizations and visual displays. Previous studies described differences in serology. The two taxa interbreed only rarely in captivity. It is proposed that Z. graysoni be recognized as a full species, closely related to Z. macroura.
The Influence of Nectar Resources on Nesting Success and Movement Patterns of the Common Amakihi (Hemignathus virens)
Authors: Riper Charles van
Published: October 2019

The objectives of this study were to investigate the influence of nectar resources on: (1) territory establishment, (2) breeding success, and (3) postbreeding dispersal in Hemignathus virens on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. I observed color-banded individuals from 1971 to 1981 and manipulated food during the 1975 breeding season by placing supplementary nectar resources in an area where breeding had not occurred in the previous 4 yr.

The results of this study demonstrated that H. virens is intrinsically tied to the nectar resources available within its breeding territory and that a minimum of 2,000 μl/day (1,400 cal) of nectar must be present before territory establishment will occur. This finding was further supported by the fact that no breeding occurred in the experimental area during the 6 yr after removal of the supplementary nectar.

Breeding success of Hemignathus virens was influenced by different levels of nectar availability. The most successful breeding occurred at nectar levels of 20,000-40,000 μl/day (14,000-28,000 cal). More than 35,000 μl/day (24,500 cal) of nectar within a territory generally inhibited successful breeding, presumably because too much time was spent in the defense of the nectar sources. Birds with larger amounts of nectar within their territories had concomitantly larger clutch sizes. Postbreeding dispersal, an annual phenomenon in the H. virens population on Mauna Kea, did not occur if adequate food supplies remained available during the nonbreeding period.
Dietary Selectivity in Relation to Availability and Quality of Food for Goslings of Cackling Geese
Authors: Sedinger James S. , Raveling Dennis G.
Published: October 2019

Food selection by and diet of Cackling Goose (Branta canadensis minima) goslings were studied in relation to the quality and availability of food during brood rearing, 1977-1979. Arrowgrass (Triglochin palustris) was the most important food in the diet of goslings before wing-molt of adults and sometimes during molt. Carex mackenziei was the most common sedge in the diet but was less important than arrowgrass. Leaves of other species were relatively unimportant during premolt. Arrowgrass declined, while Carex seeds and crowberries (Empetrum nigrum) increased, in the diet as brood rearing progressed. Arrowgrass was highly preferred, whereas other sedges and grasses (except C. mackenziei) were avoided in areas for which both availability and consumption were measured. Preference for arrowgrass was related to its higher protein and energy content and lower cell-wall content compared to other forage species. Thus, geese benefitted nutritionally from selecting their preferred diet. Seeds and berries contained high levels of lipids and carbohydrates relative to green leaves. Less arrowgrass was consumed in a year when brood densities were higher than in the other 2 years of the study. Arrowgrass availability declined as brood rearing progressed in another year. Thus, Cackling Geese may have been reducing the availability of their most nutritious food, at least at high brood densities. Food quality in breeding areas may be influencing population dynamics of geese despite the high overall availability of green plants.
Dominance Structuring of a Red-Winged Blackbird Roost
Authors: Weatherhead Patrick J. , Hoysak Drew J.
Published: October 2019

Observations of the behavior of roosting male Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) indicated that after hatching year (AHY) males were dominant over hatching year (HY) males. This dominance resulted in AHY males occupying central roost positions in dense vegetation and HY males occupying edge positions in sparse vegetation. Overall, the birds preferred positions over deep water, although the edge positions of HY males were over deeper water than were the positions of AHY males. These results are consistent with the two-strategies roosting hypothesis (Weatherhead 1983), in that the dominance of older males allows them access to roost positions with relatively low vulnerability to predation. In this study, these positions also appeared to be microclimatically superior. These results also suggest that the bright plumage of adult males of sexually dimorphic species may be advantageous in some nonbreeding situations in addition to their more commonly recognized role in reproduction.
Variation in Peregrine Falcon Eggs
Authors: Burnham William A. , Enderson James H. , Boardman Thomas J.
Published: October 2019

Eggs collected from captive and wild Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) were used to examine variation in eggshell thickness, length, breadth, and initial weight to resolve questions about eggshell data from wild falcons. For captive falcons, shell thickness of first clutches did not change over the years a falcon laid or with embryonic development. Eggshells in third clutches, but not second clutches, were significantly thinner than those from first clutches. Greatest variation in shell thickness existed between eggs within a clutch and did not differ significantly between wild and captive eggs. Entire clutches of wild falcons should be represented in future studies to maximize the chance of obtaining a representative sample in regard to shell thickness. Egg size (L, B, and fresh weight) decreased over the years a captive falcon laid. A significant decrease in size (B and fresh weight) also occurred in second and third clutches laid the same year. Ratcliffe's Index generally appeared to be a reliable indicator of shell thickness in captive-laid eggs.
Thermal Consequences of Roost-site Selection: The Relative Importance of Three Modes of Heat Conservation
Authors: Walsberg Glenn E.
Published: October 2019

Thermal factors potentially important in the selection of nocturnal roosts by birds include shelter from wind, local increases in air temperature, and improvement in radiation balance. I analyze the relative importance of these three factors using data describing the thermal relations of Phainopepla nitens and the meteorological properties of winter roost sites selected by this species. Shelter from forced convection provides approximately 5 times more thermal benefit than improvement of radiation balance. Possible metabolic heating by the bird of air within the roost site is unimportant.
Dispersal in White-Crowned Sparrows: A Computer Simulation of the Effect of Study-Area Size on Estimates of Local Recruitment
Authors: Cunningham Michael A.
Published: October 2019

Consideration of the problem of sampling a population within a finite study area suggested that recruitment results might be related to the size of the study area. Specifically, the proportion of recruits observed within a defined study area that originate in that area (local recruits) should be a function of the proportion of the population that the study area represents. Computer simulations of dispersal, using Nuttall's White-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli) as a model, were designed to test this hypothesis, and the effect of territory size and population size on this relationship. The simulations confirmed that local recruitment is a function of the proportion of the population sampled in the study area. Additionally, these simulations demonstrated that by holding the distribution of dispersal distances constant, local recruitment for a given proportion of the population sampled increased with territory size and population size. These latter results, however, are artifacts of the simulations and have no biological significance. Finally, the proportion of local recruits predicted for a natural population was remarkably close to that obtained from fieldwork. I suggest that conclusions about dispersal and population structure should not be drawn from proportions of local recruitment within finite study areas, and require more detailed analysis of dispersal.
Vigilance Patterns of Bald Eagles Feeding in Groups
Authors: Knight Susan K. , Knight Richard L.
Published: October 2019

Patterns of vigilant behavior of wintering Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) feeding on spawned salmon were examined in 1983-1984 on the Nooksack River in northwestern Washington. Vigilance in feeding birds has, in general, been attributed to predator detection; however, we proposed an additional function of vigilance in socially feeding birds that are vulnerable to food robbery and possible injury by conspecifics. We tested predictions of two nonexclusive hypotheses: (1) eagles look up while feeding to detect danger from humans, and (2) eagles look up while feeding to detect pirating attempts or avoid injury by conspecifics.

Results suggest that the function of vigilance varies, depending on the size of the feeding group. Vigilance patterns of eagles feeding in small groups (1-4 eagles) and medium groups (5-7 eagles0 are consistent with hypothesis 1, whereas those of eagles feeding in large groups (8-14 eagles) are consistent with hypothesis 2. Eagles in small groups were more vigilant (measured as scanning time and rate of head raising) when feeding near potential danger (riverbank cover) than when far from danger. Adult eagles feeding in areas of intense human activity were more vigilant than immatures feeding at the same site and were more vigilant than both adults and immatures feeding at secluded sites. Vigilance declined as group size increased from 1 to 4 eagles, and increased as group size ranged from 8 to 14 eagles. Feeding eagles that were looking up at the time of a pirating attempt were more successful in keeping their food than eagles with their heads down. In feeding areas where human activity was minimal, eagles formed larger groups than at more disturbed sites.
A Previously Unknown Plumage of First-Year Indigo Buntings and Theories of Delayed Plumage Maturation
Authors: Rohwer Sievert
Published: October 2019

First-year, but not adult, Indigo Buntings (Passerina cyanea) have a previously unknown supplemental plumage. The presupplemental molt includes all of the rectrices, the outermost but not the innermost primaries, and, typically, the three innermost secondaries and all body feathers. In this molt, young females exchange one adult-femalelike plumage for another, while young males exchange an adult-femalelike plumage for one that matches that of adult males in winter. Thus, in their first year Indigo Buntings wear: first, the juvenile plumage, the body feathers of which begin replacement before the tail is fully grown; second, the first basic plumage, which in both sexes is entirely femalelike in coloration and includes the juvenile remiges and rectrices; third, the supplemental plumage, assumed either prior to fall migration (<10% of individuals) or on the wintering ground (>90% of individuals) and in which obvious sexual dichromatism is first achieved; and fourth, the first alternate plumage, acquired in a prolonged and often incomplete prealternate molt of body feathers that occurs during February, March, and April on the wintering ground and during the spring in the United States. Because almost all of the femalelike first basic plumage of young males is lost in the presupplemental molt, this plumage almost certainly is an adaptation to conditions encountered either in the fall or early in the first winter. Furthermore, the ensuing supplemental plumage cannot be compromised by color requirements of the first breeding season because of the intervening prealternate molt; thus, the adult-malelike plumage produced by the presupplemental molt likely evolved to meet a change in signaling requirements that occurs in early winter. The signaling function of this plumage is unknown. Because this supplemental plumage of young males resembles the winter plumage of adult males and because all feathers grown by young males in their first prealternate molt resemble those of the adult male breeding plumage, the female mimicry hypothesis of Rohwer et al. (1980) is untenable for the subadult breeding plumage of yearling male Indigo Buntings.
An Analysis of Vocal Communication in Young Brown Noddies (Anous stolidus)
Authors: Riska Diane E.
Published: October 2019

Nestlings and young fledglings of the Brown Noddy (Anous stolidus) produce three structurally different vocal signals. The postures of the chicks and the contexts in which these signals are produced differ for each call. Nestlings produce all three calls within one day after hatching. One is given during pipping, when the chick is moving on or near the nest, or when it is isolated from the nest. The second is given by begging chicks. The third is given when an intruder approaches. The repertoire is composed of frequency-modulated tonal elements and broad-band bursts of sound. Although changes occur in the temporal and frequency patterns of the calls during the nestling and fledgling stages, there is little resemblance to the adult repertoire during these periods.
Survival Analysis of Eggs and Chicks of AdÉlie Penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae)
Authors: Davis Lloyd S. , McCaffrey Frances T.
Published: October 2019

Survival analysis was used to examine the fates of eggs in six colonies of Adélie Penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) at Cape Bird, Antarctica. Hatching success was 56.2% and fledging success for chicks was 63.3%, giving an overall reproductive success of 35.6%. The major cause of losses of both eggs and chicks was predation by South Polar Skuas (Catharacta maccormicki). The second-most important causes of egg and chick mortality were desertion and starvation, respectively, both of which resulted from inadequate timing of nest relief. Eggs were at risk of predation by skuas throughout the incubation period, while chicks were at risk for the first 30 days after hatching. The likelihood of desertion increased after the eggs had been incubated for 16 days and reached a peak at 22-24 days. Starvation occurred during the guard stage and was most likely to occur when chicks were 6-8 days old. Timing of breeding and clutch size were factors that influenced the survival of eggs through the initial stage of incubation. Nest location had a significant effect on the survival of eggs and chicks, from laying through the end of the guard stage. Eggs laid in 2-egg clutches and in central nests were most likely to produce chicks that fledged.
Mitochondrial DNA: A Source of Genetic Markers for Studies of Similar Passerine Bird Species
Authors: Mack Andrew L. , Gill Frank B. , Colburn Robert , Spolsky Christina
Published: October 2019

Restriction enzyme analyses of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of the Black-capped Chickadee (Parus atricapillus), Carolina Chickadee (P. carolinensis), and Tufted Titmouse (P. bicolor) indicate substantial genetic divergence (p = 0.04-0.09). Eleven of 14 enzymes produced fragment patterns that distinguish the two chickadees, revealing a bounty of markers for studies of these sibling species.
Female Choice in Middendorff's Grasshopper-Warbler (Locustella Ochotensis)
Authors: Nagata Hisashi
Published: October 2019

Morphological and territorial factors that influence female mate choice were examined in the monogamous Middendorff's Grasshopper-Warbler (Locustella ochotensis) on an islet near Fukuoka, Japan. I assumed that pairing date corresponded with female mate choice. Pairing date was correlated with both territory size and food abundance but was not correlated with selected morphological characteristics of males. Territorial quality was assumed to be correlated with territory size because preferable food resources and nest sites were distributed randomly. I conclude that female mate choice was influenced by territory quality rather than by the morphological characteristics of males.
Low Genic Variation between Black Ducks and Mallards
Authors: Ankney C. Davison , Dennis Darrell G. , Wishard Lisa N. , Seeb James E.
Published: October 2019

We used allozyme electrophoresis to estimate the degree of genetic differentiation among allopatric and sympatric populations of American Black Ducks (Anas rubripes) and Mallards (A. platyrhynchos). Mallards were collected in California, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Ontario, and Black Ducks were collected in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Ontario. The mean genetic distances, D̄, between Black Duck populations (0.0007), between Mallard populations (0.0010), and between Mallard and Black Duck populations (0.0006) were virtually identical; there was as much genetic differentiation within the two species as there was between them. Such small genetic distances are characteristic of local populations of avian species in other orders, and are consistent with what is known about the lack of reproductive isolation between Black Ducks and Mallards. Although the two taxa are still somewhat split on an east-west basis, our genetic data do not support even subspecific status for the Black Duck.
Foraging Behavior of Gentoo and Chinstrap Penguins as Determined by New Radiotelemetry Techniques
Authors: Trivelpiece Wayne Z. , Bengtson John L. , Trivelpiece Susan G. , Volkman Nicholas J.
Published: October 2019

Analysis of radio signals from transmitters affixed to 7 Gentoo (Pygoscelis papua) and 6 Chinstrap (P. antarctica) penguins allowed us to track penguins at sea. Signal characteristics allowed us to distinguish among 5 foraging behaviors: porpoising, underwater swimming, horizontal diving, vertical diving, and resting or bathing. Gentoo Penguins spent a significantly greater portion of their foraging trips engaged in feeding behaviors than Chinstraps, which spent significantly more time traveling. Gentoos had significantly longer feeding dives than Chinstraps (128 s vs. 91 s) and significantly higher dive-pause ratios (3.4 vs. 2.6). These differences in foraging behavior suggest Gentoo and Chinstrap penguins may have different diving abilities and may forage at different depths.
Divergent Prey Selection in Two Species of Waterthrushes (Seiurus)
Authors: Craig Robert J.
Published: October 2019

I studied Louisiana (Seiurus motacilla) and Northern (S. noveboracensis) waterthrushes during an exceptionally dry spring to determine if environmental stress elicited interspecific competition. Previously, I had found little evidence for competition between these species despite wide overlap in foraging methods, use of foraging microhabitats, and characteristics of breeding habitat. I observed breeding adults forage by placing them in a portable flight cage located in natural habitat, and concurrently gathered data on the influence of waterthrush foraging on aquatic invertebrate prey and prey abundance. The species selected different prey. Louisiana Waterthrushes fed predominantly on Trichoptera larvae and on larger average prey than did Northern Waterthrushes, which fed predominantly on Diptera larvae. The species had similar foraging methods and attack rates, indicating that, unlike many Parulinae, their principal foraging differences were in prey selection rather than in means of locating prey. Experiments with foraging exclosures gave no clear evidence that waterthrushes affected prey biomass or composition. There was no significant relation between territory size vs. prey biomass and water cover. No interspecific aggression was observed, and territories overlapped widely, indicating that interference competition did not occur. Divergence in prey selection implies exploitive competition, but invertebrate and habitat data indicate that prey were not limiting, thus making competition for prey unnecessary. Therefore, from these data I cannot eliminate the alternative hypothesis that observed differences between the species may only reflect independent specialization.
Revision of “Falco” Ramenta Wetmore and the Neogene Evolution of the Falconidae
Authors: Becker Jonathan J.
Published: October 2019

"Falco" ramenta Wetmore 1936 is redescribed and moved to a new genus as Pediohierax ramenta (Wetmore). In addition to the holotypical distal end of the tarsometatarsus, this species is now known from a complete tarsometatarsus, humerus, and coracoid from mid-Miocene (Late Hemingfordian and Early Barstovian) fossil localities in the Sheep Creek and Olcott formations, northwestern Nebraska. Pediohierax n. gen. is the primitive sister group of the Falconinae. The earliest fossil records now known of the Falconinae are a species of? Falco from the late Miocene of Idaho and Falco medius from the late Miocene of the Ukrainian S.S.R.
Chlorostilbon bracei Lawrence, an Extinct Species of Hummingbird from New Providence Island, Bahamas
Authors: Graves Gary R. , Olson Storrs L.
Published: October 2019

Chlorostilbon bracei Lawrence, known from the unique holotype taken on New Providence Island, Bahamas, in 1877, is shown to be a valid species that is evidently now extinct. Compared with C. ricordii of Cuba and the Bahamas, C. bracei is smaller, has a longer bill, and has distinctly different plumage. Fossil evidence demonstrates that a small Chlorostilbon, tentatively referred to C. bracei, was present on New Providence in the Pleistocene. Populations of C. ricordii from Andros, Abaco, and Grand Bahama are indistinguishable from Cuban birds, and C. ricordii is therefore regarded as monotypic.
Suppression of Autumnal Migratory Unrest in Dark-Eyed Juncos Held During Summer on, Near, or Far From their Previous Wintering Sites
Authors: Ketterson Ellen D. , Nolan Val
Published: October 2019

In previous experiments, Dark-eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis) were captured on a winter home range to which they had shown year-to-year site fidelity and held there until just before the autumn. They failed to show normal autumn migratory restlessness and fattening, which suggested that previous experience at the migratory destination suppressed readiness to migrate. We asked what the suppressing cues might be. Possibilities included very local features peculiar to the individual's winter home range (e.g. its trees) and cues common to the general region (e.g. geophysical or celestial information); features of the latter sort might give information about latitude. To test these possibilities we monitored autumn restlessness and fattening of new groups of juncos that were held before migration where some could perceive landmarks of their familiar winter home range and others only more general information about their location. In autumn those held at, near, and far south of their winter home ranges again failed to become restless or fat. A small group held far north of their winter home ranges became somewhat restless, significantly more so than the others. These may have perceived that they had not reached their usual winter latitude, but alternative explanations are possible.
Multiple Paternity in a Wild Population of Mallards
Authors: Evarts Susan , Williams Christopher J.
Published: October 2019

Blood, heart, liver, and breast muscle samples from wild Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) hens and their ducklings were analyzed using starch-gel electrophoresis. We found that 17.4% of the total broods sampled (n = 46) involved observable multiple mating events, that 25.8% of the sample broods involved multiple mating events when broods that were unlikely to yield information on multiple paternity were excluded (n = 31), and that a pooled maximum-likelihood estimate indicated a 60% chance that a particular duckling came from a brood that was multiply fathered, or at least 48% of broods involved multiple mating events.
Morphometric Correlates of Age and Breeding Status in American Coots
Authors: Alisauskas Ray T.
Published: October 2019

I studied morphometric variation in 13 linear measurements from 228 American Coots (Fulica americana) collected in southern Manitoba. Univariate and multivariate techniques revealed differences in size and shape among adult coots that were 1, 2, and =2 yr old. In addition to the obvious differences in size between males and females, the morphometry of older birds differed from that of younger birds in two ways. First, older coots were of larger body size than younger coots of the same sex. Second, older coots had proportionately larger feet and claws relative to the size of their tarsi, and proportionately wider bills and heads relative to other head measurements, than did younger birds. Multivariate dispersion matrices within age/sex cohorts were less variable for older coots. In an analysis of 1-yr-old males, breeders did not differ from nonbreeders in overall body size, but breeders had relatively longer claws and wings than nonbreeders. Age-related differences in morphology may have relevance to the social structure of nesting coots, which involves highly aggressive territorial behavior. Part of the age-related variation in nesting phenology that has been documented elsewhere for coots may be a consequence of covariation in body size and shape.