bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anesthetic care for electroconvulsive therapy
Authors: Joung Kyoung-Woon , Park Dong Ho , Jeong Chang Young , Yang Hong-Seuk
Published: April 2022

Counselling and medication are often thought of as the only interventions for psychiatric disorders, but electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has also been applied in clinical practice for over 80 years. ECT refers to the application of an electric stimulus through the patient’s scalp to treat psychiatric disorders such as treatment-resistant depression, catatonia, and schizophrenia. It is a safe, effective, and evidence-based therapy performed under general anesthesia with muscle relaxation. An appropriate level of anesthesia is essential for safe and successful ECT; however, little is known about this because of the limited interest from anesthesiologists. As the incidence of ECT increases, more anesthesiologists will be required to better understand the physiological changes, complications, and pharmacological actions of anesthetics and adjuvant drugs. Therefore, this review focuses on the fundamental physiological changes, management, and pharmacological actions associated with various drugs, such as anesthetics and neuromuscular blocking agents, as well as the comorbidities, indications, contraindications, and complications of using these agents as part of an ECT procedure through a literature review and our own experiences.
Lady Bird Johnson and the Environment
Authors: Gould Lewis L.
Published: April 2022

In the 1960s Lady Bird Johnson sought to improve the natural appearance of Washington, D.C., to make the nation’s highways less cluttered with billboards and junkyards, and to advance the environmental agenda of Lyndon Johnson’s presidency. The popular understanding of what she did remains incomplete, and her role as a woman conservationist has not been well understood. In this, the first book to example her accomplishments as First Lady, Lewis Gould shows Lady Bird Johnson as a catalyst for environmental ideas and as a powerful and persuasive force within her husband’s administration.

Although passage of the Highway Beautification Act in 1965 was the legislative apex of her efforts, Lady Bird Johnson also articulated a wide range of conservation issues, framing policy initiatives and focusing public opinion. She instilled conservation and ecological ideas in the national mind, Gould argues, with a skill and adroitness that puts Mrs. Johnson in the front rank among modern First Ladies. Indeed, in his view, only Eleanor Roosevelt surpasses her in importance.

This book is the result of Gould’s extensive research in the LBJ Library and draws on his interviews with such key figures as Interior Secretary Steward Udall, Press Secretary Liz Carpenter, District of Columbia Mayor Walter Washington, and Lady Bird Johnson herself.
Timber and the Forest Service
Authors: Clary David A.
Published: April 2022

Nearly one-quarter of America is covered with forests almost 800 million acres. There are 151 national forests, comprising close to 200 million acres in thirty-nine states and Puerto Rico. These protected lands are administered by the U.S. Forest Service, an agency of the Department of Agriculture. David Clary here examines the history of and controversies surrounding the Forest Services policies for timber management in our national forests. In this first in-depth study of the political, bureaucratic, social, and ideological relationships between the Forest Service and the production of timber, Clary traces the continuity in the agency's outlook from its creation in 1905 through fears of a timber famine to the clear-cutting controversies of the mid 1970s. He shows convincingly that, despite legislative remedies and agency reports, timber production has remained the agency's first priority and that other (multiple uses recreation, watershed protection, wilderness, livestock grazing, and wildlife management were regulated so that they would not interfere with potential timber harvests. Throughout its history, the agency is shown to have been enchanted with the objective of producing timber. Clary's theme, in what he describes as an administrative, political, scientific, and anecdotal history, is that the Forest Service exhibited consistent actions and attitudes over the years and failed to confront realistically changes in the national culture that altered what the American people wanted from the forests and the Forest Service.
Montesquieu's Comparative Politics and the Spirit of American Constitutionalism
Authors: Cohler Anne M.
Published: April 2022

“American republicans,” notes Forrest McDonald, “regarded selected doctrines of Montesquieu’s as being virtually on par with Holy Writ.” But exactly how the French jurist’s labyrinthian work, The Spirit of the Laws, with was published in 1748, influenced the eighteenth-century conception of the republic is not well understood by historians or theorists. Anne M. Cohler undertakes to show the importance of Montequieu’s teaching for modern legislation and for modern political prudence generally, with specific reference to his impact on The Federalist and Tocqueville. In so doing, she delineates Montequieu’s contribution to political philosophy and suggests new ways to think about the formation of the American Constitution.

To analyze the comparative politics found in the Spirit of the Laws, Cohler focuses on four fundamental principles underlying Montesquieu’s view of government: spirit, moderation, liberty, and legislation. In this endeavor she is guided by the conviction that the philosopher hews to the spirit of the laws rather than to the laws themselves—that is, to internal rather than external principles. Montesquieu, in Cohler’s argument, addresses the problem posed by the tendency to see human beings in light o universal abstractions at the expense of particular relationships, distinctions, and forms. To counter this tendency, which can be fostered by religion, Montesquieu develops a theory of prudence designed to support the world of politics and political life, necessarily an intermediate world occupying a space between universal abstractions and individual particularities.

Cohler suggest that the Federalists and Tocqueville were most influenced by this preoccupation with spirit and moderation. James Madison and other Federalists, for example, were not drawn to limited government as a principled notion but rather as a consequence of understanding the context within which a moderate government must act not to become despotic. Similarly, Tocqueville extols democracy as self-government as an antidote to the dangers of democracy as a rule; the character of the governed shapes the nature of the governors. These and other conclusions will prove valuable to intellectual historians, political theorists, and students of religion.
Class and Community in Frontier Colorado
Authors: Hogan Richard
Published: April 2022

Spurred by the Gold Rush of 1859, settlers of diverse backgrounds and nationalities trekked to Colorado and began building towns. Existing accounts of their struggles and those of townbuilders throughout the American West focus on boom-or-bust economics, rampant boosterism, and bitter social conflicts. This, according to sociologist Richard Hogan, is not the whole story.

In Class and Community in Frontier Colorado Hogan offers a fresh perspective on the frontier townbuilding experience. He argues that townbuilding in Colorado was not, as some have suggested, monopolized by local boosters or national business interests. It was, instead, a complex, dynamic process that reflected competition, cooperation, and conflict among various socioeconomic classes, and between local and national business interests as well.

Hogan shows how farmers, ranchers, miners, tradesmen, merchants, bankers, entrepreneurs, land speculators, and eastern investors all vied for control in six of Colorado’s emerging urban centers: Denver, Central City, Greeley, Golden, Pueblo, and Canon City. Meticulously he traces the conflicts and coalitions that arose in and among these groups.

By combining historical sociology with local history, Hogan’s study challenges current thinking about economic development, class structure and conflict, political partisanship, collective action, and social change in the American West.
Critical Pluralism, Democratic Performance, and Community Power
Authors: Schumaker Paul
Published: April 2022

A central question in political science is who governs and how.

Typically political scientists attempt to answer this question by relying upon either empirical analysis, which explains existing political practices, or normative analysis, which prescribes ideal political practices.

Political scientist Paul Schumaker rejects this distinction between empirical and normative theory. Instead, he weds the two approaches to create the new analytical mode he calls critical pluralism. With it he can measure variances in government from pluralist/democratic ideals and still provide theoretical explanations of why the variances occurred.

Schumaker uses critical pluralism to describe, explain, and evaluate variations in three key measures of democratic performance: responsible representation, complex equality, and principle-policy congruence. To test his framework and methodology he analyzes 29 community issues that arose in Lawrence, Kansas, between 1977 and 1987. The results of his study—one of the most comprehensive databases ever in the study of community politics—will be of interest to those who study community power. The conceptual framework itself and methodology used in assessing democratic performance will have a lasting impact on the way community government is studied.
The Kansas Beef Industry
Authors: Wood Charles L.
Published: April 2022

This book relates the modern development of the Kansas beef cattle industry, combining both the history of production—including specific business problems and the significant work in upbreeding—and an examination of the marketing aspects of the industry that became so important during the twentieth century. Sharpest focus is on the period 1890 to 1940, after the Western beef industry had passed through the transition from using the expansive, open-range method of beef production to the more rational and organized methods of today.

Wood presents a detailed discussion of the history of upbreeding. He points out the little-known fact that the fine-blooded animals—especially Herefords—that moved out from the Midwest were probably more important in stocking the ranges of the Plains and the Southwest than the many thousands of Longhorns driven from Texas. He emphasizes the interregional aspect of beef production and the unique role played by Kansas. On the threshold of the Great Plains, Kansas received cattle from both the Midwest and the Southwest for many years—upbred cattle moving South, and stocker cattle moving from the South or Southwest into Kansas for additional maturing before being shipped to the Midwest for fattening or for slaughter.

Wood also looks closely at the relationship of cattlemen to government and to big business—railroads, stockyards, and packers. He sees the cattlemen as agricultural producers and business managers, rather than as romantic, self-reliant giants of the earth. Taking issue with the popular myth that cattlemen were and are ruggedly individualistic and disdainful of outside help, Wood discusses the cattlemens repeated demands for aid, especially during the 1930s.

Included in the book is the history of the Kansas Livestock Association, which the author credits as being one of the most significant stock associations in the West during this century. Wood sets the KLA’s growth within the context of the larger organizational revolution in the nation’s business world.

A concluding chapter surveys major developments after World War II, including the development of feedlots and irrigation, the new cross-breeding, decentralization of packers, and the advent of trucking to replace railroads. There has been scant information on these topics in the general literature of the Great Plains.
George Washington and American Constitutionalism
Authors: Phelps Glenn A.
Published: April 2022

Known as the Father of His Country, George Washington is viewed as a demigod for what he was and did, not what he thought. In addition to being a popular icon for the forces of American nationalism, he served as commander-in-chief of the victorious Continental Army. That he played a key role in securing the adoption of the Constitution is well known, but few credit him with a political philosophy that actively shaped the constitutional tradition.

In this revisionist study, Glenn Phelps argues that Washington's political thought influenced the principles informing the federal government then and now. Disinclined to enter the debates by which the framers hammered out a consensus, Washington instead sought to promote his way of thinking through private correspondence, and the example of his public life.

From these sources Phelps draws out his political ideas and demonstrates that Washington developed a coherent and consistent view of a republican government on a continental scale long before Madison, Hamilton, and other nationalists-a view grounded in classically conservative republicanism and continentally-minded commercialism. That he was only partially successful in building the constitutional system that he intended does not undercut his theoretical contribution. Even his failures affected the way our constitutional tradition developed.

Phelps examines Washington's political ideas not as they were perceived by his contemporaries but in his own words, that is, he shows what Washington believed, not what others thought he believed. He shows how Washington's political values remained consistent over time, regardless of who his counselors or "ghost writers" were. Using letters Washington wrote to friends and family—written free from the constraints of public politics—Phelps reveals "a man with a passionate commitment to a fully developed idea of a constitutional republic on a continental scale."

In recent years scholarship about Washington has seemed to focus on mythmaking. For readers interested in the founding period, the framing of what Hamilton called the "frail fabric," and constitutionalism, Phelps explores the substance behind the myth.
Randolph Bourne and the Politics of Cultural Radicalism
Authors: Vaughan Leslie J.
Published: April 2022

In the "little rebellion" that swept New York's Greenwich Village before World War I, few figures stood out more than Randolph Bourne. Hunchbacked and caped—the "little sparrowlike man" of Dos Passos' U.S.A.—Bourne was an essayist and critic most remembered today for his opposition to U.S. military involvement in Europe and his assertion that "war is the health of the state." A frequent contributor to The New Republic, he died in 1918 at the age of 32, arguing that a "military-industrial" complex would continue to shape the policies of the modern liberal state.

Bourne is also recognized as one of the founders of American cultural radicalism, revered in turn by Marxists, anti-fascists, and the New Left. Through his writings, he debated issues that were cultural as well as political from a position he described as "below the battle," rejecting the either/or political options of his day in favor of a viewpoint that argued outside the terms set by the establishment.

In her new study of Bourne's political thought, Leslie Vaughan maintains that this position was not, as others have contended, a retreat from politics but rather a different form of political engagement, freed from the suppositions that impede genuine debate and democratic change. Her analysis challenges previous readings of Bourne's politics, showing that he offered non-statist, neighborhood-based politics in America's modern cities as a practical alternative to involvement in the national state and its militarism.

By demonstrating Bourne's emphasis on politics as local, multi-ethnic, and intergenerational, Vaughan shows that his thought offered a new political discourse and set of cultural possibilities for American society in an era he was the first to label as "post-modern." Returning to the influence of Nietzsche on his thought, she also explores the role Bourne played in the creation of his own myth.

Eighty years later, Bourne can be seen to stand at the cusp of the modern and the post-modern worlds, as he speaks to today's multiculturalist movement. In reexamining Bourne's writings, Vaughan has located the roots of twenthieth-century radical thought while repositioning Bourne at the center of debates about the nature and limits of American liberalism.
The Political Theory of Conservative Economists
Authors: Waligorski Conrad P.
Published: April 2022

It’s difficult to overstate the impact of conservative economics on American life. The conservative thought of economists like Milton Friedman, James Buchanan, and Friedrick Hayek has provided the conceptual framework that undergirds nearly every aspect of current U.S. social-economic policy. Although a great deal has been written about the economic theories of these Nobel Prize-winning economists, this study is the first to examine the political theory that underlies conservative economics and its implications for public policy.

Long associated with the “Chicago” and “public choice” schools of thought, Friedman, Buchanan, Hayek, and others have consistently repudiated Keynesian principles. They have steadfastly opposed social welfare policies and regulation of private enterprise, championing instead the free market as a mechanism for ordering society.

In this book Conrad Waligorski analyzes the political content of the conservative economists’ arguments. In so doing, he illuminates the political, economic, and philosophical ideas behind and justification for the laissez-faire policy—the reduced regulation, intervention, and welfare favored by conservative governments in the United States, Canada, and Britain.
EFFECT OF COOLING RATE ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLUTION-TREATED Mg-9Gd-4Y-2Zn-0.5Zr ALLOY
Authors: Xue Yong , Wang Zixuan , Jia Leichen , Zheng Jie , Zhang Zhimin , Yu Jianmin , Zhao Xi
Published: April 2022

Different cooling rates, such as room temperature water cooling (WQ), furnace cooling (FC), and water cooling + furnace cooling (FC +WQ), were introduced to study the effect on the solution-treated Mg-9Gd-4Y-2Zn-0.5Zr (w/%) alloy microstructure and mechanical properties. The grain size decreases as the cooling rate increases. With the lengthening of the cooling process time, the LPSO phase had enough time to nucleate and diffuse, the LPSO (long-period stacking order) phase filled the whole matrix crystal grains at the same time. In the process of furnace cooling and water cooling, the brightness of the LPSO phase was different, so it could be seen that the cooling rate would affect the contrast and morphology of the LPSO phase. The tensile yield strengths of the samples cooled with the furnace were better than those of the water-cooled samples, but their ultimate tensile strength and elongation to failure were poor. The fracture modes of the samples under different cooling rates were all subject to cleavage fracture, and the number and area of the cleavage planes and cleavage steps increased with the decrease of cooling speed, and the tearing area decreased, resulting in poor ultimate tensile strength and stretchability.
STABILITY STUDIES OF COHESIVE SOIL WITH NANO MAGNESIUM AND ZINC OXIDE
Authors: Veena Vijayan L. , Prakash Arul Jose J.
Published: April 2022

Cohesive soils are found all over the world and can cause significant harm to infrastructure and structures. Many innovative ways to improve the strength of cohesive soils are being explored to decrease the negative qualities and make them appropriate for construction applications. The availability of novel materials, in addition to traditional procedures, has boosted the area of soil reinforcement. In the realm of soil stabilisation, the inclusion of nanomaterials is one of the newest creative ideas. In geotechnical engineering, nanotechnology could be viewed as dual methods: the composition of the soil can be found at the nanoscale, and soil modification can be accomplished at the atomic and molecular levels. The goal of this research is to see if it is possible to stabilise cohesive soil using two distinct nanomaterials and to look at the changes in geotechnical parameters. Nanocrystalline magnesium oxide and nano zinc oxide is included in the soil with (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1) w/% and trials were executed to evaluate the optimal percent and strength properties of the mixtures.
WHITE-LAYER THICKNESS ON EDM-PROCESSED AISI A2 STEEL – MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND ANALYSIS
Authors: Kumar Dinesh , Mer Krishan Kant Singh , Payal Hoshiyar Singh , Kumar Kapil
Published: April 2022

Electrical discharge machining is an electro-thermal technique where the recast layer on a machined surface and the heat-affected zone (HAZ) immediately below the machined surface are prevalent. As a result, assessing the white layer (recast layer) in EDM is a critical task. In this research, a response-surface methodology-based comprehensive mathematical model was developed to predict the white-layer thickness (WLT) on electrical discharge machine-processed AISI A2 steel. Also, the effects of various process parameters on the WLT were presented, the optimum combination of process variables was assessed and the minimum WLT was achieved by combining low-peak current and pulse-on time with high pulse-off time.
STRUCTURAL AND ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF AgNi10 ALLOY STUDIED WITH AB-INITIO CALCULATIONS
Authors: Liu Jide , Wang Xue , Du Xaoming , Xie Ming , Li Jinguo , Zhao Shangqiang , Zhou Yizhou , Zhang Qiao , Fang Jiheng
Published: April 2022

First-principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) are used to calculate the structural, elastic and thermodynamic properties of the supersaturated solid-solution AgNi10 alloy, applied mainly to electrical contact materials. In this work, for the exchange-correlation energy, the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) functional is used. The calculated structural and electronic properties of supersaturated solid-solution AgNi10 alloys show that the occupation of Ni in the Ag lattice is ordered. All single-crystal elastic stiffness constants of the energetically and mechanically optimized stable AgNi10 model are calculated using the finite strain method and using the Voigt-Reuss-Hill approximation. Various anisotropic indices like the universal anisotropic index, shear anisotropic index, directional dependence of Young’s modulus, bulk modulus and others are calculated to study the elastic anisotropy. The strong anisotropy in the elastic properties of AgNi10 was confirmed. Phonon dispersions were carried out, showing that the AgNi10 crystal has dynamic stability. The Debye temperature is calculated from the elastic data by estimating the average sound velocity in the AgNi10. Furthermore, the vibrational thermodynamic properties (free energy, enthalpy, entropy and heat capacity) of AgNi10 are obtained successfully.
Shadow economy as a threat to the economic security of Russia
Authors: Izmaylov Maxim K.
Published: April 2022

Introduction. The concealment of income and tax evasion have become a global problem. The globalisation of the economy and liberalisation of the international capital flow take shadow financial flows beyond the limits of a country making them globally important. The article is dedicated to the influence of the shadowing of the economy on the indicators of the country’s economic development. We put forward a hypothesis regarding the influence of the shadow economy on all the stages of production and redistribution of resources, a country’s financial stability and independence, and budget income. The article presents a comparative analysis of the country’s economic development dynamics and the level of shadowing of the economy. The purpose of the study is to elaborate the specific features of the notion of the “shadow economy” and to study comprehensively the thoroughness of the factor segmentation within the interrelation between shadow economy and economic security. Methodology. To achieve the desired objectives, we used the methods of analysis and synthesis, logic construction, and tabular and graphic methods of data presentation. To study the interrelation between the indicators of shadow economy and the level of economic security of the country, we used correlation analysis. Results. We compared the indicators of the development of shadow economy and individual indicators of economic security in Russia. Using correlation analysis, we established the level of correlation between the level of shadowing of the economy and the indicators of economic security. Conclusions. As a result of the study, the author determined the content of the notion of the “shadow economy” and identified the advantages of the presented characteristics. The correlation between shadow economy and economic security was justified. The conducted analysis indicated the presence of the influence of the shadowing of the economy on the level of GDP. The results of the calculations showed that there is a moderate or noticeable correlation between most indicators of economic security and the level of shadowing of the economy. The established dependencies can serve as the basis for the identification of the key vectors of the government policy for the control of shadowing and tools for influencing the most sensitive indicators of the country’s economic development.
Чаеподобные напитки: химический состав, антиоксидантная активность и их влияние на здоровье человека
Authors: Яшин Яков Иванович , Черноусова Нина Ивановна , Яшин Александр Яковлевич
Published: April 2022

В обзоре обобщены опубликованные сведения о наиболее широко употребляемых чаеподобных напитках (иван – чай, мате, каркаде, ройбуш): их химический состав, антиоксидантная активность и влияние на здоровье человека. Химический состав определен, в основном, методом ВЭЖХ и УВЭЖХ с использованием разных методов экстракции. Все чаеподобные напитки содержат разные полифенолы – антиоксиданты: флавоноиды (кверцетин, кемпферол, мирицетин, рутин и их гликозиды) и фенольные кислоты (галловая, феруловая, кофейная, хлорогеновая, протокатехиновая и антоцианины делфидина и цианидина). Известными методами (ORAC, ABTS, DDPH) оценена их антиоксидантная активность. За счет высокой антиоксидантной активности эти напитки обладают разнообразными оздоровительными эффектами, даже тормозят развитие опасных болезней: сердечно – сосудистых, онкологических и вирусных.

Нами измерена их антиоксидантная активность амперометрическим способом и сопоставлена с антиоксидантной активностью настоящих зеленых и черных чаев разных стран. Методом ВЭЖХ с амперометрическим детектором получены профильные хроматограммы в одинаковых условиях, которые удобны для сопоставления этих напитков. Суммарное содержание площадей всех пиков, записанных амперометрическим детектором, может служить мерой антиоксидантной активности, т.е. амперометрический детектор регистрирует селективно только антиоксиданты. Не антиоксиданты он не определяет вообще. Наибольшую антиоксидантную активность имеют напитки мате и иван – чай.

Приведены краткие сведения о других менее известных чаеподобных напитках: кудин, лапачо, тибетский чай, гречишный чай, курильский чай, конопляный чай, артишоковый чай, туарегский чай, пурпурный чай, гималайский чай и другие. Во многих странах имеются свои национальные чаеподобные напитки на основе лекарственных трав. Много напитков травяных и фруктовых есть в продаже. Нужно отметить, что в настоящие чаи добавляют разные другие лекарственные травы и фрукты: жасмин, бергамот и многие другие. Цель настоящего краткого обзора ознакомить читателей с опубликованными сведениями об этих напитках. Авторы надеются, что приведенные сведения будут полезны для многих людей. Они могут выбрать наиболее полезные чаеподобные напитки для личного потребления.
Получение и исследование структурно-поверхностных и сорбционных свойств слоистых двойных гидроксидов магния и алюминия, модифицированных полиэтиленгликолем
Authors: Копкова Елена Константиновна , Майоров Дмитрий Владимирович , Кондратенко Татьяна Владимировна
Published: April 2022

Слоистые двойные гидроксиды благодаря своему разнообразию, возможности целенаправленного изменения свойств и невысокой стоимости являются высоко востребованными продуктами и широко используются в качестве носителей катализаторов и лекарственных препаратов, ионообменников, нанореакторов, адсорбентов и др. В каталитических и адсорбционных процессах большую роль играют такие характеристики материалов, как их удельные поверхность и объем пор. Существует много методов, направленных на получения веществ, в том числе гидроксидов, с развитой поверхностью. Например, синтез в присутствии различных добавок (полигликолей, лимонной кислоты и др.), сушка синтезированных традиционными методами веществ в сверхкритических условиях и др.

В настоящей статье приведены результаты исследований по изучению структурно-поверхностных и сорбционных свойств слоистых двойных гидроксидов магния и алюминия (Mg-Al СДГ), полученных методом твердофазного взаимодействия кристаллогидратов AlCl3×6H2O, MgCl2×6H2O и карбоната аммония. С использованием методов РФА, химического анализа, БЭТ и BJH исследовано влияние присутствия на стадии синтеза высокомолекулярного поверхностно-активного вещества – полиэтиленгликоля (ПЭГ-400), а также промывки синтезированного образца Mg-Al СДГ этанолом и ацетоном на структурно-поверхностные (удельная поверхность и объем пор, распределение пор по их диаметру и др.) и сорбционные свойства синтезированных образцов.

Установлено, что применение ПЭГ-400 при синтезе Mg-Al СДГ приводит к увеличению их удельных поверхности и объема пор в 3.5 и 2 раза соответственно. Последующая промывка синтезированных образцов этанолом или ацетоном приводит к дополнительному повышению этих показателей в ~3.5 раза: с 105 до 370-420 м2/г и с 0.23 до 0.83-0.93 см3/г.

Результаты исследований сорбции азота синтезированными образцами Mg-Al СДГ обработаны с помощью линейной формы уравнения БЭТ. Показано, что как индивидуальное использование ПЭГ-400, так и последующее применение этанола или ацетона при промывке позволяет существенно (с 0.3 до 1.1 и 3.8-4.2 ммоль N2/г соответственно) увеличить емкость адсорбционного монослоя продуктов и не оказывает существенного влияния на механизм процесса сорбции, о чем свидетельствует незначительное изменение значений энергии Гиббса в процессе сорбции.
The real practice of clinical and economic research of drugs included in the Federal Program of High-Cost Nosologies
Authors: Kolbin A. S. , Gomon Yu. M. , Kasimova A. R. , Kurylev A. A. , Bem A. E.
Published: April 2022

Objective: to assess the compliance of the actual practice of conducting clinical and economic research with the requirements applicable in the Russian Federation (RF) when including drugs in the Federal Program of High-Cost Nosologies (HCN).

Material and methods. In the CyberLeninka and eLibrary databases, a search was made for clinical and economic studies of medicines included in the HCN list published in the RF in the period from 2011 to June 2021.

Results. Information was obtained on 23 published clinical and economic studies of the effectiveness of drugs, which is less than 30% of all drugs included in the HCN program during the specified period. More than half of the studies of chronic disabling diseases had a modeling horizon of 1 year. The sensitivity analysis of the results in over 1/3 of cases considered only the deviation of the price of the strategies under consideration, and in a quarter of cases it was not carried out at all. Only 4 studies evaluated the increase in quality-adjusted life year, although, for chronic disabling diseases, quality of life is one of the key performance indicators.

Conclusion. In the RF, less than 30% of the results of pharmacoeconomical studies of drugs included in the HCN Program are published, which does not allow to make adequate evaluation of pharmacoeconomical approaches to its formation. To analyze the effectiveness of the tools used in assessing the economic efficiency of expensive medical technologies, a further retrospective research of the studies conducted in the RF is required.
Pharmacoeconomic analysis of using Monofer in patients with iron deficiency anemia as part of the provision of medical care under the state guarantees program in the health care system of the Russian Federation
Authors: Yagudina R. I. , Kulikov A. Yu. , Serpik V. G. , Gromova O. A. , Torshin I. Yu.
Published: April 2022

Objective: comparative pharmacoeconomic analysis of iron preparations for intravenous infusion in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) within the concept of patient blood management program.

Material and methods. A retrospective pharmacoeconomic study was carried out using methods of analysis of efficiency, costs and costeffectiveness. Comparison of preparations of oligoisomaltose iron [III] (Monofer) and carboxymaltose iron [III] (Ferinject®) was carried out.

Results. In general, Monofer and Ferinject® are characterized by comparable efficacy in terms of hematological response. Using a dosiological model of an increase in hemoglobin blood levels over time in treatment with the drugs under consideration the frequencies of the hematological response were calculated (Monofer – 79%, Ferinject® – 70%). The cost of treating one patient with an average body weight of 88.3 kg and an initial hemoglobin level of 100 g/l was 13,097 rubles for Monofer and 15,681 rubles for Ferinject®. The values of the cost-effectiveness indicator calculated in accordance with the criterion of the effectiveness of the hematological response amounted to 16,578 rubles (Monofer) and 22,402 rubles (Ferinject®), which allows to consider Monofer as strictly preferred. With the colorectal surgery as an example, it has been shown that the use of this drug in patients blood management can reduce the total cost of treatment (in particular, by reducing the required number of portions of red blood cells).

Conclusion. The wider use of iron preparations for intravenous infusion in IDA has reasonable economic advantages. The preparation of oligoisomaltose iron Monofer is strictly preferred in relation to the preparation of carboxymaltose iron.
Pharmacoeconomic analysis of the application of follitropin alfa in combination with assisted reproductive technologies
Authors: Perova K. A. , Shchurov D. G. , Blinov D. V. , Bashmakova N. V. , Musina N. Z.
Published: April 2022

Objective: to evaluate clinical-economic feasibility and impact of follitropin alfa on the state healthcare budget of the Russian Federation in the population of women with diagnosed infertility and poor ovarian response, who undergo treatment with assisted reproductive technologies (ART).

Material and methods. A cost minimization analysis to evaluate clinical-economic feasibility of follitropin alfa in women with infertility and poor ovarian response who underwent ART was performed. The model of the budget impact analysis included the costs required for the ovarian stimulation of patients distributed by various variants of their management. The current practice involved the application only of fixed dose combinations (FDC) of follitropin alfa + lutropin alfa. The expected practice suggested a change in the approach by shifting 25% of patients with poor ovarian response from FDC of follitropin alfa + lutropin alfa to follitropin alfa. A time horizon of modeling was 1 year.

Results. The cost minimization analysis demonstrated that the application of drug with international nonproprietary name follitropin alfa is characterized by the cost cut of 12,020 rubles (–21.56%) per patient compared with FDС of follitropin alpha + lutropin alpha. The results of budget impact analysis showed that a shift of 25% of population from FDC of follitropin alfa + lutropin alfa to follitropin alfa could cut direct medical costs by 7.96 million rubles per year (–5.39%).

Conclusion. Evaluation of clinical-economic feasibility and budget impact analysis showed that the application of follitropin alfa during ovarian stimulation in women with infertility and poor ovarian response leads to a decrease in budget expenses.
Perioperative pharmacotherapy for endoprosthetics: potential of chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine sulfate
Authors: Torshin I. Yu. , Minasov T. B. , Zagorodniy N. V. , Lila A. M. , Gromova O. A.
Published: April 2022

Joint endoprosthetics is a treatment of choice for patients with decompensated osteoarthritis (OA), who have exhausted the possibilities of pharmacotherapy and other methods of conservative treatment. Preparation for endoprosthetics and rehabilitation after surgery usually includes measures to improve the muscle condition and local blood circulation in the joint area, and if necessary, pain management. The unique spectrum of anti-inflammatory effect of chondroprotectors based on chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine sulfate includes inhibition of NF-κB cascade, toll-like receptors, pro-inflammatory cytokines, metalloproteinases, and significantly alleviates the course of OA. Reducing the severity of OA is important for preparing for surgery, subsequent rehabilitation, and preventing the revision surgery.
Idiopathic longitudinally extensive myelitis: a brief historical excursion (review) and own clinical observation
Authors: Turuspekova Saule T. , Almakhanova Klara K. , Nurguzhaev Erkin S. , Nurzhanova Roza B. , Demesinova Bayan K. , Mukasheva Togzhan Zh. , Stepuk Nikolay V.
Published: April 2022

Background: Idiopathic longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis is defined as a focal spinal cord lesion that involves three or more segments of the spinal cord as shown by neuroimaging, and results in a profound disability. The clinical picture of a patient with idiopathic longitudinally advanced transverse myelitis is often dramatic and may consist of paraparesis or tetraparesis, sensory disturbances, and pelvic dysfunction. Idiopathic longitudinally advanced transverse myelitis is a common manifestation of the neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, but can also occur in various other autoimmune and inflammatory diseases of the CNS, such as multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis, or Sjogrens syndrome, or in infectious diseases involving the CNS. It is less likely to occur in isolation, as the only manifestation of a demyelinating disease of the nervous system of an unknown etiology (idiopathic myelitis).
Clinical case description: The clinical observation presented in the article demonstrates the difficulties of establishing a nosological diagnosis in the case of a monophasic course of TM in the absence of other autoimmune and infectious diseases of the central nervous system. The patient with idiopathic longitudinally distributed TM had no visual disturbances and no antibodies to aquaporin 4 and to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-IgG) with twice repeated tests.
Conclusion: In this regard, it is important to dynamically monitor the clinical manifestations and MRI signs in patients with an isolated lesion of a demyelinating nature in the form of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis.
Sex differences in the connectome of the human brain according to an MR-tractography study
Authors: Gubskiy Ilya L. , Gumin Ivan S. , Shorikov Maxim A. , Beregov Mikhail M. , Gubsky Leonid V. , Lelyuk Vladimir G.
Published: April 2022

Background: The gender differences in the brain anatomy play an important role in planning and analysis in a lot of studies of the brain. Despite most animal studies being performed on the animals of only one sex, clinical studies generally enroll both males and females. Keeping this fact in mind, learning the gender differences in the white matter structure is important for those studies which deal with the white matter changes. These differences should be considered on the stages of planning and evaluation of the results.
Aims: Evaluation of the gender differences in the white matter pathways in healthy subjects.
Methods: 21 women and 20 men were enrolled in the study. All the subjects underwent MR-tractography, then the anatomic connectome was composed and the differences were evaluated using the tracts quantitative anisotropy (QA) evaluation.
Results: The gender differences were found in the white matter pathways with the prevalence of quantitative anisotropy in women, observed in a larger number of tracts than in those of men. QA was prevalent in a lot of fascicli that form major pathways in both groups: corpus callosum, dominant arcuate fasciclus, inferior fronto-occipital, inferior and superior right longitudinal pathways.
Conclusions: The white matter pathways in males and females are different not only within the major tracts but also for small fascicli that form tracts.
Difficulties in diagnosing paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria in a municipal internal disease hospital
Authors: Zinnatullina Aigul R. , Ishmurzin Gennady P.
Published: April 2022

Background: The purpose of this work is to present a case of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria in the clinical practice of an internist for the purpose of differential diagnosis with other diseases with the jaundice syndrome in a city hospital.
Clinical case description: Patient H., 51-year-old, was seen at the emergency department of the city hospital due to the periodic appearance of jaundice with dark-colored urine and fever. The physical and laboratory examination methods revealed an enlargement of the spleen, signs of mild hemolytic anemia, severe thrombocytopenia, a significant increase in the markers of cytolysis and cholestasis. Proteinuria and cylindruria were noted in the urine analysis. In terms of a differential diagnosis, Gilberts syndrome, viral hepatitis, hemorrhagic fever were considered.
Conclusion: Based on the data obtained, hemolytic and uremic syndromes were suspected. A therapy with iron preparations, vitamin B12, infusions of glucose and saline was applied with the positive clinical and laboratory dynamics. GPI-linked glycoproteins were determined on the surface of red blood cells (CD59), neutrophils (CD 24/FLAER), and monocytes by FLAER-/CD14 flow cytometry, which confirmed the diagnosis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.
Features of endothelial function and autonomic regulation of heart rhytm in patients with vasospastic angina
Authors: Guzeva Veronika M. , Yarmosh Irina V. , Evdokimov Dmitrii S. , Serdukov Sergey V. , Ermolov Sergey Yu. , Boldueva Svetlana A.
Published: April 2022

BACKGROUND: The clinical features of vasospastic angina are well known, but pathogenesis remains a subject of discussion. Changes in the autonomic regulation of coronary artery tone and endothelial function that contribute to the development of vasospasm are not well understood. The data on the subject from the published studies are contradictory.
AIM: To evaluate features of endothelial function and autonomic regulation of heart rhythm in patients with vasospastic angina.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 16 patients with proven vasospastic angina. All the patients have been evaluated for the heart rate variability at rest and vegetative tests (deep breathing, and active standing tests). Endothelial function has been assessed in terms of reactive hyperemia index by peripheral arterial tonometry using an Endo-PAT 2000 device.
RESULTS: The baseline of the total heart rate variability was borderline with the normal parameters SDNN 50 (32.5; 50) ms in the patients with vasospastic angina. There were 14 patients who have demonstrated an imbalance of the autonomic nervous system at rest, mainly due to an increase of parasympathetic influences. The appropriate reaction of the autonomic nervous system, characterized by an increase of vagal influences, has been determined in 13 patients in the deep-breathing test. A paradoxical reaction, characterized by an increase of vagal influences on the heart rhythm, has been registered in 13 patients in the active standing tests. Endothelial dysfunction has been observed in half of the studied patients. Furthermore, a combination of both pathophysiological mechanisms, i.e., endothelial and autonomic dysfunctions have been observed in all the patients with a reduced reactive hyperemia index.
CONCLUSIONS: According to the results of our study, the parasympathetic influences of the autonomic nervous system on the heart rhythm were predominant in the patients with vasospastic angina, which is not typical for coronary heart disease. All the patients had autonomic or endothelial dysfunction. A combination of both pathophysiological mechanisms has been observed in half of the examined patients.
Case of lactacidosis in acute kidney damage and metformin therapy
Authors: Alekseenko Olga V. , Kovalchuk Evgeniy Yu. , Risev Alexandr V. , Sergeeva Anastasiya M. , Lapickiy Alexey V.
Published: April 2022

Тhe article provides a clinical observation of the development of a rare pathological condition of lactic acidosis in a patient with acute kidney injury while taking metformin and confirms the need for timely determination of blood lactate.

Тhe clinical case confirms that the development of lactic acidosis in a patient with diabetes mellitus may have a mixed etiology and be associated not only with the use of metformin, but also with the presence of tissue hypoxia, exposure to an infectious process, and impaired renal function.

The development of lactic acidosis is associated with an increase in secretion and / or a decrease in the rate of excretion of lactate, which is expressed in a state of metabolic acidosis and severe cardiovascular insufficiency. The development of lactic acidosis is most often associated with the presence of renal and / or hepatic insufficiency, diabetes mellitus, lung pathology, macromicrocirculation disorders, and hemoglobin function defects, the treatment with biguanide drugs (metformin). Diagnosis of lactic acidosis is based on the data from a biochemical blood test and electrolyte parameters the concentration of blood plasma lactate, the study of acid-base state of the blood and anion gap.