bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accelerating Fraser Fir Seedling Growth with Benzylaminopurine Sprays
Authors: Bryan James A. , Seiler John R.
Published: February 2019

Foliar application of the synthetic growth regulator BA was evaluated for increasing the duration and extent of Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh.) Poir.] seedling growth. Aqueous solutions of 0, 222, or 444 μm BA (0, 50, or 100 ppm) were sprayed on the shoots of Fraser fir seedlings biweekly from 18 until 38 weeks after planting. Foliar sprays of 444 μm BA increased seedling height 19%, increased shoot weight 57%, reduced root weight 22%, and increased total weight 27%. Apical meristem activity was stimulated and the long periods of dormancy typical of Fraser fir seedlings were avoided. Chemical name used: 6-benzylaminopurine (BA).
Vapor Pressure Deficit, Temperature, and Light Affect Postharvest Drying of Fraser Fir and Eastern White Pine
Authors: Hinesley L.E. , Snelling L.K.
Published: February 2019

Branches of Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) were subjected to various temperatures, vapor pressure deficits (VPD), and light regimes in controlled-environment chambers. Drying rates, based on measurements of needle water potential (ψ), were accelerated by increasing VPD, high temperature, and light. Fraser fir and white pine dried to – 4.0 MPa and – 3.0 MPa, respectively, in about the same time. The relationship of moisture content (MC) to ψ was linear for Fraser fir, quadratic for white pine. The MC of Fraser fir at – 4.0 MPa was also a linear function of VPD during drying. Water loss was greatest early in the drying cycle, and high temperature (25C) promoted rapid drying, even at low VPD.
Medium pH and Leaf Nutrient Concentration Influence Rust Pustule Diameter on Leaves of Dry Beans
Authors: Zaiter Haytham Z. , Coyne Dermot P. , Clark Ralph B. , Steadman James R.
Published: February 2019

Nine bean cultivars/lines (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were grown in three soils/rooting media at pH values of 7.9, 6.5, and 5.8 in greenhouse, growth chamber, and field experiments to evaluate the leaf reaction of the plants to a Nebraska bean rust [Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Unger var. appendiculatus] isolate US85-NP-10-1. Significant differences were observed for rust pustule diameter between cultivars/lines grown in the three growth media. Plants grown in the medium at pH 5.8 showed significantly larger rust pustule diameters than those of plants grown at pH 6.5 or 7.9. A significant interaction occurred between growth medium and cultivars/lines for the rust reaction. Concentrations of Cl and Mn in leaves were positively correlated with rust pustule diameter. In contrast, concentration of K in leaves was negatively correlated with rust pustule diameter. Plant breeders attempting to improve beans for rust resistance must consider the growth medium pH in evaluating intensity and severity of rust symptoms on leaves.
Type of Floral Product Purchased and Demographic Characteristics and Floral Knowledge of Consumers
Authors: Behe Bridget K. , Wolnick Dennis J.
Published: February 2019

We determined the influence of demographic characteristics and floral knowledge (measured as product experience) on the type of floral product purchased. A sample of 401 Pennsylvania residents was divided into fresh flower and flowering plant consumer segments. Results of discriminant analyses showed the two segments were moderately distinct. Purchasers of fresh flowers were younger and more likely employed outside the home than those who purchased flowering plants, but the latter had more blooming plants in their homes than did consumers of fresh flowers. Consumers of flowering plants and of fresh flowers did not differ in their level of floral knowledge or demographic characteristics. Minor differences were found between the two segments that were not substantial enough to justify distinct marketing strategies.
SEASONAL GROWTH PATTERNS IN MATURE ASPARAGUS.
Authors: Drost Dan , Wilcox-Lee Darlene
Published: February 2019

Asparagus officinalis L. cv. Centennial established with seedling transplants in 1983 was maintained with a conventional tillage (CT) or a no-till) (NT) system with either metribuzin or metribuzin + napropamide being applied for weed control. Marketable yield was assessed from 1985-1989. In 1989, in addition to yield data, destructive harvests were made every three weeks from March to November to evaluate the effects of tillage on fern, crown and bud growth and root carbohydrate levels. Yields were reduced in CT when compared to NT during all years. Asparagus growth (crown and fern weight, bud cluster, bud and fern numbers) was greater in NT than CT throughout the year although seasonal patterns of growth were similar for both tillage systems. Root carbohydrate levels were higher in NT than CT before the harvest season began. Carbohydrates for both tillage systems reached their lowest level in late July before recovering to pre-harvest levels in late September. Use of metribuzin + napropamide did not reduce fern number or yield but significantly reduced the number of bud clusters, buds and fern when compared to metribuzin alone.
EFFECTIVENESS OF FOLIAR-APPLIED MOLYBDENUM IN PREVENTING MOLYBDENUM DEFICIENCY OF POINSETTIA
Authors: Cox Douglas A.
Published: February 2019

'Annette Hegg Brilliant Diamond' plants were cultured under Mo stress conditions by using an unlimed sphagnum peat and perlite potting medium and by supplying all trace elements but Mo in the fertilizer solution. Plants were untreated or sprayed with solutions of 1, 10, or 100 μg Mo·liter-1 5, 8, or 11 weeks after pinching. Untreated plants developed foliar symptoms of Mo deficiency (interveinal chlorosis, marginal necrosis, and marginal curling) and leaf tissue contained Mo below the critical level of 0.5 μg·g-1 and NO3-N above 1.0%. At 5 or 8 weeks all Mo spray concentrations prevented deficiency symptoms, increased tissue Mo, and reduced tissue NO3-N. Some symptoms were visible when plants were treated at 11 weeks. Mo sprays at this time did not eliminate the symptoms but reduced the number of leaves showing symptoms to about one-half that of untreated plants when the experiment was ended 15 weeks after pinching.
STRAWBERRY DEVELOPMENT AS EFFECTED BY VARYING DEGREES OF FROST INJURY
Authors: Handley David T.
Published: February 2019

A light frost in a field of strawberries (cv. Redchief) resulted in varying degrees of injury to blossom receptacles. Five injury categories were established: 1. No damage; 2. Brown discoloration only at the tip of the receptacle; 3. Brown discoloration over approximately 1/2 of the receptacle; 4. Brown discoloration over the entire receptacle; 5. Black discoloration over the entire receptacle. From each category four blossoms at anthesis were tagged and allowed to develop for 30 days. Blossoms with no visible injury on the receptacle developed normally. When browning was observed on the tip of the receptacle or on approximately 1/2 of the receptacle, various deformities developed, tending to be more pronounced in the latter category. Blossoms with brown or black receptacles generally died. Thus, expression of frost injury on strawberry blossoms in the field can vary greatly.
EFFECT OF STORAGE TEMPERATURE ON SPAWNED COMPOST FOR AGARICUS BISPORUS PRODUCTION.
Authors: Tweddell Russell , Olah G.M. , Gosselin André , Karam Antoine
Published: February 2019

Several studies have demonstrated the importance of physical, chemical and microbiological properties of compost on Agaricus bisporus growth and yield. However, to our knowledge, no experimentation has been conducted to determine the effect of storage on the properties of spawned compost. For this study, our objective was to compare the properties of spawned compost stored under different temperature regimes. The microflora and, the chemical and physical properties of prespawned compost pressed in shrink wrapped blocks were first determined and mushroom yield evaluated. Subsequently, composts that had been stored at 4°C, 15°C, 24°C for 10 and 14 days were analysed for the same variables. Our results showed that storage temperature affected some properties of compost but these changes did not affect mushroom yield.
FOLIAR APPLICATION OF BENZYLADENINE INCREASES ENDOGENOUS LEAF CYTOKININ IN APPLE
Authors: Cohen Robin A. , Greene Duane W.
Published: February 2019

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of growth regulator application on cytokinin levels in developing apple leaves. In experiment 1, gibberellin GA4/7 (100 mg·liter-1) and benzyladenine (BA, 100 mg·liter-1) were applied alone or in combination as a foliar spray to `Golden Delicious' 7 days after full bloom. In experiment 2, BA was applied at 50 or 100 mg·liter-1 as a foliar spray to `Morespur McIntosh' 18 days after full bloom. Trans-zeatin ribosidelike (t-ZR) levels were determined by immunoassay. In experiment 1, GA1/7 had no effect and BA increased t-ZR-like levels. In experiment 2, BA increased t-ZR levels quadratically with application rate. The increase in endogenous cytokinin levels with BA treatment occured within 2 hours. Initially, t-ZR-like levels were 47 times higher in the BA (100 mg·liter-1) treated leaves as compared to check leaves. Over the next 8 days, t-ZR-like content in treated leaves decreased in a cubic manner.
INTERACTIVE VIDEO FOR LEARNING LANDSCAPE TREES
Authors: Pellett N. E. , Elvin D. W.
Published: February 2019

Repetitive exposure to plant morphology and characteristics is necessary for students to learn to identify woody landscape plants. We developed a computer operated video program which will supplement what students learn in outdoor labs and in lecture.

The interactive video tutorial allows the computer integration of script with control of a large collection of video images that come from 35 mm slides, video images, photographs, drawings and actual plant specimens. We have tried the less expensive still video floppy technology (Kodak SV7500 Still Video Multidisk Recorder) and the Write-Once laser disc technology (Panasonic TQ-3031F Optical Disc Recorder). Both systems have advantages, but the latter offers more options at a much higher cost. Motivation for use of the program comes from self tests and the possibility to review visual examples.
COMPARATIVE WINTER INSULATING VALUE OF SEVERAL SNOW DEPTHS, STRAW AND PLASTIC MULCHES
Authors: Boyce Bertie
Published: February 2019

Treatments, applied in one meter square wooden frames, were snow at 7.6, 15.2 and 30.5 cm deep, straw at 11 mT/ha, straw at 2.2 mT/ha, straw at 2.2 mT/ha covered with clear polyethylene, clear polyethylene and no mulches. The frames were covered during storms to exclude unwanted snow and keep mulching materials dry. Temperatures below the mulches were recorded throughout two winters.

Temperatures under 30.5 cm of snow did not go below -3°C when exposed soil surface temperatures were -22°. Temperatures below 11 mT/ha of straw and 2.2 mT/ha straw plus polyethylene were comparable to temperatures below 15.2 cm of snow. Straw at 2.2 mT/ha provided about the same protection as 7.6 cm of snow cover while clear polyethylene alone provided little insulation.
GROWTH AND FRUITING OF `DELICIOUS' APPLE ON CLONAL ROOTSTOCKS IN THE 1984 NC-140 PLANTING IN MAINE
Authors: Schupp James R.
Published: February 2019

In 1984 trees of `Starkspur Supreme Delicious' apple (Malus domestica Borkh) on 16 rootstocks were planted at 30 sites in North America according to guidelines established for cooperative testing by the North Central Regional Cooperative Project (NC-140). Tree loss and root suckering in the Maine planting have been low, similar to that of other sites. Tree size in Maine is smallest amoung all sites after seven seasons. Trees on Budagovsky 9 (B.9) rootstock were the most precocious, producing significantly higher flower numbers and yield in the third year. Other precocious root-stocks in this planting included C.6, M.26EMLA, M.7EMLA and P.1. After seven years, B.9, C.6 and M.26EMLA were the most productive amoung the dwarf trees, and consequently are the most efficient. P.1 and M.7EMLA were the most productive amoung the more vigorous stocks. This trial will be conducted for 3 more seasons, however it appears that B.9, C.6 and P.1 may have potential as rootstocks for commercial apple orchards in New England.
DEVELOPMENT OF CARBOXYLATION CAPACITY IN TISSUE-CULTURED STRAWBERRY FOLLOWING TRANSPLANTING.
Authors: Desjardins Yves , Gosselin André
Published: February 2019

Strawberry plantlets (Fragaria X ananassa Duch. cv. Kent) were submitted to a factorial arrangement of 2 photosynthetic photon fluxes (PPF) (80 and 150 μmol·m-2·s-1, PAR) and 2 CO2 concentrations (330 and 3000 ppm) during the in vitro rooting stage. Leaves were tagged and placed in a growth chamber tor acclimatization. Photosynthetic capability of leaves from different origins was determined by measuring the initial and total activity of Ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco), but the contribution of Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) to fixation was also examined High CO2 concentration and PPF significantly increased fresh weight and surface area in vitro and after 4 weeks ex vitro. Improved growth was not the result of increased autotrophy in vitro since initial rubisco activity was 10 times lower than that of de novo formed leaves and declined under high CO2 and PPF. Carbon dioxide concentration and PPF had no effect on total activity of rubisco. Low activation state and total activity of rubisco in in vitro leaves is the cause of poor photosynthetic activity in vitro Persistent in vitro leaves after 4 weeks of acclimatization did not have higher total activity of rubisco, but the activation state was 4 times larger than the corresponding activity in vitro which might thus provide for non-negligible contribution to photosynthetic carbon assimilation. The possible inhibition of photosynthesis by the presence of sugar in the medium is discussed.
A REVIEW OF METHODS TO CONTROL VEGETATIVE GROWTH OF APPLE TREES
Authors: Greene Duane W.
Published: February 2019

The trend toward planting high density apple orchards continues. Closer tree spacing requires a greater degree of growth control to reduce shading and to prevent the decline in fruit quality and productivity as the planting become older. Chemical, rootstock, pruning, and management techniques will be reviewed that may control growth directly by reducing vegetative growth or indirectly through effects on increasing flower bud formation and fruit set. Pruning and management techniques will be discussed that can selectively reduce vigor in the tops of trees while allowing growth of the less vigorous lower portion of a trees to continue.
DISEASE CONTROL BY NUTRIENT SPRAYS IN VEGETABLE CROPS
Authors: Tremblay Nicolas , Charbaji Tarif , Fournier Francois , Carisse Odile
Published: February 2019

Scientific literature contains several examples of disease development influenced by fertilization practices. A set of data collected by the «Scouting and Research Network, South of Montreal Area» and consisting of disease and tissue analysis data on carrot and onion crops was made available for principal component analysis. It was hypothesized from the analysis that high N tissue levels would reduce Cercospora carotae and Botrytis squamosa importance on carrot and onion leaves, respectively. In a controlled environment study, Cercospora spots were inversely related to urea levels sprayed on carrot leaves although urea had no influence on plant growth. In a field study with onion, however, urea sprayed at 10 kg/ha, alone or in combination with a fungicide, had no effect either on Botrytis or on maturation or yield. With these mixed results, more research seems needed to assess the potential of nutrient sprays in reducing pesticide use.
THE ABCs OF WRITING FOR POPULAR PUBLICATIONS
Authors: Ashman Meg
Published: February 2019

Before writing your horticulture article for a popular publication, consider your target audience and your purpose. If you know who your readers are and what you want them to be able to do after reading your information, you can choose, limit, and treat your topic suitably. While writing, strive for accuracy, brevity and clarity. Extension-type articles and publications succeed with a lively, conversational tone. After writing, review your draft and get feedback from others. Revise accordingly. Although you are the subject matter authority, your editor is the communication specialist. Rely on your editor to help you reach your communication goal.
MAKING A GOOD TELEVISION/VIDEO PROGRAM
Authors: Perry Leonard P.
Published: February 2019

Many have been involved with broadcast television, and others will be, and most have been involved with video production either at home or work. As a powerful educational and motivational tool for teaching, research and extension, it deserves more and improved use.

Opportunities will be discussed for broadcast television, with a short video presentation of examples, including regular shows, periodic features or interviews, “live” call-ins, or tips using video or slides. Video production will be covered in more depth including general tips, technical aspects such as formats and equipment, and artistic aspects which make the difference between just filming and producing a quality production. Covered will be basics of lighting, audio, camera use, and editing--the real key to a professional quality production.
SOME THOUGHTS ON PROFESSIONAL HORTICULTURAL PUBLICATIONS
Authors: Klein Richard
Published: February 2019

A discussion of the need for and roles of scientific publications in horticultural sciences. Rules for the preparation of manuscripts are outlined, types of material to be included in various sections of a manuscript are discussed and some bases for manuscript rejection or acceptance are noted. Emphasis is placed on the need for correct grammar, clarity and precision in writing, the preparation of illustrative materials and the necessity of checking all data and literature citations.
THE GEOPHYTE, TM - A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR BULBOUS, TUBEROUS, AND HERBACEOUS PERENNIAL PLANTS
Authors: De Hertogh A. A , Noone C. , Lutman A.
Published: February 2019

Much information has been accumulated on various aspects of ornamental geophytes. This knowledge has been published in research articles and bulletins, books, extension publications, etc. Thus, it is scattered and not easily accessible. The Geophyte TM software program was developed to aid in information access and transfer. It has been designed for IBM compatible systems. There are 7 major parts in each database. They are: 1- General Aspects (species origin, botanical classification, common names, etc), 2- Flowering Requirements, 3- Production Information (production countries and acreage, major commercial cultivars, production methods, etc.), 4- Gardening Information (soil types, light, planting info, cultivar performance data, etc.), 5- Forcing Information (commercial cut flowers, potted plants, homeowner forcing), 6- References, and 7- In-House Information, a slot allowing the user to insert specific information on the genera provided.
PERFORMANCE OF `OCONEE' PECAN AT THE GEORGIA COASTAL PLAIN EXPERIMENT STATION, 1979-90
Authors: Worley R.E.
Published: February 2019

`Oconee' is a `Schley' × `Barton' cross from the USDA pecan breeding program and was tested as selection 56-7-72. It first bore in its 5th leaf and yields increased each succeeding year except year 11. Yields exceeded 23 kg/tree in year 10 and 12 and nut quality has been excellent each year. Percentage kernel averaged 56 with 26% (of inshell nut) grading fancy and 2% grading amber. `Oconee' is large with nuts averaging 9.7 g in wt. and 13 cc in volume with 71% 2.54 cm or larger in diameter. After mechanical cracking, nuts are easily shelled into large unbroken kernel halves. `Oconee' will pollinate `Cape Fear', `Stuart', `Desirable', `Kiowa' and `Sumner'. It is pollinated by `Sumner', `Stuart', `Maramek', `Kiowa', `Gloria Grande' and `Forkert'. `Oconee' should make an excellent temporary tree. More years data are needed to assess its merits as a permanent tree.
FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF PECANS AS INFLUENCED BY DRYING
Authors: Bahri Sami , Aldred William , Brown Robert , Sistrunk Laurence , Storey J. Benton , Thompson Tommy
Published: February 2019

Previous work in this lab has shown that drying temperatures above 35°C will cause excessive loss of the kernel's natural light color and less oleic (18:1) oxidation to linoleic (18:2) fatty acid. The former is undesirable because of poor consumer appeal and the latter is desirable because of superiority of oleic acid in reducing low density lipoprotein in the blood plasma of consumers and a longer shelf life. The drying temperature of 35°C and an air volume of 45 CFM was superior in 1989 to 75 CFM at the same temperature and an air dried control. Lower air volumes in 1990 proved to be no better than 45 CFM at 35°C The best compromise drying regime was determined to be 45 CFM at 35°C.
THE INFLUENCE OF SELF- AND CROSS-POLLINATION ON FRUITING IN SOUTHERN HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRIES
Authors: Lang Gregory A. , Danka Robert G.
Published: February 2019

Southern highbush (“low chill tetraploid”) blueberries are an earlier-ripening, self pollen-compatible alternative to rabbiteye blueberries. `Sharpblue', the first southern highbush cultivar planted on a commercial scale, has been shown to require cross-pollination for optimal fruit size and earliness of ripening. `Gulfcoast', a recently released cultivar for Gulf states growers of about latitude 30 to 32 N, differs in heritage from `Sharpblue', incorporating about 50% more self-compatible northern highbush germplasm. `Gulfcoast' fruit development after honey bee-mediated self- or cross-pollination with `Sharpblue' was similar in terms of set (85.5 vs. 82.2%), weight (1.26 vs. 1.18g), and seed number (32.8 vs. 33.6), respectively. Cross-pollination did not result in significantly earlier ripening. Thus, `Gulfcoast' appears to be more self-fertile than `Sharpblue'. Other closely-related cultivars are being examined to determine the genetic influence on potential for self-fruitfulness.
PROPAGATING ROSEMARY (ROSEMARINUS OFFICINALIS) BY CUTTINGS
Authors: Maness Nancy E. , Motes James E.
Published: February 2019

`Arp' rosemary cuttings were treated with indole butyric acid (IBA) using three different application procedures to determine speed and quality of rooted cuttings produced at three weeks under mist. Five concentrations of IBA, 0%, 0.8%, 1.6%, 3.0%, and 4.5%, and three methods of application were compared. Methods of application were 1) cuttings treated with solutions containing IBA, captan, benomyl, and streptomycin applied as a one minute soak or 2) as a post plant drench or 3) cuttings soaked for one minute in a solution of captan, benomyl and streptomycin and then dipped into IBA + talc mixture. After the treatments were applied, the cuttings were placed on a mist bench for three weeks. Visual shoot ratings were made weekly and visual root ratings were made at three and four weeks after treatments were applied. Root dry weights were determined. Results indicated the one minute soak in a captan, benomyl, and streptomycin solution then dipped in 0.8% IBA + talc consistently resulted in a higher quality rooted cutting.
EFFECT OF THREE PLANTING DATES, PLASTIC MULCH AND ROW COVER ON YIELD OF COLLARD GREENS.
Authors: Khan V. A. , Stevens C. , LU J. Y. , Kabwe M. K. , Haung Z.
Published: February 2019

Clear (CM), and black plastic (BM) mulches and bare (BS) soil plus VisPore (V) row cover (VCM, VBM, VBS), CM, BM, and BS in combination with drip irrigation and three planting dates January 3rd, February 16th, and March 16th, 1990, were used to evaluate the yield of `Georgia' collard greens. At the 1st planting date, both mulches and row cover treatments had significantly higher yield. At the 2nd and 3rd planting dates there were significant interactions between mulch and row cover. The interaction at the the 2nd planting date showed that yield was highest with VCM and VBS treatments and at the 3rd planting date CM, BM and VBS increased yield, respectively. The number of days to harvest decreased with each planting date and bolting was not observed for any planting date or treatment combination.
EFFECTS OF GROUND COVER, PLANTING METHOD AND IRRIGATION LEVELS ON CANTALOUPE PRODUCTION
Authors: Stubblefield Robert , Wiedenfeld Robert
Published: February 2019

A field study was conducted in south Texas in the spring 1990 to determine the effects of ground cover, planting method and drip irrigation rates on cantaloupe growth, yield and quality. Transplanting vs. direct seeding enhanced early vine growth with earlier yields, although direct seeding later caught up resulting in comparable final cumulative yields. Black polyethylene mulch also improved earliness but at the loser irrigation rate total yields were reduced due to deflection of rainfall by the mulch. Irrigation at .1, .3, .5, .7 and .9 times pan evaporation had little effect on final cumulative yields with exception to the .1 and .3 rates. Melon sugar content was highest for transplants with direct seeded melons becoming comparable only at mid to final harvest. The combined practices of transplanting and black polyethylene mulch resulted in a 14 day earliness advantage over the treatments that were direct seeded on bare soil although final yields were unaffected. No appreciable increase in soil salinity were found as a result of drip irrigation usage.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FUSARIUM YELLOWS DISEASES OF SUGAR BEET AND SPINACH.
Authors: Martyn Ray D. , Rush C. M. , Dillard E. A. , Kim D. H.
Published: February 2019

Twenty isolates of Fusarium oxysporum recovered from diseased sugar beet and spinach (Chenopodiaceae) or red-root pigweed (Amaranthaceae) were examined using pathogenicity, isozyme, and mtDNA RFLP markers to determine genetic similarity among isolates from different hosts. Pathogenicity tests defined several levels of host specificity. Most isolates were specific to their original host; however, a few primarily were pathogenic to their original host but also caused some wilt on other hosts. Two isolates were pathogenic on all three hosts and six were not pathogenic to any of the hosts. Differences in isozymes and mtDNA RFLPs corresponded with differences in pathogenicity. Three main polymorphic groups based on host specificity were identified along with three sub-groups corresponding to aggressiveness of the isolates. These data suggest that while most isolates display a high degree of host specificity isolates exist within the population that lack such specificity and cross over to other species.
RESPONSE OF CUCUMBER GERMPLASM TO LOW-MOISTURE STRESS
Authors: Wann E. V. , Staub J. E.
Published: February 2019

Research was conducted to determine the reliability of several techniques for measuring the response of cucumber to low-moisture stress. Low and high moisture stress levels were imposed in field plots by differential irrigation. Plots under low stress (high soil moisture) had a mean tensiometer reading of 9±1.0 cb during the evaluation period, and plots under high stress had a mean tensiometer reading of 37±2.3 cb. Six genotypes of diverse backgrounds were evaluated for their stress response. The drought-tolerant cultivars `Alagi', W142121, and WI1983LL (Little Leaf) showed least response to the imposed stress. Visual ratings and stress index were correlated with moisture stress levels and they detected differences in stress response among cultivars. Plant water content, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate were least reliable for measuring moisture stress. Visual ratings appeared to be as reliable as the other more quantitative types of measurements for detecting stress tolerance.
USE OF IN VITRO TECHNIQUES TO OVERCOME INCOMPATIBILITY IN SWEETPOTATO
Authors: Rojas Salvador , Thompson Paul G.
Published: February 2019

To develop In vitro techniques to overcome incompatibility in sweetpotato the cross and self incompatible cultivars Regal and MD-708 were cross pollinated and also crossed with the compatible `Vardaman'. Observation of pollen behavior in different crosses after 3, 7, and 24 hours, showed good germination and tube development in compatible crosses, but no germination in incompatibles. In a preliminary experiment using embryo rescue techniques plants were produced only from compatible crosses at 25 and 30 days after pollination. In subsequent experiments, immature embryos were rescued when cultured 15 days after pollination. The highest percentage of rescued embryos resulted from Murashige-Skoog medium. Intraovarian, stigmatic and placental in vitro fertilization were investigated to overcome incompatibility. Embryos were not formed from any of those methods, but callus was produced with placental pollination.
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN SOURCE, RATE, AND APPLICATION FREQUENCY ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF ONION
Authors: Batal K.M.
Published: February 2019

Commercial N fertilizer formulations, ammonium nitrate, calcium nitrate, sodium nitrate, potassium nitrates (15-0-14 and 13-0-44) applied at 84 and 168 kg N/ha in 3 or 5 split applications did not affect total marketable yield of dry onion. Application frequencies causing an increase in total amount of N applied during the spring months (Feb.-Apr.) increased marketable yield by 5 MT/ha. Bulb decay was the highest when ammonium nitrate was applied, whereas the least number of decayed bulbs resulted from sodium nitrate applications. Plants grown with potassium nitrate (13-0-44) were most susceptible to cold injury. Ammonium nitrate and sodium nitrate applications produced the highest percentage of onions that bolted. The lowest percentage of plants showing bolting incidence resulted from calcium nitrate applications. Bolting of onions was closely associated with rapid growth and increased onion size. However, cold injury and bulb decay were not influenced by these growth factors.
XERISCAPE: A NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Welsh Douglas F.
Published: February 2019

Xeriscape, water conservation through creative landscaping, offers a viable alternative to traditional landscapes which require high inputs of water and labor. Xeriscape is not cactus and rock gardening; but, quality landscaping combining beautiful, function, and water efficiency.

Xeriscape is based on horticulturally sound principles, including: good design, through soil preparation, practical turf areas, appropriate plant selection, efficient watering techniques, mulching and proper maintenance.

Green plant and water industries across the nation have recognized Xeriscape as a proactive, education tool to curb excess water-use by the public and private sectors. In an era where water may become the limiting factor in economic growth for many regions of the nation, Xeriscape may truly be the state-of-the-art.
EXTENSION'S ROLE: A NEW AGRICULTURAL WEATHER PROGRAM
Authors: Powell Arlie A. , Getz Roger , Simpson Eugene H.
Published: February 2019

An agricultural weather program has been developed in Alabama and is available on the ACENET computer network of the Alabama Cooperative Extension Service (ACES). This program involves the coordinated efforts of the National Weather Service (NWS), ACES and grower organizations. The program began in March 1987 and has been upgraded several times. Hardware now being used includes a Sun Microsystem SPARC station by NWS and a Sun Microsystems Server Model 4/280 by ACES. Existing and experimental NWS forecast products are disseminated to each of Alabama's 67 county agents offices (CEAs) and to local producers using ACES' computer network. A comprehensive selection of climate and weather related information is available to ACES staff including a widely used freeze alert program. Very detailed freeze forecasts and related information is available to users hourly, 7 days a week. A specialist prepared commentary further enhances use of information during each freeze event. Considerable cost savings have been realized by producers. A pilot program is being initiated in 1991 to incorporate data from several real time weather stations into the system.
POSTHARVEST PERFORMANCE OF WHITE AND GREEN ASPARAGUS SPEARS
Authors: Makus D. J. , Gonzalez A. R.
Published: February 2019

Black and white plastic row covers were established over 4 yr old field-grown 'Jersey Giant' asparagus in March 1990 to produce white asparagus spears. Control or green spears were grown without row covers. Spears harvested between Apr 27 and May 18 were used in subsequent experiments. Spears grown under white, black or no row cover were trimmed to 15 cm, weighed, then stored in perforated polybags at 0 or 7°C and removed from storage weekly to determine water loss and color change. Weight loss was greater in spears held at 7 than 0°C but row cover treatment had no effect on water loss. Hue (color) and CDM 'a' values (greeness) decreased in green spears stored at the higher temperature. After 21 days in storage, decay was 0 and 21% in spears held at 0 and 7°C, respectively. Decay in white and green spears were 6% and 20%, respectively. White spears, harvested May 2 and May 9 and held at 21°C for 5 days, had significantly lower rates of CO2 respiration than did green spears. White spears grown under either row cover treatment had similar postharvest attributes.
A METHOD TO MEASURE SULFUR-CONTAINING VOLATILES IN ONIONS USING A GAS CHROMATOGRAPH.
Authors: Yoo Kil Sun , Pike Leonard M.
Published: February 2019

A 50 g sample taken as a horizontal section from the mid-height of an onion bulb was blended with 100 g water for 1 min in a closed plastic mason jar. A 0.5 ml of a headspace sample was drawn and injected into a Perkin Elmer 8500 GC equipped with FPD for detection of sulfur compounds. The major volatiles tentatively identified in onion were thiopropanal S-oxide, methyl propyl disulfide, dipropyl disulfide, and propyl allyl disulfide.

We observed significant variation of peak pattern and height depending on position in a bulb, among bulbs within variety, and between varieties. These results seemed to comply well with taste test. There were no significant correlations between total peak height and bulb weight, soluble solids, or pyruvate concentration in juice extract. Our investigation suggested that this procedure provided better understanding and measurement of onion pungency than pyruvate analysis.
FOREIGN GENE TRANSFER TO SWEET POTATO (IPOMOEA BATATAS)
Authors: Prakash C.S. , Varadarajan U. , Kumar A. S.
Published: February 2019

Development of a gene transfer system will enable rapid introduction of agronomically useful genes into elite cultivars of sweet potato. We compared microprojectile bombardment and Agrobacterium cocultivation approaches to introduce foreign genes into the genome of two sweet potato cultivars. Chimeric marker genes (gusA and kan) were successfully introduced into cvs. Jewel and TIS-70357 using both approaches. However, transgenic plants were generated in vitro using only the Agrobacterium approach. Callus and root isolates with stable expression of gusA gene were obtained using the microprojectile method. Expression of the screenable marker gusA gene was detected by histochemical assays. Integration of the introduced gene into the genome of sweet potato was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the kan gene and Southern blot analyses. Transgenic sweet potato plants from two cultivars are being raised and studied for quantitative expression and localization of the introduced genes. These results show that foreign genes can be successfully introduced and expressed in sweet potato. Current efforts are directed at optimizing several variables to increase the transformation efficiencies and to generate transgenic cultivars with foreign genes of agricultural importance.
INCORPORATION OF GLANDULAR TRICHOMES INTO AN ADVANCED SOLANUM PHUREJA-STEN0TOMUM HYBRID POPULATION
Authors: Vallejo Roger L. , Collins Wanda W. , Schiavone Rocco
Published: February 2019

A hybrid diploid potato population (Solanum phureja x Solanum stenotomum) with superior horticultural traits has been developed for breeding purposes. Because this highly advanced population has no resistance to potato virus Y (PVY), and because PVY pressure is very high in North Carolina, glandular trichomes from another diploid species, Solanum berthaultii, were introduced as a defense against aphids, the PVY vector. Two types of glandular trichomes, A and B, were transferred. Preliminary results show that genetic diversity and broad-sense heritability are adequate to transfer these traits; however, non-additive gene action was indicated in narrow-sense heritability estimates. Spearman's coefficients of rank correlation showed a low level of association between A and B trichomes; density of both types is postulated to be under the control of a Small number of genes.
INDUCED RESISTANCE RESPONSE OF SWEETPOTATO TO FUSARIUM ROOT ROT BY UV-HORMESIS
Authors: Stevens C. , Khan V. A. , Lu J. L. , Wilson C. L. , Chalutz E. , Kabwe M. K. , Haung Z.
Published: February 2019

Jewel sweetpotato storage roots previously treated with ultraviolet (UV–C) light and then stored for 30 days before artificial inoculation with Fusarium solani showed increased resistance to Fusarium root rot; as indicated by reduced lesion size, the rate of decay development of rotted tissues. There was a hormetic relationship between the incidence of Fusarium root rot and UV–C doses. The optimum dose of UV which reduced Fusarium root rot was 3.6× 104 ergs/mm2. Exposure of sweetpotato to UV–C doses promoted phenylalanine ammonia–lyase (PAL)4 production with the maximum PAL activity occurring at 3.6×104 ergs/mm2. Crude extracts from UV–C treated sweetpotatoes reduced germination, germ tube elongation and growth of F. solani when compared to untreated extracts.
CITRUS: SURVIVAL AT -11.1C TEMPERATURE DURING THE 1989 FREEZE
Authors: Bourgeois Wayne J. , Adams Alvin J.
Published: February 2019

During the 1989 freeze, a scaffold branch irrigation freeze protection system was in operation on five-year old `Washington' navel and `Owari' satsuma trees and several younger trees of various navel orange varieties, a cold tolerant satsuma selection and other navel orange trees. Temperature dipped to a low of -11.1C, with 20 consecutive hours of -6.7C or below and 80 consecutive hours of 0C or lower. Post freeze evaluations and ratings show that an average tree survival rate of 94.6% was obtained. An average of 84.6% survival of scaffold branches and an average of 11% canopy survival was also achieved through the use of scaffold branch irrigation for freeze protection. Trunk injury ratings averaged 8.8 (scale 0-10; 0 – dead, 10 – no injury) and shoot regrowth after pruning dead wood averaged 8.0 (scale 0-10; 0 – no shoot regrowth, 10 – excellent shoot regrowth. The average percentage of the regrowth was slightly above 80% of the original tree volume prior to the freeze. Nonprotected trees sustained 100% kill and necessitated removal and reestablishment.
CULTURAL METHODS AFFECTING YIELD OF EDIBLE DRY BEANS
Authors: Russo Vincent M.
Published: February 2019

The effects of planting date and plant density on total and marketable yield were examined for the edible dry beans `Aurora' and `Fleetwood', erect type I geneotype cultivars, over three years. For `Fleetwood' alone, fertilizer levels and application of a spray-on-soil polymer mulching material were examined for effects on yield. The mulching material was degraded by rain prior to canopy closure but patches were present at harvest. Using continous recording thermometers, temperatures over two week periods following sowing of `Fleetwood', from 23 cm below the surface of mulched and bare soil were converted to soil degree days (SDD). `Fleetwood' generally had higher yields than `Aurora'. Earlier planting improved yields. In one of three years increasing plant density increased yields. Increased fertilization did not affect yield. Application of mulch did not affect yield. However, spray-on-mulch did increase SDD after the earliest planting date. Cultural systems for existing production, or potential production areas, must be developed for the conditions of each location.
A STUDY OF DROUGHT TOLERANCE IN SWEETPOTATOES
Authors: Newell Lavetta L. , Garner James O.
Published: February 2019

In two experiments, 16 sweetpotato genotypes (Ipomoea batatas L.) were evaluated for drought tolerance using the detached-leaf water loss method. Dry weight loss was also determined. Difference in the rate of leaf water loss over a 48 hour period were found. `Vardaman' had the greatest amount of dry weight loss and the least amount of water loss. No relationship between dry weight loss and water loss was found.

When measuring chlorophyll fluorescence using two sweetpotato genotypes, `Vardaman' had a higher rate of photosynthetic transport activity.
Fungicidal Inhibition of Pollen Germination and Germ-tube Elongation in Muskmelon
Authors: Abbott John D. , Bruton B.D. , Patterson C.L.
Published: February 2019

Four fungicides were evaluated for their effects on in vitro pollen germination of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) cultivars TAM-Uvalde and Magnum 45. Cupric hydroxide, mancozeb, and chlorothalonil reduced the percentage of pollen that germinated and rate and length of germ-tube elongation, regardless of cultivar. Benomyl had very little overall effect on pollen germination or germ-tube elongation. With the effective pollination period of ≈ 10 to 14 days in commercial production, each day is critical for maximum crown set. Based on our results. some fungicides may be contributing to reduced fruit set in muskmelon.
Row Arrangement Can Affect Yield and Pod Distribution Pattern of Trellised Snow Peas
Authors: Kahn Brian A. , Nelson Wendy A.
Published: February 2019

Trellised plants of `Oregon Sugar Pod II' and `Snowflake' snow peas (Pisum sativum var. macrocarpon Ser.) were grown in single and double rows on l-m centers at a constant population of 20 plants/m2 in 1988 and 1990. Plants of `Oregon Sugar Pod II' produced a greater number and weight of fresh pods than plants of `Snowflake' in both years. Plants grown in double rows (10 cm within-row spacing) produced a greater number and weight of fresh pods than plants grown in single rows (5 cm within-row spacing) in 1988, but not in 1990. Vine dry weights were greater from plants grown in double rows than from plants grown in single rows in both years. Double rows seemed more promising for home gardeners than for commercial growers because of the increased branching and more widely scattered pod distribution on plants grown in double rows compared with plants grown in single rows.
Ripening of Kiwifruit Exposed to Ethanol and Acetaldehyde Vapors
Authors: Mencarelli F. , Savarese P. , Saltveit M.E.
Published: February 2019

Exposure to acetaldehyde (M) vapors that produced tissue levels of 0.02% AA (w/w) stimulated ripening of `Hayward' kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa L.) much more effectively than exposure to ethanol vapors that produced tissue levels of 0.18% ethanol. Tissue levels of 0.02% and 0.18% ethanol stimulated ripening, while the ripening rate of tissue with 0.04% was similar to the controls. Ethylene and CO production from M-treated tissues were, respectively, 23 times and 60% higher than from control tissues. AA induced a rapid softening that was localized in the core tissue and rendered the fruit unmarketable for 7 days after treatment.
Pollen Tube Growth in Interspecific Crosses between Capsicum Species
Authors: Zijlstra Sierd , Purimahua Coen , Lindhout Pim
Published: February 2019

Crossing barriers between white- and purple-flowered species were examined. Four accessions of Capsicum annuum and three of C. pubescens were reciprocally crossed with one to four accessions of C. baccatum, C. cardenasii, C. chacoense, C. chinense, C. eximium, C. frutescens, C. galapagoense, and C. praetermissum. Capsicum chacoense is the only white-flowered species that inhibits C. annuum pollen tube growth but allows C. pubescens pollen tube penetration into the egg cell. Capsicum cardenasii and C. eximium exhibit similar crossabilities with C. annuum and C. pubescens: pollen tubes of C. cardenasii and of C. eximium can penetrate the egg cells of C. annuum but not vice versa, and pollen tubes of C. pubescens can penetrate the egg cells of C. cardenasii and of C. eximium but not vice versa.
Chloroplast Density in Guard Cells of Leaves of Anther-derived Potato Plants Grown in Vitro and in Vivo
Authors: Singsit Chongkhohao , Veilleux Richard E.
Published: February 2019

A technique was developed to count chloroplasts in guard cell pairs of leaflets of anther-derived potato (Solanum phureja Juz. and Buk) plants grown in vitro to determine how they compare to chloroplast counts for similar plants grown in vivo. The mean chloroplast density in guard cells of in vitro leaflets was visualized using fluorescein diacetate (FDA) stain and observed under a microscope. A consistently higher mean was observed for in vitro than for in vivo plants but monoploid could readily be distinguished from diploid regenerants whether grown in vitro or in vivo. A rapid method of ploidy estimation based on chloroplast counts on in vitro leaflets may hasten identification of monoploids to be used for in vitro applications to genetic reconstruction of potato.
Adventitious Shoot Production from a Vireya Hybrid of Rhododendron
Authors: Iapichino Giovanni , Chen Tony H.H. , Fuchigami Leslie H.
Published: February 2019

An efficient adventitious shoot production protocol has been developed for Rhododendron laetum × aurigeranum. Shoot tips taken from greenhouse-grown plants were cultured on Anderson's medium supplemented with 74 μM 2iP. Axillary shoots were excised and cultured on medium containing 23 μM IAA and 74 μM 2iP. After 6 months, brown callus developed at the cut surfaces of the shoot-tip explants. This callus produced many adventitious shoots (up to 70 per explant). Clusters of adventitious shoots were divided, subculture, and continued to proliferate shoots. An estimated 1600-fold increase in the number of shoots could be readily achieved in 6 months. In vitro rooting of adventitious shoots was accomplished in 4 weeks. Seventy-three percent of shoots rooted on 1/4 strength Anderson's medium supplemented with 28 μm IAA. Plantlet survival was 100%3 weeks after transfer to soil. Chemical names used: 1-H-indole-3-acetic acid (MA); N-(3 -methy1-2-butenyl) -1H-purine-6 amine (2iP).
EFFECT OF ETHEPHON AND GA3 ON SEX EXPRESSION OF GYNOECIOUS CUCUMBERS (CUCUMIS SATIVUS L.).
Authors: AL-Juboory Hurriah H.
Published: February 2019

Gibberellic acid (GA3) promoted maleness and 2-Chloroethyl phosphonic acid (ethephon) promoted femaleness in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cv Regal 446 seedlings when treated with water, ethephon (250 or 350 ppm) or GA3 (1000 or 2000 ppm) at the l-, 2-, or 3-leaf stage. Seedlings treated with ethephon at all stages produced more female flowers than those with water or GA3 treatments. GA3-treated seedlings produced significantly more male flowers than water treatments, at all developmental stages. The differential response of cucumber seedlings treated at different stages indicated the importance of timing growth regulator applications.
A COMPARISON OF POST-BUDDING TREATMENTS OF CACAO IN THE NURSERY
Authors: Willacey Simon , Patterson Gordon , Khan Mir
Published: February 2019

The percentage of bud burst, survival and growth was influenced by the budding site and post-budding treatment. Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) seedlings budded at the cotyledonary node performed better than those budded at the eighth node above the cotyledon. Scions patch budded at the cotyledonary node performed best if four to eight leaves were left above the bud patch and the rest of the stem excised. Poor treatments were total leaf removal and decapitation two to three inches above the bud, bending the stock plant stem and removal of the apical bud.