bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wide Local Excision of Acanthomatous Epulides in the Dog
Authors: WHITE R. A. S. , GORMAN N. T.
Published: February 2008

Twenty‐five dogs bearing acanthomatous epulides of the oral cavity underwent tumor resection by wide local excision. The surgical procedures included rostral mandibulectomy, removal of the mandibular body, premaxillectomy, and partial maxillectomy. Postoperative complications were rare, and local recurrence was not encountered in any dogs over periods of 1 to 6 1/2 years (median, 22 months). The authors conclude from the high incidence of local recurrence after simple excision through the tumor margins and the potential for malignant transformation after irradiation that wide surgical resection is the technique of choice for the management of acanthomatous epulis.
Long‐Term Follow‐up of Partial Limb Amputation in 13 Horses
Authors: CRAWLEY GREGORY R. , GRANT BARRIE D. , KRPAN MELINDA K. , MAJOR MICHAEL D.
Published: February 2008

Thirteen cases of partial limb amputation in horses were reviewed. Nine horses (69%) survived 18 to 111 months (mean, 41 months). Four unsuccessfully treated horses were euthanatized within 21 days of surgery. The horses' ages at amputation were 4 to 13 years (mean, 7.3 years). There was no predilection for the left or right limb nor for fore or hind limb involvement. Osteomyelitis in six horses (46%) was the most common cause for amputation. Severe, open, comminuted fractures of the third metacarpal bone that were impossible to stabilize by any currently available technique in four horses (31%) were the second most common cause for amputation. One gelding was salvaged because of his sentimental value, two horses were used as breeding stallions, and six were broodmares. One stallion lived 30 months, completed two breeding seasons, and started a third. The other stallion began breeding, but became sterile. Three of the mares have produced five foals. One mare died while in foal. One mare aborted near‐term twin fetuses and died of uterine hemorrhage. One mare aborted twice before the femoral head ligament on the contralateral limb ruptured, and she was euthanatized.
Cutaneous Wound Healing in Ehlers‐Danlos Syndrome
Authors: FREEMAN L. J. , HEGREBERG G. A. , ROBINETTE J. D.
Published: February 2008

Wound healing in five dogs and five cats affected with a connective tissue dysplasia resembling Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome of humans was compared with wound healing in 10 nonaffected animals. Six skin incisions on the lateral aspects of the thorax and abdomen of each animal were sutured and assessed daily for 75 days for evidence of healing. All wounds in non‐affected dogs, affected cats, and nonaffected cats healed by first intention. Three incisions in affected dogs had dehiscence of all or part of the incision line and healed by granulation, contraction, and epithelialization. Biopsies taken at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 75 days were compared histologically to determine if there were any differences in rates of healing between affected and nonaffected animals. Epidermal thickening and scab formation were noted at days 3 and 6 in both affected and nonaffected animals. Infiltration with mononuclear cells and fibroplasia steadily increased from day 6 to day 15 in all groups. Collagen fibril formation was evident by day 9. At day 75, incision sites were recognized by fine, more compact collagen bundles and lack of adnexal structures, as compared with the adjacent dermis in both affected and nonaffected animals. Although delayed wound healing has been reported to be a complication of Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome in humans, using clinical and histologic criteria, wound healing in dogs and cats with Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome appears to be similar to nonaffected animals.
Surgical Removal of One Conceptus from Fifteen Mares with Twin Concepti
Authors: PASCOE DAVID R. , STOVER SUSAN M.
Published: February 2008

A surgical technique for removal of one conceptus from mares with twin concepti more than 35 days of gestational age was evaluated. One conceptus was removed surgically from each of 15 mares carrying twin concepti that were 41 to 65 days of gestational age. As determined by ultrasonography, eight mares had bicornuate and seven mares had unicomuate twin concepti. For maintenance of pregnancy if surgical trauma should cause prostaglandin release and luteolysis, progesterone was administered prophylactically. Flunixin meglumine was administered perioperatively to minimize prostaglandin release. Five mares with bicornuate twin concepti delivered a single viable foal; in one mare the fetus was alive 4 days after surgery when the mare was euthanatized because of a fractured femur. None of the remaining feti in the seven mares with unicomuate twin concepti survived. The poor survival rate of unicomuate twin concepti was attributed to disruption of the remaining chorioallantois during surgery. Thirteen mares have been rebred successfully.
Arthroscopic Treatment of Osteochondritis Dissecans in the Canine Shoulder
Authors: PERSON MYRON W.
Published: February 2008

Twenty‐three shoulders of 21 dogs were treated arthroscopically for osteochondritis dissecans (OCD). Thirteen dogs had bilateral lesions detectable radiographically; however, only two dogs had arthroscopic surgery on both shoulders. Arthroscopic procedures included removal of the osteochondral flap, curettage of the subchondral defect, and partial synovectomy. Fourteen dogs were using the treated limb within 1 day and eight dogs within 2 days, although some lameness may have persisted for several weeks. Force plate evaluation was effective for comparison of preoperative and postoperative mean peak force/body weight (PF/BW) values. Improvement was detected objectively in 9 of the 10 dogs returned for postoperative force plate analysis. All owners were satisfied with the cosmetic results and the rapid return to function.
Healing of Mandibular Body Osteotomies after Plate and Intramedullary Pin Fixation
Authors: ROUSH JAMES K. , WILSON JAMES W.
Published: February 2008

Osteotomies were created in the left body of the mandible of nine dogs and immediately stabilized with either a six hole dynamic compression bone plate or an intramedullary pin. Cortical bone healing and vascular supply were evaluated at weeks 2, 5, and 10 by microradiography, microangiography, and correlated histology of selected mandibular slices. Perforating arterioles from the buccal mucosa maintained vascular supply to rostral mandibular segments. The mandibular body rostral to the osteotomy site and caudal to the canine tooth suffered an interruption of vascular supply that was replaced by a temporary extraosseous supply during healing of the osteotomy. Intramedullary pin placement resulted in destruction of rostral teeth. There was an inflammatory response around the rostral portion of all intramedullary pins. Osteotomy sites involving tooth roots resulted in no disruption of the normal vascular or neural structures of the tooth pulp.
Total Colectomy with Ileorectal Anastomosis in the Cat
Authors: BERTOY ROBERT W. , MACCOY DOUGLAS M. , WHEATON LYNN G. , GELBERG HOWARD B.
Published: February 2008

Total colectomy with end‐to‐end ileorectal anastomosis was performed in eight healthy adult cats. Hydration status, body weight, attitude, appetite, and stool consistency were monitored for 24 weeks. Ileal water absorption was determined at weeks 1, 6, 12, 18, and 24 using the double‐lumen catheter intestinal perfusion technique with polyethylene glycol as the indicator substance. Bowel adaptation was evaluated by histologic morphometric analysis of full‐thickness ileal biopsies taken at the time of total colectomy and at weeks 6, 12, 18, and 24. The anastomoses were examined at necropsy for evidence of leakage and development of strictures. All cats resumed normal activity in 48 hours and maintained or gained weight during the study. Small volumes of watery diarrhea were present immediately after surgery, but by week 1 all cats had a semi‐solid nonformed stool. At month 2, three cats developed semi‐solid formed stools. One cat had occasional perineal soiling and five cats had at least one episode of hematochezia. There was improvement in ileal water absorption in two cats, and there were significant increases in villus height, enterocyte height, and enterocyte density in all cats. Results of postmortem examination of the anastomosis showed no evidence of stricture in any cat.
Evaluation of Pentobarbital as a Drug for Standing Sedation in Cattle
Authors: VALVERDE ALEXANDER , DOHERTY THOMAS J. , DYSON DORIS , VALLIANT ANNE E.
Published: February 2008

Pentobarbital (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg/kg intravenously [IV]) was administered to four adult cows to determine a dose suitable for producing standing sedation in adult cattle, and to evaluate its effects on cardiopulmonary function and rumen motility. The response was assessed after 15, 30, 60, and 90 minutes. The 1.0 and 1.5 mg/kg doses induced mild sedation at 15 and 30 minutes, and no sedation at 60 and 90 minutes. The 2.0 mg/kg dose produced moderate sedation at 15 and 30 minutes, and mild sedation at 60 minutes. The 2.0 mg/kg dose was judged to be the most suitable. The effects of pentobarbital (2.0 mg/kg IV) on heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, blood gases, and rumen motility were measured in five cows during a 90 minute period. Respiratory rate was significantly depressed at 15, 30, and 60 minutes, but there were no significant changes in the other variables. Pentobarbital (2.0 mg/kg IV) is reliable in adult cattle for standing sedation of short duration.
Cardiovascular Function and Serum Catecholamine Concentrations after Anesthesia and Surgery in the Dog
Authors: RAWLINGS CLARENCE A. , TACKETT RANDALL L. , BJORLING DALE E. , ARNOLD TOM H.
Published: February 2008

Peripheral vasoconstriction and plasma catecholamine concentrations were studied in 37 dogs after cervical disc fenestration and salivary gland excision, laparotomy for intestinal anastomoses and cystotomy, or laparotomy for repair of diaphragmatic rupture, gastrotomy, and pyloromyotomy. Meperidine (4.4 mg/kg) was administered before extubation of 12 dogs undergoing laparotomy. Heart rate, respiratory frequency, indirect blood pressure, rectal temperature, toe web temperature, and plasma concentrations of epinephrine and norepinephrine were determined before induction of anesthesia, after intubation, after extubation, at sternal recumbency, and at standing. All dogs were hypothermic during surgery. After surgery, peripheral hypothermia (large rectal‐toe web temperature gradients) increased from a mean of 4.6°C after intubation to a mean of 10.4°C when the dogs initially stood. Heart and respiratory rates and blood pressures during recovery were similar to those before anesthesia. Mean plasma catecholamine concentrations were neither significantly higher during recovery than before surgery nor were they increased in any surgical group, including the dogs not treated with meperidine. After anesthesia, 15% of the epinephrine and 12% of the norepinephrine samples were more than two standard deviations above the mean of the preanesthetic concentrations of all dogs. The ratio of all dogs with an epinephrine concentration more than two standard deviations above the mean of baseline epinephrine concentrations was greater at sternal recumbency than before anesthesia and the ratio of dogs with an increased epinephrine concentration at sternal recumbency was greater in the laparotomy dogs (9 of 24) than in the cervical surgery dogs (0 of 12). Decreased peripheral blood flow during recovery from anesthesia appears to be a homeostatic attempt of conserving body heat to correct the hypothermia produced by anesthesia and peripheral vasodilation.
A Comparison of Two Methods of Partial Pancreatectomy in the Dog
Authors: ALLEN SHEILA W. , CORNELIUS LARRY M. , MAHAFFEY EDWARD A.
Published: February 2008

Partial pancreatectomy was performed in 9 dogs by dissection and ligation of the pancreatic ductule and blood vessels, and in 10 dogs by a suture fracture technique. The dogs were evaluated for detrimental effects by (1) monitoring clinical signs and serum amylase and lipase activities and (2) examining the excision sites grossly and histologically at necropsy. There were no clinically apparent detrimental effects with either technique. The suture fracture technique evoked more histologic inflammation than the dissection and ligation technique.
Cranial Sartorius Muscle Flap in the Dog
Authors: WEINSTEIN M. JOY , PAVLETIC MICHAEL M. , BOUDRIEAU RANDY J. , ENGLER STEPHEN J.
Published: February 2008

An anatomic study was performed on canine cadavers to define the blood supply to the cranial sartorius muscle. The vascular supply to this muscle was found to be a single dominant pedicle branching from the femoral artery at the proximal portion of the muscle. This anatomic information was applied in designing a study to determine the feasibility of performing a cranial sartorius muscle flap in the dog. The cranial sartorius muscle was transposed to the caudal abdominal region in four dogs. The muscle flap was based on the singular vascular pedicle defined in the anatomic study. All muscle transpositions were successful on day 19 as evidenced by gross appearance and histologic examination. Grossly, the muscles were well adhered to the recipient sites and were covered by connective tissue. Histologically, the specimens were characterized by viable skeletal muscle fibers, proliferative and maturing granulation and fibrous connective tissue, and mild to moderate mononuclear inflammation. Seroma formation and infection were the two postoperative complications noted. The cranial sartorius muscle flap has potential clinical application for repair of traumatic caudal abdominal hernias and large inguinal hernias in the dog.
Carpal Joint Arthrodesis as a Treatment for Chronic Septic Carpitis in Calves and Cattle
Authors: VAN HUFFEL X. , STEENHAUT M. , IMSCHOOT J. , VERSCHOOTEN F. , GASTHUYS F. , DESMET P. , Moor A. De
Published: February 2008

Chronic septic carpitis in 72 calves and adult cattle was treated by arthrodesis of the carpus (n = 24), proximal or distal carpal row resection with arthrodesis (n = 31), or resection of both the proximal and distal carpal bones and radio‐metacarpal arthrodesis (n = 17). Painfree arthrodesis permitting full weight‐bearing was obtained in 69% of the cases. Arthrodesis without resection of carpal bones was successful in 87% of the cases. With resection of one carpal row, 72% of the cases were treated successfully. Radio‐metacarpal arthrodesis with removal of both carpal rows resulted in fusion in 35% of the animals.
Strength Characteristics and Failure Modes of Suture Patterns in Severed Goat Tendons
Authors: PIJANOWSKI GERALD J. , STEIN LARRY E. , TURNER TRACY A.
Published: February 2008

The load‐to‐gap formation, maximum load, gap present at maximum load, and failure mode were compared among four suture patterns: Bunnell‐Mayer, modified Kessler, Mason‐Allen, and simple interrupted. Sixty‐four goat tendons were sutured with 2–0 monofilament polypropylene in one of the patterns and distracted at 92 cm/min with an electrohydraulic materials testing system. All tests were filmed at 40 frames/sec with an intermittent pin registered camera. The load‐to‐gap formation was not significantly different among the Bunnell (13.3 ± 1.5 newtons [N]), Kessler (12.8 ± 1.3 N), and simple interrupted (11.7 ± 1.7 N) patterns. The Mason‐Allen pattern was significantly different (8.2 ± 0.5 N). The Bunnell‐Mayer had the highest mean maximum load to failure (43.0 ± 1.6 N) followed by the modified Kessler (34.1 ± 1.9 N). There was no difference between the Mason‐Allen (22.9 ± 1.4 N) and simple interrupted (21.2 ± 1.4 N). All of the patterns permitted at least a 1 cm gap to form when the maximum load was applied. The Bunnell pattern caused severe constriction of the tendon and failed by suture material disruption. The modified Kessler caused some focal constriction, but the suture material pulled out before breaking and sliced the tendon in the process. The Mason‐Allen and the simple interrupted patterns sliced the tendon as the suture pulled out of the tendon.
Effects of Immobilization on Cartilage Formation after Periosteal Grafting in the Rabbit Stifle
Authors: ROUSH JAMES K. , MANLEY PAUL A. , WILSON JAMES W.
Published: February 2008

Autogenous periosteal grafts were harvested and placed in the trochlear grooves of the stifles of 32 rabbits. Postoperative immobilization periods of 0, 7, and 14 days were compared. Grafted areas were evaluated for gross appearance, histologic morphology, attachment of cartilage to subchondral bone, cartilage depth, chondrocyte density, proteoglycan presence, collagen fiber orientation, and mitotic activity. Nonimmobilized stifles had increased gross coverage of subchondral bone, better histologic quality, increased safranin 0 stain uptake, and more normal collagen fiber orientation at 60 days than stifles immobilized for 7 or 14 days. Postoperative immobilization did not affect attachment of the graft to the subchondral bone.

In this investigation, postoperative immobilization for 7 and 14 days did not enhance attachment of periosteal grafts to subchondral bone. Postoperative joint immobilization for 7 and 14 days, in fact, decreased the production and maturation of neocartilage formed by day 60. Histologic quality of the neocartilage at day 60 was directly correlated with safranin O staining, collagen fiber orientation, and gross appearance of the neocartilage. Although the beneficial aspect of early joint mobility on neocartilage formation must have occurred before day 7, it was not evidenced by increased chondrocyte mitotic activity, increased degree of graft attachment, enhanced collagen fiber orientation, or differences in safranin O staining at days 7 or 14.
Radial and Tibial Fracture Repair with External Skeletal Fixation: Effects of Fracture Type, Reduction, and Complications on Healing
Authors: JOHNSON ANN L. , KNELLER S. K. , WEIGEL R. M.
Published: February 2008

Twenty‐eight consecutive fractures of the canine radius and tibia were treated with external skeletal fixation as the primary method of stabilization. The time of fixation removal (T1) and the time to unsupported weight‐bearing (T2) were correlated with: (1) bone involved;(2) communication of the fracture with the external environment;(3) severity of the fracture;(4) proximity of the fracture to the nutrient artery;(5) method of reduction;(6) diaphyseal displacement after reduction; and (7) gap between cortical fragments after reduction. The Kruskal‐Wallis one‐way analysis of variance was used to test the correlation with p <.05 set as the criterion for significance. The median T, was 10 weeks and the median T2 was 11 weeks. None of the variables correlated significantly with either of the healing times; however, there was a strong trend toward longer healing times associated with open fractures and shorter healing times associated with closed reduction. Periosteal and endosteal callus uniting the fragments were observed radiographically in comminuted fractures, with primary bone union observed in six fractures in which anatomic reduction was achieved. Complications observed in the treatment of these fractures included: bone lysis around pins (27 fractures), pin track drainage (27 fractures), pin track hemorrhage (1 fracture), periosteal reaction around pins (27 fractures), radiographic signs consistent with osteomyelitis (12 fractures), degenerative joint disease (2 dogs), and nonunion (1 fracture). Valgus or rotational malalignment resulted in 16 malunions of fractures. One external fixation device was replaced and four loose pins were removed before the fractures healed. One dog was treated with antibiotics during the postoperative period because clinical signs of osteomyelitis appeared. Except for the nonunion, none of the complications appeared to affect the final outcome of fracture healing and return to function adversely.
Corrective Osteotomy for Pes Varus in the Dachshund
Authors: JOHNSON STUART G. , HULSE DONALD A. , VANGUNDY THOMAS E. , GREEN RONALD W.
Published: February 2008

Five dachshunds were treated for a distal varus deformity of one tibia. Angulations of 20° to 30° resulted from shortening of the medial tibial length with the maximum curvature at the distal metaphysis. Comparison with the contralateral limbs was required to determine the amount of correction necessary for functional and cosmetic results. Open wedge osteotomies stabilized with a modified type II external fixator resulted in correction of the deformities, early return of limb function, and healing of the osteotomies.
Retrospective Evaluation of Repeat Celiotomy in 53 Horses with Acute Gastrointestinal Disease
Authors: PARKER JILL E. , FUBINI SUSAN L. , TODHUNTER RORY J.
Published: February 2008

Fifty‐three of 648 horses (8.2%) treated surgically for acute gastrointestinal obstruction were subjected to repeat celiotomy. Forty horses (75%) recovered from anesthesia after repeat celiotomy, and 26 horses (49%) were discharged from the clinic. Excluding two horses lost to follow‐up, 10 of 51 horses (20%) survived long term. Horses subjected to repeat celiotomy had a significantly lower long‐term survival rate than horses subjected to a single celiotomy. Twenty‐eight horses had mechanical obstructions, and 22 had functional obstructions at the second surgery. Significantly more horses with mechanical obstructions recovered from anesthesia, but there was no difference in short‐term or long‐term survival. Seventy‐seven percent of horses were subjected to two celiotomies without being discharged from the clinic between procedures. The intervals between primary and repeat celiotomies ranged from less than 24 hours to 4 years, with 89% of them being less than 2 months. Horses with functional obstructions at the second surgery had a significantly shorter interval between surgeries than horses with mechanical obstructions. Twenty‐three horses had sequelae of the primary celiotomy, 19 had progression of their original disease, 8 had recurrence of the same condition, and 3 had unrelated problems. Intestinal ischemic necrosis was the most common diagnosis at repeat celiotomy, and small intestinal obstruction by adhesions was the second most frequent.
Postanesthetic Equine Myopathy Suggestive of Malignant Hyperthermia: A Case Report
Authors: KLEIN LIN , AILES NANCY , FACKELMAN GUSTAVE E. , KELLON ELEANOR , ROSENBERG HENRY
Published: February 2008

Signs of malignant hyperthermia, including progressive increases in PaCO2, skin temperature and heart rate, and elevated serum levels of potassium, inorganic phosphate, and creatine kinase, were identified in a halothane‐anesthetized horse. Treatment was discontinuing halothane administration, applying ice and cold fluids, and hyperventilating with 100% oxygen. After an initial recovery, bilateral hindlimb myopathy and pigmenturia developed. The myopathy resolved after treatment with oral dantrolene, IV fluids, and hydrocortisone. Results of caffeine‐halothane challenge, using semimembranosus muscle collected 2 weeks after the episode, were considered within normal limits for horses. The intraoperative abnormalities were evidently predictive of postanesthetic myopathy but the cause in this horse remained unclear.
Comparison of Three Skin Preparation Techniques in the Dog Part 1: Experimental Trial
Authors: OSUNA DEBORA J. , DeYOUNG DAVID J. , WALKER RICHARD L.
Published: February 2008

Premeasured, clipped areas of skin on both sides of 30 adult dogs were prepared with povidone‐iodine (PI), chlorhexidine gluconate (CG) with a saline rinse, or 4% CG with a 70% isopropyl alcohol rinse. Skin bacteria were quantified with Replicating Organism Detection and Counting (RODAC) plates and cultured for identification before, immediately after, and 1 hour after skin preparation. The percentages of bacterial reduction immediately and at hour 1 and the percentages of negative cultures, cultures with more than five colony‐forming units (CFUs), and skin reactions were analyzed by analysis of variance and chi‐square. The percentage of reduction in skin bacteria for all techniques was significant and comparable with that reported in humans. There were no significant differences between PI and CG results except that acute contact dermatitis was observed more frequently after skin preparation with PI. The authors conclude that for similar application times, PI and 4% CG rinsed with saline or 70% isopropyl alcohol are equally effective for up to 1 hour in the preoperative skin preparation of dogs.
Comparison of Three Skin Preparation Techniques Part 2: Clinical Trial in 100 Dogs
Authors: OSUNA DEBORA J. , DeYOUNG DAVID J. , WALKER RICHARD L.
Published: February 2008

The skin of 100 dogs undergoing clean or clean‐contaminated surgical procedures was prepared with povidone‐iodine (PI) or 4% chlorhexidine gluconate (CG) with saline or 70% isopro‐pyl alcohol rinse. Skin bacteria at the incision site were quantified with Replication Organism Detection and Counting (RODAC) plates immediately before and after skin preparation in the preparation room, in the operating room, and postoperatively. The percentage of bacterial reduction, negative cultures, cultures with more than five colony‐forming units, and skin reactions for each technique were calculated for each sample period and analyzed with the analysis of variance and Fischer tests. The percentage of bacterial reduction for all techniques was significant and comparable with results of a previous experimental study. There were no significant differences in percentages of bacterial reduction between PI and the CG techniques for surgical times up to 8 hours. There were fewer negative cultures and more cultures with high bacterial counts with PI than with CG and saline after the cleansing scrub. There were fewer negative cultures after surgery with CG and alcohol than with the other two techniques. Duration of the surgical procedure did not significantly affect the culture results. Significantly more skin reactions occurred with PI. The authors conclude that PI and 4% CG with a saline rinse are equally effective in antimicrobial efficacy under clinical conditions. However, 4% CG with a 70% isopropyl alcohol rinse may be inferior in residual antimicrobial activity.
Fixation of the Deferent Ducts for Retrodisplacement of the Urinary Bladder and Prostate in Canine Perineal Hernia
Authors: BILBREY STEPHEN A. , SMEAK DANIEL D. , DEHOFF WILLIAM
Published: February 2008

The deferent ducts were secured to the lateral abdominal wall in nine dogs to correct retrodisplacement of the urinary bladder and prostate. Perineal herniorrhaphy and fixation of the deferent ducts were performed in seven dogs; in two dogs, only fixation of the deferent ducts was performed. All dogs were clinically normal after 4 to 28 months (mean, 14.7 months).
Femoral Capital Physeal Fractures in 25 Foals
Authors: HUNT DAVID A. , SNYDER JACK R. , MORGAN JOE P. , PASCOE JOHN R.
Published: February 2008

The medical records of 25 horses 1 year of age or younger affected with femoral head and neck fractures during an 18 year period were reviewed. Each fracture involved the capital physis. The foals were 11 days to 12 months of age (mean, 5 months). No femoral capital physeal fractures occurred in horses older than 1 year of age during the same period. The history in each case included acute onset of severe unilateral hindlimb lameness, 3 hours to 2 months (mean, 12 days) before presentation. Injuries observed were violent falls, struggles, and kicks. Crepitation, swelling, pain with manipulation or palpation or both, and apparent fracture fragment displacement were inconsistently noted. Tentative clinical diagnoses were confirmed by radiography in 24 foals and by necropsy alone in one foal. Twenty‐one foals were euthanatized due to poor prognosis. One foal sent home for stall rest was lost to follow‐up. Surgical repair was attempted in three foals. Two fractures were repaired with multiple intramedullary pins and the foals were euthanatized within 2 weeks due to surgical failure and, in one case, contralateral limb breakdown. The third fracture was repaired with a compressing screw and plate device; the animal was pasture sound at month 20.
Cesarean Section in 19 Mares Results and Postoperative Fertility
Authors: JUZWIAK JAMES S. , SLONE DONNIE E. , SANTSCHI ELIZABETH M. , MOLL H. DAVID
Published: February 2008

The case records of 19 mares undergoing caudal ventral midline celiotomy for cesarean section were reviewed. Surgical exposure to the uterus was good, and the incisions healed by first intention in surviving mares. Seventeen mares (89%) survived to time of hospital discharge. Six foals (32%) were delivered alive, of which three were euthanatized because of severe deformity (1 died on day 6 and 2 survived to time of discharge). The most frequent postoperative complications were abdominal pain (13 mares), anemia (10 mares), and retained placenta (6 mares). Sixteen mares were bred during at least one season after the cesarean section and eight (50%) produced at least one foal. The collective foaling rate for these mares, bred a total of 25 seasons, was 36%. Only one mare bred during the same year as the surgery produced a live foal. The collective foaling rate for mares bred after the year of the surgery was 50%.
Mechanical Properties of Four Suture Patterns for Transected Equine Tendon Repair
Authors: EASLEY K. J. , STASHAK T. S. , SMITH F. W. , SLYKE G. VAN
Published: February 2008

Thirty‐six superficial digital flexor tendons from nine fresh equine cadavers were transected and sutured with size 2 monofilament nylon. Nine tendons were repaired with each of four suture patterns: single‐locking loop, double‐locking loop, triple‐locking loop, or three‐loop pulley. The times required for application, tensile strengths, resistance to distraction (gap), and modes of failure were analyzed. The mean times required were: single‐locking loop, 3 mins, 15 secs; double‐locking loop, 4 mins, 15 secs; triple‐locking loop, 10 mins, 50 secs; and three‐loop pulley, 4 mins. The double‐locking loop, triple‐locking loop, and three‐loop pulley suture patterns were stronger than the single‐locking loop. The triple‐locking loop and three‐loop pulley patterns were close in strength and only the triple‐locking loop was stronger than the double‐locking loop. The three‐loop pulley had the greatest resistance to gap formation and its mode of failure was different from the others. The three‐locking loop suture patterns failed by suture breakage but the three‐loop pulley failed first by suture pull‐out and then by suture breakage.
Local Anesthetics and Nuclear Medical Bone Images of the Equine Fore Limb
Authors: GAUGHAN EARL M. , WALLACE ROBERT J. , KALLFELZ FRANCIS A.
Published: February 2008

The effects of two local anesthetic agents on the diagnostic quality of nuclear medical bone images (NMBIs) of distal parts of the equine fore limb were investigated. Local effects on bone uptake of technetium 99m methylene diphosphonate (99mTc‐MDP) 4 and 24 hours after perineural and intraarticular injection of mepivacaine hydrochloride and bupivacaine hydrochloride were evaluated in the carpal and metacarpophalangeal regions of 12 horses and ponies. Neither mepivacaine hydrochloride nor bupivacaine hydrochloride significantly altered the diagnostic quality of the NMBIs. The injection and subsequent action of local anesthetics do not appear to influence local bone uptake of 99mTc‐MDP significantly.
A Surgical Approach to the Ramus of the Mandible in Cattle and Horses Case Reports of a Bull and a Horse
Authors: WILSON DAVID G. , TRENT AVA M. , CRAWFORD WILLIAM H.
Published: February 2008

A surgical approach to the ramus of the mandible was developed. Subperiosteal elevation of the masseter muscle from the ramus allowed reduction and plate fixation of ramus fractures in a bull and a horse. Results of follow‐up examinations, 2 years after surgery, showed excellent functional and cosmetic results.
Effects of Plate Luting on Cortical Vascularity and Development of Cortical Porosity in Canine Femurs
Authors: ROUSH JAMES K. , WILSON JAMES W.
Published: February 2008

A 4.5 mm, six hole dynamic compression plate was applied to the lateral aspect of one femur in 16 dogs. The plate was luted with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) in eight dogs. Four dogs each from the luted and nonluted groups were euthanatized at weeks 5 and 10. Plated femurs were sectioned and processed for microradiography, microangiography, and correlated histology. At week 5, there was decreased vascularity in the outer one third of the cortex beneath luted plates and normal to increased vascularity in the inner two thirds of the cortex. Increased cortical porosity and a decreased percentage of osteocyte‐filled lacunae were found in the cortex beneath luted plates at week 5. At week 10, vascularity was increased throughout the cortex under luted plates. Under nonluted plates, there was normal to increased vascularity at both time periods. Luting a bone plate with PMMA decreased vascularity to the outer one third of the cortex beneath the plate at week 5, and resulted in accelerated resorption of bone.
Enteric Function in Cats after Subtotal Colectomy for Treatment of Megacolon
Authors: GREGORY C. R. , GUILFORD W. G. , BERRY C. R. , PEDERSON N. C. , OLSEN J.
Published: February 2008

The enteric function of four cats that had undergone subtotal colectomy for megacolon was compared with that of four normal cats. All cats were fed the same diet before and during the study. History, physical condition, body weight, blood chemistry panel, fasting and postprandial serum bile acids, serum cobalamin concentration, serum folate concentration, fecal weight, fecal water content, fecal fat content, fecal osmolality and electrolyte concentration, quantitative anaerobic fecal bacterial culture, partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, breath hydrogen concentration, urinary calcium, phosphorus and electrolyte concentrations, and abdominal radiographic examination with air contrast studies (pneumocolon) were examined. The four cats treated surgically were healthy and thriving and, in general, enteric function was similar to the controls. Bowel movements occurred only slightly more frequently with no significant differences in fecal volume or water content. Serum cobalamin concentrations were significantly higher in cats treated surgically. Fecal sodium concentrations were high and fecal potassium concentrations were low. Results of this study did not show any significant subclinical evidence of abnormal bowel function in cats after subtotal colectomy.
Microneurovascular Free Digital Pad Transfer in the Dog
Authors: BASHER ANTHONY W. P. , FOWLER J. DAVID , BOWEN C. VAUGHAN , CLARK EDWARD G. , CROSBY NANCY L.
Published: February 2008

By cadaver dissections, the fifth digit of the canine hind limb was determined to have a consistent neurovascular anatomy, and therefore be a suitable donor for an axial pattern digital pad flap. The defined digital pad flap was transferred to the region of an excised metacarpal pad by microneurovascular anastomoses in five operations on four dogs. One flap failure was considered to result from failure of the venous anastomosis. In all four successful transfers, cutaneous sensation was reestablished on average in 78 days. There was histologic evidence of nerve regeneration across the anastomosis in one dog at week 24. The transferred pads of three dogs monitored for 15 months underwent hypertrophic changes. There were no complications in two active dogs. In one dog, superficial ulceration of a region of the flap adjacent to the pad required surgical revision. This dog continued to show mild lameness after daily runs of 3 to 4 km.
Cystotomy Closure: A Comparison of the Strength of Appositional and Inverting Suture Patterns
Authors: RADASCH ROBERT M. , MERKLEY DAVID F. , WILSON JAMES W. , BARSTAD ROBERT D.
Published: February 2008

Dorsal cystotomies were performed in 60 healthy dogs. Twenty bladders were closed with a single‐layer interrupted appositional suture pattern, 20 with a two‐layer interrupted appositional suture pattern, and 20 with a two‐layer continuous inverting suture pattern. Four dogs from each group were euthanatized at hours 0, 3, 12,18, and 24. Mechanical strength of the cystotomy closures was evaluated by calculating the circular bursting wall tension. The single‐layer interrupted appositional suture pattern was as strong as both two‐layer suture patterns at hours 3,12,18, and 24. The two‐layer interrupted appositional suture pattern was as strong as the two‐layer continuous inverting suture pattern during the first 24 hours.
Treatment of Advanced Squamous Cell Carcinomas Involving the Equine Cornea
Authors: REBHUN W. C.
Published: February 2008

Corneal squamous cell carcinomas with surface areas of more than 2.0 cm were diagnosed in 26 eyes of 25 horses. The depth of the lesion into the corneal stroma and involvement of the ocular adnexa were important determinants for surgical treatment. Corneal tumors that extended into adjacent palpebral conjunctiva, eyelid, or orbit were not amenable to complete excision, while those that involved only cornea and bulbar conjunctiva were treated surgically by keratectomy and β radiation. Initial treatment was keratectomy followed by β radiation on 24 eyes and enucleation of two eyes. Twenty keratectomy patients remained tumor free after long‐term follow‐up. One was lost to follow‐up and three recurred. The recurrences were retreated with subsequent cure (one horse), enucleation (one horse), or euthanasia (one horse).
The Effects of Aortic Occlusion on Transcranially Induced Evoked Potentials in the Dog
Authors: KRAUS KARL H. , POPE ERIC R. , O'BRIEN DENNIS , HAY BONNIE L.
Published: February 2008

Evoked potentials were produced by anodal stimulation over the motor cortex in six dogs. Potentials were recovered from the cranial thoracic and caudal lumbar portions of the spinal cord, and the radial and sciatic nerves. Evoked potential averages were recorded every 1.5 minutes during 40 minutes of aortic occlusion and during 40 minutes of reperfusion. Mean amplitudes of evoked potentials recovered from the caudal lumbar spinal cord decreased to 50% of original values at minute 12.2. Upon release of occlusion, the evoked potentials returned to baseline levels and remained there throughout the period of reperfusion. Sciatic nerve amplitudes decreased to 50% of original values at minute 4.5. In no subject could wave forms be recovered after minute 9.0. Upon release of occlusion, the evoked potentials returned to baseline levels and above, then deteriorated to 29 ± 12% after 40 minutes of reperfusion. We concluded that transcranially induced evoked potentials were highly sensitive to spinal cord ischemia. Evoked potentials recovered from the sciatic nerve were consistent with functional grey matter immediately upon reperfusion, but deteriorated during reperfusion.
Equine Post‐anesthetic Lameness A Retrospective Study
Authors: RICHEY MEGHAN T. , HOLLAND MELISSA S. , McGRATH CHARLES J. , DODMAN NICHOLAS H. , MARSHALL DURWOOD B. , COURT MICHAEL H. , NORMAN WENDY M. , SEELER DAVID C.
Published: February 2008

The incidence of post‐anesthetic lameness in 655 horses undergoing 733 anesthetic episodes over a 3 year period was 6.4%. Nineteen factors previously reported or proposed to play a role in the development of post‐anesthetic lameness were evaluated statistically. Only hypotension and the duration of the anesthetic period were significant factors.
Partial versus Complete Attenuation of Single Portosystemic Shunts
Authors: SWALEC KAREN M. , SMEAK DANIEL D.
Published: February 2008

Twenty‐two dogs with congenital single portosystemic shunts were treated by partial or complete ligation of the shunts. Intraoperative portal pressures before and after shunt ligation, and central venous pressures measured after 3 minutes of temporary shunt occlusion, were evaluated prospectively. Portal pressures after ligation, increases in portal pressure above baseline values, and decreases in central venous pressure during temporary occlusion were significantly greater in dogs that underwent partial portosystemic shunt ligation and in dogs that developed postoperative complications. Absence of arborizing intrahepatic vasculature in intraoperative mesenteric portograms did not indicate whether partial or complete shunt attenuation could be performed safely, but it was correlated with greater occurrence of postoperative complications.
Excision of Tumors in the Nasal Vestibule of Two Dogs
Authors: HOLT DAVID , PRYMAK CAROLINE , EVANS SYDNEY
Published: February 2008

Two dogs with tumors in the left nasal vestibule were treated by surgical excision of the affected part of the nose. Radiation and chemopotentiation were used in one dog, which remained tumor‐free after 12 months. When recovering from anesthesia, the second dog developed respiratory distress associated with upper airway obstruction and failure to mouth breathe. The dog was successfully treated by temporary tracheostomy and remained tumor‐free after 3 months. Surgery preserved the function of the right nostril and gave an acceptable cosmetic result in both cases.
Osteochondrosis of the Lateral Trochlear Ridge of the Talus in Seven Rottweiler Dogs
Authors: WISNER ERIK R. , BERRY CLIFFORD R. , MORGAN JOE P. , POOL ROY R. , WIND ALIDA P. , VASSEUR PHILIP B.
Published: February 2008

Eleven lesions of osteochondrosis in the lateral trochlear ridge of the talus were diagnosed in seven young Rottweiler dogs. Diagnosis was based on clinical and radiographic evaluations. Defects in the lateral trochlear ridge and osteochondral fragments arising from the dorsal and proximal margins of the ridge were visible radiographically. The dorsal 45° lateral‐plantaromedial oblique (D45°L‐P1MO) projection was the most useful in identifying the lesions. Exploratory arthrotomies were performed in six affected tarsi. In three cases, histologic examination revealed mineralized osteochondral fragments consistent with a diagnosis of osteochondrosis.
Circumferential Wiring of Mid‐body and Large Basilar Fractures of the Proximal Sesamoid Bone in 15 Horses
Authors: MARTIN B. B. , NUNAMAKER D. M. , EVANS L. H. , ORSINI J. A. , PALMER S. E.
Published: February 2008

Circumferential wiring was used to repair 12 mid‐body fractures and four large basilar fractures of proximal sesamoid bones in 15 horses. Eighteen‐gauge stainless steel wire was placed around both fragments in five horses, and through the proximal fragment and around the distal fragment in 10 horses. The horses were returned to work when they were clinically sound and fracture healing was evident radiographically. Eleven horses resumed athletic performance, three horses were used as breeding animals, and one horse was retired. Five horses performed at an athletic level equal to or better than their previous levels, and six horses performed at a lower level.
Open Nasal Cavity and Frontal Sinus Treatment of Chronic Canine Aspergillosis
Authors: PAVLETIC MICHAEL M. , CLARK GEOFFREY N.
Published: February 2008

Five dogs with nasal aspergillosis were treated by surgical exposure and delayed closure of the nasal cavity and involved frontal sinus. Diseased tissue was excised, and 10% povidone‐iodine solution was applied three times daily with cotton‐tipped applicators. Skin wounds were closed at weeks 6 through 8. In one dog, the frontal sinus was partially obliterated with a temporalis muscle flap before skin closure. At months 6 through 34, all dogs were clinically free of aspergillosis. Open treatment has potential clinical application as a primary approach to nasal aspergillosis or for cases that are unresponsive to previous medical management.
Partial Gastrectomy with an Automatic Stapling Instrument for Treatment of Gastric Necrosis Secondary to Gastric Dilatation‐Volvulus
Authors: CLARK GEOFFREY N. , PAVLETIC MICHAEL M.
Published: February 2008

A gastrointestinal anastomosis stapling instrument was used to perform partial gastrectomy in nine dogs undergoing emergency surgery for gastric dilatation‐volvulus. The amount of necrotic stomach resected was 20% to 50%. Permanent gastropexy was performed, and six dogs also required partial or total splenectomy. Six dogs (67%) were normal after surgery, with follow‐up periods of 6 to 16 months for five dogs. One dog died and two dogs were euthanatized because of postoperative complications unrelated to the surgical technique. There were no complications involving the partial gastrectomy staple line.
Analgesia in Dogs after Intercostal Thoracotomy A Comparison of Morphine, Selective Intercostal Nerve Block, and Interpleural Regional Analgesia with Bupivacaine
Authors: THOMPSON SUZANNE E. , JOHNSON JANNA M.
Published: February 2008

Three postoperative analgesic protocols were assigned randomly to 24 healthy dogs after thoracotomy at the left fourth intercostal space. Morphine was administered parenterally to eight dogs after tracheal extubation; selective intercostal nerve blocks with bupivacaine hydrochloride and epinephrine were administered to eight dogs before closure of the thorax; and bupivacaine hydrochloride and epinephrine were administered through an interpleural catheter to eight dogs after tracheal extubation. Heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, hematocrit, plasma protein, blood gas, and pain score evaluations were recorded before surgery and 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours after extubation. Morphine caused significant decreases in blood pH and blood oxygen tensions, and significant increases in carbon dioxide tensions. Dogs treated with intercostal nerve blocks had no significant changes in these parameters, and dogs treated with interpleural bupivacaine had significant decreases in blood oxygen tension. All dogs had significant decreases in rectal temperature, and hypothermia was prolonged after morphine. Analgesia was initially adequate in most dogs, but some dogs in each treatment group had recurrence of pain and were treated with interpleural bupivacaine. One dog developed pneumothorax. Interpleural administration of bupivacaine produced analgesia equal to that produced by systemic administration of morphine or selective intercostal nerve block with bupivacaine. Bupivacaine was easily readministered through an interpleural catheter. Respiratory compromise was less in dogs treated with bupivacaine than in dogs treated with morphine. After intercostal thoracotomy, interpleural bupivacaine provided prolonged analgesia with fewer blood gas alterations than morphine.
Biomechanical Stability of Four Cranial Cruciate Ligament Repair Techniques in the Dog
Authors: PATTERSON RUSSELL H. , SMITH GAIL K. , GREGOR THOMAS P. , NEWTON CHARLES D.
Published: February 2008

Four commonly used cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) repair techniques were compared bio‐mechanically in canine cadaver stifles by assessment of immediate postoperative laxity (cranial drawer) and stiffness. Each joint was tested nondestructively before repair, with the CCL intact and with the CCL excised. The cranio‐caudal laxity after each repair was expressed as a percentage of the laxity in the same stifle after CCL excision. The stiffness of a repair was expressed as a percentage of the same intact joint's stiffness at an equivalent displacement. Repaired stifles were tested three consecutive times to the same maximum load (180 N) and the comparative laxity and stiffness in each test were determined. Fibular head transposition resulted in significantly increased stiffness, less laxity, and less decay per test than the other repairs. Lateral imbrication resulted in significantly less laxity on all tests, and significantly greater stiffness than the fascial strip or patellar tendon on the second and third tests to maximum load. The fascial strip resulted in significantly less laxity on all tests than the patellar tendon, but it was not significantly greater in stiffness. These data suggest that, of the reconstructive methods tested, fibular head transposition has biomechanically superior properties in the immediate postoperative period.