bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Los registros del paisaje en la investigación arqueológica
Authors: Orejas Saco del Valle Almudena , Ruiz del Árbol Moro María , López Jiménez Óscar
Published: May 2010

Se abordan en este artículo algunas tendencias y campos de trabajo dentro de la Arqueología del paisaje. Se propone, en primer lugar, una aproximación a los registros del paisaje —el espacio económico, el territorio y la percepción— y a continuación su visión sintética e histórica en el paisaje, entendido como el espacio de las relaciones sociales. La aproximación metodológica global incorpora una serie de estrategias de investigación entre las que hemos destacado la Geoarqueología y el papel esencial de la prospección arqueológica en el reconocimiento y estudio del registro off-site.
Grafitos cerámicos griegos y púnicos en la Hispania prerromana
Authors: De Hoz Javier
Published: May 2010

Tras algunas consideraciones sobre los grafitos en general y en la Hispania prerromana en particular (§ 1), se estudian los grafitos fenicios de propietario (§ 2), los griegos del sur y del este de Hispania (§§ 3 y 4), los grafitos comerciales fenicios (§ 5) y los griegos del mismo tipo (§ 6). En conclusión, se comenta la información histórica que se puede deducir de los grafitos con atención particular a la historia económica.
Cité et territoire celtique à travers l'exemple du Belgium
Authors: Fichtl Stephan
Published: May 2010

[es] El origen de las ciudades de Belgium (Bellovaci, Ambiarli y Atrebates) se puede situar a fines del s. iv o comienzos del s. Ill a.C. Se vincula a la llegada de una nueva población que se instala en el Noroeste de la Galia, resultado de una migración negociada. Rápidamente, el territorio se estructura con la fundación de una primera serie de grandes santuarios: Gournay-sur-Aronde, Rubemont-sur-Ancre, Moeuvres. Esta organización del territorio necesitó para realizarse muchas décadas y no es hasta comienzos del s. II cuando comenzó a estabilizarse. La organización se apoya siempre en dichos santuarios cuyo papel seguirá siendo preponderante hasta la época de La Tène final, cuando los oppida no harán nada más que superponerse a estos sitios.

[fr] L'origine des cités du Belgium (Bellovaques, Ambiens et Atrébates) peut être placée à la fin du IVe s. ou au début du Ille s. av. J.-C. Elle est liée à l'arrivée d'une nouvelle population qui s'installe dans le nord-ouest de la Gaule suite à une migration négociée. Très rapidement le territoire se structure autour de la fondation d'une première série de grands sanctuaires: Gournay-sur-Aronde, Ribemont-sur-Ancre, Moeuvres. Cette organisation du territoire a nécessité plusieurs décennies et ce n'est qu'au début du IIe s. que le territoire commence à se stabiliser. L'organisation s'appuie toujours sur les sanctuaires dont le rôle restera encore prépondérant à La Tène finale, les oppida ne venant que se superposer à ces sites.
Minerva, custos urbis de Roma y de Tarraco
Authors: Pina Polo Francisco
Published: May 2010

En el artículo se relacionan los textos ciceronianos y las inscripciones latinas en los que Minerva es denominada custos urbis de Roma, con el bajorrelieve de la diosa situado en una de las torres de las murallas de Tarraco. En la misma torre fue hallada una inscripción dedicada asimismo a Minerva. Gomo símbolo de romanidad, la Minerva armífera actuaría como divinidad protectora de Tarraco, la primera fundación romana fuera de Italia, creada en el contexto de la guerra anibálica.
Urbanismo romano republicano en la región de la cuenca del Ebro (Hispania Citerior), 179-44 a.e
Authors: Asensio Esteban José Ángel
Published: May 2010

El presente trabajo pretende realizar un estudio de conjunto del urbanismo romano republicano en la región de la cuenca del Ebro, desarrollado en las nuevas fundaciones establecidas entre comienzos del siglo II y el tercer cuarto del I a.e. y en las ciudades prerromanas promocionadas urbanísticamente en estas fechas. Este urbanismo de las ciudades del Ebro se relaciona muy claramente con el aplicado en Italia desde comienzos del siglo II a.e. y mucho más con el de las urbes hispanas contemporáneas de la costa mediterránea, tanto de plano regular ortogonal como no ortogonal.
Un paso decisivo en el conocimiento de la Granada romana (Municipium Florentinum Iliberritanum)
Authors: Sotomayor Manuel , Orfila Margarita
Published: May 2010

El hallazgo de una amplia serie de elementos arquitectónicos romanos reutilizados en los muros y cimientos de una casa del Albaicín, juntamente con la recuperación de unos planos antiguos que se habían perdido, nos permiten ahora confirmar plenamente la autenticidad de los restos del foro de la Granada romana, descubiertos en 1754, y conocer con certeza el lugar donde estuvo situado.
Excavaciones en el Tíber durante los siglos XVIII y XIX
Authors: García Sánchez Jorge
Published: May 2010

Desde el Renacimiento el Tiber ha sido objeto de las más peregrinas búsquedas arqueológicas, emprendidas habitualmente sobre la base de fantásticos relatos medievales. En los siglos XVIII y XIX las excavaciones en el río se intensificaron y se dotaron del cientificismo propio de la Ilustración, siendo no obstante el fruto de estos trabajos muy escaso; en 1819, incluso el propio monarca español Fernando VII estuvo a punto de convertirse en accionista de una de estas empresas arqueológicas. Tras la Unificación italiana, las obras de estructuración del curso urbano del Tiber propiciaron finalmente numerosos hallazgos, muchos de los cuales se conservan en el Museo Nazionale Romano.
De nuevo acerca de la villa romana de Almenara de Adaja (Valladolid): excavaciones de 1998 a 2002
Authors: García Merino Carmen , Sánchez Simón Margarita
Published: May 2010

Se hace un avance de la información obtenida en las excavaciones realizadas entre 1998 y 2002 en la villa de Almenara. Se trata acerca de la cronología y de la planta de su pequeño palacio de 2.500m² exhumado por completo. Se analizan sus cinco grandes espacios de representación y el balneum donde tuvieron lugar importantes reformas y se da a conocer un nuevo mosaico.
Las primeras manifestaciones escultóricas ibéricas en el oriente peninsular
Authors: Chapa Brunet Teresa
Published: May 2010

El origen de la escultura ibérica ha sido siempre un tema debatido. Además de las características y necesidades de las poblaciones indígenas, se ha otorgado un papel clave al comercio griego, que habría proporcionado técnicas y estilos adaptados por las sociedades locales. Sin embargo, la influencia fenicia se considera hoy un factor principal, no sólo porque también empleó la escultura en piedra, sino porque la colonización fenicia provocó un cambio significativo en la estructura de las sociedades locales. Recientes excavaciones han puesto de manifiesto la importancia de la presencia fenicia en la costa mediterránea ibérica. Bajo esta perspectiva se estudian aquí ciertas esculturas de toros cuya dispersión se extiende desde Sagunto a la desembocadura del Segura. Se propone su valoración como las primeras manifestaciones de la estatuaria ibérica en la zona y su dependencia respecto a una ideología de tipo oriental.
Una mutatio de la vía ab Asturica Burdigalam en Mariturri (Vitoria/Álava)
Authors: Núñez Marcén Julio , Sáenz de Urturi Paquita
Published: May 2010

Los trabajos arqueológicos desarrollados en el yacimiento de Mariturri han permitido documentar el paso de la vía romana que unía Astorga y Burdeos, a la que se asocia un pequeño vicus, un recinto ganadero y una mutatio seguramente relacionada con el cursus publicus.
Un tesoro de tremises visigodos hallado en el llamado «Foro Provincial» de Augusta Emerita
Authors: Mateos Cruz Pedro , Pizzo Antonio , Pliego Vázquez Ruth
Published: May 2010

Desde el año 1999 estamos desarrollando un proyecto de investigación en el llamado «foro Provincial de Augusta Emerita»; el proyecto contempla la realización de intervenciones arqueológicas en los distintos solares donde se han documentado restos de arquitectura pública vinculados a este conjunto monumental. Una de estas intervenciones se ha efectuado en el solar donde hace años aparecieron los restos del denominado «templo de la C/ Holguín», lugar en el que, durante el desarrollo de los trabajos, apareció un tesoro de veinte monedas de oro de época de Leovigildo, oculto bajo los muros de una estancia que reutilizo en época tardoantigua el alzado Sur del podio del templo romano. En este artículo se realiza un estudio de estas piezas contextualizándolas con el lugar de ocultamiento y el momento histórico en que estuvieron en uso.
La iconografía del Nefesh en la plástica púnica: A propósito de las representaciones del monumento funerario y su significado
Authors: Prados Martínez Fernando
Published: May 2010

En el presente trabajo vamos a aproximarnos a una cuestión fundamental en el campo de la iconografía feniciopúnica, dada la relevancia que la representación artística del modelo arquitectónico turriforme conocido como “Nefesh” tuvo en las culturas semitas. Para ello, siguiendo un orden meramente cronológico y a través de algunos ejemplos, estudiaremos la representación de los monumentos en algunas estelas funerarias, en el interior de los sepulcros y en los amuletos, así como el significado que estas representaciones pudieron tener en el marco de la religiosidad y las creencias.
Kalathoi iberici da Taormina. Aggiornamento sulla diffusione della ceramica iberica dipinta in Sicilia
Authors: Muscolino Francesco
Published: May 2010

La pubblicazione di alcuni frammenti di sombreros de copa da Taormina offre lo spunto per riconsiderare globalmente la presenza di analoghi manufatti in Sicilia.
El tramo Urion-Aruci (RAVENN.317.16-17)
Authors: Jiménez Martín Alfonso
Published: May 2010

Este artículo critica las propuestas difundidas en fechas recientes para el trazado de la calzada que unía, según el Anónimo de Rávena, dos poblaciones de la Bætica, Urion y Aruci, las actuales localidades onubenses de Riotinto y Aroche, pues ignoran aspectos básicos de los trazados romanos y, sobre todo, pretenden explicar la existencia de un puente “romano” en Campofrío, que, en función de la documentación disponible, es del siglo XVI; el artículo vuelve, básicamente, a la propuesta de P. Sillières, de 1990.
Dos cupas complutenses
Authors: Stylow Armin U.
Published: May 2010

Se publican dos cupas del antiguo territorio de Complutum, una, inédita, encontrada en excavación en Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), y la segunda, procedente de la iglesia de Alovera (Guadalajara), con una nueva lectura.
Manuel Godoy, genio delle scavazioni. Algunas precisiones acerca de sus descubrimientos arqueológicos en el monte Celio de Roma
Authors: García Sánchez Jorge
Published: May 2010

A imitación de la aristocracia de la época napoleónica, Manuel Godoy llevó a cabo excavaciones arqueológicas en la villa que poseyó en Roma durante sus años de exilio, ubicada en el monte Celio. El arquitecto Antonio Celles, quien rehabilitaba el palacio y los jardines de la villa, dirigió varios de estos trabajos entre 1813 y 1815. Fruto de éstos, y de excavaciones posteriores, fue el descubrimiento del célebre herma de Sócrates y Séneca, única imagen fidedigna del filósofo hispano, hoy localizada en Berlín, y de dos basas de estatua dedicadas a Caracalla, gracias a las cuales se conoció dónde se situaba el cuartel de la Cohors V Vigilum de Roma.
La fotografía en la historia de la Arqueología española (1860-1960). Aplicación y usos de la imagen en el discurso histórico
Authors: González Reyero Susana
Published: May 2010

El presente trabajo supone una reflexión sobre la presencia de la fotografía en la investigación arqueológica española, entre 1860 y 1939. Comenzamos valorando la imagen fotográfica en tanto que documento, la creencia en su veracidad, sus posibilidades y limitaciones. Analizamos los diferentes usos de los que ha sido objeto y, a continuación, las consecuencias de su incorporación al discurso arqueológico, su incidencia en la elaboración de hipótesis, el establecimiento de estilos y tipologías, la generalización del método comparatista, el difusionismo, el incremento de la difusión de los hallazgos, la creación de un marco mundial de discusión arqueológica o la paulatina concienciación de un patrimonio histórico y monumental español. Todo ello, en un período que significó la propia institucionalización de la Arqueología española, un proceso dialéctico situado entre 1860 y 1939 y marcado fundamentalmente por las discontinuidades y la heterogeneidad.
Culto a los ancestros en época romana: los cipos funerarios de las necrópolis de Baelo Claudia (Bolonia, Cádiz)
Authors: Jiménez Díez Alicia
Published: May 2010

Se han publicado propuestas muy diversas para explicar la función de un singular conjunto de piezas (bautizadas como “muñecos” a principios del siglo XX) que se hallaron asociadas a distintos enterramientos de las necrópolis de Baelo Claudia. En el presente estudio se propone entender los cipos funerarios de Bolonia dentro de un contexto ritual más amplio que permite relacionarlos con el culto a los ancestros (concebidos y representados como una comunidad de carácter indiferenciado), no sólo en la tumba, sino también en ambientes domésticos y en santuarios.
Oboliscum in circo positum est: monumentos tebanos en Roma y Constantinopla (s. IV). Memoria, expolio y religión.
Authors: Aja Sánchez José Ramón
Published: May 2010

Algunos de los obeliscos más grandes erguidos en el Egipto faraónico fueron reutilizados por los emperadores romanos. El artículo se centra en dos de estos monolitos, llamados Laterano y Teodosiano, monumentos que fueron trasladados a Roma y Constantinopla por emperadores cristianos en el siglo IV. Estos magníficos obeliscos presentan más problemas que el resto, y el autor espera que los lectores obtengan un conocimiento más claro de la naturaleza de los mismos. El trabajo analiza los aspectos problemáticos de sus extensísimas historias, y también su reutilización religiosa, ornamental e ideológica. Las diferencias con respecto a sus antiguas funciones en Egipto son algo menores de lo que a priori cabría esperar.
Una ciudad de los vascones en el yacimiento de Campo Real/Fillera (Sos del Rey Católico-Sangüesa)
Authors: Andreu Pintado Javier , Armendáriz Martija Javier , Ozcáriz Gil Pablo , García-Barberena Unzu María , Jordán Lorenzo Ángel A.
Published: May 2010

El presente trabajo aborda el estudio detallado y preliminar del yacimiento arqueológico de Campo Real/Fillera (Sos del Rey Católico/Sangüesa, en el límite entre las actuales provincias de Zaragoza y Navarra) con especial atención a su etapa romana. Se procede a la revisión del material arqueológico y epigráfico procedente del lugar, se defiende la condición de enclave urbano del yacimiento y se plantea una hipótesis respecto de su identificación con las ciudades que las fuentes antiguas atribuyen a los Vascones.
A Framework to Simplify the Creation of Remote Laboratories
Authors: Calvo Isidro , Zulueta Ekaitz
Published: May 2010

Building remote laboratories is not a trivial issue since they are complex systems in which a great number of factors (security, QoS, integration of information of different nature, etc.) are involved. This complexity requires the use of diverse technologies that complicate the creation of the laboratories. Current work presents a framework to ease the creation of remote laboratories (both real and virtual) from a set of reusable blocks that solve most common issues (connection, student management, experiments assessment, etc.) so the designers of the experiments may concentrate on their functionality. The followed approach proposes the use of certain technologies widely used in the control engineering community such as Labview and EJS, so the creation of a new laboratory will require the creation of two applications separately that will be integrated within the framework: (1) One Labview application to acquire process information and (2) a Java applet created with EJS used as graphical interface. The proposed framework was used with a water level automatic system to show how to add new experiments to the framework.
The Pathogen Recognition Receptor NOD2 Regulates Human FOXP3+ T Cell Survival
Authors: Rahman Meher K. , Midtling Emilie H. , Svingen Phyllis A. , Xiong Yuning , Bell Michael P. , Tung Jeanne , Smyrk Tom , Egan Larry J. , Faubion William A.
Published: May 2010

The expression of pathogen recognition receptors in human FOXP3+ T regulatory cells is established, yet the function of these receptors is currently obscure. In the process of studying the function of both peripheral and lamina propria FOXP3+ lymphocytes in patients with the human inflammatory bowel disease Crohn’s disease, we observed a clear deficiency in the quantity of FOXP3+ lymphocytes in patients with disease-associated polymorphisms in the pathogen recognition receptor gene NOD2. Subsequently, we determined that the NOD2 ligand, muramyl dipeptide (MDP), activates NF-κB in primary human FOXP3+ T cells. This activation is functionally relevant, as MDP-stimulated human FOXP3+ T cells are protected from death receptor Fas-mediated apoptosis. Importantly, apoptosis protection was not evident in MDP-stimulated FOXP3+ T cells isolated from a patient with the disease-associated polymorphism. Thus, we propose that one function of pathogen recognition receptors in human T regulatory cells is the protection against death receptor-mediated apoptosis in a Fas ligand-rich environment, such as that of the inflamed intestinal subepithelial space.
The Prostaglandin E2 E-Prostanoid 4 Receptor Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Brain Innate Immunity
Authors: Shi Ju , Johansson Jenny , Woodling Nathaniel S. , Wang Qian , Montine Thomas J. , Andreasson Katrin
Published: May 2010

Peripheral inflammation leads to immune responses in brain characterized by microglial activation, elaboration of proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, and secondary neuronal injury. The inducible cyclooxygenase (COX), COX-2, mediates a significant component of this response in brain via downstream proinflammatory PG signaling. In this study, we investigated the function of the PGE2 E-prostanoid (EP) 4 receptor in the CNS innate immune response to the bacterial endotoxin LPS. We report that PGE2 EP4 signaling mediates an anti-inflammatory effect in brain by blocking LPS-induced proinflammatory gene expression in mice. This was associated in cultured murine microglial cells with decreased Akt and I-κB kinase phosphorylation and decreased nuclear translocation of p65 and p50 NF-κB subunits. In vivo, conditional deletion of EP4 in macrophages and microglia increased lipid peroxidation and proinflammatory gene expression in brain and in isolated adult microglia following peripheral LPS administration. Conversely, EP4 selective agonist decreased LPS-induced proinflammatory gene expression in hippocampus and in isolated adult microglia. In plasma, EP4 agonist significantly reduced levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, indicating that peripheral EP4 activation protects the brain from systemic inflammation. The innate immune response is an important component of disease progression in a number of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In addition, recent studies demonstrated adverse vascular effects with chronic administration of COX-2 inhibitors, indicating that specific PG signaling pathways may be protective in vascular function. This study supports an analogous and beneficial effect of PGE2 EP4 receptor signaling in suppressing brain inflammation.
Diversity of TCRs on Natural Foxp3+ T Cells in Mice Lacking Aire Expression
Authors: Daniely Danielle , Kern Joanna , Cebula Anna , Ignatowicz Leszek
Published: May 2010

Medullary thymic epithelial cells expressing the Aire gene play a critical role in the induction of tolerance to tissue-specific Ags (TSAs). It was postulated that recognition of Aire-controlled TSAs by immature thymocytes results in the selection of natural CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and enriches this repertoire in self-reactive receptors, contributing to its vast diversity. In this study, we compared the TCRs on individual Tregs in Aire+ and Aire− mice expressing a miniature TCR repertoire (TCRmini) along with GFP driven by the Foxp3 promoter (Foxp3GFP). The Treg TCR repertoires in Aire+ and Aire− TCRminiFoxp3GFP mice were similar and more diverse than their repertoires on CD4+ Foxp3− thymocytes. Further, TCRs found on potentially self-reactive T cells, with an activated phenotype (CD4+Foxp3−CD62Llow) in Aire− TCRminiFoxp3GFP mice, appear distinct from TCRs found on Tregs in Aire+ TCRminiFoxp3GFP mice. Lastly, we found no evidence that TSAs presented by medullary thymic epithelial cells in Aire+TCRmini mice are often recognized as agonists by Treg-derived TCR hybridomas or CD4+CD25+ thymocytes, containing both natural Tregs and precursors. Thus, positive selection and self-reactivity of the global Treg repertoire are not controlled by Aire-dependent TSAs.
An Independent Subset of TLR Expressing CCR2-Dependent Macrophages Promotes Colonic Inflammation
Authors: Platt Andrew M. , Bain Calum C. , Bordon Yvonne , Sester David P. , Mowat Allan McI.
Published: May 2010

Macrophages (Mϕs) in the large intestine are crucial effectors of inflammatory bowel disease, but are also essential for homeostasis. It is unclear if these reflect separate populations of Mϕs or if resident Mϕs change during inflammation. In this study, we identify two subsets of colonic Mϕs in mice, whose proportions differ in healthy and inflamed intestine. Under resting conditions, most F4/80+ Mϕs are TLR− CCR2− CX3CR1hi and do not produce TNF-α in response to stimulation. The lack of TLR expression is stable, affects all TLRs, and is determined both transcriptionally and posttranscriptionally. During experimental colitis, TLR2+ CCR2+ CX3CR1int Ly6Chi Gr-1+, TNF-α–producing Mϕs come to dominate, and some of these are also present in the normal colon. The TLR2+ and TLR2− subsets are phenotypically distinct and have different turnover kinetics in vivo, and these properties are not influenced by the presence of inflammation. There is preferential CCR2-dependent recruitment of the proinflammatory population during colitis, suggesting they are derived from independent myeloid precursors. CCR2 knockout mice show reduced susceptibility to colitis and lack the recruitment of TLR2+ CCR2+ Gr-1+, TNF-α–producing Mϕs. The balance between proinflammatory and resident Mϕs in the colon is controlled by CCR2-dependent recruitment mechanisms, which could prove useful as targets for therapy in inflammatory bowel disease.
TGF-β–Induced Myelin Peptide-Specific Regulatory T Cells Mediate Antigen-Specific Suppression of Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Zhang Hong , Podojil Joseph R. , Chang Judy , Luo Xunrong , Miller Stephen D.
Published: May 2010

The low number of natural regulatory T cells (nTregs) in the circulation specific for a particular Ag and concerns about the bystander suppressive capacity of expanded nTregs presents a major clinical challenge for nTreg-based therapeutic treatment of autoimmune diseases. In the current study, we demonstrate that naive CD4+CD25−Foxp3− T cells specific for the myelin proteolipid protein (PLP)139–151 peptide can be converted into CD25+Foxp3+ induced Treg cells (iTregs) when stimulated in the presence of TGF-β, retinoic acid, and IL-2. These PLP139–151-specific iTregs (139-iTregs) have a phenotype similar to nTregs, but additionally express an intermediate level of CD62L and a high level of CD103. Upon transfer into SJL/J mice, 139-iTregs undergo Ag-driven proliferation and are effective at suppressing induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced by the cognate PLP139–151 peptide, but not PLP178–191 or a mixture of the two peptides. Furthermore, 139-iTregs inhibit delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to PLP139–151, but not PLP178–191, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35–55, or OVA323–339 in mice primed with a mixture of PLP139–151 and the other respective peptides. Additionally, 139-iTregs suppress the proliferation and activation of PLP139–151-, but not MOG35–55-specific CD4+ T cells in SJL/B6 F1 mice primed with a combination of PLP139–151 and MOG35–55. These findings suggest that Ag-specific iTregs are amplified in vivo when exposed to cognate Ag under inflammatory conditions, and these activated iTregs suppress CD4+ responder T cells in an Ag-specific manner.
Small Interfering RNA Screen for Phosphatases Involved in IgE-Mediated Mast Cell Degranulation
Authors: Zhang Juan , Mendoza Mary , Guiraldelli Michel F. , Barbu Emilia Alina , Siraganian Reuben P.
Published: May 2010

Mast cells play pivotal roles in the initiation of the allergic response. To gain an understanding of the functions played by phosphatases in IgE-mediated mast cell activation, a small interfering RNA (siRNA) library that targets all mouse phosphatase genes was screened in a mouse mast cell line, MMC-1. Of 198 targets, 10 enhanced and 7 inhibited FcεRI-induced degranulation. For seven of the strongest hits, four different siRNAs per target were tested, and at least two out of the four single siRNA per target had similar effects as the pool suggesting that these were true hits. Bone marrow-derived mast cells from normal mice further validated these results for six definite positive targets. The mechanism of the reduced mast cell degranulation due to calcineurin B deficiency was investigated. Calcineurin B deficiency reduced the phosphorylation of MAPKs and the phosphorylation of protein kinase D/protein kinase Cμ and protein kinase Cδ, which are involved in FcεRI signaling. The screen, therefore, has identified several new molecules that are critical for FcεRI-induced degranulation. Regulating the function of these proteins may be potential targets for the treatment of allergic inflammation. The result also indicates that the system used is efficient for searching molecules implicated in complex receptor-induced signaling.
Human Intestinal Lamina Propria CD1c+ Dendritic Cells Display an Activated Phenotype at Steady State and Produce IL-23 in Response to TLR7/8 Stimulation
Authors: Dillon Stephanie M. , Rogers Lisa M. , Howe Rawleigh , Hostetler Lydia A. , Buhrman Jonathan , McCarter Martin D. , Wilson Cara C.
Published: May 2010

Intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) play key roles in mediating tolerance to commensal flora and inflammatory responses against mucosal pathogens. The mechanisms by which intestinal “conditioning” influences human DC responses to microbial stimuli remain poorly understood. Infections with viruses, such as HIV-1, that target mucosal tissue result in intestinal epithelial barrier breakdown and increased translocation of commensal bacteria into the lamina propria (LP). It is unclear whether innate LP DC responses to concurrent viral and bacterial stimuli influence mucosal HIV-1 pathogenesis. In this study, direct ex vivo phenotype and in vitro constitutive cytokine production of CD1c+ DCs in human intestinal LP were compared with those in peripheral blood (PB). To evaluate innate responses to viral and bacterial stimuli, intracellular cytokine production by LP and PB DCs following stimulation with ligands for TLRs 2, 4, 5, and 7/8 was evaluated. At steady state, LP CD1c+ DCs expressed higher levels of activation markers (CD40, CD83, CD86, HLA-DR, and CCR7) than did PB CD1c+ DCs, and higher frequencies of LP CD1c+ DCs constitutively produced IL-6 and -10 and TNF-α. LP DCs had blunted cytokine responses to TLR4 ligand and TLR5 ligand stimulation relative to PB DCs, yet similarly produced IL-10 in response to TLR2 ligand. Only synthetic TLR7/8 ligand, a mimic of viral ssRNA, induced IL-23 production by LP CD1c+ DCs, and this proinflammatory cytokine response was synergistically enhanced following combined TLR7/8 and TLR4 stimulation. These findings highlight a potential mechanism by which viruses like HIV-1 may subvert homeostatic mechanisms and induce inflammation in the intestinal mucosa.
B Cell Development in GALT: Role of Bacterial Superantigen-Like Molecules
Authors: Severson Kari M. , Mallozzi Michael , Driks Adam , Knight Katherine L.
Published: May 2010

Intestinal bacteria drive the formation of lymphoid tissues, and in rabbit, bacteria also promote development of the preimmune Ab repertoire and positive selection of B cells in GALT. Previous studies indicated that Bacillus subtilis promotes B cell follicle formation in GALT, and we investigated the mechanism by which B. subtilis stimulates B cells. We found that spores of B. subtilis and other Bacillus species, including Bacillus anthracis, bound rabbit IgM through an unconventional, superantigen-like binding site, and in vivo, surface molecules of B. anthracis spores promoted GALT development. Our study provides direct evidence that B cell development in GALT may be driven by superantigen-like molecules, and furthermore, that bacterial spores modulate host immunity.
African-Derived Genetic Polymorphisms in TNFAIP3 Mediate Risk for Autoimmunity
Authors: Lodolce James P. , Kolodziej Lauren E. , Rhee Lesley , Kariuki Silvia N. , Franek Beverly S. , McGreal Nancy M. , Logsdon Mark F. , Bartulis Sarah J. , Perera Minoli A. , Ellis Nathan A. , Adams Erin J. , Hanauer Stephen B. , Jolly Meenakshi , Niewold Timothy B. , Boone David L.
Published: May 2010

The TNF α-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3) is an ubiquitin-modifying enzyme and an essential negative regulator of inflammation. Genome-wide association studies have implicated the TNFAIP3 locus in susceptibility to autoimmune disorders in European cohorts, including rheumatoid arthritis, coronary artery disease, psoriasis, celiac disease, type 1 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). There are two nonsynonymous coding polymorphisms in the deubiquitinating (DUB) domain of TNFAIP3: F127C, which is in high-linkage disequilibrium with reported SLE-risk variants, and A125V, which has not been previously studied. We conducted a case–control study in African-American SLE patients using these coding variants, along with tagging polymorphisms in TNFAIP3, and identified a novel African-derived risk haplotype that is distinct from previously reported risk variants (odds ratio = 1.6, p = 0.006). In addition, a rare protective haplotype was defined by A125V (odds ratio = 0.31, p = 0.027). Although A125V was associated with protection from SLE, surprisingly the same allele was associated with increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease. We tested the functional activity of nonsynonymous coding polymorphisms within TNFAIP3, and found that the A125V coding-change variant alters the DUB activity of the protein. Finally, we used computer modeling to depict how the A125V amino acid change in TNFAIP3 may affect the three-dimensional structure of the DUB domain to a greater extent than F127C. This is the first report of an association between TNFAIP3 polymorphisms and autoimmunity in African-Americans.
Large estragole fluxes from oil palms in Borneo
Authors: Misztal P. K. , Owen S. M. , Guenther A. B. , Rasmussen R. , Geron C. , Harley P. , Phillips G. J. , Ryan A. , Edwards D. P. , Hewitt C. N. , Nemitz E. , Siong J. , Heal M. R. , Cape J. N.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. During two field campaigns (OP3 and ACES), which ran in Borneo in 2008, we measured large emissions of estragole (methyl chavicol; IUPAC systematic name 1-allyl-4-methoxybenzene; CAS number 140-67-0) in ambient air above oil palm canopies (0.81 mg m−2 h−1 and 3.2 ppbv for mean midday fluxes and mixing ratios respectively) and subsequently from flower enclosures. However, we did not detect this compound at a nearby rainforest. Estragole is a known attractant of the African oil palm weevil (Elaeidobius kamerunicus), which pollinates oil palms (Elaeis guineensis). There has been recent interest in the biogenic emissions of estragole but it is normally not included in atmospheric models of biogenic emissions and atmospheric chemistry despite its relatively high potential for secondary organic aerosol formation from photooxidation and high reactivity with OH radical. We report the first direct canopy-scale measurements of estragole fluxes from tropical oil palms by the virtual disjunct eddy covariance technique and compare them with previously reported data for estragole emissions from Ponderosa pine. Flowers, rather than leaves, appear to be the main source of estragole from oil palms; we derive a global estimate of estragole emissions from oil palm plantations of ~0.5 Tg y−1. The observed ecosystem mean fluxes (0.44 mg m−2 h−1) and mean ambient volume mixing ratios (3.0 ppbv) of estragole are the highest reported so far. The value for midday mixing ratios is not much different from the total average as, unlike other VOCs (e.g. isoprene), the main peak occurred in the evening rather than in the middle of the day. Despite this, we show that the estragole flux can be parameterised using a modified G06 algorithm for emission. However, the model underestimates the afternoon peak even though a similar approach works well for isoprene. Our measurements suggest that this biogenic compound may have an impact on regional atmospheric chemistry that previously has not been accounted for in models and could become more important in the future due to expansion of the areas of oil palm plantation.
Aerosol fluxes and dynamics within and above a tropical rainforest in South-East Asia
Authors: Whitehead J. D. , Gallagher M. W. , Dorsey J. R. , Robinson N. , Gabey A. M. , Coe H. , McFiggans G. , Flynn M. J. , Ryder J. , Nemitz E. , Davies F.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosol measurements were conducted near Danum Valley, in the Malaysian state of Sabah, North-East Borneo, as part of the OP3 and ACES projects, in April and June/July 2008. Here, aerosol fluxes and diurnal variability in and above the rainforest canopy were examined in order to gain an understanding of their dynamics in the surface layer of the South-East Asian rainforest. Aerosol fluxes were calculated by eddy covariance from measurements above the rainforest canopy on the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) tower. Upward fluxes were seen on most mornings between 09:00 and 11:00 local time and this could be attributed to venting of the nocturnal boundary layer as it broke up in the morning. Measurements were also conducted below and within canopy at a nearby site. Profiles in aerosol number concentrations were investigated using GRIMM Optical Particle Counters (OPCs) at various levels within the rainforest canopy as well as a single OPC on a vertically moving platform. These showed an overnight increase in larger particles (1–20 μm) at all levels, but much more prominently near the top of the canopy, which could be attributed to fog formation. At ground level, number concentrations in this size range correlated with enhancements in biological aerosol concentrations, measured using a Wide Issue Bioaerosol Spectrometer (WIBS) located near the forest floor, suggesting that coarse particle number concentrations were dominated by biological aerosols. A comparison of particle number concentrations (in the size range 0.5–1.0 μm) between above and below canopy showed correlations, despite turbulence data suggesting persistent decoupling between the two measurement sites. These correlations often relied on a shift of the particle time-series against each other, implying a time delay in observations between the sites, which varied according to time of day. This lag time was shortest during the middle of the day by a significant margin. This was not observed for aerosols larger than 1.0 μm. Further evidence of daytime coupling between above and below canopy in terms of aerosol measurements is implied by comparison of measurements from an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) at the GAW tower and simultaneous bag sampling at the in-canopy site, subsequently analysed with the AMS. Transport of particles through the canopy seems to occur through large-scale, sporadic turbulent events, suggesting that the coupling between the canopy space and the air above is due to these ventilation events.
Rocket measurements of positive ions during polar mesosphere winter echo conditions
Authors: Brattli A. , Blix T. A. , Lie-Svendsen Ø. , Hoppe U.-P. , Lübken F.-J. , Rapp M. , Singer W. , Latteck R. , Friedrich M.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. On 18 January 2005, two small, instrumented rockets were launched from Andøya Rocket Range (69.3° N, 16° E) during conditions with Polar Mesosphere Winter Echoes (PMWE). Each of the rockets was equipped with a Positive Ion Probe (PIP) and a Faraday rotation/differential absorption experiment, and was launched as part of a salvo of meteorological rockets measuring temperature and wind using falling spheres and chaff. Layers of PMWE were detected between 55 and 77 km by the 53.5 MHz ALWIN radar. The rockets were launched during a solar proton event, and measured extremely high ion densities, of order 1010 m−3, in the region where PMWE were observed. The density measurements were analyzed with the wavelet transform technique. At large length scales, ~103 m, the power spectral density can be fitted with a k−3 wave number dependence, consistent with saturated gravity waves. Outside the PMWE layers the k−3 spectrum extends down to approximately 102 m where the fluctuations are quickly damped and disappear into the instrumental noise. Inside the PMWE layers the spectrum at smaller length scales is well fitted with a k−5/3 dependence over two decades of scales. The PMWE are therefore clearly indicative of turbulence, and the data are consistent with the turbulent dissipation of breaking gravity waves. We estimate a lower limit for the turbulent energy dissipation rate of about 10−2 W/kg in the upper (72 km) layer.
Consistency of cruise data of the CARINA database in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean
Authors: Hoppema M. , Velo A. , van Heuven S. , Tanhu T. , Key R. M. , Lin X. , Bakker D. C. E. , Perez F. F. , Ríos A. F. , Lo Monaco C. , Sabine C. L. , Álvarez M. , Bellerby R. G. J.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. Initially a North Atlantic project, the CARINA carbon synthesis was extended to include the Southern Ocean. Carbon and relevant hydrographic and geochemical ancillary data from cruises all across the Arctic Mediterranean Seas, Atlantic and Southern Ocean were released to the public and merged into a new database as part of the CARINA synthesis effort. Of a total of 188 cruises, 37 cruises are part of the Southern Ocean, including 11 from the Atlantic sector. The variables from the Atlantic sector cruises, including dissolved inorganic carbon (TCO2), total alkalinity, oxygen, nitrate, phosphate and silicate, were examined for cruise-to-cruise consistency. Seawater pH and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are also part of the database, but the pH quality control (QC) is described in another Earth System Science Data publication, while the complexity of the Southern Ocean physics and biogeochemistry prevented a proper QC analysis of the CFCs. The area-specific procedures of quality control, including crossover analysis between stations and inversion analysis of all crossover data (i.e. secondary QC), are briefly described for the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. Data from an existing, quality controlled database (GLODAP) were used as a reference for our computations – however, the reference data were included into the analysis without applying the recommended GLODAP adjustments so the corrections could be independently verified. The outcome of this effort is an internally consistent, high-quality carbon data set for all cruises, including the reference cruises. The suggested corrections by the inversion analysis were allowed to vary within a fixed envelope, thus accounting for natural variability. The percentage of cruises adjusted ranged from 31% (for nitrate) to 54% (for phosphate) depending on the variable.
Estimates of heritability for reproductive traits in captive rhesus macaque females
Authors: Gagliardi Christine , Falkenstein Kathrine P. , Franke Donald E. , Kubisch H. Michael
Published: May 2010

Records from a colony of captive Indian rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were used to estimate heritability for a number of reproductive traits. Records were based on a total of 7,816 births by 1,901 females from 1979 to 2007. Heritability was estimated with a linear animal model using a multiple trait derivative free REML set of programs. Because no male parents were identified, the numerator relationship matrix contained female kinships established over six generations. Reproductive traits included female age at the birth of the first, second and last infant, age at death, inter‐birth intervals, number of infants born per female and infant survival. Heritability for each trait was estimated as the ratio of the additive genetic variance to phenotypic variance adjusted for significant fixed effects. Estimates of heritability for early reproduction ranged from 0.000±0.072 for birth interval after the first reproduction to 0.171±0.062 for age of female at the first infant. Higher estimates of heritability were found for female longevity [0.325±0.143] and for productivity of deceased females born before 1991 [0.221±0.138]. Heritability for infant survival ranged from 0.061±0.018 for survival from 30 days to 1 year to 0.290±0.050 for survival from birth to 30 days when adjusted to an underlying normal distribution. Eight of the 13 estimates of heritability for reproductive traits in this study were different from zero [P<0.05]. Generally, heritability estimates reported in this study for reproductive traits of captive rhesus macaque females are similar to those reported in the literature for free‐ranging rhesus macaque females and for similar reproductive traits of other species. These estimates of heritability for reproductive traits appear to be among the first for a relatively large colony of captive rhesus macaque females. Am. J. Primatol. 72:811–819, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Catalysts for water–gas shift processing of coal‐derived syngases
Authors: Hla San Shwe , Duffy G. J. , Morpeth L. D. , Cousins A. , Roberts D. G. , Edwards J. H. , Park D.
Published: May 2010

Although the gasification of coal is an efficient means of producing syngas, the carbon content of coal is such that gasification produces significantly higher ratios of carbon oxides to hydrogen than those obtained by the steam reforming of natural gas. The CO:H2 ratio can be adjusted, and more hydrogen produced, by the subsequent application of the water–gas shift (WGS) reaction. This article presents a review of technologies associated with the catalytic WGS reaction in a fixed‐bed reactor that might be incorporated into a coal gasification‐based system for H2 production with CO2 capture. The main output from this review is the identification of key project areas requiring further research. The performance of existing, commercially available catalysts—designed for use in natural gas reforming processes—with coal‐derived syngases is an important aspect of developing technologies for coal‐based H2 production. This article presents an experimental assessment of the performance of selected commercially available WGS catalysts, two high‐temperature catalysts (HT01 and HT02) and a sour shift catalyst (SS01), with such syngases. For the three commercial catalysts investigated in this study, CO reaction order is found to be in a range of 0.75–1. The effect of changes in H2O concentration over HT01 is insignificant, whereas H2O reaction orders determined using HT02 and SS01 are found to be significantly positive even at high H2O:C ratios. The CO conversion rate is significantly reduced by increasing CO2 concentration, whereas increasing H2 concentration also causes a slight reduction in CO conversion rate for the three commercial catalysts investigated. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Equilibrium and extraction kinetics of tannins from chestnut tree wood in water solutions
Authors: Capparucci Claudio , Gironi Fausto , Piemonte Vincenzo
Published: May 2010

Tannins are natural water‐soluble products, characterized by a phenolic structure and the ability to bind and precipitate proteins. They are widely found in natural products, and their ‘historical’ utilization was in tanning animal hides into leather. Nowadays, tannins are extensively used in the food and beverage industry and in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries for their positive effects on human health. In conventional processes, tannins are extracted from vegetable material by using water as a solvent in a temperature range of 40–90 °C; other polyphenols are always extracted and classified as nontannins. The scope of this work is to characterize chestnut tree wood in terms of the total extractable tannins. To this aim, analytic methods, reported in the literature, for the quantitative determination of these compounds in aqueous solution of unknown composition have been assessed. Experimental data on equilibrium distribution of tannins between solid (wood) and liquid (water) at a temperature of 80 °C are presented. The obtained results have been correlated by means of the Freundlich isotherm. Experimental data are also reported on the extraction kinetics of tannins from the solid phase. Experimental extraction curves were simulated by a plug flow model, and an overall mass transfer coefficient was evaluated. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward a computer study of the reliability of Arabic stories
Authors: Bounhas Ibrahim , Elayeb Bilel , Evrard Fabrice , Slimani Yahya
Published: May 2010

The Arabic storytelling methodology provides solutions to the problem of information reliability. The reliability of a story depends on the credibility of its narrators. To insure reliability verification, the narrators' names are explicitly cited at the head of the story, which constitute its chain of narrators. Stories were reported from a generation to another to insure the reliable transmission of historical knowledge. We present a set of tools based on the Arabic storytelling methodology. We start by presenting this methodology as a set of principles for information‐reliability assessment. Then, we detail an architecture designed to support the study of the reliability of Arabic stories. Indeed, we developed grammars for parsing Arabic full names and chains of narrators of Arabic stories. After that, an intelligent identity recognizer links names found in chains of narrators to the biographies of the corresponding persons. We model this step as a possibilistic information retrieval task. Finally, chains are analyzed through metadata available in biographies to help the user identify sources of unreliability. We propose to identify the class of reliability of a story with a possibilistic classifier. The achieved results in named entity and identity recognition were satisfactory and confirm to the targets set for the precision, recall, and F‐measure metrics. The developed tools also are reusable components that can be used to study the reliability of other types of Arabic texts.