bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Achievement of Guideline-Recommended Weight Loss Among Patients With Ischemic Stroke and Obesity
Authors: Dearborn Jennifer L. , Viscoli Catherine M. , Young Lawrence H. , Gorman Mark J. , Furie Karen L. , Kernan Walter N.
Published: February 2019

Background and Purpose—

The proportion of patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) and obesity who successfully achieve goals for weight reduction recommended by major professional organizations is unknown.

Methods—

We examined the experience of participants in the placebo group of the IRIS trial (Insulin Resistance Intervention after Stroke) with a body mass index ≥30 kg/m
2
at entry. Patients were of age ≥40 years, with a qualifying stroke or TIA within 180 days of randomization and documented insulin resistance without diabetes mellitus. Weights at baseline and at years 1 and 2 after entry were analyzed to determine the proportion of patients achieving a 5% weight loss and achievement of body mass index <27 kg/m
2
.

Results—

Of 1937 subjects assigned to placebo, 855 (44%) had obesity at entry. Median age of these 855 subjects was 60 years (interquartile range, 53–68), 41% were women, and median time from stroke/TIA to trial entry was 79 days. Among 788 subjects in the trial at 1 year, 166 (21%) had lost at least 5% of their starting weight and 12 (2%) had achieved a body mass index <27 kg/m
2
. One hundred nine (14%) participants gained at least 5% of their baseline weight at 1 year. Among 744 subjects in the trial at 2 years, 185 (25%) had lost at least 5% of their baseline weight and 23 (3%) had achieved a body mass index <27 kg/m
2
. One hundred forty (19%) participants gained at least 5% of their starting weight at 2 years.

Conclusions—

Only one quarter of obese patients with a recent ischemic stroke or TIA lost a clinically significant amount of weight after their vascular event. Many patients gained weight. Enhancing weight loss after ischemic stroke or TIA may help improve functional outcome and reduce risk for future vascular events, but clinical trials are needed to test and confirm these potential benefits.
Denopelopia Roback & Rutter from China with emendation of the generic diagnosis (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae)
Authors: CHENG MING , WANG XINHUA
Published: February 2019

The genus Denopelopia is recorded from the Oriental and Palaearctic regions for the first time. Denopelopia diaoluonica sp. n., D. bractea sp. n., and D. viridula sp. n. are described from male imagines. A key to all known males of the genus worldwide is presented, and the generic diagnosis is emended.
Correction to "A description of four new species of Clavicornaltica Scherer from Continental Asia"
Authors: KONSTANTINOV ALEXANDER S. , DUCKETT CATHERINE N.
Published: February 2019

We recently published descriptions of four species of Clavicornaltica  Scherer from Continental Asia (Konstantinov and Duckett 2005).  These species were compared to known species including Clavicornaltica australis Konstantinov.  Due to an unfortunate event the figure showing the male genitalia of C. australis was omitted.  This figure shown below (Fig. 1) is cited in the discussion on page 62 as figure 32.
New specimens of the early Eocene frigatebird Limnofregata (Pelecaniformes: Fregatidae), with the description of a new species
Authors: OLSON STORRS L. , MATSUOKA HIROSHIGE
Published: February 2019

Four additional specimens from the Green River Formation of Wyoming are referred to the Eocene frigatebird Limnofregata azygosternon Olson, originally described from a nearly complete skeleton and two partial paratypes. Two skulls with mandibles and a partial postcranial skeleton are described as a new species, Limnofregata hasegawai, characterized by much larger size and a proportionately longer bill. One of the referred specimens of L. azygosternon is from Eocene Lake Gosiute, whereas all of the other specimens of Limnofregata are from Fossil Lake. The species of Limnofregata would have taken advantage of frequent periodic dieoffs of fish in the Green River lakes. Geological and climatic factors that may have influenced the paleoecology, distribution, and size variation in frigatebirds in the Cenozoic are reviewed.
A new species of the Neotropical genus Daimothoracodes Petrovitz (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Hybosoridae)
Authors: OCAMPO FEDERICO C.
Published: February 2019

Daimothoracodes rugomarginatus Ocampo, new species, is described from Distrito Federal, Brazil. A key to the four known species of the genus is provided in English and Spanish, and a distribution map is provided with a new country record of D. magnificus for Argentina.Se describe a Daimothoracodes rugomarginatus Ocampo, especie nueva, basada en ejemplares de Brasil, Distrito Federal. Se provee una clave en Inglés y Español para las cuatro especies conocidas, y se provee un mapa de la distribución de las especies de Daimothoracodes con un nuevo registro de D. magnificus para Argentina.
A remarkable new genus of Thripinae (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) with enlarged metathoracic furca, from Southeast Asia
Authors: MASUMOTO MASAMI , OKAJIMA SHÛJI
Published: February 2019

Trachynotothrips striatus gen. et sp. n. and T. brevispinis gen. et sp. n. are described from South Vietnam and Thailand, respectively, each with an enlarged metathoracic furca. Despite this furca, this new genus is closely related to Trichromothrips Priesner in the Thripinae in its chaetotaxy, rather than to the Dendrothripinae.
Seven new species of the spider genus Matta Crosby from caves in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil (Araneae, Tetrablemmidae)
Authors: BRESCOVIT ANTONIO D. , CIZAUSKAS IGOR
Published: February 2019

Seven new species of the spider genus Matta are described from caves in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil: M. zuiuda sp. n., Matta pititinha sp. n., Matta humhum sp. n., Matta cambito sp. n., Matta humrrum sp. n., Matta nuusga sp. n., and Matta teteia sp. n. Among these seven species, six have morphological features consistent with specialization to the subterranean environment and we hypothesize that they are troglobites. One species, Matta zuiuda sp. n., shares morphology similar to M. hambletoni Crosby and M. angelomachadoi Brescovit which are known from surface populations in the State of Minas Gerais.
Comparative Analysis of Diagnostic Value for Shear Wave Elastography and Real-Time Elastographic Imaging for Thyroid Nodules
Authors: Yang Qing , Zhou Wenhong , Li Jiyu , Wu Guojun , Ding Feng , Tian Xingsong
Published: February 2019

Objective: To compare the diagnostic value of shear wave elastography (SWE) and real-time elastography (RTE) in the diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodules. Methods: A total of 34 patients who ever received thyroidectomy in our hospital from January 2016 to January
2018 were identified. Meanwhile, all the patients received SWE and RTE before surgery, and all the diagnoses were confirmed by pathological examinations. With respect to SWE technique, the Subject Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves were drawn, in order to obtain the optimal threshold and
then make differential diagnoses of benign and malignant thyroid nodules. In terms of RTE, the Rago 5 scoring method was utilized to make differential diagnoses of benign and malignant thyroid nodules. Besides, the pathological examinations after surgery could be considered as the golden standard.
At last, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of SWE and RTE were calculated, respectively. Results: A total of 51 thyroid nodules were identified, and 41 nodules were benign, 10 nodules were malignant. On the basis of ROC
curves, with respect to SWE, the best threshold for differential diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodules is 38.3 kPa. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of SWE were 72.7% (8/11), 85% (34/40), 82.4% (42/51), 68.4% (13/19),
and 87.5% (35/40), respectively. And the diagnostic indicators of RTE were 81.8% (9/11), 87.5% (35/40), 84.3% (43/51), 73.7% (14/19), and 90.0% (36/40). The sensitivity of quasi-static elastography in differential diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodules with diameter ≤1 cm was
87.5% (7/8), and the sensitivity of SWE was 50.0% (5/10). In addition, the accuracy of SWE in differential diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodules with diameter ≥3 cm was 100% (6/6), and the accuracy of RTE for this kind of thyroid nodules was 66.7% (4/6). Conclusion: Both
SWE and RTE technology have good application value in differential diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodules. But, SWE is preferable when making diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodules with diameter ≥3 cm, and RTE was superior in detecting benign and malignant thyroid
nodules with diameter ≤1 cm.
Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography Angiography Assisted Resection of Ventral Foramen Magnum and Jugular Foramen Tumours via Modified Far Lateral Suboccipital Approach
Authors: Li Dongxue , Deng Xuefei , Ling Shiying , Zhang Nan , Bao Dejun , Wang Fei , Luo Yi , Chen Peng , Yang Yang , Xia Chengyu
Published: February 2019

Objective: The anatomical relationship of ventral foramen magnum and jugular foramen tumour is complex and the operation is very difficult. The aim of this study was to summarize the microsurgical experience of the removal of the ventral foramen magnum and jugular foramen tumours
via the modified far lateral suboccipital approach assisted by three-dimensional computed tomography angiography (3D-CTA). Methods: The clinical data and follow-up results of 13 cases of 3D-CTA assisted suboccipital far lateral approach from July 2011 to September 2017 were analyzed
retrospectively. There were 5 males and 8 females. Preoperative CT and MRI were used for routine imaging diagnosis, and the 3D-CTA simulated surgical approach was performed. The preoperative operation scheme was established, and the risk of operation was evaluated according simulated operation.
After individualized exposure, the modified far lateral suboccipital approach was completed under the neuroelectrophysiological monitoring technique. Results: The preoperative images were completely consistent with the findings in the surgery. There were 9 cases of jugular foramen tumour
and 4 cases of ventral foramen magnum tumour. Of the 13 cases, only 1 case of jugular glomus tumour had extra-cranial residual, while the whole intracranial tumour was removed. In other 12 cases, the tumours were completely removed under the microscope. After operation, the headache disappeared,
and hearing loss was improved. There was no perioperative deaths, infection and cerebrospinal fluid leakage. The facial paralysis was occurred in 1 patient. After 3–39 months of follow-up, there was no recurrence of tumour, or new nerve function defect. Hoarseness, choking of drinking
water and numbness of limbs were all improved at the end of the follow-up period. The symptoms of postoperative facial paralysis were also improved during the follow-up period. Conclusion: After the preoperative simulation and evaluation by 3D-CTA, the ventral foramen magnum and jugular
foramen tumours can be rescted safely and effectively via far modified lateral suboccipital approach.
An Automatic Medical Image Registration Approach Based on Common Sub-regions of Interest
Authors: Alam Fakhre , Rahman Sami UR , Tairan Nasser , Shah Habib , Abohashrh Mohammed Saeed , Abbas Sohail
Published: February 2019

Accurate and efficient image registration, based on interested common sub-regions is still a challenging task in medical image analysis. This paper presents an automatic features based approach for the rigid and deformable registration of medical images using interested common sub-regions.
In the proposed approach, interested common sub-regions in two images (target image and source image) are automatically detected and locally registered. The final global registration is performed, using the transformation parameters obtained from the local registration. Registration using
interested common sub-regions is always required in image guided surgery (IGS) and other medical procedures because it considers only the desired objects in medical images instead of the whole image contents. The proposed interested common sub-regions based registration is compared with the
two states-of-the-art methods on MR images of human brain. In the experiments of rigid and deformable registrations, we show that our approach outperforms in terms of both the accuracy and time efficiency. The results reveal that interested common sub-region based registration can achieve
good performance, regarding both the accuracy as well as the the time efficiency in monomodal brain image registration. In addition, the proposed approach also indicates the potential for multimodal images of different human organs.
Representation of U.S. Warm Temperature Extremes in Global Climate Model Ensembles
Authors: Hogan Emily , Nicholas Robert E. , Keller Klaus , Eilts Stephanie , Sriver Ryan L.
Published: February 2019

Extreme temperature events can have considerable negative impacts on sectors such as health, agriculture, and transportation. Observational evidence indicates the severity and frequency of warm extremes are increasing over much of the United States, but there are sizeable challenges both in estimating extreme temperature changes and in quantifying the relevant associated uncertainties. This study provides a simple statistical framework using a block maxima approach to analyze the representation of warm temperature extremes in several recent global climate model ensembles. Uncertainties due to structural model differences, grid resolution, and internal variability are characterized and discussed. Results show that models and ensembles differ greatly in the representation of extreme temperature over the United States, and variability in tail events is dependent on time and anthropogenic warming, which can influence estimates of return periods and distribution parameter estimates using generalized extreme value (GEV) distributions. These effects can considerably influence the uncertainty of model hindcasts and projections of extremes. Several idealized regional applications are highlighted for evaluating ensemble skill and trends, based on quantile analysis and root-mean-square errors in the overall sample and the upper tail. The results are relevant to regional climate assessments that use global model outputs and that are sensitive to extreme warm temperature. Accompanying this manuscript is a simple toolkit using the R statistical programming language for characterizing extreme events in gridded datasets.
Instrumental Internationalism: The American Origins of the United Nations, 1940–3
Authors: Wertheim Stephen
Published: February 2019

Why did the United States want to create the United Nations Organization, or any international political organization with universal membership? This question has received superficial historiographical attention, despite ample scrutiny of the conferences that directly established the UN in 1944 and 1945. The answer lies earlier in the war, from 1940 to 1942, when, under the pressure of fast-moving events, American officials and intellectuals decided their country must not only enter the war but also lead the world long afterwards. International political organization gained popularity – first among unofficial postwar planners in 1941 and then among State Department planners in 1942 – because it appeared to be an indispensable tool for implementing postwar US world leadership, for projecting and in no way constraining American power. US officials believed the new organization would legitimate world leadership in the eyes of the American public by symbolizing the culmination of prior internationalist efforts to end power politics, even as they based the design of the UN on a thoroughgoing critique of the League, precisely for assuming that power politics could be transcended.
A novel approach to provenance management for privacy preservation
Authors: Can Ozgu , Yilmazer Dilek
Published: February 2019

Provenance determines the origin of the data by tracing and recording the actions that are performed on the data. Therefore, provenance is used in many fields to ensure the reliability and quality of data. In this work, provenance information is used to meet the security needs in information systems. For this purpose, a domain-independent provenance model is proposed. The proposed provenance model is based on the Open Provenance Model and Semantic Web technologies. The goal of the proposed provenance model is to integrate the provenance and security concepts in order to detect privacy violations by querying the provenance data. In order to evaluate the proposed provenance model, we illustrated our domain-independent model by integrating it with an infectious disease domain and implemented the Healthcare Provenance Information System.
The classification of rumour standpoints in online social network based on combinatorial classifiers
Authors: Ma Jing , Luo Yongcong
Published: February 2019

It is a fact that most of the rumours related to hot events or emergencies can be propagated rapidly on the hotbed of online social networks. In order to track the standpoints of the participants of rumour topics to regulate the development of rumour, we propose a multi-features model combining classifiers to classify the rumour standpoints, defined as classifying the standpoints of online social network conversations into one of ‘agree’, ‘disagree’, ‘comment’ or ‘query’ on previous comment about the rumour. Testing the performance of the combinatorial model – decision tree with adaptive boosting classifier and extremely randomised trees with adaptive boosting classifier – on different features, that is, structuring the weight matrix based on combination of term frequency (TF), inverse document frequency (IDF) and term frequency – inverse document frequency (TFIDF) method and constructing the features vector with Word2vec method. The experiments show that the combinatorial classifiers that exploit different combination features in the online social network conversations outperform binary classification; especially, the topology of the social network has a highly positive impact on the classification results. Furthermore, the ‘comment’ and ‘query’ of rumour standpoints have a better classification effect based on the features of different categories.
Examining the classification and evolution of novice users’ mental models of an academic database in the search task completion process
Authors: Han Zhengbiao , Hansen Preben , Xu Haiyun , Luo Rui
Published: February 2019

The main task of this article is to develop a classification system for novice users’ mental models of an academic database and to elaborate upon the evolution mechanisms of those mental models. In total, 83 undergraduate students, mainly sophomores, who were all novice users of the academic database China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), participated in the experimental study. Their mental models were measured from the diagrams or pictures and corresponding interpretations they produced to articulate their perceptions of CNKI at five time points. A bottom-up encoding approach and content analysis were used to analyse the research data. The results demonstrated that novice users’ mental models of the academic database can be classified as either system-oriented or user-oriented perspectives. Six categories were identified in the system-oriented perspective, and three were identified in the user-oriented perspective. It was also found that the evolution of users’ mental models can be facilitated by retrieval tasks, and it is noteworthy that task type can influence the evolution of users’ mental models. Furthermore, the evolution process of users’ mental models can be seen as learning behaviour, which includes a learning session and a forgetting session.
Computer-assisted detection of metastatic lung tumors on computed tomography
Authors: Yoshida Yukihiro , Sakane Tomoya , Isogai Jun , Suzuki Yoshio , Miki Soichiro , Nomura Yukihiro , Nakajima Jun
Published: February 2019

Background

This retrospective study examined the performance of computer-assisted detection in the identification of pulmonary metastases.

Methods

Fifty-five patients (41.8% male) who underwent surgery for metastatic lung tumors in our hospital from 2005 to 2012 were included. Computer-assisted detection software configured to display the top five nodule candidates according to likelihood was applied as the first reader for the preoperative computed tomography images. Results from the software were classified as “metastatic nodule”, “benign nodule”, or “false-positive finding” by two observers.

Results

Computer-assisted detection identified 85.3% (64/75) of pulmonary metastases that radiologists had detected, and 3 more (4%, 3/75) that radiologists had overlooked. Nodule candidates identified by computer-assisted detection included 86 benign nodules (median size 3.1 mm, range 1.2–18.7 mm) and 121 false-positive findings.

Conclusions

Computer-assisted detection identified pulmonary metastases overlooked by radiologists. However, this was at the cost of identifying a substantial number of benign nodules and false-positive findings.
More social support is associated with more positive mood but excess support is associated with more negative mood
Authors: Williamson J. Austin , Oliger Caitlyn , Wheeler Austin , O’Hara Michael W.
Published: February 2019

Support gaps occur when an individual receives less or more of a certain type of social support than the individual desires. Existing research suggests that support gaps are associated with unwanted relationship and psychological outcomes. However, many of the outcomes associated with support gaps are also associated with received support and support availability—and it is not clear that support gaps explain anything about such outcomes beyond what is known from these longer established constructs. In samples of community members ( n = 430) and students ( n = 755), we examined associations between received support, available support, and support gaps and several positive and negative personal and relationship outcomes. Whereas received support and available support were more strongly associated with increased positive outcomes than decreased negative outcomes, support gaps were more strongly associated with increased negative outcomes than decreased positive outcomes. When all three support constructs were simultaneously included in multilevel structural equation models, they each demonstrated incremental predictive value for most of the outcomes we examined. A full understanding of the social contributions to mood and relationship outcomes requires assessment of received support, available support, and support gaps.
It’s the EU immigrants stupid! UKIP’s core-issue and populist rhetoric on the road to Brexit
Authors: Hughes Ceri
Published: February 2019

The 2016 vote to leave the European Union was one of the biggest developments in recent United Kingdom political history. Only one political party was wholly united for Brexit – the United Kingdom Independence Party. This research finds that in the years leading up to Brexit, the United Kingdom Independence Party presented itself as a rigid core-issue complete-populist party. Content analysis shows how pervasive the European Union was in much of the party output and in the contemporaneous newspaper coverage of the party. The party also utilizes complete-populist rhetoric, with ‘othering’ populism as the most prevalent form. The consistent concentration on the European Union collocated with populist messaging, in both news releases and select newspaper coverage, may have helped afford the United Kingdom Independence Party issue-eliteness in the referendum campaign. But this same work may have also ultimately contributed to make them irrelevant by 2017, and possibly moribund by 2018.
Comparison of the behavioral effects of mescaline analogs using the head twitch response in mice
Authors: Halberstadt Adam L , Chatha Muhammad , Chapman Stephen J , Brandt Simon D
Published: February 2019

Background: In recent years, there has been increasing scientific interest in the effects and pharmacology of serotonergic hallucinogens. While a large amount of experimental work has been conducted to characterize the behavioral response to hallucinogens in rodents, there has been little systematic investigation of mescaline and its analogs. The hallucinogenic potency of mescaline is increased by α-methylation and by homologation of the 4-methoxy group but it not clear whether these structural modifications have similar effects on the activity of mescaline in rodent models. Methods: In the present study, the head twitch response (HTR), a 5-HT2A receptor-mediated behavior induced by serotonergic hallucinogens, was used to assess the effects of mescaline and several analogs in C57BL/6J mice. HTR experiments were conducted with mescaline, escaline (4-ethoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenylethylamine) and proscaline (3,5-dimethoxy-4-propoxyphenylethylamine), their α-methyl homologs TMA (3,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine), 3C-E (4-ethoxy-3,5-dimethoxyamphetamine) and 3C-P (3,5-dimethoxy-4-propoxyamphetamine), and the 2,4,5-substituted regioisomers TMA-2 (2,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine), MEM (4-ethoxy-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine) and MPM (2,5-dimethoxy-4-propoxyamphetamine). Results: TMA induced the HTR and was twice as potent as mescaline. For both mescaline and TMA, replacing the 4-methoxy substituent with an ethoxy or propoxy group increased potency in the HTR assay. By contrast, although TMA-2 also induced the HTR with twice the potency of mescaline, potency was not altered by homologation of the 4-alkoxy group in TMA-2. Conclusions: The potency relationships for these compounds in mice closely parallel the human hallucinogenic data. These findings are consistent with evidence that 2,4,5- and 3,4,5-substituted phenylalkylamine hallucinogens exhibit distinct structure-activity relationships. These results provide additional evidence that the HTR assay can be used to investigate the structure-activity relationships of serotonergic hallucinogens.
An ‘Olympics without Apartheid’: Brazilian-Palestinian solidarity against Israeli securitisation
Authors: Desai Chandni , Sykes Heather
Published: February 2019

It was at the 2016 Rio Olympic Games that, for the first time, activists mobilised against the Israeli securitisation of sport. Brazilian-Palestinian solidarity action, calling for Rio to be an ‘Olympics without Apartheid’, led the then Brazilian government to distance itself from a $2 billion agreement with an Israeli security company. The authors discuss the way in which the solidarity movement emerged and how Israeli companies use Gaza as a ‘lab’ to develop weapons, policing techniques and security technologies for sale on the world market. They point to the parallels between Israel’s securocratic war of pacification and Brazil’s immense security measures against the favelas during a decade of sport mega-events. They trace the flow of securitisation between Israel and Brazil in terms of racial apartheid and settler colonialism to show the impacts on people in occupied Palestine and the favelas of Rio.
Volumetric urbanism: The production and extraction of Singaporean territory
Authors: McNeill Donald
Published: February 2019

This paper examines how state territorial development strategies, financial and regulatory practices and architectural and engineering expertise shape ‘volumetric’ urban space. In doing so, it frames the built environment as being an envelope through which state accumulation strategies are materialized through both the technical manipulation of territory and the metrics that accompany it. It focuses on a key site of post-Independence Singaporean urbanism, the Marina Bay area, to examine how dimensional urban development has been combined with governance practices to produce and extract new territory. The paper illustrates this through three processes: the engineering of land platforms that could be developed to expand the logistical productivity of Singaporean territory; the deployment of ‘atmospheric engineering’ such as the use of air-conditioning technologies in creating controlled environments that maximize the value of interiorized territory; and the creation of a calculative regime for governing underground space. It describes how Singaporean state agencies have deployed experts in engineering, surveying and architecture, as well as implementing new legislation and regulation in producing these volumetric affordances. It is argued in conclusion that the calculative manipulation of key sites in the built environments of global cities such as Singapore should be accorded more significance within studies of nation-state territorial strategy, and the geopolitics of cities.
Macroscopic Safety Requirements for Highly Automated Driving
Authors: Junietz Philipp , Steininger Udo , Winner Hermann
Published: February 2019

The common expectation for highly automated vehicles (HAVs) is that an introduction will lead to increased road safety and a reduction in traffic fatalities—at least in relation to the mileage. However, quantizing the safety requirements is still in discussion. This paper analyzes the risk acceptance in other fields and applies the safety level on today’s traffic to derive references for acceptable risks. The focus is on macroscopic safety requirements, meaning accident rates per mileage, and not the behavior in individual driving situations. It was concluded that the acceptable risk varies according to the group involved and with the field share of automated vehicles. Increased safety of conventional driving in the future could lead to higher requirements as well. We also point out that it is not guaranteed that the given acceptable risk levels will also accepted by the user, because factors other than the accident statistics are relevant. However, as none of these risk levels can be proven before introduction, the monitoring of vehicles in the field is suggested. Despite increased research efforts in safety validation, uncertainty surrounding the safety of HAVs will remain at the time of introduction. Different introduction and risk management strategies are briefly introduced.
Biomechanical Testing of Three Alternative Quadrupled Tendon Graft Constructs With Adjustable Loop Suspensory Fixation for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Compared With Four-Strand Grafts Fixed With Screws and Femoral Fixed Loop Devices
Authors: Vertullo Christopher J. , Piepenbrink Marina , Smith Patrick A. , Wilson Adrian J. , Wijdicks Coen A.
Published: February 2019

Background:

Quadrupled semitendinosus (ST) grafts for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction have advantages of greater graft diameter and gracilis (G) preservation compared with doubled ST-G grafts. However, a paucity of biomechanical data are available regarding different preparation techniques for these constructs.

Purpose:

To biomechanically analyze 3 alternative tendon constructs fixed with adjustable suspensory fixation devices on the femur and tibia compared with a matched 4-strand construct fixed with a tibial screw and femoral fixed loop device.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Three alternative quadrupled tendon preparation techniques with suspensory fixation (grafts constructs A, B, and C) were compared with a 4-strand screw-fixed loop device construct (graft construct D) in matched diameter bovine tendon graft and porcine tibia models. Graft constructs were tested with a 3-stage cyclic loading protocol (1000 cycles in position control and 1000 cycles each from 10 to 250 N and from 10 to 400 N), followed by a pull to failure. In graft construct A, the graft ends were whipstitched and tied over the tibial button; in graft construct B, the graft ends functioned as pulleys; and in graft construct C, a continuous loop was created. Initial, dynamic, and total elongation, stiffness, and ultimate failure load were recorded.

Results:

Graft construct D had the highest initial (0.51 ± 0.29 mm) and total (3.53 ± 0.98 mm) elongation compared with the 3 quadrupled constructs ( P < .001 each). Graft construct B had lower total elongation (2.13 ± 0.31 mm) compared with graft construct A (2.40 ± 0.30 mm) ( P = .004) and graft construct C (2.53 ± 0.21 mm) ( P = .007). Graft construct C had a higher ultimate failure load (1097 ± 79 N) compared with graft construct A (988 ± 112 N) ( P = .001), graft construct B (973 ± 137 N) ( P = .022), and graft construct D, which had the lowest failure load (767 ± 182 N) ( P < .001).

Conclusion:

The 3 quadrupled tendon suspensory fixation constructs exhibited small yet statistically significant biomechanical differences among each other. Constructs that used tibial screw fixation had lower ultimate failure load and higher total elongation compared with the quadrupled tendon constructs.

Clinical Relevance:

Total elongation for the screw fixation group was higher than the threshold of clinical failure, which may allow for graft construct elongation during the postoperative rehabilitation phase. Biomechanical properties of the 3 quadrupled tendon suspensory graft constructs may be clinically comparable, albeit statistically different.
Arthroscopic Labral Treatment in Adolescents: Clinical Outcomes With Minimum 5-Year Follow-up
Authors: Litrenta Jody M. , Mu Brian H. , Chen Austin W. , Perets Itay , Ortiz-Declet Victor , Domb Benjamin G.
Published: February 2019

Background:

The success of hip arthroscopy has led to increased application in younger populations. However, hip arthroscopy remains a challenging procedure, and its safety and efficacy in the adolescent population have been controversial. Most existing literature on outcomes in such patients contains only short-term follow-up, and a paucity of evidence is available regarding long-term outcomes in adolescents.

Purpose:

To report on clinical outcomes at a minimum 5-year follow-up in patients younger than 18 years who underwent arthroscopic treatment of labral tears.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

Data were prospectively collected and retrospectively reviewed on all patients younger than 18 years who underwent hip arthroscopy in a tertiary hip preservation setting at a single institution. Patients were excluded if they had previous ipsilateral hip conditions or surgery. All patients underwent either labral repair or debridement for treatment of a labral tear. Patient-reported outcome measures were recorded at 3 months and at 1, 2, or a minimum of 5 years. These included the modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS), Nonarthritic Hip Score, Hip Outcome Score–Sports Specific Subscale (HOS-SSS), visual analog scale, and patient satisfaction. Additionally, the abbreviated International Hip Outcome Tool and Short Form Health Survey were collected at latest follow-up.

Results:

The study included 44 hips in 32 patients that underwent arthroscopic labral repair (86.4%) or labral debridement (13.6%) between April 2008 and April 2011, with latest follow-up at a mean of 69.2 months (range, 60.0-89.9 months) postoperatively. The average age at surgery was 16.3 years (range, 14.2-17.9 years), and 39 hips from female patients. Statistically significant improvements were seen in all patient-reported outcome measures from preoperative to minimum 5-year follow-up. Improvements were noted at 1-year follow-up and maintained at minimum 5-year follow-up. At the latest follow-up, the Patient Acceptable Symptomatic State was achieved in 95.5% of patients for the mHHS and 72.7% for the HOS-SSS. Two patients subsequently underwent secondary arthroscopy on the ipsilateral hip; however, the survivorship of all hips was 100%.

Conclusion:

Hip arthroscopy for the treatment of labral tears in adolescents remains a technically challenging procedure that should be approached with appropriate caution. The results of the present study on a population treated in a specialized hip preservation center demonstrate that hip arthroscopy is a safe procedure with stable improvement in patient-reported outcome measures at 5 years.
When does war end? Armistice and the Prize Courts of the twentieth century
Authors: Craze Sarah
Published: February 2019

This article uses prize law to examine the end of war in the twentieth century. The Armistice agreement that concluded the First World War enshrined the victor’s right to seize enemy merchant ships after the cessation of military hostilities, shifting the legal understanding of a hostile act. This disconnection turned prize into a strategic tool for victors to use over belligerents. This appeared again in the Second World War, when prize courts condoned the taking of prize after Germany’s surrender. Egypt used prize law as a strategic tool to continue its prohibition against Israel’s use of the Suez Canal. The article concludes prize-taking in the twentieth century was not just a historical curiosity, but a strategic imperative for victors.
Heat transfer enhancement of plate heat exchanger utilizing kaolin-including working fluid
Authors: Sözen Adnan , Khanları Ataollah , Çiftçi Erdem
Published: February 2019

Plate heat exchangers having high efficiency and small size are one of the mostly used heat exchangers. They are used in many applications ranging from cooling to heating. Heat transfer improvement of plate heat exchangers can be performed using nanoparticle-including working fluids, i.e. nanofluids. Influences of kaolin-including nanofluid utilization as working fluid on heat transfer performance of the plate heat exchanger were experimentally investigated in this study. The prepared nanofluid included 2% (wt/wt) nanoparticle content and Triton X-100 surfactant was added to the prepared mixture at the rate of 0.2% of a final concentration to increase the solubility of nanoparticles. The experiments were performed in various working conditions with changes in mass flow rate and temperature. The obtained results showed that nanofluid usage as the working fluid enhanced the heat transfer rate in plate heat exchanger in comparison to the results acquired from the tests conducted by deionized water. The improvement rate in mean heat transfer coefficient was achieved as 9.3% when kaolin–deionized water nanofluid was used as the working fluid in plate heat exchanger.
Evaluation of the Use of Strategic Management Tools by Hospital Executives in Turkey
Authors: Demir Ipek Bilgin , Ugurluoglu Ozgur
Published: February 2019

This study aims to determine whether public and private hospital executives have knowledge of strategic management tools, what strategic management tools they use, to what extent they are satisfied with these tools and what tools they consider using in the future. The research data were collected via a survey form through face-to-face meetings. The research results generally indicate that private hospital executives use many more strategic management tools than public hospital executives. Moreover, the great majority of strategic management tools tend to be used more by executive directors, who have received training in strategic management and those who perceive themselves as being in a competition. This study indicates that the hospital executives who participated in the study do not have sufficient knowledge of the strategic management tools that constitute the basis of strategic management practices. Therefore, hospital executives should be trained in effective use of strategic management. In particular, former doctors turned medical executives who have not received training on management should be provided with appropriate knowledge of strategic management tools through in-service trainings and various courses, certification programmes and seminars. This will increase their use and understanding of these tools.
(Re)making labour markets and economic crises: The case of Ireland
Authors: Murphy Enda , Mercille Julien
Published: February 2019

The 2008 economic crisis has had significant impacts on labour markets around the world. In Europe, in particular, the need for internal devaluation within European Union nations in financial difficulty precipitated a wave of labour market reforms alongside the reform of welfare systems struggling to cope with high levels of unemployment. Various analyses have explored the nature of these changes separately for the labour market and welfare systems. Using a conceptual framework rooted in a political economy understanding the social nature of labour, this article takes an inclusive approach to understanding regulatory changes for both employed and unemployed labour. We do this using the case of Ireland, a country that went through a severe economic crisis, was subject to a European Union/European Central Bank/International Monetary Fund bailout in 2010 and witnessed one of the most significant labour market crises in Europe. The Irish case is instructive because it highlights both the range and depth of regulatory interventions utilised by the state during periods of crisis to deal with the social nature of labour and its role under advanced capitalism.

JEL codes: J01, J08, J48.
A novel multi-scale model for predicting the thermal damage of hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete
Authors: Zhang Yao , Ju J Woody , Zhu Hehua , Yan Zhiguo
Published: February 2019

A multi-scale micromechanical model is proposed to predict the damage degree of hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete under or after high temperatures. The thermal degradation of hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete is generally composed of the damage of the cement paste caused by thermal decomposition and thermal incompatibility, the deterioration of aggregates and fibers, and the interfacial damage between aggregates and the matrix. In this multi-scale model, four levels of hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete structures are considered when the thermal damage degree is derived; namely, the equivalent calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H) product level, the cement paste level, the concrete level, and the hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete level. At the cement paste level, thermal decompositions of C–S–H product and calcium hydroxide are taken into account. In addition, a dimensionless parameter of the crack density is introduced to represent the thermal cracking of the matrix. At the concrete level, the interfacial damage of aggregates is simulated by a spring–interface model, in which the interfacial parameters are assumed to be functions of temperature. Moreover, at the cement paste level and the hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete level, a sub-stepping homogenization method is proposed to determine the effective properties. Comparisons between previously published experimental data and predictions and discussions illustrate the feasibility of the proposed multi-scale model in predicting thermal damage of concrete and hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete.
Unexpected Gender Moderation of Marital Satisfaction–Health Associations in Long-Distance Relationships
Authors: Du Bois Steve N. , Yoder Wren , Ramos Stephen D. , Grotkowski Karolina , Sher Tamara Goldman
Published: February 2019

High marital satisfaction is associated with better individual health and health behavior. Gender moderates these associations; generally, they are stronger for women than for men. Theories such as subordination-reactivity attempt to explain marital satisfaction–health associations by gender. Extant research exploring this phenomenon focuses on individuals in proximal relationships, not those in long-distance relationships (LDR). LDR are prevalent, particularly among students, military personnel, and caregivers. They are also increasing both in number and cultural relevance. Current study participants ( N = 93) were ages 21+, married for 6+ months, and LDR, defined as living more than 50 miles apart and not able to see each other daily. Participants completed an online survey of relationship and health measures. We tested gender as a moderator of marital satisfaction–health associations. Unexpectedly, higher marital satisfaction related to better health for men more than for women on several health variables. Specifically, higher marital satisfaction related to significantly less drug use and less pain interference, and marginally better overall health, for men more than for women. No other marital satisfaction–health associations emerged. These results suggest marital satisfaction may be more important to health for LDR men than women, and in some cases, marital satisfaction may not relate to health for LDR individuals. Future research can explore these unique satisfaction–health associations in LDR. Therapeutic interventions for individuals and couples in LDR can consider these findings.
Navigating the Moral Realm of Counseling: Counselor’s Expressed Role Within and Awareness of Value Conversion
Authors: Bridges James G. , Hicks Amelia , Lazzo Peyton , Keegan Sarah
Published: February 2019

This article builds off previous literature addressing the phenomenon of value conversion. We explored how aware counselors were of this phenomenon, what they did about it if they were, and how explicit they made the potential of value conversion to their clients. A total of 10 mental health counselors were interviewed from local community mental health clinics and group practices in a Midwestern city. Counselors identified which personal moral values influenced the bulk of their counseling practice. Based on various levels of uncertainty, we concluded that training discussions and clinical considerations of value conversion seldom take place. Counselors may benefit from interdisciplinary involvement from philosophical frameworks of moral theory. Future directions, limitations, and clinical implications are discussed.
Factor Structure of the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire–Revised
Authors: Latham Melissa D. , Dudgeon Paul , Yap Marie B. H. , Simmons Julian G. , Byrne Michelle L. , Schwartz Orli S. , Ivie Elizabeth , Whittle Sarah , Allen Nicholas B.
Published: February 2019

Early adolescence (typically aged 9-15 years) is a period of dramatic developmental change, and individual differences in temperament is likely to be an important predictor of the success with which individuals negotiate this period of life. Moreover, early adolescent temperament cannot be adequately captured by measures designed for other age groups. This study examined the empirical validity of the proposed temperament factors of the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire–Revised (EATQ-R) in a large representative sample of 2,453 early adolescents aged between 10 and 12 years of age, and compared it with models that include cross-loadings between items and first-order factors, as well as first- and second-order factors. Furthermore, the reproducibility of the factor structure established by using a cross validation approach. Adding cross-loadings to the EATQ-R fit the data substantially better, resulting in an overall good fit that the original EATQ-R model did not achieve. However, the conceptual interpretation of the first- and second-order factor structures were not substantially altered even with this addition of cross-loadings. Future research should establish the construct validity of the first- and second-order factors as measured by this empirically based factor structure.