bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of CMSX-4 Single Crystals Prepared by Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Körner C. , Ramsperger M. , Meid C. , Bürger D. , Wollgramm P. , Bartsch M. , Eggeler G.
Published: July 2018

Currently, additive manufacturing (AM) experiences significant attention in nearly all industrial sectors. AM is already well established in fields such as medicine or spare part production. Nevertheless, processing of high-performance nickel-based superalloys and especially single crystalline alloys such as CMSX-4® is challenging due to the difficulty of intense crack formation. Selective electron beam melting (SEBM) takes place at high process temperatures (~ 1000 °C) and under vacuum conditions. Current work has demonstrated processing of CMSX-4® without crack formation. In addition, by using appropriate AM scan strategies, even single crystals (SX SEBM CMSX-4®) develop directly from the powder bed. In this contribution, we investigate the mechanical properties of SX SEBM CMSX-4® prepared by SEBM in the as-built condition and after heat treatment. The focus is on hardness, strength, low cycle fatigue, and creep properties. These properties are compared with conventional cast and heat-treated material.
Investigating the Dislocation-Driven Micro-mechanical Response Under Non-isothermal Creep Conditions in Single-Crystal Superalloys
Authors: Schwalbe C. , Cormier J. , Jones C. N. , Galindo-Nava E. , Rae C. M. F.
Published: July 2018

The creep responses of the superalloy CMSX-4 under thermal cycling conditions (900 °C to 1050 °C) and constant load (

$$ \sigma_{0} = 200 MPa $$

σ
0

=
200
M
P
a

) were analyzed using TEM dislocation analysis and compared to the modeled evolution of key creep parameters. By studying tests interrupted at different stages of creep, it is argued that the thermal cycling creep rate under these conditions depends on the creation of interfacial dislocation networks and their disintegration by the γ′-shear of dissimilar Burgers vector pairs.
The Ban on “Tropical Natives” and the Promotion of Illegal Migration in Pre-Apartheid South Africa
Authors: Musoni Francis
Published: July 2018

This article examines the historical as well as contemporary significance of South Africa’s 1913 ban on the recruitment of migrant workers from areas north of latitude 22 degrees south. This ill-conceived policy not only criminalized the employment of so-called “tropical natives” in South Africa but also triggered contestations, fueling illegal migration from the restricted areas. By 1933, when the ban was lifted, illegal migration from Zimbabwe (then Southern Rhodesia) had become a major site of contestations among policymakers, labor agents, business owners, and migrant workers in South Africa. While the dominant narrative in Southern Africa holds that illegal migration only became an issue of concern after the end of apartheid rule, this phenomenon has a much longer history in the subregion. Identifying factors that push people to move from one country to another and those that force or encourage travelers to cross international boundaries without following official channels facilitates the understanding of the complexities involved in cases of illegal migration wherever this practice exists. While low wages and other sources of insecurity in colonial Zimbabwe may indeed have compelled many people to consider moving to South Africa, such factors did not cause migrants to use unofficial channels in crossing the border. Rather, South Africa’s ban imposed numerous barriers, rendering it difficult for those seeking work to cross between the two countries through legal and/or formal channels.
Pure point/continuous decomposition of translation-bounded measures and diffraction
Authors: AUJOGUE JEAN-BAPTISTE
Published: July 2018

In this work we consider translation-bounded measures over a locally compact Abelian group$\mathbb{G}$, with a particular interest in their so-called diffraction. Given such a measure$\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}$, its diffraction$\widehat{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}}$is another measure on the Pontryagin dual$\widehat{\mathbb{G}}$, whose decomposition into the sum$\widehat{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}}=\widehat{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}}_{\text{p}}+\widehat{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}}_{\text{c}}$of its atomic and continuous parts is central in diffraction theory. The problem we address here is whether the above decomposition of$\widehat{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}}$lifts to$\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}$itself, that is to say, whether there exists a decomposition$\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{\text{p}}+\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{\text{c}}$, where$\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{\text{p}}$and$\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{\text{c}}$are translation-bounded measures having diffraction$\widehat{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}}_{\text{p}}$and$\widehat{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}}_{\text{c}}$, respectively. Our main result here is the almost sure existence, in a sense to be made precise, of such a decomposition. It will also be proved that a certain uniqueness property holds for the above decomposition. Next, we will be interested in the situation where translation-bounded measures are weighted Meyer sets. In this context, it will be shown that the decomposition, whether it exists, also consists of weighted Meyer sets. We complete this work by discussing a natural generalization of the considered problem.
Optimal mixing in three-dimensional plane Poiseuille flow at high Péclet number
Authors: Vermach L. , Caulfield C. P.
Published: July 2018

We consider a passive zero-mean scalar field organised into two layers of different concentrations in a three-dimensional plane channel flow subjected to a constant along-stream pressure gradient. We employ a nonlinear direct-adjoint-looping method to identify the optimal initial perturbation of the velocity field with given initial energy which yields ‘maximal’ mixing by a target time horizon, where maximal mixing is defined here as the minimisation of the spatially integrated variance of the concentration field. We verify in three-dimensional flows the conjecture by Foures et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 748, 2014, pp. 241–277) that the initial perturbation which maximises the time-averaged energy gain of the flow leads to relatively weak mixing, and is qualitatively different from the optimal initial ‘mixing’ perturbation which exploits classical Taylor dispersion. We carry out the analysis for two different Reynolds numbers ($Re=U_{m}h/\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}=500$ and $Re=3000$, where $U_{m}$ is the maximum flow speed of the unperturbed flow, $h$ is the channel half-depth and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}$ is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid) demonstrating that this key finding is robust with respect to the transition to turbulence. We also identify the initial perturbations that minimise, at chosen target times, the ‘mix-norm’ of the concentration field, i.e. a Sobolev norm of negative index in the class introduced by Mathew et al. (Physica D, vol. 211, 2005, pp. 23–46). We show that the ‘true’ variance-based mixing strategy can be successfully and practicably approximated by the mix-norm minimisation since we find that the mix-norm-optimal initial perturbations are far less sensitive to changes in the target time horizon than their optimal variance-minimising counterparts.
Developed liquid film passing a trailing edge under the action of gravity and capillarity
Authors: Scheichl B. , Bowles R. I. , Pasias G.
Published: July 2018

We consider the asymptotic structure of a steady developed viscous thin film passing the sharp trailing edge of a horizontally aligned flat plate under the weak action of gravity acting vertically and surface tension. The surprisingly rich details of the flow in the immediate vicinity of the trailing edge are elucidated both analytically and numerically. As a central innovation, we demonstrate how streamline curvature serves to regularise the edge singularity apparent on larger scales via generic viscous–inviscid interaction. This is shown to be provoked by weak disturbances of accordingly strong exponential downstream growth, which we trace from the virtual origin of the flow towards the trailing edge. They represent a prototype of the precursor to free interaction in the most general sense, which, interestingly, has not attracted due attention previously. Moreover, we delineate how an increased effect of gravity involves marginally choked flow at the edge.
Role of Klebanoff modes in active flow control of separation: direct numerical simulations
Authors: Hosseinverdi Shirzad , Fasel Hermann F.
Published: July 2018

Our previous research has shown that an active flow control strategy using two-dimensional (2-D) harmonic blowing and suction with properly chosen frequency and amplitude can significantly reduce the separation region, delay transition to turbulence and can even relaminarize the flow. How such effective flow control for transition delay and relaminarization is affected by free-stream turbulence (FST) remains an open question. In order to answer this question, highly resolved direct numerical simulations (DNS) are carried out where very low-amplitude isotropic FST fluctuations are introduced at the inflow boundary of the computational domain. With FST the effectiveness of the flow control is not diminished, and the extent of the separated flow region is reduced by the same amount as for the zero FST case. However, a striking difference observed in the DNS is the fact that in the presence of even very low levels of FST, the flow transitions shortly downstream of the reattachment location of the bubble, contrary to the case without FST. It appears that this different behaviour for even very small levels of FST is caused by an interaction between the high-amplitude 2-D disturbances introduced by the flow control forcing and 3-D Klebanoff modes (K-modes) that are generated by the FST. The streamwise elongated streaks due to the K-modes cause a spanwise-periodic modulation of the basic flow and subsequently of the primary 2-D wave. The disturbances associated with this modulation exhibit strong growth and initiate the breakdown process to turbulence. Linear secondary instability investigations with respect to low-frequency 3-D disturbances are carried out based on the linearized Navier–Stokes equations. The response of the forced flow to the low-frequency 3-D disturbances reveals that the time-periodic base flow is unstable with respect to a wide range of 3-D modes. In particular, the wavelength associated with the spanwise spacing of the K-mode falls into the range of, and is in fact very close to, the most unstable 3-D disturbances. Results from the secondary instability analysis and the comparison with DNS results, support the conjecture that the forcing amplitude has a major impact on the onset and amplification rate of the K-modes: lowering the forcing amplitude postpones the onset of the growth of the K-modes and reduces the growth rate of the K-modes for a given FST intensity. The net effect of these two events is a delay of the transition onset. Nevertheless, the instability mechanism that governs the transition process is the same as previously identified, i.e. interaction of the K-mode and 2-D primary wave. Furthermore, for low levels of FST, the amplitude of the low-frequency K-modes scales linearly with the FST intensity in the approach boundary layer up to the secondary instability regime.
A Collaborative Model for Facilitating the Delivery of Smoking Cessation Treatments to Cancer Patients: Results From Three Oncology Practices in South Carolina
Authors: Kilpatrick Daniel J. , Cartmell Kathleen B. , Diedhiou Abdoulaye , Cummings K. Michael , Warren Graham W. , Wynne Kathleen L. , Biggers Sharon R. , Gillam Pamela S.
Published: July 2018

Introduction: Continued smoking by cancer patients causes adverse cancer treatment outcomes, but few patients receive evidence-based smoking cessation as a standard of care.

Aim: To evaluate practical strategies to promote wide-scale dissemination and implementation of evidence-based tobacco cessation services within state cancer centers.

Methods: A Collaborative Learning Model (CLM) for Quality Improvement was evaluated with three community oncology practices to identify barriers and facilitate practice change to deliver evidence-based smoking cessation treatments to cancer patients using standardized assessments and referrals to statewide smoking cessation resources. Patients were enrolled and tracked through an automated data system and received follow-up cessation support post-enrollment. Monthly quantitative reports and qualitative data gathered through interviews and collaborative learning sessions were used to evaluate meaningful quality improvement changes in each cancer center.

Results: Baseline practice evaluation for the CLM identified the lack of tobacco use documentation, awareness of cessation guidelines, and awareness of services for patients as common barriers. Implementation of a structured assessment and referral process demonstrated that of 1,632 newly registered cancer patients,1,581 (97%) were screened for tobacco use. Among those screened, 283 (18%) were found to be tobacco users. Of identified tobacco users, 207 (73%) were advised to quit. Referral of new patients who reported using tobacco to an evidence-based cessation program increased from 0% at baseline across all three cancer centers to 64% (range = 30%–89%) during the project period.

Conclusions: Implementation of quality improvement learning collaborative models can dramatically improve delivery of guideline-based tobacco cessation treatments to cancer patients.
A STRUCTURED DESCRIPTION OF THE GENUS SPECTRUM OF ABELIAN p-GROUPS
Authors: MÜLLER JÜRGEN , SARKAR SIDDHARTHA
Published: July 2018

The genus spectrum of a finite group G is the set of all g such that G acts faithfully on a compact Riemann surface of genus g. It is an open problem to find a general description of the genus spectrum of the groups in interesting classes, such as the Abelian p-groups. Motivated by earlier work of Talu for odd primes, we develop a general combinatorial method, for arbitrary primes, to obtain a structured description of the so-called reduced genus spectrum of Abelian p-groups, including the reduced minimum genus. In particular, we determine the complete genus spectrum for a large subclass, namely, those having ‘large’ defining invariants. With our method we construct infinitely many counterexamples to a conjecture of Talu, which states that an Abelian p-group is recoverable from its genus spectrum. Finally, we give a series of examples of our method, in the course of which we prove, for example, that almost all elementary Abelian p-groups are uniquely determined by their minimum genus, and that almost all Abelian p-groups of exponent p2 are uniquely determined by their minimum genus and Kulkarni invariant.
Choosing the Precision of Performance Metrics
Authors: Crane Alan D. , Koch Andrew , Wei Chishen
Published: July 2018

There is a standard trade-off in compensation contracts between the provision of incentives and insurance. We hypothesize that this trade-off influences the precision with which firm performance is measured. We find that firm outcomes are measured less precisely when chance plays a large role in these outcomes. Further, this precision is determined through the choice of shares outstanding. This has several novel implications. Nominal stock prices can remain constant over time, and firms with unpredictable cash flows should have more shares and lower stock price levels, all else equal. We find evidence consistent with these implications.
A pre-post pilot study of electronic cigarettes to reduce smoking in people with severe mental illness
Authors: Hickling Lauren M. , Perez-Iglesias Rocio , McNeill Ann , Dawkins Lynne , Moxham John , Ruffell Tamatha , Sendt Kyra-Verena , McGuire Philip
Published: July 2018

Background

Smoking is the largest single contributor to poor physical health and increased mortality in people with serious mental illnesses. The aim of the study was to investigate the utility of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) as a harm reduction intervention in this population.

Method

Fifty tobacco smokers with a psychotic disorder were enrolled onto a 24-week pilot study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02212041) investigating the efficacy of a 6-week free e-cigarette intervention to reduce smoking. Cigarette and e-cigarette use was self-reported at weekly visits, and verified using carbon monoxide tests. Psychopathology, e-cigarette acceptability and adverse effects were assessed using standardised scales.

Results

There was a significant (⩾50%) reduction in cigarettes consumed per day between baseline and week 6 [F(2.596,116.800) = 25.878, p < 0.001], and e-cigarette use was stable during this period [F(2.932,46.504) = 2.023, p = 0.115]. These changes were verified by significant carbon monoxide reductions between these time points [F(3.335,126.633) = 5.063, p = 0.002].

Conclusions

The provision of e-cigarettes is a potentially useful harm reduction intervention in smokers with a psychotic disorder.
Holy, holy, holy: divine holiness and divine perfection
Authors: MURPHY MARK C.
Published: July 2018

Despite being emphatically ascribed to God in Scripture, holiness is little examined in the current literature on the divine attributes. This article defends a normative theory of holiness, taking as its point of departure Rudolf Otto's classic account of the phenomenology of the experience of holiness as that of a mysterium tremendum et fascinans. To be holy is to merit this dual response, that is, to merit both the overwhelming attraction and distinctive sort of repulsion that is characteristic of the experience of holiness. It is plausibly an implication of this account that a supremely holy being – one who is holy, holy, holy – must be the most perfect possible being.
Building on tradition: new editorial team at BJME
Authors: FAUTLEY MARTIN , DAUBNEY ALISON
Published: July 2018

This issue of the British Journal of Music Education marks a new phase in its development, as we welcome Alison (Ally) Daubney from the University of Sussex as co-editor, alongside Martin Fautley, who remains in position. In welcoming Alison we also say farewell and thank you to Regina Murphy for her work on the journal over the years she has been co-editor here, and we wish her all the best in her future teaching and research.
DEFINING INNOVATION WITH RESPECT TO NEW MEDICINES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW FROM A PAYER PERSPECTIVE
Authors: de Solà-Morales Oriol , Cunningham David , Flume Mathias , Overton Paul M. , Shalet Natalie , Capri Stefano
Published: July 2018

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to investigate how innovation is defined with respect to new medicines.

Methods:

MEDLINE, Embase, and EconLit databases were searched for articles published between January 1, 2010 and May 25, 2016 that described a relevant definition of innovation. Identified definitions were analyzed by mapping the concepts described onto a set of ten dimensions of innovation.

Results:

In total, thirty-six articles were included, and described a total of twenty-five different definitions of innovation. The most commonly occurring dimension was therapeutic benefit, with novelty and the availability of existing treatments the second and third most common dimensions. Overall, there was little agreement in the published literature on what characteristics of new medicines constitute rewardable innovation.

Conclusions:

Alignment across countries and among regulators, health technology assessment bodies and payers would help manufacturers define research policies that can drive innovation, but may be challenging, as judgements about what aspects of innovation should be rewarded vary among stakeholders, and depend on political and societal factors.
HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT UNIT PROCESSES FOR THE VALIDATION OF AN INFORMATION TOOL TO INVOLVE PATIENTS IN THE SAFETY OF THEIR CARE
Authors: Poder Thomas G. , Carrier Nathalie , Bédard Suzanne K.
Published: July 2018

Introduction:

Patients and families play an important role in preventing adverse events. The quality council at our hospital produced a communication tool in considering the main causes of adverse events and requested the health technology assessment (HTA) unit to validate it.

Objectives:

Assess the validity of the content of a tablemat sticker as an information tool for hospitalized patients.

Methods:

A qualitative validation was first performed with individual interviews and focus groups to evaluate the understanding of the content. The tool was modified and as a second step, a survey was conducted on patients and their families from a surgical care unit to validate their understanding and relevance of the content.

Results:

From the survey, patients and families found the tablemat attractive and stimulating (97 percent). It encouraged them to communicate with staff about the safety of their care (84 percent). They understood well the objective (79 percent) and text (90 percent), but less for the pictograms (30 percent to 62 percent). The communication and recommendations to avoid falling were good and 99 percent were wearing the medical identification. However, it was not clear that these indicators represented the real concerns of the patients and healthcare staff because no user evaluation was done when developing the tool.

Conclusions:

The tool was well understood, but some improvements are needed considering that pictograms were not always well understood and so need careful consideration from patient perspective. The HTA unit recommended conducting an unbiased survey to assess the concerns of patients and professionals to identify the most relevant indicators.
Were There ‘Bystanders’ in Topol'čany? On Concept Formation and the ‘Ladder of Abstraction’
Authors: KUBÁTOVÁ HANA , KUBÁT MICHAL
Published: July 2018

This article adds to an on-going conceptual discussion on the usefulness of the ‘bystander’ term when applied to the Holocaust and its aftermath. This catch-all concept, mostly associated with Raul Hilberg, has been the subject of fierce criticism, leading some to apply it only with adjectives (‘innocent’, ‘active’ or ‘passive’) and others to dismiss the concept altogether. Taking the Jewish–Gentile relations in Topoľčany as a case study, it becomes clear that the concept has many shortcomings when applied to the microcosm of a particular event. On the basis of Giovanni Sartori's writings on concept formation and the ‘ladder of abstraction’, we argue against dismissing the concept altogether in exchange for limiting its degree of applicability. As shown, the ‘bystander’ concept can be useful when approached with discipline and while being aware of the level of its generalisation.
Clinical impact of a novel ambulatory rhythm monitor in children
Authors: May Joseph W. , Carter Elizabeth L. , Hitt J. Ryan , Burklow Thomas R.
Published: July 2018

Traditional ambulatory rhythm monitoring in children can have limitations, including cumbersome leads and limited monitoring duration. The ZioTM patch ambulatory monitor is a small, adhesive, single-channel rhythm monitor that can be worn up to 2 weeks. In this study, we present a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of the ZioTM monitor’s impact in clinical practice. Patients aged 0–18 years were included in the study. A total of 373 studies were reviewed in 332 patients. In all, 28.4% had structural heart disease, and 16.9% had a prior surgical, catheterisation, or electrophysiology procedure. The most common indication for monitoring was tachypalpitations (41%); 93.5% of these patients had their symptoms captured during the study window. The median duration of monitoring was 5 days. Overall, 5.1% of ZioTM monitoring identified arrhythmias requiring new intervention or increased medical management; 4.0% identified arrhythmias requiring increased clinical surveillance. The remainder had either normal-variant rhythm or minor rhythm findings requiring no change in management. For patients with tachypalpitations and no structural heart disease, 13.2% had pathological arrhythmias, but 72.9% had normal-variant rhythm during symptoms, allowing discharge from cardiology care. Notably, for patients with findings requiring intervention or increased surveillance, 56% had findings first identified beyond 24 hours, and only 62% were patient-triggered findings. Seven studies (1.9%) were associated with complications or patient intolerance. The ZioTM is a well-tolerated device that may improve what traditional Holter and event monitoring would detect in paediatric cardiology patients. This study shows a positive clinical impact on the management of patients within a paediatric cardiology practice.
Reflective Identity of Students/Future Teachers – Chances and Hopes for Shaping a New Educational and Social Reality
Authors: Szczurek-Boruta Alina
Published: July 2018

Drawing upon Gidden’s theory of structuration, the works of Castells and Polish intercultural education, the author focuses on the relationship between installing in future teachers what we will call a ‘reflective identity’ and the creation of a new educational and social reality, thus contributing to transforming the whole social structure.
DETECTING CONVERGENCE CLUBS
Authors: Beylunioğlu Fuat C. , Yazgan M. Ege , Stengos Thanasis
Published: July 2018

The convergence hypothesis, which is developed in the context of growth economics, asserts that the income differences across countries are transitory, and developing countries will eventually attain the level of income of developed ones. On the other hand, convergence clubs hypothesis claim that the convergence can only be realized across groups of countries that share some common characteristics. In this study, we propose a new method to find convergence clubs that combines a pairwise method of testing convergence with maximum clique and maximal clique algorithms. Unlike many of those already developed in the literature, this new method aims to find convergence clubs endogenously without depending on a-priori classifications. In a Monte Carlo simulation study, the success of the method in finding convergence clubs is compared with a similar algorithm. Simulation results indicated that the proposed method perform better than the compared algorithm in most cases. In addition to the Monte Carlo, a new empirical evidence on the existence of convergence clubs is presented in the context of real data applications.
Cross-linguistic similarities and differences in bilingual acquisition and attrition: Possessives and double definiteness in Norwegian heritage language
Authors: ANDERSSEN MERETE , LUNDQUIST BJÖRN , WESTERGAARD MARIT
Published: July 2018

This study investigates possessives and modified definite DPs in a corpus of heritage Norwegian spoken in the US. Both constructions involve variation in Norwegian – two word orders for possessives (pre- and postnominal) and two exponents of definiteness (a prenominal determiner and a suffix) – while English only has one of these options. The findings show that a large majority of the heritage speakers overuse the structures that are maximally different from English structures, i.e., postnominal possessors and single suffixal definiteness marking. We argue that their production pattern is the result of cross-linguistic overcorrection (CLO). In addition, a small group of the heritage speakers show signs of cross-linguistic influence (CLI) and overuse the English-like structures in both constructions. These speakers also have a slightly lower proficiency in the heritage language. Our findings are discussed in terms of previous research on monolingual and Norwegian–English bilingual children.
INTRODUCTION: Recent developments in early bilingualism
Authors: KUPISCH TANJA
Published: July 2018

This Special Issue (SI) is dedicated to early bilinguals, who acquire two languages during early childhood, before age 6,simultaneously (2L1 bilinguals)orsequentially (cL2 bilinguals). Recently, the notion ofheritage speakers(HSs) − bilinguals who grow up speaking a minority language at home − has become prominent in this context. HS research has typically targeted bilinguals at a mature (adult) state, but early developing bilinguals may of course be HSs too, though not uniformly labelled as such. HSs of a moribund language or variety are another type of early bilingual, representing the final or penultimate, often 4thor 5th, generation of speakers. Unfortunately, ‘deficiency’ or ‘incompleteness’ is a common thread linking much HS research − despite a wealth of evidence demonstrating HSs’ maintenance of complexity in many grammatical domains along with differences to monolinguals (see, e.g., Kupisch & Rothman, 2016; Putnam & Sánchez, 2013). This SI brings together studies on how and why the morphosyntax and phonology of early bilinguals might differ from that of monolinguals.
The role of autophagy during osteoclastogenesis under microgravity conditions
Authors: Markolefa Ioanna , Lambrou George I.
Published: July 2018

Space represents a rather hostile environment for the human body, with the bone loss being one of the most important consequences. Autophagy is a complex cellular process contributing to several cellular processes including recycling, nutrition, apoptosis and response to stressful environments. Recent reports have indicated that autophagy is a process that increases under microgravity conditions. In particular, this was shown to be true in skeletal cells such as the osteoclasts. Suppression of autophagy results in downregulation of osteoclastogenesis, making autophagy a quite tempting therapeutic target for preventing bone loss during space flights. The present work attempts to review the literature on the topic of autophagy role in osteoclastogenesis under microgravity conditions.
Seeing the Bigger Picture: Conspiratorial Revisions of World War II History in Recent Russian Cinema
Authors: Noordenbos Boris
Published: July 2018

This article analyzes revisions of World War II history in recent Russian cinema and television, including the feature filmThe Match(Andrei Maliukov, 2012),Spy (Aleksei Andrianov, 2012), and the television seriesLiquidation(Sergei Ursuliak, 2007). All these productions rely on the logic of conspiracy theory for their reimaginations of war history: pivotal developments during the war or its aftermath are presented as the result of subterranean manipulations by enemies or intelligence services. Through a narrative and visual analysis, the article shows how these films and series use the notion of conspiracy to reformat the contexts of wartime events and to place them within a speculative “bigger picture.” In doing so, they infer that what we know about the past is merely a part or effect of larger, hidden designs. Finally, the article situates these findings within a wider “reconciliation with the Soviet” in Putin-era culture, which increasingly centers on the remembrance of World War II.
Adventures with Don Luquitas:Exploring Our Obligations as Biographers
Authors: Van Young Eric
Published: July 2018

What is our obligation, as biographers or historians, to the people we write about? I ask this question in the context of my own writing of a biography, a project in which I have been engaged for nearly 20 years, that is now, I thank God, drawing to a close. The subject of the book is Lucas Alamán, the nineteenth-century Mexican conservative statesman, historian, and entrepreneur. Born in 1792, he died in 1853, a few months into the last government of perennial president Antonio López de Santa Anna, of whose regime he had been the chief architect and whom he served in its early weeks as chief minister.
Obituary: Fernando Picó, SJ (1941–2017)
Authors: San Miguel Pedro L.
Published: July 2018

After enduring heart surgery in 2015 and a stroke in 2016, Fernando Picó, Puerto Rico's leading historian and a figure renowned all over the Caribbean, passed away on June 27, 2017, at the age of 75. Born in Santurce, Puerto Rico, Picó attended high school at the Colegio San Ignacio, where he received “the call” and decided to become a priest. In 1959, he joined the seminary of Saint Andrew-on-Hudson, Hyde Park, New York, and later went on to Loyola Seminary in Shrub Oak, New York, where he studied philosophy and theology. In addition, he earned a BA in History at Fordham University in 1965 and then an MA in 1966. In 1970, he received a PhD in Medieval History from Johns Hopkins University. His dissertation devolved around on what he jokingly called “the contentious bishops” of Laon, France, during the thirteenth century. He was ordained as a priest a year later.
Die deutsche Version des „Driving Cognitions Questionnaire“ (DCQ)
Authors: Heider Jens , Fischer Carolin , Schröder Annette
Published: July 2018

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Die Kenntnis spezifischer Kognitionen autofahrphobischer Patient_innen kann zum Verständnis der Ätiologie der Autofahrphobie sowie deren differentialdiagnostischer Abgrenzung beitragen. Die Modifikation dysfunktionaler Kognitionen bei Autofahrphobie ist zudem Ziel kognitiv-behavioraler Therapien. Bisher liegt jedoch kein deutschsprachiges Messinstrument vor, um spezifische Kognitionen bei Autofahrphobie zu erfassen, sodass die Skala „Driving Cognitions Questionnaire“ (DCQ) von Ehlers et al. (2007) ins Deutsche übersetzt wurde. Erfasst werden panikbezogene Sorgen, unfallbezogene Sorgen und Sorgen über die Bewertung durch Andere. Ziel ist eine psychometrische Validierung der deutschen Übersetzung des DCQ. Methode: Der DCQ wurde 98 ambulanten Psychotherapiepatient_innen sowie 843 Personen im Rahmen einer Online-Erhebung vorgelegt. Zur Validierung des deutschsprachigen Messinstruments wurde eine gekürzte Adaptation des „Driving Situations Questionnaire“ (DSQ) von Ehlers, Hofmann, Herda & Roth (1994) sowie das „Brief Symptom Inventory 18“ (BSI-18) von Franke et al. (2011) herangezogen. Dargestellt werden sowohl item- und skalentheoretische Befunde als auch faktorenanalytische Ergebnisse. Ergebnis: Die exploratorische Faktorenanalyse bestätigt die dreifaktorielle Struktur der Originalversion und konfirmatorisch führt ein bifaktorielles Modell zu einem guten Fit. Es liegen Belege für eine gute Reliabilität (.86 ≤ α ≤ .89) und Validität vor. Schlussfolgerung: Die deutsche Version des DCQ ist sowohl für Forschung als auch für die klinische Praxis einsetzbar und kann als Grundlage für weitere Untersuchungen in Bereichen der Klassifikation, Ätiologie und der Entwicklung von Behandlungsansätzen genutzt werden.
High-Energy Processes in Earth’s Atmosphere and Lightning
Authors: Chilingarian Ashot
Published: July 2018

Thunderstorms and Elementary Particle Acceleration (TEPA-2017) Symposium; Nor Amberd, Armenia, 2–6 October 2017
Identifying Sustained Drought Anomalies in Hydrological Records: A Wavelet Approach
Authors: Rashid Md. Mamunur , Johnson Fiona , Sharma Ashish
Published: July 2018

Identification of climatic drivers that simulate the variability of year to multiyear sustained rainfall anomalies is important for water resource management. This study provides a comprehensive investigation of the relationship of drought and climatic variables filtered to represent specific frequency bands using a wavelet transform. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is used to represent drought periods and wet anomalies over Australia. Strong evidence is found that the year to multiyear SPI extremes are strongly related to the low‐frequency signal present in climate variables. Interannual variability (period of 3.73 and 7.4 years) of climate variables are associated with drought at the annual scale, whereas multiyear droughts are strongly influenced by the variability at interdecadal frequencies (period of 14.9 years). The strength of these relationships is found to vary with climate variables and regions. While significant negative correlation between SPI and surface air temperature at interannual and interdecadal frequencies exists over the eastern Australia, this relationship is positive for parts of Western Australia. Regional analysis for 13 river basins over Australia indicates that wavelet decomposed low frequencies of climate variables perform better at predicting drought and wet periods than the unfiltered climate variables. Identifying filtered climatic predictors has significant potential in reconstructing drought records in past climates as well as simulating likely drought for future climates. Additionally, the selection of filtered climatic predictor variables enables an assessment of the improvements needed in climate model simulations so as to improve our ability to better simulate drought or sustained wet extremes.
Genomes of two archaeal endosymbionts show convergent adaptations to an intracellular lifestyle
Authors: Lind Anders E , Lewis William H , Spang Anja , Guy Lionel , Embley T Martin , Ettema Thijs J G
Published: July 2018

Endosymbiosis is a widespread phenomenon in the microbial world and can be based on diverse interactions between endosymbiont and host cell. The vast majority of the known endosymbiotic interactions involve bacteria that have invaded eukaryotic host cells. However, methanogenic archaea have been found to thrive in anaerobic, hydrogenosome-containing protists and it was suggested that this symbiosis is based on the transfer of hydrogen. Here, we used culture-independent genomics approaches to sequence the genomes of two distantly related methanogenic endosymbionts that have been acquired in two independent events by closely related anaerobic ciliate hosts Nyctotherus ovalis and Metopus contortus, respectively. The sequences obtained were then validated as originating from the ciliate endosymbionts by in situ probing experiments. Comparative analyses of these genomes and their closest free-living counterparts reveal that the genomes of both endosymbionts are in an early stage of adaptation towards endosymbiosis as evidenced by the large number of genes undergoing pseudogenization. For instance, the observed loss of genes involved in amino acid biosynthesis in both endosymbiont genomes indicates that the endosymbionts rely on their hosts for obtaining several essential nutrients. Furthermore, the endosymbionts appear to have gained significant amounts of genes of potentially secreted proteins, providing targets for future studies aiming to elucidate possible mechanisms underpinning host-interactions. Altogether, our results provide the first genomic insights into prokaryotic endosymbioses from the archaeal domain of life.
Methanol consumption drives the bacterial chloromethane sink in a forest soil
Authors: Chaignaud Pauline , Morawe Mareen , Besaury Ludovic , Kröber Eileen , Vuilleumier Stéphane , Bringel Françoise , Kolb Steffen
Published: July 2018

Halogenated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by terrestrial ecosystems, such as chloromethane (CH3Cl), have pronounced effects on troposphere and stratosphere chemistry and climate. The magnitude of the global CH3Cl sink is uncertain since it involves a largely uncharacterized microbial sink. CH3Cl represents a growth substrate for some specialized methylotrophs, while methanol (CH3OH), formed in much larger amounts in terrestrial environments, may be more widely used by such microorganisms. Direct measurements of CH3Cl degradation rates in two field campaigns and in microcosms allowed the identification of top soil horizons (i.e., organic plus mineral A horizon) as the major biotic sink in a deciduous forest. Metabolically active members of Alphaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria were identified by taxonomic and functional gene biomarkers following stable isotope labeling (SIP) of microcosms with CH3Cl and CH3OH, added alone or together as the [13C]-isotopologue. Well-studied reference CH3Cl degraders, such as Methylobacterium extorquens CM4, were not involved in the sink activity of the studied soil. Nonetheless, only sequences of the cmuA chloromethane dehalogenase gene highly similar to those of known strains were detected, suggesting the relevance of horizontal gene transfer for CH3Cl degradation in forest soil. Further, CH3Cl consumption rate increased in the presence of CH3OH. Members of Alphaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria were also 13C-labeled upon [13C]-CH3OH amendment. These findings suggest that key bacterial CH3Cl degraders in forest soil benefit from CH3OH as an alternative substrate. For soil CH3Cl-utilizing methylotrophs, utilization of several one-carbon compounds may represent a competitive advantage over heterotrophs that cannot utilize one-carbon compounds.
Liver-specific deletion of Eva1a/Tmem166 aggravates acute liver injury by impairing autophagy
Authors: Lin Xin , Cui Ming , Xu Dong , Hong Dubeiqi , Xia Yan , Xu Chentong , Li Riyong , Zhang Xuan , Lou Yaxin , He Qihua , Lv Ping , Chen Yingyu
Published: July 2018

Acute liver failure (ALF) is an inflammation-mediated hepatocellular injury process associated with cellular autophagy. However, the mechanism by which autophagy regulates ALF remains undefined. Herein, we demonstrated that Eva1a (eva-1 homolog A)/Tmem166 (transmembrane protein 166), an autophagy-related gene, can protect mice from ALF induced by d-galactosamine (D-GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) via autophagy. Our findings indicate that a hepatocyte-specific deletion of Eva1a aggravated hepatic injury in ALF mice, as evidenced by increased levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNFα and IL-6), which was associated with disordered liver architecture exhibited by Eva1a−/− mouse livers with ALF. Moreover, we found that the decreased autophagy in Eva1a−/− mouse liver resulted in the substantial accumulation of swollen mitochondria in ALF, resulting in a lack of ATP generation, and consequently hepatocyte apoptosis or death. The administration of Adeno-Associated Virus Eva1a (AAV-Eva1a) or antophagy-inducer rapamycin increased autophagy and provided protection against liver injury in Eva1a−/− mice with ALF, suggesting that defective autophagy is a significant mechanism of ALF in mice. Collectively, for the first time, we have demonstrated that Eva1a-mediated autophagy ameliorated liver injury in mice with ALF by attenuating inflammatory responses and apoptosis, indicating a potential therapeutic application for ALF.
Novel variants in COL4A4 and COL4A5 are rare causes of FSGS in two unrelated families
Authors: Hines Stephanie L. , Agarwal Anjali , Ghandour Mohamedanwar , Aslam Nabeel , Mohammad Ahmed N. , Atwal Paldeep S.
Published: July 2018

We report two female patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and chronic kidney disease. The first patient was found to have a heterozygous, de novo, pathogenic variant in COL4A5 (c.141+1G>A, IVS2+1G>A), which is associated with Alport syndrome. The second patient was found to have a heterozygous, likely pathogenic variant in COL4A4 (c.2842G>T). Both these variants in COL4A5 and COL4A4 are novel, and they were detected using whole exome sequencing and gene panel testing, respectively. Additionally, we discuss the complexities of diagnosis in such cases and the benefits of using the abovementioned diagnostic approaches.
Hippocampal projections to the anterior olfactory nucleus differentially convey spatiotemporal information during episodic odour memory
Authors: Aqrabawi Afif J. , Kim Jun Chul
Published: July 2018

The hippocampus is essential for representing spatiotemporal context and establishing its association with the sensory details of daily life to form episodic memories. The olfactory cortex in particular shares exclusive anatomical connections with the hippocampus as a result of their common evolutionary history. Here we selectively inhibit hippocampal projections to the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) during behavioural tests of contextually cued odour recall. We find that spatial odour memory and temporal odour memory are independently impaired following inhibition of distinct, topographically organized hippocampal-AON pathways. Our results not only reveal a longstanding unknown function for the AON but offer new mechanistic insights regarding the representation of odours in episodic memory.
Fe-N system at high pressure reveals a compound featuring polymeric nitrogen chains
Authors: Bykov M. , Bykova E. , Aprilis G. , Glazyrin K. , Koemets E. , Chuvashova I. , Kupenko I. , McCammon C. , Mezouar M. , Prakapenka V. , Liermann H.-P. , Tasnádi F. , Ponomareva A. V. , Abrikosov I. A. , Dubrovinskaia N. , Dubrovinsky L.
Published: July 2018

Poly-nitrogen compounds have been considered as potential high energy density materials for a long time due to the large number of energetic N–N or N=N bonds. In most cases high nitrogen content and stability at ambient conditions are mutually exclusive, thereby making the synthesis of such materials challenging. One way to stabilize such compounds is the application of high pressure. Here, through a direct reaction between Fe and N2 in a laser-heated diamond anvil cell, we synthesize three ironnitrogen compounds Fe3N2, FeN2 and FeN4. Their crystal structures are revealed by single-crystal synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Fe3N2, synthesized at 50 GPa, is isostructural to chromium carbide Cr3C2. FeN2 has a marcasite structure type and features covalently bonded dinitrogen units in its crystal structure. FeN4, synthesized at 106 GPa, features polymeric nitrogen chains of [N42−]n units. Based on results of structural studies and theoretical analysis, [N42−]n units in this compound reveal catena-poly[tetraz-1-ene-1,4-diyl] anions.
Neutralizing negative epigenetic regulation by HDAC5 enhances human haematopoietic stem cell homing and engraftment
Authors: Huang Xinxin , Guo Bin , Liu Sheng , Wan Jun , Broxmeyer Hal E.
Published: July 2018

Enhancement of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) homing and engraftment is clinically critical, especially for cord blood (CB) hematopoietic cell transplantation. Here we report that specific HDAC5 inhibition highly upregulates CXCR4 surface expression in human CB HSCs and progenitor cells (HPCs). This results in enhanced SDF-1/CXCR4-mediated chemotaxis and increased homing to the bone marrow environment, with elevated SCID-repopulating cell (SRC) frequency and enhanced long-term and secondary engraftment in NSG mice. HDAC5 inhibition increases acetylated p65 levels in the nucleus, which is important for CXCR4 transcription. Inhibition of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling suppresses HDAC5-mediated CXCR4 upregulation, enhanced HSC homing, and engraftment. Furthermore, activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway via TNFα also results in significantly increased CXCR4 surface expression, enhanced HSC homing, and engraftment. These results demonstrate a previously unknown negative epigenetic regulation of HSC homing and engraftment by HDAC5, and allow for a new and simple translational strategy to enhance HSC transplantation.