bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proses Penciptaan Manusia Menurut Ilmu Sains dan Al-Qur'an
Authors: Afkarina Robiah Husna , Kurniawan Rachmad Risqy
Published: May 2022

Manusia adalah makhluk yang paling sempurna dan sebaik-baik ciptaan dibandingkan makhluk yang lain. Oleh sebab itu manusia diharuskan mengenal siapa yang menciptakan dirinya sebelum mengenal lainnya. Manusia dilengkapi akal untuk berfikir yang membedakannya dengan makhluk yang lain. Mengenai proses penciptaan manusia, dalam Al-Qur’an diterangkan bahwa manusia diciptakan dari Sari Pati tanah dengan bentuk sebaik-baiknya kemudian ditiupkan ruh kepadanya hingga menjadi hidup. Seperti firman Allah dalam Q.S Al Mu’minun : 12-14 “ Dan sesungguhnya kami telah menciptakan manusia dari suatu saripati (berasal) dari tanah. Kemudian kami jadikan saripati itu mani (yang disimpan) dalam tempat yang kokoh (rahim). Kemudian air mani itu kami jadikan segumpal darah, lalu segumpal darah itu kami jadikan segumpal daging, dan segumpal daging itu kami jadikan tulang belulang, lalu tulang belulang itu kami bungkus dengan daging. Kemudian kami jadikan dia makhluk yang (berbentuk) lain. Maka maha sucilah Allah, Pencipta Yang Paling Baik”. Dan masih banyak lagi ayat-ayat Al-Qur’an yang menjelaskan tentang proses penciptaan manusia.Menurut pandangan sains modern, dijelaskan bahwa proses kejadian manusia terjadi dalam tiga fase. Pertama, fase zigot yaitu sejak pembuahan akan mengalami pembelahan hingga akhir minggu ke 2. Kedua, Fase embrio yaitu dari terbentuknya zigot sampai berkembang menjadi embrio dari akhir minggu ke 2 hingga akhir bulan ke 2 dan yang ketiga, fase janin yaitu dimana ciri-ciri fisik orang dewasa sudah mulai terlihat. Dan pada umur 4 bulan, ruh telah di tiup kan ke dalam janin tersebut. Dalam masa ini, orang islam biasanya mengadakan syukuran selamatan untuk mengungkapkan rasa syukurnya kepada Allah.Sedangkan menurut teori biologi yang dikembangkan oleh Charles Robert Darwin (1800-1882) ia mengemukakan bahwa manusia adalah hasil evolusi dari makhluk hidup yang sangat sederhana dan menyatakan bahwa manusia adalah keturunan kera atau simpanse.
Peningkatan jumlah Pengangguran di masa Pandemi Covid-19
Authors: Rositawati Ita , Kurniawan Rachmad Risqy
Published: May 2022

The 2019 outbreak of the plague is familiar to people as covid-19 has entered Indonesia since early March 2020, all indonesians are unprepared for this pandemic. A policy of discretion issued by the government on the application of lockdown and long-term social restrictions (PSBB) has been one of these self-defenses against covid-19, and this administration has proven to be a rise in covid-19 positive dispersion cases. However, the result of lockdown’s also ban on crowding takes a huge toll on the social and economic in Indonesia. The purpose of the writing of this article is to know as the covid-19 affects unemployment, the prediction of the increasing number of unemployment and repercussions of pandemics to social and in Indonesia.
‘National IQ’ datasets do not provide accurate, unbiased or comparable measures of cognitive ability worldwide
Authors: Sear Rebecca
Published: May 2022

In 2002, Lynn and Vanhanen produced a dataset which claimed to provide average ‘national IQs’ for nation-states worldwide. Despite extensive critique, this dataset, and subsequent updated versions, have been used in a large number of empirical publications. Here I evaluate the latest version, produced in 2019 by Lynn and Becker, and show that this dataset is not fit for purpose. The primary data sources are inadequate for estimating ‘national IQs’. The majority of data included originates from samples which are wholly unrepresentative of their national populations. Many are convenience samples with small sample sizes, often including only children and often including individuals chosen because they had particular characteristics (i.e., samples which were deliberately chosen to be unrepresentative). Data were collected using a range of different cognitive tests and from such diverse populations that it is impossible to generate comparable measure of cognitive ability. There is also evidence that further bias may have been introduced during manipulations of primary data into ‘IQ’ scores. The extent of these biases differs by world region, meaning that the dataset is not only inaccurate but systematically biased. This ‘national IQ’ dataset therefore does not provide comparable, accurate and unbiased measures of cognitive ability worldwide, and should not be used be draw inferences about global variation in intelligence.
Heterogeneity in item content of quality of life assessments used in depression research
Authors: Peipert Allison , Adams Sydney , Lorenzo-Luaces Lorenzo
Published: May 2022

Purpose: Quality of life (QOL) refers broadly to the assessment of well-being, life satisfaction, and psychosocial functioning. Depression, a leading cause of disability worldwide, is associated with lower QOL. However, QOL literature presents varying definitions of the concept with no consensus on the best definition or conceptual model. As measurement-based care initiatives and patient-reported outcomes have become a standard for quality care, the number of QOL assessments has increased. It is unclear how much heterogeneity there is in the measurement of QOL across instruments. The aim of the present study was to quantitatively and qualitatively describe item content overlap among QOL measures commonly used in depression research. Methods: We identified 10 QOL measures from a recent meta-analysis and quantified the degree of item content overlap by calculating the Jaccard Indices across measures, a similarity coefficient for binary data. We coded overlap using two approaches: one defined content overlap as involving any similarly worded items (e.g., “down” and “blue”), and a second defined content overlap as using exactly the same word or root (e.g., “anxiety” and “anxious”). We also employed a mixed methods approach to code all items into broader themes. Results: Both approaches yielded low levels of item content overlap (M1=0.14, SD1=0.12; M2=0.07, SD2=0.08), reflecting substantial heterogeneity among common measures of QOL used in depression. Conclusion: Popular measures of QOL assess very different content, raising the possibility that outcomes may not be reproducible across scales. Future work should explore the relations among content assessed in measures of QOL.
Visual attention and language exposure during everyday activities: an at-home study of early word learning using wearable eye trackers
Authors: Schroer Sara E , Peters Ryan Ernest , Yarbrough Alyssa , Yu Chen
Published: May 2022

Early language learning relies on statistical regularities that exist across timescales in infants’ lives. Two types of these statistical regularities are the routine activities that make up their day, such as mealtime and play, and the real-time repeated behaviors that make up the moment-by-moment dynamics of those routines. These two types of regularities are different in nature and are embedded at two different temporal scales, which led to divergent research in the literature – those who collect long-form recordings and observations of at-home behavior and those who use eye trackers and micro-level analyses to quantify real-time behavior in laboratories. The goal of present paper is to jointly examine and connect the statistical regularities at these two timescales. Towards this goal, we brought wearable eye trackers to English- and Spanish-speaking families’ homes to record parent and toddler visual attention during daily routines. We transcribed parent speech during object play and mealtime and coded toddler visual attention during naming moments. We found that parents and toddlers jointly interacted with the unique vocabularies of the two activities. Although naming and attention were more coordinated during object play, mealtime still afforded opportunities for high-quality naming moments. Our results lay the building blocks for connecting these two lines of research and demonstrate the feasibility of at-home data collection with eye trackers.
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in Pregnancy and Sleep Quality: Secondary Analysis from a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: MacKinnon Anna L. , Sedov Ivan , Silang Katherine , Kumari Jeshna , Giesbrecht Gerald , Campbell Tavis , Tomfohr-Madsen Lianne
Published: May 2022

Poor sleep quality during pregnancy is prevalent, commonly persists into the postpartum period, and has been associated with poor maternal and child outcomes including risk of preterm birth and postpartum depression. Pregnant individuals are hesitant to take medication leaving many without evidence-based treatments for sleep problems. Mindfulness-based interventions have been shown to improve sleep in adults, but their impact on sleep in pregnancy has rarely been investigated. The current investigation comprises secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of an 8-week modified Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Depression (MBCT-PD) group intervention for pregnant individuals experiencing psychological distress. A community sample of pregnant individuals who self-identified as experiencing high levels of psychological distress were randomized to MBCT-PD (n=28) or treatment as usual (n=32) conditions. Assessments comprised a sleep quality questionnaire, a sleep diary and actigraphy, at enrolment, post- intervention, and follow-up at 3 months postpartum. Multilevel modeling revealed a significant effect of MBCT-PD on overall sleep quality across time moderated by baseline levels, such that participants with initial worse sleep quality who received treatment had greater improvement from post intervention to follow-up. Sleep efficiency assessed by diary improved significantly among those who received MBCT-PD, but no other differential changes were observed in diary or actigraphy parameters. Among pregnant individuals with high levels of psychological distress, training in mindfulness was associated with secondary benefits for sleep. Further research is warranted to examine what MBCT-PD components are necessary and could be tailored to address sleep problems during pregnancy.
Positive Relationships Mediate the Bidirectional Connections Between Depression and Anxiety Symptoms
Authors: Barber Kathryn E , Zainal Nur Hani , Newman Michelle G.
Published: May 2022

Introduction: Major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) co-occur at high rates, often preceding and predicting one another over long durations. Interpersonal theories propose that relationships with others may mediate the longitudinal MDD–GAD pathway. Therefore, the current study examined the mediational effect of positive relations with others over 18 years. Methods: Community-dwelling adults (n = 3,294) completed self-reports at three time-points, each spaced about nine years apart. GAD and MDD symptoms (Composite International Diagnostic Interview–Short Form) were assessed at Time 1 (T1) and Time 3 (T3). The level of positive relations (Psychological Well-Being Scale–Positive Relations with Others) was measured at Time 2 (T2). Structural equation mediation modeling was used for data analysis. Results: Results indicated that T2 positive relations with others significantly mediated the relationship between more severe T1 GAD symptoms and elevated T3 MDD severity (d = 0.36), accounting for 12.2% of the variance of this connection. T2 positive relations with others also mediated the association between higher T1 MDD severity positively predicting more severe T3 GAD symptoms (d = 0.38) and explained 10.7% of the variance. All indirect effects of T2 positive relations with others in the 18-year MDD-GAD pathway were significant after adjusting for age, gender, education, and baseline symptoms (d = 0.20¬–0.37). Conclusions: Supporting interpersonal theories, lack of positive relationships with others mediated the 18-year bidirectional connections between GAD and MDD symptoms. Cognitive-behavioral therapies could be augmented by incorporating strategies that enhance interpersonal functioning and perceived social support.
Gender differences and mask wearing: an observational study on a University campus and a mini-meta-analysis
Authors: Bainbridge Sophie , Allsop Sarah , Pollet Thomas Victor
Published: May 2022

Research informed by evolutionary theory has suggested that, all else being equal, men are expected to take greater risks than women. This has been evidenced in a range of domains, including health prevention behaviours. In this study, gender differences in mask wearing were recorded at three locations on a University campus (n = 1,435). Logistic regression and Bayes Factor analyses demonstrated that the data do not support a gender difference in mask wearing. This led us to supplement our findings with a mini-meta-analyis, synthesising the gender difference reported in ten papers (n = 73,493) observing mask wearing during the COVID-19 pandemic. This analysis is supportive of a weak effect whereby women are more inclined to wear a mask than men (OR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.26 to 1.88). However, the mini-meta-analysis also suggested a considerable amount of heterogeneity. Our research calls for further work assessing the factors explaining this heterogeneity in the observed gender difference in mask wearing.
Social affective forecasting and social anhedonia in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: A daily diary study
Authors: Shovestul Bridget , Saxena Abhishek , Reda Stephanie , Dudek Emily , Wu Chenwei , Lamberti J. Steven , Dodell-Feder David
Published: May 2022

Social anhedonia (SA) is a pernicious symptom observed across schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (SSDs). While in-the-moment social pleasure experiences are intact in SSDs, anticipatory pleasure experiences may be disrupted. Thus, the ability to predict future affect in social situations, or social affective forecasting (SAF), may play a role in SA. Therefore, we utilized daily diary methods to examine SAF in SSDs and the association between SAF and SA in 34 SSD and 43 non-SSD individuals. SAF was calculated as the difference between anticipatory and consummatory ratings of 13 positive and negative emotions for daily social interactions reported across eight days. Results suggest that individuals with SSDs are less accurate in forecasting negative, but not positive affect, for future social interactions. Further, decreased forecasting accuracy of negative affect was associated with elevated levels of SA and lower social pleasure. Together, these data suggest that inaccuracies in forecasting negative affect may be a worthwhile intervention target for reducing SA in SSDs.
TANTANGAN YANG DIHADAPI GURU DALAM MENGAJAR PADA ABAD 21
Authors: Pratama Muhammad Rizki
Published: May 2022

Pesatnya perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi di abad 21 telah membawa dampak bagi dunia pendidikan khususnya di Indonesia. Salah satu komponen penting dalam pendidikan adalah guru. Guru memegang peranan penting dalam konteks pendidikan karena guru merupakan garda terdepan dalam penyelenggaraan pendidikan dan berhadapan langsung dengan siswa. Untuk mengikuti perkembangan IPTEK yang makin hari semakin berkembangan, hal ini akan mendorong sistem pendidikan yang ada di Indonesia mengalami berbagai perubahan. Menurut (Susilo dan Sarkowi 2018) salah satu perubahan paradigma pembelajaran tersebut adalah orientasi pembelajaran yang semula berpusat pada guru (teacher centered) berubah menjadi berpusat pada murid (student centered). Pertama, dalam kegiatan pembelajaran, tugas utama guru adalah memberikan pengetahuan kepada siswa, menjadikan guru sebagai sumber belajar yang utama. Di abad 21 ini, guru hanyalah fasilitator yang menyediakan bahan baku. Dengan perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang terus berkembang, guru dituntut untuk inovatif dan kreatif dalam kegiatan pembelajaran, serta memanfaatkan teknologi yang ada untuk memajukan kegiatan pembelajaran tersebut. Tentunya harus ada effort atau upaya dalam menghadapi promblematika atau tantangan dalam menghadapi pembelajarab abad 21 ini.
BELAJAR PEMBELAJARAN DALAM METODE CERAMAH
Authors: Hidayati Helma
Published: May 2022

Metode ceramah ialah penerangan dan penuturan secara lisan oleh guru di depan siswa dan di muka kelas, apalagi dengan karakter siswa yang selfcentered dan serba instan mempengaruhi disiplin belajar dan respon mereka selama pembelajaran. Siswa menjadi tidak aktif dan tujuan pembelajaran belum bisa tercapai dengan efektif. Maka dari itu, guru mengupayakan metode yang meningkatkan keaktifan pada siswa agar siswa dapat memahami pada pembelajarannya. Dengan demikian, upaya untuk meningkatkan pada minat belajar siswa dapat menggunakan metode ceramah sudah dirasa efektif, dilihat dari pengertian kata minat merupakan kemauan atau keinginan diri melakukan sesuatu. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif deksriptif, artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji tentang penggunaan metode ceramah interaktif sebagai upaya untuk meningkatkan keaktifan siswa. Pemaparan metode ceramah interaktif dapat memberikan gambaran tentang bagaimana tahap-tahap dalam metode ini dan interaksi yang terjadi didalamnya dapat memenuhi indikator keaktifan belajar berupa semangat mengikuti pembelajaran, berani bertanya, berani menjawab pertanyaan, dan berani mempresentasikan hasil belajar siswa di depan kelas melalui interaksi yang ada. Penggunaan metode ceramah interaktif efektif digunakan sebagai alternatif solusi untuk masalah keaktifan siswa dan mendukung pencapaian tujuan pembelajaran.
Teknologi Merupakan Solusi Bagi Guru Untuk Menjadikan Pembelajaran Lebih Efisien
Authors: Fadillah Muhammad
Published: May 2022

Teknologi merupakan suatu yang sangat penting dalam kehidupan. Pada abad 21 teknologi sudah sangat berkembang dengan pesat. Sehingga teknologi digunakan diberbagai didang untuk meningkatkan bidang-bidang yang ada. Salah satunya bidang pendidikan dengan menggunakan teknologi saat pembelajaran diharapkan menjadi lebih efisien. Sudah banyak pembelajaran yang menggunakan teknologi akan masih ada masalah yang ada dalam pembelajaran yang menerapkan teknologi saat pembelajaran.
वर्णधर्मानुशीलनम् [Caste practice]
Authors: पोख्रेलः काशीराज
Published: May 2022

ब्राह्मणाद्याश्चत्वारो वर्णाः सन्ति । वर्णव्यवस्थाया वर्णनं वेदस्मृतिपुराणादिषु ग्रन्थेषु सर्वत्र  विहितमुपलभ्यते । गृहस्थाश्रमवर्तीनां वर्णानां मध्ये ब्राह्मणानां साङ्गस्य वेदस्याध्यापनाध्ययने तथा यजनयाजने, दानप्रतिग्रहौ चेत्येतानि षट् कर्माणि शास्त्रेषु निरूपितानि सन्ति । तासु कर्मसु याजनाध्यापनप्रतिग्रहादीनि त्रीणि कर्माणि ब्राह्मणानां जीवनार्थानि मन्यन्ते । एवं वेदाध्ययनयजनदानादीनि त्रीणि कर्माणि ब्राह्मणानामिव क्षत्रियाणामपि कर्तव्यत्वेन निर्दिष्टानि सन्ति । अध्यापनयाजनप्रतिग्रहाख्यानि त्रीणि कर्माणि क्षत्रियाणां कृते निषिद्धानि मन्यन्ते । क्षत्रियाणां वृ¤यर्थं धर्मार्थञ्च प्रधानं कर्म प्रजापालनमेव निर्दिष्टमस्ति । एवं वैश्यस्य यागाध्ययनदानानि कुसीदकृषिवाणिज्यपशुपालनानि च कर्माणि वृ¤यर्थानि मन्यन्ते । शूद्रस्य तु धर्मार्थं वृ¤यर्थञ्च प्रधानं कर्म द्विजातीनां परिचर्यैव धर्मशास्त्रकारैर्मन्यते । अनेन प्रकारेण शास्त्रोक्तकर्मणा जीवितुमशक्नुवन्नापादि धर्मशास्त्रे आपद्धर्मस्य व्यवस्था विहिता वर्तते । तत्र चापदि ब्राह्मणः क्षत्रियकर्मणा, क्षत्रियो वैश्यकर्मणा तथा वैश्योऽपि शूद्रकर्मणा व्यवहर्तुं शक्नोति । एवं शुद्रोऽपि द्विजातीनां सेवया जीवितुमशक्नुवन्नापदि विविधशिल्पकर्मभिर्जीवेदिति व्यवस्था विहिता  वर्तते । वर्णेषु च जातिव्यवस्था प्रदर्शिता वर्तते । तत्र वर्णेषु जातानां द्वादशानां पुत्राणां मध्ये शास्त्रोक्तविवाहविधिमनुसृत्य विवाहितसवर्णकन्यायां जात एक एवौरसः पुत्रः सवर्णः सजातीयश्च मन्यते । वर्णानामनुलोमविवाहेषु क्रमिकरूपेण मूर्धावसिक्त–अम्बष्ठ–निषाद–माहिष्य–उग्र–करणाख्याः षडनुलोमजाः पुत्रा जायन्ते । धर्मशास्त्रे प्रतिलोमविवाहस्य विधिर्नास्ति । तथापि प्रतिलोमजाः सूत–वैदेहक–चण्डाल–मागध–क्षत्राऽयोगवाख्याः षट् पुत्रा तत्रापि भवन्ति । संकीर्णजातीनां परस्परकन्यासु जाताःपुक्कस–कुक्कुटक–क्षेत्ता–श्वपाक–वेण–सैरिन्ध्र–मैत्रेयक–मार्गव–चर्र्मकार–अन्ध्र–मेद–सोपाक–अन्त्यवसायी–पाण्डुसोपाक–आहिण्डिकादयो विविधाः पुत्रा भवन्ति । तेषां सर्वेषां जात्यन्तरजातानां जातीनां कर्माणि च प्रतिपादितानि सन्ति । द्विजातयश्चोपनयनादिक्रियालोपेन यजनाध्ययनप्रायाश्चित्तादीनाञ्चाभावेन शनैः शूद्रतां गच्छन्ति । तेषु च पौण्ड्रक–चौड्र–द्रविड–काम्बोज–यवन–शक–पारद–पल्हव–चीन–किरात–दरद–खसाः क्रियालोपादिना शूद्रत्वमापन्ना मन्यन्ते । तेषां सर्वेषां संक्षिप्तविवरणमध्ययनेऽस्मिन् समुपस्थापितमस्ति । तत्र च गृहस्थानां वर्णानां प्राणयात्रार्थं दायाद्याः सप्त धनागमा धम्र्या मन्यन्ते । तेषां जीवनार्थं विद्याशिल्पादयो दश जीवनहेतवश्च निर्देशिताः सन्ति ।
ड्यौडागीतको विषयवस्तु [The theme of Deudagit]
Authors: उपाध्याय Upadhyay खगेन्द्रप्रसाद Khagendr Prasad
Published: May 2022

‘ड्यौडागीतको विषयवस्तु’ शीर्षकमा तयार पारिएको प्रस्तुत लेखको प्रयोजन नेपाली लोकसाहित्यको खोज अनुसन्धानमा टेवा पु¥याउनु रहेको छ । ड्यौडागीतमा समाविष्ट विषयवस्तुको चिनारी दिने र विषयवस्तुका आधारमा ड्यौडागीतको विश्लेषण गर्ने उद्देश्यका साथ उक्त लेख तयार पारिएको छ । प्राथमिक स्रोतका तथ्याङ्क तथा सामग्री सङ्कलनका लागि क्षेत्रीय सर्वेक्षण  अध्ययन शोधपद्धति र द्वितीयक स्रोतका सामग्री सङ्कलनका लागि विषयवस्तु विश्लेषण अध्ययन शोधपद्धति अँगालिएको यस लेखमा लोकसाहित्य तथा लोकसंस्कृतिको अनुसन्धानको परम्परागत सिद्धान्तलाई उपयोग गरिएको छ । यो गुणात्मक ढाँचाको अध्ययन भएको हुनाले यसमा वर्णनात्मक र विश्लेषणात्मक पद्धतिको उपयोग भएको छ । सामाजिक चालचलन, विकृति–विसङ्गति, विरह–व्यथा, धर्मसंस्कार, प्रेम–प्रणय, राजनीति, समसामयिकता, शोषण–उत्पीडन, प्रकृति, पुराण, इतिहास आदि जस्ता  विविध विषयवस्तुमा ड्यौडागीतको सिर्जना हुने गरेकाले प्रस्तुत लेखमा ड्यौडागीतलाई सामाजिक गीत, प्रेम प्रणय र विरहसम्बन्धी गीत, कर्म वा भाग्यसम्बन्धी गीत, प्रकृतिसम्बन्धी गीत, धर्म र संस्कारसम्बन्धी गीत, ऐतिहासिक गीत, पौराणिक गीत, जन्मभूमि र देशप्रेमसम्बन्धी गीत, देशको राजनीति र समसामयिकतासँग सम्बन्धित गीत प्रस्तुत गरी विषयवस्तुको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ ।
एपिए सातौँ संस्करणका प्रावधानहरू [Provisions of the seventh edition of APA]
Authors: घोडासैनी Ghodasaini खगेन्द्र Khagendra
Published: May 2022

प्रस्तुत लेख एपिए सातौँ संस्करणका प्रावधानहरू खोजी गर्ने उद्देश्यले तयार पारिएको हो । यसमा एपिए ढाँचाका प्रावधानसँग सम्बन्धित समस्याको समाधान गर्ने प्रयास गरिएको छ । यसमा दस्तावेजको विश्लेषणमा आधारित गुणात्मक ढाँचा अवलम्बन गरी सोद्देश्यमूलक नमुना छनोट विधि अपनाइएको छ । एपिएका प्रावधानहरूको वर्णन र विश्लेषण गरिएको यस लेखमा एपिए शैलीलाई नै सैद्धान्तिक पर्याधार बनाइएको छ । अनुसन्धानको प्रस्तुति गर्ने एपिए, एमएलए, सिकागो स्टाइल, तुरेबियन स्टाइल, वेन्कुवर स्टाइल, हावर्ट स्टाइल र ब्रिली चाइनिज साइटेसन स्टाइल गाइडजस्ता बहुप्रचलित ढाँचाहरू रहेका छन् । तीमध्ये एपिए ढाँचाको प्रयोग वाङ्मयका शिक्षा, विज्ञानलगायतका विभिन्न क्षेत्रमा गरिन्छ । एपिएको सर्वप्रथम प्रकाशन सन् १९२९ मा भएको थियो भने २०२० मा यसको सातौँ संस्करण प्रकाशित भएको छ । यसमा गुणात्मक, परिमाणात्मक र मिश्रित अनुसन्धान विधिको चर्चासँगै अनुसन्धानात्मक लेख, प्रतिवेदन तथा पुस्तकहरू सेटिङ गर्ने तरिकाबारे पनि उल्लेख गरिएको छ । यसमा अनुसन्धानको भाषाशैली, छपाइ प्रविधि, वर्णविन्यास, पृष्ठाङ्कन, मार्जिन छोडाइ, अङ्क, तथ्याङ्कको प्रयोगका तरिका, उद्धरण, टिप्पणी र भावहरणका तरिकादेखि लेख, पुस्तक र विद्युतीय माध्यममा प्रकाशित सामग्रीको सन्दर्भाङ्कन गर्ने तरिकालाई सरलीकृत गरिएको छ । अङ्ग्रेजी भाषामा पहुँच नभएका नेपाली, संस्कृत, मैथिली, थारु, नेवारी आदि भाषामा एपिए शैलीको प्रयोग गर्न चाहने अनुसन्धाताहरूका लागि उपयोगी हुने निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ । [This article is intended to explore the provisions of the seventh edition of the APA. It attempts to resolve issues related to the provisions of the APA framework. In this, purposeful sample selection method has been adopted by adopting qualitative format based on the analysis of the document. This article describes and analyzes the provisions of the APA, making the APA style the theoretical basis. There are many popular formats for presenting research, such as APA, MLA, Chicago style, Turbian style, Vancouver style, Howart style and Brilliant Chinese citation style guide. Among them, the APA format is used in various fields including classical education and science. The first edition of APA was published in 1929 and the seventh edition was published in 2020. It discusses qualitative, quantitative and mixed research methods as well as how to set up research articles, reports and books. This includes research language style, printing techniques, typography, layout, margin skipping, numbers, usage of data, quotes, the methods of commenting and commenting on the content of articles, books and electronic media have been simplified. It has been concluded that, it will be useful for researchers who want to use APA style in Nepali, Sanskrit, Maithili, Tharu, Newari etc. languages, ​​who do not have access to English language.]
नेपाली भाषाका सुदूरपश्चिमेली भाषिकाहरूमा शब्दतात्त्विक एवं ध्वनितात्त्विक समानता [Linguistic and phonological similarities in the far western dialects of Nepali language]
Authors: निरौला Niraula यज्ञेश्वर Yaggeshvar
Published: May 2022

भाषाका सामाजिक, भौगोलिक, ऐतिहासिक, व्यक्तिभेद र प्रयोजनपरक भेद गरी विभिन्न भेद पाइए तापनि भौगोलिक भेदलाई भाषिका भन्ने गरिन्छ । नेपालको सुदूरपश्चिमको पहाडी क्षेत्रका अधिकांश वक्ताले जुन बोली प्रयोगमा ल्याएका छन् तिनमा भाषिक क्षेत्रपिच्छे अलग अलग भेद देखा परेका छन् ।  भाषिका मापनको महŒवपूर्ण आधार भाषिक समानता मापन हो । यस भेगमा रहेका अछाम, बाजुरा, बझाङ, डुम्राकोट, निरोली, डडेलधुरा, दुहु, मार्मा, लेकम, पुर्चौडी, चुहागढ, मल्लो सोराड आदि विभिन्न भाषिक क्षेत्रको बोली अलग अलग भाषा नभएर एउटै भाषाका भिन्नाभिन्नै भाषिका हुन् भन्ने कुरा यस शोधलेखमा भाषिक समानता मापनका माध्यमबाट पुष्टि गरिएको छ । क्षेत्रीय पद्धतिमा उपर्युक्त सबै भाषिका क्षेत्रबाट सङ्कलन गरिएका आधारभूत सय शब्दलाई भाषिक समानता मापन गर्ने आधार बनाइएको छ र कग प्रविधिबाट सुदूरपश्चिमको पहाडी क्षेत्रमा बोलिने भाषिकामा सय शब्द सङ्कलन र भाषिका मापन गरी प्रत्येक भाषिक क्षेत्रमा बोलिने यहाँको बोलीलाई भाषिका मापनका आधारमा एउटै भाषाका भाषिका हुन् भनी निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ । नेपाली भाषाको पुर्बेली भाषिकाभन्दा फरक ढाँचा र शैलीमा बोलिए तापनि पुर्बेली भाषिकाकै सापेक्षतामा सङ्कलित सामग्रीलाई विश्लेषण गर्दा सुदूरपश्चिममा बोलिने विभिन्न भाषिकाहरू पनि नेपाली भाषाकै भौगोलिक भाषिका हुन् भन्ने तथ्य यस अध्ययनबाट पुष्टि भएको छ ।
नागेशकौण्डभट्टमतयोः लकारार्थसमीक्षणम् [Nagesh Kaundabhatta Tayo: For the sake of review]
Authors: कण्डेलः Kandel योगराजः Yograj
Published: May 2022

शब्दशास्त्रे प्रतिपादितानां दशलकाराणां ये ये अर्थाः सन्ति तेषामर्थानां शास्त्रसम्मतं व्याख्यानमत्र कृतमस्ति । व्याकरणे दशलकाराः सन्ति तथा च  भिन्न–भिन्नार्थेषु तेषां निरूपणं विहितमस्ति । पूर्वं तावत् लडादयः षट्टिल्लकाराः क्रमशः वर्तमानादिष्वर्थेषु विधीयन्ते । अर्थादेष्वर्थेषु लडादीनां विधानं भवतीति । अर्थात् लकराणामेव वाचकत्वमित्यभिप्रायः । यदि लकाराणां वाचकत्वं स्वीक्रियते तर्हि शक्यतावच्छेकत्वं भवति लत्वं तेन लाघवं प्रतिभाति । लादेशानां तिङादीनां वाचकत्वे तु नानाशक्ततावच्छेदकत्वस्वीकारे महद्गौरवम् । अत्र च लकाराणां वाचकत्वस्वीकाराय लाघवरूपं प्रमाणम्, तिबादीनां वाचकत्वे तु उच्चार्यमाणः शब्दः सम्प्रत्यायको भवति इति भाष्यप्रमाणमेव । तेनोभयोर्वाचकत्वपक्षे युक्तेर्विद्यमानत्वाद् यस्य कस्यापि भवतु वाचकत्वमिति न विषेशोऽऽग्रहः । सामान्यतया कर्ता, कर्म, संख्या, काल इति चत्वारो लाकाराणामर्थाः भवन्ति । आचार्यनागेशस्तु एष्वर्थेषु लादेशानां तिङादीनां  शक्तिः स्वीकरोति । लोके लादेशानां तिबादीनामेव प्रयोगो दृश्यते, न तु लकाराणामिति । तथा च भाष्यकारोऽपि ब्रवीति उच्चार्यमाणः शब्दः संप्रत्यायको भवति इति तेन लोके प्रयुक्तानामेव तिङादीनां वाचकत्वमुपयुक्तमिति प्रतिभाति । भवतु तावद्यस्य कस्यापि वाचकत्वं तथापि सामान्यतया यथा पूर्वं तावद् कालो द्विविधः अद्यतनः, अनद्यतनश्चेति । तत्र प्रथमस्तावद् भूतभविष्यत्वर्तमानभेदेन त्रिविधः । द्वितीये च वर्तमानत्वासम्भवाद्  भूतभविष्यत्भेदेन द्विविधः एवेति । आचार्यभर्तृहरिस्तु स्वकीयवाक्यपदीयग्रन्थे कालस्य व्यवहारिकदृष्ट्या एकादशभेदाः सन्तीति वर्णयति । तथा च सामान्यतया वर्तमानत्वे लट्, भूतत्वमात्रे लुङ्, भविष्यत्त्वमात्रे लृट्, हेतुहेतुमद्भावाद्यधिकार्थविवक्षायां लृङ्, अनद्यतने भूतत्वेन विवक्षिते लङ्, पुनश्च तत्रैव परोक्षत्वविवक्षायां लिट् तथा चानद्यतनभविष्यति लुडिति एवं प्रकारेणाः लकाराः भवन्तीति विज्ञेयम् । एतेषां दशलकाराणां सोदाहरणपूर्वकं परिचयं निरूप्य लकारसामान्यस्य तथा लकारविशेषाणां वार्थानां विवेचनमत्रास्ति ।
Zasada niezależności państwa i związków wyznaniowych w prawie polskim – zagadnienia podstawowe w ujęciu krytycznym
Authors: Borecki Paweł
Published: May 2022

The principle of independence of the state and the Church is one of the fundamental norms of religious relations in contemporary Poland. It is permanently embedded in the Polish legal system. It appears in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 1997 and in the Concordat of 1993. It was also expressed in the Act of 1989 on Guarantees of Freedom of Conscience and Religion and in individual denominational acts of 1989‒1997. On the other hand, this principle is contradicted by the denominational laws of 1928 and 1936. The principle of independence of the state and religious associations appears in Polish law together with the principle of autonomy and cooperation of these entities. Guaranteeing the principle of independence of the state and religious associations is especially the result of the negative experiences of the state’s denominational policy in the years 1944‒1989. In the field of juridization of the principle of independence of the state and the Church, there are clear similarities between the relevant provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and the Polish Concordat. Certain legislative standardization is also present in the denominational acts of 1989‒1997. Appropriate models were provided primarily by the Act of 1989 on the attitude of the State to the Catholic Church in the Republic of Poland. From 1989, the Polish legislator put emphasis primarily on guaranteeing the rights of religious communities towards the state. Paradoxically, among the religious associations with an individual statutory regulation from 1989‒1997, few, although the most far-reaching, restrictions on independence (self-government) in relations with the state were provided for the Catholic Church. However, the independence of the state from the Church was not sufficiently ensured.
Archaizmy języka prawniczego
Authors: Maziarz Jakob
Published: May 2022

The article concerns the Polish legal language. The author presents several expressions that are both professionalisms (i.e. are used only by lawyers and have survived only in legal language) and archaisms (i.e. come from distant ages and are no longer used in everyday language), explains their origin and provides information concerning the frequency of their occurrence in judicial decisions over the last 100 years. The research results indicate that there are archaisms-professionalisms in the legal language, dating back to the Middle Ages and the times of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In the Polish legal system they are scarce remnants of these periods. There are also many archaisms of Germanic origin, which infiltrated the Polish judicial language during the partitions and in some regions of Poland are more popular than other expressions.
Ekonomiczno-prawne uwarunkowania gospodarki niskoemisyjnej w samorządach terytorialnych – wybrane aspekty
Authors: Milewska Anna , Parlińska Agnieszka
Published: May 2022

The development of a low-emission economy in Poland is dictated by the requirement to reduce GHG and other air pollutants in all areas of the economy. The greatest expectations in terms of air quality improvement are related to limiting the use of coal for energy production, implementing new technologies, and increasing energy efficiency. It is the responsibility of local governments to develop appropriate strategies to help achieve these goals, especially in the areas of construction and public transportation. The article presents an analysis of legal regulations in the field of low-carbon economy in Poland. It discusses the role of local government in the development of a low-carbon economy. It also determines main problems and challenges in implementing a low-emission economy.
Pozycja prawna Parlamentu Studentów Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
Authors: Dytko Jan
Published: May 2022

The Students’ Parliament of the Republic of Poland (PSRP) is a representative institution of the higher education community. It brings together representatives of student self-governments of all universities – regardless of their profile and level of education. It is an association type organization with legal personality. The scope of activity of the PSSP and the competences of its bodies result from the Act on Higher Education and Science and its statute, which becomes effective after approval by the Minister of Science and Higher Education. This body finances the activities of the PSRP in the form of an entity grant, and at the same time is a supervisory body over the activities of the Parliament. By referring to the Law on Associations, the supervisory body shall use the means of supervisory intervention appropriate for associations. The type of the applied supervisory measure is determined by the degree of violation of the law or the statute by the PSRP or its bodies. If the violation is gross or persistent, without positive prognosis, Parliament is subject to judicial interference. The aim of this work is to present the functioning of the PSRP, with particular emphasis on the competences of its various bodies and the supervision of their activities, as well as the judicial control of these activities, with reference to the provisions of the Law on Associations.
Three Weekly Versus Weekly Cisplatin: Comparison of two Different Chemotherapy Protocols with Concurrent Radiotherapy in Locally Advanced Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Singh Sankalp , Bisht Niharika , Sarin Arti , Kapoor Amul , Mulajker Deepak , Gupta Samir , Joshi Richa , Lohia Nishant , Ghosh Sirshendu , Suhag Virendra
Published: May 2022

Introduction: Chemoradiotherapy (CRT) with concurrent cisplatin-based chemotherapy is the treatment of choice of locally advanced head and neck cancers (LAHNC), but the optimal regimen of cisplatin remains contentious. Though 3-weekly cisplatin is the recommended schedule, it is associated with severe adverse reactions. A lower dose weekly schedule is generally accepted to be more tolerable and is widely used in our country. Methodology: Our study retrospectively compares the 3-weekly and the weekly concurrent cisplatin schedules in patients of LAHNC treated with CRT. Patients were selected for either schedule based on the treating physician’s preference. The two schedules were compared for treatment-related toxicities, radiotherapy interruptions, cumulative cisplatin doses delivered and overall survival (OS) as well as disease-free survival (DFS) at 2 years. Results: In our study, 43 patients received the 3-weekly schedule while 40 received the weekly schedule. Age, gender, disease stage or site did not affect selection for either regimen, except cancers of the nasopharynx and salivary glands, who almost exclusively received the 3-weekly schedule (90.1%). Patients who received adjuvant CRT after radical surgery were more likely to receive the weekly schedule (66.7%) while patients treated with up-front CRT were more often given the 3-weekly schedule (57.6%). Overall, the 3-weekly arm was associated with more toxicities and treatment breaks, but was more successful in delivering an adequate cumulative dose of cisplatin and had a better OS and DFS at 2 years follow up compared to the weekly arm. It also appeared that treating physicians were more likely to withhold one or more of the weekly cycles to manage treatment toxicity which lead to inadequate cumulative dosing in a high (45%) percentage of patients. Conclusion: Our study reiterates that the 3-weekly cisplatin arm has a better outcome profile than the weekly cisplatin arm at the price of increased toxicity. Weekly schedules have lower toxicities but may not achieve outcomes equivalent to 3-weekly unless adequate cumulative doses are achieved. As our study is retrospective and non-randomized, selection bias may have affected our results.
Newly Hired Health Workers during the Peak of COVID-19 show no Burnout: Resilience as a Protective Factor
Authors: D’Auria Ciro , Cacciatori Ivana , Grossi Chiara , Bruneri Asia , Rozza Silvia
Published: May 2022

Background: Burnout syndrome is a condition in which health workers pour out very frequently, especially due to the 2020 pandemic. Aims: To deal with a possible risk of burnout due to the psychological and social pressure of the pandemic, it is good to have personal resources that work as a protective factor, such as resilience. The objective of this study is to investigate the differences between a sample of new hospital hires in 2019 and a sample of new hospital hires in 2020, in Lodi, Italy. Methods: To fulfill these purposes, a burnout test and a resilience test were used, and a dummy variable representing the condition of COVID-19 was created. Results: The results indicate that COVID-19 did not significantly affect burnout in the two samples. Limitations: Since the tests were carried out on hiring, the operators may not have been conditioned by the work weight, although Lodi was the epicenter of the pandemic in Italy. Conclusions: These data suggest that newly hired health workers would measure their work stress on personal resilience rather than the danger of COVID-19, despite government restrictions such as lockdowns, the mandatory use of safety devices, media reports on deaths and the risk of contagion.
Cooperative Games and Prosocial Reasoning in Children: Effects of an Intervention Program
Authors: Morales Flores María de Lourdes
Published: May 2022

This article presents the results of a study made with children between seven and eight years of age, with the purpose of determining the influence of cooperative on their prosocial judgment. It has a quasi-experimental design with control and experimental groups, with pre-test and post-test measurements through a pictorical scale to evaluate prosocial reasoning in the participating children, before and after the implementation of an intervention program based on cooperative games. The program had a significant impact on children's prosocial judgment, there was an increase in the frequency of children with needs-oriented and stereotyped reasoning, and a decrease in hedonistic judgment. Psychoeducational programs of this type could be used to positively influence the reasoning and prosocial behavior of children at these ages.
Evaluatıon of Physical Activity Levels of Individuals with Mental Diseases in a Region
Authors: LÖK Neslihan , UZUN Gülten , LÖK Sefa
Published: May 2022

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the physical activity levels of individuals with mental illness living in a region. Method: This research is descriptive cross-sectional. The population of the study consisted of 46 individuals with mental illnesses registered to a family health center and all individuals who accepted to participate in the study without sampling selection method were included in the sample. The data were collected sociodemographic information form and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used. In the evaluation of the number and percentage of data distribution and chi-square test was used. Results: The mean age of the individuals was 33.02 ± 9.41, 60.9% were women, 63% were high school and above, 84% were living in the metropolitan, 52.2% perceived their health as moderate. It was found that 47.8% of them evaluated their income as bad. It was found that 50% of individuals had a diagnosis of schizophrenia and 39.1% had a diagnosis of 1-5 years. When the physical activity levels of the individuals were evaluated, it was seen that 58.7% were inactive. In terms of physical activity, it was seen that men, high school and above educated people, people living in the metropolitan area, those who perceive their health well and those who perceive their income as good are more active. When the characteristics of the disease were examined, it was found that individuals with schizophrenia and those with a diagnosis of 6-10 years were in better condition in terms of physical activity and the difference was found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: In terms of physical activity among the individuals with mental illness, women, primary school graduates, those who perceive their health as moderate, people living in the district, those who perceive their income as moderate and bad are in the risk group. In addition, having a diagnosis of bipolar and anxiety disorder and having mental illness for 1-5 years or 11 years or more is a risk factor for having low physical activity.
A Mini-review about Concomitant Burn and COVID-19
Authors: Hesamirostami Mohammadhossein , Hesamirostami Sanli , Sanei Motlagh Alireza
Published: May 2022

COVID-19 can cause different catastrophic events and mortalities. Therefore, burn hospitals strategies changed during regional peak of COVID-19 pandemic in the world. Some outpatient strategies were introduced to minimize the contact with infected patients. However, admission strategies were based on the severity of COVID-19 symptoms and also severity of burn injuries. The policy for admission to give inpatient care relates to history, symptoms and COVID-19 PCR results. If all the mentioned criteria were negative, the burn patient was admitted to GREEN area or ward. If the patient was suspected or positive for COVID-19, then would be admitted to RED area or ward. Given that some patients may be carriers without specific symptoms, considering a YELLOW area or ward seems logical for these groups. In GREEN areas one care giver for each adult and two care givers for each pediatric patient were allowed. For all care givers wearing medical masks were obligatory. All patients, care givers and staffs were under constant surveillance for fever and other symptoms. In RED areas no visitors were allowed and for each patient one nurse was assigned in BICU. All elective surgeries were stopped and other procedures were divided to emergency and semi-emergency. Strategies for facing COVID-19 surges especially new variants need to continuously evolve. Changing of infectivity rate, manifestations, resistance to different vaccine and duration of viral shedding necessitate modification of principles according to data collected from involving countries.
Clinical Implications of Telemedicine for Post-Surgical Care: An Evidence-to-Practice Review
Authors: Hollien Adam H. , Avey Mary Catherine , Winkelmann Zachary K
Published: May 2022

Telemedicine is a newer concept in medicine that utilizes technological devices to provide care to patients. In a society already greatly advanced with technology, telemedicine is the new frontier in healthcare. Implementing telemedicine into current practices will benefit both the patient and the provider. The use of technology generates an overall ease of use, decreased travel time, decreased loss from work, increased patient interaction, and increased interprofessional collaboration. The cost of implementation is minimal compared to vast cost savings that will be accrued from utilizing technology. There are many regions of health care where telemedicine can be implemented such as primary care, surgical, orthopedic, rehabilitation, as well as research oriented. An emerging setting is athletic training and sports medicine. There is a great potential for the regular use of telemedicine to drastically change the profession of athletic training for the better. So many of the skills athletic trainers do on a regular basis can be completed via telemedicine and can provide numerous benefits for the clinician, the patient, and the organization. Additionally, using technology to provide care would expedite the recovery process for the patient without restrictions of distance or time away from school/sport. Telemedicine will advance the medical system by allowing a larger number of patients to have access to high quality health care identical to a face-to-face visit.
Concussion Profiles: Moving Beyond the Graded Symptom Scale
Authors: Valovich McLeod Tamara C , Vesci Brian
Published: May 2022

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Conservative Care of a Patient with Initial Anterior Shoulder Dislocation Participating in an Intercollegiate Basketball: A Case Study
Authors: Bianco Lucas
Published: May 2022

A 23 year-old male patient participating in intercollegiate basketball, suffered an acute shoulder dislocation. The patient was diagnosed with an anterior glenohumeral labral tear and was treated with an indirect approach to increase range of motion (ROM) and function while decreasing pain. Patient related outcome (PRO) measures were used along with clinician related outcome (CRO) measures to discharge the patient. The immediate changes in ROM and pain along with follow-up assessments of the DASH achieved MCD and MCID levels. As rehabilitation specialists, athletic trainers have the opportunity to provide quality care to patients and recognize the how the injury or condition effects the patient. The follow-up assessments support that the completed conservative indirect treatment for a patient with a glenohumeral anterior labral tear was as effective in this isolated case. The individual was able to return to basketball activities at the same level as prior to the diagnosis. The use of Primal Reflex Release Technique (PRRT) to restore allostatis in the central nervous was effective based on available outcomes for this patient. Then the continued re-education of pain-free functional movement patterns through Reflexive Neuromuscular Stabilization provided the patient the ability to maintain his functional gains. Clinically, the use of indirect treatments, like those used in this case, could be further researched to determine if they can be an effective treatment technique in patients following shoulder dislocation and subsequent glenohumeral anterior labral tear.
Corona Pandemic: Fear and Challenges in Gujrat, Pakistan
Authors: Riaz Ansa , Chaudhry Abid Ghafoor , Ahmed Aftab
Published: May 2022

The biggest health disaster of the 21st century hit the world in Nov-2019 in the Hubei Province of China. The present study focused on the role of socio-cultural practices in the COVID-19 spread. Further geographical mobility discussed as a reason for the spread. It is a qualitative study based on observations, key informants interviews, and desk research. The study revealed three main elements that bring Coronavirus to Gujrat, return of migrant laborers, and pilgrimages, especially from Iran and Saudi Arabia. The paper highlights the role of law enforcement agencies in the implementation of government policies to control the Corona spread. The role of religious institutions carries a significant value as paper research shows how people used the Mosques to get spiritual strength. The study founds that local socio-cultural practices became a major factor behind the high number of Corona cases in Gujrat. Cultural practices and facetious attitudes play a supporting role to spread COVID19 in Gujrat.
Ethnicity, Ethnic Food and Diabetes Mellitus Type II
Authors: Sarwar Fareeha , Chaudhry Abid Ghafoor
Published: May 2022

The topic of discussion mainly belongs to the field of medical anthropology. Medical anthropology is linked to applied anthropology and involves the study of biological and cultural aspects of human beings for the explanation of the impact of culture on human health and as well as on diseases.The environment had a great impact on human health. There are many environmental factors that can bring changes in the health of a person like pollution as water pollution air pollution and some the lifestyle factors like physical activities due to the excessive use of TV or mobile phones etc. Descriptive methodology has been used for the collection of data including methods of an in-depth interview.it is concluded that bringing good or positive changes in lifestyle and having good and unpolluted environment can bring good changes in health and keep away a person from chronic diseases like diabetes type-II.
Sprawozdanie z konferencji międzynarodowej Rīga Conference, 15–16 października 2021 roku
Authors: Kuczyńska-Zonik Aleksandra
Published: May 2022

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Wstęp
Authors: Piskorska Beata
Published: May 2022

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Методологія біологічного експерименту в 9-му класі
Authors: Комарова Олена Володимирівна
Published: May 2022

У статті проаналізовано підходи до вимог біологічного навчального експерименту. Розкрито методологічні вимоги до постановки навчального експерименту (досліду) з вивчення впливу ритму та навантаження на час настання втоми із застосуванням проблемного підходу.