bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drug‐Induced Antibodies: Interaction of the Drug with a Polymorphic Platelet‐Antigen
Authors: Claas Frans H. J. , Langerak Janneke , de Beer Lois Lolkes , van Rood Jon J.
Published: July 2010

Preincubation of donor platelets with ticarcillin will prevent the reactivity of a platelet antibody against these platelets, whereas no influence was observed on antisera against HLA, 5A, 5b and Zwa. The implications for the mechanism of drug‐induced antibodies with restricted specificity will be discussed.

In part supported by the Dutch Organization for Health Research (TNO), the Dutch Foundation for Medical Research (FUNGO) which is subsidized by the Dutch Foundation for the Advancement of Pure Research (ZWO), the J. A. Cohen Institute for Radiopathology and Radiation Protection (IRS).
Antibodies to Human Immunoglobulin Detected by Hemolysis of Human Immunoglobulin‐Coated Red Blood Cells
Authors: Takahashi Hisashi , Terasaki Paul I. , Cicciarelli James C. , Iwaki Yuichi , Nasu Hajime , Slyker Thomas
Published: July 2010

A hemolysis assay was developed to detect alloantibodies to human immunoglobulin. A total of 1035 serum samples was tested. Anti‐IgM antibodies were found in 8% of 59 normal persons and in 13% of 439 multiparous women, with the highest incidence of 67% in 341 dialysis patients. Although the anti‐IgM antibodies were inhibited by both IgM and IgG, it appeared that they were also inhibited by F(ab')2 but not by Fc. Anti‐IgG antibodies were more strongly inhibited by Fc than F(ab')2. These results suggest that anti‐IgM antibodies might be analogous to antiidiotypic antibodies directed to F(ab')2, whereas anti‐IgG antibodies tend to have greater reactivity to Fc.
Influence of HLA Matching in Cadaveric Renal Transplantation: Experience from One Scandiatransplant Center
Authors: Thorsby E. , Moen T. , Solheim B. G. , Albrechtsen D. , Jakobsen A. , Jervell J. , Halvorsen S. , Flatmark A.
Published: July 2010

The outcome of 461 prospectively HLA–A, ‐B and ‐C typed and 193 prospectively HLA—DR typed cadaveric kidney transplants in one center was followed. We found a significant beneficial effect on graft survival both of HLA–A and ‐B as well as of HLA–DR matching between donor and recipient, while no effects of HLA–C compatibility could be detected. The effect of HLA–DR matching was clearly more pronounced than that of HLA–A and ‐B matching, and a possible influence of matching for HLA–A and ‐B could only be seen in the HLA–DR mismatched combinations. Pretransplant blood transfusions were associated with an increased graft survival only in patients receiving HLA–DR mismatched transplants. We conclude that major emphasis should be laid on obtaining HLA‐DR compatibility in clinical renal transplantation.
Serological Distinction between DR Antigens and Lymphocyte Activating Determinants
Authors: Heyningen V. van , Cohen B. B. , Deane D. L. , Gray C. , Steel C. M.
Published: July 2010

The Burkitt lymphoma (BL)‐derived, HLA‐DR antigen positive B cell line, EB1, is a consistently low stimulator in MLC. A rabbit antiserum raised against the strongly stimulating BL line DAUDI, after appropriate absorption with EB1, inhibits MLC stimulation by both B cell lines and allogeneic lymphocytes, whilst lectin‐induced proliferation is not significantly affected. Indirect immunofluorescence and 125I‐staphylococcal protein A binding to cells pre‐incubated with this antiserum suggest that the antigen is present on both peripheral B and T cells, as well as on B lymphoblastoid and myeloma lines. We suggest that this antiserum is directed against lymphocyte activating determinant(s) (LADs) and that these are distinct from the serologically defined DR antigens.
Detection of the Leukocyte Group‐5 Antigens on Normal and Leukemic Lymphocytes with the Antibody‐Dependent Cell‐Mediated Cytotoxicity Assay
Authors: Warren Reed P. , Storb Rainer , Thomas E. Donnall
Published: July 2010

We have found that the antibody‐dependent call‐mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay is capable of detecting the alleles of the group‐5 antigenic system on peripheral blood lymphocytes. This finding should facilitate additional study of this system, as illustrated by the detection of grou?‐5 antigens on laukemic cells, indicating that they are not lost from the cell curface upon malignant transformation.
Mixed Lymphocyte Reactivity in Chimpanzees II. Family Studies and Identification of D Locus Antigens*
Authors: Jonker M. , Balner H.
Published: July 2010

A large number of related chimpanzees were tested in mixed lymphocyte cultures against each other. Several similarities among the D locus products coded for by different ChLA haplotypes were observed. Six animals were found to be homozygous for D locus antigens and two of these animals carried the same D specificity. Hence, the available “typing cells” permitted the identification of five D locus antigens of the chimpanzee. So far, no linkage disequilibrium has been found between any of the D locus antigens and ChLA‐A or ‐B locus antigens.
A Method for Quantifying Langerhans Cells in Epidermal Sheets of Human and Murine Skin
Authors: Nordlund James J. , Ackles Alexandra
Published: July 2010

Langerhans cells are dendritic cells located in the epidermis. Several techniques have been used previously to stain these cells in sheets of epidermis separated from dermis. The ATPase technique is most commonly used but has several significant defects, the most important being that it is inconstant and nonspecific. Langerhans cells and indeterminate cells are the only dendritic cells in the epidermis which have la antigens on their surface. We have adapted an indirect immunofluorescence method to stain this population of cells in epidermal sheets. The technique is sensitive, specific, and can be used to identify and quantify Langerhans cells in human or murine epidermal sheets.
Bf Polymorphism and its Relationship with HLA Antigens in a Sample of the Spanish Population: High BfF1 Frequencies
Authors: Rodriguez‐Córdoba S. , Bootello A. , Arnaiz‐Villena A.
Published: July 2010

Bf allele frequencies were studied in a sample of the normal Spanish population and in family haplotypes. BfF1 shows a frequency higher than in other Caucasoid populations and closer to that found in Negroids. Basques show an even higher BfF1 frequency. BfF1 is in strong linkage disequilibrium with B18. HLA‐Bw44 is found to be the B12 split in linkage disequilibrium with BfF and Bw50‐BfS1 association is confirmed. DR3‐BfF1 are not in linkage disequilibrium in the normal Spanish population, in contrast to DR3‐BfF1 linkage found in a diabetic Spanish population.

Results are discussed on the bases of the paleo‐North African Iberian population origins and of the use of Bf to define B12 and Bw21 splits.
HLA‐DR Antigens in Pemphigus among Japanese
Authors: Matsuyama Masamichi , Hashimoto Koji , Yamasaki Yoshio , Shirakura Ryota , Higuchi Reiko , Miyajima Tetsuya , Amemiya Hiroshi
Published: July 2010

The frequency of HLA‐DR4 was significantly increased at P < 0.02 in 37 unrelated pemphigus patients (62.2%), when compared with unrelated 73 healthy controls (30.1%). This antigen was more frequently found in pemphigus foliaceus (70.6%) than pemphigus vulgaris (55.8%).
Distribution of HLA Antigens in Zoroastrians
Authors: Mohagheghpour N. , Tabatabai H. , Mohammad K.
Published: July 2010

The frequencies of HLA locus A, B and C antigens were determined in a previously unstudied population, the Zoroastrians. The phenotype and gene frequencies for this group are presented and contrasted with the distribution of HLA antigens among the Iranian Moslems. Comparison of the HLA profiles of these two Iranian populations suggests that the present Zoroastrians are a distinct group.
A Monoclonal Antibody to Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase Made Against D98/AH‐2 (HeLa) Cells
Authors: Arklie James , Trowsdale John , Bodmer Walter F.
Published: July 2010

A monoclonal antibody (AAP1) to human intestinal alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was produced by immunizing a mouse with D98/AH‐2 (HeLa) cells, which produce the enzyme ectopically. The antibody, which did not inhibit enzyme activity using p‐nitrophenyl phosphate as the substrate, was of the IgG2A class and did not show complement‐dependent cytotoxicity. In trace binding assays AAP1 bound only to cells that expressed an intestinal‐like form of human ALP, including some human intraspecific (D98/AH‐2 × human lymphocyte or fibroblast) hybrids. Immuno‐precipitation of immune complexes from cell‐free extracts of D98/AH‐2 cells, using protein A containing 5. aureus and AAP1 antibody, resulted in precipitation of all the ALP activity. The precipitated material had a subunit molecular weight of 80,000 daltons, as estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. In non‐denaturing conditions, AAP1 antibody prevented the migration of ALP activity into the gel when cell‐free extracts were made from human adult or fetal intestine, or D98/AH‐2 cells. Similarly, AAP1 could be used to precipitate ALP activity from these extracts but not from extracts of human liver, kidney or placenta.
HLA Frequencies in a Mexican American Population
Authors: Chauvenet P. H. , Anderson S. A. , Banowsky L. H.
Published: July 2010

HLA‐A and‐B antigens were determined for 300 unrelated Mexican‐Americans and 300 unrelated Caucasians from San Antonio by the microlymphocytotoxicity technique, using lymphocytes isolated from freshly drawn peripheral blood. Haplotype frequencies for the Mexican American population were obtained directly, based on family studies, as well as estimated from phenotype data. The results revealed clear differences in the distribution of HLA antigens between Mexican American and Caucasian populations. The predominant HLA specificities in Mexican Americans were A2 and Bw35, while the most frequently observed haplotypes were A2‐Bw35, A2‐B12 and A2‐Bw40. Despite the distinct differences in HLA antigen distribution between Mexican American and Caucasian populations, genetic distance values, calculated from the HLA frequencies, were surprisingly low.
HLA Antigens Associated with Properdin Factor B Allotype BfF1
Authors: Dyer Philip A. , Klouda Peter T. , Harris Rodney
Published: July 2010

Linkage disequilibrium has been described between HLA‐B antigens and allotypes of properdin factor B (Bf). The association between HLA‐B and DR antigens and the rare allotype BfF1 was investigated. In 27 HLA‐A, B and DR typed individuals only one person was found who was DR3 negative but five who were B18 negative. Family studies showed that in nine cases B18, BfF1 and DR3 segregated as a haplotype; in another family which was B18 negative, BfF1 and DR3 segregated together. It is infered that the Bf locus is more strongly associated with HLA‐DR than with HLA‐B.
Lymphocytes from Multitransfused Uremic Patients Have Poor MLC Reactivity
Authors: Fehrman I. , Ringdén O.
Published: July 2010

Lymphocytes from uremic patients showed statistically significantly lower (P < 0.01) MLC reactivity against pooled stimulator cells as compared with lymphocytes from age matched controls. A consistently low MLC reactivity was recorded in lymphocytes from patients who had received more than 20 units of blood and the lowest responses were seen with cells from patients with multispecific anti‐HLA‐antibodies. Removal of B cells and removal of phagocytic cells from the responder cells resulted in a significant (P <0.05) increase in MLC reactivity in the uremic but not in the control group. Both addition of enriched B cells to autologous enriched T cells and addition of adherent cells to non‐adherent autologous cells caused a slight supression of MLC reactivity. PHA reactivity was lower (P <0.001) in lymphocytes from the multitransfused patients compared to cells from age matched controls. However, no difference in PHA responses were recorded between lymphocytes from uremic patients who had received less than 20 units of blood and controls.
HLA‐A, B, C, D, DR Antigens and Primed Lymphocyte Typing (PLT) Defined DP‐antigens in Juvenile Chronic Arthritis
Authors: Morling N. , Hellesen C. , Jakobsen B. K. , Platz P. , Ryder L. P. , Svejgaard A. , Thomsen M.
Published: July 2010

A total of 48 patients with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA) were typed for HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, ‐D and ‐DR antigens and 36 patients were also typed for HLA‐D/DR associated “DP”‐antigens with the primed lymphocyte typing technique. In the total group of patients, we found increased frequencies of HLA‐B27, HLA‐Dw/DP5 and HLA‐Dw/DP8, and decreased frequencies of HLA‐Dw/‐DR/DP2. The increased frequencies of HLA‐Dw/DP8 and the decreased frequencies of HLA‐Dw/‐DR/DP2 were primarily found among patients with persistent pauciarticular arthritis. The frequencies of HLA‐Dw/‐DR/DP4 were increased in patients with polyarticular arthritis. The frequencies of HLA‐B27 and ‐Dw/DP5 were increased in both pauciarticular and polyarticular arthritis.

The results indicate (i) that genetic factors controlled by HLA confer susceptibility and/or resistance to JCA, and (ii) that the clinical subdivision of JCA into pauciarticular and polyarticular JCA can be supported by the presence of different genetic markers (HLA‐antigens) in the two groups of JCA‐patients.

If these data can be confirmed HLA‐D, ‐DR or DP typing may be of value in the prognostic evaluation of patients with pauciarticular onset JCA.
Lack of Association of HLA‐A and B Locus Antigens with Relapsing Polychondritis
Authors: Luthra H. S. , McKenna C. H. , Terasaki P. I.
Published: July 2010

Relapsing polychondritis is a systemic disease of unknown cause in which various inflammatory reactions recur in the cartilage structures of the ears, nose, and trachea (Kaye & Sones 1964). Although the cause of this disease is unknown, several immunologic abnormalities have been noted which explain some of the pathogenic mechanisms involved (Dolan et al. 1966, Herman & Dennis 1973, Rajapakse & Bywaters 1974, McKenna et al. 1976, Bergfeld 1978, Foidart et al. 1978). To ascertain if the frequency of HLA antigen is increased among patients with this disease, we performed HLA‐A and HLA‐B locus typing in Caucasian patients with well documented disease. Serologically defined HLA antigens at the A and B loci were determined by the microcytotoxicity assay of Mittal et al. (1968). No statistically significant increase in the frequency of any of the HLA‐A or B locus antigen type was found between the patient group and the control group (Table 1). These findings suggest that no correlation exists between HLA‐A and B locus antigens and relapsing polychondritis. HLA‐DRw antigen typing was not done, although such typing would be of interest.
Kidney transplantation—transplant survival after planned HLA‐A and ‐B matched blood transfusions
Authors: Nubé M. J. , Persijn G. G. , Kalff M. W. , Van Rood J. J.
Published: July 2010

Twenty non‐transfused dialysis patients received a small number of HLA‐A and ‐B matched pre‐transplant leukocyte‐poor blood transfusions. Currently, in 10 of these patients transplanted with a cadaveric kidney, graft survival at 3 months is 89%.
Histocompatibility typing by cytotoxic lymphocytes. The HLA‐A2–28, B5‐w35 serologically cross‐reactive groups reviewed by cytotoxic lymphocytes
Authors: Kristensen Tom , Maussen Bernard , Charmot Dominique , Mawas Claude , Kissmeyer‐Nielsen Flemming
Published: July 2010

Using a standardized indirect cell‐mediated lympholysis (CML) technique, cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) were raised between unrelated, fully HLA‐A, B (and C) typed individuals, differing only for one identified HLA‐A, B antigenic determinant. Ten CTLs involved HLA‐A2+ stimulators and HLA‐A2‐, A28‐, A9‐responders. Five CTLs involved HLA‐Bw35+ stimulators and HLA‐B5‐, Bw35‐, B15‐, B17‐, B18‐, Bw21‐responders. These CTLs were tested for cell‐mediated cytotoxicity against two different panels (20 and 9 cells respectively) of HLA‐A28+ and HLA‐B5+ PHA‐lymphoblasts. The same panel cells were used as cold competitors for cytotoxicity against the specific 51Cr labelled targets.

The following observations were made: (1) most panel cells are neither lysed nor able to block; (2) significant lysis is, however, seen in the panels positive for serologically cross‐reactive antigens, although lysis is generally lower than comparable lysis by anti‐A28 or anti‐B5 CTLs; (3) all target cells lysed in the A28 panel are able to inhibit specific lysis while 2 cells in the B5 panel are lysed but do not inhibit (Cytotoxicity‐P ositive‐I nhibition‐Negative = CYPIN); (4) a group of panel cells cannot be lysed but are able to inhibit (Cytotoxicity‐Negative‐Inhibition‐Positive = CYNIP).

These observations indicate that cross‐reactive groups identified by serology may also be identified by cellology using direct cytotoxicity and/or cold target inhibition. The cross‐reactivity defined by CTLs, as in serology, is inconstant and often incomplete. Whether the immunogenetic background of cross‐reactivity as defined by antibody or CTL is identical is unknown but probable.

The occurrence of CYNIP underlines that direct cytotoxicity and cold target inhibition are not directly comparable and indicates that different epitopes may be involved, although the discrepancy may be brought about by the experimental conditions used.

The CYPIN phenomenon indicates the existence of immunodominant epitopes although non‐T cell‐mediated lysis cannot be excluded.
Pooled sera for cytotoxicity testing: accurate, time‐and cost‐effective preliminary crossmatches1
Authors: Etheredge Edward E. , Bettonville Paul , Melzer Juliet , Sicard Gregorio A. , Anderson Charles B.
Published: July 2010

To conserve sera, reduce technologist time and facilitate distribution of kidneys to the most likely recipient from groups of highly sensitized patients, we studied the feasibility of using pooled sera in preliminary crossmatches. From 16 chronic renal failure patients, 275 sera were studied against fresh cell panels from 24 to 35 donors. Using the antiglobulin crossmatch technique, sera were studied individually, in consecutive pools of five and in consecutive pools of 10. Reactions of component sera were assessed on a cell‐by‐cell comparison with their pools of five and 10 sera. Crossmatches performed with pools of five sera and pools of 10 sera detected the same cytotoxic reactions as did their component sera in 97.6% and 97.8% of the reactions, respectively. We conclude that 10 sera can be pooled so that preliminary crossmatch testing of all positive sera of all theoretically potential allograft recipients can be accomplished with accuracy and efficiency, even in the larger regional distribution centers.
The major histocompatibility complex of Rhesus monkeys.: XIV. A family study of DR and other RhLA‐linked cell membrane antigens*
Authors: Balner H. , Vreeswuk W. van , Roger J. H.
Published: July 2010

The segregation of B‐cell specific (Ia) determinants was studied in a large number of rhesus families. As expected, on the basis of results of a recent population study, the eight serologically defined DR antigens segregated as alleles of a single locus within RhLA. Two or three antigens not controlled by DR remained candidates for a second Ia series closely linked to DR. The 162 identifiable haplotypes provided interesting information regarding positive associations among antigens of two, three or even four sets of RhLA loci. Further, a new series of antigens closely linked to the RhLA‐A locus could be postulated. Data obtained from 8 recombinant offspring permitted a better definition of the mapping position of all known loci of RhLA.
Cold non HLA lymphocyte cytotoxins in monoclonal gammopathies
Authors: Prou Odette , Muller Jean‐Yves , Fine Jean M.
Published: July 2010

Normal cold lymphocytotoxin frequency was found among 92 patients with asymptomatic or malignant monoclonal gammopathies, but, when detected, these antibodies were more potent in the patients than in the controls. Most of them reacted with T and B cells. In one case, the cytotoxicity was clearly directed only against chronic lymphoid leukemia B cells.
Planned immunization of human volunteers with HLA‐DR incompatible lymphocytes
Authors: MADSEN MELVIN , JOHNSEN HANS E. , KRISTENSEN TOM , JØRGENSEN FRITZ , U. LAMM LARS , KISSMEYER‐NIELSEN FLEMMING
Published: July 2010

Aiming at the production of anti HLA‐DR test sera, eight healthy human volunteers were immunized by repeated intradermal injections of lymphocytes which were selected to be incompatible for one HLA‐DR antigen, and matched as well as possible for HLA‐A,‐B,‐C antigens. One out of 3 recipients immunized exclusively against HLA‐DR produced lyrnphocytotoxic HLA‐DR antibodies. The remaining 5 recipients were immunized against 1 or more HLA‐A,‐B,‐C antigens in addition to one HLA‐DR antigen. After 3 immunizations, 3 of these reacted with strong HLA‐A or ‐B antibody production; however, only one showed a parallel anti HLA‐DR antibody response detectable by complement dependent lymphocytotoxicity.

Testing of the recipient sera in the antibody dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay revealed that 6 of the 8 recipients did react early to the immunizations with HLA specific antibody production. However, in spite of repeated booster injections it was not possible to obtain more than the above‐mentioned 2 sera with HLA‐DR antibodies strong enough to react in the lymphocytotoxicity microtechique.
Strong association between an HLA‐DR antigen and thyroid carcinoma
Authors: PANZA NICOLA , DEL VECCHIO LUIGI , MAIO MICHELE , De FELICE MARIO , LOMBARDI GAETANO , MINOZZI MARCO , ZAPPACOSTA SERAFINO
Published: July 2010

A group of 20 patients affected with thyroid carcinoma, all from Southern Italy, was typed for HLA‐A,‐B,‐C and ‐DR antigens. Sixteen of them (80%) typed for DR1, while in the control group (120 unrelated healthy individuals from the same region) only 22 (18.3%) shared the same antigen (x22 = 32.96). The data indicate a highly significant association between the HLA‐DR1 gene and the thyroid carcinoma.
Variable MLC stimulatory capacity of neoplastic B and non‐B/non‐T lymphocytes expressing HLA‐DR antigens
Authors: Bomvan Noorloos A. A. , Schreuder I. , Groot‐Swings G. de , Ubels‐Postma J. , Kr von dem Borne A. E. G. , Melief C. J. M.
Published: July 2010

Neoplastic cells from patients with a variety of B‐or non‐B/non‐T‐lymphoid malignancies, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia, various histologic types of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma and acute lymphocytic leukemia, showed strong variation with respect to stimulatory capacity in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). MLC stimulatory capacity was either normal or strongly decreased in comparison with that of normal lymphocytes despite the expression of HLA‐DR antigens and p23,30 (“la‐like”) determinants on the tumor cells of all patients. Strongly decreased stimulatory capacity of HLA‐DR‐positive tumor cells could not be ascribed to suppressive activity of the tumor cells. Tumor cells from three patients with a T‐cell malignancy failed to stimulate in MLC and did not react with anti‐p23,30 serum. The decreased stimulatory capacity of many DR‐positive neoplastic cells is ascribed either to altered membrane presentation of DR antigens or to the absence of MLC stimulatory determinants specified by genes closely linked to, but different from, those coding for DR.
HLA antigens in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: Helmerhorst F. M. , Nijenhuis L. E. , De Lange G. G. , Van Den Berg‐Loonen P. M. , Jansen M. F. M. , Kr von dem Borne A. E. G. , Engelfriet C. P.
Published: July 2010

The lymphocytes of 52 patients with the clinical diagnosis of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) were typed for the HLA‐A,‐B and‐C antigens, and of 27 of those patients also for the DR antigens. ITP proved not to be significantly associated with any of the HLA‐A,‐B,‐C or‐DR antigens tested for. On the platelets of 35 of these 52 patients, autoantibodies were detected in the direct immunofluorescence test. In these 35 patients with autoimmune thrombocytopenia (AITP), an increased frequency of HLA‐Bw38 was found (14.3% versus 2.6% in controls). The frequency of none of the HLA antigens was significantly increased in the group of 17 ITP patients without demonstrable autoantibodies. The difference in association with HLA‐Bw38 between AITP and ITP without demonstrable autoantibodies was not significant.
HLA‐D/DR restriction of proliferative T cell responses to antigen
Authors: Berle E. J. , Thoresen A. B. , Thorsby E.
Published: July 2010

Antigen‐specific T cell blasts may be separated from alloreactive cells on Percoll gradients. The absence of alloreactivity allowed us to study HLA‐D/DR restriction of proliferative T cell responses towards PPD and HSV antigens using allogeneic antigen‐presenting cells. An overriding impact of self HLA‐D/DR determinants as restriction elements for in vivo sensitized T cells was demonstrated. Furthermore, evidence was obtained that the proliferative PPD response might be preferentially restricted by HLA‐D/DR 1.
Another case of a lymphocytotoxic antibody with blood group A1, Leb and A Led associated specificity
Authors: NIELSEN LILLIAN STAUB , EIBERG HANS , MOHR JAN
Published: July 2010

A lymphocytotoxic antibody with blood group A1 Leb, and A (A1 + Az) Led, associated specificity was found together with an anti‐HLA‐DR2 in the serum of a multiparous woman. The A1 Leb and A Led‐antibodies could be absorbed with erythrocytes from persons with blood group A1 or 4, irrespective of their Lewis antigens, even if their lymphocytes reacted negatively in this antibody, leaving anti‐HLA‐DR2 in the serum. Lymphocytes of blood group A1 were able to absorb the anti‐A, Leb and ‐A Led, whereas those of A, could only absorb the anti‐A Led. Saliva from persons with blood groups A1 Le (a ‐ b +), 4 Le (a‐ b +), A1 Le (a ‐ b ‐), secretor, and A, Le (a ‐ b ‐), secretor, inhibited the anti‐A, Leb and ‐A Led when tested in the serumisaliva ratio 50:1, which was not the case with other ABO‐Lewis combinations. The woman who produced this antibody has blood group 0 Le (a ‐ b +) and secretes H, Le and Leb substances in about the same amount as do other individuals with blood group 0 Le (a ‐ b +) used as controls. The anti‐A in her serum has equal titers against A1 Le (a + b ‐) and A, Le (a ‐ b +) red cells.
HLA and B‐lymphocyte alloantigens in Gila River Indians
Authors: Ensroth A. F. , Mann D. L. , Johnson A. H. , Knowler W. C. , Pettitt D. J. , Bennett P. H.
Published: July 2010

HLA‐A, B, C, DR, and MB and MT B‐lymphocyte alloantigens were tested in 249 Pima and Papago Indians from Arizona. Frequencies of A and B locus antigens in Pimas were similar to published values for other North American Indians, as well as previous reports from Pimas. Cw3 was the most frequent C locus antigen found and DR5 was the most frequent DR antigen. Another B‐cell specificity, DuB31, behaved as a DR allele and had a phenotype frequency of.717. This study is the first report of MB and MT frequencies in a North American Indian population, and the pattern of association with some DR antigens appears to be different from that observed in Europeans. MT3 had a phenotype frequency of S83, but was not associated with DR4, 7, 9, which suggests an undefined DR allele associated with MT3.
Successful transplantation with a positive T and B cell crossmatch due to autoreactive antibodies
Authors: Ting Alan , Morris Peter J.
Published: July 2010

A total of 16 cadaver donor renal allografts have been performed in the presence of a positive T and B cell crossmatch due to autoantibodies. Fourteen of these patients were considered to be highly‐sensitized, in that they had pregraft antibodies reacting with more than 85% of the lymphocyte panel. Ten of the 16 grafts are still functioning with follow‐up times of between 3 and 66 months.

Within the same time period three living related donor transplants were also performed with a positive T and B cell crossmatch due to autoantibodies. Two were from HLA‐identical siblings and the other from his father. All three patients had pregraft antibodies reacting with 100% of the lymphocyte panel. All grafts are functioning normally between 9 and 48 months after transplantation. Autoreactive T and B cell antibodies are not damaging to renal allografts and recognition of these antibodies allows a significant number of patients to be successfully transplanted (with a positive crossmatch).
The inclusion of HLA—Bw42, Bw54 and Bw55 within the HLA—B14 cross‐reactive group
Authors: Darke C.
Published: July 2010

Six out of 24 broad HLA antisera containing antibody activity directed towards HLA—B14 were found to include Bw42, Bw54 and Bw55 within their reaction range. The inclusion of these Bw22 related antigens within the HLA—B14 crossreactive group was confirmed using the techniques of “specific resistance to lysis”, sequential absorption and elution.
All monocyte antigens are not expressed on renal endothelium
Authors: Baldwin W. M. , Claas F. H. J. , Paul L. C. , Springer T. A. , Hendriks G. F. J. , van Es L. A. , van Rood J. J.
Published: July 2010

Recently a tissue restricted antigen system, which is expressed on endothelial cells and monocytes (E—M antigens) but not lymphocytes, has been associated with kidney graft rejection. In screening sera from recipients of kidney, bone marrow or skin grafts for possible reactivity with endothelial cell antigens, we have found that all (13 of 13) endothelial reactive sera also reacted with monocytes, but that many (21 of 34) monocyte reactive sera did not react with endothelial cells. Additionally, one well‐defined monoclonal antibody (M1/70), which was cytotoxic for human monocytes, neither stained renal endothelium nor was absorbed by renal endothelium when perfused through a human kidney. Thus, not all monocyte antigens appear to be expressed in high concentrations on renal vascular endothelium. This may explain why monocyte reactive antibodies do not always correlate with kidney graft rejection.
Primed lymphocyte typing predicts MLC reactivity between unrelated individuals
Authors: Valentine‐Thon Elizabeth , Bach Fritz H.
Published: July 2010

The present study was carried out to evaluate the ability of primed lymphocyte typing (PLT) to predict mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reactivity between unrelated individuals. Eleven PLT cells generated against independent familial haplotypes, and one PLT cell generated against a homozygous typing cell (HTC), were tested for their response to cells of a random panel of 53 unrelated individuals. From Chi‐square analysis of the response patterns of these 12 cells, nine “PLT specificities” could be defined. Most panel members (81.2%) typed for 1 or 2 of these specificities; equal numbers (9.4%) typed for 3 or none, respectively. Four of these 9 specificities were shown to be significantly correlated with HLA‐Dw antigens defined by HTCs. Typing for these nine PLT specificities was found to be predictive of subsequent primary MLC reactivity between panel members: a) pairs of panel members sharing PLT specificities produced three‐fold lower MLC results on the average than pairs of panel members disparate for PLT specificities (p > 0.0001), and b) in MLC combinations, an increase in number of foreign PLT specificities presented by the stimulator cell was paralleled by a statistically significant increase in MLC reactivity. To the extent that low MLC reactivity is correlated with improved graft survival, the PLT method could have significant value in selecting histocompatible donors for organ transplantation.
A linkage study of HLA and maturity onset type diabetes of the young (MODY)
Authors: Deschamps I. , Lestradet H. , Demenais F. , Feingold N. , Schmid M. , Hors J.
Published: July 2010

Linkage analysis was performed between HLA and Maturity‐Onset Type Diabetes of the Young (MODY) in 9 families. No significant positive lod scores were found. A linkage was excluded at a value of the recombination fraction equal to zero assuming a low MODY gene frequency.
H‐2 haplotypes carrying identical D but different L alleles
Authors: Figueroa F. , Tewarson S. , Walden P. , Nagy Z. A. , Klein J.
Published: July 2010

The B10.SAA48 congenic line was derived by transferring the H‐2 haplotype of a wild mouse onto the background of the inbred strain C57BL/10Sn (abbreviated as B10). The line carries the Dw3 allele in combination with an L allele different from that present in other Dw3 strains. One possible explanation of this finding is that crossing over occurred between the D and L loci. The determinants H‐2.m64 and H‐2.m65 represent an inclusion doublet in which the latter never occurs without the former. Typing of B10.W lines with Ld‐specific CTLs reveals the absence of this allele in all the lines, including those carrying an allele serologically similar to Ld.
HLA and Gm genes in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Whittingham S. , Mathews J. D. , Schanfield M. S. , Tait B. D. , Mackay I. R.
Published: July 2010

HLA and Gm phenotypes were compared in 53 patients with unequivocal systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and in 180 healthy subjects. SLE was associated with HLA‐B8 (relative risk (RR) = 3.5, P < 0.001) and with HLA‐DR3 (RR = 2.8, P < 0.01). There was an increased risk of SLE with HLA‐B8/B27 (RR = 27.6) and with HLA‐B15/B35 (RR > 13) and, in contrast, the risk was decreased in subjects with HLA‐B40 (RR = 0.3). The risk of SLE in subjects who were heterozygous for the Gm phenotypes a,f,x; b,g was increased (RR = 2.0, P= 0.03) relative to the risk in subjects who were homozygous for these Gm phenotypes. These findings suggest that susceptibility to SLE is influenced by one or more genes in linkage disequilibrium with the HLA‐B8‐DR3 haplotype, by “augmentor” or “protector” genes associated with other HLA antigens and by separate genes, possibly VH genes, in linkage disequilibrium with the Gm (CH allotype) locus.
HLA antigens and Graves' disease in Black South Africans
Authors: KALK W. J , MAIER G , DRIMELLEN M. VAN , LEVIN J , REINACH S. G
Published: July 2010

This study concerns the frequencies with which 36 HLA‐A, ‐B and ‐C antigens occurred in 84 Black Africans with Graves' disease and in 311 Black controls. In the hyperthyroid patients significant reductions were found in the frequencies of HLA‐B7 (P<0.001, relative risk (RR) 0.33), HLA‐Bw42 (P <0.001, RR 0.32) and the HLA‐B7‐Bw42 crossreactive group (CREG) (P <0.0001, RR 0.27), and in the frequencies of the phenotypic combinations HLA‐A1, B7 (P <0.001) and Aw30, B7‐Bw42 (P <0.001). HLA‐B8 was increased in frequency (P <0.01, RR 2.84). In patients without circulating antithyroglobulin or antimitichondrial antibodies the frequencies of HLA‐A2 and B17 were increased when compared to those with antibodies or to the controls. In patients with and without clinically evident infiltrative ophthalmopathy the frequencies of HLA antigens were similar. In 62 Caucasian patients with Graves' disease, no antigens or phenotypic combinations occurred with increased or decreased frequency when compared to 278 controls.

Analysis of the frequencies of 9 HLA antigens and phenotypic combinations common in Caucasians but rare in Blacks revealed that only two antigens (A2 and B8) occurred with increased frequency in Black patients, suggesting that a contribution of Caucasian genes to the Black thyrotoxic subjects was unlikely.

Similarly, only one common Black antigen (A28) of 8 common antigens and phenotypic combinations, occurred in Caucasian patients with a frequency similar to that of Black controls. Thus it is unlikely that Black genes contributed to the lack of a significant increase of HLA antigens in the Caucasian thyrotoxic patients. The possession of HLA‐B7‐Bw42 CREG or related genes may be a protection against Graves' disease in Black Africans.
Two monoclonal antibodies detecting allotypic determinants of HLA‐A
Authors: MINAMI S , UEDA R , SHIRAKI T , TANIMOTO M , NAMIKAWA R , SETO M , NISHIDA K , TSUGE I , OTA K , TAKAHASHI T
Published: July 2010

Three mouse hybridomas producing cytotoxic antibodies against HLA were established. By standard microcytotoxicity test against panels of normal controls, the antigen defined by MA‐9 antibody (IgM) showed a good correlation with HLA‐A9 alloantigen detected by conventional typing alloantisera (r = 1.0). Family studies also showed that MA‐9 determinant segregated with HLA‐A9. MA‐10 antibody (IgM) reacted with all HLA‐A10 positive lymphocyte donors and cross‐reacted with two thirds of HLA‐AW33 positive donors. M1‐1 antibody (IgG2a) reacted with all the panel cells tested and immunoprecipitated a molecule of 43,000 daltons from Nonidet P‐40 lysates of 3H‐glucosamine‐labelled cells. The results showed that MA‐9 and MA‐10 antibodies can be used as routine tissue typing reagents.
One‐way positive cellular reactions between two HLA‐A, B, C, D/DR genotypically identical brothers following active allogeneic immunization
Authors: Kristensen Tom , Madsen Melvin
Published: July 2010

The HLA‐D/DR region in man encodes major determinants which stimulate T lymphocytes to proliferation. The genetic organization of this region is apparently complex and is at present largely unknown. One obstacle is the scarcity and quality of available typing reagents. In an attempt to obtain high quality anti‐DR sera, a series of active immunizations was performed between highly selected, healthy unrelated donors and recipients.

One recipient (AR8) was immunized using cells incompatible for HLA‐A2, B40 (w60), Cw3 and DIDRw6 and readily developed anti‐A2 and B40 antibodies but no anti‐C, DR, or other antibodies. When tested against his HLA genotypically fully identical brother using the cellular MLC, PLT, or CML techniques before immunization, results were mutually negative as expected. Following immunization, however, AR8 was able to mount MLC, PLT, and possibly CML responses against lymphocytes from the brother while the reverse combinations remained negative. When tested in the family the trait(s) thus identified seems to be maternally inherited.

These results suggest the existence of minor histocompatibility determinants encoded from regions not closely linked to HLA. The brother of AR8 and the immunizing donor thus seem to share one or more determinants not possessed by AR8.
Improved detection of HLA‐CWS and CW7 by two colour fluorescence technique
Authors: Nieman Henk , Parlevliet Jannie , Schreuder Ieke
Published: July 2010

Reactivity of two Cw5 and three Cw7 antisera was compared in the standard NIH and the Two Colour Fluorescence (TCF) techniques. Contrary to the NIH, the TCF method yielded strong positive reactions which enabled clear assignment of the Cw5 and Cw7 specificities. The TCF technique combines three factors that increase the sensitivity of serum reactions:

1. typing on B lymphocytes, 2. prolonged incubation and 3. staining of the lysed cells with ethidium bromide.
Syngeneic sensitization of mouse lymphocytes on monolayers of thyroid epithelial cells:
Authors: CHARREIRE JEANNINE , SALAMERO JEAN
Published: July 2010

The determination of the frequency of normal spleen cell involvement in Primary syngeneic sensitization (PSS) against thyroid epithelial cells (TEC) was performed using the limiting dilution analysis. It was found that their frequency, which reaches 1:5440, is related to the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens (K end or D end) and of the specific antigen thyroglobulin (Tg) exposed on the surface of the TEC monolayer. Moreover, a significant diminution of this frequency was obtained by the addition of 25% normal syngeneic lymph node (LN) cells.
Cell mediated PPD specific cytotoxicity against human monocyte targets:
Authors: HANSEN PETER WENDELBOE , MADSEN MELVIN , CHRISTIANSEN SVEND E. , JOHNSEN HANS E. , KISSMEYER‐NIELSEN F.
Published: July 2010

Human Purified Protein Derivative of tuberculin‐ (PPD‐) specific cytotoxic cells have been detected in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated for 6 days with PPD. These cytotoxic cells are demonstrated by their ability to lyse PPD‐pulsed autologous monocyte target cells, but not unpulsed targets.

In a series of checkerboard experiments each involving 3–5 randomly combined donors, effector cells from 35 donors have been tested in autologous and 130 allogeneic combinations. Analysis of results from the pooled allogeneic combinations reveals that HLA‐B — and even more pronounced HLA‐DR — antigen sharing correlates positively to high lysis. No effect of HLA‐A antigen sharing is found. A more detailed analysis shows that the effect of HLA‐B sharing may be fully accounted for by HLA‐B‐DR linkage disequilibrium. The results thus indicate that cell‐mediated PPD specific cytotoxicity is HLA‐restricted. Further, the correlation to HLA‐DR sharing indicates that the restriction element in this system in all probability is a class II antigen.
Analysis of chickens for recombination within the MHC (B‐complex)
Authors: Skjødt Karsten , Koch Claus , Crone Monna , Simonsen Morten
Published: July 2010

In an attempt to further map the chicken MHC (the B complex), a systematic search for genetic recombinants within the B complex was performed by serotyping the progeny from F2 crosses of chickens by means of specific anti‐class I, anti‐class II, and anti‐class IV alloantisera.

Two recombinant B‐haplotypes (B21r and B15r) were found by analysing 2,656 F2 chickens representing 5,312 informative typings. In either case, the B‐G (class IV) allele was recombined with both the B‐F and B‐L alleles of the opposite haplotype. MLC typings, tests for direct compatibility by GVH reactions, and absorption analyses confirmed the original serological typing of the two recombinant B haplotypes. No recombination between B‐F (class I) and B‐L (class II) loci was found. This very low frequency of recombination within the B complex as compared with recombination frequencies found in mammalian MHC's is discussed.
HLA antigens on peripheral red blood cells: analysis by flow cytofluorometry using monoclonal antibodies
Authors: de Villartay J. P. , Rouger PH. , Muller J. Y. , Salmon Ch
Published: July 2010

The presence of HLA (class I) determinants on red blood cells was found in 15% of individuals of the French population. This percentage varies considerably from one geographical region to another in the world. The red blood cells (RBC) that express class I determinants also express p″2 microglobulin but not HLA‐DR antigens. This phenomenon does not appear to be linked to the erythrocyte phenotype nor to the HLA phenotype of the subject. Cytofluorometry analysis allowed us to establish that the large individual variations in the expression of the HLA antigens on RBC are related mainly to the percentage of positive cells but not to the fluorescence intensity of each cell. A comparative study between platelets and red blood cells showed that the expression (i.e. antigen density) of HLA class I determinants is weaker on red cell membrane.
Tlymphocyte responses to Coxsackie B4 and mumps virus. I. Influence of HLA‐DR restriction elements
Authors: Bruserud ØYstein , Thorsby Erik
Published: July 2010

The proliferative Tlymphocyte responses to Coxsackie B4‐, mumps‐ and varicella‐zoster viral antigens were characterized. No significant difference in responsiveness was found between healthy individuals and patients with Type 1 (insulin‐dependent) diabetes mellitus. Theophyllamine and verapamil decreased antigen‐stimulated proliferation, whereas indomethacin in physiologic concentrations (1 fig/ml) slightly increased proliferation. A major part of the response seemed to be restricted by HLA‐DR molecules. Furthermore, for the mumps antigen the DR3‐ and DR4‐determinants which are associated with Type 1 diabetes, seemed to have a different regulatory function on the Tlymphocyte response in that an increased frequency of low responders was found among DR3 positive individuals and an increased frequency of high responders among DR4 positives.
A simple and rapid method for the detection of lymphocytotoxic antibodies using cell panels frozen on Terasaki plates
Authors: Sinnott Paul J. , Kippax Robin L. , Sheldon Stephen , Dyer Philip A.
Published: July 2010

A 40 cell panel of lymphocytes selected for HLA‐A,B and DR antigens, frozen in Terasaki microtest trays can be used routinely to identify the presence of specific HLA antibodies within two hours. Blind testing using well defined HLA typing sera showed that specificities could be identified to a high degree of significance using this method. The method has proved successful for screening for T cell, including HLA‐A,B and B cell, including HLA‐DR antibodies. The method is particularly useful for the routine tissue typing laboratory as the frozen panel can be used without the need for complicated and time‐consuming cell washing procedures which have been the downfall of previously published methods
A mouse monoclonal antibody with HLA‐DR4 associated specificity
Authors: Drover S. , Marshall W. H. , Younghusband H. B.
Published: July 2010

A mouse monoclonal antibody is described which reacts with HLA‐DR4 positive cells. Gel analysis of the immunoprecipitated antigen is consistent with it being a DR molecule.
The influence of HLA phenotypes on the response to parenteral gold in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Speerstra F. , van Riel P. L. C. M. , Reekers P. , van de Putte L. B. A. , Vandenbroucke J. P. , Centres Collaborating
Published: July 2010

One hundred and ten patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were studied for a possible influence of HLA phenotypes on the reaction to parenteral gold in the first 6 months of treatment, in terms of both clinical response and toxicity. Frequencies of HLA‐B8 and ‐DR3 were significantly increased in patients who responded excellently to gold treatment as compared with non‐responders (p = 0.04 for both antigens). On the other hand, for HLA‐DR7 there was a tendency for increased frequency in non‐responders versus excellent and moderate responders (p < 0.03; Pc=n.s.). Drug toxicity was higher in excellent than in non‐responders (p = 0.04), being exceptionally high in male excellent responders (85% versus 33% in females, p < 0.01), probably due to the increased frequency in B8 and DR3 in the excellent responder group as a whole and in the excellent responder males in particular. We conclude that HLA antigens B8 and DR3 co‐determine both toxicity and excellent clinical response to parenteral gold, whereas the presence of DR7 is possibly associated with non‐response. In addition, we found sex differences in reaction to parenteral gold, which may be related to an increased frequency of HLA‐B8 and ‐DR3 in male RA patients.
Multiple epitopes on a single DQ molecule from the DQw3‐carrying haplotypes
Authors: Maeda Hiroo , Hirata Ranko , Kambayashi Hiroyuki , Koning Frits , Schreuder Geziena M. T.
Published: July 2010

Multiple polymorphisms on the DQ molecule(s) have been detected by monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs). Among these, TA10 and IIB3 have been described as two new alleles in the DQ region other than the conventional DQw1‐w3 allelism. The TA10 specificity is DQw3‐related and is in linkage disequilibrium with DR5 and weakly associated with DR4. The IIB3 specificity is DQw1‐related and is in linkage disequilibrium with DR2, DR4, DRw9 and DRw13. Thus, the DQw3‐carrying haplotypes are either positive with TA10 or IIB3. The molecular and topological analysis has revealed that both TA10 and IIB3 determinants were expressed on a single DQ molecule that also carried the DQw3 determinants on DR5 and DR4 cell lines, respectively. Thus, a single DQ molecule generated multiple epitopes detected by alloantisera and/or MoAbs at least on the DQw3‐carrying haplotypes. These would be useful for unraveling the largely unknown functions of the DQ class II molecules.
Genetics of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Payami H. , Thomson G. , Khan M. A. , Grennan D. M. , Sanders P. , Dyer P. , Dostal C.
Published: July 2010

The haplotype sharing distribution in affected sib pairs are used to demonstrate the linkage of a susceptibility gene for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to the HLA region. Family and population studies suggest heterogeneity in the etiology of RA.