bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accountability of Palm Oil Industrial Business Players on the Pollution of the Environment Reviewed from the Aspects of Environmental Crimes
Authors: M.Hum Trionoeddy SH.
Published: July 2017

The problem of the environment is a serious issue that must be addressed by the government and the community as a supervision and reporter of each of the activities of the destroyer of the environment. The pollution and environmental damage continue to increase in line with the increased industrial activity or similar substances; surely the situation needs to get the protection of the law.  The pollution or environmental damage, mostly in the context of running a commercial business and often is also the attitude of rulers and the entrepreneurs who do not run or neglecting the obligations of their obligations in the management of the environment. This research is a descriptive quantitative i.e. with provides an overview of the company that takes the environment around the enterprise. Data collection method in this investigation using bibliographical study (Library Research). The types of data used a secondary data that consists of primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. The waste is the remaining exiles who produced from real production activities in the production scale of domestic or household and production on a larger scale. Industrial waste is a remnant of the captives process of production in certain industries. Industrial waste requires the handling and managing seriously in considering the impact will greater emanate than with domestic waste. The industry is a business or management activities of raw materials or half-goods to be the end goods that have added value to get the benefits. The assembly of the business and repairing is a part of the industry also. The results of this industry do not only in the form of goods but also in the form of services.
The Essentials of Instructional Design Process in a Digital Age
Authors: Egbedokun A.O. , Oteyola T.A. , Akinlabi A. O. , Adejumo M. , Ayodele P.
Published: July 2017

The thrust of this paper is to examine some important issues relating to instructional design in the digital age. The paper does not intend to discuss the details of model of instructional design but key issues such as instructional objectives specification, needs assessment, instructional strategies and media and also how learning takes place.
RAP: A Reading Comprehension Strategy for Students with Learning Disabilities and Concomitant Speech-Language Impairments or ADHD
Authors: Kemp Suzanne E.
Published: July 2017

Students with learning and language disabilities and those with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) frequently struggle with reading comprehension.  The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of a paraphrasing cognitive strategy that consists of read, ask, put (RAP) on reading comprehension.  In addition, the maintenance effects two months after treatment for three students with learning disabilities either concomitant speech-language impairmenst or ADHD was also studied.  Read, ask, put was taught using the Strategic Intervention Model (SIM).  A multiple baseline design across participants was used with three fourth grade students with learning disabilities.  Results indicated the use of RAP had a positive effect on reading comprehension with the most substantial gains for inferential comprehension questions.  Two months after intervention, all three students either maintained gains in reading comprehension from baseline or continued to improve their reading comprehension during maintenance.
Implementation of Inclusive Education Model in Primary School at Serang City
Authors: . Hunainah
Published: July 2017

This research try to describe the effectiveness of special education provision by inclusion model in public elementary schools in the city of Serang after Permendiknas in 2009 by analyzing the effectiveness of tutoring on classifications of Children with Special Needs, factors supporting the effectiveness of tutoring children with special needs in inclusive schools. This study used a qualitative descriptive design. This design has much similarity with quantitative descriptive design. This study using purposive sampling, which the sampling technique with particular consideration or define groups of participants who become informants in accordance with the selected criteria that are relevant to the research problem. The results showed that: First, the implementation of Inclusive Education after Permendiknas 70 In 2009 in Serang City has not run according to applicable regulations. Second, the availability of a tutor Especially for Children with Special Needs in Elementary School of Serang City is unfavorable category. Third, the availability of special services space for children with special needs in Elementary School at Serang City is categorized not good. Fourth, the effectiveness of tutoring services for children with special needs  in Serang City Elementary School is still not good enough.
Born Digital: Visual Culture & Gender
Authors: Keifer-Boyd Karen T. , Smith-Shank Deborah L.
Published: July 2017

Visual Culture & Gender (http://vcg.emitto.net) was conceived and published in 2005 as the first multimedia online journal in the field of art education, and the first online journal devoted to visual culture and gender. It is an online, international, freely accessible, and critical annual publication that focuses on the intersections of visual culture and gender. Committed to exploiting the media potentials of new technology and to including a plethora of color images and hyperlinks to extend context, the co-editors experimented with forms rarely seen before in any journal. This article documents the history of this unique journal and explores the controversy, changing media potentials over time, and exhibiting other shifts in academic publishing.
Interactive Fictional Dialogue Games as Arts-Based Research
Authors: Liao Christine
Published: July 2017

Using an interactive fictional dialogue game as an example, I argue that digital games are an artful way to represent research such that creating interactive digital games can be seen as an art-making process and likewise a way to analyze and understand research data. The interactive fictional dialogue game featured herein constitutes arts-based research (ABR) focusing on new media as the art medium. First, I discuss fiction writing as arts-based research practice to establish the possibilities and range of ABR. Then, I extend the concept of fiction writing to incorporate interactive fiction, a game genre, and discuss the potential of interactivity as the core characteristic of new media and new media-based scholarship. Further, through the example of a fictional dialogue game on avatar-making created using Twine, I argue that interactive fiction games are a kind of arts-based research.
Ghosts in the Machinic
Authors: Sweeny Robert W.
Published: July 2017

This paper outlines a number of ways in which contemporary life is influenced by networked digital technologies. The author specifically looks to examples from video games and social media to inquire about aspects of contemporary art educational practices that might benefit from further analysis in these areas. The notion of the machinic will be used to expand beyond literal and determinist descriptions of digital technologies in art educational practices, drawing upon the work of Deleuze and Guattari.
Artistic Data Visualization and Assessment in Art Education
Authors: Taylor Pamela G.
Published: July 2017

Comprehensively representing learning and knowing in visual arts education continues to be a challenge to the field. In this article, the author shares experiences, possibilities, and implications related to data/artistic visualization and assessment in art education.
The United States-China Mutually Assured Distrust
Authors: Rehaiem Jalel Ben Haj
Published: July 2017

The 21st century geopolitical developments in East Asia have placed the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in aprime position to play a major role in the complexities of Asia-Pacific politics. China is a rising power, but whetherit is going to be a status quo power or a challenging one remains to be seen. With the world’s largest population, theworld second economy and a modernizing military force, China theoretically has room to have a say in the revisionof the security order in East Asia, which has been dominated so far by an already controversial Cold War alliancebetween the United States and Japan and a new American pivot to Asia since former President Obama announced hisnew Asia strategy in Canberra in November 2011.As China’s prowess grows, so do percolating challenges to U.S. prominence in the region. The gap between whatChina intends to do with accumulating power and how it is perceived in Asia and the West alike has created whatthis article calls China’s trust dilemma with the United States.The distrust between Beijing and Washington has ostensibly plagued their relationship and may continue to dominatetheir interaction for the unforeseeable future; an interaction between an already established world hegemon and arising regional player that is allegedly aspiring to challenge and even replace its rival, at least in Asia for the timebeing.As this article seeks to study the implications of the rise of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) as a world powerand the trust dilemma China’s rising might is incurring, this work,in its attempt to fathom Beijing’s strategic intents,adopts the security dilemma framework whichrefers to a situation wherein two states may be drawn into conflict,possibly even war, over security concerns, even though none of them actually seeks confrontation.
Two Asian Empresses and Their Influence on the History and Religion in Tang China and Nara Japan (VII-VIII cc.)
Authors: Lepekhova Elena
Published: July 2017

The main issue of this paper is the role of two empresses: Chinese Wu Zhao (624-705) and Japanese Koken (Shotoku,718-770) in the history and religion in China and Japan. Both female rulers took Buddhist percepts and patronized theBuddhist Sangha in order to legitimate their power. As the female rulers in the mostly patriarchal society, both WuZhao and Koken had numerous enemies among the formidable court officials and influential families who opposedtheir rule. Therefore, they both used various auspicious signs and omens as the calculated political tools to secure theirposition. In various documents (edicts, manuals etc.) both Wu Zhao and Koken used the examples, mostly fromBuddhism, to show their legitimate status. However, despite of their contribution in the state government and religioussystem, both empresses Wu Zhao and Koken were reviled as bad rulers by the later Confucian historians who resentedtheir patronage of Buddhism and the fact that they were female rulers.
Analysis on the Development and Bottlenecks of China’s Cross - Border E – Commerce
Authors: Yue Hongfei , Wu Jiani , Yao Lin
Published: July 2017

The Internet came to China in 1994, and in the past about 20 years, it has penetrated the country's industry andcommercial sectors. Fundamental changes brought by the Internet have been incorporated in the operations oftraditional industry markets. In recent years, China’s cross-border e-commerce has demonstrated an explosive growthmomentum with the open strategy of "Going global strategy and bringing-in", which has become a new engine ofChina's economic development. However, there are still some bottlenecks in the development of China’s cross bordere-commerce. The major one is the mismatch between the traditional business supervision measures and thecontinuous innovative business models. The paper reviews the status of China’s cross-border e-commerce;summarize the policy environment of cross-board e-commerce cooperation in China; analysis the bottlenecks andkey problems in the development of ross-board e-commerce and proposes the policy recommendations for thebottleneck problems.
The Pragmatics of Deception in American Presidential Electoral Speeches
Authors: Al-Hindawi Fareed Hameed , Al-Aadili Nesaem Mehdi
Published: July 2017

Language is used for influencing people. Various means, whether honest or dishonest, are appealed to for achieving this purpose. This means that people fulfill their goals either through telling their interlocutors the truth or through deceiving and misleading them. In this regard, deception is a key aspect of many strategic interactions including bargaining, military operations, and politics. However, in spite of the importance of this topic, it has not been pragmatically given enough research attention particularly in politics. Thus, this study sets itself the task of dealing with this issue in this genre from a pragmatic perspective. Precisely, the current work attempts to answer the following question: What is the pragmatics of deception in American presidential electoral speeches? Pragmatics, here, involves the speech acts used to issue deceptive utterances, deceptive strategies resulting in the violation of Grice's maxims, as well as cognitive strategies.In other words, this study aims at finding out the answer to the question raised above. In accordance with this aim, it is hypothesized that American presidential candidates use certain deceptive/misleading strategies to achieve their goals. In this regard, they utilize certain strategies which violate Grice's maxims such as ostensible promise, equivocation, fabrication, and dissociation. Moreover, they make use of certain cognitive strategies like: metaphor, presupposition, and positive self-representation/ negative other representation.In order to achieve the aim of the study and verify or reject its hypothesis, a model is developed for the analysis of the data under examination. Besides, a statistical means represented by the percentage equation is used to calculate the results. The most important finding arrived at by this study is that American presidential candidates most often resort to the strategies of giving an ostensible promise, equivocation, presupposition, and positive self/negative other representation to fulfill their goals.
A Qualitative Exploration of Culturally-Pluralistic Segmentation among Millennials
Authors: Thanos Lori M. , Clark Sylvia D.
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine the possible existence of culturally-pluralistic segmentation based on perceptions of U.S. Millennials attending college in New York City. The present research posits that this key cohort, the culturally-pluralistic consumer, i.e., one who has many cultural associations but only one of those cultures presents as dominant, has the propensity for being grouped as an identifiable market segment. Utilizing a qualitative case study approach, twelve face-to-face interviews were conducted with Millennials from a New York City community college. The objective was to explore participants’ perceptions as to how their cultural associations influence their food purchase and consumption behaviors, particularly with regard to ethnic foods. Findings concluded that Millennials are aware of cultural pluralism and deem themselves culturally-adept, self-identifying with cultures other than their original family bloodlines. Participants’ tendencies were inclined toward choosing ethnic foods from a singular dominant culture from among their various cultural connections and associations. The results from this study support cultural pluralism as a segmentation method and can be used to add to current literature as well as for marketers to develop strategy.
A Consideration on Factors of Collecting Buying Behavior
Authors: Allahdini Arash , Chitsaz Shahrzad , Saeedi Hamid
Published: July 2017

This paper deals with reviewing the literature on factors related to collecting behavior and considers individual, social and other impacts on collector’s life and functions during collecting. Variety of findings based on researches type such as researches on levels of possession, rareness, and value which influence on collecting behavior, and researches methodology are useful to consumer behavior science. Collecting has useful spiritual and mental effects and it is different from hoarding. Collectible things convey specific meanings. The process of collection completion is like child growth process in which the child starts with collecting cards or stones and then proceeds to demand more worthy things. There are different collecting behaviors in men and women. Things may have two functions; one is the real function to be used and the other is as a part of collecting. Collector is a person who is interested in a specific type of thing because of symbolic values to express oneself meaning, which do not mean hoarding.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Marketing Studies, Vol. 9, No. 4
Authors: Xiao Maple
Published: July 2017

Reviewer acknowledgements for International Journal of Marketing Studies, Vol. 9, No. 4, 2017.
Sports Marketing Plan: An Alternative Framework for Sports Club
Authors: Silva Edson Coutinho da , Las Casas Alexandre Luzzi
Published: July 2017

The principles and tools of Sports Marketing represent the essential knowledge sports marketers require to a sports club develop strategies of events, matches and activities focused on customer-fans. However, for developing them, it is necessary a framework of Sports Marketing which comprises an arrange of processes for putting on practice the conception of marketing-oriented to customer-fans’ needs. This paper aims to introduce an alternative Sports Marketing plan framework for sports marketers to plan, carry out as well as implement marketing strategies to create customer-fan-orientation philosophy of sports club. This study is part of a project which will provide some other empirical papers which will introduce the Sports Marketing principles on the perspectives of sports club from São Paulo, Brazil. This Sports Marketing Plan framework comprises three dimensions: (i) diagnosis of the situation, (ii) goals and fan’s audience and (iii) Sports Marketing mix. The idea of producing this paper is orienting sport managers as well as Sports Marketing which studying, applying and researching this subject of improving the strategies for the planning, carrying out and assessing the Sports Marketing strategies and, also, for assisting sports clubs to professionalise its business management and improve its exchange process with their customer fans.
The Need for Uniqueness among Gulf Cooperation Council Countries’ Consumers: A Cross-Culture Study
Authors: Alzahrani Sarah G. , Copeland Lauren
Published: July 2017

Understanding differences among consumers across varying cultures is of great importance to the success of international retailers. Ignoring the influence of culture and centralized marketing has led to a decline in profits for some international companies. Studying the culture of Middle East countries, particularly the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries (GCCC), Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and Oman, is essential before marketing in these countries. Additionally, the GCCC is one of the top 10 luxury markets in the world. Hofstede model of national culture is crucial for GCCC due to the fact culture norms regarding dress and appearance are nationally adopted. A sample of 170 participants from the GCCC was collected using an online questionnaire of 45 items measuring national culture dimensions and need for uniqueness when shopping for luxury goods. It was found that power distance in all GCCC countries was a significant predictor of having a need for uniqueness, as well as indulgence. Power distance had a positive relationship with the need for uniqueness while indulgence had a negative relationship with the need for uniqueness. For other dimensions, findings indicated that long term vs short term orientation, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, and individualism were not significant predictors leading to uniqueness. Additionally, the important construct for uniqueness among GCCC consumers is unpopular choice followed by avoiding similarity. Creative choice is less important among the three constructs of uniqueness for GCCC participants.
Show Me the Money: On Predicting Actual Purchases in Cross-National Sponsorship
Authors: Zaharia Noni , Brandon-Lai Simon , James Jeffrey
Published: July 2017

The improvements in new media technologies in conjunction with the expansion of innovative opportunities for marketing and consuming sport have played direct roles in the globalization of sport. However, those in the Sport Management academic field are still trying to understand the effect of culture on sport consumer behavior. Guided by Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory, the purpose of this study was to examine the sponsorship and cross-national relationships among the short-term/long-term orientation and individualism/collectivism cultural dimensions, attitude toward a sponsor, gratitude, purchase intentions, and actual purchases. Data were collected via longitudinal web surveys conducted with soccer fans from the United States, the United Kingdom, and India. The results from a structural equation model provided evidence that the individualism/collectivism cultural dimension had a significant effect on gratitude but not on actual purchases, and that the purchase intentions variable was a predictor of actual purchases.
Development of Market Orientation for Marketing Strategy Formulation
Authors: Kanagal Nagasimha Balakrishna
Published: July 2017

The formulation of marketing strategy is augmented with the firm making efforts to develop market orientation. Market orientation is the ability of the firm to “orient” its marketing strategy to the requirements of the market and continually re-orient its marketing strategy to the changes that occur in the market and business environment. The paper examines the nature of market orientation through literature review and outlines the meaning of the types of strategic thrusts, with specific focus on introducing a new position of competitive advantage called “market mechanisms.” The paper then postulates aspects of enabling reorientation of marketing strategy to keep up with changes in the market and business environment. The paper then extends the understanding of market orientation in extant literature by outlining the details of accommodating the convergence between the business purpose of firm orientation and the business purpose of value creation that encapsulates the firm-customer relationship or the market. An empirical section on certain “orient” aspects is laid out. Implications for marketing strategists are discussed.
Comparing Mediation Effect of Functional and Emotional Value in the Relationship between Pros of Applying Big Data Analytics and Consumers’ Responses
Authors: Liaw Shu-Yi , Le Thi Mai
Published: July 2017

Applying Big Data analytics application brings many benefits for e-vendors and customers. Exploring the effect of consumer perceived value to consumers’ responses under applying Big Data analytics is lacking. And, what kind of perceived values do customers have more concerns under Big Data era. Therefore, the aims of this study are to analyze relationship between pros of applying Big Data analytics and Consumers’ responses under multiple mediators of perceived values as functional value and emotional value. Data analysis was done in a sample of 349 respondents. The results show that applying Big Data analytics have significant positive effect on customers’ responses. Functional and emotional values act as important mediators on the relationship between applying Big Data analytics and consumers’ responses. There are no significant different between mediator effect of functional value and emotional value. The findings of this study will have implications for e-vendors to understand the important mediator of perceived value on customers’ responses under Big Data analytics era.
Moderating Role of Materialism in the Effect of Perceived Value on Purchase Intention of Counterfeits of Luxury Brands
Authors: Kalyoncuoglu Selma , Sahin Begum
Published: July 2017

The use of counterfeits of luxury brands has become a phenomenon in Turkey in recent years since they are the most significant facilitator for consumers to reach luxury consuming products. Limited number of studies in the literature shows that consumers prefer counterfeits of luxury brands for a variety of reasons. Within this study, it is believed that perceived value of products in consumers’ minds and consumers’ materialistic tendencies demonstrating the worth attached to physical assets could have an impact on their purchase intention of counterfeits of luxury brands. Within this framework, this study aims to identify the effect of perceived value on consumer purchase intention of counterfeits of luxury brands and the moderating role of materialism in this effect. Data of the study are being collected through face-to-face survey method with university students who have bought and used counterfeit products before. Exploratory Factor Analysis is carried out for construct validity and reliability of the research model, and relationships between variables are measured with Hierarchical Regression Analysis to test the model. The result expected to be reached based on the findings of the study is to be able to present whether the relationship between consumers’ perceived value of counterfeit products and their purchase intention of counterfeits of luxury brands are dependent on consumers’ materialistic tendencies. Therefore, it is envisaged that consumers who have high materialistic tendencies will show more purchase intention of counterfeits of luxury brands compared to consumers having low materialistic tendencies when they perceive high value for counterfeit products. However, it was found that materialism did not have any moderating role in the effect of perceived value of counterfeit products on purchase intention of counterfeits of luxury brands.
2017/11 Transposition of the ‘enforcement’ directive into Belgian law
Authors: Busschaert Gautier
Published: July 2017

2017/11 Transposition of the ‘enforcement’ directive into Belgian law

This article briefly describes the main measures adopted by Belgium in transposing the EU Directive 2014/67 of 15 May 2014 into national law.
2017/12 Court of Appeal rejects argument that Christmas strikes are unlawful under EU law (UK)
Authors: Toman Vince , Hopper David
Published: July 2017

2017/12 Court of Appeal rejects argument that Christmas strikes are unlawful under EU law (UK)

The Court of Appeal has confirmed that industrial action called with the object or purpose of infringing the cross-border freedom to establish and receive services would be unlawful. It rejected the argument that industrial action would be unlawful if it made it unattractive for foreign companies to operate in the UK or if cross-border services might potentially be disrupted. These wider tests would be inconsistent with European case law on the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (‘TFEU’) and would be incompatible with proper protection of the right to strike.
2017/13 A Supreme Court decision on the collective agreement exemption from competition law, freedom of establishment, and the lawfulness of a notified boycott (NO)
Authors: Weltzien Kurt , Engan Anne-Beth
Published: July 2017

2017/13 A Supreme Court decision on the collective agreement exemption from competition law, freedom of establishment, and the lawfulness of a notified boycott (NO)

This case report concerns the lawfulness of a notified boycott against Holship Norge AS (‘Holship’) by the Norwegian Transport Workers’ Union (‘NTF’). In its decision, the Supreme Court considered whether the collective agreement exemption from competition law could be applied, and whether the boycott was unlawful pursuant to the right to freedom of establishment established by Article 31 of the EEA Agreement, cf. Article 101 of the Constitution and Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights.

The boycott would prevent Holship’s staff from loading and unloading ships docked at the Port of Drammen. NTF’s purpose was to force Holship to enter into a collective agreement containing a priority of engagement clause, reserving loading and unloading work for dockworkers associated with the Administration Office for Dock Work in Drammen. The majority of the plenary Supreme Court found (10-7) that such boycott would be unlawful pursuant to section 2 of the Boycott Act. The dissent concerns the EEA rules.
2017/18 Employment Tribunal confirms applicability of the Fixed-Term Employees (Prohibition of Discrimination) Law, 98(I)/2003, to civil servants (CY)
Authors: Papakyriacou Panayiota
Published: July 2017

2017/18 Employment Tribunal confirms applicability of the Fixed-Term Employees (Prohibition of Discrimination) Law, 98(I)/2003, to civil servants (CY)

The rule has been confirmed again: the Fixed Term Employees (Prohibition on Discrimination) Law, Law 98(I)/2003 and EU Directive 1999/70 (the ‘Directive’) apply equally to all indefinite term contracts of both public and private sector employees and any remedy provided by the employer for failure to comply must be fair and equitable.
2017/19 Sureties for alleged breaches of the Austrian Anti-Wage and Social Dumping Law (AT)
Authors: Laimer Hans Georg , Wieser Lukas
Published: July 2017

2017/19 Sureties for alleged breaches of the Austrian Anti-Wage and Social Dumping Law (AT)

A surety can be imposed on an Austrian contractor retaining the services of a foreign company, if the foreign company is accused of breaching the Austrian Anti-Wage and Social Dumping Law and if the enforcement of a penalty outside Austria would be extremely difficult or impossible. Any risk assessment of this should based on not only what law is in place but whether it is routinely being applied. The Austrian Supreme Administrative Court (Verwaltungsgerichtshof) ruled that a surety should be imposed on a domestic contractor in relation to violations by a Hungarian suspect, even though law enforcement regulations are in place between Austria and Hungary (but just not applied in practice).
2017/21 Legal rules for employers for monitoring employees in Slovakia (SK)
Authors: Havrilla Gabriel , Sanák Richard
Published: July 2017

2017/21 Legal rules for employers for monitoring employees in Slovakia (SK)

An employer can monitor an employee’s emails provided it has made it clear beforehand that it might do so. It is permissible for the employer to prohibit employees from using its electronical equipment for private use, but if the employer is going to check whether this rule was being complied with, it needs to have a significant reason to do so and must respect the principles of legality legitimacy and proportionality.
2017/23 Suspension of a recovery plan is not a transfer-triggering event (BU)
Authors: Tchakarova Kalina
Published: July 2017

2017/24 Suspension of a recovery plan is not a transfer-triggering event (BU)

The Bulgarian Supreme Court ruled to the effect that the Bulgarian Labour Code (‘BLC’) provides for the automatic transfer of employees only in the circumstances set out in the BLC. The employment protection given by the BLC cannot either be broadened or narrowed. The suspension of a recovery plan which leads to the restoration of insolvency proceedings (and therefore the return of the company from the transferee that had been executing the failed recovery plan back into the hands of the transferor) did not lead to the automatic transfer of employment.
2017/24 Failure of the transferor of a business to fully inform the transferee about employees’ rights (CR)
Authors: Vlahov Buhin Dina
Published: July 2017

2017/25 Failure of the transferor of a business to fully inform the transferee about employees’ rights (CR)

The transferee dismissed the plaintiff immediately upon the transfer, for business reasons. The plaintiff claimed the dismissal was invalid because the transferee did not consult the union representatives who were transferred. The Supreme Court held that, in the absence of a works council, the union representative has, by law, all rights and obligations with regard to information and consultation. Failure to abide by the information and consultation rules rendered the decision to dismiss invalid.
Reliability of linear distance measurements of surgical implants and gutta percha lengths used in endodontic treatment with standardized digital radiography
Authors: Colak Mehmet , Adiguzel Ozkan , Aktuna Belgin Ceren , Falakaloglu Seda , Akkus Zeki
Published: July 2017

Aim: The length of gutta percha cones used in endodontic treatment and of dental implants used in dental surgery were compared with the lengths of periapical radiographs taken with phosphor plates and panoramic radiographs.
Methodology: This study included 120 radiographs: 60 panoramic and 60 periapical radiographs, 30 of dental implants and 30 of gutta percha cones. The actual length and width measurements of both implants and gutta percha cones were compared with panoramic radiographs and length and width measurements on periapical radiographs.
Results: When the measurements made on panoramic and periapical radiographs taken with phosphor plates were evaluated statistically, it was apparent that the periapical radiographs taken with phosphor plate showed less magnification error than did those taken with the panoramic technique.
Conclusions: Clinicians should be aware of the limitations of the techniques used in clinical dentistry, comparing data obtained with digital radiographs of surgical implants and gutta percha cones. 
Keywords: Implant length, gutta percha length, standardized digital radiography, dental x-ray measurement
How to cite this article: Colak M, Adiguzel O, Aktuna Belgin C, Falakaloglu S, Akkus Z. Reliability of linear distance measurements of surgical implants and gutta percha lengths used in endodontic treatment with standardized digital radiography. Int Dent Res 2017;7:1-5.
Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.
Mandibular Buccal Bone Thickness In Southeastern Anatolian People: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Study
Authors: Aktuna Belgin Ceren , Adiguzel Ozkan , Bud Marius , Colak Mehmet , Akkus Zeki
Published: July 2017

Aim: Buccal bone thickness is an important factor in implant treatment, bone health after tooth extraction, apical surgery, and esthetic outcomes. We evaluated the distance from the mandibular premolar and molar teeth apices to the buccal cortical bone in southeastern Anatolian people using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).
Methodology: This retrospective study was performed in 461 posterior teeth (220 premolars, 241 molars) of 133 patients (62 females, 64 males) at Dicle University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology. Data were analyzed using Student’s t-tests and Tukey HSD tests.
Results: The mandibular buccal bone was thicker in men than in women, but the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The thinnest point of the mandibular buccal bone was measured in women as 2.431 mm and in men as 2.491 mm in the first premolar teeth. The thickest point of the mandibular bone was measured in women as 7.940 mm and in men as 7.859 mm in the distal roots of mandibular second molar teeth. For the mandibular first and second premolars, there was no significant difference in buccal bone thickness among the 10–29-, 30–49-, and 50–69-year age groups. The difference between the first and second molar mesial and distal roots of the age groups was significant at the level of buccal root thickness (p<0.05).
Conclusions: It is important to examine buccal bone thickness (with CBCT) before surgical dental procedures for appropriate implant planning and surgical endodontic treatment. 
How to cite this article: Aktuna Belgin C, Adiguzel O, Bud M, Colak M, Akkus Z. Mandibular Buccal Bone Thickness In Southeastern Anatolian People: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Study. Int Dent Res 2017;7:6-12.
Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.
Treatment of Odontogenic Keratocyst: A Case Report
Authors: Koparal Mahmut , Adiguzel Ozkan
Published: July 2017

Aim: Odontogenic keratocysts are aggressive lesions characterised by a high recurrence risk ratio due to dental lamina residues in mandibular and maxillary regions. Odontogenic keratocysts appear distinct from other jaw cysts.
Methodology: In this report, a 35-year-old male patient was admitted to our clinic with numbness in the left mandible; the patient had also been admitted approximately 1 year previously complaining of paraesthesia, which subsequently progressed to complete numbness. During intraoral examination luxation was detected in the mandibular left second molar tooth. No carries or periodontal abnormalities were observed. In panoramic images a radiolucent lesion was detected, with regular boundaries, in the area of interest. Results: The mass was enucleated under local anaesthesia and second molar teeth were extracted. During histopathological examination the mass was determined as a keratocyst.
Conclusions: In the present case, surgical treatment was performed. 
How to cite this article: Koparal M, Adiguzel O. Treatment of Odontogenic Keratocyst: A Case Report. Int Dent Res 2017;7:17-9.
Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.
A relação entre a felicidade e o desejo por hospitalidade mediada pela autoimagem do turista e a imagem do seu destino
Authors: Aureliano-Silva Leonardo , Oliveira Paulo Sergio Gonçalves de , Alves Carlos Alberto
Published: July 2017

Essa pesquisa justifica-se pela necessidade de ampliar a teoria sobre comportamento do consumidor no turismo e a importância do aprimoramento de práticas comerciais. O principal objetivo deste estudo é analisar a relação entre a busca da felicidade na experiência turística e o desejo por hospitalidade local, mediada pela congruência entre a autoimagem do turista e a imagem do destino. Por meio de uma survey obteve-se 221 questionários respondidos. Para análise dos dados, utilizou-se abordagem quantitativa com o uso da técnica de regressão linear múltipla, e os resultados indicaram relação significativa e positiva entre a busca da felicidade na experiência turística e o desejo por hospitalidade local, mediada pela congruência da autoimagem do turista (como ele se vê) e imagem do destino turístico. A originalidade deste estudo está em identificar a autoimagem do turista e destino turístico como fatores mediadores da percepção de hospitalidade local.
Affricates
Authors: Lin Yen‐Hwei
Published: August 2017

An affricate is a single segment that has a complete closure with a fricative or delayed release. Like stops, affricates consist of a closure phase followed by a release phase, but unlike stops, the release of affricates contains additional supralaryngeal properties. Phonological evidence based on phonotactics and sonorancy is often used to distinguish affricates from homorganic bisegmental stop + fricative sequences. For example, in English no stop + fricative sequences can occur in word‐initial or syllable‐onset position, but [ʧ] and [ʥ] can, and hence are treated as affricates. Kehrein (2002: 5–6) groups affricates into four types as in (1), but considers them to be stops phonologically.
Vowel Place
Authors: Morén‐Duolljá Bruce
Published: August 2017

What is vowel place and what role does it play in the sound patterns of language? The term “vowel place” means different things to different people. There are two main reasons for this. First, the relationship between the articulation and the acoustics of “place of articulation” is complex and multifaceted. Second, phonological features have a range of model‐specific definitions. The purpose of this chapter is to give a general introduction to the phonetic and phonological issues necessary to understand vowel place.
Geminates
Authors: Davis Stuart
Published: August 2017

The term “geminate” in phonology normally refers to a long or “doubled” consonant that contrasts phonemically with its shorter or “singleton” counterpart (see alsochapter47:initial geminates). Such contrasts are found in languages like Japanese and Italian, as exemplified by the minimal pairs in (1) and (2), respectively.1Languages such as English and Spanish do not have geminates.
The Representation ofsCClusters
Authors: Goad Heather
Published: August 2017

Clusters of the shapes+ consonant (sC), exemplified bystack, have posed a challenge for theories of syllabification, as they defy many of the constraints holding of true branching onsets, as found in, for example,track. Accordingly, some researchers have proposed thatsis organized outside the onset constituent that contains the following consonant. Others have proposed that this sort of analysis holds only for a subset of sC clusters; those that rise in sonority, for example inslack, are represented in the same fashion as branching onsets. Yet others have argued that some sC clusters, those of the shapes+ stop, form complex segments.
The Representation of Word Stress
Authors: Hermans Ben
Published: August 2017

Since the publication of Hayes (1985), the asymmetries between iambs and trochees have been a central theme in the literature on stress. Two types of asymmetries can be distinguished. One has to do with quantity. It has frequently been claimed that iambs do not allow a heavy syllable in the weak position, and require a heavy syllable in the strong position. Kager (1993) deals with asymmetries of this type on the basis of a theory whose central hypothesis is that feet are built over moras, rather than syllables. The recent literature, however, has shown that these “quantitative asymmetries” are not supported empirically. It is simply not true, for instance, that iambs invariably constrain the occurrence of heavy and light syllables in the way just described. A particularly convincing argument to this effect is given in Altshuler (2009), with respect to Osage. (See alsochapterthe iambic—trochaic lawandchapterquantity‐sensitivity.)
The Representation of Tone
Authors: Hyman Larry M.
Published: August 2017

No issue has had a greater impact on phonological representations than the study of tone. Although receiving only passing attention in both pre‐ and early generative phonology, tone quickly moved away from its marginal status to occupy center stage in the development of non‐linear phonology. While both level and contour tones had been traditionally transcribed with either accents or numerals, as in (1) and (2), the assumption in early generative phonology, e.g. Wang (1967), was that tones consisted of features that could be added at the bottom of a segmental feature matrix, as in (3).
Sonority
Authors: Parker Steve
Published: August 2017

If an interface between phonetics and phonology really exists (
pace
Ohala 1990b), then one topic having a long and controversial history in that domain is sonority. Sonority can be defined as a unique type of relative,
n
‐ary (non‐binary) featurelike phonological element that potentially categorizes all speech sounds into a hierarchical scale. For example, vowels are more sonorous than liquids, which are higher in sonority than nasals, with obstruents being the least sonorous of all segments. In terms of traditional phonetic systems for categorizing natural classes of sounds, then, the feature encoded by sonority most closely corresponds to the notion
manner of articulation
(see
chapter
the stricture features
). In this sense, sonority is like most other features: it demarcates groups of segments that behave similarly in cross‐linguistically common processes. At the same time, however, sonority is unlike most features in that it exhaustively encompasses all speech sounds simultaneously, i.e. every type of segment has some inherent incremental value for this feature. Sonority is also unique in that it has never been observed to spread (assimilate), in and of itself.
Tonal Alignment
Authors: Prieto Pilar
Published: August 2017

In recent decades, the issue oftonal alignmenthas been at the forefront of several phonological and phonetic debates in the analysis of intonation. Since the groundbreaking work of Bruce (1977), the autosegmental metrical approach to intonation proposed that intonational patterns were to be represented as autosegmental tone melodies (Pierrehumbert 1980; Beckman and Pierrehumbert 1986; Ladd 1996; and others). Given that melodies are independent from the segments which realize them in this theory (chapterthe representation of tone;chapterautosegments), and since the tones are realized potentially over quite long strings, it is a central research issue to find a set of principles for mapping tones to segments. The term tonal alignment thus refers to the temporal implementation of fundamental frequency (F0) movements with respect to the segmental string. Tonal alignment has not only been used in crucial ways as an argument in favor of a given phonological framework, but has also been the focus of debate in itself. This notion has played an important role in current theories of intonational phonology, since relative alignment of tones with the segmentals has been shown to be a crucial piece of information when describing the phonological make‐up of the melodic contour. This chapter reviews four important topics in the recent history of phonology in the discussion of which tonal alignment has been a crucial component.
The Phonological Word
Authors: Revithiadou Anthi
Published: August 2017

In the past few decades, the field of phonology has witnessed the development of an assortment of phonological theories and their offshoots. Seminal among them is the theory ofProsodic Phonology, which explores how prosodic structure is built in relation to morphosyntactic structure. Prosodic Phonology employs mapping rules that aim at organizing chunks of structure (e.g. strings smaller or larger than the grammatical word) into hierarchically ordered layers of prosodic units which, in turn, form the domains within which phonological rules apply. Suchphonological domainsneed not be isomorphic to morphosyntactic constituents. More importantly, the existence of a mapping mechanism entails that rules of phonology proper (i.e. rules inducing changes in the phonological shape and pattern of a string of elements) do not make direct reference to morphosyntactic constituents.1In general, the basic tenet of Prosodic Phonology is that phonological rules cannot see nor refer to any structure other than the units of theProsodic Hierarchy(Selkirk 1978b, 1980, 1981a, 1981b, 1984, 1986, 1995; Nespor and Vogel 1982, 1986; Hayes 1989; see alsochaptersyllable‐internal structure,chapterthe foot,chapterstress‐timedVS.syllable‐timed languages,chapterthe skeleton,chapterroot—affix asymmetries, andchaptersign syllablesfor some other aspects of the Prosodic Hierarchy):
Dissimilation
Authors: Bye Patrik
Published: August 2017

Dissimilation prototypically refers to a situation in which a segment becomes less similar to a nearby segment with respect to a given feature. As a synchronic alternation, it can be exemplified by liquid dissimilation in Georgian, where the ethnonym‐forming suffix {‐uri} becomes [uli] when an /r/ precedes it anywhere within the word (Fallon 1993; Odden 1994). The resulting pattern of alternation is shown in (1).
Compensatory Lengthening
Authors: Gess Randall
Published: August 2017

Compensatory lengthening is the lengthening of one segment, referred to here as the “target,” in compensation for the loss or reduction of another, referred to here as the “trigger” (see alsochapter37:geminatesandchapter20:the representation of vowel length). The segments are usually in close proximity to one another – either adjacent or in adjacent syllables. Theoretically, a consonant can be lengthened in compensation for the loss or reduction of another consonant or vowel, and a vowel can be lengthened in compensation for the loss or reduction of another vowel or consonant. In fact, an argument can be made that all types of compensatory lengthening exist, although as Table 64.1 indicates, some types are far more common than others. There is also a problem in the classification of some types as compensatory lengthening proper rather than as instantiations of other processes, such as total assimilation (2A, B) or rhythmic lengthening (1D).