bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mortality of First-year Plantings of Selected Asian Pear in Northern Alabama
Authors: Pacumbaba Rodulfo O. , Beyl Caula A.
Published: February 2019

The growing popularity of Asian pears in the open market has generated a need for more information about their fireblight resistance and stress tolerance. In 1994, Alabama A&M Univ. established a large research planting of 10 cultivars of Asian pear on three different rootstocks. The cultivars included Kosui, Korean Giant, 20th Century, Hosui, Shinko, Ichiban Nashi, Shinseiki, Chojuro, Okusankichi, and Shinsui. The three rootstocks used were Pyrus betulaefolia, Pyrus calleryana, and Old Home × Farmingdale 333. The planting was arranged as a randomized complete block replicated 10 times with a total of 300 trees planted. Mortality was scored in late 1995 and data was subjected to Chi-square analysis. Rootstock did have a significant effect on mortality. P. betulaefolia had the lowest frequency of mortality of 11%, with Old Home and P. calleryana at 24% and 31% respectively. Cultivars also had a significant effect on mortality. Korean Giant and Shinseiki had the lowest mortality of 3.33% and 6.67%, respectively. Kosui and Hosui had the highest mortality of 46.67% and 36.67%. Stress conditions that occurred during 1995 and environmental factors that contribute to the development of fireblight were responsible for the mortality of the Asian pear.
Wiley–Boone Aviary: A Bird Garden
Authors: Travis Amanda R. , Haque Mary T.
Published: February 2019

The Wiley–Boone Aviary is a collection of domestic/exotic birds established at the Morgan Poulty Center at Clemson Univ. in the mid-1970s. The area receives 3000 visitors per year, mostly school children. To make the site more aesthectically pleasing and conducive to educational programs, a new design was necessary. The Aviary was selected for redesign as an independent project in Fall 1995. Objectives of the design were: 1) creating an area conducive to housing, attracting, and viewing birds; 2) educating visitors through interactive display areas; 3) creating a bird garden that will attract and educate the public while providing natural food sources, cover, and nesting sites. Plants such as Pyracantha coccinea, Amelanchier arborea, and Juniperus virginiana provide winter berries and protection from predators. Final plans feature: 1) individual aviary structures for exotic, game, and domestic birds; 2) open habitats for mallards and song birds; and 3) an amphitheater for educational purposes. Project steps included research, site analysis, preliminary design, and final master plan. As part of fund-raising activities, the master plan was displayed at the spring festival of the South Carolina Botanical Garden. This, combined with publications, will stimulate community awareness and participation as we approach the implementation phase of the project.
NEW PEST CONTROL STRATEGIES AND EFFECTS ON POLLINATION OF CUCUMBERS
Authors: Mulford Karen E. , Linduska Dr. James
Published: February 2019

Cucumbers are susceptible to the bacterial wilt organism that overwinters in the gut of Diabroticite (cucumber) beetles. This disease is transmitted in feces via open feeding wounds and plugs xylem vessels of water conductive tissues. Insecticides can be applied to control Diabroticite beetles. Adios, a semiochemical bait impregnated with cucurbitacin is combined with the insecticide carbaryl, which can be applied after plant emergence to control Diabroticite beetles. However, the method of application for giving the maximum control was unknown. This study evaluates the rate of application, number of applications, methods of application using pressure and airblast sprays, and compares two Adios formulations. Also studied were the effects of Adios on bee fertilization and the quality of the fruit, since carbaryl is toxic to bees and thus affects pollination. Adios was also compared to a foliar insecticide, Asana XL.
PEACH TREE SHORT LIFE NOT INFLUENCED BY PREPLANT HYDRATED LIME TREATMENTS
Authors: Reighard Gregory L. , Zehr Eldon I.
Published: February 2019

`Redhaven' peach trees were planted on a nonfumigated peach tree short life (PTSL) site in Pontiac, S.C. The experimental design was a split plot with 12 replicates. Preplant subplot treatments were 0, 3, and 6 kg of hydrated lime mixed with 1.9 cubic meters of native soil (Lakeland sand) per planting hole. Main plot treatments consisted of mixing in the planting holes 0 or 5 liters of soil taken from a nearby orchard site that had shown “suppressive” tendencies towards ring nematode reproduction. Hydrated lime treatments increased soil pH by 0.6 to 1.4 units. Boron deficiency occurred in the 6-kg plots. Hydrated lime did not significantly reduce PTSL as 88%, 79%, and 92% of the trees in the 0-, 3-, and 6-kg plots, respectively, died from PTSL by the fifth year. No differences in survival were found between the nonsuppressive and suppressive soil treatments, as both had 86% tree death from PTSL. No trends in ring nematode populations were found among treatments.
IMPACTS OF NORTH CAROLINA'S EXTENSION POSTHARVEST TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMS AND PUBLICATIONS
Authors: Wilson L.G. , Boyette M.D. , Estes E.A.
Published: February 2019

Extension postharvest quality maintenance programs in North Carolina were significantly enhanced by engineering inputs and Exxon violation escrow funds. Equipment and storage designs and recommendations have provided tangible results for North Carolina horticultural crops producers and shippers, including “Cool and Ship,” a portable, pallet-size forced-air cooling system, thermal storage immersion hydrocooling systems, and the horizontal air flow sweetpotato curing and storage system. Impacts include: 30% to 50% blueberry and strawberry loss reductions using forced-air cooling; and 20% to 30% sweetpotato packout rate increases when cured and stored with the new system. Useful materials include a video on cooling options, a computer decision aid for precooling, a storage poster, and more than two dozen publications on Maintaining the Quality of North Carolina Fresh Produce.
PERCENT ONIONS LOST DURING STORAGE AS AFFECTED BY HARVEST MATURITY, VARYING LENGTH OF CURING (HR), GRADE SIZE, AND LEVEL OF HUMIDITY
Authors: Mullinix Benjamin , Maw Bryan , Lahue Steve
Published: February 2019

Onions were harvested early (0% tops down), optimum (7% tops down), or late (100% tops down) and placed at random into one of twenty-four 30 × 30 × 30-cm boxes. Four boxes were stacked, resulting in six stacks. Onions in a stack were cured 24, 48, or 72 hours by forcing heated air from bottom to top of stack. Cured onions at each depth were then graded as to size and randomly placed into one of four mesh bags for storage. Two bags were placed in low humidity, the other two in high humidity. A bag of onions were inspected for any visible rots, which were removed. Good and bad onions were weighed separately and counted by size. This was repeated every 2 weeks for 30 weeks. Ninety percent of all early harvested onions lasted 10 weeks, while 50% of small early harvested onions lasted 30 weeks. Smaller grades lasted longer. More hours of initial curing helped smaller than larger grades.
GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF `BEAUREGARD' AND `DARBY' SWEETPOTATO
Authors: Jett Lewis W. , Talbot T.P.
Published: February 2019

`Beauregard' and `Darby' sweetpotato cultivars were developed and released by the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station in 1987 and 1994, respectively. In total acreage, `Beauregard' is the dominant cultivar of sweetpotato grown in Louisiana and the remaining United States. However, very little is known about the growth characteristics of these two cultivars. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to examine storage root and shoot growth. Uniform transplants of both cultivars were transplanted in mid-July 1995 at the LSU Sweet Potato Research Station and sequentially harvested biweekly. Optimum leaf area of both cultivars was attained ≈60 days after transplanting. `Beauregard' had less leaf area than `Darby' at each stage of development, but partitioned more assimilates to the storage roots. At harvest, the harvest index of `Beauregard' was ≈75% compared with 50% for `Darby'. `Beauregard' had a significantly greater total yield of storage roots than `Darby'.
DETERMINING FERTILIZER NITROGEN NEEDS FOR FRESH MARKET TOMATO IN KENTUCKY
Authors: Jones R. Terry , Ditsch David C.
Published: February 2019

Tomato fertility trials (1992–94) showed no yield response to fertigation N rates between 101–393 kg·ha–1. In 1995, soil Cardy NO3-N readings taken just prior to fertigation showed 53 kg NO3-N/ha in the top 30 cm. Laboratory test on the same sample showed 72.4 kg/ha (NO3 + NH4-N). Forty percent of the available nitrogen was NH4-N, which is not detected by Cardy meters. Soil mineral N levels were measured at fourth injection, second harvest, and 9 days after last harvest. On these dates the 0 kg N/ha treatment had 28, 24, and 8 mg N/kg available in the top 15 cm of soil, similar to the N fertigation treatments. As the growing season progressed, soil mineral N levels decreased, and 9 days after the last harvest residual soil N levels were close to those seen initially. Tomato petiole sap Cardy NO3-N readingsshowed a significant difference between the 0 kg·ha–1 treatment and those (84, 168, and 252 kg·ha–1) receiving N (512 ppm vs. 915, 1028, and 955 ppm NO3-N, respectively). Treatments receiving fertigation N gave petiole sap NO3-N readings higher than those listed by Hochmuth as sufficient for tomatoes. While the data showed a clear separation between the three N treatments and 0 N rate, no significant difference in yield of US #1 or US #2 large fruit occurred. This suggests that adequate N fertility was provided from O.M. mineralization. The highest N rate also had significantly more US #1 small and cull tomatoes than the other treatments. Some Kentucky soils have adequate residual N capable of producing commercial fresh-market tomato crops with little or no additional N. In addition to potential ground water pollution, overfertilization of tomatoes may decrease fruit size and reduce fruit quality by causing NH4-K + ion competition, as well as increase the risk of certain fungal and bacterial diseases.
Lysimeter-based Crop Coefficients for Young Highbush Blueberries
Authors: Storlie Craig A. , Eck Paul
Published: February 2019

Inexpensive weighing lysimeters ($1475/unit) were constructed for measuring evapotranspiration of young highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). The use of a single load cell and other design characteristics decreased lysimeter measurement accuracy but minimized lysimeter construction costs. Measurement error was within ±3%. Crop coefficient (CC) curves for 5- and 6-year-old `Bluecrop' highbush blueberry plants in their third and fourth year of production were generated using reference evapotranspiration and crop water use data from the 1991 and 1992 growing seasons. The CC increased during leaf expansion and flowering in the spring to its maximum value of about 0.19 in 1991 and 0.27 in 1992 and remained near these values until leaves began senescing in the fall. Water use on sunny days during June, July, and August ranged from (liters/bush each day) 3.5 to 4.0 in 1991 and 4.0 to 4.5 in 1992. During the second year of the study, plants had an average height of 0.9 m, an average diameter of 0.9 m, and covered 18% of the total cultivated area. The maximum calculated CC was equal to 1.5 times the measured canopy cover percentage.
Production and Postharvest Treatment of Cut Stems of Eucalyptus L. Hér. Foliage
Authors: Wirthensohn Michelle G. , Sedgley Margaret , Ehmer Renate
Published: February 2019

Optimum pruning height for cut foliage production was investigated for 3-year-old trees of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Trees cut at a height of 1.0 m above ground level had most stems resprouting from the trunk, but a pruning height of 0.5 m produced the longest stems. Postharvest trials were conducted to assess the vase life of cut stems, and the effect of pulsing and simulated transportation on vase life. Holding solutions containing 1% or 2% sucrose and 8-HQC at 200 mg·L–1 significantly increased vase life of E. globulus and E. cinerea F. Muell. ex Benth. over the control, but pulsing E. cinerea in 1%, 5%, or 10% sucrose plus 8-HQC for 2 hours at 24 °C or 24 hours at 3 °C had no effect. In simulated transport trials, pulsing overnight in 1% or 5% sucrose plus 8-HQC at 3 °C followed by 1 week dry storage at 3 °C had no effect on the vase life of cut stems of E. sideroxylon Cunn. ex Wools., E. platypus Hook., E. spathulata Hook., E. cladocalyx F. Muell. E. platypus, or E. spathulata E. sargentii Maiden, but a 5% sucrose pulse plus 8-HQC significantly increased the vase life of E. spathulata E. platypus. A long pulse at low temperature (24 hours/3 °C) followed by 1 week dry storage was more effective than a short pulse at high temperature (2 hours/24 °C) for E. albida Maiden & Blakely stems and no sucrose was more effective than 1% or 5%. Thus, a pruning height of 0.5 or 1.0 m was optimum for cut foliage production of E. globulus, and a 2% sucrose holding solution extended vase life. There was no advantage of sucrose pulsing to extend vase life, or to improve vase life following dry storage, except for the hybrid E. spathulata E. platypus. Chemical name used: 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate (8-HQC).
Micropropagation of Texas Madrone, Arbutus xalapensis H.B.K.
Authors: Mackay Wayne A.
Published: February 2019

Mature flowering Arbutus texana trees were successfully micropropagated from shoot tips. Optimum shoot proliferation was achieved on a basal medium consisting of WPM salts, MS vitamins, and sucrose supplemented with 11.1 or 22.2 μm BA and no auxin. Microcuttings rooted readily when pulsed with 6.1 μm IBA for 1 week and transferred to auxin-free medium. The addition of charcoal to the rooting medium improved root branching and elongation but suppressed root formation. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA); indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).
REGENERATION OF SOLANUM QUITOENSE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SOMACLONAL VARIANTS RESISTANT TO ROOT-KNOT NEMATODES
Authors: Santamaria Luisa , Kitto Sherry
Published: February 2019

Solanum quitoense, also known as naranjilla or lulo, is a native species of Ecuador and Colombia. Its value is based on the uncommon sweet-sour flavor of its fruits, which is appreciated in the national and international markets. The worst problem for this crop is the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. The main objective of our research is to develop root-knot nematode–resistant naranjilla via somaclonal variation. Seeds of Solanum quitoense `Baeza' germinated quicker than those of `Dulce'. Seeds given a 2-week dark treatment had 100% germination compared to 75% germination for seeds placed under lights (16-h photoperiod, 60 mmol·m–2s–1). Single-node explants proliferated an average of nine nodes after 1 month of culture. Microcuttings (two nodes, 3.5 cm) stuck in sand and placed under a humidity dome under mist had an average of five roots averaging 25 cm in length after 3 weeks. Stems regenerated shoots better than petioles or leaves and explant orientation/polarity had no effect on regeneration. Root cultures of Solanum quitoense inoculated in vitro with Meloidogyne incognita showed susceptibility to root-knot nematodes.
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COAL BOTTOM ASH–BASED ROOT MEDIA AND THEIR EFFECT ON POINSETTIA NUTRITIVE STATUS, GROWTH, AND FLOWERING
Authors: Pitchay Dharmalingam S. , Bearce B.C.
Published: February 2019

Rooted cuttings of `Supjibi' poinsettia were potted in peat vermiculite, mixed with coal bottom ash at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% by volume. Values of pH were higher in media containing coal bottom ash. In general, pH increased for the first 4 weeks, during which time 50–100 ppm (N) fertilizer was being applied, decreased temporarily when 200 ppm fertilizer began, and then increased and stabilized for the last 5 weeks. At first, pH tended to be higher with increase in ash, but when 200 ppm fertilizer was begun, pH became the same in all coal ash levels. Once fertilization was stopped, pH tended again to be higher in ash media. Levels of EC remained low in all media when 50–100 ppm of fertilizer was applied, but increased after 200 ppm fertilizer was begun, increasing to excessive levels 2 weeks later. With more watering, EC declined in the 0% ash, but remained high in 50% to 100% ash media. Leaf Ca content increased with increase in media ash but was below the normal range in all plants. With increase in media ash, water capacity decreased, but bulk density increased. Bract color development in plants in ash media appeared delayed.
GENETIC MARKER–AIDED STUDIES OF INCOMPATIBILITY SYSTEMS IN TOMATO
Authors: Bernatzky Robert , Glaven Richard H. , Hackett Grant R. , Rivers Bruce A.
Published: February 2019

Self-incompatibility (SI) is the inability of otherwise fertile gametes to produce viable zygotes upon self-fertilization. The S locus of chromosome 1 in Lycopersicon is thought to be the main controlling factor in SI. However, the significance of other chromosome segments in the control of SI or the effect of a foreign genetic background on the S locus has not been thoroughly explored. In addition, the relationship between SI and wider interspecific crossing barriers remains unclear. Using DNA and protein markers for chromosome 1, we have created a series of backcross lines that contain either 1) the SI locus and flanking chromosome region from a SI species in a SC species background or 2) the same chromosome region from a SC species in a SI species background. The reproductive behavior of these plants will be discussed.
GENETICS OF FLOWERING HABIT IN STRAWBERRY: A MAP-BASED APPROACH
Authors: Davis Thomas M. , Hill M. Sean , Gallien Rebecca S. , Pollard James E.
Published: February 2019

Strawberry flowering habit can be classified as either day-neutral (DN) or short-day (SD), depending on whether plants are insensitive or sensitive to photoperiod, respectively. Short-day (SD) cultivars produce mature fruit for just a few weeks in early summer. New floral initiation does not commence until triggered by the combination of short daylength and low temperature in the fall. Day-neutral (DN) cultivars do not require particular daylength conditions to initiate flowering, and so continue to produce flowers and mature fruit into late summer and early fall. We are using a map-based approach to characterize the genetic determinants of flowering habit in strawberry at both the diploid and octoploid levels. A recessive gene conferring DN flowering habit has been identified, and its position determined with respect to molecular markers on the Fragaria vesca genetic linkage map. We are using the technique of bulked segregant analysis (BSA) in an effort to find random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to a putative dominant gene conferring the DN habit in the octoploid, cultivated strawberry, F. ánanassa.
A SURVEY OF HEAT TOLERANCE IN LIMA BEAN (PHASEOLUS LUNATUS)
Authors: Kleiner Kathryn R. , Frett John J.
Published: February 2019

A greenhouse study was designed to determine the relative heat tolerance of 10 lima bean cultivars and to evaluate the effects of high temperature on lima bean yield. Cultivars were arranged in a randomized complete block with three blocks per treatment. The temperature treatments were 25C day/15C night and 35C day/25C night. Cultivars varied in their response to the higher temperature, allowing for classification into three heat response groups: intolerant, average, and tolerant. Heat-intolerant plants did not experience a significant reduction in number of pods, but number of beans and total bean weight were reduced at the higher temperature. Number of seeds per pod and average weight per bean also tended to decrease in intolerant plants at 35C. In future experiments, these data will be correlated with random amplified DNA (RAPD) markers. These markers will be evaluated for their potential for heat tolerance screening.
PERFORMANCE OF FOUR POINSETTIA CULTIVARS IN ROOT MEDIA CONTAINING COAL BOTTOM ASH OR AGED SAWDUST
Authors: Sherratt Mark D. , Coffindaffer-Ballard Donna V. , Bearce Bradford C.
Published: February 2019

Four poinsettia cultivars were planted in root media containing 0%, 25%, or 50% (by volume) of coal bottom ash or aged hardwood sawdust. Bract color development in `Supjibi' was delayed in media containing sawdust or ash by up to 8–12 days. Bract color initiation of `Jingle Bells' and `Success' occurred earliest in media containing 25% sawdust, but color development was delayed in 50% coal ash. Color development in `Dark Red Hegg' was not affected by ash or sawdust. Analysis of combined leaves from all four cultivars showed Fe levels below normal where media contained sawdust. Leaf Mo concentrations increased with increased media sawdust to above the normal range, but Mn levels were below the normal range in sawdust media. Leaf Ca levels were below normal in all media, possibly due to excessively high K levels in media and leaves. When fertilizer concentration and frequency were adjusted to media EC levels, control media (0% ash or sawdust) required 100 ppm N once a week. Media containing sawdust required 300 ppm to maintain EC levels between 1.25–2.25 dS·m–1 and coal ash media were irrigated with water following the sixth week after planting due to EC levels >2.25.
WATER CONSERVATION IN CONTAINER PRODUCTION NURSERIES—IRRIGATION SCHEDULING
Authors: Regan Richard P.
Published: February 2019

Applying only the amount of water needed by a plant, when it needs it, is a simple concept that can conserve water and reduce runoff. Simple, that is, when managing a single crop that covers an extensive area under several irrigation zones. Container production nurseries grow a large number of plants and each irrigation zone usually has a diverse grouping of taxa in various stages of development. In 1989, a nursery crop project at Oregon State University began to investigate irrigation scheduling for container-grown woody landscape plants. Crop coefficients (kc), used to adjust irrigation to specific production practices and crop characteristics, vary greatly for woody landscape plants. Woody plant kc values range from <1.0 to >5.0 during the production cycle. Plant taxa, growth stage, spacing, and pruning significantly influence kc of container-grown plants. Ilex crenata `Green Island' showed a reduction in water use (40%) immediately after pruning, but had similar kc values 60 days later. Grouping plants with similar kc values under the same irrigation zone is a very difficult task for a production nursery. It might be more practical to schedule irrigation for daily evapotranspiration, avoid placing new plantings next to mature crops, and only separate-out plants with very high or very low crop water requirements.
A Petiole Sap Nitrate Test for Cauliflower
Authors: Kubota Aki , Thompson Thomas L. , Doerge Thomas A. , Godin Ronald E.
Published: February 2019

This study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of sap analysis using a portable nitrate ion meter for cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. Botrytis Group, cv. Candid Charm) petiole nitrate determination. The relationship between NO3-N concentration in fresh petiole sap and in dried petiole tissue was studied for cauliflower grown in southern Arizona during the 1993–94 and 1994–95 growing seasons. Experiments were factorial combinations of three water rates and four N rates, both ranging from deficient to excessive. Petioles were collected throughout each season and were split for analysis of sap NO3-N and dried petiole NO3-N. Linear correlations between the two methods were similar in both seasons, with no consistent effect due to water application rate or crop maturity. Therefore, a single regression equation was derived: petiole sap NO3-N (mg·liter–1) = 0.047 × dry petiole NO3-N (mg·kg–1) + 218 (r2 = 0.772). This equation can be used to relate sap test measurements to existing guidelines for NO3-N concentrations in cauliflower petioles. These results suggest that the quick sap test, using the portable nitrate ion meter, is a valuable technique for monitoring N status of cauliflower.
Endomycorrhizae and Growth of `Sweetheart' Strawberry Seedlings
Authors: de Silva Amal , Patterson Keith , Mitchell James
Published: February 2019

Growth of strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch. `Sweetheart') seedlings inoculated with six spore levels ranging from 0 to 12,000 spores/plant of the mycorrhizal fungi Glomus intraradices Schenck and Smith was studied in the greenhouse and with greenhouse plants subsequently moved to the field. Plant height, leaf area, and number of leaves increased significantly with inoculum spore densities ranging from 750 to 12,000 spores/plant in relation to control plants in the greenhouse and field. In the greenhouse, there was a linear relationship between percent infection and spore density, although the relationship was cubic in the field. In the field study, control plants were infected with indigenous mycorrhizae, but inoculated plants produced more runners than the control plants, and foliar Cu and Ca increased linearly with increased spore density. Inoculated plants contained significantly more dry matter than the controls. For inoculated plants, root dry weight increased linearly with increased spore density. We conclude that a minimum spore density of 750 spores/plant is sufficient for a positive growth response.
Cytokinin and Light Intensity Regulate Flowering of Easter Lily
Authors: Wang Yin-Tung
Published: February 2019

Lilium longiflorum Thunb. `Nellie White' plants were selected when their first flower buds reached 2 or 5 cm in length, sprayed with 2 mL of PBA at 0 or 500 mg·L–1, and then placed under 1440 or 60 μmol·m–2·s–1 photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) during flowering. PBA resulted in delayed anthesis and increased dry matter accumulation in flowers under the high PPF but had no effect under the low PPF. PBA did not decrease the severity of flower bud abortion under the low PPF. Application of PBA induced the formation of numerous bulbils in the leaf axils. Regardless of PPF, PBA-treated plants had less dry weight in the main bulbs than the control plants. Chemical name used: N-(phenylmethyl)-9-(tetra-hydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-9H-purin-6-amine (PBA).
Planting Date, Fertilizer Rate, and Harvest Timing Affect Yield of Jalapeño and Banana Peppers
Authors: Russo V.M.
Published: February 2019

Planting date, fertilizer rate, and timing of harvest can affect yield of Jalapeño and banana peppers (Capsicum annuum L.). Seedlings of the Jalapeño `Mitla' and Long yellow wax `Sweet Banana #504' were transplanted in Apr. and July 1995 into beds fertilized with either a recommended or a higher rate. Fruit were harvested either three times or once, the latter corresponding to the last of several harvests. Significantly higher yields were produced from the July planting of both cultivars and with once-over harvesting. The recommended rate of fertilizer increased yield of `Sweet Banana #504' and decreased that of `Mitla' compared to the higher rate.
Cold Storage and Moisture Regime Influence Flowering of Oxalis adenophylla and Ipheion uniflorum
Authors: Armitage Allan M. , Copeland Linda , Gross Paula , Green Meg
Published: February 2019

Rhizomes of Oxalis adenophylla Gillies and bulbs of Ipheion uniflorum Raf. were planted and wet- or dry-stored at 5 °C for 0, 6, 10, 14, or 18 weeks, before being placed in a greenhouse. Regardless of moisture regime, foliage emergence and time to flower decreased for both species with increasing duration of cooling. Wet-stored bulbs/rhizomes within a cooling treatment required less time to foliage and flower emergence when compared with the corresponding dry-storage period. About 10 weeks of 5 °C was optimum for both species.
Size of Tuber Propagule Influences Injury of `Kennebec' Potato Plants by Constant Light
Authors: Cushman Kent E. , Tibbitts Theodore W.
Published: February 2019

Chlorosis and necrotic spotting develop on the foliage of particular cultivars of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) when grown under constant light. `Kennebec', a cultivar severely injured by constant light when propagated from tissue-cultured plantlets, also was injured when plants were propagated from small tuber pieces (≈1 g). However, plants did not develop injury when propagated from large tuber pieces (≈100 g). Plants from large tuber pieces grew more rapidly than plants from small tuber pieces. The role of plant vigor and carbohydrate translocation in controlling injury development is discussed.
Ancymidol Hastens in Vitro Bud Development in Melon
Authors: Gaba Victor , Elman Chassia , Watad Abed A. , Gray Dennis J.
Published: February 2019

Cotyledonary explants of melon (Cucumis melo L. cv. Galia) regenerate primordia and buds in vitro induced by benzyladenine. The anti-gibberellin ancymidol can stimulate the rate of regeneration on melon explants in the presence of benzyladenine. Concentrations of benzyladenine plus ancymidol that are individually ineffective can act synergistically to stimulate regeneration. Gibberellic acid reduces the rate of regeneration induced by benzyladenine or benzyladenine plus ancymidol. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine (benzyladenine); alpha-cyclopropyl-alpha-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-pyrimidine methanol (ancymidol).
Comparison of ZnO and ZnSO4 for Correcting Severe Foliar Zinc Deficiency in Pecan
Authors: Wood Bruce W. , Payne Jerry A.
Published: February 2019

Ground applications of ZnO to large mature pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] trees in orchards possessing an acidic soil, but with a culturally induced slightly alkaline soil surface zone, were at least as effective as was ZnSO4 for rapidly correcting severe foliar Zn deficiency, improving in-shell nut production, and maintaining kernel quality. Under such soil conditions, light disking of Zn applied at 160 kg·ha-1 from ZnO elevated foliar Zn above the sufficiency level by the second growing season after application; whereas an absence of disking delayed substantial uptake from ZnO until the fourth growing season. ZnO, usually a lower priced Zn source, was as effective as was ZnSO4 for correcting Zn deficiencies via broadcast ground application; however, same season correction of Zn deficiency was best accomplished by the standard practice of using foliar sprays of ZnSO4 rather than by heavy soil applications of either Zn source.
Comparison of Soil and Genotypic Effects on Calcium Concentration of Snap Bean Pods
Authors: Miglioranza Edison , Barak Phillip , Kmiecik Kenneth , Nienhuis James
Published: February 2019

Soils were fertilized with gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) at rates up to 4 t·ha-1, and Ca2+ concentrations in pods of 12 snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars were determined, with the intention of improving snap beans as a source of Ca2+ for human nutrition. The addition of gypsum to the soil did not affect the Ca2+ concentration of pods, even though Ca2+ in the soil solution increased from 4 to 15 mmol·L-1. Calcium concentrations of pods of the various snap bean cultivars ranged from 4.1 to 5.7 mg·g-1 dry mass. `Top Crop', `Astrel', `Tenderlake', and `True Blue' had the highest Ca2+ concentration in the pods and `Labrador' and `Roma II' had the lowest. The results suggest that factors other than Ca2+ supply influenced the Ca2+ concentration of the snap bean pod. Therefore, increased Ca2+ concentration of pods may be better achieved through breeding and selection rather than Ca2+ fertilization when Ca2+ levels in soil are sufficient.
Nineteen Years of Ammonium Nitrate Applications to Limited Areas Is Not Detrimental to Pecans
Authors: Worley Ray E.
Published: February 2019

Nitrogen was applied at 112 kg·ha-1 to mature 'Stuart' pecan (Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] trees, but the radii of the application were limited to 4.6, 6.1, 7.6, or 9.1 m. Yield, nut size, percentage of kernel, tree growth, and appearance were not affected by concentrating the N application. Leaf N was highest for the largest N application radius, but all treatments supplied abundant N. Concentrating N reduced soil pH and occasionally P, K, and Ca in the 0–15 or 15–30 cm soil layers, but all three soil nutrients and Mg were medium to high after 19 years of treatments.
Peach and Nectarine Fruit Softening Following Aminoethoxyvinylglycine Sprays and Dips
Authors: Byers Ross E.
Published: February 2019

AVG sprays applied to `Redhaven' peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) trees 53, 72, 80, 87, or 94 days after full bloom (AFB) slightly delayed the first harvest date. Applications at 53 or 94 days AFB slightly delayed cumulative second and third harvests. The fourth (final) harvest was not delayed by any AVG spray. Firm commercial-harvest peach and nectarine fruit submerged for 60 s in AVG solutions softened more slowly than the controls when kept at room temperature (≈24 °C) for 3 to 12 days. AVG-treated fruit dipped in ethephon after 4 days showed an increased rate of softening compared to fruits treated only with AVG. Fruit submerged in AVG solutions and stored at 1.5 or 4.5 °C for 12 to 18 days did not differ in firmness from the controls upon removal from cold storage but sometimes softened more slowly after storage. Ethylene evolution from AVG-dipped fruit was not measureable even after it was kept at room temperature for 12 days. Chemicals used: Aminoethoxyvinylglycine hydrochloride (AVG); 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon).
Benzyladenine-induced Offset Formation in Hosta Dependent on Cultivar
Authors: Garner James M. , Keever Gary J. , Eakes D. Joseph , Kessler J. Raymond
Published: February 2019

A foliar spray of 0, 1250, 2500, or 3750 mg benzyladenine (BA)/L was applied to 10 Hosta Tratt. (Funkia K. Spreng; Niobe Salisb.) cultivars. Response to BA treatment was cultivar dependent, with BA promoting offset formation in half of the cultivars. Compared to the control, increase in offsets produced by cultivars treated with 3750 mg BA/L ranged from 116% in `Francee' to 3500% in `Francis Williams' at 30 days after treatment (DAT) and from 150% in `Royal Standard' to 2250% in `Francis Williams' at 60 DAT. Offset stage of development, as indicated by the number of unfurled leaves, was also cultivar- and BA-dependent. All cultivars treated with 3750 mg BA/L had an average of three or more unfurled leaves at 60 DAT, while among control plants, 40% of cultivars averaged fewer than three unfurled leaves. No phytotoxic symptoms were noted in any cultivar, and plant size was either increased or not affected by BA treatment. Chemical name used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (benzyladenine; BA).
Yields of Vegetables and Peanut in Rotation Plantings
Authors: Russo V.M.
Published: February 2019

Crop rotations can reduce problems that occur in monoculture planting systems. In 1990, at Lane, Okla., 0.5 ha of Bernow fine-loamy soil was planted to peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). In the following 5 years, bell pepper (Capsicum annuum var. annuum L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativas L.), navy bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Capitata group) were planted in one of four rotations after 1, 2, or 3 years of peanut. The first vegetable planting in each annual rotation was followed by either vegetables or peanut in following years. In 3 of the 6 years, peanut or vegetables were planted in each rotation. Peanut yields in the first year averaged 6.6 Mg·ha-1, but were <1.9 Mg·ha-1 thereafter. Yields of the first vegetable planting, which followed 1 or 2 years of peanut, were normal for this location, but were significantly lower after 3 years of peanut. For second or third plantings of vegetables in rotations, yields were reduced up to 50% compared to the first vegetable planting. For most crops, the rotation that had 3 years of peanut followed by 3 years of vegetables generally produced the least cumulative yield. Numbers of sclerotia produced by soilborne plant pathogenic fungi fluctuated over the years, but were the same in the spring of the second and sixth years. Rotating these crops appears to have limited applicability for maintaining high vegetable or peanut yields.
Priming with Salt Solutions Improves Germination of Pansy Seed at High Temperatures
Authors: Yoon BeYoung-Han , Lang Harvey J. , Cobb B. Greg
Published: February 2019

Priming regimes were evaluated on pansy seeds (Viola ×wittrockiana Gam. `Crystal Bowl Sky Blue') in high-temperature germination tests. Priming regimes evaluated included CaCl2, MgCl2, K2HPO4, Na2HPO4, NaCl, KCl, KNO3, Na2SO4, and polyethylene glycol 15,000 (PEG15,000) at –1.0 and –2.0 MPa, for 3, 6, or 9 d at 23 °C. Primed and nonprimed control seeds were then germinated at 25, 30, or 35 °C. Total percent germination of nonprimed control seeds was significantly less at 35 °C than at 25 °C. Seeds primed with CaCl2 at –1.0 MPa for 3 d at 23 °C had significantly higher germination at 35 °C than all other priming regimes tested, including aerated PEG8000 at –1.0 MPa for 7 d at 15 °C. Seed respiration, measured by O2 uptake, during germination of seeds primed with CaCl2 was higher than for control seeds or those primed with PEG8000. Priming pansy seed with CaCl2 at –1.0 MPa for 3 d at 23 °C was effective in increasing seedling emergence and for reducing the time of emergence in summer greenhouse studies.
Micropropagation of Spathiphyllum and Syngonium is Facilitated by Use of Interfacial Membrane Rafts
Authors: Watad A.A. , Raghothama K.G. , Kochba M. , Nissim A. , Gaba V.
Published: February 2019

Explant growth and shoot multiplication of Spathiphyllum and Syngonium were compared on agar-solidified medium and interfacial membrane rafts floating on liquid medium. After 25 d of culture, greater shoot multiplication and fresh mass gain were achieved by plant material grown on rafts. Shoot multiplication of Spathiphyllum and Syngonium on membrane rafts reached a maximum at 25 d, whereas the fresh mass increased throughout the culture period (40 d). The number of shoots of Spathiphyllum and Syngonium material grown on membrane rafts remained constant between 25 and 40 d of culture. The plants grown on membrane rafts also developed more roots.
Ice-nucleation-active (INA) Bacteria: A Detriment to Strawberry Flower Survival during Low-temperature Exposure
Authors: Warmund Michele R. , English James T.
Published: February 2019

Experiments were conducted to determine the temperatures at which different densities of INA bacteria incite ice crystallization on `Totem' strawberry flowers and to determine if there is a relationship between densities of INA bacteria on strawberry flowers and floral injury. Primary flowers were inoculated with Pseudomonas syringae at 106 cells/ml buffer, incubated at 25°C day/10°C night and 100% RH for 48 h, and exposed to –2.0°C. No ice nucleation occurred on these inoculated flowers and all of the flowers survived. However, when inoculated flowers were subjected to lower temperatures, ice nucleation occurred at –2.2°C and few of the flowers survived. In contrast, ice crystals formed on the surface of most non-inoculated flowers at –2.8°C and 21% of the flowers survived exposure to –3.5°C. When INA bacterial densities were ≈105 colony forming units/g dry wt, floral injury occurred at a warmer temperature than to flowers that had lower bacterial densities.
Pre-emergent Weed Control in Container-grown Herbaceous Perennials
Authors: Dunn Scott , Staats David , Klett James E.
Published: February 2019

During the 1996 season, pre-emergent herbicides were applied to container-grown herbaceous perennials and evaluated on the basis of weed control, phytotoxicity, and effect on plant growth. The herbicides and rates were: Napropamide (Devrinol 10G), 0.72 and 1.44 kg a.i./ha; Oryzalin (Surflan 40AS), 0.36 and 0.72 kg a.i./ha; Oxadiazon (Ronstar 2G), 0.72 and 1.44 kg a.i./ha; Oxyfluorfen + Oryzalin (Rout 3G), 0.54 and 2.16 kg/ha; Oxyfluorfen + Pendimethalin (Scott's OH II),0.54 kg a.i./ha; and Trifluralin (Treflan 5G), 0.72 and 1.44 kg a.i./ha. Herbicides were applied to Campanula carpatica, Dianthus gratianopolitanus, Gaillardia × `Baby Cole', Penstemon × `Husker's Red', and Phlox subulata `Emerald Blue'. Phytotoxicity symptoms (visual defects and less height) were apparent with Oryzalin on Penstemon (at both rates) and on Phlox (0.72 kg a.i./ha). Weed control was significantly less with Trifluralin and Napropamide when compared to the other herbicides.
Tolerance of Fine Fescues to Clethodim
Authors: Kuhns Larry J. , Harpster Tracey L.
Published: February 2019

Fine fescues are immune to two common graminicides, fluazifop-p-butyl and sethoxydim. This study was initiated to determine the tolerance of three fine fescues; chewings, hard, and creeping red, to clethodim alone or with a crop oil concentrate (COC) or non-ionic surfactant (NIS). Clethodim at 0.25 or 1.0 lb/a was applied on 23 Oct. 1995 and evaluated on 22 May and 9 July 1996. Clethodim at 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 lb/a, was applied on 31 May and evaluated on 9 July 1996. Applied in the fall at 0.25 lb/a alone or with NIS, clethodim had little effect on chewings or creeping red fescue. Some injury to hard fescue was evident on 22 May, but it recovered by 9 July. The addition of COC resulted in moderate injury to all three species, with only partial recovery by 9 July. Severe injury of all species from clethodim applied at 1 lb/a was evident on 22 May. The amount of recovery that occurred by 9 July was dependent on the spray additive used. With none, all of the grasses recovered fairly well. With NIS, moderate injury to hard fescue persisted; and with COC, unacceptable injury to all species persisted. Similar results were obtained when the treatments were applied in the spring. The 0.5 lb/a rate caused an intermediate degree of injury. Though none of the clethodim treatments totally killed any of the fine fescues, unacceptable injury was caused by the 0.5 and 1.0 lb/a rates, regardless of additive, and by the 0.25 lb/a + COC treatment.
Influence of Smooth Pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) and Common Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) Densities on Lettuce Yields under Different Phosphorus Fertility Regimes
Authors: Santos Bielinski M. , Dusky Joan A. , Stall William M. , Shilling Donn G. , Bewick Thomas A.
Published: February 2019

The effects of different populations densities of smooth pigweed and common purslane were determined in field trials conducted in organic soils. `South Bay' lettuce was planted in twin rows on 90-cm planting beds. Weed densities used were 0, 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeds per 6 m of row (5.4 m2). Phosphorus (P) was applied broadcast (1200 kg P/ha) and banded 2 inches below each lettuce row (600 kg P/ha). Lettuce fresh weights were collected 8 weeks after emergence. Data collected indicated that P regime and density had significant effects on lettuce yield and quality. For both weeds, yield decreased as density increased. In all cases, lettuce showed greater yields at a given density when grown with P banded than when P was applied broadcast. Critical density for smooth pigweed for P broadcast was between 2 and 4 plants per 5.4 m2, whereas this critical density occurred between 8 and 16 plants per 5.4 m2 when P was banded. Yield reductions of up to 24.4% and 20.1% occurred at the highest smooth pigweed density for broadcast and banded P, respectively. Two common purslane plants per 5.4 m2 were enough to reduce lettuce yields. Banding P helped lettuce to produce significantly more within each common purslane density. Yield reductions of 47.8% and 44.3% occurred at the highest common purslane density for broadcast and banded P, respectively. Apparently, banding P gives an additional advantage to the crop against smooth pigweed and common purslane.
Student Reactions to Technology in the Horticulture Classroom
Authors: Schrock Denny
Published: February 2019

A new course, Topics in Home Horticulture, was developed at the Univ. of Missouri in Fall 1996. The course incorporated a mix of traditional lectures, hands-on laboratories, and technological teaching tools. Approximately 1/3 of the lectures were developed with computer presentation software; the remainder with slides or overhead transparencies. Class notes and some reading assignments were posted on the Internet. All students participated in a class e-mail discussion group. The course evaluation assessed students' use of and reactions to technological tools for the class. Students who used the Internet most frequently were more likely to agree that the class web pages enhanced learning. The greatest barrier to use of the Internet web pages was inconvenience of access. Students found the e-mail discussion group most helpful to get answers to questions outside class and to receive comments from peers. No strong preferences were expressed by students for type of lecture format. On a 5-point scale (1 = none to 5 = a lot), students' self-assessment of experience with the Internet as a result of the course increased 1.3 points, on average, while experience with e-mail increased 0.8 points. On the same scale, home horticulture knowledge gained was self-assessed to have increased by an average of 1.4 points.
Postharvest Performance of `Elegant Lady' Peach Grown with Different Nitrogen Sources
Authors: Wiley Paul , Crisosto Carlos H. , Johnson R. Scott , Andris Harry
Published: February 2019

Fruit quality, storage potential, and consumer acceptance were evaluated for `Elegant Lady' peach fruit from non-conventional and conventional fertilizer management systems. Conventional treatments were fertilized with synthetic sources of nitrogen (ammonium nitrate), while the non-conventional plots received organic sources of nitrogen such as vetch cover, biosolids compost, grass compost, chicken manure, or steer manure. Fertilization treatments were applied at high (300 N unit per acre) and low rates (100 N unit/acre) 2 years before the first postharvest evaluation. Evaluations were carried out for three seasons. There were no significant differences in fruit firmness (N) measured at different fruit positions, soluble solids concentration (%), pH, titratable acidity (% malic acid), water loss susceptibility (%), rate of softening, red color (%), or inking incidence. The incidence of flesh browning, mealiness, and flesh bleeding was only related to storage time and not to the fertilizer source. Therefore, the storage potential was not affected by the nitrogen fertilizer source. In our in-store consumer preference test during the 1995 season, 950 consumers did not perceive any taste differences between fruit from the different nitrogen fertilizer sources. Despite this, consumers still would prefer to buy fruit produced using an organic source of nitrogen rather than synthetic sources.
Influence of Several Container Media Components on Paclobutrazol Efficacy
Authors: Million J. , Barrett J. , Clark D. , Nell T.
Published: February 2019

A broccoli seedling bioassay was used to compare the activity of paclobutrazol applied at six concentrations to 20 media component samples mixed 1:1 (v:v) with vermiculite. Results indicated that 4-, 5-, and 10-fold higher media paclobutrazol concentrations were required in old composted pine bark, fresh pine bark, and composted pine bark samples, respectively, to achieve the same activity observed in sphagnum peatmoss. Paclobutrazol bioassay activity in coir was similar to the activity observed in peat, while activity in vermiculite and perlite was greater than in peat. In a second trial, paclobutrazol activity was reduced more in the fine (<2 mm) fraction of fresh and composted bark samples than in medium (2–4 mm) or coarse (>4 mm) fractions. In a third trial, petunias grown in a 60% composted pine bark:0% peat mix required a »14-times higher drench paclobutrazol concentration to achieve the same size control as petunia grown in a 0% composted bark:60% peat mix. It was concluded that media components differed greatly in their influence on paclobutrazol activity and that the bioassay procedure might serve as a useful tool for predicting media–paclobutrazol interactions.