bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Likelihood-Ratio Test of Twin Zygosity Using Molecular Genetic Markers
Authors: Erickson Stephen
Published: February 2008

The importance of using multiple polymorphic genetic markers to determine unambiguously whether a twin pair is monozygotic (MZ) or dizygotic (DZ) has long been recognized. Concordance among a set of markers is used as evidence of monozygosity, as it would be improbable for DZ twins to be concordant at a large number of polymorphic loci. Several sources give a formula for the probability of two DZ twins sharing the same genotype at a locus, assuming knowledge of allele frequencies but not of either twin's genotype; this probability can be used to determine whether a set of markers will reliably distinguish between MZ and DZ status in a randomly selected twin pair. If the shared genotype is known, however, the likelihood-ratio test (LRT) of the null hypothesis of dizygosity against the alternative hypothesis of monozygosity takes into account the observed genotype and, by the Neyman-Pearson lemma, is the most powerful test of its size. The LRT is equivalent to conditioning on the genotype of one of the twins, and computing the probability, assuming DZ status, of the other twin sharing that genotype. The resultingpvalues are frequently lower than those produced by the unconditional probability, especially if rare alleles are observed. The unconditional probability can be recapitulated from conditional probabilities by averaging across all of the conditioned sibling's possible genotypes. To illustrate properties of the LRT applied to multiple markers, the probability distribution of the LRTpvalue is computed from allele frequencies of twelve unlinked markers published in Elbaz et al. (2006) and compared with thepvalue computed from unconditional probabilities.
Power of the Classical Twin Design Revisited: II Detection of Common Environmental Variance
Authors: Visscher Peter M. , Gordon Scott , Neale Michael C.
Published: February 2008

We expand our previous deterministic power calculations by calculating the required sample size to detect C in ACE models. The theoretical expected value of the maximum log-likelihood for the AE model was derived using two optimisation methods and these gave near-identical results. Theoretical predictions were verified by computer simulation and the results agreed very well. We have developed a user-friendly web-based tool, TwinPower, to perform power calculations to detect either A or C for the classical twin design. This new tool can be found at http://genepi.qimr.edu.au/cgi-bin/twinpower.cgi
No Association of the Genetic Polymorphisms of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase, Dimethylarginine Dimethylaminohydrolase, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor With Preeclampsia in Korean Populations
Authors: Kim Young Ju , Park Bo Hyun , Park Hyesook , Jung Sung-Chul , Pang Myung-Geol , Ryu Hyun-Mee , Lee Kwang-Soo , Eom Sang-Mi , Park Hyun-Young
Published: February 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there is any association between preeclampsia and eNOS, DDAH, and VEGF gene polymorphisms, and also to search for a possible association between haplotypes in eNOS, DDHA, and VEGF genes and the risk for preeclampsia. DNA was extracted from whole blood of 223 preeclampsia patients and 237 healthy pregnant women. The genotypes were analyzed by a single base primer extension assay using a SNaPShot assay kit. Results were analyzed with the Student's t-test, Chi-square test, and Logistic regression analysis. Haplotype analyses were performed using Haploview 3.2 version. There were no significant differences in genotype or allele frequencies of eNOS, DDAH, and VEGF gene polymorphisms between preeclampsia patients and controls. No increase in the risk of preeclampsia for those genes was observed under any model of inheritance and there were no statistically significant associations between any haplotypes and preeclampsia risk. Polymorphisms in eNOS, DDAH, and VEGF gene do not seem to be risk factors for preeclampsia.
Cervical Column Morphology and Craniofacial Profiles in Monozygotic Twins
Authors: Sonnesen Liselotte , Pallisgaard Carsten , Kjær Inger
Published: February 2008

Previous studies have described the relationships between cervical column morphology and craniofacial morphology. The aims of the present study were to describe cervical column morphology in 38 pairs of adult monozygotic (MZ) twins, and compare craniofacial morphology in twins with fusions with craniofacial morphology in twins without fusion. Visual assessment of cervical column morphology and cephalometric measurements of craniofacial morphology were performed on profile radiographs. In the cervical column, fusion between corpora of the second and third vertebrae was registered as fusion. In the twin group, 8 twin pairs had fusion of the cervical column in both individuals within the pair (sub-group A), 25 pairs had no fusions (subgroup B), and in 5 pairs, cervical column morphology was different within the pair (subgroup C), as one twin had fusion and the other did not. Comparison of craniofacial profiles showed a tendency to increased jaw retrognathia, larger cranial base angle, and larger mandibular inclination in subgroup A than in subgroup B. The same tendency was observed within subgroup C between the individual twins with fusion compared with those without fusion. These results confirm that cervical fusions and craniofacial morphology may be interrelated in twins when analysed on profile radiographs. The study also documents that differences in cervical column morphology can occur in individuals within a pair of MZ twins. It illustrates that differences in craniofacial morphology between individuals within a pair of MZ twins can be associated with cervical fusion.
Posidonia oceanica seeds from drift origin: viability, germination and early plantlet development
Authors: Belzunce Miriam , Navarro Rafael M. , Rapoport Hava F.
Published: February 2008

Recruitment of Posidonia oceanica from seeds is infrequent owing to the rare and unpredictable occurrence of sexual reproduction. However, in years of high reproductive success, ample supplies of seeds become available in drifting fruit; this could be a useful source of material for seabed restoration. In this study we introduce and combine viability tests and culture procedures for evaluating this material. Three different groups of collected fruits representing a phenological or maturation sequence were tested for seed viability with tetrazolium. We also examined the effects of storage on the germination and development of seedling root and shoot systems. The younger groups showed good (67–86%) germination and survival, with the tetrazolium viability test proving useful for predicting these processes. However, although a strong correlation between fruit and seed weight was observed, higher values of these parameters did not confer greater germination capacity. The seeds of fruits collected late in the season were more developed and plantlet roots and shoots grew faster under culture, but survival after 4 weeks was reduced (40%). Under the conditions tested, viability was highly reduced and there was no final seedling survival following storage.
Survival of sand-burial by seaweeds with crustose bases or life-history stages structures the biotic community on an intertidal rocky shore
Authors: Anderson Robert J. , Anderson Dylan R. , Anderson James S.
Published: February 2008

Responses of a rocky intertidal community to seasonal sand-inundation were investigated on the cool-temperate west coast of South Africa by experimentally testing the hypothesis that the crustose components in certain macroalgae survive burial, enabling them to dominate the community when the shore is sand-free. Twelve 0.25×0.25 m plots served as controls in the mid-eulittoral and 12 in the upper eulittoral zone. Treatment 1 (T1) comprised a further 12 plots in each zone that were cleared of all biota (scraping, wire-brushing and burning) soon after the sand moved off in year 2. Treatment 2 (T2) comprised clearing a further 12 plots in each zone at the end of Year 2, just before sand returned, in case T1 had inadvertently removed early-settling microscopic stages. Mid-eulittoral zone controls developed similar communities each year dominated byMazzaella capensis,Gymnogongrus complicatus, barnacles, mussels and small limpets, with smaller covers of several other macroalgae. Both treatments significantly reducedM. capensis,G. complicatusandG. glomeratus, but did not affect covers of other species. These three species persisted as crustose holdfasts, and the latter two also as crustose tetrasporophytes; the crusts probably comprise coalescent sporelings. All other species recruited annually as the sand moved off. In the upper eulittoral zone, T2 had no effect on the biota that developed, indicating that none of the species (including the dominantsPorphyra capensisandChthamalus dentatus) relied on persistent elements to survive burial. These results confirm that sand-disturbed communities comprise a mixture of opportunistic and disturbance-tolerant species, but experimentally show the importance of crustose elements for survival of these red algae.
Marine benthic diatoms from Potter Cove, King George Island, Antarctica
Authors: Al-Handal Adil Y. , Wulff Angela
Published: February 2008

Antarctic benthic marine diatoms from the Potter Cove region, King George Island were studied in samples collected during the austral summer 2003. A floristic list was made to add information on the Antarctic benthic diatom distribution. A total of 84 species was identified from four localities in Potter Cove, the majority of which are of cosmopolitan distribution. The most common taxa encountered wereCocconeisspp.,Gyrosigma fasciola, Naviculacf.cancellata, N.cf.perminuta, Petroneis plagiostomaandPleurosigma obscurum. BothG. fasciolaandP. obscurumare recorded for the first time from Antarctica with such common occurrence. The overall diatom population in Potter Cove appeared rather different from other diatom populations observed in Antarctic marine habitats.
Sawblade Vibration Mode Shape Measurement Using ESPI
Authors: Schajer Gary S. , Steinzig Michael
Published: February 2008

Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) is used to measure the vibration mode shapes of circular and bandsaws. A video camera views a vibrating sawblade that is illuminated by a laser light. The image within the camera is mixed with a reference light to create an interference pattern. The reference phase is stepped by 180 degrees using a piezoelectric actuator before measuring each successive image. Subtraction of the successive images gives a contour view of the vibration mode of the sawblade. The technique is noncontacting and displays vibration mode shapes in real-time. It has the advantage over the classical Chladni method because it avoids the need to spread a powder over the sawblade surface and because it can also identify low-frequency vibrations.
Networked Control Systems with Time-Varying Delay – Stability through Input-Output Transformation (Netzwerkregelungssysteme mit variabler Totzeit – Stabilität durch Eingangs-Ausgangs-Transformation)
Authors: Matiakis Tilemachos , Hirche Sandra , Buss Martin
Published: February 2008

With the increasing complexity of modern automation systems, Networked Control Systems (NCS) gain more and more importance due to their modularity and simplified diagnosis. In NCS, plant and controller are spatially separated and the control loop is physically closed through a communication network. Communication time delay in a NCS degrades the performance and may lead to instability. In this article we propose a novel approach for time-varying delay applicable to the class of input-feedforward-output-feedback-passive (IF-OFP) systems. The proposed approach is based on an input-output transformation; instead of direct communication a linear transformation of the plant and controller input and output is sent through the communication network. Asymptotic stability is guaranteed for arbirarily large time delay with bounded rate of change. The control performance is superior compared to alternative approaches. Simulations show the validity of the proposed approach.
Modeling, Analysis, and Design of Networked Control Systems using Jump Linear Systems (Modellierung, Analyse und Entwurf vernetzter Regelsysteme mithilfe schaltender Systeme)
Authors: Blind Rainer , Münz Ulrich , Allgöwer Frank
Published: February 2008

Based on recent results from the literature, we give an introduction on modeling, analysis, and design of networked control systems (NCS) using a jump linear system (JLS) formulation. In particular, we consider linear, discrete-time models with a packet-switched communication channel between the sensors and the controller. We assume that the packet-delay and drop-out in the channel can be modeled with independent, identically distributed random processes or Markov chains. With this assumption, we reformulate the problem as a jump system and present both stability conditions and three different controller design algorithms. These results are taken from the literature except for one controller design procedure which is new and has the advantage of giving a fast solution at the expense of higher conservatism. Finally, all design algorithms are illustrated and compared, based on a common simulation example.
Successful Management of Difficult Infusion-Associated Reactions in a Young Patient With Mucopolysaccharidosis Type VI Receiving Recombinant Human Arylsulfatase B (Galsulfase [Naglazyme])
Authors: Kim Katherine H. , Decker Celeste , Burton Barbara K.
Published: February 2008

Our patient with mucopolysaccharidosis type VI received enzyme replacement therapy with recombinant human arylsulfatase B (galsulfase [Naglazyme, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc, Novato, CA]) shortly after approval by the US Food and Drug Administration. After 1 month of weekly infusions, the patient developed significant infusion-associated reactions and could not tolerate therapy at the recommended infusion rate. We were able to continue treatment successfully by the addition of steroids to the premedication regimen and by significantly reducing the rate of drug infusion. Over the next several months, the patient's infusion rate was slowly increased and the premedications were weaned. We demonstrate that by significantly reducing the rate of infusions and adjusting the premedication regimen, galsulfase infusions can continue with no additional observance of infusion-associated reactions.
Impaired Autoregulation in Preterm Infants Identified by Using Spatially Resolved Spectroscopy
Authors: Wong Flora Y. , Leung Terence S. , Austin Topun , Wilkinson Malcolm , Meek Judith H. , Wyatt John S. , Walker Adrian M.
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE. The absence of cerebral autoregulation in preterm infants has been associated with adverse outcome, but its bedside assessment in the immature brain is problematic. We used spatially resolved spectroscopy to continuously measure cerebral oxygen saturation (expressed as a tissue-oxygenation index) and used the correlation of tissue-oxygenation index with spontaneous fluctuations in mean arterial blood pressure to assess cerebral autoregulation.

PATIENTS AND METHODS. The tissue-oxygenation index and mean arterial blood pressure were continuously measured in very premature infants (n = 24) of mean (±SD) gestational age of 26 (±2.3) weeks at a mean postnatal age of 28 (±22) hours. The correlation between mean arterial blood pressure and tissue-oxygenation index in the frequency domain was assessed by using cross-spectral analysis techniques (coherence and transfer-function gain). Values of coherence reflect the strength of linear correlation, whereas transfer-function gain reflects the amplitude of tissue-oxygenation index changes relative to mean arterial blood pressure changes.

RESULTS. High coherence (coherence ≥ 0.5) values were found in 9 infants who were of lower gestational age, lower birth weight, and lower mean arterial blood pressure than infants with coherence of <0.5; high-coherence infants also had higher median Clinical Risk Index for Babies scores and a higher rate of neonatal deaths. Coherence of ≥0.5 predicted mortality with a positive predictive value of 67% and negative predictive value of 100%. In multifactorial analysis, coherence alone was the best predictor of mortality and Clinical Risk Index for Babies score alone was the best predictor of coherence.

CONCLUSIONS. High coherence between mean arterial blood pressure and tissue-oxygenation index indicates impaired cerebral autoregulation in clinically sick preterm infants and is strongly associated with subsequent mortality. Cross-spectral analysis of mean arterial blood pressure and tissue-oxygenation index has the potential to provide continuous bedside assessment of cerebral autoregulation and to guide therapeutic interventions.
Neuroradiographic, Endocrinologic, and Ophthalmic Correlates of Adverse Developmental Outcomes in Children With Optic Nerve Hypoplasia: A Prospective Study
Authors: Garcia-Filion Pamela , Epport Karen , Nelson Marvin , Azen Colleen , Geffner Mitchell E. , Fink Cassandra , Borchert Mark
Published: February 2008

BACKGROUND. Developmental delay has been reported to occur with optic nerve hypoplasia, a leading cause of pediatric blindness, but has not been systematically examined for its prevalence and correlation with associated pathologies of optic nerve hypoplasia.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to determine the developmental outcomes of children with optic nerve hypoplasia and the correlation of development with neuroradiographic, endocrinologic, and ophthalmic findings.

METHODS. We conducted a prospective analysis of 73 subjects diagnosed with optic nerve hypoplasia at <36 months of age for developmental outcomes at 5 years of age. Subjects underwent neuroradiographic imaging, endocrinologic testing and examination, and ophthalmologic examination; developmental outcomes were assessed by using the Battelle Developmental Inventory.

RESULTS. At 5 years of age, developmental delay was present in 71% of subjects with optic nerve hypoplasia. Of patients with unilateral (18%) and bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia, 39% and 78%, respectively, experienced developmental delay. Corpus callosum hypoplasia and hypothyroidism were significantly associated with poor outcome in all of the developmental domains and an increased risk of delay. Absence of the septum pellucidum was not associated with adverse development. Six subjects had neither a neuroradiographic nor an endocrinologic abnormality, and of those, 4 were developmentally delayed.

CONCLUSIOONS. These prospective data confirm the significant association of developmental delay with optic nerve hypoplasia and identify corpus callosum hypoplasia and hypothyroidism as strong correlates. A diagnosis of optic nerve hypoplasia warrants neuroradiographic and endocrinologic testing for risk factors of delay and developmental assessments for early intervention planning.
Achieving durable repaired concrete structures: a performance-based approach
Authors: Matthews S. , Morlidge J.
Published: February 2008

Societal drivers are encouraging the life extension of existing buildings and infrastructure and some 50% of Europe's annual construction budget is spent on remediation and refurbishment. Owners require greater certainty in the performance of concrete structures in order to manage their assets more effectively. This has generated a requirement for more durable and effective measures for the protection and repair of concrete structures. To help address these issues, a European-funded thematic network Conrepnet was launched in 2003. The network has looked at the performance of previously repaired concrete structures, reviewed current industry practices and research activities, examined the concept of a performance-based approach and developed a vision and for its application. While the outcomes of the first two areas are of considerable interest by virtue of the findings from three questionnaire surveys, it is in the latter area that the greatest impact may arise and, accordingly, was the main focus of the network.
Effects of a Putty‐Form Hydroxyapatite Matrix Combined With the Synthetic Cell‐Binding Peptide P‐15 on Alveolar Ridge Preservation
Authors: Neiva Rodrigo F. , Tsao Yi‐Pin , Eber Robert , Shotwell Jeffrey , Billy Edward , Wang Hom‐Lay
Published: February 2008

Background: Various grafting materials have been used for preservation of the dimensions of the residual alveolar ridge following tooth extraction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical, histomorphometric, and radiographic healing 4 months after tooth extraction with or without placement of a putty‐form anorganic bovine‐derived hydroxyapatite matrix combined with a synthetic cell‐binding peptide P‐15 (Putty P15) to determine the effect on alveolar ridge preservation following exodontia.

Methods: Twenty‐four consecutive subjects in need of extraction of maxillary premolars were recruited. Recruited subjects were randomly assigned to the test (Putty P15 and bioabsorbable collagen wound dressing material) or control (bioabsorbable collagen wound dressing material only) group. Data were recorded at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks after ridge preservation procedures. At 16 weeks, a reentry surgery was performed, clinical measurements were repeated, and bone core biopsies were obtained for histomorphometric analysis prior to dental implant placement.

Results: The control group had a mean reduction in ridge height of −0.56 ± 1.04 mm, whereas alveolar ridge height appeared to remain unchanged in the test group (0.15 ± 1.76). The test group showed a mean reduction in ridge width of −1.31 ± 0.96 mm, whereas the mean value for the control group was −1.43 ± 1.05 mm. No statistical significance was observed between the groups. Mean bone density was significantly superior in the test group (2.08 ± 0.65 versus 3.33 ± 0.65). Histomorphometric analyses revealed similar percentages of bone vitality (test: 29.92% ± 8.46%; control: 36.54% ± 7.73%). Comparable percentages of bone marrow and fibrous tissue also were observed (test: 65.25% ± 6.41%; control: 62.67% ± 7.41%). Only 6.25% of the Putty P15 particles remained at 4 months in the analyzed biopsies.

Conclusion: A favorable response was observed when Putty P15 was applied to extraction sockets, suggesting that it may be useful for alveolar ridge preservation prior to dental implant placement.
The Influence of Non‐Matching Implant and Abutment Diameters on Radiographic Crestal Bone Levels in Dogs
Authors: Jung Ronald E. , Jones Archie A. , Higginbottom Frank L. , Wilson Thomas G. , Schoolfield John , Buser Daniel , Hämmerle Christoph H.F. , Cochran David L.
Published: February 2008

Background: It has been shown that different implant designs and different vertical implant positions have an influence on crestal bone levels. The aim of the present study was to evaluate radiographic crestal bone changes around experimental dental implants with non‐matching implant–abutment diameters placed submucosally or transmucosally at three different levels relative to the alveolar crest.

Methods: Sixty two‐piece dental implants with non‐matching implant–abutment diameters were placed in edentulous spaces bilaterally in five foxhounds. The implants were placed submucosally or transmucosally in the left or the right side of the mandible. Within each side, six implants were randomly placed at three distinct levels relative to the alveolar crest. After 12 weeks, 60 crowns were cemented. Radiographs were obtained from all implant sites following implant placement, after crown insertion, and monthly for 6 months after loading.

Results: Radiographic analysis revealed very little bone loss and a slight increase in bone level for implants placed at the level of the crest or 1 mm above. The greatest bone loss occurred at implants placed 1 mm below the bone crest. No clinically significant differences regarding marginal bone loss and the level of the bone‐to‐implant contact were detected between implants with a submucosal or a transmucosal healing.

Conclusions: Implants with non‐matching implant–abutment diameters demonstrated some bone loss; however, it was a small amount. There was no clinically significant difference between submucosal and transmucosal approaches.
The Suppressive Effect of Enamel Matrix Derivative on Osteocalcin Gene Expression of Osteoblasts Is Neutralized by an Antibody Against TGF‐β
Authors: Wada Yoshiyuki , Yamamoto Hidekazu , Nanbu Satoshi , Mizuno Morimichi , Tamura Masato
Published: February 2008

Background: Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) plays a crucial role in periodontal tissue regeneration. However, the precise mechanism of tissue regeneration by EMD remains obscure. The purpose of this study was to clarify what factors present in EMD show bioactivity.

Methods: We first examined the effect of EMD on MC3T3‐E1 osteoblastic cells. To evaluate the differentiation, the expression of osteoblast‐related genes was measured by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction, and the osteocalcin (OCN) content was measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Alkaline phosphatase activity and the mineralization were examined histologically. EMD (intact EMD) was filtrated to separate the soluble fraction (soluble EMD), and the effects of soluble and intact EMD were examined. Neutralization of the bioactivity of EMD was performed using a polyclonal antibody against porcine transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β).

Results: EMD inhibited the expression of osteoblastic phenotypes, and we used the inhibitory effect of EMD on osteoblastic differentiation as a benchmark of activity of EMD. The soluble fraction separated from EMD inhibited osteoblast‐related gene expression and OCN synthesis. Soluble EMD suppressed the OCN gene level within 24 hours, and the effect of soluble EMD mimicked that of TGF‐β (10 ng/ml). The antibody against TGF‐β diminished the inhibitory effect of soluble EMD on OCN gene expression.

Conclusions: The inhibitory effect of EMD on OCN gene expression of osteoblastic cells is neutralized by the antibody against TGF‐β in it. This result might indicate that EMD contains TGF‐β and that it participates in the bioactivity of EMD.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Associated Kaposi Sarcoma as an Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome: A Literature Review and Case Report
Authors: Feller Liviu , Anagnostopoulos Christos , Wood Neil H. , Bouckaert Michael , Raubenheimer Erich J. , Lemmer Johan
Published: February 2008

Background: Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is the most common human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐associated neoplasm (HIV‐KS). Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) results in a decrease in the incidence and prevalence of HIV‐KS as well as in clinical improvement. However, in a subset of subjects who are HIV seropositive, KS may recrudesce early following the introduction of HAART as an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS).

Methods: The management of a patient who is HIV seropositive with rapid clinical worsening of oral KS lesions shortly after the initiation of HAART was documented. Repeated serologic testing for CD4+ T‐cell count and microscopic examination of two biopsy specimens of the oral lesion, one taken before and the other taken after cytotoxic chemotherapy, followed by surgical excision was the treatment modality used.

Results: Microscopic examination of the incisional biopsy specimen taken from the oral lesion at the time of the initial consultation confirmed the clinical diagnosis of KS. The sequential serological tests showed a progressive increase in CD4+ T‐cell counts that paralleled the rapid clinical worsening of the KS disease. This was consistent with the diagnosis of IRIS‐associated HIV‐KS. Subsequent cytotoxic chemotherapy brought about resolution of the IRIS and regression of the HIV‐KS lesions. Microscopic examination of a biopsy specimen obtained after cytotoxic chemotherapy did not show any of the original KS. The residual palatal exophytic mass was excised.

Conclusions: IRIS‐associated HIV‐KS is not a disease, but rather a temporary paradoxical immunoinflammatory reaction brought about by improvement in immune status following HAART. IRIS‐associated HIV‐KS can be controlled effectively by limited systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy in the setting of HAART.
Disease Progression From Mucosal to Mucocutaneous Involvement in a Patient With Desquamative Gingivitis Associated With Pemphigus Vulgaris
Authors: Endo Hiroyasu , Rees Terry D. , Hallmon William W. , Kuyama Kayo , Nakadai Mami , Kato Takao , Kono Yoshiharu , Yamamoto Hirotsugu
Published: February 2008

Background: Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) frequently begins with oral lesions and progresses to skin lesions. A patient is described who developed skin lesions during follow‐up and whose only initial symptom was desquamative gingivitis (DG).

Methods: A 31‐year‐old woman presented with a 2‐month history of painful gingiva. The diagnosis of PV was made according to clinical, histopathological, and immunofluorescent criteria. Topical corticosteroid (0.1% triamcinolone acetonide) was provided for the treatment of DG. Evaluation of the circulating autoantibody titers to desmoglein (Dsg)1 and Dsg3 was conducted by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results: The gingival PV lesions went into remission with the use of topical corticosteroid, although the patient experienced occasional recurrent oral lesions that required retreatment. She had regular follow‐ups and remained relatively stable for several months. However, relapse and worsening of the oral lesions and the onset of skin lesions occurred after 26 months. Using ELISA, a change in the autoantibody profile corresponding to the transition from mucosal PV to mucocutaneous PV was confirmed. In all ELISA studies conducted throughout the course of the patient's disease, the Dsg3 ELISA was consistently high ranging from 150 to 200. However, the Dsg1 ELISA remained low, ranging from 10 to 30. After 26 months, Dsg3 (index value of 150) and Dsg1 (index value of 114) ELISA levels were elevated, consistent with the transition to mucocutaneous PV.

Conclusions: In cases in which the lesions are limited to the oral cavity, PV sometimes may be managed successfully using only topical corticosteroids. However, it may not be possible to reduce the circulating Dsg autoantibody titers without systemic immunosuppression. The sustained high Dsg3 antibody level may cause “epitope spreading” and induce skin lesions. It may be prudent to determine post‐treatment levels of Dsg using ELISA and, in consultation with the physician, recommend the addition of systemic therapy if Dsg3 levels remain elevated.
Effects of Different Depths of Gap on Healing of Surgically Created Coronal Defects Around Implants in Dogs: A Pilot Study
Authors: Yoon Hong‐Cheol , Choi Jung‐Yoo , Jung Ui‐Won , Bae Eun‐Kyung , Choi Seong‐Ho , Cho Kyoo‐Sung , Lee Ho‐Yong , Kim Chong‐Kwan , Shim June‐Sung
Published: February 2008

Background: This study investigated the bone growth pattern in surgically created coronal defects with various depths around implants in dogs.

Methods: Four mongrel dogs were used. All mandibular premolars were extracted under general anesthesia and left to heal for 2 months. After ostectomy, bony defects were prepared in test sites, using a stepped drill with a diameter of 6.3 mm and two depths: 2.5 mm (test sites 1 [T1]) and 5.0 mm (test sites 2 [T2]). In the control sites, the implants were placed after ostectomy without any coronal defects. T1, T2, and control sites were prepared in the right and left sides of the mandible. Six implants, 3.3 mm in diameter and 10 mm in length, were placed in each dog; the implants were submerged completely. Two dogs were sacrificed 8 weeks after surgery, and the other two dogs were sacrificed 12 weeks after surgery. The stability of all implants was measured with a resonance frequency analyzer after placement and after sacrifice. All sites were block‐dissected for ground sectioning and histologic examination.

Results: After 12 weeks of healing, only T2 were not filled fully with bone. At week 8, the mean bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC) was 47.7% for control, 43.6% for T1, and 22.2% for T2. At week 12, the control BIC was 56.7% and the 2.5‐mm defect had a greater BIC (58.8%). However, in the 5‐mm defect, the BIC was 35.1%. At insertion, stability was reduced at sites with a greater defect depth. Similar stability was noted in all specimens after 8 and 12 weeks of healing.

Conclusion: Bone healing between an implant and marginal bone was compromised at sites with a deeper defect when the width of the bone defect was 1.5 mm.
Evaluation of Serum Anti‐Cardiolipin and Oxidized Low‐Density Lipoprotein Levels in Chronic Periodontitis Patients With Essential Hypertension
Authors: Türkoğlu Oya , Barış Nezihi , Kütükçüler Necil , Şenarslan Ömer , Güneri Sema , Atilla Gül
Published: February 2008

Background: The aim of the present study was to investigate whether chronic periodontitis caused the elevated levels of anti‐cardiolipin antibodies (anti‐CL) and oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in subjects with essential hypertension.

Methods: Seventy‐two subjects were categorized as healthy controls, subjects with essential hypertension and periodontal health (healthy‐hypertension group), subjects with essential hypertension and gingivitis (gingivitis‐hypertension group), or subjects with essential hypertension and chronic periodontitis (periodontitis‐hypertension group). Individuals with essential hypertension who had been taking antihypertensive medication ≥2 years were included in the present study. The presence of supragingival plaque, bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment level were recorded, and blood samples were collected. Serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti‐CL and oxLDL levels were assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. For IgM and IgG anti‐CL assays, positive tests were defined as ≥15 IgM phospholipid units and ≥10 IgG phospholipid units, respectively.

Results: The mean IgM anti‐CL level and the prevalence of subjects positive for IgM anti‐CL were significantly higher in the periodontitis‐hypertension group compared to the other groups (P = 0.001). No significant differences were observed in the mean IgG anti‐CL and oxLDL levels or in the number of subjects positive for IgG anti‐CL and positive for IgM or IgG anti‐CL among the study groups. The Pearson correlation analysis revealed positive correlations between IgM anti‐CL levels and supragingival plaque, BOP, and PD scores.

Conclusions: Chronic periodontitis might play a causal role in the elevated serum levels of anti‐CL antibodies in individuals with essential hypertension. These elevated anti‐CL levels that are due to chronic periodontitis might contribute to an increased risk for atherosclerosis in individuals with essential hypertension.
Peri‐Implant Tissue and Radiographic Bone Levels in the Immediately Restored Single‐Tooth Implant: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Degidi Marco , Nardi Diego , Piattelli Adriano
Published: February 2008

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate bone and soft tissue levels in immediately restored single implants positioned in the esthetic anterior region.

Methods: Forty‐five patients requiring single‐implant crowns in the anterior region received 52 implants, which were restored immediately. Periapical radiographs and digital images of 368 interproximal sites were taken during regular follow‐ups from 24 to 72 months after surgery. The interproximal papilla was assessed and compared to the distances between the bone crest and the contact point between the natural teeth and the restoration crown.

Results: Bone loss in the bone peak was statistically significantly greater in the postextraction sockets compared to the healed sites. No significant correlation was found between bone loss and papilla presence. The interproximal papilla showed average growth and decreased, in percentage terms, when the distance between the bone crest and the contact point between the tooth and the restoration crown was >7 mm.

Conclusions: In the interproximal area between the implant and the natural tooth, the papilla does not seem to be affected by the peri‐implant bone loss. The contact point between the natural tooth and the restoration crown should be ≤7 mm from the bone peak. Immediate restoration did not seem to cause a greater average amount of bone loss compared to that reported previously for one‐ and two‐stage surgical procedures after the first year of function.
Plaque‐Removal Efficacy of Four Types of Dental Floss
Authors: Terézhalmy Géza T. , Bartizek Robert D. , Biesbrock Aaron R.
Published: February 2008

Background: Effective plaque removal is essential for gingival health, and dental floss is used to augment plaque removal achieved with a toothbrush.

Methods: This randomized, controlled, examiner‐masked, five‐period crossover study examined plaque removal in 25 subjects following single use with an American Dental Association reference manual toothbrush alone and in combination with four floss products: three traditional (unwaxed, woven, and shred‐resistant) and one powered flosser. Plaque was scored before and after brushing for 1 minute. The Rustogi modified Navy plaque index was used to focus scores on tooth areas contacted during the proper use of dental floss.

Results: Mean plaque reductions (baseline minus postbrushing) in floss contact areas were as follows: 0.181 with the toothbrush alone; 0.228, 0.217, and 0.210 for the toothbrush in combination with the three traditional flosses, unwaxed, woven, and shred‐resistant, respectively; and 0.252 for the toothbrush plus powered flosser. No statistically significant differences were found between the three traditional floss treatments. All four floss treatments showed greater (P <0.05) mean plaque removal than the toothbrush alone. Mean plaque removal with the powered flosser combination was greater than for the woven combination and shred‐resistant combination (both P ≤0.006) and fell just short of significance compared to the unwaxed combination (P = 0.051).

Conclusions: All four floss products in combination with a manual toothbrush removed plaque significantly better than the toothbrush alone. Among floss types, there was evidence of superiority for the powered flosser, but there were no significant treatment differences between the three traditional floss products.
Relationship Between Antimicrobial Protein Levels in Whole Saliva and Periodontitis
Authors: Ito Taichi , Komiya‐Ito Akiyo , Arataki Tomohiko , Furuya Yoshitaka , Yajima Yasutomo , Yamada Satoru , Okuda Katsuji , Kato Tetsuo
Published: February 2008

Background: Antimicrobial proteins are abundant in saliva. The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the amounts of two types of antibacterial protein, cystatin and lysozyme, in saliva between healthy persons and subjects with periodontitis.

Methods: Forty subjects with periodontitis visiting Tokyo Dental College Chiba Hospital, Chiba, Japan, and 27 healthy persons were evaluated. Whole saliva was collected by requiring all subjects to expectorate into a sterile tube. Salivary levels of cystatin SA, cystatin C, and lysozyme were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay or immunoblot assay.

Results: Cystatin SA levels in saliva from the periodontally diseased group showed a mean value of 0.063 ± 0.026 mg/ml, statistically lower than that in the healthy group (P <0.05). The average cystatin C level in the periodontally diseased group was 2.27 ± 1.20 ng/ml, markedly lower than that in the healthy group (3.79 ± 1.28 ng/ml; P <0.05). Average lysozyme levels in the periodontitis and healthy groups were 16.75 ± 15.31 μg/ml and 30.03 ± 15.03 μg/ml, respectively. The lysozyme level in the periodontitis group was significantly lower than in the healthy group (P <0.05).

Conclusion: Specific monoclonal antibodies are useful for the detection of family 2 cystatins in saliva samples, and the amount of antibacterial protein in saliva offers a potential indicator of the risk for periodontitis.
Extraction of acyclovir from pharmaceutical creams for HPLC assay. Optimization and validation of pretreatment protocols
Authors: Tzanavaras Paraskevas , Zacharis Constantinos
Published: February 2008

Three simple protocols for the extraction of acyclovir from its pharmaceutical creams based on ultrasonication, ultrasonication with heating and magnetic stirring were evaluated and compared. Extraction kinetics were studied at different time intervals (5, 10, 15, 30 and 60 min) and the extraction efficiency was determined by HPLC. The effect of concentration of aqueous NaOH as the extraction medium and the stirring speed were also studied and optimized. Best results were obtained with 50 mL of 0.01 mol L−1 aqueous NaOH with magnetic stirring speed of 500 r.p.m. HPLC analysis involved rapid separation of acyclovir from the cream matrix using a 100 × 4.6 mm i.d. monolithic column and UV detection at 254 nm. Magnetic stirring produced the best results in terms of extraction efficiency with an average extraction yield of 100.8%, n = 16 at an optimum extraction time of 15 min. The selected protocol was validated for within and day-to-day precision and ruggedness.
The distribution and the abundance of hydrophytes along the Danube River in Serbia
Authors: Vukov Dragana , Boža Pal , Igić Ružica , Anačkov Goran
Published: February 2008

The Danube River runs through Serbia with flow 588 km long. Different hydrological, geological and ecological conditions occuring along the Danube in Serbia enables its division into four sections: The upper region, Đerdap I accumulation, Đerdap II accumulation, and the lower region. Each section is characterized by unique plant species diversity, frequency of occurrence and distribution pattern. The species diversity ranged from low in the upper reach, to high or very high in the impoundments and decreased in the lower reach. This paper provides a basis for a detailed study on the influence of large power plant impoundments over the aquatic vegetation of rivers.
Comparason of extraction methods for PCR detection of Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC) from cystic fibrosis patients
Authors: Ergunay Koray , Yurdakul Pinar , Sener Burcin , Ozcelik Ugur , Karabulut Erdem , Kiper Nural
Published: February 2008

Direct detection of Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC) and its genomovars from sputum by molecular tests emerges as a method for rapid identification. In this study, four DNA extraction methods were evaluated for the identification for BCC from sputum of CF patients. Sputa from 28 CF patients were aliquoted and spiked with BCC reference strain. Boiling, phenol-chloroform, CTAB methods and a commercial spin column kit was used for DNA extraction. Total DNA yields were determined by spectrophotometry and single-round recA PCR was used for detection of BCC. No significant difference was observed in DNA yields from different extraction methods. Lower limit of detection for recA PCR was determined as 106 cfu/ml. Amplification was observed in 7/16 (43.7%) of sputa for boiling, 8/16 (50%) of sputa for CTAB and 13/16 (81.2%) of sputa for phenol-chloroform method and spin column kit in the assay sensitivity range determined in the study. Phenol-chloroform and commercial spin column kit were found to be better suited for DNA purification from sputum of CF patients for BCC identification. Diagnostic impact of single-round recA PCR directly from sputum was limited to chronically-infected patients.
Review of surfactin chemical properties and the potential biomedical applications
Authors: Seydlová Gabriela , Svobodová Jaroslava
Published: February 2008

Surfactin, a highly powerful biosurfactant produced by various strains of the genus Bacillus, exhibits antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor and hemolytic action. This anionic cyclic lipopeptide is constituted by a heptapeptide interlinked with a β-hydroxy fatty acid. Due to its amhipathic nature surfactin incorporates into the phospholipid bilayer and induces permeabilization and perturbation of target cells. The rising antibiotic resistance as well as a number of remarkable surfactin activities shows that it deserves special interest and is considered as a candidate compound for combating several health related issues. In this review, the current state of knowledge of surfactin properties, biomedical potential and limitations for its application is presented.
Primary total hip arthroplasty for displaced intracapsular fracture of the femoral neck: Medium-term functional and radiographic outcomes
Authors: Džupa Valér , Pazdírek Pavel , Pacovský Vladimír , Bartoníček Jan , Skála-Rosenbaum Jiří
Published: February 2008

The number of complications after primary total hip arthroplasty for displaced intracapsular fractures of the femoral neck is higher than that after operations for osteoarthritis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the number of complications and mid-term functional and radiological findings of patients after primary THA for displaced intracapsular fractures of the femoral neck. Between 1995 and 1998, we operated on a total of 89 patients for acute displaced intracapsular fractures of the femoral neck, i.e. Garden Type 3 and 4. In all the patients we evaluated intraoperative and early postoperative complications. We reviewed clinical and radiological results in 65 patients. The only intraoperative complication was abruption of the greater trochanter. Early postoperative complications occurred in 13 patients (15%). The specific complications, THA dislocation, occurred in 3 patients. Non-specific complications were recorded in 10 patients. No delayed healing of the surgical wound, neural lesion or early, delayed or late infection was recorded. Of 65 patients followed-up for an average of 78 months (range, 62–109 months), 8 patients underwent revision surgery. Of 57 patients with primary THA, very good and good clinical results according to the Harris Hip Score were recorded in 48 patients (84%) and poor results in only 2 patients (4%). Nine of 57 followed-up patients showed radiological signs of loosening (16%). The radiolucent line could be seen in 3 patients in the region of the cup, in 1 patient in the region of the femoral component and in 5 patients in both components. Clinical complaints that would result in indication for reimplantation were recorded in none of the mentioned patients. Number of complications, functional results and resumption of full self-reliance by patients after THA for an intracapsular fracture of the femoral neck are so positive that we consider the indication of THA for a displaced femoral neck fracture fully justified.
Research on Integrated Performance Assessment at the Post-Secondary Level: Student Performance Across the Modes of Communication
Authors: Glisan Eileen W. , Uribe Daniel , Adair-Hauck Bonnie
Published: February 2008

Abstract:

This article reports on a performance-based assessment research project conducted at the US Air Force Academy during the 2004–2005 academic year. The primary purpose of the research project was to measure post-secondary students’ progress towards meeting the Standards for Foreign Language Learning in the 21st Century – specifically the three modes of communication. The article explains how Integrated Performance Assessment measures learners’ language performance in light of current research in foreign language assessment. The paper demonstrates a sample Integrated Performance Assessment for a post-secondary Spanish culture and civilization course, and shares data on the students’ performance for the interpretive, interpersonal, and presentational modes of communication. Correlational data on the impact of middle and high school language learning on post-secondary language performance is also shared. Finally, the paper argues that, unlike traditional testing formats, integrated performance assessment connects teaching, learning, and assessment seamlessly.