bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improved Low-Glucose Predictive Alerts Based on Sustained Hypoglycemia: Model Development and Validation Study (Preprint)
Authors: Dave Darpit , Erraguntla Madhav , Lawley Mark , DeSalvo Daniel , Haridas Balakrishna , McKay Siripoom , Koh Chester
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND

Predictive alerts for impending hypoglycemic events enable persons with type 1 diabetes to take preventive actions and avoid serious consequences.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to develop a prediction model for hypoglycemic events with a low false alert rate, high sensitivity and specificity, and good generalizability to new patients and time periods.

METHODS

Performance improvement by focusing on sustained hypoglycemic events, defined as glucose values less than 70 mg/dL for at least 15 minutes, was explored. Two different modeling approaches were considered: (1) a classification-based method to directly predict sustained hypoglycemic events, and (2) a regression-based prediction of glucose at multiple time points in the prediction horizon and subsequent inference of sustained hypoglycemia. To address the generalizability and robustness of the model, two different validation mechanisms were considered: (1) patient-based validation (model performance was evaluated on new patients), and (2) time-based validation (model performance was evaluated on new time periods).

RESULTS

This study utilized data from 110 patients over 30-90 days comprising 1.6 million continuous glucose monitoring values under normal living conditions. The model accurately predicted sustained events with >97% sensitivity and specificity for both 30- and 60-minute prediction horizons. The false alert rate was kept to <25%. The results were consistent across patient- and time-based validation strategies.

CONCLUSIONS

Providing alerts focused on sustained events instead of all hypoglycemic events reduces the false alert rate and improves sensitivity and specificity. It also results in models that have better generalizability to new patients and time periods.
Correction: The Digital Marshmallow Test (DMT) Diagnostic and Monitoring Mobile Health App for Impulsive Behavior: Development and Validation Study (Preprint)
Authors: Sobolev Michael , Vitale Rachel , Wen Hongyi , Kizer James , Leeman Robert , Pollak J P , Baumel Amit , Vadhan Nehal P , Estrin Deborah , Muench Frederick
Published: January 2021

UNSTRUCTURED

REMOVE
Pretransplant Calculated Panel Reactive Antibody in the Absence of Donor-Specific Antibody and Kidney Allograft Survival
Authors: Lan James H. , Kadatz Matthew , Chang Doris T. , Gill Jagbir , Gebel Howard M. , Gill John S.
Published: January 2021

Background and objectives

Panel reactive antibody informs the likelihood of finding an HLA-compatible donor for transplant candidates, but has historically been associated with acute rejection and allograft survival because testing methods could not exclude the presence of concomitant donor-specific antibodies. Despite new methods to exclude donor-specific antibodies, panel reactive antibody continues to be used to determine the choice of induction and maintenance immunosuppression. The study objective was to determine the clinical relevance of panel reactive antibody in the absence of donor-specific antibodies.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

Retrospective observational study of kidney allograft survival among 4058 zero HLA-A–, B-, DR-, and DQB1-mismatched transplant recipients without antibodies to donor kidney antigens encoded by these HLA gene loci.

Results

Among 4058 first and repeat transplant recipients, patients with calculated panel reactive antibody (cPRA) 1%–97% were not at higher risk of transplant failure, compared with patients with cPRA of 0% (death censored graft loss: hazard ratio, 1.07; 95% confidence interval, 0.82 to 1.41). Patients with cPRA ≥98% had a higher risk of graft loss from any cause including death (hazard ratio, 1.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.08 to 1.79) and death censored allograft failure (hazard ratio, 1.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.27 to 2.49). In stratified analyses, the higher risk of graft loss among patients with cPRA ≥98% was only observed among repeat, but not first, transplant recipients. In subgroup analysis, there was no association between cPRA and graft loss among living related transplant recipients.

Conclusions

Calculated panel reactive antibody is poorly associated with post-transplant immune reactivity to the allograft in the absence of donor-specific antibody.

Podcast

This article contains a podcast at https://www.asn-online.org/media/podcast/CJASN/2021_01_25_CJN13640820_final.mp3
Economic impact of multigene panel testing for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer
Authors: Byfield Stacey Dacosta , Wei Helen , DuCharme Mary , Lancaster Johnathan M
Published: January 2021

Aim:
Healthcare utilization and costs were compared following 25-gene panel (panel) or single syndrome (SS) testing for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer.
Materials & methods:
Retrospective cohort study of patients unaffected by cancer with panel (n = 6359) or SS (n = 4681) testing for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (01 January 2014 to 31 December 2016). Groups were determined by test type and result (positive, negative, variant of uncertain significance [VUS]).
Results:
There were no differences in total unadjusted healthcare costs between the panel (US$14,425) and SS (US$14,384) groups (p = 0.942). Among VUS patients in the panel and SS groups, mean all-cause costs were US$14,404 versus US$20,607 (p = 0.361) and mean risk-reduction/early detection-specific costs were US$718 versus US$679 (p = 0.890), respectively. Adjusted medical costs were not significantly different between panel and SS cohorts.
Conclusion:
Healthcare utilization and costs were comparable between the SS and panel tests overall and for patients with VUS.
Black obsidian procurement strategies and circulation along the northern coast of the Santa Cruz Province (Argentine Patagonia): human mobility and interaction
Authors: Ambrústolo Pablo
Published: January 2021

In this article, we examine the strategies behind the acquisition and reduction of black obsidian found in rock shelters and shell middens from the north coast of the Santa Cruz Province, in Argentine Patagonia. Geochemical analyses performed on black obsidian artifacts from this area posit the long-distance circulation of this raw material given its source at Pampa del Asador, located approximately 400 km to the west. In a previous article, we suggested that evidence for the initial knapping of obsidian pebbles, added to the identification of artifacts with high cortex percentage, implied that obtaining pieces of said raw material would have been based on pebble morphologies. Here we expand on this proposal, contending that this was the case at least for Late Holocene occupational contexts.

During the Middle Holocene an exceptionally low representation of very small-sized debris without cortical reserve was observed; cores and tools were not registered. Knapping activities related to intermediate technical steps in the framework of core reduction and blank production were evidenced, including small and very small flakes as well as bifacial preforms. We inferred that obsidian pieces probably entered into these Middle Holocene sites as part of personal toolkits, cores and bifacial artifacts without cortex, within the framework of exploratory incursions into the area.

For the Late Holocene occupations, taking into consideration the presence of obsidian pebbles, of similar dimensions to those registered at the source itself, we suggest that their procurement would have occurred through various mechanisms, such as the establishment and strengthening of social relations within the context of mobility circuits that would have linked the coast to the interior, among other factors.
Effect of vibration and stirring on 90% and 98% hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Okroj Natalia , Michalska Karolina , Jakusz Bartosz
Published: January 2021

The influence of vibration and stirring of 90% and 98% hydrogen peroxide (high test peroxide – HTP) of two different purity levels in accordance with MIL-PRF-16005F, was determined. Testing was conducted in order to evaluate safety of use of highly concentrated solutions of hydrogen peroxide. The influence of vibration on HTP was tested at different frequencies up to 100 Hz. Further testing investigated the influence of stirring HTP, at three different speed values: 2000 rpm, 4000 rpm and 6000 rpm. During both tests, decomposition was determined by measuring concentration loss using density assay. Liquid during the tests was visually inspected for visible signs of decomposition such as: foaming, gas emission, turbidity.
Investigation of the initiating ability of conically shaped charges
Authors: Zakusylo Roman
Published: January 2021

The influence of the shape of donor charges on their initiating ability is investigated. The composition of these charges, based on chopped ammonium nitrate(V) and nitromethane in the ratio of 95-80% to 5-20%, was investigated experimentally. The composition has a detonation velocity of 3000-3300 m/s and a critical diameter of 5-9 mm. It is established that the use of the truncated conical form of donor charges with a truncated taper angle of 15°, 30°and 45°, contributes to the concentration of the detonation wave along its axis. The use in these charges of a composition based on ammonium nitrate(V) and nitromethane with low energy characteristics will increase the quality of blasting operations. For reasons of safety, it is proposed that mixing is carried out on-site.
SITUASI HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS-TUBERKULOSIS DI KABUPATEN MERAUKE 2018: ANCAMAN PADA UMUR PRODUKTIF
Authors: Bisara Dina , Simarmata Oster Suriani , Novianti Novianti , Senewe Felly Philipus
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background: Pulmonary tuberculosis is the most serious opportunistic infection in HIV/AIDS subjects and is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in developing countries.

Objective: To describe  the results of HIV / TB examination in Merauke District Hospital

Method: Study design is cross-sectional using data from “Studi evaluasi deteksi kasus TBC dengan alat tes cepat molekuler di Indonesia tahun 2018”. Descriptive data analysis is applied based on secondary data of PLWHA patients who visited Merauke District Hospital to examine Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB).

Results: The proportion of PLWHA was almost three times higher (8.5%) compared to other 43 health facilities (3,0%). The highest proportion of PLWHA is productive age of 15-54 years (94.9%) and male (54.5%). The proportion of children (aged <15 years) with HIV is six times higher (3%) compared to other 43 health facilities (0,5%). The results of MTB with molecular rapid tests in 43 health facilities is higher in PLWHA compared to non-PLWHA (34.4%:32.0%), and the opposite is true for Merauke District Hospital (22.2%:29.4%).

Conclussion: HIV epidemic in Merauke has been on the general population particularly in productive and children category. This high level of HIV has an impact on increasing transmission to children and HIV-TB co-infection.

Keywords: HIV, HIV-TB co-infection, reproductive age, children, RSUD Merauke

Abstrak

Latar belakang: Tuberkulosis paru adalah salah satu infeksi oportunistik yang paling serius pada HIV/AIDS dan merupakan penyebab utama kematian dan morbiditas di negara-negara berkembang.

Tujuan: Diperoleh gambaran hasil pemeriksaan HIV-TB di RSUD Merauke.

Metode: Disain studi adalah potong lintang menggunakan data “Studi evaluasi deteksi kasus TB dengan alat tes cepat molekuler (TCM) di Indonesia tahun 2018”. Analisis deskriptif data sekunder pasien HIV yang berkunjung ke RSUD Merauke yang diperiksa MTB.

Hasil: Proporsi ODHA di RSUD Merauke hampir tiga kali lebih tinggi (8,5%) dibandingkan dengan 43 fasilitas kesehatan lainnya (3,0%). Persentase tertinggi adalah pada umur produktif 15-54 tahun (94,9%) dan laki-laki (54,5%). Proporsi anak (<15 tahun) dengan HIV enam kali lebih tinggi (3,0%) dibandingkan dengan 43 fasilitas kesehatan lainnya (0,5%). Hasil pemeriksaan konfirmasi bakteriologi MTB dengan TCM pada 43 fasilitas kesehatan tinggi pada ODHA dibanding non ODHA (34,4%:32,0%), dan situasi sebaliknya pada RSUD Merauke (22,2%:29,4%).

Kesimpulan: Epidemi HIV di Merauke sudah mencapai tingkat populasi umum, terutama pada kelompok produktif dan anak. Tingginya angka HIV akan berdampak pada tingginya penularan pada anak dan koinfeksi HIV-TB.

 

Kata kunci: HIV, HIV koinfeksi TB, umur produktif, anak, RSUD Merauke
IDENTIFIKASI VARIABEL CONFOUNDING DENGAN PENERAPAN UJI CHI SQUARE MANTEL HAENSZEL PADA HUBUNGAN ANTENATAL CARE (ANC) TERHADAP BBLR DI KOTA SAMARINDA
Authors: Hasmawati Hasmawati , Anggraeni Ike , Susanti Rahmi
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background: Confounding is a very important issue to consider because its presence can affect the p-value and the magnitude of the risk that can cause errors in decision making. The Mantel Haenszel is used when there are one or more confounding variables, which can be applied to public health problems such as the incidence of LBW which has many risk factors such as antenatal care (ANC), maternal age, parity, and anaemia.

Objective: To identify confounding variables in the ANC relationship with LBW.

Method: Nonreactive research with a case-control design. The sample was 305 (61 cases; 244 controls), in 3 Samarinda City Health Centers and sourced from the 2016-2017 maternal cohort registered, East Kalimantan.

Results: Maternal age was confounding in the relationship of ANC to LBW (ΛOR 12.29%) whereas parity (ΛOR 1.65%) and anaemia (ΛOR 0,64%) didn’t become confounding.

Conclusion: ANC has a significant relationship with the incidence of LBW without or accompanied by confounding variables. Parity and anemia are not as confounding whereas maternal age is influential confounding which is marked by changes in OR before and after considering external variables. Thus, more intensive pregnancy care is needed more mothers who are it too young and or too old.

Key words: Confounding, Mantel Haenszel, Low Birth Weight, Maternal age

 

Abstrak

Latar belakang: Confounding merupakan isu yang penting untuk diperhatikan, karena kehadirannya dapat mempengaruhi p value dan besaran risiko yang dapat menyebabkan kesalahan dalam pengambilan keputusan. Mantel Haenszel digunakan bila terdapat satu atau lebih variabel confounding, yang dapat diterapkan pada permasalahan kesehatan masyarakat secara global seperti kejadian Berat Badan lahir Rendah (BBLR) yang banyak memiliki faktor risiko seperti ANC dan faktor risiko BBLR lain seperti usia ibu, paritas dan anemia

Tujuan: Mengidentifikasi variabel confounding pada hubungan Antenatal Care dengan BBLR.

Metode: Non reactive research dengan desain case control. Sampel berjumlah 305 (kasus 61; kontrol 244) di 3 Puskesmas Kota Samarinda dan bersumber dari register kohort ibu tahun 2016-2017. Penelitian ini menggunakan dua cara analisis yaitu analisis univariat dan bivariat dengan uji statistik Chi Square dan dilanjut identifikasi variabel confounding dengan Chi Square Mantel Haenszel.

Hasil: Usia ibu ( menjadi confounding dalam hubungan ANC terhadap BBLR, sedangkan paritas (  dan anemia (  bukan  menjadi confounding.

Kesimpulan: ANC memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan kejadian BBLR tanpa atau disertai variabel confounding. Paritas dan anemia bukan sebagai confounding, sedangkan usia ibu memberikan pengaruh (confounding). Dengan demikian, perlu perawatan kehamilan yang lebih intensif kepada ibu dengan usia terlalu muda/usia terlalu tua.

 

Kata kunci: Confounding, Mantel Haenszel, BBLR, Usia Ibu
Derechos Humanos y transversalidad curricular: una propuesta para América Latina.
Authors: Núñez Picado Dagoberto
Published: January 2021

Este artículo plantea que los derechos humanos representan la temática integradora, por excelencia, de la dimensión psicoafectiva y la analítico-racional, con lo cual se cumple una primera característica de la transversalidad. Además señala que un segundo rasgo de la transversalidad presente en la temática de los derechos humanos se construye gracias al vínculo de interdisciplinariedad que permite. Para desarrollar el concepto de transversalidad curricular que se desprende de los derechos humanos destacamos especialmente el aporte de dos pensadores latinoamericanos: el curriculista Abrahan Magendzo y el psiquiatra Luis Carlos Restrepo.
Política de persecución penal del Ministerio Público de Costa Rica: la crisis heredada de una política criminal basada en el Derecho Penal “Eficaz”
Authors: Araya Matarrita Saúl
Published: January 2021

El presente artículo atiende dos tareas: la primera se pregunta la consideración sobre qué tan independiente es el Ministerio Público al formular su política de persecución penal, tomando en cuenta su entorno orgánico-.‐‑político-.‐‑sistemático; la segunda es una pincelada sobre lo que sucede cuando el Ministerio Público asume una política prosecutoria en el seno de nuestra realidad nacional: qué lo influencia, qué lo determina, qué lo caracteriza. Para responder a la primera pregunta se abordan los límites de definición de esa política prosecutoria: el normativo, el interpretativo, el administrativo, el de coordinación y el que implican los grupos de presión. Para responder a la segunda pregunta se hace referencia a lo que Hassemer ha llamado Derecho penal “eficaz”, que caracteriza definitivamente la política de persecución penal que hoy día le conocemos al Ministerio Público de muchos países, influencia de la que el nuestro no escapa. Entre ellas se destaca el ilusionismo penal, la metodología casuística para abordar el fenómeno delictivo, la falta de sistemática y coherencia en las acciones, el ocurrencismo, la orientación de la acción criminológica hacia las consecuencias del delito y no hacia sus causas, la búsqueda de una eficacia que impresione a los grupos que conforman ese entorno orgánico-.político-.‐sistemático, entre otros. Asimismo se propone un “de previo a diseñar una política de persecución penal”, donde se hacen varias recomendaciones importantes sobre qué debe tenerse en cuenta al realizar ese diseño para, finalmente, advertir sobre las tentaciones de diseñar políticas prosecutorias que tiendan a la “eficacia”pero irrespeten los derechos fundamentales, como respuesta ante la crisis del sistema.
Elementos para un debate sociopolítico del TLC entre Estados Unidos y Centroamérica
Authors: Bonilla Bonilla Luis
Published: January 2021

El artículo plantea que en el escenario regional ha surgido una “tecnocracia” que gobierna a favor de unas clases dominantes modernas. Se debate la presencia de un binomio de poder conformado por la clase política y la clase económica dominante, quienes en alianza con el capital internacional, están interesados en montar el Tratado de Libre Comercio (TLC)  como parte de su proyecto de dominación que estaría articulado a otras estrategias de alcance regional y global; de ahí que lo presenten como un proyecto “mesiánico” mediante el cual la sociedad podrá salvarse de la catástrofe, de la ruina. Estos y otros elementos obviados en este apretado resumen, sugieren una relectura del fenómeno político regional y particularmente nacional, en el tanto existe un trasfondo y un sentido específico alrededor de las medidas jurídico-políticas que se están decidiendo, lo cual hipotetizamos que estarían provocando una “ingobernabilidad” orquestada desde las clases dominantes
Basic information on COVID-19 pandemic, due to SARS-Cov-2 Virus
Authors: Miranda-Novales María Guadalupe , Montaño-Luna Victoria-Eugenia , Aragón-Nogales Ranferi
Published: January 2021

The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the SARS-CoV-2 virus outbreak an internationally important public health emergency on 30 January  2020, and by 11 March declared it a pandemic. By 15 November 2020, according  to the WHO weekly report, there were  53.7 million confirmed cases and  1.3 million deaths reported globally. The Americas region is the most affected. The incubation period has been documented between 3 and 6 days. Transmission occurs from person to person by  respiratory droplets, which occur when a person speaks, coughs or sneezes.  The clinical presentation can range from a mild respiratory disease, with coughing, headache, and  general discomfort, which resolves in a few days, to a severe disease with shortness of breath, that requires immediate attention.  Global lethality reported as of November 26 is 2.3%. It is higher in people over the age of 65 and with underlying diseases such as high blood pressure, obesity, and diabetes. There is currently no specific antiviral treatment. Vaccines are in development and several of them have shown promising results, but there is still a need to conclude with global trials. Until vaccination can be initiated,  prevention and control measures should be continued.  The best way to prevent the disease is to avoid exposure to infected or possibly infected people, as the virus can be transmitted even if the person has no symptoms.
Democracia Delegativa en el siglo XXI: Una aproximación a las presidencias de Álvaro Uribe Vélez (2002-2010)
Authors: Costa Flavio
Published: January 2021

En el presente trabajo me propongo indagar acerca de la concepción y el ejercicio del poder por parte de Álvaro Uribe Vélez como presidente de Colombia (2002-2010). Para ello me sirvo del concepto acuñado por el politólogo Guillermo O'Donnell, democracia delegativa. Bajo la peculiar tipificación que este tipo de democracia ofrece, recorro la emergencia de Uribe como presidente de Colombia y el tipo de liderazgo ejercido durante sus mandatos. Además, analizo el vínculo del líder con las instituciones horizontales de control y rendición de cuentas. El objetivo del artículo es advertir la presencia o ausencia de ciertas dimensiones planteadas en el cuerpo teórico O'Donneleano durante las presidencias de Álvaro Uribe.
Jetwash-induced vortices and climate change
Authors: Schouw Wesley , Pauli Prof. Gunter
Published: January 2021

This article introduces factors contributing significantly to climate
change that have been largely neglected in both the scientific and
popular press. These factors have immediate implications for public
policy directed at slowing, halting and even reversing climate change
and its effects. This article argues that in addition to the known
contributions made by greenhouse gasses, climate change is also driven
by shifts in the patterns of global atmospheric circulation which are
influenced by persistent, large-scale vortices caused by the wake
turbulence left by commercial air traffic. Because this traffic is
highly concentrated along the most frequently traveled routes, the
vortices aircraft create have transformed into semi-permanent
atmospheric circulation which have widespread effects on how the
atmosphere traps and releases heat. It is also possible that these
changes alter the loss of water from the atmosphere. This would endanger
all life on earth, not just the human population.
Flood season segmentation and scheme optimization
Authors: ZHOU KE
Published: January 2021

River flood season segmentation is a significant measure for flood
prevention. The objective of this study is to carry out theoretical
analysis on flood season segmentation methods and put forward a
framework for reasonable flood season segmentation. The proposed
framework consists of a Fisher optimal partition method for determining
the optimum numbers of the sub-seasons, an ensemble approach for
segmenting a defined flood season, and a Non-parametric bootstrap
combined with fuzzy optimum selection method (NB-FOS) for testing the
rationality of the flood season staging schemes. The present research
findings show that different methods could result in different staging
schemes. It is proved through rational analysis that the staging scheme
obtained by Probability change-point (PCP) is superior to others. The
flood season of the downstream reach of Yellow River can be segmented
into 3 sub-seasons, i.e. early flood season(Jun.01-July 20), main flood
season (July 21- Sept.28), and late flood season (Sept.29- Nov.08). The
segmentation results of the flood season should play active role in
flood prevention.
Inversion of chlorophyll-a concentration in Donghu Lake based on machine learning algorithm
Authors: Tang Xiaodong , Huang Mutao
Published: January 2021

Machine learning algorithm, as an important method for numerical
modeling, has been widely used for chlorophyll-a concentration inversion
modeling. This work aims to build an effective inversion model of
chlorophyll-a concentration in Lake Donghu based on machine learning
algorithm. Toward this aim, a variety of models were built by applying
five kinds of dataset and adopting back propagation neural network
(BPNN), extreme learning machine (ELM), support vector machine (SVM).
The model accuracy analysis results revealed that multi-factor dataset
for modeling has the possibility to improve the accuracy of the
single-factor model, and seven band combinations are better than seven
single bands when modeling, Besides, SVM is more suitable than BPNN and
ELM for chlorophyll-a concentration inversion modeling of Donghu Lake.
SVM3 is the best inversion one among all multi-factor models that the
MRE, MAE, RMSE of SF-SVM are 30.82%, 9.44 μg/L and 12.66 μg/L,
respectively. SF-SVM performs a better inversion effect than SF-BPNN and
SF-ELM, the MRE, MAE, RMSE of SF-SVM are 28.63%, 13.69μg/L and
16.49μg/L, respectively. In addition, the simulation effect of SVM3 is
better than that of SF-SVM. On the whole, an effective model for
retrieving chlorophyll-a concentration has been built based on machine
learning algorithm, and our work provides a reliable basis and promotion
for exploring accurate and applicable chlorophyll-a inversion model.
How we approach thrombosis risk in children with COVID-19 infection
Authors: Sharathkumar Anjali , Faustino E. Vincent , Takemoto Clifford
Published: January 2021

Thrombosis within the microvasculature and medium to large vessels is a
serious and common complication among critically ill individuals with
COVID-19. While children are markedly less likely to develop severe
disease than adults, they remain at risk for thrombosis during acute
infection and with the post-acute inflammatory illness termed
multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Significant knowledge
deficits in understanding COVID-19 associated coagulopathy and
thrombotic risk pose clinical challenges for pediatric providers who
must incorporate expert opinion and personal experience to manage
individual patients. We discuss clinical scenarios to provide framework
for characterizing thrombosis risk and thromboprophylaxis in children
with COVID-19.
Trajectories of Childhood Adversity and Type 1 Diabetes: A Nationwide Study of One Million Children
Authors: Bengtsson Jessica , Rieckmann Andreas , Carstensen Bendix , Svensson Jannet , Jørgensen Marit E. , Rod Naja H.
Published: January 2021

OBJECTIVE

Experiencing adversities in childhood may increase the risk of type 1 diabetes through hyperactivation of the stress response system, but the empirical evidence is conflicting. We aim to describe the age-specific incidence of type 1 diabetes for males and females separately in five predefined groups covering the most common trajectories of adversity among Danish children.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We included all 1,081,993 children without parental type 1 diabetes born in Denmark from 1980 to 1998. We used register data to estimate age-specific incidence rates of type 1 diabetes in five trajectory groups of adversity characterized by 1) low adversity, 2) early life material deprivation, 3) persistent material deprivation, 4) loss or threat of loss in the family, and 5) cumulative high adversity. All analyses were stratified by sex.

RESULTS

In total, 5,619 people developed type 1 diabetes before 2016. We found only minor differences when comparing the incidence rates of type 1 diabetes between the trajectory groups. The only clear exceptions were in the high versus low adversity group, in which males had a higher incidence of type 1 diabetes in childhood (<11 years [incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.78 (95% CI 1.31–2.42)]) and females had a higher incidence in early adulthood (≥16 years [IRR 2.19 (95% CI 1.57–3.07)]).

CONCLUSIONS

Childhood adversities were generally not associated with age-specific incidence of type 1 diabetes except among those exposed to a very high and increasing annual rate of childhood adversities. Differences between highly exposed males and females seem to depend on age at onset of type 1 diabetes.
GENERAL FEATURES OF ROAD CRASHES IN CLUJ COUNTY, ROMANIA. SPATIALITY AND CAUSALITY
Authors: ZOTIC Vasile , ALEXANDRU Diana-Elena , EGRESI István-Oliver
Published: January 2021

Road crashes have become a serious issue, and their negative impact, both socially and economically, has been subject to policies and programmes worldwide as well as a research topic for numerous studies in various fields. The present study aims to identify and demonstrate the persistence of certain features related to the occurrence and location of road crashes in Cluj County, Romania, which is a territory recording a constant high road crash incidence in the last decade. We used descriptive statistics to illustrate the key features of road crashes occurring in urban and rural areas, by road type, within the administrative territory of Cluj County, Romania. The analysis was focused on four main aspects: causes, effects in terms of persons injured and deaths, occurrence by road type, and location within and outside urban areas. The years 2019, 2009, and 2018 were considered as reference moments for the values recorded for all indicators in the analysis. Results showed a general trend of decrease in road crash incidence in 2019 compared to 2009, which was also confirmed by the absolute and relative increase in the period 2018-2019. The most significant decrease was found in the number of deaths, especially in the case of road cras h e soccurring on national roads and urban streets, where the incidence is still quite high. However, when ranked considering the number of crashes caused, we noted the persistence of certain categories of triggering factors for the high incidence of road crashes related to both drivers and pedestrians. Road safety is very much related to the behaviour of all participants in traffic and not so much to the road infrastructure and quality, although road capacity may be a triggering factor for drivers’ behaviour. Further measures are needed to enhance road safety and meet the European target of halving the road crash number and fatalities until 2020 and in the next decade.
HOUGH, Carole (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. 774 p. ISBN: 978-0198815532.
Authors: Santos Cezar Alexandre Neri
Published: January 2021

No primeiro semestre de 2016, estudiosos e entusiastas da onomástica tiveram acesso a uma obra ímpar acerca de nomes próprios e de processos de nomeação em geral, The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming, coletânea que faz parte da série The Oxford Handbook in Linguistics. Escrito integralmente em língua inglesa, pode ser adquirido em três formatos: e-book, paperback e hardcover. Esta resenha se constituiu a partir da versão paperback (capa comum), um manual de 774 páginas, contendo 46 capítulos, divididos em sete partes.
Renovação do Léxico no Português brasileiro e europeu. Da neologia técnico-científica à neologia expressiva, humorística, lúdica
Authors: Rio-Torto Graça
Published: January 2021

O presente estudo descreve os processos de renovação do Léxico do Português — com destaque para o Português do Brasil e para o Português Europeu —, na língua corrente, em alguns léxicos técnico-científicos e na neologia marcada pela expressividade, subjectividade, ludicidade. O presente estudo começa por descrever os processos mais estabilizados, amplamente presentes na neologia técnico-científica, e centra-se depois nos processos mais inovadores e, como tal, menos estabilizados, que envolvem a emergência de marcas de ludicidade/jocosidade e de expressividade em sufixos e em formativos, a ressignificação de sufixos por via da subjectificação, a recategorização de formativos, o recurso à ‘fusão vocabular expressiva’ e a emergência de novos formativos com poder expressivo. Focando-se na história recente do léxico, o recorte temporal dominante é o do português contemporâneo, ainda que sejam feitas remissões para outros períodos da história da língua, quando relevante.
Ideophones and realia in a Santome/Portuguese bilingual dictionary
Authors: Araujo Gabriel Antunes de
Published: January 2021

In this work, we discuss how Araujo Hagemeijer’s Santome/Portuguese bilingual dictionary (ARAUJO; HAGEMEIJER, 2013) defines and describes ideophones and realia entries. We show that ideophones were listed individually along with their collocation counterparts. Realia entries (words and expressions for culture-specific items) were presented in their Santomean forms, followed by a description of their endemic specificities. Many realia items from Santome can also be found in Portuguese. We conclude that the authors contribute to the lexicographic record of ideophones, lexical items that did not exist in Portuguese, but relevant to the language and culture of Santome. On the other hand, with the documentation of realia entries, they collaborate for the validation of lexical units (originated in Santome) in the local vernacular variety of São Tomé and Príncipe’s Portuguese, a common historical practice in Portuguese lexicography.
O engatinhar das ciências no Brasil: a Ata da Primeira Congregação do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, 1842
Authors: Barbosa Vitória Luyza Cardoso
Published: January 2021

O documento da Ata da Primeira Congregação do Museu Nacional de 1842, apresentado nesta transcrição, compunha o acervo documental do Museu Nacional, antes do incêndio de 2018, e estava sob custódia da Seção de Memória e Arquivo (SEMEAR) da mesma instituição. O manuscrito encontra-se hodiernamente disponível na Biblioteca Digital do Museu Nacional e foi digitalizado por Marcelo F. de Souza, Orlando N. Grillo e Luciana B. Carvalho. O documento trata de questões administrativas, burocráticas e financeiras da instituição e é assinado por Francisco António Rego, então Ajudante de Secretário, cargo ao qual foi designado, como consta do próprio documento aqui analisado. O manuscrito, em suma, registra, por escrito, a sessão da Primeira Congregação do Museu Nacional, na qual foram definidos alguns cargos administrativos e, também, algumas questões financeiras da entidade museológica e científica.
Apresentação - volume 6, número 3
Authors: Gonçalves Maria Filomena , Dores Marcus Vinícius Pereira das
Published: January 2021

LaborHistórico - Volume 6, número 3 (História e histórias do léxico: diferentes perspectivas).Este número traz 22 artigos, um glossário e uma resenha sobre o tema do dossiê "História e histórias do léxico: diferentes perspectivas". O número conta, também, com quatro trabalhos na seção fontes primárias e um trabalho de popularização do conhecimento.
Quality and Release Profile of Captopril from Mucoadhesive Gastroretentive Tablet by Using Matrix Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Carbopol 934P
Authors: Ismail Isriany , Usman M. Asrah Hidayah , Ida Nur
Published: January 2021

Captopril have good absorption in gastric pH and ionized on intestinal pH. It is necessary to keep the drug in the form of molecules in the area of the absoption. The mucoadhesive gastroretensive drug delivery system provides the possibility of controlled release in stomach in a certain amount of time. Research has been conducted to assess the quality and profile of captopril release in of a mucoadhesive gastroretensive tablet. Mucoadhesive tablets (MK) were made in 5 formulas by wet granulation method using carbopol 934P and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as matrix with ratio 10: 0 (MK1), 0: 10 (MK2), 5: 5 (MK3), 7: 3 (MK4), and 3: 7 (MK5). The parameters which was evaluate were characteristics of granules and tablets and kinetics model of captopril release from tablets in 0,01 N HCl medium. Mucoadhesive tablets had different characteristics for each formula. Mucoadhesive tablets that had good quality and release profile were shown by MK4 and MK5 formula. They had controlled drug release profiles accorded to the Korsmeyer-Peppas and Higuchi kinetics models, respectively.
Thematic Review of Sukuk Ijarah Issued in Nigeria: An Opportunity for Economic Development
Authors: Kareem Ibraheem Alani Abdul , Mahmud Mohd. Sadad Bin , Ganiyy Abdul Fattah Abdul
Published: January 2021

Ijarah Sukuk is becoming one of the most improved products in Islamic finance.  It has become an alternative source of financing and liquidity for both private and public sectors. Also, it plays important role in development of the economy of Muslim and no-Muslim countries. The objective of this paper is to clarify the concept of Sukuk Ijarah and discuss its opportunity for economic development of the country. Also, the issues and challenges related to the implementation of Islamic finance particularly Sukuk by the Federal government of Nigeria (FGN) and also as an alternative to conventional bond. The paper adopts content analysis of relevant previous studies. Findings reveal the potential of Sukuk ijarah as an alternative for rapid economic growth and its functional role in attracting government and client to invest in it. Furthermore, the authors observe that misunderstanding among religious leaders is a major challenge to the growth of Islamic banks and implementation of Sukuk in Nigeria. It is recommended that workshops, seminars and conferences are to be organized by Islamic centres, financial institutions and academicians in Universities to spread knowledge and create awareness among Nigerians Muslims and non-Muslims about benefit and advantage of Islamic finance products and Sukuk in particular.
Gerakan dan Diskriminasi Sosial Kelompok Minoritas Islam Syiah di Makassar
Authors: Wahid Abd , Karim Syahrir , Amsir Achmad Abdi
Published: January 2021

Studi ini mengkaji tentang Gerakan Diskiriminasi Sosial Minoritas Islam Syiah di Makassar. Jenis penelitian ini mengunakan penelitian kualitatif dengan  metode deskriptif. Informan pada penelitian ini adalah  orang-orang yang memiliki pemahaman tentang gerakan Syiah,  metode penelitian ini menggunakan teknik sampel snowball (bola salju). Adapun teori yang digunakan adalah teori minoritas dan Survival Startegy. Adapun hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwah diskriminasi kelompok Syiah berawal dari stigma masyarakat yang ditanam oleh kelompok-kelompok Wahabi yang dimana kelompok ini tidak lepas dari pengaruh politik global yaitu Amerika, Israil dan Arab Saudi. Bentuk diskriminasi kelompok minoritas Syiah di Makassar yaitu persekusi kegiatan Hari Asyurah, pemasangan spanduk disetiap sudut kota makassar tentang mewaspadai kelompok Syiah, dan terbitnya surat edaran fiktif tentang waspada kelompok Syiah di Makassar. Pola gerakan  kelompok Syiah agar tetap eksis di Masyarakat yaitu mengadakan halaqa-halaqa atau kajian-kajian filsafat yang hanya diminati oleh mahasiswa-mahasiswa yang memiliki nalar kritis.  Pola gerakan secara khusus yang dilakukan oleh kelompok Syiah dengan menggunakan pendekatan kultural atau konsep taqiyah.
Gerakan Sosial Islam Jamaah An-Nadzir dalam Merawat Aktivitas Ekonomi Politik
Authors: Indri Indri , Tajuddin Muhammad Saleh , Fajar Fajar
Published: January 2021

Artikel ini membahas tentang gerakan sosial Islam Jamaah An-Nadzir dalam merawat aktivitas ekonomi politik di Kabupaten Gowa. Jenis penelitian ini adalah kualitatif deskriptif. Penelitian ini secara umum berkesimpulan bahwa gerakan sosial yang dilakukan Jamaah An-Nadzir adalah gerakan kolektif untuk menerapkan syariat Islam, sebagai sebuah hukum untuk ditegakkan, karena kesempurnaan Islam harus diraih dengan totalitas dalam menegakkan syariatnya. Jamaah An-Nadzir membentuk komunitas dan perkampungan sebagai wadah untuk menerapkan hukum Islam dan menarik diri untuk tidak terlibat politik praktis karena dalam pandangan An-Nadzir mencederai aqidah Islam. An-Nadzir tidak termasuk komunitas anti Pancasila tetapi komunitas yang siap bela NKRI dan diberi perlindungan oleh LEMHANAS sebagai komunitas yang siap bela negara. Dalam ekonomi, Jamaah An-Nadzir menerapkan ekonomi berbasis syariah yaitu ekonomi Islam dan tidak terkontaminasi dengan riba. Sebagai penunjang perkembangan ekonomi dan kesejahteraan komunitas, jamaah membangun tujuh departemen yang saling bersinergi dan dinobatkan oleh pemerintah dengan ekonomi desa mandiri.
Deporte paralímpico en Chile, una aproximación a la realidad nacional en el año 2019
Authors: Muñoz Hinrichsen Fernando Ignacio , Bossay Salinas Claudio , Henriquez Valenzuela Matías , Martinez Aros Alan , Castelli Correira Campos Luis Felipe
Published: January 2021

Este estudio busca conocer cual es la realidad del Deporte Paralímpico en Chile y cuáles son las brechas que se enfrentan al implementarlo y desarrollarlo. Para el presente artículo se utilizo un diseño y metodología no experimental de carácter descriptivo, del fenómeno a ser estudiado, donde para el levantamiento y análisis de la información se utilizaron principalmente herramientas del paradigma cualitativo , particularmente la técnica de grupos focales o de discusión y análisis por saturación de la información. Los resultados de apuntan a que existe un bajo compromiso del estado/gobierno para el trabajo de la actividad física y el deporte paralímpico, que la ley del Deporte Paralímpico no es suficiente para el desarrollo deportivo en general, que los recursos financieros y humanos son insuficientes y la distribución de estos son inadecuados a nivel estatal y local, que existe una dificultad en la accesibilidad en los recintos deportivos, y a su vez en el transporte y en la conectividad, que la formación profesional y técnica es insuficiente, y por último que la investigación y las ciencias aplicadas son insuficientes y de baja calidad existiendo pocos procesos de estudio y aplicación científica a nivel nacional.
Problemy demograficzne miast województwa małopolskiego
Authors: Brzosko-Sermak Agnieszka
Published: January 2021

Artykuł podejmuje tematykę spowolnienia tempa rozwoju demograficznego oraz negatywnych trendów migracyjnych skutkujących depopulacją, które są coraz częściej analizowanymi problemami miast Polski. Przedmiotem analiz jest 61 miast województwa małopolskiego, a dokładniej ich sytuacja demograficzna i tendencje migracyjne ich mieszkańców. Odniesiono się również do prognoz demograficznych do roku 2050. Wykorzystano dane udostępnione przez Główny Urząd Statystyczny dla lat 2010–2018. Celem pracy jest przedstawienie zróżnicowania terytorialnego sytuacji demograficznej miast województwa małopolskiego, a w szczególności efektów postępującego procesu starzenia się mieszkańców i negatywnych trendów migracyjnych, mi.in. wynikających z suburbanizacji. Badane miasta w zdecydowanej większości borykają się z trudnościami wynikającymi z ubytku rzeczywistego liczby mieszkańców będącego rezultatem niskiego przyrostu, bądź ubytku naturalnego oraz ujemnego salda migracji. Sytuacja ta jest z wielu aspektów negatywna dla obecnego i przyszłego rozwoju miast, co gorsza, jest to trend obserwowany i utrzymujący się od blisko dekady. Jednocześnie zauważono stale zwiększający się współczynnik feminizacji oraz dalszą średnią trwania życia, co powinno być ważną informacją dla planowania strategicznego ośrodków miejskich z dużym udziałem seniorów.
Slumsy jako kulturowa atrakcja turystyczna na przykładzie brazylijskich faveli w Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Ziółkowska-Weiss Kamila
Published: January 2021

Jedną z nieodłącznych rzeczywistości Brazylii są favele, dzielnice nędzy i ubóstwa. Jeszcze do niedawna nie istniały na mapach urbanistycznych. Z obojętnością lub pogardą traktowała je też znaczna część społeczeństwa. Jednak trudno je pominąć, są nieodłączną częścią brazylijskiej rzeczywistości. Szacuje się, że tylko w samym Rio de Janeiro istnieje około 750 faveli, w których mieszka co drugi mieszkaniec z 6 milionowej społeczności Rio de Janeiro. W artykule poruszona została kwestia czym jest turystyka slumsowa oraz związane z tym moralno-etyczne zachowania turystów. Z przeprowadzonych badań terenowych wynika, że co drugi turysta korzystający z lokalnych ofert biur podróży w Rio de Janeiro wybiera fakultatywną wycieczkę właśnie do faveli. W opracowaniu przedstawione zostały przykładowe oferty biur podróży oferujące turystykę slumsową, która okazuje się jest jednym z przyciągających aspektów poznania tego miasta przez podróżnych z całego świata.
Current problems and objectives in geomechanics
Authors: Sashurin A. D. , Panzhin A. A.
Published: January 2021

The authors discuss one of the key objectives of geomechanics as a mining science. It consists on the investigation of deformation processes phenomena in rock mass and ground surface toward safe and efficient subsoil management as a type of economic activity, as well as for safe and sustainable operation of permanent underground and surface facilities of subsoil use. The emphasis is laid on the fact that subsoil facilities are not only the permanent structures meant for mineral mining and haulage but also the city and industry infrastructure, transportation lines, power generation and water bodies, high-rise structures, etc. for which underground rock mass and ground surface are the integral geotechnical component. All these subsoil use facilities are subject to risk of instability in case of natural and man-made disasters caused by deformation processes in rock masse and on ground surface. The current advances of geomechanics in the stress-strain analysis of rock mass, revealing its discreteness, mosaic structure and variability of stress and strain patterns in time, have offered a new insight into the sources and causes of natural and man-made catastrophes at the subsoil use objects and make it possible to push the limits of modern problems and objectives of geomechanics.
Evaluation of the initial stressed state of rocks in the cryolitzone (on the example of Irokindinsky mining)
Authors: Sosnovskaya E. L. , Avdeev A. N.
Published: January 2021

In 2014-2017 at the Irokinda mine, due to the transition to new technological equipment, the thawing of permafrost rocks began, accompanied by manifestations of rock pressure. There was an urgent need to clarify the changed geotechnical conditions and evaluate the initial stresses of the rock mass. During the study, in situ stresses were measured for various cryogenic conditions of rocks: in permafrost, in transition zones of frozen rocks to thawed, thawed rocks. The measurements were made according the method of slotted relief based on the IM UB RAS by the author’s version of the segmented slot. It is established that in the Irokinda ore deposit rocks there is a change in the stress field structure in the process of both natural and anthropogenic rock melting. In the process of rock thawing vertical stresses increase slightly, horizontal stresses increase by 40-60%. The tectonic component of the premining stresses increases several times from -1,8 MPa to -22,9 MPa. The research results are confirmed by full-scale initial stresses measurements of a number of permafrost zone deposits: Mayskoye, Novo-Shirokinskoye, Konevinskoye. For an objective evaluation of the pre-mining stress-strain state of the deposits located in the permafrost zone, it is necessary to carry out their temperature zoning. To increase the safety of mining, it is recommended to use technological measures to prevent the thawing of the rock mass. Based on the research results, a Conclusion of rockburst hazard and gas-dynamic manifestations at the Irokinda gold ore deposit (2017) was written.