bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Climate and Land Use on Different Facets of Mammal Diversity in Giant Panda Range
Authors: Che Qibing , Li Chunxiao , Zhao Xuzhe , Zhang Jindong , Tang Junfeng , Zhou Caiquan
Published: February 2025

Understanding the patterns and drivers of different facets of biodiversity is crucial for biodiversity conservation under global environmental change. In this study, we present the first assessment of the patterns of taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity for 171 mammals in the giant panda range and their associations with climate, land use factors and topographic heterogeneity. We found that functional diversity showed a very different pattern with species richness and phylogenetic diversity. Additionally, mammal assemblages were more functionally diverse but phylogenetically similar than expected by chance in very few regions after controlling for species richness. Furthermore, species richness was positively correlated with topographic heterogeneity, the proportion of forest, mean annual temperature and temperature anomaly and negatively correlated with annual precipitation and precipitation anomaly between current and historical periods, while both functional and phylogenetic diversity are predominantly correlated with climate factors. Specifically, higher functional and phylogenetic diversity was mainly found in regions with a lower proportion of cropland, annual precipitation, mean annual temperature and precipitation anomaly between current and historical periods. These results indicate the large mismatches of driving factors between taxonomic diversity and the other diversity facets and the importance of contemporary climate and land use conditions and climate anomaly between current and historical periods in determining mammal functional and phylogenetic diversity in the giant panda range. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of integrating multiple dimensions of diversity to infer the underlying processes determining the spatial pattern of biodiversity and to better inform conservation management and planning.
Halogenated 3-Nitro-2H-Chromenes as Potential Agents Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria
Authors: Godinho Patrícia I. C. , Pérez-Ramos Paula , Gabasa Yaiza , Cornielle Enmanuel , Soto Sara M. , Soengas Raquel G. , Silva Artur M. S.
Published: February 2025

Introduction/Objectives: Nosocomial infections caused by S. aureus and S. epidermidis resistant strains are an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Due to the increasing rate of resistance to conventional antibiotics, the discovery of new antibiotic drugs is crucial to keep pace with the evolution of these pathogenic bacterial species. Methods: The 3-nitro-2H-chromene moiety is present in several compounds with potent antibacterial activity; based on these previous studies, we report herein the synthesis of 20 new 2-aryl-3-nitro-2H-chromene derivatives and the evaluation of their antibacterial potential in vitro. Results: Mono-halogenated nitrochromenes showed moderate anti-staphylococcal activity with MIC values of 8–32 μg/mL, whereas tri-halogenated 3-nitro-2H-chromenes displayed potent anti-staphylococcal activities with MIC values of 1–8 μg/mL. Notably, 2-(4-bromophenyl)-6-bromo-8-chloro-3-nitro-2H-chromene 5s was the best antibacterial agent in the series against multidrug-resistant strains of S. aureus and S. epidermidis with MIC values of 4 μg/mL and 1–4 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusions: nitrochromene 5s shows a good safety profile, so it can be considered as a lead for further development.
Comparison of Hydraulic Fracturing and Deflagration Fracturing Under High-Temperature Conditions in Large-Sized Granite
Authors: Yang Hengtao , Zou Yan , Bai Bing , Ci Huiling , Zhang Tiancheng , Zheng Zhiwei , Lei Hongwu
Published: February 2025

Fracturing is an indispensable technique in geothermal energy development. Large-sized model tests of different fracturing methods are crucial for evaluating the fracturing effect and extrapolating the results to field applications. For common hydraulic and deflagration fracturing methods, 40 × 40 × 40 cm3 granite samples were used to carry out fracturing tests under high-temperature conditions in this paper. Through the analysis of the fracturing parameters and multiscale fracture morphology, a series of key findings were summarized. Deflagration fracturing is more intense, notably unaffected by the principal stress difference, and is capable of generating fracture spaces tens of times larger than those created by hydraulic fracturing. Furthermore, high temperatures tend to produce more fracture zones rather than continuous cracks during hydraulic fracturing. In contrast, deflagration fracturing yields simpler and more regular fractures in granite at high temperatures. Finally, the influence of the borehole number and the quantity of the deflagration agent on the fracturing effect are briefly discussed. These findings provide valuable insights for enhancing reservoir stimulation in geothermal systems.
Time-Efficient Path Planner in 3D Obstacle-Rich Environments Considering the Maximum Turn Rate of a Fixed-Wing Aerial Vehicle
Authors: Kim Jonghoek
Published: February 2025

A time-efficient path plan algorithm is important for the real-time navigation of a fixed-wing autonomous aerial vehicle in unknown 3D obstacle-rich environments. Note that a fixed-wing aerial vehicle can freely move in 3D environments, not in 2D environments. This research addresses a 3D path planner, which is time-efficient in generating a safe and short path to the destination. In practice, a fixed-wing aerial vehicle has a limited turn rate due to its acceleration limits. The proposed path plan algorithm constructs a smooth 3D path by considering the maximum turn rate of a fixed-wing aerial vehicle. It is proven that the planned 3D path avoids collision with obstacles, while satisfying the turn rate limit constraints. Through computer simulations, one proves the outperformance (low computational load, satisfying maneuverability constraints, and short path length) of the proposed 3D path plan algorithm by comparing it with the state-of-the-art 3D rapidly exploring random tree (RRT)-based path planners considering maneuverability constraints.
DRDA-Net: Deep Residual Dual-Attention Network with Multi-Scale Approach for Enhancing Liver and Tumor Segmentation from CT Images
Authors: Idress Wail M. , Zhao Yuqian , Abouda Khalid A. , Yang Shaodi
Published: February 2025

Liver cancer is a major global health challenge, significantly contributing to mortality rates. The accurate segmentation of liver and tumors from clinical CT images plays a crucial role in selecting therapeutic strategies for liver disease and treatment monitoring but remains challenging due to liver shape variability, proximity to other organs, low contrast between tumors and healthy tissues, and unclear lesion boundaries. To address these challenges, we propose the Deep Residual Dual-Attention Network (DRDA-Net), a novel model for end-to-end liver and tumor segmentation. DRDA-Net integrates a Residual UNet architecture with dual-attention mechanisms, multi-scale tile and patch extraction, and an Ensemble method. The dual-attention mechanisms enhance focus on key regions, addressing variations in size, shape, and intensity, while the multi-scale approach captures fine details and broader contexts. Additionally, we introduce a unique pre-processing pipeline employing a two-channel denoising technique using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and stationary wavelet transforms (SWTs) to reduce noise while preserving structural details. Evaluated on the 3DIRCADb dataset, DRDA-Net achieved Dice scores of 97.03% and 75.4% for liver and tumor segmentation, respectively, outperforming state-of-the-art methods. These results demonstrate the model’s effectiveness in overcoming segmentation challenges and highlight its potential to improve liver cancer diagnostics and treatment planning.
Control for Autonomous Intersection Management Based on Adaptive Control Barrier Function
Authors: Song Jie , Svinin Mikhail , Wakamiya Naoki
Published: February 2025

Autonomous intersection management (AIM) is gaining increasing attention due to its crucial role in ensuring safety and efficiency. Various methods have been proposed in the literature to address the AIM problem, including traffic light optimization, connected vehicle optimization based on vehicle-to-anything (V2X) communication technology, and multi-agent autonomous systems. However, each of these approaches has its own limitations, such as parking delays, communication latency, or the lack of guaranteed collision avoidance. This paper presents a novel approach to AIM using adaptive control barrier functions (aCBFs). The proposed aCBF first estimates the power transmission efficiency and incorporates it into the CBF design to ensure collision-free operation. Compared to existing methods, the aCBF approach offers several advantages. Firstly, it eliminates parking delays caused by traffic light systems. Secondly, it can be deployed in intersections with limited network coverage, unlike IoT-based solutions that rely heavily on connectivity. Thirdly, it ensures guaranteed collision-free agent movement at intersections. Specifically, our method guarantees that the minimum distance between agents remains no less than the safe distance at all times, significantly enhancing safety. Furthermore, compared to the TriPField algorithm, our approach achieves a 95% success rate in collision avoidance, demonstrating reliability in autonomous intersection management. The effectiveness of the proposed aCBF-based AIM algorithm has been validated through simulations and experiments with multiple autonomous agent-like robots.
A Systematic Literature Review of Current Research Trends in Operational and Related Technology Threats, Threat Detection, and Security Insurance
Authors: Goranin Nikolaj , Čeponis Dainius , Čenys Antanas
Published: February 2025

The expansion of operation technology (OT) use and its tight integration with classical information and communication technologies have led not only to additional and improved possibilities in monitoring physical/manufacturing processes and the emergency of Industry 4.0 but also to a number of new threats, both related to the security of processed data and the safety of people, affected by physical processes and controlled by OT. Understanding potential threats has caused an increased demand for scientific research in the field, which is still relatively new and lacks established terminology. In this review paper, we aim to identify emerging trends and technologies in OT incident response, attack detection, applications of machine and deep learning for attack recognition, and security of OT protocols. An examination of research patterns from the Web of Science repository is performed to comprehend the panorama of publications and the present state of research in the area of OT security. The analysis shows a notable rise in publications concerning OT security, reflecting an increasing research interest. Proceeding articles and research articles were the predominant types of publications that were analyzed. The analysis further emphasizes the collaborative connections between researchers, academic institutions, and nations. Additionally, co-occurrence and citation analyses are carried out to offer an understanding of the associations between various keywords and/or research subjects. The study is finalized by suggesting future research directions on OT security. The uniqueness of this review lies in its focus on OT rather than the more commonly explored SCADA/ICS topics, attempting to cover a wider range of research topics instead of concentrating on a narrow area/method.
Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Mesoscale Convective Systems in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration and Their Response to Urbanization
Authors: Du Xinguan , Sun Tianwen , Oo Kyaw Than
Published: February 2025

Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) are major contributors to extreme precipitation in urban agglomerations, exhibiting complex characteristics influenced by large-scale climate variability and local urban processes. This study utilizes a high-resolution MCS database spanning from 2001 to 2020 to investigate the spatiotemporal variations of MCSs in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) urban agglomeration and assess their response to urbanization. Our analysis reveals significant spatial and temporal differences in MCS activities during the warm season (April to September), including initiation, movement, and lifespan, with notable trends observed over the study period. MCSs are found to contribute substantially to hourly extreme precipitation, accounting for approximately 60%, which exceeds their contribution to total precipitation. Furthermore, the role of MCSs in extreme precipitation has also increased, driven by the intensification of MCS-induced extreme rainfall. Additionally, MCS characteristics exhibit significant regional differences. Urban areas experience more pronounced changes in MCS activity and precipitation compared to the surrounding rural regions. Specifically, urbanization contributes approximately 16% to MCS-related precipitation and 19% to MCS initiation, highlighting its substantial role in enhancing these processes. Moreover, mountainous areas and water bodies surrounding cities show stronger trends in certain MCS characteristics than urban and rural plains. This may be attributed to climatological conditions that favor MCS activity in these regions, as well as the complex interactions between urbanization, topography, and land–sea contrasts. These complicated dynamics warrant further investigation to better understand their implications.
On Some Unification Theorems: Yang–Baxter Systems; Johnson–Tzitzeica Theorem
Authors: Nichita Florin Felix
Published: February 2025

This paper investigates the properties of the Yang–Baxter equation, which was initially formulated in the field of theoretical physics and statistical mechanics. The equation’s framework is extended through Yang–Baxter systems, aiming to unify algebraic and coalgebraic structures. The unification of the algebra structures and the coalgebra structures leads to an extension for the duality between finite dimensional algebras and finite dimensional coalgebras to the category of finite dimensional Yang–Baxter structures. In the same manner, we attempt to unify the Tzitzeica–Johnson theorem and its dual version, obtaining a new theorem about circle configurations.
Interaction of the Antibiotic Rifampicin with Lipid Membranes
Authors: Santos Rui M. S. , Samelo Jaime , Oliveira Alexandre C. , Cordeiro Margarida M. , Mora Maria Julia , Granero Gladys E. , Filipe Hugo A. L. , Loura Luís M. S. , Moreno Maria João
Published: February 2025

Rifampicin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, active against several bacterial infections such as tuberculosis. It is a relatively large and structurally complex molecule, including numerous polar groups. Although violating several of Lipinski’s rules for efficient intestinal absorption, rifampicin shows good oral bioavailability, permeating through cell membranes in the absorption pathway and those of the target organisms. Some hypotheses have been proposed for its efficient membrane permeation, but the details are mostly unknown. In this work, the interaction of rifampicin with POPC lipid bilayers is studied using experimental biophysics methodologies and atomistic molecular dynamics simulations considering the two most prevalent ionic species at physiological pH, the anionic and the zwitterionic forms. The results show that both ionization forms of rifampicin establish favorable interactions with the membrane lipids, in agreement with the relatively high partition coefficient obtained experimentally. The results from MD simulations and isothermal titration calorimetry using different pH buffers show that the piperazine group inserts deeply in the membrane and is accompanied by a stabilization of its neutral form. The bulky nature of rifampicin and its deep insertion in the membrane lead to a strong perturbation in the lipids local order, decreasing the membrane barrier properties as evaluated from the rate of carboxyfluorescein leaching. Altogether, the comparison between the experimental and MD simulations results provides important insight regarding the rifampicin molecular features responsible for its relatively fast membrane permeation. The lipid POPC used in this study was selected as a simple membrane with relevance for different organisms across all kingdoms. Further studies using more complex lipid compositions will provide details on eventual specificities for rifampicin interaction with the membranes of distinct organisms.
The Orexin System and Its Impact on the Autonomic Nervous and Cardiometabolic System in Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19
Authors: Ruhrländer Jana , Syntila Styliani , Schieffer Elisabeth , Schieffer Bernhard
Published: February 2025

Orexins (OXs) are critical for regulating circadian rhythms, arousal, appetite, energy metabolism, and electrolyte balance, affecting both the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the cardiovascular system (CVS). Disruption of the OX system can result in symptoms similar to those observed in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). This review emphasizes the adverse effects of OX dysregulation on autonomic and cardiometabolic functions in patients with PASC. Additionally, we highlight the potential of anti-OX therapies to provide neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory benefits, offering hope for alleviating some of the debilitating symptoms associated with PASC.
Primary Renal Lymphoma: Report of 32 Cases—A Retrospective Multicenter PLRG Analysis
Authors: Witkowska Magdalena , Romejko-Jarosińska Joanna , Giza Agnieszka , Drozd-Sokołowska Joanna , Mikulski Damian , Hałka Janusz , Morawska-Krekora Anna , Paszkiewicz-Kozik Ewa , Wdowiak Kamil , Wołowiec Dariusz ,   on behalf of the Polish Lymphoma Research Group
Published: February 2025

Introduction: Primary renal lymphoma is extremely rare, accounting for less than 1% of all lymphomas. Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe a group of patients with primary renal lymphoma diagnosed in hematology and oncology centers aligned with the Polish Lymphoma Research Group (PLRG). Patients and methods: This was a retrospective analysis of adult patients with primary renal lymphoma diagnosed at PLRG centers. Results: Thirty-two patients were diagnosed in seven centers over 24 years (2000–2023). The most common type of lymphoma was diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The median progression-free survival (PFS) after first-line treatment was 2.1 (95% CI: 1.07–4.18) years, while the median overall survival (OS) was 6.3 (95% CI: 1.82–6.34) years. The median age at diagnosis was 63.3 years old, and 59.4% of the patients were females. In multivariate Cox regression for PFS, only creatinine > 1.5 mg/dL (HR 10.2, 95% CI: 2.08–50.09, p = 0.004) and hemoglobin (Hgb) < 10 g/dL (HR 8.39, 95% CI: 1.88–37.49) were associated with inferior PFS. Patients who achieved complete remission (CR) after first-line of treatment had significantly longer PFS (median 4.18, 95% CI: 2.02–4.18 vs. median 0.73, 95% CI: 0.50–0.79, p = 0.004) and OS (median not reached vs. median 1.49, 95% CI: 0.43–6.33, p = 0.001). Patients treated with nephrectomy had longer OS (median not reached vs. median 5.07, 95% CI: 1.32–5.08, p = 0.05). However, in multivariate Cox regression for OS, only hypoalbuminemia was an independent factor for inferior survival (HR 5.44, 95% CI: 1.12–26.38, p = 0.04). Conclusions: Primary renal lymphoma is an extremely rare type of lymphoma with a poor prognosis. The prognosis may improve with future advances in treatment, including nephrectomy.
Quantitative Spatial Analysis on Radiographic Features of Rotator Cuff Calcifications: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Kim Ju-Hyeon , Yang Dahae , Lee Jae-Hyun
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Plain radiography is the primary diagnostic tool for calcific tendinitis of the shoulder. Several qualitative grading methods have been proposed to represent the pathophysiologic phase and guide treatment decisions. However, these methods have demonstrated low reliability, complicating their effectiveness for such purposes. This study aims to perform the first quantitative analysis of calcific lesions using radiographic imaging and explore their correlation with ultrasonographic parameters to enhance their diagnostic utility. Methods: A total of 57 shoulders presenting with painful calcific tendinitis in either the supraspinatus or subscapularis tendon were reviewed. The calcific deposits and tendon regions of interest were meticulously identified and annotated. Image brightness was reduced to 256 grayscale levels, and descriptive and heterogeneity parameters, including skewness, kurtosis, complexity, and entropy, were quantified and analyzed. Results: In the region of calcification, the average grayscale values were 21.69 units higher than those of tendon tissue. All spatial heterogeneity parameters, except for skewness, demonstrated statistically significant differences when compared with the adjacent tendon. Notably, entropy and complexity were the most distinctive features, with an area under the curve of 0.93 and cut-off values of 4.62 and 4.18, respectively. Significant correlations were observed between the heterogeneity parameters and ultrasonographic findings, such as bursal contact and peri-calcific hypoattenuation. Conclusions: Calcific deposits demonstrated not only increased brightness in grayscale levels but also distinct spatial heterogeneity. The correlation with ultrasonographic findings indicates that these heterogeneity parameters may reflect underlying pathophysiological characteristics. Future prospective research could explore the whole temporal changes of calcifications more thoroughly.
Enhancing Road Safety on US Highways: Leveraging Advanced Computer Vision for Automated Guardrail Damage Detection and Evaluation
Authors: Al Oide Alfarooq , Manasreh Dmitry , Karasneh Mohammad , Melhem Mohamad , Nazzal Munir D.
Published: February 2025

Roadside incidents are a leading cause of driver fatalities in the United States, with a significant number involving collisions with barriers, such as guardrails. Guardrails are essential safety barriers designed to maintain vehicle trajectories and shield against roadside hazards. The functionality of guardrails heavily relies on their structural integrity, and damaged guardrails can pose serious dangers to road users. Traditional inspection methods are labor-intensive, time-consuming, and prone to human error, lacking periodic monitoring crucial for timely maintenance. Although advancements in computer vision have enabled automated infrastructure inspections, research dedicated specifically to the inspection of guardrails remains scarce. Existing automated solutions do not fully address the challenges of accurately identifying and assessing guardrail damage under varying lighting and weather conditions and the computational demands of real-time processing. This study addresses these challenges by introducing a novel framework utilizing advanced computer vision techniques, such as YOLOv8 models and the Deep OC–SORT tracker, integrated with camera and GPS systems mounted on a vehicle. This system automates the detection, localization, and severity assessment of guardrail damage, enhancing inspection accuracy and efficiency, enabling faster maintenance responses, and ultimately contributing to safer road conditions.
Enabling Sufficiency Through Smart Locks: Transforming Office Occupancy and Building Management for Energy Savings
Authors: Mainini Andrea Giovanni , Pittau Francesco , Casolari Elena , Simon Majour Matthieu , Cavaglià Matteo , Riva Riccardo , Amendola Giulia , Speroni Alberto , Blanco Cadena Juan Diego , Poli Tiziana
Published: February 2025

In the aftermath of the global pandemic, the widespread embrace of flexible working models has led to suboptimal occupancy levels in office buildings. Despite this shift, traditional space management practices persist, contributing to increased energy consumption per person. This study investigates how integrating smart lock systems can enhance space utilization within flexible working environments, ultimately reducing energy use. A case study of an office building in Milan, Italy, is used to evaluate the proposed approach. The methodology includes a comprehensive assessment of building design and functionality, coupled with impact analyses using Building Energy Modeling and Life Cycle Assessment. The results indicate that innovative occupancy management strategies can achieve energy savings of from 9% up to 14% compared to baseline operational energy use, leading to a reduction in CO2 emissions of 7.5 to 17.6 kgCO2eq/m2 depending on occupancy scenarios. The life cycle assessment reveals that, while smart locks introduce an initial embodied carbon footprint of approximately 2 tons of CO2, that is recovered through the savings obtained after a few months of installation. The findings demonstrate that this methodology is effective in buildings that allow both functional and temporal flexibility, enabling partial shutdowns and the redirection of certain services when not in use, ultimately improving energy efficiency through lean interventions.
Correction: Mata, R.; Nuñez, E. Cyclic Behavior of Concrete-Filled Tube Columns with Bidirectional Moment Connections Considering the Local Slenderness Effect. Buildings 2024, 14, 2240
Authors: Mata Ramón , Nuñez Eduardo
Published: February 2025

Affiliation Modification [...]
Reconstruction of Rural Cultural Space and Planning Base on the Perspective of “Social-Spatial” Theory: A Case Study in Zhuma Township, Zhejiang Province
Authors: Lou Senyu , Chen Yile , Feng Jingzhao , Zhang Lei
Published: February 2025

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the perspective of the “socio-spatial” relationship, to construct a theoretical analysis framework for the reconstruction of rural cultural space, and to explore effective strategies for the reconstruction of cultural space in the context of rural revitalization. Taking Zhuma Town as a case study, this study applies qualitative research methods, combining inductive synthesis, interpretive analysis, and literature review to analyze in depth the phenomenon of the revival of its camellia culture and the reconstruction of cultural space. It is found that the transformation of vernacular culture is the fundamental motive for the reconstruction of rural cultural space, which is embodied in Zhuma Town, as the camellia culture has gone through different stages of development, which promotes the transformation of cultural space from traditional to modern, and from single-function to composite function. On this basis, the design strategies of “landscape inheritance and functional regeneration”, “connotation remodeling and cultural value-added”, and “role transformation and coordination and cooperation” are proposed. The research results provide theoretical references and practical guidance for the reconstruction of contemporary rural cultural space, help promote the construction of high-quality rural habitat, enrich the knowledge system of rural cultural space research in interdisciplinary background, and are of great significance in awakening the cultural self-consciousness of the vernacular society and promoting the reconstruction of rural cultural values.
Innovation in Intelligent Temperature Management in Educational Spaces for the Reduction of Energy Consumption Through Intelligent Control Systems
Authors: Palomino Bernal Juan Francisco , Colmenero Fonseca Fabiola , Jalomo Cuevas Jaime , Carcel-Carrasco Javier , Rodríguez Pérez Ramiro
Published: February 2025

This study addresses the urgent need to improve energy efficiency in air conditioning systems by developing a low-cost automated control system for mini-split units. In alignment with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 12, the proposed system reduces energy consumption without compromising user comfort. Implemented in an educational building in Jalisco, Mexico, the system integrates a Siemens Logo 8 PLC, the NodeMCU ESP12-E board, and open-source software to control operations through temperature sensors and infrared signal emitters. A quantitative, descriptive, and correlational methodology was applied, yielding significant results: a 10.63% reduction in energy consumption and a 34.8% reduction in operating costs. Additionally, the system maintains stable indoor temperatures within the optimal range of 22 to 24 °C while operating on a local network, ensuring reliability without constant internet access. The installation cost per unit was USD 95, with an annual return on investment of 30.74%, which makes it scalable and profitable to modernize existing buildings. The study highlights the transformative potential of integrating low-cost technologies into building management, offering a practical and replicable solution to improve energy efficiency, particularly in resource-limited contexts. These contributions support global efforts to mitigate climate change, reduce carbon footprints, and promote energy sustainability goals.
The Systematisation of Survey Drawings: Identifying the Development of Morphological Awareness via Teaching Approaches
Authors: Carlos Gilberto Duarte , López Alejandro
Published: February 2025

The graphic replication of architectural examples has long been a prevalent pedagogical method, regardless of educational orientation. The critical reactivity of the mid-20th century, reinforced by ethnographic and anthropological tools, positioned vernacular architecture as a key educational resource—a process widely recognised and extensively studied in Portugal. This article examines the role of fieldwork and surveying techniques in architectural education, extending beyond geometric characterisation to encompass the recognition of technological principles and logics. Through the systematic application of decomposition/composition drawing exercises with first-year students over a decade, this study explores how structured graphical methodologies foster a deeper understanding of buildings, beyond their aesthetics. The findings indicate that perception skills constitute a crucial competence in architectural teaching curricula. The systematisation of hand drawing surveys, applying layering superimposing, is a valuable method to enhance these capacities practically. The results reinforce that early engagement with analytical drawing improves students’ ability to integrate conceptual and technical aspects in design, supporting a progressive transition to digital tools. Additionally, the results highlight the pedagogical value of vernacular studies in promoting adaptive and sustainable design thinking, reinforcing the need for a balanced approach that synthesises traditional and contemporary methodologies in architectural education.
Secretome Analysis of Prostate Cancer Cell Lines Reveals Cell Cycle-Dependent PSA Secretion and Potential Biomarkers
Authors: Dathathri Eshwari , Peters Yvette , Andreoli Diana , Bruins Mel , Kraan Jaco , Terstappen Leon W. M. M. , Bansal Ruchi
Published: February 2025

Background: Metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) is marked by heterogeneity and therapy resistance, which arise from prolonged therapy regimens. This heterogeneity is reflected in various morphologic and genetic characteristics, biomarker expression, and other molecular mechanisms, thereby contributing to the complexity of the disease. Methods: To investigate tumor heterogeneity, the effects of androgen targeting therapy (ADT) on single-cell PSA secretion was assessed by analyzing the prostate cancer cell lines using a modified ELISpot platform. The FACS and cytospin techniques were employed to understand the influence of the cell cycle on PSA secretion patterns. Additionally, a proteome array was used to identify potential biomarkers from different PCa cell lines with varying metastatic potential. Results: Among the various PCa cell lines examined, PSA expression and secretion could be visualized only from the LNCaPs. PSA secretion from circulating tumor cells (CTCs) further confirmed the validity of this assay. These LNCaPs exhibited heterogeneity in single-cell intracellular and extracellular PSA expression and in their ADT responses. LNCaPs in the G1 phase showed higher PSA secretion than in the S or G2/M phase. Apart from PSA, Cathepsin D, Progranulin, IL-8, Serpin E1, and Enolase 2 were identified as secretome markers from the metastatic PCa cell lines. Conclusions: We observed variability in PSA secretion in LNCaP in response to anti-androgen treatment and a cell cycle-dependent secretion pattern. The notable presence of Progranulin and Cathepsin D in metastatic cell lines makes them promising candidates for use in multiplexing and single-cell platforms, potentially advancing our understanding and treatment of this disease.
Expanding the Scope of Interventional Oncology: Locoregional Therapies in Extrahepatic Malignancies
Authors: Wu Gavin , Chen Cindy , Chang Jin , Fazlollahi Farbod , Makary Mina S.
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Locoregional therapies (LRTs), including transarterial embolization (TAE), transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), and transarterial radioembolization (TARE), have become integral in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in recent decades and continue to shape evolving treatment strategies. While their role in liver tumor management is well established, their potential for treating extrahepatic malignancies is gaining increasing attention. Notably, growing research has highlighted the promising applications of TAE, TACE, and TARE in extrahepatic cancers such as glioblastoma (GBM), soft tissue sarcomas (STSs), prostate cancer (PCa), pancreatic cancer, and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). This review aims to explore these novel applications, providing a comprehensive summary of the current literature, examining clinical outcomes, and discussing future directions for integrating these techniques into broader oncologic treatment strategies. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted focusing on LRTs such as TAE, TACE, and TARE in extrahepatic malignancies. Studies published between May 1998 and December 2024 were included, emphasizing outcomes in GBM, STS, PCa, pancreatic cancer, and RCC. Data extraction prioritized clinical outcomes, safety profiles, and procedural efficacy. Results: LRTs demonstrated significant potential in managing extrahepatic malignancies, with TAE, TACE, and TARE showing promising results in palliative management and tumor control. Across studies, these therapies exhibited varying degrees of success in improving progression-free survival and overall survival, with minimal systemic toxicity. Conclusions: The expanding application of LRTs in extrahepatic malignancies highlights their transformative potential in interventional oncology. By offering targeted, minimally invasive treatment options, these modalities bridge critical gaps in managing tumors refractory to conventional therapies. Future research should focus on standardizing protocols, optimizing patient selection, and exploring combination therapies to maximize their clinical efficacy.
Serum Tumor Markers for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer in Clinical Practice: A Narrative Review
Authors: Doshi Chirag , Zahir Mazyar , Dadabhoy Anosh , Escobar Domenique , Xia Leilei , Daneshmand Siamak
Published: February 2025

In recent decades, serum tumor markers (STMs) have emerged as valuable adjuncts in early cancer detection and post-treatment surveillance. STMs are inexpensive, minimally invasive, and readily accessible tools that can be used to diagnose cancers, monitor patients’ responses to treatment, and even detect recurrence without imposing additional burdens on patients. Emerging evidence has demonstrated the reliability of STMs in the prognostication of bladder cancer (BC). However, their potential role extends beyond prognostication. This review intends to provide a multidimensional picture of STM applications in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). In addition, we supplement this review with real-life clinical experiences from our institution to further illustrate the clinical feasibility of STMs in MIBC.
Establishment and Its Utility of a Patient-Derived Cell Xenografts (PDCX) Model with Cryopreserved Cancer Cells from Human Tumor
Authors: Kim Ki Yeon , Lee Ji Min , Lee Eun Ji , Jung Daun , Goh Ah-Ra , Choi Min Chul , Jung Sang Geun , Park Hyun , Hwang Sohyun , Kang Haeyoun , An Hee Jung
Published: February 2025

Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models are powerful tools in cancer research, offering an accurate platform for evaluating cancer treatment efficacy and predicting responsiveness. However, these models necessitate surgical techniques for tumor tissue transplantation and face challenges with non-uniform tumor growth among animals. To address these issues, we attempted to develop a new PDX modeling method using high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC), a fatal disease with a 5-year survival rate of 29%, which requires personalized research due to its morphological, genetic, and molecular heterogeneities. In this study, we developed a new patient-derived cancer cell xenograft (PDCX) model with high engraftment efficiency (64%) that utilizes primary cancer cells instead of patient tissues. Primary cancer cells can be stably cryopreserved for extended periods (up to 485 days), and when transplanted into female NSGA mice, they maintain morphological and molecular characteristics without significant genetic differences compared to their original primary tumors. Furthermore, PDCX models can be easily produced using a syringe, allowing for uniform tumor sizes across multiple animals. Additionally, M2 PDCXs exhibited a significantly faster growth rate compared to M2 PDTXs. Consequently, our PDCX model offers a streamlined approach for evaluating personalized cancer treatments with minimal experimental variability.
From Molecular to Clinical Implications of Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders on the Treatment and Recovery of Acute Stroke: A Scoping Review
Authors: Uscamaita Karol , Parra Ordaz Olga , Yazbeck Morell Imán , Pla Marta García , Sánchez-López María-José , Arboix Adrià
Published: February 2025

(1) Background: The aim of this review is to map research into the molecular mechanisms linking sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBDs) and acute stroke and their clinical and therapeutic implications and to identify existing knowledge gaps to suggest new areas of research. (2) Methods: This review was conducted according to the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) and a predetermined protocol shared among all authors. (3) Results: The review of the thirteen studies analyzed provides a focused view of the molecular features about interaction between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and acute stroke. Our review identifies and highlights the biomarkers most frequently found to be associated with acute stroke, SRBDs, and their clinical repercussions. (4) Conclusions: The association between the presence of sleep apnea, especially in its severe form, and elevated levels of inflammatory markers in patients with acute stroke is highlighted and new research topics in this area are proposed.
Bacteriostasis and Anti-Inflammation of Staphylococcus epidermidis Fermentation Broth to Propionibacterium acnes
Authors: Geng Wenlin , Zhang Yun , Cao Yuhua
Published: February 2025

In this work, Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) fermentation broth with inhibitory effects on the growth of Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) and inflammation caused by P. acnes. was obtained. Three kinds of S. epidermidis fermentation broth, cultivated in beef protein medium, and glycerol or glucose added into the beef protein medium, referred to as SFB, Gly-SFB, and Glu-SFB, had different performances on bacteriostasis and anti-inflammation. Upon adding SFB, Gly-SFB or Glu-SFB to the P. acnes culture medium at a concentration of 10%, the CFUs of P. acnes decreased by 44. 6%, 85.9%, and 82.1%, respectively. As the concentration of the fermentation broth increased, the CFUs lowered accordingly. Thermal inactivation of P. acnes (TI.P) induces RAW264.7 cells to produce inflammatory factors and leads to inflammation. Following intervention with Gly-SFB and Glu-SFB, the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1 β expression levels diminished by 51.3% and 24.5%, respectively, while the expression levels of IL-6 decreased by 75.4% and 66.7%, respectively. Conversely, after treatment with SFB, the expression level of IL-1 β escalated by 88.7%, whereas the expression level of IL-6 decreased by 19.3%. Western blot revealed that the S. epidermidis fermentation broth exhibits anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting the production of inflammation-related proteins in the NF-κB signaling pathway. LC-MS/MS integrated with untargeted metabolomics was employed to examine the metabolic variations among SFB, Gly-SFB, and Glu-SFB. Six oligopeptides exhibited elevated concentrations in Gly-SFB and Glu-SFB compared to SFB. The anti-inflammatory efficacy of these six oligopeptides was assessed, and only three oligopeptides, EQIW, HGYK, and WFYL, significantly diminished the expression of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-6 induced by TI.P. Therefore, Gly-SFB and Glu-SFB enhance the inhibitory effect on the proliferation of P. acnes and exhibit significant anti-inflammatory properties against TI.P-induced inflammation.
Current Updates on Limosilactobacillus reuteri: Brief History, Health Benefits, Antimicrobial Properties, and Challenging Applications in Dairy Products
Authors: Lima Emília Maria França , Soutelino Maria Eduarda Marques , Silva Adriana Cristina de Oliveira , Pinto Uelinton Manoel , Todorov Svetoslav Dimitrov , Rocha Ramon da Silva
Published: February 2025

This study aims to clarify the use of Limosilactobaillus reuteri (Lmb. reuteri) in dairy products, emphasizing its main characteristics and limitations through a comprehensive literature review. Lmb. reuteri, previously classified as Lactobacillus reuteri, is a lactic acid bacterium (LAB) generally present in the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and other animals, such as sheep, chickens, and rodents. Lmb. reuteri was reclassified as part of the genus Limosilactobacillus in April 2020, reflecting advancements in biomolecular research that identified distinct metabolic and biochemical characteristics among strains. This species is an important producer of reuterin, an antimicrobial compound facilitated through glycerol fermentation via specific enzymatic pathways. In addition, selected strains of Lmb. reuteri can be considered probiotic bacteria with numerous health benefits and that lead to well-being improvements. It is consistently related to improvements in gut health, immune function enhancement, and cholesterol reduction. Furthermore, its application in dairy products has gained prominence and is increasingly reported in the literature due to its technological and sensory benefits. Despite the challenges of its incorporation into the dairy matrix, largely due to the need to supplement these products, it has already demonstrated significant effects on several dairy products’ technological, sensory, and quality characteristics. Future research should address challenges like strain-specific efficacy and regulatory hurdles for the application of Lmb. reuteri in foods.
SGLT2 Inhibitors in COVID-19: Umbrella Review, Meta-Analysis, and Bayesian Sensitivity Assessment
Authors: Suresh Vinay , Shamim Muhammad Aaqib , Ghosh Victor , Dave Tirth , Jayan Malavika , Verma Amogh , Sanker Vivek , Roy Priyanka , Bardhan Mainak
Published: February 2025

Background: Several studies have reported a reduced risk of COVID-19-related mortality in patients taking antidiabetic medications. This is an umbrella review, meta-analysis, and Bayesian sensitivity assessment of SGLT2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) in COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: A search was conducted on the MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, Cochrane, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases on 5/12/2023. We performed an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the effects of SGLT2is in T2DM patients with COVID-19 and critically appraised them using AMSTAR 2.0. Trials investigating SGLT2i use in COVID-19 patients post-hospitalisation and observational studies on prior SGLT2i use among COVID-19 patients were included in the meta-analysis, adhering to the PRISMA guidelines. Results: SGLT2is exhibited significantly lower odds of mortality (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.53–0.84) and hospitalisation (OR 0.84, 0.75–0.94) in COVID-19 patients with T2DM. Bayesian sensitivity analyses corroborated most of the findings, with differences observed in hospitalisation and mortality outcomes. SGLT-2 inhibitors showed an OR of 1.20 (95% CI 0.64–2.27) for diabetic ketoacidosis. Publication bias was observed for hospitalisation, but not for mortality. The GRADE assessment indicated a low to very low quality of evidence because of the observational studies included. Conclusions: The prophylactic use of SGLT2is reduces mortality and hospitalisation among COVID-19 patients, particularly in patients with diabetes. The utility of SGLT2is after hospitalisation is uncertain and warrants further investigation. A limited efficacy has been observed under critical conditions. Individualised assessment is crucial before integration into COVID-19 management.
Bony Defect Regeneration in Periodontitis: A Systematic Review of the Literature Regarding the Use of Enamel Matrix Derivative Proteins
Authors: Bud Eugen , Pop Silvia-Izabella , Bud Anamaria , Steele Benjamin Robert , Vlasa Alexandru
Published: February 2025

Background: Periodontitis is characterized as a change in the total periodontal tissues that includes tissue loss, as evidenced by clinical loss of attachment, and radiographically determined alveolar bone loss, periodontal pockets, and gingival bleeding. Objectives: The aim of this study was to observe and analyze recent information from the literature on the effect of enamel matrix derivative proteins on the bony defects caused by periodontitis. Methods: Through using two major online databases and search engines, the literature was manually searched for papers published until May 2024. To find relevant studies, this research utilized a combination of target keywords, and the reference lists of manuscripts that were chosen for inclusion in this study were checked and analyzed in tabular form, enabling the collection and comparison of data. Results: According to the results, the average value of the probing depth gained was 4 mm for the EMD™ alone and 4.25 mm for the EMD combined with surgical techniques such as open-flap techniques, platelet derivatives, and growth factors. In regard to clinical attachment level (CAL) gaining, average values of 3.6 mm in EMD™ alone and 3.86 mm with EMD™ combined with other techniques were observed. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the healing propensity depends on the morphological structure of the bone defect represented by the wall stage, and there is a certain coherence and correlation between the values of probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL), whether for the use of EMD alone or its use in combination with other materials.
Internal State Cooling of an Atom with Thermal Light
Authors: Younes Amanda , Putnam Randall , Hamilton Paul , Campbell Wesley C.
Published: February 2025

A near-minimal instance of optical cooling is experimentally presented, wherein the internal-state entropy of a single atom is reduced more than twofold by illuminating it with broadband, incoherent light. Since the rate of optical pumping by a thermal state increases monotonically with its temperature, the cooling power in this scenario increases with higher thermal occupation, an example of a phenomenon known as cooling by heating. In contrast to optical pumping using coherent, narrow-band laser light, here, we perform the same task with fiber-coupled, broadband sunlight, the brightest laboratory-accessible source of continuous blackbody radiation.