bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Paper Abuse”: When All Else Fails, Batterers Use Procedural Stalking
Authors: Miller Susan L. , Smolter Nicole L.
Published: April 2011

Using data from in-depth interviews with women who have exited violent relationships, attorneys, and practitioners/policy specialists, this research note explores the continuation of control as women encounter “paper abuse.” The barrage of men’s frivolous lawsuits, false reports of child abuse, and other system-related manipulations exerts power, forces contact, and financially burdens their ex-partners. Although these acts are not new, the significance of this continuing abuse has not been fully explored by researchers. Yet attorneys and practitioners recognize the need for better documentation to strengthen protections for women still forced to contend with their former batterers.
Understanding the Pursuit of Happiness in Ten Major Cities
Authors: Leyden Kevin M. , Goldberg Abraham , Michelbach Philip
Published: April 2011

The pursuit of happiness has a long history as a primary political end in Western political thought. Along with traditional economic indicators, policy makers are increasingly concerned with the subjective well-being of a society as a measure for its success. It is important to understand the nature of happiness and ask what can be done to improve it. This article builds upon existing literature that consistently identifies health, wealth, and social connectedness as key predictors of happiness. We find that the design and conditions of cities are associated with the happiness of residents in 10 urban areas. Cities that provide easy access to convenient public transportation and to cultural and leisure amenities promote happiness. Cities that are affordable and serve as good places to raise children also have happier residents. We suggest that such places foster the types of social connections that can improve happiness and ultimately enhance the attractiveness of living in the city.
Cost-Effective Smoke-Free Multiunit Housing Media Campaigns
Authors: Modayil Mary V. , Consolacion Theodora B. , Isler Jonathan , Soria Sandra , Stevens Colleen
Published: April 2011

Presented are cost-effective paid media strategies to educate Californians to advocate for stronger smoke-free multiunit housing (SF-MUH) policies between 2006 and 2008. Included is a summary of general market and specific ethnic market costs that correspond to SF-MUH attitudes and home smoking bans. Statewide questionnaires indicated that half of the intended general market saw an antitobacco TV ad and half of the intended ethnic markets heard radio ads. Analyses indicated that it cost $0.67 and $0.78 per person to see Caution Tape and Apartment TV ads, respectively. Slightly higher per capita costs corresponded with positive attitudes toward SF-MUH: $0.87 for Caution Tape and $1.00 for Apartment. Lessons learned from this campaign included effectiveness of specific ads in ethnic markets, impact on SF-MUH work plan policy objectives, and the need for collaborations among state and local partners throughout the message development process.
Walking the Talk: Insights Into Dynamics of Race and Gender for Nurses
Authors: Choiniere Jacqueline A. , MacDonnell Judith , Shamonda Hope
Published: April 2011

This article explores how the dynamics of violence and support for nurses are influenced by the intersections of race, gender, and other social relations in various practice settings. Utilizing a qualitative study design, situated in the naturalistic and critical paradigms, this article is grounded in the experiences of key informants (KIs), each possessing significant expertise on issues of equity and violence, as well as insight into the current practice settings in Ontario, Canada. The individual KI interviews were analyzed using conventional qualitative content analysis, with its focus on capturing emerging insights. The findings reflect the everyday nature of gendered and racialized violence, the influence of setting and the effectiveness of existing resources. Professional, organizational, and broader policy implications are discussed to support diversely situated nurses within their various practice environments.
Care Coordination: A Priority for Health Reform
Authors: Robinson Karen M.
Published: April 2011

Care coordination is one of the priorities to transform the health care system (Institute of Medicine). Nurses have taken on the central role in care coordination for decades, and are now being recognized for expertise in care coordination. Attention has focused on nursing models that use care coordination and report outcomes. Nursing care coordination models emphasize patient education, engagement of patients and families in prevention, self-care, and adoption of health information technology to improve access to information. Policy recommendations needed to enhance care coordination include the following: (a) facilitate better information transfer with wider use of information technology, (b) include Nurse Practitioners (NPs) as equal practitioners in reimbursement, (c) create incentives to improve coordination of care, (d) reward the use of evidence-based practices, and (e) advocate for better care coordination models that include interdisciplinary teams and greater health system integration.
Do Smoke-Free Laws in Rural, Distressed Counties Encourage Cessation?
Authors: Hahn Ellen J. , Rayens Mary Kay , Langley Ronald E. , Adkins Sarah M. , Dignan Mark
Published: April 2011

The authors examined the association between smoke-free laws and smoking/cessation behaviors and secondhand smoke exposure among current and former smokers in rural, distressed counties. A quasi-experimental, two-group design compared outcomes between participants from a county with a longstanding smoke-free law ( n = 252) and those living in four demographically similar counties without smoke-free laws ( n = 250). Participants were recruited using random digit dialing. Controlling for demographic factors, those in the treatment group reported greater nicotine dependence, were more likely to have smoke-free workplaces, and less likely to have smoke-free homes. There were no differences in smoking status, past-year quit attempts, intent to quit in 5 years, cigarettes per day, or time since last cigarette. Smokers in the treatment group were just as likely to attempt to quit, despite greater nicotine dependence. Findings showed that making nonsmoking the social norm through policy change may be more difficult in rural, distressed areas.
Medicaid and State Regulation of Nurse-Midwives: The Challenge of Data Retrieval
Authors: Sonenberg Andrea
Published: April 2011

This article discusses one of four findings of a larger descriptive correlational health policy study, the purpose of which was to investigate relationships among state regulation of nurse-midwifery practice, utilization of certified nurse-midwives (CNM) for Medicaid funded prenatal care, and maternal newborn outcomes. The larger study showed that use of accurate data about CNM practice and subsequent health care outcomes creates a challenge for researchers because of the paucity of data related to services provided by CNMs. Barriers to adequate data collection related to CNM services, specifically those funded by Medicaid, preclude legitimate conclusions about subsequent health care policy. Methods of workforce data collection need to be addressed by health care and health policy groups to facilitate further investigation of the relationships among state regulation of CNM practice, utilization of CNMs for Medicaid-funded prenatal care and maternal newborn outcomes as they affect access to care for vulnerable populations.
Medicare Readmissions Policies and Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities: A Cautionary Tale
Authors: McHugh Matthew D. , Brooks Carthon J. Margo , Kang Xiao L.
Published: April 2011

Beginning in 2009, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services started publicly reporting hospital readmission rates as part of the Hospital Compare website. Hospitals will begin having payments reduced if their readmission rates are higher than expected starting in fiscal year 2013. Value-based purchasing initiatives including public reporting and pay-for-performance incentives have the potential to increase quality of care. There is concern, however, that hospitals providing service to minority communities may be disproportionately penalized as a result of these policies due to higher rates of readmissions among racial and ethnic minority groups. Using 2008 Medicare data, we assess the risk for readmission for minorities and discuss implications for minority-serving institutions.
R723, a selective JAK2 inhibitor, effectively treats JAK2V617F-induced murine myeloproliferative neoplasm
Authors: Shide Kotaro , Kameda Takuro , Markovtsov Vadim , Shimoda Haruko K. , Tonkin Elizabeth , Fang Shuling , Liu Chian , Gelman Marina , Lang Wayne , Romero Jason , McLaughlin John , Bhamidipati Somasekhar , Clough Jeffrey , Low Caroline , Reitsma Andrea , Siu Stacey , Pine Polly , Park Gary , Torneros Allan , Duan Matt , Singh Rajinder , Payan Donald G. , Matsunaga Takuya , Hitoshi Yasumichi , Shimoda Kazuya
Published: April 2011

The activating mutations in JAK2 (including JAK2V617F) that have been described in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are linked directly to MPN pathogenesis. We developed R723, an orally bioavailable small molecule that inhibits JAK2 activity in vitro by 50% at a concentration of 2nM, while having minimal effects on JAK3, TYK2, and JAK1 activity. R723 inhibited cytokine-independent CFU-E growth and constitutive activation of STAT5 in primary hematopoietic cells expressing JAK2V617F. In an anemia mouse model induced by phenylhydrazine, R723 inhibited erythropoiesis. In a leukemia mouse model using Ba/F3 cells expressing JAK2V617F, R723 treatment prolonged survival and decreased tumor burden. In V617F-transgenic mice that closely mimic human primary myelofibrosis, R723 treatment improved survival, hepatosplenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocytosis. R723 preferentially targeted the JAK2-dependent pathway rather than the JAK1- and JAK3-dependent pathways in vivo, and its effects on T and B lymphocytes were mild compared with its effects on myeloid cells. Our preclinical data indicate that R723 has a favorable safety profile and the potential to become an efficacious treatment for patients with JAK2V617F-positive MPNs.
Exenatide once weekly treatment maintained improvements in glycemic control and weight loss over 2 years
Authors: Taylor Kristin , Gurney Kate , Han Jenny , Pencek Richard , Walsh Brandon , Trautmann Michael
Published: April 2011

Background

The once-weekly (QW) formulation of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist exenatide has been demonstrated to improve A1C, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), body weight, serum lipid profiles, and blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes through 52 weeks of treatment. In this report, we describe the 2-year results of the open-label, open-ended extension to the DURATION-1 trial of exenatide QW for type 2 diabetes.

Methods

A 2-stage protocol was used: patients received either exenatide QW (2 mg) or exenatide twice daily for 30 weeks (5 μg for the first 4 weeks and 10 μg thereafter), followed by 1.5 years of treatment with exenatide QW (2 mg), for a total of 2 years (104 weeks) of exenatide treatment. Of the 295 (intent-to-treat [ITT]) patients who entered the trial, 73% (n = 216) completed 2 years of treatment (completer population). Baseline characteristics (mean ± SE) for these patients were: A1C, 8.2 ± 0.1%; FPG, 168.4 ± 43.0 mg/dL; body weight, 101.1 ± 18.7 kg; and diabetes duration, 7 ± 5 years.

Results

In the completer population, significant improvements (LS mean ± SE [95% CI]) were maintained after 2 years of treatment in A1C (-1.71 ± 0.08% [-1.86 to -1.55%]), FPG (-40.1 ± 2.9 mg/dL [-45.7 to -34.5 mg/dL]), and body weight (-2.61 ± 0.52 kg [-3.64 to -1.58 kg]) compared with baseline. The percentages of patients who achieved an A1C of <7.0% and ≤6.5% at 2 years were 60% and 39%, respectively. A significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP; -3.0 ± 1.0 mmHg [-4.9 to -1.1 mmHg]) was maintained through 2 years of treatment. Serum lipid profiles were also significantly improved, including triglycerides (geometric LS mean change from baseline, -15 ± 2.7% [-21% to -10%]), total cholesterol (-8.6 ± 2.8 mg/dL [-14.0 to -3.1 mg/dL]), and low-density lipoproteins (-4.5 ± 2.2 mg/dL [-8.9 to -0.01 mg/dL]). Changes in A1C, body weight, FPG, SBP, and lipids in the ITT population were similar to those seen in the completer population. Nausea (predominantly mild in intensity) was the most common adverse event, although the frequency and intensity of nausea decreased over time. No severe hypoglycemia was observed.

Conclusions

Exenatide QW was well tolerated during the 2-year treatment period. This study demonstrated sustained glucose control and weight loss throughout 2 years of treatment with exenatide QW.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.govNCT00308139
Polytetrafluorethylene-Au as a substrate for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Žvátora Pavel , Řezanka Pavel , Prokopec Vadym , Siegel Jakub , Švorčík Václav , Král Vladimír
Published: April 2011

This study deals with preparation of substrates suitable for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) applications by sputtering deposition of gold layer on the polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) foil. Time of sputtering was investigated with respect to the surface properties. The ability of PTFE-Au substrates to enhance Raman signals was investigated by immobilization of biphenyl-4,4'-dithiol (BFD) from the solutions with various concentrations. BFD was also used for preparation of sandwich structures with Au or Ag nanoparticles by two different procedures. Results showed that PTFE can be used for fabrication of SERS active substrate with easy handle properties at low cost. This substrate was sufficient for the measurement of SERS spectrum of BFD even at 10-8 mol/l concentration.
Comparison of user groups' perspectives of barriers and facilitators to implementing electronic health records: a systematic review
Authors: McGinn Carrie Anna , Grenier Sonya , Duplantie Julie , Shaw Nicola , Sicotte Claude , Mathieu Luc , Leduc Yvan , Légaré France , Gagnon Marie-Pierre
Published: April 2011

Background

Electronic health record (EHR) implementation is currently underway in Canada, as in many other countries. These ambitious projects involve many stakeholders with unique perceptions of the implementation process. EHR users have an important role to play as they must integrate the EHR system into their work environments and use it in their everyday activities. Users hold valuable, first-hand knowledge of what can limit or contribute to the success of EHR implementation projects. A comprehensive synthesis of EHR users' perceptions is key to successful future implementation. This systematic literature review was aimed to synthesize current knowledge of the barriers and facilitators influencing shared EHR implementation among its various users.

Methods

Covering a period from 1999 to 2009, a literature search was conducted on nine electronic databases. Studies were included if they reported on users' perceived barriers and facilitators to shared EHR implementation, in healthcare settings comparable to Canada. Studies in all languages with an empirical study design were included. Quality and relevance of the studies were assessed. Four EHR user groups were targeted: physicians, other health care professionals, managers, and patients/public. Content analysis was performed independently by two authors using a validated extraction grid with pre-established categorization of barriers and facilitators for each group of EHR users.

Results

Of a total of 5,695 potentially relevant publications identified, 117 full text publications were obtained after screening titles and abstracts. After review of the full articles, 60 publications, corresponding to 52 studies, met the inclusion criteria. The most frequent adoption factors common to all user groups were design and technical concerns, ease of use, interoperability, privacy and security, costs, productivity, familiarity and ability with EHR, motivation to use EHR, patient and health professional interaction, and lack of time and workload. Each user group also identified factors specific to their professional and individual priorities.

Conclusions

This systematic review presents innovative research on the barriers and facilitators to EHR implementation. While important similarities between user groups are highlighted, differences between them demonstrate that each user group also has a unique perspective of the implementation process that should be taken into account.
Selective regulation of nerve growth factor expression in developing cutaneous tissue by early sensory innervation
Authors: Wyatt Sean L , Spori Bodo , Vizard Tom N , Davies Alun M
Published: April 2011

Background

In the developing vertebrate peripheral nervous system, the survival of sympathetic neurons and the majority of sensory neurons depends on a supply of nerve growth factor (NGF) from tissues they innervate. Although neurotrophic theory presupposes, and the available evidence suggests, that the level of NGF expression is completely independent of innervation, the possibility that innervation may regulate the timing or level of NGF expression has not been rigorously investigated in a sufficiently well-characterized developing system.

Results

To address this important question, we studied the influence of innervation on the regulation of NGF mRNA expression in the embryonic mouse maxillary process in vitro and in vivo. The maxillary process receives its innervation from predominantly NGF-dependent sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglion and is the most densely innervated cutaneous territory with the highest levels of NGF in the embryo. When early, uninnervated maxillary processes were cultured alone, the level of NGF mRNA rose more slowly than in maxillary processes cultured with attached trigeminal ganglia. In contrast to the positive influence of early innervation on NGF mRNA expression, the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA and neurotrophin-3 (NT3) mRNA rose to the same extent in early maxillary processes grown with and without trigeminal ganglia. The level of NGF mRNA, but not BDNF mRNA or NT3 mRNA, was also significantly lower in the maxillary processes of erbB3
-/- mice, which have substantially fewer trigeminal neurons than wild-type mice.

Conclusions

This selective effect of initial innervation on target field NGF mRNA expression provokes a re-evaluation of a key assertion of neurotrophic theory that the level of NGF expression is independent of innervation.
EBF factors drive expression of multiple classes of target genes governing neuronal development
Authors: Green Yangsook S , Vetter Monica L
Published: April 2011

Background

Early B cell factor (EBF) family members are transcription factors known to have important roles in several aspects of vertebrate neurogenesis, including commitment, migration and differentiation. Knowledge of how EBF family members contribute to neurogenesis is limited by a lack of detailed understanding of genes that are transcriptionally regulated by these factors.

Results

We performed a microarray screen in Xenopus animal caps to search for targets of EBF transcriptional activity, and identified candidate targets with multiple roles, including transcription factors of several classes. We determined that, among the most upregulated candidate genes with expected neuronal functions, most require EBF activity for some or all of their expression, and most have overlapping expression with ebf genes. We also found that the candidate target genes that had the most strongly overlapping expression patterns with ebf genes were predicted to be direct transcriptional targets of EBF transcriptional activity.

Conclusions

The identification of candidate targets that are transcription factor genes, including nscl-1, emx1 and aml1, improves our understanding of how EBF proteins participate in the hierarchy of transcription control during neuronal development, and suggests novel mechanisms by which EBF activity promotes migration and differentiation. Other candidate targets, including pcdh8 and kcnk5, expand our knowledge of the types of terminal differentiated neuronal functions that EBF proteins regulate.
Unexpected complexity of the Reef-Building Coral Acropora millepora transcription factor network
Authors: Ryu Taewoo , Mavromatis Charalampos Harris , Bayer Till , Voolstra Christian R , Ravasi Timothy
Published: April 2011

Background

Coral reefs are disturbed on a global scale by environmental changes including rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. Little is known about how corals respond or adapt to these environmental changes especially at the molecular level. This is mostly because of the paucity of genome-wide studies on corals and the application of systems approaches that incorporate the latter. Like in any other organism, the response of corals to stress is tightly controlled by the coordinated interplay of many transcription factors.

Results

Here, we develop and apply a new system-wide approach in order to infer combinatorial transcription factor networks of the reef-building coral Acropora millepora. By integrating sequencing-derived transcriptome measurements, a network of physically interacting transcription factors, and phylogenetic network footprinting we were able to infer such a network. Analysis of the network across a phylogenetically broad sample of five species, including human, reveals that despite the apparent simplicity of corals, their transcription factors repertoire and interaction networks seem to be largely conserved. In addition, we were able to identify interactions among transcription factors that appear to be species-specific lending strength to the novel concept of "Taxonomically Restricted Interactions".

Conclusions

This study provides the first look at transcription factor networks in corals. We identified a transcription factor repertoire encoded by the coral genome and found consistencies of the domain architectures of transcription factors and conserved regulatory subnetworks across eumetazoan species, providing insight into how regulatory networks have evolved.
The dectin-1/inflammasome pathway is responsible for the induction of protective T-helper 17 responses that discriminate between yeasts and hyphae ofCandida albicans
Authors: Cheng Shih-Chin , van de Veerdonk Frank L , Lenardon Megan , Stoffels Monique , Plantinga Theo , Smeekens Sanne , Rizzetto Lisa , Mukaremera Liliane , Preechasuth Kanya , Cavalieri Duccio , Kanneganti Thirumala Devi , van der Meer Jos W M , Kullberg Bart Jan , Joosten Leo A B , Gow Neil A R , Netea Mihai G
Published: April 2011

In the mucosa, the immune pathways discriminating between colonizing and invasive Candida, thus inducing tolerance or inflammation, are poorly understood. Th17 responses induced by Candida albicans hyphae are central for the activation of mucosal antifungal immunity. An essential step for the discrimination between yeasts and hyphae and induction of Th17 responses is the activation of the inflammasome by C. albicans hyphae and the subsequent release of active IL-1β in macrophages. Inflammasome activation in macrophages results from differences in cell-wall architecture between yeasts and hyphae and is partly mediated by the dectin-1/Syk pathway. These results define the dectin-1/inflammasome pathway as the mechanism that enables the host immune system to mount a protective Th17 response and distinguish between colonization and tissue invasion by C. albicans.
Refraction microtremors: Data analysis and diagnostics of key hypotheses
Authors: Strobbia Claudio , Cassiani Giorgio
Published: April 2011

Surface-wave methods are quite popular for site characterization in geotechnical earthquake engineering. Among these techniques, a particular role is taken by passive methods for their ability to yield information on the low-frequency range and consequently on large depths. One such passive method, the refraction microtremors (ReMi) technique, has been proposed as a simple alternative to 2D-array techniques to estimate surface-wave dispersion by using linear arrays of geophones. The technique owes its name to the use of widely available instruments also adopted for seismic refraction. The basic hypotheses underlying ReMi are that noise is distributed isotropically in azimuth or is aligned exactly with the array. These conditions often are not met, and in most cases they are not verified because such analysis requires an accurate approach to data processing that is rarely applied. We have developed an algorithm that verifies ReMi’s basic hypotheses by analyzing experimental data. In addition, we have proposed an algorithm to identify the lowest apparent velocity on the ReMi spectra, thus avoiding interpretation problems.
Treatment of personality disorder: skills-based therapies
Authors: Evershed Sue
Published: April 2011

A variety of therapies have been developed or adapted to treat personality disorder over recent years. This article will review skills-based treatments (as opposed to insight-based treatments). Two approaches are outlined: cognitive-behavioural therapy and dialectical behaviour therapy. The article details the underpinning theory and the model of personality disorder utilised by the two approaches, and describes how the therapy is applied. Evidence of therapeutic efficacy is presented along with information about accessing training and therapy materials.
Ethical perspectives on suicide and suicide prevention
Authors: Kelly Chris , Dale Eric
Published: April 2011

Philosophy both influences and is influenced by clinical and legal practice relating to suicide. This article begins with a brief history of attitudes in the UK and Europe towards those who attempt suicide. It describes the main philosophical positions regarding suicide, including the principle of respect for life, the utilitarian position, the theological principle, and the principles of autonomy and duty to others. It concludes that short-term interventions are justified in most cases, for example when the suicide attempt is a ‘cry for help’ and/or the individual is ambivalent in their attempt or likely to have a mental illness.
Sensorimotor approaches to trauma treatment
Authors: Fisher Janina
Published: April 2011

Research has consistently demonstrated a connection between affect dysregulation and experiences of early childhood neglect, trauma and attachment failure. Without adequate regulation of the infant's distress states, the nervous system and affect-regulating brain structures fail to develop optimally. Affect dysregulation is a component of all mood, anxiety and borderline personality disorders as well as a contributor to addictive and suicidal behaviour. Methods to increase self-regulation are crucial to the effectiveness of any treatment for these problems. Traditional therapeutic modalities that address distorted cognitions or focus on emotional expression attempt to address affect regulation but fail to modify its underlying basis in the nervous system. Sensorimotor psychotherapy, as a somatically oriented therapy, approaches affect dysregulation as a subcortical issue. Its interventions directly address the underlying causes of dysregulation in the body and nervous system.
Working with offenders: challenges to the recovery agenda
Authors: Dorkins Eluned , Adshead Gwen
Published: April 2011

Recovery approaches are now being developed in forensic as well as general mental health services. These are welcome developments that offer new ways of working with a socially excluded group of patients. However, the theoretical basis of recovery, with its individual humanistic ethos, may struggle to articulate the unique problems of forensic service users. In this article, we describe those problems and propose a ‘third way’ of thinking that bridges the recovery agenda (which looks for the best in people) and the forensic agenda (which must consider the worst in people). We propose using a ‘narrative approach’, which sees the forensic service user's offence and cruelty as part of their human story. We link this explicitly with the work of Dan McAdams and his concept of the redemption narrative.
Hope in psychiatry
Authors: Schrank Beate , Hayward Mark , Stanghellini Giovanni , Davidson Larry
Published: April 2011

Hope has long been considered a relevant variable in medical disciplines, but little attention has been paid to the concept, and its clinical and research implications, in psychiatry. This article illuminates the topic of hope from four different perspectives relevant to psychiatric research and practice. The four authors discuss hope from the viewpoint of their specific area of expertise, providing an overview of philosophical, conceptual, research and recovery-related reflections concerning hope in psychiatry.
Medical leadership: competencies in action
Authors: Garg Shruti , van Niekerk Jon , Campbell Margaret
Published: April 2011

The engagement of the medical profession in management and leadership activities has become a priority for the UK's National Health Service (NHS). It makes sense to develop these leadership competencies as early as possible, inculcating leadership skills in junior doctors. The recent core and specialist curriculum competencies address this and, together with the Medical Leadership Competency Framework developed by the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges and the NHS, sets out a blueprint for personal development plans for junior doctors. A culture shift is called for, such that doctors in training prioritise their leadership development alongside their medical training. This article is of particular relevance to educational supervisors, as it describes how they can support junior doctors in achieving the leadership and management competencies outlined in the 2009 core and specialty psychiatry curriculum.
‘Forensic service user’: transitional identity or life sentence?
Authors: Roberts Glenn
Published: April 2011

It has been suggested that a recovery-focused approach and treatment under the Mental Health Act are mutually exclusive, hence the limited applicability of ‘recovery’ in forensic psychiatry. This is heightened if recovery is seen as a ‘model’ that does or does not fit, and lessened if seen as ‘values-in-action’ that need reinterpretation in context.
Service user involvement in mental health research: a user's perspective
Authors: Syrett Michel
Published: April 2011

This article focuses on service user involvement in supporting and undertaking mental health research. It is written from the author's perspective as a service user with bipolar disorder who has built on previous experience as an academic researcher in business and management studies by active involvement in a number of mental health research projects in a service user capacity. The article highlights contrasting approaches taken by different projects in how they involve service users and provides learning points based on the author's and other service users' experiences.
The zone of parental control and decision-making in young people: legal derivation and influences
Authors: Hawkins Tim , Player Ben , Curtice Martin
Published: April 2011

The 2007 amendments to the Mental Health Act 1983 and their accompanying Code of Practice produced new guidance on the limits of parental influence over young people's ability to consent. Previously, professional practice on decision-making and consent was guided by a combination of the Mental Health Act 1983 Code of Practice, the Family Law Reform Act 1969 and evolving English and Welsh case law. The 2007 amendments to the 1983 Act take heed of such influences and the Code of Practice specifically includes reference to European case law. What was previously left open to balanced professional interpretation has now been formalised into statute law. A central facet of this is the introduction of the concept of the zone of parental control, which derives largely from European case law. This article considers the derivation from case law of this novel concept and in particular its relationship with the European Convention on Human Rights.
What makes a medical leader?
Authors: Bhugra Dinesh
Published: April 2011

Medical leadership is important and must be a part of training. It requires qualities at three levels: the personal, the interpersonal (working with and through others) and the organisational (in political and cultural contexts). Some of the traits of good leadership can be taught and learnt, whereas others are inherent. The roles of individual leaders depend on the organisations in which they are involved. Different contexts require different leadership styles.
Mechanochromic and Color-change Properties of 2,6-Di(2-pyridyl)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]difuran in the Solid and Solution
Authors: Tsuji Hayato , Favier Guillaume Marcel Olivier , Mitsui Chikahiko , Lee Sunri , Hashizume Daisuke , Nakamura Eiichi
Published: April 2011

2,6-Di(2-pyridyl)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]difuran (2-PyBDF) shows a π–π-stacking packing structure in a single crystal and some intriguing properties: mechanochromism in the solid state, and solvent and concentration dependence of absorption and emission spectra.
The specific binding to 21-nt double-stranded RNAs is crucial for the anti-silencing activity of Cucumber vein yellowing virus P1b and perturbs endogenous small RNA populations
Authors: Valli Adrián , Oliveros Juan Carlos , Molnar Attila , Baulcombe David , García Juan Antonio
Published: April 2011

RNA silencing mediated by siRNAs plays an important role as an anti-viral defense mechanism in plants and other eukaryotic organisms, which is usually counteracted by viral RNA silencing suppressors (RSSs). The ipomovirus Cucumber vein yellowing virus (CVYV) lacks the typical RSS of members of the family Potyviridae, HCPro, which is replaced by an unrelated RSS, P1b. CVYV P1b resembles potyviral HCPro in forming complexes with synthetic siRNAs in vitro. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that P1b, like potyviral HCPro, interacts with double-stranded siRNAs, but is not able to bind single-stranded small RNAs or small DNAs. These assays also showed a preference of CVYV P1b for binding to 21-nt siRNAs, a feature also reported for HCPro. However, these two potyvirid RSSs differ in their requirements of 2-nucleotide (nt) 3′ overhangs and 5′ terminal phosphoryl groups for siRNA binding. Copurification assays confirmed in vivo P1b–siRNA interactions. We have demonstrated by deep sequencing of small RNA populations interacting in vivo with CVYV P1b that the size preference of P1b for small RNAs of 21 nt also takes place in the plant, and that expression of this RSS causes drastic changes in the endogenous small RNA populations. In addition, a site-directed mutagenesis analysis strongly supported the assumption that P1b–siRNA binding is decisive for the anti-silencing activity of P1b and localized a basic domain involved in the siRNA-binding activity of this protein.
Solution structure of RNase P RNA
Authors: Kazantsev Alexei V. , Rambo Robert P. , Karimpour Sina , SantaLucia John , Tainer John A. , Pace Norman R.
Published: April 2011

The ribonucleoprotein enzyme ribonuclease P (RNase P) processes tRNAs by cleavage of precursor-tRNAs. RNase P is a ribozyme: The RNA component catalyzes tRNA maturation in vitro without proteins. Remarkable features of RNase P include multiple turnovers in vivo and ability to process diverse substrates. Structures of the bacterial RNase P, including full-length RNAs and a ternary complex with substrate, have been determined by X-ray crystallography. However, crystal structures of free RNA are significantly different from the ternary complex, and the solution structure of the RNA is unknown. Here, we report solution structures of three phylogenetically distinct bacterial RNase P RNAs from Escherichia coli, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and Bacillus stearothermophilus, determined using small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and selective 2′-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE) analysis. A combination of homology modeling, normal mode analysis, and molecular dynamics was used to refine the structural models against the empirical data of these RNAs in solution under the high ionic strength required for catalytic activity.
Whether to Retest the Lipids of HIV-Infected Patients: How Much Does Fasting Bias Matter?
Authors: Yang Xiting , Kadane Joseph B. , Crane Heidi M. , Kitahata Mari M.
Published: April 2011

This paper aids in the diagnosis and treatment of lipid abnormalities by enhancing understanding of lipid values among HIV-infected patients. An elicited loss function highlights the importance of true low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. In clinical settings, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides are often measured. Interpreting the resulting values can be problematic because of uncertainty due to the unknown period of fasting before the patient's blood was drawn. This results in uncertainty in the LDL cholesterol values, which are often calculated from other lipid values rather than measured directly. To model true LDL cholesterol, a four-level Bayesian hierarchical model is analyzed using Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques and elicited prior distributions. In turn, this yields expected-loss-minimizing treatment decisions for individual patients.
Using Bayes' Rule to Update an Event's Probabilities Based on the Outcomes of Partially Similar Events
Authors: Bordley Robert F.
Published: April 2011

There is a widely known Bayesian solution to the problem of updating the probability of an event occurring given information on the outcome of n completely similar events. But in many, if not most, cases, we only have information on partially similar events. For example, firms must assess the probability of a new product being successful given information on past products that are only partially similar to the new product. This paper shows how the well-known Bayesian solution for completely similar events can be extended to solve the problem with partially similar past events.
Managing Product Variety and Collocation in a Competitive Environment: An Empirical Investigation of Consumer Electronics Retailing
Authors: Ren Charlotte R. , Hu Ye , Hu Yu (Jeffrey) , Hausman Jerry
Published: April 2011

Product variety is an important strategic tool that firms can use to attract customers and respond to competition. This study focuses on the retail industry and investigates how stores manage their product variety, contingent on the presence of competition and their actual distance from rivals. Using a unique data set that contains all Best Buy and Circuit City stores in the United States, the authors find that a store's product variety (i.e., number of stock-keeping units) increases if a rival store exists in its market but, in the presence of such competition, decreases when the rival store is collocated (within one mile of the focal store). Moreover, collocated rival stores tend to differentiate themselves by overlapping less in product range than do noncollocated rivals. This smaller and more differentiated product variety may be because of coordinated interactions between collocated stores. In summary, this paper presents evidence of both coordination and competition in retailers' use of product variety.

This paper was accepted by Bruno Cassiman, business strategy.
Loss Aversion with a State-Dependent Reference Point
Authors: De Giorgi Enrico G. , Post Thierry
Published: April 2011

This study investigates reference-dependent choice with a stochastic, state-dependent reference point. The optimal reference-dependent solution equals the optimal consumption solution (no loss aversion) if the reference point is selected fully endogenously. Given that loss aversion is widespread, we conclude that the reference point generally includes an important exogenously fixed component. We develop a choice model in which adjustment costs can cause stickiness relative to an initial, exogenous reference point. Using historical U.S. investment benchmark data, we show that this model is consistent with diversification across bonds and stocks for a wide range of evaluation horizons, despite the historically high-risk premium of stocks compared to bonds.

This paper was accepted by Peter Wakker, decision analysis.
Preference Reversals for Ambiguity Aversion
Authors: Trautmann Stefan T. , Vieider Ferdinand M. , Wakker Peter P.
Published: April 2011

This paper finds preference reversals in measurements of ambiguity aversion, even if psychological and informational circumstances are kept constant. The reversals are of a fundamentally different nature than the reversals found before because they cannot be explained by context-dependent weightings of attributes. We offer an explanation based on Sugden's random-reference theory, with different elicitation methods generating different random reference points. Then measurements of ambiguity aversion that use willingness to pay are confounded by loss aversion and hence overestimate ambiguity aversion.

This paper was accepted by Teck Ho, decision analysis.
Introduction to the Special Issue
Authors: Argote Linda
Published: April 2011

In this introductory paper, I discuss the goals and motivations for the special issue New Perspectives in Organization Science, which coincides with the 20th anniversary of the journal Organization Science. Senior editors of Organization Science provide their perspectives on topics that are important to the field. The papers identify current themes and suggest directions for future research that are likely to be fruitful. We hope that the issue facilitates the accumulation of knowledge and the development of new knowledge about organizations.
Transactive Memory Systems: Current Issues and Future Research Directions
Authors: Lewis Kyle , Herndon Benjamin
Published: April 2011

Transactive memory system (TMS) theory has been popularized in recent research on groups and other collectives. In this essay we outline current issues in TMS research and develop propositions that can be tested in future research. We describe issues concerning how researchers define and conceptualize TMSs, interpret the relationship between TMS measures and the TMS concept, and attend to the role of task type in TMS research. The potential to advance TMS research by incorporating multilevel and social network perspectives, reconsidering the role of information technology in supporting TMSs, and developing frameworks suited to complex, multiactivity tasks is considered.
Explaining Employee Engagement with Strategic Change Implementation: A Meaning-Making Approach
Authors: Sonenshein Scott , Dholakia Utpal
Published: April 2011

Using a framework of meaning-making derived from social psychological research on how individuals manage adverse life events and research on sensemaking, we develop and test a theory about how frontline employees overcome the challenges of implementing strategic change. We find that certain types of meaning-making (strategy worldview and benefits finding) can create the requisite psychological resources that facilitate employees engaging in change implementation behaviors. The meaning-making change adaptation model (MCAM) we develop helps explain when and how employees adapt to change, thereby opening the “black box” of how to facilitate more effective strategic change implementation. We develop and empirically test the MCAM using qualitative and quantitative data from a Fortune 500 retailer.
Behind the Iron Cage: An Institutional Perspective on ISO 9000 Adoption and CEO Compensation
Authors: Yeung Andy C. L. , Lo Chris K. Y. , Cheng T. C. E.
Published: April 2011

Although institutional theorists maintain that the widespread diffusion of ISO 9000 is the result of institutional forces, they have neglected the potential gains to top management in the perpetuation of the standard. Based on a long-horizon event study with control firms to detect long-term abnormal financial gains, we investigate the impact of ISO 9000 adoption on CEO compensation in the U.S. manufacturing industry from 1994 to 2006. We find that the CEOs' total cash compensation was positively adjusted when their firms received ISO 9000 certification, and they received higher-value stock options when their firms embarked on ISO 9000 certification. However, the performance of the ISO 9000 certified firms was not improved throughout this period. Our further analyses suggest that it is likely that the CEO influences the board to obtain higher compensation under an institutionalized environment. Contrary to the traditional institutional theory-based view, we argue that a highly institutionalized environment does provide political opportunities for organizational actors to garner personal advantages.
TECHnology and Literacy for Adolescents With Disabilities
Authors: King‐Sears Margaret Elaine , Swanson Christopher , Mainzer Lynne
Published: April 2011

Students with disabilities benefit when technology is used to promote their literacy learning. The authors describe TECH, a framework educators can use to select, implement, and monitor the impact of technology in relation to literacy goals. The framework is shown in action for mathematics vocabulary and reading comprehension skills for a student with Asperger's syndrome and for a struggling writer with learning disabilities.
Fostering Lifelong Spellers Through Meaningful Experiences
Authors: Alderman Gary L. , Green Susan K.
Published: April 2011

Spelling proficiency is crucial to young students' feelings of success and an important part of overall literacy. In fact, poor performance in spelling often reduces motivation for general literacy. Unfortunately, spelling instruction is often inconsistent in elementary schools. Using Achievement Goal Theory, the authors describe how students' efforts are encouraged or discouraged based on instructional approaches and activities used to teach spelling. They outline specific research‐based teaching techniques that will help to motivate all students with spelling and improve their motivation for literacy learning.
Application of experimental design methodology to the decolorization of Orange II using low iron concentration of photoelectro-Fenton process
Authors: Zhang Hui , Li Yanli , Zhong Xin , Ran Xiaoni
Published: April 2011

The influence of different variables in the photoelectro-Fenton process for the decolorization of Orange II was investigated using an experimental design methodology. The variables considered in this study include electrical current, Fe3+ concentration, H2O2 concentration and initial pH. Response factors were decolorization efficiencies after 30, 90 and 120 min of reaction time, for an initial dye concentration of 100 mg/L. The positive and negative effects of variables and the interaction between variables on color removal were determined. The response surface methodology models were derived based on the decolorization efficiency results and the response surface plots were developed accordingly.
The sorption of copper on almond shell: optimization and kinetics
Authors: Aber S. , Salari D. , Ayoubi Feiz B.
Published: April 2011

Batch sorption studies using almond shell as an sorbent for the removal of Cu (II) from aqueous solutions, showed that copper removal decreased from 74.9% to 45.6% with increasing its concentration from 10 to 70 ppm. The removal increased with increasing sorbent dose and pH, respectively. Copper removal was obtained equal to 63.7%, 69.6% and 58.6% at 26˚C, 40˚C and 55˚C. The sorption of Cu (II) on almond shell was also optimized by Taguchi method. The optimized conditions were the sorbent mass of 4 g, the ion initial concentration of 10 ppm, pH 7, the temperature of 40˚C and contact time equal to 60 min. The pH and initial Cu (II) concentration with respectively 32.75% and 31.20% contribution had more influence on the removal of Cu (II). The kinetic data fit pseudo-second-order model with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99 and rate constants in the range of 0.26–7.87 g mg−1 min−1.