bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immune Suppression with Cyclosporin A—Optimism and Caution
Authors: Thomson A. W. , Cameron I. D.
Published: January 2017

There have been no fundamental changes over the past 15 to 20 years in the immunosuppressive agents used in clinical transplantation. Equally efficient, but less toxic alternatives have been sought for some time. Cyclosporin A is an important new pharmacological immune suppressant, with a unique structure, which prolongs graft survival in a variety of species. It exerts a highly selective inhibitory effect on those T lymphocytes responding to antigenic challenge and is not myelotoxic. Indeed, no toxic effects have been reported at therapeutic doses in animals. Clinical trials indicate that it could prove extremely useful in management of graft rejection and autoimmune disease, however there are some doubts regarding possible hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects in man. There is also concern over the reported incidence of malignant lymphomas in cyclosporin A treated graft recipients.
Iatrogenic Water Intoxication in Psychogenic Polydipsia
Authors: Davis J. R. E. , McNeill Moira , Millar J. W.
Published: January 2017

The case is reported of a 63-year-old female patient with psychogenic polydipsia. As part of investigations she received synthetic vasopressin, and developed severe hyponatraemia due to continued excessive intake of water. She became decorticate, but made a complete recovery on treatment with hypertonic saline. Careful monitoring is required when vasopressin is used in the investigation of polydipsia which may be psychogenic.
Some Studies of Maternal and Infant Lead Exposure in Glasgow
Authors: Moore M. R. , Goldberg A. , Pocock S. J. , Meredith A. , Stewart I. M. , MacAnespie H. , Lees R. , Low A.
Published: January 2017

In two studies in the city of Glasgow, 236 mothers and their newly born infants and 117 mothers and their 6-weeks old children's environmental lead exposure were examined. In both studies blood lead concentrations were found to correlate significantly with the cube root of the domestic water lead concentrations. In the first study, multiple regression analyses of maternal blood lead and cord blood lead concentrations on other variables showed a significant negative correlation with gestational age. It was also noted that there was an annual fluctuation in maternal blood lead concentration with highest values in the autumn.

In the second study, similar relationships were found. Although there was no association between blood lead and sex, age, place of birth or feeding method, as in the previous study, a significant association between social class and blood lead was found. This could be explained on the basis of the significant correlation between water lead and social class. In those mothers who breast fed, breast milk lead concentrations were found to correlate significantly with blood lead concentrations where breast milk lead was around one tenth of blood lead concentration.

These studies emphasise the importance of water lead in the economy of environmental lead exposure to mothers and their unborn and newly born infants.
Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection of the Cervix: The Need for a Diagnostic Service
Authors: Hunter Jennifer M. , Smith Isabel W. , Peutherer J. F. , MacAulay A. J.
Published: January 2017

Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from the cervix in 20.4 per cent (104/511) of women attending a department of genito-urinary medicine. Isolation rates ranged from 43.3 per cent in women with gonorrhoea to 4.2 per cent in women with no STD and who required no treatment. There was no association between the presence of chlamydia in the cervix and any symptom complex. Although high isolation rates were also noted in women with signs of cervicitis and in women whose partners had non-gonococcal urethritis, the accuracy of such clinical and epidemiological criteria in predicting cervical infection was low. In the absence of a screening service the chlamydial infection of 81 women (those who were not NGU contacts) would have been undiagnosed and untreated. The need for a screening service is discussed.
Farmer's Lung in an Iron Foundry
Authors: MacLeod I. M. , Brown W. Rhind
Published: January 2017

Two cases are described of the development of an allergic alveolitis in women working with straw as a packing material in an iron foundry. The clinical picture and results of investigations supported a diagnosis of farmer's lung qualifying the patients for payment of industrial disablement benefit.
Control of Severe Thyrotoxicosis with Potassium Iodide and Propranolol
Authors: Nicol E. Fiona , Irvine W. J.
Published: January 2017

Conventional preparation of thyrotoxic patients for surgery using thiouracils and iodides may not be possible because of either, inability to obtain satisfactory therapeutic levels of the drugs or idiosyncratic reactions to the drugs. An alternative regime using potassium iodide and propranolol in combination has previously been shown to be both safe and effective in the pre-operative control of mild to moderate thyrotoxicosis. The use of this combination in a patient with severe thyrotoxicosis is described. Potassium iodide and propranolol can be used successfully to prepare patients with all degrees of thyrotoxicosis for surgery.
Pre-Operative Localisation of Parathyroid Tumours Using Neck Vein Catheterisation and Radioimmunoassay for Parathyroid Hormone: The Glasgow Experience
Authors: Beastall G. H. , McKellar N. , Boyle I. T. , Joffe S. N. , Hutchison J. S. F. , Boyce B. F. , Gardner Mary D. , Bell M. Anne , Cowan R. A. , Fogelman I. , Smith Linda
Published: January 2017

Reliable pre-operative localisation of parathyroid tumours can be of value in surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism, and particularly so where re-exploration of the neck is required. Neck vein catheterisation and parathyroid hormone radioimmunoassay have been suggested as a sensitive means of tumour localisation, and we report our experience of the technique over the last five years.

A total of 46 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism had 50 studies performed with positive localisation and a pre-operative prediction made on 38 occasions (76%). Forty-two operations were carried out and a parathyroid tumour confirmed in 39 cases for a localisation efficiency of 69 per cent. No negative neck exploration followed a positive localisation. Twelve studies were performed in patients with renal osteodystrophy and localisation to a single site was achieved on only three occasions.

It is concluded that neck vein catheterisation and parathyroid hormone assay can correctly localise parathyroid tumours in most cases of primary hyperparathyroidism, but is is suggested that its use be restricted to selected cases such as those subjects with previous negative neck exploration or patients for whom prolonged or repeated surgery may be a particular hazard.
Childhood Malaria in Edinburgh 1961–1982
Authors: Simpson R. McD. , Eden O. B.
Published: January 2017

Forty one cases of malaria in children less than 15 years of age were identified from the records of Edinburgh hospitals between 1961 and 1982.

Annually children constitute 10 to 20 per cent of all cases of malaria in Scotland and since 1971 at least one case has been admitted to an Edinburgh paediatric unit every year. Non-immune children visiting relatives in the Indian sub-continent are the largest group at risk. Prophylaxis was not usually taken by the patients visiting Asia and the cases from Africa had not taken prophylaxis for the recommended month after departure. Nine families were identified in whom more than one member had malaria and screening of the parents and siblings of all cases is recommended.
Surgical Management of Scleromalacia Perforans—A Case Report
Authors: Ghafoor S. Y. A. , Williamson J.
Published: January 2017

A new approach to the surgical management of scleromalacia perforans is described with a Case Report on a 53-year-old lady, who was followed up for the past nine months.
Persistent Oesophageal Candidiasis Treated with Ketoconazole
Authors: MacLeod M. D.
Published: January 2017

Ketoconazole is a synthetic imidazole derivative indicated in the treatment of superficial and deep mycoses (1). This paper reports its successful use in the management of a patient with oesophageal candidiasis which had failed to respond to alternative therapies.
Liver Dysfunction in Haemophilia
Authors: Steven M.M. , Small M. , Pettigrew A. , Lowe G.D.O. , Sturrock R.D. , Follett E. A. , Forbes C.D.
Published: January 2017

Liver function was studied in 139 of 291 haemophiliacs known to a single Regional Haemophilia Centre including patients with classical haemophilia, Christmas disease and von Willebrand's disease. In 57 patients, six-monthly liver function tests over a five year period were also available. Thirty-nine of the 139 patients had had jaundice or hepatitis and 56 had a positive test for HBsAb in the blood although few of these had had an identifiable clinical illness. Fifty-eight haemophiliacs had elevated serum aminotransferases at the time of study, but the five year review revealed only six patients who had had persistently abnormal results, although none had clinically evident liver disease. Liver dysfunction was unrelated to a history of hepatitis, to a positive HBsAb test, or to age, type of haemophilia, factor level or frequency of factor replacement treatment. Abnormalities of liver function in haemophilia appear to be unrelated to past or present hepatitis B infection in most cases and may not be related to any single transmitted infectious agent.
Polymyositis Complicating Staphylococcal Septicaemia
Authors: Hamilton J. , Sharp R.A. , Anderson J. M. , Kerr M. R.
Published: January 2017

Inflammatory polymyositis can be precipitated by acute febrile illness of viral origin1, but similar association with pyogenic bacterial illness is not recognised. We describe two cases in which recovery from staphylococcal septicaemia was complicated by a widespread inflammatory myopathy.
Breast Cancer, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia and Mucormycosis
Authors: McAlpine L. G. , Williams D. J. , Dagg J. H.
Published: January 2017

Prolonged survival following diagnosis of lipid-rich carcinoma of breast is unusual1. We report on a patient in whom lipid-rich carcinoma of one breast, invasive ductal carcinoma of the other breast and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia were diagnosed simultaneously; she survived 14 years without breast tumour recurrence and died with atypical mucormycosis.
The Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
Authors: Park R.H.R. , Jones H. , O'Donnell J.G. , Griffen J.S.
Published: January 2017

A fatal case of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a young lady with paranoid schizophrenia. Cardiovascular collapse was due to profound hyperkalaemia secondary to rhabdomyolysis. We advise immediate estimation of serum potassium in all suspected cases.
Effects of Venesection on Leg Blood Flow in Claudicants with High-Normal Haematocrit
Authors: Turner A.R. , Lowe G.D.O. , Forbes C.D. , Pollock J. G.
Published: January 2017

Patients with intermittent claudication frequently have high-normal levels of haematocrit and hence blood viscosity, which may contribute to decreased calf blood flow on exercise, and hence to the symptom of claudication. Reduction in haematocrit and viscosity by serial venesection in eight patients with stable claudication and high-normal haematocrit (mean 0.50) was performed, and the effects on claudication, calf blood flow, and calf oxygen delivery were studied. Following reduction in haematocrit to low-normal levels (mean 0.44), resting calf blood flow was unchanged; peak flow after ischaemic exercise increased slightly (+17%), but peak oxygen delivery (peak flow × haemoglobin concentration) was unchanged. Hence any increase in calf blood flow in the symptomatic leg is balanced by a decrease in oxygen-carrying capacity after venesection. No increase in claudication time would therefore be expected, and none was observed in the present study.
Hypoglycaemia and Metabolic Acidosis in a Patient with an Acute Leukaemia
Authors: Eadington D. W.
Published: January 2017

A young woman presented with a short history of fatigue and confusion. Investigation showed that she was hypoglycaemic with a metabolic acidosis due to acute monocytic leukaemia. She died before specific treatment could be given for her leukaemia, but illustrates some of the problems in treating the metabolic complications of neoplastic disease.
The Incidence of Clinical Thyroid Dysfunction in an Unselected Group of Pregnant and Post Partum Women
Authors: Wilson R. , McKillop J. H. , Walker J. J. , Gray C. E. , Thomson J. A.
Published: January 2017

This study has examined the incidence of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and up to six months postpartum in 65 women attending an antenatal clinic in the West of Scotland. Five were found to be positive for thyroid antibodies at presentation and in these the antibody titre fluctuated during pregnancy and in the post partum period. One patient developed thyroglobulin antibodies post partum. Mean total T3 and total T4 levels rose during pregnancy but had normalised by six weeks post partum. The changes in FT4 and TBG levels observed during pregnancy did not normalise until after six weeks post partum. Only one patient developed any biochemical evidence of thyrotoxicosis post partum and this was not found to be associated with the presence of thyroid antibodies. No patient showed any evidence of hypothyroidism.
Male Hypogonadism Presenting as Back Pain Secondary to Osteoporosis
Authors: Bridges A.B. , Davies R.R. , Espley A.J.
Published: January 2017

A vertebral fracture occurred in a 51-year-old man with previously undiagnosed osteoporosis. The underlying cause of the osteoporosis was primary hypogonadism. Back pain was the presenting symptom in this case of primary hypogonadism.
Group G Streptococcal Bacteraemia — A Review of Thirteen Cases in Grampian
Authors: Packe G.E. , Smith D.F. , Reid T.M.S. , Smith C.C.
Published: January 2017

Thirteen cases of group G streptococcal bacteraemia are described. All subjects were hospital in-patients between 1980–1988, and were either middle-aged or elderly. A primary site of infection was identified in 11, of whom nine had soft tissue infection and two had infections derived from the gut/biliary tree. Seven patients had underlying disease, two of whom had malignancy. One patient died of septicaemia. In the majority of patients early institution of treatment led to prompt recovery.
Pseudogout Associated with the Use of Cyclical Etidronate Therapy
Authors: Gallacher S. J. , Boyle I. T. , Capell H. A.
Published: January 2017

Recently the use of etidronate in a cyclical fashion has been shown to be of value in the treatment of osteoporosis. Like all bisphosphonates etidronate is structurally similar to pyrophosphate, further it is also known to interfere with phosphate handling by the kidney resulting in elevated plasma phosphate levels. This report describes the case of a patient with established osteoporosis who developed pseudogout associated with cyclical etidronate use. The possible mechanism responsible for this is discussed.
Cardioversion of Atrial Fibrillation: How Important is a Long Arrhythmia Duration?
Authors: Lip G.Y.H. , Hogg K.J.
Published: January 2017

A long duration of atrial fibrillation is usually considered as an adverse feature for successful cardioversion of atrial fibrillation and the maintenance of sinus rhythm. This often leads to the exclusion of such patients from being considered for this procedure. We report three patients in whom atrial fibrillation was present for a long duration (one for 2 years, two for 10 years), and successful cardioversion to sinus rhythm was achieved. Proper selection of patients with atrial fibrillation with an understanding of all features predicting a successful outcome will often allow a good result.
Hypothyroidism Presenting with Cardiac Tamponade
Authors: Quirt J. D , McDonald A. , Russell R. , Thomson J. A
Published: January 2017

Two cases of cardiac tamponade initially suspected to be secondary to malignancy are presented. Primary hypothyroidism can cause pericardial effusions and thyroid Junction tests confirmed this diagnosis in these cases. Hypothyroidism should be considered as an underlying cause of pericardial effusion in cardiac tamponade.
Nail Gun Injury to the Brain: An Unusual Case of Suicide
Authors: Viswanathan R. , MacArthur D.C. , Whittle I.R.
Published: January 2017

An unusual case of fatal suicidal craniocerebral penetrating injury due to a nail gun is described. The victim, a 52 year old joiner experienced in the use of nail drivers, shot himself just above the forehead in the midline, driving the nail through his hypothalamus and midbrain. Death was delayed by nearly 24 hours.
Antithrombotic Therapy Prescribed for Patients with Non-Rheumatic Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Hendry A. , Campbell A.M. , Campbell G. , Macdonald J.B. , Williams B.O.
Published: January 2017

Patients with non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation have a fivefold increased risk of stroke. Warfarin reduces this risk by approximately two thirds, but evidence for benefit from aspirin is less compelling. We assessed whether our current practice reflects the message of the trials. In a retrospective case record study we reviewed notes of 131 patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), mean age 79 (range 53–95) years, admitted to a medical unit (72) or geriatric assessment unit (59). Thirty-two patients had paroxysmal AF. Of 115 patients with nonrheumatic AF, 36 (31%) had one or more recorded contraindication to anti-coagulation. Although 79 patients (69%) had no recorded contraindication to warfarin, only 2 took warfarin and 15 aspirin prior to admission. Ten patients commenced warfarin and 8 aspirin before discharge. Thirty-nine patients (53%) without contraindication, were discharged without antithrombotic therapy. Despite evidence to support anticoagulating patients with non-rheumatic AF, this rarely occurs.
Success of Audit in Reducing the Time Taken to Administer Thrombolysis and Aspirin in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Currie P. , Gray S.M. , Shaw T.R.D. , Starkey I.R.
Published: January 2017

We assessed whether audit might reduce the time taken to give thrombolysis and aspirin inpatients with acute myocardial infarction (N=116). A retrospective analysis was performed of the sources of delay in giving the drugs (N-60) and the data were presented to clinical staff accompanied by guidelines aimed at eliminating delays. A prospective survey was undertaken (N=56) after these interventions. Audit resulted in an overall 31% reduction (P=0.013) in the time to administer thrombolysis (median 55 minutes [range 21–148] v 38 [15–155]): there was a 57% fall (P<0.0001) in the time to record an electrocardiogram (14 minutes [4–34] v 6 [1–19]) and a 33% decrease (P=0.047) in the time taken to begin thrombolysis in the coronary care unit (15 minutes [0–110) v 10 [5–70]). The time taken to give aspirin was also reduced (P=0.001) from 58 minutes (15–400) to 15 (3–235). The time taken to administer thrombolysis and aspirin to patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction can be reduced by audit.
Use of Drugs at ‘Raves’
Authors: Brown E.R.S. , Jarvie D.R. , Simpson D.
Published: January 2017

Widespread use of drugs at the currently popular ‘raves’ has caused concern principally because of an increasing number of cases of serious toxicity and even death. The availability and use of drugs at raves, mainly in the Edinburgh area, have been investigated and self-reported use of drugs comparedwith results of urine screening. Use of Ecstasy and LSD have been confirmed and there is evidence to support the use of Khat. A new preparation, Herbal Ecstasy, is readily available at Edinburgh raves and appears to be widely used. All urines tested positive for one or more drugs or drug metabolites and in general analytical results correlated well with self-reported use of drugs.
Physical Activity and Health in Old Age
Authors: McMurdo M.E.T.
Published: January 2017

Regular physical activity is an important component of a healthy life at all ages, and mounting scientific evidence has linked exercise to a wide array of physical and mental health benefits. This article will highlight some recent advances in knowledge. It will explore common myths that discourage the largely sedentary older population of the UK from changing their exercise habits.
Variations in the Management of Singleton Breech Presentation Throughout Scotland
Authors: Yahya S. Z. S. , Williams J. , Mathers A. , Bjornsson S. , Cameron A. D. , Pell J. P.
Published: January 2017

Breech presentation occurs in 3–5% of deliveries and can be managed by either a trial of vaginal breech delivery (TOVBD), external cephalic version (ECV) or Caesarean section.1 A postal questionnaire was completed by 82% of Scottish consultant obstetricians and revealed wide variations in practice. Eighteen percent never offered ECV. Among those who did consensus was lacking on some contraindications. One-quarter sometimes performed ECV before 37 weeks gestation despite the possibility ofspontaneous version. Only 70% restricted ECV to one or more designated operators thereby maintaining levels of expertise. Variations were demonstrated in the use of tocolytics, and pre and post procedure investigations. Following failed ECV 28% considered a repeat attempt and 56% a TOVBD. TOVBD was not offered asjirst line management by one-fifth of respondents. Those who did varied in the pre-procedure investigations performed. Guidelines are required to ensure safe, consistent practice and avoid unnecessary Caesarean sections.
Alexander Ogston and the Army Medical Services Formation of the Royal Army Medical Corps 1 July 1898
Authors: Adam Alexander
Published: January 2017

The Royal Army Medical Corps came into existence on 1st July 1898, in response to dissatisfaction with the organisation and efficiency of the Army Medical Service. Although much of the pressure/or change came from officers within the service, a significant factor was the campaign conducted by a civilian, Alexander Ogston, Professor of Surgery at Aberdeen.
Disparities in the Geographical Distribution of Authorship between Invited and Peer Reviewed Papers
Authors: Carson D. P. , Eagles J. M.
Published: January 2017

Fifty issues of the British Medical Journal (BMJ), The Lancet, The British Journal of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine were scrutinised. Papers were designated as invited or peer reviewed and the geographical location of the first author was recorded. For UK-based authors, the latitude and longitude of the host institution was noted and was allocated to one of the UK regions. Of invited papers 805 of 1227 (66%) were by UK-based authors compared with 1442 of 2896 peer reviewed papers (50%), odds ratio 1.92 (95% CI 1.67 − 2.21) with a similar pattern prevailing in each of the four journals. Within the UK, authorships of invited versus peer reviewed papers showed a preponderance of invited authors based in southeast England, odds ratio 1.30 (95% CI 1.09 − 1.56). For individual Journals, the Lancet and the British Journal of Psychiatry showed fewer regional disparities in authorship than the BMJ and Psychological Medicine. These disparities may lead to nationalism and parochiality in the content of invited papers. Journal editors may wish to review selection practices for authorship of invited papers.
Sodium Hypobromite Treatment of Cotton Finished with Methylolated Carbamates: Bromamide Formation and Decomposition
Authors: Reinhardt Robert M. , Kullman Russell M. H.
Published: January 2017

Bromine retention by cotton fabrics which have been processed with carbamate finishing agents has been investigated. Bromine retention results from the formation of bromamide moieties in the treated cotton. Amidic hydrogens in the finished cottons are replaced with bromine by reaction with sodium hypobromite solution to yield relatively unstable bromamides. These bromamides can cause degradation of the fabric by decomposition and release of acidic products upon subsequent heating.

Cotton finished with monomethylol methyl carbamate was used as a model substrate to study the effects of the variables of hypobromite treatment (bromination) on bromine retention by the fabric. These variables were the time and temperature of bromination, and the pH and concentration of the hypobromite solution. Decomposition of the bromamide at ambient and elevated temperatures also was studied.

Bromine retention and damage upon scorching were determined for cotton fabric cross-linked with a series of dimethylol carbamate agents. The results are compared with those obtained upon chlorination of these fabrics.
A Critical Study of Selected Formaldehyde-Cross-linked Cotton Celluloses by Sol-Gel Analysis and by Distention-Index Analysis
Authors: Joarder G. K. , Rowland S. P.
Published: January 2017

Cotton celluloses selected for pronounced differences in crystallinities and accessibilities have been cross-linked by the vapor-phase deposition of formaldehyde under conditions previously shown to cause different degrees of molecular degradation. The products at various levels of bound formaldehyde have been analyzed for sol and gel fractions and for degree of distention of the gel fraction in cupriethylenediamine hydroxide. The results of these analyses provide quantitative information on the gross uniformity of distribution of cross linkages in the fiber structure of the celluloses, the uniformity of the distribution of cross linkages along the molecular chains of the cellulose, and the ratio of chain scission to molecular cross-linking in the cross-linked compositions. These analyses can now be applied with greater confidence to obtain useful information on cross-linked celluloses, despite the heterogeneity of phases in the cross-linking reactions and the crystallinity of the cellulose.
The Dyeing Properties of Esterified Wools
Authors: Kilpatrick D. J. , Maclaren J. A.
Published: January 2017

The effect of esterification of wool on its behavior toward acid dyes has been studied. Esterified wool shows an increase in dye affinity, and dyed esterified wool shows an increase in dye fastness to washing in soap and soap-soda. The process of esterification with methanol/hydrogen chloride is not entirely specific and also causes some modification of amide and other groups.
Set/Supercontraction Characteristics of Keratin Fibers
Authors: Gandhi R. S.
Published: January 2017

Set/supercontraction characteristics of different types of fibers reveal that some keratin fibers set and supercontract more rapidly than others. The fibers which set readily are, however, not those which supercontract the most. The “transition time,” the setting time after which the released fiber neither supercontracts nor sets, also varies from fiber to fiber. It appears that variations in the ability of keratin fibers from different sources to set are associated with their chemical compositions, especially in the cortical regions, as indicated by solubility characteristics, and these variations are not simply related to the diameter of the fiber or to any histological variations. The effect of setting temperature and the influence of the extent of deformation on the set obtained in water are also reported and explained in terms of a slightly modified version of the existing Feughelman series-zone model.
Geometric Freedom in Bent Yarns and Fabrics
Authors: Skelton John , Schoppee Meredith M.
Published: January 2017

The nature of the change in the geometrical restraints which occurs at the yarn crossover points during fabric bending is found from analysis of a simple waveform model of fabric crimp. This same model is also used to predict radial growth in bent, twisted multifilament yarns. The analysis shows that bending of idealized plain-woven fabrics will always result in increased amplitude of the fabric crimp and, for certain fabrics, a reduction in restraining forces on the crossing yarns. Similarly, bending of twisted multifilament yarns will always result in an increase in yarn diameter in the plane of bending and a decrease in the number of filament-to-filament contacts. Photographs of bent yarn and fabric structures illustrate these effects. The combined influence of both yarn radial growth and increased fabric free space on interyarn constraints is also discussed.
Amic Acids and Half Salts of Dicarboxylic Acids as Coreactant Catalysts for Creasable Durable-Press Fabrics
Authors: Franklin W. E. , Madacsi J. P. , Rowland S. P.
Published: January 2017

Amic acids and half salts derived from 1,2,- or 1,3-dicarboxylic acids were used with methylol reagents as coreactant curing catalysts to produce durable-press cotton fabrics by a pad-cure process. Maleamic acid (derived from malcic anhydride and ammonia) and the monosodium, ammonium, and potassium salts of maleic acid, when used with DMDIIEU, generated the highest levels of wrinkle recovery. The formation of permanent creases in these fully cured fabrics, which also had a strong affinity for basic dyes, is discussed.
Relations between Dye Diffusion and Fiber Structure in Nylon 6
Authors: Sweet G. E. , Bell J. P.
Published: January 2017

Diffusion rates of an acid dye into commercially drawn Nylon 6 yarns were measured and are discussed in relation to fiber structure. The yarn samples investigated were drawn at two different draw rates and various draw ratios up to 3times;. A four-fold decrease in dye diffusion was found as the draw ratio increased from 1X to 3×; this decrease was not monotonic, however. Maxima and inflections occurred in plots of the diffusion constant vs. draw ratio. The dynamic loss modulus E″, measured under the dyeing conditions, exhibited similar maxima; E″ is indicative of the mobility of the amorphous chain segments. Taken with birefringence measurements, the data are interpreted as indicating a structural breakup during drawing of the undrawn yarn, resulting in an overall less stable microstructure in draw-ratio regions where maxima or inflections occur in the diffusion rate. This instability is markedly affected by drawing rate.
A Method for Bromine Determination in Wool Fabric by X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
Authors: Reuter F. William , Secor Geraldine E. , Friedman Mendel
Published: January 2017

Bromine is measured in flame-resistant wool fabric by x-ray fluorescence spectrometry with a relative precision of 3 to 8% and relative accuracy of better than 10%. The method computes the bromine concentration from fluorescence measurements of the sample, and a thin film standard, and two measurements of attenuation by the sample. Deviations of 10 to 20% from a straight-line relationship of x-ray counts to bromine concentration are accounted for. X-ray fluorescence is generally useful for routine analyses of bromine in textiles and has advantages over wet chemical analysis.
Interactions of Nonaqueous Solvents with Textile Fibers
Authors: Weigmann H.-D. , Scott M. G. , Ribnick A. S. , Rebenfeld L.
Published: January 2017

Pretreatment of polyester yarns with a strongly interacting solvent (dimethylformamide) leads to modifications of the fiber structure which permit rapid diffusion of even “high-energy” disperse dyes under atmospheric conditions without the addition of carriers. A comparison of the effects of solvent pretreatments with the effects of thermal pretreatments on the dyeing behavior has been carried out. Pretreatment in a strongly interacting solvent leads to a high degree of swelling and at higher temperature to the formation of crystallites within the swollen structure. It appears that the swollen structure can be stabilized, depending on the size and stability of the crystallites formed, leading to cavitation and void formation upon subsequent removal of the interacting medium. It is suggested that a rigid pore mechanism of dye diffusion becomes operative in this structure, as opposed to the free volume mechanism of diffusion in thermally-treated polyester yarns.
Mechanics of Texturing Thermoplastic Yarns
Authors: Backer Stanley , Yang Wen-Long
Published: January 2017

This is a report on the effect of machine settings and filament properties on PET threadline behavior in single-heater false-twist texturing. Filament migration upon yarn entry to the cold region is shown to persist throughout the texturing zone, but some added migration is evident over the heater. Threadline tension, as a function of heater temperature, closely follows the pattern of thermomechanical behavior of untwisted feed yarn. Added twist, in commercial range, reduces threadline tensions. Tension ratio also falls with twist increase. Configuration of threadline is studied throughout the texturing zone as a function of twist, and the effect of line buckling is noted. Minimum heating and cooling times for steady-state operation and for maximum product crimp are noted.
The Deformation of Fabrics during Wrinkling—A Theoretical Approach
Authors: Denby E. F.
Published: January 2017

A theoretical analysis of fabric deformation during wear is made using Wilkinson's concept of a hydraulic deforming force. It is shown that in practical situations the fabric-bending deformations differ substantially from those imposed in current standard wrinkling tests.
Polybutadiene Shrink-Resist and Durable-Press Finishes for Wool
Authors: Guise G. Bruce
Published: January 2017

Liquid low-molecular-weight polybutadienes have been investigated as potential shrink-resist finishes for wool. These polymers could be crosslinked thermally, but a better method used reactions of functional end-groups such as amino, carboxyl, or hydroxyl. For example, polybutadienes with hydroxyl or carboxyl groups could be crosslinked on wool with polyisocyanates, and aminopoly-butadienes with polyepoxides.

Many of these polybutadiene finishes imparted a high level of shrink resistance to an untreated worsted wool fabric, and the properties of fabrics treated by some of these have been compared. Durable-press finishes were produced with polybutadienes, including a delayed-cure treatment.
Microscopical Observations of the Abrasive and Ultraviolet Deterioration of Nomex® Aramid Fiber
Authors: Kirkwood Barbara Hodam
Published: January 2017

Nomex® trousers which had been worn by Army helicopter personnel were compared in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) to material which was ultraviolet-(uv-) irradiated and/or Accelerotor-abraded. Samples which were both uv-irradiated and abraded had greater strength loss and more fiber surface damage. Wear initiated through peeling, either on the fiber surface or along cracks that formed in the depressed center of the “dogbone” shaped fiber. Short fibrillation eventually caused fiber severing. The Accelerotor reproduced the individual fiber damage observed in field-worn Nomex, but distribution of wear within damaged yarns was different. SEM examination revealed thatuv radiation aggravated the decomposition and gas formation in Nomex fiber ends which had been exposed to a singeing flame, resulting in burst bubbles with rough surfaces and jagged edges. This condition is thought to be associated with reported tactile discomfort with original production lots which had been singed. Fiber-fracture patterns from fabric tensile tests were quite variable, and no distinct trends were observed.
A Multilayer Theory for Gas Sorption
Authors: Dent R. W.
Published: January 2017

The model proposed in Part I for the multilayer sorption of a single gas is extended here in Part II to predict the isotherms for each component during the sorption from a binary gas mixture. The model is then fitted to data for a binary gas-sorbent system and a set of constants is obtained. These constants allow the thermodynamic parameters to be calculated and give important knowledge about the distribution and location of the sorbed species, the structure of the absorbents, and the interactions involved when two types of molecule are sorbed competitively. Graphs are given which compare the isotherms predicted by the model with the actual measurements. The fits are much superior to those obtained by previous theories. The theory has subsequently been found to work, well for other systems and promises to “be widely applicable.
Present and Future Developments in Transfer Printing
Authors: Schlaeppi Fernand
Published: January 2017

The basic principle of transfer printing, the technological advantages and limitations, and the impact of marketing techniques in the textile industry are reviewed vis-a-vis conventional textile printing. Variables such as properties of dyestuffs, print-paste composition, gravure technique, printing machines, and transfer conditions are discussed.

It is apparent from the patent literature that an enormous research effort is being expended worldwide to improve the present technology, to develop new machinery, and to extend the process to substrates other than polyester, such as polyamide, polyacrylic, and to natural hydrophilic fibers.

Innovations which have already achieved a degree of commercial success and their anticipated impact on the industry are examined— e.g. the Saueressig Printing Machine, vacuum-transfer calenders, and the Hecowa Print Process for polyester/cotton blends. Some possible new approaches based on chemistry and technique are paper coating, various novelty effects, and transfer resist printing.
The Heat of Combustion and Oxygen Index of Fibrous Materials
Authors: Ohe Hideo , Matsuura Koichi , Sakai Naoto
Published: January 2017

Heats of combustion ( Ho), oxygen index (OI), and the differences between their observed and calculated values (Δ Ho) and ΔOI) of various fiberous materials were measured and calculated. Both polyester (where molten mass drips off) and acrylic homo- and copolymers (which leave considerable char in the OI test) have larger values of ΔOI and Δ Ho than those of easily combustible polymers such as polymethyl methacrylate or polypropylene. Cotton or acetates, which show residual carbonaceous materials while burning, have values of ΔOI equal to nylon-6 or polyacrylonitrile, but smaller values of Δ Ho.

Oxygen index values from various shapes of samples such as stick-form, film or fabric rolled up into cylinders, and film or fabric in 5 × 10-cm sheets were determined. Oxygen index values of nylon-6, polyester, and acrylic copolymer of 11% methylacrylate decrease rapidly as the test forms change from stick to cylinder to open-width. Such values calculated from observed Ho will be equal to the OI of the material when melting and dripping or char-producing phenomena do not occur.

Results of thermogravimetric analysis are also presented.
A New Durable Nonphosphorus Flame Retardant for Cotton Based on Tetramethylol 2,4-Diamino-6- (3,3,3-Tribromo-1-Propyl)-1,3,5-Triazine
Authors: Chance Leon H. , Timpa Judy D.
Published: January 2017

A new flame retardant for cotton, tetramethylol 2,4-diamino-6-(3,3,3-tribromo-1-propyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TM-DABT), was synthesized. TM-DABT was applied to cotton fabrics from a combination of water and dimethylformamide by a pad-dry-cure process. It polymerized rapidly on fabric at 140°C to give excellent flame retardancy. Flannelette and twill with add-ons of 13.3% and 11.3%, respectively, passed the FF3–71 flammability test after 50 laundering, with char lengths of 4.7 and 3.4 inches. There was evidence of cellulose crosslinking because fabrics had improved wrinkle-recovery angles, and cotton fibers were insoluble in cupriethylenediamine hydroxide. The finish was heat-sensitive, as evidenced by noticeable yellowing when white fabrics were cured at 150°C or above, or when they were laundered repeatedly.

Various physical properties of the fabrics are presented, as well as oxygen index and thermogravimetric analyses.
Estimation of Cotton Fiber Dimensions from Shirley I.I.C. Fineness/Maturity Tester Readings
Authors: Stephens S. G.
Published: January 2017

In previous studies methods were developed for calibrating the Arealometer readings A and D to optically-determined measurements of standard cotton fiber samples. In this paper similar principles are applied to the PH and PL readings obtained from the Shirley I.I.C. Fineness/Maturity Tester, using the same standards and optical measurements. The I.I.C. Tester is already calibrated to give the following equivalents: Micronaire, Causticaire, percent maturity, and linear density. The interrelations of these equivalents with appropriate optical measurements have been investigated.
Influence of Dye Size and Fiber Porosity on the Dyeing Kinetics and Time Lags in the Uptake of Cationic Dyes on Acrylic Fibers
Authors: Chen Shui-Lin , Rohner Rolf M. , Zollinger Heinrich
Published: January 2017

The uptake curves of cationic thiazine dyes (based on thionine) and four other cationic dyes were determined for a series of acrylic fibers, consisting of the same polymer but varying porosities. The apparent diffusion coefficients ( Dapp) and the time lag of the dye uptake (Δ t) were calculated. Dapp and Δ t are functions of the size of the dye cations, the porosity of the fiber, and at least one other factor. We detected an influence of the glass transition temperature under dyeing conditions on the time lag, which was not found before for these or any other fibers.
Influence of Prolonged Storage on Formaldehyde Liberation from Durable Press Textiles
Authors: Andrews B. A. Kottes , Reinhardt Robert M. , Trask-Morrell B. J.
Published: January 2017

Liberated formaldehyde from durable press cotton textiles has been found to originate from several sources within a finish. Different formaldehyde sources release differing degrees of formaldehyde. Changes in formaldehyde release (AATCC-112 Test), steady-state (or residual) formaldehyde, and formaldehyde transport levels in both washed and unwashed finished fabrics during ambient storage were compared for several finishes. Three dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea-based finishes and a dimethylolethyleneurea-based finish were used in the study with two magnesium chloride-based catalysts. Contributions from the finishing parameters were emphasized in the response to ambient storage under confined and unconfined conditions.
Nylon 6/PET Polymer Blends: Mechanical Properties of Fibers
Authors: Varma D. S. , Dhar V. K.
Published: January 2017

Nylon 6/PET (polyethylene terephthalate) polymer blends (PET varying from 10–50%) were melt spun into fibers. Their tensile properties (at room temperature) and dynamic mechanical properties (at 110 Hz from room temperature to 200°C) were studied. An increase in the initial modulus with increasing PET content was observed. The tenacity showed an increase and then a subsequent decrease after 70/30 nylon 6/PET composition. The blend fibers showed lower extensibility. Various theories connecting modulus and tenacity (independently) with composition, interfacial adhesion, and dispersed phase morphology helped to explain the observed tensile properties. The loss tangent maxima is shifted to a higher temperature with increased PET content in the blend fiber, while the relaxation peaks become broader up to a certain composition. Further, the storage modulus increases throughout with the increase in the PET content. The Takayanagi series and parallel models have been applied, and the results describe the structural and morphological features of the blend fiber, besides explaining some of the properties.
Design of a Simple Gas and Solid Filtration Apparatus
Authors: Igwe G. J. I.
Published: January 2017

The results of experiments using needle-bonded polypropylene fibers as filter fabrics show that the air permeability of the filter fabrics depends on the type and size of needles used for fabric construction. For dust filtration, the internal structure of the filter fabrics has an effect on the resultant collection capacity based on the air permeability. A new gas and dust filtration apparatus was designed for the investigation, and the results obtained are reproducible. A regression analysis produced high correlations between pressure drop and air flow rates, which are statistically valid at a significance level of 0.1%.
X-Ray Orientation of Equatorial Planes in Swollen and Stretched Cellulosic Fibers
Authors: Sreenivasan S. , Iyer K. R. Krishna , Chidambareswaran P. K. , Patil N. B.
Published: January 2017

X-ray orientation profiles were recorded that pertained to the three equatorial planes from cotton fibers containing both cellulose I and II lattices and from viscose fibers. The changes in orientation brought about by swelling and stretching treatments could be accurately followed by studying the distribution of any one of the diffraction arcs.
Drying of Latex Backcoated Acrylic Fabrics: Heat Transfer Coefficients
Authors: Jinks Douglas D. , Matteson Michael J.
Published: January 2017

Drying and curing tests were performed in a laboratory scale dryer on dyed tufted acrylic fabrics and the latex adhesive backcoating to obtain heat transfer coefficients as a function of the mass velocity of air flowing through the fabric. Treating the fabric as a packed bed of cylindrically shaped fibers, equations were developed making it possible to calculate the flow-through velocity Gtf from measured air velocities directed at the upper and lower faces of the fabric. Correlations obtained for the heat transfer coefficients were h = 2.22 Gtf0.47 for fabric drying and h = 4.84 Gtf0.32 for curing the latex adhesive backcoating ( h in W/m2 K, Gtf in kg/m2h). These results were compared with earlier investigations of the drying in packed beds.
Dynamic Moisture Vapor Transfer through Textiles
Authors: Hong K. , Hollies N. R. S. , Spivak S. M.
Published: January 2017

Cotton, polyester, and a blend in plain woven, pure finish fabrics were studied to determine their influence on dynamic surface wetness and moisture transfer through textiles. A simulated sweating skin was used, over which were placed test fabrics incorporating a clothing hygrometer to continuously measure dynamic surface wetness. Moisture vapor concentration and its rate of change at both inner and outer fabric surfaces was determined. At the inner fabric surface facing the sweating skin, all-cotton fabric exhibited the slowest buildup of moisture vapor concentration, followed by the cotton/polyester blend. The all-polyester fabric showed the highest rate of change in moisture vapor concentration. These dynamic moisture changes differ from reports of little or no fiber effect when tested at equilibrium moisture transfer conditions. Indeed the equilibrium moisture vapor transfer also showed no significant fiber differences in this work. It is the short time, dynamic moisture vapor transfer that is believed to hold most promise for explaining wetness and moisture-related subjective sensations in human comfort of worn clothing. The newly modified clothing hygrometer provides a sensitive method for ascertaining dynamic surface wetness on both fabrics and clothing as worn.
Processability and Properties of a Rayon/Nylon Composite Fiber
Authors: Rabe Richard L. , Collier Billie J. , Collier John R.
Published: January 2017

The effectiveness of line speed and coating material feed pressure as control parameters in producing a rayon/nylon sheath-core bicomponent fiber has been studied, and the mechanical and sorptive properties of these internally reinforced rayon fibers have been determined. Results indicate that there is a wide range of line speeds and feed pressures under which a stable, completely regenerated viscose rayon coating can be applied to a nylon 6 core fiber, and line speed and viscose feed pressure can be successfully used as process control parameters. The nylon core fibers dominate the mechanical properties, conferring characteristics that should impart strength and durable press performance to the fabrics formed from them. The sorptive characteristics are dominated by the rayon skin, however, and since this skin is unoriented, its contribution is enhanced with respect to that which might be expected from oriented rayon found in neat fibers.