bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Children with Open Physes
Authors: Bales Chris P. , Guettler Joseph H. , Moorman Claude T.
Published: December 2004

Injury to the anterior cruciate ligament is one of the most common sports-related injuries of the knee. Before the 1980s, the incidence of this injury in skeletally immature patients was thought to be rare. However, with the increasing participation of children in sports-related activities and an increased awareness and diagnostic capability of the medical community, midsubstance tears of the anterior cruciate ligament have become more common in patients with open physes. Significant controversy exists regarding management of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in children with open physes. Traditional management has been nonoperative, consisting of physical therapy, bracing, and activity modification. Surgical reconstruction has generally been postponed until the patient is nearing, or has reached, skeletal maturity. In contrast to this traditional treatment algorithm, the recent literature uniformly indicates that nonoperative management of anterior cruciate ligament tears in children results in less than optimal results. Compliance is certainly an issue, and even though patients may refrain from organized sports activities, they are still going to be “kids.” Recurrent instability, pain, and an inability to return to the preinjury level of athletics often result. Even more worrisome are the risks of secondary meniscal tears and the possibility of early degenerative joint disease. Recently, there has been an increased interest in early, aggressive operative management to restore stability to the immature knee. Proponents of nonoperative treatment point to the risk of growth arrest associated with violation of the physis. Proponents of early operative stabilization advocate that restoration of stability provides for opportunity to return to full activity and provides good long-term outcomes, all with minimal risk to the physis. This article reviews both the basic science and clinical research on this controversial topic.
On friendship and necessitudo in Adam Smith
Authors: Hill Lisa , McCarthy Peter
Published: December 2004

Adam Smith (1723–90) provided a novel and subtle account of the new social physics that emerged to accommodate the economic changes taking place in his time. This article explores Smith’s views on the effect of commercialization on friendship, and then questions one prominent interpretation of his approach, that of Allan Silver. Against the contested reading, we argue that the new ‘strangership’ described by Smith is not warm, but rather, cool-friendship enhancing. We suggest that Cicero’s treatment of friendship illuminates Smith’s views on this topic.
Technics and (para)praxis: the Freudian dimensions of Lewis Mumford’s theories of technology
Authors: Swer Gregory Morgan
Published: December 2004

The purpose of this article is to establish that Lewis Mumford’s historical and philosophical writings were heavily influenced by the psychoanalytic theories of Sigmund Freud. It is argued that Freudian ideas and concepts played a foundational role in the construction of Mumford’s views on the nature and function of mind, culture and history, which in turn founded his views on the relationship between technology and society. Indeed, it is argued that a full understanding of Mumford’s technological writings cannot be achieved until one has grasped their psychoanalytic influence. To this end, this article will reconstruct the psychological views of Lewis Mumford and indicate how they draw upon and modify Freudian theory. It will then be shown how Mumford’s theory of the psyche interacts with Mumford’s own concept of the idolum. This interaction, I will argue, considerably underpins Mumford’s holistic views on the relationship between society and the individual and between the internal and external world and will require us to reconsider our understanding of Mumford’s philosophy of technology, particularly with regard to his descriptions of monotechnics and biotechnics, the authoritarian and democratic technological forms. It will be argued that for Mumford the division intechnics corresponds to a division in the human psyche, and indeed arises from it. Not only will an appreciation of Mumford’s Freudian influence alter our understanding of Mumford’s technological writings in general, but also in particular it can enable us better to comprehend the reasoning behind Mumford’s recommended method of resistance to the modern power complex of the megamachine. Such a revised understanding of Mumford’s philosophy also undercuts any attempts to characterize his position as being a technological determinist one. Rather, his philosophy of technology is better understood as a form of technological voluntarism.
The vision of vegetarianism and peace: Rabbi Kook on the ethical treatment of animals
Authors: Barilan Y. Michael
Published: December 2004

Rabbi HaCohen Kook’s essay on vegetarianism and peace, first published in instalments in 1903–4, and reissued 60 years later, is the only treatise in rabbinic Judaism on the relationship between humans and animals. It is here examined as central to his ethical beliefs. His writings, shaped by his background as rabbi and mystic, illuminate the history of environmental and applied ethics. A century ago, he perceived the main challenge that confronts reform movements: multiculturalism.
Social disruption, state priorities, and minority threat
Authors: Ruddell Rick
Published: December 2004

Understanding the use of punishment becomes increasingly important as imprisonment rates in many nations have fluctuated irrespective of crime rates. Controlling for violent crime, inequality, modernization, and economic stress, this research examined three diverse hypotheses about the sources of imprisonment in a sample of 100 nations. Consistent with expectations, nations that retained use of the death penalty had a greater use of imprisonment. More surprising was the finding of a clear and consistent relationship between imprisonment and countries with common law legal systems, as well as newly independent nation-states. Finally, this study reveals a significant – although inconsistent – association between population heterogeneity and imprisonment. While punishment research has often focused upon the relationships between economic variables and imprisonment, these findings suggest that theories of formal social control will remain incomplete until the roles of political, cultural, and structural conditions are fully understood.
Victims, prosecutors and the State in nineteenth century England and Wales
Authors: Rock Paul
Published: December 2004

Despite substantial misgivings about the activities and character of private prosecutors in England and Wales, the office of Director of Public Prosecutions was established only reluctantly and hesitantly in 1879. Tracing the history and aftermath of the decision to create that office reveals something of the manner in which victims and the state were represented officially throughout much of the nineteenth century, and it may help to explain why there is such a continuing reluctance to cede the victim a greater role in criminal procedure.
‘Justice in the Community’ in The Netherlands
Authors: Terpstra Jan , Bakker Inge
Published: December 2004

‘Justice in the Community’ in The Netherlands promotes the cooperation between criminal justice and other organizations. It increases the visibility of the Public Prosecution to other partners and has an important symbolic function for citizens in multi-problem urban areas, which the state has not left alone with their problems. The scheme also promotes the use of more integrated and extra-judicial reactions to crime and, by using a range of mediation methods, more attention is paid to the position of victims of crime. ‘Justice in the Community’ creates more rapid interventions and settlements of criminal cases. However, there is no evidence that ‘Justice in the Community’ results in a higher levels of ‘objective and subjective safety’ in the neighbourhoods concerned. Some fundamental issues with regard to ‘Justice in the Community’ are discussed, for example, the blurring of boundaries between organizations and their responsibilities, the legitimation of the exchange of information between the participating organizations and the question to what extent the introduction of ‘Justice in the Community’ should be understood as the symptom of a process of juridification.
Violence, identity and policing
Authors: Moran Leslie J. , Sharpe Andrew N.
Published: December 2004

The call by transgender people for the police to take violence against them more seriously has some familiar attributes. In general it is a violence characterized as hate crime. Transgender activism has highlighted many problems, for example, under-reporting, lack of trust and confidence in policing, lack of police recognition, low detection rates, clear up rates and infrequent judicial determinations of guilt. This activism might be characterized as another instance of identity politics emerging within the field of policing and criminal justice. While we welcome its emergence some scholars have been critical of the impact of identity politics upon policing and criminal justice bodies, suggesting it promotes further social and community divisions. Although we share some of these concerns, in this article we argue that these problems are the effect of particular assumptions about the nature of identity. We offer an analysis of identity politics that seeks to challenge this position, as well as an analysis of empirical data of transgender experiences of violence and insecurity arising out of research undertaken in Sydney, Australia. Our analysis exposes the multiple and simultaneous operation of many different social and cultural divisions at work in the context of transgender identity. We explore the significance of this approach to identity for policing.
Eating behaviour and food choices in children with Down’s syndrome, autistic spectrum disorder or cri du chat syndrome and comparison groups of siblings
Authors: Collins Margaret S. R. , Laverty Anne , Roberts Sylvia , Kyle Rosalind , Smith Suzanne , Eaton-Evans Jill
Published: December 2004

High sugar foods and beverages consumed frequently are associated with increased dental caries and periodontal disease. Based on parental survey responses, the diets of children with Down’s syndrome, autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) and cri du chat syndrome and comparison groups of siblings were considered from an oral health perspective. In each group children who were frequent consumers of one high sugar food or beverage were likely to be high consumers of others, whilst other children were low consumers of high sugar foods and beverages. Children in middle and late childhood tended to consume more cariogenic foods and beverages than preschool children. For most children frequency of meal and snack consumption would allow little opportunity for remineralization of teeth.
High expression of cyclin B1 predicts a favorable outcome in patients with follicular lymphoma
Authors: Björck Erik , Ek Sara , Landgren Ola , Jerkeman Mats , Ehinger Mats , Björkholm Magnus , Borrebaeck Carl A. K. , Porwit-MacDonald Anna , Nordenskjöld Magnus
Published: December 2004

Substantial research has been dedicated to the study of the relationship between genetic mechanisms regulating cell functions in tumors and how those tumors respond to various treatment regimens. Because these mechanisms are still not well understood, we have chosen to study the genetic makeup of 57 tumor samples from patients with follicular lymphoma (FL). Our goal was to develop a prognostic tool, which can be used as an aid in determining FL patients with tumors genetically predisposed to a successful treatment with the CHOP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, prednisone) regimen. To select relevant genes, high-density oligonucleotide arrays were used. There were 14 genes highly expressed in FL patients that responded well to CHOP chemotherapy, and 11 of these were involved in G2/M transition of the cell cycle, in mitosis, or in DNA modulation. A high expression of CCNB1 (cyclin B1), CDC2, CDKN3A, CKS1B, ANP32E, and KIAA0101, but not of the proliferation-related antigen Ki-67, was associated with better survival rate in a univariate analysis. CCNB1 expression had an independent prognostic value when included in a multivariate analysis together with the 5 parameters of the follicular lymphoma international prognostic index.
The Endogenous Growth Hormone Secretagogue (Ghrelin) Is Synthesized and Secreted by Chondrocytes
Authors: Caminos J. E. , Gualillo O. , Lago F. , Otero M. , Blanco M. , Gallego R. , Garcia-Caballero T. , Goldring M. B. , Casanueva F. F. , Gomez-Reino J. J. , Dieguez C.
Published: December 2004

Ghrelin, the endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), is a recently isolated hormone, prevalently expressed in stomach but also in other tissues such as hypothalamus and placenta. This novel acylated peptide acts at a central level to stimulate GH secretion and, notably, to regulate food intake. However, the existence of further, as yet unknown, effects or presence of ghrelin in peripheral tissues cannot be ruled out. In this report, we provide clear evidence for the expression of ghrelin peptide and mRNA in human, mouse, and rat chondrocytes. Immunoreactive ghrelin was identified by immunohistochemistry in rat cartilage, being localized prevalently in proliferative and maturative zone of the epiphyseal growth plate, and in mouse and human chondrocytic cell lines. Moreover, ghrelin mRNA was detected by RT-PCR and confirmed by Southern analysis in rat cartilage as well as in mouse and human chondrocytes cell lines. Ghrelin mRNA expression has been studied in rat along early life development showing a stable profile of expression throughout. Although ghrelin expression in chondrocytes suggests the presence of an unexpected autocrine/paracrine pathway, we failed to identify the functional GH secretagogue receptor type 1A by RT-PCR. On the other hand, binding analysis with 125I ghrelin suggests the presence of specific receptors different from the 1A isotype. Scatchard analysis revealed the presence of two receptors with respectively high and low affinity. Finally, ghrelin, in vitro, was able to significantly stimulate cAMP production and inhibits chondrocytes metabolic activity both in human and murine chondrocytes. In addition, ghrelin is able to actively decrease both spontaneous or insulin-induced long chain fatty acid uptake in human and mouse chondrocytes. This study is the first to provide evidence for the presence of this novel peptide in chondrocytes and suggests novel potential roles for this newly recognized component of the GH axis in cartilage metabolism.
Plasma Catecholamines and the Counterregulatory Responses to Hypoglycemia in Infants: A Critical Role for Epinephrine and Cortisol
Authors: Jackson Lesley , Williams Fiona L. R. , Burchell Ann , Coughtrie Michael W. H. , Hume Robert
Published: December 2004

The purpose of this study was to define plasma catecholamine responses as part of the counterregulatory hormonal reaction to hypoglycemia in infants after a regular 3- to 4-h feed was omitted. Hormone levels were assessed once, at the end of the fast or at hypoglycemia. The 121 infants were subdivided into three groups for analysis: normoglycemia (n = 94, 78%); transient hypoglycemia (n = 11, 9%); or severe and persistent hypoglycemia (n = 16, 13%). The severe and persistent hypoglycemic group had significantly higher levels of cortisol and epinephrine than the normoglycemic group. Norepinephrine and glucagon levels did not differ between the groups. Human GH levels were higher in the transiently hypoglycemic group but not in the severe and persistent hypoglycemic group. Prefeed blood lactate levels differed significantly among the groups and were highest in the severe and persistent groups. Multiple regression analysis showed that cortisol levels were significantly higher in infants who had severe and persistent hypoglycemia. The counterregulatory hormonal response in infants to severe and persistent hypoglycemia was limited to elevations in only cortisol and epinephrine levels but did not involve glucagon or human GH. This limited hormonal response may also contribute to the frequent occurrence of hypoglycemia in these infants.
Residual β-Cell Function More than Glycemic Control Determines Abnormalities of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor System in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Hedman Christina A. , Frystyk Jan , Lindström Torbjörn , Chen Jian-Wen , Flyvbjerg Allan , Ørskov Hans , Arnqvist Hans J
Published: December 2004

The GH-IGF-I axis is disturbed in patients with type 1 diabetes. Our aim was to investigate whether abnormalities are found in patients in very good glycemic control and, if so, to estimate the role of residual β-cell function. Patients with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) less than 6% (reference range, 3.6–5.4%) were selected for the study. Twenty-two men and 24 women, aged 41.3 ± 13.8 yr (mean ± sd), with a diabetes duration of 17.8 ± 14.6 yr participated. Healthy controls (15 women and nine men), aged 41.3 ± 13.0 yr, were also studied. Overnight fasting serum samples were analyzed for HbA1c, C peptide, free and total IGFs, IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), GH-binding protein, and IGFBP-3 proteolysis. HbA1c was 5.6 ± 0.5% in patients and 4.4 ± 0.3% in controls. Total IGF-I was 148 ± 7 μg/liter in patients and 178 ± 9 μg/liter in controls (P < 0.001). Free IGF-I, total IGF-II, IGFBP-3, and GH-binding protein were lower, whereas IGFBP-1, IGFBP-1-bound IGF-I, and IGFBP-2 were elevated compared with control values. Patients with detectable C peptide (≥100 pmol/liter) had higher levels of total IGF-I, free IGF-I, and total IGF-II and lower levels of IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 than those with an undetectable C peptide level despite having identical average HbA1c. IGFBP-3 proteolysis did not differ between patients and controls. Despite very good glycemic control, patients with type 1 diabetes and no endogenous insulin production have low free and total IGF-I. Residual β-cell function, therefore, seems more important for the disturbances in the IGF system than good metabolic control per se, suggesting that portal insulin delivery is needed to normalize the IGF system.
Spinal Cord Injury without Radiographic Abnormality in Children, 2 Decades Later
Authors: Pang Dachling
Published: December 2004

OBJECTIVE:

Much new research has emerged since1982, when the original description of spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality (SCIWORA) as a self-contained syndrome was reported. This article reviews new and old data on SCIWORA, from the past 2 decades.

METHODS:

This article reviews what we have learned since 1982 about the unique biomechanical properties of the juvenile spine, the mechanisms of injuries, the profound influence of age on injury pattern and outcome, the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features, and management algorithms of SCIWORA.

RESULTS:

The increasing use of MRI in SCIWORA has yielded ample evidence of damage in virtually all nonbony supporting tissues of the juvenile vertebral column, including rupture of the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments, intervertebral disc disruption, muscular and interspinal ligament tears, tectorial membrane rupture, and shearing of the subepiphyseal growth zone of the vertebral endplates. These findings provide the structural basis for the postulated “occult instability” in the spine of a patient after SCIWORA. MRI also demonstrated five classes of post-SCIWORA cord findings: complete transection, major hemorrhage, minor hemorrhage, edema only, and normal. These “neural” findings are highly predictive of outcome: patients with transection and major hemorrhage had profoundly poor outcome, but 40% with minor hemorrhage improved to mild grades, whereas 75% with “edema only” attained mild grades and 25% became normal. All patients with normal cord signals made complete recovery.

The large pool of clinical data from our own and other centers also lends statistical power to uphold most of our original assertions regarding incidence, causes of injury, pathophysiology, age-related changes in the malleability of the spine, vectors of deformation, and the extreme vulnerability of young children to severe cord injury, particularly high cervical cord injury. Thoracic SCIWORA has been identified as an important subset, comprising three subtypes involving high-speed direct impact, distraction from lap belts, and crush injury by slow moving vehicles. Computation of the sensitivities of MRI and somatosensory evoked potentials in detecting SCIWORA shows that both tests were normal in 12 to 15% of children with definite, persistent myelopathy; all of these children were nevertheless braced for 3 months because of their clinical syndrome. Children with transient deficits but abnormal MRI and/or somatosensory evoked potentials were also braced, but the 60% with transient deficits and normal MRI and somatosensory evoked potentials were not braced. This is a change from our original policy in 1982 of bracing all children with persistent or transient deficits, brought on by our new MRI and electrophysiology data.

CONCLUSION:

Injury prevention, prompt recognition, use of MRI and electrophysiological verification, and timely bracing of SCIWORA patients remain the chief measures to improve outcome.
Intramedullary Cervical Spine Germinoma: Case Report
Authors: Huang Jason H. , Tsui Irena , Judkins Alexander R. , Simon Erin , Birknes John K. , Sutton Leslie N.
Published: December 2004

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE:

We report an extremely rare case of primary intramedullary germinoma in the cervical spinal cord arising in an 18-year-old man who had not undergone previous surgery or irradiation.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION:

The patient had a 2-month history of intermittent neck pain and a 4-week history of bilateral hand paresthesias and weakness. A magnetic resonance imaging scan demonstrated a heterogeneous cervical spine lesion with marked contrast enhancement extending from C3 to C6.

INTERVENTION:

The patient underwent a cervical laminotomy with tumor resection, and pathological examination revealed the tumor to be a germinoma. He recovered well from the surgery with minimal neurological deficits. A postoperative magnetic resonance imaging scan of the brain and spinal cord did not show any other tumors. In addition, imaging studies of the mediastinum, testes, and the rest of the body also did not demonstrate any other tumors. The patient received local radiation as well as three courses of chemotherapy.

CONCLUSION:

To our knowledge, this is the first report of an intramedullary cervical spine germinoma with confirmed tissue diagnosis. Although extremely uncommon, the possibility of germinoma should be included in the differential diagnosis for primary intramedullary spinal cord tumors.
Cardiac Injury after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Is Independent of the Type of Aneurysm Therapy
Authors: Miss Jacob C. , Kopelnik Alexander , Fisher Landis A. , Tung Poyee P. , Banki Nader M. , Lawton Michael T. , Smith Wade S. , Dowd Christopher F. , Zaroff Jonathan G.
Published: December 2004

OBJECTIVE:

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is associated with cardiac injury and dysfunction. Whether aneurysm clipping versus coiling has a differential effect on the risk of troponin release and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction after SAH is unknown. It is hypothesized that aneurysm treatment does not affect the risk of developing cardiac injury and dysfunction.

METHODS:

The study included 172 consecutive SAH patients who underwent clipping (n = 109) or coiling (n = 63) aneurysm therapy. Hemodynamic data were collected, cardiac troponin I was measured, and echocardiography was performed on the 1st, 3rd, and 6th days after enrollment. A cardiac troponin I measurement of more than 1.0 μg/L was considered abnormal. For each echocardiographic examination, a blinded observer measured LV ejection fraction (abnormal if <50%) and quantified LV regional wall motion abnormalities. The incidence of cardiac outcomes in the treatment groups was compared using odds ratios (ORs).

RESULTS:

The coiled patients were older than the clipped patients (mean age, 59 ± 13 yr versus 53 ± 12 yr; t test, P < 0.001) and were more likely to have posterior aneurysms (33% versus 18%; χ2 test, P = 0.019). There were no significant between-group differences in the risk of cardiac troponin I release (coil 21% versus clip 19%; OR = 0.89, P = 0.789), regional wall motion abnormalities (33% versus 28%; OR = 0.76, P = 0.422), or LV ejection fraction lower than 50% (16% versus 17%; OR = 1.06, P = 0.892). No patient died of cardiac causes (heart failure, myocardial infarction, or arrhythmia).

CONCLUSION:

Surgical and endovascular aneurysm therapies were associated with similar risks of cardiac injury and dysfunction after SAH. The presence of neurocardiogenic injury should not affect aneurysm treatment decisions.
Trigeminal Neuralgia Caused by a Pontine Abscess: Case Report
Authors: Bekar Ahmet , Kocaeli Hasan , Yilmaz Emel , Doğan Şeref
Published: December 2004

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE:

Various intracranial abnormalities, including infectious conditions, may manifest as trigeminal neuralgia.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION:

A 33-year-old man presented with a 15-day history of right-sided facial pain and numbness. Neurological examination revealed diminished corneal reflex and facial sensation in the right V1–V2 distribution. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a contrast-enhancing lesion centered at the right pons with extension of the enhancement to the sphenoid sinus.

INTERVENTION:

Broad-spectrum antibiotics were administered for 6 weeks. This resulted in alleviation of symptoms and resolution of the lesion as revealed by repeat magnetic resonance imaging.

CONCLUSION:

Presentation of a pons abscess with trigeminal neuralgia is rare, and to the best of our knowledge has not been reported previously. The patient was treated successfully with antibiotics alone.
Meningiomas Invading the Superior Sagittal Sinus: Surgical Experience in 108 Cases
Authors: DiMeco Francesco , Li Khan W. , Casali Cecilia , Ciceri Elisa , Giombini Sergio , Filippini Graziella , Broggi Giovanni , Solero Carlo L.
Published: December 2004

OBJECTIVE:

Radical resection of meningiomas invading the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) presents several hazards. Some surgeons consider SSS invasion a contraindication for complete resection, and others advocate total resection with venous reconstruction. There is a lack of published large series to provide definitive guidelines for the surgical treatment of these complex cases. We report our 15-year experience with surgery of parasagittal meningiomas invading the SSS.

METHODS:

Between 1986 and 2001, 108 patients (73 women, 35 men; age range, 22–83 yr; mean age, 56.2 yr) underwent surgery at the Neurological Institute “C. Besta” of Milan for tumors invading the SSS. Parasagittal meningiomas not invading the SSS were excluded from this series.

RESULTS:

Simpson Grade I to II removal was achieved in 100 patients. Thirty patients with meningiomas totally occluding the SSS had complete resection of the encased portion of the sinus. Histological examination revealed 86 benign (79.6%), 16 atypical (14.8%), and 4 malignant (3.7%) meningiomas along with 2 hemangiopericytomas. There were two perioperative deaths. Serious complications included brain swelling (nine patients; 8.3%) and postoperative hematoma (two patients; 1.85%). Follow-up ranged from 19 to 223 months (mean, 79.5 mo). One patient was lost to follow-up. Tumors recurred in 15 patients (13.9%). After multivariate analysis, histological type, tumor size, and Simpson grade were confirmed as significant independent prognostic factors for recurrence.

CONCLUSION:

On the basis of our results, we conclude that if the sinus is partially invaded, it can be opened to obtain as complete a resection as possible and to attempt to preserve the patency of the sinus. If the sinus is obstructed, the portion of the sinus involved can be resected completely. In both situations, extreme care is vital to preservation of cortical veins, which may offer important collateral drainage. With our approach, good results are achieved and it is not necessary to reconstruct the sinus.
The SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling protein Brg1 is required for vertebrate neurogenesis and mediates transactivation of Ngn and NeuroD
Authors: Seo Seongjin , Richardson Genova A. , Kroll Kristen L.
Published: December 2004

Chromatin remodeling complexes play crucial roles in transcription and are implicated in processes including cell proliferation, differentiation and embryonic patterning. Brg1 is the catalytic subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex and shows neural-enriched expression. Although early lethality of Brg1-null mice reflects its importance in embryogenesis,this phenotype precluded further study of specific Brg1-dependent developmental processes. Here, we have identified a requirement of Brg1 for both Xenopus primary neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation of mammalian P19 embryonic carcinoma cells. In Xenopus, loss of Brg1 function did not affect neural induction or neural cell fate determination. However, the Sox2-positive, proliferating neural progenitor cell population was expanded, and expression of a terminally differentiated neuronal marker, N-tubulin, was diminished upon loss of Brg1 activity, suggesting that Brg1 is required for neuronal differentiation. The ability of the bHLH transcription factors Ngnr1 and NeuroD to drive neuronal differentiation was also abolished by loss of Brg1 function, indicating that Brg1 is essential for the proneural activities of Ngnr1 and NeuroD. Consistent with this, dominant-negative interference with Brg1 function in P19 cells suppressed neuronal differentiation promoted by NeuroD2, showing the requirement of Brg1 for neuronal differentiation is conserved in mammalian cells. Finally, we discovered that Brg1 physically associates with both Ngnr1 and NeuroD and that interference with Brg1 function blocks Neurogenin3- and NeuroD2-mediated reporter gene transactivation. Together, our results demonstrate that Brg1 (and by inference the SWI/SNF complex) is required for neuronal differentiation by mediating the transcriptional activities of proneural bHLH proteins.
Selective ablation of αv integrins in the central nervous system leads to cerebral hemorrhage, seizures, axonal degeneration and premature death
Authors: McCarty Joseph H. , Lacy-Hulbert Adam , Charest Alain , Bronson Roderick T. , Crowley Denise , Housman David , Savill John , Roes Jürgen , Hynes Richard O.
Published: December 2004

Mouse embryos genetically null for all αv integrins develop intracerebral hemorrhage owing to defective interactions between blood vessels and brain parenchymal cells. Here, we have used conditional knockout technology to address whether the cerebral hemorrhage is due to primary defects in vascular or neural cell types. We show that ablating αv expression in the vascular endothelium has no detectable effect on cerebral blood vessel development, whereas deletion of αv expression in central nervous system glial cells leads to embryonic and neonatal cerebral hemorrhage. Conditional deletion of αv integrin in both central nervous system glia and neurons also leads to cerebral hemorrhage, but additionally to severe neurological defects. Approximately 30% of these mutants develop seizures and die by 4 weeks of age. The remaining mutants survive for several months, but develop axonal deterioration in the spinal cord and cerebellum,leading to ataxia and loss of hindlimb coordination. Collectively, these data provide evidence that αv integrins on embryonic central nervous system neural cells, particularly glia, are necessary for proper cerebral blood vessel development, and also reveal a novel function for αv integrins expressed on axons in the postnatal central nervous system.
Sequential roles of Hedgehog and Wnt signaling in osteoblast development
Authors: Hu Hongliang , Hilton Matthew J. , Tu Xiaolin , Yu Kai , Ornitz David M. , Long Fanxin
Published: December 2004

Signals that govern development of the osteoblast lineage are not well understood. Indian hedgehog (Ihh), a member of the hedgehog (Hh) family of proteins, is essential for osteogenesis in the endochondral skeleton during embryogenesis. The canonical pathway of Wnt signaling has been implicated by studies of Lrp5, a co-receptor for Wnt proteins, in postnatal bone mass homeostasis. In the present study we demonstrate that β-catenin, a central player in the canonical Wnt pathway, is indispensable for osteoblast differentiation in the mouse embryo. Moreover, we present evidence that Wnt signaling functions downstream of Ihh in development of the osteoblast lineage. Finally Wnt7b is identified as a potential endogenous ligand regulating osteogenesis. These data support a model that integrates Hh and Wnt signaling in the regulation of osteoblast development.
A cephalic projection neuron involved in locomotion is dye coupled to the dopaminergic neural network in the medicinal leech
Authors: Crisp Kevin M. , Mesce Karen A.
Published: December 2004

It is widely appreciated that the selection and modulation of locomotor circuits are dependent on the actions of higher-order projection neurons. In the leech, Hirudo medicinalis, locomotion is modulated by a number of cephalic projection neurons that descend from the subesophageal ganglion in the head. Specifically, descending brain interneuron Tr2 functions as a command-like neuron that can terminate or sometimes trigger fictive swimming. In this study, we demonstrate that Tr2 is dye coupled to the dopaminergic neural network distributed in the head brain. These findings represent the first anatomical evidence in support of dopamine (DA) playing a role in the modulation of locomotion in the leech. In addition, we have determined that bath application of DA to the brain and entire nerve cord reliably and rapidly terminates swimming in all preparations exhibiting fictive swimming. By contrast, DA application to nerve cords expressing ongoing fictive crawling does not inhibit this motor rhythm. Furthermore, we show that Tr2 receives rhythmic feedback from the crawl central pattern generator. For example, Tr2 receives inhibitory post-synaptic potentials during the elongation phase of each crawl cycle. When crawling is not expressed, spontaneous inhibitory post-synaptic potentials in Tr2 correlate in time with spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic potentials in the CV motor neuron, a circular muscle excitor that bursts during the elongation phase of crawling. Our data are consistent with the idea that DA biases the nervous system to produce locomotion in the form of crawling.
Ion-motive ATPases and active, transbranchial NaCl uptake in the red freshwater crab,Dilocarcinus pagei(Decapoda,Trichodactylidae)
Authors: Weihrauch Dirk , McNamara John Campbell , Towle David W. , Onken Horst
Published: December 2004

The present investigation examined the microanatomy and mRNA expression and activity of ion-motive ATPases, in anterior and posterior gills of a South American, true freshwater crab, Dilocarcinus pagei. Like diadromous crabs, the anterior gills of this hololimnetic trichodactylid exhibit a highly attenuated (2–5 μm), symmetrical epithelium on both lamellar surfaces. In sharp contrast, the posterior gill lamellar epithelia are markedly asymmetrical. Their proximal side consists of thick (18–20μm) cells, displaying features typical of a transporting epithelium, while the distal epithelium is thin (3–10 μm) and formed entirely by apical pillar cell flanges. Both anterior and posterior gills express Na+/K+- and V-ATPases. Phylogenetic analysis of partial cDNA sequences for the Na+/K+-ATPase α-subunit and V-ATPase B-subunit among various crab species confirmed the previous classification and grouping of D. pagei based on morphological criteria. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR clearly showed that mRNA for both ion pump subunits is more intensely expressed in posterior gills. Na+/K+-ATPase activity in the posterior gills was nearly fourfold that of anterior gills, while V-ATPase and F-ATPase activities did not differ. A negative short-circuit current (Isc) was measured using the distal side of split, posterior gill lamellae, mounted in a modified Ussing chamber and perfused symmetrically with identical hemolymph-like salines. Although hemolymph-side ouabain did not affect this current, concanamycin significantly reduced Isc without altering preparation conductance, suggesting V-ATPase-driven Cl– absorption on the distal side of the posterior gill lamellae, as known to occur in diadromous crabs adapted to freshwater. These findings suggest that active Na+ uptake predominates across the thick proximal epithelium, and Cl– uptake across the thin,distal epithelium of the posterior gill lamellae.
Exposure to air, but not seawater, increases the glutamine content and the glutamine synthetase activity in the marsh clamPolymesoda expansa
Authors: Hiong Kum C. , Peh Wendy Y. X. , Loong Ai M. , Wong Wai P. , Chew Shit F. , Ip Yuen K.
Published: December 2004

Polymesoda expansa spends a considerable portion of its life exposed to air in mangrove swamps where salinity fluctuates greatly. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aerial exposure (transfer from 10‰ brackish water directly to air) or salinity changes (transfer from 10‰ brackish water directly to 30‰ seawater) on nitrogen metabolism in P. expansa. We concluded that P. expansa is non-ureogenic because carbamoyl phosphate (CPS) III activity was undetectable in the adductor muscle, foot muscle, hepatopancreas and mantle when exposed to brackish water (control), seawater or air for 17 days. It is ammonotelic as it excretes nitrogenous wastes mainly as ammonia in brackish water or seawater. After transfer to seawater for 17 days, the contents of total free amino acids(TFAA) in the adductor muscle, foot muscle, hepatopancreas and mantle increased significantly. This could be related to an increase in protein degradation because exposure to seawater led to a greater rate of ammonia excretion on days 15 and 17, despite unchanged tissue ammonia contents. Alanine was the major free amino acid (FAA) in P. expansa. The contribution of alanine to the TFAA pool in various tissues increased from 43–48% in brackish water to 62–73% in seawater. In contrast, in clams exposed to air for 17 days there were no changes in alanine content in any of the tissues studied. Thus, the functional role of alanine in P. expansa is mainly connected with intracellular osmoregulation. Although 8.5–16.1% of the TFAA pool of P. expansa was attributable to glutamine, the glutamine contents in the adductor muscle, foot muscle,hepatopancreas and mantle were unaffected by 17 days of exposure to seawater. However, after exposure to air for 17 days, there were significant increases in ammonia content in all these tissues in P. expansa, accompanied by significant increases in glutamine content (2.9-, 2.5-, 4.5- and 3.4-fold,respectively). Simultaneously, there were significant increases in glutamine synthetase activities in the adductor muscle (1.56-fold) and hepatopancreas(3.8-fold). This is the first report on the accumulation of glutamine associated with an upregulation of glutamine synthetase in a bivalve species in response to aerial exposure, and these results reveal that the evolution of glutamine synthesis as a means for detoxification of ammonia first occurred among invertebrates.
To Map or Not to Map: Assessing the Impact of Crime Maps on Police Officer Perceptions of Crime
Authors: Paulsen Derek J.
Published: December 2004

An increasingly popular strategy within community oriented and problem oriented policing is to provide patrol officers with crime analysis information in the form of crime maps. The strategy is designed to encourage officers to use maps to determine problem areas within their beats and to modify their patrol strategies accordingly. Despite the promise of crime maps and GIS in general, no research has evaluated the use of crime maps by patrol officers. This paper assesses the effects of crime maps on officers' perceptions of crime patterns and their subsequent patrol activities. Results indicate that simply providing officers with maps of crime distributions will not alone improve their understanding of crime patterns within their jurisdiction. Moreover, in order to have any real impact on officer perception and subsequent police activities, agencies need to invest in training and infrastructure to allow the full capabilities of crime mapping to be realised. In addition to a discussion of the relevant findings, the article also discusses general problems associated with the implementation and use of crime mapping as well as future research aims.
Appropriate Adults Provided for Vulnerable People Who are Questioned under Caution by the Police: Implications for Public Policy in the Criminal Justice Review in Northern Ireland
Authors: Brewin Sheree , Bailey Andrew
Published: December 2004

Although the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 and equivalent provisions in Northern Ireland (PACE NI Order 1989) provide powers of arrest, search and detention, it is the codes of practice, which are associated with the provisions that are of particular relevance to vulnerable adult and juvenile detainees.

The focus of this paper is on the protection that the codes of practice offer to two classes of detained person: those who are aged 17 years and below and those adults who are mentally vulnerable according to the definitions established in the code.

The current system in Northern Ireland is facing a number of challenges and the introduction of an independently managed volunteer- based scheme funded by central government and which is considered herein, would address many of the current concerns

The authors wish to acknowledge the kind help of Chief Inspector Kevin Lea (Derbyshire Constabulary).
The Rape of a Label Why it Would Be Wrong to Follow Canada in Having a Single Offence of Unlawful Sexual Assault
Authors: Warburton Damian
Published: December 2004

With the enactment of the Sexual Offences Act 2003, the UK has just had its biggest shake-up of the existing law on sexual offences. Rape has been widened to include oral sex, a new offence of assault by penetration has been created, and what was indecent assault has been renamed sexual assault. Twenty-one years ago the Canadians did away altogether with the legal term of rape and created an all-encompassing offence of sexual assault.

While the UK is experiencing an all-time low in securing convictions for rape, this article asks what can be done to reverse this. Could doing away with the label of rape make it easier to obtain a conviction in rape trials? Perhaps reversing the burden of proof, or tightening up the requirements for obtaining consent, or tackling the biggest new phenomenon in sexual offences, date rape, is the way forward.

What we call something may not seem all that important, but this article aims to show that the social stigma attached to the word rape is as important as the sentence itself.
The Descriptive Mind Science of Tibetan Buddhist Psychology and the Nature of the Healthy Human Mind
Authors: Vyner Henry M.
Published: December 2004

There is no descriptive science of the stream of consciousness in the literature of the social sciences, and as a result, we do not have an empirical understanding of the nature of the healthy human mind.This paper will:(1)demonstrate that an empirically valid theory of the healthy mind must be a theory that isderived from a descriptive science ofthe stream of consciousness (2) present the rationale and methodology for doing interviews with a specific group ofTibetan lamas who have been using meditation for over ten and a half centuries todevelop a descriptive science/if the streamofconsciousnessand (3) present briefexcerpts from some ofthe interviews I have been doing with these lamas. In these interviews, the lamas discuss their experiences of their own mind in meditation for the purpose of: (1) developing a descriptive science ofthe stream of consciousness and (2) using that descriptive science to discuss and describe the defining characteristics ofthe healthy human mind.
Big ideas: Feminist ethnographies of reproduction
Authors: Taylor Janelle S.
Published: December 2004

This review essay considers five recent books—three single‐authored ethnographies and two edited volumes—that present feminist ethnographic analyses of reproduction. I highlight the volumes' common themes and approaches and offer critical reflections on the current state of the anthropology of reproduction as exemplified in these works. I argue that feminist anthropologists pursuing ethnographic studies of reproduction have amply demonstrated what anthropologists in general have long sought to demonstrate: that to study ordinary people in their everyday lives is, indeed, to address “the big ideas”. In the process, these feminist anthropologists have also offered to our discipline an ambitious new vision of what a better world might look like and of how ethnographic research might help bring that world about.
Domestic violence and difference
Authors: Adelman Madelaine
Published: December 2004

The four monographs reviewed here signal both a critical shift and the value of diversity in domestic violence studies. The authors of the works consider the meaning and policing of, as well as resistance to, domestic violence within specific historical and cultural contexts, of rurality, of immigration, and of the cultural and political economy of colonialism. These ethnographic and historical works document women's experiences of battering and how the state distinguishes between acceptable and unacceptable levels of violence within marriage.
Art‐writing in the modern Maya art world of Chichén Itzá: Transcultural ethnography and experimental fieldwork
Authors: Castañeda Quetzil E.
Published: December 2004

In this article I examine the modern Maya art world of Chichén Itzá, México. My ethnographic focus is the political history and technical and aesthetic development of the Pisté Maya art “tradition” that emerged within the transcultural contexts of the anthropological fascination with and touristic consumption of the Maya. I also describe the experimental ethnography project that was developed to study the transcultural dynamics of the Chichén art world.
“Praise the Lord”: Popular cinema and pentecostalite style in Ghana's new public sphere
Authors: Meyer Birgit
Published: December 2004

In this article I examine the elective affinity between Pentecostalism and the vibrant video‐film industry that has flourished in the wake of Ghana's adoption of a democratic constitution. I argue that, as a result of the liberalization and commercialization of the media, a new public sphere has emerged that can no longer be fully controlled by the state but that is increasingly indebted to Pentecostalism. Pentecostalism and video‐films come together and articulate alternative, Christian imaginations of modernity. Seeking to grasp the blurring of boundaries between religion and entertainment, I examine the pentecostalite cultural style on which these alternative visions thrive. My main concern is to investigate the specific mode through which Pentecostal expressive forms go public, thereby transforming the public sphere.