bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
French Vices
Authors: Israel Kali
Published: November 2023

In January 1895, Oscar Wilde’s Mrs. Cheveley, in his newly opened play, An IdealHusband,told a politician, “Nowadays . . . everyone has to pose as a paragon of purity, incorruptibility, and all the other seven deadly virtues—and what is the result? You all go over like nine pins—one after the other. Not a year passes in England without somebody disappearing. Scandals used to lend charm, or at least interest to a man—now they crush him.” Mrs. Cheveley was retrospective as well as prescient. Through the late nineteenth century, a series of highly mediated but detailed scandals, causes ceélèbres, and exposeès permitted diverse constituencies to struggle over the construction of meaningful stories about bodies and danger.1 The 1885±1886 divorce case of Crawford v. Crawford and Dilke shares with other scandals a great mixing and competition of narratives in court, press, and street, which revealed and contributed to class and gender tensions. The divorce court, like the courtroom in murder trials, In retrospect, Charles Dilke’s fate appears a rehearsal for Charles Parnell’s, especially since their two cases were heard by the same judge, but each of the famous cases of the 1880s displayed tensions and possibilities differently.
Betrayal
Authors: Mérmol Josá
Published: November 2023

On May 4,1840, at rn:30 p.m., six men were walking across the patio of a little house on the Calle de Belgrano, in the city of Buenos Aires. On reaching the entryway, as dark as the rest of the house, one of them halted and said to the others,‘Still one more precaution’.
The Jackson Family Background
Authors: Critchley Macdonald , Critchley Eileen A
Published: November 2023

He possessed the rare combination of characteristics that “sets a man among the little band of whom are Aristotle and Newton and Darwin”1 was one assessment ofJohn Hughlings Jackson. Beginning his career as a provincial medical apprentice and achieving a position at the pinnacle of his profession, Jackson was among the few physicians in the middle of the 19th century who were interested in disorders of the nervous system—neurologists, to use the term coined by Thomas Willis. Jackson was unique. He was held in universal respect among his medical colleagues, even though his work was not always understood during his lifetime. After his death in 191 1, many years passed before his original ideas were recognised; they were well ahead of the thinking of most medical men of his time.
Jackson the Man
Authors: Critchley Macdonald , Critchley Eileen A
Published: November 2023

Most of the world’s great neurologists have been men of strong personality, and Hughlings Jackson was no exception. He was also endowed with qualities which made him an unusual person. “Even his habits and peculiarities, his whims and crochets may help us towards understanding the powerful influence he exerted on those who were fortunate enough to come within its spheres.”1 Perhaps his most conspicuous feature was great modesty (“a gentle soul and unbelievably modest”, according to Wilfred Harris), a characteristic which stood out markedly against his intellect. For this reason alone, he was essentially a likeable man. Jackson was an inherently good, simple individual and, for all his foibles, was universally respected and held in great affection. He was also shy and self-effacing, ready to express gratitude for even trivial services rendered by colleagues and subordinates. His writings show meticulous acknowledgement of the work of others and he never failed to express his gratitude for their contributions.
Introduction, Reading Autobiography: Strategies and Structures
Authors: Rodríguez Barbara
Published: November 2023

This book enters into the current, increasingly lively revisiting and repositioning of autobiography studies. It participates in a critical conversation that responds to discussions of the genre that developed during the 1950s and 1960s, when theorists, critics, and practitioners of au tobiography concerned themselves with inscribing—establishing, or as serting—a set of conventions that would define modern constructions of identity and acts of self-representation. Commenting on the work of Philippe Lejeune, Georges Gusdorf, Georg Misch, and others, contempo rary critics identified the ways in which autobiographical works recognize and resist those conventions; moving beyond the prescriptive and narrow generic definition of autobiography as the factual, chronological, first person narrative of the lifestory, and beyond old-fashioned notions of au tobiographical truthfulness, scholars like Paul de Man, Sidonie Smith, Fran9oise Lionnet, Barbara Johnson, and Leigh Gilmore began to theorize life-writing from postmodern and feminist perspectives. Autobiographical Inscriptions engages and expands upon these reconsiderations of autobi ography, treating as one of its subjects the critical practices of inscription and re-inscription described above and adding to the conversation about life-writing an analysis of form and personhood in autobiographies by American women writers of color.
Transportation Data Sources and Integration
Authors: Miller Harvey J , Shaw Shih-Lung
Published: November 2023

After designing a GIS database, the analyst must find data sources to populate the database. This chapter discusses issues regarding populating a GIS for transportation-related applications.
GIS-Based Spatial Analysis and Modeling
Authors: Miller Harvey J , Shaw Shih-Lung
Published: November 2023

Why GIS-T? In other words, why do we care so much about using geo graphic information systems in transportation analysis? An obvious answer is that transportation systems are distributed across geographic space. Indeed, the objective of transportation systems is to overcome geographic space. But what is it about GIS that enhances analysis, planning and decision making for geographic phenomena such as transportation systems?
Intelligent Transportation Systems
Authors: Miller Harvey J , Shaw Shih-Lung
Published: November 2023

In many parts of the world, mobility has vastly improved over the past century. Increasing mobility combined with urbanization and (in some cases) rapid population growth is creating undesirable negative impacts on economies and individual quality of life. In 1995, commuters in the United States spent more than 2 billion hours in traffic jams, generating US$100 billion in lost productivity (USDOT 1998a). In 1996, 41,907 people were killed and another 3.5 million were injured in the United States due to automobile accidents (USDOT 1999a). In Japan, over 10,000 people die in traffic accidents each year, about 5.6 billion person hours were spent in traffic congestion.
Nathaniel Hawthorne 1804–1864
Authors: Wineapple Brenda
Published: November 2023

Since the publication of The Scarlet Letter in 1850 and certainlys death in 1864, Hawthorne has become a national outing skeletons out of New England closets long before Stephen King. And, like one of his own—or Kingߣs—characters, Nathaniel Hawthorne of Salem, Massachusetts, born on the Fourth of July 1804, often seems enigmatic and impenetrable. Searched and seized and, more frequently than not, diagnosed, even by contemporaries, he has nonetheless kept what he called the “Inmost Me” behind the veil.
Mysteries of Mesmerism
Authors: Coale Samuel Chase
Published: November 2023

Nathaniel Hawthorne despised and feared mesmerism, the process in which a practitioner hypnotized his subject and put her into a trance. He found it morally and philosophically regnant, since in his view the mesmerist could violate an individual consciousness and soul and gain power over his victim. At the same time, he recognized that the process was probably physiologically and psychologically sound. It worked. The master could manipulate his slave. Hawthorne used this mysterious force to describe the way the artist works upon a readerߣs consciousness. His own fictional technique emulated that process. The kind of fiction he called “romance,” in his view, was essentially a mesmeric text that hovered between our recognizable daily and social world and the more phantasmagoric realm of our dreams. Despising the force, he yet recognized its true power and was simultaneously attracted to and repelled by it.
Major Hurricanes
Authors: Elsner James B , Kara A Birol
Published: November 2023

When winds blow at speeds of 50 m s-1 (˜ 100 kt) or higher the storm is called a major hurricane. The central pressure inside a major hurricane is typically less than 965 mb. The hurricane-driven storm surge can be expected to be as high as 3 meters or more. Damage potential ranges from extensive to catastrophic. Major hurricanes pose a significant threat to life and property in the United States, Mexico, Bermuda, and the nations of the Caribbean. Historically they are referred to as “great” hurricanes. Today they are called major or intense hurricanes. Most major North Atlantic hurricanes originate as tropical-only hurricanes. The probability of major hurricanes along the U.S. coastline shows large decadal variability in location. Florida is particularly vulnerable to the threat of major hurricanes. Periods of little or no major hurricane activity are interspersed with periods of frequent storms.
Hurricane Return Periods
Authors: Elsner James B , Kara A Birol
Published: November 2023

The occurrence of a hurricane is a rare event. The likelihood of rare events that are not periodic in time are expressed in terms of return periods. Return periods are used to describe the occurrence of earthquakes and extreme flood events. The qualification that events are not periodic is important. A phenomenon that occurs regularly-even if it is rare-is best described in terms of periodicities (see Chapter 10). Return periods are appropriately used when no important oscillations occur in the record. Various definitions for return periods lead to a vagueness concerning concepts associated with their use. For present purposes, both return periods and recurrence intervals are utilized. A recurrence interval is the time between successive events. The recurrence interval is also called the interarrival time. Recurrence intervals may vary widely and nonuniformly over the period of record. A return period is defined as the inverse of the annual probability. A hurricane which has a probability of once in 10 years is referred to as a 10-year event. A return period of 10 years should not be understood as a forecast of an event happening about every 10 years.1 Instead, over a long period of record, say 150 years, fifteen hurricanes can be expected to have occurred. Or, in any year, there is a 10% chance that a hurricane will occur. Unfortunately, there is no universally agreed upon definition of return period. The average of the recurrence intervals in the record serves as a rough estimate of the return period.
Property at Risk
Authors: Elsner James B , Kara A Birol
Published: November 2023

Hurricanes kill and severely impact economies. Direct economic losses occur from property damage and from evacuation and preparation efforts. Population increases bring dramatic growth in property values, particularly in the United States. As a result, the economic losses in the United States caused by hurricanes have risen dramatically during the past several decades. In the early 1980s average annual losses approximated $1 billion. This amount is five times the average annual losses during the 1950s (Chen 1995). Despite the recent downturn in hurricane activity in the North Atlantic over the period 1991 through 1994 (see Chapter 12), frequent and damaging extratropical cyclone activity1 combined with two intense U.S. hurricanes (Andrew of the North Atlantic and Iniki2 of the eastern North Pacific) caused $40 billion in insured property losses (70% of which was covered by reinsurance companies). The financial losses seriously impacted the property insurance industry with a loss of nine firms to bankruptcy (Changnon et al. 1997). As a consequence, nearly $400 million of the losses went unpaid. The shakeup sent shivers through the insurance industry leading to a better appreciation of the key role climate hazards play in estimating potential losses from storms. Moreover, major hurricane disasters affect all Americans by diverting resources from other necessary public and private programs and by reducing the efficiency of the national economy. Property-loss potential across the West Indies is also on the rise. New resort developments featuring luxury hotels and tourist districts are being built along previously uninhabited beaches. The Caribbean coast of Mexico around Cancun is a spectacular example of new development in the path of future intense hurricanes. This chapter examines some of the economic impacts of U.S. hurricanes. We begin with a look at what causes the damage and factors related to the cost of preparation and evacuation efforts. We also examine the costliest hurricanes on record for the United States.
Vietnam War Mythology and the Rise of Public Cynicism
Authors: Appy Christian , Bloom Alexander
Published: November 2023

Long before the American War, Vietnamese children learned the glorious tales of ancient resistance to foreign domination. History and legend are alive with the deeds of Vietnamese patriots. Rebel heroes are the central figures in the Vietnamese pantheon. The Trung sisters led the first insurrection against Chinese rule in 40 c.e. One of their soldiers, Phung Thi Chinh, was said to give birth in the middle of battle and strap the newborn on her back to continue the fight. Another woman warrior, Trieu Au, rode to war in 248 atop an elephant. In 938, Ngo Quyen lured Chinese warships into a spike-filled river so the lowering tide would impale the enemy vessels. Under the command of Tran Hung Dao, the Vietnamese routed three hundred thousand Mongolians in 1288. More than a century later a giant tortoise rose from the bottom of Hoan Kiem Lake with a magic sword in its mouth, and Le Loi grasped the weapon and led Vietnam to victory over the Chinese. For two millennia the Vietnamese fought for national unification and independence—against China for well over a thousand years, against France for a hundred, against Japan during World War II, and eventually against the United States. In the face of such unrelenting resistance, many foreign soldiers came to believe that “the heart of the land itself” opposed their presence.1
Lyndon Johnson and the Roots of Contemporary Conservatism
Authors: Wicker Tom
Published: November 2023

By 1967, as the body count rose on both sides and the body bags piled up in America, the president’s promise of eventual victory seemed empty to millions of his countrymen, and his insistence that the war had to go on appeared stubborn, senseless, and, in a favorite word of the time, “unresponsive.” Nor did he or any of his associates ever make an adequate, coherent, believable case as to why the war had to be fought and an elusive victory endlessly pursued. By the end of his term, the man who just four years earlier had won an epic landslide over Barry Goldwater and who had confidently considered himself the heir to Franklin Roosevelt was so unpopular that he risked public embarrassment and even physical attack if he spoke anywhere but on a military base, where discipline could be enforced.
Everything Seemed Beautiful A Life in the Counterculture
Authors: Melton Barry
Published: November 2023

I first started coming to the San Francisco Bay Area during the spring and summer of 1964. I was supposed to have graduated high school that summer, just before my seventeenth birthday. But a motorcycle accident in my junior year put me in a hospital bed for many months and caused me to fall a full semester behind, so my graduation was delayed. While laid up in bed that summer of 1963, I read Jack Kerouac’s On the Road and Woody Guthrie’s Bound for Glory. And, more important, I somehow managed to get my parents to feel so bad that I spent my sixteenth birthday in the hospital, they reluctantly agreed that I could spend the entire summer of 1964 on the road with my guitar.
Politics as Art, Art as Politics: The Freedom Singers, the Living Theatre, and Public Performance
Authors: Martin Bradford
Published: November 2023

In June 1963, an audience of more than two thousand New Yorkers turned out to see a “Salute to Southern Freedom” benefit concert for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) at Carnegie Hall, featuring the SNCC Freedom Singers and gospel singer Mahalia Jackson. The Freedom Singers was a quartet of young African American vocalists, organized by SNCC for fund-raising purposes, that had debuted in a concert with Pete Seeger the previous November. Robert Shelton’s New York Times review of the concert hinted that the audience displayed an even greater interest in the Freedom Singers than the renowned Jackson, attributing this to the fact that the Freedom Singers’ songs “echoed with the immediacy of today’s headlines the integration battle in the South.” The Freedom Singers conveyed to its audiences the texture of the civil rights movement’s daily confrontations, Shelton noted, “in a stirring fashion, musically and morally.”1
The Contributions Of the Lesion Method to the Functional Neuroanatomy of Emotion
Authors: Damasio Antonio R , Adolphs, Ralph , Damasio H
Published: November 2023

Damage to the human brain has consequences for cognitive function, including emotional and social behavior. While the majority of impairments in brain function result from damage that is not focal, such as neurodegenerative disease or psychiatric disorders, there is a subset of cases that feature impaired processing of emotion as a result of focal damage in specific neural structures. It is these latter cases that are especially well suited to explore the relationships between particular structures and particular functions. Historically, investigations of brain-cognition relationships on the basis of focal brain damage have relied on single, or a small number, of rare case studies. In the ideal case, such studies of individuals can provide the opportunity to link impairments in a particular domain of cognitive function to damage in a single structure. The single-case approach is complemented with approaches that utilize larger sample sizes and that examine patterns shared across many subjects whose lesions share a common focus, even though those lesions may not be restricted to a single structure of interest. We briefly discuss some of these developments in the analysis of lesions, before reviewing their contribution to the field of emotion research. At the outset, it is important to bear in mind what the lesion method can and cannot demonstrate. Regardless of the specific methods used, inferences from impaired performances following brain damage always focus on the same conclusion: an inference regarding which structures are necessary to perform a given task. In most cases, the structures so revealed are only a subset of the structures that are sufficient to perform the task. This logic contrasts the lesion method with functional imaging of normal individuals. While functional imaging studies attempt to reveal all the structures that are engaged when normal subjects perform a certain task, the lesion method demonstrates which of these are critical, in the sense that normal performance is impossible in their absence.
Introduction: Emotion and Social Processes
Authors: Salovey Peter
Published: November 2023

To call this part in the Handbook of Affective Sciences “Emotion and Social Processes” is a bit misleading. The title implies that emotions as a phenomenon are distinct from social behavior but that the interested investigator can study the impact of affective processes on interpersonal interactions and vice versa. In fact, the emotions themselves are social processes. Emotions arise, in part, through interactions or anticipated interactions with others. They are part of the landscape of an organism’s social environment. As a scientist who asked why humans and other species express emotions in certain ways, Charles Darwin (1872/ 1998) can be seen as the first emotions theorist who offered a social explanation for the purpose of the affective system. His principle of serviceable habits articulated a view that emotional expressions reflect movements that were originally useful to our progenitors. These movements were often of a social nature—striking when angry, running away when fearful, mating when joyful, for example. Pairs of humans may bring their mouths together to kiss rather than share food, but in either case, associated emotions motivate distinctly social behaviors. Moreover, the signaling system that many scholars believe to be part of the function of emotions is social by definition. Darwin himself (1872/1998) only hinted at this communicative function for emotional expression, although other scholars following in his tradition have accorded it more importance. The idea is that, through facial expressions and bodily postures, humans and animals communicate to their conspecifics something important about impending social interactions. The baring of teeth in anger says, for instance, “See these fangs? If you continue to bother me, they could end up sunk into your flesh!” Although expressions may originate from physiological sensations and central nervous system (CNS) activity, that does not lessen their potentially important social function as communicative devices (see Ekman, 1998, for a fascinating personal account of the debate about expressions as reflecting internal changes in preparation for action, communication, or both). This essentially social nature of the emotional system is captured well by Ekman in his own influential theorizing about the functionality of emotion (e.g., the following passage from an imagined dialogue with anthropologist Gregory Bateson):
Introduction: Emotion and Psychopathology
Authors: Post Robert M
Published: November 2023

Given the complexity and exquisite regulation of emotion described in previous chapters, it is not surprising that emotional dysfunction lies at the core of a variety of psychopathological conditions. The syndromes of emotional dysregulation lie on a continuum of temporal characteristics, ranging from seconds/minutes (panic attacks) to hours/days (borderline personality disorder) to weeks/ months (unipolar and bipolar illness) to years/lifetime (schizophrenia and autism). The panic/anxiety disorders are characterized by paroxysmal episodes of panic, sometimes superimposed on more chronic components of dysphoria, agoraphobia, and depression. The marked mood lability of borderline personality disorder and its interdigitation with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) syndromes are typified by extremely rapid and major mood shifts. Included in this phasic dysregulation are prominent components of anxiety, depression, proneness to substance abuse, and chaotic experience of the self and relationships to others. The unipolar and bipolar affective disorders range from chronic dysthymia to irregular bursts of recurrent brief depression to minor and major depression to these conditions in the context of hypomania (bipolar II) and fullblown mania (bipolar I). This range of depressive and manic mood disorders is common in the general population and most typical of psychopathologies involving dysfunction of emotional regulation. The schizophrenias are more commonly associated with a persistent disconnection of affect from its appropriate context, and thus they present with prominent autistic components. In childhood autism itself there is an early and chronic breakdown of emotional communication that often involves an absence of normal language and affective responsiveness to others. Given this range of type and temporal dissimilarities among the major psychopathological syndromes of emotion, we chose to highlight in this part several of the more prominent syndromes and components that bridge diagnostic categories Although each of the chapters has a separate focus, it is worth emphasizing the constant interaction and interplay of cognition, emotion, and neurobiology that is important not only for understanding the psychological and neurobiological substrates of affective dysregulation but also for approaches to therapeutics that can also involve each of three domains (affective, cognitive, and somatic) as primary targets.
Physiological and Pharmacological Induction of Affect
Authors: Ketter Terence A , Wang Po W , Lembke, Anna , Sachs Nadia
Published: November 2023

Systematically provoking affects and studying the resulting phenomena is an important strategy in affective science. Such induction studies not only yield insights into mechanisms of feeling states experienced in health but also provide models for psychopathological states, which in some cases may differ clinically from healthy affects, primarily in duration, intensity, or reactivity. In this chapter we review physiological and pharmacological methods of inducing affects, with a focus on studies that combine these techniques with functional brain imaging to explore the cerebral processes that underlie affects. Affective processes are extremely complex and diverse. They vary in duration, frequency, quality, and intensity. One method of subtyping affects is by temporal domains, with emotions the briefest, moods intermediate, and temperaments the most sustained. These entities vary in several ways in addition to duration (Table 50.1). Thus emotions are brief (lasting seconds to minutes) experiences that are often intense, reactive to acute precipitants, and accompanied by autonomic arousal (increased heart rate and blood pressure), and they lead to actions. In contrast, moods are of longer duration (lasting hours to days) and somewhat less intense; they range from reactive to spontaneous, they may be accompanied by more subtle (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation) arousal, and they tend to result in cognitions. Temperaments are the most sustained (lasting years to decades) and generally the least intense; they are largely constitutional but can occasionally be modified by persistent experiential factors, they generally lack autonomic features, and they yield integrative styles of interacting with the environment. These temporal domains of affective experiences are related to one another; different temperaments yield predispositions to different moods, which in turn yieldtendencies to varying emotions. Influences also exist in the opposite direction, with intense emotional experiences inrapidsuccession yielding particular moods and repeated or chronic moods on occasion resulting in temperamental shifts. These domains may have different neurobiological substrates. Recent functional brain imaging evidence suggests that emotions may be mediated by phylogenetically older anterior paralimbic structures. Such structures have access to motor circuits and could thereby provide primitive, perceptually triggered, action-oriented affective processing. Moods may be related to more recent overlying prefrontal neocortical elements and could thus provide more refined, complexly (perceptual, mnemonic, cognitive) triggered, cognition-oriented affective processing.
Prologue the Middle Passage Blues
Authors: Emanuel James A
Published: November 2023

I can HYP-NO-TIZE myself rememberin’ Grandma’s chair; she had slave-girl mem’ries, and she rocked and hummed ‘em there: her daddy’s neck and legs in chains, his own vomit in his hairstories Grandma told me-she rocked and hum-m-med ‘em there: Great-grandpa’s neck and legs stretched out, with vomit in his hair; and suddenly I’m runnin’-runnin’-runnin’ through the town, faces spinnin’ round me while I’m runnin’ through the town, runnin’ with my feelin’s, tryin’ to run my feelin’s down, Grandma hummin-n-n-n at my feelin’s while I’m tryin’ to run ‘em down; till sudden y ... I see her chair, I feel she’s got my han’ and she’s sayin’ “When you grow up you be a Middle Passage man.”
The Middle Passage between History and Fiction Introductory Remarks
Authors: Gates Maria Diedrich Henry Louis , Pedersen Carl
Published: November 2023

In the aftermath of the failed 1848 revolutions in Europe, one of the leading members of the Russian radical intelligentsia, Alexander Herzen, summed up the mood of disillusionment and distrust of the idea of progress among many of the Russian intelligentsia in a striking passage in his tract From the Other Shore: “If humanity went straight to some goal,” he wrote, “there would be no history, only logic.”1 However, in the modern era, which arguably began with the encounter between Europe, Africa, and the Americas-and thus also with the beginning of the slave trade in the sixteenth century-the main trajectory of Western European thought seemed to aim straight toward “some goal” of human cultural progress, undergirded by the “logic” of unbridled economic development. Defenses of the slave system were based on discursive polarities that soothed the collective consciousness of Europeans. Eurocentric and hierarchical concepts of culture and, based on this Eumcentrism, the civilizing mission of Western European culture, relegated Africa to the subordinate position of the Dark Continent, which represented the fallen image of Europe’s past, and the Americas to the Virgin Land, which contained the hope for Europe’s future.
Patterns in the Transatlantic Slave Trade, 1662-1867 New Indications of African Origins of Slaves Arriving in the Americas
Authors: Richardson David Eltis David , Behrendt Stephen D
Published: November 2023

The publication in 1969 of Philip Curtin’s The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census is generally noted as a landmark in the historiogaphy of transatlantic slavery.1 Relying on published evidence, Curtin produced the first modern estimates of the volume of the transatlantic slave trade and of the regional distributions of slave departures from Africa and arrivals in the Americas. Since 1969, his work has been under close scrutiny, with various scholars producing new estimates of the British, French, Dutch, Portuguese, and other slave trades. Much of this new work, focused on the two centuries after 1660 when the transatlantic traffic in Africans peaked, has used archival shipping data unavailable to Curtin. Usually interpreted as more reliable than Curtin’s, the new findings have nevertheless tended to corroborate rather than challenge Curtin’s original estimates of the totals involved. The chief contributions of the new research have been in determinations of the temporal and geographic distribution of the trade, particularly in the patterns of slave departures from Africa.
The African American Concept of the Fantastic as Middle Passage
Authors: Christol Helene
Published: November 2023

The fantastic allows multiple cultural and literary intersections. With its multilayered functions and strategies, the African American fantastic text can be analyzed as the perfect illustration of what Gates defined in “Critics in the Jungle” as a multiterritorial text-milieu, occupying a “rhetorical space in at least two [and often more] canons.1 If, in addition, we consider Todorov’s now classical study of the fantastic and/or more recent transcultural and ethnological studies, we realize that the fantastic could be a crucial literary mode that reveals forgotten Middle Passages between Africa and America, mimesis and figuration, possibility and impossibility.
Voyage into the Heart of Africa Pauline Hopkins and of One Blood
Authors: Wallinger Hanna
Published: November 2023

Reuel Briggs, the protagonist of Pauline Hopkins’s Of One Blood, a serial novel published between 1902 and 1903, discovers that “[i]n the heart of Africa was a knowledge of science that all the wealth and learning of modern times could not emulate.”1 This statement surely stirred the interest of the late-nineteenth-century reader, who was trained to regard Africa as uncivilized and savage. It was startling because it spoke of a racial pride that the average colored American was not then used to hearing. In this essay I will put Reuel Briggs’s and Hopkins’s “heart of Africa” into context and read Of One Blood as a contribution to the concept of “Ethiopianism,” in terms taken from the discussion of colonialist literature, and against the background of the dominant postReconstruction racial and scientific discourse.
African Americans in Africa: Black Missionaries and the “Congo Atrocities,” 1890-1910
Authors: Fi.illberg-Stolberg Katja
Published: November 2023

The “Congo atrocities” were one of the most brutal events in Africa’s colonial history. William Henry Sheppard, an African American missionary of the American Presbyterian Congo Mission (APCM) was among the first to speak out against these atrocities, thus playing a major role in the African American confrontation with European colonialism in Africa. The Congo Mission was founded in 1890 in the Democratic Republic of Congo which, from 1885 until its independence in 1960, was part of the European colonial empires, first as the Congo Free State, and, since 1908, as Congo Belge. The history of the APCM exemplifies the role African Americans played in the United States’s involvement in Africa at the turn of the century and sheds light on the American economic and social interests in Central Africa at this time.
Hypochondriasis and Personality Disturbance
Authors: Hollifield Michael
Published: November 2023

There is evidence that hypochondriasis is associated with many “attitudes,” personality traits, and personality disorders. This evidence comes from descriptive and theoretical literature and from empirical findings. However, both the quality and the strength of the relationship between hypochondriasis and personality disturbance are not well understood. This is so in part because most of the data about the subject is descriptive or comes from cross-sectional research.
Degrees Of Freedom
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

You have returned from Cherbourg and are relaxing in your office at the Washington Metropolitan Field Office of the Federal Bureau of Investigation located on 1900 Half Street, Washington, D.C. Very few people know your office exists because its door is cleverly disguised as an elevator bearing a perpetual “out-of-order” sign.

Inside, on the back of your door, is the colorful FBI seal and motto “Fidelity, Bravery, Integrity.” The peaked beveled edge circumscribing the seal symbolizes the severe challenges confronting the FBI and the rugged­ ness of the organization.
Extremes Analyses of Observed Temperament Dimensions
Authors: Manke Beth , Saudino Kimberly J , Grant Julia D
Published: November 2023

The bulk of genetic research on temperament suggests that individual differences in shyness, behavioral inhibition, affect-extroversion, activity, and task orientation are genetically influenced (see Goldsmith, 1983, Plomin, 1987 for reviews). Estimates of heritability for these temperamental dimensions fall in the moderate range (.20–40). Even though genetic influences on individual differences in temperament are well documented, behavioral genetic work in the area of temperament is far from complete. In fact, several important areas have yet to be explored. Little, if any, research on temperament has investigated the etiology of high and low extreme group membership. That is, we have yet to examine why, as a group, individuals who score high or low on measures of temperament are, on average, so different from the mean of the population.
Parental Ratings of Temperament in Twins
Authors: Saudino Kimberly J , Cherny Stacey S
Published: November 2023

Parental ratings offer a number of advantages to the researcher interested in studying temperament in infants or young children. Because parents know their children well and spend much time with them, they are able to provide valuable information about their child’s typical behaviors across many situations. As compared to behavioral observations, which typically involve brief samples of behavior, parental ratings are based on more extensive behavioral sampling and therefore avoid potential problems associated with situational influences. In addition, parental rating scales are inexpensive, easy to administer, and display good psychometric properties in terms of reliability and internal consistency (Goldsmith et al., 1991; Hubert et al., 1982; Slabach et al., 1991). Therefore, it is not surprising that parental rating measures are the most common method of assessing temperament in infancy and childhood.
Reactions to Restraint and Anger-Related Expressions during the Second Year
Authors: Emde Robert N , Robinson Joann L , Corley Robin P , Nikkari Diana , Zahn-Waxler Carolyn
Published: November 2023

Anger expressions in infancy have been described in a variety of different measurement contexts, including arm restraint (Camras et al., 1992; Fox, 1989; Stenberg & Campos, 1990); a stranger’s approach (Fox & Davidson, 1988); ex tinction of instrumental learning (Lewis et al., 1990); cookie withdrawal (Sten berg et al., 1983); frustration of needs and dressing restrictions (Klinnert et al., 1984); play (Goodenough, 1931); and socialization experiences with parents (Miller & Sperry, 1987; Radke-Yarrow & Kochanska, 1990). Controversy re mains, however, as to whether anger is best regarded as a discrete, biologically based response system. Thus, on the one hand, some programmatic researchers find it useful to take a discrete emotions point of view of anger in infancy (Emde et al., 1985; Fischer & Tangney, 1995; Izard et al., 1980; Goldsmith & Campos, 1982). On the other hand, some researchers favor a constructivist view of anger. Anger might better be regarded as a response system that is socially and cognitively constructed from an arousal of general distress that occurs in particular contexts. Stein and Levine (1990), for example, point out that both anger and sadness can be elicited by similar situations. In their view, anger is expressed because an individual refuses to accept being in a state of unexpected loss or failure—a view that bears some similarities to the more general constructionist views of Averill (1979) and Mandler (1990).
Galactic Winds, Starburst Superwinds, And The Epoch Of Galaxy Formation
Authors: Hartquist T W , Dyson J E , Ruffle D P
Published: November 2023

In a spiral galaxy, like the Milky Way, most optically bright material is in a disk. However, such a galaxy does contain matter in regions high above the disk. Those regions constitute the halo of a galaxy. Gas heated in supernova remnants can escape into the halo of a galaxy and possibly flow out as a galactic wind. Observations of the absorption of ultraviolet radiation emitted by high-mass stars in the halo of the Milky Way reveal the presence of moderately to highly charged ions far above the Galaxy’s disk. X-ray emission from the halos of galaxies similar to ours shows that they also contain such species. Extended distributions of neutral clouds as well as charged ions around galaxies may account for the origin of many of the “narrow” absorption features detected in the spectra of quasistellar objects and other active galaxies, some of which are the most distant objects to have been discovered (cf. section 10.2). Some of the properties of these narrow absorption features most likely provide clues about the formation and evolution of galaxies. They may even give some insight into the global properties of the Universe.
Active Galaxies And Their Nuclei
Authors: Hartquist T W , Dyson J E , Ruffle D P
Published: November 2023

At a conference held in Manchester in 1984, Bernard Pagel aptly paraphrased George Orwell by commenting that”all galaxies are active, but some are more active than others.” Activity in galaxies manifests itself in a variety of ways. For example, in section 9.6, we described the starburst phenomenon that can lead to the generation of superwinds. In this chapter, we will concentrate on activity (including winds and jets) occurring in the nuclear regions lying within several hundred light years or so of the centers of the galaxies.
Some Other Windy And Explosive Sources
Authors: Hartquist T W , Dyson J E , Ruffle D P
Published: November 2023

Though in previous chapters we have addressed a large variety of astronomical objects and phenomena, we have by no means examined all of the types of environments in which winds and explosions occur. The present chapter contains brief descriptions of several classes of windy and explosive sources upon which we have either touched only briefly or which we have not yet mentioned. In the closing section of chapter 5 on low-mass young stellar objects, we gave some hint that outflows from such sources are not continuous. However, we did not examine the FU Orionis phenomenon, named after the prototypical source in which it occurs. The FU Orionis phase is one of exceptionally high brightness and mass loss for a LMYSO.
Natural Selection and Social Theory
Authors: Trivers Robert
Published: November 2023

Robert Trivers is one of the leading figures pioneering the field of sociobiology. For Natural Selection and Social Theory, he has selected eleven of his most influential papers, including several classic papers from the early 1970s on the evolution of reciprocal altruism, parent-offspring conflicts and asymmetry in sexual selection, which helped to establish the centrality of sociobiology, as well as some of his later work on deceit in signalling, sex antagonistic genese, and imprinting. Trivers introduces each paper, setting them in their contemporary context, and critically evaluating them in the light of subsequent work and further developments. The result is a unique portrait of the intellectual development of sociobiology, with valuable insights of interest to evolutionary biology, anthropology, and psychology.
Prologue
Authors: Barondes Samuel H
Published: November 2023

Every aspect of human behavior, from the conventional to the bizarre, reflects both personal experiences and inherited inclinations. Until recently, we mainly paid attention to the experiential component because its effects, being so obvious, seemed far more important. But this is changing as scientists have learned to go beyond vaguely defined “inherited inclinations” to their very specific and tangible underpinnings-the genes themselves. Since the discovery of DNA, a powerful technology has been developed to scrutinize exact differences in the genes of individual people and to relate them to many attributes, such as vulnerabilities to various diseases. Now this same approach is being applied to hunt for DNA variations that play a role in “the affiiction[s] of insanity”-afilictions that once seemed so heavily influenced by life experiences that genetic studies didn’t seem very worthwhile.
A Single Morbid Process?
Authors: Barondes Samuel H
Published: November 2023

Throughout the twentieth century, attempts to understand manic-depressive illness have themselves swung between poles established by the two great founders of modern psychiatry. Born in the same year, 1856, trained in medicine at a time when it was just beginning to establish itself on a scientific footing, they have each left a rich legacy. So great was their influence that both are included in a recent book on the hundred most influential scientists: one of them, Emil Kraepelin, ranked 92 (of all scientists, ever) and the other, Sigmund Freud, a stratospheric 6 (Isaac Newton is ranked 1, and Charles Darwin 4). But despite their shared eminence, these two pioneers had very different views of manic-depression. Freud was mainly interested in it as an example of a particularly intense battle of internal psychological forces, and paid little attention to the evidence that it might reflect an inherited “ somatic affection ”.
From Peas to People
Authors: Barondes Samuel H
Published: November 2023

The reason William Bateson could so quickly make the leap from peas to people is that he knew about Archibald Garrod’s work with alkaptonuria (AKU), the black urine and black joint disease that I first mentioned in discussing Michael’s family. In making this leap Bateson helped put the seemingly mysterious processes of human heredity on a scientific footing by showing that certain human traits, such as AKU, were transmitted as reliably as the colors of flowers. For Bateson had realized that the only difference between the study of heredity in peas and in people is that peas could be bred in whatever combinations and numbers the experimenter desired, whereas human matings were arranged in other ways. But the rules of hereditary transmission were the same.
Hunting Without a Map
Authors: Barondes Samuel H
Published: November 2023

When the idea of using structural variations in human DNA (such as riflips) as markers was formally proposed in 1980, the immediate goal was to make a map of every human chromosome to guide the hunt for genes related to inherited diseases. But some scientists became impatient with this methodical approach, which might delay medically relevant discoveries for many years. An alternative was to try at once to establish linkage between a disease locus and whatever markers were already available, even though they covered only limited regions of a few chromosomes. The task would be like hunting for a suspect somewhere in the United States with fragmentary maps of just a few cities. Should the hunters get lucky, the suspect would happen to be hiding in one of those known places. Were he anywhere else, he wouldelude them. Among the most ardent advocates of going forward without delay was David Housman, then a young assistant professor of biology at MIT. He had learned about the riflip approach from conversations with one of its inventors, David Botstein, whose laboratory was next door to his.
Ana’S Family
Authors: Barondes Samuel H
Published: November 2023

The image most Americans have of Costa Rica is of a luxuriantly tropical vacation spot-not the sort of place that would lend itself to systematic psychiatric research. Yet this tiny country has provided us with exceptionally valuable knowledge about an extended family whose pedigree is riddled with manic-depressive illness, opening an important path in the hunt for mood genes. Identification of this family came about through a search for help by a concerned relative I will call Ana. BORN IN COSTA RICA to wealthy and intellectual parents, Ana was raised in great comfort and received an international education. Tall and fair, she has a dazzling smile, an infectious vivacity, and an obvious intelligence. While traveling in Europe she met and married a shy American engineer, Richard, with whom she settled in a suburb of New York City. In time, some other members of her family also moved to the United States, but most remained in Costa Rica, where Ana visited frequently.
Both Good Seed and Bad
Authors: Barondes Samuel H
Published: November 2023

The widely held view of genetic diseases is that they are caused by “bad seeds”-alleles that lead to disability and suffering and even death. But this simple view does not hold for all alleles that contribute to or cause genetic diseases. In many instances such alleles may also confer substantial benefits in particular circumstances. Should they have a positive net effect on the reproductive success of those who carry them, more and more children would be born with these alleles. They might, in fact, become quite common-and some of them do.