bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Reliability of Endoscopic Examination in Assessment of Arytenoid Cartilage Movement in Horses Part II. Influence of Side of Examination, Reexamination, and Sedation
Authors: DUCHARME N. G. , HACKETT R. P. , FUBINI S. L. , ERB H. N.
Published: February 2008

Twenty Thoroughbred and Standardbred horses underwent endoscopic evaluation of arytenoid cartilage movement twice within 1 week. Each time, a flexible endoscope was passed without sedation through the right nostril and the left nostril, and through the right nostril 5 minutes after administration of xylazine hydrochloride (0.55 mg/kg or 1.1 mg/kg intravenously). Laryngeal cartilage movement was videorecorded. All videotaped images were reviewed by three veterinarians and subjectively placed in one of four grades. The intraobserver agreement rate varied from 52.6% for examination under sedation with 1.1 mg/kg of xylazine to 89.5% for unsedated reexamination through the left nostril. The effect of the various observations on median laryngeal grade was calculated. Examination under xylazine hydrochloride at either dosage yielded a change in median laryngeal grade from the unsedated examination in 45% of the evaluations. Reevaluation through the right or left nostril resulted in a different median laryngeal grade in 21% and 5% of the examinations, respectively. Objective measurements of the rima glottidis obtained by computer‐assisted morphometric analysis of the recorded laryngeal images allowed laryngeal images to be dichotomized regardless of the condition of endoscopic examination. Endoscopic evaluation of laryngeal cartilage movement is subjective and is influenced by sedation with xylazine, evaluation through the alternate nostril, and different day of examination. The most consistent evaluation was obtained during repeated examination through the left nostril.
The Power of a Statistical Test What Does Insignificance Mean?
Authors: MARKEL MARK D.
Published: February 2008

In statistical testing of data, the p value is a standard measure for reporting quantitative results. When a significant difference is reported, (e.g., P < .05), most readers understand that there is less than a 5% chance that the authors have made a type I error (false positive or a) with their conclusion. In contrast, when nonsignificant differences between treatments, groups, or parameters of interest are reported (e.g., P > .05), many investigators and readers incorrectly interpret the 95% confidence interval for this conclusion as a 95% chance of making the correct decision. In fact, the α level of significance (in this example, .05) is only one of the parameters that determines the probability of committing a type II error (false negative or β) when concluding statistical insignificance. Statistical power is the probability of having made a correct decision when the statistical tests reveal insignificance (P > .05) and the null hypothesis is true. The higher the power, the greater the chance that the decision is correct. Power depends on the α level of significance, the sample size, the standard deviation of the population or the sample, and the magnitude of the difference the investigators are trying to demonstrate.
Postoperative Catecholamine Response to Onychectomy in Isoflurane‐anesthetized Cats Effect of Analgesics
Authors: BENSON G. J. , WHEATON L. G. , THURMON J. C. , TRANQUILLI W. J. , OLSON W. A. , DAVIS C. A.
Published: February 2008

Twenty‐four healthy adult cats were anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen. Six cats (group 1) served as controls; onychectomy of the forefeet was performed in the other three groups. Saline was administered intravenously to group 1, and morphine, xylazine, and salicylate were administered to groups 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Mixed venous blood samples were drawn for catecholamine analysis before induction of anesthesia, after recovery from anesthesia, and 30 minutes and 60 minutes after administration of the analgesic agent. Plasma catecholamine concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Isoflurane anesthesia alone induced a transient increase in epinephrine concentration. Norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations increased significantly after onychectomy. Morphine and xylazine significantly decreased postoperative norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations; salicylate did not.
A Comparison of Surgical Training with Live Anesthetized Dogs and Cadavers
Authors: CARPENTER LARRY G. , PIERMATTEI DONALD L. , SALMAN MOWAFAK D. , ORTON E. CHRISTOPHER , NELSON A. WENDELL , SMEAK DANIEL D. , JENNINGS PAUL B. , TAYLOR ROBERT A.
Published: February 2008

Cadavers were compared with live anesthetized dogs for their effectiveness as models for surgical training of veterinary medical students. One group of students was trained using cadavers, and a peer group was trained using live anesthetized dogs. Both groups then performed an intestinal anastomosis using a live subject. The time to completion of the procedure was recorded. The anastomoses and celiotomy closures were evaluated. Each anastomosis was isolated and pressure tested. Reviewers blindly scored each surgical team's performance based on actual inspection of the surgical site and on viewing videotapes of the procedure. The participants' attitudes toward the use of live animals in teaching and research were documented before and after training. No statistically significant differences could be detected between the two groups. The results suggest that some substitution of cadavers for live dogs in surgical training might be feasible.
Desmotomy of the Accessory Ligament of the Superficial Digital Flexor Muscle in Equine Cadaver Limbs
Authors: SHOEMAKER R. STUART , BERTONE ALICIA L. , MOHAMMAD LOUAY N. , ARMS STEVEN W.
Published: February 2008

Effects of longitudinal compression before and after transection of the accessory ligament of the superifical digital flexor (SDF) muscle were measured in eight equine cadaver forelimbs. When compression was increased from 890 N to 3115 N, the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and carpal joints hyperextended 20° and 4°, respectively, and strain in the SDF and deep digital flexor tendons was increased 3.5% and 1.4%, respectively. The accessory ligament did not elongate. Immediately after transection of the accessory ligament at 3115 N load, a 2.8 mm gap formed between the transected ends of the accessory ligament, and the muscle belly of the SDF elongated and moved distad. The MCP joint hyperextended 15.8% further and strain of the SDF tendon increased 11.2% further. These results show that the accessory ligament transferred load in the SDF musculotendinous unit away from the muscle belly and that desmotomy altered this function. Decrease in the MCP joint angle indicated that the accessory ligament contributed to the support of the MCP joint under load. Increase in SDF strain after desmotomy was probably influenced by the change in the moment about the MCP joint and increased length of the SDF musculotendinous unit.
Surgical Correction of Strictures of the Large Colon in Three Horses
Authors: ROSE P. L. , SCHUMACHER J. , TAYLOR T. S.
Published: February 2008

An extensive stricture of the left dorsal colon in a Thoroughbred colt was resected and the colon was anastomosed. In two horses, circumferential strictures at the pelvic flexure 2.5 to 3 cm long were corrected with a modified Heineke‐Mikulicz pyloroplasty technique. The horses were reported to be doing well at 6, 8, and 45 months, respectively.
Force Plate Analysis of Triple Pelvic Osteotomy for the Treatment of Canine Hip Dysplasia
Authors: McLAUGHLIN RON M. , MILLER CRAIG W. , TAVES CONNIE L. , HEARN TREVOR C. , PALMER NIGEL C. , ANDERSON GAIL I.
Published: February 2008

Triple pelvic osteotomy was performed in 15 dogs with bilateral hip dysplasia. Ten dogs were treated bilaterally and five dogs were treated unilaterally. Ten untreated dogs with normal hips served as controls. Force plate analysis, lameness evaluation, and radiography were performed before surgery and at weeks 5, 10, 15, and 28. Three dogs treated unilaterally were euthanatized and the hips were examined grossly and microscopically. Force plate data indicated that young dysplastic dogs transmitted significantly less vertical force through the hip joints than normal dogs. The force transmitted through treated hips reached or approached control levels by week 28 and was significantly greater than the force transmitted through untreated hips. Clinical lameness resolved in 92% of limbs and progression of radiographically detectable degenerative joint disease was minimal. Gross and microscopic degenerative changes in the articular cartilage were similar in the treated and untreated hips. The synovial membrane was less reactive in treated hips.
Effects of Chlorhexidine Gluconate and Chlorous Acid‐Chlorine Dioxide on Equine Fibroblasts and Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: REDDING W. RICH , BOOTH LARRY C.
Published: February 2008

Equine fibroblasts and Staphylococcus aureus were exposed for 30 minutes to six dilutions of chlorhexidine gluconate, a chlorous acid‐chlorine dioxide irrigation solution, a chlorous acid‐chlorine dioxide disinfectant, and phosphate buffered saline controls. Cell viability was determined by trypsinizing the cells, staining them with trypan blue, and counting cells that did not take the stain. All fibroblasts were killed when exposed to 1.0% and 0.5% chlorhexidine. The survival rate of fibroblasts increased linearly with decreasing concentrations of chlorhexidine gluconate, with a peak survival of 50% at 0.005% chlorhexidine. The chlorous acid‐chlorine dioxide irrigation solution was the least toxic to fibroblasts, with survival rates equivalent to those of controls. The chlorous acid‐chlorine dioxide disinfectant was 100% cytotoxic even when diluted 1:1 with phosphate buffered saline. S. aureus growth was inhibited by 1.0% and 0.5% chlorhexidine gluconate; concentrations of 0.05%, 0.01%, and 0.005% did not differ from sterile water controls. The chlorous acid‐chlorine dioxide irrigation solution did not inhibit growth of S. aureus in brain‐heart infusion broth. The chlorous acid‐chlorine dioxide disinfectant inhibited growth of S. aureus.
Serum Levels of Type III Procollagen Peptide in Equidae before and after Intestinal Ischemia
Authors: WHITEHAIR KAREN J. , PARKER JILL E. , SMITH GERALD N. , ADAMS STEPHEN B. , BOTTOMS GERALD B.
Published: February 2008

Serum levels of type III procollagen peptide (P‐III‐P) were measured by radioimmunoassay in clinically normal adult ponies (n = 15) and horses (n = 10). The mean serum levels of P‐III‐P from the ponies, 10.4 ± 2.9 (SD) ng/mL, and the horses, 12.2 ± 2.6 (SD) ng/mL, were not significantly different. Segments of jejunum were made ischemic to induce fibrous peritoneal adhesions in two ponies, and serum P‐III‐P levels were measured on days 4, 5, 7, 14, and 21. An exploratory celiotomy on day 21 revealed that the ischemic injury had induced fibrosis of the mesentery and bowel, but no adhesions had formed. The fibrotic mesentery contained type III collagen. The highest mean serum level of P‐III‐P, 23.0 ± 3.5 (SD) ng/mL on day 7, was more than 4 SD above the mean from the normal ponies. There was a significant difference in the serum P‐III‐P levels in the ponies on days 0 (7.1 ± 1.6 ng/mL) and 7 (23.0 ± 3.5 ng/mL). Serum levels of P‐III‐P may be useful to study fibrosis associated with intestinal ischemia.
Leiomyoma of the Small Colon in a Horse
Authors: HAVEN MICHELLE L. , ROTTMAN JAMES B. , BOWMAN KARL F.
Published: February 2008

A leiomyoma of the small colon was discovered incidentally in a 4‐year‐old Thoroughbred gelding during colic surgery to correct large colon displacement. The mass and 20 cm of small colon were resected, and an end‐to‐end anastomosis was performed. A postoperative fecal impaction proximal to the anastomosis responded after 5 days to administration of intravenous fluids, analgesics, and stool softeners.
Closed System Delivery of Halothane and Isoflurane with a Vaporizer in the Anesthetic Circle
Authors: BEDNARSKI RICHARD M. , MUIR WILLIAM W.
Published: February 2008

Forty‐four healthy dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy were anesthetized with halothane or isoflurane delivered with an in‐circuit vaporizer with closed system flow rates or an out‐of‐circuit vaporizer with semi‐closed system flow rates. When dogs were anesthetized with halothane, there were no differences in heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, respiratory rate, or lingual venous pH, Pco2, or Po2 during induction and maintenance. Lingual venous Po2 was significantly less but still within a clinically acceptable range when isoflurane was used in an in‐circuit vaporizer. Recovery times tended to be longer with in‐circuit vaporizers. The amount of anesthetic used was not affected by vaporizer location. In‐circuit vaporizers were suitable for delivery of halothane or isoflurane to healthy dogs.
Gastric Conduit Urinary Diversion in Normal Dogs Part I, Upper Urinary Tract Structure, Function, and Sepsis
Authors: McLOUGHLIN MARY A. , WALSHAW RICHARD , THOMAS MICHAEL W. , DUNSTAN ROBERT W.
Published: February 2008

The urinary bladder of 10 clinically normal dogs was excised and the ureters were implanted into an isolated, vagotomized gastric segment derived from the fundic region of the stomach. The gastric segment was closed to form a conduit. Continence was maintained with a modified Kock “nipple valve” created from an isolated segment of ileum. Four dogs were euthanatized by day 30 because of complications related to the early onset of renal failure and electrolyte alterations. Six dogs were euthanatized on day 150. Ureteral dilatation, hydronephrosis, and decreased endogenous creatinine clearance rates were measured in all dogs at the end of the survival period. Pyelonephritis was diagnosed histologically in seven dogs. Positive renal cultures were obtained from seven dogs at necropsy. It was concluded that gastric conduit urinary diversion is unsatisfactory for long‐term or short‐term clinical use in dogs.
Atracurium as an Adjunct to Halothane‐Oxygen Anesthesia in a Llama Undergoing Intraocular Surgery A Case Report
Authors: DONALDSON L. L. , HOLLAND M. , KOCH S. A.
Published: February 2008

Atracurium (0.2 mg/kg intravenously [IV]) was administered to a llama anesthetized with halothane in oxygen, to insure immobilization of the globe during intraocular surgery. Recovery of neuromuscular function was facilitated by administration of edrophonium (0.5 mg/kg IV).
Partial or Total Hemipelvectomy in the Management of Sarcomas in Nine Dogs and Two Cats
Authors: STRAW R. C. , WITHROW S. J. , POWERS B. E.
Published: February 2008

The functional results of partial or total hemipelvectomy in seven dogs and two cats with sarcomas involving the pelvis were excellent, and the cosmetic outcome was acceptable to all owners. Tumors in two dogs were inoperable. Locally recurrent cancer occurred in two animals and metastases occurred in three animals. Three dogs survived longer than 2.5 years and the overall and disease‐free survival at 12 months was 62%. It appears that osteosarcoma of the pelvis is at least as aggressive as osteosarcoma of limbs and, unless effective adjuvant therapy is used, poorer survival results are likely in dogs with osteosarcoma than with other sarcomas of the pelvis. Hemipelvectomy is an aggressive surgical procedure that can be used successfully in selected dogs and cats with cancer involving the pelvis.
Complete Excision of a Fractured Fourth Metatarsal Bone in Eight Horses
Authors: BAXTER GARY M. , DORAN RICHARD E. , ALLEN DOUGLAS
Published: February 2008

Proximal open comminuted fractures of the fourth metatarsal bone (Mt IV) in eight horses were treated by complete removal of the affected bone and antimicrobial therapy. Two horses had concurrent septic arthritis of the tarsocrural or distal tarsal articulations, and five horses had radiographic evidence of osteomyelitis and sequestration of the affected bone. Five horses became athletically sound for their intended use, two horses with septic arthritis had residual lameness but were pasture sound, and one horse was lost to follow‐up. Excision of the entire bone appears to be an acceptable treatment of open comminuted fractures of the proximal one‐third of Mt IV that do not respond to more conservative modes of therapy.
Evaluation of Canine Cortical Bone Graft Remodeling
Authors: JOHNSON ANN L. , EURELL JO ANN C. , SCHAEFFER DAVID J.
Published: February 2008

A stable cortical bone fracture model was developed to evaluate the remodeling rate of cortical bone grafts. Samples of cortical bone were harvested with a trephine and press fit into predrilled holes in the femoral diaphyses of four live dogs. The percentages of new bone, unremodeled graft bone, porosity, forming bone surface area, and resorbing bone surface area were determined morphometrically and compared in cortical autografts, cortical allografts sterilized with 84% ethylene oxide (EO), and allografts sterilized with 12% EO. The host‐graft interfaces healed without formation of fibrous tissue or cartilage, indicating a stable fracture surface. The amount of new bone formed in cortical autografts and allografts sterilized with 84% EO was significantly greater than the amount of new bone in allografts sterilized with 12% EO. There was no significant difference between the amounts of new bone formed in the allografts sterilized with 84% EO and the cortical autografts. No significant differences were detected in percentages of porosity or bone surface areas.
Effects of 5% and 10% Guaifenesin Infusion on Equine Vascular Endothelium
Authors: HERSCHL M. ANN , TRIM CYNTHIA M. , MAHAFFEY EDWARD A.
Published: February 2008

Twelve horses of various breeds and either sex were anesthetized with xylazine and ketamine injected into a median or lateral thoracic vein. During anesthesia, with the horse in sternal recumbency, a 14‐gauge, 8.9 cm catheter was inserted into each jugular vein by using aseptic technique. Guaifenesin in water (100 mg/kg or a maximum dose of 50 grams) was infused into one jugular vein and an equal volume of 0.9% saline solution was infused into the other jugular vein. Seven horses received 10% guaifenesin, and five horses received 5% guaifenesin. The catheters were removed before the horses recovered from anesthesia. The horses were euthanatized approximately 48 hours later, and the jugular veins were removed for histologic examination. Adherent thrombus material was observed in all veins exposed to 10% guaifenesin and in one vein exposed to 5% guaifenesin. No evidence of thrombus was observed in four veins infused with 5% guaifenesin or in those infused with saline solution. These findings are of particular significance with horses at increased risk for thrombosis or thrombophlebitis.
Internal Skeletal Fixation Using a Kirschner Apparatus for Stabilization of Fracture/Luxations of the Lumbosacral Joint in Six Dogs: A Modification of the Transilial Pin Technique
Authors: ULLMAN SHARON L. , BOUDRIEAU RANDY J.
Published: February 2008

A technique using a modification of the transilial pin technique for stabilization of fracture/ luxations of the lumbosacral joint was performed in six dogs. This technique used an internal skeletal fixator composed of two transilial pins secured with two double fixator clamps. Collapse (shortening) of the seventh lumbar vertebra (L7) was observed in five dogs without compromise of the vertebral canal. Kirschner wires placed across the articular facets as supplemental fixation devices migrated to the subcutaneous tissues in two dogs and were easily removed. Migration of the internal fixators was not observed during healing; vertebral canal dimensions were maintained in all cases, and the internal fixators were not removed after resolution of fracture healing. All fractures were healed within 6 to 12 weeks of surgery without evidence of pain, neurologic impairment, or long‐term complications.
Thiamylal‐Sparing Effect of Midazolam for Canine Endotracheal Intubation A Clinical Study of 118 Dogs
Authors: GREENE STEPHEN A. , BENSON G. JOHN , HARTSFIELD SANDEE M.
Published: February 2008

One hundred eighteen dogs were studied at three veterinary teaching hospitals after the administration of midazolam (0.1 mg/kg, intravenously [IV]) or a placebo. Midazolam and placebo treatments were randomized and blinded to the investigators. The dose of thiamylal required for tracheal intubation 3 to 5 minutes after midazolam or placebo was calculated. The dose of thiamylal at the three hospitals was 10.6,9.8, and 10.1 mg/kg IV after midazolam, and 12.1,11.2, and 11.6 mg/kg IV after placebo. Pooled data from the three hospitals yielded a significant (p < .001) decrease in mean IV thiamylal dose after midazolam (10.2 mg/kg) compared with placebo (11.6 mg/kg). Overall, there was a 12% decrease in the dose of thiamylal required for tracheal intubation after midazolam compared to that after the placebo. The thiamylal dose was significantly (p < .001) decreased after midazolam compared with placebo for dogs weighing more than 15 kg but not for dogs weighing less than 15 kg.
Blood Gas Tensions, Acid‐base Status, Heart Rates, and Venous Profiles in Exercising Horses with Laryngeal Hemiplegia Before and After Corrective Surgery
Authors: TATE L. P. , CORBETT W. T. , BISHOP B. J. , FOREMAN J. H.
Published: February 2008

The physiologic effects of exercise were studied in four horses with complete laryngeal hemiplegia. Right carotid arteries were surgically elevated to a subcutaneous position for percutaneous catheterization. Each horse was fitted with a device designed to obtain multiple arterial samples while the horse was exercised over a 1.6‐km course. After each horse completed 10 test gallops, the laryngeal hemiplegia was treated using a laryngeal prothesis and ventriculectomy. The horses were then reconditioned, and the exercise test and sampling were repeated. Horses with laryngeal hemiplegia became acidotic, hypoxic, and hypercapnic compared to normal horses. Surgical treatment improved blood gas and acid‐base status, but the values were not equivalent to those in normal horses similarly tested.
Parenteral Anticholinergics in Dogs With Normal and Elevated Intraocular Pressure
Authors: FRISCHMEYER KAREN J. , MILLER PAUL E. , BELLAY YVONNE , SMEDES STEPHANIE L. , BRUNSON DAVID B.
Published: February 2008

Dogs given parenteral anticholinergic drugs have been thought to be at risk for development or exacerbation of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). In a randomized, blinded, placebo‐controlled study, we evaluated the effect of intramuscular glycopyrrolate (0.01 mg/kg) on pupil diameter and IOP in unanesthetized normal dogs. Treatment with glycopyrrolate did not change pupil diameter or IOP from baseline, nor were there differences between glycopyrrolate and saline‐treated (control) dogs. In addition, the authors retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 2,828 dogs undergoing general anesthesia between April 1987 and September 1990 to determine if there was an association between parenteral anticholinergic medication and postanesthetic elevation in IOP. The authors also determined the frequency of bradycardia requiring anticholinergic therapy during anesthesia in dogs with glaucoma. Of the 2,828 cases reviewed, the records of 46 dogs coded for glaucoma were examined in detail. The 46 dogs underwent 62 episodes of anesthesia, with 23 episodes including exposure to an anticholinergic drug. An increase in IOP from preanesthetic to postanesthetic measurement occurred in three dogs. One of these dogs received anticholinergic medication for bradycardia during anesthesia. The postanesthetic elevation in IOP in this dog was probably not drug related. Preanesthetic anticholinergic administration did not affect the incidence of anticholinergic administration for bradycardia during the anesthetic episode. Anticholinergic therapy during anesthesia was more frequent when the preanesthetic medication included an opiate drug. These studies do not indicate an association between parenteral anticholinergic administration and elevations in IOP.
Intraosseous Cannulation and Drug Administration for Induction of Anesthesia in Chickens
Authors: VALVERDE ALEXANDER , BIENZLE DOROTHEE , SMITH DALE A , DYSON DORIS H. , VALLIANT ANNE E.
Published: February 2008

Twenty‐four chickens were randomly assigned to one of three treatments (ketamine, 30 mg/ kg; thiopental, 20 mg/kg; saline, 0.8 mL). Baseline data (heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, and cloacal temperature) were recorded before ulnar intraosseous cannulation and administration of drug treatment and for 30 minutes after administration. One investigator, unaware of the treatment administered, assessed the reaction to cannulation, number of attempts per cannulation, reaction to injection, time to induction and recovery, and quality of induction and recovery. Respiratory rate increased significantly (p < .05) from baseline after thiopental. Other parameters did not vary within groups or between groups. Most birds did not react or had a mild reaction to cannulation and injection, and on average fewer than two attempts were necessary. Quality of recovery was significantly (p < .05) better after thiopental. Time to recovery was significantly (p < .05) shorter after thiopental. No major histopathologic changes were noted in bone marrow samples from the injection site. This study demonstrates that the intraosseous route may be used to induce anesthesia in chickens, and that minimal changes in the variables studied were produced by ketamine and thiopental.
Cystourethropexy to Correct Refractory Urinary Incontinence Due to Urethral Sphincter Mechanism Incompetence Preliminary Results in Ten Bitches
Authors: MASSAT BRUNO J. , GREGORY CLARE R. , LING GERALD V. , CARDINET GEORGE H. , LEWIS ERNEST L.
Published: February 2008

Cystourethropexy was performed in 10 bitches with refractory urinary incontinence due to urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence. All animals had an abnormally shaped vesico‐urethral junction. The bladder neck was located in the pelvic canal in nine dogs (pelvic bladder). Surgery alone restored urinary continence in two cases and markedly improved incontinence in two cases. Surgery combined with medical therapy (phenylpropanolamine, 1.5 mg/kg orally once or twice a day, using a sustained‐action preparation) restored urinary continence in four cases and markedly improved continence in one case. Surgery, with medical therapy, was completely ineffective in one case. No major complications were encountered in any dogs. In four cases, histopathologic evaluation of the dorsal bladder wall and neck revealed the presence of a single, perinuclear, clear vacuole in the cytoplasm of smooth muscle fibers. Electron microscopic examination showed that the vacuoles represented a dilatation of normal membrane organelles. Such abnormalities have the potential to alter the smooth muscle motility. This study indicates that cystourethropexy alone restored urinary continence only temporarily in the majority of the patients. The significance and frequency of the histopathologic findings requires further investigation.
Quantitative Ingrowth Analysis of a Porous‐coated Acetabular Component in a Canine Model
Authors: SCHILLER TERESA D , DEYOUNG DAVID J. , SCHILLER RICHARD A. , ABERMAN HAROLD A. , HUNGERFORD DAVID S.
Published: February 2008

Histomorphometric analysis of bone ingrowth into a porous‐coated acetabular component was evaluated in a canine model. A total of nine prostheses were evaluated, 3 at 6 months, 3 at 12 months, and 3 at 24 months after implantation. All implants were grossly stable at the time of retrieval. The mean percentage of bone ingrowth was 12% at 6 months, 24% at 12 months, and 24% at 24 months. Narrow radiolucent lines noted on microradiographs were more evident at the 6 month time period than at the 12 or 24 month time periods. Bone ingrowth into a porous‐coated acetabular component in a weight‐bearing model may continue beyond the 6 month time period, and early evaluation of bone ingrowth may underestimate final bone ingrowth.
Palmar Digital Neurectomy in Horses 57 Cases (1984–1990)
Authors: JACKMAN BRADLEY R. , BAXTER GARY M. , DORAN RICHARD E. , ALLEN DOUGLAS , PARKS ANDREW H.
Published: February 2008

The medical records of 57 horses that had palmar digital neurectomy performed between 1984 and 1990 were reviewed. Neurectomies were performed either by transection and elec‐trocoagulation (47 horses) or by the guillotine technique (10 horses). Middle‐aged geldings, Quarter Horses, and Thoroughbreds were significantly over‐represented when compared with the hospital population. Horses used as hunter/jumpers also appeared to be over‐represented. Complications occurred in 17 (34%) of the 50 horses for which follow‐up information was obtained. Recurrence of heel pain was the most common complication (14 horses). Palpable painful neuromas were detected in three horses. One year after neurectomy, 74% of the horses were sound; this decreased to 63% after 2 years.
In Vivo Investigation of Communication Between the Distal Intertarsal and Tarsometatarsal Joints in Horses and Ponies
Authors: BELL BRENDON T. L. , BAKER GORDON J. , FOREMAN JONATHAN H. , ABBOTT LOUISE C.
Published: February 2008

The frequency of communication between the tarsometatarsal and distal intertarsal joints was investigated in 27 horses and 12 ponies. After the injection of diluted latex into the tarsometatarsal joints using the plantarolateral approach, the horses and ponies were walked for 200 meters. Latex was found in the distal intertarsal joints of 19 of 73 tarsi (26% communication) at necropsy. In 3 tarsi, latex was also found in the proximal intertarsal and tar‐socrural joints.
Hepatic Lobe Torsion as a Cause of Colic in a Horse
Authors: TURNER TRACY A. , BROWN CYNTHIA A. , WILSON JULIA H. , ROTH LOIS , ROSENSTEIN DIANA S. , SCHWEIZER CHRISTINE M. , WOODAMAN KRISTINE A.
Published: February 2008

A 14‐year‐old Arabian gelding was examined for colic. An exploratory celiotomy was subsequently performed and the left lobe of the liver was found to be twisted. The lobe was resected using a TA‐90 surgical stapling instrument. Histologic examination of the resected liver indicated portal vein and sinusoid dilation and congestion with blood. There were focal areas of necrosis and bacterial cocci and rods throughout the section. The histologic findings were consistent with hepatic lobe torsion. After surgery, the horse was treated with broad spectrum antibiotics, anti‐inflammatory drugs, heparin, and intravenous fluids. The horse recovered without complications, although serum liver enzymes remained elevated for more than 1 week after surgery. Seven months after surgery the horse showed no adverse affects from the disease.
Epidural Morphine in Goats after Hindlimb Orthopedic Surgery
Authors: PABLO L. S.
Published: February 2008

Morphine (0.1 mg/kg) diluted with 0.9% saline to a volume of 0.13 mL/kg was administered into the epidural space at the lumbosacral junction in 10 halothane‐anesthetized goats immediately before discontinuation of halothane. The same volume of 0.9% saline was given to control group of eight anesthetized goats. Both groups had undergone an orthopedic procedure that replaced the anterior cruciate ligament with a patellar tendon autograft. The appearance and unprovoked behavior of goats in the morphine group were significantly different (p < .05) from the saline groups. The goats in the morphine group were more sedate and struggled less during recovery. Epidural morphine did not produce respiratory depression or bloat during a 9 hour observation period. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure (mean, systolic, and diastolic) of the morphine group did not differ from those of the control group.
The Trapezius Osteomusculocutaneous Flap in Dogs
Authors: PHILIBERT DENIS , FOWLER J. DAVID
Published: February 2008

A pedicled osteomusculocutaneous flap, composed of the cervical part of the trapezius muscle with its overlying skin and the central spine and body of the scapula, was elevated on the prescapular branch of the superficial cervical vascular pedicle in four dogs. The flap was replaced in an orthotopic location. Bone viability was evaluated using histology, fluorescence bone labeling, and angiography. Bone from the scapular spines had a high percentage of viable osteocytes, positive fluorescence, and vessels were outlined in the angiographic study. Bone from the body of the scapula was not viable based on similar criteria.
Esophagotomy Closure in the Dog A Comparison of a Double‐Layer Appositional and Two Single‐Layer Appositional Techniques
Authors: OAKES MATT G. , HOSGOOD GISELLE , SNIDER THERON G. , HEDLUND CHERYL S. , CRAWFORD M. PATRICK
Published: February 2008

Esophagotomies were performed on 36 dogs and closed with 3‐0 polydioxanone in double‐layer simple interrupted, single‐layer simple interrupted, or single‐layer simple continuous patterns. The operative time was shortest for single‐layer simple continuous closure, followed by single‐layer simple interrupted and double‐layer simple interrupted, respectively. Three dogs with each suture pattern were euthanatized at hours 0 and 1, and days 4 and 28 after surgery. The esophagotomy incisions were subjected to bursting strength testing and examined microscopically. The bursting wall tension was higher for all three suture pattern groups at 28 days than at 0 and 1 hour. The double‐layer closure had higher bursting wall tension than the single‐layer closures at 0 hour and 4 days. Single‐layer simple continuous closure had the lowest bursting wall tension for each time period. Single‐layer simple interrupted closure had the highest bursting wall tension at 28 days. Microscopic examination revealed close approximation of tissue planes for the double‐layer closure and mucosal ever‐sion for the simple interrupted and simple continuous single‐layer closures. Healing was superior histologically with the double‐layer closure.
Radiographic Assessment of a Canine Uncemented Porous‐Coated Anatomic Total Hip Prosthesis
Authors: DEYOUNG DAVID J. , SCHILLER RICHARD A. , DEYOUNG BONNIE A.
Published: February 2008

Thirty uncemented porous‐coated anatomic total hip prostheses in 24 dogs were evaluated radiographically at 6 months, 12 months, or 18 months after arthroplasty. All dogs were fully weight bearing and free of lameness at the time of follow‐up. Radiographs were assessed for prosthetic component alignment, percentage of femoral canal fill, resorptive and formative bony changes, and changes at the implant bone interface. No evidence of infection, loosening, or failure of component fixation was seen. Settling of the acetabular component and subsidence of the femoral stem was seen early after surgery. Cortical atrophy was seen in all femurs and was the most significant bony remodeling change. Early results of clinical and radiographic evaluation of uncemented total hip arthroplasty in dogs have been encouraging.
Endoscopically Assisted Annular Ligament Release in Horses
Authors: NIXON ALAN J. , SAMS ANDREW E. , DUCHARME NORM G.
Published: February 2008

An endoscopically assisted technique for internally dividing the palmar or plantar annular ligament was developed in six cadaver limb specimens and two anesthetized horses. Under arthroscopic view, a slotted cannula was inserted into the digital sheath through a stab wound proximal to the annular ligament and advanced through the fetlock canal superficial to the flexor tendons with the slot oriented toward the fibers of the annular ligament. Division of the annular ligament by 90‐degree tipped open and guarded blades was observed and verified by direct arthroscopic view. At necropsy, complete division of the annular ligament without iatrogenic damage to the neurovascular structures was confirmed by dissection. Annular ligament division was performed in seven horses with complex tenosynovitis conditions. Tenoscopic examination and removal of tendon and digital sheath adhesions, masses, and bands was followed by endoscopically assisted annular ligament transection. At follow‐up, five horses were sound athletes without recurrent digital sheath problems, one horse had residual lameness, and one horse was still convalescing.
Synovial Fluid and Clinical Changes After Arthroscopic Partial Synovectomy of the Equine Middle Carpal Joint
Authors: JONES DIANA L. , BARBER SPENCER M. , DOIGE CECIL E.
Published: February 2008

Changes in synovial fluid and clinical variables after arthroscopic partial synovectomy of the middle carpal joint were studied in 12 normal horses. A 7 mm motorized synovial resector was inserted into each middle carpal joint; one middle carpal joint of each horse was randomly selected to have arthroscopic synovectomy (treated) and the opposite joint was lavaged (control). Lameness examinations and synovial fluid analyses were performed before operation and at 8, 14, 21, and 28 days after operation. Lameness variables did not differ between treated and control legs. Middle carpal and carpometacarpal joint circumference measurements were increased for 4 weeks. Synovial fluid specific gravity, pH, total protein, albumin concentration, and alpha‐1‐, beta‐ and gamma‐globulin concentrations, at 8 and 14 days were significantly higher than before operation in both treated and control middle carpal joints. No significant differences were found between treated and control middle carpal joints at any time for color, clarity, pH, mucin clot formation, total protein, albumin, and globulin fractions. Arthroscopic partial synovectomy and lavage did not cause significant lameness and resulted in a synovitis indistinguishable from synovitis related to arthroscopic lavage alone.
Cardiovascular Effects of a Continuous Two‐Hour Propofol Infusion in Dogs Comparison With Isoflurane Anesthesia
Authors: KEEGAN ROBERT D. , GREENE STEPHEN A.
Published: February 2008

The cardiovascular effects during 2 hours of anesthesia with either a continuous propofol infusion or isoflurane were compared in the same six healthy dogs. Dogs were randomly assigned to be anesthetized with either propofol (5 mg/kg, IV administered over 30 seconds, immediately followed by a propofol infusion beginning at 0.4 mg/kg/min), or isoflurane (2.0% end‐tidal concentration). The propofol infusion was adjusted to maintain a light plane of anesthesia. Dogs anesthetized with propofol had higher values for systemic arterial pressure due to higher systemic vascular resistance. Dogs anesthetized with isoflurane had higher values for heart rate and mean pulmonary artery pressure. Cardiac index was not different between the two groups. Apnea and cyanosis were observed during induction of anesthesia with propofol. At the end of anesthesia the mean time to extubation for dogs anesthetized with either propofol or isoflurane was 13.5 min and 12.7 min, respectively. A continuous infusion of propofol (0.44 mg/kg/min) provided a light plane of anesthesia. Ventilatory support during continuous propofol infusion is recommended.
Flexible External Fixation for Craniodorsal Coxofemoral Luxations in Dogs
Authors: McLAUGHLIN RON M. , TILLSON D. MICHAEL
Published: February 2008

An external fixator consisting of two Ellis pins connected by a flexible band was developed and evaluated as a treatment for craniodorsal coxofemoral luxations in dogs. The technique for closed application of the fixator without injury to the coxofemoral joint or sciatic nerve was developed in six dog cadavers. The coxofemoral joints were then surgically destabilized and the limbs were manipulated through a full range of motion to assess the efficacy of the fixator in maintaining joint reduction. The fixator maintained joint reduction and stability after a surgically created craniodorsal luxation except when the femur was externally rotated 90d̀. A flexible external fixator was then applied unilaterally in four healthy dogs. The dogs tolerated the fixator well and were bearing weight on the limb within 2 days after surgery; the range of motion was not limited by the fixator. The efficacy of a flexible external fixator in maintaining joint reduction after craniodorsal coxofemoral luxation was then evaluated in eight large dogs. The right coxofemoral joint in each dog was luxated surgically by removal of the dorsal joint capsule and transection of the ligament of the head of the femur and deep gluteal muscle. The joint was reduced and the fixator pins were applied in a closed fashion. In four dogs, a flexible external band was applied to the pins. Luxation did not reccur in these four dogs. The bands were not applied initially in four control dogs. Luxation occurred in three of the four control dogs within 24 hours of surgery. The joints that luxated were reduced and the flexible bands applied. Luxation did not recur after the bands were in place. The dogs tolerated the external fixators well, were bearing weight within 2 days of surgery, and walking with only minimal lameness 5 days after surgery. Luxation of the coxofemoral joints did not occur during the 2‐week period in which the fixators were in place. The joints remained stable 1 week after removal of the fixators, at which time the dogs were euthanatized. Necropsy evaluation identified inflammation surrounding the pins and fibrous thickening of the dorsal joint capsule. The flexible external fixators were applied closed, maintained reduction of the coxofemoral joint after replacement of a craniodorsal luxation, and allowed weight bearing and limb usage soon after surgery. The flexible external fixator has several advantages over other methods of treating craniodorsal coxofemoral luxations. Complications noted in this study included pin tract drainage, pin loosening, and disruption of the flexible bands.
Sclerosing Encapsulating Peritonitis in Four Dogs and a Cat
Authors: HARDIE ELIZABETH M. , ROTTMAN JAMES B. , LEVY JULIE K.
Published: February 2008

Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis (SEP) was diagnosed in four dogs and one cat. Clinical signs included vomiting, abdominal pain, palpable abdominal mass, and ascites. The abdominal fluid was red‐tinged and contained large numbers of red blood cells, macrophages, mixed inflammatory cells, reactive mesothelial cells, and fibroblasts. At surgery, the typical appearance was of multiple surfaces covered with granulation tissue or fibrous tissue or both. Multiple adhesions were often present. Causes of SEP included steatitis, fiberglass ingestion, and bacterial infection. Treatment included administration of antibiotic, corticosteroid, and diuretic medications. The major long‐term management problems were chronic weight loss, ascites, and progression of concurrent disease.
Colopexy as a Treatment for Rectal Prolapse in Dogs and Cats: A Retrospective Study of 14 Cases
Authors: POPOVITCH CATHERINE A. , HOLT DAVID , BRIGHT RON
Published: February 2008

Colopexy was evaluated as a treatment for recurrent rectal prolapse in eight dogs and six cats. Cases included in the study were from two institutions; the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine and the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine. Two different colopexy techniques were used: A simple suture technique was used in two cats and four dogs (University of Pennsylvania), and an incisional technique was used in four cats and four dogs (University of Tennessee). Rectal prolapse had not recurred in any of the 14 animals at the time of follow‐up. Incisional dehiscence occurred in two animals and in one instance may have been related to the colopexy procedure. Infection at the colopexy site, secondary to suture penetration of the colonic lumen, is a potential complication of this procedure. Colopexy, using either surgical technique described here, was effective in preventing recurrent rectal prolapse.
Comparison of Two Indwelling Central Venous Access Catheters in Dogs Undergoing Fractionated Radiotherapy
Authors: EVANS K.L. , SMEAK D.D. , COUTO C.G. , HAMMER A.S. , GAYNOR J.S.
Published: February 2008

Twenty dogs with neoplasms requiring multiple radiation treatments received either percutaneous vascular access catheters (PVACs; Cook, Bloomington, IN) or subcutaneous vascular access ports (SVAPs; Vascular‐Access‐Ports, Norfolk Medical Products, Inc., Skokie, IL); 10 dogs were entered in each group. All catheters were implanted and removed aseptically and the catheter tips were cultured during implant removal. Complications with PVACs included mild incisional swelling and redness and accidental severance or rupture of the catheter. Complications with SVAPs included incisional or port swelling, bruising or redness, hematoma formation, and pain. Ports in 4 of these dogs could not be used for 1 to 3 days after surgery because of swelling and pain. Surgical wound complications, when pooled for comparison, occurred significantly more frequently with the SVAPs (P= .023). Wound complications associated with both catheters were self‐limiting and resolved within 7 days. Bacterial cultures were positive in two PVACs and four SVAP tips, however, none of these dogs had clinical signs of infection or sepsis. Although both types of indwelling catheters were functional in a clinical setting, PVACs were preferred to SVAPs for dogs undergoing radiation therapy because of decreased time for implantation and fewer overall complications.
Arthroscopic Approach and Intra‐Articular Anatomy of the Plantar Pouch of the Equine Tarsocrural Joint
Authors: ZAMOS DAVID T. , HONNAS CLIFFORD M. , HOFFMAN ANTON G.
Published: February 2008

Arthroscopic examination of structures within the plantar pouch of the tarsocrural joint was accomplished via portals in both the plantaromedial and plantarolateral aspects of the joint. Flexion and extension of the tarsus while examining the joint through either portal allowed observation of the proximal and plantar aspects of the lateral and medial trochlear ridges, the trochlear groove, the caudal aspect of the distal tibia, and the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) in its sheath. From a plantarolateral portal, the plantar talocalcaneal ligament and the plantar aspect of the lateral malleolus could be observed. The caudal aspect of the medial malleolus could not be observed with flexion or extension of the joint from a plantaromedial portal, but in some horses, the caudal aspect of the lateral malleolus could be observed. The dorsolateral and dorsomedial aspects of the plantar pouch were best examined from a portal on the ipsilateral side of the joint. An instrument portal opposite either arthroscope portal allowed access to most regions of the joint except the abaxial surface of the trochlear ridge opposite the instrument.
Intracapsular Subtotal Prostatectomy in Normal Dogs: Use of an Ultrasonic Surgical Aspirator
Authors: RAWLINGS CLARENCE A. , CROWELL WAYNE A. , BARSANTI JEANNE A. , OLIVER JOHN E.
Published: February 2008

In an attempt to reduce postoperative incontinence associated with excisional prostatectomy and the recurrence of prostatic disease after less radical surgeries, a new technique for subtotal prostatectomy was developed using an ultrasonic surgical aspirator. During laparotomy, a longitudinal incision was made in the ventral surface of each lobe of the prostate gland. Biopsies for histology and culture were taken. Through the ventral incisions, the ultrasonic surgical aspirator was used to resect approximately 85% of the glandular tissue from inside the capsule. The ultrasonic surgical aspirator allowed resection of the glandular tissue without damaging the vessels, nerves, and connective tissue stroma. The ventral portion of the capsule was excised. The dorsal portions of the capsule were apposed on the ventral midline by suturing their ventral margins to form a periurethral cuff. As preclinical research, seven intact male dogs were evaluated by physical examination, complete blood cell count, serum urea nitrogen, urinalyses, and urethral pressure profile (UPP) with urethral electromyograms (EMGs). The dogs underwent subtotal prostatectomy and castration. All dogs were continent after surgery. UPPs and EMGs at 1 and 2 months after surgery were no different than before surgery. This contrasts to our previous studies in which excisional prostatectomy reduced maximal urethral closure pressure (MUCP) in dogs without prostatic disease. The use of the ultrasonic surgical aspirator for intracapsular subtotal prostatectomy facilitated removal of glandular tissue with decreased hemorrhage and provided preservation of the prostatic urethra, nerves, and vessels involved in maintaining urinary continence.