bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Imputação de Direitos de Voto no Mercado de Capitais
Authors: Altmann Sofia
Published: September 2017

O presente trabalho tem por base a seguinte temática: as ações, enquanto participação social, são bens que investem o seu titular num conjunto unitário e complexo de direitos e obrigações, entre os quais avulta o direito de voto ("voting right", "Stimmrecht", "droit de vote", "diritto di voto"), consagrado genericamente no art. 21.°, n.° 1, al. b) do CSC. Este reveste-se de particular relevância, na medida em que é através da emissão do voto que os acionistas de uma sociedade anónima participam no governo e influem na condução da vida da sociedade, seja diretamente (conformando o sentido das deliberações tomadas pela Assembleia Geral em matérias da competência desta), seja indiretamente (elegendo e destituindo os membros dos demais órgãos sociais e fiscalizando a respetiva atuação).
As Características Qualitativas da Informação Financeira
Authors: Rodrigues Nuno , Albuquerque Fábio De
Published: September 2017

Tendo em conta o avançado processo de harmonização contabilística internacional, particularmente a nível europeu, e tendo por base a Estrutura Conceptual recentemente desenvolvida entre o Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB] e o International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), esta investigação propõe-se a analisar a existência de diferenças significativas na divulgação de características qualitativas pelas entidades não financeiras com valores mobiliários admitidos à negociação nas principais bolsas europeias. A recolha dos dados foi realizada a partir dos relatórios e contas consolidados, tendo sido utilizada a análise de conteúdo como metodologia. Após a aplicação dos critérios de seleção, este estudo passou a ser composto por 119 entidades integrantes de 5 índices bolsistas. Posteriormente, foram submetidos a técnicas de análise descritiva e ao teste não-paramétrico Mann-Whitney U. Os resultados obtidos permitem identificar um razoável suporte para a existência de diferenças estatisticamente significativas no relato de características qualitativas entre os distintos grupos de entidades incluídas nos referidos índices, excetuando-se a representação fidedigna.
À Volta do Princípio da Boa Fé
Authors: Guichard Raúl
Published: September 2017

Boa fé em sentido objectivo, como regra ou norma de comportamento e critério normativo (objectivo). Distinta — ambivalência ou diferenciação já presente no direito romano — da boa fé em sentido subjectivo. Entendida esta última como estado subjectivo ou de espírito, sinónimo de ignorância de certos factos ou circunstâncias ou, dito doutro modo, uma "crença ou convicção errónea".
A Responsabilidade Civil dos Administradores na Execução de Deliberações dos Sócios
Authors: Novais Amândio José Pereira
Published: September 2017

Under the article 72, paragraph 5, of the Portuguese Companies Code, a director will not be liable to the company if the director’s action or omission occurs as a result of a shareholders’ resolution, even if that resolution is voidable.Obliged to respect his fiduciary duties and, at the same time, the shareholders’ resolutions, the study of director’s position, in situations of conflict, is of special interest. The main goal of this study is to determine the conduct that the director must adopt in such cases. For this, it is necessary to properly interprate that rule, seeking a reasonable solution from the legal system.
Автоматизована комп’ютерна діагностика апендициту під час лапароскопічного втручання
Authors: Bayazitov D. M. , Kresiun N. V. , Buzynovskiy A. B. , Liashenko A. V. , Nienova O. M.
Published: September 2017

Проведене ретроспективне дослідження ефективності діагностики гострого апендициту (ГА) у 137 пацієнтів. За даними гістологічного дослідження запалення червоподібного відростка (ЧВ) виявлене у 105 пацієнтів. Специфічність встановлення діагнозу за шкалою лапароскопічної діагностики (ЛД) становила 81,2%, чутливість – 77,1%. Хибнонегативний діагноз відзначений в усіх пацієнтів за ендолюмінальної форми запалення ЧВ. При застосуванні розробленої інформаційно–технічної системи автоматизованої комп’ютерної діагностики (АКД) за алгоритмами аналізу забарвлення, контуру, текстури лапароскопічного відеозображення поверхні ЧВ специфічність становила 90,6%, чутливість – 89,5%. Частота хибнонегативного діагнозу при застосуванні АКД достовірно менша, ніж за шкалою ЛД.
Оценка качества жизни больных раком предстательной железы после радикальной простатэктомии
Authors: Guliev F. A. , Khalilov E. Sh. , Vezirova Z. Sh.
Published: September 2017

Обобщен опыт оценки качества жизни (КЖ) пациентов, которым по поводу рака предстательной железы выполнена радикальная простатэктомия (РПЭ). Применяли опросники EORTCQLQ–C30 и EORTC QLQ–PR25. Независимыми факторами, обусловливающими ухудшение КЖ пациентов после РПЭ, признаны стадия опухоли, прогрессирование заболевания, нарушение функции удержания мочи, эректильная дисфункция, наличие биохимического рецидива. Раннее выявление факторов риска способствует улучшению КЖ пациентов после выполнения РПЭ.
"Eyes, Ears, and Wheels"
Authors: Colona Francesco , Diphoorn Tessa
Published: September 2017

Research on policing in Africa has provided tremendous insight into how non-state actors, such as gangs, vigilantes, private security companies, and community initiatives, increasingly provide security for urban dwellers across the continent. Consequently, the state has been categorized as one order among many whose authority is co-constituted through relations with other actors. Drawing on our ethnographic fieldwork in the past two years, we highlight how the state police dominates security arrangements in Nairobi and asserts itself not just as one order among many. We show how, in various policing partnerships between police, private security companies, and residents’ associations, the state police acts as a coagulating agent of such practices. In order to elucidate this relationship, we utilize the “junior partner” model from the criminology literature and expand based on the community policing initiatives that in Nairobi act as the “eyes, ears, and wheels” of the police.
Creative Intelligence and the Cold War
Authors: Van Eekelen Bregje F.
Published: September 2017

This article investigates the Cold War entanglements of the concept of “creativity” with the US military. The field of creativity studies came about after World War II, and the military was a vital site for the production of knowledge about creative thinking. Creativity emerged on the geopolitical radar, in terms of the acquisition of creative thinking skills, attempts to “think the unthinkable” (atomic futures), and the detection of creative citizens. Creative, divergent thinking garnered a renewed urgency with the Sputnik shock, which showcased that conformist practices in knowledge production would not put an American on the moon. Between 1945 and 1965, the concept of creativity—as something to be defined, measured, and stimulated—was framed as a matter of national security and an object of geopolitical concern. This ensuing traffic in knowledge between Cold War academic and military contexts has been constitutive of present-day understandings of creative, undisciplined thought.
Efficacy and Safety of Vaccination Against Hepatitis B Virus Without Prior Screening Test
Authors: Akther Rabeya , Hossain Mohammad Zaid , Rabbani Safia Binte , Hossain Syeda Fahmida , Chakraborty Ashim , Biswas Prodip Kumar
Published: September 2017

Hepatitis B virus infection is a major global health problem. There is no specific treatment for acute hepatitis B infection. A safe and effective vaccine, which has been available for more than 30 years, is 95% effective in preventing the development of chronic infection. The employee of Bangladesh Bank and their family member had received 4 doses of Engirex B according to schedule 0, 1,6,12 months without any prior screening test. They received 4th booster dose in 2009.The goal of this study to find out and compare the efficacy and safety of vaccination against HBV without prior screening test. The employee (more than 50years old) underwent annul health check up and their serum HBsAg and Anti-HBs (quantative) were measured in the Immunology department of Bangladesh Institute of Research & Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM) and Popular diagnostic center. HBsAg is measured by MEIA method. Anti-HBs (quantative) are measured by chemiluminescence EIA method. 491 subjects have been studied. Among them 480(97.76%) are HBsAg negative and 11(2.24%) cases are HBsAg positive. Ten out of eleven HBsAg positive cases are male. The average anti- HBs titer of the employee is 610.9958(0- >2000 m IU/ml). The average anti-HBs titer of female (n=90) employee is 713(10- >2000 mIU/ml) and average anti-HBs titer of male (n=390) employee is 587.77(0 - >2000 m IU/ml). Female employee developed higher immunity (73.33%) than male employee (56.41%). So it is presumptive that vaccine is safe and effective and we can continue vaccination without prior screening test.J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 25, No.1, April, 2016, Page 16-25
Pattern of Disorders in Neurology Outpatient Department: Experience from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh
Authors: Chowdhury Ahmed Hossian , Ghose Swapon Kumar , Ahmed Kazi Gias Uddin , Hasan ATM Hasibul , Saha Kanol , Sina Hashmi , Arifuzzaman Md , Alam Iftikher , Wazib Amit , Khatun Maksuda , Habib Mansur , Mohammad Quazi Deen
Published: September 2017

Objective: To determine the pattern of neurologic disorder in the specialized neurology out patient at tertiary care level.Methods: This observational study was carried out in specialized neurology outpatient clinic of Dhaka Medical College Hospital from July 2015 to July 2016, which included 8892 patients. Data were collected through a predesigned questionnaire from the hospital database kept at the clinic.Result: A total of 8892 patients were seen in neurology OPD in one year. About one third of the patients presented at 21-30 years of age. There was a male dominance (53%) with a male to female ratio of 1.12:1. Most of the patients had hypertension (3201, 36%) followed by diabetes and ischemic heart disease (1956, 22%; 1423, 16%) as co-morbid condition. Majority had Headache (4090, 46%) followed by vertigo (1067, 12%); vomiting (711, 8%) and neck and/ back pain (702, 8%) as presenting symptom at onset. Majority of the patients (46%) were diagnosed as headache disorder (Tension type headache in 33.5%, Migraine 7.5% and mixed headache in 5%) followed by ischemic stroke (896, 10%); polyneuropathy (446, 5%); vestibular disorder (441, 5%); movement disorder (267, 3%) and anxiety/depression (254, 3%). About 15% (1346) patient were undiagnosed at initial visit.Conclusion: Neurological diseases are not uncommon even at middle aged patients. Headache, vertigo, neck/back pain are common presenting symptom. Headache disorders and stroke are the commonest neurologic diagnosis at OPD.J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 25, No.1, April, 2016, Page 53-57
Identification of Staphylococcus aureus Cellular Pathways Affected by the Stilbenoid Lead Drug SK-03-92 Using a Microarray
Authors: Schwan William , Polanowski Rebecca , Dunman Paul , Medina-Bielski Sara , Lane Michelle , Rott Marc , Lipker Lauren , Wescott Amy , Monte Aaron , Cook James , Baumann Douglas , Tiruveedhula V.V.N. , Witzigmann Christopher , Mikel Cassandra , Rahman Md
Published: September 2017

The mechanism of action for a new lead stilbene compound coded SK-03-92 with bactericidal activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is unknown. To gain insight into the killing process, transcriptional profiling was performed on SK-03-92 treated vs. untreated S. aureus. Fourteen genes were upregulated and 38 genes downregulated by SK-03-92 treatment. Genes involved in sortase A production, protein metabolism, and transcriptional regulation were upregulated, whereas genes encoding transporters, purine synthesis proteins, and a putative two-component system (SACOL2360 (MW2284) and SACOL2361 (MW2285)) were downregulated by SK-03-92 treatment. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses validated upregulation of srtA and tdk as well as downregulation of the MW2284/MW2285 and purine biosynthesis genes in the drug-treated population. A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of MW2284 and MW2285 mutants compared to wild-type cells demonstrated that the srtA gene was upregulated by both putative two-component regulatory gene mutants compared to the wild-type strain. Using a transcription profiling technique, we have identified several cellular pathways regulated by SK-03-92 treatment, including a putative two-component system that may regulate srtA and other genes that could be tied to the SK-03-92 mechanism of action, biofilm formation, and drug persisters.
An Event Reporting and Early-Warning Safety System Based on the Internet of Things for Underground Coal Mines: A Case Study
Authors: Jo Byung , Khan Rana
Published: September 2017

Fatal accidents associated with underground coal mines require the implementation of high-level gas monitoring and miner’s localization approaches to promote underground safety and health. This study introduces a real-time monitoring, event-reporting and early-warning platform, based on cluster analysis for outlier detection, spatiotemporal statistical analysis, and an RSS range-based weighted centroid localization algorithm for improving safety management and preventing accidents in underground coal mines. The proposed platform seamlessly integrates monitoring, analyzing, and localization approaches using the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, a real-time operational database, application gateways, and application program interfaces. The prototype has been validated and verified at the operating underground Hassan Kishore coal mine. Sensors for air quality parameters including temperature, humidity, CH4, CO2, and CO demonstrated an excellent performance, with regression constants always greater than 0.97 for each parameter when compared to their commercial equivalent. This framework enables real-time monitoring, identification of abnormal events (>90%), and verification of a miner’s localization (with <1.8 m of error) in the harsh environment of underground mines. The main contribution of this study is the development of an open source, customizable, and cost-effective platform for effectively promoting underground coal mine safety. This system is helpful for solving the problems of accessibility, serviceability, interoperability, and flexibility associated with safety in coal mines.
Analysis of the Pyroclastic Flow Deposits of Mount Sinabung and Merapi Using Landsat Imagery and the Artificial Neural Networks Approach
Authors: Kadavi Prima , Lee Won-Jin , Lee Chang-Wook
Published: September 2017

Volcanic eruptions cause pyroclastic flows, which can destroy plantations and settlements. We used image data from Landsat 7 Bands 7, 4 and 2 and Landsat 8 Bands 7, 5 and 3 to observe and analyze the distribution of pyroclastic flow deposits for two volcanos, Mount Sinabung and Merapi, over a period of 10 years (2001–2017). The satellite data are used in conjunction with an artificial neural network method to produce maps of pyroclastic precipitation for Landsat 7 and 8, then we calculated the pyroclastic precipitation area using an artificial neural network method after dividing the images into four classes based on color. Red, green, blue and yellow were used to indicate pyroclastic deposits, vegetation and forest, water and cloud, and farmland, respectively. The area affected by a volcanic eruption was deduced from the neural network processing, including calculating the area of pyroclastic deposits. The main differences between the pyroclastic flow deposits of Mount Sinabung and Mount Merapi are: the sediment deposits of the pyroclastic flows of Mount Sinabung tend to widen, whereas those of Merapi elongated; the direction of pyroclastic flow differed; and the area affected by an eruption was greater for Mount Merapi than Mount Sinabung because the VEI (Volcanic Explosivity Index) during the last 10 years of Mount Merapi was larger than Mount Sinabung.
SALT Spectropolarimetry and Self-Consistent SED and Polarization Modeling of Blazars
Authors: Böttcher Markus , Van Soelen Brian , Britto Richard , Buckley David , Marais Johannes , Schutte Hester
Published: September 2017

We report on recent results froma target-of-opportunity program to obtain spectropolarimetry observations with the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) on flaring gamma-ray blazars. SALT spectropolarimetry and contemporaneous multi-wavelength spectral energy distribution (SED) data are being modelled self-consistently with a leptonic single-zone model. Such modeling provides an accurate estimate of the degree of order of the magnetic field in the emission region and the thermal contributions (from the host galaxy and the accretion disk) to the SED, thus putting strong constraints on the physical parameters of the gamma-ray emitting region. For the specific case of the γ -ray blazar 4C+01.02, we demonstrate that the combined SED and spectropolarimetry modeling constrains the mass of the central black hole in this blazar to M BH ∼ 10 9 M ⊙ .
The Effect of Vitamin A on Fracture Risk: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies
Authors: Zhang Xinge , Zhang Rui , Moore Justin , Wang Yueqiao , Yan Hanyi , Wu Yingru , Tan Anran , Fu Jialin , Shen Ziqiong , Qin Guiyu , Li Rui , Chen Guoxun
Published: September 2017

This meta-analysis evaluated the influence of dietary intake and blood level of vitamin A (total vitamin A, retinol or β-carotene) on total and hip fracture risk. Cohort studies published before July 2017 were selected through English-language literature searches in several databases. Relative risk (RR) with corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to evaluate the risk. Heterogeneity was checked by Chi-square and I2 test. Sensitivity analysis and publication bias were also performed. For the association between retinol intake and total fracture risk, we performed subgroup analysis by sex, region, case ascertainment, education level, age at menopause and vitamin D intake. R software was used to complete all statistical analyses. A total of 319,077 participants over the age of 20 years were included. Higher dietary intake of retinol and total vitamin A may slightly decrease total fracture risk (RR with 95% CI: 0.95 (0.91, 1.00) and 0.94 (0.88, 0.99), respectively), and increase hip fracture risk (RR with 95% CI: 1.40 (1.02, 1.91) and 1.29 (1.06, 1.57), respectively). Lower blood level of retinol may slightly increase total fracture risk (RR with 95% CI: 1.11 (0.94, 1.30)) and hip fracture risk (RR with 95% CI: 1.27 (1.05, 1.53)). In addition, higher β-carotene intake was weakly associated with the increased risk of total fracture (RR with 95% CI: 1.07 (0.97, 1.17)). Our data suggest that vitamin A intake and level may differentially influence the risks of total and hip fractures. Clinical trials are warranted to confirm these results and assess the clinical applicability.
Topographic Correction to Landsat Imagery through Slope Classification by Applying the SCS + C Method in Mountainous Forest Areas
Authors: Vázquez-Jiménez René , Romero-Calcerrada Raúl , Ramos-Bernal Rocío , Arrogante-Funes Patricia , Novillo Carlos
Published: September 2017

The aim of the topographic normalization of remotely sensed imagery is to reduce reflectance variability caused by steep terrain and thus improve further processing of images. A process of topographic correction was applied to Landsat imagery in a mountainous forest area in the south of Mexico. The method used was the Sun Canopy Sensor + C correction (SCS + C) where the C parameter was differently determined according to a classification of the topographic slopes of the studied area in nine classes for each band, instead of using a single C parameter for each band. A comparative, visual, and numerical analysis of the normalized reflectance was performed based on the corrected images. The results showed that the correction by slope classification improves the elimination of the effect of shadows and relief, especially in steep slope areas, modifying the normalized reflectance values according to the combination of slope, aspect, and solar geometry, obtaining reflectance values more suitable than the correction by non-slope classification. The application of the proposed method can be generalized, improving its performance in forest mountainous areas.
MDG-1, a Potential Regulator of PPARα and PPARγ, Ameliorates Dyslipidemia in Mice
Authors: Wang Xu , Shi Linlin , Joyce Sun , Wang Yuan , Feng Yi
Published: September 2017

Hyperlipidemia is a serious epidemic disease caused by lipid metabolism disorder, which is harmful to human health. MDG-1, a β-d-fructan polysaccharide extracted from Ophiopogon japonicus, has been shown to improve abnormal blood lipid levels and alleviate diabetes. However, the underlying mechanism on hyperlipidemia is largely unknown. In this study, male C57BL/6 mice were randomly separated into three groups, respectively: low-fat diet (Con), high-fat diet (HFD), and high-fat diet plus 5‰ MDG-1 (HFD + MDG-1). Body weight was measured and the serum lipid levels were analyzed. Using gene microarray, various core pathways, together with levels of gene expression within hepatocytes, were analyzed. RT-PCR was used to confirm the identity of the differentially expressed genes. MDG-1 could prevent obesity in HFD-induced mice and improve abnormal serum lipids. Besides, MDG-1 could regulate hyperlipidemia symptoms, specifically, and decrease fasting blood glucose, improve glucose tolerance, and ameliorate insulin resistance. According to results from gene microarray, most of the identified pathways were involved in the digestion and absorption of fat, biosynthesis, and catabolism of fatty acids as well as the secretion and biological synthesis of bile acids. Furthermore, MDG-1 may act upon peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) α and γ, activating PPARα whilst inhibiting PPARγ, thus having a potent hypolipidemic effect.
Genome Survey Sequencing of Luffa Cylindrica L. and Microsatellite High Resolution Melting (SSR-HRM) Analysis for Genetic Relationship of Luffa Genotypes
Authors: An Jianyu , Yin Mengqi , Zhang Qin , Gong Dongting , Jia Xiaowen , Guan Yajing , Hu Jin
Published: September 2017

Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem. is an economically important vegetable crop in China. However, the genomic information on this species is currently unknown. In this study, for the first time, a genome survey of L. cylindrica was carried out using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. In total, 43.40 Gb sequence data of L. cylindrica, about 54.94× coverage of the estimated genome size of 789.97 Mb, were obtained from HiSeq 2500 sequencing, in which the guanine plus cytosine (GC) content was calculated to be 37.90%. The heterozygosity of genome sequences was only 0.24%. In total, 1,913,731 contigs (>200 bp) with 525 bp N50 length and 1,410,117 scaffolds (>200 bp) with 885.01 Mb total length were obtained. From the initial assembled L. cylindrica genome, 431,234 microsatellites (SSRs) (≥5 repeats) were identified. The motif types of SSR repeats included 62.88% di-nucleotide, 31.03% tri-nucleotide, 4.59% tetra-nucleotide, 0.96% penta-nucleotide and 0.54% hexa-nucleotide. Eighty genomic SSR markers were developed, and 51/80 primers could be used in both “Zheda 23” and “Zheda 83”. Nineteen SSRs were used to investigate the genetic diversity among 32 accessions through SSR-HRM analysis. The unweighted pair group method analysis (UPGMA) dendrogram tree was built by calculating the SSR-HRM raw data. SSR-HRM could be effectively used for genotype relationship analysis of Luffa species.
Mdivi-1 Protects Adult Rat Hippocampal Neural Stem Cells against Palmitate-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis
Authors: Kim Sehee , Kim Chanyang , Park Seungjoon
Published: September 2017

Palmitate concentrations in type 2 diabetic patients are higher than in healthy subjects. The prolonged elevation of plasma palmitate levels induces oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in neuronal cells. In this study, we examined the role of mdivi-1, a selective inhibitor of mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-regulated protein 1 (Drp1), on the survival of cultured hippocampal neural stem cells (NSCs) exposed to high palmitate. Treatment of hippocampal NSCs with mdivi-1 attenuated palmitate-induced increase in cell death and apoptosis. Palmitate exposure significantly increased Drp1 protein levels, which were prevented by pretreatment of cells with mdivi-1. We found that cytosolic Drp1 was translocated to the mitochondria when cells were exposed to palmitate. In contrast, palmitate-induced translocation of Drp1 was inhibited by mdivi-1 treatment. We also investigated mdivi-1 regulation of apoptosis at the mitochondrial level. Mdivi-1 rescued cells from palmitate-induced lipotoxicity by suppressing intracellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and stabilizing mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Mdivi-1-treated cells showed an increased Bcl-2/Bax ratio, prevention of cytochrome c release, and inhibition of caspase-3 activation. Our data suggest that mdivi-1 protects hippocampal NSCs against lipotoxicity-associated oxidative stress by preserving mitochondrial integrity and inhibiting mitochondrial apoptotic cascades.
Fatigue Properties of the Ultra-High Strength Steel TM210A
Authors: Yin Guang-qiang , Kang Xia , Zhao Gui-ping
Published: September 2017

This paper presents the results of an experiment to investigate the high cycle fatigue properties of the ultra-high strength steel TM210A. A constant amplitude rotating bending fatigue experiment was performed at room temperature at stress ratio R = −1. In order to evaluate the notch effect, the fatigue experiment was carried out upon two sets of specimens, smooth and notched, respectively. In the experiment, the rotating bending fatigue life was tested using the group method, and the rotating bending fatigue limit was tested using the staircase method at 1 × 107 cycles. A double weighted least square method was then used to fit the stress-life (S–N) curve. The S–N curves of the two sets of specimens were obtained and the morphologies of the fractures of the two sets of specimens were observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the fatigue limit of the smooth specimen for rotating bending fatigue was 615 MPa; the ratio of the fatigue limit to tensile strength was 0.29, and the cracks initiated at the surface of the smooth specimen; while the fatigue limit of the notched specimen for rotating bending fatigue was 363 MPa, and the cracks initiated at the edge of the notch. The fatigue notch sensitivity index of the ultra-high strength maraging steel TM210A was 0.69.
Biogenetic Relationships of Bioactive Sponge Merotriterpenoids
Authors: Smith Thomas
Published: September 2017

Hydroquinone meroterpenoids, especially those derived from marine sponges, display a wide range of biological activities. However, use of these compounds is limited by their inaccessibility; there is no sustainable supply of these compounds. Furthermore, our knowledge of their metabolic origin remains completely unstudied. In this review, an in depth structural analysis of sponge merotriterpenoids, including the adociasulfate family of kinesin motor protein inhibitors, provides insight into their biosynthesis. Several key structural features provide clues to the relationships between compounds. All adociasulfates appear to be derived from only four different hydroquinone hexaprenyl diphosphate precursors, each varying in the number and position of epoxidations. Proton-initiated cyclization of these precursors can lead to all carbon skeletons observed amongst sponge merotriterpenoids. Consideration of the enzymes involved in the proposed biosynthetic route suggests a bacterial source, and a hypothetical gene cluster was constructed that may facilitate discovery of the authentic pathway from the sponge metagenome. A similar rationale can be extended to other sponge meroterpenoids, for which no biosynthetic pathways have yet been identified.
Preparation of Vanadium Nitride Using a Thermally Processed Precursor with Coating Structure
Authors: Han Jingli , Zhang Yimin , Liu Tao , Huang Jing , Xue Nannan , Hu Pengcheng
Published: September 2017

A new effective method is proposed to prepare vanadium nitride (VN) via carbothermal reduction–nitridation (CRN) of the precursor, obtained by adding carbon black (C) to the stripping solution during the vanadium recovery from black shale. VN was successfully prepared at a low temperature of 1150 °C for only 1 h with a C/V2O5 mass ratio of 0.30 in N2 atmosphere, but a temperature of 1300–1500 °C is required for several hours in the traditional CRN method. The low synthesis temperature and short period for the preparation of VN was due to the vanadium-coated carbon structure of the precursor, which enlarged the contact area between reactants significantly and provided more homogeneous chemical composition. In addition, the simultaneous direct reduction and indirect reduction of the interphase caused by the coating structure obviously accelerated the reaction. The phase evolution of the precursor was as follows: (NH4)2V6O16·1.5H2O → V2O5 → V6O13 → VO2 → V4O7 → V2O3 → VC → VN. The precursor converted to V6O13 and VO2 completely after being calcined at 550 °C, indicating that the pre-reduction of V2O5 in the traditional CRN method can be omitted. This method combined the synthesis of VN with the vanadium extraction creatively, having the advantages of simple reaction conditions, low cost and short processing time.
FeCl3∙6H2O/TMSBr-Catalyzed Rapid Synthesis of Dihydropyrimidinones and Dihydropyrimidinethiones under Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Zhao Fei , Jia Xiuwen , Li Pinyi , Zhao Jingwei , Huang Jun , Li Honglian , Li Lin
Published: September 2017

An efficient and practical protocol has been developed to synthesize dihydropyrimidinones and dihydropyrimidinethiones through FeCl3∙6H2O/TMSBr-catalyzed three-component cyclocondensation under microwave irradiation. This approach features high yields, broad substrate scope, short reaction time, mild reaction conditions, operational simplicity and easy work-up, thus affording a versatile method for the synthesis of dihydropyrimidinones and dihydropyrimidinethiones.
New Tetra-Schiff Bases as Efficient Photostabilizers for Poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Ahmed Dina , El-Hiti Gamal , Hameed Ayad , Yousif Emad , Ahmed Ahmed
Published: September 2017

Three new tetra-Schiff bases were synthesized and characterized to be used as photostabilizers for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) films. The photostability of PVC films (40 μm thickness) in the presence of Schiff bases (0.5 wt %) upon irradiation (300 h) with a UV light (λmax = 365 nm and light intensity = 6.43 × 10−9 ein∙dm−3∙s−1) was examined using various spectroscopic measurements and surface morphology analysis. The changes in various functional groups’ indices, weight and viscosity average molecular weight of PVC films were monitored against irradiation time. The additives used showed photostability for PVC films, with Schiff base 1 being the most effective additive upon irradiation, followed by 2 and 3. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) images for the PVC surface containing Schiff base 1 after irradiation were found to be smooth, with a roughness factor (Rq) of 36.8, compared to 132.2 for the PVC (blank). Several possible mechanisms that explain PVC photostabilization upon irradiation in the presence of tetra-Schiff bases were proposed.
Four Prenylflavone Derivatives with Antiplasmodial Activities from the Stem of Tephrosia purpurea subsp. leptostachya
Authors: Atilaw Yoseph , Muiva-Mutisya Lois , Ndakala Albert , Akala Hoseah , Yeda Redemptah , Wu Yu , Coghi Paolo , Wong Vincent , Erdélyi Máté , Yenesew Abiy
Published: September 2017

Four new flavones with modified prenyl groups, namely (E)-5-hydroxytephrostachin (1), purleptone (2), (E)-5-hydroxyanhydrotephrostachin (3), and terpurlepflavone (4), along with seven known compounds (5–11), were isolated from the CH2Cl2/MeOH (1:1) extract of the stem of Tephrosia purpurea subsp. leptostachya, a widely used medicinal plant. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric evidence. Some of the isolated compounds showed antiplasmodial activity against the chloroquine-sensitive D6 strains of Plasmodium falciparum, with (E)-5-hydroxytephrostachin (1) being the most active, IC50 1.7 ± 0.1 μM, with relatively low cytotoxicity, IC50 > 21 μM, against four cell-lines.
An Efficient, Eco-friendly and Sustainable One-Pot Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones Directly from Alcohols Catalyzed by Heteropolyanion-Based Ionic Liquids
Authors: Fu Renzhong , Yang Yang , Ma Xudong , Sun Yu , Li Jin , Gao Hang , Hu Huaxing , Zeng Xiaojun , Yi Jun
Published: September 2017

Efficient, eco-friendly and sustainable access to 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones directly from alcohols under microwave and solvent-free conditions has been reported. The practical protocol involves heteropolyanion-based catalyzed oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes with NaNO3 as the oxidant followed by cyclocondensation with dicarbonyl compounds and urea or thiourea in a two-step, one-pot manner. Compatibility with different functional groups, good to excellent yields and reusable catalysts are the main highlights. The utilization of alcohols instead of aldehydes is a valid and green alternative to the classical Biginelli reaction.
Room Temperature Tunable Multiferroic Properties in Sol-Gel-Derived Nanocrystalline Sr(Ti1−xFex)O3−δ Thin Films
Authors: Wang Yi-Guang , Tang Xin-Gui , Liu Qiu-Xiang , Jiang Yan-Ping , Jiang Li-Li
Published: September 2017

Sr(Ti1−xFex)O3−δ (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2) thin films were grown on Si(100) substrates with LaNiO3 buffer-layer by a sol-gel process. Influence of Fe substitution concentration on the structural, ferroelectric, and magnetic properties, as well as the leakage current behaviors of the Sr(Ti1−xFex)O3−δ thin films, were investigated by using the X-ray diffractometer (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), the ferroelectric test system, and the vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). After substituting a small amount of Ti ion with Fe, highly enhanced ferroelectric properties were obtained successfully in SrTi0.9Ti0.1O3−δ thin films, with a double remanent polarization (2Pr) of 1.56, 1.95, and 9.14 μC·cm−2, respectively, for the samples were annealed in air, oxygen, and nitrogen atmospheres. The leakage current densities of the Fe-doped SrTiO3 thin films are about 10−6–10−5 A·cm−2 at an applied electric field of 100 kV·cm−1, and the conduction mechanism of the thin film capacitors with various Fe concentrations has been analyzed. The ferromagnetic properties of the Sr(Ti1−xFex)O3−δ thin films have been investigated, which can be correlated to the mixed valence ions and the effects of the grain boundary. The present results revealed the multiferroic nature of the Sr(Ti1−xFex)O3−δ thin films. The effect of the annealing environment on the room temperature magnetic and ferroelectric properties of Sr(Ti0.9Fe0.1)O3−δ thin films were also discussed in detail.
Panax ginseng Leaf Extracts Exert Anti-Obesity Effects in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats
Authors: Lee Seul Gi , Lee Yoon Jeong , Jang Myeong-Hwan , Kwon Tae Ryong , Nam Ju-Ock
Published: September 2017

Recent studies have reported that the aerial parts of ginseng contain various saponins, which have anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesity properties similar to those of ginseng root. However, the leaf extracts of Korean ginseng have not yet been investigated. In this study, we demonstrate the anti-obesity effects of green leaf and dried leaf extracts (GL and DL, respectively) of ginseng in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats. The administration of GL and DL to HFD-induced obese rats significantly decreased body weight (by 96.5% and 96.7%, respectively), and epididymal and abdominal adipose tissue mass. Furthermore, DL inhibited the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 adipocytes through regulation of the expression of key adipogenic regulators, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)-α. In contrast, GL had little effect on the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 adipocytes but greatly increased the protein expression of PPARγ compared with that in untreated cells. These results were not consistent with an anti-obesity effect in the animal model, which suggested that the anti-obesity effect of GL in vivo resulted from specific factors released by other organs, or from increased energy expenditure. To our knowledge, these findings are the first evidence for the anti-obesity effects of the leaf extracts of Korean ginseng in vivo.
Impact of Silicon in Plant Biomass Production: Focus on Bast Fibres, Hypotheses, and Perspectives
Authors: Luyckx Marie , Hausman Jean-Francois , Lutts Stanley , Guerriero Gea
Published: September 2017

Silicon (Si) is an abundant element which, when supplied to plants, confers increased vigor and resistance to exogenous stresses, as well as enhanced stem mechanical strength. Plant species vary in their ability to take Si up and to accumulate it under the form of silicon dioxide (SiO2) in their tissues: emblematic of this is the example of Poales, among which there is rice, a high Si accumulator. Monocots usually accumulate more Si than dicots; however, the impact that Si has on dicots, notably on economically important dicots, is a subject requiring further study and scientific efforts. In this review, we discuss the impact that Si has on bast fibre-producing plants, because of the potential importance that this element has in sustainable agriculture practices and in light of the great economic value of fibre crops in fostering a bio-economy. We discuss the data already available in the literature, as well as our own research on textile hemp. In particular, we demonstrate the beneficial effect of Si under heavy metal stress, by showing an increase in the leaf fresh weight under growth on Cd 20 µM. Additionally, we propose an effect of Si on bast fibre growth, by suggesting an action on the endogenous phytohormone levels and a mechanical role involved in the resistance to the turgor pressure during elongation. We conclude our survey with a description of the industrial and agricultural uses of Si-enriched plant biomass, where woody fibres are included in the survey.
A Self-Healing and Electrical-Tree-Inhibiting Epoxy Composite with Hydrogen-Bonds and SiO2 Particles
Authors: Bian Wancong , Wang Wenxuan , Yang Ying
Published: September 2017

Electrical tree growth in the insulation material is a main factor limiting the lifespan of insulation. A new method of increasing the durability and reliability of polymer dielectrics has been proposed by designing a three-phase electrical self-healing composite. SiO2 micro and nano particles were loaded in the sample which can improve the resistance to electrical tree breakdown. Materials with hydrogen bonds were synthesized and added into epoxy matrix to make the composite self-healable. It is found that both SiO2 and hydrogen-bonding self-healing material (HSM) can inhibit the electrical trees. Besides the self-healing behavior at the macro level, the incorporation of HSM can also make the micro defects such as electrical tree channel self-healable. The electrical self-healing composite will find a wide application in the field of electronic and electrical engineering.
Poly(phenylene ether) Based Amphiphilic Block Copolymers
Authors: Peters Edward
Published: September 2017

Polyphenylene ether (PPE) telechelic macromonomers are unique hydrophobic polyols which have been used to prepare amphiphilic block copolymers. Various polymer compositions have been synthesized with hydrophilic blocks. Their macromolecular nature affords a range of structures including random, alternating, and di- and triblock copolymers. New macromolecular architectures can offer tailored property profiles for optimum performance. Besides reducing moisture uptake and making the polymer surface more hydrophobic, the PPE hydrophobic segment has good compatibility with polystyrene (polystyrene-philic). In general, the PPE contributes to the toughness, strength, and thermal performance. Hydrophilic segments go beyond their affinity for water. Improvements in the interfacial adhesion between polymers and polar substrates via hydrogen bonding and good compatibility with polyesters (polyester-philic) have been exhibited. The heterogeneity of domains in these PPE based block copolymer offers important contributions to diverse applications.
A Novel Energy-Efficient Approach for Human Activity Recognition
Authors: Zheng Lingxiang , Wu Dihong , Ruan Xiaoyang , Weng Shaolin , Peng Ao , Tang Biyu , Lu Hai , Shi Haibin , Zheng Huiru
Published: September 2017

In this paper, we propose a novel energy-efficient approach for mobile activity recognition system (ARS) to detect human activities. The proposed energy-efficient ARS, using low sampling rates, can achieve high recognition accuracy and low energy consumption. A novel classifier that integrates hierarchical support vector machine and context-based classification (HSVMCC) is presented to achieve a high accuracy of activity recognition when the sampling rate is less than the activity frequency, i.e., the Nyquist sampling theorem is not satisfied. We tested the proposed energy-efficient approach with the data collected from 20 volunteers (14 males and six females) and the average recognition accuracy of around 96.0% was achieved. Results show that using a low sampling rate of 1Hz can save 17.3% and 59.6% of energy compared with the sampling rates of 5 Hz and 50 Hz. The proposed low sampling rate approach can greatly reduce the power consumption while maintaining high activity recognition accuracy. The composition of power consumption in online ARS is also investigated in this paper.
Automatic Classification of Tremor Severity in Parkinson’s Disease Using a Wearable Device
Authors: Jeon Hyoseon , Lee Woongwoo , Park Hyeyoung , Lee Hong , Kim Sang , Kim Han , Jeon Beomseok , Park Kwang
Published: September 2017

Although there is clinical demand for new technology that can accurately measure Parkinsonian tremors, automatic scoring of Parkinsonian tremors using machine-learning approaches has not yet been employed. This study aims to fill this gap by proposing machine-learning algorithms as a way to predict the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), which are similar to how neurologists rate scores in actual clinical practice. In this study, the tremor signals of 85 patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) were measured using a wrist-watch-type wearable device consisting of an accelerometer and a gyroscope. The displacement and angle signals were calculated from the measured acceleration and angular velocity, and the acceleration, angular velocity, displacement, and angle signals were used for analysis. Nineteen features were extracted from each signal, and the pairwise correlation strategy was used to reduce the number of feature dimensions. With the selected features, a decision tree (DT), support vector machine (SVM), discriminant analysis (DA), random forest (RF), and k-nearest-neighbor (kNN) algorithm were explored for automatic scoring of the Parkinsonian tremor severity. The performance of the employed classifiers was analyzed using accuracy, recall, and precision, and compared to other findings in similar studies. Finally, the limitations and plans for further study are discussed.
Quantifying Neighborhood-Scale Spatial Variations of Ozone at Open Space and Urban Sites in Boulder, Colorado Using Low-Cost Sensor Technology
Authors: Cheadle Lucy , Deanes Lauren , Sadighi Kira , Gordon Casey Joanna , Collier-Oxandale Ashley , Hannigan Michael
Published: September 2017

Recent advances in air pollution sensors have led to a new wave of low-cost measurement systems that can be deployed in dense networks to capture small-scale spatio-temporal variations in ozone, a pollutant known to cause negative human health impacts. This study deployed a network of seven low-cost ozone metal oxide sensor systems (UPods) in both an open space and an urban location in Boulder, Colorado during June and July of 2015, to quantify ozone variations on spatial scales ranging from 12 m between UPods to 6.7 km between open space and urban measurement sites with a measurement uncertainty of ~5 ppb. The results showed spatial variability of ozone at both deployment sites, with the largest differences between UPod measurements occurring during the afternoons. The peak median hourly difference between UPods was 6 ppb at 1:00 p.m. at the open space site, and 11 ppb at 4:00 p.m. at the urban site. Overall, the urban ozone measurements were higher than in the open space measurements. This study evaluates the effectiveness of using low-cost sensors to capture microscale spatial and temporal variation of ozone; additionally, it highlights the importance of field calibrations and measurement uncertainty quantification when deploying low-cost sensors.
Disadvantaged Status and Health Matters Networks among Low-Income African American Women
Authors: Pullen Erin , Oser Carrie
Published: September 2017

A significant gap in current network research relates to understanding the factors that shape the health matters (HM) networks of marginalized, socially disadvantaged populations. This is noteworthy, given that these networks represent a critical resource for mitigating the adverse health effects of both acute and chronic strains associated with marginalized status. Further, research has suggested that the networks of such populations—especially low-income African American women—are unique, and may operate in substantively different ways than those of other groups. Using two waves of data from a sample of low-income African American women, this research identifies the demographic, health status, and health behavior measures at time one that correspond to HM network characteristics at time two, six months later. This study offers preliminary insights on the relationship between key sociodemographic and health status characteristics of low-income African American women and their HM networks, including criminal justice involvement. Findings reveal that though poorer health status and criminal justice involvement correspond to smaller health matters networks, they also correspond to more active and supportive networks.
Reproducibility: A Primer on Semantics and Implications for Research
Authors: Pellizzari Edo , Lohr Kathleen , Blatecky Alan , Creel Darryl
Published: September 2017

Science is allegedly in the midst of a reproducibility crisis, but questions of reproducibility and related principles date back nearly 80 years. Numerous controversies have arisen, especially since 2010, in a wide array of disciplines that stem from the failure to reproduce studies or their findings:biology, biomedical and preclinical research, business and organizational studies, computational sciences, drug discovery, economics, education, epidemiology and statistics, genetics, immunology, policy research, political science, psychology, and sociology. This monograph defines terms and constructs related to reproducible research, weighs key considerations and challenges in reproducing or replicating studies, and discusses transparency in publications that can support reproducible research goals. It attempts to clarify reproducible research, with its attendant (and confusing or even conflicting) lexicon and aims to provide useful background, definitions, and practical guidance for all readers. Among its conclusions: First, researchers must become better educated about these issues, particularly the differences between the concepts and terms. The main benefit is being able to communicate clearly within their own fields and, more importantly, across multiple disciplines. In addition, scientists need to embrace these concepts as part of their responsibilities as good stewards of research funding and as providers of credible information for policy decision making across many areas of public concern. Finally, although focusing on transparency and documentation is essential, ultimately the goal is achieving the most rigorous, high-quality science possible given limitations on time, funding, or other resources.