bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
218 Impact of diet and quality grade on tenderness of beef steaks
Authors: Bland Nicolas , Herrera Nicolas , Henriott Morgan , Ribeiro Felipe , Hart Kellen , Calkins Chris
Published: November 2020

Research was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding different types of processed corn, with or without distiller grains with solubles, and differing quality grade on tenderness of beef steaks. Steers (n=240) were finished on Dry Rolled Corn (DRC), DRC + 30% Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS), Steam Flaked Corn (SFC), or SFC + 30% DDGS. Cattle were fed 10 per pen. Only pens with upper 2/3 Choice and Select-grade carcasses were sampled, with a goal of two (and a minimum of one) of each grade per pen. Three pens per treatment met the selection criterion and 36 carcasses were chosen (21 upper 2/3 Choice and 15 Select). Pen was considered the experimental unit. Both strip loins were collected from each carcass, halved, and aged for 2, 9, 16, or 23 d. After aging, steaks were placed under retail display for 7 d. Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), slice shear force (SSF), sarcomere length, sarcoplasmic calcium, and troponin-T (Tn-T) degradation were determined. Minimal to no impacts on sarcomere length and calcium were found (P >0.05). For both WBSF and SSF, Choice steaks were more tender than Select. Significantly more Tn-T was degraded at 23 d of aging compared to 2 d of aging. Beef steaks from cattle fed DRC were more tender than SFC, regardless of the presence or absence of DDGS. For 2 d aged samples, Tn-T degradation was higher when cattle were fed DDGS compared to no DDGS. Overall, these data suggest that steaks from cattle fed DRC are more tender than steaks from cattle fed SFC and Choice-grade steaks are more tender than Select-grade steaks.
222 Effect of genetic line and parity of dam on litter birth weight and weaning weight in swine
Authors: Christianson Marcie I , Stalder Kenneth J , Ramirez Alejandro , Beitz Donald , Keating Aileen F
Published: November 2020

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of parity and genetic line of the dam on her offspring and their ability to thrive until weaning. Data were obtained from 17 purebred litters and 72 crossbred litters and the parity of the dam ranged from 1-13. Parities were grouped into the following categories: parity 1, parity 2, parity 3-5, and parity 6+. Entire litters were weighed at birth and weaning (~28 days of age). Litters were grouped into four weight categories based on the time of year they were born: February, April, May, and July 2019. Data were analyzed by using mixed model methods (Proc Mixed, SAS V. 9.4, SAS Inst. Inc. Cary, NC). The birthweight model included fixed effects of parity and genetic line. Birth month was included as a random variable, and number born alive was used as a covariate. Mean litter birth weight was significantly different between parity 1 and parity 3-5 (P=0.001), parity 2 and parity 6+ (P=0.031), and parity 3-5 and parity 6+ (P=< 0.0001). The difference between parity 2 and parity 3-5 approached significance. Birthweight differed between genetic line (< 0.0001): Crossbred litter birthweight was 4.15kg greater than purebred litter birthweight. The weaning weight model included genetic line, parity, and number of pigs after fostering. Birth month was included as a random variable, and age at weaning and birth weight were used as covariates. Weaning weights for parity and genetic line did not differ (P >0.05).
120 The future of genome editing in food animal species
Authors: Van Eenennaam Alison L
Published: November 2020

Genome editing refers to the use of targeted nucleases to introduce double-stranded breaks in DNA at a specific sequence in the genome. The cell can then repair this break using either the error-prone, non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway which often results in a small insertion or deletion. This can inactivate or “knock-out” a gene if the repair introduces a missense or nonsense frameshift mutation in the coding region of the protein encoded by that gene. Alternatively, the break can be repaired via the homology-directed repair (HDR) pathway which relies on a nucleic acid template to guide the repair. Depending upon the template, the directed repair can be as simple as a single nucleotide change, or as complicated as an entire transgene integration. Editing offers an opportunity for geneticists to precisely introduce useful genetic alterations into animal breeding programs. Some examples include a knock-out of the CD163 cellular receptor of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) which renders pigs resistant to infection by that virus, and the replacement of the horned allele in dairy cattle with the Celtic (PC) POLLED allele resulting in genetic hornlessness. For editing to be useful, it will need to seamlessly integrate with genetic improvement program design. This will ultimately require introducing edits into multiple elite lines to avoid genetic bottlenecks. This requirement is at odds with the process-based trigger and event-based regulatory approach that has been proposed for gene edited food animals by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The 2017 draft FDA regulatory guidance 187 states that “intentional” genomic alterations introduced by genome editing will be regulated as new animal drugs, irrespective of product novelty or risk, necessitating lengthy multigenerational safety evaluations. The high costs associated with new animal drug approval will dramatically curtail the use of genome editing in food animal species.
130 Assessing current phytase release values for calcium, phosphorus, amino acids and energy in diets for growing pigs
Authors: Wensley Madie R , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Dritz Steve S
Published: November 2020

A total of 2,268 pigs (PIC 337×1050, initially 28.5±2.3 kg) were used in a 55-d growth study. On d 0, pens of pigs were blocked by body weight and randomly allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments with 27 pigs per pen and 14 pens per treatment. Treatments were fed in 2 different phases containing 1.05 and 0.89% SID Lys, respectively. The 6 treatments consisted of a control with no phytase and inorganic P from monocalcium P, or 5 diets with 1,500 phytase units (FYT/kg; Ronozyme HiPhos 2,500; DSM Nutritional Products, Inc., Parsippany, NJ) assuming supplier-provided nutrient release values for Ca and P (CaP), Ca, P, and AA (CaPAA), Ca, P, AA, and half of the suggested net energy (CAPAA+halfNE), Ca, P, AA, and full NE (CaPAA+fullNE) and no nutrient release (None). The assumed release values were 0.146% STTD P, 0.102% STTD Ca, 41.8 kcal/kg of NE, and 0.0217, 0.0003, 0.00886, 0.0224, 0.0056, 0.0122, and 0.0163% digestible Lys, Met, Met + Cys, Thr, Trp, Ile, and Val, respectively. All diets within phase were corn-soybean meal-based and contained a STTD Ca:STTD P ratio of 1.60:1. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design for a one-way ANOVA using the lmer function from the lme4 package in R. Overall (d 0 to 55), there was no evidence for differences in ADG or ADFI. However, pigs fed the diet containing 1,500 FYT/kg assuming no nutrient release had increased (P< 0.05) G:F compared to pigs fed diets containing 1,500 FYT/kg assuming either CaP or CaPAA+fullNE release, with others intermediate. Based on diet formulation and using supplier recommended phytase release values, all pigs should have had similar performance. However, pigs fed full matrix release values for CaPAA+fullNE had decreased (P< 0.05) G:F, suggesting that full matrix release values, especially energy, may be too aggressive and resulted in diets contributing less nutrients than needed to optimize performance.
76 Compensatory growth following lysine restriction in grow-finish pigs: literature review and analysis
Authors: Menegat Mariana Boscato , Dritz Steve S , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D
Published: November 2020

A literature review on compensatory growth induced by lysine restriction in grow-finish pigs was conducted. First, a database was developed to standardize comparisons across the peer-reviewed literature and characterize the occurrence of compensatory growth. Publications had to include: pigs with minimum initial weight of 15 kg; a group of “non-restricted pigs” not subjected to a restriction period; a group of “restricted pigs” subjected to a restriction period induced by decreasing lysine alone, lysine and other amino acids, or crude protein in diets; a recovery period following the restriction period in which the same diet was fed to restricted and non-restricted pigs; and ad libitum feed consumption. The database included 14 publications and 57 comparisons expressed as relative differences between restricted pigs and non-restricted pigs. The database analysis categorized compensatory growth into complete, incomplete, and no compensatory growth, and characterized the patterns of restriction and recovery in each category (Table 1). The data analysis supports that compensatory growth induced by lysine restriction in grow-finish pigs occurs. The degree of lysine restriction as well as restriction and recovery duration seem critical in explaining differences between complete and incomplete compensatory growth. Also, inadequate lysine level in the recovery period seems to be associated with incomplete or no compensatory growth. Compensatory growth is more likely if: degree of lysine restriction is between 10 to 30%; lysine restriction is induced before pigs reach their maximum protein deposition; duration of lysine restriction is short and duration of recovery period is long; and lysine level in the recovery period is close to or above the estimated requirements.
74 Isotonic electrolyte solution improves pig wean to finish performance
Authors: Jasper Jessica , Mendoza Omarh , Brown Katie , Shull Caleb M , Gabler Nicholas
Published: November 2020

Nutritional strategies to enhance intestinal development, caloric intake, and hydration are advantageous to newborn and weaned pigs by aiding in growth performance and survivability. However, the lifetime benefit of such strategies in commercial pigs has been poorly elucidated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of an isotonic electrolyte supplementation on lifetime pig performance. Three hundred ninety-three piglets (Duroc sires by Yorkshire-Landrace F1 females; 1.63 ± 0.38 kg birthweight) born from 40 sows were allotted to one of two treatments: 1) supplementation of TonistyPx (TON+) or 2) no supplementation of TonisityPx (CON). TON+ pigs were given a liquid solution from d 2 to 8 (500 mL/litter/d). All pigs were weaned and shipped to a wean-to-finish site, and randomly allotted by litter/supplemental treatment across two barns with identical configuration (12 pens/treatment; 15-17 pigs/pen). Once allocated, TON+ pens were given a liquid solution (5.68 L/pen/d) on the day of placement and a gruel solution on day 2 and 3 post placement. Individual pig BW was recorded at birth, weaning, end of nursery and end of finishing period. From birth to weaning CON pigs tended to have increased weaning BW compared to TON+ pigs (5.63 vs. 5.38, P < 0.10). At the end of the 42d nursery in which all pigs were fed the same common diets with supplementation from d 0 to 3 post-weaning, no differences in BW were reported between CON and TON+ pigs (25.62 vs. 25.43 kg, P >0.05). However, at the end of the grow-finish period the TON+ pigs were 4.63% heavier compared to CON pigs (P < 0.01). No numerical differences in mortality were reported in nursery or grow-finish periods. In summary, isotonic electrolyte supplementation to newborn and weaned pigs resulted in a 5.87 kg heavier BW at the end of the finisher period.
164 Evaluation of the energy value of soybean meal relative to corn based on growth performance of 11- to 22-kg pigs
Authors: Cemin Henrique S , Tokach Mike D , Dritz Steve S , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D
Published: November 2020

A 21-d experiment was conducted to estimate the energy value of soybean meal (SBM) and determine the effects of increasing SBM on pig performance. A total of 2,233 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050), initially 11.0 kg, were placed in pens containing 20 to 27 pigs. Treatments were assigned in a randomized complete block design with BW as blocking factor. Dietary treatments consisted of 21, 27, 33, or 39% SBM obtained by changing the amount of feed-grade amino acids and corn. There were 23 replicates per treatment. Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI, G:F, and caloric efficiency (CE). Cull pigs and mortality were evaluated daily. Data were analyzed with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. There was a tendency (P = 0.090) for a quadratic response for ADG, with a decrease in ADG observed with 39% SBM. There was a tendency (linear, P = 0.092) for a decrease in ADFI as SBM increased. Pigs fed diets with increasing SBM had a tendency (quadratic, P = 0.069) for an increase in G:F up to 33% SBM and an improvement (linear, P = 0.001; quadratic, P = 0.063) in CE with increasing SBM. There was no evidence for differences (P ≥ 0.457) in cull pigs and mortality. Using CE to estimate the energy of SBM relative to corn, a value of 105.4% of corn energy or 2,816 kcal/kg NE was determined using all data points. When removing the CE value of the 39% SBM treatment due to the quadratic tendency, SBM was estimated to have 121.1% of corn energy or 3,236 kcal/kg NE. The results suggest that feeding increasing levels of SBM improves G:F and CE. The energy value of SBM was estimated between 105 and 121% of corn, which is much greater than the NRC (2012) would suggest.
165 Digestibility of energy and dietary fiber by growing pigs and concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy in corn- or sorghum-based diets without or with microbial enzymes
Authors: Oliveira Maryane , Espinosa Charmaine , Almeida Ferdinando , Stein Hans H
Published: November 2020

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that inclusion of an enzyme premix (xylanase and cellulase) in diets based on corn or sorghum and fed to growing pigs improves the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy and total dietary fiber (TDF) and concentration of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME). Two basal diets based on corn and soybean meal or sorghum and soybean meal were formulated. Four additional diets were formulated by adding 40% distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) or 40% wheat middlings to each of the 2 basal diets. Each of these 6 diets were formulated either without or with an enzyme premix that contained xylanase and cellulase. A total of 144 pigs (61.7 ± 5.3 kg) were allotted to a randomized complete block design with 12 diets and 12 replicate pigs per diet. Pigs were housed individually and adapted to the diets for 12-d, then moved to metabolism crates and after 4 d, urine and feces were collected for 5 d. Data were analyzed as 2 × 2 × 3 factorial with 2 types of diets, two enzymes treatments, and three by-product inclusions. The pig was the experimental unit. The ATTD of gross energy (GE), and DE and ME improved (P < 0.01) if enzymes were added to the diets regardless of the grain source or by-product inclusion (Table 1). No effect of enzymes on ATTD of TDF was observed, ATTD of TDF was greater if DDGS rather than wheat middlings was added to the corn diet (grain source × by-product interaction, P < 0.05). In conclusion, addition of enzymes may have the potential to improve the ATTD of GE, and DE and ME in mixed diets based on corn or sorghum and both without and with inclusion of DDGS or wheat middlings.

3Enz = enzyme premix supplied by ADM Animal Nutrition, Quincy, IL, USA.
80 Effects of dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine level in the nursery period and number of dietary phases in the grow-finish period on wean-to-finish growth performance of pigs
Authors: Tolosa Russi Andres F , Ellis Michael , Mendoza Omarh , Shull Caleb M , Schwab Clint
Published: November 2020

The objective was to determine if feeding differing levels of dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine (SID Lys) during the nursery phase influenced the growth performance response to the number of dietary phases fed in the grow-finish period. A split-plot design was used with a 3×2 factorial arrangement of the following treatments: 1) SID Lys level nursery period: Control (SID Lys at requirement) vs. Restricted (0.2 g/kg SID Lys below Control) vs. Excess (0.1 g/kg SID Lys above Control; 2) Number of Dietary Phases in grow-finish: 3 vs. 5. Diets were formulated to meet NRC (2012) requirements, except for SID Lys during the nursery period. The study was carried out over the nursery [weaning (21±2 d; 5.8 ± 0.05 kg BW) to wk 9 post-weaning] and grow-finish [wk 9 to 19 post-weaning (112 ± 3.7 kg BW)] periods using 4,356 pigs housed in single-sex groups of 44 pigs, at a floor space of 0.30 m2/pig and 0.62 m2/pig in nursery and grow-finish periods, respectively. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS; pen was the experimental unit. The model included fixed effects of SID Lys level (main plot), Number of Dietary Phases (split plot), their interaction, and random effects of block and block by SID Lys level interaction. There were no treatment interactions (P > 0.05). The Restricted Lys treatment reduced (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F in the nursery period compared to other treatments, but had no effect on these measurements in the grow-finish or wean-to-finish periods. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of the number of dietary phases on growth performance in grow-finish. In conclusion, feeding low levels of Lys in the nursery reduced nursery but not wean-to-finish growth performance; reducing the number of dietary phases in grow-finish from 5 to 3 had no impact on growth performance.
201 Increased ratio of SID Lysine to metabolizable energy improves pig performance during a viral challenge
Authors: Jasper Jessica , Mendoza Omarh , Shull Caleb M , Schweer Wes , Schwartz Kent , Gabler Nicholas
Published: November 2020

The objective was to evaluate the effects of increasing the dietary g SID Lys:ME from 100% (NRC requirement) to 120% of the requirement of grower pigs, in vaccinated (vac+; MLV Ingelvac PRRS®) and non-vaccinated [vac-; no vaccination for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)] pigs that were then challenged with a PRRS virus. Secondly, we evaluated two diet formulation approach to achieve a 120% SID Lys:ME ratio by either increasing Lys relative to energy or diluting energy relative to Lys. Within vaccine status, 195 mixed-sex pigs vac+ (35.2 ± 0.60 kg BW) and vac- (35.2 ± 0.65 kg BW) were randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments: The treatments (g SID Lys:ME) were 2.67 (100%, control), 3.23 (120%, increased SID Lys), and 3.22 (120S%, dilution of ME via dietary inclusion of sand). Pigs were randomly allotted, within vaccine status, to 24 pens (7-10 pigs/pen; n=8). All pigs were inoculated with a PRRS virus and started on experimental diets on d 0. Over a 42 d challenge period, BW, ADG, ADFI and G:F were determined and all data was analyzed within vaccination status. In vac+ pigs compared to control, end BW increased in 120% and 120S% fed pigs (10% and 9% respectively; P < 0.05) and ADG increased by 20% and 17% respectively (P < 0.05). Similarly, in vac- pigs a 9% and 20% improvement in end BW and ADG was observed respectively compared to control (P < 0.05). Overall, ADFI increased by 20% in the 120S% vac+ pigs (P = 0.003) and by 17% in vac- pigs (P = 0.001) compared to control. The 120% vac+ pigs had the greatest G:F compared to control and 120S% pigs (P < 0.01). In summary, increasing SID Lys:ME by either increasing Lys or decreasing ME improved growth performance of PRRSV challenged pigs.
210 Effects of D-methionine compared with L-methionine on N retention, gut morphology and antioxidant status of weaned pigs
Authors: Htoo John K , Mathai John , Blavi Laia , Liu Yanhong , González-Vega Caroline , Stein Hans H
Published: November 2020

A N-balance study was conducted to compare the effect of D-methionine (D-Met) or L-methionine (L-Met) supplementation on N balance, gut morphology and antioxidant status of weaned pigs. Fifty-six weaned barrows (10.5 ± 1.2 kg initial BW) were allotted to 7 diets in 2 blocks. A Met-deficient basal diet (BD; 0.24% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Met) but adequate in other AA, was supplemented with 3 graded levels (0.036, 0.072, and 0.108%) of D-Met or L-Met. After a 7-d adaptation, feces and urine were collected quantitatively for 5 d to determine N balance. At the completion of the experiment, blood samples were collected from all pigs. Pigs fed the BD and pigs fed the highest level of SID Met (0.34%) of both Met sources were euthanized and tissue samples from liver, kidney, muscle (longissimus dorsi), duodenal and jejunal mucosa were collected. N retention as % of N intake increased (P < 0.001; 67, 72, 73, 74, 71, 74, 74%, respectively) by graded supplemental level of D-Met or L-Met. However, there was no interaction between Met source and supplemental level for all N-balance metrics. Using a slope-ratio regression, the bioavailability of D-Met relative to L-Met was 100.1% (95% confidence intervals: 85-116%) based on N retention (% of N intake). Villus height and crypt depth in the duodenum and jejunum were not affected by Met sources. Pigs fed the D-Met diet had a greater (P < 0.05) total glutathione concentration in liver (4.9 vs. 1.5 µM) vs. BD. However, total antioxidant capacity and concentration of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in liver, muscle or plasma samples were not different among treatments. Supplementation with D-Met increased glutathione peroxidase activity in kidney (878 vs. 413 and 229 mU/mL; P < 0.05) compared with BD or L-Met diet, however, activity of glutathione reductase in liver and kidney were not affected by treatments. These data indicate that D-Met and L-Met are equally efficient to support N retention, intestinal morphology and oxidative status in weaned pigs.
179 Efficacy and safety of amino acids with biomass for growth and health of newly-weaned pigs
Authors: Cheng Yi-Chi , Duarte Marcos E , Kim Sung Woo
Published: November 2020

The objective was to test the efficacy of L-Thr or L-Val with biomass (ThrPro or ValPro; CJ BIO, Fort Dodge, IA) on growth performance and health compared with L-Thr or L-Val (purified) in newly-weaned pigs. There were 9 dietary treatments based on NRC (2012) requirements: NC (basal diet meeting 70% of requirements for SID Thr and Val); 4 treatments based on basal diet meeting 95% of requirements: LT (with L-Thr), LV (with L-Val), PT (with ThrPro), and PV (with ValPro); HLT (fivefold L-Thr in LT), HLV (fivefold L-Val in LV), HPT (fivefold ThrPro in PT), and HPV (fivefold ValPro in PV). Pigs were fed for 26 d in 2 phases. Feed intake and BW were measured at d 0, 5, 10, 17, and 26. Blood was collected on d 21 for liver function analysis. Pigs were euthanized on d 26 to collect jejunal mucosa for gut health parameters. Data were analyzed by SAS using MIXED procedure. Pigs fed LT and LV or PT and PV had higher (P < 0.05) ADG than pigs fed NC during phase 2. Pigs fed LT, LV, PT, and PV had higher ADFI and G:F than pigs fed NC during d 17 to 26. Pigs fed PT and PV had lower (P < 0.05) G:F than pigs fed HPT and HPV during phase 2. Pigs fed LT and LV or PT and PV had lower (P < 0.05) BUN than pigs fed NC. Overall, pigs fed PT and PV had no differences in any analyzed measurements from pigs fed LT and LV and pigs fed HPT and HPV. In conclusion, PT and PV were equally efficient to LT and LV for growth performance and health. HPT and HPV did not impair liver and gut health compared with PT and PV.
260 Effects of iron administration timing on pre-weaning performance and hematological criteria in pigs
Authors: Williams Hayden E , Maurer Ryan T , Carrender Brittany , DeRouchey Joel M , Woodworth Jason C , Dritz Steve S , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Coble Kyle , Holtcamp Andrew
Published: November 2020

Newborn pigs (n=1,892; 1.5 kg BW) were used in a 20-d study evaluating the effects of Fe injection timing after birth on preweaned pig performance and blood criteria. A total of 172 litters were used. One d after farrowing, piglets were weighed, and 11 pigs within each litter were allotted to 1 of 6 treatments in a CRD. Treatments consisted of pigs receiving no Fe injection or 200-mg of injectable Fe (GleptoForte, Ceva Animal Health, Lenexa, KS) provided on d 1, 3, 5, or 7 of age, or 200-mg on d 1 plus 200-mg on d 12. 1 pig/litter received no Fe injection and 2 pigs/litter were placed on all other treatments. Piglets were weighed on d 1 and 20 after birth to determine growth performance and bled on d 20 to determine Fe status. Increasing the age that piglets received the Fe injection tended to decrease (linear; P=0.080) ADG. Not providing an Fe injection decreased (P=0.0001) overall ADG and d 20 BW compared to all other treatments. Hemoglobin and Hct decreased (linear; P< 0.05) with increasing age when pigs received an Fe injection. There was no evidence of differences (P >0.10) between the pigs receiving a 200-mg injection on d 1 and d 12 compared to those receiving the Fe on d 1 only. Pigs not provided an Fe injection had decreased (P=0.0001) Hb and Hct values compared to pigs receiving an Fe injection. Pigs receiving the 200-mg injection on d 1 and 12 had increased (P=0.0001) Hb and Hct values compared to pigs receiving 200-mg on d 1 only. Results suggest that providing a 200-mg Fe injection within 7 d after farrowing is sufficient for optimizing preweaning growth performance. The additional 200-mg Fe injection at d 12 did not influence growth performance but does increase Hb and Hct at weaning.
268 Administration of a Bacillus probiotic to sows improves growth response and health of their progeny after weaning
Authors: Davis Ellen , Christianson Jen , Anderson Samantha , Rehberger Tom , Sawall Justin
Published: November 2020

A Bacillus probiotic administered to sows was evaluated to determine the effect on their litters and subsequent pig growth response during the nursery phase. The study included 500 sows (250 sows/trt) fed a control or treatment diet with two Bacillus subtilis strains administered at 3.7x105 CFU/g of feed beginning three days after mating. Pigs (n=1,100) weaned from the sow phase were divided into 44 pens (22 pens/trt) and fed a common diet to determine the effect of sow treatment on post-weaning growth performance. Fecal samples were collected from a subset of sows (25/trt) at d112 of gestation and d19 of lactation, and from two pigs/pen in the nursery on d3 post-weaning for microbial enumeration. A blood sample was obtained from two pigs/pen on d3 and serum cytokines and the acute phase protein, α-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) were quantified. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS; sow/litter and pen served as the experimental unit. Litter weaning weights did not differ, but Escherichia coli counts were lower (P≤0.05) on d112 in fecal samples from sows fed Bacillus compared to control sows. Lactic acid bacteria counts were greater (P≤0.01) on d3 post-weaning in pigs weaned from sows fed Bacillus compared to control pigs. Nursery pigs weaned from sows fed the Bacillus probiotic had greater (P≤0.01) ADG and G/F during Phase1 (d 0-11), greater (P≤0.01) ADG and ADFI during Phase3 (d 23-37) and were 0.91 kg heavier (P≤0.01) at the end of the nursery phase (d 51) compared to pigs from control sows. The administration of Bacillus to sows resulted in lower AGP (P≤0.05) and greater tumor necrosis factor-α (P=0.08) serum concentrations on d3 post-weaning and reduced (P≤0.05) the percentage of nursery pigs removed from the trial and placed in invalid pens compared to pigs from control sows. These data indicate that a Bacillus probiotic improves sow health and the lactation environment and has a substantial impact on the subsequent productivity of their progeny.
270 Efficacy of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis (BioPlus2B®) on sow lactation performance, litter growth, nursery performance and health of pigs challenged with PRRS virus post-wean
Authors: Lerner Steve P , Becker Sage R , Dee Scott A , Kitt Steve J , Bertram Mark J , Williams Todd E , Pepin Brent J , Hanson Dan B , Little Erin A , Frahm Paul F
Published: November 2020

Probiotics have been shown to support normal growth and immune function in pigs in challenging environments. A commercial probiotic (BioPlus2B®) containing two microbial species (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis) was tested to determine its effect on lactation of sows, pre-weaning performance of litters, and post-weaning performance of pigs challenged with PRRS virus. Sows (n = 120) were fed to meet or exceed NRC 2018 requirements and divided into two treatment groups: control and BioPlus2B®. BioPlus2B® was fed daily at an equivalent of 1.6 x 109CFU/kg and daily feed intake was recorded. Production practices were closely monitored in order to reduce the risk of bacteria cross-contamination between treatment groups and to maintain responsible animal welfare practices. By 24 hours post-farrow, piglets were cross-fostered within treatment group and subsequently weighed. They were weighed again on day 17. Upon weaning at approximately 21 days, piglets from each treatment group were separated into one of three BSL2 rooms and allocated to one of 36 pens per treatment for a 28-day growth study. The treatment group was fed BioPlus2B® daily at 1.1 x 109CFU/kg. At seven days post-wean, pigs were infected IM with 2 x 103.5 TCID 50 of the PRRS virus. Sow, litter, or pen was considered the experimental unit except for birth and wean weights. Sows that consumed BioPlus2B® daily birthed heavier piglets, consumed more feed throughout lactation, and tended to wean heavier pigs than Control sows. Pigs that consumed BioPlus2B® post-wean resulted in greater ADG, ADG:ADFI, and reduced mortality after PRRS infection. Data is expressed as least square means ±SEM. Values at P< 0.05 are considered significantly different while values between 0.05< P≤0.10 are considered a trend. In summary, feeding a defined probiotic supports optimal performance of sows and litters and effective immune responses of pigs challenged with respiratory disease.
280 Effects of metabolizable energy and standardized ileal digestible lysine levels on lactating sow and litter performance
Authors: Silva Gustavo , Thompson Robyn , Knopf Brandon , Greiner Laura L , Soto Jose A , Vier Carine , Lu Ning , Orlando Uislei
Published: November 2020

The objective was to determine the effects of metabolizable energy (ME) and standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) levels on lactating sows and litter performance. A total of 600 sows (Camborough; PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were blocked by parity (P1, P2, P3+) on d 112 of gestation and allotted to 1 of 6 treatments arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial with the main effect of ME (3.2 and 3.4 Mcal/kg) and SID Lys (0.70, 0.85, and 1.00 %). Corn-soybean meal-based diets were fed from farrowing until weaning (d 21±2.3). Litters were cross-fostered until 48-h after farrowing to equalize litter size. Sows were weighed at d 112 of gestation and at weaning. Litter size and weight were collected at 24-h post-farrow and weaning. Daily feed intake was recorded from 48-h post-farrow until weaning. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with sow as the experimental unit. There was no evidence of interaction between ME and SID Lys for any response criteria. There was no evidence for an ME effect on sow performance. There was a quadratic effect (P< 0.05) of SID Lys on sow average daily feed intake, with the greatest intake at 0.85% SID Lys. Increasing SID Lys levels increased sow BW change (linear, P< 0.05). Litters from sows fed 3.4 Mcal of ME/kg had greater (P< 0.05) daily gain compared to those from sows fed 3.2 Mcal of ME/kg. Increasing SID Lys levels increased (linear, P< 0.05) litter weight at weaning and piglet daily gain. Wean-to-estrus interval, percentage of sows bred after weaning, total born on the subsequent parity, litter size at weaning, and percent of piglet removals were not influenced by dietary treatments. In summary, increasing ME levels did not affect sow performance, but improved litter and piglet daily gain. Increasing SID Lys levels improved both litter and sow performance.
25 The effects of closely meeting estimated daily lysine and energy requirements for pregnant sows across two pregnancies on sow body weight change and litter characteristics at birth
Authors: Stewart Victoria , Hansen Lauren , Mandell Ira , Huber Lee-Anne
Published: November 2020

Gestating sows experience varying nutrient and energy requirements throughout gestation and across parities. The objective of the current study was to determine the effects of precisely meeting estimated (daily) energy and Lys requirements for gestating sows over two pregnancies on sow body weight (BW) change and litter characteristics at birth. One hundred and seven sows (average parity 1.4±0.5) were randomly assigned to a precision (PF ; n=52) or control (CON ; n=55) feeding program between day 2 and 9 of gestation and housed in group-pens equipped with electronic sow feeders capable of blending two diets. The PF sows received unique daily blends of two isocaloric diets (2518 kcal/kg NE; 0.80 and 0.20% SID Lys, respectively) while the CON sows received 2.2 kg of a static blend of the dietsto achieve 0.56% SID Lys throughout gestation. After weaning, sows were re-bred and entered the same feeding program as in the previous pregnancy (PF: n=37; CON: n=37; average parity 2.4±0.5). During the first pregnancy, CON sows had greater BW gain in the first trimester (15.1 vs 10.2±1.2kg; P < 0.05), but BW at the end of gestation did not differ. In the second pregnancy, PF sows had a greater BW gain in the second (21.4 vs 14.1±1.7kg; P < 0.05) and third trimesters (32.6 vs 24.7±3.1 kg; P < 0.05), along with heavier BW and greater loin depths at the end of gestation (249.1 vs 232.9±5.6kg and 73.1 vs 70.4±1.1mm, respectively; P < 0.05). The number of piglets born alive, stillborn, and mummified, and litter birth weights did not differ in either pregnancy. Precision feeding of gestating sows reduced BW gain in the first trimester of the first pregnancy and increased BW gain and maternal protein stores (i.e. loin depth) in the subsequent pregnancy, without affecting litter characteristics at birth.
278 Feeding a whole-cell inactivated Pichia guilliermondi yeast to gestating and lactating sows over two consecutive parities
Authors: Thayer Morgan T , Asmus Matthew D , Gourley Gene , Bruder Emily , Jones Daniel B
Published: November 2020

A total of 535 sows and their progeny (PIC 359×1050) were used to determine the effect of feeding gestating and lactating sows a proprietary strain of Pichia guilliermondi as a whole-cell inactivated yeast product (WCY; CitriStim, ADM Animal Nutrition, Quincy, IL) on sow and litter performance in a commercial production system. Within 24 hours of breeding, sows were allotted to 1 of 2 dietary treatments. Parity distribution was equalized across treatments. Sows were fed either a basal gestation control (CON) diet or CON fortified with 0.1% (0.91 kg/ton) of the WCY at the expense of corn throughout gestation. Sow dietary treatments were also maintained through lactation. Of the 535 sows that completed the initial reproductive cycle (cycle 1), 358 sows were maintained on dietary treatment and followed through a second gestation and lactation (cycle 2). The direction and magnitude of the differences in total born and born alive pigs in cycle 1 and cycle 2 was similar between treatments. Supplementing sows with WCY in cycle 1 increased the number of total born pigs by 0.59 pigs/litter (P=0.038) and tended to increase the number of pigs born alive by 0.52 pigs/litter (P=0.064) compared to CON fed sows. For cycle 2, the total number of born and born alive pigs numerically increased by 0.44 pigs/litter (P=0.180) and 0.43 pigs/litter (P=0.179) respectively for sows fed WCY. The distribution of pig birth weights was not different between treatments in cycle 1 (P=0.536) nor cycle 2 (P=0.256). Also, the litter growth rate on a weight gain per pig per day basis was not different between treatments in cycle 1 (P=0.103) nor cycle 2 (P=0.379). In conclusion, feeding gestating and lactating sows a proprietary strain of Pichia guilliermondi as a whole-cell inactivated yeast product significantly increased the number of total born pigs during cycle 1.
282 Effect of formulating diets based on a ratio between STTD Ca and STTD P and the inclusion of phytase on the calcium and phosphorus balance of growing pigs
Authors: Lagos Vanessa , Bedford Mike R , Stein Hans H
Published: November 2020

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that formulating diets for pigs based on a ratio between standardized total tract digestible (STTD) Ca and STTD P instead of total Ca and STTD P increases the efficiency of Ca and P utilization. Forty barrows (59.4 ± 3.8 kg) were individually housed in metabolism crates and allotted to 4 corn-soybean meal diets and 2 periods of 11 d in a randomized complete block design. Diets were formulated using a 2 × 2 factorial design with 2 Ca requirement estimates (total Ca or STTD Ca) and 2 inclusion levels of microbial phytase (0 or 500 units/kg). Phytase was assumed to release 0.11% STTD P and 0.16% total Ca. Diets were formulated based on requirements for total Ca and STTD P and the ratio between STTD Ca and STTD P was 1.25:1 in diets formulated based on STTD Ca. Fecal and urine samples were collected from feed provided from d 6 to 9. Data for Ca and P balance were analyzed using a model that included the main effects of diet formulation and phytase level, the interaction between main effects, and the random effect of period. Interactions (P < 0.05) between diet formulation and phytase level were observed for Ca intake, Ca in feces, Ca digestibility, Ca retained as a percentage of intake, P digestibility, P absorbed, and P in urine (Table 1). Despite being provided less (P < 0.05) Ca, pigs fed diets formulated based on STTD Ca did not absorb or retain less Ca than pigs fed total Ca diets, but they absorbed more (P < 0.05) P than pigs fed diets formulated based on total Ca. In conclusion, by formulating diets based on values for STTD Ca, P absorption was increased confirming detrimental effects of oversupplying Ca.
224 Epimural microbiota and rumen epithelial gene expression in healthy and liver-abscessed animals
Authors: Abbas Waseem , Lindholm-Perry Amanda K , Keel Brittney N , Wells James E , Hales Kristin , Knoell Allison , Paz Henry A , Fernando Samodha
Published: November 2020

Different dietary and feed additive strategies have been developed to reduce the liver abscess in feedlot cattle, but liver abscesses are still a major problem in beef production. We have limited knowledge about how rumen microbial communities interact with host epithelial gene expression in healthy and liver-abscessed animals. The objective of this study was to investigate the associations between the rumen content associated and rumen epimural microbiome and epithelial gene expression in liver-abscessed and healthy animals. To this end, we collected the ruminal contents and tissue samples from healthy (N=30; score=0, steers n=19 and heifers n=11) and liver-abscessed (N=30; score=A+, steers n=21 and heifers n=9) feedlot cattle at harvest. The bacterial community compositions in the ruminal contents and papillae were evaluated via 16S rDNA sequencing of the V4 region using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Additionally, total RNA was extracted from rumen epithelial tissues and sequenced using the Illumina NextSeq platform. The permutational analysis (PERMANOVA) on Bray Curtis distances matrices showed the microbial community in the ruminal contents was significantly different (P< 0.001) from the bacterial community observed in rumen papillae. The ruminal contents contained a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria while papillae contained higher abundance of Firmicutes. The epimural microbiota was different (P< 0.01) between healthy and liver abscessed animals while ruminal contents microbiome was not different between the two groups. The DeSeq2 algorithm identified differentially expressed genes (221) related to MAPK, NF-kappa B signaling pathway, immune and inflammatory response in liver-abscessed animals. Additionally, a wide range of epimural bacterial taxa were correlated (-0.52 to 0.67) with differentially expressed genes. These data demonstrate the interaction between epimural microbiota and the host and its effect on liver abscesses, and indicate the need to study the epimural microbiome for its impact on liver abscesses in feedlot cattle. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
248 Evaluation of RUP Content of NexPro Dried Distillers Grains plus Solubles in Corn Silage Based Growing Calf Diets
Authors: Wiseman Aksel , Carslon Zachary , McPhillips Levi , Tilton Scott , Watson Andrea K , Erickson Galen E
Published: November 2020

An 85 d growing study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing NexPro, a high-protein dried distillers grains plus solubles from the FluidQuip MSC post-fermentation separation process, in a corn-silage based diet and to determine the RUP content of NexPro and performance of growing cattle fed this feedstuff. Crossbred steers (n = 120, initial BW = 250 ± 24kg) were individually fed using the Calan gate system and assigned randomly to treatment. Treatments were arranged as a 3×4 + 1 factorial with test protein type (Soybean meal [SBM]; non-enzymatically browned soybean meal [SoyPass]; high-protein DDGS [NexPro]) and supplemental protein concentration (4.5, 9.0, 13.5, or 18.0% diet DM) as factors. Crude protein content of NexPro, SoyPass and SBM were 51.4, 48.8, and 52.4%, respectively. All treatments were compared to a control with 0.0% inclusion of test protein and a corn-based, urea-containing RDP supplement. Diets contained 80% corn silage with test protein replacing RDP supplement as inclusion increased. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure as a completely randomized design with individual animal as experimental unit. By design, RUP intake increased linearly (P < 0.01) across all treatments. Ending BW responded linearly (P < 0.01) for all treatments. Steers fed SoyPass or NexPro had no change (P > 0.18) in DMI, while SBM had a tendency for a quadratic increase (P = 0.07). Gains increased linearly (P < 0.01) for SoyPass and increased quadratically (P = 0.01) for SBM and NexPro. This resulted in linear increases (P < 0.01) in feed efficiency with increasing inclusions of test proteins. In situ mobile bag technique was used to determine RUP content of the supplemental proteins. The RUP content as a % of CP for NexPro, SoyPass and SBM were 50, 74, and 22%, respectively. Feeding DDGS from the FluidQuip process improved calf performance by increasing DMI, ADG, and efficiency in growing diets.
141 Mineral Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Emphasis on organic minerals
Authors: Weiss Bill
Published: November 2020

Requirements for most minerals are expressed on an absorbed basis. The true absorption of minerals can vary widely because of source, presence of antagonists, dietary concentrations, and animal mineral status; therefore, expressing mineral requirements on an absorbed basis is theoretically sound. Unfortunately measuring true absorption of minerals is exceedingly difficult; available data is limited which means that often we are using constants. Requirements for lactation, growth, and conceptus growth are known with reasonable certainty; however establishing maintenance requirements is plagued with methodological difficulties, and the classical definition of maintenance (i.e., replenishment of inevitable fecal and urinary losses) ignores effects on water balance, acid-base balance in the rumen, and the ruminal and intestinal microbiome. For Na, Cl- and K, absorption is essentially 100% regardless of source. Lab methods are available to estimate absorption of P. Source of Ca accounts for the majority of the variation in Ca absorption and constants are available for feedstuffs and supplements. We have good data on absorption of Mg from basal diets and are able to estimate antagonism of Mg absorption caused by K. We are less able to estimate absorption of the various Mg supplements, some of which are highly variable. Except for the electrolytes (which affect water balance), requirements are known with reasonable certainty for macrominerals. Absorption coefficients for trace minerals (TM) are known with much less certainty. Source of supplemental TM (e.g., organic vs sulfates) can affect absorption but the effect depends on the mineral TM (e.g., source affects absorption of Cu more than that of Mn) and on interactions with basal diet. Maintenance requirements are generally poorly defined for TM and because of ‘non-factorial’ requirements such as effects on microbiome, source of TM likely affects requirements. This means that for some TM, the factorial approach to requirements may not be adequate.
138 Analytical Methods for Organometallic Chelation Testing
Authors: Walker Edward
Published: November 2020

Chelated minerals have increasingly captured the attention of scientists, manufacturers, and consumers in nutritional markets during the past five decades, due to their enhanced bioavailability compared to traditional ionic metal compounds. A wide variety of organic ligands bind to metal ions to form complexes that are generally referred to as chelates, including amino acids, peptides, proteins and carboxylic acids. Chemical reactions used to synthesize mineral chelates are affected by a number of factors that can alter the extent of chelation in manufactured products, such as pH, temperature, concentration, solvation, competing ions and ligands, and other variables. Qualitative and quantitative determination of chelation can be a daunting challenge, especially for dilute micronutrient minerals in complex matrices. Measuring chelation between metals and their ligands specifically focuses on the attractive forces between them. Analytical methods to determine the extent of chelation rely on a wide array of spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques. Very few standard methods of analysis exist to quantitatively measure the extent of chelation in nutritional products. A variety of these methods will be reviewed and compared for their potential use as standard methods of analysis.
PSIV-17 Effects of zinc level and calcium source on growth performance of nursery pigs
Authors: Cemin Henrique S , Swalla Luke A , Pietig Jamie L , Hansen Sharlie A , Hansen Ernie L
Published: November 2020

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of Zn level and Ca source on nursery performance. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of added Zn (100 or 3,000 mg/kg) and Ca source (limestone or Ca citrate). The basal level of Zn (100 mg/kg) was from organic source, whereas the 3,000 mg/kg was created with the inclusion of 2,900 mg/kg Zn oxide. A total of 3,701 pigs (PIC 337 × Camborough), initially 5.4 kg, were used with 18 replicates per treatment. Experimental diets were fed for 19 d, followed by a common diet from d 19 to 49. Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Data were analyzed with SAS MIXED procedure. There were interactions (P < 0.05) between Zn and Ca for G:F from d 10 to 19 and 0 to 19. From d 10 to 19, feeding 3,000 mg/kg added Zn improved G:F with both Ca sources, but the magnitude of improvement was greater when diets contained Ca citrate. From d 0 to 19, only pigs fed Ca citrate presented improvement in G:F when fed 3,000 mg/kg added Zn. For main effects, feeding 3,000 mg/kg added Zn improved (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F from d 0 to 10. From d 10 to 19 and 0 to 19, feeding 3,000 mg/kg added Zn increased (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI. During the common period (d 19 to 49), pigs previously fed 100 mg/kg added Zn had improved (P < 0.01) G:F. Overall (d 0 to 49), no differences (P > 0.10) in performance were observed. In conclusion, there were no major differences in performance between Ca sources. Pigs fed 3,000 mg/kg added Zn presented improved growth performance from d 10 to 19 but not overall.