bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a Behavioral Marker System to Assess Intensive Care Unit Team Performance
Authors: Dietz Aaron S. , Rosen Michael A. , Wyskiel Rhonda , Mendez-Tellez Pedro Alejandro , Dwyer Cynthia , Salas Eduardo
Published: October 2015

Teamwork plays a pivotal role in ensuring the quality and safety of care delivery in the intensive care unit (ICU). The measurement of these skills, therefore, is paramount to quantifying performance, providing developmental feedback, and evaluating the impact of initiatives to improve performance. The purpose of this paper is to detail the development of a theoretically-driven and context-driven approach to the measurement of teamwork skills in critical care.
Trust in Multimodal Sensory Cueing Automation in a Target Detection Task
Authors: White Timothy L. , Wright Julia , Mercado Joe , Sanders Tracy , Hancock Peter A.
Published: October 2015

The goal of our work was twofold. The first was to examine the effects of dispositional trust on performance in a target detection task. The second was to examine the effects of performance on implicit and explicit trust in cueing modalities in that same target detection task. Fifty-four participants detected targets using four cueing modalities (non-cued, auditory cue alone, tactile cue alone, and combined auditory and tactile cueing). Participants monitored three screens for targets and responded as rapidly and accurately as possible when the presence of a target was perceived. Dispositional trust proved to be a significant predictor of performance for the auditory modality. Performance was a significant predictor of explicit trust in the tactile and combined conditions. Overall, participants reported preferring the tactile and combined cueing modalities for this target detection task. These findings suggest that measures of explicit trust should be employed early in system design to enhance eventual trust and system usability.
Product warnings and the involuntary capture of attention
Authors: Rauschenberger Robert , Sala Joseph B. , Wood Christine T.
Published: October 2015

In both published papers and in guidelines of regulatory agencies and voluntary standards, examples can be found where the assumption is made that what will capture attention is that which is salient or conspicuous, and that these qualities are both necessary and sufficient to capture attention. A review of the published, peer-reviewed literature on attention capture, however, invites the conclusion that there are very few features of an object that will draw attention to themselves without or against the observer’s intentions. The ability of warnings to draw attention to themselves involuntarily is discussed within the context of the extant attention capture literature.
Development of an UX Assessment Model Based on Network Analysis
Authors: Rhie Ye Lim , Lim Ji Hyoun , Yun Myung Hwan
Published: October 2015

This paper introduces a novel approach to assess user experience (UX) by calculating relation of concepts based on network analysis. Since it is highly subjective and context-dependent, there was only marginal success in building quantification models for UX. This paper suggested UX assessment model to quantify the satisfaction level of user experience by assuming user values could be represented with network structure and centrality measures. As a case study, gesture interface for TV was investigated. Three core values were able to be identified, and an UX assessment model was proposed. In addition, the model was validated via quantitative study. The quantitative study collected objective and subjective performance measurements which are related to the peripheries of core values. The result revealed that identified user values significantly affected the overall level of satisfaction, whereas normalized link strengths were not much coincided with the correlation coefficients. This study suggested that an UX assessment model can be used to reveal important user values that affect user’s perceived satisfaction.
Effects of Context on Performance Times in Residential Roofing
Authors: Akter Tahmina , Smith-Jackson Tonya
Published: October 2015

In residential constructions, falls are the most serious causes of all fatal injuries. The elevation of these falls are relatively lower in almost all cases. Although there are rules for the usage of proper fall arrest systems (FAS) during the construction works, these rules are not properly enforced in residential roofing. In this research by using two types of FASs across two scaled models, different performance times (don time, doff time, tar paper setting time and shingle setting time) were measured. Two scaled models were built in indoor and outdoor location to see whether change of context affects the performance times. Data were analyzed by using SAS 9.4™.
Promoting Patient and Caregiver Engagement during Discharge from a Healthcare Facility
Authors: Barg-Walkow Laura H. , Foerster Florian , Jones Stuart M.
Published: October 2015

Greater patient involvement in the healthcare process is a key pillar of the patient centered health-care model. However, observations of a healthcare facility identified limited communication as a barrier for engagement between healthcare providers and patients and caregivers, particularly during the discharge process. The use of a personalized healthcare application for facilitating more thorough and personal communication between healthcare providers, patients, and caregivers is presented as a possible improvement to the healthcare communication process centered on the discharge process. To improve communication with healthcare providers, patients and caregivers are intended to use the application during the initial visit, in waiting times after diagnosis and discharge, as well as at home and on subsequent visits. Improved communication between these groups through means of augmented discharge instructions and improved processes can serve the goals of increased patient satisfaction and health outcomes.
Assessment of in-vehicle cellphone locations in influencing driving performance and distraction
Authors: McGough Beth , Ma Wenqi
Published: October 2015

Along with the fast development of smart phone technology, increased in-vehicle cellphone usage has become a general trend. Although numerous research studies have been conducted investigating how in-vehicle phone use would lead to different levels of driving distractions, few studies have investigated how different phone storing locations would influence driving performance. The objective of the present study was to assess common in-vehicle phone locations from a safety perspective and to identify ideal location(s) for the driver to store and interact with the phone. An experimental study was conducted in which 20 participants completed two types of cellphone tasks in a real-time driving simulation scenario, with the phone placed at four different locations. Statistical analysis on driving performance and eye tracking data showed a superiority of dashboard serving as phone location.
Alcohol, Everyday Activities, and Recognizing the Risk of a Few Drinks
Authors: Burhans Charles G. , Frantz J. Paul , Rhoades Timothy P. , Shah Raina J. , Wise Michael J.
Published: October 2015

How many drinks are too many drinks? This study explored this question from multiple perspectives. An earlier study of university students was expanded to a national adult sample of 191 adults. Participants were asked how many drinks they could consume before they would no longer feel safe engaging in everyday activities, including driving, biking, and walking. Compared to university students, a national adult sample generally considered activities to be unsafe at lower levels of alcohol consumption. This sample also tended to underestimate the number of drinks required to reach a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.08%. Some participants indicated an unwillingness to engage in activities if alcohol posed any increased risk, while others appeared to tolerate some added risk posed by alcohol consumption. Implications for risk perception and decision-making are discussed.
Comparing the Relative Impact of Smartwatch and Smartphone Use While Driving on Workload, Attention, and Driving Performance
Authors: Samost Aubrey , Perlman David , Domel August G. , Reimer Bryan , Mehler Bruce , Mehler Alea , Dobres Jonathan , McWilliams Thomas
Published: October 2015

A simulator study evaluated the extent to which the use of a smartwatch to initiate phone calls while driving impacts driver workload, attention, and performance, relative to visual-manual (VM) and auditory-vocal (AV) calling methods on a smartphone. Participants completed four calling tasks using each method while driving in a simulator and completing a remote detection response task (R-DRT). Among the 36 participants evaluated, R-DRT miss rates and reaction time were comparable between AV calling on the smartwatch and smartphone, but significantly higher using VM calling on the smartphone. Participants also exhibited more erratic driving behavior (lane position deviation and major steering wheel reversals) with smartphone VM calling compared to both AV calling methods. Finally, participants rated AV calling on both devices as entailing lower workload than VM calling on the smartphone. Overall, few differences emerged for the metrics reported between voice calling on a smartphone versus a smartwatch while driving.
Driver Responses to Simultaneous V2V and V2I Safety Critical Information in Left-turn Across Path Scenarios
Authors: Richard Christian , Divekar Gautam , Philips Brian H. , Bacon L. Paige , Jerome Christian
Published: October 2015

This paper describes two, part-task driving simulator studies that investigated how drivers handle safety information from multiple sources simultaneously, including in-vehicle and external sources. Specifically, the studies examined concurrent Driver-Infrastructure Interface (DII) and Driver-Vehicle Interface (DVI) displays for a gap-assist system while making a Left-Turn Across Path (LTAP) movement at a signalized intersection. Participants encountered repeated LTAP scenarios and indicated whether or not they would make a left turn through gaps in traffic that varied in size. Younger, middle, and older aged drivers participated in all experiments. The key factors examined included: gap size, age, display type (availability of DII and DVI information), and the visibility of oncoming traffic. The results indicated that participants primarily used the displays when their view of oncoming traffic was blocked, and they generally preferred the DII over the DVI. The key findings are discussed in terms of the effects of multiple sources of information, the effects of age, and visibility.
Older Adults and Vehicle Design
Authors: Kajaks T. , Crizzle A. , Gish J. , Fleisig R. , Vrkljan B.
Published: October 2015

Vehicle designs that enhance the safety of older users should consider their needs in the design process. This study aimed to capture the ingress and egress strategies employed by older drivers in order to understand the relationship between balance and mobility and movement patterns. A sample of healthy older drivers ( n=15; aged 72.5±7.9) and those with mobility impairments ( n=17; aged 71.3±6.0) were captured entering and exiting four vehicle models using an adjustable vehicle mock-up. As well, semi-structured interviews and ride-a-longs were conducted with a sub-group ( n=7) of participants with mobility impairments in order to explore how bodily changes associated with aging impact vehicle usability. There were no significant differences across vehicle models in terms of ingress, but there were with egress. Particular movement strategies used by both groups are discussed with regard to safety. Through this movement analyses, such evidence can be used to develop innovations that inform the next generation of vehicles that consider the needs of older users.
A Predictive Model of Driver Response in an Autonomous Environment
Authors: Samuel Siby , Horrey William J. , Fisher Donald L.
Published: October 2015

Remarkable strides have been made in the area of driving safety. Advanced technologies have successfully mitigated some crashes and there is a renewed belief that automation may be the solution to at least some of the remaining safety issues, particularly ones centered on human errors. Whilst automation is expected to be able to execute most longitudinal and lateral control tasks (Gold & Bengler, 2014), we do not yet know how effectively an automated driving suite (ADS) can re-integrate the human within the loop, especially in those situations where a driver’s response must be initiated quickly and is safety-critical. Successful transfer of control is made more complicated by various driver states (e.g., driver trust in automation, quality of calibration, and level of skill) and situational variables (e.g., sudden failure of the automation) that influence seamless transfer. The conceptual model proposed here, referred to as the AC/DC (Automatic Control/Driver Control) model and grounded in constructs of trust, calibration and ability, can be used to predict how a driver will respond in low and high risk scenarios when the automation fails suddenly and without warning. Such a model has the potential to expand our understanding of the complex interactions among different driver behavioral and situational factors that lead to particular responses and could inform interface design or human- automation control transfer protocols.
Mind Wandering While Driving
Authors: Lerner Neil , Baldwin Carryl , Higgins J. Stephen , Lee John , Schooler Jonathan
Published: October 2015

Distracted driving has been identified as a major concern in highway safety. Research to-date, however, has largely focused on distraction related to external events or intentional engagement in non-driving activities. Internal distraction (“mind wandering”) is now being recognized as a significant source of driver distraction that requires rigorous study. There are substantial challenges in detecting, measuring, and addressing mind wandering while driving. Panelists with expertise in driver distraction in general, and mind wandering in particular, will discuss both scientific and pragmatic issues in addressing this problem. Each panelist will present a brief perspective on the problem from the point of view of their experience and expertise. This will be followed by an open discussion period.
The Concept Maturity Framework
Authors: Stanley Raymond M. , Morgan Constance E.
Published: October 2015

This paper describes an approach for evaluating progress in systems engineering that is called the Concept Maturity Framework. This approach addresses limitations of existing methods (such as Technology Readiness Levels) by requiring documentation for what development activities have been done, the context for those activities, and the results of those activities. The approach fills current needs for concept development and technology transfer in the United States Federal Aviation Administration. Values from the field of human factors influenced how we created the approach. In addition, application of the framework highlighted some challenges and constraints in applying human factors values in the context of designing large systems within large organizations.
Analysis of font legibility for Korean serif and sans serif types in printed and displayed settings
Authors: KIM Minjee , PARK Sung-Hwan , AHN Sung Hee , CHOI Myung Bin , Yun Myung-Hwan
Published: October 2015

Activities with smart devices have been more complicated and diversified, and font legibility influences these activities both directly and indirectly. This study investigated the difference of Korean font legibility between printed paper and VDT. Four Korean fonts, Dodum and Gulim - sans serif types, and Batang and Gungseo - serif types, were compared in experiments. The result showed that there was a significant difference in the font legibility for printed paper, but not for VDT. On printed paper, serif types were more legible than sans serif types. However, a significant difference between serif types and sans serif types were not found in VDT. Dodum, one of the sans serif font types achieved the highest score on preference in the survey questionnaire among the four Korean fonts. The paper suggests that serif types did not always provide the optimal legibility in VDT.
Adaptive Instructor Operating Systems
Authors: Milham Laura M , Pharmer James A. , Fok Audrey W.
Published: October 2015

Scenario-based training (SBT) environments are effective, carefully planned learning events that give trainees an opportunity to practice targeted skills in a variety of situations, while performance is monitored and assessed for feedback (Cannon-Bowers & Salas, 1998). However, SBT for teams can require a large number of instructors to man events, and can lead to high instructor workload. This paper describes a 5 year Science and Technology (S&T) effort that addressed challenges that instructors face in conducting SBT exercises in a team environment. We discuss the design of instructor operating systems (IOSs) that provides instructors with the ability to monitor scenarios, assess key performance indicators, and to remediate breakdowns in performance during team training. Further, we describe an effectiveness evaluation of the impact of an adaptive IOS on instructor performance and workload.
Warning Signals With Rising Profiles Increase Arousal
Authors: Glatz Christiane , Bülthoff Heinrich H. , Chuang Lewis L.
Published: October 2015

Auditory warnings are often used to direct a user’s attention from a primary task to critical peripheral events. In the context of traffic, in-vehicle collision avoidance systems could, for example, employ spatially relevant sounds to alert the driver to the possible presence of a crossing pedestrian. This raises the question: What is an effective auditory alert in a steering environment? Ideally, such warning signals should not only arouse the driver but also result in deeper processing of the event that the driver is being alerted to. Warning signals can be designed to convey the time to contact with an approaching object (Gray, 2011). That is, sounds can rise in intensity in accordance with the physical velocity of an approaching threat. The current experiment was a manual steering task in which participants were occasionally required to recognized peripheral visual targets. These visual targets were sometimes preceded by a spatially congruent auditory warning signal. This was either a sound with constant intensity, linearly rising intensity, or non-linearly rising intensity that conveyed time-to-contact. To study the influence of warning cues on the arousal state, different features of electroencephalography (EEG) were measured. Alpha frequency, which ranges from 7.5 to 12.5 Hz, is believed to represent different cognitive processes, in particular arousal (Klimesch, 1999). That is, greater desynchronization in the alpha frequency reflects higher levels of attention as well as alertness. Our results showed a significant decrease in alpha power for sounds with rising intensity profiles, indicating increased alertness and expectancy for an event to occur. To analyze whether the increased arousal for rising sounds resulted in deeper processing of the visual target, we analyzed the event related potential P3. It is a positive component that occurs approximately 300 ms after an event and is known to be associated with recognition performance of a stimulus (Parasuraman & Beatty, 1980). In other words, smaller P3 amplitudes indicate worse identification than larger amplitudes. Our results show that sounds with time-to-contact properties induced larger P3 responses to the targets that they cued compared to targets cued by constant or linearly rising sounds. This suggests that rising sounds with time-to-contact intensity profiles evoke deeper processing of the visual target and therefore result in better identification than events cued by sounds with linearly rising or constant intensity.
Compensatory Versus Noncompensatory Shoulder Movements Used for Reaching in Stroke
Authors: Levin Mindy F. , Liebermann Dario G. , Parmet Yisrael , Berman Sigal
Published: October 2015

Background. The extent to which the upper-limb flexor synergy constrains or compensates for arm motor impairment during reaching is controversial. This synergy can be quantified with a minimal marker set describing movements of the arm-plane. Objectives. To determine whether and how ( a) upper-limb flexor synergy in patients with chronic stroke contributes to reaching movements to different arm workspace locations and ( b) reaching deficits can be characterized by arm-plane motion. Methods. Sixteen post-stroke and 8 healthy control subjects made unrestrained reaching movements to targets located in ipsilateral, central, and contralateral arm workspaces. Arm-plane, arm, and trunk motion, and their temporal and spatial linkages were analyzed. Results. Individuals with moderate/severe stroke used greater arm-plane movement and compensatory trunk movement compared to those with mild stroke and control subjects. Arm-plane and trunk movements were more temporally coupled in stroke compared with controls. Reaching accuracy was related to different segment and joint combinations for each target and group: arm-plane movement in controls and mild stroke subjects, and trunk and elbow movements in moderate/severe stroke subjects. Arm-plane movement increased with time since stroke and when combined with trunk rotation, discriminated between different subject groups for reaching the central and contralateral targets. Trunk movement and arm-plane angle during target reaches predicted the subject group. Conclusions. The upper-limb flexor synergy was used adaptively for reaching accuracy by patients with mild, but not moderate/severe stroke. The flexor synergy, as parameterized by the amount of arm-plane motion, can be used by clinicians to identify levels of motor recovery in patients with stroke.
The combinational use of dual microcatheter technique and new hypersoft helical coil for endovascular treatment of tiny intracranial aneurysm with difficult geometry
Authors: Wei Ming , Ren Hecheng , Yin Long
Published: October 2015

The endovascular coiling of very small ruptured aneurysms with difficult geometry presents a significant treatment challenge because of potential dangerous complications, such as intraprocedural ruptures. We report our initial experience with the use of a dual microcatheter technique, combined with new hypersoft helical coils, for the treatment of these difficult lesions. Fourteen very small aneurysms with a maximum diameter of ≤3 mm that presented difficult configurations, such as a wide neck or an important branch vessel arising from the fundus, were identified using digital subtraction angiography. These lesions were successfully treated using a dual microcatheter technique and new hypersoft helical coils. There were no intraprocedural ruptures or procedure-related thromboembolisms. Complete or near-complete occlusions were achieved in all of the lesions. A Raymond score of RS 1 was achieved in eight of the aneurysms (57.1%) and an RS 2 was achieved in six of the aneurysms (42.9%). The mean packing density was 35.5%. At the last post-procedure clinical follow-up, a good clinical outcome (a modified Rankin scale score of 0–2) was observed in 11 of the patients (91.7%). The result of angiographic follow up in 11 cases showed two recanalized aneurysms. The use of the dual microcatheter technique and new hypersoft helical coil allowed for stable coil framing and good packing in geometrically difficult tiny aneurysms and presented a low rate of adverse events related to the procedure. The technique provided an efficient strategy for treating very small aneurysms with difficult configurations and high risks.
English higher education and its vocational zones
Authors: Parry Gareth
Published: October 2015

Distinctions between academic, vocational and professional education inform but do not define the divisions of English higher education. Nevertheless, there are zones where courses, qualifications and institutions are specifically oriented to the world of work. These include most short-cycle higher education, large parts of undergraduate and postgraduate education and the higher level education and training undertaken in the workplace. Since the 1990s, government policies for higher education in England have sought to increase demand for work-focused qualifications while expecting universities and colleges to enhance the skills and employability of all their students. Measures targeted at sub-bachelor vocational education have been among the most radical, but with limited success in changing the balance of provision and participation. On the one side, these efforts confront ever-popular demand – domestic and international – for the bachelor degree and a legacy of ambivalence about the place of the vocational, technical and practical in higher education. On the other, these policies seek to establish ‘higher vocational education’ as a mission for institutions on both sides of the two-sector structure of higher and further education, despite a system architecture designed to reserve one sector for higher education and a further education sector for lower level programmes and qualifications.
Modulation of host defense peptide-mediated human mast cell activation by LPS
Authors: Gupta Kshitij , Subramanian Hariharan , Ali Hydar
Published: October 2015

Human β-defensin3 (hBD3) and the cathelicidin LL-37 are host defense peptides (HDPs) that directly kill microbes and display immunomodulatory/wound-healing properties via the activation of chemokine, formylpeptide and epidermal growth factor receptors on leukocytes and epithelial cells. A C-terminal 14 amino acid hBD3 peptide with all Cys residues replaced with Ser (CHRG01) and an LL-37 peptide consisting of residues 17-29 (FK-13) display antimicrobial activity but lack immunomodulatory property. Surprisingly, we found that CHRG01 and FK-13 caused Ca2+ mobilization and degranulation in human mast cells via a novel G protein-coupled receptor known as Mas-related gene-X2 (MrgX2). At local sites of bacterial infection, the negatively charged LPS likely interacts with cationic HDPs to inhibit their activity and thus providing a mechanism for pathogens to escape host defense mechanisms. We found that LPS caused almost complete inhibition of hBD3 and LL-37-induced Ca2+ mobilization and mast cell degranulation. In contrast, it had no effect on CHRG01 and FK-13-induced mast cell responses. These findings suggest that HDP derivatives that kill microbes, harness mast cell’s host defense and wound-healing properties via the activation of MrgX2 but are resistant to inhibition by LPS could be utilized for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant microbial infections.
The Where is Norovirus Control Lost (WINCL) Study: an enhanced surveillance project to identify norovirus index cases in care settings in the UK and Ireland
Authors: Curran Evonne T , Wilson Jennie , Haig Caroline E , McCowan Colin , Leanord Alistair , Loveday Heather
Published: October 2015

Background:

Norovirus outbreaks have a significant impact on all care settings; little is known about the index cases from whom these outbreaks initiate.

Aim:

To identify and categorise norovirus outbreak index cases in care settings.

Methods:

A mixed-methods, multi-centre, prospective, enhanced surveillance study identified and categorised index cases in acute and non-acute care settings.

Results:

From 54 participating centres, 537 outbreaks were reported (November 2013 to April 2014): 383 (71.3%) in acute care facilities (ACF); 115 (21.4%) in residential or care homes (RCH) and 39 (7.3%) in other care settings (OCS). Index cases were identified in 424 (79%) outbreaks. Of the 245 index cases who were asymptomatic on admission and not transferred within/into the care setting, 123 (50%) had been an inpatient/resident for 4 days. Four themes emerged: missing the diagnosis, care service under pressure, delay in outbreak control measures and patient/resident location and proximity.

Conclusion:

The true index case is commonly not identified as the cause of a norovirus outbreak with at least 50% of index cases being misclassified. Unrecognised norovirus cross-transmission occurs frequently suggesting that either Standard Infection Control Precautions (SICPs) are being insufficiently well applied, and or SICPs are themselves are insufficient to prevent outbreaks.
Childhood Obesity and Sleep Disturbances
Authors: Neal Jamie E.
Published: October 2015

Childhood obesity has been linked with many comorbidities, including sleep disturbances and daytime sleepiness. This article will specifically discuss the association between obesity and obstructive sleep apnea and excessive daytime sleepiness. Signs and symptoms, risk factors, and treatment options will also be addressed. School nurses are in a prime position to help identify children who have the daytime cognitive and behavioral effects of obstructive sleep apnea.
Pedobarographic and kinematic analysis in the functional evaluation of two post‐operative forefoot offloading shoes
Authors: Caravaggi Paolo , Giangrande Alessia , Berti Lisa , Lullini Giada , Leardini Alberto
Published: October 2015

Background

Forefoot offloading shoes are special orthopaedic footwear designed to protect and unload the injured part of the foot after surgery and for conservative treatments.

The offloading action is often achieved by transferring plantar load to the rearfoot via rocker shoes with reduced contact area between shoe and ground. While these shoes are intended to be worn only for short periods, a compromise must be found between functionality and the risk of alterations in gait patterns at the lower limb joints. In this study, the pedobarographic, kinematic and kinetic effects of a traditional half‐shoe and a double‐rocker full‐outsole shoe were compared to those of a comfortable shoe (control).

Methods

Ten healthy female participants (28.2 ± 10.0 years) were asked to walk in three different footwear conditions for the left/right foot: control/half‐shoe, control/full‐outsole, and control/control. Full gait analysis was obtained in three walking trials for each participant in each condition. Simultaneously a sensor insole system recorded plantar pressure in different foot regions. Normalized root‐mean‐square error, coefficient of determination, and frame‐by‐frame statistical analysis were used to assess differences in time‐histories of kinematic and kinetic parameters between shoes.

Results

The half ‐shoe group showed the slowest walking speed and the shortest stride length. Forefoot plantar load was significantly reduced in the half‐shoe (maximum force as % of Body Weight: half‐shoe = 62.1; full‐outsole = 86.9; control = 93.5; p < 0.001). At the rearfoot, mean pressure was the highest in the full‐outsole shoe. At the ankle, sagittal‐plane kinematics in the full‐outsole shoe had a pattern more similar to control.

Conclusions

The half‐shoe appears significantly more effective in reducing plantar load at the forefoot than a double‐rocker full‐outsole shoe, which is designed to reduce forefoot loading by using an insole with a thicker profile anteriorly as to maintain the foot in slight dorsiflexion. However, the half‐shoe is also associated with altered gait spatio‐temporal parameters, more kinematic modifications at the proximal lower limb joints and reduced propulsion in late stance.
Idle No More and Fourth World Social Movements in the New Millennium
Authors: Gilio-Whitaker Dina
Published: October 2015

Idle No More (INM) has emerged as the most significant fourth world social movement of the twenty-first century so far. Responding to draconian and regressive legislation affecting Canadian First Nations' sovereignty, INM was quickly embraced as a movement for all fourth world and Indigenous peoples. This essay examines some of INM's inflections as a fourth world movement, looking at both its resemblances to and differences from earlier Indigenous social movements, and focusing on the United States. Even though INM emerged as a protest movement specific to attacks against Canadian First Nations' peoples, its concerns mirror the concerns of Indigenous peoples globally. But confusing media messaging has consistently misconstrued the self-determination demands in fourth world social movements since the civil rights era, more recently conflating them with environmentalism. Modeling the life cycle of a social movement, the earlier Red Power movement in the United States is seen as having become institutionalized, albeit within contested conceptions of self-determination. Since the passage of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) in 2007, Indigenous peoples have a new protection framework to draw from, and the article examines how UNDRIP is being deployed by fourth world peoples, by INM, and in other local contexts, identifying its possibilities and shortcomings.
“The Quota Encouraged Me to Run”
Authors: Nanes Stefanie
Published: October 2015

Gender quotas are a means to improve women’s political representation. This article examines the impact of Jordan’s municipal quota enacted in 2007. The quota drew into the political arena women who would otherwise not have run for office. Women councillors have firmly established their rightful presence on the local councils, a public realm previously deemed only for men. They successfully navigated the give-and-take of local Jordanian politics. In the process they gained a hard-won, invaluable political education and emerged as Jordan’s first sizable body of experienced women politicians on the local level. This article draws on extensive personal interviews with twenty-six female councillors from the first cohort of women elected under the quota. The results show that even a quota enacted in a clientelist system such as Jordan’s can bring positive change for women’s representation in politics.
Into the blue: the importance of murine lacZ gene expression profiling in understanding and treating human disease
Authors: Armit Chris
Published: October 2015

The International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC) is a major international effort to explore the effects of knocking out 20,000 genes in the mouse. A new study by White and colleagues, published in the current issue of Disease Models & Mechanisms, demonstrates the usefulness of lacZ in situ reporter expression patterns in extending our understanding of genotype-phenotype relationships as part of the IMPC high-throughput screen. In situ gene expression profiling is invaluable for evaluating compartment-specific gene expression patterns, and these enrich our understanding of the role of genes in a great number of biological processes in multiple organ systems. Furthermore, the complexity of gene expression patterns informs our understanding of how genes influence lethality. This Editorial aims to highlight ways in which the lacZ expression profiles can impact on biomedical research by uncovering as-yet-unknown genotype-phenotype relationships, and through predicting the role of genes in health and disease.
Inefficiencies in Networked Markets
Authors: Elliott Matthew
Published: October 2015

In many markets, relationship specific investments are necessary for trade. These formed relationships constitute a networked market in which not all buyers can trade with all sellers. We show that networked markets can be decomposed to identify how alternative trading opportunities affect who trades with whom and at what price. This uncovers agents' incentives to invest in relationships. Investment inefficiencies can eliminate all the gains from trade, but for reasons that differ depending on how investments are made. Three applications are considered in detail: high-skill labor markets, merger markets when industries are consolidating, and the international market for natural gas. (JEL C78, D85, D86)
Active Structural Acoustic Control of a Softcore Sandwich Panel Using Multiple Piezoelectric Actuators and Reddy's Higher Order Theory
Authors: Sahu Kiran Chandra , Tuhkuri Jukka , Reddy J. N.
Published: October 2015

The purpose of the present work is to theoretically investigate the active control of radiated sound power from a simply supported soft-core sandwich panel with a line moment excitation. Since noise transmission in the low frequency region through a soft-core sandwich panel mainly occurs due to flexural and dilatational modes, therefore, the focus of this study is to control these modes and achieve sound attenuation in a large frequency band. Two control methods, volume velocity and weighted sum of spatial gradients (WSSG) are used to drive three piezoelectric actuators (PZTs) attached on the exterior side of the bottom face plate. The governing equation of the sandwich panel with the PZTs is derived using the Hamilton's principle considering Reddy's third order shear deformation theory. Numerical studies indicate that while the line moment is at the mid vertical line, WSSG is able to attenuate the radiated sound power irrespective of core loss factor whereas volume velocity could not. However, both the control metrics are able to attenuate most of the structural modes, when the line moment is off the midline, and therefore, attenuate significant amount of radiated sound power in a broad frequency range. And the maximum increase in sound power is small in WSSG as compared to volume velocity. These results show that WSSG can be used as an effective control metric to mitigate low frequency sound.
Rhodoscirpus (Cyperaceae: Scirpeae), a new South American sedge genus supported by molecular, morphological, anatomical and embryological data
Authors: Léveillé-Bourret Étienne , Donadío Sabina , Gilmour Claire N. , Starr Julian R.
Published: October 2015

In its broadest sense, Scirpus consists of a heterogeneous assemblage of up to 250 species, but modern circumscriptions suggest that only 40–50 species are part of the genus. Despite a narrower definition of the genus, atypical species continue to be segregated from Scirpus with a common pattern being the removal of Southern Hemisphere taxa to other genera and tribes. In South America, the morphology of remaining Scirpus species also suggests that they are not closely related to Scirpus s.str., but most of these taxa are only known from their types, making a detailed analysis of their generic affinities difficult. One notable exception is Scirpus asper, a species that is relatively common in the mountains and adjacent lowlands of Peru south to Argentina. Although this species possesses features used in the circumscription of Scirpus, such as cauline leaves, flat leaf blades and anthelate inflorescences, it is known to differ from Scirpus s.str. by its Schoenus‐type embryo, and most of its presumed allies are now placed in different genera (e.g., Scirpus analecti ≡ Cypringlea analecta; Scirpus giganteus ≡ Androtrichum giganteum). In this study, we use DNA sequence data from the plastid (matK, ndhF) and nuclear (ETS‐1f) genomes to demonstrate that Scirpus asper is not closely related to Scirpus s.str., but sister to Phylloscirpus within the predominantly South American Zameioscirpus clade (Amphiscirpus, Phylloscirpus, Zameioscirpus). When combined with morphological, anatomical and embryological data, results indicate that S. asper is best treated as the sole species of a new monotypic genus, Rhodoscirpus. The implications of these results on the taxonomy of tribe Scirpeae are discussed.
INSULTING AS A KIND OF ADMINISTRATIVE OFFENSE
Authors: Коломыцев  , Kolomytsev A.
Published: October 2015

In the article the analysis of structure of an offense, relatively new for administrative and delictual legislation, - insults is given. The author considers problems of fight against them both from the position of theory of administrative law, taking into account law-enforcement practice and offers on their solution.
EDUCATION AS A FACTOR OF OPTIMIZATION OF STATE YOUTH POLICY IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Authors: Бакалдина  , Bakaldina Elena , Елисеев  , Eliseev Anatoliy
Published: October 2015

The article proposes an understanding of the system of education as a factor of optimization of state youth policy in the Russian Federation. Youth education determines the necessity of forming permanent growth of knowledge of fundamental nature on every level of basic education. The introduction of federal state educational standards is understood as a new impetus to the development of state youth policy.

The article discusses three levels of training for young people in the transition to the Bologna system: special, socio-professional and professional individual.
LABOR SQUADS OF STUDENTS AS A FORM OF REALIZATION OF YOUTH POLICY DURING THE WORLD WAR I
Authors: Букалова  , Bukalova Svetlana
Published: October 2015

The article is devoted to the analysis of the experience of the organization and activity of labour squads during the World War I. It can help to work out in details of state youth policy in the different historical stages of its development. The mission of those squads was to help the farmsteads, which stayed without workers because of their mobilization to the war. using the archive sources from the Orel province and data from other regions the author comes to theconclusion that labour squads were a form of mobilization of labor resources by the state. At the same time it was the way of socialization of youth and a form of state youth policy. Describing the system of labour squads management, the article says about participation of members of the royal family, provincial authorities, local self-governance, charity organizations and the public in it.
SECURITY PROPERTY OR THE INSTITUTE OF PLEDGE ACQUISITION ACCORDING TO THE CIVIL LAW OF ESTONIA
Authors: Синицын Сергей , Sinitsyn Sergey
Published: October 2015

Legal regulation of proprietary interest in Estonia is associated with adoption of the Law “On the Proprietary Interest” in 1993, which has established the legal framework of the systemic proprietary interest regulation in the Estonian civil law. It must be noted that this law is distinguished by its substantive elaboration of general provisions on proprietary interest and individual elements of the system of proprietary rights (ownership, limited proprietary rights, possession), is prepared on the basis of consistent terminology and with the use of a ramified framework of categories and concepts of civil law. Insight into contents of the Law “On the Proprietary Interest” leaves no doubt as to its long-term elaboration and discussions, with involvement of the legal community and foreign experts, which, it is logical to assume, should have preceded its adoption. However, the reality is that the adoption of the Estonian law “On Proprietary Interest” was a rapid revolutionary step of the national legislators in the post-Soviet space, in the conditions of the crashed system of the socialist civil law and its guiding principles, which, in principle, had not been aware of any regulation of the system of proprietary rights and its individual elements. It is, certainly, possible to assume that the Estonian legislation has borrowed the provisions and institutions which had been regulated by the 1940 draft Civil Code of Estonia, which had been drawn up on the basis of the 1865 Code of Civil Legislations of Baltic (Ostsee) Provinces. However, it is impossible not to see as well that the Estonian law “On Proprietary Interest” has also apprehended the modern traditions of the continental European private law in regulation of certain institutions of proprietary interest, which evidences another manifestation of trends of harmonization and integration of civil law in Europe.
ISSUES OF LAW ENFORCEMENT PRACTICE ON THE USE OF SPECIAL EQUIPMENT FOR PHOTO AND VIDEO RECORDING FOR IMPOSING ADMINISTRATIVE LIABILITY FOR TRAFFIC VIOLATION: COMPARATIVE AND LEGAL ANALYSIS OF LEGAL RULES ON ADMINISTRATIVE LIABILITY IN THE RUSSIAN AND FOREIGN LAW
Authors: Сухарева Наталия , Sukharyeva Nataliya , Падеров Павел , Paderov Pavel
Published: October 2015

This article deals with the problem of using special technical equipment for automatic recording of traffic violations. The article draws attention to certain important issues concerning administrative liability of vehicle possessors (owners), when a traffic violation is recorded by special automatic equipment, in particular: special characteristics of a subject of administrative offense, exceptions to the «presumption of innocence» principle; peculiarities of administrative proceedings in such cases. When writing this article the authors used the method of comparative legal analysis. The article contains comparative analysis of administrative legal rules of the Russian Federation, and those of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of Belarus. The main conclusion of the study performed is that lawmakers have not sufficiently examined the issue of imposing administrative liability on vehicle owners for the offenses, recorded by special technical equipment, operating in the automatic mode, which leads to some problematic aspects in legal regulation of relevant administrative relations.
DISCIPLINARY RESPONSIBILITY OF STAFF OF INSTITUTIONS AND BODIES OF PENAL ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FOR ADMINISTRATIVE OFFENSES: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL PROBLEMS, WAYS OF THEIR SOLUTION AND NEW LAW
Authors: Дядькин Олег , Dyadkin Oleg , Каляшин Андрей , Kalyashin Andrey
Published: October 2015

The research subject is the legal nature of the institute of disciplinary responsibility of staff of institutions and bodies of penal enforcement system for their administrative offenses, and also its theoretical, practical problems, ways of their solution and new law. The objects of the research are the public relations settled by rules of law that emerge in the course of establishment, development and improvement of disciplinary responsibility of staff of penal enforcement system for administrative offenses. Taking into account the achievements in the theory of administrative law and the analysis of modern practice of administrative punishments’ application, the authors review in detail administrative responsibility of special subjects: military personnel, citizens, called out for reservist training, and the law enforcement officers with special ranks. The authors draw attention to the analysis of a retrospective review, foreign experience of the former Soviet Union countries, employment and labour laws and new law of the legal phenomenon in question. The authors use general scientific and specific scientific cognitive methods, as well as special methodology: historical, formal legal, logical legal and comparative law methods. Scientific novelty of the essay is determined by interdisciplinary approach to studying the institute of disciplinary responsibility for administrative offenses. On the basis of the analysis of scientific and theoretic concepts and current legal enactments, the authors set forth their own definitions of the concept of “administrative responsibility of an employee of an institution or body of penal enforcement system (PES)”. As a result of the research, the authors come to the conclusion that the PES employees must bear administrative liability for committed administrative wrongful acts on the same basis as everyone else (as general public). Should disciplinary responsibility for the PES employees for the committed administrative offences be preserved, the authors propose: 1) to envisage conditions of the wrongdoing in their duty status; 2) to establish the obligation of jurisdiction subjects, who are granted with the right to impose administrative penalties, to forward the files on administrative offenses to bodies and institutions for bringing administrative actions, instead of imposing them themselves. On the basis of the performed analysis, the authors suggest extending Part 1, and additionally inserting Parts 3 and 4 to Article 25 “Administrative responsibility of military personnel, citizens, called out for reservist training, and persons with special ranks” of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation.