bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MHD simulation of two successive interplanetary disturbances driven by cone‐model parameters in IPS‐based solar wind
Authors: Hayashi Keiji , Zhao Xue Pu , Liu Yang
Published: October 2006

We present the measurement‐based MHD simulation model of the interplanetary disturbances; the quiet solar wind is obtained with the MHD‐based analysis method for the interplanetary radio scintillation (IPS) measurement data, and the interplanetary disturbance parameters, such as speed, direction and angular size of the expanding coronal mass ejection (CME), are determined from the SOHO LASCO/C3 data with the Cone‐model. We chose the two successive interplanetary disturbances resulting from two flare‐associated halo CMEs of April 2002. The simulated interplanetary shocks are compared with the nearby‐Earth measurement, and the well produced shock arrivals to the Earth implied the ability of the cooperation of the Cone‐model, the IPS‐analysis and MHD simulation. It is found that the second interplanetary disturbance propagated faster in the rarefaction region of the first event, implying that the multi‐event simulation is important to enhance the simulation model.
Finite difference modeling of Biot's poroelastic equations at seismic frequencies
Authors: Masson Y. J. , Pride S. R. , Nihei K. T.
Published: October 2006

Across the seismic band of frequencies (loosely defined as <10 kHz), a seismic wave propagating through a porous material will create flow in the pore space that is laminar; that is, in this low‐frequency “seismic limit,” the development of viscous boundary layers in the pores need not be modeled. An explicit time stepping staggered‐grid finite difference scheme is presented for solving Biot's equations of poroelasticity in this low‐frequency limit. A key part of this work is the establishment of rigorous stability conditions. It is demonstrated that over a wide range of porous material properties typical of sedimentary rock and despite the presence of fluid pressure diffusion (Biot slow waves), the usual Courant condition governs the stability as if the problem involved purely elastic waves. The accuracy of the method is demonstrated by comparing to exact analytical solutions for both fast compressional waves and slow waves. Additional numerical modeling examples are also presented.
MAX80: Large‐volume high‐pressure apparatus combined with synchrotron radiation
Authors: Yagi Takehiko
Published: October 2006

Around the world there are many high‐pressure devices coupled to synchrotron radiation sources. Of these facilities, MAX80 (for multianvil high‐pressure X ray system) at the Photon Factory (the synchrotron radiation laboratory at the National Laboratory for High‐Energy Physics in Tsukuba, Japan ) has a unique capability for experiments that are simultaneously high pressure and high temperature. Because of MAX80's large sample chamber, a resistance heater can be installed so that the specimen can be heated uniformly to 1600°C at pressure. Scientists have employed this apparatus for in situ X ray observations of phase transitions, measurements of silicate melts, and other high‐pressure experiments.
The EMSLAB Electromagnetic Sounding Experiment
Authors:   EMSLAB Group
Published: October 2006

EMSLAB (Electromagnetic Sounding of the Lithosphere and Beyond)—Juan de Fuca is the largest electromagnetic (EM) induction experiment ever carried out. The two general objectives are to investigate the electrical structure of the lithosphere and asthenosphere beneath a complete oceanic plate and the adjacent continent under which it is subducted and to study tidal, mesoscale eddy, and other large‐scale oceanic motions by measuring the electric currents induced in seawater as it moves in the geomagnetic field. More than 40 scientists, from 18 university and government institutions in the United States, Canada, Japan, Mexico, and Australia, are taking part.
Meteorological analyses of the March 1888 “Blizzard of '88”
Authors: Kocin Paul J.
Published: October 2006

Meteorological analyses of the legendary March 11–14, 1888, “Blizzard of '88” are reconstructed from original surface weather observations. The analyses depict the meteorological evolution of the blizzard, which devastated much of the northeastern United States with 25–125‐cm snowfall accumulations over a 1–3‐day period, high winds, and bitter cold. As shown by the surface weather charts, the storm was associated with a slow‐moving cyclone that moved northeastward from the Carolinas to near New England and then performed a loop near southern New England before moving east over the Atlantic Ocean. The interaction of the cyclone with a stationary front that extended from the storm center northward through central New England, separating cool, moist maritime air over eastern New England from very cold Canadian air over western New England and the Middle Atlantic states, may have been crucial for the development of heavy snowfall. Since weather forecasters in 1888 were taken by surprise by the development of the storm, speculations are offered whether the advancements in weather prediction techniques and the generation of computer technology that have taken place over the century following the storm could be successful in forecasting a similar event today.
Scaling, fractals, and nonlinear variability in geophysics
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Scaling notions are associated with power law spectra, lack of characteristic scales over wide ranges, and the appearance of fractal dimensions and structures. More precisely, a system is said to be scaling (or scale invariant) over a range if the small‐ and large‐scale structures are related by a scale‐changing operation that involves only the scale ratio. These characteristics are common in many areas of geophysics, and when considered under the general rubric of nonlinear variability, constitute a central and indeed unifying aspect of geophysical systems. It was therefore natural to confront theories and experiments on scaling behavior of geophysical fields.
On chaos
Authors: Morrison Foster
Published: October 2006

Herbert R. Shaw's “The Periodic Structure of the Natural Record, and Nonlinear Dynamics” (Eos, December 15, 1987) is very timely. The subject of dynamics and its applications has been neglected too long by the whole scientific community. Thanks to small, inexpensive computers, dynamics is now available as a modeling tool to all scientists and engineers.

The one problem is that there is a need to know something about the subject. Shaw's article is written by a devoted expert, who may have forgotten that most people's acquaintance with dynamics was a very confusing and unpleasant course in differential equations. As a discipline, dynamics has to develop into something like statistics, which is neither totally abstract mathematics nor an empirical science.
The Coastal Transition Zone Program
Authors:   The Coastal Transition Zone Group
Published: October 2006

The Coastal Transition Zone (CTZ) Program, sponsored by the Office of Naval Research (Coastal Sciences and Oceanic Biology programs), is designed to investigate the cold tongues (“filaments”) often observed in satellite sea surface temperature images of the waters off the west coast of North America. The cold filaments are not unique to this region, since similar features have also been observed along other coasts around the world, including those near Portugal and southwestern Africa. The discovery of these features is an excellent example of the power of satellite observations, because although the filaments are quite prominent in the satellite images, years of regular shipboard observations did not reveal them. On the other hand, the study of cold tongues also illustrates the necessity of on‐site observations, because the nature, structure, causes, and effects of filaments cannot be determined from the satellite observations alone.
International Solar Month–September 1988
Authors: Schmelz Joan
Published: October 2006

Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) scientists plan to participate in a worldwide campaign to observe the Sun in September 1988. It is hoped that solar physicists from the Soviet Union and several European countries with experiments on the Soviet spacecraft PHOBOS (a mission to Mars which will carry solar instruments) will also be involved. PHOBOS will be launched in July; the TEREK instruments (a soft X ray imager, and ultrasoft X ray imager and a white light coronograph) will image the Sun twice every 5 days. Other instruments will obtain nonimaging solar data much more frequently. Now that the rapid rise phase of the new solar cycle is well under way, such joint observations of the Sun should be particularly fruitful.
More funding for Canadian Arctic research
Authors: Wainger Lisa A.
Published: October 2006

Canada's federal government announced on April 8 that the Department of Energy, Mines, and Resources will get more money for the Polar Continental Shelf Project. The additional $4.5 million over the next 2 years and $1.2 million more for each year thereafter will increase the total annual PCSP budget to $7.4 million for the next 2 years and $6.3 million for each following year.

PCSP has become a comprehensive network for transportation, communication, coordination, and logistics to aid scientists studying the Arctic. The project promotes physical safety, scientific productivity, and cost effectiveness. Created in 1958, PCSP is now a branch of the Geological Survey of Canada. PCSP's base camps are at Resolute on Cornwallis Island for the eastern and central Arctic and Tuktoyaktuk in the Mackenzie River delta for the western Arctic.
Flood Hazard Management: British and International Perspectives
Authors: James L. Douglas
Published: October 2006

This proceedings of an international workshop at the Flood Hazard Research Centre (Queensway, Enfield, Middlesex, U.K.) begins by noting how past British research on flood problems concentrated on refining techniques to implement established policy. In contrast, research covered in North American and Australian publications involved normative issues on policy alternatives and administrative implementation. The workshop's participants included 16 widely recognized scientists, whose origins were about equally divided between Britain and overseas; from this group the workshop's organizers expertly drew ideas for refining British urban riverine flood hazard management and for cultivating links among researchers everywhere. Such intellectual exchange should be of keen interest to flood hazard program managers around the world, to students of comparative institutional performance, to those who make policy on protecting people from hazards, and to hydrologists and other geophysicists who must communicate descriptive information for bureaucratic, political, and public decision‐ making.
Model predicts global warming
Authors: Wainger Lisa A.
Published: October 2006

Global greenhouse warming will be clearly identifiable by the 1990s, according to eight scientists who have been studying climate changes using computer models. Researchers at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, say that by the 2010s, most of the globe will be experiencing “substantial” warming. The level of warming will depend on amounts of trace gases, or greenhouse gases, in the atmosphere.

Predictions for the next 70 years are based on computer simulations of Earth's climate. In three runs of the model, James Hansen and his colleagues looked at the effects of changing amounts of atmospheric gases with time.
Sand and Sandstone, Second Edition
Authors: Van Houten F. B.
Published: October 2006

A successful revision of this excellent text affords an opportunity to reflect on the growth of sedimentology during the past decade or so. Recall that the first edition was notable in the way it presented the materials, practices, and principles. Although it was largely descriptive, it emphasized the importance of mineralogy, chemistry, statistics, and fluid flow in the proper study of sand and sandstone. The text probed significant aspects, from component grains and geometric properties to sand depositional systems and the filling of sedimentary basins. These matters, also central in the new edition, are supplemented by improved or expanded statements along the way, as well as by up to date references and many new figures and handsome photographs.
NSF's Japan Initiative
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The National Science Foundation and the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) are administering several programs to encourage scientific exchange between the United States and Japan. NSF's “Japan Initiative,” administered by the Division of International Programs, includes funding for U.S. scientists to conduct long‐term (6–12 month) research in Japan, funding for Japanese language studies, help for U.S. scientists in locating host institutions in Japan, and funding for teams of U.S. scientists to visit Japan and report on the state of the art in technical research. The Japanese government also provides funds for visiting U.S. scientists. In 1988 the Japanese government will provide $4.8 million to NSF for U.S. visitors.
Historical Seismograms and Earthquakes of the World
Authors: Agnew Duncan
Published: October 2006

From the standpoint of the seismologist studying actual waveforms (as opposed to travel times) a new era began in 1963 with the establishment of the World‐Wide Standardized Seismograph Network (WWSSN): Well‐calibrated seismograms from all over the world were available from a single data distributor. But the life of this network has been brief compared to the repeat times of great earthquakes; to learn about many of these, we must turn to pre‐WWSSN seismograms, which extend back to the start of instrumental seismology around 1900. These seismograms, now termed historical seismograms, are a primary subject of this book, a collection of papers derived from a 1985 International Association of Seismologists and Physicists of the Earth's Interior symposium.

These older seismograms often contain detailed waveform data that could not be used when they were made but which can now be modeled to determine earthquake source parameters. Papers by H. Kanamori, by S. K. Singh, and by S. Stein, E. Okal, and D. Wiens review this area; Kanamori's paper has an especially valuable discussion of instrument responses and a useful list of large earthquakes, while Stein et al. show the contibution older data can make to understanding areas of low seismicity. Even seismograms of lower quality can be of value, as K. Abe shows by deriving magnitudes and origin times of Chinese and California earthquakes from 1898 through 1912 using recordings made by undamped seismometers.
NASA revises shuttle schedule
Authors: Wainger Lisa A.
Published: October 2006

The new schedule for Space Shuttle missions and expendable launch vehicles (ELV's) calls for a 7‐month delay in sending up the Hubble Space Telescope. NASA was forced to put off launching the telescope until February 1990 to keep the Magellan and Galileo missions within their narrow launch windows. The first post‐Challenger shuttle launch is now scheduled for late this month. Discovery's most recent delays were due to a hydrogen leak discovered July 29 that has still not been corrected and an engine valve malfunction during an August 4 test fire.
Origins of Igneous Layering
Authors: Marsh Bruce
Published: October 2006

Anyone who has ever seen a photo of a layered intrusion, let alone visited one first hand, or even seen a thin section from one, cannot help but be impressed by the stunning record of crystal growth and deposition. Such bodies stand as majestic monuments of undeniable evidence that intricate magmatic processes exist, processes that couple crystallization, convection, and crystal sorting to form rocks so highly ordered and beautiful that they are a wonder to behold. These are the altars to which petrologists must carry their conceived petrologic processes for approval.

Although significant in number, the best layered intrusions seem to be found almost always in remote places. Their names, Bushveld, Muskox, Kiglapait, Stillwater, Duke Island, Skaergaard, Rhum, ring through igneous petrology almost as historic military battles (Saratoga, Antietam, Bull Run, Manassas, Gettysburg) do through American history. People who have worked on such bodies are almost folk heros: Wager, Deer, Brown, Jackson, Hess, Irvine, McBirney, Morse; these names are petrologic household words. Yet with all this fanfare and reverence, layered instrusions are nearly thought of as period pieces, extreme examples of what can happen, but not generally what does. This is now all changing with the increasing realization that these bodies are perhaps highly representative of all magmatic bodies. They are simply more dynamically complete, containing more of the full range of interactions, and of course, exposing a more complete record. They are one end of a spectrum containing lava flows, lava lakes, large sills, plutons, and layered intrusions. This book uniquely covers this range with an abundance of first‐hand field observations and a good dose of process conceptualization, magma physics, and crystal growth kinetics.
Arctic geodynamics: A satellite altimeter experiment for the European Space Agency Earth Remote‐Sensing Satellite
Authors: Anderson Allen Joel , Marquart Gabriele , Scherneck Hans‐Georg
Published: October 2006

The opening and evolution of the Arctic Ocean seafloor, and its morphology and dynamics, is an area of study that can be addressed by the use of satellite altimetry. Recent work indicates that satellite altimetric data can be successfully applied to the study of Arctic Ocean seafloor formation and in particular Arctic margin formation, evolution, and structure. A comparative study of such structures and their mechanism of formation is now underway at several institutes throughout the world. This investigation will develop satellite‐determined detailed gravity field models for high‐latitude and Arctic Ocean applications. The Earth Remote‐ Sensing Satellite (ERS‐1) study will also test and improve ocean tidal models in high‐latitude regions and in the Arctic Ocean. The investigation will address the question of the mechanism of tidal energy dissipation in the high‐latitude margins and the Arctic Ocean. Special concern will also be given to studying the ice regions.
USGS Groundwater Report
Authors: Bush Susan M.
Published: October 2006

The quality of the nation's groundwater is good, overall, according to Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Water and Science, James W. Ziglar. But “its management and protection present a major challenge.” Ziglar was speaking at a press conference October 7 in Washington, D.C. The U.S. Geological Survey recently released its fourth National Water Summary 1986—Hydrologic Events and Ground‐Water Quality.

The summary says that most fresh groundwater meets federal and state drinking water standards and is suitable for most uses. Groundwater is the source of more than half the nation's drinking water, including almost all of its rural population. The 560‐page report covers hydrologie conditions and waterrelated events for water year 1986 (Oct. 1, 1985 to Sept. 30, 1986), hydrologie perspectives on water issues, and a state‐by‐state summary of groundwater quality.
2nd Tidal Flow Forum
Authors: Werner Francisco E. , Lynch Daniel R.
Published: October 2006

On June 14, 1988, the 2nd Tidal Flow Forum was held at the VIIth International Conference on Computational Methods in Water Resources. The meeting took place in Boston, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, with the participation of scientists and engineers from North America and Europe. Simulations of the tides in the English Channel and the southern bight of the North Sea (see figure) with two‐dimensional state‐of‐the‐art finite element and finite difference models were presented. By seeking to establish a benchmark computation, the conclusions reached at the Forum represent an important contribution to the understanding of our present‐day numerical modeling capabilities in the area of tidal hydrodynamics.
Hurricane Gilbert briefing
Authors: Bush Susan M.
Published: October 2006

Hurricane Gilbert has been called one of the most monstrous hurricanes of the 20th century, cutting a nearly 2000‐mile swath across Jamaica, Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula, and along the border of Texas and Mexico September 10–17. Death toll was about 200, and damage estimates were above $8 billion.

A briefing on the effects of Gilbert was held in Washington, D.C., on October 24. It was sponsored by the Committee on Natural Disasters of the National Academy of Sciences, with the Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Marine Organisms as Indicators
Authors: Weston Donald P.
Published: October 2006

The term “indicator organism” can have a variety of meanings. In its narrowest and perhaps most often used sense, an indicator organism is a single species whose abundance, physiological state, or reproductive success gives the investigator information about the environmental conditions to which it has been exposed. The indicator concept has been employed traditionally by regulatory agencies to assess the consequence of anthropogenic activity, using the indicator species as a surrogate for the ecosystem as a whole. The concept of a single‐indicator species useful for such purposes is, however, as one of the editors points out, “illusory as the search for alchemist's gold,” and if the reader expects that this volume contains only a review of the use of indicator organisms in pollution monitoring, he or she will be greatly surprised. The editors have instead chosen a broad definition of indicator organisms and applications. The result is that the “indicator organism” may not be an organism at all (e.g., the paper by G. S. Kleppel on pigments as trophodynamic indicators), and the environmental information conveyed, such as climatic changes or the presence of mesoscale oceanic features, is most often unrelated to man's activities.
Paleomagnetic rotations and continental deformation
Authors: Laj C.
Published: October 2006

One of the most interesting results obtained in the last 2 decades in the study of crustal deformation has been the recognition that large regions of continental crust undergo rotations about vertical axes during deformation. Proof of these rotations, for which usually there is little or no visible field evidence, has come through paleomagnetic studies, which reveal rotations when the paleomagnetic declinations within the deforming zone are discordant compared with those determined from stable units outside this region.

Such discordant declinations were first described in Oregon by Allan Cox, then, following this pioneering work, in the North American Cordillera and Southern California and were totally unpredicted by the existing geological studies. Rotations have subsequently been found in other areas of recent tectonic activity, such as the Basin and Range province, New Zealand, Greece, western Turkey, and the Andes, so that they appear as an important feature of continental deformation.
AMSOC's Albatross Award to Joe Reid
Authors: Stevenson Robert E.
Published: October 2006

Joseph L. Reid, premier physical oceanographer at Scripps Institiution of Oceanography, La Jolla, Calif., received the highly prized Albatross Award at the recent Joint Oceanographic Assembly in Acapulco. The presentation was by Robert E. Stevenson, Secretary General, International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Ocean, San Diego, Calif. Reid was honored “for his outrageous insistence that ocean circulation models should bear some resemblance to reality.”
Synchrotron X ray sources in the Earth sciences
Authors: Sutton Stephen R. , Rivers Mark L. , Smith Joseph V. , Brown Gordon E. , Jones Keith W.
Published: October 2006

The importance of X rays in the Earth sciences can be traced back to 1915, when the Braggs first used this energetic form of electromagnetic radiation to determine the atomic level structures of minerals. This basic structural information is now an essential part of our knowledge about the Earth and its dynamic processes. During the past 20 years, major advances in experimental and theoretical methods, X ray instrumentation, X ray sources, and computer automation have resulted in significant gains in our ability to study the structure, bonding, and composition of Earth materials.
Global quiet day field variation model WDCA/SQ1
Authors: Campbell Wallace H. , Schiffmacher Edward R. , Kroehl Herbert W.
Published: October 2006

The quiet daily variations of the geomagnetic field, called Sq, have been modeled for the extremely quiet (solar‐terrestrial disturbance) conditions using the digital values from magnetograms obtained from a worldwide distribution of observatories. This model, WDCA/SQ1, has been deposited at World Data Center A for Solar Terrestrial Physics as a set of data files and a Fortran computer program for retrieving the quiet variation field values at any world location, day of the year, and time of day. The WDCA/SQ1 model does not yet contain a solar‐cycle adjustment; it is a best representation for the sunspot minimum period. Presently, the dependence on year is just an adjustment for the geomagnetic coordinate system. Nevertheless, even in active years the model provides an adequate description of the minimum Sq changes.
NSF scientific and funding priorities in Earth sciences
Authors: Speidel David H. , MacGregor Ian D.
Published: October 2006

The Earth Science Division (EAR) of the National Science Foundation provides about two‐thirds of the funding for basic geological scientific research at academic institutions in the United States. This funding is provided through three budget units: Earth Science Project Support, which funds individual researchers; Instrumentation and Facilities, for the support of research equipment for individual investigators and larger facilities for shared use; and Continental Lithosphere, for the support of large multidisciplinary and multiinstitutional studies of the continental lithosphere.

The latter two programs, established in 1984, open opportunities for new styles of research not previously available through the programs for individual investigators. From 1980 to 1988, the EAR budget increased from $25.98 million to $51.29 million, allowing the number of awards per year during that period to double. Over the same period, applications more than doubled, leading to a decline in the success rate from over 40% to less than 30%. Similarly, average award size increased but at a rate less than inflation. Congressional appropriations for EAR have been significantly less than the amounts requested in the President's budget r8—Hi‐⅞ for NSF in the last 4 fiscal years, thus stalling the ability of the division to increase both the success rate and the amounts of individual grants and to move forward with a fully diversified research agenda. In 1986 the Advisory Committee for Earth Sciences (ACES), the official external advisor to the EAR scientific staff, reexamined this diversified agenda and began to develop a set of long‐range scientific and fiscal priorities.
GLOBEC Global Ecosystem Dynamics
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Objective: To understand ocean ecosystem dynamics and how they are influenced by physical processes so that the predictability of population fluctuations in a changing global climate can be assessed.

Though it is likely that human activity plays a significant role in marine population fluctuations, determination of the relative importance of humans and nature in these changes has not, to date, been possible. Many correlations between population variability and associated biological and physical variables have been reported. However, these correlations are generally unsuccessful predictors of population variability, and, hence, of limited usefulness.
What's moving at Yellowstone? The 1987 crustal deformation survey from GPS, leveling, precision gravity, and trilateration
Authors: Smith R. B. , Reilinger R. E. , Meertens C. M. , Hollis J. R. , Holdahl S. R. , Dzurisin D. , Gross W. K. , Klingele E. E.
Published: October 2006

The Yellowstone Plateau of northwestern Wyoming (Figure 1) is the site of one of the world's greatest displays of hydrothermal activity (geysers, hot springs, and fumeroles). In the past 2 million years, three catastrophic volcanic eruptions have expelled more than 3500 km3 of rhyolitic ash flow tuffs forming three gigantic calderas. Intensive earthquake activity, including the Intermountain region's largest historic earthquake, the 1959, ML 7.5, Hebgen Lake, Montana, event and extensive earthquake swarms in and around the Yellowstone caldera characterize the seismicity. Heat flow of ∼1500 mWm−2, in excess of 30 times the continental average, and historical crustal deformation of up to 1 m of uplift reflect the contemporary dynamics of this active volcano‐tectonic region.
Vening Meinesz—A student of the Earth
Authors: Vlaar Nicolaas J.
Published: October 2006

The 1987 General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, Vancouver, Union Symposium Ul , “Quo Vadimus,” commemorated the 100th birthday of the Dutch geodesist and geophysicist Felix Andries Vening Meinesz.

Vening Meinesz (1887–1966) (Figure 1) was born in a patrician family. His father was mayor of Rotterdam and later of Amsterdam. His mother descended from Dutch aristocracy. With such a background, a profession in science was not the most obvious ambition for a young man. Instead, a magistrate's career would have been more customary.
Global differences between skin and bulk sea surface temperatures
Authors: Emery William J. , Schluessel Peter
Published: October 2006

Infrared satellite imagery provides one of the best means of mapping changes in global sea surface temperature (SST). A series of workshops [Hilland et al., 1985], held to compare the various methods of remotely sensing SST, concluded that of the presently available systems, the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), carried on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) polar‐orbiting weather satellites, yielded the smallest rms error when compared with ship and buoy in situ data. The widely used Multi Channel SST (MCSST) method, described by McClain et al. [1983], was used to calibrate the AVHRR SST for this workshop intercomparison. This method uses the differences between the radiances of the two AVHRR thermal infrared channels to correct for atmospheric signal attenuation due primarily to water vapor absorption. To provide absolute temperature calibration, the MCSST coefficients are derived by matching the AVHRR observations with simultaneous SSTs measured in situ by freely drifting ocean buoys [McClain et al., 1985]. These drifting buoys typically measure the ocean temperature 0.5–1 m below the sea surface.
Observable “data”
Authors: Kineman John J.
Published: October 2006

Although the misuse of “data” is a more serious problem than the misuse of the word itself, one can certainly argue that the two are related. The problem is, however, more complicated than implied in Neugebauer's letter, because there are different levels of “observational” data. For example, in paleoclimatology it is common to refer to “proxy” data, which are observations of one variable that have a high probability of being indicative of another. Such data are indirect “observations.” Take satellite data as another example. Many “indices” are derived from satellite “data,” including temperature, vegetation, etc., and image classification techniques allow patterns in “data” to be recognized as signatures of various environmental features. Are these derived products “data”?
Future of solar‐terrestrial monitoring
Authors: Rishbeth H. , Jones T. B. , Cowley S. W. H.
Published: October 2006

Solar‐terrestrial monitoring is under threat. The circumstances vary from one country to another, but the threat is widespread. Monitoring activities have been closed with little or no warning. Important activities such as the production of the international sunspot number and well‐used facilities, for example, the World Data Center at Boulder, Colo., have in recent years been saved only by timely and concerted action by the scientific community.
Chemistry of the Natural Atmosphere
Authors: Stockwell William R.
Published: October 2006

Chemistry of the Natural Atmosphere fills an important gap in the literature of atmospheric chemistry. While local and regional air pollutions have been o f concern for a long time and many books discuss the chemistry, physics and engineering of urban air pollution, there are few texts that treat atmospheric chemistry in broad interdisciplinary terms. The available literature typically deals with localized problems and is usually written for a limited scientific audience, mainly chemists or meteorologists. The natural global background atmosphere has been neglected, despite the fact that without such knowledge it is impossible to assess the impact of human activity on the atmosphere.
1989 Hess Medal presented to A. G. W. Cameron
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The Hess Medal of the American Geophysical Union is conferred on A. G. W. Cameron for his extraordinary pioneering contributions to the theory of nuclear synthesis in the development of the solar nebula from the interstellar medium, and the formation of the Sun, the planets, the Moon, and the comets. The concepts which he has developed have served as a principal intellectual guide to the exploration of the Solar System and the isotopic and chemical studies of meteorites. His stimulating ideas and extensive theoretical works are tied together in a syncretic approach that has and does receive the attention and respect o f scholars of all sections of the Union. In particular, this award of the Hess Medal places emphasis on an outward view of the Solar System to consider its full cosmic significance.
Ocean bottom geoscience observatories: Reuse of transoceanic telecommunications cables
Authors: Nagumo Shozaburo , Walker Daniel A.
Published: October 2006

One of the most promising areas of international cooperative research in geophysics is broadband seismology. At a recent symposium on this topic (International Symposium on Global Seismology and the POSEIDON (Pacific Orient Seismic Digital Observation Network) Project, University of Tokyo, August 1988) papers were presented by representatives of the United States, Japan, Soviet Union, People's Republic of China, Italy, Federal Republic of Germany, Canada, Netherlands, and Australia. National and international associations of Earth scientists committed to the establishment of a global network of broadband instruments include the U.S. Geological Survey, POSEIDON of Japan; IRIS (Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology) of the U.S.; GEOSCOPE of France; MEDNET (Mediterranean Network) of Rome, Italy, and Geneva, Switzerland, but comprising many Mediterranean countries; ORFEUS (Observatories and Research Facilities for European Seismology), a working group of the European Geophysical Society; and CANDIS (Canadian Digital Seismic Network). An umbrella organization for all these associations is FDSN, the international Federation of Digital Seismological Networks.
Solar cycle 22 continues strong climb
Authors: Hirman J. W. , Heckman G. R. , Greer M. S. , Smith J. R.
Published: October 2006

Solar Cycle 22, which began in September 1986, continues to rise at a rate that rivals or exceeds that of all sunspot cycles in the record of direct sunspot observations. As measured by smoothed sunspot numbers and 10.7‐cm radio flux values, Cycle 22 remains ahead of all past cycles in the modern record except Cycle 19, which peaked during the late 1950s (see Figure 1). By other measures, such as the number of X ray flares or solar proton events, this cycle is running up to 30% higher than at the corresponding point in all previous cycles.

In our previous report (“Solar and Geomagnetic Activity During Cycle 21 and Implications for Cycle 22,” Eos, 69, 962, 1988) we presented early information on Cycle 22 and discussed some possible solar‐terrestrial effects of solar activity. Figure 1 updates that information to the present in sunspot number and 10.7‐cm radio flux values.
Physics of magnetic flux ropes
Authors: Russell C. T.
Published: October 2006

Magnetic flux ropes are tubes of magnetic flux that contain field lines twisted about the axis of the rope. Such tubes may occur in isolation, as in the ionosphere of Venus, or surrounded by equally strong magnetic fields, as in the terrestrial magentosphere. Magnetic flux ropes appear to play a critical role in solar physics, magnetospheric physics, in the Venusian ionosphere, and in interplanetary space. More than 100 scientists gathered the week of March 27 at an AGU Chapman Conference held at the Princess Hotel, Hamilton, Bermuda, to discuss the physics of magnetic flux ropes. Conference convenors were E. R. Priest, L. C. Lee and C. T. Russell.
U.S.‐U.S.S.R. space physics research
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration expects to fund up to seven U.S. scientists in cooperative research in the Soviet Intercosmos Council ACTIVE scientific satellite mission. Scientists proposing research must be in the U.S. or its territories, and proposals must be for studies or services specific to the ACTIVE objectives.

ACTIVE aims to investigate very‐low‐frequency (VLF) radiowave propagation and wave‐particle interactions in the magnetosphere using a 10‐kW VLF transmitter with a large loop antenna on a satellite in low‐Earth orbit. Effects occurring in the ionospheric plasma near the transmitter will be studied with instruments on the ACTIVE satellite and on a co‐orbiting maneuverable subsatellite. The waves and their effects will also be observed with instruments on the ground and on other satellites. ACTIVE objectives are similar to those of the VLF part of NASA's Waves in Space Plasmas (WISP) program.
WMCE Western Mediterranean Circulation Experiment: A preliminary review of results
Authors: La Violette Paul E.
Published: October 2006

The purpose of the Western Mediterranean Circulation Experiment (WMCE) was to deduce spatial and temporal variability in the circulation of the western Mediterranean Sea throughout the vertical water column from the Strait of Sicily to the Strait of Gibraltar. An international, multidisciplinary consortium of marine investigators was formed to address the following questions.

What are the major western Mediterranean circulation features and how do they vary in space and time? What are the physical forcing mechanisms? How can this knowledge be incorporated into numerical models? How does the circulation affect chemical, biological and optical processes in the western Mediterranean Sea?
Abel Wolman 1892–1989
Authors: ReVelle Charles
Published: October 2006

Abel Wolman's life spanned nearly a century, and his contributions to society threequarters of a century. Frank Press, president of the National Academy of Sciences, called him “one of the great Americans of the twentieth century.”

Indeed, his life gives the lie to those who argue that history is shaped by converging forces, not by individual people. I was privileged to sit at his feet for only the last twenty of his years, so my perspective is truncated. But one thing is true: though he died at 96, I never knew him as an old man. His vitality, involvement and outlook were always youthful. His journals, which I saw as a secondary recipient, were consistently marked up with lines and exclamation marks.
GLIMPCE Seismic Experiments: Long‐offset recordings
Authors:   GLIMPCE Seismic Refraction Working Group
Published: October 2006

The Great Lakes International Multidisciplinary Program on Crustal Evolution (GLIMPCE) was initiated in late 1985 by Canadian and U.S. scientists who share a common interest in the geology of the midcontinent. Its mandate is to promote and coordinate geoscientific research in the general area of the Great Lakes. This region contains some of North America's most interesting geological structures and offers a rare opportunity to study a large part of the continental interior using relatively inexpensive marine seismic techniques. Targets addressed by the first phase of GLIMPCE studies include the middle Proterozoic Midcontinent rift system centered on Lake Superior, the early Proterozoic Penokean orogen and Niagara suture south of Lake Superior extending through Lake Michigan, and the early Proterozoic Huronian continental margin and middle Proterozoic Grenville front in the vicinity of Lake Huron (Figure 1).
Space plasma branch at NRL
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The Naval Research Laboratory (Washington, D.C.) formed the Space Plasma Branch within its Plasma Physics Division on July 1. Vithal Patel, former Program Director of Magnetospheric Physics, National Science Foundation, also joined NRL on the same date as Associate Superintendent of the Plasma Physics Division. Barret Ripin is head of the newly organized branch. The Space Plasma branch will do basic and applied space plasma research using a multidisciplinary approach. It consolidates traditional rocket and satellite space experiments, space plasma theory and computation, with laboratory space‐related experiments. About 40 research scientists, postdoctoral fellows, engineers, and technicians are divided among its five sections. The Theory and Computation sections are led by Joseph Huba and Joel Fedder, the Space Experiments section is led by Paul Rodriguez, and the Pharos Laser Facility and Laser Experiments sections are headed by Charles Manka and Jacob Grun.
Raleigh leaves Lamont for Hawaii
Authors: Maggs William Ward
Published: October 2006

Barry Raleigh, director of Lamont‐Doherty Geological Observatory for the past 8 years, has left that job to become Dean of the University of Hawaii's new School of Oceans, Earth Sciences, and Technology.

A search committee chaired by Lamont geochemist Charles Langmuir has been formed to find Raleigh's successor, and committee member Lynn Sykes, a seismologist at Lamont, said “We expect to have a short list drawn up by the end of the calendar year.”
First GISP2 Field Season just completed
Authors: Morrison Michael
Published: October 2006

During the past decades, linkages between the atmosphere, biosphere, anthrosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere and cosmogenic input have been revealed. These linkages are characterized by complex integration and feedback. While the existence of this complex global system is now recognized, how it functions is poorly understood. The recent increase in CO2 and other greenhouse gases as a result of human activity and, in turn, concern over the climate change which may result, require that we gain a detailed knowledge of the total global system. Signals generated by interactions within the global system can be seen in the atmosphere, “captured” within glaciers and available for our viewing in ice cores.
NSF proposal changes
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The National Science Foundation's Continental Lithosphere Program has issued new guidelines for research proposals. Optional preliminary proposals, limits on length, and a substantiation of educational benefit are now a part of the proposal process. The changes reflect shifts in NSF requirements and, in the case of preliminary proposals, input from the scientific community from a recent workshop. Projects supported by the program are concerned with the origin, structure, composition, and evolution of the continents. The program remains geared toward supporting long‐term, multi‐institution projects with a single focus and finite duration that by their scope and complexity do not fit easily into the jurisdiction of the Research Grants section of the Earth Sciences Division at NSF.
Santa Cruz mountains (Loma Prieta) earthquake
Authors: McNally Karen C. , Lay Thorne , Protti‐Quesada Marino , Valensise Gianluca , Orange Dan , Anderson Robert S.
Published: October 2006

At 5:04 P.M. on Tuesday, October 17, 1989 local time (10/18/89 00:04:15.23 UT) a large earthquake ruptured a 40‐km segment of the San Andreas fault in the Santa Cruz Mountains in northern California. The magnitude Ms was calculated at 7.1 by the National Earthquake Information Service using data from 18 stations. This report is based on information made available to geophysicists at the C. F. Richter Seismological Laboratory at the University of California at Santa Cruz (UCSC), as of 10 days following the main shock.

The Santa Cruz Mountains (Loma Prieta) earthquake was the most severe in the continental U.S. since 1952, when a very large earthquake (Ms = 7.7) broke along the White Wolf fault near Bakersfield, Calif. It was the largest event on the San Andreas since the 1906 (M = 8.3) San Francisco event.
Cretaceous/Tertiary extinctions we know the answer, but what is the question?
Authors: Officer Charles B. , Drake Charles L.
Published: October 2006

Much progress has been made in our understanding of the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) and other extinction events throughout Phanerozoic time. Scenarios for the K/T extinctions have been outlined. Suggested exogenic causes include a large asteroid impact or a number of smaller impacts over a year or soon both continental and oceanic terranes, or a comet shower of six to ten impacts over a 1‐ to 3‐m.y. period. Suggested endogenic causes include the environmental effects of a major sea level regression and intense global volcanism.
Crustal fluid flow: Continuous or episodic?
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

A recent AGU Chapman Conference on “Crustal‐Scale Fluid Transport: Magnitude and Mechanisms” reflected a contradiction between, on the one hand, the near hydrostatic pressure conditions and continuous fluid flow description that form the basis of hydrological modeling; and on the other, the deeper rock record that demands an episodic process with both fracture‐controlled flow and high pressure (near lithostatic) conditions. The more complex fluid‐flow picture observed in the rock record has not been described in a form that can be readily incorporated into the existing computational models of fluid flow in the bulk crust.

The multitude of rock types in the Earth's crust cannot have resulted solely from closed‐system reactions. The processes recorded in the rock testify to the extent of fluid/rock reactions, open‐system kinetics, and large‐scale fluid transport in the crust. The extent of this fluid transport has become increasingly apparent, but the processes generally are not directly observable. The mechanisms involved in these open‐system reactions and the magnitude of fluid mass transport must be inferred from the reaction products and from a theoretical understanding of the fluid mechanics, rock mechanics, geophysics, geochemistry, and regional tectonics.
1989 Walter H. Bucher Medal to Arthur H. Lachenbruch
Authors: Sass John H. , Lachenbruch Arthur H.
Published: October 2006

Art Lachenbruch is a keen observer of the Earth, and from his observations has distilled important generalizations concerning the processes involved in creating and modifying the Earth's crust. During an extraordinary career spanning 4 decades with the U.S. Geological Survey, Art has ranged widely over and delved deeply into the fields of geothermal and geomechanical research.

Art has combined astute observations of geological phenomena with carefully designed experiments and elegant mathematical representations to provide physical insight into a variety of fundamental problems concerning the Earth's lithosphere. These problems include the physics of permafrost, midocean ridges, transform faults (including continental transforms, i.e., the San Andreas fault), the vertical distribution of heat‐producing elements in the crust, and continental extension and basin formation.