bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Barely legal: Is attraction and estimated age of young female faces disrupted by alcohol use, make up, and the sex of the observer?
Authors: Egan Vincent , Cordan Giray
Published: October 2008

One ‘reasonable ground’ for unlawful sex with a minor is mistaken age. Alcohol consumption and make‐up are often deemed further influences on impaired perception. Two hundred and forty persons in bars and cafes rated the attractiveness of composite faces of immature and mature females with and without additional make‐up, alcohol users having their concurrent blood–alcohol level measured using a breathalyser. A non‐sex‐specific preference for immature faces over sexually mature faces was found. Alcohol and make‐up did not inflate attractiveness ratings in immature faces. While alcohol consumption significantly inflated attractiveness ratings for participants viewing made‐up sexually mature faces, greater alcohol consumption itself did not lead to overestimation of age. Although alcohol limited the processing of maturity cues in female observers, it had no effect on the age perceptions of males viewing female faces, suggesting male mate preferences are not easily disrupted. Participants consistently overestimated the age of sexually immature‐ and sexually mature‐faces by an average of 3.5 years. Our study suggests that even heavy alcohol consumption does not interfere with age‐perception tasks in men, so is not of itself an excuse for apparent mistaken age in cases of unlawful sex with a minor.
Patterns of hand preference for pairs of actions and the classification of handedness
Authors: Annett Marian
Published: October 2008

Pairs of actions such as write × throw and throw × racquet were examined for items of the Annett hand preference questionnaire (AHPQ). Right (R) and left (L) responses were described for frequencies of RR, RL, LR, and LL pairings (write × throw etc.) in a large representative combined sample with the aim of discovering the distribution over the population as a whole. The frequencies of RL pairings varied significantly over the different item pairs but the frequencies of LR pairings were fairly constant. An important difference was found between primary actions (originally write, throw, racquet, match, toothbrush, hammer with the later addition of scissors for right‐handers) and non‐primary actions (needle and thread, broom, spade, dealing playing cards, and unscrewing the lid of a jar). For primary actions, there were similar numbers of right and left writers using the ‘other’ hand. For non‐primary actions more right‐handers used the left hand than for primary actions but more left‐handers did not use the right hand. That is, different frequencies of response to primary versus non‐primary actions were found for right‐handers but not for left‐handers. The pattern of findings was repeated for a corresponding analysis of left‐handed throwing × AHPQ actions. The findings have implications for the classification of hand preferences and for analyses of the nature of hand skill.
Decomposing self‐estimates of intelligence: Structure and sex differences across 12 nations
Authors: von Stumm Sophie , Chamorro‐Premuzic Tomas , Furnham Adrian
Published: October 2008

This study examines the structure of self‐estimates of intelligence (SEI) across 12 nations (Australia, Austria, Brazil, France, Iran, Israel, Malaysia, South Africa, Spain, Turkey, UK and US). Participants rated themselves on general and specific abilities from three popular models of intelligence: Gardner's multiple intelligences, Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, and Goleman's emotional intelligence. The results showed that (a) laypeople across nations have similar and invariant concepts of intelligence, (b) concepts of intelligence are cross‐culturally closely related to academic notions of intellectual ability and (c) sex differences in general and specific SEI favouring men are consistent across countries. Male hubris and female humility in SEI seem independent of sex differences in actual cognitive ability and national levels of masculinity‐femininity. Furthermore, international mean differences in general SEI could not be attributed to discrepancies in national intelligence quotient (IQ) levels or to cultural variations.
The balance of power in therapeutic interactions with individuals who have intellectual disabilities
Authors: Jahoda Andrew , Selkirk Mhairi , Trower Peter , Pert Carol , Kroese Biza Stenfert , Dagnan Dave , Burford Bronwen
Published: October 2008

Objectives

Establishing a collaborative relationship is a cornerstone of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). Increasingly CBT is being offered to people with intellectual disabilities who may have problems with receptive and expressive communication, and a history of disadvantage or discrimination in their relationships with those in positions of power. Consequently, they may have difficulty establishing a collaborative interaction with their therapist. This paper uses a novel method of interactional analysis to examine if collaboration increases as therapy progresses.

Design and methods

Fifteen participants with borderline to mild intellectual disabilities and significant problems of depression, anxiety and anger were recruited from specialist clinical services to participate in this study. Verbatim transcripts of therapy sessions 4 and 9 were coded using an initiative‐response method of analysing power distribution in dialogue, to investigate collaboration at the level of therapeutic interaction.

Results

The initiative‐response scores indicated that power was relatively equally distributed between clients and therapists. On this measure there was no significant increase in collaboration as therapy progressed, as the dialogues were relatively equal from session 4. Analyses of the pattern of interaction showed that whilst the therapists asked most questions, the clients contributed to the flow of the analysis and played an active part in dialogues.

Conclusions

The implications of these findings are discussed, along with the possible uses of such interactional analyses in identifying barriers to communication and ways of establishing effective therapeutic dialogue.
Brief cognitive behavioural therapy for extreme shape concern: An evaluation
Authors: Shafran Roz , Farrell Claire , Lee Michelle , Fairburn Christopher G.
Published: October 2008

Objectives

This study was designed to evaluate a new brief cognitive‐behavioural intervention to reduce concerns about body shape.

Design

Women with high levels of shape concern (N = 50) were randomly assigned to cognitive behaviour therapy or applied relaxation (AR). Baseline assessments were made and then women received their treatment immediately after this assessment, (‘immediate’ treatment) or 5 weeks after this assessment, during which time no treatment was given (‘delayed’ treatment, DT).

Methods

Shape concern and related cognitions and emotions were assessed at baseline, post‐treatment and at 4 and 12 week follow‐up (FU).

Results

Immediate treatment was superior to DT in reducing shape concerns, and this difference was maintained at 4 week FU. The cognitive behavioural intervention was more effective than AR in changing shape concern and this difference was largely maintained for 3 months.

Conclusions

These initial findings support the further investigation of this brief intervention.
Planning to break unwanted habits: Habit strength moderates implementation intention effects on behaviour change
Authors: Webb Thomas L. , Sheeran Paschal , Luszczynska Aleksandra
Published: October 2008

Implementation intention formation promotes effective goal striving and goal attainment. However, little research has investigated whether implementation intentions promote behaviour change when people possess strong antagonistic habits. Experiment 1 developed relatively habitual responses that, after a task switch, had a detrimental impact on task performance. Forming an if‐then plan reduced the negative impact of habit on performance. However, the effect of forming implementation intentions was smaller among participants who possessed strong habits as compared to participants who had weaker habits. Experiment 2 provided a field test of the role of habit strength in moderating the relationship between implementation intentions and behaviour in the context of smoking. Implementation intentions reduced smoking among participants with weak or moderate smoking habits, but not among participants with strong smoking habits. In summary, habit strength moderates the effectiveness of if‐then plan formation in breaking unwanted habits.
In their words: Connecting on‐line weblogs to developmental processes
Authors: Subrahmanyam Kaveri , Garcia Eddie C. M. , Harsono Lidwina Stella , Li Janice S. , Lipana Lawrence
Published: October 2008

This paper seeks to connect adolescents' communication within on‐line weblogs or blogs to developmental processes. A total of 195 English language blogs written by self‐identified 14‐ to 18‐year‐olds were selected; three entries from each blog were analysed, resulting in a sample of 585 entries. Blogger demographics, self‐presentation, and blog entries (format, style, content, and tone) were coded. The blog authors in our sample were overwhelmingly female and lived within the US; the majority were between 15‐ and 16‐years of age. Bloggers utilized usernames and userpictures for self‐presentation and in addition to gender, frequently presented information about their age and location. The majority of the entries used text, were narrative and reflective in style, and contained themes related to their authors' peers and everyday life. Emotional tone was present and entries with romantic, identity, and future‐related themes often contained emotional tone. Blog authors seemed to be using blogs to create narratives and to reflect about the people and events in their lives. Our results show that adolescent bloggers project off‐line themes to their blogs, suggesting that their on‐line and off‐line contexts are psychologically connected.
Flow at work: An experience sampling approach
Authors: Fullagar Clive J. , Kelloway E. Kevin
Published: October 2008

One of the core constructs of the positive psychology movement is that of ‘flow’, or optimal experience. The current study investigated the relationship between ‘flow’, the core job dimensions, and subjective well‐being (SWB), as well as distinguishing between the state and trait components of flow. Experience sampling methodology (ESM) was used to track 40 architectural students over a 15 week semester while they engaged in studio work. Hierarchical linear modelling (HLM) indicated that 74% of the variance in flow was attributable to situational characteristics compared to dispositional factors. Results also indicated that academic work that was high in skill variety and autonomy was associated with flow. Flow was found to be correlated with positive mood. Cross‐lagged regression analysis showed that momentary flow was predictive of momentary mood and not vice versa. The strengths and limitations of using ESM to study subjective work experiences and well‐being are discussed, as well as the implications of the study of flow or optimal experience for industrial/organizational psychology.
Use of a time series design to test effectiveness of a theory‐based intervention targeting adherence of health professionals to a clinical guideline
Authors: Hanbury Andria , Wallace Louise , Clark Michael
Published: October 2008

Objectives. The aim of this study was to test the effectiveness of a theory of planned behaviour intervention to increase adherence of community mental health professionals to a national suicide prevention guideline.

Design. Routinely collected audit adherence data from an intervention and control site were collected and analysed using time series analysis to test whether the intervention significantly increased adherence. The effects of a local and national event on adherence were also examined.

Method. A Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) questionnaire, developed from interview findings, was administered to the health professionals. Subjective norms were found to be the most significant predictor of intention to adhere to the guideline, and were targeted with an interactive educational intervention. Time series analysis applied to routinely collected audit adherence data was used to test intervention effectiveness.

Results. The TPB accounted for 58% of the variance in intention to adhere, with subjective norms the only significant predictor. The intervention did not significantly increase adherence; however, the national and local events were found to have significantly increased adherence.

Conclusions. The TPB was a useful framework for exploring barriers to adherence; however, this did not translate into an effective intervention. Future research should seek collaboration with local experts, and use this information in combination with the TPB, to develop interventions. Collaborative research with experts in pedagogy may also help to develop more effective interventions, particularly education‐based interventions that require adult learning.
Estimation of the Apparent Permeability in the Dynamic Centrifuge Tests
Authors: Su Dong , Li Xiang-Song , Xing Feng
Published: October 2008

Centrifuge model tests have been widely used to validate analytical procedures, with the assumption that variations of parameters from the prototype to the model are governed by the scaling law. However, the coefficient of permeability in dynamic centrifuge tests seems to be much larger than the value calculated from the scaling law. Permeability may significantly affect the rate of pore-pressure buildup in liquefiable soil and associated deformation during earthquake loading. Therefore, proper estimation of the actual coefficient is very important in interpreting experimental data and validating analytical procedures. Based upon the physical law of conservation of mass, this paper presents an approach for backanalysis of the permeability of saturated sand in the dynamic centrifuge test. The ability and necessity of such an approach was demonstrated by comparing the experimental and numerical results.
Dynamic Lateral Response of a Pile Group in Clay
Authors: Blaney GW , O'Neill MW
Published: October 2008

A series of lateral dynamic loading tests were conducted on a rigid concrete cap supported by nine 273-mm-diameter steel pipe piles in a square group. The piles were driven 13.7 m into a layered deposit of overconsolidated clay. A linear inertial mass vibrator applied horizontal constant-rate frequency sweep and steady state loadings from frequencies above the first mode resonance to frequencies below the resonance frequency of the pile-soil-cap system at several amplitudes of dynamic load. Sixty channels of system response data were recorded for each test. Frequency response functions between the applied load and points on the pile cap, points on the embedded piles, and locations in the surrounding soil were computed by standard digital signal processing techniques. The average measured pile cap frequency response function peak amplitude was 1.03 × 10−4 mm/N, or about 10 times the static flexibility, and the horizontal resonance frequency was about 7.5 Hz. The measured performance of the group was interpreted in terms of simple modeling techniques.
Modified Bromhead Ring Shear Apparatus
Authors: Anayi JT , Boyce JR , Rogers CDF
Published: October 2008

A modified Bromhead ring shear apparatus is described, which incorporates vanes on the loading surfaces to improve torque transfer to the specimen. The specimen thickness is increased to accommodate the vanes. A method of specimen preparation is described that ensures a flat shear surface in the center of the specimen. Results are given for the residual failure envelope of Lias clay using the modified apparatus.
A Device for Lateral Strain Measurement in Triaxial Tests with Unsaturated Specimens
Authors: Kolymbas D , Wu W
Published: October 2008

A device capable of measuring the lateral displacement in triaxial tests on dry specimens is described. After a detailed discussion of the manufacture and properties of the device, results of the triaxial test obtained using this device are presented, which show remarkable inhomogeneous deformations over the specimen height at early stage of the test. The difficulty concerning evaluation imposed by the inhomogeneous deformation is circumvented by employing a deconvolution technique.
Effects of Surface Morphology and Distributed Inclusions on the Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Miniaturized Specimens of F82H steel
Authors: Kim S. W. , Tanigawa H. , Hirose T. , Kohyama A.
Published: October 2008

Depending on the pulse lengths, the operating conditions, and the thermal conductivity, oscillating temperature gradients will cause elastic and elastic-plastic cyclic deformation giving rise to (creep) fatigue in the structural first wall and blanket components of a nuclear fusion reactor. Small specimen testing technology (SSTT) and related remote control testing techniques are indispensable for the effective use of the limited volumes of materials test reactor and proposed intense neutron sources for the fusion materials test. In order to perform an accurate fatigue lifetime assessment using small specimens, the effects of material factors (surface morphology, inclusion, etc.) on low cycle fatigue (LCF) is mandatory. In this work, the LCF properties of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel (F82H IEA heat) were examined for three kinds of surface morphology using miniaturized hourglass-type fatigue specimens (SF-1), and a correlation between LCF crack initiation/propagation and distribution of inclusions was found. Fracture surfaces and crack initiation sites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
On Using Laboratory Measurements to Predict Corrosion Service Lives for Engineering Applications
Authors: Ricker Richard E.
Published: October 2008

Issues concerning corrosion service life predictions on the basis of laboratory measurements are examined. Models for corrosion service life prediction will reduce corrosion failures and operation costs by enabling better design, alloy selection, full life-cycle cost analysis, and operation. An expected value approach for estimating corrosion damage accumulation and failure rates is proposed. Examination of this approach indicates that understanding the uncertainties due to the variability of the exposure environments will be a critical element of these predictions. It is concluded that, with properly developed, evaluated, and standardized corrosion defect sample designs and propagation rate measurement techniques, it will be possible to develop corrosion defect tolerant design approaches analogous to those used successfully to prevent fatigue failures.
Effect of Prestrain on Fatigue Crack Growth of Age-Hardened Al 6061-T6
Authors: Ikematsu Koji , Mishima Takuhiro , Kang Minwoo , Aono Yuuta , Noguchi Hiroshi
Published: October 2008

The effect of prestrain on fatigue crack growth characteristic (FCGC) of age-hardened Al 6061-T6 was investigated. Al 6061-T6 specimens were subjected to tension to produce plastic strain. Extruded bars were prepared to investigate FCGC. Specimens with an artificial hole from the bar were used to observe Mode I fatigue crack. On the other hand, coarse-grained plain specimens were used and observed for Mode II fatigue crack. Fatigue tests were performed under a rotating bending load (R=−1). The experimental results showed the Mode I fatigue crack growth rates decelerated a little due to prestrain. However, in the case of Mode II, fatigue crack growth rates of prestrain specimens accelerated about ten times due to prestrain. The Mode II fatigue crack easily propagates on the slip bands, because precipitation particles on the slip bands are sheared by prestrain. The result means the influence of prestrain on Mode II fatigue should be taken into account for damage-tolerant design.
An Examination of Fatigue Initiation Mechanisms in Thin 35Co-35Ni-20Cr-10Mo Medical Grade Wires
Authors: Schaffer Jeremy E.
Published: October 2008

Knowledge of the intrinsic defect size distribution, surface grain size distribution, and prior deformation history are important factors in determining fatigue crack initiation mechanisms and total life variability in thin, metallic, medical grade wires. The ASTM F562 alloy system is used extensively as a fine wire coil or cable in the production of cardiac rhythm management leads which require excellent fatigue life, and a good understanding of life variability. In the present investigation, samples of 0.0070 in. diameter ASTM F562, 35Co-35Ni-20Cr-10Mo wires were produced with a variety of grain sizes and strain hardening conditions. Samples were then cyclically loaded to failure in rotary beam testing and preserved for post mortem fractography using high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM). Fatigue cracks were found to initiate from three sources: intrinsic microstructural inhomogeneities, persistent slip bands (PSBs), and extrinsic surface defects. The dominance of the various initiation mechanisms was shown to be a function of the constituent particle and grain size as well as the fatigue loading conditions and prior deformation history. In samples exhibiting a surface grain size significantly larger than the constitutive particle distribution, cracks were observed to preferentially nucleate from surface intersecting PSBs rather than near-surface-particles. Understanding of these phenomena is important in the design of robust cardiac lead systems that will outlive the patient.
Effects of Water Immersion on Building and Civil Engineering Joints and the Use of the Arrhenius Method in Predicting Adhesion Lifetime of Water-Immersed Joints
Authors: Wolf Andreas T.
Published: October 2008

Moisture in the form of humidity, condensation, rain, or water immersion is the most commonly encountered element of the service environment and must be considered a critical factor in determining the long-term reliability of sealed or bonded joints. Moreover, the effects of moisture are exacerbated by elevated temperature. For many polymeric systems, warm, moist environments can considerably weaken the bulk or interfacial performance properties of the jointing materials formulated with these polymers. The majority of joint failures in service environments that comprise water exposure occur by degradation of the interface(s) between sealant or adhesive, primer, and substrate. Therefore, predicting the interfacial degradation in an actual service environment is of utmost importance. This paper provides information on the current understanding of the role of water in the failures of adhesive and sealant joints and discusses the usefulness of the Arrhenius’ relation in predicting the lifetime of sealed or bonded joints based on data generated at elevated temperatures. Finally, the paper suggests some guidelines aimed at improving the reliability of accelerated test and prediction procedures used in the evaluation of the durability performance of sealed or adhered joints in immersed environments.
Herstellung und Charakterisierung eines extrinsischen faseroptischen Elementarsensors zur Temperaturmessung Manufacture and Characterization of an Extrinsic Elementary Fiber-Optical Sensor for Temperature Measurement
Authors: Trautner Ralph , Schmauß Bernhard , Shamonin Mikhail
Published: October 2008

Es werden Herstellung und Charakterisierung eines faseroptischen Elementarsensors zur Temperaturmessung vorgestellt. Der Sensorkopf in Form eines Prismas aus Indiumphosphid nutzt die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Absorptionskante des Halbleitermaterials. Aufgrund der Abmessungen des Prismas im Grenzbereich von Feinmechanik zu Mikrosystemtechnik ist ein angepasstes Herstellungsverfahren notwendig.
The Shop-Girl Revolutionary in Henry James's The Princess Casamassima
Authors: Mullin Katherine
Published: October 2008

This essay argues that the complex political resonances of Henry James's The Princess Casamassima (1886) can be further elucidated through closer critical attention to one of its more marginal characters, the shop-girl Millicent Henning. Ebullient, assertive, and, for many early reviewers, the novel's sole redeeming feature, Millicent supplies the novel with far more than local color. Instead, James seizes on a sexual persona already well established within literary naturalism and popular culture alike to explore a rival mode of insurrection to that more obviously offered elsewhere. While the modes of revolution contemplated by Hyacinth Robinson and his comrades in the Sun and Moon public house are revealed to be anachronistic and ineffectual, Millicent's canny manipulation of her sexuality supplies her with an alternative, effective, and unmistakably modern mode of transformation. The novel's portrait of “revolutionary politics of a hole-and-corner sort” is thus set against Millicent's brand of quotidian yet inexorable social change.
Catch-and-Release Fishing: A Comparison of Intended and Actual Behavior of Marine Anglers
Authors: Wallmo Kristy , Gentner Brad
Published: October 2008

Research on catch-and-release fishing has typically relied on stated or observed preferences, with few applications that incorporate both data types. Further, most models ignore the effects of species on the release decision. We present a discrete-choice model estimated from stated preference data in which conservation release is a function of the species caught and angler characteristics that include fishing avidity, demographic variables, and three angler orientation measures that assess an angler's catch-and-release ethic, attitude toward fisheries regulations, and need for self-caught fish for food. We then compare our stated preference model predictions for an individual angler with field data on catch-and-release fishing for the same angler. The results provide some important messages for managers. First, all angler characteristics were significant in the discrete-choice model, suggesting that an understanding of angler populations may help predict future catch-and-release behavior. Second, our results suggest that behavioral intent (e.g., stated preference data) is a good indicator of actual behavior, as the model correctly predicts the release decision in 74% of the cases. Finally, species type had a significant effect in the stated preference model as well as on model prediction success when compared with actual behavior. These results should be of interest to managers as they address both the understanding of angler catch-and-release behavior and validity issues concerning behavioral data that is collected from an off-site survey.
Effects of Stocking Rate, Stocking Size, and Angler Catch Inequality on Exploitation of Stocked Channel Catfish in Small Missouri Impoundments
Authors: Michaletz Paul H. , Wallendorf Michael J. , Nicks Dean M.
Published: October 2008

Put–grow–take fisheries for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus provide popular sport fisheries in many small impoundments and lakes throughout the United States. These fisheries are costly to maintain because the fish that are stocked are usually large fingerlings (>175 mm total length). Given the substantial fiscal and human resources required, it is important that these stockings contribute to the fishery. We estimated the exploitation of stocked channel catfish by tagging fish in 14 small impoundments to determine their use. Secondly, we determined whether the stocking rate, stocking size, and angler catch inequality (proportion of tags returned) affected exploitation. Annual exploitation varied more than 10-fold among the impoundments, ranging from 0 to 0.65 for the year after the fall stockings and usually declining thereafter. Cumulative exploitation in the 3 years after stocking ranged from 0 to 0.69, indicating that there is wide variation in the use of the stocked fish. Exploitation was unrelated to the stocking rate but was affected by stocking size, larger fish being more vulnerable than smaller fish to catch and harvest. In several impoundments, one to three anglers accounted for one-third or more of all returned tags, showing that just a few anglers can markedly affect exploitation. These results suggest that exploitation can be dynamic, changing with stocking size and angling clientele. Despite this inherent variability, we found substantial differences in exploitation among lakes. Managers should focus on impoundments where channel catfish are heavily exploited, possibly by stocking more fish or implementing protective harvest restrictions. For lightly exploited lakes, reducing stockings may be necessary to improve the growth and size structure of channel catfish.
Adherence of Myxobolus cerebralis Myxospores to Waders: Implications for Disease Dissemination
Authors: Gates Kiza K. , Guy Christopher S. , Zale Alexander V. , Horton Travis B.
Published: October 2008

The vectors involved in the spread of whirling disease, which is caused by Myxobolus cerebralis, are only partly understood. However, the parasite has rapidly become established in many regions, suggesting that it is easily disseminated. We gained insight into transport vectors by examining the surface porosity of common wading equipment materials and the adherence of M. cerebralis myxospores to them. Interstitial spaces within rubber, felt, lightweight nylon, and neoprene were measured on scanning electron microscope images. Myxospores were applied to each material, the material was rinsed, and the myxospores recovered to assess adherence. The mean interstitial space size of rubber was the smallest (2.0 μm), whereas that of felt was the largest (31.3 μm). The highest recovery rates were from rubber and the glass control. Percent myxospore recovery varied by material, the recovery from felt being lower than that from all other materials. The potential for felt to carry even small numbers of myxospores suggests that the introduction of M. cerebralis by felt-soled wading boots is possible.
Busulfan Produces Efficient Human Cell Engraftment in NOD/LtSz-Scid IL2Rγ
Null Mice
Authors: Hayakawa Jun , Hsieh Matthew M. , Uchida Naoya , Phang Oswald , Tisdale John F.
Published: October 2008

Xenografting immunodeficient mice after low-dose irradiation has been used as a surrogate human hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) assay; however, irradiation requires strict and meticulous animal support and can produce significant mortality rates, limiting the usefulness of this model. In this work, we examined the use of parenteral busulfan as an alternative conditioning agent. Busulfan led to dose-dependent human HSC engraftment in NOD/LtSz-scid/IL2Rγnull mice, with marked improvement in survival rates. Terminally differentiated B and T lymphocytes made up most of the human CD45+ cells observed during the initial 5 weeks post-transplant when unselected cord blood (CB) products were infused, suggesting derivation from existing mature elements rather than HSCs. Beyond 5 weeks, CD34+-enriched products produced and sustained superior engraftment rates compared with unselected grafts (CB CD34+, 65.8% ± 5.35%, vs. whole CB, 4.27% ± 0.67%, at 24 weeks). CB CD34+ group achieved significantly higher levels of engraftment than mobilized CD34+-enriched peripheral blood (PB CD34+). At 8 weeks, all leukocyte subsets were detected, yet human red blood cells (RBCs) were not observed. Transfused human red cells persisted in the chimeric mice for up to 3 days; an accompanying rise in total bilirubin suggested hemolysis as a contributing factor to their clearance. Recipient mouse-derived human HSCs had the capacity to form erythroid colonies in vitro at various time points post-transplant in the presence of human transferrin (Tf). When human Tf was administered singly or in combination with anti-CD122 antibody and human cytokines, up to 0.1% human RBCs were detectable in the peripheral blood. This long evasive model should prove valuable for the study of human erythroid cells.
Flood detention reservoirs seminar, April 2008
Authors: Pepper Andrew
Published: October 2008

Most of the British Dam Society (BDS) events feature presentations of large dams capable of holding vast quantities of water, and indeed it is fascinating to see views of such works before they are forever covered, at least partially, by rising water.
Flood detention reservoirs: geotechnical aspects of design and construction
Authors: Brown Alan
Published: October 2008

This paper describes the geotechnical aspects of the design and construction of flood detention reservoirs. It was one of the papers presented at a half-day British Dam Society seminar on flood detention reservoirs on 14 April 2008.
Flood protection with dams and flood control reservoirs—before and after the extreme flood event of August 2002, Saxony
Authors: Müller Uwe
Published: October 2008

This paper presents the flood design and the effects of Saxony dams before, during and after the extreme flood event in 2002. As the Saxony dams were exposed to an extraordinary load situation (at some dams the 10 000 year design flood was exceeded) during the 2002 flood event, this paper aims to highlight the problems and damages connected to such an extreme event. The second part demonstrates with concrete examples (bypass tunnel, enlargement of bottom outlet and spillway capacities, enlargement of flood retention storage), how the management and design of the Saxony dams were changed based on the analysis of the extreme flood and consideration of new hydrological boundary conditions. In this context, the limits and potential conflict, particularly concerning multipurpose reservoirs, will be described. The last part presents an insight to the Saxony approach to determine new sites for flood control reservoirs. Immediately after the flood event in August 2002, approximately 200 potential sites have been identified. With the availability of flood protection concepts, feasibility studies for 74 potential sites have been carried out. A focal point for these assessments was to conduct cost–benefit analyses. The establishment of appropriate damage functions was the main challenge during the assessments. Hydrological, engineering and environmental investigations and the related conflict potential are also described. As a result of the feasibility studies, 13 flood retention reservoirs are currently designed and scheduled for implementation in Saxony.
Assessing the risks of aquatic species invasions via european inland waterways: from concepts to environmental indicators
Authors: Panov Vadim E , Alexandrov Boris , Arbačiauskas Kęstutis , Binimelis Rosa , Copp Gordon H , Grabowski Michal , Lucy Frances , Leuven Rob SEW , Nehring Stefan , Paunović Momir , Semenchenko Vitaliy , Son Mikhail O
Published: October 2008

Over the past century, the potential for aquatic species to expand their ranges in Europe has been enhanced both as a result of the construction of new canals and because of increased international trade. A complex network of inland waterways now connects some previously isolated catchments in southern (Caspian, Azov, Black, Mediterranean seas) and northern (Baltic, North, Wadden, White seas) Europe, and these waterways act as corridors for nonnative species invasions. We have developed a conceptual risk assessment model for invasive alien species introductions via European inland waterways, with specific protocols that focus on the development of environmental indicators within the socioeconomic context of the driving forces-pressures-state-impact-response framework. The risk assessment protocols and water quality indicators on alien species were tested for selected ecosystems within 3 main European invasion corridors, and these can be recommended for application as part of the Common Implementation Strategy of the European Commission Water Framework Directive, which aims to provide a holistic risk-based management of European river basins. The conceptual structure of the online Risk Assessment Toolkit for aquatic invasive alien species is provided and includes 3 main interlinked components: online risk assessment protocols, an early warning system, and an information transmitter for risk communication to end users.
Assessing the effects of hydromorphological degradation on macroinvertebrate indicators in rivers: examples, constraints, and outlook
Authors: Friberg Nikolai , Sandin Leonard , Pedersen Morten L
Published: October 2008

An extensive amount of literature on linkages between the in-stream physical environment and river benthic macroinvertebrates reports a number of relationships across multiple spatial scales. We analyzed data on different spatial scales to elucidate the linkages between different measurements of hydromorphological degradation and commonly used macroinvertebrate indices. A regression analysis of 1049 sites from 3 countries revealed that the strongest relationship between a biotic metric—average score per taxon—and physiochemical variables (R2 = 0.61) was obtained with a multiple regression model that included concentration of total phosphorus and percent arable land in the catchment, as well as hydromorphological quality variables. Analyses of 3 data sets from streams primarily affected by hydromorphological degradation showed an overall weak relationship (max R2 = 0.25) with the River Habitat Survey data of 28 Swedish streams, whereas moderate (R2 ≈︁ 0.43) relationships with more detailed measurements of morphology were found in 2 Danish studies (39 and 6 streams, respectively). Although evidence exists in the literature on the importance of physical features for in-stream biota in general and macroinvertebrates specifically, we found only relatively weak relationships between various measures of hydromorphological stress and commonly used macroinvertebrate assessment tools. We attribute this to a combination of factors, including 1) the mixed nature of pressures acting on the majority of river reaches, 2) scaling issues (spatial and temporal) when relating habitat surveys to macroinvertebrate assessments, and 3) the scope of commonly used macroinvertebrate assessment systems (mainly focusing on water chemistry perturbation, such as eutrophication and acidification). The need is urgent to develop refined and updated biological assessment systems targeting hydromorphological stress for the use of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) and national water-related policies.
Late Jurassic continental flood basalt doleritic dykes in northwestern Cuba: remnants of the Gulf of Mexico opening
Authors: Allibon James , Lapierre Henriette , Bussy François , Tardy Marc , Cruz Gàmez Esther M. , Senebier François
Published: October 2008

Accreted terranes, comprising a wide variety of Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous igneous and sedimentary rocks are an important feature of Cuban geology. Their characterization is helpful for understanding Caribbean paleo-geography.

The Guaniguanico terrane (western Cuba) is formed by upper Jurassic platform sediments intruded by microgranular dolerite dykes. The geochemical characteristics of the dolerite whole rock samples and their minerals (augitic clinopyroxene, labradorite and andesine) are consistent with a tholeiitic affinity. Major and trace element concentrations as well as Nd, Sr and Pb isotopes show that these rocks also have a continental affinity. Sample chemistry indicates that these lavas are similar to a low Ti-P2O5 (LTi) variety of continental flood basalts (CFB) similar to the dolerites of Ferrar (Tasmania). They derived from mixing of a lithospheric mantle source and an asthenopheric component similar to E-MORB with minor markers of crustal contamination and sediment assimilation. However, the small quantity of Cuban magmatic rocks, similarly to Tasmania, Antarctica and Siberia differs from other volumetrically important CFB occurrences such as Parana and Deccan.

These dolerites are dated as 165-150 Ma and were emplaced during the separation of the Yucatan block from South America. They could in fact be part of the Yucatan-South America margin through which the intrusive system was emplaced and which was later accreted to the Cretaceous arc of central Cuba and to the Palaeogene arc of eastern Cuba. These samples could therefore reflect the pre-rift stage between North and South America and the opening of the gulf of Mexico.
Overwhelming Grief in a Traumatized World: Evolving Perspectives in Treatment
Authors: Kempson Diane A.
Published: October 2008

Treatment of complex posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), often associated with co-morbid conditions, has been insufficiently studied and somewhat resistant to traditional treatment interventions. More recent research in the neurobiology of PTSD offers illumination in understanding reasons for such intractability. Neuroscience studies suggest possible reasons for the inabilities of persons with complex PTSD to verbalize their experiences. As a result, health care practitioners are challenged to find more effective interventions in these situations and to stay abreast of the newest research. The author reviews empirical findings of alternative/complementary interventions with a specific focus on body-oriented therapies in facilitating return to normal neurobiological functioning, thereby enhancing efficacy of “talk” therapies in resolution of PTSD.
Liminality as a Descriptor for the Cancer Experience
Authors: Thompson Kimberly
Published: October 2008

Liminality has been used in medical anthropology to conceptualize the cancer experience (Little, Jordens, & Paul, 1998). This article discusses the results of a recent study that support this, that indeed having ovarian cancer can instill a sense of alienation from life as a person has known it. However, it is also suggested here that the term needs to be amended to include the social surround of a liminal experience, as well as the generative potential inherent in such an experience. The study is qualitative in nature and explores the subjectivity of nine women living with stage-three ovarian cancer. The recurrent nature of the disease with its poor survival rate was found to instill a kind of sustained trauma that is accentuated by experiences of suffering in connection to loss. Finally, a pressing need to speak with and find recognition from other women who shared the same site of cancer was found.
Narrative Repair: [Re]covery, Vulnerability, Service, and Suffering
Authors: Palmer Victoria
Published: October 2008

This article explores the concept of recovery and the role of vulnerability in suffering. It examines our overall discomfort with vulnerability in the context of narratives of violence, disorder, and the everyday. This discomfort is explored through a voyage of three narrative types: testimony, chaos, and restitution narratives (Frank, 1995). The article offers that while loss and narrative despair are the characteristic response of vulnerability storytelling does not always, contrary to dominant perspectives in narrative therapy and practice, result in narrative repair. Narrative despair…the pain, mourning, grief, and loss involved in telling stories…is central to a recovery of vulnerability.
Psychotherapy for Complicated Bereavement: A Meaning-Oriented Approach
Authors: Neimeyer Robert A. , Wogrin Carol
Published: October 2008

The challenges confronting the bereaved are profound, often requiring them to re-establish a changed sense of self and world at the same time that they struggle with the emotional devastation of the loss and the reconstruction of their relationship to the deceased. In this article, two expert grief therapists reflect on the contributions that professional intervention can make to this effort, examining different sources of complication that can arise as a function of the nature of the loss, similarities and differences between grief work and trauma processing, the role of attachment security in predisposing to problematic or resilient courses of adaptation, and the use of specialized methods such as imaginative chair work with the deceased to foster the integration of loss in a healing way. They also reflect on the mixed evidence for the helpfulness of grief therapy, ultimately offering an affirmative view of its relevance for appropriately selected clients when the therapist is able to combine a specialized knowledge of bereavement with comprehensive psychotherapeutic training and an informed and humble recognition of the therapist's role in facilitating the process of change.
Utilizing Symbolic Interactionism to Assist People with Mental Retardation during the Grieving Process
Authors: LoConto David G. , Jones-Pruett Danielle L.
Published: October 2008

In recent years, people with mental retardation have begun to lead lives similar to other citizens. New opportunities, such as employment within the community and/or independent habitation, have allowed this population to begin experiencing the world in much the same way as their community, or society as a whole. However, one area has largely been overlooked by academics and practitioners alike: the right to grieve, and the similarities and differences that exist for people with mental retardation during this process. This is a theoretical article that utilizes a Symbolic Interactionist perspective to examine the grieving process, and how it applies to people with mental retardation. It is suggested here that people with mental retardation have fewer selves or identities from which to draw, therefore, when losing someone to death, a person with mental retardation experiences the loss more so, as a greater proportion of the individual is lost with the death. Suggestions for teachers, counselors, and parents for assisting people with mental retardation in the grieving process are provided.
Death, God, Flesh, and other: Hospice Recipients Reflect on what Matters
Authors: Pevey Carolyn
Published: October 2008

It has been argued that for dying people religion is of primary importance. This qualitative study of 38 hospice patients examines how people answered questions about what mattered the most to them or was of ultimate concern in their lives at the time of the interviews. Responses participants gave when asked what they found most troubling and of ultimate concern at the time of the interviews are reported here. While this sample of hospice recipients reported that dependence, religious or spiritual matters, incapacitation, and money were matters of concern, the largest response category by far was concern for others.
The Evaluation of the Healing Rate of Subtalar Arthrodeses, Part 2: The Effect of Low-Intensity Ultrasound Stimulation
Authors: Coughlin Michael J. , Smith Bertil W. , Traughber Paul
Published: October 2008

Background: Arthrodeses of hindfoot joints is commonly used to treat a multitude of painful conditions and deformity. Use of adjuvant low-intensity ultrasound bone stimulation has demonstrated promising results in the treatment of acute fractures and fracture nonunions. The purpose of this 12-month prospective study was to evaluate the healing rate and clinical results of patients undergoing primary subtalar arthrodeses with adjuvant low-intensity ultrasound bone stimulation. Materials and Methods: Fifteen consecutive patients participated in the study. Routine radiographs and CT scans were obtained, and clinical outcomes gathered. The clinical and radiographic data were compared to a similar cohort of patients previously reported on that had not received ultrasound bone stimulation. Results: The patients who received ultrasound bone stimulation showed a statistically significant faster healing rate on plain radiographs at 9 weeks ( p = 0.034) and CT scan at 12 weeks ( p = 0.017). A 100% fusion rate was noted. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle and hindfoot score was also improved at 12 months postoperatively, a finding that was statistically significant ( p = 0.026). Conclusion: This is the first paper, to our knowledge, to prospectively evaluate ultrasound bone stimulation in primary hindfoot arthrodesis patients. We were able to show significantly improved radiographic as well as clinical outcomes compared with a similar cohort of patients who did not receive adjuvant ultrasound stimulation. We believe that low-intensity ultrasound bone stimulation is indicated in primary hindfoot fusions, particularly in those patients at higher risk for nonunion.

Level of Evidence: II, Prospective Comparative Study