bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Economic Dimensions of Art in the Stalinist Era: Artists' Cooperatives in the Grip of Ideology and the Plan
Authors: Yankovskaya Galina
Published: February 2008

In this essay Galina Yankovskaya explores the economic aspects of Soviet artistic life, which were often as important as political factors or censorship in determining the formal features and content of art production. Yankovskaya considers a complex of multisided trends: Russian artists' egalitarian imagination, the expectations of a new art audience, and the authorities' intentions. Exploring the confusing history of art institutions (mostly Vsekokhudozhnik, but also the Union of Artists and the Artistic Fund) within the everyday routines of the Soviet planned economy enables Yankovskaya to examine the clash of economic, ideological, and political motives in Stalinist culture and to look at how artists escaped from official ideology or exploited it for their own goals of appearing “busy.” Certain specific practices from this system of art production and distribution, such as the state's financial support as well as regulation of the art market, copyright law, and the mass production of handmade copies, survived into the post-Stalinist period.
The Election News Story on Russian Television: A World Apart from Viewers
Authors: Mickiewicz Ellen
Published: February 2008

Winning elections is so vital for Russian leaders that competing viewpoints on national television news channels have been scotched, together with the channels that broadcast them. This study examines the other side of the screen: how participants in focus groups in four Russian cities process national channels' treatments of an important regional electoral campaign. The study was conducted during the last period in which viewpoint diversity was still available via TV-6. Unlike findings about other news stories, election stories appear to have little connection to viewers' experiences and values and deprive them of using familiar heuristics to make sense of the stories. For the public, the election story is a genre apart, framed by the same confusing template no matter what the office or region. Even TV-6, soon to be shuttered, broadcast its combative message using that template, thus extinguishing any opportunity for identifying genuine diversity and leaving the audience unable to distinguish between state and private channels, something they easily did for other types of stories. Election stories only cue other election stories. It is mainly younger, "post-Soviet" participants who bring an alternative frame to watching: norms, acquired through their education, by which election stories in a democracyoughtto be constructed.
The Demonized Double: The Image of Lev Tolstoi in Russian Orthodox Polemics
Authors: Kolstø Pål
Published: February 2008

As Pål Kolstø explores in this article, attitudes towards Lev Tolstoi's religious teaching differed wildly among Russian Orthodox believers at the turn of the last century. Some felt that his philosophical notions were remarkably congenial to church doctrine, while others saw Tolstoianism as the radical negation of everything the church stood for. An image often conjured up was Tolstoi as the Antichrist. To some, it was precisely the features that made others see Tolstoi as an Orthodox double that led them to this conclusion: The Antichrist will manage to lead the faithful astray precisely because he will seem to imitate Christ himself. This was the point where the most extreme positions in the Orthodox debate on Tolstoi and Tolstoianism converged. All told, some 85 books and booklets and 260 articles on Tolstoi were published by professed Orthodox authors, many of them laymen. Taken together, they bear witness to the breadth and vitality of Orthodox public opinion.
The Rise and Fall of Archbishop Kohn: Czechs, Germans, and Jews in Turn-of-the-Century Moravia
Authors: Miller Michael L.
Published: February 2008

This article uses the career of Theodor Kohn (1845-1915), archbishop of Olmütz/Olomouc between 1892 and 1904, to examine various trends in the last decades of the Habsburg empire: the burgeoning Czech-German conflict, the brewing social crisis within the Catholic Church, the rising tide of anti-Semitism, and the countervailing force of Jewish national pride. Drawing on a wide range of literary, publicist, and archival sources, Michael L. Miller shows how Archbishop Kohn's Jewish ancestry served as a lightening rod for various disenfranchised, disillusioned, and disheartened groups in the Bohemian Lands of the Habsburg empire. Even Jews latched onto this “Jewish archbishop,” first as a symbol of “racial aptitude,“ then as a cautionary tale about the futility of assimilation. Kohn himself endowed his quintessentially “Jewish” name with Christian significance, viewing it as the source of his suffering—albeit a suffering that he cherished as the cross he had to bear.
Glycans as a Target in the Detection of Reproductive Tract Cancers
Authors: Janković Miroslava , Kosanović Maja , Milutinović Bojana
Published: January 2008

Glycans as a Target in the Detection of Reproductive Tract Cancers

The significance of changes in glycosylation for the beginning, progress and outcome of different human diseases is highly recognized. In this review we summarized literature data on the alteration of glycans in cancer, especially glycoforms of tumor markers of reproductive tract cancers: prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and cancer antigen 125 (CA125). We aimed to highlight the diagnostic potential and relevance of glycan microheterogeneity and to present some novel methods for cancer detection. A computerized search of articles published up to 2007 was performed through the PubMed database. Search terms utilized included prostate/ovarian cancer glycosylation, prostate/ovarian cancer detection, PSA/CA125 glycosylation. Additional sources were identified through cross-referencing and researching in available biomedical books. The comparative studies of sugar chain structures of the PSA and CA125 indicated specific structural alterations associated with malignant transformation, in relation to glycan branching, sialylation and fucosylation. These glycan modifications should be better in distinguishing between benign and malignant conditions than the measurement of marker concentrations alone, which is widely used in practice. Cancer-associated changes in the glycosylation could yield more sensitive and discriminative diagnostic tests for reproductive tract cancer detection, i.e. for improvement of the clinical utility of known tumor markers or the discovery of new ones.
Donor–Acceptor C60‐Containing Polyferrocenylsilanes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications in Photodiode Devices
Authors: Nanjo Masato , Cyr Paul W. , Liu Kun , Sargent Edward H. , Manners Ian
Published: January 2008

A series of polyferrocenylsilane (PFS) random copolymers containing covalently bound pendant [C60]fullerene groups, the first well‐characterized metallopolymers with pendant C60 units, have been prepared and characterized. The fullerene content of the prepared copolymers ranges from 7 to 24% relative to monomer unit. The desired copolymers were synthesized in three steps: metal‐catalyzed ring opening polymerization of sila[1]ferrocenophanes was performed to synthesize random copolymers of poly(ferrocenylmethylphenylsilane‐co‐ferrocenylchloromethylsilane); the resulting random PFSs were then functionalized by reaction with 11‐azido‐1‐undecanol to give PFSs with pendant azide groups; the desired donor–acceptor C60‐containing PFSs were then synthesized by the reaction of the azide group in the side chains with C60 in toluene at 110 °C. The resulting C60‐containing PFSs are air‐stable and soluble in aromatic solvents, chloroform, or THF. The UV‐vis spectra of these materials show broad absorption up to 800 nm. Thin films of these materials were examined as the active layer in rare examples of all solid‐state sandwich‐type diode devices based on ferrocene‐fullerene dyads. The devices exhibit photoconducting and photovoltaic responses, with an open circuit potential of ca. 0.3 V under white light illumination.
The Effect of Morphological Modification on the Electrochemical Properties of SnO2 Nanomaterials
Authors: Park Min‐Sik , Kang Yong‐Mook , Wang Gou‐Xiu , Dou Shi‐Xue , Liu Hua‐Kun
Published: January 2008

The electrochemical performances of 1D SnO2 nanomaterials, nanotubes, nanowires, and nanopowders, are compared to define the most favorable morphology when SnO2 nanomaterials are adopted as the electrode material for lithium‐ion batteries. Changes in the morphology of SnO2 are closely related with its electrochemical performance. Some SnO2 nanomaterials feature not only an increased energy density but also enhanced Li+ transfer. The correlation between the morphological characteristics and the electrochemical properties of SnO2 nanomaterials is discussed. The interesting electrochemical results obtained here on SnO2 nanomaterials indicate the possibility of designing and fabricating attractive nanostructured materials for lithium‐ion batteries.
Stereoselective and Enantioselective Electrochemical Sensing of Monosaccharides Using Imprinted Boronic Acid‐Functionalized Polyphenol Films
Authors: Granot Eran , Tel‐Vered Ran , Lioubashevski Oleg , Willner Itamar
Published: January 2008

Imprinted polymer films for the selective analysis of D‐glucose and D‐mannose are prepared by the co‐electropolymerization of phenol with a 3‐hydroxyphenyl boronic acid‐monosaccharide complex containing D‐glucose or D‐mannose on a Au support. The analysis of the monosaccharides is based on a competitive electrochemical assay that employs the ferrocene‐modified‐monosaccharides as the redox labels. Similarly, enantioselectivity is demonstrated by the imprint of D‐glucose recognition sites in the polymer and the application of the redox‐active indicator.
Fügen von glasfaserbewehrten Betonplatten und Betonschalen durch Vorspannung
Authors: Burtscher Stefan L. , Dallinger Sonja , Ambro Sebastian Zoran , Kollegger Johann
Published: January 2008

Glasfaser‐ oder textilbewehrte Betonplatten sind für dünnwandige Flächentragwerke wegen ihren guten mechanischen Eigenschaften und ihrer ausgeprägten Duktilität besonders geeignet. Diese Platten werden zumeist als Fertigteile hergestellt und können für den Bau von Schalen und Platten optimal eingesetzt werden. Für die Herstellung von großflächigen Flächentragwerken ist jedoch eine praktikable Fügetechnik notwendig. Das Fügen der Platten wird hier durch Vorspannung bewerkstelligt, wodurch es möglich ist, lediglich stumpf gestoßene Platten so miteinander zu verbinden, dass sie neben Normalkräften auch Momente in der Fuge übertragen können. In experimentellen Untersuchungen wurden die verwendeten Platten und die Fügetechnik getestet. Abschließend wurde noch ein Bogen mit hoher Schlankheit präsentiert, der mit dieser Fügetechnik gebaut wurde.
Probabilistische Bewertung von Stahlbetonbauteilen unter Naturbrandbeanspruchung
Authors: Hosser Dietmar , Schnetgöke Ralf , Klinzmann Christoph
Published: January 2008

Vor allem beim brandschutztechnischen Nachweis von Sonderbauten wird vermehrt eine schutzzielorientierte Vorgehensweise angewandt. Die Quantifizierung der Sicherheit ist in diesen Fällen nur durch einen vollprobabilistischer Nachweis möglich. Dieser Aufsatz zeigt das prinzipielle Vorgehen bei der probabilistischen Nachweisführung und stellt die entsprechenden Verfahren vor. Am Beispiel einer Stahlbetonstütze wird die notwendige Verknüpfung der numerischen Tragwerksanalyse, von Naturbränden und den zuverlässigkeitsorientierten Methoden dargestellt.
Usefulness of the CANFOR‐S for measuring needs among mentally disordered offenders resident in medium or low secure hospital services in the UK: a pilot evaluation
Authors: Long Clive G. , Webster Paula , Waine Jo , Motala Jamilah , Hollin Clive R.
Published: January 2008

Background The short form of the forensic version of the Camberwell Assessment of Needs (CANFOR‐S) (Thomas et al., 2003) is of potential value in all clinical forensic settings, but so far reported mainly with high security hospital patients.

Aims To conduct a pilot study of the feasibility of using the CANFOR‐S in medium and low security hospital units and to report preliminary findings there.

Methods Thirty‐six of 38 patients on one medium secure ward for women, one low secure ward for women and one low secure ward for men, all in the same hospital, agreed to participate in the study. Staff and patients completed the CANFOR‐S as part of a larger formal assessment package.

Results All the women and 18 of the 20 men completed the CANFOR‐S. It was found to be easy and quick (25 minutes) to use, and acceptable. Staff and patient ratings were similar on all but one item: needs with regard to safety to others, with staff consistently rating more. Men and women were similar in number of needs, but had different needs profiles. Those in medium security were generally more needy than those in low security.

Conclusions and implications for practice The CANFOR‐S is feasible for clinical practice, with results perceived as useful in treatment planning by patients and staff. More widespread use could improve service planning. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Renal artery stenting with two simultaneous protection devices
Authors: Plich Michael , Klein Roberto
Published: January 2008

Purpose:

To describe a new technique for distal protection during stenting of a bifurcated renal artery using two simultaneous filter devices.

Case Report:

A 70‐year‐old patient underwent angiography of a single functional kidney. Severe proximal, nonostial narrowing of an early bifurcated renal artery was found. Two AngioGuard filter protection devices were placed, one in each branch. A balloon mounted stent was advanced over both wires simultaneously till they reached divergence point, expanded fully, and the protection devices were retrieved. No complications were observed and the final result was good.

Conclusion:

The concomitant use of two protection devices is feasible in a particular anatomy context. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hydrogen Production from a Fluidized‐bed Coal Gasifier with In Situ Fixation of CO2–Part I: Numerical Model
Authors: Lu J. , Yu L. , Zhang X. P. , Zhang S. J. , Dai W. B.
Published: January 2008

In order to attempt to eliminate global warming effects, it is highly desirable that new technologies with lower or zero emission of CO2 to the environment are developed. In this work, a high‐pressure fluidized‐bed coal gasifier for H2 production with in situ fixation of CO2 is simulated by a comprehensive two‐dimensional model. The Eddy Dissipation Concept (EDC) model is first adopted in the pulverized coal gasification model to simultaneously describe the turbulent mixing and detailed chemical kinetics. The developed model is verified with experimental results. The simulated concentrations for the gas product agree well with the experimental data. The simulated distributions for gas temperature and velocity correlate well with the reaction mechanism and experimental phenomena.
Exergoeconomic Analysis of Heat Exchanger Networks for Optimum Minimum Approach Temperature
Authors: Zun‐long J. , Qi‐wu D. , Min‐shan L.
Published: January 2008

Heat exchanger networks (HENs) design for optimum minimum approach temperature is presented using exergoeconomic analysis. Cold and hot utilities are integrated with process streams into T‐H plots, forming balanced composite curves, based on pinch technology. Exergy consumption of heat transfer in HENs is calculated using subsection integral on balanced composite curves. Exergy consumption expense substitutes utilities cost as operating cost. The objective function based on exergoeconomics is proposed, which determines the optimum minimum approach temperature of HENs. Numerical results in the cases demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach. Some measures of decreasing energy consumption are disclosed in the dealing process as well.
Application of Particle Measurement Technology in Process Intensification
Authors: Ruscitti O. , Franke R. , Hahn H. , Babick F. , Richter T. , Stintz M.
Published: January 2008

The competitive pressure in the chemical industry makes it necessary to take measures that enable processes to be drastically improved in order to remain competitive also in the future. For the development and implementation of such process‐intensive measures, it is expedient to perform a complete analysis of the process of interest. This approach is demonstrated using a size reduction process for a particulate active substance as an example. Correlations between the dispersion characteristics and quality characteristics of the product were found using two complementary methods of particle measurement technology, ultrasonic spectroscopy and laser diffraction. These methods make it possible to analyze the efficiency of the comminution apparatuses, but also of the processes. Ultrasonic spectroscopy can be used as a measurement method for local process control.
Enolic Schiff Base Aluminum Complexes and Their Catalytic Stereoselective Polymerization of Racemic Lactide
Authors: Pang Xuan , Du Hongzhi , Chen Xuesi , Wang Xianhong , Jing Xiabin
Published: January 2008

A series of enolic Schiff base aluminum(III) complexes LAlR (where L=NNOO‐tetradentate enolic Schiff base ligand) containing ligands that differ in their steric and electronic properties were synthesized. Their single crystals showed that these complexes are five‐coordinated around the aluminum center. Their coordination geometries are between square pyramidal and trigonal bipyramidal. Their catalytic properties in the solution polymerization of racemic lactide (rac‐LA) were examined. The modifications in the auxiliary ligand exhibited a dramatic influence on the catalytic performance. Lengthening the backbone from C2 alkylene to C3 alkylene resulted in remarkable enhancement of both the stereoselectivity and the polymerization rate because of the increasing flexibility of the diimine backbone. Electron‐withdrawing substituents in the diketone also highly improved the activity and the stereoselectivity. Among these complexes, 4 b had the highest activity and the stereoselectivity owing to the C3 alkylene backbone and the two gem‐methyl groups on the middle carbon atom. The value of the polymerization rate constant (kp) catalyzed by 4 b in 70 °C was 1.90 L mol−1 min−1, the activation energy of the polymerization (35.4 kJ mol−1) was calculated according to the Arrhenius equation. Other factors that influenced the polymerization, such as the polymerization time, the temperature, and the monomer concentration, are also discussed in detail.
Correlation of Delocalization Indices and Current‐Density Maps in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Fias Stijn , Fowler Patrick W. , Delgado Juan Luis , Hahn Uwe , Bultinck Patrick
Published: January 2008

Using multicentre delocalization indices, the ring current maps of a large set of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are reconstructed and compared with ab initio computations of the same maps in the pseudo‐π version of the ipsocentric approach to magnetic response. The quality of the comparison indicates that both delocalization and ring current approaches capture the same information about the aromatic nature of the PAH. Aromaticity as a global property, requires knowledge of more than single circuits, but the present results suggest no need to introduce a “multidimensional character” for aromaticity.
Glycerol Etherification over Highly Active CaO‐Based Materials: New Mechanistic Aspects and Related Colloidal Particle Formation
Authors: Ruppert Agnieszka M. , Meeldijk Johannes D. , Kuipers Bonny W. M. , Erné Ben H. , Weckhuysen Bert M.
Published: January 2008

Glycerol is an attractive renewable building block for the synthesis of di‐ and triglycerols, which have numerous applications in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. In this work, the selective etherification of glycerol to di‐ and triglycerol was studied in the presence of alkaline earth metal oxides and the data are compared with those obtained with Na2CO3 as a homogeneous catalyst. It was found that glycerol conversion increased with increasing catalyst basicity; that is, the conversion increases in the order: MgO<CaO<SrO90 % at 60 % conversion) are obtained over CaO, SrO, and BaO. For these catalysts no substantial acrolein formation was observed. Furthermore, at the start of the reaction mainly linear diglycerol was produced, whereas at higher conversion degrees branched diglycerol started to form. In another series of experiments different types of CaO materials were prepared. It was found that these CaO‐based materials not only differed in their surface area and number of basic sites, but also in their Lewis acid strength. Within this series the CaO material possessing the strongest Lewis acid sites had the highest catalytic activity, comparable to that of BaO, pointing towards the important role of Lewis acidity for this etherification reaction. Based on these observations a plausible alternative reaction scheme for glycerol etherification is presented, which considers the facilitation of the hydroxyl leaving process. Finally, the stability of the catalytic solids under study was investigated and it was found that colloidal CaO particles of about 50–100 nm can be spontaneously generated during reaction. Catalytic testing of these CaO colloids, after isolation from the reaction medium, revealed a very high etherification activity. Understanding the nature of these Ca‐based colloids opens new opportunities for investigating supported colloidal particle catalysts to take advantage of both their hetero‐ and homogeneous nature.
Molekulare Modellierung und Simulation für das Prozessdesign
Authors: Eckl B. , Vrabec J. , Hasse H.
Published: January 2008

Die molekulare Modellierung und Simulation bietet einen bislang kaum genutzten Zugang zur Bestimmung von thermophysikalischen Stoffdaten für verfahrenstechnische Anwendungen. Durch steigende Rechnerleistung und methodische Entwicklungen wird sie zunehmend auch für die Industrie interessant. In diesem Beitrag wird die Vorgehensweise bei der molekularen Modellierung von realen Reinstoffen und Mischungen vorgestellt. Die entwickelten molekularen Modelle wurden eingesetzt, um verschiedene thermische und kalorische Stoffdaten sowie Transportgrößen vorherzusagen. Es zeigt sich eine deutliche Überlegenheit der molekularen Modelle gegenüber phänomenologischen Gleichungen bezüglich Extrapolationsfähigkeit und Übertragbarkeit. Daneben wird die molekulare Modellierung und Simulation in das Umfeld verwandter Methoden eingeordnet und versucht die bestehenden Grenzen aufzuzeigen.
Simulation von Entlastungsvorgängen bei Rektifikationskolonnen
Authors: Staak D. , Repke J.‐U. , Wozny G.
Published: January 2008

Eine auf dynamischer Simulation basierende Methode zur Auslegung von Sicherheitsventilen und Berstscheiben für Kolonnen bzw. zur notwendigen Überprüfung der vorhandenen Entlastungskapazität bei Prozessänderung wird vorgestellt. Die Entwickelung, Implementierung und erfolgreiche Validierung an einer Versuchsanlage erfolgte für ein rigoroses Kolonnenmodell zur Beschreibung von Druckentlastungsvorgängen. Auch zweiphasige Druckentlastungen können beschrieben werden. Damit ist das Modell universell anwendbar. Designänderungen wie die Anzahl der Trennstufen, Komponenten, Durchmesser oder Dynamik des Sicherheitsventils lassen sich schnell abgebilden.
Anwendung der modellbasierten Versuchsplanung zur Ermittlung von Kinetikparametern bei Grenzflächenreaktionen
Authors: Kalem M. , Bertakis E. , Pfennig A.
Published: January 2008

Reaktivextraktion verbindet Reaktion und Extraktion in einem Prozessschritt und ist damit ein Ansatz zur Prozessintensivierung. Zur Modellierung des reaktiven Stofftransports in Kolonnen ist es notwendig, die kinetischen Parameter der chemischen Reaktion zu bestimmen. Bisher ist eine Vielzahl von Laborexperimenten dafür notwendig. Optimale Versuchsplanung kann als ein Tool angesehen werden, um die experimentellen Bedingungen so zu wählen, dass das durchgeführte Experiment hinsichtlich der unbekannten Modellparameter maximale Information liefert und sich dadurch die Anzahl der notwendigen Experimente verringern lässt. In dieser Arbeit wird gezeigt, wie die Geometrie einer Versuchsapparatur zur Ermittlung der Kinetikparameter optimiert werden kann.
Hydraulische Untersuchungen zur Steigerung der Kapazität von Böden in Destillationskolonnen
Authors: Jödecke M. , Friese T. , Schuch G.
Published: January 2008

Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Hydraulik von Hochleistungsbödenelementen wurden in einer mit Luft und Wasser betriebenen Versuchskolonne mit einem Durchmesser von 0,5 m durchgeführt. Die Untersuchungen beinhalteten hydraulische Messungen von neuen Ventiltypen, von abgeschnittenen Schächten und von Abscheideelementen auf den Böden. Außerdem wurde der Einfluss der Trägerorientierung auf die Kapazitätsgrenzen eines Bodens analysiert sowie die Belastungsgrenzen einiger spezieller Typen von Hochleistungsböden bestimmt. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse zu den abgeschnittenen Schächten belegen einen großen Arbeitsbereich dieser Bauarten von Ablaufschächten. Untersuchungen zum Einsatz von Abscheideelementen auf Böden ergaben, dass die obere Belastungsgrenze der Böden signifikant erhöht werden kann. Dies ist aber nur bei geringen spezifischen Flüssigkeitslasten möglich. Das optimale Design eines Abscheideelements und der optimale Lückengrad sind Gegenstand weiterer Untersuchungen. Die Exploration zum Einfluss der Trägerorientierung eines Kolonnenbodens auf die Kapazität des Bodens führte zu dem Ergebnis, das kein Einfluss auf die obere Belastungsgrenze zu beobachten ist, wenn die Träger in Richtung der Flüssigkeitsströmung gerichtet sind. Bei quer zur Flüssigkeitsströmung angeordneten Trägern ist ein Einfluss auf die Belastungsgrenze der Böden zu erkennen.
Stofftransport bei der Pervaporation mizellbildender Gemische
Authors: Hartwig T. , Schaber K. , Köhler M. , Braun A. M.
Published: January 2008

Wässrige Mischungen, die Tenside und in Mizellen solubilisierte, schlecht wasserlösliche flüchtige organische Komponenten (VOCs) enthalten, lassen sich sehr gut mit synthetischen nichtporösen Komposit‐Membranen durch organophile Pervaporation trennen, wobei das Tensid vollständig durch die Membran zurückgehalten wird. Den Stofftransport durch die Membran kann man mit bekannten Lösungs‐/Diffusions‐Mechanismen beschreiben. Dahingegen sind die in der flüssigkeitsseitigen Grenzschicht ablaufenden Vorgänge äußerst komplex. Diese kann aus zwei Zonen bestehen: Direkt an der hydrophoben Membranoberfläche bildet sich bei Verwendung bestimmter Tenside eine mehrlagige Tensidschicht aus. Die darüber liegende wässrige Zone ist durch eine simultane Diffusion von Molekülen und von Mizellen gekennzeichnet. In dem vorliegenden Beitrag wird auf der Basis experimenteller Daten der Stofftransport mit einem Mehrschichtenmodell beschrieben, das auch den simultanen Stofftransport von Molekülen und Mizellen einschließt.
C68 Fullerene Isomers, Anions, and their Metallofullerenes: Charge‐Stabilizing Different Isomers
Authors: Chen De‐Li , Tian Wei Quan , Feng Ji‐Kang , Sun Chia‐Chung
Published: January 2008

The complete set of 6332 classical isomers of the fullerene C68 as well as several non‐classical isomers is investigated by PM3, and the data for some of the more stable isomers are refined by the DFT‐based methods HCTH and B3LYP. C2:0112 possesses the lowest energy of all the neutral isomers and it prevails in a wide range of temperatures. Among the fullerene ions modeled, C682−, C684− and C686−, the isomers C682−(Cs:0064), C684−(C2v:0008), and C686−(D3:0009) respectively, are predicted to be the most stable. This reveals that the pentagon adjacency penalty rule (PAPR) does not necessarily apply to the charged fullerene cages. The vertical electron affinities of the neutral Cs:0064, C2v:0008, and D3:0009 isomers are 3.41, 3.29, and 3.10 eV, respectively, suggesting that they are good electron acceptors. The predicted complexation energy, that is, the adiabatic binding energy between the cage and encapsulated cluster, of Sc2C2@C68(C2v:0008) is −6.95 eV, thus greatly releasing the strain of its parent fullerene (C2v:0008). Essentially, C68 fullerene isomers are charge‐stabilized. Thus, inducing charge facilitates the isolation of the different isomers. Further investigations show that the steric effect of the encaged cluster should also be an important factor to stabilize the C68 fullerenes effectively.
Impact of therapeutic advances on hypoglycaemia in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Boyle Patrick J. , Zrebiec John
Published: January 2008

Patients with type 2 diabetes experience hypoglycaemia less frequently than those with type 1 diabetes. Some protection against hypoglycaemia is afforded by the relatively intact glucose counter‐regulatory pathways that characterize the pathophysiology of early type 2 diabetes. To some extent, this protection explains why hypoglycaemic episodes in intensively treated individuals with type 2 diabetes, when they occur, are rarely severe. As diabetes progresses and therapy intensifies to achieve recommended glycaemic goals, hypoglycaemia frequency and severity increase. Thus, when it comes to instituting intensive therapy, fear of hypoglycaemia may contribute to health‐care providers' ‘clinical inertia’. Because maintaining glycaemic control is so important to both public and individual health, many new therapies and technologies have been developed. This manuscript reviews and considers whether these advancements in therapy make glycaemic goals easier to achieve by minimizing hypoglycaemia. Putting the hypoglycaemia experienced by type 2 diabetes patients into appropriate clinical perspective, the impact of recent progress made in pharmacotherapy, drug delivery systems, and BG monitoring on hypoglycaemia incidence is largely positive. The extent to which this progress can effect improvement over traditional therapies will, however, depend upon patient (and provider) education, motivation and behaviour change. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Equilibrium and Kinetic Properties of CuII Cyclophane Complexes: The Effect of Changes in the Macrocyclic Cavity Caused by Changes in the Substitution at the Aromatic Ring
Authors: Verdejo Begoña , García Basallote Manuel , Ferrer Armando , Angeles Mañez María , Hernández Juan Carlos , Chadim Martin , Hodačová Jana , Llinares José Miguel , Soriano Conxa , García‐España Enrique
Published: January 2008

The o‐B232, m‐B232 and p‐B232 cyclophanes result from attaching the terminal amine groups of 1,4,8,11‐tetraazaundecane (232) to the benzylic carbons of the corresponding o‐, m‐ or p‐xylanes. The cavity size of these cyclophanes changes moderately as a consequence of the substitution at the aromatic ring. The effects caused by these changes on the equilibrium constants for protonation and CuII complex formation of the cyclophanes are analyzed and compared with those of the noncyclic 232 polyamine. All three cyclophanes form mononuclear complexes, but only o‐B232 is able to coordinate to CuII through the four amine groups simultaneously, whereas m‐B232 and p‐B232 can only use three nitrogen donors. The larger cavity and higher flexibility of the latter two cyclophanes allow them to form stable dinuclear CuII complexes. The kinetics of the acid‐promoted dissociation of CuII from its mono‐ and dinuclear complexes has also been studied and the results indicate the existence of large differences in the kinetic properties for the complexes with these three closely related ligands. Whereas the mononuclear m‐B232 and p‐B232 complexes decompose with very similar kinetic behaviour to that of the Cu(232)2+ complex, the lability of the Cu–N bonds is largely reduced in the Cu(o‐B232)2+ complex, and this leads to slower decomposition and even to a different rate law for this complex. The dinuclear complexes are not formed with o‐B232, and very different decomposition kinetics is observed for the complexes formed by m‐B232 and p‐B232. In the case of m‐B232, the two metal ions are situated very close to each other, which causes a rapid release of one of them upon reaction with acid. In contrast, the larger size of p‐B232 allows it to accommodate two metal ions without important electrostatic or steric interactions so that they are released with statistically controlled kinetics.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
The Use of NMR Chemical Shifts to Predict Reaction Pathways: Methanol Formation from Oxazolidinones
Authors: Fröhlich Jörg , Berger Stefan
Published: January 2008

The reduction of various N‐substituted oxazolidin‐2‐ones with LiAlH4 was investigated to open a pathway for methanol formation. By 15N and 13C NMR analysis and correlation with Hammett σp parameters appropriate substituents can be found which direct the reduction into the desired pathway. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Innovative applications of laser scanning and rapid prototype printing to rock breakdown experiments
Authors: Bourke Mary , Viles Heather , Nicoli Joe , Lyew‐Ayee Parris , Ghent Rebecca , Holmlund James
Published: January 2008

We present the novel application of two technologies for use in rock breakdown experiments, i.e. close‐range, ground‐based 3D triangulation scanning and rapid prototype printing. These techniques aid analyses of form–process interactions across the range of scales relevant to breakdown (µm‐m). This is achieved through (a) the creation of DEMs (which permit quantitative description and aanalysis of rock surface morphology and morphological change) and (b) the production of more realistically‐shaped experimental blocks. We illustrate the use of these techniques, alongside appropriate data analysis routines, in experiments designed to investigate the persistence of fluvially‐derived features in the face of subsequent wind abrasion and weathering. These techniques have a range of potential applications in experimental field and lab‐based geomorphic studies beyond those specifically outlined here. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alzheimer's disease in real life – the dementia carer's survey
Authors: Georges Jean , Jansen Sabine , Jackson Jim , Meyrieux Arlette , Sadowska Alicja , Selmes Micheline
Published: January 2008

Background

Informal care from relatives provides the foundation of care for people with Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is important to understand the conditions under which carers perform their, often neglected, task. The dementia carer's survey aimed to identify carers' needs, differences between countries with regard to dementia care and the level of satisfaction of carers with utilised services.

Methods

The survey was conducted through Alzheimer Europe's member organisations in France, Germany, Poland, Spain and UK (Scotland). The survey was in the form of a questionnaire, and topics addressed included: demographics of carers and people with AD; time spent caring; disclosure of diagnosis; symptoms prompting diagnosis; diagnostic process; current and most distressing symptoms; carers' information requirements; evaluation of services.

Results

Each country had ∼200 responders. Time spent caring increases with disease severity, and 50% of carers of people with late‐stage dementia spent more than 10 h/day caring. Activities of daily living and behaviour were cited as the most problematic symptoms, reported by 68% and 50% of carers, respectively. Provision of information on all aspects of AD was felt to be inadequate, with key services such as home support not available to the majority of carers. Only 17% of carers considered the level of care for the elderly in their country as good.

Conclusions

Further development of services and information provision are required to help carers in their everyday caring, including coping with problematic symptoms influencing areas such as activities of daily living and behaviour. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopy and related techniques: state of the art and future directions in Italy
Authors: Compagnini Giuseppe
Published: January 2008

The 20th Italian Conference on Raman Spectroscopy and non‐linear effects was held in Catania in June 2007. I had the pleasure to chair the Conference in which scientists from different countries shared their research activities, started new collaborations and straightened the existing ones. For the first time in the GNSR history, the contributors were invited to present papers suitable to be collected in a Special Issue of a peer‐reviewed journal and the Journal of Raman Spectroscopy has been chosen for its long tradition on Raman spectroscopy and related fields. This Special Issue is dedicated to the memory of Giorgio Mattei who recently passed away. It includes 28 contributions reporting results and new ideas on material science, biochemistry, astrophysics and science of cultural heritage. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Benefit of mediastinal and para‐aortic lymph‐node dissection for advanced gastric cancer with esophageal invasion
Authors: Nunobe Souya , Ohyama Shigekazu , Sonoo Hiroshi , Hiki Naoki , Fukunaga Tetsu , Seto Yasuyuki , Yamaguchi Toshiharu
Published: January 2008

Background and Objectives

Lymph‐node dissection in gastric cancers with esophageal invasion (AGCE) is of current interest. This study examined the significance of inferior mediastinal lymph‐node (IM) and para‐aortic lymph‐node (PA) dissection for this type of cancer.

Method

Two hundred and seventy cases of AGCE were clinicopathologically reviewed. An index of estimated benefit from lymph‐node dissection (IEBLD) was calculated from the frequency of lymph node metastasis in IM and PA, and from 5‐year survival rates for metastatic cases.

Results

Among the cases of AGCE, IM and PA metastasis rates were 18.1% and 22.2%, respectively. The IEBLD for IM and PA was similar to that for dissection of the second‐tier lymph nodes around the celiac axis. The IM metastasis rate was 0.0% for esophageal invasion of 0–9 mm, 2.2% for 10–19 mm, 17.8% for 20–29 mm, and 21.7% for 30–39 mm of esophageal invasion.

Conclusion

AGCE is associated with a high rate of PA metastasis, and with a high rate of IM metastasis when esophageal invasion exceeds 2 cm. Since dissection of IM and PA achieved the same benefit as dissection of second‐tier lymph nodes, we recommend thorough dissection of these lymph nodes. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;97:392–395. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Macromol. Chem. Phys. 3/2008
Authors: Li Wei , Nie Yaru , Zhang Junhu , Zhu Difu , Li Xiao , Sun Haizhu , Yu Kui , Yang Bai
Published: January 2008

Cover: Combing dewetting and thermal annealing, 2D polymer latticeworks with multiple polygonal meshes were successfully fabricated by self‐organized anisotropic mass transfer. These ordered structures could be formed on various substrates or further transferred to curved faces. Further details can be found in the article by W. Li, Y. Nie, J. Zhang, D. Zhu, X. Li, H. Sun, K. Yu, and B. Yang* on page 247.
Product a‐frames and proximity
Authors: Bridges Douglas S.
Published: January 2008

Continuing the study of apartness in lattices, begun in [8], this paper deals with axioms for a product a‐frame and with their consequences. This leads to a reasonable notion of proximity in an a‐frame, abstracted from its counterpart in the theory of set‐set apartness. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Lazy bases: a minimalist constructive theory of Noetherian rings
Authors: Perdry Hervé
Published: January 2008

We give a constructive treatment of the theory of Noetherian rings. We avoid the usual restriction to coherent rings; we can even deal with non‐discrete rings. We introduce the concept of rings with certifiable equality which covers discrete rings and much more. A ring R with certifiable equality can be fitted with a partial ideal membership test for ideals of R. Lazy bases of ideals of R [X ] are introduced in order to derive a partial ideal membership test for ideals of R [X ]. It is then proved that if R is Noetherian, then so is R [X ]. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structure determination of new steroids from Abutilon pakistanicum by NMR techniques
Authors: Hussain Munawar , Zahra Durey Nayab , Hussain S. M. Shakil , Ahmed Ejaz , Ahmad Ijaz , Malik Abdul , Ahmed Zaheer
Published: January 2008

Two new steroids provisionally named as pakisteroid‐A (1) and pakisteroid‐B (2) have been isolated in crystalline form from Abutilon pakistanicum. Their structures have been assigned as 3‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐stigmasta‐5,11(12)‐diene (1) and 24β‐ethylcholesta‐5, 9(11), 22E‐trien‐3β‐benzoate (2), respectively through extensive NMR studies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A solid‐state 17O NMR study of L ‐phenylalanine and L ‐valine hydrochlorides
Authors: Yamada Kazuhiko , Shimizu Tadashi , Ohki Shinobu , Yamazaki Toshio
Published: January 2008

We have presented an experimental investigation of the oxygen‐17 chemical shielding (CS) and electric‐field‐gradient (EFG) tensors for α‐COOH groups in polycrystalline amino acid hydrochlorides. The 17O CS and EFG tensors including the relative orientations between the two NMR tensors are determined in [17O]‐L‐phenylalanine hydrochloride and [17O]‐L‐valine hydrochloride by the analysis of the 17O magic‐angle‐spinning (MAS) and stationary NMR spectra obtained at 9.4, 11.7, 16.4, and 21.8 T. The quadrupole coupling constants (CQ) and the span of the CS tensors are found to be 8.41–8.55 MHz and 7.35–7.41MHz, and 548–570 ppm and 225–231 ppm, for carbonyl and hydroxyl oxygen atoms, respectively. Extensive quantum chemical calculations using density functional theory (DFT) have been also carried out for a hydrogen‐bonding model. It is demonstrated that the behavior of the dependence of hydrogen‐bond distances on 17O NMR tensors for the halogen ions is different from those for the water molecule. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1H and 13C NMR signal assignments of some new spiro[7H‐benzo[de]anthracene‐naphthopyrans]
Authors: Coelho Paulo J. , Fernandes Isabel C. , Carvalho Luis M.
Published: January 2008

The complete 1H and 13C NMR signal assignment of four new photochromic spiro[7H‐benzo[de]anthracene‐naphthopyrans] was achieved using one‐ and two‐dimensional methods (DEPT, COSY, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contingent screening for Down syndrome—results from the FaSTER trial
Authors: Cuckle Howard S. , Malone Fergal D. , Wright David , Porter T. Flint , Nyberg David A. , Comstock Christine H. , Saade George R. , Berkowitz Richard L. , Ferreira Jose C. , Dugoff Lorraine , Craigo Sabrina D. , Timor Ilan E. , Carr Stephen R. , Wolfe Honor M. , D'Alton Mary E.
Published: January 2008

Objective

Comparison of contingent, step‐wise and integrated screening policies.

Methods

Mid‐trimester Down syndrome risks were retrospectively calculated from FaSTER trial data. For contingent screening, initial risk was calculated from ultrasound measurement of nuchal translucency (NT), maternal serum pregnancy‐associated plasma protein (PAPP)‐A and free β‐human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) at 11–13 weeks, and classified positive (>1 in 30), borderline (1 in 30–1500) or negative. Borderline risks were recalculated using α‐fetoprotein, hCG, unconjugated estriol (uE3) and inhibin at 15–18 weeks, and reclassified as positive (>1 in 270) or negative. For step‐wise screening, initial negative risks were also recalculated. For integrated screening, a single risk was calculated from NT, PAPP‐A and the second trimester markers.

Results

There were 86 Down syndrome and 32 269 unaffected pregancies. The detection rate for contingent screening was 91% and false‐positive rate was 4.5%; initial detection rate was 60%, initial false‐positive rate was 1.2% and borderline risk was 23%. Step‐wise screening had 92% detection rate and 5.1% false‐positive rate; integrated screening had 88% and 4.9% respectively.

Conclusion

As predicted by modelling, the contingent screening detection rate for a fixed false‐positive rate is comparable with step‐wise and integrated screening, but substantially reduces the number needing to return for second trimester testing. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Larsen‐like phenotype associated with partial trisomy 3p and monosomy 5p
Authors: Goumy C. , Beaufrère A. M. , Tchirkov A. , Gouas L. , Gaspard F. , Giollant M. , Roucaute T. , Veronèse L. , Lemery D. , Vago P.
Published: January 2008

Background

We report on a fetus with radiographic features of Larsen Syndrome (LS) and unbalanced 3;5 translocation. Recently LS was shown to be caused by mutations in FLNB gene which maps on 3p14.3.

Methods

Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was performed to search for genomic imbalances. Fluorescence in situ analysis (FISH) was done with BAC clone RP11‐754F19 probe from the FLNB gene region (3p14.3).

Results

CGH showed a large loss of the chromosome 5 short arm and a gain of half of the short arm of chromosome 3 resulting from a derivative chromosome 5. FISH analysis with FLNB probe demonstrated that it was not triplicated. Thus, we excluded the role of a gene dosage effect of FLNB in abnormal craniofacial development in this fetus.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is the first report of Larsen‐like phenotype associated with unbalanced translocation resulting in partial trisomy 3p and monosomy 5p. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anxiety and prenatal testing: do women with soft ultrasound findings have increased anxiety compared to women with other indications for testing?
Authors: Hoskovec Jennifer , Mastrobattista Joan M. , Johnston Dennis , Kerrigan Anthony , Robbins‐Furman Patricia , Wicklund Catherine A.
Published: January 2008

Objective

To determine whether there is a difference in anxiety levels in women referred for soft ultrasound findings, AMA, and abnormal serum marker screens, all of whom have a similar risk for chromosome abnormalities, in order to provide an understanding of patients' anxiety, which may enhance the genetic counseling process.

Methods

Two self‐administered questionnaires were completed after the genetic counseling session. Participants were recruited from multiple prenatal clinics throughout Houston, Texas. The State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory Form Y was used to measure anxiety in study participants. Both state and trait anxiety were assessed. Differences between groups were examined using one‐way analysis of variance, crosstabulation, chi‐square, and Tukey multiple comparisons analysis. A p‐value of < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results

Two hundred fifteen women participated in the study: 124 AMA, 55 abnormal maternal serum screens, and 36 soft ultrasound findings. Our findings revealed that women with soft ultrasound findings and abnormal maternal serum screens had significantly higher state anxiety than women who are AMA. State anxiety in women with soft ultrasound findings was not significantly different from women with abnormal maternal serum screens. No significant difference was found between the three groups for trait anxiety. Perceived risk, decision to undergo amniocentesis, education level, and income were factors that significantly affected the women's anxiety scores. However, none of these factors proved to be successful indicators of state or trait anxiety.

Conclusion

A woman's referral indication is associated with different levels of anxiety as compared to the actual numerical risk for chromosome abnormalities presented during a genetic counseling session. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.