bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High‐sensitivity real‐time monitoring of pH and respiration activity unveils metabolic dynamics in shake flask cultures
Authors: Sarikaya Burak , Günster Karsten , Grebe Luca Antonia , Forsten Eva , Hürter Katharina , Büchs Jochen , Magnus Jørgen
Published: December 2024

Erlenmeyer shake flasks are widely used during the first steps of bioprocess development. Despite their broad application in academia and industry, shake flasks usually lack standardized and user‐friendly online monitoring techniques. In this work, the pH and Respiratory Activity MOnitoring System (pH‐RAMOS) for the non‐invasive online measurement of the oxygen transfer rate (OTR), carbon dioxide transfer rate (CTR), and pH in up to eight parallel shake flasks under sterile conditions is presented. The OTR and CTR are quasi‐continuously measured in the headspace of the shake flasks using dedicated oxygen and carbon dioxide sensors, enabling precise respiratory quotient (RQ) evaluation. Self‐adhesive pH sensor spots are used for the high‐frequent real‐time pH monitoring of the culture. These prototype pH sensor spots stand out due to their simple sterilizability and subsequent one‐point calibration in the cultivation medium. The long‐term stability of the pH sensor spots was assessed in a 28‐day long abiotic experiment. The novel pH‐RAMOS was validated with different eukaryotic and prokaryotic microorganisms, such as Ogataea polymorpha, Ustilago trichophora, and Vibrio natriegens. The combination of online OTR, CTR, RQ, and pH signals allowed for identifying various metabolic phenomena, such as oxygen limitations, substrate limitations, diauxies, and the production or consumption of specific compounds, based on their degree of reduction or change of pH. The high‐frequent and sensitive pH‐monitoring was particularly advantageous for registering subtle and transient metabolic phenomena.
A Mn(salen)‐Based Artificial Metalloenzyme for Nitrene and Oxene Transfer Catalysis
Authors: Liu Zhennan , Law Yee‐Song , Kumar Verma Ravi , Ling Goh Yi , Eddy Wong Mun Fei , Sana Barindra , Fan Hao , Lui Ang Ee , Hwee Lim Yee
Published: December 2024

The development of artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs) offers a potent approach to incorporate non‐natural chemical reactions into biocatalysis. Here we report the assembly of Mn(salen)‐based ArMs by embedding biotinylated Mn(salen) complexes into streptavidin (Sav) variants. Using commercially available nitrene and oxo transfer reagents, these biohybrid catalysts catalyzed the aziridination of alkenes and oxidation of benzylic C−H bonds with up to 19 and 146 turnover numbers.
Position‐Regulated Electrostatic Interactions for Single Amino Acid Revealed by Aspartic Acid‐Scanning Mutagenesis
Authors: Chen Mengting , Ma Lilusi , Li Minxian , Fang Xiaocui , Yang Yanlian , Wang Chen
Published: December 2024

We have examined in this contribution the electrostatic interactions between single arginine and aspartic acid by analyzing the peptide‐peptide binding characteristics involving arginine‐aspartic acid, arginine‐glycine, arginine‐tryptophan and tryptophan‐glycine interactions. The results of aspartic acid mutagenesis revealed that the interactions between arginine and aspartic acid have significant dependence on the position and composition of amino acids. While the primary interaction can be attributed to arginine‐tryptophan contacts originated from the indole moieties with the main chains of 14‐mers containing N−H and C=O moieties, pronounced enhancement could be identified in association with the electrostatic side‐chain‐side‐chain interactions between arginine and aspartic acid. An optimal separation of 2~4 amino acids between two adjacent aspartic acid and tryptophan binding sites can be identified to achieve maximal enhancement of binding interactions. Such observed separation dependence may be utilized to unravel cooperative effects in heterogeneous interactions between single pair of amino acids.
The Long‐Term Journey of a Tuberculosis Patient With Triple Organ Involvement and Rheumatological Disease: A Case Study and Literature Review
Authors: Saffar Homina , Sobhanian Pooria , Alian Shahriar , Darvishnia David , Baradaran Mansoureh
Published: December 2024

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, which is more prevalent among immunocompromised individuals. According to the distribution of affected organs, this infection can be categorized as either pulmonary or extrapulmonary TB. Immunodeficiency states resulting from rheumatological disorders and the use of immunosuppressive medications, such as in Behçet's disease (BD), are potential predisposing factors for TB, particularly in cases involving multiple organs. These situations can introduce challenges in both the diagnosis and treatment of patients. We describe a 43‐year‐old man with a history of BD who presented with symptoms of weight loss, abdominal pain, and shortness of breath. His chest X‐ray revealed cavities and calcifications, while an abdominal X‐ray demonstrated signs of intestinal obstruction and adhesions. Subsequent TB diagnosis led to a 6‐month course of a TB treatment regimen. Despite treatment initiation, the patient developed a brain abscess 1 year later, necessitating surgical intervention. Following the procedure, he received another 1‐year course of a TB treatment regimen and experienced full recovery without any complications during a 2‐year follow‐up period. Notably, the patient recently received a Sinopharm COVID‐19 vaccine and subsequently developed seizures that are currently being managed with anticonvulsant therapy. This case report emphasizes the significance of including pulmonary TB in complex medical cases, especially in individuals with autoimmune diseases. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes and reducing the risk of complications. Furthermore, it highlights the possible correlation between TB and BD, along with the potential adverse reactions to COVID‐19 vaccines in this population, which necessitate special consideration by healthcare professionals.
Electrochemical CO2 Reduction: Commercial Innovations and Prospects
Authors: Varhade Swapnil , Guruji Avni , Singh Chandani , Cicero Giancarlo , García‐Melchor Max , Helsen Joost , Pant Deepak
Published: December 2024

Sustainability is an imperative requirement in this era, with electrocatalytic power into fuels technologies emerging as a significant route toward sustainable chemistry. One of the focus areas within the chemical industry is capture of carbon dioxide (CO2) and its electrochemical reduction (eCO2RR) into economically viable commodities through the utilization of renewable sources. Despite some specific eCO2RR technologies being poised for market introduction, the development of a comprehensive technology for eCO2RR remains a challenge. While certain technologies targeting specific eCO2RR products are on the verge of deployment, substantial efforts are still necessary to transition and establish presence in the market over conventional technologies. This review highlights recent technological advancements, fundamental studies, and the persisting challenges from an industrial perspective. We take a deep dive into the research methodologies, strategies, challenges, and advancements in the development of applications for eCO2RR. Specifically, three eCO2RR products – CO, HCOOH, and C2H4 – as promising candidates for implementation are elaborated based on techno‐economic considerations. Additionally, the review discusses the industrial blueprint for these products, aiming to streamline their path toward commercialization. The intent is to present the status of eCO2RR, offering insights into its potential transformation from a mere laboratory curiosity to a feasible technology for industrial chemical synthesis.
Exploring Benzothieno[3,2‐b]benzothiophene S‐Oxides for Organic Electronics, Fluorescence‐Based Applications, and Asymmetric Synthesis
Authors: Rzewnicka Aneta , Mikina Maciej , Krysiak Jerzy , Makowski Tomasz , Svyntkivska Mariia , Dolot Rafał , Plażuk Damian , Bujacz Grzegorz , Żurawiński Remigiusz
Published: December 2024

A series of benzothieno[3,2‐b]benzothiophene S‐oxides has been efficiently synthesized via one‐ or two‐step selective oxidation of benzothieno[3,2‐b]benzothiophene (BTBT). These BTBT S‐oxides form highly ordered structures that display optical anisotropy, are thermally stable up to temperatures above 210 °C, and do not show phase transitions. They exhibit long excited state lifetimes (0.181–0.869 ms) and are more resistant to oxidative degradation than their parent unoxidized BTBT. Some of these compounds demonstrate high quantum yields, exceeding 98 % in solution and 71 % in the solid state. As evidenced by quantum‐chemical calculations, BTBT‐based sulfoxides have sufficiently high pyramidal inversion energy barriers that prevent their stereomutation at room temperature. Additionally, fully S‐oxidized BTBT meets the energy‐splitting criterion required for the singlet fission process, with the T1 energy level that makes it suitable for device application.
Decision in Braidwood v. Becerra increases uncertainty in coverage for cancer screenings
Authors: Hill David G. , Hawk Ernest
Published: December 2024

In Braidwood v. Becerra, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals recently determined that Braidwood Management would no longer be required to provide cost‐free coverage of preventive services. Though the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals limited its decision to the plaintiff, additional appeals and other legal challenges could jeopardize access to preventive care without cost‐sharing, including lifesaving cancer screenings, for millions.
Measuring Thread Timing to Assess the Feasibility of Early‐Bird Message Delivery Across Systems and Scales
Authors: Marts W. Pepper , Dosanjh Matthew G. F. , Schonbein Whit , Levy Scott , Bridges Patrick G.
Published: December 2024

Early‐bird communication is a communication/computation overlap technique that leverages fine‐grained communication to improve application run‐time. Communication is divided such that each individual thread can initiate transmission of its portion of the data upon completion rather than waiting for a dedicated communication phase. The benefit of early‐bird communication depends on the completion timing of the individual threads: On the one hand, if all threads are complete at nearly the same time, the overheads of sending multiple messages will accumulate, leading to performance that is worse than if a single message had been sent. On the other hand, if thread completions are spread out in time, those that complete earlier can send data while others continue working, leading to performance that is better than if a single message had been sent. The challenge is that the completion times are currently unknown and can vary based on application, problem size, system software, and underlying hardware. In this paper, we address this lacuna by measuring and evaluating the potential overlap afforded by early‐bird communication for a selection of proxy applications. These measurements help us understand whether a given application could benefit from early‐bird communication. We present our technique for gathering this data and evaluate data collected from three proxy applications: MiniFE, MiniMD, and MiniQMC. Each application is run on three systems with distinct CPU architectures and strong scales across three run sizes. To characterize the behavior of these workloads, we study the trends of thread timings at both a macro level, across all threads across all runs of an application, and a micro level, that is, within a single process of a single run. We observe that our tested applications exhibit significantly different thread arrival distributions. The machine used had a significant impact, with the window of potential overlap varying by as much as an order of magnitude.
Covalent Functionalisation of rGO and Nanodiamonds: Complementary Versatility and Applicability of Azomethine Ylide, Nitrile Oxide and Nitrone
Authors: Martina Katia , Tagliapietra Silvia , Calsolaro Federica , Paraschiv Andrei , Sacco Mirko , Picollo Federico , Sturari Sofia , Arpà Pietro , Mino Lorenzo , Barge Alessandro , Cravotto Giancarlo
Published: December 2024

The existing synthetic protocols for the direct functionalization of carbon‐based nanomaterials often entail limitations due to their harsh reaction conditions, which require the use of high temperatures for extended periods. This study aims to overcome these limitations by developing mild and efficient synthetic protocols around 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition. Beginning with the well‐established azomethine ylide derivatization, we progress to the utilization of nitrile oxide, and of nitrone derivatives for the functionalization of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as well as of nanodiamonds (NDs). This comparative work employs both classical heating and microwave activation with the aim of reducing reaction times and enhancing efficacy. Results demonstrate that nitrone can react at 60 °C and that the reaction temperature may be decreased to 30 °C with nitrile oxide. Excellent progress was made in reducing the large excess of dipoles typically required for derivatization. Nitrile oxide was proved to be the most efficient in terms of derivatization degree, while nitrone was the most versatile reagent, facilitating the decoration of the carbon nanolayer with disubstituted dihydroisoxazole. To accurately assess the degree of functionalization, the reaction products underwent characterization using various spectroscopic and analytical techniques. Additionally, an indirect evaluation of the reaction outcome was conducted through Fmoc deprotection and quantification.
Viloxazine moderate dose associated with good ADHD outcomes
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: December 2024

Attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is treated by medications, most recently, by viloxazine (Qelbree). Researchers in China looked at clinical trials to try to determine the best dose. Viloxazine was associated with better outcomes than placebo, with a bell‐shaped response curve suggesting that doses greater than 400 mg or greater than 7 mg/kg might not be linked to greater efficacy. Ascent curves tapered off about weeks 4 to 6. The curve for only 100 mg/d declined more rapidly, while the curves for 200 mg/dl and 400 mg/dl declined more gradually. In terms of adverse effects, there was a higher risk of discontinuation with viloxazine compared to placebo. The discontinuation rates due to adverse effects was 4.15% in the viloxazine group.
College and AUD: Parents, schools, and professionals must help
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: December 2024

Young people leave home after high school, and go to college, sometimes living from home for the first time. They are surrounded by temptations to drink. College students, more than any other group in the country, are likely to have past‐year alcohol use disorder (AUD).
LGB+ youth more likely to have major depression and suicidal thoughts
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: December 2024

A new report from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) has found that LGB+ youth are more likely than straight youth to have major depression and serious thoughts of suicide. Behavioral Health of Adolescents Across Sexual Identities: Results from the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), a new infographic report highlighting data pertaining to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and any non‐heterosexual identifying youth, was released in November 2024.
Heteroatom‐Based Ligand Engineering of Metal Organic Frameworks for Efficient and Robust Electrochemical Water Oxidation
Authors: Tan Hong‐Yi , Wang Bing‐Hao , Xu Meng‐Yi , Peng Zhi‐Yong , Wu Wen‐Juan , Shen Sheng , Yin Shuang‐Feng
Published: December 2024

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising catalysts for the electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER) due to their high surface area, tunable pore structures, and abundant active sites. Ligand engineering is an important strategy to optimize their performance. Here, we report the synthesis of NiFe‐MOFs based on three different ligands: 1,4‐terephthalic acid (BDC), 2,4‐thiophene dicarboxylic acid (TDC), and 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (FDC), to investigate the effects of heteroatom‐based aromatic rings on OER performance. It is revealed that by incorporating electronegative sulfur and oxygen atoms into the ligands, the electron density at the metal sites is reduced, leading to enhanced metal‐oxygen covalency and improved charge transfer kinetics. The NiFe‐FDC/NF catalyst demonstrates an overpotential of 189 mV at 10 mA⋅cm−2 and stable performance over 1300 hours at 1 A cm−2. In situ infrared spectroscopy reveal minimal structural reconstruction in NiFe‐FDC/NF, contributing to its superior stability. The NiFe‐FDC/NF were then subjected to 3600 hours of OER operation and it's metal elution was monitored. These findings offer a novel approach to ligand design for high‐performance MOF‐based OER catalysts, highlighting the potential of furan‐based ligands for MOF ligand engineering.
Iodine(III)‐Mediated Unexpected Ring‐Contraction Rearrangement and Halogenated Addition Reaction to Synthesize 3‐Substituted Phthalides and Isochroman‐1‐One Derivatives
Authors: Meng Fanjing , Zhou Yihang , Cui Wenhui , Si Xinxin , Liu Tao , Cao Yang
Published: December 2024

Iodine(III)‐mediated ring‐contraction rearrangement and halogenated addition reaction have been realized. A series of 3‐substituted phthalides and isochroman‐1‐one derivatives bearing multiple functional groups were obtained in good to excellent yields under mild reaction conditions. Computational studies indicated that the reaction proceeds via a proton transfer followed by ring opening and ring formation to produce the target product. Moreover, preliminary biological evaluations revealed that both of 3‐substituted phthalides and isochroman‐1‐one derivatives show good antitumor activities.
Expression and Purification of ADAMTSL5 in E. coli and Validation of Activity in Psoriasis Serum
Authors: Qin Ru , Li Shangyang , Wu Boheng , Lin Ruilan , Yuan Yulin
Published: December 2024

Purpose

A disintegrin and metalloprotease domain containing thrombospondin type 1 motif‐like 5 (ADAMTSL5), a protein linked to psoriasis, was obtained by prokaryotic expression and purification for potential utilization as a new auxiliary diagnostic marker for psoriasis. It was subsequently applied in psoriasis research.

Experimental Design

The designed ADAMTSL5 gene was inserted into the pET‐30a (+) vector and expressed in the BL21 (DE3) strain as a fusion protein. Following this, the recombinant ADAMTSL5 protein was purified using affinity chromatography. Purified ADAMTSL5, obtained in conjunction with magnetic beads, was directly employed in both psoriasis patients and healthy individuals.

Results

The results indicated that the molecular weight of the ADAMTSL5 protein obtained through prokaryotic expression and purification was approximately 27 kDa, with a protein concentration of 0.96 mg/mL. Analysis of anti‐ADAMTSL5 levels in the serum of both psoriasis patients and healthy individuals using magnetic microparticle chemiluminescence demonstrated that anti‐ADAMTSL5 levels in the serum of psoriasis patients surpassed those of healthy individuals, showing a significant difference with p < 0.001.

Conclusions

The experimental findings presented here may contribute to the utilization of ADAMTSL5 as a marker for diagnosing psoriasis, offering novel insights and experimental avenues for further investigation.
Birth characteristics and the risk of childhood brain tumors: A case–control study in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Cheng Sierra , McLaughlin John R. , Brown M. Catherine , Rutka James , Bouffet Eric , Hawkins Cynthia , Cairney A. Elizabeth , Ranger Adrianna , Fleming Adam J. , Johnston Donna L. , Greenberg Mark , Malkin David , Hung Rayjean J.
Published: December 2024

Various birth characteristics may influence healthy childhood development, including the risk of developing childhood brain tumors (CBTs). In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between delivery methods, obstetric history, and birth anthropometrics with the risk of CBTs. This study used data from the Childhood Brain Tumour Epidemiology Study of Ontario (CBREO) which included children 0–15 years of age and newly diagnosed with CBTs from 1997 to 2003. Multivariable logistic regressions were performed to explore the association between delivery methods, obstetric history, and birth anthropometric variables, with subsequent CBT development. Models were adjusted for maternal and index child characteristics, and stratified by histology where sample size permitted. The use of assistive instruments (forceps or suction) during childbirth was significantly associated with overall CBTs (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.30–2.61) and non‐glial tumors (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.60–4.13). Compared to first‐born children, those second‐born or greater had a lower risk of overall CBT development (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.55–0.98), and glial histological subtype. All other birth characteristic variables explored were not associated with CBTs. The use of assistive devices such as forceps or suction during vaginal delivery carries potential risks, including increased risk of CBT development. There is an inverse association between birth order and CBTs, and future studies examining early childhood common infection may be warranted.
Effects of Gamma Irradiation on Structural, Chemical, Bioactivity and Biocompatibility Characteristics of Bioactive Glass–Polymer Composite Film
Authors: Sujon Mamun Khan , Samsurrijal Siti Fatimah , Baharin Ruzalina , Isa Naurah Mat , Zabidi Muhammad Azrul , Mohd Noor Siti Noor Fazliah
Published: December 2024

Gamma irradiation is an effective technique for biocomposite films intended for application in tissue engineering (TE) to ensure sterility and patient safety prior to clinical applications. This study proposed a biocomposite film composed of natural polymer chitosan (CS) and synthetic polymer poly‐Ɛ‐caprolactone (PCL) reinforced with sol–gel‐derived bioactive glass (BG) for potential application in TE. The BG/PCL/CS biocomposite film was sterilized using 25 kGy gamma rays, and subsequent changes in its characteristics were analyzed through mechanical and physical assessment, bioactivity evaluation via immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) and biocompatibility examination using human primary dermal fibroblasts (HPDFs). Results indicated a homogeneous distribution of BG particles within the BG/PCL/CS polymer matrix which enhanced bioactivity, and the polymer blend provide a structurally stable film. Gamma irradiation induced an increase in the film's surface roughness due to photo‐oxidative degradation; however, this did not adversely affect the integrity of glass particles and polymer chains. In vitro assessments demonstrated hydroxyapatite formation on the film's surface, suggesting bioactivity. Biocompatibility testing confirmed enhanced cell adhesion and proliferation. These multifunctional properties highlight the potential of the fabricated BG/PCL/CS biocomposite film for TE and regenerative medicine applications.
The Influence of the Solvation on the Bonding of Molecular Complexes of Diatomic Halogens With Nitrogen‐Containing Donors and Their Stability With Respect to the Heterolytic Halogen‐Halogen Bond Splitting
Authors: Pomogaeva Anna V. , Lisovenko Anna S. , Timoshkin Alexey Y.
Published: December 2024

In the framework of SMD approach a systematic computational study of structural, electronic and thermodynamic properties of molecular complexes of Cl2, ICl and I2 with series of N‐containing Lewis bases in solvents of different polarity was carried out. Results indicate that molecular complexes of Cl2 with strong and medium‐strong LB undergo spontaneous ionization in the acetonitrile solution. The increase of the solvent polarity can change the nature of interaction in X'XLB systems from molecular X'X ← LB donor‐acceptor complexes to 3‐center 4‐electron bound X'→X+ ← LB in solvents of medium polarity and to the contact ion pairs X'→[XLB]+ in polar solvents. Thus, the controlled generation of cationic [LB∙X]+ species is possible by varying the nature of LB, varying the nature of the solvent, and varying the nature of the halogen X. Molecular Cl2 has the greatest tendency to form ionic species in polar solvents. Spontaneous ionization of molecular nσ complexes of chlorine with strong LB in medium‐polar solvents (starting from OEt2, ε = 4.24) should not be neglected and single point solvation energy computations on gas phase optimized geometries are not reliable for such systems.
Quadriceps muscle strength of the affected limb in medial meniscus posterior root tears is negatively correlated with the progression of postoperative medial joint space narrowing
Authors: Kawada Koki , Fukuba Mikao , Okazaki Yuki , Tamura Masanori , Yokoyama Yusuke , Ozaki Toshifumi , Furumatsu Takayuki
Published: December 2024

Purpose

The effect of quadriceps muscle strength on medial joint space (MJS) narrowing after repair for medial meniscus (MM) posterior root tears (MMPRTs) has not yet been determined. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of preoperative and postoperative quadriceps muscle strength on the change in MJS (ΔMJS) in MMPRTs.

Methods

Thirty patients who underwent pullout repair for MMPRTs were retrospectively evaluated. The MJS width using fixed‐flexion view radiographs, MM extrusion (MME) using magnetic resonance imaging, quadriceps muscle strength using the Locomo Scan‐II and clinical scores were measured and compared preoperatively and 1 year postoperatively. Correlations between the ΔMJS, change in MME (ΔMME), and preoperative and postoperative quadriceps muscle strength were evaluated using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.

Results

MJS narrowing and MME progressed significantly at 1 year postoperatively (p < 0.001). Quadriceps muscle strength in MMPRT knees and all clinical scores significantly improved at 1 year postoperatively (p < 0.001). ΔMJS and ΔMME showed a significant positive correlation (0.50 ± 0.70 and 1.22 ± 0.92 mm, respectively; r = 0.516, p = 0.004). Both preoperative and postoperative quadriceps muscle strength in MMPRT knees showed significant negative correlations with ΔMJS (preoperative: r = −0.529, p = 0.003; postoperative: r = −0.477, p = 0.008) and ΔMME (preoperative: r = −0.431, p = 0.018; postoperative: r = −0.443, p = 0.014).

Conclusions

In pullout repair for MMPRTs, preoperative and postoperative quadriceps muscle strength in MMPRT knees was negatively correlated with the progression of MJS narrowing and MME. Rehabilitation with a focus on quadriceps muscle strengthening, including preoperative rehabilitation, may delay knee‐osteoarthritis progression after pullout repair for MMPRTs.

Level of Evidence

Level IV.
A risk index tool to minimize the risk of nitrogen loss from land to water
Authors: McDowell R. W. , Snow V. O. , Tamepo R. , Lilburne L. , Cichota R. , Muraoka K. , Soal E.
Published: December 2024

Simple models can help reduce nitrogen (N) loss from land and protect water quality. However, the complexity of primary production systems may impair the accuracy of simple models. A tool was developed that assessed the risk of N loss as the product of N source inputs and relative transport by leaching and runoff. A dynamic process‐based model was used to estimate the long‐term monthly N loss risk by leaching and runoff in response to the interaction of static biophysical factors like soil type, slope, and long‐term climate. Source inputs included dung and urine (from livestock), fertilizer, crop residues, and soil erosion. Estimates of the rank of N loss risk were related (r2 = 0.69, p < 0.001) to 96 observations of N loss (kg ha−1 year−1) across nine land uses; all but two of the observations fell within 95% prediction intervals. Across land uses, leaching accounted for 84% of N loss risk. Additional observations are needed to determine if N loss risk is representative of short‐rotation vegetables and to account for potential lag times between calculated and measured losses. The good performance of the tool suggests that when displayed spatially, the tool can be used to target high‐risk areas with actions to reduce the risk of N loss and the likelihood of water quality impairment.
Technique considerations for implementing volumetric‐modulated arc therapy for total body irradiation within an Australian tertiary institution
Authors: La Macchia Gabriella , Wan Clare , Dass Joshua , Taylor Mandy , Neveri Gabor , Skorska Malgorzata
Published: December 2024

Over the past decade, our institution delivered conventional total body irradiation (TBI) using Elekta's Monaco treatment planning system (TPS) with an extended SSD field arrangement and 18 megavoltage (MV) energy lateral fields. In 2020, there was a transition to the Eclipse™ treatment planning system and Truebeam® linear accelerators with 6 MV and 10 MV energies. These changes meant that essential components of the existing technique were unavailable for clinical use and a new approach to the institution technique was required to ensure continuation of service. The aim was to implement a volumetric‐modulated arc therapy (VMAT) TBI technique using existing infrastructure, the new planning system and treatment hardware to continue providing a TBI service for patients of all ages, including those under general anaesthetic (GA). A multidisciplinary team within the institution was created to evaluate existing literature and to implement a VMAT TBI technique that was feasible within our institution. This article will discuss the resultant technique, the practicalities faced and the radiation therapy pathway within our institution.
Pre‐operative transcranial Doppler ultrasound assessment of cerebral collateral circulation in children undergoing veno‐arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or cardiac surgery
Authors: Reddan Tristan , Malouf Michael , Venugopal Prem , Powell Jennifer
Published: December 2024

Children requiring veno‐arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) or cardiac surgery often undergo cervical cannulation or carotid artery clamping, which can interrupt cerebral circulation. Inadequate collateral flow through the circle of Willis (CoW) may lead to cerebral ischaemia within the vascular territory and/or watershed regions. Pre‐cannulation survey of the CoW using transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound may be performed to predict and plan neuroprotection. It is important to note in this article TCD refers to Duplex or colour coded trans‐cranial Doppler (TCCD) using radiology‐based machines, which is distinct from the more traditional trans‐cranial Doppler technique that does not incorporate a B‐mode image. This article describes our technique, in use since 2019, to guide surgical approaches and neuroprotective measures when an incomplete CoW is identified. High‐end radiology‐based ultrasound platforms and various transducers are used to assess brain morphology and haemorrhage through the anterior fontanelle in neonates. TCD is performed with the highest frequency transducer possible, utilising Doppler imaging to visualise cerebral arteries. Manual carotid compression can be used to functionally assess collateral flow when segments appear aplastic or hypoplastic. Potential pitfalls include mistaking the anterior choroidal artery for a hypoplastic posterior communicating artery (PCommA). Since implementing this protocol 5 years ago, no catastrophic infarcts related to cervical cannulation have occurred. This technique provides a practical solution for pre‐operative assessment of cerebral collateral circulation in children undergoing VA ECMO or cardiac surgery, allowing for consideration of neuroprotective measures and improving patient safety.
How does fertilizer management strategy in soilless blueberry cultivation change the phytochemical profile and phenoloxidases activity during fruit ripening?
Authors: Jasminka Milivojević , Vuk Maksimović , Dragan Radivojević , Slavica Spasojević , Dragišić Maksimović Jelena
Published: December 2024

BACKGROUND

Highbush blueberry fruits have attracted a lot of attention from consumers due to their exquisite taste and considerable quantities of bioactive compounds. This premium‐class foodstuff also contains antioxidant enzymes (phenoloxidases) implicated in the degradation of polyphenols that lead to discoloration and loss of antioxidant activity during fruit ripening. Despite substantial progress in research focused on fruit quality, unanswered questions remain about the effect of fertilizer strategy in soilless blueberry cultivation on the phytochemical content and phenoloxidases activities. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the individual effect of mineral fertilizers (Min treatment) and combined application of organic and mineral fertilizers (Org‐Min treatment) the content of targeted primary and secondary metabolites, as well as phenoloxidases activities of blueberry cultivar ‘Bluecrop’ grown in pots.

RESULTS

The sugar content and sweetness index were not affected by the fertilizer treatment, while the predominant organic acids content (citrate and malate) increased significantly by the Org‐Min treatment in both years studied. The Org‐Min treatment also stimulated the synthesis of phenolic acids, primarily chlorogenic and p‐coumaric acid, while the Min treatment contributed to significant increase in polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity in both years of the study.

CONCLUSION

The Org‐Min treatment in annual amounts of 72 kg ha−1 nitrogen, 48 kg ha−1 phosphorus, and 68 kg ha−1 potassium had the most pronounced positive effect on the content of phenolic bioactives, which indicates that a partial replacement of mineral by organic fertilizers can be recommended in soilless cultivation of blueberries. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Microencapsulation of Chenpi extract with soy oligopeptides: enhanced retention of flavor compounds and improved bioaccessibility of polyphenolics
Authors: Tingyu Wang , Fei Shen , Ying Liu , Siqin Zhen , Jiawei Zhao , Zhenqiang Wu
Published: December 2024

BACKGROUND

Chenpi extract (CPE) is rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, and volatile flavor compounds, and possesses numerous healthy biological effects. However, the low stability and bioaccessibility of CPE significantly limits its application in food development.

RESULTS

In this study, CPE microcapsules were prepared using soybean oligopeptide (SOP), maltodextrin (MD), soybean protein isolate (SPI), and citrus insoluble dietary fiber (CIDF) as the encapsulants. The successful encapsulation and thermal stability of the CPE microcapsules were confirmed through structural, interaction characterization, and thermal analyses. Soybean oligopeptide encapsulated 97.89% of the total flavonoids and 95.97% of the total polyphenols in CPE, which was significantly higher than the other three materials (MD, SPI, and CIDF). Soybean oligopeptide also showed good retention capacity for volatile flavor compounds in CPE, especially d‐limonene (47.67%), γ‐terpinene (49.65%), n‐octanal (57.38%), and β‐Myrcene (44.65%). The in vitro digestion results showed that the CPE loaded by SOP was more stable during simulated digestion compared with the CPE loaded by the other three materials. The bioaccessibility of total flavonoids and total polyphenols in CP‐SOP was 96.64% and 88.95%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Overall, these results highlight that SOP is a better carrier for CPE microcapsules, and the distinct characteristics of SOP could significantly improve the quality of Chenpi‐related functional food. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
The utilization of an ultrasonic mung bean protein–starch conjugate as a fat substitute in whipping cream
Authors: Feng Xuewei , Zhu Yingying , Zhang Yongjiu , Hao Xiyu , Li Shiyu , Jiang Chunyang , Su Hang , Yao Yang
Published: December 2024

BACKGROUND

Amidst the rising trend of healthy eating, there is a surge in demand for low‐fat food options. Within the realm of fat substitutes, modified proteins have shown the most effective ability to replace fat due to their nutritional attributes and functional properties. This study focused on the development of a fat substitute for low‐fat whipping cream using the conjugate of ultrasonic mung bean protein and mung bean starch.

RESULTS

Our findings revealed that the emulsifying properties and solubility of the conjugates were significantly superior to those of mung bean protein alone (P < 0.05). This enhancement was attributed to a smaller particle size, depolymerization of protein molecules and increased total sulfhydryl content, especially the conjugate formed by 60 min ultrasonic mung bean protein and mung bean starch (UMBP60+MS). Incorporating UMBP60+MS as a fat substitute at a 10% ratio in the formulation of low‐fat whipping cream resulted in a product with enhanced apparent viscosity, superior environmental stability, and commendable sensory characteristics. Moreover, the fat digestion rate was significantly reduced by 13.5% with the 10% substitution. This 10% substitution also endowed the whipping cream with the most desirable β′‐type crystal morphology and the most stable three‐dimensional network structure. An intimate encapsulation of fat globules by the conjugate was observed using cryogenic scanning electron microscopy.

CONCLUSION

The UMBP60+MS conjugate emerged as an effective fat substitute in whipping cream, providing significant contributions to addressing health concerns in the food industry. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Oil‐type modulation of the interfacial adsorption behavior of flavonoid‐modified walnut protein hydrolysates to improve the storage stability of high internal phase Pickering emulsions
Authors: Zeng Shengbin , Yang Ziyin , Tang Jiayao , Lv Junfeng , Jin Bei
Published: December 2024

BACKGROUND

Currently, protein–polyphenol complexes have garnered increasing attention as surface‐active substances in high internal phase Pickering emulsions (HIPPEs). However, the effects of the oil type and flavonoid structure on the HIPPE‐stabilizing ability of protein–polyphenol complexes remain unclear. Notably, very few studies have investigated the impacts and mechanisms of different oils (olive, flaxseed, and coconut oils) and the effects of the addition of flavonoids (catechin and quercetin) on the interfacial behavior of walnut protein hydrolysates (WPHs) and the co‐oxidation of protein‐lipid in the resulting emulsion during storage.

RESULTS

Incorporating flavonoids was found to reduce the particle size and enhance WPH emulsification efficiency. Compared with catechin, quercetin demonstrated a greater affinity for adsorption at the oil–water interface, thereby improving the interfacial adsorption properties of WPHs across all the oil phases, although the oil type influenced the concentration of flavonoids at the interface. Excessive WPH–quercetin complex nanoparticles can form a dense multilayer at the interface and compactly pack oil droplets, endowing HIPPEs with higher viscoelasticity, greater storage stability, and stronger protection against lipid and protein oxidation than other WPH‐based HIPPEs do, especially in cases of olive oil–HIPPEs.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results demonstrated that the interfacial structure of WPH–flavonoid complexes play a major role in the emulsion stabilization efficiency, followed by the type of oil. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Mechanical and Morphological Perspectives on PLA‐Based Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPVs): A Brief Review
Authors: Shahroodi Zahra , Momeni Vahid , Moshkriz Ali , Rajabifar Nariman , Darvishi Reza
Published: December 2024

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) brings intriguing prospects to the realm of biodegradable polymers through environmental sustainability, processing, and affordability. However, the widespread use of PLA remains full of challenges mostly because of its brittleness and poor mechanical properties. This review highlighted recent studies on improving PLA brittleness by adding different elastomeric systems and using different crosslinking systems in order to improve the mechanical properties, enhance the interfacial interactions, and stabilize the micromorphology of PLA systems as an effective, promising strategy to mitigate intrinsic PLA problems. Looking at the different microstructures required to achieve better performance, an insightful discussion on the developed morphology between PLA and high‐elastic materials is featured along with reviewing primary mechanical concepts. It concludes with an outlook for static and dynamic vulcanization systems with a perspective of biodegradable PLA and draws attention to the new possibilities that crosslinked PLA can offer.
Update on immunotherapy‐mediated colitis: Clinical features, mechanisms, and management
Authors: Wang Dandan , Zhao Yiwei , Zeng Yiyun , Hu Lanlin , Xu Chuan
Published: December 2024

Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has radically transformed the field of oncological therapy. However, immune‐related adverse events (irAEs) associated with the treatment might affect the life quality and even threaten the life of cancer patients. Immunotherapy‐mediated colitis (IMC) is one of the most prevalent irAEs, especially in anti‐cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 antibody (CTLA4) therapy. Current management of IMC includes administering immunosuppressants and discontinuing the treatment, which might affect the therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we briefly summarize the development of ICIs in cancer immunotherapy and the incidence, diagnosis, and management of IMC. Recent insights into the cellular and molecular pathways that underpin IMC, perspective research, and promising therapeutic strategies are highlighted. Further understanding of IMC and its implications will assist clinicians in optimizing treatment strategies to mitigate this side effect while maximizing the benefits of ICIs.
Electrophysiological Monitoring of Asymptomatic Transthyretin Mutation Carriers
Authors: Berard Nicolas , Verschueren Annie , Fortanier Etienne , Grapperon Aude‐Marie , Kouton Ludivine , Rebouh Hadia , Gallard Julien , Salort‐Campana Emmanuelle , Attarian Shahram , Delmont Emilien
Published: December 2024

Introduction/Aims

It is imperative to screen asymptomatic carriers of transthyretin (TTR) mutations to initiate treatment early. The protocol for repeated electrodiagnostic (EDX) assessments over time lacks standardization. Our aim was to report the electrophysiological evolution of a cohort of asymptomatic carriers and to determine which biomarkers were most sensitive to change.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of medical records of asymptomatic carriers identified by screening families with amyloid neuropathy. Carriers who underwent two EDX assessments with a minimum 1‐year interval between studies were selected. EDX included analysis of median, ulnar, tibial, fibular and sural nerves, motor unit number index (MUNIX), electrochemical skin conductance, sympathetic skin response, and heart rate variability on deep breathing. Measurements were compared at first and second examinations.

Results

Twenty‐three carriers were included with a median age of 49 years (interquartile range 37–58). Median time between examinations was 3 years (2–4). Compound muscle and sensory nerve action potential (CMAP and SNAP) amplitudes, nerve conduction velocities, autonomic small fiber testing and MUNIX remained stable except for motor distal latency of the median nerve (+0.07 ms/year) and CMAP duration of the ulnar (+0.10 ms/year) and fibular (+0.12 ms/year) nerves. The CMAP duration of the ulnar nerve was the most sensitive biomarker to change when performed within 10 years preceding the age of the youngest case in the family, with a standardized response mean of 0.91.

Discussion

Nerve conduction parameters remain relatively stable in asymptomatic TTR carriers. Changes can only be detected using multimodal and extensive electrophysiological tests.
Hybrid Legitimacy‐Seeking Strategies of Social Enterprises in Developing Countries: A Comparative Case Study of Two Microfinance Institutions
Authors: Huang Yixiong , Yin Ximing
Published: December 2024

Social enterprises (SEs) play a pivotal role in addressing the shortcomings of government, business, and the third sector. However, SEs operating in developing countries face a different environment than their counterparts in developed societies due to immature institutional environments. This necessitates the examination of alternative pathways to organizational legitimacy. Through a comparative analysis of two Chinese microfinance social enterprises (MSEs), this article examines how these organizations navigate the complexities of legitimacy within their operating environments. Drawing on the stakeholder perspective and the legitimacy literature, this article proposes that the survival and expansion of SEs in developing countries depend on achieving a hybrid legitimacy encompassing institutional, industry, and market dimensions. The proactive strategies adopted by the two MSEs, such as forging strategic alliances with local authorities, engaging in industry‐recognized reputational activities, and cultivating markets through philanthropic efforts, are instrumental in securing key stakeholders' support and resources. These legitimacy‐building efforts are critical to the survival of SEs and essential to achieving their dual mandate of financial sustainability and social impact. This article adds to the existing body of knowledge by delineating the multiple sources of legitimacy that are relevant to SEs in developing countries, using China as an example. It also highlights the different outcomes of institutionalist versus strategic approaches to legitimacy‐seeking, enriching both academic and practical understandings of SE resilience and growth.
The untapped potential of camera traps for farmland biodiversity monitoring: current practice and outstanding agroecological questions
Authors: Roilo Stephanie , Hofmeester Tim R. , Frauendorf Magali , Widén Anna , Cord Anna F.
Published: December 2024

Agroecosystems are experiencing a biodiversity crisis. Biodiversity monitoring is needed to inform conservation, but existing monitoring schemes lack standardisation and are biased towards birds, insects and plants. Automated monitoring techniques offer a promising solution, but while passive acoustic monitoring and remote sensing are increasingly used, the potential of camera traps (CTs) in farmland remains underexplored. We reviewed CT publications from the last 30 years and found only 59 articles that sampled farmland habitats in Europe. The main research topics addressed management or (avian) conservation issues, such as monitoring wildlife‐livestock interactions, nest predation, and the use of feeders and water troughs. Fewer studies employed landscape‐wide approaches to investigate species' habitat use or activity patterns over large agricultural areas. We discuss existing barriers to a more widespread use of CTs in farmland and suggest strategies to overcome them: boxed CTs tailored for small mammals, reptiles and amphibians, perch‐mounted CTs for raptor monitoring and time‐lapse imagery can help in overcoming the technical challenges of monitoring (small) elusive species in open habitats where misfires and missed detections are more frequent. Such approaches would also expand the taxonomic coverage of farmland monitoring schemes towards under‐surveyed species and species groups. Moreover, the engagement of farmers in CT‐based biodiversity monitoring programmes and advances in computer vision for image classification provide opportunities for low‐cost, broad‐scale and automated monitoring schemes. Research priorities that could be tackled through such CT applications include basic science topics such as unravelling animal space use in agricultural landscapes, and how this is influenced by varying agricultural practices. Management‐related research priorities relate to crop damage and livestock predation by wildlife, disease transmission between wildlife and livestock, effects of agrochemicals on wildlife, and the monitoring and assessment of conservation measures. Altogether, CTs hold great, yet unexplored, potential to advance agroecological research.