bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The future of mall research: Current trends affecting the future of marketing research in malls
Authors: Frost‐Norton Tammie
Published: July 2005

The Marketing Research Association (MRA) Annual Conference in Boston, MA (5–7 June, 2004), held a panel discussion as part of the workshop portion of the conference regarding quantitative research. The panel was made up of: Janet Baldi, Vice President of Data Collection & Data Quality for Rothstein‐Tauber/Directions for Decisions (RTI‐DFD); Jackie Weise, Executive Vice President and Principal for Market Trends, Inc.; Kim Fitzgerald, Manager–Market Research for Hasbro Inc.; and Tammie Frost‐Norton. The moderator of the panel was Wendy Dodek, Moderator for Insight Research & Training. The purpose of the panel discussion was to look at current practices of conducting consumer research in malls, the changes occurring due to decisions by buyers of mall research, the health of mall research and the possibilities for the future of mall research. Current trends show less consumer research being conducted via mall intercept, and more being conducted online and with database pre‐recruited interviewing. The future health of mall research may depend on mall facility owners' reactions to existing problems, and their ability to capitalise on the weaknesses of internet data collection. Stability of mall data collection facilities may come from selecting the best possible mall for strong consumer research, and that may be more important in the future than it has ever been. Discussions from the panellists indicate that mall data collection also would need to return to the basics to ensure timeliness and quality. Mall facility owners need to market the unique strengths of each mall's respondent base. Although the discussion here centres on developments in US mall research, the majority of the findings will be relevant to practitioners of shopping‐centre or high‐street‐based interviewing in the UK and other countries. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The symbolic servicescape: Your kind is welcomed here
Authors: Rosenbaum Mark S.
Published: July 2005

This paper expands Bitner's (1992) servicescape framework by conceptualising the existence of a symbolic servicescape. To date, researchers primarily have explored how consumers respond to physical elements within a consumption setting's built environment, however, commercial establishments have a history of discriminating against ethnic consumers. Thus, ethnic consumers may respond to other environmental elements when formulating marketplace approach/avoidance decisions. This paper reveals that ethnic consumers respond to a symbolic servicescape, defined as objects and artefacts that evoke similar meanings across members of specific ethnic groups. Using photo‐elicitation methodology, the author demonstrates how Jewish and homosexual consumers interpret symbols within consumption settings and how these symbols impact on approach/avoidance behaviour. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atypical CTSK transcripts and ARNT transcription read‐through into CTSK
Authors: Giraudeau Fabienne S. , Walhin Jean‐Philippe , Murdock Paul R. , Spurr Nigel K. , Gray Ian C.
Published: July 2005

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) and cathepsin K (CTSK) genes lie in a tandem head‐to‐tail arrangement on human chromosome 1. The two genes are in extremely close proximity; the usual CTSK transcription start site is less than 1.4 kb downstream of the end of the longest reported ARNT transcript. By generating an RT‐PCR product that overlaps both the 3′ end of ARNT and the 5′ end of CTSK, we show that ARNT transcripts may extend through the ARNT–CTSK intergenic region and progress into the CTSK gene. Furthermore, by using quantitative RT‐PCR from several tissues to detect the ARNT expression signature in CTSK introns, we show that ARNT transcripts can read through into CTSK as far as CTSK intron 3, extending approximately 3.7 kb downstream of the end of the longest previously described ARNT mRNA. Given that ARNT and CTSK are expressed in an overlapping range of tissues, ARNT read‐through may have a negative impact on CTSK transcript levels by interfering with CTSK expression. We also present evidence for novel CTSK transcripts following sequence analysis of CTSK‐derived ESTs and RT‐PCR products. These transcripts show alternate 5′ splicing and or 5′ extension and are sometimes initiated from a cryptic alternative promoter which is upstream of the known CTSK promoter and possibly in the 3′ UTR of ARNT. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of expressed sequence tags from a Gallus gallus pineal gland cDNA library
Authors: Hartman Stefanie , Touchton Greg , Wynn Jessica , Geng Tuoyu , Chong Nelson W. , Smith Ed
Published: July 2005

The pineal gland is the circadian oscillator in the chicken, regulating diverse functions ranging from egg laying to feeding. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) isolated from a chicken pineal gland cDNA library. A total of 192 unique sequences were analysed and submitted to GenBank; 6% of the ESTs matched neither GenBank cDNA sequences nor the newly assembled chicken genomic DNA sequence, three ESTs aligned with sequences designated to be on the Z_random, while one matched a W chromosome sequence and could be useful in cataloguing functionally important genes on this sex chromosome. Additionally, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified and validated in 10 ESTs that showed 98% or higher sequence similarity to known chicken genes. Here, we have described resources that may be useful in comparative and functional genomic analysis of genes expressed in an important organ, the pineal gland, in a model and agriculturally important organism. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensitivity of Transmission Surface Plasmon Resonance (T‐SPR) Spectroscopy: Self‐Assembled Multilayers on Evaporated Gold Island Films
Authors: Doron‐Mor Ilanit , Cohen Hagai , Barkay Zahava , Shanzer Abraham , Vaskevich Alexander , Rubinstein Israel
Published: July 2005

The distance dependence of the localized surface plasmon (SP) extinction of discontinuous gold films is a crucial issue in the application of transmission surface plasmon resonance (T‐SPR) spectroscopy to chemical and biological sensing. This derives from the usual sensing configuration, whereby an analyte binds to a selective receptor layer on the gold film at a certain distance from the metal surface. In the present work the distance sensitivity of T‐SPR spectroscopy of 1.0–5.0 nm (nominal thickness) gold island films evaporated on silanized glass substrates is studied by using coordination‐based self‐assembled multilayers, offering thickness tuning in the range from ∼1 to ∼15 nm. The morphology, composition and optical properties of the Au/multilayer systems were studied at each step of multilayer construction. High‐resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) showed no apparent change in the underlying Au islands, while atomic force microscopy (AFM) indicated flattening of the surface topography during multilayer construction. A regular growth mode of the organic layers was substantiated by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Transmission UV‐visible spectra showed an increase of the extinction and a red shift of the maximum of the SP band upon addition of organic layers, establishing the distance dependence of the Au SP absorbance. The distance sensitivity of T‐SPR spectroscopy can be varied by using characteristic substrate parameters, that is, Au nominal thickness and annealing. In particular, effective sensitivity up to a distance of at least 15 nm is demonstrated with 5 nm annealed Au films. It is shown that intensity measurements, particularly in the plasmon intensity change (PIC) presentation, provide an alternative to the usually measured plasmon band position, offering good accuracy and the possibility of measuring at a single wavelength. The present distance sensitivity results provide the basis for further development of T‐SPR transducers based on receptor‐coated Au island films.
Group‐Selective Ring‐Closing Enyne Metathesis
Authors: Maifeld Sarah V. , Lee Daesung
Published: July 2005

The ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) of dienynes represents a powerful methodology for the construction of mono‐ and bicyclic systems containing 1,3‐diene functionality. Despite its synthetic potential, the utility of dienyne RCM is significantly reduced due to poor group selectivity. To circumvent this shortcoming, several strategies utilizing steric hindrance, electronic variation, relay metathesis and ring‐closure kinetics have been implemented to exert control over the reaction pathways. This article highlights a variety of methods to achieve group‐selective enyne RCM of dienynes.
Curcumin‐induced antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects in melanoma cells are associated with suppression of IκB kinase and nuclear factor κB activity and are independent of the B‐Raf/mitogen‐activated/extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinase pathway and the Akt pathway
Authors: Siwak Doris R. , Shishodia Shishir , Aggarwal Bharat B. , Kurzrock Razelle
Published: July 2005

BACKGROUND

Nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) plays a central role in cell survival and proliferation in human melanoma; therefore, the authors explored the possibility of exploiting NF‐κB for melanoma treatment by using curcumin, an agent with known, potent, NF‐κB‐inhibitory activity and little toxicity in humans.

METHODS

Three melanoma cell lines (C32, G‐361, and WM 266‐4), all of which had B‐raf mutations, were treated with curcumin, and the authors assessed its effects on viability ((3‐[4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay) and apoptosis (flow‐cytometric analysis of annexin V/propidium iodide‐stained cells). Curcumin‐treated cells also were examined for NF‐κB binding activity (electrophoretic mobility shift assay) and for the activity of its upstream regulator, IκB kinase (IKK) (immune complex kinase assay). In addition, relevant signaling, as reflected by B‐Raf kinase activity (kinase cascade assay), and steady‐state levels of activated, downstream effectors, as reflected by mitogen‐activated signal‐regulated protein kinase (MEK), extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinase (ERK), and Akt phosphorylation levels (immunoblots), were assessed.

RESULTS

Curcumin treatment decreased cell viability of all 3 cell lines in a dose‐dependent manner (50% inhibitory concentration = 6.1–7.7 μM) and induced apoptosis. NF‐κB and IKK were active constitutively in all melanoma cell lines examined, and curcumin, under apoptosis‐inducing conditions, down‐regulated NF‐κB and IKK activities. However, curcumin did not inhibit the activities of B‐Raf, MEK, or ERK, and Akt phosphorylation was enhanced. Furthermore, in the presence of curcumin, the Akt inhibitor 1L‐6‐hydroxymethyl‐chiro‐inositol 2‐[(R)‐2‐O‐methyl‐3‐O‐octadecylcarbonate] no longer suppressed Akt phosphorylation.

CONCLUSIONS

Curcumin has potent antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects in melanoma cells. These effects were associated with the suppression of NF‐κB and IKK activities but were independent of the B‐Raf/MEK/ERK and Akt pathways. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Tests of radial basis functions in the 3D DRM‐MD
Authors: Natalini Bruno , Popov Viktor
Published: July 2005

Several global as well as compactly supported radial basis functions were tested in the boundary element dual reciprocity method‐multi domain approach (DRM‐MD) applied to 3D potential problems. Compactly supported radial basis functions (CS‐RBFs) showed the highest accuracy, while the augmented thin plate splines (ATPS) showed the highest consistency in terms of accuracy and convergence for the two examples considered, the Poisson and the advection–diffusion equations. A problem for implementation of the CS‐RBFs is the lack of guidelines in choosing the size of the support, which showed to have large influence on the accuracy and convergence when these types of RBFs are used. The ATPS showed satisfactory accuracy and since its use does not involve any extra parameters, at the moment it is this function that is the choice of the authors for use in the DRM‐MD. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biocompatible and Biodegradable Polymer Nanofibers Displaying Superparamagnetic Properties
Authors: Tan Song Ting , Wendorff Joachim H. , Pietzonka Clemens , Jia Zhi Hong , Wang Gui Qing
Published: July 2005

Superparamagnetic polymer nanofibers intended for drug delivery and therapy are considered here. Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles in the diameter range of 5–10 nm were synthesized in aqueous solution. Polymer nanofibers containing magnetite nanoparticles were prepared from commercially available poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate), PHEMA, and poly‐L‐lactide (PLLA) by the electrospinning technique. Nanofibers with diameters ranging from 50 to 300 nm were obtained. Nanofibers containing up to 35 wt % magnetite nanoparticles displayed superparamagnetism at room temperature. The blocking temperature was about 50 K for an applied field of 500 Oe, and the saturation magnetization was 3.5 emu g−1 and 1.1 emu g−1 for Fe3O4/PHEMA and Fe3O4/PLLA nanofibers, respectively, and depended on the amount of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the nanocomposites. To test such magnetic nano‐objects for applications as drug carriers and drug‐release systems we incorporated a fluorescent albumin with dog fluorescein isothiocyanate (ADFI).
Microarray analysis of gene expression during epithelial–mesenchymal transformation
Authors: LaGamba Damian , Nawshad Ali , Hay Elizabeth D.
Published: July 2005

One of the most fundamental biological processes in development, as well as a primary mechanism for tumor metastasis, is epithelial–mesenchymal transformation (EMT). To gain a greater understanding of this transition, we have obtained a genomic profile of the critical stages before and during this rapid change in morphology in the developing mouse palate. By isolating the medial edge epithelium of each palatal shelf, we were able to obtain pure gene expression data without contamination from surrounding mesenchymal cells. Our results support the important role of the TGF‐β/Smad signal transduction pathway in the stimulation of EMT by means of up‐regulation of the EMT‐inducing gene, LEF‐1. We document changes in gene expression profiles during palatal adherence and subsequent transformation of the medial edge epithelial seam that suggests a high number of LEF‐1 target genes promote cellular transformation to mesenchyme. These include genes involved in cell adhesion, polarity, cytoskeletal dynamics, migration, and intracellular signaling. This knowledge of the changes in gene expression levels during palatogenesis should lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms of EMT. Developmental Dynamics 234:132–142, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of the industrial refining process on some properties of hazelnut oil
Authors: Karabulut Ihsan , Topcu Ali , Yorulmaz Asli , Tekin Aziz , Ozay Dilek Sivri
Published: July 2005

Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) oil was chemically refined using industrial refining conditions. Crude hazelnut oil was obtained by pre‐pressing‐solvent extraction methods and refined by neutralization, bleaching and deodorization in industrial scale. The changes in color, free fatty acids, fatty acid composition, tocopherol and phytosterol contents were determined after each step of refining. The main color change was observed during bleaching. Fatty acid composition, mainly oleic acid (81%), did not change significantly during the process. At the end of the refining, the amounts of total tocopherol and phytosterol decreased from 51.89 to 46.67 mg/100 g and from 168.04 to 141.48 mg/100 g, respectively. The biggest losses of both tocopherols and sterols were observed after neutralization. Deodorization caused a slight decrease in the amount of sterols. α‐Tocopherol (36.19 mg/100 g), β‐tocopherol (9.3 mg/100 g), and γ‐sitosterol (120.28 mg/100 g) were the predominant unsaponifiables in refined hazelnut oil.
Crystallization of cocoa butter with and without polar lipids evaluated by rheometry, calorimetry and polarized light microscopy
Authors: Toro‐Vazquez Jorge F. , Rangel‐Vargas Esmeralda , Dibildox‐Alvarado Elena , Charó‐Alonso Miriam A.
Published: July 2005

In this investigation, we evaluated the crystallization process of triacylglycerols (TAG) in unrefined cocoa butter (CB) and in CB without polar lipids (CB‐WPL), under non‐isothermal and isothermal conditions. These conditions were obtained by cooling from 80 °C at a cooling rate of 1 °C/min until achieving particular crystallization temperatures (i.e., 18.5 °C, 19.0 °C, 19.5 °C, and 20 °C), at which isothermal crystallization studies were done. Phase shift angle rheograms (δ) showed that the onset of crystallization during the non‐isothermal stage, independently of the crystallization temperature (TCr) used, was 59.8 ± 3.7 °C in CB and 39.5 ± 1.5 °C in CB‐WPL. These results pointed out the nucleating role of phosphatidylcholine (26.53 ± 0.04%) and phosphatidylethanolamine (57.14 ± 0.07%), the main phospholipids present in the CB used in this investigation. Under similar crystallization conditions, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) provided an onset of crystallization during the non‐isothermal stage of 15.0 ± 0.0 °C in CB‐WPL and of 15.5 ± 0.1 °C in CB. Then, δ rheograms were more sensitive to detect the nucleating role of phospholipids than DSC. Under isothermal conditions, both DSC and δ rheograms showed that shorter times were needed in CB‐WPL to complete crystallization than in CB. In the same way, at all TCr investigated, a higher crystallization rate was achieved in CB‐WPL than in CB, this as measured by the crystallization rate constant (z) of the Avrami equation. These results showed that crystallization of α and β' polymorphs took longer in CB than in CB‐WPL, pointing out that polar lipids delayed the α‐to‐β' polymorphic transition. Additional results confirmed that polar lipids affect the kinetics of TAG crystallization in CB. However, polar lipids do not affect the thermodynamic properties of the crystals [i.e., heat of fusion (δHM), temperature of fusion (TM')], the storage modulus at the end of the crystallization process (i.e., G' of pseudo‐equilibrium), or the mechanism of crystal growth (i.e., the Avrami index, n).
Antioxidant activity of polar extracts from olive oil and olive mill wastewaters: an EPR and photometric study
Authors: Papadimitriou Vassiliki , Maridakis George A. , Sotiroudis Theodore G. , Xenakis Aristotelis
Published: July 2005

Polar extracts from olive oil and olive mill wastewaters (OMW) were isolated and examined as direct scavengers of free radicals. In order to evaluate their potent antioxidant capacity, two experimental procedures were undertaken: electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) in combination with a spin‐trapping technique and a photometric procedure based on the formation of the N,N‐dimethyl‐p‐phenylenediamine colored radical cation (DMPD+.). In the EPR study, free radicals were generated by oxidizing the lipid moiety of low‐density lipoprotein or lecithin micelles by Cu2+. Stable radical spin adducts were produced using the spin trap α‐phenyl‐t‐butylnitrone. The formation of the three‐line EPR signal was inhibited in the presence of compounds with known antioxidant activity or of polar extracts with potent antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of polar extracts from olive oil and OMW was also measured using the N,N‐dimethyl‐p‐phenylenediamine (DMPD) colorimetric procedure. The antioxidant capacity of the extracts tested was expressed as trolox equivalents per mg of antioxidant. The extraction procedures of olive oil seem to affect olive oil content in antioxidants and, consequently, the corresponding antioxidant capacity. Tannin‐rich polar extracts isolated from the OMW are much more potent in scavenging free radical formation than polyphenol‐rich polar extracts from olive oil.
Crystallisation of 1,3‐dipalmitoyl‐2‐oleoylglycerol and tripalmitoylglycerol and their mixtures from acetone
Authors: Smith Kevin W. , Cain Fred W. , Talbot Geoff
Published: July 2005

Crystallisation from acetone of 1,3‐dipalmitoyl‐2‐oleoylglycerol (POP), tripalmitoylglycerol (PPP) and their mixtures has been studied at a range of cooling rates, determining the metastable zone width using turbidimetry. A log‐log plot of the cooling rate against the maximum undercooling for POP indicated a relative insensitivity of the metastable zone width to the cooling rate. The PPP metastable zone width demonstrated a slight dependence on concentration. POP crystals were spherulitic, having a more open structure at slower cooling rates. PPP crystals were more plate‐like, producing powdery, more amorphous crystals at high cooling rates. In pure POP systems, onset of crystallisation was quickly followed by rapid crystal growth. The presence of PPP markedly increased the temperature of the onset of crystallisation (by 17 °C at 8% PPP), but the temperature at which crystal growth occurred, although raised, did not increase to the same extent. The clear point of the pure systems was independent of the previous cooling rate, but this was not true in the mixed system, where it decreased with increasing cooling rate. This suggests that a greater proportion of the PPP‐rich phase separates during slower cooling. The morphology of the crystals from the mixed system differed from that in the pure POP system, with just 2% PPP being sufficient to shift the structure to a more lamellar appearance.

Keywords: POP, PPP, solubility, supersaturation, undercooling, metastable zone.
Effects of antioxidants on the lipase‐catalyzed acidolysis during production of structured lipids
Authors: Xu Xuebing , Timm‐Heinrich Maike , Nielsen Nina Skall , Porsgaard Trine , Jacobsen Charlotte
Published: July 2005

In the production process of structured lipids, the influence of the addition of antioxidants before enzymatic acidolysis was investigated. Eight different antioxidants were screened: butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, propyl gallate, ascorbyl palmitate, citric acid, EDTA, a tocopherol blend and lecithin. As substrates, oils with different degrees of unsaturation (rapeseed, safflower or fish oil) as well as caprylic and capric acids were used. Enzyme activity (measured as percent incorporation of caprylic/capric acid into the oils) was not significantly influenced by the addition of antioxidants, neither in a batch process nor in a packed‐bed reactor operation. α‐Tocopherol concentrations remained stable for those mixtures where tocopherols were added. Primary oxidation products (measured as peroxide values) were reduced after acidolysis in the packed‐bed reactor, likely due to the adsorption in the enzyme bed. The study shows that the addition of antioxidants before enzymatic reactions has no negative effects on the reaction progress. None of the antioxidants chosen had a significant positive effect on either the reaction process or the oxidative status of the structured lipid produced.
Synthesis and Characterization of Extended Tetrathiafulvalenes with Di‐, Tri‐, and Tetraethynylethene Cores
Authors: Sune Andersson Asbjørn , Qvortrup Katrine , Rossel Torbensen Esben , Mayer Jan‐Philipp , Gisselbrecht Jean‐Paul , Boudon Corinne , Gross Maurice , Kadziola Anders , Kilså Kristine , Brøndsted Nielsen Mogens
Published: July 2005

A selection of new acetylenic building blocks has been prepared and employed for construction of extended tetrathiafulvalenes (TTFs) and novel donor–acceptor molecules based on either diethynylethene (DEE), triethynylethene (TriEE), or tetraethynylethene (TEE) cores. The novel chromophores were studied for their redox, chromophoric, and structural properties, which have provided fundamental structure–property relationships. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Protective effects of a mixture of antioxidant vitamins and minerals on the genotoxicity of doxorubicin in somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Costa Wender Ferreira , Nepomuceno Júlio César
Published: July 2005

Antioxidant vitamins are able to deactivate highly bioactive molecules, such as free radicals, that are generated during cellular biochemical processes. Doxorubicin (DXR) is a cancer chemotherapeutic agent that generates free radicals as a byproduct. In the present study, the Drosophila melanogaster somatic wing spot test was used to evaluate the effects of a mixture of vitamins (Vitamins C, E, and β‐carotene) and minerals (copper, selenium, and zinc), commercially known as Vitergan® Zinc Plus, on the genotoxicity of DXR in standard and high‐bioactivation crosses of flies. 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/ml of the vitamin/mineral mixture by itself was nongenotoxic in the trans‐heterozygous descendants of both crosses, while the mixture produced a significant reduction in the genotoxicity produced by 0.125 mg/ml DXR in the trans‐heterozygous descendants of both crosses. The protective effect was observed when the larvae received either pre‐ or cotreatments of the multivitamin/mineral (MV) mixture. The results indicate that, under these experimental conditions, the MV mixture is not genotoxic; however, it protects against the genotoxic effects of the chemotherapeutic free‐radical generator DXR. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Direct numerical simulation of turbulent forced convection in a pipe
Authors: Piller M.
Published: July 2005

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) are carried out to study fully developed turbulent pipe flow and heat transfer at Reynolds number Rem≈5300 based on bulk velocity and pipe diameter. This paper provides detailed information on the mean properties and turbulence statistics up to fourth order, the budget and the wavenumber spectra of the temperature fluctuations, for three different wall boundary conditions. To investigate the differences between fully developed turbulent heat transfer in axisymmetric pipe and plane channel geometry, the present DNS results are compared to those obtained from channel flow simulations. The differences between channel and pipe flow statistics are modest and reveal that the temperature fluctuations in the pipe are slightly more intense. The present results show that the mean temperature profile does not conform to the accepted law of the wall. The boundary conditions affect the turbulence statistics both in the near‐wall and core regions; this observation complements previous studies concerning different flow and heat transfer configurations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of surface undulations of biphasic calcium phosphate tablets on human osteoblast behavior
Authors: Santos Euler A. dos , Linhares Adriana B. R. , Rossi Alexandre M. , Farina Marcos , Soares Gloria A.
Published: July 2005

In this work, the in vitro behavior of human osteoblast cells on the undulated surfaces of biphasic calcium phosphate tablets was investigated. The tablets were produced by uniaxial pressing with convex cylindrical undulations occupying only half of the surface area; the other half was flat. Chemical and physical characterization was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). XRD and FTIR analyses revealed the presence of hydroxyapatite (HA) and α‐tricalcium phosphate (α‐TCP) in a well‐defined ratio. Moreover, microtopography, evaluated by SEM and AFM, was similar on the flat region and on that with undulations. However, surface undulations induced different cellular arrangements, confirming the influence of the macrotopography on the cells orientation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Early apatite deposition and osteoblast growth on plasma‐sprayed dicalcium silicate coating
Authors: Liu Xuanyong , Xie Youtao , Ding Chuanxian , Chu Paul K.
Published: July 2005

Dicalcium silicate coating was deposited onto a Ti‐6Al‐4V substrate using plasma‐spraying technology. The coating was immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h to investigate early apatite formation on the coating. Osteoblasts were also seeded onto the surface of the dicalcium silicate coating to evaluate its biocompatibility. Cold field‐emission scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry were used to evaluate the morphologies and determine the chemical composition of the coatings. The surface structural changes caused by immersion in SBF were analyzed using thin‐film X‐ray diffraction. After the dicalcium silicate coating was soaked in SBF solution 1–6 h, two types of particles containing calcium and phosphorus were formed on the surface. One type consisted of relatively larger particles (P1) precipitated on the surface of the coating from the precursor cluster formed in the SBF solution. The second type was composed of particles (P2) nucleated on the surface of the coating. With increasing immersion time, the particles coalesced to form a surface Ca‐P layer. The Ca‐P layer was composed of amorphous calcium phosphate that was not transformed to crystalline apatite until the immersion time in SBF exceeded 24 h. The formation mechanism of the Ca‐P layer and apatite on the surface of the coating is believed to be involved in the formation of the Si 3‐ring active surface site with negative charge. The cell‐seeding test revealed that osteoblasts grew and proliferated very well on the surface of the dicalcium silicate coating. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Differential levels of dendritic cell maturation on different biomaterials used in combination products
Authors: Babensee Julia E. , Paranjpe Abhijit
Published: July 2005

Immature dendritic cells (iDCs) were derived from human peripheral blood monocytes, and treated with films of biomaterials commonly used in combination products (e.g., tissue engineered constructs or vaccines) to assess the resultant dendritic cell (DC) maturation compared to positive control of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment for DC maturation or negative control of untreated iDCs. The following biomaterials were tested: alginate, agarose, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, 75:25 poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA). The effect of DC culture on these films was undertaken to identify biomaterials which support DC maturation and those biomaterials that did not. Dendritic cells treated with chitosan or PLGA (agarose to a lesser extent) films increased expression levels of CD86, CD40, and HLA‐DQ, compared to control iDCs, similar to LPS‐matured DCs, whereas DCs treated with alginate or hyaluronic acid films decreased their expression levels of these same molecules. In summary, a differential effect of the biomaterial on which iDCs were cultured was observed as far as the extent of induced DC maturation. The effect of biomaterials on DC maturation, and the associated adjuvant effect, is a novel biocompatibility selection and design criteria for biomaterials to be used in combination products in which immune consequences are potential complications or outcomes. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Scheduling a production–distribution system to optimize the tradeoff between delivery tardiness and distribution cost
Authors: Pundoor Guruprasad , Chen Zhi‐Long
Published: July 2005

We consider a make‐to‐order production–distribution system with one supplier and one or more customers. A set of orders with due dates needs to be processed by the supplier and delivered to the customers upon completion. The supplier can process one order at a time without preemption. Each customer is at a distinct location and only orders from the same customer can be batched together for delivery. Each delivery shipment has a capacity limit and incurs a distribution cost. The problem is to find a joint schedule of order processing at the supplier and order delivery from the supplier to the customers that optimizes an objective function involving the maximum delivery tardiness and the total distribution cost. We first study the solvability of various cases of the problem by either providing an efficient algorithm or proving the intractability of the problem. We then develop a fast heuristic for the general problem. We show that the heuristic is asymptotically optimal as the number of orders goes to infinity. We also evaluate the performance of the heuristic computationally by using lower bounds obtained by a column generation approach. Our results indicate that the heuristic is capable of generating near optimal solutions quickly. Finally, we study the value of production–distribution integration by comparing our integrated approach with two sequential approaches where scheduling decisions for order processing are made first, followed by order delivery decisions, with no or only partial integration of the two decisions. We show that in many cases, the integrated approach performs significantly better than the sequential approaches. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005
MRS assessment of glutamate clearance in a novel masticatory muscle pain model
Authors: Gambarota G. , Philippens M. , Cairns B. E. , Dong X. D. , Renema W. K. J. , Heerschap A.
Published: July 2005

The injection of 1.0 M glutamate into the masseter (jaw‐closer) muscle results in a short period of muscle pain (5–10 min) and a prolonged period of mechanical sensitization (> 30 min). It is unclear, however, whether there is a temporal relationship between intramuscular glutamate concentration and either muscle pain or mechanical sensitization. In the present study, 1H MRS and electrophysiological recording of masticatory muscle nerve fibers were performed in order to monitor glutamate clearance and nerve fiber activity, respectively, after injection of glutamate into rat masticatory muscles. Glutamate signal amplitude was found to decay rapidly (half‐life t½ = 108 ± 42 s), and became indistinguishable from the baseline 10 min after the injection. Glutamate‐evoked nerve fiber activity was also found to decay rapidly (t½ = 76 ± 28 s). These results suggest that glutamate clearance correlates well with the time course of glutamate‐evoked muscle pain fiber discharge. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A relaxation scheme for the approximation of the pressureless Euler equations
Authors: Berthon Christophe , Breuß Michael , Titeux Marc‐Olivier
Published: July 2005

In the present work, we consider the numerical approximation of pressureless gas dynamics in one and two spatial dimensions. Two particular phenomena are of special interest for us, namely δ‐shocks and vacuum states. A relaxation scheme is developed which reliably captures these phenomena. In one space dimension, we prove the validity of several stability criteria, i.e., we show that a maximum principle as well as the TVD property for the discrete velocity component and the validity of discrete entropy inequalities hold. Several numerical tests considering not only the developed first‐order scheme but also a classical MUSCL‐type second‐order extension confirm the reliability and robustness of the relaxation approach. The article extends previous results on the topic: the stability conditions for relaxation methods for the pressureless case are refined, useful properties for the time stepping procedure are established, and two‐dimensional numerical results are presented. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2006
Star polymers by ATRP of styrene and acrylates employing multifunctional initiators
Authors: Jankova Katja , Bednarek Melania , Hvilsted Søren
Published: July 2005

Multifunctional initiators for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) are prepared by converting ditrimethylolpropane with four hydroxyl groups, dipentaerythritol with six hydroxyl groups, and poly(3‐ethyl‐3‐hydroxymethyl‐oxetane) with ∼11 hydroxyl groups to the corresponding 2‐bromoisobutyrates or 2‐bromopropionates as obtained by reaction with acid bromides. Star polystyrene (PS) is produced by using these macroinitiators and neat styrene in a controlled manner by ATRP at 110 °C, employing the catalytic system CuBr and bipyridine. Mn up to 51,000 associated with narrow molecular weight distributions (PDI < 1.1) are obtained with conversions up to 32%. Hydrolysis of the star‐PS leads to linear chains having the expected Mn values. The star‐PS polymers based on dipentaerythritol degrade thermally in nitrogen in a two‐step process in which the first low‐temperature step involves scission of the ester linkages and the second step corresponds to the normal PS degradation. Star poly(methyl acrylates) with various cores are likewise prepared in a controlled manner by ATRP of methyl acrylate in bulk and in solution at 60–80 °C with the 1,1,4,7,7‐pentamethyldiethylene triamine ligand. Under these conditions, higher conversions were possible still maintaining low PDI signaling controlled star growth. Multiarm stars of poly(n‐butyl acrylate) and poly(n‐hexyl acrylate) with controlled characteristics have also been prepared. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 3748–3759, 2005
Fluorinated comblike homopolymers: The effect of spacer lengths on surface properties
Authors: Saïdi Salima , Guittard Frédéric , Guimon Claude , Géribaldi Serge
Published: July 2005

A series of polyacrylate monomers with F‐alkylalkyl [F(CF2)n(CH2)n′] side groups were prepared by free‐radical polymerization. The effect of the chemical structure on the surface properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate)s was evaluated by variations in the relative length of the fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon units in the side group. The resulting polymers were quite surface‐active in the solid state. The surface and bulk organization was investigated by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. A strong correlation between the bulk organization and surface properties of the polymers was established. The outmost layer, formed from trifluoromethyl groups and some ester functions, suggests that the side chain is arranged irregularly in the polymer–air interface. The length of the lateral chain governs this organization: long fluorinated chains and short hydrocarbon spacers are essential elements of the molecular design for such low‐surface‐energy materials. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 3737–3747, 2005
Synthesis of core‐crosslinked carbosilane block copolymer micelles and their thermal transformation to silicon‐based ceramics nanoparticles
Authors: Matsumoto Kozo , Matsuoka Hideki
Published: July 2005

Carbosilane fine particles were synthesized by core‐crosslinking of carbosilane block copolymer micelles and they were pyrolytically transformed into silica nanoparticles. The carbosilane block copolymer, poly(1‐(3‐butenyl)‐1‐methylsilacyclobutane)‐block‐polystyrene, (polyBMSB‐b‐polySt), [(m, n) = (31, 16), (54, 30), and (75, 28)], was synthesized by anionic polymerization of BMSB and St, where m and n represent polymerization degrees of BMSB and St segments, respectively. The block copolymer formed micelles in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF). The hydrodynamic diameters (Dh) of the micelles evaluated by dynamic light scattering ranged from 40 to 158 nm depending on the copolymer molecular weight. The core of the micelle was cross‐linked by Pt‐catalyzed hydrosilation with 1,2‐bis(dimethylsilylethane). The Dh of the core‐cross‐linked micelles in THF ranged from 56 to 164 nm. These precursor particles were pyrolyzed at 850 °C under N2 to give ceramic nanoparticles. The diameters of the spherical ceramic particles estimated by AFM ranged from 25 to 60 nm. X‐ray fluorescence analysis of the ceramic products revealed that it consisted of mainly SiO2 rather than SiC. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 3778–3787, 2005
Graft copolymerization of poly(styrene‐co‐p‐choloromethylstyrene) with methyl methacrylate and acryloylmorpholine by atom transfer radical polymerization: Graft copolymer characterization and monomer reactivity ratios
Authors: Temüz Mehmet Mürşi̇t , Coşkun Mehmet
Published: July 2005

Poly[styrene‐graft‐(acryloylmorpholine‐co‐methyl methacrylate)] graft copolymers in various compositions, poly(styrene‐graft‐acryloylmorpholine), and poly(styrene‐graft‐methyl methacrylate) were prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization with poly(styrene‐co‐p‐chloromethylstyrene) (62/38) as the macroinitiator in the presence of CuBr/1,2‐dipiperidinoethane at 130 °C in N,N‐dimethylformamide. The graft copolymers were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H and 13C NMR, and differential scanning calorimetry. The thermal stabilities of the graft copolymers were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. The monomer reactivity ratios in the graft copolymerization of acryloylmorpholine (r1) and methyl methacrylate (r2) were calculated by the application of linear methods, such as the Finemann–Ross, inverted Finemann–Ross, Yezrielev–Brokhina–Roskin, Kelen–Tüdos, and extended Kelen–Tüdos methods, and the Mayo–Lewis method, which uses an integrated copolymer equation in a terminal model of copolymerization. r1 was 1.13–2.11, and r2 was 0.49–1.05, according to the various methods. The Yezrielev–Brokhina–Roskin method gave the best linearity for the experimental results, and the r1 and r2 values were 1.28 and 0.54, respectively. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 3771–3777, 2005
Dendrimer complexes: Fine control of metal assembly in macromolecules
Authors: Yamamoto Kimihisa
Published: July 2005

New phenylazomethine dendrimers have been developed, with each dendrimer having a unique single structure. From ultraviolet–visible absorption spectra, we determined that stannous chloride added to dendritic polyphenylaz omethine (DPA) was assembled in a stepwise manner from the core shell to the periphery. The selective binding was achieved by the electron density gradient formed in the dendrimer, and it was confirmed by shell‐selective imine reduction, transmission electron microscopy, and NMR measurements. The complex formation constants of the respective shells were estimated to be considerably different by a simulation analysis of ultraviolet–visible absorption spectra. The reversible assembly and release of iron into and out of the dendrimer were possible by electrochemical oxidation and reduction, respectively. DPA with a porphyrin at the core was found to function as an effective reduction catalyst of carbon dioxide. DPA with aryl amine at the core was demonstrated to function as a hole‐transporting material in electroluminescent devices. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 3719–3727, 2005
Treatment patterns for pediatric asthma prior to and after emergency department events
Authors: Stempel David A. , McLaughlin Trent P. , Stanford Richard H.
Published: July 2005

There are 2 million asthma‐related emergency department (ED) events each year in the United States. Children share a disproportional burden of these events. This study was designed to describe the treatment patterns in children in the year prior to and 2 months after an ED event. This retrospective observational study utilized the PharMetrics Integrated Outcomes Database that contains administrative claims from over 20 managed‐care plans across the United States. Children aged 1–17 years with at least one ED visit for asthma during 2001 were included. Patients were required to have data available 12 months prior to and 2 months following the ED visit. We identified 5,501 pediatric asthma‐related ED admissions. In the year prior to the ED event, 19.4% of children received an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS), 31.4% an oral corticosteroid (OCS), and 58.3% a short‐acting beta‐agonist (SABA). Overall, there were 3.7 albuterol units for every ICS unit dispensed in the 12 months prior to the event. Ninety‐four percent of the children had an office visit in the year prior to the ED visit. Prescriptions dispensed for ICS and OCS increased 2.9‐fold and 8.2‐fold, respectively, in the month after the ED event. However, the dispensing rates for both medications reverted to near baseline by the second month after the index event. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the dependence of children with asthma on the use of rescue medications. An ED event results in only an incremental and transient increase in ICS‐containing controller treatment. Pediatr Pulmonol. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The crucial role of calcium interacting with soil pH in enhanced biodegradation of metam‐sodium
Authors: Warton Ben , Matthiessen John N
Published: July 2005

Enhanced biodegradation of soil‐applied pesticides has long been correlated with soil pH above ca 6.5–7.5, but the possibility of confounding or interdependence with calcium, given that soil calcium concentration increases exponentially as pH rises above that range, has not previously been studied. Enhanced biodegradation of the broad‐spectrum biocide metam‐sodium was readily induced de novo in a naturally acid sandy soil (pH 4.2 measured in 0.01 M CaCl2) by multiple treatments, but only when the pH and calcium concentration were raised simultaneously using calcium carbonate (lime). Enhanced biodegradation was not induced when soil pH alone was raised with magnesium carbonate, nor when calcium alone was raised using calcium chloride. In limed sand treated monthly for 12 months, the degradation rate increased to where dissipation was complete within 24 h of application after the fifth metam‐sodium treatment at pH 7.8 and after the eighth metam‐sodium treatment at pH 6.8. Pesticide concentration was reduced, but not eliminated, at pH 5.8 and was unchanged at pH 4.8. When metam‐sodium was applied bi‐ and tri‐monthly, the degradation rate also increased when soil pH was raised with calcium carbonate, but to a lesser extent than with monthly applications. In an acid loam soil amended to the same pH values with calcium carbonate and treated monthly, there was no correlation between soil pH or calcium concentration and degradation. The results reveal the crucial interdependence of pH and calcium concentration in enhancement of biodegradation of soil‐applied pesticides, but confirm that the phenomenon ultimately depends on interaction with soil type and frequency of application factors, all of which probably together act to affect the abundance, composition and activity of the soil microbial biomass. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Pb3Ga2Ge4O14:Nd3+ crystal – a novel nonlinear laser material
Authors: Strohmaier S. G. P. , Eichler H. J. , Alexandrov K. S. , Bezmaternykh L. N. , Gudim I. A. , Kaminskii A. A.
Published: July 2005

A new laser crystal Pb3Ga2Ge4O14:Nd3+ with disordered trigonal structure was developed. Its room‐temperature stimu‐ lated emission at ≈1.075 µm wavelength (4F3/2 → 4I11/2 lasing channel) with laser‐diode pumping was excited. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Highly efficient all‐nitride phosphor‐converted white light emitting diode
Authors: Mueller‐Mach Regina , Mueller Gerd , Krames Michael R. , Höppe Henning A. , Stadler Florian , Schnick Wolfgang , Juestel Thomas , Schmidt Peter
Published: July 2005

In the Editor's Choice [1] the development and demonstration of a highly efficient warm‐white all‐nitride phosphor‐converted light emitting diode (pc‐LED) is presented utilizing a GaN based quantum well blue LED and two novel nitrogen containing luminescent materials doped with Eu2+. These novel LEDs are superior to both incandescent and fluorescent lamps and may therefore become the next generation of general lighting sources.

The cover picture is an artist's view of the 2‐pc‐LED: On a copper slug and underneath a plastic lens a ‘flip‐chip’ is soldered to metal contacts; ‘flip‐chip’ meaning the substrate on which the stack of GaN and InGaN layers has been deposited is used as light exit, the (bottom) p‐contacts being highly reflective. The color converting phosphors are placed on top of the chip, embedded in silicone. Primary blue as well as color‐converted red and green photons are emitted.

The first author, Regina Mueller‐Mach, manages the Charac‐terization Laboratory at Lumileds which runs R&D work on phosphor converted LEDs in close cooperation with Philips Research Laboratories and the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry of the University of Munich.