bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adsorption of Nitrogen Dioxide on Nitrogen-Enriched Activated Carbons
Authors: Bazan-Wozniak Aleksandra , Nosal-Wiercińska Agnieszka , Cielecka-Piontek Judyta , Yilmaz Selehattin , Pietrzak Robert
Published: April 2024

The aim of this study was to obtain nitrogen-enriched activated carbons from orthocoking coal. The initial material was subjected to a demineralisation process. The demineralised precursor was pyrolysed at 500 °C and then activated with sodium hydroxide at 800 °C. Activated carbon adsorbents were subjected to the process of ammoxidation using a mixture of ammonia and air at two different temperature variants (300 and 350 °C). Nitrogen introduction was carried out on stages of demineralised precursor, pyrolysis product, and oxidising activator. The elemental composition, acid-base properties, and textural parameters of the obtained carbon adsorbents were determined. The activated carbons were investigated for their ability to remove nitrogen dioxide. The results demonstrated that the ammoxidation process incorporates new nitrogen-based functional groups into the activated carbon structure. Simultaneously, the ammoxidation process modified the acid-base characteristics of the surface and negatively affected the textural parameters of the resulting adsorbents. Furthermore, the study showed that all of the obtained carbon adsorbents exhibited a distinct microporous texture. Adsorption tests were carried out against NO2 and showed that the carbon adsorbents obtained were highly effective in removing this gaseous pollutant. The best sorption capacity towards NO2 was 23.5 mg/g under dry conditions and 75.0 mg/g under wet conditions.
The Anticancer Activities of Natural Terpenoids That Inhibit Both Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers
Authors: Yoon Ye Eun , Jung Young Jae , Lee Sung-Joon
Published: April 2024

The prevalence of two major types of skin cancer, melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer, has been increasing worldwide. Skin cancer incidence is estimated to rise continuously over the next 20 years due to ozone depletion and an increased life expectancy. Chemotherapeutic agents could affect healthy cells, and thus may be toxic to them and cause numerous side effects or drug resistance. Phytochemicals that are naturally occurring in fruits, plants, and herbs are known to possess various bioactive properties, including anticancer properties. Although the effects of phytochemicals are relatively milder than chemotherapeutic agents, the long-term intake of phytochemicals may be effective and safe in preventing tumor development in humans. Diverse phytochemicals have shown anti-tumorigenic activities for either melanoma or non-melanoma skin cancer. In this review, we focused on summarizing recent research findings of the natural and dietary terpenoids (eucalyptol, eugenol, geraniol, linalool, and ursolic acid) that have anticancer activities for both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. These terpenoids may be helpful to protect skin collectively to prevent tumorigenesis of both melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers.
Economic Scheduling Model of an Active Distribution Network Based on Chaotic Particle Swarm Optimization
Authors: Xu Yaxuan , Liu Jianuo , Cui Zhongqi , Liu Ziying , Dai Chenxu , Zang Xiangzhen , Ji Zhanlin
Published: April 2024

With the continuous increase in global energy demand and growing environmental awareness, the utilization of renewable energy has become a worldwide consensus. In order to address the challenges posed by the intermittent and unpredictable nature of renewable energy in distributed power distribution networks, as well as to improve the economic and operational stability of distribution systems, this paper proposes the establishment of an active distribution network capable of accommodating renewable energy. The objective is to enhance the efficiency of new energy utilization. This study investigates optimal scheduling models for energy storage technologies and economic-operation dispatching techniques in distributed power distribution networks. Additionally, it develops a comprehensive demand response model, with real-time pricing and incentive policies aiming to minimize load peak–valley differentials. The control mechanism incorporates time-of-use pricing and integrates a chaos particle swarm algorithm for a holistic approach to solution finding. By coordinating and optimizing the control of distributed power sources, energy storage systems, and flexible loads, the active distribution network achieves minimal operational costs while meeting demand-side power requirements, striving to smooth out load curves as much as possible. Case studies demonstrate significant enhancements during off-peak periods, with an approximately 60% increase in the load power overall elevation of load factors during regular periods, as well as a reduction in grid loads during evening peak hours, with a maximum decrease of nearly 65 kW. This approach mitigates grid operational pressures and user expense, effectively enhancing the stability and economic efficiency in distribution network operations.
Feeding Appropriate Nutrients during the Adult Stage to Promote the Growth and Development of Carposina sasakii Offspring
Authors: Fu Tong , Li Yiran , Ren Xinrun , Liu Qiao , Wu Ling , Deng Angie , Gao Ruihe , Zhang Yuhong , Men Lina , Zhang Zhiwei
Published: April 2024

Nutrients consumed during the adult stage are a key factor affecting the growth, development, and reproduction of insect offspring and thus could play an important role in insect population research. However, there is absence of conclusive evidence regarding the direct effects of parental (F0) nutritional status on offspring (F1) fitness in insects. Carposina sasakii Matsumura is a serious, widespread fruit-boring pest that negatively impacts orchards and the agricultural economy across East Asia. In this study, life history data of F1 directly descended from F0 C. sasakii fed with seven different nutrients (water as control, 5 g·L−1 honey solution, 10 g·L−1 honey solution, 5 g·L−1 sucrose solution, 10 g·L−1 sucrose solution, 15 g·L−1 sucrose solution, and 20 g·L−1 sucrose solution) were collected under laboratory conditions. The growth and development indices, age-stage specific survival rate, age-stage specific fecundity, age-stage specific life expectancy, age-stage specific reproductive value, and population parameters of these offspring were analyzed according to the age-stage, two-sex life table theory. The results showed that the nutritional status of F0 differentially affects the growth, development, and reproduction of F1. The F1 offspring of F0 adult C. sasakii fed with 10 g·L−1 sucrose had significantly higher life table parameters than those of other treatments (intrinsic rate of increase, r = 0.0615 ± 0.0076; finite rate of increase, λ = 1.0634 ± 0.0081; net reproductive rate, R0 = 12.61 ± 3.57); thus, 10 g·L−1 sucrose was more suitable for raising C. sasakii in the laboratory than other treatments. This study not only provides clear evidence for the implications of altering F0 nutritional conditions on the fitness of F1 in insects, but also lays the foundation for the implementation of feeding technologies within the context of a well-conceived laboratory rearing strategy for C. sasakii.
Optimized Treatment of Interleukin (IL-1)-Mediated Autoinflammatory Diseases: Impact of Disease Activity-Based Treatment Adjustments
Authors: Welzel Tatjana , Zapf Beate , Klotsche Jens , Satirer Özlem , Benseler Susanne M. , Kuemmerle-Deschner Jasmin B.
Published: April 2024

Background: Effective control of disease activity in Interleukin-1 autoinflammatory diseases (IL-1 AID) is crucial to prevent damage. The aim was to longitudinally analyze the impact of protocolized disease activity-based treatment adjustments in a real-life cohort. Methods: A single-center study of consecutive children with IL-1 AID followed between January 2016 and December 2019 was performed. Demographics, phenotypes, genotypes, inflammatory markers, physician (PGA), and patient/parent (PPGA) global assessment were captured. Disease activity and treatment changes were assessed. The impact of distinct parameters on disease activity trajectories was analyzed. Results: A total of 56 children were included, median follow-up was 2.1 years reflecting 361 visits. Familial Mediterranean Fever was the most common IL-1 AID. At the first visit, 68% of the patients had moderate/severe disease activity. Disease activity-based treatment adjustments were required in 28/56 children (50%). At last follow-up, 79% had a well-controlled disease. Both PGA and PPGA decreased significantly over time (p < 0.001; p < 0.017, respectively), however, both differed statistically at last visit (p < 0.001). Only PGA showed a significant estimated mean decrease across all IL-1 AID over time. Conclusions: Disease activity-based treatment adjustments can effectively refine treat-to-target strategies, enable personalized precision health approaches, and improve outcomes in children with IL-1 AID.
Variations in the Upper Ocean Heat Content of the Southern Canadian Basin
Authors: Liu Yu , Ye Changcheng , Cen Haobin , Lin Xiayan , Han Guoqing
Published: April 2024

The marine environment of the Arctic Ocean has changed rapidly in recent decades. We used reanalysis data and observational data to explore the variations in the upper ocean heat content (OHC) of the Canadian Basin (CB) and the variations in the temperature profiles of the Southern Canadian Basin (SCB). Both the reanalysis data and observational data show increasing trends for the OHC of the CB from 1993 to 2023. Compared to the World Ocean Atlas data (WOA 18/23), the reanalysis data (ORAS5 or GLORYS12V1) significantly underestimated the values of the upper OHC of the Canadian Basin. To explain the OHC differences, the Ice-Tethered Profiler (ITP) observational data were used to analyze the variations in the vertical temperature profiles. We found that the reanalysis data remarkably underestimated the maximum temperatures of the subsurface Pacific warm water and its increasing trend. Based on the short-term prediction results from the Bi-LSTM neural network, we forecasted that the upper OHC will continue to increase in the SCB, mainly due to the warming of the intermediate Atlantic warm water. The research results provide a valuable reference for assessing and improving climate-coupled models.
Combination of Systemic and Lock-Therapies with Micafungin Eradicate Catheter-Based Biofilms and Infections Caused by Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis in Neutropenic Rabbit Models
Authors: Petraitiene Ruta , Petraitis Vidmantas , Zaw Myo H. , Hussain Kaiser , Ricart Arbona Rodolfo J. , Roilides Emanuel , Walsh Thomas J.
Published: April 2024

Vascular catheter-related infections, primarily caused by Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis, pose significant challenges due to the formation of biofilms on catheters, leading to refractory disease and considerable morbidity. We studied the efficacy of micafungin in systemic and lock therapies to eliminate catheter-based biofilms and deep tissue infections in experimental central venous catheter (CVC)-related candidemia in neutropenic rabbits. Silastic CVCs in rabbits were inoculated with 1 × 103 CFU/mL of C. albicans or C. parapsilosis, establishing catheter-based biofilm, and subjected to various treatments. Neutropenic rabbits treated with a combination of lock therapy and systemic micafungin demonstrated the most significant reduction in fungal burden, from 5.0 × 104 to 1.8 × 102 CFU/mL of C. albicans and from 5.9 × 104 to 2.7 × 102 CFU/mL of C. parapsilosis (p ≤ 0.001), in the CVC after 24 h, with full clearance of blood cultures after 72 h from treatment initiation. The combination of lock and systemic micafungin therapy achieved eradication of C. albicans from all studied tissues (0.0 ± 0.0 log CFU/g) vs. untreated controls (liver 7.5 ± 0.22, spleen 8.3 ± 0.25, kidney 8.6 ± 0.07, cerebrum 6.3 ± 0.31, vena cava 6.6 ± 0.29, and CVC wash 2.3 ± 0.68 log CFU/g) (p ≤ 0.001). Rabbits treated with a combination of lock and systemic micafungin therapy demonstrated a ≥2 log reduction in C. parapsilosis in all treated tissues (p ≤ 0.05) except kidney. Serum (1→3)-β-D-glucan levels demonstrated significant decreases in response to treatment. The study demonstrates that combining systemic and lock therapies with micafungin effectively eradicates catheter-based biofilms and infections caused by C. albicans or C. parapsilosis, particularly in persistently neutropenic conditions, offering promising implications for managing vascular catheter-related candidemia and providing clinical benefits in cases where catheter removal is not feasible.
Long-Term Outcomes of Patients with Biologically Treated Psoriatic Arthritis and Atopic Dermatitis—A Single-Center Experience
Authors: Strugariu Georgiana , Pomîrleanu Cristina , Russu Mara , Popescu Alexandra , Petrariu Luiza , Ancuta Eugen , Chirieac Rodica , Temelie-Olinici Doinița , Ancuța Codrina
Published: April 2024

(1) Background: Although the association between psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD) is reported in the literature, scarce data are known about the efficacy of biologic therapy (including TNF and IL-17 inhibitors) in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and concomitant AD. (2) Objective: We aimed to explore AD in patients with PsA undergoing biologics for their active disease, focusing on prevalence and clinical and potential therapeutic implications. (3) Material and methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 64 patients with PsA receiving various biological agents, followed-up in an academic outpatient rheumatology department up to 10 years. (4) Results: Atopic diseases were reported in about one third of cases, with a higher incidence of AD (10 cases; 52.6%) vs. atopic rhinitis (6 cases; 31.6%) and allergic asthma (3 cases; 15.8%). Three morphological patterns of AD were recognized including chronic prurigo (3 cases), a chronic lichen simplex (1 case), and eczemas (6 cases). All PsA with concomitant AD displayed a late onset of skin atopy (in their adult life) and demonstrated a specific profile (younger), from urban settings, equally distributed among genders, and requiring switching to a higher number of biologics to achieve disease control. (5) Conclusion: PsA and AD may coexist, requiring special attention when selecting the optimal biologic agent.
An Alignment of Financial Signaling and Stock Return Synchronicity
Authors: Eldomiaty Tarek , Azzam Islam , Afifi Karim Tarek Hamed , Rashwan Mohamed Hashim
Published: April 2024

Financial signaling and stock return synchronicity may not be at crossroads. This paper optimizes the signaling effect of firms’ financial indicators on stock return synchronicity. The ultimate objective is to align firms’ financial signaling and stock return synchronicity, which implies a benefit of hedging against fluctuations in the stock market index. The data cover quarterly periods from June 1992 to March 2022 for the non-financial firms listed in the DJIA30 and NASDAQ100. This paper examines the observed return synchronicity as the dependent variable. The independent variables are classified into six groups namely, Solvency (or Liquidity) ratios, Assets Efficiency ratios, Expense Control ratios, Debt (or Leverage) ratios, Profitability ratios, and Dividend ratios. The analysis is conducted on two different groups. The first group examines the observed firms’ financials that affect observed stock return synchronicity. The second group examines optimal firms’ financials that help optimize stock return synchronicity. The final results show that (a) current stock return synchronicity is affected positively by cash ratio, and negatively by receivables and historical growth of earnings; (b) optimal stock return synchronicity can be elevated using significant financial indicators namely, Inventory/Current Assets, Net Working Capital/Total Assets, Net worth/Fixed Assets, and Sales Annual Growth; (c) agency conflicts between managers and shareholders can be mitigated by the aforementioned financial indicators, which do not include debt financing being the common source of agency conflicts; and (d) dividends are still insignificant to stock return synchronization.
Electrifying the Last-Mile Logistics (LML) in Intensive B2B Operations—An European Perspective on Integrating Innovative Platforms
Authors: Sanz Alejandro , Meyer Peter
Published: April 2024

Background: literature on last mile logistic electrification has primarily focused either on the stakeholder interactions defining urban rules and policies for urban freight or on the technical aspects of the logistic EVs. Methods: the article incorporates energy sourcing, vehicles, logistics operation, and digital cloud environment, aiming at economic and functional viability. Using a combination of engineering and business modeling combined with the unique opportunity of the actual insights from Europe’s largest tender in the automotive aftermarket electrification. Results: the Last Mile Logistics (LML) electrification is possible and profitable without jeopardizing the high-tempo deliveries. Critical asset identification for a viable transition to EVs leads to open new lines of research for future logistic dynamics rendered possible by the digital dimensions of the logistic ecosystem. Conclusions: beyond the unquestionable benefits for the environment, the electrification of the LML constitutes an opportunity to enhance revenue and diversify income.
Application of the Industrial Byproduct Gypsum in Building Materials: A Review
Authors: Xie Zhiqing , Liu Xiaoming , Zhang Zengqi , Wei Chao , Gu Jiarui
Published: April 2024

The industrial byproduct gypsum is a general term for byproducts discharged from industrial production with calcium sulfate as the main ingredient. Due to the high number of impurities and production volume, the industrial byproduct gypsum is underutilized, leading to serious environmental problems. At present, only desulfurization gypsum and phosphogypsum have been partially utilized in cementitious materials, cement retarders, etc., while the prospects for the utilization of other byproduct gypsums remain worrying. This paper mainly focuses on the sources and physicochemical properties of various types of gypsum byproducts and summarizes the application scenarios of various gypsums in construction materials. Finally, some suggestions are proposed to solve the problem of the industrial byproduct gypsum. This review is informative for solving the environmental problems caused by gypsum accumulation.
Microstructural Characteristics and Properties of Laser-Welded Diamond Saw Blade with 30CrMo Steel
Authors: Xu Qiang , Shu Chen , Liu Yibo , Kou Shengzhong , Cao Rui , Cao Xiaodie , Wu Jiajun
Published: April 2024

In order to enhance the quality of diamond composite materials, this work employs a Cu-Co-Fe and Ni-Cr-Cu pre-alloyed powder mixture as a transition layer, and utilizes laser-welding technology for saw blade fabrication. By adjusting the laser-welding process parameters, including welding speed and welding power, well-formed welded joints were achieved, and the microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded joints were investigated. The results demonstrate that the best welding performance was achieved at a laser power of 1600 W and a welding speed of 1400 mm/min, with a remarkable tooth engagement strength of up to 819 MPa. The fusion zone can be divided into rich Cu phase and rich Fe phase regions, characterized by coarse grains without apparent preferred orientation. The microstructure of the heat-affected zone primarily consists of high-hardness brittle quenched needle-like martensite, exhibiting a sharp increase in microhardness up to 550 HV. Fracture occurred at the boundary between the fusion zone and the heat-affected zone of the base material, where stress concentration was observed. By adjusting the welding parameters and transition layer materials, the mechanical properties of the joints were improved, thereby achieving a reliable connection between diamond composite materials and the metal substrate.
Strength and Durability Characterization of Structural Concrete Made of Recycled Plastic
Authors: Oti Jonathan , Adeleke Blessing O. , Rathnayake Mihiri , Kinuthia John M. , Ekwulo Emma
Published: April 2024

This study investigates the feasibility of utilizing recycled plastic waste as a partial substitute for sand in concrete production. Reprocessing used plastic items or materials involves collecting, cleaning, shredding, and melting, resulting in reprocessed plastic particles. Incorporating these recycled plastic particles into concrete addresses environmental concerns related to plastic disposal and the growing scarcity and increasing cost of natural sand. To evaluate the sand replacement capacity of recycled plastic, four types of mixtures were created with varying levels of recycled plastic replacement (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). All mixtures maintained a water-to-binding ratio of 0.55 and were tested at 7, 28, and 56 days. The testing regimen encompassed determining the slump value, density, compressive strength, tensile strength, and resistance to freezing and thawing. The findings revealed that replacing sand in the concrete mix with recycled plastic enhanced workability, which was attributed to the hydrophobic nature of the plastic particles. However, both compressive and tensile strength exhibited a declining trend. Additionally, after undergoing multiple freezing and thawing cycles, the concrete mix exhibited poor durability properties and brittleness. These issues may arise due to factors such as incompatibility, non-uniformity, reduced cohesion, and the lower density of plastic particles.
Computational Framework to Model the Selective Laser Sintering Process
Authors: Castro João , Nóbrega João Miguel , Costa Ricardo
Published: April 2024

Selective laser sintering (SLS) is one of the most well-regarded additive manufacturing (AM) sub-processes, whose popularity has been increasing among numerous critical and demanding industries due to its capabilities, mainly manufacturing parts with highly complex geometries and desirable mechanical properties, with potential to replace other, more expensive, conventional processes. However, due to its various underlying multi-physics phenomena, the intrinsic complexity of the SLS process often hampers its industrial implementation. Such limitation has motivated academic interest in obtaining better insights into the process to optimize it and attain the required standards. In that regard, the usual experimental optimization methods are time-consuming and expensive and can fail to provide the optimal configurations, leading researchers to resort to computational modeling to better understand the process. The main objective of the present work is to develop a computational model capable of simulating the SLS process for polymeric applications, within an open-source framework, at a particle-length scale to assess the main process parameters’ impact. Following previous developments, virgin and used polymer granules with different viscosities are implemented to better represent the actual process feedstock. The results obtained agree with the available experimental data, leading to a powerful tool to study, in greater detail, the SLS process and its physical parameters and material properties, contributing to its optimization.
Corrosion Mechanism and Electrochemical Reactions on Alloy 690 in Simulated Primary Coolant of Water–Water Energy Reactors
Authors: Bojinov Martin , Betova Iva , Karastoyanov Vasil
Published: April 2024

During the power operation of the primary loop of a water cooled–water moderated energy reactor (WWER), the water chemistry evolves from a high-boron high-potassium composition to significantly lower concentrations of both constituents at the end of a campaign, and the Li concentration reaches ca. 0.7–0.9 ppm. In the present paper, the effect of primary water chemistry evolution during operation on the corrosion rate and conduction mechanism of oxides on Alloy 690 is studied by in situ impedance spectroscopy at 300 °C/9 MPa during 1-week exposures in an autoclave connected to a re-circulation loop. At the end of exposure, the samples were anodically polarized at potentials −0.8 to −0.1 V vs. SHE to evaluate the stability of the passive oxide. Simultaneously exposed samples of Alloy 690 were subsequently analyzed by XPS to estimate the thickness and in-depth composition of oxides. Impedance data were quantitatively interpreted using the mixed-conduction model (MCM) for oxide films. The effect of water chemistry evolution on the corrosion rate and conduction mechanism in the oxide on Alloy 690 in a primary coolant is discussed based on the obtained parameters.
Investigation of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Extruded Mg–6Bi and Mg–6Bi–1Ag Alloys
Authors: Li Xin , Mao Jian , Huang Xuefei , Huang Weigang
Published: April 2024

The extruded Mg–6Bi alloy and Mg–6Bi–1Ag alloy subjected to extrusion at 300 °C with the extrusion ratio of 25:1 and die-exit speed of 2 m/min were used to investigate microstructure characteristics and mechanical behavior. The experimental results demonstrate that the bimodal microstructure, composed of coarse dynamic unrecrystallized (unDRXed) grains and fine dynamic recrystallized (DRXed) grains, was obtained after extrusion. The Ag addition can obviously promote dynamic recrystallization and average grain size. It also indicates that the dynamic precipitation is significantly promoted by Ag addition during extrusion, obtaining more fraction of the Mg3Bi2 precipitates. Moreover, the extruded Mg–6Bi–1Ag alloy has a high tensile yield strength of 304 ± 2.0 MPa, which is increased by 19% compared to the extruded Mg–6Bi alloy, and elongation of 11.0 ± 1.7%, almost the same as 11.9 ± 0.9% of the extruded Mg–6Bi alloy. This result also shows that the extruded Mg–6Bi–1Ag alloy exhibits better strain hardening capacity. Therefore, Ag exhibits an effective role in promoting dynamic recrystallization and dynamic precipitation, resulting in the enhancement of strength and strain hardening capacity of the extruded Mg–6Bi–1Ag alloy, as well as keeping high ductility.
A Study of Sliding Friction Using an Acoustic Emission and Wavelet-Based Energy Approach
Authors: Sychev Sergey , Batako Andre D. L.
Published: April 2024

The purpose of this work is to study the mechanism of running-in during friction and to determine the informative parameters characterizing the degree of its completion. During friction, contact interaction of rough surfaces causes various wave phenomena covering a wide range of frequencies, the subsequent frequency analysis can provide information about the sizes of wave sources and thereby clarify the mechanism of interaction between surface roughness. The using of the wavelet transform for processing the signals of audible acoustic emission made it possible to determine the beginning and the end of the change in the frequency ranges of the interaction of roughness. The code developed by the authors was used to analyze the acoustic emission signals by using wavelet energy and entropy criteria. The mother wavelet was chosen by carefully evaluating the effectiveness of 54 preliminary candidates for the mother wavelet from 7 wavelet families, according to three criteria: (1) maximum wavelet energy; (2) Shannon entropy minimum; and (3) maximum energy-to-Shannon entropy ratio.
Effect of Post-Extraction Ultrasonication on Compositional Features and Antioxidant Activities of Enzymatic/Alkaline Extracts of Palmaria palmata
Authors: Ghelichi Sakhi , Sørensen Ann-Dorit Moltke , Hajfathalian Mona , Jacobsen Charlotte
Published: April 2024

Palmaria palmata is a viable source of nutrients with bioactive properties. The present study determined the potential role of post-extraction ultrasonication on some compositional features and antioxidant properties of enzymatic/alkaline extracts of P. palmata (EAEP). No significant difference was detected in terms of protein content and recovery, as well as the amino acid composition of the extracts. The nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor of 5 was found to be too high for the seaweed and EAEP. The extracts sonicated by bath for 10 min and not sonicated showed the highest and lowest total phenolic contents (p < 0.05), respectively. The highest radical scavenging and lowest metal-chelating activities were observed for the non-sonicated sample, as evidenced by IC50 values. The extract sonicated by bath for 10 min showed the most favorable in vitro antioxidant properties since its radical scavenging was not significantly different from that of the not-sonicated sample (p > 0.05). In contrast, its metal-chelating activity was significantly higher (p < 0.05). To conclude, post-extraction ultrasonication by an ultrasonic bath for 10 min is recommended to increase phenolic content and improve the antioxidant properties of EAEP.
Marine-Derived Metabolites Act as Promising Antifungal Agents
Authors: Hang Sijin , Lu Hui , Jiang Yuanying
Published: April 2024

The incidence of invasive fungal diseases (IFDs) is on the rise globally, particularly among immunocompromised patients, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Current clinical antifungal agents, such as polyenes, azoles, and echinocandins, face increasing resistance from pathogenic fungi. Therefore, there is a pressing need for the development of novel antifungal drugs. Marine-derived secondary metabolites represent valuable resources that are characterized by varied chemical structures and pharmacological activities. While numerous compounds exhibiting promising antifungal activity have been identified, a comprehensive review elucidating their specific underlying mechanisms remains lacking. In this review, we have compiled a summary of antifungal compounds derived from marine organisms, highlighting their diverse mechanisms of action targeting various fungal cellular components, including the cell wall, cell membrane, mitochondria, chromosomes, drug efflux pumps, and several biological processes, including vesicular trafficking and the growth of hyphae and biofilms. This review is helpful for the subsequent development of antifungal drugs due to its summary of the antifungal mechanisms of secondary metabolites from marine organisms.
Experimental Susceptibility of Nyssomyia antunesi and Lutzomyia longipalpis (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) to Leishmania (Viannia) lainsoni and L. (V.) lindenbergi (Trypanosomatidae: Leishmaniinae)
Authors: Sánchez Uzcátegui Yetsenia del Valle , Silveira Fernando Tobias , de Morais Thais Gouvea , Furtado Rodrigo Ribeiro , Vasconcelos dos Santos Thiago , Póvoa Marinete Marins
Published: April 2024

The present work assessed the experimental susceptibility of Nyssomyia antunesi and Lutzomyia longipalpis to Leishmania (Viannia) lainsoni and L. (V.) lindenbergi. A L. (Leishmania) chagasi–Lu. longipalpis combination was used as a susceptible control. Wild-caught Ny. antunesi and laboratory-bred Lu. longipalpis were membrane-fed on blood with a 5 × 106/mL log-phase promastigote culture suspension and dissected on days 2 and 8 post-blood meal (pbm) for analysis focused on the assessment of parasitoses, as well as placement and promastigote morphotyping. Survival curves were constructed. In all combinations, promastigotes were observed on day 8 pbm. For both Leishmania species, in Lu. longipalpis, the presence of parasites was observed up to the stomodeal valve, while in Ny. antunesi, the presence of parasites was observed up to the cardia. There were no significant differences in parasitosis between L. (V.) lainsoni and L. (V.) lindenbergi in either Ny. antunesi or Lu. longipalpis. Six morphological promastigote forms were distinguished in Giemsa-stained gut smears. The survival curves of all combinations decreased and were affected differently by several Lu. longipalpis–parasite combinations, as well with Lu. longipalpis–uninfected blood. These findings stress Lu. longipalpis as experimentally susceptible to Leishmania spp. and suggest the putative susceptibility of Ny. antunesi to L. (V.) lainsoni and L. (V.) lindenbergi.
Associations of Fecal Microbiota with Ectopic Fat in African Caribbean Men
Authors: Tilves Curtis , Mueller Noel T. , Zmuda Joseph M. , Kuipers Allison L. , Methé Barbara , Li Kelvin , Carr John Jeffrey , Terry James G. , Wheeler Victor , Nair Sangeeta , Miljkovic Iva
Published: April 2024

Objective: The gut microbiome has been associated with visceral fat (VAT) in European and Asian populations; however, associations with VAT and with ectopic fats among African-ancestry individuals are not known. Our objective was to investigate cross-sectional associations of fecal microbiota diversity and composition with VAT and ectopic fat, as well as body mass index (BMI), among middle-aged and older African Caribbean men. Methods: We included in our analysis n = 193 men (mean age = 62.2 ± 7.6 years; mean BMI = 28.3 ± 4.9 kg/m2) from the Tobago Health Study. We assessed fecal microbiota using V4 16s rRNA gene sequencing. We evaluated multivariable-adjusted associations of microbiota features (alpha diversity, beta diversity, microbiota differential abundance) with BMI and with computed tomography-measured VAT and ectopic fats (pericardial and intermuscular fat; muscle and liver attenuation). Results: Lower alpha diversity was associated with higher VAT and BMI, and somewhat with higher pericardial and liver fat. VAT, BMI, and pericardial fat each explained similar levels of variance in beta diversity. Gram-negative Prevotellaceae and Negativicutes microbiota showed positive associations, while gram-positive Ruminococcaceae microbiota showed inverse associations, with ectopic fats. Conclusions: Fecal microbiota features associated with measures of general adiposity also extend to metabolically pernicious VAT and ectopic fat accumulation in older African-ancestry men.
Antimicrobial Activity of Individual Volatile Compounds from Various Essential Oils
Authors: Brandes Adriana , Dunning Mareshah , Langland Jeffrey
Published: April 2024

Interest in natural remedies has grown recently due to a variety of public health concerns such as microbial antibiotic resistance. This global health concern necessitates innovative approaches to combat bacterial infections. Building upon established therapeutic uses of essential oils, this research focused on the volatile constituents of essential oils. The volatile antimicrobial activity of these constituents was studied by employing a derivative of a modified disk diffusion assay for quantitative comparisons. This study emphasizes the significance and value of exploring natural compounds as alternatives to traditional antibiotics and provides insights into their mechanisms and applications in contending with bacterial pathogens.
Efficient Catalytic Degradation of Methyl Orange by Various ZnO-Doped Lignin-Based Carbons
Authors: Tang Zhihao , Yang Yonggang , Wei Weiqi
Published: April 2024

Herein, a series of ZnO-doped lignin-based carbons (LC/ZnO) were successfully prepared from different types of lignin and used for methyl orange (MO) photocatalytic degradation. The apparent morphology, internal structure, and photoelectric properties of prepared LC/ZnO composites and their effects on subsequent MO photocatalytic degradation were investigated by various characterization techniques. The results showed that the LC/ZnO composites that were prepared in this work mainly consisted of highly dispersed ZnO nanoparticles and lignin-based carbon nano-sheets, which were beneficial for subsequent photogenerated electrons and holes formation, dispersion, and migration. The MO could be significantly degraded with various ZnO-doped lignin-based carbons, especially over the LCSL/ZnO, and the maximum degradation rate was 96.9% within 30 min under the simulated 300w sunlight exposure. The experiments of free radical elimination showed that the photocatalytic degradation of MO over LC/ZnO were a result of the co-action of multiple free radicals, and h+ might play the predominant roles in MO degradation. In addition, the pH of the solution had little effect on MO degradation, and the MO could be effectively degraded even in an alkaline solution of pH = 12.0. The cycling experiments showed that the prepared LC/ZnO had a good stability for MO photodegradation, especially for LCSL/ZnO, even after 5 times recycling, and the degradation rate of MO only dropped from 97.0% to 93.0%. The research not only provided a fundamental theory for the efficient photocatalytic degradation of MO by LC/ZnO composites, but also offered a new insight into lignin valorization.
The Synthesis of 2′-Hydroxychalcones under Ball Mill Conditions and Their Biological Activities
Authors: Abid Imen , Moslah Wassim , Cojean Sandrine , Imbert Nicolas , Loiseau Philippe M. , Chamayou Alain , Srairi-Abid Najet , Calvet Rachel , Baltas Michel
Published: April 2024

Chalcones are polyphenols that belong to the flavonoids family, known for their broad pharmacological properties. They have thus attracted the attention of chemists for their obtention and potential activities. In our study, a library of compounds from 2′-hydroxychalcone’s family was first synthesized. A one-step mechanochemical synthesis via Claisen–Schmidt condensation reaction under ball mill conditions was studied, first in a model reaction between a 5′-fluoro-2′-hydroxyacetophenone and 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde. The reaction was optimized in terms of catalysts, ratio of reagents, reaction time, and influence of additives. Among all assays, we retained the best one, which gave the highest yield of 96% when operating in the presence of 1 + 1 eq. of substituted benzaldehyde and 2 eq. of KOH under two grinding cycles of 30 min. Thus, this protocol was adopted for the synthesis of the selected library of 2′-hydroxychalcones derivatives. The biological activities of 17 compounds were then assessed against Plasmodium falciparum, Leishmania donovani parasite development, as well as IGR-39 melanoma cell lines by inhibiting their viability and proliferation. Compounds 6 and 11 are the most potent against L. donovani, exhibiting IC50 values of 2.33 µM and 2.82 µM, respectively, better than the reference drug Miltefosine (3.66 µM). Compound 15 presented the most interesting antimalarial activity against the 3D7 strain, with IC50 = 3.21 µM. Finally, chalcone 12 gave the best result against IGR-39 melanoma cell lines, with an IC50 value of 12 µM better than the reference drug Dacarbazine (IC50 = 25 µM).
Influence of SPION Surface Coating on Magnetic Properties and Theranostic Profile
Authors: Ferreira-Filho Vital Cruvinel , Morais Beatriz , Vieira Bruno J. C. , Waerenborgh João Carlos , Carmezim Maria João , Tóth Csilla Noémi , Même Sandra , Lacerda Sara , Jaque Daniel , Sousa Célia T. , Campello Maria Paula Cabral , Pereira Laura C. J.
Published: April 2024

This study aimed to develop multifunctional nanoplatforms for both cancer imaging and therapy using superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). Two distinct synthetic methods, reduction–precipitation (MR/P) and co-precipitation at controlled pH (MpH), were explored, including the assessment of the coating’s influence, namely dextran and gold, on their magnetic properties. These SPIONs were further functionalized with gadolinium to act as dual T1/T2 contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Parameters such as size, stability, morphology, and magnetic behavior were evaluated by a detailed characterization analysis. To assess their efficacy in imaging and therapy, relaxivity and hyperthermia experiments were performed, respectively. The results revealed that both synthetic methods lead to SPIONs with similar average size, 9 nm. Mössbauer spectroscopy indicated that samples obtained from MR/P consist of approximately 11–13% of Fe present in magnetite, while samples obtained from MpH have higher contents of 33–45%. Despite coating and functionalization, all samples exhibited superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature. Hyperthermia experiments showed increased SAR values with higher magnetic field intensity and frequency. Moreover, the relaxivity studies suggested potential dual T1/T2 contrast agent capabilities for the coated SPpH-Dx-Au-Gd sample, thus demonstrating its potential in cancer diagnosis.
The Prediction of LptA and LptC Protein–Protein Interactions and Virtual Screening for Potential Inhibitors
Authors: Ren Yixin , Dong Wenting , Li Yan , Cao Weiting , Xiao Zengshuo , Zhou Ying , Teng Yun , You Xuefu , Yang Xinyi , Huang Huoqiang , Wang Hao
Published: April 2024

Antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria remains one of the most pressing challenges to global public health. Blocking the transportation of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), a crucial component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, is considered a promising strategy for drug discovery. In the transportation process of LPS, two components of the LPS transport (Lpt) complex, LptA and LptC, are responsible for shuttling LPS across the periplasm to the outer membrane, highlighting their potential as targets for antibacterial drug development. In the current study, a protein–protein interaction (PPI) model of LptA and LptC was constructed, and a molecular screening strategy was employed to search a protein–protein interaction compound library. The screening results indicated that compound 18593 exhibits favorable binding free energy with LptA and LptC. In comparison with the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on currently known inhibitors, compound 18593 shows more stable target binding ability at the same level. The current study suggests that compound 18593 may exhibit an inhibitory effect on the LPS transport process, making it a promising hit compound for further research.
Phytochemical Analysis, Antimicrobial Screening and In Vitro Pharmacological Activity of Artemisia vestita Leaf Extract
Authors: Dogra Shivani , Koul Bhupendra , Singh Joginder , Mishra Meerambika , Yadav Dhananjay
Published: April 2024

Artemisia vestita Wall. Ex Besser is a folklore medicinal plant that belongs to Asteraceae family and a treasure trove of drugs. The aim of this research study was to investigate the phytoconstituents, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity and wound healing potential of A. vestita leaf extract (ALE). Phytochemical analysis of the ALE was carried out by Soxhlet extraction and GCMS (gas chromatography–mass spectrometry) analysis. Antimicrobial activity was performed by the agar well diffusion method against selected bacterial and fungal strains. Free radical scavenging potential was evaluated by DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) and FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power) assays. Anti-inflammatory activity was performed by enzyme inhibition assay–COXII. The cytotoxicity of ALE on HaCaT cells was studied via MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. An in vitro scratch assay was performed for the evaluation of the wound healing property of ALE. It showed satisfactory antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (14.2 ± 0.28 mm), Escherichia coli (17.6 ± 0.52 mm), Bacillus subtilis (13.1 ± 0.37 mm), Streptococcus pyogenes (17.3 ± 0.64 mm), Proteus mirabilis (9.4 ± 0.56 mm), Aspergillus niger (12.7 ± 0.53 mm), Aspergilus flavus (15.3 ± 0.25 mm) and Candida albicans (17.6 ± 0.11 mm). In ALE, 36 phytochemicals were detected by GCMS analysis, but 22 were dominant. Moreover, the ALE was effective in scavenging free radicals with different assays and exhibited reasonable anti-inflammatory activity. The MTT assay revealed that ALE had a cytotoxic effect on the HaCaT cells. The scratch assay showed 94.6% wound closure (after 24 h incubation) compared to the positive control Cipladine, which is remarkable wound healing activity. This is the first report on the wound healing property of A. vestita, which can serve as a potential agent for wound healing and extends knowledge on its therapeutic potential.
Rational Design of Non-Noble Metal Single-Atom Catalysts in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries through First Principles Calculations
Authors: Li Yang , Liu Yao , Zhang Jinhui , Wang Dashuai , Xu Jing
Published: April 2024

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries with a high theoretical energy density of 2600 Wh·kg−1 are hindered by challenges such as low S conductivity, the polysulfide shuttle effect, low S reduction conversion rate, and sluggish Li2S oxidation kinetics. Herein, single-atom non-noble metal catalysts (SACs) loaded on two-dimensional (2D) vanadium disulfide (VS2) as the potential host materials for the cathode in Li–S batteries were investigated systematically by using first-principles calculations. Based on the comparisons of structural stability, the ability to immobilize sulfur, electrochemical reactivity, and the kinetics of Li2S oxidation decomposition between these non-noble metal catalysts and noble metal candidates, Nb@VS2 and Ta@VS2 were identified as the potential candidates of SACs with the decomposition energy barriers for Li2S of 0.395 eV (Nb@VS2) and of 0.162 eV (Ta@VS2), respectively. This study also identified an exothermic reaction for Nb@VS2 and the Gibbs free energy of 0.218 eV for Ta@VS2. Furthermore, the adsorption and catalytic mechanisms of the VS2-based SACs in the reactions were elucidated, presenting a universal case demonstrating the use of unconventional graphene-based SACs in Li–S batteries. This study presents a universal surface regulation strategy for transition metal dichalcogenides to enhance their performance as host materials in Li–S batteries.
Structure-Related Electronic and Magnetic Properties in Ultrathin Epitaxial NixFe3−xO4 Films on MgO(001)
Authors: Rodewald Jari , Thien Jannis , Ruwisch Kevin , Pohlmann Tobias , Hoppe Martin , Schmalhorst Jan , Küpper Karsten , Wollschläger Joachim
Published: April 2024

Off-stoichiometric NixFe3−xO4 ultrathin films (x < 2.1) with varying Ni content x and thickness 16 (±2) nm were grown on MgO(001) by reactive molecular beam epitaxy. Synchrotron-based high-resolution X-ray diffraction measurements reveal vertical compressive strain for all films, resulting from a lateral pseudomorphic adaption of the film to the substrate lattice without any strain relaxation. Complete crystallinity with smooth interfaces and surfaces is obtained independent of the Ni content x. For x < 1 an expected successive conversion from Fe3O4 to NiFe2O4 is observed, whereas local transformation into NiO structures is observed for films with Ni content x > 1. However, angle-resolved hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements indicate homogeneous cationic distributions without strictly separated phases independent of the Ni content, while X-ray absorption spectroscopy shows that also for x > 1, not all Fe2+ cations are substituted by Ni2+ cations. The ferrimagnetic behavior, as observed by superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry, is characterized by decreasing saturation magnetization due to the formation of antiferromagnetic NiO parts.