bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Теоретические модели и сценарии развития трансакционного сектора экономики России
Authors: Марущак Ирина Валерьевна
Published: September 2017

В работе рассмотрены проблемы стратегического развития трансакционного сектора, обладающего значимым потенциалом создания высокотехнологичных рабочих мест в условиях новой социальной структуры российского общества. Определены перспективы развития трансакционного сектора российской экономики, связанные с альтернативными и внутренне неоднородными моделями экономического роста России – дирижистской, либеральной и переходным вариантом (моделью промежуточных институтов). Рассмотрено пять сценариев развития трансакционного сектора: вариант, основанный на расфокусированной трансакционной политике; эволюционный сценарий с элементами трансакционной политики в стратегически значимых трансакционных индустриях; эволюционный сценарий с ориентацией на внутренний рынок; эволюционный сценарий с экспортной ориентацией, связанный со снятием или существенным смягчением санкционного режима и развитием взаимодействий с ВТО; революционный сценарий развития трансакционного сектора с системной регулятивной политикой. Статья представляет интерес для специалистов в области стратегического планирования и управления, исследователей сферы услуг и, более широко, трансакционного сектора в условиях экономики знаний.
INSECT RESISTANCE IN TWO RECENTLY RELEASED SWEET CORN INBREDS, GTS1 AND GTS21
Authors: Wiseman B. R. , Widstrom N. W. , McMillian W. W.
Published: September 2017

Two recently released sweet corn inbreds, ‘GTS1’ and ‘GTS2,’ were evaluated as inbreds and in hybrid combination for their resistance to the corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie). Based on the weight of 6-day-old larvae and on damage to corn ears in the field at 15 days after silking, the level of resistance to the corn earworm was slightly altered from the original ‘471-U6’ and ‘81-1.’ A slight change in the mechanisms of resistance was shown in that GTS1 showed a slight antibiotic effect which apparently enhanced the performance of its hybrid.
TOXICITY OF SEVERAL INSECTICIDES APPLIED TOPICALLY TO TARNISHED PLANT BUGS1,2,3
Authors: Cleveland Tom C.
Published: September 2017

Serial dilutions of technical material of eleven different insecticides dissolved in acetone were applied topically to tarnished plant bugs, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvoir), collected from three mid-Delta counties in Mississippi, which represented an area commonly experiencing high levels of insecticide use, and from a county in north Arkansas, representing an area with low levels of insecticide use. Tolerance of tarnished plant bugs to six of the eleven materials was significantly greater in most cases in those collected from the mid-Delta counties of Mississippi than those collected in north Arkansas.
THE INTEGRATION OF A BACTERIUM AND PARASITES TO CONTROL THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE AND THE MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE
Authors: Cantwell George E. , Cantelo William W. , Schroder Robert F W
Published: September 2017

Sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis (B.t.t.), which contained the beta-exotoxin, were applied to small-scale field plots of tomatoes infested with the Colorado potato beetle [Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)] and to bean plots infested with the Mexican bean beetle (Epilachna varivestis Mulsant). Two parasitic wasps of the family Eulophidae were used in conjunction with the B.t.t. in an effort to reduce beetle populations. Treatments on tomatoes consisted of either B.t.t. alone, B.t.t. plus releases of the egg parasite Edovum puttleri Grissell, E. puttleri releases alone, or untreated controls. Treatments on beans were similar except the larval parasite Pediobius foveolatus (Crawford) was released instead of E. puttleri.

Treatments in which B.t.t. was used, either alone or in combination with the parasite, significantly reduced adults and 3rd and 4th instar larvae of both species of beetles. The egg parasite, E. puttleri, was unable to significantly reduce the CPB population by itself, however P. foveolatus was able to significantly reduce both 3rd and 4th instar larval and adult populations of the MBB.
RESPONSE OF TRICHOGRAMMA PRETIOSUM FEMALES TO VOLATILE SYNOMONES FROM TOMATO PLANTS1,2
Authors: Nordlund Donald A. , Chalfant Richard B. , Lewis W. J.
Published: September 2017

Volatile synomones in tomato plants stimulate search behavior in Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, resulting in increased rates of parasitization in both the laboratory and field. In a Y-tube olfactometer, female T. pretiosum are attracted by volatiles from tomato.
EFFECTS OF PROLONGED COLONIZATION, CROWDING, AND STARVATION ON DEVELOPMENT AND SURVIVAL RATES OF CABBAGE LOOPERS, TRICHOPLUSIA NI (HUBNER) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Tignor K. R. , Eaton J. L.
Published: September 2017

The effect of colonization, crowding, and starvation on the development of cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, was investigated. Differences in development time, pupal weight, mortality rate, and adult longevity between a laboratory and field colony were minimal. These differences are believed to be correctable through minimization of selection and precautions against pathogenic contamination during rearing, as well as, regular introduction of field collected insects into the laboratory colony. Stress produced by larval crowding and starvation in the laboratory colony produced a longer development time, increased mortality, and reduced pupal weight. Cannabalism of larvae, prepupae, and pupae was noted at higher crowding and starvation (stress) levels. Increased adult longevity at higher stress levels was also observed.
THE HAIRY MAGGOT BLOW FLY CHRYSOMYA RUFIFACIES (MACQUART)1 CONFIRMED IN ARIZONA
Authors: Baumgartner Donald L.
Published: September 2017

A museum collection and recent trappings for blow flies confirm the presence of Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) in Arizona. The implication of this new distribution is discussed.
DIADEGMA INSULARIS (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) PARASITISM OF THE DIAMONDBACK MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: PLUTELLIDAE) IN SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA
Authors: Lasota J. A. , Kok L. T.
Published: September 2017

Parasitization rates of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), by Diadegma insularis (Meus.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) were determined in a pesticide-free cabbage planting in Southwest Virginia. Diadegma insularis, which parasitizes later instars of the host larvae but emerges from the host pupa, was responsible for 46% and 69% of the mortality in 1983 and 1984, respectively. Higher parasitization rates were found in pupae collected from the Abbott and Cobb #5 cabbage variety, even though infestations of diamondback moths were higher on other varieties. Although most pupation of the diamondback moth occurred on the lower cabbage leaf surfaces, the proportion of parasitized hosts found on upper versus lower leaf surfaces did not differ significantly.
COCKROACH SPECIES OBSERVED IN STRUCTURES ON A PERMANENT MILITARY BASE OVER A 20-YEAR PERIOD1
Authors: Wright C. G. , McDaniel H. C. , Honeycutt D. M. , Russell J. A.
Published: September 2017

A 20-year, monthly tally of cockroaches in structures at Fort Bragg, NC, a permanent military base, showed German cockroaches the most prevalent, with American, oriental, brownbanded, and smokybrown cockroaches also present. During the 20 years cockroach infestations of oriental and brownbanded decreased while smokybrown cockroaches increased. American and German cockroach infestations were sighted most frequently in the fall.
NESTMATE RECOGNITION: THE ROLE OF CUTICULAR HYDROCARBONS IN THE ANT CAMPONOTUS VAGUS SCOP.
Authors: Bonavita-Cougourdan A. , Clément J. L. , Lange C.
Published: September 2017

Both behavioral and chemical analyses demonstrated that in the ant Camponotus vagus the colony recognition signal is strongly correlated with the composition of cuticular hydrocarbons. Variation of relative proportions of dimethylalkanes characterize the chemical signatures in different colonies.
A NEW SPECIES OF PHOTOMORPHUS (HYMENOPTERA: MUTILLIDAE) FROM FLORIDA1
Authors: Manley Donald G. , Deyrup Mark A.
Published: September 2017

Photomorphus (Photomorphina) archboldi, a new species of mutillid wasp, is described, illustrated, and compared with other species of the genus Photomorphus. Males were collected in malaise traps and, based upon collection records, distribution appears to be restricted to central Florida. It is most easily distinguished by the conspicuous white legs. The female is unknown.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN MAIZE WEEVIL (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) INFESTATIONS AND INFECTION BY ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS AND OTHER FUNGI IN STORED CORN
Authors: Dix D. E. , All J. N.
Published: September 2017

Thirty adult maize weevils, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, were placed in six glass-fronted wooden grain storage bins filled with 7.2 kg of shelled corn at 14% moisture content. An auger plug containing a heavily sporulating culture of Aspergillus flavus Link was added to the center of three infested bins and three noninfested bins. Another three bins of corn were untreated controls. All of the bins were stored for 16 weeks at 24°C. Weevil-infested corn began significantly heating (2°C) within nine weeks and began losing weight within 12 weeks. The distribution of fungal growth, high moisture grain, corn dust caking, and maize weevils coincided, being initially restricted to the lower edges of the containers and gradually migrating upward. An unidentified species of Penicillium (bright blue) was observed sporulating within 11 weeks in weevil-infested bins. The bins containing S. zeamais lost an average of 2% of their initial wet weight, and increased in grain moisture and temperature by 20% and 5°C, respectively. Pencillium (bright blue) comprised > 95% of the inoculum present on kernels, however A. flavus comprised > 90% of the inoculum recovered from surface sterilized maize weevils. Increased mortality of teneral adults occurred in A. flavus-inoculated bins. Corn from weevil-free bins, whether inoculated with A. flavus or not, failed to support fungal growth, heat, or lose weight.
CONSERVATION AND ENHANCEMENT OF ENTOMOPHAGOUS INSECTS —A PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Gross H. R.
Published: September 2017

Efforts to consistently and predictably integrate augmented and/or naturally occurring entomophagous insects into conventional management systems for insect pests of row crops continues to be a high priority yet elusive goal of biocontrol specialists. Enduring management systems will depend heavily on the conservation and enhancement of entomophagous insects. Conservation and enhancement strategies are reviewed, with comments on their attributes, limitations, practicality, and probability of successful implementation.
TRANS-VERBENOL, TURPENTINE, AND ETHANOL AS TRAP BAITS FOR THE BLACK TURPENTINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS TEREBRANS,1 AND OTHER FOREST COLEOPTERA IN NORTH FLORIDA2
Authors: Fatzinger C. W. , Siegfried B. D. , Wilkinson R. C. , Nation J. L.
Published: September 2017

Trans-verbenol, ethanol, and gum turpentine were evaluated alone and in combinations as trap baits for the black turpentine beetle (BTB), Dendroctonus terebrans (Olivier). Traps without turpentine generally caught fewer BTB, pales weevils, Hylobius pales (Herbst), pitch-eating weevils, Pachylobius picivorus (Germar); southern pine sawyers, Monochamus titillator (F.), and Carolina pine sawyers, M. carolinensis (Olivier). Trans-verbenol alone was ineffective as a trap bait, but sometimes increased catches of BTB 1.2 to 1.5 times when used in combination with turpentine or a mixture of turpentine and ethanol. The addition of ethanol to the turpentine bait sometimes doubled catches of BTB and increased captures of pales weevils 3.7 to 5.1 times. The overall effect of mixing ethanol with turpentine bait while releasing trans-verbenol from the same trap versus the use of turpentine alone was a 2.4-fold increase in the response of female BTB. Traps captured about equal numbers of male and female BTB, pales weevils, pitch-eating weevils, and southern pine sawyers, but captured 2.8 times more female than male Carolina pine sawyers.
HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITOIDS OF TEA SCALE AND CAMELLIA SCALE IN GEORGIA
Authors: Cooper Randall M. , Oetting Ronald D.
Published: September 2017

During 1983 and 1984, leaves infested with tea scale, Fiorinia theae Green, and camellia scale, Lepidosaphes camelliae Hoke, were collected from Camellia japonica L., C. sasanqua Thunberg, Ilex crenata Thunberg, and I. cornuta ‘burfordii’ Lindley & Paxton at locations in 5 Georgia counties. The parasitoids Aspidiotiphagus n. sp. 1, A. nr. cirtinus (Craw), and Aphytis diaspidis Howard (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) were collected. Aspidiotiphagus n. sp. 1 comprised 86% of the collections. The highest number of parasitoids emerging per leaf occurred in early June of 1983 and during September and October of 1983 and 1984.
AN ILLUSTRATED AND ANNOTATED KEY TO THE COTTON SPIDERS OF ARKANSAS
Authors: Heiss J. S. , Harris V. E. , Phillips J. R.
Published: September 2017

A key to genera of spiders found in Arkansas cotton fields is provided, together with a list of species, relevant citations for species keys and descriptions, and information on habitat of the genera. All parts of the cotton plant and ground beneath were examined in making collections. Fourteen new records are included, bringing the total known spider fauna in Arkansas cotton to 189 species in 102 genera and 19 families.
EFFECTS OF ABAMECTIN ON PHIDIPPUS AUDAX (HENTZ) (ARANEAE: SALTICIDAE) WHEN INGESTED FROM PREY1
Authors: Roach S. H. , Moore R. F.
Published: September 2017

Phidippus audax (Hentz) were allowed to feed on bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), larvae which had ingested diet containing three concentrations of abamectin. Significantly reduced weight gain was noted for spiders feeding on the treated larvae and toxicity effects were visible in most of the spiders within 48 h. Over 80% of the spiders that fed on larvae from diet containing 10 ppm abamectin were either torpid or dead, and 100% of spiders that fed on larvae from diet containing 40 ppm abamectin were torpid or dead.
LABORATORY OBSERVATIONS ON THE LIFE CYCLE OF HISTER NOMAS (COLEOPTERA: HISTERIDAE)
Authors: Summerlin J. W. , Fincher G. T.
Published: September 2017

The biology of Hister nomas Erichson was studied in the laboratory to define the developmental history of this bovine dung attracted predator. Female beetles deposited eggs singly 0.5–3.0 cm deep in the soil beneath dung. Embryogenesis was completed in 2.8 days after oviposition. There were two larval instars; each stage required ca. 6.1 and 6.2 days, respectively, for full development, and pupation to adult emergence averaged 17.5 days. Developmental time from oviposition to adult averaged 32.6 days.
INFLUENCE OF SNAP BEAN PHENOLOGY ON HELIOTHIS ZEA (BODDIE) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) OVIPOSITION
Authors: McLeod Paul
Published: September 2017

In greenhouse preference tests Heliothis zea (Boddie) moths oviposited significantly more eggs on blooming snap bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., than on pre-blooming plants. When moths were held in cages containing only 1 plant stage (non-preference tests) significantly more eggs were laid on blooming snap beans than on either pre- or post-bloom plants. Furthermore, this ovipositional response to blooming plants was much more striking after moths were caged for 3 nights. During nights 4–6, oviposition continued at a similar rate on blooming plants, while pre- and post-bloom plants received very few eggs. Regardless of plant stage, most eggs were laid on the top and bottom of large snap bean leaves.
COMBINATION OF INSECTICIDE APPLICATIONS WITH TRAP CROPS OF EARLY MATURING SOYBEAN AND SOUTHERN PEAS FOR POPULATION MANAGEMENT OF NEZARA VIRIDULA IN SOYBEAN1,2 (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE)
Authors: Todd J. W. , Schumann F. W.
Published: September 2017

Early maturing soybean, Glycine max, cultivars and southern peas, Vigna unguiculata, were used as trap crops in large scale field tests for Nezara viridula population management in soybean. In a 1979 test, the ‘Dare’ trap crop reached R5 (podfill) ca. 2 weeks prior to ‘Bragg’, and was infested with a much larger stink bug population. Southern peas and ‘Coker 156’ soybean were used in four field tests in 1981, and results indicated that insecticide treatments applied to the trap crop when the main crop ‘Bragg’ was in R3-R4 (podset) stage were applied too late, thereby allowing stink bug populations in each field to develop to high population levels. These results indicate that chemical controls should be applied to the trap crop before 5th stage nymphs change to adults with much greater dispersal capability and sexual maturity. Additionally, treatment of the trap crop should occur before the main crop enters the R3-R4 stage of development, since oviposition by female N. viridula is known to be greatly intensified in soybean in that phenological stage.
SYNERGISM OF PYRETHROIDS BY PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE AND MGK-264 AGAINST HELIOTHIS VIRESCENS, SPODOPTERA EXIGUA, AND SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)1
Authors: Joyce J. A. , Ottens R. J. , Herzog G. A. , Bass M. H.
Published: September 2017

Laboratory cultures of field-collected larval tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), beet army worm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), and fall armyworm, S. frugiperda (J. E. Smith) were bioassayed for response to three pyrethroids in combination with piperonyl butoxide (PBO), or MGK-264. The greatest synergistic effects were seen in S. exigua which also displayed the greatest tolerance to pyrethroids without synergists. The highest SR50 (synergist ratio) value for S. exigua was 22.1 with fenvalerate-PBO mixed in a ratio of 1:5, the highest for S. frugiperda was 4.6 with fenvalerate-MGK-264 1:5, and the highest for H. virescens was 1.3 with permethrin-MGK-264 1:5 or with fenvalerate-PBO 1:5.
RETENTION TIME AND TOXICITY OF A DYE MARKER, SUNDAN RED 7B, ON FORMOSAN AND EASTERN SUBTERRANEAN TERMITES (ISOPTERA: RHINOTERMITIDAE)
Authors: Su Nan-Yao , Scheffrahn Rudolf H. , Ban Paul
Published: September 2017

Workers of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, and the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) were force-fed a dye marker, Sudan Red 7B, and confined with different proportions of unmarked termites. No significant mortality due to the dye was detected for up to 8 weeks after the treatment in either species. The marked/unmarked proportion did not affect the retention of the dye or mortality. Workers of C. formosanus retained visible dye for 6 weeks, while significant numbers (10–50%) of marked R. flavipes lost the dye within two weeks. Sudan Red 7B is suitable for estimating population size of C. formosanus with the multiple-marking method where the mark-recapture period extends to 6 weeks. The dye is not an adequate marker for R. flavipes when the mark-recapture period is ≥ 2 weeks.
INFLUENCE OF CULTIVAR, PLANTING DATE, AND ROW WIDTH ON ABUNDANCE OF GREEN CLOVERWORMS (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) AND GREEN STINK BUGS (HETEROPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) IN SOYBEAN
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Zehnder Geoffrey W. , Smith John C.
Published: September 2017

The influence of soybean planting date, row width and cultivar selection on abundance of green cloverworms, Plathypena scabra (F.), and green stink bugs, Acrosternum hilare (Say), was examined during 1984 – 85 at the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Stations located at Painter, Suffolk, and Warsaw. Green cloverworms were more abundant in soybeans planted in narrow - row widths (25 cm) than in soybeans planted in wide - row widths (100 cm). Early planting (early June) vs. late planting (early July) did not influence population densities. Green stink bugs were more abundant in the early maturing varieties planted early. Row width did not influence stink bug population levels.
THE STRIPED LYNX SPIDER, OXYOPES SALTICUS HENTZ (ARANEAE: OXYOPIDAE), AS A VECTOR OF A NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS IN ANTICARSIA GEMMATALIS HÜBNER (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)1
Authors: Kring T. J. , Young S. Y. , Yearian W. C.
Published: September 2017

The potential for transmission of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (AgNPV) by the striped lynx spider, Oxyopes salticus Hentz, was examined in the laboratory. Activity of the virus in excreta of O. salticus which had fed on an AgNPV - infected A. gemmatalis larva was bioassayed on alternate days over a 14 - day period. Oxyopes salticus excreta contained an average of 3.3 ± 2.2 × 104 polyhedral inclusion bodies per spider over the test period, with 95% of the active virus excreted within 24 hrs of ingestion. The amount of virus excreted was significant because only a mean of 1.2% of the total virus present in infected larva was consumed by the spider. The results suggest that O. salticus, and probably other spider predators in soybeans, may be important in dissemination of AgNPV in A. gemmatalis populations.
A RATING SYSTEM FOR EVALUATING TAWNY MOLE CRICKET, SCAPTERISCUS VICINUS SCUDDER, DAMAGE (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLOTALPIDAE)1
Authors: Cobb Patricia P. , Mack T. P.
Published: September 2017

Scapterisus vicirtus Scudder mole cricket abundance as determined from soap flush counts was compared to a rating system. Soap flush counts linearly increased with an increase in rating (P < 0.0001, r2 = 0.92). Thus, the less intensive rating system could be used for estimating mole cricket damage in field experiments.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF EREYNETES (ACARI: PROSTIGMATA: EREYNETIDAE) ASSOCIATED WITH BARK BEETLES
Authors: Hunter Preston E. , Rosario Rose Marie T. , Moser John C.
Published: September 2017

Ereynetes propescutulis n. sp. and E. sinescutulis n. sp. are described and illustrated. Both species are phoretic on bark beetles. Trapping data indicates that E. propescutulis is phoretic on the female bark beetle.
COMPETITIVE INTERACTIONS OF ALFALFA AND ANNUAL WEEDS AS AFFECTED BY ALFALFA WEEVIL (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) STUBBLE DEFOLIATION
Authors: Buntin G. David
Published: September 2017

The impact of stubble defoliation by alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), larvae on the establishment and growth of selected annual weeds in alfalfa was examined under controlled conditions in the greenhouse. Weed species were large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop., yellow foxtail grass, Setaria lutescens (Weig.) Hubb., redroot pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus L. and common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. Stubble defoliation increased the survival of all weed species except foxtail grass. Dry matter production of aerial portions of crabgrass, foxtail grass, pigweed and lambsquarters was 28.4, 7.2, 23.7, and 7.3 times greater, respectively, when growing with defoliated than undefoliated alfalfa. Stubble defoliation also enhanced plant height and leaf number of most weed species. Stubble defoliation reduced dry matter accumulation and delayed development of alfalfa regrowth. Alfalfa root dry weight was more adversely affected than top dry weight by stubble defoliation. The presence of weeds did not significantly (P > 0.05) affect the growth and development of defoliated and undefoliated alfalfa. This result suggests that stubble defoliation by alfalfa weevil larvae reduced the competitive ability of alfalfa which allowed weeds to grow and occupy gaps within the alfalfa canopy.
NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORDS FOR THE ALFALFA WEEVIL EGG PREDATOR PERIDESMIA DISCUS (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE) IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES
Authors: Dysart Richard J.
Published: September 2017

Peridesmia discus (Walker), a pteromalid egg predator of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), which was previously introduced form Europe as a biological control agent, recently was found to be established in the southeastern United States. During 1987 surveys, this beneficial wasp was found for the first time at several sites in five new states: DE, NJ, PA, VA, and WV. Recoveries of P. discus were obtained from 41% of the fields sampled. The current known distribution, which includes localities in ten states, is illustrated.
EFFECT OF POPULATION DENSITY OF IMMATURES ON SURVIVAL AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE WESTERN CORN ROOTWORM (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Elliott N. C. , Sutter G. R. , Branson T. F. , Fisher J. R.
Published: September 2017

A field study with controlled infestations of eggs of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, was conducted over a four-year period. The percentage of insects surviving to adulthood was significantly reduced at an infestation of 2400 eggs per 0.3 m of row compared with rates of 300, 600, and 1200 eggs per 0.3 m of row. Survival to adulthood varied among years suggesting that biotic or abiotic factors in the soil, possibly soil moisture, may have influenced survival. The Julian date associated with mean adult emergence was significantly later at the 2400 egg infestation rate than at lower rates. These results suggest that immature survival is reduced and developmental time increased at high population densities.
TRICHOGRAMMA SPP. (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE): FIELD HOSTS AND MULTIPLE PARASITISM IN NORTH CAROLINA
Authors: Thomson M. Scott , Stinner R. E.
Published: September 2017

Trichogramma spp. were reared from eggs of six families of Lepidoptera and two families of Neuroptera, collected from a variety of host plants in campestral habitats of central and eastern North Carolina. The species collected and frequency among 705 parasitized host eggs (mostly Heliothis spp., Ogdoconta cinereola (Guenée), and Diatraea crambidoides (Grote) or Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner)) were Trichogramma exiguum Pinto and Platner, 610; T. parkeri Nagarkatti, 30; T. pretiosum Riley, 25; T. maltbyi Nagaraja & Nagarkatti, 9; T. minutum Riley, 8; T. nomlaki Pinto and Oatman, 2; T. nubilale Ertle and Davis, 1. Also, 20 host eggs were parasitized by more than one of these species. The data support the generalization that Trichogramma spp. are highly polyphagous and that a number of species occur in close ecological association.
SEASONAL INCIDENCE OF FALL ARMYWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) PUPAL PARASITISM IN CORN BY DIAPETIMORPHA INTROITA AND CRYPTUS ALBITARSIS1 (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Pair S. D. , Gross H. R.
Published: September 2017

Diapetimorpha introita (Cresson) occurred from May to November and was the primary parasitoid of fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), pupae in corn fields at Tifton, GA, from 1983 to 1985. Another previously unreported pupal parasitoid of FAW, Cryptus albitarsis (Cresson), occurred only during a single sample conducted in November 1984. Rates of parasitism averaged 5.2% (range 0–23.7%) and 8.4% (range 0–50.0%), respectively, during 1983 and 1984, with the highest rate occurring in September to November of each year. In a limited study conducted in September and October 1985, total pupal parasitism averaged 33.3% (range 0–44.4%). Predation was the primary mortality factor, averaging 44.7, 37.8, and 95.8%, respectively, during 1983, 1984, and 1985. Predators found either in FAW pupation tunnels or feeding directly upon pupae were earwigs, Labidura riparia (Pallas); nonidentified carabid beetles; wireworms, Conoderus sp.; and the imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren. These studies indicate parasitoids and predators of FAW pupae play a primary role in regulating FAW populations following their development in corn and likely significantly reduce the numbers that subsequently disperse into new habitats for oviposition on other crops.
DISTRIBUTION OF THE STALK BORER PAPAIPEMA NEBRIS (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) IN NO-TILL CORN
Authors: Highland H. Brett , Roberts James E.
Published: September 2017

Significantly higher numbers of stalk borer (SB) Papaipema nebris (Guenée) larvae infested no-till corn seedlings were found adjacent to (ie. ca 4 m) field margins, compared to numbers found 30 meters from field margins. Plant species abundant in the areas surrounding SB infested no-till corn fields in southwestern Virginia included tall fescue, Fescuta arundinacea Schreb., and orchardgrass, Dactylus glomerata L.

Contour and transect maps of infested fields from 1983 to 1985 suggested SB distribution to be clumped. This distribution was confirmed by high variance to mean ratios of 7.3, 5.8, 12.4, and 9.4 for 1983, 1984, 1985a and 1985b fields, respectively. Green's coefficient of dispersion and Morisita's coefficient of dispersion showed clumping of the SB independent of the mean, variance, and sample size. This is the first documentation that the SB infests fields predominantly on field borders, and the first quantification of the distribution of the SB in no-till corn.
DETRITUS AS A FACTOR INFLUENCING POPULATION GROWTH RATES OF THREE TENEBRIONID BEETLES IN STORED CORN
Authors: Arbogast Richard T.
Published: September 2017

Experiments showed that changes in population growth rate due to detritus produced by insect activity in stored grain varies with species and is a prime factor determining ecological succession of secondary grain pests. Cynaeus angustus (LeConte), Latheticus oryzae Waterhouse, and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) were reared on a 1:1 mixture of whole and cracked corn. On this diet, T. castaneum showed the highest rate of population growth and L. oryzae the lowest. Population growth of T. castaneum and L. oryzae was stimulated by adding fine dust (collected from infested corn) or dead moths to the diet, and this effect was much greater in L. oryzae than in T. castaneum. Population growth of C. angustus (as indicated by number of adults) was not affected by supplementation of the diet, but larger larval populations were produced on supplemented corn. The results are related to previously reported observations of succession in stored corn.
POLYMORPHIC FORMS OF THE BEAN LEAF BEETLE, CEROTOMA TRIFURCATA (FORSTER) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), IN SOYBEANS IN MISSISSIPPI: TRANSMISSION OF BEAN POD MOTTLE VIRUS.1
Authors: Pitre Henry N.
Published: September 2017

A field population of bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster), adults on soybean, cv. Lee, in north Mississippi showed consistent frequencies of occurrence of polymorphic forms during the growing season. The greatest percentage of beetles were in the beige with spots category (62%), followed in order by beige without spots (27%), crimson with spots (8%), and crimson without spots (3%). Field-collected adults experimentally transmitted bean pod mottle virus from infected soybean plants, cv. Bragg, to healthy seedlings (1st trifoliolate) after a 24-h acquisition feeding on virus infected source plants with equal degrees of polymorph transmission efficiency (29 - 35%, n.s.).
Autumnal Populations of Arthropods on Aster and Goldenrod in the Delta of Mississippi
Authors: Young O. P. , Lockley T. C.
Published: September 2017

During the period 30 September to 22 October 1986, 8054 arthropods were captured by sweepnet on flowering Aster pilosus (aster) and Solidaqo altissima (goldenrod). The principal species captured were two Miridae (Heteroptera): the tarnished plant bug (TPB), Lygus lineolaris (22%), and Taylorilygus pallidulus (TPAL) (22 %). Phytophages, most of which were mirids, represented 77 % of the assemblage. TPB was twice as abundant as TPAL on aster; the opposite was true on goldenrod. These two mirid species represented 74 % of the phytophages on goldenrod, but only 44 % on aster. Spiders represented 71 % of the predator/parasite component. Significantly more predators occurred on aster than on goldenrod. The most abundant predator was a spider, Misumenops sp. (Thomisidae). Differences between the compostion of the arthropod communities on aster and goldenrod may be due to differences in plant architecture and its effect on predator success. Very high densities of TPB on autumnal aster and goldenrod may lead to high TPB densities the following spring prior to dispersal onto cotton.
The Seasonal History of the White Peach Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) and its Hymenopteran Natural Enemies in North Carolina
Authors: Nalepa Christine A. , Meyer John R.
Published: September 2017

Hymenopteran parasites (adults) and mobile stages (crawlers, adult males) of white peach scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti), were monitored biweekly (1986) or weekly (1987) in a peach orchard from April to December. The scale exhibited three peaks of crawler emergence, and a partial fourth generation was observed in both years. Three species of hymenopteran parasites consistently collected from traps were the primary parasites Encarsia berlesi (Howard) and Aphytis proclia (Walker), and the hyperparasite Marietta carnesi (Howard). Populations of all three parasites showed seasonal peaks of activity that differed in the two years of this study. Winter samples taken in 1985, and from 1987 through 1989 indicated differences between years in the ratio of parasites to hyperparasites overwintering.
Effects of Variable Doses of Permethrin on Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Growth and Development
Authors: Follett P. A.
Published: September 2017

Heliothis zea (Boddie) larvae reared on artificial diet were treated with permethrin using a topical or dip bioassay at 3, 5, and 7 days post-hatch. Forty-eight-hour survival and weight gain in survivors, percent pupation, and percent adult eclosion were measured in one experiment. Generally, larval weight gain after 48 hours among survivors decreased with increasing dose. A high proportion of individuals surviving after 48 hours went on to pupate and emerge as adults regardless of dose, age, and reduction in growth at 48 hours post-treatment. In a second experiment, pupal and adult weights and development times of larve and pupae were measured after topical treatment of larvae with permethrin. Pupal weights of survivors decreased with increasing dose in all age classes. Adult weights decreased with increasing dose only in the 7-day-old treatment. Development times were protracted with increasing dose in the 5-day-old and 7-day-old treatments, but not the 3-day-old treatment. In both experiments, smaller larvae were more tolerant of permethrin than larger larvae per unit body weight.
Hydraulic Spray Application of Gypchek as a Homeowner Control Tactic Against Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)
Authors: Webb R. E. , Podgwaite J. D. , Shapiro M. , Tatman K. M. , Douglass L. W.
Published: September 2017

Gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L., nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) was applied by ground equipment at the rate of 2.5 × 1012 polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB's) per ha to the lower half of ten trees (per plot) in homeowner-sized plots in Hardford and Baltimore Counties, MD, in 1986. A laboratory bioassay of field collected larvae indicated that a highly significant (P < 0.001) increase in early season mortality of gypsy moth larvae due to NPV occurred in the zone of spray, compared to mortality in a similar foliage zone in untreated plots. Late-season treatment effects varied greatly, in apparent response to significant (P < 0.05) area effects.
Laboratory Evaluation of Toxicity of Calamus Oil Against Four Species of Stored-Product Insects2
Authors: Su Helen C. F.
Published: September 2017

Calamus oil, an essential oil of Acorus calamus L., was evaluated for its contact toxicity to adults of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), Sitophilus oryzae (L.), Lasioderma serricorne (F.), and Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val. Topically applied, the oil was highly toxic to L. serricorne with 100% mortality at 30 μg/insect, and toxic to C. maculatus and S. oryzae with 98.3 and 61.7% mortality, respectively, at 50 μg/insect. It was nontoxic to T. confusum. When applied at a dosage of 1000 ppm to wheat or black-eyed peas, the oil completely protected them from infestation by S. oryzae and C. maculatus, respectively. The oil, at dosages of 500 and 250 ppm, still gave high protection to wheat and peas from infestation by these insects, respectively.
Rainfastness of Insecticide Deposits on Loblolly Pine Foliage and the Efficacy of Adjuvants in Preventing Washoff
Authors: Nord John C. , Pepper William D.
Published: September 2017

The rainfastness of several insecticides on loblolly pine foliage was determined by using a laboratory rain chamber and by testing the foliage in bioassays with adult leaffooted pine seed bugs, Leptoglossus corculus (Say). The efficacy of eight commercial and two experimental adjuvants in preventing rainwashing of deposits of azinphosmethyl and phosmet from loblolly pine foliage was also determined. Deposits of azinphosmethyl from 0.2% (Al) simulated sprays made from emulsifiable concentrates (EC's), (Guthion 2S and 2L), were highly susceptible to rainwashing. Regression analysis of these data showed a significant linear relationship between arcsin percent mortality and rainfall amount in cm [y = 68.08 – 6.88/(Rainfall)]. Using the confidence intervals from the regression analysis, it was estimated that rainfall in excess of 1.42 cm would reduce mean seed bug mortality on treated foliage to an amount below 80% with 95% confidence, and likewise, rainfall in excess of 3.95 cm would reduce mean mortality to an amount below 50%. However, mortality of L. corculus on deposits of simulated azinphosmethyl 0.2% (Al) sprays made from the wettable powder (Guthion 50 WP) were virtually unaffected by 15 cm of rain. Spray deposits from permethrin (Pounce 3.2EC) at lower rates were moderately to highly resistant to rainwashing. Regression analyses perfomed on these data showed no significant relationship between mortality and rainfall amount. Most of the adjuvants were ineffective in preventing rainwashing of deposits of azinphosmethyl (EC) or phosmet (WP). Only two, Bio-Film and Exhalt 800, showed any promise.
Euphorine (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Parasitism of the Tarnished Plant Bug (Heteroptera: Miridae) in Areas of Washington County, Mississippi Disturbed and Undisturbed by Agricultural Production
Authors: Snodgrass G. L. , Fayad Y. H.
Published: September 2017

Tarnished plant bugs (TPB), Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), were collected from wild host plants growing in weed fields undistrubed by agricultural practices, and from the same plant species found in disturbed areas adjacent to cotton fields in Washington County, MS during 1984 and 1985. Euphorine parasitism of TPB adults and nymphs collected in these 2 types of habitats was determined by dissection. For each year of the study period, parasitism of TPB collected from all host plant species sampled in weed fields peaked at 8 and 32% on 28 June 1984, and at 6 and 12% on 30 May 1985 for nymphs and adults, respectively. On these 2 dates parasitism of adult TPB found on all host plant species sampled in the weed fields was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.01) than parasitism of those TPB collected from the same plant species in areas adjacent to cotton fields. Parasitism of TPB in the undisturbed areas may have been sufficient to locally reduce TPB populations. However, undisturbed areas are uncommon in Washington County and the parasitoids are probably univoltine. Consequently, the impact of euphorine parasitoids on area-wide TPB populations was probably small.
Occurrence of the Entomogenous Fungus Beauveria bassiana in Pecan Orchard Soils in Georgia
Authors: Harrison Ronald D. , Gardner Wayne A.
Published: September 2017

Soils from 19 pecan orchards in ten Georgia counties were sampled for Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin propagules utilizing a selective oatmeal-dodine agar. The 543 soil samples were collected at times corresponding to adult pecan weevil, Curculio caryae (Horn), emergence from the soil and larval penetration into the soil. Fungal propagules were detected in the soils of each of the 19 orchards on both sampling dates. Therefore, soils in pecan orchards in Georgia appear to contain B. bassiana propagules during periods of adult and larval activity of pecan weevils regardless of location, soil type, or pest management practices. Environmental conditions in these orchard soils are apparently conducive for B. bassiana stability and persistence and may enhance efforts to augment the natural inoculum.
Preimaginal Development of Cotesia marginiventris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Soybean Looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Insect-Resistant Soybean Genotypes2
Authors: McCutcheon G. S. , Sullivan M. J. , Turnipseed S. G.
Published: September 2017

The preimaginal development of the parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) was observed in soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens Walker, on different genotypes of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill. Larvae were reared from eclosion on resistant soybean breeding lines, ED73-371 and D75-10230, both having PI 229358 as the resistance source, or on susceptible cultivars, ‘Bragg’ and ‘Braxton.’ Parasitized larvae consumed less foliage than nonparasitized larvae. Parasitized larvae, regardless of soybean genotype, also weighed less than nonparasitized larvae that fed on susceptible varieties. The developmental time of C. marginventris intrahost was not affected by the hosts' feeding on resistant germplasm. In field cages which contained only one of the soybean genotypes (no choice), parasitization of soybean looper among soybean genotypes was significantly greater in loopers collected from resistant genotypes for one generation during 1986. The resistant genotypes also had greater percentages of undeveloped parasitoids.
Mating Behavior of the Bronze Birch Borer, (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)2
Authors: Akers Rodney C. , Nielsen David G.
Published: September 2017

Mating behavior of the bronze birch borer, Agrilus anxius, was investigated under laboratory and outdoor conditions. Propensity to mate was greater for beetles more than 1-d-old. Duration of copulation tended to increase with increasing beetle age; 87% of mated females were inseminated and subsequently avoided sexual contact. Males mated more than once; previously mated males copulated sooner and for longer periods of time than naive males. Mating frequency did not influence female reproductive success.
Population Development and Insecticide Susceptibility of Apple Aphid and Spirea Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Apple2
Authors: Hogmire H. W. , Brown M. W. , Schmitt J. J. , Winfield T. M.
Published: September 2017

Colonies of apple aphid, Aphis pomi DeGeer, and spirea aphid, A. spiraecola Patch, were confined separately in bottle cages on apple tree branches to compare population development and susceptibility to insecticides under field conditions. Spirea aphid populations were significantly larger than apple aphid populations eight days after introduction into bottle cages. After two and a half weeks there was a 24-fold and 40-fold increase in the population of apple aphid and spirea aphid, respectively. Apple aphid was more susceptible than spirea aphid to a low concentration of esfenvalerate and to normal field and 2X field concentrations of azinphosmethyl. There was no significant difference between the two aphid species in susceptibility to methomyl, chlorpyrifos and endosulfan. Mortality of apple aphid to the two phosphate insecticides, azinphosmethyl and chlorpyrifos, was similar; however, spirea aphid was more susceptible to chlorpyrifos than to azinphosmethyl. An increased rate of population development and a greater tolerance of azinphosmethyl, the most widely used insecticide for apple insect control, could be contributing factors in the virtually complete domination of spirea aphid over apple aphid in West Virginia apple orchards.
Effect of Sterile Boll Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Insecticide in Isolated Small Plots in Florida
Authors: Villavaso E. J. , McGovern W. L. , Roberson J. L. , Smith J. W. , Ray H. W. , Monke B. J.
Published: September 2017

In the spring and summer of 1989, insecticide and sterile boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, were applied to plots of cotton on two private research farms at Vero Beach, Florida to suppress the native boll weevil population. Plots were treated weekly with azinphosmethyl followed by the release of about 500 sterile boll weevils per acre two days later. Egg hatch was 5% on the Mobay farm where serially planted plots of cotton were destroyed soon after blooming. On the Ciba-Geigy farm egg hatch averaged 32% prior to the formation of bolls 2.5 cm (1 in.) or larger in diameter and 77% when bolls were larger than 2.5 cm in diameter. Normally, egg hatch in fields with no sterile weevils is about 94% so their effect in preventing or significantly lowering the reproductive activity of native females entering the cotton fields was demonstrated. After natives began emerging from the clumped areas where oviposition had taken place, the effectiveness of the sterile weevils was significantly diminished.

The Ciba-Geigy research farm had received more than 30 applications of azinphosmethyl during the 1988 growing season, and the Mobay farm had received 6 applications of methomyl. In 1989, 16 pheromone baited traps placed around the perimeter of each farm in 1989 captured an average of 12 (Mobay) and 37 (Ciba-Geigy native weevils per week before and during the treatment period. At Ciba-Geigy 41% of the trapped weevils were sterile compared to 34% at Mobay. In 1990, 16 pheromone traps placed around the Mobay and Ciba-Geigy farms averaged 0 and 4 weevils per week, respectively, during the growing season.
Evaluation and Calibration of Sampling Methods Used to Estimate Abundance of Alfalfa Weevil Larvae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Luna John M. , Ravlin F. William
Published: September 2017

Three sampling methods for estimating abundance of alfalfa weevil larvae (Hypera postica Gyllenhal) were evaluated for both accuracy and precision. A plastic bag/Tullgren funnel method collected significantly fewer second, third, fourth instar and total larvae than did the bucket-shake method. Calibration equations were developed to convert intensity estimates (alfalfa weevil larvae per alfalfa stem) obtained from the plastic bag/Tullgren funnel method to bucket-shake estimates. Sweep-net sampling produced significantly lower coefficients of variation than both bucket-shake and plastic bag/Tullgren funnel sampling methods, however mean estimates of larval abundance obtained from sweep-net sampling could be reliably converted to bucket-shake estimates for only fourth instar larvae.
Fungistasis of Beauveria bassiana by Selected Herbicides in Soil
Authors: Harrison Ronald D. , Gardner Wayne A.
Published: September 2017

Oatmeal-dodine agar was used as a selective medium to enumerate colony-forming units (CFU's) of the entomogenous fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin in sterilized soil following the simultaneous application of conidia with six selected herbicides used in pecan management. At 3 days after treatment, significantly (P < 0.05) fewer CFU's were recovered from soils treated with recommended rates of either diuron, norflurazon, paraquat, simazine, or terbacil than were recovered from soils that were not treated with herbicides or were treated with glyphosate. By 7 days after treatment, numbers of CFU's recovered from the soils did not differ significantly among the herbicide treatments and the controls.
Descriptions of the First Instars of the North American Species of Rugaspidiotinus (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspidiadae)
Authors: Howell James O.
Published: September 2017

First instars of three North Amercian species of the Rugaspidiotinus Balachowsky are described and illustrated. Based on descriptions of their first isntars, Rugaspidiotus sculpturatus Ferris and R. nebulosus Ferris are here transferred to the genus Rugaspidiotinus.
Discrimination by the Pupal Parasite Spalangia cameroni (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) Between Live and Freeze Killed House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Pupae
Authors: Petersen J. J. , Pawson B. M.
Published: September 2017

Live house fly pupae were suitable as hosts for Spalangia cameroni Perkins at all age classes tested. However, no parasite emergence occurred from house fly pupae freeze-killed when 12 h old and very limited emergence occurred for pupae freeze-killed when 132 h old. Furthermore, significantly more parasites emerged from hosts that were alive when parasitized when compared with freeze-killed hosts parasitized under similar conditions. In choice experiments, S. cameroni exhibited a strong preference for live hosts over freeze-killed hosts at all parasite-to-host ratios. It does not appear that freeze-killed hosts will be useful as a survey tool or as a method for field propagation of S. cameroni as they are for other species of pteromalids.