bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Home-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Successfully Treats Severe, Chronic, and Refractory Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Rosqvist Johan , Thomas Jay C. , Egan Denise , Haney Bobbi Jo
Published: July 2003

A 28-year-old, married, Caucasian female with obsessive-compulsive disorder was referred for home-based cognitive-behavioral therapy. At the time of intake, she obtained a severe rating on the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, and was considered chronic and treatment refractory after failing previous trials of behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy. Prior treatment attempts in traditional settings were unsuccessful because she failed to generalize gains beyond such settings. She was evaluated at baseline, after treatment, and again at an 18-month follow-up. Performing endstate functioning and reliable change assessment as described by Jacobson andTruax, the authors found that the patient realized clinically significant gains after treatment, and that she maintained those gains at follow-up. This illustrates that severe, chronic, and refractory patients may benefit by receiving cognitive-behavioral therapy as a home-based intervention. The need for replication, further controlled trials, and the implications this case may have upon future research are discussed.
Evaluation of a Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment Protocol for Panic Disorder
Authors: Murad Hani , Luiselli James K.
Published: July 2003

The authors describe the case of a 34-year-old woman diagnosed with panic disorder and depression who was treated with a cognitive-behavioral protocol derived from clinical practice guidelines. Using a single-case (baseline-treatment) evaluation design, the effects of therapy were assessed for the frequency of panic attacks per week and selfreported ratings of anxiety, depression, and fear of panic. The 24-weekcourse of treatment included multiple procedures but emphasized physiological self-monitoring, cognitive restructuring, situational exposure, and anxiety regulation. Results were an elimination of panic attacks and clinically significant reductions in intensity ratings of panic fear and anxiety intensity. These outcomes were maintained 3 months posttreatment. Improvements were also documented on the BeckDepression Inventory and BeckAnxiety Inventory administered before and after therapy. Implications and recommendations are presented.
An Integrative Approach to Industrial Trauma Within Emergency Service Occupations
Authors: Potter Phillip T.
Published: July 2003

Two cognitive-behavioral approaches to the reduction of emotional trauma were combined and used successfully to treat a police officer in eight individual sessions. Elements of critical incident stress management were added to a constructive narrative approach, yielding a therapeutic frameworkthat helped the officer view traumatic events experienced in the line of duty as formative. Several educational factors also characterized this case. These include the need to understand first responder professions within a quasicultural context, the impact of past physical and sexual abuse, and factors to consider when working with children of deaf parents.
Prolonged Exposure Counterconditioning (PEC) as a Treatment for Chronic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Major Depression in an Adult Survivor of Repeated Child Sexual and Physical Abuse
Authors: Paunovic Nenad
Published: July 2003

Prolonged exposure counterconditioning (PEC) was tested as a treatment for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in an adult survivor of repeated child sexual and physical abuse. PEC utilizes imaginal reliving of very pleasurable life moments in order to weaken traumatic conditioned emotional responses (CERs). A higher-order conditioned stimuli (CS) is used as a traumatic CER elicitor. Prolonged imaginal reliving of pleasurable CSs is used as a counterconditioner to the traumatic CERs. A statistical technique for analyzing single-case subject designs based on classical test theory was used to evaluate the client's progress in treatment. Results showed that PEC effectively decreased the client's PTSD symptoms, depression, and anxiety. In addition, the client's negative cognitions became considerably more positive. Also, the client lost his comorbid conditions of chronic major depressive disorder and social phobia. Finally, other clinically observed symptoms, which are described in the article, improved markedly. All results were maintained at a 3-month follow-up.
The Female Entrepreneur
Authors: Pines Ayala Malach
Published: July 2003

A burned-out female entrepreneur was treated using a psychodynamic existential approach. Psychodynamic theory contributed to this treatment approach idea that people choose an occupation that enables them to reenact significant childhood experiences. Existential theory contributed the idea that people attempt to find existential significance through their work. Burnout is assumed to result from a failure in the existential quest. This case demonstrates that when treating burnout, it is essential to address (a) Why, psychodynamically, did the individual choose the particular career and howwas it expected to provide existential significance? (b) Why does the individual feel a sense of failure in the existential quest, and how is this related to burnout? (c) What changes need to happen for the individual to have a sense of existential significance? In addition to demonstrating a treatment approach for burnout, the case contributes to the understanding of gender differences in burnout and the family dynamics of entrepreneurs.
The Effect of Gender on Thetransfer of Interpersonal Communication Skills Training to the Workplace: Three Theoretical Frames
Authors: O’Neill Kathryn S. , Hansen Carol D. , May Gary L.
Published: July 2003

Scholarly interest continues to grow in the complexities of training transfer, resulting in new models and instrumentation. New models enable expanded research efforts into the variable of individual differences and its effects on motivation to transfer. One individual difference that may influence subsequent transfer for certain types of training, such as inter-personal communication skills, is sex-typed thinking. This article links sex-typed thinking to current transfer models and examines the origin of sex-typed thinking and its possible effect on transfer by integrating three theoretical frames: cultural orientation, gender schema theory, and social role theory. Implications for research and practice are also discussed.
Transformative Learning as a Condition for Transformational Change in Organizations
Authors: Henderson Gregory M.
Published: July 2003

Current organizational change literature points to the continuing high rate of failure for transformational change efforts in organizations. Mergers, acquisitions, global competition, and new technology are driving forces that demand rapid transformational changes if organizations are to survive in an environment of discontinuous change. Therefore, management, scholars, and consultants continue to seek a more effective approach to transforming organizations. This article presents a comparison of prominent change theories that have been proposed in the disciplines of organizational development, organizational learning, adult learning, and psychological development. The theories have been categorized into two groups: transformative learning, which focuses on change on the individual level, and transformational change, which focuses on organizational change. This article proposes that these two schools of thought, although different in their approach to change, are complementary and provide insights for developing a more effective approach to transformational change in organizations.
Ladislas Segoe and the Emergence of the Professional Planning Consultant
Authors: Edelman David J. , Allor David J.
Published: July 2003

From 1921 through 1968, the career of Ladislas Segoe (1894-1983) paralleled the evolution of professional planning. Frequently instrumental in the development and perfection of American planning practice, Segoe was involved in all levels and nearly all fields of planning. Through widespread and successful consulting work, publishing, and public speaking, Segoe was a tireless advocate of independent, professional planning. Through the Depression of the 1930s, World War II, the problems of urban renewal in the 1950s, and the civic unrest of the 1960s, he maintained a successful private practice. That success was due to the strength of his personality, the coherence of his vision of planning as an encompassing process, consistent and conscientious follow- through, and an insistence that planners be responsible, reasonable, and honest professionals. This article examines Segoe’s career within several discernible phases that parallel the development of American planning.
The Methods and Effects of Transducer Degradation on Image Quality and the Clinical Efficacy of Diagnostic Sonography
Authors: Weigang Beate , Moore G. W. , Gessert James , Phillips William H. , Schafer Mark
Published: July 2003

In diagnostic ultrasound examinations, transducer “health” is key to diagnostic efficacy. It is known that individual transducer element integrity within an array is central to overall probe performance and over time, with normal use, elements can cease working or lose sensitivity, leading to a potentially negative impact on the clinical efficacy of the ultrasound examination. Investigating this issue, the authors evaluated transducers with selected elements disabled compared to fully functioning arrays, examined how dead elements affected ultrasound beams, acoustic parameters, flow phantom/tissue phantom results as well as human imaging. Results: As few as 2 consecutive dead elements can materially impact the beam profile; four or more can significantly reduce resolution and penetration, increase the noise floor, and cause Doppler peak velocity errors, flow ambiguity and spectral broadening. Tissue phantoms proved to be equivocal in spotting defective elements. Conclusion: array heath is critical to high-quality, efficacious ultrasound studies and the potential for misdiagnosis increases as array elements degrade.
Sonology Diagnosis of Pseudoaneurysms Following Breast Biopsies
Authors: Alvarez Susan , Fendley Margaret , Allam-Ashe Christine
Published: July 2003

Sonology has been very helpful in the diagnosis and treatment of pseudoaneurysms. Pseudoaneurysms have been reported as a postinterventional complication. The authors report 2 case studies of pseudoaneurysms resulting from breast biopsies. The first case study resolved on its own. The second case study showed no significant decrease in size after 5 months.
A Prenatal Diagnosis of Dacryocystocele
Authors: Mendenhall Audrey
Published: July 2003

Dacryocystocele or lacrimal duct cyst is a benign mass resulting from a congenital obstruction of the lacrimal system. These cystic masses can be detected sonographically after 30 weeks menstrual age. This case study presents ultrasound diagnosis of the dacryocystocele at 33.5 weeks menstrual age after multiple previous sonograms, demonstrating normal fetal facial anatomy.
The Use of Sonography in Uterine Artery Embolization
Authors: Bouffard Joyce , Swett Debra , Cardona Bob , Moger Adrian
Published: July 2003

Uterine fibroids (leiomyomata) are benign tumors that affect 20% to 25% of women. These tumors can cause a variety of debilitating symptoms including heavy menstrual cramping and bleeding (resulting in anemia), abdominal distention, pelvic and back pain, urinary frequency, and dyspareunia. Traditional treatments for symptomatic fibroids have included abdominal hysterectomy (surgical removal of the entire uterus) and myomectomy (surgical removal of individual fibroids). Uterine artery embolization (UAE) is another alternative for women in the treatment of symptomatic fibroids. It is a procedure that uses angiographic techniques to introduce a catheter to the uterine arteries. UAE is now an alternative choice to a lesser invasive treatment in treating fibroids.
Optison Versus Agitated Saline in the Evaluation of Dilated Coronary Sinus Resulting From Left Persistent Superior Vena Cava
Authors: Langley Angelika , Stevenson Annette L.
Published: July 2003

Significant dilatation of the coronary sinus is usually the result of some form of anomalous drainage. The authors describe a case of an incidentally detected dilated coronary sinus resulting from a left persistent superior vena cava and the benefit of using Optison versus agitated saline as a contrast medium.
Tibial Aplasia-Ectrodactyly in a Nonautosomal Dominant Expression: Implications in Prenatal Sonology Diagnosis
Authors: Hettinger Susan , Lanham Connie , Evans Linda
Published: July 2003

Tibial aplasia-ectrodactyly (TAE) is a syndrome of severe defects of the extremities. Because of its rare occurrence, its inheritance pathway is not clearly understood. The most widely accepted theory is a dominant expression, possibly with reduced penetrance in skipped generations. The case study presented raises the possibility of a recessive mode of inheritance, thus reducing the predictability of its occurrence in a family pedigree. For the physician and sonographer, this illustrates the importance of an understanding of this anomaly and thorough prenatal sonographic evaluation even in unsuspecting families. While the expectation of its occurrence is remote, early diagnosis when it is present expands the management options for the physician and family.
An Uncommon Finding: Ovotestes in a True Hermaphrodite
Authors: Adams Janet M. , Adams Theresa M. , Dunn Kim A. , O’Hara Sara M.
Published: July 2003

A true hermaphrodite is an individual who is found to have both testicular and ovarian tissue; ovotestes is the most common gonad. True hermaphroditism is a rare intersex disorder reported in less than 500 patients. This patient population typically presents with ambiguous genitalia, hypospadius, and often an associated bifid scrotum; 90% go on to develop gynecomastia. Although some patients are diagnosed in the newborn period, only 20% are diagnosed prior to the age of 5 years. In this case report, the authors describe these classic findings and the use of advanced ultrasound technology, which contributed to this rare diagnosis.
Clinical Application and Technical Considerations for the Use of Contrast Agents in the Echocardiography Laboratory
Authors: Bierig S. Michelle , Dittrich Teri
Published: July 2003

Contrast imaging represents a new and exciting application to the field of ultrasonography. As with the introduction of new imaging modes (i.e., color flow imaging) or examination (i.e., stress echocardiog-raphy), a learning phase will be necessary. For optimal contrast use, it is important to understand what microbubbles are designed to enhance, how to optimize the imaging system, and how to interpret the resulting images. Types of administration and use of the agents are also important to understand. This article will offer technical tips and helpful hints to shorten the sonographer's learning curve to successfully implement optimal contrast imaging for cardiac applications.
Traction Patient Venous Studies
Authors: Willis Ann
Published: July 2003

A routine preoperative lower extremity venous study on a traction patient can present many challenges. The use of some proven techniques can greatly enhance the outcome of the exam and the comfort of the patient.
Correction of Diaphragmatic Hernias Using Fetal Interventional Procedures
Authors: Pattavina Julie Marie
Published: July 2003

Most fetuses diagnosed before 24 weeks gestation with a congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) die despite optimal postnatal care. Complete in utero repair of CDH has been very unsuccessful. New strategies for temporary tracheal occlusions prenatally have since been developed to gradually enlarge the hypoplastic lung. Obstructing the normal passage of fetal lung fluid enlarges developing fetal lungs,ac celerates lung growth,and reduces the herniated vis cera,resulting in improved pulmonary function after birth. With ongoing experimental and clinical research,different techniques for tracheal occlusions have evolved.
Long-Term Follow-up of Untreated Sacrococcygeal Teratoma Diagnosis in a Twin of Full-Term Gestation
Authors: Hall Rebecca , Johnson Monica
Published: July 2003

Teratoma is a common congenital germ cell neoplasm. Sacrococcygeal teratoma is the most common type of teratoma and may be found incidentally during an obstetric ultrasound exam. Once discovered,serial exams are necessary to assess possible growth of the teratoma in relation to surrounding anatomy and to prepare for delivery management and postnatal surgery requirements.
Ultrasound of a Patient With Gonadal Dysgenesis and Mixed Malignant Germ Cell Tumor
Authors: Rasmussen Olga , Ives John , Carlan S. J.
Published: July 2003

Both ovarian malignancy and gonadal dysgenesis in the adolescent period are rare. Ovarian tumors represent approximately 1% of childhood malignancies. Gonadal dysgenesis is also unusual and results when the germ cells are lacking and the ovary is replaced by a fibrous streak. An 18-year-old with primary amenorrhea,acute pelvic pain,and a 16-cm pelvic mass was found to have both a malignant mixed germ cell tumor and a contralateral streak ovary.
Sonographic Diagnosis of an Indirect Inguinal Hernia in a Pediatric Patient
Authors: Pearson Lisa J.
Published: July 2003

Abdominal hernias are a common clinical problem. They have been discussed in the ultrasound literature,and evaluation can be a diagnostic challenge. This case study demonstrates ultrasound as the best imaging modality in a pediatric aged patient. When the sonographer understands the dynamics of the inguinal hernia and how to assess it,the examination is quick and definitive.
Perinatal Evaluation of the Bilobed or Bipartite Placenta
Authors: Brucks Ulrike A. , Duval Jude R.
Published: July 2003

This case study describes a bilobed or bipartite placenta followed by serial ultrasound. Incidence of occurrence is reported by Fujikura et al as 4.2% in a study of 8505 deliveries,or approximately 1 in 357 deliveries. The diagnosis of an anomalous placenta is important for patient management at time of delivery. Specifically,the bilobed placenta can be associated with first-trimester bleeding,polyhydramnios,abruption,and retained placenta. Care ful attention to the cord insertion is also required for optimal fetal management. The authors describe the sonographic features and evolution of a bilobed placenta and its relationship to the pregnancy outcome.
Prenatal Ultrasound Diagnosis of Multiple Fetal Anomalies
Authors: Weiner Neal H.
Published: July 2003

VACTERL association describes a combination of certain fetal defects. Prenatal ultrasound can identify these anomalies and can suggest prognosis in most cases,depending on the severity of the defects. This article describes a case of multiple fetal anomalies discovered in utero,indicative of VACTERL association.
Routine Obstetrical Ultrasound with Incidental Finding of Maternal Bladder Cancer
Authors: Whitsett Charmin
Published: July 2003

Concurrent pregnancy and papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder are rare. Tumors are often discovered by ultrasound when hematuria is mistaken for vaginal bleeding or during routine obstetrical scans. This patient presented at 14 weeks gestational age with vaginal bleeding,which proved to be hematuria. At 16 weeks a maternal bladder mass was identified during routine obstetrical survey scan. Subsequent removal of mass by urologist showed papillary cell carcinoma of the bladder. This case study emphasizes the need for the sonographer to evaluate total maternal pelvic structures during routine obstetrical scans,vaginal bleeding,or when gross hematuria is present. Cystoscopy and transurethral resection are considered safe treatment during pregnancy depending on trimester and pathology results. Early detection and diagnosis produced a favorable patient outcome in this case study.
High‐Performance Contacts in Plastic Transistors and Logic Gates That Use Printed Electrodes of DNNSA‐PANI Doped with Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Lefenfeld M. , Blanchet G. , Rogers J.A.
Published: July 2003

Printed composites of polyaniline and single‐walled carbon nanotubes (see Figure) provide high‐resolution source/drain electrodes for organic transistors and logic gates. The low contact resistances and other good electrical properties exhibited by these systems, together with the operational flexibility of the printing method used to fabricate them, may represent important steps toward realising flexible electronic devices.
Synthesis of Silicon Nanotubes on Porous Alumina Using Molecular Beam Epitaxy
Authors: Jeong S.Y. , Kim J.Y. , Yang H.D. , Yoon B.N. , Choi S.‐H. , Kang H.K. , Yang C.W. , Lee Y.H.
Published: July 2003

Silicon nanotubes (SiNTs) have been grown on a porous alumina surface, without the assistance of catalysts, by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The flow rate of Si atoms and the corrugated porous alumina surface seem to play an important role in the continuous growth of Si tubular structures. The Figure shows a field‐emission scanning electron microscopy image of the SiNTs grown on a regular array of hexagonal porous alumina.
Control of Coercivity in Organic‐Based Solid Solution VxCo1–x[TCNE]2·zCH2Cl2 Room Temperature Magnets
Authors: Pokhodnya K.I. , Burtman V. , Epstein A.J. , Raebiger J.W. , Miller J.S.
Published: July 2003

Solid solutions of VxCo1–x[TCNE]2 composition have been prepared from the reaction of V(CO)6 and Co2(CO)8 in dichloromethane. All magnetically order above 280 K for x > 0.05 and their coercivity increases with decreasing x, reaching a maximum of 270 Oe for x = 0.3 (see Figure). Hence, the magnetic properties of this magnet can be finely tuned via a synthetic organic chemistry methodology.
Flexible Organic Circuits with Printed Gate Electrodes
Authors: Zschieschang U. , Klauk H. , Halik M. , Schmid G. , Dehm C.
Published: July 2003

Pentacene transistors and integrated circuits on flexible substrates (see Figure) have been fabricated with gate electrodes prepared using a purely additive process combining microcontact printing and selective electroless plating. The printed metal patterns have a resolution of better than 5 μm. Transistors have a carrier mobility of 0.06 cm2 V–1 s–1 and an on/off current ratio of 106. Ring oscillators have a signal propagation delay of 170 μs per stage.
Indentation test as a tool for monitoring the solidification process during injection molding
Authors: La Carrubba V. , Gabriëlse W. , van Gurp M. , Piccarolo S. , Brucato V.
Published: July 2003

An inline method for monitoring the solidification process during the injection molding of semicrystalline polymers is demonstrated. The method has been applied to various poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(buthylene terephthalate) (PBT) samples. The technique is based on a simple device by which an additional ejector pin is pushed onto the injection‐molded part with a fixed force at different times during the solidification phase while the mold remains closed. The residual deformation (the so‐called indentation depth) due to the applied load is measured offline after ejection. By the performance of indentation at different times during the cooling phase, an indentation depth profile, that is, the residual deformation as a function of time, is obtained. With a simplified solid/liquid two‐phase model, the evolution of the solidification front in the mold as a function of the cooling time can be determined from the indentation curve. The obtained experimental results agree well with calculations based on the classical theory of heat penetration. Descriptions of several materials (including PET and PBT) with variations in the molecular weight (PET) have been obtained under different operating conditions (various mold temperatures, holding pressures, and indentation pressures). The results show that the indentation test may be regarded as a powerful tool for monitoring the solidification process during injection molding and, therefore, for optimizing injection‐molding processing conditions according to material characteristics. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 3713–3727, 2003
Eucalyptus kraft pulp fibers as an alternative reinforcement of silicone composites. II. Thermal, morphological, and mechanical properties of the composites
Authors: Redondo S. U. A. , Gonçalves M. C. , Yoshida I. V. P.
Published: July 2003

Silicone composites reinforced with short eucalyptus pulp fibers were obtained. The composites were prepared with untreated fibers and with fibers modified with a silane coupling agent, vinyltriethoxysilane, with tetrahydrofuran or ethanol as a solvent. The surface treatment improved the adhesion at the fiber–matrix interface, and vinyltriethoxysilane was suitable for forming a covalent and nonhydrolyzed interface in the composites. The thermal stability of the composites was lower than that of the silicone matrix, with a distinct mechanism of degradation, because of the presence of the cellulosic fibers in the composite. The tensile properties of the composites depended more on the fiber dispersion in the matrix than on the nature of the interface. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 3739–3746, 2003
Surface wettability improvement of silicone elastomers synthesized with water‐soluble polyacrylic acid molds
Authors: Hiratani Haruyuki , Baba Masaki , Yasui Tutomu , Ito Eri , Lanry Yung Lin‐Yue
Published: July 2003

The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of water‐soluble hydrophilic plastic molds for preparing siloxane based random copolymers and for enhancing the surface wettability of resultant polymers, with a view for contact lens manufacture. The random copolymer consisted of silicone monomers and a small amount of N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NVP) along with vinyl acetate and diethyleneglycoldiallylether as a crosslinker. The surface of this copolymer, which faced against a polyacrylic acid (PAA) mold, showed a higher degree of wettability compared to that obtained against a hydrophobic polypropylene (PP) mold. After heating at 80°C for 4 h, the surface of this copolymer became hydrophobic. When it was immersed in water, however, the high degree of surface wettability regained within 30 s, whereas no significant change in wettability was observed for the PP‐facing surface. The results obtained from X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that the polar fraction, which is attributed to NVP fractions of the copolymer, concentrated at the vicinity of the PAA facing surface and, in consequence, improved the surface wettability. This surface also showed a dynamic rearrangement of the wettability in response to changes of the surrounding environment. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 3786–3789, 2003
A novel amphoteric, pH‐sensitive, biodegradable poly[chitosan‐g‐(L‐lactic‐co‐citric) acid] hydrogel
Authors: Yao Fanglian , Chen Wei , Liu Chang , De Yao Kang
Published: July 2003

The novel amphoteric, pH‐sensitive, biodegradable poly([chitosan‐g‐(L‐lactic‐co‐citric) acid]) hydrogel (CLC) was synthesized through the reaction of chitosan (CS) with poly(L‐lactic‐co‐citric acid) (PLCA). The structure of CLC was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction measurement. The degree of substitution of CS amino groups was evaluated from salicylaldehyde analysis. The swelling behavior of CLC film in an aqueous solution with various pHs and the apparent swelling kinetics were studied. The swelling mechanisms of CLC film in acidic and alkaline mediums are discussed. The results showed that CLC hydrogel had a higher degree of swelling in the pH range of 4 > pH > 8 and that the swelling rate order in different buffers was neutral > acidic > basic mediums. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 3850–3854, 2003
Fiber optic sensors for noncontact process monitoring in a microwave environment
Authors: Degamber B. , Fernando G. F.
Published: July 2003

This article reports on the design and development of two fiber optic sensing systems that facilitate the cure monitoring of an epoxy/amine thermoset in a microwave oven. First, the design, construction, and evaluation of a fiber optic probe were necessary so that noncontact diffuse reflectance spectra could be obtained during the curing of the resin in a microwave oven. Second, a low‐cost, disposable fiber optic temperature sensor had to be developed for use in the microwave oven because the use of conventional metal‐based thermocouples was not possible. The deployment of the two sensor systems was demonstrated successfully. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 3868–3873, 2003
Photolytic and free‐radical polymerization of cinnamate esters of epoxidized plant oil triglycerides
Authors: Esen Hüseyin , Küsefoğlu Selim H.
Published: July 2003

Epoxidized soybean oil was reacted with cinnamic acid with triphenyl phosphine as a catalyst. Cinnamic acid reacted with 79% of the available epoxy groups, and this yielded cinnamate esters of epoxidized soybean oil (ESOCA). 1H‐NMR, IR, and mass spectra of the new cinnamate derivatives confirmed the proposed structure. The mass spectra revealed that the average number of cinnamate groups per triglyceride molecule was 3.33. ESOCA could be photopolymerized with UV light. ESOCA could also be homopolymerized into a soft and insoluble polymer by free‐radical initiation and copolymerized with styrene, vinyl acetate, and methyl methacrylate. A mixture of ESOCA with 25 wt % styrene had a viscosity of 410 cP and could be free‐radically polymerized with benzoyl tert‐butyl peroxide at elevated temperatures. Differential scanning calorimetry confirmed the formation of copolymers. The ESOCA homopolymer and its copolymers all showed a first‐order transition by differential scanning calorimetry around −1.5°C that was attributable to side‐chain relaxations of the triglyceride fatty acids. The styrene copolymer of ESOCA showed a tan δ peak at 66.6°C. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 3882–3888, 2003
Some properties of aqueous‐solutions of poly(vinylamine chloride)
Authors: Hu Zhiyong , Zhang Shufen , Yang Jinzong , Chen Yu
Published: July 2003

In this study three types of poly(vinylamine chloride) (PVAmHCl) with different amination degrees were prepared from the Hofmann degradation of polyacrylamide. The behavior of dilute aqueous solutions of PVAmHCl was compared by viscosimetric, conductometric, and potentiometric measurements, and by consideration of the degree of amination. The results show that with increasing amination degree of polyvinylamine (PVAm) from 55 to 78%, the m value (a measure of electrostatic interactions of neighboring groups on the chains) increased from 3.65 to 5.14, and the reduced viscosity of PVAmHCl decreased somewhat. With increasing ionic strength, the maximum of the reduced viscosity decreased. Moreover, the pKa value of PVAmHCl decreased from 8.33 to 7.47 with increasing amination degree of PVAm from 55 to 78%. At the same time, the equivalent conductivity gradually decreased with increasing concentration of the polymer and was enhanced with increasing amination degree of PVAm. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 3889–3893, 2003
Synthesis, structures, and properties of side‐chain cholesteric liquid‐crystalline polysiloxanes
Authors: Hu Jian‐She , Zhang Bao‐Yan , Liu Lu‐Mei , Meng Fan‐Bao
Published: July 2003

The synthesis of three cholesteric monomers and side‐chain liquid‐crystalline polymers was described. The structure–property relationships of monomers IM–IIIM and polymers IP–IIIP were discussed. Their phase behavior and optical properties were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), and polarizing optical microscopy. Monomers IM–IIIM exhibited cholesteric oily‐streak texture and focal‐conic texture. Polymers IIP and IIIP revealed smectic A fan‐shaped texture and cholesteric grandjean texture, respectively. Experimental results demonstrated that the selective reflection of IM–IIIM shifted to the short‐wavelength region with increasing the flexible spacer length or decreasing the rigidity of the mesogen. Polymers with a longer flexible spacer had lower glass‐transition temperatures and wider mesomorphic temperature ranges. TGA showed that the temperatures at which 5% weight loss occurred were greater than 300°C for all the polymers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 3944–3950, 2003
Two‐Year College Classifications Based on Institutional Control, Geography, Governance, and Size
Authors: Katsinas Stephen G.
Published: July 2003

In this chapter, the author proposes a classification scheme based on institutional control, geography, governance, and size in order to capture the diversity of two‐year colleges in the United States.
Classification in Practice: Applying Five Proposed Classification Models to a Sample of Two‐Year Colleges
Authors: Cox Rebecca D. , McCormick Alexander C.
Published: July 2003

This concluding chapter illustrates the practical results of the five classification proposals. Each classification model has been applied to a common sample of colleges, and the authors review the key implications of this collective exercise.
Measurement and modeling of human T cell kinetics
Authors: Macallan Derek C. , Asquith Becca , Irvine Andrew J. , Wallace Diana L. , Worth Andrew , Ghattas Hala , Zhang Yan , Griffin George E. , Tough David F. , Beverley Peter C.
Published: July 2003

The ability to measure, describe and interpret T cell kinetics is pivotal in understanding normal lymphocyte homeostasis and diseases that affect T cell numbers. Following in vivo labeling of dividing cells with 6,6‐D2‐glucose in eight healthy volunteers, peripheral blood T cells were sorted by CD4, CD8 and CD45 phenotype. Enrichment of deuterium in DNA was measured by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. A novel model of T cell kinetics, allowing for heterogeneity within T cell pools, was used to analyze data on acquisition and loss of label and calculate proliferation and disappearance rates for each subpopulation. Proliferation rates for CD45RO+CD8+ cells and CD45RO+CD4+ cells were 5.1% and 2.7% /day, respectively (equivalent doubling times: 14 and 26 days). CD45RA+CD8+ lymphocytes and CD45RA+CD4+ lymphocytes had slower proliferation rates, 0.5% and 0.6% / day, respectively (doubling time about 4 months). Disappearance rates of labeled cells were similar for all cell types (7%–12% / day) and exceeded corresponding proliferation rates. This disparity may be understood conceptually in terms of either phenotypic heterogeneity (rapid versus slow turnover pools), or history (recently divided cells are more likely to die). The new kinetic model fits the data closely and avoids the need to postulate a large external source of lymphocytes to maintain equilibrium.
CCR3 functional responses are regulated by both CXCR3 and its ligands CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11
Authors: Xanthou Georgina , Duchesnes Cécile Emmanuelle , Williams Timothy John , Pease James Edward
Published: July 2003

The chemokine receptor CXCR3 is predominantly expressed on T lymphocytes, and its agonists CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 are IFN‐γ‐inducible chemokines that promote Th1 responses. In contrast, the CCR3 agonists CCL11, CCL24 and CCL26 are involved in the recruitment of cells such as eosinophils and basophils during Th2 responses. Here, we report that although CCL11, CCL24 and CCL26 are neither agonists nor antagonists of CXCR3, CCL11 binds with high affinity to CXCR3. This suggests that, in vivo, CXCR3 may act as a decoy receptor, sequestering locally produced CCL11. We alsodemonstrate that the CXCR3 ligands inhibit CCR3‐mediated functional responses of both human eosinophils and CCR3 transfectants induced by all three eotaxins, with CXCL11 being the most efficacious antagonist. The examination of CCR3–CCR1 chimeric constructs revealed that CCL11 and CXCL11 share overlapping binding sites contained within the CCR3 extracellular loops, a region that was previously shown to be essential for effective receptor‐activation. Hence, eosinophil responses mediated by chemokines acting at CCR3 may be regulated by two distinct mechanisms: the antagonistic effects of CXCR3 ligands and the sequestration of CCL11 by CXCR3‐expressing cells. Such interplay may serve to finely tune inflammatory responses in vivo.
Analysis of allelic expression patterns of IL‐2, IL‐3, IL‐4, and IL‐13 in human CD4+ T cell clones
Authors: Bayley Jean‐Pierre , Bakker Aleida M. , Kaijzel Eric L. , Wierenga Eddy A. , van der Pouw‐Kraan Tineke C. T. M. , Huizinga Tom W. J. , Verweij Cornelis L.
Published: July 2003

The occurrence of monoallelic expression of cytokine genes in single cells has been convincingly demonstrated, but there have been few reports of this phenomenon in T cell clones. Here we describe studies on the expression of alleles of the human genes encoding IL‐2, IL‐3, IL‐4, and IL‐13 in human CD4+ T cell clones. In contrast to the results reported in mouse T cell clones andsingle human T cells, we found no evidence for the monoallelic expression of the IL‐2, IL‐3, and IL‐13 genes. The gene for IL‐4 showed an imbalance in expression from each allele, indicating differential expression of IL‐4 alleles within or between IL‐4‐expressing cells.
gp49B1 suppresses stem cell factor‐induced mast cell activation‐secretion and attendant inflammation in vivo
Authors: Feldweg Anna M. , Friend Daniel S. , Zhou Joseph S. , Kanaoka Yoshihide , Daheshia Massoud , Li Lin , Austen K. Frank , Katz Howard R.
Published: July 2003

We report that gp49B1, a mast cell membrane receptor with two immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based inhibitory motifs (ITIM), constitutively inhibits mast cell activation‐secretion induced by stem cell factor (SCF), a tissue‐derived cytokine that also regulates mast cell development. The intradermal injection of SCF into the ears of gp49B1 null (gp49B–/–) mice elicited∼4‐ and 2.5‐fold more degranulating mast cells and tissue swelling caused by edema, respectively, than in gp49B+/+ mice. SCF did not induce tissue swelling in mast cell‐deficient mice, and the responsiveness of gp49B–/– mice to mast cell‐associated amine and lipid mediators was unaltered. When gp49B+/+ and gp49B–/– mice were pretreated with antagonists of the amines, SCF‐induced tissue swelling was reduced by >90% and 60%, respectively, and it was reduced by >90% in both genotypes when a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist was also provided. Hence, the dominant contribution of secretory granule amines to SCF‐induced tissue swelling is the result of gp49B1‐mediated inhibition of the production of cysteinyl leukotrienes by mast cells. Our findings also provide the first example of an ITIM‐bearing receptor that constitutively suppresses inflammation generated in vivo independently of the adaptive immune response by a receptor that signals through intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity rather than immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based activation motifs.
Correction: IL‐10 is crucial for the transition from acute to chronic disease state during infection of mice with Schistosoma mansoni
Authors: Sadler C. H. , Rutitzky L. I. , Stadecker M. J. , Wilson Barbara R. A.
Published: July 2003

Vol. 33(4) 2003, pp 880‐888

Pages 882 (Fig. 2) and 883 (Fig. 5)

The x‐axis label in Fig. 2 should have the same sampling times post‐infection as Fig. 1. The legend to Fig. 5 should be amended to read: blue nuclei, red collagen and yellow connective tissue or hepatic parenchyma.
Effect of Mixed Pendant Groups on the Solution Properties of 12‐Membered Azapyridinomacrocycles: Evaluation of the Protonation Constants and the Stability Constants of the Europium(III) Complexes
Authors: Siaugue Jean‐Michel , Favre‐Réguillon Alain , Dioury Fabienne , Plancque Gabriel , Foos Jacques , Madic Charles , Moulin Christophe , Guy Alain
Published: July 2003

The protonation constants (logKiH) of new N‐acetate or N‐propionate substituted azamacrocycles derived from 12‐membered pyridinoazamacrocycles were determined by potentiometric methods. The number of coordinated water molecules, determined from the luminescence lifetime of the EuIII complexes, indicates a decreasing degree of hydration upon increasing the ring size of the pendant arms. Each ligand forms a 1:1 complex with EuIII, for which the stability constants (logKtherm) have been measured by time‐resolved laser‐induced europium luminescence. The replacement of acetate pendant groups by propionate increases the overall basicity of 12‐membered pyridinoazamacrocycles but decreases the stability constant of the EuIII complexes from logK = 21.1 with three N‐acetate pendant arms to logK = 13.7 with two N‐propionate and one N‐acetate pendant arms and to logK = 10.7 with three N‐propionate pendant arms. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Monomeric 1‐Borylimidazoles: Syntheses, Structure and Reactivity of 1‐[Bis(diisopropylamino)boryl]imidazoles
Authors: Görz Daniela , Pritzkow Hans , Siebert Walter
Published: July 2003

Reactions of chlorobis(diisopropylamino)borane with 1‐(trimethylsilyl)imidazole and 4,5‐dimethyl‐1‐(trimethylsilyl)imidazole lead to the monomeric 1‐borylimidazoles 3a and 3b. Treatment of 3a with the Lewis acid BF3 results in the quantitative formation of the corresponding trifluoroborane adduct 4a. In contrast, 3a reacts with the stronger Lewis acids BCl3, BBr3, and BI3 to partially substitute the diisopropylamino groups and form the corresponding adducts, depending on the Lewis acidity of the reagent; 3a forms, with Mo(CO)5thf and Cp′Mn(CO)2thf, the complexes 3‐[(OC)5Mo]3a (8) and 3‐[(OC)2Cp′Mn]3a (6). The product compositions agree with spectroscopic and analytical data and with X‐ray structure analyses of 3a, 3b, 4a, 8, and 9. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Designing Ionic Liquids: 1‐Butyl‐3‐Methylimidazolium Cations with Substituted Tetraphenylborate Counterions
Authors: van den Broeke Joep , Stam Marjolijn , Lutz Martin , Kooijman Huub , Spek Anthony L. , Deelman Berth‐Jan , van Koten Gerard
Published: July 2003

The hydrophobic, low melting, 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium (BMIm) salts [BMIm][BPh4] (1), [BMIm][B(C6H4Me‐4)4] (2), [BMIm][B{C6H4(CF3)‐4}4] (3), [BMIm][B{C6H3(CF3)2‐3,5}4] (4), [BMIm][B{C6H4(C6F13)‐4}4] (5), [BMIm][B{C6H4(SiMe3)‐4}4] (6), [BMIm][B(C6H4{SiMe2(CH2CH2CF3)}‐4)4] (7), [BMIm][B{C6H4(SiMe2C8H17}‐4}4] (8) and [BMIm][B(C6H4{SiMe2(CH2CH2C6F13)}‐4)4] (9) have been prepared. Systematic variation of the substituents on the tetraphenylborate anion allowed an assessment of their influence on the physical properties of the imidazolium salts. Structural investigations using NMR and IR spectroscopy, combined with single crystal X‐ray structure determinations for 2, 3, 5 and 6, revealed hydrogen‐bonding interactions between the imidazolium ring protons and the borate anion, both in the solid state and in solution. These interactions are weakened upon the introduction of electron‐withdrawing substituents in the anion and follow the order 3,5‐(CF3)2 < −C6F13 < −CF3 < −SiMe2CH2CH2C6F13 < −SiMe2CH2CH2CF3 < −H < −Me < −SiMe3. The melting points of the salts depend primarily on the bulk of the lipophilic substituents, and decrease with increasing size. Bulky lipophilic substituents dramatically enhance the solubility of the imidazolium borates 8 and 9 in hexane and reduce their relative polarity. These unique properties make imidazolium borates 8 and 9 interesting as amphiphilic ionic liquids with low polarity. Attempts to crystallise 7 resulted in decomposition. A single‐crystal X‐ray structure determination of the product, isolated in 6% yield, showed that a carbene−tris[4‐{dimethyl(3,3,3‐trifluoropropyl)silyl}phenyl]borane adduct was formed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Preparation of Hydroxylamine Complexes of Ruthenium(II), Osmium(II) and Iridium(III)
Authors: Albertin Gabriele , Antoniutti Stefano , Beraldo Samuele , Chimisso Fabio
Published: July 2003

The hydroxylamine complexes [MH(NH2OH)P4]BPh4 (M = Ru, Os) and [Ru(NH2OH)2P4](BPh4)2 [P = P(OEt)3, PPh(OEt)2] were prepared by allowing the triflate species MH(κ1‐OSO2CF3)P4 and [Ru(κ2‐O2SOCF3)P4]+ to react with an excess of hydroxylamine. The iridium complexes [IrCl2(NH2OH)PL2]BPh4 [P = P(OEt)3, PPh(OEt)2; L = PPh3, AsPh3] and [IrH2(NH2OH)(PPh3)3]BPh4 were also prepared by reacting the hydride species [IrHCl2PL3] and [IrH3(PPh3)3] first with triflic acid and then with an excess of NH2OH. The O‐iminoacylated hydroxylamine complexes [M{η2‐NH=C(R)ONH2}P4](BPh4)2 and [M{η2‐NH=C(R)ONH(CH3)}P4](BPh4)2 (M = Ru, Os; R = CH3, 4‐CH3C6H4) were prepared by allowing the nitrile complexes [M(RCN)2P4](BPh4)2 to react with hydroxylamine (NH2OH) or N‐methylhydroxylamine [NH(CH3)OH]. The compounds were characterised spectroscopically (IR, 1H, 13C and 31P NMR) and a geometry in solution was also established. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Characterization of a Novel Three‐Dimensional Polymer: [Cu4V2(OH)2O8]
Authors: Wu Chuan‐De , Lu Can‐Zhong , Zhuang Hong‐Hui , Huang Jin‐Shun
Published: July 2003

The three‐dimensional polymeric compound [Cu4V2(OH)2O8] (1) has been synthesized by the hydrothermal reaction of sodium vanadate and copper acetate in an aqueous solution basified with a 35% aqueous ammonia solution. Detailed experiments suggest that pH values within the range 8.5−11.3 are best for the formation of crystals of compound 1. X‐ray diffraction analysis reveals that the structure of 1 is a three‐dimensional polymer constructed from wave‐like polymeric oxocuprate layers linked by vanadate tetrahedra, of which the sub‐layer is formed by joining the zigzag ribbons together in cis zigzag way. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) suggests that the structure of compound 1 is quite stable in the temperature range 40−440 °C. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Preparation and Reactivity of Hydrazine Complexes of Rhenium: Synthesis of 1,2‐Diazene (NH=NH) and Methyleneimine (CH2=NH) Derivatives
Authors: Albertin Gabriele , Antoniutti Stefano , Giorgi Maria Teresa
Published: July 2003

The hydrazine complexes [Re(RNHNH2)(CO)nP5−n]BPh4 [R = H, CH3, Ar; n = 1−4; P = P(OEt)3, PPh(OEt)2, PPh2OEt] were prepared by allowing the hydride species [ReH(CO)nP5−n] to react first with a Brønsted acid and then with hydrazine. The reaction of either [Re(NH2NH2)(CO)nP5−n]BPh4 or [Re(ArNHNH2)(CO)nP5−n]BPh4 with Pb(OAc)4 at −40 °C proceeds with the selective oxidation of the hydrazine ligand to yield either [Re(NH=NH)(CO)nP5−n]BPh4 or [Re(ArN=NH)(CO)nP5−n]BPh4. The oxidation of [Re(CH3NHNH2)(CO)nP5−n]BPh4 (n = 1, 2) with Pb(OAc)4 at −40 °C gives both [Re(CH3N=NH)(CO)nP5−n]BPh4 and [Re(η1‐NH=CH2)(CO)nP5−n]BPh4. Reduction reactions of both hydrazine and diazene complexes with Zn amalgam were also studied and yielded ammonia in moderate yield (20−25%). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
A Diiminoplatinum(II) Complex of 4‐Ethynylbenzo‐15‐crown‐5 as a Luminescent Sensor for Divalent Metal Ions
Authors: Siu Phyllis K. M. , Lai Siu‐Wai , Lu Wei , Zhu Nianyong , Che Chi‐Ming
Published: July 2003

The binding of a diiminoplatinum(II) complex of 4‐ethynylbenzo‐15‐crown‐5 to divalent metal ions such as Mg2+ or Zn2+ is accompanied by substantial enhancement of emission intensity (1035‐ and 870‐fold increase, respectively, with 40 equivalents of metal salt) at λmax ≈︁ 555 nm; H+, Cd2+ and alkali‐metal ions cause minor enhancement of the photoluminescence (⩽ 10‐fold) under similar conditions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
A Novel Tetranuclear [MeZn(μ3‐OCH2CH2SMe)Zn(μ‐Cl)Me]2Adduct Derived from the Interaction of CH2Cl2with an Alkylzinc Complex
Authors: Lewiński Janusz , Marciniak Wojciech , Ochal Zbigniew , Lipkowski Janusz , Justyniak Iwona
Published: July 2003

The treatment of 2‐(methylthio)ethanol (methioH) with two equivalents of Me2Zn in CH2Cl2affords a tetranuclear aggregate with two monomeric MeZn(methio) units joined by two MeZnCl moieties. This result demonstrates that transfer of a chloride ion to Zn takes place on the addition of a donor‐functionalized alcohol to Me2Zn in CH2Cl2solution. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)