bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spinal nephroblastoma in a crossbreed dog
Authors: Sale C. S. H. , Skerritt G. C. , Smith K. C.
Published: February 2006

A three‐year‐old, male crossbreed dog presented with progressive hindlimb paresis. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an intramedullary spinal cord lesion of 1·5 cm diameter at the levels of the first and second lumbar vertebrae. Following surgical excision of the mass, there was resolution of the neurological signs. Twelve months later, hindlimb paresis was again evident. A second surgical procedure restored ambulatory status for a further five months before signs recurred and the dog was euthanased. A diagnosis of spinal nephroblastoma was made on the basis of signalment, lesion location and histopathological analysis of biopsy specimens.
Hypercholesterolaemia in a family of rough collie dogs
Authors: Jeusette I. , Grauwels M. , Cuvelier C. , Tonglet C. , Istasse L. , Diez M.
Published: February 2006

A family of five privately owned rough collie dogs was referred for corneal lipidosis and also suffered from hypercholesterolaemia. The hypercholesterolaemia was characterised by an increase in the alpha‐2 high density lipoprotein‐1 band and was due to an increase in the cholesterol content of the very low density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein and possibly the high density lipoprotein‐1 fractions. A low‐fat and energy‐restricted diet did not reduce either total cholesterol or the corneal lipidosis. Corneal lipidosis regressed with short‐chain fructo‐oligosaccharide supplementation. However, the effects of short‐chain fructo‐oligosaccharides on total cholesterol were transient and variable.
Successful intravenous human immunoglobulin treatment of drug‐induced Stevens‐Johnson syndrome in a dog
Authors: Nuttall T. J. , Malham T.
Published: February 2006

A two‐year‐old, male English springer spaniel developed severe mucocutaneous ulceration following treatment with trimethoprim‐potentiated sulphadiazine. The clinical signs were consistent with Stevens‐Johnson syndrome (SJS): there were no target or arciform lesions typical of erythema multiforme minor and major; more than one mucosal surface was affected; epidermal detachment affected less than 10 per cent of the body surface area; and there was a clear history of drug exposure. Systemic signs included a severe hepatopathy, dyspnoea, pyrexia and cachexia. Glucocorticoid therapy was associated with secondary infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The clinical signs rapidly resolved following a single intravenous infusion of 0·51 g/kg human immunoglobulin (ivHIG) as a 5 per cent solution. By blocking FAS/FAS ligand (CD95/CD95L) interactions, ivHIG is thought to prevent keratinocyte apoptosis. It also binds to immunoglobulin G Fc receptors, inhibiting cell activation and cytokine synthesis, neutralises autoantibodies and immune complexes, blocks complement activity, is antimicrobial and increases colloid osmotic pressure. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of successful treatment of canine SJS using ivHIG, although it has been used to treat erythema multiforme in a cat and toxic epidermal necrolysis in a dog.
Migration of wooden skewer foreign bodies from the gastrointestinal tract in eight dogs
Authors: Hunt G. B. , Worth A. , Marchevsky A.
Published: February 2006

Wooden skewer foreign bodies were found in eight dogs. Five presented for evaluation of draining sinuses and two for inflammatory disease referrable to the thorax, abdomen or pelvic region. In an additional case, pneumothorax resulted from perforation of the stomach and diaphragm. Ingestion was considered the most likely mode of access of the foreign body in all cases. Although the wooden foreign bodies were seen radiographically in only two dogs, identification of soft tissue or bony changes, or the results of contrast sinography assisted diagnosis. Surgical retrieval led to resolution of signs in all cases.
Phalangeal fractures and metacarpophalangeal luxations subsequent to post‐traumatic osteomyelitis and cellulitis in a dog
Authors: Langley‐Hobbs S. J. , Lascelles B. D. X.
Published: February 2006

A working Border collie suffered a puncture wound to the metacarpal pad. No fractures or luxations were identified at initial presentation. Treatment was instigated with various antibacterials for a period of months. At subsequent visits, the dog's condition progressed with development of metacarpophalangeal joint luxation and phalangeal fractures secondary to cellulitis and chronic osteomyelitis. Amputation was curative. Prompt treatment of the acute condition with debridement and drainage may have prevented osteomyelitis becoming established in the first instance.
Traumatic partial hypopituitarism in a cat
Authors: Smith J. R. , Elwood C. M.
Published: February 2006

Traumatic hypopituitarism was diagnosed in an 11‐month‐old male neutered cat. The presenting complaints were polydipsia, polyuria and lethargy of three months' duration. Craniocerebral trauma, as a result of a road traffic accident, had preceded the onset of clinical signs by six weeks. Neurological examination revealed right‐sided mydriasis, reduced visual and tactile left forelimb placing reflexes and decreased proprioception in both the left fore‐ and hindlimb. Initial laboratory findings included hypernatraemia, hyperchloraemia, mild azotaemia, eosinophilia and isosthenuria. Low basal cortisol, thyroxine, thyroid‐stimulating hormone and insulin growth factor‐1 were noted. Subsequent to treatment with prednisolone, a water deprivation test confirmed the presence of central diabetes insipidus and therapy with synthetic antidiuretic hormone successfully ameliorated the polydipsia.
Massive cystic tetrathyridiosis in a dog
Authors: Toplu N. , Yildiz K. , Tunay R.
Published: February 2006

This report describes a case of massive cystic tetrathyridiosis in a four‐year‐old female dobermann. The larvae were distributed in both the peritoneal and pleural cavities, as well as in the lumen of the small intestine along with adult Mesocestoides species. These parasites were identified as tetrathyridia. Numerous cysts were dispersed on the peritoneal, pleural and mesenteric surfaces. The same cysts were seen both on subcapsular surfaces and within sections of the spleen, liver, kidneys and lungs. Histopathological examination also revealed characteristics of tetrathyridium of Mesocestoides species.
Cyclosporine treatment of anal furunculosis in 26 dogs
Authors: Hardie R. J. , Gregory S. P. , Tomlin J. , Sturgeon C. , Lipscomb V. , Ladlow J.
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of cyclosporine on anal furunculosis lesions in 26 dogs.

Methods: Lesions were graded as mild in 11 dogs, moderate in eight and severe in seven. Each dog was treated with approximately 4 mg/kg cyclosporine orally every 12 hours until the lesions resolved or showed no further improvement. Residual lesions were resected surgically.

Results: Eighteen dogs (69 per cent) experienced complete resolution, seven (27 per cent) improved but had residual lesions and one (4 per cent) showed no improvement. The mean duration of treatment until resolution or no further improvement was 8.8 weeks (range four to 24 weeks). Nine dogs (35 per cent) experienced recurrence. Six were from the group that had shown complete resolution and three were from the group that had surgery. Fifteen dogs (58 per cent) developed side effects to cyclosporine, although none required treatment to be discontinued. Mean duration of follow‐up was 6.8 months (range one to 20 months).

ClinicalSignificance: Cyclosporine was effective at resolving or reducing anal furunculosis lesions in 25 of 26 dogs (96 per cent). However, residual or recurrent lesions in a potential problem, and surgical resection or long‐term cyclosporine treatment may be necessary in some dogs.
Enhancement of bone healing using non‐glycosylated rhBMP‐2 released from a fibrin matrix in dogs and cats
Authors: Schmoekel H. G. , Weber F. E. , Hurter K. , Schense J. C. , Seiler G. , Rytz U. , Spreng D. , Schawalder P. , Hubbell J.
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To test a non‐glycosylated recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (ngly‐rhBMP‐2)/fibrin composite, which has been shown experimentally to enhance healing of bone defects in rodents, in a clinical case series of dogs and cats undergoing treatment for fracture non‐unions and arthrodesis.

Methods: A ngly‐rhBMP‐2/fibrin composite was applied in 41 sites in 38 dogs and cats for which a cancellous bone autograft was indicated, replacing the graft.

Results: Bridging of the bone defect with functional bone healing was achieved in 90 per cent of the arthrodesis and fracture nonunions treated in this manner.

Clinical Significance: This prospective clinical study demonstrates the beneficial effects of ngly‐rhBMP‐2 in a specially designed fibrin matrix on the treatment of bone defects, and validates the use of this composite as an alternative to bone autografts in dogs and cats.
Delayed recurrence of nasal aspergillosis in a dog
Authors: Schochet R. A. , Lappin M. R.
Published: February 2006

A two‐year‐old, female spayed Australian cattle dog was diagnosed with nasal aspergillosis. The dog was treated topically with clotrimazole. Clinical signs recurred two months later and the clotrimazole treatment was repeated and 5 mg/kg itraconazole twice daily was added to it. The recommended dose of itraconazole for nasal aspergillosis is 5 mg/kg twice daily administered orally. The dog's symptoms completely resolved, but it developed an adverse febrile reaction to the itraconazole. The itraconazole was discontinued and the dog remained asymptomatic for four years. The dog then developed mucopurulent discharge from the right nostril and was diagnosed as having recurrent nasal aspergillosis. Itraconazole at 5 mg/kg twice daily was prescribed, which again induced a fever. When the itraconazole was decreased to 5 mg/kg once daily there were no fever episodes, but the nasal discharge was not completely resolved. The dog was then treated with topical clotrimazole infusion, and maintained on 5 mg/kg itraconazole daily. To the authors' knowledge, this case is unique because of the delayed recurrence of nasal aspergillosis. Additionally, the idiosyncratic febrile reaction to the itraconazole has not previously been reported in the veterinary literature, but is similar to reports of drug‐induced fever in humans.
Pyometra in a bitch following unusual sterilisation
Authors: Ragni R. A.
Published: February 2006

A female, stray crossbreed dog, approximately four years old, was presented for routine spaying during a charity neutering programme in Romania. On clinical examination the bitch was lethargic and pyrexic (40.6°C), but no other signs of illness were detected. Laparotomy revealed an enlarged uterus, severed at the cervix, with no communication to the vagina. Abdominal inspection showed an apparently normal, ligated vaginal stump. An ovariohysterectomy was performed and the dog was treated with a seven‐day course of netilmicine. It subsequently made a full recovery.
Canine glomerulonephritis: new thoughts on proteinuria and treatment
Authors: Grauer G. F.
Published: February 2006

Glomerular disease in the dog is not only a common form of renal disease but also an important cause of chronic renal failure. The presence of immune complexes in glomerular capillary walls is a major cause of canine glomerular disease and is commonly referred to as glomerulonephritis. Leakage of plasma proteins, principally albumin, across the damaged glomerular capillary walls results in persistent proteinuria ‐ the clinicopathological hallmark of glomerulonephritis. Recent evidence suggests that, in addition to being a marker of disease, persistent proteinuria is associated with progressive glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions and loss of additional nephrons. Perhaps the best treatment for glomerulonephritis is the identification and correction of any underlying inflammatory, immune‐mediated or neoplastic disease that results in the deposition or formation of glomerular immune complexes. In cases of idiopathic glomerulonephritis, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors have been shown to decrease proteinuria and potentially slow disease progression.
Hyperparathyroidism in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism
Authors: Ramsey I. K. , Tebb A. , Harris E. , Evans H. , Herrtage M. E.
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To assess the effect of canine hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) on parathyroid hormone (PTH), phosphate and calcium concentrations.

Methods: PTH concentrations and routine biochemical parameters were measured in 68 dogs with HAC. Ionised calcium was measured in 28 of these dogs. The results obtained were compared with an age‐ and weight‐matched group of 20 hospital patients that did not show signs of HAC.

Results: There were significant differences between the PTH, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine and albumin concentrations between the two groups. Total and ionised calcium concentrations were not significantly different. Most of the dogs (92 per cent) with HAC had PTH concentrations that were greater than the reference range (10 to 60 pg/ml), and in 23 dogs they were greater than 180 pg/ml. There were significant positive correlations between the PTH and basal cortisol, post‐adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) cortisol and alkaline phosphatase concentrations, and also the phosphate and post‐ACTH cortisol concentrations.

ClinicalSignificance: Adrenal secondary hyperparathyroidism is a cause of increased PTH concentrations and may be associated with abnormalities in calcium and phosphate metabolism in dogs with HAC. The findings of this study could explain why canine HAC may cause clinical signs such as calcinosis cutis that are associated with altered calcium metabolism.
Prostatopexy as a treatment for urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in male dogs
Authors: Holt P. E. , Coe R. J. , Moore A. Hotston
Published: February 2006

Objectives: The incidence of urinary incontinence due to urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI) in male dogs is relatively rare compared with the incidence in bitches, but the medical management of USMI in male dogs is less rewarding than in bitches. Attempts have been made to manage this condition surgically using either urethral bulking agents such as Teflon or by relocating the intrapelvic bladder neck to an intra‐abdominal position by vas deferentopexy. This paper reports the response to prostatopexy in male dogs with USMI.

Methods: The response to prostatopexy was determined in nine severely incontinent male dogs with USMI that were followed up for periods ranging from 10 months to five years (mean 2.3 years).

Results: One dog was cured, four were improved, and no improvement in the frequency or degree of urinary incontinence occurred in the remaining four animals. No complications were seen in any of the dogs.

ClinicalSignificance: Prostatopexy may provide a further method of treating male dogs with USMI that do not respond to medical therapy.
Hypercalcaemia associated withAngiostrongylus vasorumin three dogs
Authors: Boag A. K. , Murphy K. F. , Connolly D. J.
Published: February 2006

Hypercalcaemia was identified in three dogs that presented primarily for evaluation of respiratory disease. Angiostrongylosis was diagnosed in all three cases and both the respiratory signs and the hypercalcaemia resolved with treatment. Infection with Angiostrongylus vasorum is known to lead to formation of pulmonary granulomata. Granulomatous disease in humans may lead to hypercalcaemia secondary to increased unregulated production of 1,25‐dihydroxycholecalciferol by activated macrophages in the granulomata. In one of the three dogs, 1,25‐dihydroxycholecalciferol was measured and found to be increased, providing supportive evidence for a similar mechanism in dogs. To the authors' knowledge, hypercalcaemia has not previously been reported in association with angiostrongylosis in dogs. Since prolonged untreated hypercalcaemia may lead to permanent impairment of renal function, dogs with angiostrongylosis should be evaluated for the presence of hypercalcaemia.
Cardiac troponin I: evaluation of a biomarker for the diagnosis of heart disease in the dog
Authors: Spratt D. P. , Mellanby R. J. , Drury N. , Archer J.
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To assess the value of measuring blood levels of the myocardial protein cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in the diagnosis of congenital and acquired heart disease in the dog and in the evaluation of the severity of heart failure.

Methods: Serum samples obtained from healthy dogs (n=26) and from dogs diagnosed with a variety of congenital and acquired heart conditions (n=35) were assayed for cTnI concentration using an automated immunoassay method. Results were also analysed according to the degree of heart failure as assessed using the International Small Animal Cardiac Health Council's scheme.

Results: Healthy dogs had very low or undetectable blood cTnI levels, as did dogs with congenital heart disease. However, cTnI levels were significantly elevated in dogs with acquired mitral valve disease, dilated cardiomyopathy and pericardial effusion. Blood cTnI levels also varied with severity of heart failure.

ClinicalSignificance: Measurement of blood cTnI levels may be a useful aid in the diagnosis of dogs with suspected heart disease and in indicating the severity of heart failure.
Retrospective study of bacterial infective arthritis in 31 dogs
Authors: Clements D. N. , Owen M. R. , Mosley J. R. , Carmichael S. , Taylor D. J. , Bennett D.
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To characterise the presenting signs and pathological changes of canine bacterial infective arthritis in 31 dogs, and to document the response to different treatment regimens. Risk factors that may predispose joints to bacterial infective arthritis and influence the success of treatment were also investigated.

Methods: A retrospective review of cases of bacterial infective arthritis that were presented to three university veterinary referral hospitals over a five‐year period (January 1997 to January 2002) was performed.

Results: The elbow joint (38 per cent) and stifle joint (44 per cent) were most commonly affected. Radiographic changes consistent with pre‐existing osteoarthritis were identified in 14 joints, which had no history of previous surgery (articular or periarticular) or penetrating wound. No significant difference (P=0.78) was identified between the outcome of combined surgical and medical management, and medical management alone. There were trends for poorer outcomes with increased bodyweight of the dog, longer duration of lameness and a higher nucleated cell count of the affected joint fluid at presentation. The overall infection rate for articular surgical procedures at one institution was 1.3 per cent.

Clinical Significance: Medical and/or surgical management were usually successful in resolving infection (94 per cent). However, they were frequently unsuccessful in restoring full joint function; this may in part have been due to the nature of the underlying joint disease.
Treating pedal shortening in a dog by metatarsal distraction osteogenesis
Authors: Jerram R. M. , Walker A. M. , Sutherland‐Smith J. , Warman C. G. A. , Lewis D. D.
Published: February 2006

A five‐month‐old, male German shepherd dog was presented with a left hindlimb deformity. Wearing a cast for a prolonged period to treat left metatarsal fractures at eight weeks of age had resulted in physeal closure of the calcaneus, metatarsals and phalanges. Hyperextension of the phalanges and ulceration of the plantar skin proximal to the main tarsal pad were seen. The left foot was 40 mm shorter than the right. At seven months of age, a modified circular external skeletal fixator (CESF) was used to perform distraction osteogenesis of the metatarsal bones for 28 days. The CESF apparatus was removed after eight weeks when there was radiographic consolidation of regenerate bone. At follow‐up evaluations four and 12 months after surgery, the phalangeal hyperextension and plantar skin ulceration had resolved. No lameness was detected.
Centrodistal joint lameness in dogs
Authors: Guilliard M. J.
Published: February 2006

Lameness attributable to pathology of the centrodistal joint was investigated in five racing greyhounds, five Border collies and two other dogs. Diagnosis was made by the induction of pain from rotationally stressing the medial aspect of the tarsus, and by the exclusion of tarsal fractures and instabilities. Radiographic changes included plantar ligament enthesiopathy and centrodistal joint osteophytosis. In many of the cases, the lameness was poorly responsive to rest and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. One dog was managed conservatively and became sound. In 10 of 11 cases, surgical promotion of centrodistal ankylosis was associated with a return to soundness.
Cerebellar cortical degeneration in three English bulldogs: clinical and neuropathological findings
Authors: Gandini G. , Botteron C. , Brini E. , Fatzer R. , Diana A. , Jaggy A.
Published: February 2006

This case report describes the clinical and neuropathological findings in three young English bulldogs affected by cerebellar cortical degeneration. The dogs, born from the same parents, were presented with clinical signs indicating progressive cerebellar dysfunction: a wide‐based stance, severe cerebellar ataxia characterised by marked hypermetria, spasticity, and intention tremors of the head and trunk with loss of balance. On histopathological examination, lesions were confined to the cerebellum and consisted of diffuse degenerative cortical lesions, and there was a loss of Purkinje and granule cells. The history, clinical signs and neuropathological findings confirmed the diagnosis of cerebellar cortical degeneration. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of cerebellar cortical degeneration in the English bulldog.
Hyperammonaemic encephalopathy secondary to selective cobalamin deficiency in a juvenile Border collie
Authors: Battersby I. A. , Giger U. , Hall E. J.
Published: February 2006

An eight‐month‐old Border collie was presented with anorexia, cachexia, failure to thrive and stupor. Laboratory tests demonstrated a mild anaemia, neutropenia, proteinuria and hyperammonaemia. Serum bile acid concentrations were normal, but an ammonia tolerance test (ATT) was abnormal. The dog responded to symptomatic therapy for hepatoencephalopathy. When a low serum cobalamin (vitamin B12) concentration and methylmalonic aciduria were noted, the dog was given a supplement of parenteral cobalamin. Two weeks later, a repeat ATT was normal. Cobalamin supplementation was continued every two weeks, and clinical signs, except for proteinuria, resolved despite withdrawing all therapy for hepatoencephalopathy. A presumptive diagnosis of hereditary selective cobalamin malabsorption was made, based on the young age, Border collie breed, low serum cobalamin concentration and methylmalonic aciduria. Although hereditary selective cobalamin malabsorption in Border collies, giant schnauzers, Australian shepherd dogs and beagles has previously been reported in North America, to the authors' knowledge this the first report of the condition in the UK and the first to document an abnormal ATT in a cobalamin‐deficient dog.
Hypocalcaemia associated with low serum vitamin D metabolite concentrations in two dogs with protein‐losing enteropathies
Authors: Mellanby R. J. , Mellor P. J. , Roulois A. , Baines E. A. , Mee A. P. , Berry J. L. , Herrtage M. E.
Published: February 2006

Protein‐losing enteropathies were diagnosed in two dogs that were initially presented with diarrhoea and weight loss. Plasma biochemistry in both cases revealed low concentrations of albumin, calcium and ionised calcium. Both dogs had an elevated plasma parathyroid hormone concentration and low serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentration. The first dog was diagnosed with lymphangiectasia on postmortem examination, and the second dog was diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic/ plasmacytic enteritis and severe cystic mucoid changes based on endoscopic duodenal biopsies. While a causal effect was not demonstrated, the protein‐losing enteropathies may have caused reduced intestinal absorption of vitamin D leading to low plasma concentrations of ionised calcium and secondary hyperparathyroidism. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of low ionised calcium concentrations, low 25(OH)D and 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and high parathyroid hormone concentrations in dogs with protein‐losing enteropathies.
Pectus excavatum surgically repaired using sternum realignment and splint techniques in a young cat
Authors: Crigel M‐H. , Moissonnier P.
Published: February 2006

Successful surgical repair of pectus excavatum deformities has so far only been reported in very young animals. This case report describes an alternative technique for repairing pectus excavatum in a young cat. The cat had shown moderate deformity with slight respiratory impairment when young and had experienced clinical problems with age. A sternum realignment technique involving a pin associated with an external splint was used. This alternative technique was a safe and efficient procedure in the five‐month‐old cat.
Recurrent bilateral exophthalmos associated with metastatic thymic carcinoma in a pet rabbit
Authors: Wagner F. , Beinecke A. , Fehr M. , Brunkhorst N. , Mischke R. , Gruber A. D.
Published: February 2006

A five‐year‐old, castrated, male chinchilla rabbit was presented for evaluation of recurrent bilateral exophthalmos. Besides a transient and stress‐related exophthalmos with protrusion of both third eyelids, the ophthalmological examination was unremarkable. Plain radiography of the thorax revealed a large precardial mass of soft tissue density. Cytological preparations from the thoracic mass were dominated by small, mature lymphocytes with approximately 10 to 20 per cent lymphoblasts. Computed tomography of the head showed a symmetrical laterodorsal deviation of both eyes without evidence of retrobulbar masses. On necropsy a large cystic mass was present in the cranial thorax associated with severe hydrothorax, hydropericardium and ascites. Histology identified the precardial mass as thymic carcinoma with metastases in the kidneys. This case illustrates the difficulty of diagnosing thymic tumours based on cytological or histological features of the primary tumour alone. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case of recurrent bilateral exophthalmos associated with a metastatic thymic carcinoma in a pet rabbit.
Osteoarthritis in cats: a retrospective radiological study
Authors: Godfrey D. R.
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To provide basic information about natural feline osteoarthritis (OA) as part of more extensive studies.

Methods: A retrospective study of cats (greater than one year of age) radiographed for any reason at a first opinion and referral veterinary practice was performed. Cats were classified as either having or not having radiographic OA. Computerised histories were searched for records of potential causes and clinical signs of OA. The genders and ages of the affected cats were compared with a control population using chi‐squared tests.

Results: Of 491 cats, 292 (59 per cent) had undergone a diagnostic radiograph of at least one synovial joint. Sixty‐three of 292 cats (22 per cent) showed evidence of radiographic OA; 21 (33 per cent) of which also had clinically evident OA. A potential cause of OA had been recorded in only seven of 63 cats (11 per cent). The population of cats with radiographic evidence of OA was older than the control population (P<0.001).

ClinicalSignificance: Radiographic OA was found in 22 per cent of the test population. In many cases there was no clinical evidence of OA recorded in the history, suggesting that either there is little correlation between clinical and radiographic OA or that clinical signs of OA in cats may not have been observed or recorded. Idiopathic/primary OA was common.
Questionnaire study of canine neutering techniques taught in UK veterinary schools and those used in practice
Authors: Tivers M. S. , Travis T. R. D. , Windsor R. V. , Moore A. Hotston
Published: February 2006

Objectives: To gather information about the different techniques employed in general practice and to compare this with current undergraduate teaching. This would provide an insight into any areas of discrepancy and influences on technique in practice.

Methods: A questionnaire was composed and distributed to 407 practices throughout the UK, using a commercial mailing list. Fifty further questionnaires were distributed by final‐year students to their foster practices and five were sent to practices on request. A second questionnaire was composed and sent to the members of staff responsible for teaching surgical neutering techniques at each of the UK veterinary schools.

Results: Completed questionnaires were received from 183 respondents. These were compared with seven questionnaires from university teachers. Only areas in which the teachers reached a consensus of opinion were directly compared.

ClinicalSignificance: Several areas of discrepancy between current teaching and techniques in practice were identified. A study of complications compared with technique would provide further information. There is a lack of published material or an evidence base in many aspects of surgical neutering to support one technique over another.
REACTIONS OF CAPTIVE HARBOR PORPOISES (PHOCOENA PHOCOENA) TO PINGER‐LIKE SOUNDS
Authors: Teilmann Jonas , Tougaard Jakob , Miller Lee A. , Kirketerp Tim , Hansen Kirstin , Brando Sabrina
Published: February 2006

Abstract

Pingers on gill nets can reduce bycatch of harbor porpoises. If harbor porpoises habituate to pingers, the effect may be reduced or lost. Two captive harbor porpoises were exposed to three sound types. All sounds were in the frequency band from 100 kHz to 140 kHz, 200 ms long, and presented once per 4 s. The source level was 153 dB re 1 μPa RMS at 1 m. Each session consisted of a 10‐min presound, a 5‐min sound, and a 10‐min postsound period. Behavior was recorded on video and on dataloggers placed on the dorsal fin of one animal. The loggers recorded heart rate, swimming speed, dive duration, and depth. The animals responded most strongly to the initial presentations of a sound. Surface time decreased, the heart rate dropped below the normal bradycardia, and echolocation activity decreased. The reactions of both animals diminished rapidly in the following sessions. Should the waning of responsiveness apply to wild animals, porpoises may adapt to the sounds but still avoid nets, or the bycatch may increase after some time. The success of long‐term use of pingers may then depend on the variety of sounds and rates of exposure.
SPRING HAUL‐OUT BEHAVIOR OF RINGED SEALS (PUSA HISPIDA) IN KONGSFJORDEN, SVALBARD
Authors: Carlens Helen , Lydersen Christian , Krafft Bjørn A. , Kovacs Kit M.
Published: February 2006

Abstract

Haul‐out behavior of ringed seals (Pusa hispida) was investigated during the spring molting period of 2003 (May–July) in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Norway. Hourly counts were conducted on the land‐fast ice in six spatially defined sectors in the inner fjord, from an elevated land‐based vantage point from early May through until the ice began to break up in June, from 0600 to 2200 daily (total countsn= 478). Concomitantly, measurements were made of a variety of weather parameters. Multiple regression analyses revealed that time of day (P< 0.001) and date (P< 0.001) significantly affected the number of ringed seals hauled out on the ice surface. Other factors influencing the number of seals counted on the ice were air temperature (P= 0.011) and wind speed (P< 0.001). Daily peaks occurred in the early afternoon between 1300 and 1400 and the seasonal high (n= 385) was registered during the first week in June, after which the number of seals on the ice in the fjord declined. In addition to the visual counts, 24 ringed seals were equipped with VHF transmitters, and the haul‐out behavior of individuals was monitored from May through Julyviaan automatic recording station. The VHF‐tagged seals exhibited the same diurnal pattern seen in the total counts, with haul‐out most frequent from 1300 to 1400. Pups exhibited short and frequent haul‐outs, whereas longer haul‐out periods were seen in the older age classes; adult females had the greatest number of haul‐out periods that exceeded 24 h. The seasonal peak of haul‐out for the tagged seals preceded the peak seasonal counts by approximately 3 wk. This may reflect significant out‐ and influx of seals from and to the area, a phenomenon warranting further attention because of its implications for assessment studies.
COMPARATIVE GROWTH ANALYSIS OF TWO POPULATIONS OF PONTOPORIA BLAINVILLEI ON THE BRAZILIAN COAST
Authors: Barreto André S. , Rosas Fernando C. W.
Published: February 2006

Abstract

The von Bertalanffy growth model was applied to franciscana dolphins (Pontoporia blainvillei) incidentally caught in fishing nets on the São Paulo/Paraná coasts (25°00′–25°58′S), and compared with the growth of franciscanas incidentally caught on the Rio Grande do Sul coast (29°–33°S). In both locations, a difference was noted between the growth of males and females, confirming the sexual dimorphism of the body proportions of this dolphin. The growth curves of the dolphins from São Paulo/Paraná were significantly different (P < 0.01) from those obtained from Rio Grande do Sul, with significantly smaller animals in the former area. On the São Paulo/Paraná coast, the stabilization of the growth curves happened at a total length of 113 and 129 cm for males (n= 23) and females (n= 18), respectively. In Rio Grande do Sul, they stabilized at 130 cm for the males (n= 59) and at 146 cm (n= 48) for the females. These results corroborate the morphometric differences previously mentioned in the literature, which resulted in the identification of a smaller northern form and a larger southern form of P. blainvillei. The data here presented can be used for future comparisons of changes in growth parameters of these two franciscana stocks and help to develop proper conservation programs for the species.
Drug‐Resistant Tuberculosis in Africa
Authors: MWINGA A.
Published: February 2006

Abstract: Africa has the highest incidence rate per capita of tuberculosis, although the rate varies among the African countries from 17.8% in Cameroon to 70% in Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Nevertheless, the levels of drug resistance are relatively low, compared to countries like Russia and Estonia. Because treatment of MDR TB is beyond the reach of most African countries, prevention of the development of resistance should be a major priority. Establishment of programs to ensure prompt diagnosis of TB and adequate treatment with supervision should be undertaken by national governments with cooperating partners.
Specific Features of the Spread of Tuberculosis in Russia at the End of the 20th Century
Authors: SHILOVA MARGARITA V.
Published: February 2006

Abstract: This study shows the dynamics of the epidemiological process over the last decade and presents the causes of the deterioration in TB control. Explanations are given for the TB mortality rate increase, the trustworthiness of the data, and the factors influencing its formation. The present‐day TB epidemiological situation in Russia is characterized by an increase in exogenous infection. Peaks of epidemiological deterioration were registered in 1993 and 1999. Marked deterioration of the epidemiological situation in 1999 resulted from an economic crisis in August 1998 and a consequent dramatic decrease in the living standards of the population. In the 1990s this trend has changed. TB infection spreads according to trends that are quite similar to those at the beginning of 20th century. The official TB morbidity rate does not reflect the true level of incidence because of undetected TB cases (approx. 10%).
DOTS and DOTS‐Plus
Authors: FARMER PAUL
Published: February 2006

Abstract: Multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis is already a global pandemic, with focal “hot spots” of ongoing transmission. Although DOTS (directly observed treatment, short course) chemotherapy is the goal of global tuberculosis control, short‐course chemotherapy will not cure multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis. In settings of high transmission of multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis, “DOTS plus” (a complementary DOTS‐based strategy with provisions for treating multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis) is warranted. DOTS‐plus project implementation to date reveals important clinical, epidemiological, and economic lessons. Community‐based strategies designed to enhance local capacity are cost effective and make it possible to meet new medical challenges.
Holding the Patient
Authors: WILLIAMS GINI
Published: February 2006

Abstract: Successfully controlling tuberculosis will require that we fully understand all the factors involved in a patient's ability to comply with treatment as well as our assumptions about what compliance and noncompliance mean. Influences on patients' lives, such as poverty, conflict, political instability, and racial and gender inequalities, will have a great impact on the success or failure of treatment. TB services should be designed to provide the support that patients need to enable them to be cured.
Drug‐Resistant Tuberculosis
Authors: DAVIES PETER D.O.
Published: February 2006

Abstract: This paper summarizes the presentations of the meeting on drug‐resistant tuberculosis held in London in March of 2001. Multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) is defined and the causes, risk factors, and recent treatment advances are briefly described. The larger social and economic environment in which MDR TB occurs is discussed.
Tuning and playing a motor rhythm: how metabotropic glutamate receptors orchestrate generation of motor patterns in the mammalian central nervous system
Authors: Nistri Andrea , Ostroumov Konstantin , Sharifullina Elina , Taccola Giuliano
Published: February 2006

Repeated motor activities like locomotion, mastication and respiration need rhythmic discharges of functionally connected neurons termed central pattern generators (CPGs) that cyclically activate motoneurons even in the absence of descending commands from higher centres. For motor pattern generation, CPGs require integration of multiple processes including activation of ion channels and transmitter receptors at strategic locations within motor networks. One emerging mechanism is activation of glutamate metabotropic receptors (mGluRs) belonging to group I, while group II and III mGluRs appear to play an inhibitory function on sensory inputs. Group I mGluRs generate neuronal membrane depolarization with input resistance increase and rapid fluctuations in intracellular Ca2+, leading to enhanced excitability and rhythmicity. While synchronicity is probably due to modulation of inhibitory synaptic transmission, these oscillations occurring in coincidence with strong afferent stimuli or application of excitatory agents can trigger locomotor‐like patterns. Hence, mGluR‐sensitive spinal oscillators play a role in accessory networks for locomotor CPG activation. In brainstem networks supplying tongue muscle motoneurons, group I receptors facilitate excitatory synaptic inputs and evoke synchronous oscillations which stabilize motoneuron firing at regular, low frequency necessary for rhythmic tongue contractions. In this case, synchronicity depends on the strong electrical coupling amongst motoneurons rather than inhibitory transmission, while cyclic activation of KATP conductances sets its periodicity. Activation of mGluRs is therefore a powerful strategy to trigger and recruit patterned discharges of motoneurons.
Removal of gating in voltage‐dependent ClC‐2 chloride channel by point mutations affecting the pore and C‐terminus CBS‐2 domain
Authors: Yusef Yamil R. , Zúñiga Leandro , Catalán Marcelo , Niemeyer María Isabel , Cid L. Pablo , Sepúlveda Francisco V.
Published: February 2006

Functional and structural studies demonstrate that Cl− channels of the ClC family have a dimeric double‐barrelled structure, with each monomer contributing an identical pore. Studies with ClC‐0, the prototype ClC channel, show the presence of independent mechanisms gating the individual pores or both pores simultaneously. A single‐point mutation in the CBS‐2 domain of ClC‐0 has been shown to abolish slow gating. We have taken advantage of the high conservation of CBS domains in ClC channels to test for the presence of a slow gate in ClC‐2 by reproducing this mutation (H811A). ClC‐2‐H811A showed faster opening kinetics and opened at more positive potentials than ClC‐2. There was no difference in [Cl−]i dependence. Additional neutralization of a putative pore gate glutamate side chain (E207V) abolished all gating. Resolving slow and fast gating relaxations, however, revealed that the H811A mutation affected both fast and slow gating processes in ClC‐2. This suggests that slow and fast gating in ClC‐2 are coupled, perhaps with slow gating contributing to the operation of the pore E207 as a protopore gate.
Muscle metaboreflex contribution to cardiovascular regulation during dynamic exercise in microgravity: insights from mission STS‐107 of the space shuttle Columbia
Authors: Iellamo Ferdinando , Di Rienzo Marco , Lucini Daniela , Legramante Jacopo M. , Pizzinelli Paolo , Castiglioni Paolo , Pigozzi Fabio , Pagani Massimo , Parati Gianfranco
Published: February 2006

One of the most important features of prolonged weightlessness is a progressive impairment of muscular function with a consequent decrease in exercise capacity. We tested the hypothesis that the impairment in musculo‐skeletal function that occurs in microgravity results in a potentiation of the muscle metaboreflex mechanism and also affects baroreflex modulation of heart rate (HR) during exercise. Four astronauts participating in the 16 day Columbia shuttle mission (STS‐107) were studied 72–71 days before launch and on days 12–13 in‐flight. The protocol consisted of 6 min bicycle exercise at 50% of individual followed by 4 min of postexercise leg circulatory occlusion (PECO). At rest, systolic (S) and diastolic (D) blood pressure (BP), R‐R interval and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) did not differ significantly between pre‐ and in‐flight measurements. Both pre‐ and in‐flight, SBP increased and R‐R interval and BRS decreased during exercise, whereas DBP did not change. During PECO preflight, SBP and DBP were higher than at rest, whereas R‐R interval and BRS recovered to resting levels. During PECO in‐flight, SBP and DBP were significantly higher whereas R‐R interval and BRS remained significantly lower than at rest. The part of the SBP response (Δ) that was maintained by PECO was significantly greater during spaceflight than before (34.5 ± 8.8 versus 13.8 ± 11.9 mmHg, P= 0.03). The tachycardic response to PECO was also significantly greater during spaceflight than preflight (−141.5 ± 25.2 versus−90.5 ± 33.3 ms, P= 0.02). This study suggests that the muscle metaboreflex is enhanced during dynamic exercise in space and that the potentiation of the muscle metaboreflex affects the vagally mediated arterial baroreflex contribution to HR control.
Calcium‐sensing mechanism in TRPC5 channels contributing to retardation of neurite outgrowth
Authors: Hui Hui , McHugh Damian , Hannan Meredith , Zeng Fanning , Xu Shang‐Zhong , Khan Saeed‐ul‐Hassan , Levenson Robert , Beech David J. , Weiss Jamie L.
Published: February 2006

The calcium‐ and sodium‐permeable transient receptor potential channel TRPC5 has an inhibitory role in neuronal outgrowth but the mechanisms governing its activity are poorly understood. Here we propose a mechanism involving the neuronal calcium sensor‐1 (NCS‐1) protein. Inhibitory mutants of TRPC5 and NCS‐1 enhance neurite outgrowth similarly. Mutant NCS‐1 does not inhibit surface‐expression of TRPC5 but generally suppresses channel activity, irrespective of whether it is evoked by carbachol, store depletion, lanthanides or elevated intracellular calcium. NCS‐1 and TRPC5 are in the same protein complex in rat brain and NCS‐1 directly binds to the TRPC5 C‐terminus. The data suggest protein–protein interaction between NCS‐1 and TRPC5, and involvement of this protein complex in retardation of neurite outgrowth.
Effects of secreted oligomers of amyloid β‐protein on hippocampal synaptic plasticity: a potent role for trimers
Authors: Townsend Matthew , Shankar Ganesh M. , Mehta Tapan , Walsh Dominic M. , Selkoe Dennis J.
Published: February 2006

The accumulation of amyloid β‐protein (Aβ) in brain regions serving memory and cognition is a central pathogenic feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have shown that small soluble oligomers of human Aβ that are naturally secreted by cultured cells inhibit hippocampal long‐term potentiation (LTP) in vitro and in vivo and transiently impair the recall of a complex learned behaviour in rats. These results support the hypothesis that diffusible oligomers of Aβ initiate a synaptic dysfunction that may be an early event in AD. We now report detailed electrophysiological analyses that define conditions under which acute application of soluble Aβ inhibits hippocampal synaptic plasticity in wild‐type mice. To ascertain which Aβ assemblies contribute to the impairment of LTP, we fractionated oligomers by size‐exclusion chromatography and found that Aβ trimers fully inhibit LTP, whereas dimers and tetramers have an intermediate potency. Natural Aβ oligomers are sensitive to heat denaturation, primarily inhibit the induction phase of LTP, and cause a sustained impairment of LTP even after extensive washout. We observed no effects of Aβ oligomers on presynaptic vesicle release. LTP in juvenile mice is resistant to the effects of Aβ oligomers, as is brain‐derived‐neurotrophic‐factor‐induced LTP in adult hippocampus. We conclude that specific assemblies, particularly timers, of naturally secreted Aβ oligomers are potent and selective inhibitors of certain forms of hippocampal LTP.
Fetal exposure to excess glucocorticoid is unlikely to explain the effects of periconceptional undernutrition in sheep
Authors: Jaquiery A. L. , Oliver M. H. , Bloomfield F. H. , Connor K. L. , Challis J. R. G. , Harding J. E.
Published: February 2006

Periconceptional undernutrition alters fetal growth, metabolism and endocrinology in late gestation. The underlying mechanisms remain uncertain, but fetal exposure to excess maternal glucocorticoids has been hypothesized. We investigated the effects of periconceptional undernutrition on maternal hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function and placental 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11βHSD2) activity. Ewes received maintenance feed (N, n= 20) or decreased feed from −60 to +30 days from mating to achieve 15% weight loss after an initial 2‐day fast (UN, n= 21). Baseline plasma samples and arginine vasopressin (AVP)–corticotrophin‐releasing hormone (CRH) challenges were performed on days −61, −57, −29, −1, +29, 33, and 49 from mating (day 0). Maternal adrenal and placental tissue was collected at 50 days. Baseline plasma levels of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol decreased in the UN group (P < 0.0001). ACTH response to AVP–CRH was greater in UN ewes during undernutrition (P= 0.03) returning to normal levels after refeeding. Cortisol response to AVP–CRH was greater in UN ewes after the initial 2‐day fast, but thereafter decreased and was lower in UN ewes from mating until the end of the experiment (P= 0.007). ACTH receptor, StAR and p450c17 mRNA levels were down‐regulated in adrenal tissue from UN ewes. Placental 11βHSD2 activity was lower in UN than N ewes at 50 days (P= 0.014). Moderate periconceptional undernutrition results in decreased maternal plasma cortisol concentrations during undernutrition and after refeeding, and adrenal resistance to ACTH for at least 20 days after refeeding. Fetal exposure to excess maternal cortisol is unlikely during the period of undernutrition, but could occur later in gestation if maternal plasma cortisol levels return to normal while placental 11βHSD2 activity remains low.
Gauge invariance and the detection of gravitational radiation
Authors: Garfinkle David
Published: February 2006

The detection of gravitational radiation raises some subtle issues concerning the coordinate invariance of general relativity. This paper explains these issues and their resolution by using an analogy with the Aharonov-Bohm effect of quantum mechanics.