bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Elderly Patient with Chronic Hyponatremia
Authors: Berl Tomas
Published: October 2012

Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder. With the aging of the population and the greater propensity of the elderly to develop hyponatremia, this electrolyte disorder is of increasing importance to the practicing nephrologist. In this Attending Rounds, an illustrative patient with hyponatremia is presented. The reasons for the increased incidence and prevalence of hyponatremia in the elderly are discussed, with emphasis on the effects of aging on urinary dilution, the frequently multifactorial nature of hyponatremia in this population, and the absence of a definite cause for inappropriate and persistent vasopressin release in many such patients. The rationale for treating the hyponatremia, even when apparently asymptomatic, is discussed, with attention to cognitive function, gait, and bone structure disturbances that increase the risk for fractures. The various available treatment approaches, including water restriction, demeclocycline, loop diuretics with NaCl supplementation, urea, and vasopressin antagonists are summarized, with emphasis on the efficacy and limitations of each of these therapies.
“You've Got Male”: Advice-Seeking Behaviour in Men Using the Online Advice Site www.worldweary.com
Authors: Neville Patricia
Published: October 2012

Research contends that men have lower help-seeking behaviour than women, especially on issues regarding mental health and lifestyle. While problem pages are considered to be a feminine genre, recent changes to the problem page format, namely the advent of the internet and the emergence of agony uncles, would appear to have democratised advice columns for use by both sexes. This paper investigates the possibility that men might use this popular cultural form as an informal form of advice seeking. A content analysis of Ireland's only male agony uncle website www.worldweary.com was conducted to see if men look for help from this agony uncle and what types of issues they consult him about.
Dose-dependent facilitation of peripheral nerve regeneration by bone marrow–derived mononuclear cells: a randomized controlled study
Authors: Raheja Amol , Suri Vaishali , Suri Ashish , Sarkar Chitra , Srivastava Arti , Mohanty Sujata , Jain Krishan G. , Sharma Meher C. , Mallick Hruda N. , Yadav Pradeep K. , Kalaivani Mani , Pandey Ravindra M.
Published: October 2012

Object

Bone marrow–derived stem cells enhance the rate of regeneration of neuronal cells leading to clinical improvement in nerve injury, spinal cord injury, and brain infarction. Recent experiments in the local application of bone marrow–derived mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) in models of sciatic nerve transection in rats have suggested their beneficial role in nerve regeneration, although the effects of variable doses of stem cells on peripheral nerve regeneration have never been specifically evaluated in the literature. In this paper, the authors evaluated the dose-dependent role of BM-MNCs in peripheral nerve regeneration in a model of sciatic nerve transection in rats.

Methods

The right sciatic nerve of 60 adult female Wistar rats (randomized into 2 test groups and 1 control group, 20 rats in each group) underwent transection under an operating microscope. The cut ends of the nerve were approximated using 2 epineural microsutures. The gap was filled with low-dose (5 million BM-MNCs/100 μl phosphate-buffered saline [PBS]) rat BM-MNCs in one group, high-dose (10 million BM-MNCs/100 μl PBS) rat BM-MNCs in another group, and only PBS in the control group, and the approximated nerve ends were sealed using fibrin glue. Histological assessment was performed after 30 days by using semiquantitative and morphometric analyses and was done to assess axonal regeneration, percentage of myelinated fibers, axonal diameter, fiber diameter, and myelin thickness at distal-most sites (10 mm from site of repair), intermediate distal sites (5 mm distal to the repair site), and site of repair.

Results

The recovery of nerve cell architecture after nerve anastomosis was far better in the high-dose BM-MNC group than in the low-dose BM-MNC and control groups, and it was most evident (p < 0.02 in the majority of the parameters [3 of 4]) at the distal-most site. Overall, the improvement in myelin thickness was most significant with incremental dosage of BM-MNCs, and was evident at the repair, intermediate distal, and distal-most sites (p = 0.001).

Conclusions

This study emphasizes the role of BM-MNCs, which can be isolated easily from bone marrow aspirates, in peripheral nerve injury and highlights their dose-dependent facilitation of nerve regeneration.
Novel surgical technique for ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament in the thoracic spine
Authors: Kato Satoshi , Murakami Hideki , Demura Satoru , Yoshioka Katsuhito , Hayashi Hiroyuki , Tsuchiya Hiroyuki
Published: October 2012

Several surgical procedures have been developed to treat thoracic ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). However, favorable surgical results are not always achieved, and consistent protocols and procedures for surgical treatment of thoracic OPLL have not been established. This technical note describes a novel technique to achieve anterior decompression via a single posterior approach. Three patients with a beak-type thoracic OPLL underwent surgery in which the authors' technique was used. Complete removal of the ossified PLL was achieved in all cases. With the patient in the prone position, the authors performed total resection of the posterior elements at the anterior decompression levels. This maneuver included not only laminectomies but also removal of the transverse processes and pedicles, which allowed space to be created bilaterally at the sides of the dural sac for the subsequent anterior decompression. The thoracic nerves at the levels of anterior decompression were ligated bilaterally and lifted up to manipulate the ossified ligament and the dural sac. An anterior decompression was then performed posteriorly. The PLL was floated without any difficulty. After exfoliation of the adhesions between the ossified ligament and the ventral aspect of the dural sac, the ossified PLL was removed. In every step of the anterior decompression, the space created in the bilateral sides of the dural sac allowed the surgeons to see the OPLL and anterolateral aspect of the dural sac directly and easily. After removal of the ossified PLL, posterior instrumented fusion was performed. This surgical procedure allows the surgeon to perform, safely and effectively, anterior decompression via a posterior approach for thoracic OPLL.
Incidence, severity and management of cancer chemotherapy related oral mucositis in Eastern Cape and Western Cape
Authors: Maree Johanna E. , Combrink Margaretha J. , De Lange Tanya , Toerien Andrea S. , Bedeker Minette
Published: October 2012

This study explored the incidence, duration and severity of oral mucositis in patients receiving chemotherapy in the Eastern and Western Cape, how this symptom was managed and whether the patients considered the management to be effective. An exploratory, contextual, quantitative survey was conducted. The sampling method was convenience. One hundred and sixty patients were recruited, with 106, (66.3%) participating. Data were collected by means of self-reports, using a self-administered questionnaire. Oral mucositis was a common problem, with 71.7% (n = 76) reporting to have had mucositis. Pain was not effectively managed, as 69.8% (n = 53) of respondents experienced pain whilst only 17.1% (n = 13) reported to have used analgesics. More than half of the respondents used prescribed mouth and throat preparations, whilst 28.9% (n = 22) used non-prescribed self-care measures including potentially harmful products. A significant difference was found between using non-prescribed self-care measures and the duration of oral mucositis (χ² = 0.81; p = 0.01). The reported grade of mucositis did not influence the use of non-prescribed self-care measures, whilst the more pain patients experienced the less inclined they were to use these measures. The management of oral mucositis remains a challenge. Failure to palliate this distressing symptom can lead to the use of potentially harmful self-care measures. Die studie het die insidensie, tydsduur en intensiteit van orale mukositis in Oos en Wes Kaapse pasiënte wat kankerchemoterapie ontvang verken asook hoe hierdie simptoom hanteer is en die sukses hiervan volgens die pasiënte. ‘n Kwantitatiewe, ekploratiewe, kontekstuele opname is onderneem. ‘n Gerieflikheidsteekproef is gebruik om die deelnemers te verkry. Een hondered en sestig persone is genader en 66.3% (n = 106) het aan die studie deelgeneem. Die datainsamelingsmetode was self-rapportering met behulp van ’n vraelys en beskrywende statistiek is gebruik om die data te verwerk. Orale mukositis was ’n algemene probleem, aangesien 71.7% (n = 76) van die respondente die simptoom ondervind het. Pyn was nie goed beheer nie, aangesien 69.8% (n = 53) pyn ondervind het terwyl slegs 17.1% (n = 13) aangedui het dat hulle analgetika gebruik het. Meer as die helfte van die respondente het voorgeskrewe mond en keel preparate gebruik, terwyl 28.9% (n = 22) self gemedikeer het wat potensiële nadelige preparate ingesluit het. ’n Beduidende verskil is tussen die gebruik van nie voorgeskrewe medikasie en die duur van mukositis bevind (χ² = 0.81; p = 0.01). Die graad van die mukositis het nie die gebruik van die self-medikasie beinvloed nie. Hoe meer pyn ondervind is, hoe minder was die neiging om die mukositis self te behandel. Die hantering van orale mukositis bly ’n uitdaging. Die onsuksesvolle palliasie van hierdie simptoom kan tot die gebruik van potensieel nadelige self-sorg maatreëls lei.
Robust adaptive observers for unknown linear exosystems
Authors: Marino Riccardo , Tomei Patrizio
Published: October 2012

Given a measured scalar signal generated by an unknown linear exosystem with simple eigenvalues on the imaginary axis whose order is unknown, we address the problem of designing a robust adaptive exosystem of fixed order that is able to reproduce the measured signal within an error. The magnitude of such an error clearly depends on the unmodeled dynamics and vanishes if the order of the adaptive exosystem is greater than or equal to the order of the unknown exosystem. Adaptive exosystems are useful for prediction purposes, to generate successive time derivatives of the measured signal for control purposes (PID, model predictive control and feedback linearization) and in the design of regulators. The posed problem can also be interpreted as an adaptive synchronization problem in the presence of high frequency unmodeled dynamics for linear systems. It can also be viewed as the design of an estimator of m frequencies, amplitudes and phases by processing a signal constituted by the sum of r ≥ m sinusoidal terms. The posed problem will be solved by using the theory of robust adaptive observers and the key concept of persistency of excitation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ullmann Homocoupling Catalysed by Gold Nanoparticles in Water and Ionic Liquid
Authors: Monopoli Antonio , Cotugno Pietro , Palazzo Gerardo , Ditaranto Nicoletta , Mariano Bruno , Cioffi Nicola , Ciminale Francesco , Nacci Angelo
Published: October 2012

The gold‐catalysed Ullmann‐type homocoupling of aryl halides is carried out with two different methodologies: (i) under micellar catalysis conditions in water and (ii) using a molten tetralkylammonium ionic liquid as the reaction medium. Glucose is used as a clean and renewable reductant. Morphology, size, and chemical composition of the gold nanoparticles were ascertained by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering analyses. A plausible reaction mechanism is proposed.
Disorders of sterol synthesis: Beyond Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome
Authors: Herman Gail E. , Kratz Lisa
Published: October 2012

Since the discovery in 1993 that Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a disorder of cholesterol biosynthesis, human disorders associated with additional enzymes involved in the conversion of lanosterol to cholesterol have been identified. This review will focus primarily on the clinical aspects of these disorders, highlighting newly described syndromes, such as SC4MOL deficiency and CK syndrome. We will also provide clinical descriptions of additional cases for extremely rare disorders, such as desmosterolosis. We will compare and contrast the findings with those found in SLOS and briefly discuss possible mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Treatment of Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome and other sterol disorders
Authors: Svoboda Melissa D. , Christie Jill M. , Eroglu Yasemen , Freeman Kurt A. , Steiner Robert D.
Published: October 2012

Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is an autosomal recessive genetic condition with a broad phenotype that results from deficiency of the final enzyme of the cholesterol synthesis pathway. This defect causes low or low‐normal plasma cholesterol levels and increased 7‐ and 8‐dehydrocholesterol (DHC) levels. Many therapies for SLOS and other disorders of sterol metabolism have been proposed, and a few of them have been undertaken in selected patients, but robust prospective clinical trials with validated outcome measures are lacking. We review the current literature and expert opinion on treatments for SLOS and other selected sterol disorders, including dietary cholesterol therapy, statin treatment, bile acid supplementation, medical therapies, and surgical interventions, as well as directions for future therapies and treatment research. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Marine prey processed with stone tools by burmese long‐tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis aurea) in intertidal habitats
Authors: Gumert Michael D. , Malaivijitnond Suchinda
Published: October 2012

Long‐tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) feed opportunistically in many habitats. The Burmese subspecies (M. f. aurea) inhabits coastal areas in southwestern Thailand and Myanmar, and some of their populations have adapted lithic customs for processing encased foods in intertidal habitats. We investigated the diet of such macaques in Laemson National Park, Thailand, and identified the variety of foods they processed with stones. We conducted 36 shore surveys to study tool sites following feeding activity, during which we counted the minimum number of individual (MNI) food items found at each site. We identified 47 food species (43 animals and four plants), from 37 genera. We counted 1,991 food items during surveys. Nearly all were mollusks (n = 1,924), with the small remainder primarily consisting of crustaceans and nuts. The two most common foods, rock oysters (Saccostrea cucullata; n = 1,062) and nerite snails (Nerita spp.; n = 538), composed 80.2% of our sample. Four prey species comprised 83.2% of the sample (MNI = 1,656), S. cucullata (n = 1,062), Nerita chamaeleon (n = 419), Thais bitubercularis (n = 95), and Monodonta labio (n = 80). Macaques selected a wide variety of foods. However, they heavily concentrated on those that were abundant, easy to access, and sufficiently sized. The Burmese long‐tailed macaque stone‐processed diet, which focuses on intertidal marine prey, differs from Sapajus and Pan, who use stones primarily for encased nuts and fruits. In terms of diversity of foods exploited, coastal stone‐based predation by macaques resembles the diet of coastal‐foraging humans (Homo sapiens sapiens). Am J Phys Anthropol, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantifying lateral femoral condyle ellipticalness in chimpanzees, gorillas, and humans
Authors: Sylvester Adam D. , Pfisterer Theresa
Published: October 2012

Articular surfaces of limb bones provide information for understanding animal locomotion because their size and shape are a reflection of habitual postures and movements. Here we present a novel method for quantifying the ellipticalness (i.e., departure from perfectly circular) of the lateral femoral condyle (LFC), applying this technique to hominid femora. Three‐dimensional surface models were created for 49 Homo sapiens, 34 Pan troglodytes and 25 Gorilla gorilla femora. Software was developed that fit separate cylinders to each of the femoral condyles. These cylinders were constrained to have a single axis, but could have different radii. The cylinder fit to the LFC was allowed to assume an elliptical cross‐section, while the cylinder fit to the medial condyle was constrained to remain circular. The shape of the elliptical cylinder (ratio of the major and minor axes of the ellipse) was recorded, and the orientation of the elliptical cylinder quantified as angles between the major axis of the ellipse and the anatomical and mechanical axes of the femur. Species were compared using analysis of variance and post hoc multiple comparisons tests. Confirming qualitative descriptions, human LFCs are more elliptical than those of chimpanzees and gorillas. Human femora exhibit a narrow range for the angle between the major axis of the elliptical cylinder and femoral axes. Conversely, the chimpanzee sample is bimodal for these angles, exhibiting two ellipse orientations, while Gorilla shows no preferred angle. Our results suggest that like modern human femora, chimpanzee femoral condyles have preferentially used regions. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stepwise reduction of the culture redox potential allows the analysis of microaerobic metabolism and photosynthetic membrane synthesis in Rhodospirillum rubrum
Authors: Carius Lisa , Hädicke Oliver , Grammel Hartmut
Published: October 2012

Bacterial growth under oxygen‐limited (microaerobic) conditions is often accompanied by phenomena of great interest for fundamental research and industrial application. The microaerobic lifestyle of anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria like Rhodospirillum rubrum harbors such a phenomenon, as it allows the formation of photosynthetic membranes and related interesting products without light. However, due to the technical difficulties in process control of microaerobic cultivations and the limited sensitivity of available oxygen sensors, the analysis of microaerobic growth and physiology is still underrepresented in current research. The main focus of the present study was to establish an experimental set‐up for the systematic study of physiological processes, associated with the growth of R. rubrum under microaerobic conditions in the dark. For this purpose, we introduce a robust and reliable microaerobic process control strategy, which applies the culture redox potential (CRP) for assessing different degrees of oxygen limitation in bioreactor cultivations. To describe the microaerobic growth behavior of R. rubrum cultures for each of these defined CRP reduction steps, basic growth parameters were experimentally determined. Flux variability analysis provided an insight into the metabolic activity of the TCA cycle and implied its connection to the respiratory capacity of the cells. In this context, our results suggest that microaerobic growth of R. rubrum can be described as an oxygen‐activated cooperative mechanism. The present study thus contributes to the investigation of metabolic and regulatory events responsible for the redox‐sensitive formation of photosynthetic membranes in facultative photosynthetic bacteria. Furthermore, the introduced microaerobic cultivation setup should be generally applicable for any microbial system of interest which can be cultivated in common stirred‐tank bioreactors. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 573–585. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Carbohydrate derived‐pseudo‐lignin can retard cellulose biological conversion
Authors: Kumar Rajeev , Hu Fan , Sannigrahi Poulomi , Jung Seokwon , Ragauskas Arthur J. , Wyman Charles E.
Published: October 2012

Dilute acid as well as water only (hydrothermal) pretreatments often lead to a significant hemicellulose loss to soluble furans and insoluble degradation products, collectively termed as chars and/or pseudo‐lignin. In order to understand the factors contributing to reducing sugar yields from pretreated biomass and the possible influence of hemicellulose derived pseudo‐lignin on cellulose conversion at the moderate to low enzyme loadings necessary for favorable economics, dilute acid pretreatment of Avicel cellulose alone and mixed with beechwood xylan or xylose was performed at various severities. Following pretreatment, the solids were enzymatically hydrolyzed and characterized for chemical composition and physical properties by NMR, FT‐IR, and SEM imaging. It was found that hemicelluloses (xylan) derived‐pseudo‐lignin was formed at even moderate severities and that these insoluble degradation products can significantly retard cellulose hydrolysis. Furthermore, although low severity (CSF ∼ 1.94) dilute acid pretreatment of a xylan–Avicel mixture hydrolyzed most of the xylan (98%) and produced negligible amounts of pseudo‐lignin, enzymatic conversion of cellulose dropped significantly (>25%) compared to cellulose pretreated alone at the same conditions. The drop in cellulose conversion was higher than realized for cellulase inhibition by xylooligomers reported previously. Plausible mechanisms are discussed to explain the observed reductions in cellulose conversions. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 737–753. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effects of MAOA genotype, childhood trauma, and sex on trait and state‐dependent aggression
Authors: Verhoeven Floor E. A. , Booij Linda , Kruijt Anne‐Wil , Cerit Hilâl , Antypa Niki , Van der Does Willem
Published: October 2012

Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) genotypic variation has been associated with variation in aggression, especially in interaction with childhood trauma or other early adverse events. Male carriers of the low‐expressing variant (MAOA‐L) with childhood trauma or other early adverse events seem to be more aggressive, whereas female carriers with the high‐expressing variant (MAOA‐H) with childhood trauma or other early adverse events may be more aggressive. We further investigated the effects of MAOA genotype and its interaction with sex and childhood trauma or other early adverse events on aggression in a young adult sample. We hypothesized that the association between genotype, childhood trauma, and aggression would be different for men and women. We also explored whether this association is different for dispositional (trait) aggression versus aggression in the context of dysphoric mood. In all, 432 Western European students (332 women, 100 men; mean age 20.2) were genotyped for the MAOA gene. They completed measures of childhood trauma, state and trait measures of aggression‐related behaviors (STAXI), and cognitive reactivity to sad mood (LEIDS‐R), including aggression reactivity. Women with the MAOA‐H had higher aggression reactivity scores than women with the MAOA‐L. This effect was not observed in men, although the nonsignificant findings in men may be a result of low power. Effects on the STAXI were not observed, nor were there gene by environment interactions on any of the aggression measures. A protective effect of the low‐expression variant in women on aggression reactivity is consistent with previous observations in adolescent girls. In females, the MAOA‐H may predispose to aggression‐related problems during sad mood.
‘Categories We Share’: Mobilising Common In‐groups in Discourse on Contemporary Immigration in Greece
Authors: Sapountzis Antonis , Figgou Lia , Bozatzis Nikos , Gardikiotis Antonis , Pantazis Pavlos
Published: October 2012

Prejudice reduction has been an important concern within social psychology both in theory and applied research. According to the premises of Social Identity Theory, redrawing of the category boundaries is often considered a necessary step in order to battle prejudice, because in‐group favouritism when the category boundaries change is diffused to the previously distinct identities. The present paper offers a review of the relevant research, and following a discourse analytic perspective argues that recategorisation can also be viewed as a rhetorical resource that people use in verbal interaction in order to achieve certain rhetorical ends. This point is exemplified using interview data from Greece with Greek participants who mobilise common in‐groups between themselves and the immigrants in Greece. Different common in‐groups were mobilised on the basis of common human nature, common ethnic descent and through the use of the common experience of migration that many Greek people have because Greece has been an emigrant sending country for the biggest part of the 20th century. Occasionally, these category constructions were used to differentiate between immigrants of different ethnic descent claiming that only certain immigrant groups can integrate to Greek society, whereas on other instances, these common in‐groups were used in order to inoculate speakers of accusations of prejudice. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrophilicity Control of Visible‐Light Hydrogen Evolution and Dynamics of the Charge‐Separated State in Dye/TiO2/Pt Hybrid Systems
Authors: Han Won‐Sik , Wee Kyung‐Ryang , Kim Hyun‐Young , Pac Chyongjin , Nabetani Yu , Yamamoto Daisuke , Shimada Tetsuya , Inoue Haruo , Choi Heesung , Cho Kyeongjae , Kang Sang Ook
Published: October 2012

Visible‐light‐driven H2 evolution based on Dye/TiO2/Pt hybrid photocatalysts was investigated for a series of (E)‐3‐(5′‐{4‐[bis(4‐R1‐phenyl)amino]phenyl}‐4,4′‐(R2)2‐2,2′‐bithiophen‐5‐yl)‐2‐cyanoacrylic acid dyes. Efficiencies of hydrogen evolution from aqueous suspensions in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as electron donor under illumination at λ>420 nm were found to considerably depend on the hydrophilic character of R1, varying in the order MOD (R1=CH3OCH2, R2=H)≈MO4D (R1=R2=CH3OCH2)>HD (R1=R2=H)>PD (R1=C3H7, R2=H). In the case of MOD/TiO2/Pt, the apparent quantum yield for photocatalyzed H2 generation at 436 nm was 0.27±0.03. Transient absorption measurements for MOD‐ or PD‐grafted transparent films of TiO2 nanoparticles dipped into water at pH 3 commonly revealed ultrafast formation (<100 fs) of the dye radical cation (Dye.+) followed by multicomponent decays, which involve minor fast decays (<5 ps) almost independent of R1 and major slower decays with significant differences between the two samples: 1) the early decay of the major components for MOD is about 2.5 times slower than that for PD and 2) a redshift of the spectrum occurred for MOD with a time constant of 17 ps, but not for PD. The substituent effects on H2 generation as well as on transient behavior have been discussed in terms substituent‐dependent charge recombination (CR) of Dye.+ with electrons in bulk, inner‐trap, and/or interstitial‐trap states, arising from different solvent reorganization.
Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Regiodivergent Rearrangements: 1,2‐ and 1,2′‐Alkyl Migration in Skipped Alkynyl Ketones
Authors: Li Wenbo , Li Yuying , Zhou Guanghua , Wu Xiangshu , Zhang Junliang
Published: October 2012

A series of 2‐alkynyl carbonyl compounds that contain a cyclopentene ring or a heterocycle can be transformed into various fused dihydrobenzofurans and tetrahydrofuro[2,3‐c]pyridines by means of a 1,2‐alkyl migration process. Both of these reactions proceed with excellent regioselectivity and stereospecificity when using a cationic gold(I) catalyst. Treatment of 4‐styrylcyclopent‐1‐enecarboxylates under different conditions affords a range of highly functionalized dihydrobenzofurans and dihydroisobenzofurans. A divergence in product selectivity, which depends on the anion of the silver salts used, was observed. Interestingly, ring‐fused tetrahydroquinolines undergo only 1,2′‐alkyl migration reaction by means of a CC cleavage/cyclization sequence to provide tetrahydroazepine derivatives. Mechanistic studies suggest that the gold complexes catalyze 1,2‐alkyl migration reactions through a concerted reaction pathway and 1,2′‐alkyl migration reactions through a stepwise reaction pathway.
Cytopathologic features of mammary analogue secretory carcinoma
Authors: Bishop Justin A. , Yonescu Raluca , Batista Denise A. S. , Westra William H. , Ali Syed Z.
Published: October 2012

BACKGROUND

Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma (MASC) is a recently described salivary gland neoplasm that is defined by ETV6‐NTRK3 gene fusion. To the best of the authors' knowledge, only rare case reports of the cytopathologic features of MASC have been published to date.

METHODS

A wide variety of archival salivary gland tumors were tested for ETV6 translocation by break‐apart fluorescent in situ hybridization. Positive cases with preoperative fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) specimens or intraoperative touch preparations were retrieved from the archives of The Johns Hopkins Hospital. All smears were reviewed and the cytologic characteristics were described.

RESULTS

Five cases of MASC with cytopathologic material (4 FNA specimens and 1 touch preparation) were identified. The cases occurred in 3 men and 2 women ranging in age from 21 years to 78 years (mean, 52 years). On the cytologic smears, the MASCs were variably cellular and exhibited 2 different architectural patterns: 1) intact tissue fragments with isomorphic cells arranged in a sheet‐like or papillary configuration; and 2) dispersed and dissociated cells with a mostly “histiocyte‐like” appearance with large cells containing abundant vacuolated cytoplasm. No matrix tissue or stromal spindled cells were present. The cells did not display acinic differentiation in the form of cytoplasmic zymogen granules. In each case, the preoperative FNA correctly identified a neoplasm, and the most frequent diagnostic considerations were acinic cell carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and pleomorphic adenoma.

CONCLUSIONS

MASC is a newly described salivary gland tumor that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of low‐grade salivary gland neoplasms. Its cytologic features overlap considerably with those of other tumors, especially acinic cell carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2013;121:228–33. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
On the influence of patient‐specific material properties in computational simulations: A case study of a large ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm
Authors: Doyle Barry J. , Callanan Anthony , Grace Pierce A. , Kavanagh Eamon G.
Published: October 2012

Patient‐specific modelling of abdominal aortic aneurysm has been shown to have clinical potential. This paper examines a large ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm where the tissue from the diseased wall and the intraluminal thrombus was excised during open surgical repair and experimentally characterised. The mechanical data were used to develop material parameters that were incorporated into finite element models with measured nonuniform wall thickness. Implementation of the material data into the numerical model increased peak wall stress by 67%, wall strain by 320% and displacement by 177%, when compared with simulations based on material properties available in the literature. Distributions of numerical results were similar for both material data. Magnitudes of numerical results can differ significantly when using patient‐specific material properties and therefore, care should be taken when interpreting numerical results derived from population‐based data.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aire mediates thymic expression and tolerance of pancreatic antigens via an unconventional transcriptional mechanism
Authors: Danso‐Abeam Dina , Staats Kim A , Franckaert Dean , Van Den Bosch Ludo , Liston Adrian , Gray Daniel H D , Dooley James
Published: October 2012

The autoimmune regulator (Aire), mediates central tolerance of peripheral self. Its activity in thymic epithelial cells (TECs) directs the ectopic expression of thousands of tissue‐restricted antigens (TRAs), causing the deletion of autoreactive thymocytes. The molecular mechanisms orchestrating the breadth of transcriptional regulation byAire remain unknown. One prominent model capable of explaining both the uniquely high number ofAire‐dependent targets and their specificity posits that tissue‐specific transcription factors induced byAire directly activate their canonical targets, exponentially adding to the total number ofAire‐dependentTRAs. To test this “HierarchicalTranscription” model, we analysed mice deficient in the pancreatic master transcription factor pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx1), specifically inTECs (Pdx1ΔFoxn1), for the expression and tolerance of pancreaticTRAs. Surprisingly, we found that lack ofPdx1 inTECs did not reduce the transcription of insulin or somatostatin, or alter glucagon expression. Moreover, in a model of thymic deletion driven by a neo‐TRA under the control of the insulin promoter,Pdx1 inTECs was not required to affect thymocyte deletion or the generation of regulatoryT (Treg) cells. These findings suggest that the capacity ofAire to regulate expression of a huge array ofTRAs relies solely on an unconventional transcriptional mechanism, without intermediary transcription factors.
Redox Reactions of Amidato‐Bridged cis‐Diammineplatinum(III) Dinuclear Complexes with Phenol
Authors: Hyodo Shuntaro , Kishi Masatoshi , Fukushima Hiroyuki , Iwatsuki Satoshi , Ishihara Koji , Matsumoto Kazuko
Published: October 2012

Kinetic studies of the redox reactions of the head‐to‐tail (HT) α‐pyridonato‐bridged cis‐diammineplatinum(III) dinuclear complex and of the head‐to‐head (HH) α‐pyridonato‐bridged and α‐pyrrolidonato‐bridged cis‐diammineplatinum(III) dinuclear complexes with phenol were performed in acidic aqueous solution. Reduction of the HH PtIII dinuclear complexes with phenol proceeded only at pH > 3, whereas that of the HT PtIII dinuclear complex with phenol proceeded even at a pH as low as zero. The kinetic evaluations revealed that the PtIII dinuclear complexes are not reduced by the phenol molecule but are reduced by the phenoxide ion, and the reduction reaction proceeds through an outer‐sphere electron‐transfer mechanism.
Biosorptive removal of chromium by husk of Lathyrus sativus: Evaluation of the binding mechanism, kinetic and equilibrium study
Authors: Chakravarty Rajdeep , Khan Md. Motiar R. , Das Akhil R. , Guha Arun K.
Published: October 2012

The adsorption of tri‐ and hexavalent chromium by the husk of Lathyrus sativus (HLS), which is an agro‐waste has been investigated to find a potential solution to environmental pollution. The pH‐dependent adsorption process finds the optimum values for trivalent and hexavalent chromium ions at about pH 5.0 and pH 2.0, respectively. The process is very fast initially and attains an equilibrium within 90 min following pseudo second‐order rate kinetics. Equilibrium adsorption data can best elucidated by the Langmuir–Freundlich dual model (r2 = 0.998) in comparison with other isotherm models examined indicating that both physi‐ and chemisorption are components of the binding mechanism of chromium ions on HLS. The results show that one gram of HLS can adsorb 24.6 mg Cr3+ and 44.5 mg Cr6+. Fourier transform infrared data and functional group modification experiments indicate that –NH2, ‐COOH, ‐OH, ‐PO43− groups of the biomass interact chemically with the chromium ions. SEM‐energy dispersive X‐ray analysis and X‐ray diffraction spectrum analysis were used to further assess the morphological changes and the mechanisms of chromium ion interaction with HLS. The analysis signified that the biosorption process involved surface morphological changes, complexation and an ion exchange mechanism. The amorphous nature of HLS facilitating metal biosorption was indicated by the X‐ray diffraction analysis.
Analysis of decode‐and‐forward, compress‐and‐forward and combined protocols for multiterminal half‐duplex relay networks with random schedules
Authors: Rost P. , Fettweis G.
Published: October 2012

In this paper, protocols based on compress‐and‐forward, decode‐and‐forward and a combined approach are discussed, achievable rates are derived, and a performance analysis for a multiterminal half‐duplex relay network is carried out. Half‐duplex relays are subject to an orthogonality constraint, which prohibits simultaneous receiving and transmitting on a time‐frequency resource. With this constraint, this paper investigates random transmission schedules, such that the sequence of transmit and receive slots serves as information bearer. This concept is applied to a network of decode‐and‐forward relays, which decode the full source message or parts of it. Then a compress‐and‐forward protocol with regular encoding is introduced. Regular encoding for compress‐and‐forward overcomes the limitations due to the source‐channel‐coding separation, which is a particular bottleneck in multiterminal networks. Based on the partial decode‐and‐forward and compress‐and‐forward protocol, a protocol with one compress‐and‐forward and one decode‐and‐forward based relay is presented. Similar to the cut‐set bound, both relays operate in a mode in which only one is transmitting whereas the second one is listening to exploit additional information transmitted by the other relay.

For the considered scenarios and by contrast to the full‐duplex channel, protocols based on compress‐and‐forward outperform decode‐and‐forward protocols for a wide range of parameters. Furthermore, the introduced combined approach provides achievable rates close to the cut‐set bound for scenarios in which both relays are well separated or very close to each other. If the inter‐relay interference is too low for an efficient interference cancellation but also too strong to be ignored, compress‐and‐forward also outperforms the combined strategy. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Joint spectrum sensing and transmit power adaptation in interference‐aware cognitive radio networks
Authors: Ding Guoru , Wu Qihui , Zou Yulong , Wang Jinlong , Gao Zhan
Published: October 2012

Cognitive radio networks (CRNs) have been recognised as a promising solution to address the spectrum shortage problem by allowing secondary users to opportunistically utilise the temporally and/or spatially unused spectrum holes without causing unacceptable interference to the primary users. Spectrum sensing is known as one of the key enabling technologies for identifying the spectrum holes in CRNs. In this article, the limitations of conventional spectrum sensing at discovering spatial spectrum hole are highlighted and an interference‐aware sensing metric is adopted to maximise the spectrum hole utilisation for a secondary user. Specifically, we introduce a new degree of freedom, transmit power adaptation, into the issue of interference‐aware spectrum sensing and develop a joint optimization problem to maximise the interference‐free throughput of the secondary user while satisfying the quality of service constraints of both the primary and secondary transmissions. Moreover, observing that the transmit power lies within a strict finite interval, the jointly optimal strategy of sensing threshold and transmit power is proved to be tractable by sequential optimization. Compared against the existing sensing techniques presented in related work, we show through numerical simulations that the proposed technique results in better spectrum hole utilisation for the secondary user without sacrificing the desired degree of protection for primary users. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The latest Carboniferous–Early Permian Dorud Group of the eastern Alborz (Iran): biostratigraphy and taxonomy of smaller foraminifers
Authors: Alipour Zohreh , Hosseini‐Nezhad Seyyed Mahmood , Vachard Daniel , Rashidi Koorosh
Published: October 2012

The latest Carboniferous–Early Permian Dorud Group in the Chaman‐Saver area of eastern Alborz, Iran is more than 222 m thick and includes thick sequences of oncolitic limestone, sandy limestone, sandstones and shales. The Emarat and Ghosnavi formations of this Group are dated here as latest Gzhelian to early Sakmarian Stages. During the Asselian Stage, the sea level fell abruptly and epeirogenic episodes occurred. These events generated a broad, shallow carbonate platform suitable for the growth and diversity of smaller foraminifers in the Chaman‐Saver area which, consequently, displays faunal differences with the rest of the Alborz Mountains. Three foraminiferal biozones are proposed: Nodosinelloides potievskayae–Vervilleina bradyi Zone (latest Gzhelian), Calcitornella heathi–Nodosinelloides sp. Zone (latest Gzhelian–Asselian), and Rectogordius iranicus n. gen. n. sp.–Hemigordius schlumbergeri Zone (early Sakmarian). The new taxa described herein include: Pseudovidalina iranica n. sp., P. damghanica n. sp., Rectogordius iranicus n. gen. n. sp. and Tezaquina sp. 1. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nociceptive responses to thermal and mechanical stimulations in awake pigs
Authors: Di Giminiani P. , Petersen L.J. , Herskin M.S.
Published: October 2012

Background

Porcine skin exhibits a high degree of homology to human skin, and the pig has recently been used as a cutaneous pain model. However, before the full potential of this novel in vivo cutaneous pain model can be achieved, several methodological aspects related to the management of awake animal studies in a large species require further examination. This manuscript describes the initial development of a porcine model of cutaneous nociception and focuses on interactions between the sensory modality, body size and the anatomical location of the stimulation site.

Methods

Pigs of different body sizes (30 and 60 kg) were exposed to thermal (CO2 laser) and mechanical (pressure application measurement device) stimulations to the flank and the hind legs in a balanced order. The median response latency and the type of behavioural response were recorded.

Results

Small pigs exhibited significantly lower pain thresholds (shorter latency to response) than large pigs to thermal and mechanical stimulations. Stimulations at the two anatomical locations elicited very distinct sets of behavioural responses, with different levels of sensitivity between the flank and the hind legs. Furthermore, small animals exhibited lower levels of individual variability between single stimulations.

Conclusions

Our data indicate that this experimental approach may be valuable for use in studies that focus on porcine cutaneous nociception.
Barrier protective effects of rosmarinic acid on HMGB1‐induced inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Yang Eun‐Ju , Ku Sae‐Kwang , Lee Wonhwa , Lee Sangkyu , Lee Taeho , Song Kyung‐Sik , Bae Jong‐Sup
Published: October 2012

High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein is a crucial cytokine that mediates response to infection, injury, and inflammation. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is an important component of the leaves of Perilla frutescens and has neuroprotective, anti‐microbial, anti‐oxidant, and anti‐cancer effects but little is known of its effects on HMGB1‐mediated inflammatory response. Here, we investigated this issue by monitoring the effects of RA on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)‐mediated release of HMGB1 and HMGB1‐mediated modulation of inflammatory responses. RA potently inhibited the release of HMGB1 and down‐regulated HMGB1‐dependent inflammatory responses in human endothelial cells. RA also inhibited HMGB1‐mediated hyperpermeability and leukocyte migration in mice. Furthermore, RA reduced CLP‐induced HMGB1 release and sepsis‐related mortality. Given these results, RA should be viewed as a candidate therapeutic agent for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases via inhibition of the HMGB1 signaling pathway. J. Cell. Physiol. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Protein phosphatase 2A Cα regulates osteoblast differentiation and the expressions of bone sialoprotein and osteocalcin via osterix transcription factor
Authors: Okamura Hirohiko , Yoshida Kaya , Yang Di , Haneji Tatsuji
Published: October 2012

Serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) participates in regulating many important physiological processes such as cell cycle, growth, apoptosis, and signal transduction. Osterix is a zinc‐finger‐containing transcription factor that is essential for osteoblast differentiation and regulation of many bone‐related genes. We have recently reported that decrease in α‐isoform of PP2A catalytic subunit (PP2A Cα) accelerates osteoblast differentiation through the expression of bone‐related genes. In this study, we further examined the role of PP2A Cα in osteoblast differentiation by establishing the stable cell lines that overexpress PP2A Cα. Overexpression of PP2A Cα reduced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Osteoblast differentiation and mineralization were also decreased in PP2A Cα‐overexpressing cells, with reduction of bone‐related genes including osterix, bone sialoprotein (Bsp), and osteocalcin (OCN). Luciferase assay showed that the transcriptional activity of the Osterix promoter region was decreased in PP2A Cα‐overexpressing cells. Introduction of ectopic Osterix rescued the expression of Bsp and OCN in PP2A Cα‐overexpressing cells. These results indicate that PP2A Cα and its activity play a negative role in osteoblast differentiation and Osterix is a key factor responsible for regulating the expressions of Bsp and OCN during PP2A Cα‐mediated osteoblast differentiation. J. Cell. Physiol. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regeneration of articular cartilage by adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells: Perspectives from stem cell biology and molecular medicine
Authors: Wu Ling , Cai Xiaoxiao , Zhang Shu , Karperien Marcel , Lin Yunfeng
Published: October 2012

Adipose‐derived stem cells (ASCs) have been discovered for more than a decade. Due to the large numbers of cells that can be harvested with relatively little donor morbidity, they are considered to be an attractive alternative to bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells. Consequently, isolation and differentiation of ASCs draw great attention in the research of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Cartilage defects cause big therapeutic problems because of their low self‐repair capacity. Application of ASCs in cartilage regeneration gives hope to treat cartilage defects with autologous stem cells. In recent years, a lot of studies have been performed to test the possibility of using ASCs to re‐construct damaged cartilage tissue. In this article, we have reviewed the most up‐to‐date articles utilizing ASCs for cartilage regeneration in basic and translational research. Our topic covers differentiation of adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells into chondrocytes, increased cartilage formation by co‐culture of ASCs with chondrocytes and enhancing chondrogenic differentiation of ASCs by gene manipulation. J. Cell. Physiol. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.