bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TIME-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF 3D SHIP-WAVE FIELDS IN MARTIME WATERWAYS
Authors: BrÃ¼hl Markus , Shet Rahi
Published: February 2019

In the last 15 years an increased number of serious damages of protective structures such as groins and revetments have been observed in maritime waterways. The analyses of these damages have shown that the current design approaches for the rubble mound layers of such structures are not sufficient to ensure sufficient stability against ship-induced wave loads. Since these approaches are determined for wind-induced waves, they do not consider the long-period ship-wave components. Within a joint research project, the design loads of ship-induced long-period waves on rubble mound structures in maritime waterways are investigated. By means of first project results, the knowledge gaps with respect to the classification and parameterization of ship waves have been identified. The project has clearly shown the need for a 3D analysis of three-dimensional, nonlinear ship-wave fields. Therefore, another research project was initiated in order to generate the scientific knowledge for the parameterization of ship-induced 3D wave fields as required for the hydraulic design of rubble mound structures in maritime waterways with a special focus on the spatial and nonlinear properties of ship waves.
HINDCASTING OF SURGE AND WAVE ON HOKKAIDO COASTS BY WINTER LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM USING SURGE-WAVE COUPLED SEA BOTTOM AND SURFACE STRESSES IN SUWAT
Authors: Kumagai Kenzo , Kim Sooyoul , Tsujio Daiki , Hajime Mase , Tsuji Takahito
Published: February 2019

Typhoon-induced storm surge can cause catastrophic consequences in low-lying city areas on coasts. From the historical observations, it is found that Winter Low Pressure System (WLPS) has impacts similar to a typhoon in terms of surge and wave generation. For instance, from 16th to 17th in December 2014, a winter low pressure system of 951 hPa occurred in Hokkaido, Japan, generated a surge of 1.75 m high and flooded many low-lying regions on the Kushiro coast. This was the record-break surge level due to WLPS in Japan, since the WLPS-induced surge of 0.9 m was recorded in 1994.
EFFECTS OF WAVE LOAD ON THE LONG-TERM VEGETATION DEVELOPMENT AND THEIR RESISTANCE AS GRASS REVETMENTS ON SEA DIKES
Authors: Michalzik Jochen , Liebisch Sven , Schlurmann Torsten
Published: February 2019

Construction and design processes of revetments, sea dikes and estuarine dikes along the German coastline adhere the paradigm to protect and safeguard reliably the coastal hinterland from wave attack and storm surges. Following these standards coastal protection structures provide only poor ecosystem services in any proper design or maintenance approach. As a result, the EcoDike-project has been started with the aim to quantify and enhance the ecosystem services of revetments, sea dikes and estuarine dikes while preserving or possibly even enhancing the existing safety standards. Therefore, a profound understanding of the complex long-term interactions between wave load and vegetation development on sea dikes is inevitable. To achieve these objectives a typical seadike in prototype scale is tested under realistic and long-term wave loading in the new outdoor wave basin at the Ludwig-Franzius-Institute in Hannover (Germany).
MODEL TESTS ON THE BELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEEP--WATEB WAVE CHARACTERISTICS AND LONGSHORE CURRENTS
Authors: Brebner Arthur , Kamphus J.W.
Published: February 2019

It has Long been recognized that the movement of Littoral material takes place, in the main, in the onshore regions of a beach where breaking of waves occurs. Waves whose crests in deep water make an angLe o(a with the shore Line, and which break at an angLe C*© , are the mam source of energy for the generation of the forces which manifest themselves in Long-shore currents and the resulting LittoraL transport. This littoraL materiaL is put into motion before, during and after breaking but it is extremeLy difficult to separate the effects of the forces and currents in these three zones. In what foLlows the authors have attempted to measure the intensity of the current around the breaking zone in a highLy ideaLized beach model in which the shore Line is straight, has a constant beach sLope, 0, and is attacked by waves of constant deep-water wave-height, HQ, and period, T. During refraction and shoaLing the angLe of the wave-crests with the shore-Line is reduced from o
QUASI-WEEKLY AND DAILY PROFILE CHANGES ON A DISTINCTIVE SAND BEACH
Authors: Rohrbough John D. , Koehr James E. , Thompson Warren C.
Published: February 2019

Casual observations over a period of years of a long sand beach in the southern end of Monterey Bay, California, suggested that the sand elevation, while varying noticeably from one time to another, does not display the well-defined seasonal alternation between build-up in the summer and erosion in the winter that is now widely recognized on the exposed beaches of California. Accordingly, a program was established to measure the beach-profile changes by means of serial observations and to attempt to relate the changes to wave, tide, and beach conditions prevailing during the observation period. The results of the study, covering nine months, are presented herein. In the course of the study it became evident that quite special conditions of sand, waves, and water circulation exist in the extreme southern end of Monterey Bay which make this small area a natural laboratory where beach profile changes as well as other nearshore phenomena may be investigated under quite simply defined conditions in nature. The characteristics of this beach will be described in some detail, partly because they are distinctive and therefore of more than usual interest, and partly because they are essential to understanding the causes of the profile changes observed.
WAVE ENERGY AND LITTORAL TRANSPORT
Authors: Castanho Jose
Published: February 2019

As is known the breaking of oblique waves generates currents roughly parallel to the shore line usually designated by long shore currents. The intensity of these currents which are present almost exclusively between the breaking line and the shore depends on the characteristics of the waves (angle of approach, height and period) and on the characteristics of the shore (slope and roughness). A certain amount of energy E is transmitted by the breaking wave along its direction of propagation. As this is a transmitted energy, it is possible to speak about its component parallel to the shoreline which would be indicated by E sen a , being the angle of approach of waves, i.e. the angle that crests make with the shoreline .
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ON LITTORAL DRIFT IN FIELD AND LABORATORY
Authors: Bruun Per , Purpura James
Published: February 2019

The Coastal Engineering Laboratory of the University of Florida is at present carrying out a combined field and laboratory research program to gain quantitative information on littoral drift longshore as well as perpendicular to the shore. The laboratory utilizes modern tracing technique by luminophores including a scanning (counting of grains) machine and experiments in a wave tank where a current is passed through waters agitated by waves propagating parallel to or perpendicular to the current action.
PERIODIC GRAVITY WAVES OVER A GENTLE SLOPE AT A THIRD ORDER OF APPROXIMATION
Authors: Le Mehaute B. , Webb L.M.
Published: February 2019

The concepts of energy flux and group velocity for nonlinear periodic gravity waves are discussed The average energy flux, average energy per wavelength and "group velocity" are calculated for irrotational periodic gravity waves at a third order of approximation. Then the principle of conservation of transmitted energy between wave orthogonals is applied to the same order of approximation for determining the variation of wave height m decreasing depth. The results are presented as nomographs. It is seen that the "shoaling coefficient" needs to be expressed at least at a third order of approximation to account for experimental results.
STABILITY OF BEACHES USING GROINS
Authors: Ishihara Tojiro , Sawaragi Toru
Published: February 2019

The authors have conducted a field investigation on the stability of beaches, using groins along the Imazu and Sakano Coasts m Tokushima, Japan. Based on the survey of coastal configuration between groins and on the estimation of the amount of littoral sand drift in the case of no structure, the storage capacity of permeable and impermeable groins was determined. It is found that the groins have to be designed m types, length and intervals under the condition that the equal amount of littoral sand drift along the coast may be secured.
SAND LOSSES FROM A COAST BY WIND ACTION
Authors: Johnson J.W. , Kadib A.A.
Published: February 2019

Sand supplied to a coast by streams, cliff erosion, and other sources generally is moved in one particular direction along the shoreline as a littoral drift by the prevailing wave conditions in the area (3). When this drift encounters a partial obstruction, such as a prominent natural headland or a major engineering structure, a condition is realized which is conducive to sediment deposition. Such littoral compartments eventually become filled and some sand is carried past the obstruction. If the topography back of the area of deposition is relatively low and the prevailing winds are onshore, considerable quantities of sand may be moved inland to create a dune system. This loss of material from the coast may affect the stability of the downcoast shoreline. A measure of the annual loss of sand from a particular section of coast by wind action is necessary in many instances. A method of estimating this loss of sand involves the use of a suitable transport equation along with a knowledge of the sand characteristics and the duration and velocity of the wind in the area under study.
DEVELOPMENT OF HYDRAULIC AND SHOALING CHARACTERISTICS OF SAVANNAH HARBOR, GEORGIA, BY PROTOTYPE STUDIES AND HYDRAULIC MODEL
Authors: Harris John W.
Published: February 2019

Maintenance of Savannah Harbor became progressively more critical as the deepening of the channels caused heavy shoaling concentrations in a highly industrialized section of the harbor where spoil disposal areas are limited. Studies were performed to evaluate the shoaling and develop means of reducing the high cost of maintaining 31 miles of deep-water navigation channels. A hydraulic model investigation substantiated the conclusions reached through analysis of prototype data, greatly expanded the knowledge of hydraulic conditions and shoaling processes, and developed an improvement plan which involved a tide gate to induce the deposit of sediment in an off-channel sediment basin.
THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF OFFSHORE STRUCTURES TO TIME-DEPENDENT FORCES
Authors: Gaither William S. , Billington David P.
Published: February 2019

This paper is addressed to the problem of structural behavior in an offshore environment, and the application of a more rigorous analysis for time-dependent forces than is currently used. Design of pile supported structures subjected to wave forces has, in the past, been treated in two parts; (1) a static analysis based on the loading of a single wave, and (2) a dynamic analysis which sought to determine the resonant frequency by assuming that the structure could be approximated as a single-degree-of-freedom system. (Ref. 4 and 6) The behavior of these structures would be better understood if the dynamic nature of the loading and the many degrees of freedom of the system were included. A structure which is built in the open ocean is subjected to periodic forces due to wind, waves, floating objects, and due occasionally to machinery mounted on the structure. To resist motion, the structure relies on the stiffness of the elements from which it is built and the restraints of the ocean bottom into which the supporting legs are driven.
WAVE FORCES AGAINST SEA WALL
Authors: Hom-ma Masashi , Horikawa Kiyoshi
Published: February 2019

The study concerning the wave forces acting on breakwater has been conducted by numerous scientists and engineers both in field and in laboratory,, While few studies have been carried out on the wave forces acting on sea wall which is located inside the surf zone. In this paper are summarized the main results of the experimental studies conducted at the University of Tokyo, Japan, in relation to the subject on the wave forces against a vertical or inclined surface wall located shorewards from the breaking point, and also is proposed an empirical formula of wave pressure distribution on a sea wall on the basis of the experimental data. The computed results obtained by using the above formula are compared with the field data of wave pressure on a vertical wall measured at the Niigata West Coast, Niigata Prefecture, Japan, and also with the experimental data of total wave forces on a vertical wall; the project of the latter is now in progress at the University of Tokyo.
THE ECONOMICAL HEIGHTS OP SEA WALLS FOR COAST PROTECTION IN JAPAN
Authors: Tsuruta Senri , Nagao Yoshimi , Ijima Takeshi
Published: February 2019

The purpose to construct coast protection works is to protect properties and human lives front the disasters of storm tides, cruel waves, beach erosions, and others. We may expect that the stronger the works are built, the more the disasters will be prevented, but it cost more to strengthen them. Prom a view point of national economy, both the construction cost and the amount of damages are regarded as the losses. In general, the amount of damages will be enormous if no protection work is constructed, but the construction cost of protection works to reduce the damages infinitely small will also be enormous. The loss in national economy, or the sum of the damages and the construction cost, will be minimized on some suitable magnitudes of protection works. We deviced a concrete calculation method to decide economical magnitudes of coast protection works, and have applied the method to practical plannings. The paper discusses the fundamental idea of the method and the results of the application.
PRAIA DA VITORIA HARBOUR (AZORES) DAMAGES IN THE BREAKWATER DUE TO THE STORM OF 26th - 27th DECEMBER, 1962
Authors: De Carvalho Jose Joaquim Reis
Published: February 2019

Praia da Vitoria is a harbour in the eastern coast of Ter ceira, in Azores Islands. These lie in the Nortern Atlantic,bet ween 36 55' and 39 1+3' north latitude and between 26 1+6'and 31 16' west of Greenwich longitude. Terceira island belongs to the central group of islands (fig.l). The port facilities in Praia da Vitoria harbour were con - structed with the main purpose of enabling the unloading of liquid fuels, however intense the swell at the entrance of the harbour. The maritime structures include a rubble mound breakwa ter about 600 m long, rooted at Ponta do Espirito Santo, and an unloading system, independent from the breakwater and made up of a central hose-handling pier, where tankers can berth, anc dolphins to take the mooring lines of the ships. The hose-han - dling platform and the dolphins are connected with one another and with the shore by means of footbridges (figs. 1 and 3).
THE STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR AND THE SHELTERING EFFICIENCY OF THE SUBMERGED BREAKWATER AT THE ENTRANCE TO THE PORT OF LEIXOES MAINTENANCE CHARGES AND EFFECTS
Authors: Abecasis Duarte
Published: February 2019

The urgent necessity for providing a system of protective works of the harbour of Leixoes with complementary works to improve the poor con ditions of the shelter in the basin and to protect ships entering the port became evident in 193^* In fact, the frequency of disaster to trawlers and to other ships within the basin during southwestern gales as well as the very dangerous conditions at the entrance under such gales were incompatible with the increasing economic importance of Oporto and its hinterland. These bad conditions culminated in the foundering of the 9000 T Dutch steamship "Orania" at anchor in the basin colliding on the 19th December 193^ with the steamship "Luanda" when entering the harbour under severe hurricane. The construction of the 1000 m long new breakwater was started wit a 15 m wide vertical wall to be set partly on rocky bottom and partly o a sandy bottom. Before leaving the rocky bottom the upper part of the wall was destroyed by a strong gale (Fig. l). For the advancement of t work the contractor and an official commission recommended the adoption of the Casablanca type of slope work. For economical reasons and on those of the sure possibility of its conversion into a conventional type of work, would it become convenient it was decided, at the author's suggestion, and after model study at Lausanne School of Engineer's Laboratory, to adopt a new type of submerged work, to replace the unsuccessful vertical type or the type of Casablanca proposed by the contractor (Fig. 2). The section adopted coi prised a rubble mound core of stones to 1- with the crest at level (-9m00), and berms of rubble to kF, 12 m wide to the sea side and 10 m wide to the port side (Fig. l). T The top and slopes of the mound were protected by an armour of 90 concrete blocks with the corners cut for best accommodation. The cost of the work could be reduced to half of that corresponding to the last of these types of breakwaters and its maintenance charge greatly reducec The estimated cost of the works would be reduced from JL 1.770.000 to £. 880.000 and the maintenance charges foreseen reduced from £ 35*^00 yearly to £ 2.800 yearly (comparison with the Casablanca type).
EQUATIONS APPROCHEES DE LA REFRACTION DE LA HOULE
Authors: Biesel F.
Published: February 2019

En 1951, au Symposium sur les ondes de gravity, organist par le National Bureau of Standards, j'ai presents une etude sur les Equations approchees de la houle en profondeur variable [l]. Cette etude etait limitee aux problemes plans (houles cylindriques) mais j'lndiquais que la methode pouvait ttre etendue aux cas tridimenslonnels. Les formules auxquelles on aboutissait alors pour ces cas, justifiaient a titre de premiere approximation, la pratique usuelle de construction et d'interpretation des plans de vagues ; elle introduisait neanmoins un certain nombre de corrections qui pouvaient en gros se grouper en trois categories : - des deformations des houles identlques en substance a celles obtenues pour le cas bi-dimensionnel, - des corrections d'amplitude, - des corrections de longueur d'onde.
THE ASH WEDNESDAY EAST COAST STORM, MARCH 5-8, 1962 A HINDCAST OF EVENTS, CAUSES, AND EFFECTS
Authors: Bretschneider Charles L.
Published: February 2019

Hmdcasts were made for winds, waves and tides for several east coast locations for the storm of 5-8 March 1962. A limited amount of recorded data and a considerable amount of other observations were available from near-by and remote stations. The data were analyzed for correlation or "calibration" purposes m order to improve the "state of the art" of wave and storm surge hindcastmg for locations where recorded data were not available. Wind records were analyzed to obtain sustained wind speeds, average gust factors, and probability distribution of gust factors. Isobaric patterns were used to determine sustained wind speeds over the water fetch for deep and shallow water waves and storm surge hmdcasts. Wave run-up calculations were made to determine the wave activity on the beach and the dunes and -were used to estimate the probable rate of beach erosion and dune evolution. The off-water wind speeds were modified to determine wind speeds over the beach and over the top of the dunes. Finally, by summarizing the time-history of the various meteorological, oceanographic, and coastal engineering events, a very interesting scientific and engineering evaluation of the causes and effects can be made.
HURRICANE STUDIES FOR NARRAGANSETT BAY
Authors: McAleer John B.
Published: February 2019

Hurricane flooding has emerged as one of the major coastal engineering problems of the Atlantic and Gulf Coast areas of the United States. Engineering and scientific investigations have been made to determine the fundamental mechanics of the hurricane surges that cause inunda tion of coastal areas and to develop practical and economical protection. Mathematical models and large hydraulic models were used for the Narragansett Bay studies of two major projects. The discussions presented herein are limited to the hydraulic studies of barriers at the mouth of the bay, known as the Lower Bay Barri Plan, and a brief description of this plan and the Fox Point Hurricane Barrier which is now under construction.
NUMERICAL PREDICTION ON TYPHOON TIDE IN TOKYO BAY
Authors: Ito Takeshi , Hino Mikio , Wantanbe Jiro , Hino Kazuko
Published: February 2019

The paper discusses firstly mathematical problems on the numerical calculation of storm surges. The partial differential equations of motion adopted here take into account the Coriolis force and the nonlinear terms such as the inertial terms and a quadratic form of bottom friction. As a result, special care must be taken in order to obtain stable forms of finite-difference equations. It is shown that inadequate forms accumulate errors to cause divergence of the step by step calculations. A set of stable forms of the finite-difference equations of motion and continuity has been derived. Sometimes, it is convenient to divide the numerical integration region into two or more sub-regions, the mesh-dimensions of which are not equal. A method is described to calculate both regions by one procedure. Japan coasts were frequently damaged by severe storm surges (Typhoon Tides). To protect the metropolitan area from storm surges, a proposal has been made to construct a dike across Tokyo Bay. A numerical calculation has been made by means of IBM 7090 to estimate for several opening width of the proposed dike its effects on the reduction of surges. Interactions between daily tides (astronomical tide) and surges are also discussed.
ANALYSIS OF THE RESPONSE OF OFFSHORE-MOORED SHIPS TO WAVES
Authors: Leendertse Jan L.
Published: February 2019

A vessel moored at sea will experience complicated series of translational and rotational oscillations due to sea waves. These motions can be considered as the summation of six components, three translational and three rotational. In the presently available analyses of motions of unmoored ships, differential equations can be written for each mode of movement. Unfortunately, motions in one of these modes are coupled to motions of other modes, and the analysis becomes rather complicated. Generally, the problem is simplified by neglecting some of the coupling effects and by specifying the position of the vessel in the wave system. This study develops and analyzes a model for a moored ship restrained by mooring lines, using the presently available mathematical models for the free ship and the force-displacement relationship of the cable-holding points on the ship. The coupled movement (three degrees of freedom) in a vertical plane through the longitudinal axis of the vessel and the generated mooring-line forces are considered in detail. The general case of six degrees of freedom in arbitrary heading is discussed briefly in general terms.
RESONANCE CONDITIONS IN N°.l DOCK OF LUANDA HARBOUR
Authors: Abecasis Fernando Manzanares
Published: February 2019

About 900 m of berth length arranged around a single pier are at present available in the port of Luanda. Due to the constant increase of traffic through the port, the "Brigada de Estudos do Porto de Luanda" (Brigade of Stud ies of the Luanda Harbour) decided to prepare a general plan of extension of the port facilities. The extension planned comprises the construction of a new pier, which together with the existing one will delimit a triangular dock - dock n°-.l -, and of a se ries of rectangular basins between the new dock and the area of S.Pedro da Barra fortress (fig.l). The danger of possible resonance phenomena and the fact that this problem can be dealt with before construction begins, led the Brigade to undertake a detailed analysis of it before tak ing decisions on the extension works of the port. This analysis comprised three stages: a) Observation in nature of long-period waves in Luanda bay. b) Analytic study of the behaviour of the planned docks under the action of possible long-period waves . c) Experimental study in model of the same phenomenon. The author, as consulting engineer of the Brigade of Stud ies, programmed observations a) and analysed their results,performed the analytic study b) [l] , [2] , [3] and, as head of the Hydraulic Department of Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Ci vil, planned, supervised and interpreted the model studies.
POTENTIALS OP TIDAL POWER ON THE NORTH ATLANTIC COAST IN CANADA AND UNITED STATES
Authors: Laba Jan T.
Published: February 2019

In this paper the most suitable locations for erection of tidal power plants on the North Atlantic Coast are reviewed and classified in respect to the possible pool arrangement. The harnessing of the tides to produce power in various layouts is described. Due to the limited length of this paper, it was only possible to discuss and compare the power output from two proposed tidal power projects, Passamaquoddy Bay and Shepody Bay, and also to discuss some auxiliary power sources to supplement the varying output of tidal power. The tide producing forces and the effect of the coastline on the tide height is also briefly introduced.
BORE INCEPTION AND PROPAGATION BY THE NONLINEAR WAVE THEORY
Authors: Amein Michael
Published: February 2019

The integration of the equations of the nonlinear shallow-water theory by a finite difference scheme based on the method of characteristics is programmed for digital computers. In the program, the equations of the bore propagation are coupled to the equations of the nonlinear theory, and thus a procedure for predicting the motion of the entire wave, including the bore, is established. Waves of irregular shape and experimental data are treated by an iterative method. Laboratory experiments on the inception and propagation of bores also are presented.
ON THE PROCESS OF CHANGE FROM SALT WATER TO FRESH WATER BY EFFECTIVE CONTROL OF OUTLET GATES FOR A LAKE OR RIVER DISCHARGING TO THE SEA
Authors: Minami Isao
Published: February 2019

In previous studies, the mechanisms for changing saltwater lake to fresh water were analysed by Dr. Jaasen^ and Okuda-'-^. But in these theories, the effectiveness of the structure of the outlet gate and its control for salinity had not been considered. For this reason, tne aoove studies are not precise enough to estimate the necessary time required for changing salt water to fresh water in the actual sea-reclamation planing. Tne author iias proposed a new method to calcu-* late the necessary time. In this paper the mechanism of transport of salinity in water is also considered.
LAKE NYASA PORTUGUESE COAST AND ITS SEDIMENTS
Authors: Pacheco Joao T.
Published: February 2019

On the course of geological work in the Lake Nyasa region, several observations were made on coastal features and beach sediments which allowed some preliminary conclusions to be drawn on sedimentary and coastal processes active in the lake shore. The purpose of this paper is to present these conclusions together with the data on which they are based.
THE ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF WAVE DATA - A PLEA FOR UNIFORMITY
Authors: Draper L.
Published: February 2019

This paper describes a method of analysis of sea-wave records and ways of presentation of the results. The author hopes that standard techniques can be agreed amongst users of wave data, and puts forward this paper as a possible model.
THE INTERNAL VELOCITY FIELD IN BREAKING WAVES
Authors: Miller Robert L. , Zeigler John M.
Published: February 2019

As far as is known, the results presented here are the first detailed measurements of the horizontal velocity component inside breaking waves. The field study was originally undertaken in 1960 to determine the presence and strength of mid-depth return flow under shoaling waves (Miller and Zeigler, 1961, 1964). In the course of the experiment, a series of measurements was made very close to the shore. During one tidal cycle, the instruments became exposed to breakers, and continued to operate. A study of the resulting data convinced us that detailed velocity measurements could be made within the natural breaker m the field. Accordingly, a series of runs was made and velocity data collected on breakers ranging from very small to storm size. This data will be presented and discussed in detail in a later portion of this paper. A number of laboratory studies have been made on breakers. These may be placed in three categories for our purposes. The first group includes detailed discussion of observations and sequential figures illustrating the development of breakers. An example is Mason (1951). The second group of papers gives some detail on the structure of breakers and presents, either by direct photograph or sketch of, the trajectory inside the breakers. Examples are Hamada (1951) and Morison and Crooke (1953). The third group of papers presents, in addition to most of the material referred to above, a series of vector maps of the internal velocity under various types of breakers, including both sinusoidal and solitary wave generated breakers. Papers in the third category include Iversen (1951), Larras (1952), and Ippen and Kulin (1955). The latter were of most direct interest to us within the context of the present study.
STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF WAVE HEIGHTS IN CORRELATION WITH ENERQ7 SPECTRUM AND WATER DEPTH
Authors: Koele L.A. , De Bruyn P.A.
Published: February 2019

Wave motion has been studied at various places in the south western part of the Netherlands (the Delta area) as part of a study on coastal morphology and the design of coastal structures. The main part of this study deals with the statistical distribution of wave heights in relation to: a. the height of the sea surface at fixed points, as a function of time; b. the water depth; c. the energy spectrum of the wave motion. The results of theoretical studies by D.E.Cartwright and M.S.Longuet Higgins (lit. 1) and data on wave measurements obtained by Rijkswaterstaat in the North Sea were used. These measurements were taken by means of an electrical step-capacity gauge, with wireless

transmission of the data to shore . Three gauges, fastened to fixed poles (named E, X and T) were placed at points at depths of 5, 10 and 15 meters respectively, (fig. 1).
CARACTERISTIQUES DE D'AGITATION MARITIME DAN LA COTE OUEST DU PORTUGAL METROPOLITAIN
Authors: Barcelo Julio Patriarca
Published: February 2019

Dans cette communication on pre*sente les caracteYistiqu g£ner*ales de 1' agitation maritime au large du port de Figueira Foz dans la pe"riode comprise entre 195^+ et i960 et les rappon entre les parametres qui caract^risent les trains d'ondes obse: v6s pres de la cote, en ce port. La pre*sente £tude est un appo: a la connaissance du regime gdneYal de 1» agitation a la c6te oue: du Portugal metropolitan! et, faute d'autres Etudes completes actualis^es dans ce domaine, on la pre"sente comme une approx mation pouvant avoir une large application pratique.
An autophagy‐related long non‐coding RNA signature for glioma
Authors: Luan Fangkun , Chen Wenjie , Chen Miao , Yan Jun , Chen Hao , Yu Haiyue , Liu Tieqi , Mo Ligen
Published: February 2019

Glioma is one of the most common types of malignant primary central nervous system tumor, and prognosis for this disease is poor. As autophagic drugs have been reported to induce glioma cell death, we investigated the potential prognostic role of autophagy‐associated long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA) in glioma patients. In this study, we obtained 879 lncRNAs and 216 autophagy genes from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas microarray, and found that 402 lncRNAs are correlated with the autophagy genes. Subsequently, 10 autophagy‐associated lncRNAs with prognostic value (PCBP1‐AS1, TP53TG1, DHRS4‐AS1, ZNF674‐AS1, GABPB1‐AS1, DDX11‐AS1, SBF2‐AS1, MIR4453HG, MAPKAPK5‐AS1 and COX10‐AS1) were identified in glioma patients using multivariate Cox regression analyses. A prognostic signature was then established based on these prognostic lncRNAs, dividing patients into low‐risk and high‐risk groups. The overall survival time was shorter in the high‐risk group than that in the low‐risk group [hazard ratio (HR) = 5.307, 95% CI: 4.195–8.305; P < 0.0001]. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that the gene sets were significantly enriched in cancer‐related pathways, including interleukin (IL) 6/Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 signaling, tumor necrosis factor α signaling via nuclear factor κB, IL2/STAT5 signaling, the p53 pathway and the KRAS signaling pathway. The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset was used to validate that high‐risk patients have worse survival outcomes than low‐risk patients (HR = 1.544, 95% CI: 1.110–2.231; P = 0.031). In summary, our signature of 10 autophagy‐related lncRNAs has prognostic potential for glioma, and these autophagy‐related lncRNAs may play a key role in glioma biology.
Water‐Soluble Conjugated Molecule for Solar‐Driven Hydrogen Evolution from Salt Water
Authors: Yang Xiye , Hu Zhicheng , Yin Qingwu , Shu Chang , Jiang Xiao‐Fang , Zhang Jie , Wang Xiaohui , Jiang Jia‐Xing , Huang Fei , Cao Yong
Published: February 2019

Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution is an attractive method for the acquisition of clean and sustainable energy with the use of solar power. Most reported studies have been carried out in scarce pure water. Therefore, the development of an artificial photosynthesis system that works perfectly with the earth's abundant seawater would be attractive. Herein, a supramolecular strategy for photocatalytic hydrogen production from the simulated seawater under sunlight irradiation (AM 1.5G, 100 mW cm−2) is presented using a water‐soluble, conjugated molecule as the photosensitizer and the photodeposited Pt nanoparticles as the catalyst. Inspired by the natural photosynthesis system, unprecedented advantage of the chloride ions in seawater is taken and the formation of supramolecular structure is promoted by electrostatic interactions between chloride ions and the fine‐designed PorFN, which further facilitates the loading of Pt nanoparticles and multielectron transfer. As a result, a hydrogen evolution rate of 10.8 mmol h−1 g−1 is achieved in the simulated seawater. Moreover, the photocatalytic activity shows relatively low dependence on the light intensity, which is of great importance for practical applications.
An Anisotropically High Thermal Conductive Boron Nitride/Epoxy Composite Based on Nacre‐Mimetic 3D Network
Authors: Han Jingkai , Du Gaolai , Gao Weiwei , Bai Hao
Published: February 2019

Polymer‐based thermal interface materials (TIMs) with excellent thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity are in high demand in the electronics industry. In the past decade, thermally conductive fillers, such as boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS), were usually incorporated into the polymer‐based TIMs to improve their thermal conductivity for efficient heat management. However, the thermal performance of those composites means that they are still far from practical applications, mainly because of poor control over the 3D conductive network. In the present work, a high thermally conductive BNNS/epoxy composite is fabricated by building a nacre‐mimetic 3D conductive network within an epoxy resin matrix, realized by a unique bidirectional freezing technique. The as‐prepared composite exhibits a high thermal conductivity (6.07 W m−1 K−1) at 15 vol% BNNS loading, outstanding electrical resistivity, and thermal stability, making it attractive to electronic packaging applications. In addition, this research provides a promising strategy to achieve high thermal conductive polymer‐based TIMs by building efficient 3D conductive networks.
A Photo‐Crosslinkable Kidney ECM‐Derived Bioink Accelerates Renal Tissue Formation
Authors: Ali Mohamed , PR Anil Kumar , Yoo James J. , Zahran Faten , Atala Anthony , Lee Sang Jin
Published: February 2019

3D bioprinting strategies in tissue engineering aim to fabricate clinically applicable tissue constructs that can replace the damaged or diseased tissues and organs. One of the main prerequisites in 3D bioprinting is finding an appropriate bioink that provides a tissue‐specific microenvironment supporting the cellular growth and maturation. In this respect, decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM)‐derived hydrogels have been considered as bioinks for the cell‐based bioprinting due to their capability to inherit the intrinsic cues from native ECM. Herein, a photo‐crosslinkable kidney ECM‐derived bioink (KdECMMA) is developed that could provide a kidney‐specific microenvironment for renal tissue bioprinting. Porcine whole kidneys are decellularized through a perfusion method, dissolved in an acid solution, and chemically modified by methacrylation. A KdECMMA‐based bioink is formulated and evaluated for rheological properties and printability for the printing process. The results show that the bioprinted human kidney cells in the KdECMMA bioink are highly viable and mature with time. Moreover, the bioprinted renal constructs exhibit the structural and functional characteristics of the native renal tissue. The potential of the tissue‐specific ECM‐derived bioink is demonstrated for cell‐based bioprinting that could enhance the cellular maturation and eventually tissue formation.
Fabrication of Large‐Area Bimodal Sensors by All‐Inkjet‐Printing
Authors: Fu Sheng , Tao Juan , Wu Wenqiang , Sun Junlu , Li Fangtao , Li Jing , Huo Zhihao , Xia Zhiguo , Bao Rongrong , Pan Caofeng
Published: February 2019

Electronic skin (e‐skin) is a wearable smart terminal that senses changes of external environment like human skin. It will develop into an indispensable way of interaction between humanity and technology. Here, this bimodal e‐skin that senses bending strain and pressure using an all‐inkjet‐printing method is synthesized. It is based on a microcracked metal film and a sandwich capacitor structure. It is characterized by the metal film of the strain sensor as a bottom electrode of pressure sensor; the electrode plate of the device plays a dual role. When tested, the strain sensor and pressure sensor do not interfere with each other. The device has excellent performance with low pressure‐detection of 2 Pa and high stability over more than 5700 cycles for pressure sensor and high gauge factor (4000) and good stability (over 4500 cycles) for strain sensor, which can recognize the radius of curvature of human activities and objects, and can detect the pressure distribution and the curvature of irregular surfaces, showing its potential applications in wearable devices.
A Phosphonate‐Functionalized Quinone Redox Flow Battery at Near‐Neutral pH with Record Capacity Retention Rate
Authors: Ji Yunlong , Goulet Marc‐Antoni , Pollack Daniel A. , Kwabi David G. , Jin Shijian , De Porcellinis Diana , Kerr Emily F. , Gordon Roy G. , Aziz Michael J.
Published: February 2019

A highly stable phosphonate‐functionalized anthraquinone is introduced as the redox‐active material in a negative potential electrolyte (negolyte) for aqueous redox flow batteries operating at nearly neutral pH. The design and synthesis of 2,6‐DPPEAQ, (((9,10‐dioxo‐9,10‐dihydroanthracene‐2,6‐diyl)bis(oxy))bis(propane‐3,1‐diyl))bis(phosphonic acid), which has a high solubility at pH 9 and above, is described. Chemical stability studies demonstrate high stability at both pH 9 and 12. By pairing 2,6‐DPPEAQ with a potassium ferri/ferrocyanide positive electrolyte across an inexpensive, nonfluorinated permselective polymer membrane, this near‐neutral quinone flow battery exhibits an open‐circuit voltage of 1.0 V and a capacity fade rate of 0.00036% per cycle and 0.014% per day, which is the lowest ever reported for any flow battery in the absence of rebalancing processes. It is further demonstrated that the negolyte pH drifts upward upon atmospheric oxygen penetration but, when oxygen is excluded, oscillates reversibly between 9 and 12 during cycling. These results enhance the suitability of aqueous‐soluble redox‐active organics for use in large‐scale energy storage, potentially enabling massive penetration of intermittent renewable electricity.
A correlation giving improved description of the capacity and efficiency of vane‐type gas–liquid separators
Authors: Dries Huub W. , Hoffmann Alex C.
Published: February 2019

Vane‐type demisters are attractive droplet separators because they combine robustness and sufficient separation efficiency with a low‐pressure drop, a high capacity and some fouling resistance. Experience shows that their optimal operation is close to the maximum capacity point and even that at this point the separation efficiency is better at higher pressures. This article proposes a generalized expression this point, as a function of gas and liquid flow and properties, drawing on knowledge about other, related, unit operations, namely cyclone separators and distillation towers. The generalized expression relates the dimensionless velocity with the Archimedes number and a flow parameter. The expression builds on earlier work on a criterion for the inception of droplet entrainment in two‐phase film flow, pioneered by Ishii and Grolmes, and is supported by considerable experimental work published over the last 50 years.
Marmosets as a translational aging model—Introduction
Authors: Tardif Suzette D.
Published: February 2019

The life history of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) points to this species as a premiere nonhuman primate aging model. In order to take advantage of these features, we require an expanded and refined understanding of aging in this species. The papers in this special issue move this field forward substantially by providing exciting new findings about the aging of the common marmoset and the potential this species offers for revealing aging's secrets and improving the lives of aging humans.
Tuned Cationic Dendronized Polymer: Molecular Scavenger for Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment
Authors: Peng Bo , Liang Huiyi , Li Yuyan , Dong Cong , Shen Jun , Mao Hai‐Quan , Leong Kam W. , Chen Yongming , Liu Lixin
Published: February 2019

Cell‐free deoxyribonucleic acid (cfDNA) released from either dead or damaged cells serves as a key autoantigen in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). They can be recognized by nucleic acid (NA) sensors such as the toll‐like receptor (TLR), leading to activation of the innate immune system and chronic inflammation. Developed here is a cationic molecular scavenger, by screening cationic dendronized polymers, which eliminates cfDNA and inhibits TLR recognition and nucleic‐acid‐induced inflammation. The structure–property study demonstrates that toxicity, NA binding capacity, and biodistribution could be balanced to achieve maximum therapeutic effect by exquisite control of the molecular structure. In addition, the optimized cationic polymer effectively inhibited joint swelling, synovial hyperplasia, and bone destruction in collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) rat models. The results offer support for synthetic polymers offering new paradigm in autoimmune disease treatment.
Correlative Electrochemical Microscopy of Li‐Ion (De)intercalation at a Series of Individual LiMn2O4 Particles
Authors: Tao Binglin , Yule Lewis C. , Daviddi Enrico , Bentley Cameron L. , Unwin Patrick R.
Published: February 2019

The redox activity (Li‐ion intercalation/deintercalation) of a series of individual LiMn2O4 particles of known geometry and (nano)structure, within an array, is determined using a correlative electrochemical microscopy strategy. Cyclic voltammetry (current–voltage curve, I–E) and galvanostatic charge/discharge (voltage–time curve, E–t) are applied at the single particle level, using scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM), together with co‐location scanning electron microscopy that enables the corresponding particle size, morphology, crystallinity, and other factors to be visualized. This study identifies a wide spectrum of activity of nominally similar particles and highlights how subtle changes in particle form can greatly impact electrochemical properties. SECCM is well‐suited for assessing single particles and constitutes a combinatorial method that will enable the rational design and optimization of battery electrode materials.
Organic Imine Cages: Molecular Marriage and Applications
Authors: Acharyya Koushik , Mukherjee Partha Sarathi
Published: February 2019

Imine condensation has been known to chemists for more than a century and is used extensively to synthesize large organic cages of defined shapes and sizes. Surprisingly, in the context of the synthetic methods for organic imine cages (OICs), a self‐sorting/self‐selection (molecular marriage) process has been overlooked over the years. Such processes are omnipresent in nature, from the creation of galaxies to the formation of the smallest building blocks of life (the cell). Such processes have the incredible ability to guide a system toward the formation of a specific product or products out of a collection of equally probable multiple possibilities. This Minireview sheds light on new opportunities in cage design offered by the self‐sorting/self‐selection protocol in OICs. Recent efforts to explore organic cages for various exciting new applications are discussed; for example, for detection of harmful small organic molecules, as templates for nucleation of metal nanoparticles (MNPs), and as proton‐conducting materials.
2,4‐Dihydroxy‐5‐[(5‐mercapto‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐yl)diazenyl]benzaldehyde acetato, chloro and nitrato Cu(II) complexes: Synthesis, structural characterization, DNA binding and anticancer and antimicrobial activity
Authors: Gaber Mohamed , Fathalla Shaimaa K. , El‐Ghamry Hoda A.
Published: February 2019

Acetato, chloro and nitrato Cu(II) complexes of a novel azo compound, namely 2,4‐dihydroxy‐5‐[(5‐mercapto‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐yl)diazenyl]benzaldehyde, have been prepared. The stoichiometry, stereochemistry and bonding fashion of these copper chelates were deduced via elemental analyses, spectral methods and conductivity and magnetic measurements. Infrared spectral data confirmed the participation of azo N atom and the deprotonated OH group. UV–visible spectral data and magnetic measurements indicated octahedral stereo‐structure for the acetato and nitrato compounds and square planer for the chloro compound. Thermogravimetric analysis was applied to investigate the thermal degradation of the metal chelates. The thermo‐kinetic parameters were computed. The molecular modeling technique was used to support the predicted geometry of the prepared chelates. The interaction between the Cu(II) complexes and calf thymus DNA was studied using two techniques: absorption and viscosity measurements. The values of binding constant obtained from the absorption spectral method were calculated and found to be 4.23 × 104, 26.93 × 104, 13.01 × 104 and 5.36 × 104 M−1 for ligand and acetato, chloro and nitrato complexes, respectively. The antimicrobial activities were evaluated against various bacterial and fungi strains. The in vitro antitumor efficacy of the synthesized compounds was investigated against the HEPG2 cell line.