bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Concurrent use of pigtail and loop snare catheters for percutaneous retrieval of dislodged central venous port catheter
Authors: Chuang Ming‐Tsung , Wu Ding‐Kwo , Chang Cheng‐Ang , Shih Ming‐Chen Paul , Ou‐Yang Fu , Chuang Chien‐Han , Tsai Yi‐Fan , Hsu Jui‐Sheng
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to report our experience of percutaneous retrieval of dislodged port catheters with concurrent use of pigtail and loop snare catheters. During a 5‐year period at our institute (June 2005 to July 2010), a total of 23 dislodged port catheters were retrieved. The interval between port catheter implantation and dislodged catheter retrieval ranged from 43 days to 1,414 days (mean 586.7 days). The time of delayed retrieval ranged from 1 day to 45 days (mean 4.6 days). All dislodged catheters were retrieved with the concurrent use of pigtail and loop snare catheters via femoral venous route. The prevalence of port catheter dislodgement at our institute was 3.4%. All dislodged port catheters were removed successfully with pigtail and loop snare catheters together. No procedure‐related complications were encountered, except for transient arrhythmia in two patients, which required no medication. In conclusion, the concurrent use of pigtail and loop snare catheters is a feasible and easy way for percutaneous retrieval of a dislodged central venous port catheter.
Investigating the Role of Feedback and Motivation in Clinical Reaction Time Assessment
Authors: Eckner James T. , Chandran SriKrishna , Richardson James K.
Published: August 2011

Objective

To investigate the influence of performance feedback and motivation during 2 tests of simple visuomotor reaction time (RT).

Design

Cross‐sectional, observational study.

Setting

Outpatient academic physiatry clinic.

Participants

Thirty‐one healthy adults (mean [SD], 54 ± 15 years).

Methods

Participants completed a clinical test of RT (RTclin) and a computerized test of RT with and without performance feedback (RTcompFB and RTcompNoFB, respectively) in randomly assigned order. They then ranked their degree of motivation during each test. RTclin measured the time required to catch a suspended vertical shaft by hand closure after release of the shaft by the examiner. RTcompFB and RTcompNoFB both measured the time required to press a computer key in response to a visual cue displayed on a computer monitor. Performance feedback (visual display of the previous trial and summary results) was provided for RTcompFB, but not for RTcompNoFB.

Main Outcome Measurements

Means and standard deviations of RTclin, RTcompFB, and RTcompNoFB and participants' self‐reported motivation on a 5‐point Likert scale for each test.

Results

There were significant differences in both the means and standard deviations of RTclin, RTcompFB, and RTcompNoFB (F2,60 = 81.66, P < .0001; F2,60 = 32.46, P < .0001, respectively), with RTclin being both the fastest and least variable of the RT measurements. RTclin was more strongly correlated with RTcompFB (r = 0.449, P = .0011) than with RTcompNoFB (r = 0.314, P = .086). The participants reported similar levels of motivation between RTclin and RTcompFB, both of which were reported to be more motivating than RTcompNoFB.

Conclusions

The stronger correlation between RTclin and RTcompFB as well as the higher reported motivation during RTclin and RTcompFB testing suggest that performance feedback is a positive motivating factor that is inherent to RTclin testing. RTclin is a simple, inexpensive technique for measuring RT and appears to be an intrinsically motivating task. This motivation may promote faster, more consistent RT performance compared with currently available computerized programs, which do not typically provide performance feedback.
Helicity generation and subcritical behaviour in rapidly rotating dynamos
Authors: Sreenivasan Binod , Jones Chris A.
Published: August 2011

Numerical dynamo models based on convection-driven flow in a rapidly rotating spherical shell frequently give rise to strong, stable, dipolar magnetic fields. Dipolar dynamos can be subcritical in the sense that strong magnetic fields are sustained at a Rayleigh number lower than that required for a dynamo to grow from a small seed field. In this paper we find subcritical behaviour in dynamos in line with previous studies. We explore the action of Lorentz force in a rotating dynamo which gives rise to a strong preference for dipolar modes over quadrupolar modes, and also makes subcritical behaviour more likely to occur. The coherent structures that arise in rapidly rotating convection are affected by the magnetic field in ways which strongly increase their helicity, particularly if the magnetic field is dipolar. As helicity enhances dynamo action, an existing magnetic field can hold itself up, which leads to subcritical behaviour in the dynamo. We investigate this mechanism by means of the asymptotic small Ekman number theory of rapidly rotating magnetoconvection, and compare our results with fully nonlinear dynamo simulations. There are also other mechanisms which can promote subcritical behaviour. When Reynolds stresses are significant, zonal flows can lower the helicity and disrupt the onset of dynamo action, but an established dipole field can suppress the zonal flow, and hence boost the helicity. Subcriticality means that a slow gradual reduction in Rayleigh number can lead to a catastrophic collapse of the dynamo once a critical Rayleigh number is reached. While there is little evidence that the Earth is currently in a subcritical regime, this may have implications for the long-term evolution of the geodynamo.
Inertial effects on the dynamics, streamline topology and interfacial stresses due to a drop in shear
Authors: Singh Rajesh Kumar , Sarkar Kausik
Published: August 2011

Deformation of a viscous drop in shear at finite inertia and the streamlines around it are numerically investigated. Inertia destroys the closed streamlines found in Stokes flow. It creates reversed streamlines and streamlines spiralling around the vorticity axis. Spiralling streamlines spiral either towards the central shear plane or away from it depending on the viscosity ratio and the inertia. The zones of open or reversed streamlines as well as streamlines spiralling towards or away from the central shear plane are delineated for varying viscosity ratio and Reynolds number. In contrast to the infinite extent of the closed Stokes streamlines around a rigid sphere in shear, the region of the spiralling streamlines in the vorticity direction both for a rigid sphere and a drop shrinks with inertia. Inertia increases deformation, and introduces oscillations in drop shape. An approximate analysis explains the scaling of oscillation frequency and damping with Reynolds and capillary numbers. The steady-state drop inclination angle with the flow axis increases with increasing Reynolds number for small Reynolds number. But it decreases at higher Reynolds number, especially for larger capillary numbers. For smaller capillary numbers, drop inclination reaches higher than $4{5}^{\ensuremath{\circ} } $ (the direction of maximum extension), critically affecting the interfacial stresses due to the drop. It changes the sign of first and second normal interfacial stress differences (and thereby these components of the effective stresses of an emulsion of such drops). Increasing viscosity ratio orients the drop towards the flow axis, which increases the critical Reynolds number above which the drop inclination reaches more than $4{5}^{\ensuremath{\circ} } $.
Dynamical model for velocity-gradient evolution in compressible turbulence
Authors: Suman S. , Girimaji S. S.
Published: August 2011

Velocity-gradient evolution in compressible turbulence is modelled with an autonomous dynamical system of equations that are able to explain important non-isentropic, Mach-number and viscous effects. This enhanced homogenized Euler equation (EHEE) model is validated against the Burgers equation and direct numerical simulation (DNS) computations at the appropriate limits of Mach number. The EHEE model qualitatively captures crucial nonlinear physical features – especially various dilatational aspects of the flow field – observed in DNS over a range of Mach, Reynolds and Prandtl numbers. The model can serve as the basis of more quantitative statistical and stochastic closure models.
Epigallocatechin gallate changes mRNA expression level of genes involved in cholesterol metabolism in hepatocytes
Authors: Goto Tsuyoshi , Saito Yuuki , Morikawa Kensei , Kanamaru Yoshihiro , Nagaoka Satoshi
Published: August 2011

Catechins, compounds derived from green tea, have been shown to improve cholesterol metabolism in animal studies, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this function have not been fully understood. We performed DNA microarray analysis in order to clarify the effects of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the dominant catechin in green tea, on cholesterol metabolism in HepG2 hepatocytes. This revealed that the expression levels of several genes related to cholesterol metabolism, including the LDL receptor, were changed by EGCG treatment. Using a real-time PCR technique, we confirmed that EGCG treatment up-regulated mRNA expression level of the LDL receptor. Moreover, EGCG decreased extracellular apoB levels. These findings indicated that EGCG improves cholesterol metabolism through the up-regulation of LDL receptor and also reduces extracellular apoB levels.
Chronic dietary intake of α-linolenic acid does not replicate the effects of DHA on passive properties of entorhinal cortex neurons
Authors: Arsenault Dany , Julien Carl , Calon Frédéric
Published: August 2011

n-3 PUFA are receiving growing attention for their therapeutic potential in central nervous system (CNS) disorders. We have recently shown that long-term treatment with DHA alters the physiology of entorhinal cortex (EC) neurons. In the present study, we investigated by patch-clamp the effect of another major dietaryn-3 PUFA, α-linolenic acid (LNA), on the intrinsic properties of EC neurons. Mice were chronically exposed to isoenergetic diets deficient inn-3 PUFA or enriched in either DHA or LNA on an equimolar basis. GC analyses revealed an increase in DHA (34 %) and a decrease in arachidonic acid (AA, − 23 %) in brain fatty acid concentrations after consumption of the DHA-enriched diet. Dietary intake of LNA similarly affected brain fatty acid profiles, but at a lower magnitude (DHA: 23 %, AA: − 13 %). Compared to then-3 PUFA-deficient diet, consumption of DHA, but not LNA, induced membrane hyperpolarisation ( − 60 to − 70 mV), increased cellular capacitance (32 %) and spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic current frequency (50 %). We propose that the inefficiency of LNA to modulate cellular capacitance was related to its inability to increase the brain DHA:AA ratio over the threshold necessary to up-regulate syntaxin-3 (46 %) and translocate drebrin (40 % membrane:cytosol ratio). In summary, our present study shows that the increase in brain DHA content following chronic administration of LNA was not sufficient to alter the passive and synaptic properties of EC neurons, compared to direct dietary intake of DHA. These diverging results have important implications for the therapeutic use ofn-3 PUFA in CNS disease, favouring the use of preformed DHA.
Hate, Non-retaliation, and Love 1 QS x, 17–20 and Rom. 12:19–21
Authors: Stendahl Krister
Published: August 2011

“I will not return evil to anybody, with good will I pursue man, for with God rests the judgment of every living being and he is the one to repay man for his deeds. … And the trial of a man of perdition I will not handle until the Day of Vengeance. But my anger I will not turn away from the men of deceit, and I will not be content until He has established judgment.” 1 QS x, 17-20.
TheKlineof Sarapis
Authors: Youtie Herbert Chayyim
Published: August 2011

Among the Graeco-Oriental cults that shared the loyalties of the Mediterranean peoples during the first four centuries of our era, the religion of Sarapis occupied a commanding position. Throughout his career Sarapis was a worker of miracles, but no miracle of his doing ever equalled in historical significance the political thaumaturgy by which he was brought to life. A composite figure created in the last years of the fourth century B.C. by the first Ptolemy, for the purpose of binding together the divergent ethnic elements of Egypt, he was the Greek Pluto imposed on Apis, the Egyptian bull-god of Memphis, who became at death another Osiris, and specifically Osiris-Apis. The identification was of the usual syncretistic type, since Pluto and Osiris were both gods of the dead. As a newcomer Sarapis underwent a long probation at the side of Osiris and Isis, and although with characteristic inconsequence Sarapis never wholly supplanted Osiris, by the second century A.D. he had become, together with Isis, the most beloved figure of the native pantheon, while outside Egypt he was receiving the reverent attention of Greeks of the rank of Plutarch and Aristides. In great measure, the prestige of his magnificent temple at Alexandria and the unceasing flow of propaganda literature account for his eminence at this time. His greatest glory, however, was still to come. In the fourth century, when the approaching victory of the Christian cult threatened all pagan beliefs with extermination, Sarapis took on the rôle of a universal solar deity.
Luther's View of Man in His First Published Work
Authors: Bluhm Heinz
Published: August 2011

Considerable interest attaches, or should attach, to Martin Luther's tract entitled “Die Sieben puszpsalm mit deutscher auszlegung nach dem schrifftlichen synne tzu Christi vnd gottis gnaden, neben seyns selben ware erkentniss grundlich gerichtet.” Appearing in the early spring of 1517, approximately half a year before the posting of the Ninety-five Theses, it is the first original publication that Luther himself saw through the press. Its success was instantaneous and widespread. As prominent a man as Johann von Staupitz lost no time in recommending it warmly. Luther's searching analysis of the human situation made a deep impression upon the many readers who, like the author's superior in the Augustinian order, gave the slender volume an enthusiastic reception. It is important to bear in mind that the book, besides stirring Luther's scholarly friends as well as the learned in general rather more than he himself had anticipated, found immediate favor also with the “common man” for whom it had primarily been written. There is no exaggeration in the claim that Luther's earliest publication straightway established him as one of the most widely read writers in the German tongue: his unparalleled success as an author can safely be said to have begun with the very first book he ever put out. The popular demand for “Die sieben Busspsalmen” reached such proportions that the second printing was already underway before the first had been completely finished. The book then went through a number of editions both regular and pirated: Wittenberg, Leipzig, Strassburg, and Erfurt printers published it between 1517 and 1525.
The Abbé Lamennais on Freedom
Authors: Ellis Frederick E.
Published: August 2011

Many of the basic issues underlying the complex social, political, and religious problems which stirred France during the lifetime of Lamennais can be found in duplicate in this country. Moreover, it is evident that there is a resurgence of an extremely provincial form of nationalism in the United States together with mounting onslaughts against freedom. This makes increasingly relevant to the concrete lives of all of us an examination of the fundamental ideas of a thinker whose discernment of the disjunctions of his culture is formulated in published writings. Because of this as well as his contribution to the development of democracy in France, it is difficult to understand why the writings of Lamennais have been so singularly neglected in this country. Perhaps a contributing factor is that some of his works have been placed upon the Index Prohibitorum Librorum.
The Name of Christians
Authors: Bickerman Elias J.
Published: August 2011

The origins of the name Xριστιανοί are narrated in the Acts of the Apostles as follows. After Stephen's martyrdom, some believers from Cyprus and Cyrene, who had left Jerusalem, preached at Antioch. Their success became known at Jerusalem, and “the community which was in Jerusalem” sent Barnabas to Antioch. Barnabas in turn brought Paul from Tarsus. For a whole year they worked together and taught many people. Ἐγένετο δὲ αὐτοῖς καὶἐνιαυτὸν ὅλον συναχθῆναι ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ καὶ διδάξαι ὅχλον ἱκανόν χρηματίσαι τε πρώτως ἐν Ἀντιοχɛίᾳ τοὺς μαθητὰς χριστιανούς (Act, Ap. XI, 26).
Aristeas and III Maccabees
Authors: Hadas Moses
Published: August 2011

A certain affinity between Aristeas and III Maccabees is to be expected, for both books derive from a single environment — the Jewish community of Alexandria, both have a major purpose in common — that of setting forth the relations of the Jews to their non-Jewish rulers in as favorable a light as possible, and, most important, both are Greek books, written according to Greek canons of form; they are not, like other books on the periphery of Scripture with which they have been associated, translations from Hebrew or Aramaic, nor do they follow the forms of such works. Each is what would be called in the progymnasmata or curriculum of the rhetoricians διήγησις or narratio. Theon declares (70.25) that the canon is to be followed not only by intending rhetors but by writers in various categories; the διήγησις he defines (78.15) as λόγος ἐκθɛτικὸς πραγμάτων γɛγονότων ἢ ὡς γɛγονότων. Cicero, again without doubt following ancient principles of criticism, sets forth the difference between a continuous chronological history and a narratio in his invitation to Lucceius to write a treatise on his life (Ad Familiares 5.12). Whereas history serves veritas and utilitas, a narratio may supply delectatio also. The ancient canon of veracity for such treatises is clearly stated by the grammarian Asclepiades of Myrlea, in Sextus Empiricus, Adversus Grammaticos 252.
Latin Tractates on Preaching: A Book-List
Authors: Caplan Harry , King Henry H.
Published: August 2011

This list of treatises on preaching begins with the year 1500 and extends to the present time. It is thus a sequel to Mediaeval Artes Praedicandi: A Hand-List (Ithaca, New York 1934) and Mediaeval Artes Praedicandi: A Supplementary Hand-List (Ithaca 1936) by Harry Caplan, and to Artes Praedicandi (Paris-Ottawa 1936) by Th.-M. Charland, wherein are listed manuscripts and printed editions of tractates composed in the Middle Ages. The present list of printed books (which contains also a few manuscripts) includes as many titles as the compilers have been able to collect over a period of several years. We have, where possible, examined the books themselves, but in many instances direct observation was not feasible, and we have naturally relied on a wide variety of bibliographical sources. In making our list public we are acceding to requests made by a number of students of the doctrine and history of rhetoric and homiletics, and we hope that it may, with all its deficiencies, prove useful to investigators in these fields. We intend to follow this list of Latin treatises with like lists of treatises written in other languages of Europe.
Die Griechengötter und die Gerechtigkeit
Authors: Nilsson Martin P.
Published: August 2011

Das Fehlen eines rechten Verhältnisses zwischen den Göttern und der Gerechtigkeit ist ein Hauptproblem in der Geschichte der griechischen Religion. Es trug in hohem Mass zu ihrer Auflösung bei. Die Griechen setzten sich mit wahrer Leidenschaft für die Gerechtigkeit ein, meistens in der Form der vergeltenden Gerechtigkeit, παθέῖν τὸν ἔρξαντα. Das kommt auch zum Ausdruck in dem zuerst von Solon ausgesprochenen und seitdem oft wiederholten Wunsch: “Möge ich meinen Freunden süss, meinen Feinden bitter sein.” Unsrer christlich beeinflussten Moral ist er befremdlich. Es hängt dies mit ihrer mehr oder weniger demokratischen Staats- und Gesellschaftsform zusammen. In anderen Religionen fehlt das Problem: zwar wird die Gerechtigkeit hoch geschätzt, ein jeder wünscht ein gerechtes Urteil, man beugt sich aber vor der Macht der Götter, der Herrscher, der Priester, ohne weiter zu fragen. In Griechenland gab es keine Priesterschaft, die Priester waren Bürger wie die anderen Glieder des Staates. Das Königtum war früh geschwunden oder machtlos geworden. Der Tyrann wurde als eine Ausgeburt der Ungerechtigkeit betrachtet, und auch ein legitimer König, der sich eine ausserordentliche Machtstellung erworben hatte wie Pheidon, wurde für einen Tyrannen gehalten. Die Autorität, die etwas anderes als die blosse Macht ist, verkörpert sich am ehesten in einem Einzelnen, weniger in einer Körperschaft, wie es der Adelsstaat war, noch weniger in einer launenhaften Volksversammlung. So geht das Verlangen nach Gerechtigkeit Hand in Hand mit der Demokratisierung, erstarkt mit dieser und endet mit ihr in der Nivellierung.
Eusebius and the Gospel Text
Authors: Suggs M. Jack
Published: August 2011

The Harvard Theological Review has recently carried an article by D. S. Wallace-Hadrill entitled “Eusebius and the Gospel Text of Caesarea.” Students of the Eusebian text have known for some time that Mr. Wallace-Hadrill was working on this problem with what appeared to be unusual thoroughness. His published conclusions in the Harvard Theological Review come as something of a surprise and require some attention.
Michael VIII Palaeologus and the Union of Lyons (1274)
Authors: Geanakoplos Deno
Published: August 2011

The Union of Lyons between the Greek and Latin churches was largely the result of the political aims of the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus. It was he who initiated the negotiations and who almost single-handedly attempted to force the union upon his Empire. He was convinced, as both Greek and Western historians repeatedly observe, that union was the one effective means to avert the menace of an expedition against Constantinople by the powerful coalition of Charles of Anjou, then King of Sicily. Recently recovered from the Latins by Palaeologus, Constantinople was still relatively weak, and it was mainly the Emperor's flexible diplomacy that had hitherto been able to maintain it against the Latins. To Palaeologus' mind only the offer of union could induce the Holy See to restrain Charles from his plan of conquest.
A Sacrifice Without a Deity in the Athenian State Calendar
Authors: Healey Robert F.
Published: August 2011

A fairly long, though incomplete, list of sacrifices for the festival of the Eleusinia from the Athenian State Calendar of the end of the fifth century B.C. is preserved in the inscription published in Hesperia 4 (1935), 21, column three, lines 60–86. The arrangement of items can best be illustrated by the beginning of the column in question:

Throughout the State Calendar the scheme of entries is regularly the same:

A few successive lines will illustrate this further:
‘Knowledge’ in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Matthew 11:25–30
Authors: Davies W. D.
Published: August 2011

Interpreters of Matthew 11:25–30 have fallen roughly into two classes. On the one hand, there are those who have been content to explain the passage solely in the light of the Old Testament, and, on the other, those who have traced in it a common pattern, ultimately deriving from Eastern theosophy, which emerges in Ecclesiasticus 51, and elsewhere, and reappears in Matthew 11:25–30, through the agency of certain primitive Christian thiasoi of a ‘mystical’ type. Not far removed from this is the view that, both on account of style and content, the passage is to be understood in the light of Hellenistic Gnosticism.
Christianity Before the Apostles' Creed
Authors: Ehrhardt Arnold
Published: August 2011

Not so long ago a little treatise on the Apostles' Creed was edited by the late Dom R. H. Connolly, and established as the property of Ambrose of Milan. In this treatise the statement may be found that “when therefore the holy Apostles all came together they compiled a short formula of the faith so that we might shortly be instructed about the whole course of the faith.” We are not concerned here with the question on what occasion the holy Apostles did come together. Apocryphal traditions know of several such meetings of the Apostles, usually with the Virgin Mary, and it was presumably one of these which was in the mind of the great bishop of Milan. The significant fact is rather that he denied here that Christianity ever went through a pre-credal period. His great authority could not fail to make a lasting impression, especially upon the Western Church. It is evidently on the basis of this his assertion that we find, in the orations of Pseudo-Augustine, a Creed that is divided as follows: “Peter said: ‘I believe in God the Father Almighty, maker of heaven and earth.’ Andrew said: ‘And in Jesus Christ his only son our Lord.’ James said: ‘Who was conceived by the Holy Ghost, born of Mary the virgin.’ John said: ‘Suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, dead, and buried.’ Thomas said: ‘He descended into hell; the third day he rose again from the dead,’ ” and so on till at last Matthias finishes with the words, “and the life everlasting. Amen.”
John 13.1–30
Authors: Knox Wilfred L.
Published: August 2011

The story of the washing of the disciples' feet and the Last Supper in John 13 presents at first sight a completely chaotic appearance. We have no fewer than three anticipations of the betrayal by Judas Iscariot, (2,11 and 18) before we come to the full story of Jesus' prophecy of it and the final departure of the traitor.
World Ages and the Body Politic
Authors: Rose H. J.
Published: August 2011

When, at an unknown but manifestly early period, speculation regarding the duration and destiny of the world began, the thinkers of those days had two analogies to guide them, and consequently two divergent conclusions were reached. The first was the recurrent cycle of the seasons; the second, the growth, maturity, decay and death of the human and all other animal bodies. Reasoning from the one, some arrived at the conclusion that the world, at least the earth and mankind, had passed and would always continue to pass through a series of epochs, limited in number, which when they had ended would recommence, and so on indefinitely. From the other datum the result was reached that as a man dies and does not come to life again (for even the fairly wide-spread and early doctrine of reincarnation supposed only that the soul would be given a new earthly body of some kind, not that the whole individual would return), so the earth, or the universe generally, would grow old and die and that would be the end of it. It is the purpose of this paper to examine these two ideas and one or two offshoots of them as they are known to have appeared in the two classical civilizations of Europe, and especially in Greece, and if possible to draw some tentative conclusions as to which, if either, can be found more characteristic of native thought.
Comments on Taylor's Commentary on Mark
Authors: Smith Morton
Published: August 2011

Taylor's work will influence the study of Mk. for years to come. Therefore it deserves such detailed criticism as the following, which should be considered a tribute to the book's importance and to the great learning from which that importance derives. These, however, will be obvious to every reader; therefore this article is devoted to points which seemed to deserve correction rather than praise.
The Permanent Truth in the Idea of Natural Religion: The Dudleian Lecture for 1960
Authors: Smith John E.
Published: August 2011

The idea of natural religion is one of those arresting ideas which never get fully defined but which nevertheless excite reflection and even controversy whenever they appear. The history of its life within the Christian tradition is a case in point; the idea has been taken as a foundation to be built upon, and it has been rejected as a combination of concepts involving the same sort of contradiction to be found in the notion of a round square. Natural religion has been appealed to as a touchstone of rationality and it has been attacked as illegitimate if not actually blasphemous. An idea capable of producing such reactions cannot be ignored.
On Some Survivals of Pagan Belief in Anglo-Saxon England
Authors: Magoun Francis Peabody
Published: August 2011

Thanks to the considerable surviving corpus of Old-Norse literature much is known about Old North-Germanic religious practices and beliefs; by comparison, our knowledge of corresponding matters in the West-Germanic area is meager. For England, historically and sociologically an offshoot of, and by the time of the earliest written records long separated from, the north-west German homeland, our best source of information is a rather miscellaneous collection of charms. Next probably come the epic poem Béowulf and the historian Bede, who especially in his Historia ecclesiastica passim furnishes some additional information. Otherwise one is dependent upon scattered materials, ranging from single words to such cult objects as the cenotaph ship excavated in 1939 at Sutton Hoo in Norfolk. In the face of this relative paucity of knowledge any little additional information may be welcome.
The Name of the Church of St. Sophia in Constantinople
Authors: Downey Glanville
Published: August 2011

All scholars who have been concerned with the Church of St. Sophia in Constantinople have noticed that different sources sometimes give it different names, or different forms of the same name. A certain number of examples of the usage of the ancient writers have been collected and have been available in the current works of reference, but these published lists are not exhaustive. Having had occasion to make a study of the name of the church as given by Nikolaos Mesarites, the present writer has made a collection of examples which appears to be larger than any hitherto published, and it is hoped that the testimonia assembled here may give scholars a better understanding of the conception which the ancient writers had of the dedication of the church and the significance of the designations which were applied to it.
The Greek Ideas of Immortality: The Ingersoll Lecture For 1958
Authors: Jaeger Werner
Published: August 2011

The Immortality of Man was one of the fundamental creeds of the philosophical religion of Platonism that was in part adopted by the Christian church and that thus became one of the foundations of the Christian civilization of the Eastern and Western world. Ever since Paul in the 15th chapter of I Corinthians made resurrection the cornerstone of the Christian faith the Church has had a profound interest in the ancient philosophers who taught that man's soul is immortal and does not perish along with its mortal companion the body. Although this belief in the immortality of the soul, the ψυχή, is not the same as the Christian idea of man's resurrection in the flesh or in a transfigured body, both religious ideas have a natural affinity with each other; and it is therefore easy to understand that the Platonic belief in immortality was regarded as an anticipation of the Christian resurrection and helpful to the faithful who might wish to check their emotional expectations of a future life after death by rational reflection. Thus we find attempts to compare both things or to look for natural phenomena that could be interpreted as analogies of resurrection in nature.
Edwards and Hutcheson
Authors: Aldridge A. Owen
Published: August 2011

Although traditionally regarded as an austere clergyman, rigidly circumscribed by narrow doctrinalism, Jonathan Edwards has the distinction of being America's pioneer esthetician. In a Dissertation concerning the Nature of True Virtue he brings together nearly all the theories prevalent in the early eighteenth century concerning the relation of beauty to virtue, and discusses the moral aspects of human passions and conduct. Francis Hutcheson is the philosopher whose influence is most pronounced. In the Dissertation he is mentioned by name three times; the general plan of his theory of moral sense is constantly suggested for comparison, contrast or illustration; fundamental doctrines and corollary principles from his system are specifically stated and attacked; and others of his notions are cited in support of Edwards' own views. It has long been known that Edwards read Hutcheson's work, but the close parallels in his own treatise, making it literally a commentary on Hutcheson, have not been generally recognized. Evidence of the extent of Hutcheson's influence may be found by comparing Edwards' dissertation with his earlier work on The Mind, a discussion of the essence of beauty or harmony in the realms of spirit and of sense. Written while its author was engaged in studying Locke, the discussion contains nearly all of Edwards' original ideas on natural and divine beauty. In the expanded and polished treatise some of the original ideas are modified as a direct result of Hutcheson's concepts, and a complete ethical and aesthetic system is developed to supplant the systems of Hutcheson and other moralists popular at the time.
The Anguipede of the Magical Amulets
Authors: Nilsson Martin P.
Published: August 2011

With his Studies in Magical Amulets Professor Campbell Bonner has rendered a great service not only to collectors and museums, but also to the history of religion in Late Antiquity. His sound criticism has removed over-hasty interpretations, especially those which have given the name of “gnostic gems” to those amulets of which he writes. He says somewhere that his criticism will lessen the religious interest in the gems. But there is a great truth in his words: “Nothing is more important in these studies than to recognize the limits of our knowledge” (p. 195). If this is properly done we have firm ground to stand upon and are able to appreciate the value and importance of these monuments for the religious mind of Late Antiquity. The rivalry with the magic papyri is evident, but while these were the property of specialists, magical technicians, the amulets teach us what was current among the people.
Context Versus Principles: A Misplaced Debate in Christian Ethics
Authors: Gustafson James M.
Published: August 2011

The field of Christian ethics has been the location of a debate over the past decades between roughly delineated parties representing an allegiance to the use of formal prescriptive principles on the one hand, and those representing the cause of the more existential response to a particular situation on the other hand. The debate has taken place in Europe and the United States, it has taken place in Catholicism and in Protestantism. In European Protestant literature Karl Barth's Church Dogmatics, particularly Volume II/2, Bonhoeffer's Ethics, and Niels Søe's Kristelig Etik, have represented what has been called a “contextual” approach. More traditional Lutheran theologians who stress the importance of ethics under the law have a larger place for traditional ethical principles. Werner Elert and Walter Künneth would be representative of this group. In Catholic literature there was a movement in the early years after World War II that came to be called “situational morality.” A critic has typified it in the following terms, “The ultimate differences between this new morality and traditional morality come down then to this: In an objective system of ethics the moral judgment is submitted to an extrinsic norm, an ontological norm founded on the principles of being. In situational ethics the moral judgment is measured only by the subjective, immanent light of the individual in question.” In contrast to the situational emphasis is the whole tradition of natural law ethics and moral theology as this developed in Roman Catholicism. It should be noted that some of the recent Catholic ethics continues to be influenced by a situational approach, though not in the extreme way of earlier materials.
Follicular adenoma presenting as lateral aberrant thyroid
Authors: Chu A C , Mlikotic A , St John M A R
Published: August 2011

Introduction:

True benign thyroid masses very rarely present as a solitary lateral neck mass. Different aetiological mechanisms have been proposed for such masses.

Case report:

We report a case of thyroid follicular adenoma that presented as a lateral neck mass.

Discussion:

Ectopic thyroid tissue and metastases from primary thyroid carcinoma should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of lateral neck masses. Complete investigation should include complete blood tests to characterise the orthotopic thyroid gland.
Rapid Rhino versus Merocel nasal packs in septal surgery
Authors: Hesham A , Ghali A
Published: August 2011

Objective:

To compare Rapid Rhino and Merocel packs for nasal packing after septoplasty, in terms of patient tolerance (both with the pack in place and during removal) and post-operative complications.

Materials and methods:

Thirty patients (aged 18–40 years) scheduled for septoplasty were included. Following surgery, one nasal cavity was packed with Rapid Rhino and the other one with Merocel. Patients were asked to record pain levels on a visual analogue score, on both sides, with the packs in situ and during their removal the next day. After pack removal, bleeding was compared on both sides.

Results:

The mean ± standard deviation pain score for the Rapid Rhino pack in situ (4.17 ± 1.78) was less than that for the Merocel pack (4.73 ± 2.05), but not significantly so (p = 0.314). The mean pain score for Rapid Rhino pack removal (4.13 ± 1.76) was significantly less that that for Merocel (6.90 ± 1.67; p = 0.001). Bleeding after pack removal was significantly less for the Rapid Rhino sides compared with the Merocel sides (p <0.05).

Conclusion:

Rapid Rhino nasal packs are less painful and cause less bleeding, compared with Merocel packs, with no side effects. Thus, their use for nasal packing after septal surgery is recommended.
Effects of oil drilling activity on the deep water megabenthos of the Orinoco Fan, Venezuela
Authors: Jones Daniel O.B. , Cruz-Motta Juan J. , Bone David , Kaariainen Janne I.
Published: August 2011

The response of a deep-water megafaunal assemblage to sedimentation disturbance from hydrocarbon drilling was investigated using remotely operated vehicle video off the Atlantic coast of Venezuela. This was the first assessment of megafauna in bathyal waters in this region. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) design was used to assess patterns in density and assemblage structure both temporally, before and after the drilling event, and spatially, at different distances from the disturbance. High levels of sedimentation occurred within a radius of 20 to 50 m from the drilling site. Megafaunal densities were reduced with high levels of disturbance (from 0.60 m−2to 0.17 m−2 <20 m from the drilling site). The responses of motile and sessile fauna were different. Sessile fauna were most common (77% total) and reflected trends for total density. Motile megafaunal density was generally higher after drilling (up to double the pre-drill density). Species richness was reduced by disturbance and proximity to the disturbance. Multivariate ANOVA revealed significant differences in assemblage composition with distance and before and after drilling but no interaction. This was most likely a result of variable species-specific responses to disturbance. Megafaunal densities were generally much higher than reported densities from comparable depths in the Gulf of Mexico or from deeper locations in the Caribbean Sea. The responses to sedimentation disturbance were generally less obvious than observed elsewhere and may result from the fauna being adapted to the naturally high levels of sedimentation deriving from the Orinoco River.
Artificial reef influence on the surrounding infauna—north coast of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
Authors: Zalmon Ilana Rosental , Boina Catarina Dalvi , Almeida T.C.M.
Published: August 2011

There have been many efforts to appraise the extent to which artificial reefs affect the surrounding community, but few studies addressed whether benthic assemblages change with distance from the reef. We experimentally assessed the relationship between infauna abundance and richness with increased distance (0, 5, 25, 50, 100 and 300 m) from reefballs deployed on a flat and homogeneous bottom, 9-m deep, on the north coast of Rio de Janeiro, south-eastern Brazil. Benthic taxon richness and abundance varied significantly between surveys with higher values in February 2007. Both numerical indicators changed similarly with distance, but more noticeably between 300 m and the other distance treatments where abundance was highest. A non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination revealed that macrobenthic assemblages were very heterogeneous with significant differences between surveys but not among sampling distances. A canonical correspondence analysis including species, distances and sediment variables showed that the distances 5, 25 and 100 m were related to organic matter and mud (fine sediment), while 0 and 300 m distances were more related to the non-organic variables, such as the percentage of gravel, sand and calcium carbonate. Spatial variations in the parameters of the sediment alone did not explain the distribution of the associated infauna, given the similarity of the community at different distances. It is suggested that the influence of artificial reefs is quickly dissipated due to strong bottom sea currents, indicating a reduced impact or influence of these reefs on the surrounding infauna.
Parasites as immunologists
Authors: Terry R.J.
Published: August 2011

When I first began to think about this presentation I flirted with the idea of reversing the title to read: ‘Immunologists as Parasites’. I could clearly see some of the sectional headings such as ‘The Spreading Cancer of Tumour Immunology’ and ‘Does the International Immunology Scene represent an IDIOT-ype–Anti-IDIOT-ype network’?. But although this might have been fun it would certainly have been unfair to those immunologists who are currently working on Parasite Immunology, a very difficult and demanding field.
An introduction to recombinant DNA technology
Authors: Simpson A. J. G. , Walker T. , Terry R.
Published: August 2011

The organizers of this symposium felt that it could be helpful if the first paper provided a general introduction to the concepts and techniques associated with this rapidly developing area of biology. It is widely but wrongly believed to be a complex and difficult subject. The details of some of the manipulations are sometimes extremely complex, but the general principles are not. Of those responsible for this paper, Andrew Simpson and Tina Walker are active workers in the field, but Roland Terry is not. Following the principle embodied in an old Arabic proverb (Fig. 1), roughly translated as ‘What one fool can understand, another can’, Roland Terry presented the paper.
Depletion of the ozone layer: consequences for non-infectious human diseases
Authors: Bentham G.
Published: August 2011

Stratospheric ozone depletion threatens to increase exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation which is known to be a factor in a number of diseases. There is little doubt that cumulative exposure to UV radiation is important in the aetiology of non-melanoma skin cancers. Evidence is also strong for a link with cutaneous malignant melanoma, although here it appears to be intermittent intense exposure that is most damaging. More controversial is the view that exposure to solar radiation is a significant factor in ocular damage, particularly in the formation of cataracts. Earlier studies pointing to such an effect have been criticized and alternative aetiological hypotheses have been proposed. However, other studies do show an effect of UV exposure on cortical cataract. Concern is also growing that UV may be capable of activating viruses and have immunological effects that might exacerbate infectious disease. Very worrying is the possibility that UV exposure can activate the human immunodeficiency virus which might accelerate the onset of AIDS. Any such health effects that have been observed in human populations are the result of exposure to existing, naturally occurring levels of UV radiation. There is, therefore, great concern about the possible exacerbation of these impacts as a result of increased exposure to UV radiation associated with stratospheric ozone depletion. However, any assessment of the nature and scale of such impacts on human health has to deal with several major problems and these are the focus of this paper. There are uncertainties about recent trends in stratospheric ozone and problems in the prediction of future changes. Following on from this are the difficulties of estimating what effects these changes will have on UV flux at ground level in populated areas. Further problems arise in the prediction of changes in biologically significant doses to humans which might be affected by changes in behaviour as well as by changes in the environment. Finally, the limitations of existing epidemiological knowledge of the effects of UV exposure are a constraint on our ability to predict what the health effects of any changed UV doses might be.
Who benefits from reduced reproduction in parasitized hosts? An experimental test using the Pasteuria ramosa-Daphnia magna system
Authors: MAGEROY JON H. , GREPPERUD ELDFRID J. , JENSEN KNUT HELGE
Published: August 2011

We investigated whether parasites or hosts benefit from reduced reproduction in infected hosts. When parasites castrate their hosts, the regain of host reproduction is necessary for castration to be a host adaptation. When infecting Daphnia magna with Pasteuria ramosa, in a lake water based medium, 49 2% of the castrated females regained reproduction. We investigated the relationship between castration level, and parasite and host fitness proxies to determine the adaptive value of host castration. Hosts which regained reproduction contained less spores and had a higher lifetime reproduction than permanently castrated hosts. We also found a negative correlation between parasite and host lifetime reproduction. For hosts which regained reproduction we found no optimal level of castration associated with lifetime reproduction. These results support the view that host castration only is adaptive to the parasite in this system. In addition, we suggest that permanent castration might not be the norm under natural conditions in this system. Finally, we argue that a reduction in host reproduction is more likely to evolve as a property favouring parasites rather than hosts. To our knowledge this is the only experimental study to investigate the adaptive value of reduced host reproduction when castrated hosts can regain reproduction.
The poverty of the Mayan stimulus
Authors: PYE CLIFTON
Published: August 2011

Poverty of the stimulus (POS) arguments have instigated considerable debate in the recent linguistics literature. This article uses the comparative method to challenge the logic of POS arguments. Rather than question the premises of POS arguments, the article demonstrates how POS arguments for individual languages lead to areductio ad absurdumas POS arguments from genetically related languages are compared. Comparison leads to different contradictions for poverty of the negative stimulus (PONS) and poverty of the positive stimulus (POPS) arguments. Comparing PONS arguments leads to the conclusion that Universal Grammar contains language-specific versions of linguistic rules. Comparing POPS arguments leads to the conclusion that Universal Grammar may supply knowledge that is ungrammatical in the target language. Thereductioshows that universal principles of grammar cannot be established on the basis of POS arguments from a single language.