bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel membrane bioreactor: Able to cope with fluctuating loads, poorly water soluble VOCs, and biomass accumulation
Authors: Studer Michael , Rudolf von Rohr Philipp
Published: June 2007

Biological waste gas treatment is an attractive method for controlling air emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Microorganisms degrade the VOCs to harmless products such as carbon dioxide (CO2), biomass and water. In spite of the advantages, significant unresolved challenges remain for biological waste gas treatment. Fluctuating loads in waste gas streams, especially of VOCs with low water solubility, can often not be satisfactorily removed. Concentration peaks leave the reactor virtually untreated, while periods without VOCs in the waste gas lead to starvation of the bacteria. Furthermore, bioreactors are often subject to clogging due to biomass accumulation. In the current work, a flat sheet membrane bioreactor was developed which was able to buffer fluctuating loads of toluene, our model compound, by absorption in silicone oil prior to degradation and which continuously removed and discharged excess biomass from the reactor. The absorption and the biodegradation were both membrane based. An inverse bacterial biofilm developed on the membrane, which separated the culture medium from the absorbent. The culture medium was constantly passed along the biofilm, introducing shear stresses on the surface and thereby removing excess, inactive biomass. The toluene surface elimination capacity was virtually independent of the gas flow rate for the tested steady‐state conditions and reached a maximum of 0.6 g m−2 h−1. Experiments with fluctuating inlet mass flow rates of toluene confirmed the excellent buffering capability of the set‐up. The reactor was successfully operated for 162 days without clogging. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;99: 38–48. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lipase‐catalyzed synthesis of fatty acid sugar ester using extremely supersaturated sugar solution in ionic liquids
Authors: Lee Sang Hyun , Dang Dung Thanh , Ha Sung Ho , Chang Woo‐Jin , Koo Yoon‐Mo
Published: June 2007

The low solubility of sugars has hampered the lipase‐catalyzed synthesis of fatty acid sugar esters in organic solvents and ionic liquids (ILs), because several solvents that are able to effectively dissolve sugars are detrimental to enzymes. In this work, in order to prepare a high concentration of sugars in ILs, we have developed a new procedure that entails mixing an aqueous sugar solution into ILs followed by removal of the water from the solution. The glucose concentrations in the supersaturated [Emim][TfO] and [Bmim][TfO] were 19 and 10 times higher, respectively, than the solubilities (6.1 and 4.8 g/L) of glucose in the ILs at 25°C. Furthermore, the supersaturated glucose solutions in ILs were maintained over a long period of time without any significant loss of glucose. In ILs that were extremely supersaturated with glucose, lipase‐catalyzed esterifications of glucose with vinyl laurate, and lauric acid were successfully carried out. The conversion increased from 8% to 96% at 1 day of reaction by using supersaturated solution in [Bmim][TfO] which had dissolved glucose concentration of 400% higher than its solubility, compared with the reaction using saturated glucose solution. By making the glucose concentration in ILs much higher than the solubility through our novel and simple method, the initial rate and conversion of the lipase‐catalyzed reaction were significantly improved. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;99: 1–8. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sodium butyrate alters erythropoietin glycosylation via multiple mechanisms
Authors: Crowell Christopher K. , Qin Qiang , Grampp Gustavo E. , Radcliffe Richard A. , Rogers Gary N. , Scheinman Robert I.
Published: June 2007

Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) produced in a human kidney fibrosarcoma cell line, HT1080, was used as a model to study the effects of sodium butyrate (SB) on protein glycosylation. Treatment with 2 mM SB resulted in complex changes with respect to sugar nucleotide pools including an increase in UDP‐Gal and a decrease in UDP‐GlcNac. In addition, polylactosamine structures present on rHuEPO increased after SB treatment. To determine if these phenotypic changes correlated with changes in mRNA abundance, we profiled mRNA levels over a 24‐h period in the presence or absence of SB using oligonucleotide microarrays. By filtering our data through a functional glycomics gene list associated with the processes of glycan degradation, glycan synthesis, and sugar nucleotide synthesis and transport we identified 26 genes with significantly altered mRNA levels. We were able to correlate the changes in message in six of these genes with measurable phenotypic changes within our system including: neu1, b3gnt6, siat4b, b3gnt1, slc17a5, and galt. Interestingly, for the two genes: cmas and gale, our measurable phenotypic changes did not correlate with changes in mRNA expression. These data demonstrate both the utility and pit falls of coupling biochemical analysis with high throughput oligonucleotide microarrays to predict how changes in cell culture environments will impact glycoprotein oligosaccharide content. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;99: 201–213. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An investigation of the absolute configuration of the potent histamine H3 receptor antagonist GT‐2331 using vibrational circular dichroism
Authors: Minick Douglas J. , Copley Royston C.B. , Szewczyk Jerzy R. , Rutkowske Randy D. , Miller Luke A.
Published: June 2007

GT‐2331 [(+)‐1] is one of the most potent members of a class of chiral drug substances used to regulate the synthesis and release of histamine by the histamine H3 receptor, and as such, is an important biomarker for pharmaceutical companies conducting research in this field. In addition to overall structural features, the bioactivity of this molecule has also been found to be highly dependent on absolute stereochemistry, making the reliable assignment of this property a necessity. X‐ray diffraction studies have provided conflicting data, leaving its three‐dimensional structure uncertain. In view of this, its absolute configuration was investigated by vibrational circular dichroism. Results from this study provided independent assignment of this important molecule as the (1S,2S)‐enantiomer. Chirality, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activity of second‐line chemotherapy in docetaxel‐refractory hormone‐refractory prostate cancer patients
Authors: Rosenberg Jonathan E. , Weinberg Vivian K. , Kelly W. Kevin , Michaelson Dror , Hussain Maha H. , Wilding George , Gross Mitchell , Hutcheon Douglass , Small Eric J.
Published: June 2007

BACKGROUND.

This randomized, noncomparative, multicenter, clinical trial evaluated ixabepilone or mitoxantrone/prednisone (MP) as second‐line chemotherapy for taxane‐refractory, hormone‐refractory, prostate cancer (HRPC).

METHODS.

Patients with HRPC that progressed during or within 60 days of cessation of taxane chemotherapy were randomly selected with equal probability to ixabepilone 35 mg/m2intravenously every 3 weeks, or mitoxantrone 14 mg/m2intravenously every 3 weeks and prednisone 5 mg orally twice daily. Treatment continued until progression or toxicity; crossover was allowed.

RESULTS.

Forty‐one patients were accrued to each arm of the study. The median number of cycles administered for each arm was 3. Median survival from protocol entry was 10.4 months with ixabepilone and 9.8 months with MP. Prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) declines of ≥50% were observed in 17% of ixabepilone (95% CI, 7‐32) and 20% of second‐line MP patients (95% CI, 9‐35). Partial responses were observed in 1 of 24 ixabepilone and in 2 of 21 MP patients with evaluable measurable disease. Median duration of second‐line ixabepilone and MP treatment was 2.2 months and 2.3 months, respectively. For third‐line crossover treatment, PSA declines of ≥50% were observed in 3 of 27 ixabepilone‐treated and 4 of 15 MP‐treated patients. Prior taxane response was associated with an increased likelihood of second‐line ixabepilone or MP response. Low baseline lactate dehydrogenase and absence of visceral metastases independently predicted improved survival. The most common grade 3/4 toxicity associated with second‐line treatment was neutropenia (54% of ixabepilone patients and 63% of MP patients).

CONCLUSIONS.

Ixabepilone and MP had modest activity as second‐line chemotherapy for docetaxel‐refractory HRPC. The median survival for the entire cohort treated in this study was 9.8 months. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Survival in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity
Authors: Liao Chun‐Ta , Chang Joseph Tung‐Chieh , Wang Hung‐Ming , Ng Shu‐Hang , Hsueh Chuen , Lee Li‐Yu , Lin Chih‐Hung , Chen I‐How , Huang Shiang‐Fu , Cheng Ann‐Joy , Yen Tzu‐Chen
Published: June 2007

BACKGROUND.

According to the American Joint Commission on Cancer (AJCC, 5th edition) classification system, pT4 N0 oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) qualifies for stage IVA status, with its implied poor prognosis. However, preliminary observations suggested that patients with pT4 N0 OSCC might have better survival than other stage IVA categories. The authors sought to identify accurate prognosticators in patients with stage III/IVA OSCC.

METHODS.

The authors retrospectively reviewed 513 consecutive patients with stage III/IVA OSCC who were undergoing radical surgery. Survival was plotted by Kaplan‐Meier analysis.

RESULTS.

One hundred seventy‐eight patients were in stage III, and 335 were in stage IVA. The 335 stage IVA patients were divided into pT4 N0 (n = 105) and pT4 N1/TAny N2 (NO pT4 N0 M0, n = 230). By univariate analysis, 5‐year neck control rates (P < .0001), distant metastases (P < .0001), disease‐free survival rates (P < .0001), and overall survival rates (P < .0001) were significantly different in pT4 N0 compared with NO pT4 N0 patients. No significant difference in survival between pT4 N0 stage IVA and pstage III could be shown. Multivariate analysis for overall survival demonstrated that the following factors were independently associated with pT4 N0: tumor depth ≥35 mm, vessel invasion, lymph invasion, and perineural invasion. In contrast, tumor depth ≥25 mm, treatment with surgery alone, poor differentiation, extracapsular spread, and pathological nodal metastases (≥8 lymph nodes) were independent predictors of overall survival in NO pT4 N0.

CONCLUSIONS.

In patients with stage IVA OSCC (AJCC, 1997), the survival rates for pT4 N0 are better than those for NO pT4 N0 and similar to those of patients with pstage III. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Phase 1 trial of everolimus and gefitinib in patients with advanced nonsmall‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Milton Daniel T. , Riely Gregory J. , Azzoli Christopher G. , Gomez Jorge E. , Heelan Robert T. , Kris Mark G. , Krug Lee M. , Pao William , Pizzo Barbara , Rizvi Naiyer A. , Miller Vincent A.
Published: June 2007

BACKGROUND.

Preclinical studies have demonstrated that the inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway restores gefitinib sensitivity in resistant cancer cell lines. A phase 1 study was conducted of the combination of everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, and gefitinib to determine a daily dose of everolimus with gefitinib in patients with advanced nonsmall‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

METHODS.

Oral everolimus and gefitinib were both administered daily to patients with progressive NSCLC. Patients were enrolled in 3‐patient cohorts at everolimus dose levels of 5 and 10 mg daily. All patients received gefitinib 250 mg daily.

RESULTS.

Ten patients were enrolled. The maximum tolerated dose of everolimus was 5 mg when administered daily with gefitinib 250 mg. Two patients who were treated at the 10 mg dose level of everolimus experienced dose‐limiting toxicity, including grade 5 hypotension and grade 3 stomatitis. Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated no consistent, significant interaction on the tmax, Cmax, and AUC0‐8h of either agent. Two partial radiographic responses were identified among the 8 response‐evaluable patients.

CONCLUSIONS.

For further study, everolimus at a dose of 5 mg daily in combination with daily gefitinib 250 mg is recommended. The 2 radiographic responses identified are encouraging. A phase 2 trial in patients with NSCLC is under way. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Irinotecan and cisplatin with concurrent split‐course radiotherapy in locally advanced nonsmall‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Fukuda Minoru , Soda Hiroshi , Fukuda Masaaki , Kinoshita Akitoshi , Nakamura Yoichi , Nagashima Seiji , Takatani Hiroshi , Tsukamoto Kazuhiro , Kohno Shigeru , Oka Mikio
Published: June 2007

BACKGROUND.

The purpose was to determine the efficacy and toxicity of irinotecan and cisplatin with concurrent split‐course thoracic radiotherapy (TRT) in locally advanced nonsmall‐cell lung cancer.

METHODS.

Fifty patients fulfilling the following eligibility criteria were enrolled: chemotherapy‐naive, good performance status (PS, 0‐2), age <75, stage III, and adequate organ function. The patients received irinotecan 60 mg/m2 intravenously on Days 1, 8, and 15, and cisplatin 80 mg/m2 intravenously on Day 1 in the first group. The doses were reduced to 50 and 60 mg/m2, respectively, in the second group. Two cycles of chemotherapy were repeated every 4 weeks. Split‐course thoracic radiotherapy of 2 Gy/day commenced on Day 2 of each chemotherapy cycle, with 28 and 32 Gy administered in the first and second cycles, respectively.

RESULTS.

Fifty patients were eligible and 48 (16 in the first, 32 in the second group) patients were assessable for response, toxicity, and survival. The overall response was 83% (95% confidence interval [CI], 70%–93%). Grade 4 leukopenia, neutropenia, grade 3 or 4 diarrhea, pneumonitis, esophagitis, and fatigue occurred in 21%, 48%, 19%, 10%, and 19%, respectively. The median time to progression was 8.2 months. The median overall survival time and the 2‐ and 5‐year survival rates were 20.1 months, 47.1%, and 17.1%, respectively. In subgroup analysis, grade 4 neutropenia, grade 3 or 4 diarrhea, the overall response, and the median survival times of the first/second groups were 63%/41%, 19%/19%, 75%/88%, and 13.1/33.4 months, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS.

This combined modality of irinotecan and cisplatin with concurrent TRT is active and further investigations are warranted at the second group dose level. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Melanoma in the young: Differences and similarities with adult melanoma
Authors: Livestro Daan P. , Kaine Emily M. , Michaelson James S. , Mihm Martin C. , Haluska Frank G. , Muzikansky Alona , Sober Arthur J. , Tanabe Kenneth K.
Published: June 2007

BACKGROUND.

Melanoma in the first 2 decades of life is rare and is less well characterized than melanoma in adults. Previously published comparisons of melanoma of the young (age ≤20 years) and in adults have been biased by the observation that primary melanomas of the young are significantly thicker on average than adult melanomas. In this study, the use of an adult control group that was matched for tumor thickness adjusted for this bias and allowed for a comparison of the biology of pediatric melanoma and adult melanoma.

METHODS.

The authors identified young patients with melanoma who were treated at their institution between 1971 and 2002, and matched each patient by thickness and year of diagnosis to 2 adult control patients with melanoma. The study group of 73 young patients with melanoma (aged ≤20 years) was compared with to 146 adult case‐matched control patients for clinical presentation, treatment, and clinically relevant outcome parameters, including disease‐free and cause‐specific survival. A subset of pediatric patients aged ≤13 years also was analyzed against case‐matched adult controls.

RESULTS.

The demographics and clinical presentation of the 2 groups were similar. Of the young patients with melanoma who underwent pathologic staging of clinically negative lymph nodes by either elective lymph node dissection or lymphatic mapping/sentinel lymph node biopsy, 11 of 25 patients (44%) had positive lymph nodes compared with 11 of 46 patients (23.9%) among the adults. The overall incidence of positive lymph nodes was 17.8% in young melanoma patients and 9.6% in thickness‐matched adult control patients. Nonetheless, 10‐year cause‐specific survival was similar between young melanoma patients and adult melanoma patients (89.4% and 79.3%, respectively). No significant differences were observed comparing young patients with melanoma aged <13 years versus age >13 years.

CONCLUSIONS.

Melanoma of the young had some important differences and similarities relative to adult melanoma. Lymph node metastases were more prevalent in young patients with melanoma compared with adult (thickness‐matched) control patients; however, the 5‐ and 10‐year survival rates were similar. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
National inpatient complications and outcomes after surgery for spinal metastasis from 1993–2002
Authors: Patil Chirag G. , Lad Shivanand P. , Santarelli Justin , Boakye Maxwell
Published: June 2007

BACKGROUND.

Information regarding patient outcomes, complications, and mortality after surgery for spinal metastasis has previously been derived from single‐institution series. The aim of this study was to report inpatient mortality, complications, and outcomes on a national level.

METHODS.

The National Inpatient Sample (NIS) was utilized to identify 26,233 admissions of surgically managed spinal metastasis in the U.S. from 1993 through 2002. Multivariate analysis was performed to analyze the effects of patient and hospital characteristics on outcomes such as mortality, complications, discharge disposition, and length of stay.

RESULTS.

The in‐hospital mortality rate was 5.6% and the complication rate was 21.9%. Pulmonary (6.7%) and postoperative hemorrhages or hematomas (5.9%) were the most common complications reported. A single postoperative complication increased the mean length of stay (LOS) by 7 days and the mortality rate by 11%. Multivariate analysis showed that complications were more likely in older patients and in patients with 2 or more comorbidities. With patients having no comorbidities as the reference group, 1 comorbidity increased the risk of in‐hospital death by almost 4‐fold. Mortality was significantly higher in men, in patients who had postoperative complications, and in patients who were operated in the earlier (1993–1997) year group.

CONCLUSIONS.

A national perspective is provided on inpatient complications and outcomes after surgery for spinal metastasis in the U.S. The significant negative effect of postoperative complications on mortality and resource utilization is demonstrated. Furthermore, preoperative comorbidity is identified as an important risk factor and its impact is defined on patient outcomes. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Clinical factors associated with outcome in patients with metastatic clear‐cell renal cell carcinoma treated with vascular endothelial growth factor‐targeted therapy
Authors: Choueiri Toni K. , Garcia Jorge A. , Elson Paul , Khasawneh Mohamad , Usman Saif , Golshayan Ali Reza , Baz Rachid C. , Wood Laura , Rini Brian I. , Bukowski Ronald M.
Published: June 2007

BACKGROUND.

Therapy targeted against the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway is a standard of care for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The identification of patients who are more likely to benefit from these agents is warranted.

METHODS.

In total, 120 patients with metastatic clear‐cell RCC received bevacizumab, sorafenib, sunitinib, or axitinib on 1 of 9 prospective clinical trials at the Cleveland Clinic. Clinical features associated with outcome were identified by univariate analysis; then, a stepwise modeling approach based on Cox proportional hazards regression was used to identify independent prognostic factors and to form a model for progression‐free survival (PFS). A bootstrap algorithm was used to provide internal validation.

RESULTS.

The overall median PFS was 13.8 months, and the objective response according to the Response Criteria in Solid Tumors was 34%. Multivariate analysis identified time from diagnosis to current treatment <2 years; baseline platelet and neutrophil counts >300 K/μL and >4.5 K/μL, respectively; baseline corrected serum calcium <8.5 mg/dL or >10 mg/dL; and initial Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status >0 as independent, adverse prognostic factors (PF) for PFS. Three prognostic subgroups were formed based on the number of adverse prognostic factors present. The median PFS in patients with 0 or 1 adverse prognostic factor was 20.1 months compared with 13 months in patients with 2 adverse prognostic factors and 3.9 months in patients with >2 adverse prognostic factors.

CONCLUSIONS.

Five independent prognostic factors for predicting PFS were identified and were used to categorize patients with metastatic RCC who received VEGF‐targeted therapies into 3 risk groups. These prognostic factors can be incorporated into patient care and clinical trials that use such novel, VEGF‐targeted agents. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Adaptive pattern nulling design of linear array antenna by phase‐only perturbations using memetic algorithms
Authors: Hsu Chao‐Hsing , Shyr Wen‐Jye
Published: June 2007

In this paper, the pattern nulling of a linear array for interference cancellation is derived by phase‐only perturbations using memetic algorithms (MAs). The MAs uses improvement procedures which is obtained by incorporating local search into the genetic algorithms. It is proposed to improve the search ability of genetic algorithms. MA is a kind of an improved type of the traditional genetic algorithms. By using local search procedure, it can avoid the shortcoming of the traditional genetic algorithms, whose termination criteria are set up by using the trial and error method. The MA is applied to find the pattern nulling of the proposed adaptive antenna. This design for radiation pattern nulling of an adaptive antenna can suppress interference by placing a null at the direction of the interfering source, i.e. to increase the signal to interference ratio. This proposed method is that an innovative adaptive antenna optimization technique is also able to solve the multipath problem which exists in practical wireless communication systems. Two examples are provided to justify the proposed phase‐only perturbations approach based on MAs. Computer simulation results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are 6‐month‐old foals sensitive to dam's influence?
Authors: Henry S. , Briefer S. , Richard‐Yris M.‐A. , Hausberger M.
Published: June 2007

A recent study has shown that gently handling dams in front of their few days old foals may strongly influence the development of human–foal relationships. In the present study, we test whether 6‐month‐old foals remain sensitive to their dams' influence. The study was performed on 16 foal–mare dyads, with half of the mares receiving positive contacts from the experimenter in presence of their 6‐month‐old foals (n = 8) whereas the other mares were not handled (n = 8). All foals were tested 15 and 30–35 days later under various conditions (reaction to a motionless human, approach test, saddle‐pad tolerance test). We observe a positive effect of mare' handling on foals' reactions to humans but with a high interindividual variability, suggesting a higher effect of the foals' own behavioral characteristics at this age than at earlier stages. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 49: 514‐521, 2007.
Does motor activity during psychophysiological paradigms confound the quantification and interpretation of heart rate and heart rate variability measures in young children?
Authors: Porges Stephen W. , Heilman Keri J. , Bazhenova Olga V. , Bal Elgiz , Doussard‐Roosevelt Jane A. , Koledin Myriah
Published: June 2007

Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), heart period, and motor activity were monitored in preschoolers during a variety of tasks varying in required movement. The data analyses indicate: (1) that when activity increases during tasks, there are synchronous decreases in heart period and RSA; (2) that correlations between changes in RSA and heart period are related to activity only during exercise when there is a major demand for increased metabolic resources; and (3) that the covariation among the variables within each condition is low except during exercise. These findings suggest that the slight increases in motor activity (i.e., hand movements) often required in attention demanding psychophysiological protocols are not related to RSA and heart period responses. However, when tasks necessitate large increases in motor activity (e.g., exercise), the decreases in heart period and RSA are related to the change in motor activity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 49: 485‐494, 2007.
Enriched rearing facilitates spatial exploration in northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) neonates
Authors: Lazic Maria , Schneider Susan M. , Lickliter Robert
Published: June 2007

Rearing with enriched environmental complexity has been shown to enhance spatial exploration and spatial learning, among other benefits. Most studies examining enriched rearing effects have used extended periods of exposure in mammals; little is known about enrichment effects on avian species. We provided objects designed to encourage spatial exploration to socially raised northern bobwhite neonates; controls were socially raised without the enrichment devices. After 3–5 days of exposure, maze performance was assessed for 48 chicks. Chicks in the enriched group showed significantly more spatial activity in the maze than control chicks. These results extend the generality of spatial enrichment effects to birds and to a relatively short duration of enrichment exposure. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 49: 548‐551, 2007.
Prenatal predictors of infant temperament
Authors: Werner Elizabeth A. , Myers Michael M. , Fifer William P. , Cheng Bin , Fang Yixin , Allen Rhiannon , Monk Catherine
Published: June 2007

Emerging data suggest that prenatal factors influence children's temperament. In 50 dyads, we examined fetal heart rate (FHR) activity and women's antenatal psychiatric illness as predictors of infant temperament at 4 months (response to novelty and the Infant Behavior Checklist). FHR change during maternal challenge was positively associated with observed infant motor reactivity to novelty (p = .02). The odds of being classified as high versus low motor among fetuses who had an increase in FHR during maternal stress was 11 times those who had a decrease in FHR (p = .0006). Antenatal psychiatric diagnosis was associated with an almost fourfold greater odds of having a high cry reactivity classification (p = .03). There also were modest associations between baseline FHR and maternal reports of infant temperament and between observed temperament and that based on mothers' reports. All of the infant results were found independent of the influence of women's postnatal anxiety. These data indicate that physiological markers of individual differences in infant temperament are identifiable in the fetal period, and possibly shaped by the prenatal environment. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 49: 474‐484, 2007.
Temperament in preweanling horses: Development of reactions to humans and novelty, and startle responses
Authors: Lansade L. , Bouissou M.F. , Boivin X.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the development and the stability across situations and over time of three temperament traits in young foals: propensity to react to humans, propensity to react to novelty, and propensity to react to suddenness. In a comparative study, we examined the reactions of animals in three independent groups (N = 27) tested at 3, 12, and 24 weeks of age, respectively. We observed that human avoidance and novel object approach behaviors are quasi inexistent in the group tested at 3 weeks, but are more and more present in the groups tested at subsequent ages. In a longitudinal study, we tested 48 foals successively at 3, 6, 12, and 24 weeks of age. Since reactions appear progressively with time, no stability over time or across situations was found. However, once a foal manifests a behavioral reaction at a given age, it will always reproduce this reaction subsequently. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 49: 501‐513, 2007.
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia and tympanic membrane compliance predict spontaneous eye gaze behaviors in young children: A pilot study
Authors: Heilman Keri J. , Bal Elgiz , Bazhenova Olga V. , Porges Stephen W.
Published: June 2007

The Polyvagal theory proposes the Social Engagement System as a theoretical model linking social behavior with the neural regulation of the heart (via the vagus) and the striated muscles of the face and head (via special visceral efferent pathways). The current pilot study tested the feasibility of this model with typically developing 3–5‐year‐old children by evaluating the relation between spontaneous social engagement behavior measured by eye gaze behaviors and the visceromotor (e.g., respiratory sinus arrhythmia) and somatomotor (e.g., right tympanic membrane compliance) components of the Social Engagement System. Regression analyses supported the hypothesis that the visceromotor and somatomotor components of the Social Engagement System significantly predict social behavior (indexed by spontaneous eye gazes). Future studies assessing indices of visceral regulation and middle ear muscle function may provide insights into neural mechanisms mediating features of developmental disorders, such as autism, that have deficits in spontaneous eye gaze, auditory processing, and social behavior. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 49: 531‐542, 2007.
Foster mother care but not prenatal morphine exposure enhances cocaine self‐administration in young adult male and female rats
Authors: Vathy I. , Šlamberová R. , Liu Xinhe
Published: June 2007

The present study was designed to investigate cocaine self‐administration in adult male and female rats exposed prenatally to morphine. Pregnant dams were injected two times a day with either saline, analgesic doses of morphine or no drug at all (controls) on gestation Days 11–18. One day after birth, litters were cross‐fostered such that control dams were paired with one another and their litters were crossed; saline‐ and morphine‐treated dams were paired and half of each saline litter was crossed with half of each morphine litter. Thus, each mother (control, saline, and morphine) raised half of her own and half of the adopted litter. At the age of 60 days, males and females were trained first to lever press for sucrose pellets and then for cocaine. Once the lever‐pressing behavior was learned and baseline level of this activity was established, animals received a cocaine (.5 mg/kg per infusion) reward for each correct response on the active lever during the next 9‐day session. The data demonstrate that adult control, saline‐ and morphine‐exposed male rats self‐administer cocaine at a similar rate independent of their prenatal treatment. Adult female rats self‐administer cocaine at a higher rate than male rats. Further, saline‐ and morphine‐exposed females in diestrus self‐administer more than females in proestrus phase of the estrous cycle, while control females show no such differences. In addition, fostering induces increase in cocaine self‐administration in all groups of male rats regardless of prenatal drug exposure. In females, the only fostering‐induced increase is in prenatally saline‐exposed female rats raised by morphine‐treated foster mother. Thus, our results suggest that the prenatal drug exposure does not induce changes in lever‐pressing behavior for cocaine reward in adult male and female rats, but it sensitizes the animals to postnatal stimuli such as gonadal hormones and/or rearing conditions that result in increased drug self‐administration. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 49: 463‐473, 2007.
Effects of maternal care on the development, emotionality, and reproductive functions in male and female rats
Authors: Uriarte Natalia , Breigeiron Márcia K. , Benetti Fernando , Rosa Ximena F. , Lucion Aldo B.
Published: June 2007

Variations in maternal behavior induce long‐lasting effects on behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to stress. The aim of this study was to analyze developmental parameters, reproductive function, and anxiety‐related behaviors of male and female rats raised by mothers that naturally display high and low levels of maternal licking behavior. Results showed that an increase in licking behavior received by the pups accelerated their eye opening and reduced fear behavior assessed in the open field test. Additionally, female offspring of high licking (HL) mothers showed decreased ovulation and lordosis intensity. In contrast, males from HL and low licking (LL) mothers did not differ in their reproductive function, suggesting a gender difference in maternal effects. Present results showed that individual differences in maternal behavior appear not only to be predictive of later emotionality and stress‐responsivity in the offspring, but can also modulate the reproductive function of females. Maternal genetic factors, differences in the prenatal intrauterine milieu, or a combination of these cannot be excluded to explain the effects observed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 49: 451‐462, 2007.
Age‐dependent change in exploratory behavior of male rats following exposure to threat stimulus: Effect of juvenile experience
Authors: Arakawa Hiroyuki
Published: June 2007

The ontogeny of exploratory behavior depending on the intensity of threat in a modified open‐field was investigated in male rats aged 40, 65, and 130 days, by comparing with less threatening condition with no shock and more threatening condition where they were exposed to mild electric shock. The number of crossings in a dim peripheral alley was counted as the level of activity. The total duration of stay in the central area was measured as the level of exploration. The number of entries and stretch‐attend postures into a bright center square were measured as active exploratory behavior and the risk assessment behavior, respectively. When exposed to mild shock prior to the test, 40‐day‐old rats decreased these exploratory behaviors, while 65‐ and 130‐day‐old rats increased active exploratory behavior (Experiment 1). A lower level of exploratory behavior following a mild shock was found in 65 and 130‐day‐old rats isolated during the juvenile stage, but not in rats isolated after puberty (Experiment 2). These findings suggest that the direction of changes in exploratory behavior of male rats following an increase in potential danger showed ontogenetic transition, which is mediated by social experiences as juveniles, but not as adults. This transition may be associated with the emergence of active exploratory behavior during the juvenile stage, which is activated by social interaction. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 49: 522‐530, 2007.
The emergence of patterned movement during late embryogenesis of Drosophila
Authors: Pereanu Wayne , Spindler Shana , Im Elisabeth , Buu Natalie , Hartenstein Volker
Published: June 2007

Larval behavioral patterns arise in a gradual fashion during late embryogenesis as the innervation of the somatic musculature and connectivity within the central nervous system develops. In this paper, we describe in a quantitative manner the maturation of behavioral patterns. Early movements are locally restricted “twitches” of the body wall, involving single segments or parts of segments. These twitches occur at a low frequency and have low amplitude, reflecting weak muscle contractions. Towards later stages twitches increase in frequency and amplitude and become integrated into coordinated movements of multiple segments. Most noticeable among these is the peristaltic wave of longitudinal segmental contractions by which the larva moves forward or backward. Besides becoming more complex as development proceeds, embryonic movements also acquire a pronounced rhythm. Thus, late embryonic movements occur in bursts, with phases of frequent movement separated by phases of no movement at all; early movements show no such periodicity. These data will serve as a baseline for future studies that address the function of embryonic lethal genes controlling neuronal connectivity and larval behavior. We have analyzed behavioral abnormalities in two embryonic lethal mutations with severe neural defects, tailless (tll), which lacks the protocerebrum, and glial cells missing (gcm), in which glial cells are absent. Our results reveal prominent alterations in embryonic motility for both of these mutations, indicating that the protocerebrum and glial cells play a crucial role in the neural mechanism controlling larval movement in Drosophila. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2007
Stage‐dependent craniofacial defects resulting from Sprouty2 overexpression
Authors: Goodnough L. Henry , Brugmann Samantha A. , Hu Diane , Helms Jill A.
Published: June 2007

Sprouty genes encode intracellular regulators of receptor tyrosine kinases that function in a variety of developmental events. Although mice carrying null mutations in Sprouty genes exhibit craniofacial anomalies, the precise role of these regulatory proteins in facial development remains unclear. Here, we show that overexpression of spry2 at the initiation of craniofacial development results in a dramatic arrest in outgrowth of the facial prominences. Although endogenous spry2 and fibroblast growth factor 8 (fgf8) are coexpressed throughout much of craniofacial development, overexpression of spry2 did not alter the spatiotemporal patterns of fgf target gene expression. The morphological consequences of spry2 overexpression were specific: all of the facial prominences were truncated, but despite this gross malformation, the programs of osteogenesis and chondrogenesis were not impaired. Collectively, these data suggest that Sprouty2 plays a role in the outgrowth of facial prominences independent of canonical Fgf signaling. Developmental Dynamics 236:1918–1928, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synectin/syndecan‐4 regulate coronary arteriolar growth during development
Authors: Dedkov Eduard I. , Thomas Mathew T. , Sonka Milan , Yang Fuxing , Chittenden Thomas W. , Rhodes John M. , Simons Michael , Ritman Erik L. , Tomanek Robert J.
Published: June 2007

Syndecan‐4 and its cytoplasmic binding partner, synectin, are known to play a role in FGF‐2 signaling and vascular growth. To determine their roles in coronary artery/arteriolar formation and growth, we compared syndecan‐4 and synectin null mice with their wild‐type counterparts. Image analysis of arterioles visualized by smooth muscle α‐actin immunostaining revealed that synectin −/− mice had lower arteriolar length and volume densities than wild‐type mice. As shown by electron microscopic analysis, arterioles from the two did not differ in morphology, including their endothelial cell junctions, and the organization and distribution of smooth muscle. Using micro‐computer tomography, we found that the size and branching patterns of coronary arteries (diameters > 50 μm) were similar for the two groups, a finding that indicates that the growth of arteries is not influenced by a loss of synectin. Syndecan‐4 null male mice also had lower arteriolar length densities than their gender wild‐type controls. However, female syndecan‐4 null mice were characterized by higher arteriolar length and volume densities than their gender‐matched wild‐type controls. Thus, we conclude that both synectin and syndecan‐4 play a role in arteriolar development, a finding that is consistent with previous evidence that FGF‐2 plays a role in coronary arterial growth. Moreover, our data reveal that gender influences the arteriolar growth response to syndecan‐4 but not to synectin. Developmental Dynamics 236:2004–2010, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
β‐keratins of differentiating epidermis of snake comprise glycine‐proline‐serine‐rich proteins with an avian‐like gene organization
Authors: Dalla Valle Luisa , Nardi Alessia , Belvedere Paola , Toni Mattia , Alibardi Lorenzo
Published: June 2007

β‐keratins of reptilian scales have been recently cloned and characterized in some lizards. Here we report for the first time the sequence of some β‐keratins from the snake Elaphe guttata. Five different cDNAs were obtained using 5′‐ and 3′‐RACE analyses. Four sequences differ by only few nucleotides in the coding region, whereas the last cDNA shows, in this region, only 84% of identity. The gene corresponding to one of the cDNA sequences has a single intron present in the 5′‐untranslated region. This genomic organization is similar to that of birds' β‐keratins. Cloning and Southern blotting analysis suggest that snake β‐keratins belong to a family of high‐related genes as for geckos. PCR analysis suggests a head‐to‐tail orientation of genes in the same chromosome. In situ hybridization detected β‐keratin transcripts almost exclusively in differentiating oberhautchen and β‐cells of the snake epidermis in renewal phase. This is confirmed by Northern blotting that showed, in this phase, a high expression of two different transcripts whereas only the longer transcript is expressed at a much lower level in resting skin. The cDNA coding sequences encoded putative glycine‐proline‐serine rich proteins containing 137–139 amino acids, with apparent isoelectric point at 7.5 and 8.2. A central region, rich in proline, shows over 50% homology with avian scale, claw, and feather keratins. The prediction of secondary structure shows mainly a random coil conformation and few β‐strand regions in the central region, likely involved in the formation of a fibrous framework of β‐keratins. This region was possibly present in basic reptiles that originated reptiles and birds. Developmental Dynamics 236:1939–1953, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of molecular markers that are expressed in discrete anterior–posterior domains of the endoderm from the gastrula stage to mid‐gestation
Authors: Moore‐Scott Billie A. , Opoka Robert , Lin Suh‐Chin J. , Kordich Jennifer J. , Wells James M.
Published: June 2007

Little is known about how the endoderm germ layer is patterned along the anterior–posterior (A‐P) axis before the formation of a gut tube (embryonic day [e] 7.5–8.5 in mouse), largely due to a paucity of molecular markers of endoderm. In particular, there are few genes that mark posterior domains of endoderm that give rise to the midgut and hindgut. We have identified 8 molecular markers that are expressed in discrete domains of the gastrula stage endoderm (e7.5), suggesting that a significant level of pattern exists in the endoderm before the formation of a gut tube. Three genes Tmprss2, NM_029639, and Dsp are expressed in a presumptive midgut domain overlying the node, a domain for which molecular markers have not previously been identified. Two genes, Klf5 and Epha2 are expressed in posterior endoderm associated with the primitive streak. Expression of these five genes persists in the midgut and/or hindgut at e8.5, 9.5 and 10.5, suggesting that these genes are markers of these domains throughout these stages of development. We have identified three genes Slc39a8, Amot, and Dp1l1, which are expressed in the visceral endoderm at e7.5. Starting at e9.5, Dp1l1 is expressed de novo in the liver, midgut, and hindgut. Our findings suggest that presumptive midgut and hindgut domains are being established at the molecular level by the end of gastrulation, earlier than previously thought, and emphasize the importance of endoderm patterning before the formation of the fetal gut. Developmental Dynamics 236:1997–2003, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lineage‐independent mosaic expression and regulation of the Ciona multidom gene in the ancestral notochord
Authors: Oda‐Ishii Izumi , Di Gregorio Anna
Published: June 2007

The transcription factor Ciona Brachyury (Ci‐Bra) plays an essential role in notochord development in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. We characterized a putative Ci‐Bra target gene, which we named Ci‐multidom, and analyzed in detail its expression pattern in normal embryos and in embryos where Ci‐Bra was misexpressed. Ci‐multidom encodes a novel protein, which contains eight CCP domains and a partial VWFA domain. We show that an EGFP‐multidom fusion protein localizes preferentially to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and is excluded from the nucleus. In situ hybridization experiments demonstrate that Ci‐multidom is expressed in the notochord and in the anterior neural boundary (ANB). We found that the expression in the ANB is fully recapitulated by an enhancer element located upstream of Ci‐multidom. By means of misexpression experiments, we provide evidence that Ci‐Bra controls transcription of Ci‐multidom in the notochord; however, while Ci‐Bra is homogeneously expressed throughout this structure, Ci‐multidom is transcribed at detectable levels only in a random subset of notochord cells. The number of notochord cells expressing Ci‐multidom varies among different embryos and is independent of developmental stage, lineage, and position along the anterior–posterior axis. These results suggest that despite its morphological simplicity and invariant cell‐lineage, the ancestral notochord is a mosaic of cells in which the gene cascade downstream of Brachyury is differentially modulated. Developmental Dynamics 236:1806–1819, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thiodiacetate and Oxydiacetate Cobalt Complexes: Synthesis, Structure and Stereochemical Features
Authors: Grirrane Abdessamad , Pastor Antonio , Álvarez Eleuterio , Mealli Carlo , Ienco Andrea , Rosa Patrick , Galindo Agustín
Published: June 2007

A series of cobalt complexes containing the dianionic ligands X(CH2COO)22– (X = S, tda; or X = O, oda) is reported. The complexes [Co(tda)(bipy)(H2O)]·4H2O (2), which was characterised by X‐ray crystallography, [Co(tda)(phen)(H2O)] (3), [Co(tda){(MeO)2bipy}(H2O)]·2H2O (4) and [Co(tda)(dpp)(H2O)]·2H2O (5) are obtained by reaction of the precursor complex [Co(tda)(H2O)]n (1a) with the bidentate N‐donor ligands 2,2′‐bipyridine (bipy), o‐phenanthroline (phen), 4,4′‐dimethoxy‐2,2′‐bipyridine [(MeO)2bipy] and 2,3‐bis(2‐pyridyl)pyrazine (dpp), respectively. The reaction of 1a with di(2‐pyridyl) ketone unexpectedly displaces tda from the coordination sphere and leads to the CoIII species [Co{OC(OH)(2‐pyridyl)2}2]+[Htda]–·3H2O (6), as confirmed by an X‐ray analysis. Three new oxydiacetate complexes of cobalt are also synthesised by treating the known complex [{Co(oda)(H2O)2}·H2O]n with 4,4′‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine (tBu2bipy), 2,3‐bis(2‐pyridyl)pyrazine (dpp) and 4,4′‐bipyridine (4,4′‐bipy). The complexes [Co(oda)(tBu2bipy)(H2O)]·1.5H2O (7), [Co(oda)(dpp)(H2O)]·2H2O (8) and [{Co(oda)(H2O)2}2(μ‐4,4′‐bipy)]·2H2O (9) are structurally characterised (8 as a methanol solvate). Complex 9 is binuclear, in contrast to 7 and 8 (mononuclear), and magnetic susceptibility measurements down to 2 K for this complex show high‐spin non‐correlated CoII ions with a typical Curie–Weiss behaviour. The Co(oda) fragment in 7–9 adopts a planar (mer) rather than a folded (fac) conformation, the latter of which is common to all the M(tda) complexes but is only occasionally observed in the M(oda) ones. In the final section of the paper, the key geometric parameters that control the stereochemistry of the two ligands are determined from a statistical analysis based on the structurally characterised Co(oda) and Co(tda) complexes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)