bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Missing Link: Triplet Fluorocarbonyl Nitrene FC(O)N
Authors: Zeng Xiaoqing , Beckers Helmut , Willner Helge , Grote Dirk , Sander Wolfram
Published: March 2011

The elusive triplet fluorocarbonyl nitrene, FC(O)N (X3A′′), has been generated in high yield from matrix‐isolated FC(O)N3 by ArF excimer laser photolysis (λ=193 nm). As a side product FNCO was formed. The novel nitrene was characterized by IR, UV/Vis, EPR spectroscopy, and quantum‐chemical calculations. All six fundamental vibrations of FC(O)N at 1681.3, 1193.8, 879.8, 646.5, 588.7, and 434.8 cm−1 (argon matrix, 16 K), their 12/13C, 16/18O, and 14/15N isotopic shifts, and four electronic transitions at T0=13 890, 25 428, 29 166, and 30 900 cm−1 that exhibit vibrational fine structures have been detected. Under visible‐light irradiation at λ≥495 nm, FC(O)N reacted with molecular N2 in the matrix cage at 6 K to give back FC(O)N3, whereas near‐UV irradiation at λ≥335 nm yielded FNCO. The singlet–triplet energy gaps of different carbonyl nitrenes are discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Chemistry and Stability of “Li7La3Zr2O12” Garnet: A Fast Lithium‐Ion Conductor.
Authors: Geiger Charles A. , Alekseev Evgeny , Lazic Biljana , Fisch Martin , Armbruster Thomas , Langner Ramona , Fechtelkord Michael , Kim Namjun , Pettke Thomas , Weppner Werner
Published: March 2011

Single crystals of the title compound are prepared by sintering mixtures of ZrO2, La2O3, and Li2CO3 using ceramic crucibles in initial steps and later sealed Pt capsules.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Properties of the 1/1 Approximant Ag42In42Gd16 to the Icosahedral Quasicrystal Ag—In—Gd.
Authors: Wang P. , Stadnik Z. M. , Przewoznik J.
Published: March 2011

The new title approximant is obtained by melting mixtures of the elements and characterized by XRD, magnetic susceptibility measurements, and 155Gd Moessbauer spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Binding Properties of a New Fluorescent Molecular Clip Based on 2‐Ethyl Cyanoacrylate.
Authors: Zhang Dehua
Published: March 2011

A new fluorescent chemosensor (I) with a high selectivity for the recognition of Fe3+ is designed.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Transformation of Thiols to Disulfides Promoted by Activated Carbon—Air System.
Authors: Hayashi Masahiko , Okunaga Ken‐ichi , Nishida Shunsuke , Kawamura Kenjiro , Eda Kazuo
Published: March 2011

Various thiols are converted to disulfides by this operationally simple and environmentally friendly new method.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Enhanced Suzuki—Miyaura Vinylation of Electron‐Rich Sterically Hindered Substrates Utilizing Potassium Vinyltrifluoroborate.
Authors: Brooker Matthew D. , Cooper Stefan M. Jr. , Hodges Dena R. , Carter Rhiannon R. , Wyatt Justin K.
Published: March 2011

ortho,ortho′‐Substituted aryl bromides are vinylated in a Pd‐catalyzed Suzuki—Miyaura reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Fluoride‐Promoted Ligand Exchange in Diaryliodonium Salts.
Authors: Wang Bijia , Cerny Ronald L. , Uppaluri ShriHarsha , Kempinger Jayson J. , DiMagno Stephen G.
Published: March 2011

Diaryliodinium salts undergo rapid, fluoride‐promoted aryl ligand exchange reaction in acetonitrile at room temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Fluorination of Substituted Trichloromethyl Benzenes by HF in Liquid Phase: Preparation of Fluorinated Building Blocks.
Authors: Piou Alexandre , Celerier Stephane , Brunet Sylvette
Published: March 2011

Selective trifluoromethylation of the corresponding chlorinated compounds is achieved by successive Cl/F exchange under mild conditions using HF as the fluorinating agent.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Formylation of Amines Catalyzed by Nanogold under Aerobic Oxidation Conditions with MeOH or Formalin.
Authors: Preedasuriyachai Patcharee , Kitahara Hiroaki , Chavasiri Warinthorn , Sakurai Hidehiro
Published: March 2011

For the title reaction an active and selective catalyst is presented under basic conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: MnCl2·4H2O‐Catalyzed Potential Protocol for the Synthesis of Aryl/Vinyl Sulfides.
Authors: Bandaru Madhav , Sabbavarpu Narayana Murthy , Katla Ramesh , Yadavalli Venkata Durga Nageswar
Published: March 2011

An efficient, moisture‐stable, inexpensive, and nontoxic catalytic system for the cross‐ coupling of aryl/vinyl halides with thiols is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Epoxidation of Olefins by β‐Bromoalkoxydimethylsulfonium Ylides.
Authors: Majetich George , Shimkus Joel , Li Yang
Published: March 2011

A one‐pot procedure is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Domino Michael Addition—Alkylation Reaction: Enantioselective Synthesis of Dihydrofurans.
Authors: Rueping Magnus , Parra Alejandro , Uria Uxue , Besselievre Francois , Merino Estibaliz
Published: March 2011

A broad spectrum of polysubstituted dihydrofuran skeletons is available with a high functional group tolerance.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Activities of Novel (Z)‐3‐((E)‐1‐(Alkoxyimino)ethyl)‐5‐arylidene‐4‐hydroxypyrroline‐2‐one Derivatives.
Authors: Zhu Zhao‐Yong , Wang Xian‐Feng , Meng Fan‐Gui , Li Qing‐Bin , Zheng Xiao‐Qian , Qiang Sheng , Yang Chun‐Long
Published: March 2011

Most of the compounds (V) (24 examples) exhibit noticeable fungicidal activities against C.orbiculare and moderate activities against R.ceralis.
ChemInform Abstract: A Ligand‐Free, Copper‐Catalyzed Cascade Sequence to Indole‐2‐carboxylic Esters.
Authors: Koenig Stefan G. , Dankwardt John W. , Liu Yanbin , Zhao Hang , Singh Surendra P.
Published: March 2011

It is demonstrated, that the reaction of o‐halobenzaldehydes and amidoacetates offers a ready access to the title compounds without the need of an external ligand.
ChemInform Abstract: The Reaction of [(1‐Azaazulen‐2‐yl)imino]phosphorane with Arylaldehydes: Formation of Bis[(1‐azaazulen‐2‐yl)amino]arylmethanes.
Authors: Fujii Hiroyuki , Nagamatsu Kentaro , Gunji Takahiro , Murafuji Toshihiro , Abe Noritaka
Published: March 2011

Phosphorane derivative (I) undergoes a reaction with arylaldehydes (II) via the corresponding azaazulenylimine intermediates to afford the bis[(azaazulenyl)‐amino]arylmethanes (III) in low to moderate yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses of 1‐Substituted‐3‐aminopyrazoles.
Authors: Ji Nan , Meredith Erik , Liu Donglei , Adams Christopher M. , Artman Gerald D. III , Jendza Keith C. , Ma Fupeng , Mainolfi Nello , Powers James J. , Zhang Chun
Published: March 2011

1‐Alkylation of pyrrolopyrazoles is achieved by Chan—Lam coupling with trifluoroborates (II) or methylation with methyl iodide to yield 1‐alkyl‐3‐aminopyrazoles after deprotection.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile and Efficient Synthesis of Bis(oxazoline)s
Authors: Li Wei Jie , Qiu Sheng Xiang
Published: March 2011

via reaction of dicarboxylic acids with β‐amino alcohols
ChemInform Abstract: Heterocyclizations via POCl3‐Based Multicomponent Reactions: A New Approach to One‐Pot Synthesis of a New Spirosystem, 7‐Methyl‐5‐[4‐(aryl/heteryl)thiazol‐2‐yl]‐5,6‐diazaspiro [2,4]hept‐6‐en‐4‐ones.
Authors: Rao V. Rajeswar , Reddy V. Ravinder
Published: March 2011

The one‐pot approach to the title compounds (IV) proceeds more efficiently than the two‐step procedure.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of New, Biologically Active 3,5‐Disubstituted‐1,2,4‐oxadiazoles.
Authors: Tka Najeh , Ben Hassine Bechir
Published: March 2011

A convenient and efficient synthesis of the chiral compounds (III) and (V) is developed using amidoxime.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Benzopyran[2,3‐b]quinolinone Derivatives.
Authors: Han Guangfan , Cui Bin , Chen Lizhuang , Jin Yan
Published: March 2011

A series of novel six‐membered tetracyclic compounds, the title benzopyranoquinolines, is synthesized by reaction of 2‐amino‐3‐cyanobenzopyrans (I) with 5‐substituted 1,3‐cyclohexanedione derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Cascade Assembly of N,N′‐Dialkylbarbituric Acids and Aldehydes: A Simple and Efficient One‐Pot Approach to the Substituted 1,5‐Dihydro‐2H,2′H‐spiro(furo [2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐6,5′‐pyrimidine)2,2′,4,4′,6′(1′H,3H,3′H)‐pentone Framework.
Authors: Elinson Michail N. , Vereshchagin Anatolii N. , Stepanov Nikita O. , Belyakov Pavel A. , Nikishin Gennady I.
Published: March 2011

Reaction of barbituric acid (I) with aromatic aldehydes is investigated in the presence of bromine under 2 different sets of reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyrazolobenzotriazinone Derivatives as COX Inhibitors: Synthesis, Biological Activity, and Molecular‐Modeling Studies.
Authors: Raffa Demetrio , Migliara Onofrio , Maggio Benedetta , Plescia Fabiana , Cascioferro Stella , Cusimano Maria Grazia , Tringali Giuseppe , Cannizzaro Carla , Plescia Fulvio
Published: March 2011

New pyrazolylbenzotriazinone derivatives of type (VII) and (VIII) are prepared and tested as COX inhibitors.
ChemInform Abstract: Ultrasound‐Assisted Synthesis of C‐Glycosides.
Authors: Jarikote Dilip V. , O'Reilly Ciaran , Murphy Paul V.
Published: March 2011

Use of ultrasonication allows the stereoselective preparation of allyl‐ and allenyl‐derivatives of a range of C‐glycosides in high yields within a very short time.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (S)‐(‐)‐Stepholidine Using (S)‐tert‐Butanesulfinylimine.
Authors: Cheng Jianjun , Fu Liqiang , Ling Chenyu , Yang Yushe
Published: March 2011

The protoberberine alkaloid stepholidine (VII) is prepared in an overall yield of 18% by using addition of the laterally lithiated nitrile (II) to the enantiopure sulfinimine (I).
ChemInform Abstract: An Asymmetric Route to 2,3‐Epoxy‐syn‐1,4‐cyclohexane Diol Derivatives Using Ring Closing Metathesis (RCM).
Authors: Maity Soumitra , Ghosh Subrata
Published: March 2011

The epoxy derivative (VII) represents the highly functionalized skeleton of natural products, e.g. eutypoxide A or asperpentyn.
ChemInform Abstract: Butyrolactones from the Fungus Aspergillus terreus BCC 4651.
Authors: Haritakun Rachada , Rachtawee Pranee , Chanthaket Rungtiwa , Boonyuen Nattawut , Isaka Masahiko
Published: March 2011

isolation, structure elucidation and biological activities of two new butenolides, butyrolactones VI (Ia) and VII (Ib) and six known compounds
ChemInform Abstract: Constituents of Pongamia pinnata Isolated in a Screening for Activity to Overcome Tumor Necrosis Factor‐Related Apoptosis‐Inducing Ligand‐Resistance.
Authors: Minakawa Tomohiro , Toume Kazufumi , Ahmed Firoj , Sadhu Samir Kumar , Ohtsuki Takashi , Arai Midori A. , Ishibashi Masami
Published: March 2011

isolation and structural elucidation of the new furanoflavanone ((S)‐I) along with six known flavonoids and activity of the isolated compounds on resistance to TNF‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand
ChemInform Abstract: A New Long‐Chain Secondary Alkanediol from the Flowers of Argemone mexicana.
Authors: Brahmachari Goutam , Roy Rajiv , Mandal Lalan C. , Ghosh Partha Pratim , Gorai Dilip
Published: March 2011

A new compound (I), characterized as hentriacontane‐3,20‐diol, is extracted from the title weed which is an important medicinal plant in India.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Flocoumafen and Its Structural Isomers.
Authors: Jung Jae‐Chul , Jang Soyong , Oh Seikwan , Park Oee‐Sook
Published: March 2011

The title compound (III) can be easily separated into the cis and trans form using flash column chromatography.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Scuteflorin A.
Authors: Tan Fang , Shen Liu‐Lan , Kwak Young‐Shin , Jeong Jin‐Hyun
Published: March 2011

Electrophilic alkylation of aldehyde (I) with methylbutenol (II), followed by spontaneous cyclic ether formation provides the A‐ring of the title compound (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Metal@Silica Yolk‐Shell Nanostructures as Versatile Bifunctional Nanocatalysts
Authors: Park Ji Chan , Song Hyunjoon
Published: March 2011

Review: 59 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Acidity and Basicity of Ordered Silica‐Based Mesoporous Materials
Authors: Garrone Edoardo , Fajula Francois
Published: March 2011

Review: 153 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Heterocycle Synthesis Through Oxidative Carbon—Hydrogen Bond Activation
Authors: Liu Lei , Floreancig Paul E.
Published: March 2011

Review: 74 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Supported Organocatalysts as a Powerful Tool in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Giacalone Francesco , Gruttadauria Michelangelo , Noto Renato
Published: March 2011

Review: 180 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Photolabile Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Bochet Christian G. , Blanc Aurelien
Published: March 2011

Review: 146 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Singlet Oxygen as a Reagent in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Zamadar Matibur , Greer Alexander
Published: March 2011

Review: 148 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of Cycloaddition Reactions to the Syntheses of Novel Boron Compounds
Authors: Zhu Yinghuai , Siwei Xiao , Maguire John A. , Hosmane Narayan S.
Published: March 2011

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Antiinfluenza Agents from Traditional Chinese Medicine
Authors: Ge Hu , Wang Yi‐Fei , Xu Jun , Gu Qiong , Liu Hai‐Bo , Xiao Pei‐Gen , Zhou Jiaju , Liu Yanhuai , Yang Zirong , Su Hua
Published: March 2011

Review: 164 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Light at the Interface: The Potential of Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy for Understanding Heterogeneous Catalysis in Water
Authors: Mojet Barbara Louise , Ebbesen Sune Dalgaard , Lefferts Leon
Published: March 2011

Review: 52 refs.
Combination external beam radiation and brachytherapy boost with androgen deprivation for treatment of intermediate‐risk prostate cancer
Authors: Hurwitz Mark D. , Halabi Susan , Archer Laura , McGinnis Lamar S. , Kuettel Michael R. , DiBiase Steven J. , Small Eric J.
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND:

Combined transperineal prostate brachytherapy and external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) is widely used for treatment of prostate cancer. Long‐term efficacy and toxicity results of a multicenter phase 2 trial assessing combination of EBRT and transperineal prostate brachytherapy boost with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for intermediate‐risk prostate cancer are presented.

METHODS:

Intermediate‐risk patients per Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center/National Comprehensive Cancer Network criteria received 6 months of ADT, and 45 grays (Gy) EBRT to the prostate and seminal vesicles, followed by transperineal prostate brachytherapy with I125 (100 Gy) or Pd103 (90 Gy). Toxicity was graded using the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria version 2 and Radiation Therapy Oncology Group late radiation morbidity scoring systems. Disease‐free survival (DFS) was defined as time from enrollment to progression (biochemical, local, distant, or prostate cancer death). In addition to the protocol definition of biochemical failure (3 consecutive prostate‐specific antigen rises >1.0 ng/mL after 18 months from treatment start), the 1997 American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ASTRO) consensus and Phoenix definitions were also assessed in defining DFS. The Kaplan‐Meier method was used to estimate DFS and overall survival.

RESULTS:

Sixty‐one of 63 enrolled patients were eligible. Median follow‐up was 73 months. Late grade 2 and 3 toxicity, excluding sexual dysfunction, occurred in 20% and 3% of patients. Six‐year DFS applying the protocol definition, 1997 ASTRO consensus, and Phoenix definitions was 87.1%, 75.1%, and 84.9%. Six deaths occurred; only 1 was attributed to prostate cancer. Six‐year overall survival was 96.1%.

CONCLUSIONS:

In a cooperative setting, combination of EBRT and transperineal prostate brachytherapy boost plus ADT resulted in excellent DFS with acceptable late toxicity for patients with intermediate‐risk prostate cancer. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Veterinary treatment of cows with isoxsuprine for a caesarian section may temporarily lead to residues in hair of both cow and calf
Authors: Groot M. J. , Lasaroms J. J. P. , Van Hende J. , Nielen M.W.F.
Published: March 2011

Isoxsuprine is a beta‐agonist that can be used for growth promotion in cattle, but it is also used as registered veterinary medicine. To investigate if veterinary treatment of cows could lead to residues of isoxsuprine in the hair of their newborn calves, an animal experiment was performed. Four cows, treated on veterinary indication with isoxsuprine lactate (Duphaspasmin) before a caesarian section, were included in the experiment. Hair samples from cows and from their calves were analyzed. The animals were shaved every week for 16 weeks and levels of isoxsuprine were measured in hair. In the cows, the levels of isoxsuprine were highest (>15 µg/kg) just after administration of the isoxsuprine lactate. After two weeks in two cows, a sort of plateau was reached and then the levels decreased. After approximately 10‐15 weeks the levels were around the CCα level of the method used (0.5 µg/kg). In calves, for the first two weeks after birth, no isoxsuprine was found above CCα level in three of the four animals. At about 20–30 days old, a maximum concentration of 4 µg/kg was found. Then the levels dropped again under the CCα level, after 60 days no levels above CCα level were found. In one animal, the levels never reached CCα level. We conclude that veterinary treatment of cows with isoxsuprine may temporarily lead to low levels of isoxsuprine in the hair of their newborn calves which can be measured for a maximum of 60 days after birth. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integration of ER stress and viral nucleotide sensing in DCs: Mounting a response commensurate to the threat?
Authors: Dalod Marc , Pierre Philippe
Published: March 2011

In response to inflammatory stimulation, DCs have a remarkable pattern of differentiation, including the triggering of specific mechanisms to control the immune response. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, a study reports that concomitant stimulation of pattern‐recognition receptors by viral‐type nucleic acids and induction of the unfolded protein response by chemicals synergize in DCs to augment type I interferon and pro‐inflammatory cytokine production. Expression of the transcription factor XBP1 was shown to be necessary and sufficient to induce this synergistic effect. These findings confirm the existence of important connections between the unfolding protein response/ER stress pathway and the production of inflammatory cytokines, which have been recently revealed in different models and immune contexts, as discussed in this Commentary.
Stability of a phenol‐enriched olive oil during storage
Authors: Suárez Manuel , Romero Maria‐Paz , Ramo Tomás , Motilva Maria‐José
Published: March 2011

The use of an emulsifier to stabilize the phenolic compounds added in the preparation of an enriched olive oil was evaluated. Two emulsifiers, lecithin and monoglyceride, were studied. The results showed lecithin to be the most convenient, due to the increase in the value of the oxidative stability of the phenol‐enriched oils in relation to the enrichments prepared with monoglycerides. After that, the shelf life of the prepared oils was evaluated during a period of 256 days of storage at 25°C in the dark. Oil quality parameters, total phenolic content, bitterness index and oxidative stability were studied during the storage period. Additionally, the phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity (by using the ORAC assay) were evaluated at the end of the storage. The phenolic enrichment of the oils allowed the shelf life of the oils to be extended compared with the control (virgin olive oil without phenol addition), delaying the appearance of peroxides and improving their oxidative stability. In addition, the higher content of phenolic compounds in the oils at all stages of storage is desirable in order to increase the intake of these beneficial compounds.

Practical applications: The preparation of phenol‐enriched olive oils with a higher phenolic content than the commercial virgin olive oils is of special interest to increase the ingestion of these healthy compounds the daily intake of which is limited due to the high caloric value of olive oil. There are two key points in the development of this product: (i) the dispersion and stabilization of the phenol extract in the oil matrix and (ii) the stability of the phenols in the prepared oils to guarantee the phenol concentration during their shelf life. It is important to study the use of emulsifiers to determine if they allow an improvement in the dispersion of the phenolic extract, and their stabilization in the final product. In addition, the emulsifiers could mask the bitter taste of the enriched oils, which is desirable to increase consumer acceptance of the enriched oil.
Association between areca‐stimulated vimentin expression and the progression of head and neck cancers
Authors: Tseng Yu‐Hsin , Chang Kuo‐Wei , Yang Cheng‐Chieh , Liu Chung‐Ji , Kao Shou‐Yen , Liu Tsung‐Yun , Lin Shu‐Chun
Published: March 2011

Background

Areca nut chewing is a common oral habit of Asians that is closely associated with the high incidence of head and neck carcinoma. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impacts of areca nut chewing on neoplastic process of head and neck carcinoma.

Methods

Head and neck carcinoma cells were treated with areca nut extract to perceive the phenotypic impacts. Tumor tissues were analyzed with immunohistochemistry (IHC) to understand the association between areca‐associated molecular changes and clinical variables.

Results

Upon treatment with areca nut extract, carcinoma cells showed the increase of vimentin. The activation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)/cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2/prostaglandin (PGE)‐2 cascade underlay the upregulation. These cells also exhibited the enhancement of migration and invasion. By knocking down COX‐2 and vimentin expression, the increase of cell mobility was reversed. Tumor exhibiting extensive vimentin and/or COX‐2 expression displayed a significantly worse disease‐associated survival than contrast groups.

Conclusion

Areca‐modulated vimentin expression enhanced the progression of head and neck carcinoma. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Derivation of cardiac output and alveolar ventilation rate based on energy expenditure measurements in healthy males and females
Authors: Brochu Pierre , Brodeur Jules , Krishnan Kannan
Published: March 2011

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling and occupational exposure assessment studies often use minute ventilation rates (VE), alveolar ventilation rates (VA) and cardiac outputs (Q) that are not reflective of the physiological variations encountered during the aggregate daytime activities of individuals from childhood to adulthood. These variations of VE, VA and Q values were determined for healthy normal‐weight individuals aged 5–96 years by using two types of published individual data that were measured in the same subjects (n = 902), namely indirect calorimetry measurements and the disappearance rates of oral doses of deuterium (2H) and heavy‐oxygen (18O) in urine monitored by gas‐isotope‐ratio mass spectrometry. Arteriovenous oxygen content differences (0.051–0.082 ml of O2 consumed ml−1 of blood) and ratios of the physiological dead space to the tidal volume (0.232–0.419) were determined for oxygen consumption rates (0.157–0.806 l min−1) required by minute energy expenditures ranging from 0.76 to 3.91 kcal min−1. Generally higher values for the 2.5th up to the 99th percentile for VE (0.132–0.774 l kg−1 min−1, 4.42–21.69 l m−2 min−1), VA (0.093–0.553 l kg−1 min−1, 3.09–15.53 l m−2 min−1), Q (0.065–0.330 l kg−1 min−1, 2.17 to 9.46 l m−2 min−1) and ventilation–perfusion ratios (1.12–2.16) were found in children and teenagers aged 5–<16.5 years compared with older individuals. The distributions of cardiopulmonary parameters developed in this study should be useful in facilitating a scientifically sound characterization of the inter‐individual differences in the uptake and health risks of lipophilic air pollutants, particularly as they relate to younger children. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nitrification in a packed bed bioreactor integrated into a marine recirculating maturation system under different substrate concentrations and flow rates
Authors: Kumar V. J. Rejish , Joseph Valsamma , Vijai R. , Philip Rosamma , Singh I. S. Bright
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND: A packed bed bioreactor (PBBR) activated with an indigenous nitrifying bacterial consortia was developed and commercialized for rapid establishment of nitrification in brackish water and marine hatchery systems in the tropics. The present study evaluated nitrification in PBBR integrated into a Penaeus monodon recirculating maturation system under different substrate concentrations and flow rates.

RESULTS: Instant nitrification was observed after integration of PBBR into the maturation system. TAN and NO2‐N concentrations were always maintained below 0.5 mg L−1 during operation. The TAN and NO2‐N removal was significant (P < 0.001) in all the six reactor compartments of the PBBR having the substrates at initial concentrations of 2, 5 and 10 mg L−1. The average volumetric TAN removal rates increased with flow rates from 43.51 (250 L h−1) to 130.44 (2500 L h−1) gTAN m−3 day−1 (P < 0.05). FISH analysis of the biofilms after 70 days of operation gave positive results with probes NSO 190 ((β ammonia oxidizers), NsV 443 (Nitrosospira spp.) NEU (halophilic Nitrosomonas), Ntspa 712 (Phylum Nitrospira) indicating stability of the consortia.

CONCLUSION: The PBBR integrated into the P. monodon maturation system exhibited significant nitrification upon operation for 70 days as well as at different substrate concentrations and flow rates. This system can easily be integrated into marine and brackish water aquaculture systems, to establish instantaneous nitrification. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
A practical parametrical characterization of the Fenton and the photo‐Fenton sulfamethazine treatment using semi‐empirical modeling
Authors: Pérez‐Moya Montserrat , Mansilla Héctor D. , Graells Moisès
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND: Sulfamethazine (SMT) has received little attention in the water treatment literature. Yet, SMT is among the non‐biodegradable substances increasingly found in aqueous media and affecting both public health and wastewater treatments. For a long time, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) were studied via pure empirical modeling, although the surface response models resulting from lumped information (TOC, COD, etc.) present limitations regarding extrapolation and optimization. Conversely, detailed first‐principles modeling may not be affordable due to the computational burden and the chemical analysis needs. Thus, a balanced approach may be practical in many cases.

RESULTS: Experiments on SMT solutions (500 mL, 50 mg L−1) were performed under conditions set by an experimental design. A set of replicated degradation time‐profiles (TOC and SMT concentrations) was obtained and a semi‐empirical kinetic model was fitted to these data to determine maximum conversion and kinetic rate.

CONCLUSIONS: SMT can be completely degraded from water via photo‐Fenton treatment. Conditions for this treatment were investigated and its outcomes were systematically characterized by a simple kinetic model and two lumped parameters, conversion and kinetic rate. Both, the model and the corresponding parametrical characterization are introduced as a means to discriminate the most efficient treatment conditions in a practical and efficient way. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
The hyal and ventral branchial muscles in caecilian and salamander larvae: Homologies and evolution
Authors: Kleinteich Thomas , Haas Alexander
Published: March 2011

Amphibians (Lissamphibia) are characterized by a bi‐phasic life‐cycle that comprises an aquatic larval stage and metamorphosis to the adult. The ancestral aquatic feeding behavior of amphibian larvae is suction feeding. The negative pressure that is needed for ingestion of prey is created by depression of the hyobranchial apparatus as a result of hyobranchial muscle action. Understanding the homologies of hyobranchial muscles in amphibian larvae is a crucial step in understanding the evolution of this important character complex. However, the literature mostly focuses on the adult musculature and terms used for hyal and ventral branchial muscles in different amphibians often do not reflect homologies across lissamphibian orders. Here we describe the hyal and ventral branchial musculature in larvae of caecilians (Gymnophiona) and salamanders (Caudata), including juveniles of two permanently aquatic salamander species. Based on previous alternative terminology schemes, we propose a terminology for the hyal and ventral branchial muscles that reflects the homologies of muscles and that is suited for studies on hyobranchial muscle evolution in amphibians. We present a discussion of the hyal and ventral branchial muscles in larvae of the most recent common ancestor of amphibians (i.e. the ground plan of Lissamphibia). Based on our terminology, the hyal and ventral branchial musculature of caecilians and salamanders comprises the following muscles: m. depressor mandibulae, m. depressor mandibulae posterior, m. hyomandibularis, m. branchiohyoideus externus, m. interhyoideus, m. interhyoideus posterior, m. subarcualis rectus I, m. subarcualis obliquus II, m. subarcualis obliquus III, m. subarcualis rectus II‐IV, and m. transversus ventralis IV. Except for the m. branchiohyoideus externus, all muscles considered herein can be assigned to the ground plan of the Lissamphibia with certainty. The m. branchiohyoideus externus is either apomorphic for the Batrachia (frogs + salamanders) or salamander larvae depending on whether or not a homologous muscle is present in frog tadpoles. J. Morphol., 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simultaneous separation and analysis of water‐ and fat‐soluble vitamins on multi‐modal reversed‐phase weak anion exchange material by HPLC‐UV
Authors: Dabre Romain , Azad Nazanin , Schwämmle Achim , Lämmerhofer Michael , Lindner Wolfgang
Published: March 2011

Several methods for the separation of vitamins on HPLC columns were already validated in the last 20 years. However, most of the techniques focus on separating either fat‐ or water‐soluble vitamins and only few methods are intended to separate lipophilic and hydrophilic vitamins simultaneously. A mixed‐mode reversed‐phase weak anion exchange (RP‐WAX) stationary phase was developed in our laboratory in order to address such mixture of analytes with different chemical characteristics, which are difficult to separate on standard columns. The high versatility in usage of the RP‐WAX chromatographic material allowed a baseline separation of ten vitamins within a single run, seven water‐soluble and three fat‐soluble, using three different chromatographic modes: some positively charged vitamins are eluted in ion exclusion and ion repulsion modes whereas the negatively charged molecules are eluted in the ion exchange mechanism. The non‐charged molecules are eluted in a classical reversed‐phase mode, regarding their polarities. The method was validated for the vitamin analysis in tablets, evaluating selectivity, robustness, linearity, accuracy, and precision. The validated method was finally employed for the analysis of the vitamin content of some commercially available supplement tablets.
Preparation and Characterization of Biodegradable and Electroactive Polymer Blend Materials Based on mPEG/Tetraaniline and PLLA
Authors: Liu Yadong , Hu Jun , Zhuang Xiuli , Zhang Peibiao , Chen Xuesi , Wei Yen , Wang Xianhong
Published: March 2011

A novel PGTA diblock copolymer containing electroactive TEA and mPEG is described. Biodegradable PLLA/PGTA polymer blends are shown to be electroactive. Nanopores of different sizes can be formed on the surface of the polymer blends. An MTT assay shows that the PLLA/PGTA blends exhibited reduced cytotoxicity as compared to TEA due to the introduction of the biocompatible PLLA moiety. Cell culture results show that the cells grow better when they were adhered to the surface of the PLLA/PGTA blends. The 80/20 wt.‐% PLLA/PGTA blend shows the best biocompatibility and an electroactivity that accelerates the differentiation of rat C6 glioma cells.

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Assessing the Variable Molecular Architecture of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Under Reactive Modification by Melt and Dilute Solution Rheology
Authors: Tsenoglou Christos J. , Kiliaris Pantelis , Papaspyrides Constantine D.
Published: March 2011

Two simple methods are described that utilize melt or dilute solution rheology in characterizing transfomations in molecular architecture induced on an originally linear PET during the early stages of reactive extrusion. A plausible senario for the shape variation and relative difficulty of the new polymers formed is assumed, from which expressions for the evolving melt and intrinsic viscosity of the reacting PET are derived. The model is tested using two separate sets of viscometric data refering to PET modified at various degrees. Quantitative agreement is found between the two methods in estimating the composition of the various types of PET species present.

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Enhanced Conductivity of Polyaniline by Conjugated Crosslinking
Authors: Yang Yuanyuan , Chen Shaozhu , Xu Lan
Published: March 2011

A novel crosslinked conductive polyaniline (PANI) was prepared by chemically copolymerizing aniline (An) and p‐phenylenediamine (PPDA) with triphenylamine (TPA) as crosslinker, using ammonium peroxydisulfate (APS) as an oxidant. The effects of different preparation conditions on the electrical conductivity of polymers were systematically investigated by adjusting acid kinds, concentration, the ratio of APS/An, the mounts of TPA and PPDA. The crosslinked PANI displayed a conductivity increase of up to 25% compared with the linear one. Their structures were characterized by Fourier‐transformed infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the electrical conductivity was also tested by a typical four‐point probe (RTS‐8) technique.

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Solid state NMR — A tool for studying molecular motion in polymers
Authors: Sillescu Hans
Published: March 2011

After an introduction describing the development of 1H, 2H, and 13C solid state NMR two sections on 13C and 2H NMR, respectively, outline the physical background as related with molecular motion. Some representative examples demonstrate the potential of recent NMR techniques in polymer dynamics studies.
A survey on structure and properties of polymers with metal‐like conductivity
Authors: Wegner Gerhard
Published: March 2011

The structure of conducting polymers is discussed in comparison to simple, so‐called organic metals derived from naphthalene and similar arenes. In this context the conducting polymers are viewed as ion‐radical salts of the backbone‐units. This view is substantiated by recent results from X‐ray investigations on electro‐chemically oxidized p‐quaterphenyl as a model for poly (p‐phenylene), polypyrrol salts of detergent ions and oxidized, highly oriented polyacetylene. The stability and other properties related to possible applications can be understood based on these structural and chemical evaluations.
Structure‐property relations in linear and crosslinked liquid crystalline polymers
Authors: Canessa Guido , Reck Bernd , Reckert Gertrude , Zentel Rudolf
Published: March 2011

This paper reviews structure‐property relations in liquid crystalline side group polymers, as investigated by X‐ray scattering of fibres, by small angle X‐ray scattering in solution, by dielectric relaxation measurements and by melt rheology, as well as synthetic ways to “combined liquid crystalline polymers”. The synthesis of liquid crystalline elastomers from side group, main chain and combined liquid crystalline polymers is described. First structure‐property relations are discussed.
On the regulation of the interaction of synthetic polymers with blood
Authors: Valuev L. I. , Chupov V. V. , Platé N. A.
Published: March 2011

The interaction of polymeric hydrogels containing immobilized trypsin and heparin with serum, blood and model solutions of serum proteins has been studied. It has been shown that these binary systems have high haemocompatibility due to specific fibrinogen binding by immobilized heparin and the subsequent lysis of bound substrate by immobilized protease. The lysis is accelerated in the presence of serum albumin and such materials may be regarded as biologically active ternary polymers.
Stable metal‐carbene complexes as initiators for ring‐opening polymerization of cyclo‐olefins
Authors: Doherty Martin , Siove Alain , Parlier Andrée , Rudler Henri , Fontanille Michel
Published: March 2011

The use of stable metal‐carbene complexes to initiate the polymerization of norbornene allows to know the exact nature of active centers propagating the polymerization. Complexes showing an intramolecular coordination of a double‐bond on the transition metal atom

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offer a satisfactory compromise between stability and activity and are used to study the initiation step. It is shown that the kinetically limiting step of the process is the liberation of a coordination site in cis‐position with respect to the carbene carbon. The effect of several physical and chemical factors on the activity of initiator complex is studied. In particular, the mechanism of activation by Lewis acids is analyzed by 13C and 1H NMR on the system complex III/Al(C2H5)3.
Poly(organophosphazenes): Synthesis, unique properties, and applications
Authors: Allcock Harry R.
Published: March 2011

Poly(organophosphazenes) are the first inorganic backbone polymers to be developed on a broad scale since the discovery of the silicones in the 1940's. Polyphosphazenes are synthesized by ring‐opening polymerization of cyclic halogenophosphazenes, followed by nucleophilic replacement of the halogen atoms in the polymer by organic units. Factors that affect the ring‐opening polymerization are discussed, together with the properties and uses of the new polymers.
Biomedical polymers from chiral lactides and functional lactones: Properties and applications
Authors: Vert M.
Published: March 2011

Configuration‐respecting ring opening polymerization of ester‐containing chiral cyclic monomers derived from metabolic compounds as lactic, glycolic and malic acids has a two‐fold interest. First, it can lead to stereoregular polymers and copolymers whose physical, mechanical and biological properties can be adjusted through structural parameters. Secondly, resulting polymers can be degraded to the metabolic precursors of repeating units. Prerequisites which have to be taken into account for the selection and the tailor‐making of bioresorbable polymers for applications in bone surgery and drug delivery are presented. Emphasis is made on structure‐property relationships.
Epoxy resins. New results and developments
Authors: Lohse F.
Published: March 2011

In a survey the development of epoxy resin systems is described. During the past years countless formulations based on known structures were used, but only a relative small number of new epoxies and curing agents were investigated and only very few new compounds came on the market.

A choice of these products will be discussed, also new latent accelerators and curing agents. By improvement of technical processes purer epoxies can be offered and toxicological risks could be strongly reduced. Especially new results in the fast growing field of photocrosslinking will be described. Besides iodonium, sulfonium and phosphonium compounds new arene iron salts and their behaviour will be presented.

Generally, the trend in the epoxy field is to better heat resistant structures for new formulations in the field of adhesives and fibre‐reinforced materials, and to new photocrosslinking systems.
Network build‐up and structure in curing of epoxy resins
Authors: Dušek Karel
Published: March 2011

The available branching theories and their application to curing of epoxy resins are reviewed. Special attention is paid to theoretical treatment and experimental results of curing with polyamines, polyetherification, and to curing with poly(carboxylic acid)s and cyclic anhydrides.
Polypyrrole as an electrode material for secondary lithium cells
Authors: Bittihn R. , Ely G. , Woeffler F. , Münstedt H. , Naarmann H. , Naegele D.
Published: March 2011

Polypyrrole is a promising positive electrode material for the application in secondary lithium cells. The elemental analysis performed on electrochemically prepared polypyrrole films indicates a specific capacity of 82 Ah/kg. This specific capacity can be cycled in half cell experiments for many hundred times. The rate of self discharge of such an electrode is about 1%/day. On the basis of these results it will be shown that a lithium polypyrrole cell of optimal design may arrive at an energy density of about 40 ‐ 60 Wh/kg. First results obtained with practical cells of technical design confirm this statement.
Thin polymer films on semiconductors: From their protection to the realization of molecular electronic devices
Authors: Garnier Francis , Horowitz Gilles
Published: March 2011

When homogeneously grafted as thin films on small band‐gap inorganic semiconductors (n‐GaAs, n‐CdS), organic conjugated polymers such as poly‐methylthiophene afford interesting new structures. In their doped conducting state, these polymer films bring a long‐term protection of these semiconductors against their photocorrosion in aqueous medium, and the subsequent inclusion of metallic aggregates in these films allows increased catalytic activity for achieving photoelectrochemical reactions. In their undoped semiconducting state, they lead to the realization of “organic‐on‐inorganic” p‐n junctions which show very low leakage current and high allowed current density. As photovoltaic cell, an energy conversion efficiency of 17.5% has been obtained under 100 mW.cm−2 irradiation with a p‐PMeT/n‐GaAs cell.
The larger number of work already devoted to organic conjugated polymers such as polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polythiophene, has shown that these compounds can be switched between a doped oxidized state, with a nearly metallic conductivity, σ ∼ 102‐103S.cm−1, and an undoped neutral state which presents semiconducting properties, σ ∼ 10−7 ‐10−9 S. cm−1. Either as free standing film or grafted on an electrode, these polymers exhibit interesting organic electrode properties which have been widely characterized. On the other hand much less is known on their behavior when deposited on inorganic semiconductors. In the following, this area will be discussed on two examples, the protection of narrow band‐gap semiconductors against their photo‐degradation in aqueous solution, and the new junction properties presented by “organic‐on‐inorganic” electronic devices.
Structure formation in polymer blends as a result of phase separation and deformation processes
Authors: Berger W. , Kammer H. W.
Published: March 2011

Polymeric blends, which are materials consisting of two or more polymers, are gaining in practical importance and scientific interest. The properties of these materials are greatly affected by their state of miscibility. This paper reviews selected thermodynamic and rheological considerations regarding the phase behavior and the morphological control of polymer blends. Major emphasis is placed on the phase behavior of poly‐blends comprising random copolymers. ‐ The majority of polymer blends are microheterogeneous systems. There is consequently, a great need for control of the phase morphology during processing of immiscible polymers to achieve the desired property combinations. The key to this are both the microrheology of the phases and the macrorheology of the dispersion itself. In a qualitative way, one can establish that the ratio of the viscosities and the difference in the elasticities of the components determine sizes and shapes, respectively, of the phases indicating that the variety of morphologies observed in polymer‐polymer systems subjected to shearing has to be attributed to the viscoelasticity of each component. Furthermore, particular compositions are associated with changes in the morphology. This fact supports the particular compositions as an inherent feature of the melt rheology of polyblends.
Small angle X‐ray scattering pole figures of semicrystalline polymers obtained by synchrotron radiation
Authors: Röber S. , Bösecke P. , Zachmann H.G.
Published: March 2011

A goniometer for measuring small angle X‐ray scattering pole figures by using synchrotron radiation has been constructed. In order to obtain the scattering in a large range of scattering angles, position‐sensitive detectors (Gabriel counter and vidicon system) are applied. The integrated intensity as well as the position and the half width of the maximum are determined as functions of the angle between the incident beam and the normal to the film surface of the sample. The time necessary to determine a pole figure was approximately 3 hours.

Samples of poly(ethylene terephthalate) were drawn under different conditions: uniaxially and biaxially at 92°C under homogeneous deformation, and uniaxially at 40°C by necking. The influence of the drawing conditions on the orientation of the crystal lamellae was determined. The results of the small angle scattering are compared with pole figures obtained by wide angle scattering. In addition some results with polypropylene were obtained.

The small angle X‐ray scattering is strongly affected by the limited size of the crystals and by the incomplete regular arrangement of the crystals. This gives rise to difficulties in the interpretation of the results. The problem will be discussed.
Influence of structure on the impact behaviour of nylon‐rubber blends
Authors: Borggreve R. J .M. , Gaymans R. J. , Luttmer A. R.
Published: March 2011

Blends of nylon‐6 and EPDM rubber were prepared by reaction blending to study the influence of rubber concentration, rubber particle size and interfacial adhesion on the impact strength. Rubber particles induce a sharp brittle‐tough transition which is independent of the glass transition of the nylon matrix. Increasing the rubber concentration or decreasing the particle diameter shifts the brittle‐tough transition temperature for notched Izod impact tests to lower values.

A toughening mechanism is proposed in which the interparticle distance, the rubber modulus and the temperature play crucial roles.
ESR and NMR studies of transients and micromechanisms occurring in initator systems for laser induced polymerization
Authors: Roth H. ‐Klaus , Leopold Detlev
Published: March 2011

The paper informs about the possibilities of studying the path‐ways of photolytically induced radical formation and of the first steps of radical reactions by methods of magnetic resonance. The investigations were carried out on initiator systems for laser induced polymerization containing anthraquinone. triethylamine and erythrosine in various solvents. The applied methods were time‐domain and steady‐state cw‐ESR, electron spin echo (ESE), 1H NMR and stimulated nuclear polarization (SNP). The chemically induced polarization of electron spins and nuclear spins (CIDEP and CIDNP) and their relaxation was used as main source of information about the fast laser—induced reactions.
Phase separation during fast (RIM) poly‐urethane polymerization
Authors: Yang Wenliang P. , Macosko Christopher W.
Published: March 2011

Phase separation dynamics during a reaction injection molding process of an elastomeric polyurethane was studied via FT‐IR and rheology. 4, 4′ methylenediphenyl isocyanate and 1, 4 butanediol were mixed with 50 wt% of a 2000 molecular weight poly(proplyene oxide)polyol catalyzed by dibutyltin dilaurate. A small reaction injection molding machine was used to impingement mix the chemicals and inject these directly into a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer or into a rheometer. The reaction conversion was followed by the isocyanate absorbance and the development of inter‐urethane hydrogen bonding was related to phase separation dynamics. Isothermal dynamic mechanical modulus build‐up during reaction was monitored by a thin gap parallel plate geometry subjected to small amplitude oscillation. An optimum reaction temperature was found, below which phase separation prematurely cuts off high molecular weight build up. Above this temperature phase separation is too slow and incomplete; modulus values are lower. Increasing catalyst reduces this optimum temperature.