bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RESISTÊNCIA DE CULTIVARES DE BRÁSSICAS À HÉRNIA DAS CRUCÍFERAS
Authors: MAY DE MIO Louise Larissa , KOWATA Ligia Sayko , RUARO Lucimeris
Published: January 2015

A hérnia das crucíferas causada por Plasmodiophora brassicae ocasiona sérios danos à cultura das brássicas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a resistência de cultivares de brássicas a hérnia das crucíferas. Foram utilizados 45 cultivares comercializadas de repolho, brócolos, couve-manteiga, couve-flor e couve-chinesa. A parcela experimental foi constituída de um vaso de alumínio com capacidade para três litros de solo contendo duas plantas, com quatro repetições. Em cada vaso foram aplicados dois gramas de galhas trituradas, na forma de rega. Aos 60 dias foram avaliadas a severidade da doença no sistema radicular e a massa fresca da parte aérea, verificando os efeitos sobre as cultivares de cada espécie avaliada. Utilizou-se o programa SASM-Agri e o teste Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade para a análise dos dados. A severidade de galhas foi menor nos ‘Híbrido Kukai 70’ e ‘65’ de couve-chinesa e ‘Bola de Neve‘ de couveflor. A massa fresca da parte aérea entre cultivares de mesma espécie foi maior para ‘Ramoso Piracicaba’; ‘Ramono Santana’; ‘Pirate’; ‘Vida Sul’; ‘Flórida’ e ‘Condor’ para brócolos, ‘Híbrido Kukai 70’ e ‘Híbrido Kukai 65’ para couve-chinesa e ‘HíbridoMatsukaze’ para repolho. Entre as cultivares testadas quanto à resistência ao isolado de P. brassicae, o ‘Híbrido Kukai 70’ e  ‘65’ de couve-chinesa e ‘Bola de Neve‘ de couve-flor comportaram-se como os mais resistentes.
SmartClamp circumcision versus conventional dissection technique in terms of parental anxiety: A prospective clinical study
Authors: Karadag Mert Ali , Cecen Kursat , Demir Aslan , Kivrak Yuksel , Bagcioglu Murat , Kocaaslan Ramazan , Ari Mustafa , Altunrende Fatih
Published: January 2015

Introduction: We prospectively analyzed parental anxiety and outcomes of the SmartClamp circumcision and the classic surgical dissection technique.Methods: A total of 250 boys underwent circumcision between 2009 and 2012 at Kars State Hospital and Kafkas University Faculty of Medicine in Turkey. The initial 125 children were circumcised by conventional dissection method and the remaining children were operated on with a SmartClamp device. Children in both groups were compared in terms of bleeding, infection, penile edema, operative time, cosmetic result, length of the inner mucosal layer, and parental anxiety. We used a State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) form to gauge how the circumcision affected parental anxiety. This form was completed by parents on postoperative day 2.Results: There were no statistically significant differences among the 2 groups in terms of age, bleeding, infection, and cosmetic displeasure (p > 0.05). The STAI scores of the parents from the SmartClamp group were statistically higher than that of the other group (p < 0.001). Penile edema was more common in the SmartClamp group (p = 0.039). However, the mean operative time was statistically shorter (p < 0.001) and the inner mucosal length was significantly longer in the SmartClamp group (p < 0.001).Conclusion: Circumcision with the SmartClamp device was faster. Cosmetic results and complication rates were similar. Unfortunately, this technique seemed to entail the disadvantages of longer mucosal length, penile edema, and higher parental anxiety. Urologists should keep these points in mind when choosing a technique.
Swarm equatorial electric field chain: First results
Authors: Alken P. , Maus S. , Chulliat A. , Vigneron P. , Sirol O. , Hulot G.
Published: January 2015

The eastward equatorial electric field (EEF) in the E region ionosphere drives many important phenomena at low latitudes. We developed a method of estimating the EEF from magnetometer measurements of near‐polar orbiting satellites as they cross the magnetic equator, by recovering a clean signal of the equatorial electrojet current and modeling the observed current to determine the electric field present during the satellite pass. This algorithm is now implemented as an official Level‐2 Swarm product. Here we present first results of EEF estimates from nearly a year of Swarm data. We find excellent agreement with independent measurements from the ground‐based coherent scatter radar at Jicamarca, Peru, as well as horizontal field measurements from the West African Magnetometer Network magnetic observatory chain. We also calculate longitudinal gradients of EEF measurements made by the A and C lower satellite pair and find gradients up to about 0.05 mV/m/deg with significant longitudinal variability.
Daytime ionospheric equatorial vertical drifts during the 2008–2009 extreme solar minimum
Authors: Rodrigues F. S. , Smith J. M. , Milla M. , Stoneback R. A.
Published: January 2015

One of the most interesting observations made by the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite mission was the detection of average equatorial ionospheric vertical drifts that largely differed from model predictions. C/NOFS measurements showed, in particular, downward drifts in the afternoon sector, and upward drifts around local midnight hours during the 2008 and 2009 extreme solar minimum. The unexpected behavior of the drifts has important implications for ionospheric modeling and suggests the necessity for a better understanding of the low‐latitude electrodynamics. We used ground‐based radar measurements to quantify the seasonal and solar flux variability of daytime equatorial drifts at lower altitudes (∼150 km) than those probed by C/NOFS (above ∼400 km). We found that average vertical drifts at 150 km altitude are in good agreement with model predictions of F region drifts and did not show the signatures of an enhanced semidiurnal pattern, as seen by C/NOFS. Comparison of the 150 km echo drifts with model predictions also shows that the increase (decrease) with height of the vertical drifts in the morning (afternoon) hours is a regular feature of the equatorial ionosphere. It occurred in all seasons and solar flux conditions between 2001 and 2011.
A data‐driven approach to develop physically sound predictors: Application to depth‐averaged velocities on flows through submerged arrays of rigid cylinders
Authors: Tinoco R. O. , Goldstein E. B. , Coco G.
Published: January 2015

We use a machine learning approach to seek an accurate, physically sound predictor, to estimate the mean velocity for open‐channel flow when submerged arrays of rigid cylinders (model vegetation) are present. A genetic programming routine is used to find a robust relationship between relevant properties of the model vegetation and flow parameters. We use published data from laboratory experiments covering a broad range of conditions to obtain an equation that matches the performance of other predictors from recent literature in terms of accuracy, while showing a less complex structure. We also investigate how different criteria for data selection, as well as the size of the data set used to train the algorithm, influences the accuracy of the resulting predictors. Our results show that a proper use of Machine‐Learning techniques does not only provide empirical correlations, but can yield physically sound models as representative of the physical processes involved. We provide a clear, thorough example of the application of GP, its advantages and shortcomings, to encourage the use of data‐driven techniques as part of the data analysis process, and to address common misconceptions of machine learning as simple correlation techniques or physically senseless statistical analysis.
Neue Ansätze zur direkten Verwendung elementaren Schwefels in der Synthese und Verarbeitung moderner Werkstoffe
Authors: Lim Jeewoo , Pyun Jeffrey , Char Kookheon
Published: January 2015

Elementarer Schwefel ist ein weitverbreitetes und preiswertes Material, das bei der Erdgas‐ und Erdöl‐Raffination als Nebenprodukt anfällt. Die Notwendigkeit, neue Energiespeichersysteme zu entwickeln, brachte vor kurzem das Potential von Schwefel als hochleistungsfähiges Kathodenmaterial in Sekundärbatterien ans Licht. Außerdem wurden die nützlichen optischen Eigenschaften schwefelhaltiger Materialien im Infrarotbereich entdeckt. Diese Entwicklungen gepaart mit den wachsenden ökologischen Bedenken im Zusammenhang mit der globalen Produktion von überschüssigem elementarem Schwefel führten zu einem großen Interesse an seiner Nutzung als Rohstoff in Werkstoffanwendungen. Dieser Kurzaufsatz konzentriert sich auf die jüngsten Entwicklungen physikalischer und chemischer Methoden für die direkte Verarbeitung von elementarem Schwefel in der Produktion funktionaler Verbundwerkstoffe und Polymere.
Biologisch inspirierte dynamische Materialsysteme
Authors: Studart André R.
Published: January 2015

In der Natur findet man zahlreiche Materialsysteme, die dynamisch mit ihrer Umgebung interagieren und sich an diese anpassen. Dazu gehören z. B. tierische, auf Haaren basierte Mechanorezeptoren, selbstformende Samenkapseln von Pflanzen oder die Remodellierung von Knochengewebe in Wirbeltieren. Inspiriert von diesen faszinierenden biologischen Strukturen wurde eine breite Palette von technischen Materialsystemen entwickelt, welche die Design‐Konzepte von dynamischen natürlichen Strukturen nachbilden. In diesem Aufsatz wird anhand von Beispielen biologischer Strukturen und ihrer künstlichen Pendants gezeigt, wie dynamische und adaptive Reaktionen entstehen können, indem Bausteine auf der Mikrometerebene eng mit intrinsischen Eigenschaften auf der Nanometerebene verknüpft werden. Mit Top‐down‐Photolithographieverfahren und Bottom‐up‐Herstellungsmethoden wurden biologisch inspirierte dynamische Materialsysteme (DynMatS) hergestellt, die 1) Flüssigkeitsströme mithilfe von haarähnlichen mikroelektromechanischen Systemen (MEMS) messen können, 2) aufgrund ihrer pflanzenartigen, heterogenen Architektur selbständig ihre Form ändern, 3) durch selbstregulierende adaptive Oberflächen homöostatisch die Umgebung beeinflussen und 4) chemische Spezies in synthetischen Mikrokammern räumlich konzentrieren. Die zunehmende Komplexität und die bemerkenswerten Funktionalitäten solcher synthetischer Systeme bieten eine vielversprechende Perspektive auf die breite Palette an dynamischen und adaptiven Eigenschaften, die potentiell in künstlichen Materialsystemen implementiert werden können.
“Heterogenität innerhalb von Ordnung” in Metall‐organischen Gerüsten
Authors: Furukawa Hiroyasu , Müller Ulrich , Yaghi Omar M.
Published: January 2015

Metall‐organische Gerüste (MOFs) sind eine Klasse ausgedehnter Netzwerke, die aus anorganischen Knoten und organischen Molekülen als Linker aufgebaut sind. Die meisten MOFs sind hochgeordnete Strukturen, die in der Regel aus einer geringen Anzahl unterschiedlicher Bausteine bestehen; es gibt nur sehr wenige heterogene MOFs, die aus einer Vielzahl verschiedener Bausteinen aufgebaut sind. Während Heterogenität und Multiplizität fundamentale Merkmale biologischer Systeme sind, kennt man kaum synthetische Materialien, die diese Eigenschaften aufweisen, ohne ihre Kristallinität einzubüßen. Die Frage ist daher: Wie lassen sich gezielt heterogene MOFs realisieren, ohne ihre geordnete, kristalline Struktur zu verlieren? Dieser Aufsatz beschreibt, wie durch Variation der Bausteine sowohl in der MOF‐Primärstruktur als auch im Inneren der Poren Heterogenität eingeführt werden kann und welchen Einfluss sie auf die MOF‐Eigenschaften hat. Im zweiten Teil des Aufsatzes wird ein Update über die Industrialisierung der MOF‐Chemie gegeben.
A 36‐Fold Multiple Unit Cell and Switchable Anisotropic Dielectric Responses in an Ammonium Magnesium Formate Framework
Authors: Shang Ran , Wang Zhe‐Ming , Gao Song
Published: January 2015

An ammonium Mg formate framework, prepared by using di‐protonated 1,3‐propanediamine (pnH22+), has a rare three‐dimensional binodal (412⋅63)(49⋅66)3 Mg‐formate framework with elongated cavities accommodating pnH22+⋅⋅⋅H2O⋅⋅⋅pnH22+ assemblies. It displays a para‐electric to antiferroelectric phase transition at 275 K, with a 36‐fold multiple unit cell from the high‐temperature cell of 1703 Å3 to the low‐temperature one of 60 980 Å3. The change results from the disorder–order transition of the pnH22+ cations and H2O molecules. The motions of these components freeze in a stepwise fashion on going from the high‐temperature disorder state to the low‐temperature ordered state, triggering the switch from high to low dielectric constants, and the spatial limitation of such motions contributes the strong dielectric anisotropy.
A Bio‐Inspired Total Synthesis of Tetrahydrofuran Lignans
Authors: Albertson Anna K. F. , Lumb Jean‐Philip
Published: January 2015

Lignan natural products comprise a broad spectrum of biologically active secondary metabolites. Their structural diversity belies a common biosynthesis, which involves regio‐ and chemoselective oxidative coupling of propenyl phenols. Attempts to replicate this oxidative coupling have revealed significant challenges for controlling selectivity, and these challenges have thus far prevented the development of a unified biomimetic route to compounds of the lignan family. A practical solution is presented that hinges on oxidative ring opening of a diarylcyclobutane to intercept a putative biosynthetic intermediate. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated by the first total synthesis of tanegool in 4 steps starting from ferulic acid, as well as a concise synthesis of the prototypical furanolignan pinoresinol.
Recent Approaches for the Direct Use of Elemental Sulfur in the Synthesis and Processing of Advanced Materials
Authors: Lim Jeewoo , Pyun Jeffrey , Char Kookheon
Published: January 2015

Elemental sulfur is an abundant and inexpensive material obtained as a by‐product of natural‐gas and petroleum refining operations. Recently, the need for the development of new energy‐storage systems brought into light the potential of sulfur as a high‐capacity cathode material in secondary batteries. Sulfur‐containing materials were also shown to have useful IR optical properties. These developments coupled with growing environmental concerns related to the global production of excess elemental sulfur have led to a keen interest in its utilization as a feedstock in materials applications. This Minireview focuses on the recent developments on physical and chemical methods for directly processing elemental sulfur to produce functional composites and polymers.
Biologically Inspired Dynamic Material Systems
Authors: Studart André R.
Published: January 2015

Numerous examples of material systems that dynamically interact with and adapt to the surrounding environment are found in nature, from hair‐based mechanoreceptors in animals to self‐shaping seed dispersal units in plants to remodeling bone in vertebrates. Inspired by such fascinating biological structures, a wide range of synthetic material systems have been created to replicate the design concepts of dynamic natural architectures. Examples of biological structures and their man‐made counterparts are herein revisited to illustrate how dynamic and adaptive responses emerge from the intimate microscale combination of building blocks with intrinsic nanoscale properties. By using top‐down photolithographic methods and bottom‐up assembly approaches, biologically inspired dynamic material systems have been created 1) to sense liquid flow with hair‐inspired microelectromechanical systems, 2) to autonomously change shape by utilizing plantlike heterogeneous architectures, 3) to homeostatically influence the surrounding environment through self‐regulating adaptive surfaces, and 4) to spatially concentrate chemical species by using synthetic microcompartments. The ever‐increasing complexity and remarkable functionalities of such synthetic systems offer an encouraging perspective to the rich set of dynamic and adaptive properties that can potentially be implemented in future man‐made material systems.
Anagostic Interactions under Pressure: Attractive or Repulsive?
Authors: Scherer Wolfgang , Dunbar Andrew C. , Barquera‐Lozada José E. , Schmitz Dominik , Eickerling Georg , Kratzert Daniel , Stalke Dietmar , Lanza Arianna , Macchi Piero , Casati Nicola P. M. , Ebad‐Allah Jihaan , Kuntscher Christine
Published: January 2015

Square‐planar d8‐ML4 complexes might display subtle but noticeable local Lewis acidic sites in axial direction in the valence shell of the metal atom. These sites of local charge depletion provide the electronic prerequisites to establish weakly attractive 3c–2e M⋅⋅⋅HC agostic interactions, in contrast to earlier assumptions. Furthermore, we show that the use of the sign of the 1H NMR shifts as major criterion to classify M⋅⋅⋅HC interactions as attractive (agostic) or repulsive (anagostic) can be dubious. We therefore suggest a new characterization method to probe the response of these M⋅⋅⋅HC interactions under pressure by combined high pressure IR and diffraction studies.
Scalable Template Synthesis of Resorcinol–Formaldehyde/Graphene Oxide Composite Aerogels with Tunable Densities and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Wang Xin , Lu Lei‐Lei , Yu Zhi‐Long , Xu Xue‐Wei , Zheng Ya‐Rong , Yu Shu‐Hong
Published: January 2015

Resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF) and graphene oxide (GO) aerogels have found a variety of applications owing to their excellent properties and remarkable flexibility. However, the macroscopic and controllable synthesis of their composite gels is still a great challenge. By using GO sheets as template skeletons and metal ions (Co2+, Ni2+, or Ca2+) as catalysts and linkers, the first low‐temperature scalable strategy for the synthesis of a new kind of RF–GO composite gel with tunable densities and mechanical properties was developed. The aerogels can tolerate a strain as high as 80 % and quickly recover their original morphology after the compression has been released. Owing to their high compressibility, the gels might find applications in various areas, for example, as adsorbents for the removal of dye pollutants and in oil‐spill cleanup.
Gas‐Separation Membranes Loaded with Porous Aromatic Frameworks that Improve with Age
Authors: Lau Cher Hon , Konstas Kristina , Thornton Aaron W. , Liu Amelia C. Y. , Mudie Stephen , Kennedy Danielle F. , Howard Shaun C. , Hill Anita J. , Hill Matthew R.
Published: January 2015

Porosity loss, also known as physical aging, in glassy polymers hampers their long term use in gas separations. Unprecedented interactions of porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs) with these polymers offer the potential to control and exploit physical aging for drastically enhanced separation efficiency. PAF‐1 is used in the archetypal polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM), PIM‐1, to achieve three significant outcomes. 1) hydrogen permeability is drastically enhanced by 375 % to 5500 Barrer. 2) Physical aging is controlled causing the selectivity for H2 over N2 to increase from 4.5 to 13 over 400 days of aging. 3) The improvement with age of the membrane is exploited to recover up to 98 % of H2 from gas mixtures with N2. This process is critical for the use of ammonia as a H2 storage medium. The tethering of polymer side chains within PAF‐1 pores is responsible for maintaining H2 transport pathways, whilst the larger N2 pathways gradually collapse.
Organic Synthesis: March of the Machines
Authors: Ley Steven V. , Fitzpatrick Daniel E. , Ingham Richard. J. , Myers Rebecca M.
Published: January 2015

Organic synthesis is changing; in a world where budgets are constrained and the environmental impacts of practice are scrutinized, it is increasingly recognized that the efficient use of human resource is just as important as material use. New technologies and machines have found use as methods for transforming the way we work, addressing these issues encountered in research laboratories by enabling chemists to adopt a more holistic systems approach in their work. Modern developments in this area promote a multi‐disciplinary approach and work is more efficient as a result. This Review focuses on the concepts, procedures and methods that have far‐reaching implications in the chemistry world. Technologies have been grouped as topics of opportunity and their recent applications in innovative research laboratories are described.
Melt extrusion of polyethylene nanocomposites reinforced with nanofibrillated cellulose from cotton and wood sources
Authors: Farahbakhsh Nasim , Roodposhti Peiman Shahbeigi , Ayoub Ali , Venditti Richard A. , Jur Jesse S.
Published: January 2015

Replacing petroleum‐based materials with biodegradable materials that offer low environmental impact and safety risk is of increasing importance in sustainable materials processing. The objective of this study was to produce uniform nanofibrillated cotton from recycled waste cotton T‐shirts using microgrinding techniques and compare its performance as reinforcing agent in thermoplastic polymers constructs with wood‐originated materials. The effect of the microgrinding process on morphology, crystallinity, and thermal stability of materials was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA). Nanofibrillated cotton resulted in higher crystallinity and thermal stability than fibrillated bleached and unbleached softwood. All the materials were extruded with low‐density polyethylene to fabricate nanocomposite films. Nanofibrillated cotton nanocomposites had a higher optical transparency than did the wood‐based composites. The mechanical properties of the nanofibrillated cotton nanocomposites were largely improved and showed 62.5% increase in strength over the wood‐based nanofibrillated containing composites, in agreement with the higher crystallinity of the nanosized cotton‐derived filler material. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41857.
Preparation and properties of crosslinked network coatings based on perfluoropolyether/poly(dimethyl siloxane)/acrylic polyols for marine fouling–release applications
Authors: Sun Xiaoying , Zhang Fan , Chen Yuanyuan , Cheng Zhang , Su Youquan , Hang Jianzhong , Jin Lujiang , Li Na , Shang Dan , Shi Liyi
Published: January 2015

α,ω‐Triethoxysilane terminated poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) oligomer, α,ω‐triethoxysilane terminated perfluoropolyether (PFPE) oligomer, and acrylic polyols were first synthesized via an addition reaction and free‐radical polymerization. Then, crosslinked network coatings based on PFPE/PDMS/acrylic polyols for marine fouling‐release applications were prepared by a condensation reaction. The structure of the crosslinked network coating was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The chemical composition of the coating surface was characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The thermal properties, surface energy, mechanical properties, adhesion, and antiseawater immersion performance of the coatings were systematically studied. The antibiofouling properties of the crosslinked network coating were evaluated by laboratory biofouling assays with the bacteria Escherichia coli and the fouling diatom Navicula. The results from the preliminary study suggested that this crosslinked network coating had good adhesion and promising antifouling properties that were comparable to a silicone standard. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41860.
Microstructure and characterization of electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofiber scaffolds filled with graphene nanosheets
Authors: Huang Chien‐Lin , Peng Sheng‐Yin , Wang Yu‐Jyun , Chen Wen‐Cheng , Lin Jia‐Horng
Published: January 2015

Graphene nanosheets (GNSs) have attracted significant scientific attention because of their remarkable features, including exceptional electron transport, excellent mechanical properties, high surface area, and antibacterial functions. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) solutions filled with GNSs were prepared for electrospinning, and their spinnability was correlated with their solution properties. The effects of GNS addition on solution rheology and conductivity were investigated. The as‐spun fibers were characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results revealed the effects of GNS on the microstructure, morphology, and crystallization properties of PVA/GNS composite nanofibers. The addition of GNSs in PVA solution increased the viscosity and conductivity of the solution. The electrospun fiber diameter of the PVA/GNS composite nanofiber was smaller than that of neat PVA nanofiber. GNSs were not only embedded at the fibers but also formed protrusions on the fibers. In addition, the crystallinity of PVA/GNS fiber decreased with higher GNS content. The possible application of PVA/GNS fibers in tissue engineering was also evaluated. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41891.
Polylactide and hybrid silicasol nanoparticle‐based composites
Authors: Zhiltsov Andrey , Gritsenko Oleg , Kazakova Valentina , Gorbatsevitch Olga , Bessonova Natalia , Askadskii Andrey , Serenko Olga , Muzafarov Aziz
Published: January 2015

The effects of the chemical nature and size of the hybrid nanoparticle external layer on the structures and properties of polylactide composites are investigated. Polylactide is used as the matrix polymer, and molecular silicasol particles with γ‐hydroxypropylic, (methoxyacetyl)oxy, and acetoxy surface groups serve as fillers. A preliminary assessment of the thermodynamic compatibility of polylactide with the surface groups of molecular silicasols is performed. The hydrophilic shells of the silicasols prevent their aggregation in the bulk of the nanocomposite. It shows variations in the chemical structure of the surface layer of the nanoparticles as well as their sizes and concentration make it possible to conduct a controlled change of the characteristics of the composites, particularly to eliminate one of the drawbacks of PLA, the low speed of its crystallization. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41894.
Pervaporation separation of ethanol/water mixture using modified zeolite filled PDMS membranes
Authors: Ji Lingyun , Shi Baoli , Wang Lili
Published: January 2015

In this article, the composite polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes supported by cellulose acetate (CA) microfiltration membrane were successfully prepared by adding modified zeolite particles with a silane coupling agent, NH3–C3H6–Si(OC2H5)3. The sorption and diffusion behaviors of ethanol and water in the films were studied. The results showed that with the increase in the modified zeolite content, the solubility selectivity increased, but the diffusion selectivity first increased, then decreased. The effects of modified zeolite content and feed temperature on the pervaporation performance of the composite membranes in 10 wt % ethanol/water mixture were also investigated. When modified zeolite loading was 20 wt %, for 10 wt % ethanol/water mixture at 40°C, the permeate flux was 348.7 g·m−2·h−1, the separation factor was 14.1, and the permeate separate index was 4568, respectively. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41897.
Effect of ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate crosslinker on the performance of core‐double shell structure poly(vinyl acetate‐butyl acrylate) emulsion
Authors: Gang Li , Ting Wang , Maofang Huang , Tianming Gao , Xin Fu
Published: January 2015

Core‐double shell structure poly(vinyl acetate‐butyl acrylate) emulsion was prepared by semicontinuous emulsion polymerization, and the effects of ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate crosslinker (EGDMA) on the emulsion particle structure and film performance were studied systematically. The emulsion particles' structure was characterized by transmission electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the particle size and distribution were characterized by Zeta potential—particle analyzer, as well as analysis of the film mechanical properties, water resistance, thermal properties, and so on. The results show that, when 0.1 and 0.5% EGDMA were added to the inner‐shell and outer‐shell reaction stage under the core‐double shell P(VAc‐BA) emulsion preparation process, respectively, it led to a more clear core‐double shell structure and a larger particle size (about 500–800 nm) of emulsion particles, and the comprehensive performance of the P(VAc‐BA) emulsion showed better. This work provided some insight into modifying the surface properties of the emulsion particles, which may expand the application field of the emulsion. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41899.
Preparation and characterization of graft copolymer from dealkaline lignin and styrene
Authors: Li Haifeng , Zhang Qinsheng , Gao Ping , Wang Lailai
Published: January 2015

Graft copolymerization of styrene onto dealkaline lignin by ferrous chloride and hydrogen peroxide coinitiator has been achieved successfully. The influence of temperature and reaction time as well as the amount of the styrene monomer, initiator, and catalyst on the grafting copolymerization was investigated. The optimum reaction conditions were determined as follows: c (styrene) = 20.00 mmol, c (H2O2) = 5.00 mmol, c (FeCl2) = 0.10 mmol, T = 30°C and t = 48 h. The optimum yield (Y), total conversion (TC), grafting efficiency (GE), and degree grafted (DG) values were 96.6, 96.3, 59.5, and 53.7%, respectively. The copolymer of lignin grafted PS was separated and characterized by elemental analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetry analysis, field emission‐scanning electron microscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and nuclear magnetic resonance. It was demonstrated that the solubility what the copolymer exhibited turned out to be the very reverse of the original lignin. The surface properties and structure of lignin were completely changed after grafting copolymerization. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41900.
Rhodium/Chiral Diene‐Catalyzed Asymmetric 1,4‐Addition of Arylboronic Acids to Chromones: A Highly Enantioselective Pathway for Accessing Chiral Flavanones
Authors: He Qijie , So Chau Ming , Bian Zhaoxiang , Hayashi Tamio , Wang Jun
Published: January 2015

Chromone has been noted to be one of the most challenging substrates in the asymmetric 1,4‐addition of α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds. By employing the rhodium complex associated with a chiral diene ligand, (R,R)‐Ph‐bod*, the 1,4‐addition of a variety of arylboronic acids was realized to give high yields of the corresponding flavanones with excellent enantioselectivities (≥97 % ee, 99 % ee for most substrates). Ring‐opening side products, which would lead to erosion of product enantioselectivity, were not observed under the stated reaction conditions.
Solid‐state synthesis and luminescent properties of yellow‐emitting phosphor NaY(MoO4)2:Dy3+ for white light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Wang Zhijun , Li Panlai , Guo Qinglin , Yang Zhiping
Published: January 2015

A yellow‐emitting phosphor NaY(MoO4)2:Dy3+ was synthesized using a solid‐state reaction at 550 °C for 4 h, and its luminescent properties were investigated. Its phase formation was studied using X‐ray powder diffraction analysis, and there were no crystalline phases other than NaY(MoO4)2. NaY(MoO4)2:Dy3+ produced yellow emission under 386 or 453 nm excitation, and the prominent luminescence was yellow (575 nm) due to the 4 F9/2→6H13/2 transition of Dy3+. For the 575 nm emission, the excitation spectrum had one broad band and some narrow peaks; the peaks were located at 290, 351, 365, 386, 426, 453 and 474 nm. Emission intensities were influenced by the Dy3+ doping content and a concentration quenching effect was observed; the phenomenon was also proved by the decay curves. Moreover, the Commission International de I'Eclairage chromaticity coordinates of NaY(MoO4)2:Dy3+ showed similar values at different Dy3+ concentrations, and were located in the yellow region. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolomics analysis of soy hydrolysates for the identification of productivity markers of mammalian cells for manufacturing therapeutic proteins
Authors: Richardson Jason , Shah Bhavana , Bondarenko Pavel V. , Bhebe Prince , Zhang Zhongqi , Nicklaus Michele , Kombe Maua C.
Published: January 2015

Soy hydrolysates are widely used as a nutrient supplement in mammalian cell culture for the production of recombinant proteins. The batch‐to‐batch variability of a soy hydrolysate often leads to productivity differences. This report describes our metabolomics platform, which includes a battery of LC‐MS/MS modes of operation, and advanced data analysis software for automated data processing. The platform was successfully used for screening productivity markers in soy hydrolysates during the production of two therapeutic antibodies in two Chinese hamster ovary cell lines. A total of 123 soy hydrolysate batches were analyzed, from which 62 batches were used in the production runs of cell line #1 and 12 batches were used in the production runs of cell line #2. For cell line #1, out of 19 amino acids, 106 other metabolites and 4,131 peptides identified in the soy hydrolysate batches being used, several nucleosides and short hydrophobic peptides showed negative correlation with antibody titer, while ornithine, citrulline and several amino acids and organic acids correlated positively with titer. For cell line #2, only ornithine and citrulline showed strong positive correlation. When ornithine was spiked into the culture media, both cell lines demonstrated accelerated cell growth, indicating ornithine as a root cause of the performance difference. It is proposed that better soy hydrolysate performance resulted from better bacterial fermentation during the hydrolysate production. A few selected markers were used to predict the performance of other soy hydrolysate batches for cell line #1. The predicted titers agreed with the experimental values with good accuracy. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:522–531, 2015
Biosynthetic Labeling and Two‐Color Imaging of Phospholipids in Cells
Authors: Jao Cindy Y. , Roth Mary , Welti Ruth , Salic Adrian
Published: January 2015

Phospholipids with a choline head group are abundant components of all biological membranes, performing critical functions in cellular structure, metabolism, and signaling. In spite of their importance, our ability to visualize choline phospholipids in vivo remains very limited. We present a simple and robust chemical strategy to image choline phospholipids, based on the metabolic incorporation of azidocholine analogues, that accurately reflects the normal biosynthetic incorporation of choline into cellular phospholipids. Azidocholine‐labeled phospholipids can be imaged in cells with high sensitivity and resolution, following derivatization with fluorophores, by bio‐orthogonal chemical reactions compatible with live‐cell imaging. We used this method to visualize the subcellular localization of choline phospholipids. We also demonstrate that double metabolic labeling with azidocholine and propargylcholine allows sensitive two‐color imaging of choline phospholipids. Our method represents a powerful approach to directly image phospholipids, and to study their dynamics in cells and tissues.
The Role of Metal Halides in Enhancing the Dehydration of Xylose to Furfural
Authors: Enslow Kristopher R. , Bell Alexis T.
Published: January 2015

The dehydration of xylose yields furfural, a product of considerable value as both a commodity chemical and a platform for producing a variety of fuels. When xylose is dehydrated in aqueous solution in the presence of a Brønsted acid catalyst, humins are formed via complex side processes that ultimately result in a loss in the yield of furfural. Such degradative processes can be minimized via the in situ extraction of furfural into an organic solvent. The partitioning of furfural from water into a given extracting solvent can be enhanced by the addition of salt to the aqueous phase, a process that increases the thermodynamic activity of furfural in water. Although the thermodynamics of using salts to improve liquid–liquid extraction are well studied, their impact on the kinetics of xylose dehydration catalyzed by a Brønsted acid are not. The aim of the present study was to understand how metal halide salts affect the mechanism and kinetics of xylose dehydration in aqueous solution. We found that the rate of xylose consumption is affected by both the nature of the salt cation and anion, increasing in the order no salt<K+<Na+<Li+ and no salt<Cl−<Br−<I−. Furfural selectivity increases similarly with respect to metal cations, but in the order no salt<I−<Br−<Cl− for halide anions. Multinuclear NMR was used to identify the interactions of cations and anions with xylose and to develop a model for explaining xylose‐metal halide and water‐metal halide interactions. The results of these experiments coupled with 18O‐labeling experiments indicate that xylose dehydration is initiated by protonation at the C1OH and C2OH sites, with halide anions acting to stabilize critical intermediates. The means by which metal halides affect the formation of humins was also investigated, and the role of cations and anions in affecting the selectivity to humins is discussed.
Extended Debye–Hückel Theory for Studying the Electrostatic Solvation Energy
Authors: Xiao Tiejun
Published: January 2015

The electrostatic part of the solvation energy has been studied by using extended Debye–Hückel (DH) theories. Specifically, our molecular Debye–Hückel theory [J. Chem. Phys. 2011, 135, 104104] and its simplified version, an energy‐scaled Debye–Hückel theory, were applied to electrolytes with strong electrostatic coupling. Our theories provide a practical methodology for calculating the electrostatic solvation free energies, and the accuracy was verified for atomic and diatomic charged solutes.
Sexual segregation in North American elk: the role of density dependence
Authors: Stewart Kelley M. , Walsh Danielle R. , Kie John G. , Dick Brian L. , Bowyer R. Terry
Published: January 2015

We investigated how density‐dependent processes and subsequent variation in nutritional condition of individuals influenced both timing and duration of sexual segregation and selection of resources. During 1999–2001, we experimentally created two population densities of North American elk (Cervus elaphus), a high‐density population at 20 elk/km2, and a low‐density population at 4 elk/km2 to test hypotheses relative to timing and duration of sexual segregation and variation in selection of resources. We used multi‐response permutation procedures to investigate patterns of sexual segregation, and resource selection functions to document differences in selection of resources by individuals in high‐ and low‐density populations during sexual segregation and aggregation. The duration of sexual segregation was 2 months longer in the high‐density population and likely was influenced by individuals in poorer nutritional condition, which corresponded with later conception and parturition, than at low density. Males and females in the high‐density population overlapped in selection of resources to a greater extent than in the low‐density population, probably resulting from density‐dependent effects of increased intraspecific competition and lower availability of resources.
Detection of outliers in functional time series
Authors: Raña P. , Aneiros G. , Vilar J. M.
Published: January 2015

A functional depth measures the “centrality” of a functional datum (a function observed over a continuum, for example, a curve, an image) with respect to a given functional dataset. This paper proposes a way to detect outliers in functional time series based on functional depth. Ideally, the depth of a functional outlier should be very low but, when is it low enough to correspond to an outlier? This paper aims to address this question. It uses bootstrap techniques, which take into account the dependence between functional data, to solve this discriminant problem. Several Monte Carlo experiments were designed to explore the performance of the proposed procedure and compare it with some existing methods in the statistical literature related to independent functional data. The proposed methodology was finally used to detect outliers in temperature data and NOx emission data. Results conclude that dependence of data must be taken into account to detect outliers in functional time series. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of different irrigation activation techniques on smear layer removal: An in vitro study
Authors: Akyuz Ekim Sefika Nur , Erdemir Ali
Published: January 2015

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of different irrigation activation techniques on smear layer removal. About 80 single‐rooted human maxillary central teeth were decoronated to a standardized length.The samples were prepared by using ProTaper system to size F4 and divided into eight equal groups (n = 10) according to the final irrigation activation technique; distilled water was used as an irrigant in Group 1. The other groups were treated with 2.5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA, respectively. Conventional syringe irrigation (CSI) was used in Group 2. Irrigation solutions were activated using passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI, Group 3), EndoVac apical negative pressure (ANP, Group 4), diode laser (Group 5), Nd:YAG laser (Group 6), Er:YAG laser (Group 7), and Er:YAG laser using with photon‐induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS™, Group 8). Teeth were split longitudinally and subjected to scanning electron microscope (SEM). PIPS showed the best removal of smear layer when compared with PUI, ANP, Nd:YAG, and Er:YAG, but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Smear layer scores obtained with PIPS technique were statistically significant different from those of obtained with control, CSI and diode laser groups (P < 0.05). All experimental irrigation techniques except ANP and diode laser removed smear layer more effectively at the coronal and middle levels compared to the apical level (P < 0.05). Irrigation activated/delivered techniques except diode laser have a positive effect on removing of smear layer. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:230–239, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tumor necrosis factor‐α potentiates long‐term potentiation in the rat dentate gyrus after acute hypoxia
Authors: Wall Audrey M. , Mukandala Gatambwa , Greig Nigel H. , O'Connor John J.
Published: January 2015

An inadequate supply of oxygen in the brain may lead to an inflammatory response through neuronal and glial cells that can result in neuronal damage. Tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) is a proinflammatory cytokine that is released during acute hypoxia and can have neurotoxic or neuroprotective effects in the brain. Both TNF‐α and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) have been shown by a number of research groups to alter synaptic scaling and also to inhibit long‐term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus when induced by specific high‐frequency stimulation (HFS) protocols. This study examines the effects of TNF‐α on synaptic transmission and plasticity in hippocampal slices after acute hypoxia using two HFS protocols. Field excitatory postsynaptic potentials were elicited in the medial perforant pathway of the dentate gyrus. Exogenous TNF‐α (5 ng/ml) attenuated LTP induced by theta burst stimulation but had no effect on LTP induced by a more prolonged HFS. Pretreatment with lipopolysaccharide (100 ng/ml) or TNF‐α but not IL‐1β (4 ng/ml) prior to a 30‐min hypoxic insult resulted in a significant enhancement of LTP post hypoxia when induced by the HFS. Anti‐TNF, 3,6′‐dithiothalidomide (a TNF‐α synthesis inhibitor), and SB203580 (a p38 MAPK inhibitor) significantly reduced this effect. These results indicate an important modulatory role for elevated TNF‐α levels on LTP in the hippocampus after an acute hypoxic event. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A new methodology for identifying daughter cyclogenesis: application for the Mediterranean Basin
Authors: Ziv Baruch , Harpaz Tzvi , Saaroni Hadas , Blender Richard
Published: January 2015

This study is the first one to objectively identify ‘parent–daughter’ relationships between cyclones and to apply it to Mediterranean cyclones (MCs). The methodology includes cyclone detection, tracking and mapping the area of influence of a cyclone; here daughter cyclones are expected to be found. Cyclone detection and tracking is based on standard algorithms, which were modified to cope with irregularities in intensity and trajectory shapes of MCs. We have developed our own algorithm for mapping cyclones' area of influence. Application of our methodology to the ERA‐Interim data for 33 mid‐winter seasons identified parents for 97.5% of the MCs. While previous studies claimed that most MC parents are situated over Europe, this study found the majority of MCs' parents (56%) positioned over the Mediterranean itself. This disagreement stems from the fine spatial resolution used here (0.75° × 0.75°), which enabled uncovering smaller cyclones than noticed previously, thus revealing earlier stages of cyclogenesis. The parenthood analysis identified two main types of cyclogenesis within the Mediterranean; one driven by parent MCs, the other driven by Atlantic or European cyclones. The latter is manifested either by directly generating a new MC or by intensifying existing weak MCs. Cyclone generations were explored through backtracking chains of parents down to the ninth generation, the longest chain found. The results indicate that the primary source of MCs is the Atlantic (2/3 of the MCs) and then Equatorial Africa and the Red Sea (1/3). The results also imply that although native MCs owe their existence to the Atlantic‐European cyclone track, regional cyclogenetic effects, such as topographic, thermal and baroclinic, are even more influential. The innovative methodology for objective identification of cyclone parents can be used to characterize cyclogenetic scenarios, in particular away from main storm tracks and over complex terrain.
Preparation and characterization of poly(lactic acid)/poly(methyl methacrylate) blend tablets for application in quantitative analysis by micro Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Vano‐Herrera Kelim , Misiun Anna , Vogt Carla
Published: January 2015

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer that has a variety of applications, one of which is as biomaterial in surgery or as functional layers on implants, due to its compatibility with living tissue.

This paper reports the possibilities of quantification of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) in a polymer matrix such as poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) by micro Raman spectroscopy (MRS). Blends of amorphous poly(DL‐lactic acid) with poly(methyl methacrylate) were prepared by the procedure of dissolution/precipitation. Thermal properties of the blends such as the glass transition temperature (Tg) were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The PLA/PMMA blends exhibited only a single glass transition region, indicating that this system is miscible. The PLA/PMMA system obeys the Gordon–Taylor equation (Tg versus PLA content). Various concentration ratios of PLA blends were prepared to use as a basis for quantitative analysis by MRS. Intensities of the characteristic bands at 813 cm−1 (νCOC of PMMA) and 873 cm−1 (νC―COO of PLA) were used for the calculation. The calibration graph showed a good linear correlation with an R2 value of 0.9985. On the basis of the calibration curve obtained, the determined content of several PLA/PMMA blends was in good agreement when compared with nominal contents. The limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were calculated by the calibration data set as signal‐to‐noise method. The relative standard deviation of this method was lower than 10% and the accuracy better than 4%. This study demonstrated that Raman spectroscopy provides an alternative non destructive method for quantitative analysis of PLA in a PMMA matrix. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.