bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High performance bi-functional quantum cascade laser and detector
Authors: Schwarz Benedikt , Ristanic Daniela , Reininger Peter , Zederbauer Tobias , MacFarland Donald , Detz Hermann , Andrews Aaron Maxwell , Schrenk Werner , Strasser Gottfried
Published: August 2015

An improved bi-functional quantum cascade laser and detector emitting and detecting around 6.8 μm is demonstrated. The design allows a significantly higher laser performance, showing that bi-functional designs can achieve a comparable pulsed performance to conventional quantum cascade lasers. In particular, the device has a threshold current density of 3 kA/cm2, an output power of 0.47 W, and a total wall-plug efficiency of 4.5% in pulsed mode. Optimized electron extraction and the prevention of thermal backfilling allow higher duty cycles, operation up to 10%, with 15 mW average output power at room temperature without optimization of the laser cavity or coatings. At zero bias, the device has a responsivity of around 40 mA/W and a noise equivalent power of 80 pW/Hz at room temperature, which in on-chip configuration outperforms conventional uncooled discrete detectors.
The relationship between visible light emission and species fraction of the hydrogen ion beams extracted from 2.45 GHz microwave discharge
Authors: Cortázar O. D. , Megía-Macías A. , Tarvainen O. , Kalvas T. , Koivisto H.
Published: August 2015

The relationship between Balmer-α and Fulcher-band emissions with extracted H+, H2+, and H3+ ions is demonstrated for a 2.45 GHz microwave discharge. Ion mass spectra and optical measurements of Balmer-α and Fulcher-band emissions have been obtained with a Wien Filter having an optical view-port on the plasma chamber axis. The beam of approximately 1 mA is analyzed for different plasma conditions simultaneously with the measurement of light emissions both with temporal resolution. The use of visible light emissions as a valuable diagnostic tool for monitoring the species fraction of the extracted beams is proposed.
Polariton lasing in high-quality selenide-based micropillars in the strong coupling regime
Authors: Klein T. , Klembt S. , Durupt E. , Kruse C. , Hommel D. , Richard M.
Published: August 2015

We have designed and fabricated all-epitaxial ZnSe-based optical micropillars exhibiting the strong coupling regime between the excitonic transition and the confined optical cavity modes. At cryogenic temperatures, under non-resonant pulsed optical excitation, we demonstrate single transverse mode polariton lasing operation in the micropillars. Owing to the high quality factors of these microstructures, the lasing threshold remains low even in micropillars of the smallest diameter. We show that this feature can be traced back to a sidewall roughness grain size below 3 nm and to suppressed in-plane polariton escape.
One-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics of a cylindrical liner imploded by an azimuthal magnetic field and compressing an axial field
Authors: Hamann F. , Combis P. , Videau L.
Published: August 2015

The one-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics of a plasma cylindrical liner is addressed in the case of a two components magnetic field. The azimuthal component is responsible for the implosion of the liner and the axial field is compressed inside the liner. A complete set of analytical profiles for the magnetic field components, the density, and the local velocity are proposed at the scale of the liner thickness. Numerical simulations are also presented to test the validity of the analytical formulas.
Discovery of hard-magnetic domains in two-dimensional arrays of soft-magnetic Fe3O4 nanocubes
Authors: Ma Ji , Sun Shuangshuang , Wang Tiantian , Chen Kezheng
Published: August 2015

In this study, abnormal hard-magnetic domains were discovered in Fe3O4@C composite material, in which well-ordered 16-nm-sized Fe3O4 cubes were tightly embedded into carbon sheets of tens of nanometers thick. It was found that ca. 40 columns of Fe3O4 nanocubes magnetically self-assembled into a single strip-type domain with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. More strikingly, remarkable domain misalignments, which were very similar to common edge dislocations among atomic planes in crystal lattices, were clearly observed and termed as “domain dislocation” in this work. The hard-magnetic properties of Fe3O4@C material, including large coercivity of 2150 Oe, high MR/MS value of 0.9, and strong anisotropy energy of 3.772 × 105 erg/cm3, were further ascertained by carefully designed electromagnetic absorption contrast experiments. It is anticipated that the discovery of hard-magnetic domains and domain dislocations within 2-D arrays of soft-magnetic nanomaterials will shed new light on the development of high-density perpendicular magnetic recording industry.
Generalized quantum kinetic expansion: Higher-order corrections to multichromophoric Förster theory
Authors: Wu Jianlan , Gong Zhihao , Tang Zhoufei
Published: August 2015

For a general two-cluster energy transfer network, a new methodology of the generalized quantum kinetic expansion (GQKE) method is developed, which predicts an exact time-convolution equation for the cluster population evolution under the initial condition of the local cluster equilibrium state. The cluster-to-cluster rate kernel is expanded over the inter-cluster couplings. The lowest second-order GQKE rate recovers the multichromophoric Förster theory (MCFT) rate. The higher-order corrections to the MCFT rate are systematically included using the continued fraction resummation form, resulting in the resummed GQKE method. The reliability of the GQKE methodology is verified in two model systems, revealing the relevance of higher-order corrections.
Observation of genuine wave vector (k or β) gap in a dynamic transmission line and temporal photonic crystals
Authors: Reyes-Ayona J. R. , Halevi P.
Published: August 2015

By definition, a temporal photonic crystal (TPC) has a permittivity ε(t) that varies periodically with time. We prove that, in the long wavelength limit, a TPC is accurately mimicked by a dynamic transmission line (DTL) having a capacitance (inductance) per unit length equal to ε(t) (μ). Employing a DTL in the microwave region, we measured the photonic band structure, which results to display a genuine wave vector (k or β) gap, in very good agreement with our theoretical model and the equivalent TPC.
Silicon superconducting quantum interference device
Authors: Duvauchelle J. E. , Francheteau A. , Marcenat C. , Chiodi F. , Débarre D. , Hasselbach K. , Kirtley J. R. , Lefloch F.
Published: August 2015

We have studied a Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) made from a single layer thin film of superconducting silicon. The superconducting layer is obtained by heavily doping a silicon wafer with boron atoms using the gas immersion laser doping technique. The SQUID is composed of two nano-bridges (Dayem bridges) in a loop and shows magnetic flux modulation at low temperature and low magnetic field. The overall behavior shows very good agreement with numerical simulations based on the Ginzburg-Landau equations.
Nanograting formation on metals in air with interfering femtosecond laser pulses
Authors: Miyazaki Kenzo , Miyaji Godai , Inoue Toshishige
Published: August 2015

It is demonstrated that a homogeneous nanograting having the groove period much smaller than the laser wavelength (∼800 nm) can be fabricated on metals in air through ablation induced by interfering femtosecond laser pulses (100 fs at a repetition rate of 10 Hz). Morphological changes on stainless steel and Ti surfaces, observed with an increase in superimposed shots of the laser pulses at a low fluence, have shown that the nanograting is developed through bonding structure change at the interference fringes, plasmonic near-field ablation to create parallel grooves on the fringe, and subsequent excitation of surface plasmon polaritons to regulate the groove intervals at 1/3 or 1/4 of the fringe period over the whole irradiated area. Calculation for a model target having a thin oxide layer on the metal substrate reproduces well the observed groove periods and explains the mechanism for the nanograting formation.
Early stages of growth of Si nanowires by metal assisted chemical etching: A scaling study
Authors: Pal Arindam , Ghosh Ramesh , Giri P. K.
Published: August 2015

We have studied the kinetic roughening in the growth of Si nanowires (NWs) by metal assisted chemical etching (MACE) process as a function of the etching time using atomic force microscopy imaging. In the early stage of growth of Si NWs by Ag assisted MACE process, we have determined the scaling exponents α, β, and 1/z. In the formation of Si NWs, nascent Ag+ ions play an important role in diffusing through the Si surface by means of excess holes that control the size of the NWs. In this system, kinetic roughening of the growth front within the detectable range of lengths of Si NWs was observed. We have observed an α = 0.74 ± 0.01 at the early stage of growth of Si NWs. Interface width w increases as a power law of etching time (t), w∼tβ, with growth exponent β = 0.30 ± 0.05 and lateral correlation length ξ grows as ξ∼t1/z with 1/z = 0.32 ± 0.05. These exponents α, β, and 1/z determine the universality class in which the system belongs to. The growth mechanism is explained by conventional shadowing instability model, which is common for columnar type of surface growth.
Transfer-free graphene synthesis on sapphire by catalyst metal agglomeration technique and demonstration of top-gate field-effect transistors
Authors: Miyoshi Makoto , Mizuno Masaya , Arima Yukinori , Kubo Toshiharu , Egawa Takashi , Soga Tetsuo
Published: August 2015

Transfer-free graphene synthesis was performed on sapphire substrates by using the catalyst metal agglomeration technique, and the graphene film quality was compared to that synthesized on sputtered SiO2/Si substrates. Raman scattering measurements indicated that the graphene film on sapphire has better structural qualities than that on sputtered SiO2/Si substrates. The cross-sectional transmission microscopic study also revealed that the film flatness was drastically improved by using sapphire substrates instead of sputtered SiO2/Si substrates. These quality improvements seemed to be due the chemical and thermal stabilities of sapphire. Top-gate field-effect transistors were fabricated using the graphene films on sapphire, and it was confirmed that their drain current can be modulated with applied gate voltages. The maximum field-effect mobilities were estimated to be 720 cm2/V s for electrons and 880 cm2/V s for holes, respectively.
Tuning of dielectric, pyroelectric and ferroelectric properties of 0.715Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-0.065BaTiO3-0.22SrTiO3 ceramic by internal clamping
Authors: Patel Satyanarayan , Chauhan Aditya , Kundu Swarup , Madhar Niyaz Ahamad , Ilahi Bouraoui , Vaish Rahul , Varma K. B. R.
Published: August 2015

This study systematically investigates the phenomenon of internal clamping in ferroelectric materials through the formation of glass-ceramic composites. Lead-free 0.715Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3−0.065BaTiO3−0.22SrTiO3 (BNT-BT-ST) bulk ferroelectric ceramic was selected for the course of investigation. 3BaO − 3TiO2 − B2O3 (BTBO) glass was then incorporated systematically to create sintered samples containing 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% glass (by weight). Upon glass induction features like remnant polarization, saturation polarization, hysteresis losses and coercive field could be varied as a function of glass content. Such effects were observed to benefit derived applications like enhanced energy storage density ∼174 kJ/m3 to ∼203 kJ/m3 and pyroelectric coefficient 5.7x10−4 Cm−2K−1 to 6.8x10−4 Cm−2K−1 by incorporation of 4% glass. Additionally, BNT-BT-ST depolarization temperature decreased from 457K to 431K by addition of 4% glass content. Glass incorporation could systematically increases diffuse phase transition and relaxor behavior temperature range from 70 K to 81K and 20K to 34 K, respectively when 6% and 4% glass content is added which indicates addition of glass provides better temperature stability. The most promising feature was observed to be that of dielectric response tuning. It can be also used to control (to an extent) the dielectric behavior of the host ceramic. Dielectric permittivity and losses decreased from 1278 to 705 and 0.109 to 0.107 for 6% glass, at room temperature. However this reduction in dielectric constant and loss increases pyroelectric figures of merit (FOMs) for high voltage responsivity (Fv) high detectivity (Fd) and energy harvesting (Fe) from 0.018 to 0.037 m2C−1, 5.89 to 8.85 μPa−1/2 and 28.71 to 61.55 Jm−3K−2, respectively for 4% added ceramic-glass at room temperature. Such findings can have huge implications in the field of tailoring ferroelectric response for application specific requirements.
A study on atomic diffusion behaviours in an Al-Mg compound casting process
Authors: Liu Yongning , Chen Yiqing , Yang Chunhui
Published: August 2015

Al and Mg alloys are main lightweight alloys of research interest and they both have superb material properties, i.e., low density and high specific strength, etc. Being different from Al alloys, the corrosion of Mg alloys is much more difficult to control. Therefore to combine merits of these two lightweight alloys as a composite-like structure is an ideal solution through using Al alloys as a protective layer for Mg alloys. Compound casting is a realistic technique to manufacture such a bi-metal structure. In this study, a compound casting technique is employed to fabricate bi-layered samples using Al and Mg and then the samples are analysed using electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA) to determine diffusion behaviours between Al and Mg. The diffusion mechanism and behaviours between Al and Mg are studied numerically at atomic scale using molecular dynamics (MD) and parametric studies are conducted to find out influences of ambient temperature and pressure on the diffusion behaviours between Al and Mg. The results obtained clearly show the effectiveness of the compound casting process to increase the diffusion between Al and Mg and thus create the Al-base protection layer for Mg.
Observation of enhanced spontaneous and stimulated emission of GaAs/AlGaAs nanowire via the Purcell effect
Authors: Wei Wei , Zhang Xia , Yan Xin , Ren Xiaomin
Published: August 2015

We experimentally demonstrated enhanced spontaneous and stimulated emission of GaAs/AlGaAs nanowire via the Purcell effect. By integrating the NW and SiO2-Au substrate, the hybridization of the dielectric modes in the NW with surface plasmons on the surface of Au formed hybrid plasmonic modes. Taking advantage of the nanolocalized electromagnetic field of hybrid plasmonic modes, the intensities of spontaneous and stimulated emission were enhanced via the Purcell effect by factors of four and ten, respectively. More importantly, the plasmonic lasing action was continuous-wave under the continuous-wave pump.
Causes of infertility in the endangered Australian endemic plant Borya mirabilis (Boryaceae)
Authors: Reiter Noushka H. , Walsh Neville G. , Lawrie Ann C.
Published: August 2015

Borya mirabilis Churchill (Boryaceae, Asparagales) is a herbaceous perennial and one of Australia’s most endangered plants. Only one population of four colonies remains, on a rock ledge in the Grampians (Gariwerd) National Park in Victoria, Australia. The reasons why B. mirabilis flowers freely but does not set seed were investigated. Borya mirabilis had a greater proportion of floral abnormalities than other, fertile Borya species. The pollen was often mis-shapen, with ≤ 1% pollen tube formation, but the ovules showed no structural dissimilarity from other, fertile Borya species. The flowers offered a nectar reward and many insects visited the pollen-bearing flowers in the field. Artificial cross-pollination resulted in the first recorded seed for this species. Borya mirabilis has ~66 chromosomes, relative to the diploid number of ~26 in Borya constricta Churchill, strongly suggesting that B. mirabilis is polyploid. Only 4–7% genetic diversity was found within the remaining B. mirabilis field population using 25/60 RAPD primers that showed heterogeneity. An ex-situ nursery collection was found not to contain all genotypes. Recommendations for the conservation of B. mirabilis include capturing all the known genetic diversity in cloned plants in preference over further attempts to produce seed.
Synthesis and Properties of Photoswitchable Carbohydrate Fluorosurfactants
Authors: Hu Yingxue , Marlow Joshua B. , Ramanathan Rajesh , Zou Wenyue , Tiew Hui Geok , Pottage Matthew J. , Bansal Vipul , Tabor Rico F. , Wilkinson Brendan L.
Published: August 2015

We describe the parallel synthesis, photocontrollable surface tension, and antibacterial performance of a new class of carbohydrate fluorosurfactant. Novel fluorosurfactants comprised a mono- or disaccharide head group linked to an azobenzene unit that was variably substituted with a trifluoromethyl group. Fluorosurfactants were rapidly assembled using the venerable CuI-catalysed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction and exhibited light-addressable surface activity, excellent water solubility, and selective antibacterial activity against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. Notably, the physicochemical and biological activity of these novel materials was heavily dependent on the nature of the head group and the position of the trifluoromethyl substituent on the azobenzene ring. The UV-adapted cis-isomer of fluorosurfactants displayed good thermal stability at ambient temperature, with little reversion to the stable trans isomer after 16 h. These novel, light-responsive materials should find broad interest in a range of biomedical and technological fields, including drug and gene delivery, self-cleaning oleophobic surfaces, and antibacterial coatings for medical devices.
Plastic pollution in Swiss surface waters: nature and concentrations, interaction with pollutants
Authors: Faure Florian , Demars Colin , Wieser Olivier , Kunz Manuel , de Alencastro Luiz  Felippe
Published: August 2015

Environmental contextPlastic, and particularly microplastic, pollution is a growing environmental concern worldwide. Research regarding marine environments has led to a substantial increase in knowledge, yet little is known as regards the situation in freshwater environments. Although the occurrence of microplastics was demonstrated in Lake Geneva in 2012, the present research aims at confirming this pollution and expanding the data set for other lakes and environments of Switzerland.
AbstractMarine microplastic (<5mm) water pollution has met growing public and scientific interest in the last few years. The situation in freshwater environments remains largely unknown, although it appears that they play an important role as part of the origin of marine pollution. Apart from the physical impacts on biota, chemical effects are to be expected as well, especially with smaller particles. This study aims at assessing plastic abundance in Lakes Geneva, Constance, Neuchâtel, Maggiore, Zurich and Brienz, and identifying the nature of the particles, potential ingestion by birds and fishes, and the associated pollutants. Lake surface transects and a few rivers were sampled using a floating manta net, and beach sediments were analysed. Plastics were sorted by type (fragments, pellets, cosmetic beads, lines, fibres, films, foams) and composition (polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, etc.); fish and water birds were dissected to assess their potential exposure, and analyses were conducted on the hydrophobic micropollutants adsorbed to the microplastics as well as some potentially toxic additives they contained. Evidence of this pollution is shown for all lakes, microplastics of all types and diverse composition having been found in all samples. Birds and fish are prone to microplastic ingestion, and all the tested chemicals (both adsorbed micropollutants and contained additives) were found above the detection limit, and often the quantification limit. The sources and their respective contribution need to be confirmed and quantified, and the ecotoxicological effects need further investigation. Other questions remain open, including the transport and fate of plastic particles in the environment.
Wildfire smoke and public health risk
Authors: Reisen Fabienne , Duran Sandra M. , Flannigan Mike , Elliott Catherine , Rideout Karen
Published: August 2015

Wildfire activity is predicted to increase with global climate change, resulting in longer fire seasons and larger areas burned. The emissions from fires are highly variable owing to differences in fuel, burning conditions and other external environmental factors. The smoke that is generated can impact human populations spread over vast geographical areas. Wildfire smoke is a complex mixture of pollutants that can undergo physical and chemical transformation processes during transport and can have major impacts on air quality and public health. This review looks at the main features of smoke that should be considered in the assessment of public health risk. It describes the current state of knowledge and discusses how smoke is produced, what factors affect emissions and smoke distribution, and what constituents of smoke are most likely to cause adverse health effects.
Factors associated with foreign language anxiety
Authors: Jin Yinxing , de Bot Kees , Keijzer Merel C.J.
Published: August 2015

This paper reports a study that investigates and compares the effects of foreign language proficiency, social status of a learner’s family, self-esteem, and competitiveness on FL anxiety. Chinese university students (N = 146), who were learning Japanese and English, participated in this study. Social status data were collected once with the Social Status Scale. Other variables were measured twice over a two-month interval, using the Competitiveness Index, the Self-esteem Scale, the English/Japanese Classroom Anxiety Scale, and the English/Japanese Proficiency Scale. Results showed that foreign language proficiency, competitiveness, and self-esteem all significantly predicted foreign language anxiety levels. Foreign language proficiency was the best predictor, followed by self-esteem, then competitiveness. A negative relationship was revealed between these predictor variables and foreign language anxiety. Social status was not related to foreign language anxiety, either directly or indirectly.
The language of quoting in academic writing
Authors: Verheijen Lieke
Published: August 2015

Because quotation is a fundamental aspect of academic texts, this corpus study examines the language of quoting in (L2) academic writing. To find out whether there are subtle linguistic differences in the use of quotation by learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) and professional academics who are native speakers of English (NSE), I compare two corpora of scholarly writings: one by upper intermediate and advanced EFL students and one by NSE experts. 1201 Quotes were extracted from the writings and examined for a broad range of lexico-grammatical features relevant to using quotes, including introductions to quotes, lexical items in introducing quotes, ‘special’ quotes, and punctuation surrounding quotes. The findings make clear that EFL students and NSE experts differ significantly on various points in their language of quoting. Making students aware of these differences could make their academic writing more professional, native-like, and sophisticated.
Ob Italienisch Deutsch fördert
Authors: Zaretsky Eugen , Lange Benjamin P.
Published: August 2015

In this study, some extralinguistic factors were examined which might influence the language acquisition process in Italian and other immigrant preschool children acquiring German as their second or third language. The following methods of the language assessment were utilized: (a) a modified, validated version of language test Marburger Sprachscreening and (b) a classification of children as needing or not needing additional educational support in learning German. Italians scored significantly higher on vocabulary and grammar than other immigrant children. This can be attributed to the fact that Italians attended German nursery schools and played with German children after the daycare center time significantly more often than other immigrants. Immigrant groups with the most advanced German skills were English speaking children and Greeks. Linguistically weakest groups were Turks and Arabs. For these groups, dependence of the language acquisition process on extralinguistic factors was also shown.
A computer-assisted study of the use of Violence metaphors for cancer and end of life by patients, family carers and health professionals
Authors: Demmen Jane , Semino Elena , Demjén Zsófia , Koller Veronika , Hardie Andrew , Rayson Paul , Payne Sheila
Published: August 2015

This study combines quantitative semi-automated corpus methods with manual qualitative analysis to investigate the use of Violence metaphors for cancer and end of life in a 1,500,000-word corpus of data from three stakeholder groups in healthcare: patients, family carers and healthcare professionals. Violence metaphors in general, especially military metaphors, are conventionally used to talk about illness, particularly cancer. However, they have also been criticized for their potentially negative implications. The use of innovative methodology enables us to undertake a more rigorous and systematic investigation of Violence metaphors than has previously been possible. Our findings show that patients, carers and professionals use a much wider set of Violence-related metaphors than noted in previous studies, and that metaphor use varies between interview and online forum genres and amongst different stakeholder groups. Our study has implications for the computer-assisted study of metaphor, metaphor theory and analysis more generally, and communication in healthcare settings.
The role of social eye-gaze in children’s and adults’ ownership attributions to robotic agents in three cultures
Authors: Kanngiesser Patricia , Itakura Shoji , Zhou Yue , Kanda Takayuki , Ishiguro Hiroshi , Hood Bruce
Published: August 2015

Young children often treat robots as social agents after they have witnessed interactions that can be interpreted as social. We studied in three experiments whether four-year-olds from three cultures (China, Japan, UK) and adults from two cultures (Japan, UK) will attribute ownership of objects to a robot that engages in social gaze with a human. Participants watched videos of robot-human interactions, in which objects were possessed or new objects were created. Children and adults applied the same ownership rules to humans and robots – irrespective of whether the robot engaged in social gaze or not. However, there was cultural variation in the types of ownership rules used. In Experiment 3, we removed further social cues, finding that just showing a pair of self-propelled robot-arms elicited ownership attributions. The role of social gaze in social attributions to robots and cross-cultural differences in ownership understanding are discussed.
Towards robots that trust
Authors: Wagner Alan R. , Robinette Paul
Published: August 2015

This article investigates the challenge of developing a robot capable of determining if a social situation demands trust. Solving this challenge may allow a robot to react when a person over or under trusts the system. Prior work in this area has focused on understanding the factors that influence a person’s trust of a robot (Hancock, et al., 2011). In contrast, by using game-theoretic representations to frame the problem, we are able to develop a set of conditions for determining if an interactive situation demands trust. In two separate experiments, human subjects were asked to evaluate either written narratives or mazes in terms of whether or not they require trust. The results indicate aΦ1= +0.592 andΦ2= +0.406 correlation respectively between the subjects’ evaluations and the condition’s predictions. This is a strong correlation for a study involving human subjects.
External stores
Authors: Biscione Valerio , Petrosino Giancarlo , Parisi Domenico
Published: August 2015

Human beings possess external stores in which they put all sorts of goods to use them at some later time. In this paper we investigate this typically human adaptation using agent-based simulations. We show that the use of external stores explains many aspects of human life, allowing the agents to reduce their dependence on both the environment and the current state of their body and to be more efficient in extracting the energy contained in the environment. We analyse the spatial behaviour of agents with external stores located in specific positions of the environment and we find that these agents tend to develop a sedentary life. We discuss how stores can be at the origin of many human mental and social phenomena such as the acquisition of a more extended temporal perspective, specialisation in producing different types of goods, and exchange of goods.
Integration in Flanders (Belgium) – Citizenship as achievement
Authors: Pulinx Reinhilde , Van Avermaet Piet
Published: August 2015

In this article we will show, with Flanders (Belgium) as a concrete case, how intertwined integration and citizenship discourses and policies have become in contemporary super-diverse societies. Flanders is a clear example of how integration is gradually being replaced by virtual or moral citizenship. The fact that (moral) citizenship has replaced integration, has as a consequence that the concept of citizenship has shifted, in a subtle way, from a dynamic and contextualized process, which shapes itself in daily practice through social networks, into ‘citizenship as achievement’. This is an achievement that is the sole responsibility of certain groups in society. It is also an impossible achievement, because some are exempt from it and others will always be perceived as not yet belonging to the category of ‘true citizens’.
Linguistic citizenship
Authors: Williams Quentin E. , Stroud Christopher
Published: August 2015

A major challenge facing South Africa is that of reconstructing a meaningful and inclusive notion of citizenship in the aftermath of its apartheid past and in the face of narratives of divisiveness that reach back from this past and continue to reverberate in the present. Many of the problems confronting South African social transformation are similar to the rest of the postcolonial world that continues to wrestle with the inherited colonial divide between citizen and subject. In this article, we explore how engagement with diversity and marginalization is taking place across a range of non-institutional and informal political arenas. Here, we elaborate on an approach towards the linguistic practices of the political everyday in terms of a notion of linguistic citizenship and by way of conclusion argue that the contradictions and turmoils of contemporary South Africa require further serious deliberation around alternative notions of citizenship and their semiotics.
Sexual cityzenship
Authors: Milani Tommaso M.
Published: August 2015

This article explores an incident that took place in the context of Joburg Pride 2012, where the activist group One in Nine Campaign attempted to temporarily stop the Pride parade through means of a die-in protest, resulting in resistance and violence on the part of the Pride participants. The article argues that Pride and the One in Nine protest are manifestations of two very different types of sexual cityzenship. Whilst Pride is an orderly claim to the urban environment that is founded on an alignment with state-sanctioned, rights-based discourses of gay and lesbian identity, the One in Nine protest is a spatial disruption that problematises the optimistic reliance on sexual identities as catalysts for political action. The article also seeks to offer a queer epistemology that questions the logocentric bias of research on discourse, space and citizenship by encompassing not only the visual but also and most importantly the corporeal.
Characterizing the Juvenile Fish Community in Turbid Alaskan Rivers to Assess Potential Interactions with Hydrokinetic Devices
Authors: Bradley Parker T. , Evans Mark D. , Seitz Andrew C.
Published: August 2015

Installation of hydrokinetic power‐generating devices is currently being considered for the Yukon and Tanana rivers, two large and glacially turbid rivers in Alaska. We sampled downstream‐migrating fish along the margins of both rivers, a middle island in the Yukon River, and mid‐channel in the Tanana River in order to assess the temporal and spatial patterns of movement by resident and anadromous fishes and hence the potential for fish interactions with hydrokinetic devices. Results suggest that (1) river margins in the Yukon and Tanana rivers are primarily utilized by resident freshwater species, (2) the mid‐channel is utilized by Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. smolts, and (3) only Chum Salmon O. keta smolts utilize both river margin and mid‐channel areas. Some species exhibited distinct peaks and trends in downstream migration timing, including Longnose Suckers Catostomus catostomus, whitefishes (Coregoninae), Arctic Grayling Thymallus arcticus, Lake Chub Couesius plumbeus, Chinook Salmon O. tshawytscha, Coho Salmon O. kisutch, and Chum Salmon. Due to their downstream migration behavior, Pacific salmon smolts out‐migrating in May–July will have the greatest potential for interactions with hydrokinetic devices installed in mid‐channel surface waters of the Yukon and Tanana rivers.
Modified Water Diversion Structures Can Behaviorally Deter Juvenile Chinook Salmon from Entrainment
Authors: Mussen Timothy D. , Cocherell Dennis E. , Patton Oliver , Jauregui Denisse , Ercan Ali , Bandeh Hossein , Meier Dan , Thomas Steve , Kavvas M. Levent , Cech Joseph J. , Fangue Nann A.
Published: August 2015

Juvenile Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha traveling in river systems can become entrained by unscreened water diversions when they encounter inflow velocities that exceed their avoidance (i.e., swimming) ability. We tested the efficiency of three devices for deterring fish entrainment; the devices reduced the diversion's maximum inflow velocity by dispersing the inflow across a greater area so as to reduce fish entrainment without causing a decrease in water diversion rates. Tests were performed in a river simulation flume at a 0.15‐m/s sweeping velocity in clear water conditions during the daytime and nighttime as well as in turbid water (daytime) conditions. Water was diverted at a rate of 0.57 m3/s through a 0.46‐m‐diameter pipe. The tested devices included (1) a widened box inlet (1.7 m long × 0.76 m wide × 0.76 m deep) with a trash rack mounted at its entrance (trash rack box), (2) a widened box inlet with a louver array mounted at the entrance (louver box), and (3) a 0.91‐m‐diameter cylinder perforated with 300 evenly spaced, 5‐cm‐diameter holes (perforated cylinder). During 2‐h experiments under daytime conditions, 51.5 of 80 fish (on average) were entrained into the pipe when no device was used (i.e., control), and a fish's mean risk of becoming entrained when passing the pipe once was 14%. The mean entrainment risk during a single pipe passage event was reduced to 7% in the trash rack box treatment (i.e., 50% of the control value), 0.17% in the louver box treatment, and 0.20% in the perforated cylinder treatment. In comparison with the control, the mean number of entrained fish was reduced by 50% in the trash rack box treatment, by 97% in the louver box treatment, and by 93% in the perforated cylinder treatment. These devices also reduced the number of fish that were entrained during darkness or turbid daytime conditions. Our findings suggest that behavioral deterrence devices offer effective, low‐cost alternatives to positive barrier fish screens by protecting juvenile Chinook Salmon from entrainment at water diversion pipes without reducing water pumping efficiency.
Effects of Competition with Four Nonnative Salmonid Species on Atlantic Salmon from Three Populations
Authors: Houde Aimee Lee S. , Wilson Chris C. , Neff Bryan D.
Published: August 2015

The presence of ecologically similar nonnative species may impede recovery efforts for native species. We assessed the survival and growth of juvenile Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar from three populations (LaHave River, Sebago Lake, and Lac Saint‐Jean) in the presence of four naturalized nonnative salmonid competitors. The three populations are being used for reintroduction efforts in Lake Ontario, where Atlantic Salmon are extirpated. Juvenile Atlantic Salmon were placed into artificial stream tanks with combinations of juvenile Brown Trout S. trutta, Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, Chinook Salmon O. tshawytscha, and Coho Salmon O. kisutch. Survival of all three Atlantic Salmon populations was lower in the presence of Brown Trout; growth was lower in the Brown Trout treatment and in the multispecies treatment. In contrast, Atlantic Salmon survival and growth were not negatively impacted by the presence of Chinook Salmon, Rainbow Trout, or Coho Salmon. Based on measurements of circulating hormones, Atlantic Salmon were not chronically stressed and did not show a change in social status after 10 months in the artificial stream tanks. Our results support the theory that differences in aggression and niche overlap can influence competitive outcomes and suggest that tributaries containing Brown Trout should be avoided during Atlantic Salmon reintroduction into Lake Ontario.
Athletic performance and recovery–stress factors in cycling: An ever changing balance
Authors: Filho Edson , di Fronso Selenia , Forzini Fabio , Murgia Mauro , Agostini Tiziano , Bortoli Laura , Robazza Claudio , Bertollo Maurizio
Published: August 2015

We sought to examine whether the relationship between recovery–stress factors and performance would differ at the beginning (Stage 1) and the end (Final Stage) of a multi‐stage cycling competition. Sixty‐seven cyclists with a mean age of 21.90 years (SD = 1.60) and extensive international experience participated in the study. The cyclists responded to the Recovery–Stress Questionnaire for Athletes (RESTQ‐Sport) and rated their performance (1 = extremely poor to 10 = excellent) in respect to the first and last stage. Two step‐down multiple regression models were used to estimate the relationship among recovery (nine factors; e.g. Physical Recovery, Sleep Quality) and stress factors (10 factors; e.g. Lack of Energy, Physical Complaints), as assessed by the RESTQ‐Sport and in relation to performance. Model 1 pertained to Stage 1, whereas Model 2 used data from the Final Stage. The final Model 1 revealed that Physical Recovery (β = .46, p = .01), Injury (β = −.31, p = .01) and General Well‐being (β = −.26, p = .04) predicted performance in Stage 1 (R2 = .21). The final Model 2 revealed a different relationship between recovery–stress factors and performance. Specifically, being a climber (β = .28, p = .01), Conflicts/Pressure (β = .33, p = .01), and Lack of Energy (β = −.37, p = .01) were associated with performance at the Final Stage (R2 = .19). Collectively, these results suggest that the relationship among recovery and stress factors changes greatly over a relatively short period of time, and dynamically influences performance in multi‐stage competitions.
Increased exhaled breath condensate 8‐isoprostane after a swimming session in competitive swimmers
Authors: Morissette Mathieu C. , Murray Nicolas , Turmel Julie , Milot Julie , Boulet Louis‐Philippe , Bougault Valérie
Published: August 2015

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the levels of 8‐isoprostane (8‐IsoP) in the airways of competitive swimmers at baseline and after a swimming session according to their airway responsiveness. Methods: Twenty‐three swimmers and six lifeguards had a baseline spirometry and bronchoprovocative challenges. During a second visit, swimmers performed a usual swimming session while lifeguards stayed in the same pool environment for the same time period. Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) was measured before and 5 min after the end of the session. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) was sampled before and 10 min after the session and EBC 8‐IsoP levels were analysed by enzyme immunoassay. Change in EBC 8‐IsoP from baseline to post‐swimming session was calculated. Results: We observed no relationships between airway hyper‐responsiveness and 8‐IsoP values before or after swimming in swimmers. The levels of 8‐IsoP were significantly higher after the training session (mean value 2.9, s = 0.5 pg mL−1) than at baseline (mean value 1.9, s = 0.4 pg mL−1) in swimmers only (p = .012). EBC 8‐IsoP levels after the swimming session significantly correlated with the percent change in FEV1 after swimming. Conclusions: EBC 8‐IsoP levels were increased after training in swimmers but not in lifeguards, suggesting that exercise‐induced hyperpnoea in a chlorinated pool environment increases airways oxidative stress.
A Surplus Production Model Considering Movements between Two Areas using Spatiotemporal Differences in CPUE: Application to Sea Ravens Hemitripterus villosus off Fukushima as a Practical Marine Protected Area after the Nuclear Accident
Authors: Shibata Yasutoki , Yamada Manabu , Wada Toshihiro , Itou Masaki , Yamada Harumi , Sohtome Tadahiro , Iwasaki Takashi , Sakuma Tooru , Mizuno Takuji
Published: August 2015

Although the number of marine protected areas (MPAs) for stock management has increased, movements or differences in population structure of a target species between an MPA and surrounding fishing areas have rarely been considered in stock biomass estimations. We developed a surplus production model considering seasonal movements between two areas; the model was applied to Sea Ravens Hemitripterus villosus off Fukushima, where almost all fishing has been prohibited since the 2011 accident at the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant. We predicted future biomass by using CPUE data from coastal gill-net fishing and offshore bottom trawl fishing in 2000 to 2009. The model reflected the seasonal coastal–offshore movements of Sea Ravens well, and it predicted increasing Sea Raven biomass in both areas, which was validated by the CPUEs observed after 2010—including those for trial bottom trawl fishing that occurred within limited offshore areas after the accident. Our results indicate that the newly developed model incorporating seasonal movements of Sea Ravens is feasible and that the waters off Fukushima have effectively been serving as an MPA since the nuclear accident. We also demonstrated the model's applicability for estimating the optimal fishing effort and designing a new MPA for stock management that considers seasonal movements.

Received August 29, 2014; accepted May 4, 2015
Live-cell observation of cytosolic HIV-1 assembly onset reveals RNA-interacting Gag oligomers
Authors: Hendrix Jelle , Baumgärtel Viola , Schrimpf Waldemar , Ivanchenko Sergey , Digman Michelle A. , Gratton Enrico , Kräusslich Hans-Georg , Müller Barbara , Lamb Don C.
Published: August 2015

Assembly of the Gag polyprotein into new viral particles in infected cells is a crucial step in the retroviral replication cycle. Currently, little is known about the onset of assembly in the cytosol. In this paper, we analyzed the cytosolic HIV-1 Gag fraction in real time in live cells using advanced fluctuation imaging methods and thereby provide detailed insights into the complex relationship between cytosolic Gag mobility, stoichiometry, and interactions. We show that Gag diffuses as a monomer on the subsecond timescale with severely reduced mobility. Reduction of mobility is associated with basic residues in its nucleocapsid (NC) domain, whereas capsid (CA) and matrix (MA) domains do not contribute significantly. Strikingly, another diffusive Gag species was observed on the seconds timescale that oligomerized in a concentration-dependent manner. Both NC- and CA-mediated interactions strongly assist this process. Our results reveal potential nucleation steps of cytosolic Gag fractions before membrane-assisted Gag assembly.
Prion-like domains in RNA binding proteins are essential for building subnuclear paraspeckles
Authors: Hennig Sven , Kong Geraldine , Mannen Taro , Sadowska Agata , Kobelke Simon , Blythe Amanda , Knott Gavin J. , Iyer K. Swaminathan , Ho Diwei , Newcombe Estella A. , Hosoki Kana , Goshima Naoki , Kawaguchi Tetsuya , Hatters Danny , Trinkle-Mulcahy Laura , Hirose Tetsuro , Bond Charles S. , Fox Archa H.
Published: August 2015

Prion-like domains (PLDs) are low complexity sequences found in RNA binding proteins associated with the neurodegenerative disorder amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Recently, PLDs have been implicated in mediating gene regulation via liquid-phase transitions that drive ribonucleoprotein granule assembly. In this paper, we report many PLDs in proteins associated with paraspeckles, subnuclear bodies that form around long noncoding RNA. We mapped the interactome network of paraspeckle proteins, finding enrichment of PLDs. We show that one protein, RBM14, connects key paraspeckle subcomplexes via interactions mediated by its PLD. We further show that the RBM14 PLD, as well as the PLD of another essential paraspeckle protein, FUS, is required to rescue paraspeckle formation in cells in which their endogenous counterpart has been knocked down. Similar to FUS, the RBM14 PLD also forms hydrogels with amyloid-like properties. These results suggest a role for PLD-mediated liquid-phase transitions in paraspeckle formation, highlighting this nuclear body as an excellent model system for understanding the perturbation of such processes in neurodegeneration.
Existence and nonexistence of half-geodesics on 𝑆²
Authors: Adelstein Ian
Published: August 2015

In this paper we study half-geodesics, those closed geodesics that minimize on any subinterval of length

L

/

2

L/2

, where

L
L

is the length of the geodesic. For each nonnegative integer

n
n

, we construct Riemannian manifolds diffeomorphic to

S
2

S^2

admitting exactly

n
n

half-geodesics. Additionally, we construct a sequence of Riemannian manifolds, each of which is diffeomorphic to

S
2

S^2

and admits no half-geodesics, yet which converge in the Gromov-Hausdorff sense to a limit space with infinitely many half-geodesics.
Directional gene flow and ecological separation in Yersinia enterocolitica
Authors: Reuter Sandra , Corander Jukka , de Been Mark , Harris Simon , Cheng Lu , Hall Miquette , Thomson Nicholas R. , McNally Alan
Published: August 2015

Yersinia enterocolitica is a common cause of food-borne gastroenteritis worldwide. Recent work defining the phylogeny of the genus Yersinia subdivided Y. enterocolitica into six distinct phylogroups. Here, we provide detailed analyses of the evolutionary processes leading to the emergence of these phylogroups. The dominant phylogroups isolated from human infections, PG3–5, show very little diversity at the sequence level, but do present marked patterns of gain and loss of functions, including those involved in pathogenicity and metabolism, including the acquisition of phylogroup-specific O-antigen loci. We tracked gene flow across the species in the core and accessory genome, and show that the non-pathogenic PG1 strains act as a reservoir for diversity, frequently acting as donors in recombination events. Analysis of the core and accessory genome also suggested that the different Y. enterocolitica phylogroups may be ecologically separated, in contrast to the long-held belief of common shared ecological niches across the Y. enterocolitica species.