bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Classification of evolutionary groups: the Uniter program's approach to greater resolving power
Authors: Hall A. V.
Published: April 2006

Hall, A. V.: Classification of evolutionary groups: the Uniter program's approach to greater resolving power. – Taxon 42: 609–625. 1993. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Severe criticisms are made of the present state of computer‐assisted classification methods. The literature gives little clarity on which of many available computer methods is best, and serious problems have come to light in cladistics. Classifiers used to expect a high standard of help from computers but actual results now engender a growing crisis of confidence. Since well‐made groups are crucial in all fields of study, ways of improving the resolving power of grouping methods are discussed. Evolutionary groups are often riddled with inconsistencies, making them polythetic. The Uniter computer program, just released, provides for this by clustering using homogeneity, which allows dilation due to contexts of external allies. Uniter puts the clusters it reveals into sequences, and evaluates the quality of each cluster, giving a guide to placing the boundaries of formal taxa. The program's interactive treatments for a variety of situations are outlined, including a new method for de‐weighting coarsely coded properties with few states. It is concluded that these treatments are essential for high resolving power and programs that lack them should not be used for classifying evolutionary groups.
An Internet botanical specimen data server
Authors: Beach James H. , Ozminski Stephan J. , Boufford David E.
Published: April 2006

Beach, J. H., Ozminski, S. J. & Boufford, D. E.: An Internet botanical specimen data server. – Taxon 42: 627–629. 1993. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The E‐mail data server is a database system that delivers specimen data over the Internet within electronic mail. Using electronic mail as a vehicle for delivering queries and for returning data permits unlimited access to remote databases for any scientist with network mail service. This “open‐access” approach contrasts with database systems which require pre‐arranged accounts and passwords for access, and takes advantage of existing research data networks. Three specimen databases are available for queries: (1) type specimens of the Lamiaceae (and soon other families) in the Harvard University herbaria, (2) the complete catalog of Michigan State University's Kellogg Biological Station herbarium, and (3) the Flora of Mt. Kinabalu (Borneo) specimen database.
Validation of Prochloron didemni (Cyanophyta) and nomenclatural discussion of correlated names at the higher ranks
Authors: Hoffmann L. , Greuter W.
Published: April 2006

Hoffmann, L. & Greuter, W.: Validation of Prochloron didemni (Cyanophyta) and nomenclatural discussion of correlated names at the higher ranks. – Taxon 42: 641–645. 1993. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The name Prochloron didemni, previously only effectively published, is here validly published. Valid publication of correlated names at the higher ranks is assessed under the provisions of both the Botanical and the Bacteriological Code.
Lectotypification of Capparis baducca L. (Capparaceae)
Authors: Prado D. E.
Published: April 2006

Prado, D. E.: Lectotypification of Capparis baducca L. (Capparaceae). – Taxon 42: 655–660. 1993. ‐ISSN 0040‐0262.

The lectotype of Capparis baducca L. is designated from the Clifford Herbarium (BM), fixing the application of the name on the neotropical element also known as C. frondosa Jacq.
Report of the Committee for Bryophyta: 2
Authors: Zijlstra Gea
Published: April 2006

Zijlstra, G.: Report of the Committee for Bryophyta: 2. – Taxon 42: 683–686. 1993. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Recommendations are made for amending entries for two already conserved names, one a moss and one a hepatic. Eleven published proposals to conserve and/or reject names were considered, eight are recommended and three are not. Of the eleven names, eight are mosses, two are hepatics and one is a spermatophyte.
Some notes on the sectional nomenclature of Geranium (Geraniaceae)
Authors: Aedo Carlos , Garmendia Félix Muñoz
Published: April 2006

Aedo, C. & Muñoz Garmendia, F.: Some notes on the sectional nomenclature of Geranium (Geraniaceae). – Taxon 45: 104‐106. 1996. – ISSN 0040‐0262:

Geranium rotundifolium is designated as type of G. sect. Trygonium Dumort. and G. sylvaticum as type of G. sect. Batrachia Murray. Boissier's unranked names of subdivisions of genera are considered as basionyms of Reiche's sectional names.
Lectotypification of some names in Jovibarba and Sempervivum (Crassulaceae)
Authors: Letz Roman , Marhold Karol
Published: April 2006

Letz, R. & Marhold, K.: Lectotypification of some names in Jovibarba and Sempervivum (Crassulaceae). – Taxon 45: 111‐116. 1996. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Lectotypes are designated for four Linnaean names for taxa belonging at present to the genera Jovibarba and Sempervivum: S. globiferum (≡ J. globifera), S. hirtum (≡ J. globifera subsp. hirta), S. arachnoideum, and S. montanum. In addition, epitypes are designated for S. arachnoideum and S. montanum as well as a lectotype for S. soboliferum Sims, a synonym of J. globifera.
COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF A MICROWAVE DRYING METHOD TO CURRENTLY USED METHODS ON THE RETENTION OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL LEAF CHARACTERS IN NICOTIANA TABACUM L. CV SAMSUN
Authors: Jacquin‐Dubreuil Annie , Breda Colette , Lescot‐Layer Michelle , Allorge‐Boiteau Lucile
Published: April 2006

Leaves of Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Samsun were selected because of the volatile nature of their active principle, nicotine. They were dried by four different methods: air‐dried, oven‐dried at 60°C, freeze‐dried, and dried in a microwave oven. The four samples of dried leaves were compared as to their microscopical characters and alkaloid content. After drying by microwaves, it remained possible to identify the leaves by their botanical characteristics. Their alkaloid content was qualitatively unchanged and quantitatively slightly superior to that of leaves dried by the other methods.
The identity of Echinopsis pygmaea R. E. Fr. (Cactaceae)
Authors: Hjertson Mats L.
Published: April 2006

Hjertson, M. L.: The identity of Echinopsis pygmaea R. E. Fr. (Cactaceae). – Taxon 43: 455‐457. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The protologue of Echinopsis pygmaea R. E. Fr. is based on two elements belonging to two taxa. A lectotype is selected to maintain current usage of the name. Rebutia haagei Frič & Schelle is considered to be a synonym of E. pygmaea.
Names validated in Rottler's “Botanical Observations” of 1803
Authors: Nicolson Dan H. , Daniel P.
Published: April 2006

Daniel, P.: Names validated in Rottler's “Botanical Observations” of 1803. ‐ Taxon 40: 605–611. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Rottler travelled widely and collected extensively in peninsular India. His publication of 1803, with added remarks by Willdenow, is cited in floras pertaining to India and the adjoining regions. Rottler and Willdenow validated names of 2 and 1 new genus, and 47 and 21 new species, respectively, in this paper. Most authors have not seen this work and errors, such as wrong attribution of authors, overlooked priority, ignored valid names, are frequently repeated. Below, Rottler's and Willdenow's names are listed separately after a discussion. Types of many of these names are in the Willdenow Herbarium in Berlin (B‐W).
Polygala calcarea subsp. somedana (Laínz) A. Penas (Polygalaceae), a new combination
Authors: Penas A. , García M. E. , Acedo C. , Herrero L.
Published: April 2006

Penas, A., García, M. E., Acedo, C. & Herrero, L.: Polygala calcarea subsp. somedana (Laínz) A. Penas (Polygalaceae), a new combination. ‐ Taxon 40: 615. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Polygala alpina subsp. somedana Laínz was described as an endemic taxon of the Cantabrian mountains (N. Spain). Recent studies demonstrate, that it belongs to P. calcarea F. W. Schultz rather than to P. alpina (DC.) Steudel. The required new combination is validated.
The alternative names of the type of Plagiopteron (Plagiopteraceae)
Authors: Daniel P.
Published: April 2006

Daniel, P.: The alternative names of the type of Plagiopteron (Plagiopteraceae). ‐ Taxon 40: 619 ‐ 620. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Both Plagiopteron suaveolens Griffith and P. fragrans Griffith, simultaneously validly published, are in use. The former is correct.
Lectotypification of Periploca secamone and Secamone thunbergii (Asclepiadaceae)
Authors: Goyder D. J. , Singh N. P.
Published: April 2006

Goyder, D. J. & Singh, N. P.: Lectotypification of Periploca secamone and Secamone thunbergii (Asclepiadaceae). ‐ Taxon 40: 629–630. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Periploca secamone L. and Secamone thunbergii E. Meyer, here first lectotypified, are synonyms of Secamone alpini Schultes.
Hibiscus hispidissimus, the correct name for H. furcatus DC non Willd. and H. aculeatus Roxb. non Walter (Malvaceae)
Authors: Pradeep A. K. , Sivarajan V. V.
Published: April 2006

Pradeep, A. K. & Sivarajan, V. V.: Hibiscus hispidissimus, the correct name for H. furcatus DC. non Willd. and H. aculeatus Roxb. non Walter (Malvaceae). ‐ Taxon 40: 634–637. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Hibiscus furcatus Roxb. ex DC. and H. aculeatus Roxb. are illegitimate later homonyms of H. furcatus Willd. and H. aculeatus Walter, respectively. The earliest available name for the common Indian taxon to which they pertain is H. hispidissimus Griffith.
Multiple uses for computer‐stored taxonomic descriptions: keys for Veracruz
Authors: Allkin R. , Moreno N. P. , Campillo L. Gama , Mejia T.
Published: April 2006

Allkin, R., Moreno, N. P., Gama Campillo, L. & Mejia, T.: Multiple uses for computer‐stored taxonomic descriptions: keys for Veracruz. — Taxon 41: 413–435. 1992. — ISSN 0040‐0262.

Renewed enthusiasm for databases containing descriptive information about species, and taxa at other levels, is based upon two assumptions: (1) that computers increase our efficiency in managing data and (2) that the descriptions, once stored, will serve diverse purposes. These assumptions are examined in the light of ten years of practical datamanagement. Descriptions based on 118 characters were compiled for Angiosperm families, subfamilies, tribes or genera represented in Veracruz, Mexico. Keys including various printed dichotomous keys, a polyclave and diagnostic descriptions were produced in English and Spanish. An interactive computer program for specimen identification proved particularly useful and enabled students to explore family delimitations. For critical or fragmentary material, identification based on simultaneous use of all available characters, though more laborious, gave better results. Existing software was modified for ease of use and for Spanish speakers. Since the first version of the data set was completed, nine years ago, the data have undergone slow but significant development: errors have been corrected, characters added, descriptions refined, and families further subdivided. These changes have improved the precision and the efficiency of identification. As the data set evolves, new keys are written to serve applied scientists and botanists working in Veracruz. Development costs were due largely to lack of suitable data management software. Major benefits include (1) the production of keys tailored for particular users from the outset, (2) the easy replacement of keys as the data improve, and (3) collation of a data set of quality which will be of continuing future use. Minor modifications of the character definitions were recognised for diverse diagnostic purposes but proved unsatisfactory for description writing and classification. These findings are of significance to those planning descriptive biological database projects elsewhere.
Visual identification of forest‐tree clones by using Chernoff's faces
Authors: Camussi A. , Raddi Sabrina , Raddi P.
Published: April 2006

Camussi, A., Raddi, S. & Raddi, P.: Visual identification of forest‐tree clones by using Chernoff's faces. — Taxon 41: 451–458. 1992. — ISSN 0040‐0262.

The use of an iconic representation of many traits for the description and classification of forest tree clones is suggested. Among the kinds of icons available, the cartoon‐like representation known as Chernoff's faces was chosen. This graphic technique has proved to be effective for discriminating among 50 clones of common cypress selected for resistance to canker. As descriptors, besides morphological characteristics, the content of five monoterpenes and the polymorphism of six isozymatic loci were considered.
Nomenclatural notes on Apicra jacobseniana (Asphodelaceae: Alooideae)
Authors: Smith Gideon F.
Published: April 2006

Smith, G. F.: Nomenclatural notes on Apicra jacobseniana (Asphodelaceae: Alooideae). — Taxon 41: 534–536. 1992. — ISSN 0040‐0262.

The nomenclature of many alooid genera is highly problematical. The present note, which originated in the context of a taxonomic study of the southern African genus Poellnitzia Uitewaal, resolves a complex nomenclatural problem with respect to Apicra jacobseniana Poellnitz. It is shown that this species name was published validly by Poellnitz and not Uitewaal, and that it has been combined validly at varietal rank under P. rubriflora (L. Bolus) Uitewaal but not under Haworthia rubriflora (L. Bolus) Parr.
Knebel's “Phyllokakteen” and two nothogeneric names
Authors: Heath P. V.
Published: April 2006

Heath, P. V.: Knebel's “Phyllokakteen” and two nothogeneric names. — Taxon 41: 546–547. 1992. — ISSN 0040‐0262.

The dates of publication of the English and German editions of Knebel's “Phyllokakteen” are ascertained. Valid publication of x Aporodisocactus Knebel and x Aporoheliocereus Knebel is confirmed.
Lectotypification of five Linnaean species of Tragopogon L. (Compositae)
Authors: de la Guardia C. Díaz , Bianca G.
Published: April 2006

Díaz de la Guardia, C. & Bianca, G.: Lectotypification of five Linnaean species of Tragopogon L. (Compositae). — Taxon 41: 548–551. 1992. — ISSN 0040‐0262.

Lectotypes are designated for Tragopogon pratensis L., T. orientalis L., T. porrifolius L., T. crocifolius L. and T. villosus L. The latter is considered to be a name of uncertain application, at least as far as the Iberian Peninsula is concerned.
Typification of the names of New World mistletoe taxa (Loranthaceae and Viscaceae) described by Martius and Eichler
Authors: Kuijt Job
Published: April 2006

Kuijt, J.: Typification of the names of New World mistletoe taxa (Loranthaceae and Viscaceae) described by Martius and Eichler. – Taxon 43: 187‐199. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Typifications are provided for the names of new taxa of Loranthaceae and Viscaceae published by C. F. P. von Martius and A. W. Eichler between 1829 and 1868, mostly from Latin America. Three new combinations (one in Dendrophthora, two in Phthirusa) are made.
Report of the Committee for Bryophyta: 3
Authors: Zijlstra Gea
Published: April 2006

Zijlstra, G.: Report of the Committee for Bryophyta: 3. – Taxon 43: 269. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The Committee for Bryophyta considered and recommends one proposal, to conserve Riccia (Hepaticae) with a conserved type.
L'Herbier de l'Université Louis‐Pasteur de Strasbourg (STR)
Authors: Hoff Michel , Gradstein S. Rob
Published: April 2006

Hoff, M. & Gradstein, S. R.: L'Herbier de l'Université Louis‐Pasteur de Strasbourg (STR). ‐ Taxon 40: 89–91. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Présentation des collections de L'Herbier de l'Université Louis‐Pasteur de Strasbourg (STR) et de leur intérêt.
Durotrigia filapicata, comb. nov. for Gonyaulacysta filapicata (Fossil Pyrrhophyta: Dinophyceae)
Authors: Riding James B. , Bailey David A.
Published: April 2006

Riding, J. B. & Bailey, D. A.: Durotrigia filapicata, comb. nov. for Gonyaulacysta filapicata (Fossil Pyrrhophyta: Dinophyceae). ‐ Taxon 40: 100–102. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

The fossil dinoflagellate cyst Gonyaulacysta filapicata Gocht has a variable precingular archaeopyle, type 1P to 5P, and a gonyaulacacean paratabulation with two small dorsal anterior intercalary paraplates. It is thus more appropriately placed in Durotrigia Bailey, and this transfer is effected herein.
SEQUENTIAL PAEDOMORPHOSIS AMONG THE ENDEMIC HAWAIIAN LOBELIOIDEAE (CAMPANULACEAE)
Authors: Lammers Thomas G.
Published: April 2006

Recently, attention has been focused on the evolutionary role of heterochrony (phyletic change in the timing of development). Heterochrony results in the condition of paedomorphosis, the retention of juvenile features of an ancestor in adults of a descendent. Relatively few examples of evolution via heterochrony are known among flowering plants, due to the vague demarcation of juvenile and adult stages. Recent systematic studies among the endemic Hawaiian Lobelioideae (Campanulaceae) have revealed the occurrence of a significant example. The endemic genus Cyanea includes several species that produce morphologically distinct juvenile forms. The four species of the C. solanacea complex form a monophyletic lineage in which the adults of each species resemble juveniles of the next more primitive species, i.e., adults of the more derived species are progressively more juvenile in appearance. It is hypothesized that the C. solanacea complex is a paedomorphic lineage, in which successive heterochronic events have produced a sequence of progressively more paedomorphic species.
A NEW DOCUMENTATION TECHNIQUE
Authors: Melzheimer Volker
Published: April 2006

A new, more advanced technique of preserving and documenting whole flower preparations from herbarium specimens utilizing a transparent supporting material is described. This technique offers two major advantages. First, the preparation leads to excellent preservation of the specimen even after many decades. Second, the preparation can be used to directly produce high quality photographs of even the most delicate of floral characters including floral vasculature.
LECTOTYPIFICATION OF RIGODIUM KUNZE EX SCHWAEGR. (MUSCI)
Authors: Zomlefer Wendy B.
Published: April 2006

Rigodium Kunze ex Schwaegr. is lectotypified on Poeppig s.n., 1828 from Monte Antuco, Chile (BM!), the type of R. implexum. This specimen is very likely part of the original material examined by Schwägrichen and Kunze according to accounts by Müller (1845, 1851). Additionally, Müller's (1845) description of Hypnum implexum, cited in Index Muscorum (1964) as a later homonym, actually represents a transfer of this epithet.
On the separation of two species within Festuca subg. Obtusae (Poaceae)
Authors: Aiken Susan G. , Lefkovitch Leonard P.
Published: April 2006

Aiken, S. G. & Lefkovitch, L. P.: On the separation of two species within Festuca subg. Obtusae (Poaceae). — Taxon 42: 323–337. 1993. — ISSN 0040–0262.

Festuca subg. Obtusae, a distinct group among Festuca in North America, contains two species: F. paradoxa Desv. and F. subverticillata (Pers.) E. B. Alexeev. The suggestion that the two may not be specifically distinct might be made because three characters traditionally used for separating them are more phenotypically plastic than previously recorded (inflorescence branch length, number of spikelets per branch, and spikelet width). However, where both species are sympatric they remain distinct. Evidence that they may occasionally hybridise is limited and inconclusive. An extensive statistical analysis has demonstrated that the shape of mature inflorescences, the arrangement of spikelets on inflorescence branches, the shape of the spikelets in bud, and often the length of the upper glume relative to the length of the first lemma, are characteristic of each species.
Types of names of New World Malvaceae of Lagasca, Ortega, and Sessé & Mociño
Authors: Fuertes Javier , Fryxell Paul A.
Published: April 2006

Fuertes, J. & Fryxell, P. A.: Types of names of New World Malvaceae of Lagasca, Ortega, and Sessé & Mociño. — Taxon 42: 345–354. 1993. — ISSN 0040–0262.
The identity of Tetragonia horrida Britton
Authors: Gereau Roy E.
Published: April 2006

Gereau, R. E.: The identity of Tetragonia horrida Britton. — Taxon 42: 411–412. 1993. — ISSN 0040–0262.

Tetragonia horrida Britton, formerly placed in Aizoaceae, is a synonym of Sclerophylax spinescens Miers (Solanaceae/Sclerophylacaceae).
General Committee Report 5
Authors: Nicolson Dan H.
Published: April 2006

Nicolson, D. H.: General Committee Report 5. — Taxon 42: 431–434. 1993. — ISSN 0040–0262.

The General Commitee approves proposals recommended by the Fungi and Lichens Committee Report 2; reconfirms conservation of two names left out of the last Code; and reviews the status of eleven prior General Committee nonbinding decisions on confusability of similar names.
(1071) Proposal to change the conserved type of Cactaceae, nom. cons., and the entries of the conserved names Mammillaria and Melocactus
Authors: Mottram Roy
Published: April 2006

Mottram, R.: (1071) Proposal to change the conserved type of Cactaceae, nom. cons., and the entries of the conserved names Mammillaria and Melocactus. — Taxon 42: 457–464. 1993. ‐ISSN 0040–0262.

It is considered that the presently accepted type of Cactus, C. mammillaris, was an unsuitable choice, arbitrarily selected without due regard for the usage at the time of Linnaeus and for at least 150 years post‐Linnaeus. It is proposed that the type of Cactus be Cactus melocactus Linnaeus (Melocactus communis). To achieve this, the family name Cactaceae, already conserved, must be listed with a different conserved type.
Erigeron carolinianus L., an earlier name for Euthamnia (Solidago) tenuifolia (Pursh) E. Greene (Asteraceae)
Authors: Reveal James L.
Published: April 2006

Reveal, J. L.: Erigeron carolinianus L., an earlier name for Euthamnia (Solidago) tenuifolia (Pursh) E. Greene (Asteraceae). ‐ Taxon 40: 505–508. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Linnaeus based Erigeron carolinianus on a Dillenian illustration drawn from deformed, greenhouse‐grown plants of Euthamia (Solidago) tenuifolia (Pursh) E. Greene. Although the Linnaean name has been ignored because it was based on a monstrosity, the name cannot be rejected (Art. 69.1) because it has not been widely or persistently used for a taxon not including its type. Accordingly, Solidago caroliniana (L.) Britton & al. or Euthamia caroliniana (L.) E. Greene ex Porter & Britton must be taken up for this common eastern North American species of bushy golden‐rod.
The uses of botany, with special reference to the 18th century
Authors: Stern William Louis
Published: April 2006

Stem, W. L.: The uses of botany, with special reference to the 18th century. – Taxon 42: 773‐779. 1993.– ISSN 0040‐0262.

A 1991 symposium at the William Andrews Clark Memorial Library, Los Angeles, held in part to explore ‘the uses of botany’ in the 18th century, left the audience with a mistaken, frivolous impression of the botany of the time. The present article seeks to present 18th‐century botany as a serious science devoted to an understanding of plant structure, classification, and nomenclature and to the utilization of botanical products for the improvement of humankind. Examples of the thoughtful botanical endeavors of the time are taken from the activities of Linnaeus, Solander, Banks, and Goethe.
The automatic synthesis of descriptive data using the taxonomic hierarchy
Authors: Maxted Nigel , White Richard J. , Allkin Robert
Published: April 2006

Maxted, N., White, R. J. & Allkin, R.: The automatic synthesis of descriptive data using the taxonomic hierarchy. ‐ Taxon 42: 51‐62. 1993. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Descriptive data about taxa at one level of the taxonomic hierarchy may be inferred from representative data referable to another level. The process is bi‐directional. Data agglomeration enables taxon characteristics to be derived from the characteristics of a subordinate level and data propagation enables taxon characteristics to be derived from the characteristics of a superior taxonomic level. This applies to any form of descriptive taxonomic data (e.g. morphological, cytological, distributional, uses, etc.) and at all levels of the taxonomic hierarchy. Examples taken from a revision for the production of DELTA format descriptions and distribution data are discussed. The major advantages of implementing these processes in a database system are: products and queries are based directly on representative data; they can be derived automatically from the data set without the necessary intervention of a taxonomist; less work is required to synthesize products or answer queries; there is greater guarantee of database integrity; data redundancy is reduced and thus storage space is conserved. The use of these processes should play a central part in any development of taxonomically intelligent database management systems.
VIDEO FLORAS: A NEW TOOL FOR SYSTEMATIC BOTANY
Authors: Gómez‐Pompa Arturo , Plummer Orlay Edward
Published: April 2006

Interactive videodisc information systems are explored as a format for the publication of floras. Images (drawings, photographs, etc.) are very useful in the important task of plant identification. The enormous image storage space and the random access capacity of videodiscs coupled with the information management capacity of personal computers can be an effective and cost‐efficient tool for addressing the botanical information needs of botanists as well as interested non‐botanists. Especially such systems would be helpful in the informational tasks involved in preserving the threatened biodiversity of the world's plants.
Classification of evolutionary groups with uneven samplings and patchy extinctions
Authors: Hall A. V.
Published: April 2006

Hall, A. V.: Classification of evolutionary groups with uneven samplings and patchy extinctions. – Taxon 44: 319‐332. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Classifications made by the powerful human grouping instinct are dilated (swollen out, enlarged) around any groups that are probably incomplete for some reason. For example, evidence may suggest that some taxa of a group may have been poorly sampled by collectors. Some small groups may be important remnants of major fossil taxa or may have undiscovered allies. Dilating classifications around such incomplete groups may raise them to higher, more appropriate ranks. Dilation control is rarely provided in computer programs. The Uniter program lets the user give more dilation around the smaller clusters. It does so more for the later‐linking clusters, based on an assumption that these are more likely to have missing allies. For clusters of various sizes, the user can control their individual prominence or concealment. Methods are compared and discussed with examples. It is concluded that controlled dilation is essential for the high resolving power one expects to find in computer based classifications of evolutionary groups.
Validation of the name Stichosiphon mangle (Chroococcales, Cyanophyta)
Authors: Branco Luis Henrique Z. , Silva Simone Maria F. , Sant'Anna Célia Leite
Published: April 2006

Branco, L. H. Z., Silva, S. M. F. & Sant' Anna, C. L.: Validation of the name Stichosiphon mangle (Chroococcales, Cyanophyta). –Taxon 44: 393. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The previously but not validly published name Stichosiphon mangle is validated by designation of a type.
Typification of the names of two widespread Eurasian grass species: Avena pratensis L. and A. pubescens Huds. (Poaceae: Helictotrichon)
Authors: Röser Martin
Published: April 2006

Röser, M.: Typification of the names of two widespread Eurasian grass species: Avena pratensis L. and A. pubescens Huds. (Poaceae: Helictotrichon). – Taxon 44: 395‐399. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

A lectotype is designated for Avena pratensis, based on a specimen preserved at S, maintaining the current use of this name. The identity of the specimens at LINN is discussed. For A. pubescens Huds. a neotype is proposed, collected at Hudson's type locality.
Lectotypification of Asplenium lucidum Burm. f. (Aspleniaceae)
Authors: Roux J. P.
Published: April 2006

Roux, J. P.: Lectotypification of Asplenium lucidum Burm. f. (Aspleniaceae). – Taxon 43: 641‐642. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The previously lectotype designation for Asplenium lucidum Burm. f. is here superseded by designation of a new lectotype specimen kept at the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de Genève (G). A. lucidum thus becomes synonymous with the earlier A. adiantum‐nigrum L.
Studies on the suitability of RAPD and ISTR for identification of palm species (Arecaceae)
Authors: Anzizar Idoia , Herrera Marimar , Rohde Wolfgang , Santos Amoldo , Dowe John L. , Goikoetxea Pablo , Ritter Enrique
Published: April 2006

Anzizar, I., Herrera, M., Rohde, W., Santos, A., Dowe, J. L., Goikoetxea, P. & Ritter, E.: Studies on the suitability of RAPD and ISTR for identification of palm species (Arecaceae). – Taxon 47: 635‐645. 1998. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

66 genotypes of species in 50 palm genera were analysed by RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) and ISTR (inverse‐sequence tagged repeat analysis). Significant numbers of polymorphic DNA fragments were generated by both techniques, which allowed identification of all individuals. Genetic similarities between the genotypes were established by cluster analysis based on Jaccard's similarity coefficients. Individuals of the same genus always formed clusters, and most of the related species formed subclusters. The systematics of individuals as established by morphological, cytological and ecological considerations, however, could only be partially confirmed by the molecular studies. For the palm species considered in this study, RAPD and ISTR represent a powerful tool for genotype identification and differentiation, but they may not be useful for analysis of genetic relationships above the genus level.
Plant population biology and systematics
Authors: Schaal Barbara A. , Leverich Wesley J.
Published: April 2006

Schaal, B. A. & Leverich, W. J.: Plant population biology and systematics. ‐ Taxon 50: 679–695. 2001. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Traditionally population genetics and systematics have been separate fields, with distinct conceptual frameworks, tools, and statistics. Hennig drew a clear distinction between the reticulate genealogical relationships among individuals and populations on one hand, and the hierarchical phylogenetic relationships among divergent species or taxa on the other. For many plant species, such distinctions blur. The genetic structuring of plant populations is strongly affected by phylogenetic history, and the phylogenetic relationships among species are frequently confounded by gene migration between species. The identification of molecular markers that vary within species, as well as reductions in costs and time associated with DNA sequencing, have set the stage for a blending of the two fields. Haplotype variation at a non‐recombining locus can be historically ordered to produce a gene genealogy. Genealogical analysis coupled with the theoretical framework of coalescence theory can be used to estimate the roles of migration, founder effects and range expansion during the formation and subsequent establishment of species. Such studies hold great promise for understanding the interplay of phylogenetic history and population level process in shaping distinct evolutionary lineages.
Lectotypification and epitypification of the name Veronica multifida (Scrophulariaceae)
Authors: Martínez Montserrat , Muñoz Félix , Rico Enrique , Turland Nicholas J.
Published: April 2006

Martínez, M., Muñoz, F., Rico, E. & Turland, N. J.: Lectotypification and epitypification of the name Veronica multifida (Scrophulariaceae). – Taxon 47: 437‐439. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

A lectotype is designated for Veronica multifida L., the only original element that will not disrupt the current usage of the name. Since this element is demonstrably ambiguous, an epitype is also designated.
Higher‐level classification in the angiosperms: new insights from the perspective of DNA sequence data
Authors: Chase Mark W. , Fay Michael F. , Savolainen Vincent
Published: April 2006

Chase, M. W., Fay, M. F. & Savolainen, V.: Higher‐level classification in the angiosperms: new insights from the perspective of DNA sequence data. – Taxon 49: 685–704. 2000. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Higher‐level classification of the angiosperms has recently been addressed with large amounts of DNA sequence data, and this wealth of information now facilitates a wide range of other studies as well. An overview is presented of how both the branching pattern and amount of divergence, both morphological and molecular, can be applied to familial and ordinal classification. Angiosperm families have been classified as easily with DNA sequence data as they had been previously with morphological characteristics and represent evolutionary units held together by aspects of genomic organisation developed over long periods of time. Radiations that produced extant lineages (families) only became successful (as measured by taxon‐richness) after more of the genomes of these plants were recruited into highly canalised syndromes of characteristics. Thus, single evolutionary novelties are less important in the context of the long histories of these families than is otherwise generally held for recent species/generic radiations. After monophyly, the secondary principles of maximising both information content and support led to the incorporation of divergence into classification. Using DNA patterns as a general meter of overall genetic divergence provides another means of evaluating family delimitation in groups that are not apparently as morphologically cohesive as most, although circumscribing families based on such patterns will inevitably lead to taxa that cannot be readily identified in the field. Nonetheless, in the interests of providing other researchers with a multi‐purpose classification, the delimitation of some highly heterogeneous taxa is inevitable.
A re‐evaluation of the generic status of Amphithalea and Coelidium (Fabaceae)
Authors: Schutte Anne Lise
Published: April 2006

Schutte, A. L.: A re‐evaluation of the generic status of Amphithalea and Coelidium (Fabaceae). ‐ Taxon 47: 55–65. 1998. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

The generic distinctness of Amphithalea and Coelidium (Fabaceae) is reappraised. The fusion of the stamens, diadelphous in Amphithalea and monadelphous in Coelidium, has been used as the only character to differentiate between the two genera. A cladistic analysis of 16 morphological and one alkaloidal characters indicates that they both, taken together, are monophyletic, but that Amphithalea by itself is paraphyletic, Coelidium being nested in it. Coelidium is therefore reduced to synonymy under Amphithalea, and the necessary nomenclatural changes are made.
Campylium (Musci, Amblystegiaceae), a name typified by Pfeiffer
Authors: Isoviita Pekka , Hedenäs Lars
Published: April 2006

Isoviita, P. & Hedenäs, L.: Campylium (Musci, Amblystegiaceae), a name typified by Pfeiffer. – Taxon 46: 315‐318. 1997. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The moss genus Campylium is heterogeneous. An early type designation by Pfeiffer had been overlooked. Arguments for and against possible conservation of the name with the traditional type, C. hispidulum, are assessed. In the light of new taxonomic evidence, adoption of the type designated by Pfeiffer, C. stellatum, is recommended. In this way, that well‐known species name and the phytosociological designations based on it will remain unaltered, whereas C. hispidulum must be transferred to the genus Campylophyllum, which is closely related to some species of Hypnum.
Autofluorescent walls of connective bases in anthers of Barnadesioideae (Asteraceae), and systematic implications
Authors: Pesacreta Thomas C. , Stuessy Tod F.
Published: April 2006

Pesacreta, T. C. & Stuessy, T. F.: Autofluorescent walls of connective bases in anthers of Barnadesioideae (Asteraceae), and systematic implications. – Taxon 45: 473‐485 1996 – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Stamens from 20 species of the subfamily Barnadesioideae were examined with confocal scanning laser microscopy to determine some of the characteristics of the connective base epidermis. All species had autofluorescent cell walls. Wall autofluorescence was more intense in the abaxial connective epidermis than in the filament epidermis. In most species all autofluorescent cell walls were evenly thickened, but in several species of Barnadesia some either had spiral thickenings or were irregularly thickened, perhaps an adaptation for increased strength in longer filaments and anthers as part of a hummingbird pollination syndrome, a derived condition within the subfamily. In slightly less than half the species the connective base exhibited a more intense autofluorescence than any other region of the connective. The adaxial epidermis was autofluorescent in eight species. The occurrence of autofluorescent cells in both Calyceraceae and Barnadesioideae suggests this as a possible synapomorphy, but in the former the cells are tangentially elongate and irregular, rather than longitudinally elongate with rectangular outline.
Types of names accepted in Haworthia (Aloaceae)
Authors: Breuer Ingo , Metzing Detlev
Published: April 2006

Breuer, I. & Metzing, D.: Types of names accepted in Haworthia (Aloaceae). – Taxon 46: 3‐14. 1997. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Although several revisions of Haworthia have been published, less than one third of the names have been typified. In this paper we list all names that will be accepted for species or infraspecific taxa in a forthcoming revision, with full references to their source and type data. Neo‐, lecto‐ and/or epitypes are designated here for 47 previously untypified names.
On the status and synonymy of the names Dactylorhiza majalis and D. incarnata (Orchidaceae) and their typification
Authors: Pedersen Henrik Ærenlund
Published: April 2006

Pedersen, H. Æ. : On the status and synonymy of the names Dactylorhiza majalis and D. incarnata (Orchidaceae) and their typification. ‐ Taxon 49: 539–544. 2000. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

In conjunction with a proposal to reject the name Orchis latifolia L. 1753 (Pedersen 2000), the nomenclature of the two species commonly known as Dactylorhiza majalis (Rchb.) P.F. Hunt & Summern, and D. incarnata (L.) Soó is examined. The basionyms, Orchis majalis Rchb. 1828 and O. incarnata L. 1755, respectively, are both considered to be legitimate. The former is lectotypified here, whilst Vermeulen's lectotypification of the latter is accepted. Orchis fistulosa Moench 1794, considered by Baumann & Künkele as the basionym for the correct name of the species here called Dactylorhiza majalis, is considered to be illegitimate (O. latifolia pro syn.). Dactylorhiza strictifolia (Opiz) Rauschen is found to be a synonym of D. incarnata. Orchis comosa Scop. 1772, accepted by P. D. Sell as the basionym for the correct name of the species here called Dactylorhiza majalis, is here considered to be legitimate. However, a lectotype and an epitype designated in the present paper in effect place Orchis comosa in the synonymy of Dactylorhiza incarnata. In conclusion, the names Dactylorhiza incarnata and D. majalis should be accepted [assuming that the proposed rejection of Orchis latifolia is approved; otherwise, the name Dactylorhiza latifolia (L.) Soó must be recognised as the correct name for either D. incarnata, D. sambucina, or D. majalis–depending on its much‐debated typification]. However, if a wide species concept is applied, Orchis majalis Rchb. 1828 may be found conspecific with O. data Poiret 1786 [the basionym of Dactylorhiza elata (Poiret) Soó].
Typification of the generic name Sasamorpha
Authors: Stapleton Chris
Published: April 2006

Stapleton, C: Typification of the generic name Sasamorpha. ‐ Taxon 49: 545–546. 2000. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Clarification of the definition of a generitype from the Sydney Code onwards shows that previous citations of generitypes for Sasamorpha represented not the type but rather the names considered correct for the “type species”. Sasamorpha purpurascens was actually the first name designated as the generitype, for which S. borealis is currently considered the correct name.
Typification of several specific and generic names in the tribe Loteae (Papilionaceae)
Authors: Sokoloff D. D.
Published: April 2006

Sokoloff, D. D.: Typification of several specific and generic names in the tribe Loteae (Papilionaceae). – Taxon 48: 57‐59.1999. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

3 generic and 13 specific names belonging in the leguminous tribe Loteae are typified.
The ultimate types of Anchusa L. and Lycopsis L. (Boraginaceae)
Authors: Selvi Federico , Nardi Enio , Bigazzi Massimo
Published: April 2006

Selvi, F., Nardi, E. & Bigazzi, M.: The ultimate types of Anchusa L. and Lycopsis L. (Boraginaceae). – Taxon 45: 305‐307. 1996. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Lectotypes of Lycopsis arvensis L. and Anchusa officinalis L., which provide the types of the corresponding generic names, are designated.
The typification of Astragalus physodes L., based on material in the Herbarium of Moscow University (MW), and the discovery of an isolectotype of Phlox sibirica L.
Authors: Jarvis Charles E. , Majorov Sergey R. , Sokoloff Dmitry D. , Balandin Sergey A. , Gubanov Ivan A. , Simonov Sergey S.
Published: April 2006

Jarvis, C. E., Majorov, S. R., Sokoloff, D. D., Balandin, S. A., Gubanov, I. A. & Simonov, S. S.: The typification of Astragalus physodes L., based on material in the Herbarium of Moscow University (MW), and the discovery of an isolectotype of Phlox sibirica L. – Taxon 50: 1129–1135. 2001. – ISSN 0040–0262.

A lectotype is designated for Astragalus physodes L. and the typification of Phlox sibirica L. is reconsidered. The history of specimens linked with Linnaeus in the Herbarium of Moscow University is briefly discussed.
Prumnopitys andina reinstated as the correct name for “Ueuque”, the Chilean conifer recently renamed P. spicata (Podocarpaceae)
Authors: Mill Robert R. , Quinn Christopher J.
Published: April 2006

Mill, R. R. & Quinn, C. J.: Prumnopitys andina reinstated as the correct name for “lleuque”, the Chilean conifer recently renamed P. spicata (Podocarpaceae). – Taxon 50: 1143–1154. 2001. – ISSN 0040–0262.

It is demonstrated that Prumnopitys andina (Poepp. ex Endl.) de Laub. (Podocarpaceae) is the correct name for the Chilean conifer, known locally as “lleuque”, which was recently renamed Prumnopitys spicata (Poepp.) Molloy & Muñoz‐Schick. Podocarpus spicatus R. Br. ex Mirb., a name that applies to the New Zealand species, Prumnopitys taxifolia (Sol. ex D. Don) de Laub, (based on Dacrydium taxifolium Sol. ex D. Don), commonly called “matai” or black pine, is validly published, and makes Pod. spicatus Poepp., upon which Molloy & Muñoz‐Schick based their new combination, illegitimate. Moreover, if Podocarpus L'Hér. ex Pers. is circumscribed broadly to include Prumnopitys Phil., the epithets of two of the three species discussed in this paper must be changed from those used legitimately under Prumnopitys. Pod. spicatus R. Br. ex Mirb. is the only available name for that species (matai) in Podocarpus, because Pod. taxifolius Kunth, applicable to a tropical South American species, Prumnopitys montana (Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth. ex Willd.) de Laub, (known locally as “chaquiro”), antedates Dacrydium taxifolium D. Don, preventing the use of Don's epithet in Podocarpus. Chaquiro, currently called Pr. montana, would become Pod. taxifolius Kunth. Full synonymies of the names for the Chilean and New Zealand species and a limited synonymy for that of the tropical South American taxon are given.
Count F. C. Raben’s Brazilian herbaria
Authors: Ryding Olof
Published: April 2006

This article provides a short life history of the Danish count and amateur botanist Frederik Christian Raben, giving a short account of his journey in Brazil, a history of his Brazilian herbaria, and explanations of the annotations on his specimens. A few years after his death, F. C. Raben’s Brazilian herbarium was divided into different sets. Specimens with scanty or sometimes even misleading collection data were already accessible to students of Brazilian flora in 1842. Specimens with Raben’s original rather informative labels that remained with his family were temporarily accessible in 1887–1905 and were acquired by the herbarium in Copenhagen in 1996.
Biological inventories and thePhyloCode
Authors: Berry Paul E.
Published: April 2006

This paper assesses how the debate between thePhyloCodeand Linnaean nomenclature and ranked classifications relates to biological inventory and monographic activities. I propose that there is a considerable gap between the overall inventory of biological resources and the better phylogenetic knowledge of certain groups. Since ranks and binomials are a useful societal convention, and alternative ways exist of dealing with improved phylogenetic knowledge without abandoning the Linnaean hierarchy, it could be counterproductive to the field as a whole to embark upon an alternative nomenclature system such as thePhyloCodeat this time.
Tail equivalence and its applications
Authors: Resnick Sidney I.
Published: April 2006

If for two c.d.f.'s F(·) and G(·), 1 – F(x)/1 – G(x) → A, 0 <A <∞, as x → ∞, then for normalizing constants an > 0, bn, n > 1, Fn(anx + bn) → φ(x), φ(x) non-degenerate, iff Gn(anx + bn)→ φ A−1(x). Conversely, if Fn(anx+bn)→ φ(x), Gn(anx + bn) → φ'(x), φ(x) and φ'(x) non-degenerate, then there exist constants C >0 and D such that φ'(x) =φ(Cx + D) and limx→∞ 1 — F(x)/1 — G(x) exists and is expressed in terms of C and D, depending on which type of extreme value distribution φ(x) is. These results are used to study domain of attraction questions for products of distribution functions and to reduce the limit law problem for maxima of a sequence of random variables defined on a Markov chain (M.C.) to the independent, identically distributed (i.i.d.) case.
A simple proof of a random stable limit theorem
Authors: Kimbleton Stephen R.
Published: April 2006

Random stable limit theorems have been obtained by several authors, e.g., [3], [4]. The purpose of this note is to give a rather elementary proof of the basic version of this theorem. Our proof may be viewed as the natural extension to stable laws of the method used by Rényi [2] in obtaining a random central limit theorem. Indeed, the only “outside” theorems used are Kolmogorov's inequality (which Rényi also uses) and a general theorem on necessary and sufficient conditions for convergence of a triangular array. It will also be observed that in the present theorem, the consideration of random variables in the domain of attraction of a stable law of index α = 1, introduces no additional difficulties.
Some results for infinite server poisson queues
Authors: Brown Mark , Ross Sheldon M.
Published: April 2006

We consider a queueing model in which arrivals occur according to a non-homogeneous Poisson process in batches of varying size, and in which a customer is served immediately upon arrival by one of an infinite number of servers.
A continuous time inventory model
Authors: Bather J. A.
Published: April 2006

This paper discusses an optimization problem arising in the theory of inventory control. Much of the previous work in this field has been focused on the Arrow-Harris-Marschak model, [1], [2], in which the inventory level can be modified only at the instants of discrete time. Here, we shall be concerned with a continuous time analogue of the model, in an attempt to avoid the difficulties experienced in solving the basic integral equations. The approach was suggested by recent investigations of a statistical decision problem, [3], [5], which exploited the advantages of a continuous treatment. Although the ideas discussed here are relatively straightforward and involve strong assumptions as to the behavior of the inventory, the explicit character of the optimal policy is encouraging and particular solutions might nevertheless provide useful restocking procedures.
Discrete queues with one server
Authors: Takács Lajos
Published: April 2006

In this paper mathematical methods are given for finding the distributions of the virtual waiting time and the occupation time for single-server queues in which the interarrival times and the service times are discrete random variables taking on positive or non-negative integral values. First we shall consider deterministic queues in which the interarrival times and the service times are numerical (non-random) quantities and deduce a fundamental relation for such queues. Then we shall consider random queues with recurrent input and general service times and study the time dependent behavior of such queues.