bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of memory effect in Au/(Ti-Cu)Ox-gradient thin film/TiAlV structure
Authors: Wojcieszak Damian , Domaradzki Jarosław , Mazur Michał , Kotwica Tomasz , Kaczmarek Danuta
Published: October 2021

The paper presents the results of the analysis of resistive switching properties observed in (Ti-Cu)-oxide thin film with gradient distribution of elements over the thin film thickness. Thin films were prepared using the multisource reactive magnetron co-sputtering process. Programmed profile of the pulse width modulation coefficient during sputtering of the Cu target allowed to obtain the designed gradient U-shape profile of Cu concentration in the deposited thin film. Electrical measurements of Au/(Ti-Cu)Ox/TiAlV structure showed the presence of nonpinched hysteresis loops in the voltage–current plane testifying the resistive switching behavior. Additionally, the initial forming process of conducting filaments has been observed as well. Optical, x-ray, and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy measurements allowed to create the scheme of the bandgap alignment of the prepared thin films with respect to the Au and TiAlV electrical contacts. Detailed structure and elemental profile investigations allowed to conclude about the presence of conducting filaments of the observed resistive switching mechanism occurring in the prepared test structure. The obtained results showed that the prepared gradient (Ti-Cu)Ox thin film could be an interesting alternative to the conventional multilayer stack construction of resistive switching devices.
History of regional relations in foreign political activity of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1991-2014)
Authors: Karassayev Ganiy M. , Yensenov Kanat A. , Naimanbayev Bekmurat R. , Oskembay Alya A. , Ermukhanova Hadisha K.
Published: October 2021

Lately legal framework of Kazakhstan’s relations with other countries has been formed, the confidence and respect of the world community for the country has increased. This research article examines the regional partnerships of the East Kazakhstan and North Kazakhstan regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan from 1991 to 2014 on the basis of archival data, documents in collections and analysis of scientific papers. The multifaceted partnerships of the regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan with the regions, districts, border areas of the Republic of Kazakhstan distinguished by their importance and effectiveness are studied. Experience in this area shows that such a partnership in foreign policy allows for the full realization of relations, especially in the economic and social spheres. Through such cooperation, it will be possible to deepen interstate relations on the basis of mutual benefit. It will be possible to identify the specifics and bilateral needs of the regions, and further establish contacts on a regular basis. Thus, the purpose of all agreements with foreign countries concluded since the beginning of the 90s of the XX century in economic, cultural, health, education, science and other areas was to involve all regions of Kazakhstan in this relationship. Such activities take into account the provision of cooperation and exchange of experience with countries that have developed through high technical development
International standard of access to justice and subject of civil procedural law
Authors: Komarov Vyacheslav V. , Tsuvina Tetiana A.
Published: October 2021

The current state of development of national systems of civil justice is described by the growing influence of the ideas of accessibility and efficiency of justice in civil cases and requires the harmonization of national systems with international standards of fair trial. This necessitates a rethinking of some classical provisions of the doctrine of civil procedural law to comply with modern realities. The aim of the article is to study the evolution and approaches to the modern interpretation of the international standard of access to justice in civil cases, as well as its impact on the doctrine of the subject of civil procedural law at the doctrinal level. The article is based on dialectical, histo rical-legal, system-structural, logical-legal, comparative-legal research methods, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis, autonomous and evolutionary interpretation of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The authors advocate a broad approach to the concept of access to justice, including access to justice, access to effective remedies and access to alternative dispute resolution. Through the prism of the international standard of access to justice, the ideas of procedural centralism, based on the idea of judicial protection as the main and most effective form of protection of violated rights, and procedural pluralism, based on the provision of multiple forms of protection, the effectiveness of which is determined by the circumstances of a particular dispute. The authors substantiate the conclusion about the expediency of the perception of the idea of procedural pluralism at the level of the national legal order. A parallel is drawn between the ideas of procedural centralism and pluralism that have developed in foreign literature, and the narrow and broad concept of the subject of civil procedural law, formed in the domestic doctrine. Taking into account the autonomous interpretation of the concept of “court”, enshrined in paragraph 1 of Art. 6 of the ECHR, as well as the increasing popularization of alternative dispute resolution, provide arguments in support of a broad concept of the subject of civil procedural law, including civil litigation and alternative dispute resolution, in particular, arbitration, international commercial arbitration, mediation, etc.
Cyberbullying as a way of causing suicide in the digital age
Authors: Amelin Oleksandr Yu. , Kyrychenko Tamara M. , Leonov Borys D. , Shablystyi Volodymyr V. , Chenshova Nataliia V.
Published: October 2021

The fundamental basis of legal systems based on common law is that people have free will and are accountable for their actions. Particularly difficult and controversial issues of criminal liability arise when one person instigates another to commit suicide, and, accordingly, issues of free will, causality, and responsibility become increasingly important. The reasons for committing suicide are primarily socio-economic in nature. A certain proportion of suicides are those that occur due to the negative impact of third parties on the victims. In this case, the investigative action must establish that the perpetrator displayed intent in his or her actions in such a way as to expose the victim to a high risk of serious psychological harm. In the era of digital transformation, special attention must be paid to the relationship of the criminal with the victim, carefully studying the social networks of both, taking into account the fact that a typical participant in Internet communication leading to suicide is emotionally unstable, subordinate, insecure, secretive, unassertive teenager, and this category is represented to a greater extent by a female audience. The scalability of digital interventions allows to penetrate populations beyond the reach of conventional mental health care. Thus, there is a need for the use of digital Internet interventions, including to assist in the work of law enforcement agencies in the detection of Internet communities that instigate and incline people to commit suicide. It is concluded that the era of digital transformations is constantly evolving, social networks are becoming more accessible for both criminals and their victims, as a result of which the corresponding requirements for the investigation and subsequent prosecution for incitement to suicide become more complicated. The scientific proposals of legal scholars presented in the study are aimed at solving the corresponding problems
Integration of legal understanding as a methodological issue
Authors: Rabinovych Petro M. , Rabinovych Serhii P. , Pankevych Oleh Z.
Published: October 2021

The relevance of the study is conditioned upon the pluralisation of the ideological, philosophical, and methodological foundations of legal science and attempts to theoretically overcome the competition of “positivist” and “natural” approaches to understanding law as part of an integrative legal understanding taking place against the background of such pluralisation. The purpose of the study is to identify the epistemological difficulties in constructing integral concepts of legal understanding, suggest solutions for them, and justify the option of integrative understanding of law based on a combination of dialectical and need-based methodological approaches. Main research methods. Based on dialectical logic, the essence of integrative legal understanding is covered as an attempt to synthesise contradictory approaches to understanding law, the process of integrating legal understanding is interpreted as removing contradictions in the development of legal phenomena, and integration appears as including individual moments of such development in the dynamic integrity. Based on the need-based approach, the study justifies the criterion for understanding certain phenomena as legal. Importance of the present study. It is proved that the integration of different legal understanding is a task that can be performed based on dialectical rather than formal logic, meanwhile preserving differences and contradictions between the combined conceptual elements. The study proves that during upon satisfying the needs, the properties of certain phenomena are integrated into human existence, acquiring the status of vital, and therefore normatively significant components of such existence. Therefore, the rule of law becomes the result of activity-practical integration of the phenomena serving as necessary components of human life in society
Legal grounds for restricting access to information: a philosophical aspect
Authors: Omelchuk Oleh M. , Muzyka Mariia P. , Stefanchuk Mykola O. , Storozhuk Iryna P. , Valevska Inna A.
Published: October 2021

The rapid spread of the Internet and communication technologies raises the issue of access to information, especially access to information via the Internet. The amount of information on the network is constantly increasing, and at the same time more and more efforts are being made to limit users' access to it to some extent. The more restrictions state bodies create in this area, the more efforts are made to circumvent or violate these prohibitions. Free access to information in a democratic society should be the rule, and restriction of this right – the exception. These restrictions should be clearly defined by law and applied only in cases where legitimate and vital interests, such as national security and privacy, need to be respected. The main purpose of this study is to consider the legal and socio-philosophical aspects of access to information. Restricting access to documents as media has been practiced since ancient times. The study highlights the existing inconsistencies and lags in the implementation of the principles of exercise of the right to information in Ukraine at the level of laws and subordinate legislation. The study classifies information according to the nature of restrictions (exercise) of constitutional rights and freedoms in the information sphere. It was discovered that the legislation of Ukraine does not systematise the list of confidential information in a single regulation in contrast to the Russian Federation and provides the main types of confidential personal information. It was found that restrictions on any freedoms and human rights, including in the information space, can be established with the help of various regulators, the dominant among which are the following levels of implementation: legal (legislative); moral self-consciousness of society; autonomy of the person. Features and spheres of action of regulators of restriction of freedoms and human rights are described. To restrict access to information, various methods are used to protect it from unauthorised receipt, which can be divided into two groups: formal and informal
Prospective designs of self-extinguishing devices for spills of burning engine fuels
Authors: Болодьян И.А. , Угорелов В.А. , Каплоухий С.А. , Бельков А.А.
Published: October 2021

Проведены теоретические и экспериментальные исследования процессов горения и прекращения горения моторных топлив в трубчатых вертикальных каналах без применения средств пожаротушения. Разработаны технические решения, обеспечивающие локализацию проливов горящих жидкостей и эффективное прекращение горения проливов бензина, летнего, зимнего и арктического дизельных топлив. По результатам проведенных исследований разработаны перспективные конструкции устройств, обеспечивающие самотушение моторных топлив за время не более 300 с. В данных конструкциях реализуется принцип подавления естественной конвекции с помощью ряда конструктивных приемов, которые нарушают взаимосвязь пламени с испаряющейся жидкостью и воздушной средой, создавая тем самым условия прекращения горения.

There were found technical solutions for localization of spills of burning liquids and effective flame suppression, called self-extinguishing devices for spills of flammable liquids (USP) on the basis of researches conducted by FGBU VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia (VNIIPO). Currently there are developed several types of USP differ from each other in design solutions due to the conditions of their practical application. The efficiency of devices is confirmed by numerous experiments on self-extinguishing of burning spills of transformer and turbine oils, conducted by VNIIPO and LLC “SKB” Tensor” in the interests of electric power companies. A number of copyright certificates and patents for inventions were obtained. The principle of suppressing natural convection is implemented in the configuration of USP by a number of design techniques that violate the connection of flame with evaporating liquid thereby creating burnout conditions. This paper presents investigation results on development of self-extinguishing devices for spills of burning motor fuels. The conducted theoretical studies of possibility of extinguishing motor fuels in the channels of USP devices allowed us to determine the critical height of the channels at which self-extinguishing of motor fuels occurs. The results of theoretical studies were confirmed experimentally. The experiments were conducted in two stages. There were tested 15 experimental samples of grids of modular USP assemblies with a ratio of lengths and diameters of vertical channels of 3.8 at the first stage of experiments. At the second stage there were tested 4 mock-up samples of USP for motor fuels manufactured by LLC “SKB “Tensor” with a ratio of lengths and diameters of vertical channels from 3.8 to 6 with grid elements and with flat and volumetric hydraulic locks. There were identified the most promising USP designs that provide self-extinguishing of engine fuel spills with the necessary parameters.
SUSTAINABILITY OF THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM OF THE REGION: ISSUES OF THEORY AND PRACTICE
Authors: Гончарук О.В. , Путихин Ю.Е.
Published: October 2021

В статье с позиций общего методологического анализа понятия «устойчивость» обоснована теоретическая и практическая значимость использования понятия «устойчивость финансовой системы региона», проанализированы подходы к раскрытию особенностей понятий финансовой устойчивости нефинансовых организаций, банков и страховых компаний, проанализированы подходы к определению понятия финансовой системы страны/ региона и ее структуры. В качестве основополагающего для целей анализа устойчивости финансовой системы региона выбран подход, в рамках которого финансовая система региона рассматривается как совокупность взаимодействующих и взаимосвязанных между собой таких секторов как сектор государственных и муниципальных финансов, финансовый сектор региона, региональный сектор корпоративных и личных финансов. Показана неравномерность развития отдельных институтов финансового сектора Российской Федерации и проанализированы основные показатели развития секторов финансовой системы страны за период 2016-2020 гг. Изложены методические подходы Банка России к исследованию финансовой стабильности. Предложено авторское определение «устойчивость финансовой системы региона» и совокупность параметров и показателей для оценки устойчивости секторов финансовой системы региона.

The article substantiates the theoretical and practical significance of using the concept of "stability of the financial system of the region" from the standpoint of a general methodological analysis of the concept of "stability", analyzes approaches to revealing the features of the concepts of financial stability of non-financial organizations, banks and insurance companies, analyzes approaches to defining the concept of the financial system of a country / region and its structure; as a fundamental approach for the purposes of analyzing the stability of the financial system of the region, the approach is chosen in which the financial system of the region is considered as a set of interacting and interconnected sectors: the sector of state and municipal finance, the financial sector of the region, the regional sector of corporate and personal finance. The uneven development of individual institutions of the financial sector of the Russian Federation is shown and the main indicators of the development of the country's financial system sectors for the period 2016-2020 are analyzed. The methodological approaches of the Bank of Russia to the study of financial stability are described. The author's definition of "stability of the financial system of the region" and a set of parameters and indicators for assessing the stability of the financial system sectors of the region are proposed.
Significance of alcohol consumption control as a differentiation factor for regional socio-economic systems
Authors: Родионов Д.Г.
Published: October 2021

Россия уступает многим странам по демографическим, медицинским и социальным показателям в общемировом рейтинге, что обуславливает необходимость изучения причин сложившейся тенденции. Несмотря на попытки государства реализации различных государственных программ, которые в будущем должны обеспечить становление трудоспособного населения, реальные прогнозы имеют отрицательный характер. Данный факт указывает на необходимость исследования множества причин, одной из которых является объём потребления алкогольной продукции. Данная проблема актуальна практически для всех региональных социально-экономических систем России. Однако, дифференциация специфики региональных социально-экономических систем определяет дифференциацию подходов к контролю потребления алкогольной продукции. В рамках данного исследования рассматривается специфика распределения причинно-следственных связей потребления алкогольной продукции в разрезе региональных социально-экономических систем.

Russia is inferior to many countries in terms of demographic, medical and social indicators in the global ranking, which necessitates studying the reasons for the current trend. Despite the attempts of the state to implement various state programs, which in the future should ensure the formation of the able-bodied population, real forecasts are negative. This fact indicates the need to study many reasons, one of which is the volume of alcohol consumption. This problem is relevant for almost all regional socio-economic systems of Russia. However, the differentiation of the specifics of regional socio-economic systems determines the differentiation of approaches to control the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Within the framework of this study, the specificity of the distribution of causal relationships of alcohol consumption in the context of regional socio-economic systems is considered.
STRENGTHENING THE FINANCIAL STABILITY OF ENTERPRISES IN THE MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX: DEFENSE PROCUREMENT AND ACQUISITION OR CONVERSION OF PRODUCTION?
Authors: Баранова И.В. , Власенко М.А.
Published: October 2021

В статье рассмотрен гособоронзаказ как драйвер развития предприятий оборонно-промышленного комплекса, требования обеспечения финансовой устойчивости предприятий при исполнении ими гособоронзаказа. Диверсификация оборонно-промышленного комплекса РФ и конверсия производства предприятий, входящих в данный комплекс, ориентированные на производство продукции двойного назначения, а также повышение объемов продаж в среднесрочной перспективе рассматриваются как факторы повышения их финансовой устойчивости.

The article considers the defense procurement and acquisition as a driver for the development of enterprises of the military-industrial complex; the requirements for ensuring the financial stability of enterprises when they perform a state contract under the state defense order. The diversification of the Russian military-industrial complex and the conversion of production of enterprises included in this complex, focused on the production of dual-use products, increasing sales in the medium term, are considered as factors for increasing the financial stability of enterprises in the military-industrial complex.
Improving the management of public health expenditure through the active implementation of results-based budgeting
Authors: Федяева О.А.
Published: October 2021

В работе отмечена важность совершенствования управления государственными расходами на здравоохранение посредством активного внедрения бюджетирования, ориентированного на результат. В работе сформулированы такие предложения как создание государственной корпорации Росздрав, повышение прозрачности оказания медицинской помощи, поиск дополнительных инструментов финансового обеспечения (краудфандинг) и его применение при реализации социальных проектов медицинской направленности и др.

The article highlights the importance of improving the management of public health expenditures through the active implementation of results-based budgeting. The article contains such proposals as the creation of the state Corporation Roszdrav, increasing the transparency of medical care, searching for additional financial support tools (crowdfunding) and its application in the implementation of social projects of medical orientation, etc.
Problems of tax administration in modern Russia
Authors: Каракаева Е.У. , Семенова Ф.А.
Published: October 2021

В статье исследуются основные формулировки определений налогового администрирования, сущность данного понятия, поскольку в современной экономической литературе не выработано общее определение понятия налогового администрирования, отражающее его сущность. Представлены основные экономические характеристики налогового администрирования, которые дают представление о затратах трудовых и материальных ресурсов на реализацию его функций и могут быть использованы для разработки мер по оптимизации работы налоговых органов. В статье приводится анализ налоговых поступлений по структуре и в динамике. Рассматриваются основные проблемы налогового администрирования и предлагаются возможные пути их решения.

The article examines the main formulations of the definitions of tax administration, the essence of this concept. In modern economic literature, a general definition of the concept of tax administration, reflecting its essence, has not been developed. Tax administration is defined as the organizational and economic interaction of participants in tax legal relationships to collect legally established taxes and fees. The object of tax administration is the relationship between the authorities overseeing compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and payers of taxes and fees. The economic characteristics of tax administration give an idea of the cost of labor and material resources for the implementation of its functions and can be used for comparison with foreign tax administration systems and for developing measures to optimize the work of tax authorities. The author analyzes the dynamics and structure of tax and levy receipts to the consolidated budget of the Russian Federation for 2017-2019. It is noted that in recent years the role of value added tax has increased in the structure of tax revenues. The Federal Tax Service of Russia uses more and more digital services in its work to improve the efficiency of tax administration.
FEATURES OF CALCULATING THE AGGREGATE INDICATOR OF METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF REGION AND ANALYZING ITS COMPONENTS (BY EXAMPLE OF THE KRASNODAR TERRITORY)
Authors: Рыбалко А.Н.
Published: October 2021

Ранее автором была разработана и представлена методика оценки социально-экономического развития региона (СЭРР) на примере Краснодарского края, в основе которой были заложены две составляющие – инвестиционная привлекательность региона и агрегированный показатель, насчитывающий 14 показателей. Адекватность подбора этих показателей и их применения для расчета социально-экономического развития региона была доказана методом корреляционного анализа. При этом, были представлены только результаты вычисления данных показателей. В данной статье подробно рассмотрено вычисление всех 14 показателей, составляющих агрегированный показатель, а также анализ их изменения в рассматриваемой пятилетней динамике.

Previously, author developed and presented methodology for assessing socio-economic development of region by example of the Krasnodar territory, which was based on two components –investment attractiveness of region and an aggregate indicator, consuming 14 indicators. The correctness of selection of these indicators and their usage for calculating socio-economic development of region was proved by method of correlation analysis. However, only the results of calculating these indicators were presented there. This article discusses in detail the calculation of all 14 indicators that make up the aggregate indicator, as well as the analysis of their five-year dynamics.
EVOLUTION OF APPROACHES IN THE STUDY OF SOCIETY
Authors: Морозов В.А.
Published: October 2021

В статье рассматривается эволюция методологических взглядов, концепций и подходов в развитии общества на исторических периодах его развития. Раскрыта сущность и структура основных подсистем общества, их взаимосвязь, взаимовлияние и взаимодействие. На основе этапов развития ценностей / потребностей общества изучено и раскрыто социально-экономическое, политическое и духовно-нравственное содержание состояний общества и его динамика в определённые периоды до настоящего времени. Автором предложена к линейной, цикличной и спиральной формам развития общества симбиозная форма его развития, а именно – спирально-циклическая форма.

The article examines the evolution of methodological views, concepts and approaches in the development of society in the historical periods of its development. The essence and structure of the main subsystems of society, their interrelation, mutual influence and interaction are revealed. On the basis of the stages of development of values / needs of society, the socio-economic, political, spiritual and moral content of the state of society and its dynamics in certain periods up to the present time are studied and disclosed. The author suggests a symbiotic form of society's development, namely, a spiral - cyclic form, for linear, cyclic and spiral forms of society's development.
BASIC APPROACHES TO DETERMINING EFFECTIVE DIRECTIONS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF AN ORTHODOX MONASTERY
Authors: Смулов А.М. , Рудяк Д.С.
Published: October 2021

Начало. Продолжение в №6 за 2020 г.
В статье на исторических и современных примерах, документах РПЦ, рассматривается вопрос о целях, задачах и целесообразности ведения церковными учреждениями хозяйственной деятельности. В качестве характерного исторического примера рассматривается производственная и сельскохозяйственная деятельность Соловецкого монастыря. На основе современных нормативных документов Церкви и государства предлагаются базовые подходы к определению эффективных направлений организации производственной деятельности монастыря.

Based on historical and modern examples, documents of the ROC, the question of the goals, tasks and expediency of conducting economic activities by Church institutions is considered. The production and agricultural activities of the Solovetsky monastery are considered as a typical historical example. On the basis of modern normative documents of the Church and the state, basic approaches to determining effective directions for organizing the monastery's production activities are proposed.
HISTORIC AND CONSTRUCTIONAL ASPECTS OF STONE SCHOOLS IN GREECE: THE CASE OF THE ARISTOTLE MUNICIPALITY IN CHALKIDIKI
Authors: Pachta Vasiliki
Published: October 2021

Historic schools, built during the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century, were evolved according to the wider socio-economic changes that took place at regional, national and international level. Their construction usually followed specific principles, governed by their functional role and structural safety requirements. In this study, the historical background of school buildings in Greece is given, in an effort to assess their evolution and physiognomy. To this direction, 14 historic school buildings, located in the Aristotle Municipality of Chalkidiki, N. Greece, were studied, taking into account their architectural and constructional characteristics. These buildings were erected from 1871 up to 1958 and are nowadays mostly used as elementary schools. In some cases, they are in second use or abandoned. They concerned 1 up to 3 storeys buildings, with rectangular ground plan, symmetrically organized around a main corridor. Their size and dimensions varied according to their capacity. From the beginning of the 30’s, supplementary elements of reinforced concrete (slabs, beams) were added, in combination with the existing building techniques. Nowadays, they are generally preserved in good state, due to the consecutive interventions taken place during their service life. However, their documentation and identification as heritage structures should be further assessed, in order to convey the tangible and intangible values they incorporate in the next generations.
MODELS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT IN LITHUANIA AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES
Authors: Ranceva Justina , Ušpalytė-Vitkūnienė Rasa
Published: October 2021

Public transport is recognized as a more environmentally friendly mode of transport than cars for the same number of passengers. Many countries are investing heavily in public transport to make it not only greener, but also more convenient, more attractive, faster, more competitive and more accessible. In order to promote a sustainable environment, private, public and non-motorized transport must functionally complement each other to form balanced integrated systems. There are currently two main forms of organizing public transport: a government-oriented service and a market-oriented service. Positive changes in the field of public transport are possible if in the process involves not only state and municipal institutions, but also infrastructure planners, passenger carriers and inhabitants. Public transport must be seen as a means of developing cities and regions. The aim of the article is to analyze the existing models of public transport organization and management, to compare them and submit a proposal, on the basis of which management model it would be possible to submit proposals for the improvement of the organization of Lithuanian public transport. Good foreign countries practice in the management and organization of public transport shows that in some countries public transport is already organized not by individual municipalities but by regions. Based on the achievements of foreign countries, municipalities are recommended to cooperate and share experience in creating a common public transport network. It is necessary to create a management scheme in Lithuania for the development of public transport services, which at the same time would reduce public costs.
The Extraordinary Passage of Comet C/2020 F3 NEOWISE: Evidence for Heterogeneous Chemical Inventory in Its Nucleus
Authors: Faggi Sara , Lippi Manuela , Camarca Maria , Buzard Camillus F. , Villanueva Geronimo L. , Doppmann Gregory W. , Blake Geoffrey A. , Mumma Michael J.
Published: October 2021

Upon its discovery in 2020 March, we requested Director Discretionary Time (DDT) at the NASA/IRTF facility to observe comet C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE), with the high-resolution spectrograph iSHELL. The comet approached the Sun, down to 0.3 au, in early 2020 July, providing a spectacular perihelion passage and revealing itself as one of the brightest comets that have appeared in the northern hemisphere in recent decades. Daytime observations with iSHELL/IRTF were performed to study the comet immediately after its perihelion passage, from 9 July to 1 August. In early August, a DDT at Keck Observatory was requested to continue following the comet with NIRSPEC 2.0. We acquired comprehensive high-resolution spectra of the comet as it progressively retreated from perihelion. We detected many cometary emission lines in the (2.8–5.3) μm range, identifying 12 molecular species: 9 primary volatiles (H2O, HCN, NH3, CO, C2H2, C2H6, CH4, CH3OH, and H2CO) and 3 product species (CN, NH2, OH). In this paper, we present the analysis and discussion of the molecular abundances found in this comet, and we compare them to reference median values for Oort Cloud Comets. Measured molecular mixing ratios showed drastic changes during our observing campaign, which spanned nearly one month from 2020 July 9 to August 6. Here, we provide a detailed discussion of the molecular spatial distributions and their role in identifying the presence of extended sources in the coma. Our investigations provided evidence for the heterogeneous chemical composition of the comet’s nucleus.
Broadband Modeling of Low-luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei Detected in Gamma Rays
Authors: Tomar Gunjan , Gupta Nayantara , Prince Raj
Published: October 2021

Low-luminosity active galactic nuclei are more abundant and closer to us than the luminous ones but harder to explore as they are faint. We have selected the four sources, NGC 315, NGC 4261, NGC 1275, and NGC 4486, which have been detected in γ-rays by Fermi-LAT. We have compiled their long-term radio, optical, X-ray data from different telescopes, and analyzed XMM-Newton data for NGC 4486 and XMM-Newton and Swift data for NGC 315. We have analyzed the Fermi-LAT data collected over the period of 2008 to 2020 for all of them. Electrons are assumed to be accelerated to relativistic energies in subparsec-scale jets, which radiate by synchrotron and synchrotron self-Compton emission covering radio to γ-ray energies. This model can fit most of the multiwavelength data points of the four sources. However, the γ-ray data points from NGC 315 and NGC 4261 can be well fitted only up to 1.6 GeV and 0.6 GeV, respectively, in this model. This motivates us to find out the origin of the higher-energy γ-rays detected from these sources. Kiloparsec-scale jets have been observed previously from these sources in radio and X-ray frequencies. If we assume γ-rays are also produced in kiloparsec-scale jets of these sources from inverse-Compton scattering of starlight photons by ultrarelativistic electrons, then it is possible to fit the γ-ray data at higher energies. Our result also suggests that strong host galaxy emission is required to produce GeV radiation from kiloparsec-scale jets.
Visibility Interpolation in Solar Hard X-Ray Imaging: Application to RHESSI and STIX
Authors: Perracchione Emma , Massa Paolo , Massone Anna Maria , Piana Michele
Published: October 2021

Space telescopes for solar hard X-ray imaging provide observations made of sampled Fourier components of the incoming photon flux. The aim of this study is to design an image reconstruction method relying on enhanced visibility interpolation in the Fourier domain. The interpolation-based method is applied to synthetic visibilities generated by means of the simulation software implemented within the framework of the Spectrometer/Telescope for Imaging X-rays (STIX) mission on board Solar Orbiter. An application to experimental visibilities observed by the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) is also considered. In order to interpolate these visibility data, we have utilized an approach based on Variably Scaled Kernels (VSKs), which are able to realize feature augmentation by exploiting prior information on the flaring source and which are used here, for the first time, in the context of inverse problems. When compared to an interpolation-based reconstruction algorithm previously introduced for RHESSI, VSKs offer significantly better performance, particularly in the case of STIX imaging, which is characterized by a notably sparse sampling of the Fourier domain. In the case of RHESSI data, this novel approach is particularly reliable when the flaring sources are either characterized by narrow, ribbon-like shapes or high-resolution detectors are utilized for observations. The use of VSKs for interpolating hard X-ray visibilities allows remarkable image reconstruction accuracy when the information on the flaring source is encoded by a small set of scattered Fourier data and when the visibility surface is affected by significant oscillations in the frequency domain.
Information-theoretical Limits of Recursive Estimation and Closed-loop Control in High-contrast Imaging
Authors: Pogorelyuk Leonid , Pueyo Laurent , Males Jared R. , Cahoy Kerri , Kasdin N. Jeremy
Published: October 2021

A lower bound on unbiased estimates of wave front errors (WFEs) is presented for the linear regime of small perturbation and active control of a high-contrast region (dark hole). Analytical approximations and algorithms for computing the closed-loop covariance of the WFE modes are provided for discrete- and continuous-time linear WFE dynamics. Our analysis applies to both image-plane and non-common-path wave front sensing (WFS) with Poisson-distributed measurements and noise sources (i.e., photon-counting mode). Under this assumption, we show that recursive estimation benefits from infinitesimally short exposure times, is more accurate than batch estimation and, for high-order WFE drift dynamical processes, scales better than batch estimation with amplitude and star brightness. These newly derived contrast scaling laws are a generalization of previously known theoretical and numerical results for turbulence-driven adaptive optics. For space-based coronagraphs, we propose a scheme for combining models of WFE drift, low-order non-common-path WFS (LOWFS) and high-order image-plane WFS (HOWFS) into closed-loop contrast estimates. We also analyze the impact of residual low-order WFE, sensor noise, and other sources incoherent with the star, on closed-loop dark hole maintenance and the resulting contrast. As an application example, our model suggests that the Roman Space Telescope might operate in a regime that is dominated by incoherent sources rather than WFE drift, where the WFE drift can be actively rejected throughout the observations with residuals significantly dimmer than the incoherent sources. The models proposed in this paper make possible the assessment of the closed-loop contrast of coronagraphs with combined LOWFS and HOWFS capabilities, and thus help estimate WFE stability requirements of future instruments.
A Hubble Space Telescope Imaging Survey of Low-redshift Swift-BAT Active Galaxies*
Authors: Kim Minjin , Barth Aaron J. , Ho Luis C. , Son Suyeon
Published: October 2021

We present initial results from a Hubble Space Telescope snapshot imaging survey of the host galaxies of Swift-BAT active galactic nuclei (AGN) at z < 0.1. The hard X-ray selection makes this sample relatively unbiased in terms of obscuration, compared to optical AGN selection methods. The high-resolution images of 154 target AGN enable us to investigate the detailed photometric structure of the host galaxies, such as the Hubble type and merging features. We find 48% and 44% of the sample to be hosted by early-type and late-type galaxies, respectively. The host galaxies of the remaining 8% of the sample are classified as peculiar galaxies because they are heavily disturbed. Only a minor fraction of host galaxies (18%–25%) exhibit merging features (e.g., tidal tails, shells, or major disturbance). The merging fraction increases strongly as a function of bolometric AGN luminosity, revealing that merging plays an important role in triggering luminous AGN in this sample. However, the merging fraction is weakly correlated with the Eddington ratio, suggesting that merging does not necessarily lead to an enhanced Eddington ratio. Type 1 and Type 2 AGN are almost indistinguishable in terms of their Hubble type distribution and merging fraction. However, the merging fraction of Type 2 AGN peaks at a lower bolometric luminosity compared with those of Type 1 AGN. This result may imply that the triggering mechanism and evolutionary stages of Type 1 and Type 2 AGN are not identical.
Frequency of CYP1A1*2A polymorphisms and deletion of the GSMT1 gene in a Peruvian mestizo population
Authors: Alvarado Angel Tito , Muñoz Ana María , Bartra María Saravia , Valderrama-Wong Milton , González Daniela , Quiñones Luis Abel , Varela Nelson , Bendezú María Rocío , García Jorge Antonio , Loja-Herrera Berta
Published: October 2021

The polymorphic variants ofCYP1A1and the deletion ofGSTM1are present in the Peruvian mestizo population. Wild type and mutated genotypes (WT/*2A and *2A/ *2A) were identified, whose allele frequencies are 0.31 (T allele) and 0.69 (C allele), respectively; 53% with wild typeGSTM1(+) and 47% with nullGSTM1. The frequency in Iquiteño emigrants was 0.72CYP1A1*2Aand 25%GSTM1(-); from Lima 0.67CYP1A1*2Aand 33% ofGSTM1(-). The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test for the studied population showed that both frequencies are out of balance, p > .05.

The presence of the risk allele of theCYP1A1*2Apolymorphism and the deletion in theGSTM1gene are high, which could be indicative of a phase I and II metabolic imbalance in this group of Peruvian populations, with potential risks of activating agents procarcinogens thus affecting the incidence of tumor pathologies with an environmental component.
'A decisive effort is necessary': heritage, Brexit and the British state
Authors: Hassan Gerry , Wright Patrick
Published: October 2021

The starting point of this discussion is Wright's On Living in an Old Country (1985), which sought to understand how a selective idea of national tradition had been mobilised by Thatcher for a disruptive political project that was fundamentally destructive of tradition. This is a rhetorical
strategy that is extremely widespread today, alongside the notion that there is one, singular, version of history to be told. In the 1980s the postwar social-democratic settlement was portrayed by the right as a betrayal of the noble sacrifices made in the war, and the case for Brexit relies
on a similar appeal to an allegedly interrupted national past. The left has been much less successful in mobilising such stories of national history, and tends to avoid questions of Britishness and Englishness. Given an increasingly disunited kingdom, however, the question of Englishness has
become ever more pressing. This does not mean that it is a good time to adopt an unreflected idea of English 'patriotism'. Rather, the left should seek to foster a new, less beleaguered and resentful, more generous and more various experience of cultural identity within England: its ambition
should be for a much broader cultural and political transformation. For the conditions into which the Conservative Party has led the British nations may not prove to be enduring. Things can shift suddenly. Nevertheless, as a slogan for the sugar harvest in Castro's Cuba once proclaimed: 'A
Decisive Effort is Necessary'.
Migration in Afghan women's poetry
Authors: Schuster Liza , Shinwari Riaz Muhammed Khan
Published: October 2021

This article reproduces examples of Afghan Landays and offers a commentary on their meanings. Landays are pithy, powerful two-line poems that speak of love, honour, war and separation. They are part of a long oral tradition in Pashtun culture, and are often composed by women. The largest
group of Landays are written by women left behind in Afghanistan, and they include references to all stages of the migration experience, from departure, through the period of absence, to return. Landays have continued to circulate among Afghan Pashtuns for decades, and the emotions voiced
have remained largely the same - the fear of abandonment, and the loneliness and vulnerability of women who are left behind. The only distinction between the earlier and later Landays seems to be the absence of joy in the later ones. All the teasing and urging of migrants disappears in the
period that began with the Soviet invasion.
Screening Tests for Early Diagnosis of Multiple Myeloma and Related Plasma Cell Disorders
Authors: Kim Jin Seok , Yoon Sung-Soo , Min Chang-Ki , Lee Je-Jung , Yoon Dok Hyun , Kim Kihyun
Published: October 2021

Monoclonal gammopathy (MG) encompasses a diverse group of disorders characterized by the secretion of monoclonal immunoglobulins or their light-chain components. The incidence of multiple myeloma (MM) in South Korea is rapidly increasing, and it is important to be aware of its initial clinical presentations and the most efficient laboratory algorithms for early detection. Serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) and urine protein electrophoresis (UPE) are the primary screening tests for patients with clinically suspected MM or amyloid light-chain amyloidosis; these tests are reimbursed in South Korea. We reviewed clinical studies that applied national and international guidelines to evaluate test panels for early detection of MGs, including MM. The serum free light chain (sFLC) with SPE panel is recommended for the initial work up for diagnosis of MGs. In the case of a normal SPE, sFLC should be measured subsequently, so as not to miss the presence of M-protein. Use of this screening panel avoids medical expenses related to delayed diagnosis. Guidelines and recommendations suggest that no single method (SPE, serum immunofixation electrophoresis, sFLC, or UPE) should be used to exclude a diagnosis of MM. We believe that a screening test panel comprising SPE plus sFLC will increase the rate of early and accurate diagnosis of MM and related disorders.
L’État, dans quel(s) état(s) ?
Authors: Englebert Pierre , Villalón Leonardo Alfonso , Le Gouriellec Sonia
Published: October 2021

(In)dépendance, construction de l’État, démocratisation… Leonardo Villalón et Pierre Englebert reviennent ici sur la nature de l’État postcolonial et de ses dynamiques, notamment depuis la « troisième vague » de démocratisation des années 1990, et les régimes qui ont émergé depuis trente ans. Ils évoquent aussi leurs expériences professionnelles, leurs parcours de pensée, et leurs travaux à venir.
Le sceau d’Hélène de Quincy : modèles et influences
Authors: Simonet Caroline
Published: October 2021

Hélène de Quincy, veuve d’Alan II la Zouche, utilisa en 1286-1296 un sceau la montrant en pied, vêtue d’une robe armoriée et tenant deux écus. L’un était aux armes de son époux. L’autre, renonçant aux armes de son père, portait une quintefeuille, emblème du lignage de sa grand-mère Marguerite de Beaumont-Leicester. Cette dernière avait fait graver cette fleur sur son sceau où elle figurait aussi habillée d’une cotte armoriée. Ce sceau de Marguerite de Beaumont fut probablement une source d’inspiration pour Hélène de Quincy. D’autant qu’elle avait hérité de biens des Beaumont-Leicester et gérait des donations de son aïeule à l’abbaye de Saint-Évroult en Normandie. D’autres sceaux peuvent avoir influencé l’image du sceau d’Hélène. Plusieurs dames apparentées aux Quincy ont adopté des figurations très proches. Rare sur le continent, ce type à la figure en pied tenant deux écus par la pointe connut une certaine vogue en Angleterre dans les milieux de cour. Dans trois cas, les similitudes entre les sceaux (dimensions, disposition des vêtements, écus tenus par la pointe) laissent à penser que les sigillantes s’adressèrent au même atelier de graveurs qu’Hélène de Quincy.