bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Review of the Bentong‐Raub Suture vis‐à‐vis New Insight of the Tectonic Evolution of Malay Peninsula, South East Asia
Authors: KHAN Aftab Alam , SHUIB Mustaffa Kamal
Published: November 2016

Genesis of the so‐called Bentong‐Raub Suture of Malay Peninsula does not fit to the model of subduction‐related collision. It has evolved from transpression tectonics resulting closure and exhumation of the inland basin which underwent extensive back‐arc extension during Triassic. Crust having similar thickness (average ∼35 km) below entire Malay Peninsula nagate collision of two separate continental blocks rather supports single continental block that collided with South China continental block during Permo‐Triassic. Westward subduction of intervening sea (Proto South China Sea) below Malay Peninsula resulted in widespread I‐ and S‐Type granitization and volcanism in the back‐arc basins during Triassic. Extensive occurrence of Permo‐Triassic Pahang volcanics of predominantly rhyolitic tuff suggest its derivation from back‐arc extension. Back‐arc extension, basin development and sedimentation of the central belt of the peninsula continued until Cretaceous. A‐Type granite of metaluminous to peraluminous character indicates their emplacement in an intraplate tectonic setting. Malay Peninsula suffered an anticlockwise rotation due to the rifting of Luconia–Dangerous Grounds from the east Asia in the Late Cretaceous–Early Tertiary. Extensive ductile and brittle deformation including crustal segmentation, pull‐apart fracturing and faulting occurred during the closure and exhumation of the basins developed in the peninsula during Late Cretaceous–Early Tertiary. Crustal shortening in the central belt of the peninsula has been accomodated through strike‐slip displacement, shearing and uplift.
Shared Decision Making With Vulnerable Populations in the Emergency Department
Authors: Castaneda‐Guarderas Ana , Glassberg Jeffrey , Grudzen Corita R. , Ngai Ka Ming , Samuels‐Kalow Margaret E. , Shelton Erica , Wall Stephen P. , Richardson Lynne D.
Published: November 2016

The emergency department (ED) occupies a unique position within the healthcare system, serving as a safety net for vulnerable patients, regardless of their race, ethnicity, religion, country of origin, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, or medical diagnosis. Shared decision making (SDM) presents special challenges when used with vulnerable population groups. The differing circumstances, needs, and perspectives of vulnerable groups invoke issues of provider bias, disrespect, judgmental attitudes, and lack of cultural competence, as well as patient mistrust and the consequences of their social and economic disenfranchisement. A research agenda that includes community‐engaged approaches, mixed‐methods studies, and cost‐effectiveness analyses is proposed to address the following questions: 1) What are the best processes/formats for SDM among racial, ethnic, cultural, religious, linguistic, social, or otherwise vulnerable groups who experience disadvantage in the healthcare system? 2) What organizational or systemic changes are needed to support SDM in the ED whenever appropriate? 3) What competencies are needed to enable emergency providers to consider patients’ situation/context in an unbiased way? 4) How do we teach these competencies to students and residents? 5) How do we cultivate these competencies in practicing emergency physicians, nurses, and other clinical providers who lack them? The authors also identify the importance of using accurate, group‐specific data to inform risk estimates for SDM decision aids for vulnerable populations and the need for increased ED‐based care coordination and transitional care management capabilities to create additional care options that align with the needs and preferences of vulnerable populations.
Evolution of the Model of the Clinical Practice of Emergency Medicine: 1979 to Present
Authors: Counselman Francis L. , Beeson Michael S. , Marco Catherine A. , Adsit Susan K. , Harvey Anne L. , Keehbauch Julia N. ,   the 2016 EM Model Review Task Force
Published: November 2016

The Model of the Clinical Practice of Emergency Medicine (the EM Model) is a three‐dimensional representation of the clinical practice of emergency medicine. It is a product of successful collaboration involving the American Board of Emergency Medicine (ABEM), the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP), the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM), the Emergency Medicine Residents' Association (EMRA), the Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors (CORD), the Residency Review Committee for Emergency Medicine (RRC‐EM), and the American Academy of Emergency Medicine (AAEM). In 2017, the most recent update and revision of the EM Model will be published. This document will represent the culmination of nearly 40 years of evolution, from a simple listing of presenting patient complaints, clinical symptoms, and disease states into a three‐dimensional representation of the clinical practice of emergency medicine. These dimensions include conditions and components, physician tasks, and patient acuity. In addition, over the years, two other documents have been developed, the Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities (KSAs) and the Emergency Medicine Milestones. Both serve as related and complementary educational and assessment tools. This article will review the development of the EM Model from its inception in 1979 to today.
Do children with cystic fibrosis receiving outreach care have poorer clinical outcomes than those treated at a specialist cystic fibrosis centre?
Authors: Weber Heinrich C. , Robinson Philip F. , Saxby Nicole , Beggs Sean A. , Els Ingrid , Ehrlich Rodney I.
Published: November 2016

Introduction

Although cystic fibrosis (CF) centre care is generally considered ideal, children living in regional Australia receive outreach care supported by the academic CF centres.

Methods

This is a retrospective database review of children with CF treated at the Royal Children's Hospital in Melbourne and its outreach clinics in Albury (Victoria), and Tasmania. The aim was to compare the outcomes of children with CF managed at an academic centre with that of outreach care, using lung function, nutritional status and Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonisation. Three models of care, namely CF centre care, Shared care and predominantly Local care, were compared, based on the level of involvement of CF centre multidisciplinary team. In our analyses, we controlled for potential confounders, such as socio‐economic status and the degree of remoteness, to determine its effect on the outcome measures.

Results

There was no difference in lung function, i.e. forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), the prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonisation or nutritional status (body mass index (BMI)) between those receiving CF centre care and various modes of outreach care. Neither socio‐economic status, measured by the Socio‐Economic Index for Area (SEIFA) for disadvantage, nor distance from an urban centre (Australian Standard for Geographical Classification (ASGC)) were associated with lung function and nutritional outcome measures. There was however an association between increased Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonisation and poorer socio‐economic status.

Conclusion

Outcomes in children with CF in regional and remote areas receiving outreach care supported by an academic CF centre were no different from children receiving CF centre care.
Micro‐endoscopy of the human vas deferens: a feasibility study of a novel device in several ex vivo models
Authors: Trottmann M. , Sroka R. , Braun C. , Liedl B. , Schaaf H. , Graw M. , Becker A. J. , Stief C. G. , Khoder W. Y.
Published: November 2016

The aim of this study was to show limitation as well as potential of micro‐endoscopy techniques as an innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approach in andrology. Two kinds of custom‐made micro‐endoscopes (ME) were tested in ex vivo vas deferens specimen and in post‐mortem whole body. The semi‐rigid ME included a micro‐optic (0.9 mm outer diameter [OD], 10.000 pixels, 120° vision angle [VE], 3–20 mm field depth [FD]) and an integrated fibre‐optic light source. The flexible ME was composed of a micro‐optic (OD = 0.6 mm, 6.000 pixels, 120° VE, 3–20 mm FD). The ex vivo study included retrograde investigation of the vas deferens (surgical specimen n = 9, radical prostatectomy n = 3). The post‐mortem investigation (n = 4) included the inspection of the vas deferens via both approaches. The results showed that antegrade and retrograde rigid endoscopy of the vas deferens were achieved as a diagnostic tool. The working channel enabled therapeutic use including biopsies or baskets. Using the flexible ME, the orifices of the ejaculatory ducts were identified. In vivo cadaveric retrograde cannulation of the orifices was successful. Post‐mortem changes of verumontanum hindered the examinations beyond. Orifices were identified shaded behind a thin transparent membrane. Antegrade vasoscopy using flexible ME was possible up to the internal inguinal ring. Further advancement was impossible because of anatomical angle and lack adequate vision guidance. The vas deferens interior was clearly visible and was documented by pictures and movies. Altogether, the described ME techniques were feasible and effective, offering the potential of innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for use in the genital tract. Several innovative indications could be expected.
Spatial clustering of high‐tech manufacturing and knowledge‐intensive service firms in the Greater Toronto Area
Authors: López Fernando A. , Páez Antonio
Published: November 2016

Key Messages

Scan statistic is a useful tool to identify and delimit geographically spatial clustering of economic activity.

Spatial clusters of high‐tech and knowledge‐intensive firms in the Greater Toronto Area in Canada are identified.

A logit model of cluster membership is used to confirm that proximity to major transportation infrastructure, accessibility to skilled labour, and proximity to downtown are significant factors to explain the agglomeration of firms.
Respiratory muscle strength in patients with pulmonary hypertension: The relationship with exercise capacity, physical activity level, and quality of life
Authors: Aslan Goksen Kuran , Akinci Buket , Yeldan Ipek , Okumus Gulfer
Published: November 2016

Introduction

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by exertional dyspnea, fatigue, chest pain, dizziness, and syncope. Physical activity, peripheral, and respiratory muscle strength reduces in pateints with PH. Little is known about respiratory muscle weakness and related outcomes.

Objectives

The aims of the study were to determine respiratory muscle strength and to investigate the relationship between respiratory muscle strength and spirometric measurements, exercise capacity, physical activity level, quality of life, and pulmonary hemodynamics in patients with PH.

Methods

In total, 33 patients aged 25‐80 years who were diagnosed as having PH and 24 healthy volunteers were included in the study. To measure respiratory function, spirometry, maximal inspiratory (MIP), and expiratory pressures (MEP) were used. Physical activity level was determined with activity monitoring (SenseWear Armband) and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire‐Short Form. Exercise capacity was determined using the 6‐minute walk test. Quality of life was evaluated with the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ).

Results

Maximal inspiratory pressure and MEP values of the patients with PH were significantly lower than the age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls (P < .0001). Significant relationships were found between the MIP and six MWD (r = .40, P = .02), vigorous physical activity (r = .38, P = .03), moderate physical activity (r = 61, P < .001), and arm band‐average metabolic equivalent (r = .39, P = .02).

Conclusion

The relationship between maximum inspiratory pressure, exercise capacity, and physical activity level showed that a decrease in exercise capacity or physical activity level may be a predictor for decreased MIP.
The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors trial data sharing requirement and participants' consent
Authors: Dal‐Ré Rafael
Published: November 2016

Key Points

The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) has published a draft proposal on de‐identified individual clinical trial participant data (IPD) sharing, stating that sharing trial data requires planning to ensure appropriate research ethics committee approval and participants’ informed consent. This is why its implementation will be deferred for 1 year after the publication of the final version of the policy.

When conducting research with anonymous data, it is not feasible to obtain the informed consent from research participants. De‐identified IPD are anonymous to the investigator who is performing the secondary analysis.

De‐identified IPD meta‐analyses have been conducted for decades. Public funders, industry and foundations have recently implemented new IPD sharing procedures; almost all trials used for secondary analyses so far were conducted without participant's consent to de‐identified IPD.

As stated by the ICMJE, de‐identified IPD protects participant's confidentiality. It follows that publishing secondary analyses from completed trials without participant's consent is ethically acceptable.

From the ethical perspective, the ICMJE requirement on de‐identified IPD sharing should be implemented from the day the policy is published.
Recovery of cathepsins from marinating brine waste
Authors: Szymczak Mariusz
Published: November 2016

In the fish industry, brine left after herring marinating is discarded to waste. This study presents laboratory‐scale findings regarding recovery of aspartyl (D + E) and cysteine cathepsins (B + L) from waste brine. Ultrafiltration enabled cathepsin recovery from both the soluble and lysosomal fraction of the marinating brine. Retentate 10 kDa had the highest cathepsin activity 140% compared to crude brine. The amount of recovered cathepsins using membranes 30 and 100 kDa was less than 10 kDa, because part of cathepsins passes to permeate. In turn, the salting‐out with ammonium sulphate enabled activity recovery of only 80%, but ensured over twofold higher purity of the enzymes than ultrafiltration. The highest precipitation of D + E cathepsins was noted at salt concentration of 40–60%, whereas that of B + L cathepsins at 50–80%. It is recommended to dissolve the salted‐out aspartyl cathepsins at pH 4.0 or 8.0, whereas the cysteine ones at pH 5.0. The appropriate selection of parameters enables controlling the aspartyl to cysteine cathepsins ratio in the preparation in the range from 1:2 to 2:1. The new cathepsin preparations showed high activity in a wide range of pH values and ionic strength and can be used in food production.
Allitol: production, properties and applications
Authors: Hassanin Hinawi A. M. , Mu Wanmeng , Koko Marwa Y. F. , Zhang Tao , Masamba Kingsley , Jiang Bo
Published: November 2016

Allitol is a rare alcohol monosaccharide sweetener containing six carbons atoms. It is a major product of the d‐psicose reduction pathway that exerts various physiological effects, for example laxative effects for the treatment of constipation and anti‐obesity effects by suppressing lipid accumulation. Allitol can be also used as an anticrystallisation agent. In addition, allitol cross‐links d‐ and l‐hexoses, thus contributing to production of l‐psicose. This is a review of the recent studies on the sources, properties, physiological functions and applications of allitol. In addition, the biochemical properties of ribitol dehydrogenase enzymes and the biotechnological production of allitol via microbial and enzymatic synthesis from d‐psicose and directly from d‐fructose are reviewed.
Effect of infusion of monoclonal antibodies to tumour necrosis factor‐receptor super family 25 on graft rejection in allo‐immune mice receiving autologous marrow transplantation
Authors: Gorczynski Reginald M. , Sadozai Hassan , Zhu Fang , Khatri Ismat
Published: November 2016

Significant barriers to transplantation exist for individuals who are pre‐sensitized to donor antigen and have high titres of donor‐reactive antibody. We report the effect of autologous bone marrow transplantation (BMTx) after myeloablation in pre‐sensitized mice along with the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to tumour necrosis factor‐receptor super family 25 (TNFRSF25), expressed on regulatory T (Treg) cells. C57BL/6 mice, which had been sensitized earlier with BALB/c skin allografts, received secondary BALB/c grafts after the primary grafts had been rejected. Subsequently, recipient mice underwent myeloablation with cyclophosphamide and busulphan and were injected with T‐cell‐depleted bone marrow from CD45.1 congenic donors (BMTx). Recipient mice underwent immunosuppressive treatment with rapamycin. A subgroup of mice was also treated with mAbs to TNFRSF25. Control mice were pre‐sensitized mice that received cyclophosphamide and busulphan followed by rapamycin. BMTx‐treated mice had significantly prolonged skin graft survival versus control mice. These mice also showed attenuated donor‐specific mixed lymphocyte co‐culture responses relative to controls, increased splenic Treg cells and markedly diminished serum anti‐donor IgG. Infusion of anti‐TNFRSF25 mAbs further augmented graft survival and increased graft‐infiltrating Treg cells. These mAbs also expanded murine and human Treg cells in vitro with the capacity to attenuate mixed lymphocyte co‐cultures using fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Overall, this study delineates the roles of autologous BMTx and anti‐TNFRSF25 mAbs in expanding Treg cells and attenuating alloimmune responses in pre‐sensitized mice.
Cytochrome P450 26A1 modulates natural killer cells in mouse early pregnancy
Authors: Meng Chao‐Yang , Li Zhong‐Yin , Fang Wen‐Ning , Song Zhi‐Hui , Yang Dan‐Dan , Li Dan‐Dan , Yang Ying , Peng Jing‐Pian
Published: November 2016

Cytochrome P450 26A1 (CYP26A1) has a spatiotemporal expression pattern in the uterus, with a significant increase in mRNA and protein levels during peri‐implantation. Inhibiting the function or expression of CYP26A1 can cause pregnancy failure, suggesting an important regulatory role of CYP26A1 in the maintenance of pregnancy. However, little is known about the exact mechanism involved. In this study, using a pCR3.1‐cyp26a1 plasmid immunization mouse model and a Cyp26a1‐MO (Cyp26a1‐specific antisense oligos) knockdown mouse model, we report that the number of Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) lectin‐positive uterine natural killer (uNK) cells was reduced in pCR3.1‐cyp26a1 plasmid immunized and Cyp26a1‐MO‐treated mice. In contrast, the percentage of CD3− CD49b+ NK cells in the uteri from the treatment group was significantly higher than that of the control group in both models. Similarly, significantly up‐regulated expression of CD49b (a pan‐NK cell marker), interferon gamma, CCL2, CCR2 (CCL2 receptor) and CCL3 were detected in the uteri of pCR3.1‐cyp26a1‐ and Cyp26a1‐MO‐treated mice. Transcriptome analysis suggested that CYP26A1 might regulate NK cells through chemokines. In conclusion, the present data suggest that silencing CYP26A1 expression/function can decrease the number of uNK cells and significantly increase the percentage of CD3− CD49b+ NK cells in the uteri of pregnant mice. These findings provide a new line of evidence correlating the deleterious effects of blocking CYP26A1 in pregnancy with the aberrant regulation of NK cells in the uterus.
Decent Incomes for the Poor: Which Role for Europe?
Authors: Cantillon Bea , Marchal Sarah , Luigjes Chris
Published: November 2016

EU social policy has generally been limited to the definition of non‐binding social outcome targets, a governance model known as ‘second order output governance’. However, many EU Member States have failed to make progress in fighting poverty. This begs the question of whether a more performant EU‐level involvement in the field of social policy is conceivable. In this paper, we argue that European minimum standards are the place to start, including principles for minimum social security and minimum wages, as i) the European social objectives cannot be attained without guaranteeing adequate incomes to those in and out of work, and ii) social co‐ordination should thus go beyond broad outcome goals such as the reduction of the number of households at risk of poverty or social exclusion. We propose to include policy indicators regarding minimum income protection in the recently revised EU monitoring process of the European Semester.
Rate heterogeneity across Squamata, misleading ancestral state reconstruction and the importance of proper null model specification
Authors: Harrington S. , Reeder T. W.
Published: November 2016

The binary‐state speciation and extinction (BiSSE) model has been used in many instances to identify state‐dependent diversification and reconstruct ancestral states. However, recent studies have shown that the standard procedure of comparing the fit of the BiSSEmodel to constant‐rate birth–death models often inappropriately favours the BiSSEmodel when diversification rates vary in a state‐independent fashion. The newly developed HiSSEmodel enables researchers to identify state‐dependent diversification rates while accounting for state‐independent diversification at the same time. The HiSSEmodel also allows researchers to test state‐dependent models against appropriate state‐independent null models that have the same number of parameters as the state‐dependent models being tested. We reanalyse two data sets that originally used BiSSEto reconstruct ancestral states within squamate reptiles and reached surprising conclusions regarding the evolution of toepads within Gekkota and viviparity across Squamata. We used this new method to demonstrate that there are many shifts in diversification rates across squamates. We then fit various HiSSEsubmodels and null models to the state and phylogenetic data and reconstructed states under these models. We found that there is no single, consistent signal for state‐dependent diversification associated with toepads in gekkotans or viviparity across all squamates. Our reconstructions show limited support for the recently proposed hypotheses that toepads evolved multiple times independently in Gekkota and that transitions from viviparity to oviparity are common in Squamata. Our results highlight the importance of considering an adequate pool of models and null models when estimating diversification rate parameters and reconstructing ancestral states.
Clinical features of familial amyloid polyneuropathy carrying transthyretin mutations in four Chinese kindreds
Authors: Liu Gonglu , Ni Wang , Wang Hongxia , Li Hongfu , Zhang Yue , Wang Ning , Wu Zhiying
Published: November 2016

Transthyretin‐related familial amyloid polyneuropathy (TTR‐FAP) is a rare hereditary disorder, characterized by a length‐dependent polyneuropathy and dysfunction of various organs. Wide phenotypic heterogeneity makes early diagnosis difficult. In this study, we reviewed the clinical and electrophysiological features of four unrelated Chinese families with genetically confirmed TTR‐FAP. Sequence analysis of TTR gene revealed the presence of four different mutations: Thr49Ala(p.Thr69Ala), Leu55Arg(p.Leu75Arg), Tyr116Ser(p.Tyr136Ser), and Ala36Pro(p.Ala56Pro) from six affected patients and two asymptomatic individuals. Two mutations, Thr49Ala(p.Thr69Ala) and Tyr116Ser(p.Tyr136 Ser), were detected in Chinese FAP patients for the first time. All affected patients manifested a progressive sensorimotor polyneuropathy starting in the lower limbs. The majority of the examined patients displayed cardiomyopathy and vitreous opacities. To avoid misdiagnosis, clinicians should consider screening for TTR variants in patients presenting with progressive polyneuropathy of undetermined origins.
Misplaced Gratitude and the Ethics of Oppression
Authors: May Schott Robin
Published: November 2016

This essay examines Claudia Card's notion of misplaced gratitude, which she explores in one of her last papers, “Gratitude to the Decent Rescuer.” Whereas typically philosophers have been interested in the problems of the failures to honor obligations of gratitude, Card is more interested in the opposite fault of misplaced gratitude. Her interest reflects her social indignation and her fundamental commitment to opposing oppression, exploitation, and injustice in all its forms. The phenomenon of misplaced gratitude becomes visible from this perspective, where one catches sight of what oppression does to people. The essay looks at the question, What does Card's analysis of misplaced gratitude tell us about her own philosophical methods and contributions? It discusses her engagement with both care ethics and Beauvoir's phenomenology of oppression to clarify the centrality of misplaced gratitude for Card's work in developing an ethics of oppression.
Radical Moral Imagination and Moral Luck
Authors: Biss Mavis
Published: November 2016

To a greater extent than other theorists, Claudia Card in her analysis of moral luck considers the impact of attempts to transform moral meanings on the development of the agent's character and her responsibilities, over time and in relation to other agents. This essay argues that this wider frame of reference captures more of what is at stake in the efforts of those who resist oppression by attempting to implement radically revised meanings.
‘The Magnificent 7[am]?’ Work‐life articulation beyond the 9[am] to 5[pm] ‘norm’
Authors: Smith Andrew
Published: November 2016

This article focuses on the work‐life ‘balance’ challenges of those who work in organisations that operate beyond standard hours. The concept of work‐life articulation is utilised to examine the experiences and practicalities of attempting to reconcile the, often competing, demands of employment and family life. Qualitative research was conducted in two private sector businesses and one‐third sector organisation in the UK during the onset of the 2008 financial crisis. The findings reveal increasing competitive pressures, efficiency drives and work intensification. ‘Business needs’ are prioritised over care responsibilities, and in the private sector organisations there is declining flexible working with a reassertion of the management prerogative. This article contributes to current debates over work‐life ‘balance’ and highlights variable, changeable and unpredictable working time arrangements that permeate non‐standard hours, which creates additional complexities and challenges for family time schedules and routines.
Beyond the birth wars: Diverse assemblages of care
Authors: Dombroski Kelly , Mckinnon Katharine , Healy Stephen
Published: November 2016

Childbirth has been transformed by the increased use of life‐saving medical technologies and a greater understanding of the complex interplay between care environments, emotional states, complex biophysical processes and ongoing physical and mental health for babies and mothers. Maternity care has also been subject to broader changes in healthcare economies that reposition mothers as rational consumers in a healthcare marketplace. Drawing on empirical research, we identify problems with imagining maternity care and the cared‐for subject through ‘choice’ alone and explore how the diverse assemblages that converge in birthing spaces could be better attended to through alternative ‘logics of care’.
The airway device preference may affect the overlapping of the common carotid artery by the internal jugular vein
Authors: Ozcelik Menekse , Guclu Cigdem , Meco Basak , Oztuna Derya , Kucuk Ahmet , Yalcin Saban , Alanoglu Zekeriyya , Alkis Neslihan
Published: November 2016

Background

Anatomical variation in the internal jugular vein (IJV), as well as its small size, tendency to collapse, and proximity to the common carotid artery (CCA) makes central venous cannulation via the IJV a technically challenging procedure, especially in pediatric patients.

Aim

We evaluated the effects of laryngeal mask airway insertion and endotracheal intubation (ETT) on the anatomical relationship between the IJV and the CCA in neutral and 40° head away positions.

Method

After parental consent 92 patients with ASA physical status I‐II, aged 0–17, undergoing elective urological surgery were enrolled and divided into two groups according to the airway management device used for anesthesia: Group laryngeal mask airway (n = 63) and Group ETT (n = 29). An ultrasonographic evaluation was performed before and after airway instrumentation at neutral and 40° head rotation. The IJV position in relation to the CCA was noted, and the overlap percentage of the CCA was calculated as the ratio of the CCA length covering by the internal jugular vein to the transverse diameter of the CCA.

Results

With no airway device insertion, the position of the IJV was found to be anterolateral to the CCA in the majority of patients (48.8% vs 35.3%, right vs left IJV) in the neutral head position. While there was no significant change in the overlap percentages of the CCA after laryngeal mask airway insertion in the neutral head position [48.71% vs 57.30% for the right IJV (difference in median: −21.20; 95% confidence interval (CI) of difference: −56.92 to 14.52; P = 0.133); 52.54% vs 60.36% for the left IJV (difference in median: −10.3; 95% CI of difference: −41.49 to 20.89; P = 0.128)], it increased significantly in the 40° head away position on both sides [50.11% vs 64.83% for the right IJV (difference in median: −55; 95% CI of difference: −84 to −25.24; P = 0.01); 53.82% vs 71.20% for the left IJV (difference in median: −46; 95% CI of difference: −86.85 to −5.15; P = 0.004)]. However, the overlap percentages of CCA decreased significantly on the right side with patients in a neutral head position (31.23% vs 6.27%, difference in median: 19; 95% CI of difference: −5.68 to 43.68; P = 0.002) and on both sides in the 40° head away position [29.50% vs 16.19%, difference in median: 26; 95% CI of difference: 2.84 to 49.16; P = 0.03 and 47% vs 31.94%, difference in median: 9.50; 95% CI of difference: −40.87 to 59.87; P = 0.03 for the right and left sides, respectively] after ETT insertion.

Conclusions

Laryngeal mask airway with 40° head rotation increases, whereas ETT decreases, the overlap percentage of CCA by IJV. Both head position and airway management methods have an influence on the overlap of the CCA by the IJV in pediatric patients.
Securing Crop Genetic Diversity: Reconciling EU Seed Legislation and Biodiversity Treaties
Authors: Prip Christian , Fauchald Ole Kristian
Published: November 2016

In May 2015, the European Commission withdrew its proposal for a new Regulation on Plant Reproductive Material. For decades, the European Union (EU) has struggled to strike a balance between seed legislation and the rights of farmers to save and exchange seed. The shelving of the draft Regulation was a major setback, given the need for legislative action in the aftermath of the Kokopelli judgment of the Court of Justice of the EU. This article discusses EU seed legislation in light of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. It analyses possible options and dilemmas for Norway in reconciling commitments to promote effective and high‐quality food production in a well‐functioning market, and securing long‐term crop genetic diversity. Norway's association with the internal market through the European Economic Area Agreement, as well as the fact that the Norwegian seed market is small and of scant interest to major seed companies, indicate that Norway enjoys flexibility in policy design. The article finds that EU seed legislation does not allow effective regimes for exchange and use of conservation varieties, possibly at odds with the two treaties and the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality.
Promoting Consistency in the Deep Seabed: Addressing Regulatory Dimensions in Designing the International Seabed Authority's Exploitation Code
Authors: Markus Till , Singh Pradeep
Published: November 2016

On 14 July 2016, the International Seabed Authority (ISA) issued the ‘Working Draft Regulations and Standard Contract Terms on Exploitation for Mineral Resources in the Area’. Once finalized, this will form part of the Mining Code, which would govern all aspects of respective deep seabed mining activities. The development of this legal framework does not take place within a legal and conceptual vacuum but in a complex, contested and dynamically developing political and regulatory environment. Numerous rules exist for various mining activities, other uses of the deep seabed and with regard to the conservation of the marine environment. Consequently, the arduous task at hand is to promote consistency between the ISA's developing regime and the existing and emerging international law related to the deep seabed. In this article, we highlight four pertinent issues and two mechanisms which must be addressed and developed in the drafting process of the Exploitation Code to promote consistency. As reliance on the deep seabed increases, promoting consistency is a continuing process in which the ISA would invariably have to participate in and possibly even take charge.
The Contribution of Intangible Assets to Sectoral Productivity Growth in the EU
Authors: Niebel Thomas , O'Mahony Mary , Saam Marianne
Published: November 2016

In this paper, we report on new data on intangible investment at the level of one‐digit NACE industries of ten European Union (EU) countries. The data are constructed as a sectoral breakdown by using as control totals the INTAN‐Invest database, which contains measures of intangible investment at the level of the aggregate business sector. With the sectoral data, we assess the contribution of intangibles to productivity growth based on growth accounting and econometric estimation of production functions. The growth accounting contribution of intangibles to labor productivity growth is generally highest in manufacturing and finance. The estimated output elasticity of intangibles lies between 0.1 and 0.2, above factor shares but considerably below values found in previous research using aggregate data.
Models, Measurement, and the Problem of Mediation in the New York Fashion Industry
Authors: Sadre‐Orafai Stephanie
Published: November 2016

From age and body measurements to the number and kinds of models featured in advertising campaigns and runway presentations, numbers are a seemingly less subjective way of monitoring aesthetic shifts and representational imbalances in the fashion industry. Yet an ethnographic investigation of how modeling agents actually use numbers in their everyday practices reveals something different. In this essay, I situate agents’ numerical performances within their local theories of mediation to explore how agents use numbers and measurements as a discursive resource for constructing models’ bodies as particular kinds of media.
Auteurship and Image‐Making: A (Gentle) Critique of the Photovoice Method
Authors: Shankar Arjun
Published: November 2016

This article critiques digital photovoice, a method deployed by social activists, developmentalists, and anthropological researchers. I argue that the uncritical use of photovoice methods (1) has allowed a reinvigoration of a positivist orientation toward image authenticity and (2) inadvertently supports hegemonic regimes of value. To revitalize photovoice as a method, I argue that practitioners must view their project as an aesthetic one, in which image‐makers are considered auteurs producing realities. I provide an example from my fieldwork in Adavisandra village near Bangalore, using one of my students’ photographs to consider how representations of her life change when we take her aesthetic‐auterial sensibility seriously.
Cadexomer iodine provides superior efficacy against bacterial wound biofilms in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Fitzgerald Daniel J. , Renick Paul J. , Forrest Emma C. , Tetens Shannon P. , Earnest David N. , McMillan Jillian , Kiedaisch Brett M. , Shi Lei , Roche Eric D.
Published: November 2016

Examination of clinical samples indicates bacterial biofilms are present in the majority of chronic wounds, and substantial evidence suggests biofilms contribute significantly to delayed healing. Bacteria in biofilms are highly tolerant of antimicrobials, and little data exist to guide the choice of anti‐biofilm wound therapy. Cadexomer iodine (CI) was recently reported to have superior efficacy compared to diverse wound dressings against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in an ex vivo model. In the current study, the strong performance of CI vs. P. aeruginosa biofilm was confirmed using colony and colony drip‐flow in vitro wound biofilm models. Similar in vitro efficacy of CI was also demonstrated against mature Staphylococcus aureus biofilms using the same models. Additionally, the rapid kill of mature S. aureus and P. aeruginosa colony biofilms was visualized by confocal microscopy using Live/Dead fluorescent stains. Superior in vitro efficacy of CI vs. staphylococcal biofilms was further demonstrated against methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA) using multiple biofilm models with log reduction, Live/Dead, and metabolic endpoints. Comparator antimicrobial dressings, including silver‐based dressings used throughout and other active agents used in individual models, elucidated only limited effects against the mature biofilms. Given the promising in vitro activity, CI was tested in an established mouse model of MRSA wound biofilm. CI had significantly greater impact on MRSA biofilm in mouse wounds than silver dressings or mupirocin based on Gram‐stained histology sections and quantitative microbiology from biopsy samples (>4 log reduction in CFU/g vs. 0.7–1.6, p < 0.0001). The superior efficacy for CI in these in vitro and in vivo models suggests CI topical products may represent a better choice to address established bacterial biofilm in chronic wounds.
Study on Mechanism of Freeze-Thaw Cycles Induced Changes in Soil Strength Using Electrical Resistivity and X-Ray Computed Tomography
Authors: Yao Xiaoliang , Fang Lili , Qi Jilin , Yu Fan
Published: November 2016

In this study, freeze-thaw cycles were conducted on samples of a fine grained soil from the Qinghai–Tibetan plateau which had been prepared with different dry unit weights. During freeze-thaw cycles, electrical resistivity was measured. The soil samples were also scanned by X-ray computed tomography (CT) before and after freeze-thaw cycles. Unconsolidated and drained (UD) triaxial compression test was performed to obtain the apparent friction angle and cohesion. Changes in the arrangement and connections between soil particles were analyzed so as to investigate the mechanisms of changes in the strength parameters. The electrical resistivity increased in all samples, regardless of the different original dry unit weights, which implies that in all cases the arrangement of soil particles became more irregular and attached area between soil particles was increased. These changes contributed to the increase of apparent friction angle. On the other hand, the CT scans indicated that, depending upon the original dry unit weight, freeze-thaw cycles induced strengthening or deterioration in particle connections, and thus apparent cohesion was increased or decreased. With three freeze-thaw cycles, changes in microstructure of soil samples led to increases or decrease in both the apparent friction angle and cohesion.
Enhancing Instruction and Reducing Costs: Chico State University’s Approach to Course Redesign
Authors: Trout Josh , Vela Eddie
Published: November 2016

In 2009, California State University-Chico implemented a unique system of course redesign with the aim of improving student learning, increasing instructional efficiency, and reducing university costs. Inspired by and modeled after the National Center for Academic Transformation, the “Academy e-Learning” program involves a 3-week training covering models of course design, learning theories, assessment methods, and a host of instructional technologies. This paper summarizes data from 40 courses, across five separate cohort groups from 2009–2013, with respect to the efficacy of Academy e-Learning (re)design training. Data show improvements in student learning outcomes in over half of the course redesigns. Benefits of course redesign included increased instructional efficiency, enhanced student learning, and a reduction in university costs by offering some instruction online and increasing enrollment caps. Barriers to a successful course redesign included lack of time, technology malfunction, and workload concerns. This paper outlines the redesign process at California State University-Chico, discusses similar redesign initiatives at other institutions, and offers solutions for measuring effectiveness of a redesigned course.
A shortcut to a species
Authors: Pennisi Elizabeth
Published: November 2016

Hybrids that start mating with just other hybrids can become isolated and different enough from their parents that they begin to speciate.
Serotype Distribution, Population Structure, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Group B Streptococcus Strains Recovered from Colonized Pregnant Women
Authors: Teatero Sarah , Ferrieri Patricia , Martin Irene , Demczuk Walter , McGeer Allison , Fittipaldi Nahuel
Published: November 2016

Using serotyping, multilocus sequence typing, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of selected strains, we studied the population structure of 102 group B
Streptococcus
(GBS) isolates prospectively sampled in 2014 from vaginal/rectal swabs of healthy pregnant women in metropolitan Toronto, Canada. We also determined the susceptibilities of each of the colonizing isolates to penicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, and other antimicrobial agents. Overall, we observed a high rate of tetracycline resistance (89%) among colonizing GBS isolates. We found resistance to erythromycin in 36% of the strains, and 33% were constitutively or inducibly resistant to clindamycin. The most frequently identified serotypes were III (25%), Ia (23%), and V (19%). Serotype IV accounted for 6% of the colonizing isolates, a rate consistent with that observed among patients with invasive GBS infections in metropolitan Toronto. The majority of serotype IV isolates belonged to sequence type (ST)459, a tetracycline-, erythromycin-, and clindamycin-resistant ST first identified in Minnesota, which is considered to be the main driver of serotype IV GBS expansion in North America. WGS revealed that ST459 isolates from Canada are clonally related to colonizing and invasive ST459 organisms circulating in regions of the United States. We also used WGS to study recombination in selected colonizing strains from metropolitan Toronto, which revealed multiple episodes of capsular switching. Present and future circulating GBS organisms and their genetic diversity may influence GBS vaccine development.
Cryo-electron Microscopy Structures of Expanded Poliovirus with VHHs Sample the Conformational Repertoire of the Expanded State
Authors: Strauss Mike , Schotte Lise , Karunatilaka Krishanthi S. , Filman David J. , Hogle James M.
Published: November 2016

By using cryo-electron microscopy, expanded 80S-like poliovirus virions (poliovirions) were visualized in complexes with four 80S-specific camelid VHHs (Nanobodies). In all four complexes, the VHHs bind to a site on the top surface of the capsid protein VP3, which is hidden in the native virus. Interestingly, although the four VHHs bind to the same site, the structures of the expanded virus differ in detail in each complex, suggesting that each of the Nanobodies has sampled a range of low-energy structures available to the expanded virion. By stabilizing unique structures of expanded virions, VHH binding permitted a more detailed view of the virus structure than was previously possible, leading to a better understanding of the expansion process that is a critical step in infection. It is now clear which polypeptide chains become disordered and which become rearranged. The higher resolution of these structures also revealed well-ordered conformations for the EF loop of VP2, the GH loop of VP3, and the N-terminal extensions of VP1 and VP2, which, in retrospect, were present in lower-resolution structures but not recognized. These structural observations help to explain preexisting mutational data and provide insights into several other stages of the poliovirus life cycle, including the mechanism of receptor-triggered virus expansion.

IMPORTANCE
When poliovirus infects a cell, it undergoes a change in its structure in order to pass RNA through its protein coat, but this altered state is short-lived and thus poorly understood. The structures of poliovirus bound to single-domain antibodies presented here capture the altered virus in what appear to be intermediate states. A careful analysis of these structures lets us better understand the molecular mechanism of infection and how these changes in the virus lead to productive-infection events.
Honey Bee Deformed Wing Virus Structures Reveal that Conformational Changes Accompany Genome Release
Authors: Organtini Lindsey J. , Shingler Kristin L. , Ashley Robert E. , Capaldi Elizabeth A. , Durrani Kulsoom , Dryden Kelly A. , Makhov Alexander M. , Conway James F. , Pizzorno Marie C. , Hafenstein Susan
Published: November 2016

The picornavirus-like deformed wing virus (DWV) has been directly linked to colony collapse; however, little is known about the mechanisms of host attachment or entry for DWV or its molecular and structural details. Here we report the three-dimensional (3-D) structures of DWV capsids isolated from infected honey bees, including the immature procapsid, the genome-filled virion, the putative entry intermediate (A-particle), and the empty capsid that remains after genome release. The capsids are decorated by large spikes around the 5-fold vertices. The 5-fold spikes had an open flower-like conformation for the procapsid and genome-filled capsids, whereas the putative A-particle and empty capsids that had released the genome had a closed tube-like spike conformation. Between the two conformations, the spikes undergo a significant hinge-like movement that we predicted using a Robetta model of the structure comprising the spike. We conclude that the spike structures likely serve a function during host entry, changing conformation to release the genome, and that the genome may escape from a 5-fold vertex to initiate infection. Finally, the structures illustrate that, similarly to picornaviruses, DWV forms alternate particle conformations implicated in assembly, host attachment, and RNA release.

IMPORTANCE
Honey bees are critical for global agriculture, but dramatic losses of entire hives have been reported in numerous countries since 2006. Deformed wing virus (DWV) and infestation with the ectoparasitic mite
Varroa destructor
have been linked to colony collapse disorder. DWV was purified from infected adult worker bees to pursue biochemical and structural studies that allowed the first glimpse into the conformational changes that may be required during transmission and genome release for DWV.
Diagnostic conundrum: lessons from the man who accidently set fire to his home
Authors: Mendis Sahan Benedict , Lukats Victoria
Published: November 2016

A 62-year-old man presented to psychiatric services with a 3-month history of a range of symptoms which included obsessional thoughts, self-neglect, lack of mental flexibility, reduced ability to plan, organise and follow instructions, reduced capacity to empathise and disinhibition. He also accidently set fire to his house. Overall these findings are compatible with a dysexecutive syndrome. This man has a significant history of polysubstance misuse and chronic hepatitis C infection. Neuroimaging revealed an acquired traumatic brain injury which could account for his dysexecutive syndrome. The patient was managed in a holistic manner. A community psychiatric nurse was allocated, he had social services input and he was started on trazodone. He is currently housed in short-term housing and is awaiting a long-term residential placement.