bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plasma Ammonia Concentration in Dogs Using Ion‐Exchange Method of Analysis
Authors: Zenoble Robert D. , Prasse Keith W.
Published: February 2009

Laboratory methods for measuring plasma ammonia concentration were reviewed. The ion‐exchange method of analysis was evaluated using canine plasma from 15 clinically normal dogs and five dogs with portosystemic shunts. Mean and standard deviation was 40.3 ± 8.1 ug NH3/dl in normal dogs and values ranged from 125 to 200 ugNH3/dl in dogs with portosystemic shunts. Handling of blood samples properly for accurate results was found to require pre‐chilled collection tubes, chilling the sample in an ice bath, immediate separation of plasma from red blood cells and immediate analysis for ammonia concentration. The ion exchange method was determined to be sufficiently accurate for clinical use and is suggested for any veterinary clinical pathology laboratory.
Effects of I.M. Injections on Serum Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK) Values in Dogs
Authors: Lewis H. B. , Rhodes D. C.
Published: February 2009

Intramuscular injections of compounds of low irritancy (bicillin, Valium, saline) were found to cause significant elevations in serum CPK in dogs. This route of treatment must therefore be avoided in clinical conditions where CPK values have daignostic or prognostic importance.
Hyperosmolemic Changes Following Experimental Ethylene Glycol Intoxication In Dogs
Authors: Green R.A. , Omer V.V. St. , Zumwalt R.W. , Dallman M.J.
Published: February 2009

Experimental ethylene glycol toxicosis in dogs produced a marked increase in serum osmolality. By comparing measured and calculated serum osmolality and relating this difference to plasma ethylene glycol, it was determined that ethylene glycol was primarily responsible for the hyperosmolemia. Osmometry may provide a useful adjunct to other diagnostic tests in identifying ethylene glycol intoxicated dogs during the early, most treatable, stage of toxicosis.
A Comparison of Coulter ZBI and Fisher Autocytometer II Hematological Values in 28 Mammalian Species at the Metropolitan Toronto Zoo
Authors: Chan A. , Carnio J. , Rapley W.A. , Mehren K.G.
Published: February 2009

One hundred and thirty‐three blood samples from twenty‐eight mammalian, non‐domestic species were analyzed using both the Coulter ZBI and Fisher Autocytometer II. The WBC, RBC and Hb values for each species from both machines, were compared. The study indicated that for 27 species there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between machines for the WBC. Twenty‐one species showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the RBC results. Only one species exhibited a significant difference (P>0.05) between machines in the hemoglobin value obtained.
Activated Coagulation Times of Normal Cows
Authors: Riley J.H. , Lassen E.D.
Published: February 2009

The Activated Coagulation Time (ACT) was determined on 10 normal cows. Duplicate samples were taken from each cow. The mean ACT was 145 seconds with a range of 120–180 seconds. Standard deviations were 18 and 13 for the first and second sampling, respectively. Repeatability of the ACT was acceptable.
The Platelet Factor‐ 3 Test for Detection of Canine Antiplatelet Antibody
Authors: Jain N.C. , Kono C.S.
Published: February 2009

Autoimmune thrombocytopenia can be diagnosed by demonstrating antiplatelet antibody in patient's serum using a platelet factor‐3 test. A procedure was developed to conduct the platelet factor‐3 test using a Fibrometer to record coagulation time. The procedure provides a more practical and consistent way of reading results than making visual observations. It is also simple enough for use as a laboratory method to evaluate thrombocyto‐penic patients. With this procedure, positive results were obtained for about one‐third of the thrombocytopenic dogs examined so far.
Hepatic Bile Pigment Excretion and Erythrocyte Turnover in Various Species
Authors: Cornelius Charles E. , Bruss Michael L.
Published: February 2009

Endogenous bile pigment excretory rates have now been recorded in fifteen species, and the following review briefly compares the excretion per unit of body weight in animals of varying sizes, attempts to determine if any correlation exists between bile flow and endogenous pigment excretion and discusses bile pigment excretion in relation to mean erythrocyte survival time and metabolic rate. Graphs and one table illustrating pigment metabolism and erythrocyte replacement are presented. Differences between animals excreting primarily biliverdin as opposed to bilirubin are discussed, with special attention being given throughout the article to mammals and their individual differences. Accepted theory concludes that the rate of endogenous bile pigment excretion is primarily dependent upon hemoglobin cata‐bolism. However, further studies will be necessary to clarify basic physiological mechanisms in order to substantiate any theory concerning the correlation of erythrocyte turnover with metabolic rates.
Noncrystalline Inclusions in Erythrocytes of a Rhinoceros Iguana
Authors: Simpson Charles F. , Jacobson E.R. , Harvey J.W.
Published: February 2009

In the following case, intracytoplasmic and intranuclear noncrystalline inclusions are found in the erythrocytes of a male Rhinoceros Iguana. Ultrastructurally, cytoplas‐mic inclusions are hexagonal with sharp borders not bound by a membrane. Similar to surrounding hemoglobin in that they are amorphous, homogenous and composed of finely textured material, the inclusions are easily differentiated by their symmetry and weak electron density. Nuclear inclusions are observed causing margination of chro‐matin and nucleoplasm. They are also easily distinguished by their hexagonal shape, weak electron density and the greater granularity of the surrounding nucleoplasm. The case is unusual because noncrystalline inclusions other than Heinz bodies have not yet been described in the erythrocytes of animals with nucleated red cells.
Immune Mediated Neutropenia in Man and Animals: A Review
Authors: Chickering William R. , Prasse Keith W.
Published: February 2009

Immune mediated neutropenia has been reported in human medical literature with increasing frequency over the past 30 years. A wide variety of causes are known and numerous techniques have been developed to test for the presence of antineutrophil antibody. This paper reviews literature pertaining to the pathogenesis, detection and experimental production of immune mediated neutropenia in man and animals.
The Mechanisms Relating to Increases in Plasma Enzymes and Isoenzymes in Diseases of Animals
Authors: Boyd J.W.
Published: February 2009

Changes in plasma or serum enzymes and isoenzymes are useful indicators of tissue damage in many diseases. Enzyme increases are usually related to leakage of enzymes from damaged cells. The amount of increase depends on factors such as the concentration of enzyme in the cells, the rate of leakage of enzyme from cells and the rate of clearance of enzyme from plasma. There are important species variations in the tissue concentrations and plasma clearance rates of enzymes and isoenzymes.
Comparison of Two Automated Multi‐Channel Blood Cell Counting Systems for Analysis of Blood of Common Domestic Animals
Authors: Weiser M.G.
Published: February 2009

An automated, multi‐channel blood cell counting system (S‐Plus) was compared to a reference counting system using blood samples from 187 animals of four species. The standard red cell bath aperture current of 150 volts (V) was used during analysis of 75% of the samples. At this setting, all samples with a Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) greater than 50 fl had accurate erythrocyte counts. As the MCV decreased below 50 fl, the severity of false low erythrocyte counts and false high MCV values increased. The remaining 25% of samples were analyzed with the red cell bath aperture current increased to 200 V. At this setting, only 5% or less of erythrocytes from animals with normal MCV values (>36 fl) were below the erythrocyte threshold. The red cell distribution width values provided by the S‐Plus indicated that equine and bovine erythrocytes have greater anisocytosis than canine and feline erythrocytes. Leukocyte counts were significantly lower on the S‐Plus (p < 0.01). Canine and equine samples most frequently had platelet size distribution within the S‐Plus platelet counting threshold window. Electronic whole blood platelet counting appeared unsatisfactory in cats due to large platelet size and erythrocyte‐platelet size overlap. Small platelet size in cattle indicated that further modifications of the red cell bath aperture current would be required to count and size platelets in this species. Following electronic modifications, this state‐of‐the‐art system appears adaptable to hematologic profiling in most species.
Diagnostic Value of Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase in Horse Serum
Authors: Hoffmann Walter E. , Dorner Joseph L. , Morris Holly
Published: February 2009

Antiserum directed against equine intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) was produced in rabbits and used to develop a sensitive and quantitative assay for the detection of intestinal ALP in equine serum. This assay was then used to measure the half‐life of intravenously injected intestinal ALP and to determine if the intestinal ALP was present in normal horse sera, sera from horses presented for lesions not involving the gastrointestinal tract and sera from horses presented with lesions involving the gastrointestinal tract. The results suggest that intestinal ALP is not likely to appear in equine serum even when gastrointestinal disease is present and, therefore, appears to be of no diagnostic value
A Sensitive Autoradiographic Procedure for Factor VIII‐Related Antigen in Canine Plasma
Authors: Schlink Gerald T. , Johnson Gary S.
Published: February 2009

A second‐antibody autoradiographic technique was found to be suitable for visualization of precipitin arcs produced by the elec‐troimmunoassay or crossed immunoelectro‐phoresis of factor Vlll‐related antigen in canine plasma. With the new autoradiographic procedure the electroimmunoassay was approximately ten times more sensitive than with the commonly used protein stain, Co‐omassie Blue R 250. Unlike earlier autoradiographic techniques, second‐antibody au‐toradiography requires only commercially available reagents.
Antinucleolar Antibody Associated with Lupus Erythematosus in a Dog
Authors: Murtaugh Robert J. , Jacobs Robert M.
Published: February 2009

A nucleolar pattern of fluorescence was detected in an Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) test on serum of an 8‐year‐old Collie with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Skin disease characterized by a lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate and epidermal necrosis and a positive Coombs' test supported the diagnosis. The dog responded to immunosuppres‐sive drugs and continues to do well on maintenance therapy.
Hematological Characteristics of the BB Wistar Rat
Authors: Wright James R. , Yates Allan J. , Shah Niranjan T. , Neff John C. , Covey David W. , Thibert Pierre
Published: February 2009

Complete blood counts, differential white blood cell and platelet counts were performed on male and female BB Wistar diabetic rats (BBWd), their nondiabetic siblings (BBWnd) and outbred Wistar rats of the line from which the BB Wistar rats were derived. Most of the observed changes were strain‐related (those present in both BBWd and BBWnd but not in control rats) rather than diabetes‐related (those in BBWd but neither BBWnd nor control rats) and therefore probably due to the inbreeding process. The BBW strain had significantly lower numbers of white cells and platelets, as well as markedly changed differential white cell counts. Differential counts showed a pattern of lympho‐penia, neutrophilia, monocytosis and eosino‐philia. It is possible that these white blood cell changes contribute to the increased susceptibility to infection reported for the BBW strain. No significant difference in serum immunoglobulin concentrations was found in any of these three groups of rats. Therefore, hypogammaglobulinemia cannot account for the increased susceptibility to infections, but it is not possible to rule out an abnormality in the distribution of immunoglobulin fractions as an etiological factor.
Effect of in vitro Hemolysis on Values for Certain Porcine Serum Constituents
Authors: Dorner J.L , Hoffmann W.E. , Filipov M.M.
Published: February 2009

Serum consistuents were determined for 14 healthy pigs after the addition of hemoly‐sates containing 54, 133, 215 and 400 mg/dl of hemoglobin to serum. Of sixteen chemical procedures considered, changes (P< 0.0005) in creatinine, total protein, Pi, alanine amino‐transferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Ca, K, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin and albumin values occurred following the addition of a hemo‐lysate containing 400 mg/dl of hemoglobin. Changes (P<0.0005) were also observed in certain serum constituents when hemoly‐sates containing 54, 133 and 215 mg/dl of hemoglobin were added.
Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology and Histologic Correlation in Canine Tumors
Authors: Griffiths G.L. , Lumsden J.H. , Valli V.E.O.
Published: February 2009

Fine needle aspiration biopsy was performed on 147 skin tumors in 119 dogs over a 4‐year period. Both air‐dried smears (Wright's stain) and wet‐fixed smears (Papanicolaou's stain) were prepared from the aspirates from each tumor and the cytological diagnosis was correlated with histology. In 105 tumors, the cytological and histological interpretations agreed.

Histologically, there were 36 stromal tumors, including 19 fibrosarcomas and nine hemangiosarcomas. Cytologically, 12 of the fibrosarcomas and five of the hemangiosarcomas were interpreted correctly as malignant tumors. All 11 melanomas and all 37 mast cell tumors were identified correctly cytologically, while nine of the 11 squamous cell carcinomas, 15 of 21 adenocarcinomas and eight of 19 mammary carcinomas were interpreted as malignant using aspiration biopsy.

The fine‐needle technique also identified 16 dogs with metastases to the regional lymph nodes before surgical biopsies were undertaken. Benign tumors were incorrectly described as malignancies in only three cases.
Effects of Three Methods of Restraint on Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Testing in Rhesus and African Green Monkeys
Authors: Fulmer Roger , Loeb Walter F. , Martin David P. , Gard Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2009

The intravenous administration of 0.75 gm glucose per kg and the measurement of serum glucose pretest and at 10, 20, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes constitute a satisfactory protocol for intravenous glucose tolerance testing of Rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and African Green (Cercopithecus aethiops) monkeys. No significant differences were noted between animals restrained with ketamine hydrochloride and those restrained with sodium pentobarbital, but the African Green males and females and the male Rhesus monkeys yielded significantly different results while being manually restrained.
The Interpretation of Serum Biochemistry Test Results in Domestic Animals
Authors: Boyd James W.
Published: February 2009

The interpretation of serum biochemistry tests used in the investigation of disease was reviewed. Different methods of calculating reference ranges for biochemical constituents of serum were discussed. Reference ranges in current laboratory use were analyzed statistically to produce means and coefficients of variation.
Serum Protein Reference Values in Foals During the First Year of Life: Comparison of Chemical and Electrophoretic Methods
Authors: Bauer John E. , Harvey John W. , Asquith Richard L. , McNulty Patricia K. , Kivipelto Jan
Published: February 2009

Normal reference values for serum proteins of foals from birth to 1 year of age have been established. Chemical and electro‐phoretic/refractometric methods for total protein, albumin, total globulin and Albumin/Globulin (A/G ratio) have also been compared.

The biuret total protein method and Brom‐cresol Green (BCG) method on the Techni‐con SMA 12/60 autoanalyzer were used and compared with total protein determined via refractometry and albumin determined by Cellulose Acetate (CA) electrophoresis/den‐sitometry. Globulin and A/G ratios were calculated from the chemical method data and compared with that obtained electrophoreti‐cally. Total protein, albumin, total globulins and A/G ratios all were in agreement at all sample times studied.

Data on the subfractionation of serum globulins via CA electrophoresis is also presented. Wide variations in β and γ globulin levels were noted among the foal sera early in life. As a result, two distinct populations of foals with respect to both globulin content and A/G ratio were identified. One of these populations (Group A) appeared to have obtained passive immunity more slowly than the other (Group B) animals. Comparison of these data with clinical cases of foals in which failure of passive transfer was a part suggests that the A/G ratio may be useful in assessing adequate colostral antibody levels in the newborn foal.
Detection of von Willebrand's Disease in Dogs with a Rapid Qualitative Test, Based on Venom‐Coagglutinin‐Induced Platelet Agglutination
Authors: Johnson Gary S. , Turrentine Mark A. , Tomlinson James L.
Published: February 2009

A rapid, qualitative blood test was developed to identify potential bleeders among dogs that are von Willebrand's disease suspects. The test, based on venom coagglu‐tinin‐induced agglutination of formalin‐fixed washed platelets, was compared to the more lengthy electroimmunoassay for factor Will‐related antigen. The 2 tests were performed on plasma samples from 82 dogs, including 68 Doberman pinschers. The 39 plasma samples that were found to be “clinically normal” by the new test had factor Vlll‐related antigen concentrations ranging from 32% to 192% of that in a pool of normal canine plasma samples. Plasma samples from the 43 dogs that tested as “potential bleeders” by the new test had factor Vlll‐related antigen concentrations from 4% to 38%. All 43 “potential bleeders” were Doberman pinschers. Shortly after being evaluated by the new test, 46 of the dogs underwent invasive diagnostic, therapeutic, or cosmetic procedures. Excessive hemorrhage was encountered in 40% of the 25 dogs that tested as “potential bleeders.” In contrast, only 5% of the 21 dogs that tested as “clinically normal” exhibited abnormal bleeding.
Idiopathic Aplastic Anemia in a Dog
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. , Christopher Mary M.
Published: February 2009

A case of idiopathic aplastic anemia in a dog was characterized by pancytopenia and bone marrow aplasia. Erythroid colony‐forming units (CFU‐E) were not detected in bone marrow culture. Addition of the doq's serum to CFU‐E culture from control dogs failed to suppress colony formation, suggesting that humorally‐mediatedsuppression at theCFU‐E level was not a cause of the aplastic anemia.
Synovial Fluid Eosinophilia: A Case Report in a Dog and Review of the Literature
Authors: Christopher Mary M. , Wallace Larry J.
Published: February 2009

The first known report of synovial fluid eosinophilia in a dog is described here. The occurrence of eosinophils in joint fluid is rare. Sporadic cases have been recorded in humans and most can be related to immune‐mediated reactions, both parasitic and non‐parasitic.

The dog in this case report had 20–52% eosinophils in multiple joints, as well as hemarthrosis and marked mononuclear cell reactivity. An intense peripheral eosinophilia was demonstrated one week later. The associated lameness resolved with non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory therapy. Lack of remarkable history or other clinical symptoms led to a diagnosis of idiopathic, eosinophilic, polyarthritis, likely immune‐mediated.
Failure of Routine Coagulation Screening Tests to Detect Heterozygous State of Bovine Factor XI Deficiency
Authors: Gentry P.A. , Ross M.L.
Published: February 2009

In a survey of coagulation, biochemical and hematological parameters in cattle homozygous (deficient), heterozygous (carrier) and non‐affected (normal) for Factor XI deficiency, only the Activated Partial Throm‐boplastin Time (APTT) results correlated with plasma Factor XI activity levels. The APTT results and the thrombokinetics for the deficient animals were markedly different from the results of either the carrier or normal animals. However, the APTT assay was shown not to be sufficiently sensitive to differentiate between the normal and carrier state for the coagulation disorder. Not only was there no statistical difference between the mean APTT results for the normal and carrier animals, but the thrombokinetics for fibrin clot formation for the two groups were also similar.
Correlation of Spurious Potassium Elevation and Platelet Count in Dogs
Authors: Degen Melisa A.
Published: February 2009

Paired serum and plasma electrolyte determinations were measured on 26 dogs. The difference between plasma and serum electrolyte concentrations was compared to the platelet and leukocyte counts. An increase in serum potassium concentration over plasma potassium concentration was found which correlated linearly with the platelet count. No correlation with white cell count was found. A statistically significant increase in serum sodium concentration over plasma sodium concentration was also noted; however, this change did not correlate with the number of platelets or white cells. It is concluded that thrombocytosis, previously known to cause spurious elevation in serum potassium concentration in humans, can also do so in dogs and, presumably, other species.
Glycosylated Hemoglobin in Dogs: Precision, Stability, and Diagnostic Utility
Authors: Easley J. Roger
Published: February 2009

The precision and stability or the ion exchange chromatography assay for canine glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1) were examined. The coefficient of variation (CV) of within‐run replicate assays was 1.3 to 2.6%; the CV of between‐run duplicate assays was 3.1%. The mean HbA1content in 44 healthy dogs was 7.1% (SD = 1.1%, range = 5.1–9.7%). Paired aliquots of 12 blood samples were stored at 4° and 25°, and HbA1was measured on the day of collection and at 3, 5, and 7 days aftercollection. In the blood stored at 4°, no significant increase in the HbA1content was seen. No significant increase in HbA1content was found in the blood stored at 25° after 3 days, but dramatic increases were observed after 5 and 7 days of storage. No significant difference was observed in the HbA1content in heart blood collected 18 hours after death from 9 dogs kept at 25°C.

The HbA1content was measured in 10 hospitalized diabetic dogs. Five of the dogs had received no insulin and all 5 had elevated HbA, values. The other 5 dogs had received insulin for 1 to 9 months; 2 of the 5 had increased HbA1content. The HbA1content was determined periodically for 9 months in one diabetic dog and it declined from 14.0% to 8.2%.
Mastocytemia in Dogs With Acute Inflammatory Diseases
Authors: Stockham Steven L. , Basel Dean L , Schmidt Donald A.
Published: February 2009

Nineteen dogs were identified that had mastocytemia (mast cells in venous blood samples) not associated with mast cell neo‐plasia. The first 10 dogs were identified by examination of blood films from dogs with suspected parvovirus enteritis (8), fibrinous pericarditis and pleuritis secondary to thoracic lacerations (1), and renal insufficiency of unknown cause (1). Because of the apparent association with acute enteritis, blood films from 52 suspected canine parvovirus cases were examined retrospectively and 8 mastocytemic dogs were found. An additional 52 canine blood films were randomly selected from the same retrospective time period and 1 mastocytemic dog was found that had pneumothorax, pelvic fractures, and hemorrhagic septic abdominal effusion secondary to renal hemorrhage and traumatized intestines. All mastocytemic dogs had acute inflammatory leukograms the day that mast cells were first detected: neutropenia with toxic neutrophils (4), neutropenia with a left shift (8), total neutrophil count within reference interval but with a left shift (5), or neu‐trophilia with a left shift (2). All dogs except the renal insufficiency case had circulating toxic neutrophils. Five dogs were mastocytemic on more than 1 day. The pathogenesis of the mastocytemia associated with the acute inflammatory disease was not determined.
What Is Your Diagnosis?
Authors: Engelhardt Jeffery A. , Honor David J. , Rebar Alan H.
Published: February 2009

A fine needle aspirate was taken from an enlarged prescapular lymph node from an 8‐year‐old male Doberman Pinscher. Squash preparations were prepared for cytologic examination by air‐drying and staining with Wright's stain (Hema‐Tek Stainer:Ames Laboratories). Cytologically, the mass consisted of a population of non‐cohesive, variably sized (15 to 30 μ m) round to oval cells enmeshed in a background of eosinophilic finely fibrillar extracellular matrix material. The cells contained slightly oval to round nuclei which were occasionally eccentric in location. The chromatin was moderately hyperchromic and most nuclei contained a single prominent round nucleolus. A few cells contained multilobulated nuclei or were multinucleate. Cytoplasm was abundant, lightly to deeply basophilic and moderately granular (Figs.1&2).
Dyserythropoiesis, Sideroblasts/Siderocytes and Hemoglobin Crystallization in a Dog
Authors: Canfield P.J. , Watsond A.D.J. , Ratcliffed R.C.C.
Published: February 2009

Dyserythropoiesis characterized by enhanced intramedullary destruction, pathologic sidederoblasts and siderocytes, and hemoglobin crystallization was detected in a female Cocker Spaniel presented for poor exercise tolerance. Examination of peripheral blood revealed intraerythrocytic crystals, granulation of erythrocytes, nucleated erythroid cells, reticulocytosis and marked variation in erythrocyte morphology in the absence of anemia. Bone marrow examination revealed sideroblasts, a low M:E ratio and evidence of enhanced intramedullary destruction of erythroid cells. Electron microscopy of peripheral blood and bone marrow confirmed pathologic mitochondrial iron accumulation in erythroid cells and the presence of intraerythrocytic hemoglobin crystals. A cause for the hematologic changes was not identified. After the animal became clinically normal, siderocytes disappeared from peripheral blood but intraerythrocytic crystals and reticulocytosis persisted.
Free Radicals: Relation to Tissue Damaae ‐ A Review
Authors: VanSteenhouse Jan L.
Published: February 2009

Free radicals are any molecules having an odd number of electrons. These molecules are highly reactive and can be generated as byproducts of normal metabolism as well as by exposure to a number of environmental factors including drugs, radiation and air pollutants. Due to the ubiquity of molecular oxygen, the oxygen metabolites superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and the hydroxyl radical are frequently involved in both beneficial and detrimental free radical reactions. Intracellular enzymes and radical scavengers help to protect against tissue damage by these reactive metabolites. The extent of free radical damage to tissue depends on the nature of the radical produced and its site of generation.
Potential Effects of Glucocorticoids on Serum Iron Concentration in Dogs
Authors: Harvey John W. , Levin Daniel E. , Chen C.L
Published: February 2009

Prednisone was given orally (2 mg/kg b.i.d.) to seven healthy mixed breed dogs for 3 consecutive days. Serum iron concentration increased significantly (p>0.05) from 142 ± 26 μg/dl (mean ± SE) before a drug administration on Day 0 to a maximum of 307 ± 47 ng/dl on Day 2, and returned to the Day 0 value by Day 5. Mean total iron binding capacity did not vary more than 25% from the Day 0 value during the 9 day long study. The percent saturation of transferrin with iron increased from 33 ± 6% on Day Oto a maximum of 71 ± 9% on Day 3. This determination had decreased to 34 ± 3% on Day 5. No statistically significant changes occurred in these parameters studied in six control dogs that were not given the drug. To determine whether serum iron concentration might be correlated with endogenous serum Cortisol concentration, these tests were determined in serum collected from nine dogs at 7 a.m., 3 p.m., and 11 p.m. each day for 3 consecutive days. Serum iron concentration was lower at 7 a.m. (147 ± 9 μg/dl) than at 3 p.m. (164 ± μg/dl) or 11 p.m. (159 ± 10 μg/dl). Likewise serum Cortisol was lower at 7 a.m. (1.29 ± 0.18μg/dl) than at 3 p.m. (1.49 ± 0.19 μg/dl) or 11 p.m. (1.51 ± 0.22 μg/dl). There was a significant positive linear correlation between serum iron and serum Cortisol concentrations when they were compared using mean values for each dog. From these studies, it appears that exogenously administered glucocorticoids and endogenous increases in serum Cortisol concentrations may result in increased serum iron concentrations in dogs.
Unsaturated Vitamin B12 Binding Capacity in Human and Ruminant Blood Serum – A Comparison of Techniques Including a New Technique by High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Schultz Wendy J.
Published: February 2009

A new technique by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC‐gel permeation) shows promise as a tool to separate and quantitate the Unsaturated Vitamin B12 Binding Capacity (UBBC) of the individual Vitamin B12 binders in blood serum. This method, although not as rapid as protein‐coated charcoal or cellulose separation techniques, is more applicable for use with large numbers of samples than gel filtration. The use of a radioactivity detector to monitor the eluant from the column permitted automation of the method. Comparable results for UBBC and for the UBBC of individual binders were obtained when samples were analyzed by gel filtration and HPLC. The HPLC method proved suitably precise and the recovery of added cyanocobalamin was acceptable. It is proposed that HPLC be the method of choice for measurement of the UBBC of binders of Vitamin B12 in blood serum.
Effects of Heartworm and Intestinal Parasitic Infections on Hematology and Peripheral Lymph Node Cytology in Louisiana Dogs
Authors: Gossett K.A. , Root C.R. , Cleghorn B. , Church G.E. , Turk J.R. , Turk M.A.M.
Published: February 2009

Hookworm infected dogs had higher blood basophil counts than hookworm negative dogs. Dogs with occult heartworm infection (i.e., without microfilaremia) had higher blood neutrophil counts than heartworm negative dogs. The percentage of eosinophils in peripheral lymph nodes was higher in heartworm infected, microfilaremic dogs than in both occult infected dogs and heartworm negative dogs. Heartworm or intestinal parasitic infection had no other significant effects on hematologic parameters or peripheral lymph node cytology.
A Comparison of Commercial Kit Methods for Assay of Vitamin B12 in Ruminant Blood
Authors: Schultz Wendy J.
Published: February 2009

Five commercially available radioisotope dilution (RID) kits for assay of Vitamin B12 were obtained for evaluation with ovine and bovine serum; also, for comparison with our laboratory's (Lab 1) RID method and the methods of two independent laboratories, one using RID and the other a microbiological method. One commercial kit was found to be suitable for both species because negligible non‐specific binding occurred when extraction was performed at 100d̀ C (212d̀ F). Of the other four kits, two were found to be suitable for ovine and bovine serum provided non‐specific binding of the latter was measured. This was also the case with the Lab 1 method. Two of the commercial kits were found to be unsuitable for assay of Vitamin B12 in ruminant blood.
Oral Mucosa Bleeding Times of Normal Cats and Cats with Chediak‐Higashi Syndrome or Hageman Trait (Factor XII Deficiency)
Authors: Parkerd Michael T. , Collier Linda L. , Kier Ann B. , Johnson Gary S.
Published: February 2009

A commercially available, disposable blade in a spring‐loaded cassette was used to measure oral mucosa bleeding times (OMBT) of ketamine/acepromazine‐anesthetized cats. The OMBT were determined in cats homozygous for Chediak‐Higashi syndrome (CHS; n = 7), cats heterozygous for CHS (n = 6), and cats homozygous for Hageman factor (factor XII) deficiency (n = 5). In addition, OMBT were determined in three groups of normal cats: random‐source cats (n = 14), inbred normal relatives of the cats with CHS (n = 7), and inbred normal relatives of Hageman factor deficient cats (n = 9). No significant differences were found in the OMBT of the three groups of normal cats. The mean OMBT for all 30 normal cats was 1.9 minutes ± 0.5 minutes s.d. Compared to the normal cats, those homozygous for CHS had significantly prolonged OMBT (14.1 ± 3.3 minutes; ±p >0.05). The mean OMBT of cats heterozygous for CHS (2.6 ± 0.8 minutes) was also significantly longer than the OMBT of the combined normal group. The mean OMBT of the CHS heterozygotes, however, was not significantly longer than that of their normal relatives (OMBT = 1.8 ± 0.5 minutes), probably because of the low number of cats in this subgroup of normals. As expected, the OMBT of cats homozygous for Hageman factor deficiency (2.3 ± 0.3 minutes) were not significantly prolonged.
Methemalbumin: Reality and Myth
Authors: George Jeanne Wright
Published: February 2009

The ability to form methemalbumin by binding oxidized heme is described frequently as a characteristic of albumin from all animal species. Actually, only albumin from a limited number of species makes methemalbumin. Lack of recognition of interspecies differences has led to the myth of methemalbumin in domestic animals. The literature on methemalbumin is reviewed including the chemical characteristics of true methemalbumin and the misuse of mythical methemalbumin.
Correction for Sample Free Glycerol Is Needed for Accurate Measurement of Plasma Triglyceride Concentrations in Miniature Swine
Authors: Weingand Kurt W.
Published: February 2009

Methods for the measurement of plasma or serum triglyceride concentrations usually quantify the glycerol released by enzymatic hydrolysis of the triglyceride molecule. Any free glycerol in the sample is measured erroneously as triglyceride in these methods. As miniature swine have been used commonly for comparative studies of plasma lipoprotein lipids, this study was conducted to assess the need for free glycerol correction of plasma triglyceride measurements by comparing glycerol‐blank corrected and non‐corrected total plasma triglyceride concentrations from fasted minipigs. Fasting plasma free glycerol concentrations range from 9 to 14 mg/dl. The mean ± SD (n = 16) glycerol‐blank corrected total plasma triglyceride value (77 ± 8 mg/dl) was significantly (p > 0.001) less than the uncorrected measurement value (189 ± 12 mg/dl). Poor correlation (r = 0.24) between corrected and uncorrected total plasma triglyceride measurements suggests that mathematic correction by a constant correction factor would yield inaccurate results for miniature swine. Free glycerol blanking is essential for determination of the true total plasma triglyceride concentration.
Serum Bile Acids: Reference Values in Healthy Dogs and Comparison of Two Kit Methods
Authors: Counsell Linda J. , Lumsden John H.
Published: February 2009

Serum bile acid (SBA) reference intervals were established by use of a radioimmunoassay method for fasting dogs to be 0.2 to 4.3 μmol/L (n = 60) and for 2 hour postprandial samples to be 0.6 to 24.2 μ mol/L (n = 37). The SBA reference intervals estimated using an enzymatic method were 0 to 8.6 μ mol/L for fasting (n = 26) and 0 to 29.8 μ mol/L for 2 hour postprandial samples (n = 36). The correlation between the two methods including samples from healthy dogs and clinical cases is good (n = 128, r = 0.82, p > 0.0001). The radioimmuno‐assay method is linear to 50 μ mol/L and the enzymatic method is linear to 100 μ mol/L, thus both methods require serum dilutions to be made in many cases of primary liver disease. The enzymatic method is less expensive and more convenient for use in a clinical laboratory but requires a greater sample volume (400 μl) than the RIA method (50 μl). Both methods have adequate precision and accuracy to be useful as diagnostic tests of liver function in dogs.
Susceptibility of Canine, Feline and Human Erythrocytes to Oxidant‐Mediated Injury
Authors: Weiss Douglas J.
Published: February 2009

The relative susceptibilities of feline, canine and human erythrocytes to in vitro hydrogen peroxide‐induced lipid peroxidation and hemolysis were studied. At 15 minutes following exposure to hydrogen peroxide, cat erythrocytes had higher concentrations of lipid peroxidation by‐products and a greater percent hemolysis as compared to dogs and humans. Erythrocytes from cats with induced sterile abscesses had lower concentrations of the antioxidant glutathione, but they did not have detectable concentrations of lipid peroxides nor were they more susceptible to in vitro lipid peroxidation or hemolysis.
The Effect of Diminazene Aceturate on Splenectomized Dogs withBabesia gibsoniInfection
Authors: Itoh Naoyuki , Agri.d M. , Higuchi Seiichi , Kawamura Seiichi , Itoh's Dr.
Published: February 2009

The effect of diminazene aceturate on splenectomized and nonsplenectomized dogs with Babesia gibsoni (B. gibsoni) infection was investigated. In splenectomized dogs, the fissional and multiplicational stages of B. gibsoni were observed in peripheral blood films, and hemoglobinuria was frequently observed. These findings were different from previous reports1–6and were not changed by administration of diminazene aceturate. It is clear that the intramuscular administration of diminazene aceturate at the dose of 3 mg/kg body weight for 3 days is not effective against B. gibsoni infection in splenectomized dogs.
Combined Phagocytosis‐Nitroblue Tetrazolium Reduction Test in Bovine Neutrophils
Authors: Valinoti Jan M. , Zinkl Joseph G. , Jain Nemi C.
Published: February 2009

An assay was developed for the simultaneous evaluation of phagocytosis and oxidative metabolism of bovine blood neutrophils. Phagocytosis was evaluated by using opsonized zymosan, and oxidative metabolism was evaluated by nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction. Normal bovine neutrophils exhibited moderate variation in ability to phagocytize zymosan, but little variation in ability to reduce NBT.

The subcellular location of NBT reduction to formazan was determined by electron microscopy. Electron dense formazan precipitate was observed along the inner membrane of phagosomes enclosing zymosan particles and radiating from the membrane toward the center of the phagosome.
An Hypothesis on the Etio‐Pathogenesis of Equine Inflammatory Joint Disease
Authors: Auer David E.
Published: February 2009

The role of oxygen‐derived free radicals is considered critical to the etio‐pathogenesis of equine inflammatory joint disease. In vivo, the superoxide radical in the joint may be derived either from activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes or from an ischemia/reperiusion cycle. In the presence of ferrous iron, it may generate the highly reactive hydroxy! radical (OH). Predisposing factors may include synovitis, exercise‐induced ischemia and minor traumatic injury to the joints. Unlike other inflammatory mediators, oxygen‐derived free radicals may damage tissue directly and these reactive species could account for the tissue injury and insidious onset of equine exercise‐induced degenerative joint disease.
Serum Enzyme Changes in Newborn Calves Fed Colostrum
Authors: Boyd J. W.
Published: February 2009

In 10 newborn Holstein calves, which were initially bottle‐fed on pooled colostrum, there were transient increases in several serum enzymes. Within a few hours, the mean serum γ‐glutamyl transferase (γGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities increased 62.5, 2.4, 2.0, 1.8 and 1.3 fold, respectively. In two other calves given initial feeds of enzyme‐free pasteurized milk, there were similar increases in serum enzymes, except serum γGT.

Correct interpretation of serum enzyme activities in newborn calves must take into account the normal increases which occur after feeding colostrum. Serum γGT was the only enzyme to increase markedly as a result of its absorption from colostrum. The other serum enzymes are presumably released from the tissues of the calf.

The increased activities of serum CK observed in some newborn calves probably resulted from trauma during birth or increased muscular activity after birth.
Shape Changes in Caprine Erythrocytes Exposed to Chlorpromazine and Lysolecithin
Authors: Jain N. C. , Kono C. S.
Published: February 2009

Stomatocytic and echinocytic transformations of caprine erythrocytes were studied invitro using chlorpromazine as a stomatocytic agent and lysolecithin as an echinocytic agent. Morphologic changes in erythrocytes generally varied with the cell shape and the concentration of the substances used. Discocytic, triangular, and pear‐shaped red cells common to normal goats, exhibited classical stomatocytic and echinocytic changes with formation of spherostomatocytes, sphero‐echinocytes, and spherocytes. In comparison, fusiform and spindle‐shaped red cells found in certain Angora goats seemed less prone to shape changes and required greater concentrations of the inducing agents to effect such changes. Chlorpromazine at higher concentrations also inflicted localized membrane damage in form of tiny pits and lysolecithin likewise induced formation of fragile smooth or beaded filaments.
Hematologic Values of the Yucatan Miniature Pig*
Authors: Parsons A.H. , Wells R.E.
Published: February 2009

Mean values and ranges for 16 hematological parameters for healthy, young, sexually‐mature Yucatan miniature swine are presented. No significant differences were observed between sexes with regard to hemograms. Comparison of observed values with those published in the literature for standard domestic and other breeds of miniature swine reveals no major differences.
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis of Canine Urinary Proteins for the Analysis and Differentiation of Tubular and Glomerular Diseases
Authors: Schultze A.E. , Jensen R.K.
Published: February 2009

A preliminary investigation was performed to evaluate the use of a new, noninvasive technique for the localization of canine renal lesions by electrophoresis of urinary proteins. Urine specimens from six clinically healthy, nonproteinuric dogs and 12 dogs with persistent proteinuria were examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE). Urine electrophoretic patterns of proteinuric dogs were classified as glomerular (n=4), tubular (n=2), or mixed (glomerular and tubular) (n=6), based on the number and molecular weight of the silver‐stained protein bands.

Renal tissues from biopsies or necropsies were obtained from eight of the dogs with proteinuric disease. Interpretation of seven of eight electrophoretograms agreed with the histologic interpretation of renal lesions. We concluded SDS PAGE is a potentially valuable technique for detection and localization of renal lesions in dogs with proteinuric disease.
Effects of Human Recombinant Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (HR‐GCSF) on the Hemogram of Lactating Dairy Cattle
Authors: Cullor J.S. , Smith W. , Fairley N. , Wood S.L. , Dellinger J.D. , Souza L.
Published: February 2009

Mastitis commonly occurs in the dairy cow and results in an influx of granulocytes into the mammary gland. Presently, colony stimulating factors have been isolated. One factor, granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF), has been identified and reproduced using recombinant DNA technologies. In an experiment, lactating bovine were given a bacterially‐synthesized human recombinant granulocytic colony stimulating factor (Hr‐GCSF) at a specified dose rate to monitor and characterize their hematological responses. Doses of Hr‐GCSF were administered subcutaneously and blood samples collected from the tail vein into vacutainer tubes. Results of the study indicated a toleration by the bovine for the Hr‐GCSF for the tested period, and that the Hr‐GCSF can stimulate a sustained elevation of circulating neutrophils.
The Effects of Aging on Hematology and Serum Chemistry Values in the Beagle Dog
Authors: Lowseth Lisa A. , Gillett Nancy A. , Gerlach Robert F. , Muggenburg Bruce A.
Published: February 2009

To distinguish age‐related changes in hematology and clinical chemistry values from those resulting from disease, hematology, and clinical chemistry values of healthy, age‐matched Beagle dogs 3 to 14 years of age were analyzed. Serum potassium, total protein and globulin concentration, and lactic dehydrogenase activity increased with age, while urea nitrogen, creatinine and albumin concentration, and gamma‐glutamyl transferase activity decreased. The 12‐year‐old group had some distinct differences from the other age groups: glucose concentration was lower, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activity and triglyceride concentration were higher. No significant age‐related differences were found in the hematology parameters analyzed. This report extends the documented, age‐related changes in normal Beagle dogs to 14 years of age.

The age‐related changes in organ‐specific serum chemistries such as urea nitrogen and creatinine (kidney), and alanine aminotransferase (liver) noted here suggest that 12 years may be a pivotal age for determining longevity in the Beagle dog.
Comparison of Methods for Assay of Fecal Proteolytic Activity
Authors: Williams David A. , Reed Scott D.
Published: February 2009

Fecal proteolytic activity (FPA) in ten normal dogs was readily detected either colorimetrically using azocasein substrate or by radial enzyme diffusion into agar gels containing casein substrate. Daily FPA ranged from 17 to 207 azocasein units/g (ACU/g) or 4 to 18 mm of casein hydrolysis, while mean 3‐day FPA ranged from 58 to 101 ACU/g or 7 to 15 mm. Studies of proteolytic activity remaining after treatment of fecal extracts with a specific trypsin inhibitor indicated that trypsin accounted for 0% to 71% of proteolytic activity. Proteolytic activity decreased steadily in fecal specimens stored at room temperature or above, but there was only slight loss in activity during storage for up to 5 days at 4d̀C. Proteolytic activity was unaffected by repeated freezing and thawing and samples could be stored for long periods at ‐20d̀C without noticeable loss of activity. It is concluded that assays of FPA using either azoprotein substrate or radial enzyme diffusion into agar gels containing casein substrate allow evaluation of exocrine pancreatic function in dogs, provided that several samples are tested. These methods are suitable for application in a variety of species.
Platelet Aggregation in Dogs Experimentally Infected with Rickettsia rickettsii
Authors: Grindem C.B. , Corbett W.T. , Levy M.G. , Davidson M.G. , Breitschwerdt E.B.
Published: February 2009

Platelet aggregation studies were performed on nine Beagle dogs experimentally infected with Rickettsia rickettsii. Platelets from dogs with Rocky Mountain spotted fever tended to be more aggregable than controls.