bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth of influenza A virus is not impeded by simultaneous removal of the cholesterol-binding and acylation sites in the M2 protein
Authors: Thaa Bastian , Tielesch Claudia , Möller Lars , Schmitt Armin O. , Wolff Thorsten , Bannert Norbert , Herrmann Andreas , Veit Michael
Published: October 2011

Influenza virus assembly and budding occur in the ‘budozone’, a coalesced raft domain in the plasma membrane. The viral transmembrane protein M2 is implicated in virus particle scission, the ultimate step in virus budding, probably by wedge-like insertion of an amphiphilic helix into the membrane. In order to do this, M2 is hypothesized to be targeted to the edge of the budozone, mediated by acylation and cholesterol binding. It was recently shown that acylation and cholesterol binding affect the membrane association of the cytoplasmic tail of M2 and targeting of the protein to coalesced rafts. This study tested whether combined removal of the acylation site (C50) and the cholesterol recognition/interaction amino acid consensus motifs (key residues Y52 and Y57) in the amphiphilic helix of M2 influenced virus formation. Recombinant influenza viruses were generated in the influenza strain A/WSN/33 background with mutations in one or both of these features. In comparison with the wild-type, all mutant viruses showed very similar growth kinetics in various cell types. Wild-type and mutant viruses differed in their relative M2 content but not regarding the major structural proteins. The morphology of the viruses was not affected by mutating M2. Moreover, wild-type and mutant viruses showed comparable competitive fitness in infected cells. Lastly, a global comparison of M2 sequences revealed that there are natural virus strains with M2 devoid of both lipid-association motifs. Taken together, these results indicate that the acylation and cholesterol-binding motifs in M2 are not crucial for the replication of influenza virus in cell culture, indicating that other factors can target M2 to the budding site.
SPINDLY, a Negative Regulator of Gibberellic Acid Signaling, Is Involved in the Plant Abiotic Stress Response
Authors: Qin Feng , Kodaira Ken-Suke , Maruyama Kyonoshin , Mizoi Junya , Tran Lam-Son Phan , Fujita Yasunari , Morimoto Kyoko , Shinozaki Kazuo , Yamaguchi-Shinozaki Kazuko
Published: October 2011

The SPINDLY (SPY) gene was first identified as a negative regulator of plant gibberellic acid (GA) signaling because mutation of this gene phenocopies plants treated with an overdose of bioactive GA and results in insensitivity to a GA inhibitor during seed germination. The SPY gene encodes an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase that can modify the target protein and modulate the protein activity in cells. In this study, we describe the strong salt and drought tolerance phenotypes of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) spy-1 and spy-3 mutants in addition to their GA-related phenotypes. SPY gene expression was found to be drought stress inducible and slightly responsive to salt stress. Transcriptome analysis of spy-3 revealed that many GA-responsive genes were up-regulated, which could explain the GA-overdosed phenotype of spy-3. Some stress-inducible genes were found to be up-regulated in spy-3, such as genes encoding late embryogenesis abundant proteins, Responsive to Dehydration20, and AREB1-like transcription factor, which may confer stress tolerance on spy-3. CKX3, a cytokinin (CK) catabolism gene, was up-regulated in spy-3; this up-regulation indicates that the mutant possesses reduced CK signaling, which is consistent with a positive role for SPY in CK signaling. Moreover, overexpression of SPY in transgenics (SPY overexpressing [SPY-OX]) impaired plant drought stress tolerance, opposite to the phenotype of spy. The expression levels of several genes, such as DREB1E/DDF1 and SNH1/WIN1, were decreased in SPY-OX but increased in spy-3. Taken together, these data indicate that SPY plays a negative role in plant abiotic stress tolerance, probably by integrating environmental stress signals via GA and CK cross talk.
Biological effects and clinical significance of lenalidomide‐induced tumour flare reaction in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: in vivo evidence of immune activation and antitumour response
Authors: Chanan‐Khan Asher A. , Chitta Kasyapa , Ersing Noreen , Paulus Aneel , Masood Aisha , Sher Taimur , Swaika Abhisek , Wallace Paul K. , Mashtare Terry L. , Wilding Greg , Lee Kelvin , Czuczman Myron S. , Borrello Ivan , Bangia Naveen
Published: October 2011

Lenalidomide has demonstrated impressive antileukaemic effects in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). The mechanism(s) by which it mediates these effects remain unclear. Clinically, CLL patients treated with lenalidomide demonstrate an acute inflammatory reaction, the tumour flare reaction that is suggestive of an immune activation phenomenon. Samples from CLL patients treated with lenalidomide were used to evaluate its effect on the tumour cell and components of its microenvironment (immune cellular and cytokine). Lenalidomide was unable to directly induce apoptosis in CLL cells in vitro, however it modulated costimulatory (CD80, CD83, CD86) surface molecules on CLL cells in vitro and in vivo. Concurrently, we demonstrated that NK cell proliferation was induced by lenalidomide treatment in patients and correlated with clinical response. Cytokine analysis showed increase in levels of TNF‐α post‐lenalidomide treatment, consistent with acute inflammatory reaction. Furthermore, the basal cytokine profile (high IL‐8, MIG, IP‐10 and IL‐4 levels and low IL‐5, MIP1a, MIP1b, IL12/p70) was predictive of clinical response to lenalidomide. Collectively, our correlative studies provide further evidence that the antileukaemic effect of lenalidomide in CLL is mediated not only through modulation of the leukaemic clone but also through elements of the tumour microenvironment.
The prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralisation in Northern England and its relationship to socioeconomic status and water fluoridation
Authors: BALMER RICHARD , TOUMBA JACK , GODSON JENNY , DUGGAL MONTY
Published: October 2011

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2012; 22: 250–257

Background.  Molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) is a condition which has significant implications for patients and service provision.

Aims.  The aim of this survey was to determine the prevalence of MIH in 12‐year olds in Northern England and to consider the relationship with socioeconomic status and background water fluoridation.

Design.  Twelve‐year‐old children were examined for the presence of MIH. Participating dentists were trained and calibrated in the use of the modified Developmental Defects of Enamel index. Children were examined at school under direct vision with the aid of a dental mirror. A diagnosis of MIH was attributed to a child if they had a demarcated defect in one or more of their first permanent molars.

Results.  Of 4795 children that were selected, 3233 (67.4%) were examined. Overall prevalence of MIH was 15.9% (14.5–17.1%). There was an association between prevalence of MIH and deprivation quintiles with a positive correlation in the first 4 quintiles (P < 0.05). There was no difference in prevalence between fluoridated Newcastle and other areas.

Conclusion.  Prevalence of MIH is equivalent to other European populations. Prevalence was related to socioeconomic status but not to background water fluoridation.
Co‐infection with Cucumber vein yellowing virus and Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus leading to synergism in cucumber
Authors: Gil‐Salas F. M. , Peters J. , Boonham N. , Cuadrado I. M. , Janssen D.
Published: October 2011

Symptom expression and levels of the ipomovirus Cucumber vein yellowing virus (CVYV) and the crinivirus Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV) were compared in greenhouse cucumbers in single and mixed infections. Results were contrasted with those obtained for plants infected with the potyvirus Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) in single and in mixed infections with either CVYV or CYSDV. Cucumber showed leaf symptoms of each co‐infecting virus, except for the combination of CYSDV with ZYMV, where the typical CYSDV‐like symptoms of interveinal leaf yellowing were inconspicuous or absent. The progression of CVYV as quantified by real‐time RT‐PCR was similar in plants with single infections and in mixed infection with CYSDV between 15 and 60 days post‐inoculation (dpi). However, CYSDV was detected at significantly enhanced levels in plants when co‐infected with CVYV but not when co‐infected with ZYMV. In the latter case, ZYMV levels were reduced when compared with single infections. During mixed infections of ZYMV and CVYV, the titre levels of the ipomovirus were significantly lower when compared with single infections. Cucumber had reduced plant height, internode length, dry weight and fruit yield, positively correlated with the titre levels of CVYV and not of CYSDV during mixed infections. It is concluded that co‐infections with CVYV enhance the titre of CYSDV, which could have epidemiological significance.
MicroRNA, hypoxic stress and hepatocellular carcinoma: Future directions
Authors: Ang Celina , O'Reilly Eileen M , Abou‐Alfa Ghassan K
Published: October 2011

See article in J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2011; 26: 1630–1637.
Male house mice evolving with post‐copulatory sexual selection sire embryos with increased viability
Authors: Firman Renée C. , Simmons Leigh W.
Published: October 2011

Ecology Letters (2011) 14: 42–46

Although mating is costly, multiple mating by females is a taxonomically widespread phenomenon. Theory has suggested that polyandry may allow females to gain genetic benefits for their offspring, and thus offset the costs associated with this mating strategy. For example, the good sperm hypothesis posits that females benefit from mating multiply when genetically superior males have increased success in sperm competition and produce high quality offspring. We applied the powerful approach of experimental evolution to explore the potential for polyandry to drive evolutionary increases in female fitness in house mice, Mus domesticus. We maintained polygamously mated and monogamously mated selection lines of house mice for 14 generations, before determining whether selection history could account for divergence in embryo viability. We found that males from lineages evolving with post‐copulatory sexual selection sire offspring with increased viability, suggesting that polyandry results in the production of higher quality offspring and thus provides long‐term fitness benefits to females.
A hidden kind of suffering: female patient’s complaints to Patient’s Advisory Committee
Authors: Söderberg Siv , Olsson Malin , Skär Lisa
Published: October 2011

Scand J Caring Sci; 2012; 26; 144–150

A hidden kind of suffering: female patient’s complaints to Patient’s Advisory Committee

The aim of this study was to describe female patients’ experiences of dissatisfaction with healthcare. People who have been treated with dignity during healthcare encounters are more prone to report better adherence to treatment and higher satisfaction with their care. Good quality care is commonly described as individualized and related to individual needs. This study has a qualitative approach, as the aim was to describe female patients’ experiences of dissatisfaction with healthcare from a first person perspective. A purposive sample of fourteen women was interviewed about their experiences of dissatisfaction with healthcare. The interviews were subjected to a qualitative content analysis. The findings show that the women were treated with indifference when they were being withheld information, felt distrusted, and when they were treated badly they did not receive an apology. The findings also show that the women experienced that they did not feel safe when they had no one liable to turn to within the healthcare when the encounter did not correspond to the women’s needs and expectations. The women’s experiences of being withheld explanations can be seen as a violation of their dignity and a hidden suffering from care. In conclusion, the study shows the importance of receiving a personal explanation after filing a complaint about healthcare and recommends that clinics that receive a complaint from a patient should contact that patient and provide an individualized explanation.
Is “Premature Sebaceous Hyperplasia” Really a Sebaceous Hamartoma? Report of a Case with Neonatal Onset
Authors: SENER SERPIL , SASMAZ SEZAI , DOGAN DERYA GUMUS , CIRALIK HARUN
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  Sebaceous hyperplasia is a common benign proliferation of the sebaceous gland. It commonly presents in middle‐aged people as soft, yellow papules with central umbilication on the face, particularly on the forehead. We report a newborn with striking unilateral sebaceous hyperplasia and suggest that this may represent a unique sebaceous hamartoma rather than “premature sebaceous hyperplasia.”
Pediatric Onset Keratosis Lichenoides Chronica: A Case Report
Authors: Singh Balla Evangelynn , Thomas Meera , George Renu
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  Keratosis lichenoides chronica (KLC) is an acquired keratinization disorder that is rare in childhood. We report a case of sporadic pediatric‐onset KLC with seborrheic dermatitis‐like lesions on the forehead, papules in a retiform pattern in the axillae and mons pubis, and eye and oral mucosal involvement,with additional features of premature canities and a transient photosensitive eruption.
Serum Sickness–Like Reaction in Children Due to Cefditoren
Authors: Misirlioglu Emine D. , Duman Handan , Ozmen Serap , Bostanci Ilknur
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  We describe the case of a 7‐year‐old boy with urticaria, fever, and arthritis that appeared 10 days after starting cefditoren therapy for acute tonsillopharyngitis, which was diagnosed as a serum sickness‐like reaction due to this medication.
Paraneoplastic Pemphigus and Castleman’s Disease in the Setting of Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
Authors: Koch Laine H. , Layton Christle J. , Pilichowska Monika , Stadecker Miguel J. , Barak Orr
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  A 14‐year‐old girl presented with a 3‐week history of mucosal erosions, injected conjunctiva, dehydration, and respiratory distress. She had been treated with intravenous acyclovir for herpes simplex infection with positive herpes simplex virus immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G. Physical examination and imaging revealed a large abdominal mass. Incisional biopsy was obtained, and pathology demonstrated angiofollicular hyperplasia with hyalinized germinal centers and Castleman’s syndrome‐like features. Based on the mucosal erosions, herpes simplex virus serology and positive herpes simplex virus‐1 direct fluorescent antibody, Castleman’s disease secondary to overwhelming herpes simplex virus infection was the initial impression. The poor response to antivirals and subsequent development of a bullous eruption on the hands resulted in dermatology consultation. Skin biopsy was obtained from a bullae and revealed suprabasilar acantholysis with necrosis as well as upper dermal, perivascular, and interface infiltrate of lymphocytes and eosinophils. No viropathic changes were present. Direct immunofluorescence was significant for immunoglobulin G deposition intercellularly and along the dermoepidermal junction and focal trace C3 deposition along the dermoepidermal junction consistent with paraneoplastic pemphigus, later confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence. We report this case of paraneoplastic pemphigus secondary to Castleman’s syndrome confounded by herpes simplex virus‐1 positive mucosal erosions.
Skin Care Practices for Newborns and Infants: Review of the Clinical Evidence for Best Practices
Authors: Blume‐Peytavi Ulrike , Hauser Matthias , Stamatas Georgios N. , Pathirana Delano , Garcia Bartels Natalie
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  In recent years, there have been continuing efforts to understand the effects of baby skin care routines and products on the healthy development of baby skin. Such efforts aim ultimately to determine the best infant skin care practices. The pediatric and dermatologic communities have not reached consensus on what constitutes an appropriate cleansing practice. In the United States, guidelines for neonatal skin care have been developed, propagated, and implemented. The accumulated knowledge has promoted evidence‐based clinical practices and, therefore, may help to improve clinical outcomes, although these guidelines primarily cover the care of preterm newborns and the treatment of those with other health problems. High‐level, long‐term clinical evidence of the effective and safe cleansing of healthy, full‐term newborns and infants is scarce. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of the scientific literature on baby skin development, cleansing practices, and related products (for healthy newborns and babies) since 1970. The evidence drawn from the reviewed literature can be summarized as follows: Bathing immersed in water seems generally superior to washing alone. Bathing or washing with synthetic detergents (syndets) or mild liquid baby cleansers seems comparable with or even superior to water alone. Nevertheless, larger randomized clinical trials with age‐defined cohorts of babies as well as more‐defined parameters are required to identify optimal practices and products for skin cleansing of healthy infants. These parameters may include standardized skin function parameters such as transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, skin surface pH, and sebum production. Clinical skin scores such as the Neonatal Skin Condition Score may be employed as outcome measures.
Sweet’s Syndrome with Postinflammatory Elastolysis and Takayasu Arteritis in a Child: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Ma Ellen H. , Akikusa Jonathan D. , MacGregor Duncan , Ng Jessica , Su John C.
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  Sweet’s syndrome (SS) is an uncommon condition characterized by recurrent painful cutaneous inflammatory eruptions. It is rare in childhood and has a broad range of extracutaneous manifestations. We describe a child presenting with SS and postinflammatory elastolysis who subsequently developed aortitis complicated by aortic dilatation requiring surgical intervention. Histologic features of the aorta were consistent with Takayasu arteritis (TA). Our case and previously reported cases of pediatric SS complicated by aortitis all demonstrate striking clinical similarities in that all have been associated with postinflammatory elastolysis of involved skin and aneurysmal dilation of the thoracic aorta. We propose that TA should be considered one of the disease associations of SS when complicated by postinflammatory elastolysis and that early referral for cardiovascular screening be considered in this group of patients.
Infant Eyes: A Window on Cognitive Development
Authors: Aslin Richard N.
Published: October 2011

Eye‐trackers suitable for use with infants are now marketed by several commercial vendors. As eye‐trackers become more prevalent in infancy research, there is the potential for users to be unaware of dangers lurking “under the hood” if they assume the eye‐tracker introduces no errors in measuring infants’ gaze. Moreover, the influx of voluminous data sets from eye‐trackers requires users to think hard about what they are measuring and what these measures mean for making inferences about underlying cognitive processes. The present commentary highlights these concerns, both technical and interpretive, and reviews the five articles that comprise this Special Issue.
Infant Distress and Regulatory Behaviors Vary as a Function of Attachment Security Regardless of Emotion Context and Maternal Involvement
Authors: Leerkes Esther M. , Wong Maria S.
Published: October 2011

Differences in infant distress and regulatory behaviors based on the quality of attachment to mother, emotion context (frustration versus fear), and whether or not mothers were actively involved in the emotion‐eliciting tasks were examined in a sample of ninety‐eight 16‐month‐old infants and their mothers. Dyads participated in the Strange Situation, a limiting task designed to elicit infant frustration, and a novelty task designed to elicit infant fear. Mothers were asked to remain uninvolved during the first minute of each task and then instructed to engage with their infants as they wished for the remaining 3 min. Independent of concurrent maternal sensitivity, resistant infants were significantly more distressed than secure and avoidant infants. Avoidant infants engaged in fewer active mother‐oriented regulation behaviors than secure and resistant infants and engaged in more self‐soothing in the mother‐involved condition than the mother‐uninvolved condition. Resistant infants engaged in more physical comfort with their mothers and more venting than both secure and avoidant infants and exhibited a smaller variety of adaptive non‐mother‐oriented strategies than did secure infants. There were few differences in infant distress and regulatory behaviors as a function of emotion task and maternal involvement. Limitations and implications for future research are discussed.
Correlation Between Psychological Test Scores, Language Aptitude Test Scores, and Semester Grades
Authors: Matheus John F.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— Confirming data for predicting language achievement.
Picture Games
Authors: Heironimus Dorothy
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— Games prepared from pictures cut from magazines combine drill in vocabulary with the element of play. They may be graded in difficulty so as to correspond to the progress of the class or to allow for differences of ability in the individual pupils.
A Technique of Radio French Instruction
Authors: Meiden Walter E.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— Since the public is most interested in learning to understand and speak modern foreign languages, the radio course which stresses training in these skills and allows the student to do for himself grammar, translation, and other such activities will be the most useful. Material concerning the geography, history, and cultural background of the countries speaking the language is the most stimulating as a medium for teaching that language. The success in presenting a language by radio is in direct proportion to the amount of attention given to careful organization at every point along the line. The greater the direct contact with the public, the more effective the course.
The Fundamental Objectives of Foreign Language Study
Authors: Wann Harry V.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— Foreign language study is under fire not because it lacks intrinsic values, but because educationists question its objectives. The objectives of experienced language teachers are, however, in full harmony with those of their critics, who fail to realize that orchestration is a far more effective stimulant to their attainment than any experimental integration which would attempt to diffuse vitality over a whole curriculum, while prostituting the talents of the master teacher to the uses of an arbitrary, pre‐digested program.
On the Goal and Method of Scholarship in the Modern Languages
Authors: Green Otis H.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— The goal of research is not only to add to the store of knowledge, but to escape the atrophy which comes from relying on “authorities.” No teacher has mastered his subject until he has begun to extend its limits. The present reaction against the historical method should not be carried too far. The syntheses which are being demanded can not be undertaken by command, but will be written when the time is ripe by men sufficiently gifted to build them on the basis of ground work done by more modestly endowed researchers who have investigated their topics in an exhaustive fashion.
The Theory of Definition and its Application to Vocabulary Limitation
Authors: Walpole H.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— A restricted self‐contained vocabulary can be of great value as a basis for future and a touchstone for present linguistic acquirement. Such a vocabulary must be arrived at by semantic rather than by statistical methods; though word‐counts, when modified and supplemented by common sense, are of value in providing preliminary “raw materials.” An analysis of the nature of Definition shows the rational principles for word‐elimination.
An Orientation Course in Language
Authors: Eaton Helen S.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— The study of a Latin‐derived, constructed language as the first foreign language gives an approach to language learning which makes more meaningful the study of any foreign language as well as developing a nicer appreciation and fuller use of the mother‐tongue. It provides the pupil with a basic vocabulary available in the subsequent study of foreign languages. It is an excellent prognosis course for language aptitude and has terminal value for the non‐language‐minded pupil.
Spoken French
Authors: Davis Edwin B.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Lack of information concerning Parisian phonemes, and causes. Enumeration and discussion of most common variations of these phonemes from those approved by grammarians.
The Neuter in Modern French
Authors: Fess G. M.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— The neuter gender still finds frequent expression through pronoun forms in modern French, being used to indicate the non‐personal elements in daily human experience.
Film Reviews
Authors: Bernard Edward G.
Published: October 2011

Book reviewed in this article:

Singende Jugend. Produced by Meteorfilm, Vienna. Directed by Max Neufeld. Musical Score by Dr. Georg Gruber. Music by Wiener Sängerknaben and Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra. Distributed by International Film Bureau, 59 East Van Buren Street, Chicago, Illinois. Dialogue in German with superimposed subtitles in English.

Le Juif Polonais. Distributed by Franco‐American Film Corporation, 66 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y.

Mayerling. Directed by Anatole Litvak. Screen play by Joseph Kessel and J. V. Cube from the novel “Idyl's End” by Claude Anet. Music by Arthur Honegger. Photography by Thirard. Distributed by Pax Films, Inc., 723 Seventh Avenue, New York City. Dialogue in French with super‐imposed subtitles in English.
Some Observations on the Teaching of Modern Languages in Germany1
Authors: Engel E. F.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— A brief statement of curriculum requirements in modern foreign language study in German schools and of professional preparation of teachers of modern foreign languages in Germany in contrast to the status of modern foreign language study in the schools of this country.
The Language Problem in Our Schools and Colleges
Authors: Fried Herbert
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Within the past few years the teaching of foreign languages has been assailed from all sides. This article attempts to refute some of the claims of those who sing the praises of the Social Sciences, and who would banish the study of foreign languages from the curriculum.
The Place of Civilization in Modern Foreign Language Teaching1
Authors: Schirmer Mariele
Published: October 2011

This paper is an attempt to show to what extent the teaching of the civilization of a country may be correlated with the teaching of its language for students at different levels. Some of the books, selected from the bibliography which follows the article, have been briefly characterized, and one of the magazine articles analyzed When the teaching of modern foreign languages is approached with this as one of its aims, it seems inevitable that greater tolerance toward nations with customs other than our own will result.)
Film Reviews
Authors: Bernard Edward G.
Published: October 2011

Book reviewed in this article:

Generals Without Buttons. Based on La Guerre des Boutons, by Louis Pergaud. Distributed by Mayer‐Burstyn, 1501 Broadway, New York City. Directed by Jacques Daroy. Dialogue in French, with English sub‐titles.

Un Carnet de bal. Distributed by A.F.E. Corporation, 1270 Sixth Avenue, New York City. Written and directed by Julien Duvivier. French dialogue, with English sub‐titles.

Jalisco nunca pierde. Distributed by José Guerrero, P.O. Box 57, Times Square Station, New York City. Directed by Chano Urueta. Songs by Lorenzo Barcelata and Pepe Guizar. Spanish dialogue. Running time, 105 minutes.

Rendezvous in Wien. Distributed by Bruno Zwicker, 50 Park Terrace West, New York City. Music by Willy Schmidt‐Gentner. German dialogue, with English sub‐titles.

Beethoven. Distributed by World Pictures Corporation, 729 Seventh Avenue, New York City. Dialogue in French, with English sub‐titles.

Fanny Elssler. Distributed by Ufa Films, Inc., 729 Seventh Avenue, New York City. Directed by Paul Martin. Music by Kurt Schroeder. German dialogue, with English sub‐titles.

Merlusse. Written, produced, and directed by Marcel Pagnol. Distributed by French Motion Picture Corporation, 130 West 46th Street, New York City. French dialogue, with English sub‐titles.
A Foreign‐Language Teacher's Dream: Playlet in One Act
Authors: Diaz Grace P. Lopez
Published: October 2011

Author's explanation.— In this playlet I have endeavored to bring out the strongest justifications for the study of modern foreign languages. I hoped to show that we should study languages with a vim; that we should be aware that languages are a necessity in enabling us to compete with modern world situations.
A Grading System for the Stimulation of Outside Reading
Authors: Brown Donald Fowler
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— A method is offered whereby definite rewards, in the form of grades, may be used to stimulate student participation in outside reading without unbalancing one's grade curve for the class; also a novel method for checking and accrediting supplementary reading—a system which has much to recommend it besides being easy for the teacher.
Spanish Mother Goose
Authors: Luckey Robert E.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Most students never realize language as thought because they never feel anything demanding expression and communication. Nursery rhymes learned in childhood lend a peculiar life and color to one's ideational makeup. Will students respond to a challenge to express these old rhymes in Spanish?
Using Films and Slides Effectively
Authors: Bernard Edward G.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— A brief discussion of techniques in the utilization of films and slides in teaching modern languages.
The Future of Modern Language Instruction by Radio
Authors: Engel E. F.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— A summary of replies received from fifty‐two heads of modern language departments in thirty‐four colleges and universities in twenty‐five states to a questionnaire calling for information and views on the use of the radio as a medium of instruction in modern languages.
A Study of Some of the Possible Factors Involved in Foreign Language Learning1
Authors: Spoerl Dorothy Tilden
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— A study of language learning through tests shows definite correlation with intelligence for women, none for men, suggesting the presence of diverse factors. There was no correlation for Ascendance‐Submission or Form. Relation between German grade and scholastic standing indicates that language ability is not an isolated type of learning.
About Intermediate Linguistics*
Authors: Schutz A. H.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— In a fifth‐quarter course, too, standards must be high. A conversation course should meet rigid practical tests. The material should be interesting. “Civilization” material—as important as method—is redefined. In the syntax course historical and functional approach together simplify rather than complicate.
Social Functionalism in the Secondary School Curriculum and its Implications for the Modern Foreign Languages
Authors: Willing M. H.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Social usefulness, now first among the demands in American secondary education, means for the curriculum close correspondence with social actualities, broad coverage of the areas of social life, and positive contribution to social reform. Modern foreign languages must meet this demand convincingly if their status in the curriculum is to be maintained or improved.
The First Course in Literature*
Authors: Havens George R.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Since American students on the average study foreign languages but a short time, it is necessary, if their work is to be fruitful, for them to arrive quickly at the ability to read and to enjoy foreign literature. For the beginning course in this field, the nineteenth century seems the most suitable. Methods and aims.
Some Fundamental Laws of Language Learning
Authors: Johnson Laura B.
Published: October 2011

The author stresses the importance of defining language, analyzing how it functions and studying analogies between linguistic activities and impressions in native and foreign tongues.)
Foreign Language Exploration
Authors: Vose Dorothy F.
Published: October 2011

Through an exploratory foreign language course at the junior high school level language misfits are made aware of their lack of language ability in time to register in other fields; and, those who show aptitude for foreign language study are better able to select a specific language on the basis of their own actual try‐out experiences.)
A New Approach to Checking Outside Reading
Authors: Geiger Karola
Published: October 2011

By answering simple questions in German which were used to check outside reading from the beginning of the second and also from the second half of the first semester on, the students arrived at compositions which avoided the usual excessive amount of beginners' errors and expressed themselves more freely in the foreign language.)
Neglected Treasures?
Authors: Goding Stowell C.
Published: October 2011

In foreign languages, the proper use of phonograph records may constitute a linguistic treasure. This article points out several new, profitable uses of the foreign language disc as well as indications as to where they may be obtained. Only inexpensive and easily obtained records are listed.
Teaching Foreign Languages in Adult Education
Authors: Schoemann Bruno
Published: October 2011

We should teach a foreign language in a conversational way, just as we learn to speak our own language, eliminating the memorizing of words, rules of grammar and phonetic sounds. The methods to be used are discussion, demonstrative action, oral reading, repetition, explanation, thereby touching all subjects of daily life and customs of the nation whose language is being taught.
Training the Beginning Teacher of Foreign Languages
Authors: Guerra Emilio L.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— The problem of providing adequate training for the beginning teacher of foreign languages. The inadequacy of the traditional “methods course.” The “teacher‐in‐training” and the “interne teacher.” How the “Demonstration Class” attempts to to solve the problem.
Women of Spain
Authors: Escribano F. Sánchez y
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— The women of Spain have played an important and significant rôle in the history of Spain. Even a superficial study of her place in Spanish history and literature is much more significant than many believe.
Word Derivation in a Logical Language
Authors: Talmey Max
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Simile illustrating the possibility of an artificial language; invariable endings to facilitate its grammar; caprices of the natural languages in word derivation.
Why I Chose to Study a Foreign Language
Authors: Moore Anne Z.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— The reasons given by students for electing a foreign language. Refutation of the argument that the teaching body determines the selection in foreign language study.)
The Study of French Civilization and Art
Authors: Dilla Geraldine P.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— Thirty practical assignments in a course in the history of French art correlated with political history and literature. Such a course should be made an integral part of the work in French.)
An Experiment in the Teaching of Graded Readings
Authors: Russell Harry J.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— Evidence is presented to prove that students taught by means of a direct‐reading approach, and with graded materials, learn to read more efficiently and sooner than those taught by other methods and using ungraded reading materials.)
The End‐Products of Research
Authors: Baugh Albert C.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Sometimes research in the humanities is called upon to defend itself against critics, lay and professional, who question its significance. The justice of this criticism is considered. The final results of research are distinguished from intermediate stages and by‐products.
A Desired Technique for the Use of Sound Films in the Teaching of Foreign Languages
Authors: Palomo J. R.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— The author advocates the use of sound films in the teaching of languages, based on topical texts with a controlled vocabulary. By affording a two‐fold approach—the aural and the visual—sound films will accelerate the learning process.
Music Versus Decibels: A COMEDY
Authors: Minton Arthur
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— The bilingual play is a form of entertainment understandable to all members of the audience, even to those who know nothing of the foreign language employed. And it involves no interest‐killing synopses. The arrangement of the present example enables the producers to introduce any modern language whatever.
A Glossary of Baseball Terms in Spanish
Authors: De Land Graydon S.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Many teachers and most students are sports‐minded; the list offered below has proved interesting in the classroom. Some of the Spanish used is “castizo”; much of it is in the nature of recently‐coined words and idioms to suit the needs of this game which is spreading among our neighbors to the south. Interesting comparisons may be made with the article of Professor Alexander D. Gibson, “The Vocabulary of Sports in French,” in the February 1939 issue.
A Substitute for a Sabbatical Leave1
Authors: Choquette Charles A.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— For those who have no sabbatical year but wish to spend a year in France without taxing the budget too much, the way is open for an exchange professorship with a professor of a French Lycée. While the financial reward is small the educational and cultural advantages are great.) (Cf. article by M. Hilleret, page 356.
Some Aims and Methods in Teaching French in the Elementary Schools in Louisiana The Oakdale Elementary School Experiment
Authors: Boudreaux Elia
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— This paper contains a statement of the motives for teaching French in the elementary schools of Louisiana and the goals to be attained—together with a suggested list of projects that have proved helpful and a discussion of classroom procedures as used in the Oakdale Elementary School experiment.
Accent Marking in Text Vocabularies
Authors: Bell Clair Hayden
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— The use of the acute and grave accents for marking primary and secondary word stress is unsatisfactory. They should be replaced by the symbols that have been adopted by the Association phonétique internationale.
Juan Luis Vives: A Study in Renaissance Theories in Methodology in Foreign Language Instruction
Authors: Kress Dorothy M.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Vives (1492–1540), humanist and Renaissance educationalist, advocated innovations in language teaching, some of which have been incorporated in educational methodology. Others, neglected until now, may be reviewed with profit and possibly revaluated.
Cognates and the Minimum Standard German Vocabulary
Authors: Morgan Bayard Quincy
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Listing of the less obvious cousins of the “first thousand” words to encourage stress on cognates in courses for beginners.
French Magazines for Students in Technical, Vocational or Scientific High Schools
Authors: Lilling E. W.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— A list of special‐interest magazines in French for high school students, with comments.)
Free Composition Scored Objectively
Authors: Gaarder A. Bruce
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— Using a chart to concentrate attention on the most frequent errors in mechanics and keeping a daily progress chart recording improvement, each pupil clearly sees his own problem and is motivated by keen competition to eradicate his faults by self‐directed study.
Education in Peril
Authors: McCrossen V. A.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— The educational “reforms” recently proposed by ten educators to the American Council on Education are suggestions to make our education totalitarian in nature. They would make American education conform to Soviet and National Socialist trends. Education is in peril if they are adopted.
The Manasquan Experiment
Authors: Smith M. Margaret
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— The author, who is personally conducting the experiment described, believes that many of the weaknesses apparent in high school French will disappear with the early introduction of the language in the elementary school. The Manasquan experiment is being practiced in Grades 1 to 8, and the author's syllabus is available to the profession for a nominal sum.
Examination for the Certification of Teachers of Foreign Languages in the State of Connecticut
Authors: Ernst Carola L.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— The state examination established in 1940 in Connecticut for the certification of high school teachers of foreign languages consists of three parts: the first deals with the spoken language; the second with the written language; the third with civilization and literature.
The Italian Scholarship of George Washington Greene
Authors: Goggio E.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— A demonstration of the high ability and sound scholarship of this American pioneer in the field of Italian literary criticism.)
Dead Teachers of Living Languages?
Authors: Rockwell Leo L.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Why are modern foreign language teachers conspicuously absent from education conferences? Are they educationally dead?)
Evaluation in Oral French
Authors: Haley Marie Philip
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— The construction, administration and uses of an oral test in French pronunciation capable of objective and quantitative scoring. With it is used a check‐list on which are recorded the number and the nature of the errors made in the examination. This is the record given to the student.)
Liberal Arts and the School of Education
Authors: Rice Winthrop H.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— The relationship between Liberal Arts colleges and teacher‐training institutions need not and should not be on a basis of rivalry. How one University has solved the problem with good results.)
A Study of the Structural Elements of the French Language
Authors: Galland Joseph S.
Published: October 2011

Arthur's Summary— A scientific investigation of the relation between pronunciation and spelling in modern French as evidenced by detailed comparison of the elements of letter and sound frequency counts, supplementing recent studies leading to word, verb and idiom counts.)
Time Allotment for Foreign‐Language Study: Internecine Competition or Conciliatory Compromise
Authors: Tharp James B.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Educationists and administrators criticize foreign language study as offering little value to most American pupils; foreign language teachers protest in resolutions and demand more time. Enrollments are studied in public and private secondary schools; in 1200 rural schools in comparison with other subjects. A school principal plans his curriculum to do justice to competing subject areas. “General education” versus special subjects; general science and general language. Foreign language study should compete, not on a utilitarian basis, but as a language “art.” As such, like other arts, there may well be appreciation courses for non‐performers, limited‐objective courses for amateur performers and all the traffic can bear for artist performers.)
The Problem of Vocabulary Levels in Teaching French
Authors: Stevens Linton C.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Teachers of French insist upon too rigorous a standard in the quality of French. They reject as “bad French” good colloquial terms used by cultivated people. Professor Fries has shown that no odium attaches to the word “colloquial.” The French scholars, Dauzat and Damourette and Pichon, have proved that there is small difference between literary French and good colloquial French. Students must understand various levels of vocabulary if they are to read intelligently. Care should be taken in textbooks to indicate the levels of vocabulary by signs. Suitable translation requires an adequate knowledge of both English and French. The life of American slang is much shorter than that of French slang.)
A Plan for Making Foreign Language Students Error‐Conscious
Authors: Roberts G. B.
Published: October 2011

A daily, written, ten‐minute test, each word of which is weighted, has been found effective in creating in foreign language students the habit of seeking out and correcting their errors.
The English Grade Level Equivalents of High School French Reading Material
Authors: Zanghi Anthony E.
Published: October 2011

An attempt to grade objectively, in terms of thought content, some translated French passages from various texts, with the aid of English control passages of known grade. None of the material used ranked above the sixth year elementary school level. Revaluation of criteria for selecting reading material is implied.
German Literature in Translation Published by Poet Lore, 1891–1939
Authors: Barnstorff Hermann
Published: October 2011

The article recommends: (1) that foreign language teachers familiarize themselves with translations from their respective languages, (2) that teachers call the students' attention to translations in collections and in periodicals, (3) that the libraries list such translations under the authors' names in the general catalogue, (4) that a catalogue of the available translations be made by or for the teachers.
Nature Displayed
Authors: Miller William Marion
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— This article describes a text for instruction in French that was widely used in this country over a century ago. The methods by which the language was presented offer interesting comparisons and contrasts to those in use today.)
French for the Feeble‐Minded: An Experiment
Authors: Angiolillo Paul F.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— (1) It is possible to include modern language instruction as a kind of natural recreational activity in the present institutional care of the feeble‐minded. (2) Some interesting and, perhaps, significant observations on modern language methodology can be made in language learning and teaching among the feeble‐minded.
Foreign Languages and Some Objectives of the Liberal Arts College
Authors: Carter Boyd G.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Some currently discussed objectives of the liberal arts college are listed and the contributions, actual or potential, of the foreign languages to their realization are examined.
Use of Prepositions before the Infinitive Mood in the Romance Languages
Authors: Vittorini D.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— A simple method of how to present this problem to American students.
Undergraduate Research in French Phonetics
Authors: Cooper Virginia Dodd
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Report on an extensive phonetic research and detailed analysis, made by an undergraduate, comparing in her own pronunciation the lengths of English and French vowel approximations as determined by surrounding consonantal elements. Calibrated tracings proved English vowels longer than their corresponding French equivalents, due to interior qualities and composition.