bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FORMAÇÃO DOCENTE E AS TECNOLOGIAS DIGITAIS FRENTE ÀS NOVAS EXIGÊNCIAS EDUCACIONAIS
Authors: Borges dos Anjos Bonfim Aldineia
Published: August 2024

As transformações tecnológicas e informacionais da era digital e recentemente do contexto pandêmico têm provocado mudanças no comportamento social, no trabalho e, por conseguinte nas formas de ensinar e aprender. Mediante o exposto, o presente artigo dentro do viés qualitativo é fruto de uma pesquisa bibliográfica que tem por objetivo trazer reflexões acerca da formação docente contemporânea para o uso das tecnologias digitais frente às novas exigências educacionais. Sendo assim, o estudo se baseou principalmente em análise de pesquisas recentes que tratam da temática dentro do contexto pré e pós-pandêmico. Dessa forma, o estudo evidenciou que têm ocorrido mudanças legais que regem a formação do professor, na perspectiva de desenvolvimento de competências gerais à formação docente, que dentre essas, existem as competências digitais e que têm ocorrido algumas mobilizações para que as instituições formadoras integrem em seus currículos tais competências. No tocante às novas exigências educacionais e a relação com as TDIC, evidenciou que é necessário um novo perfil docente que atue não como detentor, mas como colaborador do conhecimento.
Los valores republicanos en la diplomacia francesa: entre el miedo a la revolución y los intereses patrios
Authors: Herrerín López Ángel
Published: August 2024

La proclamación de la II República en España supuso un cambio en las relaciones internacionales de nuestro país: de los estrechos contactos con Alemania e Italia durante la Dictadura de Primo de Rivera, se pasó a una relación diplomática más fluida con Francia. El presente artículo trata de analizar tanto la imagen de España, como la visión especialmente incisiva que realizó de los acontecimientos internos Jean Herbette, Embajador de Francia en España. Visión en la que se aprecia la carga ideológica de los valores democráticos y republicanos, pero también el miedo al comunismo y los intereses de Estado de su país.
Una República anacrónica, una derecha reaccionaria y un fascismo incipiente: España en los informes diplomáticos italianos, 1931-1936
Authors: Avilés Farré Juan
Published: August 2024

Este ensayo analiza la percepción que de los asuntos españoles tuvieron los embajadores y encargados de negocios italianos ante la República española. Sus informes ofrecían una visión sesgada por el prejuicio de que una República parlamentaria representaba un anacronismo y por un sentido de la superioridad italiana, reforzado por los supuestos éxitos del fascismo, pero no por ello carecen de interés. Aquellos diplomáticos eran observadores atentos y bien relacionados con los ámbitos de la derecha española, cuyas debilidades percibían bien, y por ello su testimonio resulta valioso, sobre todo acerca de los orígenes del fascismo español.
CONTABILIDADE AMBIENTAL. A RELEVÂNCIA DA CONTABILIDADE AMBIENTAL COMO INSTRUMENTO DE EDUCAÇÃO NA ESCOLA DE ENSINO MÉDIO PEDRO AGUIRRE EM MANICORÉ-AM
Authors: Torres Eduardo ,   Orientadora: MSc, Ana Maria Ferreira de Gomes, Lagos Efraim
Published: August 2024

Environmental education is the process of training and raising awareness about ecological issues, encouraging sustainable practices, searching for solutions, environmental challenges and promoting responsible attitudes towards the environment; where we worked on the implementation of Environmental Accounting as an educational tool at the Pedro Aguirre high school in Manicoré, highlighting its relevance in training students who are more aware and prepared to deal with environmental issues. The research addressed the introduction of sustainable practices such as selective waste collection that works with a color system that identifies the type of material to be recycled, preventing the spread of diseases and contributing to waste being sent to its correct destination, educational signs related to the environment and the creation of a community garden that, in addition to offering contact with nature when dealing with the land, also teaches how the process of planting and harvesting food works. The general objective is to promote an integrated understanding of the environmental impacts of human activities, enabling students to adopt more sustainable behaviors. Environmental Accounting was explored as a means to quantify and evaluate environmental costs and benefits, contributing to a more conscious management of resources at school. The methodology included exploratory and descriptive research, with qualitative and quantitative analysis of students’ environmental education knowledge and the effectiveness of implemented practices. From the investigative analysis, it was possible to conclude that the implementation of Environmental Education and the knowledge related to the accounting costs of including environmental practices is of complete relevance for raising students’ awareness in preserving an excellent environment.
DESAFIOS E PERSPECTIVAS DE ACESSO DE ALUNOS SURDOS À EDUCAÇÃO NA EMEIF DE CAMETÁ TAPERA
Authors: Freitas Ênio , Ribeiro Mílvio
Published: August 2024

A população surda enfrenta diversos desafios para ser inserida na sociedade, por falta de apoio dos órgãos que deviam proporcionar essa inserção, falta de interesse, segregação ou até mesmo exclusão, que também ocorre em âmbito educacional. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho disserta sobre as dificuldades de acesso de alunos surdos à educação na EMEIF de Cametá Tapera, tendo como objetivo investigar os empecilhos encontrados pelos alunos surdos da escola para a concretização de sua aprendizagem. Para enriquecer ainda mais esse debate, a pesquisa de caráter qualitativo conta com o método do estudo de caso, para desenvolver melhor, utilizasse do entrelaçamento desses dados com conceitos de autores como Campos (2014), Lenneberg (1987), Diniz (2012) e outros autores. Sendo assim, falar sobre a educação de surdos é compreender os enormes desafios, enfrentados principalmente por alunos, mas também por professores, devido à falta de apoio dos órgãos competentes, que não oferecem materiais e nem formações suficientes para o melhor atendimento desses alunos.
CHARGING AND DISCHARGING PROCESSES IN GRAPHITE-ZEOLITE/NaCl/MgCl2 SYSTEMS
Authors: Omerašević Mia , Škipina Blanka , Vuković Danijela , Dudić Duško
Published: August 2024

The most important characteristics of stationary battery installations are environmental friendliness and low price. Therefore, widely available and acceptable materials such as zeolite should be the focus of research in this field of science. The properties of a simple system consisting of graphite electrodes and zeolite/water/NaCl/MgCl2 electrolytes were tested. Energy density and recoverable energy storage were improved by adding a small amount of NaCl and MgCl2 to the zeolite/water electrolyte. The energy efficiency of the examined electro-capacitive systems in the DC electric field is generally below 10%.
Risk Management in Construction Projects in Palestine: Contractors' Perspective
Authors: Mahamid Ibrahim
Published: August 2024

This study is conducted to identify the main risks in construction projects in Palestine from contractors’ perspective. Questionnaire survey is the tool used to achieve the objectives of the study. 41 critical risk factors in projects associated with project duration were identified and classified as external and internal factors. The risk map for the investigated causes created based on their perceived severity and frequency of occurrence. The findings revealed 29 causes in the red zone of the risk map, 11 in the yellow zone and 1 in the green zone. The top severe risk factors are: delayed payments by the owner, closure and siege by the authorities, poor site supervision, segmentation of the Palestinian governorates, late payments to subcontractors, change orders by frequent adjustments of the owner, lack of qualified labors, unrealistic completion date of projects, weather conditions, and rework due to noncompliance with contract documents.
Brick dust and fly ash as subgrade stabilizer for Low Traffic Volume Roads: laboratory and test track evaluation
Authors: CARVAJAL PELAÉZ GLORIA ISABEL , RODRIGUEZ MARIO ALBERTO , HIDALGO CESAR , MUÑOZ FREDY
Published: August 2024

Currently, there are materials from industry that, under certain physical conditions, can contribute to the improvement of soils mechanical properties. Materials such as brick dust (BD) and fly ash (FA) have high SiO2 and Al2O3 contents, which denote pozzolanic activity. In addition, it has been shown that these materials can be activated when combined with lime. This generates internal cementation processes when the particle size is 0.075 mm. Rural roads in Colombia have one of the highest percentages of the entire road infrastructure, and only about 7% are in good condition. Difficult access conditions, soil susceptibility, the financial impossibility of intervening in this entire network and the need to implement circular economy processes, make these materials attractive in terms of stabilization to improve traffic conditions. BD and FA were applied in dosages of 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12% and 24% in finogranular soils (silt and clay) and sandy soils, compaction was evaluated, and a factorial experimental design was carried out to evaluate the influence of the material on the variable unconfined compressive strength (UCS), through an ANOVA analysis. To evaluate the performance of BD and FA, a test track was made on a low traffic volume road in northern Colombia, which had a sandy soil. BD and FA were added at 12% and activated with lime, in 30 m long cells. To establish a comparative pattern, other cells were made in the same geometric conditions with materials that are usually used in this type of application, such as cement. These cells were evaluated over a period of 16 months. Characteristics such as resilient modulus, international roughness index (IRI) and slip resistance coefficient were measured during this period. The results indicate that when these materials are added to finogranular soils (silts and clays), the UCS increases by 150% with respect to the unstabilized soil, while for sandy soils the strength increases from 70% to 125%. During the evaluation period, the BD and the FA were able to increases of over 50% in the resilient modulus with respect to the unstabilized soil. However, the FA showed comparable results with respect to the cement-stabilized cell. In addition, although the sections deteriorated over time, they maintained their roughness index within the admissible ranges indicative of a good serviceability index.
Editorial
Authors: Gloël Matthias
Published: August 2024

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Comparison of Fracture Resistance of Endodontically Treated Human Mandibular Molars Restored with Paracore Dual-cure Composite and EverX Posterior Composite: An In-vitro Study
Authors: Dey Rupankar , Sil Raghunath , Desai Priti , Ghorai Laboni
Published: August 2024

Introduction: Endodontic treatment is an elective dental procedure that is performed when the dental pulp becomes irreversibly damaged or necrotic due to dental caries or trauma. Considerable loss of coronal tooth structure together with large cavity designs and access cavities compromise the mechanical behaviour of endodontically treated teeth, making them more susceptible to catastrophic fracture. Hence, following endodontic treatment, it is imperative to provide a suitable restorative material to avoid subsequent tooth fracture following occlusal loading. Aim: To assess and compare the fracture resistance of endodontically treated human mandibular first molars restored with dual-cure composite (Paracore) and newer short fibrereinforced composite (EverX Posterior) in occlusal (Class-I) cavities. Materials and Methods: The in-vitro study was performed in January 2023 to February 2023 using 30 freshly extracted sound adult human mandibular first molars (divided in three groups) at Guru Nanak Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. A total of 10 intact teeth served as positive controls (Group-1). Class-I access cavity preparation followed by endodontic therapy was performed on the remaining 20 teeth, which were randomly divided into two groups (Group-2 and 3), which were coronally restored with Paracore dual-cure composite and EverX posterior composite, respectively. Teeth were mounted in acrylic resin, and subsequently, measurements of fracture strength were performed using a universal testing machine. Data were analysed statistically using One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Post-Hoc Tukey, and Chisquare tests, with a p-value of ≤0.05 considered as the level of significance. Results: The mean fracture resistance values (in kilonewtons) were as follows: Group-1 (1.5750 kN) > Group-3 (1.0450 kN) > Group-2 (0.6350 kN). Group-3 showed a significantly higher mean fracture resistance value (p=0.035) than the other experimental group. The levels of fractures were also evaluated, and a significant difference between the groups was noted (p=0.001), concluding that the frequencies of unfavourable fractures were significantly higher in Group-2 than in the other groups. Conclusion: Short fibre-reinforced composite (EverX) showed fracture resistance similar to that of a natural tooth and hence can be used as a direct core build-up material to reinforce the remaining tooth structure in endodontically treated teeth.
Sustainable Livelihood Security Vis-à-Vis Agricultural Sustainability in India: A Case Study of Karnataka, India
Authors: T. N. Srinatha, , Kumar Pramod , D. Arun, , Baruah Debasmita , A. Praveenkumar , Dhange Pooja Rajendra , Perumal Anbukkani
Published: August 2024

Sustainable Development (SD) has gained prominence as a central focus for development planners, policymakers, and environmental advocates, both nationally and internationally. In India, agriculture grapples with numerous challenges that collectively contribute to sustainability issues, hindering its core goal of ensuring food security. Swaminathan [1] defines Sustainable Livelihood Security (SLS) as encompassing livelihood options that are ecologically sound, economically viable, and socially equitable. The intrinsic connections between SLS and broader welfare objectives such as poverty reduction and human development underscore its pivotal role in achieving sustainable development. This study employs the Sustainable Livelihood Security Index (SLSI) to assess the current status of sustainability in the agriculturally diverse state of Karnataka. Factors like population density, forest cover, cropping intensity, and livestock density are utilized to gauge ecological security. Economic efficiency is measured through per capita income, milk yield, and net sown area, while social equity is assessed by indicators like female literacy, maternal mortality rate, and the percentage of the population below the poverty line (BPL). Despite inherent variations and limitations, these selected variables offer substantial insight into the overall ecological, economic, and equity dimensions of the state. The results reveal a wide range of values for sustainability status (WSLSI), spanning from 0.17 to 0.62, with corresponding ranges of 0.07 to 0.64 for economic efficiency (EEI), 0.17 to 0.77 for ecological security (ESI), and 0.12 to 0.95 for social equity (SEI). This indicates significant disparities in the livelihood security of Karnataka across its ecological, economic, and social dimensions. Notably, the districts of Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, and Chikkamagaluru emerge as top performers in both simple SLSI and weighted SLSI, excelling in all three component indices. Conversely, districts such as Raichur, Yadagiri, and Koppal exhibit lower performance across all indices, highlighting the urgent need for targeted interventions in health, education, and agricultural investment. Strategies such as technological advancements, improved infrastructure, establishment of food processing industries, and enhanced financial and marketing support are recommended to address these disparities and bolster sustainable livelihood security in underperforming districts.
Turmeric Cultivation and Medicinal Benefits: Special Reference to Kandhamal District of Odisha, India
Authors: Tudu Harchand , Pradhan Srikanta , Das Tanushree , Das Bikram Keshari
Published: August 2024

This study delves into the production methods and therapeutic properties of turmeric (Curcuma longa), a perennial herbaceous plant widely known for its culinary and medical uses. It covers various aspects including cultivation techniques, bioactive substances responsible for its healing properties and health benefits associated with its consumption. The cultivation section emphasizes optimal agro-climatic conditions, soil preparation, planting techniques, and post-harvest procedures essential for successful turmeric farming. The study also explores the medicinal properties of turmeric, focusing on bioactive compounds like curcumin, known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. Additionally, it highlights turmeric's potential in treating inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular illnesses, and neurodegenerative conditions like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. The study also delves into organic and sustainable farming practices to address challenges faced by turmeric producers, emphasizing fair-trade practices and biodiversity preservation for long-term sustainability.
Seasonal Incidence of Major Insect Pests in Relation to Abiotic Factors in Mustard
Authors: Srija Posham , Shankar M. , Reddy S. Srinivas , Reddy V. Ram
Published: August 2024

Aim: The present study was under taken to the know the incidence of major insect- pests of mustard and their correlation with abiotic factors.
Study Design:  Randomized Block Design (one factor anova).
Place and Duration of Study: Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Palem, Nagarkurnool district, Telangana state during rabi, 2023-24 between November to March.
Methodology: The field experiment was conducted at RARS, Palem using the variety DRMRIJ 31 with spacing of 45cm× 15 cm. Observations were taken timely from the start of the pest incidence to till harvest of the crop at weekly intervals (Standard Meteorological Week). The incidence of insect pests and their natural enemies were individually correlated with the weather parameters.
Results: The highest population of mustard aphids at 6th SMW (9.65 aphids/10cm apical shoot), leaf webber at 3rd SMW (5.70 larvae/plant), flea beetle at 52nd SMW (1.78beetles/plant) painted bug at 3rd SMW (1.20 bugs/plant) mustard sawfly at 52nd SMW (0.22 grubs/plant), predatory ladybird beetle peak at 4th SMW (0.22 beetle/plant). The correlation studies of the pests with weather parameters revealed that maximum temperature positive non-significant correlation with leaf webber, painted bugs and coccinellids, non-significant negative with sawfly, significant positive with aphid and negative with flea beetle. Minimum temperature was non-significant negative with leaf webber, aphids, painted bugs, flea beetle, sawfly and coccinellids. Morning relative humidity was positive correlated with painted bug and flea beetle, negative non-significant with leaf webber, sawfly and coccinellids and negative significant with aphid.   Evening relative humidity was positive non-significant with leaf webber and sawfly, negative non-significant with painted bug and coccinellids, positive significant with flea beetle and negative significant with aphid. Sunshine hours positive correlated with leaf webber, aphids, painted bugs, sawfly and coccinellids and negative non-significant with flea beetle.
Conclusion: Seasonal incidence of insect pests in crops is closely linked to weather parameters such as temperature, humidity and sunshine hours. Understanding these relationships is crucial for effective pest management and crop protection.
Mastering Nature's Clock: Optimized Light Interruption Technique Propels Early Blooming and Record Yields in Chrysanthemum
Authors: Macchindra Dhawan Shweta , Dalvi NV , Khandekar RG
Published: August 2024

Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of precision light interruption techniques in enhancing the growth and yield of Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Chandrika.
Study Design: The research was conducted as a controlled block design experiment with nine treatments, including a control, each replicated thrice under polytunnel conditions.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the College of Horticulture, Dapoli, during the 2020-2021 period.
Details: The cuttings used were terminal cuttings taken from 2-month-old healthy mother plants in the adult vegetative phase. 25 days old seedlings were transplanted and subjected to light interruption (12 am to 3 am) using a 120-volt LED bulb placed 2 m above the seedlings for 20 days to delay bud initiation and promote vegetative growth.
Methodology: The experiment investigated the impact of a 180-minute light interruption using a 90% black shade net. Key parameters measured included plant height, leaf count, stem diameter, total leaf area, time to flowering, flowering duration, and yield. Data were collected and analyzed to assess the effectiveness of the light interruption technique.
Results: The 180-minute light interruption with a 90% black shade net proved to be the optimal strategy. Plants exhibited enhanced vegetative growth, including a maximum height of 75.11 cm, leaf count of 186.13, stem diameter of 7.57 mm, and total leaf area of 2094.49 cm². This technique induced early flowering, with flowers appearing at 62.53 days after transplanting, compared to 72.73 days in the control-a 10-day advance. Flowering duration was extended to 162.32 days, and yield was significantly increased, with a maximum of 52 flower buds and flowers per plant and a flower yield of 315.20 g per plant, leading to an exceptional yield of 18.82 tons per hectare-a 144% increase over the control. While chrysanthemums are traditionally short-day plants requiring specific light-to-dark ratios to induce bud burst, this innovative approach resulted in significant improvements earlier and extended flowering, and a remarkable increase in yield due to proper vegetative growth.
Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that precision light interruption techniques can substantially improve chrysanthemum cultivation. This non-chemical approach offers a practical method to enhance crop performance.
Data-driven Agriculture: Software Innovations for Enhanced Soil Health, Crop Nutrients, Disease Detection, Weather Forecasting and Fertilizer Optimization in Agriculture
Authors: Sarma Hridesh Harsha , Das Bikash Chandra , Deka Tridisha , Rahman Sofior , Medhi Marjana , Kakoti Mriganko
Published: August 2024

In the evolving landscape of modern agriculture, the integration of software technologies has become increasingly indispensable. These tools offer transformative capabilities that address the complexities and challenges faced by today's farmers. By harnessing the power of software applications, farmers gain access to sophisticated tools for precise planning, decision-making, and operational management. These applications facilitate precise management of farm operations, including crop planning, irrigation scheduling, and fertilization regimes, thereby optimizing resource use and enhancing productivity. Moreover, these tools provide real-time access to weather forecasts, pest and disease alerts, and market prices, enabling farmers to make informed decisions and mitigate risks effectively. Some of the common Softwares used by farmers are Meghdoot, Mausam, Plantix, FarmRise, Agrisetu, KisanSuvidha, Umang Pusha Krishi, Kisan Girdawari etc. Moreover, in an era where climate variability and market dynamics pose significant uncertainties, these technologies provide critical insights and support systems that empower farmers to navigate challenges effectively and seize opportunities for growth. As such, the adoption of agricultural software is not just a modernization effort but a strategic imperative to empower farmers and ensure the resilience and sustainability of global food systems.
Performance of Finger Millet Varieties (Eleusine coracana L.) in Different Establishment Methods
Authors: Chakravarthi Banothu , Sutradhar Pranjit , Pathak K , M.Panging  , Medhi  , M.J. Konwar , Gogoi Bhabesh
Published: August 2024

A field experiment was conducted at the Instructional cum Research (ICR) Farm, AAU, Jorhat during the Sali season (2022-23) with a view “Performance of finger millet varieties (Eleusine coracana L.) In different establishment methods”. The experiment was laid out in Factorial RBD which was replicated thrice.  The treatments consisted of 4 (Four) establishment methods viz., broadcasting (M1), line sowing (M 2), transplanting (M 3), and SFMI {System of finger millet intensification} (M4) and 3 (Three) varieties namely- GPU-67 (V 1), CFMV-2 (V 2) and AAU-GSG-Maruvadhan(V 3). Based on results obtained from the present investigation, it was concluded that finger millet grown in the transplanting method with a combination of CFMV-2 variety must obtain higher growth, yield, and quality parameters of finger millet.
Demographic Profile of Patients Infected by SARS-CoV-2 in a Municipality in the Midwest Region of Brazil in the 2020 and 2021 Biennium
Authors: Bernardes Daniela Infantina Martins , Azevedo Francisco Kennedy Scofoni Faleiros de , Lima Géssica Fernanda Colnago , Fontes Cor Jesus Fernandes , Souto Francisco José Dutra , Gajardoni Alessandra Carreira Rodrigues , Brito Wagner Izidoro de , Santos Emerson Soares dos , Oliveira Ruberlei Godinho de
Published: August 2024

Aims: This study aimed to characterize the demographic profile of patients affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treated in public health facilities in Várzea Grande, Mato Grosso, during the biennium, 2020–2021.
Methodology: This retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in Várzea Grande, between April 2020 and December 2021, utilizing data from IndicaSUS. Parameters analyzed include age range, sex, race, region of residence, lethality, and clinical outcomes (recovered and decease). Data were processed using EpiData Entry v.3.1 and EpiData Analysis v.2.2 software. A 95% confidence interval, a significance level of P = .05, and Pearson goodness-of-fit test were utilized to evaluate the fit of the multivariate models.
Results: A higher prevalence of COVID-19 hospitalization was observed among females in 2020 (53.9%) and 2021 (53.8%). Hospitalization rates by sex and race were notably higher in Brown women in 2020 (61.3%) and 2021 (65.8%), as well as in Brown men in 2020 (62.4%) and 2021 (65.1%). The West region exhibited the highest lethality rate in 2020 (3.8%) while the North and Center regions showed the highest lethality rates in 2021 (1.2%). By age group, lethality was significantly higher among individuals over 65 years old in both 2020 (21.4%) and 2021 (14.3% P = .000).
Conclusion: This study characterized the demographic profile of the population affected by COVID-19 in Várzea Grande. The findings indicate that public health managers should implement target policies and actions to support this population, which experiences a high mortality rate and significant socioeconomic vulnerability.
Advanced Colorectal Carcinoma Inspite of Initial Non-malignant Biopsies: The Critical Role of Multidisciplinary Evaluation and Repeat Biopsies
Authors: James Shiney Ansa , Rehman Hamid , Khan Saad Masood , Tariq Muhammad Arslan , Subhan Muhammad , Bibi Ruqiya
Published: August 2024

Colorectal cancer (CRC) poses significant diagnostic and management challenges due to its varied clinical presentations. This case report describes a 60-year-old male who presented with progressive rectal bleeding, substantial weight loss, and a protruding mass from the anus. Initial evaluations, including ultrasound and CT scans, indicated neoplastic involvement in the sigmoid colon and rectum. In contrast, initial histopathology revealed high-grade dysplasia in the sigmoid colon and a solitary rectal ulcer. Due to persistent clinical suspicion and input from a multidisciplinary team, repeat biopsies confirmed poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the rectum. The patient underwent palliative surgery and systemic chemotherapy, which led to significant symptom relief and partial disease stabilization. This case highlights the need for comprehensive diagnostic assessment and a multidisciplinary approach in managing advanced colorectal cancer, highlighting the critical role of repeat biopsies and integrated clinical expertise in ensuring accurate diagnosis and effective treatment.
Long‐term variability of phytoplankton carbon biomass in the Sargasso Sea
Authors: Wallhead Philip J. , Garçon Véronique C. , Casey John R. , Lomas Michael W.
Published: July 2014

Time series of phytoplankton carbon biomass are scarce yet may provide important insights into ocean productivity and carbon export to depth via the oceanic biological pump. We combine recent flow‐cytometric measurements with pigment concentrations and other standard measurements to reconstruct taxon‐specific phytoplankton carbon biomass in the Sargasso Sea over 22 years, using a multiple regression approach. The reconstructed series reveal an increasing trend (~3% per year) in total phytoplankton carbon, apparently driven by increasing nutrient supply by vertical mixing associated with a shift to a negative phase in the winter North Atlantic Oscillation index. Also, the reconstructed eukaryote biomass fraction shows a multiannual shift from ~45% in the early 1990s/late 2000s to ~70% in the late 1990s/early 2000s. We hypothesize that a multiannual shift in the seasonal pattern of mixing may have stimulated and restructured the eukaryote community while suppressing prokaryote populations by increasing photodamage and grazing mortality.
Variability of oceanic carbon cycle in the North Pacific from seasonal to decadal scales
Authors: Xiu Peng , Chai Fei
Published: July 2014

Variability of upper‐ocean carbon cycle in the North Pacific during 1958–2010 period is investigated using a physical‐biogeochemical model. Comparisons with in situ data from five different oceanographic environments in the South China Sea, Monterey Bay, North Pacific gyre, northwestern Pacific, and Gulf of Alaska indicate that the model usually captures observed seasonal and interannual variability in both sea surface pCO2 and sea‐air CO2 flux. Seasonal variability of pCO2 and CO2 flux in the North Pacific follows the change in sea surface temperature (SST) closely with high and low values in summer and winter, respectively. Total CO2 modifies pCO2 seasonal pattern in an opposite manner with respect to SST, and surface wind speed modifies the magnitude of CO2 flux variations. On interannual and decadal time scales, sea surface pCO2 is primarily controlled by anthropogenic CO2, followed by modulations by the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), while sea‐air CO2 flux is significantly regulated by the PDO and the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO). We show that anthropogenic CO2 tends to amplify the influence on CO2 flux from the PDO but to damp the influence from the NPGO.
Role of the western tropical Pacific in the North Pacific regime shift in the winter of 1998/1999
Authors: Jo Hyun‐Su , Yeh Sang‐Wook , Kirtman Ben P.
Published: July 2014

In this study, we examine the role of the western tropical Pacific in the North Pacific regime shift during the winter (December–January–February) of 1998/1999. The North Pacific regime shift in the winter of 1998/1999 is characterized by a dipole‐like structure along 40°N where significant warming is prominent in the western and central North Pacific. This shift might have been associated with an abrupt warming in the western tropical Pacific after 1998/1999, in the North Equatorial Current (NEC) bifurcation region (8°N–18°N, 125°E–160°E) in particular. The NEC bifurcation region experiences a regime shift from cooling to warming during the 1998/1999. Consequently, the Kuroshio current, which originates in the NEC bifurcation region, could transport the anomalous warm water into the North Pacific. In addition, a sudden shift in the NEC bifurcation latitude to the south also contributes to the 1998/1999 regime shift in the North Pacific. We suggest a possible mechanism that could have caused the regime shift in the NEC bifurcation region during the 1998/1999. An abrupt deepening of the thermocline depth in the NEC bifurcation region from 1997/1998 to 1998/1999, which is associated with the biggest El Niño in 1997/1998 and a subsequent La Niña event in 1998/1999, plays a role in initiating the shift in the NEC bifurcation region. Subsequently, the frequent occurrence of the La Niña events after 1998/1999 plays a role in maintaining the regime shift toward warming by sustaining a deepening of the thermocline depth.
Is weaker Arctic sea ice changing the Atlantic water circulation?
Authors: Itkin Polona , Karcher Michael , Gerdes Rüdiger
Published: July 2014

With a numerical model, we test the sensitivity of the Arctic Ocean circulation at middepth (212–1200 m) to the change in the sea ice rheology parameter P* that controls the sea ice compressive strength. We show that the reduction of the sea ice strength via P* within commonly used envelope reduces the sea ice extent and consequently enhances the ocean surface heat loss in the marginal ice zone. This leads to cooling of the Atlantic water inflow into the Arctic Ocean. As a result Eurasian Basin and Amerasian Basin temperatures are in average cooled by 0.1°C and 0.05°C, respectively. An increased sea ice drift speed in the central Arctic leads to an enhanced circulation of the anticyclonic Beaufort Gyre of the Amerasian Basin, which in turn weakens the cyclonic Atlantic water circulation below and enhances the recirculation of the Atlantic water in the Eurasian Basin. Consequently the balance of the volume fluxes through the Arctic gateways changes. Fram Strait net outflow increases by 0.46 Sv, Barents Sea Opening net inflow increases by 0.19 Sv and Davis Strait net outflow decreases by 0.28 Sv. This may spread the effects of the sea ice strength change beyond the limits of the Arctic Ocean and into the deep water convection zones in the North Atlantic. These substantial effects should be considered also in the model optimization efforts where P* is commonly used as one of the tuning parameters to achieve better sea ice simulations, whereas the effects on the ocean circulation are rarely taken into account.
Insights on the OAFlux ocean surface vector wind analysis merged from scatterometers and passive microwave radiometers (1987 onward)
Authors: Yu Lisan , Jin Xiangze
Published: July 2014

A high‐resolution global daily analysis of ocean surface vector winds (1987 onward) was developed by the Objectively Analyzed air‐sea Fluxes (OAFlux) project. This study addressed the issues related to the development of the time series through objective synthesis of 12 satellite sensors (two scatterometers and 10 passive microwave radiometers) using a least‐variance linear statistical estimation. The issues include the rationale that supports the multisensor synthesis, the methodology and strategy that were developed, the challenges that were encountered, and the comparison of the synthesized daily mean fields with reference to scatterometers and atmospheric reanalyses. The synthesis was established on the bases that the low and moderate winds (<15 m s−1) constitute 98% of global daily wind fields, and they are the range of winds that are retrieved with best quality and consistency by both scatterometers and radiometers. Yet, challenges are presented in situations of synoptic weather systems due mainly to three factors: (i) the lack of radiometer retrievals in rain conditions, (ii) the inability to fill in the data voids caused by eliminating rain‐flagged QuikSCAT wind vector cells, and (iii) the persistent differences between QuikSCAT and ASCAT high winds. The study showed that the daily mean surface winds can be confidently constructed from merging scatterometers with radiometers over the global oceans, except for the regions influenced by synoptic weather storms. The uncertainties in present scatterometer and radiometer observations under high winds and rain conditions lead to uncertainties in the synthesized synoptic structures.
Marshy pools on permafrost mitigate landscape‐scale climate warming
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: July 2014

Starting 5000 years ago, small marshy lakes dotting northern Siberia became significant carbon sinks, cooling the climate on a landscape scale. Researchers from the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) published their findings in Nature online on 16 July.
Addressing flood insurance affordability
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: July 2014

The U.S. National Flood Insurance Program should address affordability, but not through discounted premiums, argue two researchers in the inaugural issue of Journal of Extreme Events.
Creating food for deep space
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: July 2014

Explorers and scientists have to eat, whether they're on top of a mountain, deep in the sea, or in space. NASA scientists are working to develop a viable food program by 2030 that could feed six crew members for a 3‐year mission to Mars.
Inés Lucía Cifuentes (1954–2013)
Authors: O'Connell Suzanne , Sacks Selwyn
Published: July 2014

Inés Lucía Cifuentes, seismologist and educator, well known for her study of the great Chilean earthquake of 1960 and for developing science‐based teacher‐training programs, died on 16 December 2013 at her home in Takoma Park, Md., after a long battle with breast cancer. She was 59.
AGU Union Fellows Elected for 2014
Authors: Pieters Carle , Williams Danica
Published: July 2014

The Union Fellows Selection Committee is proud to present the 2014 class of AGU Fellows. Established in 1962, the Fellows program recognizes AGU members who have attained acknowledged eminence in the Earth and space sciences as valued by their peers and vetted by a Union‐wide committee of Fellows. Primary criteria for evaluation in scientific eminence are a major breakthrough or discovery, paradigm shift, or sustained impact.
Climate Change Report Focuses on Economics
Authors: Landau Elizabeth
Published: July 2014

A report quantifying the costs of climate change to the United States was released shortly after the AGU Science Policy Conference (see Eos, 95(27), 246–247, doi:10.1002.2014EO270002).
Low heliosphere pressure drives wider CMEs in weaker solar cycles
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: July 2014

Every 11 years, the Sun cycles from a period where sunspot counts are high to one where counts are low. Individual cycles, however, are not created equal—the current solar cycle, 24, has been called the weakest (with the fewest sunspot counts) in 100 years. The weakness of the solar cycle could be the reason the massive ejections of charged plasma from the Sun's corona have been anomalously wider and thus more diffuse than in preceding cycles.
Explaining Jupiter's magnetic field and equatorial jet dynamics
Authors: Gastine T. , Wicht J. , Duarte L. D. V. , Heimpel M. , Becker A.
Published: July 2014

Spacecraft data reveal a very Earth‐like Jovian magnetic field. This is surprising since numerical simulations have shown that the vastly different interiors of terrestrial and gas planets can strongly affect the internal dynamo process. Here we present the first numerical dynamo that manages to match the structure and strength of the observed magnetic field by embracing the newest models for Jupiter's interior. Simulated dynamo action primarily occurs in the deep high electrical conductivity region, while zonal flows are dynamically constrained to a strong equatorial jet in the outer envelope of low conductivity. Our model reproduces the structure and strength of the observed global magnetic field and predicts that secondary dynamo action associated to the equatorial jet produces banded magnetic features likely observable by the Juno mission. Secular variation in our model scales to about 2000 nT per year and should also be observable during the 1 year nominal mission duration.
Wide longitudinal distribution of interplanetary electrons following the 7 February 2010 solar event: Observations and transport modeling
Authors: Dröge W. , Kartavykh Y. Y. , Dresing N. , Heber B. , Klassen A.
Published: July 2014

We analyze 65–105 keV electrons in the 7 February 2010 solar electron event observed simultaneously by STEREO‐A, STEREO‐B, and ACE. A method to reconstruct the full‐electron pitch angle distributions from the four Solar Electron and Proton Telescope sensors on STEREO‐A/B and the Solar Electron and Proton Telescope instrument on ACE in the energy range of approximately 60–300 keV for periods of incomplete angular coverage is presented. A transport modeling based on numerical solutions of a three‐dimensional particle propagation model which includes pitch angle scattering and focused transport is applied to the intensity and anisotropy profiles measured on all three spacecraft. Based on an analysis of intensity gradients observed between the three spacecraft, we find that the lateral transport of the electrons occurs partially close to the Sun, due to effects of nonradial divergence of magnetic field lines or particle diffusion, and partially in the interplanetary medium. For the mean free paths characterizing the electron diffusion parallel and perpendicular to the interplanetary magnetic field, we derive values of λ∥∼ 0.1 AU and λ⟂∼ 0.01 AU. In comparison with results from other particle events which we had previously analyzed in a similar manner we discuss whether the diffusion mean free paths parallel and perpendicular to the average magnetic field might be related with each other, and whether the particle transport perpendicular to the average magnetic field is more likely due to particles following meandering magnetic field lines, or due to particles being scattered off individual field lines.
Limiting energy spectrum of an electron radiation belt
Authors: Summers Danny , Shi Run
Published: July 2014

To determine the Kennel‐Petschek limiting particle flux in a planetary radiation belt in a fully relativistic regime, without assuming a predetermined form for the particle energy distribution, has been a long‐standing challenge in space physics. In this paper, for the case of whistler mode wave‐electron interaction, we meet this challenge. The limiting flux is determined by a steady state marginal stability criterion in which a convective wave gain condition is applied over all frequencies for which wave growth occurs. This condition produces an integral equation for the trapped flux. We find that in the relativistic regime the limiting electron energy spectrum varies asymptotically as 1/E, for large energy E, just as in the nonrelativistic case. However, the scaling coefficient in the relativistic case is twice that in the nonrelativistic result. We compare numerical solutions for the limiting spectra with measured energetic electron spectra at Jupiter.
Impact of assimilating surface salinity from SMOS on ocean circulation estimates
Authors: Köhl A. , Sena Martins M. , Stammer D.
Published: July 2014

In a pilot attempt, the GECCO2 synthesis system is being used to investigate the impact of SMOS sea surface salinity (SSS) observations on estimates of SSS and freshwater fluxes. The paper focuses on the period 2010–2011, during which, in addition to traditional in situ and satellite observations, SMOS SSS is assimilated. A prior SMOS SSS error field is inferred through a comparison of the satellite data with in situ salinity data and reveals large biases (>1 g/kg) in the SMOS product near continents and in the Southern Ocean. Employing this error estimate in the assimilation procedure leads only to an insignificant impact of SMOS SSS on the estimated ocean state. However, when reducing the error artificially by a factor of 10, the SMOS data can be reproduced well in the interior ocean. In this case, the previously remaining positive model bias with respect to in situ salinity is changed to a negative bias while the misfit slightly increased. The clear freshening can be attributed to the SMOS bias with respect to in situ data. The associated increase in freshwater input in the tropical oceans enhances slightly the correspondence of the estimated fluxes to the independent satellite‐based estimate from HOAPS except for the South Pacific and South Atlantic. On short‐timescales, changes in the estimated surface salinity result primarily from changes in surface freshwater fluxes, while over longer periods ocean dynamics become increasingly more important for changing the near‐surface salinity.
Disproportionate subarachnoid space hydrocephalus—outcome and perivascular space
Authors: Akiguchi Ichiro , Shirakashi Yoshitomo , Budka Herbert , Watanabe Yuko , Watanabe Toshiyuki , Shiino Akihiko , Ogita Mihoko , Kawamoto Yasuhiro , Jungwirth Susanne , Krampla Wolfgang , Fischer Peter
Published: July 2014

Objective

We sought to identify the prevalence of MRI features of disproportionately enlarged subarachnoid space hydrocephalus in possible idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (DESH‐iNPH) and to describe the clinico‐radiological features and outcomes of a community‐based investigation (The Vienna Trans‐Danube Aging study).

Methods

Of the 697 inhabitants (all 75 years old), 503 completed extensive neurological examinations at baseline and were followed up every 30 months thereafter with MRIs, mini‐mental state examination (MMSE), and the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale‐Motor Section (UPDRSM). The DESH‐iNPH participant data were compared with the data from participants with Evans index ratios >0.3 (ex vacuo hydrocephalus), cerebral small‐vessel diseases, and normal MRIs. The widening of perivascular space was also evaluated by MRI in these groups.

Results

Eight participants with DESH‐iNPH (1.6%) and 76 with ex vacuo hydrocephalus (16.1%) at baseline were identified. The mean MMSE in DESH‐iNPH, ex vacuo hydrocephalus, and normal MRIs was 26.4, 27.9, and 28.3, respectively, and the mean UPDRSM was 9.75, 2.96, and 1.87, respectively. After a 90‐month follow‐up, the mortality rates for DESH‐iNPH, ex vacuo hydrocephalus, and normal MRIs were 25.0%, 21.3%, and 10.9%, respectively. The perivascular‐space widening scores were significantly smaller in the DESH‐iNPH cases, particularly at the centrum semiovale, compared to cerebral small‐vessel disease and ex vacuo hydrocephalus cases.

Interpretation

The prevalence of DESH‐iNPH was 1.6% for participants aged 75 years and revealed significantly lower MMSE and higher UPDRSM scores compared to the ex vacuo hydrocephalus and controls. Moreover, it is suggested that perivascular‐space narrowing is a morphological and pathophysiological marker of DESH‐iNPH.