bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Definitions of Bullying: A Comparison of Terms Used, and Age and Gender Differences, in a Fourteen–Country International Comparison
Authors: Smith Peter K. , Cowie Helen , Olafsson Ragnar F. , Liefooghe Andy P. D.
Published: March 2003

The study of school bullying has recently assumed an international dimension, but is faced with difficulties in finding terms in different languages to correspond to the English word bullying. To investigate the meanings given to various terms, a set of 25 stick–figure cartoons was devised, covering a range of social situations between peers. These cartoons were shown to samples of 8– and 14–year–old pupils (N= 1,245; n= 604 at 8 years, n= 641 at 14 years) in schools in 14 different countries, who judged whether various native terms cognate to bullying, applied to them. Terms from 10 Indo–European languages and three Asian languages were sampled. Multidimensional scaling showed that 8–year–olds primarily discriminated nonaggressive and aggressive cartoon situations; however, 14–year–olds discriminated fighting from physical bullying, and also discriminated verbal bullying and social exclusion. Gender differences were less appreciable than age differences. Based on the 14–year–old data, profiles of 67 words were then constructed across the five major cartoon clusters. The main types of terms used fell into six groups: bullying (of all kinds), verbal plus physical bullying, solely verbal bullying, social exclusion, solely physical aggression, and mainly physical aggression. The findings are discussed in relation to developmental trends in how children understand bullying, the inferences that can be made from cross–national studies, and the design of such studies.
Toward a Unifying Ontology Dealing with Both User–Defined Periodicity and Temporal Constraints About Repeated Events
Authors: Terenziani Paolo
Published: March 2003

This article proposes a first–order logic axiomatic description of some basic ontological notions underlying the meaning of different types of temporal constraints about repeated events. The article also shows that such an ontology provides an homogeneous framework that can be used to model and compare the intended meaning of different formalisms in the artificial intelligence and temporal databases literature which deal with user–defined calendar dates and/or qualitative and quantitative constraints between different types of repeated events.
Contracting With Uncertain Level Of Trust
Authors: Braynov Sviatoslav , Sandholm Tuomas
Published: March 2003

The paper investigates the impact of trust on market efficiency and bilateral contracts. We prove that a market in which agents are trusted to the degree they deserve to be trusted is as efficient as a market with complete trustworthiness. In other words, complete trustworthiness is not a necessary condition for market efficiency. We prove that distrust could significantly reduce market efficiency, and we show how to solve the problem by using appropriately designed multiagent contracts. The problem of trust is studied in the context of a bilateral negotiation game between a buyer and a seller. It is shown that if the seller’s trust equals the buyer’s trustworthiness, then the social welfare, the amount of trade, and the agents’ utility functions are maximized. The paper also studies the efficiency of advance payment contracts as a tool for improving trustworthiness. It is proved that advance payment contracts maximize the social welfare and the amount of trade. Finally, the paper studies the problem of how to make agents truthfully reveal their level of trustworthiness. An incentive–compatible contract is defined, in which agents do not benefit from lying about their trustworthiness. The analysis and the solutions proposed in this paper could help agent designers avoid many market failures and produce efficient interaction mechanisms.
Painting‐like Image Emphasis based on Human Vision Systems
Authors: Tanaka Toshimitsu , Ohnishi Noboru
Published: March 2003

Regional image emphasis is often evident in paintings and illustrations. This technique increases local contrast while reducing global contrast by amplifying image intensity on shadowed surfaces, reducing intensity on illuminated surfaces, and then expanding contrast at intensity edges. The effects are assumed to result from the visual processing needed to interpolate the real world onto canvas. Therefore, we propose an intensity emphasis method based on human vision. This method simulates the adaptation of photoreceptor cells and the lateral inhibition of receptive fields. These attributes of a vision system are realized by computation of relative intensity and differential intensity in small areas.

The proposed method can successfully generate painting‐like artifacts, which greatly improves the perception of visual elements displayed in an image. Since the method efficiently reduces the dynamic range of images, it can be used for displaying highlighted images on standard graphic monitors. Experiments on a computer‐generated image and a photograph confirm the advantages of our method.
Reference Models for Distributed Cooperative Visualization
Authors: Duce D. A. , Giorgetti D. , Cooper C. S. , Gallop J. R. , Johnson I. J. , Robinson K. , Seelig C. D.
Published: March 2003

In this paper reference models for visualization systems that have appeared in the literature are surveyed and a new reference model for distributed cooperative visualization developed in the MANICORAL project (funded by the EU Telematics Programme) is described. The relationship of earlier models to the new model is discussed. A number of cooperative visualization systems that have been reported in the literature are compared in the framework of the MANICORAL model.
A Fast Algorithm for Inverse Colormap Computation
Authors: Brun L. , Secroun C.
Published: March 2003

The inverse colormap operation is the process which allows an image to be displayed with a limited set of colors. In order to obtain a minimal visual distortion between the input image annd the one displayed, inverse colormap algorithms associate each color with its nearest representative. The method presented in this paper is carried out in two steps. First, the 3D Voronoi diagram implicitly used by inverse colormap algorithms is approximated using a Karhunen‐Loève transformation. Then, a correcting step is carried out in order to reduce the in uence of the first approximation. The complexity of our algorithm is independent of the size of the colormap. Moreover, its results are equal or quite close to the optimal solution.
An Advanced Color Representation for Lossy Compression of CMYK Prepress Images
Authors: De Neve P. , Denecker K. , Philips W. , Lemahieu I.
Published: March 2003

CMYK color images are used extensively in prepress applications. When compressing those color images one has to deal with four different color channels. Usually compression algorithms only take into account the spatial redundancy that is present in the image data. This approach does not yield an optimal data reduction since there also exists a high correlation between the different colors in natural images.

This paper shows that a significant gain in data reduction can be achieved by exploiting this color redundancy. Some popular transform coders, including DCT‐based JPEG and the SPIHT wavelet coder, were used for reducing the spatial redundancy. The performance of the algorithms was evaluated using a quality criterion based on human perception like the mean CIEL*a*b*ΔE error.
Geometrically‐Aware Interactive Object Manipulation
Authors: Choi Min‐Hyung , Cremer James F.
Published: March 2003

This paper describes formulation and management of constraints, and a nonlinear optimization algorithm that together enable interactive geometrically aware manipulation of articulated objects. Going beyond purely kinematic or dynamic approaches, our solution method directly employs geometric constraints to ensure non‐interpenetration during object manipulation. We present the formulation of the inequality constraints used to ensure nonpenetration, describe how to manage the set of active inequality constraints as objects move, and show how these results are combined with a nonlinear optimization algorithm to achieve interactive geometrically aware object manipulation. Our optimization algorithm handles equality and inequality constraints and does not restrict object topology. It is an efficient iterative algorithm, quadratically convergent, with each iteration bounded by O(nnz(L)), where nnz(L) is the number of non‐zeros in L, a Cholesky factor of a sparse matrix.
Augmented Reality with Back‐Projection Systems using Transflective Surfaces
Authors: Bimber Oliver , Encarnação L. Miguel , Schmalstieg Dieter
Published: March 2003

In this paper, we introduce the concept of Extended VR (extending viewing space and interaction space of back‐projection VR systems), by describing the use of a hand‐held semi‐transparent mirror to support augmented reality tasks with back‐projection systems. This setup overcomes the problem of occlusion of virtual objects by real ones linked with such display systems. The presented approach allows an intuitive and effective application of immersive or semi‐immersive virtual reality tasks and interaction techniques to an augmented surrounding space. Thereby, we use the tracked mirror as an interactive image‐plane that merges the reflected graphics, which are displayed on the projection plane, with the transmitted image of the real environment. In our implementation, we also address traditional augmented reality problems, such as real‐object registration and virtual‐object occlusion. The presentation is complemented by a hypothesis of conceivable further setups that apply transflective surfaces to support an Extended VR environment.
Versatile Tuning of Humanoid Agent Activity
Authors: Emering Luc , Boulic Ronan , Molet Tom , Thalmann Daniel
Published: March 2003

In this paper, we present an integration framework for heterogeneous motion generators. The objective is to outline issues that are currently easily solved in professional post‐processing systems used in film and game production but which cannot be transposed as is to real‐time systems with autonomous agents. We summarise our approach for articulated agent‐modelling and their animation by combining heterogeneous motion generators, such as real‐time motion capturing, key‐framing, inverse kinematics, procedural walking. We propose an agent/action‐oriented framework. Activity properties such as action simultaneity and motion blending, spatial coherence, motion‐flow update schemes, agent attachments, and location corrections, are the main topics handled by our generic animation framework. Numerous examples throughout the paper illustrate our approach and outline encountered problems and solutions or open research directions.
Multiresolution for Algebraic Curves and Surfaces using Wavelets
Authors: Esteve Jordi , Brunet Pere , Vinacua Alvar
Published: March 2003

This paper describes a multiresolution method for implicit curves and surfaces. The method is based on wavelets, and is able to simplify the topology. The implicit curves and surfaces are defined as the zero‐valued piece‐wise algebraic isosurface of a tensor‐product uniform cubic B‐spline. A wavelet multiresolution method that deals with uniform cubic B‐splines on bounded domains is proposed. In order to handle arbitrary domains the proposed algorithm dynamically adds appropriate control points and deletes them in the synthesis phase.
Universal Rendering Sequences for Transparent Vertex Caching of Progressive Meshes
Authors: Bogomjakov A. , Gotsman C.
Published: March 2003

We present methods to generate rendering sequences for triangle meshes which preserve mesh locality as much as possible. This is useful for maximizing vertex reuse when rendering the mesh using a FIFO vertex buffer, such as those available in modern 3D graphics hardware. The sequences are universal in the sense that they perform well for all sizes of vertex buffers, and generalize to progressive meshes. This has been verified experimentally.
Animations to Represent Multivariate Data
Authors: Palamidese P. , Crise A.
Published: March 2003

Building animations is a current practice to study problems in the computational and experimental sciences. There are several classes of applications which generate descriptions of complex phenomena, based on a large variety of variables. In this paper, we discuss the application of traditional animation techniques, such as interpolation and kinematics animation, and of visualization techniques, like mapping, to the production of animation of multivariate data. Some examples of animation are illustrated from simulated bio‐physical models of a sea basin.
Line Clipping Using Semi‐Homogeneous Coordinates
Authors: Nielsen Hans Peter
Published: March 2003

The dual intersection test is described. It is a new method for deciding whether a line intersects a window. The concept of semi‐homogeneous coordinates is introduced. It allows us to define line segments in projective space, and to derive a generalized Cohen‐Sutherland end‐point test for such segments. When this is combined with the dual intersection test, we obtain new clipping algorithms for 2D and 3D projective space.
Optimised CSG Tree Evaluation for Space Subdivision
Authors: Zemcik Pavel , Chalmers Alan
Published: March 2003

Ray tracing is a well known technique for producing realistic computer images. The computational requirements of this method are such that optimisation techniques, for example space subdivision, must be used if complex scenes are to be rendered in reasonable times. Constructive solid geometry (CSG) is a method for describing the geometry of complex scenes by applying set operations to primitive objects. The status tree approach has been used successfully within ray tracing to evaluate CSG structures. This paper proposes a combination of the status tree and space subdivision techniques as a means to improve further the efficiency of ray tracing.
Interactive Ray Tracing on a Virtual Shared‐Memory Parallel Computer
Authors: Keates M.J. , Hubbold R.J.
Published: March 2003

This paper describes the results of experiments with accelerated ray tracing on a virtual shared‐memory parallel computer and attempts to determine whether this kind of architecture would be suitable for an interactive ray tracing system. The machine used, the Kendall Square Research KSR1, is described in sufficient detail for its novel features to be appreciated. The paper describes a new ray tracer written specifically to capitalise on the KSR1 's features. Models used in the experiments include well‐known test cases from the Haines database, permitting comparison with previously reported results. The results show that the program scales well up to 230 processors, and that with progressive rendering initial rendering times can be reduced to as little as 0.2 second on 32 processors.
Inverse Displacement Mapping in the General Case
Authors: Logie J. R. , Patterson J. W.
Published: March 2003

Inverse Displacement Mapping is a form of displacement mapping which allows the ray tracing of displacement mapped surfaces. The technique performs all calculations in the inverse (parametric) space of the surface thus avoiding the need to explicitly model the complex three dimensional geometry. This produces a compact and general algorithm, Only when the solution, in parametric space, has been determined is it transformed back to 3D space. The algorithm works by projecting the ray into the parametric space of the surface. This ray is then split into a series of segments, each of which can be efficiently handled to calculate the intersection points. The algorithm presented here has been used to ray trace displacement mapped objects from a variety of underlying surface types.
Corporate Governance: Its scope, concerns and theories
Authors: Turnbull Shann
Published: March 2003

This paper outlines the conceptual, cultural, contextual and disciplinary scope of the rapidly evolving topic of corporate governance. As a basis for improving the rigour of research and analysis, some definitions are suggested. Reasons for the diversity of view‐points and concerns are considered. To provide an orientation for new scholars and those from specialised disciplines, recent surveys of corporate governance are reviewed from their ethnocentric, contextual, and intellectual contingencies. The prospects of developing the topic as a “science of organization” are considered along with areas for future research.
An Investigation into the Determinants of UK Board Structure Before and After Cadbury
Authors: Dedman Elisabeth
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the determinants of the board structure of non‐financial firms prior to, and post, the implementation of the recommendations of the Cadbury Committee. It provides evidence that managerial entrenchment is reduced following Cadbury, with the power afforded to CEOs with high levels of stock ownership being significantly diminished following the imposition of new standards of ‘best practice’ regarding board structure. However, in spite of considerable pressure for institutional investors to play an active role in encouraging best practice regarding board structure in their investee companies, we find no evidence of such behaviour in either time period, even in the presence of poor firm performance.
The Daimler/Chrysler Merger: The Involvement of the Boards
Authors: Neubauer Fred , Steger Ulrich , Rädler Georg
Published: March 2003

On May 7, 1998, at a press conference in London that had been called on very short notice, the CEOs of Daimler‐Benz AG and Chrysler Corporation, Jürgen Schrempp and Robert Eaton, announced that their two companies had decided ‘to get together in a merger of equals.’ The combined company would have $132 billion in annual revenues; it would be the fifth largest automaker in the world, employing 428,000 people – about one‐half in Germany, one‐third in North America, and the rest spread across 200 countries around the world. Although it was the largest industrial merger the world had seen to that date, the announcement took most observers by surprise. Negotiations had been conducted under strict secrecy, with only a very limited number of persons from each company involved. At the London press conference, both CEOs explained the rationale for the merger. In their opinion, both companies were too small on a global scale to prosper in the long‐term. This handicap, they felt, could be overcome by joining forces; their product ranges and geographical reach made the two enterprises near perfect partners (refer to Figures 1 and 2). At the press conference, the CEOs also publicly announced as one of their guiding principles that this move would be ‘a merger of growth; there will be no layoffs.’ They also stressed their determination to increase shareholder value, to obtain $1.4 billion in savings during the first year of the merger, and to complete the integration process within three years. After the dust of this ‘big bang’ had settled, some of the details of the merger’s secretive preparation became known. The marriage had indeed had a most interesting courtship.
Shareholder versus Stakeholder – is there a Governance Dilemma?
Authors: Vinten Gerald
Published: March 2003

All directors are faced with real, or imagined, conflicts of interest or competing demands for time and resources, between shareholders and stakeholders. This has always been the case, but the contemporary emphasis on stakeholders has brought this to a head. Although astute organisations and directors maintain a suitable balance between the various demands placed upon them, and there are systematic ways to do this, there are a few voices opposed to stakeholding in any shape or form. In order to suggest that stakeholding is the viable and sustainable way for companies to proceed, the article considers and criticises one anti‐stakeholder, together with other antagonists, before bringing in endorsements from different quarters, and introducing three categories of stakeholding of which the normative holds most promise. Practical approaches to discriminating among the claims of various stakeholders are indicated.
Corporate Governance in Argentina: the outcome of economic freedom (1991–2000)
Authors: Apreda Rodolfo
Published: March 2003

This paper develops and provides evidence for two statements: a) In Argentina, there has been a marked shift in ownership and control from big family‐owned domestic companies towards foreign groups and investment funds, and b) While coping with governance issues, Argentina has been following the common law countries tradition, fostering a capital‐market‐based financial system and swapping its corporate governance practices outright. To ground these statements on facts, I survey corporate governance issues in this country before 1991, the underlying legal framework, the new rules of the game in capital structure and ownership as from 1991, largely due to a wave of privatisations, restructuring, mergers and acquisitions that took place through the last decade.
Synergies Between Organizational Learning and Creativity & Innovation
Authors: Huber George
Published: March 2003

In today’s fast changing business environment, where knowing more and knowing it faster than the competition is often the difference between surviving and not surviving, organizational learning is more and more being recognized as a crucial organizational function. Never mind that the term is over‐used, over‐hyped and made to mean whatever the writer really wants to talk about. See through the snow and recognize that organizational learning is an organizational function that is here to stay and that will grow in importance. Unending changes in technology and in markets and the removal of logistical and regulatory buffers from competition will make it so.

As a consequence of these facts, organizational learning has become a subject of study by management researchers and a subject of considerable interest to corporate leaders – so much so that many large US business organizations are creating positions with the titles like Chief Learning Officer and Chief Knowledge Officer. Certainly organizational learning is a phrase in high fashion. But in what specific ways, if any, does it lead to creativity and innovation? Or, consider the reverse directionality – in what ways do creativity and innovation lead to organizational learning? In this article, I offer some partial answers to these questions, with the intention of giving readers an additional way to frame the processes of creativity and innovation in their organizations.
The Need for Research into Creativity in Marketing
Authors: Proctor Tony
Published: March 2003

A convenience sample of 36 online journals was taken as the source of information for this study. Management and marketing journals at a major publishing house were analysed in order to find out what they had to say about creativity. A search over the period 1989–99 found 29 articles which included creativity as one of the keywords. The area of marketing revealed a range of applications for creativity thinking. It is suggested that marketing executives need to be creative in order to enable their organisations to match the activities of their competitors and meet the needs of a rapidly changing environment.
The Benefits of a Coherent Strategy for Innovation and Corporate Change: A Study Applying Miles and Snow’s Model in the Context of Small Firms
Authors: Gimenez Fernando A. P.
Published: March 2003

The literature on strategy has focused a great deal of attention in the quest for a taxonomy of generic strategies (Hatten & Schendel, 1977; Herbert & Deresky, 1987; and Miller & Dess, 1993). A generic strategy can be seen as a broad categorisation of strategic choices with ample applicability across industries and organisational forms (Herbert & Deresky, 1987). On this study, the model proposed by Miles and Snow (1978) was adopted to describe small firms’ competitive strategies. Miles and Snow have produced a typology of competitive strategies. Miles and Snow proposed that firms in general develop relatively stable patterns of strategic behaviour in order to accomplish a good alignment with perceived environmental conditions. Their typology involves four strategic types: defenders, prospectors, analysers and reactors. Data were collected with a sample of 150 Brazilian small firms’ owner‐managers using a questionnaire adapted from Conant, Mokwa and Varadarajan (1990). Competitive strategies identified in this study gave additional evidence in support of Miles and Snow’s model of existence of four types of generic strategies in a competitive environment composed mainly of small firms.
Edward Said talks to Jacqueline Rose
Authors: Said Edward , Rose Jacqueline
Published: March 2003

On 14 May 1997, as part of the Brighton Festival, Jacqueline Rose interviewed Edward Said. Critical Quarterly is pleased to be able to publish this interview.
The Structure of Current Affect
Authors: Barrett Lisa Feldman , Russell James A.
Published: March 2003

For some years now, emotion researchers have debated a series of issues related to the structure of consciously experienced affective states. The present article reviews evidence that current affective experience can be summarized by a structure that is anchored by two bipolar but independent dimensions of experience, pleasure and activation. Four issues have presented themselves as central to the nature of this structure: the number of dimensions necessary to describe the space, the bipolarity of the dimensions, whether the structure displays a circumplex shape, and the definition of the activation dimension. Points of consensus and the remaining controversies regarding each issue are presented.
Optimizing Expression of the Common Human Genome for Child Development
Authors: Brown Bernard
Published: March 2003

Molecular biology has moved the gene-environment issue in behavior genetics to how and when expression of the human genome is triggered and maintained. How does environment influence gene expression? How many genes are expressed in producing a given behavior? The genome is a data bank and does not automatically create a working brain. The body and brain grow well when (a) endocrine hormones initiate and promote the expression of genes, (b) nutrition is sufficient to sustain the production of proteins, and (c) stress does not suppress gene expression. The growth of brain synapses also requires appropriate neural stimulation. To study gene expression, it is essential to view the complex biology of the cell from a system context that includes the entire genome plus the biological and psychological environments. Optimizing geneexpression for child growth can be achieved by a balance of medicine, nutrition, and appropriate physical, educational, and psychological environments.
Developing a Cultural Theory of Mind
Authors: Lillard Angeline
Published: March 2003

The study of children's knowledge about minds is an extremely active area of developmental psychology. This article discusses the reach of this research and the theoretical views guiding it. It then presents some cultural variations (within the United States) in behavior explanation and explains the relevance of that variation to developmental theory. A theory ofearly mind reading that is presented incorporates culture, introspection, analogy, and ontogeny (CIAO).
The Behavioral Genetics of Alcoholism
Authors: McGue Matt
Published: March 2003

Twin and adoption studies consistently implicate the importance of genetic influences on alcoholism risk, especially in men. Heritability estimates suggest that approximately 50% to 60% of the variability in alcoholism liability is associated with genetic factors. Although there has been progress in identifying specific genes that predispose toward alcoholism, we know relatively little about the nature of the genetic influence on alcoholism risk. We also know relatively little about how genetic factors combine with environmental factors to affect alcoholism risk. Genotype-environment interaction models posit that alcoholism occurs when individuals both inherit a vulnerability to develop alcoholism and are reared in a provocative environment. Such models hold great promise for understanding alcoholism's etiology.
The Mind's Eye Mapped Onto the Brain's Matter
Authors: Behrmann Marlene
Published: March 2003

Research on visual mental imagery has been fueled recently by the development of new behavioral and neuroscientific techniques. This review focuses on two major topics in light of these developments. The first concerns the extent to which visual mental imagery and visual perception share common psychological and neural mechanisms; although the research findings largely support convergence between these two processes, there are data that qualify the degree of overlap between them. The second issue involves the neural substrate mediating the process of imagery generation. The data suggest a slight left-hemisphere advantage for this process, although there is considerable variability across and within subjects. There also remain many unanswered questions in this field, including what the relationship is between imagery and working memory and what representational differences, if any, exist between imagery and perception.
Proximal and Distal Defense
Authors: Pyszczynski Tom , Greenberg Jeff , Solomon Sheldon
Published: March 2003

Death-related thoughts produce different effects on thought and behavior when they are in current focal attention and when they are on the fringes of consciousness. When such thoughts are conscious, people attempt to either remove them from consciousness or push death into the distant future by distorting their beliefs to logically imply that they have many remaining years to live. When such thoughts are highly accessible but outside current focal attention, people increase efforts to view themselves as persons of value living in a meaningful universe. In this way, awareness of the inevitability of death produces diverse effects on human thought and behavior that bear little obvious resemblance to the problem of death.
What Have Psychologists (And Others) Discovered About the Process of Scientific Discovery?
Authors: Klahr David , Simon Herbert A.
Published: March 2003

We describe four major approaches to the study of science–historical accounts of scientific discoveries, psychological experiments with nonscientists working on tasks related to scientific discoveries, direct observation of ongoing scientific laboratories, and computational modeling of scientific discovery processes–by viewing them through the lens of the theory of human problem solving. We compare and contrast the different approaches, indicate their complementarities, and provide examples from each approach that converge on a set of principles of scientific discovery.
Exploration of Environmental and Genetic Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Disease: The Value of Cross-Cultural Studies
Authors: Hendrie Hugh C.
Published: March 2003

Advances in molecular genetics have revolutionized epidemiological research. It is now possible to combine the techniques of population genetics with research on risk factors to construct genetic-environmental interactive models that explain geographic-ethnic variations in disease rates. Cross-cultural studies involving populations from developing and developed countries offer a unique opportunity for constructing these models by providing a wide diversity of environmental exposures. Results from a comparative Indianapolis-Ibadan study suggest that Alzheimer's disease incidence rates are lower in Yoruba than in African Americans and that these lower rates may be due to a combination of genetic and environmental, primarily dietary, influences.
Mild Head Injury in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Satz Paul
Published: March 2003

Although mild head injury is the most prevalent type of head injury in children and adolescents, only a relatively small number of studies on this kind of head injury have been reported. This article summarizes a review of studies examining cognitive, academic, and psychosocial outcomes in children who sustained mild head injuries. Despite earlier claims of mild head injury being a “silent epidemic,” the studies, which were published from 1970 to 1998, provide no compelling evidence to support this view.
The Projective Way of Knowing: A Useful Heuristic That Sometimes Misleads
Authors: Nickerson Raymond S.
Published: March 2003

For many purposes, people need a reasonably good idea of what other people know. This article presents an argument and considers evidence that people use their own knowledge as a basis for developing models of what specific other people know in particular, that they tend to assume that other people know what they know. This is a generally useful heuristic, but the assumption is often made uncritically, with the consequence that people end up assuming that others have knowledge that they do not have.
Genetic Influence Helps Explain Variation in Human Fertility: Evidence From Recent Behavioral and Molecular Genetic Studies
Authors: Rodgers Joseph Lee , Hughes Kimberly , Kohler Hans-Peter , Christensen Kaare , Doughty Debby , Rowe David C. , Miller Warren B.
Published: March 2003

To search for genetic influence on human fertility differentials appears inconsistent with past empirical research and prior interpretations of Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection. We discuss Fisher's theorem and give reasons why genetic influences may indeed account for individual differences in human fertility. We review recent empirical studies showing genetic influence on variance in fertility outcomes and precursors to fertility. Further, some of the genetic variance underlying fertility outcomes overlaps with that underlying fertility precursors. Findings from different cultures, different times, different levels of data, and both behavioral and molecular genetic designs lead to the same conclusion: Fertility differentials are genetically influenced, and at least part of the influence derives from behavioral precursors that are under volitional control, which are themselves genetically mediated.
Novelty Seeking and Reward: Implications for the Study of High-Risk Behaviors
Authors: Bevins Rick A.
Published: March 2003

Novelty seeking and sensation seeking are constructs useful in predicting human risk-taking behaviors. This predictive relation purportedly reflects some rewarding aspect of experiencing novelty. Research has confirmed this assumption. Rats display an increase in preference for an environment that has been differentially paired with novel stimuli. The physiological mechanisms mediating this rewarding effect of novelty involve the neurotransmitter dopamine, whereas those controlling novelty seeking do not. The mechanisms involved in drug seeking and reward show parallel dissociations. This concordance between novelty and drug-abuse research suggests that novelty and drug stimuli may interact in biologically and behaviorally meaningful ways. Indeed, preliminary research examining cocaine and novelty and published work with amphetamines support this suggestion. There is clear need for further systematic research on novelty reward and related processes at all levels of analysis: genetic, biological, behavioral, and social.
Emotion Regulation in Adulthood: Timing Is Everything
Authors: Gross James J.
Published: March 2003

Emotions seem to come and go as they please. However, we actually hold considerable sway over our emotions: We influence which emotions we have and how we experience and express these emotions. The process model of emotion regulation described here suggests that how we regulate our emotions matters. Regulatory strategies that act early in the emotion-generative process should have quite different outcomes than strategies that act later. This review focuses on two widely used strategies for down-regulating emotion. The first, reappraisal, comes early in the emotion-generative process. It consists of changing how we think about a situation in order to decrease its emotional impact. The second, suppression, comes later in the emotion-generative process. It involves inhibiting the outward signs of emotion. Theory and research suggest that reappraisal is more effective than suppression. Reappraisal decreases the experience and behavioral expression of emotion, and has no impact on memory. By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease the experience of emotion, and actually impairs memory. Suppression also increases physiological responding in both the suppressors and their social partners.
Understanding Cognition Through Large-Scale Cortical Networks
Authors: Bressler Steven L.
Published: March 2003

An emerging body of evidence from a number of fields is beginning to reveal general neural principles underlying cognition. The characteristic adaptability of cognitive function is seen to derive from large-scale networks in the cerebral cortex that are able to repeatedly change the state of coordination among their constituent areas on a subsecond time scale. Experimental and theoretical studies suggest that large-scale network dynamics operate in a metastable regime in which the interdependence of cortical areas is balanced between integrating and segregating activities. Cortical areas, through their coordination dynamics, are thought to rapidly resolve a large number of mutually imposed constraints, leading to consistent local states and a globally coherent state of cognition.
Mutually Responsive Orientation Between Mothers and Their Young Children: A Context for the Early Development of Conscience
Authors: Kochanska Grazyna
Published: March 2003

Some parent–child dyads establish a mutually responsive orientation (MRO), a relationship that is close, mutually binding, cooperative, and affectively positive. Such relationships have two main characteristics—mutual responsiveness and shared positive affect—and they foster the development of conscience in young children. Children growing up with parents who are responsive to their needs and whose interactions are infused with happy emotions adopt a willing, responsive stance toward parental influence and become eager to embrace parental values and standards for behavior. The concurrent and longitudinal beneficial effects of MRO for early development of conscience have been replicated across studies, for a broad range of developmental periods from infancy through early school age, and using a wide variety of behavioral, emotional, and cognitive measures of conscience in the laboratory, at home, and in school. These findings highlight the importance of the early parent–child relationship for subsequent moral development.
The distribution of income in the United Kingdom 1961‐96: an interim report
Authors: Wyeth Ros , Burwood Les
Published: March 2003

It has become common wisdom that the rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer and this idea has been propagated in misleading ways by key reports and papers such as those published by the Rowntree Foundation (1995), the Commission on Social Justice (1994) and the Fabian Society's Income and Wealth in the 1980s ‐an update (1992).

We show in this paper that inappropriate and inconsistent measures of income have been used.
Defence markets
Authors: Hartley Keith
Published: March 2003

Although defence is a classic example of a public good, there are extensive opportunities for applying market solutions to the armed forces and defence industries. There are possibilities for beneficial inter‐service rivalry and for creating profit centres within the armed forces; substitution is possible between parts of the armed forces, and competition can be used for purchasing weapons and for market‐testing activities traditionally undertaken‘in‐house’by the armed forces. The analysis has implications for the UK strategic defence review.
The economics of defence g labour markets
Authors: Hooper Nick , Stephens Barbara
Published: March 2003

This article considers recent trends in the size of the Armed Forces and reviews the economics of military manpower. The transition from military to civilian employment and the employment experience of redundant defence workers are considered.
Poland: the reform of the pension system
Authors: Stroinski Krzysztof
Published: March 2003

The paper presents the system of social security provision introduced in Poland after World War II and discusses the demographic, political and economic reasons for its failure, as well as its impact on the Polish economy. The proposed reform scenarios from two major political proponents, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy, are described. The recently finalised reform proposal is now being introduced, starting with the Polish Parliament (Sejm) passing a package of three acts concerning the split of the current pay‐as‐you‐go single system into a pillar system, with provisions made for a transition period. The paper outlines the proposed changes, including the new role of the Social Security Institution (ZUS) in Poland, the structure of the first pillar of benefits and the opportunities for private companies to participate in the social security provision through the second and third pillars.
The Constitution and liberty1
Authors: Forsyth Sir Michael
Published: March 2003

The present drive for piecemeal constitutional change in Britain is ‘unprecedented in a thousand years of history’. Many of the proposed changes are ‘superfluous and irresponsible’. The one change which could be justified ‐ removing the anti‐Catholic provisions of the Act of Settlement ‐ is not on the agenda. We should try to retain the foundations of the Constitution on which liberties rest.
A free retail investment market?
Authors: Dowd Kevin , Hinchliffe Jimmy M.
Published: March 2003

Retail financial services regulation under the Financial Services Act of 1986 has been a disaster, and Labour plans to reform it promise to be little better. This paper suggests a better approach ‐ a free market approach sbased on the principles of free competition, caveat emptor, utmost good faith, disclosure and summary redress of grievance. This regime would be both efficient and equitable, and the existing army of regulatory bodies could be disbanded.
Retirement and the parable of the fishermen
Authors: Arthur Terry
Published: March 2003

Using a parable about a fishing community, the paper draws morals for retirement policy‐makers. It concludes that government should phase out universal pensions, reduce taxes, avoid tax discrimination for savings, stop trying to influence market interest rates and promoting consumption, and remove barriers to trade and investment.
Laissez‐faire and the institutions of the free market
Authors: Steele G. R.
Published: March 2003

The absence of an adequate institutional structure explains why entrepreneurial capitalism did not automatically follow the collapse of central planning in the 1990s. It is a necessary function of a liberal state to provide a framework for the enforcement of private contractual terms. Beyond that basic need, other regulatory structures tend to emerge spontaneously through the force of mutual advantage and the test of social competence. In particular, institutions such as banking, the law, accountancy, insurance etc. exist to minimise the transactions costs which are inherent in a market economy.
Don't Tax the Net
Authors: Smith Jr Fred L.
Published: March 2003

Electronic commerce has the potential to reduce transaction costs drastically. It is the most dynamic sector of the world economy. Governments should restrain themselves from extending taxes to electronic commerce or they will reduce the gains from innovation.
The Internet, Economic Growth and Governance
Authors: Brady Gordon L.
Published: March 2003

The Internet developed largely as a ‘spontaneous order’ without central co‐ordination. Further development will increase the mobility of capital and labour and make tax collection more difficult. Attempts at self‐regulation and government regulation are now under way but meddling is likely to be ‘wealth destructive and counter productive.’
Freedom Net
Authors: Killick Rob , Starr Sandy
Published: March 2003

As the Internet becomes ubiquitous, there is widespread anxiety that it is either a source of moral corruption or a threat to business. This anxiety stems from the fact that the Internet calls the most restrictive aspects of legislation into question. Because the Internet is intrinsically orientated towards freedom, it should be championed, but there is a danger of celebrating new technology as an end in itself rather than the uses to which it can be put. Those commentators who most zealously promote the Internet are often as deluded as those who are afraid of it.
The CAP: whence it came, where it should go
Authors: Rickard Séan
Published: March 2003

By the end of the 1970s the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) had achieved its aim of satisfying the Community's needs for basic foodstuffs. Farmers have since sought to justify continued high levels of support by arguing that only a large population of farmers can deliver the countryside society wants and provide the backbone of the rural economy. Neither justification stands up to analysis. Only by phasing‐out production‐related support and accepting the accompanying restructuring can the industry's efficiency and effectiveness be improved to the point where it can compete on its own merits in world markets.
Excludability, creativity and the case against the patent system
Authors: Desrochers Pierre
Published: March 2003

The patent system has many flaws. In its absence, there would probably be increased innovation if only because money spent on patents and lawsuits would be available for R&D. In any case, an inventor is to some extent protected by law provided he explains that an idea is his personal property. A patent adds nothing to the value of an impractical invention and little to one that might seem promising.
The New Competition in Broadcasting: Trick or Treat?
Authors: Deakin Simon , Pratten Stephen
Published: March 2003

The broadcasting reforms of the 1990s attempted to combine increased competition with the preservation of the public service ideal. The reforms were called into question when it became clear that the production quality was being undermined by poor information flows and excessive transaction costs. For competition in broadcasting to flourish, closer attention needs to be paid tothe institutional preconditions of effective contracting.
The operating costs of taxation: a review of the research
Authors: Evans Chris
Published: March 2003

This paper considers key aspects of the literature on the operating costs of taxation, identifying the factors that have led to its development and evaluating its impact on policy responses to compliance and administrative costs issues. It starts by identifying the key components of the operating costs of the taxation system. The paper then identifies the main research trends over the past 60 years or so around the world, placing current concerns about taxation compliance and administrative costs within a broader ‐ deregulatory ‐ context and analyzing governmental responses to concerns about compliance costs highlighted by the literature. Finally, it offers some tentative views on the likely directions that research in the area may take in the coming decades.
Three‐Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiographic Demonstration of Intraatrial Baffle Obstruction
Authors: Ahmed Sujood , Nekkanti Rajasekhar , Nanda Navin C. , Yousif Abdalla M.
Published: March 2003

We report an adult patient with transposition of the great arteries status post‐Mustard procedure in whom three‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography demonstrated intraatrial baffle obstruction. The baffle could be visualized in both long‐axis and “en face” short‐axis views. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 20, July 2003)