bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Radiographic Interpretation of Distal Radius Fractures: Visual Estimations versus Digital Measuring Techniques
Authors: O'Malley Michael P. , Rodner Craig , Ritting Andrew , Cote Mark P. , Leger Robin , Stock Harlan , Wolf Jennifer M.
Published: June 2014

Purpose

Distal radius fractures are a common injury. In the emergency room, trainees regularly assess these fractures using visual estimation. Our hypothesis is that assessment of radiographic parameters has sufficient accuracy for rendering treatment consistent with formal measurements.

Methods

This study compared visual measurements made by 25 orthopaedic residents and attending physicians to formal measurements made by a single fellowship trained musculoskeletal radiologist in a series of patients with distal radius fractures. A search was performed utilizing the ICD-9 code for distal radius fracture in all patients presenting to a single institution emergency department. Participants used visual estimation to rate 25 radiographs. Parameters estimated included radial inclination, radial height, volar tilt, and the presence of intra-articular displacement. Analysis using Lin concordance coefficients, Bland Altman plots, and the Kappa statistic evaluated the agreement between visual estimation and formal measurements. The proportion of raters whose estimates would have resulted in a course of treatment that conflicted with the formal reading quantified the potential impact of visual estimation on treatment.

Results

Concordance coefficients were poor for radial inclination (ρc=0.13), radial height (ρc=0.24), and volar tilt (ρc= 0.46). The Kappa statistic for intra-articular displacement was 0.4. Analysis performed according to level of training did not result in substantial improvements in these statistics. Treatment based on visual estimates conflicted with formal readings 34 % of the time for radial inclination, 38 % of the time for radial height, 27 % of the time for volar tilt, and 31 % of the time for intra-articular displacement.

Discussion

Visual estimation is not an adequate form of measurement for evaluation of patients with distal radius fractures. Physicians should be mindful of these results when developing treatment plans based solely upon visual estimation.
Howard Jackson (ed.): 'The Bloomsbury companion to lexicography'
Authors: Ooi Vincent
Published: June 2014

Howard Jackson (ed.): 'The Bloomsbury companion to lexicography' London: Bloomsbury, 2013, 420 p. ISBN: 978-1-4411-4597-0
Effectiveness of the Surgical Safety Checklist in Correcting Errors: A Literature Review Applying Reason's Swiss Cheese Model
Authors: Collins Susan J. , Newhouse Robin , Porter Jody , Talsma AkkeNeel
Published: June 2014

Approximately 2,700 patients are harmed by wrong‐site surgery each year. The World Health Organization created the surgical safety checklist to reduce the incidence of wrong‐site surgery. A project team conducted a narrative review of the literature to determine the effectiveness of the surgical safety checklist in correcting and preventing errors in the OR. Team members used Swiss cheese model of error by Reason to analyze the findings. Analysis of results indicated the effectiveness of the surgical checklist in reducing the incidence of wrong‐site surgeries and other medical errors; however, checklists alone will not prevent all errors. Successful implementation requires perioperative stakeholders to understand the nature of errors, recognize the complex dynamic between systems and individuals, and create a just culture that encourages a shared vision of patient safety.
Psychiatric evaluation of women who were assisted at a university referral center in Campinas, Brazil, following an experience of sexual violence
Authors: Facuri Cláudia O. , Fernandes Arlete M.S. , Azevedo Renata C.S.
Published: June 2014

Objective

To present the sociodemographic characteristics and psychiatric symptoms of women who have been raped.

Methods

Between 2006 and 2010, a retrospective study was conducted of 468 women who underwent psychiatric evaluation at a university referral center in Brazil after an experience of sexual violence.

Results

The women had a mean age of 24.1 years; were predominantly white, unmarried, childless, and employed; had 9–11 years of education; and had a religion. Rape was the first sexual intercourse for 124 (26.8%) of 462 for whom data were available; 53 (13.6%) of 389 had a personal history of sexual violence and 29 (8.0%) of 361 had a family history. No psychiatric symptoms were reported in 146 (32.9%) of 444 women, mild/short‐term symptoms were reported in 107 (24.1%), and a psychiatric diagnosis was made for 191 (43.0%). Psychiatric comorbidity was seen in 59 (12.6%) women, and 174 (38.0%) received pharmacologic treatment. All follow‐up consultations were attended by 215 (45.9%) of 468 women; 166 (35.5%) attended some, and 87 (18.6%) attended only one during the 6‐month follow‐up period.

Conclusion

The frequency and severity of psychiatric symptoms and mental disorders among women who have been raped highlights the importance of mental health monitoring.
TRANSFORMING SOCIAL WELFARE POLICY: THE SAGES' RECONSTRUCTION OF THE INSTITUTION OF THE SECOND TITHE AS A MODEL FOR SOCIAL WELFARE POLICY
Authors: Libson Adi
Published: June 2014

The academic discourse regarding welfare policy has generally been dominated by views focused on the distribution of resources and welfare. In recent years, another school of thought, known as “relational egalitarianism,” has emerged and shifted the focal point of social welfare policy from traditional redistribution to other aspects of social status. In this article, I will analyze a similar paradigm shift that occurred in the fashioning of the institution of the second tithe in the classical sources of Jewish law. The institution of the second tithe is ostensibly irrelevant to social welfare policy both from the internal perspective of Jewish law and from the external general-theoretical perspective. From the Jewish law perspective, it is not normally conceived of as an institution with a social-welfare goal, and from the general theoretical perspective, it seems to be an anachronistic institution that cannot enrich the modern theoretical discourse. In this article, I will try to expose the social role that was imbued in this institution through its reconstruction by the Sages. I argue that the concealed and indirect mechanism for the promotion of social goals may promote the social status of individuals in society more effectively than conventional social welfare mechanisms. In this respect, the reshaping of the second tithe may provide inspiration for enriching the arsenal of possible relational egalitarian social policy prescriptions.
A NOTE ON INITIAL SEGMENTS OF THE ENUMERATION DEGREES
Authors: SLAMAN THEODORE A. , SORBI ANDREA
Published: June 2014

We show that no nontrivial principal ideal of the enumeration degrees is linearly ordered: in fact, below every nonzero enumeration degree one can embed every countable partial order. The result can be relativized above any total degree: if a,b are enumeration degrees, with a total, and a < b, then in the degree interval (a,b), one can embed every countable partial order.
GLIVENKO AND KURODA FOR SIMPLE TYPE THEORY
Authors: BROWN CHAD E. , RIZKALLAH CHRISTINE
Published: June 2014

Glivenko’s theorem states that an arbitrary propositional formula is classically provable if and only if its double negation is intuitionistically provable. The result does not extend to full first-order predicate logic, but does extend to first-order predicate logic without the universal quantifier. A recent paper by Zdanowski shows that Glivenko’s theorem also holds for second-order propositional logic without the universal quantifier. We prove that Glivenko’s theorem extends to some versions of simple type theory without the universal quantifier. Moreover, we prove that Kuroda’s negative translation, which is known to embed classical first-order logic into intuitionistic first-order logic, extends to the same versions of simple type theory. We also prove that the Glivenko property fails for simple type theory once a weak form of functional extensionality is included.
EXAMPLES IN DEPENDENT THEORIES
Authors: KAPLAN ITAY , SHELAH SAHARON
Published: June 2014

In the first part we show a counterexample to a conjecture by Shelah regarding the existence of indiscernible sequences in dependent theories (up to the first inaccessible cardinal). In the second part we discuss generic pairs, and give an example where the pair is not dependent. Then we define the notion of directionality which deals with counting the number of coheirs of a type and we give examples of the different possibilities. Then we discuss nonsplintering, an interesting notion that appears in the work of Rami Grossberg, Andrés Villaveces and Monica VanDieren, and we show that it is not trivial (in the sense that it can be different than splitting) whenever the directionality of the theory is not small. In the appendix we study dense types in RCF.
Fσ EQUIVALENCE RELATIONS AND LAVER FORCING
Authors: DOUCHA MICHAL
Published: June 2014

Following the topic of the book Canonical Ramsey Theory on Polish Spaces by V. Kanovei, M. Sabok, and J. Zapletal we study Borel equivalences on Laver trees. We prove that equivalence relations Borel reducible to an equivalence relation on 2ω given by some FσP-ideal on ω can be canonized to the full equivalence relation or to the identity relation.

This has several consequences, e.g., Silver type dichotomy for the Laver ideal and equivalences Borel reducible to equivalence relations given by FσP-ideals.
FRAGMENTS OF APPROXIMATE COUNTING
Authors: BUSS SAMUEL R. , KOŁODZIEJCZYK LESZEK ALEKSANDER , THAPEN NEIL
Published: June 2014

We study the long-standing open problem of giving$\forall {\rm{\Sigma }}_1^b$separations for fragments of bounded arithmetic in the relativized setting. Rather than considering the usual fragments defined by the amount of induction they allow, we study Jeřábek’s theories for approximate counting and their subtheories. We show that the$\forall {\rm{\Sigma }}_1^b$Herbrandized ordering principle is unprovable in a fragment of bounded arithmetic that includes the injective weak pigeonhole principle for polynomial time functions, and also in a fragment that includes the surjective weak pigeonhole principle for FPNPfunctions. We further give new propositional translations, in terms of random resolution refutations, for the consequences of$T_2^1$augmented with the surjective weak pigeonhole principle for polynomial time functions.
ALMOST INDISCERNIBLE SEQUENCES AND CONVERGENCE OF CANONICAL BASES
Authors: YAACOV ITAÏ BEN , BERENSTEIN ALEXANDER , HENSON C. WARD
Published: June 2014

We give a model-theoretic account for several results regarding sequences of random variables appearing in Berkes and Rosenthal [12]. In order to do this,

•

We study and compare three notions of convergence of types in a stable theory: logic convergence, i.e., formula by formula, metric convergence (both already well studied) and convergence of canonical bases. In particular, we characterise א0-categorical stable theories in which the last two agree.

•

We characterise sequences that admit almost indiscernible sub-sequences.

•

We apply these tools to the theory of atomless random variables (ARV). We characterise types and notions of convergence of types as conditional distributions and weak/strong convergence thereof, and obtain, among other things, the Main Theorem of Berkes and Rosenthal.
LIFTING PROOF THEORY TO THE COUNTABLE ORDINALS: ZERMELO-FRAENKEL SET THEORY
Authors: ARAI TOSHIYASU
Published: June 2014

We describe the countable ordinals in terms of iterations of Mostowski collapsings. This gives a proof-theoretic bound on definable countable ordinals in Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory ZF.
Association between the intake of α-linolenic acid and the risk of CHD
Authors: Vedtofte Mia Sadowa , Jakobsen Marianne U. , Lauritzen Lotte , O'Reilly Eilis J. , Virtamo Jarmo , Knekt Paul , Colditz Graham , Hallmans Göran , Buring Julie , Steffen Lyn M. , Robien Kimberly , Rimm Eric B. , Heitmann Berit L.
Published: June 2014

The intake of the mainly plant-derived n-3 PUFA α-linolenic acid (ALA) has been reported to be associated with a lower risk of CHD. However, the results have been inconsistent. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to examine the association between the intake of ALA and the risk of CHD. Potential effect modification by the intake of long-chain n-3 PUFA (n-3 LCPUFA) was also investigated. Data from eight American and European prospective cohort studies including 148 675 women and 80 368 men were used. The outcome measure was incident CHD (CHD event and death). During 4–10 years of follow-up, 4493 CHD events and 1751 CHD deaths occurred. Among men, an inverse association (not significant) between the intake of ALA and the risk of CHD events and deaths was observed. For each additional gram of ALA consumed, a 15 % lower risk of CHD events (hazard ratios (HR) 0·85, 95 % CI 0·72, 1·01) and a 23 % lower risk of CHD deaths (HR 0·77, 95 % CI 0·58, 1·01) were observed. No consistent association was observed among women. No effect modification by the intake of n-3 LCPUFA was observed.
DECONSTRUCTING DATA PROTECTION: THE ‘ADDED-VALUE’ OF A RIGHT TO DATA PROTECTION IN THE EU LEGAL ORDER
Authors: Lynskey Orla
Published: June 2014

Article 8 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights sets out a right to data protection which sits alongside, and in addition to, the established right to privacy in the Charter. The Charter's inclusion of an independent right to data protection differentiates it from other international human rights documents which treat data protection as a subset of the right to privacy. Its introduction and its relationship with the established right to privacy merit an explanation. This paper explores the relationship between the rights to data protection and privacy. It demonstrates that, to date, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has consistently conflated the two rights. However, based on a comparison between the scope of the two rights as well as the protection they offer to individuals whose personal data are processed, it claims that the two rights are distinct. It argues that the right to data protection provides individuals with more rights over more types of data than the right to privacy. It suggests that the enhanced control over personal data provided by the right to data protection serves two purposes: first, it proactively promotes individual personality rights which are threatened by personal data processing and, second, it reduces the power and information asymmetries between individuals and those who process their data. For these reasons, this paper suggests that there ought to be explicit judicial recognition of the distinction between the two rights.
Calculation of Average Collision Cross Sections of Low Energy for Elastic e-Ar Scattering Using MERT4
Authors: Hassanpour S. , Nguyen-Kuok S.
Published: June 2014

Cross sections in the very low energy range are also represented by the modified effective-range theory (MERT) for low-energy electron scattering from the rare gas (argon). Simulations using published (theoretical) phase shifts indicate that extended versions of the standard effective-range theory with four adjustable parameters are required to give an adequate description of the phase shifts for argon. A four-parameter MERT fit gives a good representation of a recent electron–argon (e-Ar) total cross section experiment at energies less than 10.0 eV. Cross section Q(l) (E) for collision in dilute gases is given for any order l. Here Q(l) (E) are presented for l = 1. . .6. We present calculations for the elastic cross sections for electron scattering from argon. The improvement in the agreement between our theoretical calculations and the experimental measurements in the case of argon in scattering calculations are showed. Differential scattering experiments have been performed for the systems e-Ar in the energy range E = 0–10 eV and the angular range θ = 0–20° using a crossed-beam arrangement. Differential and integrated cross sections for the elastic scattering of low- and intermediate-energy (0–50 eV) electrons by argon atoms are calculated. For each impact energy, the phase shifts of the lower partial waves are obtained exactly by numerical integration of the radial equation. Transport coefficients of argon plasma are requested exactly, which is why we calculated the average collision cross sections for s = 1. . .11, l = 1. . .6.
Numerical simulations of dust charging and wakefield effects
Authors: Miloch W. J.
Published: June 2014

Charging of dust grains and related phenomena are fundamental problems in the physics of complex plasmas. The relative motion of grains and plasma breaks the symmetry in dust charging and gives rise to the wake in plasma density and potential, which can significantly influence the dynamics of other grains. This paper gives an overview of dust charging in two- and multi-component plasma flows and related wake effects, and presents recent results from self-consistent particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. The role of wakefields is considered in the context of charging of downstream grains.
25 years of dust acoustic waves
Authors: Merlino Robert L.
Published: June 2014

The dust acoustic wave (DAW) was first discussed by P. K. Shukla in May of 1989 at the First Capri Workshop on Dusty Plasmas. In the past 25 years, the subsequent publication of the linear and nonlinear properties of the DAW (Rao, N. N., Shukla, P. K. and Yu, M. Y. 1990 Planet. Space Sci.38, 543) has generated and sustained a large body of theoretical and experimental research that has clarified the physics of collective effects in dusty plasmas. A unique feature of the DAW is that it can be observed (literally) using laser illumination and high-speed videography, revealing details of wave-particle interactions at an unprecedented single particle level. This paper attempts to review some of the contributions and extensions of dust acoustic wave physics, as well as identify recent findings that illustrate the potential importance of this dust wave in the agglomeration of dust particles.
The origins of malaria: there are more things in heaven and earth …
Authors: KEELING P. J. , RAYNER J. C.
Published: June 2014

Malaria remains one of the most significant global public health burdens, with nearly half of the world's population at risk of infection. Malaria is not however a monolithic disease – it can be caused by multiple different parasite species of thePlasmodiumgenus, each of which can induce different symptoms and pathology, and which pose quite different challenges for control. Furthermore, malaria is in no way restricted to humans. There arePlasmodiumspecies that have adapted to infect most warm-blooded vertebrate species, and the genus as a whole is both highly successful and highly diverse. How, where and when human malaria parasites originated from within this diversity has long been a subject of fascination and sometimes also controversy. The past decade has seen the publication of a number of important discoveries about malaria parasite origins, all based on the application of molecular diagnostic tools to new sources of samples. This review summarizes some of those recent discoveries and discusses their implication for our current understanding of the origin and evolution of thePlasmodiumgenus. The nature of these discoveries and the manner in which they are made are then used to lay out a series of opportunities and challenges for the next wave of parasite hunters.
The evolution of parasitism in Nematoda
Authors: BLAXTER MARK , KOUTSOVOULOS GEORGIOS
Published: June 2014

Nematodes are abundant and diverse, and include many parasitic species. Molecular
phylogenetic analyses have shown that parasitism of plants and animals has
arisen at least 15 times independently. Extant nematode species also display
lifestyles that are proposed to be on the evolutionary trajectory to parasitism.
Recent advances have permitted the determination of the genomes and
transcriptomes of many nematode species. These new data can be used to further
resolve the phylogeny of Nematoda, and identify possible genetic patterns
associated with parasitism. Plant-parasitic nematode genomes show evidence of
horizontal gene transfer from other members of the rhizosphere, and these genes
play important roles in the parasite-host interface. Similar horizontal transfer
is not evident in animal parasitic groups. Many nematodes have bacterial
symbionts that can be essential for survival. Horizontal transfer from symbionts
to the nematode is also common, but its biological importance is unclear. Over
100 nematode species are currently targeted for sequencing, and these data will
yield important insights into the biology and evolutionary history of
parasitism. It is important that these new technologies are also applied to
free-living taxa, so that the pre-parasitic ground state can be inferred, and
the novelties associated with parasitism isolated.
Has analytical flexibility increased in imaging studies of bipolar disorder and major depression?
Authors: Munafò M. R. , Kempton M. J.
Published: June 2014

There has been extensive discussion of problems of reproducibility of research. Analytical flexibility may contribute to this, by increasing the likelihood that a reported finding represents a chance result. We explored whether analytical flexibility has increased over time, using human imaging studies of bipolar disorder and major depression. Our results indicate that the number of measures collected per study has increased over time for studies of bipolar disorder, but not for studies of major depression.
Textual Matters: Making Narrative and Kinesthetic Sense of Crystal Pite's Dance-Theater
Authors: Dickinson Peter
Published: June 2014

In this article, I examine the work created by Canadian choreographer Crystal Pite for her company Kidd Pivot, placing it within a larger tradition of dance-theater that combines text and movement, and traffics openly in big emotions and even bigger narrative structures. I argue that Pite's use of text does not just offer a way into, or a representational gloss on, her otherwise abstract movement vocabulary, but also a means of affectively and even kinesthetically re-experiencing that movement post-performance. I focus on Pite's three most recent evening-length programs for Kidd Pivot, and on the different modes of textual address employed therein (voice-over narration, projection, live speech). My goal in analyzing the choreographer's narrative scripts alongside her physical ones is to highlight, on the one hand, the materiality of words within the total sensory environments created by Pite through her dance-theater performances and, on the other, to emphasize their consequentiality in helping to make somatic sense of one's memories of those performances.
Inheriting Dance's Alternative Histories
Authors: Elswit Kate
Published: June 2014

In 1975, German choreographer Kurt Jooss created his last dance, Dixit Dominus, for Swedish-based Indian dancer Lilavati Häger. After Rani Nair reconstructed what is often seen as a “minor” work, she then created Future Memory (2012) to engage more directly with her inheritance, from caring for the personal things and stories that surrounded the piece to re-working its promise of dancing between European and Indian forms. Working outward from my position as dramaturg and historian for this project, this essay addresses the potential and precariousness of contemporary dance's experiments with redoing history at the intersection of multiple contested legacies.
Flexibility and Its Bodily Limits: Transnational South Asian Dancers in an Age of Neoliberalism
Authors: Kedhar Anusha
Published: June 2014

This article examines the conflicting and paradoxical ways in which race and citizenship intersect in late capitalism, and how dancers negotiate these contradictions through their bodily labor. Focusing on South Asian dancers in the UK, I suggest that transnational South Asian dancers have increasingly had to emphasize flexibility and mobility in their bodies and dance practices in order to gain access to mainstream funding, venues, audiences, resources, and touring circuits which have traditionally marginalized non-white dance practices. I argue that “flexible citizenship” is not just a political strategy to negotiate capital; it is also a bodily tactic and an embodied response to the racialization of labor in neoliberal economies. However, there are limits to how far the flexibility of flexible citizenship can stretch. Although the creativity of South Asian dancers and the strength of their bodily practices has helped them to negotiate racial inequalities in Britain, immigration laws, arts funding policies, and employment regulations have immobilized dancers. Addressing the various complexities and contradictions in which transnational bodies are embroiled, this essay is both a tribute to the creative, flexible practices of South Asian dancers as well as an acknowledgment of the limits of flexible citizenship and a critique of neoliberalism's toll on the racialized dancing body.
Recent trends in type-specific HPV infection rates in the United States
Authors: DICKSON E. L. , VOGEL R. I. , LUO X. , DOWNS L. S.
Published: June 2014

This study examined recent trends in type-specific HPV infection rates in women referred for HPV typing as part of cervical cancer screening in the United States. HPV analyses were performed from March 2004 to March 2011. Women were aged 21–65 years at testing. The 18 most prevalent HPV types were analysed. Type-specific HPV infection rates were estimated in 3-month blocks. Lowess smoothing was used to examine time trends in infection rates for each HPV type, both combined, and separated by age group (younger women 21–30 years, older women 31–64 years). A total of 220914 women were included in the final analysis. The number of HPV tests performed on the younger age group increased, with the number of HPV infections and multiple type HPV infections decreasing. When separated by HPV type-specific analysis, the majority of HPV infection rates decreased; however, HPV types 61 and 83 increased. When analysing the older age group, there was a marked increase of the number of HPV tests. Overall, the rates of any HPV infection, as well as multiple type infections, were lower compared to the younger age group. The change in type-specific HPV rates in the older age group was minimal, with many rates remaining the same. In this population of women, overall rates of HPV infection decreased, while the number of HPV tests increased. Younger women had a more marked decrease in HPV infection rates, while for older women type-specific HPV infection rates appear consistent.
Inhibitory control as a mediator of bidirectional effects between early oppositional behavior and maternal depression
Authors: Choe Daniel Ewon , Shaw Daniel S. , Brennan Lauretta M. , Dishion Thomas J. , Wilson Melvin N.
Published: June 2014

Maternal depression is an established risk factor for child conduct problems, but relatively few studies have tested whether children's behavioral problems exacerbate mothers' depression or whether other child behavioral characteristics (e.g., self-regulation) may mediate bidirectional effects between maternal depression and child disruptive behavior. This longitudinal study examined the parallel growth of maternal depressive symptoms and child oppositional behavior from ages 2 to 5; the magnitude and timing of their bidirectional effects; and whether child inhibitory control, a temperament-based self-regulatory mechanism, mediated effects between maternal depression and child oppositionality. A randomized control trial of 731 at-risk families assessed children annually from ages 2 to 5. Transactional models demonstrated positive and bidirectional associations between mothers' depressive symptoms and children's oppositional behavior from ages 2 to 3, with a less consistent pattern of reciprocal relations up to age 5. Mediation of indirect mother–child effects and child evocative effects depended on the rater of children's inhibitory control. Findings are discussed in regard to how child evocative effects and self-regulatory mechanisms may clarify the transmission of psychopathology within families.
Comparison of vitrification and conventional freezing for cryopreservation of caprine embryos
Authors: Araújo-Lemos Paula F.B. , Freitas Neto Leopoldo M. , Moura Marcelo T. , Melo Janaína V. , Lima Paulo F. , Oliveira Marcos A.L.
Published: June 2014

The experiment aimed to compare conventional freezing and different vitrification protocols for cryopreservation of caprine embryos at morphological, ultrastructural, and functional levels. Caprine embryos produced in vivo were allocated randomly to three groups: (1) conventional freezing with ethylene glycol (EG); (2) dimethyl sulfoxide + EG (DMSO/EG) vitrification; and (3) dimethylformamide + EG (DMF/EG) vitrification. All groups were scored for cell viability (propidium iodide staining and ultrastructural levels) and re-expansion rate after thawing or warming. Embryos subjected to DMSO/EG vitrification showed higher cell viability (73.33%), compared with DMF/EG vitrification and conventional freezing group embryos (40.00 and 66.66%, respectively). The ultrastructural study revealed that vitrified embryos had greater preservation of cellular structure than embryos from conventional freezing with EG. DMSO/EG vitrification resulted in higher rates of re-expansion in vitro (47.36%) than DMF/EG vitrification (31.58%), and conventional freezing (25.00%). In conclusion, caprine embryos produced in vivo are better cryopreserved after vitrification than conventional freezing, therefore we conclude that DMSO/EG vitrification is the most effective protocol for cryopreservation.
Linking Illness in Parents to Health Anxiety in Offspring: Do Beliefs about Health Play a Role?
Authors: Alberts Nicole M. , Hadjistavropoulos Heather D. , Sherry Simon B. , Stewart Sherry H.
Published: June 2014

Background: The cognitive behavioural (CB) model of health anxiety proposes parental illness leads to elevated health anxiety in offspring by promoting the acquisition of specific health beliefs (e.g. overestimation of the likelihood of illness). Aims: Our study tested this central tenet of the CB model. Method: Participants were 444 emerging adults (18–25-years-old) who completed online measures and were categorized into those with healthy parents (n = 328) or seriously ill parents (n = 116). Results: Small (d = .21), but significant, elevations in health anxiety, and small to medium (d = .40) elevations in beliefs about the likelihood of illness were found among those with ill vs. healthy parents. Mediation analyses indicated the relationship between parental illness and health anxiety was mediated by beliefs regarding the likelihood of future illness. Conclusions: Our study incrementally advances knowledge by testing and supporting a central proposition of the CB model. The findings add further specificity to the CB model by highlighting the importance of a specific health belief as a central contributor to health anxiety among offspring with a history of serious parental illness.
Merging Clinical Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging to Evaluate the Construct Validity and Neural Network Engagement of then-Back Task
Authors: Kearney-Ramos Tonisha E. , Fausett Jennifer S. , Gess Jennifer L. , Reno Ashley , Peraza Jennifer , Kilts Clint D. , James G. Andrew
Published: June 2014

Then-back task is a widely used neuroimaging paradigm for studying the neural basis of working memory (WM); however, its neuropsychometric properties have received little empirical investigation. The present study merged clinical neuropsychology and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to explore the construct validity of the letter variant of then-back task (LNB) and to further identify the task-evoked networks involved in WM. Construct validity of the LNB task was investigated using a bootstrapping approach to correlate LNB task performance across clinically validated neuropsychological measures of WM to establish convergent validity, as well as measures of related but distinct cognitive constructs (i.e., attention and short-term memory) to establish discriminant validity. Independent component analysis (ICA) identified brain networks active during the LNB task in 34 healthy control participants, and general linear modeling determined task-relatedness of these networks. Bootstrap correlation analyses revealed moderate to high correlations among measures expected to converge with LNB (|ρ|≥0.37) and weak correlations among measures expected to discriminate (|ρ|≤0.29), controlling for age and education. ICA identified 35 independent networks, 17 of which demonstrated engagement significantly related to task condition, controlling for reaction time variability. Of these, the bilateral frontoparietal networks, bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, bilateral superior parietal lobules including precuneus, and frontoinsular network were preferentially recruited by the 2-back condition compared to 0-back control condition, indicating WM involvement. These results support the use of the LNB as a measure of WM and confirm its use in probing the network-level neural correlates of WM processing. (JINS, 2014,20, 1–15)
Vegetarian diet and cholesterol and TAG levels by gender
Authors: Jian Zhi-Hong , Chiang Yi-Chen , Lung Chia-Chi , Ho Chien-Chang , Ko Pei-Chieh , Ndi Nfor Oswald , Chang Hui-Chin , Liaw Yi-Ching , Liang Yu-Chiu , Liaw Yung-Po
Published: June 2014

Objective

The present study assessed the effects of vegetarian and omnivorous diets on HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), TAG and the ratio of HDL-C to total cholesterol (TC) by gender.

Design

HDL-C, LDL-C, TAG and HDL-C:TC were compared among three diet groups (vegan, ovo-lacto vegetarian and omnivorous). Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to examine factors significantly and independently associated with vegetarian status and to estimate the β value of lipid profiles for the diet groups.

Settings

A cross-sectional study. Data were obtained from the Taiwanese Survey on the Prevalence of Hyperglycemia, Hyperlipidemia and Hypertension (TwSHHH).

Subjects

The study comprised included 3257 men and 3551 women.

Results

After adjusting for confounders, vegan and ovo-lacto vegetarian diets lowered LDL-C levels (β=−10·98, P=0·005 and β=−7·12, P=0·025, respectively) in men compared with omnivorous diet. There was a significant association between HDL-C and vegan diet (β=−6·53, P=0·004). In females, the β values of HDL-C, TAG and HDL-C:TC were −5·72 (P<0·0001), 16·51 (P=0·011) and −0·02 (P=0·012) for vegan diet, and −4·86 (P=0·002), 15·09 (P=0·008) and −0·01 (P=0·026) for ovo-lacto vegetarian diet, when compared with omnivorous diet.

Conclusions

Vegan diet was associated with lower HDL-C concentrations in both males and females. Because the ovo-lacto vegetarian diet was effective in lowering LDL-C, it may be more appropriate for males.
The Observation of Slip Phenomena in Single Crystal Fe Samples During In Situ Micro-Mechanical Testing Through Orientation Imaging
Authors: Bhattacharyya Dhriti , Wheeler Robert W. , Harrison Robert P. , Edwards Lyndon
Published: June 2014

This paper reports a study of local orientation change occurring within micro-scale tensile samples as a function of strain. These samples were fabricated from a thin film of single crystal bcc Fe and deformed in tension using an in situ micro-mechanical testing device inside a scanning electron microscope. Samples were loaded along the <110> direction parallel to the specimen axis, strained to different levels, and then subjected to electron backscatter diffraction scans over the entire area of the gauge section. Analysis of the surface orientation data shows that, within a necked zone of the micro-sample gauge section, there are two distinct regions of significant orientation change, in which local crystal rotations occur in opposite directions. These two regions are separated by an intermediate band that shows minimal misorientation from the original state. Crystal rotations within the two regions that develop opposite orientations are found to be consistent with classic single crystal slip, where the slip direction rotates toward the tensile axis. It is shown that increasing tensile strain causes an increasing degree of rotation away from the starting orientation. The tests also illustrate the occurrence of slip on at least two different slip systems, based on the slip traces and orientation change.
Increased maternal BMI is associated with infant wheezing in early life: a prospective cohort study
Authors: de Vries A. , Reynolds R. M. , Seckl J. R. , van der Wal M. , Bonsel G. J. , Vrijkotte T. G. M.
Published: June 2014

Rates of obesity are increasing in women of child bearing age with negative impacts on maternal and offspring health. Emerging evidence suggestsin uteroorigins of respiratory health in offspring of obese mothers but mechanisms are unknown. Changes in maternal cortisol levels are one potential factor as cortisol levels are altered in obesity and cortisol is separately implicated in development of offspring wheeze. We aimed to assess whether increased pre-pregnancy maternal body mass index (BMI) was associated with offspring early life wheezing, and whether this was mediated by altered cortisol levels in the mother. In a prospective community-based cohort (Amsterdam Born Children and their Development cohort), women completed questionnaires during pregnancy and at 3–5 months post-delivery regarding self-history of asthma and atopy, and of wheezing of their offspring (n=4860). Pre-pregnancy BMI was recorded and serum total cortisol levels were measured in a subset of women (n=2227) at their first antenatal visit. A total of 20.2% (n=984) women were overweight or obese and 10.3% reported wheezing in their offspring. Maternal BMI was associated with offspring wheezing (1 unit (kg/m2) increase, OR: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.00–1.05), after correction for confounders. Although maternal cortisol levels were lower in overweight mothers and those with a history of asthma, maternal cortisol levels did not mediate the increased offspring wheezing. Pre-pregnancy BMI impacts on baby wheezing, which is not mediated by lower cortisol levels. As the prevalence of obesity in women of child-bearing age is increasing, further studies are needed to investigate modifiable maternal factors to avoid risk of wheezing in young children.
Measuring Working Memory Is All Fun and Games
Authors: Atkins Sharona M. , Sprenger Amber M. , Colflesh Gregory J. H. , Briner Timothy L. , Buchanan Jacob B. , Chavis Sydnee E. , Chen Sy-yu , Iannuzzi Gregory L. , Kashtelyan Vadim , Dowling Eamon , Harbison J. Isaiah , Bolger Donald J. , Bunting Michael F. , Dougherty Michael R.
Published: June 2014

We developed a novel four-dimensional spatial task called Shapebuilder and used it to predict performance on a wide variety of cognitive tasks. In six experiments, we illustrate that Shapebuilder: (1) Loads on a common factor with complex working memory (WM) span tasks and that it predicts performance on quantitative reasoning tasks and Ravens Progressive Matrices (Experiment 1), (2) Correlates well with traditional complex WM span tasks (Experiment 2), predicts performance on the conditional go/no go task (Experiment 3) and N-back (Experiment 4), and showed weak or nonsignificant correlations with the Attention Networks Task (Experiment 5), and task switching (Experiment 6). Shapebuilder shows that it exhibits minimal skew and kurtosis, and shows good reliability. We argue that Shapebuilder has many advantages over existing measures of WM, including the fact that it is largely language independent, is not prone to ceiling effects, and take less than 6 min to complete on average.
Visual Search Efficiency Is Greater for Human Faces Compared to Animal Faces
Authors: Simpson Elizabeth A. , Husband Haley L. , Yee Krysten , Fullerton Alison , Jakobsen Krisztina V.
Published: June 2014

The Animate Monitoring Hypothesis proposes that humans and animals were the most important categories of visual stimuli for ancestral humans to monitor, as they presented important challenges and opportunities for survival and reproduction; however, it remains unknown whether animal faces are located as efficiently as human faces. We tested this hypothesis by examining whether human, primate, and mammal faces elicit similar searches, or whether human faces are privileged. In the first three experiments, participants located a target (human, primate, or mammal face) among distractors (non-face objects). We found fixations on human faces were faster and more accurate than fixations on primate faces, even when controlling for search category specificity. A final experiment revealed that, even when task-irrelevant, human faces slowed searches for non-faces, suggesting some bottom-up processing may be responsible for the human face search efficiency advantage.
Controlled glucose consumption in yeast using a transistor-like device
Authors: Song Yang , Wang Jiapeng , Yau Siu-Tung
Published: June 2014

From the point of view of systems biology, insight into controlling the functioning of biological systems is conducive to the understanding of their complexness. The development of novel devices, instrumentation and approaches facilitates this endeavor. Here, we show a transistor-like device that can be used to control the kinetics of the consumption of glucose at a yeast-immobilised electrode. The gating voltage of the device applied at an insulated gating electrode was used to control both the rate of glucose consumption and the rate of the production of ATP and ethanol, the end-products of normal glucose metabolism. Further, a correlation between the glucose consumption and the production of ethanol controlled by the gating voltage was observed using two different forms of the device. The results suggest the relevance of glucose metabolism in our work and demonstrate the electrostatic nature of the device. An attempt to explain the effect of the gating voltage on the kinetics is made in terms of transfer of electrons from NADH to enzymes in the electron transport chain. This novel technique is applicable to general cells and the reported results show a possible role for electrostatic means in controlling processes in cells.
Changes of statistical structural fluctuations unveils an early compacted degraded stage of PNS myelin
Authors: Poccia Nicola , Campi Gaetano , Ricci Alessandro , Caporale Alessandra S. , Di Cola Emanuela , Hawkins Thomas A. , Bianconi Antonio
Published: June 2014

Degradation of the myelin sheath is a common pathology underlying demyelinating neurological diseases from Multiple Sclerosis to Leukodistrophies. Although large malformations of myelin ultrastructure in the advanced stages of Wallerian degradation is known, its subtle structural variations at early stages of demyelination remains poorly characterized. This is partly due to the lack of suitable and non-invasive experimental probes possessing sufficient resolution to detect the degradation. Here we report the feasibility of the application of an innovative non-invasive local structure experimental approach for imaging the changes of statistical structural fluctuations in the first stage of myelin degeneration. Scanning micro X-ray diffraction, using advances in synchrotron x-ray beam focusing, fast data collection, paired with spatial statistical analysis, has been used to unveil temporal changes in the myelin structure of dissected nerves following extraction of the Xenopus laevis sciatic nerve. The early myelin degeneration is a specific ordered compacted phase preceding the swollen myelin phase of Wallerian degradation. Our demonstration of the feasibility of the statistical analysis of SµXRD measurements using biological tissue paves the way for further structural investigations of degradation and death of neurons and other cells and tissues in diverse pathological states where nanoscale structural changes may be uncovered.
Treatment of MSCs with Wnt1a-conditioned medium activates DP cells and promotes hair follicle regrowth
Authors: Dong Liang , Hao Haojie , Xia Lei , Liu Jiejie , Ti Dongdong , Tong Chuan , Hou Qian , Han Qingwang , Zhao Yali , Liu Huiling , Fu Xiaobing , Han Weidong
Published: June 2014

Hair loss (alopecia) is a common problem for people. The dermal papilla is the key signaling center that regulates hair growth and it engage in crosstalk with the microenvironment, including Wnt signaling and stem cells. In this study, we explored the effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell overexpression of Wnt1a on mouse hair follicle regeneration. Wnt-CM accelerated hair follicle progression from telogen to anagen and enhanced the ALP expression in the DP area. Moreover, the hair induction-related genes were upregulated, as demonstrated by qRT-PCR. Wnt-CM treatment restored and increased DP cell expression of genes downregulated by dihydrotestosterone treatment, as demonstrated by qRT-PCR assays. Our study reveals that BM-MSC-generated Wnt1a promotes the DP's ability to induce hair cycling and regeneration.
High-Performance Few-layer Mo-doped ReSe2 Nanosheet Photodetectors
Authors: Yang Shengxue , Tongay Sefaattin , Yue Qu , Li Yongtao , Li Bo , Lu Fangyuan
Published: June 2014

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have recently been the focus of extensive research activity owing to their fascinating physical properties. As a new member of TMDCs, Mo doped ReSe2(Mo:ReSe2) is an octahedral structure semiconductor being optically biaxial and highly anisotropic, different from most of hexagonal layered TMDCs with optically uniaxial and relatively high crystal symmetry. We investigated the effects of physisorption of gas molecule on the few-layer Mo:ReSe2nanosheet based photodetectors. We compared the photoresponse of the as-exfoliated device with annealed device both in air or ammonia (NH3) environment. After annealing at sub-decomposition temperatures, the Mo:ReSe2photodetectors show a better photoresponsivity (~55.5 A/W) and higher EQE (10893%) in NH3than in air. By theoretical investigation, we conclude that the physisorption of NH3molecule on Mo:ReSe2monolayer can cause the charge transfer between NH3molecule and Mo:ReSe2monolayer, increasing the n-type carrier density of Mo:ReSe2monolayer. The prompt photoswitching, high photoresponsivity and different sensitivity to surrounding environment from the few-layer anisotropic Mo:ReSe2can be used to design multifunctional optoelectronic and sensing devices.
Cu(ii)-Catalyzed asymmetric boron conjugate addition to α,β-unsaturated imines in water
Authors: Kitanosono Taku , Xu Pengyu , Isshiki Satoshi , Zhu Lei , Kobayashi Shū
Published: June 2014

A mixture of imines and bis(pinacolato)diboron in water furnished the enantioenriched imines after oxidation using a chiral copper(ii) complex as the catalyst.
Adsorption and photocatalytic splitting of water on graphitic carbon nitride: a combined first principles and semiempirical study
Authors: Wirth Jonas , Neumann Rainer , Antonietti Markus , Saalfrank Peter
Published: June 2014

Water adsorption on graphitic carbon nitride is studied by means of first principles and semiempirical calculations. Using a thermodynamic model, the photocatalytic water oxidation reaction is found to be hindered by a very large overpotential.
Regular arrays of Pd and PdAu clusters on ultrathin alumina films for reactivity studies
Authors: Marsault M. , Sitja G. , Henry C. R.
Published: June 2014

Regular arrays of Pd and PdAu clusters with tunable size and composition supported on nanostructured alumina usable as model catalysts.
Decomposition of methyl species on a Ni(211) surface: investigations of the electric field influence
Authors: Che Fanglin , Hensley Alyssa J. , Ha Su , McEwen Jean-Sabin
Published: June 2014

Density functional theory calculations are performed to examine how an external electric field can alter the reaction pathways on a stepped Ni(211) surface with regard to the decomposition of methyl species.