bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Emergence of "Situated Role" in a Bureaucratic Setting
Authors: Gerhardt Uta
Published: March 2007

A study of vocational guidance in a federal German agency shows discrepancies between performance and the formally legislated job description. It is contended that welfare bureaucrats reduce formally stated role schemes in order to cope. The relational, normative, and functional aspects of reduction are discussed and mechanisms of cognitive reconciliation of the actual and the formal role are explained. Taking into account a third focus, namely, individuals' role images, I interpret the clash between bureaucratic and professional forces in welfare agencies as related to the political fate of social reform in capitalist societies.
Education, Athletic Scholarships, and the Occupational Career of the Professional Athlete
Authors: Haerle Rudolf K.
Published: March 2007

Based on a survey of 335 former major league baseball players, college education was found to be incompatible with sports performance but positively associated with postbaseball occupational achievement. Athletic scholarship recipients, when compared with nonsupported college peers, were characterized by lower levels of playing ability and limited occupational success. The results are discussed in terms of three distinct "ideal-typical" career profiles based on differences in baseball skill, commitment to baseball, and later occupational achievement. The results seriously compromise the myth of occupational mobility for the sports hero.
Faculty Role Perceptions and Preferences in the Seventies
Authors: Rich Harvey E. , Jolicoeur Pamela M.
Published: March 2007

A random sample of faculty from four categories of institutions of higher education were questioned about various aspects of their work roles, with emphasis upon the teaching-research "dichotomy." As expected, type of institution was found to be a good predictor of individual research or teaching preference and amount of emphasis a school placed upon either activity. Other important findings were: (1) faculty preferred teaching to be the primary personnel criterion at all schools except at the Ph.D. granting institutions, (2) research interest was found to penetrate even to the junior- college level, (3) a large minority of faculty at small private schools and state colleges reported that they were unable to clearly perceive the primary promotion and tenure criterion, (4) inability to determine the basis for promotion and tenure was found to be inversely related to academic rank and, (5) no association between age and research preference was found except at the Ph. D. -granting schools, where younger professors were more inclined toward research and older professors toward teaching.
Achievement and Aspiration
Authors: Fox Mary Frank , Faver Catherine A.
Published: March 2007

In contrast to previous work, our study considers both meaning and mediation factors in the achievement-aspiration relationship. In a sample of graduate students ("academic-career aspirants"), we examine sex differences in the achievement- aspiration relationship as they vary with type of academic achievement and professional aspirations, and as it is mediated by individuals' perceptions of their professional roles and their faculty's support. We find: (1) Women's achievement-aspiration conversion is different from, but not necessarily lower than, men's. Rather, the strength and direction of the relationship vary with aspiration type (traditional versus alternative) and, to some extent, with specific types of academic achievement (e.g., paper publication and GPA). (2) The mediators of the achievement-aspiration relationship also vary by sex and aspiration type. Notably, women's aspirations for traditional career rewards are largely a function of their perceptions of the structural availability of job opportunity.
Deprofessionalization
Authors: ROTHMAN ROBERT A.
Published: March 2007

It is becoming increasingly evident that the conditions that fostered the growth and dominance of the professions during the early part of this century are being eroded by social change. Social, economic, and political trends are undermining claims to autonomy and monopoly by previously well-entrenched groups such as the legal profession in America. These trends include changes in the knowledge base, shifts in the composition of the profession, emerging employment patterns, consumerism, and encroachment from allied professions. The process of deprofessionalization is manifest in a variety of restrictions upon traditional prerogatives, which suggests a general weakening of the very legitimacy of the unregulated professional model of social organization.
Central Life Interests of Australian Workers
Authors: CLARK NICOLA
Published: March 2007

A total of 252 male Melbourne workers of varying occupational ranks completed Dubin's central life interest (CLI) questionnaire. The results suggest that Australian respondents were far less committed to work than their American, Canadian, British, and Japanese counterparts. A large proportion of the Australian sample was characterized by dual commitment to both work and leisure. There was no variation in commitment on the basis of occupational rank in the Australian sample. Overall the results are consistent with the spillover rather than the compensatory model of the relationship between work and nonwork.
Corporate Culture as an Impediment to Employee Involvement
Authors: CHELTE ANTHONY F. , HESS PETER , FANELLI RUSSELL , FERRIS WILLIAM P.
Published: March 2007

Organizational culture can effectively undermine the change strategy of a management that believes it is committed to employee involvement. Based on experience in assisting a manufacturing organization to implement change at four facilities, the authors found that corporate culture may be the most difficult barrier to overcome in implementing an employee involvement program, and that management action is critical in shaping and maintaining that culture. It is concluded that in order to eliminate resistance to basic changes, underlying organizational values must first be identified and recognized by the most powerful purveyor of corporate culture—the CEO.
Education and Job Satisfaction
Authors: MARTIN JACK K. , SHEHAN CONSTANCE L.
Published: March 2007

The match between workers' expected and actual job conditions has long been recognized as one determinate of job satisfaction. Research has suggested that education is an important variable in conditioning the kinds of expectations workers bring to the workplace. Interestingly, recent studies have found evidence that when job conditions do not correspond with educational attainment, the net effect of education on levels of worker satisfaction is negative. Moreover, there is additional evidence that the form of this relationship may be different for men and women. In this research, we examine both of these possibilities using data from the 1972-73 Quality of Employment Survey. While we do find that the effect of schooling on worker satisfaction net of job conditions and rewards is nonsignificant, we do not find evidence of any negative effects of education. More importantly, although our data do indicate certain differences in the form of the education-job satisfaction relationship for men and women, our findings suggest that it is wage-earning responsibility, not the worker's gender per se, that best accounts for these variations.
Work Processes, Role Conflict, and Role Overload
Authors: BACHARACH SAMUEL B. , BAMBERGER PETER , CONLEY SHARON C.
Published: March 2007

This study examined five sets of work process variables with respect to their relationship with role conflict and role overload among samples of public sector nurses and engineers. The findings suggest that managerial strategies appropriate for minimizing role conflict are not necessarily appropriate for minimizing role overload. The findings also suggest that, in the context of public sector employment, some work process predictors of role conflict and overload may be similar across professions. Finally, in contrast with some of the assumptions of recent job design theory, the findings indicate that for public sector professionals, managerial strategies that reflect professional ethos may not reduce role conflict and role overload.
Unions and Job Satisfaction
Authors: PFEFFER JEFFREY , DAVIS-BLAKE ALISON
Published: March 2007

The dominant theoretical perspective on the effect of unions on job satisfaction suggests that unions reduce job satisfaction by making workers more critical toward the workplace and more willing to complain about problems. However, there are important reasons why unions might be expected to increase satisfaction: Unions reduce wage inequality, increase worker control over jobs, and increase worker commitment to the work and the workplace. Furthermore, the empirical work which found a negative relationship between unionization and satisfaction omitted important variables. Specifically, past work failed to control for the possibility that jobs with undesirable attributes are more likely to be unionized than desirable jobs. We show that when job attributes are controlled, unionization has a significant positive effect on satisfaction. This positive effect is most likely to occur when unions have been able to give workers control over their jobs and involve them in union activities.
Workplace Behaviors
Authors: HODSON RANDY
Published: March 2007

Few concepts in the social sciences have been more widely used than job satisfaction. Yet the concept of job satisfaction has yielded few profound insights into the nature of life at the workplace. This results partly from job satisfaction having few if any behavioral referents and the fact that job satisfaction ignores social and interactive aspects of the organization of work. New concepts more closely tied to behaviors are needed to understand the workplace and how people attempt to live within it. This article develops a preliminary model of workplace dynamics based on behaviors rather than attitudes and argues that the behavioral categories of good soldier, smooth operator, and saboteur are key modes of adaptation. These modes define a behavioral space which makes a wide range of workplace behaviors and events understandable. In addition, this behavioral model facilitates the integration of studies of the workplace with broader themes in the social sciences, such as group processes and the negotiated nature of behaviors, in a way not allowed by the concept of job satisfaction.
Who Gets Formal Sector Jobs?
Authors: TELLES EDWARD E.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the extent to which social factors influence entry into formal or informal sector employment in Brazil. Using data from the 1980 Brazilian Census, this research shows that low education and being female are the primary characteristics determining participation in the formal sector. Although being female is strongly and positively related to participation in the informal sector market, it is women with the lowest levels of schooling and non-White women who especially participate in informal employment. Gender does not make a difference for those with at least a high school education. Youths and non-Whites are also disproportionately represented in the informal sector.
Ideology in the Reemergence of North American Midwifery
Authors: RUSHING BETH
Published: March 2007

This article explains the reemergence of North American midwifery in terms of the role of ideology. An ideology is a set of beliefs by which a social group makes sense of its environment and which those groups manipulate in order to project images of themselves. I analyze the ways that two particular ideologies-science and feminism-have been used by midwives and their supporters in their struggles to legitimate midwifery in the health care systems of Canada and the United States. The rhetoric of science has been used in establishing the safety of home birth and natural childbirth, and feminist principles and rhetoric often underlie claims about midwifery made by midwives and their advocates. Although both nurse midwives and independent midwives have used these ideologies to legitimate their occupational boundary claims, they have been more important to independent midwives' struggles for occupational legitimacy.
Intraprofessional Politics and Professional Regulation
Authors: VAN HOY JERRY
Published: March 2007

The regulation of practitioners for the protection of the public is one of the most important functions professional associations claim to provide. But the ability of professional associations to make and implement decisions concerning issues of regulation and professionalism are neglected in the study of the professions. In this article, the author uses the case of the ABA Commission on Professionalism to investigate the politics of professional regulation. The author argues that issues of regulation and professionalism are broad in scope of impact on practitioners. In professional associations with diverse memberships, these issues become highly political and limit decision-making discretion.
(Only) White Men have Class
Authors: ANDERSON MARGO
Published: March 2007

The article examines the logic and functions of early 19th-century occupational classification systems and explores their implications for later systems. Efforts to collect occupational data in official censuses and surveys date from the late 18th century. Much of the existing literature on occupation statistics treats the data collection efforts of the late 18th and first half of the 19th centuries as a kind of “prehistory.” Many of the early efforts to collect occupational data were flops, turned up unexpected problems, and usually did not satisfy the goals of their creators, much less the more rigorous standards of 20th-century researchers. The article suggests that one must understand the origin of occupation statistics in the political debates of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The data were designed to capture the relevant work and social statuses of those groups active in the political realm. These groups were to be compared to one another, and all politically salient groups were to be compared to the rest of society—that is, in the American case, to the women, children, the free colored, and slaves.
Some Rhetorical Directions of Funeral Direction
Authors: CAHILL SPENCER E.
Published: March 2007

This article illustrates the importance and significant consequences of occupations' rhetorical work by examining the past and current rhetoric of North American funeral direction. The author reconstructs an occupational genealogy of funeral direction and then examine funeral directors' current rhetorical dilemmas in light of that historical legacy by drawing upon empirical materials collected during participant observation in a mortuary science program at a community college.
Job Leaves and the Limits of the Family and Medical Leave Act
Authors: GERSTEL NAOMI , McGONAGLE KATHERINE
Published: March 2007

This article examines the need for and use of leaves designated by the Family and Medical Leave Act. Using national data, we show that women, parents, those with little income, and African Americans are particularly likely to perceive a need for job leaves. However, it is married—not single—women and Whites who are particularly likely to take such leaves. The authors suggest that this disjunction between need and use is a consequence of the construction of leave policy—that it provides for only short, unpaid leaves for a narrow slice of workers and those politically constructed as “family”—and the unresponsiveness of workplaces. These limits likely reinforce inequality based on gender, race, and family status.
Material Characterization by the Finite Element Method
Authors: Delcourt-Bon C.R. , Stenne E.
Published: March 2007

A Newton-Raphson method combined with a weighted least square technique using experimental data (measured displacements) is developed in order to determine the stiffness coefficients of elastic composite materials. A finite element static analysis of the structure is performed using approximate stiffness coefficients. The exact coefficients are determined by successive iterations by comparing some of the computed displacements to measured displacements.

Preliminary tests indicate that this technique is useful for predicting the appropriate experimental conditions.

Secondly, the procedure converges rapidly, even for very poor starting ap proximations of the stiffness coefficients, provided the loading conditions are favorable.

Finally, the technique reveals to be sensitive to measurement errors despite the use of a weighting factor in the least square technique.
Creep of Fiber Glass Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels
Authors: Ouellette P. , Hoa S.V.
Published: March 2007

Creep deformation of fiber glass reinforced polyester vessels was investigated. Strains were measured on a 0.914 m diameter vessel over a period of 22 months. Coupon strains were measured and compared against vessel strains. Theoretical models were formulated so that long time predictions could be made.
Three-Dimensional Moisture Diffusion in Graphite/Epoxy Laminates
Authors: Blikstad Mårten
Published: March 2007

Graphite/epoxy specimens, Fiberite T300/1034, were exposed to moist air of two different relative humidities. The environmental testing was made at 323 K in a com puter controlled moisture chamber with very stable relative humidities of 70% and 98%.
Thermal-Mechanical Loading Interaction Effect on Strength and Failure Time of Wooden Structures Exposed to Elevated Temperature
Authors: Chang Fu-Kuo
Published: March 2007

The effect of thermal-mechanical loading interaction on strength of wooden structures was investigated. A thermal-mechanical interaction model was proposed to calculate the strength and failure time of wooden structures. In the model, variation of stresses in the structures due to elevated temperature were calculated by finite element methods. Then, a property degradation model including the thermal-mechanical interaction effect was pro posed to calculate the strength and the failure time of the wooden structures. Experimental tests on wooden bends were performed to verify the model, and good agreement between the data and the calculations of the analysis was found. A strong thermal-mechanical interaction has been found in wooden structures.
Simplified Composite Micromechanics For Predicting Microstresses
Authors: Chamis Christos C.
Published: March 2007

A unified set of composite micromechanics equations is summarized and described. This unified set is for predicting the ply microstresses when the ply stresses are known. The set consists of equations of simple form for predicting three-dimensional stresses (six each) in the matrix, fiber, and interface. Several numerical examples are included to illus trate use and computational effectiveness of the equations in this unified set. Numberical results from these examples are discussed with respect to their significance on microcrack formation and, therefore, damage initiation in fiber composites.
The Carbon Fibre-Epoxy Interface
Authors: Piggott M.R. , Andison D.
Published: March 2007

Hercules AS1 fibres were embedded in epoxy resin and epoxy copolymer resm blocks, and pulled out under carefully controlled conditions. The fibre stresses required to cause the interfaces to fail were usually very high (up to 5 GPa), and varied with embedded length (L) in different ways, which appeared to be related to the shrinkage stress of the resin. At intermediate strinkage stresses, the failure appeared to be a brittle fracture pro cess, involving a fracture surface energy of about 25 Jm 2. At the highest shrinkage stresses the interface yielded at a stress of 48-57 MPa, i.e. somewhat higher than the shear strength of the matrix. At the lowest shrinkage stress a different, embedded length- independent fracture process appeared to intercede, involving a fracture surface energy of about 50 Jm-2. (The effect of shrinkage stress is tentative at present, since the stress measurements gave rather variable results.) After the interface had failed pull out was governed by friction, with shear stresses in the range 7-13 MPa. It was not possible to determine directly the pressure that the epoxy exerted on the fibre since the pull out curves during the frictional process were more or less straight. Using data from other work, in stead, coefficients of friction in the range 0.35 to 0.6 were estimated for fully cured epoxy homopolymers.
Fracture Toughness Computational Simulation of General Delaminations in Fiber Composites
Authors: Wilt T.E. , Murthy P.L.N. , Chamis C.C.
Published: March 2007

A procedure is described to computationally simulate composite laminate fracture toughness in terms of strain energy release rate (SERR). It is also used to evaluate the degradation in laminate structural integrity in terms of displacements, loss in stiffness, loss in vibration frequencies and loss in buckling resistance. Specific laminates are selected for detail studies in order to demonstrate the generality of the procedure. These laminates had center delaminations, off-center delaminations, and pocket delaminations (center and off-center) at the free-edge and center delaminations at the interior. The lami nates had two different thicknesses and were made from three different materials. The results obtained are presented in graphical form to illustrate the effects of delamination on the laminate structural integrity and on the laminate strain energy release rate (composite fracture toughness).
Properties of Pultruded Graphite/Epoxy
Authors: Herakovich Carl T. , Mirzadeh Farshad
Published: March 2007

Tensile, compressive, and shear properties of pultruded AS2/Epon9310 unidirectional graphite/epoxy are presented and discussed in terms of the microstructure of the pultruded composite. The experimental results also are compared with microme chanics predictions. It is shown that the axial stiffness and particularly the axial strength of the pultruded composite are lower than the expected values. The lower stiffness and strength values are attributed to the nonuniform microstructure of the pultruded composite.
Simplified Procedures for Designing Adhesively Bonded Composite Joints
Authors: Chamis C.C. , Murthy P.L.N.
Published: March 2007

Procedures for the preliminary design of composite adhesive joints are described. Typical joints, their respective free body diagrams and approximate equations for estimating the stresses in each of these typical joints are summarized. Equations are also presented to check the critical conditions of the joint, such as: minimum length, max imum adhesive shear stress and peel-off stress. To illustrate the procedure, sample designs are described in step-by-step fashion for a butt joint with single doubler subjected to static loads, cyclic loads and environmental effects. The results show that (1) unsymmetric adhe sive joints are inefficient and should be avoided, and (2) hygrothermal environments and cyclic loads dramatically reduce the structural integrity of the joint and require several joint lengths compared to those for static load with no environmental effects.
Buckling Loads of Sandwich Columns with a Higher-Order Theory
Authors: Kant T. , Patil H.S.
Published: March 2007

The application of a higher-order shear deformable theory, which assumes a realistic cross-sectional deformation pattern and eliminates the use of a shear correction coefficient, is presented to evaluate the buckling loads of a symmetric, three-layered, simply supported, sandwich column when subjected to compressive edge loads. A closed form solution of the equilibrium equations is obtained by employing Von Karman strain displacement relations in the variational statement of the total potential energy and ne glecting any stretching of the middle line. The results, when compared with those obtained from Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko theories, show that the high shear deformability of the core significantly reduces the buckling load, highlighting the efficacy of a higher order theory.
Micromechanics Analysis of Space Simulated Thermal Stresses in Composites. Part II: Multidirectional Laminates and Failure Predictions
Authors: Bowles David E. , Griffin O.H.
Published: March 2007

A finite element micromechanics approach was used to predict thermally induced stresses in fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites at temperatures typical of spacecraft operating environments. The influence of laminate orientation was investigated with a simple global/local formulation. Thermal stress calculations were used to predict probable damage initiation locations, and the results were compared to experimentally observed damage in several epoxy matrix composites. Multidirectional [O2/ ±θ]s laminates had larger predicted matrix stresses than unidirectional [0] laminates. The stresses in creased with increasing lamination angle θ, and resulted in large tensile radial stresses at the fiber/matrix interface, that were not present in unidirectional laminates. Thermally in duced matrix failure predictions, using a failure criterion based on the maximum radial in terfacial stress and the ultimate radial interfacial strength, were in excellent agreement with experimental data. This criterion was able to accurately account for the influence of both laminate configuration and constituent properties. Predictions based on the bulk matrix tensile strength or on lamina stresses (computed from laminated plate theory) and strengths were in poor agreement with experimental data.
Scaling of Low-Velocity Impact for Symmetric Composite Laminates
Authors: Sankar Bhavani V.
Published: March 2007

The equations governing the problem of low-velocity impact of a simply supported rectangular midplane-symmetric laminated plate are nondimensionalized such that the problem is defined in terms of five dimensionless parameters. A parametric study using the Graeco-Latin Factorial Plan is performed. Semi-empirical formulas for maxi mum impact force, impact duration, and maximum back surface strains are obtained. It is found that some of the simple impact models provide the bounds for the case of impact on a finite extent plate. A one parameter model is derived for impacts of short duration.
Mechanical Behavior and Fracture Mechanism in Flat Braided Composites. Part 1: Braided Flat Bar
Authors: Fujita Akihiro , Maekawa Zenichiro , Hamada Hiroyuki , Yokoyama Atsushi
Published: March 2007

In this article, the tensile behaviors of braided flat bar are discussed. Braided flat bars are fabricated with glass fiber and epoxy resin. Consequently, it can be confirmed that reinforcements which continuously orient in braided composites highly contribute to the rise of tensile properties. Moreover, the numerical analysis method is proposed for estimating the tensile behaviors of braided flat bar. An analytical model can be developed to consider the continuity and crimp of fibers, and can faithfully express the braiding structure. The calculation time and the waste can be reduced by using this analy sis method, because an analytical model consists of few nodes and elements. The validity of this analysis method is examined by comparing predicted results with experimental data and then the predicted results well agree with experimental data. Accordingly, it was clear that the tensile behavior of the braided flat bar could be estimated by this analysis method.
Interphase Bond Strength and Energy Absorption of Injection-Molded Rubber-Coated Glass/Nylon Composites
Authors: Jao Shyh-Hua , Mcgarry Frederick J.
Published: March 2007

The use of a thin rubber coating on the fiber in a fibrous composite has been shown to increase the composite low-speed impact resistance [1,2]. The coating used was very thin compared to the fiber diameter, in order to preserve the other composite properties. From elastic consideration, the thin rubber coating was understood to have a direct effect upon the reduction of the stress concentration in the region near the fiber/matrix interface, especially at the chopped fiber end or at the matrix crack front reaching the fiber [3,4]. If the possible existence of localized high stress zones is reduced, the material can be subjected to higher loading before global failure occurs. With the rub ber coating the high stress zones inside the material can spread out to a larger volume. There will be less chance for local damage to initiate under the same loading level. The material will therefore exhibit higher resistance to failure, i.e., it will absorb more energy before failure. Three injection-molded glass/nylon composites were tested for tensile fail ing energy. One is reinforced with bare chopped fibers and the other two are with rubber- coated fibers. Tensile experiments showed significant increase of energy absorption in one sample with a rubber coating. Micrograph study was extensively carried out on the failed samples to identify the parameters of this desirable consequence. The rupture of the rub ber interphase and the limited plastic flow of the nylon matrix on the fractured surface of failed specimens were clearly evidenced. Meanwhile, interfacial bonding measured through microdebonding tests [4] revealed reasonable relation of the characteristic inter facial bonding and the energy absorption.
A Study on the Elastic Properties of Reinforced Solids
Authors: Sharma B.B. , Sharma Rajesh
Published: March 2007

A mathematical model for the elastic behaviour of two phase composite body has been formulated. The distribution of stresses for various cases have been dis cussed together with their corresponding elastic energies. It has been shown that a great deal of knowledge can be obtained even without analysing the interaction mechanism of composite. The mixture is assumed to be homogeneous on a macroscopic scale but not necessarily isotropic. However, two phases themselves are assumed to be homogeneous and isotropic. Further, no condition is placed on the shape of the inclusions which may for example be fibrous or plate like.
Performance of Hybrid Reinforcements in PVC Composites: III. Use of Surface-Modified Glass Fiber and Wood Pulp as Reinforcements
Authors: Maldas D. , Kokta B.V.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports on the effect of the composition of hardwood aspen (CTMP) filled with surface-treated glass fibers, and the different treatment of CTMP on the mechanical properties of PVC composites. The properties of composites filled with glass fiber are superior to those submitted to non-treated CTMP Most of the properties (except modulus) of the composites filled with non-treated CTMP or its hybrid combina tions with glass fiber are inferior to those of unfilled polymer. When surface-coated CTMP was used alone or along with glass fiber, most of the properties (except modulus) improved in comparison with those of non-coated CTMP/glass fiber-filled composites. The compositions as well as concentrations of the reinforcement are sensitive to prior treatments of CTMP and individual mechanical properties.
Continuum Damage Mechanics and Heterogeneity of Reinforced Composites
Authors: Sharma B.B. , Sharma Rajesh
Published: March 2007

A continuum damage mechanics concept is used to discuss the brittle fail ure propagation in a heterogeneous reinforced composite enabling us to impose the condi tion on the constants of constituents and composite to ensure the durability of composite so as to have an indepth study of the work [1], where assumption of homogeneity was a restriction. Further, no condition is placed on the shape of the inclusions which may for example be fibrous or plate like.
Effective Moduli of Cellular Materials
Authors: Hall R.
Published: March 2007

It is often useful to approximate certain materials as consisting of cells of identical material properties that are randomly oriented in space or with respect to a fixed axis. Examples of such materials are foams, polycrystals and chopped fiber composites, all of which may exhibit overall isotropy or may possess a preferred direction as a result of manufacturing/processing. The present manuscript briefly reviews previous work in the modeling and bounding of the effective moduli of such materials based on the stiffness/compliance matrices of the cells, and contributes new results for unconstrained 3D and 2D random-celled materials with fully unsymmetric cell stiffness matrices. An ex ample of such a material is a chopped fiber composite with phase debonding.
Mechanics of Transverse Impact in Fiber Composite Plates and Cylinders
Authors: Swanson S.R.
Published: March 2007

Transverse impact loadings of composite structures are of concern because of the possibility of accidental damage in service. This article presents results from a com bined experimental and analytical investigation of impact in composite plates and cylinders. Investigation of size effects and scaling of results with size was a major feature of the program, and five plate sizes and two cylinder sizes were investigated experimen tally. The results showed good correlation with scaling rules for structural response, and additionally, good agreement between analysis and experiment for dynamic impact. Delamination extent was seen to have an absolute size effect consistent with fracture mechanics, and delamination initiation also appears to have a similar size effect. Fiber fail ure is seen to be consistent with a fiber strain failure criterion.
The In-Plane Thermal Expansion of Glass Fabric Reinforced Epoxy Laminates
Authors: Yuan J. , Falanga L.A.
Published: March 2007

The in-plane thermal expansion of woven glass fabric reinforced epoxy FR-4 laminates has been investigated by using a thermal mechanical analyzer. Linear ther mal expansion is observed at temperatures up to the onset of glass transition for the FR-4 laminates at 110°C. The linear thermal expansion coefficient is measured from 13 to 26 ppm/°C dependent upon the resin contents and the type of glass weaves used in the lami nates. A semi-empirical model based on the laminate analogy with multiple unidirectional plies is used to predict the thermal expansion coefficients of the FR-4 laminates in both warp and fill directions. Results calculated from the model agree well with the measure ments for the laminates with various weave styles and resin contents.
The Use of Preformed Holes for Increased Strength and Damage Tolerance of Advanced Composites
Authors: Gunderson Stephen L. , Lute James A.
Published: March 2007

Holes in composites are a necessity for joining and fastening parts together; however, they also create large stress concentrations that often initiate failure. The cause of these stress concentrations originate at the broken fiber ends around the hole perimeter that are produced by the hole forming process (drilling or punching). This arti cle presents an innovative hole design that was inspired by biomimetics research for reduc ing stress concentrations.
Direct Processing of Continuous Fibers onto Injection Molding Machines
Authors: Truckenmuller F.M.
Published: March 2007

A new injection molding process "DIF" (Direct Incorporation of Con tinuous Fibers) is proposed whereby roving strands are directly incorporated into the polymer melt by using a reciprocating-screw-plasticating unit. The DIF-technology offers the possibility to substitute the relatively expensive pultrusion process which is used to produce long fiber pellets. Furthermore it can be used as a fast and flexible R&D tool.

In order to improve fiber dispersion with minimum fiber breakage a new mixing non-return-valve" LFMR" ( Long Fiber Mixing Ring) was developed based on the " Twente Mixing Ring." Its mixing capacity and influence on processing charactenstics, fiber breakage and property profile of the injection molded parts is examined and compared to a general purpose non-return-valve of the ring type. The results of fundamental mechanical and physical property investigations are presented including dispersion of fiber clusters and bundles, fiber length distribution and fiber orientation.
Simulating the Non-Isothermal Mixing of Polymer Blends Using the Boundary Element Method
Authors: Gramann Paul J. , Mätzig J.Christoph , Osswald Tim A.
Published: March 2007

In most polymer processes the quality of the final part stems back in great part to the mixing of the compound and the viscous heating that occurs during the process. To date, these processes have been simulated using the finite difference or finite element methods which rely on cumbersome remeshing techniques, restricting the analysis to sim ple geometries. However, mathematical manipulation of the governing equations results in boundary integrals, allowing the solution of complicated moving boundary problems without domain meshing. The resulting boundary element model and simulation results of the flow and heat transfer effects during mixing of polymer blends is presented in this arti cle. The results are in good agreement with experimental data and give insight to the com plex phenomena that take place during mixing processes.
Effects of Fiber Shapes on Moisture Diffusion Coefficients
Authors: Aditya P.K. , Sinha P.K.
Published: March 2007

Diffusion coefficient is an important parameter used for theoretical estima tion of moisture content in a body when it is exposed to a moist environment. The diffu sion coefficient of FRP materials usually depends on several parameters, such as the diffusivities of constituents, fiber volume fraction, moisture concentration of the environ ment, and temperature. The shapes of reinforcing fibers also have definite effects on the diffusion coefficient. The present problem is aimed at studying the effects of the shapes of impermeable reinforcing fibers on diffusivity. A single fiber reinforced composite model is chosen for the present study. The shapes of the fibers are either circular or elliptical, but they have the same cross-sectional area. It is observed that the diffusivity shows a marked dependence on the shapes of the fiber, even though the volume fraction of the fiber and other parameters are kept constant.
Honeycomb Marine Applications
Authors: Bitzer Tom
Published: March 2007

This paper explains how honeycomb is manufactured, the different cell configurations used, and some of the current marine honeycomb cores available. The ad vantages of sandwich construction are discussed, and some marine honeycomb applica tions are given.
Buckling of Anisotropic Cylinders
Authors: Kollár László P.
Published: March 2007

The aim of this paper is to determine the buckling shapes and loads of an isotropic cylinders subjected to temperature and/or mechanical loads. First, the governing differential equations for buckling are derived. Second, their solution is presented. The buckling shapes are found to be trigonometrical functions in a skew coordinate system. With the aid of these functions, closed form solutions are developed for calculating the buckling loads. The paper presents some examples which illustrate unexpected results, e.g., unconstrained cylinders subjected to a change in temperature may buckle at a critical temperature, and may buckle either with increasing or with decreasing temperature.
Factors Affecting Surface Smoothness and the Role of Unsaturated Polyester Resin and Glass Fiber
Authors: Arakawa Kouji , Iwami Etsuji , Kimura Keiji , Nomaguchi Kanemasa
Published: March 2007

This paper covers an investigation to determine the factors affecting sur face smoothness of SMC moldings. Many studies have been done at many laboratories to improve the surface smoothness quality of SMC moldings. These studies are aimed at comparison with steel sheets. This goal has almost been realized, resulting in better SMC formulations and molding process conditions. However, the authors could not get suffi cient results even with these better formulations and conditions because the surface smoothness values in the data did not show adequate consistency among the locations mea sured. In addition, they got various smoothness values in their moldings, even when using the same SMC production lot.

The authors tried to solve this inconsistency problem by examining the effect of un saturated polyester resin/low profile additive and glass fiber as main factors in surface smoothness. They found substantial effects with actual limitation in surface smoothness that came from "compatibility" between unsaturated polyester resin and low profile addi tive, as well as the "fibrillation state" of chopped glass fibers.
Formal and Informal Support: A Conceptual Clarification
Authors: Lipman Aaron , Longino Charles F.
Published: March 2007

The nature of formal and informal support is functionally differentiated in this article. While they are interrelated and actually interface at many junctures, each type of support functions most effectively in specific areas. Formal support operates within the context of bureaucratic structure, reflecting both its strengths and limitations. Formal organizations, however, could never hope to meet all of the instrumental, social and emotional needs of the individual. It is clearly supplemental to informal support. The mechanisms by which formal agencies supplement informal support deserve much greater attention in applied gerontological research. The interface between the two levels of support is where the most exciting applied research is likely to take place.
Physical Activity in Older Adults: The Stages of Change
Authors: Barké Charles R. , Nicholas Donald R.
Published: March 2007

Most older adults are not physically active and are stereotypically presumed to be relatively "set in their ways. " We measured stages of change among a sample of older adults and compared them between active and inactive subgroups. Participants (n = 59) aged 59-80 (M = 64.9) completed the Stages of Change scale about their levels of physical activity: 18 were exercise program participants; 20 were a matched group of retirees; 21 had particcpated in an Elderhostel program. We hypothesized that stage levels would be nonlinear and differ significantly and that the profiles of stages between groups would be nonparallel. Results support both hypotheses. For the total sample, action and maintenance subscale scores were higher than precontemplation subscale scores. Between groups, the exercise and Elderhostel groups scored higher on action and maintenance that the retiree group, while the retirees scored higher than the others on precontemplation. We present discussion and implications for intervention programming and future research.
Training Law Enforcement Officers to Assist the Demented Elderly
Authors: Doty Leilani , Caranasos George J.
Published: March 2007

In times of crisis involving the unmanageable behavior of the elderly with Alzheimer's disease or related disorders, families often request assistance from law enforcement officers who have little training specific to dealing with such emergencies. This study involves the design and implementation of such training with a sample of 78 officers. Tabulations from completed pretests (N = 63) and posttests (N = 58) examined with Student's t tests showed an overall significant difference (p = .001) between the pretest and posttest means. Also, the training was evaluated as excellent/good and helpful and was well received These findings indicate that training for law enforcement officers can result in significant, useful learning for handling emergencies with the demented elderly.
The Idea of Leisure Repertoire
Authors: Mobily Kenneth E. , Lemke Jon H. , Gisin George J.
Published: March 2007

Our intention is to describe and explain the idea of leisure repertoire. Leisure repertoire is defined as the personal "library" of largely intrinsically motivated activities that the participant practices on a regular basis. The leisure repertoire is determined by two criteria: perceived competence and psychological comfort. Perceived competence relates to the individual's judgment of performance compared to members of the same age cohort and gender. Psychological comfort refers to the person's perception of performance judged in relation to personal, internal standards. The leisure repertoire of the elderly person is of particular concern because of the abundance of free time accompanying retirement and the age-related deficits limiting the person's ability to use free time meaningfully. The article closes with a discussion of the probable factors mediating the leisure repertoires of the elderly and recommendations for measurement of the leisure repertoire.
The Impact of Supervised Exercise on the Psychological Well-Being and Health Status of Older Veterans
Authors: Cowper Patricia A. , Morey Miriam C. , Bearon Lucille B. , Sullivan Robert J. , DiPasquale Robert C. , Crowley Gail M. , Monger Michael E. , Feussner John R.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the impact of supervised exercise on the health status (measured by the Sickness Impact Profile [SIP]) and well-being (measured by the Psychological General Well- Being Index [PGWB]) of a sample of 43 elderly veterans. The intervention consisted of 90 minutes of exercise, 3 days per week at 70% of maximal capacity. Twenty-three (53%) partici pants completed a 1-year follow-up. The mean PGWB score increased significantly from 83.0 ± 15.8 to 89.4 ± 8.9 (p = .01). Cardiovascular fitness (measured by treadmill performance) increased significantly (p = .004). Baseline SIP scores were low (little dysfunction) and changed little. The study suggests that small but significant improvements in well-being accompany physiological benefits that the elderly experience with exercise.
A Preliminary Study of Elderly Emergency Service Clients in Chicago and Their Housing-Related Problems
Authors: Keigher Sharon M.
Published: March 2007

Emergencies to which city agencies respond reveal a connection between homelessness and other housing hardships of the elderly. This study examines a random sample of 125 case records of elderly clients assisted by the Chicago Department of Human Services Emergency Services program between 1984 and 1987. The crises that lead to emergency services, the extent of clients' housing-related problems, and the needs that cluster around shelter placement and other housing related problems are analyzed An extraordinarily broad range of problems and service needs are identified The findings reveal the prevalence of housing problems for the elderly and the relationship between basic needs, patterns of services offered, and certain emergencies, includ ing homelessness. They have implications for improving client services and underscore the importance of ongoing rather than emergency assistance with the elderly. Very old persons without kin who experience crises are at great risk and pose growing dilemmas for urban public agencies.
CCRC Oversight: Implications for Public Regulation and Private Accreditation
Authors: Ellen Netting F. , Wilson Cindy C.
Published: March 2007

This article reports the results of a 1991 survey of oversight personnel in 26 of the 35 states with Continuing Care Retirement Community (CCRC) legislation. The purpose of this descriptive study is fourfold: (a) to describe current state CCRC legislative activity, (b) to present state regulators' perceptions of legislative impact and emerging trends within their states, (c) to gain insights into the relationship of CCRC regulation and other state and federal regulatory mechanisms affecting units within CCRCs (i.e., assisted living and skilled nursing care), and (d) to explore regulators' perspectives of the role of accreditation for CCRCs. Results indicate that states struggle with how to regulate communities that contain units overseen by different state agencies and how to balance the intent of government oversight with self-regulation through accreditation.