bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Human Neural Cell Atlas of Zika Infection in developing human brain tissue: viral pathogenesis, innate immunity, and lineage reprogramming
Authors: Stokes Caleb , Whitmore Leanne S. , Moreno Dante , Malhotra Karan , Tisoncik-Go Jennifer , Tran Emily , Wren Nick , Glass Ian ,   Birth Defects Research Laboratory (BDRL), Young Jessica E. , Gale Michael
Published: September 2024

Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy can lead to fetal brain infection and developmental anomalies collectively known as congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). To define the molecular features underlying CZS in a relevant human cell model, we evaluated ZIKV infection and neurodevelopment in primary fetal brain explants and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mixed neural cultures at single cell resolution. We identified astrocytes as key innate immune sentinel cells detecting ZIKV and producing IFN-β. In contrast, neural progenitor cells displayed impaired innate immunity and supported high levels of viral replication. ZIKV infection of neurons suppressed differentiation and synaptic signaling networks and programmed a molecular switch from neurogenesis to astrogliogenesis. We identified a universal ZIKV-driven cellular stress response linked to intrinsic apoptosis and regulated by IFN-β. These findings reveal how innate immune signaling intersects with ZIKV-driven perturbations in cellular function to influence CZS outcomes including neuron developmental dysfunction and apoptotic cell death.
Roadkill is a crucial factor in the population decline of migratory monarch butterflies
Authors: Momeni-Dehaghi Iman , Fahrig Lenore , Mitchell Greg W. , Rytwinski Trina , Hanson Jeffrey O. , Bennett Joseph R.
Published: September 2024

The charismatic migratory monarch butterfly population has declined dramatically, likely precipitated by loss of its breeding host plants (milkweed). Whether restoring milkweed would allow monarch recovery depends on whether additional factors currently limit the population. We investigated road mortality as one such factor. Monarchs cross thousands of roads during fall migration, and traffic volume has increased sharply while the population has plummeted. Using estimates of pre-migration distribution, flight patterns, and road traffic, we estimate that 99.5% of migrating monarchs are road-killed each fall. Although there is high uncertainty around this number, its magnitude suggests that roadkill could inhibit recovery of the population. Recovery planning should not only consider increasing the monarch’s host plants, but must also address the reality of roadkill.
Early child development in England: cross-sectional analysis of ASQ®-3 records from the 2-2½-year universal health visiting review using national administrative data (Community Service Dataset, CSDS)
Authors: Jung Jayu , Cattan Sarah , Powell Claire , Barlow Jane , Liu Mengyun , Clery Amanda , Grath-Lone Louise Mb , Bunting Catherine , Woodman Jenny
Published: September 2024

Introduction

The Ages & Stages Questionnaire (ASQ®; 3rd Edition) is a tool to measure developmental delay for children aged between 1 - 66 months which was originally developed in the United States (USA). This measure has been collected in England since 2015 as a part of 2-21/2-year Health Visiting review. However, the quality of the data is known to be incomplete and to-date there have not been any analyses of this data across England looking at disparities between groups of children.

Objectives

We identify a subset of child development data, ASQ®-3 in Community Service dataset (CSDS) that is sufficiently complete to carry out research then using this dataset we describe child development at aged 2-21/2years in England (2018/19-2020/21).

Methods

We compared counts of ASQ®-3 records in CSDS by local authority and financial quarter against the Health Visitor Service Delivery Metrics (HVSDM) to identify a subset of CSDS data that were complete. We described child development using this subset of the data. We used both binary cut-off variable indicating whether a child reached expected/above level of development and continuous ASQ®-3 score variable to understand child development at age 2-21/2.

Results

Among the 226,505 children from 64 local authorities in our sample, 86.2% met expected level of development. Children from the most deprived neighbourhoods (82.6%), the Black ethnic group (78.9%) and boys (81.7%) were less likely to meet expected level of development. Gender disparity on child development was strong as boys (86.0) in the least deprived neighbourhood were less likely to reach expected level of development compared to the girls (88.2%) from the most deprived neighbourhoods.

Conclusions

In order to fully understand child development in England, first ASQ®-3 data flow needs to be improved. Second, ASQ®-3 data needs to be standardised and validated in the UK context. Developmental support is needed for at least 13.8% of the children who did not meet the expected level of development and especially for those who lived in the most deprived neighbourhoods and boys.
VirtualIce: Half-synthetic CryoEM Micrograph Generator
Authors: Noble Alex J.
Published: September 2024

Single particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) is going through a phase of rapid optimization focused on increasing the efficiency, accuracy, and automation of every step in the data pipeline. Machine learning models in particular have been making substantial advances in cryoEM, however their impact has been limited. This limitation is due in part to the lack of availability of realistic ground-truth datasets for training and evaluation of cryoEM machine learning models. To address this limitation and accelerate this phase, we introduce VirtualIce which generates half-synthetic micrographs by projecting proteins onto real, curated micrographs of vitrified buffer. VirtualIce provides configurable features including noise simulation, realistic particle distributions, particle overlapping, particle aggregation, filtering obscured regions, and multiple structures per micrograph. VirtualIce may be a valuable resource to help visualize unknown proteins, accelerate the development of automated data collection and processing pipelines, and develop cryoEM algorithms.
Diversification mitigates pesticide but not microplastic effects on bees without compromising rapeseed yield in China
Authors: Lin Wei , He Xueqing , Hu Jilan , Balle Marcel , Darras Kevin F.A. , Jing Siyuan , Scherber Christoph , Toledo-Hernández Manuel , Yan Yan , Zhang ChengCheng , Zeng Siyan , Wanger Thomas Cherico
Published: September 2024

Humanity depends on agriculture for food, fiber and energy provisioning, but input-intensive agricultural production is impacting ecosystem services such as pollination. Pollution effects from neonicotinoid insecticides on pollinators receive much attention, but nothing is known on the synergistic effects with emerging plastic contaminants and the mitigation potential of agricultural diversification. Here, we conduct the first large-scale and full-factorial mesocosm study to understand two-generation effects of diversified floral resources (diversification treatment), neonicotinoid and microplastic pollution (pollution treatments) onOsmia cornifronsbees in 72 mesocosms. In our three-year experiment, we found that diversification can mitigate individual neonicotinoid effects. We did not find any individual or synergistic effects of microplastic on reproductive performance of solitary bees. None of our treatments affected rapeseed yield. Our results confirm the benefits of diversified flower resources to mitigate pesticide effects on bees in China and suggest that microplastics have no acute individual or interaction toxicity in semi-natural environment at realistic exposure levels. Diversified flower resources in Chinese agricultural landscapes to mitigate pesticide pollution effects on pollinators is an important policy argument for pollinator protection with downstream implications for food security.
Unveiling AI-ECG using Generative Counterfactual XAI Framework
Authors: Jang Jong-Hwan , Jo Yong-Yeon , Kang Sora , Son Jeong Min , Lee Hak Seung , Kwon Joon-myoung , Lee Min Sung
Published: September 2024

Background

The application of artificial intelligence (AI) to electrocardiograms (ECGs) has shown great promise in the screening and diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, often matching or surpassing human expertise. However, the “black-box” nature of deep learning models poses significant challenges to their clinical adoption. While Explainable AI (XAI) techniques, such as Saliency Maps, have attempted to address these issues, they have not been able to provide clear, clinically relevant explanations. We developed the Generative Counterfactual ECG XAI (GCX) framework, which uses counterfactual scenarios to explain AI predictions, enhancing interpretability and aligning with medical knowledge.

Methods

We designed a study to validate the GCX framework by applying it to eight AI-ECG models, including those focused on regression of six ECG features, potassium level regression, and atrial fibrillation (AF) classification. PTB-XL and MIMIC-IV were used to develop and test. GCX generated counterfactual (CF) ECGs to visualize how changes in the ECG relate to AI-ECG predictions. We visualized CF ECGs for qualitative comparisons, statistically compared ECG features, and validated these findings with conventional ECG knowledge.

Results

The GCX framework successfully generated interpretable ECGs aligned with clinical knowledge, particularly in the context of ECG feature regression, potassium level regression, and AF classification. For ECG feature regression, GCX demonstrated clear and consistent changes in features, reflecting the corresponding morphological alterations. CF ECGs for hyperkalemia showed a prolonged PR, discernible P wave, increased T wave amplitude, and widened QRS complex, whereas those for AF demonstrated the disappearance of the P wave and irregular rhythms.

Conclusion

The GCX framework enhances the interpretability of AI-ECG models, offering clear relevant explanations for AI predictions. This approach holds substantial potential for improving the trust and utility of AI in clinical practice, although further validation across diverse datasets is required.
The willingness to accept and to pay for non-communicable disease screenings in rural Bangladesh: A contingent valuation study
Authors: Sabin Lucie , Uddin Ahmed Sarker Ashraf , Kuddus Abdul , King Carina , Morrison Joanna , Kumar Shaha Sanjit , Ahmed Naveed , Nahar Tasmin , Azad Kishwar , Fottrell Edward , Haghparast-Bidgoli Hassan , Kiadaliri Ali
Published: September 2024

Background

Bangladesh is experiencing a rapid increase in non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Early screening is essential to enable timely treatment. In Bangladesh, access to screening services for NCDs is often limited. This study aimed to elicit the willingness to accept (WTA) and the willingness to pay (WTP) for four screening packages for NCDs and their association with the respondents’ sociodemographic characteristics among rural communities in Bangladesh.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey using contingent valuation was conducted in six villages of Faridpur district, Bangladesh. The WTP was elicited using a double-bounded dichotomous choice and bidding game approach, with initial bid amounts based on local market prices. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with WTA and WTP, and a two-part model was employed to estimate mean WTP and its determinants. We used a double-limit dichotomous choice model with the respondents who took part in the bidding exercise.

Results

We found that 83% of the 346 respondents were willing to accept at least one screening package and among these 44% would be willing to pay to accept all screenings. The willingness to accept and pay varied largely by the type of screening being offered, with much lower proportions for obesity than for hypertension and diabetes. The results suggested that individuals from households with a member with an NCD were more willing to accept and pay for screening compared to those from households without an NCD. Married individuals in the highest wealth and expenditure tertiles were also more willing to pay than not-married individuals from middle- and low-wealth and expenditure tertiles. Sex and occupation influenced the amount individuals were willing to pay.

Conclusions

Our results encourage the development of screening interventions for NCDs in rural populations. Further research is needed to assess their feasibility, effectiveness and equity in Bangladesh on a larger scale.
DETERMINANTS OF COMPLIANCE WITH IRON-FOLIC ACID SUPPLEMENTATION AMONG PREGNANT MOTHERS IN BULE HORA DISTRICT, SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA: UNMATCHED CASE-CONTROL STUDY
Authors: Tesfa Reta , Mareg Moges , Birane Mahlet , Dhinsa Midhagsaa , Muleta Biranu , Jemal Jibril , Begna Tadase
Published: September 2024

Background

World Health Organization has recommended a daily supplementation of iron folic acid, to avert anemias during pregnancy. However, due to many factors, compliance of pregnant women with this recommendation of iron and folic acid supplementation remains low, both in Africa and Ethiopia. The findings from previous studies show in concurrent finding regarding determinants of iron and folic acid compliance.

Objective

This study aimed to assess determinants of iron and folic acid supplementation compliance among antenatal care attendee pregnant women in the Bule Hora district, south Ethiopia, in 2023.

Methods

Health facility -based, unmatched case-control study was conducted in Bule Hora district from November 2023 to December 2023, using pretested interviewer-administered questionnaire. The sample size for the study was calculated using Epi Info version 7.2.6 software. A total of 115 cases and 230 controls were included in the study. The sample size was proportionally allocated to each health facility based on number of pregnant women supplemented with iron-folic acid at least one month before the data collection period; after that, systematic sampling techniques were used to select every 2ndparticipant from each health facility. Binary and multivariable logistic regression was conducted to identify determinants of iron folic acid compliance; AOR at P-value < 0.05 with 95% CI was used to declare a statistically association after checking absence of multicollinearity (VIF < 1.65, Tolerance >0.6) and Hosmer and Leme-show test of model fitness (p-value =0.08).

Results

A total of 345 pregnant women were included in the study with, a 100% response rate. Prim gravidity [AOR: 4.67, 95% CI (1.60, 13.57)], antenatal care contact 4 or more times [AOR: 7.84, 95% CI (3.34-18.41)], having husband/family support to take iron folic acid [AOR: 4.48, 95% CI (2.19-9.13)] and good knowledge on anemia [AOR: 3.79, 95%CI (1.85-7.75)] shows significant association with iron-folic acid good compliance.

Conclusion

The study concluded that prim-gravidity, antenatal care contact 4 or more times, having husband support, and good knowledge of anemias were determinants of good compliance. Promoting husband support and frequency of antenatal care contact and providing information about anemias were needed to enhance compliance with iron folic acid.
Gut microbial dysbiosis is associated with occurrence and post-surgical prognosis of unraptured cerebral aneurysm
Authors: Du Jiancheng , Li Gang , Wang Donghai , Zhao Peng , Zhang Ping , Dong Tianyi , Wei Junhao , Deng Lin , Dun Zhiping , Liu Shili
Published: September 2024

BACKGROUND

The microbiota has been reported to play an important role in the occurrence of brain aneurysms (CA). However, no microbiota or metabolite has been used for diagnosis or therapy of CA till now. Therefore, we investigated the shifts of gut microbiota and metabolites in CA patients, and explored the feasibility of using them as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

METHODS

The microbial DNA was extracted from the stool samples of the CA and healthy volunteer groups. The variable V3-V4 region of the 16S rDNA gene was sequenced on a MiSeq system. R software package was used to analyze the sequence, and the variations in microbial composition was obtained. The correlation analysis of the differential intestinal bacteria, metabolites and blood parameters was explored based on a logistic regression model. A random forest algorithm was used to predict the classification of samples for further exploring the relationship between fecal microbiota and CA.

RESULTS

The α-diversity indexes demonstrated an altered within-sample microbial diversities between patients and healthy people. The subsequent beta diversity results indicated that shift in the between-sample microbial diversities of the intestinal microbiota was associated with the occurrence of cerebral aneurysm. Specifically, the abundance of some gut bacterial genera, such as Blautia and Faecalibacterium, changed significantly after CA. Intestinal metabolite enrichment results highlight the role of carbohydrate metabolic pathways in CA, including sedoheptulose 7-phosphate (S-7-P). The correlation analysis of the differential intestinal bacteria, metabolites and blood parameters indicated that intestinal bacteria and metabolites were related to host blood parameters. Then, the predictive models were employed to test the significance of the combination of differential bacteria, metabolites and blood parameters in CA diagnosis and prognosis. The predictive model built by Faecalibacterium and s7p obtained an area under ROC curve (AUC) of 99.7%, and Faecalibacterium and s-7-p were also associated with some metabolite that have significance in post-surgery prognosis of CA.

Conclusions

The gut microbiota and metabolites profiles of patients with CA were significantly altered. Bacterial genus Faecalibacterium and metabolite s-7-p could serve as potential biomarkers in CA prediction and post-surgery prognosis.
Avian influenza virus surveillance across New Zealand and its subantarctic islands detects H1N9 in migratory shorebirds, but not 2.3.4.4b HPAI H5N1
Authors: Waller Stephanie J , Wierenga Janelle R , Heremia Lia , Darnley Jessica A , de Vries Isa , Dubrulle Jeremy , Robinson Zoe , Miller Allison , Niebuhr Chris N , Melville David , Schuckard Rob , Battley Phil F , Wille Michelle , Cole Rosalind , McInnes Kate , Winter David , Geoghegan Jemma L
Published: September 2024

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus has never been detected in New Zealand. The potential impact of this virus on New Zealand's wild birds would be catastrophic. To expand our knowledge of avian influenza viruses across New Zealand, we sampled wild aquatic birds from New Zealand, its outer islands and its subantarctic territories. Metatranscriptomic analysis of 700 individuals spanning 33 species revealed no detection of HPAI during the annual 2023-2024 migration. A single detection of H1N9 in red knots (Calidris canutus) was noted. This study provides a baseline for expanding avian influenza virus monitoring in New Zealand.
gLinDA: Global Differential Abundance Analysis of Microbiomes
Authors: Fehse Leon , Tajabadi Mohammad , Martin Roman , Holzmann Hajo , Heider Dominik
Published: September 2024

Microbiome composition plays a significant role in various diseases, including cancer, obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, and mental health disorders. Understanding the differences in microbial abundance between patients is key to uncovering the microbiome’s impact on these conditions. Differential abundance analysis (DAA) can detect significant changes in microbiomes at the taxa level base. However, since individuals have unique microbial fingerprints that can potentially identify them, microbiome data must be treated as sensitive. We introduce gLinDA, a global differential abundance analysis software offering a swarm learning approach to analyzing distributed datasets while maintaining result accuracy without sharing patients’ raw data.
The Hurst exponent as a marker of inhibition in the developing brain
Authors: Nishio Monami , Ellwood-Lowe Monica E. , Woodburn Mackenzie , McDermott Cassidy L. , Park Anne T. , Tooley Ursula A. , Boroshok Austin L. , Grandjean Joanes , Mackey Allyson P.
Published: September 2024

The maturation of inhibitory neurons is crucial for regulating plasticity in developing brains. Previous work using computational models has suggested that the Hurst exponent, the decay in power over frequency, reflects inhibition, but empirical data supporting this link is sparse. Here, we took a cross-species approach to validating the Hurst exponent of fMRI as a marker of inhibition, then characterized the development of the Hurst exponent in childhood. We found significant spatial correlations between the Hurst exponent and ex vivo parvalbumin mRNA expression in human children and adults, and between the Hurst exponent and parvalbumin-positive cell counts in mice. We identified a plateau in the mRNA expression by late childhood, aligning with the Hurst exponent plateau in both humans and rats. In sum, this work suggests that the Hurst exponent can be used to study the development of inhibitionin vivo, and in the future, to understand individual differences in plasticity.
ALG-1, a microRNA argonaute, promotes vulva induction inC. elegans
Authors: Zhen Sunny , Rocheleau Christian E.
Published: September 2024

Signaling by the LET-60 Ras GTPase/MPK-1 Extracellular Regulated Kinase pathway specifies the vulva cell fate inC. elegans. Thelet-7miRNA family negatively regulates LET-60 Ras but other miRNAs can also modulate vulva induction. To determine the impact of globally reducing miRNA function on LET-60 Ras-mediated vulva induction we analyzed the effect of loss of the ALG-1 miRNA regulator on vulva development. Contrary to our expectations, we find that ALG-1 promotes vulva induction independently of LET-60 Ras. We found that the reduced vulva cell fate induction ofalg-1deletion mutants could be due to delayed development of the vulva, or a requirement to maintain the competence of the uninduced precursor cells.
X(2370) glueball-like particle productions in
e+e−
collisions at the BESIII energy and in pp collisions at the LHC energy with the PACIAE model
Authors: Cao Jian , She Zhi-Lei , Zhang Jin-Peng , Shi Jia-Hao , Qin Zhi-Ying , Zhang Wen-Chao , Zheng Hua , Lei An-Ke , Zhou Dai-Mei , Yan Yu-Liang , Sa Ben-Hao
Published: September 2024

Inspired by the BESIII newest observation of X(2370) glueball-like particle, we search its productions in both e+e− collisions at s=4.95  GeV and proton-proton (pp) collisions at s=13  TeV with a parton and hadron cascade model PACIAE. In this model, the final partonic state (FPS) and the final hadronic state (FHS) are consecutively simulated and recorded. The X(2370) glueball- or tetraquark-state is then, respectively, recombined by two gluons or four quarks sss¯s¯ in the FPS using the quantum statistical mechanics inspired dynamically constrained phase-space coalescence (DCPC) model. The X(2370) molecular-state is recombined by the baryon-antibaryon of Λ−Λ¯ or Σ−Σ¯, or by three mesons of π+π−η′, K+K−η′, or KS0KS0η′ in the FHS using DCPC model. In both e+e− and pp collisions, significant discrepancies in the yields, the transverse momentum spectra and the rapidity distributions among the X(2370) glueball-, tetraquark-, and molecular-state are observed. These discrepancies are proposed as valuable criteria identifying the X(2370) different states from each other. Our results not only support the BESIII observation of glueball-like particle X(2370) production in e+e− collisions, but also serve as a prediction for the X(2370) production in pp collisions. We strongly suggest the experimental measurement of the X(2370) glueball-like particle production in pp collisions at the LHC energies.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Nonlocal chiral contributions to generalized parton distributions of the proton at nonzero skewness
Authors: Gao Zhengyang , He Fangcheng , Ji Chueng-Ryong , Melnitchouk W. , Salamu Y. , Wang P.
Published: September 2024

We compute the one-loop contributions to spin-averaged generalized parton distributions (GPDs) in the proton from pseudoscalar mesons with intermediate octet and decuplet baryon states at nonzero skewness. Our framework is based on nonlocal covariant chiral effective theory, with ultraviolet divergences regularized by introducing a relativistic regulator derived consistently from the nonlocal Lagrangian. Using the splitting functions calculated from the nonlocal Lagrangian, we find the nonzero skewness GPDs from meson loops by convoluting with the phenomenological pion GPD and the generalized distribution amplitude, and verify that these satisfy the correct polynomiality properties. We also compute the lowest two moments of GPDs to quantify the meson loop effects on the Dirac, Pauli, and gravitational form factors of the proton.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Linear cooling of a levitated micromagnetic cylinder by vibration
Authors: Timberlake Chris , Simcox Elliot , Ulbricht Hendrik
Published: September 2024

We report feedback cooling of translational and librational degrees of freedom of a levitated m icromagnet cylinder, utilizing a piezoelectric actuator to apply linear feedback to high-Q mechanical modes. The normal modes are measured with a superconducting pick-up coil coupled to a dc SQUID, and phase information is fed back to the piezoelectric actuator to feedback cool a center-of-mass mode to ∼7K, and a librational mode to 830±200mK. Q-factors of 1.0×107 are evaluated for the center-of-mass mode. We find that it is plausible to achieve ground state cooling of the center-of-mass mode by introducing vibration isolation, optimizing the geometry of the pick-up coil to focus on the specific mode of interest and utilizing a state-of-the-art SQUID for detection.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Assessing Carrier Mobility, Dopability, and Defect Tolerance in the Chalcogenide Perovskite
BaZrS3
Authors: Yuan Zhenkun , Dahliah Diana , Claes Romain , Pike Andrew , Fenning David P. , Rignanese Gian-Marco , Hautier Geoffroy
Published: September 2024

The chalcogenide perovskite BaZrS3 has attracted much attention as a promising solar absorber for thin-film photovoltaics. Here we use first-principles calculations to evaluate its carrier transport and defect properties. We find that BaZrS3 has a phonon-limited electron mobility of 37cm2/V s, which is comparable to that in halide perovskites, but lower hole mobility of 11cm2/V s. The defect computations indicate that BaZrS3 is intrinsically n-type due to shallow sulfur vacancies, but that strong compensation by sulfur vacancies will prevent attempts to make it p-type. We also establish that BaZrS3 shows some degree of defect tolerance, presenting only few low formation energy, deep intrinsic defects. Among the deep defects, sulfur interstitials are the dominant nonradiative recombination centers but exhibit a moderate capture coefficient. Our work highlights the material’s intrinsic limitations in carrier mobility and p-type doping, and suggests focusing on suppressing the formation of sulfur interstitials to achieve longer carrier lifetime.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Digital transformation and religious entrepreneurship in Nigeria: integrating artificial intelligence toward competitive advantage
Authors: Godswill Agu Agu , Margaça Clara
Published: September 2024

Purpose

Based on the technology acceptance model (TAM), this study contextually examines the level of willingness of religious entrepreneurs to accept and implement artificial intelligence (AI) tools. Furthermore, it aims to explore the challenges and prospects of AI adoption among entrepreneurs.

Design/methodology/approach

Following a qualitative approach, the data were collected from 12 informants from different segments of religious entrepreneurship in Nigeria. Semi-structured interviews and deductive thematic analysis were used to collect data.

Findings

The findings show that religious entrepreneurs demonstrate commendable level of awareness of the availability and usefulness of AI tools that support secular and sacred entrepreneurial pursuits. Furthermore, findings indicate that they have fully integrated AI in their secular entrepreneurial affairs but still demonstrate restraints in implementing it in certain sacred functions. Several challenges including shortage of finance, trained manpower and equipment are faced by the entrepreneurs.

Originality/value

Theoretically, the findings demonstrate that AI awareness and perceived usefulness influence the intention of religious entrepreneurs to integrate AI into religious entrepreneurship, while perceived ease of use does not.
Impact of patent infringement damages on firms' innovation performance: the moderating effects of patent-intensive industries
Authors: Deng Yuting , Qi Yong , Guo Qing
Published: September 2024

Purpose

The patent thickets exacerbate patent infringement, especially in patent-intensive industries. Damages are a crucial remedy for patent infringement, upholding innovation incentives in the patent system. This paper aims to examine the impact of damages on the subsequent innovation performance of plaintiff and defendant firms and the moderating role of patent-intensive industries in these effects.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on data from 1,062 Chinese firms involved in patent infringement litigation, this paper uses Poisson panel regression models to examine the dynamic impact of damages on incremental and breakthrough innovation performance for plaintiff and defendant firms and further validates the moderating role of patent-intensive industries on the impacts. Additionally, this paper conducts heterogeneity analysis by categorizing the sample into micro and small enterprises (MSEs) and medium and large enterprises (MLEs).

Findings

This paper shows that MLE plaintiffs skew toward incremental rather than breakthrough innovations after awarding damages, whereas MSEs transiently engage in high-level innovation activities. (2) Plaintiffs with higher payout ratios are more inclined toward undertaking breakthrough innovations. (3) Awarded damages significantly inhibit the innovative output of defendants at varying levels of innovation. (4) Plaintiff firms in patent-intensive industries show more innovation after awarding damages than those in other sectors, but damages do not effectively encourage MSEs to innovate. Defendants in patent-intensive industries are also more reluctant to innovate after damages.

Originality/value

This paper empirically investigates the relationship between patent damages and firms' subsequent innovation performance in terms of litigation status, organizational scale and level of technological innovation. Besides, this paper reveals the differences in the impact of patent protection on firms' innovation in patent-intensive industries versus other industries.
Leadership in small business environments: from the heroic model to distributed approach
Authors: Debono David , Aquilina Ronald , Brincat Jean-Pierre
Published: September 2024

Purpose

This study explores the process of interactions experienced by leaders during the evolution of the small firm. Three key propositions are conceptualized into a model with the main aim of supporting leaders of small organizations in understanding better the leadership phenomena.

Design/methodology/approach

This qualitative research project investigates the dynamics of leadership in small businesses through an inductive and abductive approach, inherent to grounded theory. This enabled the development of propositions directly from data. Field research involved responsive interviews with 12 established small enterprise leaders. Selective and theoretical sampling coupled with ongoing data comparison and analysis were applied to uncover and refine emerging leadership concepts.

Findings

Intellectual assets of leaders in small firms propel the recognition and sensitivity to the process of organizational evolution which requires a continuous adaptation of the leadership paradigm.

Research limitations/implications

The researchers’ philosophical stance to construct reality based on the participants own experiences, cannot produce generalized findings on the subject area.

Practical implications

Enhanced Decision-Making and Strategic Planning: Small business leaders can leverage their academic and industry backgrounds to make more informed and strategic decisions. Facilitating Organizational Change: By understanding the necessity of continuous change, small business leaders can implement frameworks that encourage flexibility and adaptability within their organizations. Adopting Distributed Leadership: Encouraging small business owners to move away from centralized control towards a more distributed leadership model can lead to better organizational outcomes.

Originality/value

A considerable amount of research has been devoted to leadership in the past decades. There is very little evidence on behavioral patterns of leaders, grounded in data within the context of the Small Firm aimed at the practitioner. This work is contribution towards this shortfall.
E-taxing maturity in developing economies: evidence from corporate tax payers in Ghana
Authors: Acquah Anthony
Published: September 2024

Purpose

The adoption of e-taxing plays an important role in modernizing tax administration. Ghana, like many other developing countries, has adopted e-taxing to modernize its revenue collection processes and improve its tax-to-GDP ratio. This study aims to examine the current state of e-taxing maturity in Ghana, focusing on the advancements made and what can be done to achieve a mature e-taxing system.

Design/methodology/approach

Through qualitative design, interviews were conducted with Ghana Revenue Authority, National Information Technology Agency and Businesses to provide an in-depth understanding of the strengths, weaknesses and opportunities for improving e-taxing maturity.

Findings

The study reveals mixed e-taxing maturity. While the digital service aspect of e-taxing has seen progress, digital infrastructure, digital analytics, digital integration and digital culture hinder the full actualization of mature e-taxing.

Research limitations/implications

The findings suggest the need for a comprehensive plan that addresses regulatory, cultural, technical and organizational aspects to drive digital transformation in e-taxing tax implementation.

Social implications

The lack of resilient infrastructure, especially in rural areas, can worsen societal inequalities. Owing to the lack of telecommunication infrastructure and poor internet connectivity in rural areas, businesses in these areas may lack the needed information for business growth and expansion. This can result in unfair treatment of rural businesses widening the inequality gap between businesses in urban areas and rural areas. Therefore, the study is important from the standpoint that implementing the recommendations will help to bridge the gap between businesses in urban areas and rural areas.

Originality/value

To the best of the author’s knowledge, this study is among the first to conduct an empirical study on e-taxing maturity in Ghana.
Determinants of information asymmetry in agri-food supply chains
Authors: Mardenli Abdulaziz , Sackmann Dirk , Fiedler Alexandra , Rhein Sebastian , Alghababsheh Mohammad
Published: September 2024

Purpose

With its presence, which can create inefficiencies, uncertainties and risks, information asymmetry poses a significant challenge to successfully managing the agri-food supply chain (AFSC). Understanding the variables that influence information asymmetry is crucial for devising more effective strategies to mitigate it. This study, therefore, explores the variables that influence information asymmetry in the AFSC.

Design/methodology/approach

A qualitative analysis was conducted, relying on semi-structured interviews with 17 experts representing different actors in the AFSC (e.g. seed producers, retailers, etc.) in Germany. The collected data was analysed using the GABEK® method.

Findings

The study confirms that the influencing variables derived from the existing theory, such as price performance, digitalisation, environmental, process and quality measures, contribute to information asymmetry. It further reveals new variables that associate with information asymmetry, including documentation requirements, increasing regulation, consumer behaviour, incorrect data within the company as well as crises, political conflicts and supplier–buyer conflicts. Furthermore, the study shows that supply chain actors counteract asymmetry by focusing on social behaviour and monitoring suppliers through key performance indicators, employees and social aspects.

Research limitations/implications

The study was limited to the universal influence of the variables on information asymmetry in the AFSC, making the magnitude of the influence and its context-specific nature unexplained.

Originality/value

This study is one of the very few that examines information asymmetry across the AFSC from the perspective of different actors, providing a more overarching and deeper understanding of information asymmetry.
Related party transactions and financial distress: role of governance and audit attributes
Authors: Hazami-Ammar Sourour
Published: September 2024

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the relationship between related party transactions (RPTs), specifically sales and purchases, and financial distress. It also explores the moderating role of various corporate governance mechanisms and audit-firm characteristics in this relationship.

Design/methodology/approach

This study spans the period before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and uses a logistic regression model focusing on an eight-year noncylindrical panel data set, covering a sample of Omani listed companies from 2014 to 2021.

Findings

The empirical findings reveal a contrasting relationship between RPT sales and financial distress: a significant negative relationship in the postpandemic period, and a positive relationship in the prepandemic period. Conversely, RPT purchases exhibit a consistently significant positive relationship across all periods. The presence of a Big Four audit-firm and audit delay are notable moderating variables associated with audit-firm attributes. Additionally, the board’s review of RPT transactions, size, meetings and independence are significant moderator variables pertaining to corporate governance.

Research limitations/implications

This study provides empirical evidence to inform regulators of the efficiency and opportunistic aspects of RPTs in relation to financial distress. The study’s findings offer valuable guidance to managers by suggesting ways to reinforce corporate governance practices and strengthen audit mechanisms to counteract the negative consequences of RPTs.

Originality/value

To the best of the author’s knowledge, this study is the first to explore the direct relationship between both RPT sales and purchases and financial distress while also examining the moderating effect of corporate governance and audit attributes. This comprehensive approach distinguishes itself from its unique contributions to the field.
Gender wage gap among highly educated workers: some evidence from Spain
Authors: Caparrós Ruiz Antonio
Published: September 2024

Purpose

The study aims to estimate wage models controlled for sample selection bias and apply the traditional Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition to examine the gender wage gap.

Design/methodology/approach

This research provides new evidence concerning the drivers of the gender pay gap for highly educated workers in Spain.

Findings

The results show the existence of empirical evidence about the presence of the gender wage gap among tertiary-educated workers. An interesting conclusion is that holding a master’s degree has a positive impact since it diminishes the unexplained component of the gender pay gap.

Research limitations/implications

The survey used only analyses the labour insertion of tertiary-educated workers and its temporal scope does not allow us to examine the evolution of the gender wage gap throughout their careers.

Social implications

The findings indicate that there is room for the implementation of policies aimed at diminishing gender inequality in the labour market even for highly educated workers, which could complement the current Spanish labour legislation regulating the gender pay gap in firms.

Originality/value

This paper bridges two bodies of the economic literature: human capital returns and the gender wage gap. The data used represent a contribution to the economic literature.
Implicit motivations of entrepreneurial philanthropists: a historical organization studies analysis of Andrew Carnegie
Authors: J. Hayek Mario , Williams Wallace A. , Brown Amanda C. , Bose Bapi Amitava
Published: September 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to understand the implicit motivations of entrepreneurial philanthropists during different stages of their lives.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors follow a Historical Organization Studies approach by performing a psychobiographical analysis using McClelland’s Thematic Apperception Test on the autobiography of Andrew Carnegie across different stages of his life while considering the historical context.

Findings

The configuration of the implicit motivations of entrepreneurial philanthropists change with achievement motivation decreasing and power motivation increasing over time explaining the shift of focus from self to others.

Originality/value

While researchers have been theorizing and using interviews to uncover shifts in entrepreneurial motivations, this is the first paper to longitudinally uncover implicit motivations to explain why successful entrepreneurs give back later in life.
AMR as a Global and One Health Issue: the Challenge to Adapt a Global Strategy in Two Low‐ and Middle‐income Countries, Mozambique and Vietnam
Authors: Figuié Muriel , Batie Chloé , Macuamule Cristiano , Cuinhane Carlos , Goutard Flavie
Published: September 2024

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is framed by international organisations as a global threat requiring a One Health (OH) approach. This raises challenges for adapting a global strategy to national contexts and sectorial policies. In the agricultural sector, another challenge is to avoid stigmatization of farmers’ behaviours and to pay more attention to other stakeholders and systemic drivers of antibiotic (AB) use. We examine the case of two low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs): Mozambique and Vietnam, with different levels of veterinary AB consumption (respectively lower and higher than the world average), accessibility to alternatives to veterinary AB (non‐existent in Mozambique) and veterinary medicines and services (very unequal in Mozambique), and opportunities to value higher‐standard products on domestic markets (emerging in Vietnam). The differences between these two LMICs challenges current ‘one size fits all’ strategies. We recommend embedding better national AMR strategies into sectorial agricultural policies and country‐specific contexts (i.e. by considering the functioning of the drugs markets and livestock value chains; resistance to other veterinary medicines, such as trypanocide), and to address the observed contradictions with national agricultural policies which, in order to face the growing consumption of animal products, encourage the development of livestock systems that are technically and economically dependent on the use of AB.
The Transition Issue: What Do We Change (or Not) When We Change Antimicrobial Use?
Authors: Fortané Nicolas , der Laan Marie‐Hélène Pinard‐van , Ducrot Christian
Published: September 2024

The various policies and initiatives to reduce antimicrobial use in livestock production in Europe over the last ten years have been successful. In many countries, reduction targets have been met (a reduction in antimicrobial sales of between 30–50 per cent). But when it comes to larger‐scale or longer‐term objectives, namely those of shifting to more sustainable or resilient agriculture, the picture is far less clear. The success of the fight against antimicrobial resistance must not mask the fact that to date, little progress has been made on transition issues. Intensive and industrial forms of livestock production are maintained and sometimes strengthened by the strategies developed to reduce antimicrobial use. Reducing and replacing antimicrobials has been an important step but the reflection has not been connected to the issue of rethinking the production system, as European policies suggested in the first place. It is now essential to link the current efforts in the fight against antimicrobial resistance to far‐reaching changes and breakthrough innovations. AMR is one problem among many others. They must be tackled globally thanks to transitions towards forms of agriculture that are less intensive, less industrial, and more mindful of their impact on health, the environment and society.
Mandatory vs. Voluntary? How to Conceive and Implement the ‘Right’ Measures to Fight AMR
Authors: Fortané Nicolas , Molia Sophie , Wauters Erwin , Kongsted Hanne
Published: September 2024

The fight against antimicrobial resistance (AMR) usually relies on a large set of measures, such as banning or restricting the use of certain molecules, promoting preventive approaches to animal health, monitoring antibiotic use and prescription, training farmers and veterinarians, developing quality schemes and labels, etc. These measures can be mandatory (i.e. regulations) or voluntary (i.e. private standards, professional guidelines, etc.), depending on the policy style adopted in each country: imposing the same framework of action for everyone or trying to stimulate stakeholders’ initiatives. It is however difficult to say that one option is better than another, given that reduction of antimicrobial use in livestock has been achieved in different European countries using different options. Based on a cross‐reflection from three ROADMAP case studies, this Point de Vue argues that an efficient and legitimate AMR policy has to adopt a combination of voluntary and mandatory measures which is carefully thought through and which is adapted to local contexts and dynamics.
The European Veterinary Profession and the Challenges of Reducing Antimicrobial Use in Livestock Farming. Lessons from a Mixed‐Methods Study
Authors: Eberhart Joséphine , Comer Clémentine , Moya Duran Sebastian , Paul Mathilde , Fortané Nicolas
Published: September 2024

The reduction of antimicrobial use (AMU) in veterinary medicine is nowadays largely associated with the development of preventive approaches in animal health. This article aims to understand the transformation of veterinarians’ practices, knowledge and working conditions in relation to the promotion of the prudent use of antimicrobials. It analyses the organisational and structural factors that currently favour the development of preventive approaches. The research draws from both a qualitative study and a quantitative survey. The qualitative study sought to understand the views and experiences of veterinarians in different countries. It highlights the difficulties encountered by veterinarians in implementing preventive approaches and promoting prudent AMU. The quantitative survey aimed to understand the variability of veterinarians' attitudes towards AMU and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). It identifies several clusters within the profession, which are distributed differently according to countries, sectors and working conditions, and within which each veterinarian develops different ways of thinking and acting in relation to AMR. We conclude by emphasising the major structural factors that we believe need to be supported to maintain the ongoing transition towards prudent AMU and preventive approaches in animal health. We also suggest different ways of engaging the profession according to the different contexts identified.