bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is there enough evidence to justify the use of laser and other thermal therapies in female lower urinary tract dysfunction? Report from the ICI‐RS 2019
Authors: Robinson Dudley , Flint Richard , Veit‐Rubin Nikolaus , Araklitis George , Cardozo Linda
Published: February 2020

Aims

There is increasing evidence to suggest that thermomodulation may have a role in the management of women with lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) and there has been widespread adoption of laser and radiofrequency (RF) therapies within clinical practice. However, in many areas of LUTD, the data are still limited and there remains a need for further evaluation of the safety and efficacy of thermal therapy. The aim of this study proposal is to report the findings of the International Consultation on Incontinence Research Society to clarify our current knowledge regarding the evidence for thermal therapy in LUTD and to set research priorities for the future.

Methods

Literature review based on the search terms: “laser,” “radiofrequency,” “genitourinary syndrome of the menopause” or “urogenital atrophy,” “stress urinary incontinence (SUI),” “pelvic organ prolapse,” “OAB” or “overactive bladder,” and “urinary tract infection.”

Results

The current available evidence, though of low or very low quality, appears promising for the use of laser therapy in the management of genitourinary syndrome of the menopause, there are some data to suggest a possible role in SUI although very little evidence for urogenital prolapse. At present, the evidence supporting the use of laser in OAB and recurrent urinary tract infection is limited or lacking, while the available evidence for RF in the management of all forms of LUTD is much less robust.

Conclusions

Laser and RF are being introduced clinically as a minimally invasive, low‐risk interventions for women with LUTD although at present, the evidence supporting usage is limited. Consequently, there is an urgent need to demonstrate the safety and efficacy with prospective long‐term studies including sham studies and comparative studies with current standard therapy.
31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy in skeletal muscle: Experts' consensus recommendations
Authors: Meyerspeer Martin , Boesch Chris , Cameron Donnie , Dezortová Monika , Forbes Sean C. , Heerschap Arend , Jeneson Jeroen A.L. , Kan Hermien E. , Kent Jane , Layec Gwenaël , Prompers Jeanine J. , Reyngoudt Harmen , Sleigh Alison , Valkovič Ladislav , Kemp Graham J. ,   Experts' Working Group on P MR Spectroscopy of Skeletal Muscle
Published: February 2020

Skeletal muscle phosphorus‐31 31P MRS is the oldest MRS methodology to be applied to in vivo metabolic research. The technical requirements of 31P MRS in skeletal muscle depend on the research question, and to assess those questions requires understanding both the relevant muscle physiology, and how 31P MRS methods can probe it. Here we consider basic signal‐acquisition parameters related to radio frequency excitation, TR, TE, spectral resolution, shim and localisation. We make specific recommendations for studies of resting and exercising muscle, including magnetisation transfer, and for data processing. We summarise the metabolic information that can be quantitatively assessed with 31P MRS, either measured directly or derived by calculations that depend on particular metabolic models, and we give advice on potential problems of interpretation. We give expected values and tolerable ranges for some measured quantities, and minimum requirements for reporting acquisition parameters and experimental results in publications. Reliable examination depends on a reproducible setup, standardised preconditioning of the subject, and careful control of potential difficulties, and we summarise some important considerations and potential confounders. Our recommendations include the quantification and standardisation of contraction intensity, and how best to account for heterogeneous muscle recruitment. We highlight some pitfalls in the assessment of mitochondrial function by analysis of phosphocreatine (PCr) recovery kinetics. Finally, we outline how complementary techniques (near‐infrared spectroscopy, arterial spin labelling, BOLD and various other MRI and 1H MRS measurements) can help in the physiological/metabolic interpretation of 31P MRS studies by providing information about blood flow and oxygen delivery/utilisation. Our recommendations will assist in achieving the fullest possible reliable picture of muscle physiology and pathophysiology.
Elephants as refugees
Authors: Derham Tristan , Mathews Freya
Published: February 2020

Habitat loss and climate change are displacing animals at alarming rates. In response, authors in the humanities and the sciences have described animals rhetorically as ‘refugees’. Such a description implies a strong call to action.

However, the term ‘refugee’ may serve as more than mere rhetoric, indicating in a more literal way the response most proper to some persecuted, traumatized and displaced animals, and prioritizing those animals.

We test the claim that animals can be refugees using widely accepted criteria in the Refugee Convention. If refugees are those who, due to a well‐founded fear of persecution for reasons of their group identity, are unwilling or unable to avail themselves of the protection of their country, then some animals may be refugees. Recent behavioural research on African elephants Loxodonta africana demonstrates that many elephants meet the criteria, even without recourse to the claim that they are persons.

We outline the essential requirements of an animal refugee policy. We find that current biodiversity conservation policy is likely inadequate to provide for animal refugees, although important lessons can be taken from the collective experience of conservation scientists and managers.

An obligation to animal refugees poses new challenges, both theoretical and practical, for ecological restoration, conservation and human–animal relations.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Prenatal sonographic features can accurately determine parental origin in triploid pregnancies
Authors: Lugthart Malou A. , Horenblas Judith , Kleinrouweler Emily C. , Engels Melanie , Knegt Alida C. , Huijsdens Karin , van Leeuwen Elisabeth , Pajkrt Eva
Published: February 2020

Objective

To describe the prenatal sonographic features and maternal biochemical markers in triploid pregnancies and to assess whether prenatal phenotype can determine genetic origin.

Methods

We performed a retrospective multicenter cohort study that included all triploid pregnancies diagnosed between 2000 and 2018 in two Fetal Medicine Units in Amsterdam. Fetal growth, presence of structural anomalies, extra‐fetal anomalies, and maternal biochemical markers were retrieved. Asymmetrical intrauterine growth restriction was diagnosed when the head‐to‐abdominal circumference (HC/AC) ratio was >95th centile. Parental origin was analyzed via molecular genotyping in 46 cases (38.3%).

Results

One hundred and twenty triploid pregnancies were identified, of which 86 cases (71.6%) were detected before 18 weeks of gestation. Triploidy of maternal origin was found in 32 cases (69.6%) and was associated with asymmetrical growth restriction, a thin placenta, and low pregnancy‐associated plasma protein A and free beta‐human chorionic gonadotrophin (β‐hCG) levels. Triploidy of paternal origin was found in 14 cases (30.4%) and was associated with an increased nuchal translucency, placental molar changes, and a high free β‐hCG. Prospective prediction of the parental origin of the triploidy was made in 30 of the 46 cases based on phenotypical ultrasound presentation, and it was correct in all cases.

Conclusion

Asymmetrical growth restriction with severe HC/AC discrepancy is pathognomonic of maternal triploidy. Placental molar changes indicate a paternal triploidy. Moreover, triploidy can present with an abnormal first trimester combined test, with serum levels on the extreme end. When available results of maternal serum markers can support the diagnosis of parental origin of the triploidy, an accurate assessment of the parental origin based on prenatal sonographic features is possible, making DNA analysis redundant.
A randomized pilot study of mindfulness‐based stress reduction in a young adult cancer sample: Feasibility, acceptability, and changes in patient reported outcomes
Authors: Victorson David , Murphy Karly , Benedict Catherine , Horowitz Bruriah , Maletich Carly , Cordero Evelyn , Salsman John M. , Smith Kristin , Sanford Stacy
Published: February 2020

Background

The primary purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility and acceptability of participation in a randomized waitlist‐controlled intervention of mindfulness‐based stress reduction (MBSR) in a young adult cancer sample. A secondary aim was to examine patterns of change in patient reported outcomes (PROs) of physical, social, and emotional functioning.

Methods

Participants were enrolled at a large Midwestern comprehensive cancer center and randomized to MBSR or a waitlist control. Feasibility and acceptability were examined through enrollment metrics and a survey. PROs were gathered at baseline, 8‐weeks, and 16‐weeks. Descriptive statistics and mixed models were used in analyses.

Results

Of 597 eligible participants, 151 (26.5%) consented from which 126 (83.4%) completed baseline measures. Sixty‐seven participants were randomized to MBSR, and 59 to the waitlist. Immediately following MBSR, the majority of respondents (72%‐78%) reported their experience with mindfulness was very logical and useful to increasing their wellbeing. Compared to waitlist members, MBSR participant's scores on PROs improved in expected directions.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that recruitment for an intensive, in‐person, multi‐week supportive intervention can be challenging with young adults with cancer, similar to other cancer survivor populations; however once enrolled, feasibility and acceptability of MBSR was supported. Further, initial evidence on the role of MBSR on short‐term changes in select PROs with this population was also demonstrated.
Enhanced properties of PAN‐derived carbon fibres and resulting composites by active screen plasma surface functionalisation
Authors: Liang Yana , Li Xiaoying , Semitekolos Dionisis , Charitidis Costas A. , Dong Hanshan
Published: February 2020

Advanced active screen plasma (ASP) technology is used to modify polyacrylonitrile‐derived carbon fibre (CF) surfaces using gas mixtures of N2–H2 and N2–H2–Ar. Unlike conventional plasma treatments, ASP treatment can reduce the structural disorder of CF surfaces and increase the surface crystallite size. Moreover, ASP treatment can lead to an increased single fibre tensile strength. This is mainly because the post‐plasma nature of the ASP technology can effectively eliminate ion‐bombardment‐induced degradation while providing radicals necessary for surface modification. The addition of argon to the nitrogen–hydrogen gas mixture contributes to a more ordered graphitic structure on CF surfaces and further increases the single fibre tensile strength. The interfacial properties (interlaminar shear strength and flexural strength) of the resulting composites are improved.
Investigation of noncovalent interactions between peptides with potential intrinsic sequence patterns by mass spectrometry
Authors: Yang Shutong , Guo Qi , Wu Fangling , Chu Yanqiu , Wang Yuhong , Zhou Mingfei , Ding Chuan‐Fan
Published: February 2020

Rationale

The conformation of a protein largely depends on the interactions between peptides. Specific and intrinsic sequence peptide patterns, such as DNA double helix backbones, may be present in proteins. A computational statistical deep learning method has supported this assumption, but it has not been experimentally proven. Mass spectrometry, as a fast and accurate experimental method, could be used to evaluate the interaction of biomolecules. The results would be of great value for further study of the mechanism of protein folding.

Methods

Several potential intrinsic peptides were chosen by the deep learning method, including seven groups of pentapeptides and five groups of nonapeptides. The noncovalent interactions between mixed polypeptides were investigated by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) in full‐scan and collision‐induced dissociation (CID) modes. Molecular dynamics and molecular mechanics Poisson–Boltzmann surface area (MD‐MM/PBSA) analyses were also performed to support the results.

Results

The ESI‐MS spectra showed that 11 of the 12 groups of mixed polypeptides formed binary and ternary complexes with relatively high stability. The binding between nonapeptide groups was stronger than that between pentapeptide groups according to the relative intensity. The binding energies calculated by the MM/PBSA binding energy tool also provided strong evidence for the combination of the complexes. Electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waals forces were thought to stabilize the complexes according to the binding models.

Conclusions

The results implied the formation of stable complexes between polypeptides and identified their noncovalent interactions, proving that specific sequences and combinations with relatively strong binding ability exist in potential intrinsic sequences of peptides in protein structures.
Progesterone improves survival in hepatoma cachexia rat model
Authors: Suzuki Tsuyoshi , Ebner Nicole , Palus Sandra , von Haehling Stephan , Springer Jochen
Published: February 2020

Background

Medroxyprogesterone and megestrol acetate are synthetic progesterone derivatives. Progestagen is an approved drug for cancer cachexia in the USA and in some European countries. These agents have been described to increase appetite and to lead to weight gain. However, the effects on survival are still unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of progesterone on survival, cardiac function, and appetite and body weight in the Yoshida hepatoma AH‐130 rat cancer cachexia model.

Methods and Results

In this study, the effects of progesterone were tested in cachectic tumour‐bearing rats. Rats were treated with 0.5, 5 or 50 mg/kg/day, respectively, or placebo daily, starting 1 day after tumour inoculation for a period of 16 days. Cardiac function was analysed by echocardiography at baseline and at day 11. Food intake was assessed before tumour inoculation and at day 11. Body weight and body composition were evaluated at the beginning and the end of study or the day of euthanasia. Survival was significantly improved by 5 mg/kg/day (hazard ratio: 0.48, 95% confidence interval: 0.24–0.95, P = 0.0356). However, there was no significant difference between the progesterone treatment groups compared with placebo in body weight change and body composition, as well as food intake on day 11. Cardiac function also showed no significant difference compared with placebo.

Conclusions

Progesterone improves survival but has no beneficial effects on cardiac function, body weight, and food intake in this aggressive hepatoma cancer cachexia rat model. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism of the survival benefit.
Improvement of Antioxidative Activity of Apigenin by B12N12 Nanocluster: Antioxidative Mechanism Analysis
Authors: Khalili Atefeh , Baei Mohammad T. , Hossein Hosseini Ghaboos Seyed
Published: February 2020

Adsorption and antiradical activity of apigenin on the surface of B12N12 nanocluster has been investigated by using density functional theory (DFT) within B3PW91‐D and M06‐2X−D methods. Adsorption values and analysis of topologies showed that the molecule has chemisorbed to the nanocluster surface and induces significant changes in electronic properties of the fullerene. Antioxidative activities of the APG and APG/B12N12 complex have been investigated using the M06‐2X−D level of theory based on the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), single electron transfer followed by proton transfer (SET‐PT) and sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET). For this purpose, the bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE), ionization potential (IP), proton dissociation enthalpy (PDE), proton affinity (PA) and electron transfer enthalpy (ETE) values were calculated in gas, benzene, ethanol, and water phases to better understand the antioxidative properties of the investigated compounds. The results showed that in the gas and the solvent phases, the BDE and IP values of APG are slightly smaller than those of APG/B12N12 complex. Also, in gas and the phases, the PA values of APG/B12N12 complex are much smaller than those of APG especially in the gas and benzene phases. This work confirms the adsorption of APG on B12N12 nanocluster would enhance the antiradical activity of the APG.
Composites of Sb2O4 and Biomass‐Derived Mesoporous Disordered Carbon as Versatile Anodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Dutta Dimple P.
Published: February 2020

The quest for better electrode materials for sodium ion battery (SIB) with high specific capacity, good rate capability and cyclability continues to be the prime focus area of research for practical applications of this technology. In this regard, Sb2O4 with its high theoretical capacity of 1227 mAh g−1 can be an excellent anode material for SIB but its poor electrical conductivity and low reversibility resulting from severe volume expansion of the material, mars its prospects considerably. Here, an attempt is being made to circumvent these drawbacks by forming a composite of sonochemically derived Sb2O4 nanorods with mesoporous disordered carbon. The disordered carbon is synthesized from Indian blackberry seed biowaste which makes it a low‐cost material. The disordered carbon, pristine Sb2O4 nanorods and Sb2O4/ disordered carbon composite is characterized using powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and electron microscopy techniques. The porosity of the materials which plays an important role in sodium ion transport, is analyzed using Brunauer‐Emmett‐Taylor (BET) method. The electrochemical measurements confirm improvement in properties for the composite anode compared to its pristine counterparts. At a current density of 0.1 Ag−1, the Sb2O4/C anode exhibits a high reversible capacity of 935 mAh g−1 which indicates a retention of 97.8 % of the initial charge capacity after 125 cycles. Our studies demonstrate that the disordered carbon obtained from Indian blackberry seed, helps in increasing electrical conductivity and retaining structural integrity of the Sb2O4/C anode which enhances its electrochemical properties.
Die Orthoverbund‐Fahrbahnplatte
Authors: Jung Rolf , Mansperger Tobias
Published: February 2020

Bei Großbrücken spielt das Eigengewicht der Fahrbahnplatte eine sehr wichtige Rolle. Orthotrope Stahlfahrbahnplatten sind leicht, jedoch sehr ermüdungsanfällig. Deswegen werden orthotrope Platten heute nur noch in Ausnahmefällen geplant. Stahlbetonfahrbahnplatten von Verbundbrücken sind robust, jedoch für große Spannweiten zu schwer. Die Orthoverbundplatte kombiniert die Vorteile der orthotropen Fahrbahnplatte mit der Stahlbetonfahrbahnplatte von Verbundbrücken auf ideale Weise. Das Grundprinzip von leichten Verbundfahrbahnplatten existiert schon seit den 1930er‐Jahren und wurde bei einigen Großbrücken erfolgreich eigesetzt.

Die Orthoverbundplatte besteht aus einer orthotropen Platte mit reduzierten Abmessungen und einer bewehrten Aufbetonschicht. Den Verbundmitteln kommt eine entscheidende Rolle zu. Sie müssen auf einer großen Fläche wirtschaftlich aufgebracht werden können und zugleich widerstandsfähig gegen Ermüdung sein. Bei aktuell in Planung befindlichen Bauvorhaben sind Kopfbolzendübel vorgesehen. Überlegungen und erste Versuche legen nah, dass Verbunddübelleisten besser geeignet sind.
Appellate decision in bankruptcy case creates financial risks for higher ed institutions
Authors: Gelpi Aileen
Published: February 2020

In November 2019, the U.S. First Circuit Court of Appeals decided in In re Palladino, No. 17‐1334 (11/12/19, U.S. 1st Circuit Court of Appeals), that a bankruptcy trustee may claw back from a college or university tuition payments by the parents of an adult child if the payments were made within two years of the filing of a bankruptcy petition and the parents were insolvent at that time. The court specifically refused to address whether it would reach the same outcome if the child was a minor at the time the payments were made.
Newspaper's apology to students shows ignorance of FERPA
Authors: Rainsberger Richard
Published: February 2020

It was November 12 last year, about noon. I was putting the wraps on my February 2020 column when I heard the news that the editors of The Daily Northwestern, an independent newspaper located on Northwestern University's campus, had apologized to the student demonstrators who had protested the on‐campus appearance of former Attorney General Jeff Sessions. The Daily, as it is more commonly known, provides news coverage for the university and the surrounding Evanston, Illinois, community. Although the newspaper is independent of the university, its employees are Northwestern undergraduates. Many are students at NU's Medill School of Journalism. Its offices are located on the third floor of the Norris University Center on the Evanston campus.
Establish and sustain a thriving student‐veteran retention program
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: February 2020

DALLAS — Student‐veterans need comprehensive support, and they need to be valued at the institution where they enroll. Luke D. Schultheis, Vice President for Enrollment, Planning, and Effectiveness at Fairleigh Dickinson University; and Martha Papson Garcia, Director of Veteran Services, also at FDU, explained how their institution supports veterans at a session at the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers Strategic Enrollment Management Conference.
Digesta retention time and recovery rates of ants and termites in Chinese pangolins (Manis pentadactyla)
Authors: Sun Nick Ching‐Min , Lo Flora Hsuan‐Yi , Chen Bo‐Ye , Yu Hsuan‐Ya , Liang Chun‐Chieh , Lin Chung‐Chi , Chin Shih‐Chien , Li Hou‐Feng
Published: February 2020

Pangolins are myrmecophagous mammals whose biology and ecology remain poorly studied. Termite mandibles and ant head capsules are the two primary remains found in pangolin feces. Determining the retention time of insect cuticles is important for understanding the digestive physiology of pangolins, while determining the recovery rate of termites and ants in feces is required to estimate the number of these prey items that are consumed by pangolins. In this study, the authors conducted feeding trials with captive Chinese pangolins (Manis pentadactyla). Sixty grams of the fungus‐growing termite Odontotermes formosanus (18,816 individuals) and 15–20 g of the yellow crazy ant Anoplolepis gracilipes (14,400–19,200 individuals) were fed to each pangolin. After feeding, pangolin feces were collected daily for 1 week. The authors also assessed the accuracy of using chromium (III) oxide powder (Cr2O3) as a proxy for determining gut passage time, as has been done in previous studies. The results showed that remaining termite mandibles and ant head capsules in feces peaked at 66 and 90 hr after feeding and their recovery rates were 0.35 ± 0.10 and 0.65 ± 0.04, respectively. In both feeding trials, the retention time of Cr2O3 was much shorter than that of the termite mandibles and ant head capsules, indicating that Cr2O3 is not an appropriate indicator for estimating food retention time of myrmecophagous animals. Our results revealed that the ant head capsules were preserved better in feces compared with the termite mandibles, suggesting that termites may be considerably underestimated in the feces of wild pangolins.
Norms of Responsible State Behaviour in Cyberspace
Authors: Meyer Paul
Published: February 2020

Cyberspace has witnessed a ‘militarisation’ as a growing number of states engage in a variety of cyber operations directed against foreign entities. The rate of this militarisation has outstripped the diplomatic efforts undertaken to provide this unique environment with some ‘rules of the road’. The primary mechanism for discussing possible norms of responsible state behaviour has been a series of UN Groups of Governmental Experts, which have produced three consensus reports over the last decade. The 2015 report recommended a series of principles and confidence-building measures to prevent conf1lict, but prospects for its implementation have receded as differences amongst states persist over how security concepts should be applied to cyberspace. Renewed efforts to promote responsible state behaviour will require greater engagement on the part of the private sector and civil society, both of which have a huge stake in sustaining cyber peace.
Basic Concepts and Models of Cybersecurity
Authors: Herrmann Dominik , Pridöhl Henning
Published: February 2020

This introductory chapter reviews the fundamental concepts of cybersecurity. It begins with common threats to information and systems to illustrate how matters of security can be addressed with methods from risk management. In the following, typical attack strategies and principles for defence are reviewed, followed by cryptographic techniques, malware and two common weaknesses in software: buffer overflows and SQL injections. Subsequently, selected topics from network security, namely reconnaissance, firewalls, Denial of Service attacks, and Network Intrusion Detection Systems, are analysed. Finally, the chapter reviews techniques for continuous testing, stressing the need for a free distribution of dual-use tools. Although introductory in nature, this chapter already addresses a number of ethical issues. For instance, well-intended security mechanisms may have undesired side effects such as leaking sensitive information to attackers. As asymmetries and externalities are at the core of many security problems, devising effective security solutions that are adopted in practice is a challenge.
Entanglement entropy and superselection sectors. Part I. Global symmetries
Authors: Casini Horacio , Huerta Marina , Magán Javier M. , Pontello Diego
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Some quantum field theories show, in a fundamental or an effective manner, an alternative between a loss of duality for algebras of operators corresponding to complementary regions, or a loss of additivity. In this latter case, the algebra contains some operator that is not generated locally, in the former, the entropies of complementary regions do not coincide. Typically, these features are related to the incompleteness of the operator content of the theory, or, in other words, to the existence of superselection sectors. We review some aspects of the mathematical literature on superselection sectors aiming attention to the physical picture and focusing on the consequences for entanglement entropy (EE). For purposes of clarity, the whole discussion is divided into two parts according to the superselection sectors classification: the present part I is devoted to superselection sectors arising from global symmetries, and the forthcoming part II will consider those arising from local symmetries. Under this perspective, here restricted to global symmetries, we study in detail different cases such as models with finite and Lie group symmetry as well as with spontaneous symmetry breaking or excited states. We illustrate the general results with simple examples. As an important application, we argue the features of holographic entanglement entropy correspond to a picture of an sub-theory with a large number of superselection sectors and suggest some ways in which this identification could be made more precise.
Non-linear supersymmetry and $$ T\overline{T} $$-like flows
Authors: Ferko Christian , Jiang Hongliang , Sethi Savdeep , Tartaglino-Mazzucchelli Gabriele
Published: February 2020

Abstract

The $$ T\overline{T} $$
T

T
¯

deformation of a supersymmetric two-dimensional theory preserves the original supersymmetry. Moreover, in several interesting cases the deformed theory possesses additional non-linearly realized supersymmetries. We show this for certain $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= (2, 2) models in two dimensions, where we observe an intriguing similarity with known $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 models in four dimensions. This suggests that higher-dimensional models with non-linearly realized supersymmetries might also be obtained from $$ T\overline{T} $$
T

T
¯

-like flow equations. We show that in four dimensions this is indeed the case for $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 Born-Infeld theory, as well as for the Goldstino action for spontaneously broken $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 supersymmetry.
Moderately HRT vs. CRT for localized prostate cancer using image-guided VMAT with SIB: evaluation of acute and late toxicities
Authors: Vassis Stratos , Nöldeke Beatrice , Christiansen Hans , von Klot Christoph A. , Merten Roland
Published: February 2020

Purpose

This retrospective study aims at investigating the effects of moderately hypofractionated radiation therapy (HRT) on acute and late toxicities as well as on early biochemical control and therapeutic efficiency compared to conventional radiation therapy (CRT) in prostate cancer.

Patients and methods

We analyzed 55 HRT patients irradiated with the total dose of 60 Gy in 20 fractions delivered over 4 weeks. These patients were compared to a control group of 55 patients who received CRT with a total of <78 Gy in 37–39 fractions delivered over circa 8 weeks. External beam radiation therapy (EBRT) was conducted using daily image-guided (cone beam CT) volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and a simultaneously integrated boost (SIB) for both groups to protect the rectum. Acute toxicities were evaluated according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v5, whereas chronic toxicities were assessed in accordance with LENT-SOMA. Patient traits were compared by implementing t‑tests and Wilcoxon–Whitney tests for continuous variables, whereas discrete characteristics were evaluated by applying two-tailed Fisher’s exact tests. In addition, we calculated average treatment effects (ATE). Thereby, propensity score matching (PSM) based on nearest-neighbor matching considering age, comorbidities, and risk stratification as covariates was applied. The statistical analysis was conducted using Stata 14.2 (StataCorp LLC, TX, USA).

Results

As confirmed by the descriptive tests, the ATE revealed that the intensity and occurrence of urinary frequency (p = 0.034) and proctitis (p = 0.027) significantly decreased for the HRT group, whereas all other acute toxicities did not differ significantly between the HRT and CRT groups. For late toxicities, neither statistical tests nor ATE estimation showed significant differences. Also, no significant difference was found regarding the decrease in prostate specific antigen (PSA) after a median follow-up of 13 months (range 2–28 months), which indicates biochemical freedom from progression.

Conclusion

HRT offers several medical and economic advantages and should therefore be considered as a useful alternative to CRT.
Observer agreement for small bowel ultrasound in Crohn’s disease: results from the METRIC trial
Authors:   METRIC study investigators, Bhatnagar Gauraang , Quinn Laura , Higginson Antony , Plumb Andrew , Halligan Steve , Tolan Damian , Lapham Roger , Mallett Susan , Taylor Stuart A.
Published: February 2020

Purpose

To prospectively evaluate interobserver agreement for small bowel ultrasound (SBUS) in newly diagnosed and relapsing Crohn’s disease.

Methods

A subset of patients recruited to a prospective trial comparing the diagnostic accuracy of MR enterography and SBUS underwent a second SBUS performed by one of a pool of six practitioners, who recorded the presence, activity and location of small bowel and colonic disease. Detailed segmental mural and extra-mural observations were also scored. Interobserver variability was expressed as percentage agreement with a construct reference standard, split by patient cohort, grouping disease as present or absent. Prevalence adjusted bias adjusted kappa (PABAK), and simple percentage agreement between practitioners, irrespective of the reference standard, were calculated.

Results

Thirty-eight patients (11 new diagnosis, 27 relapse) were recruited from two sites. Overall percentage agreement for small bowel disease presence against the consensus reference was 82% (52–95% (95%CI)), kappa coefficient (κ) 0.64, (substantial agreement) for new diagnosis and 81%, κ 0.63 (substantial agreement) for the relapsing cohort. Agreement for colonic disease presence was 64%, κ 0.27 (fair agreement) in new diagnosis and 78%,κ 0.56 (moderate agreement) in the relapsing cohort. Simple agreement between practitioners was 84% and 87% for small bowel and colonic disease presence respectively. Practitioners agreed on small bowel disease activity in 24/27 (89%) where both identified disease. Kappa agreement for detailed mural observations ranged from κ 0.00 to 1.00.

Conclusion

There is substantial practitioner agreement for small bowel disease presence in newly diagnosed and relapsing CD patients, supporting wider dissemination of enteric US.
Partial oral antibiotic therapy is non-inferior to intravenous therapy in non-critically ill patients with infective endocarditis
Authors: Rezar Richard , Jirak Peter , Lichtenauer Michael , Jung Christian , Lauten Alexander , Hoppe Uta C. , Wernly Bernhard
Published: February 2020

Background

Antimicrobial therapy is a cornerstone in the treatment of infective endocarditis (IE). Typically, intravenous (i.v.) therapy is given for 6 weeks or longer, leading to prolonged hospital stays and high costs. Several trials evaluating the efficacy of partial oral therapy (POT) have been published. This article aimed to review and meta-analyze studies comparing i.v. therapy versus POT in non-critically ill patients suffering from IE.

Methods

A structured database search (based on PRISMA guidelines) regarding POT versus i.v. therapy in IE was conducted using PubMed/Medline. Primary endpoint was all-cause mortality and a secondary endpoint IE relapse. Risk rates were calculated using a random effects model (DerSimonian and Laird). Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistics.

Results

After screening 1848 studies at title and abstract levels, 4 studies were included. A total of 765 patients suffered from primary left-sided IE, whereas right-sided IE was observed in 72 patients. Mortality rates were lower in POT versus i.v. therapy (risk ratio [RR] 0.38, 95% confidence interval, confidence interval [CI] 0.20–0.74; p = 0.004; I2 0%). IE relapse rates were similar (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.29–1.37; p = 0.24; I2 0%).

Conclusion

Data comparing POT with standard care in IE is limited and to date only one sufficiently powered stand-alone trial exists to support its use. In this meta-analysis POT was non-inferior to i.v. therapy with respect to mortality and IE relapse in non-critically ill patients suffering from both left-sided and right-sided IE. These findings indicate that POT is a feasible treatment strategy in selected patients suffering from IE but further validation in future studies will be required.
Malas notches
Authors: Lockwood Ben
Published: February 2020

This paper shows that the sufficient statistic approach to the welfare properties of income (and other) taxes does not easily extend to tax systems with notches, because with notches, changes in bunching induced by changes in tax rates have a first-order effect on tax revenues. In an income tax setting, we show that the marginal excess burden (MEB) of a change in the top rate of tax is given by the Feldstein (Rev Econ Stat 81(4):674–680, 1999) formula for the MEB of a proportional tax, plus a correction term. This formula applies even if there is tax evasion. These correction terms cannot be calculated just from knowledge of the elasticity of taxable income, and quantitatively, they can be large. An application to VAT is discussed; with a calibration to UK data, the MEB of the VAT is roughly three times what it would be if VAT was simply a proportional tax.
Time delay of the qCON monitor and its performance during state transitions
Authors: Zanner Robert , Schneider Gerhard , Meyer Adrian , Kochs Eberhard , Kreuzer Matthias
Published: February 2020

We investigated the performance of the qCON index regarding its time delay for sudden changes in the anesthetic level as well as to separate responsiveness from unresponsiveness during loss and return of responsiveness (LOR and ROR). For evaluation of the time delay, we replayed relevant EEG episodes to the qCON to simulate sudden changes between the states (i) awake/sedation, (ii) adequate anesthesia, or (iii) suppression. We also replayed EEG from 40 patients during LOR and ROR to evaluate the qCON’s ability to separate responsiveness from unresponsiveness. The time delays depended on the type of transition. The delays for the important transition between awake/sedation and adequate anesthesia were 21(5) s from awake/sedation to adequate anesthesia and 26(5) s in the other direction. The performance of the qCON to separate responsiveness from unresponsiveness depended on signal quality, the investigation window, i.e. ± 30 s or ± 60 s around LOR/ROR, and the specific transition being tested. AUC was 0.63–0.90 for LOR and 0.61–0.79 for ROR. Time delay and performance during state transitions of the qCON were similar to other monitoring systems such as bispectral index. The better performance of qCON during LOR than ROR probably reflects the sudden change in EEG activity during LOR and the more heterogeneous EEG during ROR.
Regulatory mechanisms of ryanodine receptor/Ca2+ release channel revealed by recent advancements in structural studies
Authors: Ogawa Haruo , Kurebayashi Nagomi , Yamazawa Toshiko , Murayama Takashi
Published: February 2020

Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are huge homotetrameric Ca2+release channels localized to the sarcoplasmic reticulum. RyRs are responsible for the release of Ca2+from the SR during excitation–contraction coupling in striated muscle cells. Recent revolutionary advancements in cryo-electron microscopy have provided a number of near-atomic structures of RyRs, which have enabled us to better understand the architecture of RyRs. Thus, we are now in a new era understanding the gating, regulatory and disease-causing mechanisms of RyRs. Here we review recent advances in the elucidation of the structures of RyRs, especially RyR1 in skeletal muscle, and their mechanisms of regulation by small molecules, associated proteins and disease-causing mutations.
New methods of spatial analysis in urban gardens inform future vegetation surveying
Authors: Egerer Monika H. , Wagner Benjamin , Lin Brenda B. , Kendal Dave , Zhu Kai
Published: February 2020

Context

Land use change requires measuring shifting patterns in biodiversity at various spatial scales to inform landscape management. Assessing vegetation change at different scales is challenging in urban ecosystems managed by many individuals. Thus, we do not know much about the structure and function of green spaces that support biodiversity.

Objective

We aim to understand how vegetation structure and function indicators in urban community gardens vary with spatial scale, applying new and traditional methods in landscape ecology to inform future research and application.

Methods

We performed two methods to assess garden vegetation structure (height) and function (species diversity, cover) at the garden- and garden plot scale. First, we used traditional field sampling to estimate garden vegetation at the garden scale (1 m2quadrats along transects) and at the plot scale (estimated within entire plot) to measure height, diversity and cover. Second, we used UAV aerial imagery to derive measures of garden and plot vegetation using canopy height models (CHMs). We evaluated differences in CHMs at each scale across the gardens, and compared field and UAV-derived measures.

Results

Garden vegetation characteristics vary with spatial scale. Plant species richness and vegetation cover, but not height, related to UAV-derived imagery.

Conclusions

New technologies paired with traditional field methods can together inform how vegetation structure and function vary with spatial scale in urban landscapes. Spatial scale is key to accurate and meaningful urban vegetation analyses. New and traditional methods in urban ecology research should develop together to improve and streamline their future application.
The structure of boreal old-growth forests changes at multiple spatial scales over decades
Authors: Kulha Niko , Pasanen Leena , Holmström Lasse , De Grandpré Louis , Gauthier Sylvie , Kuuluvainen Timo , Aakala Tuomas
Published: February 2020

Context

Changes in the structure of boreal old-growth forests are typically studied at a specific spatial scale. Consequently, little is known about forest development across different spatial scales.

Objectives

We investigated how and at what spatial scales forest structure changed over several decades in three 4 km2 boreal old-growth forests landscapes in northeastern Finland and two in Quebec, Canada.

Methods

We used canopy cover values visually interpreted to 0.1-ha grid cells from aerial photographs taken at three time points between the years 1959 and 2011, and error distributions quantified for the interpretation. We identified the spatial scales at which canopy cover changed between the time points, and examined the credibility of changes at these scales using the error distributions in Bayesian inference.

Results

Canopy cover changed at three to four spatial scales, the number of scales depending on the studied landscape and time interval. At large scales (15.4–321.7 ha), canopy cover increased in Finland during all time intervals. In Quebec, the direction of the large-scale change varied between the studied time intervals, owing to the occurrence of an insect outbreak and a consequent recovery. However, parts of these landscapes also showed canopy cover increase. Superimposed on the large-scale developments, canopy cover changed variably at smaller scales (1.3–2.8-ha and 0.1-ha).

Conclusions

Our findings support the idea that the structure of boreal old-growth forests changes at discernible spatial scales. Instead of being driven by gap dynamics, the old-growth forests in the studied regions are currently reacting to large-scale drivers by an increase in canopy cover.
Using photorespiratory oxygen response to analyse leaf mesophyll resistance
Authors: Yin Xinyou , van der Putten Peter E. L. , Belay Daniel , Struik Paul C.
Published: February 2020

Classical approaches to estimate mesophyll conductance ignore differences in resistance components for CO2from intercellular air spaces (IAS) and CO2from photorespiration (F) and respiration (Rd). Consequently, mesophyll conductance apparently becomes sensitive to (photo)respiration relative to net photosynthesis, (F + Rd)/A. This sensitivity depends on several hard-to-measure anatomical properties of mesophyll cells. We developed a method to estimate the parameterm(0 ≤ m ≤ 1) that lumps these anatomical properties, using gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements where (F + Rd)/Aratios vary. This method was applied to tomato and rice leaves measured at five O2levels. The estimatedmwas 0.3 for tomato but 0.0 for rice, suggesting that classical approaches implyingm = 0 work well for rice. The mesophyll conductance taking themfactor into account still responded to irradiance, CO2, and O2levels, similar to response patterns of stomatal conductance to these variables. Largely due to differentmvalues, the fraction of (photo)respired CO2being refixed within mesophyll cells was lower in tomato than in rice. But that was compensated for by the higher fraction via IAS, making the total re-fixation similar for both species. These results, agreeing with CO2compensation point estimates, support our method of effectively analysing mesophyll resistance.
Therapie bei Straffälligkeit: Zur Entwicklung der Sozialtherapie im deutschen Justizvollzug
Authors: Etzler Sonja , Moosburner Matthias , Rettenberger Martin
Published: February 2020

Die Stichtagserhebung der Kriminologischen Zentralstelle (KrimZ) fragt jedes Jahr zum Stichtag am 31. März die Gegebenheiten in allen sozialtherapeutischen Einrichtungen deutschlandweit ab. Inzwischen liegen Daten aus 23 Erhebungsjahren vor und geben Aufschluss über die Entwicklungen der Versorgungslage (Anzahl der Einrichtungen bzw. Haftplätze), bezüglich der demografischen Daten der Gefangenen (Alter, Staatsbürgerschaft, Dauer der Haftstrafe, schwerste Straftat, Vorstrafen), über institutionelle Vorgänge (Aufnahmen, Abgänge und Nachbetreuung) sowie hinsichtlich von Daten zum Personal (Anzahl der Personalstellen und Frauenanteil). Die vorliegenden Auswertungen verdeutlichen die Entwicklungstrends in der Sozialtherapie zwischen 1997 und 2019 und legen nahe, dass nach einem starken Ausbau der sozialtherapeutischen Einrichtungen ab 1969 nun mit 71 Einrichtungen eine Sättigungsgrenze erreicht zu sein scheint. Die inhaftierten Personen werden zunehmend älter, sodass 2019 die über 50-Jährigen die größte Altersgruppe stellen. Schon seit 2003 liegt der Anteil derjenigen, die aufgrund eines Sexualdelikts inhaftiert sind, bei ca. 50 %, was gegenüber anderen Deliktgruppen eine deutliche Mehrheit darstellt. Ein Großteil der Gefangenen hat keine Haftlockerungen, wobei hier eine zunehmend restriktivere Praxis zu erkennen ist. Die Personalausstattung hat sich über die letzten 23 Jahre insofern verändert, als dass mehr Fachdienste und tendenziell weniger Stellen im allgemeinen Vollzugsdienst (AVD) eingerichtet wurden.
Numerical Prediction and Corresponding Circular Economy Approaches for Resource Optimisation and Recovery of Underground Structures
Authors: Chen Han-Mei , Zhou Rongxin , Ulianov Cristian
Published: February 2020

The transition from a linear economy to a circular economy is a significant component of economic, environmental and social sustainability. Underground metro infrastructures such as tunnels can play a vital role in a circular economy, resulting in greater sustainability and less contribution to climate change. This paper presents numerical models of small-scale brick-lined railway tunnels to identify the critical locations, and then proposes corresponding circular approaches and solutions for the design, maintenance, life extension and end-of-service-life (EoSL) stages of underground infrastructures. The proposed numerical model is firstly verified with respect to the relevant experimental model based on tests under various loading conditions. The results demonstrate that detailed failure processes can be realistically captured by the numerical model, while the macroscopic behaviour compares well with experimental observations. Numerical modelling and subsequent prediction stand out as a practical approach and a powerful performance-based tool for analysing the reuse/recycling potential of metro tunnels and then carrying out easy repair and design for adaptability, disassembly and recoverability of underground infrastructures for a circular economy.
Strong (1, 1, 2)-Kernels in the Corona of Graphs and Some Realization Problems
Authors: Bednarz Urszula
Published: February 2020

In this paper, we give the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of strong (1, 1, 2)-kernels in the corona of graphs. Moreover, we consider lower and upper strong (1, 1, 2)-kernel numbers and we prove that the difference between these parameters can be arbitrarily large.