bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Support for the American Expeditionary Forces by the US Army Medical Corps During World War I
Authors: Wright James R. , Baskin Leland B.
Published: August 2015

Context

Historical research on pathology and laboratory medicine services in World War I has been limited. In the Spanish American War, these efforts were primarily focused on tropical diseases. World War I problems that could be addressed by pathology and laboratory medicine were strikingly different because of the new field of clinical pathology. Geographic differences, changing war tactics, and trench warfare created new issues.

Objectives

To describe the scope of pathology and laboratory medicine services in World War I and the value these services brought to the war effort.

Methods

Available primary and secondary sources related to American Expeditionary Forces' laboratory services were analyzed and contrasted with the British and German approaches.

Results

The United States entered the war in April 1917. Colonel Joseph Siler, MD, a career medical officer, was the director, and Colonel Louis B. Wilson, MD, head of pathology at the Mayo Clinic, was appointed assistant director of the US Army Medical Corps Division of Laboratories and Infectious Disease, based in Dijon, France. During the next year, they organized 300 efficient laboratories to support the American Expeditionary Forces. Autopsies were performed to better understand treatment of battlefield injuries, effects of chemical warfare agents, and the influenza pandemic; autopsies also generated teaching specimens for the US Army Medical Museum. Bacteriology services focused on communicable diseases. Laboratory testing for social diseases was very aggressive. Significant advances in blood transfusion techniques, which allowed brief blood storage, occurred during the war but were not primarily overseen by laboratory services.

Conclusions

Both Siler and Wilson received Distinguished Service Medals. Wilson's vision for military pathology services helped transform American civilian laboratory services in the 1920s.
Concise Review: Process Development Considerations for Cell Therapy
Authors: Campbell Andrew , Brieva Thomas , Raviv Lior , Rowley Jon , Niss Knut , Brandwein Harvey , Oh Steve , Karnieli Ohad
Published: August 2015

The development of robust and well-characterized methods of production of cell therapies has become increasingly important as therapies advance through clinical trials toward approval. A successful cell therapy will be a consistent, safe, and effective cell product, regardless of the cell type or application. Process development strategies can be developed to gain efficiency while maintaining or improving safety and quality profiles. This review presents an introduction to the process development challenges of cell therapies and describes some of the tools available to address production issues. This article will provide a summary of what should be considered to efficiently advance a cellular therapy from the research stage through clinical trials and finally toward commercialization. The identification of the basic questions that affect process development is summarized in the target product profile, and considerations for process optimization are discussed. The goal is to identify potential manufacturing concerns early in the process so they may be addressed effectively and thus increase the probability that a therapy will be successful.

Significance

The present study contributes to the field of cell therapy by providing a resource for those transitioning a potential therapy from the research stage to clinical and commercial applications. It provides the necessary steps that, when followed, can result in successful therapies from both a clinical and commercial perspective.
Dvaro, sentikių ir „amžinųjų činšininkų“ santykiai žemės dalybose XIX a. II pusėje
Authors: Bairašauskaitė Tamara
Published: August 2015

Šiuo straipsniu baigiamos gvildenti po baudžiavinio dvaro ir bajorų žemvaldžių žemę naudojusių gyventojų grupių atskyrimo nuo dvaro problemos. Aptariami veiksniai, lėmę imperijos valdžios politiką Vakarų gubernijų dvarų žemės nuomininkų atžvilgiu, valdžios pastangos reguliuoti dvarų savininkų, sentikių ir „amžinųjų činšininkų“ santykius atsižvelgiant į tautinį, politinį ir teisinį aspektus.
Mirties bausmė Žemaičių pilies teisme XVI–XVII a. I pusėje
Authors: Zujienė Gitana
Published: August 2015

Straipsnyje, naudojantis archyvinėmis Žemaičių pilies teismo knygomis, analizuojamas mirties bausmės taikymas šio teismo praktikoje. Aiškinamasi, už kokius nusikaltimus ir kokios buvo skiriamos mirties bausmės. Tiriamas šios bausmės prašymo, skyrimo ir vykdymo santykis. Atkreipiamas dėmesys, kaip praktikoje buvo laikomasi Lietuvos Statuto nuostatų.
Chemical perturbation of an intrinsically disordered region of TFIID distinguishes two modes of transcription initiation
Authors: Zhang Zhengjian , Boskovic Zarko , Hussain Mahmud M , Hu Wenxin , Inouye Carla , Kim Han-Je , Abole A Katherine , Doud Mary K , Lewis Timothy A , Koehler Angela N , Schreiber Stuart L , Tjian Robert
Published: August 2015

Intrinsically disordered proteins/regions (IDPs/IDRs) are proteins or peptide segments that fail to form stable 3-dimensional structures in the absence of partner proteins. They are abundant in eukaryotic proteomes and are often associated with human diseases, but their biological functions have been elusive to study. In this study, we report the identification of a tin(IV) oxochloride-derived cluster that binds an evolutionarily conserved IDR within the metazoan TFIID transcription complex. Binding arrests an isomerization of promoter-bound TFIID that is required for the engagement of Pol II during the first (de novo) round of transcription initiation. However, the specific chemical probe does not affect reinitiation, which requires the re-entry of Pol II, thus, mechanistically distinguishing these two modes of transcription initiation. This work also suggests a new avenue for targeting the elusive IDRs by harnessing certain features of metal-based complexes for mechanistic studies, and for the development of novel pharmaceutical interventions.
Flies do the locomotion
Authors: Lovick Jennifer K , Omoto Jaison J , Hartenstein Volker
Published: August 2015

Genetic techniques have shed new light on the organization of the neurons in the ventral nervous system of the fruit fly.
Perforation of acquired small bowel diverticulum
Authors: Schock Jeffrey , Mainster Harris
Published: August 2015

A 77-year old woman was seen with an unusual pathologic entity after emergentabdominal exploration-a 'ruptured small bowel div·erticulum. This patient had a known previous history of colonic diverticulosis when she had acute onset of severe abdominal pain. The patient underwent an exploratory laparotomy with resection of representative segments of small and large bowel. The large bowel had evidence of diverticulosis, while the small bowel resected segment had evidence of diverticulitis with rupture. An extensive review of the literature revealed a very small number of reported cases in the world literature (less than 150 cases). We reviewed the history of reported cases of ruptured and nonruptured small bowel diverticular disease, as well as this case.
Professional Emotion Management as a Rehearsal Process
Authors: Bergman Blix Stina
Published: August 2015

The work of stage actors has long been used as a simile for every day role playing, generating theoretical concepts to describe how people work to present themselves in general and how they manage their emotions in particular. Building on this tradition, this article analyses professional stage actors’ deliberate emotion management as an embodied professionalisation process, focusing the relation between emotional experience and expression through the concepts of decoupling, double agency and habituation. Observations and interviews with theatre actors rehearsing for a role revealed how they gradually develop a capacity for double agency, decoupling the experience from the expression of emotions, which are eventually habituated in a form adapted to the role character. This process of professionalising emotion management is beneficial to the presentation of role-appropriate emotions and furthers the ability to cope with the endeavour of managing emotions at work. Implications for professions outside the artistic domain are discussed. 

Keywords: decoupling, deep acting, embodiment, emotion management, habituation, stage actors, surface acting
Occupations and Professionalism in Art and Culture
Authors: Svensson Lennart G.
Published: August 2015

The article introduces the topic of this special issue on artists and professionalism from the perspective of the sociology of the arts and culture, in order to demonstrate how the contributions significantly develop studies of professions in general. Some theoretical concepts are defined and discussed: culture, arts, occupations, professions, status, field, symbolic and social capital, emotional labour, and reversed economy. An illustration is used to demonstrate pricing in arts and what may explain it. There is a focus on the field of art with a brief comparison to the academic field. In this issue we find studies on artists, authors, and theatre actors, which provide significant contributions to these themes in theories and studies of professions.Keywords: creative industries, creative occupations, professions, status, field, symbolic and social capital
Low‐latitude 10 eV electrons: Nighttime plasma line as a new research capability
Authors: Carlson Herbert C. , Djuth Frank T. , Perillat Phil , Sulzer Mike
Published: August 2015

The incoherent scatter radar (ISR) plasma line (PL) in daylight is excited by photoelectrons. Measurement of its intensity (κTp) has long been used for their study. At night, despite the absence of any other excitation mechanism, the PL intensity should have a thermal amplitude level κTe, determined by the electron gas temperature Te. To the contrary Carlson et al. (1982) found nighttime PLs over Arecibo enhanced >3 times above thermal intensities despite the absence of any known causative mechanism. Here we present discovery that nighttime PLs frequently recur, with quite variable enhancement. In the absence of direct solar EUV, these enhanced PLs must be produced by particle precipitation, manifested by the presence of variable recurring F region ~10 eV electron fluxes. We see this as offering a new tool for space environment studies, opening a new era of particle precipitation research and ISR calibration.
Network analysis of geomagnetic substorms using the SuperMAG database of ground‐based magnetometer stations
Authors: Dods J. , Chapman S. C. , Gjerloev J. W.
Published: August 2015

The overall morphology and dynamics of magnetospheric substorms is well established in terms of the observed qualitative auroral features seen in ground‐based magnetometers. This paper focuses on the quantitative characterization of substorm dynamics captured by ground‐based magnetometer stations. We present the first analysis of substorms using dynamical networks obtained from the full available set of ground‐based magnetometer observations in the Northern Hemisphere. The stations are connected in the network when the correlation between the vector magnetometer time series from pairs of stations within a running time window exceeds a threshold. Dimensionless parameters can then be obtained that characterize the network and by extension, the spatiotemporal dynamics of the substorm under observation. We analyze four isolated substorm test cases as well as a steady magnetic convection (SMC) event and a day in which no substorms occur. These test case substorms are found to give a consistent characteristic network response at onset in terms of their spatial correlation. Such responses are differentiable from responses to the SMC event and nonsubstorm times. We present a method to optimize network parametrization with respect to the different individual station responses, the spatial inhomogeneity of stations in the Northern Hemisphere, and the choice of correlation window sizes. Our results suggest that dynamical network analysis has potential to quantitatively categorize substorms.
Sensitivity of the mean and variability of Indian summer monsoon to land surface schemes in RegCM4: Understanding coupled land‐atmosphere feedbacks
Authors: Halder Subhadeep , Dirmeyer Paul A. , Saha Subodh Kumar
Published: August 2015

A relatively simple land surface model, the Biosphere‐Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) and the more complex Community Land Model (CLM3.5) coupled to RegCM4 are used to investigate land‐atmosphere feedback processes during the Indian summer monsoon. Model simulations for 27 years show that the mean and interannual variability of rainfall and surface air temperature are affected significantly due to differences in the formulation of evapotranspiration and hydrological processes between BATS and CLM3.5, prescribed land use, land cover data and changes in net radiation. RegCM4 with CLM3.5 (RCLM) shows a reduction in surface moisture flux and precipitation but an increase in surface air temperature over most parts of India as compared to RegCM4 with BATS (RBAT). In terms of the mean and interannual variability of rainfall over central India, RBAT performs better than RCLM. Evapotranspiration over central India is found to be less (more) sensitive to soil wetness variations in RCLM (RBAT) compared to the multimodel estimate from the Global Soil Wetness Project, that is mainly attributed to the differences in ground evaporation and transpiration. Changes in evaporation efficiency between the models also lead to a reduction in the land‐atmosphere coupling strength for precipitation in RCLM. Furthermore, such changes decrease the convective instability over central and eastern India in RCLM leading to weakened convection, reduced large‐scale moisture convergence and precipitation over land. Observations of soil moisture, surface fluxes, and radiation are needed for better understanding and improvement of coupled land‐atmosphere feedbacks in models during the Indian summer monsoon.
Remote sensing measurements of thermokarst subsidence using InSAR
Authors: Liu L. , Schaefer K. M. , Chen A. C. , Gusmeroli A. , Zebker H. A. , Zhang T.
Published: August 2015

Thawing of ice‐rich permafrost followed by surface subsidence results in irregular, depressed landforms known as thermokarst. Many remote sensing studies have identified thermokarst landforms and mapped their changes. However, the intrinsic dynamic thermokarst process of surface subsidence remains a challenge to quantify and is seldom examined using remote sensing methods. In this study we used spaceborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data to map surface subsidence trends at a thermokarst landform located near Deadhorse on the North Slope of Alaska. A pipeline access road constructed in the 1970s triggered the thawing of the permafrost, causing subsequent expansion of the thermokarst landform. Using Phased Array type L band Synthetic Aperture Radar images acquired by the Advanced Land Observing Satellite‐1, our InSAR analysis reveals localized thermokarst subsidence of 2–8 cm/yr between 2006 and 2010, equivalent to an ice volume loss of about 1.2 × 107 m3/yr. Comparisons between InSAR subsidence trends and lidar microtopography suggest a characteristic time of 8 years of thermokarst development. We also quantitatively explain the difficulty, uncertainties, and possible biases in separating thermokarst‐induced, irreversible subsidence from cyclic seasonal deformation. Our study illustrates that InSAR is an effective tool for mapping and studying active thermokarst processes and quantifying ice loss.
Long‐Term Followup of a Multicenter Cohort of 101 Patients With Eosinophilic Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Churg‐Strauss)
Authors: Durel Cécile‐Audrey , Berthiller Julien , Caboni Silvia , Jayne David , Ninet Jacques , Hot Arnaud
Published: August 2015

Objective

To assess the long‐term outcome in eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg‐Strauss) (EGPA).

Methods

A total of 101 patients fulfilling the American College of Rheumatology criteria for EGPA were included between 1990 and 2011. Clinical features, antineutrophil cytoplasm autoantibodies (ANCAs), and Five‐Factors Score (FFS) were assessed at diagnosis. Overall and cumulative survival rates, relapse‐free survival, and sequelae were studied based on ANCA status and FFS.

Results

The rate of cardiomyopathy did not differ according to ANCA status. A total of 79.6% of patients achieved first remission, but 81.1% relapsed. ANCA‐positive patients did not relapse more frequently but exhibited more severe disease with mononeuritis (P = 0.0004) and renal involvement (P = 0.02). Being Italian was the only prognostic factor associated with a higher relapse‐free survival (P = 0.01), thanks to a longer maintenance of immunosuppressive drugs, suggesting the need for prolonged low‐dose corticosteroids. Overall, survival reached 93.1% after a median followup of 6 years. No factor was associated with mortality, but patients over age 65 years with cardiomyopathy or ANCA positivity had more serious outcomes. Sequelae affected 83.2% of patients. Ear, nose, and throat (ENT) involvement was a protective factor for renal (P = 0.04) and cardiac (P = 0.03) morbidity. ANCA positivity was correlated with chronic kidney disease (P = 0.03) and chronic neurologic disability (P = 0.02).

Conclusion

The actual challenges of EGPA management concern morbidity prevention and quality of life improvement. Long‐term corticosteroid treatment appears to reduce relapse risk. ENT involvement is associated with less renal and cardiac morbidity. ANCA positivity predicts renal and neurologic damage.
On Modelling Minimal Disease Activity
Authors: Jackson Christopher H. , Su Li , Gladman Dafna D. , Farewell Vernon T.
Published: August 2015

Objective

To explore methods for statistical modelling of minimal disease activity (MDA) based on data from intermittent clinic visits.

Methods

The analysis was based on a 2‐state model. Comparisons were made between analyses based on “complete case” data from visits at which MDA status was known, and the use of hidden model methodology that incorporated information from visits at which only some MDA defining criteria could be established. Analyses were based on an observational psoriatic arthritis cohort.

Results

With data from 856 patients and 7,024 clinic visits, analysis was based on virtually all visits, although only 62.6% provided enough information to determine MDA status. Estimated mean times for an episode of MDA varied from 4.18 years to 3.10 years, with smaller estimates derived from the hidden 2‐state model analysis. Over a 10‐year period, the estimated expected times spent in MDA episodes of longer than 1 year was 3.90 to 4.22, and the probability of having such an MDA episode was estimated to be 0.85 to 0.91, with longer times and greater probabilities seen with the hidden 2‐state model analysis.

Conclusion

A 2‐state model provides a useful framework for the analysis of MDA. Use of data from visits at which MDA status can not be determined provide more precision, and notable differences are seen in estimated quantities related to MDA episodes based on complete case and hidden 2‐state model analyses. The possibility of bias, as well as loss of precision, should be recognized when complete case analyses are used.
Long‐Term Safety and Efficacy of Epratuzumab in the Treatment of Moderate‐to‐ Severe Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Results From an Open‐Label Extension Study
Authors: Wallace D. J. , Hobbs K. , Clowse M. E. B. , Petri M. , Strand V. , Pike M. , Merrill J. T. , Leszczyński P. , Neuwelt C. M. , Jeka S. , Houssiau F. , Keiserman M. , Ordi‐Ros J. , Bongardt S. , Kilgallen B. , Galateanu C. , Kalunian K. , Furie R. , Gordon C.
Published: August 2015

Objective

The primary objective was to assess the long‐term safety of repeated courses of epratuzumab therapy in patients with moderate‐to‐severe systemic lupus erythematosus. Secondary objectives were to assess long‐term efficacy and health‐related quality of life (HRQOL).

Methods

Eligible patients from the 12‐week, phase IIb, randomized, placebo‐controlled EMBLEM study enrolled into the open‐label extension (OLE) study, SL0008. In the SL0008 study, patients received 1,200 mg epratuzumab infusions at weeks 0 and 2 of repeating 12‐week cycles, plus standard of care. Safety measures included treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and serious TEAEs. Efficacy measures included combined treatment response, the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group score, the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index score, and the physician's and patient's global assessment of disease activity. Total daily corticosteroid dose and HRQOL (by the Short Form 36 health survey) were also assessed.

Results

A total of 113 of the 203 patients (55.7%) who entered the SL0008 study continued epratuzumab therapy until study closure (total cumulative exposure: 381.3 patient‐years, median exposure: 845 days, and maximum exposure: 1,185 days/approximately 3.2 years). TEAEs were reported in 192 patients (94.6%); most common were infections and infestations (68.0%, 138 patients). Serious TEAEs were reported in 51 patients (25.1%), and 14 patients (6.9%) had serious infections. In patients treated for 108 weeks (n = 116), the median corticosteroid dose was reduced from 10.0 mg/day at OLE screening to 5.0 mg/day at week 108. Improvements in efficacy and HRQOL measures in EMBLEM were maintained in the OLE, while placebo patients exhibited similar improvements in disease activity upon a switch to epratuzumab.

Conclusion

Open‐label epratuzumab treatment was well tolerated for up to 3.2 years, and associated with sustained improvements in disease activity and HRQOL, while steroids were reduced.
Association of Light‐Intensity Physical Activity With Lower Cardiovascular Disease Risk Burden in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Khoja Samannaaz S. , Almeida Gustavo J. , Chester Wasko Mary , Terhorst Lauren , Piva Sara R.
Published: August 2015

Objective

To characterize physical activity (PA) in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to determine the associations between PA participation at light to moderate intensities and cardiovascular disease risk factors, disability, and disease activity.

Methods

The cross‐sectional study used data from 2 RA cohorts. PA was measured using an accelerometry‐based activity monitor, recording minutes/day spent in sedentary (≤1 metabolic equivalent [MET]), very light (1.1–1.9 METs), light (2–2.9 METs), and moderate activities (≥3 METs). Cardiovascular markers included body mass index, blood pressure, insulin resistance, and lipid profile. Disability and disease activity were measured using the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28), respectively. Associations between PA at each intensity level and health markers were assessed by multiple linear regression models, adjusted for age, sex, and cohort.

Results

Ninety‐eight subjects (mean ± SD age 58 ± 9 years, 85% female) were included. Subjects spent 9.8 hours/day being sedentary, 3.5 hours/day engaged in very light PA, 2.1 hours/day engaged in light PA, and 35 minutes/day engaged in moderate PA. Only 17% were physically active (≥150 minutes/week of moderate PA in 10‐minute bouts). Regression models showed that very light, light, and moderate PA were inversely associated with most cardiovascular disease risk factors and HAQ and DAS28 scores (R2Δ range 0.04–0.52, P < 0.05). The associations between PA and cardiovascular disease markers were either equivalent or stronger at very light and light intensities, as compared to moderate intensity.

Conclusion

Individuals with RA are mostly active at very light and light intensities. PA at these intensity levels associates favorably with cardiovascular markers and lower disability and disease activity in RA.
Fatigue in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome: Clinical, Laboratory, Psychometric, and Biologic Associations
Authors: Karageorgas Theofanis , Fragioudaki Sofia , Nezos Adrianos , Karaiskos Dimitrios , Moutsopoulos Haralampos M. , Mavragani Clio P.
Published: August 2015

Objective

To identify independent contributors of fatigue in primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) patients, taking into account clinical, laboratory, and psychological features, and to explore the potential role of interferon (IFN)–induced gene indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO‐1), anti–21‐hydroxylase (anti‐21[OH]) antibodies, and soluble BAFF.

Methods

Detailed clinical and laboratory characteristics were recorded for 106 primary SS patients. The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy–Fatigue, Zung Depression Scale, State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Scale, and Athens Insomnia Scale were adopted to assess fatigue, depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances, respectively. Peripheral whole blood expression levels of IDO‐1, as well as type I and II IFN‐induced genes were calculated using quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. Serum anti‐21(OH) antibodies and soluble BAFF levels were determined by a radioimmunoassay and an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Univariate and multivariate models were performed to identify determinants of fatigue.

Results

Fatigue was detected in 32 of 106 (30.2%) primary SS patients. In univariate analysis, fatigue was associated with arthralgias/myalgias, fibromyalgia hydroxychloroquine therapy, both state and trait anxiety scores, depression, and neuroticism, as well as impaired sleep patterns. Multivariate analysis revealed neuroticism (odds ratio [OR] 6.9, [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.7–28.0]), depression (OR 3.0 [95% CI 0.8–11.0]), and fibromyalgia (OR 5.5 [95% CI 1.1–27.7]) as independent fatigue contributors. Soluble BAFF levels, anti‐21(OH) autoantibodies, and IDO‐1 messenger RNA expression did not significantly differ between fatigued and nonfatigued primary SS patients.

Conclusion

Depression, neuroticism, and fibromyalgia play a major role in primary SS–associated fatigue and should be addressed in clinical practice, with active collaboration between rheumatologists and mental health professionals. Further studies are warranted in order to explore underlying pathophysiologic pathways that might explain fatigue in the setting of primary SS.
Inkjet‐Printed Alginate Microspheres as Additional Drug Carriers for Injectable Hydrogels
Authors: CHUNG JOHNSON H. Y. , NAFICY SINA , WALLACE GORDON G. , NAFICY SINA , O'LEARY STEPHEN
Published: August 2015

Local delivery of bioactive molecules to the inner ear via diffusion through the round window membrane is becoming an attractive approach to treat sensorineural hearing loss compared to systemic drug administration. Pluronics® (Lutrol F127) are a class of thermosensitive hydrogels that remain liquid prior to injection and rapidly gel under physiological conditions. They are, however, limited to short‐term drug release due to rapid hydrolysis in aqueous solution. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate an approach, using an ink‐jet printing system, to sustain the drug release by incorporating hydrogel microspheres within Lutrol F127. Various concentrations of Lutrol F127 and calcium chloride (CaCl2) were examined by rheology to determine the optimum combinations to use for injection and then blended with inkjet‐printed alginate microspheres. Drug release (FITC‐Dextran) from Lutrol F127 alone reached completion in less than 24 h. Release from alginate spheres alone showed a burst release and reached 100% in 6 h. Interestingly, the incorporation of microspheres within Lutrol F127 allowed a more sustained release profile and a slower burst release. By varying the quantity of microspheres, concentration of alginate, or ionic cross‐linking ratio, the release profile can be adjusted to suit the desired application.
Effect of dead volumes on the performance of an industrial‐scale simulated moving‐bed Parex unit for p‐xylene purification
Authors: Silva Marta S. P. , Rodrigues Alírio E. , Mota José P. B.
Published: August 2015

The cyclic steady state (CSS) of the industrial‐scale, seven‐zone, simulated moving‐bed (SMB) unit for p‐xylene (p‐x) purification (Parex unit) with three types of dead volumes—bed lines, push‐around and pump‐around circulation lines, and bed heads—is analyzed. In particular, the effects of the size and level of hydrodynamic dispersion of each dead volume on process performance and on its CSS are studied in detail. The circulation lines change the CSS behavior from
‐periodic to
‐periodic, where
is the switching interval and
is the number of columns in each adsorbent chamber. A high level of axial dispersion in the bed lines, characterized by Péclet numbers smaller than 100, affects the p‐x purity. Moreover, the bed lines lower the average p‐x concentration in the extract, which reduces the p‐x recovery. If the small time lags introduced by the circulation lines are neglected, it is possible to develop a detailed process model that considers the operation of the Parex unit over a single switching interval as opposed to a full cycle, and whose CSS solution can be efficiently computed using a full‐discretization approach. Finally, it is shown that the volume of the bed heads influences significantly the performance of the Parex unit, and that its impact on the location of the operating point with respect to the boundaries of the separation region can be approximately taken into account using the standard true moving‐bed‐SMB equivalence rules if they are corrected for the presence of extra interparticle fluid. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 241–255, 2016
Adsorption of nitrogen‐ and sulfur‐containing compounds on NiMoS for hydrotreating reactions: A DFT and vdW‐corrected study
Authors: Rangarajan Srinivas , Mavrikakis Manos
Published: August 2015

Adsorption of 35 molecules, comprising of organonitrogen and organosulfur compounds and hydrocarbons relevant to hydrotreating, was studied on the nickel‐promoted metal edge of molybdenum sulfide catalysts using periodic DFT, accounting for van der Waals interactions in several cases. Basic molecules tend to adsorb via their nitrogen atoms directly on top of nickel atoms while nonbasic molecules adsorb via carbon atoms relatively weakly. Molecular size, electron density, and alkyl substitution affects binding at the GGA‐PW91 level of theory. van der Waals corrections influence adsorption geometry and lead to significant additional stabilization of adsorbates. The differential binding energy of nitrogen‐containing compounds decreases by 0.2–0.3 eV for each additional molecule added on the edge and their presence destabilizes the binding of organosulfur compounds by more than 0.2 eV. The inhibition of hydrodesulfurization is suggested to arise from site blocking and destabilization of reaction intermediates and transition states by organonitrogen compounds. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 4036–4050, 2015
Asymmetric Amination of 3‐(2‐Oxoindolin‐3‐ylidene)butanoates Catalyzed by a Cinchona‐Derived Alkaloid
Authors: Zheng Chen , Chen Wen‐Xue , Chen Fen‐Er
Published: August 2015

Here we report the asymmetric amination of 3‐(2‐oxoindolin‐3‐ylidene)butanoates catalyzed by a cinchona‐derived alkaloid, yielding products with an N‐containing stereocenter in high yields and moderate enantioselectivity. The developed process could be an attractive approach for the synthesis of chiral amino acids.
Why do orangutans leave the trees? Terrestrial behavior among wild Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) at Tuanan, Central Kalimantan
Authors: Ashbury Alison M. , Posa Mary Rose C. , Dunkel Lynda P. , Spillmann Brigitte , Atmoko S. Suci Utami , van Schaik Carel P. , van Noordwijk Maria A.
Published: August 2015

Orangutans (genus Pongo) are the largest arboreal mammals, but Bornean orangutans (P. pygmaeus spp.) also spend time on the ground. Here, we investigate ground use among orangutans using 32,000 hr of direct focal animal observations from a well‐habituated wild population of Bornean orangutans (P. p. wurmbii) living in a closed‐canopy swamp forest at Tuanan, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Ground use did not change with increasing observation time of well‐habituated individuals, suggesting it was not an artifact of observer presence. Flanged males spent the most time on the ground (ca. 5% of active time), weaned immatures the least (around 1%). Females and immatures descended mainly to feed, especially on termites, whereas flanged males traveled more while on the ground. Flanged males may travel more inconspicuously, and perhaps also faster, when moving on the ground. In addition, orangutans engaged in ground‐specific behavior, including drinking from and bathing in swamp pools. Supplementary records from 20 ground‐level camera traps, totaling 3986 trap days, confirmed the observed age‐sex biases in ground use at Tuanan. We conclude that ground use is a natural part of the Bornean orangutan behavioral repertoire, however it remains unclear to what extent food scarcity and canopy structure explain population differences in ground use. Am. J. Primatol. 77:1216–1229, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“Monogamy” in Primates: Variability, Trends, and Synthesis: Introduction to special issue on Primate Monogamy
Authors: Díaz‐Muñoz Samuel L. , Bales Karen L.
Published: August 2015

This paper is the introduction to a special issue on “‘Monogamy' in Primates: Variability, Trends, and Synthesis.” The term “monogamy” has undergone redefinition over the years, and is now generally understood to refer to certain social characteristics rather than to genetic monogamy. However, even the term “social monogamy” is used loosely to refer to species which exhibit a spectrum of social structures, mating patterns, and breeding systems. Papers in this volume address key issues including whether or not our definitions of monogamy should change in order to better represent the social and mating behaviors that characterize wild primates; whether or not primate groups traditionally considered monogamous are actually so (by any definition); ways in which captive studies can contribute to our understanding of monogamy; and what selective pressures might have driven the evolution of monogamous and non‐monogamous single female breeding systems. Am. J. Primatol. 78:283–287, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In Vivo Endoscopic Tissue Identification by Rapid Evaporative Ionization Mass Spectrometry (REIMS)
Authors: Balog Julia , Kumar Sacheen , Alexander James , Golf Ottmar , Huang Juzheng , Wiggins Tom , Abbassi‐Ghadi Nima , Enyedi Attila , Kacska Sandor , Kinross James , Hanna George B. , Nicholson Jeremy K. , Takats Zoltan
Published: August 2015

Gastrointestinal cancers are a leading cause of mortality, accounting for 23 % of cancer‐related deaths worldwide. In order to improve outcomes from these cancers, novel tissue characterization methods are needed to facilitate accurate diagnosis. Rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry (REIMS) is a technique developed for the in vivo classification of human tissue through mass spectrometric analysis of aerosols released during electrosurgical dissection. This ionization technique was further developed by utilizing surface induced dissociation and was integrated with an endoscopic polypectomy snare to allow in vivo analysis of the gastrointestinal tract. We tested the classification performance of this novel endoscopic REIMS method in vivo. It was shown to be capable of differentiating between healthy layers of the intestinal wall, cancer, and adenomatous polyps based on the REIMS fingerprint of each tissue type in vivo.
Übergangsmetallkatalysierte Wasserstofftransferanellierungen: Zugang zu heterocyclischen Gerüsten
Authors: Nandakumar Avanashiappan , Midya Siba Prasad , Landge Vinod Gokulkrishna , Balaraman Ekambaram
Published: August 2015

Übergangsmetall‐Wasserstofftransferkatalysatoren ermöglichen ausgehend von einfachen Ausgangsmaterialien einen schnellen Zugang zu wichtigen Strukturmotiven, so auch zu Heterocyclen. Übergangsmetallkatalysierte Wasserstofftransferanellierungen sind umweltverträglich und in hohem Maße atomökonomisch, da sie Wasser und Wasserstoff als Nebenprodukt freisetzen und erneuerbare Alkohole als Ausgangsmaterialien verwenden. Hier werden neueste Fortschritte auf diesem Gebiet im Hinblick auf Anellierungen von Alkoholen mit verschiedenen nucleophilen Reaktionspartnern vorgestellt, bei denen heterocyclische Gerüste gebildet werden.
Formation and Characterization of the Boron Dicarbonyl Complex [B(CO)2]−
Authors: Zhang Qingnan , Li Wan‐Lu , Xu Cong‐Qiao , Chen Mohua , Zhou Mingfei , Li Jun , Andrada Diego M. , Frenking Gernot
Published: August 2015

We report the synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of the boron dicarbonyl complex [B(CO)2]−. The bonding situation is analyzed and compared with the aluminum homologue [Al(CO)2]− using state‐of‐the‐art quantum chemical methods.
Efficient Dynamic Nuclear Polarization at 800 MHz/527 GHz with Trityl‐Nitroxide Biradicals
Authors: Mathies Guinevere , Caporini Marc A. , Michaelis Vladimir K. , Liu Yangping , Hu Kan‐Nian , Mance Deni , Zweier Jay L. , Rosay Melanie , Baldus Marc , Griffin Robert G.
Published: August 2015

Cross‐effect (CE) dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is a rapidly developing technique that enhances the signal intensities in magic‐angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectra. We report CE DNP experiments at 211, 600, and 800 MHz using a new series of biradical polarizing agents referred to as TEMTriPols, in which a nitroxide (TEMPO) and a trityl radical are chemically tethered. The TEMTriPol molecule with the optimal performance yields a record 1H NMR signal enhancement of 65 at 800 MHz at a concentration of 10 mM in a glycerol/water solvent matrix. The CE DNP enhancement for the TEMTriPol biradicals does not decrease as the magnetic field is increased in the manner usually observed for bis‐nitroxides. Instead, the relatively strong exchange interaction between the trityl and nitroxide moieties determines the magnetic field at which the optimum enhancement is observed.
The Synthesis of Stable, Complex Organocesium Tetramic Acids through the Ugi Reaction and Cesium‐Carbonate‐Promoted Cascades
Authors: Martinez‐Ariza Guillermo , Ayaz Muhammad , Roberts Sue A. , Rabanal‐León Walter A. , Arratia‐Pérez Ramiro , Hulme Christopher
Published: August 2015

Two structurally unique organocesium carbanionic tetramic acids have been synthesized through expeditious and novel cascade reactions of strategically functionalized Ugi skeletons delivering products with two points of potential diversification. This is the first report of the use of multicomponent reactions and subsequent cascades to access complex, unprecedented organocesium architectures. Moreover, this article also highlights the first use of mild cesium carbonate as a cesium source for the construction of cesium organometallic scaffolds. Relativistic DFT calculations provide an insight into the electronic structure of the reported compounds.
Oxidative Allene Amination for the Synthesis of Azetidin‐3‐ones
Authors: Burke Eileen G. , Schomaker Jennifer M.
Published: August 2015

Regioselectivity in the aziridination of silyl‐substituted homoallenic sulfamates is readily diverted to the distal double bond of the allene to yield endocyclic bicyclic methyleneaziridines with excellent stereocontrol. Subsequent reaction with electrophilic oxygen sources initiates facile rearrangement to densely functionalized, fused azetidin‐3‐ones in excellent d.r., effectively transferring the axial chirality of the allene to central chirality in the products. The steric nature of the silyl group dictates which of the two rings of the fused azetidin‐3‐one will undergo further functionalization, providing an additional element of diversity for the preparation of enantioenriched azetidine scaffolds with potential biological activity.
Induction of Stem‐Cell‐Derived Functional Neurons by NanoScript‐Based Gene Repression
Authors: Patel Sahishnu , Chueng Sy‐Tsong Dean , Yin Perry T. , Dardir Kholud , Song Zhichao , Pasquale Nicholas , Kwan Kelvin , Sugiyama Hiroshi , Lee Ki‐Bum
Published: August 2015

Even though gene repression is a powerful approach to exogenously regulate cellular behavior, developing a platform to effectively repress targeted genes, especially for stem‐cell applications, remains elusive. Herein, we introduce a nanomaterial‐based platform that is capable of mimicking the function of transcription repressor proteins to downregulate gene expression at the transcriptional level for enhancing stem‐cell differentiation. We developed the “NanoScript” platform by integrating multiple gene repression molecules with a nanoparticle. First, we show a proof‐of‐concept demonstration using a GFP‐specific NanoScript to knockdown GFP expression in neural stem cells (NSCs‐GFP). Then, we show that a Sox9‐specific NanoScript can repress Sox9 expression to initiate enhanced differentiation of NSCs into functional neurons. Overall, the tunable properties and gene‐knockdown capabilities of NanoScript enables its utilization for gene‐repression applications in stem cell biology.
Stability of Fe‐N‐C Catalysts in Acidic Medium Studied by Operando Spectroscopy
Authors: Choi Chang Hyuck , Baldizzone Claudio , Grote Jan‐Philipp , Schuppert Anna K. , Jaouen Frédéric , Mayrhofer Karl J. J.
Published: August 2015

Fundamental understanding of non‐precious metal catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is the nub for the successful replacement of noble Pt in fuel cells and, therefore, of central importance for a technological breakthrough. Herein, the degradation mechanisms of a model high‐performance Fe‐N‐C catalyst have been studied with online inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) and differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy (DEMS) coupled to a modified scanning flow cell (SFC) system. We demonstrate that Fe leaching from iron particles occurs at low potential (<0.7 V) without a direct adverse effect on the ORR activity, while carbon oxidation occurs at high potential (>0.9 V) with a destruction of active sites such as FeNxCy species. Operando techniques combined with identical location‐scanning transmission electron spectroscopy (IL‐STEM) identify that the latter mechanism leads to a major ORR activity decay, depending on the upper potential limit and electrolyte temperature. Stable operando potential windows and operational strategies are suggested for avoiding degradation of Fe‐N‐C catalysts in acidic medium.
Uncovering the Role of Metal Catalysis in Tetrazole Formation by an In Situ Cycloaddition Reaction: An Experimental Approach
Authors: Zhong Di‐Chang , Wen Ya‐Qiong , Deng Ji‐Hua , Luo Xu‐Zhong , Gong Yun‐Nan , Lu Tong‐Bu
Published: August 2015

Using an experimental approach, the role of metal catalysis has been investigated in the in situ cycloaddition reaction of nitrile with azide to form tetrazoles. It has been shown that metal catalysis serves to activate the cyano group in the nitrile reagent by a coordinative interaction.
Photon‐Upconverting Ionic Liquids: Effective Triplet Energy Migration in Contiguous Ionic Chromophore Arrays
Authors: Hisamitsu Shota , Yanai Nobuhiro , Kimizuka Nobuo
Published: August 2015

Inspired by the bicontinuous ionic‐network structure of ionic liquids (ILs), we developed a new family of photofunctional ILs which show efficient triplet energy migration among contiguously arrayed ionic chromophores. A novel fluorescent IL, comprising an aromatic 9,10‐diphenylanthracene 2‐sulfonate anion and an alkylated phosphonium cation, showed pronounced interactions between chromophores, as revealed by its spectral properties. Upon dissolving a triplet sensitizer, the IL demonstrated photon upconversion based on triplet–triplet annihilation (TTA‐UC). Interestingly, the TTA‐UC process in the chromophoric IL was optimized at a much lower excitation intensity compared to the previous nonionic liquid TTA‐UC system. The superior TTA‐UC in this IL system is characterized by a relatively high triplet diffusion constant (1.63×10−6 cm2 s−1) which is ascribed to the presence of ionic chromophore networks in the IL.
Enantioselective ortho‐CH Cross‐Coupling of Diarylmethylamines with Organoborons
Authors: Laforteza Brian N. , Chan Kelvin S. L. , Yu Jin‐Quan
Published: August 2015

The commonly used para‐nitrobenzenesulfonyl (nosyl) protecting group is employed to direct the CH activation of amines for the first time. An enantioselective ortho‐CH cross‐coupling between nosyl‐protected diarylmethylamines and arylboronic acid pinacol esters has been achieved utilizing chiral mono‐N‐protected amino acid (MPAA) ligands as a promoter.
Thermosensitive Ion Channel Activation in Single Neuronal Cells by Using Surface‐Engineered Plasmonic Nanoparticles
Authors: Nakatsuji Hirotaka , Numata Tomohiro , Morone Nobuhiro , Kaneko Shuji , Mori Yasuo , Imahori Hiroshi , Murakami Tatsuya
Published: August 2015

Controlling cell functions using external photoresponsive nanomaterials has enormous potential for the development of cell‐engineering technologies and intractable disease therapies, but the former currently requires genetic modification of the target cells. We present a method using plasma‐membrane‐targeted gold nanorods (pm‐AuNRs) prepared with a cationic protein/lipid complex to activate a thermosensitive cation channel, TRPV1, in intact neuronal cells. Highly localized photothermal heat generation mediated by the pm‐AuNRs induced Ca2+ influx solely by TRPV1 activation. In contrast, the use of previously reported cationic AuNRs that are coated with a conventional synthetic polymer also led to photoinduced Ca2+ influx, but this influx resulted from membrane damage. Our method provides an optogenetic platform without the need for prior genetic engineering of the target cells and might be useful for novel TRPV1‐targeted phototherapeutic approaches.
Copper‐Catalyzed Enantioselective 1,6‐Boration of para‐Quinone Methides and Efficient Transformation of gem‐Diarylmethine Boronates to Triarylmethanes
Authors: Lou Yazhou , Cao Peng , Jia Tao , Zhang Yongling , Wang Min , Liao Jian
Published: August 2015

Presented is the first enantioselective copper‐catalyzed 1,6‐conjugate addition of bis(pinacolato)diboron to para‐quinone methides. The reaction proceeds with excellent yields and good to excellent enantioselectivities, and provides an attractive approach to the construction of optically active gem‐diarylmehtine boronic esters. Additionally, the subsequent conversion of the derived potassium trifluoroborates into triarylmethanes with highly enantiospecificity was realized.
Modular Architecture of Protein Binding Units for Designing Properties of Cellulose Nanomaterials
Authors: Malho Jani‐Markus , Arola Suvi , Laaksonen Päivi , Szilvay Géza R. , Ikkala Olli , Linder Markus B.
Published: August 2015

Molecular biomimetic models suggest that proteins in the soft matrix of nanocomposites have a multimodular architecture. Engineered proteins were used together with nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) to show how this type of architecture leads to function. The proteins consist of two cellulose‐binding modules (CBM) separated by 12‐, 24‐, or 48‐mer linkers. Engineering the linkers has a considerable effects on the interaction between protein and NFC in both wet colloidal state and a dry film. The protein optionally incorporates a multimerizing hydrophobin (HFB) domain connected by another linker. The modular structure explains effects in the hydrated gel state, as well as the deformation of composite materials through stress distribution and crosslinking. Based on this work, strategies can be suggested for tuning the mechanical properties of materials through the coupling of protein modules and their interlinking architectures.