bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
C-O Ring Construction: (-)-Sclerophytin A (Morken), (+)-Dictyosphaeric Acid (Taylor), Goniothalesdiol A (Xie/She), (-)-7-Deoxyloganin (Lupton), (-)-Apicularen A (Uenishi), L-783, 277(Banwell) 100
Authors: Taber Douglass F.
Published: November 2020

In the course of a synthesis of (-)-sclerophytin A 3, James P. Morken of Boston College showed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 16380) that Oshima-Utimoto conditions transformed 1 into 2 with high stereo-and regiocontrol. En route to (+)-dictyosphaeric acid 6, Richard J. K. Taylor of the University of York found (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 5574) that the intramolecular Michael cyclization of 4 proceeded smooothly to give 5. Xingang Xie and Xuegong She of Lanzhou University devised (Synlett 2010, 2283) the In-mediated cyclization of 7 with benzaldehyde, to effect an elegant synthesis of goniothalesdiol A 9. The carbene-mediated cyclization of 10 to 11 developed (Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 4836) by David W. Lupton of Monash University set the stage for the synthesis of (-)-7-deoxyloganin 12. Jun’ichi Uenishi of Kyoto Pharmaceutical University showed (Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 4160) that the Pd-mediated cyclization of 13 proceeded with high diastereocontrol. Intramolecular esterification than led to (-)-apicularen A 15. Martin G. Banwell of the Australian National University established (Heterocycles 2010, 82, 313) that LiHMDS was effective for the cyclization of the alkynyl Weinreb amide 16 to 17. Reduction and deprotection completed the synthesis of the resorcylic lactone L-783, 277 18.
Stereocontrolled C-N Ring Construction: The Pyne Synthesis of Hyacinthacine B 3
Authors: Taber Douglass F.
Published: November 2020

Keiji Maruoka of Kyoto University found (Organic Lett. 2010, 12, 1668) that the diazo amide 1 derived from the Oppolzer sultam condensed with the imine 2 to give the aziridine 3 with high stereocontrol. Andrei K. Yudin of the University of Toronto observed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 1607) that the unprotected aziridine aldehyde 4, which exists as a mixture of dimers, condensed smoothly with the Ohira reagent 5 to give the alkynyl aziridine 6. David M. Hodgson of the University of Oxford successfully (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 2900) deprotonated the azetidine thioamide 7 to give, after allylation, the azetidine 8. Varinder K. Aggarwal of the University of Bristol devised (Chem. Commun. 2010, 267) a Pd catalyst for the cyclocarbonylation of an alkenyl aziridine 9 to give the β-lactam 10. Iain Coldham of the University of Sheffield used (J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 4069) the ligand they had developed to effect enantioselective allylation of the pyrrolidine derivative 11. The corrresponding piperidine worked as well. John P. Wolfe of the University of Michigan established (Organic Lett. 2010, 12, 2322) that the Pd-mediated cyclization of 13 to 15 could be effected with high diastereocontrol. Christopher G. Frost of the University of Bath optimized (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 1825) the tandem Ru-mediated conjugate addition/cyclization of 16 to give 18 in high ee. Barry M. Trost of Stanford University extended (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 8238) their studies of trimethylenemethane cycloaddition to the ketimine 19, leading to the substituted pyrrolidine 21 in high ee. Pher G. Andersson of Uppsala University optimized (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 8880) an Ir catalyst for the enantioselective hydrogenation of readily prepared tetrahydropyridines such as 22. Min Shi of the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry devised (J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 3935) a Pd catalyst for enantioselective conjugate addition to the prochiral pyridone 24. Xiaojun Huang of Roche Palo Alto prepared (Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 1554) the monoacid 26 by enantioselective methanolysis of the anhydride. Selective formylation of the ester led to the pyridone 27.
Benzene Derivatives: The Tanino-Miyashita Synthesis of Zoanthenol
Authors: Taber Douglass F.
Published: November 2020

Yuqing Hou of Southern Illinois University found (J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 6362) that the peroxy ether 2 served effectively to directly transfer a methoxy group to the lithiated 1 to give 3. Wanzhi Chen of Zhejiang University, Xixi Campus, showed (J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 7203) that pyrimidines such as 4, readily prepared from the corresponding phenol, underwent smooth Pd-catalyzed ortho acetoxylation. Trond Vidar Hansen of the University of Oslo observed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 6339) that simple electrophilic formylation of phenols such as 6 also proceeded with high ortho selectivity. Kyung Woon Jung of the University of Southern California optimized (J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 6231) the Rh catalyst for ortho C-H insertion, converting 8 into 9. Jin-Quan Yu of Scripps/La Jolla devised (Science 2010, 327, 315) a protocol for carboxy-directed catalytic ortho palladation that allowed subsequent Heck coupling, transforming 10 into 11. Norikazu Miyoshi of the University of Tokushima established (Chem. Lett. 2009, 38, 996) that in situ generated strontium alkyls added 1,6 to benzoic acid 13, to give, after mild oxidative workup, the 4-alkyl benzoic acid 15. Amin Zarei of Islamic Azad University showed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 4443) that their previously developed protocol for preparing stable diazonium silica sulfates could be extended to the preparation of an aryl azide such as 17. Stephen L. Buchwald of MIT developed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 12898) a Pd-mediated protocol for the conversion of aryl chlorides to the corresponding nitro aromatics. Virgil Percec of the University of Pennsylvania has also reported (Organic Lett. 2009, 11, 4974) the conversion of an aryl chloride to the borane, and Guy C. Lloyd-Jones has described (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 7612) the conversion of phenols to the corresponding thiols. Kwang Ho Song of Korea University and Sunwoo Lee of Chonnam National University demonstrated (J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 6358) that the Ni-mediated homologation of aryl halides worked with a variety of primary and secondary formamides. Kwangyong Park of Chung-Ang University observed (J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 9566) that Ni catalysts also mediated the coupling of Grignard reagents with the tosylate 22 not in the usual way but with the C-S bond to give 23.
Stereoselective Carbocyclic Construction: The Metz Synthesis of (±)-Codeine
Authors: Taber Douglass F.
Published: November 2020

Jeffrey M. Kallemeyn of Abbott Laboratories showed (Synlett 2011, 535) that 1, prepared by Itsuno-Corey reduction of the corresponding ketone, could be cyclized to 2 with high diasteroselectivity. Gérard Audran of the Université Paul Cézanne developed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2011, 52, 1082) a practical preparation of 3, then optimized the enzymatic resolution. David J. Aitken of Université Paris-Sud prepared (Tetrahedron Lett. 2011, 52, 1253) a 1:1 mixture of the readily separable diastereomers of 8 by the photochemical addition of ethylene 7 to 6. Rick L. Danheiser of MIT observed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2011, 52, 2111) high regioselectivity in the addition of ketene ketene 10 to the ynamide 9. Wesley J. Moran of the University of Huddersfield originated (Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 2220) a protocol for the oxidative cyclization of 12 to 13. Kevin R. Campos of Merck Process effected (Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 1004) diastereoselective conjugate addition to the nitrile 14, prepared by enzymatic reduction of the corresponding enone. Qizheng Yao of China Pharmaceutical University and Ao Zhang of the Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica devised (J. Org. Chem. 2011, 76, 2820) the condensation of 18 with the carbohydrate-derived 17, giving the racemic cyclopentenone 19. Erick M. Carreira of ETH Zürich effected (Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 78) unsymmetrical ozonolysis of the enantiomerically pure 20 to give 21 as the only isolable regioisomer. Isabelle Chataigner and Serge R. Piettre of the Université de Rouen observed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 472) smooth addition of the dipole precursor 23 to 22, leading to the dearomatized 24. En route to clavolonine, Hiromichi Fujioka of Osaka University converted (Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 2015) 25, readily prepared via Birch reduction of benzoic acid, to the highly substituted cyclohexanone 26. Tony K. M. Shing of the Chinese University of Hong Kong devised (Synlett 2011, 1318) an efficient protocol for the conversion of the carbohydrate-derived 27 into 29, with preservation of the enantiomeric purity. The development of general strategies for the assembly of angularly substituted polycarbocyclic systems is one of the continuing challenges of organic synthesis. Samir Z. Zard of Ecole Polytechnique used (Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 1230) the ketone of 30 to direct the substitution of the proximal alkene, leading to 31.
The Boger Synthesis of (-)-Vindoline
Authors: Taber Douglass F.
Published: November 2020

The periwinkle-derived alkaloids vinblastine 2a and vincristine 2b are still mainstays of cancer chemotherapy. The more complex half of these dimeric alkaloids, vindoline 1, presents a formidable challenge for total synthesis. Building on his previous work (Organic Lett. 2005, 7, 4539), Dale L. Boger of Scripps/La Jolla devised (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 3685) a strikingly simple solution to this problem based on sequential cycloaddition. The starting point for the synthesis was the ester 3, derived from D-asparagine. This was extended to 4, condensation of which with 5 gave the enol ether 6. On heating, 7 cyclized to 8, which lost N2 to give the zwitterion 9. Addition of the intermediate 9 to the indole then gave 10. In one reaction, the entire ring system of vindoline, appropriately oxygenated, was assembled, with the original stereogenic center from D-asparagine directing the relative and absolute configuration of the final product. To complete the synthesis, the pendant carbon on 11 had to be incorporated into the pentacyclic skeleton. After adjusting the relative configuration of the secondary alcohol, the N was rendered nucleophilic by reduction of the amide to the amine. Oxidation delivered 14, which on activation as the tosylate smoothly rearranged to the ketone 15. Reduction and regioselective dehydration then completed the synthesis of vindoline 1.
Civil-Military Relations and the Demise of Turkish Democracy
Authors: Satana Nil S. , Özpek Burak Bilgehan
Published: November 2020

A growing body of scholarship shows that Turkey has been part of a broader trend toward authoritarianism in the 2010s. As democratization scholars explore a myriad of factors underlying this, including but not limited to institutional misuse such as holding unfair elections to consolidate authoritarian power, this chapter examines how and why the end of military tutelage resulted in the civilian control of the Turkish military but not democratic consolidation. What factors explain the rise and eventual demise of the Turkish army as a major political power in Turkey? How has civilian control of the military gradually taken place in Turkey? What are the reasons why Turkish democracy failed to consolidate despite civilian control? The chapter argues and demonstrates that two internal threats, namely Kurdish nationalism and political Islam, were strategically used by both the military and the Justice and Development Party (AKP) government to subdue rival actors and consolidate power. In other words, both the military and the AKP government have limited political competition while depending on distinct sources of legitimacy: the military’s legitimacy was predicated primarily on its coercive capabilities, that of the AKP on electoral victories.
Turkey and Europe
Authors: Yılmaz Hakan
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines historical asynchronicities and perceptual asymmetries between Turkey and Europe. The major historical asynchronicity has been that in Turkey a bourgeois public has not grown and accrued the power necessary to turn the state into a state based on the rule of law. As for the perceptual asymmetries between Turkey and Europe, this chapter interprets the data gathered from research with the participation of Turkish and French university students. By applying a method of “deliberative dialogue,” the chapter uncovers the diverging opinions of the Turkish and French youth on such critical issues as European and Turkish identities and Turkey’s integration with the European Union. In the third and concluding section, the chapter argues that the postmodern European space is a competitive arena, with continually changing “boundaries” rather than fixed “borders.” Hence, Turkey’s integration with Europe will take the form not only of the Turkish state becoming a member of the European Union but, equally importantly, of the inclusion of Turkish cities, regions, academic institutions, political parties, art galleries, museums, labor unions, student associations, and the like into the emerging European cultural, academic, economic, and social space. Since the end of the Cold War, the peak point in EU–Turkish relations was in December 1999, when the European Council declared Turkey a candidate state to join the European Union. Yet the euphoria generated by this decision proved to be short-lived, and relations took a downturn soon after. In the 2010s, EU–Turkish relations entered a new phase, which can be termed “ultra-instrumentalism,” characterized by an almost complete demoralization and depoliticization of EU–Turkish relations.
Refashioning Paradise on Earth: Mughal Governance in Kashmir
Authors: Zutshi Chitralekha
Published: November 2020

This article unravels the complex political, economic, and narrative relationship between the Mughal Empire and its Kashmir province. Contrary to scholarly and popular opinion regarding the devastating and exploitative nature of Mughal rule on Kashmir, in which Kashmiris had little say, the article illustrates that Kashmiris at various levels of society worked with the Mughals to bring the empire and Kashmir closer together through matrimonial, administrative, trade, and literary links. At the same time, Kashmiris resisted the Mughal incorporation of Kashmir into the imperial imagination—through the celebration of its natural beauty, complemented by the building activities of the Mughal rulers on its landscape—as paradise on earth. By drawing on local and more universal historical and literary ideas, Kashmir’s narrative tradition went beyond the confines of the Mughal imagination to reclaim Kashmir’s individuality and autonomy within the empire.
Mughal Authority: The View from Below
Authors: Hasan Farhat
Published: November 2020

This chapter views Mughal authority from below, in terms of the entangled relations between the state and social forces. It looks at the state as an activity, ceaselessly reproducing itself in and through complex layers of relations with the local power relations. Looking at the state from the vantage point of the localities, it argues that the state was largely undifferentiated from the networks of social relations. State–society relations were molded by the use of pen and paper, but scribal literacy was intertwined with oral tradition and performative practices. Literacy was not just an instrument of state control, but was also appropriated by social actors to participate in the rule structure. The ordinary subjects negotiated with the state, and incessantly modified the system of rule through such devices as petitions, complaints, handbills, etc. that were routinely presented at the local qazi’s courts.
Joshua in Reception History
Authors: Farber Zev I.
Published: November 2020

In the Bible, Joshua fulfills many roles. He is Moses’s understudy and successor, conqueror of the land, a miracle worker who stops the sun, and a prophet who knows God’s will and the Torah of Moses. But his character did not cease to evolve with the closing of the biblical canon. Instead, Joshua’s image was adapted and recast depending on who was writing about him and what that author or community needed him to represent. Thus, we see some traditions emphasizing Joshua the warrior, and others Joshua the religious leader. Some emphasize his prophetic abilities, and others his mastery of Torah. In some texts he is the consummate rabbi, in others a typological forerunner of Jesus. The use of Joshua continues into modern times, where he has been used as an archetype for the Israeli soldier and even for the first African-American president.
The Rise and Fall of the So-Called Chronicler’s History and the Current Study of the Composition of Chronicles, Ezra, and Nehemiah
Authors: Klein Ralph W.
Published: November 2020

While the books of Chronicles, Ezra, and Nehemiah share many themes and vocabulary, they do not come from one author, and the Chronicler’s History hypothesis cannot be supported. Discussions about different Hebrew vocabulary in these books have not been conclusive. The apocryphal book of 1 Esdras does not support the Chronicler’s History hypothesis because it is a secondary rearrangement of Chronicles, Ezra, and Nehemiah plus an additional story about the three guardsmen, which provides an appropriate introduction to Zerubbabel, a leader in the postexilic community. A number of theological/ideological differences show that Chronicles, Ezra, and Nehemiah did not come from a single author: differences about mixed marriages, the history of early Israel; the positive attitude toward the north in Chronicles. The books of 1 and 2 Chronicles give more significance to David than Ezra and Nehemiah do. But these three books advocate for the primacy of Jerusalem, the exclusive status of the Jerusalem temple, and the importance of the priests and Levites.
The Later Monarchy in History and Biblical Historiography
Authors: Evans Paul S.
Published: November 2020

This essay covers historical issues related to the later monarchy in Israel, especially the reigns of Hezekiah, Manasseh, and Josiah. It is argued that Samaria was conquered only once during Hezekiah’s day by Sargon, who was leading the army under Shalmaneser, and later took full credit for the campaign. It is suggested that Hezekiah did not participate in the Ashdod revolt, and may not have been the ring-leader in the later revolt against Sennacherib. Regarding the Assyrian invasion of 701 bce, it is suggested that Sennacherib was not completely successful. Though Judah was devastated, the survival and quick recovery of Judah allowed Judahite perception of Hezekiah’s rebellion as successful. The possibility of Manasseh’s temporary deportation to Babylon is considered in the context of Ashurbanipal’s presence in Babylon putting down rebellion. The extent of Josiah’s religious reforms and possible territorial expansion in the wake of the collapse of the Assyrian Empire is considered.
Assyrian and Babylonian Sources
Authors: Nissinen Martti
Published: November 2020

This article introduces the Assyrian and Babylonian sources relevant to the Old Testament historical books. The corpus of Assyrian sources consists mainly of royal inscriptions between the mid-ninth and mid-seventh centuries bce, pertaining to the period narrated in 1 Kgs. 16 to 2 Kgs. 21. In general, when the same events are described, the biblical accounts appear to be in basic agreement with the Assyrian sources, even though some episodes mentioned in the Assyrian sources are not included in the biblical texts and vice versa. It is plausible that the writers of 2 Kings had source-based knowledge of past events. In both cases, the historical information must be filtered through the ideological purposes of the Assyrian scribes as well as the deuteronomistic editors. The Babylonian sources confirm the conquest of Jerusalem in 597 bce and the forced migration of the Judeans, including King Jehoiachin and his entourage. Otherwise, there are no direct links between the Babylonian sources and the Old Testament historical books. Nevertheless, the Babylonian sources, especially those from Al-Yahudu, contain important information on the social environment and living conditions of the Judean population in a certain part of Babylonia in the sixth to fifth centuries bce.
A Multidimensional Approach in Feminist Ecological Biblical Studies
Authors: Elvey Anne
Published: November 2020

In the context of anthropogenic climate change, loss of biodiversity, and the extinction of species, ecological hermeneutics has developed in two major strands: The Earth Bible Project based in Adelaide, South Australia, and The Uses of the Bible in Environmental Ethics Project, based in Exeter, UK. Neither project specifically takes up a feminist perspective, but both are, to varying degrees, in debt to feminist biblical studies. One significant area of tension is the question of the priority of the ecological over the feminist in a situation of critical ecological concern. This essay situates ecological hermeneutics in relation to feminist hermeneutics. It focuses on Genesis 1–3 and 6–9, and refers to prophetic and wisdom literature. Violence against women and Earth is the prompt for ecological feminist hermeneutics. In response to such violence, ecological feminist interpreters affirm material agency, reimagine human identity, are open to Earth’s agency in the reading process, and practice biblical interpretation as a form of partnership with Earth. Ecological feminist approaches not only engage with the multiplicity of Earth as partner in their readings but also integrate feminist, postcolonial, and other contextual approaches into a multidimensional reading praxis.
Noah Narratives, Gender Issues, and the Hollywood Hermeneutic
Authors: Kozlovic Anton Karl
Published: November 2020

The exciting field of religion-and-film provides new insights into Holy Writ whenever filmmakers project sacred texts onto the silver screen. One Judeo-Christian film favorite is the diluvial disaster story of Noah and the ark (Gen. 6–9), whether rendered as an epic bio-pic, scriptural fantasy, or sacred subtext. Even “bad” films offer good pedagogic possibilities for via negativa–style biblical exegesis to stimulate one’s religious understanding. Of particular interest is the gender representations of Noah’s family. Consequently, utilizing basic descriptive analysis and a selective review of the critical literature, this chapter investigates eight notable exemplars of Noachian cinema: (1) Noah’s Ark (1928), (2) The Green Pastures (1936), (3) When Worlds Collide (1951), (4) The Bible: In the Beginning . . . (1966), (5) Noah’s Ark (1999), (6) Northfork (2003), (7) Evan ALMIGHTY (2007), and (8) Noah (2014). Each film is closely read, explicated, and copiously illustrated. The chapter concludes that traditional patriarchal gender portrayals do not vary much and that non-scriptural creative extrapolations frequently focus upon rebelliousness, madness, or heterosexual titillation.
Disaster Resilience Policy through the Lens of Culture and Values
Authors: Bohland James R. , Lawrence Jennifer
Published: November 2020

With the transition from a descriptive construct to a normative concept, resilience has engendered debate as to its appropriateness and effectiveness as a community planning strategy in addressing existing and future threats. In some measure the questions raised are because the role of cultural values in resilience construction has not been fully explored. As communities, cities, and regions strive to enhance resilience, a greater understanding of the importance of cultural values is required. The authors adopt two metaphors are useful in describing how resilience is construction. They use the metaphors to construct a heuristic that incorporates cultural values in resilience construction in a very transparent manner. The heuristic draws upon the theoretical work in cultural values by Mary Douglas, the enhancement of that work by Kahan and others, and by integrating the two into recent work in resilience on assemblage theory.
Whose Past Counts? Collective Remembrances
Authors: Bohland James R. , Bohland Jon , Pace Leann
Published: November 2020

Disasters and subsequent recovery efforts are guided by a number of community considerations. Least understood of these are the communities’ collective memories of past disasters and their efforts to recover. This chapter argues that disasters shape the collective memory of communities and these collective memories persist over generations, thus becoming part of a community’s gestalt. The chapter develops the concept of collective memory as it applies to disasters as a framework for examining two very different cases—the earthquake of 1775 in Lisbon and the destruction of the Second Jewish Temple in Jerusalem in 70 ce. Although these were disasters of very different forms, they were of such importance that they continue to be part of the collective consciousness of residents in both cities. The cases also illuminate four important issues that are critical to understanding disaster recovery: resistance/resilience; religion/naturalism; memorials/remembrances; and authoritarian/collective responses.
Text-Critical Issues in Ezekiel
Authors: Mackie Timothy P.
Published: November 2020

This chapter helps to orient the reader to the most important textual witnesses to the book of Ezekiel, and to the recent scholarly discussion about them; it then presents several representative text samples, to illustrate Ezekiel’s text history. Research on this book’s complicated textual history has developed significantly in the last half-century. The discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls provided invaluable new data for understanding the history of the biblical text in the period of the Jewish Second Temple. New paradigms have emerged for research into the Old Greek translation of the Hebrew scriptures (a.k.a. “the Septuagint”). All of this has dramatically affected how scholars evaluate the text of Ezekiel.
Ezekiel among the Exiles
Authors: Rom-Shiloni Dalit
Published: November 2020

This chapter is aimed at examining the literary evidence within the book of Ezekiel and in Neo-Babylonian sources that may shed light on the temporal, geographical, and cultural aspects of this prophetic book—information that scholars often bring to either corroborate or refute the surface narrative of Ezekiel, that of the prophet active among the Jehoiachin-Judean exiles in Babylonia. The discussion leads to even more complex questions concerning two aspects of the sociology of exile. First, as regards relations with outsiders, what does the book tell us about the Judean deportees’ familiarity with and acculturation to the host society (and possibly with other neighboring groups of deportees)?; and second, what does the book tell us about interactions between the Jehoiachin exiles and those who remained in Judah after the Jehoiachin deportation in 597? In addition, the study presents a concise theology of exile, seen in terms of the significant theological contributions that Ezekiel (and his followers) may be credited with in formulating, or in re-formulating, the Judahite religion in the face of destruction and exile. This chapter argues that, while avoiding references to daily life in Babylonia, but at the same time revealing a high level of familiarity with Babylonian culture and ideas, the book of Ezekiel speaks to the Jehoiachin-Judean exiles through terminology, theological themes, and ideological content rooted in Yahwistic/Judahite religious traditions. The combination of Babylonian conceptions and Judahite ideology locates the prophet and his book firmly among the Babylonian exilic community of the early sixth century BCE.
Ezekiel’s Concept of Covenant
Authors: Strong John
Published: November 2020

Although explicit covenantal language is largely absent from the book of Ezekiel, covenant remained an important concept for how the prophet understood Israel’s relationship with its national deity. Readings of 11:14–21; 14:1–11; 37:15–23; 16:59–63; and 20:4–5 demonstrate that Ezekiel assumed that eternal covenants established by God in the past remained valid and would be remembered in the future, when the nation would be reconstituted. Moreover, the eternal covenants established by God would not be reworked; rather, the people would be changed by their experience of shame in exile. Another covenant that was mentioned during the text’s redaction, the covenant of peace, affirmed that the conflict between Yahweh and Israel has ceased. This chapter accords with recent scholarly work tying Ezekiel to the covenantal stipulations of the Holiness Code (Leviticus 17–26). It distinguishes, however, the concept of covenant found in Ezekiel from that of Jeremiah, adding to recent studies that contrast these two prophets in general.
Acid-Sensing Ion Channels
Authors: Gründer Stefan
Published: November 2020

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are proton-gated Na+ channels. Being almost ubiquitously present in neurons of the vertebrate nervous system, their precise function remained obscure for a long time. Various animal toxins that bind to ASICs with high affinity and specificity have been tremendously helpful in uncovering the role of ASICs. We now know that they contribute to synaptic transmission at excitatory synapses as well as to sensing metabolic acidosis and nociception. Moreover, detailed characterization of mouse models uncovered an unanticipated role of ASICs in disorders of the nervous system like stroke, multiple sclerosis, and pathological pain. This review provides an overview on the expression, structure, and pharmacology of ASICs plus a summary of what is known and what is still unknown about their physiological functions and their roles in diseases.
Other Models: Data-Driven Approaches for Non-Stationary Non-Synoptic Winds
Authors: Kwon Dae Kun , Kareem Ahsan
Published: November 2020

In comparison with atmospheric boundary layer winds, which are generally regarded as stationary, windstorms such as hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones; thunderstorms and downbursts; and tornadoes generally exhibit non-stationary features characterized by changes in wind speed and direction. Due to these characteristics, it is usually challenging to model them in a simplistic format. To overcome this difficulty, a data-driven approach may be an alternative, one that has gained significant popularity in many fields mainly due to the rapid advance in measurement and monitoring systems that allows the collection of long-term massive datasets. This chapter reviews data-driven approaches employed in the fields of non-stationary non-synoptic winds from their characterization, modeling, and simulation perspectives.
Provider Conflicts of Interest in US Healthcare
Authors: Saver Richard S.
Published: November 2020

This chapter focuses on provider conflicts of interest (COIs) in US healthcare. Physicians practice within a turbulent US healthcare system featuring expanding complexity and commercialization. Potential COIs abound, including financial arrangements with drug companies and third-party payers that threaten to undermine clinical judgment and steadfast devotion to the patient. The chapter explores how the obligation to avoid or manage COIs is not always clear and uniform under US law; instead, it arises from a confusing patchwork of overlapping legal sources, including common law doctrines and regulatory provisions that are often limited in application or impose difficult procedural and proof burdens. The typical legal response to COIs has been required disclosure, but disclosure proves a necessary yet insufficient response with potentially unintended results. The chapter then explains why regulation of provider COIs remains particularly challenging for US health law, including limited empirical evidence about the effect of COIs on healthcare, difficulties in developing proportionate responses, and uncertainty in how to address secondary interests that advance important societal goals beyond the immediate patient's welfare.
“We’re Just a Minor Threat:” Minor Threat and the Intersectionality of Sound
Authors: Maskell Shayna
Published: November 2020

Minor Threat are arguably the most beloved DC hardcore band to emerge from the Washington, DC, punk scene. And their 1981 EP, Minor Threat, embodies that hardcore spirit. Clocking in at nine minutes and twenty seconds, with eight tracks, Minor Threat became the blueprint for the DC hardcore sound. With precision and technical tightness, the album combines the rebellion of traditional rock ’n’ roll with a heretofore unknown velocity and intensity of sound. Their abrupt blurs of sonic eruption zip by and transmogrify what rock, not to mention punk, meant. Their rebellion sounded different: it was angry, loud, dissonant, warped, and a bit out of control. It also sounded like the band themselves—male, white, and middle class. Despite—or perhaps because of—the revolutionary sound of hardcore, Minor Threat constructs a hardcore sound that often reflects, though sometimes subverts, conventional constructions of gender, class, and race. This chapter will explore the ways in which Minor Threat the band, and Minor Threat as an album, sonically reproduce and disrupt of the politics of sound.
Government by Relational Infrastructures: The Case of the Transnational Institutionalization of the European Unified Patent Court
Authors: Lazega Emmanuel
Published: November 2020

This chapter analyzes the transnational institutionalization of the European Unified Patent Court (created in 2013) as a case illustrating government by relationships and mobilization of relational infrastructures in joint regulation of the economy. This court, specializing in patent litigation, originated from a public-private network of corporate lawyers, national judges, and European-level technocrats as institutional (or judicial) entrepreneurs, a collegial oligarchy using their own personal social networks across borders to start negotiating a common interpretation of the European patent and to lobby for the creation of the institution. A neostructural sociological approach is then proposed to frame this example in a more general perspective on institution building. This chapter identifies specific characteristics of institutional entrepreneurs who punch above their weight in regulatory processes, in particular the importance of being part of a collegial oligarchy and having several high, heterogenous, inconsistent, and multilevel dimensions of social status combined with the right rhetorics.
ConsequentIalizing
Authors: Hurley Paul
Published: November 2020

The strategy of consequentializing features that are intuitively relevant to the deontic evaluation of actions by building them into the telic evaluation of outcomes is almost as old as consequentialism itself. But the recent rejection by many consequentialists of the traditional commitment to an agent-neutral constraint on the relevant evaluation of outcomes has ushered in new consequentializing arguments for consequentialism and new consequentialist arguments for consequentializing. While the former fail, the latter ground the case for consequentializing in deeply entrenched and widely held commitments. These commitments to outcome-centered accounts of reasons, actions, and attitudes dictate that any plausible alternative account of what agents rationally and morally ought to do must be a form of consequentialism and hence must have a consequentialized form. Such outcome-centered commitments, however, all run afoul of common sense in similar ways, and a pervasive strategy for mitigating this counter-intuitiveness trades upon a conflation of two distinct senses in which we speak of actions as bringing about outcomes.
On the Sociology of Latin America
Authors: Rivera-Sánchez Liliana , Bada Xóchitl
Published: November 2020

In this introductory chapter, we develop a brief history around the institutionalization process of sociology in Latin America. At the same time, we revisit some of the core debates and contributions of the sociology of Latin America, identifying some of the topics and fields in which sociology from this region has made key contributions to the discipline. The chapter is divided into three sections: development and institutionalization of the discipline, selected debates and contributions to sociology from Latin America, and, finally, the roadmap to this Handbook, which covers eight research fields.
Luxury Tourism and Environmentalism
Authors: Jones Geoffrey
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines the evolution of luxury tourism and its environmental impact. Whilst mass tourism is widely seen as environmentally damaging, the impact of luxury tourism is nuanced. During the first stage of the growth in the nineteenth century, the numbers of people involved were small, and some companies understood the need to conserve the environment. Later, luxury hunting and fishing decimated wildlife populations, but the sector produced visionaries who created the concept of photographic safaris. Environmental education became a major theme of the luxury tourism firms. More recently, there has been a proliferation of ecotourism ventures, whilst conventional luxury hotel chains have pursued sustainability certification. Yet scaling has expanded environment footprints, whilst the embrace of the rhetoric of sustainability has degraded the meaning of the concept.
Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Fisher Jill A.
Published: November 2020

This chapter describes the involvement of healthy volunteers in biomedical research. Healthy individuals are valuable to research because they can offer data about biological processes or investigational products that are not distorted by illness or disease. In addition, healthy individuals are generally much easier to recruit to research than are ill patients. Recruitment of healthy participants is aided by the offer of financial compensation in exchange for their participation. The involvement of healthy individuals in research is meant to resolve ethical problems associated with enrolling patients, such as exposing sick individuals to risk and creating misunderstandings for patients about the difference between research and clinical care. However, as this chapter details, using healthy individuals in biomedical research raises different concerns about risk exposure as well as ethical dilemmas associated with paid research participation, the exploitation of vulnerable groups, and the validity of the data produced.
Affective Publics
Authors: Papacharissi Zizi
Published: November 2020

Social science is vested in the potential technology carries for expression and connection. Human beings utilize media, social media, and communication technologies for expression and connection. The author has been studying the social and political consequences of communication technologies, with an interest in the soft structures of feeling that these technologies filter, conduit, and enable. This interest has led to the development of the construct of “affective publics” and its companion term, “affective news.” Affective publics are networked publics that come together, are identified, and disband through shared sentiment. These concepts have been adopted in a multitude of studies that examine the relationship between technology and politics. This chapter explicates the concept, traces its theoretical roots, and describes how it might further an understanding of civic engagement.
An Overview of Zimbabwe–China Relations
Authors: Taylor Ian
Published: November 2020

This chapter surveys Zimbabwe’s relations with China in two main ways. It first examines the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) liberation movement’s relations with China during Zimbabwe’s independence struggle, followed by the ZANU-PF controlled independent Zimbabwean state’s links with China. The chapter shows the fundamentally realist character of ZANU-PF’s relationship with China from the 1970s to the present. It maintains that although ideological commitment and rhetoric has been an observable dynamic buttressing these relations, the links have mainly been steered by practical factors such as the supply of weaponry in Zimbabwe’s independence war and, latterly, reciprocally advantageous foreign policies. Crucially, the chapter argues, in the 1980s China played a role in directing the ZANU-PF government towards a capitalist economy, thereby avoiding the socialist ideological adherences with which China was historically associated. However, many of the capitalist deals and diplomatic links between China and Zimbabwe have, in the Zimbabwean domestic context, primarily advanced the interests of ZANU-PF elites and solidified their control of the state. Colonial legacies and the not always constructive interventions of former colonial powers in Africa, have partly contributed to political and developmental problems in many African states. China presents itself as the antithesis of the behaviours of ex-colonial powers but the case of Zimbabwe casts some doubt on this contention.
Theravada Buddhism and Meditation
Authors: Shaw Sarah
Published: November 2020

This chapter describes texts and practices associated with meditation in Southern, or Pali, Buddhism, sometimes known as Theravada Buddhism. It explores some different approaches to meditation that characterize this form of Buddhism, as well as the textual basis for their practice and theory. The word “meditation,” with its application in Southern Buddhism, is examined. In Southern Buddhist countries (principally Sri Lanka, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Burma/Myanmar) the word bhāvanā covers a range of activities including chanting, devotions, offerings, and recollections, as well as sitting meditation. These are considered central supports to the development of both samatha (calm) meditation and vipassanā (insight). The chapter considers the way that various elements of sitting practice in both calm and insight schools are felt to be needed to work with one another and with these supports. Some aspects of the complex relationship between the two modes of approaching meditation, calm and insight, are then examined further: schools in both traditions teach many other features of practice as well as sitting meditation to ensure balanced development. The tradition’s great emphasis on the importance of meditation guidance is also discussed. Some of the adaptations that have accompanied global interest in Southern Buddhist meditation are explored, with a broad survey of some modern strands that have moved to regions outside the traditional “home” of these practices.
Mental Health Care Funding Systems and their Impact on Access to Psychotherapy
Authors: Robertson-Preidler Joelle , Biller-Andorno Nikola , Johnson Tricia
Published: November 2020

Resource scarcity forces health care systems to set priorities and navigate trade-offs in how they choose to fund different services. Distributive justice principles can help guide health systems to fairly allocate scarce resources in a society. In most countries, mental health care and psychotherapy, in particular, tend to be under-prioritized even though psychotherapy can be an effective treatment for mental health disorders. To create ethical funding systems that support appropriate access to psychotherapy, health care funding systems must consider how they allocate and distribute health care resources through health care financing, coverage criteria, and reimbursement mechanisms. Five health care systems are assessed according to how they finance and reimburse psychotherapy. These health systems use various and often pluralistic approaches that encompass differing distributive justice principles. Although distribution priorities and values may differ, fair and transparent processes that involve all key stakeholders are vital for making ethical decisions on access and distribution.
Local Government and Regional Administration
Authors: Hlepas Nikolaos-Komninos
Published: November 2020

This chapter addresses the issue of sub-national government, whose organization is twofold: on the one hand the democratically elected local governments and, on the other hand, territorial state authorities implementing state policies. The relationship between these two pillars is characterized both by competition and cooperation. Since the late nineties, sub-national administration has been swinging between fragmentation (in state administration) and consolidation (in local government). In 2011, regional self-governments were given the power to decide on development priorities. But the most important parts of social services remained a state domain and decentralization processes were cautious since several previous efforts were frustrated by the courts, while the Constitution ruled out regulatory, fiscal, and even planning autonomies. Under the given conditions of extreme centralism in parties, politics, and administration, the performance of local leaders is mostly related to their informal access to powerful decision-makers at higher levels of governance. This is also a factor underlining a characteristic emphasis on representation rather than participation. At the local political arena, directly elected mayors and heads of regions are the dominant figures, expressing personalization of politics and forming heterogeneous catch-all alliances, facilitated by the legal ban on political parties participating in municipal and regional elections. The crisis exposed sub-national governments to bilateral financial pressures from cutbacks and increased needs for social assistance. But finally, municipalities and regions proved to be particularly flexible and responded to the crisis through adaptation; however, they exhibited limited internal transformation and remain vulnerable.
The Party System
Authors: Tsirbas Yannis
Published: November 2020

The chapter delves into the historical evolution, the characteristics, and the dynamics of the Greek party system. It presents the transformations that it has undergone in its historical course, focusing on the period after the economic crisis, by employing key concepts, covering important electoral contests, and presenting the most relevant political parties. More specifically, the Greek party system has moved from largely a system of a predominant party before the 1967 dictatorship, to limited polarized pluralism after the restoration of democracy in 1974, and then to one of the most stable two-party systems in Europe from 1981 until the onset of the economic crisis, with PASOK and New Democracy monopolizing power between them. Nationally minded versus Left, Right versus anti-Right, social liberalism versus social conservatism and, lately, pro-European versus anti-European, have been the major dimensions of conflict of the Greek party system. After decades of high institutionalization and moderate volatility, the party system imploded in the 2012 twin earthquake elections, demonstrating massive dealignment and fragmentation, with PASOK almost vanishing and new actors, like SYRIZA, acquiring the status of relevant parties. Radical, anti-systemic parties, like Golden Dawn, also gained prominence and the party system transformed into a polarized multi-partyism. Almost a decade into the crisis, the Greek party system shows signs of a hesitant stabilization and, even, indications of a weak re-emerging bi-partyism between New Democracy and SYRIZA, posing the question as to whether it will reach a new equilibrium and what this equilibrium will be, in terms of format and internal dynamics.
The Communists
Authors: Charalambous Giorgos
Published: November 2020

This chapter attempts to provide an understanding of the Greek Communist Party’s (KKE’s, Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδας) physiognomy across time and in comparative perspective through an approach whereby ideological narratives, schemes of mobilization, and political tactics interact. This framework allows for an exposition of the inter-relationship between ideology, organization, and strategy in the case of Greek communism. In order to synthesize perspectives, revisit contested points, and close gaps in the study of contemporary Greek communism, the chapter’s reflections cut across five thematic sections: introduction; historical trajectory, ‘critical junctures’ and evolving opportunity structures with a focus on the KKE’s strategic behaviour; the KKE’s ideological and programmatic profile; the organizational form of the party in terms of mobilization structures and decision-making processes; and a conclusion which briefly considers future research avenues into Greek communism and its relevance for wider literatures.