bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decrease of aquaporin‐4 and excitatory amino acid transporter‐2 indicate astrocyte dysfunction for pathogenesis of cortical degeneration in HIV‐associated neurocognitive disorders
Authors: Xing Hui Qin , Zhang Yu , Izumo Kimiko , Arishima Shiho , Kubota Ryuji , Ye Xiang , Xu Qiping , Mori Kazuyasu , Izumo Shuji
Published: August 2016

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalitis and degeneration of cerebral cortex are established histopathologies of HIV‐associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). We previously reported decreased excitatory amino acid transporter‐2 (EAAT‐2) and astrocytic apoptosis in cortical degeneration using SIVmac239 and simian‐human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)‐infected macaques and human AIDS autopsy cases. In the present study, we added highly pathogenic SIVsm543‐3‐infected macaques. These animals showed similar degenerative changes in the frontal cortex. Using 11 SIV‐infected macaques, three SIVsm543‐3, five SIVmac239 and three SHIV, we compared brain pathology caused by three different viruses and further analyzed the pathogenic process of HAND. We noticed vacuolar changes in perivascular processes of astrocytes by electron microscopy, and examined expression of astrocyte‐specific protein aquaporin‐4 (AQP4) by immunohistochemistry. APQ4 was diffusely positive in the neuropil and perivascular area in control brains. There was patchy or diffuse decrease of AQP4 staining in the neuropil of SIV‐infected macaques, which was associated with EAAT‐2 staining by double immunostaining. A quantitative analysis demonstrated significant positive correlation between areas of AQP4 and EAAT‐2. Some astrocytes express EAAT‐2 but not AQP4, and decrease of EAAT‐2 expression tended to be less than the decrease of AQP4. Active‐caspase‐3 immunostaining demonstrated apoptosis of neurons and astrocytes in the area of AQP4/EAAT‐2 reduction. These results suggest that AQP4 is damaged first and decrease of EAAT‐2 may follow in pathogenesis of cortical degeneration. This is the first demonstration of decrease of AQP4 and its association with EAAT‐2 decrease in AIDS brain, suggesting a role in the pathogenesis of HAND.
Relationship between the cranial base and the mandible in artificially deformed skulls
Authors: Ferros I. , Mora M. J. , Obeso I. F. , Jimenez P. , Martinez‐Insua A.
Published: August 2016

Structured Abstract

Objectives

There is controversy regarding the relationship between mandibular position and alterations of the cranial base that provoke a more anterior location of the glenoid fossa. Artificially deformed skulls display marked alterations of the cranial base. This study evaluates mandibular changes as function of the morphology of the cranial base in these skulls.

Material and methods

A geometric morphometric study was performed on lateral cephalometric X‐rays of three groups of skulls: 32 with anteroposterior deformity, 17 with circumferential deformity and 39 with no apparent deformity.

Results

In artificially deformed skulls, the cranial base was deformed causing the mandibular condyle to be in a more anterior position. There was a complete remodelling of the mandible involving narrowing and elongation of the mandibular ramus, rotation of the corpus of the mandible and increased vertical height of the symphysis. Forward displacement did not occur. Integration between mandible and cranial base is not altered by deformation of the skull.

Conclusions

Deformity of the cranial vault exerts an influence on the mandible, supporting the theory of modular units in complete integration. This also supports the theory that mandibular prognathism is a multifactorial result and not a direct effect of displacement of the cranial base.
Intratumoural interleukin 12 gene therapy stimulates the immune system and decreases angiogenesis in dogs with spontaneous cancer
Authors: Cicchelero L. , Denies S. , Haers H. , Vanderperren K. , Stock E. , Van Brantegem L. , de Rooster H. , Sanders N. N.
Published: August 2016

Interleukin 12 (IL‐12) is a powerful immunostimulatory cytokine with a strong antitumoural activity. In this work, the immunological, anti‐angiogenic and clinical effects of three consecutive intratumoural IL‐12 electrogene therapy (EGT) treatments were evaluated in nine dogs with spontaneous cancer. In all the dogs, tumour biopsies and blood samples were taken prior, during and after the intratumoural IL‐12 EGT (on days 1, 8, 35 and 1, 3, 8, 15, 35, respectively). An initial decrease in immune cells was followed by an increase above baseline 1–3 weeks after treatment initiation. Interestingly, the decrease in peripheral leukocytes 2 days after the first intratumoural IL‐12 EGT coincided with erythema and tumour swelling. Transient increases of IL‐12 and interferon γ were measured in the serum and the tumour tissue, whereas IL‐10 transiently increased only in the serum. The effect of intratumoural IL‐12 EGT on the levels of IL‐24 and vascular endothelial growth factor in the sera and tumour biopsies differed per dog. Via contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (US) (on days 1, 8 and 35), we demonstrated that intratumoural IL‐12 EGT resulted in a significant decrease of the relative blood volume and blood flow speed in the tumour compared with baseline. Metastases were present in two dogs. In one of these dogs, IL‐12 EGT of the primary tumour caused a transient partial regression of the metastases, but not of the primary tumour. The second dog with metastases did not survive long enough to complete the entire treatment cycle. Despite encouraging immunostimulatory and anti‐angiogenic effects after intratumoural IL‐12 EGT, no clinically relevant outcomes were observed in this study, as persistent tumour regression could not be obtained. On the other hand, the laboratory and US results hold great promise for combinatorial strategies of intratumoural IL‐12 EGT with conventional antitumour (immuno)therapies.
Patient Blood Management in Europe: surveys on top indications for red blood cell use and Patient Blood Management organization and activities in seven European university hospitals
Authors: Bruun M. T. , Pendry K. , Georgsen J. , Manzini P. , Lorenzi M. , Wikman A. , Borg‐Aquilina D. , van Pampus E. , van Kraaij M. , Fischer D. , Meybohm P. , Zacharowski K. , Geisen C. , Seifried E. , Liumbruno G. M. , Folléa G. , Grant‐Casey J. , Babra P. , Murphy M. F.
Published: August 2016

Background and Objectives

Patient Blood Management (PBM) in Europe is a working group of the European Blood Alliance with the initial objective to identify the starting position of the participating hospitals regarding PBM for benchmarking purposes, and to derive good practices in PBM from the experience and expertise in the participating teams with the further aim of implementing and strengthening these practices in the participating hospitals.

Methods

We conducted two surveys in seven university hospitals in Europe: Survey on top indications for red blood cell use regarding usage of red blood cells during 1 week and Survey on PBM organization and activities.

Results

A total of 3320 units of red blood cells were transfused in 1 week at the seven hospitals. Overall, 61% of red cell units were transfused to medical patients and 36% to surgical patients, although there was much variation between hospitals. The organization and activities of PBM in the seven hospitals were variable, but there was a common focus on optimizing the treatment of bleeding patients, monitoring the use of blood components and treatment of preoperative anaemia.

Conclusion

Although the seven hospitals provide a similar range of clinical services, there was variation in transfusion rates between them. Further, there was variable implementation of PBM activities and monitoring of transfusion practice. These findings provide a baseline to develop joint action plans to further implement and strengthen PBM across a number of hospitals in Europe.
Persistent aggregates in apheresis platelet concentrates are commonly collected from donors with a history of aggregate donation
Authors: Feys H. B. , Pottel H. , Coene J. , Vandewalle G. , Vandekerckhove P. , Compernolle V.
Published: August 2016

Platelet apheresis sometimes causes persistent aggregates (PA). This study (n = 211) shows that changing the apheresis settings to reach fixed product volumes instead of yields does not influence PA incidence, even though PA products on average contain more platelets than controls. Furthermore, logistic regression was used to model if PA can be predicted on the basis of certain predonation parameters. PA donation history was the only parameter retained, proving a strong determinant of predictability [AUC = 0.735 (SE = 0.022)]. Consequently, donations from a donor with previous PA history are 7.8 times more likely to contain PA than from a donor without preceding history.
Predicting field weed emergence with empirical models and soft computing techniques
Authors: Gonzalez‐Andujar J L , Chantre G R , Morvillo C , Blanco A M , Forcella F
Published: August 2016

Seedling emergence is one of the most important phenological processes that influence the success of weed species. Therefore, predicting weed emergence timing plays a critical role in scheduling weed management measures. Important efforts have been made in the attempt to develop models to predict seedling emergence patterns for weed species under field conditions. Empirical emergence models have been the most common tools used for this purpose. They are based mainly on the use of temperature, soil moisture and light. In this review, we present the more popular empirical models, highlight some statistical and biological limitations that could affect their predictive accuracy and, finally, we present a new generation of modelling approaches to tackle the problems of conventional empirical models, focusing mainly on soft computing techniques. We hope that this review will inspire weed modellers and that it will serve as a basis for discussion and as a frame of reference when we proceed to advance the modelling of field weed emergence.
Attitudes of Blind Persons Toward Physical Education and Recreation
Authors: Sherrill Claudine , Rainbolt Wanda , Ervin Sandra
Published: August 2016

Thirty blind adults, ages 16 to 50 years, were interviewed concerning their attitudes toward physical education and recreation in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood and the variables which may have contributed to these feelings. The tape recorded responses to 22 open-ended questions were transcribed and subsequently rated as positive or negative by three judges. Significant z values (p < .05) between positive and negative responses were obtained for 16 of the 22 questions. Attitudes toward school-based experiences were positive whereas attitudes toward neighborhood, community, church, and family experiences were negative. A two-way analysis of variance revealed no significant differences in attitudes by school placement (residential vs. public). Males had significantly more positive attitudes toward physical education and recreation than females.
The Physical Fitness of Youngsters with Spinal Neuromuscular Conditions
Authors: Winnick Joseph P. , Short Francis X.
Published: August 2016

This study analyzed the physical fitness performance of 141 youngsters with spinal neuromuscular conditions, by age, sex, and severity of condition, and compared the performance of these subjects with 1,192 normal youngsters on selected physical fitness test items. Boys and girls, ages 10-17, with paraplegic spinal neuromuscular conditions were tested on 11 physical fitness test items which were modified, as necessary, for their participation. Where comparisons were appropriate, the scores of normal subjects of the same sex and age generally exceeded significantly those of the paraplegic subjects. There was a trend for paraplegic subjects to possess larger skinfolds than normal youngsters, and, where differences existed in skinfolds, the skinfolds of older paraplegic subjects exceeded those of younger paraplegic subjects. Few significant sex and age differences emerged for the paraplegic group on nonskinfold (performance) items. The test battery administered did not discriminate among the performance of subjects with various levels of spinal lesions at or below the sixth thoracic vertebra.
A Visual Comparison of Psychological Profiles between Able-Bodied and Wheelchair Athletes
Authors: Henschen Keith , Horvat Michael , French Ron
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to visually compare the psychological profile of 33 male wheelchair athletes who competed in track and field events, with previous results of able-bodied athletes. Based on the data gathered using the Profile of Mood States and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory the wheelchair athletes demonstrated a profile similar to that of able-bodied athletes. This finding was discussed in terms of mental skills that may be developed by wheelchair athletes because of their injuries, possible influence of medication, and higher level of demonstrated anger.

Considering that the human body is made for movement, it is a universally accepted fact that sports are one of the activities that are extremely healthy for man. Unlike the machines invented by man, the human machine deteriorates with inactivity. (Monnazzi, 1982, p. 85)
Provision of Adapted Physical Education: A Dilemma for Special Educators
Authors: Minner Sam , Prater Greg , Beane Allan
Published: August 2016

Preservice teachers from a special education undergraduate training program and inservice teachers working in special education classrooms read a descriptive vignette of a hypothetical placement meeting. All subjects were asked to assume that they felt the child being discussed needed adapted physical education, but that no person in their local school district was trained to provide such services. In short, a “professional dilemma” was devised. After reading the vignette, subjects responded to several questions that assessed their willingness to recommend that the student be provided with the necessary service and the potential impact of this recommendation. Results indicated that both groups were willing to recommend the service but that the inservice group was more fearful of negative repercussions.
Physical Activity as a Reinforcer in Physical Education
Authors: Lavay Barry
Published: August 2016

A systematic management program is often needed to control student behavior or elicit their optimum level of performance. One management system that is beginning to receive attention in physical education is the application of physical activity reinforcement (McKenzie, 1979; Siedentop, 1983). This system of reinforcement is defined as a systematic procedure in which a structured time to choose among various physical education activities is contingent on the individual’s meeting a predetermined criterion of behavior. The following discussion of the research conducted on program strategies and benefits utilizing physical activity reinforcement will enable practitioners to incorporate such a management system into their physical education program.
Upper Body Exercise Capacity in Youth with Spina Bifida
Authors: Coutts Kenneth , McKenzie Donald , Loock Christine , Beauchamp Richard , Armstrong Robert
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to describe the upper body exercise capabilities of youth with spina bifida, which would permit comparison of their abilities to norms. Forty-two children with spina bifida age 7 to 18 years were tested for maximal handgrip strength, anaerobic arm-crank power output, and peak arm-crank oxygen uptake. Analysis of variance was used to compare age, gender, and level of disability differences within the total sample. This analysis indicated no significant effect of level of disability on any of the upper body exercise capacity measures. Significant gender and age effects were noted for grip strength and anaerobic and aerobic capabilities. The sample exhibited handgrip strength comparable to that of nondisabled youth but low anaerobic power and peak oxygen uptake values. Some individual subjects, however, had “normal” values for all tests suggesting that a lower level of participation in regular physical activity rather than spina bifida per se may be responsible for the generally lower physical capacity found in the total sample.
Training Students with Mental Retardation to Self-Pace while Exercising
Authors: Ellis David N. , Cress Pamela J. , Spellman Charles R.
Published: August 2016

This report describes an effort to train adolescents and young adults with mental retardation to modify their rates of pedaling exercycles during 10-min self-paced exercise sessions in a public school setting using commercially available heart rate (HR) monitors. A signal sounded when participants’ heart rates fell outside their predetermined cardiorespiratory conditioning ranges. During Study 1 most participants consistently avoided the alarm by pedaling at rates that maintained their HRs above their criterion levels. Study 2 included a more intensive warm-up period on the treadmill. All subjects but one consistently responded to the signal, maintaining HRs within the criterion range. Two of the participants in Study 2 were exposed to a positive reinforcement condition, with music contingent on maintaining HRs above a preset lower limit. Two subjects participated in maintenance phases and continued to exhibit relatively high HRs during exercise in the absence of signals from the HR monitor.
Biomechanical Variables in Sprint Running of Athletes with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Pope Carol , Sherrill Claudine , Wilkerson Jerry , Pyfer Jean
Published: August 2016

This paper describes the sprint running of selected Class 6, 7, and 8 international-level athletes with cerebral palsy (CP), contrasts their biomechanical characteristics with those reported for nondisabled runners, and delineates discriminating biomechanical parameters among classes. Subjects included 17 male and female Class 6, 7, and 8 athletes with CP who competed in international competition and were finalists or semifinalists in sprint events. High speed films were taken, and data reduction was performed. It was concluded that (a) elite Class 6, 7, and 8 athletes with CP descriptively differ from findings reported in the nondisabled literature on variables of stride length, velocity, ratio of support to nonsupport time, time of forward swing, trunk angle, hip angle, angle of touchdown, and stride time (females only); (b) athletes with CP differ (right-side values only) between classes for hip range of motion, hip velocity, knee and elbow range of motion, and trunk angle average; and (c) distinguishing biomechanical characteristics exist between the more involved and noninvolved or less involved sides for hip velocity, angle of touchdown, and hip, knee, ankle, and shoulder range of motion.
Social and Affective Problems of Children Who Are Clumsy: How Early Do They Begin?
Authors: Schoemaker Marina M. , Kalverboer Alex F.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the social and affective concomitants of clumsiness in children. The results suggest that children who are clumsy are more introverted than children without movement problems, judge themselves to be less competent both physically and socially, and are significantly more anxious. However, when the relationship between severity of clumsiness and social or affective problems was investigated, only socially negative behavior was shown to be less common in the children who were most severely clumsy. No other aspect of social or affective functioning was related to the degree of clumsiness. Although some patterns were detected among social and affective problems, the overall picture was rather heterogeneous. The implications of the results for development and intervention are discussed.
Motor Skill Acquisition in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder
Authors: Missiuna Cheryl
Published: August 2016

Children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) demonstrate coordination difficulties during the learning of novel motor skills; no previous studies, however, have investigated their ability to learn and then generalize a new movement. This study compared 24 young children with DCD with 24 age-matched control children (AMC) during the early stages of learning a simple aiming task. Children with DCD were found to perform more poorly than their peers on measures of acquired motor skill, and to react and move more slowly at every level of task performance. The effect of age and its relationship to practice of the task was also different within each group. The groups did not differ, however, in their rate of learning, or in the extent to which they were able to generalize the learned movement. Children with DCD sacrificed more speed than the AMC group when aiming at a small target, but the effects of amplitude and directional changes were quite similar for each group. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Subtypes of Students with Learning Disabilities Based upon Gross Motor Functions
Authors: Miyahara Motohide
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to identify possible subtypes of students with learning disabilities based upon gross motor functions. Subjects in a private school for learning difficulties were divided into a group of students with learning disabilities and a comparison group. Gross motor subtests from the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (Bruininks, 1978) were administered to both learning-disabled and comparison groups. The four subtypes yielded by the K-means iterative partitioning method demonstrated distinct profiles. Cluster membership was shown to be fairly stable by internal validation techniques. The external validity of the four subtypes was verified by a teacher’s ratings of students’ physical behaviors. It was recommended that the outcome of type-specific remediation and the longitudinal stability of gross motor subtypes be evaluated.
Socialization, Subculture, and Wheelchair Sport: The Influence of Peers in Wheelchair Racing
Authors: Williams Trevor , Taylor Denise
Published: August 2016

This study examines the influence of peers as sport socialization agents in the context of a wheelchair racing subculture in the United Kingdom. Using participant observation and survey methods the study focuses on elite and nonelite peer relationships–those between nonelite racers, between elite racers, and between elite and nonelite racers–and the knowledge that is transmitted and exchanged as subcultural responses to wheelchair racing problems. Six main interactional socialization contexts are identified: buying a racing wheelchair, British Wheelchair Racing Association training sessions, local training sessions, domestic races, foreign races, and Great Britain national squad training. Within these contexts elite racers socialize their nonelite peers by passing on subcultural solutions to two sets of problems: those that concern the racing chair and those that concern training. The relationship between the individual and the collective is complex, but peers play a major role in the development and transmission of the wheelchair racing subculture.
The Competitive Disposition: Views of Athletes with Mental Retardation
Authors: Zoerink Dean A. , Wilson Joseph
Published: August 2016

The twofold purpose of this study was (a) to determine the perspectives held by athletes with mental retardation relative to competitiveness, winning, and setting goals in competitive team sports situations and (b) to explore differences between male and female athletes with mental retardation and their counterparts without disabilities regarding their perceptions of competitiveness, winning, and setting goals in team sports environments. Of the 402 subjects who completed the Sport Orientation Questionnaire-Form B (Gill & Deeter, 1988), 288 were male and female athletes with mental retardation who participated in team sports at the 1991 International Special Olympic Games. They were compared with 114 university team sports athletes without disabilities. Analyses of variance revealed that, regardless of disability status, young men viewed themselves to be more competitive than their female counterparts. The findings also indicated that male athletes with mental retardation were more competitive than other athletes and that male athletes without disabilities perceived winning to be more important than did athletes with mental retardation.
Single Trial versus Maximal or Mean Values for Evaluating Strength in Individuals with Mental Retardation
Authors: Horvat Michael , Roswal Glenn , Croce Ron , Seagraves Frank
Published: August 2016

The purpose of the investigation was to use hand-held dynamometry to compare a single trial versus maximal or mean values of muscular strength in individuals with mental retardation. Twenty-three subjects classified as moderately mentally retarded (12 male, 11 female) performed three trials on six muscle groups. The magnitudes of the first, maximal, and mean isometric force across muscle groups were compared using a repeated measures analysis of variance and the Greenhouse-Geiser adjustment for the critical level of significance. Data analysis revealed a significant main muscle group effect and measurement score effect, but no significant differences between a single trial and mean of three trials. However, there was a significant difference between the first or mean scores and maximal scores. Intraclass correlation coefficients demonstrated consistency across muscle groups. Findings support the use of a single trial or mean of three trials to document muscular strength in individuals with mental retardation.
Relationship between the Level of Physical Impairment and Sports Performance in Elite Wheelchair Basketball Athletes
Authors: Vanlandewijck Yves C. , Spaepen Arthur J. , Lysens Roeland J.
Published: August 2016

Fifty-two male elite wheelchair basketball athletes, classified into four functional ability classes, were studied to determine whether overall wheelchair basketball performance in a game situation is related to the functional ability level of the participant. To determine the quality of the individual’s game performance, 18 championship games were videotaped and analyzed by means of the Comprehensive Basketball Grading System. Physical fitness parameters (propulsive force and aerobic power) were determined in specific laboratory conditions. Force application on the wheelchair handrims was measured by means of an ergodyn device. Finally, the subjects, while in their wheelchairs, performed a maximal exercise capacity test on a motordriven treadmill. The analyses indicated significant differences in field performance and aerobic power between Class I and the rest of the classes. However, isometric and dynamic force application on the handrims could not be proven to be functional ability dependent. In conclusion, reducing the number of classes to improve fair and equitable competition in wheelchair basketball was considered viable.
Movement Preparation and the Costs and Benefits Associated with Advance Information for Adults with Down Syndrome
Authors: Clair David A. Le , Elliott Digby
Published: August 2016

This study examined the extent to which individuals with Down syndrome benefit from visual and verbal advance information about a manual aiming movement. Adults with Down syndrome as well as control subjects with and without mental handicaps performed 10.5-cm manual aiming movements with their preferred hand. On each trial subjects were cued about the specific movement either visually or verbally. On different trial blocks, the cue provided either 50% or 80% certainty. Nonhandicapped control subjects initiated and completed their manual aiming movements more quickly than subjects with mental handicaps. As well, individuals with Down syndrome were found to be slower and more variable in reaction time than participants in the other mentally handicapped group when valid information was provided verbally but not when the cue was provided visually. These results are consistent with the proposal that atypical hemispheric lateralization for speech perception associated with Down syndrome disrupts communication between functional systems responsible for processing of verbal language and organizing movement (Elliott & Weeks, 1993b).
Conditioned Patellar Tendon Reflex Function in Children with and Without Developmental Coordination Disorders
Authors: Williams Harriet G. , Burke Jeanmarie R.
Published: August 2016

A conditioned patellar tendon reflex paradigm was used to study the contributions of crossed spinal and supraspinal inputs to the output of the alpha motoneuron pool in children with and without developmental coordination disorders. The basic patellar tendon reflex response was exaggerated in children with developmental coordination disorders. Crossed spinal and supraspinal influences on the excitability of the alpha motoneuron pool were similar in both groups of children. However, there was evidence of exaggerated crossed spinal and supraspinal inputs onto the alpha motoneuron pool in individual children with developmental coordination disorder.
Physiological and Dynamic Responses to Maximal Velocity Wheelchair Ergometry
Authors: Hutzler Yeshayahu , Grunze Martin , Kaiser Rolf
Published: August 2016

Eleven male elite wheelchair basketball players took part in an all-out, high-velocity, “Wingate”-type ergometric test lasting 30 s. An electrically braked and electronically controlled roller device was used to measure power and velocity. A breath-by-breath metabolic measurement cart collected net O2 uptake prior to, during, and after the test. Average braking load and velocity were 9.91 N · m and 5.09 m · s-1, respectively. Mean total work during the test was 4,468.47 ± 1,326 J. Based on net O2 cost and estimating a 10% efficiency, the aerobic contribution would be 29.8 ± 10.2%. Therefore, performance in this test seems to be predominantly anaerobic. Velocity variables of the subjects included in this study had a significant relationship to power variables and thus are considered valid for measuring peak performance, mean performance, and fatigue. A regression analysis utilizing wheel size and function as independent variables presented a significant relationship to peak velocity (P <.005). Further findings indicated variability in technique among subjects that led to training suggestions.
Effects of Hydraulic Resistance Strength Training on Isokinetic Measures of Leg Strength in Men with Mental Retardation
Authors: Suomi Rory , Surburg Paul R. , Lecius Peter
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of hydraulic resistance (HR) training on total work and peak torque measures of isokinetic strength for tests of knee extension and hip abduction on men with mental retardation (MR). The subjects, 22 men with mild to moderate MR, were randomly assigned to two groups; 11 subjects trained three times a week for 12 weeks using HR exercise machines, while the other 11 served as controls. Prior to and after the 12 weeks of training, all subjects were assessed on isokinetic tests of knee extension at 60 deg/s and hip abduction at 30 deg/s. The strength trained subjects exhibited significant increases in total work scores on knee extension and hip abduction tests for both legs ranging from 25.0 to 177.1%. Significant increases ranging from 50.1 to 82.7% were also noted on two of the four peak torque measures. The control subjects did not exhibit significant changes in total work or peak torque scores on either muscle test between test sessions.
Physical and Motor Development of Neonates/Infants Prenatally Exposed to Drugs in Utero: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Tarr Susan J. , Pyfer Jean L.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of prenatal drug exposure on birth weight, birth length, head circumference, Apgar scores, length of gestation, and motor development (Psychomotor Development Index, PDI) scores. A meta-analytic review was conducted on 56 studies published between 1979 and June 25, 1993. There were 294 effect sizes computed using the means and standard deviations reported in each study. The composite effect sizes calculated for the growth and motor development variables were (a) –.55, p <.01, birth weight; (b) –.74, p < .01, birth length; (c) –.79, p < .01, head circumference; (d) –.45, p < .01, 1-min Apgar score; (e) –.62, p <.01, 5-min Apgar score; (f) –.36, p < .01, length of gestation; (g) –.07, p = .55, PDI score (3 months); (h) –.35, p <.01, PDI score (6 months); (i) –.74, p < .01, PDI score (12 months); (j) –.44, p <.01, PDI score (18 months); and (k) –.23, p <.01, PDI score (24 months). The results of this investigation demonstrated that the use/abuse of illicit substances, alcohol, or both by the mother does significantly affect the physical and motor development of neonates/infants exposed in utero.
Influence of a Motor Skill Intervention Program on Perceived Competence of At-Risk African American Preschoolers
Authors: Goodway Jacqueline D. , Rudisill Mary E.
Published: August 2016

This study was conducted to determine the influence of a motor skill intervention (MSI) program on the perceived competence and social acceptance of African American preschoolers who are at risk of school failure/developmental delay. Two groups of preschoolers enrolled in a compensatory prekindergarten program participated in a 12-week intervention. The motor skill intervention (MSI) group received an MSI program, while the control group (C) received the regular prekindergarten program. All children completed Harter’s Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance prior to and following the 12-week program. The results indicated that all children, regardless of group, reported high perceived physical and cognitive competence and high perceived maternal and peer acceptance. Additionally, the MSI group reported significantly higher perceived physical competence scores after receiving the MSI program. The MSI group also reported higher perceived physical competence than the C group on postintervention scores. No gender differences were found. It was concluded that perceived competence and social acceptance were enhanced by participation in an MSI program.
The Effects of Quality Daily Physical Education on Movement Competency in Obese versus Nonobese Children
Authors: Marshall J. Dru , Bouffard Marcel
Published: August 2016

The purposes of the study were to determine if there is a difference in gross motor skill movement competencies between obese and nonobese children; whether Quality Daily Physical Education (QDPE) programs facilitated the development of movement skill in obese children; and whether there is an association between aerobic fitness level and motor performance results. A 2 Sex (male, female) × 2 Group (obese, nonobese) × 2 Age Categories (Grade 1, Grade 4) × 2 Program (QDPE, non-QDPE) completely randomized factorial design was used. Movement competency (Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD)) and aerobic fitness (20 m shuttle run test) were assessed in 100 age-, sex-, and school-matched obese and nonobese pairs. A significant three-way interaction of Program × Group × Sex was found for the TGMD total score, suggesting that QDPE programs facilitate the development of gross motor skills in those children who are less movement competent to begin with, regardless of their obesity status. Correlations showed that aerobic fitness level was predictive of the TGMD scores. This study provides evidence in support of QDPE programs.
Participation in Sports Groups for Patients with Cardiac Problems: An Experimental Study
Authors: Schäperclaus Gerrie , de Greef Mathieu , Rispens Piet , de Calonne Danielle , Landsman Martin , Lie Kong I. , Oudhof Jan
Published: August 2016

An experimental study was carried out to determine the influence of participation in Sports Groups for Patients with Cardiac Problems (SPCP) on physical and mental fitness and on risk factor level after myocardial infarction. SPCP members (n = 74; 67 men and 7 women) were compared with Nonsporting Patients with Cardiac Problems (NPCP, n = 60; 52 men and 8 women). Patients were a random sample from two hospitals in the Netherlands. In comparison with NPCP, the SPCP group showed a greater maximum oxygen uptake, a higher degree of perceived well-being, and a lower risk factor level. After correction for differences in cardiac and personal characteristics, SPCP yielded an independent significant multivariate effect on maximum oxygen uptake, perceived well-being, and risk factor level. Therefore, the application and integration of SPCP in cardiac rehabilitation should be further investigated.
The Importance of Motor Coordination for Children’s Motivational Orientations in Sport
Authors: Rose Betty , Larkin Dawne , Berger Bonnie G.
Published: August 2016

According to competence motivation theory, children who are successful at movement will be intrinsically motivated in the motor domain (Harter, 1978, 1981a). By contrast, intrinsic motivation of children who repeatedly fail at movement is likely to diminish. The present study aimed to examine motivational orientations of children (N = 130) who differed in motor ability. Children (age 8-12) were categorized as coordinated (n = 62) or poorly coordinated (n = 68) according to scores on a neuromuscular development battery (McCarron, 1982). The poorly coordinated group was less motivated by challenge than well-coordinated participants as measured on the Motivational Orientation in Sport Scale (Weiss, Bredemeier, & Shewchuk, 1985a). Girls were less intrinsically motivated toward challenge than boys. There was little support that movement competence and motivational orientation are linked.
Socialization into Wheelchair Basketball in the United Kingdom: A Structural Functionalist Perspective
Authors: Williams Trevor , Kolkka Tarja
Published: August 2016

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the use of the structural functionalist sociological perspective in a disability sport inquiry. A study of socialization into wheelchair basketball is used to show how the ontological and epistemological assumptions of structural functionalism underlie decisions about the research problem and subproblems, data collection method, explanation of the results, and conclusion. Wheelchair basketball is conceptualized as a social system, and socialization as a process that ensures pattern maintenance within the system. A critique is offered of how the perspective has been interpreted in the disability sport literature, its capacity to incorporate variance, and theoretical and heuristic utility for examining disability sports.
Attitudes and Grading Practices of Secondary Physical Educators in Regular Education Settings
Authors: Duchane Kim A. , French Ron
Published: August 2016

Fishbein and Ajzen’s (1975) reasoned action theoretical model was used to examine physical education teachers’ attitudes toward grading students with disabilities. Participants were 82 male and 100 female teachers who taught physical education in grade 6-8, representing 119 schools. The Physical Educators’ Attitude Toward Teaching Individuals with Disabilities (PEATID-III) survey and a grading practices questionnaire were administered. A three-way ANOVA indicated no significant differences in grading practices between genders and between teachers with positive and negative attitudes. However, comparison of grading practices for students with (M = 122.83) and without disabilities (M = 133.49) revealed significant differences, F(1, 154) = 21.31, p < .001. It was concluded that criteria for grading students with disabilities are significantly different from those for nondisabled classmates. Neither attitude nor gender made a significant difference in grading practices.
Effects of Contact Time and Location of Practicum Experiences on Attitudes of Physical Education Majors
Authors: Hodge Samuel R. , Jansma Paul
Published: August 2016

Attitude change of physical education majors was studied in relation to number of weeks in an introductory adapted physical education (APE) course and type of practicum location (on- or off-campus). Data were collected using the Physical Educators’ Attitude Toward Teaching Individuals with Disabilities-III (PEATID-III) (Rizzo, 1993b) and a practicum information questionnaire (PIQ). Participants completing the PEATID-III during Weeks 1, 10, and 15 of their course were 292 males and 182 females in 22 institutions of higher education (IHEs) representing 17 states. Participants completing the PIQ were 17 faculty members. A nonequivalent comparison group, pretest-posttest experimental design was used with factorial ANOVA, post-hoc measures, ANCOVA, and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Findings indicated that off- and on-campus practicum both promoted positive attitude change between Weeks 1 and 10 and Weeks 1 and 15. On-campus practicum experiences improved attitudes significantly more than off-campus ones.
Physical Fitness of Trained Runners with and without Mild Mental Retardation
Authors: Frey Georgia C. , McCubbin Jeffrey A. , Hannigan-Downs Steve , Kasser Susan L , Skaggs Steven O.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to compare physical fitness levels of trained runners with mild mental retardation (MMR) (7 males and 2 females, age = 28.7 ± 7.4 years, weight = 67.0 ± 11.7 kg) and those without (7 males and 2 females, age = 29.1 ± 7.5, weight = 68.7 ± 8.8 kg). Paired t tests revealed no differences between runners with and without MMR on measures of V̇O2peak (56.3 ± 9.1 vs. 57.7 ± 4.1 ml · kg-1 · min-1), percent body fat (16.6 ± 8.4 vs. 16.6 ± 3.1), and lower back/hamstring flexibility (33.1 ± 10.9 vs. 28.6 ± 10.1 cm). Knee flexion (KF) and extension (KE) strength were significantly greater in runners without MMR compared to those with MMR (KF peak torque = 65.7 ±7.9 vs. 48.7 ± 15.7 ft/lb; KE peak torque = 138.5 ± 17.7 vs. 104.4 ± 29.9 ft/lb). It was concluded that trained runners with MMR can achieve high levels of physical fitness comparable to individuals without MMR.
Personal Investment in Disability Sport Careers: An International Study
Authors: Wheeler Garry D. , Steadward Robert D. , Legg David , Hutzler Yesahayu , Campbell Elizabeth , Johnson Anne
Published: August 2016

This study aimed to examine the transferability of a personal investment process of disability sport to athletes from the USA, UK, Canada, and Israel. Initiation, competition, and retirement experiences of 40 athletes were examined. Results corroborate previous findings on athletes with and without disabilities and reveal no differences in major themes among athletes from different countries. A revised personal investment process model is proposed. Athletes with a disability should receive some form of preparatory counseling support before and after retirement. Difficulties during the transition to retirement are generally associated with overcommitment, ego identity in sport, and exclusion of other aspects of life (Baille, 1993; Blinde & Stratta, 1992; Hill & Lowe, 1974; Sinclair & Orlick, 1993). Factors associated with successful transition include sense of accomplishment, voluntary retirement, degree of ego involvement and commitment, anticipatory socialization, planning, social support structures, adequate financial support, and maintenance of outside interests (Baille, 1993; Sinclair & Orlick, 1993; Werthner & Orlick, 1986).
Effects of Integrated Sport Participation on Perceived Competence for Adolescents with Mental Retardation
Authors: Ninot Grégory , Bilard Jean , Delignières Didier , Sokolowski Michel
Published: August 2016

The purpose was to examine the effects of type of program (integrated vs. segregated) and type of sport (basketball vs. swimming) on sport skills, four domains of perceived competence, and general self-worth. Participants were 48 adolescent females with mental retardation (MR) divided equally into six groups: (a) segregated basketball, (b) integrated basketball, (c) segregated swimming, (d) integrated swimming, (e) adapted physical activity (APA), (f) sedentary. The experimental treatment was 8 months long. We administrated sport skill tests and Harter’s (1985) Self-Perception Profile for Children four times to determine changes in sport skill, perceived competence, and general self-worth. Results indicated (a) significant improvement in skill for all sports groups, (b) no changes in perceived social acceptance and physical appearance, (c) significantly lower perceived athletic competence for the integrated basketball group compared to the sedentary group, (d) significantly lower perceived conduct for the basketball groups compared to the APA and sedentary groups, (e) and no significant changes in general self-worth.
Documentary Analysis of Survey Research in Adapted Physical Activity: 1984-1998
Authors: Porretta David L. , Kozub Francis M. , Lisboa Fabio L.
Published: August 2016

Articles related to adapted physical activity appearing in professional journals (1984-1998) were analyzed. Of the 111 articles reviewed, 30 (27%), 39 (35%), and 42 (38%) were published during the 1984-1988, 1989-1993, and 1994-1998 time periods, respectively. Two thirds of the studies concerned conditions/demographics/practices rather than attitudes. Only 34 (31%) surveys were mailed as opposed to other forms of delivery (e.g., face to face interviews, telephone, etc.). While validity and reliability reporting increased over the three time periods, in total, only 59 (53%) reported validity and 62 (56%) reported reliability. A sample frame was clearly identified in only 43 (39%) studies. Only 7 (6%) articles addressed nonresponse bias, a critical element in survey research design. Future investigators need to report validity and reliability, clearly define sample frames, and account for nonresponse bias.
Preparation of Leadership Personnel in Adapted Physical Education: A Follow-Up Study
Authors: McCubbin Jeffrey A. , Dunn John M.
Published: August 2016

This study examined the need for the preparation of leadership personnel in the area of adapted physical education within the USA. Data were collected on the advertised positions in the Chronicle of Higher Education between 1991-1998 compared to the numbers of personnel prepared during a previous, similar time period (1981-1989). During the 1991-1998 time period, 87 professionals completed dissertations related to adapted physical education, while 173 positions in institutions of higher education were advertised for professionals with expertise in adapted physical education. These data indicate that there continues to be a significant need for additional doctoral personnel trained in adapted physical education for college or university teaching positions in the United States. Evidence of a need for diversified, well-qualified training programs is offered. In addition, the authors suggest promising alternate approaches to assist in meeting the needs of qualified personnel in adapted physical education for leadership positions.
Effects of Motor Skill Intervention on Developmental Coordination Disorder: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Pless Mia , Carlsson Marianne
Published: August 2016

The purpose was to determine whether evidence exists in published research from 1970 to 1996 to support motor skill intervention for children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) or equivalent conditions. The following questions were addressed: (a) Which (if any) of three theoretical approaches to motor skill interventions is supported by evidence? (b) How do age of participants, research design, intervention setting, and intervention duration affect motor outcomes? (c) What are the results of meta-analysis? Twenty-one relevant studies were identified, and 13 (all that reported means and standard deviations) were subjected to meta-analysis. Findings indicated that motor skill intervention is most effective when applied with (a) children with DCD over age 5, (b) the specific skill theoretical approach, (c) intervention conducted in a group setting or as a home program, and (d) intervention frequency of at least 3 to 5 times per week. No clear findings emerged in regard to other variables.