bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Description and crystal structure of a new mineral, edwardsite, Cu3Cd2(SO4)2(OH)6·4H2O, from Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Elliott P. , Brugger J. , Caradoc-Davies T.
Published: April 2010

Edwardsite, Cu3Cd2(SO4)2(OH)6·4H2O, is a new mineral from the Block 14 Opencut, Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia. It occurs as druses of tabular and bladed crystals up to 0.06 mm in size, associated with niedermayrite and christelite. Edwardsite is pale blue, transparent with vitreous lustre and has excellent cleavage parallel to {100}. Density was not measured but the calculated density, from the empirical formula, is 3.53 g cm–3and the Mohs hardness is ∼3. Optically, it is biaxial negative with α ∼ 1.74, β = 1.762(4), γ ∼ 1.77 and 2Vcalc.∼ +62°. The optical orientation is X =b, Y ∼a, Z ∼c. Electron microprobe analysis gave (wt.%): CdO 32.43, CuO 28.06, ZnO 2.26, FeO 0.08, SO320.35, H2Ocalc.(from crystal-structure analysis) 14.14, totalling 99.32. The empirical formula, calculated on the basis of 18 oxygen atoms is Cu2.77Cd1.98Zn0.22Fe0.01(SO4)2.00(OH)5.95·4.06H2O. Edwardsite is monoclinic, space groupP21/c, witha= 10.863(2) Å,b= 13.129(3) Å,c= 11.169(2) Å, β = 113.04(3)°,V= 1465.9(5) Å3(single-crystal data) andZ= 4. The eight strongest lines in the powder diffraction pattern are [d(Å), (I/I0), (hkl)]: 9.991, (90), (100); 5.001, (90), (200, 21); 4.591, (45), (20); 3.332, (60), (300, 032); 3.005, (30), (03); 2.824, (40), (2); 2.769, (55), (20, 042, 10); 2.670, (45), (2). The crystal structure was determined by direct methods and refined toR1 = 3.21% using 1904 observed reflections withFo> 4σ(Fo) collected using synchrotron X-ray radiation (λ = 0.773418 Å). The structure is based on infinite sheets of edge-sharing Cuϕ6(ϕ: O2–, OH) octahedra and Cdϕ7(ϕ: O2–, H2O) polyhedra parallel to (100). The sheets are decorated on both sides by corner-sharing (SO4) tetrahedra, which also corner-link to isolated Cdϕ6octahedra, thus connecting adjacent sheets. Moderate-strong to weak hydrogen bonding provides additional linkage between sheets.
Ardennite, tiragalloite and medaite: structural control of (As5+,V5+,Si4+)O4 tetrahedra in silicates
Authors: Nagashima M. , Armbruster T.
Published: April 2010

Several silicate-minerals, such as ardennite – Mn2+4MgAl5[Si5(As5+,V5+)O22](OH)6, Z = 2, tiragalloite – Mn2+4[Si3As5+O12(OH)], Z = 4 and medaite – Mn2+6[Si5(V5+,As5+)O18(OH)], Z = 4 possess (V5+,As5+,P5+)O4 tetrahedra. Using electron-microprobe analysis (EMPA) and single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods, the crystal chemistry of ardennite from Salam-Château, Belgium and the Vernetto mine, Italy, tiragalloite from the Gambatesa mine, Italy, and medaite from the Molinello mine, Italy and the Fianel mine, Switzerland, were studied. Structure refinements converged to R1 values of 2.10–5.67%. According to chemical analysis, the Σ(As+V+P) content increases with decreasing Si content. Thus, Si replaces pentavalent cations in tetrahedral coordination. The (As5+,V5+,P5+,Si4+)O4 tetrahedra are categorized by their connections to SiO4 tetrahedra. The (As5+,V5+,P5+,Si4+)O4 tetrahedron of ardennite is isolated, and those of tiragalloite and medaite terminate a tetrahedral chain. The  of the isolated (As5+,V5+,P5+,Si4+)O4 tetrahedron shows a positive correlation with the mean ionic radius. For (As5+,V5+,P5+,Si4+)O4 tetrahedra with one T–O–T link,  and mean ionic radius are also correlated. In addition, the longest bridging T–O bond occurs between (As,V,P,Si)O4 and the adjacent SiO4 tetrahedron. The bridging O atom is over-bonded to satisfy the charge requirement of Σ(As+V+Si).
Specific N-linked glycosylation sites modulate synthesis and secretion of von Willebrand factor
Authors: McKinnon Thomas A. J. , Goode Elizabeth C. , Birdsey Graeme M. , Nowak Agata A. , Chan Alain C. K. , Lane David A. , Laffan Michael A.
Published: April 2010

We examined the role that N-linked glycans play in the synthesis and expression of von Willebrand Factor (VWF). Blocking the addition of N-linked glycans (NLGs) or inhibiting initial glycan processing prevented secretion of VWF. To determine whether specific glycosylation sites were important, the 16 VWF N-linked glycosylation sites were mutated followed by expression in HEK293T cells. Four NLG mutants affected VWF expression: N99Q (D1 domain), N857Q (D' domain), N2400Q (B1 domain), and N2790Q (CK domain) either abolished or reduced secretion of VWF and this was confirmed by metabolic labeling. Multimer analysis of mutant N2790Q cell lysate revealed an increase in VWF monomers, which was also observed when the isolated CK domain was expressed with N2790 mutated. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that mutants N99Q, N857Q, and N2790Q were primarily retained within the ER, producing only few pseudo Weibel-Palade bodies over longer time periods compared with wtVWF. All the variants also showed an increase in free thiol reactivity. This was greatest with N857Q and D4-C2 NLG mutants, which had approximately 6-fold and 3- to 4-fold more free thiol reactivity than wtVWF. These data provide further evidence of the critical role that individual N-linked glycans play in determining VWF synthesis and expression.
LYL1 activity is required for the maturation of newly formed blood vessels in adulthood
Authors: Pirot Nelly , Deleuze Virginie , El-Hajj Rawan , Dohet Christiane , Sablitzky Fred , Couttet Philippe , Mathieu Danièle , Pinet Valérie
Published: April 2010

The 2 related basic helix loop helix genes, LYL1 and TAL-1 are active in hematopoietic and endothelial lineages. While Tal-1 is essential for both hematopoietic and vascular development, the role of Lyl1 appears to be distinct as deficient mice are viable and display modest hematopoietic defects. Here, we reveal a role for Lyl1 as a major regulator of adult neovascularization. Tumors implanted into Lyl1-deficient mice showed higher proliferation and angiogenesis, as evidenced by enlarged lumens, reduced pericyte coverage and increased permeability, compared with wild type littermates. Of note, Lyl1-deficient tumor vessels exhibited an up-regulation of Tal-1, the VE-Cadherin target gene, as well as Angiopoietin-2, 3 major actors in angiogenesis. Hematopoietic reconstitution experiments demonstrated that this sustained tumor angiogenesis was of endothelial origin. Moreover, the angiogenic phenotype observed in the absence of Lyl1 function was not tumor-restricted as microvessels forming in Matrigel or originating from aortic explants were also more numerous and larger than their wild-type counterparts. Finally, LYL1 depletion in human endothelial cells revealed that LYL1 controls the expression of molecules involved in the stabilization of vascular structures. Together, our data show a role for LYL1 in the postnatal maturation of newly formed blood vessels.
De novo sequencing and analysis of the American ginseng root transcriptome using a GS FLX Titanium platform to discover putative genes involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis
Authors: Sun Chao , Li Ying , Wu Qiong , Luo Hongmei , Sun Yongzhen , Song Jingyuan , Lui Edmund MK , Chen Shilin
Published: April 2010

Background

American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) is one of the most widely used herbal remedies in the world. Its major bioactive constituents are the triterpene saponins known as ginsenosides. However, little is known about ginsenoside biosynthesis in American ginseng, especially the late steps of the pathway.

Results

In this study, a one-quarter 454 sequencing run produced 209,747 high-quality reads with an average sequence length of 427 bases. De novo assembly generated 31,088 unique sequences containing 16,592 contigs and 14,496 singletons. About 93.1% of the high-quality reads were assembled into contigs with an average 8-fold coverage. A total of 21,684 (69.8%) unique sequences were annotated by a BLAST similarity search against four public sequence databases, and 4,097 of the unique sequences were assigned to specific metabolic pathways by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Based on the bioinformatic analysis described above, we found all of the known enzymes involved in ginsenoside backbone synthesis, starting from acetyl-CoA via the isoprenoid pathway. Additionally, a total of 150 cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and 235 glycosyltransferase unique sequences were found in the 454 cDNA library, some of which encode enzymes responsible for the conversion of the ginsenoside backbone into the various ginsenosides. Finally, one CYP450 and four UDP-glycosyltransferases were selected as the candidates most likely to be involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis through a methyl jasmonate (MeJA) inducibility experiment and tissue-specific expression pattern analysis based on a real-time PCR assay.

Conclusions

We demonstrated, with the assistance of the MeJA inducibility experiment and tissue-specific expression pattern analysis, that transcriptome analysis based on 454 pyrosequencing is a powerful tool for determining the genes encoding enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in non-model plants. Additionally, the expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and unique sequences from this study provide an important resource for the scientific community that is interested in the molecular genetics and functional genomics of American ginseng.
Azithromycin effectiveness against intracellular infections of Francisella
Authors: Ahmad Saira , Hunter Lyman , Qin Aiping , Mann Barbara J , van Hoek Monique L
Published: April 2010

Background

Macrolide antibiotics are commonly administered for bacterial respiratory illnesses. Azithromycin (Az) is especially noted for extremely high intracellular concentrations achieved within macrophages which is far greater than the serum concentration. Clinical strains of Type B Francisella (F.) tularensis have been reported to be resistant to Az, however our laboratory Francisella strains were found to be sensitive. We hypothesized that different strains/species of Francisella (including Type A) may have different susceptibilities to Az, a widely used and well-tolerated antibiotic.

Results

In vitro susceptibility testing of Az confirmed that F. tularensis subsp. holarctica Live Vaccine Strain (LVS) (Type B) was not sensitive while F. philomiragia, F. novicida, and Type A F. tularensis (NIH B38 and Schu S4 strain) were susceptible. In J774A.1 mouse macrophage cells infected with F. philomiragia, F. novicida, and F. tularensis LVS, 5 μg/ml Az applied extracellularly eliminated intracellular Francisella infections. A concentration of 25 μg/ml Az was required for Francisella- infected A549 human lung epithelial cells, suggesting that macrophages are more effective at concentrating Az than epithelial cells. Mutants of RND efflux components (tolC and ftlC) in F. novicida demonstrated less sensitivity to Az by MIC than the parental strain, but the tolC disc-inhibition assay demonstrated increased sensitivity, indicating a complex role for the outer-membrane transporter. Mutants of acrA and acrB mutants were less sensitive to Az than the parental strain, suggesting that AcrAB is not critical for the efflux of Az in F. novicida. In contrast, F. tularensis Schu S4 mutants ΔacrB and ΔacrA were more sensitive than the parental strain, indicating that the AcrAB may be important for Az efflux in F. tularensis Schu S4. F. novicida LPS O-antigen mutants (wbtN, wbtE, wbtQ and wbtA) were found to be less sensitive in vitro to Az compared to the wild-type. Az treatment prolonged the survival of Galleria (G.) mellonella infected with Francisella.

Conclusion

These studies demonstrate that Type A Francisella strains, as well as F. novicida and F. philomiragia, are sensitive to Az in vitro. Francisella LPS and the RND efflux pump may play a role in Az sensitivity. Az also has antimicrobial activity against intracellular Francisella, suggesting that the intracellular concentration of Az is high enough to be effective against multiple strains/species of Francisella, especially in macrophages. Az treatment prolonged survival an in vivo model of Francisella- infection.
Cell-associated hemolysis activity in the clinical strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens MFN1032
Authors: Sperandio Daniel , Rossignol Gaelle , Guerillon Josette , Connil Nathalie , Orange Nicole , Feuilloley Marc GJ , Merieau Annabelle
Published: April 2010

Background

MFN1032 is a clinical Pseudomonas fluorescens strain able to grow at 37°C. MFN1032 cells induce necrosis and apoptosis in rat glial cells at this temperature. This strain displays secretion-mediated hemolytic activity involving phospholipase C and cyclolipopeptides. Under laboratory conditions, this activity is not expressed at 37°C. This activity is tightly regulated and is subject to phase variation.

Results

We found that MFN1032 displays a cell-associated hemolytic activity distinct from the secreted hemolytic activity. Cell-associated hemolysis was expressed at 37°C and was only detected in vitro in mid log growth phase in the presence of erythrocytes. We studied the regulation of this activity in the wild-type strain and in a mutant defective in the Gac two-component pathway. GacS/GacA is a negative regulator of this activity. In contrast to the Pseudomonas fluorescens strains PfO-1 and Pf5, whose genomes have been sequenced, the MFN1032 strain has the type III secretion-like genes hrc RST belonging to the hrpU operon. We showed that disruption of this operon abolished cell-associated hemolytic activity. This activity was not detected in P.fluorescens strains carrying similar hrc genes, as for the P. fluorescens psychrotrophic strain MF37.

Conclusions

To our knowledge this the first demonstration of cell-associated hemolytic activity of a clinical strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. Moreover, this activity seems to be related to a functional hrpU operon and is independent of biosurfactant production. Precise link between a functional hrpU operon and cell-associated hemolytic activity remains to be elucidated.
Genetic structure of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum in the Bannu district of Pakistan
Authors: Khatoon Lubna , Baliraine Frederick N , Bonizzoni Mariangela , Malik Salman A , Yan Guiyun
Published: April 2010

Background

Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum are the major causative agents of malaria. While knowledge of the genetic structure of malaria parasites is useful for understanding the evolution of parasite virulence, designing anti-malarial vaccines and assessing the impact of malaria control measures, there is a paucity of information on genetic diversity of these two malaria parasites in Pakistan. This study sought to shed some light on the genetic structure of P. vivax and P. falciparum in this understudied region.

Methods

The genetic diversities of P. vivax and P. falciparum populations from the densely populated, malaria-endemic Bannu district of Pakistan were evaluated by analysis of their merozoite surface protein (msp) genes by PCR-RFLP. Specifically, the Pvmsp-3α and Pvmsp-3β genes of P. vivax and the Pfmsp-1 and Pfmsp-2 genes of P. falciparum were analysed.

Results

In P. vivax, genotyping of Pvmsp-3α and Pvmsp-3β genes showed a high level of diversity at these loci. Four distinct allele groups: A (1.9 kb), B (1.5 kb), C (1.2 kb), and D (0.3 kb) were detected for Pvmsp-3α, type A being the most prevalent (82%). Conversely, amplification of the P. vivax msp-3β locus produced two allele groups: A (1.7-2.2 kb, 62%) and B (1.4-1.5 kb, 33%), with 5% mixed-strain infections. Restriction analysis of Pvmsp-3α and Pvmsp-3β yielded 12 and 8 distinct alleles, respectively, with a combined mixed genotype prevalence of 20%. In P. falciparum, all three known genotypes of Pfmsp-1 and two of Pfmsp-2 were observed, with MAD20 occurring in 67% and 3D7/IC in 65% of the isolates, respectively. Overall, 24% P. falciparum samples exhibited mixed-strain infections.

Conclusion

These results indicate that both P. vivax and P. falciparum populations in Pakistan are highly diverse.
Organ-, inflammation- and cancer specific transcriptional fingerprints of pancreatic and hepatic stellate cells
Authors: Erkan Mert , Weis Nadine , Pan Zheng , Schwager Christian , Samkharadze Tamar , Jiang Xiaohua , Wirkner Ute , Giese Nathalia A. , Ansorge Wilhelm , Debus Jürgen , Huber Peter E. , Friess Helmut , Abdollahi Amir , Kleeff Jörg
Published: April 2010

Background

Tissue fibrosis is an integral component of chronic inflammatory (liver and pancreas) diseases and pancreatic cancer. Activated pancreatic- (PSC) and hepatic- (HSC) stellate cells play a key role in fibrogenesis. To identify organ- and disease-specific stellate cell transcriptional fingerprints, we employed genome-wide transcriptional analysis of primary human PSC and HSC isolated from patients with chronic inflammation or cancer.

Methods

Stellate cells were isolated from patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (n = 5), chronic pancreatitis (n = 6), liver cirrhosis (n = 5) and liver metastasis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (n = 6). Genome-wide transcriptional profiles of stellate cells were generated using our 51K human cDNA microarray platform. The identified organ- and disease specific genes were validated by quantitative RT-PCR, immunoblot, ELISA, immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry.

Results

Expression profiling identified 160 organ- and 89 disease- specific stellate cell transcripts. Collagen type 11a1 (COL11A1) was discovered as a novel PSC specific marker with up to 65-fold higher expression levels in PSC compared to HSC (p < 0.0001). Likewise, the expression of the cytokine CCL2 and the cell adhesion molecule VCAM1 were confined to HSC. PBX1 expression levels tend to be increased in inflammatory- vs. tumor- stellate cells. Intriguingly, tyrosine kinase JAK2 and a member of cell contact-mediated communication CELSR3 were found to be selectively up-regulated in tumor stellate cells.

Conclusions

We identified and validated HSC and PSC specific markers. Moreover, novel target genes of tumor- and inflammation associated stellate cells were discovered. Our data may be instrumental in developing new tailored organ- or disease-specific targeted therapies and stellate cell biomarkers.
Diagnosis and phylogenetic analysis of Orf virus from goats in China: a case report
Authors: Zhang Keshan , Lu Zhongxin , Shang Youjun , Zheng Haixue , Jin Ye , He Jijun , Liu Xiangtao
Published: April 2010

Background

Orf virus (ORFV) is the etiological agent of contagious pustular dermatitis and is the prototype of the genus Parapoxvirus (PPV). It causes a severe exanthematous dermatitis that afflicts domestic and wild small ruminants.

Case presentation

In the present study, an outbreak of proliferative dermatitis in farmed goats. The presence of ORFV in tissue scrapings from the lips was confirmed by B2L gene polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. The molecular characterization of the ORFV was performed using PCR amplification, DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the B2L gene.

Conclusion

The results of this investigation indicated that the outbreak was caused by infection with an ORFV that was closely related genetically to Nantou (DQ934351), which was isolated from the Tai wan province of China and Hoping (EU935106), which originated from South Korea in 2008. This is the first report of the phylogenetic analysis of ORFV from goats in China.
Clonal status and clinicopathological observation of cervical minimal deviation adenocarcinoma
Authors: Gong Li , Zhang Wen-Dong , Liu Xiao-Yan , Han Xiu-Juan , Yao Li , Zhu Shao-Jun , Lan Miao , Li Yan-Hong , Zhang Wei
Published: April 2010

Background

Minimal deviation adenocarcinoma (MDA) of the uterine cervix is defined as an extremely well differentiated variant of cervical adenocarcinoma, with well-formed glands that resemble benign glands but show distinct nuclear anaplasia or evidence of stromal invasion. Thus, MDA is difficult to differentiate from other cervical hyperplastic lesions. Monoclonality is a major characteristic of most tumors, whereas normal tissue and reactive hyperplasia are polyclonal.

Methods

The clinicopathological features and clonality of MDA were investigated using laser microdissection and a clonality assay based on the polymorphism of androgen receptor (AR) and X-chromosomal inactivation mosaicism in female somatic tissues.

Results

The results demonstrated that the glands were positive for CEA, Ki-67, and p53 and negative for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and high-risk human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA. The index of proliferation for Ki-67 was more than 50%. However, the stromal cells were positive for ER, PR, vimentin, and SM-actin. The clonal assay showed that MDA was monoclonal. Thus, our findings indicate that MDA is a true neoplasm but is not associated with high-risk HPV.

Conclusions

Diagnosis of MDA depends mainly on its clinical manifestations, the pathological feature that MDA glands are located deeper than the lower level of normal endocervical glands, and immunostaining.
The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib inhibits T cell-dependent inflammatory responses
Authors: Yanaba Koichi , Yoshizaki Ayumi , Muroi Eiji , Hara Toshihide , Ogawa Fumihide , Shimizu Kazuhiro , Sato Shinichi
Published: April 2010

Bortezomib enhances T cell apoptosis by inhibiting NF-κB activation, thereby suppressing cutaneous T cell-dependent inflammatory responses by reducing interferon-γ production.

CHS is a cutaneous, T cell-dependent, inflammatory reaction mediated mainly by antigen-specific effector T cells. Bortezomib is a proteasome inhibitor that has shown impressive efficacy for the treatment of multiple myeloma. In the current study, we have assessed the effect of bortezomib treatment of CHS in mice and found that bortezomib potently inhibited CHS responses. The attenuation of CHS responses was associated with decreased inflammatory cell infiltration in the challenged skin. Specifically, bortezomib-treated mice showed significantly decreased numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the challenged skin and draining lymph nodes. Cytoplasmic IFN-γ production by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the draining lymph nodes was decreased substantially by bortezomib treatment. Notably, bortezomib enhanced T cell apoptosis by inhibiting NF-κB activation during CHS responses. Thus, bortezomib treatment is likely to induce T cell death, thereby suppressing CHS responses by reducing IFN-γ production. These findings suggest that bortezomib treatment could be a promising strategy for treating autoimmune and inflammatory disease.
Phase II Evaluation of Paclitaxel and Carboplatin in the Treatment of Carcinosarcoma of the Uterus: A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study
Authors: Powell Matthew A. , Filiaci Virginia L. , Rose Peter G. , Mannel Robert S. , Hanjani Parviz , DeGeest Koen , Miller Brigitte E. , Susumu Nobuyuki , Ueland Frederick R.
Published: April 2010

Purpose

Platinum and taxane compounds have demonstrated activity in uterine carcinosarcoma (malignant mixed Mullerian tumor). Ifosfamide plus paclitaxel is the regimen with established superiority based on a randomized phase III trial conducted through the Gynecologic Oncology Group. However, the toxicity, multiday schedule, and limited activity of this regimen support further development of novel regimens. Our primary objective was to estimate the antitumor activity and toxicity of paclitaxel plus carboplatin in patients with uterine carcinosarcomas.

Patients and Methods

Eligible patients had advanced stage (III or IV), persistent or recurrent measurable disease, and no prior chemotherapy. Patients received paclitaxel at 175 mg/m2 intravenously (IV) over 3 hours plus carboplatin (area under the serum concentration-time curve = 6) IV over 30 minutes every 3 weeks until disease progression or until adverse effects occurred. Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v3.0 was used to grade adverse events.

Results

Fifty-five patients were entered onto the study with nine being excluded from analysis, leaving 46 evaluable for analysis. Treatment was well tolerated with expected hematologic toxicity and minimal nonhematologic grade 4 toxicity (one cardiovascular and two pain) with 59% of patients completing six or more cycles of chemotherapy. The proportions of patients with confirmed complete and partial responses were 13% and 41%, respectively, resulting in a total overall response rate of 54% (95% CI, 37% to 67%).

Conclusion

Paclitaxel plus carboplatin demonstrates antitumor activity against uterine carcinosarcoma with acceptable toxicity and warrants further evaluation in phase III randomized trials.
Neurosurgery and the Anatomy of Reading
Authors: Greenblatt Samuel H.
Published: April 2010

Tumors and vascular malformations in the posterior parts of the dominant hemisphere are frequently associated with preoperative alexias, and surgical maneuvers in these areas may cause the appearance of this neurobehavioral deficit as an operative complication. Lesions of the dominant (left) angular gyrus are associated with the syndromes of alexia with agraphia. Alexia without agraphia results from lesions of the pathways which conduct visual information from the calcarine areas to the left angular gyrus (splenium of the corpus callosum, left lingual and fusiform gyri, left transverse and vertical occipital fasciculi). A brief bedside examination (outlined in the text) provides useful pre-and postoperative localizing information. Fresh cadaver studies of the brain in situ have shown that the approximate center of the left angular gyrus area is found by first locating a point 9 cm forward along the midline from the inion and then moving 4/14; cm laterally. These measurements define a point which is a few centimeters medial and posterior to the center of the parietal eminence.
Sunspot, a link between Wingless signaling and endoreplication inDrosophila
Authors: Taniue Kenzui , Nishida Ayumu , Hamada Fumihiko , Sugie Atsushi , Oda Takeaki , Ui-Tei Kumiko , Tabata Tetsuya , Akiyama Tetsu
Published: April 2010

The Wingless (Wg)/Wnt signaling pathway is highly conserved throughout many multicellular organisms. It directs the development of diverse tissues and organs by regulating important processes such as proliferation, polarity and the specification of cell fates. Upon activation of the Wg/Wnt signaling pathway, Armadillo (Arm)/β-catenin is stabilized and interacts with the TCF family of transcription factors, which in turn activate Wnt target genes. We show here that Arm interacts with a novel BED (BEAF and Dref) finger protein that we have termed Sunspot (Ssp). Ssp transactivates Drosophila E2F-1 (dE2F-1) and PCNA expression, and positively regulates the proliferation of imaginal disc cells and the endoreplication of salivary gland cells. Wg negatively regulates the function of Ssp by changing its subcellular localization in the salivary gland. In addition, Ssp was found not to be involved in the signaling pathway mediated by Arm associated with dTCF. Our findings indicate that Arm controls development in part by regulating the function of Ssp.
Engineering Change
Authors: Power S R D
Published: April 2010

Describes developments in traction and rolling stock over the past thirty years and reviews the options now being evaluated by British Rail and industry for future years. Refers to the Board's corporate plan and explains how the organization has recently been restructured to meet its business objectives.
Mechanical Engineering Aspects of the Space Shuttle Orbiter–Design, Manufacture and Operation
Authors: Griffin G D
Published: April 2010

The designers of the Space Shuttle were faced with engineering challenges for which little or no precedent existed, and which required unique and innovative mechanical engineering approaches for their solution. Before the Shuttle Program, all manned space vehicles were designed for high reliability single mission capability. In contrast, the Shuttle Orbiter has the requirements of reusability for 100 missions, in order to minimize operational costs, and has to be highly weight efficient to meet vehicle performance requirements. The Space Shuttle is a versatile aerospace vehicle in that it takes off like a rocket, manoeuvres in Earth orbit like a spacecraft, and lands like an airplane.

In performing these functions, the Shuttle undergoes a wide spectrum of aerodynamic, acoustic, and inertial loadings, along with exposure to the temperature extremes of space, plus a severe aerothermodynamic heating environment during entry. These environments, along with unique mission requirements, resulted in design challenges of unprecedented complexity. The space vehicle that evolved has provided a flexibility never before achieved in space operations, and allows space to be treated as a resource, rather than as a hostile, uninviting environment.

This paper provides an overview of the Space Shuttle Program, details of some typical mechanical engineering challenges that evolved during the development phase of the Program, and some operational performance observations. In particular, the paper focuses on activities associated with the Orbiter's structure, mechanical systems and thermal protection systems. The innovative design solutions that were developed for the Shuttle, and their outstanding performance during the flight test program, lend confidence in man's engineering ability to achieve a permanent presence in space.
Mechanical Engineering Aspects of Helicopter Design
Authors: Biackwell Sir Basil , Rogers V A B
Published: April 2010

The work of the early pioneers which led to the evolution of the current helicopter configurations is briefly reviewed. The major mechanical elements of the helicopter are then identified: the engine, transmission and blades analogous to the engine, transmission and wheels of a road vehicle. The paper then briefly reviews the design problems and the state of the art in helicopter engines, gearboxes, rotor blades and hubs, rotor controls and the important resonant and unstable conditions of the total system which must be avoided. Methods for ground testing the elements of the dynamic system are then presented. The paper concludes with a brief account of health and usage monitoring which will play an increasingly important part in improving reliability and reducing operating cost.
Life Extending Scottish Region Electric Multiple Units
Authors: Boocock C P
Published: April 2010

Having decided against fleet renewal, Strathclyde Passenger Transport Executive and British Rail Scottish Region have embarked on a programme of life extending the Class 303 Glasgow suburban electric multiple units. The work is necessary to combat corrosion, unreliability and dating of the vehicles′ decor. It includes attention to the vehicles′ bodies, floors, wiring, brake pipework, doors, cabs, vans, heating, lighting and seating. The work is being carried out in the British Rail Engineering Limited works at Glasgow. The result is an attractive, modern unit with a further life of fifteen to twenty years, produced at a fraction of the cost of a new one.
Crash Restraint of Children by Adult Seat Belts and Booster Cushions
Authors: Bacon D G C
Published: April 2010

Child dummies in the age range three to ten years old, restrained by adult seat belts alone and in combination with booster cushions, were tested in simulated perpendicular impacts of cars at 50 km/h. The project was divided into two phases in which various aspects of the restraint of child dummies were examined. In Phase 1 basic data was obtained on the way child dummies behave when restrained by adult seat belts. Proprietary booster cushions were tested for Phase 2 and they were found to be of benefit to the child. Overall the best combination was a firm tethered booster cushion with a three-point automatic seat belt.
An Improved Branched Pipe Model for Multi-Cylinder Automotive Engine Calculations
Authors: Bingham J F , Blair G P
Published: April 2010

This paper describes a new mathematical model for calculating the behaviour of unsteady gas flow in engine manifold junctions of any configuration. The model, which allows for pressure losses at the junction, is arranged for use with engine simulation computer programs in which the gas dynamics analysis is based on the method of characteristics. Experimental coefficients obtained from steady flow tests are presented for use with existing momentum theory models and also with the generalized approach. Measured pressure-time histories and performance data for a multi-cylinder engine are compared with computer predictions using three different pipe branch calculations: constant pressure theory, momentum theory and the generalized procedure. This comparison shows the new technique gives correlations which are better than the constant pressure method but without the limitations and complexity of the model based on momentum theory.
Naval Engineering Achievements in the Liberation of the Falklands
Authors: Horlick Ted
Published: April 2010

Fluidrive Engineering Company, Limited, Bracknell, Berkshire One cannot fail to be totally impressed by the achievements of all concerned in the Falklands operation, as reviewed by Vice Admiral Horlick in his lecture to the Fellowship of Engineering.
The Design and Development of a Very Large Mobile Crane
Authors: Wadsworth E
Published: April 2010

This paper describes the development of a rough terrain construction site vehicle with details of the vehicle suspension system, the structural concept, lifting and levelling facilities and the crane's capability of negotiating obstacles and gradients whilst fully loaded.
Life Cycle Costing in the Swedish Railways
Authors: Pålsson L , Akselsson H , Wååk O
Published: April 2010

This paper introduces the concept of life cycle cost (LCC) and reliability performance as contractual requirements in the acquisition of new equipment, and points out the benefits to the purchaser. It goes on to describe the models and computer programs used by Swedish State Railways to implement LCC and outlines two case studies. The paper concludes with some advice on setting up and operating an LCC system.
Simulations To Assess the Influence of Car Lateral Impact Characteristics on Occupant Kinematics
Authors: Hardy R N , Suthurst G D
Published: April 2010

Car occupants are particularly prone to injuries during side impact accidents. The major reason for this is the considerably inferior impact characteristic of the side of the car when compared to that of the front. Means of reducing the vulnerability of the occupant can be assessed most efficiently by computer simulations where there are no problems of repeatability. Provided the simulation techniques used are validated their predictions can be relied upon to provide accurate design guidance.

This paper describes the use of previously developed techniques whereby components of the side of a car were tested to assess their properties and so enable a baseline model to be set up for structural simulations using the CRASH-D finite element program Simulations to determine the kinematics of the car occupant were also set up using the Calspan CVS program and an APROD dummy model. The effects of changing component properties or adding further components to the structural model were then assessed not only by their influence on the overall intrusion resistance of the car but also by their influence on the kinematics of the occupant and the likely level of his injuries.
The London Underground—What Next?
Authors: Ridley T M
Published: April 2010

London Transport has had three turbulent years. Despite various political difficulties, the Underground is now operating more reliably than at the beginning of the decade and attracting as much custom as fifteen years ago. A look to the future has led to the development of a strategic plan—resting on improved service, modernization and cost reduction. The paper looks at this process and then goes on to consider how it will affect the Underground's train and station staffing. Proposals for fare collection are described as well as developments in track, signalling and rolling stock.
The Ford 2.5 Litre Direct Injection Naturally Aspirated Diesel Engine
Authors: Bird G L
Published: April 2010

The advantages of a high-speed direct injection diesel over an indirect injection engine are well established. In the last decade many studies have been presented which suggest that most of the technical issues preventing operation at high speed have been overcome. The new Ford 2.5 litre engine introduces a first generation of production high-speed direct injection engines. Based on controlled high swirl air management, combined with high rates of fuel injection, the engine produces 52 kW at 4000 r/min. Initial installation of the 2.5 litre high-speed direct injection engine is in the Ford Transit range of vehicles where 25 per cent fuel economy improvements over its predecessor, the York 2.36 litre indirect injection engine, have been achieved.

Designed to meet the demands of modern vehicle application, the engine includes many features to improve reliability and durability. This paper describes the engine systems and components of the engine, together with the key aspects of the performance development with specific reference to the actions employed to control noise.
The Dynamic Response of Railway Track With Unsupported Sleepers
Authors: Grassie S L , Cox S J
Published: April 2010

The dynamic response of railway track with a section of unsupported sleepers is examined experimentally and a mathematical model of such track is presented. The principal function of ballast at frequencies above 100 Hz is to damp vibration of the track while the resilience of the railpad attenuates forces transmitted to the sleeper. In the absence of ballast, concrete sleepers are likely to crack if there are modest wheel or railhead irregularities.
Efficiency of the Manifolds of Turbocharged Engines
Authors: Winterbone D E , Nichols J R , Alexander G I
Published: April 2010

For many years there has been debate about the most efficient way of turbocharging diesel engines, particularly medium and slow speed ones. There are advocates of pulse charging, pulse converting and constant pressure exhaust systems; these techniques counterbalance the variations of transmission efficiency with turbine efficiency. A major difficulty in assessing the methods has been locating the regions of energy loss in the manifold. This paper describes a wave action method of evaluating the transmission of energy from the cylinder through the exhaust valve, via the pipes and junctions to the turbocharger turbine itself: The losses associated with pulse converted manifolds are compared with idealized manifolds without losses in the manifold junctions.
Ambulance Stretcher Suspensions
Authors: Stammers C W , Leysbon D
Published: April 2010

Existing methods for vibration isolation of patients transported by ambulance are discussed. Some alternative suspensions are outlined and a relatively simple mechanism analysed. This can give virtually constant vertical natural frequency over a wide range of patient load. Variation in pitch natural frequency can also be minimized at the expense of some variation in vertical natural frequency. The elements used are a coil spring, load arm and an electric actuator. Initial testing of the mechanism has been made to confirm the feasibility of the concept.
Fuel Injection in Diesel Engines
Authors: Glikin P E
Published: April 2010

In his address the Automobile Division Chairman develops the theme that fuel injection equipment is the heart of the diesel engine. He explains the task that the fuel injection equipment has to carry out and how this has been solved in the past. He describes some present-day systems and sets out the problems in optimizing the injection characteristics. Finally he points to future trends in this field and outlines some recent developments in electronic control of fuel injection.
Chopper Controlled Electrical Multiple Units for Seoul Subway
Authors: Wrigley B
Published: April 2010

This paper describes the six-car, chopper controlled, electrical multiple units supplied to the Seoul Metropolitan Subway Corporation for use on Lines 2, 3 and 4 of Seoul's subway system. Details of the vehicles, the signalling system, train performance, propulsion, braking and auxiliary equipments are given, together with an outline of pre-service testing and in-service running.
Modelling of Spray–Swirl Interaction in Direct Injection Diesel Engine Combustion Chambers
Authors: Mehta P S , Gupta A K
Published: April 2010

A mathematical model for predicting spray–swirl interaction in a direct injection diesel engine combustion chamber is developed using centre-line velocity vector/continuum approach. The model has three-dimensional features in fuel spray motion. The present model responds to the various air swirl, fuel injection and cylinder charge conditions. The predicted results are compared with the analytical and experimental data available from various sources in the two-dimensional case. Very good agreement is achieved over a wide range of data. The three-dimensional predictions are directly possible without any alteration in the computation scheme.
Investigations Concerning Tyre/Road Noise Sources and Possibilities of Noise Reduction
Authors: Jennewein M , Bergmann M
Published: April 2010

With the aid of several different measuring methods it is possible to obtain an idea of the numerous possible generating mechanisms for the rolling noise of tyres. The knowledge of these noise generating processes leads to a broad spectrum of possibilities for reducing tyre noise, with each of these possibilities effecting just a small amount of noise reduction.
Factors Influencing Combustion Chamber Wall Temperatures in a Liquid-Cooled, Automotive, Spark-Ignition Engine
Authors: Finlay I C , Harris D , Boam D J , Parks B I
Published: April 2010

The influence on cylinder head temperatures of parameters such as cylinder head material, coolant composition, pressure, temperature and velocity was investigated. Each of these parameters was systematically varied and its influence on combustion chamber wall temperature measured. Good agreement is shown between the measured values and corresponding predictions from a heat transfer model incorporating forced-convective, sub-cooled, nucleate boiling. The results suggest that nucleate boiling can play an important role in the transfer of heat from cylinder head to coolant.
A Review of Commercial Vehicle Aerodynamic Drag Reduction Techniques
Authors: Garry K P
Published: April 2010

The aerodynamic characteristics of commercial vehicles have been of interest to researchers for many years, primarily with a view to reducing drag and consequently improving fuel efficiency. Despite developments in the design of low drag vehicles proprietary devices in various forms remain the most effective method of reducing drag on the majority of vehicles in current use. The relative effectiveness of these devices is discussed in relation to the variety of vehicle geometries to which they are fitted and performance assessments are made, particularly with reference to the need for crosswind efficiency.

A general summary of potential aerodynamic developments is given, emphasizing the concept of matching the flowfield of cab and container to obtain optimum interference. The effectiveness of cab–container gap seals and trailer side skirts, both intended to reduce drag under crosswind conditions, is also discussed. All such developments are taken in the context of existing commercial and legal constraints likely to influence their impact on the next generation of commercial vehicles.
Convective Heat Transfer in Reciprocating Engines
Authors: Rao V K , Bardon M F
Published: April 2010

A formula is presented for computing the instantaneous convective heat transfer coefficient between the charge and the confining walls in a reciprocating engine. The formula is developed from basic considerations of turbulent diffusion and relates the convective heat transfer coefficient directly to the turbulence intensity in the charge. This feature distinguishes it from the existing methods of computing the convective heat transfer coefficient which require a precise specification of the continually changing velocity and length scales of the fluid flow. The proposed formula is therefore expected to be more accurate in heat transfer modelling for new and existing engines, particularly as turbulence measurements in engines progressively improve.
Nitric Oxide Formation in Spark-Ignition Engines with in-Cylinder Charge Non-Homogeneity of a Random Nature
Authors: Pundir B P , Zvonow V A , Gupta C P
Published: April 2010

Mixture preparation in spark-ignition (SI) engines has been observed to influence nitric oxide (NO)emissions significantly. As mixture preparation affects charge homogeneity, its influence on nitric oxide emissions in conventional SI engines was analysed on the basis that a non-homogeneous mixture with random spatial and temporal variations of mixture strength exists in the cylinder. Charge non-homogeneity was considered to influence NO emissions through (a) increased combustion variations and (6) combustion of spatially distributed charge elements of differing mixture strength. While the combustion variation effect is small, the latter is significant and is chiefly responsible for the experimentally observed effect of mixture preparation methods on NO emissions. The degree of non-homogeneity and not the scale was observed to influence NO predominantly. The calculated trends of NO emissions with increase in charge non-homogeneity correlate well with the experimental observations.
Thrust 2–Design of the World Land Speed Record Car
Authors: Ackroyd J
Published: April 2010

This paper describes the design and development of the 1983 World Land Speed Record jet car. Brief background is given on a variety of non-technical factors which dictated many design decisions. The final design is described in detail with special reference to new techniques, materials and performance pioneered by the project team.
A New Concept of Truck Transmission
Authors: Braun E R , Pitt D H
Published: April 2010

A new concept truck transmission for 800000 km durability, low life cycle cost and reduced driver effort is described, with emphasis on driver effort and truck performance comparisons, testing, and future trends.
The Dynamic Stability of Mobile Cranes
Authors: Eden J F , Homer P , Butler A J
Published: April 2010

Overturning occurs in an unacceptabtably high proportion of accidents to mobile cranes. These are often considered to operate as static machines and empirical factors are used to make allowance for dynamic effects.

This paper examines a number of static and dynamic effects that contribute to a reduction in crane stability. It introduces the concept of a ‘stability quotient’ to indicate the ratio of an overturning moment under dynamic conditions to its static equivalent. The results of tests to verify theoretical findings are discussed. A reduction in slewing speeds is one of the principal recommendations.
Laser Tools for Diesel Engine Diagnosis
Authors: Eastwood P G , Halliwell N A , Gilbert P
Published: April 2010

Two portable laser instruments are described which allow the engineer to simply ‘stand and point’ laser beams at a target surface in order to obtain a measurement of time-resolved vibration velocity. The first supplements the accelerometer and measures normal surface velocity but offers the advantage of non-contact measurement. Its use is demonstrated in detecting reduced nozzle pressures in fuel injectors. The second instrument is a laser torsional vibrometer which measures torsional oscillations of rotating machinery parts and in particular crankshaft oscillation. Comparisons are made with the more standard technique which utilizes a slotted disc. The new instrument provides advantages of non-contact measurement, insensitivity to shaft radial motion and the ability to measure oscillations of shafts of arbitrary cross-section.
Knock Detection Alternatives for Production Vehicles
Authors: Collings N , Ma T
Published: April 2010

A method for the detection of knock using the sparking plug, and a system which allows the basic nature of the signal from the spark plug to be compared directly with that from an accelerometer are described. Results are presented for a range of engine speeds which highlight the problems and benefits of each sensing technique.