bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vowel degemination and fast speech rules
Authors: Zwicky Arnold M. , Kaisse Ellen M. , Nespor Marina
Published: October 2008

In the last two years, two very interesting books about the interaction of phonology and syntax, Selkirk (1984a) and Kaisse (1985), have addressed the problem of characterising fast speech processes and made interesting proposals about the status of fast speech rules (FSRs) and their place in the grammar. Essentially, Kaisse's proposal is that fast speech rules belong to a separate subcomponent of the phonology, which is ordered after the sandhi rules subcomponent: while sandhi rules are sensitive to their syntactic environment, fast speech rules have only phonetic motivation. That is, they operate throughout a string, within as well as across words, independently of its structure (cf. also Rotenberg 1978; Hasegawa 1979).
Luganda and the strict layer hypothesis
Authors: Zwicky Arnold M. , Kaisse Ellen M. , Hyman Larry M. , Katamba Francis , Walusimbi Livingstone
Published: October 2008

The ability of a language's syntax to determine the applicationvs. non-application of postlexical phonological rules has by now been firmly established in a number of languages. Such rules, which apply above the word level, have come especially from the prosodic aspects of phonological structure, e.g. effects of syllabification, stress-accent, duration and tone. Much of the interest in this syntax-phonology interaction has centred around two general questions: (i) which specific properties of the syntax are available to affect the application of phonological rules?; (ii) how should these syntactic properties be incorporated into the phonology?
Government and tonal phrasing in Papago
Authors: Zwicky Arnold M. , Kaisse Ellen M. , Hale Kenneth , Selkirk Elisabeth
Published: October 2008

The intonation contour of a Papago sentence is entirely predictable on the basis of its surface syntactic structure. It consists of a sequence of instances of the pattern (L)HL. For example, one Papago sentence may manifest a single (L)HL pattern, as in (I):

while another will show repetitions of the canonical tonal shape, as in (2):

Our task in this paper will be to characterise the distribution of the (L)HL pattern in Papago sentences. Our analysis is that the phonological representation of a sentence of Papago consists of a sequence of one or more tonal phrases, and that (L)HL is the pattern assigned to a tonal phrase. This tonal phrasing - i.e. the beginnings and ends of individual tonal phrases - will be indicated by parentheses in the tonal tier, as in (1) and (2). The association of the (L)HL pattern within each tonal phrase is captured by simple rules of the phonology, to be described in §2. Thus the description of the syntax of Papago intonation contours will centre on the tonal phrasing itself, and on the manner in which it is determined with respect to surface syntactic structure.
The phonology and syntax of wh-expressions in Tangale
Authors: Zwicky Arnold M. , Kaisse Ellen M. , Kenstowicz Michael
Published: October 2008

Study of the phonology-syntax interface has typically proceeded by asking the following question: what aspects of syntactic structure are relevant for the application of phonological rules? Several years’ study of the question by a number of persons (e.g. Kaisse 1985; Selkirk 1984) suggests that phonological rules may be sensitive, either directly or indirectly, to the surface-syntactic constituent structure – typically through extension of the notion of government or c-command. Phrasal phonological rules do not appear to be sensitive to differences in grammatical relations (e.g. subject vs. object) unless these are encoded as different surface constituent structures. Nor do phrasal phonological rules (as opposed to lexical rules) appear to be sensitive to different syntactic features such as [±noun] or [±wh].
The interface between phonology and other components of grammar: the case of Hungarian
Authors: Zwicky Arnold M. , Kaisse Ellen M. , Vogel Irene , Kenesei István
Published: October 2008

When a phonological rule applies across words, it is necessary to be able to specify across which types of words it may apply and across which it may not, or in other words, within which domain it applies. That such domains do not necessarily coincide with syntactic constituents has been amply demonstrated in such works as Clements (1978), Napoli & Nespor (1979), Rotenberg (1978), Selkirk (1978, 1984), Nespor & Vogel (1982, 1986) and Kaisse (1985). As has been argued in recent work, what is needed instead is a somewhat more complex theory in which there is a more complex type of interaction between phonological rules and syntactic structures. In the past few years, several such theories have been proposed, in particular, those advanced by Selkirk (1984), Kaisse (1985) and Nespor & Vogel (1986).
Lexical stresses in Macedonian and Polish
Authors: Hammond Michael
Published: October 2008

We have presented two different analyses of stress in Macedonian and Polish: one in terms of CGs and the other in terms of QS/ROB footing. Further, we showed how there were a number of problems with the CG account. We now consider those problems again in light of the latter analyses above.

The first problem was that the emergence of unmarked stress under suffixation did not find a uniform explanation in Macedonian and Polish. This is not true of the revised analyses. Both are couched in terms of accent and the reemergence of regular stress in both languages follows as a consequence of distribution of lexical accent. In fact, aside from the contribution of secondary stresses in Polish and their absence in Macedonian, the analyses differ minimally. Footing in Macedonian is QS; footing in Polish is ROB.

A second problem for the CG was that the reemergence of unmarked stress in Polish did not find a uniform explanation. Some cases were handled with lexical extrametricality, while others were handled with the special extrametricality rule.(44)

This is also not a problem for the revised analysis. Class I and class II now differ minimally in the placement of accent.

The third problem discussed above was the ad hoc character of the special extrametricality rule (44). This too is no longer a problem since this rule is no longer a part of the analysis. In fact, perhaps we can make the strong claim that rules of this type are to.be excluded in principle. An even stronger claim which might be supportable, though it would require we reconsider a number of analyses, is that lexical accent can never be marked with extrametricality. We leave this latter hypothesis open.

Summarising, the best analysis of Macedonian and Polish requires a theory that makes use of two different kinds of footing – quantity-sensitive (QS) and revised obligatory-branching (ROB) – and that marks accent in terms of a diacritic feature rather than in terms of grid marks without constituency. Only by adopting such a theory can we capture in a satisfying fashion the generalisation exhibited in Macedonian and Polish, that regular stress reemerges when a word with exceptional stress undergoes sufficient affixation.
The metrical foot in Diyari
Authors: Poser William J.
Published: October 2008

One of the principal innovations of metrical stress theory is the claim that stress involves not merely a set of diacritics indicating the relative prominence of the syllables of a word but the construction of a constituent, the stress foot. As a constituent, the stress foot not only plays a role in the placement of stress but is also available to condition other phonological and morphological processes. Although the existence of the stress foot is now widely accepted and a variety of examples have been put forward showing the existence of such constituents and their role in processes other than stress placement, such examples are still not common, and languages in which the stress foot subserves a number of different processes are not well-attested.
Segment structure and coronal underspecification
Authors: Avery Peter , Rice Keren
Published: October 2008

Ponapean, Catalan and English provide strong evidence that the Coronal node must be absent in underlying representation. In none of these languages are coronals distinguished by a secondary content node, and thus the NAC does not force the presence of a Coronal node. As expected, phonological processes separate the coronals from the other places of articulation in these languages.
Feature geometry and cooccurrence restrictions
Authors: Yip Moira
Published: October 2008

Recent work by Clements (1985), Sagey (1986), Steriade (1987a) and others has shown clearly that distinctive features are hierarchically organised, and that the hierarchy includes a Place of Articulation constituent. Proposals differ, however, as to the organisation below this Place node. Clements (1985) suggests that there is a Secondary Place node dominating the vowel features, but that [anterior], [coronal] and [distributed] are directly dominated by the Place node itself. Sagey (1986) has argued that there are distinct Articulator nodes, Labial, Coronal and Dorsal, each of which dominates certain binary features, respectively [round]; [anterior] and [distributed]; and [high], [back] and [low]. Dorsal is thus present for both velar consonants and vowels. Steriade (1987a) modifies the Sagey model by adding a Velar node for velar consonants, distinct from the Dorsal node for vowels.
Syllable structure assignment in Polish
Authors: Rubach Jerzy , Booij Geert
Published: October 2008

This study deals with syllable structure in Polish. The central theme is the question of when and how syllabification rules apply in the lexical phonology of Polish. In § i we lay the ground for our subsequent discussion by giving the basic syllable patterns of Polish. We also propose here a first version of the syllabification algorithm for Polish. In §2 we show that syllabification applies cyclically, because certain cyciic phonological rules make crucial use of information about the prosodic structure of their potential inputs. § 3 then shows that the syllabification algorithm has to apply both before and after the application of cyclic phonological rules on one cycle, and that syllabification is therefore a continuous process. In § we argue that the syllabification algorithm proposed in § i must be modified to enable us to predict whether a high [-consonantal] segment will surface as a vowel or as a glide. Since the distinction between vowels and glides is crucial for the application of certain cyclic phonological rules of Polish, this again shows that syllabification has to apply cyclically. § defends the hypothesis that resyllabification is restricted to Coda Erasure (and the subsequent syllabification of the desyllabified consonants). Again, the (un)predictability of the vowel/glide distinction plays a crucial role here. We summarise our conclusions in §6
The ‘name game’ and onset simplification
Authors: Hammond Michael
Published: October 2008

Steriade (1988) proposes a model of reduplication and templatic systems that includes a process of onset simplification. For example, in Tagalog, the first syllable of a root can undergo prefixal reduplication with onset simplification: ta-trabaho, bo-bloaut. Steriade cites a number of cases of onset simplification cooccurring with syllable-based templatic systems, but provides no examples of it with foot-based systems. Here we provide an example of onset simplification applying to a foot-based templatic system. This demonstration is important for two reasons. First, it shows that the onset simplification phenomenon is more general, applying to syllables and feet.
Constituent structure and government in phonology
Authors: Kaye Jonathan , Lowenstamm Jean , Vergnaud Jean-Roger
Published: October 2008

Our aim in this paper is to address certain empirical and conceptual issues in the theory of Universal Phonology. Specifically, we will formulate a number of proposals aimed at characterising the notion ‘possible syllable' and ‘possible word'. The principles we will lay out follow from what we see as a unified theory of phonological government.

The introduction of the notion of multi-levelled representations, as well as the recognition of constituent structure organisation in phonology, has allowed for a shift from mainly segment-internal, paradigmatic considerations to the study of syntagmatic relations holding between phonological units. What is now required is nothing less than a syntax of phonological expressions.
CVC light syllables, geminates and Moraic Theory
Authors: Tranel Bernard
Published: October 2008

The functional equivalence of CVV and CVC syllables, as opposed to CV syllables, is a time-honoured observation holding true for numerous languages over a variety of phonological and morphological phenomena, including stress assignment (cf. Newman 1972 for a review). Traditionally, the opposition between the two types of syllables has been informally described by reference to syllable weight: CVV and CVC syllables are heavy, CV syllables are light (e.g. La Grasserie 1909: 31–32). It has also been observed, however, that in languages sensitive to the CV/CVV distinction, CVC syllables do not necessarily pattern with CVV syllables, but may instead pattern with CV syllables, thus counting as light rather than heavy (Hyman 1985: 5–6; McCarthy & Prince 1986: 32–34; Hayes 1989: 255–256).
Syllable structure and phonetic models
Authors: Maddieson Ian , Precoda Kristin
Published: October 2008

Through construction of predictive models, phoneticians are making increasingly sophisticated attempts to account for certain aspects of the phonological structure of languages from very general principles(Stevens 1989; Lindblom 1984; Ohala 1990, 1992).
On deriving sonority: a structural account of sonority relationships
Authors: Rice Keren D.
Published: October 2008

In this paper, I examine sonority and place of articulation constraints on the syllabification of consonants in clusters. I argue that (i) both sonority and place of articulation relationships are important in determining the syllabification of consonants in clusters, (ii) well-formed sonority and place relationships are detectable both through phonotactics and through repair strategies that apply if the constraints on sonority and place are not met, (iii) sonority and place constraints are both structurally determined and (iv) place of articulation does not form part of the sonority relationship between consonants as the structural conditions for the licensing of sonority and for the licensing of place of articulation may differ (see Clements 1990a: 313). However, place of articulation restrictions, while independent of sonority restrictions, are, like sonority restrictions, structurally defined.
A mismatch between morphological and prosodic domains: evidence from two Igbo rules
Authors: Zsiga Elizabeth C.
Published: October 2008

In order to adequately describe the application of phonological rules across word boundaries, phonologists have appealed to the notion of prosodic domains (Selkirk 1980, 1986; Nespor & Vogel 1982, 1986; Kaisse 1985; Inkelas & Zee 1990). This research has suggested that the domains within and across which rules apply cannot be defined in purely syntactic terms, but rather that a domain structure consisting of prosodic entities such as the phonological word, phonological phrase and intonational phrase must be built up from the syntactic structure. It is to these prosodic categories that phonological rules refer. Prosodic domains are derived from but not necessarily coextensive with syntactic or morphological domains. In fact, some of the best evidence for the necessity of a prosodic structure in addition to a syntactic structure comes from cases where the two donotmatch, and where the correct phonological generalisations can only be captured in terms of the prosodic structure. Igbo presents just such a mismatch. This paper will examine two rules - ATR vowel harmony and vowel assimilation - that make the mismatch clear. These two rules apply in complementary situations: harmony applies only within the word, assimilation only between words. Both rules delineate the same domain, although one operates within the domain boundaries, one across them.
Moraic mismatches in Bantu
Authors: Hyman Larry M.
Published: October 2008

Research in moraic phonology has generally assumed that a single representation is sufficient to account for all phonological rules dependent on moraic structure (Hock 1984; Hyman 1984, 1985; McCarthy & Prince 1986; Zec 1988; Hayes 1989). Thus, if a CVC syllable has the moraic structure in (1), all phonological rules will treat it as bimoraic. I term this the MORAIC UNIQUENESS HYPOTHESIS: at any given stage of a derivation, there is only one moraic projection.
The phonology of German /R/
Authors: Hall Tracy Alan
Published: October 2008

The German uvular /R/ probably shows more surface variation than any other segment in the language. (1) illustrates that /R/ has a vocalic allophone [A], which can surface either as a glide or a vowel, a sonorant consonant allophone, which is pronounced as a uvular trill or approximant, and two obstruent allophones:

In the present study I focus on the rules producing the consonantal allophones of /R/ in both Standard German and in certain dialects of the Lower Rhineland (henceforth LRG).
Glottal transparency
Authors: Stemberger Joseph Paul
Published: October 2008

Glottal consonants (/h/ and /?/) often have a special status that has led to the hypothesis that they are underspecified for both consonant and vowel place of articulation features. There is an alternative acoustically based explanation for the special status that, while workable, is valued less highly in linguistic theory. This alternative hypothesis can be ruled out only with data where the relevant acoustic phenomena are not contained in the input to be learned. I address four processes of consonant and vowel harmony in the speech of three children learning English, where the alternative hypothesis cannot account for the data. I conclude that glottals are underspecified for consonant and vowel place of articulation features, and that they lack the node in feature geometry that immediately dominates such features (either the Place node or an Oral node).
Metrical weight consistency in Korean partial reduplication
Authors: Jun Jongho
Published: October 2008

Korean possesses a rich onomatopoeic and mimetic vocabulary that may be augmented by partial reduplication and/or suffixation. This augmented category, which is referred to as partial extension in Jun (1993), is semantically characterised by a lengthening, or temporal extension of the base form:
Irish palatalisation and the representation of place features
Authors: Chiosáin Máire Ni
Published: October 2008

The structural relationship of the primary/consonantal place features and the secondary/vowel place features has been the focus of much recent work in geometrical and hierarchical feature theories. Sagey (1986), Halle (1986), Selkirk (1988, 1991a, b) and others propose representations in which the secondary/vowel place features are structurally dependent on primary/consonantal place features, while Archangeli & Pulleyblank (1987), Steriade (1987), Clements (1989, 1991), Hume (1990, 1992) and Odden (1991) argue for the structural independence of primary/consonantal and secondary/vowel place features, though to different degrees.
Lexical government and tone group formation in Xiamen Chinese
Authors: Lin Jo-wang
Published: October 2008

The study of the relation between syntactic structure and phonological representation has attracted the attention of many phonologists in the past few years. One important contribution to this field of study is Chen's (1987) work on Xiamen Chinese tone sandhi domains. He suggests that the syntax–phonology relation appeals to syntactic information such as category types and the edges of syntactic bracketings. This insight has been further elaborated in the general theory of the syntax—phonology relation of Selkirk (1986). In this theory, the relation between syntactic structure and prosodic structure above the foot and below the intonational phrase is defined in terms of the edges of syntactic constituents of designated types. More precisely, this theory incorporates two hypotheses. One is that there are designated category types in syntactic structure with respect to which one end (Right or Left) of the designated category is relevant in the formulation of a prosodic constituent C, which extends from one instance of the appropriate end (R/L) of the designated category to the next. This hypothesis has been called the End Parameter.
Final Lowering in Kipare
Authors: Herman Rebecca
Published: October 2008

In many languages, fundamental frequency shows a marked decrease utterance-finally or phrase-finally. Ladefoged (1982) generalises that ‘in nearly all languages the completion of a grammatical unit such as a normal sentence is signaled by a falling pitch’. Bolinger (1978) also writes that ‘the most widely diffused intonational phenomenon seems to be the tendency to “go down at the end”’. These sorts of abrupt decreases which affect only the end of the utterance (known as FINAL LOWERING) are distinct from gradual decreases in fundamental frequency over the course of the entire utterance (known as DECLINATION). Bolinger (1978) notes the same distinction, characterising it as the difference between ‘a rapid downward motion at the very end, usually if not always associated with a terminal accent’ and ‘downward drift from a high beginning’. Final lowering as distinct from declination is documented in Japanese by Poser (1984) and by Pierrehumbert & Beckman (1988); in English by Liberman & Pierrehumbert (1984); in Dutch by Gussenhoven & Rietveld (1988); in Danish by Thorsen (1985); in Yoruba by Connell & Ladd (1990) and by Laniran (1992); and in Kikuyu by Clements & Ford (1981) (although not all authors use the exact terminology presented here).

Analyses of final lowering range from attributing final lowering to changes in tonal categories (discussed below in §4) to attributing final lowering to compression of the pitch range in the last section of the sentence (discussed below in §5.1). Tone languages provide an interesting testing ground for analyses of final lowering. Careful experimental study, controlling for the position of a tone from the beginning and from the end of a sentence, is one way to begin to sort out the effects of various factors such as declination and final lowering on fundamental frequency.
Syllable onsets as a factor in stress rules
Authors: Davis Stuart
Published: October 2008

One of the common assumptions of standard metrical phonology (Hayes 1981) is that rules of stress placement do not refer to the weight or nature of syllable onsets. This is most clearly stated in Halle & Vergnaud (1980:93): ‘in all languages known to us, stress assignment rules are sensitive to the structure of the syllable rime, but disregard completely the character of the onset’. This assumption has been attacked by both Davis (1982, 1985a, b) and Everett & Everett (1984). These researchers have pointed to a number of languages which seem to have stress-placement rules that are sensitive to the nature of the syllable onset. For example, Davis (1985a, b) notes that Western Aranda (an Arandic language of Australia) has a stress rule that places main stress on the initial syllable if it begins with a consonant; otherwise stress falls on the second syllable. However, if the word is bisyllabic, stress must fall on the initial syllable, since final syllables are always extrametrical.
Reduplication and syllable transfer in Sanskrit and elsewhere
Authors: Steriade Donca
Published: October 2008

The phenomenon studied in this paper is the correspondence between the syllabic position of segments copied in reduplication and the syllabic position of their base counterparts. I will document this correlation and propose a model of reduplication that explains it.
More on slips and syllable structure
Authors: Anderson John
Published: October 2008

Shattuck-Hufnagel (1986) (henceforth S-H), in discussing the significance of ‘slips of the tongue’ for a model of processing, is particularly concerned with attempting to establish to what extent some of the constructs posited by phonologists in their characterisations of phonological structure can be shown to have a role in the planning of speech production. On the basis of the ‘MIT corpus’ of errors (collected by Merrill Garrett and herself), particularly those involving vowels, she argues for a role in planning for aspects of syllable structure, placement of lexical stress, and distinctions and dimensions such as those commonly captured by feature notations. My concern here is with some further aspects of syllable structure: I shall suggest that her data provide support for even more detailed structural properties than are proposed by S-H herself; indeed, that one uncertainty in assessing the significance of the data can be resolved by an independently motivated analysis of subsyllabic structure. I shall not repeat here the details of the classification of errors on which S-H's discussion is based (1986: §1); what is significant in the present context is that errors of various types provide a motivation for particular subsyllabic units.
Phonotactics, markedness and lexical representation
Authors: Cairns Charles E.
Published: October 2008

The theory proposed here, the Markedness Theory of Syllable Structure (MTSS), provides an account of syllabic phonotactics, wherein not only are features defining phonological content underspecified, but also those which determine the number and order of segments. The descriptive basis of MTSS in this paper consists of the minimally redundant underlying representations (URs) of stressed syllables in English. These forms are parsimoniously accounted for by a theory in which content features are associated with prosodic nodes in UR, and which contains an algorithm which maps UR prosodic nodes, specified for feature content, into strings of timing units (x's on the skeletal tier), with fully specified syllabic structures on the prosodic tier.
Underspecification and vowel height transfer in Esimbi
Authors: Hyman Larry M.
Published: October 2008

Since the advent of distinctive feature theory, few issues have received as many interpretations as the phonological representation of vowel height. Vowel height features have been denned acoustically and articulatorily, have allowed three, four or five distinct heights, have been unary, binary and n-ary, and have been on a single tier, multiple tiers or in various head-dependency relationships. It is fair to say that there is no consensus on how vowel height should be represented. While many generative phonologists have been quite content working for nearly three decades with a pair of binary vowel height features, the literature of this period includes a steady flow of criticisms of this approach as well as suggestions for improvement or radical change. This literature generally addresses itself to two problems inherent in theSPEfeatures [high] and [low] and the three vowel heights they define: First, how does one account for systems with four (five?) vowel heights? Second, how can rules that raise (lower) vowel heights by one step each be accounted for? In the first question we ask what the theory has to say about distinctive oppositions such as /i e ∊ æ/ in the second question we ask what the theory has to say about a rule such as one that would lower /i/ to [e] and /e/ to [∊].
On a Form of Coordinate Percolation
Authors: MOSEMAN ELIZABETH R. , WINKLER PETER
Published: October 2008

Let ai,bi, i = 0, 1, 2, . . . be drawn uniformly and independently from the unit interval, and let t be a fixed real number. Let a site (i, j) ∈ $\N^2$ be open if ai + bj ≤ t, and closed otherwise. We obtain a simple, exact expression for the probability Θ(t) that there is an infinite path (oriented or not) of open sites, containing the origin. Θ(t) is continuous and has continuous first derivative except at the critical point (t=1), near which it has critical exponent (3 − $\sqrt{5}$)/2.
The Hitting Time for the Height of a Random Recursive Tree
Authors: LEWIS THOMAS M.
Published: October 2008

In this paper we provide a simple formula for the expected time for a random recursive tree to grow to a given height.
Less beloved. Roman archaeology, slavery and the failure to compare
Authors: Webster Jane
Published: October 2008

Modern and ancient historians have long been willing to engage in the comparative analysis of ancient and modern slave-owning societies, yet archaeologists of both the Greek and Roman worlds have been far less willing to do the same. To the extent that they study slavery at all, they do so almost entirely within Graeco-Roman spatial and temporal confines. Taking Roman slavery as its starting point, this contribution attempts to remove some of the hurdles that archaeologists have placed in the way of a comparative analysis of slavery, and offers some suggestions for new ways forward.
The politics of an archaeology of global captivity
Authors: Mullins Paul R.
Published: October 2008

In 1922 Carter Woodson lay a brief but nevertheless sweeping foundation for a history of captivity that reached into the earliest recesses of the classical world. Invoking the classical paragons of democracy, Woodson argued (1922, 15) that slavery

was once the normal condition of the majority of the inhabitants of the world. In many countries slaves outnumbered freemen three to one. Greece and Rome, the most civilized of the ancient nations in which the so-called democracy of that day had its best opportunity, were not exceptions to this rule.

Woodson rhetorically turned to Greece and Rome to illuminate the contradictions of American democracy and underscore the profound inequality that has existed within democratic states from their very creation, painting captivity as a nearly timeless institution.
Ambiguity and contradiction in the archaeology of slavery
Authors: Hall Martin
Published: October 2008

Jane Webster has made an eloquent and compelling case for writing slavery – and other forms of unfree labour – back into the historiography of the Roman world. Her argument weaves together questions of the nature of evidence, the principles of comparative study and the politics of disciplinary practice. My own concern has been with the archaeology of European colonialism and the postcolony in South Africa, several oceans and more than a millennium away from the Roman world (Hall 1992; 1999; 2000). Webster bridges this divide through a direct question: ‘it would be interesting to know whether Hall himself would feel that the “fact of slavery” . . . might generate recognizably similar material statements among other slave-owning peoples in other periods, including ancient ones’ (p. 112). This is to respond to this question, and to tease out some of the provocative implications in Webster's sense of the possibilities inherent in a wider archaeological frame of enquiry.
Comparative advantages. Roman slavery and imperialism
Authors: Mattingly David
Published: October 2008

This is a characteristically trenchant and persuasive critique from Jane Webster, who has done more than most to persuade Roman archaeologists to engage with comparative and postcolonial perspectives (Webster 1997; 2001; 2003; 2005 are required readings). Yet, as she argues, despite some notable theoretical advances in the last decade or so the study of the Roman past still remains hidebound within classificatory and descriptive categories. The result of this is that we remain far better at delineating our subject than at interpreting it – especially where we enter territory that is not well served by supplementary sources (such as texts or epigraphy). However, the problems that she has identified with regard to the archaeology of slavery apply with equal force in many other areas where the material culture is ambiguous or discrepant. Thus, while I find myself in strong agreement with much of what she says, I would like to pose a series of points for further reflection.
Slavery, archaeology and the politics of analogy
Authors: Webster Jane
Published: October 2008

Each of the four discussants of my paper has offered constructive comment on specific points of detail in the piece. I am grateful for their insights, and for their consensus that the time has come to break down the disciplinary restraints that inhibit interdisciplinary cooperation in the study of slavery (and much else). In terms of my central focus on the potentials and pitfalls of a comparative archaeology of Roman slavery, however, I gained most from placing these commentaries side by side and reflecting on them as a group. That is also what I plan to do here.
Crafting axes, producing meaning. Neolithic axe depositions in the northern Netherlands
Authors: Wentink Karsten
Published: October 2008

This paper deals with Dutch flint axe depositions associated with the Middle Neolithic Funnelbeaker Culture (Trichterbecher Kultur – TRB). Large flint axes were acquired as finished products from southern Scandinavia and were deposited in specific, waterlogged places in the landscape. The application of new empirical research techniques has revealed unexpected patterns of use and treatment of these axes. Moreover, contextual analysis shows significant differences in terms of size and wear patterns compared with axes retrieved from megalithic tombs. The evidence strongly suggests that the observed differences may have been linked to completely different use-lives between the two classes of axes. Drawing on ethnographic analogy, it will be argued that the large flint axes deposited in natural places in the landscape became animated with special powers through the act of production. Given the highly ritualized treatment that accompanied their exchange, they must have played an important role in TRB cosmology.
Coinage at Lattara. Using archaeological context to understand ancient coins
Authors: Luley Benjamin P.
Published: October 2008

The Celtic-speaking town of Lattara (modern Lattes) in Iron Age southern Gaul was an important centre of sustained colonial interaction with Etruscans, Massalian Greeks and Romans from the sixth century B.C. One of the important consequences of these encounters was the introduction of coinage. Through an examination of the archaeological context of coins, I investigate how the use and value of money changed at Lattara after the Roman conquest. Drawing upon several anthropological discussions of money in colonial settings, particularly Jean and John Commaroff's (2006) notion of ‘commensuration’, I suggest that the incorporation of coinage into transaction systems at Lattara was related to its expedience as a standardized form of value, which facilitated exchange between the inhabitants of the town and foreign merchants.
On the Marginal Dependency of Cohen’s κ
Authors: von Eye Alexander , von Eye Maxine
Published: October 2008

Cohen’s κ (kappa) is typically used as a measure of degree of rater agreement. It is often criticized because it is marginal-dependent. In this article, this characteristic is explained and illustrated in the context of (1) nonuniform marginal probability distributions, (2) odds ratios that remain constant while κ changes in the presence of varying marginal distributions, and (3) percentages of raw agreement that remain constant while κ changes in the presence of varying marginal distributions. The meaning and interpretation of κ are explained with reference to the log-linear main effect model of variable independence. This model is used for the estimation of the expected cell frequencies of agreement tables. It is shown that the interpretation of κ as a measure of degree of agreement is incorrect. The correct interpretation is that κ assesses the degree of agreement beyond that expected based on a statistical model such as the independence or the null model. Based on Goodman’s (1991) distinction between marginal-free and marginal-dependent measures, it is shown that κ is marginal-dependent. It shares this characteristic with the well-known χ2-statistic and the correlation coefficient for cross-classifications. In contrast, the odds ratio, the unweighted log-linear interaction, and the percentage of raw agreement are marginal-free. Therefore, the expectation that marginal-dependent κ would reflect the same data characteristics as some of the marginal-free measures is misguided. It is recommended that researchers report both measures of degree of agreement and measures of agreement beyond some expectation.
Self‐excitation process due to local seismic amplification responsible for the reactivation of the Salcito landslide (Italy) on 31 October 2002
Authors: Bozzano F. , Lenti L. , Martino S. , Paciello A. , Scarascia Mugnozza G.
Published: October 2008

An integrated numerical and geophysical approach was used to investigate the role of local seismic amplification in the reactivation of the Salcito landslide (Italy) after the Molise earthquake of 31 October 2002. Numerical stress‐strain analysis with FLAC 5.0 FDM software, performed in dynamic configuration, showed that the 1 Hz frequency was consistent with landslide instability conditions. The Fourier spectrum of the triggering earthquake showed two main peaks occurring at 1 and 2 Hz, respectively, which could be related to local effects. The analysis of H/V spectral ratios of ambient noise records obtained in the landslide area, evidenced amplification effects in the 1–3 Hz range. On the basis of an engineering geology model, numerical modeling of both 1‐D and 2‐D seismic wave propagation was conducted using linear and nonlinear solutions. The simulation outputs showed (1) a 1 Hz amplification ascribable to 2‐D effects due to a landslide mass lying within a basin‐like geological structure; (2) a double‐peak amplification at about 2 and 3 Hz, respectively, ascribable to 1‐D resonance of the landslide mass; and (3) 1‐D plus lateral wave effects within the landslide mass in the 2.5–3.5 Hz frequency range. These findings suggest that local amplification of ground motion by the Salcito landslide mass may generate a self‐excitation process responsible for its reactivation.
First stage of Antarctic ozone recovery
Authors: Yang E.‐S. , Cunnold D. M. , Newchurch M. J. , Salawitch R. J. , McCormick M. P. , Russell J. M. , Zawodny J. M. , Oltmans S. J.
Published: October 2008

Ozone within the springtime Antarctic vortex is affected by both chemical and dynamical processes. We use correlations between monthly means of total ozone columns and temperatures in the vortex core and the vortex edge (or collar) regions to construct ozone anomaly time series for September and October, which mainly reflect variations in ozone due to chemical forcing. The ozone anomaly time series, obtained from ground‐based Dobson/Brewer column measurements, reveal a statistically significant leveling off of total ozone, relative to the previous rate of decline, since 1997. The second derivative with respect to time of stratospheric halogen loading in the Antarctic vortex reached a well‐defined minimum in 1997, marking the time when the chemical forcing of polar ozone loss started leveling off. Vertical profiles of ozone in the Antarctic vortex from SAGE II and ozonesondes show that near‐zero levels of ozone have sometimes been reached in the core of the vortex each October, between the 380 and 500 K isentropes, since 1992. We have accounted for this so‐called loss saturation effect in our analysis by comparing the frequency distribution of measured ozone with the distribution expected from a reconstruction of ozone that hypothetically allows ozone abundances to drop below zero. This approach indicates that changes in stratospheric halogen loading, not the loss saturation effect, are the primary cause of the recent leveling off of the total ozone anomaly time series. This analysis indicates that total column ozone within the Antarctic vortex core and collar regions has reached the first stage of recovery as defined by the World Meteorological Organization: a statistically significant reduction in the rate of decline that is clearly attributable to decreases in the abundance of ozone‐depleting substances brought about by the Montreal Protocol.
Interdecadal modulation of PDO on the impact of ENSO on the east Asian winter monsoon
Authors: Wang Lin , Chen Wen , Huang Ronghui
Published: October 2008

The interdecadal modulation of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) upon the impact of the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the east Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) is investigated. When the PDO is in its high phase, there is no robust relationship between ENSO and EAWM on the interannual timescale. When the PDO is in its low phase, ENSO exerts strong impact on the EAWM, with robust and significant low‐level temperature changes occurring over east Asia. The contrast in ENSO's influence between the two phases of the PDO is quite remarkable, which urges that the phase of the PDO should be taken into account in the ENSO‐based prediction of wintertime climate over east Asia. This modulation may be accounted for by the change in the low‐latitude Pacific‐east Asian teleconnection and in the response of midlatitude geopotential height to ENSO over Northwest Pacific.
Water vapor transport and dehydration above convective outflow during Asian monsoon
Authors: James R. , Bonazzola M. , Legras B. , Surbled K. , Fueglistaler S.
Published: October 2008

We investigate the respective roles of large‐scale transport and convection in determining the water vapor maximum at 100 hPa in the Asian monsoon region. The study uses backward trajectories with ECMWF ERA‐Interim heating rates. It includes simple microphysics with supersaturation and takes into account convective sources based on CLAUS data with a simple parameterization of overshoots. A good agreement between reconstructed water vapor and observations is obtained over Asia. It is found that parcels belonging to the water vapor maximum have been first lifted by convection over the Bay of Bengal and the Sea of China and then transported through the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) via the monsoon anticyclonic circulation towards North‐West India, where they are eventually dehydrated, avoiding the coldest temperatures of the TTL. Convective moistening accounts for about 0.3 ppmv in the Asian monsoon region and overshoots do not have a significant impact on the water vapor budget.
Three‐dimensional reconstructions of the early November 2004 Coordinated Data Analysis Workshop geomagnetic storms: Analyses of STELab IPS speed and SMEI density data
Authors: Bisi M. M. , Jackson B. V. , Hick P. P. , Buffington A. , Odstrcil D. , Clover J. M.
Published: October 2008

Combined interplanetary scintillation (IPS) and Solar Mass Ejection Imager (SMEI) remote‐sensing observations provide a view of the solar wind at almost all heliographic latitudes and covering distances from the Sun between 0.1 AU and 3.0 AU. They are used to study the development of the solar wind and coronal transients as they move out into interplanetary space, and also the inner heliospheric response to the passage of corotating solar structures and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). The observations take place in both radio scintillation level and speed for IPS, and in Thomson‐scattered white light brightness for SMEI. With colleagues at the Solar Terrestrial Environment Laboratory (STELab), Nagoya University, Japan, we have developed a data analysis system for the STELab IPS data which can also be applied to SMEI white light data. This employs a three‐dimensional (3‐D) reconstruction technique that obtains perspective views from solar corotating plasma and outward flowing solar wind as observed from the Earth by iterative fitting of a kinematic solar wind model to the data. This 3‐D modeling technique permits reconstructions of the density and speed of CMEs and other interplanetary transients at relatively coarse spatial and temporal resolutions. For the time‐dependent model (used here), these typically range from 5° to 20° in latitude and longitude, with a 1/2 to 1 day time cadence. For events during early November 2004 we compare these reconstructed structures with in situ measurements from the ACE and Wind (near‐Earth) spacecraft to validate the 3‐D tomographic reconstruction results and provide input to the ENLIL 3‐D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) numerical model.
Plasma temperatures in Saturn's ionosphere
Authors: Moore Luke , Galand Marina , Mueller‐Wodarg Ingo , Yelle Roger , Mendillo Michael
Published: October 2008

We have calculated self‐consistent electron and ion temperatures in Saturn's ionosphere using a series of coupled fluid and kinetic models developed to help interpret Cassini observations and to examine the energy budget of Saturn's upper atmosphere. Electron temperatures in the midlatitude topside ionosphere during solar maximum are calculated to range between 500 and 560 K during the Saturn day, approximately 80–140 K above the neutral temperature. Ion temperatures, calculated for only the major ions H+ and H3+, are nearly equal to the neutral temperature at altitudes near and below the height of peak electron density, while they can reach 500 K during the day at the topside. Plasma scale heights of the dusk electron density profile from radio occultation measurements of the Voyager 2 flyby of Saturn have been used to estimate plasma temperature as a comparison. Such an estimate agrees well with the temperatures calculated here, although there is a topside enhancement in electron density that remains unexplained by ionospheric calculations that include photochemistry and plasma diffusion. Finally, parameterizations of the heating rate from photoelectrons and secondary electrons to thermal, ambient electrons have been developed. They may apply for other conditions at Saturn and possibly at other giant planets and exoplanets as well.
Air parcel trajectory analysis of stable isotopes in water vapor in the eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Pfahl Stephan , Wernli Heini
Published: October 2008

With the help of a Lagrangian moisture source diagnostic, linkages between stable isotope measurements in water vapor in Rehovot (Israel), with typical sampling times of 8 hours, and the meteorological conditions in the evaporation regions are established. These linkages can be formulated in quantitative terms, and are also quantitatively comparable with other data from isotope measurements over the ocean and with simple theoretical calculations. On the one hand, a strong negative correlation (r = −0.82) between relative humidity with respect to sea surface temperature in the source regions and measured deuterium excess (d) is found, corroborating results from isotope global circulation model simulations. This relationship can also be applied to model d in a larger region, as shown for a sample case. On the other hand, sea surface temperature in the evaporation regions does not correlate well (r = −0.21) with measured d. This finding contradicts results from other models. Although requiring confirmation by isotope data from different regions, this weak correlation is potentially of major importance for the interpretation of deuterium excess measured in ice cores, which has been used to reconstruct moisture source temperatures for past climates.