bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
En gender ing Agency: The Differentiated Impact of Educational Initiatives in Zambia and India
Authors: Bajaj Monisha , Pathmarajah Meera
Published: February 2012

Efforts to interrupt the reproduction of unequal gender relations in schools involve alternative practices and pedagogies intended to transform students’ notions of gender and gender relations. Beyond the protective environments where such educational initiatives take shape, however, students must rely on their own sense of agency to reenact newly developed gender roles, behaviors, and understandings. This article examines how human agency is differentially experienced and acted upon by boy and girl students responding to educational nongovernmental initiatives in Zambia and India. Two case studies are reviewed, offering evidence from participants in educational programs that seek to deliberately disrupt gender inequality, revealing distinct ways in which boys and girls respond to such efforts. It is argued that structural inequalities tend to privilege boys and enable them to experience more “transformative agency” and efficacy when asserting new understandings of gender and gender relations.
Social Exclusion, Gender, and Access to Education in Canada: Narrative Accounts from Girls on the Street
Authors: Dhillon Jaskiran
Published: February 2012

Based on an exploratory study of the intersection among social exclusion, gender, and access to education, this article documents interpretive insights into the social and cultural dimensions of schooling through the narrative accounts of young women and girls living in poverty and experiencing homelessness in Canada. Having recognized the challenges of the public education system to meet the varying needs of a diverse student body, the declarations of these girls shed much-needed analytic light on the multiple factors mediating the issue of access, social and economic constraints, and alienation from teaching and learning environments faced by homeless young women and girls in the educational arena. Consequently, they shift our attention away from notions of individualized failure in school to a structural and gendered critique of “access” in education, and bring into relief important questions about justice and social equality in Canada.
Effective Instruction for English Learners
Authors: Calderón Margarita , Slavin Robert , Sánchez Marta
Published: February 2012

The fastest-growing student population in U.S. schools today is children of immigrants, half of whom do not speak English fluently and are thus labeled English learners. Although the federal government requires school districts to provide services to English learners, it offers states no policies to follow in identifying, assessing, placing, or instructing them. Margarita Calderón, Robert Slavin, and Marta Sánchez identify the elements of effective instruction and review a variety of successful program models. During 2007-08, more than 5.3 million English learners made up 10.6 percent of the nation's K-12 public school enrollment. Wide and persistent achievement disparities between these English learners and English-proficient students show clearly, say the authors, that schools must address the language, literacy, and academic needs of English learners more effectively. Researchers have fiercely debated the merits of bilingual and English-only reading instruction. In elementary schools, English learners commonly receive thirty minutes of English as a Second Language (ESL) instruction but attend general education classes for the rest of the day, usually with teachers who are unprepared to teach them. Though English learners have strikingly diverse levels of skills, in high school they are typically lumped together, with one teacher to address their widely varying needs. These in-school factors contribute to the achievement disparities. Based on the studies presented here, Calderón, Slavin, and Sánchez assert that the quality of instruction is what matters most in educating English learners. They highlight comprehensive reform models, as well as individual components of these models: school structures and leadership; language and literacy instruction; integration of language, literacy, and content instruction in secondary schools; cooperative learning; professional development; parent and family support teams; tutoring; and monitoring implementation and outcomes.
As larger numbers of English learners reach America's schools, K-12 general education teachers are discovering the need to learn how to teach these students. Schools must improve the skills of all educators through comprehensive professional development—an ambitious but necessary undertaking that requires appropriate funding.
Wealth and Poverty: System and Contradiction in Proverbs
Authors: Van Leeuwen Raymond C.
Published: February 2012

The book of Proverbs is often thought to represent a simplistic dogmatism concerning acts and consequences and a just world order. This article analyses sayings concerning wealth and poverty in relation to righteousness and wickedness to show that Proverbs presents systematic contradictions on these topics. These contradictions embody fundamental tensions in the structure of Yahwistic faith and anticipate the problem literature of Job and Qoheleth.
Craft and Function in
Samaritan Hebrew Manuscript Decoration
Authors: Anderson Robert T.
Published: February 2012

This article argues that decorative elements in Samaritan Pentateuchal MSS mark important passages, punctuate text, provide occasions for colophons and reverent exclamations, and help protect the integrity of the text. Margins, geometric designs, symmetry and colometry, and acrostics are discussed.
On the Derivation of Hebrew Forms with the + ut Suffix
Authors: Bolozky Shmuel , Schwarzwald Ora (Rodrigue)
Published: February 2012

The productive class of Hebrew nouns with the + ut suffix is described and analyzed, with particular attention to the nature of the derivation process involved. The assumption prevalent in the literature, that + ut derivation is a linear process, unrelated to any particular discontiuous pattern ( miškal ), is shown to be inaccurate. Some realizations are indeed linearly derived; others could be interpreted as either linear or discontinuous; but it can also be demonstrated that a third group of sub-patterns with + ut is best described as discontinuous, following given miškalim . The main argument for that third cluster of patterns being non-concatenative is that had they been linear, unmotivated and/or ad hoc processes would have been required in order to generate them from related base stems. Just like + an formation, then, + ut formation illustrates how the two Hebrew word-formation strategies, the uniquely-Semitic discontinuous formation and the more universal linear device, have always coexisted alongside each other, and continue to operate productively side-by-side in modern Hebrew today.
Flowers, Fragrances, and Memories: The Different Functions of Plant Images in Amichai's Later Poetry
Authors: Gold Nili Rachel Scharf
Published: February 2012

This article argues that Yehuda Amichai's poetry of the 1970s and 80s ought to be considered an integral part of his literary canon. It does so through an analysis of the transformation processes in his figurative language and structures. Images of vegetation serve as a kind of prism through which to observe changes in the poetics.
The Rhetoric of Speech Presentation in the Israeli Press
Authors: Nir Raphael , Roeh Itzhak
Published: February 2012

Techniques of speech presentation in narrative fiction have been widely described by scholars of both literature and linguistics. In the press, like in fiction, strategies of presentation may be ordered along a continuum reflecting different degrees of directness in reporting the utterances. In the press, speech presentation is a result of a tension between the need to report the statements in standard "journalese" and the wish to communicate a sense of the original utterance. In newspaper headlines, especially in the popular press, direct quotes are rather common. In this way sppech presentation reflects a "rhetoric of trust" and should be viewed as part of creating a "showing" effect and dramatization. In our study we found a relatively high degree of mimesis in popular newspapers, as opposed to quality papers. Another difference lies in the degree of poetical presentation , which is widespread in popular press headlines.
A Simple, Practical System for Transliterating Tiberian Hebrew Vowels
Authors: Johnson Robert M. , Goerwitz Richard
Published: February 2012

Evidence from various sources demonstrates that the Tiberian Masoretes used a seven-member vowel system. Though well-recognized in the advanced grammatical literature, basic Hebrew textbooks and biblical journals have tended, for largely historical reasons, to eschew this system. This article attempts to narrow the gap that separates these two literatures by promulgating a seven-member transliteration system designed specifically to address the typographical and pedagogical concerns of editors and teachers.
A North Israelite Dialect in the Hebrew Bible?: Questions of Methodology
Authors: Fredericks Daniel C.
Published: February 2012

Perhaps before there is any further discussion of the possibility or reality of a North Israelite dialect in the Hebrew Bible, interested parties should review the methodologies that determine the conclusions on the subject. Methodological criticisms so far contribute only the usual fragmented and spasmodic attention to the unsettled, and possibly unsettleable question of North Israelite in biblical Hebrew. Presently, our first intent then is to raise some questions in order to help clarify where we can legitimately stand methodologically. Second, if methodologies are perhaps inadequate, then there may be an anomalous collection of lexical and grammatical traits that continues to intrigue linguists as to their source, but there is little consensus; it may be that the source has been inaccurately identified and it is time to suggest another. In that spirit of criticism, we propose not only that writing a North Israelite grammar is misdirected and sorely premature, but that those properties of a supposed North Israelite dialect are quite possibly explained alternatively as colloquialisms that surface throughout the Hebrew Bible.
Modern Hebrew in the Light of Language Planning Terminology, History, and Periodization
Authors: Shur Shimon A.
Published: February 2012

This article attempts an analytical description of the process of "Full Return to Hebrew" in terms of an updated language planning taxonomy. The principles of a periodization of the process of Full Return to Hebrew are discussed, and a distinction between language planning and language proto-planning is proposed. This distinction enables us to include in the proposed periodization not only nationally authorized language planning decisions and activities, e.g., the declaration of the 8th Zionist Congress (1907) of Hebrew as the official language of the W.Z.O., but also language planning activities that lacked such authoritativeness, as e.g., the activities of Eliezer Ben-Yehuda and his circle.
Evidence of Diversity in Pre-Exilic Judahite Hebrew
Authors: Young Ian
Published: February 2012

A common assumption in modern scholarship has been that non-standard language usage in the biblical texts can only be explained as evidencing either pre-exilic northern or post-exilic southern Hebrew. This article argues that pre-exilic Judahite Hebrew was much more complex than merely being identical with standard biblical Hebrew. The argument discusses general socio-linguistic considerations, pre-exilic inscriptions, biblical texts (especially focusing on the work of G. A. Rendsburg), and mishnaic Hebrew.
The System of the Finite Verb in Classical Biblical Hebrew
Authors: Gentry Peter J.
Published: February 2012

This article provides a comprehensive description of the verbal system of classical biblical Hebrew, explaining how tense, aspect, and modality are signaled and correlating form and function in a way that accounts adequately and simply for the entire range of usage. A sensitive balance is maintained between synchronic and diachronic analysis. Also considered are communicative constraints, such as discourse grammar, pragmatics, and contextual meanings versus implicature. The base forms are primarily aspectual, with temporal deixis a function of aspectual default and discourse setting. Integrated within the model is a fresh proposal for understanding so-called volitives in classical biblical Hebrew. Normally command forms in Hebrew are considered a unified system of volitives consisting of cohortative, imperative, and jussive. Following up on the work of Niccacci, Revell and more recently Shulman on (so-called) modal forms in Hebrew, it is argued that the volitives should not be viewed as a unified system. Rather, projective modality apart from imperative forms is signaled by position of the verb. This in itself is not new. It is further argued, however, that the - āh suffix normally considered to be the marker of the cohortative functions in a manner similar to the Akkadian ventive and has nothing to do with projective modality. The explanatory power of this proposal is such that it can explain the distribution of the - āh suffix on all verb forms in the Hebrew Bible as well as forms usually eliminated from discussion as extra-systemic or corruptions in the text. Striking support, moreover, is found in the Amarna Canaanite texts.
An Unremarked Rhetorical Marker in Biblical Hebrew Prose
Authors: Murray Donald F.
Published: February 2012

After briefly indicating the referential and discourse-rhetorical functions of apposition between a personal name (PN) and a "class noun" (CN) in biblical Hebrew, the article singles out, for detailed discussion, a particular set of instances defined as the x-CN x-PN string: that is, intances where the CN unit precedes the PN unit and the same grammatical operator "x" is repeated, against the norm, with each relevant component. By applying principles of discourse analysis to a number of examples within their respective biblical contexts, in particular comparing instances of the string with other relevant appositional and non-appositional forms of reference in their contexts, the article establishes that, in addition to the headlining of the CN, the repetition of the grammatical operator in the string is also a form of rhetorical marking hitherto virtually unrecognized in scholarly discussion.
On The Special Status of the Vowels a and e In Israeli Hebrew
Authors: Bolozky Shmuel
Published: February 2012

As the "minimal" vowel of Israeli Hebrew, e is the vowel most likely to break unpronounceable consonant clusters, and to be affected by casual vowel deletion. Both e -insertion and casual deletion are automatic, which suggests that e may be characterized as phonetically unmarked. In contrast, a is the most prominent vowel in Israeli Hebrew. It has the highest sonority, is the least marked phoneme in the five-vowel system, and is the most frequent vowel in the language by far. Consequently, a functions as the default choice in acronym formation, which is a conscious, non-automatic process. It is thus the natural, most expected vowel of Israeli Hebrew from a phonological point of view that is not automatic-phonetic , but rather " psychologically-based ." Its status and frequency have at least one important application to the teaching of reading to beginners and to vowel marking in glossaries and dictionaries.
"Spiritual Feminism" and Christian Hebraism: Women and the Study of Hebrew in Seventeenth Century Europe
Authors: Goldman Shalom
Published: February 2012

Women's participation in the study of the "learned languages" in general, and of the "sacred tongue" in particular, has received little scholarly attention. This paper explores and analyzes the Hebraic endeavors of two seventeenth century Christian scholars: Anna Maria von Schurman of Holland and Antonia, Duchess of Wurtemberg, Germany. It situates their work within the larger context of the Christian Hebraist project, examines the situation of female scholars whose exclusion from the academy caused them to form alternative systems of intellectual exchange, and considers Hebraist attitudes towards Jewish scholars and scholarship, and speculates on the role of female Hebraists in the formation of those attitudes.
The Long Form of the Prefix Conjugation Referring to the Past in Biblical Hebrew Prose
Authors: Joosten Jan
Published: February 2012

This paper seeks to contribute to the debate on the function of biblical Hebrew yiqtol by collecting and categorizing the occurrences of this verbal form in past tense contexts. The following usages are identified: prospective, prospective in an object clause, modal, and iterative. A few occurrences that do not fit in any of these categories must be considered anomalous. There are no certain cases in prose of yiqtol expressing duration in the past. The fundamental meaning of yiqtol underlying its different contextual functions is best described in terms of modality: yiqtol presents an action as not (yet) real.
"Postcards in the Morning": Palestinians Writing in Hebrew
Authors: Snir Reuven
Published: February 2012

The article deals with a small number of bilingual Palestinian authors and poets writing and publishing in Hebrew, in addition to their Arabic writing. The phenomenon—generally limited to writers belonging to the Druze and Christian minorities—took on some significance only in the 1980s, when Anton Shammās, who is a Christian (b. 1950), and Naʿīm ʿArāyidī, a Druze (b. 1948), began to make a name for themselves in Hebrew. Both of them went through the formal Israeli educational system purposely set up to produce an "Arab Israeli" intelligentsia which would be willing and able to identify with the Jewish-Zionist state. Nevertheless, Palestinian, bilingual writers have protested against the ethno-cultural norm that identifies each Hebrew author as a Jew. They focus on "un-Jewing" Hebrew, that is, "deterritorialization," and the simultaneous "reterritorialization" of the language. However, that there are Palestinians who write in Hebrew and have found a limited Jewish-Israeli audience does in no way mean that the Jewish-national borders that demarcate the literary canon of modern Hebrew have somehow slackened. That would require a change in cultural norms of Hebrew literature, which is to say, the creation of a new culture, common to both Jews and Arabs.
"Hearing Jeremiah": Perception and Cognition in Jeremiah 1:1-2:2
Authors: Hayes Elizabeth
Published: February 2012

This study engages with information structure concepts to explore the pragmatic function(s) of fronted deictic terms in Jeremiah 1:1-2:2. Accounting for deictic terms within the pre-verbal field of Biblical Hebrew sentences is important because like the spoken word, the written text is linear representation of thought that involves deliberate sequencing of constituents. Since the initial constituent in a sentence or paragraph exhibits the "privilege of primacy," an author or speaker may choose to exploit the initial position for various reasons. Deixis, or the "act of pointing out or indicating elements of a situation by gesture or linguistic expression," is a primary feature of human communication that occurs in both speech acts and in written text. In speech contexts, deictic expressions help to orient the speaker and the addressee in space and time, and provide a deictic center for the communication event. In written texts, an author may use deictic terms to direct the reader forward or backward through the text. Because both discourse level and text level deictic terms require contextual interpretation, such terms exhibit pragmatic function. This study is concerned with identifying specific pragmatic functions for fronted terms. In other words, which deictic terms does an author place in a privileged position, and why?
The Bible as Literature?
Authors: Berlinerblau Jacques
Published: February 2012

Studies in the field of "biblical literary criticism" have proliferated in recent decades. The publication of Robert Alter's 1981 The Art of Biblical Narrative marks the symbolic arrival of a mode of analysis that has now become entrenched in modern biblical research. In this essay it is asked if assumptions about texts predicated on the study of modern literature can be profitably applied to a multi-layered, multiple-authored anthology of ancient provenance such as the Hebrew Bible. As a means of illustrating our concerns we offer a critique of Alter's well-known discussion of the alleged unity and artistic merit of Genesis chapters 37-39. We suggest that exegetes may need to lessen their reliance on pre-fabricated tools of literary analysis. Instead, they will need to develop theoretical and methodological implements that are properly calibrated to the study of collectively and trans-historically composed works of art.
Spanish Biblical Hebrew Manuscripts
Authors: Ortega-Monasterio Mª Teresa
Published: February 2012

The aim of this study is to present the most important Hebrew manuscripts conserved in the libraries of Madrid and El Escorial. The collection of Hebrew manuscripts is especially significant in the National library of Spain, the library of the Monastery of El Escorial, and the Complutensian University library. Most of the manuscripts are of sephardic origin. The importance and accuracy of Spanish manuscripts has been recognized since the Middle Ages. Some of them have been used in the editing of such important Polyglot Bibles like the Complutensian Polyglot or the Antwerp Polyglot. In order to update old catalogues from the end of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century and in order to incorporate relevant data for researchers and librarians, a new catalogue is being published. The first step of the work is the study of Bibles, biblical commentaries, and grammatical works. Further research must be done in the future to update the description of other Hebrew manuscripts in these libraries.
Three Midrashim and Their Exegetic Method
Authors: Breuer Yochanan
Published: February 2012

This article discusses three midrashim that include peshat and linguistic interpretations of verses in the Bible. At first glance, it seems that the verses are interpreted in a typical midrashic manner, namely, imaginatively and creatively, unlike the approach of modern scholars. An investigation of the literary and linguistic aspects of the verses reveals that these midrashim actually reflect valid peshat interpretations of the type that modern scholars may be willing to consider. Indeed, two of the interpretations discussed are found in medieval and modern exegesis, but scholars have not noticed that they are already found in the midrash. The reason for this is that a single, standard midrashic terminology is used for all kinds of interpretation; consequently, only a thorough investigation can detect the peshat interpretations in midrashic literature. One implication of this article is that scholars interested only in the plain meaning of biblical texts should not overlook the peshat traditions preserved in midrash.
On the Formation of Tiberian Hebrew Imperatives, Evidence from Spirantization
Authors: Pariente Itsik
Published: February 2012

This paper argues that imperatives in Tiberian Hebrew are not derived by truncation, but rather by a root-and-pattern association. The argument is based on spirantization, which behaves irregularly in truncated words, but not in imperatives. Tiberian Hebrew spirantization is a well-studied phenomenon within the phonology of the language, due to the fact that the generalizations associated with it are violated in so many instances. In Tiberian Hebrew, stops and spirants (fricatives) are in complementary distribution: spirants appear post-vocalically, and stops appear elsewhere. There are two main groups of exceptions to this generalization, both of which contribute to surface opacity of the rule. One is the plural segolates that involves cases in which spirantization is triggered by a so-called vowel that does not appear in the surface form and yields a post-consonantal spirant. The other class of exceptions to the canonical pattern is the truncated jussive and 2fs perfect stems. The purpose of this paper is to use these observations to determine the word formation of the imperative. The hypothesis is that truncation in Tiberian Hebrew yields phonological irregularities of spirantization in truncated words in order to mimic the base word. However, imperatives do not yield these phonological irregularities of spirantization in order to mimic the imperfective: yi xt ov ≈ k ∂ θ ov (and not * x ∂ t ov ). If the imperative is formed by truncation of the imperfective, then why does this truncation seem to act according to the regular phonological rules of the language? The proposed solution is to view Tiberian Hebrew imperatives as an instance of traditional non-concatenative morphology, and not as a truncated form. If k∂θov is not derived from yixtov there is no reason for spirantization to mimic the imperfective form.
Using Linguistic Difference in Relative Text Dating: Insights from other Historical Linguistic Case Studies
Authors: Kofoed Jens Braun
Published: February 2012

The article addresses the question as to how optimistic we can be about the possibility and accuracy in converting linguistic typology into linguistic chronology. Applying the insights from standard text books on historical linguistic theory and the implementation of these insights in two particular case studies—namely the dating of Old English and Eddic (Old Norse) Poetry—the article argues for a balanced view on the possibility of determining the chronological stage(s) of the Hebrew language represented by biblical texts embedded and preserved in late copies from the second century B.C.E. or later. As historical linguists in general use a very restrained language in describing the possibility of dating texts linguistically, we should expect historical Hebrew linguists to be equally cautious. However, since the case studies reveal at least some reasons for describing linguistic criteria for dating autographs or earlier copies of texts in late, extant manuscripts, we should also expect enough evidence to establish some kind of diachronic grid in the development of the Hebrew language that can be used for at least a relative dating of texts that cannot be dated on other grounds. Especially Hurvitz's focus on lexicographical change and Eskhult's on loanwords seem promising areas in this regard.
אפשר קפה 'May I Some Coffee?' Non-Sentential Utterances in Colloquial Hebrew
Authors: Bar-Aba Esther Borochovsky
Published: February 2012

Abbreviated utterances of different types are widely integrated into the spoken language, and must therefore form an integral part of its description. Four aspects of abbreviated utterances are examined in this article: 1.    Modes of Construction—whether the utterance is a result of omission or of compression 2.    Discourse function of the abbreviated utterance 3.    Context—does it depend on the linguistic or circumstantial context, or is it context-independent 4.    Degree of conventionalization—is it one-of-a-kind, a production phenomenon, does it belong to the domain between production and grammar, is it composed in a fixed pattern of the spoken language and classified as "grammatical," or is it an idiomatic expression, a part of the lexicon of spoken Hebrew. The initial study presented in this paper suggests that there exists regularity, at least partial, in the combinations and cross-combinations of the four aspects.
Words, Words, Words
Authors: Garber Zev
Published: February 2012

Arguably there is a direct link between centuries of Christian supersessionist teaching and the Shoah, and Christian culpability in the nearly total destruction of European Jewry cannot be denied. Nazi Germany lived in the shadow of religious fratricidal teaching and applied this hatred to the murder of Jews. In light of Auschwitz, however, the Roman Catholic Church confronted and fully rejected Christian imperialism, for example, the deification and crucifixion of Jesus Christ validate and intensify anti-Semitism, through the advocacy of reconciliation and fraternity with the Jewish People. Yet a number of Jewish organizations (religious and secular) were "perplexed and angered at the way the Vatican is crafting its memory and symbols of the nadir of modern Jewish-Christian relations—the Shoah." By examining linguistically, philosophically and scripturally the power of words in the much publicized Auschwitz Convent controversy, I will attempt to correct a major fault in self-identity and vision of the other. A necessary front in Holocaust education today: teaching and correcting the usage of words in order to prevent disputation in erstwhile Catholic-Jewish dialogue.
A Cognitive Linguistic Perspective on הִנֵּה in The Pentateuch, Joshua, Judges, and Ruth
Authors: Van der Merwe C. H. J.
Published: February 2012

In a recent study, the haphazard way in which הִנֵּה is interpreted and translated has been amply illustrated. This state of affairs is considered to be symptomatic of the lack of a holistic and comprehensive description of the particle. The primary aim of this investigation is to construct a model that could be used to motivate all uses of הִנֵּה in terms of extensions from a physical gesture to concrete entities to "less concrete" uses—with some conventionalized uses associated with specific constructions. For these purposes, current descriptions of הִנֵּה are reviewed in terms of some basic insights of cognitive linguistics. The perspectives gained are then used as points of departure for constructing a model for describing instances of the particles that occur in a specific corpus of predominantly narrative texts. In the process, the following picture emerged: הִנֵּה is indeed a deictic particle. Its most generic function is to point to an entity or entities x in the immediate proximity of an observing entity or entities y. The entities x can be persons or thing. The entities, however, may also be an action, event(s), or state(s) of affairs, or the propositional content of one or more clauses. The proximity involved with concrete entities (i.e., persons and things) is typically proximity in space. With actions, events, and state of affairs proximity in time (hence the frequent use of the participle) is involved. In the case of propositional context mental proximity is involved.
Love, Suddenly: Etgar Keret Invents Hebrew Romance
Authors: Peleg Yaron
Published: February 2012

This article looks at the emergence of romance as a viable literary device in Hebrew literature in the 1990s, especially in the works of young writers who used the privacy of romantic coupling as an escape from the more national thematics of previous literary generations. Historically, modern Hebrew works paid little attention to romance, certainly in comparison to the ubiquity of romantic love in other contemporary, nineteenth century European literatures. In Hebrew literature, romance played a secondary role that was usually subordinated to communal, Jewish and later Zionist concerns. During the 1980s, however, especially after the first Intifada in 1987, this dynamic began to change. The article examines this change in the works of Etgar Keret as a representative voice of a new Israeli cultural generation.
Multilayers in Modern Hebrew Syntax
Authors: Zewi Tamar
Published: February 2012

Modern Hebrew syntax not only reflects the syntax of Mishnaic Hebrew, as frequently suggested by various scholars, but integrates all historical layers of Hebrew syntax, from Biblical Hebrew on. Modern Hebrew syntax is not an artificial creation, namely the consequence of deliberate integration of Biblical and Mishnaic elements, but the natural product of a gradual process, building up through all stages of Hebrew and subject throughout to the influence of foreign languages. This view is tested by following the development and expansion of one Hebrew construction, the Hebrew content clause, widely used in Modern Hebrew.
Hebrew Word Structure: Its Rendering in Pointing and in Latin Conversion
Authors: Ornan Uzzi
Published: February 2012

In an earlier article I noted that the conversion system of the Standards Institute of Israel—SII—(FDIS ISO 259-3) is more precise than the pointed Hebrew version, even if it does not include a visible distinction between short and long vowels, and even if it has no special sign for ḥaṭap's. This statement calls for explanation and proof, which I propose to provide in this article. It details the drawbacks of pointing and the advantages of phonemic conversion in the elucidation of Hebrew word structure.
A Question of Language and Audience: On the Possibility of "Iraqi Novels" in Hebrew
Authors: Zeidel Ronen
Published: February 2012

This article focuses on two short novels, Sami Mikhael's Hofen shel Arafel (A handful of fog) and Shimon Balas's Vehu Akher (The other one), written in Hebrew by Israeli writers born in Iraq. Set in Iraq, the two novels are imbued in its reality and history, and the personality at the center strives to belong to Iraq yet often feels rejected by the surrounding society. The question at the center of the article is whether these articles should be considered Israeli or Iraqi? If translated to Arabic, they will be read as Iraqi novels, yet they were published in Hebrew and thus were targeting the Israeli reader, unfamiliar as he is with that reality. For the first time, this article tries to place Mikhael and Balas alongside Iraqi Arab writers, living in Iraq and in exile, and publishing in Arabic and other languages, to examine the interrelations between the writer, his intended audience, his identity, and the language he uses as a tool. This article finds great differences between the two writers and their Iraqi colleagues that shed a new light on various expressions of Iraqiness, experiences of exile, and trends in Israeli literature and intellectual life.
The Role of the Qaṭal in Maskilic Hebrew Prose Fiction 1857-1881
Authors: Kahn Lily
Published: February 2012

This paper constitutes the first thorough examination of the role of the qaṭal form in the Maskilic Hebrew prose fiction written between 1857 and 1881. Its main contentions are that the Maskilic Hebrew qaṭal can serve as a marker of past tense, present tense, and irrealis and that it can convey both perfective and imperfective aspect. Thus, while the maskilic qaṭal is found in some of the same contexts as its biblical and rabbinic counterparts, its overall role does not correspond precisely to that of either canonical stratum of the language; moreover, it exhibits a degree of influence from its authors' Yiddish vernacular and bears certain similarities to Israeli Hebrew. I shall use extracts from short stories and novels by prominent maskilic authors such as P. Smolenskin, A. Mapu, S. J. Abramowitz, I. M. Dick, and R. A. Braudes to illustrate these points. The maskilic qaṭal overlaps with both Biblical and post-Biblical Hebrew in the presentation of perfective past actions such as preterites, for example, Smolenskin's לפתע נפתחה הדלת and pluperfects, for example, Dick's ןאז החלה להתנחם על כל אשר עשתה However, it corresponds to biblical rather than post-biblical usage when used in the apodosis of irreal conditions, for example, Abramowitz's ולוּ היה לאל ידו, כי אז הוריד לה קערת שמים and with reference to present states, for example, Mapu's אהבתי מאר את הורי Conversely, it differs from both Biblical and Rabbinic Hebrew while mirroring Israeli Hebrew and Yiddish in its presentation of imperfective past actions such as the past continuous; this can be seen in Braudes's נשמע בבית משק קולאופני המר המרכבה אשר נסער בה.
The Grammaticalization of Bipartite Reciprocal Markers in Hebrew
Authors: Halevy Rivka
Published: February 2012

Grammaticalization is generally viewed as a diachronic process of: lexical > grammatical and grammatical > more grammatical . This paper deals with the grammaticalization of bipartite reciprocal markers in Hebrew as a striking example of a process whereby lexically meaningful morphemes are gradually emptied of their content and become "function" elements (i.e., reciprocal pro-Nouns), forming an evolutional continuum from a less grammaticalized (i.e., less fossilized) category into a more grammaticalized one (i.e., that of bipartite reciprocal markers). It is argued here that Hebrew is notable in that its bipartite reciprocal markers demonstrate a less advanced stage of grammaticalization than their counterparts in many languages worldwide.
Syntactic Patterns of Quantifier Float in Biblical Hebrew
Authors: Naudé Jacobus A.
Published: February 2012

The quantifier kōl may appear after the constituent with which it is associated, in which case it obligatorily hosts a resumptive pronoun. The constituents are inter alia clausal subjects, direct objects of the verb, objects of subcategorized prepositions, objects of adjunct prepositions, and vocatives. This paper will focus on two important syntactic features of quantifier float in Biblical Hebrew. First, it will be shown that although the floated quantifier ordinarily follows the constituent it modifies, other distributional patterns are also possible. Second, attention will be paid to the patterns of agreement between the resumptive pronoun and its referent. Although the resumptive pronoun ordinarily agrees with the constituent it resumes in person and number, there are significant and principled exceptions to this generalization, which will be described and explained.
Soldiers' Voices in In Our Time: Hemingway's Ventriloquism
Authors: Cohen Milton A.
Published: February 2012

Soldiers in In Our Time encompass three nationalities, several ranks, three battle theaters, and two wars. Critics tend to over-simplify this diversity, hearing only one British voice, and reducing American voices into variants of "the" Nick Adams experience. This conflation blurs real differences in the soldiers' personalities, war experiences, psychological reactions, and in the several prose styles Hemingway constructed to express these differences. Although experimental, this diversity is also Hemingway's commentary on the need for war writing to resist cliché, stereotype, and paradigm.
Shadows of a Literary Dialect: For Whom the Bell Tolls in Five Romance Languages
Authors: Azevedo Milton M.
Published: February 2012

Sixty years after publication, For Whom the Bell Tolls remains an admirable stylistic experiment in which Hemingway manipulates Spanish and English syntax and vocabulary to convey the impression that the characters are speaking Spanish. The result is a literary dialect, a fictional device to evoke rather than replicate distinctive features of Spanish speech. Opinions vary about whether a literary dialect can be successfully translated into a dialect of the target language. This article examines some select translation strategies in Catalan, French, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish versions of For Whom the Bell Tolls , and concludes that in most of these translations of Hemingway's work, something vital is missing.
Indians, Woodcraft, and the Construction of White Masculinity: The Boyhood of Nick Adams
Authors: Helstern Linda Lizut
Published: February 2012

Given Hemingway's personal interest in Ernest Thompson Seton's writing, and his familiarity with the tenets of Seton's hugely popular youth organization, the Woodcraft Indians, it is not surprising that the Nick Adams stories frame the discourse of boyhood in terms of the discourse of the Indian, or more specifically the Woodcraft Indian. Hemingway's stories showcase the progressive evolutionist philosophy of the Woodcraft Movement, echoing Seton's notions of the evils of assimilation for Indians and the import of "reverse assimilation" for whites.
Invalid Masculinity: Silence, Hospitals, and Anesthesia in A Farewell to Arms
Authors: Herndl Diane Price
Published: February 2012

Using Pat Barker's World War I trilogy and recent historical and feminist studies as a lens through which to view masculinity in A Farewell to Arms illustrates the way that medicine in the novel functions as a "technology of gender." The narrative strategies in the novel, the reticence to tell, and the silence about pain reveal the strictures placed on modernist masculinity. Frederic Henry's maladies in the novel are a result of war ideology as much as of his war injuries; his drinking in the novel becomes a kind of self-medication, one designed to help him stop feeling.
Ernest Hemingway, Gulf Stream Marine Scientist: The 1934-35 Academy of Natural Sciences Correspondence
Authors: Martin Lawrence H.
Published: February 2012

In March 1934, Charles Cadwalader of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, asked Ernest Hemingway to help the Academy collect specimens of fish from Cuban waters and the Gulf Stream. Hemingway, Cadwalader, and Academy ichthyologist Henry W. Fowler spent August 1934 on trips aboard the Pilar out of Havana. Hemingway continued to contribute specimens and scientific information for another year, during which he and the Academy men exchanged colorful and detailed letters. Their 1934-35 correspondence documents Hemingway's wide expertise as a sportsman-scientist, and is evidence of his lifelong role as an inquisitive and perceptive naturalist.
"She Expected, Absolutely Unexpectedly": A Freudian Wordplay in "A Very Short Story"
Authors: Pfeiffer Gerhard
Published: February 2012

"A Very Short Story" may be seen as an early instance of Hemingway's subtleties of language and commitment to the implicit mode. His narrative method shares similarities with Freud's psychological approach, valuing the significance of the apparently insignificant and looking for hidden motivations beneath inconspicuous surfaces. Minute gestures, sudden turns of phrase, and "unintentional" actions allow glimpses of a character's true nature and intimate his or her "repressed" condition. Departing from the apparently Freudian paradox that Luz "expected, absolutely unexpectedly, to be married in the spring," this note focuses on the assertion's latent content and explores its retaliatory implications within the design of Hemingway's short story.
War, Gender, and Ernest Hemingway
Authors: Vernon Alex
Published: February 2012

Hemingway's war experiences contributed enormously and essentially to his sense of gender (however confused) such that studies of either war or gender in his life and work ought to consider the other. Cultural-historic constructions of the war-gender relationship very much informed Hemingway's own sensibilities and thus his fiction. Even in his work not directly about war, we should be able to read the war's presence through textual performances of gender. Texts the essay considers include "Big Two-Hearted River," A Farewell to Arms , "The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber," "Cross-Country Snow," and "An Alpine Idyll."
Hemingway Faces God
Authors: Buske Morris
Published: February 2012

Unpublished portions of the manuscript of Marcelline Hemingway Sanford's At the Hemingways tells of frequent corporal punishment when she and Ernest were young. Each time after being punished they were required by their father to kneel and ask a stern Old Testament God for forgiveness. By the time he finished high school Hemingway had begun a separation from his parents. This rift widened after World War I when his mother ordered him from the family cottage in Michigan. He found in Catholicism a Blessed Mother who gave unbounded love and a Father who would give absolution, filling at least in part his spiritual and psychological needs.
An Introduction to Jane Mason's Safari
Authors: Mason Alane Salierno
Published: February 2012

Jane Mason's adoptive granddaughter recounts her discovery of the play Safari and provides important biographical background from family letters and journals.
Hemingway's "A Way You'll Never Be" and Nick Adams's Search for Identity
Authors: Quick Paul S.
Published: February 2012

In "A Way You'll Never Be," Nick Adams returns to the place of his physical wounding, Fossalta di Piave, hoping to understand the recurrent images that haunt his memory and imagination and to resolve his crisis of personal identity. Throughout the story, Nick attempts to affirm his sense of self but is repeatedly confronted with obstacles to that goal. By examining not only Nick's two hallucinations but also the significance of the Third Army of Savoia, the details of Hemingway's own return to the place of his wounding, the revisions that Hemingway made to the story, and the subsequent portrayal of Nick Adams in "Big Two-Hearted River," this paper argues that the psychological anxiety that Nick exhibits stems from his loss of identity and his inability to secure a stable sense of self after his wounding.
Money and Marriage: Hemingway's Self-Censorship in For Whom the Bell Tolls
Authors: Trogdon Robert W.
Published: February 2012

For most of his career as a professional writer, Ernest Hemingway fought a war against what he called "genteel writing." An examination of his career from the 1925 publication of In Our Time to the 1938 publication of The Fifth Column and the First Forty-nine Stories reveals that Hemingway enjoyed with every book he published greater freedom in his use of words generally considered to be obscene by his publisher and others. This greater freedom of expression did not extend to Hemingway's biggest commercial success, For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940). Hemingway wrote the novel without using any of the obscene words he had fought to include in his previous works. In writing the novel, he gave in to commercial pressures, writing the novel in the way that he did to increase the chances of serializing it or of selling it to a book club. Quite directly, For Whom the Bell Tolls was shaped stylistically by Hemingway's divorce from Pauline Pfeiffer and desire to marry Martha Gellhorn. The novel provided Hemingway with financial independence and the money to maintain the lifestyle he had grown used to in the 1930s, but which he would have lost with the loss of the Pfeiffer family fortune.
Leopoldina Rodríguez: Hemingway’s Cuban Lover?
Authors: Feldman Andrew
Published: February 2012

An alluring, olive-skinned courtesan with an unusual aversion to harsh words and actions, “Honest Lil,” is a leading character in Islands in the Stream . But scholarship has yet to examine Hemingway’s actual friendship with “Leo” Rodríguez, who clearly inspired this depiction. Interviews with and publications by Leopoldina’s niece Ilse Bulit and analysis of Cuban scholarship including interviews with Hemingway’s Cuban friends such as Enrique Serpa and Fernando Campoamor, reveal that Leopoldina was not only Hemingway’s longtime friend, confidant, and—in all likelihood—lover, but also an important influence on Islands in the Stream and The Old Man and the Sea.
The Elephant in the Writing Room: Sympathy and Weakness in Hemingway’s “Masculine Text,” The Garden of Eden
Authors: Hediger Ryan
Published: February 2012

Young David’s sympathy for the vulnerable, hunted elephant—across species boundaries and against his father—leads him to disavow language itself for its capacity to betray. I track this feeling into the adult narrative. In contrast with many critics, I claim that the older David shares Catherine’s suspicion of writing. Writing interrupts the lived intimacy of their marriage, producing tension between embodied experience and artistic representation. Yet writing also enriches and intensifies their experience, in part by reiterating human mortal weakness. This dilemma about the function of language echoes the novel’s inquiry into the seductions and hazards of desire itself.