bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LOCAL FIRM'S KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION IN THE GLOBAL MANUFACTURING NETWORK: EVIDENCE FROM CHINESE SAMPLES
Authors: WU XIAOBO , LIU XUEFENG , DU JIAN
Published: August 2007

The Global Manufacturing Network (GMN) is a new manufacturing system, which provides great opportunities for local firms in developing countries to acquire knowledge and upgrade capabilities through collaborations in the GMN. This paper hypothesizes that local firm's potential absorptive capacity has a positive impact on its knowledge acquisition in the GMN, and the association between them is moderated by network embeddedness. Using data from Chinese manufacturing firms, this paper confirms the hypothesis that local firm's potential absorptive capacity can contribute to its knowledge acquisition in the GMN, and the hypothesis of the moderating effect of network embeddedness is partially supported by the results.
Advance Directives
Authors: Emanuel Linda L.
Published: August 2007

Most patients want some control over their medical care, including—or even especially—when they are too sick to participate in decisions. Clinicians who have to make decisions for patients who are unable to participate often would appreciate guidance from patients’ wishes. Advance care planning responds to these needs. The process provides for discussions about goals in different scenarios and allows inclusion of the family and physician as well as the patient. It helps to have the patient and family complete validated worksheets that walk them through the various considerations and result in expressions of preference that are clinically meaningful. For the clinician, scenario-based goals for care and personal thresholds for when desired care shifts from primarily cure-oriented to primarily palliative are the most useful features to know about. The patient and family should do most of the discussing on their own time; the physician and team should coordinate to screen for problems and ensure agreement. Ideally, this should occur over the course of regular clinical encounters, with some dedicated time for the topic at suitable intervals.
Characterization of a putative intrarenal serotonergic system
Authors: Xu Jie , Yao Bing , Fan Xiaofeng , Langworthy Melissa M. , Zhang Ming-Zhi , Harris Raymond C.
Published: August 2007

Serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT)] acts through multiple G protein-coupled 5-HT receptors, and its activity is also regulated by the 5-HT transporter. The current studies report the expression and localization of the 5-HT receptors and transporter in the kidney. In addition, the enzymatic pathway mediating 5-HT synthesis is present in renal cortex, especially in the proximal tubules and glomerular epithelial cells and mesangial cells. Expression of the 5-HT receptors and 5-HT transporter was detected by RT-PCR in cell lines of these cell types. In cultured proximal tubule cells and podocytes, 5-HT activated ERK1/2 and increased the expression of connective tissue growth factor and transforming growth factor-β, two key mediators of extracellular matrix accumulation. Immunohistochemistry and real-time RT-PCR studies also indicated that 5-HT stimulated expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in podocytes in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, these results indicate the presence of an integrated intrarenal serotonergic system and suggest a possible role for 5-HT as a mediator of renal fibrosis in the kidney.
Quercetin's influence on exercise-induced changes in plasma cytokines and muscle and leukocyte cytokine mRNA
Authors: Nieman David C. , Henson Dru A. , Davis J. Mark , Angela Murphy E. , Jenkins David P. , Gross Sarah J. , Carmichael Martin D. , Quindry John C. , Dumke Charles L. , Utter Alan C. , McAnulty Steven R. , McAnulty Lisa S. , Triplett N. Travis , Mayer Eugene P.
Published: August 2007

Trained male cyclists ( n = 40) ingested quercetin (Q; n = 20) (1,000 mg/day) or placebo (P; n = 20) supplements under randomized, double-blinded methods for 3 wk before and during a 3-day period in which subjects cycled for 3 h/day at ∼57% maximal work rate. Blood samples were collected before and after each exercise session and assayed for plasma IL-6, IL-10, IL-1ra, IL-8, TNF-α, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and leukocyte IL-10, IL-8, and IL-1ra mRNA. Muscle biopsies were obtained before and after the first and third exercise sessions and assayed for NF-κB and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and TNF-α mRNA. Postexercise increases in plasma cytokines did not differ between groups, but the pattern of change over the 3-day exercise period tended to be lower in Q vs. P for IL-8 and TNF-α ( P = 0.094 for both). mRNA increased significantly postexercise for each cytokine measured in blood leukocyte and muscle samples. Leukocyte IL-8 and IL-10 mRNA were significantly reduced in Q vs. P (interaction effects, P = 0.019 and 0.012, respectively) with no other leukocyte or muscle mRNA group differences. Muscle NF-κB did not increase postexercise and did not differ between Q and P. Muscle COX-2 mRNA increased significantly postexercise but did not differ between Q and P. In summary, 1 g/day quercetin supplementation by trained cyclists over a 24-day period diminished postexercise expression of leukocyte IL-8 and IL-10 mRNA, indicating that elevated plasma quercetin levels exerted some effects within the blood compartment. Quercetin did not, however, influence any of the muscle measures, including NF-κB content, cytokine mRNA, or COX-2 mRNA expression across a 3-day intensified exercise period.
Assessment of the Ozone-Mediated Killing of Bacteria in Infected Dentine Associated with Non-Cavitated Occlusal Carious Lesions
Authors: Baysan A. , Beighton D.
Published: August 2007

The ability of ozone to kill micro-organisms associated with non-cavitated occlusal caries was investigated. The occlusal surfaces were treated with ozone (n = 53) or air (n = 49) for 40 s, and the underlying infected dentine was exposed. There was no significant difference between the number of bacteria recovered from the ozone-treated and the control sites (p > 0.1). Treatment of the exposed dentine with ozone resulted in a just significant (p = 0.044) reduction in bacterial counts. Ozone treatment of non-cavitated occlusal lesions for 40 s failed to significantly reduce the numbers of viable bacteria in infected dentine beneath the demineralized enamel.
Learning with “Relevance”: Using a Third Factor to Stabilize Hebbian Learning
Authors: Porr Bernd , Wörgötter Florentin
Published: August 2007

It is a well-known fact that Hebbian learning is inherently unstable because of its self-amplifying terms: the more a synapse grows, the stronger the postsynaptic activity, and therefore the faster the synaptic growth. This unwanted weight growth is driven by the autocorrelation term of Hebbian learning where the same synapse drives its own growth. On the other hand, the cross-correlation term performs actual learning where different inputs are correlated with each other. Consequently, we would like to minimize the autocorrelation and maximize the cross-correlation. Here we show that we can achieve this with a third factor that switches on learning when the autocorrelation is minimal or zero and the cross-correlation is maximal. The biological counterpart of such a third factor is a neuromodulator that switches on learning at a certain moment in time. We show in a behavioral experiment that our three-factor learning clearly outperforms classical Hebbian learning.
Integration of Stochastic Models by Minimizing α-Divergence
Authors: Amari Shun-ichi
Published: August 2007

When there are a number of stochastic models in the form of probability distributions, one needs to integrate them. Mixtures of distributions are frequently used, but exponential mixtures also provide a good means of integration. This letter proposes a one-parameter family of integration, called α-integration, which includes all of these well-known integrations. These are generalizations of various averages of numbers such as arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic averages. There are psychophysical experiments that suggest that α-integrations are used in the brain. The α-divergence between two distributions is defined, which is a natural generalization of Kullback-Leibler divergence and Hellinger distance, and it is proved that α-integration is optimal in the sense of minimizing α-divergence. The theory is applied to generalize the mixture of experts and the product of experts to the α-mixture of experts. The α-predictive distribution is also stated in the Bayesian framework.
The Prevalence of Mental Disorders in Italy
Authors: Rose Arnold M.
Published: August 2007

S TATISTICS on the prevalence of mental disease cannot prove any theory of causation, but they suggest where to look for cause and they can disprove erroneous ideas. Comparative statistics for different countries are even more valuable since they allow detection of cultural variation in the manifestation of illnesses and in their identification.
Factor Analytic Study of Attitudes Toward Death Among College Students
Authors: Pandey R.E.
Published: August 2007

This investigation was designed to compare the factorial structures of the cognitive and feelings components of attitudes toward death among college students, 132 whites and 101 blacks; 81 males and 152 females. A test consisting of 40 items having five Likert-type responses was constructed. The BMDO3M computer programme utilising a principal component solution and orthogonal rotation of the factor matrix was used. The hypothesis that people of different races and sexes, having divergent temperaments and beliefs, will also show different factors involved in their attitudes toward death was not supported because the factors of escape, depressive-fear, mortality, and sarcasm were common to them all.
Insanity Proceedings and Black-White State Hospital Admission Rate Differences
Authors: See Joel
Published: August 2007

THIS study attempted to determine if the higher state hospital admission rates of blacks are due to greater proportions of blacks being adjudicated incompetent at county insanity hearings. The records of 2,264 cases from 12 Florida counties in 1969 and observations and interviews in the county courts were used to answer this question. With the exception of a slight difference in middle-sized counties, the higher rates of state hospital admission were found to be due to initial differences in petitioning to the court rather than to adjudication differences. The lack of difference is due to the fact that the proportion competent, when refined, proves to be very small for both blacks and whites, thus allowing for little variation by ethnicity. The operation of a racial stereotype was, however, demonstrated in a detailed analysis of one large county.

The literature on state mental hospital admissions is replete with examples of higher rates for blacks when comparisons are made with whites (see, for example, 6, 8, 1). In fact, a recent review of such work concluded that blacks are often overrepresented at admission by ratios as high as 2: 1 (3). There has been little research, however, on the structural factors responsible for this pattern. This study asks if these differences occur because blacks are more likey than whites to be declared incompetent at county insanity hearings.
Family Unit Therapy, the Institution of the Family and Positive Mental Health
Authors: Wertheim Eleanor S.
Published: August 2007

FAMILY unit therapy (F.U.T.) is conceptually differentiated from family member therapy (F.M.T.). Clinical material is used to demonstrate the potential of F.U.T. for inducing positive-adaptive changes in the family, as a system, and in the functioning of its members, as related to Emotional Capital (EC), Autonomy (A), Self-Regulation (SR) and Competence (C). The implications of this experience and of some family research for social action are discussed. Questions are also raised about established and socially significant diagnostic and treatment practices, in dealing with emotionally and intellectually deprived children who are slow to develop.
Positive Mental Health, Western Society and the Family
Authors: Wertheim Eleanor S.
Published: August 2007

POSITIVE mental health is used as a bio-adaptive concept, operationally defined in terms of four components : emotional capital (EC), autonomy (A), self-regula tion (SR) and competence (C). It is argued that the current adaptive crisis of Western man is due, amongst other factors, to the failure of key social institutions in Western Society, including the family, to provide conditions conducive to the development and/or exercise of these components of mental health. Western man's solutions to this adaptive crisis are shown to fall into two categories—one, representing destructive (anarchist) and the other, a constructive approach. The position is taken that the latter approach needs to be applied more extensively in the functional rehabilitation of the family.
Wilhelm Dilthey Forerunner of Humanist Social Thought
Authors: Brown Richard H.
Published: August 2007

HUMANIST sociology is as a meadow in the forest of positivist science. Much of this space was cleared by Wilhelm Dilthey, not only through his attack on the fundamental assumptions of positivism, but also through his formulation of a critical method by which the works of free human consciousness could be understood.

The first tenet of positivsm is that the world is made up of "out there" objectively knowable "facts." Dilthey undercut this notion by asserting that the subject matter of the human studies was not mere "facts" of nature, but rather objectified expressions and the human mind. The second central assumption of positivism is that these "facts" are explainable or determined by general casual laws. In contrast, Dilthey asserted that, while we can explain the natural world, human action must be understood through an interpretive rather than a casual logic. In demonstrating and specifically describing such an interpretive procedure, Dilthey provided an epistemological and methodological grounding for a humanistic science of man.
Some Experiences Through Family-Psychotherapy for Psychotics in Japan
Authors: Sakamoto Yoshio
Published: August 2007

My experiences of family-psychotherapy for psychotics in Japan, are discussed. The emphasis is put on the emotional problems which had been elicited among the hospital staffs; nurses, psychologists, and social workers.

Applying a new type of the therapy, such as family-psychotherapy, has important factors beside the theoretical effect of them.

We devided the course of family therapy into four clinical stages, from fragmented way of communication in the family to integrated one. My experiences which I have had in Japan, where the psychiatry itself has had a organic orientation, seem to be very helpful for those countries where the family-psychotherapy is not popular yet.
Obsessional Neurosis, Marriage, Sex and Fertility: Some Transcultural Comparisons
Authors: Akhtar Salman
Published: August 2007

In a study of 82 obsessional neurotics, it was found that Indian obsessives, unlike their counterparts in other countries, do not display a higher than expected rate of celibacy, bachelorhood, and low fertility. Some socio-cultural explanations have been offered for these findings.
Cultural Aspects of Psychiatric Clinic Utilization a Cross-Cultural Study in Hawaii
Authors: Kinzie J. David , Tseng Wen-Shing
Published: August 2007

Data was obtained by ethnic status from 411 outpatients at a psychiatric clinic in Honolulu, Hawaii, and were then analyzed according to demographic variables, welfare status, source of referral, primary compliants or symptoms, diagnosis, and duration of treatment received. Clinic utilization was highly related to ethnicity, with Caucasians highly over-represented in proportion to the population, and other groups, especially Japanese, being greatly under-represented. The Caucasians were more likely to be self-referred, to have subjective symptoms of anxiety and depres sion" and to receive a neurotic diagnosis. The Japanese, and to some extent all other groups, were more often referred after a crisis or severe mental illness, displayed more socially disruptive symptoms, and had a higher percentage of schizophrenic diagnoses. Ethnicity was thus highly related to utilization of mental health services; however, once entry into the system was made, review of therapist case loads and analysis of duration of treatment revealed no ethnic difference in the clinic's response to patients.
Ethnic Differences in Expressions of Shame Feeling By Mothers of Severely Handicapped Children
Authors: Margalit Malka
Published: August 2007

SHAME on the part of parents of mentally handicapped children has pro nounced effects on child-rearing practices. The aim of this study was to compare expressions of shame of different ethnic groups in Israel. The attitudes of 23 Western mothers and 26 Eastern mothers towards their moderately and severely retarded children were studied. Significant differences (p<0.05 - p<0.01) were found, suggesting that the Eastern mothers strongly expressed their shame, whereas the Western mothers 'felt ashamed' to express it at all. The Western mothers felt that the social norms that reject feelings of shame and their own personal feelings of embarrassment were in conflict.
Errors in Psychiatric Admission
Authors: Van Ree F.
Published: August 2007

The author is of the opinion that the usual procedures of psychiatric admission can no longer be regarded as adequate. More or less following the methods used in general hospitals, they seem to neglect the social aspects to a large extent.
Worries of Parents Regarding the Future of Their Mentally Retarded Adolescent Children
Authors: Kotsopoulos S. , Matathia Pauline
Published: August 2007

Responding to a questionnaire, a group of parents of mentally retarded adolescents, reported several worries regarding the future of their child. The welfare of the child in the event of the death of the parent seemed to preoccupy the majority of them. Several among them were embarked in an effort to secure financially the future of the child while others felt that could do very little about it. Two thirds expected assistance from community services while just over one third admitted of having received some assistance. It is held by the authors that the community has the duty to assist such parents.
Patients Working Out From a Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: McCarthy Mark , Bewley Thomas H.
Published: August 2007

Outside employment was obtained by 630 resident male patients who had 1447 admissions to a South London Hospital between 1963 and 1969. This "working out" group were compared with all male patients admitted to the hospital during the same period and with a national sample from the Mental Health Enquiry for 1969. The working patients had 827 spells of employment working for 742 employers, 75 % of whom had employed only 1 patient for 1 spell of employment. A quarter of all male patients under 65 had worked out from the hospital over the seven years, approximately 90 out of 320 new admissions annually. This group were the younger patients admitted. The most frequent length of employment before discharge was 1-4 weeks. Patients with the diagnosis of alcoholism (the largest group in the sample) had shorter admissions and working out periods than those with schizophrenia. The value of "working out" is discussed.
Norm Qualities and Alcoholism
Authors: Lafferty Nancy A. , Holden J.M.C. , Klein Helen E.
Published: August 2007

This study examined the relationship between three types of norms and chronic alcoholism. Three types of norms— proscriptive, prescriptive, and nonscriptive— were used as categories to investigate the norms of American chronic alcoholics. Five sources of norms were used to identify the reference groups who were perceived as influencing the alcoholics' drinking patterns. The reference groups included co-workers, church, family, friends, and parents.

Among 85 American subjects, chronic alcoholism tended to be highest in a proscriptive environment, lower in a prescriptive environment, and lowest in a nonscriptive environment. Proscriptive norms were those which were perceived as stating directly that a person should not drink excessively at all. The sources of the proscriptive norms were analyzed. Church and parents were found to be the perceived sources of proscriptive norms for the chronic alcoholics studied. The data suggest that both parents and church members need to be taken into consideration when planning rehabilitation programmes for chronic alcoholics.
Cultural Aspects of Coping
Authors: Lee Phillip D.K. , Newton Niles
Published: August 2007

Recent studies relating to stress and coping have tended to ignore possible cultural differ ences in coping strategies. A review of the literature reveals that the Hawaiian culture, by virtue of its geographical isolation, has evolved culturally distinct value systems giving rise to unique patterns of coping. Furthermore, despite the high degree of Westernization following the arrival of Captain James Cook in 1778, coping strategies in Hawaii today have continued to reflect culturally distinct value systems. This demonstrates the necessity of considering cult ural differences in coping strategies which may result from differences in cultural value systems both between and within geopolitical units.
Ama Discharge From a Psychiatric Inpatient Unit
Authors: Akhtar Salman , Helfrich Jane , Mestayer Richard F.
Published: August 2007

This study examines AMA discharges from a psychiatric inpatient unit. Such discharges are found to occur with greater frequency (p .005) among individuals with alcoholism and character disorders. The AMA patients do not, however, seem to form a homogenous group in themselves. This study identifies two subgroups of AMA patients: the "early" AMA and the "late" AMA, depending upon their length of stay in the hospital prior to AMA discharge. The demographic, clinical and psychodynamic differences between the two sub-groups are discussed. Some practical recommendations are made in regard to the prevention and management of AMA discharge requests.
A Modified Approach To Systematic Desensitization
Authors: Cox James , Redfering David L.
Published: August 2007

The system desensitization procedure was modified in a manner that more closely approximates learning principles. Selected muscle groups were tensed, then relaxed contiguous with hiearchy item exposure. Subjects treated with traditional SD and subjects treated with the modified desensitization approach (MD) showed significant improvement in approach behaviour and subjective fear rating of the phobic stimulus. Placebo and no- treatment control group demonstrated no improvement.
Current Excessive Drinking Among Vietnam Veterans: a Comparison With Other Veterans and Non-Veterans
Authors: Boscarino Joseph
Published: August 2007

Analysis of recent data collected in a 1977 U.S. national epidemiologic study of substance abuse revealed that Vietnam veterans (N = 87) had substantially higher levels of alcohol con sumption and binge drinking, than comparable groups of Vietnam "era" veterans with no Vietnam service (N = 107), other veterans (N = 483), and nonveterans (N = 2,600). Vietnam veterans and Vietnam era veterans also had a somewhat higher level of drug abuse than expected for individuals from similar social backgrounds. Multiple Classification Analysis (MCA) was the technique used to adjust for demographic differences between these four groups. The results of these analyses reinforced previous research findings and substantiated the President's Commission on Mental Health, which speculated that alcohol abuse may become a special health problem among this population. Since evidence for "post-traumatic" or delayed stress among Vietnam veterans has been culminating, and some research has indicated a link between stress and increased alcohol consumption, it was suggested that the drinking pattern found among this Vietnam veteran sample may be a symptom of post traumatic stress.
A Cross-National Comparison of Patterns of Utilization and Psychiatric Care
Authors: Erinosho Olayiwola A. , Ayonrinde Akolawole
Published: August 2007

The importance of the outcomes of Hollingshead and Redlich's Social Class and Mental Illness in Community is clearly marked by the proliferation of comments and similar studies which replete available literature since the publication of this original work. The objectives of this paper are (a) to determine the relationship between social class and the utilization of a public psychiatric facility in Nigeria; (b) examine the range of treated patients in psychiatric facilities in a technologically developed Euroamerican society in relation to a developing country such as Nigeria where modern psychiatric care was recently introduced to the population; and also (c) investigate if differences abound in the therapies which are administered to patients of various socio-economic backgrounds in these societies.
Multivariate Concept of Psychosomatic Illness the Self-Concept of Asthmatic Children
Authors: Margalit Malka
Published: August 2007

The self-concept of asthmatic children was studied in order to demonstrate the complicated nature of the psychosomatic syndrome; that of 18 asthmatic children was compared to those of three other groups': 20 healthy children, 20 children with emotional difficulties and 11 children with cystic fibrosis. Measures reflecting the psychological self- acceptance differentiated the healthy children significantly from the two groups with emotional difficulties (asthmatics, and children with adjustment difficulties). Measures reflecting physical self acceptance differentiated the healthy group significantly from the two groups with somatic complaints (asthmatics and cystic fibrosis children).
The Case of Lisa H. the Role of Mental Health Professionals Where the Social Contract Is Violated
Authors: Colett Ilse V.
Published: August 2007

This case concerns a young woman accused by the State of California of Welfare of fraud. She was sent by the court to the writer for evaluation of her competence to make mature judgments and, later, she was asked by the Welfare Department to be counselled by the writer, a request she actively resisted. A case like this raises a major issue which has implications for our ideas about responsibility of the State to its members, for the role of mental health profes sionals in society, and for the lives of individuals who may, for whatever reason, violate what most of us understand to be the "social contract" we share.

The issue is a familiar one, but is important nevertheless and highlighted in a new way by the issues in the case of Lisa. The issue is this: When is it proper for a mental health profes sional to be allowed to intervene in the relationship and transactions that may be occurring between the state and individuals? This issue is recurrent and there are surely some well established instances where it is appropriate. Consider a case in which such intervention was requested by the court (and the Welfare Department) in a city wherein such intervention seems to be clearly inappropriate and possibly harmful both to citizens in general, professionals in the fields of welfare, and the individual.
The Tyranny of Projects: Teamworking, Knowledge Production and Management in Consulting Engineering
Authors: Koch Christian
Published: August 2007

Consulting engineering is a business service industry, which relies heavily on project teamwork in producing knowledge for its professional service products. Engineering practices and knowledge areas encompass mainly civil, mechanical and electrical engineering, buildings physics, project and construction management, which are typically pictured as knowledge-intensive activities. Such practices are here understood as local cultures, communities of practices, with a continuous and inherent sociopolitical element of negotiations of knowledge claims. Drawing on a ve-month participant observation and interview study, the article illustrates how teamworking occurs under continuous pressures from structural, organizational, professional and individual sources. The organization attempts in its knowledge production to combine practical experience, formalized information, external alliances and customer demands. Corporate management and project teamwork are in a state of latent con.ict. A series of management initiatives, including IT, address the production of knowledge. This can be seen as a combination of responses to external contingencies and at the same time development of internal resources within the conditions of possibility. Due to a continuous regime of ‘getting things done’ on the ongoing projects – what the author terms the tyranny of projects – cross-project learning and knowledge transfer are hindered.
Downplaying Model Power in IT Project Work
Authors: Buhl Henrik , Richter Anne
Published: August 2007

Executives and information technology (IT) specialists often manage IT projects in project teams. Integrative IT systems provide opportunities to manage and restructure work functions, but the process of change often causes serious problems in implementation and diffusion. A central issue in the research presented in this article, conducted in a Danish manufacturing company, is how an IT system could be con.gured to support shop.oor teamwork and enhance the quality of work. The approach is based on participatory design and the concept of ‘model power’. This concept facilitates an understanding of power of speci.c actors, during participation in IT project development. Model power may be an obstacle to different interests and perspectives being taken into consideration. The case study presented illustrates the point that it is possible to counterbalance model power and, thus, it has been possible to put issues such as team functions and quality of work on the agenda. Simultaneously, participation competencies seem to have been enhanced.
Testing relations between language (verbal) and nonverbal abilities in children and adults acquiring a nonprimary language
Authors: Oller John W. , Kim Kunok , Choe Yongjae , Jarvis Lorna Hernandez
Published: August 2007

General sign theory per Oller et al. (2000a, 2000b) predicts that, to the extent that valid measurements are possible, nonverbal abilities should correlate positively with primary language abilities (Hypothesis 1). Further, nonverbal abilities of persons in the early stages of acquiring a nonprimary language should correlate significantly more positively with proficiencies in their primary language than in their nonprimary language (Hypothesis 2(a)); but as persons approach parity between their primary and any nonprimary language, correlations between nonverbal scores and proficiencies in the two languages should both be positive and not significantly different (Hypothesis 2(b)). The Cattell-Horn theory predicts that nonverbal abilities should correlate equally with primary and nonprimary skills throughout the course of development. Gardner’s theory predicts nonsignificant correlations. Hypotheses 1, 2(a) and 2(b) are examined in within-subjects, repeated measures designs. Study 1 examines 50 children acquiring EFL in a bilingual school in Mexico, and Studies 2 and 3 examine 165 and 203 Korean adults learning EFL. Hypotheses 1, 2(a) and 2(b) are confirmed ( p < .01). The Gardner and Cattell-Horn predictions are disconfirmed.
Towards authenticity of task in test development
Authors: Wu Weiping M. , Stansfield Charles W.
Published: August 2007

This article describes a working model used to determine the Target Language Use (TLU) (Bachman and Palmer, 1996) in a Language for Specific Purpose (LSP) test project: The Listening Summary Translation Exam in Taiwanese (LSTE/T). The purpose of the LSTE/T was to evaluate the summary translation ability of applicants who want to work as linguists in Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) in the USA. The discussion focuses on the authenticity of task (Douglas, 2000) and how it can be achieved by the development of a taxonomy and a structured verification procedure in the process. Authenticity is treated in this article as the cornerstone for the content validity and reliability in this typical LSP test, which claims to serve as an assessment tool in the real world. Explained in detail are the steps followed in the project to create authentic language materials that mirror the linguistic reality facing LEAs. Major steps in the process include:

• collecting data from task performers in the TLU domain;

• analysing data;

• identifying salient features in both form and content;

• creating a taxonomy and sample scenarios;

• producing simulated conversations based on scenarios; and

• creating test tasks based on simulated conversations.

A structured verification procedure that was used in the project is charted and discussed to reveal the pros and cons of such an approach. It is argued that, as one type of LSP testing, job-relevant tests are becoming increasingly important and deserve more attention from practitioners in the testing field. This discussion of a working model to determine the TLU in one project will contribute to the understanding of the role of authenticity in test development in general.
Native- and nonnative-speaking EFL teachers’ evaluation of Chinese students’ English writing
Authors: Shi Ling
Published: August 2007

This study examined differences between native and nonnative EFL (English as a Foreign Language) teachers’ ratings of the English writing of Chinese university students. I explored whether two groups of teachers -expatriates who typically speak English as their first language and ethnic Chinese with proficiency in English -gave similar scores to the same writing task and used the same criteria in their judgements. Forty-six teachers -23 Chinese and 23 English-background -rated 10 expository essays using a 10-point scale, then wrote and ranked three reasons for their ratings. I coded their reported reasons as positive or negative criteria under five major categories: general, content, organization, language and length. MANOVA showed no significant differences between the two groups in their scores for the 10 essays. Chi-square tests, however, showed that the English-background teachers attended more positively in their criteria to the content and language, whereas the Chinese teachers attended more negatively to the organization and length of the essays. The Chinese teachers were also more concerned with content and organization in their first criteria, whereas English-background teachers focused more on language in their third criteria. The results raise questions about the validity of holistic ratings as well as the underlying differences between native and nonnative EFL teachers in their instructional goals for second language (L2) writing.
Using G-theory and Many-facet Rasch measurement in the development of performance assessments of the ESL speaking skills of immigrants
Authors: Lynch Brian K. , McNamara T. F.
Published: August 2007

Second language performance tests, through the richness of the assessment context, introduce a range of facets which may influence the chances of success of a candidate on the test. This study investigates the potential roles of Generalizability theory (G-theory) (Brennan, 1983; Shavelson and Webb, 1991) and Many-facet Rasch measurement (Linacre, 1989; Linacre and Wright, 1993; McNamara, 1996) in the development of such a performance-based assessment procedure. This represents an extension of preliminary investigations into the relative contributions of these procedures (e.g., Bachman et al., 1995) to another assessment setting. Data for this study come from a trial of materials from the access: test, a test of communicative skills in English as a Second Language for intending immigrants to Australia. The performances of 83 candidates on the speaking skills module were multiply rated and analysed using GENOVA (Crick and Brennan, 1984) and FACETS (Linacre and Wright, 1993). The advantages and specific roles of these contrasting analytical techniques are considered in detail in the light of this assessment context.
Repeated cortisol administration attenuates the EEG response to buspirone in healthy volunteers: evidence for desensitization of the 5-HT1 A autoreceptor
Authors: McAllister-Williams R. Hamish , Massey Anna E. , Fairchild Graeme
Published: August 2007

It has previously been postulated that the therapeutic effect of antidepressants, particularly selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs), is mediated by a down-regulation of somatodendritic (presynaptic) 5-HT1A autoreceptors with chronic treatment. Animal studies have revealed that repeated administration of corticosteroids similarly down-regulate this receptor. However, it has previously been difficult to explore if this receptor is similarly modulated in man in vivo. The objective of this study was to explore the effect of repeated administration of cortisol to healthy volunteers utilising a novel putative index of somatodendritic 5-HT1A autoreceptor function. This method involves the administration of the 5-HT1A agonist buspirone and observing the subsequent negative shift in the frequency spectrum of the electroencephalogram (EEG). Healthy male volunteers were treated with cortisol 20 mg, or placebo, orally twice daily for 7 days in a double-blind random-order crossover study. After each treatment period volunteers were administered buspirone 30 mg orally prior to EEG recordings. Following a week's treatment with placebo, buspirone led to a negative shift in the EEG frequency spectrum as previously reported. However, following treatment with cortisol, the effect of buspirone was significantly attenuated. This is consistent with corticosteroids having a similar effect on somatodendritic 5-HT1A autoreceptors in man as seen in rodents.
Ghostly Footsteps: Voices, Memories and Walks in the City
Authors: Pinder David
Published: August 2007

This paper is concerned with urban walking and the work of contemporary artists and writers who take to the streets in order to explore, excavate and map hidden spaces and paths in the city. The focus is on an audio-walk by the Canadian artist Janet Cardiff entitled The missing voice (case study B), which is set in east London. Connections are also drawn with other recent projects in the same area by Rachel Lichtenstein and Iain Sinclair. The paper discusses how these artists raise important issues about the cultural geographies of the city relating to subjectivity, representation and memory. Cardiff’s audio-walk in particular works with connections between the self and the city, between the conscious and unconscious, and between multiple selves and urban footsteps. In so doing, she directs attention to the significance of dreams and ghostly matters for thinking about the real and imagined spaces of the city.
Exclusionary discourse towards squatters in suburban Cape Town
Authors: Saff Grant
Published: August 2007

This paper examines the discursive practices employed by property owners and the state to justify the exclusion of mostly black squatters from three ‘white’ suburbs in Cape Town, South Africa. In these suburbs, Noordhoek, Hout Bay and Milnerton, property owners voiced nearly identical objections to justify the exclusion of the squatters from ‘their’ neighbour-hoods. The main justifications, couched mostly in race-neutral terms, was that the squatters would increase crime, decrease property values, spread disease and despoil the natural environment. It is argued that while these discursive practices often camouflage racial prejudice, this does not explain the occurrence of similar discursive patterns in areas where race has not been a major factor. A satisfactory explanation for these discursive commonalities should thus embrace both class and racial dynamics and must be situated within the context of property relations within a capitalist land market.
Politics of reading: decolonizing children’s geographies
Authors: Phillips Richard
Published: August 2007

This paper critically analyses interventions in politics of children’s geographical reading. Politics of reading encompass a twofold agenda: how and what people read. Academic critics have written more about the former; activists have expressed more interest in the latter. The role of activists is examined in the context of their interventions in children’s geographical reading in Britain in the 1970s, in particular with respect to the adventure genre. They acted through their capacities as gatekeepers (reviewers, review editors, librarians, teachers, parents and others); producers (including writers, publishers and booksellers); and translators (mediating between British readers and non-British writers). These individual and collective agents managed to suppress and modify some allegedly racist and/or colonialist texts and authors, and promoted postcolonial alternatives. They did so, however, by bracketing questions of interpretation and by mimicking rather than challenging power relations inherent in the contemporary scriptural economy. In each case, this marginalized the interests and imaginations of young readers, while also failing to anticipate the ways in which their actions and texts would be received and used by critics. The paper concludes by pointing to the need for more sophisticated engagements with politics of reading, which address simultaneously questions of what geographical texts people read and how they read them.
Home Cooking: Filipino Women and Geographies of the Senses in Hong Kong
Authors: Law Lisa
Published: August 2007

This paper considers how migrant women become embodied subjects in foreign cities. It draws on the experiences of Filipino domestic workers in Hong Kong, and their active creation of places in the city that emulate a ‘sense’ of home (through sights, sounds, tastes, aromas and so on). Rather than explicate extreme forms of bodily experience some women mediate in their working lives - such as physical containment, hunger or violence - I interrogate unconventional forms of body politics that take place outside Hong Kong homes. In examining spaces of the city where Filipinas engage in mass leisure activities, I shed light on the relationship between space, bodies and sensory experience. The senses are not merely an intrinsic property of the body - they are a situated practice that connects the body to overlapping spaces of power in the cultural economy of labour migration. By linking sensory experience to urban culture and power relations in the city, I offer alternative maps of people and places that tell us something different about diasporic experience and the political importance of geographies of the senses.
Local cross-cultural planning and decision-making with indigenous people in Broome, Western Australia
Authors: Kliger Bev , Cosgrove Laurie
Published: August 2007

Recent debates concerning the relationship between communication, democracy and justice have implications for the analysis of local government land use decision-making. This is particularly true where local government decisions impact on people with a range of racial and cultural identities, especially marginalised indigenous people. The authors explore Young's theory of democracy and difference and develop a model of communication and democracy in which all discussions and exchanges between people are inter-related in a spiralling process of decision-making. This model is used to analyse the impact of local government land use decision-making in Broome, Western Australia on local indigenous people. Theoretical concerns with difference can offer insights into the ways in which relations between indigenous and non-indigenous people in Australia are structured. These theoretical arguments, however, need to be carefully related to indigenous concerns and, in this instance, local government relationships with indigenous people over meanings of land and debates about its use. In the case of Broome, only through new ways of thinking about equality and difference, society and justice1 can there be a reconciliation in local government areas between indigenous and settler Australians.
Imperialism and manliness in Edwardian boys’ novels
Authors: Hugill Peter J.
Published: August 2007

After 1870 mass education and the rise of mass literacy began to create a huge market for juvenile literature in the industrial world in the form of weekly papers and novels. Sales in the tens of millions were realized by some authors. By the early twentieth century this market had matured, gendered, segmented, and regionalized. British boys’ juvenile novels from such authors as Henty stressed the link between manliness, sports, communal and Christian responsibility and empire. The empire was the dominant site of individual social advancement. Sexuality was to be deferred until marriage. American juveniles from such authors as Stratemeyer stressed manliness, individuality, teamwork, the Anglo-Saxon compact and technology. Technology was the dominant site of individual social advancement. With the Spanish-American War American boys’ juveniles started to teach that, contrary to America’s past stand against imperialism, America had a moral right to become an imperial power and should learn such behaviour from Britain. From 1898 to 1912 American juveniles taught that, as Britain declined, America was shifting from the junior to the senior partner in the Anglo-Saxon compact.
The enclosure of nature in Stanley Spencer’s Hoe Garden Nursery
Authors: Bartram Rob
Published: August 2007

This paper explores Stanley Spencer’s Hoe Garden Nursery (1955) as a constitutive part of the relationship between land, nature and cultural nationalism in the immediate postwar period. Like many of Spencer’s garden landscape paintings, Hoe Garden Nursery appears to be a rather mundane composition. However, as this paper makes clear, there is a complexity of personal, aesthetic, social and moral values that run through Spencer’s landscape art. After examining Hoe Garden Nursery in some detail, I consider Spencer’s preoccupation with two themes, both of which seem central to all his commissioned landscape work: the enclosure of landscape and the importance given to the small, intimate spaces of the garden. I conclude the paper with a discussion of national cultural debates in the 1950s, and particularly those relating to the emergence of gardening as a dominant social activity and the ‘spirit’ of urban reconstruction, which I believe Spencer makes reference to in the painting.
Promoting Eden: tree planting as the environmental panacea
Authors: Cohen Shaul
Published: August 2007

This article examines the discursive and practical cooperation between timber industry, governmental and non-profit/conservation tree planting programmes in the United States. It identifies the reciprocal use of an Edenic metaphor that is deployed to depict their environmental management strategies. The radical simplification of nature, use of scientific discourse and fetishization of trees and their power to ‘improve’ the environment bonds groups that often clash over forest issues, collapsing the presumed polarities of the environmental spectrum. Building on the work of Harvey, I show that actors from different economic and political positions derive mutual benefit from contributing to the joint discursive platform, and that capital/institutional interests are well served by their constructing a premise of ‘money, aiding science, yielding nature’.
`The King's Army into the Partes of Bretaigne': Henry VII and the Breton Wars,
Authors: Currin John M.
Published: August 2007

Between 1489-91 Henry VII projected his military power abroad in an attempt to prevent the French conquest of Brittany and influence political affairs in the duchy. This episode in Tudor military and diplomatic history, however, has been largely ignored by historians. This article discusses the English military and political involvement in Brittany, the composition of land and naval forces, the strategies employed, and the mistakes and circumstances that contributed to the Anglo-Breton defeat. The 1489 English expedition was larger than historians have hitherto supposed. Officers of the Royal Household served in land and sea operations in Brittany and carried out critical supply and support functions. Henry VII took great interest in the expeditions, and did not seem as neglectful of military matters as many modern historians have thought.