bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An analysis of the implant‐supported overdenture in the edentulous mandible
Authors: Chen K.‐W. , Lin T.‐M. , Liu P.‐R. , Ramp L. C. , Lin H.‐J. , Wu C.‐T. , Pan Y.‐H.
Published: November 2012

This investigation examined the cumu‐lative survival rate of the implant‐supported overdenture using two types of attachments in patients treated at Show Chwan Memorial Hospital Implant Center from 1992 to 2006. Fifty‐one patients (30 men and 21 women) were treated with mandibular implant‐supported overdentures. Attachment systems used were the Hader bar with bilateral, cast ERA attachments (Group A, 31 patients with 15 men and 16 women, 134 implants) and the Hader bar with bilateral, distal extension cantilevers (Group B, 20 patients with 15 men and 5 women, 85 implants). Two hundred and four implants remained at the end of the follow‐up period. Among failed implants, 10 implants were in Group A (failure rate: 10/134 = 7·5%), whereas five implants were in Group B (failure rate: 5/85 = 5·9%). Sixty‐six point seven per cent (10/15) of failed implants were placed in the distal anterior mandible, and 33·3% (5/15) were placed in the middle anterior mandible. Survival was also examined with respect to condition of the opposing arch. Patients wearing a maxillary removable partial denture had the highest implant failure rate (5/51 = 9·8%), whereas the failure rate of the maxillary complete denture group was only 5·7%. The most frequent need for maintenance was wear over patrix component of ERA or Hader clip (n = 56). Eight patients experienced connector fracture between ERA and Hader bar, and one experienced distal extension cantilever fracture. The implant‐supported overdenture can be an effective and reliable alternative to the conventional complete mandibular denture. Fewer prosthetic complications were seen in overdentures retained with distal extension cantilever attachments.
MicroRNA‐137 promoter methylation in oral lichen planus and oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Dang Jun , Bian Yong‐Qian , Sun Jian Yong , Chen Fang , Dong Guang‐Ying , Liu Qing , Wang Xin‐Wen , Kjems Jørgen , Gao Shan , Wang Qin‐Tao
Published: November 2012

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a common oral mucosal disease, which is generally considered a potentially malignant lesion. To identify efficiently prognostic biomarker, we investigated the microRNA‐137 (miR‐137) promoter methylation in OLP and compared with the samples from healthy volunteers and patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). A total of 20 OLP and 12 patients with OSCC as well as 10 healthy subjects were subjected to miR‐137 promoter methylation analysis using methylation‐specific PCR (MSP). To address the malignancy prediction potential from miR‐137 promoter methylation status, methylation of the p16 gene, a well‐known tumor suppressor, was investigated in the same samples. The p16 methylation and miR‐137 promoter methylation were found to be 25% and 35% in patients with OLP, 50% and 58.3% in patients with OSCC, and 0% and 0% in healthy subjects, respectively. The differences between miR‐137 and p16 methylation levels were statistically significant between healthy controls and patients. Methylation levels of the two promoters were also influenced by age, gender, and lesion duration. Interestingly, aberrant promoter methylation of the p16 and miR‐137 genes was only found in the epithelium but not in the connective tissue from patients with OLP. This raises the possibility to use miR‐137 methylation as a biomarker for malignant prediction in patients with OLP.
Integrating applied ecology and planning policy: the case of micro‐turbines and wildlife conservation
Authors: Park Kirsty J. , Turner Alex , Minderman Jeroen
Published: November 2012

For applied ecology to have real‐world impact, collaboration between scientists, policy makers and industry is crucial. To demonstrate this, we present a case study of the planning process for micro‐wind turbines (units generating <50 kW) in the UK. Micro‐turbines are now routinely installed in many European countries and the USA, and in spite of the rapid growth in numbers, there has been little study of their impact on wildlife. Consequently, the evidence‐base upon which to establish planning guidance is very limited.

Using the situation in the UK as an example, we show that (i) the planning process for micro‐turbines varies widely among local authorities; (ii) a lack of data on their effects on wildlife makes interpretation of ecological surveys problematic; and (iii) recent changes to the planning process, designed to permit installation of micro‐turbines in some contexts without requiring planning permission, are unlikely to change this status quo.

Synthesis and applications. We argue that (i) further research on the effects of micro‐turbines on wildlife should take into account the needs of stakeholders, in particular, with regard to how effects may vary in different contexts; (ii) better planning guidance should be developed urgently, incorporating all available evidence and identifying further research needs; and (iii) a working group including representatives from the turbine industry, ecologists, policy makers and statutory bodies should be set up to streamline this process. These recommendations provide a starting point for on‐the‐ground turbine installers, planners and ecologists, and a way forward for managing the future planning process for micro‐turbines.
Evaluation of Tomato Hybrids Carrying Ty‐1 and Ty‐2 Loci to Japanese Monopartite Begomovirus Species
Authors: Shahid Muhammad Shafiq , Ito Takuya , Kimbara Junji , Onozato Ayumu , Natsuaki Keiko T. , Ikegami Masato
Published: November 2012

Tobacco leaf curl Japan virus, Honeysuckle yellow vein mosaic virus and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus are three begomoviruses that infect tomato crops in Japan. Tomato infection by begomoviruses has increased in Japan after the development of a high level of resistance to certain insecticides in some populations of the vector B. tabaci biotypes ‘B and Q’. Ty‐1 and Ty‐2 homozygous tomato hybrids were evaluated for reaction to monopartite begomovirus species in Japan by Agrobacterium‐mediated inoculation. Test plants were evaluated by a disease assessment scale (DAS), varying from 1 = no symptoms to 4 = severe symptoms, and systemic infection was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using specific begomovirus primers for each virus. Ty‐1 hybrids showed tolerance to HYVMV and with a large number of plants being neither virus‐free nor symptom‐free. The response of Ty‐1 hybrids was also resistant to moderately resistant against TbLCJV. The response of Ty‐2 hybrids was resistant to highly resistant against the three monopartite begomoviruses, when compared with susceptible plants.
Population genomic signatures of divergent adaptation, gene flow and hybrid speciation in the rapid radiation ofLakeVictoria cichlid fishes
Authors: Keller I. , Wagner C. E. , Greuter L. , Mwaiko S. , Selz O. M. , Sivasundar A. , Wittwer S. , Seehausen O.
Published: November 2012

Adaptive radiations are an important source of biodiversity and are often characterized by many speciation events in very short succession. It has been proposed that the high speciation rates in these radiations may be fuelled by novel genetic combinations produced in episodes of hybridization among the young species. The role of such hybridization events in the evolutionary history of a group can be investigated by comparing the genealogical relationships inferred from different subsets of loci, but such studies have thus far often been hampered by shallow genetic divergences, especially in young adaptive radiations, and the lack of genome‐scale molecular data. Here, we use a genome‐wide sampling ofSNPs identified within restriction site–associatedDNA(RAD) tags to investigate the genomic consistency of patterns of shared ancestry and adaptive divergence among five sympatric cichlid species of two genera,PundamiliaandMbipia, which form part of the massive adaptive radiation of cichlids in theEastAfricanLakeVictoria. Species pairs differ along several axes: male nuptial colouration, feeding ecology, depth distribution, as well as the morphological traits that distinguish the two genera and more subtle morphological differences. Using outlier scan approaches, we identify signals of divergent selection between all species pairs with a number of loci showing parallel patterns in replicated contrasts either between genera or between male colour types. We then createSNPsubsets that we expect to be characterized to different extents by selection history and neutral processes and describe phylogenetic and population genetic patterns across these subsets. These analyses reveal very different evolutionary histories for different regions of the genome. To explain these results, we propose at least two intergeneric hybridization events (betweenMbipiaspp. andPundamiliaspp.) in the evolutionary history of these five species that would have lead to the evolution of novel trait combinations and new species.
Budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy via Turbuhaler versus fixed‐dose budesonide/formoterol plus terbutaline in patients with asthma: Phase III study results
Authors: ATIENZA TITO , AQUINO TERESITA , FERNÁNDEZ MARCELO , BOONSAWAT WATCHARA , KAWAI MITSURU , KUDO TAKAHIDE , Ekelund Jan , Ivanov Stefan , Carlsson Lars‐Goran
Published: November 2012

Background and objective

To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of budesonide/formoterol as maintenance and reliever therapy versus budesonide/formoterol maintenance plus terbutaline in adults with persistent asthma not adequately controlled with inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) therapy alone.

Methods

In this 12‐month, randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group, phase III study (NCT00839800), patients (age ≥16 years; receiving maintenance ICS; ≥1 severe exacerbation in the 12 months prior to study entry) were randomized to either budesonide/formoterol 160/4.5 μg 1 inhalation twice daily plus budesonide/formoterol 160/4.5 μg as‐needed or budesonide/formoterol 160/4.5 μg 1 inhalation twice daily plus terbutaline 0.4 mg as‐needed for 12 months. Primary outcome: time to first severe asthma exacerbation; secondary outcomes included: lung function, asthma symptom variables and tolerability.

Results

Two thousand and ninety‐one patients were randomized: 170 (16%) receiving budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy experienced 259 severe exacerbations versus 229 patients (22%) receiving budesonide/formoterol plus terbutaline who experienced 363 severe exacerbations. Budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy prolonged the time to first severe exacerbation versus budesonide/formoterol plus terbutaline (P = 0.0007) and reduced the instantaneous risk of an exacerbation by 30% (hazard ratio 0.70, 95% confidence interval 0.57–0.85, P = 0.0003). Times to first oral steroid use, first hospitalization and first emergency room treatment were all significantly prolonged in the budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever group versus budesonide/formoterol plus terbutaline. Both treatment groups were well tolerated.

Conclusions

Budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy provided more effective asthma control, including a prolonged time to first severe asthma exacerbation, than budesonide/formoterol plus terbutaline and was well tolerated. Budesonide/formoterol maintenance and reliever therapy also improved lung function and asthma symptoms.
An Investigation of Stall Inception in Centrifugal Compressor Vaned Diffuser1
Authors: Everitt Jonathan N. , Spakovszky Zoltán S.
Published: November 2012

In compression systems, the stable operating range is limited by rotating stall and/or surge. Two distinct types of stall precursors can be observed prior to full scale instability: the development of long-wavelength modal waves or a short-wavelength, three-dimensional flow breakdown (so-called “spike” stall inception). The cause of the latter is not well understood; in axial machines it has been suggested that rotor blade-tip leakage flow plays an important role, but spikes have recently been observed in shrouded vaned diffusers of centrifugal compressors where these leakage flows are not present, suggesting an alternative mechanism may be at play. This paper investigates the onset of instability in a shrouded vaned diffuser from a highly loaded turbocharger centrifugal compressor and discusses the mechanisms thought to be responsible for the development of short-wavelength stall precursors. The approach combines unsteady 3D RANS simulations of an isolated vaned diffuser with previously obtained experimental results. The unsteady flow field simulation begins at the impeller exit radius, where flow is specified by a spanwise profile of flow angle and stagnation properties, derived from single-passage stage calculations but with flow pitchwise mixed. Through comparison with performance data from previous experiments and unsteady full-wheel simulations, it is shown that the diffuser is accurately matched to the impeller and the relevant flow features are well captured. Numerical forced response experiments are carried out to determine the diffuser dynamic behavior and point of instability onset. The unsteady simulations demonstrate the growth of short-wavelength precursors; the flow coefficient at which these occur, the rotation rate and circumferential extent agree with experimental measurements. Although the computational setup and domain limitations do not allow simulation of the fully developed spike nor full-scale instability, the model is sufficient to capture the onset of instability and allows the postulation of the following necessary conditions: (i) flow separation at the diffuser vane leading edge near the shroud endwall; (ii) radially reversed flow allowing vorticity shed from the leading edge to convect back into the vaneless space; and (iii) recirculation and accumulation of low stagnation pressure fluid in the vaneless space, increasing diffuser inlet blockage and leading to instability. Similarity exists with axial machines, where blade-tip leakage sets up endwall flow in the circumferential direction leading to flow breakdown and the inception of rotating stall. Rather than the tip leakage flows, the cause for circumferential endwall flow in the vaned diffuser is the combination of high swirl and the highly nonuniform spanwise flow profile at the impeller exit.
Improving patient follow-up after inpatient stay
Authors: Wimble Katie , Yeong Keefai
Published: November 2012

Follow-up is a vital part of ongoing patient safety. It allows for subsequent investigations to be checked and acted upon, encourages specialist review of patients and ensures that patients with chronic conditions receive the appropriate secondary care input. This study aims to highlight and quantify current problems with how follow-up arrangements are made within our hospital and provide a suitable solution to ensure that these problems are minimised. 20 sets of clinical notes were analysed for plans of follow-up and then compared with the discharge summaries produced. Hospital computer systems were used to find out which interventions happened, and when, to get the baseline data. A simple follow-up prompt sheet was introduced and a further 20 sets of notes were audited to complete the study. Patient follow-up improved after the introduction of a simple follow-up prompt sheet but highlighted the need for a complete change in the way follow up is arranged at our hospital. There is a need for an online system for requesting follow-up appointments in our hospital. This is vital given the 24 hour environment that we work in with many patients being discharged out of normal working hours. This is currently being discussed with management and we hope that the introduction will be imminent to improve the future safety of all patients.
Variation in floral morph ratios in tristylous Oxalis squamata (Oxalidaceae): an Andean alpine endemic
Authors: Barrett Spencer C.H. , Arroyo Mary T.K.
Published: November 2012

Negative frequency-dependent selection resulting from disassortative mating should result in equal morph ratios in tristylous populations at equilibrium. However, surveys of morph-frequency variation in tristylous species commonly report deviations from equality. Here, we report variation in morph ratios in Oxalis squamata Zucc., an endemic of the Andean region of Chile and Argentina. Absence of clonal propagation in this species allows unambiguous estimates of the morph ratio of genets. We sampled floral morph ratios in 20 populations occurring in Central Chile and investigated the relation between morph evenness in populations and their size. All populations of O. squamata were tristylous but with significant heterogeneity among populations in morph ratios. Although small populations exhibited a greater variance in morph evenness, biased ratios were also evident in several large populations. We found no evidence of morph loss or a consistent bias in morph frequencies as reported in some tristylous species. Biased morph frequencies in large populations probably arise from episodic sexual recruitment following disturbance and a slow approach to equilibrium.
Effect of gut passage by two highland rodents on spore activity and mycorrhiza formation of two species of ectomycorrhizal fungi (Laccaria trichodermophora and Suillus tomentosus)
Authors: Pérez Francisco , Castillo-Guevara Citlalli , Galindo-Flores Gema , Cuautle Mariana , Estrada-Torres Arturo
Published: November 2012

Research on mycophagy has focused mainly on fungi with hypogeous fruiting bodies, while studies on epigeous fruiting bodies are rare. We evaluated spore activity and capacity to establish mycorrhizal associations for the ectomycorrhizal fungi Laccaria trichodermophora Mueller and Suillus tomentosus (Kauffman) Singer, Snell and Dick (both of which produce epigeous fruiting bodies) after being consumed by the mice Peromyscus alstoni Merrian and Peromyscus maniculatus Wagner. Passage through the digestive tract of both rodent species reduced spore activity of S. tomentosus but increased spore activity of L. trichodermophora. In contrast, passage through the digestive tract of P. alstoni increased the percentage of mycorrhiza formation by S. tomentosus, whereas mycorrhiza formation by L. trichodermophora decreased following gut passage in either species of mice. These results show that the studied rodent species have differential effects on mycorrhiza formation by two species of fungi with epigeous fruiting bodies and may play a significant role in maintaining mycorrhizal communities and healthy forest ecosystems in central Mexico.
Reparation of aged lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seeds by osmotic priming andAzospirillum brasilenseinoculation
Authors: Carrozzi Liliana E. , Creus Cecilia M. , Barassi Carlos A. , Monterubbianesi Gloria , Di Benedetto Adalberto
Published: November 2012

Although Azospirillum spp. are considered to be important plant growth promoting bacteria, their possible effects on germination and vigor of aged lettuce seeds has not been previously evaluated. In fact, there is a paucity of published data about inoculation effects on seed germination. The aim of this work was to evaluate seed quality of one-year aged lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Crimor INTA) seeds after Azospirillum brasilense Sp245 inoculation with or without an osmopriming pretreatment. Fresh lettuce seeds were stored in the dark in a dry chamber for one year and then subjected to inoculation with A. brasilense Sp245, to osmotic priming with 0.37 mol/L MgSO4, or to both combined treatments. Seed germination, seed vigor, and seedlings emergence percentages were determined, and the abnormal seedling fraction was characterized. Azospirillum brasilense inoculation without a previous osmopriming enhanced seed vigor and seedling emergence percentages and decreased the fraction of abnormal seedlings. There was an additional effect of osmopriming as a previous treatment on germination percentage. We concluded that the use of A. brasilense inoculation alone or after an osmopriming treatment would contribute to overcome the negative effects of ageing on lettuce cv. Crimor INTA seeds.
BICROSSPRODUCTS OF ALGEBRAIC QUANTUM GROUPS
Authors: DELVAUX L. , VAN DAELE A. , WANG S. H.
Published: November 2012

Let A and B be two algebraic quantum groups. Assume that B is a right A-module algebra and that A is a left B-comodule coalgebra. If the action and coaction are matched, it is possible to define a coproduct Δ# on the smash product A#B making the pair (A#B, Δ#) into an algebraic quantum group.

In this paper we study the various data of the bicrossproduct A#B, such as the modular automorphisms, the modular elements, … and we obtain formulas in terms of the data of the components A and B. Secondly, we look at the dual of A#B (in the sense of algebraic quantum groups) and we show it is itself a bicrossproduct (of the second type) of the duals [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text].

We give some examples that are typical for algebraic quantum groups. In particular, we focus on the extra structure, provided by the integrals and associated objects. It should be mentioned that with examples of bicrossproducts of algebraic quantum groups, we do get examples that are essentially different from those commonly known in Hopf algebra theory.
TEXTING STYLES AND INFORMATION CHANGE OF SMS TEXT MESSAGES IN FILIPINO
Authors: CABATBAT JOSEPHINE JILL T. , TAPANG GIOVANNI A.
Published: November 2012

We identify the different styles of texting in Filipino short message service (SMS) texts and analyze the change in unigram and bigram frequencies due to these styles. Style preference vectors for sample texts were calculated and used to identify the style combination used by an average individual. The change in Shannon entropy of the SMS text is explained in light of a coding process.
SPIN SYMMETRY IN THE RESONANT STATES OF NUCLEI
Authors: XU QIANG , GUO JIAN-YOU
Published: November 2012

Spin breaking for the resonant states in 208 Pb is investigated by solving the Dirac equation with Woods–Saxon vector and scalar potentials in combination with an analytic continuation in the coupling constant method, where the stable and convergent energies and widths are obtained. Spin breaking are shown in correlation with the nuclear mean field shaped by the central depth Σ0, a radius (range) R and a diffusivity a, which play an important role in the splittings of energy and width. The energy-level crossings appear in several spin partners of resonant states, where the decay time is found to be different for the spin doublets even when their energies are fully degenerate.
AN AB INITIO MOLECULAR DYNAMICS STUDY ON THE SOLVATION OF FORMATE ION AND FORMIC ACID IN WATER
Authors: CHEN QIUBO , LIU ZHIFENG , WONG CHEE HOW
Published: November 2012

Formate ion and formic acid are linked in water by the equilibrium for the acidic dissociation of formic acid, which as the simplest carboxylic acid is an important model system. In this study, the microscopic details of the solvation around a formate ion and around a formic acid molecule in aqueous solution are explored by ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, at 300, 500, 700, and 900 K. The formate ion exerts a strong influence on the surrounding solvent molecules by hydrogen bonding, which restricts the access of other water molecules. With rising temperature, the hydrogen bonds are disrupted, and the space around formic acid becomes more accessible. Solvation of the formic acid is marked by its partial dissociation to produce a proton, and the hydrogen bond interaction around a formic acid is not as strong as that around a formate ion. The acidic dissociation becomes less favorable as temperature rises, which indicates a lesser catalytic role for the water molecules in the thermal dissociation of formic acid.
THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION ON SECOND-ORDER NONLINEAR OPTICAL PROPERTIES AND REDOX-SWITCHING OF PHENYL NITRONYL-NITROXIDE RADICAL DERIVATIVES
Authors: DU XIAOFENG , MA NANA , SUN SHILING , YANG GUOCHUN , QIU YONGQING
Published: November 2012

The static second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties on a series of phenyl nitronyl-nitroxide (NN) radical derivatives were investigated using density functional theory (DFT). It is found that the first hyperpolarizabilities of these systems are sensitive to the substituents, and system 4a containing of a two-dimensional (2D) substituent possesses the largest βtot value of 83.134 × 10-30 esu. Meanwhile, the time-dependent (TD)-PBE1PBE calculations indicate that low transition energy can enhance the NLO responses. As a result of the reversible one-electron oxidizations of these systems, the redox switching of the NLO responses of systems 1a–5a have also been studied. The βtot value of system 2b′ is about 20.75 times larger than that of 2a due to the larger degree of conjugation, which provides a possibility of NLO switching. According to the analysis of the frontier molecular orbitals (FMO), oxidization reduces the HOMO–LUMO gap and changes charge transfer (CT) direction.
THEORETICAL STUDY ON THE SECOND-ORDER NONLINEAR OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF C,B-SUBSTITUTED CARBORANE CONJUGATED DERIVATIVES
Authors: LIU YAN , YANG GUOCHUN , SUN SHILING , YU FEI , SU ZHONGMIN , HAO LIZHU
Published: November 2012

To systemically investigate structure–property relationship and design excellent nonlinear optical (NLO) material, the second-order NLO properties of a series of C,B -substituted carborane conjugated derivatives have been studied by density functional theory (DFT). The static first hyperpolarizabilities (βtot) were calculated at the M05-2X/6-31+G* level of theory. The results show that the βtot values gradually increase with the increasing of the conjugation length, especially the introduction of ferrocene. It is found that 1,3-benzo-o-carborane-ferrocene (2h) has the largest first hyperpolarizability (55.968 × 10-30 esu), which is 150 times larger than that of benzocarborane (1a). This means that the static first hyperpolarizabilities of the studied compounds can be substantially increased by structural modification. A basis for understanding the origin of these large NLO responses is proposed based on consideration of the frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs), orbital energy, transition energy of the studied compounds, and the two-state mode. The lower transition energy and larger oscillator strength play an important role in increasing the first hyperpolarizability value. This study may evoke possible ways to design preferable NLO materials.
PHOTODETACHMENT OF ${\rm H}_2^-$ NEAR A SOFT REFLECTING SURFACE
Authors: HANEEF MUHAMMAD , ARIF SUNEELA , AKBAR JEHAN , ZAHIR MUHAMMAD , SHAH NASRULLAH
Published: November 2012

Photodetachment of [Formula: see text] near a soft reflecting surface is investigated by using theoretical imaging method. Analytical expressions are derived for detached electron flux and photodetachment cross section. The surface strongly affects the results and induces oscillation in the detached electron spectra. The photodetachment cross section is double of the H- near a plane wall. For a very large distance between the surface and [Formula: see text](R → ∞) the cross section reduces to the cross section of two center system in free space.
SOME IDENTITIES IN THE HARMONIC ALGEBRA CONCERNED WITH MULTIPLE ZETA VALUES
Authors: LI ZHONG-HUA
Published: November 2012

Let 𝔄 be a commutative ℚ-algebra, A be an alphabet of non-commutative letters and 𝔥1 be the non-commutative polynomial algebra generated by the set A over the algebra 𝔄. The harmonic algebra 𝔥1 is closely related to multiple zeta values and multiple zeta-star values in some special case. Some identities in the algebra 𝔥1 are given.
Extraction of T-Type Substrate Resistance Components for Radio-Frequency Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors Based on Two-Port S-Parameter Measurement
Authors: Kang In Man , Cho Seongjae , Shin Hyungcheol
Published: November 2012

In this paper, we present an analytical parameter extraction method for the T-type substrate network (substrate resistance components) of RF metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) based on simple two-port S-parameter measurements. To improve the accuracy of the parameter extraction, the electrode resistance components of the gate, source, and drain regions are used in the equivalent circuit model of RF MOSFETs in the off-state. The values of the substrate resistance components are extracted directly from the two-port S-parameter measurement data and not from the existing complex three- or four-port measurement, and their scalability according to device geometry is excellent. Using the proposed small-signal circuit and extracted parameters, it is verified that the output admittances of MOSFETs are successfully modeled up to 40 GHz. The verification was performed by a comparison of simulated and measurement data for 130-nm-technology-node complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) devices.
Effect of Substrate Temperature on Surface Properties of Ge2Sb2Te5Film during Chemical Mechanical Polishing
Authors: Shin Dong-Hee , Lee Dong-Hyun , Hwang Eung-Rim , Hong Kwon , Lim Dae-Soon
Published: November 2012

In this study, the effect of substrate temperature on the surface properties of Ge2Sb2Te5(GST) during chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) was investigated. During the CMP process, the substrate temperature of our GST film was controlled from 12 to 35 °C. The amount of Te hillocks and the surface roughness of the GST film increased with increasing substrate temperature. The surface roughness was related to the thermal effects of the CMP process. Furthermore, the grain size of the GST film polished at a temperature much lower than the annealing temperature changed because of frictional heat. The material removal rate of the GST film did not noticeably change with substrate temperature up to 21 °C, but it decreased with a further increase in substrate temperature. The material removal rate of the GST film showed strong correlations with the oxidation ability of the GST film and the unreacted amount of Te. The results of the CMP process showed that the surface quality and material removal rate of a GST film during CMP can be improved by reducing substrate temperature.
Effects of Proton Irradiation on Optical and Electrical Properties of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells
Authors: Hirose Yuiko , Warasawa Moe , Tsunoda Isao , Takakura Kenichiro , Sugiyama Mutsumi
Published: November 2012

The optical and electrical properties of proton irradiated Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells and the composed thin films such as transparent conducting oxide (TCO) and CIGS were investigated. The transmittance and resistivity of TCO window layers remained constant for a fluence of up to 3×1015 cm-2. For CIGS thin films, the photoluminescence (PL) peak intensity tended to decrease, possibly because the number of nonradiative recombination centers increased under proton irradiation. In addition, the PL spectra of irradiated CIGS solar cells suggested that the CIGS absorber layer and/or the depletion layer around the CdS/CIGS interface are more prone to degrade than other layers. These results constitute the first step in clarifying the degradation mechanism of CIGS solar cells.
Compensation Method for Phase Fluctuation in Holographic Data Storage
Authors: Ishii Norihiko , Muroi Tetsuhiko , Kinoshita Nobuhiro , Kamijo Koji , Kikuchi Hiroshi , Shimidzu Naoki
Published: November 2012

A method that records accurate information of an object beam is discussed. Before conducting our experiment, the effect of phase fluctuation was calculated using the coupled wave theory. Simulation results showed that the fringe amplitude decreased as the phase noise level increased. We propose a method for phase compensation even if a modulated object beam, which consists of black-and-white pixels, is used with a millisecond recording time. A recording experiment was conducted, in which even pages were without compensation and odd pages were with compensation with 100 angle multiplexing. The obtained results indicate that the mean brightness was increased by 2 ×105, and the mean error count for each page was reduced from 17 to 13 by improving the diffraction efficiency.
Investigation of Relationship between Interface State and Random Telegraph Noise Using Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors Fabricated on Si(100), (110), and (111) Substrates
Authors: Tega Naoki , Miki Hiroshi , Mine Toshiyuki , Torii Kazuyoshi
Published: November 2012

It is clarified that suboxides and interface traps are closely linked to threshold-voltage variation (ΔV
th) due to random telegraph noise (RTN) from an investigation of dependence of ΔV
th on silicon-surface orientation: Si(100), (110), and (111). The amount of RTN traps increases with increasing amount of suboxides in the interfacial transition layer. With regard to the total amount of suboxides, the Si(110) surface orientation gives a larger amount than Si(100) and Si(111). Furthermore, we found that Si(110) has the potential to give fast RTNs with a larger ΔV
th than Si(111). Accordingly, ΔV
th for Si(110) is larger than those of Si(100) and Si(111). Attention should be paid to the possibility of the impact of RTN on Si(110) as the vertical plane of a three-dimensional device.
Analytical Modeling of Read Margin Probability Distribution Function of Static Random Access Memory Cells in Presence of Process Variations and Negative Bias Temperature Instability Effect
Authors: Afzal Behrouz , Afzali-Kusha Ali , Pedram Massoud
Published: November 2012

In this work, we present an analytical model for calculating the read margin of static random access memory (SRAM) cells as a function of different transistors parameters. Using this model and assuming normal distribution for the threshold voltages of transistors in the presence of process variations, the probability distribution function (PDF) of the read margin is analytically derived. In addition, the time variation of the PDF due to the negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) effect is also considered in the model. The accuracy of the model is verified by comparing its results with those of HSPICE simulations in 45 and 32 nm technologies. The comparison demonstrates a very high level of accuracy for the proposed model.
Piezoresistive Silicon Microresonator for Measurements of Hydrogen Adsorption in Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: An Zhonglie , Esashi Masayoshi , Ono Takahito
Published: November 2012

In this paper, the mass detection of hydrogen adsorption using a piezoresistive resonant silicon microresonator is presented. The working principle relies on the resonant frequency shifts of the cantilevered resonator with a sample due to hydrogen adsorption. The mass of adsorbed hydrogen in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) grown on the resonator is measured experimentally after exposing to high pressure hydrogen. The mass of CNTs on the resonator is measured from resonant frequency change after the removal. According to masses of the adsorbed hydrogen and CNTs, we obtain the adsorption capacity of hydrogen into CNTs.
pH Measurement Using Dual-Wavelength Fluorescent Ratio by Two-Photon Excitation for Mitochondrial Activity
Authors: Kanazashi Yasuaki , Li Yongbo , Onojima Takumi , Iwami Kentaro , Ohta Yoshihiro , Umeda Norihiro
Published: November 2012

A mitochondrion has a pH gradient between the two sides of its inner membrane in order to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Because ATP depletion causes numerous diseases, the measurement of the pH value around the mitochondrion is expected to clarify the mechanism of these diseases. In this study, a dual-wavelength pH-sensitive dye was excited by two-photon absorption initiated using a femtosecond pulse laser. In addition, fluorescence from the dye was directly collected from the fluorescent point using the collection-mode probe of a scanning near-field optical microscope. By this proposed method, a pH calibration curve was obtained from the fluorescent intensity ratio of the dye solution, and temporal pH variations with 0.1 s time resolution following the addition of acid were observed. Moreover, mitochondrial activity on the basis of the pH changes was successfully observed in three different mitochondrial densities.
Atrial Fibrillation and Long QT Syndrome Presenting in a 12-Year-Old Girl
Authors: Knoche Jonathan W. , Orland Kate M. , January Craig T. , Maginot Kathleen R.
Published: November 2012

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is rare in the pediatric population; however, there is increasing recognition that AF can be inherited. Long QT syndrome (LQTS), likewise, can be both acquired and inherited with mutations leading to abnormalities in cardiac ion channel function. Mutations in KCNQ1 are the most common cause of LQTS. Although rare, mutations in KCNQ1 also can cause familial AF. This report describes a child with a KCNQ1 missense mutation who uniquely expresses concomitant AF and LQTS. Due to the potential for increased morbidity and mortality, young patients who present with AF and a family history suggestive of inherited arrhythmias should trigger further investigation for LQTS and subsequent familial genetic counseling.
Evaluation of an Experimental Gel ContainingEuclea natalensis: AnIn VitroStudy
Authors: Sales-Peres Sílvia Helena de Carvalho , Brianezzi Letícia Ferreira de Freitas , Marsicano Juliane Avansini , Forim Moacir Rossi , da Silva Maria Fatima das Graças Fernandes , Sales-Peres Arsenio
Published: November 2012

Objective. To evaluate the effect of an experimental gel containingEuclea natalensisextract on dentin permeability.Methods. Thirty-six dentin discs, 1-mm-thick. The discs were prepared from the coronal dentin of extracted human third molars that were divided into 3 groups (). The dentin discs in each group were treated with the groups following experimental materials: (FG): 1.23% fluoride gel, pH 4.1; (EG):Euclea natalensisextract gel, pH 4.1; (CG): control gel, pH 4.1. The gels were applied to the occlusal slide of the dentin under the following conditions: after 37% phosphoric acid and before 6% citric acid. The hydraulic conductance (HC) of each condition was determined four times using a fluid flow apparatus (Flodec). The data were analyzed using Two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test ().Results. The greatest mean reduction in HC was produced in group EG dentin discs (61.2%; ). Even after acid challenge with 6% citric acid the great reduction occurred in group EG (66.0%; ) than other groups (CG-77.1%, FG-90.8%).Conclusion.E. natalensisgel not only reduced dentin permeability, but also resisted posttreatment citric acid challenge without changing its permeability. Further research has to confirm this promising result in the clinical situation.
Effects of 16-Week Consumption of Caffeinated and Decaffeinated Instant Coffee on Glucose Metabolism in a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Ohnaka Keizo , Ikeda Mizuko , Maki Takako , Okada Tomoko , Shimazoe Takao , Adachi Masahiro , Nomura Masatoshi , Takayanagi Ryoichi , Kono Suminori
Published: November 2012

Objective. Observational studies have shown a protective association between coffee consumption and type 2 diabetes mellitus whereas caffeine or caffeinated coffee acutely deteriorates glucose tolerance. We investigated the effects of chronic drinking of instant coffee on glucose and insulin concentrations during a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test.Methods. Overweight men with a mild-to-moderate elevation of fasting plasma glucose were randomly allocated to a 16-week intervention of consuming 5 cups of caffeinated (n=17) or decaffeinated (n=15) instant coffee per day or no coffee (n=13).Results. The caffeinated coffee group showed statistically significant decreases in the 2-hour concentrations and the area under the curve of glucose while neither decaffeinated coffee nor coffee group showed such a change. Waist circumstance decreased in the caffeinated coffee group, increased in the decaffeinated coffee group, and did not change in the noncoffee group (P=0.002). With adjustment for the change in waist circumference, caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption were associated with a modest decrease in the postload glucose levels.Conclusion. Both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee may be protective against deterioration of glucose tolerance.
Some New Estimates for the Error of Simpson Integration Rule
Authors: Masjed-Jamei Mohammad , Kutbi Marwan A. , Hussain Nawab
Published: November 2012

We obtain some new estimates for the error of Simpson integration rule, which develop available results in the literature. Indeed, we introduce three main estimates for the residue of Simpson integration rule in L1[a, b] and L∞[a, b] spaces where the compactness of the interval [a, b] plays a crucial role.
Improved Criteria on Delay‐Dependent Stability for Discrete‐Time Neural Networks with Interval Time‐Varying Delays
Authors: Kwon O. M. , Park M. J. , Park Ju H. , Lee S. M. , Cha E. J.
Published: November 2012

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the delay‐dependent stability analysis for discrete‐time neural networks with interval time‐varying delays. Based on Lyapunov method, improved delay‐dependent criteria for the stability of the networks are derived in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) by constructing a suitable Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functional and utilizing reciprocally convex approach. Also, a new activation condition which has not been considered in the literature is proposed and utilized for derivation of stability criteria. Two numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Assess the Efficacy of Nonopioid Analgesics on Pain following Arthroscopic Knee Surgery
Authors: Abdulla Susanne , Eckhardt Regina , Netter Ute , Abdulla Walied
Published: November 2012

Purpose. In a randomized, double-blind trial, the efficacy of nonopioid analgesics on postoperative piritramide consumption was compared for pain relief during the first 24 h in patients recovering from arthroscopic knee surgery. Methods. 120 patients were treated with normal saline and/or one of the nonopioid analgesics (parecoxib, metamizole, paracetamol) in addition to piritramide using the PCA pump. Beginning in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU), patients were asked to quantify their pain experience at rest while piritramide consumption was recorded. Results. Piritramide consumption upon arrival in the PACU was high in all groups. However, cumulative consumption in the parecoxib group was significantly lower than that in the placebo group at 6 and 12 h after surgery. At discharge from the PACU, VAS scores dropped in all groups and were significantly lower in the parecoxib group. In the PACU, satisfaction of the patients was moderate and improved with time after surgery. Conclusions. There was statistically significant opioid-saving effect by administering parecoxib with better VAS scores and satisfaction level compared to placebo. The high pain score in the PACU in all groups immediately after recovering from remifentanil-based anesthesia would be prevented if local anesthetics were administered intra-articularly as part of a multimodal analgesic approach.
Evaluation of Acoustic Cavitation in Terephthalic Acid Solutions Containing Gold Nanoparticles by the Spectrofluorometry Method
Authors: Sazgarnia Ameneh , Shanei Ahmad
Published: November 2012

Background. When a liquid is irradiated with high intensity and low-frequency ultrasound, acoustic cavitation occurs. The existence of particles in a liquid provides nucleation sites for cavitation bubbles and leads to a decrease in the ultrasonic intensity threshold needed for cavitation onset.Materials and Methods. The study was designed to measure hydroxyl radicals in terephthalic acid solutions containing gold nanoparticles in a near field of a 1 MHz sonotherapy probe. The effect of ultrasound irradiation parameters containing mode of sonication and ultrasound intensity in hydroxyl radicals production have been investigated by the spectrofluorometry method.Results. Recorded fluorescence signal in terephthalic acid solution containing gold nanoparticles was higher than the terephthalic acid solution without gold nanoparticles. Also, the results showed that any increase in intensity of the sonication would be associated with an increase in the fluorescence intensity.Conclusion. Acoustic cavitation in the presence of gold nanoparticles has been introduced as a way for improving therapeutic effects on the tumors in sonodynamic therapy. Also, the terephthalic acid dosimetry is suitable for detecting and quantifying free hydroxyl radicals as a criterion of cavitation production over a certain range of conditions in medical ultrasound fields.
Development of Neural Network Model for Predicting Peak Ground Acceleration Based on Microtremor Measurement and Soil Boring Test Data
Authors: Kerh T. , Lin J. S. , Gunaratnam D.
Published: November 2012

It may not be possible to collect adequate records of strong ground motions in a short period of time; hence microtremor survey is frequently conducted to reveal the stratum structure and earthquake characteristics at a specified construction site. This paper is therefore aimed at developing a neural network model, based on available microtremor measurement and on‐site soil boring test data, for predicting peak ground acceleration at a site, in a science park of Taiwan. The four key parameters used as inputs for the model are soil values of the standard penetration test, the medium grain size, the safety factor against liquefaction, and the distance between soil depth and measuring station. The results show that a neural network model with four neurons in the hidden layer can achieve better performance than other models presently available. Also, a weight‐based neural network model is developed to provide reliable prediction of peak ground acceleration at an unmeasured site based on data at three nearby measuring stations. The method employed in this paper provides a new way to treat this type of seismic‐related problem, and it may be applicable to other areas of interest around the world.
Heat Shock Proteins in Tendinopathy: Novel Molecular Regulators
Authors: Millar Neal L. , Murrell George A. C.
Published: November 2012

Tendon disorders—tendinopathies—are the primary reason for musculoskeletal consultation in primary care and account for up to 30% of rheumatological consultations. Whilst the molecular pathophysiology of tendinopathy remains difficult to interpret the disease process involving repetitive stress, and cellular load provides important mechanistic insight into the area of heat shock proteins which spans many disease processes in the autoimmune community. Heat shock proteins, also called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), are rapidly released following nonprogrammed cell death, are key effectors of the innate immune system, and critically restore homeostasis by promoting the reconstruction of the effected tissue. Our investigations have highlighted a key role for HSPs in tendion disease which may ultimately affect tissue rescue mechanisms in tendon pathology. This paper aims to provide an overview of the biology of heat shock proteins in soft tissue and how these mediators may be important regulators of inflammatory mediators and matrix regulation in tendinopathy.