bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Relative Efficiency of Countries in Attaining Human Development Sub Indexes
Authors: Mehrara Mohsen , Duzin Majid Vaziri , Abbasi Abolfazl
Published: May 2015

Competitiveness and human development are two major aspects of nations’ performance. However, the main objective of competitiveness should be to improve human development. In the current study, we aimed to examine the relative efficiency of countries in achieving the aforementioned target. In other words, the question is whether competitiveness has led to human development. To this end, we selected 31 countries with the same category in human development (high human development) and also with available data on competitiveness and its components. Due to the nature of the study, we used Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. The model used in this study employed three subindexes of global competitiveness including basic requirements, efficiency enhancers, and innovation and sophistication factors as input variables and three subindexes of human development including life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, and per capita national income as output variables. Since, as noted, the goal of countries (DMUs) is to improve human development; this study employed an output-oriented DEA model. Though, a DEA model with either constant or variable return to scale could be used, this paper employs DEA with constant return to scale because variable case has extended to accommodate scale effects while in our case (where countries in the role of units under assessment are large enough) intrinsic scale effects do not exist and also CRS models have higher separable power for differentiating efficient and inefficient units. And finally after running the model we found that 9 out of 31 assessed countries are technically efficient which implies that these 9 countries have used competitiveness subindexes to attain expected values of human development sub-indexes. In 2012 Iran is an inefficient unit, having a technical efficiency rank of 19th among the assessed countries. As in this paper there are two kinds of variables, i.e. input and output variables, the most effective subindex which have lowered Iran’s rank are life expectancy at birth for input variables and efficiency enhancers for output variables. Moreover, Albania and Venezuela have been introduced as reference set for Iran in this year.
Entrepreneurial Orientation: A Remedy for Receding Productivity of Small and Medium Scale Enterprise a Nigeria Perspective
Authors: Tobora Omolomo Odunayo
Published: May 2015

Nigeria is experiencing immense structural changes which are affecting the economy. Entrepreneurial orientation (EO) is a vital force in the economy of any nation because of the strategic role it plays in the achievement of productivity. The aim of this paper is to provide more insight into EO as a remedy for productivity for small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria by providing in-depth knowledge of the nature and behavior of an entrepreneur and its dimensions toward risk taking, proactivness and the aggressivess. How all these can lead to entrepreneurship through (EO) also formed the vanguard of modern enterprises. The creation of a country’s wealth and dynamism depends upon the Entrepreneurial orientation of its firms and this, in turn, relies fundamentally on the capabilities of its entrepreneurs and managers.
A Gynocritical Study of The Company of Wolves by Angela Carter
Authors: Nouri Azadeh , Aziz Mohammadi Fatemeh
Published: May 2015

In 1979, Carter published one of her mast renowned collections of short fiction, The Bloody Chamber. The majority of Angela Carter’s work revolve around a specific type of feminism, radical libertarian feminism and her critique of the patriarchal role that have been placed on women. which she promotes feminist due to her style, referred to as "Galm-Rock" feminism In this article, the main concentrate is on heroine’s internalized consciousness which echoes in their behavior. All of the female protagonists in carter’s short stories; such as The Werewolf, The Wolf_Alice,and mainly in The Company of Wolves have similar characteristics with different conditions, in which they are represented in a very negative light with less than ideal roles. In these stories, the protagonist is a young girl who has many conflicts with love and desire. Carter attempts to encourage women to do something about this degrading representation.
The Effects of Perspective-Taking on Perceptual Learning
Authors: Jabali Ehsan Hashemi
Published: May 2015

Research in perceptual psychology and anthropology has demonstrated that experts will literally see objects and events in their domain differently than non-experts. Experts can make distinctions and notice subtleties that a novice does not perceive. Experts also have strategies for looking at data and artifacts in a domain; they know where to look so that they can answer the important questions. An expert perspective can be described as the ways of seeing and experiencing phenomena that are influenced by the specialized knowledge that an expert has. The present paper will survey the existing literature on perspective-taking and learning, with a short discussion at the end of some of the ways that existing technologies have been used to support the sharing of perspectives. Of particular interest in this paper is the potential to use new media technologies to convey the perspective of someone with specialized knowledge or insider information on an important event—a viewpoint that could be termed an "expert perspective."
Practical Teaching and Learning Evaluation of Computational Fluid Dynamics Based on Traditional Chemical Engineering Curriculum
Authors: Chen Jun Jie
Published: May 2015

Practical teaching and learning evaluation of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) have been incorporated into a chemical engineering curriculum at the intermediate undergraduate level. CFD has now become a component of professional life in engineering practice and to prepare students properly, they must get exposure to all aspects of their chosen profession. Issues of concern arise when mathematical modelling is being introduced into a curriculum. For example, at the practical level, it must be considered whether or not an appropriate platform has been developed to allow the students to use the software efficiently and importantly without frustration. Also it is important that students have been taught sufficient skills for the student to continue with simulations in a systematic and methodical manner. The incorporation of the CFD package into a traditional chemical engineering curriculum is described here, and evaluation results based on pre-post knowledge and skill experiments, and student survey results document successful learning outcomes and effectiveness of the approach.
Blanche the Aesthete: A Kierkegaardan Reading of a Streetcar Named Desire
Authors: Abbasi Kamal
Published: May 2015

Tennessee Williams, the modern American dramatist, had his own unique school of dramaturgy. The dramas which he depicted are populated by characters who are lonely, desperate, anxious, alienated, and in one word lost. They face challenges which they may overcome or not, through the choices they make. All these moods and conditions are clearly seen and explained in the theory of existentialism, so Williams’ inspiration from the philosophy is seen. Most existential theorists provide fertile ground to cultivate Williams’ works on. Kierkegaard, as the so-called founder of the philosophy, has a theory which is quite applied to Williams’ dramaturgy that is telling on the life and mentality of the characters in his plays. In his theory Kierkegaard enumerates three levels of existence which are characterized by their own features and mentality: they are respectively: aesthetic, ethical, and religious. The aesthetic is characterized by the pain and pleasure of the moment, that is, the aesthete follows just his/her instincts and desires. The next stage in Kierkegaard’s terminology is the ethical which is characterized by rules, laws, and obligations. The last, but not the least, is the religious stage, however religious not in the conventional and common sense. In Kierkegaard’s terminology religious is closest in meaning to individual. To Kierkegaard, the most authentic character is one who has achieved religiosity; otherwise, he or she may suffer from alienation. The aim of this study is to show how Blanche, the main character in Williams’ A Streetcar Named Desire (1974), is essentially an aesthete throughout the paly and how being and staying an aesthete leads to her alienation and destruction.
Constructing Education for Self-Realization on the Basis of Plato's Human Psychology: The Nigerian Experience
Authors: Ireyefoju Paul Jackson
Published: May 2015

Education for self realization is one of the cardinal point through wish our national philosophy and educational goals can be realized. Self realization is aimed at self confidence, self actualization, self reliance, independence, free and responsible citizenry who are capable of contributing meaningfully to the development of humanity. In realizing this goal, the schooling system largely depends on the instructional approach which makes both educators and learners to rely on classroom instructions to realize the self. It is true that much has been realized through this approach, yet it is not every learner that can benefit from the instructional approach. Using Plato's human psychology to construct education for self realization, the Nigerian learner will realize himself more because it will enable him to discover his potentials. But to what extent therefore can Plato's human psychology help in the construction of education for self realization in Nigeria education? The importance of this paper is that every being has desires and if such desires are matched with potentials and possibilities it may lead to the authentic self. The philosophical analysis method was employed in examining Plato's human psychology, education for self realization and how Plato's human psychology can be used to construct education for self realization in the schooling system.
Ageing and China: Towards Theory, Policy and Practice
Authors: Powell Jason L.
Published: May 2015

In the 21st Century, economists and social analysts around the globe are increasingly concerned about the rising numbers of older people in their society. There are genuine concerns about the inadequacy of pension funds, of growing pressures on welfare systems, and on the inability of shrinking numbers of younger people to carry the burden of their elders. This article focuses on such gerontological issues in China, where the older people have become a rapidly expanding proportion of the population. While resources do need to be targeted on the vulnerable older people, the presumption that older people as a whole are an economic and social burden must be questioned. This is an ageist view that needs to be combated by locating how bio-medical views on aging seep into policy spaces in China that position negative perceptions of aging as both individual and populational problems. The article then moves to observe the implications of bio-medicine for older people in China in terms of "vulnerable" aging but deconstruct such "fixed" explanations by juxtaposing active aging as key narrative that epitomizes "declining to decline" as espoused by bio-medical sciences.
Governing Globalization and Justice
Authors: Powell Jason L.
Published: May 2015

This article explicates how 21st Century changes in the form of globalization are of historical scale, how they play out in terms of risks and inequalities shaping human experience, and how they have changed social welfare and public policy making worldwide. After presenting facts of inequality and such consequences as planetary poverty and gender stratification, it highlights the reformulation of economic power associated with burgeoning free-market economies and accompanying diffusion of instrumental rationality, standardization and commodification. In contrast with the recent US economic downturn and global softening of labor markets which cry for greater social protection, the welfare state of the last century has been replaced by a competitive state of the 21st century, as a “non-sovereign power” mindful of its global positioning but less powerful in shaping daily life among social forces including the role of NGOs. Indicating a lag between transnational developments and the way analysts think of social policies, the paper asserts that nation-states nonetheless serve important administrative functions in a world dominated by transnational corporate interests. In considering all the challenges to justice and governance, the authors argue that social welfare needs to be redefined and extended while market economy must be guided by moral principles that embody fundamental human values.
Social Theory and Emotion: A Philosophical Tour
Authors: Powell Jason L.
Published: May 2015

This article explores and problematizes the explanatory value behind diverse sociological and philosophical traditions on understanding emotion. In particular, the paper attempts to ‘dig’ into history to reveal macro and micro arguments relating to US and European social theory which have attempt to unravel the contours of the social and experiential construction of emotion. The paper is enriched by an examination of Marx, Durkheim and Marx to an examination of symbolic interactionism to the postmodern question. Such is the diversity of social philosophies, we need a diverse approach to holistically understand emotion in its theoretical context and social processes.
Educational Intervention in Fostering L2 Learner Autonomy
Authors: Sani Hamid Najaf Pour , Vaseghi Mehdi
Published: May 2015

There is not enough conceptual work done on autonomy relating it to other individual difference variables. Some researchers have investigated the characteristics of L2 English learners in terms of motivation and learning strategy constructs, but they did not include variables associated with learners’ perceived L2 learning competence/anxiety. Some other researchers investigated the characteristics of L2 English learners in terms of strategy use and confidence constructs, but did not include motivational constructs. Motivational, affective, and strategy use have been hypothesized to be important in fostering L2 learner autonomy (Benson, 2011), but conceptual work linking these constructs to L2 learner autonomy is needed. The present study aims to identify the links among L2 learner motivation, confidence/anxiety, and strategy use with L2 English learners with varying degrees of L2 learner autonomy, measured with the Self-Determination Theory-based motivational continuum. The results will help to illuminate how autonomy is related to other variables and thereby provide a clearer understanding of L2 English learner autonomy. The second purpose is to investigate which of the above-mentioned constructs can be changed through a specific educational intervention. This is important given that positive changes in such variables are hypothesized to result in more positive educational outcomes. The study also aims to investigate how the participants perceive a set of learner autonomy fostering activities that aims at transferring learning responsibility from teacher to learner.
The Determinants of Economic Growth in Iran Based on Bayesian Model Averaging
Authors: Mehrara Mohsen , Rezaei Sadeq
Published: May 2015

This paper identifies the key determinants of economic growth in Iran, using annual time series data from 1974 to 2010. There is a very large literature on determinants of economic growth and several studies have included a large number of explanatory variables. Empirical models of economic growth are therefore plagued by problems of model uncertainty concerning the choice of explanatory variables and model specification. We utilize Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) to resolve these model uncertainties. The results of this study indicate that the ratio of oil revenue to GDP is the most important variable affecting economic growth in the Iranian economy. Also the second and third effective variables on growth are respectively the ratio of imported capital and intermediate goods to GDP and labor force which lead to an increase in growth. Endogenous growth factors which are the factors contributing to the formation of human capital, not possess a large role in growth process. Therefore, the nature of Iran's economy has not endogenous and dynamic features and predominantly, economic growth has been made by injecting of exogenous sources (oil revenue, imported capital and intermediate goods, and labor force).
Strengthen Outcomes of Insurance Agent: An Exploratory Study in Pakistan
Authors: Shafique Muhammad Nouman , Ahmad Naveed , Abbass Haider , Manzoor Raghib
Published: May 2015

Strong relationship outcomes depend upon the combination of the relationship marketing tactics and personality traits of the customer. The proposed study will contribute to assess the relationship outcomes in insurance agent – policy holder relations in different ways; to assess the overall impact of the relationship marketing tactics on the efforts made by the firms to retain their customers with them, the overall impact of the personality traits of the customer on the customer relationship proneness, and the combine impact of the retention orientation of the customer and customer relationship proneness on the stronger relationship outcomes in the insurance industry of Pakistan.
Exploring Relationship among Factors of Virtual Communities, Trust and Buying in Pakistan
Authors: Shafique Muhammad Nouman , Ahmad Naveed , Kiani Iqbal , Ibrar Muhammad
Published: May 2015

Currently the world is experiencing a tremendous growth in the use of social networking sites (SNS). Virtual communities is Increasing day by day, there is still a lack of studies analyze on role of virtual community in impulse buying on the base of trust. Dramatic change in the technology it play role for the virtual communities. Virtual community is a group of people who share common interest and practices, who tend to communicate to each other on the regular base over internet via a common mechanism or location (e.g. social networking websites). Generally, virtual communities serve discussion forums where people communicate with each other and sharing common interest via an electronic media. Virtual communities play role both the retailer and consumer to communicate and discuss information regarding various product of interest.
Impact of Comic Factor in TV Ads on Buying Behavior of University Students
Authors: Farooq Qamar , Shafique Nouman , Khurshid Muhammad Mahboob , Ahmad Naveed
Published: May 2015

This study was carried out to find out the impacts of comic factor in TV advertisement on buying behavior of college and university students. Questionnaire was designed and used to gauge the effects of comedy in advertisements. Sample size was 120 and it was comprised of university business students (Preston University Islamabad, International Islamic University Islamabad and Qauid-e-Azam University Islamabad). Data Analysis provided coefficient of determination R square value as 0.576. With significant Alpha figure of all variables, F value was 26.907 at 0.01 level. Outcomes revealed that comedy in TV advertisement convinces the consumer’s attention, interest, desire and action (AIDA) to buy the product. Objective of the study was achieved as it was found out that comic factor in TV ads affect the attention, interest, desire and action and hence buying behavior of students. Results also revealed that buying behavior of students due to comic factor in TV ads is gender free.
Darkness in the Costume of Whiteness: A Glimpse of Black Gaze, White Mask in Heart of Darkness
Authors: Sasani Samira , Molaii Elmira
Published: May 2015

To begin with, Heart of Darkness has always been challenging for every critic who feels the urge to take either pro-colonialist or contra-colonialist positions. However, herein the main focus would be set less upon the binary stances regarding the protagonist and his leanings toward the natives. Based on the indissociability of the psychological-cum-cultural operations, this study lends itself best to an amalgam of Freudian together with Bhabhian theories such as the dreamwork, repetition-compulsion, mimickry and hybridization. That is to say, it deserves attention to see the colonialist ideology through the dissecting lens of psychoanalysis. Besides, Tiffin’s subversive counter-discourse would provide a valuable source to this study. The present study aims to explore the underlying motive for Marlow’s narration and his interaction with the natives free from a slippery evaluation of the narratives prime facie. Since any consideration of the native-settler relation without taking the mutual impact of one on the other would only reveal a limited angle to the events, Marlow’s narration will be less concerned with the Hegelian subject-non-subject dichotomy than the intersection of both, however disguised. Of particular note is that such intersection gives rise to the ensuing ambivalence at the heart of the text, Marlow’s account of events, thence the clash of perspectives, whether fictional or critical, can be discerned. Eventually, this hybrid ambivalence casts the text into a hybrid existence that would account for the narrators’ neurosis on the one hand and the contradictory critiques on the other.
Jean Rhys’s Wide Sargasso Sea: An Ecocritical Reading
Authors: Ismailinejad Zahra Sadat
Published: May 2015

The present paper seeks to analyze Jean Rhys’s Wide Sargasso Sea in the light of the theory of ecocriticism. Ecocriticism focuses on the relationships of individuals with nature and how their interactions are portrayed in a literary work. Ecocritics consider nature as an active participant in literary works that possesses agency. Throughout history, religion and industrial developments affected nature and man’s relation to it. Religion put so much value on man that he ventured to destroy nature for his own good and industrialism estranged man from nature to the extent that now nature and culture or civilization are two different entities. Nature and wild life turn into the objects in the hand of modern culture and technology. Wide Sargasso Sea shows how agent of culture, Mr. Rochester exploits and dominates Antoinette as agent of nature since he lost his connection with nature as a native of an industrial country like England. As a woman she is more harmonious with nature as nature is her sole protector in this hostile environment and finally she united with it. As her true friend, nature sets her free and helps her to destroy patriarchy.
Reward Administration System Enhancing Organizational Commitment: An Islamic Viewpoint
Authors: Ismail Azman , Anuar Aimi , Haron Mohamad Sabri , Kawangit Razaleigh Muhamat
Published: May 2015

This aim of this study is to examine the relationship between reward administration system and organizational commitment. A survey method was employed to gather self-report questionnaires from employees in Malaysian private institutions of higher learning. The outcomes of SmartPLS path model analysis showed two important findings: first, communication was positively and significantly correlated with organizational commitment. Second, participation was positively and significantly correlated with organizational commitment. This result demonstrates that the reward administration system does act as an important predictor of organizational commitment in the studied organizations. Further, this study provides discussion, implications and conclusion.
Children’s Acquisition of Communicative Competence and Discussion on Awakening and Developing Students’ Communicative Competence in University English Teaching
Authors: Fatehi Mohsen , Entezari Maryam
Published: May 2015

What plays an important role in language teaching and learning is Communicative competence. This paper tries to explore the children’s acquisition of communicative competence and yet with the spread and development of English around the world and its increased use in Iran, research about improved methods to develop university students’ English level has become of great importance.This paper also dissects the inevitability and viability of developing students’ communicative competence in University English Teaching (UET) and also debates the advantages and challenges of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) for UET. A questionnaire is used to determine students’ understanding of the term communicative competence.
Pedagogical Values of Renaissance Travels
Authors: Gębora Agnieszka Katarzyna
Published: May 2015

The time of the Renaissance created the new model of the man-humanist. European patterns stimulated to the cultural or educational development of different fields of the social life. A bloom of the education took place, a thirst for knowledge, an interest in learning, world, travels, getting new experiences. A man educated, being good at foreign languages, opened for changes was appreciated. Geographical discoveries and their effects forever changed the image of the earth. Sixteenth-century peregrinations contributed to the development of states, economic and civilization expansion, and the bloom of culture area.
Pedagogic meaning of Renaissance journeys is indisputable. Experience from voyages all over world, extending ranges, the permeation of cultures, the learning of foreign languages, the increase in the knowledge, the development of learning, education and artistic fields bear fruit to this day in the global scale.
Broken Marriage in Aristocratic Societies in Edith Wharton’s Selected Novels
Authors: Soofastaei Elaheh , Mirenayat Sayyed Ali
Published: May 2015

Family is a bridge between individual and society. In my paper, I will survey broken marriage and individual dissatisfaction in two novels by Edith Wharton. The novels in question are The House of Mirth (1905) and The Age of Innocence (1920). Edith Wharton portrays her concern by the conflict between the individuals and the social groups which they live in there. Her treatment of the family is always in association with the bourgeois society, with the ambitious stock brokers from the west. This conflict can be seen in their attitudes to love, marriage, divorce, and remarriage. In the novels, Marriage, as an indissoluble matter and even an invariable failure, is main concept and sex outside marriage is meaningless. Wharton shows divorce in aristocratic societies in an old-fashioned lifestyle.
Claim Settlement Process of Life Insurance Policies in Insurance Services - A Comparative Study of LIC of India and ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Company
Authors: Yadav Rajesh K. , Mohania Sarvesh
Published: May 2015

For the purpose of covering up financial risk along with better return on the investment, Life insurance coverage is taken up. Claims are filed at the time of maturity or in case of death/disability. The study focuses on the claim settlement process of life insurance services of LIC of India and ICICI prudential life insurance company. With the increasing market due to increasing number of policies, numbers of claims are also increasing in both the companies. Therefore it is very much essential to have simple and clear claim settlement process. The study is based on the secondary data collected from IRDA and research papers from various journals. The study concluded that in both LIC of India and ICICI prudential life insurance company are following proper claim settlement process. LIC of India claim settlement process is very much efficient but not that transparent and approachable as claim settlement process of ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Company. ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Company with their preference to customers, setting standards by claim settlement process and continues to lead private life insurance sector.
Risk and Disability: Towards a Reflexive Theory
Authors: Powell Jason L.
Published: May 2015

This paper analyses the concept of ‘risk’, which both as a theoretical tool and dimension of modern society, is slowly being developed within the humanistic and social sciences (Delanty, 1999). Notwithstanding this, the concept of risk and the meaning and implications associated with it, have not been fully explored in relation to disability. Risk is shrouded in historical and contemporary political debate about whose ‘role’ and ‘responsibility’ is it for ‘disability’ in society – does it reside with the state or the individual?
The Study of Ideology in The Handmaids’ Tale Based on Althusser’s View
Authors: Moradi Maryam , AzizMohammadi Fatemeh
Published: May 2015

Ideology has always been the most vital apparatus for each government and dominant groups of society to keep their superior position so that every inferior subject could remain obedient and live like a programmed machine that is required to operate according to some fixed and rigid codes. Sometimes these codes are so apparent and tangible in the society that breaking them would result in sheer oppression such as impressment, exile and even execution. However in modern era the controlling and domination are not applied through force and physical attempts yet it does not mean it ceased to exist. The traditional ways of oppression are not extinct; yet they remain in new forms, tools and weapons which in Althusser’s terminology they are called RSA. Nevertheless there is another difference in modern time; it has been attempted to control the minds of people through other less vivid weapons. These weapons could poison the minds of subjects and control and train them in a way that dominant groups want without taking any violent action. This method of controlling mind is ISA in Althusser’s view. The handmaid’s tale (1988) mostly concerns with the ideology of ruling class and the way the ruling class shows the ideology to subjects by force and discourse shapes the way through which suppressed class perceives the world. The main character of this novel who is a woman is oppressed in different ways and her identity and believes are influenced by the ideology of the society consciously and unconsciously. Since the story takes place in Gilead as one small part of the world, it could be symbol of other societies and the analysis of that society can be extended to other parts of the world so this is a microcosmic study.
Choice of Decorative Paints: Recommendation of Interior Designer and Dealers, an Opinion Survey of Berger Paints Limited, Kolkata
Authors: Gangopadhyay Soumik , Bandyopadhay Pradip , Sinha Pujashree
Published: May 2015

Present study is an opinion survey of the Dealers of Berger Paints Pvt. Ltd., India and Interior designer of Kolkata, India that reveals the factors affecting the choice of paints of the said respondents of Kolkata. The objective of the study was to understand the factors affecting the recommendation of domestic paints with respect to the dealer and interior designer of BERGER Paints Ltd., Kolkata (India). The result denotes some important auxiliary and ancillary factors having an impact on the choice process of the respondents.
“When I Steal, it is for the Benefit of Me and You”: Is Collectivism Engendering Corruption in Uganda?
Authors: Bukuluki Paul
Published: May 2015

This paper examines the beliefs and practices that collectivism engenders in Uganda and how they may influence the principal-agent relationships present in the situation of “corruption”. Within some specific contexts of collectivism, vices that may qualify to be corruption may be interpreted otherwise as long as they are perceived not only serve only individual but also group or community goals. The paper shows that in some societies in Uganda, corruption or even theft can be acceptable as long as it is perceived to bring benefits to the family, kinship or community. The paper argues that the drivers and manifestations of corruption in Uganda cannot be understood without reference to beliefs and practices engendered by collectivism. It provides examples that show that in quite many collectivistic cultures, acceptance or rejection of corruption depends on the contextual interpretations of the act and the perception and meaning attached to the party to whom the act has been committed. In some cases, especially where the state has either lost or has never gained legitimacy among some sections of the population; stealing state funds may be interpreted as being “smart” rather than immoral. This tendency towards conceptualizing „corruption‟ as something that takes place only when the individual does not share his loot with others but enjoys its benefits alone contributes to making individuals shun the individual responsibility for their corrupt actions and complicates the moral issues related to corruption in the context of collectivism. It could be that the level of individuals‟ sense of responsibility for their actions in collectivistic environments is lower thus making interventions that solely focus on individual retribution less effective in combating corruption
Non-Specific and Peculiar Psychological Mechanisms in Criminological Process of Perpetrators of Manslaughters
Authors: Borowski Andrzej
Published: May 2015

Examining psychological mechanisms which lay at the heart of manslaughters aren't a new subject in Polish psychology and penitentiary sociology. In case of the public correction he seems positive to be influence relatively of short stay in penitentiary individuals. In case of the psychologicacorrection long-term therapy is giving greater effects. Undervalued through penitentiary administration of the factor criminological process there is an influence of media, and by force methods of proceedings are marked most popular /with innovative/ middle of achieving desired objectives socially.
The Effect of Semantic Clustering on the Acquisition of Quantitative and Qualitative Knowledge of Vocabulary
Authors: Heidari-Shahreza Mohammad Ali
Published: May 2015

The present study explored the effects of semantic clustering on the acquisition of vocabulary knowledge. Two methods of vocabulary presentation (and instruction) were taken into account: a) Semantically-related presentation (SRP) which was based on the idea of presenting words in semantic clusters; and b) Semantically-unrelated presentation (SUP) which referred to presenting target words in unrelated sets. The results showed that the learners in the SRP class significantly outperformed their peers in the SUP class in both quantitative and qualitative measures of vocabulary knowledge. In-depth analysis of participants' score variations across levels of vocabulary knowledge also revealed that the SRP method of vocabulary presentation was probably a better facilitator in the learners' progress from a basic familiarity with the target words, to vocabulary knowledge at both reception and production level. The findings of the study are fully discussed and its pedagogical implications for language teachers are drawn upon.
Neglected Firm Effect and Stylized Equity Returns: Evidence from Pakistan
Authors: Akhter Adnan , Butt Shahzad , Chaudhary Shumaila , Kiyani Junaid
Published: May 2015

The neglected stock effect is the phenomenon where less researched stock earns more return than that predicted by the traditional CAPM. The aim of this study is to reveal the bonding between neglected stock premium and equity returns in the stock market of Pakistan by using Fama and French (1992 & 1993) methodology. This study is unique with respect to Pakistan that checks the relationship among neglected stock premium and equity returns on a sample of 200 stocks listed the largest stock market of Pakistan KSE. It is corroborated that neglected firm effect is present in market and priced by the market. This manifests that those stocks which are neglected, less researched and got less analyst coverage earn higher return in comparison to popular stocks that got more analyst coverage. The results also revealed that two factor model has greater explanatory power in comparison to Traditional CAPM. The results of this study are in line with the findings of Arbel and Strebel (1980) and Bertin, Michayluk and Prather (2008) for the USA equity market. Lower research analyst coverage increases the uncertainty for investor that how the company will perform in the future, which ultimately increase the risk factor and so the demand of return from the investors. The decision makers must consider this anomaly while making decisions regarding financing, investing etc. This study will facilitate the investors in taking effective investment decision and for efficient resource allocation.
The Dynamic Relationship among Economic Growth, Energy Consumption and Environment in Iran
Authors: Amadeh Hamid , Kafi Parisa
Published: May 2015

In recent decades, environmental risks and hazards are more visible. These damages caused by a combination of factors such as population growth, economic growth, energy, and industrial activities. This study discusses long-run equilibrium relationship, short-term dynamic relationships and causal relationships between energy consumption, economic growth and the environment (carbon dioxide emissions) in Iran, by using time series data during 1971-2009, through Co integration test. Co integration test demonstrates that a long-run relationship exists among the three variables. It is obvious that carbon dioxide emissions will be increased by positive shock of energy consumption and economic growth, by a one percent increase in energy consumption and economic growth, carbon dioxide emissions will increase 55 and 43 percent respectively. The result of this study is important because of reducing carbon dioxide emissions from energy use and economic development matters. In other words, to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, the government should reduce the amount of Petroleum products in energy consumption, and it also improves the efficiency of using energy.
The Frequency of Expressions and Proverbs in Different Iranian Generations' Speech Styles
Authors: Khaghaninejad Mohammad Saber , Hadigheh Saharsaadat
Published: May 2015

Change is one of the fundamentals of every language. Every community consists of different generations with various perspectives toward life. The difference among different generations’ vernaculars are so drastic that it would not be an exaggeration to claim that every generation of a society or a speech community has its own language or vernacular which distinguishes it from other generations or age-groups of the society in lexico-grammatical terms. This study put the frequency of expressions and proverbs in different generations' speech styles under investigation. Hence, inspired by stratified randomization technique, the researcher randomly selected a group of 24 middle-aged and similarly a group of 24 teenager participants of the two genders. Each of the age-groups consisted of 12 male and 12 female subjects in order to provide the possibility to determine the role of gender on expression or proverb usage. All the subjects were individually interviewed for elicitation of the needed data then their sentences were recorded and accurately transcribed for further investigation. By counting the expressions or proverbs in sentences of male/female teenagers' and middle-aged subjects of the research, their expression and proverb usage frequencies were illuminated. The study's results suggested that middle-aged speakers of Iranian community employed expressions and proverbs more than teenagers. This implies that the older would have a stronger relationship with the literature and are more satisfied with their culture and identity. Middle-aged subjects used those expressions which were deeply rooted in the literature and culture while teenagers were highly in use of those expressions and proverbs which were suddenly entered into the lexicon of the society by the advent of new television series or expanded advertisements of mass media, for example. Furthermore, it was found that males generally were more interested in using expression and proverb in their daily conversations than females.
Louis Althusser and Thomas Hardy: How Victorian Ideologies Work in Under the Greenwood Tree
Authors: Sasani Samira , Davari Hossein
Published: May 2015

In his early novel, Under the Greenwood Tree, Thomas Hardy attempts to show the readers how the inhabitants of a small village are repressed by the ideologies the dominant class or capitalism defines for them. The aim of these suppressive programs is to oppress the individuals by making them good and subordinate subjects. Althusser calls these ideologies created by the dominant class, Ideological State Apparatuses; however, in this novel one observes how some of the subjects try to revolt against these cruel rules by defining their own ideologies. One can also recognize that how the blatant break of these ideological programs by the revolutionary subject makes the subject look weird and eventually how he/she is alienated and marginalized by the society. On the other hand, the good subjects are made to believe that following these ideologies is usual and breaking of them is synonymous with interfering with the discipline and order of nature. Brought up in the Victorian age, Hardy understands how people are controlled by the ideologies and how they subscribe to them unwisely. In this novel he shows how a new and up-date product of capitalism—the organ—is introduced to a very traditional atmosphere in order to indoctrinate new changes in it. The so-called good subjects simply believe that change is necessary and inevitable. But this change has wisely planned by the oppressive capitalist powers for whom this change means the manipulation of these docile subjects, not only by separating them from their music community but also by depriving them of their traditional music.
About the Existence of the Universe among Speculative Physics, Metaphysics and Theism: an Interesting Overview
Authors: Di Sia Paolo
Published: May 2015

In this paper an interesting overview about the existence of the universe is given. It will focused in particular on efforts of modern-speculative physics, considering then metaphysical considerations and some ideas of theism.
Orientalist Paintings and said Orientalism
Authors: Ismailinejad Zahra Sadat
Published: May 2015

Westerners came to this conclusion that to dominate Orient, they should gain sufficient knowledge about them. Therefore, they established the so-called field of Orientalism to study Orient since this knowledge gave them the power to rule. Based on this type of knowledge, they thought that there were sharp contrasts and differences between Orient and Occident and they tended to gain advantage from them. The problem started when Orient internalized these notions and embraced them with open arms due to the inferiority complex that was imposed on him. Orientalist painters also took their cues from the Orientalism to reflect their governments’ ideas and politics in disguise. These paintings began in nineteenth-century and different artists from Britain, France, Italy, Germany and Spain went to the East or started to paint based on others’ paintings or description of Eastern land. The problem is that some of these painters were first-hand observers but some others let their imaginations to shape their conceptions of Orient. Here, attempts have been made to review these paintings based on Said’s book, Orientalism.
Politics, Violence, and Victimization in Margaret Atwood’s Selected Novels
Authors: Soofastaei Elaheh , Mirenayat Sayyed Ali
Published: May 2015

Canadian novels have witnessed a movement from description to more different analytical and interpretative directions. Margaret Atwood's oeuvres are belonged to the postmodern literary field of feminist writing. Her fictions show a severe alertness of the relationship between chains and slavery, i.e. between women's requirement for relationships with others and her requirements for freedom and autonomy. In this paper, The Handmaid's Tale, Bodily Harm, Surfacing, and The Edible Woman will be surveyed in a direct relationship between politics, violence and victimization of female protagonists. An examination on Margaret Atwood's novels demonstrates that she is pioneer in the dimension of time by being a revolter against the patriarchal society.
The Effect of Emotional Intelligence Group Training on Human and Social Capital in Isfahan University of Technology
Authors: Charsoughi Batoul Tadayon , Abedi Mohammad Reza , Nilforoushan Parisa
Published: May 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of emotional intelligence group training on human and social capital in the students of Isfahan University of Technology. This research was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design and control group. The research population consists of all the students of Isfahan University of Technology who have been studying in 2012-2013. For sampling, voluntary sampling method was used that 36 subjects were selected as the sample and were randomly divided into two groups of experiment and control. The subjects of experimental group participated in 8 sessions of 90-minute classes while the control group received no intervention. The study's tool was Mousavi Employability Questionnaire (2013). Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. According to the results, emotional intelligence training have had impact upon human capital (P<0.004). However, emotional intelligence training had no effect on social capital.
Development of Professional Competences in Russia and Lithuania: An Example of Successful International Cooperation in the Field of Adult Education
Authors: Kula Ewa , Maliszewski Tomasz
Published: May 2015

The article presents one of the directions of international cooperation in the field of adult education. It is review of a monographic book on professional competences, prepared jointly by andragogy researchers in Russia (Pushkin Leningrad State University in St. Petersburg) and Lithuania (Vytautas Magnus University in Kaunas). The authors put the Russian-Lithuanian publication on the background of the significant in modern European andragogy achievements of St. Petersburg’s research community, and adult education conferences organized there annually for more than a decade
Corruption in Higher Education of Ukraine
Authors: Duchak Oksana
Published: May 2015

In the case of corruption, the young generations’ obtainment of core ethical values may be undermined during the formative years that are critical to the promotion of integrity and accountability in a given society. The results may be widespread, long-lasting and severe.In the article are elucidated characteristics of corruption, aspects of the interaction between gender and corruption in higher education, negative effects of corruption.
Effects of Influential Factors on Entrepreneurial Intention of Postgraduate Students in Malaysia
Authors: Yaghmaei Omid , Ghasemi Iman
Published: May 2015

Entrepreneurship leads to massive economic benefits, such as economic growth, reduction in unemployment, and development of economies. Understanding the factors that impact on entrepreneurial intention is the primary and critical step towards predicting and developing entrepreneurial activities. Due to economic and social developments, entrepreneurial intention is gaining more importance in developing countries like Malaysia. The aim of this study is twofold; first, to find out the relationship between respondents’ attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, education, previous experience and age with intention to own a business; and second, to examine what particular factors are more influential on entrepreneurial intentions of postgraduate students in Malaysia. The study was carried out with master students. Data was collected from 380 male and female master students in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) who were in their final year of study and were considered appropriate for a decision in entrepreneurship. The analysis of the results showed that, firstly, attitude has direct effect on entrepreneurial intention but age has inverse effect. Secondly, it was concluded that these two variables were more important than others in modeling and predicting entrepreneurial intention among postgraduate students in Malaysia.