bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Avaliação do cuidado sob a ótica da mulher na Estratégia Saúde da Família
Authors: Almeida Renata de Paula , Dos Santos Raissa Maya de Santana , Leandro Suderlan Sabino , Imoto Aline Mizusaki
Published: February 2021

Objetivos: Avaliar a percepção das mulheres sobre a integralidade no atendimento da Estratégia Saúde da Família. Métodos: estudo descritivo e transversal. Dados coletados de julho a agosto de 2017, por meio do PCATool. Considerou-se 6,6 como escore mínimo na avaliação da integralidade, desmembrado em dois componentes: Serviços Disponíveis (SD) e Serviços Prestados (SP). Resultados: entrevistadas 167 mulheres. O escore transformado em SD e SP foi de 6,68 ± 1,50 e 3,79 ± 2,21, respectivamente. Sobre os SD o serviço foi considerado satisfatório e em SP, não atendeu ao mínimo estabelecido. Conclusão: as mulheres demonstraram conhecimento das atividades ofertadas na unidade; a integralidade foi favorável em alguns atendimentos, mas no geral foi avaliado de forma insatisfatória.
O acesso à Estratégia Saúde da Família na perspectiva dos usuários
Authors: Aires Jéssica Almeida , Silva Tharsila Martins Rios da
Published: February 2021

O acesso é fundamental para o cuidado de indivíduos e grupos sociais na Estratégia Saúde da Família. Objetivo: analisar o acesso dos usuários em duas equipes de Estratégia Saúde da Família da cidade de Samambaia – DF, na perspectiva dos usuários. Método: Estudo quantitativo, transversal e descritivo. As análises dos dados foram realizadas a partir da frequência simples e relativa de um questionário semiestruturado. Resultados: houve predominância do sexo feminino, 311 (87,9%), jovens 162 (45,5%), com ensino médio completo e renda de dois salários mínimos. A maioria não apontou dificuldades no acesso e relatou conhecimento sobre o direito à saúde. Conclusão: O estudo aponta a necessidade de organização dos serviços das equipes de Estratégia Saúde da Família para o alcance da universalidade e integralidade.
Tempo entre diagnóstico e tratamento do câncer de mama no Distrito Federal e fatores associados
Authors: Boaretto Constâncio Tatiane , Bernarda Donato Gottems Leila , Lemos Araújo Sarah , Ferreira Barros Angela
Published: February 2021

Objetivo: analisar os fatores associados a maior tempo entre diagnóstico e tratamento de mulheres com câncer de mama. Método: estudo transversal com dados do Registro Hospitalar de Câncer. Resultado: Das que receberam o primeiro tratamento no hospital, 64,5% foram tratadas em até 60 dias após diagnóstico. Apresentaram maior chance de iniciarem o tratamento após 60 dias as mulheres encaminhadas originariamente por serviços públicos (p=0,001; OR: 2,16; IC: 1,37-3,41) e com estadiamento 0, I ou II (p=0,003; OR: 1,92; IC: 1,25-2,94). Conclusão: Houve fragilidades no atendimento dos serviços públicos. Possivelmente o serviço prioriza o tratamento de mulheres em estágio avançado.
Living conditions, health services use and neighborhood perception at a survey of Brasília´s suburb
Authors: Fernandes Sergio Eduardo Soares , Urdaneta Margarita , Ferreira Noronha Elza , Merchan-Hamann Edgar
Published: February 2021

Method: Probabilistic population based survey describing living conditions, health services utilization and neighborhood perception in north suburb of Brasilia. Results: 1619 dwellers were available predominantly young low schooled, mostly unemployed (60%), living in brick house with piped water and electricity (>98%); 29% had sewage system; 85% of dwellers always use the same public health facility. Sexual assaults (7%); armed fights (32%); robbery (41%) and gang fights (25%) were perceived in neighborhoods that were seen as noisy (32%), dirty (40%), with few healthy food stores (34%) and sports/leisure areas (66%).  Conclusion: public policies in the capital´s suburb must be strengthened.
Fluxograma do cuidado da(o) enfermeira(o) à gestante em situação de rua
Authors: Costa Barros Keila Cristina , Rocha Moreira Rita de Cássia , Araujo dos Santos Wesley Anderson , Bacelar Freitas de Carvalho Emanuela
Published: February 2021

Objetivo: apresentar novo itinerário para o cuidado de gestantes em situação de rua. Método: estudo alicerçado na fenomenologia heideggeriana com etapas para a construção de fluxograma de atendimento. Resultado: Foram elaborados três fluxogramas, validados pela Área Técnica da População em Situação de Rua da Secretaria da Saúde do Estado da Bahia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde e Movimento da População em Situação de Rua. Conclusão: a sistematização do cuidado pode garantir a continuidade dos serviços na rede e ações que garantem a essas gestantes, direitos sociais e de cidadania.
Decay prevalence in preschool children from public educational institutions with and without dental care
Authors: Berriel Joaquim Bergamini Cristiane , Faria Andrade e Silva Larissa , Cristina da Silva Gasque Kellen , De Oliveira Braga Franzolin Solange , Thiemi Kato Melissa
Published: February 2021

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of dental decay in 5-year children, enrolled in  schools, with (DC) and without dental care (NDC). Methods: DMFT index was used to assess caries. Family status were collected from parents. Results: Mean DMFT was 1.64 (57.3% free of caries). Less decayed teeth and more restored teeth were observed in DC (p <0.05). DC children have more access to dental services, although most parents had difficulty in taking them to a public service. Family incomes of up to 3 minimum wages have lower information about dental caries. Conclusions: DC did not influence the prevalence of tooth decay in children, but it significantly reduced dental treatment needs.
Milk yield, composition and their correlated relationships in some selected indigenous breeds of cattle in late wet season of Adamawa state, Nigeria
Authors: Abbaya H. Y. , Adedibu I. I. , Kabir M. , Iyiola-Tunji A. O.
Published: February 2021

There is need for characterization of performances of cattle breeds in relation to milk yield and composition particularly in Adamawa State where seasonal fluctuations in climatic elements can affect livestock resilience. This study was carried out to evaluate the breed variation in milk yield and composition of some selected breeds of Nigerian indigenous cattle in Adamawa State in the late wet season (August-October). The milk of 20 cows each from four breeds (Bunaji, Rahaji, Adamawa Gudali and Bokoloji) was sampled for milk yield and composition analysis three times within the season. Milk was analysed for its composition. Breed significantly (p<0.05) influenced the milk component evaluated. Bunaji was superior in milk yield (1.92), fat yield (5.73) and total solid non-fat (4.59). Rahaji was superior in phosphorus (410), sodium (61.01) and iron (3.16) while Bokoloji was superior in protein (4.98) and calcium (721). For the correlated relationships between the milk components evaluated in different breeds, there was a significant (p<0.05-0.01; r = -0.89 to 1.00) correlation between milk components except (p>0.05; r = -0.21 to 0.24) within various breeds. Zero relationship existed between milk yield and Fe in Adamawa Gudali (p>0.05; r =0.00) while a perfect relation exists between milk yield and protein yield (p>0.01; r = 1.00) in Rahaji, Adamawa Gudali and Bokoloji and between protein yield and fat yield (p>0.01; r = 1.00) in Bunaji and Bokoloji.For the pooled correlated responses, there was significant (p<0.05-0.01; r = -0.95 to 0.99) relationships between most milk components. It was therefore concluded that Bunaji had the highest milk yield, Bokoloji was best in milk protein and fat contents while Rahaji was best in mineral contents. Also, correlated relationship between milk components should be maximized in formulating a selection programme for improvement of milk in Nigerian indigenous cattle.
Effects of sex, polydactylism and rearing systems on serum biochemical indices of Fulani ecotype chickens in Southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Nweke-okorocha G. O. , Chineke C. A. , Joachim C. O.
Published: February 2021

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of sex, polydactylism and rearing systems on blood serum biochemical indices of 30 Fulani ecotype chickens selected at random from 90 Fulani ecotype chickens raised under intensive management systems (deep litter and caged) for 16 weeks. Blood samples were collected from the birds at 11th and 16thweek was used for biochemical analyses. The parameters measured were Cholesterol, Total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GB), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphate (ALP). The biochemical parameters were not significantly (p>0.05) different among the sex, polydactyly and rearing systems at 11weeks but cholesterol in the male birds were significantly (P<0.05) different. Polydactyly was significantly different (P<0.05) for aspartate amino transferase and rearing system were significantly different (P<0.05) for total protein, globulin, albumin and alkaline phosphatase at week 16. The present result is the serum blood parameter of Fulani ecotype chickens which could serve as baseline information for future improvement of Fulani ecotype chickens.
Effect of breed, chilling duration and processed product on the quality characteristics of mutton
Authors: Salihu D. Y. , Duru S. , Abdu S. B. , Munza B. M. , Abdu M. B. , Sadiq A. A. , Bamus O. A.
Published: February 2021

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of breed, chilling duration and processed product on the quality characteristics of mutton. A total of nine (9) mature rams of 12 months of age (25 Kg) managed on the same system were used. The animals were kept for 24 hours where only water was provided to clear the gut content before slaughter. The experiment was carried out in a factorial arrangement (3 x 3 x 3) of a completely randomized design consisting of three breeds of sheep (Balami, Uda and Yankasa), three chilling durations (0, 24 and 48 hours) and three processed products (Balangu, Tsire and Tukunya). The result revealed that there was no significant (P>0.05) effect of breed on proximate composition of fresh mutton. There was significant (P<0.05) effect of processed product on the proximate composition of mutton. Moisture content was higher in Balangu (54.93 %), followed by Tukunya (51.74 %) and lower in Tsire (41.00 %). Crude protein content was higher in Balangu (33.83 %), followed by Tukunya (29.63 %) which was at par wih Tsire (29.51 %). Ash content was higher in Tsire (6.61 %), followed by Balangu (5.71 %) and lower in Tukunya (3.69 %). Significant (P<0.05) chilling duration effect was obtained for bacteria count which was higher at 0 hours (2.25 x 103 cfu/g) chilling, followed by 24 hours (1.86 x 103 cfu/g) chilling. The same trend was observed for coliform count in which higher value was obtained at 0 hours (4.49 x 102 cfu/g) chilling, followed by 24 hours (3.04 x 102 cfu/g) chilling and 48 hours (2.93 x 102 cfu/g) chilling. Sensory properties of mutton from different breed differed significantly (P<0.05) among processed products. The overall accepatability indicates that Tsire (7.60) product was more acceptable, followed by Tukunya (7.20) product while Balangu (6.86) product was less acceptable. The microbial count obtained from the study was within the acceptable range (< 3.5 log HACCP 2002). It can be concluded that processed meat products (Tsire, Balangu and Tukunya) obtained from different breeds of Nigerian sheep (Balami, Uda and Yankasa) were not homogenous in their proximate composition. It is therefore recommended that fresh mutton should be chilled for 24 to 48 hours with little or no bacteria while fresh meat from the three breed of sheep (Balami, Uda and Yankasa) can be chilled for 24 to 48 hours with little or no bacteria and can be processed into different products (Tsire, Balangu and Tukunya).
Comparative effects of sorghum SK-5912 (Sorghum bicolor, L. Moench) and pearl millet as dietary energy sources on performance and economics of production of broiler chickens
Authors: Lakurbe O. A. , Doma U. D. , Abubakar M. , Bello K. M. , Sadiq M. S. , Yakubu I. , Tarki S. K.
Published: February 2021

An experiment was conducted with three hundred unsexed day-old broiler chicks (Marshal Strain) to evaluate the effect of sorghum SK-5912 variety as replacement for pearl millet on the growth performance and economics of production of broiler chickens. Five experimental diets were formulated with sorghum SK-5912 replacing pearl millet at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% in the diet and tagged as diets 1 (control), 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively, for both starter phase (23%CP) and finisher phase (20%CP). The chicks were randomly allotted to the dietary treatments with four replications each and 15 birds per replicate in a completely randomized design (CRD). Feed and water were supplied ad libitum throughout the experimental period. The results showed no significant differences in feed intake, daily weight gain and FCR among the treatment means at the starter phase, finisher phase as well as the overall phase. Based on the cost benefit analysis diet 5 (100% sorghum SK-5912) had the cheapest feed cost N /kg gain of N 343.19 while the highest was diet 1 (N 373.85). It can therefore, be concluded that sorghum SK-5912 variety can replace pearl millet up to 100% in the diets of broiler chickens without negatively affecting the growth performance and with concomitant reduction in feed cost.
Nutritional value of dietary raw bambara nut offal fortified with enzyme (Natuzyme ®) on the performance of broiler chickens
Authors: Tuleun C. D. , Okereke E. A. , Sunmola T. A.
Published: February 2021

Nutritional value of dietary raw bambara nut offal fortified with enzyme (Natuzyme ) on the performance of broiler chickens were investigated. Two hundred and fourty (240), unsexed one day-old commercial broiler chicks (Marshal Strain) were randomly divided into eight groups of 30 birds each. The groups were randomly assigned to eight iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement involving four levels (0, 10, 20 and 30 %) of raw bambara nut offal and 2 enzyme levels (0 and 0.025 %). Each treatment was replicated three times with ten birds per replicate. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) among treatments in AFW, ADWG, ADFI, FCR and PER. Chickens fed 10 % BGO without ® Natuzyme had higher (P < 0.05) FBW, ADWG and ADFI than chickens fed 0, 20 and 30% BGO diets. Least (P<0.05) ADFI and better FCR was recorded on broiler chickens fed control diet and 20 % BGO with enzyme. respectively. Addition of enzyme improved (P < 0.05) AFW and ADWG at 20 and 30 % BGO level. Significantly (P<0.05) higher AFW, ADWG and ADFI revealed that inclusion level of BGO at 10 % did not pose any deleterious effects on the birds. There were significant (P < 0.05) differences among treatments in the digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein, crude fibre (CF), ether extract (EE) and nitrogen-free extract (NFE). There was no interaction (P>0.05) between enzyme and BGO across the dietary treatments. Significant (P < 0.05) differences were observed in all the blood profile parameters observed across the dietary treatments except eiosinophil concentration. It was concluded that up to 30 % BGO can be included in enzyme supplemented broiler finisher diet without adverse effects on the performance, nutrients digestibility and blood profile of broiler finisher chickens
Influence of anaerobic rumen fungal inoculation on the fermentation and nutritive content of selected forage silages
Authors: Idowu O. J. , Chaudhry A. S. , Dolfing J. , Ojo V. O. A.
Published: February 2021

This study investigated the ability of isolated anaerobic fungi to facilitate silage fermentation characteristic and nutritive content. To achieve this, two fungal isolates out of fourteen obtained in our laboratory from sheep rumen content were selected as silage inoculants. Selection of the isolates was based on their ability to present the highest growth characteristics and they belong to the genus Orpinomyces, and Neocallimastix (as identified with microscope). The two fungi alongside the control (i.e. no fungi) were used to inoculate different silages prepared from four selected forages i.e. two tropical grasses (i.e. Andropogon gayanus- AG, Brachiaria decumbens- BD) and two temperate forages (i.e. Triticum aestivum- TA straw and Lolium perenne- LP) in order to examine their effect on fermentation (i.e. pH) and nutritive content of these silages over 14 and 28 days of inoculation, respectively. The anaerobic fungal inoculated silages showed significant (P < 0.05) improvement in quality than un-inoculated silages which was reflected in terms of increase in soluble fraction i.e. CP content; reduction in fibre content; increase in metabolites, increase in total antioxidant content (TAC); and reduction in pH with minimal nutrient loss. However, the rate of the anaerobic fungal improvement was influenced by the forages used for the silage and the length of inoculation. The highest and lowest increase in quality was recorded in LP and TA silages, respectively, while more extended inoculation time supported more quality improvement in the silages. The use of anaerobic fungi as inoculants improved AG, BD, TA and LP silages quality through facilitation of the fermentation characteristics (i.e. pH and nutritive content).
Efficiency of Centella asiatica (Gotu kola) leaf meal as feed additive in broiler chicken diet
Authors: Ajayi O. A. , Olumide M. D. , Chioma G. O. , Ayodele A. D.
Published: February 2021

The use of conventional supplements as feed additives has been criticized for their potential negative impact on the food chain hence, the need for viable organic alternatives. Centella asiatica has been found to contain essential phytochemicals. This study was therefore carried out to evaluate the utilization of dried Centella asiatica leaf meal (CALM) as phytogenic feed additive in broiler chicken diet. A total of 180, one-day-old Arbor acre broiler chicks were randomly allocated to six dietary treatment groups with thirty birds, at three replicates of ten chicks per replicate. Experimental diets included control basal diet + 0% CALM (T1), basal diet + antibiotics (T2). T3, T4, T5 and T6 were basal diet + 3%, 4%, 5% and 6% CALM respectively. Experiment was designed using completely randomized design. Feeding trial was carried out for 49 days. Parameters measured included growth nperformance and carcass characteristics. All data were subjected to analysis of variance using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (version 21) while treatments means were nseparated using Duncan's multiple range test at P≥0.05 level of significance. There wer significant differences in final live weight, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Birds fed with 4% CALM had the highest weight gain (1,683.30g) and feed intakes (3,295.30g), while T3 had the lowest weight gain (1,446.70.30g) and feed intake (3,107.80g). The breast cut showed significant (P<0.05) variation across the treatment with treatment T2 having the largest value of 31.9% and lowest value of 26.0% was in T3, thigh showed highest value in T5 and lowest value in T4. Gizzard values obtained in this finding showed significant (P<0.05) value ranged from 1.8-2.6% the highest value was obtained in T3 and lowest value in control diet. It can be concluded that the inclusion of Centella asiatica in the diets of broiler chicken has no detrimental effect on the performance characteristics of the experimental birds but improved the average body weight, feed conversion ratio and livability of the birds at 4% level of inclusion.
Influence of dietary fortification of cassava peel meal with Calapogonium mucunoides on performance of broiler chickens
Authors: Ndelekwute E. K , Okereke C. O , Assam E. D , Effiong U. O.
Published: February 2021

The use of cassava peel meal (CPM) in broiler diets is not popular due to its negative effects. Hence an experiment was conducted to determine its dietary effect when fortified with Calapogonium mucunoides. One hundred and forty-four (144) one day-old Hubbard chicks were used. There were six dietary treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6) containing 24 birds each. Each treatment was replicated three times with 8 birds each on completely randomized design (CRD). T1 was the control diet containing no CPM. Treatments 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 contained CPM fortified with 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% C. mucunoides respectively. The CPM was fortified by substituting it for equal amount of C. mucunoides, mixed, ground, dried and sieved. Starter phase lasted for 28 days and finisher phase 21 days. The birds were fed and water given ad libitum for 49 days. At the starter phase fortified and non-fortified CPM did not improve performance compared to the control treatment. Non-fortified, 10% and 40% fortified CPM reduced live weight and feed intake. However, 20 and 30% C. mucunoides fortified CPM improved these parameters compared to the non-fortified group. Feed: gain ratio and protein efficiency ratio of the control and 20% fortified treatment were similar (P>0.05). Except protein efficiency ratio which was improved by 20% over the control treatment, fortification did not improve performance at the finisher phase. Live weight was better in 20% than in non-fortified. Feed and protein intakes were similar in non-fortified and fortified CPM. It was concluded that fortification of CPM with 20% Calapogonium mucunoides improved protein efficiency in broiler chickens.
Performance of starter broiler chickens fed diet supplemented with Smartchoice phytase enzyme
Authors: Ekine O. A. , Onunkwo D. N.
Published: February 2021

Phytase is essential for enhancing nutritional value of feed and improving animal growthperformance and health. A study was conducted to evaluate the influence of Smartchoicephytase enzyme supplementation in the diet of starter broiler chickens. A total of 150 Rossstrain broiler chicks were used for the study and allotted to five treatment groups of 30 birdseach. Each group was further divided into three replicates of 10 birds per replicate. Five isonitrogenous(21.40% CP) and iso-caloric (2975.40 kcal/kg ME) dietary treatments werecompounded to contain 0g/100kg (T ), 10g/100kg (T ), 15g/100kg (T ), 20g/100kg (T ) and 1 2 3 425g/100kg (T ) of a commercial Smartchoice phytase enzyme preparation for 28 days in a 5Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Feed and water were provided to the chicks adlibitum.Daily feed intake and weekly body weight were measured. The result showed that thedaily feed intake and daily protein intake were not affected (P>0.05) by Smartchoice phytaseenzyme supplementation. Final live weight, daily weight gain and total weight gain weresignificantly different among treatments. Protein efficiency ratio were significantly (P<0.05)higher in T (2.10) than T (1.80) but similar to T (2.05), T (2.05) and T (1.96). Feed 1 5 2 3 4conversion ratio was significantly (P<0.05) different in T5 (2.58) and T (2.02) but similar 1(P>0.05) in T (2.02), T (2.28), T (2.31) and T (2.38). Mortality was lowest in T5. Total feed 1 2 3 4cost per bird and daily feed cost per bird were not affected (P>0.05) by Smartchoice phytaseenzyme supplementation while cost per kg of feed and daily feed cost per bird were notsignificantly (P>0.05) affected. The findings from this study showed that Smartchoicephytase enzyme could be supplemented up to 20g per 100kg in the diet of starter broilerchickens.
In vitro gas fermentation kinetics of compounded ration containing graded levels of biodegraded corncob
Authors: Adedeji O.Y. , Saka A. A.
Published: February 2021

Cob regarded as a waste product, constituting source of environmental pollution could be utilized as an energy source in feed formulation if properly processed and harnessed through fungal degradation. Hence, this study was designed to evaluate the nutritive value of biodegraded corncob meal based diet using in vitro gas production technique. Aspergillus niger was isolated and sub-cultured to obtain a pure culture. Degraded corn cob meals(DCCM) of four dietary treatments were prepared to include: T (0% DCCM which served as 1 the control), T (15% DCCM), T (30% DCCM) and T (45% DCCM). Each diet sample 2 3 4 (200mg) was incubated in buffered rumen liquor for 48 hours and gas volume was estimated using established in vitro gas production models. Amount of gas volume produced was determined every 3 hours for 48 hours of incubation in buffered rumen fluid. After 48 hours ofincubation, methane gas produced was estimated and determined in triplicates. The proximate composition of Aspergillus niger biodegraded corn cob indicated that Aspergillus niger improved the nutritive value of the corn cob. Untreated corn cob meal was lower in nutritive values when compared with treated corncob meal with crude protein, crude fibre and ash values ranging from 6.88 to 9.78%, 32.68 to 26.37% and 2.87 to 2.88% respectively.The proximate composition of the dietary treatments showed that the crude protein varied from (11.67-12.67%), crude fibre (10.94-21.56%), ether extract (2.12-4.88%), ash (6.48- 9.44%) and nitrogen free extract (58.17-62.99%). Results obtained for volume of gas (35.960-72.770mL/200mgDM) produced in time “t” denoted by (b) were significantly different (P<0.05) across the dietary treatments. However, rate of gas production (0.0297- 0.0425mL/hr) and time between incubation and gas production (2.083-2.683hr) were not significantly different (P>0.05) across the dietary treatments. Cumulative gas volumeproduction at 24 hours were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by different inclusion levels of DCCM with values obtained ranging from T (15.33 ml/gDM) to T (35.33 ml/gDM). There 4 3 were significant differences (P<0.05) across the dietary treatments. The post estimated parameters ranging from metabolisable energy (4.96-7.74MJ/Kg DM), organic matter digestibility (37.98-58.03%), short chain fatty acids (0.31-0.78μmol), Methane estimate (3-8  ml/200mgDM) and Carbon dioxide estimate (10-30 ml/200mgDM). It can be concluded that 30% DCCM based diet had the potential of meeting the nutritional needs as smallruminant livestock feeds, if properly biodegraded and incorporated into feeds.
Amino acids profile of loofah gourd Luffa cylindrica (M J Roem) seeds subjected to different heat processing methods
Authors: Onigemo M. A. , Dairo F. A. S. , Oso Y. A. A.
Published: February 2021

The major limiting factor to the utilisation of loofah gourd seeds (LGS) as food is its high content of anti-nutrient. Heat processing is one of the process of reducing the concentration of anti-nutrients in food resources which may adversely influence the amino acids contents of such resources. Raw seeds of loofah gourds (RLGS) were toasted (TLGS), boiled (BLGS) and cooked (CGLS) and analysed for the amino acids content. The amino acids score, the essential amino acids score and the predicted (P-PER) of the raw and heat treated RLGS were calculated using standard equations. Results revealed that heat treatment significantly reduced (P<0.05) the essential amino acids, total sulphur containing amino acids and total basic amino acids while significantly (P<0.05) increasing the total amino acids, and total non-essential amino acids. cysteine is the most reduced amino acids and toasting had the highest reduction effect on the amino acids. P-PER of LGS were significantly enhanced by heat processing. Glutamic acid and aspartic acid were the most abundant amino acids while cysteine and methionine were the major limiting amino acids in the raw and processed LGS. In conclusion, heat processing enhances the nutritional potentials of LGS and wet heat processing boiling and cooking are the most preferred processing methods for loofah gourd seed.
Immune response kinetics in Nigerian indigenous chickens challenged with attenuated Salmonella
Authors: Opoola M. A. , Adenaike A. S. , Jegede O. A. , Akutubuola N. I , Fajemisin A. J. , Takeet M. I , Ikeobi C. O. N.
Published: February 2021

Salmonella infection is a major cause of death in chickens and this disease can be transferred through meat and egg to humans. The use of antibiotics and vaccines in the prevention and control of this infection are not totally efficient and also have their side effects. Therefore, genetic control is a better approach in finding a lasting solution. One hundred and ten chickens (4th generation) comprising the three genotypes of Nigerian indigenous chickens(NIC) that had shown divergent response (high vs low) to sheep red blood cells antigens were used in this study to investigate the immune response kinetics in NIC after challenged with attenuated Salmonella. There were six classes namely, high titre normal, low titre normal, high titre frizzle, low titre frizzle, high titre naked neck and low titre naked neck. Haematological parameters: packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (Hb),red blood cells count (RBC), white blood cells count (WBC), heterophils (H), lymphocytes (L), eosinophils (E), basophils (B), monocytes (M) and heterophils-lymphocytes ratio (HLR) were used to assess the immune responses of the chickens and data collected were subjected to General Linear Model procedure of SAS 9.2 version. The results showed that genotypeantibody titre had significant effect (p<0.05) on the immune response parameters but sex had no significant effect (p>0.05), while sex by genotype-antibody titre interaction had significant effect (p<0.05). The immune response kinetics of the chickens after challenge with attenuated Salmonella was shown by the significance of the effect of days of blood collection after challenge. High titre naked neck chickens recorded the highest PCV, Hb and RBC values while genotype-antibody titre had no significant effect (p>0.05) on the rest of the parameters. Low titre naked neck males recorded the highest PCV, HB and RBC values while the rest of the parameters were not significant (p>0.05). Generally, days had significant effect (p<0.05) on all the immune response parameters except on H, L and HLR. The study showed that the high titre naked neck males were least affected by the Salmonella vaccine in terms of decrease in packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration and red blood cell count while the low titre normal females were most affected.
Growth performance, carcass yield and bacteria load of broiler chickens on oral administration of Nigella sativa oil
Authors: Ayoola A. A. , Ekunseitan D. A. , Olatunbosun O. B. , Muhammad S. B. , Oguntoye M. A. , Adejola Y.A.
Published: February 2021

One hundred and forty-four, one day – old broiler (arbor acre strain) chicks were used in a 49-day trial to assess the influence of oral administration of black seed oil on growth performance, carcass traits and bacteria load in broiler chickens. The birds were divided into four groups (36 per group) and randomly assigned to treatments with varying levels of black seed oil (1.5 ml/L, 3.0 ml/L and 4.5 ml/L of water) and control (antibiotics). Data obtained were subjected to one-way Analysis of variance at α0.05 . Oral administration of varying levels of Nigella sativa oil did not have any significant (P>0.05) effect on the growth performance indices (final weight includes 1899.49, 1940.28, 1888.51 and 1795.83g across the groups) and carcass traits of broiler chickens. Black seed oil had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the faecal bacteria count, only numerically reduced total blood coliform count with increasing 6 dosage of Nigella sativa oil (0.50, 0.40, 0.33 and 0.40 × 10 cfu/ml) in water while caecal coliform reduced (p <0.05) markedly at 4.5ml/L dosage (2.03 vs 2.53, 2.37, 2.43). It was concluded that a minimum dosage of 4.5ml/L of black seed oil be adopted for a significant reduction in bacterial load in chickens.
Assessment of the nutritive value of fermented cassava root leaf meal as a reflect on blood profile of ducks
Authors: Olayemi W. A. , Rabiu I. A. , Oso A. O. , Akapo O. A. , Bamgbose A. M.
Published: February 2021

Due to scarcity and high cost of conventional feedstuffs, there is a renewed interest in the use of non-conventional cheap and easily available feedstuffs on ducks feeding. This study was conducted to evaluate health status of ducks fed fermented cassava root-leaf meal blend as a replacement for maize. One hundred and fifty, one day- old unsexed Mallard ducklings were used for the experiment. Ducklings were randomly distributed into 5 groups of 30 ducklings per treatment. Each treatment was further subdivided into 3 replicates with 10 ducklings per replicate in a completely randomized design (CRD). The study is made up of 5 dietary treatments consisting of the control (Treatment 1), fermented cassava root-leaf blend used to replace maize at 25% (Treatment 2), 50% (Treatment 3), 75% (Treatment 4) and 100% (Treatment 5) levels respectively. The packed cell volume (26.50-38.33%) and haemoglobin (9.35-14.07g/dl) levels increased as Fermented cassava root-leaf meal (FCRLM) inclusion increased in the diet (0-75%). Uric acid values decreased (5.30-4,27mg/dl) as well as cholesterol values (91.70-56.70mg/dl) as level of (FCRLM) increased in diet. The results obtained showed that FCRLM at (300:1000 ratio) of leaf to root could replace maize at 50% inclusion level without any detrimental effects on health status of ducks.
Carcass yield and haemato-biochemical indices of broiler chickens as affected by dietary replacement of yellow maize with gayamba pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) variety
Authors: Kawu Y. U. , Muhammad A. I. , Husa H. , Doma U. D. , Abubakar M. , Bello K. M.
Published: February 2021

The consumer price for poultry products in Nigeria and the expansion of the commercial poultry industry are negatively affected by the utilization of competitive and costly ingredients in making poultry diets. Consequently, the identification and utilization of locally available alternatives would greatly reduce cost of poultry production and products. In this regard, a study was undertaken to examine the effects of replacement of yellow maize (YM) with gayamba pearl millet variety as dietary energy source on carcass yield and blood parameters of broiler chickens. Three hundred (300) Ross 308 broiler chicks weighing 167.94 – 173.07g were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments of 75 birds each. Each treatment was replicated thrice with 25 birds in a completely randomized design. The experimental diets contained 0, 33.33, 66.67 and 100% gayamba millet as replacement for YM designated as diets 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. Full-fat soya bean and groundnut cake meal were the main vegetable protein sources used in the diets. Feed and water were provided ad libitum and the experiment lasted for 49 days. Results for carcass yield indicated a significant (P<0.05) influence of diet on live weight (1828.33 – 2316.66 g), plucked weight (1622.83 – 2132.83 g), eviscerated weight (1429.50 – 1883.47 g) and carcass weight (1277.66 – 1680.33 g) in favour of diet 3. However, dressing percentage (69.00 – 72.50%) did not differ among treatments. In the same way, most of the relative weights of organs were also not significantly affected by diet. Except for the packed cell volume (29.81 – 35.04%), none of the haematological parameters showed significant difference among the treatments. Similarly, most of the serum biochemical indices apart from total proteins, albumin and globulin, did not differ significantly among treatments. It was therefore concluded that gayamba pearl millet can completely replace yellow maize in broiler chickens' diets with no adverse effect on carcass yield and blood constituents.
Tolerance of African giant land snails (Archachatina marginata) to varying levels of table Salt
Authors: Ugwuowo L. C. , Anyaokei N. H.
Published: February 2021

An experiment was conducted to determine the growth response of African giant land snail Archachatina marginata fed diets containing different levels of sodium chloride. One hundred and twenty snails were subjected to four dietary treatments of T1, T2, T3 and T4 with 0%, 0.25%, 0.5% and 0.75% sodium chloride respectively. The treatments were replicated thrice with 10 snails per replicate. The measured parameters included weight gain, feed intake, shell length, shell circumference and shell thickness. Feed cost, cost of feed per kg weight gain and feed conversion ratio were also calculated. Results showed that there were significant differences (p < 0.05) in average daily weight gain, average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, feed cost and shell thickness but there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in cost of feed per kg weight gain, shell length and shell circumference in the snails fed the treatment diets. Treatment 2 had the highest average daily weight gain (0.07±0.01), average daily feed intake (0.91±0.08) and feed cost (7.19±0.64) but the lowest feed conversion ratio (13.15±61.76) while treatment 1 had the lowest average daily weight gain (0.04±0.01), average daily feed intake (0.70±0.20) and feed cost (5.54±0.18) but the highest feed conversion ratio (15.86±0.5). This shows that inclusion of sodium chloride above 0.25% in the diet of Archachatina marginata affects both the feed intake and weight gain of the snails.
Supplementing different levels of Saccharomyces cerevisiae diets on survival and some growth parameters in laboratory reared Heteroclarias juveniles
Authors: Ayanwale A. V. , Ogbonnaya E.C. , Arimoro F. O. , Keke U. N. , Chukwuemeka V. I.
Published: February 2021

An eight weeks feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the influence of supplementing different levels of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in diets on survival rates and some growth parameters of Heteroclarias juveniles under laboratory conditions. S. cerevisiae was included in the diets at 4 levels of 0.00 (control: Aquamax), 5.00, 10.00 and 15.00% with 3 replicates each. Each of the experimental tanks was filled with 25 litres of borehole water and stocked with 30 randomly selected juveniles of Heteroclarias. The growth and physico-chemical parameters were determined weekly, while survival rates were monitored daily using standard experimental procedures. Exchange of water was done twice a week during the study period. The juveniles were fed to satiation daily in the morning and evening. The proximate analysis of S.cerevisiae supplemented diets fed to Heteroclarias juveniles were higher in moisture composition. The results of the mean total length and standard length showed that there were no significant (p>0.05) differences between the juveniles fed the control diet and the S. cerevisiae diets. However, mean body weight were influenced (p< 0.05) with juveniles fed 10 % S. cerevisiae diet having better body weight (31.36±4.13g) compared to the other treatments. The survival rate (97%) of Heteroclarias juveniles fed with 5% S. cerevisiae level was significantly (p< 0.05) highest. Most of the physicochemical parameters of cultured water of Heteroclarias juveniles fed with all the diets were not affected (p>0.05); except the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) that was significantly (p<0.05) different. Moisture ash, crude protein and oil extract were all significantly (p<0.05) affected having lower ash and crude protein contents (2.15±0.01 and 45.00±0.58) respectively. The inclusion of 10% S. cerevisiae in the diet of Heteroclarias juveniles improved growth performance.
Thermoregulatory, growth and blood indices of broiler chicks fed betaine hydrochloride supplemented diets under high ambient temperature
Authors: Daudu O. M. , Kpachi J. , Clement N. J. , Odegbile O. E. , Salihu E. A. , Ademu L. A.
Published: February 2021

The study was carried out to determine the effect of dietary inclusion of Betaine Hydrochloride on the thermoregulatory, growth, haematological and serum biochemical indices of broiler chicks under high ambient temperature because Betaine is a organic osmolyte that can protect the birds from oxidative stress. Betaine Hydrochloride was included at 0, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 g/kg feed, respectively. One hundred and eighty, one day old Hubbard broiler chicks were allotted into four treatments with three replicates each in a completely randomized design (CRD). There were no differences (p>0.05) in the rectal temperature and heart rate across the treatments. Chicks fed 1.5 and 4.5 g/kg diet Betaine Hydrochloride had better (p>0.05) feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio than birds fed control and 3 g/kg diet Betaine hydrochloride. Haematological and serum biochemical indices were similar (p>0.05) across the treatments. Betaine hydrochloride can be included in the diets of broiler chicks up to 4 g/kg diet to improve growth performance without any detrimental effect on growth, haematological and serum biochemicals.
Morphometric traits of turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) as affected by genotype and sex
Authors: Dudusola I. O. , Bashiru H. A. , Awojimi I.
Published: February 2021

Morphometric traits have been found useful in quantifying body size and shape and scientific information on them would be required for genetic improvement of turkeys. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of sex and genotype on morphometric traits of turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). Linear body measurements were taken on 70 exotic turkeys (20 males and 50 females) and 80 locally adapted turkeys (30 males and 50 females) randomly selected from the Turkey Unit at Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching and Research Farm. The linear body measurements taken and recorded were the beak length, head length, neck length, body length, keel length, wing span, wing length, drumstick, Shank length, toe length, tail length and body girth all taken in centimeters (cm) using a measuring tape. Data were analyzed with the GLM procedure of SAS and Duncan Multiple Range Test was used to detect differences among means. There were significant differences (p <0.05) between male and female turkeys with male turkeys having higher values as an expression of sexual dimorphism for all studied traits. Further, the male was found to be significantly higher (p <0.05) than the females for all the morphometric traits measured both for the local and exotic type. The exotic type was found to be significantly (p <0.05) higher than the local type for all the morphometric traits measured. There were significant (p <0.05) interactions between sex and genotype with the male exotic having higher values of all the morphometric traits observed. It was concluded that turkeys are sexually dimorphic and that exotic type had higher body conformation and morphology than their locally adapted counterpart.
Comparative study of oestrus responses in unsynchronized jennies and jennies ® synchronized with single treatment of PGF2á (lutalyse ) in Zaria, Nigeria
Authors: Hassan R. , Rekwot P. I. , Bawa E. K. , Oke-Egbodo B. E. , Bello T. K. , Hussaini M. , Abdullahi M. , Ahmed S. A. , Salisu M. D.
Published: February 2021

This study was carried out to compare oestrus responses in unsynchronized jennies and jennies synchronized using single treatment of PGF2& (Lutalyse®). Eight (8) cycling Jennies aged 3.0±2.0 years were used for this study. The jennies were randomly assigned to 2 groups of 4 jennies each; Group 1 (n=4): Jennies in this group were not treated with any agent; Group 2 (n=4): jennies treated with a single injection of 10mg of Lutalyse® . The synchronized and unsynchronized jennies were observed for behavioural oestrus three times daily (8-10 am, 12-2 pm and 4-8 pm) for two oestrous cycles. The fertility parameters determined in this study were: Oestrus response rate (ORR), Time to onset of oestrus (TOO), Duration of oestrus (DOO) and Intensity of synchronization (IS) within 48 hours. The ORR and IS were expressed in percentages while TOO and DOO were expressed as mean ± SEM. Comparisons between the groups were carried out using T- test. Onset of oestrus in group 1 (2.34±0.32 hours) was lower (P<0.01) than 10.07±4.91 hours in group 2. The duration of oestrus in group 1 (48±24.0 hours) was longer (P<0.05). than 24.0±0.0 hours in group 2. Oestrus response rate were 50 and 25% in both groups 1 and 2 while intensity of synchronization within 48 hours for groups 1 and 2 were both 50% (P>0.05). In conclusion, single treatment of PGF2á injection did not improve oestrus response rate and intensity of synchronization. However, more than a single treatment of PGF2& injection is recommended for effective oestrus synchronization in jennies.
Growth performance of broiler chickens administered varying doses of garlic (Allium sativum) and Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) extracts
Authors: Ojimaduka C. B. , Taiwo D. I. , Shaibu A. A. , Abdullahi S. , Egena S. S. A.
Published: February 2021

The study was designed to evaluate the effects of administering extracts of garlic and Aloe vera in water on the growth performance and apparent nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens. One hundred and fifty, day old, Arbor acre chicks were used, in a completely randomized design, in seven treatments and each with three replicates. The experiment lasted for eight weeks. The garlic and Aloe vera extracts together with the antibiotics control (Sulfaquinoxalina) were administered at different doses via drinking water consecutively for three days and alternately at week 1, 3, 5 and 7, respectively. Treatment 1 received commercial antibiotics (Sulfaquinoxalina) at 2.67 g in 4 litres of water. Treatments 2 and 3 each received 0.40 mL of garlic and Aloe vera extracts in 4 litres of water which translated to 400 ppm. Treatments 4 and 5 each received 0.80 mL of both extracts in 4 litres of water (800 ppm) while treatments 6 and 7 each received 1.20 mL of both extracts in 4 litres of water (1200 ppm), respectively. The parameters measured were mean body weight, mean body weight gain, mean feed intake, mean feed conversion ratio, mean protein and energy efficiency ratio and apparent nutrient digestibility of feed as a result of the various doses of garlic and Aloe vera. Results showed no significant (p>0.05) differences in all the growth performance parameters measured for the first four weeks (starter phase). Feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency and energy efficiency ratio were affected (p<0.05) across the treatment groups at the last four weeks (finisher phase) of the experiment, with broiler chickens administered 400 ppm of garlic extract (T3) showing better performance (2.44, 2.42, 0.14) compared to those fed treatment 6 and 7 (1200 ppm Aloe vera and garlic). The apparent nutrient digestibility of the broiler chickens for all the nutrients were significantly (p<0.05) affected at both the starter and finisher phases of the experiment but no particular trend was observed. The total digestible nutrients were therefore calculated and it showed that birds administered 400 ppm Aloe vera extract (T2) at the starter phase and both 800 ppm of Aloe vera (T4) and garlic (T5) at the finisher phase, had better (p<0.05) total digestible nutrients compared to the control (90.69 vs 88.31; 91.10, 90.60 vs 88.59, respectively). It is concluded that the doses of 400 ppm (garlic) and 800 ppm (Aloe vera) extracts via drinking water improved feed conversion ratio, protein and energy efficiency ratio of broiler chickens at the finisher phase.