bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Open and FAIR sample based data sharing through the IEDA2 facility
Authors: Profeta Lucia , Lehnert Kerstin , Ji Peng , Ustunisik Gokce , Nielsen Roger , Vieglais Dave , Walker Douglas , Block Karin , Grossberg Michael
Published: February 2023

IEDA, the Interdisciplinary Earth Data Alliance, is a unique collaborative data infrastructure that provides and continuously evolves a comprehensive ecosystem of data, tools, and services that support researchers in the Geosciences to share and access sample data following the FAIR data principles and ensure open, reproducible, and transparent science practices.The ‘next generation’ of IEDA - IEDA2 - was funded by the US National Science Foundation in 2022 for 5 years to advance the existing data systems and services of EarthChem (geochemistry data repository, data synthesis, and data access portals), LEPR/TraceDs (synthesis of data from petrological experiments), and SESAR (System for Earth Sample Registration), modernizing system architecture to better support computational and data-driven research, improving usability, and growing a diverse and inclusive user audience through education and engagement.Our target is to enable a common understanding of existing information that is validated through expert data curation to enable transparent and reproducible (re)use and analysis of data, inform peer review, and guide future research directions. Such common understanding cannot develop unless the community can access and assess the same information.This collective vision of the data will improve the ability of the entire community to assess the context and significance of new data and models, allow reviewers to evaluate new models that are calibrated using the data, and facilitate new generations of research.
Identifying the drivers of the Weddell Gyre variability using a barotropic vorticity budget
Authors: Neme Julia , England Matthew H. , Hogg Andrew McC.
Published: February 2023

The Weddell Gyre is one of the largest features of the ocean circulation adjacent to the Antarctic margins. The gyre is a dynamically complex region and participates in several processes relevant to global climate. For example, the gyre’s circulation and its strength have been linked to changes in the properties and rates of export of Antarctic Bottom Water into the global abyssal ocean. However, the dynamic controls of the Weddell Gyre’s variability are largely unknown, possibly due to the complexities of the region: the interplay of the Weddell Gyre with an overturning circulation, strong buoyancy fluxes associated with sea ice formation and melt, and open and permeable boundaries which allow for significant inflows and outflows. In this work we analyse the mechanisms controlling the Weddell Gyre’s variability using a barotropic vorticity budget of a MOM6 simulation coupled with SIS2 and forced with a repeat year 1990-91 atmospheric state derived from JRA55-do. Unlike past studies that focus on the stationary state of a control simulation, we focus on the evolution of our simulation and the response to different wind and buoyancy perturbations. Within the gyre we find that a balance is achieved between the curl of surface stress and bottom pressure torque, bottom drag curl and the curl of horizontal viscosity.  
Divergent phenology response to nitrogen addition between a Mediterranean and a boreal forest
Authors: Luo Yunpeng , D`Odorico Petra , Lee Sung-Ching , Ma Xuanlong , Migglivacca Mirco , Peichl Matthias , Stocker Benjamin , Gessler Arthur
Published: February 2023

Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition and fertilization in the past decades shifted the ecosystem stoichiometry with potentially profound impacts on vegetation activity and ecosystem functioning. Current N-addition experiments mostly focus on leaf-level or individual plants at the plot scale, whereas studies investigating the responses of vegetation dynamics to N-addition at the landscape level are lacking. It is especially unclear how ecosystems with different water availability (water-limited versus water-surplus) respond to elevated N input. We compared vegetation dynamics and ecosystem functioning in two unique ecosystem-scale N addition experiments – one Mediterranean tree-grass ecosystem and one boreal evergreen forest. At each site, one pair of landscape-scale N addition was set up by adding N onto the footprint area of one eddy covariance (EC) tower, with another EC tower without N addition used as a control. We hypothesize that their different water availability can exert different responses in vegetation phenology and gross primary productivity (GPP).  Since the start of the experiments, we found that the fertilized treatments in both experimental sites have had higher amplitudes of GPP and more rapid green-up and leaf senescence compared to the control. However, phenological transition dates (PTDs) defining the start and end of the growing seasons (SOS, EOS), derived from GPP at the two sites show different patterns. During the green-up period, SOS was similar between the fertilized and control treatments at the Mediterranean site since the vegetation green-up here was mainly controlled by the timing of precipitation. In the boreal forest, however, the fertilized treatment was greening slightly later than the control. In the leaf senescence period, the fertilized treatment senesced earlier in the Mediterranean ecosystem compared to the control. In contrast, the fertilized treatment delayed in EOS compared to the control in boreal forests.  We propose that increased leaf area index and canopy greenness in the fertilized (based on the observed increasing evapotranspiration) compared to the control treatment in both ecosystems, along with different vegetation composition, probably contributes to the divergent response of EOS at the two sites with different water availability. This study underscores the necessity to take different water availability into account when evaluating the effects of N addition on vegetation dynamics. 
The L-band passive DAV(Diurnal Amplitude variation) series algorithms for frozen soil
Authors: Lv Shaoning
Published: February 2023

Knowing the Freeze-Thaw (FT) state/ice content/freezing front depth of the land surface is essential for many aspects of weather forecasting, climate, hydrology, and agriculture. Microwave L-band emission contains rather direct information about the FT-state because of its impact on the soil dielectric constant, which determines microwave emissivity and the optical depth profile. However, current L band-based FT algorithms need reference values to distinguish between frozen and thawed soil, which are often not well known. We present a series of new frozen soil detection algorithms based on the daily variation of the H-polarized brightness temperature. Exploiting the daily variation signal allows for a more reliable state detection, particularly during the transition periods, when the near-surface soil layer may freeze and thaw on sub-daily time scales. The new algorithms explore and prove that we can get the Freeze-Thaw (FT) state/ice content/freezing front depth of the land surface with a delicate analysis of the L-band passive brightness temperature signals. These studies are expected to extend L-band microwave remote sensing data for improved FT detection.
Use of Mohr diagrams to predict fracturing in rock
Authors: Peacock David , Leiss Bernd , Sanderson David
Published: February 2023

Inferences have to be made about likely structures and their effects on fluid flow in a geothermal reservoir at the pre-drilling stage. This is the case for the potential geothermal reservoir in Variscan metasedimentary rocks that are expected to occur in the subsurface at Göttingen. Simple mechanical modelling, using reasonable ranges of values for rock properties, stresses and fluid pressures, is used here to predict the range of possible structures that are likely to exist in the sub-surface and that may be generated during thermal and hydraulic stimulation. Mohr diagrams are a useful way for predicting and illustrating how rocks can go from a stable stress state (i.e., no fracturing occurs) to an unstable stress state (i.e., fracturing occurs). This transition can occur if there are changes in: (1) the failure envelope; (2) the stresses; and/or (3) fluid pressure. Mohr diagrams are used to show under what fluid pressures and tectonic stresses different types and orientations of fractures are likely to be reactivated or generated. The approach enables the effects of parameters to be modelled individually, and for the types and orientations of fractures to be considered. This modelling is useful for helping geoscientists consider, model and predict the ranges of mechanical properties of rock, stresses, fluid pressures and the resultant fractures that are likely to occur in the sub-surface.The Mesozoic rocks of the Somerset coast, UK, are used to illustrate how Mohr diagrams can help understand the history of fracturing. Such understanding is useful for predicting which fractures are likely to occur in the subsurface, which is important for predicting reservoir behaviour.
A High-resolution Estimation of Terrestrial Evapotranspiration from Landsat Images and its Applications in a Sparse Vegetation Region
Authors: Liang Ting , Yang Hanbo
Published: February 2023

    Accurate estimation of high resolutions of evapotranspiration (ET) is essential to study the variation of water resources in highly heterogeneous regions, but there is a severe paucity of ET products with high spatial resolution for long time series. This research improves the PML_V2 model to estimate a 30 m resolution monthly ET, called the PML_30 model. Furthermore, it is applied to estimate the monthly ET from 2000 to 2020 in the Yarkand Oasis. The method uses a linear transformation to harmonize remote sensing data from the Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM), and the Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) to the Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI), resulting in multi-source Landsat data with long time series. High spatial resolution and long-time series of leaf area index, land surface emissivity, and albedo are derived from the multi-source Landsat data to produce 30 m resolution ET products. The PML_30 model and PML_V2 models were compared to the regional water balance’s multi-year average ET of 380mm. The former is estimated at 344 mm with a relative error of 0.09, whereas the latter is at 304 mm with 0.2. At the point scale, the PML_30 model’s ET was compatible with the water consumption pattern of the related plant, and the variation in groundwater. The average annual ET for the Yarkand Oasis and its lower reaches is 343 mm/yr and 168 mm/yr, respectively. Between 2000 and 2015, the ET of the lower reaches increased by 2.86 mm/yr, but between 2016 and 2020, it decreased. The proposed PML_30 model is easily applicable to a larger scale with increased estimation accuracy and is well suited for areas with high heterogeneity such as areas with sparse vegetation cover. 
Air Quality Study to Analyze PM2.5 Sources and their Possible Mitigation pathways in Nairobi
Authors: Nyaga Ezekiel Waiguru , Beekmann Matthias , R. Subramanian , Giordano Mike R. , Ward Savannah , Westervelt Daniel , Gatari Michael , Njeru Moses , Mungai John , Opinde Godwin , Mwendwa Tedy , Presto Albert , Tjernstrom Emilia , v.  McNeill Faye
Published: February 2023

Anthropogenic activities in cities can be major sources of fine particulate matter which contribute significantly to increased mortality and disease. In rapidly developing cities of eastern Africa, lack of routine air pollution measurements have hampered formulation of actionable air quality policies. This study integrates ground-based observations of low-cost sensors (LCS) and regional chemical transport modelling (CHIMERE, https://www.lmd.polytechnique.fr/chimere/) to quantify spatial-temporal variability of PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations, primary/secondary aerosol loading, local versus regional pollution share, and  contribution of key economic sectors. Prior to deployment, LCS PM2.5 mass concentrations were calibrated with a reference instrument (BAM-1020), while LCS NO2 measurements could only be normalized internally. Between June-December 2021 period, sensors were deployed at urban background site (IPA, and UoN), urban traffic sites (KUCC, BuruBuru, and Marurui), and a peri-urban site (Ngong). BuruBuru and Marurui are in addition exposed to nearby residential emissions. Daily average PM2.5 varied from 26.3 to 27.6 µg/𝑚3 at traffic sites, 17.8 to 21.7 µg/𝑚3 at urban background sites,  while it was 20.3 µg/𝑚3 at peri-urban site. PM2.5 and NO2 diurnal patterns mimicked daily traffic cycle with constantly higher evening peaks compared to morning peaks indicating residential emissions. A link of  “large pollution” events with PM2.5 concentrations above 50 µg/m3 and low wind speeds (<4 m/s) was made evident and points to local sources. Preliminary modelling results of a nested CHIMERE run over Eastern Africa down to 2 km horizontal resolution show satisfying results when compared to measurements. They point to a strong urban source of fine particle pollution, with the strongest mass contribution of primary organic aerosol. Analysis of final model output will help to better understand air quality dynamics in Nairobi and ultimately help evaluation of possible future emission mitigation scenarios.
Analysis of spatio-temporal carbon fixation change in Incheon, Korea, as a result of free trade Agreement
Authors: Choi Jiyoung , Lee Dong Kun
Published: February 2023

Expansion of a development area can have a negative impact on ecosystems by decreasing or fragmenting habitats. As awareness of the importance of biodiversity and ecosystem services grows, ecosystem service evaluations are receiving increased attention. The geography surrounding the city of Incheon is ecologically valuable because its mudflats and coastal terrain make it ecologically diverse. It is a wildlife habitat and breeding site for endangered species as designated by the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands in 2014, and the subject of disputes between advocates of ecological protection and those favoring human development. This study used the InVEST model to analyze the changes in the ecosystem services in accordance with the agreement on the IFEZ. An analysis showed that the carbon fixation was reduced by 40% due to the development led by the agreement, leading to a decrease in carbon storage of 793,586.25 Mg of C. This study suggests that the value of ecosystem services and expansion of conservation areas should be considered as part of ecological research under economic free trade agreements. Lastly ecological changes associated with IFEZ designation should be examined, and maintenance and management of carbon storage to restore climate controls and the valu-ation of biodiversity should be considered by developers and government officials.  In the natural environment ecology the EIA for development, biodiversity, dominance, natural environment, cultural assets, and protected species are investigated. It is judged that it will be a meaningful study by applying the quantitative evaluation methodology of ecosystem services for the planned development area. Afterwards, it is judged that it can be used as basic data in making development pol-icy decisions through qualitative and quantitative evaluation along with other environ-mental fields by utilizing ICT and AI methods, which are related methodologies according to the 4th industrial revolution.
The pre-Pleistocene North American bed from coupled ice-climate-sediment physics and its strong influence on glacial cycle evolution
Authors: Drew Matthew , Tarasov Lev
Published: February 2023

The mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT) from 41 kyr to 100 kyr glacial cycles was one of the largest changes in the Earth system over the past 2 million years. The transition happened in the absence of a relevant change in orbital forcing. As such, it presents a challenge for the Milankovitch theory of glacial cycles. A change from a low to high friction bed under the North American Ice Complex through the removal of pre-glacial regolith has been hypothesized to play a critical role in the transition. For testing, this hypothesis requires constraint on pre-glacial regolith cover and topography as well as mechanistic constraint on whether the appropriate amount of regolith can be removed from the required regions to enable MPT occurrence at the right time. To date, however, Pleistocene regolith removal has not been simulated for a realistic, 3D North American ice sheet fully resolving relevant basal processes. A further challenge is very limited constraints on pre-glacial bed elevation and sediment thickness.Herein, we address these challenges with an appropriate computational model and ensemble-based analysis addressing parametric and initial mean sediment cover uncertainties. We use the 3D Glacial Systems Model that incorporates relevant glacial processes. Specifically, it includes: 3D thermomechanically coupled hybrid SIA/SSA ice physics, fully coupled sediment production and transport, subglacial linked-cavity and tunnel hydrology, isostatic adjustment from dynamic loading and erosion, and climate from a 2D non-linear energy balance model and glacial index. The sediment model includes quarrying and abrasion for sediment production with both englacial and subglacial transport. The coupled system is driven only by atmospheric CO2 and insolation.We show that the ice, climate, and sediment processes encapsulated in this fully coupled glacial systems model enables capture of the evolution of the Pleistocene North American glacial system. Specifically and within observational uncertainty, our model captures: the shift from 41 to 100 kyr glacial cycles, early Pleistocene extent, LGM ice volume, deglacial ice extent, and the broad present-day sediment distribution. We also find that pre-glacial sediment thickness and topography have a strong influence on the strength and duration of early Pleistocene glaciations.
Linkage between the summer hot extremes in Taiwan and Pacific Meridional Mode
Authors: Tsai Chieh-Ting , Wang Yi-Chi , Tseng Wan-Ling
Published: February 2023

The temperature observed in Taiwan has been on the rise for the past 100 years. At the same time, the number of summer days in the 2020s has increased significantly compared with that in the 1960s, while the frequency and intensity of heatwave events are also increasing. Extremely high-temperature (EHT) and heat wave events will cause huge effects on human activities, therefore, pre-warning of EHT and heat wave events is essential.This research investigates the association between the Taiwan summer temperature and the Pacific Meridional Mode (the PMM), an anomalous north-south sea surface temperature gradient over the northeastern subtropical Pacific. Because of the PMM's 5-6 years cycle, it is a good predictability source on a decadal timescale. It was found that when the PMM was in a positive (negative) state, the summer temperature in Taiwan significantly increased (decreased) on a decadal timescale. The zonal circulation in the sub-tropical north Pacific and the subsidence in Taiwan were considered to be the physical mechanism in the linkage.Besides, the calendar day 90th percentile of max temperature (CTX) and heatwave magnitude scale (HWMS) were used in this research to trace the extremely high-temperature and heat wave events. The research results indicate that during the PMM-positive state, the frequency and duration of EHT and heat wave events become higher and longer than they are during the negative state.This linkage found in research could help to improve the decadal prediction of summer temperature as well as EHT and heat wave events in Taiwan and provide climate information for the decision-makers to formulate adaptation strategies.
Reconstruction of solar radiation in Tokyo since 1720 based on historical weather records
Authors: Ichino Mika , Masuda Kooiti , Mikami Takehiko
Published: February 2023

The impact of climate change on human society has been a significant issue in historical studies and is also vital for future adaptation to climate change. To understand climate change and its devastating impacts on societies in the past, before the start of meteorological observations, the spatial patterns of climate variation must be reconstructed with a higher temporal resolution than those provided by the annual data. Japan has a large volume of records, including those related to daily weather conditions (e.g., "fine", "cloudy", and "rainy"), from the 17th to 19th century.This study has developed a method for estimating solar radiation using daily weather descriptions recorded. Using this method and the daily weather records in historical diaries of Tokyo, Japan, we reconstructed solar radiation fluctuations for the period 1720–1912, pertaining to the Little Ice Age. We compared our estimations with the observed sunshine duration records of the Japan Meteorological Agency to validate our findings. This method is effective in reconstructing solar radiation for all seasons and allows for the reconstruction of historical climate fluctuations with higher temporal resolution compared with that reconstructed using other methods or proxy data often used previously. In addition, solar radiation is a fundamental factor for not only the energy balance of the Earth but also the hydrological cycle and agricultural productivity.Here, we created a long-time series of solar radiation for the period 1720–2022 in Tokyo, thereby providing insights into low and high solar radiation for this practical 300-year period. Furthermore, the reconstruction of historical solar radiation fluctuations could enable the exploration of the correlation between climate variations and social changes.
Coupled analysis of the groundwater flow system, heat and solute transport, and the potential effect of hydraulically conductive faults for sustainable water management.
Authors: Ortega-Guerrero Adrian
Published: February 2023

The Independence Basin (IB), in the semiarid area of Central Mexico, represents the new paradigm of water management in Mexico with the incorporation of the Gravitational Systems of Groundwater Flow (GSGF) for the comprehensive study of water at the 7,000 km2 basin scale. Groundwater in the basin shows declines in water table between 2 and 10 m/year with increasing temperature and dissolved elements that are harmful to health and to the environment. Previous 3D, steady-sate analysis of the GSGF indicated that groundwater in this basin is controlled by a gravitational flow system with buoyancy-driven free thermal convection heat transport, which satisfactorily reproduces initial hydrogeological conditions to support realistic modeling of the aquifers’ transient, long-term response to pumping. This work presents new insights into the coupled analysis of groundwater flow, heat and solute transport, and the potential effect of hydraulically conductive faults. Solute transport analysis considers both the presence of important ore deposits in the recharge areas at the mountains, which delimit the basin, and the presence of trace elements in the volcanic fractured aquifer –locally affected by regional faults–underlying a granular one. The final goal is to support a strategic water management in the IB to improve population health and foment sustainable environmental exploitation and future economic development.
New Diagnostic Assessment of MCMC Algorithms Effectiveness, Efficiency, Reliability, and Controllability in Calibrating Hydrological Models
Authors: Kavianihamedani Hossein , Quinn Julianne , Smith Jared
Published: February 2023

 
Hydrologic models often are used to estimate streamflows at ungauged locations for infrastructure planning. These models can contain a multitude of parameters that themselves need to be estimated through calibration. Yet multiple sets of parameter values may perform nearly equally well in simulating flows at gauged sites, making these parameters highly uncertain. Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms can quantify parameter uncertainties; however, this can be computationally expensive for hydrological models. Thus, it is important to select an MCMC algorithm that is effective (converges to the true posterior parameter distribution), efficient (fast), reliable (consistent across random seeds) and controllable (insensitive to the algorithms hyperparameters). These characteristics can be assessed through algorithm diagnostics, but current MCMC diagnostics mostly focus on evaluating convergence of an individual search process, not diagnosing general problems of the algorithms. Therefore, additional diagnostics are required to represent algorithms sensitivity to their hyperparameters and to compare their performance across problems.
Here, we propose new diagnostics to assess the effectiveness, efficiency, reliability and controllability of four MCMC algorithms: Adaptive Metropolis, Sequential Monte Carlo, Hamiltonian Monte Carlo, and DREAM(ZS). The diagnostic method builds off of diagnostics used to assess the performance of Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms (MOEAs), and allows us to evaluate the sensitivity of the algorithms to their hyper-parameterization and compare their performance on multiple metrics, such as the Gelman-Rubin diagnostic and Wasserstein distance from the true posterior. We illustrate our diagnostics using the simple Hydrological Model (HYMOD) and several analytical test problems. This allows us to see which algorithms perform well on problems with different characteristics (e.g. known vs. unknown posterior shapes, uni- vs. multi-modality, low- vs. high-dimensionality). Since posterior shapes and modality are often unknown for hydrological problems, it is important to calibrate them with an MCMC algorithm that is robust across a wide variety of posterior shapes, and our new diagnostics allow for this identification.
A new method for identifying and evaluating bitumen-bearing reservoirs based on conventional logging curves
Authors: Hou Jue , Zhao Lun , Zeng Xing , Wang Xueke , Zhang Yiqiong , He Congge
Published: February 2023

Bitumen is a kind of hydrocarbon with high density and poor mobility, with similar conventional logging response characteristics to oil and gas. The identification of bitumen from logging curves has always been a difficult issue in the oil and gas industry. A series of methods have been applied to identify and evaluate bitumen-bearing reservoirs, relying on either high-cost logging projects such as nuclear magnetic resonance, or special petrophysical experiments. In most actual cases, however, these approaches are not feasible. Therefore, it is necessary to innovatively investigate the logging evaluation technology of bitumen-bearing reservoirs from conventional logging data. Combining the response mechanism of conventional neutron and density logging curves, this research constructed a bitumen identification index called N_Bitumen to qualitatively identify bitumen-bearing reservoirs. The identification coincidence rate is 93.7%. A bituminous multimineral log response volume model is established to quantitatively calculate the amount of bitumen in the reservoir. The interpretation accuracy of single well porosity logging is improved by 19.1%. Conclusively, a set of widely applied and highly accurate calculation methods for bitumen identification in reservoirs is obtained, overcoming the high cost and low feasibility of existing technologies. The purpose of effective identification and evaluation of bitumen-bearing reservoirs can be realized without major economic cost by the processing and interpretation of conventional logging data. This study is significant to the interpretation of reservoir physical properties from logging curves, reservoir effectiveness evaluation, and the optimization of field development plans.
Spatial inhomogeneity of synoptic-induced precipitation in a region of steep topographic relief
Authors: Zhang Mengke , Li Jian , Li Nina
Published: February 2023

The topography plays an essential role in initiation and development on precipitating clouds, therefore has a profound effect on the ultimate spatial distributions of precipitation. This study investigates the fine-scale characteristics of synoptic-induced precipitation over Southwest China, a region characterized by a sequence of steep mountains aligned roughly north-south. Based on the convection-permitting simulation for a realistic case, the results show that the model successfully reproduces the observed precipitation, which is induced by a low-level shear line over Southwest China. The spatial distribution of precipitation over three small-scale mountains (named as M1, M2 and M3 from east to west) exhibits distinct inhomogeneity. The precipitation is notably enhanced on the leeward slope of M1, the high-altitude area of M2, as well as the windward slope of M3, which is driven by the steep topography relief, through exerting dominant influences on the local atmospheric circulations. Further results of the high-resolution experiment shows that the thermal instabilities and topographic lifting over the high-altitude ridges are beneficial to the enhanced precipitation. In addition, the small-scale vortex generated on the leeward slope of M1, as well as the convergence zones established over M2 and the windward slope of M3, dynamically contribute to the intensification of precipitation over these three small-scale mountains. In sensitivity simulation with the terrain height of M2 reduced to the comparable height as the other two mountains, the enhanced precipitation decreases significantly over M2. The dynamic blocking effect of M2 on airflow is weakened, leading to the maximum precipitation over M3 moving to its mountaintop.
Application of Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) in the study of the subsidence of Mexico City and its relationship with the abatement of the static level of groundwater.
Authors: Ramos Organillo Francisco Javier , Morales Arredondo José Iván , Ramírez Serrato Nelly Lucero , Herrera Zamarrón Graciela del Socorro
Published: February 2023

Mexico City has suffered for many years from the phenomenon of land subsidence because the city is located within the limits of the old Lake Texcoco. The lithological materials that constitute the lake area are deposits, mainly clayey, of low consolidation, that compose the upper aquitard of the city, from which volumes of water have been extracted that have caused the clayey materials to rearrange causing the subsidence of the land, thus leading to visible affectations in buildings and communication routes. The subsidence of the city is not presented homogeneously as there are regions of the city that present greater settlement than others, since previous studies have shown that studying the phenomenon regionally leaves more doubts than certainties due to the complexity of the sedimentary material of the lake plain since this deposit is mainly composed of clays of various origins, in addition to being interbedded with volcanic materials.This study aims to identify areas within the city, with similar characteristics that allow us to understand the behavior of land subsidence and its relationship with the reduction of the static groundwater level. To do this, data on the vertical displacement of the terrain were obtained using the InSAR technique and associated with the drawdown values ​​of the static level to verify if there is a direct relationship between the extraction of groundwater and the descent of the terrain. It was considered that in the old Lake of Texcoco, there was a presence of salty and sweet waters, which would be decisive in forming different clay minerals in the lake plain. For this reason, it was decided to divide the city according to the environment that governed the site when Lake Texcoco existed. Four study areas were proposed: Lake Texcoco area, which is located northeast of the city where brackish waters predominated; the Northeast area of ​​the town, where the ancient city of Tenochtitlán was located and where fresh waters dominated; the Xochimilco Lake Zone, which had fresh waters and a higher elevation than the Tenochtitlán zone; and the Lake Chalco Zone, which presents characteristics similar to those of Lake Xochimilco.The results of the study show that zoning the lake plain into 4 regions allows for a linear relationship of the variables of vertical displacement of the terrain and dejection (decrease) of the static level of groundwater, showing that there is a direct relationship between both variables, contrary to what recent studies showed since when studying the phenomenon regionally, the results showed little or no linear relationship between land settlement and the drop in the static level.
Streamflow prediction and drought index production based on the Bayesian autoregressive exogenous stochastic volatility model using climate factor
Authors: Cho Hemie , Sofia Pamela , Kang Subin , Kwon Hyun-Han
Published: February 2023

The Soyang Dam is a main multi-purpose dam for preventing floods and supplying water to the metropolitan area, including Seoul, located in the Han River basin. This research explored the predictability of streamflow that plays a critical role in the reservoir operation of the Soyang Dam in South Korea. A novel stochastic approach was used to offer skillful season-ahead streamflow forecasting during the monsoon season (June-July-August, JJA) using climate state variables (e.g., SST, SLP, and wind anomalies) and dynamic climate forecasts simulated from global climate models (GCMs), as predictors. Further, we employes autoregressive exogenous stochastic volatility(ARXSV) model for streamflow prediction with the predictors that were identified within a Hierarchical Bayesian modeling framework. A cross-validation experiment under different synoptic patterns is performed to test the efficacy of the proposed modeling process. Finally, this study will investigate the effectiveness of streamflow forecasts as a precursor of the hydrological drought condition for the upcoming season. AcknowledgementThis research was supported by a grant(2022-MOIS63-001) of Cooperative Research Method and Safety Management Technology in National Disaster funded by Ministry of Interior and Safety(MOIS, Korea). This work was partially funded by the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program under Grant KMI 2018-07010.
Reproducibility and uncertainty for national Canadian hydrometric stations
Authors: Gharari Shervan , Liu Hongli , Freer Jim , Whitfield Paul , Stadnyk Tricia , Pietroniro Alain , Clark Martyn
Published: February 2023

Reliable and accurate river streamflow or discharge measurement and reporting are essential for engineering, economic, and social decision-making. Discharge values are often perceived as true and deterministic by users, modelers, and decision-makers. In this study, the processes of discharge estimation by the Water Survey of Canada, WSC, are presented. The process of inferring the discharge (water volume over time) based on stage (water level) through stage-discharge relationships or “rating curves” including related terminologies is described. Multiple practices of rating curve construction and discharge estimation across WSC hydrometric stations are explored. Major processes of "override" and "temporary shift" which significantly affect the discharge estimation are elaborated. The reproducibility of the published discharge data using data from the production process for approximately 1750 active hydrometric stations operated by WSC is examined. Other impacts of temporary shift and override have been evaluated on the properties such as discharge residuals or performance metrics. Recommendations are made for wider access to metadata and measurements that are essential to quantify the reproducibility and uncertainty of reported discharge values. Open science, particularly Earth system modeling, demands clear communication of reproducibility, and uncertainty of published discharge.
Early Aptian mineral and geochemical evidence of siderites from the Tibetan Himalaya: implications for the low sulfate concentration of Oceanic Anoxic Event
Authors: Meng Fan
Published: February 2023

Several typical Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAEs) occurred in the greenhouse period of the Mesozoic. These OAEs were characterized by low seawater sulfate concentration ([SO42‒]) before and during the events, suggested by sulfur-cycle, which have been considered to play a significant role in their formation and evolution. However, there is still lack of reliable sedimentary evidence for the low [SO42‒] and the details how the low [SO42‒] impact the OAEs. Here, we present integrated sedimentologcal, mineral and geochemical study of black shale and siderites hosted in black shale and concretions during the early Aptian in the Gucuo Ⅱ section (Tibetan Himalaya). The siderites were observed throughout the section and share the similar characteristics in the black shale and concretion, which can be divided into dominant disseminated and rhombus crystals in early diagenesis and minor spherical crystals in the late diagenesis. The multiple evidence of relatively high V/Al and V/ (V+ Ni), MREE bulge pattern, minor occurrence of pyrites and the extremely low carbon-isotope values of carbonate concretion that close to organic matter indicate that siderites were formed in the Fe reduction zones by the process of Dissimilatory Iron Reduction (DIR) which required strict conditions of low [SO42‒], reducing environment, abundant iron and high alkalinity. Additionally, the symbiosis of siderite and pyrite may indicate that the DIR occurred close to the Microbial Sulfate Reduction (MSR) zone, and the extremely low seawater [SO42‒] hovered around the tipping point where pyrites could form once the seawater sulfate increase by pulse input of enhanced continental weathering and/or volcanism. Our observations supported the previous hypothesis that under the background of low [SO42‒], enhanced volcanic-derived sulfate input could have promoted the MSR and organic matter mineralization, which likely further enhanced nutrient recycling, and increased primary productivity and organic carbon burial, leading to more oxygen consumption and subsequently driving an expansion of the oxygen minimum zones.
Sediment coatings reduce leaf and canopy scale photosynthesis in a salt marsh: a novel soil-plant-atmosphere linkage
Authors: O'Halloran Thomas L. , Furbeck Michelle E. , Smith Erik M. , Mozdzer Thomas J. , Barrett Kyle
Published: February 2023

Salt marshes gain vertical elevation to persist under sea level rise by building soil through primary production and trapping inorganic sediments.  Current models assume inorganic sediments contribute positively to marsh elevation, and that plants facilitate deposition and accretion through sediment trapping, suggesting rates of sediment trapping may be positively related to primary productivity.  Here we examine a phenomenon observed in a high salinity salt marsh estuary whereby inorganic sediments contribute to coating the Spartina alterniflora canopy and we investigate whether these coatings can inhibit photosynthesis.  Using eddy covariance observations of carbon dioxide flux, chamber measurements of leaf level photosynthesis, and measurements of leaf and canopy phenology we determined that 1) during rainless periods leaf and canopy greenness decline due to coating development, which is rinsed by rain proportionally to rain amount, 2) canopy light use efficiency declines as coatings develop for up to six days, 3) leaf level quantum use efficiency increases when coatings are removed, 4) canopy light use efficiency is weakly inversely correlated with creek salinity, 5) rinsing leaves amplifies the enhancement of canopy photosynthesis by diffuse light.  This study identifies a new mechanism in which inorganic sediments can inhibit S. alterniflora photosynthesis. Further work is needed to quantify the magnitude of the effect in terms of biomass production to determine whether this is a concern for marsh accretion.  If climate change and sea level rise enhance epiphytic coating development or residence time through, for example, creek bank erosion, sediment mobilization, or by extending rain-free periods, then this process may need to be incorporated in marsh elevation models.
In situ chemical characterization of airborne nanoplastic particles by aerosol mass spectrometry
Authors: Chan Arthur , Tawadrous Michael , Wang Xing , Lee Alex
Published: February 2023

Extensive use of plastic products has introduced a large amount of plastic pollutants in urban areas and even in remote environments. Nanoplastic particles, in particular, can remain airborne for weeks and transported across greater distances. Characterization of atmospheric nanoplastic particles has been limited. Sampling methods used for larger microplastic particles, such as deposition sampling, and characterization methods, such as spectroscopy, are not applicable to nanoplastic particles. Furthermore, offline sampling methods involve extensive sample preparation procedures which can alter physical and chemical properties of the particles.In this work, we investigate the use of aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS) as an in situ technique to characterize nanoplastic particle size and composition. We generate plastic particles via three different techniques: thermal decomposition of PET plastic bottles, 3D printing (using PET, ABS, and PLA filaments) and mechanical abrasion. Particle size was characterized using a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS). Particles were also sampled into a high resolution time of flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) and onto quartz filters for offline characterization using pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS).We found that the AMS produced real-time particle mass spectra that were very similar to those measured by Py-GC/MS analysis of particles collected on filters. The consistency between the two techniques demonstrate that AMS can provide similar information about polymeric content as Py-GC/MS, which is a widely used technique for plastic materials, but at a substantially lower detection limit and higher time resolution. On the other hand, the use chromatographic separation in Py-GC/MS provides more comprehensive evaluation of polymeric composition. For example, we were able to detect changes in ratios between monomers and dimers of PET using Py-GC/MS. Py-GC/MS was also able to provide simultaneous measurement of rubber polymers and additives in tire wear particles, an important source of particles in the near road atmosphere.Since AMS is a commonly used technique for non-refractory components in atmospheric aerosol, optimizing the AMS for nanoplastic particle detection will help understand the sources, dynamics, mixing state and fate of nanoplastic particles in the atmosphere.
New Deep Underground Microgravity Laboratory in South Korea
Authors: Oh John J. , Woo Ik , Kim Hwansun , Son Edwin J. , You SeungMi , Dehghan Javad , Kim Jeong Woo
Published: February 2023

We introduce the recent construction and current status of a deep underground microgravity laboratory, YeMiGO (Yemi Micro-Gravity Observatory), in South Korea. On October 2022, YeMiGO was built at the YemiLab in Jeongseon-gun, Gangwon-do Province, eastern mountain region of the Korean Peninsula. YemiLab is the underground experiment laboratory constructed and operated by the Institute of Basic Science (IBS) in South Korea, designed for a dark matter search project. Through a collaboration between the National Institute for Mathematical Sciences (NIMS) of IBS and the University of Calgary in Canada, GWR Instruments Inc.’s superconducting gravimeter, iGravTM (serial #001) was installed in the joint lab, YeMiGO. YeMiGO‘s surface coordinates are (37.190656N, 128.658326E, and 885m above the mean sea level (MSL)), and the gravimeter was installed at about 1,003m and 118m below the surface and MSL, respectively. In this paper, the construction of the lab, installation, and operation of iGravTM, and its current status are presented. Detailed information on calibration, environmental noise characteristics, and its geophysical application will be also presented. 
Optimisation of Urban-Rural Nature-Based Solutions for Integrated Catchment Water Management
Authors: Liu Leyang , Dobson Barnaby , Mijic Ana
Published: February 2023

Nature-based solutions (NBS) have co-benefits for water availability, water quality, and flood management. However, searching for optimal integrated urban-rural NBS planning to maximise co-benefits at a catchment scale is still limited by fragmented evaluation. This study develops an integrated urban-rural NBS planning optimisation framework based on the CatchWat-SD model, which is developed to simulate a multi-catchment integrated water cycle in the Norfolk region, UK. Three rural (runoff attenuation features, regenerative farming, floodplain) and two urban (urban green space, constructed wastewater wetlands) NBS interventions are integrated into the model at a range of implementation scales. A many-objective optimization problem with seven water management objectives to account for flow, quality and cost indicators is formulated, and the NSGAII algorithm is adopted to search for optimal NBS portfolios. Results show that rural NBS have more significant impacts across the catchment, which increase with the scale of implementation. Integrated urban-rural NBS planning can improve water availability, water quality, and flood management simultaneously, though trade-offs exist between different objectives. Runoff attenuation features and floodplains provide the greatest benefits for water availability. Regenerative farming is most effective for water quality and flood management, though it decreases water availability by up to 15% because it retains more water in the soil. Phosphorus levels are best reduced by expansion of urban green space to decrease loading on combined sewer systems, though this trades off against water availability, flood, nitrogen and suspended solids. The proposed framework enables spatial prioritisation of NBS, which may ultimately guide multi-stakeholder decision-making, bridging the urban-rural divide in catchment water management. 
Divergent controls on particulate and mineral-associated organic carbon formation and persistence
Authors: Hansen Paige , King Alison , Lavallee Jocelyn , Schipanski Meagan , Cotrufo M. Francesca
Published: February 2023

Identifying global controls on soil carbon (C) storage, as well as where soil C is most vulnerable to loss, are essential to realizing the potential of soils to mitigate climate change via C sequestration. However, we currently lack a comprehensive understanding of the global drivers of soil C storage, especially with regards to particulate (POC) and mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC). To better understand global controls on these two C fractions, we synthesized climate, and net primary production (NPP), and soils data from 73 published studies and databases. This large dataset is representative of multiple land cover types, including broadleaved and coniferous forests, grasslands, shrublands, wetlands, tundra, and wetlands. We then applied structural equation modeling (SEM) to assess hierarchical, interactive controls on global POC and MAOC pools (i.e., g POC or MAOC per kg soil) in topsoils. Our SEM tested relationships between NPP and climate (i.e., mean annual temperature (MAT) and effective moisture, assessed as mean annual precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration), as well as the extent to which climate and NPP, along with soil texture and pH, govern POC and MAOC storage. We found that NPP is positively related to MAT and effective moisture. Additionally, POC storage is negatively related to both MAT and pH, while MAOC storage is positively related to NPP and effective moisture, but negatively related to soil % sand. Given that temperature and pH impose constraints on microbial decomposition, these results indicate that POC storage is primarily controlled by C output limitations. In contrast, strong relationships with variables related to plant productivity constraints and to mineral surfaces available for sorption indicate that MAOC storage is primarily controlled by climate-driven C input limitations and C stabilization mechanisms. Together, we demonstrate that divergent controls govern C storage in POC and MAOC, and that these controls are consistent across multiple ecosystem types.