bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seed traits matter—Endozoochoric dispersal through a pervasive mobile linker
Authors: Stiegler Jonas , Kiemel Katrin , Eccard Jana , Fischer Christina , Hering Robert , Ortmann Sylvia , Strigl Lea , Tiedemann Ralph , Ullmann Wiebke , Blaum Niels
Published: December 2021

Although many plants are dispersed by wind and seeds can travel long distances across unsuitable matrix areas, a large proportion relies on co‐evolved zoochorous seed dispersal to connect populations in isolated habitat islands. Particularly in agricultural landscapes, where remaining habitat patches are often very small and highly isolated, mobile linkers as zoochorous seed dispersers are critical for the population dynamics of numerous plant species. However, knowledge about the quali‐ or quantification of such mobile link processes, especially in agricultural landscapes, is still limited. In a controlled feeding experiment, we recorded the seed intake and germination success after complete digestion by the European brown hare (Lepus europaeus) and explored its mobile link potential as an endozoochoric seed disperser. Utilizing a suite of common, rare, and potentially invasive plant species, we disentangled the effects of seed morphological traits on germination success while controlling for phylogenetic relatedness. Further, we measured the landscape connectivity via hares in two contrasting agricultural landscapes (simple: few natural and semi‐natural structures, large fields; complex: high amount of natural and semi‐natural structures, small fields) using GPS‐based movement data. With 34,710 seeds of 44 plant species fed, one of 200 seeds (0.51%) with seedlings of 33 species germinated from feces. Germination after complete digestion was positively related to denser seeds with comparatively small surface area and a relatively slender and elongated shape, suggesting that, for hares, the most critical seed characteristics for successful endozoochorous seed dispersal minimize exposure of the seed to the stomach and the associated digestive system. Furthermore, we could show that a hare's retention time is long enough to interconnect different habitats, especially grasslands and fields. Thus, besides other seed dispersal mechanisms, this most likely allows hares to act as effective mobile linkers contributing to ecosystem stability in times of agricultural intensification, not only in complex but also in simple landscapes.
Synthesis of Fluorinated Amides Starting from Carbohydrates Based on the Claisen Rearrangement
Authors: Bilska‐Markowska Monika , Patyk‐Kaźmierczak Ewa , Lusina Aleksandra
Published: December 2021

The search for new methods for installation of fluorine atoms into organic molecules is still a widely studied issue. In this work, an efficient synthetic protocol for the synthesis of fluorine‐containing amides derived from sugar has been presented. This approach involved the Claisen rearrangement of previously obtained fluorinated vinyl ethers. The three fluorinated olefins: 1,1,3,3,3‐pentafluoroprop‐1‐ene (2H‐PFP), 1,2,3,3,3‐pentafluoroprop‐1‐ene (1H‐PFP) and hexafluoroprop‐1‐ene (HFP) were used as a source of fluorine. New compounds were characterized by 1H, 19F and 13C NMR spectroscopy and high resolution mass spectrometry. The X‐ray crystal structures of some fluorinated derivatives were obtained confirming structure, geometry and absolute configuration. The resulting molecules, due to possibility of further transformation of their functional groups, can be valuable fluorinated scaffolds for the synthesis of subsequent chemical compounds.
Stability of laterally unsupported shear links in eccentrically braced frames
Authors: Özkılıç Yasin Onuralp , Zeybek Özer , Topkaya Cem
Published: December 2021

I‐shaped links in eccentrically braced frames (EBFs) are susceptible to lateral or lateral torsional buckling when subjected to cyclic link rotations. Lateral bracing should be provided at the ends of the I‐shaped links in order to prevent these failures. Requirements for such braces are available in widely used design specifications such as the AISC Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings (AISC341‐16) and EC8. These requirements limit the use of I‐shaped links in bridge piers and elevator shafts. A combined experimental and numerical study was undertaken to investigate the behavior of laterally unsupported I‐shaped links under cyclic loading. The experimental study consisted of testing of six nearly full‐scale EBFs where the link length, link length ratio, and presence of lateral supports were considered as the prime variables. The test results demonstrated that short links with link length ratios less than 1.22 can experience inelastic link rotations greater than the codified limit of 0.08 rad even without lateral bracing. A numerical parametric study was conducted to develop more generalized design recommendations for laterally unsupported I‐shaped shear links. Stability of one‐story one‐bay EBFs was studied using geometrically and materially nonlinear finite element analysis including imperfections. The numerical results showed that I‐shaped links without lateral bracing can provide a stable response when the link length ratio is less than 1.15. In addition to this limit, the ratio of the elastic critical buckling capacity to the plastic shear capacity should be greater than 3.5 and 2.5 for links with and without axial force, respectively.
Health Justice and Rawls's Theory at Fifty: Will New Thinking about Health and Inequality Influence the Most Influential Account of Justice?
Authors: Kniess Johannes
Published: December 2021

This year marks the centenary of John Rawls's birth and the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of A Theory of Justice. The influence of Rawls's landmark book on the general fields of moral and political philosophy is undisputed and well‐documented. It has also left a significant imprint on debates surrounding health policy, health care, and health inequalities. This article traces the changing ways in which Rawls's theory influenced debates about justice in health over the last five decades. Just as Rawls's ideas have shaped debates about health, however, these debates can help us critically appraise the theory and its limitations. In that spirit, the article sketches three areas where a focus on health reveals challenges to the Rawlsian framework: the issue of priority setting among competing goods, the theory's egalitarian commitments, and its focus on the distribution of goods.
Genetic Control in Historical Perspective:The Legacy of India's Genetic Control of Mosquitoes Unit
Authors: Wilbanks Rebecca
Published: December 2021

In the early 1970s, a World Health Organization‐initiated and United States‐funded project released lab‐reared mosquitoes outside New Delhi in the first large‐scale field trials of the genetic control of mosquitoes. Despite partnering with the Indian Council of Medical Research and investing significantly in outreach to local communities at the release sites, the project was embroiled in controversy and became an object of vehement debate within the Indian parliament and diplomatic contretemps between the United States and India. This early episode of genetic control research demonstrates how a scientific collaboration was entangled in geopolitics and shaped by the legacy of colonialism. This historical case study has implications for public deliberation in the present, pointing to the challenges of shared decision‐making in the context of structural inequality, the way that a backdrop of military interest in a technology can impede trust, and the long‐term consequences of projects that foster mistrust.
The Decision Phases Framework for Public Engagement:Engaging Stakeholders about Gene Editing in the Wild
Authors: Barnhill‐Dilling S. Kathleen , Kokotovich Adam , Delborne Jason A.
Published: December 2021

Some experts and advocates propose environmental biotechnologies such as genetic engineering, gene drive systems, and synthetic biology as potential solutions to accelerating rates of species loss. While these tools may offer hope for a seemingly intractable problem, they also present potential governance challenges for which innovative decision‐making systems are required. Two of the perennial governance challenges include, when are broader stakeholder groups involved in these decisions and who exactly should be involved? We propose the decision phases framework—which includes research and development, regulatory review, and deployment, management, and monitoring—as a framework for identifying which stakeholders might be best suited for different phases throughout the innovation and deployment of emerging environmental biotechnologies for species protection.
Empowering Indigenous Knowledge in Deliberations on Gene Editing in the Wild
Authors: Taitingfong Riley , Ullah Anika
Published: December 2021

Proposals to release genetically engineered organisms in the wild raise complex ethical issues related to their safe and equitable implementation. While there is broad agreement that community and public engagement is vital to decision‐making in this context, more discussion is needed about who should be engaged in such activities and in what ways. This article identifies Indigenous peoples as key stakeholders in decisions about gene‐editing in the wild and argues that engagement activities need not only include Indigenous peoples but also be designed, conducted, and analyzed in ways that confront longstanding power imbalances that dismiss Indigenous expertise. We offer specific recommendations to guide deliberative activities to not only be inclusive of Indigenous peoples but also to empower their diverse, situated knowledges. We call on those committed to the inclusive design of broad public deliberation to pursue strategies that shift dominant power dynamics to include Indigenous communities in more meaningful ways.
Characteristics and definitive outcomes of COVID‐19 patients admitted to a secondary hospital intensive care unit in Sweden
Authors: Sjöström Björn , Månsson Emeli , Viklund Kamienny Josefin , Östberg Erland
Published: December 2021

Background and Aims

Most published reports of COVID‐19 Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients are from large tertiary hospitals and often present short‐term or incomplete outcome data. There are reports indicating that ICUs with fewer beds are associated with higher mortality. This study aimed to investigate the definitive outcome and patient characteristics of the complete first wave of COVID‐19 patients admitted to ICU in a secondary hospital.

Methods

In this prospective observational study, all patients with respiratory failure and a positive SARS‐CoV‐2 test admitted to Västerås Hospital ICU between 24 March and July 22, 2020 were included. The primary outcome was defined as 90‐day mortality. Secondary outcomes included ICU length of stay, hospital length of stay, number of days with invasive ventilation, need for vasopressors/inotropes, and use of renal replacement therapy.

Results

Fifty‐three patients were included. Median age (range) was 59 (33‐76) and 74% were men. Obesity and hypertension were the most common comorbidities and 45% of the patients were born outside Europe. Ninety‐day mortality was 30%. Median ICU length of stay (interquartile range) was 14 (5‐24) days and the duration of invasive mechanical ventilation 16 (12‐26) days. No patients received dialysis at 90‐day follow‐up.

Conclusion

In this cohort of COVID‐19 patients treated in a secondary hospital ICU, mortality rates were low compared to early studies from China, Italy, and the United States, but similar to other government‐funded hospitals in Scandinavia. A preparatory reorganization enabled an increase in ICU capacity, hence avoiding an overwhelmed intensive care organization.
Evaluation of rapid telehealth implementation for prenatal and postpartum care visits during the COVID‐19 pandemic in an academic clinic in Springfield, Massachusetts, United States of America
Authors: Reisinger‐Kindle Keith , Qasba Neena , Cayton Colby , Niakan Shiva , Knee Alexander , Goff Sarah L.
Published: December 2021

Background and aims

COVID‐19 forced healthcare systems to implement telehealth programs, facilitated in Massachusetts by a policy requiring insurers to reimburse for telehealth visits. Prior studies suggest that telehealth is effective for obstetric care, but little is known about its implementation in response to policy changes in underserved communities. We utilized the RE‐AIM framework to evaluate telehealth implementation in a large academic urban obstetric practice that serves a medically underserved population.

Methods

RE‐AIM elements were assessed through retrospective review of electronic health record (EHR) data for all obstetric encounters between March 19 and August 31, 2020 and review of clinic implementation processes. Data extracted included demographics, number and type (in‐person or telehealth) of prenatal visits, prenatal diagnoses, delivery outcomes, and number and type of postpartum visits. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Results

A total of 558 patients (60.6% Hispanic; 13.2% primary language Spanish) had 1788 prenatal visits, of which 698 (39.0%) were telehealth visits. A total of 209 patients had 230 postpartum visits, of which 101 (48.3%) were telehealth visits. The Reach of the intervention increased from 0% of patients at baseline to 69% in August. Effectiveness measures were limited but suggested potential for earlier diagnosis of some prenatal conditions. Adoption was high, with all 30 providers using telehealth, and the telehealth was found to likely be feasible and acceptable based on uptake. Increases in the percentage of telehealth visits over time and continuation post‐lockdown suggested maintenance was potentially achievable.

Conclusions

The COVID‐19 pandemic has changed traditional approaches to healthcare delivery. We demonstrate that the use of the RE‐AIM framework can be effective in facilitating implementation of telephone visits in a large academic urban obstetric practice after state‐level policy change. This may be of particular importance in settings serving patients at higher risk for maternal morbidity and poor birth outcomes.
Scanning electron microscopy of the nasal skin in different animal species as a method for forensic identification
Authors: Madkour Fatma A. , Abdelsabour‐Khalaf Mohammed
Published: December 2021

The current study aims to provide a new method for the identification of animal species by using the scanning electron microscopic study on the nasal skin around the nostril. The reference databases for animal identification using traditional ways (i.e., hair and bone analyses) were somewhat available. This study was conducted on the nasal skin of seven different animal species: large ruminants (Saidi buffalo and frozen Angus cattle); small ruminants (Egyptian goat and Rahmani sheep); camels (one‐hump dromedary camel); equines (African domestic donkey and Arabian horse); carnivores (farm domestic cat, Egyptian Baladi dog, and red fox); swine (Danish Landrace pig); and rodents (albino rat and New Zealand white rabbit). The nasal skin was divided by grooves into different shaped raised areas in some examined animals, the mean diameter of these areas and width of the grooves of each animal species were recorded. The characteristic differential features of the nasal skin of each animal species have been documented. Few openings of the nasolabial glands were demonstrated in large ruminants and swine, which were H letter‐shaped in buffaloes, oval‐shaped in cattle, and whirlpool‐shaped with several layers of folds on their margin in pig. Moreover, the openings of the lateral nasal glands were whirlpool, ovoid, and oval shaped in goats, sheep, and camels, respectively. In conclusion, the present study proved that the skin around the nostrils plays an important role as means of identification in forensic investigations and improves the field of veterinary forensic medicine in general, which is not well‐developed in comparison with human forensics.
Characterization of the novel SARS‐CoV‐2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant of concern and its global perspective
Authors: Saxena Shailendra K. , Kumar Swatantra , Ansari Saniya , Paweska Janusz T. , Maurya Vimal K. , Tripathi Anil K. , Abdel‐Moneim Ahmed S.
Published: December 2021

As the latest identified novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) variant of concern (VOC), the influence of Omicron on our globe grows promptly. Compared with the last VOC (Delta variant), more mutations were identified, which may address the characteristics of Omicron. Considering these crucial mutations and their implications including an increase in transmissibility, COVID‐19 severity, and reduction of efficacy of currently available diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics, Omicron has been classified as one of the VOC. Notably, 15 of these mutations reside in the receptor‐binding domain of spike glycoprotein, which may alter transmissibility, infectivity, neutralizing antibody escape, and vaccine breakthrough cases of COVID‐19. Therefore, our present study characterizes the mutational hotspots of the Omicron variant in comparison with the Delta variant of SARS‐CoV‐2. Furthermore, detailed information was analyzed to characterize the global perspective of Omicron, including transmission dynamic, effect on testing, and immunity, which shall promote the progress of the clinical application and basic research. Collectively, our data suggest that due to continuous variation in the spike glycoprotein sequences, the use of coronavirus‐specific attachment inhibitors may not be the current choice of therapy for emerging SARS‐CoV‐2 VOCs. Hence, we need to proceed with a sense of urgency in this matter.
Early Last Interglacial environmental changes recorded by speleothems from Katerloch (south‐east Austria)
Authors: Honiat Charlotte , Festi Daniela , Wilcox Paul S. , Edwards R. Lawrence , Cheng Hai , Spötl Christoph
Published: December 2021

In the European Alps, the Last Interglacial (LIG, ~129–116 ka) has been primarily studied using pollen preserved in mires and lake sediments. These records document the vegetation succession across the LIG, but are poorly constrained chronologically. Here, we present a precisely dated stable isotope record for the early LIG (129.6 ± 0.4 to 125.0 ± 0.8 ka) based on two stalagmites from Katerloch, a cave located on the south‐eastern side of the Alps. The onset of the interglacial is marked by a sharp rise in the oxygen isotope values at 129.4 ± 0.4 ka, consistent within dating uncertainty with the timing of Termination II as recorded by other Alpine speleothems. Carbon isotope values show an equally prominent drop at Termination II and the establishment of a forest ecosystem. Although concentrations are low, pollen from these stalagmites provide insights into how the local vegetation changed across the first five millennia of the LIG. The spectra indicate a vegetation optimum recorded by the occurrence of warm‐demanding taxa typical of the Eemian mesocratic phase. By combining stable isotopes and pollen data, we propose an absolutely dated chronological framework for peri‐Alpine pollen successions from lacustrine sediments covering the first half of the LIG.
An African adder (Bitis arietans complex) at Qafzeh Cave, Israel, during the early Late Pleistocene (MIS 5)
Authors: Biton Rebecca , Bailon Salvador
Published: December 2021

We studied Viperidae remains from Qafzeh Cave, Israel, to understand past dispersal timing and range expansion of Afro‐Arabian taxa to the Southern Levant during the early Late Pleistocene (Marine Isotope Stage 5). A total of 62 African adder (Bitis) snake remains were retrieved from multiple layers at Qafzeh Cave, alongside five non‐Bitis ‘Oriental viper’ taxa vertebrae. These are the only available specimens of Bitis ever reported in the Southern Levant. The morphology of the maxilla and vertebrae corresponds well to that of the Bitis arietans complex. Qafzeh Cave thus becomes the northernmost boundary of the B. arietans complex expansion ever recorded outside Africa. The unprecedented occurrence of Bitis at Qafzeh Cave, in conjunction with other archaeozoological evidence at the site, attest to exceptional climatic and environmental conditions in the surroundings of the cave during the Mousterian Homo sapiens occupations. It reinforces previous evidence for taxa expanding from sub‐Saharan Africa to the Mediterranean biome of the Southern Levant through the now hyper‐arid Saharo‐Arabian desert belt. The environmental conditions following deposition of the early Late Pleistocene layers were probably not favourable for the establishment of the snake, and eventually the B. arietans complex became locally extirpated.
A prospective comparison of costs between robotics, laparoscopy, and laparotomy in endometrial cancer among women with Class III obesity or higher
Authors: Kosa Sarah D. , Ferguson Sarah E. , Panzarella Tony , Lau Susie , Abitbol Jeremie , Samouëlian Vanessa , Giede Christopher , Steed Helen , Renkosinski Benjamin , Gien Lilian T. , Bernardini Marcus Q.
Published: December 2021

Background and Objectives

To compare the immediate operating room (OR), inpatient, and overall costs between three surgical modalities among women with endometrial cancer (EC) and Class III obesity or higher.

Methods

A multicentre prospective observational study examined outcomes of women, with early stage EC, treated surgically. Resource use was collected for OR costs including OR time, equipment, and inpatient costs. Median OR, inpatient, and overall costs across surgical modalities were analyzed using an Independent‐Samples Kruskal–Wallis Test among patients with BMI ≥ 40.

Results

Out of 520 women, 103 had a BMI ≥ 40. Among women with BMI ≥ 40: median OR costs were $4197.02 for laparotomy, $5524.63 for non‐robotic assisted laparoscopy, and $7225.16 for robotic‐assisted laparoscopy (p < 0.001) and median inpatient costs were $5584.28 for laparotomy, $3042.07 for non‐robotic assisted laparoscopy, and $1794.51 for robotic‐assisted laparoscopy (p < 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in the median overall costs: $10 291.50 for laparotomy, $8412.63 for non‐robotic assisted laparoscopy, and $9002.48 for robotic‐assisted laparoscopy (p = 0.185).

Conclusion

There was no difference in overall costs between the three surgical modalities in patient with BMI ≥ 40. Given the similar costs, any form of minimally invasive surgery should be promoted in this population.
Glycerol‐Based Polyurethane Nanoparticles Reduce Friction and Wear of Lubricant Formulations
Authors: Uebel Fabian , Thérien‐Aubin Héloïse , Landfester Katharina
Published: December 2021

The relative motion of two surfaces in direct contact results in friction and wear. This affects every moving surface, contributing to a quarter of the worldwide energy consumption. The addition of lubricant can reduce friction by separating the surfaces, making more energy‐efficient systems. Lubricants are composed of a base oil and a series of additives. Molecules like glycerol can improve the efficiency of a lubricant system. However, the direct addition of hydrophilic molecules to hydrophobic lubricant oils is challenging due to their poor miscibility. The encapsulation of glycerol, or other hydrophilic additives, in nanocarriers will enable the design of additive systems delivering poorly miscible molecules to the lubricant. Here, glycerol is encapsulated in cross‐linked glycerol nanocapsules. The nanocarrier is dispersed in a lubricant oil and placed between two metal surfaces. The release of the additive, from the nanocarriers, is triggered by the force applied on the nanocarriers by the metal surfaces in contact. The release observed is dependent on the applied force and mechanical properties of the nanocarrier, which can be controlled during the synthesis. The addition of those mechanoresponsive nanocarriers improved the long‐term performance of the lubricant and represents a step toward the reduction of friction between metal–metal contacts.
Convergence analysis of modified inertial forward–backward splitting scheme with applications
Authors: Enyi Cyril D. , Shehu Yekini , Iyiola Olaniyi S. , Yao Jen‐Chih
Published: December 2021

In the settings of real Hilbert spaces, this paper proposes modified forward– backward scheme with inertial extrapolation step for solving inverse problems. In our proposed method, it is possible for the inertial factor to be chosen as 1 unlike many previous inertial forward–backward splitting methods available in the literature. Weak and strong convergence of our proposed method are obtained under some standard conditions. In order to show the numerical advantage gained when the inertial factor is chosen as 1, a number of numerical implementations are performed on two different inverse problems: LASSO and SCAD penalty problems.
A comparison of node‐based and arc‐based hop‐indexed formulations for the Steiner tree problem with hop constraints
Authors: Fortz Bernard , Gouveia Luis , Moura Pedro
Published: December 2021

We study the relation between the linear programming relaxation of two classes of models for the Steiner tree problem with hop constraints. One class is characterized by having hop‐indexed arc variables. Although such models have proved to have a very strong linear programming bound, they are not easy to use because of the huge number of variables. This has motivated some studies with models involving fewer variables that use, instead of the hop‐indexed arc variables, hop‐indexed node variables. In this article, we contextualize the linear programming relaxation of these node‐based models in terms of the linear programming relaxation of known arc‐based models. We show that the linear programming relaxation of a general node‐based model is implied by the linear programming relaxation of a straightforward arc‐based model.
Data‐driven optimal fault‐tolerant‐control and detection for a class of unknown nonlinear discrete‐time systems
Authors: Treesatayapun Chidentree
Published: December 2021

The design of optimal fault‐tolerant control with actuator and sensor faults is investigated. The system dynamics and faults are considered as a class of unknown nonlinear discrete‐time systems when the data‐driven equivalent model is formulated by a multi‐input fuzzy rule emulated network (MiFREN). The multi‐gradient learning law is developed with the proposed fault‐detection algorithm to enchant the performance of MiFREN. By employing only pieces of information from the equivalent model, the proposed controller is designed and the closed‐loop performance is analyzed through the rigorous theorem. Simulation systems and comparison results are provided to validate the performance of the proposed scheme.
Prostate weight and prostate cancer outcomes after radical prostatectomy: Results from the SEARCH cohort study
Authors: Barlow Sean Kennedy , Oyekunle Taofik , Janes Jessica L. , De Hoedt Amanda M. , Aronson William J. , Kane Christopher J. , Amling Christopher L. , Cooperberg Matthew R. , Klaassen Zachary W. , Terris Martha K. , Freedland Stephen J , Csizmadi Ilona
Published: December 2021

Background

Smaller prostates have been linked to unfavorable clinical characteristics and poor short‐term outcomes following radical prostatectomy (RP). We examined the relation between prostate weight at RP and prostate cancer (PC) outcomes post‐RP.

Methods

Men in the SEARCH cohort undergoing RP between 1988 and 2017 (N = 6242) were studied for PC‐specific mortality (PCSM) as the primary outcome, and for biochemical recurrence (BCR), castration‐resistant PC (CRPC) and metastasis as secondary outcomes. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were determined for associations between prostate weight and outcomes using Fine‐Gray competing risk regression multivariable analyses. Sensitivity analyses were also carried out following exclusion of: (i) men with extreme prostate weights (<20 g and ≥100 g); and (ii) men with elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels.

Results

Median values for age, pre‐RP PSA and prostate weight were 63 years, 6.6 ng/ml, and 42.0 g, respectively. During a median follow‐up of 7.9 years, 153 (3%) died from PC, 2103 (34%) had BCR, 203 (3%) developed CRPC, and 289 (5%) developed metastases. Prostate weight was not associated with PCSM in the main analyses (multivariable HR = 1.43; 95% CI: 0.87–2.34) or in sensitivity analyses. Prostate weight was inversely associated with BCR in the main analyses (multivariable HR = 0.70; 95%CI: 0.61–0.79) which was unchanged in sensitivity analyses. HRs for prostate weight and CRPC and metastasis were elevated but statistical significance was not attained. Similar results were observed in sensitivity analyses.

Conclusions

Inconsistent results for prostate weight and short‐term vs longer‐term outcomes highlight the need to better understand the complex biology leading to prostate size and the relevance of prostate size as a predictor of PC outcomes.
Mechanical properties and energy absorption capability of a new multi‐cell lattice honeycomb paperboard under out‐plane compression: Experimental and theoretical studies
Authors: Li Kun , Wang Jun , Lu Lixin , Qin Qinghua , Chen Junzhong , Shen Chao , Jiang Mi
Published: December 2021

In this paper, a new multi‐cell lattice honeycomb paperboard was designed based on the expansion manufacturing process, aiming to improve the load‐bearing capacity and energy absorption of the honeycomb paperboard. Quasi‐static axial crush experiments were conducted on multi‐cell lattice honeycomb paperboard (MHC) and standard honeycomb paperboard (HC), and the out‐of‐plane crushing response and energy absorption of MHC and HC are compared. The deformation mode of MHC is discussed in detail. A typical folding element is selected, and a theoretical model is developed to predict the plateau stress of the MHC. The results show that under the same structural and cell length dimensions, the peak stress of MHC is 3.3 times higher than that of HC, the plateau stress and energy absorption are 3.9 times higher than that of HC. Under the same relative density conditions, the peak stress of MHC is enhanced by 10% over HC, and the plateau stress and energy absorption are enhanced by 30% and 29%, respectively. The predicted plateau stress from the theoretical model compares well with the experimental values. The great potential for industrial applications of multi‐cell lattice honeycomb paperboard based on an expansion manufacturing process is demonstrated, with minimal modifications to the manufacturing process but with a significant increase in load‐bearing capacity and energy absorption. These results could be used as a reference for the design and improvement of honeycomb structures and other similar structures.
Classical and objective Bayesian estimation and confidence intervals of an asymmetric loss based capability index Cpmk′$\mathcal {C}^{\prime }_{pmk}$
Authors: Dey Sanku , Saha Mahendra , Zhang Shen , Wang Min
Published: December 2021

In this paper, we introduce a new process capability index, based on an asymmetric loss function (linear exponential) for normal process. To estimate , we first obtain eight different classical methods of estimation and then consider objective Bayesian methods of estimation under the squared error loss function and the linear exponential loss function. Extensive simulations are carried out to investigate the performance of these estimation methods in terms of the mean squared errors. In addition, we compare the performance of four bootstrap confidence intervals and the highest posterior density interval of in terms of average width and coverage probability. Finally, three real‐data applications from electronic industries are provided for illustrative purposes.
A new double exponentially weighted moving average control chart for monitoring both location and dispersion
Authors: Chatterjee Kashinath , Koukouvinos Christos , Lappa Angeliki
Published: December 2021

In this article, we extend the single exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) semicircle (EWMA‐SC) chart to a single double EWMA semicircle chart, called the DEWMA‐SC control chart. The run length (RL) characteristics of the proposed chart are computed through Monte‐Carlo simulations. A detailed comparative study is conducted to compare the performance of the proposed chart with that of the EWMA‐SC and GWMA‐SC charts with time‐varying control limits. The comparison results reveal that the DEWMA‐SC chart outperforms the competing charts in detecting most of the considered shifts in the process mean and/or variability. Additionally, the DEWMA‐SC chart shows very satisfactory overall performance for detecting a wide range of shift combinations of the process mean and dispersion, compared with the EWMA‐SC and GWMA‐SC charts assuming various control chart parameter values. Finally, real and simulated datasets are considered to present the implementation of the new chart.
WIDA English Language Development Standards Framework, 2020 Edition: Key Shifts and Emerging Tensions
Authors: Grapin Scott E. , Lee Okhee
Published: December 2021

In December 2020, the WIDA Consortium released the WIDA English Language Development Standards Framework, 2020 Edition. In the coming years, the 2020 Edition will be implemented across 36 states, the District of Columbia, and four territories and agencies in the US. The 2020 Edition also arrives at a time when the field of TESOL is grappling with multiple theoretical perspectives on how to provide an equitable education to the nation’s fast‐growing population of multilingual learners. As the WIDA Standards and their updates over multiple editions reflect evolving conceptions of language, language development, and the integration of language and content learning, the 2020 Edition offers an opportunity to take stock of where the field has been, how it has shifted, and what challenges might lie ahead. The purpose of this article is to inform TESOL educators, including researchers, practitioners, and policymakers, of the 2020 Edition and its differences from its immediate predecessor (2012 Edition). We begin by providing a brief overview of the U.S. K‐12 policy context. Next, we describe key conceptual shifts embodied by the 2020 Edition. Finally, we highlight emerging tensions that TESOL educators are likely to grapple with as the standards get implemented in K‐12 classrooms with multilingual learners. Although this article is situated in the U.S. policy context, its relevance extends to the international community of TESOL educators, as the shifts and tensions inherent in the standards resonate with broader shifts and tensions in the TESOL literature.
Powering transformative practices against food poverty with urban planning
Authors: Simón‐Rojo Marian
Published: December 2021

Food is back on the agenda. After the global financial crisis of 2008, food insecurity became rampant even in high‐income countries, and COVID‐19 has only worsened the situation. Action is needed to build emancipatory practices dealing with food insecurity. The cultural and technical legacy of urban planning can be seized and enriched with the principles of the commons and the ethics of care. A case study in Madrid, Spain, provides clues about how to envision a future in which urbanism backs agroecological and right to food movements to design resilient urban food systems. More than 400 free food distribution nodes operate in the city, yet over 14% of the population is food insecure. This study analyzes public, private, and community programs to address food poverty, as well as community gardens, municipal markets, food‐related business incubators, and public centers with potential community kitchens. Urban planning helps broadening horizons of possibilities, activating the collective imagination of new ways to connect needs and—often unnoticed—resources. Such an approach contributes to progress in reducing dependencies from the large industrial food sector. Urban planning provides tools for applying the qualities of agroecological food systems supported by the community to define strategies adapted to each specific context. In mature contexts, it helps transposing the social reorganization into the material space in the neighborhood.
Effects of intravenous butaphosphan and cyanocobalamin to late pregnant ewes on the metabolic indices around parturition and weight gain of their lambs after birth
Authors: Mohammadi Barimanloo Azizollah , Chalmeh Aliasghar , Pourjafar Mehrdad , Mirzaei Abdolah
Published: December 2021

Background

Management and control of metabolic disorders in sheep around parturition is important. and various researchers have suggested different managerial solutions. Butaphosphan and cyanocobalamin are widely used for curing metabolic disorders resulting from poor nutrition, inadequate management or diseases.

Objectives

It was hypothesised that butaphosphan and cyanocobalamin could improve the metabolism of ewes around parturition.

Methods

Twenty‐eight clinically healthy 3‐year‐old pregnant Afshari ewes from 21 days before parturition were enrolled into four equal groups: control (Ctrl), B+C1, B+C2 and B+C3. The Ctrl group only received intravenous normal saline and B+C1, B+C2 and B+C3 ewes, respectively, received an intravenous combination of 10% butaphosphan and 0.005% cyanocobalamin at 2, 4 and 6 ml/ewe, on Days 19–21, 10–12 and 1–3 before parturition. Blood samples were taken from all the ewes on Days 21, 12 and 3 before lambing at parturition day and on days 3, 12 and 21 after parturition. A body condition score of all the ewes was assessed at blood sampling days, and lambs born from the ewes were weighed at birth and every 2 weeks up to 3 months. Serum concentrations of glucose, cortisol, non‐esterified fatty acids, beta‐hydroxy butyric acid, triglyceride, cholesterol, high‐, low‐ and very‐low‐density lipoproteins, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were measured.

Results

This drug combination decreased circulating glucose, cortisol, lipid profile and hepatic enzymes via dose‐dependent manner, 6 ml of this drug compound/ewe was more potent than 4 and 2 ml/ewe. The lambs’ weight from mothers receiving 6 ml of this combination was significantly higher than those of the others.

Conclusions

It may be suggested that the intravenous administration of 6 ml/ewe of this combination for 3 consecutive days in three states before parturition had prophylactic effects on metabolic disorders of ewes and enhanced the lambs weight gain after birth.
Introduction: International Issues and Debates Concerning Adoption
Authors: Ward Harriet , Moggach Lynne , Tregeagle Susan , Trivedi Helen
Published: December 2021

A history of systemic injustices and a lack of transparency have influenced public perceptions of domestic adoption. This book aims to introduce more empirical evidence into the debate by exploring the value of open adoption, as practised in Australia, as a route to permanence for abused and neglected children in out-of-home care who cannot safely return to their birth families. International evidence about the outcomes of adoption and foster care is discussed. The chapter introduces the Barnardos Australia Find-a-Family programme which has been finding adoptive homes since 1986 for non-Aboriginal children in care who are identified as ‘hard to place’. Regular post-adoption face-to-face contact with birth family members is an integral part of the adoption plan. The methodology for evaluating the outcomes for 210 children placed through the programme included case and court file analysis, a follow-up survey and interviews with adoptive parents and adult adoptees.
The Adoptive Parents
Authors: Ward Harriet , Moggach Lynne , Tregeagle Susan , Trivedi Helen
Published: December 2021

The chapter draws on case file data and papers presented to the court at the time of the adoption order. The 210 adoptees were placed in 138 adoptive homes. The adoptive parents were on average ten years older than birth parents and had more stable relationships. They were also better educated. Most lived in owner-occupied homes and the secondary carer was generally in full-time work. Attempts to match children with families of the same ethnicity and culture and to place siblings together were mostly successful: 77% of children with siblings were placed in intact groups; only 8% were placed alone. Almost half (44%) the parents adopted more than one child; 9% adopted three or more; many also had biological children still living with them. While adoptive parents had considerable resources, they also faced challenges including helping children overcome the sequelae of early adverse experiences and parenting several children with diverse needs.
Progress After Placement
Authors: Ward Harriet , Moggach Lynne , Tregeagle Susan , Trivedi Helen
Published: December 2021

The chapter explores the progress made by the 93 adoptees in the core follow-up sample in terms of physical and mental health and education from the time they entered their adoptive homes until they were followed up, on average 18 years later. It draws on data collected through responses to an online survey concerning 93 adoptees (44% of the cohort) completed at follow-up, and interviews focusing on 24 adult adoptees. On entering their placements, 40% of adoptees were developmentally delayed; 13% had poor physical health; 38% were in poor mental health. Emotional and behavioural problems affected their academic progress; 76% required specialist help. After placement, 74% improved in physical health, 66% in mental health and 68% in academic performance. The challenges faced by adoptive parents provide a powerful case for careful preparation and long-term post-adoption support.
Problem und Fragestellung: Wie entstehen Themen in der Planungswissenschaft?
Authors: Gravert Andreas
Published: December 2021

In diesem Kapitel werden der Ausgangspunkt, das Ziel und die Struktur dieser Arbeit dargelegt. Dabei wird zunächst die Forschungslücke umrissen, in die diese Arbeit stößt: Die fehlende Auseinandersetzung mit Themenkarrieren in der Wissenschaft. Es wird die Fragestellung „Wie entstehen Themen in der Planungswissenschaft?“ hergeleitet und die darin enthaltenen Begriffe definiert. Anschließend wird erklärt, warum die institutionalistische Wissenschaftssoziologie als Perspektive gewählt wird. Als Untersuchungsfeld dient die Disziplin der Planungswissenschaft, die grob charakterisiert wird und deren Vorarbeiten für die Beschäftigung mit Themenkarrieren zusammengefasst werden. Zuletzt werden das Vorgehen dieser Arbeit und der Aufbau dieses Buches erklärt.
Diskussion und Ausblick: Zum Umgang mit Themenkarrieren in der Planungswissenschaft
Authors: Gravert Andreas
Published: December 2021

In diesem abschließenden Kapitel werden auf Basis der vorgelegten Erkenntnisse Anknüpfungspunkte für weitergehende Diskussionen und Forschungen gegeben. Im Gegensatz zu den vorangegangenen Kapiteln werden hier keine systematisch gewonnenen Forschungsergebnisse dargestellt. Vielmehr ist der Abschnitt als Brücke zu verstehen, mit der das gewonnene Wissen über Themenkarrieren in der Planungswissenschaft für weitergehende Diskussionen und Forschungen zugänglich gemacht wird. In Kapitel 10.1 wird eine Abwägung der Vor- und Nachteile von Themenkarrieren bzw. genauer von temporären Fokussierungen vorgenommen. In Kapitel 10.2 werden Anstöße zum Umgang mit Themenkarrieren in der Planungswissenschaft gegeben. Zuletzt wird in Kapitel 10.3 die Methodik reflektiert und weiterer Forschungsbedarf benannt.
Empirisches Vorgehen und Methodik
Authors: Gravert Andreas
Published: December 2021

In diesem Kapitel wird das methodische Vorgehen, das im empirischen Teil dieser Arbeit (Kp. 7 und Kp. 8) zum Einsatz kommt, transparent gemacht und begründet. Ziel der Empirie ist es, die Datengrundlage für die Beantwortung der Forschungsfrage ‚Wie entstehen Themen in der Planungswissenschaft‘ herzustellen. Hierfür leitet der analytische Rahmen ein Kategoriengerüst aus der Theorie ab, das den Fokus auf die potenziell erklärungsrelevanten Aspekte richtet. Die Methodik muss ermöglichen, diese Aspekte im Zuge der empirischen Analyse zu erfassen. Als Untersuchungsfeld dient die deutsche Planungswissenschaft. Hier sind Themenkarrieren nachzuweisen, zu rekonstruieren und Mechanismen der wissenschaftlichen Aufmerksamkeitsentstehung offenzulegen. Im Folgenden wird das mehrstufige empirische Forschungsdesign erläutert. Zunächst ist dabei herzuleiten, warum ein vergleichender Fallstudienansatz gewählt wird und anhand welcher Kriterien die beiden Fälle ausgewählt werden (Kp. 6.1). Im Anschluss wird die Operationalisierung der beiden gewählten Themen vorgenommen (Kp. 6.2). In Abschnitt 6.3 wird die quantitative Analyse erläutert, was die Datenerhebung sowie die angewandten Auswertungsmethoden der Bibliometrie und der formalen Netzwerkanalyse mit einschließt. Abschließend wird in Abschnitt 6.4 auf die qualitative Datenerhebung und -auswertung eingegangen, wobei primär leitfadengestützte Interviews zum Einsatz kommen.
Das Thema Schrumpfende Städte in der Planungswissenschaft
Authors: Gravert Andreas
Published: December 2021

In diesem Kapitel wird die Karriere des Themas Schrumpfende Städte in der Planungswissenschaft unter die Lupe genommen. Das Thema impliziert die Gleichzeitigkeit von demografischen, ökonomischen sowie städtischen und stadtregionalen Niedergangsprozessen. Bei der Untersuchung kommen qualitative Methoden (Literaturauswertung, leitfadengestützte Interviews) sowie quantitative Methoden (Netzwerkanalyse, deskriptive Statistik) zum Einsatz. Die Analyse setzt bereits ab Mitte der 1970er Jahre ein, als das Absinken der Geburtenrate unter die Sterberate die deutsche Planungswissenschaft erstmals veranlasste, die demografische Schrumpfung und deren Folgen zu diskutieren (Kp. 7.1). Es folgt eine Schilderung der Latenzphase in den Jahren 1991-1999 (Kp. 7.2), der Durchbruchphase 2000-2001 (Kp. 7.3), der Fokusphase 2002-2006 (Kp. 7.4) und der Normalisierungsphase ab 2007 (Kp. 7.5). Eine umfassendere quantitative Gesamtbetrachtung der Themenkarriere Schrumpfende Städte wird in Abschnitt 7.6 vorgenommen. Abschließend wird ein Kapitel 7.7 ein Zwischenfazit gezogen.
Aktueller Forschungsstand und Status Quo
Authors: Schrader Sonja Maria
Published: December 2021

Die kognitiven Fähigkeiten der Kinder werden durch frühe Bildungsmaßnahmen positiv beeinflusst. Diese umfassen sprachliche und mathematische Kompetenzen ebenso wie das Problemlösen. Förderliche Effekte konnten insbesondere auf sozial schwächer gestellte Kinder und Kinder mit Migrationshintergrund nachgewiesen werden, wobei diese deutlich seltener Tageseinrichtungen besuchen.
Methodik
Authors: Schrader Sonja Maria
Published: December 2021

Die Analyse der Fragestellung wurde anhand einer qualitativen Untersuchung vorgenommen, zu der auf Basis der eigenen Beobachtungen ein Literatur-Review durchgeführt wurde. Um die gewählte vielperspektivische Herangehensweise darstellen zu können, erschien dieses Vorgehen geeignet, da mit einer empirischen Untersuchung nur ein Einzelaspekt hätte betrachtet werden können. Auf Grundlage des Forschungsstandes konnten dann nachfolgend die weiteren Gedankengänge aufgebaut werden.