bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
"Une petite Republique" in Southwestern Newfoundland: The Limits of Imperial Authority in a Remote Maritime Environment
Authors: Janzen Olaf U.
Published: January 2019

This chapter analyses the French and Irish fishing settlements in Codroy, southwestern Newfoundland, from their origins, persistence during the British sovereignty of the island, and eventual successive abandonments during war between Britain and France, once in 1744, again in 1755, and a final time in 1762, this time as a British community. The chapter aims to demonstrate that national differences were relatively insignificant, as the infrastructure of Codroy was largely unchanged over time despite the shift from French to British occupation. It uses manuscript and cartographic sources from French and English archives as the basis for analysis and provides a thorough account of the history of these settlements, concluding that the only major difference between settlements was that war forced the French to abandon them, whereas wartime conditions were favourable to the English.
Life before Frieda
Authors: Ellis David
Published: January 2019

This chapter begins by describing the deep impression made on Lawrence by Schopenhauer’s essay on `The Metaphysics of Love’, with its reduction of all love to a sexual, or more precisely reproductive instinct. When Lawrence discussed this essay with Jessie Chambers, it helped him recognise that he was less sexually attracted to her than to her brother Alan (see The White Peacock). Lawrence’s growing awareness of his bi-sexuality did not prevent him from deciding that he wanted to write about sex in more detail than previous English novelists, and from feeling increasingly frustrated, therefore, by his complete lack of personal experience. This build-up of sexual frustration became one of his major early subjects, especially as two of the more familiar methods of relief — masturbation and prostitution — were closed off to him. In desperation, he turned back to Jessie and cruelly recorded the failure of what was his first experience of sexual intercourse in the chapter of Sons and Lovers unfairly entitled `The Test on Miriam’. It was his almost immediately subsequent liaison with a dissatisfied married woman from his home town which helped him to describe his protagonist’s relations with Clare Dawes in that novel.
Evaluation of farming system outputs in Lithuania: methodological proposal
Authors: Novikova Anastasija , Rocchi Lucia , Startienė Gražina
Published: January 2019

Agriculture produces jointly market and non-market outputs, and their supply depends on the nature of production. The role of agriculture as an economic activity and its consequences are essential for the Lithuanian case study, as agricultural land covers more than a half of the Lithuanian land. The market does not consider the positive and negative externalities created in agroecosystems. Therefore, specific techniques such as stated preferences methods are used for evaluation of non-market outputs in agriculture. Works by foreign researchers provide a comprehensive analysis of the aspects of nontradable agricultural aspects, usually focusing on evaluation of the benefit or damage to society from agricultural activity. There is lack of an integrated evaluation of farming system outputs in view of the specifics and intensity of farming. The main aim of this paper is to present construction of the methodology for integration of evaluation of farming system outputs in Lithuania, with the main focus on non-market outputs, as the values of agricultural market outputs are clear and fully revealed in official statistics. The conventional and organic farming has been selected for the Lithuanian case study. For the both farming systems, the research covers crops (including both cereals and industrials crops) and livestock (including dairy and cattle) production. The choice experiment (CE) method was selected as appropriate for evaluation of non-market outputs of different farming systems in Lithuanian agriculture. The nested logit was selected for econometric modelling of the value of non-market agricultural outputs. Applying the constructed and checked methodology, consumers’ willingness to pay for agroecosystem public goods of different farming systems will be elicited during the main survey.
Lewinskya laevigata (J.E. Zetterst.) F. Lara et al. (Bryophyta, Orthotrichaceae) in Sierra Nevada (Spain)
Authors: Guerra Juan
Published: January 2019

Lewinskya laevigata (J.E. Zetterst.) F. Lara et al., un musgo ártico-alpino, muy raro en el área mediterránea, se cita por segunda vez en la Península Ibérica. La muestra ha sido recolectada en los Peñones de San Francisco (Sierra Nevada, España).

Lewinskya laevigata (J.E. Zetterst.) F. Lara et al., an arctic-alpine moss, very rare in the Mediterranean area, is recorded for the second time in the Iberian Peninsula. The sample has been collected in the Peñones de San Francisco (Sierra Nevada, Spain).
Influence de l’aération du massif filtrant sur les performances épuratoires du procédé d’infiltration-percolation
Authors: Bali Mahmoud
Published: January 2019

L’infiltration-percolation est un procédé extensif de traitement des eaux usées urbaines permettant la dégradation de la matière organique et l’oxydation de l’azote. L’objectif principal de ce travail de recherche est d’étudier l’influence de l’aération du massif filtrant sur les performances épuratoires du procédé d’infiltration-percolation. Les résultats d’analyses ont montré que les colonnes de laboratoire équipées de systèmes d’aération ont favorisé les meilleurs taux d’abattement de la pollution organique et azotée. La matière organique exprimée en termes de DCO (demande chimique en oxygène) a été éliminée à hauteur de 58,35 % et 81,11 % respectivement pour les colonnes d’infiltration dépourvue et pourvue d’un système d’aération centrale et périphérique. Les rendements d’abattement de l’azote ammoniacal ont été respectivement 74,11 % et 92,14 %. Les résultats expérimentaux ont montré aussi que la capacité d’oxydation du filtre dépend de la réoxygénation du massif filtrant. Plus le renouvellement de la phase gazeuse du milieu poreux est assuré, meilleure est la capacité d’oxydation.
Optimal discharge locations to refill hydric reservoirs with reused water - application to the jaunay lake case study
Authors: Crespo María , Orsoni Julien , Bortoli Jérôme , Rapaport Alain , Rousseau Antoine , Jauzein Vincent
Published: January 2019

In this work, we study optimal strategies of wastewater reuse for refilling Jaunay Lake (a water reservoir located on the French western coast) which shows an alarming volume reduction due to the human water intake. To grasp the multiple issues to ascertain the appropriate location for the reused water discharge, mathematical modelling is particularly adapted for testing different conditions (physical, meteorological) and optimizing the system to achieve targets (maximum allowable concentration of pollutant for drinking water and recreational uses). We focus on modelling the distribution of a generic pollutant in the reservoir, which is expected to vary with time and space. The model assumes that the reservoir volume stays constant (because the flow rates at the refilling and removal points are considered to be quasi-identical), the density of the pollutant is smaller than that of the reservoir water (so that the pollutant remains at the top level of the water column) and its dynamics is influenced by two main effects: wind and water currents. The model accounts for the reservoir geometry, the operating conditions of the transfer pipes (input and output) and real data regarding chronicles of wind velocity and river flow. Then, we tackle a multi-optimization problem which aims to find optimal refilling locations which reduce the pollutant concentration at two strategic regions of the reservoir. A Pareto front is presented as a decision-tool to choose the optimal strategy according to different water quality criteria.
An elucidation of the links between hormones, DNA methylation, the microbiome, and disease to restore homeostasis to each component through the genomic engineering of CRISPR microbes
Authors: Hillman Tatiana
Published: January 2019

We speculate that there are connections between hormonal changes, the frequency of DNA methylation, and disease. The microbiome may also affect the production of those hormones. Short Chain Fatty Acids as butyrate, propionate, folate, and acetate act as ligands that bind to G-coupled protein receptors. The SCFAs are produced after intestinal microflora ferment glucose from insoluble fiber. When SCFAs bind to G-proteins, a downward cascade is activated, releasing hormones as leptin and PYY, which each control appetite and prevent the formation of type 2 diabetes. When the SCFAs bind G-proteins, a methyl group can be added to a specific and target site of a DNA sequence. For example, folate from Bifidobacterium donates a methyl for synthesizing S-adenosylmethionine or SAM, which then donates a methyl to the enzymes of DNA methylation, acting as a substrate. We presented less arduous ways to measure DNA methylation through a methyl kit, which recording the different levels of DNA methylation can help identify and distinguish between cancer versus non-cancer samples of blood. We reviewed the effects of hormones on DNA methylation. If the microbiome regulates both hormones and DNA methylation, then perhaps through the microbiome diseases can be more readily identified, diagnosed, modeled, and treated. Our purpose for this review, was to find the links between each of the three factors, hormones, DNA methylation, and bacteria, in order to find possible ways to genetically manipulate each into equilibrium to maybe provide alternative diagnosis protocols and treatments for disease.
On the equity value of innovation / Do valor patrimonial da inovação
Authors: Sichel Ricardo Luiz , Malafaia Luiza de Medeiros
Published: January 2019

The technological innovation, according to the present paper has an important role to promote economicdevelopment. The trademark establishes its titleholder to obtain an increase of the value of its intangible asset.The product or the service gains by either its value or how it is considered by the consumer. It enables the ownerto license it, which means his allowance that other companies achieve in order to use a certain brand, withoutbecoming its owner. It is therefore a certain way to rent the use of a trademark. Franchising is a broader wayto fixing the trademark in a worldwide scale, because is not limited to its license, but also include a know-howtransfer.
Franchise agreement strategy: contribution to R&D in Brazil and Poland / A estratégia o contrato de franquia: contribuição para P&D no Brasil e Polônia
Authors: Sichel Débora Lacs , Da Costa Joyce Natividade
Published: January 2019

The economic development is a consequence of the innovation procedure. This paper is about the innovationprocedure in Brazil and in Poland. Both nations were re-democratized in the end of the 20th Century. Thesimilarities of both countries do not reflect the development of IP (Innovation Procedure) since Brazil has gotdifficulties as a consequence of its economic crisis. This crisis didn’t allow the establishment of R&D centers.The paper also analyses the Polish integration in the European Union and how it has enabled the establishmentof R&D centers through franchising.
Alkanolamines – Method for the determination of 11 alkanolamines in workplace air using ion chromatography (IC) [Air Monitoring Methods, 2018]
Authors: Breuer D. , Blaskowitz M. , Ansari Eshlaghi P. , Hebisch R. , Brock T.H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2019

This analytical method is a validated measurement procedure for the determination of 11 alkanolamines such as 2‐aminoethanol, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, 2‐amino‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanol, 2‐(dimethylamino)ethanol, 2‐(2‐aminoethoxy)ethanol, methyl diethanolamine, 4‐amino‐1‐butanol, (S)‐3‐amino‐1,2‐propanediol, 1‐amino‐2‐propanol and 2‐amino‐2‐methyl‐1,3‐propanediol in workplace air averaged over the sampling period after personal or stationary sampling. Sampling is performed by drawing a defined volume of air through a quartz fibre filter impregnated with methanesulfonic acid. The filter is positioned in a GSP sampling head which comply with the requirement of EN 481 for inhalable aerosols and EN 13936 for particle/vapour mixtures. After solvent extraction the sample solution is analysed by means of ion chromatography with a conductivity detector. The quantitative determination of the alkanolamines is based on calibration functions obtained by means of multiple‐point calibrations. The limit of quantification for an individual alkanolamine is in the range from 0.087 to 0.58 mg/m
3
.

Joint Publication of the Analytical Subcommittee of the Chemistry Board of Experts of the Expert Committee Raw Materials and Chemical Industry of the German Social Accident Insurance and the working group “Air Analyses” of the Permanent Senate Commission of the DFG for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area.
Method for the determination of hexavalent chromium in workplace air using photometry [Air Monitoring Methods, 2019]
Authors: Schneider W. , Brock T.H. , Hebisch R. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2019

This analytical method is a validated measurement procedure for the determination of hexavalent chromium in workplace air averaged over the sampling period after personal or stationary sampling. Sampling is performed by drawing a defined volume of air through a quartz fibre filter located in a GSP sampling head using a suitable flow‐regulated pump. The flow rate is set to 3.5 or 10 L/min with a recommended air sample volume of 420 or 1200 L. The collected hexavalent chromium oxidised 1,5‐diphenylcarbazide to 1,5‐diphenylcarbazone, which forms a red‐violet coloured complex with the generated trivalent chromium. The filtered extract is measured photometrically at 540 nm after a waiting time of 30 minutes within a period of 15 minutes. The quantitative determination is based on a calibration function obtained by means of multi‐point calibrations. The absolute limit of quantification (LOQ) is 0.1 µg for hexavalent chromium deposited on the filter. The mean recovery was 104% and the expanded uncertainty for hexavalent chromium was approx. 20%.

Joint Publication of the Analytical Subcommittee of the Chemistry Board of Experts of the Expert Committee Raw Materials and Chemical Industry of the German Social Accident Insurance and the working group “Air Analyses” of the Permanent Senate Commission of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area.
Addendum zu Nickel (Nickelmetall, ‐oxid, ‐carbonat, ‐sulfid, sulfidische Erze) [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2019]
Authors: Nasterlack M. , Walter D. , Drexler H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2019

In 2018 the German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the correlation (EKA) between inhalational exposure to nickel and sparingly soluble nickel compounds (nickel as nickel metal, nickel sulphide, sulphidic ores, nickel oxide, nickel carbonate) and urinary nickel excretion. The update and evaluation of the available literature led to the conclusion that the EKA correlation could be confirmed for exposures in the range between 100 and 500 µg Ni/m3. An extrapolation of the regression equation to the low dose range turned out to be impossible for both formal and practical reasons.
1‐Nitropropane [MAK Value Documentation, 2017]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) for 1‐nitropropane, considering all toxicity endpoints. The critical effects of 1‐nitropropane [108‐03‐2] were inflammation and degeneration of the olfactory mucosa and inflammation of the squamous epithelium in rats after 28 or 47 days inhalation. The study yielded a NOAEC of 24 ml/m3for local effects. Since 2014, the Commission uses an empirical approach to set MAK values for substances with critical effects on the upper respiratory tract or the eyes. According to this approach, the MAK value for 1‐nitropropane has been lowered from 25 ml/m3to a concentration of 2 ml/m3. As local effects are critical, the assignment to Peak Limitation Category I is confirmed. The excursion factor of 8 is set as a human volunteer study revealed irritative effects only at considerably higher concentrations. Because there are no studies of teratogenicity, the substance is classified in Pregnancy Risk Group D. Skin contact is expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity and 1‐nitropropane is designated with an “H”. 1‐Nitropropane is not genotoxic and data for carcinogenicity are lacking. Sensitization is not expected from the limited data.
2‐Butoxyethanol (Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether) [MAK Value Documentation, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the carcinogenicity classification of 2‐butoxyethanol [
111‐76‐2
]. In long‐term studies, 2‐butoxyethanol resulted in hepatocellular carcinomas, haemangiosarcomas and forestomach tumours in mice and phaeochromocytomas in rats and was classified in Carcinogen Category 4.

New studies indicate that the hepatic tumours and the phaeochromocytomas are consequences of the haemolysis which is caused by the metabolite butoxyacetic acid. The forestomach tumours in mice are judged to be irrelevant for humans. There are differences between rats and humans concerning the formation and the haemolytic potency of butoxyacetic acid, which renders humans much less susceptible for haemolysis than rats, although humans can develop signs of haemolysis after severe oral intoxication. However, the CNS‐depression and the irritation caused by 2‐butoxyethanol precludes that humans are exposed regularly to 2‐butoxyethanol concentrations at the workplace which might result in significant haemolysis. Therefore, the Commission has removed 2‐butoxyethanol from the Carcinogen Category 4.
trans‐1,3,3,3‐Tetrafluorpropen [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2019]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) of trans‐1,3,3,3‐tetrafluoropropene [
29118‐24‐9
]. As the blood:air partition coefficient of trans‐1,3,3,3‐tetrafluoropropene is < 5, the increased respiratory volume at the workplace (see List of MAK and BAT Values, Sections I b and I c) does not have to be taken into account for the derivation of the MAK value. Even after extrapolation of 6‐hour exposure in the animal experiment to 8‐hour exposure at the workplace, the MAK value for trans‐1,3,3,3‐tetrafluoropropene of 1000 ml/m
3
can be retained.
Sex differences on the four‐facet model of psychopathy predict physical, verbal, and indirect aggression
Authors: Thomson Nicholas D. , Bozgunov Kiril , Psederska Elena , Vassileva Jasmin
Published: January 2019

Psychopathy is a multifaceted construct that has been linked to aggression. Yet, few studies have explored the association between physical, verbal, and indirect aggression using the 4‐facet model of psychopathy in community samples, and to date, no studies exist that test for male and female differences. The present study aimed to understand what facets of psychopathy predict aggressive behavior for men and women, while controlling for important risk factors, such as Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD). Drawing from a large Bulgarian community sample (N = 565), a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported the use of the 4‐facet model of the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV; Hart et al., ). Hierarchical linear regressions revealed that physical aggression was predicted by affective and antisocial psychopathic traits, and ASPD. Verbal aggression was predicted by the interpersonal facet, and indirect aggression was predicted by the antisocial psychopathy facet and ASPD. Sex significantly moderated the associations among facets of psychopathy and physical and indirect aggression. Specifically, the affective facet was positively associated with physical aggression only for women, whereas the antisocial facet was positively associated with indirect aggression only for men. Results suggest that the 4‐facet model of psychopathy is sensitive to capture important similarities and differences between males and females when predicting forms of aggression in community samples. These findings underscore the importance of understanding how men and women differ in their risk‐factors for aggressive behavior, which will better inform violence interventions based on sex‐specific needs.
Longitudinal trajectories of perpetration of adolescent dating abuse in a national sample
Authors: Mumford Elizabeth A. , Liu Weiwei , Taylor Bruce G.
Published: January 2019

Despite extensive research regarding patterns and outcomes of victimization in dating relationships, there has been limited investigation of the developmental profiles of the perpetration of adolescent dating abuse (ADA). We estimated longitudinal latent growth models of ADA perpetration in a sample of 2,269 U.S. adolescents/young adults ages 12–18 at baseline, drawing on four waves (2013–2017) of data from the nationally representative Survey of Teen Relationships and Intimate Violence. Model results revealed three classes representing “nondaters,” respondents showing “increasing dating/ADA,” and respondents with “high/stable dating/ADA.” Results support prior research finding heightened patterns of ADA perpetration by older youth, and distinguish individual and family characteristics associated with adolescent/young adults’ ADA perpetration for the purpose of informing individual and programmatic prevention efforts.
van der Waals Epitaxial Growth of Atomically Thin 2D Metals on Dangling‐Bond‐Free WSe2 and WS2
Authors: Wu Ruixia , Tao Quanyang , Dang Weiqi , Liu Yuan , Li Bo , Li Jia , Zhao Bei , Zhang Zhengwei , Ma Huifang , Sun Guangzhuang , Duan Xidong , Duan Xiangfeng
Published: January 2019

2D metals have attracted considerable recent attention for their special physical properties, such as charge density waves, magnetism, and superconductivity. However, despite some recent efforts, the synthesis of ultrathin 2D metals nanosheets down to monolayer thickness remains a significant challenge. Herein, by using atomically flat 2D WSe2 or WS2 as the growth substrate, the synthesis of atomically thin 2D metallic MTe2 (M = V, Nb, Ta) single crystals with the thickness down to the monolayer regime and the creation of atomically thin MTe2/WSe2 (WS2) vertical heterojunctions is reported. Comparison with the growth on the SiO2/Si substrate under the same conditions reveals that the utilization of the dangling‐bond‐free WSe2 or WS2 as the van der Waals epitaxy substrates is crucial for the successful realization of atomically thin MTe2 (M = V, Nb, Ta) nanosheets. It is further shown that the epitaxial grown 2D metals can function as van der Waals contacts for 2D semiconductors with little interface damage and improved electronic performance. This study defines a robust van der Waals epitaxy pathway to ultrathin 2D metals, which is essential for fundamental studies and potential technological applications of this new class of materials at the 2D limit.
Degradable Nanoparticles Restore Lysosomal pH and Autophagic Flux in Lipotoxic Pancreatic Beta Cells
Authors: Zeng Jialiu , Shirihai Orian S. , Grinstaff Mark W.
Published: January 2019

Chronic exposure to high levels of fatty acids (lipotoxicity) in pancreatic beta cells (β‐cells) decreases lysosomal acidity and inhibits autophagic flux. Today, there are a lack of approaches to modify lysosomal acidity to determine whether impaired lysosomal acidification is causally inhibiting autophagic flux and cellular functions. Biodegradable poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) with diameters of ≈100 nm localize to lysosomes and serve as an ideal method to deliver lactic and glycolic acid to lysosomes upon NP polymer degradation. In this study, the ability of PLGA NPs to lower lysosomal pH and restore autophagic flux is investigated in pancreatic insulin secreting (INS1) β‐cells. PLGA NPs display a concentration dependent performance with higher concentrations of PLGA NPs, lowering lysosomal pH, as well as restoring autophagic flux and insulin secretion in pancreatic β‐cells. These results document that acidifying the lysosome, via an external perturbation, in lipotoxic pancreatic β‐cells affords a specific biological outcome of improved cellular degradative activity.
Biological and Engineered Topological Droplet Rectifiers
Authors: Li Jing , Li Jiaqian , Sun Jing , Feng Shile , Wang Zuankai
Published: January 2019

The power of the directional and spontaneous transport of liquid droplets is revealed through ubiquitous biological processes and numerous practical applications, where droplets are rectified to achieve preferential functions. Despite extensive progress, the fundamental understanding and the ability to exploit new strategies to rectify droplet transport remain elusive. Here, the latest progress in the fundamental understanding as well as the development of engineered droplet rectifiers that impart superior performance in a wide variety of working conditions, ranging from low temperature, ambient temperature, to high temperature, is discussed. For the first time, a phase diagram is formulated that naturally connects the droplet dynamics, including droplet formation modes, length scales, and phase states, with environmental conditions. Parallel approaches are then taken to discuss the basic physical mechanisms underlying biological droplet rectifiers, and a variety of strategies and manufacturing routes for the development of robust artificial droplet rectifiers. Finally, perspectives on how to create novel man‐made rectifiers with functionalities beyond natural counterparts are presented.
Templated Synthesis of Ultrafine Polyaniline Fibers and Their Transfer to Carbon Substrates for Highly Rapid Redox Reactions
Authors: Itoi Hiroyuki , Shimomura Kento , Hasegawa Hideyuki , Nomura Naoya , Ohta Yuina , Iwata Hiroyuki , Hoshikawa Yasuto , Ohzawa Yoshimi
Published: January 2019

Polyaniline ultrafine fibers (PANI‐UFs) prepared using commercial activated carbon (AC) as a template are transferred to conductive carbon substrates. This method starts with the adsorption of aniline in AC, followed by its subsequent electrochemical polymerization to produce PANI‐UFs inside the AC pores. The resulting PANI‐UFs can be transferred onto carbon substrates under an applied potential. In this study, two kinds of AC with different pore sizes (≈2 and ≈4 nm) are used, and carbon black, graphite rods, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, and stainless steel are examined as conductive substrates. It is found that the transfer of PANI‐UFs fails only in the case of stainless steel. The transfer of PANI‐UFs cannot be confirmed by transmission electron microscopy observation because of their ultrafine structures. However, their existence is confirmed by energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and electrochemical analyses. The electrochemical analyses reveal that the electrochemical behavior of the PANI‐UFs is not affected by the pore size of the AC template. In addition, the PANI‐UFs are characterized by extremely rapid redox responses. This template method can be applied for the fabrication of PANI‐UFs on versatile conductive carbon substrates for use in highly sensitive sensors and other electronic devices.
Multiple Reaction Paths for CO Oxidation on a 2D SnOx Nano‐Oxide on the Pt(110) Surface: Intrinsic Reactivity and Spillover
Authors: Zheng Jian , Busch Michael , Artiglia Luca , Skála Tomáš , Rossmeisl Jan , Agnoli Stefano
Published: January 2019

An interface stabilized SnOx/Pt(110) nano‐oxide characterized by a c(2 × 4) surface reconstruction is prepared and characterized by low‐energy electron diffraction (LEED), synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy (SRPES), and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Based on the experimental data, atomic models for the nano‐oxide are proposed and then validated by comparing the experimental results with the outcome of first‐principle calculations. The reactivity of the nano‐oxide toward CO is investigated, obtaining that the c(2 × 4) reconstruction efficiently oxidizes CO to CO2. The SnOx nano‐oxide on the Pt(110) surface can act as a reservoir for oxygen that can diffuse on the adjacent Pt areas where it oxidizes CO. This spillover effect endows the SnOx/Pt(110) system with enhanced tolerance to CO poisoning.
A Light‐Driven Micromotor with Complex Motion Behaviors for Controlled Release
Authors: Sun Yunyu , Liu Ye , Song Bo , Zhang Hui , Duan Ruomeng , Zhang Dafeng , Dong Bin
Published: January 2019

Micromotor that exhibits various movement behaviors has attracted more attention in recent years. However, most researchers focus on its motion behavior and few have studied the fluid flow surrounding it. In this work, a novel micromotor with both controlled motion behavior and surrounding fluid flow, which is driven by near‐infrared (NIR) light based on the unique Marangoni effect caused by the light irradiation of its constituent, i.e., polypyrrole (PPy), is reported. Interestingly, these motion behaviors and the surrounding fluid flow can be easily switched by adjusting the incident angle of the NIR laser. This unique property may have potentials in different fields. Among others, its application in remotely controlled targeted delivery and release is demonstrated.
High Throughput Nanoliposome Formation Using 3D Printed Microfluidic Flow Focusing Chips
Authors: Chen Zhu , Han Jung Yeon , Shumate Laura , Fedak Renee , DeVoe Don L.
Published: January 2019

The use of additive manufacturing to fabricate microfluidic devices capable of high throughout synthesis of nanoscale liposomes with tunable dimensions is demonstrated. Employing a high‐resolution 3D printing process based on stereolithography and digital light projection, microchannel geometries and printing parameters are optimized to enable reliable patterning of channel features with critical dimensions of 200 µm, supporting the production of lipid vesicles below 100 nm in diameter by microfluidic flow focusing. The additive manufacturing approach enables the fabrication of flow focusing microchannels with high aspect ratios, together with seamless fabrication of high‐pressure fluidic ports for world‐to‐chip interfacing, supporting large volumetric flow rates and high‐throughput nanoparticle synthesis, with demonstrated production rates for optimized liposomes as high as 4 mg min−1 from a single device.
Local Chemistry Engineering in Doped Photonic Glass for Optical Pulse Generation
Authors: Chen Jiejie , Shi Zhuo , Zhou Shifeng , Fang Zaijin , Lv Shichao , Yu Haohai , Hao Jianhua , Zhang Huaijin , Wang Jiyang , Qiu Jianrong
Published: January 2019

The control of the optical response of multicomponent photonic glass through short‐ to medium‐range chemistry design has led to the development of high‐performance devices with efficient stimulated radiation, broadband optical amplification, and sensitive optical sensing. However, the success of optical modulation with an all‐fiber configuration is limited by the difficulty in creating smart structural units that can dynamically switch light–matter interactions. Here, a local chemistry design strategy is reported that can help realize dynamic energy storage and its controllable release, based on the simultaneous management of the chemical state and ligand field of transition‐metal dopant through glass crystallization. The theoretical analysis indicates that a four‐level configuration, such as that of tetrahedral Cr4+, can enable efficient photon–electron–photon conversion. Experimental data further reveal that this configuration can be stable in nanostructured glass. A nanostructured fiber with perfect core‐clad configuration is successfully fabricated by the melt‐in‐tube approach. The optical modulation function in bulk glass with estimated σgs and σes values of (1.39 ± 0.03) × 10−16 and (1.20 ± 0.02) × 10−16 cm2, respectively, is also demonstrated. Therefore, a principle pulse laser device with operation wavelength at 1.06 µm and pulse duration of 176 ns is fabricated for the first time.
Preparation and characterization of carbon fiber/polypropylene composites via a tri‐screw in‐line compounding and injection molding
Authors: Xiaochun Yin , Youhua Yin , Yanhong Feng , Guizhen Zhang , Jinsong Wen
Published: January 2019

In this study, a novel process called tri‐screw in‐line compounding and injection molding (TSICM) and corresponding apparatus had been developed for carbon fiber (CF) reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites. The structure and working principle were introduced in detail. Effects of carbon fiber loadings and screw rotation rates on mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of CF/PP composites were experimentally investigated. Fiber length distributions of the composites were determined by using a vision measuring machine. It was found that the maximum number of fibers observed was in the range of 0–50 μm and the maximum length of the fiber in the composites is about 1 mm. Differential scanning calorimetry results showed that the melting enthalpy crystallinity of the composites decreased slightly with the increase in CF loading. Thermogravimetric analysis results showed that the thermal stability of the composites improved with increasing CF loading. Mechanical test results showed that the tensile, flexural strength, modulus, and impact strength increased with increasing CF loadings. The strain at break decreased with the increase in CF content. The increasing screw rotation rate decreased not only the tensile strength and modulus but also the flexural strength and modulus. However, it increased the strain at break values of composites.
Electrochemical Fluoroalkynylation of Aryl Alkenes with Fluoride Ions and Alkynyltrifluoroborate Salts
Authors: Xiong Peng , Long Hao , Xu Hai‐Chao
Published: January 2019

An electrochemical fluoroalkynylation reaction of aryl alkenes has been developed using fluoride ions and alkynyltrifluoroborate salts as the source of functional groups. The electric‐powered vicinal alkene difunctionalization reactions add a fluorine and an alkynyl group across the alkene regioselectively without the need for transition‐metal catalysts and oxidizing reagents.
Site‐Specific Oxidation State Assignments of the Iron Atoms in the [4Fe:4S]2+/1+/0 States of the Nitrogenase Fe‐Protein
Authors: Wenke Belinda B. , Spatzal Thomas , Rees Douglas C.
Published: January 2019

The nitrogenase iron protein (Fe‐protein) contains an unusual [4Fe:4S] iron‐sulphur cluster that is stable in three oxidation states: 2+, 1+, and 0. Here, we use spatially resolved anomalous dispersion (SpReAD) refinement to determine oxidation assignments for the individual irons for each state. Additionally, we report the 1.13‐Å resolution structure for the ADP bound Fe‐protein, the highest resolution Fe‐protein structure presently determined. In the dithionite‐reduced [4Fe:4S]1+ state, our analysis identifies a solvent exposed, delocalized Fe2.5+ pair and a buried Fe2+ pair. We propose that ATP binding by the Fe‐protein promotes an internal redox rearrangement such that the solvent‐exposed Fe pair becomes reduced, thereby facilitating electron transfer to the nitrogenase molybdenum iron‐protein. In the [4Fe:4S]0 and [4Fe:4S]2+ states, the SpReAD analysis supports oxidation states assignments for all irons in these clusters of Fe2+ and valence delocalized Fe2.5+, respectively.
One‐Step Synthesis of Dendritic Highly Branched Polystyrenes by Organotellurium‐Mediated Copolymerization of Styrene and a Dienyl Telluride Monomer
Authors: Lu Yangtian , Yamago Shigeru
Published: January 2019

Dendritic highly branched polystyrenes (HB‐PSts) were prepared by a one‐step copolymerization of dienyl telluride 6 and St in the presence of organotellurium chain transfer agent 2. The molecular weight (MW), dendritic generation, and branching density were easily controlled by the ratio of 2 to 6 to styrene (St) with maintaining monodispersity. The branching efficiency estimated by a deuterium‐labeling experiment showed that 6 quantitatively (>95 %) served as the branching point. The end group fidelity was high (ca. 90 %) as determined by the end group transformation to pyrene‐derivative. Intrinsic viscosity of the HP‐polystyrenes was significantly lower than that of linear polystyrenes and were easily tuned by the branching number and branching density. The method is compatible of various functional groups and chloro and acetoxy‐substituted styrenes were also used as a comonomer. A tadpole block copolymer was also synthesized starting from linear PSt as a macroinitiator.
Porosity Switching in Polymorphic Porous Organic Cages with Exceptional Chemical Stability
Authors: Bera Saibal , Dey Kaushik , Pal Tapan K. , Halder Arjun , Tothadi Srinu , Karak Suvendu , Addicoat Matthew , Banerjee Rahul
Published: January 2019

Porous solids that can be switched between different forms with distinct physical properties are appealing candidates for separation, catalysis, and host–guest chemistry. In this regard, porous organic cages (POCs) are of profound interest because of their solution‐state accessibility. However, the application of POCs is limited by poor chemical stability. Synthesis of an exceptionally stable imine‐linked (4+6) porous organic cage (TpOMe‐CDA) is reported using 2,4,6‐trimethoxy‐1,3,5‐triformyl benzene (TpOMe) as a precursor aldehyde. Introduction of the ‐OMe functional group to the aldehyde creates significant steric and hydrophobic characteristics in the environment around the imine bonds that protects the cage molecules from hydrolysis in the presence of acids or bases. The electronic effect of the ‐OMe group also plays an important role in enhancing the stability of the reported POCs. As a consequence, TpOMe‐CDA reveals exceptional chemical stability in neutral, acidic and basic conditions, even in 12 m NaOH. Interestingly, TpOMe‐CDA exists in three different porous and non‐porous polymorphic forms (α, β, and γ) with respect to differences in crystallographic packing and the orientation of the flexible methoxy groups. All of the polymorphs retain their crystallinity even after treatment with acids and bases. All the polymorphs of TpOMe‐CDA differ significantly in their properties as well as morphology and could be reversibly switched in the presence of an external stimulus.
Effect of modified rubber powder on the morphology and thermal and mechanical properties of blown poly(lactic acid)–hydroxyl epoxidized natural rubber films for flexible film packaging
Authors: Phetphaisit Chor Wayakron , Wapanyakul Wittawat , Phinyocheep Pranee
Published: January 2019

In this study, we prepared and used modified natural rubber powder to increase the toughness of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) films. We blended PLA and hydroxyl epoxidized natural rubber (HENR) via a melt‐mixing process with twin‐screw extruder and a blowing machine. We investigated the influence of the HENR content in the blend films on the microstructure, thermal, mechanical, and optical properties. The morphology of the blend showed a coarse surface and elongated fibrils of HENR in the PLA matrix. After blowing, the dispersion of small particles of HENR in the substrate was seen. The size of the remaining HENR particles was smaller than that of the starting powder. The compatibility of HENR and the remaining rubber particles may have synergistically contributed to improvements in the elongation at break, impact strength, and ultraviolet–visible transition protection of the PLA films. The elongation at break drastically increased from 3 to 228% after PLA was blended with 20 wt % HENR. On the other hand, all of the blends exhibited lower glass‐transition temperatures and cold crystallization temperatures than the pure PLA films. We concluded that the blend was partially compatible and may have increased the flexibility of the PLA films. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47503.
Development of 15 microsatellite loci in the endangered Streptanthus glandulosus subsp. niger (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Swope Sarah M. , Pepper Alan E. , Lee Geneva T. , Burnett Brittany A. , Horten Hannah M.
Published: January 2019

Premise of the Study

The endangered Streptanthus glandulosus subsp. niger (Brassicaceae) is endemic to a single peninsula in California and threatened by fragmentation. We developed microsatellite markers to investigate genetic diversity in the two extant populations and the degree to which they have diverged from one another.

Methods and Results

We used Illumina HiSeq high‐throughput sequencing to develop 15 microsatellite markers, 14 of which were polymorphic. These di‐ and trinucleotide repeats yielded one to 11 alleles per locus in 61 plants across the two populations. Levels of observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.108 to 0.946 and 0.257 to 0.839, respectively. We demonstrated cross‐amplification in a second rare subspecies, S. glandulosus subsp. secundus, and in the widespread congener S. tortuosus.

Conclusions

These are the first microsatellites reported for this subspecies, and they will aid in the inclusion of genetic information in conservation planning. Cross‐amplification was demonstrated in two related taxa, including one of conservation concern.
Habitat configuration for an obligate shallow‐water delphinid: The Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphin, Sousa chinensis, in the Beibu Gulf (Gulf of Tonkin)
Authors: Huang Shiang‐Lin , Peng Chongwei , Chen Mo , Wang Xianyan , Jefferson Thomas A. , Xu Youhou , Yu Xueying , Lao Yanling , Li Jian , Huang Hu , Wu Haiping
Published: January 2019

Habitat configuration is an important baseline to delineate protected area design, refine impact mitigation measures and define habitat protection plans for threatened species. For coastal delphinids, outlining their habitat configuration becomes a real challenge when faced with large distribution ranges that straddle international borders, leaving broad information gaps in uninvestigated areas.

This study projected likely habitats of Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphins, Sousa chinensis, in the Beibu Gulf (Gulf of Tonkin) based on occurrence data and remotely sensed oceanographic characteristics. Net primary productivity was derived to measure the ecosystem service of humpback dolphin habitats.

Bathymetry and chlorophyll‐a concentration are major variables contributing to humpback dolphin habitat configuration, which is characterized by shallow water depth and high primary productivity. Three major, likely habitats were identified in the northern Beibu Gulf from western Leizhou Peninsula to the China–Vietnam border, western Gulf of Tonkin from the Red River estuary to the central coast of Vietnam, and south‐western Hainan Island. Less than 9% of likely habitats are currently protected by marine protected areas.

Affinity to high primary productivity and shallow depths implies that prey abundance and foraging efficiency influence habitat selection by Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphins. Anthropogenic activities potentially altering oceanographic characteristics may impact regional marine ecosystem functions, and hence habitat configuration.

Habitat protection actions for Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphins include implementing coordinated and systematic surveys in major habitats, associating core habitat protection with protected area networks and maritime function zoning, ensuring ecosystem function integrity within major habitats, and reducing both explicit lethal impacts and implicit anthropogenic impacts from activities that change oceanographic features. The habitat protection plan should not only consider marine habitats, but also adjacent coastal landscapes and river catchments. This requires coordination, collaboration and information sharing between scientific research teams, government policy representatives, non‐governmental organizations, local communities and other interested stakeholders.
TGF‐β1 elevates P‐gp and BCRP in hepatocellular carcinoma through HOTAIR/miR‐145 axis
Authors: Kong Jiehong , Qiu Yajing , Li Yuan , Zhang Hongjian , Wang Weipeng
Published: January 2019

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is common in patients and has been linked to transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) and overexpression of drug efflux transporters P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), although the molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying TGF‐β1‐induced MDR in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. It was found that TGF‐β1 upregulated HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR) expression in HCC cells. When drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic 4 (SMAD4) was silenced, HOTAIR expression was accordingly reduced. Meanwhile, miR‐145 expression was increased in the case HOTAIR was silenced. If the enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) was knocked down using small interfering RNA (siRNA), miR‐145 expression was decreased. Then, the regulatory role of miR‐145 in P‐gp and BCRP expression was explored. The results showed that the expression of P‐gp and BCRP protein was suppressed by miR‐145 through binding to the 3′‐untranslated regions (3′‐UTRs) of P‐gp and BCRP. In conclusion, our study revealed a novel mechanism explaining TGF‐β1‐induced MDR in HCC through upregulating P‐gp and BCRP via the SMAD4/HOTAIR/miR‐145 axis.
Witchcraft‐related Abuse and Murder of Children with Albinism in Sub‐Saharan Africa: A Conceptual Review
Authors: Taylor Julie , Bradbury‐Jones Caroline , Lund Patricia
Published: January 2019

Babies born with the inherited condition albinism, resulting in reduced melanin pigment in their hair, skin and eyes, are vulnerable in multiple ways in Africa: as children, as visually impaired, as socially ostracised, isolated and excluded, and as potential victims of witchcraft‐related violence targeted for their body parts for use in ‘lucky’ charms thought to bring good fortune. This conceptual review summarises the scarce research on this topic within an integrated framework of otherness (highlighting the ways in which these children differ from others in their group and how this is perceived by themselves and others), watchfulness (the consequences and impact of this very visible difference on families and communities) and agency (what such children themselves and other people can do to respond to these abuses of human rights). The paucity of information on the lives of children with albinism in Africa limits the development of appropriate interventions to support, empower and, most importantly, protect them at this time of danger in the region. This review proposes a conceptual model to act as a platform for research on which to build and enhance our understanding of the lives of children with albinism in sub‐Saharan Africa.

‘This conceptual review summarises the scarce research on this topic within an integrated framework of otherness…, watchfulness… and agency’

Key Practitioner Messages

Mutilation and killing of people with albinism, particularly children, have increased over recent years.

Very little is known about the physical and psychosocial issues facing children with albinism in the context of threats of assault and attack.

Children with albinism are seen as ‘other’, with the violent context making them and their families watchful and vigilant. This threatens their agency and safety.