bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Behavior of Hardened Printed Concrete and the Effect of Cold Joints: An Experimental Investigation
Authors: Glotz Theresa , Rasehorn Inken Jette , Petryna Yuri
Published: December 2024

The adaptation of 3D printing techniques within the construction industry has opened new possibilities for designing and constructing cementitious materials efficiently and flexibly. The layered nature of extrusion-based concrete printing introduces challenges, such as interlayer weaknesses, that compromise structural integrity and mechanical performance. This experimental study investigates the influence of interlayer orientation and the presence of cold joints (CJ) on mechanical properties, such as stiffness and strength. Three-point bending tests (3PBT) and optical measurement techniques are employed to correlate these properties with the structural response of hardened printed concrete. The analysis determines key properties like Young’s modulus and flexural tensile strength and evaluates them statistically. The investigation examines crack development and failure mechanisms, relating them to the material properties. The findings reveal a strong dependency of material properties and crack formation on layer orientation. Specimens with interlayers aligned parallel to the loading direction exhibit significantly inferior mechanical properties compared with other orientations. The presence of CJ considerably influences the progression of crack formation. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the structural performance of printed concrete.
Spinor Equations of Smarandache Curves in E3
Authors: İsabeyoǧlu Zeynep , Erişir Tülay , Azak Ayşe Zeynep
Published: December 2024

This study examines the spinor representations of TN (tangent and normal), NB (normal and binormal), TB (tangent and binormal) and TNB (tangent, normal and binormal)–Smarandache curves in three-dimensional Euclidean space E3. Spinors are complex column vectors and move on Pauli spin matrices. Isotropic vectors in the C3 complex vector space form a two-dimensional surface in the C2 complex space. Additionally, each isotropic vector in C3 space corresponds to two vectors in C2 space, called spinors. Based on this information, our goal is to establish a relationship between curve theory in differential geometry and spinor space by matching a spinor with an isotropic vector and a real vector generated from the vectors of the Frenet–Serret frame of a curve in three-dimensional Euclidean space. Accordingly, we initially assume two spinors corresponding to the Frenet–Serret frames of the main curve and its (TN, NB, TB and TNB)–Smarandache curves. Then, we utilize the relationships between the Frenet frames of these curves to examine the connections between the two spinors corresponding to these curves. Thus, we give the relationships between spinors corresponding to these Smarandache curves. For this reason, this study creates a bridge between mathematics and physics. This study can also serve as a reference for new studies in geometry and physics as a geometric interpretation of a physical expression.
Optimizing Multi-Depot Mixed Fleet Vehicle–Drone Routing Under a Carbon Trading Mechanism
Authors: Peng Yong , Zhang Yanlong , Yu Dennis Z. , Liu Song , Zhang Yali , Shi Yangyan
Published: December 2024

The global pursuit of carbon neutrality requires the reduction of carbon emissions in logistics and distribution. The integration of electric vehicles (EVs) and drones in a collaborative delivery model revolutionizes last-mile delivery by significantly reducing operating costs and enhancing delivery efficiency while supporting environmental objectives. This paper presents a cost-minimization model that addresses transportation, energy, and carbon trade costs within a cap-and-trade framework. We develop a multi-depot mixed fleet, including electric and fuel vehicles, and a drone collaborative delivery routing optimization model. This model incorporates key factors such as nonlinear EV charging times, time-dependent travel conditions, and energy consumption. We propose an adaptive large neighborhood search algorithm integrating spatiotemporal distance (ALNS-STD) to solve this complex model. This algorithm introduces five domain-specific operators and an adaptive adjustment mechanism to improve solution quality and efficiency. Our computational experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the ALNS-STD, showing its ability to optimize routes by accounting for both spatial and temporal factors. Furthermore, we analyze the influence of charging station distribution and carbon trading mechanisms on overall delivery costs and route planning, underscoring the global significance of our findings.
Low-Light Image Enhancement Using CycleGAN-Based Near-Infrared Image Generation and Fusion
Authors: Lee Min-Han , Go Young-Ho , Lee Seung-Hwan , Lee Sung-Hak
Published: December 2024

Image visibility is often degraded under challenging conditions such as low light, backlighting, and inadequate contrast. To mitigate these issues, techniques like histogram equalization, high dynamic range (HDR) tone mapping and near-infrared (NIR)–visible image fusion are widely employed. However, these methods have inherent drawbacks: histogram equalization frequently causes oversaturation and detail loss, while visible–NIR fusion requires complex and error-prone images. The proposed algorithm of a complementary cycle-consistent generative adversarial network (CycleGAN)-based training with visible and NIR images, leverages CycleGAN to generate fake NIR images by blending the characteristics of visible and NIR images. This approach presents tone compression and preserves fine details, effectively addressing the limitations of traditional methods. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms conventional algorithms, delivering superior quality and detail retention. This advancement holds substantial promise for applications where dependable image visibility is critical, such as autonomous driving and CCTV (Closed-Circuit Television) surveillance systems.
Higher-Order Spectral Analysis and Artificial Intelligence for Diagnosing Faults in Electrical Machines: An Overview
Authors: Iglesias Martínez Miguel Enrique , Antonino-Daviu Jose A. , Dunai Larisa , Conejero J. Alberto , Fernández de Córdoba Pedro
Published: December 2024

Fault diagnosis in electrical machines is a cornerstone of operational reliability and cost-effective maintenance strategies. This review provides a comprehensive exploration of the integration of higher-order spectral analysis (HOSA) techniques—such as a bispectrum, spectral kurtosis, and multifractal wavelet analysis—with advanced artificial intelligence (AI) methodologies, including deep learning, clustering algorithms, Transformer models, and transfer learning. The synergy between HOSA’s robustness in noisy and transient environments and AI’s automation of complex classifications has significantly advanced fault diagnosis in synchronous and DC motors. The novelty of this work lies in its detailed examination of the latest AI advancements, and the hybrid framework combining HOSA-derived features with AI techniques. The proposed approaches address challenges such as computational efficiency and scalability for industrial-scale applications, while offering innovative solutions for predictive maintenance. By leveraging these hybrid methodologies, the work charts a transformative path for improving the reliability and adaptability of industrial-grade electrical machine systems.
GDSMOTE: A Novel Synthetic Oversampling Method for High-Dimensional Imbalanced Financial Data
Authors: Hu Libin , Zhang Yunfeng
Published: December 2024

Synthetic oversampling methods for dealing with imbalanced classification problems have been widely studied. However, the current synthetic oversampling methods still cannot perform well when facing high-dimensional imbalanced financial data. The failure of distance measurement in high-dimensional space, error accumulation caused by noise samples, and the reduction of recognition accuracy of majority samples caused by the distribution of synthetic samples are the main reasons that limit the performance of current methods. Taking these factors into consideration, a novel synthetic oversampling method is proposed, namely the gradient distribution-based synthetic minority oversampling technique (GDSMOTE). Firstly, the concept of gradient contribution was used to assign the minority-class samples to different gradient intervals instead of relying on the spatial distance. Secondly, the root sample selection strategy of GDSMOTE avoids the error accumulation caused by noise samples and a new concept of nearest neighbor was proposed to determine the auxiliary samples. Finally, a safety gradient distribution approximation strategy based on cosine similarity was designed to determine the number of samples to be synthesized in each safety gradient interval. Experiments on high-dimensional imbalanced financial datasets show that GDSMOTE can achieve a higher F1-Score and MCC metrics than baseline methods while achieving a higher recall score. This means that our method has the characteristics of improving the recognition accuracy of minority-class samples without sacrificing the recognition accuracy of majority-class samples and has good adaptability to data decision-making tasks in the financial field.
Characterisation of High Alkaline-Tolerant Novel Ulvan Lyase from Pseudoalteromonas agarivorans: Potential Applications of Enzyme Derived Oligo-Ulvan as Anti-Diabetic Agent
Authors: Gajanayaka Navindu Dinara , Jo Eunyoung , Bandara Minthari Sakethanika , Marasinghe Svini Dileepa , Bawkar Chinmayee , Lee Yeon-Ju , Park Gun-Hoo , Oh Chulhong , Lee Youngdeuk
Published: December 2024

Green algae, particularly Ulva species, are rich in complex polysaccharides, such as ulvan, which have significant potential for biotechnological applications. However, the biochemical properties of ulvan depolymerised products remain underexplored. The enzymatic depolymerisation of ulvan has garnered attention owing to its cost advantages over alternative methods. Nevertheless, the biochemical characterisation of ulvan lyases, specifically those belonging to the polysaccharide lyase family 25 (PL25), is limited. In this study, we identified and biochemically characterised a novel PL25 ulvan lyase, PaUL25, which functions optimally at pH 10. Additionally, we explored the alpha (α)-glucosidase inhibitory properties of ulvan depolymerised products. PaUL25 exhibited optimum activity at 35 °C in Tris-HCl buffer (pH 10). Moreover, enzyme activity was enhanced by more than 150% in the presence of Mn2+ metal ions at and below concentrations of 10 mM. The endolytic action of PaUL25 produced ulvan oligosaccharides with degrees of polymerisation of 2 and 4 as its end products. Partially and completely hydrolysed ulvan oligosaccharides exhibited α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, with half inhibitory concentration IC50 values of 3.21 ± 0.13 and 2.51 ± 0.19 mg/mL, respectively. These findings expand our understanding of PL25 and highlight the pharmaceutical potential of ulvan oligosaccharides, particularly as antidiabetic agents.
Comparison of Standard and Point-of-Care CD4+ T Lymphocyte Measurement Methods in HIV-1 Infected Turkish Patients
Authors: Toygar Deniz Müge , Akhan Sıla , Sayan Murat , Balcı Sibel
Published: December 2024

Background and Objectives: CD4+ T lymphocytes are the primary targets of HIV infection. CD4+ T lymphocyte count is an indicator of immune competence. In this study, we aimed to compare standard flow cytometry and point-of-care (POC) CD4+ T lymphocyte in terms of cost, effectiveness, reliability, time, and the use of this method for disease. Materials and Methods: This study includes 113 patients. CD4+ T lymphocyte count and percentage were evaluated by flow cytometry and POC. Also, hemoglobin (Hb) level was studied. The data obtained by two methods are compared. Results: When the two methods were compared, intraclass coefficients demonstrated a good consistency for Hb (ICC = 0.849) and CD4+ T lymphocyte percentage (ICC = 0.803). For CD4+ T lymphocyte count, consistency was moderate, ICC = 0.651, but still statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusions: In resource-limited countries, virological monitoring with HIV RNA cannot be performed at any time because it is expensive. However, CD4+ T lymphocyte count and percentage monitoring is important in predicting treatment success. POC results are in good consistency with the standard method, and it is also a test that can be used due to being cheap, easy, and quick.
Effects of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors on Body Composition and Fluid Status in Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Patients with Coronary Artery Disease and Heart Failure
Authors: De La Flor José C. , Coto Morales Blanca , Basabe Elena , Rey Hernandez María , Zamora González-Mariño Rocío , Rodríguez Tudero Celia , Benites Flores Irwing , Espinoza Carlos , Cieza Terrones Michael , Cigarrán Guldris Secundino , Hernández Vaquero Jesús
Published: December 2024

Background and Objectives: Sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors have emerged as integral therapeutic tools in the management of patients with cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic (CKM) syndrome. In addition to their well-documented effects on lowering glucose levels and cardiovascular- and reno-protective actions, SGLT-2 inhibitors, through a reduction in body weight (BW), generate changes in the body composition and volume status that have not been clearly studied. Materials and Methods: This retrospective, observational longitudinal cohort, single-center study analyzed and compared body composition and fluid status measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) from weeks 0 to 12 after the initiation of the cardiac rehabilitation (CR) program for coronary artery disease and heart failure in 59 patients who started treatment with SGLT-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2iG) and 112 patients without SGLT-2 inhibitors (non-SGLT-2iG). Results: Changes between the baseline and week 12 in the SGLT-2iG and non-SGLT-2iG were −0.3 L (p = 0.003) and −0.03 L (p = 0.82) in extracellular water (ECW) (p = 0.05), −0.39 L (p < 0.001) and −0.14 L (p = 0.33) in intracellular water (ICW) (p = 0.12), −0.69 (p < 0.001) and −0.16 (p = 0.52) in total body water (TBW) (p = 0.08), and −0.01 (p = 0.37) and −0.001 (p = 0.25) in the ECW/TBW ratio, respectively. After 3 months of exercise therapy in the CR program, patients in the SGLT-2iG showed a greater decrease than the non-SGLT-2iG in weight (−1.34 kg, p < 0.001 vs. −0.99, p = 0.02), body mass index (BMI) (−0.45 kg/m2, p < 0.001 vs. −0.38, p = 0.004), arm circumference (−0.57 cm, p = 0.008 vs. −0.12 cm, p = 0.21), waist circumference (−1.5 cm, p = 0.04 vs. −0.11 cm, p = 0.83), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (−8.9 mmHg, p = 0.049 vs. −4.19, p = 0.08), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (−5.15, p = 0.03 vs. −2.85, p = 0.01). The bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) revealed a significant decrease in body fat mass (BFM) and visceral fat area, without a loss of lean body mass (LBM) or skeletal muscle mass in the SGLT-2iG. Conclusions: SGLT-2 inhibitors exert beneficial effects on body compartments and volume status. Although they induce modest weight loss, this appears to be mainly directed at ECW, BFM, and visceral fat, without a loss of LBM nor skeletal muscle mass, which could contribute to the observed CKM benefits.
Novel Molecular Classification of Breast Cancer with PET Imaging
Authors: Toàn Ngô Minh
Published: December 2024

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease characterized by a wide range of biomarker expressions, resulting in varied progression, behavior, and prognosis. While traditional biopsy-based molecular classification is the gold standard, it is invasive and limited in capturing tumor heterogeneity, especially in deep or metastatic lesions. Molecular imaging, particularly positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, offering a non-invasive alternative, potentially plays a crucial role in the classification and management of breast cancer by providing detailed information about tumor location, heterogeneity, and progression. This narrative review, which focuses on both clinical patients and preclinical studies, explores the latest advancements in PET imaging for breast cancer, emphasizing the development of new tracers targeting hormone receptors such as the estrogen alpha receptor, progesterone receptor, androgen receptor, estrogen beta receptor, as well as the ErbB family of receptors, VEGF/VEGFR, PARP1, PD-L1, and markers for indirectly assessing Ki-67. These innovative radiopharmaceuticals have the potential to guide personalized treatment approaches based on the unique tumor profiles of individual patients. Additionally, they may improve the assessment of treatment efficacy, ultimately leading to better outcomes for those diagnosed with breast cancer.
A Rare Case of Concurrent Intraventricular Meningioma and Choroid Plexus Papilloma: A Case Report
Authors: Markov Daniel , Bechev Kristian , Khalid Usman , Aleksiev Vladimir , Markov Galabin , Poryazova Elena
Published: December 2024

This case presents an unusual combination between an intraventricular meningioma and a choroid plexus papilloma. Intraventricular meningiomas are rare intraventricular tumors presenting with symptoms of hydrocephalus, headache, and neurological deficits. The rarity of choroid plexus papillomas is highlighted in medical diagnostics, with the majority of these findings being incidental within the setting of obstructive hydrocephalus. We present the case of a 66-year-old male patient who exhibited symptoms of headaches. Magnetic resonance imaging showed the presence of an intraventricular tumor in the region of the trigone of the right lateral ventricle, which was assessed for surgical removal. A postoperative hemorrhage necessitated a reoperation, after which the patient began to gradually recover. Hemianopsian disturbances persisted during and after his hospital stay. This report describes a rare case of concurrent choroid plexus papilloma and ventricular meningioma, manifesting as a single tumor mass.
Prognostic Role of Neutrophil Percentage-to-Albumin Ratio in Patients with Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Karaca Mehmet , Gumusdag Ayca
Published: December 2024

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to investigate whether neutrophil percentage-to-albumin ratio (NPAR) levels on admission have prognostic significance regarding one-year major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) in non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 464 patients aged 59.2 ± 11.6 years constituted the cohort of this retrospectively designed study. Considering a 1-year follow-up period, the patients were divided into two groups: those with MACCEs and those without. The complete blood count, serum C-reactive protein and serum albumin levels were measured at admission. The NPAR, C-reactive protein/albumin ratio (CAR) and systemic immune-inflammation (SII) index were calculated for all patients, and the associations of these inflammatory-based biomarkers with 1-year MACCEs were evaluated. Results: During the 12-month follow-up period, MACCEs were observed in 75 (16.2%) patients, of which 35 (7.5%) patients died. The patients with MACCEs had higher CRP (p < 0.001), a higher percentage of neutrophils (p < 0.001), lower albumin levels (p < 0.001), a higher CAR (p < 0.001), a higher SII index (p = 0.008) and a higher NPAR (p < 0.001). A high anatomical SxSI score, a high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, hypoalbuminemia, high neutrophil counts, a high NPAR level and a high CAR level were independent predictors for one-year MACCEs (all p < 0.05). The NPAR (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.775, p < 0.001) and albumin level (AUC = 0.708, p < 0.001) had better and sufficient discriminatory power and predictive accuracy in determining one-year MACCEs, when compared to the neutrophil (AUC = 0.693, p < 0.001), CAR (AUC = 0.639, p < 0.001) and SII index (AUC = 0.660, p < 0.001), in terms of the receiver operating characteristic curve. The DeLong test revealed that the predictive performance of the NPAR was superior to that of the other inflammatory parameters. In particular, individuals with an NPAR value greater than 17.6 were at greater risk of developing MACCEs (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The NPAR can be used as a newly identified promising inflammatory biomarker to predict one-year MACCEs in NSTEMI patients undergoing revascularization therapy.
Association Between Baseline and Changes in Early Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio on Survival in Patients with Metastatic Bladder Carcinoma Treated with Immunotherapy
Authors: Değerli Ezgi , Arslan Çağatay , Selçukbiricik Fatih , Ölmez Ömer Fatih , Erdem Dilek , Hamdard Jamshid , Yılmaz Mesut , Çolak Rumeysa , Kapar Caner , Erman Mustafa , Kuş Fatih , Tural Deniz
Published: December 2024

Background and Objectives: A high baseline neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a poor prognostic factor in various cancers. However, its predictive role in metastatic bladder cancer (mBC) treated with immunotherapy is unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between the baseline and change in NLR and overall survival in mBC patients treated with immunotherapy, with the potential to significantly impact patient care. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 56 mBC patients who received second-line immunotherapy after progressing on platinum-based chemotherapy. Patients were classified into high and low NLR groups using a cutoff value of 3.3. A further division was made based on NLR changes after two cycles of immunotherapy: whether NLR increased (≥10%) or decreased (≥10%). The endpoint was to estimate the association between clinicopathological features and survival outcomes. Results: The study included 56 patients, with a median age of 66.6 years and a male-to-female ratio of 2.3:1. A low baseline NLR was associated with better OS than a high baseline NLR (p = 0.005). After two immunotherapy cycles, patients with a decreased NLR (≥10%) had significantly longer OS than those with an increased NLR (≥10%), regardless of the baseline NLR (p = 0.003). The overall median survival was 15 months, with 10 months for the NLR-increased group and not reached for the NLR-decreased group. Conclusions: Our study highlights the potential of baseline NLR and early changes in NLR as valuable prognostic markers for mBC patients receiving immunotherapy. Elevated neutrophils and lymphopenia negatively impact prognosis and treatment effectiveness, and NLR shows promise as a prognostic marker, inspiring further research and potential improvements in patient care.
Transition Readiness in Pediatric Chronic Digestive Diseases: A Regional Perspective from North-Eastern Romania
Authors: Poamaneagra Silvia Cristina , Galos Felicia , Tataranu Elena , Mihai Catalina , Anton Carmen , Andronic Cristiana-Mihaela , Gilca-Blanariu Georgiana-Emmanuela , Balan Gheorghe G. , Timofte Oana , Anchidin-Norocel Liliana , Rosu Oana Maria , Diaconescu Smaranda
Published: December 2024

Background: The transition from the pediatric to the adult healthcare system is a challenging process involving adolescents, parents, and pediatric and adult specialists. For a successful approach for an organized transition program, we must assess the level of training of adolescents facing transition. Methods: We applied a clinic-based questionnaire measuring perceived self-management skills, adherence to health-related tasks, medication knowledge, and social adjustment to pediatric patients with chronic digestive diseases from North-East Romanian medical units, including a tertiary center and private practice offices. Results: There were 124 participants; 73.38% from rural areas, 26.62% from urban areas; 59.67% were females, and 40.33% were males; 91.93% attended school and 73.4% declared wanting to pursue university classes after turning 18. Adolescents from urban areas showed better medication managerial (p < 0.01) and tracking healthcare change skills. Significant correlations were found between medication and appointment making, tracking health dynamics, and communication skills. Other correlations were found between communication skills and medication knowledge, appointments management, and tracking healthcare dynamics. All the investigated domains were positively correlated with the overall scores, highlighting the potential impact of active targeted interventions during transition. Conclusions: We identified significant areas to address and potentially influence during an organized transition program such as communication skills and knowledge regarding the chronic disease and the followed medication.
The Impact of Diet on Hidradenitis Suppurativa Severity: A Cross-Sectional Case–Control Study
Authors: Kesik Ferhan , Dogan-Gunaydin Sibel , Fisunoglu Mehmet
Published: December 2024

Background and Objectives: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease primarily affecting hair follicles, characterized by painful nodules, abscesses, and sinus tract formation. Recent evidence suggests that weight management and nutritional factors may influence HS symptoms. This cross-sectional case–control study aimed to assess the impact of body composition and nutritional factors on HS severity. Materials and Methods: We included 50 patients with HS and 50 matched controls comparable in body mass index (BMI), sex, and age. The data collected included 3-day food records, a food frequency questionnaire, 24 h physical activity records, Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS) scores, body composition, and anthropometric measurements. The macronutrient and micronutrient intake, as well as dietary glycemic index (GI), were analyzed. HS severity was assessed using the Hurley staging system and the International Hidradenitis Suppurativa Severity Score System (IHS4). Results: HS patients exhibited significantly lower adherence to the Mediterranean diet and a higher dietary GI compared to controls. Their micronutrient intake was also reduced, while the consumption of junk food, dairy products, and nightshade vegetables was more frequent. The MEDAS scores and physical activity levels were negatively correlated with the IHS4 scores, while higher anthropometric measurements, dietary energy, protein, total fat, and GI showed positive correlations. The Hurley stage was negatively correlated with the MEDAS scores and positively correlated with the GI and visceral fat. In multiple regression analysis, the MEDAS score emerged as the primary variable associated with disease severity. Conclusions: These findings suggest that an increased adherence to the Mediterranean diet, intake of food with a lower GI, and maintaining an ideal body weight may positively affect HS management. Long-term studies are warranted to corroborate our findings.
Effects of Pelargonium Sidoides Extract on Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress in Human Neuroblastoma Cells
Authors: Aslan Ali , Seçme Mücahit
Published: December 2024

Background and Objectives: Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children, often presenting challenges in treatment due to its clinical and genetic heterogeneity. This study investigated the anticancer potential of Pelargonium sidoides root extract on the human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y). Using XTT assays, ELISA-based oxidative stress markers, and RT-PCR analysis of apoptotic genes, the study explored the extract’s effects on cell proliferation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Materials and Methods: For the cell culture, SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells were thawed, cultured, and maintained under appropriate conditions for experiments. The dose- and time-dependent activity of Pelorgonium sidoides extract on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells was investigated by XTT assay. The change in the oxidative stress marker 8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OhDG) level was determined by ELISA for the doses applied to the control group root extract at a concentration of 25 μg/mL. Total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS) were measured from the cells in the study group with the help of a commercial kit. The oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated by dividing the TAS by the TOS and multiplying by 100. In order to evaluate the expression levels of apoptosis-related Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, Caspase-8, and Caspase-9 genes at the mRNA level in control and dose group cells, RNA isolation was performed from the SH-SY5Y control and dose group cells (IC50 value). Results: It is observed that the P. sidoides substance inhibits proliferation in cells at 24 h (p < 0.05). As the dose increases, cell proliferation decreases (p < 0.05). The IC50 value was calculated to be 113.83 μg/mL at 24 h. The concentration of 8-OhDG increased in neuroblastoma cells as a result of P. sidoides extract treatment (p < 0.05). TOS levels increased in neuroblastoma cells treated with P. sidoides extract (p < 0.01). OSI levels increased in cells treated with P. sidoides extract (p < 0.001). BAX and Caspase-8 expression increased are statistically significant in the P. sidoides dose group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: P. sidoides extract induces apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells through oxidative stress and mitochondrial- and death receptor-mediated pathways. This study highlights the potential of P. sidoides as a complementary therapeutic agent for neuroblastoma, warranting further in vivo and clinical investigations to assess its safety and efficacy.
Does Robotic Spine Surgery Add Value to Surgical Practice over Navigation-Based Systems? A Study on Operating Room Efficiency
Authors: Paramasivam Meenakshi Sundaram Pirateb , Peh Daniel Yang Yao , Poh Jane Wenjin , Kalanchiam Guna Pratheep , Yap Wayne Ming Quan , Kaliya-Perumal Arun-Kumar , Oh Jacob Yoong-Leong
Published: December 2024

Background and Objectives: Spine surgery has undergone significant advancements, particularly with regard to robotic systems that enhance surgical techniques and improve patient outcomes. As these technologies become increasingly integrated into surgical practice, it is essential to evaluate their added value and cost savings. Hence, this study compared robot-assisted and navigation-based spine surgery, focusing on surgical efficiency. Materials and Methods: We conducted a single-center, retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing single- and double-level transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) and oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF) surgeries. Patients were divided into two groups: those who had robot-assisted and navigation-based surgeries, stratified by surgery type (TLIF or OLIF) and fusion levels (one or two). A comparative analysis of factors related to surgical efficiency, including operative duration, blood loss, and length of hospital stay, was conducted. Results: Our results showed a statistically significant reduction in operative duration for robot-assisted one- and two-level OLIF cases, with average time savings of 50 and 62 min, respectively, compared to navigation-based surgery. These time savings translated to an estimated cost reduction of SGD 1500 for the hospital for each patient for a two-level OLIF procedure and could be higher as the number of operated levels increase. Conclusions: These results indicated that robot-assisted spine surgery offers superior surgical efficiency and cost savings, particularly with increased numbers of surgical levels. As robotic technologies evolve, their integration into spine surgery is justified, promising improved patient outcomes and cost-effectiveness.
Comparative Analysis of the Corrosion and Mechanical Behavior of an Al-SiC Composite and AA 2024 Alloy Fabricated by Powder Metallurgy for Aeronautical Applications
Authors: Aperador Willian , Aperador Jonnathan , Orozco-Hernández Giovany
Published: December 2024

This study presents a comparative analysis of the corrosion and mechanical properties of an Al-SiC composite and an AA 2024 aluminum alloy, focusing on their suitability for aeronautical applications. The Al-SiC composite was fabricated using advanced powder metallurgy techniques, incorporating a 20% volume of silicon carbide (SiC) particles, averaging 1.6 µm in size, to enhance its structural and electrochemical performance. Electrochemical evaluations in an aerated 3.5% NaCl solution revealed a significant improvement in the corrosion resistance of the Al-SiC composite. This enhancement is attributed to the cathodic nature of the SiC particles, which promote the formation of a protective aluminum oxide layer, reducing pitting corrosion and preserving the material’s structural integrity. In terms of the mechanical properties, the Al-SiC composite demonstrated a higher yield strength and ultimate tensile strength compared to the AA 2024 alloy. While it exhibited a slightly lower elongation at failure, the composite maintained a favorable balance between strength and ductility. Additionally, the composite showed a higher Young’s modulus indicating improved resistance to deformation under load. These findings underscore the potential of the Al-SiC composite for demanding aerospace applications, offering valuable insights into the development of materials capable of withstanding extreme operational environments.
Evaluation of the Preg-Robbing Effect in Gold Recovery Using the Carbon-in-Leach Technique: A Comparative Study of Three Reactor Types
Authors: Ocampo-López Carlos , Rendón-Castrillón Leidy , Ramírez-Carmona Margarita , González-López Federico
Published: December 2024

This study evaluates the preg-robbing effect on gold recovery through a carbon-in-leach process, comparing three reactor types: glass, stainless steel, and stainless steel coated with ceramic resin. Protonated activated carbon (PAcC) and anthracite carbon (PAnC) were used as adsorbents. The results show that PAcC achieved a significantly higher gold adsorption rate of up to 99.87%, compared to PAnC, which achieved a maximum of 66%, mitigating the preg-robbing effect. The stainless steel reactor performed best, with gold recovery rates exceeding 90%, as confirmed by a multi-criteria decision matrix evaluating factors like durability, mechanical strength, and corrosion resistance. A 24−1 fractional factorial design identified key variables for optimal recovery, with aeration of 9.31 L/min, a PAcC pulp density of 2.5 g/L, and the use of Puerto Berrío ore resulting in the highest gold recovery, reaching 18.38 ppm. The mass balance confirmed that gold adsorption on PAcC was the most efficient, leaving less than 0.13% gold in the leachate. These results demonstrate the superiority of PAcC and stainless steel reactors in mitigating the preg-robbing effect, offering an effective solution for scaling up gold recovery processes.
Study on Reduction Mechanism of Iron Oxide by Industrial Lignin
Authors: Xiang Dongwen , Zhang Qiang , Wu Guoqing , Wang Yajie , Li Dong , Zhang Qinghua , Hu Huaxin
Published: December 2024

To effectively utilize industrial lignin, a large amount of waste produced by the pulp and paper industry, this paper primarily explores its potential as a substitute for coal-based reducing agents in the reduction of iron oxides. The weight change, phase change, and activation energy change during the reduction of iron oxide by industrial lignin were characterized using detection methods such as TG-DTG-DSC, XRD, and SEM. The results show that the maximum weight loss rate of industrial lignin reducing iron oxide is (4.52%·min−1) > Lu’an anthracite (2.01%·min−1) > Shenmu bituminous coal (1.57%·min−1). The activation energy variation range during the reduction of Fe2O3 by industrial lignin, calculated using the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) method, is 241.91~463.51 kJ·mol−1, and the activation energy first decreased, then increased, then decreased slightly with the increase of conversion fraction. There is a coupling effect in the reduction of Fe2O3 by industrial lignin.
Correlation Between Morphology and Crystal Structure of Electrolytically Produced Zinc Dendritic Particles
Authors: Nikolić Nebojša D. , Lović Jelena D. , Maksimović Vesna M. , Vuković Nikola S. , Ignjatović Nenad L. , Živković Predrag M. , Stevanović Sanja I.
Published: December 2024

The correlation between the morphology and crystal structure of zinc dendritic particles produced by electrolysis from the alkaline electrolyte has been established. Morphology and crystal structure of Zn particles electrodeposited by the potentiostatic regime of electrolysis at overpotentials inside (−100 and −160 mV) and outside (−220, −280, and −340 mV) the plateau of the limiting diffusion current density were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and by X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The particle size distribution (PSD) was performed in order to determine the dependency of the size of dendritic particles on applied electrolysis overpotential. With increasing the overpotential of electrolysis, the shape of particles changed from irregular forms denoted as precursors of dendrites to various forms of dendrites, while the size of the particles simultaneously decreased. All types of Zn dendrites exhibited the strong (002) preferred orientation, while the precursors of dendrites exhibited (101)(002) preferred orientation. The development of strong (002) preferred orientation was explained and discussed by making an analogy with the electrolytic production of lead dendrites from the concentrated nitrate electrolyte. Although zinc and lead belong to different types of crystal lattice (Pb-face-centered cubic type and Zn-hexagonal close-packed type), they have a common characteristic that is manifested by the strong preferred orientation in the crystal plane with the lowest surface energy.
Welding Pores Evolution in the Detector Bottom-Locking Structure Fabricated Using the Hybrid Pulsed Arc–Laser Method
Authors: Yu Yonglong , Xu Jianzhou , Yu Xiaoquan , Guo Liang , Zhu Tongyu , Fan Ding
Published: December 2024

The welding of the bottom-locking structure in a detector receptacle plays an essential role in ensuring the safety of nuclear equipment. A pulsed TIG–laser hybrid welding method is proposed to address the problem of welding pores in locking structural parts. The effects of the pulse frequency on the escape of porosity and of porosity on the mechanical properties of the hybrid welding joint were investigated. The results were compared to those of direct current (0 Hz), showing that the pulse frequency affects the stability of the arc. With an increase in pulse frequency, the grain size of the fusion zone gradually decreases, and the flow in the middle area of the molten pool increases. This subjects bubbles in the molten pool to a thrust force, which causes the bubbles to escape to the surface of the molten pool. Compared with 0 Hz, the tensile strength of the joint increased by 67%. This provides a new solution for obtaining reliable welded joints for the bottom-locking structure of detector storage tanks.
Carrot-Derived Rhamnogalacturonan-I Consistently Increases the Microbial Production of Health-Promoting Indole-3-Propionic Acid Ex Vivo
Authors: Mercenier Annick , Vu Lam Dai , Poppe Jonas , Albers Ruud , McKay Sue , Van den Abbeele Pieter
Published: December 2024

Background: Using dietary interventions to steer the metabolic output of the gut microbiota towards specific health-promoting metabolites is often challenging due to interpersonal variation in treatment responses. Methods: In this study, we combined the ex vivo SIFR® (Systemic Intestinal Fermentation Research) technology with untargeted metabolite profiling to investigate the impact of carrot-derived rhamnogalacturonan-I (cRG-I) on ex vivo metabolite production by the gut microbiota of 24 human adults. Results: The findings reveal that at a dose equivalent to 1.5 g/d, cRG-I consistently promoted indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) production (+45.8% increase) across all subjects. At a dose equivalent to 0.3 g/d, increased IPA production was also observed (+14.6%), which was comparable to the effect seen for 1.5 g/d inulin (10.6%). IPA has been shown to provide protection against diseases affecting the gut and multiple organs. The Pearson correlation analysis revealed a strong correlation (R = 0.65, padjusted = 6.1 × 10−16) between the increases in IPA levels and the absolute levels of Bifidobacterium longum, a producer of indole-3-lactic acid (ILA), an intermediate in IPA production. Finally, the community modulation score, a novel diversity index, demonstrated that cRG-I maintained a high α-diversity which has previously been linked to elevated IPA production. Conclusions: The results from the ex vivo SIFR® experiment mirrored clinical outcomes and provided novel insights into the impact of cRG-I on the gut microbiome function. Importantly, we demonstrated that cRG-I promotes tryptophan conversion into IPA via gut microbiome modulation, thus conferring benefits via amino acid derived metabolites extending beyond those previously reported for short chain fatty acids (SCFA) resulting from carbohydrate fermentation.
Metabolomic Profile Modification in the Cerebellum of Mice Repeatedly Exposed to Khat and Treated with β-Lactamase Inhibitor, Clavulanic Acid
Authors: Alanezi Abdulkareem A.
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Catha edulis, commonly known as khat, is used for its psychoactive effects and is considered a natural amphetamine. The current study investigated the metabolomic profile in the cerebellum of mice after repeated exposure to khat and evaluated the effects of clavulanic acid on the metabolomic profile in the cerebellum in khat-treated mice. Methods: Male C67BL/6 mice that were 6–9 weeks old were recruited and divided into three groups: the control group was treated with 0.9% normal saline for 17 days; the khat group was given khat extract at a dose of 360 mg/kg via the intraperitoneal (i.p) route for 17 days; and another khat group was treated with khat for 17 days and clavulanic acid at a dose of 5 mg/kg for the last 7 days (days 11–17). At the end of the 17th day, the animals were sacrificed, and their brains were immediately collected and stored at −80 °C. The cerebellum region of the brain was isolated in each group by micropuncture using cryostat and underwent a metabolomics study via Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS). The total peak area ratios of the selected metabolites in the cerebellum after repeated exposure to the khat extract were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) and treatment of the khat group with clavulanic acid significantly increased (all p < 0.05) the total peak areas ratios of the selected metabolites when compared to their corresponding areas in the alternative khat group. These levels of selected metabolites were further confirmed by observing the metabolite peak area ratios and performing a heat map analysis and a principal compartment analysis of the samples in the cerebellum. Results: A network analysis of altered metabolites in the cerebellum showed a strong correlation between the different metabolites, which showed that an increase in one metabolite can modulate the levels of others. An analysis using the MetaboAnalyst software revealed the involvement of selected altered metabolites like lactic acid in many signaling pathways, like gluconeogenesis, while enrichment analysis data showed altered pathways for pyruvate metabolism and disease pathogenesis. Finally, a network analysis showed that selected metabolites were linked with other metabolites, indicating drug–drug interactions. Conclusions: The present study showed that repeated exposure of mice to khat altered the levels of various metabolites in the cerebellum which are involved in the pathogenesis of different diseases, signaling pathways, and interactions with the pharmacokinetic profile of other therapeutic drugs. The treatment of khat-treated mice with clavulanic acid positively modified the metabolomics profile in the cerebellum and increased the levels of the altered metabolites.
Gallic Acid: A Potent Metabolite Targeting Shikimate Kinase in Acinetobacter baumannii
Authors: Alturki Mansour S. , Al Khzem Abdulaziz H. , Gomaa Mohamed S. , Tawfeeq Nada , Alhamadah Marwah H. , Alshehri Futun M. , Alzahrani Raghad , Alghamdi Hanin , Rants’o Thankhoe A. , Ayil Khaled A. G. , Al Mouslem Abdulaziz K. , Almaghrabi Mohammed
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Acinetobacter baumannii is a highly multidrug-resistant pathogen resistant to almost all classes of antibiotics; new therapeutic strategies against this infectious agent are urgently needed. Shikimate kinase is an enzyme belonging to the shikimate pathway and has become a potential target for drug development. This work describes the search for Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs and natural compounds, including gallic acid, that could be repurposed as selective shikimate kinase inhibitors by integrated computational and experimental approaches. Methods: Approaches to drug design using structure-based and ligand-based methodology, in-silico screening, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics for the study of both binding affinity and stability. Experimental Validation Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) on Acinetobacter baumannii and Enterococcus faecalis. Results/Conclusions: Among them, gallic acid, obtained from plants, proved to be the most promising compound that showed sufficient binding with shikimate kinase through computational studies. Gallic acid showed very good activity against Acinetobacter baumannii and Enterococcus faecalis in the MIC and MBC assay, respectively. Gallic acid exhibited better activity against Acinetobacter baumannii due to the overexpression of shikimate kinase. Gallic acid has emerged as a potential therapeutic candidate drug against A. baumannii infection and, therefore, as a strategy against the appearance of multidrug-resistant microorganisms. This study not only identifies a novel repurposing opportunity for gallic acid but also provides a comprehensive computational and experimental framework for accelerating antimicrobial drug discovery against multidrug-resistant pathogens.
A Novel Microfluidic Platform for Personalized Anticancer Drug Screening Through Image Analysis
Authors: Lipreri Maria Veronica , Totaro Marilina Tamara , Boos Julia Alicia , Basile Maria Sofia , Baldini Nicola , Avnet Sofia
Published: December 2024

The advancement of personalized treatments in oncology has garnered increasing attention, particularly for rare and aggressive cancer with low survival rates like the bone tumors osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma. This study introduces a novel PDMS–agarose microfluidic device tailored for generating patient-derived tumor spheroids and serving as a reliable tool for personalized drug screening. Using this platform in tandem with a custom imaging index, we evaluated the impact of the anticancer agent doxorubicin on spheroids from both tumor types. The device produces 20 spheroids, each around 300 µm in diameter, within a 24 h timeframe, facilitating assessments of characteristics and reproducibility. Following spheroid generation, we measured patient-derived spheroid diameters in bright-field images, calcein AM-positive areas/volume, and the binary fraction area, a metric analyzing fluorescence intensity. By employing a specially developed equation that combines viability signal extension and intensity, we observed a substantial decrease in spheroid viability of around 75% for both sarcomas at the highest dosage (10 µM). Osteosarcoma spheroids exhibited greater sensitivity to doxorubicin than chondrosarcoma spheroids within 48 h. This approach provides a reliable in vitro model for aggressive sarcomas, representing a personalized approach for drug screening that could lead to more effective cancer treatments tailored to individual patients, despite some implementation challenges.
The Promise and Challenges of Bioprinting in Tissue Engineering
Authors: Martin Ryan , Joung Daeha
Published: December 2024

Organ transplantation, biomimetic organ models, and the restoration of damaged or eviscerated tissues have been key goals in surgical and medical research since their inception [...]