bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physicochemical Properties and Chemical Constituents of Oil from Joan Seed (Trachyspermum ammi L)
Authors: Morshed S , Alam MK , Begum A , Shahriar SMS , Sharmin KN , Akther S
Published: April 2013

The paper deals with the investigation of the fatty oil of carom seed (Trachyspermum ammi) for its physicochemical characteristics and fatty acid composition. Oil from carom seed collected from local market was extracted with n-hexane in a glass Soxhlet apparatus. Extracted oil was dark green, burning taste, spicy in odour and soluble in n-hexane, chloroform, pet. ether and benzene. Its chemical characteristic such as acid value (6.69), Iodine value (79.39), Peroxide value (457.11), Saponification value (184.32), Unsaponified matter (9.11), Free fatty acid value as petroselinic acid (48.1) were determined by conventional method. The composition of fatty oil was determined by Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC). From GLC analysis the main constituents of fatty oil such as Petroselinic acid (89.35%), Oleic acid (5.86%), Linoleic acid (4.79%) were determined. For the better evaluation of these spices, it is necessary to know their complete chemical composition.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14571 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(2): 15-21 2012
A Study on Watermelon (Citrullus Lanatus) Juice Preserved with Chemical Preservatives at Refrigeration Temperature
Authors: Alam MK , Hoque MM , Morshed S , Shahriar SMS , Begum A
Published: April 2013

This study was done to analyse the effect of chemical preservatives on watermelon juice. The samples were; pasteurized watermelon juice (T1), pasteurized watermelon juice +20% sucrose (T2), pasteurized watermelon juice +0.1% sodium benzoate (T3), pasteurized watermelon juice +20% sucrose +0.1% sodium benzoate (T4), pasteurized watermelon juice +0.1% potassium sorbate (T5), pasteurized watermelon juice +20% sucrose+0.1% potassium sorbate (T6), pasteurized watermelon juice +0.05% sodium benzoate +0.05% potassium sorbate (T7), pasteurized watermelon juice +20% sucrose +0.05% sodium benzoate +0.05% potassium sorbate (T8), pasteurized watermelon juice +0.1% sodium benzoate +0.1% potassium sorbate (T9), pasteurized watermelon juice +20% sucrose +0.1% sodium benzoate +0.1% potassium sorbate (T10). The samples were stored at 4 - 15°C for three months. T1 and T2 were rejected soon due to spoilage. Minimum ascorbic acid content was reduced in T10 (23.85%), while maximum in T4 (44.44%). Minimum acidity was increased in T10 (50.00%), while maximum in T1 (107.69%). Treatments T10, T9 T8 and T6 were found most acceptable in maintaining the sensory characteristics compared to others during storage. Among all the treated juice sample T10 was most effective in maintaining the sensory and nutritional quality during storage.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14597 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(2): 23-28 2012
Study on Chemical Composition of Fresh Mymensingh and Barishal Hog-plum (Spondius mangifera) and Developed Leather and Jelly and Sensory Evaluation
Authors: Akter S , Shahriar SMS , Akter F , Morshed S , Islam MN
Published: April 2013

The study was concerned with the chemical composition of two varieties hog-plum Pulp collected from Mymensingh and Barishal and developed jelly and leather. Cabinet dryer, model OV-165 (Gallen Kamp Company) was used for dehydration of two types of hog-plum pulp and leather. The fresh and dried hog-plum and hog-plum products were analyzed for their moisture, ash, vitamin-C, pH, total soluble solids and sucrose contents. The moisture content, ash, vitamin C, pH, total soluble solid (TS), reducing sugar and non-reducing sugar of Barishal hog-plums was 83.84% (wb), 0.81% , 33.00 mg/100g, 2.62, 8.5%, 5.02% and 1.6% respectively; Mymensingh hog-plums was 86.69% (wb), 0.78%, 30.90 mg/100g, 2.7, 6.5%, 4.7% and 1.3% respectively. The chemical composition of Mymensingh and Braishal hog-plum showed that Barishal hog-plum contained higher solid content, ash, Vitamin C than Mymensingh hog-plum. It was found that Barishal hog-plum had higher flesh (67.59%) than Mymensingh hog-plum (62.60%). The chemical composition of hog-plum leather was analyzed for moisture, Ash, Vitamin C, TS, Titrable acidity, total sugar and protein content. The ash and sugar content of developed leathers from Barishal and Mymensingh hog-plum was very similar but the vitamin C content for developed products was very low. It was also found developed products contained higher amount and sugar and protein. It was found that the chemical compositions of developed jelly were more or less similar to the fresh hog-plum; only the vitamin C was decreased significantly. These studies indicate that, developed products viz. lather and jelly would contain significantly higher amount of nutrients and energy then the fresh fruits. Organoleptic taste testing using 1-9 hedonic scale showed that jelly made from mechanically dried Mymensingh hog-plum was the most acceptable product and was ranked as like very much. Leather made from Mymensingh hog-plum (pulp+4.5% sugar+ 0.15% KMS) was the best among other samples and was ranked as like very much.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14598 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(2): 29-36 2012
Assessment of Some Water Quality Parameters of Bansi River in Monsoon and Winter Seasons
Authors: Hoque MMM , Roy S , Hoque MN , Islam MZ
Published: April 2013

The study was carried out to assess some physico-chemical water quality parameters and pollution scenario of the Bansi river. Water samples were collected from 8 different selected stations at Bagholpur to Nayarhat portion of Bansi river during winter and monsoon periods. The values of all parameters except temperature and DO were found higher in winter season compared to that of monsoon season. The water was slightly alkaline to strongly alkaline ranging from average pH value of 7.6 in monsoon to 8.5 in winter. The DO was found unsuitable for fisheries and irrigation purposes. The BOD was found extremely higher in winter than that of standard level set by the Government of Bangladesh. The mean values of EC in monsoon was 452.4 ?s/cm, whereas in winter season it was 901 ?S/cm, the value of DO in monsoon season was 4.7 mg/l whereas in winter it was 3.2 mg/l, the value of BOD in monsoon season was 8.9 mg/l and in winter season it was 31.4 mg/l, the value of TDS in monsoon season was 306.3 mg/l and in winter season it was 496 mg/l, the value of alkalinity in monsoon season 50.4 mg/l and in winter season it was 146.5 mg/l.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14601 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(2): 53-57 2012
Impacts of Madhupur National Park on Local Peoples Livelihood
Authors: Mian MM , Khan MB , Baten MA
Published: April 2013

In this study, the impact of Madhupur National Park on local peoples livelihoods was assessed. To find local peoples perception on collaborative natural resources management. This study was conducted from July, 2012 to December, 2012 on two villages named Talki and Sholakuri. Data collection was based on stratified random sample. Stratification was based on park proximity of respondent households that is (inside park) 0 km, 0.5 km distance, 1 km distance, 1.5 km distance and 2 km distance from Madhupur National Park boundary. The five strata were compared with respect to households natural resource dependency, households income, income diversification, income level, assets and perception on present management system. Present management system was also discussed to emphasize park management authority contribution on local livelihood. Based on analysis of collected data from two villages it was assumed that the nearest people were more dependent on natural resource of park than far people. The simple correlation coefficient for the distance of household with natural resource dependency was negatively significant. Household average monthly incomes in two villages were approximately same but Talki villagers were 79.25% depend on park related activity and this dependency decreased with increasing of distance. Present park management system plays an important role to reduce people and park animosity by providing aid and training to the local offensive persons and involve them into park conservation. A trend analysis of decreasing forest offences represented that, the present management system is better than past time and it could be able to reduce people park animosity.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14603 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(2): 63-66 2012
Heavy Metal Contamination in Farm and Urban Soil in Mymensingh
Authors: Morshed AHMM , Farukh MA , Sattar MA
Published: April 2013

A study was carried out to determine the status of heavy metals in farm and urban soils from intensively growing areas of Mymensingh. Sixty three soil samples were collected from 11 upazillas of Mymensingh. From these samples total amount of heavy metals like Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Fe and Mn were tested. The soils were also analyzed for texture, pH and organic matter content. The mean concentrations of Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Fe and Mn in farm soils were 19.64, 0.32, 39.80, 14.10, 1800.40, 135.66 ?g g-1, respectively and the mean concentrations of above metals in urban soils were 20.93, 0.37, 36.90, 28.85, 1810.08, 127.05 ?g g-1, respectively. The heavy metal concentrations in farm soils were within the limit allowed for maximum acceptable concentration for satisfactory crop production. Heavy metals in urban soils were also below the limit considered as contaminated soil. Most of the heavy metals in both farm and urban soils were negatively correlated with sand and positively correlated with silt. There was no significant correlation between heavy metal content and soil pH or organic matter in both farm and urban soils with very few exceptions. Most of the heavy metals did not show any significant correlation with each other expect Fe which showed significant correlation with Pb, Ni, Cr, Mn and Cd for both farm and urban soils.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14798 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(2): 81-84 2012
Variability Analysis and Forecasting of Relative Humidity in Bangladesh
Authors: Syeda JA
Published: April 2013

An attempt was made to investigate the trend and variability pattern for decadal, annual and seasonal (three crop seasons) average relative humidity (ARH) of six divisional stations in Bangladesh: Dhaka, Rajshahi, Khulna, Barisal, Sylhet and Chittagong. The rates of linear trend (LT) for minimum, maximum and range humidity were examined too. The monthly ARH for 2009-2012 were forecasted using the univariate Box-Jenkins ARIMA (autoregressive integrated moving average) modelling technique. The rates of LT for annual ARH were found negative for Dhaka and Chittagong but positive for others. The rates were found negative for all the coefficient of variations (CVs). The rate for annual minimum humidity was positive for Dhaka but negative for others. The rates for annual maximum and range humidity were negative for Dhaka and Chittagong but positive for others. The rates for seasonal ARH were negative for Dhaka while positive for Rajshahi and Barisal in all the three seasons. It was negative for Kharif season, whereas positive for Prekharif and Rabi seasons for Khulna and Sylhet. It was negative for Kharif and Prekharif seasons, as the same time as positive for Rabi season for Chittagong.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14805 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(2): 137-147 2012
Effect of Shoot Bending and Fruit Thinning on Productivity of Guava
Authors: Mamun AA , Rahman MH , Rahim MA
Published: April 2013

The study was carried out at the Germplasm Centre of Fruit Tree Improvement Programme (GPC-FTIP), Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period February, 2011 to March, 2012 to find out the effect of shoot bending and fruit thinning on productivity of guava. The treatments of the experiment were four varieties of guava viz., Swarupkathi, BAU piyara-5, Chiang Mai (round) and Chiang Mai (long) and six different management practices viz., (i) control (no shoot bending + no fruit thinning); (ii) shoot bending; (iii) 25% fruit thinning; (iv) 50% fruit thinning; (v) 75% fruit thinning and (vi) 100% fruit thinning. The ages of the plants were 4-5 years. Results revealed that the variety Chiang Mai (round) showed superiority over BAU piyara-5, Chiang Mai (long) and Swarupkathi in respect of fruit yield (15.63 kg/plant) and fruit retention (72.92%) during on-season but during off-season, Swarupkathi showed superiority over Chiang Mai (round), BAU piyara-5 and Chiang Mai (long) in case of number of flowers set per plant (127.44), number of fruits set per plant (75.28), fruit retention (88.66%) and yield (11.78 kg/plant). Different management practices had significant effect on all studied parameters in both seasons. Fifty percent fruit thinning treatment showed the highest fruit yield (20.46 kg/plant) and 75% fruit thinning treatment performed lowest fruit yield (10.06 kg/plant) during on-season but during off-season shoot bending performed highest fruit yield (13.50 kg/plant). Highest fruit retention in both seasons (on-season 89.28% and off-season 90.47%) was observed in 50% fruit thinning treatment. In case of combined effect of variety and different management practices, 50% fruit thinning treatment combined with Chiang Mai (round) produced highest yield (23.15 kg/plant) and fruit retention (92.72%) during on-season, but shoot bending treatment combined with Swarupkathi gave the highest yield (16.06 kg/plant) and 50% fruit thinning combined with Swarupkathi showed highest fruit retention (94.12%) during off-season.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14808 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(2): 167-172 2012
Effect of Botanical Extract on Pest Control in Brinjal Field
Authors: Azad MAK , Yesmin MN , Islam MS
Published: April 2013

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of eight botanical extracts on pest control in brinjal field. Accordingly, water extracts of dried leaves of Khuksa (Ficus hispida), Chotra (Lantana sp.), Chirata (Swietia chrata), Neem (Azadiracta indica), Bael (Aegle marmelos), Holde-hurhuri (Cleomp viscosa) and Marigold (Targetes erecta) and seeds of Mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni) were prepared and sprayed in experimental brinjal field at Rajshahi University. Out of these botanicals, Khuksha leaves extract showed best performance against the pest attack compare to other extracts. Marigold leaf extract also showed good performance in the protection of brinjal plant from pest. The efficacy of Chotra, and Chirata leaf extracts was nearly same in brinjal plot against the pest attack. Neem leaf extracts showed moderate performance against pest. Mahogany seed extract showed lowest efficacy and hampered the normal plant growth and caused fruit rottening as well as reduced the yield of brinjal. Although Khuksha, Beal and Marigold leaf extracts were found effective against brinjal pests but a higher production was observed in the treatments of Neem and Chirata leaf extracts in experimental brinjal field.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14809 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(2): 173-176 2012
Effect of Different Substrate on Growth and Yield of Button Mushroom
Authors: Uddin MJ , Haque S , Haque ME , Bilkis S , Biswas AK
Published: April 2013

An experiment was conducted at the Mushroom growth house and Tissue Culture Laboratory, Horticulture Demonstration and Training Centre (HDTC), Kewatkhali, Mymensingh during February to May, 2006 to investigate the effect of different substrate on growth and yield of Button mushroom (Agaricus biporus). The substrates which were used in the experiment were wheat: paddy (1:1) straw compost, paddy straw compost and decomposed cowdung. The parameters observed in first and second flush were number of primordia, number of fruiting bodies and fresh weight of mushroom. Data were statistically analyzed following Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Data revealed that different substrate significantly affected the production of number of primordia, number of fruiting bodies and fresh weight. In both the first and second flush, all the three observed parameters were obtained highest in wheat: paddy straw compost and the lowest were in decomposed cowdung.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14810 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(2): 177-180 2012
Investigation on the Nitrogen Fixing Cyanobacteria (BGA) in Rice Fields of North-West Region of Bangladesh. I: Nonfilamentous
Authors: Hasan MA
Published: April 2013

The experiment was conducted to carry out the nitrogen fixing cyanobaterial (BGA) resources and their distribution pattern in rice fields of North-West region of Bangladesh during the period of 2011. Considering the vast importance of Blue-green algae (BGA) in agricultural land especially in rice fields, twelve months long systematic observation was undertaken. A total of 15 genera with 42 species of non-filamentous (unicellular and colonial) blue-green algal forms were identified and recorded from this region. Out of 42 species, 9 species belonging to the genus Aphanocapsa, 8 to Chroococcus, 5 to Gloeocapsa, 4 to Aphanothece, 3 to Gloeothece, 3 to Merismopedia and 2 to Coelosphaerium; while 1 species belonging to each genus of Chroococcidiopsis, Synechococcus, Synechocystis, Dactylococcopsis, Microcystis, Myxosarcina, Hydrococcus and Xenococcus. The distribution pattern of non-filamentous BGA in rice fields over the study area has also been observed in this study. With few exceptions, the non-filamentous BGA are more or less uniformly distributed all over the study areas. All of the BGA members have a tremendous ability to contribute on enhancing agricultural production by fixing atmospheric nitrogen and adding organic matter, vitamins, growth promoting substances etc to the soil and crops.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14812 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(2): 185-192 2012
Solid Waste Management Practice in Mymensingh Municipal Area, Bangladesh
Authors: Mian MM , Paul AK , Alam MD , Rasheduzzaman M , Saifullah ASM
Published: April 2013

The study was conducted to investigate the present solid waste management practice in Mymensingh municipal area especially in Ward 04 and 06. Huge solid wastes are generated every day in these wards but the waste management is not properly done because of their irregular waste management activities or unconsciousness. Maximum respondents discharged 1kg solid waste from their households per day and the respondents were 64%. Other 18% household discharged 0.5 kg and another 18% discharged 2 kg solid waste from their house per day. A majority percent of people dumps the produced solid waste in their living surroundings which produce various hazards in human health and environmental problems. This improper waste management can be managed by the regularity of management work, building awareness of the people and improving waste treatment. The municipality and other related NGOs should work together to solve these issues. It was revealed from the study that due to lack of people knowledge about solid waste management, lack of adequate budget for waste management, lack of available transport vehicles for waste management, lack of proper solid waste treatment plant etc. The total solid waste management system required following the recommendation which include proper planning, creating awareness, developing infrastructure, providing logistic support and finally involving NGOs, CBOs, public in this process. A sustainable solid waste management can be established which can lead the studied area to a healthy setting.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14813 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(2): 193-198 2012
Isolation of Phomopsis Inhibitory Fraction of Allamanda Extract Removing Gum and Other Undesirable Compounds
Authors: Ahmed F , Meah MB , Yasmin F
Published: April 2013

Allamanda leaf extracts were made by three organic solvents hexane, methanol and ethyl acetate having different polarities. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) of the refluxing extracts showed each of them contained considerable number of different compounds. By observing Rf value of these extracts it was confirmed that the compounds present in different extracts are not same and two of them (methanol and ethyl acetate) extracts were distilled to remove solvent for bioactivity test. In growth inhibition test, methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of allamanda inhibited mycelial growth of Phomopsis vexans. Ethyl acetate extract at 0.2% and 0.3% concentration inhibited 100% mycelial growth of Phomopsis vexans while methanol extract was not effective in suppressing growth rather it arrested temporarily the growth of Phomopsis vexans. Eggplant seeds treated with ethyl acetate extract in blotter produced higher percentage of seed germination (85.00%) and healthy seedlings (88.36%) and lower percentage of dead seed (15.00%), and rotten seed (5.89%) than those treated with methanol extract. In most cases, seed quality was improved with the increasing of concentration of ethyl acetate extract. It may be summarized that higher amount of antifungal compounds were present in ethyl acetate extract in purified form where methanol also have some compounds that inhibited partially growth of Phomopsis vexans.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14814 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(2): 199-203 2012
Effects of Phosphatic Biofertilizer with Inorganic and Organic Sources of Phosphorus on Growth and Yield of Lentil
Authors: Haque MA , Khan MK
Published: April 2013

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of phosphatic biofertilizer with inorganic or organic sources of P on lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) (var. Binamasur 2), Phosphatic biofertilizer (PB). All the fertilizers and cowdung were applied on the basis of soil test values and Integrated Plant Nutrient System (IPNS). Mixed cultures of two phosphate solubilizing bacteria were used as phosphatic biofertilizer (PB). PB was applied as liquid form with lentil seeds before sowing. Phosphatic biofertilizer with inorganic or organic sources of P influenced the growth and yield attributes and yields of lentil at both the locations. Phosphatic biofertilizer with 50% P from TSP gave the highest seed and stover yields as well as total P uptake by lentil compared to the 100% P from TSP. The results revealed that 50% inorganic or organic sources of P can be saved by the integrated using of phosphatic biofertilizer for the lentil cultivation in Bangladesh.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14819 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(2): 225-230 2012
Public Awareness about Disposal of Solid Waste and its Impact: A Study in Tangail Pourashava, Tangail
Authors: Sarker BC , Sarker SK , Islam MS , Islam MS , Sharmin S
Published: April 2013

The investigation was conducted on public awareness about disposal of solid waste and its impact in Thanapara, Beparipara and Kagmari of Tangail Pourashava. Data collected through questionnaire interview from local residents, self-observation and secondary sources. The investigation was conducted among three major infected areas by selecting normal dustbin and open area during the different period from August to September 2011. In the study, total 100 respondents are interviewed and the result shows that waste are dumped here three times a day. Most of the respondents demand for wrong site selection and improper maintenance causing bad odor, diarrheea, skin diseases, aesthetic problem etc. It was also found that the main sources of waste materials generation were the urban dwellers and most of the waste is dumped by metropolis. Some local people also dump their waste in the area. The study shows that the service holders, student respondents have better idea about the effects of dumping solid wastes at open sights than the other respondents.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14821 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(2): 239-244 2012
Gamma Distribution and its Application of Spatially Monitoring Meteorological Drought in Barind, Bangladesh
Authors: Alam ATMJ , Rahman MS , Saadat AHM , Huq MM
Published: April 2013

The Barind tract of Bangladesh suffers from frequent drought due to erratic rainfall distribution. In the present study details analysis of rainfall data has been carried out for the years 1971-2010. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) which is followed by gamma distribution is used to evaluate drought vulnerability based on frequency and severity of drought events at multiple time steps (3, 5 and 12 months). Drought severity maps are generated in a GIS (Geographical Information System) environment using inverse distance weighting method. Critical (threshold) rainfall values are derived for each station at multiple-time steps in varying drought categories to determine least amount of rainfall required to avoid from drought initiation. The study found that drought vulnerability portrays a very diverse but consistent picture with varying time steps. Analysis and interpretation of the map shows a similar spatial distribution of drought in pre-monsoon season but in monsoon season rainfall deficits shifts its position time to time and occurred in certain discrete pockets. In 12 months period the spatial distribution of drought was almost similar with monsoon season. In pre-monsoon season drought severity was higher in north eastern part of the study area compare to other parts. The study also evident that critical threshold values of rainfall to avoid drought condition was higher in the northern part of high Barind than southern part.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14832 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(2): 287-293 2012
Studies on the Development of Mixed Fruit Marmalade
Authors: Inam AKMS , Hossain MM , Siddiqui AA , Easdani M
Published: April 2013

This study reports on processing of mixed fruit marmalades from malta, mango and pineapple juices at different ratios. Sensory attributes and storage studies of the mixed fruit marmalades were also evaluated. The fresh and fully mature fruits were used for this experiment. Chemical characteristics such as moisture, ash, acidity, pH, vitamin C, sugar and total soluble solids (TSS) of fruit juices and mixed fruit marmalades were determined. Variations in chemical constituents were observed among the juice and marmalade samples. S1 sample was found best of all samples with respect to chemical composition. The analysis of chemical composition of S1 sample (malta juice: mango juice: pine-apple juice=2:1:1) was found as: moisture 27.71%, ash 0.16%, TSS 67.5%, total sugar 66.2%, acidity 0.90% and pH 2.8. On the basis of sensory evaluation the S1 sample was the most acceptable among others in terms of color, flavor, texture and overall acceptability. Storage study was conducted on the mixed fruit marmalades for six months at room temperature (23-30°C) and relative humidity 80 to 85%. It was observed that TSS, pH and acidity of mixed fruit marmalades did not show any remarkable changes. Color and flavor were acceptable throughout six months of storage period. After six month of storage period small amount of mould and bacterial attack was observed in marmalade samples. The microbial count was low due to high acidity and proper storage of the samples. The microbial contamination was very low in sample S1 than other samples due to its highest acidity.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14836 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(2): 315-322 2012
The Design of HACCP Plan for Potato Chips Plant in Bangladesh
Authors: Easdani M , Khaliduzzaman - , Bhuiyan MHR
Published: April 2013

The purpose of this study is to design Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) plan for potato chips production based on actual conditions in the plant. A specific model has been developed to boost the safety and quality of potato chips product in this plant. The spread of some diseases by unsafe products due to pathogen reported makes it important to pay attention to the potential contamination in potato chips production. The prerequisite programs (PRPs), operational prerequisite programs (OPRPs), hazards, critical control point, preventive measure, critical limits, monitoring procedure and corrective actions have been designed in this HACCP plan. The production process of the product was also analyzed scrupulously for this HACCP plan.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14839 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(2): 329-338 2012
Jhum Cultivation Influence the Degradation of Hilly Environment
Authors: Chakma AS , Nahar BS
Published: April 2013

This study was designed to identify the status of shifting (jhum) cultivation and its impact on environment in Rangamati district. A total 55 jhum cultivators were selected on the basis of purposive sampling technique from 5 upazillas of Rangamati district. Data were collected during the period October to December, 2009. The researcher collected information himself using direct and open questionnaire. The study revealed that most of the jhum cultivators were middle age (30-50 years), with illiterate (47.27%) and main occupation possessing jhum cultivation. The present status of agricultural land (hill/slope) of jhumia family in the studied area, about 60% of the respondents have only 1-2 acres of land for jhum cultivation and 25% of the respondents have 2.1-3 acres of land. The use of agro-chemical remains limited in the CHT. This is mainly because of financial constraints, lack of market access, and low requirement of chemical for traditional jhum cultivation. The maximum percentage of irrigation (74.55%) was mainly depended on rainfed in jhum cultivation. On the other hand about 45.55% respondents were responded that their income status were medium through shifting cultivation, 30.90% were responded high. Similarly in the study area it was found that a majority (45.45%) portion of respondents were responded that labour utilization in shifting cultivation was medium. This study also found that the environment was degraded gradually day by day. The maximum respondents (94.55%) had given opinion that deforestation was the major environmental problem created by shifting cultivation, 74.55% respondents had given opinion that shifting cultivation accelerated loss of top soil and 60.00% respondents had given opinion that lost of wild animals was occurring due to shifting cultivation. Biodiversity also degraded mostly. Excluding shifting cultivation there were many reasons of environmental degradation in the study area. Population growth is considered by 90% of the respondents as a major factor causing severe degradation of environment. Indiscriminate forest fire was responsible for environmental degradation. In addition cutting of hill, collection of soil, and extraction of stone, river erosion and land slide as responsible for degradation of environment. The study recommended that new methods must be developed, applied, and tested for sustainable management of jhum cultivation and environmental protection.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14840 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(2): 339-344 2012
Status of Heavy Metal Contaminations of River Water of Dhaka Metropolitan City
Authors: Mokaddes MAA , Nahar BS , Baten MA
Published: April 2013

A study was conducted to evaluate the level of water pollution and its influence on the chemical properties of river water of Dhaka metropolitan city. The water samples were collected from forty five locations of Dhaka metropolitan city during February to March, 2008. Analysis of the major chemical contaminations of river water samples containing Cu, Zn, Mn, As, Pb and Cd was conducted at the Central Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. The heavy metal concentrations of river water were recorded as in case of Cu = 0.006 ppm, in case of Zn = 0.021 ppm, in case of Mn = 0.075 ppm, in case of As = 0.003 ppb, in case of Pb = 0.002 ppm and in case of Cd = 0.012 ppm, respectively. The pH of river ranged from 6.28 to 7.61. The EC values were 17.61 to 34.61 ?Scm-1, revealed that all the water samples were low salinity and also excellent for irrigation. According to drinking water (Potable water) and public water standard, Mn and Cd toxicity were detected in river water. For aquaculture standard Mn and Cd were found at harmful level for all living organism. Some water were found unsuitable due to higher concentration of Mn over the recommended limit but other ions like Zn, As, and Pb were within the 'safe limit'.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14842 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(2): 349-353 2012
Les références aux anciens et aux modernes chez les grammairiens latins du 16e siècle (Linacre, Scaliger, Ramus, Sanctius)
Authors: Colombat Bernard
Published: April 2013

RÉSUMÉ: Cet article a pour objet d’étudier quelle place quatre grammairiens du 16e s. accordent à leurs prédécesseurs, qu’ils soient antiques, médiévaux ou humanistes. Linacre n’inscrit pas d’emblée son De emendata

(1524) dans un contexte historique, mais n’hésite pas à citer auteurs antiques et contemporains pour approuver ou discuter leurs textes. Scaliger (De causis, 1540) condamne constamment la tradition antérieure (cf. les 632 erreurs répertoriées dans l’Index errorum), mais en masquant le plus souvent l’identité des personnes derrière des formules générales. En plusieurs endroits des Scholae grammaticae (1569), Ramus dresse un tableau critique d’une genèse des parties du discours, en montrant son incohérence grandissante. Dans sa Minerva

(1587), Sanctius revient de façon encore plus critique sur cette genèse, tentant de retrouver dans le Sophiste de Platon un classement des mots en cinq catégories principales et attaquant systématiquement L. Valla. Même si l’on retrouve parfois chez ces quatre grammairiens le souci d’établir une chronologie, leur entreprise relève moins de l’histoire proprement dite que de la doxographie, chacun d’entre eux convoquant ses prédécesseurs comme des contradicteurs avec qui il doit engager une disputatio.
Meillet historiographe du comparatisme
Authors: Savastovsky Dan
Published: April 2013

RÉSUMÉ: L’article porte sur le type d’histoire des sciences mis en oeuvre par Meillet dans son Aperçu sur le développement de la grammaire comparée,

publié en appendice à l’Introduction à l’étude comparative des langues indoeuropéennes

(1903). On situe d’abord la parution de l’Aperçu dans le contexte de la «crise des fondements» à laquelle doit faire face le comparatisme des années 1880-1910. Puis on met ce texte en regard des autres principales synthèses historiographiques produites par les linguistes fin 19e-début 20e s., notamment celles de Delbrück (1880) et de Pedersen (1916). Après avoir examiné la place que Meillet accorde à Schleicher, on s’attache surtout à son interprétation des apports de l’école néogrammairienne. On précise ensuite dans quelle mesure les révisions et les «retouches» des six premières rééditions de l’Introduction ou la «refonte» inaboutie de la septième (1934), elles-mêmes éclairées par les nombreuses remarques d’ordre historiographique figurant dans d’autres travaux de Meillet, prennent en compte les nouvelles découvertes (le hittite) et les nouvelles tendances du comparatisme après 1900. Enfin, on indique à quelles conditions et sous quelles formes l’histoire d’une science comme la grammaire comparée, quand elle est écrite par les praticiens eux-mêmes, participe du franchissement du seuil de disciplinarisation de cette science.
Création d’inventaires lexicaux anglo-français. Un intermédiaire remarquable : John Palsgrave, L’éclaircissement de la langue française 1530
Authors: Chevalier Jean-Claude
Published: April 2013

ABSTRACT: In the line of medieval grammars, Palsgrave unites morphological and lexicological analysis. But the effort of rationalisation leads him, in book 3 (written later than books 1 and 2), to a clear separation of grammatical analysis and lexical inventories, in order to confirm the coherence of the analyses. The evaluation of the texts published since fifty years will, moreover, supplement Palsgrave’s enterprise of presenting lexical sums, which can be considered as preliminary drafts of dictionaries, already very elaborate.
Grammatisation du coréen dans le processus de formation du coréen national
Authors: Cho Tae-Rin
Published: April 2013

Le présent article a pour but de présenter la particularité de la grammatisation du coréen dans le processus de formation du coréen national. Après une discussion de différents concepts et une comparaison entre deux situations différentes, européenne et extrême-orientale, l’auteur, établissant une bibliographie philologique, tire la conclusion que la grammatisation du coréen a commencé sa phase préliminaire dès le 16e s. mais sa véritable phase seulement à la fin du 19e s. avec l’introduction de l’analyse grammaticale au sens occidental et avec la croissance de la conscience nationale moderne.
Le dilemme de Roman Jakobson face à l’opposition de tension/laxité vocalique
Authors: Mendousse Kevin
Published: April 2013

Dans leur article «Tenseness and Laxness», Jakobson et Halle (1962) s’affairaient à la tâche de ramener les paires chronémiques de Jones sous la forme d’une opposition phonético-phonologique de traits binaires intrinsèques tendu/ lâche. Antérieurement à cette publication, de tels traits s’étaient pourtant vu exclure par Jakobson, Fant et Halle (1952) de la description phonologique des voyelles de l’anglais RP. Reconnaissant ce revirement épistémologique dans le développement jakobsonien de la théorie des traits distinctifs, le présent article entend montrer, au travers d’une analyse exégétique du modèle primitif de Jakobson et de ses variantes subséquentes, que l’intégration de la dite opposition de tension / laxité vocalique en 1952 à la phonologie des voyelles de l’anglais RP était tout simplement incompatible avec le principe du rasoir d’Occam auquel Jakobson avait alors souscrit.
La généralité dans les théories du son à l'âge classique
Authors: Fournier Jean-Marie
Published: April 2013

This paper deals with the construction of the concept of unit in the phonetic descriptions of French language during the 17th and 18th centuries. Increasing precision makes it necessary to regulate the number of units grammarians are able to identify. We propose an analysis of the different criteria which have been introduced during this period to solve the problem. From 1660, the question is brought under a new light by the authors of general grammars in connection with the problem of generality, as we try to show by comparing different classifications of sounds proposed by the most important theoreticians of that time.
Sémantiques du nom propre : sources anciennes et discussions médiévales à l’époque d’Abélard
Authors: Brumberg-Chaumont Julie
Published: April 2013

La question de la signification des noms propres joue un rôle de révélateur dans l’analyse médiévale du problème des universaux et de l’individuation. À la jonction de la grammaire et de la logique, elle hérite des Institutions de Priscien et des commentaires sur l’Organon de Boèce un ensemble d’éléments doctrinaux, plus ou moins convergents ou contradictoires, à partir desquels elle construit une sémantique originale, qui culmine avec l’oeuvre d’Abélard. Cette approche inédite, fondée sur une réélaboration des relations entre substance, qualité, signification et nomination pose essentiellement la question du rôle de la qualité particulière, souvent appelée «platonitas» et pensée comme une collection d’accident, dans la signification des noms propres de substances individuelles.
A metamathematical model in Plato's definition of logos
Authors: Berrettoni Pierangiolo
Published: April 2013

La définition du logos donnée par Platon dans le Sophiste est replacée dans son cadre (méta) mathématique. Ses échos terminologiques dans les textes philosophiques et mathématiques permettent de montrer la généralisation d’un modèle épistémologique fondé sur le concept de génération.
Varron et la constitution des paradigmes flexionnels du latin
Authors: Garcea Alessandro
Published: April 2013

In book X of his De Lingua Latina, Varro conceived a mathematical model of Latin inflection. After taking into account the function of mathematics in Roman republican culture, we will show the relationship between this famous passage and the ancient mathematical literature. We will also study the indirect influence of the Varronian model – especially through the occurrences of the technical word formula

that defines it – on late Latin grammarians.
Les Apontamentos de António de Paula Brito (1887) ou la naissance d'une tradition grammaticale capverdienne autochtone
Authors: Quint N.
Published: April 2013

Cet article analyse les principales caractéristiques des Apontamentos (Notes [ grammaticales]), grammaire du créole capverdien santiagais publiée en version bilingue (capverdien et portugais) en 1887 par l’érudit capverdien António de Paula Brito. Après une brève présentation de l’oeuvre et de l’auteur, l’accent est mis sur la langue de la partie créole des Apontamentos (l’un des plus anciens textes capverdiens connus), où cohabitent des archaïsmes précieux et des lusitanismes flagrants. L’exposé se concentre ensuite sur la valeur scientifique de cet ouvrage où le créole est à la fois langue décrite et décrivante, en insistant sur la métalangue capverdienne développée par l’auteur ainsi que sur la perspicacité de ses analyses linguistiques, avant de conclure sur la portée de cette grammaire pionnière.
Grammatization of indigenous languages in Spanish America : the mental language, language origin and cultural factors
Authors: Breva Claramonte Manuel
Published: April 2013

In this paper, an attempt is made to delineate some features of the grammatization process of indigenous languages in early Spanish America. For greater descriptive accuracy in this presentation, the focus is placed not only on the text of treatises written by missionaries but also on the broader context. Grammatization was influenced by three main factors. The first is the belief in a mental language. This internal language, common and the same for all races, was the source of particular tongues, which developed for the purpose of oral communication. This premise, with antecedents in Antiquity, is traceable back to Thomas Aquinas, whose philosophical ideas were prevalent in Spain at that time. The second was connected to the widely held view that Latin was a logical language, which enjoyed a higher degree of perfection because it reflected the mental language better than other languages. This assertion ties in with certain established views on language origin and language development in the course of history. Here the idea that classical languages, older languages appeared to be more natural and rational also had an impact on the institution of American Indian languages. The third factor involved political, social and cultural considerations. The educational background of missionaries, the attitude of the Spanish Crown and of powerful colonizers also played a role in this process. The doctrinal views, the grammatical analyses of local tongues and the epistemological background help to shed light on some obscure points and unclear issues regarding the type of treatises these ecclesiastics authored. It is my belief that this study helps to reveal the nature and goals of those early grammars on their own terms, seeks to avoid any ‘ presentism’ and explains why missionaries could not have composed the sort of works a number of 19th-and 20th-century critics would have liked them to write, nor indead was this their intention.
Langues amérindiennes à la Renaissance : norme et exemples dans les descriptions du tupi et du guarani
Authors: Rodriguez-Alcala Carolina , Horta Nunes José
Published: April 2013

Caractéristiques des descriptions des langues tupi et guarani que, à partir de la Renaissance, des missionnaires jésuites ont réalisées dans les anciens domaines coloniaux du Brésil et du Paraguay. Son objectif est de déterminer certains procédés de standardisation et d’exemplification qui sont indissociables des pratiques discursives qui se déployaient à l’époque, dans les conditions sociales et politiques où ce travail grammatical a été élaboré. Pour ce faire, nous analysons le rôle de l’oralité qui, alliée à la finalité de la grammaire, à la représentation des Indiens et au type de société instituée dans le contexte de la colonisation, a conduit les descripteurs à établir des stratégies particulières et déterminé un fonctionnement de la norme et de l’écriture qui se distingue de celui d’autres traditions grammaticales.
Omnis lingua confitebitur Deo : Writing the first Slovenian grammar (1584)
Authors: Ahačič K.
Published: April 2013

This article presents the specific approaches required for the discussion of Slovenian as a minor, at the time relatively unknown, Slavic language in the grammar Arcticae horulae succisivae de Latinocarniolana literatura (1584). It was necessary to include in the work not only a grammatical description of the language, but also a justification of such a description and an account of the language’s usefulness and expressive power. The article focuses on the following characteristics of the work : (1) the emphasis on the wide distribution, antiquity and social importance of the language in the preface (Praefatiuncula) ; (2) the attempt to enhance the “ usefulness” of the work by inserting a chapter on the orthographies of Slavic languages in tabular form ; (3) the adaptation of the vernacular language to the Latin grammar model.
Port-Royal et les grammaires des langues sauvages. Contemporanéité et émergence théorique
Authors: Schmidt-Riese R.
Published: April 2013

La Grammaire générale et raisonnée de Port-Royal (1660) et la grammaire coloniale française, notamment Breton 1667 (Grammaire Caraïbe, la seule qui ait été imprimée) et Nicolas 1674 (Grammaire algonquine, restée manuscrite) sont contemporaines. S’il est évident que les deux programmes de recherche poursuivent des finalités de connaissance et d’utilisation bien différentes, ils partagent néanmoins le même horizon de rétrospection, mettent en jeu des catégories identiques et convergent même dans la mesure où les deux s’intéressent aux possibilités de différenciation des langues humaines. Il y a donc matière à comparaison. L’origine des données analysées, la façon de les approcher et de les arranger sont certes incompatibles. Et pourtant, les deux programmes, même en s’ignorant l’un l’autre, apportent des progrès évidents par rapport aux connaissances établies jusque là. L’étude choisit trois champs de comparaison pour mieux discerner tant les façons de procéder que les résultats obtenus, à savoir, les voyelles centrales, l’article et les prédicats nominaux. Dans les trois champs, on constate des innovations des deux côtés.
Depictions of language and languages in early Tamil literature – How Tamil became cool and straight
Authors: Wilden Eva
Published: April 2013

This paper aims at following up the development of the basic designation of the language called Tamil (tamiḻ) and its perception of otherness, i. e. other languages, especially the «Northern language » (vaṭa-moḻi & al.), in the early, pre-theoretical and non-theoretical, literature of the first millennium of the common era. The variety of literary genres and texts serving quite different purposes preserves a multiplicity of voices which have not survived into the relatively narrow circles interested in grammatical discourse. Already in the oldest literary corpus, that of the

Caṅkam, the word tamiḻ is occasionally used for territory, people and language, but also for a learned literary tradition. A marked increase can be observed from the 7th century onwards, where we find both in courtly and even more so in devotional texts the onset of a conscious promotion of Tamil, often in implicit contrast to Sanskrit. The epicentre of the movement seems to be located in the Shaiva tradition.
On the Very Notions of Language and of the Chinese Language
Authors: Harbsmeier Christoph
Published: April 2013

Cet article présente un certain nombre de mots et expressions désignant «la langue chinoise » en chinois moderne ainsi que dans des formes plus anciennes de la langue. Il aborde ensuite l’histoire conceptuelle des mots chinois au sein du champ sémantique «langue » . Il se termine sur un bref examen des conceptions chinoises relatives à la nature, l’importance et les fonctions du langage humain.