bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous synthesis of structural‐constrained heat exchanger networks with and without stream splits
Authors: Zhaoyi Huo , Liang Zhao , Hongchao Yin , Jianxiong Ye
Published: May 2012

This paper presents a comprehensive simultaneous synthesis approach based on stage‐wise superstructure to design cost‐optimal heat exchanger network (HEN). It is well known that the simultaneous synthesis model has very complicated mixed integer nonlinear programming formulations, which are non‐convex, non‐continuous and have many local optima. Up till now, it cannot be expected that an algorithm can find, in polynomial time, the global solution to the simultaneous synthesis problem of HEN. In order to reduce computational complexity, some simplified assumptions for structures, such as no stream splits, stream splits with isothermal mixing, no stream split flowing through more than one exchanger, etc, are adopted to prune the search space at the expense of neglecting certain important alternatives in the network configuration. In this work, a flexible stage‐wise superstructure is proposed to control the solution performance and search space efficiently. At each stage of the superstructure, with or without stream splits is determined at random or by the experience of designers. In this way, various candidate series and split network designs featuring the lowest annual cost can be found. Moreover, an efficient two‐level optimisation algorithm is employed for solving the presented model utilising genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimisation algorithm. Three case studies are presented to show the applicability of the proposed methodology. In addition, the results show that the new approach is able to find more economical networks than those generated by other methods. © 2012 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Bioreduction of Hexavalent Chromium by Live and Active Phanerochaete chrysosporium: Kinetics and Modeling
Authors: Murugavelh Somasundaram , Mohanty Kaustubha
Published: May 2012

In this work the potential of live and active Phanerochaete chryosporium, a white rot fungi, to remove lower Cr(VI) concentration from aqueous solutions was reported for the first time. A medium pH had significant effect on the growth of the fungus and bioremoval of Cr(VI). Substrate inhibition on the growth of Phanerochaete chrysosporium was evident beyond 20 g L−1 of dextrose concentration. A maximum biomass concentration of 15.64 g L−1 was obtained for an initial dextrose concentration of 20 g L−1 in metal free medium at pH 6.0. An increase in Cr(VI) concentration beyond 10 mg L−1 inhibited the growth of the fungi, thereby, reducing the chromium bioremoval efficiency. A maximum reduction efficiency of 98.92% was reported for an initial metal concentration of 10 mg L−1. A mathematical expression for the bioreduction of Cr(VI) considering the organic compounds in the cells was proposed.
On the efficient use of multiple channels by single‐receiver clients in wireless data broadcasting
Authors: Nicopolitidis P. , Chrysostomou C. , Papadimitriou G.I. , Pitsillides A. , Pomportsis A.S.
Published: May 2012

This letter proposes an adaptive wireless push system for wireless data broadcasting environments, where multiple channels are available for broadcasting data from a broadcast server to a large number of mobile clients. We address the general case where the client demands are not dependent on client locations. The efficiency of the proposed system lies in the fact that it offers significant performance improvements to the system clients with the need of only one receiver at each client device. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Droxidopa, an oral norepinephrine precursor, improves hemodynamic and renal alterations of portal hypertensive rats
Authors: Coll Mar , Rodriguez Sarai , Raurell Imma , Ezkurdia Nahia , Brull Astrid , Augustin Salvador , Guardia Jaime , Esteban Rafael , Martell María , Genescà Joan
Published: May 2012

We aimed to evaluate the effects of droxidopa (an oral synthetic precursor of norepinephrine) on the hemodynamic and renal alterations of portal hypertensive rats. Sham, portal vein-ligated (PVL), and 4-week biliary duct-ligated (BDL) rats received a single oral dose of droxidopa (25-50 mg/kg) or vehicle and hemodynamic parameters were monitored for 2 hours. Two groups of BDL and cirrhotic rats induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) were treated for 5 days with droxidopa (15 mg/kg, twice daily, orally); hemodynamic parameters and blood and urinary parameters were assessed. The droxidopa effect on the Rho kinase (RhoK) / protein kinase B (AKT) / endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) pathways was analyzed by western blot in superior mesenteric artery (SMA). The acute administration of droxidopa in PVL and BDL rats caused a significant and maintained increase in arterial pressure and mesenteric arterial resistance, with a significant decrease of mesenteric arterial and portal blood flow, without changing portal pressure and renal blood flow. Two-hour diuresis greatly increased. Carbidopa (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) blunted all effects of droxidopa. Chronic droxidopa therapy in BDL rats produced the same beneficial hemodynamic effects observed in the acute study, did not alter liver function parameters, and caused a 50% increase in 24-hour diuresis volume (7.4 ± 0.9 mL/100g in BDL vehicle versus 11.8 ± 2.5 mL/100g in BDL droxidopa;

P

= 0.01). Droxidopa-treated rats also showed a decreased ratio of p-eNOS/eNOS and p-AKT/AKT and increased activity of RhoK in SMA. The same chronic treatment in CCl4 rats caused similar hemodynamic effects and produced significant increases in diuresis volume and 24-hour natriuresis (0.08 ± 0.02 mmol/100g in CCl4 vehicle versus 0.23 ± 0.03 mmol/100g in CCl4 droxidopa;

P

= 0.014).

Conclusion :

Droxidopa might be an effective therapeutic agent for hemodynamic and renal alterations of liver cirrhosis and should be tested in cirrhosis patients.
Body mass index and survival in patients with renal cell carcinoma: A clinical‐based cohort and meta‐analysis
Authors: Choi Yuni , Park Bumsoo , Jeong Byong Chang , Seo Seong Il , Jeon Seong Soo , Choi Han Yong , Adami Hans‐Olov , Lee Jung Eun , Lee Hyun Moo
Published: May 2012

Growing evidence suggests that obesity, an established cause of renal cell cancer (RCC), may also be associated with a better prognosis. To evaluate the association between RCC survival and obesity, we analyzed a large cohort of patients with RCC and undertook a meta‐analysis of the published evidence. We collected clinical and pathologic data from 1,543 patients who underwent nephrectomy for RCC between 1994 and 2008 with complete follow‐up through 2008. Patients were grouped according to BMI (kg/m2): underweight <18.5, normal weight 18.5 to <23, overweight 23 to <25 and obese ≥25. We estimated survival using the Kaplan–Meier method and Cox proportional hazard models to examine the impact of BMI on overall survival (OS) and cancer‐specific survival (CSS) with adjustment for covariates. We performed a meta‐analysis of BMI and OS, CSS and recurrence‐free survival (RFS) from all relevant studies using a random‐effects model. The 5‐year CSS increased from 76.1% in the lowest to 92.7% in the highest BMI category. A multivariate analysis showed higher OS [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.45; 95% CI: 0.29–0.68) and CSS (HR = 0.47; 95% CI: 0.29–0.77] in obese patients than in normal weight patients. The meta‐analysis further corroborated that high BMI significantly improved OS (HR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.43–0.76), CSS (HR = 0.59; 95% CI: 0.48–0.74) and RFS (HR = 0.49; 95% CI: 0.30–0.81). Our study shows that preoperative BMI is an independent prognostic indicator for survival among patients with RCC.
Therapeutic live vaccines as a potential anticancer strategy
Authors: Bolhassani Azam , Zahedifard Farnaz
Published: May 2012

The design of efficient cancer treatments is one of the major challenges of medical science. Therapeutic vaccines of cancer have been emerged as an attractive approach for their capacity of breaking the immune tolerance and invoking long‐term immune response targeting cancer cells without autoimmunity. An efficient antigen delivery system is the key issue of developing an effective cancer vaccine. In this regard, live vaccination strategies including various live bacterial and viral vectors have attracted a great attention. Several bacterial strains such as Salmonella, Listeria
monocytogenes and Lactococcus lactis effectively colonize solid tumors and act as antitumor therapeutics. On the other hand, the use of viruses as vaccine vectors such as Vaccinia, Adenovirus, Herpes simplex virus, Paramyxovirus and Retroviruses utilizes mechanisms that evolved in these microbes for entering cells and capturing the cellular machinery to express viral proteins. Viral/bacterial‐vectored vaccines induce systemic T‐cell responses including polyfunctional cytokine‐secreting CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cells. However, there is an urgent need for the development of new safe live vaccine vectors that are capable of enhancing antigen presentation and eliciting potent immune responses without the risk of development of disease in humans. Recently, nonpathogenic parasites including Leishmania
tarentolae, Toxoplasma gondii and Trypanosoma cruzi have emerged to be a novel candidate for gene delivery and heterologous genes expression. In this review, recent researches on cancer therapy using genetically modified bacteria and virus are summarized. In addition, live parasite‐based vectors will be discussed as a novel anticancer therapeutic approach.
The Role of Self‐Construals in the Link Between Anger Regulation and Externalizing Problems in Korean American Adolescents: Testing a Moderated Mediation Model
Authors: Park Irene J. K. , Kim Paul Youngbin
Published: May 2012

Objectives

The present study had two primary aims: (a) to test the mediating role of anger regulation in the relation between family processes and externalizing problems; (b) to test the moderating role of culture (specifically, independent and interdependent self‐construals) in the relation between anger regulation and symptomatology via a moderated mediation model.

Design

The sample comprised 166 Korean American adolescents (54.2% male), who were recruited from the Midwestern region of the United States. Adolescents’ ages ranged from 11‐15 years old (M = 13.0 years; SD = 1.2). Cross‐sectional data were collected via adolescent self‐report questionnaires.

Results

Results indicated that the anger regulation variables (either individually or collectively) mediated the influence of family processes (i.e., family conflict, family cohesion, and father‐adolescent communication) on externalizing problems. Moreover, 2 indirect effects on externalizing problems were conditional upon adolescents’ independent self‐construal.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that clinical intervention efforts for addressing externalizing problems may benefit from targeting anger regulation strategies. However, such interventions should be tailored to consider cultural context, since mediation effects may be moderated by cultural factors such as self‐construal.
Sonographic antenatal diagnosis of congenital dacryocystoceles
Authors: Sotiriou Sotirios , Manolakos Emmanouil , Peitsidis Panagiotis , Garas Antonios
Published: May 2012

Congenital dacryocystoceles are a relatively rare variant of nasolacrimal duct obstruction, accounting for only 0.1% of infants with congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. We report a new case of bilateral congenital dacrocystoceles diagnosed in an otherwise uncomplicated fetal ultrasound examination during the 33rd week of pregnancy. The diagnosis was confirmed postnatally. The neonate, who did not present postpartum respiratory distress, was scheduled for endoscopic marsupialization‐probing of the cystic structures. Parents must be well informed about the risk of respiratory distress, and facial appearance. Complete resolution is achieved after surgical intervention. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2012
Challenges in T cell receptor gene therapy
Authors: Uttenthal Benjamin J. , Chua Ignatius , Morris Emma C. , Stauss Hans J.
Published: May 2012

The function of T lymphocytes as orchestrators and effectors of the adaptive immune response is directed by the specificity of their T cell receptors (TCRs). By transferring into T cells the genes encoding antigen‐specific receptors, the functional activity of large populations of T cells can be redirected against defined targets including virally infected or cancer cells. The potential of therapeutic T cells to traffic to sites of disease, to expand and to persist after a single treatment remains a major advantage over the currently available immunotherapies that use monoclonal antibodies. Here we review recent progress in the field of TCR gene therapy, outlining challenges to its successful implementation and the strategies being used to overcome them. We detail strategies used in the optimization of affinity and surface expression of the introduced TCR, the choice of T cell subpopulations for gene transfer, and the promotion of persistence of gene‐modified T cells in vivo. We review the safety concerns surrounding the use of gene‐modified T cells in patients, discussing emerging solutions to these problems, and describe the increasingly positive results from the use of gene‐modified T cells in recent clinical trials of adoptive cellular immunotherapy. The increasing sophistication of measures to ensure the safety of engineered T cells is accompanied by an increasing number of clinical trials: these will be essential to guide the effective translation of cellular immunotherapy from the laboratory to the bedside. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Specific Features of Strain Dependences of Loss Modulus in Highly Stretched Elastomers
Authors: Borodin Igor P. , Borodina Tatyana I. , Khazanovich Theodor N.
Published: May 2012

The loss modulus E″ in elastomer strips stretched by a factor of λ is studied theoretically. A small oscillating deformation is applied to these strips in the transition frequency zone between the glassy and rubbery states. The range of λ under study ranges up to ultimate extensions close to fracture. A model of E″/λ dependence in the transition frequency zone is suggested that considers the possible distortion in the local chain structure in the ultimate extension range. It is found that E″ in the range of moderate and high λ increases owing to the finite extensibility of the chains. However, upon further extension up to ultimate values, E″ decreases and a maximum appears on the E″/λ curves. These features are also confirmed experimentally.

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The oxysterol receptors lxrα and lxrβ suppress proliferation in the colon
Authors: Vedin Lise‐Lotte , Gustafsson Jan‐Åke , Steffensen Knut R.
Published: May 2012

The oxysterol receptors LXRα and LXRβ are members of the nuclear receptor family and established transcriptional regulators of lipid metabolism with additional anti‐inflammatory functions. Recent investigations have indicated an important role of LXRs in the control of proliferation. Here we further extend this knowledge to human colon cancer cells and proliferation in mouse colon. We show that activation of LXRs leads to a robust cell cycle arrest in colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines. At the molecular level LXRs control expression of several cell cycle genes including Skp2, c‐Myc, CDKs, cyclins, and p15. Furthermore, activation of LXRs causes hypo‐phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma (Rb) tumor suppressor protein. Experiments performed in vivo show that the colon structure appears to be intact in LXR null mice. However, LXRαβ−/− mice show a significant increase of proliferation markers in colon compared to wild type mice and administration of the LXR specific agonist, GW3965 significantly reduced expression of proliferation in mouse colon. Taken together, these findings point toward a strong anti‐proliferative effect of LXRs in colon revealing the potential of LXR ligands as possible anti cancer agents. Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Robust exponential stability of discrete‐time uncertain impulsive neural networks with time‐varying delay
Authors: Zhang Yu
Published: May 2012

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the robust exponential stability of discrete‐time uncertain impulsive neural networks with time‐varying delay. By using Lyapunov functions together with Razumikhin technique, some new robust exponential stability criteria are presented. The obtained results show that the robust stability can be retained under certain impulsive perturbations for the neural network, which has the robust stability property. The obtained results also show that impulses can robustly stabilize the neural network, which does not have the robust stability property. Some examples, together with their simulations, are also given to show the effectiveness and the advantage of the presented results. It should be noted that the impulsive robust exponential stabilization result for discrete‐time neural network with time‐varying delay is given for the first time. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hardy and singular operators in weighted generalized Morrey spaces with applications to singular integral equations
Authors: Lukkassen D. , Meidell A. , Persson L.‐E. , Samko N.
Published: May 2012

We study the weighted boundedness of the multi‐dimensional Hardy‐type and singular operators in the generalized Morrey spaces , defined by an almost increasing function φ(r) and radial type weights. We obtain sufficient conditions, in terms of numerical characteristics, that is, index numbers of the weight functions and the function φ. In relation with the wide usage of singular integral equations in applications, we show how the solvability of such equations in the generalized Morrey spaces depends on the main characteristics of the space, which allows to better control both the singularities and regularity of solutions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Muti‐Objective Nonlinear Model Predictive Control of Semibatch Polymerization Reactors
Authors: Morales Pilar , Flores‐Tlacuahuac Antonio
Published: May 2012

A novel control system for semibatch polymerization reactors based on nonlinear MPC is proposed that is aimed to deal with more than one control objective. Commonly, multi‐objective control problems are reduced to single objective problems, but better control can be achieved by solving the problem as a true multi‐objective optimization problem because the interactions among the control goals are taken into account. Moreover, the selection of subjective weighting functions is avoided. The procedure is based on computing a trade‐off solution among the control objectives that features the minimum distance from a given point on the Pareto front to the Utopia region. To illustrate the application of the multi‐objective nonlinear MPC strategy two complex reaction systems are deployed.

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Arterial input function measurements for bolus tracking perfusion imaging in the brain
Authors: Kellner Elias , Mader Irina , Mix Michael , Splitthoff Daniel Nico , Reisert Marco , Foerster Katharina , Nguyen‐Thanh Thao , Gall Peter , Kiselev Valerij G.
Published: May 2012

Imaging of cerebral perfusion by tracking the first passage of an exogenous paramagnetic contrast agent (termed dynamic susceptibility contrast, MRI) has been used in the clinical practice for about a decade. However, the primary goal of dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI to directly quantify the local cerebral blood flow remains elusive. The major challenge of dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI is to measure the contrast inflow to the brain, i.e., the arterial input function. The measurement is complicated by the limited dynamic range of MRI pulse sequences that are optimized for a good contrast in brain tissue but are suboptimal for a much higher tracer concentration in arterial blood. In this work, we suggest a novel method for direct arterial input function quantification. The arterial input function is measured in the carotid arteries with a dedicated plug‐in to the conventional pulse sequence to enable resolution of T2 on the order of a millisecond. The new technique is compatible with the clinical measurement protocols. Applied to the pig model (N = 13), the method demonstrates robustness of the arterial input function measurement. The cardiac output and cerebral blood volume, obtained without adjustable parameters, agree well with positron emission tomography measurements and values found in the literature. Magn Reson Med, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessment of bias in experimentally measured diffusion tensor imaging parameters using SIMEX
Authors: Lauzon Carolyn B. , Crainiceanu Ciprian , Caffo Brian C. , Landman Bennett A.
Published: May 2012

Diffusion tensor imaging enables in vivo investigation of tissue cytoarchitecture through parameter contrasts sensitive to water diffusion barriers at the micrometer level. Parameters are derived through an estimation process that is susceptible to noise and artifacts. Estimated parameters (e.g., fractional anisotropy) exhibit both variability and bias relative to the true parameter value estimated from a hypothetical noise‐free acquisition. Herein, we present the use of the simulation and extrapolation (SIMEX) approach for post hoc assessment of bias in a massively univariate imaging setting and evaluate the potential of a SIMEX‐based bias correction. Using simulated data with known truth models, spatially varying fractional anisotropy bias error maps are evaluated on two independent and highly differentiated case studies. The stability of SIMEX and its distributional properties are further evaluated on 42 empirical diffusion tensor imaging datasets. Using gradient subsampling, an empirical experiment with a known true outcome is designed and SIMEX performance is compared to the original estimator. With this approach, we find SIMEX bias estimates to be highly accurate offering significant reductions in parameter bias for individual datasets and greater accuracy in averaged population‐based estimates. Magn Reson Med, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simplifications and speedups of the pseudoflow algorithm
Authors: Hochbaum Dorit S. , Orlin James B.
Published: May 2012

The pseudoflow algorithm for solving the maximum flow and minimum cut problems was devised in Hochbaum (2008). The complexity of the algorithm was shown in (2008) to be O(nm log n). Chandran and Hochbaum, (2009) demonstrated that the pseudoflow algorithm is very efficient in practice, and that the highest label version of the algorithm tends to perform best. Here, we improve the running time of the highest label pseudoflow algorithm to O(n3) using simple data structures and to O(nm log (n2/m)) using the dynamic trees data structure. Both these algorithms use a new form of Depth‐First‐Search implementation that is likely to be fast in practice as well. In addition, we give a new simpler description of the pseudoflow algorithm by relating it to the simplex algorithm as applied to the maximum preflow problem defined here. The interpretation of the generic pseudoflow algorithm as a simplex‐like algorithm for the maximum preflow problem motivates the pseudoflow algorithm and highlights differences between the pseudoflow algorithm and the preflow‐push algorithm of Goldberg and Tarjan. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2013
Anti‐VEGF antibody therapy does not promote metastasis in genetically engineered mouse tumour models
Authors: Singh Mallika , Couto Suzana S , Forrest William F , Lima Anthony , Cheng Jason H , Molina Rafael , Long Jason E , Hamilton Patricia , McNutt Angela , Kasman Ian , Nannini Michelle A , Reslan Hani Bou , Cao Tim C , Ho Calvin CK , Barck Kai H , Carano Richard AD , Foreman Oded , Eastham‐Anderson Jeffrey , Jubb Adrian M , Ferrara Napoleone , Johnson Leisa
Published: May 2012

Resistance to anti‐angiogenic therapy can occur via several potential mechanisms. Unexpectedly, recent studies showed that short‐term inhibition of either VEGF or VEGFR enhanced tumour invasiveness and metastatic spread in preclinical models. In an effort to evaluate the translational relevance of these findings, we examined the consequences of long‐term anti‐VEGF monoclonal antibody therapy in several well‐validated genetically engineered mouse tumour models of either neuroendocrine or epithelial origin. Anti‐VEGF therapy decreased tumour burden and increased overall survival, either as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapy, in all four models examined. Importantly, neither short‐ nor long‐term exposure to anti‐VEGF therapy altered the incidence of metastasis in any of these autochthonous models, consistent with retrospective analyses of clinical trials. In contrast, we observed that sunitinib treatment recapitulated previously reported effects on tumour invasiveness and metastasis in a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour (PNET) model. Consistent with these results, sunitinib treatment resulted in an up‐regulation of the hypoxia marker GLUT1 in PNETs, whereas anti‐VEGF did not. These results indicate that anti‐VEGF mediates anti‐tumour effects and therapeutic benefits without a paradoxical increase in metastasis. Moreover, these data underscore the concept that drugs targeting VEGF ligands and receptors may affect tumour metastasis in a context‐dependent manner and are mechanistically distinct from one another. Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Presence versus absence of hydrogen bond donor Tyr‐39 influences interactions of cationic trypsin and mesotrypsin with protein protease inhibitors
Authors: Salameh Moh'd A. , Soares Alexei S. , Alloy Alexandre , Radisky Evette S.
Published: May 2012

Mesotrypsin displays unusual resistance to inhibition by polypeptide trypsin inhibitors and cleaves some such inhibitors as substrates, despite a high degree of conservation with other mammalian trypsins. Substitution of Arg for the generally conserved Gly‐193 has been implicated as a critical determinant of the unusual behavior of mesotrypsin toward protein protease inhibitors. Another relatively conserved residue near the trypsin active site, Tyr‐39, is substituted by Ser‐39 in mesotrypsin. Tyr‐39, but not Ser‐39, forms a hydrogen bond with the main chain amide nitrogen of the P4′ residue of a bound protease inhibitor. To investigate the role of the Tyr‐39 H‐bond in trypsin‐inhibitor interactions, we reciprocally mutated position 39 in mesotrypsin and human cationic trypsin to Tyr‐39 and Ser‐39, respectively. We assessed inhibition constants and cleavage rates of canonical protease inhibitors bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) and the amyloid precursor protein Kunitz protease inhibitor domain by mesotrypsin and cationic trypsin variants, finding that the presence of Ser‐39 relative to Tyr‐39 results in a 4‐ to 13‐fold poorer binding affinity and a 2‐ to 18‐fold increase in cleavage rate. We also report the crystal structure of the mesotrypsin‐S39Y•BPTI complex, in which we observe an H‐bond between Tyr‐39 OH and BPTI Ile‐19 N. Our results indicate that the presence of Ser‐39 in mesotrypsin, and corresponding absence of a single H‐bond to the inhibitor backbone, makes a small but significant functional contribution to the resistance of mesotrypsin to inhibition and the ability of mesotrypsin to proteolyze inhibitors.
Teaching Formulaic Sequences: The Same as or Different From Teaching Single Words?
Authors: Alali Fatima A. , Schmitt Norbert
Published: May 2012

Formulaic language is an important component of discourse and needs to be addressed in teaching pedagogy. Unfortunately, there has been little research into the most effective ways of teaching formulaic language. In this study, Kuwaiti students were taught words and idioms using the same teaching methodologies, and their learning was measured. The results show that the teaching produced a similar pattern of learning for words as well as idioms, suggesting that at least some of the same types of teaching methodologies we use for individual words can be effective in teaching formulaic sequences. However, the learning of idioms was somewhat lower than that of words. The results also show that reviewing was effective in enhancing the learning to a recall level of mastery, and this was equally true in the learning of words and idioms. Written review was always more effective than oral review. Overall, participants were able to recognize nearly all of the taught words and idioms after 12 days but were able to recall only approximately one‐half of them at best, and usually much less.
Effects of a Language‐Minority Family's Activities in Early Second Language Writing Development
Authors: Wei Michael , Zhou Yalun
Published: May 2012

The impact of social dimensions (e.g., parental involvement) on second language literacy acquisition is not well studied in the field (August & Shanahan, 2008). Although quite a few studies report immigrant parents' belief and perspectives of their children's second language reading and writing, it remains unknown for school teachers and second literacy specialists the steps that immigrant parents take to improve their children's second language learning after the children leave school. This longitudinal case study intends to fill the gap by profiling an ESL child's early second language writing development, from day one of the child's American schooling to the time when the child received above grade level instruction. The detailed data in naturalistic settings are valuable evidence of effective parental intervention in second language acquisition. Due to the parents' linguistic and educational background, their home literacy practices at the early stage of a child's second writing development are invaluable for classroom teachers. Some of their strategies are also applicable for immigrant parents who don't know where or how to start helping their children learn their second language well.
Benzo[a]pyrene modulation of acute immunologic responses in red Sea bream pretreated with lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Bo Jun , Gopalakrishnan Singaram , Fan Dan‐Qing , Thilagam Harikrishnan , Qu Hai‐Dong , Zhang Nai , Chen Fang‐Yi , Wang Ke‐Jian
Published: May 2012

The effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been reported to modulate the immune response in aquatic animals, but the collected information of their effects on fish immunity is so far ambiguous. This study demonstrated that Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) exposure altered the expression pattern of an antimicrobial peptide hepcidin (PM‐hepc) gene and the activities of some immune‐associated parameters in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐challenged red sea bream (Pagrus major). It was observed that LPS could increase respiratory burst, lysozyme and antibacterial activity in P. major. However when the P. major was exposed to different concentrations of BaP (1, 4, or 8 μg L−1) for 14 days and then challenged with LPS there was no significant change in the lysozyme and antibacterial activity. It was further observed that LPS could induce the PM‐hepc mRNA expression at 3, 6, and 12‐h post‐LPS challenge. However, when P. major was exposed first to BaP for 14 days and then challenged with LPS, the expression of PM‐hepc mRNA was delayed in the liver until 24 h and not significantly induced until 48 and 96 h. The mRNA expression pattern was completely different from that only with LPS challenge, showing that BaP exposure changed the PM‐hepc mRNA expression pattern of fish with LPS challenge. This study demonstrated that BaP exposure can weaken or inhibit the induction of lysozyme and antibacterial activity in the LPS‐challenged P. major; conversely BaP exposure could enhance the mRNA expression of PM‐hepc gene, indicating that the effect of BaP has different modulatory mechanism on hepcidin genes and immune‐associated parameters. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 29: 517–525, 2014.
Responses of biomarkers of a standardized (Cyprinus carpio) and a native (Pimelodella laticeps) fish species after in situ exposure in a periurban zone of Luján river (Argentina)
Authors: Scarcia Paola , Calamante Gabriela , de la Torre Fernando
Published: May 2012

The Luján River basin, which is located in the northwest area of the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, receives different anthropogenic inputs before reaching the Río de la Plata estuary. The aim of this study was to assess the adverse impact of the river in the middle part of the basin. To this end, an in situ cage assay was conducted in two sites of the river (S1 and S2) near Luján city, and the responses of hepatic biomarkers of both a standardized (Cyprinus carpio) and a native (Pimelodella laticeps) species were evaluated. The biomarkers studied were the condition factor and liver somatic indices (LSI), the enzymatic activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST), lipid peroxidation levels (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS) and the induction of hepatic cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) and vitellogenin (Vtg) proteins. After 14 days, LSI and GST activity increased, and TBARS levels decreased in both species exposed at S1 and S2. In addition, exposure at both sites promoted an increase in SOD activity and CYP1A induction in C. carpio, while Vtg expression was observed only at S1. A shorter exposure period (7 days) caused an initial response only at S2 mediated only by CAT in P. laticeps. Finally, our results demonstrate that a 14‐day period of in situ exposure in Luján River could lead to antioxidant and biotransformation processes in C. carpio and to phase II biotransformation responses in P. laticeps. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 29: 545–557, 2014.
Assessment of the genotoxic effects of organophosphorus insecticides phorate and trichlorfon in human lymphocytes
Authors: Timoroğlu İlknur , Yüzbaşıoğlu Deniz , Ünal Fatma , Yılmaz Serkan , Aksoy Hüseyin , Çelik Mustafa
Published: May 2012

In vitro genotoxic effects of organophosphorus insecticides Phorate (PHR) and Trichlorfon (TCF) were investigated using four genotoxicity endpoints. Different concentration ranges between 0.25–2.00 μg mL−1 of PHR and 2.34–37.50 μg mL−1 of TCF were applied to lymphocytes. PHR and TCF significantly increased the frequency of chromosomal aberrations (except 2.34 μg mL−1 for TCF) and sister chromatid exchanges at all treatment times and concentrations. Most of the used concentrations induced a significant increase in the frequency of micronuclei. Furthermore, PHR and TCF significantly decreased the mitotic index at the higher concentrations after 24‐ and 48‐h treatments. In the comet assay, PHR and TCF significantly increased the comet tail at all concentrations. However, the comet tail intensity was significantly increased at only the highest concentration of PHR and at all concentrations of TCF. According to these results, PHR and TCF possess clastogenic, mutagenic, and DNA damaging effects in human lymphocytes in vitro. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 29: 577–587, 2014.
Development of Transverse Fault along North Almora Thrust, Kumaun Lesser Himalaya, India: A Study Based on Field and Magnetic Fabrics
Authors: Pant P. D. , Chauhan Ritu , Bhakuni S. S.
Published: May 2012

Along the North Almora Thrust (NAT) in the Kumaun Lesser Himalaya, a zone of mylonitic rocks has developed due to strain localization during the tectonic emplacement of the Almora Nappe over the Lesser Himalayan Sequence. This zone is referred here as the NAT zone (NATZ) that is dissected by faults, which are transverse to the Himalayan orographic trend and are known as seismically active structures. Trending NNW-SSE these are the Chaukhutiya and Raintoli faults. Two E-W oriented subsidiary brittle faults across the Chaukhutiya Fault are also recognized. Based on the field study and magnetic fabric analysis an attempt has been made to evaluate the deformation and kinematic history of northeastern margin of the Almora Nappe superposed by the Chaukhutiya faulting that coincides with northeastern margin of the NAT. Field study reveals brittle-ductile and brittle regimes of deformation along the Chaukhutiya Fault. Away from the NAT variable attitudes (E-W or ENE-WSW with gentle dip) of field foliation and axial planes of folds are observed, whereas at and near the NAT the attitudes of beds, including curved lithounits, are steeply dipping and are oriented parallel with the NNW-SSE trending NAT. Curvature in fold hinge line and discontinuous occurrence of lithounits are observed along the fault.

Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS) study of the rocks was carried out. It reveals that the anisotropy is controlled mostly by paramagnetic minerals, whereas ferromagnetic minerals have played a minor role. High temperature demagnetization through hysteresis curves has yielded negligible contribution of ferromagnetic minerals. The steep magnetic foliation is interpreted to be on account of NE-SW oriented progressive regional compression. Moreover, the magnetic foliation is inferred to represent a secondary foliation due to superimposition on primary foliation. Analyses of AMS and structural data indicate that the Chaukhutiya Fault has a strike-slip right lateral displacement including rotational component. AMS results reveal high anisotropy value (Pj) at the surface trace of the NAT and low anisotropy (Pj) away from it. Variable style of deformation is observed along the transverse fault length.
Compositions and Petrogenetic Significance of the Eudialyte Group Minerals from Sushina, Purulia, West Bengal
Authors: Chakrabarty Aniket , Pruseth Kamal L. , Sen Amit Kumar
Published: May 2012

The eudialyte-group of minerals (EGM) is one of the most important index minerals of the peralkaline (agpaitic) nepheline syenites. They crystallize in varied physico-chemical conditions ranging from the early-magmatic (orthomagmatic) to late-magmatic and even in the post-magmatic (hydrothermal) stage. In India, the only agpaitic nepheline syenite gneisses of the Sushina Hill region contain both late-magmatic as well as hydrothermal eudialytes. Compositionally these are Mn-Nb-Ca rich eudialytes and are comparable to the other EGM occurrences such as Ilímaussaq (Greenland), Tamazeght (Morocco), Mont-Saint Hilaire (Canada) and Pilansberg (South Africa). High Mn content (>6.5 wt.%) for both varieties of the Sushina EGM indicates that they are highly evolved in nature. In terms of the calculated site occupancy, particularly the [M(3)] and [M(2)], the Sushina eudialytes mimic some Pilansberg eudialytes. In addition to the eudialyte, the host nepheline syenite gneiss also contains an unknown Na-Zr-silicate (NZS) which is often found to be replacing both types of eudialytes. Compositionally these NZS can be tentatively represented as Na2Zr2S6O17. These NZS are characterized by much higher Zr, but lower Mn and Nb concentrations compared to the associated eudialytes. Two distinct varieties of eudialyte and NZS indicate subtle changes in the alkalinity during their formations. The formation of the late-magmatic as well as hydrothermal eudialyte essentially took place at somewhat elevated pH conditions. The replacement or alteration of eudialytes by NZS indicates a decreasing pH condition. In terms of the chemical composition the late-magmatic eudialytes can be represented as a solid-solution series between the kentbrooksite-taseqite-aqualite while the hydrothermal eudialyte represents solid-solution between kentbrooksite-taseqite -Ce-zirsilite.
Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Pyrophyllite Deposit of Madrangjodi, Keonjhar District, Orissa
Authors: Das M. , Monalisa S. M. , Paul A. K. , Mishra R. K. , Mohanty J. K. , Pradhan A. A. , Goswami S.
Published: May 2012

Pyrophyllite deposit at Madrangjodi is a large lensoidal massif overlain unconformably by Dhanjori quartzite and underlain by the parent Singhbhum granite (Phase – II). Pyrophyllite and quartz are the major minerals with minor to trace amounts of muscovite, chloritoid opaques and tourmaline. It is broadly divisible into lamellar, granular and schistose varieties. SiO2 (66.90-74.36%) and Al2O3 (20.80-27.54%) are the major oxides. The major elements data indicate its derivation from Singhbhum granite with depletion of SiO2 and increment of Al2O3. Trace and REE data are discussed to corroborate its genesis.
Geochemistry of Lower Jurassic Sandstones of Shemshak Formation, Kerman Basin, Central Iran: Provenance, Source Weathering and Tectonic Setting
Authors: Moosavirad S. M. , Janardhana M. R. , Sethumadhav M. S. , Prakash Narasimha K. N.
Published: May 2012

Lower Jurassic sandstones of Shemshak Formation of Kerman basin, central Iran were analyzed for major and select trace elements to infer their provenance, palaeoweathering of source rocks and tectonic setting. Average modal framework components (Qt: F: L= 67.25: 2.41: 30.48) and chemical composition of the sandstones classify them as litharenites. The sandstones are quartz-rich (∼ 67% quartz; 75.34 wt.% SiO2) and derived from a recycled orogen composed of quartzose sedimentary rocks. Average CIA, PIA and CIW values (69%, 76% and 80%, respectively) indicate moderate to intense chemical weathering of the source material. The inferred index of weathering/alteration is the sum total of intensities of weathering witnessed by the lithocomponents during atleast two cycles of sedimentation involving (1) chemical weathering of the source rocks («ultimate» granodiorite source and «proximal» quartzose sedimentary source), (2) chemical weathering during fluvial transport of the detritus, (3) chemical weathering of the detritus in depocenters, and (4) chemical weathering during diagenesis. Sandstones exhibit moderate maturity and were deposited under humid climatic conditions. Plots of the chemical analyses data on tectonic setting discrimination diagrams indicate active continental margin setting, which is in agreement with the tectonic evolutionary history of the Central Iran during Jurassic period.
Numerical Model of Antecedent Rainfall Effect on Slope Stability at a Hillslope of Weathered Granitic Soil Formation
Authors: Mukhlisin Muhammad , Taha Mohd Raihan
Published: May 2012

Modeling rainwater infiltration in slopes is vital to the analysis of slope failure induced by heavy rainfall. Although the significance of rainwater infiltration in causing landslides is widely recognized, there have been different conclusions as to the relative roles of antecedent rainfall to slope failure. In this study, a numerical model was developed to estimate the effect of antecedent rainfall on an unsaturated slope, the formation of a saturated zone, and the change in slope stability under weak rainfall and rainstorm event. Results showed that under a rainstorm event, slope failure occurred at comparably similar time although the antecedent rainfall drainage periods prior to the major rainfall were different (i.e., 24-h, 48-h and 96-h). However, under weak rainfall condition, differences of the antecedent rainfall drainage periods have significant effect on development of pore-water pressure. A higher initial soil moisture conditions caused faster increase in pore water pressure and thus decreasing the safety factor of the slope eventually increasing likelihood of slope failure.
Recruitment and membrane interactions of host cell proteins during attachment of enteropathogenic and enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli
Authors: Munera Diana , Martinez Eric , Varyukhina Svetlana , Mahajan Arvind , Ayala-Sanmartin Jesus , Frankel Gad
Published: May 2012

EPEC (enteropathogenic Escherichia coli) and EHEC (enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli) are attaching and effacing pathogens frequently associated with infectious diarrhoea. EPEC and EHEC use a T3SS (type III secretion system) to translocate effectors that subvert different cellular processes to sustain colonization and multiplication. The eukaryotic proteins NHERF2 (Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor 2) and AnxA2 (annexin A2), which are involved in regulation of intestinal ion channels, are recruited to the bacterial attachment sites. Using a stable HeLa-NHERF2 cell line, we found partial co-localization of AnxA2 and NHERF2; in EPEC-infected cells, AnxA2 and NHERF2 were extensively recruited to the site of bacterial attachment. We confirmed that NHERF2 dimerizes and found that NHERF2 interacts with AnxA2. Moreover, we found that AnxA2 also binds both the N- and C-terminal domains of the bacterial effector Tir through its C-terminal domain. Immunofluorescence of HeLa cells infected with EPEC showed that AnxA2 is recruited to the site of bacterial attachment in a Tir-dependent manner, but independently of Tir-induced actin polymerization. Our results suggest that AnxA2 and NHERF2 form a scaffold complex that links adjacent Tir molecules at the plasma membrane forming a lattice that could be involved in retention and dissemination of other effectors at the bacterial attachment site.
The electronic spectrum of Si3 I: Triplet D3h system
Authors: Reilly N. J. , Kokkin D. L. , Zhuang X. , Gupta V. , Nagarajan R. , Fortenberry R. C. , Maier J. P. , Steimle T. C. , Stanton J. F. , McCarthy M. C.
Published: May 2012

We report the measurement of a jet-cooled electronic spectrum of the silicon trimer. Si3 was produced in a pulsed discharge of silane in argon, and the excitation spectrum examined in the 18 000–20 800 cm−1 region. A combination of resonant two-color two-photon ionization (R2C2PI) time-of-flight mass spectroscopy, laser-induced fluorescence/dispersed fluorescence, and equation-of-motion coupled-cluster calculations have been used to establish that the observed spectrum is dominated by the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$1\sideset{^{3}}{_{1}^{\prime \prime }}{A}$\end{document}1A1″3 – \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\tilde{a}$\end{document}ã \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\sideset{^{3}}{_{2}^{\prime }}{A}$\end{document}A2′3 transition of the D3h isomer. The spectrum has an origin transition at 18 600± 4 cm−1 and a short progression in the symmetric stretch with a frequency of ∼445 cm−1, in good agreement with a predicted vertical transition energy of 2.34 eV for excitation to the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$1\sideset{^{3}}{_{1}^{\prime \prime }}{A}$\end{document}1A1″3 state, which has a calculated symmetric stretching frequency of 480 cm−1. In addition, a ∼505 cm−1 ground state vibrational frequency determined from sequence bands and dispersed fluorescence is in agreement with an earlier zero-electron kinetic energy study of the lowest D3h state and with theory. A weaker, overlapping band system with a ∼360 cm−1 progression, observed in the same mass channel (m/z = 84) by R2C2PI but under different discharge conditions, is thought to be due to transitions from the (more complicated) singlet C2v ground state (1A1) state of Si3. Evidence of emission to this latter state in the triplet dispersed fluorescence spectra suggests extensive mixing in the excited triplet and singlet manifolds. Prospects for further spectroscopic characterization of the singlet system and direct measurement of the energy separation between the lowest singlet and triplet states are discussed.
Trapping photon-dressed Dirac electrons in a quantum dot studied by coherent two dimensional photon echo spectroscopy
Authors: Roslyak O. , Gumbs Godfrey , Mukamel S.
Published: May 2012

We study the localization of dressed Dirac electrons in a cylindrical quantum dot (QD) formed on monolayer and bilayer graphene by spatially different potential profiles. Short lived excitonic states which are too broad to be resolved in linear spectroscopy are revealed by cross peaks in the photon-echo nonlinear technique. Signatures of the dynamic gap in the two-dimensional spectra are discussed. The effect of the Coulomb induced exciton-exciton scattering and the formation of biexciton molecules are demonstrated.