bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An efficient communication relay placement algorithm for content‐centric wireless mesh networks
Authors: Wang Jin , Lu Kejie , Zhang Shukui , Fan Jianxi , Zhu Yanqin , Cheng Baolei
Published: September 2013

In this paper, we investigate a communication relay placement problem to optimize the network throughput in a content‐centric wireless mesh networks (WMN), in which the WMN is enhanced by including a small set of communication relays and a subset of wireless mesh routers serving as storage nodes. Specifically, we first define the communication relay placement problem in content‐centric WMNs. We then model the problem as a mathematical programming and propose a linear programming approach for calculating the achievable network throughput when the positions of communication relays are fixed. Next, to optimally placing the communication relays, we formulate an integer linear programming problem and we develop an efficient near‐optimal approximation algorithm based on linear programming relaxation. Finally, extensive simulation experiments have been conducted, and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Basal insulin analogues in the management of diabetes mellitus: what progress have we made?
Authors: Owens David R. , Matfin Glenn , Monnier Louis
Published: September 2013

Insulin remains the most effective and consistent means of controlling blood glucose levels in diabetes. Since 1946, neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) has been the predominant basal insulin in clinical use. However, absorption is variable due to the need for resuspension and the time–action profile (peak activity 4–6 h after subcutaneous administration) confers an increased propensity for between‐meal and nocturnal hypoglycaemia. In the 1980s, recombinant DNA technology enabled modifications to the insulin molecule resulting in the soluble long‐acting insulin analogues, glargine and detemir. Both exhibit a lower risk of hypoglycaemia compared with neutral protamine Hagedorn due to improved time–action profiles and reduced day‐to‐day glucose variability. Glargine is indicated for administration once daily and detemir once or twice daily. Degludec is the latest prolonged‐acting insulin which forms long subcutaneous multi‐hexamers that delay absorption. Recent phase III trials in type 1 and type 2 diabetes show that degludec was non‐inferior to comparators (predominantly glargine) with a minimal although inconsistent reduction in overall hypoglycaemia and a small absolute difference in nocturnal hypoglycaemia. Newer developmental agents include LY2605541 and glargine U300. LY2605541 comprises insulin lispro combined with polyethylene glycol, thereby increasing its hydrodynamic size and retarding absorption from the subcutaneous tissue. Glargine U300 is a new formulation of glargine resulting in a flatter and more prolonged time–action profile than its predecessor. This article reviews recent advances in basal insulin analogues, including a critical appraisal of the degludec trials. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The incidence of mild and severe hypoglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with sulfonylureas: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Schopman J. E. , Simon A. C. R. , Hoefnagel S. J. M. , Hoekstra J. B. L. , Scholten R. J. P. M. , Holleman F.
Published: September 2013

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using sulfonylurea derivatives or insulin may experience hypoglycaemia. However, recent data regarding the incidence of hypoglycaemia are scarce. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis to determine the proportion of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus that experience hypoglycaemia when treated with sulfonylurea or insulin.

We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for randomized controlled trials that compared incretin‐based drugs to sulfonylureas or insulin and assessed hypoglycaemia incidence in the latter therapies. Subgroup and meta‐regression analyses were performed to study possible associations with potential risk factors for hypoglycaemia.

Data of 25 studies were extracted, 22 for sulfonylurea and 3 for insulin. Hypoglycaemia with glucose ≤3.1 mmol/L or ≤2.8 mmol/L was experienced by 10.1% [95% confidence interval (CI) 7.3–13.8%] and 5.9% (95% CI 2.5–13.4%) of patients with any sulfonylurea treatment. Severe hypoglycaemia was experienced by 0.8% (95% CI 0.5–1.3%) of patients. Hypoglycaemia with glucose ≤3.1 mmol/L and severe hypoglycaemia occurred least frequently with gliclazide: in 1.4% (95% CI 0.8–2.4%) and 0.1% (95% CI 0–0.7%) of patients, respectively. None of the risk factors were significant in a stepwise multivariate meta‐regression analysis. Too few studies had insulin as comparator, so these data could not be meta‐analysed.

The majority of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus on sulfonylurea therapy in clinical trials remain free of any relevant hypoglycaemia. Gliclazide was associated with the lowest risk of hypoglycaemia. Because participants in randomized controlled trials differ from the general population, care should be taken when translating these data into clinical practice. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced insulin action following subcutaneous co‐administration of insulin and C‐peptide in rats
Authors: Kubota M. , Sato Y. , Khookhor O. , Ekberg K. , Chibalin A. V. , Wahren J.
Published: September 2013

Background

This study was undertaken to examine if C‐peptide (C) may interact with hexameric insulin and facilitate its disaggregation into the physiologically active monomeric form.

Methods

Regular insulin (I) or an insulin analogue (IA) were injected s.c. in rats together with C or its C‐terminal pentapeptide (PP). I or IA and C or PP were administered either as a physical mixture or into two separate s.c. depots. Whole body glucose utilization was evaluated using the euglycemic clamp technique. Phosphorylation of Akt/PKB and GSK in liver and skeletal muscles and 86Rb+ uptake by L6 cells were measured.

Results

S.c. injection of a mixture of I and C or I and PP resulted in a 30–55% greater (P < 0.01–0.001) and 15–27% (P < 0.05–0.001) longer stimulation of whole body glucose utilization than after separate injections. Insulin‐stimulated phosphorylation of Akt/PKB in liver increased 35% more after injection of I and C in mixture compared with after separate injections. Phosphorylation of GSK3 was augmented by 50% (P < 0.05) following the injection of I and C in mixture compared with separate injections. Stimulation of myotubes with premixed I and C (1 nM) elicited 20% additional increase in ouabain‐sensitive 86Rb+ uptake (P < 0.05) in comparison with the effect when I and C were added separately.

Conclusions

Subcutaneous co‐administration of insulin and C results in augmented insulin bioactivity at the level of tissue glucose uptake, intracellular signalling, and enzyme activation. These effects may be attributed to augmented C mediated disaggregation of hexameric insulin into its physiologically active monomeric form. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Massive structural and compositional changes over two decades in forest fragments near Kampala, Uganda
Authors: Bulafu C. , Baranga D. , Mucunguzi P. , Telford R. J. , Vandvik V.
Published: September 2013

Private forests harbor considerable biodiversity, however, they are under greater threat than reserved areas, particularly from urbanization, agriculture, and intense exploitation for timber and fuel wood. The extent to which they may act as habitats for biodiversity and how level of protection impacts trends in biodiversity and forest structure over time remain underresearched. We contribute to filling this research gap by resampling a unique data set, a detailed survey from 1990 of 22 forests fragments of different ownership status and level of protection near Kampala, Uganda. Eleven of the 22 fragments were lost over 20 years, and six of the remnants reduced in size. Forest structure and composition also showed dramatic changes, with six of the remnant fragments showing high temporal species turnover. Species richness increased in four of the remaining forests over the resample period. Forest ownership affected the fate of the forests, with higher loss in privately owned forests. Our study demonstrates that ownership affects the fate of forest fragments, with private forests having both higher rates of area loss, and of structural and compositional change within the remaining fragments. Still, the private forests contribute to the total forest area, and they harbor biodiversity including IUCN “vulnerable” and “endangered” species. This indicates the conservation value of the fragments and suggests that they should be taken into account in forest conservation and restoration.
Real world navigation independence in the early blind correlates with differential brain activity associated with virtual navigation
Authors: Halko Mark A. , Connors Erin C. , Sánchez Jaime , Merabet Lotfi B.
Published: September 2013

Navigating is a complex cognitive task that places high demands on spatial abilities, particularly in the absence of sight. Significant advances have been made in identifying the neural correlates associated with various aspects of this skill; however, how the brain is able to navigate in the absence of visual experience remains poorly understood. Furthermore, how neural network activity relates to the wide variability in navigational independence and skill in the blind population is also unknown. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated the neural correlates of audio‐based navigation within a large scale, indoor virtual environment in early profoundly blind participants with differing levels of spatial navigation independence (assessed by the Santa Barbara Sense of Direction scale). Performing path integration tasks in the virtual environment was associated with activation within areas of a core network implicated in navigation. Furthermore, we found a positive relationship between Santa Barbara Sense of Direction scores and activation within right temporal parietal junction during the planning and execution phases of the task. These findings suggest that differential navigational ability in the blind may be related to the utilization of different brain network structures. Further characterization of the factors that influence network activity may have important implications regarding how this skill is taught in the blind community. Hum Brain Mapp 35:2768–2778, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intrainsular functional connectivity in human
Authors: Almashaikhi Talal , Rheims Sylvain , Ostrowsky‐Coste Karine , Montavont Alexandra , Jung Julien , De Bellescize Julitta , Arzimanoglou Alexis , Keo Kosal Pascal , Guénot Marc , Bertrand Olivier , Ryvlin Philippe
Published: September 2013

Objectives

The anatomical organization of the insular cortex is characterized by its rich and heterogeneous cytoarchitecture and its wide network of connections. However, only limited knowledge is available regarding the intrainsular connections subserving the complex integrative role of the insular cortex. The aim of this study was to analyze the functional connectivity within‐ and across‐insular subregions, at both gyral and functional levels.

Experimental design

We performed intracerebral electrical stimulation in 10 patients with refractory epilepsy investigated with depth electrodes, 38 of which were inserted in the insula. Bipolar electrical stimulation, consisting of two series of 20 pulses of 1‐ms duration, 0.2‐Hz frequency, and 1‐mA intensity, was delivered at each insular contact. For each stimulated insular anatomical region, we calculated a rate of connectivity, reflecting the proportion of other insular contacts, showing significant evoked potentials.

Results

Statistically significant evoked potentials were recorded in 74% of tested connections, with an average latency of 26 ± 3 ms. All insular gyri were interconnected, except the anterior and posterior short gyri. Most connections were reciprocal, showing no clear anterior to posterior directionality. No connection was observed between the right and the left insula.

Conclusions

These findings point to specific features of human insula connectivity as compared to non‐Human primates, and remain consistent with the complex integration role devoted to the human insula in many cognitive domains. Hum Brain Mapp 35:2779–2788, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Women and Weight: A Treatment Programme for Both Normal and Overweight Women Preoccupied by Eating and Related Issues
Authors: Ryan Beth , Roughan Penny
Published: September 2013

In this paper a guide to group therapy for women with chronic concerns about overweight, body image and eating behaviour is described. The first level of therapy constitutes a ten‐week course designed to help women break obsessional preoccupation with eating, weight and body image. A dilemma is posed so that women see themselves struggling paradoxically for social conformity for thinness on the one hand and to provide nurture and food on the other. The contributions of social environment, early learning and family tradition, present family structure and inappropriate treatment modalities are examined.

The second level of treatment is designed for severely obese women who have succeeded in breaking the obsessional concern with eating behaviour. This level focuses on family of origin restraints as well as on current family and particularly marital restraints to weight loss. The preliminary outcome studies have been encouraging but long‐term results are not yet available.
Family Therapy—Review of Outcome Research
Authors: Humphreys Julia
Published: September 2013

This paper presents an overview of the literature on outcome research in the field of family therapy, examines the conclusions reached by researchers and reviewers and comments on the adequacy of such a model of research for evaluation of family therapy as a method.
‘The Family’ In The Undergraduate Social Work Curriculum.**,***
Authors: Crawley Jim
Published: September 2013

The growing popularity of family therapy raises the question as to whether material on family therapy should be included in basic professional courses, or left as a more specialised area of study at the post‐professional level. This paper describes how concepts and techniques of intervention from family therapy have been used in a unit on ‘Social Work with Couples and Families’ in an undergraduate degree course in Social Work.
Systems Theory for the Beginning Therapist
Authors: Robinson Malcolm
Published: September 2013

The family is an open, living system. All open systems have characteristics of organization, control and energy. The family is an organized “whole” with defined boundaries, hierarchy, pattern of relationships, and inherent principles for growth and self‐regulation, As a system of Interacting Individuals, it has reactive mechanisms for self‐regulation and change in the form of positive and negative feedback loops. These act to maintain the homeastatic balance and permit change under limited conditions. The family, as an organization, is in an exchange relationship with its wider environment, This relationship permits energy and information (as energy) to be exchanged in a way that prevents disintegration and promotes growth and differentiation. Family Therapy uses Family Systems Theory as its primary theoretical framework in attempting to understand, explain and change dysfunctional family systems.
Termination in Family Therapy: At Last a Beginning
Authors: Chable Daniel G. , Chable Barbara A.
Published: September 2013

Termination is a neglected area in family therapy. This paper examines termination from the point of view of non‐specific, strategic and psycho‐dynamic approaches. Completion of the therapy contract; completion of individual meetings; unsatisfactory progress; and symptom removal are considered under the heading of general approaches, while strategic approaches Includes a discussion of provocative, paradoxical and metaphorical interventions.
Evaluating Change in Families: A Follow‐up Study of the Completed Work with Families in the First Year of Operation of a Family Therapy Agency
Authors: Waldegrave C.T. , Jones V.R. , Basil‐Jones P. , Anderton J.M.
Published: September 2013

This paper offers the results and a discussion of a follow‐up study of closed family cases after ten months of operation of a new family therapy agency. The sample consisted of 75 families, all of whom received a mailed questionnaire asking their opinions as to the effectiveness of the therapy they received at “The Family Centre”, and a description of the type of change that may have occurred in their family. Every fourth questionnaire contained an additional question concerning the family's availability for an interview. Further information was obtained from the therapists, who rated their own performance by answering questions similar to those on the posted questionnaire. Comparisons were made between client and therapist as to their definition of the nature of the problem and the amount of help given. The results indicated that most families who came to The Family Centre in 1979 considered the problems they presented with were overcome at least to some extent. Sixty‐nine percent of those who attended more than one interview said there had been considerable improvement. Further support for the results was found in the therapists' assessments which were similar to those of the families, and from the follow‐up interviews. These results agreed with earlier family therapy consumer satisfaction studies.
Personality and other Factors Affecting Stress in Families
Authors: Moffitt P.F. , Eisen P. , Kalucy R. , Brady M.
Published: September 2013

From a large urban centre in Australia a population of fifty families were selected for interview. Of these, twenty‐six families were divided into two groups — high‐stress and low‐stress. When compared on twenty‐eight variables, the following were found to be associated with the high‐stress families: Spouse personality mismatch on the extroversion‐introversion scale from Lanyon's Psychological Screening Inventory, associated communication problems, spouse mismatching on the discomfort (neuroticism) scale, higher discomfort and alienation scores for wives than for husbands and lower than usual non‐conformity scores for husbands. While single parenting was also associated with high stress, single mothers showed lower discomfort scores than mothers in two parent high stress families. It is concluded that important intrinsic factors may contribute significantly to stress in families and that the previously reported higher levels of neuroticism among married females when compared to married males are often associated with personality mismatching and communication problems in the family.
The adolescent overdose drama
Authors: Lindsay John S.B.
Published: September 2013

The drama of the adolescent overdose is a daily feature of many hospital casualty or accident and emergency departments. The roles of some of the actors and some of the ploys involved in this drama are discussed. Labelling the adolescent as “overdose” or “drug abuser” does little justice to the complex factors involved in this personal and interpersonal crisis presentation. This is a drama in the growth through adolescence to maturity and separation from the family of origin.
Second Australian Family Therapy Conference Closing Address. The End: Metaphor The Last Time
Authors: Stagoll Brian
Published: September 2013

(This is a transcript of what I found myself saying at the end of the Adelaide Conference. It is an I‐statement trying to renounce the “I”. I was the voice for many other people's ideas, as a sort of “HAVE MOUTH, WILL DECLAIM”. Accordingly, I see this talk as spoken by Brian Stagoll, written by all the people in it.)
Evaluation of Family Therapy: A Comparison of Therapists' and Clients' Views**
Authors: Heilberg R. M. , Firestone A. F. , O'Connell B.
Published: September 2013

In this evaluation of therapy experience for 82 families by brief therapy at Bouverie Clinic to 1976–1977, therapists' and clients' rating of outcome were obtained.

After termination of therapy both therapists and clients reported high improvement rates in the presenting problem(s) as well as in the quality of family relationships and in the family's ability to deal with further problems. High agreement was found between therapist’ and clients' ratings of outcomes.

Therapists were more favorable than clients in their ratings of change in the presenting problem and in their ratings of change in the quality of family relationships, but not in assessing the change in family's further problem solving ability.

At follow‐up clients were predominantly satisfied with their therapy experience.

In addition, therapists' ability to predict outcome accurately, after the second of therapy, was strongly supported by our finding.
Marital Therapy — Practical Approaches to Longstanding Problems*
Authors: White Michael
Published: September 2013

This paper details a practical guide to the therapy of certain longstanding marital problems. Bateson's (1972) notions of schismogenesis and restraint provide the basis for an understanding of these problems and their presentation for therapy in terms of a classification of processes.

A series of hypotheses, derived from this classification of processes, is developed for highly competitive marriages, dominant/submissive marriages and for marriages with closeness/distance problems. These hypotheses enable the therapist to avoid inadvertently participating with couples in ways that perpetuate these problems.

Intervention procedures that enable the therapist to participate with couples in ways that favour a more mutually satisfying resolution of such problems are discussed.
‘Bad Therapy’ as a Training Technique: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Cross Darryl G. , Gaffney Lisa Rosenthal
Published: September 2013

The purpose of the present study was to gather empirical data to examine the usefulness of an intriguing training technique called “bad therapy”. The technique, developed by Lang (1980, 1982), is utilized in a role‐play setting for experienced therapists who are having difficulty with specific clients showing little improvement. The therapist is instructed to disregard his or her usual style of treatment, and instead, within a role‐play format with a colleague who plays the part of a client, to try an alternative style of treatment. This new treatment, termed “bad therapy”, instructs the therapist to try to make the client worse rather than better. Interestingly, reports from both the role‐play therapist and client indicate that the “bad therapy” session was considered more beneficial than the therapist's usual mode of treatment. As well as empirically investigating Lang's assertion, the present study also attempted to look at different perspectives of bad therapy. Is “bad therapy” a directive to be harmful and destructive, or is it a suggestion to be more daring and to take more risks? Subjects were 56 therapists who formed twenty eight pairs of therapist‐client dyads. First, each pair conducted a “session” where the therapist performed his or her typical therapy. Then, therapists in one group (N= 11) were given directives to try to make their clients worse rather than better (“destructive” set), while therapists in another group (N=11) were told to say and do things that they wished to, but never dared (“daring” set). Finally, six therapists were told to simply repeat their usual type of therapy (“control” set). Results indicated that clients perceived the destructive and daring groups differently with the daring group being perceived more favourably, yet more authoritarian. Similarly, therapists perceived the daring and control groups more positively than the destructive group. The results are discussed in terms of training techniques and current trends in psychotherapy.
Metaphor: Complete or Incomplete*
Authors: Martin Graham
Published: September 2013

Using metaphor in therapy, both in the process of joining with a family and as a process in itself within which interventions are delivered, can lead to extraordinary and sometimes unexpected behavioural change. Yet for the therapist beginning to consider the use of therapeutic metaphor the prospect must be daunting when, with a few notable exceptions, the literature suggests the ideal as a complex, isomorphic and often elegant story. This paper attempts to broaden yet simplify technique using clinical example to examine the use of metaphor in language and action in family therapy.
STRESS‐Responsive Deacetylase SIRT3 is Up‐Regulated by Areca Nut Extract‐Induced Oxidative Stress in Human Oral Keratinocytes
Authors: Chen I‐Chieh , Chiang Wei‐Fan , Chen Pei‐Fen , Chiang Hung‐Che
Published: September 2013

Areca chewing is an important environmental risk factor for development of oral premalignant lesions and cancer. Epidemiological evidence indicates that areca chewing is tightly linked to oral carcinogenesis. However, the pathogenetic impacts of areca nut extract (ANE) on normal human oral keratinocytes (HOKs) are unclear and possibly involve oxidative stress via redox imbalance. Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) is a member of the sirtuin family of proteins that play an important role in regulating cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Recent studies have confirmed that ANE and other areca ingredients can induce ROS. In this study, we examined the role of SIRT3 in the regulation of ANE‐induced ROS in HOK cells. We examined HOK cell viability following treatment with various ANE concentrations. ANE‐induced cytotoxicity increased in a dose‐dependent manner and was approximately 48% at a concentration of 50 μg/ml after 24 h. SIRT3 expression and enzyme activity were up‐regulated in HOK cells by ANE‐induced oxidative stress. Additionally, we identified that SIRT3 controls the enzymatic activity of mitochondrial proteins, such as forkhead box O3a (Foxo3a) transcription factor and antioxidant‐encoding gene superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), by deacetylation in HOK cells. Moreover, SIRT3‐mediated deacetylation and activation of Foxo3a promotes nuclear localization in vivo. These findings suggest that SIRT3 is an endogenous negative regulator in response to ANE‐induced oxidative stress and demonstrate an essential role for redox balance in HOK cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 328–339, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Disruption of Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Associated Factor 5 Exacerbates Pressure Overload Cardiac Hypertrophy and Fibrosis
Authors: Bian Zhouyan , Dai Jia , Hiroyasu Nakano , Guan Hongjing , Yuan Yuan , Gan Lihua , Zhou Heng , Zong Jing , Zhang Yan , Li Fangfang , Yan Ling , Shen Difei , Li Hongliang , Tang Qizhu
Published: September 2013

The cytoplasmic signaling protein tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor‐associated factor 5 (TRAF5), which was identified as a signal transducer for members of the TNF receptor super‐family, has been implicated in several biological functions in T/B lymphocytes and the innate immune response against viral infection. However, the role of TRAF5 in cardiac hypertrophy has not been reported. In the present study, we investigated the effect of TRAF5 on the development of pathological cardiac hypertrophy induced by transthoracic aorta constriction (TAC) and further explored the underlying molecular mechanisms. Cardiac hypertrophy and function were evaluated with echocardiography, hemodynamic measurements, pathological and molecular analyses. For the first time, we found that TRAF5 deficiency substantially aggravated cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis in response to pressure overload after 4 weeks of TAC compared to wild‐type (WT) mice. Moreover, the mitogen‐activated protein/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase kinase (MEK)‐extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway was more activated in TRAF5‐deficient mice than WT mice. In conclusion, our results suggest that as an intrinsic cardioprotective factor, TRAF5 plays a crucial role in the development of cardiac hypertrophy through the negative regulation of the MEK‐ERK1/2 pathway. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 349–358, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Upper atmosphere differences between northern and southern high latitudes: The role of magnetic field asymmetry
Authors: Förster Matthias , Cnossen Ingrid
Published: September 2013

The nondipolar portions of the Earth's main magnetic field constitute substantial differences between the two hemispheres. Beside the magnetic flux densities and patterns being different in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and Southern Hemisphere (SH), also the offset between the invariant magnetic and the geographic poles is larger in the SH than in the NH. We investigated the effects of this magnetic field asymmetry on the high‐latitude thermosphere and ionosphere using global numerical simulations and compared our results with recent observations. While the effects on the high‐latitude plasma convection are small, the consequences for the neutral wind circulation are substantial. The cross‐polar neutral wind and ion drift velocities are generally larger in the NH than the SH, and the hemispheric difference shows a semidiurnal variation. The neutral wind vorticity is likewise larger in the NH than in the SH, with the difference probably becoming larger for higher solar activity. In contrast, the spatial variance of the neutral wind is considerably larger in the SH polar region, with the hemispheric difference showing a strong semidiurnal variation. Its phase is similar to the phase of the semidiurnal variation of the hemispheric magnitude differences. Hemispheric differences in ion drift and neutral wind magnitude are most likely caused partly by the larger magnetic flux densities in the near‐polar regions of the SH and partly by the larger offset between the invariant and geographic pole in the SH, while differences in spatial variance are probably just caused by the latter. We conclude that the asymmetry of the magnetic field, both in strength and in orientation, establishes substantial hemispheric differences in the neutral wind and plasma drift in the high‐latitude upper atmosphere, which can help to explain observed hemispheric differences found with the Cluster/Electron Drift Instrument (EDI) and the Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP).
Umlagerungen vinyloger Carbonsäurechloride, VII1) Die cis‐trans‐Isomerisierung als Konkurrenzreaktion der 1.5‐Pentadien‐Sauerstoff‐Verschiebung und der Pyron‐Bildung
Authors: Roedig Alfred , Märkl Gottfried , Ruch Werner
Published: September 2013

Die cis‐Konfiguration von Pentadiensäuren und Pentadienalen wird durch Halogensubstituenten in α‐β‐Stellung stabilisiert. cis‐3H‐Tetrachlorpentadien‐(1.3)‐säure‐(5) (1) ist im Gegensatz zu trans‐1 zur thermischen Pyron‐Bildung befähigt. cis1.1.2‐Trichlor‐pentadien‐(1.3)‐säure‐(5) (7a) weicht dem Pyron‐Ringschluß durch Isomerisierung zu trans‐7a aus. cis‐1.1.2‐Trichlor‐pentadien‐(1.3)‐al‐(5) (9) ist der 1.5‐Pentadien‐Sauerstoffverschiebung nicht zugänglich, da es sich bereits bei Raumtemperatur in trans‐9 umlagert.
Einwirkung freier Radikale auf Diazoalkane, III1) Zweifache “Homologisierung” von 2.4.6‐Tri‐tert.‐butyl‐phenoxyl mit Diazomethan
Authors: Rieker Anton , Renner Rudi , Müller Eugen
Published: September 2013

Überschüssiges Diazomethan (1) wandelt 2.4.6‐Tri‐tert.‐butylphenoxyl (2) im Dunkeln unter Ringerweiterung in den Cyclohexadienyl‐cyclootatrienyl‐äther 3 und das Cyclohexadienyl‐norcarenyl‐methan 4 um. Die Strukturen von 3 und 4 werden aus den NMR‐Spektren und chemischen Spaltreaktionen abgeleitet. Der Mechanismus der Bildung von 3 und 4 wird als Radikalreaktion von 1 gedeutet.
Zur Stabilität von 1.3‐Cyclopropylcarbinyl‐Diradikalen. Bicyclo[2.1.0]pentan‐5‐spiro‐cyclopropan
Authors: Roth Wolfgang R. , Enderer Klaus
Published: September 2013

Der Vergleich der Aktivierungsparameter für die exo ⇋ endo‐Isomerisierung des Bicyclo [2.1.0]pentan‐5‐spiro‐cyclopropans (6) mit denen des Bicyclo[2.1.0]pentans (4) zeigt, daß die intermediär gebildeten 1.3‐Cyclopropylcarbinyl‐Diradikale keine nennenswerte Resonanzstabilisierung erfahren.
Über die Spaltung von Cyclopropylcarbinyl‐phenyl‐äther mit Alkalimetallen
Authors: Maercker Adalbert
Published: September 2013

Das aus Cyclopropylcarbinyl‐phenyl‐äther (5) mit Lithium primär neben Lithiumphenolat entstehende Cyclopropylcarbinyllithium wird nach der Umlagerung in Allylcarbinyllithium vom Ausgangsmaterial (5) protoniert, wobei Buten‐(1) und o‐Cyclopropylmethoxy‐phenyllithium (6) gebildet werden. Anisol liefert entsprechend o‐Methoxy‐phenyllithium (10), im Gegensatz zu Allyl‐phenyl‐äther (1), bei dem diese o‐Metallierung unterbleibt.
Darstellung und stereochemische Identifizierung der Isomeren sekundärer mono‐, di‐ und trisubstituierter Chlor‐ und Brom‐biscyclopropyle
Authors: Schrumpf Gerd , Lüttke Wolfgang
Published: September 2013

Durch schrittweise Reduktion von 2.2.2′.2′‐Tetrahalogen‐biscyclopropylen werden alle theoretisch möglichen isomeren Mono‐, Di‐und Trihalogenbiscyclopropyle dargestellt sowie in ihrer Konfiguration chemisch und durch Kernresonanzmessungen charakterisiert. In der Reihe der Brom‐substituierten Biscyclopropyle bestätigt ein zweiter Syntheseweg die getroffene stereochemische Zuordnung der Isomeren.
Photodimerisation von Inden
Authors: Metzner Wolfgang , Wendisch Detlef
Published: September 2013

Photosensibilisiert und bei direkter Anregung dimerisiert Inden unspezifisch zu den vier möglichen Cyclodimeren 2, 3, 4 und 5. Im Gegensatz zur sensibilisierten sind für die unsensibilisierte Photodimerisation angeregtes Triplett‐ und Singulett‐Inden verantwortlich. Letzteres liefert bevorzugt das syn‐Kopf‐Kopf‐Cyclobut[a]diinden (4). Die NMR‐spektroskopischen Parameter der Diindene werden diskutiert.
Über unsymmetrische Diacylsulfide und ihre Spaltung mit Chlor oder Brom
Authors: Böhme Horst , Steudel Hans‐Peter
Published: September 2013

Durch Umsetzung von Carbonsäurechloriden mit Alkalisalzen von Monothiocarbonsäuren oder O‐Alkyl‐monothiokohlensäuren sind unsymmetrische Diacylsulfide (3, 7) zugänglich, deren “Symmetrisierung” und thermische Zersetzung untersucht werden. Durch Spaltung mit Halogenen, insbesondere Chlor, entstehen Acyl‐schwefelhalogenide (12, 13, 16, 27, 30), die sehr reaktionsfähig sind. Von ihren weiteren Umsetzungsprodukten werden bisher nicht bekannte Alkyl‐ oder Aryl‐acyl‐disulfide bzw. ‐trisulfide (18, 23), unsymmetrische Diacyl‐disulfide (21, 22) sowie Acyl‐dischwefelhalogenide (17, 24) beschrieben.
Neuartige Cyanine, V1) Unsymmetrische Pyridinium‐betain‐cyanine
Authors: Kröhnke Fritz , Nordmann Heinz Georg
Published: September 2013

Das Pyridinium‐aldehydbetain 4 (n = 1, 2) reagiert in Acetanhydrid/Triäthylamin mit zahlreichen aktiven Methylenverbindungen zu neuartigen, unsymmetrischen Pyridinium‐betain‐cyaninen 7.
Multiscale modeling of heterogeneous magnetic materials
Authors: Bottauscio Oriano , Chiampi Mario , Manzin Alessandra
Published: September 2013

This paper analyzes and discusses some computational methods for the simulation of the electric and magnetic behavior versus frequency of heterogeneous soft magnetic materials (such as soft magnetic composites, soft ferrites, and polymer composites). All these media are characterized by a granular structure, with magnetic grains separated by high resistivity layers, so that the study involves phenomena occurring at both macroscopic (sample size) and microscopic scale (grain size). The main purpose of the analysis is the prediction of the effective magnetic and electric properties, and of the relative energy losses starting from the known properties of the constituents, as well as the extrapolation of the constituent parameters from the measured global properties of the heterogeneous medium (inverse problem). The adopted computational methodologies include both analytical mixing rules and numerical approaches on the basis of homogenization and multiscale methods. The paper reports some examples illustrating advantages and drawbacks of these techniques, giving also an outline of nonlinear media homogenization. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Portable NIR‐AOTF spectroscopy combined with winery FTIR spectroscopy for an easy, rapid, in‐field monitoring of Sangiovese grape quality
Authors: Barnaba Federico Emanuele , Bellincontro Andrea , Mencarelli Fabio
Published: September 2013

BACKGROUND

A near infrared acousto‐optically tunable filter (NIR‐AOTF) spectrophotometer was tested for three seasons on four different vineyards with the aim of monitoring the ripening evolution of the Italian red wine grape variety Sangiovese. Predictive models for the estimation of several enological parameters were carried out applying the partial least squares chemometric approach. Reference analysis was conducted using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Spectral detections were obtained working on whole grape berries. A global set of 96 samples (n = 76 in 2009, and n = 20 in 2010) each one represented by 100 intact grape berries was tested. Finally, in 2011, an external validation on an independent data set of 25 samples (50 grape berries per set) was carried out.

RESULTS

Coupling the two spectroscopic applications, the following enological parameters were tested: °Brix, °Babo, total sugars (g L−1), glucose (g L−1), fructose (g L−1), density (g mL−1), titratable acidity (g L−1), tartaric acid (g L−1), pH, malic acid (g L−1), gluconic acid (g L−1), assumable nitrogen (mg L−1), anthocyanins (mg L−1), and total phenols (mg L−1). NIR‐AOTF spectroscopy was able to predict with a high correlation versus the measured data: °Brix, °Babo, total sugars, glucose, fructose and density. The coefficient of determination (R2) and the standard error in prediction were: 0.93 and 0.73 for °Brix; 0.93 and 0.62 for °Babo; 0.94 and 7.39 g L−1 for total sugars; 0.93 and 5.39 g L−1 for glucose; 0.92 and 5.07 g L−1 for fructose; and 0.91 and 0.004 g mL−1 for density, respectively. Significant correlations were found in prediction for tartaric acid and pH value. Promising validation results were recorded for anthocyanins and total phenols, even though predictive models were affected by the method of sample preparation in compound extraction.

CONCLUSIONS

This study shows how NIR‐AOTF spectroscopy can be used in viticulture to investigate, directly in‐field, the most significant markers of ripening evolution and of Sangiovese grape quality definition. The use of the vinery FTIR spectroscopy provided the reduction of the time required by reference analysis, with the big advantage of obtaining many different parameters in just a few seconds and allowing easier calibration of the NIR spectrometer. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Thermal management of edge‐lit wide color gamut backlight for LCD using red laser diodes and cyan LEDs
Authors: Nagase Akihiro , Niikura Eiji , Shinozaki Masaru , Nagayasu Tetsuya , Kondo Taiji , Ohashi Gosuke
Published: September 2013

The color gamut is one of the critical parameters that dictate the image quality of displays. The liquid crystal displays using white color light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) as the backlight, though having been widely employed recently, are not very satisfactory in terms of their color gamut because of the broad spectrum inherent to white LEDs. This prompted the authors to develop improved liquid crystal displays using an edge‐lit wide color gamut backlight that used red laser diodes and cyan LEDs. Generating laser beams with high color purity, the laser diodes are light sources with a significant effect on expanding the color gamut. However, laser diodes, red ones in particular, have unfavorable thermal characteristics. To cope with this shortcoming, the authors clearly defined the restrictive criteria for laying out two kinds of light source on the edge‐lit backlight and made a prototype 55‐type laser backlight for performance evaluation.
HPMA Copolymer Conjugates of DOX and Mitomycin C for Combination Therapy: Physicochemical Characterization, Cytotoxic Effects, Combination Index Analysis, and Anti‐Tumor Efficacy
Authors: Kostková Hana , Etrych Tomáš , Říhová Blanka , Kostka Libor , Starovoytová Larisa , Kovář Marek , Ulbrich Karel
Published: September 2013

The synthesis, characterization and results of evaluation of the biological behavior of HPMA copolymer conjugates bearing anti‐cancer drugs doxorubicin and mitomycin C are described. Two HPMA copolymer carrier types were synthesized: the linear copolymer and the biodegradable high‐molecular‐weight diblock copolymer containing a degradable disulfide bond. The polymer‐drug conjugates incubated in buffers modeling the intracellular environment released the drugs more rapidly than those incubated in bloodstream conditions. Significant in vitro and in vivo antitumor synergistic activity of the conjugates in the treatment of EL‐4 T‐cell demonstrates their high potential for solid tumor treatment.
The effect of quench transfer time on microstructure and localized corrosion behavior of 7050‐T6 Al alloy
Authors: Song F. X. , Zhang X. M. , Liu S. D. , Tan Q. , Li D. F.
Published: September 2013

The microstructure and localized corrosion behavior of the 7050‐T6 Al alloys treated with different quench transfer time were investigated. Optical microscope observations show that the volume fraction of the recrystallized grains increases slightly with prolonging quench transfer time. Scanning electron microscope observations reveal that the stable η (MgZn2) phase nucleates and precipitates on grain boundaries in the process of transferring to quench. Further observations, using transmission electron microscope, found that the size, nearest neighbor distance, and copper content of the grain‐boundary precipitates increase with quench delay. As a result, the open‐circuit potentials and charge transfer resistance (Rt) of the alloys reduce with increasing transfer time, while the susceptibility to intergranular corrosion (IGC) and strength loss after exfoliation corrosion tests increase sharply. In addition, the IGC network appearance changes from large network to fine network structure, due to the different temperature range where very rapid η phase precipitation takes place between on grain boundaries and on sub‐grain boundaries.
Corrosion resistance of PM2000 ODS steel in high temperature supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Firouzdor V. , Cao G. P. , Sridharan K. , Anderson M. , Allen T. R.
Published: September 2013

Corrosion of PM2000 ODS steel in supercritical CO2 at 650 °C and 20 MPa for 3000 h was studied. The corrosion performance of the alloys was evaluated by weight change measurements, and the surface oxide scale was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. PM2000 ODS steel showed significantly better corrosion resistance compared to austenitic stainless steels and nickel based alloys tested in the same conditions. The high corrosion resistance is attributed to the formation of a dense and protective aluminum‐rich oxide layer on the surface. The oxide layer thickness was only about 200 nm after 3000 h exposure.
Micellization of St/MMA Gradient Copolymers: A General Picture of Structural Transitions in Gradient Copolymer Micelles
Authors: Zheng Chao , Huang Haiying , He Tianbai
Published: September 2013

In this work, a gradient copolymer of styrene (St) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) is synthesized via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer living radical polymerization and its micellization behaviors in an acetone and water mixture are investigated by transmission electron microscopy, light scattering, and NMR spectroscopy. Three different kinds of transitions were found to coexist in a single system for the first time: a unimers to micelles transition, a star‐like micelles to crew‐cut micelles transition resulting from the shrinkage of micelles, and morphological transitions from spherical micelles to cylindrical micelles to vesicles. Our findings provide a general picture of structural transitions and relaxation processes in gradient copolymer micelles, which can lead to the development of novel materials and applications based on gradient copolymers.

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A note on the numerical solution of an identification problem for observing two‐phase flow in capillaries
Authors: Erdogan Abdullah Said , Sazaklioglu Ali Ugur
Published: September 2013

In this paper, a right‐hand side identification problem for a parabolic equation with an overdetermined condition on an observation point is considered. A first and second order of accuracy difference schemes are constructed for obtaining approximate solutions of the problem that arises in two‐phase flow in capillaries. Stability estimates and numerical results are also established. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficacy of insecticide residues on adult Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) mortality and injury in apple and peach orchards
Authors: Leskey Tracy C. , Short Brent D. , Lee Doo‐Hyung
Published: September 2013

BACKGROUND

The primary threat from Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) originates from populations continuously dispersing from and among wild and cultivated hosts, so many individuals may not be directly sprayed with insecticides. Limited information exists regarding field‐based residual activity of insecticides for management of H. halys in tree fruit. Thus, we conducted field‐based bioassays in apple and peach orchards to evaluate residual activity of insecticides commonly applied against H. halys. Adults used in these trials were collected from wild and cultivated hosts less than one week prior to testing to more accurately reflect the susceptibility of wild H. halys populations in the field throughout the season.

RESULTS

Significantly higher mortality rates of Halyomorpha halys were observed early in the growing season, when overwintered adults were prevalent, compared with populations present later in the growing season that included new generation adults. Significantly higher mortality was recorded for adults exposed to fresh insecticide applications compared with three‐ and seven‐day old residues. Typically, the addition of an adjuvant did not enhance efficacy or residual activity of insecticides. Significantly fewer injury sites were recorded on apples treated with dinotefuran and fenpropathrin compared with the untreated apples for all residue ages.

CONCLUSIONS

Overwintered Halyomorpha halys populations are easier to kill with insecticide applications than the first and second generation which are present in the field during the mid‐ to late‐season. Residual activity of nearly all insecticides decreased significantly three days after application and adjuvants generally did not increase residual activity. These factors should be considered in developing season‐long programs for management of this invasive species in tree fruit. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Sampled‐data control of networked nonlinear systems with variable delays and drops
Authors: Liu Xi , Marquez Horacio J. , Kumar K.D. , Lin Y.
Published: September 2013

This paper investigates the stabilization problem of the nonlinear networked control systems (NCSs) with drops and variable delays. The NCS is modeled as a sampled‐data system. For such a sampled‐data NCS, the stability properties are studied for delay that can be both shorter and longer than one sampling period, respectively. The exponential stability conditions are derived in terms of the parameters of the plant and time delay. On the other hand, a model‐based control scheme based on an approximate discrete‐time model of the plant is presented to guarantee the stability of the closed‐loop system subject to variable time delays and packet losses. The performance of the proposed control schemes are examined through numerical simulations of an automated rendezvous and docking of spacecraft system. Moreover, the simulations show that by employing the model‐based controller, a higher closed‐loop control performance can be achieved. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.