bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nutrient accounting at the herd, field, and whole-farm levels on two Pennsylvania dairy farms
Authors: Lutz Kaitlyn A. , Ramsburg Darren W. , Dou Zhengxia
Published: March 2023

The objective of this study was to evaluate nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) utilization efficiencies and environmental implications on two dairy farms and identify areas where veterinarians can make an impact. The study surveyed two commercial dairy farms in southeastern Pennsylvania, Farm A and Farm B. Each farm owner provided information regarding the management of animals, crops and animal waste. This information was used to calculate a nutrient flow for N and P at the herd, crop, and farm level. The herd-level evaluation accounted for nutrients directly entering the animals in the form of feed, captured in the body during growth, and exiting the animals as manure and milk. The crop-level nutrient balance accounted for manure and imported fertilizer spread on the fields, compared with the nutrient uptake rates of the crops grown. The whole-farm evaluation describes the nutrient flow across the farm boundaries. Based on the information collected during this survey, both farms were net importers of N and P. However, efficiency of N and P were calculated as higher than previously reported in the literature. The milk nitrogen efficiencies on Farm A and Farm B were calculated to be 25% and 23%, respectively. The herd phosphorus utilization efficiency was calculated to be 46% and 39% on Farm A and B, respectively. Despite excellent nutrient utilization, the study identified management practice changes that would yield positive environmental and economic outcomes.
Immunological response of dairy cattle housed at an Ontario animal exhibit to vaccination with Escherichia coli O157 type III secreted proteins
Authors: Smith Glenn G. , Goebel Susan E. , Guilbault Louis A. , Zak Louisa J. , Li Xiaogang
Published: March 2023

Interventions to reduce on-farm risk are important to help decrease the likelihood that the public will come into contact with Escherichia coli O157. Dairy cattle housed at an Ontario animal exhibit were immunized against E. coli O157, and their blood was tested to measure antibody titers to type III secretory proteins in the vaccine. Data collected during this retrospective study supports the conclusions that all animals, including young calves, immunologically responded to vaccination. At the end of a nine-month study period, those animals which received a two-dose vaccination protocol had similar antibody titers to the type III secretory proteins as those administered a three-dose protocol, and all animals immunologically responded to a single annual booster dose of vaccine.
Evaluation of generic injectable ivermectin for control of nematodiasis in feedlot heifers
Authors: Yazwinski T. A. , Tucker C. A. , Miles D. G. , Reynolds J. L. , Jones L. L. , Hornsby J. A. , Smith M. T. , Martin B. E.
Published: March 2023

Nematode parasitism of feedlot cattle has received very little research attention. It is assumed that anthelmintics administered at feedlot entry are effective and that feedlot conditions preclude post-treatment infection by helminths. Given the paucity of information about feedlot nematodiasis, the current research project was conducted. During October of 2010, 104 animals were selected at random from approximately 1600 beef heifers received at one feedlot in California and penned as a group. Of those, 96 were administered a generic, injectable formulation of ivermectin at label dose, while the remaining eight animals were left as untreated controls. Controls and eight randomly selected treated animals were necropsied for parasite quantifications at eight weeks post-treatment. At the end of the feeding period (approximately 135 days post-treatment), parasite quantifications were performed on nine animals selected at random from the remaining 88 animals. Fecal samples were periodically collected from cattle in the feedlot during the study. As evidenced by reductions in both fecal egg count and parasite quantifications at necropsy, a lack of drug efficacy was apparent for Cooperia and Ostertagia, and suspect for Haemonchus infections.
Comparison of tilmicosin and gamithromycin for treatment of undifferentiated fever in backgrounded winter-placed feedlot calves
Authors: Van Donkersgoed Joyce , Merrill John K. , Hendrick Steve
Published: March 2023

A study was conducted in Alberta, Canada utilizing 2 feedlots to compare clinical efficacy of tilmicosin to gamithromycin for the initial treatment of undifferentiated fever in backgrounded winter-placed feedlot calves. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in undifferentiated fever relapse rates and crude case fatality or bovine respiratory disease/histophilus fatality rates between the 2 treatments. As a result, the cost-benefit was based on the difference in treatment cost between the 2 drugs. Using current drug costs and a treatment weight of 750 lb (340 kg), tilmicosin had an economic advantage of $2.23CAN per head over gamithromycin.
Vaccination with a multivalent modified-live virus vaccine administered one year prior to challenge with bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1b and 2a in pregnant heifers
Authors: Zimmerman Alicia D. , Klein Angela L. , Buterbaugh Robin E. , Hartman Bernadette , Rinehart Carol L. , Chase Christopher C. L.
Published: March 2023

A total of 85 beef heifers were used to determine if vaccination with a modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine containing bovine viral diarrhea virus types 1 and 2 (BVDV1 and BVDV2) approximately 1 year prior to challenge with virulent BVDVlb and BVDV2a will protect against fetal infection. BVDV1 and BVDV2 seronegative heifers were vaccinated at approximately 15 months of age with a commercially available combination MLV vaccine containing BVDVla and BVDV2a or placebo; heifers were artificially inseminated approximately 9 months after vaccination. The heifers were challenge- inoculated intranasally at 80 to 90 days of gestation with a virulent BVDVlb or BVDV2a virus (i.e., 368 and 374 days post-vaccination, respectively). Clinical signs of BVDV infection including serologic status, complete blood count, rectal temperature, and viremia were monitored for 14 days following challenge. After challenge, vaccinated heifers in the BVDVlb and BVDV2a challenge groups experienced significantly less leukopenia and viremia than control heifers. Fetuses were harvested approximately 70 days following challenge and tissues were collected for virus isolation. All heifers that received vaccine were protected from fetal infection following challenge with BVDVlb or BVDV2a, whereas 15 of 18 (83.3%) and 21 of22 (95.5%) control heifers had infected BVDVlb and BVDV2a fetuses, respectively. In this study, a combination MLV vaccine containing the minimum immunizing dose of BVDVla and BVDV2a, with other fractions at release dose or higher, administered 1 year prior to challenge protected against fetal infection in the face of a substantial challenge infection with either BVDVlb or BVDV2a.
Effect of sulfur and use of ruminal available sulfur as a model to predict incidence of polioencephalomalacia in feedlot cattle
Authors: Nichols C. A. , Bremer V. R. , Watson A. K. , Buckner C. D. , Harding J. L. , Klopfenstein T. J. , Smith D. R.
Published: March 2023

longitudinal analysis of health and nutritional data from 16,760 cattle within 80 beef feedlot finishing trials was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary sulfur on polioencephalomalacia (PEM). Data were compiled from health and research records collected at the University of Nebraska Research Feedlot between 2002 and 2009. Poisson regression was used to test the relationship between health outcomes and dietary factors on PEM incidence. Because of the low incidence of PEM in these data, statistical significance was defined a priori at alpha <0.10. There was a significant interaction between concentration of dietary sulfur and forage NDF on the incidence of PEM cases. The dietary sulfur by forage neutral detergent fiber (NDF) interaction is probably due to forage fiber moderating H2S production in the rumen. Rumen available sulfur (RAS) was estimated for feedstuffs. As level of RAS increased in the diet by 0.1%, the incidence of PEM increased nearly 3-fold. There was no interaction between RAS and forage NDF on PEM incidence. It may be that RAS is a better measure of PEM risk than dietary sulfur because it estimates the rumen available forms of sulfur which pose a greater risk of inducing PEM, and RAS accounts for PEM risk independent of the risk due to forage fiber. It may be possible to manage PEM incidence by using RAS measurements to formulate rations fed to feedlot cattle.
Evaluation of outcomes in beef cattle comparing preventive health protocols utilizing viral respiratory vaccines
Authors: Tripp Holt M. , Step D. L. , Krehbiel Clinton R. , Moberly Heather K. , Malayer Jerry R.
Published: March 2023

Vaccination to reduce the occurrence of bovine respiratory disease is a commonly performed preventive health measure employed by veterinarians and beef cattle producers. Despite its widespread acceptance, evidence relating health and performance outcomes of receiving and feedlot cattle to vaccination for viral components of the bovine respiratory disease complex remains to be completely established. PubMed, CAB Abstracts, and The Bovine Practitioner were searched for peer-reviewed journal articles reporting field trials of viral respiratory vaccines utilizing naturally occurring disease models published in English between 1982 and 2012. Antigens of interest for this systematic review included bovine herpesvirus-1, parainfluenzavirus type 3, bovine viral diarrhea virus types 1 and 2, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, and bovine coronavirus. Search results were also reviewed for manuscripts reporting the effects of timing on viral respiratory vaccine efficacy in receiving and feedlot cattle. Studies were included in this review only if they reported clinically relevant outcomes, which were defined as morbidity, mortality, rates of chronic illness, lung lesions identified at necropsy or harvest, and performance parameters including average daily gain and feed-to-gain ratios.
Efficacy of tilmicosin for on-arrival treatment of bovine respiratory disease in backgrounded winter-placed feedlot calves
Authors: Van Donkersgoed Joyce , Merrill John K.
Published: March 2023

A trial was conducted in a commercial feedlot in southern Alberta, Canada to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of metaphylactic treatment with tilmicosin for control of bovine respiratory disease. First-pull treatment rates for BRD (P=0.006) and arthritis (P=0.02) were significantly lower in calves administered tilmicosin on arrival compared to non-medicated controls. Calves treated with tilmicosin at arrival-processing had gained an additional 20 lb (9.1 kg) at terminal weight sort (P=0.0002), with higher average daily gain (P=0.0001) and lower dry matter conversion (P=0.008). The cost- benefit of tilmicosin metaphylaxis in these feedlot calves depended on the method of calculation. Based on reductions in BRD and arthritis treatment rates and reduced feed costs because of improved dry matter conversion, there was a net advantage of $3.41CAN/head for those calves given tilmicosin on arrival compared to non-medicated controls. Based on improved treatment rates and additional weight gain, the net advantage was $8.09CAN/head for those calves given tilmicosin compared to non-medicated controls. These economic calculations assumed performance benefits observed at terminal weight sort were retained until slaughter, approximately 30 to 40 days later.
AABP Conference (2012): AABP-Amstutz Scholarships Presented at the 2012 AABP Conference in Montreal
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Description of the 45th American Association of Bovine Practitioners Conference, 2012.
AABP Conference (2012): AABP Gateway Gala and Dinner
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Description of the 45th American Association of Bovine Practitioners Conference, 2012.
Bovine fascioliasis with emphasis on Fasciola hepatica
Authors: Zimmerman Gary L.
Published: March 2023

Fasciola hepatica, the common liver fluke, is an economically important parasite of ruminants. Although infections in cattle are generally chronic and sub-clinical, the overall impacts on health and productivity can be significant, including decreased feed efficiency, weight gain, reproductive rates, immunity, immunodiagnostic tests, and responses to vaccinations. Acute infections can occur in cattle, but are more common in sheep. There are no pathognomonic signs of fascioliasis. Fecal examinations using sedimentation or filtration techniques remain the most commonly used diagnostic tools. In the United States, albendazole and a combined clorsulon/ivermectin formulation are the only currently approved products for treatment of liver flukes.
Efficacy of tilmicosin and tildipirosin for on-arrival treatment of bovine respiratory disease in fall-placed feedlot calves in western Canada
Authors: Van Donkersgoed Joyce , Merrill John K.
Published: March 2023

A trial was conducted in a commercial finishing feedlot in southern Alberta, Canada using fall-placed steer calves to evaluate the comparative efficacy of metaphylactic treatment with tilmicosin or tildipirosin for control of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). First-pull treatment rates for BRD were significantly lower (P<0.01) in calves administered tildipirosin than those administered tilmicosin on arrival. There were no significant differences in BRD relapse rates, overall mortality, or BRD and histophilosis mortality. While calves treated with tildipirosin on feedlot entry had higher average daily gain (P=0.006) and lower dry-matter conversion (P=0.007) at 56 days-on-feed than those treated with tilmicosin, these performance differences were no longer significant (P>0.05) at 146 days-on-feed. Using current drug prices and based on differences in initial BRD treatment rates, tilmicosin had a net economic advantage of $6.85 CAN/head to those treated with tildipirosin on arrival.
Preliminary study on the effect of cobalt supplementation on RB51 Brucella abortus antibody response in weaned beef calves
Authors: Sager R. B.
Published: March 2023

Cobalt (Co) is utilized by rumen microbial organisms for synthesis of vitamin B12, a necessary cofactor for vital metabolic pathways in lipid and carbohydrate energy metabolism. Cobalt supplementation has recently attracted attention because of increased carcass weight in feedlot cattle, and increased milk production in dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of Co supplementation on humoral immune response to Brucella abortus vaccine in weaned beef calves. Twenty-seven beef steers weighing 450 lbÂ±50 lb (204 kgÂ±22.7 kg) were utilized in the study. Calves were randomly assigned to be fed supplemental Co at 0.1, 0.4, or 1.0 mg/kg of body weight in their diet, corresponding to the National Research Council (NRC) recommended level, 4 times the NRC recommended level, and 10 times the NRC recommended level. Higher levels of Co supplementation resulted in increased antibody response (Pâ¤0.004) to RB51 Brucella abortus vaccine.
Protection against bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) abortion following challenge 8 months or approximately 1 year after vaccination
Authors: Zimmerman Alicia D. , Klein Angela L. , Buterbaugh Robin E. , Rinehart Carol L. , Chase Christopher C. L.
Published: March 2023

Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) is a major cause of reproductive failure. A study was conducted to determine if vaccination with a modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine containing BHV-1 at either 8 or 13 months prior to challenge protects against BHV-1 challenge-induced abortion. A total of 51 beef heifers, seronegative to bovine viral diarrhea virus types 1 and 2 and BHV-1, were vaccinated subcutaneously with a commercially available combination MLV vaccine containing BHV-1 and inactivated bacterin vaccine, or placebo containing bacterin only. The estrus cycle was synchronized and heifers wereartificially inseminated approximately 6 or 1 month(s) after vaccination. Heifers were challenge-inoculated intravenously at approximately 193 days of gestation with a virulent BHV-1 virus. Clinical signs of BHV-1 infection were monitored for 14 days following challenge. Serological status and occurrence of abortion or stillbirth were also determined. Tissues collected from aborted fetuses (n = 22) and full-term calves that were born dead (i.e., stillbirth [n = 1] or dystocia [n = 2]) were tested for BHV-1 via virus isolation. BHV-1 was isolated from 1 fetus (7.7%) from Treatment Group 1 heifers (TGl -heifers challenged 13 months after BHV-1 MLV vaccination), from 3 fetuses/calves (15.8%) from Treatment Group 2 heifers (TG2 - heifers challenged 8 months after BHV-1 MLV v~ccination), and from 7 fetuses (36.8%) from Treatment Group 3 heifers (TG3 - control heifers that rec~ived bacterin only). Polymerase chain reaction testing results indicated that 1 fetus from the 13 (7. 7%) TG 1 heifers, 5 fetuses out of the 19 (26.3%) TG2 heifers, and 18 fetuses out of the 19 (94.7%) TG3 control heifers were BHV-1 positive. In this study, a combination MLV vaccine containing BHV-1 administered 8 or 13 months prior to challenge provided a significant level of protection against fetal infection in the face of a substantial challenge infection with BHV-1 when compared to nonvaccinated controls.
Recommendations for control of gastrointestinal nematode parasites in small ruminants
Authors: Kaplan Ray M.
Published: March 2023

Gastrointestinal nematode parasites are the single most important health problem of sheep and goats. Traditionally, parasites have been controlled by frequent administration of anthelmintic drugs. However, the emergence of multiple-drug-resistant parasites now threatens this paradigm of control and new approaches are required. Anthelmintics can no longer be thought of as a convenient and inexpensive management tool for maximizing animal productivity. Instead, anthelmintics must be thought of as extremely valuable and limited resources that should be used prudently. In response to this changing paradigm of anthelmintic use, new recommendations for parasite control now exist. A key tenet of this approach, referred to as "Smart Drenching", is to use the best available knowledge to develop strategies that maximize the effectiveness of treatments while also decreasing the development of drug resistance. Additionally, new innovative schemes using novel and sustainable approaches must be implemented. An overall strategy that integrates these approaches is referred to as "sustainable integrated parasite management" (sIPM). However, by its very nature sIPM is much more complicated and difficult to implement than casual administration of anthelmintics. Consequently, successful implementation of sIPM will only be possible with the help and active involvement of veterinarians and other animal health professionals. Because multiple-drug resistance in parasites is now the status quo, and development of further drug resistance is almost certain to outpace the development of new anthelmintics, it is critical that this new philosophy and approach to parasite control be embraced and implemented immediately.
Systematic thoracic ultrasonography in acute bovine respiratory disease of feedlot steers
Authors: Rademacher Ryan D. , Buczinski Sebastien , Tripp Holt M. , Edmonds Matthew D. , Johnson Edward G.
Published: March 2023

A study was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) in feedlot calves with clinical signs attributable to bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Twenty-nine BRD cases and 15 asymptomatic controls were evaluated using systematic TUS on the day of initial pull (day 0), and days 3, 6, 9, and 15. Four-second ultrasound loops were saved at 46 locations per animal and later evaluated off-line for evidence of lung pathology. Five TUS indicators of lung lesions and 4 indices of consolidation were evaluated for ability to differentiate between healthy controls and BRD cases, as well as predict death (negative outcome) among non-treated BRD cases. The number of sites with consolidation (SITES), number of sites with pleural irregularities (PIRR), maximal depth of consolidation (DEPTH), maximal area of consolidation (AREA), and total consolidated area (TCA) were found to be significantly higher in BRD cases than controls at enrollment (P less than 0.05). These same parameters (SITES, PIRR, DEPTH, AREA, TCA) were found to be significantly higher at enrollment for BRD cases that died before the end of the 15-day observation period (P less than 0.05). Among BRD cases, 9 of 46 sites examined had an odds ratio of negative outcome significantly greater than 1 when consolidation was present at enrollment (P less than 0.05). This study demonstrates that TUS may prove useful in feedlot cattle for determining the extent of lung lesions and predict outcome in BRD cases.
Clinical examination, diagnostic testing, and treatment options for neonatal calves with diarrhea
Authors: Dawes Maisie E. , Tyler Jeff W. , Hostetler Douglas E. , Nagy Dusty W. , Tessman Ronald K.
Published: March 2023

Primary diarrhea and septicemia are the 2 most common disease syndromes in neonatal calves. Differentiating between the 2 is difficult but vital, in order to determine prognosis and appropriate treatment. Both syndromes generally present with watery diarrhea, acidbase derangements, and/or negative energy balance. Depressed mentation and recumbency can occur with either disease if acidosis, hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, or dehydration is severe. In this review, we discuss criteria that distinguish primary diarrhea from diarrhea secondary to septicemia and present guidelines for the assessment, care, and management of diarrheic calves. Physical examination is the single-most powerful tool in differentiating the syndromes in individual calves. Therefore, particular emphasis is placed on the assessment of the calf's demeanor, including mentation and suckling ability, its ability to stand, and the presence or absence of systemic infection. The value of laboratory diagnostics that assess acid-base and hydration status, and the adequacy of passive transfer are described. Strategies for fluid and electrolyte therapy and the use of antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticonvulsant medications are also discussed. Whether aggressive diagnostic techniques and therapeutic interventions are employed depends on the value of the individual animal and the case prognosis. This review provides the basis for optimal decision-making, thus ensuring that optimal care is provided for the calf while meeting the goals of the owner.
AABP Association and Conference News
Authors: American Association of Bovine Practioners
Published: March 2023

Description and highlights of the 46th Annual Convention American Association of Bovine Practitioners (2013) and information about officers, district news, events, awards, and other news.
Comparative efficacy of tilmicosin, florfenicol, and fiorfenicol-flunixin meglumine for treatment of undifferentiated fever in backgrounded winter-placed feedlot calves given tilmicosin metaphylactically on arrival
Authors: Van Donkersgoed Joyce , Merrill John K. , Hendrick Steve
Published: March 2023

A study was conducted in 3 feedlots to compare the clinical efficacy of tilmicosin to florfenicol and florfenicol-nunixin meglumine for the initial treatment of undifferentiated fever (UF) in backgrounded winter-placed feedlot calves treated metaphylactically with tilmicosin at arrival processing. No significant differences (P>0.05) were found in UF relapse rates, crude case fatality rates, bovine respiratory disease and histophilus fatality rates, or average daily gain between the 3 groups. The cost benefit of tilmicosin versus florfenicol and florfenicol-flunixin meglumine was based on the difference in treatment cost between the 3 drugs. Using current market prices and a treatment weight of 828 lb (376 kg), the cost of treatment with tilmicosin was $15.85 CAN less per head compared to treatment with florfenicol, and $15.90 CAN per head less than florfenicol-flunixin meglumine.
Effects of timing of chlortetracycline in combination with decoquinate on growth performance, health, and carcass characteristics of feeder steers
Authors: Thomson Daniel U. , Swingle R. Spencer , Branine Mark , Bartle Steven J. , Yates David A.
Published: March 2023

Steer calves (n=1690) were used in a 220-day study to evaluate the effects of chlortetracycline (CTC) plus decoquinate (DEQ) on health and performance of feedlot cattle. Treatments were (1) control (CON); (2) CTC+decoquinate early (CTC+DEQ Early), and (3) CTC+decoquinate delayed (CTC+DEQ Delayed). Ten mg of CTC/lb (22 mg/kg) body weight (BW) was fed daily for 5 consecutive days beginning either on day 0 (Early) or day 6 (Delayed); decoquinate was fed at 22.7 mg/100 lb (45.4 kg) BW for 28 days. There were 6 pens per treatment, and 85 to 105 steers per pen. Steers in the CTC+DEQ groups had higher (P<0.01 to 0.05) dry matter intake and average daily gain than CON steers, but feed efficiency did not differ among treatments. Respiratory morbidity and re-treatment rates were lower (17 vs 23%, and 11 vs 22%, respectively, P<0.01) for steers in the CTC+DEQ groups than for those in the CON group. Timing of the initial CTC treatment had minimal effect on health and performance; however, feeding CTC for at least 10 days during the receiving period reduced morbidity and improved overall performance.
Ergot toxicosis causing death in weaned beef calves
Authors: Leuschen Bruce , Ensley Steve , Plummer Paul
Published: March 2023

Eight bull beef calves weighing approximately 500 lb (227 kg) died following consumption of toxic levels of ergot alkaloids during the summer of 2012. Survivors demonstrated chronic effects of ergot alkaloid toxicosis, including poor growth and hyperthermia. All 60 calves on the farm had been weaned for 3 weeks at the time of the incident, and were consuming a free-choice pelleted creep feed which was identified as the source of the toxin. Two common sources of ergot alkaloid in livestock in the United States are tall fescue grass infected by the fungal endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum, and Claviceps purpurea-associated sclerotia on seed heads of grasses or cereal grains. Toxic levels of ergot alkaloids in commercial feed as found in this case is not common.
Survival of dairy cattle presumptively suffering from idiopathic pericardial hemorrhage using parenteral dexamethasone or isofluprednone acetate
Authors: Gaska Jerome , McGuirk Sheila M. , Peek Simon F.
Published: March 2023

A total of 81 female dairy cows were treated with corticosteroids for presumed hemorrhagic idiopathic pericardial effusion over a 34-month period on a 2,200 cow dairy in southern Wisconsin. Individual cattle were treated with either dexamethasone or isofluprednone acetate based upon pregnancy status. The median age and days-in-milk at the time of diagnosis was 49 months and 181 days for those receiving dexamethasone (n=51), and 47 months and 316 days for those receiving isofluprednone acetate (n=30), respectively. Mean survival time from time of diagnosis for the non-pregnant group was 131 days +/- 101 days, which did not differ significantly from the slightly shorter mean survival time of 114 days +/- 111 days in the pregnant cow group. Mean mature equivalent milk production for the lactation at the time of diagnosis also did not differ between groups (27,792ñ6,096 lb (12,633ñ2,771 kg) in the group receiving dexamethasone, compared to 30,970ñ4,325 lb (14,077ñ1,966 kg) in the group receiving isofluprednone). Previous accounts of this condition have documented extended survival times following hospital-based treatment that has typically included pericardial drainage. However, our findings underscore the possibility that commercial cattle can be treated on-farm with corticosteroids without the need for drainage, and that extended survival times, reproductive, and lactational performance can still be achieved.
Michigan state university food systems fellowship program
Authors: Render Chelsea , Roney Heather , Grooms Daniel
Published: March 2023

The Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine Summer Food Systems Fellowship Program is a collaboration with industry partners aimed at providing value added experiences to veterinary students with a food animal industry career goal. By providing relevant non-clinical experiences in a variety of food industry areas, students gain experiences that will complement and strengthen their traditional veterinary training and help them to meet the needs of a changing agriculture landscape. We describe the experience of 2 students employed as Legislative Fellows for the US Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry as an example of how this program has an impact on students.
Estimated prevalence of lameness in 53 Northwest US dairy herds
Authors: Hoffman Alea C. , Wenz John R. , Vanegas Jorge , Moore Dale A.
Published: March 2023

Lameness is an important disease that can be quantified subjectively by locomotion scoring. The prevalence of lameness in dairy cattle has been measured in some areas of North America, but has not previously been measured in the northwest United States. In this study, 53 dairy farms in Washington and Oregon were visited, and herd lameness prevalence was estimated by locomotion scoring (using a 5-point system) using a systematically obtained sample of the lactating herd, distributed across the lactating cow pens. Over all herds, the prevalence of any gait abnormality was 21%, and just over 4% for cows that limped or refused to bear weight. Jersey herds had lower prevalence than Holstein herds, and the eastern part of the region had lower prevalence than the western part of the region. Estimating lameness prevalence on dairy farms can serve as a point of comparison or starting point for making herd and regional progress.
Diverse outcomes of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections in a herd naturally infected during pregnancy
Authors: Fulton Robert W. , Rezabek Grant B. , Grant Ryan , Ridpath Julia F. , Burge Lurinda J.
Published: March 2023

A beef producer purchased pregnant Angus crossbred cows with nursing calves. The purchased cattle, their nursing calves, and subsequent born calves were not initially tested for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), nor was there a history of vaccination. Bovine viral diarrhea virus subtype 2a was later isolated from an aborted bovine fetus estimated to be 6.5 months gestational age. The fetus had multiple congenital malformations including arthrogryposis, kyphosis, scoliosis, polydactylism, and cardiac overriding aorta. Testing by immunohistochemistry and virus isolation resulted in the detection of potentially persistently infected cattle, including a yearling and a calf born during the same calving season as the aborted fetus. Viruses isolated from the malformed fetus, the yearling, and the calf born during the same calving season were identical. The malformations observed in the aborted fetus were similar to arthrogryposis multiplexa (AM) and contractural arachnodactyly (CA), diseases associated with genetic defects in the Angus breed. The fetus was tested and found negative for the genetic defect linked with AM and CA. This case illustrates that suspect malformations should also be tested for BVDV, and underscores the potential for disease after failed or inadequate biosecurity.
Assessment and comparison of electrocardiographic and clinical cardiac evidence of death following use of a penetrating captive bolt for euthanasia of cattle
Authors: Dewell Reneé  D. , Moran Lori E. , Kleinhenz Katie E. , Derscheild Rachel J. , Dewell Grant A. , Shearer Leslie C. , Shearer Jan K.
Published: March 2023

The objective of this study was to describe temporal associations between cardiac auscultation and ECG to evaluate cardiac activity and determine cardiac death following euthanasia with a penetrating captive bolt device. Twenty-two feedlot calves between 6 and 19 months of age were enrolled. Electrocardiographic monitoring and recording was conducted using a modified base-apex lead configuration. Cardiac death was defined as ventricular standstill and occurred when ventricular electrical activity ceased. Clinical cardiac death was defined as the absence of an auscultable and rhythmic heartbeat, and was assessed immediately following the final captive bolt administration and again at 1-minute intervals for a minimum of 10 minutes post-captive bolt administration. Discernable cardiac activity was demonstrated for an average of 513.35 seconds (8 minutes 34 seconds) post-captive bolt administration. Clinical cardiac death and ventricular standstill occurred within the same 60-second measurement in 33% (7/21) of calves. Thus, approximately 70% of calves were assumed to be deceased based on clinical cardiac parameters prior to ventricular standstill.
Effect of initial respiratory viral-bacterial combination vaccine on performance, health, and carcass traits of auction-market derived feedlot heifers
Authors: Rogers K. C. , Miles D. G. , Hughes H. D. , Renter D. G. , Woodruff J. , Zuidhof S.
Published: March 2023

A total of 2,528 lightweight heifers were used to compare 2 viral-bacterial respiratory vaccine products containing modified-live infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, parainfluenza-3 virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus types 1 and 2, and a Mannheimia haemolytica bacterial component, on performance, health, and carcass characteristics of cattle in a commercial feedlot setting. The vaccine products compared were Pyramid? 5+Presponse? SQ (PYR PSQ) and Bovi-Shield GOLD? One Shot (BOV ONE). No differences (P?0.68) in gain performance or feed conversion were observed between treatments. Hot-carcass weight tended to be less (P=0.06) in cattle administered PYR PSQ compared to cattle in the BOV ONE treatment group. Percentages of "no roll" and Yield Grade 4 carcasses were higher (P?0.04) for BOV ONE cattle, while the percentage of Yield Grade 1 carcasses was higher (P=0.05) in the PYR PSQ treatment. Neither BRD first treatment morbidity nor retreatment risks were significantly different among treatments (P?0.33), with 13.25% of all cattle receiving treatment for BRD. The incidence of chronics, case fatalities, and mortalities associated with BRD also did not differ (P?0.46) between treatments. Furthermore, the incidence of chronics and mortalities due to all causes did not differ (P?0.62) between treatments. There was little evidence to suggest that administration of these different combination vaccines to lightweight auction-market heifers upon arrival at the feedlot results in important health differences.
Subacute ruminal acidosis and ruminal lactic acidosis
Authors: Chako Clemence Z. , Step Douglas L. , Malayer Jerry R. , Krehbiel Clinton R. , Desilva Udaya , Streeter Robert N.
Published: March 2023

Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is a digestive disorder associated with systemic inflammation that affects both dairy and beef cattle. The effects of grain-induced SARA have been extensively studied in dairy and beef cattle, but information on diagnosing SARA in beef cattle is limited. Beef cattle on soluble carbohydrate diets experience SARA and have higher morbidity for bovine respiratory disease, despite extensive preventive measures. Monitoring for SARA is important for developing strategies to prevent its related morbidities in both beef and dairy cattle.
AABP Conference (2016): AABP Foundation-Zoetis Scholarship Awards and Amstutz Scholarship Auction
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Description of the 2016 American Association of Bovine Practitioners.
AABP Conference (2016): Cattle Production Veterinarian Hall of Fame Inductees Recognized
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Description of the 2016 American Association of Bovine Practitioners.
Factors influencing dairy veterinarian necropsy practices and their use of diagnostic laboratories
Authors: Salopek Sierra F. , Nelson Danielle F. , McConnel Craig F. , Moore Dale A.
Published: March 2023

Dairy herd mortality rates have increased over the last 3 decades but dairy producers appear to be underutilizing veterinarians to perform postmortem examinations. The purpose of this project was to identify dairy veterinarian motivations and barriers for performing necropsies and use of diagnostic laboratories. A 33-question online survey was developed and a link sent to members of a dairy veterinary continuing education group in the western United States. Fifty-two veterinarians responded and many (70%) were offering 12 or more services to their dairy clients, including necropsy. Although 88% of dairy veterinarians surveyed considered necropsy to be a very to extremely useful tool, only 19% said all dairies within their practice utilized necropsy services. The producer's refusal of the service was the primary reason that discouraged practitioners from performing a necropsy (69%), followed by time (44%), cost (38%), and carcass disposal (27%). Factors most commonly reported to promote a necropsy were 'multiple animals affected' (85%) and 'unexplained death' (75%). Because identification of a cause of death could inform herd health management, these results indicate an opportunity to educate dairy producers on the value of necropsy services.
Comparison of gamithromycin and tildipirosin for metaphylaxis treatment of winter-placed feedlot calves for control of bovine respiratory disease
Authors: Van Donkersgoed Joyce , Henderick Steve G. , Nickel Timothy G.
Published: March 2023

A randomized complete-block design trial was conducted in a commercial finishing feedlot in southern Alberta, Canada using winter-placed heifer calves (n = 4574; initial body weight 6 72 ± 43 lb; 305.5 ± 19.5 kg) to evaluate the comparative efficacy of metaphylactic treatment with gamithromycin or tildipirosin for control of bovine respiratory disease. There were no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) in health or feedlot performance between calves treated with gamithromycin or tildipirosin from arrival to terminal weight sort, approximately 30 days before slaughter. Using current drug prices, metaphylactic treatment with gamithromycin had a net economic advantage of $4.13CAN/head to those treated with tildipirosin on arrival.
Survey of veterinary student exposure to and performance of clinical skills necessary for success in beef cattle veterinary practice and the relationship to the supply, demand, and value of proper training as beef cattle veterinarians
Authors: Thomson D. U. , Thomson J. U. , Lubbers B. V. , Apley M. D. , Cull C. A. , Lechtenberg K. F. , McCoy E. J. , Schwandt E. F.
Published: March 2023

Veterinary graduates (n=489) from 39 universities across 4 continents participated in a survey to evaluate veterinary training of clinical skills and the monetary value of education for recent graduates. The objectives of this study were to conduct a survey of veterinarians and current veterinary students regarding the exposure to or ability to perform certain clinical skills during veterinary school that are important to beef cattle veterinary practice. Another objective was to survey veterinary practitioners regarding their willingness to pay a new graduate more if the new veterinarian could perform these skills on their first day of practice. Participants answered 111 questions in a web based survey system on their exposure to clinical skills and production concepts while veterinary students, and the value of these skills to new graduates. Eighty-four percent of surveyed veterinarians had adequate or excellent exposure to the calving process and knowledge of when to intervene while in veterinary school, but only 65% had adequate or excellent exposure to caesarian section utilizing a flank approach. Most surveyed veterinarians indicated that they would be willing to pay new graduates more if they entered the practice with competency in the surveyed clinical skills.
Dairy veterinarians' views on antimicrobial use, resistance and treatment practices
Authors: Webb Stephanie , McConnel Craig , Giebel Sarah , Brinson Jennifer , Moore Dale A.
Published: March 2023

Veterinarians are being asked to provide more oversight of antibiotics used on dairies and promote stewardship of these drugs because of the risk for development of antimicrobial resistance. As organizations work to develop stewardship guidelines, gathering data on veterinarians' views and actual use can better inform those guidelines. The purpose of this project was to survey dairy veterinarians to understand current antimicrobial use practices and views on antimicrobial resistance. A SO-question online survey was developed and a link sent to members of the Academy of Dairy Veterinary Consultants. The final response rate of 41 % (58 of 143) included only practicing veterinarians. Fifty-nine percent did not believe that the current use of antimicrobials on dairy farms contributed to antimicrobial resistance in human pathogens. Most of the respondents (83 % ) felt that there was unnecessary use of antimicrobials on dairies, particularly in pre-weaned calves, primarily due to protocol non-compliance and farmers' or employees' misidentification of healthy animals as sick and treatment of them with antimicrobials. About half the respondents always had written treatment protocols for their clients, and 40% always provided training on those protocols. Blanket dry-cow therapy was recommended by 65% of the practitioners. The results of this survey provide a baseline of western, large dairy herd veterinary antimicrobial use and recommendations. Responses indicated opportunities for dairy practitioners to improve some antimicrobial stewardship practices that could reduce antimicrobial use.
Xylazine sedation and gunshot for depopulation of cattle
Authors: Hanthorn Christy J. , Sanderson Michael W.
Published: March 2023

A depopulation protocol utilizing intramuscular sedation with xylazine followed by euthanasia via gunshot was evaluated for effectiveness and practicality in a group of 43 feedlot calves in a commercial feedlot setting. Sedation and euthanasia were successful in all 43 calves. The time required to complete the procedure was 46 minutes from the first xylazine injection to the last gunshot. Utilization of this depopulation method demonstrates that cattle in a commercial feedlot can be euthanized in a rapid manner that is practical and efficient, while also maintaining an acceptable level of animal welfare. Expansion to larger herds, including the total population of a large feedlot, may still be challenging. The use of this depopulation method should be considered for future livestock emergencies.
Isolation of Trichophyton spores from lesions typically classified as resolving in cattle
Authors: Dewell Renée D. , Berger Darren J. , Brick Troy A. , Atterberg Shae M. , McIntosh Charles E. , Zeller Linda D. , McKeen Lauren A. , Griffith Ronald W.
Published: March 2023

Dermatophytosis is an important zoonotic superficial mycosis of cattle, primarily caused by the dermatophyte Trichophyton verrucosum. T. verrucosum presents a signifi-cant public health risk in the United States. The presence of dermatophyte lesions does not necessarily preclude issuance of certificates of veterinary inspection, and are permitted in some livestock shows and exhibition cattle if the inspecting veterinarian observes hair regrowth within the lesion. The objective of this study was to evaluate dermatophyte lesions, both without hair (alopecic or active) and with hair regrowth (resolving), for presence of T. verrucosum spores in calves. Our hypothesis was that the regrowth of hair would not correlate with the absence of infective material. Of the 34 calves sampled, 23 of 34 of the haired/resolving lesions had spores present, while 14/34 of the alopecic/active lesions had spores present. The odds of a haired/resolving sample having spores present was found to be 4 times that of the odds of an alopecic/active sample having spores present (p-value = 0.03516, 95% CI: 1.07, 22.09). Resolving lesions, as evidenced by regrowth of hair, did not correlate with mycologic cure in this study as spores were still recovered in many lesions designated as haired/resolving.
Outcomes following facilitated ankylosis to treat septic arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint in beef bulls
Authors: Jordan Brianna A. , Lozier Jospeh W. , Parker Elizabeth M. , Niehaus Andrew J. , Baker Madison R. , Lakritz Jeffrey
Published: March 2023

Facilitated ankylosis (FA) is a procedure performed to treat septic arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) in ruminants. The aim of this procedure is to restore function to the affected digit, providing improved long-term positive outcome. This study describes the outcome of FA in 22 client-owned midwestern beef breeding bulls due to DIPJ sepsis between January 1, 2006 and July 31, 2018. Follow up information was obtained by telephone questionnaire. Signalment, treatment history, diagnostic data, surgical data, postoperative treatment and complications, and long-term outcomes were recorded and described.

Of the 22 beef bulls that underwent a FA, follow-up information was provided for 19. Fourteen of the 19 bulls were successfully used as breeders post-operatively. Increased age and weight were positively correlated with successful breeding long term. Forelimb vs hindlimb disease and laterality of digit affected did not significantly affect outcome. Overall, client satisfaction was high.

In conclusion, beef bulls undergoing a FA of the DIPJ have a good prognosis for long-term breeding regardless of history and clinical presentation. FA should be considered for treatment of septic arthritis in beef bulls.
Survey of the cattle health and production record-keeping methods and opinions of cow-calf producers in Mississippi
Authors: Jumper W. Isaac , Huston Carla L. , Wills Robert W. , Smith David R.
Published: March 2023

The objective of this study was to identify characteristics of Mississippi cow-calf producers associated with their use of cattle health record-keeping systems. Anonymous surveys were mailed to 1,275 cow-calf members of the Mississippi Cattlemen’s Association. Multivariable logistic regression using manual forward variable selection was used to test factors for association with cattle health and production record-keeping outcomes. Significance was defined at alpha=0.05. Three-hundred eight surveys (24%) were returned. Of these, 292 (95%) were actively involved in cow-calf production, with 221 (75.7%), 29 (9.9%), and 42 (14.4%) being commercial, seedstock, or both, respectively. Two-hundred nineteen of 290 (75.5%) owned <100 head, and 207 of 292 (70.9%) were >55 years old. Two-hundred forty-five of 289 (84.8%) used individual animal identification. Two-hundred fifteen (73.6%) and 76 (26%) of 292 used hand-written and electronic records, respectively. Using electronic cattle records was associated with computer access (OR=7.6, 95%CI=2.3 to 25.8), smartphone ownership (OR=6.9, 95%CI=2.0 to 23.6), and Bachelor’s degree or higher (OR=2.0, 95%CI=1.1 to 3.7). Producer interest in using a smartphone-based cattle record-keeping system was associated with smartphone ownership (OR=6.0, 95%CI=2.1 to 16.6), and being ≤55 years old (OR=2.9, 95%CI=1.5 to 5.4). Access to technology and producer demographics influence the record-keeping practices of Mississippi cow-calf producers.