bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wind turbine asymmetrical load reduction with pitch sensor fault compensation
Authors: Liu Yanhua , Patton Ron J. , Shi Shuo
Published: March 2020

Offshore wind turbines suffer from asymmetrical loading (blades, tower, etc), leading to enhanced structural fatigue. As well as asymmetrical loading different faults (pitch system faults etc.) can occur simultaneously, causing degradation of load mitigation performance. Individual pitch control (IPC) can achieve rotor asymmetric loads mitigation, but this is accompanied by an enhancement of pitch movements leading to the increased possibility of pitch system faults, which exerts negative effects on the IPC performance. The combined effects of asymmetrical blade and tower bending together with pitch sensor faults are considered as a “co‐design” problem to minimize performance deterioration and enhance wind turbine sustainability. The essential concept is to attempt to account for all the “fault effects” in the rotor and tower systems, which can weaken the load reduction performance through IPC. Pitch sensor faults are compensated by the proposed fault‐tolerant control (FTC) strategy to attenuate the fault effects acting in the control system. The work thus constitutes a combination of IPC‐based load mitigation and FTC acting at the pitch system level. A linear quadratic regulator (LQR)‐based IPC strategy for simultaneous blade and tower loading mitigation is proposed in which the robust fault estimation is achieved using an unknown input observer (UIO), considering four different pitch sensor faults. The analysis of the combined UIO‐based FTC scheme with the LQR‐based IPC is shown to verify the robustness and effectiveness of these two systems acting together and separately.
Water quality restoration by harvesting mixed culture microalgae using Moringa oleifera
Authors: Singh Gulab , Patidar Shailendra Kumar
Published: March 2020

Excessive growth of microalgae due to use of fertilizers, detergents, and discharge of domestic waste results in the eutrophication and degradation of the water quality of lakes and ponds. The present study aimed to improve the quality of pond water by harvesting mixed cultures of microalgae grown in a pond using Moringa oleifera (MO) extract as a coagulant. The study comprises evaluating the effects of coagulant dose, pH, mixing time, mixing rate, settling time, temperature, and algal biomass concentration on nutrient and microalgae cell removal. The pond water quality restoration was assessed by characterization of raw and MO‐treated water. The MO was found to be very effective for mixed culture microalgae harvesting with flocculation efficiency of 92.97% at dose of 15 ml/L of MO extract, pH 8, mixing time 5 min, mixing rate 30 rpm, and 20‐min settling time. The results have shown significant improvement in pond water quality with reduction in turbidity from 388.16 ± 48.23 to 8.39 ± 1.0 NTU, chlorophyll‐a from 635.01 ± 86.20 to 15.03 ± 1.5 mg/m3, total nitrogen (TN) from 20.37 ± 4.64 to 12.10 ± 1.19 mg/L, and total phosphorus (TP) from 2.05 ± 0.10 to 1.61 ± 0.24 mg/L.

Practitioner points

Production of biomass and water quality improvement of the pond at the same time

MO extract shows better removal efficiency at a lower dose with fast kinetics

Cost‐effective flocculant saves time and energy during flocculation

Common bioflocculant to remove both microalgae and nutrients.
Asymptotic dynamics of AdS3 gravity with two asymptotic regions
Authors: Henneaux Marc , Merbis Wout , Ranjbar Arash
Published: March 2020

Abstract

The asymptotic dynamics of AdS3 gravity with two asymptotically anti-de Sitter regions is investigated, paying due attention to the zero modes, i.e., holonomies along non-contractible circles and their canonically conjugates. This situation covers the eternal black hole solution. We derive how the holonomies around the non-contractible circles couple the fields on the two different boundaries and show that their canonically conjugate variables, needed for a consistent dynamical description of the holonomies, can be related to Wilson lines joining the boundaries. The action reduces to the sum of four free chiral actions, one for each boundary and each chirality, with additional non-trivial couplings to the zero modes which are explicitly written. While the Gauss decomposition of the SL(2, ℝ) group elements is useful in order to treat hyperbolic holonomies, the Iwasawa decomposition turns out to be more convenient in order to deal with elliptic and parabolic holonomies. The connection with the geometric action is also made explicit. Although our paper deals with the specific example of two asymptotically anti-de Sitter regions, most of our global considerations on holonomies and radial Wilson lines qualitatively apply whenever there are multiple boundaries, independently of the form that the boundary conditions explicitly take there.
2-Edge-Colored Chromatic Number of Grids is at Most 9
Authors: Dybizbański Janusz
Published: March 2020

A 2-edge-colored graph is a pair$$(G, \sigma )$$(G,σ)whereGis a graph, and$$\sigma :E(G)\rightarrow \{\text {'}+\text {'},\text {'}-\text {'}\}$$σ:E(G)→{'+','-'}is a function which marks all edges with signs. A 2-edge-colored coloring of the 2-edge-colored graph$$(G, \sigma )$$(G,σ)is a homomorphism into a 2-edge-colored graph$$(H, \delta )$$(H,δ). The 2-edge-colored chromatic number of the 2-edge-colored graph$$(G, \sigma )$$(G,σ)is the minimum order ofH. In this paper we show that for every 2-dimensional grid$$(G, \sigma )$$(G,σ)there exists a homomorphism from$$(G, \sigma )$$(G,σ)into the 2-edge-colored Paley graph$$SP_9$$SP9. Hence, the 2-edge-colored chromatic number of the 2-edge-colored grids is at most 9. This improves the upper bound on this number obtained recently by Bensmail. Additionally, we show that 2-edge-colored chromatic number of the 2-edge-colored grids with 3 columns is at most 8.
Two-Dimensional RBF-ENO Method on Unstructured Grids
Authors: Hesthaven Jan S. , Mönkeberg Fabian
Published: March 2020

Essentially non-oscillatory (ENO) and weighted ENO (WENO) methods on equidistant Cartesian grids are widely used to solve partial differential equations with discontinuous solutions. However, stable ENO/WENO methods on unstructured grids are less well studied. We propose a high-order ENO method based on radial basis function (RBF) to solve hyperbolic conservation laws on general two-dimensional grids. The radial basis function reconstruction offers a flexible way to deal with ill-conditioned cell constellations. We introduce a smoothness indicator based on RBFs and a stencil selection algorithm suitable for general meshes. Furthermore, we develop a stable method to evaluate the RBF reconstruction in the finite volume setting which circumvents the stagnation of the error and keeps the condition number of the reconstruction bounded. We conclude with several challenging numerical examples in two dimensions to show the robustness of the method.
Improving Automated Geological Logging of Drill Holes by Incorporating Multiscale Spatial Methods
Authors: Hill E. June , Pearce Mark A. , Stromberg Jessica M.
Published: March 2020

Manually interpreting multivariate drill hole data is very time-consuming, and different geologists will produce different results due to the subjective nature of geological interpretation. Automated or semi-automated interpretation of numerical drill hole data is required to reduce time and subjectivity of this process. However, results from machine learning algorithms applied to drill holes, without reference to spatial information, typically result in numerous small-scale units. These small-scale units result not only from the presence of very small rock units, which may be below the scale of interest, but also from misclassification. A novel method is proposed that uses the continuous wavelet transform to identify geological boundaries and uses wavelet coefficients to indicate boundary strength. The wavelet coefficient is a useful measure of boundary strength because it reflects both wavelength and amplitude of features in the signal. This means that boundary strength is an indicator of the apparent thickness of geological units and the amount of change occurring at each geological boundary. For multivariate data, boundaries from multiple variables are combined and multiscale domains are calculated using the combined boundary strengths. The method is demonstrated using multi-element geochemical data from mineral exploration drill holes. The method is fast, reduces misclassification, provides a choice of scales of interpretation and results in hierarchical classification for large scales where domains may contain more than one rock type.
Didymella corylicola sp. nov., a new fungus associated with hazelnut fruit development in Italy
Authors: Scarpari Marzia , Vitale Salvatore , Di Giambattista Giuseppe , Luongo Laura , De Gregorio Tommaso , Schreiber Giulio , Petrucci Mariangela , Belisario Alessandra , Voglmayr Hermann
Published: March 2020

A new fungal species constantly associated with hazelnut (Corylus avellana) fructification starting from its primordia is described. The fungus is associated with hazelnut fruit during all their developmental stages, being consistently more present in spring (March–June). A 4-year survey has been conducted, from young fruit formation to full kernel maturity including also the post-harvest phase, to collect fungi associated with damaged/discoloured kernels. A collection of 60 isolates of a new species has been obtained in this study, which is here described as Didymella corylicola sp. nov. Multi-locus phylogenies based on four genomic loci (nuITS and LSU rDNA, RPB2 and TUB2) in combination with morphological data confirmed the fungus to represent a new species of Didymella (Didymellaceae). The occurrence of D. corylicola sp. nov. might have an impact on the quality of hazelnut production by contributing to kernel defects.
Measurements of Water-Air Flow Phenomena in a Chamber with a Rotating Shaft
Authors: Tiutiurski Paweł , Hercel Paulina , Telega Janusz , Kardaś Dariusz
Published: March 2020

The paper concerns the phenomena of the fluid film that occurs in the bearing chamber of an aircraft engine. The geometry of the system includes two concentric cylinders, between which there is a mixture of oil and air. The fluid circulates in a closed circuit. The rotary movement of the inner cylinder causes creation of the fluid film on the walls of the chamber. The article proposes a measurement method that is allowing observation of this fluid film and, in particular, analysis of the movement of the air bubbles occurring in the film. An own model of the bearing chamber with transparent walls was constructed for the research. For the investigation, water was used instead of oil. Observation of the behaviour of the flow was possible thanks to video recordings made with the use of a fast-capture camera. The results presented in the paper include velocity magnitudes of the air bubbles in the fluid film in dependence on the rotational speed of the shaft and water volume fraction and with a range from 0.37 to 0.91 m/s. The results presented in this article can be used for the bearing chamber numerical models validation.
Professional Development in Visual Arts
Authors: Puppe Linda , Jossberger Helen , Stein Isabell , Gruber Hans
Published: March 2020

In the domain of visual arts, professional artists usually graduate from academies and universities. For professional development, art students must practise domain-specific activities. Support from lecturers and exchanges with fellow students also help advance accomplishments. Amateurs without academic or vocational artistic education can acquire their skills autodidactically or attend courses such as those at an adult-education centre. Empirical research in the domain of visual arts remains scarce; therefore, the present study’s objective was to analyse which kinds of domain-specific practice activities and social interactions artists, intermediates and amateurs rate as relevant to their artistic development in visual arts. The Professional Development in Arts Questionnaire (PDA-Q), including closed and open questions, was developed to examine artists’ activities and interactions. In this study, 81 experts, 58 intermediates and 31 amateurs participated. Experts and intermediates perceived domain-specific practice activities working on artworks and reflecting as the most important in their professional development. Experts and intermediates also rated these two activities as the most demanding. Amateurs rated these activities as less relevant and demanding. Experts and intermediates most often received feedback from lecturers and fellow students, while amateurs most often received feedback from friends and family. Experts and intermediates cited lecturers as being the most helpful sources of feedback, while amateurs cited family.
Health Demands Moderate the Link Between Willpower Beliefs and Physical Activity in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Di Maio Sally , Keller Jan , Job Veronika , Felsenberg Dieter , Ertel Wolfgang , Schwarzer Ralf , Knoll Nina
Published: March 2020

Background

Regular physical activity (PA) was found to alleviate pain and improve functioning among patients with osteoarthritis of the knee (OAK). Heightened health demands due to OAK severity, body mass index (BMI), and depressive symptoms may require self-regulatory strategies to engage in more PA. Research on willpower—the capacity to exert self-control—suggests that believing that willpower is a nonlimited rather than a limited resource predicts effective self-regulation specifically when demands are high. The present study examines the association of OAK patients’ willpower beliefs with their daily PA as a function of health demands.

Methods

To identify the moderating role of OAK severity (WOMAC), BMI, and depressive symptoms (CES-D) on the link between willpower beliefs and objectively assessed PA over a 7-day period, baseline data of a registered randomized controlled trial with 243 patients (Mage = 65.47 years, SD = 0.49) were examined in secondary analyses.

Results

Moderation analyses revealed that overall positive associations of willpower beliefs with PA were further qualified by OAK severity, BMI, and depressive symptoms. When patients faced less health demands, believing that willpower is nonlimited was associated with more PA. When health demands were higher, willpower beliefs were not associated with PA.

Conclusion

OAK patients’ willpower beliefs were associated with PA. However, facing more health demands seemed to erase this beneficial link. Improving willpower beliefs by way of intervention may help to shed more light on predictive direction and ways to overcome barriers to regular physical activity.
Was heißt signifikant – geheilt oder nur etwas besser? Ein Vergleich verschiedener Berechnungsmethoden zur Bewertung von Veränderungen der depressiven Symptomatik bei ambulanten Rehabilitanden
Authors: Senft Birgit , Fischer-Hansal Daniela , Schosser Alexandra
Published: March 2020

Hintergrund

Zur Bewertung des Behandlungserfolgs bei depressiven Symptomen stehen unterschiedliche statistische Methoden zur Verfügung. Effektgrößen, prozentuale Verbesserung, signifikante Verbesserung und klinisch signifikante Verbesserung sind gängige Methoden zur Bewertung von Behandlungsergebnissen basierend auf „Patient Reported Outcomes“.

Fragestellung

Wie unterscheiden sich die Behandlungsergebnisse in Abhängigkeit von der verwendeten Methode?

Methodik

Für N = 3018 Patienten einer ambulanten psychiatrischen Rehabilitationsklinik wurden Verbesserungen anhand von Effektgrößen, prozentuellen Veränderungen, signifikanten und klinisch signifikanten Veränderungen im Beck Depressions-Inventar (BDI-II) berechnet.

Ergebnisse

Für die Gesamtgruppe zeigt sich ein gut mittlerer Effekt von d = 0,62, der nach Ausschluss von zum Zeitpunkt der Aufnahme nicht depressiven (euthymen) Patienten als groß bewertet werden kann (d = 0,79). Die stärkste Aussagekraft für die Symptomreduktion der Depression hat die Methode der klinischen Signifikanz, bei einem Cut-off von 13 Punkten wurden 23 % als klinisch signifikant und weitere 19,3 % als signifikant gebessert klassifiziert. Bei der Methode der prozentuellen Verbesserung erreichten 30,4 % der Patienten einen Wert von mindestens 50 %.

Schlussfolgerungen

Effektgrößen geben einen groben Überblick über den Behandlungserfolg eines Patientenkollektivs ohne Berücksichtigung des Endzustands und der Variabilität innerhalb des Kollektivs. Die prozentuelle Veränderung scheint eher für die Kontrolle des Ansprechens auf eine Behandlung geeignet zu sein. Ergebnisse zur klinischen Signifikanz geben am transparentesten Auskunft über signifikante Verbesserungen und den Wechsel vom dysfunktionalen in den funktionalen Bereich.
Revisiting the Twentieth Century Through the Lens of Generation X and Digital Games: A Scoping Review
Authors: Marston Hannah R. , del Carmen Miranda Duro María
Published: March 2020

Video games have been around since the 1960s and have impacted upon society in a myriad of different ways. The purpose of this scoping review is to identify existing literature within the domain of video games which recruited participants from the Generation X (1965–1980) cohort. Six databases were searched (ACM, CINHAL Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) focusing on published journal papers between 1970 and 2000. Search results identified 3186 articles guided by the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR); 4 papers were irretrievable, 138 duplicated papers were removed, leaving 3048 were assessed for eligibility and 3026 were excluded. Articles (n = 22) were included into this review, with four papers primarily published in 1997 and in 1999. Thematic analysis identified five primary themes: purpose and objectives, respective authors’ reporting, technology, ethics and environment) and seven secondary themes: populations, type of participants (e.g. children, students), ethical approval, study design, reimbursement, language, type of assessments. This scoping review is distinctive because it primarily focuses on Generation X, who have experienced and grown-up with videogames, and contributes to several disciplines including: game studies, gerontology and health, and has wider implications from a societal, design and development perspective of video games.
For Whom the Games Toll: A Qualitative and Intergenerational Evaluation of What is Serious in Games for Older Adults
Authors: Khalili-Mahani Najmeh , De Schutter Bob , Mirgholami Mahsa , Holowka Eileen Mary , Goodine Rebecca , DeJong Scott , McGaw Roseleen , Meyer Sue , Sawchuk Kim
Published: March 2020

The aim of this study was to engage older adults in discussions about digital serious games. Using a qualitative exploratory approach, we report observations from more than 100 h of conversations with individuals in the age range 65–90, in a study entitled “Finding better games for older adults” (June 2017–December 2019). Phase 1 (19 older participants, 3 young research students) involved conversations around a quantitative study of cognitive benefits of digital playing (minimum 6 h/person). Phases 2 and 3 involved a focus group in the form of a community class (10 weeks, 2 h per meeting), involving introduction to digital game genres, playing, and discussing motivations and obstacles for current and future play. Cognitive stimulation, emotional distraction and physical therapy were initially stated as the motives for game play. However, with growing familiarity and voluntary exchanges of personal stories between older and younger participants, the cultural significance of the medium of game (especially with story-telling and VR technology) became more important to older adults. More than mechanical inaccessibility, lack of access to the cultural discourse about games presents barriers for older adults. To create a safe, comfortable and accessible space for intergenerational learning and play is of primary importance both for users and designers, should serious games be considered for the future of digital care.
Imbalance Data Classification Using Local Mahalanobis Distance Learning Based on Nearest Neighbor
Authors: Siddappa Nijaguna Gollara , Kampalappa Thippeswamy
Published: March 2020

In the dataset, any one of its classes is normally outnumbered by other classes and is known as class imbalance data. Many standard learning algorithms face the classification problem in performance due to imbalance data. The issues can be solved by many existing conventional methods such as cost-sensitive, sampling or ensemble methods. But these methods alter the original data distribution, which leads to loss of useful information of the users and it may cause unexpected errors or increase the problem of overfitting. In this research, local Mahalanobis distance learning (LMDL) method is applied in the nearest neighbor (NN) for improving the performance of the classification in the imbalance dataset. The multiple distance metrics are used in the LMDL to investigate the data effectively and obtain the relevant features based on the analysis. The distance metric uses the original data for learning the prototype and support the NN. A number of experiments on various datasets are conducted for validating the quality as well as the efficiency of the proposed LMDL method. The experimental results stated that the proposed LMDL achieved nearly 82% in E-coli dataset, 94% in breast cancer dataset and 98% in Iris dataset for all metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall and F-measure.
Les apprentissages parisiens aux xviiie et xixe siècles
Authors: Crowston Clare H. , Kaplan Steven L. , Lemercier Claire
Published: March 2020

Résumés

L’article discute des changements et des continuités dans les pratiques de l’apprentissage et ses normes sociales, à Paris, avant et après la Révolution française. Il souligne l’intérêt d’une analyse quantifiée et de comparaisons entre sources hétérogènes pour aborder ce sujet. Il traite d’abord de la question du rapport entre nombre d’apprenti·es et nombre de maîtres·ses dans chaque métier, ainsi que des aspirations qui pouvaient être celles des apprenti·es et de leurs parents : avec quel espoir entrait-on en apprentissage ? L’étude de trajectoires individuelles pour le xviiie siècle et d’une statistique de l’époque pour le xixe siècle permet notamment d’indiquer que l’apprentissage était loin de toujours déboucher sur une carrière au sein du métier appris. Un travail sur les sources judiciaires montre ensuite que le rôle des tribunaux dans le règlement des conflits autour de l’apprentissage s’est à la fois accru et transformé, en se concentrant sur le respect du temps imparti. L’article illustre enfin la persistance, sur la longue durée, de normes largement partagées définissant les bons apprentissages et de pratiques s’écartant nettement de ces normes, différentes selon le genre et le métier, que ce soit avant ou après la fin des corporations.
Radio-echo soundings on Icelandic temperate glaciers: history of techniques and findings
Authors: Björnsson Helgi , Pálsson Finnur
Published: March 2020

Since the mid-1970s radio-echo soundings have been conducted on Iceland's temperate glaciers. Since then, low-frequency radar technology has furthered the study of most of the island's ice caps. Their masses and volumes have been quantified and detailed subglacial topographic maps produced which demarcate glacial drainage basins and identify subglacial lakes and volcanoes. Even internal tephra layers have been charted. The resulting data have been used to force and validate models of past and future glacier evolution. Many practical applications in glacier hydrology have come into being, including hydropower management, road and bridge planning and the prediction of catastrophic flood paths from subglacial eruption sites. Finally, emerging landscapes can now be foreseen in places where glaciers may soon disappear. These achievements would not have been possible without the advances in RES technology.
Hospital Operation During a Disaster – Hospital Multi-Component Emergency Center (HMCEC)
Authors: Zarka Salman , Furman Eyal , Polyakov Olga
Published: March 2020

A hospital’s operating modes can be divided into three main levels of operation: routine, mass-casualty, and interim states that require procedures and resources beyond the routine capacity.

Regardless of the nature of the event and the needs, the medical staff has to be prepared for a sudden increase in demand for service that could overwhelm the functional capacity and safety standards of the hospital.

In any sort of an emergency event, the hospital has to fulfill two goals: First is to be able to sustain itself against the sudden rise in demand for medical support; the aid given depends on the nature of the disaster. The second goal is to continue supporting the essential routine duties for patients already hospitalized and for others arriving at the hospital regardless of the disaster.

The aim of this paper is to describe the principles and the methods for hospital operation in case of a disaster-level event. The paper describes the structure and methods for handling prolonged disaster-level events and the adjustments that can be made in the case of lower intensity events.
Modelling spatial patterns of near-surface air temperature over a decade of melt seasons on McCall Glacier, Alaska
Authors: Troxler Patrick , Ayala Álvaro , Shaw Thomas E. , Nolan Matt , Brock Ben W. , Pellicciotti Francesca
Published: March 2020

We examine the spatial patterns of near-surface air temperature (Ta) over a melting glacier using a multi-annual dataset from McCall Glacier, Alaska. The dataset consists of a 10-year (2005–2014) meteorological record along the glacier centreline up to an upper glacier cirque, spanning an elevation difference of 900 m. We test the validity of on-glacier linear lapse rates, and a model that calculatesTabased on the influence of katabatic winds and other heat sources along the glacier flow line. During the coldest hours of each summer (10% of time), average lapse rates across the entire glacier range from −4.7 to −6.7°C km−1, with a strong relationship betweenTaand elevation (R2> 0.7). During warm conditions,Tashows more complex, non-linear patterns that are better explained by the flow line-dependent model, reducing errors by up to 0.5°C compared with linear lapse rates, although more uncertainty might be associated with these observations due to occasionally poor sensor ventilation. We conclude thatTaspatial distribution can vary significantly from year to year, and from one glacier section to another. Importantly, extrapolations using linear lapse rates from the ablation zone might lead to large underestimations ofTaon the upper glacier areas.
Well-posedness for nonlinear SPDEs with strongly continuous perturbation
Authors: Vallet Guy , Zimmermann Aleksandra
Published: March 2020

We consider the well-posedness of a stochastic evolution problem in a bounded Lipschitz domain D ⊂ ℝd with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions and an initial condition in L2(D). The main technical difficulties in proving the result of existence and uniqueness of a solution arise from the nonlinear diffusion-convection operator in divergence form which is given by the sum of a Carathéodory function satisfying p-type growth associated with coercivity assumptions and a Lipschitz continuous perturbation. In particular, we consider the case 1 < p < 2 with an appropriate lower bound on p determined by the space dimension. Another difficulty arises from the fact that the additive stochastic perturbation with values in L2(D) on the right-hand side of the equation does not inherit the Sobolev spatial regularity from the solution as in the multiplicative noise case.
Imagining viral hepatitis in Burkina Faso
Authors: Giles-Vernick Tamara , Hejoaka Fabienne
Published: March 2020

This article explores ‘imaginings’ around hepatitis B in Burkina Faso and their historical genealogies. Hepatitis B is a viral infection afflicting the liver, but asymptomatic carriers may fall ill decades after exposure to the virus. Drawing from ethnographic interviews, we analyse how people living with hepatitis B in Burkina Faso grapple with incertitude about the course of their infections, the possibilities for healing and their illness's influence on social relations by ‘imagining’: that is, diverging momentarily from narratives about their diagnostic and therapeutic pathways to imagine alternative pasts and future consequences of this illness. We investigate how those living with hepatitis B use these imaginings to grapple with absences – of a certain future, of knowledge and of care – the historical genealogies that give rise to these absences, and their longer-term consequences. These ephemeral imaginings emerge from an ‘entanglement’ of the virus, epidemiological incertitude about its course and absences within Burkina Faso's health system and global health policies, which are themselves the consequence of specific historical processes.
‘Like a real hospital’: imagining hospital futures through homegrown public–private partnerships in Tanzania
Authors: Sullivan Noelle
Published: March 2020

This article traces a shift in how hospital workers at a Tanzanian public hospital thought about their workplace. In 2010, for the first time, staff began collectively imagining what they called ‘a real hospital’. This collective dreaming of institutional possibilities emerged due to two transformations: a shift in Tanzanian government policies enabling government institutions to initiate their own ‘public–private partnerships’ (PPPs) with non-state ‘partners’ such as NGOs, private businesses, investors, missionary organizations and others; and the hospital's early successes in attracting (a few) partners. Unlike familiar global PPPs such as the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, Tanzania's PPP policy allowed health facilities to initiate their own partnerships in order to improve public services. Drawing on longitudinal ethnographic research in one government hospital, this article traces successful, failed and fraught partnership initiatives through which public-sector health workers tried to improve hospital infrastructure and capacity. In tracing institutional aspirations and local workers’ efforts to achieve them through homegrown PPPs, this article highlights the contingency and malleability of public and private spheres operating within public health service provision in Tanzania, as well as the opportunities available to health workers and the constraints involved in attempting to improve hospital care.
Addressing drought through rural religious communities in Senegal
Authors: Cochrane Laura L.
Published: March 2020

Severe ecological changes across the Sahel have created a difficult environment for agriculture and rural village economies. Rural communities, while small in scale, are creating new ways to transform their degraded environment. Their small size allows them to develop location-specific strategies to manage and improve water, soil and agriculture. This article focuses on two Sufi communities (daaras) in Senegal that integrate environmental work and spirituality. Religious organizations are influential in Senegal, as is the idea that labour is a part of both personal spirituality and shared religious teachings. As agriculture continues to be disrupted because of climate fluctuations, creating a habitable environment relies on applying region-specific agricultural science, and working through local structures. These conceptions of labour, along with the religious structures that support their work, make environmental projects spiritually significant, and also transformative for agriculture in a challenging environment.
‘We are passing our leisure time’: moving on from education in eastern Uganda
Authors: Jones Ben
Published: March 2020

In the trading centre of Atine Atirir in eastern Uganda, young men gather to play ludo. They are educated but most do not have salaried employment. Many farm and do some form of casual labour. They talk about the importance of leisure and ‘leisure time’ and discuss the prospects of Arsenal in the English Premier League. In this article I explore the relationship between education, farming and ‘leisure time’ and look at the ways in which young men in particular make sense of lives that involve both schooling and farming. A number of scholars have focused on the tensions and frustrations of educated – typically urban – youth in Africa and elsewhere. They observe a growing distance between older and younger people, and the ways young men define their situation as one of boredom, dissatisfaction and waiting. By contrast, I show the ways in which the ludo board helped younger men in a poorer, rural setting elide an interest in an ‘educated style’ with rural forms of work – farming, petty trading and casual employment – and how the space around the game was mostly a site of play and relaxation, a place for passing, rather than killing, time. There was also a large degree of sympathy between the generations.
THINGS CAN ONLY GET BETTER FOR SOCRATES AND HIS CROCODILE: HOW ONOMASTICS CAN BENEFIT FROM DIGITAL HUMANITIES
Authors: Broux Yanne
Published: March 2020

In a forthcoming article, Willy Clarysse presents an overview of the name Socrates in Egypt. He argues for an evolution from a ‘normal Greek name’, with no specific reference to the Athenian philosopher (Ptolemaic period), to a Greek name with Egyptian connotations (Roman period).
Within and Beyond Modernity: Lived experiences and ethical interruptions of the Tablighi Jamaat in West Bengal
Authors: POOL FERNANDE W.
Published: March 2020

This article examines the implications of the growing presence of the Tablighi Jamaat in Joygram, a Muslim-majority village in rural West Bengal, India, drawing on fieldwork conducted between 2011 and 2013. The analysis of reformist Islam as a moral regeneration movement embedded in dharma and catalysing an alternative modernity contributes to the scholarship on lived experiences of Islam, modernity, and ethics. The Tablighi Jamaat in Joygram gains popularity in a political economic context of moral degradation and marginalization, which inspires engagements with globally resonant modern and anti-modern models of the self enveloped in the practice, discourse, and performance of Islamic reformism. These models mutually interact and conflict with locally particular practices and exclusionary categorizations. On the village level, the drive towards modernity ensues in conflicts over moral personhood and social exchanges. On the societal level, the modern aspirations of Joygrami Tablighis go beyond piety to ‘good culture’ and respected citizenship, and are embedded in anti-modern critiques of the hegemonic categorizations of the secular nation-state by which they are nevertheless confined. It is suggested that reformist Islam should not be misunderstood as pre-modern, anti-secular, or secular, but might better be called ‘post-secular’ because it encompasses those ideologies in vernacularized forms on the basis of a different ideal conception of society. Islamic reformism in Joygram may resonate with moral regeneration and reactionary movements elsewhere. This analysis of the Tablighi Jamaat demonstrates the potential challenges social movements face in the transition to alternative modernities.
African religions, mythic narratives, and conceptual enrichment in the philosophy of religion
Authors: BURLEY MIKEL
Published: March 2020

Myths, or sacred narratives, have been underexplored in mainstream philosophy of religion, which has also had little to say about African indigenous religions. These lacunae impoverish the philosophy of religion by diminishing its coverage both of the range of human religious possibilities and of the diverse modes through which religious ideas and world-views are conveyed. With particular attention to Yorùbá religion, this article promotes and exemplifies a pluralistic narrative approach that draws upon mythology to facilitate philosophical reflection upon a wider array of religious traditions, for the dual purpose of doing conceptual justice to those traditions while also furthering the discipline's conceptual enrichment.
The biology of emotion is missing
Authors: Kauffman Katherine Peil
Published: March 2020

Although augmenting rational models with cognitive constraints is long overdue, the emotional system – our innatelyevaluative “affective” constraints– is missing from the model. Factoring in the informational nature of emotional perception, its explicitself-regulatoryfunctional logic, and the predictable pitfalls of its hardwired behavioral responses (including a maladaptive form of “identity management”) can offer dramatic enhancements.
What are the appropriate axioms of rationality for reasoning under uncertainty with resource-constrained systems?
Authors: Atmanspacher Harald , Basieva Irina , Busemeyer Jerome R. , Khrennikov Andrei Y. , Pothos Emmanuel M. , Shiffrin Richard M. , Wang Zheng
Published: March 2020

When constrained by limited resources, how do we choose axioms of rationality? The target article relies on Bayesian reasoning that encounter serioustractabilityproblems. We propose another axiomatic foundation: quantum probability theory, which provides for less complex and more comprehensive descriptions. More generally, defining rationality in terms of axiomatic systems misses a key issue: rationality must be defined by humans facing vague information.
The evolutionary foundations of resource-rational analysis
Authors: Schulz Armin W.
Published: March 2020

Resource-rational analysis would profit from being integrated more explicitly with an evolutionary psychological perspective. In particular, by taking more strongly into consideration the fact that efficiency considerations are a key driver of the evolution of human and animal minds, it becomes clearer: (1) why it is reasonable to assume that cognitive mechanisms trade-off accuracy against effort, (2) how this trade-off occurs, and (3) how to overcome some of the challenges of resource-rational analysis.
Towards a quantum-like cognitive architecture for decision-making
Authors: Moreira Catarina , Fell Lauren , Dehdashti Shahram , Bruza Peter , Wichert Andreas
Published: March 2020

We propose an alternative and unifying framework for decision-making that, by using quantum mechanics, provides more generalised cognitive and decision models with the ability to represent more information compared to classical models. This framework can accommodate and predict several cognitive biases reported in Lieder & Griffiths without heavy reliance on heuristics or on assumptions of the computational resources of the mind.
Change in maternal speech rate to preverbal infants over the first two years of life
Authors: RANERI Daniele , VON HOLZEN Katie , NEWMAN Rochelle , BERNSTEIN RATNER Nan
Published: March 2020

Aims: Although IDS is typically described as slower than adult-directed speech (ADS), potential impacts of slower speech on language development have not been examined. We explored whether IDS speech rates in 42 mother–infant dyads at four time periods predicted children's language outcomes at two years. Method: We correlated IDS speech rate with child language outcomes at two years, and contrasted outcomes in dyads displaying high/low rate profiles. Outcomes: Slower IDS rate at 7 months significantly correlated with vocabulary knowledge at two years. Slowed IDS may benefit child language learning even before children first speak.
Adaptation et validation d’une échelle de satisfaction des besoins psychologiques fondamentaux auprès de personnes âgées gabonaises
Authors: Indoumou-Peppe Charlay , Altintas Emin , Ngoma-Voumbi Eleonore , Guerrien Alain
Published: March 2020

Cette étude a pour objectif d’adapter et de valider une échelle de satisfaction des besoins psychologiques fondamentaux chez les personnes âgées (ESBP-PA). Un total de 270 participants gabonais âgés de 60 à 100 ans ont répondu au questionnaire composé de l’ESBP-PA et d’une échelle du bien-être psychologique. L’analyse factorielle exploratoire réalisée a permis d’extraire trois facteurs correspondant aux trois types de besoins psychologiques. La consistance interne, estimée par l’alpha de Cronbach et la fiabilité composite, est satisfaisante pour les trois dimensions. En ce qui concerne la validité convergente, l’analyse de corrélation a soutenu des liens significatifs entre la satisfaction des trois besoins et le bien-être psychologique. Ces résultats rendent compte des bonnes qualités psychométriques de l’instrument. Celui-ci peut être utilisé pour mesurer la satisfaction des besoins d’autonomie, de compétence et d’appartenance sociale.
Origin, structure and geochemistry of a rock glacier near Don Juan Pond, Wright Valley, Antarctica
Authors: Winsor Kelsey , Swanger Kate M. , Babcock Esther L. , Dickson James L. , Valletta Rachel D. , Schmidt Daniel F.
Published: March 2020

The South Fork of Wright Valley contains one of the largest rock glaciers in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, stretching 7 km from the eastern boundary of the Labyrinth and terminating at Don Juan Pond (DJP). Here, we use results from ground-penetrating radar (GPR), qualitative field observations, soil leaching analyses and X-ray diffraction analyses to investigate rock glacier development. The absence of significant clean ice in GPR data, paired with observations of talus and interstitial ice influx from the valley walls, support rock glacier formation via talus accumulation. A quartz-dominated subsurface composition and discontinuous, well-developed desert pavements suggest initial rock glacier formation occurred before the late Quaternary. Major ion data from soil leaching analyses show higher salt concentrations in the rock glacier and talus samples that are close to hypersaline DJP. These observations suggest that DJP acts as a local salt source to the rock glacier, as well as the surrounding talus slopes that host water track systems that deliver solutes back into the lake, suggesting a local feedback system. Finally, the lack of lacustrine sedimentation on the rock glacier is inconsistent with the advance of a glacially dammed lake into South Fork during the Last Glacial Maximum.
The Mismarriage of Personal Responsibility and Health
Authors: BOGNAR GREG
Published: March 2020

This paper begins with a simple illustration of the choice between individual and population strategies in population health policy. It describes the traditional approach on which the choice is to be made on the relative merits of the two strategies in each case. It continues by identifying two factors—our knowledge of the consequences of the epidemiological transition and the prevalence of responsibility-sensitive theories of distributive justice—that may distort our moral intuitions when we deliberate about the choice of appropriate risk-management strategies in population health. It argues that the confluence of these two factors may lead us to place too much emphasis on personal responsibility in health policy.
Commentary: Harm, Truth, and the Nocebo Effect
Authors: HO DIEN
Published: March 2020

Nocebo effects occur when an individual experiences undesirable physiological reactions caused by doxastic states that are not a treatment’s core or characteristic features.1 As Scott Gelfand2 points out, there are numerous studies that have shown that the disclosure of a treatment’s side effects to a patient increases the risk of the side effects. From an ethical point of view, nocebo effects caused by the disclosures of side effects present a challenging problem. On the one hand, clinicians’ duty to inform patients of the consequences (including possible side effects) of their treatments is critical in ensuring that patients’ autonomy is respected. Patients cannot act autonomously if relevant information is withheld from them (without their consent, perhaps). On the other hand, clinicians also ought to minimize harm to patients.
Counter-Transference and the Clinical Ethics Encounter: What, Why, and How We Feel During Consultations
Authors: REDINGER MICHAEL J. , GIBB TYLER S.
Published: March 2020

One of the more draining aspects of being a clinical ethicist is dealing with the emotions of patients, family members, as well as healthcare providers. Generally, by the time a clinical ethicist is called into a case, stress levels are running high, patience is low, and interpersonal communication is strained. Management of this emotional burden of clinical ethics is an underexamined aspect of the profession and academic literature. The emotional nature of doing clinical ethics consultation may be better addressed by utilizing concepts and tools from clinical psychology. Management of countertransference, the natural emotional reaction by the therapist toward the patient, is a widely discussed topic in the psychotherapeutic literature. This concept can be adapted to the clinical ethics encounter by broadening it beyond the patient-therapist relationship to refer to the ethics consultant's emotional response toward the patient, the family, or other members the healthcare team. Further, it may aid the consultant because a recognition of the source and nature of these reactions can help maintain ‘critical distance’ and minimize bias in the same way that a psychologist maintains neutrality in psychotherapy. This paper will offer suggestions on how to manage these emotional responses and their burden in the clinical ethics encounter, drawing upon techniques and strategies recommended in the psychotherapeutic literature. Using these techniques may improve consultation outcomes and reduce the emotional burden on the clinical ethicist.
Examining the effectiveness of language-switching practice for reducing cross-language competition in L2 grammatical processing
Authors: McManus Kevin
Published: March 2020

This study examined the extent to which language-switching practice enhanced L2 learners’ L2 grammatical processing by improving language selection abilities. Thirty-six English-speaking learners of French completed the same language-switching practice of L1 and L2 sentences, but received different types of pre-practice explicit information (EI) designed to address L2 learning difficulties resulting from crosslinguistic influence: one group (n = 17) received EI about English–French differences for viewpoint aspect, and a second group (n = 19) received EI about viewpoint aspect in French only. This design investigated the extent to which pre-practice linguistic knowledge moderated the effectiveness of the language-switching practice. Longitudinal analyses showed that increasing amounts of practice improved language selection abilities (increased accuracy, reduced reaction time costs), but only for learners who received EI about L1-L2 differences. These findings that language-switching was moderated by type of pre-practice EI have important implications for theories of L2 learning and instruction.