bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uwarunkowania prawne działalności gospodarczej w Czechach
Authors: Hudský Jakub
Published: March 2020

LEGAL ASPECTS OF BUSINESS ACTIVITY IN THE CZECH REPUBLICThere are two designations connected with business activity in Czech commercial legislation — business activity hospodářská činnost and živnost. Despite that the definitions of these terms are identical in substantive elements, the živnost is a narrower concept. The types of the živnost function in accordance to the rules indicated in the law. There are some types of business activities listed in the law, which are indicated as activity but not a živnost. For example, medical activity, activities of lawyers, activities of sworn translators, or agricultural activity. Czech legislation also distinguishes two main types of business activity in terms of živnost. Namely, notified business activity ohlašovací živnost and licensed activity. If an entity wishes to pursue a živnost business activity in the Czech Republic, there are two requirements: full legal capacity and no criminal records on business.
Wyłączenie stosowania ustawy o odpowiedzialności za naruszenie dyscypliny finansów publicznych do należności z tytułu podatków
Authors: Stawiński Michał
Published: March 2020

Exclusion of the application of the act on liability for violation of the public finance discipline in terms of tax receivablesThe subject of the article is a detailed analysis of the scope of excluding the application of the provisions of the act dated 17 December 2004 on liability for violation of the public finance discipline consolidated text: Journal of laws of 2017, item 1311 in terms of determination, establishment, collection or payment of tax receivables as well as evaluation of the legitimacy of this legal solution. In the first part of the article, interpretation of art. 3 of the act on liability for violation of public finance discipline will be carried out in terms of tax receivables. Particular concepts specifying the scope of the analysed exclusion have been defined, such as tax receivables, establishment, collection and payment of tax receivables. In the article, the articles of the act on liability for violation of the public finance discipline establishing the exception to apply the studied exclusion were referred to. In the second part of the article, a critical evaluation of the current scope of exclusion was performed.
Brak rejestracji znaku towarowego — o sposobach ochrony nierejestrowanych znaków towarowych przed naruszeniami na gruncie prawa polskiego
Authors: Gregorczyk Michał
Published: March 2020

Without trademark registration — on how to protect unregistered trademarks from violations under Polish lawThe article aims to familiarize with the issue of unregistered trademarks. The author analyzes existing regulations in the field of national law along with an indication of the sources of EU law. The possibilities of applying them to unregistered trademarks are considered, for which there are currently no legal definitions. The author hypothesizes the need to recognize the existence of a separate legal right in the form of a right to an unregistered trademark created on the basis of the possibility of protecting unregistered trademarks on the basis of other than protection rights on a registered trademark. Consideration is given to obtaining protection for an unregistered trademark in terms of the law on combating unfair competition in the form of protection as an entrepreneur’s designation or business designation, as well as mutual relations between industrial property rights and anti-unfair competition regulations. The author compares existing regulations and caselaw and then draws conclusions regarding the possibility of their application in the specific situation of an unregistered trademark. The article ends with a summary and conclusions in which the author summarized the previous considerations, in particular the necessity to distinguish a separate right to the registered mark and recognition of its functioning on the market.
Odwrócona hipoteka produktem przeznaczonym dla „srebrnego rynku”
Authors: Firlit Jarosław
Published: March 2020

Equity release dedicated product for the “silver economy”The presented study shows the problem of reverse mortgage as a dedicated product for the “silver market”. Due to the nature of the paper, the main research method will be an objective analysis of legal provisions related to the reverse mortgage loan as well as a critical comparative analysis of literature and economic elements related to the financial product that is a reverse mortgage. With proper analysis and understanding of the above-described factors and their ability to translate them into practical principles of market functioning, we are able to predict the upcoming trend in the free market economy during the implementation of the reverse mortgage loan.
Brak zainteresowania źródłem pochodzenia towaru jako przesłanka podważająca należytą staranność podatnika — glosa do wyroku Wojewódzkiego Sądu Administracyjnego z siedzibą w Opolu, z dnia 27 stycznia 2017 r., o sygnaturze I SA/Op 428/16
Authors: Maśkiewicz Dominika
Published: March 2020

Lack of interest in the origin of the goods as a premise undermining the due diligence of the taxpayer — commentary on the verdict of the Provincial Administrative Court, seat in Opole, of 27th January 2017, on the signature I SA/Op 428/16Commented judgement concerns the conditions for granting good faith to a taxpayer participation in transactions where there is a likelihood of VAT fraud and the level of detail of control that a taxpayer must submit to his contractor. Doubts arouse the court’s motive of not being interested in the origin of the goods, as well as the thesis that it is in the taxpayer’s interest to verify the contractor as accurately as possible. Both issues are reconsidered in this opinion with the citation of the doctrine and the jurisprudence of national courts and the Court of Justice of the European Union.
Zabezpieczenie roszczeń dochodzonych przed sądem polubownym w Polsce — zarys aktualnej problematyki
Authors: Pachla Agnieszka
Published: March 2020

Artykuł jest omówieniem aktualnej problematyki zabezpieczenia roszczeń dochodzonych przed sądem polubownym w Polsce. Autorka wskazuje dwa możliwe sposoby uzyskania zabezpieczenia — przed sądem polubownym i przed sądem państwowym, omawiając przy tym wymagania stawiane przez kodeks postępowania cywilnego lub wybrane regulaminy sądów arbitrażowych. Przedstawione zostały także możliwe problemy, jakie implikuje uzyskanie zabezpieczenia roszczeń przed sądem polubownym oraz opis procedury uzyskania zabezpieczenia w omawianych trybach. Ponadto zasygnalizowano charakter odpowiedzialności za szkodę spowodowaną wykonaniem zabezpieczenia. W podsumowaniu autorka wskazała, który z trybów uzyskania zabezpieczenia roszczeń w aktualnym stanie prawnym kształtuje się najbardziej korzystanie dla poszukującego tymczasowej ochrony prawnej. Securing claims pursued before a court of conciliation in Poland — current issuesThe article discusses the current issue of securing claims asserted before an arbitration court in Poland. The author points to two possible methods for securing claims: before an arbitration court and a state court, discussing at the same time the requirements of the Civil Procedure Code or selected arbitration court regulations. Potential problems of securing claims before an arbitration court and a summary of the procedure for securing claims in the discussed modes have also been raised. In addition, the nature of liability for damages caused by the execution of security has been mentioned. The author has also indicated which of the methods of obtaining claim security in the current legal status is the most advantageous to a person seeking injunction.
Wybrane zasady konstytucyjne w kontekście ochrony praw pracownika
Authors: Krokosz Michał
Published: March 2020

Niniejszy artykuł jest omówieniem wybranych zasad konstytucyjnych, których bezpośrednie oddziaływanie można zaobserwować na gruncie prawa podatkowego, w przedmiocie ochrony strony stosunku podatkowoprawnego — podatnika. W treści pracy omówiono dwie zasady: zasadę wyłączności regulacji ustawowej w prawie podatkowym oraz zasadę pewności i stabilności prawa podatkowego. Pierwsza z nich, wyprowadzona z normy przepisu art. 217 Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej, jest gwarancją dla jednostki, iż przepisy prawa podatkowego nie zostaną odmiennie uregulowane przez ustawodawcę w akcie rangi niższej niż ustawa, co znacząco wzmacnia pozycję podatnika oraz chroni jego prawa. Druga zasada odnosi się do pewności i stabilności prawa podatkowego. Prawidłowe stosowanie tej zasady umożliwia podatnikowi przewidywanie działań podejmowanych przez organ w stosunku do jego osoby, na podstawie zdarzeń, z którymi wiązane są skutki podatkowe. Kolejnym omówionym aspektem tejże zasady jest względna stabilność prawa, która związana jest zakazem zmiany prawa podatkowego w trakcie roku podatkowego, odpowiednim vacatio legis oraz ochroną interesów podatnika w „toku realizacji”. Selected constitutional principles in the context of protection of taxpayers rightsThis article considers selected constitutional principles in which direct concern with the protection of the taxpayer’s party from the tax perspective can be recognised. There are two principles disscussed in the paper: the principle of exlusive rights in the tax law and the principle of stability and certainty in the tax system. The first principle originates from the provision in art. 217 Constitution of the Republic of Poland, and it represents the guarantee for individuals that tax legislation will not be otherwise provided by the legislature in the regulation not the law passed by the parliament, which significantly empowers the taxpayer’s position and protects their rights. The second principle is related to the stability and certainty in the tax system. Properly applied, the  principle enables the taxpayer to forsee the measures taken in their case by the authority on the basis of incidents associated with tax consequences. A further aspect of this principle disscussed in the work concerns relative stability which entails prohibition of changing the tax law during the course of the tax year, using respective/appropriate vacatio legis and with the protection of the interests of taxpayers in the process of “execution.”
Pokolenia X, Y i Z wobec reklamy internetowej
Authors: Sadowa Agnieszka
Published: March 2020

W pierwszych dwóch dekadach X XI wieku zauważa się wyraźne przemiany w zachowaniach nabywców pod wpływem internetu. Powszechna stała się wirtualna komunikacja, która znacząco wpłynęła na zmianę struktury wydatków na reklamę — permanentnie zwiększa się udział reklamy internetowej w torcie reklamowym. Reklama online niewątpliwie oddziałuje na przedstawicieli pokoleń X, Y i Z, które wyodrębnia się w literaturze ze względu na odmienne cechy charakteru, poglądy, zachowania, a także stosunek do nowych technologii. W pracy wykorzystano wycinek pierwotnych badań ilościowych autorki, przeprowadzonych na przełomie roku 2017 i 2018 na próbie respondentów w Polsce 487 i Wielkiej Brytanii 173. Generations X, Y and Z towards online advertisingIn the last 20 years the two decades of the 21st century, there have been visible changes in the behavior of buyers under the influence of the Internet. Virtual communication has become widespread, which has significantly changed the structure of advertising expenditures — the share of online advertising in the advertising pie is constantly increasing. Online advertising undoubtedly affects the representatives of generations X, Y and Z, which are distinguished in the literature due to different character traits, views,  behaviors, as well as the attitude to new technologies. The aim of the considerations is to recognize the impact of online advertising on the purchasing behavior of representatives of generations X, Y and Z in Poland. Two research hypotheses were formulated. First of all, online advertising affects the purchases of all the generations analysed. Secondly, the generations Y and Z most commonly  tend to be inclined to purchase by advertisements posted on social networks. To achieve the goal a section of the author’s original quantitative research was used, which was carried out at the turn of 2017 and 2018 on a sample of 660 respondents in Poland 487 and Great Britain 173.
Między sankcjonowaniem kryminalizacji aktów homoseksualnych a konstytucjonalizacją małżeństw osób tej samej płci — przyczynek do rozważań o roli Sądu Najwyższego w Stanach Zjednoczonych
Authors: Machaj Łukasz
Published: March 2020

Sąd Najwyższy Stanów Zjednoczonych odgrywa fundamentalną rolę w amerykańskim porządku ustrojowym, a formułowane przezeń rozstrzygnięcia wywierają ogromny wpływ na prawne, polityczne, społeczne i ekonomiczne oblicze USA. Jednym z najważniejszych punktów spornych w dyskursie aksjologiczno-prawnym w Stanach Zjednoczonych w ciągu ostatnich dekad była kwestia konstytucyjnego prawa/roszczenia osób o orientacji homoseksualnej do równego traktowania. Artykuł analizuje w tym kontekście trzy orzeczenia SN, to jest Bowers vs. Hardwick uprawomocnienie penalizacji konsensualnej aktywności seksualnej, Lawrence vs. Texas refutacja poprzedniego rozstrzygnięcia oraz Obergefell vs. Hodges konstytucjonalizacja prawa osób tej samej płci do zawierania związków małżeńskich. Autor formułuje zarazem — na podstawie powyższej analizy — generalne hipotezy dotyczące związku pomiędzy rzeczywistością społeczną czy też polityczną a interpretacjami ustaw zasadniczych werbalizowanymi przez sądy konstytucyjne. Between criminalization of homosexual activity and constitutionalization of same-sex marriage — some remarks on the role of the Supreme Court in the United StatesThe Supreme Court of the United States plays a fundamental role in the American political system; its decisions exert a crucial influence on the legal, political, social and economic reality in the United States. One of the most important and contentious points in the legal and axiological discourse in the United States for the past three decades has been the question of the constitutional right/claim of homosexuals to equal treatment and equal protection of laws. The article analyzes in this context three landmark cases, i.e. Bowers v. Hardwick the legitimization of the penalization of consensual sexual activity with respect to homosexuals, Lawrence v. Texas the abolition of the previous decision and Obergefell v. Hodges the constitutionalization of the right to same-sex marraiges. The article formulates — on the basis of this analysis — certain general hypotheses regarding the relations between the social and political reality and interpretations of constitutions issues by constitutional courts.
The case of Blanco: Epoch-making ruling vs. general law doctrine. The public–private divide in historical context
Authors: Jaworski Bartłomiej
Published: March 2020

The article presents a brief characterization of the two main ways in which the public–private divide is understood in today’s European law. First, it explains the genesis of the public–private divide using the historical context to show when and how law as a whole was divided into “two separated worlds.” Subsequently, according to general law doctrine, the author tries to show that there is no significant difference between the “private” and the “public” due to the nature of law which is actually the same. The article also points to the famous and still valid 19th-century French case of Blanco, which was the turning point of thinking about law as “public” or “private” and its consequences. In fact, this short characterization is attempting to show a historical approach to the public–private divide and it addresses the main question of whether the public–private divide is still a relevant division or maybe better a relevant distinction in legal and in regulatory practice and whether it makes sense to continue to research legal phenomena based on the presumption that “public” and “private” represent truly distinctive normative orientations. This text is trying to propose an open approach focused on thought-provoking statements presenting a wider than only legal research point of view, which is more promising than the conventional discussion on the public–private divide. Sprawa Blanco — epokowe orzeczenie a doktryna prawa ogólnego. Podział public–private divide w kontekście historycznymW artykule przedstawiono krótką charakterystykę dwóch głównych sposobów rozumienia podziału public–private divide w aktualnym prawie europejskim. Po pierwsze, wyjaśniono genezę podziału public–private divide, używając kontekstu historycznego, aby pokazać, kiedy i jak prawo jako całość zostało podzielone na „dwa oddzielone światy”. Następnie, zgodnie z doktryną prawa ogólnego, starano się wykazać, że nie ma znaczącej różnicy między tym, co „prywatne”, a tym, co „publiczne” ze względu na naturę prawa, która jest rzeczywiście taka sama. Autor wskazuje również na słynną i wciąż aktualną dziewiętnastowieczną francuską sprawę Blanco, która jest punktem zwrotnym w myśleniu o prawie jako „publicznym” lub „prywatnym” i jego konsekwencjach. W rzeczywistości ta krótka charakterystyka ma pokazać historyczne podejście do podziału public–private divide i stawia autora przed głównym pytaniem: czy podział public–private divide nadal jest odpowiednim podziałem a może lepiej — rozróżnieniem w praktyce prawnej i regulacyjnej i czy sensowne jest kontynuowanie badania zjawisk prawnych z założenia, że „publiczne” i „prywatne” reprezentują prawdziwie wyróżniające się kierunki normatywne. Autor stara się przedstawić otwarte podejście skoncentrowane na prowokujących do myślenia wypowiedziach prezentujących szerszy niż tylko prawno-naukowy punkt widzenia, co jest bardziej obiecujące niż konwencjonalna dyskusja na temat podziału public–private divide.
Monetary compensation for marital infidelity and damages resulting therefrom in comparative perspective
Authors: Bokwa Krzysztof , Jarosz Iwo
Published: March 2020

The way the law regulates marriage and marital relations stems, at least to a certain extent, from the common beliefs of the society concerning these issues. The same can be said of the law of torts, whose norms arise from the social convictions regarding who and to what extent shall bear certain damages, including the fundamental issue of whether such damages should be subject to compensation at all or should they be incurred by the party at least allegedly injured. This paper aims to present a brief comparative analysis of the admissibility of seeking monetary compensation for marital infidelity in legal systems close to Poland German, Austrian, as well as in common law systems, and then present the possible legal grounds for such claims under Polish law, acquis of case-law and legal academics, namely — the claims related to the infringement of personal rights Article 23, 24 and 448 of the Polish Civil Code. The Polish approach is discussed in the context of a recent landmark Polish Supreme Court decision, where it has been ruled that the abovementioned provisions cannot be construed as to provide monetary relief for non-material damages suffered by betrayed spouses. The authors employ legal comparative and historical methods, supplanted by formal-dogmatic ones, to describe and show the evolution of the law concerning monetary liability for marital infidelity, in light of the statutory law and jurisprudence of Poland. Pieniężne zadośćuczynienie za krzywdę spowodowaną przez niewierność małżeńską — perspektywa komparatystycznaSposób, w jaki prawo reguluje małżeństwo i relacje między małżonkami, jest silnie zakorzeniony w powszechnych osądach moralnych dotyczących tych kwestii. Podobnie rzecz się ma z wynagrodzeniem szkody, w wypadku którego zasadniczą rolę odgrywa społeczne przekonanie co do tego, kto, czy i w jakim stopniu powinien ponosić odpowiedzialność za jej wyrządzenie. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu ukazanie możliwości dochodzenia pieniężnej rekompensaty za niewierność małżeńską w perspektywie komparatystycznej, analizując pokrótce możliwości istniejące w tym zakresie zarówno w systemach bliskich polskiemu niemiecki, austriacki, jak i w systemach common law. W dalszej kolejności prezentowane są potencjalne prawne podstawy dla tego rodzaju roszczeń w prawie polskim, mając na uwadze tezy doktryny i orzecznictwa, w szczególności na gruncie przepisów o ochronie dóbr osobistych art. 23, 24 i 448 k.c.. Autorzy odnoszą się zwłaszcza do niedawnego wyroku Sądu Najwyższego wyłączającego zastosowanie przepisów o ochronie dóbr osobistych do konstruowania roszczenia o zadośćuczynienie za krzywdę wyrządzoną zdradą małżeńską. Autorzy używają metod komparatystycznej i historycznej, wspartych analizą dogmatyczną, by ukazać ewolucję różnorodność i ewolucję norm dotyczących majątkowej odpowiedzialności za zdradę małżeńską, w szczególności w świetle polskiego prawa i orzecznictwa.
Opportunities and threats connected with the practical application of business interruption insurance
Authors: Niziołek Anna
Published: March 2020

This paper will attempt to indagate the subject of business interruption insurance — an insurance covering the lost income of a company after the occurrance of an accident or a disaster. At first, a brief history of property insurance and the institution being examined is presented. The line of examination is pursued further focusing on characterizing the Polish business interruption insurance. The dissertation refers especially to as follows: the legal acts connected with the aforementioned insurance, the objects and the subjects of it and the conditions recommended whilst signing a business interruption contract. Further reflection shows the statistical data considering the popularity of this insurance. Then the positive and negative aspects of the described institution are analysed, partly illustrated by the figures revealing the collapse of ventures after suffering a damage. This study also concerns the future of business interruption insurance, especially as long as the postulates referring to insuring cyberspace appear. The conclusions present the de lege lata and the de lege ferenda demands of the opponents of the recent functioning of business interruption insurance. Finally, the present work attempts to offer solutions which would increase the popularity of the insurance described.Szanse i zagrożenia związane z praktycznym stosowaniem ubezpieczenia od utraty zyskuPrzedmiotem artykułu jest analiza Business Interruption — ubezpieczenia umożliwiającego pokrycie utraconych zysków przedsiębiorstwa związanych z uprzednim wystąpieniem awarii bądź katastrofy naturalnej. Na wstępie przedstawiono historię ubezpieczeń majątkowych oraz Business Interruption. Dalsza część rozważań ma na celu scharakteryzowanie polskich regulacji dotyczących ubezpieczenia będącego przedmiotem artykułu. Omówiono w szczególności: akty prawne związane z Business Interruption, jego zakres podmiotowy i przedmiotowy oraz zalecane warunki zawarcia umowy tego ubezpieczenia. Ponadto analizie poddano dane statystyczne związane z popularnością Business Interruption wśród przedsiębiorców. Meritum artykułu stanowi omówienie pozytywnych i negatywnych aspektów ubezpieczenia od utraty zysku, między innymi poprzez odwołanie się do badań obrazujących, ile przedsiębiorstw upadło po awarii bądź katastrofie naturalnej. W artykule podjęta została również problematyka przyszłości Business Interruption, w szczególności w kontekście ubezpieczania przestrzeni wirtualnej. Konkluzja odnosi się do postulatów de lege lata i de lege ferenda formułowanych przez przeciwników funkcjonowania omawianego ubezpieczenia w obecnej formie. Końcowym przedmiotem tekstu jest zaproponowanie rozwiązań mających na celu zwiększenie popularności Business Interruption wśród przedsiębiorców.
The utilization of journalistic sources in the national press: Communicating the transition from economic crisis to sustainable growth
Authors: Maniou Theodora , Photiou Irene , Eteokleous Nikleia , Seitanidis Ioannis
Published: March 2020

This paper discusses the role and utilization of journalistic sources in the process of communicating the transitional path of a society in crisis towards economic and sustainable growth. It is mainly concerned with the general tendency of the press to display a high degree of manipulation of public opinion by reduction of the diversity of sources and/or their misuse. Cyprus was selected as a case study not only because newspapers still play a dominant role in shaping public opinion in contrast to New Media, but also because sustainable growth has been the basic argument and rhetoric in governmental communication policy, which promoted it as one of the main means in overcoming the ongoing economic/banking crisis the country has been facing since the bailout of the banking sector in 2013. The aim of this research is to examine which categories of journalistic sources shape this topic in the current public sphere and the ways journalists perceive and practice the utilization of their sources. Content analysis has been employed as the basic methodological tool, while a questionnaire survey on journalists of the national press was additionally conducted in order to explain these findings and conclude the study.
An integrated model for public service media governance based on participatory governance and actor-centered institutionalism: Initial application to the independence of the Polish public broadcaster TVP S.A.
Authors: Ploch Magdalena
Published: March 2020

The aim of the article is to introduce a governance analysis model which can be used for the investigation of public service media PSM change processes. With its help it is possible to explore to what extent the PSM system is dependent on political as well as economic influences in a timeline. The PSM governance model derives from the theoretical framework of the actor-centered institutionalism ACI and the participatory media governance approach. Participatory media gov­ernance allows civil society members to be included in the investigation. With the help of ACI and the agent-structure dynamics model one can analyze three different spheres of actor’s actions which can be observed empirically: sub-systemic orientation horizons, institutional arrangements and the actor’s constellations. Based on these preliminary considerations, the model is applied to PSM governance in Poland since the socio-political transition of 1989 until 2016.
Mediatized participation in European media systems
Authors: Peruško Zrinjka , Vozab Dina
Published: March 2020

This article explores patterns of mediatized participation of European citizens and the way they differ across different media systems, in a multilevel, cross-national comparative research design. Mediatized participation is operationalized as audience practices on the Internet. The media system is conceptualized through the theoretical model of digital mediascapes, which applied to 22 European Union countries produced three clusters/media systems. The audience data are from representative online surveys in 8 eastern and western European countries N = 9532 collected by the authors and their research partners. Factor and cluster analyses were performed showing types and patterns of mediatized participation. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis and ANOVA were performed to relate the individual level variables to the macro-level clusters of digital media systems. The article shows audiences in the more mediatized, Western cluster are more engaged in participatory practices in comparison to audiences in the Eastern/Southern cluster of European countries which show more extensive information consumption practices.
Examining the populist communication logic: Strategic use of social media in populist political parties in Norway and Sweden
Authors: Kalsnes Bente
Published: March 2020

Previous research has demonstrated that right-wing populist parties are particularly successful in gaining engagement and interaction on social media, but less is known about how rightwing populist parties use social media strategically, both in relation to voters and news media. By focusing on two Nordic countries, Norway and Sweden, this paper addresses the strategic use of social media within the Sweden Democrats and the Progress Party based on three different data sets: interviews, content analysis of Facebook posts, and engagement data from the parties’ Facebook pages. This study finds that the two populist parties basically follow up their social  media strategy in practice, and the Sweden Democrats are more closely following a populist communication logic in their Facebook posts. The article argues that right-wing populist parties’ social media strategy and communication style must be understood in relation to their position in the political system and the parties’ different phases in the life cycle model of populist parties.
Internet media as the digital public sphere: Possibilities and problems
Authors: Parnes Jakub
Published: March 2020

This article tries to diagnose possibilities and limitations of the online media as a digital agora — a virtual space for citizens’ deliberation which could potentially strengthen and enhance democracy in Poland, as well as in other Central European countries. Considering the key features of the public sphere indicated by Habermas inclusiveness, rationality, autonomy, lack of hierarchy, the analysis focuses on three problem areas. Th e fi rst one includes the impact of digital exclusion upon availability of the digital public sphere for citizens. The second part of the study is devoted to rationality and interactivity of online discourse. The last part of the analysis addresses the impact of the relative anonymity of online communication on the equality and autonomy of citizens’ deliberation on the internet.
Pakistan media: Unnamed sources reveal political crises and law and order problems
Authors: Mazumdar Abhijit
Published: March 2020

Journalists use sources to accord credibility to their news stories. However, they use unnamed sources when they feel the sources would be harmed for revealing information to the media. This qualitative study analyzes news from unnamed sources in political stories in Pakistani media. It uses grounded theory to find common themes in the news obtained from unnamed sources. The common themes found in the study were about political crises, and breakdown of law and order in Pakistan. The author discusses the ways in which unnamed sources were used in the stories. Many unnamed sources gave views that were different from those given by named sources in the same story, while a few stories did not give any indication of the rank of the unnamed sources in the hierarchy of the political party or the army.
Homofobia w paragrafach. Rzecz o relacjach prawodawstwa, dyskursu i postaw społecznych w Rosji
Authors: Sitarz Wojciech
Published: March 2020

Homophobia in codes of law. On the relations between legislation, discourse and social attitudes in RussiaThe main purpose of this paper is to present the Russian legislation in terms of its relations to homosex­uals in the last twenty years.The great emphasis was placed on the last eight years, when in eleven political units of Russian Fed­eration the promotion of homosexuality to minors was banned. The author endeavours to understand how homophobic regulations influenced, reported in recent years, decrease in acceptance of sexual min­orities.The next essential part of this article is discussion on consequences of an act passed in June 2013 about protection of minors against propaganda of non-traditional sexual relations, increase of violence against homosexuals, discrimination of teachers, putting back on the agenda rights of Russian LGBT community and accusations against sexual minorities of detriment to the image of Russia.
Przestrzeń informacyjna: wojna pamięci
Authors: Trojan Serhij , Kyrydon Ałła
Published: March 2020

Information space of the war memoryIn humanitarian terms, information war is an active method of transforming information space. It is about a system concept imposing model outlook to ensure the desired behaviors; the attack on structures that generate information — thought processes. In this sense, one of the varieties of modern information war was a war of memories. An arena of manifestations such conflicts may be different aspects of life. A striking example of research of a war of memories is Alexander Etkind’s project called „A Memory War: Cultural Dynamics in Russia, Poland, and Ukraine”.
Inwektywy czasów II wojny światowej. Językowe środki obrażania przeciwnika/wroga politycznego w prasie konspiracyjnej lat 1939–1945
Authors: Poprawa Marcin
Published: March 2020

Invectives of the Second World War period. Linguistic means of insulting political opponents/enemies in the underground press of 1939–1945The author of the article examines strategies used to belittle political opponents in the underground press published in Poland in 1939–1945. It turns out that the language of political propaganda in the period had many communication strategies employed in the fight against political rivals, often regarded as enemies. The author presents examples of how political invectives were used in a very important period of power struggle among political parties operating in the underground.
Zmiana retoryki ukraińskich kibiców piłkarskich podczas społeczno-politycznych wydarzeń na Ukrainie w latach 2013–2016
Authors: Protsyk Iryna
Published: March 2020

Change of rhetoric of Ukrainian football fans during social and political events in Ukraine in 2013–2016In Ukrainian society football fans environment is usually perceived in a negative way — first of all due to its characteristic verbal aggression and rude behavior at the stadiums and beyond them. In Ukraine, like in all the other European countries, movements of football fans have never been aside events in the country, declared aggressive attitude towards fan movements which professed left views. Change of verbal aggression and traditionally hostile attitude towards rival fan groups happened in fans environment in 2013–2014, when in Ukraine Revolution of Dignity took place and fans were the first to defend its values. February 13, 2014 Manifesto of football fans was publicized which bears witness to transformation of traditional rhetoric of fans. Provisions of the Manifesto under the name of “A fan to another fan is like a brother and a friend from Luhansk to the Carpathians” which say about establishing of an open-ended truce among Ukrainian football ultras still hold. The aim of the article is to present change of verbal and non-verbal behaviour of Ukrainian football fans during social and political events in Ukraine in 2013–2016 and to give the examples of texts from the discourse of football fans which have become commonly recognized mottos and songs during Maidan and Russian aggression in Ukraine during 2014–2016.
Relacja między czynnościami i dążnościami ludzkimi a wartościami według Floriana Znanieckiego, czyli jak badać teksty kultury
Authors: Dyczek Berenika
Published: March 2020

How to study the culture texts according to Znaniecki. Relation between creative activities and creative tendencies and valuesThe aim of this article is to consider that consideration of artistic creation as an action consider-ing some special aspects of human activity. This activity is suitable for analysis using the notion of creative activities and creative tendencies and its relation to values. The process of writing is unbreakable connection between the thought and the action. The mystery of creative process is defined as non psychological but related to the mechanisms of social systems. To illustrate this we chose Gombrowicz diaries as an example on account because of their formal and inventive improvements.
Dokumenty osobiste w doświadczeniach badawczych
Authors: Zakrzewska-Manterys Elżbieta
Published: March 2020

Personal documents in research experiencesThe article deals with the issue of personal documents treated as a very important, but still rare and underestimated source of knowledge in the social sciences. Personal documents can be used by social researches only if they are rooted in qualitative sociology derived from so called “antipositivistic turn” of 20th century. That is why personal documents are not a “methodological news” but belong to the long and respectable methodological tradition.
Struktury kulturowe w „Pamiętnikach” Jana Chryzostoma Paska. Doświadczenia warsztatowe
Authors: Żurko Jerzy
Published: March 2020

Cultural structures in Memoirs by Jan Chryzostom Pasek. Workshop experienceThe aim of this article is to present an analysis of the fragment J. Chr. Pasek memories. By ana­lyzing possible to reconstruct the laid down therein structure values and meanings. Such an analy­sis is also a reconstruction of structures of culture. Adopted here is the assumption that culture is a system of values. By analyzing memories such as J.Ch. Pasek’s from the seventeenth century, it is possible to reconstruct the culture of Polish nobility of the period.
Seks i męskość w wizerunkach gejów w wybranych tekstach popkultury
Authors: Drabina Aleksandra
Published: March 2020

Sex and masculinity in gay images in selected pop culture productionsThe article presents fragments of the results of the analysis of gay images in selected American dramas. The analysis was designed to read the symbols and signs of pop culture that define the rela­tionship between the sexuality and the identity of homosexual men. The text is an attempt to under­stand and interpret the process of creation the meanings of the sex and gender categories in the popular culture space. It presents visuality as one of the most important dimensions of creating sexual imaginations, exposing intimacy and eroticism in the face of nonheteronormative sexual practices. This article aims to reconstruct fragments of the myth of gay identity in pop culture.
Nieheteronormatywność i kultura psychoterapii
Authors: Florkowski Robert
Published: March 2020

Nonheteronormativity and culture of psychotherapyCulture has a paramount impact on every aspect of psychotherapy, its conceptualizations, clas­sifications, diagnostic procedures, use of psychometric tools, implementation of therapeutic ap­proaches and outcome expectations. Cultural changes evoke psychotherapeutic permutations, they may be subtle but at times shifts are radical.  Nonheteronormativity serves as an interesting example of struggles between forces of sexual liberation and social control. This article objective is to present selected aspects, dynamics of changes as well as relatively stable tendencies regarding capricious re­lations between homosexuality and psychotherapy, which could be perceived as vehicle of self-real­ization and/or agency of control.
Społeczne wzory konsumpcji a orientacje aksjologiczne pracowników wrocławskiego sektora kultury i produkcji gier wideo w świetle badań własnych
Authors: Pilch Szymon
Published: March 2020

Social consumption patterns and the axiological system of Wroclaw’s producers of culture and video games: The context of empirical research  The discussion regarding the research on social values remains valid ever since the beginning of sociology as a science. Although the category itself has a flawed analytical nature, it is still regarded as one of the most effective tools in empirical research. The aim of the article is to focus on the re­lation binding together the structural placement of the workers employed in the culture and video game economy; the foundation of the worker’s axiological system and the social consumption pat­terns followed by the producers. During the research, three social patterns have been discovered: the “intellectual” pattern manifested by the cultural workers, the “practical” one displayed by the game developers, and a mix of the aforementioned ones — demonstrated by the 3D graphics engineers
Alternatywa dla Niemiec AfD na niemieckiej scenie politycznej
Authors: Kochan Gabriela
Published: March 2020

Alternative für Deutschland AfD auf der Deutschen politischen bühneDie Alternative für Deutschland baut seit ihrer Entstehung im Jahre 2013 ihr politisches Potential erfolgreich aus. Das Ergebnis von 4,7% bei den Bundestagswahlen 2013 war ein Zeichen dafür, dass eine neue politische Kraft entstanden ist. Obwohl sie damals die 5%-Hürde bei den Wahlen nicht überschritten hat, übernahm sie ein Teil der Wähler der Volksparteien, vor allem der Christdemokraten. Ihren ersten Erfolg hatte sie im Mai 2014, als sie ihre Abgeordneten in das Europäische Parlament eingeführt hat. Sie wurde damals auch in die Landtage Sachsen, Brandenburg und Thüringen gewählt.In den deutschen Medien wurde die AfD als eine Gruppierung bekannt, die keine Angst hat, Tabuthemen anzusprechen. Sichtbar wurde das schon in ihrem ersten Wahlkampf 2013. Unter dem Einfl uss aktueller Ereignisse und Probleme — sowohl politischer als auch sozialer — betonte sie während der nächsten Wahlkampagne im Jahr 2017 insbesondere folgende Fragen: die Migrationskrise, der massive Zustrom von Einwanderern, die Familienpolitik oder die Gefahren, die mit dem Islam verbunden sind. Letztendlich erreichte sie bei den Bundestagswahlen am 24. September 2017 12,6% der Stimmen. Die aktuellen Umfragen zeigen sie als die drittstärkste politische Kraft im Lande.Die Experten gehen davon aus, dass die extremen politischen Gruppierungen, wie die unnachgiebige AfD, in Deutschland an Bedeutung gewinnen werden. Ihre Anwesenheit im Parlament wird zur Verschärfung der öff entlichen Debatte führen. Die immer größere Popularität und die bisherigen Wahlerfolge beweisen, dass sie keine Übergangserscheinung auf der deutschen politischen Bühne darstellt, sondern eine Partei, die auf dieser Ebene immer festeren Stand hat. Davon zeugten auch die Wahlen im Herbst 2018 in Bayern und Hessen. Es ist also zu erwarten, dass die AfD an der Stärkung ihrer Position arbeiten wird und zu einer Herausforderung für die übrigen politischen Parteien wird. In diesem Zusammenhang werden die künftigen Wahlen im September und Oktober 2019 in Thüringen, Sachsen und Brandenburg von großer Bedeutung sein. Es kommt dann zu einem Wettbewerb zwischen der CDU und der AfD, die sich in den Ländern der ehemaligen DDR einer Unterstützung von mehr als 20% erfreut.
María Cristina de Borbón–Dos Sicilias y su nieto el rey Alfonso XII
Authors: Obtułowicz Barbara
Published: March 2020

María Cristina de Borbón–Dos Sicilias and her grandson, King of Spain Alfonso XIIThe article presents the cordial relations between Maria Cristina de Borbón–Dos Sicilias and her grandson, since 1874 King of Spain, Alfonso XII. It focuses on the truth, forgotten by historians, about a human side of Reina Abuela. The main attention is centered on a specific game played by Maria Cristina with her grandson and members of his family, in which both an intention for the Bourbon restoration in the person of Alfonso XII and a consolidation of his rule played a special role. The authors also mention two visits to her grandson in Spain, especially we are interested in Maria Cristina’s arrival in Madrid in 1878, on the occasion of the wedding of Alfonso XII with his cousin Maria de las Mercedes, and the attitude of the former queen and regent to this controversial relationship.
Diferencias en el marco estilístico entre las localizaciones polaca, española e inglesa del videojuego „The Witcher III”, y relación con la obra de Andrzej Sapkowski
Authors: Jagosz Anna
Published: March 2020

Differences in the stylistic framework between the Polish, Spanish and English locations of the video game The Witcher 3, and relation to the work of Andrzej Sapkowski on which it is basedThe presented article approaches the concept of game localization, by comparing three language versions — Polish, English and Spanish — of the critically acclaimed game: The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt. It focuses on stylistic relations between some of the game’s text assets and their literary source material, as the game is based on a fantasy series by a Polish writer Andrzej Sapkowski. Firstly, it presents a brief characteristic of the localization process and its different models which were applied in this particular case and then it focuses on the distinguishing marks of the author’s writing style. Thereafter, it is illustrated with examples how the three linguistic versions of the game transfer the distinguished linguistic features in order to conclude which one of the language versions and localization models can be considered more suitable for preserving the source material style.
Els prefacis ficcionals en la narrativa de Carme Riera
Authors: Ferrando Simon Mireia
Published: March 2020

Fictional prefaces in the narrative of Carme RieraCarme Riera is one of the canonical authors of Catalan contemporary narrative. Even though her work has been broadly studied, no scientific studies have been carried out on the meaning and importance of the prefaces in her literary work. Riera shows a high interest for this paratext, which uses for conferring a special meaning to her writing as well as for influencing the reader. On the basis of the Paratext Theory of Genette, explained in Seuils 1987, the present article provides detailed analysis of all fictional prefaces encompassed in the publications of the last forty years of this author 1975–2015. This study unravels the high importance of the fictional prefaces, not only in order to understand in depth the meaning of her writing, but also as a decisive tool to distinguish key aspects of the literary work of this Majorcan writer.
La raíz rota de Arturo Barea: destiempo ficcionalizado y autobiografía figurada
Authors: Bender Elżbieta
Published: March 2020

The Broken Root by Arturo Barea — a novel in which the author imagines the return to his homeland after ten years in exile — is considered a fictional continuation of the famous autobiographical trilogy The Forging of a Rebel.
The analysis of The Broken Root and the knowledge of Barea’s biography allow for the observation that in the novel the so-called destiempo, that is the sense of strangeness experienced by the migrants returning home, is fictional. The protagonist — Antolin — a persona inspired by the writer himself, allows the author to “experience”, or actually to imagine his meeting with the family that remained in Spain. In this way he creates a hypothetical / imagined autobiography that helps him overcome the longing for homeland and the sense of guilt over abandoning the family. The events are fictional, yet probable, but the feelings expressed by the protagonist seem to reflect the real feelings of the author.
El exiliado en la Transición española y polaca. Crematorio de Rafael Chirbes y Niskie Łąki de Piotr Siemion
Authors: Kłosińska-Nachin Agnieszka
Published: March 2020

The exiled in Spanish and Polish transition. Crematorio by Rafael Chirbes and Niskie Łąki by Piotr SiemionThe aim of the article is to present a picture of the exiled in a society undergoing processes of democratic transformation on the basis of Crematorio 2009, a novel by Rafael Chirbes, and Niskie Łąki by Piotr Siemion 2000. The author employs a research method from comparative literature and refers to the category of supranationality “supranacionalidad” proposed by Claudio Guillén, a Spanish comparativist. An analysis of the texts indicates that the presence of the exiled, notwithstanding fundamental differences concerning e.g. the evaluation of capitalism, serves to extract and highlight the end of great narrations which accompanies transformation processes: in the Spanish novel it is the end of ideology communism and history F. Fukuyama whereas Niskie Łąki refers to the end of the romantic paradigm M. Janion.
El lugar de México en el mundo según Octavio Paz. La comprensión de la etapa virreinal
Authors: Jiménez Cataño Rafael
Published: March 2020

The place of Mexico in the world according to Octavio Paz. An understanding of the viceregal stageOctavio Paz’s position in the history of Mexico and the formation of its identity has shaped, to a large extent, public opinion, yet there are aspects that are rather unknown. His reflection on the Christian contribution of the Spanish presence is often overlooked, as well as the very nature of the viceroyalty and the integration of the various components of that society. The paper consists basically of bringing together the thoughts of Paz, scattered in writings of very different times, that show these neglected positions.