bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Robust Semi-Supervised Traffic Sign Recognition via Self-Training and Weakly-Supervised Learning
Authors: Nartey Obed Tettey , Yang Guowu , Asare Sarpong Kwadwo , Wu Jinzhao , Frempong Lady Nadia
Published: May 2020

Traffic sign recognition is a classification problem that poses challenges for computer vision and machine learning algorithms. Although both computer vision and machine learning techniques have constantly been improved to solve this problem, the sudden rise in the number of unlabeled traffic signs has become even more challenging. Large data collation and labeling are tedious and expensive tasks that demand much time, expert knowledge, and fiscal resources to satisfy the hunger of deep neural networks. Aside from that, the problem of having unbalanced data also poses a greater challenge to computer vision and machine learning algorithms to achieve better performance. These problems raise the need to develop algorithms that can fully exploit a large amount of unlabeled data, use a small amount of labeled samples, and be robust to data imbalance to build an efficient and high-quality classifier. In this work, we propose a novel semi-supervised classification technique that is robust to small and unbalanced data. The framework integrates weakly-supervised learning and self-training with self-paced learning to generate attention maps to augment the training set and utilizes a novel pseudo-label generation and selection algorithm to generate and select pseudo-labeled samples. The method improves the performance by: (1) normalizing the class-wise confidence levels to prevent the model from ignoring hard-to-learn samples, thereby solving the imbalanced data problem; (2) jointly learning a model and optimizing pseudo-labels generated on unlabeled data; and (3) enlarging the training set to satisfy the hunger of deep learning models. Extensive evaluations on two public traffic sign recognition datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique and provide a potential solution for practical applications.
Leveraging Intelligent Transportation Systems and Smart Vehicles Using Crowdsourcing: An Overview
Authors: Lucic Michael C. , Wan Xiangpeng , Ghazzai Hakim , Massoud Yehia
Published: May 2020

The current and expected future proliferation of mobile and embedded technology provides unique opportunities for crowdsourcing platforms to gather more user data for making data-driven decisions at the system level. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and Vehicular Social Networks (VSN) can be leveraged by mobile, spatial, and passive sensing crowdsourcing techniques due to improved connectivity, higher throughput, smart vehicles containing many embedded systems and sensors, and novel distributed processing techniques. These crowdsourcing systems have the capability of profoundly transforming transportation systems for the better by providing more data regarding (but not limited to) infrastructure health, navigation pathways, and congestion management. In this paper, we review and discuss the architecture and types of ITS crowdsourcing. Then, we delve into the techniques and technologies that serve as the foundation for these systems to function while providing some simulation results to show benefits from the implementation of these techniques and technologies on specific crowdsourcing-based ITS systems. Afterward, we provide an overview of cutting edge work associated with ITS crowdsourcing challenges. Finally, we propose various use-cases and applications for ITS crowdsourcing, and suggest some open research directions.
Social Capital and HIV Testing Uptake among Indirect Female Sex Workers in Bali, Indonesia
Authors: Edi Putra I Gusti Ngurah , Januraga Pande Putu
Published: May 2020

Indirect female sex workers (FSWs), a type of FSW working under the cover of entertainment enterprises (e.g., karaoke lounge, bar, etc.), remain as an important key population for HIV transmission, signaling the need of appropriate interventions targeting HIV-related behaviors. This study aimed to investigate the association between social capital and HIV testing uptake. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 indirect FSWs in Denpasar, Bali. The dependent variable was HIV testing uptake in the last six months preceding the survey. The main independent variables were social capital constructs: social cohesion (perceived peer support and trust) and social participation. Variables of socio-demographic characteristics were controlled in this study to adjust the influence of social capital. Binary logistic regression was performed. The prevalence of HIV testing in the last six months was 72.50%. The multivariate analysis showed that only peer support from the social capital constructs was associated with HIV testing uptake. Indirect FSWs who perceived a high level of support within FSWs networks were 2.98-times (95% CI = 1.43–6.24) more likely to report for HIV testing. Meanwhile, perceived trust and social participation did not show significant associations in relation to HIV testing uptake. As social cohesion (support) within FSWs’ relationships can play an important role in HIV testing uptake, existing HIV prevention programs should consider support enhancement to develop a sense of belonging and solidarity.
Morphology of Urban Villages in China: A Case Study of Dayuan Village in Guangzhou
Authors: Gao Yuan , Shahab Sina , Ahmadpoor Negar
Published: May 2020

Urban villages play an important role in providing affordable housing to urban migrants in Chinese cities. They are considered as supplementary to the dual rural-urban system in China. Of central importance to studying urban villages is how the morphology of these informal settlements affects urban life. It is essential for urban planners and designers to examine the morphology of urban villages. This paper, therefore, investigates the morphology of urban villages using the case study of Dayuan Village in Guangzhou, China. The morphology of this urban village is tested against four main elements of urban morphology: urban density, accessibility, functional mix, and urban interface. Our results revealed that the type of street within the urban village has considerable influence on accessibility, functional mix, and urban interface. Regarding urban density, our results show that buildings’ height is not influenced by the centrality of buildings nor land value; however, it is likely that it is affected by planning agreements between the village committee and the local government. Land coverage does not comply with the planning regulation for residential districts. Regarding accessibility analysis, the number of entrances to streets is influenced by the type of street under analysis. The distribution of different types of functional mix is also affected by the type of street within the urban village. The buildings with a mix of ‘live/visit’ are concentrated along the formal streets and primary inner streets. The mono-functional use of ‘live’ and the bi-functional mix of ‘live/work’ are mostly located in the secondary inner streets. Regarding urban interface, our results demonstrate that the formal streets have an interface with considerable porosity, and that this can contribute to the livelihood of the immediate area.
Effect of Aminophylline in Preventing Renal Dysfunction among Neonates with Prenatal Asphyxia: A Clinical Trial
Authors: Saboute Maryam , Balasi Javad , Tajalli Saleheh , Hajipour Mahmoud , Heshmat Shaghayegh , Khalesi Nasrin , Allahqoli Leila
Published: May 2020

Background: As there are different views on the effects of aminophylline on neonatal renal function, we intended to observe the effects of aminophylline on renal dysfunction in neonates with prenatal asphyxia.Methods: This randomized trial was conducted in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Tehran, Iran, from June 2016 to May 2017, in neonates with moderate to severe asphyxia during birth. Fifty-six neonates were divided randomly into two groups. The intervention group received one dose of 5mg/kg slow intravenous aminophylline injection and the placebo group received 2 mL/kg of intravenous 10% solution of dextrose saline during the first hour of life. They were monitored and compared for renal functional indices, electrolytes, and complications of asphyxia during the three days of life.Results: The mean of Cr (37.9 ± 8.8 vs 38.5 ± 9.4 and 20.8 ± 4.8 vs 30.1 ± 5.2 μmol/L), GFR (21.55 ± 4.7 vs 20.25 ± 4.4 and 30.8 ± 7.1 vs 20.1 ± 6.5 mL/minute/1.73 m2 ), Na (135.1 ± 12.4 vs134.5 ± 11.2 and 128.9 ± 11.5 vs 134.2 ± 10.9 mEq/L), and urine output (98.2 ± 25 vs 96.8 ± 23 and 148.7 ± 35 vs 108.8 ± 20 cc) were in the aminophylline treated and placebo group on the 1st and 3rd days, respectively. The mean difference of Cr (-9.3 (-8.9; -9.7) μmol/L); (P= 0.02), GFR (10.7 (10.1; 11.3) mL/minute/1.73 m2 ) (P= 0.009), Na (-5.3 (-5.9; -4.7) mEq/L) (P= 0.002), and urine volume (39.9 (24.9; 54.9) cc) (P= 0.001) presented statistically significant differences on the third day between the intervention and placebo group.Conclusion: Aminophylline was effective in preventing renal dysfunction in neonates with asphyxia. Neonates who received aminophylline indicated a significant improvement in GFR and urine output on the first day of life.
Seven Decades of Primary Healthcare during Various Development Plans in Iran: A Historical Review
Authors: Doshmangir Leila , Moshiri Esmaeil , Farzadfar Farshad
Published: May 2020

Objective: To explore historically primary healthcare (PHC) development in Iran in the light of development plans before and after the Islamic Revolution. The results of this study can be used to outline the future of PHC in the Iranian health system.Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of the PHC development in the Iranian health system using data from relevant published and unpublished policy documents. The literature was retrieved and reviewed on the basis of predetermined inclusion criteria with no language or date restriction. The data were integrated and analyzed using content analysis.Results: During various upstream development plans, the attitude of the policy makers to PHC has been very different, resulting in fundamental differences in addressing such an important issue and the consequent outcomes. In the aftermath of Iran’s revolution, due to more understanding of PHC services importance and the principal slogans of the revolution to pay attention to villagers and vulnerable people, health policymakers paid more attention to PHC, which was not evident in previous periods.Conclusions: Despite considerable achievements in PHC, the history of PHC in Iran indicates frequent changes in planning and health provision structure. This suggests that the challenges facing the health sector today, the evolving needs and demands of the people, and population changes necessitate reinforcement and reform in the structure of the current PHC network as the main mission of Iran’s Ministry of Health.
Admissible relative errors of the parcel area while creating a land parcel map base using an orthoimage as a reference
Authors: Balado Irene , López-Vázquez Carlos
Published: May 2020

Currently the official land parcel map of Uruguay does not allow a suitable interoperability with other available geographic information. We are considering using a national high accuracy and high resolution orthomosaic in two ways: either to support the creation of a brand new land parcel map or to allow amending the existing one. In particular, the present work is part of a set of experiments which considers different techniques to amend the existing land parcel map. In order to perform a fair comparison it is necessary to have test cases produced with a reference procedure properly and objectively evaluated. The metric of success will be used as attainable goal for any other alternative. Using the orthomosaic in order to identify the apparent limits of parcels in the land parcel map we were able to modify its location, thus making the map interoperable with the image. In order to measure the accuracy of the fit, we used the relative difference between the area declared at the parcel map (taken as the reference value) respect to the one computed from the GIS. We found that the discrepancy between the areas computed from the initial and the final dataset w.r.t. the declared area decreases, but not up to expected level. Once filtered for outliers the remaining discrepancies follow a normal distribution, where its bias and standard deviation varies from (-0.65%, 11.24%) before editing to (‑1.72%, 8.59%) later. Despite the drastic change in planimetric accuracy the improvement of the area accuracy is marginal. Considering the admissibility criteria of the Uruguayan National Cadastral Office, for the legacy dataset only 39.4% parcel maps could be accepted, a value which improves up to 49.7% after the manual edition. It is still far from the goal of 100%, and the reasons for such pessimistic finding will be discussed.
middle test ilmu sejarah dan pendidikan ips devi oktaviani
Authors: oktaviani devi
Published: May 2020

Sejarah perkembangan pendidikan di nusantara mengalami perubahan dengan seiring berjalannya waktu sebelum kedatangan penjajah asing, pendidikan sudah ada di nusantara dengan adanya penjajahan dari asing membuat perubahan pada segi pendidikan perubahan itu memiliki dampak sosial pada masyarakat pribumi
"Se Precisar, a Gente Mesmo dá Aula"
Authors: Soares João Paulo Fernandes , Mourão Ludmila , Alves Júnior Edmundo de Drummond
Published: May 2020

Este artigo busca identificar e compreender as motivações para a permanência de um grupo de idosos no projeto de lazer e atividade física Vida Ativa (PVA), no município de Ubá/MG, e as consequências dessa decisão nas relações sociais desses sujeitos. Assim, esta pesquisa qualitativa se caracteriza como um estudo antropológico de cunho etnográfico. As técnicas foram a observação sistemática das aulas e eventos do PVA e as entrevistas realizadas com um grupo de 8 sujeitos, sendo 5 alunas e 1 aluno, além da professora e da estagiária do projeto. As motivações dos idosos para a continuidade no PVA passam pela reconstrução dos projetos individuais de vida e da construção de um projeto coletivo na velhice, evidenciando laços de sociabilidade e reciprocidade nas relações estabelecidas nesse contexto social.
Lazer e Jogos Digitais
Authors: Reis Leoncio José de Almeida , Cavichiolli Fernando Renato
Published: May 2020

Recorrendo a dados levantados com auxílio de pesquisa etnográfica, o objetivo deste ensaio é apresentar algumas reflexões sobre jogos digitais como práticas culturais de lazer. O campo de estudos utilizado para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa foi o universo virtual criado pelo jogo World of Warcraft - espaço virtual de lazer e sociabilidade onde se "encontram" jogadores de diferentes localidades geográficas. Discute-se a experiência de jogar World of Warcraft a partir do ponto de vista de seus próprios jogadores, os quais atribuem diferentes sentidos e significados a suas práticas. Busca-se também mostrar como essa atividade de lazer está em constante e permanente articulação com as demais atividades do dia-a-dia, sejam elas de lazer, de trabalho, estudantis ou domésticas, exigindo sempre negociações, agendamentos, abnegações e escolhas frente às demandas, obrigações, necessidades, vontades e expectativas cotidianas.
Atividades Físicas Praticadas no Tempo Livre em Comunidade Quilombola do Alto Sertão Baiano
Authors: Mussi Ricardo Franklin de Freitas , Mussi Leila Maria Prates Teixeira , Bahia Cristiano de Sant'Anna , Amorim Angelo Maurício de
Published: May 2020

A atividade física constitui importante representação cultural e histórica, sendo influenciada por múltiplas questões e contextualizada em determinado momento, região e população que a pratica.  Esse texto identifica as atividades físicas praticadas por adultos de uma comunidade quilombola do alto sertão baiano, em seu tempo livre. A coleta transversal de dados contou com a participação de adultos residentes na comunidade quilombola de Tomé Nunes, situada em Malhada, na Bahia – Brasil. Questionaram-se os entrevistados sobre as atividades físicas realizadas em seu tempo livre. Identificou-se o futebol como a mais praticada por ambos os sexos, independente de faixa etária. No entanto, mais da metade dos adultos quilombolas, principalmente mulheres e pessoas de mais idade, parece não praticar nenhuma atividade física em seu tempo livre.
O Lugar do Lazer nas Políticas Públicas
Authors: Rechia Simone , Silva Emília Amélia Pinto Costa da , Assis Talita Stresser de , Santos Karine do Rocio Vieira dos , Moro Luize , Santana Daniella Tschöke
Published: May 2020

Esse artigo teve o objetivo de revisar na literatura científica vigente como o lazer é compreendido nas políticas públicas. Realizou-se uma revisão integrativa, a partir das bases de dados eletrônicos. Foram pesquisados artigos dos anos de 2003 a 2012. Os 17 artigos que atenderam os critérios de inclusão estabelecidos foram divididos em duas categorias: Perspectiva crítica e Perspectiva funcionalista. Percebeu-se que o fenômeno do lazer, na maioria dos projetos de esporte e lazer, é compreendido numa perspectiva funcionalista. De fato, políticas públicas de lazer atuais não têm esse fenômeno como principal objetivo, deixando-o como segundo plano, visto que outros direitos são tratados como prioridade.
Ensaio Sobre a Constituição de um “Pedaço” da Cultura Lúdica Infantil nas Cidades
Authors: Ferreira Flávia Martinelli , Daolio Jocimar
Published: May 2020

Este ensaio busca a compreensão das brincadeiras infantis realizadas na cidade fundamentadas em considerações sobre a antropologia urbana e a cultura lúdica infantil. Escolhemos as ruas para representar o espaço de troca entre crianças e a cidade. Nas ruas ocorre o encontro de crianças de diferentes origens e experiências. Neste sentido, a rua representa o local onde brincadeiras são formuladas e recriadas, compondo uma rica cultura urbana. O “pedaço” das crianças é o uso que se faz da rua e uma presença criativa de seus usuários nestes espaços. Como tentativa de ilustrar este contato serão descritas duas imagens de brincadeiras infantis realizadas nestes “pedaços” de socialização. Ao longo deste ensaio, pretendemos evidenciar que o “pedaço” das crianças não está delimitado e precisa ser construído e ocupado.
A Atuação Profissional no Campo do Lazer
Authors: Pereira Antonino , Cunha Camilo , Silva Marcília de Sousa , Isayama Hélder Ferreira
Published: May 2020

Esse estudo tem como objetivo refletir sobre a atuação profissional no âmbito da lazer, abordando a intervenção sob ponto de vista da ética. Partimos da premissa que os valores e relações estabelecidos na sociedade moderna, lócus das práticas de lazer, interferem na interpretação e organização de modos de vida. Aproximando a ação do profissional de Educação Física com o campo do lazer, apontamos para uma atuação influenciada pela conduta ética e política na direção da mediação. Considerando as reflexões sobre ética e atuação profissional, podemos inferir que a área de Educação Física se consolida por exercer o papel social significativo aos processos educativos do lazer. A atuação profissional no lazer possibilita através da mediação na prática a educação para novos olhares e sensibilidades necessários à construção de uma sociedade igualitária e democrática.
Lazer, Saúde Coletiva e Consumo de Drogas
Authors: Pasquim Heitor Martins , Soares Cássia Baldini
Published: May 2020

O objeto desta reflexão é a potencialidade pedagógica do lazer no contexto do cuidado voltado a consumidores de substâncias psicoativas. Neste ensaio se objetiva retomar a perspectiva crítica do lazer e a perspectiva da saúde coletiva como potentes para explicar e intervir na problemática do consumo de drogas na atualidade. Toma-se o lazer a partir do modo de produção capitalista e o consumo de drogas a partir do modelo teórico da determinação social da saúde. Por fim, propõe-se uma prática conscientemente classista do lazer como alternativa ao lazer viciado.
Lazer de Pessoas com Deficiências
Authors: Foganholi Cláudia , Gonçalves Junior Luiz
Published: May 2020

Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo compreender os processos educativos decorrentes da prática social lazer de pessoas com deficiências físicas ou visuais que frequentam clubes sócio-recreativos na cidade de São Carlos-SP. Com base na fenomenologia, modalidade fenômeno situado, foram entrevistadas seis pessoas com deficiências físicas ou visuais. Os processos educativos observados apontam o lazer como espaço de troca de experiências e afirmação da capacidade de fruição do mesmo pelo grupo, indicando situações de combate a posturas e atitudes preconceituosas, significativas para pensar o estabelecimento de políticas públicas de acessibilidade, incentivo e apoio para a fruição do lazer das pessoas com deficiências.
A Distribuição Realizada pela Campanha de Popularização do Teatro e da Dança de Belo Horizonte ou “A Galinha dos Ovos de Ouro da Cena Teatral”
Authors: Rezende Nádia Bueno
Published: May 2020

Há 41 anos a Campanha de Popularização do Teatro e da Dança (CPTD) está inserida no calendário de Belo Horizonte. Partindo de um eixo que considera a produção, a distribuição e o consumo da arte, neste artigo analiso a centralidade das ações da CPTD na distribuição. Pretendo entender a suposta popularização levada a cabo pela CPDT a partir de suas estratégias de distribuição. Utilizo a metodologia historiográfica, tendo como fontes os Relatórios Gerais das edições da CPTD. O presente estudo conclui que pode-se entender as ações de distribuição da CPTD divididas em três eixos: (1) criando formas de facilitar o acesso, tanto no que diz respeito aos preços, quanto aos deslocamentos; (2) promovendo uma intensa divulgação nos meios de comunicação em massa, divulgação essa que tem pretensões de atrair tanto público quanto patrocinadores, e; (3) estabelecendo relações de tradição que geram vínculos com a população e com a cidade.
Discutindo as Atividades de Aventura e na Natureza a Partir do Rio Mountain Festival
Authors: Maia Tauan Nunes , Araujo Gustavo Bento Ribeiro de , Mota Gabriela Arroyo Goes da , Alves Junior Edmundo Drummond
Published: May 2020

O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar o Rio Mountain Festival e sua relação com as atividades de aventura e na natureza, pois o mesmo exerce um importante papel no cenário brasileiro. Foi possível identificar como surgiu esta mostra, bem como, sua organização, critérios adotados para a escolha do filme e frequentadores deste relevante espaço de lazer.  Ao longo dos anos verifica-se como a estrutura da mostra influencia o público presente. As análises dos filmes permitem concluir que a mostra exerce um duplo papel no que se refere ao imaginário social das atividades de aventura e na natureza. Ao mesmo tempo em que os filmes são produtores de novos conceitos e estilos de vida que vão modificar o imaginário social já existente, são produtos deste, uma vez que representam aquilo que se passa nestas atividades.
hubungan antara konsumsi junk food, aktivitas fisik dengan status gizi siswa sma negeri 1 jambi
Authors: Izhar M. Dody
Published: May 2020

Junk food mengandung sebagian lemak yang terakumulasi dalam tubuh. Aktivitas fisik yang rendah dan disertai dengan pola makan yang berlebih dapat menimbulkan obesitas. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional dengan rancangan cross sectional. Responden penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas XI di SMA Negeri 1 Jambi sebanyak 75 siswa kelas XI diambil secara proportionate stratified random sampling. Analisis data menggunakan software analisis statistik chi square dengan tingkat kemaknaan uji p<0,05. Hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa status gizi lebih pada anak sebanyak 37 siswa (49,3%), kebiasaan sering konsumsi junk food sebanyak 45 orang (60%) dan aktivitas fisik sedang sebanyak 45 orang (60%). Ada hubungan secara signifikan kebiasaan konsumsi junk food (p=0,001) dan aktivitas fisik (p=0,000) dengan status gizi pada siswa SMA Kelas XI. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa kebiasaan sering konsumsi junk food dan aktivitas fisik sedang berhubungan secara signifikan terhadap status gizi pada siswa kelas XI SMA Negeri 1 Jambi.
hubungan dukungan keluarga dan kepatuhan minum obat terhadap kesembuhan penderita tuberkulosis (tb) di kabupaten bantul
Authors: Kusumoningrum Tri Anisa , Susanto Nugroho , Marlinawati V Utari , Puspitawati Theresia
Published: May 2020

latar belakang: world health organization (who) 2017 diperkirakan kasus 1.020.000 kasus tuberkulosis di indonesia. masalah pada penderita tb adalah ketidak patuhan penderita tb paru. tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui hubungan dukungan keluarga dan kepatuhan minum obat terhadap kesembuhan penderita tuberkulosis (tb) di kabupaten bantul.metode penelitian: metode penelitian dengan rancangan cross-sectional. pengampilan sampel dilakukan dengan proposive sampling dengan jumlah sampel 39 penderita. analisis data dilakukan dengan analisis chi square.hasil: ada hubungan dukungan informasional dan kepatuhan minum obat dengan nilai p = 0,008, ada hubungan antara dukungan penghargaan dan kepatuhan minum obat dengan p = 0,006, ada hubungan antara dukungan instrumental dan kepatuhan minum obat dengan p = 0,000, ada hubungan antara dukungan emosional dan kepatuhan minum obat dengan nilai p = 0,004 dan tidak ada hubungan antara kepatuhan minum obat dan kesembuhan pada penderita tb dengan nilai p = 0,254.kesimpulan: ada hubungan antara dukungan informasional, dukungan penghargaan, dukungan instrumental, dukungan emosional dan kepatuhan minum obat karena  p-value sebesar ≤ 0,05 dan tidak ada hubungan antara kepatuhan minum obat dan kesembuhan pada penderita tb dengan nilai p-value ≥ 0,05.
Sistem Informasi Pencatatan Data Pelanggan pada Telkomsel Grapari Banda Aceh
Authors: Hertana Febri
Published: May 2020

The purpose of the research is to; 1) Generating a customer information system on Telkomsel GraPARI Banda Aceh, 2) To find out the application of the information system that has been built, and 3) Apply the system that was built using Visual Basic. This research was conducted at Telkomsel GraPARI Banda Aceh and conducted for 9 (nine) months of 2015-2016. The method used for system development, researchers use the methodology Rapid application development (RAD) and Data Flow Diagrams (DAD). This research has succeeded and completed the design of information systems for recording customer data at Telkomsel Grapari Banda Aceh, the application was built using the stages of the Rapid application development (RAD) model. The application was built using Visual BASIC and as a database using Microsoft Office Access. The application of the information system that has been built is still in the prototype and there is still a need for study and development of current technologies such as the use of mobile and cloud databases involving interconnection to make it easier for GraPARI units to connect.Keywords:Information Systems, Customer Data, Telkomsel
Diabetic Retinopathy Detection
Authors:   Assistant professor, Computer science and engineering Kumaraguru College of technology Coimbatore, India, Sudha V. , Priyanka K. ,   Computer science and engineering Kumaraguru College of technology Coimbatore, India, Kannathal T. Suvathi ,   Computer science and engineering Kumaraguru College of technology Coimbatore, India,, Monisha S. ,   Computer science and engineering Kumaraguru College of technology Coimbatore, India,
Published: May 2020

Diabetic retinopathy is becoming a more prevalent disease in diabetic patients nowadays. The surprising fact about the disease is it leaves no symptoms at the beginning stage and the patient can realize the disease only when his vision starts to fall. If the disease is not found at the earliest it leads to a stage where the probability of curing the disease is less. But if we find the disease at that stage, the patient might be in a situation of losing the vision completely. Hence, this paper aims at finding the disease at the earliest possible stage by extracting two features from the retinal image namely Microaneurysms which is found to be the starting symptom showing feature and Hemorrhage which shows symptoms of the other stages. Based on these two features we classify the stage of the disease as normal, beginning, mild and severe using convolutional neural network, a deep learning technique which reduces the burden of manual feature extraction and gives higher accuracy. We also locate the position of these features in the disease affected retinal images to help the doctors offer better medical treatment.
Novel coronavirus (COVID-19): Its implications for anesthesia
Authors: Bashir Muhammad Adeel , Durrani Romana Shaida
Published: May 2020

Once again in the same decade, global health delivery systems are facing with the daunting challenge of another variant of Coronavirus (COVID-19). Over the last 20 years at least six different variants of coronavirus have emerged. Infections caused by these viruses mainly cause life threatening respiratory implications. The recent outbreak of a novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China has been labelled as public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC). Previous experiences of Coronavirus outbreaks have shown that health care workers are at a high risk of acquiring this infection. Anesthesiologists, are particularly vulnerable due to their frequent exposure to infected respiratory secretions. Therefore, to minimize the transmission of nCoV-2019 infection, proper infection control measures like correct workplace practices, appropriate usage of personal protective equipment, airborne and droplet precautions are mandatory while managing a suspected case of infected patient.

Citation: Bashir MA, Durrani RS. Novel coronavirus (COVID-19): Its implications for anesthesia. Anaesth pain intensive care 2020;24(1):

DOI: https://doi.org/10.35975/apic.v24i1.
Covid-19 pandemic: Time for the anesthesiologist to be in action
Authors: Bansal Pranav , Singh Meena , . Prateek
Published: May 2020

Covid-19 pandemic has taken over the world in a storm. Starting from the Chinese city of Wuhan, it has engulfed almost every country, and every nation of the world. The rapid pace of emerging statistics has baffled the healthcare community, and hospitals have been fighting day and night to treat the known patients. The cities have been locked down and international medical academic authorities have been quick to offer updated guidelines and protocols. The electronic media has been pivotal in rapid dissemination of the new knowledge about dealing with this catastrophe.

This editorial offers an overview of the development of the pandemic and the ways and means to tackle it. It mainly stresses upon the most vital role of care in intensive care units, which needs exercise of utmost dedication, and professional expertise by the anesthesiologists, the intensivists and supporting staff.

Citetion: Bansal P, Singh M, Prateek. Covid-19 pandemic: Time for the anesthesiologist to be in action. Anaesth pain intensive care 2020;24(1):__

DOI: https://doi.org/10.35975/apic.v24i1.

Received : 24 March 2020;

Reviewed & Accepted : 27 March 2020;
I-gel supraglottic airway use is efficient and safe during minimal flow anesthesia with volume controlled ventilation - a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Khan Asma , Kapoor Mukul Chandra , Garg Shaloo , Puri Archana , Sinha Ashish
Published: May 2020

Background: A fear of potential gas leak limits the wide spread use of minimal flow anesthesia with supraglottic airway devices. Second generation supraglottic airway devices have been claimed to be come with good airway seal. I-gel is one of these and it has been extensively evaluated for spontaneous as well as assisted ventilation. We conducted this study to evaluate its use with low flow anesthesia and volume controlled ventilation.

Methodology: In a prospective randomized controlled trial, 50 patients undergoing laparoscopic surgeries for less than 2 h duration were administered general anesthesia, with controlled ventilation, using either endotracheal tube or an I-gel for airway control. The total fresh gas flow was gradually reduced until it was 400 mL/min. Patients were monitored for evidence of loss of respiratory gas volume in the breathing circuit and other parameters for ventilation failure.

Results: Ventilation could be maintained at a fresh gas flow of 400 mL/min, without clinical or volumetric evidence of gas leak in all patients in the two groups. Two patients in the I-gel group had intraoperative gas leak leading to ventilator failure alarm but the same was corrected by repositioning of the head. The vital signs, peak airway pressure, end-tidal carbon dioxide, set tidal volume and expired tidal volumes were statistically similar in the two groups.

Conclusion: I-gel supraglottic airway can be safely and efficiently used for laparoscopic surgery using minimal flow anesthesia and volume controlled ventilation.

Citation: Khan A, Kapoor MC, Garg S, Puri A, Sinha A. I-gel supraglottic airway use is efficient and safe during minimal flow anesthesia with volume controlled ventilation - a randomized controlled trial. Anaesth pain intensive care 2020;24(1):__

Abbreviations: Supraglottic airway device – SAD; Volume controlled ventilation – VCV; Pressure controlled ventilation – PCV; Endotracheal tube – ETT; Laryngeal Mask Airway - LMA

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.35975/apic.v24i1.

Received – 11 June 2019;

Reviewed – 20, 23 October 2019;

Revised – 31 January 2020;

Second Review – 2, 7 January 2020;

Accepted – 02 February 2020;
OS-MRS as a predictor of hospital length of stay – a retrospective audit of patients submitted to elective gastric bypass surgery
Authors: Miguel Diogo S , Ramos Patrícia , Oliveira Jorge , Ferreira Cristina , Cruz Fátima
Published: May 2020

Background: Obesity is an important public health problem, with a high prevalence worldwide. Bariatric surgery emerged as an effective therapeutic tool, with improvement of quality of life and a decrease in all-cause mortality. Obesity Surgery Mortality Risk Score (OS-MRS) predicts 90-day mortality after bariatric surgery, but its association with hospital length of stay (LOS) has not been elucidated. We aimed to evaluate the association between OS-MRS and LOS after gastric bypass surgery.

Methodology: We retrieved clinical and demographic data of 474 patients who had been submitted to gastric bypass surgery for this retrospective audit at Hospital de Santo António, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, (Portugal), between January 2010 and May 2015. The patients were classified as Class A, B or C. The primary goal was to evaluate whether there was an association between OS-MRS and LOS after gastric bypass surgery. The study of the relationship between duration of surgery (DS) and LOS was also performed.

Results: After application of exclusion criteria, 402 patients were included in the statistical analysis (172 patients Class A, 187 Class B and 43 Class C). Patients classified as OS-MRS Class A had a significant shorter LOS (3.5 ± 2.3 days) than patients classified as Class B (4.2 ± 5.1 days) and Class C (5.7 ± 12.6 days; p<0.001). A significant positive correlation between DS and LOS was observed, although the degree of that correlation was weak (ρ=0.203; p=0.001).

Conclusion: A positive association of OS-MRS with hospital length of stay and duration of surgery was observed; the patients with higher OS-MRS classes had longer length of stay in the hospital and longer duration of surgery. Moreover, longer length of stay was slightly associated with longer surgery duration.

Citation: Miguel DS, Ramos P, Oliveira J, Ferreira C, Cruz F. OS-MRS as a predictor of hospital length of stay – a retrospective audit of patients submitted to elective gastric bypass surgery. Anaesth pain intensive care 2020;24(1):_

DOI: https://DOI.org/10.35975/apic.v2i1.

Received – 29 November 2019;

Reviewed – 24 January, 8 February 2020;

Revised – 24 January 2020;

Accepted – 8 February 2020;
Lignocaine’s substantial role in COVID-19 management: potential remedial and therapeutic implications
Authors: Malik Nasser Ali , Hammodi Amjid , Jaiswara Dayanidhi Ramachandra
Published: May 2020

Background: The outbreak caused by SARS CoV-2 of the recent coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has been marked as a public health concern with a significant mortality at the global level. Lignocaine a common anesthetic agent being used for pain free surgeries for over a long period of time has expressed extensive characteristic of being an anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, direct spasmolytic,  ion channel blocking and repolarization agent. We did a literature review

Methodology: Currently compiled over-view has for the first time evaluated the probable curative and therapeutic role of nebulized lignocaine drug against SARS CoV-2 by utilization of PubMed, MEDLINE, NHS Evidence and Web of Science databases.

Results: With evidence of nebulized lignocaine being used successfully in respiratory illness before and the established role of low concentration lignocaine as ion channel repolarization agent, we try to interpret and deduce the possible implication of nebulized lignocaine as possible therapeutic agent and a potential cure against SARS-CoV-2 caused respiratory illness by acting as an anti-inflammatory agent during SARS-CoV-2 caused acute lung injury and also possibly as an antiviral drug. 

Conclusion: By the virtue of possessing anti-inflammatory effect and potential antiviral effects, nebulized lignocaine can be a breakthrough in the management of the current COVID-19 pandemic.  

 

Citation: Malik NA, Lignocaine’s substantial role in COVID-19 management: potential remedial and therapeutic implications. Anaesth. pain & intensive care 2019;23(1):84-91

Received: 29 March 2020;

Reviewed & Accepted: 5 April 2020;
Anesthesia in Carvajal syndrome; the first case report
Authors: Shahhosseini Sedighe , Aminnejad Reza , Shafa Amir , Memarzade Mehrdad
Published: May 2020

Carvajal syndrome is a rare genetic disorder. Patients reporting for surgery pose some difficulties in anesthesia management. In this case report we present the case of a 12-year-old boy, who was a known case of Carvajal syndrome, referred for surgical resection of perianal condyloma. Close monitoring of hemodynamic status is the mainstay of anesthetic considerations in such patients. As in any other challenging scenario, it should be kept in mind that ‘there is no safest anesthetic agent, nor the safest anesthetic technique; there is only the safest anesthesiologist’.

Citation: Shahhosseini S, Aminnejad R, Shafa A, Memarzadeh M. Anesthesia in Carvajal syndrome; the first case report. Anaesth pain intensive care 2020;24(1):___

DOI: https://doi.org/10.35975/apic.v24i1.
Extensive facial burns: A case for awake fiberoptic intubation
Authors: Bansal Teena , Lal Jatin
Published: May 2020

Mask ventilation is the most basic step in airway management. There are certain situations where mask ventilation is difficult,1 but sometimes it may be really impossible as in this 30 year male patient with facial burns. He suffered from burns one and a half month back due to episode of seizure. Burns were present over face, neck, chest and shoulders. On examination, mouth opening was less than one cm. Teeth were loose. Neck movements were restricted. Left nares was only partially patent. Respiratory and cardiovascular systems were unremarkable. Relevant laboratory investigations were within normal limits. Mask ventilation was not feasible. So awake nasal fiberoptic intubation was planned.2,3 The procedure was explained to the patient and consent was taken for the same. He was given alprazolam 0.25 mg and ranitidine 150 mg at night and 2 h before surgery.
四川省旅居养老发展模式的研究探析
Authors: 刘 琪
Published: May 2020

中国社会已步入老龄化阶段，老龄化的加剧对养老和养老服务提出更高要求。随着老年人群消费结构的不断升级，休闲消费需求日益增长，面对养老需求的多元化发展，“旅居式”养老逐渐成为大众化的普遍行为，成为了一门新的产业。论文从四川省发展旅居养老的现状和问题出发进行分析，提出了四川省发展旅居养老的对策建议。
安徽省旅游产业对区域经济的影响研究
Authors: 田 晴 , 钟 玉璇
Published: May 2020

旅游业作为一种发展迅速的综合性产业，与当地的经济发展情况息息相关。所以如何有效率地发展旅游业就显得尤为重要。论文从旅游收入、旅游人数、国际旅游外汇收入和城镇居民人均可支配收入四个方面综合研究旅游业对安徽省生产总值的影响，研究出旅游业与经济发展的关系，对安徽省旅游业的发展提出实质性建议。
“人才飞谷”的构想与建设研究
Authors: 刘 元龙
Published: May 2020

中国共产党的十九大报告强调“人才是实现民族振兴、赢得国际竞争主动的战略资源”，明确要求“加快建设人才强国，努力形成人人渴望成才、人人努力成才、人人皆可成才、人人尽展其才的良好局面，让各类人才的创造活力竞相迸发、聪明才智充分涌流”。而在新时代新阶段，非一线城市、非区域中心城市（即“两非”城市）却普遍面临人才紧缺问题，论文从人才资源对经济发展的重要性入手，分析研究了“两非”城市的引才现状、引才措施中的问题，提出了“两非”城市解决人才短缺问题的策略。
安全文化建设在企业管理过程中的重要性分析
Authors: 吕 本伟
Published: May 2020

近年来，伴随着经济的稳步发展，企业安全文化建设已经成为企业文化的重要组成部分。论文对目前的企业安全文化建设进行分析，阐述了企业安全文化建设存在的一系列问题。
浅谈现代企业制度发展史
Authors: 刘 艺
Published: May 2020

现代企业制度经历了不同的发展阶段，论文首先对现代企业制度存在的基本特征进行了简单探讨，然后针对存在的矛盾着力分析了现代企业制度发展的过程，并进行了简要的企业制度管理风险控制论述，以期为企业管理工作者更好地理解现代企业制度的发展奠定基础。
经济学视角下学区房供需因素分析及其对策
Authors: 李 艳茹
Published: May 2020

随着中国经济的飞速发展，科学技术水平的不断提升，教育的发展就显得十分重要，越来越受到各界社会人士的高度重视。随着人们思想的转变，大多数的学生家长都开始注重孩子的基础性教育，因此孩子受到良好的基础性教育就成为了其未来学习和发展的关键所在。近年来，越来越多的学生家长开始选择在学校的周围进行买房和租房，为的就是保证孩子能够从小受到良好的教育，养成的良好的学习习惯。论文主要讲述的是在房地产行业当中的“学区房”现象，以中国北京市某高中周边的学区房为例，对影响学区房供需的因素进行了调查和经济学的分析，提出了如何解决学区房供需矛盾的对策建议。
高校财务会计核算中的问题和解决对策
Authors: 王 丽丽
Published: May 2020

新时期，随着中国新《高等学校会计制度》的落实，中国高校的财务会计工作水平也跟着迈上了新的台阶，会计工作的效率得到了明显提升。但是，就目前中国高校财务会计核算工作的基本现状来看，其在实际的财务会计核算工作中还存在一定的不足，影响了高校的发展速度。基于此，论文就中国高校财务会计核算中的问题和解决对策做了相关探讨，希望对提高中国高校财务会计核算工作的水平有所帮助。
房屋建筑施工中的地基施工技术研究
Authors: 赵 强
Published: May 2020

在中国国民经济经济的不断发展下，居民的生活条件和生活水平显著提升，城镇居民对住城镇居民住房建设筑的要求不单单仅限于功能和位置方面的要求，还对住城镇居民住房建设筑的美观程度也有要求，而地基施工技术作为一种最基础的居民住房施工技术满足了城镇居民对住城镇居民住房建设筑质量和住房外观的最根本要求在显著提升城镇居民生活质量方面扮演者非常重要的角色。
BIM 技术在装配式建筑及传统建筑设计中的有效应用
Authors: 叶 敏盛
Published: May 2020

目前，中国装配式建筑逐渐成为建筑领域研究的热点。论文主要分析了 BIM 技术在装配式建筑及传统建筑设计中的有效应用。
简析道路桥梁施工中的问题及对策
Authors: 张 帅
Published: May 2020

道路桥梁的建设有利于地区经济的增长，改善当地居民的生活水平。然而现在的道路桥梁工程建设水平不够专业，导致事故频频发生。因此，论文根据道路桥梁工程的实际情况，通过分析和探讨找到了出现事故的原因，并制订了科学、合理的解决方案。
社区视角浅析传统街区改造方法———以广州一德路骑楼商业街片区北侧地块为例
Authors: 黎 川豪
Published: May 2020

街区空间与环境条件与当代物质和精神需求的发展之间出现了诸多不相适应的矛盾点，导致一德路一带传统街区普遍存在的利用率低下、原住民流失及功能杂乱等问题。因此，论文对一德路北侧重点地段进行分析研究，探讨从社区视角重塑传统街区价值的可能性。
石油化工企业火灾报警系统升级改造设计及应用
Authors: 王 晓菡
Published: May 2020

论文陈述了中国石油化工企业火灾报警系统运行过程中存在的一些问题，结合某石化公司实际工程案例，详细地阐述了该公司全厂火灾报警系统升级改造方案，为后续类似项目提供了一套系统解决方案。
浅谈矿山机电设备维修管理模式及发展趋势
Authors: 马 超
Published: May 2020

论文介绍主要的机电设备为维修管理模式，分析提高机电设备维修管理模式的措施，探讨未来机电设备维修管理的发展方向，以供参考。
液压机械无级变速箱的发展现状与趋势
Authors: 连 山 , 刘 鸿飞
Published: May 2020

论文主要介绍了可传递大转矩的液压机械无极变速箱（HMCVT）的工作原理，对比分析了 HMCVT 与其他变速箱的性能特点。介绍了 HMCVT 的发展历史，现阶段中国外发展状态，基于现有市场情况预测了 HMCVT 的发展趋势。
高压电极式电热锅炉全蓄热的应用设计实例
Authors: 潘 方圆 , 李 芸霄 , 任 川山 , 王 静
Published: May 2020

电供暖将高品位电能转换为低品位热能，综合能源效率低，国家及地方性规范，均以强制性条文对电供暖工程应用进行了限制。伴随着电供暖优惠政策的出现，电供暖在民用建筑中的应用呈上升趋势。论文介绍某工程以高压电极式电热锅炉 + 蓄热水箱为热源的工程应用案例，供参考及探讨。
某海上 FPSO 生产水处理影响因素及对策分析
Authors: 曹 贵 , 李 治 , 张 向彬 , 曾 楠诺 , 王 锐
Published: May 2020

某海上 FPSO 作为油田的中心装置，主要负责接收和处理井口采油平台来液。论文对该 FPSO 生产水处理现状、处理效果影响因素进行了分析，并提出相应的对策以及改进措施，从而提高生产水排放质量，减少了原油排海量，创造了巨大经济效益,同时有效地保护了海洋生态环境。
岩土工程勘察中常见的问题及改进措施探讨
Authors: 苗 慧
Published: May 2020

在岩土工程施工过程当中，勘察工作是工程设计阶段以及施工阶段中的至关重要的环节，然而在实际的岩土工程勘察工作开展过程中会存在一些问题，阻碍了这项工作的顺利进行。论文对岩土工程勘察中常见的问题进行分析，并针对这些问题进行了相应改进措施的探讨。
“多频同步”无线电坑透技术探测煤层构造效果研究
Authors: 温 亨聪 , 杨 海涛 , 刘 宝宝
Published: May 2020

“多频同步”无线电坑透技术可以极大地提高勘探现场的施工效率、一次性探测成功率和物探成果分辨率。论文结合工程实例，分析研究“多频同步”无线电坑透技术在煤层构造探测中的应用，给相关工程提供参考。
控规调整在规划管理工作中的实践与思考
Authors: 张 洁莹 , 朱 琼浩
Published: May 2020

控制性详细规划（以下简称“控规”）调整是规划管理工作中的弹性实施机制，但在实践中常常带来很多消极影响。论文以南湖区控规调整的实践为例，分析规划管理工作中存在的问题和矛盾，思考在控规调整论证、审查、决策环节上的优化方案。
新时期水利工程建设监理项目的实施
Authors: 王 涛
Published: May 2020

通过对工程建设进行监理，能够有效地让工程的质量得以保障，同时也可以节约投资且有效的缩短工期。基于此，论文主要讨论在新时期如何进行水力工程的建设监理项目的策略。
化工安全生产与环境保护管理措施研究
Authors: 张 亚斌
Published: May 2020

近年来，中国已经发生多起化工企业污染环境的事件，生态环境遭到毁灭性的破坏，引发重要的社会问题。论文通过对化工安全生产和环境保护管理措施的研究，介绍了中国化工生产和环境保护的现状，然后介绍了对于化工安全生产和环境保护管理的建议。希望对化工安全生产与环境保护管理的研究，为中国的化工企业的安全生产提供经验。
海外施工企业物资管理信息化应用研究
Authors: 韩 辉
Published: May 2020

物资管理是施工企业管理中的重要一环，通过信息化手段可以提高施工企业物资管理的效益。论文以海外施工企业为背景，针对物资管理的主要内容，分析了物资管理信息化系统的组成以及在推广中遇到的困难，并提出了解决思路，希望能够为类似系统的建设提供借鉴。
关于加强建筑工程建材预算与成本控制的思考
Authors: 薛 彦雷
Published: May 2020

对于建筑工程而言，合理有效地控制建材预算与成本，一方面能够将预算与成本控制维持在合理范围内，另一方面还有利于提高企业经济效益。基于此，论文将对建材预算与成本控制的有关路径加以简要分析。
电气工程中自动化人工智能的应用
Authors: 陈 志伟 , 周 利华 , 祁 俊杰
Published: May 2020

随着信息科学技术的不断发展，人工智能技术得到了重大突破，并逐渐进入人们的生活中，为各行各业带来了一次新的改革。基于此，论文介绍了将电气工程与人工智能结合的必要性，讲述了人工智能应用的优点，介绍了两者结合的具体应用，以供参考。
基于 Multisim 软件的数字秒表电路设计
Authors: 闫 佳颖 , 刘 馨
Published: May 2020

论文主要提出利用 Multisim 软件设计一个数字秒表电路，能以数字形式显示时间。秒表计时范围为 0.00~59.99s，计时精度为 10ms。论文设计要点在于用 555 定时器构成波形输出稳定的多谐振荡电路，通过与分频电路相连，使其信号频率调整为 100Hz；选择74LS90 芯片、74ls92 芯片进行计数，外加时序控制电路作为开关使其完成一个简单的计时功能。论文利用电气仿真软件实现数字化产品的设计使用，对电气领域实际生产生活有一定参考价值。
ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕКСТ: КОГНИТИВНЫЙ И КУЛЬТУРОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТЫ
Authors: ASHUROVA Dilyaram
Published: May 2020

В статье обсуждаются проблемы интерпретации художественного текста с позиций когнитивной лингвистики и лингвокультурологии. В центре внимания — проблемы концептуальной, языковой, национальной картин мира, понятие лингвокультуремы и её роли в конструировании национальной картины мира, когнитивные принципы распределения информации в художественном тексте, когнитивный принцип выдвижения в художественном тексте, концептуальная и культурная значимость стилистических приёмов, функционирующих в художественном тексте. Предлагается новый подход к понятию стилистического приёма, который трактуется как когнитивная структура и культурная модель, так как в основе конструирования стилистических приёмов заложены когнитивные принципы: принцип иконичности, принцип языковой экономии, принцип избыточности, принцип аналогии и принцип контраста. Стилистические приёмы также являются носителями различных типов структур знания социокультурного, исторического, литературно-эстетического, религиозного характера. Основные выводы статьи: художественный текст, представляя синергетическое единство «языка — культура — личность», является отражением национальной картины мира, сочетающей элементы общечеловеческой национально-специфической и индивидуально-авторской культуры и опыта. Основными маркерами концептуальной и культурной информации в художественном тексте являются выдвижение, когнитивный принцип контраста в построении текста, концепты и стилистические приёмы, рассматриваемые как когнитивные и культурно обусловленные структуры.
ИНГЛИЗ ВА ЎЗБЕК ТИЛЛАРИДА ҚЎШМА ОТЛАР ҚЎЛЛАНИЛИШИНИНГ ИЗОМОРФИК ВА АЛЛОМОРФИК ХУСУСИЯТЛАРИ
Authors: YULDASHEVA Nargiza
Published: May 2020

Мақолада инглиз ва ўзбек тилларидаги қўшма отлар, уларнинг ўзига хос жиҳатлари ёритиб берилган. Инглиз ва ўзбек тилларида қўшма отларнинг хусусиятлари, жумладан, уларнинг изоморфик ва алломорфик жиҳатлари тадқиқ этилган. Хусусан, уларни шакллантирувчи омиллар очиб берилган. Тилшуносликда қўшма отлар муаммоси кўплаб тилшунос олимлар томонидан ўрганилган бўлса-да, қўшма сўзларни сўз бирикмасидан фарқловчи белги-хусусиятлар қатъий белгиланмаган. Тил луғат бойлигида алоҳида ўринга эга бўлган қўшма сўз аслида воқеликда содир бўлаётган ҳодисалар, мавжуд предметлар тўғрисидаги тушунчаларни оддий йўсинда аташнинг қулай усулидир. Қўшма сўзни сўз бирикмасидан фарқловчи асосий белгилар мавжуд бўлиб, улар мазкур мақолада асослаб берилган. Қўшма сўзларга тегишли бўлган яна бир хусусият улардаги идиоматикликдир. Қўшма сўзларнинг идиомалашиш сабаблари жадвал асосида тушунтирилиб, изоҳланган. Қўшма сўзларнинг функционал семантикаси масаласи хақида кўп тилшунослар ўз фикр муносабатларини билдирган ва мақолада уларнинг фикрлари таҳлилга тортилган ҳолда хулосалар чиқарилган. Бундан ташқари, мақолада ясама сўзлар хақида ҳам фикр юритилган. Ясама қўшма сўзлар умумий қўшма сўзлар таркибидан ажралиб чиққан сўзлар бўлиб, ўзларининг баъзи бир хусусиятлари билан содда қўшма сўзлардан фарқ қилади. Ясама қўшма сўзлар содда қўшма сўзлардан энг аввало ўзларининг ясалиш усуллари билан фарқланиши асосланган. Бироқ хеч қайси белги-хусусият қўшма сўзлар табиатини белгилашда етакчи омил бўлмаслиги илмий мисоллар билан кўрсатиб берилган.