bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The cost of ending groundwater overdraft on the North China Plain
Authors: Davidsen C. , Liu S. , Mo X. , Rosbjerg D. , Bauer-Gottwein P.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Over-exploitation of groundwater reserves is a major environmental problem around the world. In many river basins, groundwater and surface water are used conjunctively and joint optimization strategies are required. A hydroeconomic modelling approach is used to find cost-optimal sustainable surface water and groundwater allocation strategies for a river basin, given an arbitrary initial groundwater level in the aquifer. A simplified management problem with conjunctive use of scarce surface water and groundwater under inflow and recharge uncertainty is presented. Because of head-dependent groundwater pumping costs the optimization problem is non-linear and non-convex, and a genetic algorithm is used to solve the 1-step-ahead sub-problems with the objective of minimizing the sum of immediate and expected future costs. A real-world application in the Ziya River Basin in northern China is used to demonstrate the model capabilities. Persistent overdraft from the groundwater aquifers on the North China Plain has caused declining groundwater tables, salinization and infiltration of \\hack{\\break} wastewater. The model maps the opportunity cost of water in different scenarios, and the cost of ending groundwater overdraft in the basin is estimated to be 5.47 billion CNY yr−1. The model can be used to guide decision makers to ensure long-term sustainability of groundwater and surface water resources management in the basin in an economically optimal way.
Representative rainfall thresholds for flash floods in the Cali river watershed, Colombia
Authors: Ávila A. D. , Carvajal Y. E. , Justino F.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. In the 21st century, societies face a significant increase in the number of extreme hydrometeorological events associated with climate variability (CV) and/or climate change (CC). Research has recently focused on establishing adaptation and mitigation measures to counteract the effects of CV and CC, especially those associated with precipitation, such as flash floods and flooding. In this study, 27 floods, listed in the historical database of natural disasters (DesInventar), occurring between 1980 and 2012, were analyzed. Using the daily hydrometeorological data, representative rainfall thresholds were defined to predict flash floods in the hydrographic basin of the Cali River, Colombia. Antecedent rainfall (AR), or short-term rain (1, 3, 5 and 7 days), and accumulated antecedent rainfall (AAR), or long-term rain (5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 60 and 90 days), levels were defined. The analysis showed that the greatest determinant for the occurrence of floods is AAR, with thresholds greater than 73, 95, 124, 170, 218 and 273 mm, for 5, 7, 10, 15, 20 and 25 days, respectively. Additionally, the data showed that, historically, the greatest number of flash floods (81.7 %) occurred in the Cali River basin in the months of April, May, and June.
3-D-numerical approach to simulate an avalanche impact into a reservoir
Authors: Gabl R. , Seibl J. , Gems B. , Aufleger M.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The impact of an avalanche into a reservoir induces an impulse wave, which poses a threat to population and infrastructure. For a good approximation of the generated wave height and length as well as the resulting outflow volume over structures and dams, formulas, which base on different simplifying assumptions, can be used. Further project-specific investigations by means of a scale model test or numerical simulations are advisable for complex reservoirs as well as the inclusion of hydraulic structures such as spillways. The paper presents a new approach for a 3-D-numerical simulation of an avalanche impact into a reservoir. In this model concept the energy and mass of the avalanche are represented by accelerated water on the real hill slope. Instead of snow, only water and air are used to simulate the moving avalanche with the software FLOW-3D. A significant advantage of this assumption is the self-adaptation of the model avalanche onto the terrain. In order to reach good comparability of the results with existing research at the ETH Zürich, a simplified reservoir geometry is investigated. Thus, a reference case has been analysed including a variation of three geometry parameters (still water depth in the reservoir, freeboard of the dam and reservoir width).
Circulation, eddies, oxygen, and nutrient changes in the eastern tropical South Pacific Ocean
Authors: Czeschel R. , Stramma L. , Weller R. A. , Fischer T.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. A large subsurface oxygen deficiency zone is located in the eastern tropical South Pacific Ocean (ETSP). The large-scale circulation in the eastern equatorial Pacific and off the coast of Peru in November/December 2012 shows the influence of the equatorial current system, the eastern boundary currents, and the northern reaches of the subtropical gyre. In November 2012 the equatorial undercurrent (EUC) is centered at 250 m depth, deeper than in earlier observations. In December 2012, the equatorial water is transported southeastward near the shelf in the Peru–Chile undercurrent (PCUC) with a mean transport of 1.4 Sv. In the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), the flow is overlaid with strong eddy activity on the poleward side of the OMZ. Floats with parking depth at 400 m show fast westward flow in the mid-depth equatorial channel and sluggish flow in the OMZ. Floats with oxygen sensors clearly show the passage of eddies with oxygen anomalies. The long-term float observations in the upper ocean lead to a net community production estimate at about 18° S of up to 16.7 mmol C m−3 yr−1 extrapolated to an annual rate and 7.7 mmol C m−3 yr−1 for the time period below the mixed layer. Oxygen differences between repeated ship sections are influenced by the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO), by the phase of El Niño, by seasonal changes, and by eddies, and hence have to be interpreted with care. At and south of the Equator the decrease in oxygen in the upper ocean since 1976 is related to an increase in nitrate, phosphate, and in part silicate.
How essential are Argo observations to constrain a global ocean data assimilation system?
Authors: Turpin V. , Remy E. , Le Traon P. Y.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Observing System Experiments (OSEs) are carried out over a one-year period to quantify the impact of Argo observations on the Mercator-Ocean 1/4° global ocean analysis and forecasting system. The reference simulation assimilates sea surface temperature (SST), SSALTO/DUACS altimeter data and Argo and other in situ observations from the Coriolis data center. Two other simulations are carried out where all Argo and half of Argo data sets are withheld. Assimilating Argo observations has a significant impact on analyzed and forecast temperature and salinity fields at different depths. Without Argo data assimilation, large errors occur in analyzed fields as estimated from the differences when compared with in situ observations. For example, in the 0–300 m layer RMS differences between analyzed fields and observations reach 0.25 psu and 1.25 °C in the western boundary currents and 0.1 psu and 0.75 °C in the open ocean. The impact of the Argo data in reducing observation-model forecast error is also significant from the surface down to a depth of 2000 m. Differences between independent observations and forecast fields are thus reduced by 20 % in the upper layers and by up to 40 % at a depth of 2000 m when Argo data are assimilated. At depth, the most impacted regions in the global ocean are the Mediterranean outflow and the Labrador Sea. A significant degradation can be observed when only half of the data are assimilated. All Argo observations thus matter, even with a 1/4° model resolution. The main conclusion is that the performance of global data assimilation systems is heavily dependent on the availability of Argo data.
Quantifying the impact of land degradation on crop production: the case of Senegal
Authors: Sonneveld B. G. J. S. , Keyzer M. A. , Ndiaye D.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Land degradation has been a persistent problem in Senegal for a long time and by now has become a serious impediment to long term development. In this paper, we quantify the impact of land degradation on crop yields using the results of a nation-wide land degradation assessment. For this, the study needs to address two issues. First, the land degradation assessment comprises qualitative expert judgments that have to be converted into more objective, quantitative terms. We propose a land degradation index and assess its plausibility. Second, observational data on soils, land use and rainfall do not provide sufficient information to isolate the impact of land degradation. We, therefore, design a pseudo-experiment that for sites with otherwise similar circumstances compares the yield of a site with and one without land degradation. This pairing exercise is conducted under a gradual refining of the classification of circumstances, until a more or less stable response to land degradation is obtained, In this way, we hope to have controlled sufficiently for confounding variables that will bias the estimation of the impact of land degradation on crop yields. A small number of shared characteristics reveal tendencies of "severe" land degradation levels being associated with declining yields as compared to similar sites with "low" degradation levels. However, as we zoom in at more detail some exceptions come to the fore, in particular in areas without fertilizer application. Yet, our overall conclusion is that yield reduction is associated to higher levels of land degradation, irrespective of whether fertilizer is being applied or not.
In Memoriam: Pepi Leistyna
Authors: Board Editorial
Published: June 2015

Tribute to Pepi Leistyna
Review: Educating for Insurgency: The Roles of Young People in Schools of Poverty by Jay Gillen
Authors: Lauter Paul
Published: June 2015

Review of Educating for Insurgency by Jay Gillen
A RESULT OF THE STUDY ON CANINE TUMORS IN ULAANBAATAR CITY
Authors: Munkhtuul Ts , Altanchimeg A , Dyer Neil , Nansalmaa S
Published: June 2015

There are some studies available on the value of cytologic examination as a diagnostic method for tumors in dogs. Therefore objectives of this study were to determine whether cytologic findings in fine-needle aspirate specimens of canine tumors correlate with histopathologic results and to find out most common tumor in dog. Information was collected from dog owners and vets according to a questionnaire, a patho-morphologic investigation of tumors was done by using cytological(Fine Needle Aspirate)and histological (MNS 5451:2005)techniques, and the gathered information was analysed. In total of 33 canine (Canis Lupus familiaris) tumor cases were found in chosen vet clinics during the time between Dec 2013 and Aug 2014. The results of histopathological, cytologicaland physical examinations revealed that 27 cases (93.1%) were a benign tumor. And maximum incidence of tumors was mammary adenoma (31%), followed by skin fibroma (27.6%), peri anal adenoma (13.8%), testicular adenoma (10.3%), soft tissue sarcoma (6.9 %), and prostate tumor, lipoma and TVT (3.4% each).Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Vol.13(2) 2014: 13-18
IDENTIFICATION OF THE SIBERIAN TYPE TICK-BORNE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS AND SEROLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE IN MONGOLIA
Authors: Erdenechimeg D , Boldbaatar B , Enhmandakh Yo , Myagmarsukh Yo , Oyunnomin N , Purevtseren B
Published: June 2015

The goal of this study was to conduct serosurveillance for tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV)in Mongolia, to isolate TBEV by in vivo methods and determine subtypes of TBEV. Blood samples were collected from 750 domestic animals in Khuvsgul, Selenge, Bulgan and Tuv aimags in 2012. After sample collection, a total of 184 sera were (horse 43, cattle 41, sheep 44, goat 56respectivel) randomly chosen and tested for antibodies against TBEV by c-ELISA and virus neutralization (VN) test. The c-ELISA results showed that 17 serum samples were positive and 25 -suspicious. In order to confirm c-ELISA result all these 42 serum samples were checked with VN test. The result of VN test showed 19/42 positive serum samples. In order to detect of TBEV in Mongolia, Ixodes persulcatus ticks were collected from Eruu sum, Selenge aimag and categorized into pools. Each pool was mixed with sterile PBS and homogenized with asterile mortar and pestle. The homogenate was centrifuged and the collected supernatant was inoculated into baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cell line. Cytopathic effects (CPE) in the cell line was observed by light microscopy daily. RNA was extracted from supernatant of cells with CPE and confirmed by RT-PCR using specific primer for the Siberian subtype. The present results were indicated that TBEV in Mongolia was belonged to the Siberian subtype.Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Vol.13(2) 2014: 19-26
RESULTS FOR ANTIBIOTIC -LIKENESS ACTIVITY OF THE MUMIO AGAINST SALMONELLA SPP
Authors: Enkh-Oyun T , Narangerel B
Published: June 2015

In this study, antibiotic likeness activity of natural mineral-mumio (baragshun) against Salmonella spp. was studied. Purified mumio was diluted by 1:1, 1:5, 1:5, and absorbed into an antibiotic disk to test it on culture of Salmonella spp. which causes gastro-intestinal infection and food poisoning. Results of screening showed activity of mumio against Salmonella spp..The experiment was performed with a control group /antibiotic disk/ to compare the results.Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Vol.13(2) 2014: 27-28
THE EFFECT OF CORN DISTILLERS DRIED GRAINS WITH SOLUBLES INCLUSION RATE AND BIOCONVERSION ON THE NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND ENERGY METABOLISM OF PIGLETS
Authors: Tsogtbaatar L , Tossenberger J , Kutasi J , Lőrincz Zs , Szaby Cs
Published: June 2015

DDGS has some disadvantages (high fiber content, possible heat damage of amino acids) which may be able to be improved with a newly developed technique called bioconversion (a special fermentation technique). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of DDGS and bioconverted DDGS on the N, P and energy digestibility and retention of piglets. Twenty-four weaned piglets weighing 8-10 kg were housed individually in a flat-deck cage. The diet of piglets in the control group did not contain DDGS, while other three diets contained DDGS or bioconverted DDGS in increasing amount: 5, 10 or 15%, respectively. The experimental diets had similar nutrient content. The results of this study indicated that corn DDGS and bioconverted DDGS had similar values for energy digestibility and retention.The average DE for the corn DDGS that was calculated in the present experiment was 14.42 MJ/kg of DM, and the average ME was 13.8 MJ/kg of DM. Adding increasing amounts of untreated DDGS to the diet tended to increase P digestibility and retention in the experiment. While the bioconversion improved both phosphorous digestibility and retention. Calcium digestibility and retention were similar for weaned piglets fed the DDGS diet compared to the bioconverted DDGS diets. Our research confirms that even 15% corn DDGS can be included in diets of weaned piglets if highly digestible other components are used. The bioconversion does improve the feeding value of corn DDGS, but the actual inclusion in practical feeding will be depended on economical considerations.Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Vol.13(2) 2014: 37-42
BEAUVERIA BASSIANA CHARACTERIZATION AND EFFICACY GRASSHOPPER /ANGARACRIS
Authors: Otgonjargal Kh , Sugar S , Bazarragchaa E , Enkhbold N , Battur B
Published: June 2015

The B. bassiana is a fungus of manyarthropods, including more than 200 species of insects and acaridae. When spores of the fungus come into contact with the body of an insect host, they germinate, enter the body, and grow inside, eventually killing the insect. Two local strains, including B. bassiana-G07, which was isolated from grasshopper Oedaleusasiaticus, died on natural infection, and B. bassiana-G10, which was isolated from grasshopper Caliptomus abbreviates, died of soil borne infection, were detected and it was identified as species B. bassiana by PCR. SCAR primers OPB9 F/R677 and OPA15 F/R441 was specific to of B. bassiana. The highest infection rate by B. bassiana-G07and mortality was observed in variants of both concentrations 2.1 x 108 conidia/ml, 2.1 x 109 conidia/ml; where mortality reached 86.3-100%.Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Vol.13(2) 2014: 96-100
DIFFERATATION OF WHEAT WRKY TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR TaWRKY10 GENE EXPRESSION IN ABIOTIC STRESS RESISTANCE
Authors: Bold Odgerel , Jeevan R Jana , Lim Yong Pyo , Vanjildorj Enkhchimeg
Published: June 2015

Drought, cold and salinity are the primary factors limiting wheat production. It has been shown that a wheat stress-responsive WRKY transcription factor encoded by the wheat WRKY10 gene plays an important role in drought, cold and salinty stress tolerance. The aim of the current study was to WRKY10 gene expression in drought, cold and salinity up-regulated in six varieties of Mongolian local wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), to select the stress tolerant best variety for breeding program. Plants expressing TaWRKY10 was up-regulated 48 hours stress by treatment with polyethylene glycol (PEG6000), 200 mM NaCl and 40C cold. Results of RT-PCR indicate that the all varieties show the gene expression level. Furthermore, reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions revealed that the expressions of WRKY 10 genes involved in abiotic stress signaling of six wheat varieties. These results indicated highest expression level of the WRKY10 in Darkhan-131 and lowest expression in Darkhan-34. And our study provided a promising approach to improve the tolerances of wheat cultivars to drought and salinity varieties of selection materials.Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Vol.13(2) 2014: 136-140
From the President of RUSA: Advocating for Reference and User Services
Authors: Thompson Joseph
Published: June 2015

In this, my final column as RUSA president, I’d like to continue offering what I intend to be information and insights that you can immediately put into practice at your own library. Here I’m using the umbrella theme of library advocacy to first provide an update on RUSA’s larger legislative activities, then secondly to share techniques for local library advocacy that have proven effective and that can be modeled by libraries regardless of type. These ideas come from my own experience, those of my Maryland public library colleagues, and from experiences shared by members of the rusa-l electronic discussion list.
The Alert Collector: What is it Worth? A Guide to Art Valuation and Market Resources
Authors: Barham Rebecca
Published: June 2015

"What is It Worth? A Guide to Art Valuation and Market Resources" serves as an introduction to new and mostly free online art auction and market sites and some traditional paper resources that are essential to answer reference questions about art value. These resources are important and affordable to add to the collection and or library guide pages. In addition, a description of art value factors listed in auction records that affect art value, and when and how to obtain a professional art appraisal are included.
Bibliographic Management Tool Adoption and Use A Qualitative Research Study Using the UTAUT Model
Authors: Rempel Hannah Gascho , Mellinger Margaret
Published: June 2015

This study explores how researchers choose a bibliographic management tool and what makes them continue using this tool. This exploratory, observational study combined a naturalistic work-practice method, interviews, and journal reflections to collect qualitative research data from researchers actively using a bibliographic management tool. The unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model was used as a guiding framework to help provide a better understanding of these researchers' bibliographic management adoption and use behaviors. Findings indicate participants adopt tools because of an expectation of enhanced research productivity, but participants persist in using the tools because of ease-of-use experiences. Librarians were found to have opportunities to influence tool adoption decisions but may have somewhat less influence over researchers' decisions to continue using bibliographic management tools.
From Committees of RUSA: The Reading List 2015
Authors: Reading List Council RUSA
Published: June 2015

The Reference and User Services Association (RUSA) has announced its selections for the 2015 Reading List as well as the short lists and read-alikes. Established in 2007 by the CODES section of RUSA, The Reading List seeks to highlight outstanding genre fiction that merit special attention by general adult readers and the librarians who work with them.
From Committees of RUSA: Outstanding Reference Sources 2015
Authors: Selection Committee The Outstanding Reference Sources
Published: June 2015

The Outstanding Reference Sources Committee was established in 1958 to recommend the most outstanding reference publications for small and medium-size academic and public libraries. All titles considered for nomination were published between November 2013 and December 2014.
Sources: The Academic Library Administrator's Field Guide
Authors: Bartlett Jennifer A.
Published: June 2015

Library administration is a learned skill. Aspiring library leaders can certainly read about management theory in library school, but it's impossible for them to effectively navigate the terrain until they land that first job as an administrator and begin getting on-the-job training. That being said, some guides can help chart the way. The Academic Library Administrator's Field Guide, a new addition to the corpus, is an excellent resource for newbies and more experienced hands.
Sources: Comics Through Time: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas
Authors: Whatley Edward
Published: June 2015

Comics Through Time: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas is an ambitious, four-volume title that "seeks to capture some of the richness" of comics history and "provide information on this history for a wide range of users, from casual fans of comics to professional scholars of the form" (xxiii). Each of the four volumes covers a specific time period, beginning in the 1900s with comic strips and continuing to the present. Just as the volumes cover a broad expanse of time, they also deal with a diverse array of subjects, including comic strips, comic books, comics creators both well-known and obscure (often accompanied by large photographs), comics publishers, and genres such as science fiction and horror.
Sources: Oil: A Cultural and Geographic Encyclopedia of Black Gold
Authors: MacLennan Paul
Published: June 2015

In the winter of 2015, as this review is being written, the price of gasoline is plummeting in the United States and what this will mean for the individual, community, and country for the immediate future but also in years to come is unknown. There are a wide range of implications in politics, economics, and international relations as well as effects on what the individual pays for everyday groceries. It is therefore important that libraries provide their communities with the resources that include information and discussion on how energy and its monetary value interact with society.
Sources: Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond
Authors: Nelson Michael L.
Published: June 2015

This work joins a growing number of "country at war" titles from the same publisher, including China, Germany, Japan, and Mexico. Dowling, professor of history at Virginia Military Institute and published military history author, has assembled a large international group of authoritative contributors. The encyclopedia "fulfills two important functions: it explicitly serves as a reference for the Russian and Soviet martial past, and it implicitly serves as entrÃ©e to a non-English-speaking military culture" (xxxvii).
Aula adaptada de stand up paddle com garrafas pet nas aulas de educação física
Authors: Zagare Thiago
Published: June 2015

Pelo presente trabalho procura-se mostrar como é possível adaptar as aulas de Educação Física aos esportes de aventura, no caso o stand up paddle. As aulas de educação física vêm se transformando aos poucos, pois os professores estão procurando se especializar e transformar suas aulas em algo mais atrativo e interessante a seus alunos, propondo novos conhecimentos. A prática do SUP é feita em um meio aquático, com uma prancha, um remo e um colete flutuante. O professor de educação física poderá levar esse esporte para seus alunos com algumas adaptações de todos os equipamentos, como a prancha de garrafa pet, o remo de cabo de vassoura ou varão de cortina com uma bolinha de tênis na ponta, que facilita o ensino do SUP. Sua prática também traz uma conscientização sobre o meio ambiente, que hoje está sendo cada vez mais destruído e poluído por dejetos que podem ser reaproveitados e reciclados, como as garrafas pet, que nesse trabalho foram transformadas em pranchas de stand up para as aulas de educação física na escola.Palavras- chave: educação física, esporte de aventura, stand up paddle, ensino.
Perfil de estudantes do Proeja Técnico em Comércio do Instituto Federal Farroupilha - município de Júlio de Castilhos/RS em 2012
Authors: Bezerra Aline Sobreira , Marques Anne Y Castro , Cirolini Andréia , Paulus Eloi , Mello Débora Teixeira de
Published: June 2015

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo identificar o perfil dos estudantes do Proeja vinculados ao curso Técnico em Comércio do Instituto Federal Farroupilha - município de Júlio de Castilhos/RS. Foi realizada uma pesquisa de caráter quanti-qualitativo e como instrumento foi utilizado um questionário com 15 perguntas fechadas, as quais englobaram aspectos socioeconômicos, trajetória familiar e escolar, avaliação sobre estudos, trabalho e dificuldades, e uma entrevista com a coordenadora do curso. A maioria dos investigados disse ter investido no Proeja com a expectativa de inserção profissional e como forma de concluir o ensino médio. Consideram ótima a qualidade de ensino da instituição e caracterizam os professores como preocupados e dedicados. A maioria têm pretensões de cursar um curso de nível superior e de continuar a realizar cursos na área de estudo. Conclui-se que a profissionalização pelo Proeja tem o desafio de contribuir para a inclusão desses indivíduos no mundo do trabalho e de manter o acesso aos variados bens culturais.Palavras-chave: educação de jovens e adultos, educação profissionalizante, inclusão social.
Apresentação
Authors: Quadros Claudemir De
Published: June 2015

Apresentado do v. 4, n. 8 da Regae.
Hölderlin y el joven Nietzsche en la Kulturkritik y la reforma educativa en Alemania
Authors: Carrion Arias Rafael
Published: June 2015

El problema fundamental para el pensamiento alemán en el S. XIX es el problema del nihilismo. Un nuevo concepto de educación (Bildung) se hace necesario. Hölderlin juega un papel fundamental en la aproximación del joven Nietzsche en torno a este problema, por un lado respecto a la Kulturkritik en general y las críticas al filisteísmo cultural (Bildungsphilistertum), y por el otro también respecto al problema de los Clásicos y nuestro modo de acercamiento a ellos. El presente trabajo intenta presentar la influencia de Hölderlin sobre el tratamiento que hace Nietzsche de estos temas - así como finalmente el punto en el que se distanciará de dicha influencia.
La subjetividad desconcertada: Pascal y el pensamiento trágico
Authors: Gómez Sánchez Carlos
Published: June 2015

Tras señalar algunas razones de la vigencia de Pascal y analizar las líneas fundamentales de su contexto social e ideológico (con especial hincapié en el jansenismo y la polémica de Las provinciales), se consideran los problemas de edición y de interpretación de Pensées. Con posterioridad, se analizan algunos de sus principales núcleos temáticos, antropológicos y epistemológicos. Finalmente, se plantea una interpretación de le pari desde la que abordar las relaciones entre razón y religión, subrayando el lazo entre Pascal y Kant, que haría del primero (de manera similar a como Kant decía que, para él, Rousseau había sido el Newton de la moral) el Newton de la filosofía kantiana de la religión.
Reseña de Kant. Sentido común y subjetividad.
Authors: Calvo Portela Ruth
Published: June 2015

Reseña del libro de Óscar Cubo Ugarte, Kant, sentido común y subjetividad.
Modelos económicos: ¿representaciones aisladas o construcciones ficticias?
Authors: Ivarola Leonardo
Published: June 2015

En la moderna filosofía de la economía existen dos posturas principales respecto de la naturaleza y funcionamiento de los modelos económicos: los modelos como representaciones aisladas y como construcciones ficticias pero creíbles. Ambas posturas serán examinadas en el presente trabajo, y contrastadas con aquello que se denominará “procesos socioeconómicos basados en expectativas”. Se verá que estos últimos no responden a una lógica mecanicista o de factores estables, sino más bien a una lógica de árboles de posibilidades. Por tal razón, se argumentará que los modelos económicos, al menos en su mayoría, no deberían ser interpretados como representaciones de mecanismos y/o capacidades aisladas, sino como estructuras que, de existir en el mundo real, serán generadoras de tendencias. A pesar de que la temática abordada se limita al estudio de los modelos económicos, sus implicancias pueden extenderse a diferentes ramas de las ciencias sociales.
Para una nueva filosofía de la historia
Authors: Rohbeck Johannes
Published: June 2015

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar una filosofía de la historia que no se limite a los análisis de las representaciones de acontecimientos y procesos pasados, sino que se oriente, más bien, a las acciones del presente en relación al futuro. La filosofía de la historia queda vinculada a la ética del futuro en la medida que en ella se expresa una intención práctica. De este programa se deriva que la ética del futuro tendrá que abrirse a las reflexiones de la filosofía de la historia e incluir en su propia fundamentación determinados juicios de la estructura y la función de la conciencia histórica. Para la filosofía de la historia esto tiene como consecuencia que habrá de implicarse en la solución de problemas actuales con perspectiva de futuro, así como coligarse con la filosofía práctica. Por eso la llamo filosofía práctica de la historia.
Thermal fluctuations of immature SOD1 lead to separate folding and misfolding pathways
Authors: Sekhar Ashok , Rumfeldt Jessica AO , Broom Helen R , Doyle Colleen M , Bouvignies Guillaume , Meiering Elizabeth M , Kay Lewis E
Published: June 2015

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease involving cytotoxic conformations of Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1). A major challenge in understanding ALS disease pathology has been the identification and atomic-level characterization of these conformers. Here, we use a combination of NMR methods to detect four distinct sparsely populated and transiently formed thermally accessible conformers in equilibrium with the native state of immature SOD1 (apoSOD12SH). Structural models of two of these establish that they possess features present in the mature dimeric protein. In contrast, the other two are non-native oligomers in which the native dimer interface and the electrostatic loop mediate the formation of aberrant intermolecular interactions. Our results show that apoSOD12SH has a rugged free energy landscape that codes for distinct kinetic pathways leading to either maturation or non-native association and provide a starting point for a detailed atomic-level understanding of the mechanisms of SOD1 oligomerization.
Problem gambling—a Lacanian Real
Authors: Borch Anita
Published: June 2015

Borch, A. (2015). Problem gambling—a Lacanian Real. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4(1), 71-76. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i1.197The concept of addiction has been criticized for being mainly based on self-reporting in therapeutic and research settings, and that it is functional for people in these settings to report that they are addicted—driven by forces beyond their capacity to control. In this paper, I take this criticism seriously into account and argue that problem gambling belongs to the Lacanian Real, in short, referring to those parts of our existence that might be sensed and even acknowledged, but that never can be wholly grasped. Based on qualitative research of households with reported gambling problems, I argue that neither problem gamblers nor their spouses seem to know why the person gambles and why he or she keeps on gambling even though s/he knows it is damaging. The unknown and incomprehensible aspects of problem gambling (the Real) tend, as part of the gambler’s process of ‘recovering,’ to be repressed and replaced with the concept of addiction. This repression mechanism is observed in other contexts as well, not least in scientific milieux studying gambling, and reflects interests and power in society. Exploring the addiction concept from a critical point of view is necessary to sort truth from myth and make scientific enhancements.
Models of addiction and types of interventions: An integrative look
Authors: Simon Roland , West Robert
Published: June 2015

Simon, R., & West, R. (2015). Models of addiction and types of interventions: An integrative look. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4(1), 13-20. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i1.198Background: Use of psychoactive substances and problem gambling create serious harm to individuals who engage in these practices and to society as a whole (World Health Organization, 2002). The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) regularly monitors drug-related problems and interventions, as well as the efficiency of interventions. The scope and methodology of monitoring, however, depends on the conceptualization of “addiction.”Methods: The relevant literature was screened for models and theories relating to “addiction,” resulting in a systematic overview of the concepts and related approaches (EMCDDA, 2013). Using this as a background, different approaches for interventions and their theoretical bases are discussed.Results: Models of addiction follow two approaches. Most of these focus on the individual addict, involving constructs such as emotions, drive states, habits, choice, and goal-oriented processes, or else taking a more integrative or change-oriented view. Others are population-based models, including social network, economic, communication, and organizational system models.While substance- and non-substance-related addictions differ in a number of respects, they share key elements: a repeated powerful motivation to engage in a particular behavior, acquired through enacting the behavior, despite the experience or risk of significant harm. Nine different types of intervention to combat addiction found in the literature involve attempts to change one or more of three factors that interact to underpin behavior: capability, opportunity, and motivation (the “COM-B” model). The models of addiction reviewed may serve as a basis for such interventions.
The risks of cannabis and other illicit drugs: Views among French and Finnish addiction treatment providers
Authors: Simmat-Durand Laurence , Koski-Jännes Anja
Published: June 2015

Simmat-Durand, L., & Koski-Jännes, A. (2015). The risks of cannabis and other illicit drugs: Views among French and Finnish addiction treatment providers. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4(1), 61-69. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i1.201Aims: This study explores the effect of cultural context and group-level factors on the views held by treatment professionals in France and Finland about addiction and the dangers of illicit drugs.Design: Cross-cultural survey.Setting: Similar questionnaires were mailed to professionals working in specialized addiction treatment units in both countries.Participants: In Finland, 520 treatment providers working personally with clients responded, and 472 responded in France. The samples differed in several ways. Most notably, the medical profession was more dominant in France, while social work and counselling dominated in Finland.Measures: In addition to demographics, the questions covered different addictions, and included questions on the levels of danger of heroin, amphetamines and cannabis for individuals and the society.Findings: Consistent cultural differences appeared in the views of Finnish and French professionals regarding the addictiveness of illicit drugs and their level of danger to society. These differences remained significant after controlling for professions and other background variables.Conclusions: Cultural context, local prevalence of high-risk behaviors, familiarity with the substance, country of residence, and level of education appeared as major modifiers of risk perceptions.
The brain craving for gambling? Neurosciences and addiction concept in clinical practice
Authors: Helén Ilpo , Toivio Joonas
Published: June 2015

Helén, I., & Toivio, J. (2015). The brain craving for gambling? Neurosciences and addiction concept in clinical practice. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4(1), 45-51. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i1.202Aims: Paper discusses the impact of the neuroscientific concept of addiction and expectations related to neurosciences in a clinical setting for treatment of addiction disorders.Design: A case study based on qualitative analysis of scientific publications, research plans, presentations, and interviews of Finnish experts in gambling addictions.Setting: The case studied is a joint project for experimentation of medication (naltrexone) in treatment of gambling addiction by National Institute of Health and Welfare (THL) and Gambling Clinic, a center specialized in counseling for gambling addicts in Helsinki.Results: Although Finnish experts think that deep down all addictions share the same neural mechanisms, they consider gambling addiction a complex phenomenon. Clinical experiments seem to have two parallel objectives: neurophysiological malfunctions of the brain and the addict as the person. Two epistemologies and two concepts of addiction are working side by side in the clinical reasoning of the Finnish experts: the neurobiological one for framing the ‘addicted brain’, and the one derived from cognitive behavioral therapy for the addict.Conclusions: The role of the neurobiological concept of gambling addiction is to back up the therapeutic promise of the experimental project. In a reciprocal manner, the expectation to extend treatment options by the project findings justifies the neuroscientific approach.
A multiproxy analysis of sedimentary organic carbon in the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent shelf
Authors: Yao Peng , Yu Zhigang , Bianchi Thomas S. , Guo Zhigang , Zhao Meixun , Knappy Chris S. , Keely Brendan J. , Zhao Bin , Zhang Tingting , Pan Huihui , Wang Jinpeng , Li Dong
Published: June 2015

Surface sediments from the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent shelf were analyzed using a variety of bulk and molecular techniques, including grain size composition, sediment surface area (SSA), elemental composition (C, N), stable carbon isotopic composition (δ13C), n‐alkanes, lignin phenols, and glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether lipids to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the sources and fate of sedimentary organic carbon (SOC) in this dynamic region. Bulk N/C ratios of 0.09 to 0.15, δ13C of −24.4‰ to −21.1‰, branched/isoprenoid tetraether index of 0 to 0.74, n‐alkane content of 0.02 to 0.37 mg g−1 organic carbon (OC), and lignin content (Λ8) of 0.10 to 1.46 mg/100 mg OC and other related molecular indices in these samples indicate a mixed source of marine, soil, and terrestrial plant‐derived OC in the study area. A three‐end‐member mixing model using principal component analysis (PCA) factors as source markers and based on Monte Carlo (MC) simulation was constructed to estimate the relative contributions of OC from different sources. Compared with traditional mixing models, commonly based on a few variables, this newly developed PCA‐MC model supported bulk and biomarker data and yielded a higher‐resolution OC inputs to different subregions of this system. In particular, the results showed that the average contributions of marine, soil, and terrestrial OC in the study area were 35.3%, 47.0%, and 17.6%, and the highest contribution from each OC source was mainly observed in the shelf, inner estuary, and coastal region, respectively.
Seasonal variation in the quality of dissolved and particulate organic matter exchanged between a salt marsh and its adjacent estuary
Authors: Osburn Christopher L. , Mikan Molly P. , Etheridge J. Randall , Burchell Michael R. , Birgand François
Published: June 2015

Fluorescence was used to examine the quality of dissolved and particulate organic matter (DOM and POM) exchanging between a tidal creek in a created salt marsh and its adjacent estuary in eastern North Carolina, USA. Samples from the creek were collected hourly over four tidal cycles in May, July, August, and October 2011. Absorbance and fluorescence of chromophoric DOM (CDOM) and of base‐extracted POM (BEPOM) served as the tracers for organic matter quality while dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and base‐extracted particulate organic carbon (BEPOC) were used to compute fluxes. Fluorescence was modeled using parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) and principle components analysis (PCA) of the PARAFAC results. Of nine PARAFAC components (C) modeled, C3 represented recalcitrant DOM and C4 represented fresher soil‐derived source DOM. Component 1 represented detrital POM, and C6 represented planktonic POM. Based on mass balance, recalcitrant DOC export was 86 g C m−2 yr−1 and labile DOC export was 49 g C m−2 yr−1; no planktonic DOC was exported. The marsh also exported 41 g C m−2 yr−1 of detrital terrestrial POC, which likely originated from lands adjacent to the North River estuary. Planktonic POC export from the marsh was 6 g C m−2 yr−1. Assuming the exported organic matter was oxidized to CO2 and scaled up to global salt marsh area, respiration of salt marsh DOC and POC transported to estuaries could amount to a global CO2 flux of 11 Tg C yr−1, roughly 4% of the recently estimated CO2 release for marshes and estuaries globally.
Substantial contribution of anthropogenic air pollution to catastrophic floods in Southwest China
Authors: Fan Jiwen , Rosenfeld Daniel , Yang Yan , Zhao Chun , Leung L. Ruby , Li Zhanqing
Published: June 2015

Extreme weather events have become more frequent and are likely linked to increases in greenhouse gases and aerosols, which alter the Earth's radiative balance and cloud processes. On 8–9 July 2013, a catastrophic flood devastated the mountainous area to the northwest of the Sichuan Basin. Atmospheric simulations at a convection‐permitting scale with aerosols and chemistry included show that heavy air pollution trapped in the basin significantly enhances the rainfall intensity over the mountainous areas through “aerosol‐enhanced conditional instability.” That is, aerosols suppress convection by absorbing solar radiation and increasing atmospheric stability in the basin during daytime. This allows excess moist air to be transported to the mountainous areas and orographically lifted, generating strong convection and extremely heavy precipitation at night. We show that reducing pollution in the Sichuan Basin can effectively mitigate floods. It is suggested that coupling aerosol with meteorology can be crucial to improve weather forecast in polluted regions.
The annual cycle of snowfall at Summit, Greenland
Authors: Castellani Benjamin B. , Shupe Matthew D. , Hudak David R. , Sheppard Brian E.
Published: June 2015

While snow accumulation over central Greenland has been extensively studied, interannual variability of snowfall in the region is not well understood due to a dearth of observations. The Integrated Characterization of Energy, Clouds, Atmospheric state and Precipitation at Summit (ICECAPS) project at Summit, Greenland, offers a unique, ground‐based opportunity to study precipitation in central Greenland where the surface mass balance is positive. Combining data from a Precipitation Occurrence Sensor System (POSS), Millimeter‐wavelength Cloud Radar (MMCR), and snow stake field, the annual cycle of precipitation at Summit is examined. Average daily snowfall is higher by a factor of 3 from June to October compared to November to May, while surface height change is only higher by 15% during the same timeframes. This reduced variability in surface height is explained by the seasonally varying nature of latent heat flux, compaction, and wind contributions. The ICECAPS remote sensors and stake field measurements do not agree as far as total annual water equivalent. This discrepancy is likely due to a low bias in the POSS and MMCR snowfall retrievals for Summit. To further examine the seasonal cycle, snowfall measurements by the POSS were linked to local meteorological parameters, including wind direction, liquid water path (LWP), 2 m temperature, and precipitable water vapor. An observed wind direction and moisture dependence are consistent with snowfall being linked to pulses of moist air that originate over nearby, ice‐free ocean, a resource that becomes more readily available in summertime as the winter sea ice retreats. LWP is shown to have little relationship to snowfall, indicating that ice‐phase precipitation processes are quite important for snowfall at Summit.
Temperature sensitivity of organic carbon mineralization in contrasting lake sediments
Authors: Gudasz Cristian , Sobek Sebastian , Bastviken David , Koehler Birgit , Tranvik Lars J.
Published: June 2015

Temperature alone explains a great amount of variation in sediment organic carbon (OC) mineralization. Studies on decomposition of soil OC suggest that (1) temperature sensitivity differs between the fast and slowly decomposition OC and (2) over time, decreasing soil respiration is coupled with increase in temperature sensitivity. In lakes, autochthonous and allochthonous OC sources are generally regarded as fast and slowly decomposing OC, respectively. Lake sediments with different contributions of allochthonous and autochthonous components, however, showed similar temperature sensitivity in short‐term incubation experiments. Whether the mineralization of OC in lake sediments dominated by allochthonous or autochthonous OC has different temperature sensitivity in the longer term has not been addressed. We incubated sediments from two boreal lakes that had contrasting OC origin (allochthonous versus autochthonous), and OC characteristics (C/N ratios of 21 and 10) at 1, 3, 5, 8, 13, and 21°C for five months. Compared to soil and litter mineralization, sediment OC mineralization rates were low in spite of low apparent activation energy (Ea). The fraction of the total OC pool that was lost during five months varied between 0.4 and 14.8%. We estimate that the sediment OC pool not becoming long‐term preserved was degraded with average apparent turnover times between 3 and 32 years. While OC mineralization was strongly dependent on temperature as well as on OC composition and origin, temperature sensitivity was similar across lakes and over time. We suggest that the temperature sensitivity of OC mineralization in lake sediments is similar across systems within the relevant seasonal scales of OC supply and degradation.
Justice, Rawlsian Theory of
Authors: Senn Stephen
Published: June 2015

The relevance of John Rawls's Theory of Justice to the theory and practice of statistics, in particular decision‐making under uncertainty, is considered.
Mosaic Displays
Authors: Friendly Michael
Published: June 2015

Mosaic displays are a graphical method used to help visualize the pattern of associations among two or more categorical variables in cross‐classified frequency tables. They represent the marginal and conditional frequencies by the area of rectangular “tiles”, and the associations among categories by color and shading intensity that reflects the departure (residuals) from some loglinear model of independence.