bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lentivirus-Mediated siRNA Targeting ER-αInhibits Tumorigenesis and Induces Apoptosis in Hepatocarcinoma Cells
Authors: Jiang Ping , Cao Jun , Bai Wen-Hui
Published: August 2015

Background and Objectives. Estrogen receptor-α(ER-α) plays important roles in hepatocarcinogenesis. Recent studies have shown that ER-αcould lead to cell cycle progression or inhibition of apoptosis. To better understand the role of ER-α, RNA interference (RNAi) was used to inhibit ER-αexpression in the human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells.Methods. Lentivirus-mediated ER-αsmall interfering RNA (siRNA) was transfected into HCC cells Hep3B. ER-αexpression was monitored by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion were examined by methyl thiazol tetrazolium (MTT), flow cytometry (FCM), and invasion assay, respectively.Results. ER-αsiRNA efficiently downregulated the expression of ER-αin Hep3B cells at both mRNA and protein levels in a time-dependent manner. ER-αsiRNA also inhibited cell proliferation and reduced cell invasion (compared with other groups,P<0.05, resp.). Furthermore, knockdown of ER-αslowed down the cell population at S phase and increased the rate of apoptosis (P<0.05, resp.).Conclusion. ER-αknockdown suppressed the growth of HCC cells. Thus, ER-αmay play a very important role in carcinogenesis of HCC and its knockdown may offer a new potential gene therapy approach for human liver cancer in the future.
A Novel Soundproof Ventilation Plant Design with High Performance and No Energy Consumption
Authors: Yu Ya-Lin , Chao Yu-Tin , Lee Lai-Chung , Yen Jia-Yush , Fan Yun-Chiu
Published: August 2015

This paper proposes an advanced approach for designing soundproof windows with good ventilation. The structure of this study is based on three acoustics theorem and can reduce noise and ventilate the space at the same time. Using this structure on wall can help also avoid noise interference effect indoors and increase air quality. This study uses plants as appropriate soundproof structure to improve carbon dioxide content for providing better living environment. Simulations of the sound field and CFD demonstrate that the structure has good performance on noise reduction and effect of ventilation.
MRI for Assessing Response to Neoadjuvant Therapy in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Using DCE-MR and DW-MR Data Sets: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Petrillo Mario , Fusco Roberta , Catalano Orlando , Sansone Mario , Avallone Antonio , Delrio Paolo , Pecori Biagio , Tatangelo Fabiana , Petrillo Antonella
Published: August 2015

To evaluate MRI for neoadjuvant therapy response assessment in locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) using dynamic contrast enhanced-MRI (DCE-MRI) and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), we have compared magnetic resonance volumetry based on DCE-MRI (V(DCE)) and on DWI (V(DWI)) scans with conventional T2-weighted volumetry (V(C)) in LARC patients after neoadjuvant therapy. Twenty-nine patients with LARC underwent MR examination before and after neoadjuvant therapy. A manual segmentation was performed on DCE-MR postcontrast images, on DWI (b-value 800 s/mm2), and on conventional T2-weighted images by two radiologists. DCE-MRI, DWI, and T2-weigthed volumetric changes before and after treatment were evaluated. Nonparametric sample tests, interobserver agreement, and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) were performed. Diagnostic performance linked to DCE-MRI volumetric change was superior to T2-w and DW-MRI volumetric changes performance (specificity 86%, sensitivity 93%, and accuracy 93%). Area Under ROC (AUC) ofV(DCE) was greater than AUCs ofV(C) andV(DWI) resulting in an increase of 15.6% and 11.1%, respectively. Interobserver agreement between two radiologists was 0.977, 0.864, and 0.756 forV(C),V(DCE), andV(DWI), respectively.V(DCE) seems to be a promising tool for therapy response assessment in LARC. Further studies on large series of patients are needed to refine technique and evaluate its potential value.
Prepolymerization of Lacquer Sap under Pure Oxygen Atmosphere and Its Effects on the Properties of Lacquer Film
Authors: Yang Jianhong , Zhu Jianfeng , Liu Wanghui , Deng Jianping , Ding Yuanyuan
Published: August 2015

A series of lacquer saps were prepared by prepolymerization under oxygen atmosphere. The prepolymerization process was investigated by GPC, UV-Vis, FT-IR, NMR, and microscope. The results showed that the polymerization of urushiol monomer was accelerated. The content of monomer in the lacquer sap swiftly decreased from 82.68% to 47.75% in 0.5 h. The mechanism of polymerization was complex and was involved in the coupling reaction of phenyl ring, the addition reaction of the unsaturated carbon-carbon double bond groups with urushiol hydroxyl groups, and other reactions that occurred on the side chains. In addition, the prepolymerization also improved significantly the drying property of lacquer film, especially at low relative humidity. At the same time, the sizes of the water drops in the lacquer saps significantly decreased with increasing the stirring time and the surface of lacquer film became smoother, which resulted in its excellent gloss (109–125). Due to the prepolymerization, the pencil hardness and the thermal stability of lacquer film were slightly improved as well.
Evaluation of Nutritional Status of Patients with Depression
Authors: Kaner Gülşah , Soylu Meltem , Yüksel Nimet , Inanç Neriman , Ongan Dilek , Başmısırlı Eda
Published: August 2015

Aims and Objectives. Our goal was to determine nutritional status, body composition, and biochemical parameters of patients diagnosed with depression based on DSM-IV-TR criteria.Methods. A total of 59 individuals, aged 18–60 years admitted to Mental Health Centre of Kayseri Education and Research Hospital, were included in the study. The participants were randomly assigned to two groups; depression group (n=29) and control group (n=30). Anthropometric measurements, some biochemical parameters, demographic data, and 24-hour dietary recall were evaluated.Results. 65.5% of depression and 60.0% of control group were female. Intake of vitamins A, thiamine, riboflavin, B6, folate, C, Na, K, Mg, Ca, P, Fe, Zn, and fibre (p<0.05) were lower in depression group. Median levels of body weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio (p<0.05) were significantly higher in depression group. Fasting blood glucose levels, serum vitamins B12, and folic acid (p<0.05) in depression group were lower than controls. Serum insulin and HOMA levels of two groups were similar.Conclusion. Some vitamin B consumption and serum vitamin B12 and folic acid levels were low while signs of abdominal obesity were high among patients with depression. Future research exploring nutritional status of individuals with depression is warranted.
A Prospective Randomized Study of Brain Tissue Oxygen Pressure-Guided Management in Moderate and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Patients
Authors: Lin Chien-Min , Lin Ming-Chin , Huang Sheng-Jean , Chang Cheng-Kuei , Chao Dan-Ping , Lui Tai-Ngar , Ma Hsin-I , Liu Ming-Ying , Chung Wen-Yuh , Shih Yang-Hsin , Tsai Shin-Han , Chiou Hung-Yi , Lin Mau-Roung , Jen Sen-Li , Wei Li , Wu Chung-Che , Lin En-Yuan , Liao Kuo-Hsing , Chiang Yung-Hsiao , Chiu Wen-Ta , Lin Jia-Wei
Published: August 2015

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of PbtO2-guided therapy with traditional intracranial pressure- (ICP-) guided treatment on the management of cerebral variables, therapeutic interventions, survival rates, and neurological outcomes of moderate and severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. From 2009 to 2010, TBI patients with a Glasgow coma scale <12 were recruited from 6 collaborative hospitals in northern Taiwan, excluding patients with severe systemic injuries, fixed and dilated pupils, and other major diseases. In total, 23 patients were treated with PbtO2-guided management (PbtO2> 20 mmHg), and 27 patients were treated with ICP-guided therapy (ICP < 20 mmHg and CPP > 60 mmHg) in the neurosurgical intensive care unit (NICU); demographic characteristics were similar across groups. The survival rate in the PbtO2-guided group was also significantly increased at 3 and 6 months after injury. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between the PbtO2signal and Glasgow outcome scale-extended in patients from 1 to 6 months after injury. This finding demonstrates that therapy directed by PbtO2monitoring is valuable for the treatment of patients with moderate and severe TBI and that increasing PaO2to 150 mmHg may be efficacious for preventing cerebral hypoxic events after brain trauma.
Bacopa monnieriExtract (CDRI-08) Modulates the NMDA Receptor Subunits and nNOS-Apoptosis Axis in Cerebellum of Hepatic Encephalopathy Rats
Authors: Mondal Papia , Trigun Surendra Kumar
Published: August 2015

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE), characterized by impaired cerebellar functions during chronic liver failure (CLF), involves N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) overactivation in the brain cells.Bacopa monnieri(BM) extract is a known neuroprotectant. The present paper evaluates whether BM extract is able to modulate the two NMDAR subunits (NR2A and NR2B) and its downstream mediators in cerebellum of rats with chronic liver failure (CLF), induced by administration of 50 mg/kg bw thioacetamide (TAA) i.p. for 14 days, and in the TAA group rats orally treated with 200 mg/kg bw BM extract from days 8 to 14. NR2A is known to impart neuroprotection and that of NR2B induces neuronal death during NMDAR activation. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase- (nNOS-) apoptosis pathway is known to mediate NMDAR led excitotoxicity. The level of NR2A was found to be significantly reduced with a concomitant increase of NR2B in cerebellum of the CLF rats. This was consistent with significantly enhanced nNOS expression, nitric oxide level, and reduced Bcl2/Bax ratio. Moreover, treatment with BM extract reversed the NR2A/NR2B ratio and also normalized the levels of nNOS-apoptotic factors in cerebellum of those rats. The findings suggest modulation of NR2A and NR2B expression by BM extract to prevent neurochemical alterations associated with HE.
A Window into the Brain: Advances in Psychiatric fMRI
Authors: Zhan Xiaoyan , Yu Rongjun
Published: August 2015

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) plays a key role in modern psychiatric research. It provides a means to assay differences in brain systems that underlie psychiatric illness, treatment response, and properties of brain structure and function that convey risk factor for mental diseases. Here we review recent advances in fMRI methods in general use and progress made in understanding the neural basis of mental illness. Drawing on concepts and findings from psychiatric fMRI, we propose that mental illness may not be associated with abnormalities in specific local regions but rather corresponds to variation in the overall organization of functional communication throughout the brain network. Future research may need to integrate neuroimaging information drawn from different analysis methods and delineate spatial and temporal patterns of brain responses that are specific to certain types of psychiatric disorders.
Three-Dimensional Assessment of Bilateral Symmetry of the Scaphoid: An Anatomic Study
Authors: ten Berg Paul W. L. , Dobbe Johannes G. G. , Strackee Simon D. , Streekstra Geert J.
Published: August 2015

Preoperative 3D CT imaging techniques provide displacement analysis of the distal scaphoid fragment in 3D space, using the matched opposite scaphoid as reference. Its accuracy depends on the presence of anatomical bilateral symmetry, which has not been investigated yet using similar techniques. Our purpose was to investigate symmetry by comparing the relative positions of distal and proximal poles between sides. We used bilateral CT scans of 19 adult healthy volunteers to obtain 3D scaphoid models. Left proximal and distal poles were matched to corresponding mirrored right sides. The left-to-right positional differences between poles were quantified in terms of three translational and three rotational parameters. The mean (SD) of ulnar, dorsal, and distal translational differences of distal poles relative to proximal poles was 0.1 (0.6); 0.4 (1.2); 0.2 (0.6) mm and that of palmar rotation, ulnar deviation, and pronation differences was −1.1 (4.9); −1.5 (3.3); 1.0 (3.7)°, respectively. These differences did not significantly differ from zero and thus were not biased to left or right side. We proved that, on average, the articular surfaces of scaphoid poles were symmetrically aligned in 3D space. This suggests that the contralateral scaphoid can serve as reference in corrective surgery. No level of evidence is available.
Antecubital Fossa Solitary Osteochondroma with Associated Bicipitoradial Bursitis
Authors: Ng Colin , Bibiano Luigi , Grech Stephan , Magazinovic Branko
Published: August 2015

Antecubital fossa lesions are uncommon conditions that present to the orthopaedic clinic. Furthermore, the radius bone is an uncommonly reported location for an osteochondroma, especially when presenting with a concurrent reactive bicipitoradial bursitis. Osteochondromas are a type of developmental lesion rather than a true neoplasm. They constitute up to 15% of all bone tumours and up to 50% of benign bone tumours. They may occur as solitary or multiple lesions. Multiple lesions are usually associated with a syndrome known as hereditary multiple exostoses (HME). Malignant transformation is known to occur but is rare. Bicipitoradial bursitis is a condition which can occur as primary or secondary (reactive) pathology. In our case, the radius bone osteochondroma caused reactive bicipitoradial bursitis. The differential diagnosis of such antecubital fossa masses is vast but may be narrowed down through a targeted history, stepwise radiological investigations, and histological confirmation. Our aim is to ensure that orthopaedic clinicians keep a wide differential in mind when dealing with antecubital fossa mass lesions.
Experimental Study on Unconfined Compressive Strength of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Clay Soil
Authors: Gao Lei , Hu Guohui , Xu Nan , Fu Junyi , Xiang Chao , Yang Chen
Published: August 2015

In order to study the mechanism and effect of basalt fiber reinforced clay soil, a series of unconfined compressive strength tests conducted on clay soil reinforced with basalt fiber have been performed under the condition of optimum water content and maximum dry density. Both the content and length of basalt fiber are considered in this paper. When the effect of content is studied, the 12 mm long fibers are dispersed into clay soil at different contents of 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.20%, 0.25%, 0.30%, and 0.35%. When the effect of length is researched, different lengths of basalt fibers with 4 mm, 8 mm, 12 mm, and 15 mm are put into soil at the same content of 0.05%. Experimental results show that basalt fiber can effectively improve the UCS of clay soil. And the best content and length are 0.25% and 12 mm, respectively. The results also show that the basalt fiber reinforced clay soil has the “poststrong” characteristic. About the reinforcement mechanism, the fiber and soil column-net model is proposed in this paper. Based on this model and SEM images, the effect of fiber content and length is related to the change of fiber-soil column and formation of effective fiber-soil net.
Soluble and Endogenous Secretory Receptors for Advanced Glycation End Products in Threatened Preterm Labor and Preterm Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes
Authors: Rzepka Rafał , Dołegowska Barbara , Rajewska Aleksandra , Kwiatkowski Sebastian , Sałata Daria , Budkowska Marta , Domański Leszek , Mikołajek-Bedner Wioletta , Torbé Andrzej
Published: August 2015

The aim of the study was to compare sRAGE and esRAGE plasma levels in pregnant women with (A) threatened premature labor (n=41), (B) preterm premature rupture of membranes (n=49), and (C) preterm rupture of membranes at term (n=48). The relationship between these and classic intrauterine infection markers and the latent time from symptoms up to delivery depending on RAGE’s concentration were investigated. In groups A and B, a positive correlation was found between plasma sRAGE and latent time (r= 0,422;p= 0,001;r= 0,413,p= 0,004, resp.). High prognostic values were found in both groups for plasma sRAGE concentration and the latent time from symptoms up to delivery. Groups B and C presented higher levels of esRAGE than group A (526,315 ± 129,453 pg/mL and 576,212 ± 136,237 pg/mL versus 485,918 ± 133,127 pg/mL,p<0,05). The conclusion is that sRAGE concentration can be a favorable prognostic factor in the presence of symptoms of threatened premature labor. Higher esRAGE plasma level in case of the rupture of membranes in mature and premature pregnancy suggests its participation in fetal membranes destruction.
Urine Cell-Free DNA Integrity Analysis for Early Detection of Prostate Cancer Patients
Authors: Salvi Samanta , Gurioli Giorgia , Martignano Filippo , Foca Flavia , Gunelli Roberta , Cicchetti Giacomo , De Giorgi Ugo , Zoli Wainer , Calistri Daniele , Casadio Valentina
Published: August 2015

Introduction. The detection of tumor-specific markers in urine has paved the way for new early noninvasive diagnostic approaches for prostate cancer. We evaluated the DNA integrity in urine supernatant to verify its capacity to discriminate between prostate cancer and benign diseases of the urogenital tract.Patients and Methods. A total of 131 individuals were enrolled: 67 prostate cancer patients and 64 patients with benign diseases of the urogenital tract (control group). Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels were determined. Urine cell-free (UCF) DNA was isolated and sequences longer than 250 bp corresponding to 3 genes (c-MYC,HER2, andAR) were quantified by Real-Time PCR to assess UCF-DNA integrity.Results. UCF-DNA was quantifiable in all samples, while UCF-DNA integrity was evaluable in all but 16 samples. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed an area under the curve of 0.5048 for UCF-DNA integrity and 0.8423 for PSA. Sensitivity was 0.58 and 0.95 for UCF-DNA integrity and PSA, respectively. Specificity was 0.44 and 0.69, respectively.Conclusions. UCF-DNA integrity showed lower accuracy than PSA and would not seem to be a reliable marker for early prostate cancer diagnosis. Despite this, we believe that UCF-DNA could represent a source of other biomarkers and could detect gene alterations.
MRI Guided Brain Stimulation without the Use of a Neuronavigation System
Authors: Vaghefi Ehsan , Cai Peng , Fang Fang , Byblow Winston D. , Stinear Cathy M. , Thompson Benjamin
Published: August 2015

A key issue in the field of noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) is the accurate localization of scalp positions that correspond to targeted cortical areas. The current gold standard is to combine structural and functional brain imaging with a commercially available “neuronavigation” system. However, neuronavigation systems are not commonplace outside of specialized research environments. Here we describe a technique that allows for the use of participant-specific functional and structural MRI data to guide NIBS without a neuronavigation system. Surface mesh representations of the head were generated using Brain Voyager and vectors linking key anatomical landmarks were drawn on the mesh. Our technique was then used to calculate the precise distances on the scalp corresponding to these vectors. These calculations were verified using actual measurements of the head and the technique was used to identify a scalp position corresponding to a brain area localized using functional MRI.
Connectivity-Sensed Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: Analysis and Design
Authors: Li Changle , Wang Mengmeng , Zhu Lina
Published: August 2015

With the fast development of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), various VANET applications, especially safety and infotainment service, have stronger requirements for reliable network connectivity. Intermittent connectivity has become a thorny problem in VANETs, which causes unreliable vehicle to vehicle (V2V) connection due to high vehicle mobility. In this paper, we have studied the network connectivity using a stochastic analysis model and then we prove average intervehicle distance influences VANET connectivity greatly. Based on our analysis, we propose a connectivity-sensed routing protocol (CSR) for VANETs in urban scenario. CSR utilizes vehicle distribution information collected by intersection infrastructure to help vehicles select a road not only with progress to destination but also with better network connectivity. Moreover, simulation results demonstrate that the CSR protocol achieves much lower end-to-end delay, higher delivery rate, and higher throughput than traditional routing protocols.
Two-Dimensional Crystallization Procedure, from Protein Expression to Sample Preparation
Authors: Kuang Qie , Purhonen Pasi , Hebert Hans
Published: August 2015

Membrane proteins play important roles for living cells. Structural studies of membrane proteins provide deeper understanding of their mechanisms and further aid in drug design. As compared to other methods, electron microscopy is uniquely suitable for analysis of a broad range of specimens, from small proteins to large complexes. Of various electron microscopic methods, electron crystallography is particularly well-suited to study membrane proteins which are reconstituted into two-dimensional crystals in lipid environments. In this review, we discuss the steps and parameters for obtaining large and well-ordered two-dimensional crystals. A general description of the principle in each step is provided since this information can also be applied to other biochemical and biophysical methods. The examples are taken from our own studies and published results with related proteins. Our purpose is to give readers a more general idea of electron crystallography and to share our experiences in obtaining suitable crystals for data collection.
Sauropus androgynus(L.) Merr. Induced Bronchiolitis Obliterans: From Botanical Studies to Toxicology
Authors: Bunawan Hamidun , Bunawan Siti Noraini , Baharum Syarul Nataqain , Noor Normah Mohd.
Published: August 2015

Sauropus androgynusL. Merr. is one of the most popular herbs in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and China where it was known as a slimming agent until two outbreaks of pulmonary dysfunction were reported in Taiwan and Japan in 1995 and 2005, respectively. Several studies described that the excessive consumption ofSauropus androgynuscould cause drowsiness, constipation, and bronchiolitis obliterans and may lead to respiratory failure. Interestingly, this herb has been used in Malaysia and Indonesia in cooking and is commonly called the “multigreen” or “multivitamin” plant due to its high nutritive value and inexpensive source of dietary protein. The plant is widely used in traditional medicine for wound healing, inducing lactation, relief of urinary disorders, as an antidiabetic cure and also fever reduction. Besides these medicinal uses, the plant can also be used as colouring agent in food. This review will explore and compile the fragmented knowledge available on the botany, ethnobotany, chemical constitutes, pharmacological properties, and toxicological aspects of this plant. This comprehensive review will give readers the fundamental, comprehensive, and current knowledge regardingSauropus androgynusL. Merr.
Microwave Synthesis, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Activity of Some Novel Isatin Derivatives
Authors: El-Faham Ayman , Hozzein Wael N. , Wadaan Mohammad A. M. , Khattab Sherine N. , Ghabbour Hazem A. , Fun Hoong-Kun , Siddiqui Mohammed Rafiq
Published: August 2015

Three series of isatin derivatives [3-hydrazino, 3-thiosemicarbazino, and 3-imino carboxylic acid derivatives] were synthesized employing microwave irradiation. The prepared compounds were characterized by FT-IR, NMR, elemental analysis, and X-ray crystallography for derivatives5b. The synthesized compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity against selected bacteria and fungi. The results revealed that theN-alkyl isatin derivatives were biologically active with different spectrums activity. Most of the 3-hydrazino and 3-thiosemicarbazino isatin derivatives were biologically inactive and generally the active derivatives showed weak to moderate activity mainly against Gram-positive bacteria. The imino isatin carboxylic acid derivatives (2-[4-(1-benzyl-5-bromo-2-oxoindolin-3-ylideneamino) phenyl]acetic acid,5d) showed promising activity against all tested Gram-positive bacteria and against fungal pathogens.
Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Quinones from Compost for Microbial Community Analysis
Authors: Juliasih Ni Luh Gede Ratna , Yuan Lee Chang , Sago Yuki , Atsuta Yoichi , Daimon Hiroyuki
Published: August 2015

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was used to extract quinones from compost to monitor the microbial community dynamics during composting. The 0.3 g of dried compost was extracted using 3 mL min−1of carbon dioxide (90%) and methanol (10%) at 45°C and 25 MPa for a 30 min extraction time. The extracted quinones were analysed using ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with 0.3 mL min−1of methanol mobile phase for a 50 min chromatographic run time. A comparable detected amount of quinones was obtained using the developed method and an organic solvent extraction method, being 36.06 μmol kg−1and 34.54 μmol kg−1, respectively. Significantly low value of dissimilarity index (D) between the two methods (0.05) indicated that the quinone profile obtained by both methods was considered identical. The developed method was then applied to determine the maturity of the compost by monitoring the change of quinone during composting. The UQ-9 and MK-7 were predominant quinones in the initial stage of composting. The diversity of quinone became more complex during the cooling and maturation stages. This study showed that SFE had successfully extracted quinones from a complex matrix with simplification and rapidity of the analysis that is beneficial for routine analysis.
Simultaneous Organic and Inorganic Analysis of Colored Oriental Lacquerware by Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Kamiya Yoshimi , Honda Takayuki , Ohbuchi Atsushi , Miyakoshi Tetsuo
Published: August 2015

Organic analysis and inorganic analysis are generally based on different physical principles, and for this reason it is difficult to analyze resins and pigments simultaneously. For these reasons, we have performed Py-GC/MS measurements of red-, yellow-, and green-colored lacquer films applied to lacquerware items to assess the feasibility of simultaneously detecting resin ingredients together with certain pigments. We have also compared our findings to the results of SEM-EDS, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) measurements. XRD analysis yielded molecular-level information (information on binding states) regarding mercury (Hg) and iron (Fe); however, the information obtained for arsenic (As) and sulfur (S) was insufficient. In contrast, Py-GC/MS analyses simultaneously yielded molecular-level information on arsenic (As) and sulfur (S) together with detection of the primary ingredients of the lacquer. For this reason, it shows that several pieces of information is provided easily and quickly when the colored lacquer cultural heritage is measured using the Py-GC/MS method.
Morphometric Evaluation of Korean Femurs by Geometric Computation: Comparisons of the Sex and the Population
Authors: Cho Ho-Jung , Kwak Dai-Soon , Kim In-Beom
Published: August 2015

We measured 28 parameters of 202 femurs from Koreans by an automated geometric computation program using 3D models generated from computed tomography images. The measurement parameters were selected with reference to physical and forensic anthropology studies as well as orthopedic implant design studies. All measurements were calculated using 3D reconstructions on a computer using scientific computation language. We also analyzed sex and population differences by comparison with data from previous studies. Most parameters were larger in males than in females. The height, head diameter, head center offset, and chord length of the diaphysis, most parameters in the distal femur, and the isthmic width of the medullary canal were smaller in Koreans than in other populations. However, the neck-shaft angle, subtense, and width of the intercondylar notch in the distal femur were larger than those in other populations. The results of this study will be useful as a reference for physical and forensic anthropology as well as the design of medical devices suitable for Koreans.
The Core/Shell Structure of CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots Characterized by X‐Ray Absorption Fine Spectroscopy
Authors: Wei Huijing , Zhou Jing , Zhang Linjuan , Wang Fang , Wang Jianqiang , Jin Chan
Published: August 2015

Understanding the chemical and physical properties of core/shell nanocrystal quantum dots (QDs) is key for their use in light‐emission applications. In this paper, a single‐step injection‐free scalable synthetic method is applied to prepare high‐quality core/shell QDs with emission wavelengths of 544 nm, 601 nm, and 634 nm. X‐ray absorption fine structure spectra are used to determine the core/shell structure of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots. Moreover, theoretical XANES spectra calculated by FEFF.8.20 are used to determine the structure of Se and S compounds. The QD samples displayed nearly spherical shapes with diameters of approximately 3.4 ± 0.5 nm (634 nm), 4.5 ± 0.4 nm (601 nm), and 5.5 ± 0.5 nm (544 nm). With XANES results and MS calculations, it is indicated that sphalerite ZnS capped with organic sulfur ligands should be the shell structure. Wurtzite CdSe is the main core structure with a Cd‐Se bond length of 2.3 Å without phase shift. This means that different emission wavelengths are only due to the crystal size with single‐step injection‐free synthesis. Therefore, single‐step injection‐free synthesis could generate a nearly ideal core/shell structure of CdSe/ZnS QDs capped with an organic sulfur ligand.
Effective Evaluation of the Noise Factor of Microchannel Plate
Authors: Wang Honggang , Du Yujie , Feng Yu , Lv Yang , Hu Xiaoming , Qian Yunsheng
Published: August 2015

To improve the noise performance of microchannel plate (MCP), we have presented a method using the sine random signals with Poisson distribution as the noise-excitation for electron source. By using this method, the effective evaluation of noise characteristics of MCP has been implemented through measuring and analyzing its noise factor. The results have demonstrated that the noise factor of filmed MCP is lower than 1.8. Additionally, as the open area ratio and the input electron energy are 72% and 400 eV, respectively, the noise characteristics of unfilmed MCP are improved evidently. Moreover, larger open area ratio, higher input electron energy, and higher voltage across the MCP all can reduce effectively the noise factor within a certain range. Meanwhile, the ion barrier film extends the life of image tube but at the cost of an increased noise factor. Therefore, it is necessary that a compromise between the optimum thickness of ion barrier film, open area ratio, input electron energy, and voltage across the MCP must be reached.
Polymerization of Oriental Lacquer (Urushi) with Epoxidized Linseed Oil as a New Reactive Diluent
Authors: Ishimura Takahisa , Yoshida Takashi
Published: August 2015

A hybrid lacquer (HBL) paint prepared by combining a natural kurome lacquer (KL) paint and an amino silane reagent, for example,N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (AATES), produced a polymerized film faster than the KL paint alone. However, the viscosity of the HBL paint was too viscous for easy handling. Addition of 10 wt% of an epoxidized linseed oil, ELO-6, with 6.4 mol% epoxidation as a reactive diluent to the HBL paint decreased the viscosity by 1/2 from 25476 mPa·s to 12841 mPa·s and improved the ease of coatability. The polymerization mechanism was elucidated by NMR measurements of extracts from the resulting polymerization films, suggesting that amino groups in the HBL paint reacted with epoxy groups of ELO-6 in the lacquer matrix, and then the complex reacted with double bonds of the urushiol side-chain by autooxidation and cross-linking reactions to give a hard polymerized film with a high quality of color and gloss. These results indicate that the addition of ELO-6 improved the polymerizability of both KL and HBL paints without decreasing the quality of the resulting films.
Using Magnetic Resonance for Predicting Femoral Strength: Added Value with respect to Bone Densitometry
Authors: Louis Olivia , Fierens Yves , Strantza Maria , Luypaert Robert , de Mey Johan , Cattrysse Erik
Published: August 2015

Background and Purpose. To evaluate the added value of MRI with respect to peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for predicting femoral strength.Material and Methods. Bone mineral density (BMD) of eighteen femur specimens was assessed with pQCT, DXA, and MRI (using ultrashort echo times (UTE) and the MicroView software). Subsequently biomechanical testing was performed to assess failure load. Simple and multiple linear regression were used with failure load as the dependent variable.Results. Simple linear regression allowed a prediction of failure load with either pQCT, DXA, or MRI in anr2range of 0.41–0.48. Multiple linear regression with pQCT, DXA, and MRI yielded the best prediction (r2=0.68).Conclusions. The accuracy of MRI, using UTE and MicroView software, to predict femoral strength compares well with that of pQCT or DXA. Furthermore, the inclusion of MRI in a multiple-regression model yields the best prediction.
Surface Corrosion Resistance in Turning of Titanium Alloy
Authors: Zhang Rui , Ai Xing , Wan Yi , Liu Zhanqiang , Zhang Dong , Feng Sheng
Published: August 2015

This work addresses the issues associated with implant surface modification. We propose a method to form the oxide film on implant surfaces by dry turning to generate heat and injecting oxygen-rich gas at the turning-tool flank. The morphology, roughness, composition, and thickness of the oxide films in an oxygen-rich atmosphere were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, optical profiling, and Auger electron spectroscopy. Electrochemical methods were used to study the corrosion resistance of the modified surfaces. The corrosion resistance trends, analyzed relative to the oxide film thickness, indicate that the oxide film thickness is the major factor affecting the corrosion resistance of titanium alloys in a simulated body fluid (SBF). Turning in an oxygen-rich atmosphere can form a thick oxide film on the implant surface. The thickness of surface oxide films processed at an oxygen concentration of 80% was improved to 4.6 times that of films processed at an oxygen concentration of 21%; the free corrosion potential shifted positively by 0.357 V, which significantly improved the corrosion resistance of titanium alloys in the SBF. Therefore, the proposed method may (partially) replace the subsequent surface oxidation. This method is significant for biomedical development because it shortens the process flow, improves the efficiency, and lowers the cost.
An Efficient Downloading Service of Large Popular Files in VANET Based on 802.11p Protocol
Authors: Zhao Weicheng , Qin Yajuan , Cheng Yujun
Published: August 2015

With the improvement of technology and the increasing demand for convenience and comfort, new interests have emerged in commercial and entertainment service in VANET. The downloading service of large popular files has played a crucial role for those commercial and entertainment service application. In this paper the author proposed an efficient scheme to help vehicle nodes download the large popular files from the Road Side Unit (RSU). Due to the constraint density of RSU and high mobility of vehicle nodes, vehicle nodes cannot download the whole large files from RSU before they move out of the communication range. To deal with this problem, we proposed multiple access modes downloading schemes: vehicles download files from RSU directly, vehicles download files through relay vehicles, and vehicles download files through other vehicles. We give credit-based incentives for relay vehicle selection to guarantee the stability and quality of the link bandwidth. We also proposed a game theory-based way to control number of neighbors reply packets, which does not cost additional bandwidth resource and ensure integrity of the files. Finally, simulations show that our proposed schemes performed well in high mobility VANET environment and ensure the data integrity.
How to Quantify Penile Corpus Cavernosum Structures with Histomorphometry: Comparison of Two Methods
Authors: Felix-Patrício Bruno , De Souza Diogo Benchimol , Gregório Bianca Martins , Costa Waldemar Silva , Sampaio Francisco José
Published: August 2015

The use of morphometrical tools in biomedical research permits the accurate comparison of specimens subjected to different conditions, and the surface density of structures is commonly used for this purpose. The traditional point-counting method is reliable but time-consuming, with computer-aided methods being proposed as an alternative. The aim of this study was to compare the surface density data of penile corpus cavernosum trabecular smooth muscle in different groups of rats, measured by two observers using the point-counting or color-based segmentation method. Ten normotensive and 10 hypertensive male rats were used in this study. Rat penises were processed to obtain smooth muscle immunostained histological slices and photomicrographs captured for analysis. The smooth muscle surface density was measured in both groups by two different observers by the point-counting method and by the color-based segmentation method. Hypertensive rats showed an increase in smooth muscle surface density by the two methods, and no difference was found between the results of the two observers. However, surface density values were higher by the point-counting method. The use of either method did not influence the final interpretation of the results, and both proved to have adequate reproducibility. However, as differences were found between the two methods, results obtained by either method should not be compared.
Volumetric Growth of the Liver in the Human Fetus: An Anatomical, Hydrostatic, and Statistical Study
Authors: Szpinda Michał , Paruszewska-Achtel Monika , Woźniak Alina , Mila-Kierzenkowska Celestyna , Elminowska-Wenda Gabriela , Dombek Małgorzata , Szpinda Anna , Badura Mateusz
Published: August 2015

Using anatomical, hydrostatic, and statistical methods, liver volumes were assessed in 69 human fetuses of both sexes aged 18–30 weeks. No sex differences were found. The median of liver volume achieved by hydrostatic measurements increased from 6.57 cm3at 18–21 weeks through 14.36 cm3at 22–25 weeks to 20.77 cm3at 26–30 weeks, according to the following regression:y= −26.95 + 1.74×age ±Z  ×(−3.15 + 0.27×age). The median of liver volume calculated indirectly according to the formula liver volume = 0.55×liver length×liver transverse diameter×liver sagittal diameter increased from 12.41 cm3at 18–21 weeks through 28.21 cm3at 22–25 weeks to 49.69 cm3at 26–30 weeks. There was a strong relationship (r=0.91,p<0.001) between the liver volumes achieved by hydrostatic (x) and indirect (y) methods, expressed byy= −0.05 + 2.16x  ± 7.26. The liver volume should be calculated as follows liver volume = 0.26×liver length×liver transverse diameter×liver sagittal diameter. The age-specific liver volumes are of great relevance in the evaluation of the normal hepatic growth and the early diagnosis of fetal micro- and macrosomias.
Reexamination of Statistical Methods for Comparative Anatomy: Examples of Its Application and Comparisons with Other Parametric and Nonparametric Statistics
Authors: Aversi-Ferreira Roqueline A. G. M. F. , Nishijo Hisao , Aversi-Ferreira Tales Alexandre
Published: August 2015

Various statistical methods have been published for comparative anatomy. However, few studies compared parametric and nonparametric statistical methods. Moreover, some previous studies using statistical method for comparative anatomy (SMCA) proposed the formula for comparison of groups of anatomical structures (multiple structures) among different species. The present paper described the usage of SMCA and compared the results by SMCA with those by parametric test (t-test) and nonparametric analyses (cladistics) of anatomical data. In conclusion, the SMCA can offer a more exact and precise way to compare single and multiple anatomical structures across different species, which requires analyses of nominal features in comparative anatomy.
Relative Motion between St. Croix and the Puerto Rico-Northern Virgin Islands Block Derived from Continuous GPS Observations (1995–2014)
Authors: Liu Hanlin , Wang Guoquan
Published: August 2015

St. Croix is located inside the sweep of the Lesser Antilles arc and near the southeastern edge of the Greater Antillean ridge. It is separated from the Puerto Rico and the Northern Virgin Islands (PRNVI) block by the Virgin Islands basin. Recent seismic activities demonstrate that the Virgin Islands basin is tectonically active. A better understanding of fault activities in the basin would improve seismic hazard assessment in this region. This study illustrates out a detailed way of deriving relative motion between St. Croix and the PRNVI block using current GPS geodesy infrastructure in the PRVI region. The local geodesy infrastructure includes over 20 continuous GPS stations and a Stable PRNVI Reference Frame (SPRNVIRF). Twenty-year continuous GPS observations (1995–2014) on St. Croix indicate that the island is presently moving away from the PRNVI block toward the southeast (S55°E) at a steady rate of 1.7 mm/year. The velocity vector can be decomposed into two 1.2 mm/year components along the long-axis and short-axis directions of the rhomboidal Virgin Islands basin. Quantitative results indicate that the Virgin Islands basin presently experiences left-lateral motion in a nearly east-west direction and extension in a nearly north-south direction.
A Survey of Multicast Routing Protocols for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
Authors: Farooq Waqar , Khan Muazzam A. , Rehman Saad , Saqib Nazar Abbas
Published: August 2015

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are autonomous and self-configurable wireless ad hoc networks and considered as a subset of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs). MANET is composed of self-organizing mobile nodes which communicate through a wireless link without any network infrastructure. A VANET uses vehicles as mobile nodes for creating a network within a range of 100 to 1000 meters. VANET is developed for improving road safety and for providing the latest services of intelligent transport system (ITS). The development and designing of efficient, self-organizing, and reliable VANET are a challenge because the node's mobility is highly dynamic which results in frequent network disconnections and partitioning. VANET protocols reduce the power consumption, transmission overhead, and network partitioning successfully by using multicast routing schemes. In multicasting, the messages are sent to multiple specified nodes from a single source. The novel aspect of this paper is that it categorizes all VANET multicast routing protocols into geocast and cluster-based routing. Moreover, the performance of all protocols is analyzed by comparing their routing techniques and approaches.
Low-Dose Ribavirin Treatments Attenuate Neuroinflammatory Activation of BV-2 Cells by Interfering with Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase
Authors: Bozic Iva , Savic Danijela , Jovanovic Marija , Bjelobaba Ivana , Laketa Danijela , Nedeljkovic Nadezda , Stojiljkovic Mirjana , Pekovic Sanja , Lavrnja Irena
Published: August 2015

Microglia play a key role in defending central nervous system from various internal and external threats. However, their excessive and/or chronic activation is associated with deleterious effects in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. Previously, we have shown that ribavirin when applied in clinically relevant dosage (10 μM) modulates activated microglia in complex fashion inducing both anti- and proinflammatory effects, simultaneously causing cytotoxicity. Here, we examined potential of low-dose ribavirin (0.1 and 1 μM) to modulate activated BV-2 microglia. Morphological and functional activation of BV-2 cells was achieved with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Our results demonstrated that low-dose ribavirin did not induce cell death, while 10 μM ribavirin promoted LPS induced apoptosis. We determined that 1 μM ribavirin was equally efficient in deactivation of LPS induced morphological changes as 10 μM ribavirin treatment. Ribavirin showed halfway success in reducing markers of functional activation of microglia. Namely, none of the doses had effect on LPS triggered production of proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha. On the other hand, low-dose ribavirin proved its effectiveness in reduction of another inflammatory mediator, nitric oxide, by inhibiting inducible form of nitric oxide synthase. Our results imply that low-dose ribavirin may alleviate nitrosative stress during neuroinflammation.
Research and Simulation of the Electrical Vehicle Based Dynamical System
Authors: Chen Ko-Chun , Shih Hsin-Yi
Published: August 2015

This study developed a dynamic model of electric vehicle system by using the MATLAB/Simulink tool. The vehicle model comprises two system components: an electrical system and a suspension system. This study also designed various road conditions for simulating the motion of vehicle traveling along a road. The results show that the electrical and suspension system parameters can be adjusted immediately to enhance passenger comfort. The findings of this research have practical teaching applications. Students can modify the vehicle model parameters byes using the MATLAB graphical user interface, allowing them to observe the motion of vehicle under various road conditions.
Are Cancer Patients’ Socioeconomic and Cultural Factors Associated with Contact to General Practitioners in the Last Phase of Life?
Authors: Neergaard M. A. , Olesen F. , Sondergaard J. , Vedsted P. , Jensen A. B.
Published: August 2015

Introduction. General practitioners (GPs) play an important role in end of life care, which should be offered regardless of socioeconomic position and cultural factors. The aim was to analyse associations between GP contacts at the end of life and socioeconomic and cultural characteristics of Danish cancer patients. Method. Population-based study identifying 599 adults who died of cancer from March to November 2006, in Aarhus County, Denmark. Associations between health register-based data on “total GP face-to-face contacts” and “GP home visits” during the last 90 days of life and patients’ socioeconomic and cultural characteristics were calculated. Results. Having low income (RR: 1.18 (95% CI: 1.03; 1.35)) and being immigrants or descendants of immigrants (RR: 1.17 (95% CI: 1.02; 1.35)) were associated with GP face-to-face contacts. However, patients living in large municipalities had lower likelihood of having both GP face-to-face contacts in general (RR: 0.85 (95% CI: 0.77;0.95)) and GP home visits (RR: 0.89 (95% CI: 0.80; 0.99)). Conclusion. This study indicates higher proportion of GP contacts to economically deprived patients and immigrants/descendants of immigrants. These subgroups were, however, small and results should be looked upon with caution. Furthermore, palliative needs were not included and together with urban/rural the underlying causes need further investigation.