bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Small, Medium, and Large Velvetbean Caterpillars, Total Soybean Loopers, and Total Green Cloverworms on Soybeans in Alabama, 1983
Authors: Deighan J. , Backman C. B. , Mack T. P.
Published: March 2022

This field test was conducted on soybeans planted at the Auburn University Wiregrass Agric. Exp. Substn. at Headland, Ala. Nine treatments and an untreated check were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Each 0.012 acre plot was four rows wide (40-in. row spacing) and 40 ft long. Treatments were applied on 16 Sept. with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer equipped with one control droplet applicator nozzle per row adjusted to produce approximately 150 micron droplets. Spray pressure was 20 lb/in2 and the sprayer was delivering 1.6 gal/acre. Each of three insecticides (Ambush, Cymbush, and DPX 5249, a more oil-soluble formulation of Lannate) were applied alone, with soybean oil, and with Agridex. Agitation was achieved with recirculation of the insecticide solution. Insect populations were sampled by placing a standard 3-ft beat sheet between the rows and beating the plants on both sides. Larvae were identified and recorded; velvetbean caterpillar larvae were separated into small (instars 1 to 2), medium (instars 3 to 4), and large (instars 5 +) larvae. F6ur samples from each plot were taken 3, 7, and 11 days postspray (19, 23, and 27 Sept.)
Soil-Applied Insecticide Treatments on Soybeans, 1983
Authors: Hammond Ronald B. , Nettleton Elaine
Published: March 2022

Plots were established at three branches of the OARDC; 30 plots at Hoytville and South Charleston and 36 plots at Wooster. Plots measured 50 ft by four rows (30-in. centers) and were bordered by two rows. Experimental design was a randomized complete block; three blocks each with 10 treatments at Hoytville and South Charleston, three blocks each with 12 treatments at Wooster. Treatments were applied in-furrow or banded at planting or as a seed treatment. Planting dates were: Hoytville - 9 June, South Charleston - 1 June, Wooster - 11 May. A two-row John Deere planter with Gandy applicators was used. Plants were sampled throughout the summer with a 15-in. diameter sweep net (20 sweeps per plot). Seedcorn maggots were sampled with adult emergence traps at Wooster. Soybeans were examined o.n all sampling dates for evidence of phytotoxicity. Plants were hand harvested in early Oct. in all locations.
Bean Leaf Beetle and Potato Leafhopper Control in Soybean, 1983
Authors: Ragsdale David W. , Loughran James C.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides were evaluated to determine their effects on bean leaf beetle, potato leafhopper, and the predator complex. The trial was conducted at the Southern Agricultural Experiment Station, Waseca, MN. Plots measured six rows (30-in. centers) by 60 ft arranged in a randomized complete block with four replicates. Treatments were applied on 27 July, with a 3-row, CO2 backpack sprayer. All insecticides were applied at 30 lb/in2 (27.0 gal/acre) except Sevin XLR which was applied at 15 lb/in2 (11.5 gal/acre). Soybeans were in the R4 growth stage. Plants were sampled with a 15-in. diameter sweepnet (50 sweeps per plot) on 27 July (pretreatment), 28 July (24 h posttreatment), and 1 Aug. (5 days posttreatment). Sweep samples were bagged in the field, frozen, and examined in the laboratory. Plants were inspected each sampling date and on 22 Aug. (26 days posttreatment) for signs of phytotoxicity.
Control of Tobacco Budworms and Tobacco Hornworms with

Bacillus Thuringiensis

Var.

Kurstaki

, 1982
Authors: Lampert E. P.
Published: March 2022

Tobacco was transplanted into plots 80 ft long and 4-rows wide (15 ft) in a Norfolk loamy sand soil on 29 Apr. at the Central Crops Res. Stn. Clayton, N.C. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete-block design with three replicates. On 10 June, fifteen 2-day old Heliothis virescens larvae, from a laboratory culture, were placed in the buds of 15 uniform sized plants in the two left-most rows in each plot. On 11 June, treatments were applied to these two rows usiing a John Deere Hi-Cycle 600 boom sprayer fitted with single D2-33 FC nozzle per row. Sprays were applied at 60 lb/in2 at 1.4 mph to deliver 25 gal of finished spray per acre. At 3 and 10 days after application, the plants that had received budworms were examined and all larvae counted. Fourteen days posttreatment a defoliation count was made on the same plants. Approximately 1 month posttreatment, all plants in the 2 border rows were cut to leave 3 to 4 leaf nodes. Suckers grew from these leaf nodes and after ca. 2 weeks, all but one healthy sucker per plant were removed. On 15 July, 15 uniform sized suckers per row in each plot were infested with budworms as previously described. On 20 July, these rows were treated as described above and the two left-most rows acted as a buffer. Surviving budworms were counted 3, 6, and 10 days posttreatment while a leaf damage count (measured in 1/10 leaf equivalent per plant and summed over all 30 plants) was made after 14 days. A natural infestation of tobacco hornworms was also present and evaluated 3 and 10 days posttreatment from 10 random plants per row (20 per plot). Hornworm defoliation was estimated 21 days posttreatment. Data were transformed to the square root of count + 0.5 before analysis of variance.
Control of Tobacco Budworms and Tobacco Hornworms with Foliar Insecticides, 1983
Authors: Lampert E. P.
Published: March 2022

Tobacco was transplanted into plots 80 ft by 15 ft (four rows) on 17 May, at the Central Crops Res. Stn., Clayton, N.C. The predominant soil type was Marlboro loamy sand. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete-block design having three replicates. On 22 June, 15 uniformly sized plants from each of the two left-most rows in each plot were selected, tagged and infested with a single 2-day old laboratory culture budworm larva. The two right-most rows in each plot were untreated and acted as a buffer. Treatments were applied on 23 June, using a John Deere Hi-Cycle 600 sprayer fitted with a single D2-33FC nozzle per row. Sprays were applied at 60 lb/in2 at 1.4 mph to deliver ca. 24 gal of finished spray per acre. The ABG treatments were applied using a CO2, powered sprayer fitted with 2 D2-33FC nozzles (one per row) at 60 lb/in2 mounted on the spray rig traveling at 1.4 mph. Four and 8 days postapplication, the 30 tagged plants were examined and surviving budworm larvae counted. Leaf consumption by budworm larvae (measured in 1/10 leaf equivalents/plants and summed over all 30 plants) was estimated after 14 days. Approximately 1 month after the first application, all plants in the buffer rows (the two right-most) were cut to leave 3 to 4 leaves per plant and all debris was hauled from the plots. Suckers were allowed to grow for ca. 2 weeks and then all but one undamaged sucker were removed from every plant. On 4, 15 Aug., uniform sized plants having one small natural infestation budworm larva were tagged in each row. Treatments were applied 5 Aug. as described earlier. Three and 6 days after application the tagged plants were examined and all surviving budworms and naturally occurring hornworms were counted. Leaf consumption by tobacco budworms was estimated (as described above) after 14 days. Hornworm damage (total number of plants per plot with >50% defoliation) was estimated 24 days posttreatment.
Control of an Uncommon Pest Attacking Floe-Cured Tobacco, 1982
Authors: Lampert E. P. , Southern P. S.
Published: March 2022

During April 1982, numerous reports were received of cutworm damage to newly set tobacco. Upon collection, these “cutworms” were determined (by D. L. Stephan) to be Sunira bicolorago (Guenée). This species is not normally a pest of tobacco (though it has previously been recorded on tobacco) and is generally associated with woodlots. A test was initiated 28 Apr. along one border of a commercial tobacco field in Duplin Co., N.C. Six treatments were arranged in a randomized complete-block design with three replications. Each plot was four rows (16 ft) wide and 60 ft long. All four rows were treated, but evaluations were made on the middle two rows. In these rows, 20 additional plants were transplanted immediately before treatment for damage evaluation. Bait formulations were applied to one side of each row using a shaker can. Sprayables were applied over the row through three CE-3 nozzles using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer. Sprays were applied at 30 lb/in2 to deliver ca 62 gal/acre. At 2- and 4-day posttreatment intervals, 10 alternate plants were removed and evaluated for cutworm feeding on stems and leaves. The number of damaged plants (stem and leaf damage) and the total number of damaged leaves was recorded.
Control of the Green Peach Aphid and Tobacco Hornworm on Flue-Cured Tobacco with Soil-Applied Insecticides, 1982
Authors: Southern P. S.
Published: March 2022

A test was conducted on commercially grown tobacco in Wayne Co., N.C. The soil type was Goldsboro sandy loam. Plots were 0.020 acre (16 by 54.4 ft), four rows wide, separated on each side by a vacant row and on the ends by a 20-ft alley. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete-design with four replications. Broadcast sprays were applied 14 Apr. using a tractor-mougted boom sprayer delivering ca. 25 gal finished spray per acre through 8004 flat fan nozzles at 35 lb/in2. Incorporation was accomplished by discing twice in opposite directions. The broad band treatment was applied in a 14 in. band over the top of a partially formed bed using a tractor-mounted electric granular applicator (30 Apr.). This band was covered by 2 to 3 in. of soil with a hilling disc. Narrow band treatments were applied 30 Apr. in a 2 to 3 in. band ca. 3 in. below the surface of a partially formed bed and covered with an additional 2 to 3 in. of soil. Transplant water treatments were made 4 May using the farmer’s tractor-drawn transplanter delivering 75 gal/acre. Sidedress treatments were applied in a 2 to 3 in. band ca. 2 in. below the surface to one side of each row (25 May). Twenty plants in the middle two rows were rated for aphid infestation as follows: 0, fewer than 10 aphids on any one leaf; 1, 11 to 50 aphids on any one leaf; 2, 50+ aphids on any leaf; 3 plant heavily infested, honeydew and sooty mold obvious. Plants rated 2 or 3 were considered infested. Aphids were counted on the first leaf from the top at least 6 in. long or the second leaf from the top after topping (10 plants). Hornworms were counted on 20 plants in the middle two rows. After curing, each plot per harvest was weighed and graded. Government grades were converted to a quality index and a weighted average computed. All variables were subjected to an analysis of variance and means separated using the Waller-Duncan K ratio t test (K-ratio = 100). Before analysis, aphid and hornworm numbers were transformed to the square root of N +0.5. Infestation ratings were converted to a proportion of the maximum possible and these and % infested plants were subjected to an arc sine transformation.
Aphid Control on Spring Wheat with Foliar Applied Insecticides, 1983
Authors: Bishop Guy , Blackmer Jackie , Sandvol Larry
Published: March 2022

‘Owens’ wheat was planted on 5 Apr., at Roswell, Idaho, in a furrow-irrigated field. Plots were 3 ft wide by 20 ft long and each was bordered by a 3-ft buffer strip that provided access. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied on 16 Jul. with a CO2 pressurized hand held sprayer at 50 lb/in2 pressure and at a rate of 40 gal/acre. Wheat heads were in the early soft dough stage of development. Aphids were sampled by examining 20 tillers taken at random through the length of the plot. Yield estimates were made by hand harvesting heads from 10 row-ft per plot. The population consisted of 60% English grain aphids, 36% rose grass aphids and 4% other species. English grain aphids made up 96% of the total on heads; 86% of those on leaves were rose grass aphids.
Cereal Leaf Beetle Control in Wheat, 1983
Authors: Hynson Teresa P. , Ferguson Holly J. , Mcpherson Robert M.
Published: March 2022

Seven insecticidal treatments were evaluated to determine their efficacy in controlling cereal leaf beetle larve in soft red winter wheat. Foliar insecticides were applied on 11 May on ‘Feland’ wheat at the Joe Hicks Farm near Warsaw, Va. A randomized block design was utilized with four replications. Individual plots were 6.1 by 1.9m and spaced 0.91 m apart. Spray concentrate was applied with a CO2, compressed air sprayer at 29 lb/in2 that delivered 33.7 gallons of finished formula per acre. Flat fan, Tee Jet AL8004, nozzles were used. The efficacy of inidividual insecticide treatments was determined 2, 7, 14, and 21 days after application by inspecting whole plants for the presence of live larvae per 10 culms. Yield estimates were obtained from 12.2-m of row samples collected from the center two rows of each plot. Yields were adjusted to 13% moisture.
Insecticide Efficacy for Army Cutworm in Winter Wheat, 1983
Authors: Morrill Wendell L. , Weiss M. J.
Published: March 2022

Experimental and registered insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against army cutworm in Big Horn County, Mont. Winter wheat was seeded in 12-in. rows in the fall of 1982. Plots were 8 by 20 ft with three applications of each treatment utilizing a completely randomized design. Insecticides were applied on 31 Mar. with a back-pack sprayer at 30 lb/in2 and volume of 20 gal/acre. Treatments were evaluated on 17 Apr. by sampling the soil surrounding the middle two rows for 6 ft of linear row.
Toxicity of Orthene 75S to Pandora Moth, 1982
Authors: Robertson Jacqueline L.
Published: March 2022

Second stage pandora moths were collected near the north rim of the Grand Canyon in October 1982 and shipped on ponderosa pine foliage to Berkeley, Calif. Small ponderosa pine branches were clipped to fit into a 200-ml plastic specimen containers. The stem was inserted into a hole in the bottom of an inverted container, and 10 larvae were placed on the needles 24 h before spray application. Immediately before spray, a 15-cm diameter filter paper with a single radial slit was positioned around the stem and beneath the needles to catch any larvae falling during treatment. Spray was applied to individual branches at a volume equivalent of 9.35 liters/ha with a laboratory spray chamber during an exposure period of 60 sec. Orthene 75S was formulated in distilled water on the basis of weight per unit volume of the active ingredient. Eight concentrations were serially diluted from a concentrated source for each of three replications of the experiment. Two branches were sprayed with each concentration within a replication. A control group sprayed with water only was included with each replication. After treatment, the filter paper was removed, any fallen insects placed back on the branch, and the stem was clipped free of the treatment container. The branch and insects were placed within a clean specimen container, and the container was closed with a paper lid. Mortality was tallied after 7 days.
Apple, Pear, Cherry: Kelthane Phytotoxicity, 1983
Authors: Pfeiffer Douglas G. , Ponton Leo F. , Eldridge M. Darrell
Published: March 2022

Kelthane 4F at high rates was applied to apple, pear and cherry trees to determine phytotoxicity. The rate on apple and pear was 4.0 lb (AI)/acre (0.57 gal/100 gal). The rate for cherry was 3.2 lb (AD/acre (0.45 gal/100 gal). Eight trees (two per cultivar) were used per treatment in the apple and pear tests. Five trees were used per treatment in the cherry test. Applications were made by airblast sprayer on 25 May and 14 Jun.
Twospotted Spider Mite Control on Diepfenbachia, Ala., 1983
Authors: Stephenson J. C.
Published: March 2022

Nine insecticides were compared for control of spider mites on dieffenbachia. Plants were grown under 65% shade in 2-liter plastic pots containing a peat moss/pine bark medium. Treatments were applied on 22 Sep. (79°F) to upper and lower leaf surfaces to runoff with hand-pumpled, compressed air sprayers. There were four single-plant replicates arranged in a completely randomized design. Mortality was evaluated 14 days after application using a Llanfair Orchard leaf brushing machine and microscope.
Control of Elm Leaf Beetles on Siberian Elm, 1983
Authors: King Ed , Bartheld Bill , Price Richard , Pinkston Ken
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted on a windbreak planting of Siberian elms, approximately 20 ft tall, located 2 mi south of Stillwater, Okla. Trees were treated on 2 Jul. when the temperature was 91°F, the wind velocity was 5 to 10 mph and the majority of the larvae were 2nd_instars. Application equipment consisted of a Macro R-20 sprayer which delivered 1.6 gal/min at 200 lb/in2. Trees were treated to runoff. Injections of Bidrin were made by inserting feeder tubes of 1-ml capsules at 6 in. intervals in root flares around the base of the tree. Treatments were randomized and replicated 3 times. Larval counts were made by examining 18 in. of terminal branch at 10 locations per tree.
Reduction of Aphids on Honeysuckle, Lancaster Co., Neb., 1983
Authors: Jones J. Ackland
Published: March 2022

Six insecticide treatments were evaluated for reduction of witchesbroom producing aphids. The test was conducted on Zabel honey-suckle bushes using a randomized block design with five replications. The plants were approximately 3 ft tall with a 2 1/2 to 3-ft crown, planted on 4-ft spacings. Treated and check plants were separated from each other by at least one other plant. On 14 Jun., the insecticides were applied to run-off with a 2-gal compressed air sprayer. Air temperature at application was 75°F. Before treatment, aphid counts were made on the terminal 2 in. of two shoots per plant. Three days posttreatment, 17 Jun., counts were made on the terminal 2in. of four shoots per plant. One-half inch of rain fell 15 Jun., 36 to 42 h after treatment.
Hemispherical Scale Control on

Euonymus

, 1982
Authors: Davidson John A. , Raupp Michael J. , Wilson Alvin M.
Published: March 2022

Thirty Euonymus plants 6 to 8 in. tall in 3 in. pots were selected for testing. All were heavily infested with first and second instar scales. Each plant was randomly assigned to one of six treatments and pretreatment counts of scales were made. Materials were applied with a compressed air sprayer on 18 Aug at an ambient temperature of 88°F. Posttreatment counts were made on 20 Aug. and 17 Sep. with a stereomicroscope. Dead scales appeared brown and did not respond to probing and live scales were light green, translucent and responsive. All plants were maintained in a greenhouse.
Control of Bagworms on Chinese Juniper, 1983
Authors: Price Richard , Pinkston Ken , King Ed , Bartheld Bill
Published: March 2022

Bagworm control was evaluated on Chinese junipers that were located at a nursing home in Stillwater, Okla. The plants were 4 to 5 ft high and 10 to 15 ft wide. Treatments were randomized and replicated three times. Plants were sprayed until runoff with a Macro R-20 sprayer which delivered 1.6 gal/min at 200 lb/in2. The plants were treated on 11 Jul. when the temperature was 92°F. Mortality was determined by examining 10 larvae from each replication at 1, 4, 7, 14, and 21 days after application.
Calico Scale Control on Maple, 1982
Authors: Davidson John A. , Raupp Michael J. , Wilson Alvin M.
Published: March 2022

Five amur maples 8 to 12 ft high, growing along a campus walk were selected for this test. They were heavily infested on the lower branches by the Calico scale. At six points around each tree, one leaf, 3 feet from the ground, was randomly selected. The settled nymphs were counted on each leaf and each leaf was marked for post count recognition. Applications were made on 4 Sep. between 1:00 and 3:00 p.m. The ambient temperature was 85°F with clear sky. Foliar spray was applied to runoff with a compression sprayer. The number of living scales was recounted on each leaf 21 days after treatment (DAT). Pre- and postspray counts were transformed (log transformation) and an ANOVA was used to compare the difference between the pre- and postspray counts among treatments.
Evaluation of Homeowner Spray Products for Gypsy Moth Egg Mass Control, 1982
Authors: Webb Ralph E. , Okey Gary , Wieber Anne M. , Lupp Thomas
Published: March 2022

The experimental site was a heavily infested ridge in Frederick Co., Md., before egg hatch in spring. The test materials were applied to individual egg masses until runoff using a 1602 trigger-pump bottle, pressurized aerosol can, or a small paint brush. Some materials were applied to groups of individual egg masses 3 weeks, 2 weeks, and 1 week before hatch. Other materials were tested only once, 2 weeks or 1 week before hatch. Each material-formulation was applied to 20 egg masses. Ten egg masses were brought to the lab where larval hatch and survival were recorded. The remaining 10 were evaluated in the field. Most materials tested resulted in lower survival than the controls. Of the products that were tested on three different dates, the S. C. Johnson products performed significantly better when applied 3 or 2 weeks before hatch than 1 week before hatch. Ficam efficacy was not affected by the time interval between application and hatch. Many of the S. C. Johnson products provided excellent control, as did Ficam at 1 lb/100 gal and 0.5 lb/100 gal. Also among the most efficacious materials were the surfactants Exhault 100, Biofilm, Hydrowet, Triton B-1956, Regulaid, a pine oil (Breath o’Pine), and Neem-seed extract (1:1 in 95% EtOH). Laboratory evaluation allowed accurate 48-h survival counts under artificially controlled temperature and humidity. While field analysis made possible the assessment of product efficacy under realistic natural conditions, only rough estimates of actual mortality could be made. All percentages were transformed to arc sine percentage before analysis.
Pine Spittlebug Control, Scotchpine, 1983
Authors: Homan Hugh W.
Published: March 2022

Pydrin and Sevin were evaluated for control of pine spittlebug (probably A. canadiensis Walley) in a Christmas tree plantation 4 to 7 years old planted on 2.15 by 2.15-m centers. The section of the plantation with the most heavily damaged trees (ca. 100 spittle masses per crown) was selected for the experiment. Four, two-tree replications were arranged in a randomized block design. A Mitchell hydraulic spray was used and spray was applied to runoff using approximately 200 lb/in2. Chemicals were applied 20 Jun., when the ambient temperature was 21°C, the skies clear, and the breeze was 4 to 8 kph. Counts were made of spittle masses at 1, 7, and 14 days after treatment (DAT). All insecticide treatments provided about total control within 24 h. No phytotoxicity was observed in any treatment.
Southern Chinch Bug Control on St. Augustine Grass, Florida, 1982
Authors: Reinert James A
Published: March 2022

Fenpropathrin was evaluated for control of organophosphate-resistant southern chinch bugs on a heavily infested residential lawn of ‘Bitter Blue’ St. Augustine grass in Oakland Park, Broward County, Fla. The lawn had been treated by a commercial lawn service 2 weeks before the test with 1.12 kg of (AI)/ha of chlorpyrifos (the recommended rate) with no resulting control. Plots (1.5 by 3.0 m) were treated with insecticides on 27 Sep. in a RCB experiment with four replicates.
Apple, European Red Mite, Screening for Resistance to Acaricides, 1983
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Polk Dean
Published: March 2022

Susceptibility of 14 populations of ERM to Plictran, Kelthane, and Omite was assayed in the laboratory using a foliage dip test. A field test was conducted in two orchards to determine whether laboratory tests would predict field performance. In laboratory test bouquets of terminals were collected in each orchard within 3 days of the test, placed in 5 gal pails of water and brought back to the laboratory. Foliage from all orchards except Cream Ridge carried residues of previous acaricide applications. Terminals were pruned to shoots of five to eight leaves; each shoot was considered a replicate. Six to 10 replicates were used for each dosage per orchard. Shoots were dipped for 3 sec in a suspension of the test acaricide, then placed in an Erlenmeyer flask of water. Counts of live motile mites were made after 72 h, except for one test with CG 121633 (96 h), and Vendex (120 h). Control shoots were dipped in water containing a drop of (B-1956). The effect of treatment is expressed as % reduction in number of live mites on treated foliage compared to controls. Higher dosages were equivalent to field rates for acaricides, and lower rates were 0.25 field rates. Field tests were conducted at 2 locations, the Rutgers Tree Fruit Research Center at Cream Ridge, N.J. Treatments were applied (Hurff) at Monroeville, N.J. Treatments were applied to single-tree plots of a spur-type Red Delicious with four replicates per treatment. Trees were sprayed to runoff, using a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun. Treatments were applied on 28 Jul. at Cream Ridge and 5 Aug. at Hurff’s and counts were made after 72 h. Mite population estimates were made by randomly picking 10 leaves per replicate and counting mobile mites.
Taxus, Chemical Control of Black Vine Weevil Adults, Wooster, Oh, 1983
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of insecticides for control of black vine weevil adults was evaluated by spraying field plants.and feeding treated foliage to weevils in the laboratory. A CO2 compression sprayer operating at 40 lb/in2 with a TeeJet SS 8004 flat fan nozzle was used to spray plants to runoff on 19 Jul. under sunny skies at 26°C and an 8 to 16 kph breeze. Three plants 0.6 m tall were sprayed with each treatment. Subsequently, at 1, 3, and 7 days posttreatment, 10 to 15-cm twigs were clipped from treated plants and placed individually in 9 by 16 cm cylindrical paper cartons fitted with nylon mesh tops. Three cartons (= replicates) were used for each treatment, each with five ovipositing weevils. Weevils had been collected previously from a nursery in Lake Co. and held at 22°C at 90% RH with taxus foliage until used in this test. Weevil mortality was recorded 72 h after they were introduced to the cartons.
Phytotoxicity Test, Lake Co., Ohio, 1981
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were evaluated for phytotoxicity on 18 species of container-grown nursery crops at two Lake Co. nurseries. Treatments were applied 31 Jul. to 4 Aug. Granules were evenly distributed on the surface of each container, followed by 1 in of overhead irrigation. Water dispersable formulations were applied as a drench using 1 pt of solution per pot. Each treatment consisted of three, single plant replicates.
Candidate Pesticide Formulations for Quarantine Use, 1982
Authors: Morgan N. O. , Carroll J. F. , Strasser E. G. , Klag N. G.
Published: March 2022

A series of bioassay tests were conducted by treating three test species in commercial transport trailers with volumes of 30 to 68 m in Baltimore, Md. Ten D. variabilis, 10 S. frugiperda and 40 P. japonica were included in each of three replications. Japanese beetles were field collected in methyl eugenol baited traps and caged in 83 mm diam by 60-mm deep, 3-mm mesh wire screen cages. American dog ticks were field collected by dragging white flannel cloth over tick infested fields and were caged in 30-ml clear plastic portion cups with tops replaced with double layers of tulle, nylon mesh screen (7 mesh/mm ). Fall armyworm adults were colony-reared and caged in 0.24-liter paper cans with tops replaced by single layers of tulle, nylon mesh screen. Caged species were placed on the floor near the center and within 25 cm of the wall in each trailer. One piece each of carpet and plywood (25 by 25 cm2) also was placed on the floor at the center of each trailer before each treatment for subsequent residue bioassays with P. japonica. Aerosols were formulated with Freon 12 propellant. Aerosols were released inside closed trailers while applicator walked the length of the trailer. Manual release aerosols were sprayed for the required length of time based on release rate, and an accurate dose was obtained by weighing and releasing material as necessary to give 0.8 g (AI)/1Q00 ft3. Dusts were formulated with HiSil 233 as an inert carrier premeasured to give 1.7 g (AD/1000 ft3 and were introduced into trailers with a CO2 pressurized gun. Dusts were administered through an open rear door. Exposure lasted for 10 min with doors closed and an additional 20 min with one door open to allow fresh air to replace the contaminated air within the van. Knockdown counts were made at 30 min and mortality (dead + moribund) counts were made at 24 h posttreatment. Average air temp inside the trailer during treatment was 25 ± 5°C. Abbott’s formula was used to adjust for control mortality.
Residual Sprays to Control Insects in Warehouses, 1983
Authors: Strong R. G. , Sbur D. E.
Published: March 2022

Three representative building materials of low economy grade were used in warehouse tests to assess the relative effectiveness of encapsulated diazinon, diazinon emulsion, and malathion emulsion spray residues against laboratory-reared mature larvae of the warehouse beetle and young adults of the cigarette beetle, the confused flour beetle, and the sawtoothed grain beetle. Squares of aluminum with kraft paper backing 1 ft2 attached with double-stick tape to press board squares of the same size, the smooth side of press-board panels measuring 2 by 4 ft, and 18- in. square concrete stepping stones were sprayed with insecticides from a Namco compressed air sprayer with a fan nozzle (no. 800067). Surfaces were wet with spray as required by the different substrates, but application was stopped before run off. Sufficient substrate was treated with each concentration used to provide eight exposure replications with each test species for aging dates of 1, 7, 14, and 28 days. Sprays were applied and insects were exposed to treated surfaces in the early morning when the 6,300 ft3 warehouse was cool; residues were aged in the warehouse with extreme ambient climatic conditions ranging from low night temp of 58°F and 90% RH to the highest day temp of 112°F and 20% RH. Twenty-five specimens of each species were contained in 7.5-cm diam fluon-treated glass cylinders to keep insects on treated surfaces of each treatment replication. Cylinders on concrete surfaces were ringed at their base with a nontoxic caulking material to prevent escape of insects, and a filter paper cover was put on cylinders to prevent escape of flying cigarette beetles. After an exposure of 2 h on treated surfaces, test insects were removed and placed on food in fresh containers. Then they were held 7 days in a room maintained at 80°F and 50% RH before mortalities were recorded. Appropriate controls were included in the test and mortalities shown in the tabulation of results were corrected for natural mortality, although few insects died in control samples.
Control of German Cockroaches with Amidinohydrazone Bait, 1982
Authors: Bennett G. W. , Runstrom E. S.
Published: March 2022

Field tests were conducted to determine the relative efficacy and residual life of various treatments of amidinohydrazone baits and Professional Strength Raid (0.95% propoxur) combinations as related to a standard material currently in use for cockroach control. Field tests were conducted in low income housing units located in Indianapolis, Ind. All treatments were randomly assigned to each apartment before inspection. Treatments of Dursban 4E (0.25%) plus Vaponite 2E (0.25%), full bait (4 to 6 baits/100 ft2), 1/2 bait (2 to 3 baits/100 ft2), full bait + spray, and 1/2 bait + spray were applied in a random order. Evaluations of insecticide efficacy and residual life were accomplished by comparing the percent reduction in cockraoch populations over time.
Evaluation of Insecticide Baits and Sprays for Cockroach Control, 1983
Authors: Runstrom E. S. , Bennett G. W.
Published: March 2022

Field tests with over-the-counter baits and sprays were conducted in multifamily apartment complexes located in Indianapolis, Ind. Combat (amidinohydrazone 1.65%) roach baits. Raid (chlorpyrifos 0.5%), propoxur 0.665 %, dichlorvos 0.186%), and Raid Ant & Roach Killer were compared. Visual counts were made in the roach bait and Raid kitchen and all bathrooms prior to treatment and at specified intervals after treatment. Counts for Combat were made throughout the apartment since this treatment was only applied in the kitchen and bathroom. Combat was evaluated at 12 baits/apartment (10 kitchen, 2 bathroom). Raid roach baits were placed at 4 to 6 baits per 100 ft2 (average of 45 baits per apartment). Raid Ant & Roach Killer was applied thoroughly upon initial visit and spot applied to any apartment with less than a 60% reduction at subsequent postcounts. Spot retreatments of Raid Ant & Roach Killer were made in all areas where cockroaches were visible.
Activity of Safrotin Against the Rice Weevil, 1982
Authors: Bennett G. W. , Runstrom E. S.
Published: March 2022

Two dilution rates of Safrotin 4EC were used for testing purposes, 0.5 and 1.0. Masonite panels cut to 1 ft2 (929 cm2) were treated and used as exposure surfaces. A spray apparatus equipped with a conveyor belt was used to apply the pesticide to the panels. A stainless steel nozzle, Spraying Systems Tee-jet 8001, was used during application. The tower was calibrated such that the material was applied at the rate of 1 gal/1,000 ft (42.6 ml/m2). At this rate the 2 dilutions, 1.0 and 0.5%, gave 18.9 and 9.4 mg (AI)/ft2, respectively. Panels were stored in containers such that they did not rub against each other and to allow air circulation between panels during aging. Insect test species were confined to treated surfaces for various lengths of time with the use of lightly greased stainless steel cylinders, 3 in. diam (7.6 cm). Test insects were exposed to panels aged 1 day, 2 weeks, 1 month, and 2 months. At any given exposure period, four exposure times of various lengths were conducted. Insects were confined to the treated panels for periods ranging from 60 sec to 24 h. As time progressed the shorter exposure times were dropped from the protocol due to the lack of mortality exhibited by these times. Mortality counts were taken 24 and 48 h after exposure. Percent mortality was computed using Abbott’s formula.
Efficacy of Two Dursban Formulations in the Reduction of German Cockroach Field Populations, 1983
Authors: Ballard James B. , Gold Roger E.
Published: March 2022

German cockroach, Blattella germanica L., infested homes managed by the Omaha Tribal housing Authority, were treated with a water emulsion containing either 0.5% Dursban 4E or 0.5% Dursban L.O. insecticide. Cockroach population density was quantified through the use of Mr. Sticky sticky traps. Before the insecticide application one trap was placed in each of the following locations: under kitchen sink, adjacent to stove, behind each toilet, and adjacent to furnace in homes with a basement. After one night the traps were retrieved and the cockroaches caught counted. This baseline cockroach count was compared to subsequent one-night catches made at monthly intervals following the application of the insecticide treatment. Insecticide treatments were applied with a B&G sprayer system operated at 137.9 kPa (20 lb/in2) fitted with a fan spray nozzle and using a banding application technique.
Cattle-

Hypoderma

Lineatum

Animal Systemic Insecticide Test, 1983
Authors: Drummond R. O.
Published: March 2022

Government-owned Herefore, Angus, and Hereford-Angus-cross calves and yearlings on pasture at Camp Stanley and Camp Bullis, Vexar Co., Tex., naturally infested with the common cattle grub, Hypoderma lineatum (Villers), are treated with new insecticides that were determined to be systemically active in the mouse-Cuterebra animal systemic insecticide test (Drummond, R. 0., 1983, Insectic. Acaric. Tests 8: 256). Animals are weighed and given insecticides in initial tests either orally by capsule (usually technical grade insecticide) or dermally by whole-body spray of 4 liters/animal at > 150 lb/in2 usually formulated as an EC in xylene (65 parts), Triton X-100 (10 parts), and AI (25 parts) . In other tests, insecticides are administered dermally to cattle by pouron of a specific volume of insecticide (usually water-diluted EC as above or solution in oil) per body weight or intramuscularly or subcutaneously by injection of a specific weight of insecticide per body weight. Normally cattle are treated with new insecticides initially at the highest nonlethal dosages as determined by cooperating veterinary toxicologists; maximum dosages of initial tests are 100 mg/kg orally and 1% spray. If initial dosages are effective, cattle are given lower dosages in order to determine the minimum effective dosage. Other cattle are treated with titrated dosages of labeled systemics in order to determine systemic activity of dosages less than label-listed dosages. After treatment in May or June, the backs of treated cattle (usually 3 to 6 animals per treatment) and untreated cattle of the same age and breed from the same herd are examined monthly from August to February to the next year for encapsulated cattle grubs. As cattle grubs appear, they are located on an outline map of the back of each animal; the cumulative number of grubs in each animal is obtained. Effectiveness of treatment is determined by comparing the average number of grubs in treated cattle with the average number in untreated cattle.
Dairy Cattle, Face Fly and Horn Fly Control with Guardian Ear Tags, 1983
Authors: Roberts James E. , Saluta Michael
Published: March 2022

Guardian 5 and 7.5% (flucythrinate) ear tags were evaluated for face fly and horn fly control on dairy cattle. May through Sep. 1983, in Montgomery Co., Va. Herds and treatments in Test A were as follows: (1) Guardian 5% ear tags applied to 27 nonlactating Holstein cows 3 Jun.; (2) Guardian 7.5% ear tags applied to 31 nonlactating Holstein cows 3 Jun.; (3) standard Ectrin 8% ear tags applied to 59 Holstein heifers 25 May; and (4) an untreated herd of 15 nonlactating Holstein cows. All Guardian 5% and 7.5% treated cows received two tags per animal. The Guardian herds were monitored for 10 weeks, and the Ectrin herd for 11 weeks. Herds and treatments in Test B were as follows: (1) Guardians 7.5% improved design ear tags applied 16 Aug. to same herd as # i, Test A.; (2) Guardian 7.5% improved design ear tags applied 16 Aug. to same herd as #2, Test A; (3) standard Ectrin 8% ear tags existing on same herd as #3, Test A and (4) untreated herd, same as #4, Test A. All Guardian treated cows received two improved design tags per animal; all remaining tags from Test A were removed. All herds in Test B were monitored for 5 additional weeks. Herds in Test A and were maintained in separate pastures and all were situated within ca. 2 miles of each other. Weekly face fly and horn fly estimations were made by the same person on 10 adult animals per herd. Numbers of face flies were estimated on the face and head and horn flies on one side of each animal.
Evaluation of Mk-933 and Avermectin B1 For Control of Northern Fowl Mites, 19 79-1982
Authors: DeVaney Joyce A. , Ivie G. Wayne
Published: March 2022

In Vitro Tests: The inside surfaces of 12-cm pasteur pipettes were coated with 0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1 or 10 μg/cm/sq of MK-933 in 25 μl of acetone and air dried. The large end of the pipette was then filled with foam rubber and 10 adult northern fowl mites (NFM) were carefully vacuumed into each pipette and the small end was plugged with clay. Six pipettes of each treatment level were replicated 3 times. Pipettes were held at room temperature and checked for mortality at 1, 24, and 48 h. No NFM death could be attributed to MK-933 at any treatment level. In Vitro Tests: Mature White Leghorn hens were infested with NFM. After NFM populations had become well established, hens were individually treated either orally, by intramuscular (IM) injections, by subcutaneous (SO injections or by whole body sprays with specific formulations of MK-933 or Avermectin B1. Individual hens were given either single or multiple oral treatments or injections. MK-933 for oral treatment was dissolved in propylene glycol. Injectable formulations were suplied by Merck. Sprays were formulated from emulsifiable concentrates (EC) of AI in propylene glycol and Triton X-100 and each hen was treated with 30 ml of solution. NFM populations were visually estimated by the same observer at specified times posttreatment using the following mite index: 0, no mites; 1, 1-10 mites/hen; 2, 11-100 mites/hen; 3, 101-1000 mites/hen; 4, 1001-10,000 mites/hen; and 5, >10,000 mites/hen.
Permethrin Aerosol Concentrate for Control of Bed Bogs in Chicken Breeder Hodses, 1983
Authors: Schmitmann E.T. , Miller R.W.
Published: March 2022

Ectiban 5.7% EC was applied undiluted as an aerosol concentrate by electric mist fogger (Challenger Fogmaster, AFA Corp. Miami, Fla) to interior surfaces of two ca. 50 by 500 to 600 ft chicken breeder houses. The fogger was hand held to direct the EC-droplet air blast in a swath across posts, roosting platforms, nest boxes, walls and ceilings, providing both a residual surface treatment and an aerosol fogging. Both houses were treated twice at 14- day intervals; one-half of 1 house that was divided in two sections was a non-treated check for the first treatment. The effect of treatment on bed bug populations was assessed by (1) counting numbers of bed bugs in natural harborages before and after treatment; (2) assessing mortality in sentinel bed bugs exposed to aerosol vapor in vials screened at one end and set out in each house; and (3) bioassay of bed bugs against plywood surfaces that received treatment in breeder houses.
Control of Red Harvester Ant with Insecticide Drenches and Powder Concentrate, 1983
Authors: Price Richard , Pinkston Ken , King Ed , Bartheld Bill
Published: March 2022

Evaluation of red harvester ant control was conducted along a roadside outside of Perkins, Okla. Treatments were randomized and replicated 10 times. Ant mounds were checked for activity and marked before the start of the tests. Treatments were made on 19 Jul. Mounds were checked for activity 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 weeks after treatment. If two ants were observed per mound, the colony was recorded as active. On the 8th week, all mounds were checked for activity by digging to a depth of 6 in. beneath the mound. Treatments were applied over each nest opening to cover an area 4 ft in diam. Diazinon drenches consisted of applying 1 gal of finished spray from a garden sprinkler can and Orthene 75SP was applied by evenly distributing two teaspoons of 75SP over the surface of the mounds. Rainfall in the area during the test was: Jul., 0.0 in.; Aug, 0.88 in.; and Sep., 1.99 in. for a total of 2.87 in.
Cyromazine Tested with Turkeys as A Feed-Through Compound for House Fly Control, 1983
Authors: Miller Ricard W.
Published: March 2022

Cyromazine (0.3% premix) was mixed into a breeder turkey diet at levels of 0, 1.5, 3.25, an 5.0 ppm active ingredient. Two 5-week trials were conducted. In each trial, a weighed amount of each ration was fed ad lib to 3 or 4 caged. Large White turkey breeder hens. At the end of each trial, unconsumed feed was weighed and feed intakes calculated. Excreta from the birds were collected 2 times a week, returned to the laboratory and bioassayed for activity against house fly larvae.
Control of Green Peach Aphid, 1983
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

The peach variety used in this test was Elberta. All treatments were sprayed to the point of drip (400 to 500 gal/acre) with handguns at 400 to 500 lb/in2 on 9 Mar. Four single-tree replicates were used per treatment. Pretreatment counts were made by sampling five dormant twigs 8 in. long from each tree. The twigs were taken to the laboratory and total number of aphids per twig were counted with the aid of a binocular microscope. Posttreatment evaluations were made by counting the total number of colonies per tree. On the last two counts, five colonies per tree were taken and placed in a pint jar with 70% alcohol. These samples were later counted in the laboratory. The curled leaves were opened and washed with alcohol onto a square piece of nylon organdy. The aphids were counted with the aid of a binocular microscope.
Peach Insecticide Evaluations, 1983
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Walter Sandra
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied to six single-tree replications in a randomized block design, using a Myers V7710-5E02G hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun. Trees were sprayed at 300 lb/in2 to the point of runoff. Dates of application were 18 Apr.--pink (P), 2 May--petal fall (PF), 10 & 11 May--shuck split (SS), 17 May--shuck fall (SF), covers (C) on 27 May, 9 Jun., 23 Jun., 8 Jul., and 21 Jul., Captan 50WP was applied separately by airblast sprayer to all treatments. Insecticides were evaluated for green peach aphid control by counting the total number of colonies per tree observed on 26 May. Because of freeze, only three of the six replications had a sufficient number of fruit to evaluate for cat-facing injury. All fruit on the trees was harvested in two pickings, on 24 Aug. and 1 Sep. Total fruit samples ranged from 57-355, averaging 159 per tree.
Peach, Cat-Facing and Mite Tests, 1983
Authors: Pfeiffer Douglas G. , Ponton Leo F. , Eldridge M. Darrell
Published: March 2022

Materials were applied to a peach block containing cultivars Loring, Madison, Red Haven, and Sun High at Steeles Tavern. Each treatment consisted of four, single-tree replicates in a randomized complete block design. Applications were made with a truck-mounted Swanson sprayer with a handgun attachment. Spray dates were 6 May (petal fall), 17 May (shuck split), 31 May, 13 Jun., 27 Jun., and 20 Jul. Mites were sampled using a leaf-brushing machine and 20 leaves per sample. Damage by PC, TPB and EU are combined under cat-facing. Cat-facing was evaluated by examining 50 fruit per tree on 21 Jun.
Twospotted Spider Mite Control on Strawberries, 1983
Authors: Trumble John T. , Nakakihara H.
Published: March 2022

‘Tufts’ strawberries were transplanted 2 Nov., 1982, into drip irrigated, double-row raised beds. Beds were mulched with clear plastic approximately 1 week following transplanting. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replicates of each treatment. Each replicate consisted of two sub-beds (17 plants per sub-bed). I-secticides were applied on 9 Mar. and 25 May, using two hollow cone nozzles per row with D3, orifices, #33 cores and 50-mesh sceens. Operating pressure was 6.33 kg/cm2 and delivery rate was 1,402 liter/ha. All applications except those including MK-396 contained 0.04% spreader per sticker (Biofilm). Spider mite populations were assessed by collecting the oldest functional trifoliate leaf per plant for five plants per replicate and counting the numbers of (1) eggs, (2) larvae + nymphs + adult males, and (3) adult females for 8 weeks following the first application and for 3 weeks following the second application. The egg stage was not counted following the second (late season) treatment or for the week immediately after the first application.
Citrus Rust Mite Control (CRM), 1983
Authors: Childers Carl C. , Sorrell Robert W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were replicated four times on single-tree plots. An unsprayed buffer tree separated treatment trees within and between rows. Sprays were applied dilute with a hand-gun at 400 lb/in2 (ca. 12 gal per tree), using a truck-mounted sprayer on 22 and 23 June. Water pH was 6.3. Thirty fruit were examined at random around the canopy of each sample tree at various times before and after spraying. A 1-cm2 area was examined on each of two shaded sides per fruit. The combined 2 cm2 count per fruit of living motile CRM was recorded as one observation.
Control of Citrus Red Mite on Lemons, 1982
Authors: Tuttle D.M. , Mullis C.H.
Published: March 2022

Two newer materials were compared with Vendex and Kelthane for control of the citrus red mite on lemons. Each treatment consisted of one-tree plots replicated four times. Applications were made 22 Mar. with a John Bean Sprayer using a hand-gun at 300 lb/in2, ca. 3 gal per tree (180 gal/acre). Mite counts were made in the grove with the aid of a 20X magnifying lens 3, 10, 14, and 21 days after spraying.