Trace organic compounds in an Antarctic ice core: a high-resolution analysis to reconstruct the anthropogenic fingerprint
Authors: Genuzio Giulia , Vecchiato Marco , Argiriadis Elena , Spolaor Andrea , Frezzotti Massimo , Barbante Carlo , Capodaglio Gabriele 
Published: March 2024

This research work focuses on reconstructing the anthropogenic fingerprint of the past 150 years through the high-resolution analysis of trace organic compounds preserved in Antarctic ice.Over the decades, numerous persistent and semi-volatile organic pollutants were largely used in several industrial activities. Some of them proved to be highly toxic, posing a serious threat to human health and natural ecosystems. Consequently, international bans and agreements were established to reduce their industrial production. As a result, restrictions on one compound have led to increased emissions of other chemical substitutes. A rise-and-fall trend in the concentrations between well-established and emerging pollutants is expected in response to international legislative measures. High resistance to biodegradation and semi-volatility promote the long-range atmospheric transport of these molecules, which reach remote areas such as polar regions, where they accumulate as a result of cold condensation processes.The extraction site GV7 (70&#176;41' S, 158&#176;51' E, 1950 m a.s.l.) is highly significant since it presents a high snow accumulation rate (241 &#177; 13 mm we yr-1). This feature, rare in recent archives, enables the analysis of trace organic compounds that would otherwise require considerably high amounts of matrix. The ice core (length: 50 m; diameter: 100 mm) is an ideal archive to investigate the &#8220;Great Acceleration&#8221; since it spans the last 150 years.The novel analytical method specific for snow and ice applied in this work allows to recognize the evolution of a single compound over time in response to international bans and social changes. The multi-proxy approach adopted allows to identify trends in well-established and new generation organic pollutants as well as personal care products. More specifically, fragrances are compounds of increasing interest since they provide information on use and consumption related to changes in household and social habits.Solid-phase extraction (SPE) combined with gas chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) enable to significantly increase the analytical signal. In addition, samples were entirely processed in a stainless-steel clean room to reduce contamination, achieve low detection limits, and obtain high-resolution data.Results show a change in the concentration of each compound on a time frame of 150 years. Since this is a pilot study, the processes involved in the transport and deposition of the analytes in deep ice are not yet fully understood and need further investigation. It is necessary to take into consideration possible changes in the use and consumption of organic molecules and potential variations in atmospheric transport.Previous studies provide data on personal care products on surface snow, which are essential for a broader interpretation of the processes involved.