bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Retour sur la pratique du pronunciamiento (1820-2013)
Authors: Demélas Marie-Danielle
Published: August 2014

La vie politique bolivienne, célèbre pour l’instabilité qui la caractérise depuis deux siècles, a multiplié les formes de mobilisation dont beaucoup restent à étudier. Le pronunciamiento est de celles-ci. Né en Espagne, en 1820, il s’agissait, pour les militaires libéraux qui l’inventèrent, de se prononcer contre l’absolutisme et pour le retour à un régime constitutionnel. Rapidement adoptée dans l’ensemble de l’univers hispanique, la pratique quitta les casernes pour l’univers civil. Elle exprimait dès lors la volonté du pueblo contre un pouvoir abusif. Le pronunciamiento est redevenu d’actualité au cours du conflit du TIPNIS. Les organisations représentant les groupes indigènes hostiles au tracé de la route traversant leur territoire l’emploient désormais pour affirmer un pouvoir local et un peuple territorialisé face à un État de plus en plus perçu comme l’expression d’un groupe de pression local, celui des cocaleros , et d’une classe politique lointaine.
« Le genou d'Evo » ou les usages politiques du corps
Authors: Alvizuri Verushka
Published: August 2014

A partir de la réflexion autour des usages politiques du corps initié par Ernest Kantorowicz, cet article étudie comment s’est construit l’image ethnique de Morales, le sens électoral de son omniprésence médiatique et rôle que joue son entourage dans la pratique du culte à la personnalité.
Janus dans les Andes : à la recherche du « berceau mythique » de la nation
Authors: Stefanoni Pablo
Published: August 2014

L’article analyse comment un groupe intellectuel fit du Tiwanaku un âge d’or qui devait permettre une future renaissance de la Bolivie. Ces intellectuels concilièrent deux termes jusqu’alors contradictoire, l’indianité et la nation. L’auteur analyse un temps fort de cette reconstruction, la Semaine indianiste réalisée en 1931 par des arquéologues amateurs, des maîtres d’école et des artistes fascinés par le passé préhispanique. C’est au sein de ce groupe intellectuel que naquît un récit de la refondation dont les idées et l’imaginaire millénaire furent ensuite réarticulées par un nouveau nationalisme révolutionnaire (tout d’abord sous l’hégémonie des militaires plus tard au sein d’une alliance avec les secteurs populaires) dans un projet nationaliste où les ruines de Tiwanaku ne furent plus le berceau mythique des seuls Aymaras mais de toute la Bolivie.
Transforaminal Percutaneous Endoscopic Surgery for Far Lateral Lumbar Intervertebral Disk Herniation
Authors: Liao Zhong , Chen Wei , Wang Chao-hui
Published: August 2014

Far lateral lumbar intervertebral disk herniation (FLLIDH) most commonly occurs far lateral to the intervertebral facet at L3–L4 and L4–L5 and accounts for 3.8% of all lumbar disk herniations. Traditional surgery for FLLIDH involves massive surgical trauma, damage to the spinal structure, and instability of the lumbar spine. The goals of this study were to perform a systematic review of the literature and investigate the clinical outcomes of transforaminal percutaneous endoscopic surgery in the treatment of FLLIDH. Between October 2010 and May 2012, fifteen patients diagnosed with FLLIDH underwent transforaminal percutaneous endoscopic surgery at the authors’ institution to remove the herniated disk and release the nerve root. Pain was measured pre- and postoperatively with a visual analog pain scale (VAS), and postoperative outcomes were evaluated using MacNab’s criteria. A PubMed database search was conducted for the systematic review. Median operative time was 100 minutes (range, 80–140 minutes). Median volume of intraoperative blood loss was 20 mL (range, 10–50 mL). Patients were followed postoperatively for a median of 6 months (range, 1–12 months). MacNab’s criteria rated 12 (80.0%) surgical outcomes as excellent, 2 (13.3%) as good, and 1 (6.7%) as fair. The systematic review included 14 studies. Transforaminal percutaneous endoscopic surgery appears to be a safe and effective minimally invasive procedure for treating FLLIDH. However, as demand for this type of surgery increases, the possibility of intraoperative aggravated leg pain and compression injury of the ganglion must be considered.
Synovial Chondromatosis of Pes Anserine Bursa Secondary to Osteochondroma
Authors: Shallop Brandon , Abraham John A.
Published: August 2014

Osteochondromas are common benign bone tumors. Synovial chondromatosis is a benign cartilaginous metaplasia that occurs in the synovium. The authors describe a unique case of synovial chondromatosis developing in the pes anserine bursa secondary to an underlying osteochondroma of the proximal medial tibia. It is unusual to see both of these processes occurring simultaneously in 1 location. After appropriate consent was obtained, the patient’s case was reviewed. A 17-year-old boy presented with a painless mass in the medial aspect of the right leg. Initial imaging of the right leg showed a cartilaginous-appearing lesion arising from the tibia and several distinct additional cartilaginous masses in the adjacent soft tissue. After 16 months of observation, the patient began to have increasing pain in the region of the lesion. The patient underwent surgery for excision of suspected synovial chondromatosis of the right pes anserine bursa and osteochondroma of the proximal right tibia. Postoperatively, the patient had complete resolution of symptoms and regained full range of motion of the knee. He returned to full activities, including walking and running. Osteochondromas are common benign bone tumors. Synovial chondromatosis is a benign synovial metaplastic cartilaginous proliferation that occurs primarily in joints, but can occur in any synovial-lined space. In this case report, the authors describe a unique occurrence of both of these lesions simultaneously. The treatment was excision of the osteochondroma and resection of the chondromatosis lesions, which resulted in an excellent outcome.
Cigarette Smoke Primes the Pulmonary Environment to IL-1α/CXCR-2–Dependent Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae–Exacerbated Neutrophilia in Mice
Authors: Nikota Jake K. , Shen Pamela , Morissette Mathieu C. , Fernandes Kimberly , Roos Abraham , Chu Derek K. , Barra Nicole G. , Iwakura Yoichiro , Kolbeck Roland , Humbles Alison A. , Stampfli Martin R.
Published: August 2014

Cigarette smoke has a broad impact on the mucosal environment with the ability to alter host defense mechanisms. Within the context of a bacterial infection, this altered host response is often accompanied by exacerbated cellular inflammation, characterized by increased neutrophilia. The current study investigated the mechanisms of neutrophil recruitment in a murine model of cigarette smoke exposure and, subsequently, a model of both cigarette smoke exposure and bacterial infection. We investigated the role of IL-1 signaling in neutrophil recruitment and found that cigarette smoke-induced neutrophilia was dependent on IL-1α produced by alveolar macrophages. In addition to being the crucial source of IL-1α, alveolar macrophages isolated from smoke-exposed mice were primed for excessive IL-1α production in response to bacterial ligands. To test the relevance of exaggerated IL-1α production in neutrophil recruitment, a model of cigarette smoke exposure and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae infection was developed. Mice exposed to cigarette smoke elaborated an exacerbated CXCR2-dependent neutrophilia in response to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. Exacerbated neutrophilia was dependent on IL-1α priming of the pulmonary environment by cigarette smoke as exaggerated neutrophilia was dependent on IL-1 signaling. These data characterize a novel mechanism of cigarette smoke priming the lung mucosa toward greater IL-1–driven neutrophilic responses to bacteria, with a central role for the alveolar macrophage in this process.
Zap70 Is Essential for Long-Term Survival of Naive CD8 T Cells
Authors: Schim van der Loeff Ina , Hsu Lih-Yun , Saini Manoj , Weiss Art , Seddon Benedict
Published: August 2014

Survival of naive T cells requires engagement of TCR with self-peptide major histocompatibility Ags. The signaling pathways required to transmit this survival signal are poorly understood. In this study, we asked whether the tyrosine kinase Zap70 is required to transmit survival signals in naive CD8 T cells. In the absence of Zap70 expression, thymic development is completely blocked. Using a tetracycline-inducible Zap70 transgene (TetZap70), thymic development of Zap70-deficient TCR transgenic F5 mice was restored. Feeding mice doxycycline to induce Zap70 expression resulted in repopulation of the peripheral naive compartment. Zap70 transgene expression was then ablated by withdrawal of doxycycline. Survival of Zap70-deficient naive CD8 T cells depended on host environment. In hosts with a replete T cell compartment, naive T cells died rapidly in the absence of Zap70 expression. In lymphopenic hosts, Zap70-deficient T cells survived far longer, in an IL-7–dependent manner, but failed to undergo lymphopenia-induced proliferation. Analyzing mixed bone marrow chimeras revealed that intact Zap70-dependent signaling was important for integration of recent thymic emigrants into the mature naive compartment. Finally, we asked whether adaptor function conferred by Zap70 tyrosines 315 and 319 was necessary for transmission of homeostatic TCR signals. This was done by analyzing F5 mice expressing mutant Zap70 in which these residues had been mutated to alanines (Zap70YYAA). Inducible Zap70 expression rescued thymic development in F5 TetZap70 Zap70YYAA mice. However, in the absence of wild-type Zap70 expression, the Zap70YYAA mutant failed to transmit either survival or proliferative homeostatic signals.
Systemic Inflammatory Response Elicited by Superantigen Destabilizes T Regulatory Cells, Rendering Them Ineffective during Toxic Shock Syndrome
Authors: Tilahun Ashenafi Y. , Chowdhary Vaidehi R. , David Chella S. , Rajagopalan Govindarajan
Published: August 2014

Life-threatening infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, particularly the community-acquired methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus, continue to pose serious problems. Greater virulence and increased pathogenicity of certain S. aureus strains are attributed to higher prevalence of exotoxins. Of these exotoxins, the superantigens (SAg) are likely most pathogenic because of their ability to rapidly and robustly activate the T cells even in extremely small quantities. Therefore, countering SAg-mediated T cell activation using T regulatory cells (Tregs) might be beneficial in diseases such as toxic shock syndrome (TSS). As the normal numbers of endogenous Tregs in a typical host are insufficient, we hypothesized that increasing the Treg numbers by administration of IL-2/anti–IL-2 Ab immune complexes (IL2C) or by adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded Tregs might be more effective in countering SAg-mediated immune activation. HLA-DR3 transgenic mice that closely recapitulate human TSS were treated with IL2C to increase endogenous Tregs or received ex vivo expanded Tregs. Subsequently, they were challenged with SAg to induce TSS. Analyses of various parameters reflective of TSS (serum cytokine/chemokine levels, multiple organ pathology, and SAg-induced peripheral T cell expansion) indicated that increasing the Tregs failed to mitigate TSS. On the contrary, serum IFN-γ levels were increased in IL2C-treated mice. Exploration into the reasons behind the lack of protective effect of Tregs revealed IL-17 and IFN-γ–dependent loss of Tregs during TSS. In addition, significant upregulation of glucocorticoid-induced TNFR family-related receptor on conventional T cells during TSS could render them resistant to Treg-mediated suppression, contributing to failure of Treg-mediated immune regulation.
Renal Vein Leiomyoma: A Rare Entity with Review of Literature
Authors: Kumar Santosh , Mittal Ankur , Devana Sudheer Kumar , Singh Shrawan Kumar
Published: August 2014

Tumors of vascular origin are unusual. These tumors are predominantly malignant and commonly arise from the inferior vena cava. Benign smooth muscle tumors arising from renal vein are very rare. We present a case of leiomyoma of renal vein in a post-menopausal woman that clinically resembled a retroperitoneal paraganglioma.
Regional Variation of Climatic Influences on West Nile Virus Outbreaks in the United States
Authors: Wimberly Michael C. , Lamsal Aashis , Giacomo Paolla , Chuang Ting-Wu
Published: August 2014

The national resurgence of human West Nile virus (WNV) disease in 2012 raised questions about the factors responsible for WNV outbreaks. Interannual climatic variations may influence WNV amplification and transmission to humans through multiple pathways, including mosquito breeding habitats, gonotrophic cycles, extrinsic incubation, avian communities, and human behavior. We examined the influences of temperature and precipitation anomalies on interannual variation in human WNV cases in three regions of the United States. There were consistent positive influences of winter temperatures, weaker and more variable positive effects of spring and summer temperatures, and highly variable precipitation effects that ranged from positive to negative. The overwintering period may be a particularly important climatic constraint on the dynamics of WNV in cold-temperate regions of North America. Geographic differences in the seasonal timing and relative importance of climatic drivers of WNV risk likely reflect underlying variability in key ecological and social characteristics.
Interdisciplinaridade na prática: um projeto de pesquisa em Madagascar (L’interdisciplinarité en pratique: un projet de recherche à Madagascar)
Authors: Hufty Marc
Published: August 2014

A reflexão apresentada neste artigo, iniciada ao longo do trabalho de pesquisa, busca esclarecer alguns conceitos (mono-multi-pluri-inter-trans-disciplinaridade) antes de extrair lições práticas. Para exemplificar, apresenta-se a dinâmica do desflorestamento em Madagascar, mais especificamente da Reserva especial de Manongarivo (noroeste), tema de um projeto de pesquisa entre 1994 e 2003 (“Ecologia política e biodiversidade”). Como tema, o conceito de desflorestamento é um construto social e científico. Para tanto, é necessário desenvolver uma reflexão “interdisciplinar”, uma desconstrução e reconstrução, no seio de qualquer equipe que aborda o assunto. Um enfoque particularmente difícil em relação às práticasda pesquisa. RÉSUMÉLa réflexion présentée dans cet article, entamée au cours d’un travail de terrain, tente de clarifier quelques concepts (mono, multi, pluri, inter et trans – disciplinarité), avant d’en tirer des leçons pratiques. A titre d’exemple, est présentée la dynamique de la déforestation à Madagascar et plus spécifiquement le cas de la Réserve spéciale de Manongarivo (Nord-Ouest), qui a fait l’objet d’un projet de recherche entre 1994 et 2003 (“Ecologie politique et biodiversité”). Comme objet, le concept de déforestation est un construit social et scientifique. Il nécessite une réflexion “interdisciplinaire”, une déconstruction et une reconstruction, au sein de toute équipe qui l’aborde. Une démarcheparticulièrement difficile au regard des pratiques de la recherche.d’une première version de cet article, qui lui doit donc beaucoup.
Proteção da natureza e conflitos ambientais em assentamentos rurais
Authors: Cunha Luis Henrique , Branquinho Nunes Aldo Manoel
Published: August 2014

Este artigo busca contribuir com o debate contemporâneo sobre a problemática ambiental em áreasde assentamentos no Brasil. Na contramão do caráter avaliativo e normativo de outros trabalhos, temcomo objetivo apreender as dinâmicas dos conflitos ambientais e as limitações das ações de proteçãoda natureza nas áreas reformadas, articulando, analiticamente, os temas dos regimes de propriedade e osesforços de regulação dos acessos e usos a recursos naturais apropriados coletivamente pelas famílias assentadas.Com base em pesquisas realizadas em dois assentamentos localizados no semi-árido paraibano,defende-se que o processo de assentamento de famílias de trabalhadores rurais sem-terra passa, necessariamente,pela reorganização dos direitos de propriedade e pela constituição de arranjos sociais parao efetivo controle dos recursos comuns, como respostas tanto ao colapso dos regimes de propriedadeque caracterizavam o latifúndio quanto aos conflitos entre as próprias famílias assentadas e com atoressociais externos referentes à exploração dos recursos naturais. O trabalho revela como as contradiçõesentre a utilização efetiva dos recursos comuns e as formas institucionalizadas de proteção da natureza (asáreas de preservação permanente e de reserva legal) e a morosidade na definição do parcelamento criamincertezas que favorecem situações de “tragédia dos comuns” e dificultam a emergência de iniciativas de conservação ambiental.
Ambiguidades e contradições no discurso de naturofilia e nas práticas turísticas
Authors: Almeida Maria Geralda
Published: August 2014

O enfoque é para as concepções sobre a natureza, o ambiente e o turismo, procurando, sobretudo,considerar o sentido que a sociedade dá à sua relação com o espaço e com a natureza. A concepção denaturofilia configura-se como contraditória, pois estimula o turismo consumidor da natureza. As políticasdestinadas ao turismo requerem mais cautelas e a autora aponta a responsabilidade compartilhada comouma alternativa na qual os diversos sujeitos assumem a gestão ambiental. Permeando essas questões,contribui-se para reflexões teórico-metodológicas sobre o ambiente, a natureza e o turismo.
Ecoformação: reflexões para uma pedagogia ambiental ambiental a partir de Rousseau, Morin e Pineau
Authors: Silva Ana Tereza Reis da
Published: August 2014

O presente artigo analisa a construção teórica do termo Ecoformação no âmbito de uma experiênciafrancesa de pesquisa e educação para, no e pelo ambiente. Articulando a teoria dos três mestres de Jean-Jacques Rousseau – o homem, os outros e as coisas – e a trindade humana indivíduo/espécie/sociedadeproposta por Morin, o Grupo de Pesquisa em Ecoformação (GREF) oferece aportes originais para a constituição de uma Pedagogia Ambiental.
Homem e “natureza” em um parque nacional do sul do Brasil: meios de vida e conflitos nos arredores da Lagoa do Peixe
Authors: Almudi Tiago , Kalikoski Daniela
Published: August 2014

Este artigo avalia a legitimidade de Parque Nacional como a categoria de Unidade de Conservação mais apropriada para a região da Lagoa do Peixe (RS). Os meios de vida, conhecimentos ecológicos e cultura dos pescadores tradicionais têm sido ameaçados pela criação e implementação desta unidade de conservação, causando conflitos que prejudicam objetivos de conservação ambiental. Sugere-se que a população tradicional seja incluída como parceiros para a proteção dessa área de elevada relevância ecológica.
Progresso, Desenvolvimento Sustentável e abordagens diversas de desenvolvimento: uma sucinta revisão de literatura
Authors: Calegare Marcelo Gustavo Aguilar , Da Silva Júnior Nelson
Published: August 2014

Fruto de revisão de literatura, o presente artigo tem por finalidade abordar a noção de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (DS) por meio de seus antecedentes, emergência, críticas e avanços, com o objetivo central de compreendermos a necessidade de novas concepções de desenvolvimento, não restritas à esfera econômica. Para tanto, apresentamos a noção de progresso com base das teorias econômicas e enfoques desenvolvimentistas do século XX, mostrando também o papel que estas atribuem ao ambiente. A partir do advento da crise socioambiental, nos anos 1970, destacamos teorias que buscaram integrar crescimento econômico, equidade social e harmonia ambiental, dando ênfase maior ao DS. Por fim, debate-se a redefinição de desenvolvimento segundo a ótica de Sen (2000), Viana (2007), Morin e Kern (2001) e Sachs (1993, 2002, 2004). Discute-se que essa nova concepção deve focar o desenvolvimento do ser humano de modo global, o que significa o exercício pleno de direitos humanos, a expansão da liberdade, o envolvimento das pessoas com seus ecossistemas e na tomada de decisões, bem como a criação de condições de produção de meios de existência viáveis e em função de cada contexto socioambiental.
Vine vigor and cluster uniformity on Vitis vinifera L. seed procyanidin composition in a warm Mediterranean climate
Authors: Edo-Roca Maite , Sanchez-Ortiz Antoni , Nadal Montserrat , Lampreave Miriam , Valls Josep
Published: August 2014

Seed procyanidin composition of Vitis vinifera L. var. ˈCarignanˈ and ˈGrenacheˈ was analyzed to assess the impact of vintage climatology, plant vigor and bunch variability on the quality of grapes. This study was carried out over 2007 and 2008 vintages in Terra Alta denomination of origin (DO). This region is located in northeastern Spain and characterized by a Mediterranean climate with a continental tendency. Procyanidin composition of seeds from four vineyards was analyzed by rapid resolution liquid chromatography (RRLC-DAD-TOF/MS). Vintage, vigor and ripeness uniformity had an influence on the procyanidin concentration in seeds. Flavan-3-ol polymerization increased during the warm year, together with a notable dependence on the variety and vine vigor. In warmer years and low vigor, ˈGrenacheˈ seed composition is likely to be more vulnerable than ˈCarignanˈ. High levels of flavan-3-ol monomers and low polymerization characterized the seeds of the temperate year.
Phosphogypsum amendments and irrigation with acidulated water affect tomato nutrition in reclaimed marsh soils from SW Spain
Authors: Quintero Jose M. , Enamorado Santiago , Mas Jose L. , Abril Jose M. , Polvillo Oliva , Delgado Antonio
Published: August 2014

Phosphogypsum (PG) is a by-product of the P fertilizer industry usually valorised as amendment for acidic and sodic soils. This work was aimed to study the effects of PG on nutrient uptake by industrial tomato plants in an originally sodic soil. A completely randomized experiment was performed involving two factors: (i) acidification with nitric acid (mimics cleaning techniques in drip irrigation), and (ii) PG rate (equivalents to 0, 20, 60, and 200 Mg ha–1). The highest PG rate resulted in an increased dry matter yield, which can be ascribed at least in part to an increased water use efficiency. PG decreased K, Mg and P concentrations in shoots, and P and Cu concentrations in fruits. At the highest rate, PG increased B concentration in shoots and total B content in the aerial parts of plants when acid was applied. The highest PG rate also increased Ca concentration in fruits, which can be considered positive in view of reducing the incidence of blossom end rot. The total content of Ni and Mo in aerial parts increased with PG, probably related to a decreased adsorption of these nutrients in soils. Acid application increased the concentration of all micronutrients in shoots and the concentration of Fe, Cu and B in fruits. In conclusion, PG promoted positive effects on B, Ni, Mo, and Ca nutrition, and some negative nutritional effects through antagonisms or affecting nutrient cycling in the soils, which however did not result in decreasing yields, even at a large dose which mimics the cumulative application during 20-30 years. Acid treatments resulted in improved micronutrient nutrition of tomato plants.
Simulating water distribution patterns for fixed spray plate sprinkler using the ballistic theory
Authors: Ouazaa Sofiane , Burguete Javier , Paniagua M. Pilar , Salvador Raquel , Zapata Nery
Published: August 2014

Ballistic simulation of the spray sprinkler for self-propelled irrigation machines requires the incorporation of the effect of the jet impact with the deflecting plate. The kinetic energy losses produced by the jet impact with the spray plate were experimentally characterized for different nozzle sizes and two working pressures for fixed spray plate sprinklers (FSPS). A technique of low speed photography was used to determine drop velocity at the point where the jet is broken into droplets. The water distribution pattern of FSPS for different nozzle sizes, working at two pressures and under different wind conditions were characterized in field experiments. The ballistic model was calibrated to simulate water distribution in different technical and meteorological conditions. Field experiments and the ballistic model were used to obtain the model parameters (D50, n, K1and K2). The results show that kinetic energy losses decrease with nozzle diameter increments; from 80% for the smallest nozzle diameter (2 mm) to 45% for nozzle diameters larger than 5.1 mm, and from 80% for the smallest nozzle diameter (2 mm) to 34.7% for nozzle diameters larger than 6.8 mm, at 138 kPa and 69 kPa working pressures, respectively. The results from the model compared well with field observations. The calibrated model has reproduced accurately the water distribution pattern in calm (r=0.98) and high windy conditions (r=0.76). A new relationship was found between the corrector parameters (K1’ and K2’) and the wind speed. As a consequence, model simulation will be possible for untested meteorological conditions.
El cine y el vídeo en las instituciones museísticas españolas. Conflicto de catalogación y presentación.
Authors: González de Ubieta Mikel Imanol Rotaeche
Published: August 2014

La incorporación del cine a las colecciones museísticas ha sido tardía y aún es minoritaria a pesar de haber sido uno de los principales medios de innovación en las vanguardias del siglo XX. No ocurre lo mismo con el vídeo, que se incorporó casi de inmediato al discurso museográfico contemporáneo. La presentación en el espacio expositivo y la catalogación de este tipo de obras de arte resulta deficitaria y en algunos casos errónea. Esto se debe a que aún no se ha asumido que tanto el cine como el vídeo son medios artísticos diferenciados, con tecnología específica y lenguajes propios.El presente artículo pretende demostrar que es necesario clarificar el vocabulario de catalogación y la forma de exposición de este importante patrimonio artístico para garantizar su correcta preservación y trasmisión a las generaciones futuras.
Calibration of seawater intrusion models: Inverse parameter estimation using surface electrical resistivity tomography and borehole data
Authors: Beaujean J. , Nguyen F. , Kemna A. , Antonsson A. , Engesgaard P.
Published: August 2014

Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) can be used to constrain seawater intrusion models because of its high sensitivity to total dissolved solid contents (TDS) in groundwater and its relatively high lateral coverage. However, the spatial variability of resolution in electrical imaging may prevent the correct recovery of the desired hydrochemical properties such as salt mass fraction. This paper presents a sequential approach to evaluate the feasibility of identifying hydraulic conductivity and dispersivity in density‐dependent flow and transport models from surface ERT‐derived mass fraction. In the course of this study, geophysical inversion was performed by using a smoothness constraint Tikhonov approach, whereas the hydrological inversion was performed using a gradient‐based Levenberg‐Marquardt algorithm. Two synthetic benchmarks were tested. They represent a pumping experiment in a homogeneous and heterogeneous coastal aquifer, respectively. These simulations demonstrated that only the lower salt mass fraction of the seawater‐freshwater transition zone can be recovered for different times. This ability has here been quantified in terms of cumulative sensitivity and our study has further demonstrated that the mismatch between the targeted and the recovered salt mass fraction occurs from a certain threshold. We were additionally able to explore the capability of sensitivity‐filtered ERT images using ground surface data only to recover (in both synthetic cases) the hydraulic conductivity while the dispersivity is more difficult to estimate. We attribute the latter mainly to the lack of ERT‐derived data at depth (where resolution is poorer) as well as to the smoothing effect of the ERT inversion.
Precise measurement of exoplanet atmosphere yields surprising results
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: August 2014

Scientists studying the atmospheres of hot, gassy exoplanets recently found significantly less water than predicted in one exoplanet's atmosphere. Researchers at the University of Cambridge published their findings in the journal Astrophysical Journal Letters.
Deadly 1995 French floods caused by atmospheric rivers
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: August 2014

In late January 1995, a wave of heavy rainfall hit western Europe. The rain was the most the region had seen in 150 years, and flooding in France caused 49 deaths and displaced 299,100 people.
Stable isotopes of surface water across the Longmenshan margin of the eastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Xu Qiang , Hoke Gregory D. , Liu‐Zeng Jing , Ding Lin , Wang Wei , Yang Yang
Published: August 2014

Characterization of the stable isotope compositions (δ18O and δD) of modern‐day surface waters traversing mountain ranges and bordering continental plateaus is important for refining climate models and establishing modern isotope‐elevation gradients along mountain ranges. The Longmenshan margin of the Tibetan Plateau is a steep, 4 km topographic front situated near the boundaries between westerlies and Asian monsoon moisture sources, and is previously unexplored with respect to the variation in water isotopic composition with elevation. This study reports stable isotope data from 101 water samples collected from streams, springs, and ponds along the Min River (Minjiang) watershed, which traverses the Longmenshan margin. Local meteoric water lines, d‐excess values, and surrounding precipitation and river water data sets suggest that precipitation across the Longmenshan margin is dominated by the East Asian summer monsoon. The increase in d‐excess values with increasing catchment elevation breaks down as local moisture recycling becomes important at elevations > 3 km a.s.l.. Along the Min River, however, the δ18Ow and δDw values decrease with increasing catchment elevation, which fit second‐order polynomial curves and are well‐approximated by a simple Rayleigh fractionation processes. The temperature‐corrected oxygen values in authigenic carbonates from the Pleistocene Zoige Basin, north of the Min River watershed, yield elevations equivalent to present by the oxygen isotope‐elevation relationship of the Longmenshan margin.
On the nature of the sea ice albedo feedback in simple models
Authors: Moon W. , Wettlaufer J. S.
Published: August 2014

We examine the nature of the ice‐albedo feedback in a long‐standing approach used in the dynamic‐thermodynamic modeling of sea ice. The central issue examined is how the evolution of the ice area is treated when modeling a partial ice cover using a two‐category‐thickness scheme; thin sea ice and open water in one category and “thick” sea ice in the second. The problem with the scheme is that the area evolution is handled in a manner that violates the basic rules of calculus, which leads to a neglected area evolution term that is equivalent to neglecting a leading‐order latent heat flux. We demonstrate the consequences by constructing energy balance models with a fractional ice cover and studying them under the influence of increased radiative forcing. It is shown that the neglected flux is particularly important in a decaying ice cover approaching the transitions to seasonal or ice‐free conditions. Clearly, a mishandling of the evolution of the ice area has leading‐order effects on the ice‐albedo feedback. Accordingly, it may be of considerable importance to reexamine the relevant climate model schemes and to begin the process of converting them to fully resolve the sea ice thickness distribution in a manner such as remapping, which does not in principle suffer from the pathology we describe.
Microgel Microenvironment Primes Adipose‐Derived Stem Cells Towards an NP Cells‐Like Phenotype
Authors: Fontana Gianluca , Thomas Dilip , Collin Estelle , Pandit Abhay
Published: August 2014

Cell therapy of the degenerated intervertebral disc is limited by the lack of appropriate cell sources, thus new strategies for the differentiation of stem cells towards a nucleus pulposus (NP)‐like phenotype need investigation. In the current study, it is hypothesized that spherical niche‐like structures composed of type II collagen and hyaluronan (HA) mimic the NP microenvironment and promote the differentiation of adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSCs) towards an NP‐like phenotype. ADSCs are embedded in microgels of different concentrations of collagen II/HA. Cells' response to the different environments is studied by characterizing differences in cells' viability, morphology, and gene expression. After 21 days of culture, ADSCs maintain ±80% viability in all the conditions tested. Moreover, microgels with higher concentration of collagen are stable and maintain cells in a rounder shape. In presence of differentiation media, cells are able to differentiate in all the conditions tested, but in a more pronounced manner in the microgel with a higher concentration of collagen. By tuning microgels' properties, it is possible to influence ADSCs' phenotype and ability to differentiate. Indeed, when cultured in high concentrations of collagen, ADSCs expresses high levels of collagen II, aggrecan, SOX9, and low levels of collagen I.
Using multiple data sets for public health tracking of work‐related injuries and illnesses in California
Authors: Joe Lauren , Roisman Rachel , Beckman Stella , Jones Martha , Beckman John , Frederick Matt , Harrison Robert
Published: August 2014

Background

Research suggests the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses underestimates the magnitude of workplace injuries and illnesses. Enumerating workplace injuries and illnesses may be improved by utilizing multiple state‐based data sources.

Methods

Using California‐based datasets (workers' compensation claims, health care facility data, and physician reports), we enumerated unique cases of amputations and carpal tunnel syndrome (2007–2008), and evaluated the datasets for usefulness in occupational health tracking by performing record linkage across all datasets and calculating match rates between them.

Results

6,862 amputation and 39,589 carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) cases were identified. Match rates between the datasets ranged from 34.0% to 45.6% (amputations) and 3.0% to 43.5% (CTS). Enumerated amputation and CTS cases from state‐based sources were about five and ten times greater than the BLS SOII estimates (1,390 and 3,720).

Conclusions

Successful demonstration of this state level approach has broad implications for improving federal and state efforts to track and prevent work‐related injuries and illnesses. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:1110–1119, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Core promoter short tandem repeats as evolutionary switch codes for primate speciation
Authors: Ohadi Mina , Valipour Elaheh , Ghadimi‐Haddadan Saeed , Namdar‐Aligoodarzi Pegah , Bagheri Abouzar , Kowsari Ali , Rezazadeh Maryam , Darvish Hossein , Kazeminasab Somayeh
Published: August 2014

Alteration in gene expression levels underlies many of the phenotypic differences across species. Because of their highly mutable nature, proximity to the +1 transcription start site (TSS), and the emerging evidence of functional impact on gene expression, core promoter short tandem repeats (STRs) may be considered an ideal source of variation across species. In a genome‐scale analysis of the entire Homo sapiens protein‐coding genes, we have previously identified core promoters with at least one STR of ≥6‐repeats, with possible selective advantage in this species. In the current study, we performed reverse analysis of the entire Homo sapiens orthologous genes in mouse in the Ensembl database, in order to identify conserved STRs that have shrunk as an evolutionary advantage to humans. Two protocols were used to minimize ascertainment bias. Firstly, two species sharing a more recent ancestor with Homo sapiens (i.e. Pan troglodytes and Gorilla gorilla gorilla) were also included in the study. Secondly, four non‐primate species encompassing the major orders across Mammals, including Scandentia, Laurasiatheria, Afrotheria, and Xenarthra were analyzed as out‐groups. We introduce STR evolutionary events specifically identical in primates (i.e. Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, and Gorilla gorilla gorilla) vs. non‐primate out‐groups. The average frequency of the identically shared STR motifs across those primates ranged between 0.00005 and 0.06. The identified genes are involved in important evolutionary and developmental processes, such as normal craniofacial development (TFAP2B), regulation of cell shape (PALMD), learning and long‐term memory (RGS14), nervous system development (GFRA2), embryonic limb morphogenesis (PBX2), and forebrain development (APAF1). We provide evidence of core promoter STRs as evolutionary switch codes for primate speciation, and the first instance of identity‐by‐descent for those motifs at the interspecies level. Am. J. Primatol. 77:34–43, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Doping of Single Polymeric Nanoparticles
Authors: Zhou X.‐F. , Cheng W. , Compton Richard G.
Published: August 2014

The oxidative doping of single poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) (PVK) nanoparticles is reported in aqueous sodium perchlorate using the nanoimpact method. Complete oxidative doping of single PVK nanoparticles with a size of approximately 120 nm is demonstrated, showing for the first time a simple strategy to synthesize and characterize doped polymeric nanoparticles at the single nanoparticle level.
Preparation and characterization of green reflective films of polyaniline analogs containing azobenzene units
Authors: Yamada Hikaru , Kukino Minoru , Wang Zhi An , Miyabara Ryo , Fujimoto Nobutaka , Kuwabara Junpei , Matsuishi Kiyoto , Kanbara Takaki
Published: August 2014

Pd‐catalyzed polycondensation of aniline derivatives and 4,4′‐dibromoazobenzene affords polyaniline analogs containing azobenzene units. The polymers are red in solution and in thin films state, whereas they have a green luster in thick films. Substitution of 4,4′‐dibromoazobenzene for 4,4′‐dibromostilbene changes the reflection color from green to blue, whereas the introduction of a non‐conjugated unit slightly affects the reflection color. The glossiness of the film is dependent on the smoothness of the film surface. The reflectance measurements using polarized light reveal that reflection spectra correlate well with the complex refractive index (ñ = n + ik) of the film. These results confirm that the green luster can be attributed to the uniform surface reflection of the object, which has a large refractive index and absorption coefficient at around 500 nm. The polymer films exhibit good transmission of radio frequency signals owing to the lack of free electron carriers. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41275.
Archipelago of Gear: The Political Economy of Fisheries Management and Private Sustainable Fisheries Initiatives in Indonesia
Authors: De Alessi Michael
Published: August 2014

Indonesia is a vast archipelago, stretching over 3,000 miles and including the heart of the Coral Triangle. Fisheries and marine conservation is fundamentally important to Indonesia's large population, but to date the political, legal, economic and institutional socio‐cultural settings for fisheries management and marine conservation have been plagued by institutional and legal uncertainty. Even in cases where laws are clear, monitoring and enforcement are often unpredictable, or simply lacking. This has caused problems, but it has also created opportunities for innovative experiments at the local level, across the diverse cultural and political landscape of this nation of islands. This article describes the most notable examples of these experiments and how they may shape future marine conservation policy in Indonesia.
One‐Step Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Nanotubes as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reactions
Authors: Chen Lisong , Cui Xiangzhi , Wang Yongxia , Wang Min , Cui Fangming , Wei Chenyang , Huang Weimin , Hua Zile , Zhang Lingxia , Shi Jianlin
Published: August 2014

A high amount of heteroatom doping in carbon, although favorable for enhanced density of catalytically active sites, may lead to substantially decreased electroconductivity, which is necessary for the electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction. Herein, a relatively low amount of nitrogen was successfully doped into carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by a hydrothermal approach in one step, and the synthesized nitrogen‐doped CNT (CNT‐N) materials retained most of the original, excellent characteristics, such as the graphitic structure, tubular morphology, and high surface area, of CNTs. The resultant CNT‐N materials, although containing a relatively low amount of nitrogen doping, exhibited high electrocatalytic ORR activity, comparable to that of 20 wt % Pt/C; long durability; and, more importantly, largely inhibited methanol crossover effect.
Simultaneous Linear and Anti‐Windup Controller Synthesis: Delayed Activation Case
Authors: Ran Maopeng , Wang Qing , Ni Maolin , Dong Chaoyang
Published: August 2014

In this paper, we present a method for the synthesis of a delayed anti‐windup scheme in which the anti‐windup compensator is activated only when the degree of saturation reaches a certain level. Unlike the traditional two‐step anti‐windup design procedure, our method synthesizes entire parameters of the nominal controller and the delayed anti‐windup compensator simultaneously. In this simultaneous design, the trade‐offs between the linear and the constrained closed‐loop response are carried out, for the anti‐windup compensator retrofits to the “existing” nominal controller. Sufficient conditions for guaranteeing global stability and minimizing the induced gain performance for exogenous input are formulated and solved as some linear matrix inequality (LMI) optimization problems. Effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated with a well‐known example.
Nonlinear Gains Recursive Sliding Mode Dynamic Surface Control with Integral Action
Authors: Liu Xi , Sun Xiu‐xia , Liu Shu‐guang , Xu Song
Published: August 2014

In this paper, by introducing a function with nonlinear gains and developing sliding surfaces with integral action in the dynamic surface control (DSC) recursive procedure, a novel DSC strategy is proposed. The drawbacks of conventional DSC methods, such as being sensitive to the design constant of the first order low‐pass filter and being unable to achieve zero steady‐state error for step reference signal, are overcome. Moreover, improvement of transient performance and reduction of control effort can be obtained. The stability analysis shows that the proposed new approach can guarantee semi‐global uniform ultimate boundedness (SGUUB) of all closed‐loop signals and that the ultimate tracking error bound in regulation can be made arbitrarily small.
A drift‐free simulation method for pricing commodity derivatives
Authors: Fernández José Luis , Pou Marta , Vázquez Carlos
Published: August 2014

Having in view the pricing of commodity derivatives in Libor Market Model (LMM) setting, we first analyze the set of basic rates we need to formulate the model by using the spanning tree concept taken from graph theory. Next, we present an efficient procedure for Monte Carlo simulation of the dynamics of the rates associated to LMM, avoiding the presence of the rates dependent drifts (drift‐free simulation) and the presence of negative deflated bond prices and negative forward rates. The method is based upon a new parameterization of the martingales introduced by Glasserman and Zhao and it is extended to a Cross‐Market Model for commodities. Finally, a particular example of commodity derivative (spread option) pricing problem is considered. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) positive effects on muscle fiber degeneration and gait recovery after nerve lesion in MDX mice
Authors: Simões Gustavo F. , Benitez Suzana U. , Oliveira Alexandre L. R.
Published: August 2014

Background

G‐CSF has been shown to decrease inflammatory processes and to act positively on the process of peripheral nerve regeneration during the course of muscular dystrophy.

Aims

The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of treatment of G‐CSF during sciatic nerve regeneration and histological analysis in the soleus muscle in MDX mice.

Methods

Six‐week‐old male MDX mice underwent left sciatic nerve crush and were G‐CSF treated at 7 days prior to and 21 days after crush. Ten and twenty‐one days after surgery, the mice were euthanized, and the sciatic nerves were processed for immunohistochemistry (anti‐p75NTR and anti‐neurofilament) and transmission electron microscopy. The soleus muscles were dissected out and processed for H&E staining and subsequent morphologic analysis. Motor function analyses were performed at 7 days prior to and 21 days after sciatic crush using the CatWalk system and the sciatic nerve index.

Results

Both groups treated with G‐CSF showed increased p75NTR and neurofilament expression after sciatic crush. G‐CSF treatment decreased the number of degenerated and regenerated muscle fibers, thereby increasing the number of normal muscle fibers.

Conclusions

The reduction in p75NTR and neurofilament indicates a decreased regenerative capacity in MDX mice following a lesion to a peripheral nerve. The reduction in motor function in the crushed group compared with the control groups may reflect the cycles of muscle degeneration/regeneration that occur postnatally. Thus, G‐CSF treatment increases motor function in MDX mice. Nevertheless, the decrease in baseline motor function in these mice is not reversed completely by G‐CSF.
Morphological characteristics of the cranial root of the accessory nerve
Authors: Liu Hong‐Fu , Won Hyung‐Sun , Chung In‐Hyuk , Kim In‐Beom , Han Seung‐Ho
Published: August 2014

There has been the controversy surrounding the cranial root (CR) of the accessory nerve. This study was performed to clarify the morphological characteristics of the CR in the cranial cavity. Fifty sides of 25 adult cadaver heads were used. The accessory nerve was easily distinguished from the vagus nerve by the dura mater in the jugular foramen in 80% of 50 specimens. The trunk of the accessory nerve from the spinal cord penetrated the dura mater at various distances before entering the jugular foramen. In 20% of the specimens there was no dural boundary. In these cases, the uppermost cranial rootlet of the accessory nerve could be identified by removing the dura mater around the jugular foramen where it joined to the trunk of the accessory nerve at the superior vagal ganglion. The cranial rootlet was formed by union of two to four short filaments emerging from the medulla oblongata (66%) and emerged single, without filament (34%), and usually joined the trunk of the accessory nerve directly before the jugular foramen. The mean number of rootlets of the CR was 4.9 (range 2–9) above the cervicomedullary junction. The CR of the accessory nerve was composed of two to nine rootlets, which were formed by the union of two to four short filaments and joined the spinal root of the accessory nerve. The CR is morphologically distinct from the vagus nerve, confirming its existence. Clin. Anat. 27:1167–1173, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Durability of a PtSn Ethanol Oxidation Electrocatalyst
Authors: Zignani Sabrina C. , Baglio Vincenzo , Gonzalez Ernesto R. , Aricò Antonino S.
Published: August 2014

A high‐surface‐area PtSn electrocatalyst supported on carbon was prepared by using a formic acid reduction method. The catalyst was characterized by X‐ray fluorescence, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The electrochemical properties of the electrocatalyst were investigated by using polarization measurements, cyclic voltammetry, potentiostatic durability tests, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. An endurance test of 220 h at 0.4 V with recirculation of ethanol was carried out. Under continuous operation in a direct ethanol fuel cell, the electrocatalytic system shows an initial decay, but suitable stability is observed after about 100 h.