bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A fixed-dose randomized controlled trial of olanzapine for psychosis in Parkinson disease
Authors: Nichols Michelle J , Hartlein Johanna M , Eicken Meredith GA , Racette Brad A , Black Kevin J
Published: July 2013

Background: Psychosis is a common and debilitating side effect of long-term dopaminergic treatment of Parkinson disease (PD). While clozapine is an effective treatment, the need for blood monitoring has limited its first-line use. 

Objective: Since olanzapine shows similar receptor affinity to clozapine, we hypothesized that it might be an effective alternative to clozapine for treatment of drug-induced psychosis (DIP) in PD, and that lower doses than usual might make it tolerable.

Methods: In 1998-2003 we conducted a four-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group, fixed-dose trial of olanzapine (0, 2.5mg, or 5mg) in 23 PD patients with DIP while allowing for clinically realistic dose adjustments of dopaminomimetic mid-study. The primary outcome measures were Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) ratings scored from videotaped interviews after study termination by an observer blinded to dose assignment and to interview timing, and CGI (Clinical Global Impression). The Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale motor subscale (UPDRS) was the primary measure of tolerability.

Results: Intention-to-treat analysis found no significant differences among treatment groups in study completion or serious adverse events. However, a disproportionate number of olanzapine vs. placebo subjects reported mild side effects (p<0.04), many citing motor worsening. Fourteen patients completed the study (seven on placebo, two on 2.5mg olanzapine, five on 5mg olanzapine). In study completers, analysis by repeated measures ANOVA revealed no significant difference between olanzapine and placebo groups in BPRS psychosis reduction (p=0.536), parkinsonism (p=0.608), or any other measured parameters (CGI, MMSE, Beck Depression Inventory, Hamilton Depression score, PDQ‑39, Schwab-England ADL assessment, and sleep scores).

Conclusion: This study adds to other evidence that olanzapine is ineffective in treating medication-induced psychosis in Parkinson disease.
Phylogeny of Hedyotis L. (Rubiaceae: Spermacoceae): Redefining a complex Asian–Pacific assemblage
Authors: Wikström Niklas , Neupane Suman , Kårehed Jesper , Motley Timothy J. , Bremer Birgitta
Published: July 2013

The genus Hedyotis (Rubiaceae: Spermacoceae) has long served as a repository for tropical herbaceous species that do not fit readily into other genera. Circumscribed broadly the genus becomes a highly heterogeneous assembly, but relationships of Hedyotis have been difficult to resolve and it has proven very difficult to circumscribe the genus in a more narrow sense. Here we present Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of Hedyotis using plastid (rps16, petD) and nuclear (ITS, ETS) sequence data to resolve monophyletic lineages, to test former taxonomic hypotheses, and to revise the taxa within a well–supported evolutionary framework. Four hundred and sixty–seven sequences representing 129 accessions, never previously included in any phylogenetic analyses, are newly reported. Hedyotis, as previously circumscribed, is polyphyletic, but all investigated species, except for Hedyotis coronaria, are resolved in one of three well–supported monophyletic groups. The largest clade includes all investigated species of Hedyotis from the Indian subcontinent as well as three groups of species with primarily Chinese distributions. The type species of Hedyotis (H. fruticosa) is resolved with the Indian subcontinent species and following previous suggestions this group is referred to as Hedyotis s.str. Species currently recognized under the generic names Metabolos and Pleiocraterium are resolved in Hedyotis s.str. The second–largest group comprises a series of smaller, but well–supported, clades including the Leptopetalum clade, the genus Kadua, an unnamed group distributed in Asia and the Pacific, and a large Asian group referred to here as the Exallage/Dimetia clade. The third group includes a few SE Asian Hedyotis, as well as all investigated species of the genus Neanotis. Hedyotis coronaria is not closely related to other species from Asia and is resolved with Spermacoce hispida. The analyses indicate that diplophragmous capsules and “fruticosa–type” seeds occur outside of Hedyotis s.str., and several species suggested to have these features are resolved in the Exallage/Dimetia clade. Species sug gested to have indehiscent capsules, a feature used by Bremekamp to characterize the genus Exallage, are also resolved in both the Exallage/Dimetia clade and in Hedyotis s.str., but a close examination indicates that the capsules are not truly indehiscent in the Hedyotis s.str. species. One species of Metabolos and one species of Pleiocraterium are given new species names, and one species of Pleiocraterium is transferred to Hedyotis and three species of Hedyotis are transferred to Neanotis.
A worldwide molecular phylogeny and classification of the leafy spurges, Euphorbia subgenus Esula (Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: Riina Ricarda , Peirson Jess A. , Geltman Dmitry V. , Molero Julián , Frajman Božo , Pahlevani Amirhossein , Barres Laia , Morawetz Jeffery J. , Salmaki Yasaman , Zarre Shahin , Kryukov Aleksey , Bruyns Peter V. , Berry Paul E.
Published: July 2013

The leafy spurges, Euphorbia subg. Esula, make up one of four main lineages in Euphorbia. The subgenus comprises about 480 species, most of which are annual or perennial herbs, but with a small number of dendroid shrubs and nearly leafless, pencil–stemmed succulents as well. The subgenus constitutes the primary northern temperate radiation in Euphorbia. While the subgenus is most diverse from central Asia to the Mediterranean region, members of the group also occur in Africa, in the Indo–Pacific region, and in the New World. We have assembled the largest worldwide sampling of the group to date (273 spp.), representing most of the taxonomic and geographic breadth of the subgenus. We performed phylogenetic analyses of sequence data from the nuclear ribosomal ITS and plastid ndhF regions. Our individual and combined analyses produced well–resolved phylogenies that confirm many of the previously recognized clades and also establish a number of novel groupings and placements of previously enigmatic species. Euphorbia subg. Esula has a clear Eurasian center of diversity, and we provide evidence for four independent arrivals to the New World and three separate colonizations of tropical and southern Africa. One of the latter groups further extends to Madagascar and New Zealand, and to more isolated islands such as Réunion and Samoa. Our results confirm that the dendroid shrub and stem–succulent growth forms are derived conditions in E. subg. Esula. Stem–succulents arose twice in the subgenus and dendroid shrubs three times. Based on the molecular phylogeny, we propose a new classification for E. subg. Esula that recognizes 21 sections (four of them newly described and two elevated from subsectional rank), and we place over 95% of the accepted species in the subgenus into this new classification.
Phylogenetic relationships of Mathewsia and Schizopetalon (Brassicaceae) inferred from nrDNA and cpDNA regions: Taxonomic and evolutionary insights from an Atacama Desert endemic lineage
Authors: Toro-Núñez Oscar , Mort Mark E. , Ruiz-Ponce Eduardo , Al-Shehbaz Ihsan A.
Published: July 2013

Mathewsia (6 spp.) and Schizopetalon (10 spp.) are sister genera of the tribe Schizopetaleae (Brassicaceae, Cruci ferae). The genera are mostly endemic to Chile and neighboring areas of Peru and Argentina, with most species growing in the hyperarid Atacama Desert and adjacent areas. This geographic distribution and the presence of different life forms in Mathewsia (perennial) and Schizopetalon (annual) provide the opportunity to compare patterns of diversification under ex treme environmental pressure. In this paper, phylogenetic relationships are estimated for 17 species using a combination of two nuclear regions (rDNA ITS+ETS) and four plastid regions (atpI–atpH, trnQ–rps16, trnH–psbA spacers, and rps16 intron) using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian approaches. Analyses of the combined cpDNA and the combined nrDNA result in topologies that are highly similar, although several instances of topological incongruence are noted. Results from all three criteria and all datasets support the monophyly of Schizopetalon, but not of Mathewsia. Mathewsia is rendered non–monophyletic because M. nivea is placed outside of Schizopetaleae (Mathewsia+Schizopetalon); a result that is also sup ported by morphology. The monophyly of some species is confirmed; however, several currently recognized species were not recovered as a clade and will require additional study. Further analyses are needed to resolve the placement of M. nivea and the origins of discordant nuclear and plastid signal.
Phylogeny of the African Mutisieae s.l. (Asteraceae) based on ndhF and trnL‐F sequences (cpDNA)
Authors: Ortiz Santiago , Carbajal Rodrigo , Serrano Miguel , Rodríguez-Oubiña Juan , Iglesias Isabel
Published: July 2013

A molecular phylogenetic study of the African Mutisieae s.l. (Asteraceae) was performed using the chloroplast markers ndhF and trnL‐F. The sequences of 46 species, including three representatives of Cynareae (Cardueae), were analysed applying maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference, with Mutisia and Hecastocleis as outgroups. Four main clades corresponding to the tribes Cynareae, Dicomeae, Tarchonantheae and Oldenburgieae were identified, although relationships among them were unresolved. Dicomeae split into two main clades, which on the basis of these results and a previous morphological‐anatomical phylogenetic analysis are proposed as two new subtribes: Dicominae and Pleiotaxinae. Within Dicominae, Dicoma welwitschii is located outside the Dicoma clade, in a clade that includes the Pasaccardoa species. Given the singular morphology of D. welwitschii, the new genus Dicomopsis has been proposed. A more detailed study with additional markers will be necessary to decide whether Pasaccardoa baumii should be included in Dicomopsis or described as a monotypic genus. The topology of the Tarchonantheae clade does not contribute to elucidating the relationships between Tarchonanthus and Brachylaena. The four species of Oldenburgia form a well‐supported monophyletic group (Oldenburgieae), despite their heterogeneous morphology.
Prumnopitys anglicasp. nov. (Podocarpaceae) from the Eocene of England
Authors: Greenwood David R. , Hill Christopher R. , Conran John G.
Published: July 2013

Leaves from the Eocene Bournemouth Freshwater Beds of southern England assigned originally to the genusPodocarpusL'Hér. ex Pers. (Podocarpaceae) asPodocarpus eocenicusUnger—currently treated asAmentotaxus gladifolia(R. Ludwig) D.K. Ferguson, Jähnichen & Alvin—are re‐examined to assess their generic and familial status. Well‐preserved cuticle on one specimen and its gross morphology, together with the morphology of other associated specimens suggests that they should be placed in Prumnopitys Philippi (Podocarpaceae), the long, lanceolate leaves resemblingPr. amara(Blume) de Laub. (=Sundacarpus amarus(Blume) C.N. Page). Because the fossil taxon is consistent with the genusPrumnopitysand not withAmentotaxus gladifolia(Taxaceae), a new species,Prumnopitys anglicaD.R. Greenw., C.R. Hill & Conran sp. nov., is proposed. Phylogenetic comparison with otherPrumnopitysspecies suggests thatPr. anglicais close to the extant Australasian species,Pr. amarabut is still relatively isolated. The presence ofPrumnopitysin the earliest Palaeocene of Asia and the Eocene of southern England supports the view that Podocarpaceae were an uncommon but distinctive component of Northern Hemisphere Late Cretaceous and Palaeogene floras before becoming largely extinct there in the Neogene.
Relationships and dispersal of the Caribbean species of Harrisia (sect. Harrisia; Cactaceae) using AFLPs and seven DNA regions
Authors: Franck Alan R. , Cochrane Bruce J. , Garey James R.
Published: July 2013

The cactus genus Harrisia contains 18 species, of which 11 are native to the Caribbean region. To evaluate species relationships, specimens of Harrisia were examined morphologically, sequenced for seven DNA regions (four nuclear, three plastid), and surveyed for additional polymorphisms using ten sets of AFLP primers. The analyses show that H. earlei is an isolated lineage, sister to the remaining ten species. The remaining ten species comprised three groups in the molecular analyses—a Cuba group, Florida group, and a southern/eastern Greater Antilles‐Bahamas (SEGAB) group. Morphology suggests the Florida group is related to species of west Cuba and the SEGAB group is related to species of east Cuba. Harrisia likely first colonized west Cuba and then dispersed northeastward and southeastward.
Typification of Debregeasia longifolia and the status of Missiessya (Urticaceae: Boehmerieae)
Authors: Friis Ib , Wilmot-Dear Christine Melanie , Monro Alex
Published: July 2013

Urtica longifolia Burm. f. (1768) is the oldest available name known for Debregeasia velutina Gaudich. (≡ Debre‐ geasia longifolia (Burm. f.) Wedd.), the type of the genus Debregeasia Gaudich. However, the previous assumption regarding the holotype of Urtica longifolia is incorrect and is here clarified. An incomplete specimen from Burman's herbarium at G is shown to be part of the original material, but does not show all diagnostic characters referred to in the protologue and now necessary to distinguish D. longifolia from other species of that genus. It is designated lectotype, and an epitype, Jacobs 8058 (K), is designated to secure current usage. The confusing nomenclatural history of Missiessya in relation to Debregeasia is reviewed: “Missiessya” was invalidly published by Gaudichaud in 1847–1848; Weddell validly published it as an illegitimate superfluous name in 1854 and later (1857) as an illegitimate later homonym.
To aitch or not to aitch: Ripogonum (Ripogonaceae) or Rhipogonum (Rhipogonaceae)?
Authors: Seberg Ole , Petersen Gitte , Wagner Peter
Published: July 2013

For over 150 years, the correct spelling of the genus name Ripogonum (Rhipogonum) and the derived family name Ripogonaceae (Rhipogonaceae) has been the subject of uncertainty. The different spellings in use are due to transliterations of the Greek letter “ρ” (rho with spiritus asper) into Latin as either “r” or “rh”. As neither of Ripogonum or Rhipogonum can be considered incorrect, priority must be given to the original spelling of the name used, Ripogonum. Therefore, Ripogonaceae is the correct spelling for the family name.
Accounting for the Police: The New Police and Crime Commissioners in England and Wales
Authors: Mawby R.I. , Smith K.
Published: July 2013

The creation of Police and Crime Commissioners (PCCs) in England and Wales in November 2012, replacing the former Police Authorities, introduced a new mechanism for holding the police accountable. This article considers the new system in a cross-national context, arguing that the PCC system is distinct from other systems that involve elected police officials. Experience from other countries, however, suggests that there are inherent dangers in making the police democratically, rather than bureaucratically, accountable. In assessing the potential for the new arrangements in England and Wales, the article reviews the attributes of those who stood as candidates and the process that resulted in the election of 41 PCCs, who appear to represent the two main political parties, the police and the constituencies that represented the old Police Authorities, rather than their local communities.
Reexamining the Market Share–Customer Satisfaction Relationship
Authors: Rego Lopo L. , Morgan Neil A. , Fornell Claes
Published: July 2013

Market share and customer satisfaction are often used to assess marketing performance. Despite the widespread assumption of a positive relationship between these two variables, the limited extant empirical literature on the subject indicates either a negative or a nonsignificant relationship. The authors reexamine this relationship over a longer time period than has previously been possible in a representative sample of U.S. consumer markets and find a consistently significant negative market share–customer satisfaction relationship. This is because customer satisfaction is generally not predictive of firms' future market share, but market share is a strong negative predictor of firms' future customer satisfaction. In follow-up analyses, the authors find that a firm's customer satisfaction can predict its future market share when it is benchmarked against that of its nearest rival and customer switching costs are low. In examining why the market share–future customer satisfaction relationship is generally negative, they find strong support for preference heterogeneity as a key mediator in this relationship. They also show that marketing more brands moderates the negative effect of preference heterogeneity on future customer satisfaction. Thus, larger brand portfolios offer a strategy solution for the general market share–satisfaction trade-off.
Educating medical students about adolescent maltreatment
Authors: Knox Michele , Pelletier Heather , Vieth Victor
Published: July 2013

The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of training first year medical students using a Child Advocacy Studies Training (CAST) elective course. The 9-month course was taught by a multidisciplinary group of professionals and addressed prevention, identification, reporting, and responding to all forms of child and adolescent maltreatment. It was hypothesized that, relative to students in a comparison group, students who completed the elective course would report being significantly more prepared to identify signs of maltreatment, to report a case of suspected maltreatment, and to recommend or secure needed services for a maltreated child or adolescent, more likely to report suspected maltreatment, even if they did not know for sure it happened, and demonstrate improved knowledge in the areas of maltreatment identification and reporting. Results supported all five of the study’s hypotheses and indicate that the CAST program may be an effective method of better preparing future physicians to address child and adolescent maltreatment.
Antioxidant activities for superoxide dismutase in patients with Crohn’s disease
Authors: Alzoghaibi Mohammed A. , Al-Mofleh Ibrahem A. , Al-Jebreen Abdulrahman M.
Published: July 2013

Background: In this study, we aimed to determine the levels of antioxidant activity for superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) to investigate their contribution to tissue injury in CD.

Methods: Forty-two patients with CD and 38 matched healthy subjects (control group) were recruited. SOD enzymatic activity was measured by purely chemical system based on NAD(P)H oxidation.

Results: Plasma antioxidant activities for SOD in CD patients were significantly lower than that in the control group.

Conclusions: Low antioxidant activity for SOD in CD is an important indication of oxidative stress. CD patients are more susceptible to oxidative stress. This study supports the hypothesis that increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant defense in CD.
Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy in an Infant With an Adrenocortical Tumor
Authors: Hauser Jakob , Riedl Stefan , Michel-Behnke Ina , Minkov Milen , Perneczky Eva , Horcher Ernst
Published: July 2013

Nonfamilial cardiomyopathies in childhood have been only sporadically ascribed to endocrine disorders. We report on a 4-month-old male infant presenting with Cushing’s syndrome associated with excessive body weight (8.9 kg; >97th percentile) and features of virilization (Tanner stage 2 for pubic hair development). Abdominal sonography showed a large adrenal tumor. Echocardiography revealed myocardial hypertrophy with severe subaortic obstruction. Blood tests showed excessive androgen and cortisol serum levels with absent circadian rhythm as well as suppressed corticotropin. Urine catecholamine levels were within the normal range. Tumor resection with general anesthesia was performed after preparation with antihypertensive and anticongestive drug therapy. Continuous intravenous hydrocortisone substitution was started intraoperatively and subsequently tapered and switched to oral administration after 12 days. A gradual reduction in glucocorticoid substitution and its discontinuation after a total duration of 9 months were well tolerated. Histopathologic workup revealed an adrenocortical tumor of intermediate dignity. Postoperative tumor staging excluded both residual primary tumor and metastases. Both a normalization of body weight and myocardial mass were observed. The present article is, to our knowledge, the first to describe severe hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy caused by an adrenocortical tumor and provides novel detailed data on postoperative glucocorticoid management.
Strategies for More Rapid Translation of Cellular Therapies for Children: A US Perspective
Authors: Sanchez Rosa , Silberstein Leslie E. , Lindblad Robert W. , Welniak Lisbeth A. , Mondoro Traci Heath , Wagner John E.
Published: July 2013

Clinical trials for pediatric diseases face many challenges, including trial design, accrual, ethical considerations for children as research subjects, and the cost of long-term follow-up studies. In September 2011, the Production Assistance for Cellular Therapies Program, funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health, sponsored a workshop, “Cell Therapy for Pediatric Diseases: A Growing Frontier,” with the overarching goal of optimizing the path of discovery in research involving novel cellular therapeutic interventions for debilitating pediatric conditions with few or no available treatment options. Academic and industry investigators in the fields of cellular therapy and regenerative medicine described the obstacles encountered in conducting a clinical trial from concept to conclusion. Patient and parent advocates, bioethicists, biostatisticians, regulatory representatives from the US Food and Drug Administration, and translational scientists actively participated in this workshop, seeking to identify the unmet needs specific to cellular therapies and treatment of pediatric diseases and propose strategies to facilitate the development of novel therapies. In this article we summarize the obstacles and potential corrective strategies identified by workshop participants to maximize the speed of cell therapy translational research for childhood diseases.
Parental Knowledge of Potential Cancer Risks From Exposure to Computed Tomography
Authors: Boutis Kathy , Cogollo William , Fischer Jason , Freedman Stephen B. , Ben David Guila , Thomas Karen E.
Published: July 2013

OBJECTIVE:

Computed tomography (CT) imaging of children is increasing in emergent settings without an understanding of parental knowledge of potential cancer risks. In children with head injuries, our primary objective was to determine the proportion of parents who were aware of the potential of CT to increase a child's lifetime risk of malignancy. We also examined willingness to proceed with recommended CT after risk disclosure and preference to be informed of potential risks.

METHODS:

This was a prospective cross-sectional survey of parents whose children presented to a tertiary care pediatric emergency department with a head injury. Survey questions were derived and validated by using expert opinion, available literature, and pre- and pilot testing of questions with the target audience.

RESULTS:

Of the 742 enrolled parents, 454 (61.2%) were female and 594 (80.0%) were aged 31 to 50 years. Importantly, 357 (46.8%) were aware of the potential for an increased lifetime malignancy risk from CT. Before risk estimate provision, the proportion of parents “very willing/willing” to proceed with head CT was 90.4%; after disclosure, willingness decreased to 69.6% (P < .0001), and 42 (5.6%) would refuse the CT. Of note, 673 (90.3%) wished to be informed of potential malignancy risks.

CONCLUSIONS:

Approximately half of the participating parents were aware of the potential increased lifetime malignancy risk associated with head CT imaging. Willingness to proceed with CT testing was reduced after risk disclosure but was a significant barrier for a small minority of parents. Most parents wanted to be informed of potential malignancy risks before proceeding with imaging.
Quality improvement in primary care. Financial incentives related to quality indicators in Europe
Authors: Kolozsvári László Róbert , Rurik Imre
Published: July 2013

Quality improvement in primary care has been an important issue worldwide for decades. Quality indicators are increasingly used quantitative tools for quality measurement. One of the possible motivational methods for doctors to provide better medical care is the implementation of financial incentives, however, there is no sufficient evidence to support or contradict their effect in quality improvement. Quality indicators and financial incentives are used in the primary care in more and more European countries. The authors provide a brief update on the primary care quality indicator systems of the United Kingdom, Hungary and other European countries, where financial incentives and quality indicators were introduced. There are eight countries where quality indicators linked to financial incentives are used which can influence the finances/salary of family physicians with a bonus of 1–25%. Reliable data are essential for quality indicators, although such data are lacking in primary care of most countries. Further, improvement of indicator systems should be based on broad professional consensus. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 1096–1101.
Opportunities of team psychotherapy in hospice-palliative care. Results of a model program
Authors: Kegye Adrienne , Pádi Éva
Published: July 2013

Introduction: Hospice care has been developing for 20 years. In the framework of the high standard palliative treatment hospice care involves symptom control as well as the psychosocial support of patients and their relatives. Aim: Developed as a model, the aims of the psychoeducational and supporting program were to reduce the psychological symptoms, form the active coping mechanisms, reduce feeling of isolation and help the communication of the patients treated in the Oncological Rehabilitation and Hospice Department of the Vaszary Kolos Hospital in Esztergom, Hungary. Method: The program consisted of the following elements: analiticly orientated team psychoterapy, creative occupation, physiotherapy, dietetics guidance and oncological consulting. Results: During the model supporting program the authors observed significant changes in both the patients and staff members which had a positive impact on the department’s operation and the atmosphere, too. Conclusions: The model program showed that in team work can give beneficial and cost-efficient psychosocial support to patients using the carers’ energy in the most effective way. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 1102–1105.
Tuning Drug Release Profile from Nanoporous Gold Thin Films
Authors: Kurtulus Ozge , Seker Erkin
Published: July 2013

Nanoporous gold (np-Au) with its high surface area to volume ratio, tunable pore morphology, ease of surface modification with well-studied thiol chemistry, as well as integration with conventional microfabrication techniques is a promising candidate for controlled drug delivery studies. While it has been demonstrated that np-Au can retain and release drugs, release mechanisms and governing parameters are unclear. This paper reports on the effect of film thickness and morphology on the molecular release from np-Au films.
Stage-Specific Site Selection of the Praying Mantid Tenodera aridifolia
Authors: Watanabe H , Miyamaoto M , Yano E
Published: July 2013

We examined changes of site selection by the mantid Tenodera aridifolia (Stoll) according to its developmental stage. We investigated the vegetation characteristics selected by mantids of different developmental stages at three field sites. The height of vegetation and height at which mantids were found on vegetation tended to be higher for later-instar mantids than early instars. Mantids tended to prefer the upper part of vegetation regardless of their developmental stage or the site. Later-instar mantids also tended to select larger-sized leaves for perching compared with early instar mantids. Height above ground, vegetation height, and leaf sizes selected by mantids differed among the three sites. In addition, the preferred plant species used by mantids also changed with their developmental stage. Thus, our results indicate that T.aridifolia has varying preferences for site selection and specific vegetation according to its developmental stage.
Cloning, Expression Feature, and Tissue Location of BmSCRBQ1, a Class B Scavenger Receptor in Bombyx mori (L.)
Authors: Dong Z P , Chai C L , Dai F Y , Pan M H , Wang W , Lu C
Published: July 2013

Class B scavenger receptors can combine with various kinds of ligands and are involved in lipid metabolism. They play an important role in a series of physiological processes, such as atherosclerosis formation or inhibition, congenital immune defense, apoptotic cell clearance, carotenoid transport, and pheromone transduction. In this study, based on a whole-genome database of the silkworm (Bombyx mori (L.)), the full-length CDS of BmSCRBQ1, a class B scavenger receptor gene, was cloned. BmSCRBQ1 consists of 10 exons and 9 introns, with an open reading frame of 1,482 bp encoding 493 amino acids. BmSCRBQ1 mRNA and protein were expressed in most tissues of larval B. mori strain Dazao and the silkworm cell lines BmN and BmE, suggesting that BmSCRBQ1 may have certain ubiquitous functions. Immunohistochemical staining showed that BmSCRBQ1 protein is located in the constitutive membranes or cell membranes of the testes, ovaries, fat body, blood cells, and the middle silk gland of larval B. mori Dazao, indicating that its function could be related to lipid metabolism; the binding, transport, and phagocytosis of exogenous materials; and signal transduction in these tissue types.
The cone penetration test in unsaturated sands
Authors: POURNAGHIAZAR M. , RUSSELL A.R. , KHALILI N.
Published: July 2013

Laboratory-controlled cone penetration test results for an unsaturated sand are presented, obtained using a suction-controlled calibration chamber. The cone penetration resistances are found to increase significantly, owing to the presence of suction, when compared with those for saturated or dry states, for a given relative density and net confining stress. Increases of as much as 50% for a relative density of 0·33 and net confining stress of 50 kPa are recorded. When suction is included in the effective stress, the same semi-empirical expressions used for saturated sands are found to link penetration resistance to the relative density and effective confining stress. The expressions may also be used to back-calculate the suction changes in a soil profile when cone penetration resistances for two unsaturated states are known. It is also shown that failure to account for suction influences may lead to significant and non-conservative overestimations of relative density or peak friction angle.
Renewable energy and the role of molten salts and carbon
Authors: Fray D.
Published: July 2013

Molten carbonate fuel cells have been under development for a number of years
and reliable units are successfully working at 250kW scale and demonstration
units have produced up to 2 MW. Although these cells cannot be considered as
renewable as the fuel, hydrogen or carbon monoxide is consumed and not
regenerated, the excellent reliability of such a cell can act as a stimulus
to innovative development of similar cells with different outcomes. Molten
salt electrolytes based upon LiCl - Li2O can be used to convert carbon
dioxide, either drawn from the output of a conventional thermal power station
or from the atmosphere, to carbon monoxide or carbon. Recently, dimensionally
stable anodes have been developed for molten salt electrolytes, based upon
alkali or alkaline ruthenates which are highly electronically conducting and
these may allow the concept of high temperature batteries to be developed in
which an alkali or alkaline earth element reacts with air to form oxides when
the battery is discharging and the oxide decomposes when the battery is being
recharged. Batteries using these concepts may be based upon the Hall-Heroult
cell, which is used worldwide for the production of aluminium on an
industrial scale, and could be used for load levelling. Lithium ion batteries
are, at present, the preferred energy source for cars in 2050 as there are
sufficient lithium reserves to satisfy the world?s energy needs for this
particular application. Graphite is used in lithium ion batteries as the
anode but the capacity is relatively low. Silicon and tin have much higher
capacities and the use of these materials, encapsulated in carbon nanotubes
and nanoparticles will be described. This paper will review these interesting
developments and demonstrate that a combination of carbon and molten salts
can offer novel ways of storing energy and converting carbon dioxide into
useful products.
More Than 20 Years of Registration of Type 1 Diabetes in Sardinian Children
Authors: Bruno Graziella , Maule Milena , Biggeri Annibale , Ledda Alessia , Mannu Carla , Merletti Franco , Songini Marco ,   the Sardinian Group for Diabetes Epidemiology
Published: July 2013

We analyzed Sardinian registry data to assess time trends in incidence rates (IRs) of type 1 diabetes during the period 1989–2009 (2,371 case subjects 0–14 years of age). Poisson regression models were used to estimate the effects of sex, age, period of diagnosis, and birth cohorts. IR was 44.8 cases/100,000 person-years (95% CI 43.1–46.7). The annual increase was 2.12% (1.45–2.80; test for linear trend, P < 0.001). For boys, the increasing trend was evident up to 5 years of age and for girls up to 8 years of age. Compared with the 1989–1994 birth cohort, the relative risk increased from 0.78 (0.61–1.10) in 1974–1979 to 1.62 (1.18–2.23) in 2004–2009. The increase over period was less striking, with a tendency to regress in more recent years. The best-fitting model for boys included age and a linear time trend, and for girls age and nonlinear effects of calendar period and birth cohort. In conclusion, incidence increased over time, and the increase tended to level off in more recent years by calendar period but not by birth cohort, with some evidence of a stronger increase among girls than boys. Should the increase be attributable to the effects of some perinatal environmental factor, this would mean that such a factor has started affecting females before males.
Direct Effects of TNF-α on Local Fuel Metabolism and Cytokine Levels in the Placebo-Controlled, Bilaterally Infused Human Leg
Authors: Bach Ermina , Nielsen Roni R. , Vendelbo Mikkel H. , Møller Andreas B. , Jessen Niels , Buhl Mads , K- Hafstrøm Thomas , Holm Lars , Pedersen Steen B. , Pilegaard Henriette , Biensø Rasmus S. , Jørgensen Jens O.L. , Møller Niels
Published: July 2013

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) has widespread metabolic actions. Systemic TNF-α administration, however, generates a complex hormonal and metabolic response. Our study was designed to test whether regional, placebo-controlled TNF-α infusion directly affects insulin resistance and protein breakdown. We studied eight healthy volunteers once with bilateral femoral vein and artery catheters during a 3-h basal period and a 3-h hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. One artery was perfused with saline and one with TNF-α. During the clamp, TNF-α perfusion increased glucose arteriovenous differences (0.91 ± 0.17 vs. 0.74 ± 0.15 mmol/L, P = 0.012) and leg glucose uptake rates. Net phenylalanine release was increased by TNF-α perfusion with concomitant increases in appearance and disappearance rates. Free fatty acid kinetics was not affected by TNF-α, whereas interleukin-6 (IL-6) release increased. Insulin and protein signaling in muscle biopsies was not affected by TNF-α. TNF-α directly increased net muscle protein loss, which may contribute to cachexia and general protein loss during severe illness. The finding of increased insulin sensitivity, which could relate to IL-6, is of major clinical interest and may concurrently act to provide adequate tissue fuel supply and contribute to the occurrence of systemic hypoglycemia. This distinct metabolic feature places TNF-α among the rare insulin mimetics of human origin.
Molecular Mechanism of Sulphonylurea Block of KATP Channels Carrying Mutations That Impair ATP Inhibition and Cause Neonatal Diabetes
Authors: Proks Peter , de Wet Heidi , Ashcroft Frances M.
Published: July 2013

Sulphonylurea drugs are the therapy of choice for treating neonatal diabetes (ND) caused by mutations in the ATP-sensitive K+ channel (KATP channel). We investigated the interactions between MgATP, MgADP, and the sulphonylurea gliclazide with KATP channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes. In the absence of MgATP, gliclazide block was similar for wild-type channels and those carrying the Kir6.2 ND mutations R210C, G334D, I296L, and V59M. Gliclazide abolished the stimulatory effect of MgATP on all channels. Conversely, high MgATP concentrations reduced the gliclazide concentration, producing a half-maximal block of G334D and R201C channels and suggesting a mutual antagonism between nucleotide and gliclazide binding. The maximal extent of high-affinity gliclazide block of wild-type channels was increased by MgATP, but this effect was smaller for ND channels; channels that were least sensitive to ATP inhibition showed the smallest increase in sulphonylurea block. Consequently, G334D and I296L channels were not fully blocked, even at physiological MgATP concentrations (1 mmol/L). Glibenclamide block was also reduced in β-cells expressing Kir6.2-V59M channels. These data help to explain why patients with some mutations (e.g., G334D, I296L) are insensitive to sulphonylurea therapy, why higher drug concentrations are needed to treat ND than type 2 diabetes, and why patients with severe ND mutations are less prone to drug-induced hypoglycemia.
Blunted Refeeding Response and Increased Locomotor Activity in Mice Lacking FoxO1 in Synapsin-Cre–Expressing Neurons
Authors: Ren Hongxia , Plum-Morschel Leona , Gutierrez-Juarez Roger , Lu Taylor Y. , Kim-Muller Ja Young , Heinrich Garrett , Wardlaw Sharon L. , Silver Rae , Accili Domenico
Published: July 2013

Successful development of antiobesity agents requires detailed knowledge of neural pathways controlling body weight, eating behavior, and peripheral metabolism. Genetic ablation of FoxO1 in selected hypothalamic neurons decreases food intake, increases energy expenditure, and improves glucose homeostasis, highlighting the role of this gene in insulin and leptin signaling. However, little is known about potential effects of FoxO1 in other neurons. To address this question, we executed a broad-based neuronal ablation of FoxO1 using Synapsin promoter–driven Cre to delete floxed Foxo1 alleles. Lineage-tracing experiments showed that NPY/AgRP and POMC neurons were minimally affected by the knockout. Nonetheless, Syn-Cre-Foxo1 knockouts demonstrated a catabolic energy homeostatic phenotype with a blunted refeeding response, increased sensitivity to leptin and amino acid signaling, and increased locomotor activity, likely attributable to increased melanocortinergic tone. We confirmed these data in mice lacking the three Foxo genes. The effects on locomotor activity could be reversed by direct delivery of constitutively active FoxO1 to the mediobasal hypothalamus, but not to the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The data reveal that the integrative function of FoxO1 extends beyond the arcuate nucleus, suggesting that central nervous system inhibition of FoxO1 function can be leveraged to promote hormone sensitivity and prevent a positive energy balance.
Novel Soy Germ Pasta Enriched in Isoflavones Ameliorates Gastroparesis in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Setchell Kenneth D.R. , Nardi Elisabetta , Battezzati Pier-Maria , Asciutti Stefania , Castellani Danilo , Perriello Gabriele , Clerici Carlo
Published: July 2013

OBJECTIVE

To determine the effect of soy germ pasta enriched in biologically active isoflavone aglycons on gastric emptying in type 2 diabetic patients with gastroparesis.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

This randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study compared soy germ pasta with conventional pasta for effects on gastric emptying. Patients (n = 10) with delayed gastric emptying consumed one serving per day of each pasta for 8 weeks, with a 4-week washout. Gastric emptying time (t1/2) was measured using the [13C]octanoic acid breath test at baseline and after each period, and blood glucose and insulin concentrations were determined after oral glucose load.

RESULTS

Soy germ pasta significantly accelerated the t1/2 in these patients (161.2 ± 17.5 min at baseline vs. 112.6 ± 11.2 min after treatment, P = 0.009). Such change differed significantly (P = 0.009) from that for conventional pasta (153.6 ± 24.2 vs. 156.2 ± 27.4 min), without affecting glucose or insulin concentrations.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that soy germ pasta may offer a simple dietary approach to managing diabetic gastropathy.
Renal Structure in Normoalbuminuric and Albuminuric Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Impaired Renal Function
Authors: Ekinci Elif I. , Jerums George , Skene Alison , Crammer Paul , Power David , Cheong Karey Y. , Panagiotopoulos Sianna , McNeil Karen , Baker Scott T. , Fioretto Paola , MacIsaac Richard J.
Published: July 2013

OBJECTIVE

The structural basis of normoalbuminuric renal insufficiency in patients with type 2 diabetes remains to be elucidated. We compared renal biopsy findings in patients with type 2 diabetes and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and measured GFR of <60 mL/min/1.73 m2, associated with either normo-, micro-, or macroalbuminuria.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

In patients with normo- (n = 8) or microalbuminuria (n = 6), renal biopsies were performed according to a research protocol. In patients with macroalbuminuria (n = 17), biopsies were performed according to clinical indication. Findings were categorized according to the Fioretto classification: category 1 (C1), normal/near normal; category 2 (C2), typical diabetic nephropathy (DN) with predominantly glomerular changes; and category 3 (C3), atypical with disproportionately severe interstitial/tubular/vascular damage and with no/mild diabetic glomerular changes.

RESULTS

In our study population (mean eGFR 35 mL/min/1.73 m2), typical glomerular changes (C2) of DN were observed in 22 of 23 subjects with micro- or macroalbuminuria compared with 3 of 8 subjects with normoalbuminuria (P = 0.002). By contrast, predominantly interstitial or vascular changes (C3) were seen in only 1 of 23 subjects with micro- or macroalbuminuria compared with 3 of 8 normoalbuminuric subjects (P = 0.08). Mesangial area increased progressively from normal controls to patients with type 2 diabetes and normo-, micro-, and macroalbuminuria. Varying degrees of arteriosclerosis, although not necessarily the predominant pattern, were seen in seven of eight subjects with normoalbuminuria.

CONCLUSIONS

Typical renal structural changes of DN were observed in patients with type 2 diabetes and elevated albuminuria. By contrast, in normoalbuminuric renal insufficiency, these changes were seen less frequently, likely reflecting greater contributions from aging, hypertension, and arteriosclerosis.
Contribution to the Lithuanian flora of lichens and allied fungi. IV.
Authors: Motiejūnaitė Jurga , Kukwa Martin , Lõhmus Piret , Markovskaja Svetlana , Oset Magdalena , Lukošienė Ingrida Prigodina , Stončius Darius , Uselienė Asta
Published: July 2013

Four species of lichens and two species of lichenicolous fungi were reported as new to Lithuania: Chaenotheca sphaerocephala, Endophragmiella franconica, Merismatium decolorans, Ochrolechia androgyna, Pertusaria ophthalmiza, Stereocaulon taeniarum. Endophragmiella franconica was reported on a new host - Cladonia coniocraea. The teleomorph of Abrothallus suecicus was recorded for the first time in the country. Three species, Chaenotheca sphaerocephala, Endophragmiella franconica and Stereocaulon taeniarum, were recorded for the first time in the Baltic states. Microcalicium arenarium, previously known in Lithuania only from literature data, was confirmed with certainty for the first time. A revision of the Candelaria concolor complex revealed that only C. pacifica is known in Lithuania.
Lichens from Three Localities in Central West Greenland with Notes on Their Climatic Preferences
Authors: Hansen Eric Steen
Published: July 2013

A total of 165 lichen taxa collected from three localities in Central West Greenland in summer 2012 were reported and categorized toward their climatic preferences. Specimens of 68 lichen taxa were collected in Ilimanaq/ Claushavn, 62 specimens - in Oqaatsut/Rodebay and 159 - in Ilulissat/Jakobshavn. Thirty four lichen taxa were recorded for the first time from Ilulissat, while all recorded lichens from Ilimanaq and Oqaatsut are new to those localities. More than 70% of the 165 lichens are more or less equally distributed in continental and oceanic areas of Greenland. About 20% of the lichens occur most frequently in oceanic areas and more rarely in continental areas, while a little more than 7% of the lichens occur frequently in continental areas and more rarely in oceanic areas. Two lichens are distinctly oceanic and one is distinctly continental. The climate of the three localities is low arctic, continental. As regards the distribution of the lichens, the results are in good accordance with those obtained from similar investigations in more southern areas of West Greenland.
Variation of Chemical and Morphological Characters of Leaves and Unripe Cones in Juniperus Communis
Authors: Vaičiulytė Vaida , Ložienė Kristina
Published: July 2013

The variation of content of essential oil and pinene isomers and morphological parameters of leaves and unripe cones in Juniperus communis L. was studied. Leaves and cones were collected separate from 110 J. communis individuals in 11 different habitats throughout Lithuania. Essential oils were analysed by capillary gas chromatography (GC). The study showed more intensive essential oil accumulation and higher intraspecific variation of essential oil amount in unripe cones than in leaves. Significant differences between α- and β- pinene amounts were observed in J. communis. β-Pinene was detected in much higher quantities than α-pinene. Positive correlation was detected between pinene isomers in cones and leaves (r = 0.44, p < 0.05 and r = 0.50, p < 0.05, respectively) of the same tree showing pinene isomers common biosynthetic pathway. Significant differences between populations were characteristic of J. communis according to leaf length, unripe cones mass and essential oil yield in leaves, however, significant correlation was established between essential oil yield of leaves and habitat illumination (r = -0.67, p < 0.05) and soil acidity (r = -0.80, p < 0.05) only.