bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prophetic Translation
Authors: Kesrouany Maya
Published: May 2021

Prophetic Translation: The Making of Modern Egyptian Literature explores the move from Qur’anic to secular approaches to literature in early 20th-century Egyptian literary translations, asking what we can learn from that period and the promise that translation held for the Egyptian writers of fiction at that time. Through their early adaptations, these writers crafted a prophetic, secular vocation for the narrator that gave access to a world of linguistic creation and interpretation unavailable to the common reader or the religious cleric. This book looks at the writers’ claim to secular prophecy as it manifests itself in the adapted narrative voice of their translations to suggest an original sense of literary resistance to colonial oppression and occupation in the early Arabic novel.
Taverns, Associations and Freemasonry
Authors: Pittock Murray
Published: May 2021

The importance of clubs and associations in generating the intellectual climate of Enlightenment Edinburgh has been taken as a given ever since the pioneering work done by David McElroy in the 1950s.1 The mechanisms by which they initiated innovation and promoted its diffusion have been less well explored, though networks and an imprecise alignment with that useful but inexact concept, ‘the public sphere’, have formed much of the basis for evaluating the importance of associational life, both in Edinburgh and elsewhere. The exploration of the nature of Edinburgh clubs and societies, and the reasons for their significance, soon brings us back in fact to ground already familiar from earlier chapters.
Booksellers, Newspapers and Libraries
Authors: Pittock Murray
Published: May 2021

As we saw in Chapter 2, the development of a strong newspaper and publishing industry was one of the key elements in the development of Edinburgh at the turn of the eighteenth century, which set it apart from other British cities outwith London.
In 1661, the Episcopalian playwright and theatre manager Thomas Sydserf (1624–99) was responsible for the appearance of the newspaper the Mercurius Caledonius (The Caledonian Mercury), which reported the reinterment of the Royalist hero James Graham, Marquis of Montrose. There had been an earlier Mercurius Criticus in 1651–2 and a Mercurius Politicus in 1654, albeit these were Cromwellian imports. Edinburgh newspapers were an early innovation, and from the late seventeenth century were to pose a challenge to the imported ‘London-based newspapers’, as well as drawing on them extensively.
Moving Images in Museums, World’s Fairs and Avant-garde Exhibition Design
Authors: Mandelli Elisa
Published: May 2021

This chapter considers the reciprocal influences between the presentations of museums and commercial and industrial fairs, from which curators have sometimes admitted having drawn inspiration. These close-knit exchanges between apparently distant worlds show that museums, far from being isolated and timeless institutions, were able to intercept the latest developments in display techniques. Museums used audio-visuals not only for educational purposes and to preserve memory, but also to attract a wider public and to keep up with the dynamic nature of modernity. This issue is discussed with specific reference to two case studies: the 1920s European Avant-Garde exhibition design, and the use of educational films in the galleries of the New York Museum of Science and Industry.
Conversion out of Personal Principle: ʿAli b. Rabban al-Tabari (d. c. 860) and ʿAbdallah al-Tarjuman (D. C. 1430), Two Converts from Christianity to Islam
Authors: Thomas David
Published: May 2021

Among the glittering intellects of ninth-century Baghdad, few surpassed the Nestorian Christian Hunayn b. Ishaq. He was known for his scientifi c accomplishments, among them for his scholarship on the structure and function of the eye, and also for his medical skills, though he gained his reputation above all else for his translations of works from Greek and Syriac into Arabic. In these he achieved an accuracy and clarity that singled him out from other translators and made him into a celebrity whom people with money and position sought out for their commissions. Thanks to these skills and accomplishments, Hunayn moved in elite circles. These included the imperial court, where a succession of caliphs were glad to pay for his services.
What Did Conversion to Islam Mean in Seventh-Century Arabia?
Authors: Munt Harry
Published: May 2021

In a late seventh- or very early eighth-century Coptic homily anachronistically attributed to the church father Athanasius of Alexandria (d. 373), it is lamented that, following the Arab conquest of Egypt in the early 640s, ‘many Christians, Barbarians, Greeks, Syrians and from all tribes will go and join them in their faith’.1 This prophecy comes across as somewhat hysterical to many modern observers – at least within its seventh-or eighth-century context – since it is now the generally accepted consensus of historians that the processes through which the inhabitants of the conquered territories of the Middle East converted to Islam were extremely gradual and persisted for centuries. Monumental changes to the political, social and religious life of many communities in this region came in the decades and centuries after the conquests – developments to which many non-Muslims fully contributed – but Muslim-majority populations are not thought to have emerged widely until the ninth or tenth centuries at the very earliest.
Islamisation in the Southern Levant after the End of Frankish Rule: Some General Considerations and a Short Case Study
Authors: Amitai Reuven
Published: May 2021

Two major trends in the development of the lands of the Eastern Mediterranean basin since the Islamic conquests of the mid-seventh century have been Arabisation and Islamisation. This is neither a trivial statement nor a tautology. History is full of examples of invaders who left little or no linguistic or religious impact on the conquered peoples: one need only think of the various Germanic peoples who invaded the Roman Empire, many of whom were eventually Latinised while accepting Christianity. The Bulghars coming into the Balkans in the seventh and eighth centuries soon lost their Turkic language and accepted Christianity in its Greek guise. The Mongols left a great impact on the Middle East in the thirteenth century, but neither their language nor their traditional religion survived in the region (although many words from Mongolian can still be found in Turkish, Persian and occasionally even Arabic). The Franks ruled much of the Levant for almost two centuries, but left the country with little religious and even less linguistic impact. Thus the linguistic and religious success of the Arabs might be considered something of a historical exception.
The Oromo and the Historical Process of Islamisation in Ethiopia
Authors: Demichelis Marco
Published: May 2021

The historical interaction between Islam and Christianity in the Horn of Africa is profoundly connected with the region’s specific historical, linguistic and cultural characteristics. While the western coast of Africa faces the vastness of the Atlantic Ocean, since antiquity the northern part of Africa’s eastern coast as far as the Bab al-Mandab has interacted with the Red Sea and the Arabian Peninsula. The Arab geographers called all the various populations living on the western coast of the Bab al-Mandab ‘Habash’, while Abyssinia is the ancient name of the northern parts of modern Ethiopia, corresponding to modern Tigray and Eritrea. In recent scholarship, the term ‘Greater Ethiopia’ has been used to refer to Ethiopia in its twentieth-century borders before the independence of Eritrea in 1993.1
Khwaja Ahmad Yasavi as an Islamising Saint: Rethinking the Role of Sufis in the Islamisation of the Turks of Central Asia
Authors: DeWeese Devin
Published: May 2021

The figure of Ahmad Yasavi has taken on iconic status as a saint particularly associated with the Turks, and with their Islamisation; the notion that he was somehow instrumental in the spread of Islam among the nomadic Turks of Central Asia is one of the standard assumptions about his historical and religious role to be found in most of the longer or shorter accounts of him in the secondary literature. The notion of Yasavi as an Islamising saint rests on several foundations. In the first place, that reputation is now entrenched ‘on-site’, so to speak, namely at his shrine in southern Kazakhstan. To some extent this reflects a standard ‘latter-day’ motif in hagiological traditions, particularly in the post-Soviet world, where virtually any and every shrine may be linked with a saint who tends to be identifi ed as a bringer of Islam, in part as a result of the loss of any awareness of the historical role or legacy of the saint in question. ‘Who was such-and-such a saint, buried here?’ ‘He brought Islam here’ is now the default answer.
The Role of the Domestic Sphere in the Islamisation of the Mongols
Authors: Nicola Bruno De
Published: May 2021

The Islamisation of the Mongols in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries exhibits some distinctive features compared with the adoption of Islam by other groups. Unlike the cases of the Christian communities of the Middle East during the initial Islamic conquest or the Zoroastrians of Iran, in which the native populations adopted the religion of their conquerors, for the Mongols in the Middle East and Central Asia, conversion followed the opposite trajectory: the conquerors adopted Islam from the native peoples.2 Thus the historical context within which the Mongols (or rather, some Mongols) adopted Islam was more akin to the Germanic peoples who adopted Christianity in the fifth century, or to the Hungarians in the ninth century, rather than to most populations that historically adopted Islam. This difference represents a shift in the power relationship between the converter and the convert that needs to be taken into account when approaching the Islamisation of the Mongols.
China and the Rise of Islam on Java
Authors: Wain Alexander
Published: May 2021

Java is one of Southeast Asia’s great cultural centres (Figure 21.1). Once home to a flourishing Hindu civilisation, from the late fourteenth century onwards, Java’s northern coast began to host increasingly important Muslim communities, all composed of foreigners drawn there by trade. Traditionally, scholarship has argued that, from the late fifteenth to the early sixteenth century, these Muslim traders established themselves as local rulers.1 As a result, small Islamic kingdoms sprang up right across Java’s northern coast, with the most powerful one at Demak (Central Java) (see Figure 21.2). By the time the Portuguese arrived in the early sixteenth century, Demak had begun to challenge Java’s pre-eminent Hindu power, Majapahit. By around 1527, it had successfully overthrown its Hindu rival, establishing itself (and consequently Islam) as Java’s dominant power.
Urban Dibao: Emergence and Transition to National Policy, 1992–1999
Authors: Hammond Daniel R.
Published: May 2021

The chapter covers two analytical discussions. The first discusses the emergence and spread of the MLG from the early 1990s. Through analysis of the relationship between the Ministry of Civil Affairs, in particular Minister Duoji Cairang, and local government it will show how two aspects of fragmented authoritarianism in particular, values and political structure, shaped the spread of the policy. This is followed by an analysis of the campaign to achieve national implementation in 1999. This shows how a ministry lacking in resources achieved implementation, addressing one of the criticisms of the fragmented authoritarianism model raised by Michel Oksenberg. It will argue that while the MCA made extensive efforts to achieve implementation without expending resources these appear to have had little impact. Rather successful implementation was achieved through the intervention of the highest tiers of the state and subsidies. This shows that appealing to shared values under fragmented authoritarianism has limitations and these can be overcome, eventually, through use of political structure, decision making authority, and the allocation of resources.
Urban Dibao: The Resolution of Unwanted and Unintended Outcomes, 1999–2003
Authors: Hammond Daniel R.
Published: May 2021

This chapter first highlights the problems faced by both central and local government in shaping dibao into the programme it was intended to be after the initial national roll out in 1997. The discussion focuses on three unintended outcomes which attracted the most from policy actors: exclusion; resource dependencies; and variation. This is then followed by two discussions related to how the features of fragmented authoritarianism contributed to the outcomes discussed. The first discussion argues that fragmented authoritarianism, especially the structure of the state and decision making, contributed to the emergence of what I identify as unintended consequences. I will argue that the MCA struck a compromise with local government in the 1990s achieving implementation of dibao systems by allowing local variation. The second discussion argues that the MCA played a game where policy goals sought by Premier Zhu Rongji, primarily the moving of xiagang workers to dibao, were used to also resolve some of the unintended consequences which had emerged post-1999. This shows that while the assumptions of fragmented authoritarianism hold, especially the importance of resource allocation and hierarchical authority, policy actors lower down the hierarchy cannot use these circumstances to achieve their own goals.
‘The One about Sitting on His Top Hat and Climbing up His Shirt Front’: Fitzgerald and Musical Theatre
Authors: Adams Jade Broughton
Published: May 2021

This chapter shows how Fitzgerald drew upon musical comedies of the stage and screen to inform his characterisation, plotting, and integration of song with dramatic action. Using his ‘playlet’, ‘Porcelain and Pink’, as a case study, this chapter shows how Fitzgerald’s use of song underscores themes of concealed identity and satirises the consumption and advertising practices of his era.
This chapter argues that the intersection of morality and entertainment, depicted in the iconic flapper figure, characterises much of Fitzgerald’s presentation of popular culture.
Though he did not continue his undergraduate occupation of writing libretti for Princeton’s Triangle Club, Fitzgerald continued to allude to songs from musicals throughout his career. This chapter explores how Fitzgerald’s use of the disguise motif, amongst other literary techniques, has analogues in musical comedies, and argues for certain of his stories, like ‘The Captured Shadow’, to be read in the context of the stage and film musicals Fitzgerald enjoyed, such as those featuring Irving Berlin’s work. It is argued that it is Fitzgerald’s fascination with the theatre that fuels his lifelong interest in participative, even immersive, media.
This chapter analyses the influence of film musicals on Fitzgerald’s aesthetics, particularly in terms of their lavish visual spectacle.
The Kid: Geraldine Chaplin in the sixties
Authors: Rybin Steven
Published: May 2021

Geraldine Chaplin emerged as a film star in the 1960s upon her highly publicized appearance in David Lean’s epic film Doctor Zhivago (1965). Accompanying her presence in Lean’s film was public discourse, throughout the United States and Europe, which often framed her as a kind of cosmopolitan hybrid figure. In this journalistic commentary, Chaplin was always split in half between one identity and another: half-British and half-American; half-demure, half-hippie; one part her mother, Oona O’Neill, and one part her father, Charlie Chaplin. Much of this commentary was, indeed, quite cynical in its character, questioning her acting ability in its repeated suggestion that her winning of film roles was solely due to her famous last name. Many of the films she made during this period, in particular the French film Crime on a Summer Morning (released before Zhivago, in 1965) and the British film Cop Out (made shortly after Zhivago and released in 1967) reflect this ambivalence about her talent and distinction, through her small parts as privileged and rather unlikeable rich girls clashing with their wealthy, sympathetic fathers. Her performance in Lean’s film, and others in the 1960s, will be examined alongside privileged moments from her father’s films, including The Kid, and also in relation to the reception of Charlie Chaplin’s films from the Soviet Union after the time period in which Doctor Zhivago is set.
The Circus: Geraldine Chaplin in the cinemas of Robert Altman and Alan Rudolph
Authors: Rybin Steven
Published: May 2021

In many of her American films, Geraldine Chaplin is figured in self-reflexive stories about stardom and self-image, particularly in the films directed by Robert Altman and Alan Rudolph in the 1970s and 1980s: Altman’s Nashville (1975), Buffalo Bill and the Indians (1976), and A Wedding (1978); and Rudolph’s Welcome to L.A. (1976), Remember My Name (1978), and The Moderns (1988). In these films, as discussed in this chapter, Chaplin develops a distinctive presence, tapping into her already established persona from the 1960s but in now frequently ironic and self-reflexive ways. Perhaps the best example of this intriguing development in her persona is Chaplin’s role as Opal in Altman’s Nashville, its massive ensemble cast suggestive of a kind of performative circus. Opal, this chapter argues, is a thoroughly ironic variation of the kind of privileged character Chaplin played in some of her 1960s films.
A Woman of Paris: Geraldine Chaplin across French cinema
Authors: Rybin Steven
Published: May 2021

Charlie Chaplin was a major figure in postwar film criticism, particularly in France, where critical luminaries such as André Bazin, Éric Rohmer, François Truffaut, and Jacques Rivette all wrote on his work. Early in her career, Geraldine Chaplin inherited her father’s Parisian legacy, in both discourse on her public life in France (where she lived and worked early in her career) and also across a number of French films in which she played a central role. This chapter examines Geraldine’s work in France for filmmakers such as Jacques Rivette, Alain Resnais, and Michel Deville in the context of French film culture’s fascination with her father, showing how Geraldine herself intervened in and redirected this critical legacy through her own performances.
Embodied and Material Pedagogies
Authors: Page Tara
Published: May 2021

However, these ways of knowing and also making place are not produced in isolation; they are produced through social-material engagements, through a continuous process of embodied material learning and teaching. In Chapter Four, a new materialist theory of pedagogy is developed; where the intra-actions of humans and matter are pedagogic, an embodied and material pedagogy. This is achieved through the examination of how matter teaches, and how we learn and teach place and belonging.
Making and Remaking: The Practice Research of Place
Authors: Page Tara
Published: May 2021

To understand and question these everyday and artistic practices of life that are sometimes invisible or hidden - and most of the time taken for granted - because they are sensed, felt, of the body, and not easily verbalised, an embodied, affective, relational research approach is needed. The innovative approach of practice research, underpinned by new materialism, that can enable these understandings are discussed in Chapter Five. Additionally, inventive artistic practice methods and a remaking of traditional empirical methods are examined that enable the exploration of the agency of matter and advance vitalist frameworks. By moving beyond the problem-focused approach this chapter works the intra-actions of theory with practice, practice with theory, to develop new approaches to new materialist-place practice research. The practice research approach also politically positions research practices, emphasising the complex materiality of bodies immersed in social relations of power.
Historical Dialectology and the Angus McIntosh Legacy
Authors: Alcorn Rhona , Kopaczyk Joanna , Los Bettelou , Molineaux Benjamin
Published: May 2021

This chapter provides an overview of the historical text corpora and digital repositories hosted by the Angus McIntosh Centre for Historical Linguistics and created by its predecessor, the Institute of Historical Dialectology: A Linguistic Atlas of Late Middle English (LALME), and its remodelled electronic version eLALME; A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English (LAEME), A Linguistic Atlas of Older Scots (LAOS) and The Corpus of Narrative Etymologies from Proto-Old English to Early Middle English (CoNE). The chapter also highlights related resources created at the University of Stavanger, most prominently the Middle English Scribal Texts programme (MEST), and its offshoot, The Middle English Grammar Corpus (MEG-C), which provides tagged and annotated diplomatic transcriptions of 410 LALME texts; and the Corpus of Middle English Local Documents (MELD) which comprises transcriptions of over 2000 fifteenth-century documents.
The Development of Old English eo/ēo and the Systematicity of Middle English Spelling
Authors: Stenroos Merja
Published: May 2021

This chapter uses a new resource, the Middle English Grammar Corpus (MEG-C), a corpus of 14th and 15th Century English texts, to answer an old question: it is possible to find traces of a systematic distinction between the reflexes of Old English e/ē and eo/ēo in Middle English? An investigation into the spelling variation found in 27 lexical items that contain a vowel representing Old English eo/ēo as well as the equivalent Old Norse element jó throws up a wide range of spellings, the vast majority of which show /. Spellings that might suggest a rounded pronunciation are also fairly robustly present, however, particularly , with the Southwest Midlands as its core area. The second part of the investigation retrieves all words that were spelled with the digraph . The vast majority of these turn out to be reflexes of Old English eo/ēo, and almost all of them are localized to the Southwest Midlands. They occur either as reflexes of OE y/ȳ, or in unstressed syllables, or in words where  follows  – three groups for which a rounded pronunciation would be plausible.
‘He was a good hammer, was he’: Gender as Marker for South-Western Dialects of English. A Corpus-based Study from a Diachronic Perspective
Authors: Guzmán-González Trinidad
Published: May 2021

This chapter investigates assumptions that the gender system peculiar to present-day Southwest English might have its origins in similar patterns in that area in Middle English. The present-day dialect uses masculine pronouns as the general reference for most nouns denoting inanimate and countable referents, so that it is not the default gender as in the standard. On the basis of all the textual files specifically localised as Southwest in the relevant subsections of LAEME, the Helsinki Corpus of English Texts (HC) and the Middle English Grammar Corpus (MEG-C), the author investigates whether the seeds of these systems might already have been present in the ME ancestors of those dialects, but concludes that this is not the case – in the Middle English Southwest texts, it can already be considered as the default gender for all nouns denoting non-living things (barring a small number of exceptions discussed in detail). What this investigation ultimately demonstrates is that traditional dialects are not living fossils, and have had their own share of extra-linguistic circumstances to affect them in their long histories.
The Scottish Romance Revival
Authors: Shaw Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter considers a range of Scottish writers associated with the late-Victorian romance revival – Stevenson, Conan Doyle, Lang, Barrie, Jacob and Buchan– and examines the ways in which each writer’s work contributed to cultural revivalism in Scotland. After identifying a key context that many revivalists felt was inhibiting the health of Scottish nationality – the Highland-Lowland cultural divide – the chapter goes on to scrutinise the various ways that Stevenson’s writings interrogated that divide and attempted to demonstrate greater national connection between the different geographies and cultures of Scotland. While his correspondent, Arthur Conan Doyle, was less directly aligned to Scottish cultural revivalism, we witness his concerns with Anglocentrism in The Mystery of Cloomber and The Lost World, the latter of which reflects his changing views around the question of Home Rule. The latter sections of the chapter consider some of the ways in which we can link the work of Lang, Barrie, Jacob and Buchan to fin-de-siècle Scottish cultural revivalism.
The Belgian Revival and Japonisme in Scotland
Authors: Shaw Michael
Published: May 2021

Fin-de-Siècle Scotland is frequently associated with the ‘kailyard’ movement and, by extension, with small towns, insularity and sentimentality. Using Scottish writers and artists’ thorough engagement with Belgian and Japanese culture as case studies, this chapter reveals how deeply international and cross-cultural Scottish writing and art was in the late-Victorian period. I argue that Scottish cultural revivalists looked to these two nations to help them build counter-hegemonic connections that allowed them to defend the value of smaller nations and traditional cultures. Part of the reason some cultural revivalists looked to Japan and Belgium specifically was that these nations’ artists offered examples of how cultural revivalist work could fuse with modernity, rather than simply reject it. I focus on examining William Sharp’s self-conscious attempts to bring the decadent energy of La Jeune Belgique into Scotland to help resist metro-centric thinking, before illustrating the marked impact of Maurice Maeterlinck on Charles Rennie Mackintosh and Margaret Macdonald. The Glasgow School played a key role nourishing Scotland’s Japanese connection, and we often find japonisme fusing with Scottish forms in their work.
The Occult Revival
Authors: Shaw Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter argues that fin-de-siècle occultism was a key component of Scottish cultural revivalism in the late-Victorian period. Discussing a range of figures – including Patrick Geddes, S. L. Macgregor Mathers and John Duncan, I demonstrate that occultism supported and defined cultural nationalism in Scotland in numerous ways, as it did in Ireland. A sub-chapter focuses on Egyptomania in Scotland and I argue here that the international craze for Egypt had particular resonance in Scotland due to Scotland’s ‘Scota Pharoah’ foundation myth. I then assess key occult societies and their intersections with neo-Jacobitism, a movement that spoke well to cultural revivalists’ nostalgia for the House of Stuart. The chapter also uncovers Geddes’s plan to create a Celtic occult society, not dissimilar to W. B. Yeats’s Order of Celtic Mysteries, in Edinburgh.
The England of South America
Authors: Lockhart James
Published: May 2021

This chapter assesses Chile's emergence as a modern nation in the early nineteenth century. It describes its evolution into an influential power in southern South America, aligned with liberals in Latin America, the United States, and Europe in at the end of that century. It introduces Chileans as internationalists involved in the construction of modern Latin America and the inter-American and transatlantic communities.
Outface and Interface
Authors: Smith Bruce R.
Published: May 2021

To face: shifting attention from the noun to the verb changes the dynamics of the interface. To face a person, an object, or a situation is an act of volition. The actor’s own face becomes several things at once: an exteriorization of the actor’s will, an optical device to be looked through, a text to be read by other people. In this introductory essay Bruce R. Smith explores Shakespeare’s distinctive ways with to face as a verb. In plays written throughout his career, in comedies, histories, and tragedies alike, Shakespeare uses the verb to face in multiple senses: to defy, to challenge, to feign, to disguise, to transform. Particularly does Shakespeare seem drawn to the verb to outface. The “out” in that idiom catches the force and the directionality of to face as well as its reciprocity with the person or thing being faced. Those reciprocal dynamics are teased out in Richard II’s address to his face in the mirror: “Was this the face that faced so many follies,/ And was at last out-faced by Bolingbroke?” (R2 4.1.275-76). The “out” in to outface ultimately rebounds and returns the actor to the inter-face.
‘Everybody’s Somebody’s Fool’: Folie à Deux in Shakespeare’s Love Duets
Authors: Manley Lawrence
Published: May 2021

Of the myriad versions of face-to-faceness in Shakespeare, an elementary case is what this paper calls the “love duet.” Lawrence Manley’s contribution pursues a formal and dramaturgical route into the broader problem of Shakespeare’s ways of depicting and understanding couples by focusing on a specific instance of the love duet in the earlier work of Shakespeare. The “unchaperoned duet” is a scene or portion of a scene in which the absence of third parties is a theatrical pre-condition and a token for the absence of inhibitions to erotic face-to-face encounter. The paper also considers the impact of inhibiting factors (such as separation, absence, the presence of other characters, impinging circumstance, and erotic betrayal) on the duet. Examples are set against both early modern contexts (ancient literature, Renaissance theories of sympathy, and the development of musical duets) and modern theories, including Beckerman’s taxonomy of duets types, J. L Austin’s speech-act theory, and the clinical diagnosis of “Shared Psychotic Disorder (folie à deux)”(DSM-IV) or “delusional symptoms in partner of individual with delusional disorder” (DSM-V).
Hamlet’s Face
Authors: Worthen W. B.
Published: May 2021

This essay asks who, what, or where is Hamlet's face in contemporary theatrical production. As a play, Hamlet evokes theatre as a technology constantly changing in its instrumental, social, and cultural mechanics, implying a tension between theatricality as medium and the evolving, intermediating and often remediating technology of theatre. The remedial thematics of Hamlet are foregrounded in the technicities of contemporary performance, in which the distinctively facemaking activities of the stage—acting—transpire across a range of performance media: the mediation of the trained actor's body, for example, and the mediatized image enabled by simultaneous digital recording and projection. W. B. Worthen draws on Bernard Steigler's account of the human arising in the dynamic of the who and the what—"the dynamic of the who itself redoubles that of the what: conditioned by the what, it is equally conditional for it.” Worthen also assesses the figure of performance—theatre, acting, masks, and puppets—in Emmanuel Levinas's understanding of the ethical force of the Other. Worthen considers how the technicity of contemporary performance engages the face as an ethical problematic that is inseparable from the technologies native to the stage at a given moment of articulation.
The Moroccan Settlement Project in Western Sahara (1975–) and the Indonesian Settlement Project in East Timor (1975–99)
Authors: Eiran Ehud
Published: May 2021

The chapter investigates the Moroccan settlement project in the Western Sahara and the Indonesian settlement project in East-Timor (1975-1999). It uses the framework advanced in the book and shows that both projects were meant to secure permeant territorial expansion into occupied regions. Following the model, the chapter analyses the four variables that led to the launch of the settlement projects: Legally plausible case for expansion, American support, institutional capacity and a low level of local affinity to the occupying states. The section dealing with each case includes four parts: the why and how of occupation and expansion, the evolution of the settlement projects, the four variables that led to the projects, and then how these variables interacted to produce a settlement project. The chapter is concluded with some observations about the comparison between the two cases.
Conclusion
Authors: Eiran Ehud
Published: May 2021

The chapter investigates three cases of states that sought territorial expansion into a neighboring territory in the post-colonial era. They then occupied the sought-after territory for an extended period of time. However, their control did not produce a settlement project: India in Goa (1961 onwards), Libya in Chad (1974-1992) and Mauritania in Western Sahara (1975-1979). The cases serve as “negative cases”, to test the robustness of the model advanced in the earlier chapters. The analysis of the cases show that with one of the variables in the model missing, an occupier did not launch a settlement project in an occupied land.
A bird’s eye view of the English subjunctive
Authors: Moessner Lilo
Published: May 2021

This chapter analyses subjunctive use in the construction types main clause, relative clause, noun clause, and adverbial clause in three synchronic cuts through the periods Old English (OE), Middle English (ME), and Early Modern English (EModE). They are followed by a condensed history of the English subjunctive from the earliest documents to the beginning of the 18th century. The first three sections trace the frequency development of the subjunctive and its competitors in the relevant period and establish the linguistic and extralinguistic parameters which influence their distribution. The last section additionally gives an overview of the role that the simplification of the verbal syntagm, the individual construction types, the different text categories, and the expression of modality played in subjunctive use across the historical periods.
The Diasporic Cinemas of Ingrid Bergman
Authors: MacKenzie Scott
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the notion of Nordic otherness in the film work of Ingrid Bergman. Otherness here refers to the construction of Bergman as an outsider in films in Hollywood, Italy and, at the end of her career, back in Swedish cinema again. This difference can be understood as one that seemed both strange yet compelling, and is part of a long history of Hollywood casting Europeans as compelling others. From her works in Hollywood (1939–49) to her Italian period with Roberto Rossellini (1950–6), to her last film and her return to Swedish film in Ingmar Bergman’s Autumn Sonata (Höstsonaten, Sweden/West Germany, 1978), the present study characterizes Bergman’s body of work through interlinked themes: the role as a Swedish/European other; the working woman (i.e. a woman in the workforce), both in terms of the promotion of her career and many of the roles themselves that are subject to forms of constraint (from marriage to martyrdom). The chapter traces her transnational career and reclaims Bergman as an actress with a great deal of agency over her career.
A Sámi in Hollywood: Nils Gaup’s Transnational and Generic Negotiations
Authors: Iversen Gunnar
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines Norwegian film director Nils Gaup, who made several international productions, starting with the adventure film Shipwrecked (Håkon Håkonson, 1990), co-produced by Disney. Gaup’s international films are rich examples of the circulation and appropriation of ideas in inter- and transnational genre films. Shipwrecked and Tashunga/North Star (1996) constitute attempts to create a Euro-Hollywood production that reimagines the adventure film or the western genre. The genre elements of the Western were honed by Gaup in his Oscar-winning film about an ancient Sámi legend Ofelaš (Pathfinder, 1987); Gaup has since made several feature length films set in Sápmi that evoke well-known Hollywood genre stipulations, such as the historical epic Kautokeino-Oppøret (The Kautokeino Rebellion, 2008) and Glassdukkene (Glass Dolls, 2014). Shipwrecked and Tashunga are Gaup’s most ambitious attempts to negotiate between international genre elements and aspects of Sámi or Norwegian culture.
The Finnish Cinema Colony in North America, 1938−1941
Authors: Lehtisalo Anneli
Published: May 2021

This chapter addresses how Finnish films were exported and travelled to the United States and Canada between 1938-1941. Although resources were scarce and Finnish films were mainly targeted to domestic audiences, there existed vibrant niche markets for Finnish films among Finnish immigrants, in particularly during the late 1930s and the early 1940s. The chapter explores the distribution and exhibition practices within these diasporic communities, and discusses the significance of the North American niche markets both for the Finnish film industry and for Finnish immigrants. After this promising start was ruptured by the Second World War, the postwar circulation of Finnish films had only a marginal economic influence. Yet Finnish films of this era offered important means for the Finnish diasporic colonies and communities to sustain and negotiate national identities.
Criminal Undertakings: Nicolas Winding Refn, European Film Aesthetics, and Hollywood Genre Cinema
Authors: Nordfjörd Björn
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores Danish director Nicolas Winding Refn. Refn’s first feature Pusher (1996) was a local box-office success that helped usher in the era of the Nordic crime film, which includes his own follow-up Bleeders (1998) and two Pusher sequels (2004 and 2005). His American crime and gangster film, Drive (2011), is set in Los Angeles and is indebted to notable American classics of the genre. Reunited with Hollywood star Ryan Gosling, Refn continued to explore the international pedigree of the crime thriller in Only God Forgives (2013), where Gosling plays an American struggling to stay afloat in the Bangkok underworld. In Neon Demon (2016), Refn returns to Los Angeles, this time the world of fashion, where Hollywood gloss and European film aesthetics meet head-on. His three “American” films thus offer a striking blend of Hollywood genre and European art cinema traditions helping to explain their wildly mixed receptions.
Distributed Cognition and the Humanities
Authors: Anderson Miranda , Wheeler Michael , Sprevak Mark
Published: May 2021

The general introduction, which is replicated across all four volumes, aims to orientate readers unfamiliar with this area of research. It provides an overview of the different approaches within the distributed cognition framework and discussion of the value of a distributed cognitive approach to the humanities. A distributed cognitive approach recognises that cognition is brain, body and world based. Distributed cognition is a methodological approach and a way of understanding the actual nature of cognition. The first section provides an overview of the various competing and sometimes conflicting theories that make up the distributed cognition framework and which are also collectively known as 4E cognition: embodied, embedded, extended and enactive cognition. The second section examines the ways in which humanities topics and methodologies are compatible with, placed in question or revitalised by new insights from philosophy of mind and the cognitive sciences on the distributed nature of cognition, and considers what the arts and humanities, in turn, offer to philosophy and cognitive science.
Lord Byron, Wandering and Wavering between the Centres and Margins of Romanticism: An Attempt at an Introduction
Authors: Lennartz Norbert
Published: May 2021

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
Reshaping the Romantic Canon from the Margins: The Medial Construction of ‘Byron’ in Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage
Authors: Haekel Ralf
Published: May 2021

Byron has always been considered to belong to the canon of Romantic literature, but the place he occupies in the canon has been a special and recently a marginalised one. Byron’s phenomenal success and his special position within literary history is mainly the result of what is called the medial construction of “Byron”. The melancholic Byronic hero of the earlier works together with the narrative voice lead to rhetorical constructions of “Byron” that easily cross authorial and medial boundaries and turn into the Byronic vampire in Polidori’s novella, in the theatre and in the opera. In this reading of Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, Byron is shown as the construct of medial and public perception.
Byron and Romantic Period Neoclassicism
Authors: Lessenich Rolf
Published: May 2021

In accordance with David Hume’s sceptical philosophy of identity, Byron is considered to be a chameleon and a typical border crosser of his age. Commuting between the progressivist Augustan Neoclassicism of the old school and Romanticism of the new heretical school, Byron shows his indebtedness to the Classical Tradition and endorses the artistry of formal Augustan verse-making, schooled on Horace, Dryden, and Pope. In this respect, Byron belongs to a coterie of famous code switchers between Classicism and Romanticism who wavered in their political allegiance between liberalism and conservatism and consequently eluded neat classifications.
‘When a man talks of system, his case is hopeless’: Byron at the Margins of Romantic Counterculture
Authors: Wolfrum Friederike
Published: May 2021

A strong belief in the countercultural agency of literary texts is one of the defining features of Romanticism, as evidenced in concepts ranging from the Wordsworthian ‘High Argument’ to Percy B. Shelley’s claim that “[p]oets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world”. Byron inhabits a unique position among his contemporaries: hearkening back to Whig ideals of restoration and looking forward to a more sceptical, less ideological world view. An analysis of his working relationship with Leigh Hunt and critique of Hunt’s use of ‘System’ amply demonstrates that Byron’s involvement in Romantic counterculture is characterised by techniques that are less involved in the vehement promotion of social change, but move in an equilibrium between agency and epistemology.
Out of Romanticism: Byron and Romance
Authors: Camilleri Anna
Published: May 2021

This essay considers Romance as a genre not only etymologically related to the literary epoch of Romanticism, but as forming a locus for Romantic interconnectedness. The central contention is that through his writing of and correspondence about the Romantic genre, Byron’s position as a writer central to the Romantic impulse can be ascertained. This essay seeks neither to fully equate Byron’s verse Romances with those of Coleridge, Scott or Moore, instead it tries to more fully articulate the centrality of Byron’s place as a writer of Romance within the Romantic canon than has been previously recognised. The essay is based on the premise that Byron’s poetry evidences the practice of genre hybridisation that was familiar to him through his readings of Goethe and A.W. Schlegel.
‘Stand not on that brink!’: Byron, Gender and Romantic Suicide
Authors: Franklin Caroline
Published: May 2021

Byron’s splenetic wit looks right back to Burton’s Anatomy of Melancholy as well as forward to the refusal of all orthodoxies that made André Breton and the Surrealists in the 20th century. Suicide became one of the main preoccupations of a coterie devoted to the revivification of the Gothic. Byron’s letters were saturated with references to suicide, comic and tragic. This essay is the first devoted entirely to Byron’s representations of suicide. Taking a historicist approach and one alert to gender the essay makes it clear that suicide was particularly relevant to the era when Byron was writing, when reform of the laws criminalising self-slaughter was being discussed in Parliament.
At the Margins of Romanticism: The Women of Don Juan’s English Cantos
Authors: Bone Drummond
Published: May 2021

The essay uses the women of the English Cantos of Don Juan to tease out the debate on Byron’s position on the margins of Romanticism relative to Neo-Classical or Romantic expectations. The essay also raises the question whether Byron’s Romanticism is ironised out of existence and whether his Neo-Classicism is as straightforward a return to Popean satire as it might on occasion seem. The three main female characters, Adeline, Aurora and Fitz-Fulke help the reader to focus on these questions, since the whole tissue of the English Cantos returns to them time and again and underlines the fact that the experience of reading Don Juan is often paradoxically elegiac, for all its humour and sense of the energy of life.
A Demographic Profile of Christianity in South and Central Asia
Authors: Zurlo Gina A.
Published: May 2021

The religious makeup of a continent has significant implications not only on beliefs and attitudes of a population, but on politics, economics, and a host of other societal issues. The demographic profile of South and Central Asia is very religiously diverse, with six religions over 1% of the region’s population: Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Ethnoreligionists (traditional religion), Buddhists, and Sikhs. Of these six major religions, Hindus are the largest (59% of the region) and Muslims experienced the fastest growth between 1970 and 2015, with 28.7% of the population in 2015. No country in the region holds a majority Christian population, despite its a long history in the region, and in most countries, Christians represent less than 10% of the population. The region is home to historic Catholic and Orthodox Christian communities as well as newer Protestant and Independent groups.
North India
Authors: Fernando SJ Leonard
Published: May 2021

The Christian population in North India is varied, from less than 1% (in most North Indian states) to 22% in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Many fix its emergence in the 16th century, when Jesuits were invited by the Muslim Emperor Akbar the Great. By the beginning of the nineteenth century, many Protestant missionary societies were established in India. Six churches in India united in 1970, forming the Church of North India (CNI). Recently, Christians have been attacked as a threat to the hierarchical social system and threatened by radical Hindu fundamentalism. Amidst the persecutions, Christianity has continued in unique paradigms: whether in the adoption ashram life to promote the mystical traditions of Christianity as well as Hinduism, in translations of the Bible into tribal languages; or in the faculties of philosophy and theology in North India preparing men and women for ministry. Religious communities and NGOs in North India have served those at the peripheries. Lack of growth of Christian communities can be attributed to hostility against Dalit Christians who risk losing constitutional protection given to other Dalits. In fact, the collaboration of lay Christians is on the increase through different associations, basic Christian communities and Charismatic movements.
Sri Lanka
Authors: De Visser Prashan
Published: May 2021

Historical records link Christianity in Sri Lanka to colonial rule. In 1505 the Portuguese introduced Catholicism to Sri Lanka and were followed by the Dutch, who in 1658, introduced the Dutch Reformed Church (Protestant). In 1796 the British, who brought with them the Church of England, gained control of the entire country by 1815. Today, five centuries after the advent of colonial rule, the combined number of Roman Catholics and other Christians stands at less than 9% of the total population. The Roman Catholic Church is spread across Sri Lanka, with churches in every district and ministering in all languages and across a wide cross-section of social groups, while growth within Protestant denominations has been stagnant. The Sri Lankan constitution in 1972 recognised Buddhism as the national, state-supported religion. Sri Lankan Buddhists and Tamil Hindus regard Christianity as a residue of the colonial governments. With the cycles of violence, Christian churches find opportunity to bring together believers from the Sinhala and Tamil ethnic groups and work for peace. In addition, with more emphasis on addressing key social justice issues, there is ground for confidence that Christianity in Sri Lanka can sustain itself and flourish in the coming century.