bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DEMOKRAT PARTİ İKTİDARI DÖNEMİ’NDE MUHALİF BİR ŞEHİR MEBUSU: X. DÖNEM TÜRKİYE BÜYÜK MİLLET MECLİSİ’NDE AHMET BİLGİN MUHALEFETİ
Authors: Gök Hacı Veli
Published: June 2024

Kırşehir’in X. Dönem TBMM’deki varlığının incelendiği bu çalışmada, bahse konu dönem Cumhuriyetçi Millet Partisi Kırşehir Mebusu Ahmet Bilgin’in mevcut siyasi iktidara karşı nasıl bir muhalefet içerisinde olduğunu incelenmiştir. Bilgin ve diğer CMP mebusları ile birlikte yapılan bu muhalefetin Kırşehir’e neler kazandırıp kaybettirdiğini, memleket çapında da ne gibi kazanımlar sağladığını anlamamız açısından çalışma önem arz etmektedir. Bu bağlamda X. Dönem Kırşehir mebuslarına bakıldığında bu dönemde Kırşehir’i TBMM’de beş mebusun temsil ettiği görülmektedir. Bu mebusların en etkilisi olan Osman Bölükbaşı matematikçi ve çiftçi, Ahmet Bilgin eczacı, Hacı Mehmet Mahmutoğlu hukukçu, Osman Alişiroğlu hukukçu ve Tahir Taşer de yine hukukçu kimliği ile Kırşehir’i temsil etmiştir. Her ne kadar, Kırşehir mebuslarından Osman Bölükbaşı gibi popülaritesi yüksek bir mebus hakkında yayınlanmış birçok eser söz konusu ise de, bahse konu dönemde mecliste en az Bölükbaşı kadar etkin bir muhalefet örneği gösteren ancak çok az sayıda araştırmaya konu olan Ahmet Bilgin’in siyasi faaliyetleri hakkında çok az şey bilinmektedir. Zira Bilgin, X. Dönem TBMM’de oldukça etkin bir kişilik olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Öyle ki, bir muhalefet parti temsilcisi olmanın gereği olarak ortaya koymuş olduğu sert muhalefet Mecliste hararetli tartışmaların vuku bulmasını sağlamıştır. Bu bağlamda bu çalışma ile Ahmet Bilgin’in TBMM faaliyetleri incelenerek mebusun TBMM faaliyetleri hakkında genel bir kanaat oluşturulması hedeflenmiştir.
BABA ZHENG ZHİLONG (郑芝龙) VE OĞLU ZHENG CHENGGONG (郑成功)’UN ÇİN DENİZLERİNDEKİ FAALİYETLERİ
Authors: Duman Aslı Can , Görez Feyza
Published: June 2024

Çin, denize ve okyanusa kıyısı olan bir yarımada ülkesidir. Coğrafi konumu itibariyle denizcilik faaliyetleri Çin’de çok erken dönemlerde başlamıştır. Kıyılarındaki denizcilik faaliyetlerinin başlaması, Çin’i hem olumlu hem de olumsuz yönde etkilemiştir. Denizcilik faaliyetlerinin baskılandığı dönemlerde de kıyılar savunmasız kalmıştır. Bu periyotlarda, bazen kıyılarını korumak için korsanlarla iş birliği yapmış bazen de deniz haydutlarının tacizlerine maruz kalmışlardır. Zheng Zhilong ve oğlu Zheng Chenggong da dönemsel değişikliklerle korsan ya da deniz haydudu olarak Çin denizcilik tarihinde önemli figürler olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır.

Bu makalenin konusu Zheng Zhilong ve Zheng Chenggong’un Çin denizcilik tarihine etkileridir. Çalışmada, 17. yüzyılın başlarında Ming Hanedanlığının çöküşü sırasında öne çıkan bir denizci ve tüccar olan Zheng Zhilong’un Qing’e karşı direnişi incelenmiştir. Babasının izinden giderek denizciliği sürdürmüş olan Zheng Chenggong’un hem Çin hem Tayvan tarihi açısından önemi üzerinde durulmuş, Tayvan için mücadelesi ortaya koyulmuştur.

Zheng Zhilong ticari faaliyetlerine Japonya’da başlamış ve Mançu kuşatmalarında Ming’le birlikte direniş göstermek istese de bundan vazgeçip Qing tarafına geçmiş, savaş alanında başarılar elde etmiş ancak yine Qing tarafından infaz edilmiştir. Oğlu Zheng Chenggong babasından kalan tüm
filoları tam teşekküllü askeri bir güce çevirmiş, Ming’den yana saf tutmuş ancak Qing’e karşı mücadele edemeyerek Tayvan’a yerleşmiş ve denizaşırı topraklarda büyük güç elde ederek Ming-Qing dönemi denizcilik tarihine büyük katkılar sunmuştur. Bu çalışmada tarihsel araştırma yöntemi kullanılarak birincil ve ikincil kaynaklar incelenmiş dönem ve tarihi karakterler anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır, sonuç bölümünde baba-oğulun faaliyetleri bağıntısal olarak yorumlanmıştır.
ESKİ MEZOPOTAMYA’DA BİR YARATILIŞ ANLATISI: DUNNU TEOGONİSİ
Authors: Karaköz Kübra
Published: June 2024

Mezopotamya, yazının ortaya çıktığı dönemden itibaren, birçok farklı türdeki belgenin kayıt edildiği bir coğrafya olmuştur. Eski Mezopotamya literatürü oldukça geniş ve gelişkindir. Birçok farklı belge türünün yer aldığı coğrafyada, dini-mitoloji türünden eserler de günümüze kadar gelmiştir. Belgelerde, kentlerin, krallıkların, hanedanların ve bunlarla beraber evrenin nasıl yaratıldığına ilişkin bilgi veren yazılı kaynaklar bulunmaktadır. Bu kaynaklardan, Eski Mezopotamya’nın siyasi ve kent devletleri arasındaki çekişmeli yapısının dönemin mitoslarına ne şekilde yansıdığını da görebilmekteyiz. Yaratılış türü mitoslarda, insan dünyası ve tanrıların dünyasının ne şekilde var edildiği yazılmıştır. Bu mitolojik belgelerde, hiçlikten, topraktan ya da sudan var edilen tanrılar, diğer tanrıları ve evreni oluşturmuştur. Tanrıların yaşadıkları alanı biçimlendirmelerinin ardından gökyüzündeki krallık için birbirileriyle olan mücadelesi yaratılış mitoslarının ana konularından biri olmuştur. Bu mücadeleyi kazanan tanrı, yeryüzünde düzeni meydana getirmiştir. Kurduğu düzenle beraber kendisine ait bir kent kuran tanrı, o kentin kurucusu ve koruyucu tanrısı olmuş, kentin başına geçen kralları da vekil ilan etmiştir. Bu tür mitoslarda, krallıkların, kentler ile olan ilişkisi açıkça verilmekte, tanrılar krallığı temsil etmekteydiler. Yaratılış mitoslarında perspektif gelenekselleşmiştir. Anlatımlar çeşitli olmakla beraber tema, birbirini tekrar etmektedir. Bu anlatı türünden daha farklı içeriğe sahip metinlerin sayısı oldukça azdır. Bu spesifik metinlerden biri Dunnu Teogonisi ya da diğer adıyla Harab Mitolojisidir. Günümüze kadar sadece tek bir nüsha bulunmuştur. Mitosa ait bilgiler bu nüshadan sağlanmakta, ulaşılabilecek bilgi alanı ise sınırlıdır. Dunnu Teogonisinde, olay örgüsü tek bir kent etrafında dönmektedir. Tanrılar arasındaki savaşta, ölümsüz tanrıların ölümü ve Dunnu kentine gömülmesiyle devredilen hanedanlık perspektifi özgündür. Hanedanlığın devredilmesinde bir takım tarihler ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu tarihler, kent, tanrılar ve mücadelesi sırasında yaşananlar mitosta özgün bir bağlamda yer almaktadır. Çalışma, Dunnu Teogonisini ele alarak mitosu metaforik açıdan yorumlamayı amaçlamaktadır.
THE DIONYSIAC RUPTURE IN EQUUS: A NIETZSCHEAN PERSPECTIVE ON PETER SHAFFER’S MODERN TRAGEDY
Authors: Albayrak Gökhan
Published: June 2024

This paper aims to explore Peter Shaffer’s ritualistic play Equus (1973) by means of utilising Nietzsche’s interpretation of ancient Greek tragedy which is based on the collision between the Apollonian impulse and the Dionysian impulse. Equus tells the story of Martin Dysart, a psychiatrist, who struggles to treat a young man, Alan Strang, who has a mystical fascination with horses and blinds six horses. This study argues that Alan represents the Dionsyian principle while Martin embodies the Apollonian principle, and that the clash between the two forces leads to tragedy. The Dionysian impulse is an urge towards obliteration of boundaries, dissolution of individual selves, excess, intoxication, and ecstatic experience of oneness whereas the Apollonian impulse gestures toward drawing and maintaining boundaries, individuality, distinction and discreteness. Alan is a Dionysian character who ecstatically experiences a sense of oneness with horses through bacchic frenzy. By contrast, Martin is an Apollonian character who attemtps to give a form to this chaotic force and whose sense of purpose as a psychiatrist is disrupted by his patient’s mystical experience of primordial unity with horses. As an antagonistic force that shatters Martin’s sense of meaning in life, Alan and his Dionysiac state compel Martin to rethink about his life and his profession. This paper contends that Martin is the protagonist of this play who, as the embodimentof the modern subject, experiences the battle between the Dionsyian impulse and the Apollonian impulse and thus undergoes a tragic moment in his life.
TÜRKÇEDE İLE SÖZCÜĞÜ VE BU SÖZCÜĞÜN -(y)lA BİÇİMİ ÜZERİNE
Authors: Erdoğan Özlem
Published: June 2024

Türkçede ile sözcüğü, sözcük türü bakımından ya çekim edatı -edat- ya da bağlama edatı -bağlaç- kullanımlarıyla karşımıza çıkar. Çekim edatı olması durumunda [araba / ile] gibi [isim / edat] yapısında edat öbekleri meydana getirir. Bağlama edatı işlevinde olması durumunda ise söz gelimi [yaz / ile / kış] gibi [isim / bağlaç / isim] yapısında bir bağlama öbeği oluşturur. Aynı örnekler, “arabayla” veya “yazla kış” şeklinde de ifade edilebilir ve işte bu durumda kimi kaynaklarda “ek”; kimi kaynaklarda ise “edat” olarak tanımlanan -(y)lA biçimi karşımıza çıkar. Buna göre söz konusu biçim, “ek” tanımlamasının yapıldığı kaynaklarda “vasıta, beraberlik vb. ifade eden bir durum eki” olarak; “edat” tanımlamasının yapıldığı kaynaklarda ise “ön ünlüsünü yitirerek önceki sözcüğe bitişik yazılan ile edatı” olarak açıklanır. Bu iki farklı tanımlamaya bağlı olarak sözdizimsel değerlendirmeler de değişebilmektedir. Böylece, -(y)lA’nın gramer kategorisinin ne olduğu konusunda örneklerin gerek biçimsel gerekse sözdizimsel açıdan bir bütünlük içinde değerlendirilmesini belli ölçüde güçleştiren bir belirsizlik ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, ile sözcüğü ve bu sözcüğün -(y)lA’ya dönüşmüş biçimiyle ilgili Türkçe gramerlerde farklı bakış açıları doğrultusunda farklı şekillerde değerlendirilen aynı tip örneklere dikkat çekmek amaçlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda, öne çıkan biçimsel ve sözdizimsel yorumlar karşılaştırılmış ve söz konusu örneklerin değerlendirilmesinde esas alınabilecek yaklaşım, isim durumu kategorisi ile dilin dizim ve dizi boyutundaki denklikler sorgulanarak belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır.
BEBEKLİKTEN OKUL ÇAĞINA SAYI GELİŞİMİ
Authors: Yalçıner Hüseyin , Yalçınkaya Tuğçe , Karadöller Dilay Z.
Published: June 2024

Bebeklikten okul çağına sayı gelişiminin, çocuğa dair ve çevresel birçok faktörden etkilendiği öne sürülmektedir. Bu faktörler, yaş, dil becerisi, uzamsal beceriler ve ebeveyn girdisi gibi başlıklarda incelenebilir. Bu derlemede öncelikle sayı gelişimi üzerine öne sürülmüş teorilerin ve bu teorileri destekleyen ampirik bulguların bir sentezi yapılıp devamında sayı gelişimi ile yakından ilişkisi olduğu bulunan uzamsal beceriler, dil becerileri ve ebeveyn girdisi gibi çocuğa dair ve çevresel faktörlerin incelemesi yapılmıştır. Temel Bilgi Teorisi (İng. Core Knowledge Theory), insanların sayısallık ve geometri konusunda temel bilgilere doğuştan sahip olduğunu belirtir. Birçok çalışma doğuştan gelen sayısallık bilgisi bağlamında çeşitli ilkelerde hemfikirdir. Okul öncesi dönemdeki sayı gelişimi, çocukların okul dönemindeki matematik başarılarının önemli bir yordayıcısıdır. Çeşitli çalışmalar yaşın sayı öğrenimindeki boyutlardan biri olduğunu ifade etmiştir. Yaşa ek olarak çocuğun uzamsal becerileri ve dil yetenekleri de ilerleyen dönemlerdeki matematik performansları ile ilişkisi olan önemli faktörlerdendir. Çocuğa dair bu faktörlerin yanı sıra okul öncesi dönemdeki çocukların maruz kaldığı çevresel faktörlerin de sayı gelişimi konusunda önemli etkileri olduğu gösterilmektedir. Ev ortamında yapılan aktivitelerde (örn., kitap okuma, oyun oynama) sayılarla ilgili konuşmalara maruz kalmanın veya günlük aktivitelerde (örn., alışveriş) sayılar ve matematiksel kavramlar ile tanışmanın, çocukların güncel ve gelecek yıllardaki sayı gelişimi ile yüksek derecede ilişkili olduğu bulunmuştur.
ÁRMİN VÁMBÉRY’DEN CEDİTÇİ AYDIN MUHAMMED FATİH KERİMÎ’YE MEKTUPLAR
Authors: Özsoy Emre
Published: June 2024

Ármin Vámbéry, on dokuzuncu yüzyıl ve yirminci yüzyılın ilk çeyreği arasında Rusya Türkleri arasında ortaya çıkan yenileşme hareketlerini yakından takip eden isimlerdendir. Ona göre özellikle İdil-Ural bölgesi aydınlarının, modern zamanın gereklilikleri doğrultusunda hareket etme gayretleri ve bu yönde ortaya koydukları faaliyetler, Batı’nın, Asyalı şeklinde küçümsediği bir toplum adına önemli gelişmelerdi. Zira, günümüzde Ceditçilik olarak tanımlanan bu yenileşme faaliyetlerinin temsilcileri, sadece kültürel bir canlanma ortaya koymadılar, sosyal ve siyasi alanda da Çarlık idaresi karşısında haklarını savundular. Bu gelişmeler ünlü Macar müsteşrik Vámbéry tarafından ilgiyle karşılandı; kendisi yenileşme hareketleri hakkında eserler ortaya koymakla kalmadı, Rusya Türklerinin Batı dünyasında tanıtılmasında da önemli bir rol üstlendi The Times gazetesinde bu yönde yazılar kaleme aldı, İsmail Bey Gaspıralı, Rızaeddin Fahreddin ve Fatih Kerimî gibi dönemin önde gelen aydınlarıyla doğrudan iletişim kurdu; onlar tarafından yayınlanan eserler ve süreli yayınları yakından takip etti. Özellikle Muhammed Fatih Kerimî ile hayatının sonuna kadar iletişim halinde bulundu. İkili arasında İstanbul’da başlayan dostluk fikri anlamda bir etkileşimi de beraberinde getirdi.
Bu çalışmada, Vámbéry tarafından Muhammed Fatih Kerimî’ye gönderilen, hâlihazırda Tataristan Cumhuriyeti Millî Arşivi’nde bulunan mektuplar ele alınacaktır. Bu çerçevede Vámbéry’nin Tatar yenileşme hareketine yönelik ilgisi üzerinde kısaca durularak, İdil-Ural Türkleri hakkındaki değerlendirmelerine yer verilecek ve son olarak mektupların Latin harflerine aktarımı yapılacaktır.
UNSURÎ'NİN KASÎDELERİNDE SULTAN MAHMUD
Authors: Işık Bağrıaçık Yeşim
Published: June 2024

IX. yüzyıl sonlarında büyük Horasan topraklarında kurulan Gazneli Devleti, kurulduğu coğrafi toprakların siyasi, edebi ve kültür değerlerine kıymet vermiştir. Sâmânî devlet geleneği mirası içerisinde yer alan Gazneli sultanları dönemin ilmi ve edebi ortamı içerisinde yetişmişlerdir. İslam dininin şekil aldığı bu dönemde hem İslam dininin bölgede yayılmasına hem de Fars şiirinin gelişmesine büyük ölçüde katkı sağlamışlardır. Gazneliler Dönemi’nde başta Sultan Mahmud olmak üzere seçkin sınıf; devlet geleneğinin, kültürünün, yaşam şeklinin, düşünme biçiminin ve padişahın isminin sonraki nesillere aktarımına vesile olduğuna inandıkları şiir türüne oldukça önem vermişlerdir. Farsça şiir yazan şairleri destekleyen Sultan Mahmut şairleri sarayında ağırlamıştır. Böylece şairler padişah ile yakın temasta olmuş ve çoğu zaman savaşlarda padişahın yanında yer almışlardır. Farsça kaynaklarda Gazneli sarayının şairleri desteklenmesi ve saray şairlerinin sultanları övmeleri sultanların kişisel hırsı ve kibiri ile örtüştürülse de aslınsa Gazne sarayındaki bu durum Sâmânî devlet geleneğinin bir devamı olarak düşünülebilir. Bu bağlamda Farsça şiirler yazan şairlere kıymet verilen saray ve çevresi, şairleri adeta baş tacı etmişlerdir. Bu çalışmada Gazneli Devleti’nin en başarılı padişahı olan Sultan Mahmud ve onun saray şairi Unsurî ekseninde Farsça kaside üzerinde durulacaktır. Tarihi verilerin de dikkate alındığı çalışmada Unsurî’nin Sultan Mahmud’un dindar, cömert, adil, kararlı ve savaşçı kimliğini ön planda tutan kasidelerinden örnek verilecektir. Sultan Mahmud’un kişiliği ve bu kişiliğinin şiire ne şekilde yansıdığı araştırılacaktır.
SLOW HEALING: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL JUSTICE IN UNBOWED: A MEMOIR
Authors: Özkan Hediye
Published: June 2024

In her autobiography Unbowed: A Memoir (2006), Wangari Maathai, a political activist and Nobel Peace Prize winner, depicts environmental and political struggle against the legacies of colonialism. The personal narrative chronicles the ways in which the socio-cultural and ecological exploitation is perpetuated due to (neo)colonialism, capitalism, the centralization of power, and modernity under the myth of progress. In 1977, Maathai’s individual environmental efforts evolved into a collective struggle, The Green Belt Movement, which has trained rural women in Kenya to plant trees, generate income, and relentlessly fight against deforestation and soil erosion by planting millions of trees in Africa. This study examines Maathai’s personal narrative, which overtly highlights the interconnectedness of environmental and social justice by suggesting that without ecological justice, social justice is not possible. Drawing on the concept of “slow violence” to examine the resignifications of ecological damage in Africa and analyzing life writing a site of resistance, negotiation and agency, this study discusses the politics of decoloniality generated by indigenous knowledge systems to understand the interrelatedness of human and nature and reinstate basic human rights, damaged environment, and the perception of nature.
FUTURE ANXIETY UNDER COVID-19 CIRCUMSTANCES: TESTING THE EFFECT OF GRATITUDE AND MEDIATING ROLE OF THREAT PERCEPTION
Authors: Demirdağ Ahmet , Hasdağ Derya , Ulutaş Elif
Published: June 2024

The Covid-19 outbreak increased the importance of dispositional qualities and easy-to-use self-help strategies to promote mental well-being. Previous research indicate that disposition to gratitude enhances well-being by protecting mental health. However, evidence for the efficacy of gratitude-inducing interventions in preventing psychological problems is mixed. Further, data on the gratitude-well-being link under Covid-19 circumstances are inconclusive. In the present reseach, we examined the role of trait gratitude and gratitude-listing intervention in alleviating future anxiety during the pandemic, and the mediating role of perceived realistic and symbolic threats from Covid-19. In the first study, a correlational study (N = 405), participants rated the predictor and outcome measures—the scales of gratitude, future anxiety, and perceived realistic and symbolic threats from Covid-19. In the second study, a pretest-posttest intervention study (N = 150), participants were randomized to list grateful experiences or important daily life events every two days for a month, or to complete only the pretest and posttest measures. Results indicated that disposition to gratitude was associated with lower future anxiety (study-1), whereas the gratitude-listing intervention did not reduce this anxiety (study-2). Furthermore, in both studies, the perceived Covid-19 threats did not mediate the relationship between gratitude and future anxiety. Exploratory qualitative analyses of participants’ gratitude lists and feedback in the second study showed that the pandemic situation hindered the benefits of the intervention. Overall, the results suggest that trait gratitude is more strongly associated with alleviation of psychological distress during the Covid-19 pandemic than gratitude listing. This supports the accumulating data that gratitude interventions, while beneficial for well-being, have limited effectiveness in reducing symptoms of ill-being, such as anxiety.
Review of Dengue Deaths in Bangladesh: An Interim Analysis of the 2023 Outbreak
Authors: Islam Quazi Tarikul , Adnan Sheikh Daud , Munna Nazmul Islam , Ahasan Ham Nazmul , Amin Robed , Shamsad Iffat Ara , Yasmin Rubina , Islam Mohammad Rafiqul , Noor Nawsabah , Asimsaha
Published: June 2024

Background: Dengue fever is one of the most prevalent mosquito-borne diseases and is categorized as a neglected tropical disease (NTD) by the World Health Organization (WHO). Last year, Bangladesh witnessed an unprecedented dengue outbreak, claiming a record-breaking 1705 lives and posing a significant public health concern. This presents the preliminary analysis of the demographics and clinical features associated with dengue-related fatalities in 2023. Methods: This study presents a retrospective analysis of 94 dengue death cases, which were collected from 15 different hospitals in Bangladesh between January 1, 2023, to December 31, 2023. The cases were classified based on the patient's age as children (age <15 years), adults (age between 15-59 years), and elderly (age >60 years). The study aimed to investigate the demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients and also explores adherence to national guidelines for IV fluid management. Results: The data reveals that among the patients, 11.8% were children, 65.6% were adults, and 22.6% were elderly. Furthermore, 52.7% of the patients were male, while 47.3% were female. Comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension were prevalent among the patients. The median duration between disease onset and hospitalization was 3.0 (IQR: 2.0 - 5.0) days, and the median duration of hospital stay was 1.0 (IQR: 0.61 – 2.0) days. Expanded Dengue Syndrome (29.8%) was the most common diagnosis at admission, followed by Dengue Shock Syndrome (26.6%), Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) (17.0%), and Dengue Fever (DF) (14.9%). The study also revealed that only 35.1% of the patients received IV fluid treatment according to the national guideline, 47.9% did not, and no relevant record was found for the remaining 17% of cases. The patient follow-up was according to the guideline for 12.8% of patients, while 38.3% were not, and 48.9% had no record. Moreover, it was found that patients who received IV fluid treatment according to the guideline survived significantly longer than those who did not, with a mean difference of 1.26 days (p<0.05). It was also found that the use of steroids (28%), antibiotics (39.8%), and drugs that are not recommended (33.3%) were prevalent among the patients. Conclusions: In conclusion, the findings of the interim analysis conducted during the 2023 dengue outbreak reveal that Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) was responsible for the largest proportion of fatalities (36%), followed by Expanded Dengue Syndrome (EDS) (23%) and sepsis. The study also highlights the significance of adhering to the National Guidelines for IV fluid management and its potential impact on patient survival.
Bangladesh J Medicine 2024; Vol. 35, No. 2, Supplementation: 157
Augmentation in Restless Leg Syndrome: Management Challenges
Authors: Rahman Aminur
Published: June 2024

Augmentation is defined as an increase in symptom severity despite (mostly dopaminergic) treatment. Alternatively, there can be an earlier onset of symptoms in the afternoon by at least 4 hours and/or a shorter latency of symptoms at rest, or a spread of symptoms to previously unaffected body parts. Augmentation is the paradoxical worsening of Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS) symptoms after prolonged RLS treatment that typically occurs in 10– 68% of patients who underwent sustained treatment with dopamine agonists, usually after 3 –10 years of effective management. Excess postsynaptic desensitization of dopamine 2 (D2) receptors in the substantianigra and putamen with prolonged intermittent dopaminergic stimulation is assumed to be the cause of augmentation, while the exact process is unknown. Smaller dosages of longer-acting dopaminergic agonists, such as ropinirole and pramipexole, are expected to reduce the risk of augmentation; of these agonists, rotigotine has the lowest risk of augmentation due to its longest half-life. Levodopa and other shorter-acting dopaminergic agonists have the greatest chance of producing enhancement when used consistently. The current recommendations for management include stopping the offending substance, improving sleep quality and habits, adding á2ä medicines, or starting opioid therapy, but the latter two options carry a high risk of side effects. The binding sites for the gabapentinoid medications pregabalin and gabapentin are represented by the á2ä-2 and á2ä-1 proteins. Because gabapentin enacarbil has fewer negative effects than regular gabapentin, the FDA has approved it for treatment in RLS. Patients who have developed resistance to first-line RLS treatments can also benefit from low-dose opioid medicines, especially when combined with dopamine agonists. For the majority of individuals, low-dose opioid medicines continue to effectively treat symptoms of refractory RLS over a 2-year follow-up period. The most often given opioid was methadone. Methadone has replaced oxycodone ER as the usual treatment for patients who are refractory to opioids. Its lengthy half-life, once-daily dosage, and lack of euphoric effects make it significantly less likely to be abused. This was the result of a big clinical trial involving opioids. Given its distinct pharmacological profile, aripiprazole, a dopamine receptor partial agonist (DRPA), may offer a further alternative for managing augmentation in RLS.
Bangladesh J Medicine 2024; Vol. 35, No. 2, Supplementation: 150
Fluid Management in Dengue -Insights from Bedside
Authors: Jayasekera Krishnatha
Published: June 2024

Dengue fever, a prevalent tropical viral illness transmitted by mosquitoes, poses a substantial burden on healthcare systems in Southeast Asia. Despite the increase in case density annually there is a noticeable downward trend in mortality rates in Sri Lanka. The pathophysiological hallmark of severe dengue is plasma leakage, leading to potentially life-threatening complications such as shock and organ failure. Key aspects of clinical care include early recognition of warning signs, monitoring of clinical parameters, and tailoring fluid therapy to individual patient needs. Optimizing fluid management is essential for reducing morbidity and mortality associated with severe dengue infection. Key decisions on fluid management are individualized with intense monitoring of vital parameters. The amount and type of fluid administered to maintain adequate perfusion while preventing fluid overload are based on the bed side clinical and sonographic assessment. This case-based discussion provides an overview of current fluid management strategies in various clinical stages of dengue highlighting the common pitfalls that may arise during management of complicated dengue patients. It is of utmost importance that we acquire the insight into the judicious fluid management during critical phase of dengue to minimize morbidity and mortality. 
Bangladesh J Medicine 2024; Vol. 35, No. 2, Supplementation: 130-131
Exploring the Expanded Therapeutic Landscape of SGLT2 Inhibitors: Beyond Diabetes Management
Authors: Sharma Jugal Kishor
Published: June 2024

Sodium-glucose Co transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have traditionally been synonymous with their pivotal role in managing diabetes mellitus. However, recent research has unearthed a myriad of novel applications for these agents beyond their antihyperglycemic effects. This abstract delves into the expanding therapeutic horizon of SGLT2 inhibitors, elucidating their diverse pharmacological actions and emerging clinical applications.SGLT2 inhibitors primarily exert their effects by blocking renal glucose reabsorption, leading to glycosuria and subsequent glucose lowering. Beyond glycaemic control, these agents demonstrate multifaceted actions, including natriuresis, blood pressure reduction, and weight loss. Moreover, SGLT2 inhibitors have shown promising effects on mitigating cardiovascular and renal complications in patients with or without diabetes, attributed to their pleiotropic cardiovascular benefits. Beyond diabetes management, SGLT2 inhibitors have garnered attention for their potential in treating heart failure (HF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Clinical trials have showcased the remarkable efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors in reducing HF hospitalizations and ameliorating renal function decline, irrespective of diabetes status. These findings have prompted guideline revisions, endorsing the use of SGLT2 inhibitors in HF and CKD management, ushering in a new era of personalized medicine. While generally well-tolerated, SGLT2 inhibitors are associated with unique adverse effects, including genitourinary infections and euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Heightened awareness and vigilant monitoring are imperative to mitigate these risks, especially in vulnerable populations such as the elderly and those with impaired renal function. In conclusion, SGLT2 inhibitors transcend their traditional role in diabetes management, offering a paradigm shift in cardiovascular and renal disease therapeutics. Their pleiotropic benefits, encompassing glycemic control, cardiovascular protection, and renal preservation, underscore their versatility in addressing multifaceted disease processes. As ongoing research continues to unravel additional therapeutic avenues, SGLT2 inhibitors stand poised as a cornerstone in the holistic management of cardiometabolic disorders, heralding a new era of patient-centered care.
Bangladesh J Medicine 2024; Vol. 35, No. 2, Supplementation: 143
Electroencephalography in Detection of Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy in Cirrhotic Patient
Authors: Mahapatra Sushatna Kumar , Aftab Hafeza
Published: June 2024

Background: Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is a common complication of cirrhosis of liver which significantly impairs the patient’s quality of life and often progress to overt hepatic encephalopathy. Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score (PHES) test is considered as the gold standard for diagnosing minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE), but its value is limited in cases where patients cannot read or write. In such cases, electroencephalography (EEG) could be alternative diagnostic tool. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of electro-encephalography (EEG) in detection of minimal hepatic encephalopathy, so that this test could be employed for individuals who are unable to read or write. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the department of Gastroenterology, Dhaka Medical College Hosptial, from April 2022 to March 2023. Ninety patients with cirrhosis without having overt hepatic encephalopathy were assessed by both PHES and EEG tests. Then diagnostic value of electroencephalography (EEG) was assessed. Results: In this study, the diagnostic performance of Electroencephalography (EEG) was evaluated, revealing a sensitivity of 70.7%, specificity of 89.8% and accuracy of 81.11%. Positive predictive value & negative predictive value were 85.29% & 78.57% respectively. Conclusion: Electroencephalography (EEG) has demonstrated satisfactory results in the detection of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Electro-encephalography (EEG) can be employed as a diagnostic tool to detect minimal hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients when the Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score (PHES) test could not be applied, such as in cases where patients are unable to read or write.
Bangladesh J Medicine 2024; Vol. 35, No. 2, Supplementation: 170
Judicious Use of Kinase Inhibitors in Rheumatology Practice
Authors: Haq Syed Atiqul
Published: June 2024

The advent of kinase inhibitors has significantly transformed the therapeutic landscape in rheumatology, offering novel and effective options for managing autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. This presentation explores the judicious use of kinase inhibitors, emphasizing patient selection, monitoring strategies, and managing adverse effects. Kinases, particularly protein kinases such as Janus kinases (JAKs), play pivotal roles in cellular signaling pathways, influencing inflammation, immune response, and cell proliferation. The presentation begins by elucidating the mechanisms of action of different JAK subtypes and their roles in cytokine-mediated signaling pathways via the JAK-STAT pathway. It highlights the importance of differentiating between various JAK inhibitors, including first-generation inhibitors like tofacitinib, baricitinib, and peficitinib, and second-generation inhibitors such as upadacitinib, filgotinib, and deucravacitinib. These inhibitors vary in selectivity and therapeutic applications, necessitating careful patient-specific consideration. Key considerations for patient selection are discussed, including absolute contraindications such as active infections, malignancies, and severe organ failures, as well as conditions warranting cautious use, such as advanced age, cardiovascular diseases, and previous malignancies. To mitigate potential risks, the importance of comprehensive patient preparation, including infection screening, vaccination, and optimization of comorbid conditions, is emphasized. Detailed monitoring protocols are outlined, focusing on regular assessments of disease activity, drug toxicity, and laboratory investigations. Strategies for managing common adverse effects, including infections, cytopenias, elevated liver enzymes, and thrombo-embolic events, are presented. The presentation underscores the necessity of a multidisciplinary approach to patient care involving collaboration among rheumatologists, infectious disease specialists, and other healthcare providers. This presentation aims to optimize the use of kinase inhibitors in rheumatology by integrating scientific insights and clinical guidelines. It aims to enhance patient outcomes while ensuring safety and efficacy in treatment. This comprehensive approach seeks to balance therapeutic benefits with potential risks, thereby advancing the standard of care for patients with rheumatic diseases.
Bangladesh J Medicine 2024; Vol. 35, No. 2, Supplementation: 181
In vitro analysis of the insect neuroendocrine organs
Authors: Seshan K. R.
Published: June 2024

Cultures of neurosecretory cells and corpus cardiacum of the cockroach Periplaneta americana display vigorous outgrowth of nerve fiber processes in vitro numerous cells of various types migrated out of the corpus cardiacum into the medium. Light and electron microscopic studies showed the presence of neurosecretory granules in the cell bodies and in the axonal processes. Neurosecretory cells were electrically active in vitro and the unit electrical activity of NS cells contrasted sharply with the bursting electrical discharges of the CC cultures. The synthesis and release of radio labeled juvenile hormone by adult and nymphal corpora allata indicated that these glands are functionally active in vitro.
Cholesterol absorption in the roach, Periplaneta americana
Authors: Joshi Madhu , Agarwal Hari C.
Published: June 2024

The absorption of cholesterol in the alimentary canal of the roach, Periplaneta americana takes place predominantly in the esophagus and crop followed by the gizzard and gastric ceaca. The cholesterol which was esterified in the gut increased gradually in some tissues with increase in time.
A new species of predatory rove beetle from India (Coleoptera:Staphilinidae)
Authors: Kem T. R. , Ghai Swaraj
Published: June 2024

A new species, Hypocyptiis ricini, predatory on tetranychid mites on castor is described.
APPLICATION OF INDEPENDENT LEARNING TO LEARN MATHEMATICS BASED ON PROBLEMS HOTS SANTRI 7TH GRADE MTS PESANTREN AL KHAIRAAT AMBON THROUGH PBL
Authors: Sangkala Nani Sukartini , Sopamena Patma , Kaliky Syafruddin , Pelupessy Muhammad Qashai Ramdani , Juhaevah Fahruh
Published: June 2024

This study aims to determine the influence of the application of independent learning in HOTS-based mathematics learning on students of 7th grade, MTs Pesantren Al Khairaat Ambon through PBL. This study used a descriptive quantitative approach with a population sample, and all 7th-grade MTs Pesantren Al Kahiraat Ambon students totaled 12 people in 1 study group. Research instruments are: Test questions (pre-test and post-test) are used to measure student learning outcomes before and after learning with PBL, and questionnaires are used to measure student responses after implementing PBL. The test questions completed by students are in the form of HOTS, which contains problems in students' daily lives that are solved by requiring problem-solving analysis. The results showed an influence on the application of independent learning in mathematics based on HOTS on the learning outcomes of 7th grade MTs students of Pesantren Al Khairaat Ambon through PBL. The effect of the application of learning is characterized by a significant difference between the pre-test and the post-test of 7th grade MTs students of Pesantren Al Khairaat Ambon. Based on the Wilcoxon sign rank test obtained a significance value of 0.004 < 0.05, then the null hypothesis (Ho) was rejected, and accepted the alternative hypothesis (Ha). That is, there is a significant difference between the results of learning pre-test and post-test (with the average condition of the post-test value being more than the Pre Test). The aspect of independent learning in this study has not been strictly observed. Therefore further research needs to be given strict attention.Keywords: Independent Learning Mathematics; HOTS Problems; Problem-Based Learning.
MERDEKA MENGAJAR PLATFORM AS A SUPPORT FOR THE QUALITY OF MATHEMATICS LEARNING IN EAST JAVA
Authors: Budiarti Nur Isnaini
Published: June 2024

Merdeka belajar yang dicetuskan oleh menteri pendidikan merupakan sebuah terobosan baru sebagai keterbukaan proses pembelajaran yang nantinya dapat memberikan pengalaman belajar tanpa harus dituntut oleh standar ketuntasan dan standar kelulusan. Dengan pengimplementasian merdeka belajar diharapkan mampu meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran, terutama dalam pembelajaran matematika. Dalam pengimplementasian kurikulum merdeka, Kemendikbudristek mengembangkan Platform Merdeka Mengajar (PMM) untuk mempermudah guru dalam mengajar sesuai kemampuan murid, menyediakan pelatihan untuk meningkatkan kompetensi, serta berkarya untuk menginspirasi rekan sejawat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran penggunaan Platform Merdeka Mengajar sebagai penunjang kualitas pembelajaran matematika. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dengan subjek penelitian sebanyak 30 responden yang merupakan guru matematika yang telah menggunakan Platform Merdeka Mengajar. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan angket online dan wawancara terbatas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan Platform Merdeka Mengajar sangat membantu para guru dalam mengembangkan potensi diri untuk menginspirasi dan mengajar lebih baik salah satunya dalam pembelajaran matematika. Fitur/produk yang tersedia dalam Platform Merdeka Mengajar memberikan berbagai informasi, inspirasi dan inovasi para guru dalam melaksanakan kegiatan belajar mengajar sehingga dapat menunjang kualitas pembelajaran matematika. Platform Merdeka Mengajar masih memerlukan pengembangan serta pemutakhiran agar dapat memberikan layanan yang lebih baik bagi seluruh pengguna.
ETHNOMATHEMATICS EXPLORATION: NUMBER PATTERNS IN BAMBOO WOVEN CRAFTS IN TULUNGAGUNG
Authors: Susanti Elly , Nisa’ Rizqita Alimatun , Azhari Mohammad Nadzir , Marhayati Marhayati
Published: June 2024

Woven craft when viewed from its form will form a regular and even repetitive patterns, so that it contains mathematical concepts. The mathematical concepts that exist in woven crafts are number patterns. Number pattern is a number that has certain rules that will form a regular sequence of numbers. This study aims to determine the pattern of numbers in woven crafts in Tulungagung Regency, especially in Sepatan Village, Gondang Regency. This study uses a qualitative approach to the type of ethnographic study. Data collection techniques in this study are the study of literature, observation, interviews, documentation, and field notes (field notes). The results showed that there were three number patterns in the process of making a solid. First, if the process of making an area starts from K1 B1 the number pattern formed is 1-1-2-3-1-1-2-3. Secondly, if the process of making an appearance starts from K3 B2 the pattern formed is 3-1-1-2-3-1-1-2. Third, if the process of making an area starts from K1 B3 the number pattern formed is 2-3-1-1-2-3-1-1. While the number patterns that are formed in the making process besek there are three patterns that are the first if the manufacturing process starts from K1 B1 the pattern formed is 2-3-1-1-3-2-1-1-3-2-1-1-2 -3-1-1. The two patterns that are formed when the manufacturing process starts from K2 B5 are 3-2-2-4-3-2-4-2-2-3. The three patterns that are formed when the manufacturing process starts from K4 B8 are 1-1-3-1-2-3-1-1-2 Secondly, if the process of making an appearance starts from K3 B2 the pattern formed is 3-1-1-2-3-1-1-2. Third, if the process of making an area starts from K1 B3 the number pattern formed is 2-3-1-1-2-3-1-1 etc.
Keywords: Exploration, Ethnomatematics, Number Pattern, Woven Bamboo
THE EFFECT OF MODIFIED COGNITIVE LOAD THEORY PROBLEM BASED LEARNING MODELS TO PROBLEM SOLVING ABILITIES
Authors: Azimah Wafa , Hendrayana Aan , Fatah Abdul
Published: June 2024

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of the modified Problem Based Learning Model with Cognitive Load Theory to students problem solving abilities. This research was conducted in SMP Negeri 1 Cilegon City in the academic year 2019/2020 with the sample used was class of VII A as an experimental class using CLT-modified PBL models and class of VII E as a control class that gained learning with the usual PBL models. The research method used in this study is a mix methods of the concurrent embedded model with quantitative methods as the primary method and qualitative as a secondary method. The results and discussion of the study showed that the achievement and improvement of the problem solving ability of the experimental class was better than the control class. So it can be concluded that there is a positive influence on CLT modified PBL models on student’s problem solving abilities. In addition, the amount of cognitive load possessed by students while learning can be one of the main factors that can affect student’s problem solving abilities. It is believed that reducing extraneous cognitive load can improve student's problem solving abilities.
GEOMETRIC EXPLORATION IN TORAJA CARVING
Authors: Remme' Beatric Videlia , Ba'ru Yusem
Published: June 2024

Toraja carving is rich in mathematical concepts, especially geometric concepts, this is because in Toraja carving there are many geometric concepts such as squares, rectangles, triangles, and so on. This fact shows that the concepts of mathematics, especially geometry have been used by our ancestors since ancient times. The concept of geometry combined with Toraja local wisdom is expected to be able to facilitate learning geometry both in class and in college. Besides, it can be a means of preserving Toraja culture, especially for the younger generation of Toraja. The purpose of this research is to examine what geometric concepts are contained in Toraja carvings, as well as the meaning contained in them. This research was conducted in 3 (three) stages. Data were obtained using observation and interviews with 5 informants, namely those who understand the ins and outs of Toraja culture. From the research results, it is found that in Toraja carving, there are geometric concepts such as diagonals, parallel lines, symmetry, curved lines, squares, rectangles, trapezoid. Each carving has its own meaning and matches the name of each carving. The symbolic meaning in Torajan carvings generally describes the life of the Toraja people in relation to God, others, and their surroundings.
APPLICATION OF THE ASSURE LEARNING MODEL ON GEOMETRY
Authors: Sopamena Patma , Lifumangau Ayani , Kaliky Syafruddin , Juhaevah Fahruh , Sehuwaky Nurlaila , Sopamena Nurlaila
Published: June 2024

This study aims to describe the activities carried out by students and teachers in the learning process and improving student learning outcomes after the learning process through the ASSURE model. This research classifies as a classroom action research with a mixed-method approach, namely, descriptive qualitative and quantitative approaches. The research subjects were 30 students of class VII-5 MTs Negeri Ambon with two learning cycles. The results showed that student learning activities before the cycle action had not been seen, such as not paying attention to the teacher's explanation, embarrassed to ask or answer, and the work results to solve the questions given still relying on the answers of their friends. After the cycle action showed an increase in student activity, among others, students focused more on listening to the teacher's explanation, began to dare to ask questions, opinions, or answers, and began to be confident in their work. Also, there was an increase in student test results. Before the action of the pre-test results, the mean score of the students was 25.90. After the action, the students 'average score in the first cycle was 62.07, and in the second cycle, the students' average score was 89.99.
PICTURE AND PICTURE LEARNING MODEL USING TIME CLOCK MEDIA MATERIALS IN CLASS 3 OF PRIMARY SCHOOL
Authors: Setiyawan Hery
Published: June 2024

The following research was carried out in order to describe the increase in the score of mathematics learning outcomes by practicing the picture and picture learning through mock-clock media about time calculations. In the third grade student learning outcomes of SD Kartika IV-9 Surabaya, it was recorded that 52% of students had incomplete scores. The consideration taken by the researcher in determining the solution to the problem is to use the picture and picture learning model through mock-watch media. Artificial hour learning media on theme 6 is applied to class III semester 2. Artificial hours made in learning 5 sub-theme 1 include time calculations. The Artificial Clock is adjusted based on the calculation of time. In addition, the layout of the numbers on the clock must be correct so that it looks like the real one. The subjects chosen in the study were students in class III SD Kartika IV-9 Surabaya. It can be seen from the results of the analysis that shows a difference in student learning outcomes for mathematics subject matter 6 class III SD Kartika IV-9 Surabaya. The difference is shown by the learning result test score at the end of the first cycle is 47% and at the end of the second cycle it is obtained 81%, an increase of 34%. The conclusion that can be drawn is that the application of the picture and picture learning through mock-watch media improves learning outcomes.
THE ABILITY TO SOLVE MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS IN TERMS OF SELF-CONFIDENCE IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL FIGURE MATERIAL
Authors: Wahyuningsih Rika , Setiani Yani , Fakhrudin Fakhrudin
Published: June 2024

This study aims to describe the ability to solve mathematical problems in terms of self-confidence in two-dimensional figure material. This research uses a descriptive qualitative research method. The subjects in this study were students of SMP Negeri 9 Serang City class VII selected by purposive sampling. The time of the research was carried out in the even semester of the 2020/2021 academic year. The instruments used in this study were self-confidence questionnaires, mathematical problem-solving ability tests, and interview guides. Data collection techniques in this study used the triangulation method through tests, questionnaires, and interviews. The analysis techniques used are data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification. The results of this study indicate that: (1) subjects with high self-confidence can solve three problems solving according to Polya namely, understand the problem, devise a plan, and carry out the plan, (2) subjects with average self-confidence can solve two problems solving according to Polya namely, understand the problem and devise a plan, and (3) subjects with low self-confidence only able to fulfill the stages of problem solving according to Polya namely, understand the problem.
THE INFLUENCE OF QUIPPER SCHOOL LMS ON LEARNING RESULTS OF ARITHMATIC SEQUENCES AND SERIES IN SMA DR. SOETOMO IN THE TIME OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Authors: Maulana Ardhi Rizky , Mutianingsih Ninik
Published: June 2024

This study aims to determine the effect of using LMS Quipper School in online learning on student learning outcomes. This study used samples from two high school classes of DR. Soetomo Surabaya. Each class consists of 31 students. This research was conducted to test the validity, reliability, and hypothesis. From the first result, there were 26 valid questions according to the calculation of Rcount > Rtable worth 0.367. In the hypothesis test there are three stages, namely normality test, homogeneity test, and independent t-test. in normality test, the result of significant value is more than 0.05 so that it is normally distributed. In the homogeneity test, it is known that the Fcount of the two classes is 1.397. It will be searched for Ftable with a standard significance of 5% with df numerator (Between Groups) of 1 and df of denominator (within Groups) of 60, it is known that the result of Ftable is 4.03 so it can be concluded that Fcount≤ Ftable, then H0 is accepted. In hypothesis test, the result of sig.(2-tailed) is 0.002 less than 0.05 so that the hypothesis H0 is rejected. So from this conclusion, there is a significant effect on learning outcomes