bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Response to Mitoxantrone for Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis in African Americans Compared with Whites
Authors: Moore Linda , Kaufman Michael , Conway Jill
Published: May 2012

Mitoxantrone has been associated with the severe adverse effects of cardiotoxicity and myelocytic leukemia. Therefore, in considering mitoxantrone as a treatment option for people with multiple sclerosis (MS), it is important to determine whether the possible benefits outweigh the considerable risks. In a retrospective evaluation of patients who had received mitoxantrone in our MS center, we noted unexpectedly better outcomes in six African Americans with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) compared with six white patients with similar characteristics. Although this sample is small, if it is typical, the findings may provide support for the use of mitoxantrone in African American people with MS and indicate a need to evaluate MS patients' responses to treatment by ethnicity.
Preventive Screening in People with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Barrett Megan Weigel , Roberts Beverly
Published: May 2012

Comprehensive care of people with multiple sclerosis (MS) may be jeopardized by barriers to the receipt of preventive health care by this population. The objectives of this pilot study were to estimate adherence to age- and gender-appropriate U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) screening recommendations in MS patients and to determine the effects of demographic characteristics on screening. In this cross-sectional study, 75 women and 9 men with an average age of 47.2 years completed a survey adapted from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II. Screenings for blood pressure, blood cholesterol, weight, and cervical cancer were performed more frequently than screenings or counseling for colorectal cancer, breast cancer, chlamydia/gonorrhea, human immunodeficiency virus infection, mental health, healthy diet, alcohol use, and smoking cessation. Those with higher levels of education were twice as likely to receive cholesterol screening (P < .05), and those requiring mobility aids were 79% less likely to receive mam-mography (P < .05). Greater health responsibility was significantly related to healthy behaviors for both men and women (r2 = 0.28, P < .05). The results indicate the need for increased screening and counseling for cancer, chlamydia/gonorrhea, healthy diet, alcohol use, and smoking cessation. A study with a larger, more heterogeneous population is recommended to better assess adherence to USPSTF screening recommendations and factors that affect adherence.
Assessing Depression in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Butt Zeeshan , Demaree Heath A.
Published: May 2012

Multiple sclerosis is frequently accompanied by symptoms of depression. Previous research has highlighted the impact of depression on MS disease course and treatment adherence. However, the assessment of depression in the context of MS is complicated by shared symptoms, such as fatigue and concentration difficulties. The goal of this paper is to describe the impact of depression in persons with MS and to review methods commonly used to assess depression in this population. Clinical implications of this review as well as recommendations for future research on the assessment of depression in MS will be discussed.
Concurrent Validity of the PASAT and Adjusting-PSAT in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Barker-Collo Suzanne L.
Published: May 2012

Impaired information processing speed (IPS) is common in multiple sclerosis (MS). Performance on the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PSAT)—the measure recommended by the United States National MS Society Task Force to track changes in IPS—does not indicate the precise speed at which IPS breaks down. A newer version of the task, the Adjusted Paced Serial Addition Test (A-PSAT), provides such an index. This study examined the relationship between PASAT and A-PSAT performance in a sample of 52 individuals with MS. Those with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) were significantly younger and had significantly lower EDSS scores than those with chronic progressive MS (CPMS). Though performance indicators for both the PASAT and A-PSAT were better for patients with RRMS, differences in performance between MS groups were not significant (P >.05). Results of comparisons between the A-PSAT and PASAT support concurrent validity of the A-PSAT. In addition, performance on the APSAT—but not the PASAT—was significantly related to functional status as measured by the EDSS. Although these findings need to be replicated, they indicate that the A-PSAT may be a viable alternative to the existing PASAT.
Injection-Site Pain in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: Interferon Beta-1b Versus Interferon Beta-1a
Authors: Harris Colleen , Billisberger Kathy , Tillotson Lori , Peters Sharon , Pederson Carol , Becker Melodie
Published: May 2012

A single-center, open-label, comparative pilot study was undertaken to assess injection-site pain associated with 10 consecutive subcutaneous injections of interferon beta-1b 250 μg every other day or interferon beta-1a 44 μg three times weekly in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Injection-site pain was assessed by the patients with a 10-cm visual analog scale (VAS) score. Recordings were made before each injection and at 10 minutes, 1 hour, and 24 hours postinjection. Ten patients were enrolled in each treatment group. The proportion of injections associated with no pain or no increase in pain at 1 hour postinjection was higher with interferon beta-1b (47%) than with interferon beta-1a (27%). Mean pain severity was also less intense with interferon beta-1b than with interferon beta-1a. Differences in VAS scores were seen immediately after injection (1.04 versus 3.14 cm, respectively) and at 10 minutes (0.40 versus 1.70 cm) and 1 hour (0.33 versus 1.50 cm) postinjection. These findings indicate that subcutaneous injection with interferon beta-1b is associated with a lower incidence and severity of pain than subcutaneous injection with interferon beta-1a in patients with MS. The results should assist MS nurses and physicians in supporting patients to make an informed choice regarding potential side effects when deciding on an appropriate disease-modifying therapy.
Optic Neuritis Revisited
Authors: Costello Fiona
Published: May 2012

Optic neuritis (ON) refers to a retrobulbar inflammatory process of the optic nerve and frequently manifests as the first clinical symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS). The diagnosis is established on clinical grounds and is complemented by magnetic resonance imaging, which provides prognostic information about the future risk of MS. The results of large-scale clinical trials have enhanced understanding of the relationship between ON and MS.
Patient Perspectives on Disease-Modifying Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Johnson Kurt L. , Kuehn Carrie M. , Yorkston Kathryn M. , Kraft George H. , Klasner Estelle , Amtmann Dagmar
Published: May 2012

The purpose of this study was to understand factors contributing to the decision-making processes of individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) regarding the use of disease-modifying therapy (DMT). Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 18 individuals with MS. Qualitative interviews revealed two major themes: opting for and opting out of DMT. Participants indicated that stable health, predictability, and perceived control were reasons to be on DMT. They also indicated that taking DMT is not without personal cost, both financial and psychological (eg, denial, fear, and uncertainty). Fear of needles and side effects, not feeling “sick enough,” the costs of medication versus benefits, and discouragement from physicians were given as reasons for opting out of DMT. Participants also reported that restarting DMT after they had stopped was difficult, especially if they felt better when not using DMT. Early treatment of MS with DMT, especially for those with relapsing-remitting MS, is strongly supported by published findings. Although participants in our study revealed significant barriers to initiating and adhering to DMT, recent advances in clinical practice and improved coverage for treatment costs should reduce these barriers.
Use and Self-Reported Benefit of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Among Multiple Sclerosis Patients
Authors: Yadav Vijayshree , Shinto Lynne , Morris Cynthia , Senders Angela , Baldauf-Wagner Sara , Bourdette Dennis
Published: May 2012

We conducted a survey to study the prevalence and types of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies used by multiple sclerosis (MS) patients in Oregon and southern Washington. We mailed questionnaires to 5316 people using the mailing list of the Oregon Chapter of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS). The survey enquired about demographic and clinical characteristics, use of various CAM and conventional therapies for MS by the respondents, and the respondents' self-perceived benefit ratings for the various therapies. We received 2026 responses (38%). Eighty-four percent of the respondents reported using one or more CAM therapies at some time after diagnosis of MS (CAM users), the most common being diet (59%), nutritional supplements (46%), herbal treatments (36%), and mind-body therapies (32%). CAM therapies rated as very beneficial included yoga; meditation; Swank, vegetarian and low-fat/low-cholesterol diets; and vitamin B12. Respondents also used conventional exercise (86%) and disease-modifying therapies (77%). Our survey confirms the common use of various CAM therapies by MS patients. CAM therapies such as low-fat diets, essential fatty acid supplements, yoga, and meditation appear to be frequently used and considered very beneficial by a significant number of MS patients and may warrant further exploration.
Demographic and Disease Characteristics of People With Multiple Sclerosis Living in Urban and Rural Areas
Authors: Buchanan Robert J. , Schiffer Randolph , Stuifbergen Alexa , Zhu Li , Wang Suojin , Chakravorty Bonnie J. , Kim MyungSuk
Published: May 2012

This study compares demographic and disease-related characteristics of people with multiple sclerosis (MS) living in urban and rural areas. The data analyzed for this study were collected from a survey of 1518 people with MS living throughout the United States from October 2004 through January 2005. We found significant urban-rural differences in various MS characteristics, including type of MS. A significantly larger proportion of people with MS in remote rural areas than their urban counterparts responded that they had primary progressive MS. People with MS in rural areas were significantly more likely than those in urban areas to report that MS symptoms interfered with their independence. A significantly larger proportion of people with MS in remote rural areas than in urban areas were not receiving disease-modifying medications. Our results suggest that MS disease expression varies across urban-rural gradients. Although the findings are not definitive, we hope that other investigative groups will build on these results and work toward confirming and understanding them.
Juvenile Metachromatic Leukodystrophy Mimicking Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Kaufman Michael
Published: May 2012

Some cases of late-onset metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD), which typically presents as a peripheral neuropathy, may present as a rapidly progressive central nervous system demyelinating disorder. This case report describes an important diagnostic and treatment dilemma: Are multiple sclerosis and MLD really two diseases, and should MLD be considered and treated as an autoimmune disorder?
Methylprednisolone, Mycophenolate Mofetil, or Cyclophosphamide as Combination Therapy With Interferon Beta-1a in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: Retrospective Study
Authors: Stuart William H. , English Jeffrey , Court Donna , Warth John D. , Yawn Steven
Published: May 2012

Currently approved disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS) are only partially effective. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of combination therapy with intramuscular (IM) interferon beta (IFNβ)-1a (Avonex) in patients with disease that progressed despite treatment. A retrospective chart review of all patients from the MS Center of Atlanta, Georgia, was performed (N ≈1300). Eligible patients had a diagnosis of relapsing MS, were treated with IM IFNβ-1a for ≥12 months before initiation of combination therapy, and were on combination therapy for active disease. In addition, patient records must have contained data on relapses, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, laboratory values, and adverse events. Patients were identified who had been treated with the following in addition to IM IFNβ-1a: pulse corticosteroids only (n = 25), pulse corticosteroids plus mycophenolate mofetil (n = 8), and pulse corticosteroids plus cyclophosphamide (n = 13). The annualized relapse rate was significantly reduced by all three treatments compared with monotherapy (all P ≤.01). For all three groups, no significant improvement was observed with combination therapy compared with monotherapy on evaluations of stable EDSS scores and MRI scans. Three serious adverse events were noted, with two considered related to study medication: one with mycophenolate mofetil (abnormal liver function test results resolved with discontinuation of drug) and one with cyclophosphamide (white blood cell count decrease resolved by withholding one dose). These data suggest that combination therapy is a viable option for the treatment of active MS.
Factors Related to Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Stewart Thomas M. , Tran Zung Vu , Bowling Allen
Published: May 2012

Fatigue is a common symptom among people with multiple sclerosis (MS). An anonymous Web-based survey of people with MS by self-report was conducted, and 2439 responses were obtained. Among respondents, 64% reported fatigue that interfered with social, work, or home life on at least half of all days for at least 6 weeks. Significant fatigue cofactors were identified by 74% of respondents reporting fatigue who received regular medical care, including depression (44%), sleep problems (25%), ambulation difficulties (22%), a demanding lifestyle (20%), other medical comorbidities (14%), and medication side effects (8%). Those not reporting significant fatigue cofactors (26%) were considered to have primary MS-related fatigue, and the following interventions were reported to be helpful by those who had tried them: modafinil (84%), passive cooling techniques (80%), energy conservation strategies (75%), amantadine (61%), exercise (58%), yoga (57%), caffeine (47%), vitamin B complex (40%), and vitamin B12 (36%).
Home Balance Training Intervention for People With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Jackson Kurt , Mulcare Janet A. , Donahoe-Fillmore Betsy , Fritz H. Ira , Rodgers Mary M.
Published: May 2012

This study investigated the effects of a home balance training intervention on people with multiple sclerosis (MS). This quasi-experimental repeated-measures study involved 14 ambulatory community-dwelling individuals with MS. Subjects were assessed on three separate occasions: before and after a 6-week control period and after a 6-week home exercise program. After the intervention, subjects demonstrated significant improvement in measures of balance, including the Berg Balance Scale and specific components of the Sensory Organization and Limits of Stability Tests. In conclusion, a multidimensional home exercise program can improve certain measures of balance in individuals with MS who have mild to moderate disability. Whether these improvements lead to improved quality of life or a reduction in fall risk is yet to be determined.
Test Battery for Evaluating Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis Patients
Authors: Graham James E. , Fisher Nadine M. , Granger Carl V. , Tomita Machiko R.
Published: May 2012

Fatigue is a complex symptom of multifactorial origin that affects an individual's functioning on many levels. It is the most common symptom in multiple sclerosis (MS), with nearly 50% of patients reporting daily fatigue. However, a universal definition and corresponding definitive measure of fatigue are notably absent. The purpose of this study was to examine multiple measures of fatigue to establish a test battery that could be used as an outcome to succinctly and sufficiently measure fatigue in MS patients with mild to moderate disability. Data were collected on 73 MS patients across functional domains via performance-based, physiological, and self-report measures. In all, 30 variables were examined through Pearson correlation to eliminate unrelated and redundant variables. They were then reduced to a set of dimensions by principal components analyses. Ultimately, 5 components (eigenvectors) within 15 variables were identified: dynamic functional capacity, muscular strength, fine motor control, self-reported fatigue, and voluntary motor drive. This 5-component model accounted for 77% of the variance in the data. The findings are the framework for investigating change in performance and functioning, thereby providing an efficient model with which to assess the implications of fatigue in MS during the course of everyday life.
Exercise Benefits for Multiple Sclerosis Participant: Case Study
Authors: Wiggins Matthew S. , Rader Emily , Erdmann Jeremy B.
Published: May 2012

The purpose of this case study was to determine whether an exercise program could increase physical strength, endurance, balance, and flexibility in a multiple sclerosis (MS) participant while improving the individual's psychological well-being. The activity sessions were designed around a whole-body experience, with 10–12 exercise/weight-training stations two times per week for 6 months. Several initial baseline assessments were taken for physical strength (leg press, handgrip dynamometer), upper-body endurance (chest press), flexibility/range of motion (sit-and-reach test, shoulder-stick test), balance (stork stand), and body-fat analysis. Increases in these functional tests were recorded at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Psychological well-being measures were taken at baseline, 6, and 12 months, with social physique anxiety and quality-of-life measures showing overall improvement and self-efficacy related to exercise barriers showing a slight improvement. The importance of this case study is discussed in relation to other MS survivors and the maintenance of their functional capacities.
Physical Activity Behavior in Individuals With Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Motl Robert W. , Snook Erin M. , Wynn Daniel
Published: May 2012

This study compared the physical activity levels of individuals with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) with those of people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Symptoms, walking ability, and self-efficacy were examined as explanations for the possible difference in physical activity, after controlling for age and time since MS onset. The sample included 41 individuals with SPMS and 82 with RRMS who completed a demographics scale and self-reported measures of physical activity, self-efficacy, symptoms, and walking ability. Individuals with SPMS were older, had a longer time since MS onset, and reported less physical activity and self-efficacy and more frequent symptoms and problems with walking than those with RRMS. Self-efficacy and walking ability accounted for the difference in physical activity between the groups, and self-efficacy was the strongest correlate of physical activity in the SPMS sample. Future researchers should consider developing and testing interventions that target self-efficacy as a modifiable factor within the exercise environment to increase physical activity in people with SPMS.
Problemas del entorno y de la comunidad como fuentes de aprendizaje de la estadística
Authors: Rojas Yury Marcela
Published: May 2012

This article examines the way in which 9th graders learn about and come to understand data distribution and the related statistical notions of center and spread measures. It is based on a study in which the students in question identified and then collaboratively addressed problems affecting their community. Using two sample groups, the students examined how the existing socioeconomic structure of their community affects nutrition. From the data gathered I find that cooperatively defining and working on a problem that is culturally relevant and meaningful to the students aids their comprehension and recognition of data distribution and its measures.
Acid–Base and Solvation Properties of Metal PhenolatesThis chapter is dedicated to Prof. Rainer Beckert on the occasion of his 60
th
birthday.
Authors: Bastos Erick L. , Bartoloni Fernando H. , Gonçalves Letícia C. P.
Published: May 2012

This chapter presents an overview of the acid‐base and solvation properties of metal phenolates. The effect of the metal counterion on the structure, physicochemical properties and chemical reactivity is discussed. Medium effects on the acid‐base equilibrium as well as on chemical reactivity and electronic properties of metal phenolates are summarized. Reference data, such as dissociation constants and partition coefficients, are compiled.
Clinical manifestations of dermatomyositis and clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis patients with positive expression of anti–melanoma differentiation–associated gene 5 antibody
Authors: Cao Hua , Pan Meng , Kang Yanqing , Xia Qunli , Li Xia , Zhao Xiaoqing , Shi Ruofei , Lou Jianghua , Zhou Min , Kuwana Masataka , Ding Xiaoyi , Zheng Jie
Published: May 2012

Objective

To investigate the clinical features of dermatomyositis (DM) and clinically amyopathic DM (CADM) patients with the presence of anti–melanoma differentiation–associated gene 5 (anti–MDA‐5) antibodies.

Methods

We screened the serum anti–MDA‐5 antibody levels of 140 patients with various connective tissue diseases (CTDs), including 32 with DM and 32 with CADM, or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The clinical courses of DM/CADM patients with a positive expression of anti–MDA‐5 antibodies were delineated.

Results

Anti–MDA‐5 antibodies were detected at a significantly higher frequency in CADM patients than in DM patients (12 of 32 versus 3 of 32; P = 0.016), but were not detected in patients with other CTDs or IPF and healthy controls. Patients with a positive expression of anti–MDA‐5 antibodies developed significantly more skin ulcerations (12 of 15 versus 4 of 49; P < 0.001) and interstitial lung disease (ILD; 15 of 15 versus 31 of 49 [P = 0.003]) than those without anti–MDA‐5 antibodies. High‐resolution computed tomography scores of the MDA‐5–positive subset were increased compared with the MDA‐5–negative group (mean ± SD 117.7 ± 76.3 versus 54.4 ± 50.7; P = 0.004), and the scores correlated well with anti–MDA‐5 antibody levels (r2 = 0.582, P = 0.029). The respiratory symptoms as well as skin ulcerations were dramatically improved in patients with anti–MDA‐5 antibody levels <500 units/ml after treatment, whereas patients with anti–MDA‐5 antibody levels >500 units/ml were resistant to the treatment and died of respiratory failure in a short period of time.

Conclusion

Anti–MDA‐5 antibody levels closely correlate with the severity of skin ulcerations, ILD, and the prognosis of the disease. Dynamic observation of serum anti–MDA‐5 antibody levels would be helpful in predicting the course of ILD and facilitating better therapeutic targeting.
Impact of first metatarsophalangeal joint osteoarthritis on health‐related quality of life
Authors: Bergin Shaun M. , Munteanu Shannon E. , Zammit Gerard V. , Nikolopoulos Nikolaos , Menz Hylton B.
Published: May 2012

Objective

To determine whether there are differences in the foot‐specific and general health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) of people with and without first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

The foot‐specific and general HRQOL of 43 participants (mean ± SD age 50.0 ± 10.8 years) with symptomatic radiographically confirmed first MTP joint OA (case group) was compared to an age‐, sex‐, and body mass index–matched control group. Foot‐specific HRQOL was assessed using the Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ) and general HRQOL was assessed using the Short Form 36 (SF‐36) questionnaire. Both questionnaires are validated instruments with 0–100‐point domains.

Results

All domains of the FHSQ were significantly lower in the case group (mean ± SD foot pain 55.5 ± 22.3 versus 93.0 ± 7.8, foot function 73.8 ± 20.9 versus 96.9 ± 11.5, footwear 39.1 ± 28.7 versus 76.6 ± 27.0, and general foot health 50.2 ± 27.0 versus 89.7 ± 16.0). Further, the SF‐36 physical functioning domain was significantly lower (mean ± SD 82.8 ± 14.7 versus 95.2 ± 6.3) in the case group.

Conclusion

People with first MTP joint OA experience more foot pain, have greater difficulty performing functional weight‐bearing activities, find it more difficult to obtain suitable footwear, and perceive their feet to be in a poorer state of health. Additionally, people with symptomatic first MTP joint OA have greater difficulty performing a broad range of physical tasks and activities.
Is there subclinical enthesitis in early psoriatic arthritis? A clinical comparison with power doppler ultrasound
Authors: Freeston J. E. , Coates L. C. , Helliwell P. S. , Hensor E. M. A. , Wakefield R. J. , Emery P. , Conaghan P. G.
Published: May 2012

Objective

Enthesitis is a recognized feature of spondylarthritides (SpA), including psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Previously, ultrasound imaging has highlighted the presence of subclinical enthesitis in established SpA, but there are little data on ultrasound findings in early PsA. The aim of our study was to compare ultrasound and clinical examination (CE) for the detection of entheseal abnormalities in an early PsA cohort.

Methods

Forty‐two patients with new‐onset PsA and 10 control subjects underwent CE of entheses for tenderness and swelling, as well as gray‐scale (GS) and power Doppler (PD) ultrasound of a standard set of entheses. Bilateral elbow lateral epicondyles, Achilles tendons, and plantar fascia were assessed by both CE and ultrasound, the latter scored using a semiquantitative (SQ) scale. Inferior patellar tendons were assessed by ultrasound alone. A GS SQ score of >1 and/or a PD score of >0 was used to describe significant ultrasound entheseal abnormality.

Results

A total of 24 (57.1%) of 42 patients in the PsA group and 0 (0%) of 10 controls had clinical evidence of at least 1 tender enthesis. In the PsA group, for sites assessed by both CE and ultrasound, 4% (7 of 177) of nontender entheses had a GS score >1 and/or a PD score >0 compared to 24% (9 of 37) of tender entheses. CE overestimated activity in 28 (13%) of 214 of entheses. All the nontender ultrasound‐abnormal entheses were in the lower extremity.

Conclusion

The prevalence of subclinical enthesitis in this early PsA cohort was low. CE may overestimate active enthesitis. The few subclinically inflamed entheses were in the lower extremity, where mechanical stress is likely to be more significant.
Prevalence of autoimmune inflammatory myopathy in the first nations population of Alberta, Canada
Authors: Barnabe Cheryl , Joseph Lawrence , Bélisle Patrick , Labrecque Jeremy , Barr Susan G. , Fritzler Marvin J. , Svenson Lawrence W. , Peschken Christine A. , Hemmelgarn Brenda , Bernatsky Sasha
Published: May 2012

Objective

To estimate the population‐based prevalence of autoimmune inflammatory myopathy (AIM) in Alberta, Canada, with a specific focus on rates in the First Nations population.

Methods

Physician billing claims and hospitalization data for the province of Alberta (1994–2007) were used to estimate the probability of having AIM (i.e., polymyositis or dermatomyositis) based on 3 case definitions. A latent class Bayesian hierarchical regression model was employed to account for the imperfect sensitivity and specificity of billing and hospitalization data in case ascertainment. We accounted for demographic factors of sex, age group, and location of residence (urban or rural) in estimating the prevalence rates within the First Nations and non–First Nations populations.

Results

The overall prevalence of AIM was 25.0 per 100,000 persons (95% credible interval [95% CrI] 13.4–49.0) in the First Nations population and 33.8 (95% CrI 28.9–39.6) in the non–First Nations population. For both groups, prevalence was increased in women relative to men, rural women relative to urban women, and in those age >45 years.

Conclusion

Unlike other rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis, we did not detect an increased prevalence of AIM in Alberta's First Nations population relative to the non–First Nations population. Potential limitations include coding errors, underidentification of First Nations members, and recognized differences in access to care for the First Nations population.
Formation of Hierarchically Porous Metal Oxide and Metal Monoliths by Nanocasting into Silica Monoliths
Authors: Smått Jan‐Henrik , Sayler Franchessa M. , Grano Amy J. , Bakker Martin G.
Published: May 2012

The formation of hierarchically porous metal and metal oxide monoliths by replication of hierarchically porous silica templates is reviewed. The various factors that impact the structure and properties of the synthesized materials are discussed and illustrated by the formation of new α‐Fe2O3, ZrO2, nickel, silver, and silver silicate porous monoliths. The impact of the atmosphere is addressed in the formation of Co3O4 and silver monoliths. For Co3O4, formation of the monolith under vacuum, air, argon, or nitrogen was found to dramatically change the structure of the final material. For silver, decomposition of the silver nitrate under air resulted in porous monoliths composed of silver silicates. Decomposition of silver nitrate under vacuum produced monoliths for which the chemical composition of the monolith was predominantly silver on the exterior of the monolith consisted of silver silicates in the interior of the monolith.
Structure and Microscopic Magnetism of Epitaxial Ni–Mn–Ga Films
Authors: Eichhorn Tobias , Hausmanns Richard , Klaer Peter , Kallmayer Michael , Elmers Hans‐Joachim , Jakob Gerhard
Published: May 2012

We report on the structural and magnetic properties of epitaxial thin films of the ferromagnetic shape memory material Ni–Mn–Ga prepared by DC magnetron sputter deposition. Different substrate materials, i.e., MgO(100) and Al2O3(11−20) allow for a tailored epitaxial growth. Using a sacrificial chromium buffer layer freestanding epitaxial films are obtained. In combination with photolithography partially freestanding structures such as microbridges are fabricated. The complex martensite crystal structure in substrate‐constrained and freestanding films is studied by means of X‐ray diffraction. The identified asymmetric twin variant configuration is associated with a macroscopic surface pattern observed by optical microscopy. The absence of magnetic‐field induced strain in the (100) oriented samples is explained on basis of the detected twin variant configuration using a simplified model. Taking advantage of the thin film geometry spectroscopic methods are applied to the samples. The measurements provide the first experimental test for changes in the electronic structure of the involved 3d metals during a martensitic transition. Exploiting the X‐ray magnetic circular dichroism quantitative information on the element‐specific spin and orbital magnetic moments are accessed. In addition, angular‐dependent experiments allow us to trace the microscopic origin of the magnetic anisotropy in Ni2MnGa improving the fundamental understanding of this material.
MSM Actuators: Design Rules and Control Strategies
Authors: Holz Benedikt , Riccardi Leonardo , Janocha Hartmut , Naso David
Published: May 2012

Magnetic shape memory (MSM) alloys are comparatively new active materials which can be used for several industrial applications, ranging from precise positioning systems to advanced robotics. Beyond the material research, which deals with the basic thermo‐magneto‐mechanical properties of the crystals, the design as well as the control of the actuators displacement is an essential challenge. This paper addresses those two topics, trying to give to the reader a useful overview of existing results, but also presents new ideas. First, it introduces and discusses in details some possible designs, with a special emphasis on innovative actuator design concepts which are able to exploit the particular potentialities of MSM elements. The second focus of the paper is on the problem of designing a controller, i.e., an algorithm that allows to obtain a required performance from the actuator. The proposed control strategies try to take into account two main characteristics of MSM elements: the hysteresis and the temperature dependence. The effectiveness of the strategies is emphasized by experimental results performed on a commercially available MSM actuator demonstrator.
Grain Boundary Segregation in UFG Alloys Processed by Severe Plastic Deformation
Authors: Sauvage Xavier , Ganeev Artur , Ivanisenko Yulia , Enikeev Nariman , Murashkin Maxim , Valiev Ruslan
Published: May 2012

Grain boundary (GB) segregations were investigated by atom probe tomography in an Al–Mg alloy, a carbon steel and Armco® Fe processed by severe plastic deformation (SPD). In the non‐deformed state, the GBs of the aluminum alloy are Mg depleted, but after SPD some local enrichment up to 20 at% was detected. In the Fe‐based alloys, large carbon concentrations were also exhibited along GBs after SPD. These experimental observations are attributed to the specific structure of GBs often described as “non‐equilibrum” in ultra fine grained materials processed by SPD. The GB segregation mechanisms are discussed and compared in the case of substitutional (Mg in fcc Al) and interstitial (C in bcc Fe) solute atoms.
Preparation and properties of aluminum nitride‐filled epoxy composites: Effect of filler characteristics and composite processing conditions
Authors: Zhu B. L. , Wang J. , Ma J. , Wu J. , Yung K. C. , Xie C. S.
Published: May 2012

Polymer‐matrix composites based on brominated epoxy as the matrix and aluminum nitride (AlN) particle as the filler were prepared. Effects of AlN size and content as well as composite processing conditions on the preparation and properties of the composites had been investigated. At the same processing conditions, Young's modulus (E) and dielectric constant (Dk) of the composites increase, whereas coefficient of thermal expansion decreases when increasing AlN content or decreasing AlN size; tensile strength and elongation at break first increase then decrease with AlN content, and they reach maximum values at lower AlN content with decreasing AlN size; glass transition temperature (Tg) also exhibits a trend of first increase then decrease with AlN content, and it decreases with decreasing AlN size, especially at high AlN content; dissipation factor (Df) generally decreases with AlN content except for the composites filled with 50 nm‐AlN, and it increases with decreasing AlN size. Comparing the composites prepared at different processing conditions, the properties of the composite are relatively poor at low vacuum conditions during removal of solvent and bubble. The scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared analyses indicate that the properties of the composites are related to the aggregation of AlN filler and voids in the composites as well as the crosslink density of epoxy matrix. The preparation of the composites is also found to be affected by AlN size and content as well as vacuum conditions, indicating that increase of viscosity of system and/or the solvent evaporation during curing results in poor formability of the composites. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Effect of styrene–butadiene latex on the bond performance of macro synthetic fiber in micro jute/macro synthetic hybrid fiber‐reinforced latex‐modified cement‐based composites
Authors: Jung Ji‐Youn , Lee Jin‐Hyung , Park Chan‐Gi
Published: May 2012

This study evaluated the effect of latex content on the pullout behavior of macro synthetic fiber in hybrid fiber‐reinforced latex‐modified cement‐based composites (HFLMCCs). A bond‐strength test which utilized dog‐bone‐shaped test specimens was used to determine the pullout behavior. Micro jute fiber was incorporated at 9.00 kg/m3 and macro synthetic fiber at 0.45 kg/m3. Latex was added at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% of the binder weight (wt %). Pullout tests showed that latex increased the area of the debonded zone of the pullout load–displacement curve. Bond strength increased with latex content up to 15% in HFLMCCs and decreased when the latex content reached 20%. The interface toughness increased until the latex content reached 20% and decreased when the latex content was 25%. These results were confirmed by microstructural analysis of the macro synthetic fiber surface, which showed that the number of scratches increased due to friction. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci, 2013
Thermal properties and flame‐retardancy of ethylene‐octene copolymer/organ‐montmorillonite nanocomposites
Authors: Qin Shuhao , Li Qingfeng , Yu Jie , Wei Liangqing , Guo Jianbing , Shao Huiju , Liang Shan , Luo Zhu
Published: May 2012

Two series of thermoplastic elastomer ethylene‐octene copolymer (POE) composites and maleated ethylene‐octene (POE‐g‐MAH) with organo‐montmorillonite (OMMT) were prepared via melting processing to study their thermal properties and flame‐retardancy. The morphology was studied by transmission electron microscope (TEM). The influence of clay dispersion on thermal and flammability properties was investigated by using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and cone calorimeter. TEM showed that agglomerated structure of OMMT within POE matrix but intercalated/exfoliated structures throughout POE‐g‐MAH matrix. The different dispersion of OMMT resulted in more significant improvements on thermal stability and flame‐retardancy in the POE‐g‐MAH/OMMT nanocomposites compared with POE/OMMT microcomposites. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Thermal and rheological effects of sepiolite in linear low‐density polyethylene/starch blend
Authors: Mir Sadullah , Yasin Tariq , Halley Peter J. , Siddiqi Humaira Masood , Ozdemir Orhan , Nguyen Anh
Published: May 2012

Effect of different concentrations of sepiolite on thermal and rheological properties of linear low‐density polyethylene/starch blend was investigated. Vinyl trimethoxy silane was used as compatibilizing and crosslinking agent. The composites were produced by peroxide‐initiated melt mixing technique. Improved thermal stability and tensile strength were observed in crosslinked formulations. Maximum tensile properties were observed in composites containing 2 parts per hundred (phr) sepiolite and 15 phr starch. Rheological study of crosslinked composite showed a linear viscoelastic behavior with high complex viscosity and dynamic shear storage modulus. Scanning electron microscopy also revealed that silane has improved the dispersion of filler and interaction among the polymer and filler interphase. These results suggest that the presence of sepiolite act as an effective filler to enhance the thermal and rheological properties. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci, 2013
Experimental and modeling study of the solid state polymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) over a wide range of temperatures and particle sizes
Authors: Zhang Jun , Shen Xi‐Jun , Zhang Jian , Feng Lian‐Fang , Wang Jia‐Jun
Published: May 2012

The solid state polymerization (SSP) of poly(ethylene terephthalate) was studied experimentally over a wide range of pellet sizes and temperatures. A comprehensive model was developed. It considered polycondensation, degradation and polycondensation of vinyl end groups together with diffusion. The reaction rate constants, diffusivities and the corresponding activation energies were obtained through parameter identification using experimental data. The effects of the reaction temperature and pellet size on the SSP time were also investigated. A decrease in the particle size decreases the concentration of the vinyl end groups and narrows the concentration distribution of end groups inside poly(ethylene terephthalate) particles. A decrease in the size of pellets also favors diffusion. Nevertheless it is preferable that the size of pellets be between 1 and 2 mm because too small pellets bring about difficulties with preparation and handling. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Preparation and characterization of polyvinyl alcohol‐polyethylene oxide‐carboxymethyl cellulose blend membranes
Authors: Gupta Bhuvanesh , Agarwal Roopali , Sarwar Alam M.
Published: May 2012

In this study, blends of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) were prepared by solution casting method to develop membranes. The addition of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) led to the stabilization of PVA and PEO blend system. PVA/PEO/CMC membranes of three compositions 90/10/5, 90/10/10, and 90/10/20 were prepared and were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and attenuated total reflectance‐Fourier transform infra‐red. It was found that the addition of CMC to PVA/PEO blend leads to significant visible changes in the miscibility of these two components. Swelling of blend membranes increased with the increase in concentration of CMC. The thermal stability and mechanical strength of the blended samples increased with increasing CMC content when compared with pure PVA and PVA/PEO blends. XRD and DSC showed decrease in crystallinity with the increase in CMC content. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Synthesis and application of poly(ethylene‐co‐vinylalcohol‐graft‐acetylsalicylic acid) in drug delivery domain
Authors: Alotaibi Nora M. , Lahsasni Siham , Aouak Taieb
Published: May 2012

A series of poly(vinylalcohol‐co‐ethylene‐graft‐acetylsalicylic acid) hydrogel (Hi) of different acetylsalicylic acid (AcSa) contents were prepared by grafting of AcSa groups to poly(vinylalcohol‐co‐ethylene) in an esterification reaction and then crosslinking with oxalic acid. The Hi was characterized by the solubility test, DSC, NMR, and SEM analyses. The AcSa released by retroesterification of Hi at 37°C and at different pHs during 92 h. The results revealed that the amount of AcSa released from Hi depended on the initial content of AcSa in Hi and the pH of the media. In general, the results revealed that the PEVA‐graft‐AcSa (H2), which contained initially 1.59 mg of AcSa, released at pH 1 a lower amount of AcSa (0.08 ± 0.02 wt % of AcSa/h), stable during the longest period (85 h). On the reverse H3 which contained 2.05 mg of AcSa presented a highly efficient release rate at pH 7. This hydrogel was able to release 0.80 ± 0.05 wt % of AcSa/h, stable for about 60 h. From the first view, this finding seemed to be very important in the drug‐release domain, because the hydrogel prepared in this work was able to release a greatest amount of aspirin directly into the intestines (neutral pH). © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci, 2013
Nanocomposites based on aromatic polyesters and organically modified clay
Authors: Engelmann G. , Bonatz E. , Ganster J.
Published: May 2012

Milled polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) and polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) were mixed with organically modified clay and extruded to prepare nanocomposites by melt intercalation. The modifier of the nanofiller belongs to the group of trialkylbenzylammonium cations. Manufacturing of the materials was carried out with a co‐rotating twin‐screw‐extruder at 230°C and 240°C for PTT and PBT, respectively. A concentration of 3% of the inorganic filler component in the composites was aimed at. The influence of mechanical stress during extrusion on the stability of the neat polymers was tested at different speeds of rotation between 100 rpm and 800 rpm. The composites were characterized with regard to the experimental filler content and the properties of the matrix polymers like melt and crystallization temperatures, degrees of crystallinity, intrinsic viscosities, and melt viscosities. Additionally, mechanical properties were analyzed by tensile tests and discussed in terms of processing and the filler presence. The dominance of PBT as polymer matrix was highlighted. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Efficient dyeing of silica fiber using metal‐coordinated polymeric dye rotaxane
Authors: Kim Dong Han , Zo Hye Jin , Park Jong S.
Published: May 2012

We prepared an azo dye rotaxane and its polymeric metal complex and successfully demonstrated their useful application for dyeing silica fiber, which exhibited high‐color strength and fairly good color fastness. These benefits were made possible by the hydrogen bonding between SiO2 and hydroxyl groups (OHs) on α‐cyclodextrin (α‐CD). Spectroscopic evidence supports the formation of polymeric metal‐complexed rotaxanes within the silica fiber. The current results are meaningful because they indicate that the proper adjustment of the interaction between CD and SiO2 can produce CD‐encapsulated dyes that provide an effective platform for depositing various metal ions on silica surfaces, which will be useful in numerous promising applications. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Preparation of chitosan‐based adhesives and assessment of their mechanical properties
Authors: Patel Anil K. , Michaud Philippe , de Baynast Helene , Grédiac Michel , Mathias Jean‐Denis
Published: May 2012

The aim of this study is to develop chitosan‐based adhesives and to characterize their shear strength. The desirable features of such adhesives are biodegradability, biocompatibility, non‐toxicity, and anti‐microbial properties. Various eco‐friendly polyanionic polysaccharides, acids, and plasticizers, in single or multiple formulations, were associated with chitosan. The resulting crosslinked polymers were glued on some chemically treated aluminum adherends. The shear strength of these formulations was measured with the “double lap‐joint” bonding method, as it features a low‐peeling effect. The shear strength of 40.8 MPa obtained for formulations containing chitosan and glycerol plasticizer was the most significant finding in this study. This value is equivalent to that obtained with a synthetic adhesive used in industry. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Effect of phase separation on overall isothermal crystallization kinetics of PP/EPR in‐reactor alloys
Authors: Liu Yi‐Min , Xu Jun‐Ting , Fu Zhi‐Sheng , Fan Zhi‐Qiang
Published: May 2012

In the present work, the effect of phase separation on overall isothermal crystallization kinetics of two polypropylene/ethylene‐propylene random copolymer (PP/EPR) in‐reactor alloys was investigated. It is found that at lower crystallization temperatures (Tc), the overall crystallization rate decreases with increasing phase separation temperature (Ts). This is attributed to the lower linear spherulitic growth rate incurred by the lower PP content in the PP‐rich phase at higher Tss. In contrast, at higher Tcs, quenching from a higher Ts to Tc promotes nucleation as a result of more dramatic concentration fluctuation, leading to a faster overall crystallization rate. The overall crystallization rate of the PP/EPR in‐reactor alloy prepared by multi‐stage sequential polymerization process (MSSP) is retarded by increasing phase separation time (ts). However, prolonging phase separation time has little effect on the crystallization rate of the sample prepared by two‐stage polymerization process (TSP). This result can be attributed to the different phase separation rates of these two samples. The SAXS result confirms that at higher Tc, phase separation in the melt before crystallization can retard crystallization, when compared with the directly quenched samples. It is also found that the phase‐separated PP/EPR in‐reactor alloys exhibit a larger long period because of more amorphous phases included between the lamellar crystals. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013