bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dental student self‐assessment of a medical history competency developed by Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Faculty
Authors: Emam H. A. , Jatana C. A. , Wade S. , Hamamoto D.
Published: July 2016

Purpose

To develop a standardized competency exam to evaluate dental student knowledge of patients with complex medical histories. Analysis was performed to determine if there is a difference between dental student self‐assessment of the exam compared to oral surgery faculty. The overall goal is to enhance student comprehension of advanced medical patients in the pre‐doctoral oral and maxillofacial surgery clinic and make changes based on student responses.

Methods

The exam took place in a simulation laboratory containing two‐way mirrors where the student could not see the evaluator. Three standardized patients (trained actors) were given different medical history scenarios to learn prior to the exam. Students were randomly assigned to interview one patient. The graders consisted of senior and junior level faculty. In real time (live) randomized manner, faculty assessed each student using a standardized rubric to assign a score of 1 to 4. Immediately afterwards, students assessed their own performance using the same scale.

Results

Students gave themselves significantly higher grades (P< 0.001) on the exam (10.7 ± 0.12) compared to the faculty (9.2 ± 0.17). There was no significant difference in student (P= 0.16) or faculty assessment (P= 0.29) between the three different medical scenarios. There was no significant difference between faculty in assessment of student performances (P= 0.16).

Conclusion

These results suggested that students overestimated their performance compared to the faculty assessment. This could be due to that students assessed their performance based on memory and self‐confidence; that exceeds their expectations. Internal calibration of student performances and faculty grading using standardized criteria may produce more accurate and reliable outcomes in student scoring.
The relationship between examination‐related academic stress, salivary antioxidant capacity and exercise patterns of final‐year Saudi dental students
Authors: Pani S. C. , Al Khabbaz H. J. , Bin Enayeg S. H. , Bin Zouman A. H.
Published: July 2016

Objective

To study the impact of examination stress on the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of senior dental students and compare changes in TAC between students who exercise regularly and those who do not.

Methods

A questionnaire designed to evaluate physical activity levels, body mass index (BMI) and academic performance was distributed to 325 senior dental students. Of the 312 who responded, a total of 70 were enrolled in the study, of whom 60 completed the study. The students were composed of a low‐activity group (n = 30), who had a Goddard‐Sheppard (GS) exercise score of <25, and a high‐exercise group (n = 30), who had a GS score >60. Dental Environment Stress (DES) questionnaires and salivary samples were collected at the first week of the semester and at the week of the examinations. Salivary TAC was measured using a commercially available Radical Absorbance Antioxidant Assay measurement kit (Zen‐Bio ORAC™, AMS Biotechnology, Abington UK). A total of 60 students completed the study.

Results

A significant increase in DES values and a significant reduction in salivary TAC values were observed in the week of the examination compared to baseline scores. Although no differences were observed in the DES scores between the high‐exercise and low‐exercise groups, the high‐exercise group showed a significantly lower reduction in examination week salivary TAC compared to their counterparts in the low‐exercise group. Regression models showed a significant association between the TAC, exercise scores and DES scores in the week of the examinations.

Conclusion

Regular exercise may help protect students against the oxidative stress associated with academic stress.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms to discriminate different classes of hybrid between wild Atlantic salmon and aquaculture escapees
Authors: Pritchard Victoria L. , Erkinaro Jaakko , Kent Matthew P. , Niemelä Eero , Orell Panu , Lien Sigbjørn , Primmer Craig R.
Published: July 2016

Many wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations are threatened by introgressive hybridization from domesticated fish that have escaped from aquaculture facilities. A detailed understanding of the hybridization dynamics between wild salmon and aquaculture escapees requires discrimination of different hybrid classes; however, markers currently available to discriminate the two types of parental genome have limited power to do this. Using a high‐density Atlantic salmon single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array, in combination with pooled‐sample allelotyping and an Fst outlier approach, we identified 200 SNPs that differentiated an important Atlantic salmon stock from the escapees potentially hybridizing with it. By simulating multiple generations of wild–escapee hybridization, involving wild populations in two major phylogeographic lineages and a genetically diverse set of escapees, we showed that both the complete set of SNPs and smaller subsets could reliably assign individuals to different hybrid classes up to the third hybrid (F3) generation. This set of markers will be a useful tool for investigating the genetic interactions between native wild fish and aquaculture escapees in many Atlantic salmon populations.
Acute and chronic oxalate toxicity in Miniature Horses associated with soursob (Oxalis pes‐caprae) ingestion
Authors: Herbert E. W. , Dittmer K. E.
Published: July 2016

Over the period of 11 years (2004–2015) 14 miniature horses in six separate outbreaks presented with clinical signs consistent with acute or chronic oxalate toxicity. All animals had access to Oxalis pes‐caprae or soursob. Miniature horses with acute oxalate toxicity and hypocalcaemia had muscle fasciculations, tremors and synchronous diaphragmatic flutter; these horses responded to treatment with intravenous and oral calcium. Chronic oxalate toxicity was associated with ill‐thrift, stiffness, enlarged heads, kyphosis and neurological signs. These animals had normal serum calcium concentrations, but increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity. Radiographs indicated that affected animals had bones that were osteopenic, often with pathological fractures. Bones that were examined histologically showed increased osteoclastic and osteoblastic activity, consistent with nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism and fibrous osteodystrophy. These animals were treated, with mixed success, with oral calcium supplementation. A palatability trial showed that horses will readily eat soursobs, and measured total oxalate concentrations in soursobs collected from five different properties ranged from 13.5 to 18.5%. The presentation of affected animals with either acute hypocalcaemia or nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism, together with a history of grazing soursobs, suggest that acute and chronic oxalate toxicity are the cause of the clinical signs seen in affected miniature horses.
Claiming seafood is ‘sustainable’ risks limiting improvements
Authors: Tlusty Michael F , Thorsen Øistein
Published: July 2016

Over the past decade, the sustainability of seafood production has improved and is cause for ocean optimism. In an attempt for recognition of ongoing efforts, many producers and food retailers now claim products are ‘sustainable’. What exactly does this mean and could we limit further improvement using this claim? Here, we discuss the sustainable/sustainability dichotomy, and the problem of communicating continual improvement in terms of grand and absolute claims – that is ‘We sell 100% sustainable product.’ We believe a statement like this risks short selling the challenges at hand and removes necessary and ongoing incentives for learning, improving and innovating. We argue the best path for producers and retailers is to demonstrate and communicate the concrete actions and achievements being made towards a more resilient and healthy food system today and for the future. This requires moving away from the current practice of calling products sustainable, and to instead work towards continually improving the sustainability of the products. Focusing on measuring the impact of our actions generates a wealth of substance and establishes a direction of travel towards seafood of greater sustainability and we believe this will help educate, inform and inspire consumers to make good choices for their own and future generations benefit. In this study, ‘seafood’ will refer to both farmed and wild seafood products, and ‘sustainability’ refers to the behavior that drives economic, environmental and ethical progress towards ensuring seafood availability ‘meet(s) the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’.
Efficiency of fisheries is increasing at the ecosystem level
Authors: Jacobsen Nis S , Burgess Matthew G , Andersen Ken H
Published: July 2016

Managing fisheries presents trade‐offs between objectives, for example yields, profits, minimizing ecosystem impact, that have to be weighed against one another. These trade‐offs are compounded by interacting species and fisheries at the ecosystem level. Weighing objectives becomes increasingly challenging when managers have to consider opposing objectives from different stakeholders. An alternative to weighing incomparable and conflicting objectives is to focus on win–wins until Pareto efficiency is achieved: a state from which it is impossible to improve with respect to any objective without regressing at least one other. We investigate the ecosystem‐level efficiency of fisheries in five large marine ecosystems (LMEs) with respect to yield and an aggregate measure of ecosystem impact using a novel calibration of size‐based ecosystem models. We estimate that fishing patterns in three LMEs (North Sea, Barents Sea and Benguela Current) are nearly efficient with respect to long‐term yield and ecosystem impact and that efficiency has improved over the last 30 years. In two LMEs (Baltic Sea and North East US Continental Shelf), fishing is inefficient and win–wins remain available. We additionally examine the efficiency of North Sea and Baltic Sea fisheries with respect to economic rent and ecosystem impact, finding both to be inefficient but steadily improving. Our results suggest the following: (i) a broad and encouraging trend towards ecosystem‐level efficiency of fisheries; (ii) that ecosystem‐scale win–wins, especially with respect to conservation and profits, may still be common; and (iii) single‐species assessment approaches may overestimate the availability of win–wins by failing to account for trade‐offs across interacting species.
Effect of antituberculosis treatment on CYP2C19 enzyme activity in genetically polymorphic South Indian Tamilian population
Authors: Xavier Alphienes Stanley , Kumar Saka Vinod , Sundaram Rajan , Francis Jose , Shewade Deepak Gopal
Published: July 2016

Patients on antituberculosis therapy (ATT) are more prone to drug interactions in the presence of coexisting illnesses which require drug therapy. Rifampicin is a pleiotropic inducer of CYP enzymes, and isoniazid is an enzyme inhibitor. Genetic variations are common in the gene coding for CYP2C19 enzyme. These variations would be important in predicting the individual variations in CYP2C19 activity. The objectives of the study were to find the net effect of 1‐month ATT on CYP2C19 enzyme activity and its association with CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms. Newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients (n = 125) were included in the study. Before commencing ATT, they were given a single dose of omeprazole 20 mg as a probe drug for CYP2C19. Blood sample was collected after 3 h to carry out phenotyping for CYP2C19 enzyme by measuring omeprazole hydroxylation index (OHI) using LC‐MS/MS. The phenotyping procedure was repeated after 1 month of ATT. CYP2C19 genotyping was carried out by PCR‐RFLP method. Significant reduction in OHI was observed after 1 month of ATT in all the metabolizer groups. The percentage reduction in OHI was maximum with poor metabolizers, 84.1 (IQR – 74.6, 86.6), and minimum with ultra‐rapid metabolizers, 39.6 (IQR – 12.7, 54.7). CYP2C19 enzyme induction is predominant in patients after 1 month of antituberculosis treatment (ATT). Genetic variations in the enzyme could not clearly explain the interindividual differences in induction. There is a potential risk of drug failure/adverse effect in poor metabolizers regardless of their genotype after ATT.
Habitat degradation disrupts neophobia in juvenile coral reef fish
Authors: McCormick Mark I. , Chivers Douglas P. , Allan Bridie J. M. , Ferrari Maud C. O.
Published: July 2016

Habitat degradation not only disrupts habitat‐forming species, but alters the sensory landscape within which most species must balance behavioural activities against predation risk. Rapidly developing a cautious behavioural phenotype, a condition known as neophobia, is advantageous when entering a novel risky habitat. Many aquatic organisms rely on damage‐released conspecific cues (i.e. alarm cues) as an indicator of impending danger and use them to assess general risk and develop neophobia. This study tested whether settlement‐stage damselfish associated with degraded coral reef habitats were able to use alarm cues as an indicator of risk and, in turn, develop a neophobic response at the end of their larval phase. Our results indicate that fish in live coral habitats that were exposed to alarm cues developed neophobia, and, in situ, were found to be more cautious, more closely associated with their coral shelters and survived four‐times better than non‐neophobic control fish. In contrast, fish that settled onto degraded coral habitats did not exhibit neophobia and consequently suffered much greater mortality on the reef, regardless of their history of exposure to alarm cues. Our results show that habitat degradation alters the efficacy of alarm cues with phenotypic and survival consequences for newly settled recruits.
The “Ram's Horns Sign”: A Case Report of an Unusual Side Effect of OnabotulinumtoxinA in a Chronic Migraine Patient
Authors: Russo Antonio , Silvestro Marcello , Tessitore Alessandro , Tedeschi Gioacchino
Published: July 2016

OnabotulinumtoxinA (BoNT‐A) has been reported as an effective prophylactic treatment for chronic migraine to reduce disease severity improving health‐related quality of life. However, BoNT‐A, due to its activity on either the injected or adjacent muscles of the upper face, may induce well‐known side‐effects, such as the eyebrow or eyelid ptosis. However, unusual muscular side effects, related to the neurotoxic mechanism, may also arise. We describe the clinical case of a 55‐year‐old male patient who has been treated for chronic migraine by the injection of BoNT‐A, according to the PREEMPT protocol. Two weeks later, the patient developed two symmetrical bumps on the upper part of the forehead similar to the horns of a ram. We report, for the first time, this peculiar BoNT‐A side effect and suggest that the injection of additional BoNT‐A doses in the upper medial frontal fibers, for each side, can normalize the forehead shape over two weeks.
Sex‐ and Age‐Related Differences in the Clinical and Neuroimaging Characteristics of Patients With Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension: A Records Review
Authors: Tanaka Yukitaka , Tosaka Masahiko , Fujimaki Hiroya , Honda Fumiaki , Yoshimoto Yuhei
Published: July 2016

Background

The significance of sex‐ and age‐related differences in the clinical course of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) was investigated.

Methods

We retrospectively studied 40 consecutive patients (female:male = 28:12, median age 41.5 years) treated under clinical diagnoses of SIH satisfying the International Classification of Headache Disorders 3rd edition criteria, including 37 patients (92.5%) with diffuse pachymeningeal enhancement. The patients were divided into two groups by age and sex, and the clinical and neuroimaging findings in each group were investigated.

Results

Acute onset (female:male = 82.1%:50.0%, P = .042), severe headache (75.0%:41.7%, P = .045) occurred with higher frequency in females than in males, and SDH occurred with lower frequency in females than in males (28.6%:75.0%, P = .006). Duration until the consultation (2:14 days, P = .022), SDH thickness (0:7.1 mm, P = .001), and iter displacement (1.6:7.1 mm, P = .004) was greater in males. Acute onset (Younger [≤40 years]: older [>40 years] = 94.1%:56.5%, P = .012), occurred with higher frequency in younger patients, and duration until the consultation (1:5 days, P = .001), frequency of SDH (17.7%:60.9%, P = .010), SDH thickness (0:5.9 mm, P = .003), in older patients. All nine patients with thunderclap headache were female, with median age of 37 years.

Conclusions

More severe clinical symptoms with acute onset were observed in females and younger patients of SIH. Comparatively rare subdural hygroma/hematoma on magnetic resonance imaging might result from the shorter duration to diagnosis in females and younger patients.

Key words: spontaneous intracranial hypotension, sex, age, magnetic resonance imaging, thunderclap headache
Seasonal Variation in Emergency Department Visits Among Pediatric Headache Patients
Authors: Pakalnis A. , Heyer G.L.
Published: July 2016

Objective

To ascertain whether seasonal variation occurs in emergency department (ED) visits for headache among children and adolescents.

Methods

A retrospective review was conducted using the electronic medical records of ED visits for headache at a tertiary children's hospital through calendar years 2010–2014. Using ICD‐9 diagnostic codes for headache and migraine, the numbers of headache visits were determined and compared by season and during school months vs summer months.

Results

A total of 6572 headache visits occurred. Headache visits increased during the fall season (133 ± 27 visits per month) compared with other seasons (101 ± 19 visits per month), P ≤ .002, but did not differ when comparing school months (113 ± 25 visits per month) and summer months (100 ± 24 visits per month), P = .1.

Conclusions

The corresponding increase in ED visits during the fall season coincides with the start of the school year. Academic stressors and the change in daily schedule may lead to more headaches and more ED headache visits among school‐aged youth.
Communicating systems in the body: how microbiota and microglia cooperate
Authors: Erny Daniel , Hrabě de Angelis Anna Lena , Prinz Marco
Published: July 2016

Microglia are tissue macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). Their key tasks are immune surveillance as well as responding to infections or other pathological states such as neurological diseases or injury. In recent years it has been discovered that microglia are additionally crucial for the maintenance of brain homeostasis during development and adulthood by adjusting the neuronal network and phagocytosing neuronal debris. Microglia persist in the CNS throughout the life of the organism and self‐renew without engraftment of bone‐marrow‐derived cells. Until recently it remained unknown what controls their maturation and activation under homeostatic conditions. In this review we discuss new aspects of the interaction between host microbiota and brain function with special focus on the brain‐resident innate immune cells, the microglia.
Improving Design Understandings and Skills through Enhanced Metacognition: Reflective Design Journals
Authors: Kurt Mustafa , Kurt Sevinc
Published: July 2016

The main aim of this study was to investigate and discover whether going through the process of reflection by keeping reflective design journals (RDJ) enhances architecture students’ metacognition and whether this enhanced metacognition improves their design understandings and skills. The study was a mixed‐methods design and utilised content analysis method to identify the metacognitive actions of the participants. The study also investigated participants’ attitudes towards RDJs and their views regarding the effect of enhanced metacognition on their design understandings and skills. Twenty college students registered to an undergraduate course offered by the department of Architecture participated in the research. The findings of the study revealed that by writing in their RDJs, participants were able to progressively enhance their metacognitive skills and performed several metacognitive actions by using the four main metacognitive strategies: awareness, organisation and planning, monitoring, and evaluation. The results also disclosed that participants found RDJ keeping exceptionally effective and stated that their enhanced metacognition improved their design understanding and abilities.
Drawing and Storytelling as Political Action: Difference, Plurality and Coming into Presence in the Early Childhood Classroom
Authors: Sunday Kristine E.
Published: July 2016

This article is an embodied representation of how narrative illustrates Hannah Arendt's ideas of action, natality and plurality. It is, in essence, a story of a story that situates the actions of two young children as an instance where difference came together through the political and public act of drawing. Throughout the unfolding of the event, and in the subsequent retelling of that event, subjectivity came into presence, for both the children and myself. Our knowing was mediated by our immediate experience and understood only in the reflection of the experience. The encounter highlights how early childhood art practices can serve as an opening for contemplating a relational theory of learning. It further illustrates how narrative frameworks provide important opportunities to respond to difference through the reorganisation and reintegration of ideas generated in action.
Exploring, Developing, Facilitating Individual Practice, While Learning to Become a Teacher of Art, Craft and Design
Authors: Mindel Carla
Published: July 2016

The artist teacher project set out to facilitate trainee teachers’ creative practice and inform their critical pedagogy in the classroom. The approach outlined in this article encouraged them to consider predictable and formulaic practice, and to question, reflect upon and challenge orthodoxies in their teaching of art, craft and design. They critically appraised their practice within a community of reflective practitioners in critical presentations, and in their reflective writing, and discussed and debated the contradictory positions between what they explored in their individual practices as artists and that experienced in the classroom. This project highlighted how fundamental the critical presentations were because the peer‐review, feedback and support, facilitated dialogue in a creative, dynamic space and community of practice. These ‘crits’ also became a forum for airing frustrations and trying to come to terms with the re‐emergence of their artist identities while at the same time, having to suppress many of their convictions and ideals in order to conform to what they found on school placement.
Imitative or Iconoclastic? How Young Children use Ready‐Made Images in Digital Art
Authors: Sakr Mona , Connelly Vincent , Wild Mary
Published: July 2016

Digital art‐making tends to foreground the inclusion of ready‐made images in children's art. While some lament children's use of such images, suggesting that they constrain creativity and expression, others have argued that ready‐made digital materials offer children the opportunity to create innovative and potentially iconoclastic artefacts through processes of ‘remix’ and ‘mash‐up’. In order to further this debate, observations are needed to explore the different ways that children use ready‐made images in their digital art and the various purposes that these images can serve. Adopting a social semiotic perspective, this article offers an in‐depth examination of five episodes of 4–5 year‐olds’ digital art‐making that collectively demonstrate the diversity of approaches that young children take towards the inclusion of ready‐made images in their digital art‐making. The article discusses these findings in relation to suggestions for what adults can do to support children to adopt a playful and critically aware approach to the use of ready‐made images in digital art‐making.
Turning Polemics into Pedagogy: Teaching about Censorship in Art Education
Authors: Fitch Sebastien
Published: July 2016

In recent decades, the field of art education has seen an increasing interest in issues of social justice and social reconstruction which has led to pre‐service art educators often being encouraged to include potentially controversial topics in their pedagogy. Surprisingly, however, there seems to have been little concurrent discussion concerning the inherent risks involved in introducing polemical themes within the classroom. Indeed, despite its obvious importance, the subject of censorship is often given little attention in art education circles, save for when it has already become an active problem, such as when an instructor is accused of censorship by a student, or when forces outside the classroom seek to involve themselves in pedagogical decisions. In this article, I describe my experience creating and implementing an undergraduate pre‐service art education course on the subject of censorship. I begin by examining my students’ reactions to some of the themes explored, and then explain how discussing cases of art censorship and controversy can serve as a platform for introducing students to the key role that context plays in how we perceive, value and react to artworks. Finally, I make the argument that by including censorship as a subject within their curriculum, teachers can help students better to navigate the psychological, moral and ethical complexities of contemporary art making.
Subclinical cardiovascular disease and it's improvement after long‐term TNF‐α inhibitor therapy in severe psoriatic patients
Authors: Herédi E. , Végh J. , Pogácsás L. , Gáspár K. , Varga J. , Kincse G. , Zeher M. , Szegedi A. , Gaál J.
Published: July 2016

Background

There are conflicting data on the occurrence of subclinical myocardial dysfunction in psoriatic patients and on the impact of long‐term tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) inhibitor therapy on cardiac function.

Objective

In this study, we explored whether there are any signs of subclinical cardiovascular disease (echocardiographic abnormalities) in severe psoriatic patients without clinically overt heart disease. As a second objective, the influence of long‐term treatment with TNF‐α inhibitors on the ventricular functions of psoriatic patients was also investigated.

Methods

Clinical and echocardiographic data from 44 psoriatic patients and 45 age‐ and sex‐matched controls were processed. As a first step, the echocardiographic parameters of psoriatic patients obtained before anti‐TNF‐α treatment were compared with controls. As a second step, to detect the effect of long‐term anti‐TNF‐α treatment on echocardiographic parameters, data of patients before and after therapy were analysed.

Results

The right ventricular Tei index was higher (P < 0.001), whereas the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and right ventricular free wall peak systolic velocity were lower (P < 0.001 and P < 0.0001, respectively) in the psoriatic patients than in the controls. Following treatment with TNF‐α inhibitors, TAPSE and right ventricular free wall peak systolic velocity significantly improved (P < 0.0001 for both parameters). The Tei index of both ventricles improved during biological therapy; however, this change did not reach statistical significance.

Conclusion

Patients with severe psoriasis exhibit signs of subclinical cardiovascular disease compared to control, and prolonged anti‐TNF‐α therapy has a potentially beneficial effect on these signs.
Viral load strategy: impact on risk behaviour and serocommunication of men who have sex with men in specialized care
Authors: Kuhn E. , Potthoff A. , Dirks H. , Borgmann R. , Esser S. , Scherbaum N. , Brockmeyer N.H. , Skaletz‐Rorowski A.
Published: July 2016

Background

Incidence and prevalence of HIV are continuously high in German men, who have sex with men (MSM). Different transmission risk minimizing strategies have been observed. The viral load strategy rates patients unlikely to be sexually infectious if their viral load under effective therapy is stably suppressed during 6 months and no other sexually transmitted infections are present.

Objectives

We aim to objectify the current popularity of the viral load strategy, the adherence to basic conditions and its impact on risk behaviour and serocommunication. Until now, no data on a German sample of HIV‐positive MSM in regular specialized outpatient care are available.

Methods

Cross‐sectional study with group comparisons between user group and non‐user‐group of the viral load strategy. Self‐report questionnaires were conducted with 269 sexually active German HIV+MSM under effective treatment in specialized outpatient care. Structured interviews gathered additional information about approach to and realization of definite action levels concerning sexual risk behaviour and transmission risk minimizing strategies.

Results

Twenty‐seven of 269 participants (10%) affirmed knowledge of having an undetectable viral load and stated this to be criteria for unprotected sexual behaviour. This subgroup reported more unprotected insertive (P = 0.018) and receptive anal intercourse (P = 0.042), more anonymous sex partners (P = 0.008) and less consistent safer sex. Analysing serocommunication, less addressing HIV/AIDS in general (P = 0.043) and less disclosing to sex partners (P = 0.023) was found, especially in anonymous settings. Differentiating serocommunication characteristics, a focus on seroguessing was depicted.

Conclusions

The user group of the viral load strategy is small. But a less frequent, more reactive and assumptive serocommunication leads to an imprecise information exchange paired with higher frequency of risky behaviour, especially in anonymous settings, where frank serocommunication is often avoided. The targeted group of the viral load strategy diverges greatly from the user group.
Sensitivity to change of the Dermatology Life Quality Index in adult females with facial acne vulgaris: a validation study
Authors: Richter C. , Trojahn C. , Hillmann K. , Dobos G. , Kanti V. , Vogt A. , Blume‐Peytavi U. , Kottner J.
Published: July 2016

Background

The postadolescent form of acne papulopustulosa, also referred to as ‘acne tarda’ can have substantial negative impact on Quality of Life, especially in adult female patients.

Objective

Although the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) is widely used, empirical evidence about its performance in adult female acne patients is lacking.

Methods

In this prospective cohort study, we have investigated the sensitivity to change of the DLQI in 53 female adult acne patients with mild to moderate facial acne treated with azelaic acid (AzA) 15% gel twice daily over 24 weeks.

Results

Mean Investigator Static Global Assessment (ISGA) score was 2.3 (SD 0.5) at baseline and ranged from 0.9 (SD 0.3) to 2.1 (SD 0.4) at the end of the study in the ‘Highly Improved’ and ‘Unchanged’ responder groups respectively. The mean baseline DLQI score was 5.1 (SD 4.2). The Effect Size in the responder group ‘Highly Improved’ was 0.66; in group ‘Improved’ 0.62 and 0.23 in group ‘Unchanged’. At the end of study, the mean DLQI score ranged from 1.1 (SD 1.5) in the ‘Highly Improved’ group to 3.7 (SD 6.0) in the ‘Unchanged’ group.

Conclusion

The results support the sensitivity to change of the DLQI in this population.
Pain management in photodynamic therapy using a nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture: a prospective, within‐patient, controlled clinical trial
Authors: Fink C. , Uhlmann L. , Enk A. , Gholam P.
Published: July 2016

Background

Photodynamic therapy is an effective treatment for actinic keratoses. Nevertheless, severe pain during the procedure is a serious adverse effect, which leads to interruption or even termination. Complete pain relief remains a difficult challenge.

Objective

To evaluate the effect of a nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture on pain intensity during photodynamic therapy.

Methods

This clinical trial has been designed as a prospective, single‐centre, explorative, controlled, observational study.

Results

We were able to detect a significant overall pain reduction of 55.2% after application of a nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture by means of an intra‐individual comparison. Furthermore, the total number of therapy interruption significantly decreased by 82% after the inhalation analgesia. Additionally, treatment satisfaction ranged from ‘extremely to very satisfied’.

Conclusions

This study shows that analgesia by means of a nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture is a very effective and well‐tolerated method for achieving significant pain reduction during photodynamic therapy.
Can Reduced‐Step Polishers Be as Effective as Multiple‐Step Polishers in Enhancing Surface Smoothness?
Authors: Kemaloglu Hande , Karacolak Gamze , Turkun L. Sebnem
Published: July 2016

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of various finishing and polishing systems on the final surface roughness of a resin composite. Hypotheses tested were: (1) reduced‐step polishing systems are as effective as multiple‐step systems on reducing the surface roughness of a resin composite and (2) the number of application steps in an F/P system has no effect on reducing surface roughness.

Materials and Methods

Ninety discs of a nano‐hybrid resin composite were fabricated and divided into nine groups (n = 10). Except the control, all of the specimens were roughened prior to be polished by: Enamel Plus Shiny, Venus Supra, One‐gloss, Sof‐Lex Wheels, Super‐Snap, Enhance/PoGo, Clearfil Twist Dia, and rubber cups. The surface roughness was measured and the surfaces were examined under scanning electron microscope. Results were analyzed with analysis of variance and Holm‐Sidak's multiple comparisons test (p < 0.05).

Results

Significant differences were found among the surface roughness of all groups (p < 0.05). The smoothest surfaces were obtained under Mylar strips and the results were not different than Super‐Snap, Enhance/PoGo, and Sof‐Lex Spiral Wheels. The group that showed the roughest surface was the rubber cup group and these results were similar to those of the One‐gloss, Enamel Plus Shiny, and Venus Supra groups.

Conclusions

(1) The number of application steps has no effect on the performance of F/P systems. (2) Reduced‐step polishers used after a finisher can be preferable to multiple‐step systems when used on nanohybrid resin composites. (3) The effect of F/P systems on surface roughness seems to be material‐dependent rather than instrument‐ or system‐dependent.

Clinical Significance

Reduced‐step systems used after a prepolisher can be an acceptable alternative to multiple‐step systems on enhancing the surface smoothness of a nanohybrid composite; however, their effectiveness depends on the materials’ properties. (J Esthet Restor Dent 29:31–40, 2017)
Does the Shoe Fit? Ethical, Legal, and Policy Considerations of Global Positioning System Shoes for Individuals with Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Yang Y. Tony , Kels Charles G.
Published: July 2016

As the overall incidence of Alzheimer's disease rises, the burden on caregivers and law enforcement institutions will increase to find individuals who wander. As such, technological innovations that could reduce this burden will become increasingly important. One such innovation is the GPS Shoe. As with any innovation involving the transfer of personal data to third parties, potential pitfalls with respect to loss of privacy and inadequate consent counterbalance the substantial promise of GPS shoes. To some extent, advance planning can mitigate these concerns, wherein individuals willingly elect to be monitored before their impairments progress to a stage that makes such authorization impractical. Nonetheless, tension may arise between the peace of mind of caregivers and family members and other important considerations at the intersection of autonomy, privacy, dignity, and consent. Ultimately, confronting ethical, legal, and policy considerations at the front end of product development and deployment will help ensure that new technologies are used wisely and that their lifesaving potential is realized.
Dopamine D3 autoreceptor inhibition enhances cocaine potency at the dopamine transporter
Authors: McGinnis Molly M. , Siciliano Cody A. , Jones Sara R.
Published: July 2016

Cocaine is a commonly abused central nervous system stimulant that enhances dopamine (DA) neurotransmission through its ability to block dopamine transporters (DATs). Recent evidence suggests there may be an interaction between DATs and D2/D3 autoreceptors that modulates cocaine's effects. The purpose of this study was to explore how D2/D3 autoreceptors modulate the ability of cocaine to inhibit DA uptake through DATs on pre‐synaptic DA terminals. Using fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry in brain slices containing the nucleus accumbens core from male and female C57BL/6J mice, we first sought to examine the effects of global autoreceptor blockade using the non‐selective D2/D3 autoreceptor antagonist, raclopride. We found that the ability of cocaine to inhibit DA uptake was increased by raclopride and that this effect was consistent across sexes. Furthermore, using D2 (L‐741,626) or D3 (SB‐277011‐A) autoreceptor selective antagonists, we discovered that blockade of D3, but not D2, autoreceptors was responsible for the increased cocaine potency. Alterations in cocaine potency were attributable to alterations in uptake inhibition, rather than cocaine effects on vesicular DA release, suggesting that these results may be a product of a functional D3/DAT interaction apart from the canonical inhibitory actions of D3 autoreceptors on DA release. In addition, application of D2 (sumanirole) and D3 (PD 128907) autoreceptor‐specific agonists had inverse effects, whereby D2 autoreceptor activation decreased cocaine potency and D3 autoreceptor activation had no effect. Together, these data show that DA autoreceptors dynamically regulate cocaine potency at the DAT, which is important for understanding cocaine's rewarding and addictive properties.

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We propose a model whereby presynaptic dopamine autoreceptors dynamically modulate cocaine potency through two separate mechanisms. We demonstrate that D2 agonists decrease cocaine potency, whereas D3 antagonists increase cocaine potency, likely through an allosteric mechanism outside of their canonical actions on dopamine release. These findings give important and novel insight into the contribution of D2/D3 autoreceptors to dopamine transporter function.
The genomewide transcriptional response underlying the pea aphid wing polyphenism
Authors: Vellichirammal Neetha N. , Madayiputhiya Nandakumar , Brisson Jennifer A.
Published: July 2016

Phenotypic plasticity is a key life history strategy used by many plants and animals living in heterogeneous environments. A multitude of studies have investigated the costs and limits of plasticity, as well as the conditions under which it evolves. Much less well understood are the molecular genetic mechanisms that enable an organism to sense its environment and respond in a plastic manner. The pea aphid wing polyphenism is a compelling laboratory model to study these mechanisms. In this polyphenism, environmental stressors like high density cause asexual, viviparous adult female aphids to change the development of their embryos from wingless to winged morphs. The life history trade‐offs between the two morphs have been intensively studied, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain largely unknown. We therefore performed a genomewide study of the maternal transcriptome at two time points with and without a crowding stress to discover the maternal molecular changes that lead to the development of winged vs. wingless offspring. We observed significant transcriptional changes in genes associated with odorant binding, neurotransmitter transport, hormonal activity and chromatin remodelling in the maternal transcriptome. We also found that titres of serotonin, dopamine and octopamine were higher in solitary compared to crowded aphids. We use these results to posit a model for how maternal signals inform a developing embryo to be winged or wingless. Our findings add significant insights into the identity of the molecular mechanisms that underlie environmentally induced morph determination and suggest a possible role for biogenic amine regulation in polyphenisms generally.
Strong reproductive isolation and narrow genomic tracts of differentiation among three woodpecker species in secondary contact
Authors: Grossen Christine , Seneviratne Sampath S. , Croll Daniel , Irwin Darren E.
Published: July 2016

Hybrid zones allow the measurement of gene flow across the genome, producing insight into the genomic architecture of speciation. Such analysis is particularly powerful when applied to multiple pairs of hybridizing species, as patterns of genomic differentiation can then be related to age of the hybridizing species, providing a view into the build‐up of differentiation over time. We examined 33 809 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in three hybridizing woodpecker species: Red‐breasted, Red‐naped and Yellow‐bellied sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus ruber,Sphyrapicus nuchalisandSphyrapicus varius), two of which (ruberandnuchalis) are much more closely related than each is to the third (varius). To identify positions ofSNPs on chromosomes, we developed a localization method based on comparative genomics. We found narrow clines, bimodal distributions of hybrid indices and genomic regions with decreased rates of introgression. These results suggest moderately strong reproductive isolation among species and selection against specific hybrid genotypes. We found 19 small regions of strong differentiation between species, partly shared among species pairs, but no large regions of differentiation. An association analysis revealed a single strong‐effect candidate locus associated with plumage, possibly explaining mismatch among the three species in genomic relatedness and plumage similarity. Our comparative analysis of species pairs of different age and their hybrid zones showed that moderately strong reproductive isolation can occur with little genomic differentiation, but that reproductive isolation is incomplete even with much greater genomic differentiation, implying there are long periods of time when hybridization is possible if diverging populations are in geographic contact.
The genetics of extreme microgeographic adaptation: an integrated approach identifies a major gene underlying leaf trichome divergence in Yellowstone Mimulus guttatus
Authors: Hendrick Margaret F. , Finseth Findley R. , Mathiasson Minna E. , Palmer Kristen A. , Broder Emma M. , Breigenzer Peter , Fishman Lila
Published: July 2016

Microgeographic adaptation provides a particularly interesting context for understanding the genetic basis of phenotypic divergence and may also present unique empirical challenges. In particular, plant adaptation to extreme soil mosaics may generate barriers to gene flow or shifts in mating system that confound simple genomic scans for adaptive loci. Here, we combine three approaches – quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping of candidate intervals in controlled crosses, population resequencing (PoolSeq) and analyses of wild recombinant individuals – to investigate one trait associated with Mimulus guttatus (yellow monkeyflower) adaptation to geothermal soils in Yellowstone National Park. We mapped a major QTL causing dense leaf trichomes in thermally adapted plants to a <50‐kb region of linkage Group 14 (Tr14) previously implicated in trichome divergence between independent M. guttatus populations. A PoolSeq scan of Tr14 region revealed a cluster of six genes, coincident with the inferred QTL peak, with high allele frequency differences sufficient to explain observed phenotypic differentiation. One of these, the R2R3 MYB transcription factor Migut.N02661, is a plausible functional candidate and was also strongly associated (r2 = 0.27) with trichome phenotype in analyses of wild‐collected admixed individuals. Although functional analyses will be necessary to definitively link molecular variants in Tr14 with trichome divergence, our analyses are a major step in that direction. They point to a simple, and parallel, genetic basis for one axis of Mimulus guttatus adaptation to an extreme habitat, suggest a broadly conserved genetic basis for trichome variation across flowering plants and pave the way for further investigations of this challenging case of microgeographic incipient speciation.
Loss of genetic diversity and increased embryonic mortality in non‐native lizard populations
Authors: Michaelides Sozos N. , While Geoffrey M. , Zajac Natalia , Aubret Fabien , Calsbeek Brittny , Sacchi Roberto , Zuffi Marco A. L. , Uller Tobias
Published: July 2016

Many populations are small and isolated with limited genetic variation and high risk of mating with close relatives. Inbreeding depression is suspected to contribute to extinction of wild populations, but the historical and demographic factors that contribute to reduced population viability are often difficult to tease apart. Replicated introduction events in non‐native species can offer insights into this problem because they allow us to study how genetic variation and inbreeding depression are affected by demographic events (e.g. bottlenecks), genetic admixture and the extent and duration of isolation. Using detailed knowledge about the introduction history of 21 non‐native populations of the wall lizard Podarcis muralis in England, we show greater loss of genetic diversity (estimated from microsatellite loci) in older populations and in populations from native regions of high diversity. Loss of genetic diversity was accompanied by higher embryonic mortality in non‐native populations, suggesting that introduced populations are sufficiently inbred to jeopardize long‐term viability. However, there was no statistical correlation between population‐level genetic diversity and average embryonic mortality. Similarly, at the individual level, there was no correlation between female heterozygosity and clutch size, infertility or hatching success, or between embryo heterozygosity and mortality. We discuss these results in the context of human‐mediated introductions and how the history of introductions can play a fundamental role in influencing individual and population fitness in non‐native species.
Integrative analyses unveil speciation linked to host plant shift in Spialia butterflies
Authors: Hernández‐Roldán Juan L. , Dapporto Leonardo , Dincă Vlad , Vicente Juan C. , Hornett Emily A. , Šíchová Jindra , Lukhtanov Vladimir A. , Talavera Gerard , Vila Roger
Published: July 2016

Discovering cryptic species in well‐studied areas and taxonomic groups can have profound implications in understanding eco‐evolutionary processes and in nature conservation because such groups often involve research models and act as flagship taxa for nature management. In this study, we use an array of techniques to study the butterflies in the Spialia sertorius species group (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae). The integration of genetic, chemical, cytogenetic, morphological, ecological and microbiological data indicates that the sertorius species complex includes at least five species that differentiated during the last three million years. As a result, we propose the restitution of the species status for two taxa often treated as subspecies, Spialia ali (Oberthür, 1881) stat. rest. and Spialia therapne (Rambur, 1832) stat. rest., and describe a new cryptic species Spialia rosae Hernández‐Roldán, Dapporto, Dincă, Vicente & Vila sp. nov. Spialia sertorius (Hoffmannsegg, 1804) and S. rosae are sympatric and synmorphic, but show constant differences in mitochondrial DNA, chemical profiles and ecology, suggesting that S. rosae represents a case of ecological speciation involving larval host plant and altitudinal shift, and apparently associated with Wolbachia infection. This study exemplifies how a multidisciplinary approach can reveal elusive cases of hidden diversity.