bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANALISIS KELAYAKAN FINANSIAL PENINGKATAN KAPASITAS PRODUKSI SAPI POTONG
Authors: Parlindungan Muhammad Dapot , Yoesdiarti Arti , Miftah Himmatul
Published: April 2018

Analisis kelayakan peningkatan kapasitas produksi sapi potong ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kelayakan finansial peningkatan usaha yang akan dilakukan oleh CV Lembu Mas. CV Lembu Mas bertujuan untuk meningkatkan usaha penggemukan sapinya dari 31 ekor per tahun menjadi 501 ekor per tahun. Penelitian dilaksanakan di  CV Lembu Mas (Kelurahan Kedaung Kecamatan Sawangan Kota Depok Jawa Barat) mulai dari September sampai dengan November  2016.  Analisis finansial dilakukan untuk mengetahui kelayakan usaha yaitu besar manfaat (benefit) dan besar biaya dalam usaha ini, yang dianalisis menggunakan analisis finansial, yang terdiri dari struktur biaya dan analisis cashflow dengan kriteria NPV, Payback period. Hasil NPV yang diperoleh NPV > 0 = 789.314.098. Kriteria Laba-Rugi peningkatan kapasitas produksi memperoleh keuntungan pada tahun pertama sebesar Rp 128.440.450, tahun kedua sampai tahun kelima memperoleh keuntungan  sebesar : Rp 209.408.450. Kriteria R/C Ratio diperoleh 1,1 pada tahun petama dan 1,2 pada tahun kedua sampai tahun kelima. Berdasarkan kriteria payback period yang diperoleh lebih cepat dari umur bisnis, yaitu 1 tahun 11 bulan. Berdasarkan aspek finansial, peningkatan kapasitas produksi dikatakan layak untuk dijalankan.KATA KUNCI: analisis kelayakan, sapi potong, pengembangan usaha.  FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY STUDY OF BEEF PRODUCTION CAPACITY EXPANSION ABSTRACTThis study was aimed to analyze the feasibility of production expansion of beef at CV Lembu Mas, Depok. CV Lembu Mas intended to expand their beef production, from 31 beef to 51 beef. The study was conducted at CV Lembu Mas from September to November 2016. Financial analysis was done to assess the benefit and the cost in this business and consisted of  cost structure and cash flow analyzes using NPV and Payback Period parameters. Results showed that the NPV was NPV > 0 = Rp 789.314.098.  With profit-loss parameter, it was shown that the first year profit was Rp 128.440.450 and in year 2 to 5, the profit was Rp 209.408.450,-.  The R/ C ratios were 1.1 in the first year and 1.2 in year 2 to 5.  Payback period was 1 year 11 months, shorter than the age of the business.  Based on the results of financial and non financial analyzes, it was concluded that the expansion of production capacity was feasible.
LENGTH AND WIDTH RATIO EFFECT TO QUAIL PRODUCTIVITY (Coturnix coturnix japonica) IN PRODUCTION PERIOD
Authors: Destia Miya , Sudrajat Deden , Dihansih Elis
Published: April 2018

Quail has well known to many people. Quail is a land birds that has small body, short legs, and could not fly high. Quail has a plenty big potential as layer bird. This study aims to determine the optimal length and width ratio of the cage to obtain maximum quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) productivity. This study was conducted for one month to assess the effect of many treatments : P1 ratio of length and width cage 1 : 1 (length70 cm width 68 cm), P2 ratio of length and width cage 1,5 : 1 (length 84 cm width 57 cm), and P3 ratio of length and width cage 2 : 1 (length 98 cm width 49 cm). The following treatments performed on Quail with age around 7th to 11th weeks. Observed variables are feed consumption ratio, eggs productions, feed convention ration, quail day production, and the amount of weight eggs. Treatment with the ratio of length and width cage 2 : 1 with cage length 98 cm and width 49 cm affected the quail productivity such as feed consumption, average of eggs weight, feed conversion, quail day production, and amount of egg weight. Such treathments may increase the productivity of the quail of the production period.Keywords : quail, ratio, cage size, productivity, production period.
ESTRUS RESPONSE HOLSTEIN FRIESIAN COW PERANAKAN WHO INJECTED PROSTAGLANDIN IN INTRAMUSCULAR AND INTRAUTERINE
Authors: Nuryanto Lilik Bawa , Handarini Ristika , Setiawan Yanyan
Published: April 2018

This study was aimed to compare the different responses of cattle estrus and pregnancy rate FH (Friesian Holsein) were injected with the prostaglandin hormone by intramuscular and intra-uterine. This study was used 20 cows FH on condition of normal reproductive function, not in a state of pregnant (confirmed by rectal palpation), visually not fat and not skinny, not reproductive disease, normal estrous cycles. Cows were divided into two treatment, P1: estrus synchronization by intra muscular (IM), P2: estrus synchronization by  intrauterine (IU). Data were analyzed by T test, to compare the differences between the two treatments with SPSS device. The results showed that the synchronization of pregnancy by using intrauterine more efisien. The conclusion of this research PGF2α hormone injections by intrauterinehas atendency response   higher than by intra muscular injection method.               Keyword : Non Return Rate, Service Per Conception, Conception Rate.
THE GIVING OF GINGER FLOUR (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE) AND TURMERIC FLOUR (CURCUMA DOMESTICA) ON COMMERCIAL FEED TO QUAIL (COTURNIX COTURNOC JAPONICA) PERFORMANCE OF LAYER
Authors: Bashar Septiar , Nur Hanafi , Sudrajat Deden
Published: April 2018

The quail is one kind of poultries that can give the distribution of society interests in case of eggs providing.  There are kinds of research that related to feed aspect, one of them is the way to increase the quality of feed by adding ginger flour and turmeric flour on commercial feed. The aim of this research is to review the influences of giving the ginger flour (Zinger officinale) and turmeric flour (Curcuma domestica) on commercial feed toward quail performance (cortunix cortunix japonica) in layer period.  Complete randomized design with used by the following treatment:  P0 (commercial feeding without ginger flour and turmeric flour), P1 (commercial feeding with 1% ginger flour), P2 (commercial feeding with 1% turmeric flour), and P3 (feed commercial with 0.5% ginger flour and 0.5% turmeric flour). The treatment was conducted to quail aged 35 days until 67 days old. The feed and drink was given by adlibitium (always available). Giving ginger flour and turmeric flour does not affect the feed consumption, egg’s weight, feed convertion, depletion, and the production of quail’s egg in layer period, however, by adding 1% ginger on rations that is used, it can improve the convertion in the amount of  12.4% and increase the producing of egg in the amount of 19.9%.Key words : Quail performance of layer period, ginger flour, turmeric flour,  commercial feed
Genetic diversity analysis in tossa jute (Corchorus olitorius L.) germplasm lines
Authors: Jatothu Jawahar Lal , Kumar A. Anil , Choudhary S. B. , Sharma H. K. , Maruthi R. T. , Kar C. S. , Mitra J.
Published: April 2018

An experiment was conducted to examine the magnitude of genetic diversity and characters contributing to genetic diversity among 81 tossa jute genotypes. Cluster analysis based on Euclidean squared distances and ward’s method, the genotypes were grouped into ten distinct clusters. Analysis reveals that stick weight contributes maximum to the phenotypic diversity (65.52%) followed by green weight (13.64%) and fibre yield (10.10%). Among the clusters Cluster IX recorded highest mean fibre yield (19.91g) followed by Cluster VII (18.94g) and these clusters also recorded high mean values for plant height, basal diameter, green weight and stick weight. The highest inter- cluster distance was 186.80 (between clusters II and X) followed by 161.26 (between clusters IV and X), indicating the wide genetic diversity among these clusters. The highest intra-cluster distance was observed in cluster II (20.34) and the lowest in cluster X (3.17). The average inter-cluster distances were higher than the average intra-cluster distances, which shows the presence of wide genetic diversity among the genotypes of different clusters than those of the same cluster. The first two principal components, whose Eigen values are greater than one, accounted for 74% of the total variation among the five characters. The information obtained from diversity analysis is useful in planning further breeding programme for tossa jute improvement.
Nature of crop contents of an amblyceran pigeon louse, Colpocephalum turbinatum (Phthiraptera: Insecta)
Authors: Kumar Surendra , Ali Rehmat , Khan Ghazi , Saxena Arun Kumar
Published: April 2018

Selected haemetophagous phthirapterans have been convicted to act as reservoir and transmitter of pathogens among their hosts. Amblyceran Phthiraptera are generally believed to exhibit varying degree of haemetophagy. The microscopic examination of 100 adults (both sexes) and 47 nymphal instars of an amblyceran louse, Colpocephalum turbinatum revealed their non haemetophagous nature as any red content compatible with host blood was not detected in their crops. The crops of the lice were found packed with only feather barbules. On seven instances the pieces of egg chorion and in 20 cases the presence of epidermal tissue were also detected in crop contents. However, the presence of any triturating agent (any structure which can help in grinding the feather contents) was not noticed. SEM studies on the ventral side of the head of the louse do not indicate the presence of any pointed gear which can be used to pierce the skin blood vessels of host. Present study suggests that few amblyceran species of Phthiraptera are not in haemetophagous in nature.
Losses and alternatives measures towards environmental degradation in rural area of Haryana
Authors: Rani Sonia , Seharawat P. S.
Published: April 2018

In India, the globally accepted threats caused by environmental degradation are soil degradation and desertification, pollution, droughts, floods and water scarcity. The study was conducted in two districts of Haryana state namely, Hisar and Kaithal and a total number of one hundred twenty women were selected and interviewed with the help of well structured schedule. The study revealed that majority of the women were of middle age group (36-50 years), educated up to higher education, belonged to nuclear family with 4 members, performed government, private jobs and self employment. Very serious losses due to environment degradation were air pollutant effect on human health, animals and plants (1.47), deeper level of ground water table leads to irrigation scarcity (1.35), quality deterioration of crop produce and fertilizers cause toxicity in food products (1.23), lost of biodiversity and tropical forest, extinction of plant and animal species (0.41) as per their ‘Z’ score. Least smoky trees should be planted and used, Baval, Neem, Pipal, Bargad, Shisham, Aam, Jamun (94.16%), Installing chimneys to rent smoke from indoor stoves (90.83%) Storage and disposal of farm wastes properly (79.16%), Campaigning for healthy environment (74.16%), enhancing the area under agro and social forestry (69.16), empowerment of women for different development programs (66.66%) were found very effective among the women to making the environment healthy. To reach the results the aggregate total score was calculated to each alternative measure separately, and on the basis of calculated total score, a weighted mean score were obtained which were ranked according to the maximum or minimum mean scores for assessing the effectiveness of alternative measure.
Population dynamics and stock assessment of Delegoa threadfin bream, Nemipterus bipunctatus (Nemipteridae), from the Wadge Bank, South India
Authors: Karuppasamy K. , Kingston S. David , Jawahar P. , Aanand S. , Venkataramani V.K. , Vidhya V.
Published: April 2018

Fishery, population characteristics and stock estimates of Nemipterus bipunctatus were studied during June 2015 to May 2016 from Wadge Bank, South India. This region is characterised by rich biodiversity and has a conducive influence of the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea. The asymptotic length (L?), growth coefficient (K) and arbitrary origin of growth (t0) were estimated as 30.5 cm, 0.85/year and 0.18 respectively. The mortality parameters, total mortality rate (Z), fishing mortality rate and natural mortality rate (M) were estimated as 2.20, 0.95 and 1.25 respectively. Exploitation ratio (E) was found to be 0.57 which showed marginal over exploitation of the species at Wadge Bank. This species has two recruitment seasons, one major season from October to December and another minor season in August. The length structured Virtual population analysis revealed heavy fishing pressure on the length group 24 to 28 cm and hence the delegoa threadfin bream was not found to suffer due to recruitment overfishing in Wadge Bank. Estimated total stock, Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) and annual catch were 5625.9348 tonnes, 1935.321t, 2419.152t respectively. Present level of Exploitation rate (U) and Exploitation ratio (F/Z) were estimated to be 0.43 and 0.57 respectively. The study infers the cod end mesh size of the trawls operated at Wadge Bank coast has to be increase from 10 to 25 mm to increase the yield per recruit, the effort could also be maintained as the exploitation ratio of 0.50 to have maximum yield per recruit. The study suggests reducing the present level of effort by 8 percent may be needed to sustain the stock of N. bipunctatus in Wadge Bank, South India
Toxic affects of chromium on some quality parameters of Sorghum bicolor (L.)
Authors: Sihag Sweety , Joshi U. N.
Published: April 2018

A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effects of varying Cr (VI) levels [0.0–4.0 mg Cr (VI) kg-1 soil in the form of potassium dichromate] on the some quality parameters of sorghum Sorghum bicolor (L.). Quality parameters was measured in terms of protein content, chlorophyll content, and IVDMD ( In vitro dry matter digestibility) content at different growth stages, i.e. 35 DAS, 70 DAS and 90 DAS (Days after sowing) that were adversely affected with an increase in Cr (VI) levels from 0.0 to 4.0 mg Cr (VI) kg-1 soil. The decline in protein content 4.67 g/ kg dry weight at T4 was observed as compared to control (T1) ( 8.96 g/kg dry weight basis) at 35 DAS in leaves , Total chlorophyll content declined from 3.25 mg g-1 fresh weight (T1) to 2.40 mg g-1 fresh weight (T4) at 35 DAS and IVDMD content declined from 43.60 to 33.60 per cent dry weight basis with increment in chromium concentration. It is concluded that Cr (VI) at higher doses (4.0 mg Cr (VI) kg-1 soil) adversly affects the quality parameters of Forage sorghum Sorghum bicolor (L.) however, quality parameters are responsible for nutritive value of sorghum Sorghum bicolor (L.).
Effect of varietal performance on growth attributes and yields of lentil varieties under red and lateritic soil of West Bengal
Authors: Biswas U. , Mandi G. , Bandyopadhyay S. , Saren B. K. , Murmu Kanu
Published: April 2018

A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2013-14 and 2014-15 at Agriculture Farm of Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan, West Bengal to find out the varietal performance of different promising entries of lentil on growth attributes and yield. Tendifferent varieties viz. Subrata, Asha, Ranjan, HUL 57, BM 6, BM 7, PL 406, KLS 218, Moitree and PL 6 was studied in a randomized block design (RBD), replicated thrice. Different growth and yield attributes were measured in the experiment to find out the suitable variety of lentil for the red and lateritic soil zone of West Bengal. The lentil variety PL-406 showed maximum growth potentiality among the other varieties just followed by another long duration lentil variety KLS-218. The lentil variety PL406 showed maximum growth potentiality among the other varieties just followed by another long duration variety KLS 218. Highest grain yield was obtained from the variety Ranjan (789 kg ha-1 ) followed by the variety PL 406 (785 kg ha-1 ) and KLS 218 (783 kg ha-1 ) respectively. From the result of the present experiment, it can be concluded that the variety PL 406 gave maximum vegetative growth, whereas the variety Ranjan produce maximum yield and found most potential variety among other lentil varieties under red and lateritic soil of West Bengal
Impact of drip irrigation and fertigation scheduling on tomato crop - An overview
Authors: Ankush Ankush , Singh Vikram , Kumar Vinod , Singh Dharam Pal
Published: April 2018

The primary objective of this review study was to determine the best irrigation and fertilizer scheduling practice in order to achieve maximum yield with maximum water and fertilizer use efficiency and highest nutrient uptake. It is found nutrient use efficiency could be as high as 90 per cent in fertigation as compared to 40 to 60 per cent in conventional methods. The amount of fertilizer lost through leaching can be as low as 10 per cent in fertigation whereas it is 50 per cent in the traditional system. It is observed that irrigation and fertigation scheduled at 75% ET and at 75% RDF, respectively could be a good alternate for saving water and nutrients with enhanced nutrient uptake, growth, yield and quality of crops. In this paper, the literature pertaining to the different aspects of fertigation and irrigation scheduling are reviewed.
Tolerance against ageing in different varieties of Brassica rapa var toria, B. rapa var yellow sarson and B. juncea( L.)
Authors: Jyoti Bhim , Rambhajan Rambhajan , Ushapant Ushapant
Published: April 2018

Seed deterioration is a serious problem in developing countries where seeds are stored in places usually without a proper control of humidity and temperature. In this investigation, an effort was made to identify crops as well as varieties of brassica spp. tolerance to ageing and predicting loss of seed viability at regular interval through standard germination under laboratory condition. Analysis of variance showed that mean squares due to crops, ageing periods and crop× ageing period were significant for % seed germination. Result revealed that standard germination declined from 95.63 to 37.54% in toria, 92 to 28.96 in yellow sarson, and 93.79 to 30.92% in mustard. Similar changes in germination % were observed at 9 and 12 months of observation. After 6 months, germination % declined from 95.13 to 35.50% in toria, 91.87 to 28% in yellow sarson and 93.33 to 29% in mustard. Analysis of variance showed significant differences for %seed germination due to varieties, ageing period and interaction of varieties × ageing periods. At varietal level AP2, AP3 and AP4 aged seed, Bhawani (82.66%, 68.16% and 28.17%) showed higher seed germination % respectively than other three varieties of toria. In case of yellowsarson and mus-tard least deterioration for standard germination were observed in B-9 and Kranti respectively.This study indicates that toria seeds have better storability than yeloowsarson and mustard. At varietal level good storage potential was found in Bhawani, B-9 and Krantivariety of toria, yellow sarson and mustard respectively than other three varieties of studied crops.
Impact of insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying on malaria case prevalence in Geita and Nyang’hwale districts of Tanzania
Authors: Gaudence Kiputa Thobias , Mwenechanya Roy , Choongo Kennedy
Published: April 2018

Malaria is a protozoan disease and one of the leading causes of illness and deaths in the world. Malaria is predominant in the tropics and subtropics, and it is reported that malaria kills a child every minute. In Tanzania at least 40% of outpatient attendances are attributable to malaria. This study assessed the impact of Insecticidetreated nets (ITNs) + indoor residual spraying (IRS) in Geita district, IRS alone in Nyang’hwale district and compared the two interventions between the two districts of Tanzania. In a retrospective cross-sectional study, district malaria surveillance data for five years (2011- 2015) and two years (2013-2014) were collected and analyzed for Geita and Nyang’hwale districts respectively. A total of 1,387,805 ITNs were distributed and 435,719 households sprayed between 2011 and 2015, however IRS coverage was uneven. There was evidence of malaria prevalence reduction from 53% to 12% in Geita district within the five years of intervention. The ITNs coverage was associated with a reduction in malaria prevalence while IRS was not. In Nyang’hwale district malaria cases increased from 103,788 to 123,337 cases in 2013 and 2014 respectively, and were accompanied by decreased households sprayed from 49,554 to 41,632. Furthermore, only ITNs had a significant effect in the combination. However, even at 100% ITNs coverage, the estimated probability of finding malaria cases would not be zero. Therefore, based on this study, the use of the two interventions that both use pyrethroids in combination has insignificant benefits and should be avoided unless IRS insecticide is not a pyrethroid.
Magnitude of bud blight disease of tomato caused by Peanut bud necrosis virus (PBNV) in Northern Eastern Karnataka
Authors: Vinaykumar H.D. , Govindappa M.R. , Aswathanarayana D.S. , Patil M.B.
Published: April 2018

The present study on magnitude and spatial distribution of bud blight disease of tomato caused by Peanut bud necrosis virus in major tomato growing area of North Eastern Karnataka through GPS approach during 2014-15, revealed that disease was found to occur at all the stages of the crop with characteristic symptoms such as necrotic rings with green or yellow hallow spots on leaves, later tip necrosis and die back. Further, presence of longitudinal brown necrotic streaks on petioles, stem and characteristic brown ring and chlorotic ring spots on green and red ripened tomatoes respectively. GPS based survey indicated that the % disease incidence varied from location to location (spatial variation), with the mean incidence ranging from 14.52 to 62.13 per cent. Among the six districts, highest incidence of 62.13 per cent was recorded in Kalaburgi district followed by Raichur, Bidar, Yadgir and Koppal with 60.35, 57.96, 45.68 and 37.13 per cent incidence, respectively and the least disease incidence of 14.52 per cent was recorded in Ballari district. The GPS maps plotted based on PDI scale (0-4) represents high risk areas of the disease in North Eastern Karnataka and higher magnitude of disease was recorded in many of the location surveyed were the tomato fields surrounded by alternate hosts of PBNV. The study signifies PBNV diagnostic symptoms and its prevalence in North Eastern Karnataka
Composition variation of essential oil of Cymbopogon spp. growing in Garhwal region of Uttarakhand, India
Authors: Bhatnagar Anju
Published: April 2018

The present study was aimed to find out the chemical constituents of essential oils of cymbopogon species,viz. Cymbopogon martinii var motia, Cymbopogon flexuosus Nees., Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt., growing in Garhwal region of Uttarakhand, India. The essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillationand subjected to detailed Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis in order to determine the variation in their volatile constituents. Twenty seven compounds are ?-pinene, ?-myrcene, Limonene, Cis-b-Ocimene, pCymene ,Terpinolene,6-Methyl hept-5-en-2-one, Citronellal, Linalool, Linalyl acetate, ?-Elemene, ?-Caryophyllene, Citronellyl acetate, Neral, ?– Terpineol, Borneol,Gerainal, ?-Cadinene,Geranyl acetate, Citronellol,Nerol,Geraniol, Caryophyllene oxide,Germacrene—D-4-ol,Elemol, Epi-?-cadinol, ?-Cadinol representing 92.24 to 95.86% of the oil compositions as identified. While comparing the common constituents of three different species of cymbopogon taxa , the remarkable variation in compositions of essential oil was observed and it was in concentration of nearl (0.40;34.9;1.6), gerainal (nil;47.5;0.96) geraniol (82.5;4.5;20.15) , citronellol (T;0.2;12.39) , citronellal (0.1;0.5;36.19) , and linalool (0.8;1.6;0.96) for C.martini, C.flexuosus, C. winterianus respectively
Studies on genetic variability for some metric traits in slender grain rice genotypes
Authors: Behera Biswaranjan , Sahu Simanchal , Kar Rajesh Kumar , Pandey Ritu Kumari
Published: April 2018

An experiment was conducted to study genetic variability in forty-nine elite slender grain rice genotypes for thirteen component characters including grain yield.The experimental materials possessed a considerable amount of variability for all the traits. Majority of the traits showed the smaller difference between phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV). Both PCV and GCV were high for grain yield (gm) (PCV:27.14%, GCV:26.27%), and fertile grains per panicles(PCV:20.61%, GCV:20.52%), indicating less effect of environment on these characters. PCV and GCV were moderate for characters like harvest index (PCV:16.99%, GCV: 14.18%), 100 seed weight (gm) (PCV:14.57%, GCV:13.82%), fertility percentage (PCV:15.72%, GCV:15.05%), flag leaf area (cm2 ) (PCV:17.83%, GCV: 17.74%) and days to 50 % flowering (PCV:11.20%, GCV:11.17%) indicating that there is considerable amount of environmental effect on such characters. Moderate to a high degree of heritability estimates were observed for the majority of the traits under study except for a number of effective tillers/plant indicating the low or negligible influence of environment in the expression of these traits and may respond to selection for their improvement. High heritability (H2 )estimates were associated with moderate to high genetic gain over mean (GAM) for days to 50% flowering (H2 : 99.35%,GAM: 19.52%), plant height (H2 :93.89%,GAM:14.01%), panicle length (H2 :94.06%,GAM:14.04%), flag leaf area(H2 : 98.93%,GAM: 31.05%), fertile grains/panicle (H2 :99.20%,GAM: 35.98%), fertility percentage (H2 :91.57%,GAM:25.34%),100 seed weight (H2 :89.90%,GAM:23.06%)and grain yield per plant (H2 :93.71%,GAM:44.76%) indicating the presence of additive gene effect and hence selection based on phenotypic performance for these traits would be effective.
Morphometric studies on the embryonic gall bladder and cystic duct of Gaddi Sheep in different prenatal age groups
Authors: Razvi Raheeqa , Rajput Rajesh
Published: April 2018

The objective in the present study was to reconnoiter the morphological structure and biometrical parameters of embryonic gallbladder and cystic duct during the fetal life of Gaddi sheep. A Total number of 40 Gaddi sheep foetii samples were collected irrespective of sex and without any external anomaly or pathology. The age estimation of each foetus was done and accordingly the foetii were grouped as; group-I (1-60days), group-II (61-90days) groupIII (91-120days) and group-IV (121 –full term). The gall bladder from each foetii were excised hygienically. Gall bladder appeared at Crown Rump Length CRL 6.0 cm (46 days of gestationl age) and was slate blue colour in fresh state and settled into the visceral surface of right lobe of liver. It had single opening which continued as cystic duct. The maximum length and width of gall bladder (1.85 cm and 0.75 cm respectively) and cystic duct (1.68 cm and 0.18 cm respectively) increased with the advancement of gestational age.
Induction of laccase in fungus, Cyathus stercoreus using some aromatic inducers
Authors: Yadav Bhuvnesh
Published: April 2018

To improve the feed quality removal of lignin from plant biomass is essential. To improve the activity of laccase of white rot fungi, aromatic inducers are used. In this study three inducers [Resorcinol (5mM and 10mM), Xylidine and Anisaldehyde] to induce the production of laccase enzyme in the culture of fungus: Cyathus stercoreus. Resorcinol (10mM) was found to be the best inducer among the rest. The enzyme activity was observed highest on the 8th day of induction (226.7U/ml). Protein content was also increased with the age of the culture. 80% ammonium sulphate was suitable for precipitating the laccase enzyme for culture filtrate. The laccase production can be enhanced with inducers and can be further used for the removal of lignin from the plant biomass.
Use of local bioresources for post-harvest management of white rot of apple caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea
Authors: Sharma Kishor , Raj Harender
Published: April 2018

Post-harvest fungal pathogens are reported to cause 10 to 25 percent losses in apple. Among various pathogens, white rot caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea is one of the important post-harvest diseases. Incidence of white rot was recorded between3.0-14.1 percent in important marketing yards of Himachal Pradesh. Golden Delicious variety of apple has been found to be most susceptible to white rot pathogen. Two botanical formulations by mixing equal quantity of leaves of Karu (Roylea elegans), Artemisia (Artemisia roxburghiana), Neem (Azadirachta indica), Bana (Vitex negundo), Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) and seeds of Darek (Melia azedarach) made in water and cowurine were evaluated against the white rot pathogen. Fruit dip for 30 minutes in cow urine based formulation did not allowed the disease development to form lesions in artificially inoculated apple fruits. Also, fruits dipped in cow urine based formulation followed by their storage in card board boxes at room temperature (25± 30C) for 30 days storage had minimum incidence (2.8%) of white rot disease. Therefore, dip treatment of apple fruits with different bio -resources including water and cow urine based botanical formulation separately proved effective in the management of white rot (Botryosphaeria dothidea) of apple.
Field evaluation of Musa germplasm for resistance against banana stem weevil, Odoiporus longicollis (Oliver) (Curculionidae: Coleoptera) in Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Reddy D. Srinivasa , Madhumathi C. , Naveena H. , Chowdary L. Rajesh
Published: April 2018

Banana germplasm with 17 different accessions for resistance were screened against banana stem weevil, Odoiporous longicollis in Koduru region of Kadapa district (Andhra Pradesh). All the accessions had infestation of stem weevil but with varying percent infestation. The 17 accessions of germplasm had weevil infestation ranging from 10.0–100 percent in 2012 with maximum infestation of 100 percent in red banana (AAA genome) followed by Bontha selection-88.88 % (ABB), Karpuravalli-84.60% (AAB) and Ellakibale-64.7% (AB) and the lowest was inSugandhalu-10.00% (AAB). In the year 2013, the infestation was in the range of 13.00-90.40% and with respect to infestation levels in different accessions, and the trend remained same as the earlier year wherein the highest infestation was recorded in red banana-90.40% followed by Bontha selection with the damage of 83.50 %, Karpuravalli (79.80%), Ellakibale (70.00%) and least in Sugandhalu-13.0% (AAB). There was no correlation between number of adults observed and percent damage and similarly no relation can be drawn between percent infestation and height of oviposition, This implies that the infestation caused by the weevils varied in different genotypes and also this information will be further helpful in selecting the resistant germplasms for future.
In vitro and in vivo effect of eco-friendly chemicals on alternaria blight disease (Alternaria brassicae) and yield attributes in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea)
Authors: Kumar Amarendra , Kumar Santosh , Kumar Rakesh , Chand Gireesh , Kolte S. J.
Published: April 2018

The present investigation was done to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of five eco-friendly chemicals in vitro and in vivo, on the management of alternaria blight and yield attributes in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea cv. Varuna). Out of five eco-friendly chemicals, K2SO4 1000 ppm (64.28%) followed by ZnSO4 1000 ppm (63.88%) showed maximum inhibition of mycelial growth in comparison to check. 0.5% concentration of KCl (57.06%) followed by CaSO4 (59.50%) and K2SO4 (62.20%) showed significantly maximum effect on spore germination in comparison to check (74.60%). Spore intensity significantly increased by all the treatments except CaSO4 at 0.5% (40.18%) followed by K2SO4 at 0.5% (29.86%) and ZnSO4 0.75% (5.11% reduction) in comparison to check. The significantly minimum disease index on leaf over check was found by foliar spray of CaSO4 at 0.5%(23.58%) followed by CaSO4 at 1.5% (24.00%) and Na2B4O7.10H2O at 1.5% (24.08%). Na2B4O7.10H2O at 0.75% showed significantly lowest disease index (23.91%) on pod followed by K2SO4 at 1.5% (25.75%) and KCl at 1.5% (26.00%) in comparison to check. CaSO4 at 1.0% showed maximum number of primary branches (7.00), number of secondary branches (13.00) and total yield/ha (1917.30 kg/ha) in comparison to check. The results obtained from the present study suggested that K2SO4 showed maximum in vitro effect on Alternaria brassicae and CaSO4 and Na2B4O7.10H2O are providing maximum reduction of disease and increase in seed yield/ha that leads to efficient alternaria blight disease management strategies in field condition. These eco-friendly chemicals can protect the crops from alternaria blight diseases and increase the production and productivity of the Indian mustard crop.
Impact of resource conservation technologies on soil health and productivity of wheat in rice-wheat cropping system
Authors: Mandal Sanjay Kumar , Kumar Rakesh , Kumar Amarendra , Kumar Sanjay , Singh Yanendra Kumar , Kumar Rajesh
Published: April 2018

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of resource conservation technologies on soil health and productivity of wheat in rice-wheat cropping system in split plot design with three replications. The physico-chemical parameters of the soils like pH and EC both maximum decreased almost significantly over control under treatments T2 (Ploughing twice by Cultivator, allowed to decompose weeds for a week then puddling by cross ploughing and planking), T3(Summer ploughing onset of monsoon by mould bold plough to invert the soil once in three years followed by subsequent ploughing by cultivator to puddle the soil) and C5 (GM + Paddy straw @ 50 q/ha) and C6 (GM + Rice husk @ 50 q/ha). Soil data revealed a highly significant increase in organic carbon content along with available N, P2O5 and K2O content under treatments T3 and C6 and their interactions(T3×C6)over control. This might be attributed to the improvement in physico-chemical properties of the soils. The significant (P<0.05) increase in yield attributes and yields of wheat grain and straw over control was observed under influence of the treatments T3 and C6 and their interaction except height and length of ear head. These observations were confirmed by the positive and highly significant correlation of yield of wheat grain with available N (r=0.74**), available P2O5 (r = 0.64**), and available K2O (r = 0.52**). Deep ploughing and green manuring in addition with other organic residues (GM+ rice husk) individually and/ or in combination improved the soil health significantly.
Quantification and classification of low back pain severity based on Aberdeen low back pain scale
Authors: Pandey Kumkum , Vinay Deepa
Published: April 2018

Occupational low back pain (LBP) remains the leading safety and health challenge for many industries. The present study was focused to evaluate the physical demands of the manual material handling task in terms of back pain to assess the potential risk of injury. This investigation measures the prevalence of low back pain of rice mill workers in Rudrapur block, District Udhamsingh Nagar, Uttarakhand. Sixty workers, extensively involved in manual material handling (MMH) task (including, loading, unloading, stacking, filling carrying of rice or paddy sack etc.) were investigated for the presence of low back pain and associated personal and workplace risk factors and symptoms. The severity, intensity; frequency, duration and medication of low back pain was assessed utilizing the ‘Aberdeen Low Back Pain Scale’ developed by Ruta and Garratt (1994) on the basis of scoring in terms of light, moderately light, heavy , very heavy and extremely heavy back pain. The interpretation of scores revealed that 18.33 % respondents were falling under the category of moderately light pain (M), 66.66 % respondents were under heavy back pain (H), only 15 % were under the category of very heavy back pain (V), whereas none of the respondents were under the category of light pain (l) and extremely heavy pain (E). It was concluded that there remains an interest in developing integrated models to predict LBP among Rice mill workers using ergonomic and psychosocial factors as well as control strategies to reduce risk of injury.
Regeneration of Indian maize genotypes (Zea mays L.) from immature embryo culture through callus induction
Authors: Malini N. , Ananadakumar C. R. , Ramakrishnan S. Hari
Published: April 2018

Callus induction and regeneration ability of five maize genotypes UMI 757, UMI 615, UMI 112, UMI 285 and CO 1 and one promising maize hybrids COH(M) 5 were investigated using 14 days old immature embryos as explants. Callus induction depends on genotype, explants (age and size of explants), medium, type of auxin and their concentration. Explants grown on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/l 2, 4 - D (2,4 – dichloro phenoxy acetic acid), 0.3 mg/l kinetin with 30 g/l maltose showed the highest percentage of embryogenic callus induction. Among the six genotypes tested, COH(M) 5 maize hybrids have highest percentage of embryogenic calli. The embryogenic calli incubated on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/l BAP (Benzyl Amino Purine), 0.2 mg/lNAA (Naphthalene Acetic Acid) with 1.0 mg/l kinetin was found to give the highest organogenesis response and regeneration of plantlets.
Utilization of extracted substance from Indian almond leaves, Terminalia catappa L. for preparation of folk medicinal cream for the use of skin protection
Authors: Muangthai P. , Chawenggrum P. , Khunwarakul W.
Published: April 2018

The aim of this work was to study the method to prepare the folk medicinal cream for the use of skin protection from the extracted substance of Indian almond leaves, Terminalia catappa L. in 4 periods as young green leaf , mature green leaf, orange red leaf and brown leaf by 4 methods. Tannic acid was the key index in preparation ,and tested by TLC and quantized its content. ?-carotene was also TLC test in quality check. The study showed that the brown leaves sample treated by heating at 100oC for 5 minutes and continue fermentation for 21 days, gave the extracted solution that contained highest tannic acid approximately as 80 mg/100g and was considered the best one. The extracted solution was used as one ingredient in folk cream. In this work, the four formulations with variation of extracted solution were studied and analysed total phenolic compound , tannic acid and antioxidant inhibition power. The cream with more extracted substance showed total phenolic compound , tannic acid more than those fewer content of extracted substance. This work found that the skin cream protection with antioxidation substance could made from extracted substance of Indian almond leaves.
Management of stripe rust of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) using fungicides
Authors: Devlash Rakesh , Kishore Naval , Singh Guru Dev
Published: April 2018

Under field conditions, various fungicide molecules were validated for their effectiveness on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) stripe rust Puccinia striiformis f. sp. consecutively for three years under artificial field epiphytotic conditions. Seven fungicides viz., propiconazole 25%EC (tilt @ 0.1%), tebuconazole 25.9% m/m EC (folicur @ 0.1%), triademefon 25%WP (bayleton @ 0.1%), propiconazole 25%EC (tilt @ 0.05%), tebuconazole 25.9% m/m EC (folicur @ 0.05%), triademefon 25%WP (bayleton@ 0.05%), and mancozeb 75%WP (dithane M45 @ 0.2%) with variousconcentrations were tested for their effectiveness in controlling barley stripe rust severity. All fungicide applications resulted in lower disease severity and higher grain yields than untreated check plots. All the fungicides @ 0.1% concentrations reduced disease severity ranging from 87.8% to 95.6% except Mancozeb @ 0.2% (34.4%). Significant higher yield was obtained with Propiconazole @ 0.1% (26.7 q/ha) followed by Tebuconazole @ 0.1% (25.2 q/ha) and Triademefon @ 0.1% (24.5 q/ha). The present study revealed propiconazole as the most effective fungicide for the control of stripe rust of barley under epiphytotic conditions.
Study on comparative efficacy of bio-organic nutrients on plant growth, leaf nutrient contents and fruit quality attributes of kiwi fruit
Authors: Khachi Babita , Sharma Som Dev , Vikas Ghumare , Kumar Pramod , Mir Muzaffar
Published: April 2018

The comparative efficacy of bio-organic nutrients on cropping behavior and fruit quality of kiwifruit was analyzed using farm yard manure (FYM), vermicompost (VC), biofertilizers (BF), green manure (GM), and vermiwash (VW). Among various treatments the combination of FYM at 15 kg/vine, GM, VC at 15kg/vine, BFat50-g/ vine and VW at 2kg/vine significantly improved cropping behavior. This superior combination also resulted in considerably greater amounts of leaf macro-and micronutrients: N (2.49%), P (0.26%), K (1.48%), iron (Fe: 208.0 mg/kg), copper (Cu: 17.8 mg/kg), zinc (Zn: 36.2 mg/kg), and manganese (Mn: 88.3 mg/kg),which might be responsible for better cropping behavior, productivity and nutrient profile for sustainable kiwi fruit production. It can be concluded that with use of various sources of bio-organic materials under organic farming regime, there will be sufficient improvement in fruit quality and plant nutrient contents.
Nutrient management for jute-rice cropping system using soil test target yield equation
Authors: Singh M.V. , Kumar Mukesh , Mitra S. , Naik M. Ramesh
Published: April 2018

A field experiment was conducted during the year 2011-13 to study the nutrient management based on soil test to achieve the target yield of jute and rice and their effect of soil nutrient status for jute-rice cropping system. The target yield of jute fibre (3.5 t/ha) with -6% deviation and target yield of rice (5.5 t/ha) were achieved with application of 100% NPK based on ST-TY based along with 5 t/ha Farm Yard Manure (FYM). The highest system productivity (11.7 t/ha) and benefit-cost ratio (3.16) was also recorded higher with application 100% NPK based on ST-TY based along with 5 t/ha FYM. The nutrient uptake by crops and soil nutrients status were higher after three year of jute-rice cropping sequence when NPK were applied with FYM. Hence, combination of inorganic and organic (FYM) fertilizer could achieve target yield and maintain the soil fertility status.
Assessment of manual load carrying and health status of women farm workers of district Sonipat (Haryana), India
Authors: Jena S. , Kumar A. , Singh J. K.
Published: April 2018

In present study an assessment of manual load carrying and health status of women farm workers of Thana Kalan village, Kharkhoda tehsil in Sonipat district of Haryana was conducted. A total of forty women farm workers between 25-40 years age were selected with at least five year load carrying experience, involved in farm work, with no history of chronic disease and willingness to participate in the study. The women farm workers carried water, fodder, cow dung on daily basis and seed, fertilizer and other farm inputs and farm produce on seasonal basis. It was observed that preferable mode of load carrying was head. The quantum of load varied between 20-40 kg. Assessment of health status revealed that musculoskeletal disorder was prevalent in all the age groups. Musculoskeletal disorder namely lower back pain was observed in 87.5 per cent women workers, neck pain in 72.5 per cent women workers followed by knee (32.5%) and foot pain (25 %). The pain severity was mild in most of the women farm workers and nobody was bed ridden for back pain due to load carrying. The younger age women (25-30 years) preferred traditional way of oil massage and rest for relief from back pain and neck pain after load carrying, while older women (31-40 years) had to take rest for back pain relief. The issue of occupational health disorder associated with manual load carrying by women farm worker has to receive attention to reduce the potential health risk.
Efficacy of new herbicide (bispyribac sodium 10% SC) against different weed flora, nutrient uptake in rice and their residual effects on succeeding crop of green gram under zero tillage
Authors: Kumaran S .T. , Kathiresan G. , Arthanari P. Murali , Chinnusamy C. , Sanjivkumar V.
Published: April 2018

Field experiment was conducted in the wetland farms of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during rabi season (August to February) of 2011-12 to evaluate the herbicide (Bispyribac sodium 10% SC) on weed control and their nutrient management in direct seeded lowland rice. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The results revealed that Early Post Emergence (EPOE) application of bispyribac sodium 10% SC 40 g ha-1 recorded higher weed control efficiency and lesser weed density, nutrient uptake at reproductive stage of the crop. Different weed management practices imposed on rice crop did not affect the germination of succeeding green gram.
Bio-friendly management of Guava fruit fly (Bactrocera correcta Bezzi) through wrapping technique
Authors: Mondal Chandan Kumar , Garain Prabir Kumar , Maitra Nilendu Jyoti , Maji Atit
Published: April 2018

Fruit fly (Bactrocera correcta Bezzi) is the major pest of Guava grown in Baruipur region of West Bengal, contributing upto 90% yield loss. The present study was undertaken during 2011-12 at farmers’ field to validate the wrapping of individual fruits at tree and to standardize the wrapping material and the correct technique of wrapping. Performance of nine different types of wrapping materials (butter paper bag, polypropylene bag of 20? gauge with and without paper piece inside, non-woven poly fabric bags of white, green and blue colour with 20 gsm and 40 gsm thickness) along with two chemical approaches were studied against untreated control. Fruit fly infestation varied between 1.32 % and 17.31% in all treatments using wrapping materials and 13.14% in case of combined use of pheromone trap (Bacu lure) and Dichlorvos spray as compared to 21.71% in sole use of Dichlorvos and 66.67% in control plots. Wrapping resulted in increased weight of individual fruits (112.58 g in butter paper bag compared to 68.40 g in control). Wrapping with transparent polypropylene bags (20? gauge) with partial paper cover inside, resulted in lowest yield loss (1.66%), earlier fruit maturity, better fruit quality (in respect of colour and glossiness), highest market price (`30 per kg) and highest net profit (`1.357 lakh/ha). This material is durable enough to be reused for 4-5 times. The partial paper cover helped to prevent scorching injury to the fruit as well as to control the humidity inside the polypropylene bag.