bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Circus, a Wild Man and a Dragon: Family History and the Villa Mattei
Authors: MacDougall Elisabeth Blair
Published: April 2006

The Villa Mattei in Rome, built in the 1580s, was renowned for its collection of antiquities. The collection was inventoried in 1614 on the death of the patron, Ciriaco Mattei. His will had established an entail on the villa and its decorations with the purpose of preserving the collection intact and in situ. Although the collection was dispersed in the 18th century and the garden's original design destroyed, the inventory together with 17th-century views make it possible to reconstruct the original layout and the location of the fountains and sculptural decorations. Two principal iconographic themes can be found in the decorations. The legend of Hercules and his labors is the subject of several of the fountains and of the labyrinth; there were also an unusual number of Hercules statues and herms in the garden. The Roman Circus with the games performed in it was represented in the Prato, the large hippodrome-shaped area by the main casino. The obelisk donated to Ciriaco by the Roman Conservatori in 1582 occupied the center of the area, and the terminal stepped exedra recalled the shape of the Roman circus, while statues placed in the Prato represented types of games performed in the circus. This paper relates the two themes to circumstances and events in the Mattei family history, explains the choice of themes, and suggests the probable purpose of the decorations.
The First Monticello
Authors: Waddell Gene
Published: April 2006

Thomas Jefferson became an architect while designing the first Monticello. His first house is one of the best-documented pre-Revolutionary buildings in the United States, and his records reveal why he chose an unusual location, how he used design sources, why he changed his designs during construction, how far he executed his designs, and why he largely destroyed the house. He prepared a series of three basically different but closely related floor plans: the first square, the second rectangular, and the third cruciform. His initial landscape design was to reshape the top of a mountain into a truncated pyramid with terraces. He later redesigned the house for aesthetic, rather than political, reasons.
Why Were Chang'an and Beijing so Different?
Authors: Steinhardt Nancy Shatzman
Published: April 2006

Historians of premodern Chinese urbanism have long assumed that the origins of the Chinese imperial city plan stem from a passage in the Kaogong Ji (Record of Trades) section of the classical text Rituals of Zhou which describes the city of the King of Zhou. Taking this description as the single source of all Chinese capitals, these historians have gone on to write that any Chinese imperial city constructed during the last 2,000 years not only has much in common with any other one, but that all have been built according to a single scheme. Yet the plans of the two most important Chinese imperial cities, Chang'an in the 7th to 9th century, and Beijing after the 14th century, indicate that a crucial feature of the Chinese imperial urban plan, the position of the imperial palaces, is in the north center at Chang'an and roughly in the exact center at Beijing, thereby dispelling the myth of the direct descent of all Chinese imperial city plans from the King of Zhou's city. Moreover, an examination of excavated cities of the first millennium B. C. shows that the Chang'an plan, the Beijing plan, and a third type, the double city, have their origins in China before the 1st century A. D., when the Kaogong Ji is believed to have been written. Moreover, all three city plan types can be traced through several thousand years of Chinese city building. After stating the hypothesis of three lineages of Chinese imperial city building, the paper illustrates and briefly comments on the key examples of each city type through history. More than 20 cities are involved in understanding the evolution of the imperial Chinese plans. Thus this paper also includes many Chinese capital plans heretofore unpublished in a Western language. The plan of Chang'an is different from that of Beijing because the latter city was built on the ruins of a city designed anew by the Mongol ruler of China, Khubilai Khan, with the intent of adhering to the prescribed design of the Kaogong Ji; whereas Chang'an was built according to a plan used by native and non-Chinese rulers of China only until the advent of Mongolian rule (with one exception.) Finally, this paper examines the assumption that there was little variation in Chinese imperial city building. A main reason for the assumed uniformities in Chinese capitals is because the imperial city is traditionally one of the most potent symbols of imperial rule, such that digression from it might imply less than legitimate rulership. Thus it can be shown that Chinese and non-Chinese dynasties had their actual city schemes amended for the historical record through the publication of fictitious city plans.
The Auxerre Cathedral Chevet and Burgundian Gothic Architecture
Authors: Titus, Harry B.
Published: April 2006

The Auxerre Cathedral chevet plays an important role in the concept of a "Burgundian Gothic" architectural style. Despite its importance as the first monument in Burgundy in which the impact of High Gothic Chartres Cathedral is evident, it has been interpreted as resistant to Chartres because of its "diaphanous" double-shell structure. However, when its hybrid nature is understood as the result of a series of dynamic, overlapping designs, it appears that the Auxerre builders progressively modified their elevation to reflect the new architecture at Chartres, while retaining the double-shell structure. The result proved to be aesthetically successful, but structurally compromised, especially in the buttressing of the high vaults, which had to be consolidated in the 14th century. Because it is a large, completed component of an episcopal complex, the Auxerre chevet has been considered to be the formative monument of a Burgundian Gothic style. Many of its features have been traced to "progressive" northern French centers, thereby emphasizing its "provincial" position. If its early sources are identified at Lausanne Cathedral and Nôtre-Dame in Dijon, the Auxerre chevet can be seen as a more distinctive synthesis of 13th-century architectural currents and as part of a complex and diverse development of Gothic architecture in Burgundy.
The First American Architectural Journals: The Profession's Voice
Authors: Woods Mary
Published: April 2006

American architectural journals first appeared in the second half of the 19th century. Encouraged by advances in printing and graphic technologies, they were part of a general trend toward specialized journalism during this period. The architectural periodical developed along with journals for women, clerics, railroad engineers, and grocers. Yet it also resulted from publishers' desires to capitalize on the success of house pattern books and the widespread interest in architecture that they created. Despite these favorable omens the early American architectural journals foundered; they had troubled and short lives, generally lasting only two years. The premise of this paper is that their success depended on the architectural profession's direct involvement and support and the backing of a major publishing house. Beginning with the first periodicals of the 1850s and 1860s, architectural journalism identified itself with the emerging profession; its editorials asserted the architects' primacy in design and construction and distinguished their role from the builders'. Professional and educational issues, in fact, took precedence over aesthetic and stylistic discussions in editorial columns and articles. Yet the journals displayed the same pragmatism that had characterized builders' guides and pattern books, the first architectural literature published in the United States.
Rebuilding the Temple: Constantine Monomachus and the Holy Sepulchre
Authors: Ousterhout Robert
Published: April 2006

The reconstruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem c. 1042-1048 by the Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX Monomachus marks an important turning point in the history of the building. An analysis of the surviving remains of this phase of construction suggests that the plan was determined by an architect from the Byzantine capital, and the construction was carried out by two teams of masons. One workshop was apparently from Constantinople, and the other was trained locally in or around Jerusalem. An analysis of wall and vault construction bears out this conclusion.
Notes on Viollet-le-Duc's Philosophy of History: Dialectics and Technology
Authors: Bressani Martin
Published: April 2006

In an effort to expand on the traditional rationalist interpretation of Viollet-le-Duc, this article explores his ideas of progress and history. Viollet's "reason" is described as a dialectical structure which develops in time, unfolding through history. From his description of the origins of architecture to his account of the great periods of mankind, Viollet's philosophy of history presents an ideology of freedom; and through it he attempts to demonstrate humanity's progressive transformation of a nature originally hostile to man into a new world in harmony with him. The historical dialectic follows three distinct stages: Asian civilization (theocraty), Antiquity (aristocraty) and finally Christianity (democraty), which is a synthesis of the previous two. Such trinitarian rule is basic to the dialectical process itself. It underlies not only Viollet's philosophy of history but also his philosophy of nature (theory of crystals). Technique is the realm of human activity which, for Viollet, best speaks of man's dialectical engagement with the world. Viollet's central notion of style defines a technical activity; an object endowed with style must result from the struggle between the real (the world of nature and tradition, the given facts from which human action starts out) and the ideal (the world of human aspirations and progress). Style is an expression of dialectical synthesis. It is in his description of the difference between Greek and Gothic architecture that Viollet's historical dialectic comes through most clearly. Greek architecture, for Viollet, is the first instance of an architecture which seeks to free itself from the enslavement to tradition. The static nature of Greek structural principles, however, still reflects a fatalistic vision of the world. In contrast, Gothic architecture is the birth of a radical spirit of invention which seeks to subjugate totally both nature and tradition. The principle of equilibrium basic to its structural organization is an example of man's cunning play with the forces of nature. It embodies the "Christian rule" which leaves to man his free will and the responsibility for his own works. Christianity is the last stage in the historical dialectic where man becomes "a creature in the image of the Creator."
Plan and Space at Amiens Cathedral: With a New Plan Drawn by James Addiss
Authors: Murray Stephen , Addiss James
Published: April 2006

The combination of a new measured plan, a detailed investigation of the building fabric and spaces, and a reinvestigation of the textual sources for Amiens Cathedral leads to a revised chronology and a new interpretation of the interaction between the visitor's perception of the building and the geometry inherent in the spatial envelope. We show how decisions made by the founding master mason, Robert de Luzarches, determined the entire plan, but also brought inherent structural problems that were exacerbated by revisions introduced in the last phase of construction.
The Site of Michelangelo's Laurentian Library
Authors: Salmon Frank
Published: April 2006

In his monographic article on Michelangelo's Laurentian Library in Florence, first published in 1934, Rudolf Wittkower relegated the history of its siting within the canonica (claustral buildings) of San Lorenzo to a third appendix. Since then a number of scholars have given detailed consideration to the site history, realizing it to be a significant aspect of Michelangelo's early career as an architect. The present paper maintains that some study of the canonica as Michelangelo probably encountered it should be prerequisite to any account of the site and presents new observations, measurements, and previously unnoticed 18th-century plans preserved in Prague to make such a study. The comprehensive publication of Michelangelo's correspondence, records, and drawings during the past 20 years facilitates reconstruction of the sequence of events in his development of the site, and this further illuminates the artist's working methods and relations with both his patron and his assistant. Consideration is also given to an abandoned idea for a library beyond the confines of the canonica, bordering on piazza San Lorenzo and perpendicular to the church façade. Documents from the Florence State Archive confirm the identity and location of properties as shown on Michelangelo's own plan of the vicinity, which is newly oriented, and the rejected scheme is briefly examined in relation to contemporary urban redevelopment in Florence.
York Minster's Nave: The Cologne Connection
Authors: Böker Hans J.
Published: April 2006

Within the stylistic development of English Gothic architecture of the late thirteenth century, the nave of York Minster stands quite apart for its clear continental orientation. Only the great western window and the high vault-both inserted after the structural completion of the nave-conform to the standards of the Decorated Style that dominated English ecclesiastical buildings around 1300. The architecture of the nave itself has generally been regarded as an offspring of the French Rayonnant Gothic, although no specific building could be positively identified as its source; comparisons have dealt exclusively with individual architectural features instead of the system as a whole. Cologne Cathedral, however, never hitherto considered a possible source of influence for York Minster's nave, resembles the English church more than any French cathedral and accordingly must be taken as its main and perhaps only source of inspiration. This German orientation of York, unusual as it is in the history of English architecture, has its parallel in some rather close historical connections between the English court and the German emperor and, notably, his archchancellors, the archbishops of Cologne.
"Pater urbis": Augustus as City Father of Rome
Authors: Favro Diane
Published: April 2006

Rome in the mid-first century B. C. projected an unattractive image. The urban infrastructure had long been mismanaged. Even public temples showed the effects of neglect. Focusing on immediate solutions solvable in a single term in office, Republican magistrates could not deal effectively with problems of urban care. Rather than enforcing extant regulations, the state relied inefficiently on private efforts and civil suits to maintain and protect the built environment. As a result, legal restrictions only marginally curbed poor construction and speculation. At the end of the millennium, Augustus assumed the role of pater patriae. As benevolent father, he exerted control over the Roman people at every level. Using a skillful combination of carrot and stick, he intervened in all aspects of the urban environment, building and repairing structures and reshaping legal and administrative provisions for urban care. For maximum efficiency, he redefined existing offices and established a clear hierarchy of responsibility. Exploiting the office of curator, he made appointments for lengthy terms and created permanent bureaucratic staffs. He involved every class in the care of the capital and made sure that all officeholders owed their allegiance to him personally. His efforts coalesced in 7 B. C. with the establishment of fourteen new administrative regions. Seen in totality, Augustus's seemingly ad hoc provisions for fire fighting, water distribution, building maintenance, and urban safety reflect a consistent policy of social control. His efforts to create a functional, attractive, and enduring urban environment were both paternal and calculated.
The East Elevation of the Sherman House, Newport, Rhode Island
Authors: Ochsner Jeffrey Karl , Hubka Thomas C.
Published: April 2006

A previously unknown photograph of the east side (rear elevation) of Henry Hobson Richardson's Sherman House, in Newport, Rhode Island, provides additional evidence for the influence of Richard Norman Shaw on the initial design of the house. The photograph reinforces the argument that the distinctive west-facing front gable was grafted onto the body of a largely Shaw-inspired house. This further demonstrates that the front gable must have resulted from Richardson's late intervention in the design process.
Giovanni di Lapo Ghini and a Magnificent New Addition to the Palazzo Vecchio, Florence
Authors: Spilner Paula
Published: April 2006

In a previously unnoticed provision of 1371, the Signoria and Councils of Florence approved a plan to construct an addition to the Palace of the Priors, now known as the Palazzo Vecchio. This article analyzes the main features of the provision, including financing for the project, selection of a building committee, and appointment of the architect Giovanni di Lapo Ghini as superintendent of the work. The implications of the term "magnificence" used in the provision to justify the project are examined in the context of the contemporary understanding of Aristotle's theory of magnificence. Unfortunately, the provision omits a detailed description of the addition. To clarify the nature of Ghini's project, the evidence concerning an earlier addition proposed by the Duke of Athens in 1343 is reviewed. On this basis, I conclude that very little of the duke's project was actually realized. Instead, it is proposed that the newly discovered project of 1371 revived the earlier idea of extending the Palazzo Vecchio to the east.
Expressionism, Relativity, and the Einstein Tower
Authors: James Kathleen
Published: April 2006

The Einstein Tower was the product of the complementary investigations of expressionism, reinforced concrete construction, and relativity undertaken by its architect, Erich Mendelsohn, between 1912 and 1920. The war-ravaged German economy of 1921, which impeded its construction, and the scientific agenda of its patron, Erwin Finlay Freundlich, which determined the character of its interior spaces, also helped shape its final appearance. Designed to serve scientific inquiry, it occupies a distinctive intellectual, as well as stylistic, position within the history of German expressionism. In this building Mendelsohn established the design approach that would characterize the rest of his German career, fusing attention to program with bold images of the thrilling instability of modern life. As its reception demonstrates, the functional aspects of the tower have been overshadowed by the degree to which its form has mistakenly been identified with a contemporary enthusiasm for mysticism, which in fact played no role in its design.
Urban Contingency and the Problem of Representation in Second Empire Paris
Authors: Mead Christopher
Published: April 2006

Charles Garnier's Paris Opéra (1861-75) and Baron Haussmann's contemporary replanning of Paris (1853-70) supposedly represent the Second Empire of Napoléon III. But this case study of the Opéra within the context of its quarter of Paris contradicts the usual assumptions that the monument and the city were either the inevitable products or the characteristic political expressions of the state. First, a chain of events dating back to the seventeenth century is reconstructed in order to demonstrate that the decision reached in 1860 to site the Opéra on the Grands Boulevards at the end of a projected new avenue was less the consequence of an imperial plan than the pragmatic result of the often contingent urban history of Paris. Second, the parallel and equally pragmatic evolution of the characteristic Parisian façade of a giant order on an arcuated base is traced from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries in order to explain why Garnier's Opéra and Haussmann's surrounding buildings came to have the same form of elevation. Interpreted in light of both the Opéra's own ambiguous status as a state institution and the ambiguous nature of nineteenth-century bourgeois civil society, this evidence suggests that neither urban nor architectural forms are fixed in their meaning, but tend rather to adjust their meaning to the changing circumstances of their use. This article concludes that a city and its monuments find their meaning in the continuous process by which a city's inhabitants shape and experience their surroundings, rather than in the episodic political programs of the state.
"The Century's Triumph in Lighting": The Luxfer Prism Companies and Their Contribution to Early Modern Architecture
Authors: Neumann Dietrich
Published: April 2006

Prismatic glass, which was a highly successful building material in the United States between the turn of the century and the 1920s, promised to refract daylight from the façades deep into a building and thus would help to save energy, create healthier working environments, and contribute to the development of a new modern architecture. The Luxfer Prism Companies were the inventors and most prominent producers of this material. The article examines selected examples of the firms' commissions in the U. S. and abroad to show the influence that both a product's real or assumed qualities and the promoting skills of its producers could have on the formal and structural decisions of architects. These projects present the architect less as the dominating force in the design process than as a participant in a complex dialogue among different partners. Luxfer contributed to the contemporary architectural debate by promoting the small-scale pattern of its glass installations as a competing vision of architectural modernity to that of the emerging aesthetic of steel and glass façades. In the early 1930s prismatic glass finally lost the competition with electrical lighting and new structural daylighting devices such as hollow glass blocks.
A Literary and Structural Analysis of the First Dome on Justinian's Hagia Sophia, Constantinople
Authors: Taylor Rabun
Published: April 2006

Many scholars have speculated on the shape of the first great dome on Justinian's Hagia Sophia, which was demolished in 558 after a partial collapse the year before. Rowland Mainstone has suggested that it was a shallow structure, anchored directly to the upper cornice at the culmination of the pendentives. His basis for assuming this profile is John Malalas's testimony that the new dome was constructed 20 feet higher than the first dome, which would thereby have been a full two-fifths shallower than its replacement. By accepting Malalas's testimony almost too eagerly, modern scholars subvert the eyewitness account in Procopius's The Buildings, which makes clear reference to a "rounded structure" resting on the main arches and standing below the dome itself. Such a structure, which according to Procopius contain the dome's windows, can only be interpreted as a drum. Procopius refers in almost identical terms to the central dome of the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople, taking pains to draw a parallel here with the drum of Hagia Sophia. Both churches, he attests, have this same "circular structure" resting upon the arches and penetrated by the windows. A later literary source confirms that the Holy Apostles did indeed have drums under its five domes, and most prominently under the central dome. If St. Sophia's drum accommodated the full height of the windows, and provided sufficient headroom for persons walking upon the cornice, it might well have been ten feet high or more. Malalas's 20-foot differential, if it is reliable in the first place, is not violated by this hypothesis; for it could refer simply to the relative depths of the first and second domes, while ignoring the lesser change in elevation implied by raising the first, shallower dome on a drum.
Denenchōfu: Building the Garden City in Japan
Authors: Oshima Ken Tadashi
Published: April 2006

This article attempts to identify the fundamental physical and ideological elements that shape Japanese urbanism. It examines the development of the suburb of Denenchōfu near Tokyo as an example of Ebenezer Howard's garden city idea and shows how it met the needs of a new social order during the period of modernization. Denenchōfu was planned and developed outside of Tokyo at the beginning of the twentieth century by a group, led by Meiji period developer Eiichi Shibusawa, that was inspired by Howard's urban planning ideas. Like most garden cities. Denenchōfu was transformed over time into a relatively conventional suburb. Nevertheless it became one of the most successful planned developments in Japan. Part of this success stems from its timely completion, which coincided with the huge population exodus from Tokyo following the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923 as well as from its prime location on the rapidly developing suburban railway network. Drawing from Japanese sources, this analysis traces the planning process of the project. It also examines the role of design guidelines and continuities with premodern forms in shaping the overall urban plan and individual houses.
Housing Ideologies in the New England and Chesapeake Bay Colonies, c. 1650-1700
Authors: Ameri Amir H.
Published: April 2006

This essay explores the ideological roots of the formal and the material differences between the domestic architecture of the New England and the Chesapeake Bay colonies in the second half of the seventeenth century. The focus is on a preference for wood-frame construction, and double, back-to-back fireplaces at the center of the house in the New England colonies, as distinguished from a preference for brick, and for protruding fireplaces at the opposite ends of the house in the Chesapeake colonies. Scholars traditionally attribute these differences to climatic and ecological differences between the two regions. Pointing out various anomalies that render the climatic and ecological explanations implausible, the article argues that the specific formal and material preferences in the domestic architecture of each colony were not so much pragmatic responses as they were attempts to give tangible physical expression to two very different world views: the Puritan and the Anglican.
The Imperial Fora of Rome: Some Design Considerations
Authors: Wightman Greg
Published: April 2006

Research in ancient Roman architectural design has come increasingly to the view that geometry was often as important as metrication and proportion. The present paper examines the contribution of both geometry and arithmetic to the design of the four imperial fora in Rome, as well as the closely related Temple of Peace. An analysis of the Forum of Augustus-the best-known of the imperial fora-shows that it was designed according to a geometric model with a particular size utilizing a "base dimension" of 146 Roman feet. Analyses of the other fora show that the same geometric model-but with a base dimension of 150 feet-can be used to generate their basic spatial divisions and dimensions. The model accounts not only for straightforward and integral dimensions or proportions, but also for irrational and nonintegral proportions hitherto unexplained. The article argues that the mixture of integral, nonintegral, and irrational metrication was a deliberate aspect of the design process, in line with the Early Imperial propensity to combine rectilinear and curvilinear architectural forms. The article concludes with a suggestion that the model originated in the Etruscan ritual division of space, which was adopted by the Romans and later applied to an increasingly broad range of building types. The model may thus have served as a kind of template or cosmogram whereby each building designed on it could embody essential features of cosmic order. It gave to each Roman building its uniquely "Italic" flavor quite separate from Greek "cosmetics." If the model's application proves to be sufficiently broad, then the possibility is raised of developing a "unified design theory" for Etruscan and Roman architecture. These issues will be broached in future articles.
A Note on the Dutch Origins of South African Colonial Architecture
Authors: Schellekens Jona
Published: April 2006

The accepted view is that the eighteenth-century colonial architecture of South Africa has Dutch origins. Jan van der Meulen has challenged this view in this journal. Previous research has looked for the origins of the mostly rural South African colonial architecture in urban Dutch architecture, but, as van der Meulen has noted, with meager results. This note suggests that rural Dutch architecture may be a better field in which to look. Much of the argument presented here is based on a comparison between South African colonial gable design and that in the Zaanstreek, a rural-industrial area north of Amsterdam.
Chicago's Mecca Flat Blues
Authors: Bluestone Daniel
Published: April 2006

This essay explores the Mecca, one of Chicago's largest nineteenth-century apartment houses. Designed in 1891, the Mecca's innovative plan incorporated an exterior landscaped courtyard and two monumental interior atria. The form and meaning of these spaces diverged in important respects. The exterior courtyards appropriated aspects of the single-family residential form and domestic ideology. The interior atria relied on Chicago skyscraper models and their cosmopolitan approach to the possibilities of density. Exterior courtyards later proliferated, while atria appeared in only two other local residential buildings. Nevertheless, the Mecca's atria possessed a sense of place that deeply etched the building into Chicago's cultural and political landscape. The building became the subject of 1920s blues improvisation-the "Mecca Flat Blues." In the 1940s and 1950s tenants waged a decadelong Mecca preservation campaign. Housing rather than Chicago School aesthetics provided the preservationists with their point of departure. Race interesected with space and Mies van der Rohe's vision of modern urbanism to seal the Mecca's fate. The essay's methodology develops the social and cultural meaning of form. Moreover, it demonstrates the importance of pushing architectural history beyond the nexus of meaning created by original patrons and designers. We stand to learn a great deal about architectural and urban history by studying how people have defined and redefined, valued and devalued, their buildings, cities, and landscapes.
Kandinsky's "Kleine Welten" and Utopian City Plans
Authors: Koehler Karen
Published: April 2006

Wassily Kandinsky's Kleine Welten (Small Worlds) was printed at the Bauhaus in 1922, shortly after he joined the faculty in Weimar, having left his post with the People's Commissariat for Enlightenment in Moscow. Kleine Welten illustrates how Kandinsky's utopian visions of community united with Walter Gropius's changing visions for the Bauhaus. Through an examination of Kandinsky's writings and drawings, as well as the historical conditions of their making, it can be demonstrated that his Kleine Welten portfolio is connected to material and imaginary city-planning efforts in Russia and Germany. Additionally, it can be shown that Kandinsky's portfolio is related to utopian theories and representational conventions of city portraiture. Finally, Kandinsky's ideas about social organization are shown to correspond to the shifting philosophies of art and life current at the Bauhaus in the 1920s.
Postwar Modernism in Mexico: Luis Barragán's Jardines del Pedregal and the International Discourse on Architecture and Place
Authors: Eggener Keith
Published: April 2006

The Jardines del Pedregal de San Angel, an exclusive Mexico City subdivision designed and built between 1945 and 1953, is widely recognized as one of the most important works of modern architecture in Mexico. A turning point in the career of its architect, Luis Barragán (1902-1988), it has also been said to mark the emergence of a distinctly Mexican modernism. Since the 1970s, Barragán's postwar designs have typically been discussed as Mexican in essence and association, yet study of El Pedregal reveals how this project was also informed by broader trends. For commentators in the early 1950s, much of El Pedregal's success and regionalist aesthetic lay in its sympathetic integration of architecture and landscape, and in this Barragán was clearly informed by the work of Le Corbusier, Richard Neutra, and Frank Lloyd Wright, among others. This paper considers El Pedregal as part of an international discourse, circa 1930 to 1950, on the integration of site and architecture.
Product engineering for crystal size distribution
Authors: Hounslow M. J. , Reynolds G. K.
Published: April 2006

Product engineering problems are considered that arise in the use of batch crystallization processes. Specifically forward and reverse process functions are identified that in the forward direction enable the calculation of product crystal size distributions (CSDs) from specified operating conditions, and in particular a specified temperature–time (T–t) profile. In the reverse direction the process function calculates the required processing conditions—the T–t profile—needed to make a specified product CSD. A series of example calculations is reported, based on the kinetics of the pentaerythritol–water system, that show that in the presence of nucleation and growth only, the relationship between desired, or target, CSD and required T–t profile is, in practice, unique. It is observed that some such profiles are either impractical or impossible, from which it is possible to conclude that the corresponding target CSD is itself impossible. A further example is considered in which the property function relating the product property (CSD) to the end‐use properties (cake porosity and filtration time) enables the specification of a target CSD and of the process conditions necessary for its production. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Anger expression and lifestyle incongruity interactions on blood pressure in Samoan adults
Authors: Bitton Asaf , McGarvey Stephen T. , Viali Satupaitea
Published: April 2006

Prior research on psychosocial stress and blood pressure (BP) in adult Samoans identified the separate influences of lifestyle incongruity and anger expression within the context of societal modernization. The objective of this cross‐sectional study was to determine the interactions between lifestyle incongruity and anger expression on BP in 376 men and women 25–65 years of age from Samoa. Participants were randomly selected from nine villages. Body mass index (BMI) and BP were measured by standard techniques. Anger expression was measured with an adapted version of the Spielberger Inventory. Material lifestyle was assessed by inventory of household items, exposure to news media, and off‐island travel. Occupation and education lifestyle incongruities were calculated by subtracting the standardized lifestyle scale from the standardized occupation and education scales, respectively. Two‐factor analysis of variance models with interactions were estimated within specific subgroups, with age‐ and BMI‐adjusted BP as outcomes. In women <40 years of age with a material lifestyle relatively lower than their educational rank, anger suppression is associated with higher adjusted systolic BP. In young men whose material lifestyle is relatively lower than their occupational rank, those who report frequent experiences of Samoan culture‐specific anger feelings have higher adjusted diastolic BP. We hypothesize that among young women, the higher BP may be due to stress arising from both a normative proscription against emotional expression, and a mismatch between their relatively higher educational level and lower material lifestyle. For young men, higher BP levels may be attributed to expected donations of earnings to the extended family that exceed their own material lifestyle, in combination with more frequent Samoan‐specific feelings of anger. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:369–376, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immobilization of enzymes in microtiter plate scale
Authors: Brandt Bettina , Hidalgo Aurelio , Bornscheuer Uwe T.
Published: April 2006

Different immobilization methods were adapted to the 96‐well microtiter plate scale using esterases as model enzymes. The methods tested were based on adsorption, coprecipitation, aggregation and covalent bonding. The protein covered microcrystals proved to be the best method in terms of yield and expressed activity for the test reaction, which was the alcoholysis of p‐nitrophenyl acetate with 1‐propanol under anhydrous conditions.
anti‐Hydrosilylation Reactions of Alkynes Catalyzed by Palladium Nitrate.
Authors: Kim Dong Hwan , Park Young‐ae W.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Highly Enantioselective One‐Pot Synthesis of Homoallylic Alcohols via Tandem Asymmetric Allyl Transfer/Olefin Cross Metathesis.
Authors: Lee Cheng‐Hsia Angeline , Loh Teck‐Peng
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalysis by Ionic Liquids: Cyclopropyl Carbinyl Rearrangements Catalyzed by [pmim]Br under Organic Solvent Free Conditions.
Authors: Ranu Brindaban C. , Banerjee Subhash , Das Arijit
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enantioselective Epoxidation of α,β‐Enones by Electrophilic Activation with a BINOL—Zinc Catalyst.
Authors: Minatti Ana , Doetz Karl Heinz
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Novel Tricyclic Pyrimido[4,5‐b][1,4]benzothiazepines via Bischler—Napieralski‐Type Reactions
Authors: Fu Renzhong , Xu Xianxiu , Dang Qun , Bai Xu
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A View and a Review of the Melting of Alkali Metal Halide Crystals
Authors: Galwey A. K.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Simple Guide for Predicting Regioselectivity in the Coupling of Polyhaloheteroaromatics.
Authors: Handy Scott T. , Zhang Yanan
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalytic Enantioselective Construction of All‐Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Jiang Chunhui
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hypercarbons in Polyhedral Structures
Authors: Jemmis Eluvathingal D. , Jayasree Elambalassery G. , Parameswaran Pattiyil
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reaction–diffusion systems for the microscopic cellular model of the cardiac electric field
Authors: Veneroni Marco
Published: April 2006

The paper deals with a mathematical model for the electric activity of the heart at microscopic level. The membrane model used to describe the ionic currents is a generalization of the phase‐I Luo–Rudy, a model widely used in 2‐D and 3‐D simulations of the action potential propagation. From the mathematical viewpoint the model is made up of a parabolic reaction diffusion system coupled with an ODE system. We derive existence and some regularity results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The stimulus–response curve and motor unit variability in normal subjects and subjects with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Henderson R. D. , Ridall G. R. , Pettitt A. N. , McCombe P. A. , Daube J. R.
Published: April 2006

The behavior and stability of motor units (MUs) in response to electrical stimulation of different intensities can be assessed with the stimulus–response curve, which is a graphical representation of the size of the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) in relation to stimulus intensity. To examine MU characteristics across the whole stimulus range, the variability of CMAP responses to electrical stimulation, and the differences that occur between normal and disease states, the curve was studied in 11 normal subjects and 16 subjects with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In normal subjects, the curve showed a gradual increase in CMAP size with increasing stimulus intensity, although one or two discrete steps were sometimes observed in the upper half of the curve, indicating the activation of large MUs at higher intensities. In ALS subjects, large discrete steps, due to loss of MUs and collateral sprouting, were frequently present. Variability of the CMAP responses was greater than baseline variability, indicating variability of MU responses, and at certain levels this variability was up to 100 μVms. The stimulus–response curve shows differences between normal and ALS subjects and provides information on MU activation and variability throughout the curve. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve, 2006
Symbolic model checking of extended finite state machines with linear constraints over integer variables
Authors: Takenaka Takashi , Okano Kozo , Higashino Teruo , Taniguchi Kenichi
Published: April 2006

We propose a symbolic model checking algorithm for a class of extended finite state machines equipped with integer variables (FSM/int). An FSM/int has several constraints on variable assignments, such as a variable of FSM/int keeps its value until the control visits at the definition transition and new value is fed via external input. Our model checking algorithm verifies whether an FSM/int satisfies a property described in CTL‐like expressions over integer variables. We have implemented a model checker, and verified that blackjack dealer circuits and a packet multiplex protocol satisfy some designated properties. We have found that the verification of systems with 100 states and 10 integer variables can be carried out in a few seconds in most cases (in the worst case, a few minutes). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 37(6): 64–72, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20264
Glancing interactions between single and intersecting oblique shock waves and a turbulent boundary layer
Authors: Mee D. J. , Stalker R. J. , Stollery J. L.
Published: April 2006

The three-dimensional interactions of weak swept oblique shock and expansion waves and a turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate are investigated. Upstream influences in a single swept interaction are found to be consistent with a model of the flow involving shock/boundary-layer interaction characteristics. The model implies that there is more rapid thickening of the boundary layer close to the shock generator and this is seen to be consistent with surface streamline patterns. It is also found that a superposition principle, which is inherent in the triple-deck model of shock/boundary-layer interactions proposed by Lighthill, can be used to predict the pressure field and surface streamlines for the case of intersecting shock interactions and for the intersection of a shock with a weak expansion.
Stability in systems with moving contact lines
Authors: Dussan V. E. B. , Davis S. H.
Published: April 2006

An energy stability theory is formulated for systems having moving contact lines. The method derives from criteria obtained from the integral mechanical-energy balance manipulated to reflect general material and dynamical properties of moving-contact-line regions. The method yields conditions for both stability and instability and is applied to the two-dimensional Rayleigh-Taylor problem in a vertical slot.
The Taylor internal structure of weak shock waves
Authors: Crighton D. G.
Published: April 2006

G. I. Taylor's solution in 1910 for the interior structure of a weak shock wave is, with appropriate generalization, an essential component of weak-shock theory. The Taylor balance between nonlinear convection and thermoviscous diffusion is, however, endangered when other linear mechanisms - such as density stratification, geometrical spreading effects, tube wall attenuation and dispersion, etc. - are included. The ways in which some of these linear mechanisms cause the Taylor shock structure to break down when a weak shock has propagated over a large (and in some cases quite moderate) distance will be studied. Different forms of breakdown of the Taylor shock structure will be identified, both for quadratic (gasdynamic) nonlinearity and also for cubic nonlinearity appropriate to transverse waves in solid media or electromagnetic waves in nonlinear dielectrics. From this a description will be given of the fate of a nonlinear wave containing a pattern of weak shock waves, as it propagates over large ranges under the influence of linear and nonlinear mechanisms.
A stability analysis of non-time-periodic perturbations of buoyancy-induced flows in pure water near 4 °C
Authors: El-Henawy I. M. , Hassard B. D. , Kazarinoff N. D.
Published: April 2006

A new approach to determine stability of multiple steady-state similarity solutions corresponding to laminar flows is introduced and applied to laminar flows in cold, pure water at temperature T∞ °C (near 4 °C) adjacent to a vertical, isothermal, plane surface at temperature T0 °C when 0 < R ≡ (4−T∞)/(T0−T∞) < 0.5, the region of buoyancy-force reversals. The results show that the steady-state similarity solutions recently found in this region by El-Henawy et al. (1982) are unstable, and thus should not be observed experimentally; while those solutions found earlier by Carey, Gebhart & Mollendorf (1980) may be stable. No unstable modes corresponding to their solutions were found. Some flows for R in the range of strong buoyancy-force reversals, 0.14 < R < 0.32 at Prandtl number Pr = 11.6, have been observed, for example at R = 0.143,0.254 and 0.317 by Carey & Gebhart (1981) and Wilson & Vyas (1979). The latter found time-varying flows in this region of strongest flow reversals.

The advantages of the method introduced are reduction of mathematical shortcomings of the traditional approach and relative ease of numerical calculation of the real eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. The disadvantage is that information on downstream, selective frequency, exponential growth of amplitude is lost. The theory presented may be regarded as an asymptotic limit of the standard hydrodynamic theory as the frequency of perturbations approaches zero.