bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La judiciarisation des patients psychiatriques : éléments de réflexion et applications pratiques
Authors: Bureau N. , Roy R. , Gendron P. , Millaud F.
Published: May 2021

Parmi les solutions possibles en réponse aux gestes violents commis par des patients psychiatriques, la judiciarisation demeure une alternative souvent méconnue mais qui peut pourtant s’avérer bénéfique et efficace.

Comment choisir, de façon éclairée, la judiciarisation face à la violence de certains patients ? Lorsque cette voie est choisie, comment s’applique-t-elle et quelles sont les démarches à suivre ?

Pour répondre à ces questions, il nous est apparu essentiel d’engager d’abord une réflexion plus globale sur l’utilisation de la sanction en psychiatrie. Nous évoquerons ensuite les avantages et inconvénients du processus de judiciarisation et, finalement nous illustrerons les modalités d’application de la judiciarisation et telles qu’elles ont été conçues et réfléchies à la clinique de dangerosité de l’Institut Philippe Pinel de Montréal.
Passages
Authors: Pedroletti J. , Cossy Y.
Published: May 2021

Confrontée à la nécessité clinique de quitter ses seuls référents contentifs (attachements, isolement, fermeture des divisions hospitalières) et de mettre en oeuvre d’autres paradigmes, l’équipe soignante de la section « E. Minkowski » du département universitaire de psychiatrie adulte de Lausanne (Suisse) a élaboré un outil de négociation pour des patients psychiquement décompensés afin de favoriser une contractualisation du soin. C’est ce travail et l’évaluation afférente que l’équipe infirmière présente dans cet article.
Green Bonds: Ownership, Friendship, and Kinship in Eighteenth-Century British Gardens
Authors: Châtel Laurent
Published: May 2021

This article sets out to recapture a sense of the collective and collaborative approach to gardening, arguing that the study of intermediality in the context of eighteenth-century British gardens is not just about the melting pot of sister arts, but also the meeting place of sisters-and-brothers-in-arts, painters, poets, amateurs, patrons, and professionals alike finding themselves connected in and through gardens—a shift of emphasis onto the human relations and brotherliness forged through the arts, which contributes to the social history of gardens.
Stemple Pass (2012) et le projet Two Cabins : l’architecture de la solitude selon James Benning
Authors: Volbeda Edo
Published: May 2021

Le projet Two Cabins de James Benning gravite autour de la reproduction de deux cabanes dans l’espace de son jardin. La première est celle d’Henry David Thoreau, auteur transcendantaliste de Walden ou La vie dans les bois (1854). La seconde est celle de Theodore Kaczynski, aussi surnommé « Unabomber », écoterroriste états-unien et auteur d’un manifeste antitechnologique. Cet article se penche en particulier sur le film Stemple Pass (Benning, 2012), qui confronte les écrits de Kaczynski à la reproduction de son habitat.
Continuous-variable quantum key distribution based on peak-compensation
Authors: Mao Yi-Yu , Wang Yi-Jun , Guo Ying , Mao Yu-Hao , Huang Wen-Ti ,   School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China,   School of Business, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China,   Hunan Aerospace Construction Engineering Co., Ltd., Changsha 410205, China,   School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
Published: May 2021

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) is an important application of quantum technology, which enables long-distance communicating parties to establish a string of unconditionally secure keys in an insecure environment. However, in a practical CVQKD system, the finite sampling bandwidth of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) at the receiver may create inaccurate sampling results, leading to errors in parameter estimation process and leaving a security loophole for eavesdroppers. In order to eliminate the finite sampling bandwidth effect, we propose a peak-compensation-based CVQKD scheme, which estimates the discrepancy between the maximum sampling value and the peak value of each pulse based on the characteristics of Gaussian pulse. The maximum sampling values are compensated by the estimated discrepancy, so that the legitimate parties can obtain correct sampling results. We analyze the influence of the finite sampling bandwidth on the security of the system, expounding the specific steps of peak-compensation, comparing the estimated excess noise before and after peak-compensation, and discussing the security of the system under Gaussian collective attacks. Simulation results show that this scheme can greatly improve the accuracy of pulse peak sampling and remove the finite sampling bandwidth effect. Moreover, the channel parameters estimated by the communicating parties are also corrected by using the compensated values. Compared with the scheme without peak-compensation, this scheme eliminates the limitation of the system repetition to the secret key bit rate, and has longer secure transmission distance and higher secret key bit rate. In addition, compared with other methods of solving the finite sampling bandwidth effect, the proposed scheme can be directly implemented in data processing stage after sampling without any additional devices, and thus increasing no complexity of the system.
First-principle investigation of hybrid improper ferroelectricity of n = 2 Ruddlesden-Popper Sr3B2Se7 (B = Zr, Hf)
Authors: Wang Chao , Zhang Ming , Zhang Chi , Wang Ru-Zhi , Yan Hui ,   Institute of New Energy Materials and Devices of Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
Published: May 2021

Recently, perovskite ferroelectric photovoltaic materials have been studied extensively. Traditional photovoltaic device usually uses the internal electric field formed by PN junction to realize the separation of photogenerated carriers to form the photovoltaic effect, while ferroelectric material, due to the existence of spontaneous polarization, can spontaneously realize the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes without the formation of PN junction, presenting the ferroelectric photovoltaic effect. Chalcogenide perovskite with suitable band gap and visible light absorption is expected to be a new generation of ferroelectric photovoltaic materials. However, its application is limited due to the lack of ferroelectric properties. Hybrid improper ferroelectricity (HIF) in layered perovskites has opened a new way for developing the new ferroelectrics. In contrast to the proper ferroelectricity in which the polarization is the main order parameter as the driving force, the improper ferroelectricity possesses the ferroelectric polarization that becomes a secondary order parameter induced by other orders. In this work, we study the ground state, electronic structure and hybrid improper ferroelectricity of n = 2 Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) Sr3B2Se7 (B = Zr, Hf ) based on the first principles. The total energy calculations and phonon spectrum analysis show that the ground state of Sr3B2Se7 (B = Zr, Hf ) is of A21am polar phase. The hybrid improper ferroelectricity originates from the coupling between two rotation modes of BSe6 octahedron. Electronic structure calculations show that Sr3Zr2Se7 and Sr3Hf2Se7 are semiconductors with direct band-gaps, which are around 1.56 eV and 1.84 eV, respectively. The ferroelectric polarization values calculated by the Berry phase method are around 12.75 μC/cm2 and 9.69 μC/cm2, respectively. The contribution of each atomic layer to the ferroelectric polarization is investigated when the Born effective charge method is used. The results show that the polarization of Sr3B2Se7 (B = Zr, Hf ) mainly comes from the Sr-Se atomic layers. To sum up, Sr3B2Se7 (B = Zr, Hf ) show strong ferroelectric polarization and good visible light absorption characteristics and they are expected to be candidates of a new generation of ferroelectric photovoltaic materials.
Poverty, Unemployment and Food Insecurity: Empirical Evidence from Nigeria
Authors: Enakhe Onime, Bright , Tamuno Stephen
Published: May 2021

The high incidence of poverty in Nigeria coupled with the alarming rate of unemployment has raised concerns among experts as to their likely relationship with food insecurity. This study examined the nexus between poverty, unemployment and food insecurity using the Johansen cointegration test and the vector error correction model. The result from the Johansen cointegration test suggests a long-run relationship between food insecurity, poverty and unemployment. Findings from the vector error correction analysis showed a positive but insignificant relationship between poverty and food insecurity such that a percentage change in poverty in the current period is associated with a 0.09 per cent increase in food insecurity on average, ceteris paribus. Besides, a positive and significant relationship subsists between unemployment and food insecurity where an increase in unemployment exacerbated the latter. Clearly, a 1 per cent deviation in the previous period unemployment level is associated with a 1.2 per cent degeneration of the food insecurity position in the short run. In the same vein, a 1 per cent change in unemployment in the current period causes a 1.5 per cent aggravation of food insecurity. Following the findings, this study recommends a multi sector-specific approach to solving the issue of poverty in Nigeria targeting agriculture and its employment generating capacity, creating the enabling environment through infrastructure development and improving the ease of doing business for the private sector to strive and enhance its employment generating capacities. The study concludes with a call for the implementation of a holistic food security policy targeting improvement in crop yield, internal security problems and the proper funding of agriculture to be effective.
Evaluation of the Gallbladder Wall Thickening as a Non-invasive Predictor of Esophageal Varices in Cirrhotic Patients
Authors: Shehata Nora M. , AbdelAziz Alsiagy A. , El-Megid Medhat Abd , Hafez Yasser M.
Published: May 2021

Background: Liver cirrhosis represent the end stage of fibrosis that destroy normal liver parenchyma and leads to serious complication as portal hypertension which result in esophageal varices (EV), EV bleeding leads to high mortality, so repeated upper endoscopy needed to control bleeding which is invasive procedure and of high risk of hazards as infection.

Our Study Aimed: to evaluate the Gallbladder Wall Thickening (GBWT) as a non-invasive predictor of Esophageal Varices (EV) in cirrhotic patients.

Methods: In this cross sectional study, we tested 120 cirrhotic patients at gastroenterology and hepatology unit, internal medicine department, Tanta university hospitals. They were divided into 60 cirrhotic patients with EV and 60 cirrhotic patients without EV. All patients were subjected to history taking,  physical examination, investigation (complete blood count, liver function tests, viral markers) ultrasound detecting (gall bladder wall thickness, portal vein diameter, portal vein flow velocity, portal cross sectional area and gall bladder fasting volume) upper gastrointestinal endoscopy to detect presence or absence of varices.

Results: Significant correlation was observed between gall bladder wall thickness (GBWT) and portal hypertension, GBWT ranged from 2.5 to 7 mm in group 2 (cirrhotic patients with EV) and from 1.5 to 5 in group 1( cirrhotic patients without EV).

There is significant difference between group 1 and group 2 as regard GBWT with (P value < 0.05), portal vein diameter (PVD) with (P value <0.05) and platelets counts with (P value <0.05).

Conclusions: We recommend thatgall bladder wall thickness can be used as a non-invasive predictor of esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients.
Neurophysiological Study of Alzheimer’s Disease and Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Patients. Is there a Common Link?
Authors: Papaliagkas Vasileios , Gkioka Mara , Mousiolis Athanasios , Chatzidimitriou Maria , Skepastianos Petros , Tsolaki Magda , Kazakos Kyriakos
Published: May 2021

Introduction:  Recent studies have shown that insulin resistance and deficiency, a marker of Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM), interact with beta amyloid and tau protein phosphorylation, which are the basic neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Based on these results, it was recently proposed that AD might be considered as ‘Diabetes type 3’. Aim of the current study is to assess the cognitive function of DM patients and Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients with neurophysiological and neuropsychological measures and seek possible correlations.

Methods: The study participants were divided into two groups: group 1 and group 2. Group 1 consisted of 24 DM patients (7 men, 17 women; age 70.6±6.5 (mean ± SD) years; age range 55-86 years. Group 2 consisted of 16 MCI patients  age 72.61±7.42 (mean ± SD)years; age range 58-89 years)   age-matched (t-value=1.06,  p=0.30) and gender matched (χ2=0.084,  p=0.772) with group 1 patients. All patients were assessed with auditory event-related potentials (AERPs) and neuropsychological tests, which include MMSE, MOCA, IADL, and HAMILTON depression scale. Latencies and amplitudes of the major AERP waves (N200, P300 and Slow Wave) were determined,

Results: No statistically significant difference was observed in the AERP characteristics and the performance of the patients in the neuropsychological tests between the two groups (p>0.05).

Conclusions: From the results of the current study, it appears that the higher cognitive functions of DM patients as assessed with ERPs and neuropsychological tests are affected in a similar way with that of MCI patients; a finding which supports the existence of common pathophysiological mechanisms between the two diseases.
Self‐Foaming as a Universal Route for Fabricating Liquid Metal Foams and Hollow Particles
Authors: Zhang Mingkuan , Liu Li , Zhang Chenglin , Chang Hao , Zhang Pengju , Rao Wei
Published: May 2021

The porous or hollow structure constructed by involving gas inside the liquid metal or liquid metal particles can reduce the density and increase the reaction sites. However, there is no universal route that can place bubbles in liquid metal from macroscale to microscale to prepare liquid metal foams or liquid metal hollow particles. Based on the oxidation reaction of Ga2O, self‐foaming as a general route for fabricating liquid metal foams and hollow particles is proposed. Those foams and hollow particles only consist of metal and its oxide, which can avoid the reaction between the liquid metal and the additives to obtain stable properties. The low density (0.6 g cm−3 for foams and 0.71 g cm−3 for hollow particles), the high conductivity (over 105 S m−1), and the low melting point (≈30.5 °C) are displayed. Besides, those foams and hollow particles can be freely and subjectively modified by other functional particles, such as Fe, Ni, and Si. Those functional foams are used in electromagnetic shielding and the 3D swarming behaviors of liquid metal hollow particles are realized under a magnetic field.
Blended phenotype of combination of HERC2 and AP3B2 deficiency and Angelman syndrome caused by paternal isodisomy of chromosome 15
Authors: Ueda Kimiko , Ogawa Satoru , Matsuda Keiko , Hasegawa Yuiko , Nishi Eriko , Yanagi Kumiko , Kaname Tadashi , Yamamoto Toshiyuki , Okamoto Nobuhiko
Published: May 2021

Angelman syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by intellectual disability (ID), a distinctive gait pattern, abnormal behaviors, severe impairment in language development, and characteristic facial features. Most cases are caused by the absence of a maternal contribution to the imprinted region on chromosome 15q11‐q13. Here, we present the first reported case of a 3‐year‐old boy with an atypical phenotype of Angelman syndrome due to uniparental isodisomy with two recessive homozygous pathogenic variants: in HERC2 and AP3B2. Known phenotypes related to HERC2 and AP3B2 include ID and early infantile epileptic encephalopathy, respectively. The patient had severe global developmental delay and profound ID and showed a happy demeanor, stereotypic laughter, and hand‐flapping movements, but also irritability. Craniofacial dysmorphic features, including brachycephaly, strabismus, wide ala nasi, short philtrum, wide open mouth, and slight hypopigmentation were seen. Progressive microcephaly was noted. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed delayed myelination and cerebral atrophy. Trio whole exome sequencing and CGH‐SNP array analysis revealed paternal uniparental isodisomy of chromosome 15 and two coexisting recessive diseases resulting from homozygous HERC2 and AP3B2 pathogenic variants. The pathogenic variant in HERC2 was inherited from his heterozygous‐carrier father, and the variant in AP3B2 was de novo. We suppose that these unusual features were the combination of the effect of three concomitant disorders.
Rare protein‐coding variants implicate genes involved in risk of suicide death
Authors: DiBlasi Emily , Shabalin Andrey A. , Monson Eric T. , Keeshin Brooks R. , Bakian Amanda V. , Kirby Anne V. , Ferris Elliott , Chen Danli , William Nancy , Gaj Eoin , Klein Michael , Jerominski Leslie , Callor W. Brandon , Christensen Erik , Smith Ken R. , Fraser Alison , Yu Zhe , Gray Douglas ,   PsychChip Investigators of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Camp Nicola J. , Stahl Eli A. , Li Qingqin S. , Docherty Anna R. , Coon Hilary
Published: May 2021

Identification of genetic factors leading to increased risk of suicide death is critical to combat rising suicide rates, however, only a fraction of the genetic variation influencing risk has been accounted for. To address this limitation, we conducted the first comprehensive analysis of rare genetic variation in suicide death leveraging the largest suicide death biobank, the Utah Suicide Genetic Risk Study (USGRS). We conducted a single‐variant association analysis of rare (minor allele frequency <1%) putatively functional single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) present on the Illumina PsychArray genotyping array in 2,672 USGRS suicide deaths of non‐Finnish European (NFE) ancestry and 51,583 NFE controls from the Genome Aggregation Database. Secondary analyses used an independent control sample of 21,324 NFE controls from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Five novel, high‐impact, rare SNPs were identified with significant associations with suicide death (SNAPC1, rs75418419; TNKS1BP1, rs143883793; ADGRF5, rs149197213; PER1, rs145053802; and ESS2, rs62223875). 119 suicide decedents carried these high‐impact SNPs. Both PER1 and SNAPC1 have other supporting gene‐level evidence of suicide risk, and psychiatric associations exist for PER1 (bipolar disorder, schizophrenia), and for TNKS1BP1 and ESS2 (schizophrenia). Three of the genes (PER1, TNKS1BP1, and ADGRF5), together with additional genes implicated by genome‐wide association studies on suicidal behavior, showed significant enrichment in immune system, homeostatic and signal transduction processes. No specific diagnostic phenotypes were associated with the subset of suicide deaths with the identified rare variants. These findings suggest an important role for rare variants in suicide risk and implicate genes and gene pathways for targeted replication.
Efficacy, Safety, and Pharmacodynamic Effects of the Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Fenebrutinib (GDC‐0853) in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Results of a Phase II, Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Trial
Authors: Isenberg David , Furie Richard , Jones Nicholas S. , Guibord Pascal , Galanter Joshua , Lee Chin , McGregor Anna , Toth Balazs , Rae Julie , Hwang Olivia , Desai Rupal , Lokku Armend , Ramamoorthi Nandhini , Hackney Jason A. , Miranda Pedro , de Souza Viviane A. , Jaller‐Raad Juan J. , Maura Fernandes Anna , Garcia Salinas Rodrigo , Chinn Leslie W. , Townsend Michael J. , Morimoto Alyssa M. , Tuckwell Katie
Published: May 2021

Objective

Fenebrutinib (GDC‐0853) is a noncovalent, oral, and highly selective inhibitor of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK). The efficacy, safety, and pharmacodynamics of fenebrutinib in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were assessed in this phase II, multicenter, randomized, placebo‐controlled study.

Methods

Patients who had moderately to severely active SLE while receiving background standard therapy were randomized to receive placebo, fenebrutinib 150 mg once daily, or fenebrutinib 200 mg twice daily. Glucocorticoid taper was recommended from weeks 0 to 12 and from weeks 24 to 36. The primary end point was the SLE Responder Index 4 (SRI‐4) response at week 48.

Results

Patients (n = 260) were enrolled from 44 sites in 12 countries, with the majority from Latin America, the US, and Western Europe. The SRI‐4 response rates at week 48 were 51% for fenebrutinib 150 mg once daily (P = 0.37 versus placebo), 52% for fenebrutinib 200 mg twice daily (P = 0.34 versus placebo), and 44% for placebo. British Isles Lupus Assessment Group–based Combined Lupus Assessment response rates at week 48 were 53% for fenebrutinib 150 mg once daily (P = 0.086 versus placebo), 42% for fenebrutinib 200 mg twice daily (P = 0.879 versus placebo), and 41% for placebo. Safety results were similar across all arms, although serious adverse events were more frequent with fenebrutinib 200 mg twice daily. By week 48, patients treated with fenebrutinib had reduced levels of a BTK‐dependent plasmablast RNA signature, anti–double‐stranded DNA autoantibodies, total IgG, and IgM, as well as increased complement C4 levels, all relative to placebo.

Conclusion

While fenebrutinib had an acceptable safety profile, the primary end point, SRI‐4 response, was not met despite evidence of strong pathway inhibition.
Expansion of Fcγ Receptor IIIa–Positive Macrophages, Ficolin 1–Positive Monocyte‐Derived Dendritic Cells, and Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Associated With Severe Skin Disease in Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: Xue Dan , Tabib Tracy , Morse Christina , Yang Yi , Domsic Robyn T. , Khanna Dinesh , Lafyatis Robert
Published: May 2021

Objective

In this study, we sought a comprehensive understanding of myeloid cell types driving fibrosis in diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (dcSSc) skin.

Methods

We analyzed the transcriptomes of 2,465 myeloid cells from skin biopsy specimens from 12 dcSSc patients and 10 healthy control subjects using single‐cell RNA sequencing. Monocyte‐derived dendritic cells (mo‐DCs) were assessed using immunohistochemical staining and immunofluorescence analyses targeting ficolin‐1 (FCN‐1).

Results

A t‐distributed stochastic neighbor embedding analysis of single‐cell transcriptome data revealed 12 myeloid cell clusters, 9 of which paralleled previously described healthy control macrophage/DC clusters, and 3 of which were dcSSc‐specific myeloid cell clusters. One SSc‐associated macrophage cluster, highly expressing Fcγ receptor IIIA, was suggested on pseudotime analysis to be derived from normal CCR1+ and MARCO+ macrophages. A second SSc‐associated myeloid population highly expressed monocyte markers FCN‐1, epiregulin, S100A8, and S100A9, but was closely related to type 2 conventional DCs on pseudotime analysis and identified as mo‐DCs. Mo‐DCs were associated with more severe skin disease. Proliferating macrophages and plasmacytoid DCs were detected almost exclusively in dcSSc skin, the latter clustering with B cells and apparently derived from lymphoid progenitors.

Conclusion

Transcriptional signatures in these and other myeloid populations indicate innate immune system activation, possibly through Toll‐like receptors and highly up‐regulated chemokines. However, the appearance and activation of myeloid cells varies between patients, indicating potential differences in the underlying pathogenesis and/or temporal disease activity in dcSSc.
Mutational profile of ZBTB16‐RARA‐positive acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Fabiani Emiliano , Cicconi Laura , Nardozza Anna Maria , Cristiano Antonio , Rossi Marianna , Ottone Tiziana , Falconi Giulia , Divona Mariadomenica , Testi Anna Maria , Annibali Ombretta , Castelli Roberto , Lazarevic Vladimir , Rego Eduardo , Montesinos Pau , Esteve Jordi , Venditti Adriano , Della Porta Matteo , Arcese William , Lo‐Coco Francesco , Voso Maria Teresa
Published: May 2021

Background

The ZBTB16‐RARA fusion gene, resulting from the reciprocal translocation between ZBTB16 on chromosome 11 and RARA genes on chromosome 17 [t(11;17)(q23;q21)], is rarely observed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and accounts for about 1% of retinoic acid receptor‐α (RARA) rearrangements. AML with this rare translocation shows unusual bone marrow (BM) morphology, with intermediate aspects between acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and AML with maturation. Patients may have a high incidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation at diagnosis, are poorly responsive to all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic tryoxyde, and are reported to have an overall poor prognosis.

Aims

The mutational profile of ZBTB16‐RARA rearranged AML has not been described so far.

Materials and methods

We performed targeted next‐generation sequencing of 24 myeloid genes in BM diagnostic samples from seven ZBTB16‐RARA+AML, 103 non‐RARA rearranged AML, and 46 APL. The seven ZBTB16‐RARA‐positive patients were then screened for additional mutations using whole exome sequencing (n = 3) or an extended cancer panel including 409 genes (n = 4).

Results

ZBTB16‐RARA+AML showed an intermediate number of mutations per patient and involvement of different genes, as compared to APL and other AMLs. In particular, we found a high incidence of ARID1A mutations in ZBTB16‐RARA+AML (five of seven cases, 71%). Mutations in ARID2 and SMARCA4, other tumor suppressor genes also belonging to SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes, were also identified in one case (14%).

Discussion and conclusion

Our data suggest the association of mutations of the ARID1A gene and of the other members of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes with ZBTB16‐RARA+AMLs, where they may support the peculiar disease phenotype.
Thyroid dysfunction and breast cancer risk among women in the UK Biobank cohort
Authors: Tran Thi‐Van‐Trinh , Maringe Camille , Benitez Majano Sara , Rachet Bernard , Boutron‐Ruault Marie‐Christine , Journy Neige
Published: May 2021

This study aimed to evaluate the association between thyroid dysfunction and breast cancer risk. We included 239,436 females of the UK Biobank cohort. Information on thyroid dysfunction, personal and family medical history, medications, reproductive factors, lifestyle, and socioeconomic characteristics was retrieved from baseline self‐reported data and hospital inpatient databases. Breast cancer diagnoses were identified through population‐based registries. We computed Cox models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) of breast cancer incidence for thyroid dysfunction diagnosis and treatments, and examined potential confounding and effect modification by comorbidities and breast cancer risk factors. In our study, 3,227 (1.3%) and 20,762 (8.7%) women had hyper‐ and hypothyroidism prior to the baseline. During a median follow‐up of 7.1 years, 5,326 (2.2%) women developed breast cancer. Compared to no thyroid dysfunction, there was no association between hypothyroidism and breast cancer risk overall (HR = 0.93, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.84–1.02, 442 cases), but we found a decreased risk more than 10 years after hypothyroidism diagnosis (HR=0.85, 95%CI 0.74–0.97, 226 cases). There was no association with hyperthyroidism overall (HR=1.08, 95%CI 0.86–1.35, 79 cases) but breast cancer risk was elevated among women with treated hyperthyroidism (HR=1.38, 95%CI: 1.03–1.86, 44 cases) or aged 60 years or more at hyperthyroidism diagnosis (HR=1.74, 95%CI: 1.01–3.00, 113 cases), and 5–10 years after hyperthyroidism diagnosis (HR=1.58, 95%CI: 1.06–2.33, 25 cases). In conclusion, breast cancer risk was reduced long after hypothyroidism diagnosis, but increased among women with treated hyperthyroidism. Future studies are needed to determine whether the higher breast cancer risk observed among treated hyperthyroidism could be explained by hyperthyroidism severity, type of treatment or aetiology.
ASFNet: Adaptive multiscale segmentation fusion network for real‐time semantic segmentation
Authors: Zha Hengfeng , Liu Rui , Yang Xin , Zhou Dongsheng , Zhang Qiang , Wei Xiaopeng
Published: May 2021

Recently, the development of deep learning has facilitated continuous progress in the field of computer vision. Pixel‐level semantic segmentation serves as a fundamental task in computer vision. It achieves significant results by connecting wider and deeper backbone networks and building fine‐grained segmentation heads. However, applications such as self‐driving cars are more critical to the computational speed of the algorithms. The trade‐off between accuracy and real‐time performance of existing algorithms is still a challenging task. To address this challenge, this article proposes an adaptive multiscale segmentation fusion network to fuse multiscale contextual, which designs an adaptive multiscale segmentation fusion module based on an attention mechanism. Using segmentation fusion instead of feature fusion, the multiscale segmentation results are aggregated to obtain more precise segmentation results. The final results achieved 70.9% mIoU of accuracy in the Cityspace test set, processing images at 61 FPS when the input is 1024 × 2048. In addition, when adjusting the input size to 512 × 1024, the images are processed at 185 FPS.
Hg0 Removal by Straw Biochars Prepared with Clean Microwave/H2O2 Modification
Authors: Cui Shuaibo , Shan Ye , Liu Yangxian
Published: May 2021

Biochar is one of the most promising adsorbents for Hg0 from flue gas due to renewable raw materials. Cotton straw and maize straw biochars prepared by microwave activation and H2O2 modification were used for removing Hg0 from flue gas. Hg0 capture efficiency and mechanism on biochars were studied. Cotton straw and maize straw biochars modified with 2 and 10 % H2O2, respectively, show optimal Hg0 removal performance exceeding that of activated carbon. Microwave activation and H2O2 impregnation greatly improve the BET surface areas of the biochars. H2O2 impregnation increases the number of O‐containing functional groups, i.e., O–H and C–O, on the biochar surface, enhancing Hg0 removal. Chemisorption dominates the Hg0 capture on biochars.
Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology Supports the Bridging From i.v. Dosing and Approval of s.c. Rituximab in B‐Cell Hematological Malignancies
Authors: Jamois Candice , Gibiansky Ekaterina , Gibiansky Leonid , Chavanne Clarisse , Morcos Peter N. , McIntyre Christine , Barrett Martin , Lundberg Linda , Zharkov Artem , Boehnke Axel , Frey Nicolas
Published: May 2021

A fixed‐dose subcutaneous (s.c.) formulation of the anti‐CD20 antibody, rituximab, has been developed to address safety, infusion time, and patient comfort concerns relating to intravenous (i.v.) dosing, and has been approved based upon a pharmacokinetic (PK)–clinical bridging strategy, which demonstrated noninferiority of s.c. vs. i.v. dosing in malignancies, including follicular lymphoma (FL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). A clinical development plan was undertaken to identify rituximab s.c. doses achieving noninferior exposure to rituximab i.v., and to confirm PK–clinical bridging, with the same efficacy and similar safety. This drew upon data from 1,579 patients with FL, CLL, or diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma in 5 clinical studies, and showed minimum steady‐state serum concentration (Ctrough) as the most appropriate exposure bridging measure. Population PK models were developed, simulations were run using covariates and PK parameters from clinical studies, and exposure–efficacy and –safety analyses performed. Population PKs showed a two‐compartment model with time‐dependent and ‐independent clearances. Clearance and volume were predominantly influenced by body surface area; disposition and elimination were similar for the s.c. and i.v. formulations. After s.c. administration, patients with FL and CLL achieved noninferior exposures to i.v. dosing. Overall, rituximab exposure and route of administration did not influence clinical responses in patients with FL or CLL, and there was no association between exposure and safety events. Ctrough was shown to be an effective pharmacologic–clinical bridging parameter for rituximab in patients with FL or CLL. Clinically effective exposures are achieved with either s.c. or i.v. dosing.
CRISPR Screens in Toxicology Research: An Overview
Authors: Sobh Amin , Russo Max , Vulpe Christopher D.
Published: May 2021

The use of genome editing tools is expanding our understanding of various human diseases by providing insight into gene–disease interactions. Despite the recognized role of toxicants in the development of human health issues and conditions, there is currently limited characterization of their mechanisms of action, and the application of CRISPR‐based genome editing to the study of toxicants could help in the identification of novel gene–environment interactions. CRISPR‐based functional screens enable identification of cellular mechanisms fundamental for response and susceptibility to a given toxicant. The aim of this review is to inform future directions in the application of CRISPR technologies in toxicological studies. We review and compare different types of CRISPR‐based methods including pooled, anchored, combinatorial, and perturb‐sequencing screens in vitro, in addition to pooled screenings in model organisms. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Cryopreservation Protocols for Genetically Engineered Mice
Authors: Longenecker Glenn , Cho Kyoungin , Khillan Jaspal S. , Kulkarni Ashok B.
Published: May 2021

Protocols for cryopreservation of mouse embryos and sperm are important for preserving genetically engineered mice (GEMs) used in research to study human development and diseases. Embryo cryopreservation is mainly carried out using either of two protocols: controlled gradual cooling or vitrification. Sperm cryopreservation protocols include two methodologies that are commonly referred to as JAX and CARD. Quality‐control measures are necessary to ensure that GEMs are properly cryopreserved so that they can be retrieved for future use. An archiving system is also important in keeping proper records of frozen sperm and embryos. Frozen embryos and sperm are now preferred over live mice for shipping to distant locations. This article describes detailed protocols used in cryopreservation of mouse embryos and sperm, as well as their retrieval to live mice. © 2021 U.S. Government.

This article was corrected on 28 July 2022. See the end of the full text for details.

Sperm cryopreservation

Basic Protocol 1: JAX protocol for sperm cryopreservation

Support Protocol 1: JAX protocol for making sperm cryopreservation medium

Basic Protocol 2: JAX protocol for IVF of mouse sperm

Alternate Protocol 1: Modified CARD protocol for sperm cryopreservation

Support Protocol 2: CARD protocol for making sperm cryopreservation medium

Alternate Protocol 2: CARD protocol for IVF of mouse sperm

Embryo cryopreservation

Basic Protocol 3: Cryopreserving and thawing 2‐cell embryos

Alternate Protocol 3: Cryopreserving and thawing 8‐cell to morula‐stage embryos

Surgical transfer of embryos

Basic Protocol 4: Infundibulum transfer of 2‐cell to morula‐stage embryos
The Potassium Paradox
Authors: Winsor Susan
Published: May 2021

The type of clay you have in your soil could make a $10,000 or more difference in your potassium (K) availability. Groundbreaking research by North Dakota State University (NDSU) Extension Soil Specialist David Franzen and others reveals that a soil’s clay mineralogy is responsible for K fixation (tie‐up in unavailable forms). Earn 1.5 CEUs in Soil & Water Management by reading the article and taking the quiz at www.certifiedcropadviser.org/education/classroom/classes/982.
Theoretical analysis of electron acoustic shock waves in magnetized superthermal plasma with electron beam
Authors: Bansal Sona , Gill Tarsem S.
Published: May 2021

We have analysed the small‐amplitude non‐linear electron acoustic shock waves by taking into account the effects of electron beam in magnetized plasma. Satellite observations in different regions of the Earth's magnetosphere have shown that the electrostatic solitary waves are generally associated with electron or/and ion beams. The nonlinear Korteweg‐de‐Vries Burgers (KdVB) equation has been derived by considering the basic fluid equations and dissipation effects. The nonlinear coefficient of KdVB equation comes out to be negative. Only dip‐shaped potential structures are reported here. For the parameters discussed in this paper, we did not find positive polarity shocks. This could be due to the restrictions on the plasma parameters since we are using the fixed densities of the cold, hot, and beam electrons as observed by the Viking satellite in the auroral region. In this paper, the importance of the cold electron to hot electron temperature in conjunction with the beam speed is pointed out. Increase in beam density, kinematic viscosity, and magnetic field results in increase in the amplitude while the increase in hot electron concentration and superthermality leads to decrease in potential. The numerical analysis is presented for the parameters corresponding to the observation of burst b event by Viking satellite in the dayside auroral zone of the earth's magnetosphere.
Development and validation of a high‐sensitivity assay for measuring p217+tau in plasma
Authors: Triana‐Baltzer Gallen , Moughadam Setareh , Slemmon Randy , Van Kolen Kristof , Theunis Clara , Mercken Marc , Kolb Hartmuth C.
Published: May 2021

Introduction

Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on amyloid beta (A), pathologic tau (T), and neurodegeneration (N) biomarkers in peripheral fluids promises to accelerate clinical trials and intercept disease earlier.

Methods

Qualification of a Simoa plasma p217+tau assay was performed, followed by clinical utility evaluation in a cohort of 227 subjects with broad A and T spectrum.

Results

The p217+tau plasma assay was accurate, precise, dilution linear, and highly sensitive. All measured samples were within linear range of the assay, presented higher concentration in AD versus healthy controls (P < .0001), and plasma and cerebrospinal fluid levels correlated (r2 = 0.35). The plasma p217+tau results were predictive of central T and A status (area under the curve = 0.90 and 0.90, respectively) with low false +/– rates.

Discussion

The assay described here exhibits good technical performance and shows potential as a highly accurate peripheral biomarker for A or T status in AD and cognitively normal subjects.
The intersect of gastrointestinal symptoms and malnutrition associated with anorexia nervosa and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder: Functional or pathophysiologic?—A systematic review
Authors: Gibson Dennis , Watters Ashlie , Mehler Philip S.
Published: May 2021

Objective

Although multiple pathophysiologic changes develop within the gastrointestinal (GI) system in the setting of malnutrition, the etiology of the reported multitude of symptoms in those with anorexia nervosa and avoidant restrictive intake disorder, as well as their contribution toward disordered eating, remain poorly understood. This systematic review seeks to better understand how these physiologic changes of malnutrition of the esophagus, stomach, intestines, and pancreas contribute toward the reported GI symptoms, as well as better understand how celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, pelvic floor dysfunction, and Ehlers–Danlos syndrome contribute toward disordered eating.

Methods

Studies of any design exploring the pathogenesis of complications and treatment strategies were included. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis guidelines were used to structure and complete the review.

Results

A total of 146 articles were used for the review. The majority of studies were observational or case reports/case series.

Discussion

Pathophysiologic changes of the esophagus, stomach, and intestines develop with malnutrition, although these changes do not consistently correlate with expressed GI symptoms in patients with restrictive eating disorders. Celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease also contribute to disordered eating through the associated somatic GI complaints, while pelvic floor dysfunction and Ehlers–Danlos syndrome contribute through both somatic symptoms and functional symptoms. Indeed, functional GI symptoms remain problematic during the course of treatment, and further research is required to better understand the extent to which these symptoms are functional in nature and remit or remain as treatment ensues.
The relationship between working alliance with peer mentors and eating psychopathology in a digital 6‐week guided self‐help intervention for anorexia nervosa
Authors: Albano Gaia , Cardi Valentina , Kivlighan Dennis M. , Ambwani Suman , Treasure Janet , Lo Coco Gianluca
Published: May 2021

Objective

The quality of working alliance (WA) is associated with treatment outcomes across several types of psychiatric disorders and psychological interventions. This study examined the role of WA with peer mentors (people with lived experience of illness) and student mentors (graduated psychology students) in a 6‐week, digital, guided self‐help (GSH) intervention for anorexia nervosa.

Method

Ninety‐nine patients rated weekly, for 6 weeks: (a) eating psychopathology using the short version of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE‐QS) and (b) WA with a student mentor (n = 14) or a peer mentor (n = 10). WA was assessed by asking patients the extent to which they felt comfortable working with their mentor and the extent to which they agreed with them on the goals for support. WA with mentors and the association with eating psychopathology change were measured on a session‐by‐session basis. The analysis involved a random intercepts cross‐lagged panel model.

Results

WA with peer mentors was slightly higher than WA with students (ES = 0.3). Peer mentors' WA in the previous session was significantly associated with eating psychopathology ratings in the next session. No significant relationship was found between the previous session's EDE‐QS scores and peer mentor alliance in the following session. In the student mentor group, there were no session‐by‐session associations between WA and eating psychopathology. However, greater WA with the student mentor across sessions was associated with less eating psychopathology.

Discussion

These findings suggest that clinical outcomes are in part associated with the characteristics of the mentor delivering guidance in an online GSH for eating disorders.
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the prevalence and odds of eating disorders in patients with celiac disease and vice‐versa
Authors: Nikniaz Zeinab , Beheshti Samineh , Abbasalizad Farhangi Mahdieh , Nikniaz Leila
Published: May 2021

Objectives

In the present systematic review and meta‐analysis study, we aimed to review studies that assessed the prevalence and risk of eating disorders (EDs) in patients with celiac disease (CD) and vice‐versa.

Method

We conducted a systematic search in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies that assessed the prevalence and risk of AN in patients with CD and vice‐versa. Joanna Briggs Institute tools were used for critical appraisal. The STATA software was used for the meta‐analysis of the random‐effect model.

Results

In this study, 23 observational studies were included. The results of the meta‐analysis indicated that the pooled prevalence of EDs and bulimia nervosa in patients with CD was 8.88% [95% CI: 6.4, 11.7] and 7.26% [95% CI: 0.23, 21.57], respectively. Moreover, the risk of anorexia nervosa in patients with CD was significantly higher than in the healthy population (relative risk [RR]: 1.48 [95% CI: 1.32, 1.64]). The rates of CD in patients with AN and EDs were 0.96% [95% CI: 0.15, 2.31] and 0.90% [95% CI: 0.56, 1.31], respectively. Moreover, the overall risk of CD in patients with AN was significantly higher compared with healthy adults (RR: 2.35 [95% CI: 1.27–3.44]).

Discussion

The result of the present meta‐analysis showed the high prevalence of EDs in patients with CD. Moreover, there was a significant bidirectional association between CD and EDs.
Great chemistry between us: The link between plant chemical defenses and butterfly evolution
Authors: van der Linden Corné F. H. , WallisDeVries Michiel F. , Simon Sabrina
Published: May 2021

Plants constantly cope with insect herbivory, which is thought to be the evolutionary driver for the immense diversity of plant chemical defenses. Herbivorous insects are in turn restricted in host choice by the presence of plant chemical defense barriers. In this study, we analyzed whether butterfly host–plant patterns are determined by the presence of shared plant chemical defenses rather than by shared plant evolutionary history. Using correlation and phylogenetic statistics, we assessed the impact of host–plant chemical defense traits on shaping northwestern European butterfly assemblages at a macroevolutionary scale. Shared chemical defenses between plant families showed stronger correlation with overlap in butterfly assemblages than phylogenetic relatedness, providing evidence that chemical defenses may determine the assemblage of butterflies per plant family rather than shared evolutionary history. Although global congruence between butterflies and host–plant families was detected across the studied herbivory interactions, cophylogenetic statistics showed varying levels of congruence between butterflies and host chemical defense traits. We attribute this to the existence of multiple antiherbivore traits across plant families and the diversity of insect herbivory associations per plant family. Our results highlight the importance of plant chemical defenses in community ecology through their influence on insect assemblages.
N supply mediates the radiative balance of N2O emissions and CO2 sequestration driven by N‐fixing vs. non‐fixing trees
Authors: Kou‐Giesbrecht Sian , Funk Jennifer L. , Perakis Steven S. , Wolf Amelia A. , Menge Duncan N. L.
Published: May 2021

Forests are a significant CO2 sink. However, CO2 sequestration in forests is radiatively offset by emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas, from forest soils. Reforestation, an important strategy for mitigating climate change, has focused on maximizing CO2 sequestration in plant biomass without integrating N2O emissions from soils. Although nitrogen (N)‐fixing trees are often recommended for reforestation because of their rapid growth on N‐poor soil, they can stimulate significant N2O emissions from soils. Here, we first used a field experiment to show that a N‐fixing tree (Robinia pseudoacacia) initially mitigated climate change more than a non‐fixing tree (Betula nigra). We then used our field data to parameterize a theoretical model to investigate these effects over time. Under lower N supply, N‐fixers continued to mitigate climate change more than non‐fixers by overcoming N limitation of plant growth. However, under higher N supply, N‐fixers ultimately mitigated climate change less than non‐fixers by enriching soil N and stimulating N2O emissions from soils. These results have implications for reforestation, suggesting that N‐fixing trees are more effective at mitigating climate change at lower N supply, whereas non‐fixing trees are more effective at mitigating climate change at higher N supply.
Visible‐Light Driven Organo‐photocatalyzed Multicomponent Reaction for C(sp3)−H Alkylation of Phosphoramides with in situ Generated Michael Acceptors
Authors: Ghosh Krishna Gopal , Das Debabrata , Chandu Palasetty , Sureshkumar Devarajulu
Published: May 2021

Tandem, one‐pot, multicomponent reaction for direct α‐C(sp3)−H alkylation of phosphoramides and thiophosphoramides scaffolds are illustrated. The basic nature of phosphoramide leads to a diverse set of in situ generated Michael acceptors making the reactions highly atom and step economical. The reaction conditions are mild, entirely metal‐ and external additives free. Alkylated phosphoramides were obtained with good yields and selectivity using visible‐light organo‐photocatalysis.