bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Children's history of suicidal ideation and synchrony of facial displays of affect during mother–child interactions
Authors: James Kiera M. , Kudinova Anastacia Y. , Woody Mary L. , Feurer Cope , Foster Claire E. , Gibb Brandon E.
Published: March 2020

Background

Suicidal thoughts and behavior can begin early in childhood and are a leading cause of death in youth. Although specific mechanisms of risk remain largely unknown, theorists and researchers highlight the importance of the parent–child relationship. The current study focused on one aspect of this relationship: the dynamic exchange of facial affect during interactions. Specifically, we examined the relation between children's history of suicidal ideation (SI) and synchrony of facial expressions during positive and negative mother–child interactions.

Methods

Participants were 353 mother–child dyads. Of these, 44 dyads included a child with an SI history. Dyads engaged in positive and negative discussions during which their facial electromyography was recorded from mothers and children to index second‐to‐second changes in positive (zygomaticus) and negative (corrugator) facial affect.

Results

Child SI dyads were characterized specifically by reduced synchrony of positive facial affect during the positive discussion compared to dyads without child SI.

Conclusions

These findings suggest child SI dyads exhibit reduced synchrony of normative positive expressions during mother–child interactions. If replicated and extended in longitudinal research, these results may help to explain one mechanism of risk among children with SI.
Combination of ultraviolet light‐C and clove essential oil to inactivate SalmonellaTyphimurium biofilms on stainless steel
Authors: Silva‐Espinoza Brenda A. , Palomares‐Navarro Julian J. , Tapia‐Rodriguez Melvin R. , Cruz‐Valenzuela Manuel R. , González‐Aguilar Gustavo A. , Silva‐Campa Erika , Pedroza‐Montero Martín , Almeida‐Lopes Monica , Miranda Raquel , Ayala‐Zavala Jesus F.
Published: March 2020

Salmonella typhimurium is able to form biofilms as a resistance mechanism against antimicrobials; therefore, it represents a problem for assuring food safety and highlights the importance of research on anti‐biofilm technologies. In this study, S. typhimurium biofilms were inactivated with the combination of clove essential oil (CEO) and ultraviolet light (UV‐C). The volatile composition of the CEO determined by gas chromatography showed eugenol as the major constituent (82%). A combination of CEO with UV‐C achieved a complete bacterial reduction (6.8 log/cm2) on biofilms with doses of 1.2 mg/ml and 76.41 mJ/cm2, respectively. Individually, the CEO at 1.2 mg/ml caused a reduction of 1.8 log CFU/cm2 of attached bacteria cells on stainless steel, while UV‐C individually used at 620.4 mJ/cm2 caused a 2.9 log CFU/cm2 reduction compared to control biofilms. In conclusion, this study demonstrated a synergistic effect of combining CEO and UV‐C irradiation to inactivate biofilms of S. typhimurium.
Comparison of midazolam and butorphanol combined with ketamine or dexmedetomidine for chemical restraint in howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) for vasectomy
Authors: Fagundes Natália , Castro Marina Lopes , Silva Renata Andrade , De Lima Marcos Paulo Antunes , Braga Carolina Silveira , Dos Santos Eduardo Almeida Ruivo , Oliveira Moira Ansolch , Mattoso Claudio Roberto Scabelo , Pimenta Eutálio Luiz Mariani , Beier Suzane Lilian
Published: March 2020

Background

This study evaluated and compared cardiorespiratory and blood gas parameters, as well as sedation, analgesia and recovery of two protocols: ketamine (10 mg/kg) or dexmedetomidine (10 μg/kg), with midazolam (0.5 mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.3 mg/kg), IM (KBM and DBM, respectively) in brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans).

Material and methods

Twelve brown howler monkeys were selected in two groups and evaluated for cardiorespiratory parameters and sedation, from 5‐30 minutes after latency. Blood gas and arterial lactate were taken at 5 and 30 minutes. In the end, time and quality of recovery were evaluated.

Results

The HR in DBM group was significantly lower at all times. The sedation score was higher in DBM. Recovery in DBM was faster. All animals had moderate hypoxaemia.

Conclusion

Both protocols produce satisfactory anaesthesia and analgesia, but DBM provides deeper sedation with faster recovery. Oxygen supplementation is recommended in both due to hypoxaemia.
Neuroprotective actions of leptin facilitated through balancing mitochondrial morphology and improving mitochondrial function
Authors: Cheng Ying , Buchan Matthew , Vitanova Karina , Aitken Laura , Gunn‐Moore Frank J. , Ramsay Rona R. , Doherty Gayle
Published: March 2020

Mitochondrial dysfunction has a recognised role in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology. Cerebral perfusion becomes increasingly inefficient throughout ageing, leading to unbalanced mitochondrial dynamics. This effect is exaggerated by amyloid β (Aβ) and phosphorylated tau, two hallmark proteins of AD pathology. A neuroprotective role for the adipose‐derived hormone, leptin, has been demonstrated in neuronal cells. However, its effects with relation to mitochondrial function in AD remain largely unknown. To address this question, we have used both a glucose–serum‐deprived (CGSD) model of ischaemic stroke in SH‐SY5Y cells and a Aβ1–42‐treatment model of AD in differentiated hippocampal cells. Using a combination of 5,5’,6,6’‐tetrachloro‐1,1’,3,3’‐tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide (JC‐1) and MitoRed staining techniques, we show that leptin prevents depolarisation of the mitochondrial membrane and excessive mitochondrial fragmentation induced by both CGSD and Aβ1–42. Thereafter, we used ELISAs and a number of activity assays to reveal the biochemical underpinnings of these processes. Specifically, leptin was seen to inhibit up‐regulation of the mitochondrial fission protein Fis1 and down‐regulation of the mitochondrial fusion protein, Mfn2. Furthermore, leptin was seen to up‐regulate the expression and activity of the antioxidant enzyme, monoamine oxidase B. Herein we provide the first demonstration that leptin is sufficient to protect against aberrant mitochondrial dynamics and resulting loss of function induced by both CGSD and Aβ1–42. We conclude that the established neuroprotective actions of leptin may be facilitated through regulation of mitochondrial dynamics.

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Umbilical vein injection of 400 versus 800 μg misoprostol for the treatment of retained placenta: A multicenter, randomized double‐blind controlled trial
Authors: Alalaf Shahla K. , Al Tawil Namir G. , Jawad Ariana K. , Mahmoud Maryam B. , Muhamad Bahar Q. , Abdul Rahman Khansa H. , Sileem Sileem A. , Hassan Jinan N. , Ameen Khalida M. , Mustafa Samira A. , Bawadikji AbdulKader A.
Published: March 2020

Aims

This trial was conducted to determine the efficacy of umbilical vein injection of 400 versus 800 μg misoprostol to deliver retained placenta and to compare both regimens regarding the time of placental delivery and amount of vaginal blood loss.

Methods

A double‐blind, multicenter randomized clinical trial was undertaken in four teaching hospitals in the North of Iraq and Al‐Azhar University Hospital in Egypt, from March 2016 to May 2019. Group I (274 women) received 400 μg misoprostol and group II (249 women) received 800 μg misoprostol. Data regarding the time of placental separation and amount of vaginal blood loss were analyzed and proportions were compared between groups using Chi‐squared test. Mean values were compared using the Student's t‐test. The Mann–Whitney test was used to determine the median of vaginal blood loss.

Results

The proportion of placental separation was 84.3% among women in group I and 86.7% of women in group II. The mean time of placental separation was 18.86 ± 234.2 and 17.86 ± 213.09 min in groups I and II, respectively (P < 0.05).The mean hemoglobin levels on admission and 24 h after placental deliveries were significantly higher in group I than group II.

Conclusions

Intra‐umbilical injection of 400 and 800 μg misoprostol were both safe and effective methods for delivery of retained placenta.
Do preterm bones still break? Incidence of rib fracture and osteopenia of prematurity in very low birth weight infants
Authors: O'Reilly Peter , Saviani Michela , Tou Andrea , Tarrant Ailbhe , Capra Louise , McCallion Naomi
Published: March 2020

Aim

Extremely premature babies are at risk of osteopenia of prematurity (OOP) as bone mineralisation in utero increases exponentially after 24 weeks gestation.

Our aim was to assess the bone health of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. We wanted to establish the incidences of OOP and rib fracture. We also looked at which biochemical markers best predicted OOP. Bone health in this vulnerable population is an important aspect of management which should not be overlooked.

Methods

This was an observational study which included all VLBW infants, born in a national maternity hospital, over a 5‐year period. All X‐rays performed on these infants were reviewed. Data were also collected on biochemical markers associated with bone health. The medical records of infants with rib fractures were reviewed looking for causes of bone fragility.

Results

Of the 609 VLBW infants included in the study, only two cases of definitive rib fractures were found. This represents a rib fracture incidence of 3 per 1000. Thirty‐nine percent of VLBW babies showed radiological evidence suggestive of OOP.

Conclusion

Our findings show a lower rate of rib fracture in preterm infants compared to previous evidence. We also showed that these fractures were not evident on the final X‐ray prior to discharge. This implies that when an ex‐preterm infant presents to the emergency department with a rib fracture there should be an even higher suspicion for non‐accidental injury than previously thought.
Sleep structure in sleep bruxism: A polysomnographic study including bruxism activity phenotypes across sleep stages
Authors: Wieczorek Tomasz , Wieckiewicz Mieszko , Smardz Joanna , Wojakowska Anna , Michalek‐Zrabkowska Monika , Mazur Grzegorz , Martynowicz Helena
Published: March 2020

The aim of the study was to assess sleep structure, phenotypes related to bruxism activity and basic respiratory parameters among a large group of participants with sleep bruxism and without obstructive sleep apnea. Adult participants with clinical suspicion of sleep bruxism and with no other significant medical history were recruited. Video‐polysomnography was performed to detect masseter muscles activity. Polysomnographic scoring was performed according to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine Criteria. Finally, 146 participants were included. The participants were divided into three subgroups: severe, mild and no sleep bruxism. There were no differences in total sleep time, sleep latency, sleep efficiency, wake duration after sleep onset, rapid eye movement, and measured respiratory parameters. The severity of sleep bruxism contributed to the increased intensity of all sleep bruxism phenotypes in almost all sleep stages, apart from tonic and mixed activity in non‐rapid eye movement stage 3 sleep (slow‐wave sleep). Those with bruxism spent more time in rapid eye movement sleep compared to controls; there were no differences in non‐rapid eye movement sleep stages. The results confirmed that sleep bruxism does not significantly affect sleep duration, efficiency and continuity (in terms of sleep–wake cycles). Sleep bruxism contributes to a higher percentage of rapid eye movement sleep in the total sleep time. Those with bruxism present more frequent episodes during all stages of sleep; however, in the case of slow‐wave sleep, tonic and mixed activity observed in participants with sleep bruxism are comparable to those of healthy people.
Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of oral cefuroxime axetil in dogs
Authors: Albarellos Gabriela A. , Passini Sabrina M. , Lupi Martín P. , Aramayona Silvia , Lorenzini Paula M. , Montoya Laura , Landoni Maria F.
Published: March 2020

Cefuroxime axetil pharmacokinetic profile was investigated in 12 Beagle dogs after single intravenous and oral administration of tablets or suspension at a dose of 20 mg/kg, under both fasting and fed conditions. A three‐period, three‐treatment crossover study (IV, PO under fasting and fed condition) was applied. Blood samples were withdrawn at predetermined times over a 12‐hr period. Cefuroxime plasma concentrations were determined by HPLC. Data were analyzed by compartmental analysis. No statistically significant differences were observed between formulations and feeding conditions on PK parameters. Independently of the feeding condition, absorption of cefuroxime axetil after tablet administration was low and erratic. The drug has been quantified in plasma in 3 out of 6 and 5 out of 6 dogs in the fasted and fed groups. For this formulation, the bioavailability (F), peak plasma concentration (Cmax), and area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) of cefuroxime axetil were significantly enhanced (p < .05) by the concomitant ingestion of food (32.97 ± 13.47–14.08 ± 7.79%, 6.30 ± 2.62–2.74 ± 0.66 µg/ml, and 15.75 ± 3.98–7.82 ± 2.76 µg.hr/ml for F, Cmax, and AUC in fed and fasted dogs, respectively), while for cefuroxime axetil suspension, feeding conditions affected only the rate of absorption, as reflected by the significantly shorter absorption half‐life (T½(a)) and time to peak concentration (Tmax) (0.55 ± 0.27–1.15 ± 0.19 hr and 1.21 ± 0.22–1.70 ± 0.30 for T½(a) and Tmax in fed and fasted dogs, respectively). For cefuroxime axetil tablets, T > MIC (≤1 µg/ml) was <2 hr in fasted and ≈4 hr in fed animals, and for cefuroxime axetil suspension, T > MIC (≤1 µg/ml) was ≈5 hr and for T >MIC (≤4 µg/ml) was ≈2.5 hr for fasted and fed dogs, respectively. Cefuroxime axetil as a suspension formulation seems to be a better option than tablets. However, its short permanence in plasma could reduce its clinical usefulness in dogs.
Single nucleotide polymorphism analysis of the ITS2 region of two sympatric malaria mosquito species in Sweden: Anopheles daciae and Anopheles messeae
Authors: Lilja T. , Eklöf D. , Jaenson T. G. T. , Lindström A. , Terenius O.
Published: March 2020

Four species of the Anopheles maculipennis complex have previously been recorded in Sweden. A recent addition to the complex is Anopheles daciae, which is considered to be closely related to, but distinct from Anopheles messeae. The original designation of An. daciae was based on five genetic differences (161, 165, 167, 362 and 382) in the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 2 of the ribosomal RNA. Further studies have shown that only two nucleotide differences (362 and 382) robustly separate the species. Thirty‐three An. maculipennis complex mosquitoes were collected in the province of Uppland, Sweden. All were An. daciae but showed double peaks for three variable positions (161, 165 and 167). When cloned, the intra‐individual nucleotide variation was almost exclusively fixed with either TTC or AAT, originally diagnostic for An. messae and An. daciae, respectively. To further investigate the intra‐individual variation, nine An. daciae and 11 An. messeae were collected in southern Sweden and their ITS2 fragments were amplified and sequenced using Illumina MiSeq sequencing (Illumina, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). For the diagnostic nucleotide 382 no intra‐individual variation could be detected. However, although each An. daciae specimen carried several ITS2 sequence variants for the four other nucleotides, there was no intra‐individual variation in the An. messeae specimens.
Reappraisal of the anatomical spreading and propagation hypothesis about TDP‐43 aggregation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration
Authors: Riku Yuichi
Published: March 2020

Neuronal inclusion of transactivation response DNA‐binding protein 43 kDa (TDP‐43) is known to be a pathologic hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). TDP‐43, which is physiologically a nuclear protein, is mislocalized from the nucleus and aggregated within the cytoplasm of affected neurons in ALS and FTLD patients. Neuropathologic or experimental studies have addressed mechanisms underlying spreading of TDP‐43 inclusions in the central nervous system of ALS and FTLD patients. On the basis of postmortem observations, it is hypothesized that TDP‐43 inclusions spread along the neural projections. A centrifugal gradient of TDP‐43 pathology in certain anatomical systems and axonal or synaptic aggregation of TDP‐43 may support the hypothesis. Experimental studies have revealed cell‐to‐cell propagation of aggregated or truncated TDP‐43, which indicates a direct transmission of TDP‐43 inclusions to contiguous cells. However, discrepancies remain between the cell‐to‐cell propagation suggested in the experimental models and the anatomical spreading of TDP‐43 aggregations based on postmortem observations. Trans‐synaptic transmission, rather than the direct cell‐to‐cell transmission, may be consistent with the anatomical spreading of TDP‐43 aggregations, but cellular mechanisms of trans‐synaptic transmission of aggregated proteins remain to be elucidated. Moreover, the spreading of TDP‐43 inclusions varies among patients and genetic backgrounds, which indicates host‐dependent factors for spreading of TDP‐43 aggregations. Perturbation of cellular TDP‐43 clearance may be a possible factor modifying the aggregation and spreading. This review discusses postmortem and experimental evidence that address mechanisms of spreading of TDP‐43 pathology in the central nervous system of ALS and FTLD patients.
Secondary traumatization and personal growth of healthcare teams in maternity and neonatal wards: The role of differentiation of self and social support
Authors: Abu‐Sharkia Salam , Taubman – Ben‐Ari Orit , Mofareh Ali
Published: March 2020

It is of utmost importance to examine the consequences of healthcare teams' daily exposure to stress. This quantitative cross‐sectional study examined the connection between exposure, secondary traumatization (stress deriving from helping suffering others), and personal growth. It compared the teams in maternity and neonatal wards with colleagues exposed to different levels of illness and death and examined the contribution of social support and self‐differentiation to personal growth. One hundred forty‐nine Israeli physicians and nurses participated, comprising three groups (maternity and neonatal wards, exposed to suffering as well as to new life; high; and moderate‐to‐low exposure to illness and death). Data were collected through an online program (64.78% response rate). Whereas no group differences in secondary traumatization were found, personal growth was higher among individuals from maternity and neonatal wards. The higher the social support and self‐differentiation, the higher was the personal growth. The findings highlight the necessity to design interventions to empower social support and investing in its development on both the organizational and personal level, especially for the maternity and neonatal wards' healthcare teams.
More water: The rise of a singular vision for rural development
Authors: Thomas Amanda , Bond Sophie , Diprose Gradon , McGregor Andrew
Published: March 2020

This paper traces the emergence and dominance of a singular discourse about rural development. The “more water” discourse that emerged in the 2000s in Canterbury was rooted in the idea that vibrant communities depend on economic growth, which hinges on accessing more freshwater for irrigation. Using thick description of the work of a catchment committee, this paper charts the dominance of this discourse and the attempts to channel “more water” through a tightly controlled collaborative and consensus‐based approach. More democratic processes would welcome difference, questioning of prevailing approaches to development, and may lead to more diverse economies and resilient communities.
Arthroscopic Treatment of Femoral Avulsion Fracture of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament in Association with Meniscus Tear
Authors: Zhao Xin , Kuang Shi‐da , Su Chao , Xiao Wen‐feng , Lei Guang‐hua , Gao Shu‐guang
Published: March 2020

Background

Femoral avulsion fracture of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) in association with meniscus tear is extremely rare in children, and similar cases are not available in the existing literature.

Case presentation

In this paper, we present a case of a 9‐year‐old boy treated by an arthroscopic repair technique using two transfemoral tunnels sparing the epiphyseal plate for 8‐shaped suture fixation of femoral avulsion fracture of the PCL and using the Fastfix repair system for a meniscus tear. At 3‐month postoperative, the boy showed satisfactory recovery with a full range of motion of the right knee and normal muscular strength, and no complications were observed after operation. The patient had been followed up for 24 months and his final assessment demonstrated stable painless knee with excellent functional outcome. In view of this, we suggest that the “figure‐of‐eight” suture technique using two transfemoral tunnels sparing the epiphyseal plate can be considered a new choice for the treatment of the PCL femoral attachment avulsion, especially in skeletally immature patients. In addition, six similar cases were found in a comprehensive literature review targeting femoral avulsion fracture of the PCL. According to the relevant findings and cases studies, we proposed a new classification named “Xiangya” which might facilitate future clinical decision making.
Pathways in the association between sugar sweetened beverages and child asthma traits in the 2nd year of life: Findings from the BRISA cohort
Authors: Padilha Luana Lopes , Vianna Elcio Oliveira , Vale Andressa Talícia Machado , Nascimento Joelma Ximenes Prado Teixeira , da Silva Antônio Augusto Moura , Ribeiro Cecilia Claudia Costa
Published: March 2020

Studies on the exposure of children to sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSBs) at an early age may contribute to better understand the common causes and the temporal order of the relationships between obesity and asthma in early childhood. The objective of this study was to estimate the association between SSB and child asthma traits in the 2nd year of life, modeling direct and indirect pathways mediated by the highest BMI‐z of the child and allergic inflammation. Data from the BRISA cohort, São Luís‐MA, Brazil (n = 1140), were obtained from the baseline and from the follow‐up performed at the 2nd year of life. The main explanatory variable was the calories from added sugars in SSBs as a percentage of the total daily energy intake. The outcome child asthma traits was a latent variable deduced from four indicators: medical diagnosis of asthma, wheezing, emergency visit due to intense wheezing, and medical diagnosis of rhinitis. A high percentage of daily calories from sugars added to SSBs was directly associated with higher values of child asthma traits (standardized coefficient (SC = 0.073; P = .030)). High levels of eosinophils were also directly associated with child asthma traits (SC = 0.118; P = .049). No mediation pathways were observed via greater BMI‐z or eosinophil counts. Therefore, early exposure of children to SSB may contribute to increased risk of childhood asthma, preceding the link between sugar consumption and overweight/obesity, not yet evident in children in the first 2 years of life.
Can my child with IgE‐mediated peanut allergy introduce foods labeled with “may contain traces”?
Authors: Graham François , Caubet Jean‐Christoph , Eigenmann Philippe A.
Published: March 2020

Peanut IgE‐mediated food allergy is one of the most common food allergies in children with a prevalence that has increased in the past decades in Westernized countries. Peanut allergies can trigger severe reactions and usually persist over time. Peanut‐allergic children and their families are often confronted to processed foods with precautionary allergen labeling (PAL) such as “may contain traces of peanuts,” which are frequently used by the food industry. Patients are generally confused as to whether eating such foods entails a risk of allergic reaction, which can ultimately lead to dietary restrictions and decreased quality of life. Thus, guidance toward eviction of foods with PALs such as “may contain traces of peanuts” is a recurring problem that peanut‐allergic patients address during pediatric allergy consultations with varying attitudes among allergists. Many studies have evaluated peanut contamination in foods with PALs, with generally less than 10% of foods containing detectable levels of peanuts, albeit heterogeneous amounts, with in rare occasions levels that could trigger allergic reactions in certain patients. The risk of reacting to foods with traces varies significantly with threshold, with patients with the lowest reaction thresholds at highest risk, and a dramatic reduction of risk as threshold increases. Thus, risk stratification based on individual reaction threshold may help stratify patients’ risk of reacting to foods with PAL. In clinical practice, a single‐dose 30 mg peanut protein oral food challenge may be an option to stratify peanut‐allergic patients’ risk when introducing foods with PAL, as illustrated by three clinical cases.
Evaluation of noninvasive hemoglobin monitoring in children with congenital heart diseases
Authors: Kamel Mohamed Maher , Hasanin Ahmed , Nawar Beshoy , Mostafa Maha , Jacob Victor F. , Elhadi Hany , Alsadek Wafaa , Elmetwally Sarah A.
Published: March 2020

Background

Noninvasive measurement of blood hemoglobin could save time and decrease the risk of anemia and infection. The accuracy of CO‐oximetry‐derived noninvasive hemoglobin (Sp‐Hb) had been evaluated in pediatric population; however, its accuracy in children with congenital heart disease has not been studied till date. We evaluated the accuracy of Sp‐Hb in relation to laboratory‐measured hemoglobin (Lab‐Hb) in children with congenital heart disease.

Methods

This prospective observational study included children with congenital heart disease undergoing procedural intervention. Sp‐Hb measurements were obtained using Radical‐7 Masimo pulse CO‐oximeter and were compared against simultaneous Lab‐Hb measurements obtained from the arterial line. Children were divided in cyanotic and acyanotic, and separate analysis was performed for each group. The values of both measurements were analyzed using Spearman's correlation coefficient and Bland‐Altman analysis. Correlation was performed between Sp‐Hb and Lab‐Hb bias and each of arterial oxygen saturation and perfusion index.

Results

One‐hundred and eleven pairs of readings were obtained from 65 children. The median (quartiles) age and weight of the children were 1 (1.2‐4) years and 11 (8‐17) kg, respectively. There was moderate correlation between Lab‐Hb and Sp‐Hb with a correlation coefficient (95% confidence interval [CI]) of 0.75 (0.63‐0.83) in acyanotic children and 0.62 (0.37‐0.79) in cyanotic children. The mean bias (95% limits of agreements) was −0.4 g/dL (−2.4 to 1.6 g/dL) and 1 g/dL (−2.7 to 4.6 g/dL) in acyanotic and cyanotic children, respectively. The mean bias between Sp‐Hb and Lab‐Hb showed a weak negative correlation with oxygen saturation (r [95% CI]): (−0.36 [−0.51‐−0.18]), and a weak positive correlation with the perfusion index (r [95% CI]): (0.19 [0.01‐0.37]).

Conclusion

The large bias and the wide limits of agreement between Sp‐Hb and Lab‐Hb denote that Masimo‐derived Sp‐Hb is not accurate in children with congenital heart disease especially in the cyanotic group; the error in Sp‐Hb increases when oxygen saturation decreases.
Sociocognitive factors associated with lifestyle intervention attrition after successful weight loss among participants with prediabetes—The PREVIEW study
Authors: Huttunen‐Lenz Maija , Raben Anne , Meinert‐Larsen Thomas , Drummen Mathijs , Macdonald Ian , Martínez José Alfredo , Handjieva‐Darlenska Teodora , Poppitt Sally D. , Jalo Elli , Muirhead Roslyn , Schlicht Wolfgang
Published: March 2020

Introduction

Major risk factors for type 2 diabetes are lifestyle choices such as lack of physical activity (PA) and poor diet. Many individuals either do not take part or struggle to complete interventions supporting lifestyle changes. Demographic and theory‐based sociocognitive factors associated with PREVIEW intervention attrition after successful weight loss were examined.

Methods

Participants (1,856) who started the weight maintenance phase after completion of low‐energy diet were retrospectively divided into three clusters depending on the point they left the trial. Discriminant analysis examined which demographic and theory‐based sociocognitive variables were associated with cluster membership.

Results

Most of the participants were women and well‐educated. Two discriminant functions were calculated (χ2(24) = 247.0, p ≥ .05, d = 0.78). The demographic variables, such as age and ethnicity, and the social cognitive variable outcome expectancies on the other side were associated with cluster membership. Older age, Caucasian ethnicity, and fewer expected disadvantages of PA were associated with high success.

Discussion

The discriminant model gave insight into some factors associated with early attrition. For practitioners planning interventions it underlines the necessity to take extra attention to younger participants and to those being afraid that being physically active causes unpleasant ramifications.
The Politics of Technology Decline: Discursive Struggles over Coal Phase‐Out in the UK
Authors: Isoaho Karoliina , Markard Jochen
Published: March 2020

The decline of carbon intensive technologies is a key element in the ongoing energy transition and our attempts to tackle climate change. At the same time, our understanding of technology decline and of the associated policies and politics is still limited. This paper builds on the sustainability transitions perspective, a novel approach to analyze socio‐technical transformation, including the complex interplay of policy and technology change. We study the decline of coal‐fired power generation in the United Kingdom from 2000 to 2017 by analyzing the discourse in The Guardian. We find scientists and environmental NGOs criticizing coal for climate and health reasons. Government and incumbent businesses tried to re‐legitimate coal but eventually, their resistance collapsed and coal was almost completely abandoned in just a few years. Particularly devastating for coal were failed promises around carbon capture and storage, rapid diffusion of wind energy, and pressure from various policies. This study contributes to better understanding the contested nature of decline, and the interplay of discursive struggles, technology change, and public policy in sustainability transitions.
Ultrasound‐guided percutaneous peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion using multifunctional bladder paracentesis trocar: A modified percutaneous PD catheter placement technique
Authors: Li Zhen , Ding Hongyun , Liu Xue , Zhang Jianbin
Published: March 2020

Background

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of ultrasound‐guided percutaneous peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion using multifunctional bladder paracentesis trocar.

Methods

A retrospective review of 103 ESRD patients receiving percutaneous PD catheter insertion using a multifunctional bladder paracentesis trocar under ultrasound guidance at a single center between May 2016 and May 2018. Mechanical complications and catheter survival were evaluated over a 12‐month follow‐up.

Result

Catheterization using this technique required only 10‐30 minutes from the beginning of local anesthesia to the end of skin suture at the puncture site (mean 18 ± 7 minutes) and an incision length of 2‐4 cm. Moreover, only four of 103 cases required catheter removal due to poor drainage within one month after surgery, with a success rate of 96.19%. Among failures, omentum wrapping was cause in two cases, catheter displacement in one case, and protein clot blockage in one case, while there were no instances of organ injury, severe hemorrhage, peritubular leakage, hernia, peritonitis, or exit infection within one month of PD catheter insertion. Catheter survival at 1 year was 92.2%.

Conclusion

Percutaneous PD catheter insertion using a multifunctional bladder paracentesis trocar and ultrasound guidance is a feasible technique for ESRD patients.
Selecting important predictors for arteriovenous fistula maturation in older hemodialysis patients by using random survival forests
Authors: Qian Joyce , McAdams‐DeMarco Mara , Ng Derek , Lau Bryan
Published: March 2020

Background

Placing an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) in older hemodialysis patients at great risk of primary failure leads to prolonged dependency on central venous catheter (CVC). A model which accurately predicts AVF maturation can facilitate better clinical determination for AVF placement.

Methods

We assembled a retrospective cohort of 14 892 patients aged 67 years and older who started hemodialysis with a CVC between 7/1/2010 and 6/30/2012 and had a subsequent, incident AVF placement from the United States Renal Data System (USRDS). We used random survival forests (RSF) with competing risks to identify important predictors for AVF maturation.

Results

Approximately 49.7% patients achieved AVF maturation and 13.6% had a competing event. The median time to maturation was 4 (IQR: 3‐5) months. Patient's gender had the highest variable importance (VIMP, 0.0027), followed by race, being institutionalized, days on hemodialysis without an AVF, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and body mass index with borderline importance (VIMP ≥0.0005). The out‐of‐bag (OOB) error rate of the RSF was 45.3% and 45.8% for AVF maturation in the training and validation data sets, respectively.

Conclusions

Predictors in USRDS data have limited ability to predict AVF maturation. Patient's gender might be considered as the most important predictor for AVF maturation.
Phosphorites, glass ramps and carbonate factories: The evolution of an epicontinental sea and a late Palaeozoic upwelling system (Phosphoria Rock Complex)
Authors: Matheson Edward J. , Frank Tracy D.
Published: March 2020

The Permian Phosphoria Rock Complex of the western USA contains an enigmatic assemblage of bioelemental rocks (i.e. phosphorites and cherts) that accumulated in a depositional system with no modern analogue. This study utilizes detailed sedimentological, stratigraphic and petrographic examination to evaluate the genetic relations of phosphorites, spiculitic chert and carbonates of the Ervay cycle (depositional sequence) and propose a unified oceanographic model for their deposition. The Ervay cycle contains three marine and one terrestrial facies association, each of which composes the bulk of a single lithostratigraphic unit. The marine facies associations include: (i) granular phosphorites (Retort Member); (ii) spiculitic cherty dolostones (Tosi Member); and (iii) marine to peritidal carbonates (Ervay Member). Red beds and intercalated gypsum (Goose Egg Formation) accumulated in the vast desert adjacent to the sea. The three marine members are chronostratigraphically distinct, successive and conformably stacked. They are not coeval facies belts. They reflect the progressive evolution of the epicontinental sea from the location of: (i) authigenic phosphogenesis (lowstand to transgression); to (ii) a glass ramp with biosiliceous (sponge) deposition (transgression); to (iii) a carbonate ramp (regression). This succession of switching biochemical sediment factories records the evolution of sea‐level, nutrient supply, upwelling, oxygenation and dissolved Si. Intense upwelling, potentially coupled with aeolian input, led to sedimentary condensation and phosphogenesis. Decreased upwelling intensity during transgression increased oxygenation sufficiently for a siliceous sponge benthos. Sponges were favoured over biocalcifiers due to elevated dissolved silica and a low carbonate saturation state. The cessation of sponge dominance and transition to a carbonate ramp occurred due to decreasing upwelling intensity, Si drawdown and an increased carbonate saturation state. These results provide insight into the role of Si loading in faunal turnover on glass ramps and highlight how differences in dissolved Si utilizers in pre‐Cretaceous versus post‐Cretaceous upwelling systems influence the resultant deposits.
Unattractive people are unaware of their (un)attractiveness
Authors: Greitemeyer Tobias
Published: March 2020

Past research has shown that how people rate their physical attractiveness is only moderately correlated with how they are rated by others, suggesting that at least some people have little insight into their true level of attractiveness. The present research tests the hypothesis that unattractive people are not aware of their unattractiveness. In fact, six studies (overall N = 1,180) showed that unattractive participants considerably overestimated their attractiveness compared to ratings by strangers. In contrast, attractive participants were more accurate. If anything, they underestimated their attractiveness. It was also examined why unattractive people overestimate their attractiveness. As expected, unattractive participants differentiated less between attractive and unattractive stimulus persons than did attractive participants. They were also more likely than attractive participants to select unattractive stimulus persons to compare themselves to. However, these tendencies did not account for why unattractive participants overestimated their attractiveness, nor did affirming participant’s self‐worth. Limitations and avenues for future research are discussed.
A Novel Model-Based Framework for Power Consumption Prognosis in Multirotors Applied to the Battery End of Discharge Prognostics
Authors: Sierra Gina , Goebel Kai
Published: March 2020

Accurately estimating the time of battery end of discharge (EOD) in electric unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provides assurance that a given mission can be completed before the energy stored in the battery runs out and aids decision-making processes such as mission replanning to mitigate shortcomings associated with the available energy. The accuracy of the predicted battery EOD time is strongly correlated to the accuracy of the expected power consumption during the mission. This paper reports on a novel model-based framework for power consumption prognosis in multirotors which includes an improved power consumption model that characterizes the power required by a multirotor in axial and nonaxial translation and incorporates the wind effects on the required power. A particle filter is used in conjunction with the concept of artificial evolution to estimate and monitor wind speed, wind direction, and thrust based on measurements of power. Monte Carlo sampling-based predictor is used to predict the trajectories of power used in battery EOD prognostic. The framework is applied to battery EOD prognostic of a quadcopter that performs a delivery mission with low horizontal speed (where rotor tilt is not a significant factor). Results show that predicted trajectories of power accurately represent the uncertainty of future power consumption. Even when certain information (such as aircraft weight) is not available at every time-step, the framework allows tracking the actual EOD time because of its capability to monitor thrust. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework.
Influence of Excitation Frequency, Phase Shift, and Duty Cycle on Cooling Ratio in a Dynamically Forced Impingement Jet Array
Authors: Berthold Arne , Haucke Frank
Published: March 2020

The cooling ratio on a dynamically forced 7 × 7 impingement jet array is studied experimentally. The current study is focused on determining the influence of a phase shift between every row of nozzles as well as the impact of a duty cycle variation on the cooling ratio. Both parameters are studied in dependency of the impingement distance (H/D = 2, 3, 5), the (nozzle-) Reynolds-number (ReD = 3200, 5200, 7200), and the excitation frequency (f = 0 Hz − 1000 Hz). For every set of parameters, the phase shift between every row of nozzles is varied between Φ=0% and 90%, while the variation of the duty cycle is performed between duty cycle (DC) = 35% and 65%. During all investigations, the dimensionless distance between adjacent nozzles is fixed at Sx/D = Sy/D = 5, and liquid crystal thermography is used to acquire the wall temperatures, which are further processed to calculate the local Nusselt numbers. Generally, the implementation of an excitation frequency allows a case-depending increase in the cooling ratio of up to 52%. Further implementation of a phase shift yields an additional frequency-depending improvement of the cooling ratio. In case of duty cycle variation, the best case revealed an additional 19% improvement in the cooling ratio.
Effect of Matrix Alloying on Braking Performance of Copper-Based Brake Pad Under Continuous Emergency Braking
Authors: Zhang Peng , Zhang Lin , Wei Dongbin , Qu Xuanhui
Published: March 2020

The continuous emergency braking performance of copper-based brake pads alloyed with different Ni contents were tested. The results showed that the copper-based brake pad with high Ni content exhibits improved stability of friction coefficient during the whole emergency braking process, which indicates that Ni helps to reduce the sensitivity of the brake pad to the change of braking conditions. Moreover, the fade phenomenon of friction coefficient is obviously alleviated as the increase in Ni content under high-pressure and high-speed braking conditions. The introduction of Ni enhances the plastic deformation resistance of friction surface and promotes the formation of high-strength mechanical mixed layer and thick tribo-oxide film. This stable tribo-film remained on the contact interface is responsible for the steady mean friction coefficient under different braking conditions. Excessive addition of Ni reduces the plasticity of the friction surface, leading to the change of the main wear mechanism from adhesive wear to delamination
Experimental Characterization of the Electrostatic Levitation Force in MEMS Transducers
Authors: Daeichin Meysam , Miles Ronald N. , Towfighian Shahrzad
Published: March 2020

In this study, a two-step experimental procedure is described to determine the electrostatic levitation force in micro-electromechanical system transducers. In these two steps, the microstructure is excited quasi-statically and dynamically and its response is used to derive the electrostatic force. The experimental results are obtained for a 1 mm by 1 mm plate that employs 112 levitation units. The experimentally obtained force is used in a lumped parameter model to find the microstructure response when it is subjected to different dynamical loads. The natural frequency and the damping ratios in the model are identified from the experimental results. The results show that this procedure can be used as a method to extract the electrostatic force as a function of the microstructure’s degrees-of-freedom. The procedure can be easily used for any microstructure with a wide variety of electrode configurations to predict the response of the system to any input excitation.
Understanding the Effects of Capturing Climate and Occupancy Trends During Concept-Stage Sustainable Building Design
Authors: Lin Sean , Albarhami Bahaa , Mayoral Salvador , Piacenza Joseph
Published: March 2020

This paper presents a model prediction to capture specifically how energy usage in sustainable buildings on college campuses is affected by different variables of student life. The California State University, Fullerton (CSUF) Student Housing Phase III, which received a Platinum Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification for the Building Design and Construction category, with its performance in a LEED California Nonresidential Title 24 (NRT24) and ASHRAE 90.1 climate zones, is used as a case study to illustrate the method. Through LEED-approved software, the standard compliant energy models are compared with the occupancy-scheduled models along with the actual energy consumption in different climate zones. The results provide insight into how variables within student dormitory life affect the total building energy usage. The total amount of energy consumed per area is one new factor providing understanding into occupancy trends. This new data set reveals more understanding regarding how and where the energy is consumed to maintain a comfortable learning environment. The LEED certification program is one benchmark used to determine sustainable building design. Designers must adhere to set standards before being awarded a U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) certification such as LEED. The results from this paper will provide input over which variables within student dormitory life affect the energy usage of the building. With the model results, some solutions are presented to update the LEED project certification as well as to reduce student energy usage.
Investigating Information: A Qualitative Analysis of Expert Designers’ Information Representation and Structuring Behaviors
Authors: Damen Nicole B. , Toh Christine
Published: March 2020

Information organization and utilization are integral to the design and development of creative ideas. However, navigating this often complex information space can be challenging, even for experienced designers. Therefore, a deep analysis of how expert software designers utilize and organize information is needed to provide qualitative insights into their information organization strategies. To address this, four professionals in the software design and development field were recruited for individual 3-hour design sessions. They were asked to generate ideas for a design challenge (reducing distraction-based pedestrian accidents) using information sheets specifically developed to contain different types of information, as identified by prior work. Results reveal individual differences in information approach and categorization, although these were motivated by similar underlying patterns of evaluating the relevance of the information for its ability to inform the project constraints, resources, or (user) requirements. Designer experience and use of design processes and knowledge transfer tools enhanced their ability to turn information into insights.
Lattice Boltzmann Computations of Natural Convection Heat Transfer of Nanofluid in a Square Cavity Heated by Protruding Heat Source
Authors: Faraji Mustapha , Berra El Mehdi
Published: March 2020

This paper reported the mathematical modeling and numerical simulation of natural convection flow of Cu/water nanofluid in a square enclosure using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The cavity is heated from below by heat source and cooled by the top wall. The vertical walls are adiabatic. After validating the numerical code against the numerical and experimental data, simulations were performed for different Rayleigh numbers (104–0.5 × 107), nanoparticles volume fractions (0–8%), and cavity inclination angle (0 deg–90 deg). The effects of the studied parameters on the streamlines, on isotherms distributions within the enclosure, and on the local and average Nusselt numbers are investigated. It was found that heat transfer and fluid flow structure depend closely on the nanoparticle concentration. Results show differences in stream separation between a base fluid and the nanofluid. Also, adding small nanoparticles fractions, less than 6%, to the base fluid enhances the heat transfer for higher Rayleigh numbers and cavity inclination angle less than 30 deg. It is concluded that the optimal dilute suspension of copper nanoparticles can be applied as a passive way to enhance heat transfer in natural convection engineering applications.