bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Comparative Politics of Labor-Initiated Reforms
Authors: PONTUSSON JONAS
Published: March 2007

This article explores the reasons why some reform initiatives launched by the Swedish labor movement have succeeded and others have failed. It presents four case studies: two success stories (the pension reform of 1959 and the industrial democracy reforms of the 1970s), and two failures (inheritance taxation in the 1920s and 1940s, and wage-earner funds in the 1970s). The article casts these case studies in an analytical framework that emphasizes three variables. To the extent that they challenge the interests of capital, labor's reform initiatives are likely to precipitate a powerful countermobilization, but the politics of reformism are also shaped by the extent to which labor's initiatives embody a universalistic conception of social justice and/or appeal to the material interests of swing voters.
Selling British Rail
Authors: ZAHARIADIS NIKOLAOS
Published: March 2007

Using a multiple streams model, which is based on work by Kingdon, the study explains the quest to sell British Rail. It argues that privatization depends on the interplay of three streams or factors in opportune moments: problems, solutions, and politics. The key to understanding the process is coupling, the notion that the effects of these factors are not additive; rather, only a combination of all three at the same time can produce the desired outcome. The essential features of the answer to the privatization puzzle, therefore, are the institutional position and strategy of policy entrepreneurs who join the streams together and the effect of policy windows on impeding or enhancing the coupling chances of specific solutions. The study refines Kingdon's argument by specifying the conditions under which a policy may be in search of a rationale.
Asylum and State Sovereignty
Authors: JOPPKE CHRISTIAN
Published: March 2007

Comparing the asylum policies of three Western states, this article argues against two claims raised in recent writings on international migration: that states' capacity of controlling unwanted migration is declining; and that such diminished control capacity is due to an international human rights regime restricting states' discretion over the admission and expulsion of aliens. This comparison suggests that there is an increasing willingness and capacity of states to control mass asylum seeking. State constraints in asylum policy arise more from domestic than from international legal norms. Asylum policies are everywhere shaped by the two increasingly conflicting principles of liberal nation-states: popular sovereignty and the protection of human rights.
Gender Quotas, Electoral Laws, and the Election of Women
Authors: JONES MARK P.
Published: March 2007

Gender quotas represent a commonly advocated method by which to address the severe underrepresentation of women in the world's legislatures. This study analyzes the effect of gender quota laws on the election of women legislators. It also examines the extent to which other electoral rules can influence the effect of quotas on the election of women. Argentina's provinces employ a wide variety of electoral law arrangements for the election of their provincial legislatures, thereby providing a unique population with which to explore the effect of quotas. The use of a gender quota law is found to have a significant positive impact on the percentage of women elected to the Argentine provincial legislatures. At the same time, the type of party list used is found to have a potent influence on the efficacy of gender quota laws in increasing the percentage of women elected. The study provides considerable support for the position of gender quota advocates. It also suggests that reformers must pay close attention to the institutional environment in which a quota law is being implemented.
On Analysing the Dynamics of Foreign Policy Change:
Authors: CARLSNAES WALTER
Published: March 2007

The analysis presented here departs from the conventional conceptualization of foreign policy change in terms of input-output modes of analysis, here represented by two of its most recent and acknowledged practitioners. It is argued that approaches of this kind tend to fail on at least three counts: their account of the function of human agency in such change, which is not given the central role which this factor arguably deserves; their negligence of the agency-structure issue and its implications for analysing the dynamic interaction between decision-makers and social structures; and their inability to incorporate `learning' as an endogenous characteristic of foreign policy systems. An alternative mode of analysis is then presented which rejects the input-output imagery while specifically addressing the problems highlighted above. Although it defines the explanandum of foreign policy wholly in terms of agential behaviour, it includes structural factors as a crucial explanans and outlines a conceptualization of the dynamic nature of foreign policy which explicitly incorporates the reciprocal causal links between agents and structures, particularly in the form of the interplay — both adaptive and innovative — between institutions and discursive practices in foreign policy behaviour.
International Political Economy Meets Historical Sociology
Authors: HALL MARTIN
Published: March 2007

Mainstream International Political Economy (IPE) and Historical Sociology share a number of concerns. This has not, however, resulted in a significant body of historical IPE literature. It is argued that Historical Sociology poses two challenges for IPE, and that these must be accommodated before the field can become historically sensitive. The first concerns the ontology of historical IPE. Whereas mainstream IPE generally recognizes that states are not the only `units' in the international system, the challenge of Historical Sociology revolves around whether there are any relevant differentiations to be made in the concepts of `state' and `international system'. The second challenge concerns the question of continuity and change, an issue that has not been the object of extensive conceptual analysis in mainstream IPE. While this article does not offer any specific way of historicizing mainstream IPE, it does suggest a few guidelines for such an enterprise.
"Healthy" Foods for Healthy Sales
Authors: Call Susan L.
Published: March 2007

The key to success in the restaurant field is giving patrons what they want. More and more often, what your patrons want are light, fresh, and wholesome foods.
Keepers of the Keys
Authors: Withiam Glenn
Published: March 2007

Long a fixture of European hotels, the concierge is appearing at many service-oriented hotels in the United States. In this article, The Quarterly reports on what concierges are doing and how hotels have integrated concierges into their management structure
Multicultural Strategics in Tourism
Authors: Jafari Jafar , Way William
Published: March 2007

Having catered to international tourists for years, hotel workers in many countries already recognize the need for multicultural awareness and skills. Many hotel employees in the United States, however, do not have a multicultural outlook. A study of 19 hotels that serve a large number of foreign guests found that communicating with those guests in their language is important. But speech alone is not enough, and guest-contact employees should learn about visitors' cultural expectations. U.S. hoteliers should supply their personnel with multicultural training either on their own, in conjunction with other operations, or in partnership with local college programs. Strategies for multicultural training include language training and familiarization with the body language, social systems, history, and etiquette of other cultures.
Common Misconceptions about Generation X
Authors: Tulgan Bruce
Published: March 2007

Contrary to popular stereotype, the generation of people born in the late 1960s and 1970s are hard workers (not slackers) who strongly desire to make their mark in their jobs. A product of their times, the so-called Xers are accustomed to rapidly changing situations. Far from having a short attention span, Xers are able to absorb large, often jumbled volumes of information at high speed. They believe they can rely only on themselves and expect to do so in their jobs. Their loyalty is earned by managers who set the task, provide necessary information and guidance as requested, and stand back.
The Role of Counseling Psychology in Preventing Male Violence Against Female Intimates
Authors: Hage Sally M.
Published: March 2007

Counseling psychology has a unique and important role to play in the reduction and elimination of interpersonal violence. This article provides a context for furthering preventative efforts within counseling psychology specifically aimed at ending and/or mitigating the effects of male violence against women. A brief discussion of social and cultural considerations in prevention is presented. Suggestions for involvement at five levels of prevention (stopping male violence from ever occurring; delaying the onset of abusive behavior; reducing the impact of men’s violence; strengthening knowledge, attitudes, and behavior promoting healthy relationships; and supporting institutional policies that promote healthy relationships) are provided. Future directions in training, funding, research, and employment for the counseling field are suggested.
Relational Influences in Career Development
Authors: Schultheiss Donna E. Palladino , Kress Helen M. , Manzi Alberta J. , Glasscock Julie M. Jeffrey
Published: March 2007

This investigation examined the role of relationships with parents, siblings, and significant others in the career development process. Individual interviews were conducted to clarify the nature of these relationships and their association with career exploration and decision making. The narrative data were analyzed using consensual qualitative research methods as described by Hill, Thompson, and Williams. One of the most prominent factors in relational influence—particularly across the mother, father, and most important sibling domains—was the relationship as a multidimensional source of support. The results are discussed within the context of the core set of social support functions identified by Cutrona and Russell. Implications for theory and practice and directions for future research are offered.
Theory and Research on Stereotypes and Perceptual Bias
Authors: Abreu José M.
Published: March 2007

This article presents theory and selected research on stereotyping and cognitive automaticity as a didactic resource base for multicultural counselor educators. Multicultural trainers can use this information in the classroom to establish the existing scientific evidence indicating that perceptual processes taking place outside of conscious awareness give rise to biased perceptions involving racial or ethnic categories. The objective of this didactic resource is to impress upon counseling trainees the importance of coming to terms with racial prejudice and biases often hidden from conscious scrutiny. In addition to the didactic material, several experiential exercises designed to elicit awareness of biases in personal attitudes and beliefs toward culturally diverse groups are presented. Suggestions for future research are also included.
"How Old Are You?"-The Question of Age Bias in the Counseling of Adults
Authors: Troll Lillian E. , Nowak Carol
Published: March 2007

Attention is called to the probability that counselors and psychotherapists share the age stereotypes of other Americans. These definitions of appropriate behavior vary somewhat by age and sex of people under consideration and perhaps by age, sex, and other characteristics of those who are stereotyping. Three kinds of age bias are noted: age restrictiveness, age distortion, and negative attitudes associated with particular ages.
Counseling for Health
Authors: Thoresen Carl E. , Eagleston Jean R.
Published: March 2007

Good health and chronic diseases exist essentially as matters of habit as well as context in how people routinely go about the business of everyday living. Recently the crucial roles of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors in health and disease have been recognized, giving rise to the new fields of health psychology and behavioral medicine. The growing complexities involved yield a host of conceptual, methodological, and clinical problems. Examples include narrow definitions of health and disease, abuse of statistical significance testing in research, and confusing conceptualizations of chronic stress. To illustrate treatment possibilities, several ongoing broadly based intervention programs in the cardiovascular disease area are discussed. The many ways in which counseling psychologists might participate in problem areas in the health field clearly offer exciting challenges and opportunities.
Anxiety Management Training
Authors: Suinn Richard M. , Deffenbacher Jerry L.
Published: March 2007

This article provides detailed information on anxiety management training, a relaxation-based, self-control therapy for the treatment of generalized anxiety, phobias, anger, and other stress-related disorders. The article describes in detail the specific procedures of anxiety management training to enable the reader to utilize it with individuals and groups. Additionally, research findings are summarized, and the means for deciding on the proper use of anxiety management training are outlined. The article is coauthored by the developer of the technique and a leading researcher in its applications.
Counseling Psychology in Colleges of Education
Authors: Brooks Linda , Elman Nancy S. , Fouad Nadya A. , Spokane Arnold R. , Stoltenberg Cal D.
Published: March 2007

A survey of counseling psychology (CP) training directions (N = 34), housed partly or completely in colleges of education, revealed that the most frequently cited benefits of being housed in education were compatibility of the CP program with the college mission, the esteem it which the CP progratm7 was held in the college, and the accessibility of related programs in educational and school psychology. The most frequently cited disadvantages involved the perception that psychologist colleagues (e.g., licensing boards) did not find education hou0sing credible, lack of fit with the K-12 mission, and limited funding. CP respondents preferred to be housed in education and would choose it if given the chance. Thus, although some advantages and disadvantages of housing in education were reported, no widespread dissatisfaction was found.
Training Issues for Counseling Psychologists in Working with Lesbian Women and Gay Men
Authors: Buhrke Robin A. , Douce Louise A.
Published: March 2007

Counseling psychology professional organizations clearly state that discrimination on the basis of minority status-be it racial/ethnic, sexual orientation, gender, or other-is unethical and unacceptable. Unfortunately, many counselors and counseling psychologists have received little training with regard to lesbian and gay issues. This article presents ways in which these issues can and should be incorporated into counseling psychology training programs. Academic and internship training are addressed, followed by a discussion of the importance of a safe and appropriate environment for lesbian and gay personnel Specific recommendations are presented and discussed.
What Have Surveys Taught Us about the Teaching and Practice of Vocational Assessment?
Authors: Watkins C. Edward
Published: March 2007

In an effort to answer the "what have surveys taught us" question, the author reviewed survey articles about vocational assessment that have appeared from 1935 through 1991. Based on that review, nine points which summarize what surveys have told us about the teaching and practice of vocational assessment were identified. The survey studies show, among othter findings, that (a) most counseling psychology programs offer required or elective coursework in vocational assessment, but the emphasis now given to such courses far outweighs students' interests in the area, (b) about half or more doctoral-level counseling psychologists provide vocational assessment services, (c) university/college counseling centers and Veterans Administration medical centers provide comparatively more vocational assessment services than do other settings, and (d) the Strong Interest Inventory dominates the field as the most frequently used and recommended vocational assessment procedure.
Reconceptualizing Multicultural Counseling
Authors: Fischer Ann R. , Jome LaRae M. , Atkinson Donald R.
Published: March 2007

Some tension appears to exist in the literature between the emic, or culturally specific, and etic, or universal, approaches to counseling with culturally different clients. Prompted by the lack of clear theoretical models for multicultural counseling, as well as by the inability of specific factors to explain treatment effectiveness in general, we suggest that consideration of the common factors found in psychotherapy and healing across cultures provides a useful way to bridge the gap between culturally specific and universal approaches. We believe that the skeleton of universal healing factors requires the flesh of cultural knowledge, resulting in the formulation of multicultural counseling as universal healing processes taking place in a culturally sensitive context. We propose that this perspective (a) may serve as a framework for unifying the diverse body of multi-cultural counseling literature, (b) has some empirical support, and (c) may be useful in guiding future multicultural research, training, and practice.
Legal Issues of Randomized Experiments on Sanctioning
Authors: Graebsch Christine
Published: March 2007

In 1981, the Federal Judicial Center proposed guidelines for balancing risks of experimentation against their supposed benefits. The ethical rules were supposed to be within the scope of American legal and constitutional justification. These guidelines would not fulfill the same criterion in Germany, especially if risks to the individual are weighed against benefits toward the society. Randomization in criminal law cannot be justified by the constitutional principle of freedom of research or by the need to gain empirical knowledge about the effectiveness of sanctions. Unequal treatment in randomized designs can only be justified if randomization is permitted for reasons other than experimentation and if the individuals give their free and informed consent. The principle of informed consent must be extended from a procedural to a material content, which guarantees that participants are not forced to take part in an experiment.
Reintegrative Shaming and Recidivism Risks in Drug Court: Explanations for Some Unexpected Findings
Authors: Miethe Terance D. , Lu Hong , Reese Erin
Published: March 2007

Braithwaite's (1989) theory of reintegrative shaming has been increasingly used to explain how social control efforts may result in both conformity and deviance. Using this theory as an interpretive framework, this study examines the relative effectiveness of a specialized drug court in reducing recidivism risks. Contrary to expectations based on its structural similarity to the principles of reintegrative shaming, the authors find that risks of recidivism for drug court participants are significantly higher than comparable offenders processed outside drug court. Field observations and a more detailed examination of daily practices explain these unexpected findings by revealing that the drug court is actually more stigmatizing than conventional courts and is not reintegrative enough in its orientation toward punishment. The results of this study are then discussed in terms of their implications for further research.
A Short-Run Cost-Benefit Analysis of Community-Based Interventions for Juvenile Offenders
Authors: Robertson Angela A. , Grimes Paul W. , Rogers Kevin E.
Published: March 2007

Recent empirical research indicates that for juvenile offenders various community-based intervention techniques result in significantly greater positive effects when compared to more traditional approaches. This article presents a cost-benefit evaluation of two such techniques: intensive supervision and monitoring (ISM) and intensive outpatient counseling with cognitive behavioral therapy (CB). A two-equation regression model that controlled for differences in demographic characteristics, personality traits, behavior, and the home environment of the subjects was estimated. The results indicate that, relative to those on probation, participants in the CB program imposed significantly fewer costs on the justice system during the investigative period. No significant difference in justice system expenditures was demonstrated by the ISM group. Comparing the reduced costs of the CB program to the marginal cost of administering the program revealed a net saving of $1,435 in justice system expenditures per youth offender served for the sample period.
The Use of Lethal Force by Police: The Effect of Statutory Change
Authors: Waegel William B.
Published: March 2007

Police shootings in Philadelphia over the period 1970-1978 are examined. Descriptive data detailing the incident characteristics of the 459 police shootings that occurred during the period are presented. The data permit an assessment of the justificability of the schooting incidents that is grounded in the governing legal statutes. In addition, the article addresses the issue of police compliance with statutory changes. It is suggested that a department's administrative posture toward firearms use by officers may be more relavant to effective control than statutory change.
The Myth of the “New” Female Delinquent
Authors: Curran Daniel J.
Published: March 2007

In recent years, research on the topic of female crime and delinquency has focused on the relationship between the women's liberation movement and increasing female criminal activity. This analysis takes issue with the contention that the women's movement has resulted in a rapid change in both the quantity and quality of female offenses. Through an examination of the Philadelphia Family Court System, the author argues that changes in the rate of female delinquent activity as well as in the disposition of youthful offenders are the results of legal and political shifts in orientation. Three significant political-legal periods are identified between 1960 and 1980: (1) a “paternalistic” period (1960-1967), during which female delinquents were harshly treated by the courts “for their own good”; (2) a “due process” era (1968-1976), which reflects the spirit of the Gault decision; and (3) a “law and order” phase (1977-1980), during which the court adjusted to the new conservatism of the late seventies.
Black Homicide: The Adequacy of Existing Research for Devising Prevention Strategies
Authors: Hawkins Darnell F.
Published: March 2007

The federal government's recently announced plans to develop and implement intervention strategies aimed at the reduction of homicide among young, black males is discussed, and the adequacy of past and current research on homicide for such a task is examined. A number of ways in which existing research is limited in its usefulness as a basis for developing intervention strategies, as well as for increasing our understanding of the relationship between race and homicide, are presented. The article ends with suggested directions for future research.
Classification Objectives and Practices
Authors: Alexander Jack
Published: March 2007

Making correct predictions is only one, and probably not the most important, of the objectives for security classification. In this article, inherent limitations to predictive ability are discussed and four other objectives are emphasized. These objectives are as follows: making classification decisions the right way, making decisions stick, managing decisions, and promoting positive human interaction. The discussion focuses on the utility of objective instruments for achieving those objectives.
Taming the Giant Corporation? Some Cautionary Remarks on the Deterrability of Corporate Crime
Authors: Moore Charles A.
Published: March 2007

Conventional wisdom accords deterrence a prominent role in the control of corporate crime. It is argued that current confidence in a deterrence strategy is unfounded, first, because it is based on an unrealistic view of corporate decision making and, second, because it makes an overly optimistic appraisal of our legal system's capacity to control corporate conduct through punitive means. It is further argued that efforts to increase the sanctions imposed on corporate offenders may produce unintended consequences that would increase, rather than lessen, the victimization resulting from corporate wrongdoing. “Penetrating” legal controls, such as incapacitation and rehabilitation, are proposed as preferable alternatives.
The Death Penalty for Juveniles: An Assessment of Public Support
Authors: Skovron Sandra Evans , Scott Joseph E. , Cullen Francis T.
Published: March 2007

The United States is one of the few nations that permits the execution of offenders for murders committed while under the age of 18. The juvenile death penalty has received considerable media and public attention both nationally and internationally. Yet despite the extensive literature on public attitudes toward the death penalty, little research exists on public attitudes toward the juvenile death penalty. This article examines attitudes toward this penalty, using data collected in a telephone survey of two midwestern cities. A substantial majority of those surveyed opposed the death penalty for juveniles above the age of 14 convicted of murder. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Contingent Intermediate Sentences: New Jersey's Intensive Supervision Program
Authors: Pearson Frank S.
Published: March 2007

New Jersey's Intensive Supervision Program (ISP) provides substantially higher levels of punishment, supervision, and counseling than are provided under ordinary probation or parole. These three correctional elements are contingently administered. Based on the nature of the offense and the offender's conformity to the rules of ISP, the counseling and the punitive and supervisory constraints are gradually lessened over the 18-month program. The most recent data on participants' terminations and recidivism rates are presented. The cost-effectiveness of the program and some practical lessons learned are also discussed.
“Heads I Win, Tails You Lose”: Deregulation, Crime, and Crisis in the Savings and Loan Industry
Authors: Calavita Kitty , Pontell Henry N.
Published: March 2007

This study examines fraud in the savings and loan industry as a case study of white-collar crime. Drawing from extensive government reports, Congressional hearings, and media accounts, the study categorizes three types of savings and loan crime and traces them to the competitive pressures unleashed by deregulation in the early 1980s, within the context of a federally protected, insured industry. In addition, the study delineates the limitations of the enforcement process, focusing on the ideological, political, and structural forces constraining regulators. Although savings and loan crime is in many respects similar to corporate crime in the manufacturing sector, a relatively new form of white-collar crime, referred to as “collective embezzlement,” permeates the thrift industry. The study links the proliferation of collective embezzlement and other forms of thrift crime, as well as the structural dilemmas that constrain the enforcement process, to the distinctive qualities of finance capitalism.
Public Support for the Victims' Rights Movement: Results of a Statewide Survey
Authors: Smith Brent L. , Sloan John J. , Ward Richard M.
Published: March 2007

The literature on the victims' rights movement has been largely anecdotal, and little empirical evidence has been produced about who supports victims' rights. This article examines the extent of public support for several programs regularly appearing in proposed victim legislation. Path analytic procedures were used to test variation in support by age, race, sex, education, income, and victimization experience. The results indicate that victimization experience and education were most strongly associated with support for the victims' rights programs examined. Race, on the other hand, was not significantly related to support for victims' rights when other variables were controlled.
Prison Impact Studies: Some Comments on Methodological Rigor
Authors: McShane Marilyn D. , Williams Frank P. , Wagoner Carl P.
Published: March 2007

Many pronouncements have been made in the process of site selection for new prisons. A review of the research literature on the effect of prisons on communities reveals that most of this information is unsupported by good research design. This essay presents a critique of the methodological and research design problems of prison impact studies. Various threats to validity are explored and two complementary methodologies, a single-site time series and multisite time series, are proposed for prison impact studies. Strict attention to internal-validity concerns will provide better answers to causal mechanisms and outcomes than is currently the case.
Toward a Causal Model of Drug Use
Authors: Tayman Jeff , Pennell Susan
Published: March 2007

Drug use remains a serious concern in neighborhoods and at all levels of government. Formulating drug policy requires sound information regarding the indicators of drug use and its consequences. To date, efforts to integrate drug use measures as a means to predict drug use trends have been minimal. This research describes a statistical modeling procedure that attempted to demonstrate the association between drug use in the justice and health systems to determine if drug use in the criminal justice system could forecast drug use in the larger community. Results of the path analysis suggested that integration of indicators was not useful for determining future drug use due to the weak associations among variables.
Mobilizing Support for Social Control in a Declining Economy: Exploring Ideologies of Crime within Crime News
Authors: Barlow Melissa Hickman , Barlow David E. , Chiricos Theodore G.
Published: March 2007

Building on a previous analysis of types of crime and characteristics of offenders in Time magazine articles about crime during the post-World War II period, this study extends exploration of ideologies of crime in the news by examining reports about the causes of crime and commands of what to do about crime in Time magazine. The authors argue that criminal justice policy and ideology have played an important role in developments within the postwar political economy in the United States.
Profit and Penality: An Analysis of the Corrections-Commercial Complex
Authors: Lilly J. Robert , Deflem Mathieu
Published: March 2007

The economics of imprisonment has been examined in a plethora of theoretical and empirical studies. As intriguing, stimulating, and policy-changing as these have been, they generally have not been connected to social contexts broader than prison overcrowding, legal issues, and conservative ideology. This article attempts to respond to this lack of attention by offering a descriptive analysis of one neglected topic of penality. It examines some of the business-related aspects of the American penal system and concludes that because that system operates largely by purchasing goods and services, the connections among crime, punishment, and business must be considered.
Community-Based Gang Prevention and Intervention: An Evaluation of the Neutral Zone
Authors: Thurman Quint C. , Giacomazzi Andrew L. , Reisig Michael D. , Mueller David G.
Published: March 2007

This article presents an assessment of the Neutral Zone, a community-based gang prevention and intervention program developed in Mountlake Terrace and now operating in several other Washington communities. The Neutral Zone offers youths at risk of joining a gang or already gang-affiliated an attractive and safe alternative for productively spending their time. An evaluation suggests that this late evening program provides viable recreational and social service activities to some 190 youths each Friday and Saturday night. Data from direct observation, focus group interviews with participants and program staff, and official crime statistics indicate that the Neutral Zone is an effective alternative to traditional law enforcement approaches which typically rely on police crackdowns and curfews to regulate gang activity.
Reclaim Ohio: A Politically Viable Alternative to Treating Youthful Felony Offenders
Authors: Moon Melissa M. , Applegate Brandon K. , Latessa Edward J.
Published: March 2007

In recent decades, juvenile justice policy has become more conservative. The implementation of various “get tough” strategies has contributed to an increasing juvenile correctional population. Despite this nationwide trend, however, this movement is not completely dominant. This article examines the pilot phase of a new program, RECLAIM Ohio (or Reasoned and Equitable Community and Local Alternatives to the Incarceration of Minors), which seeks to reduce juvenile commitments to institutions and to increase the use of community-based alternatives. The results indicate some initial success in meeting these goals. The program's ability to address both liberal and conservative ideology may be the key to its long-term success.
Alternative Medicine and the Health Care Division of Labour: Present Trends and Future Prospects
Authors: Saks Mike
Published: March 2007

Consumer interest in alternative medicine has expanded greatly in western societies in recent years. This has been associated, among other things, with the rapid growth of the numbers and range of practitioners of such therapies. This article discusses from a neo-Weberian perspective the present influence of this development on the nature and form of the health care division of labour, with special reference to such trends as the increasing professionalization of alternative medicine and the growing incorporation of such therapies into orthodox medical delivery systems. The article also considers the possible future impact of rising public interest in therapies currently defined as alternative on the occupational structure in health care. Of particular interest in this context is the extent to which such unorthodox practices are likely to pose a challenge to long-established patterns of biomedical dominance in the division of labour.
Social Movements and Socio-Political Change in Latin America
Authors: Haber Paul Lawrence
Published: March 2007

The social movement literature has made a fundamental contribution to one of the most significant trends in contemporary political sociology: the effort to learn more about the culture of popular classes, and the implications of grassroots movement politics for broader political, social and economic realities. This essay presents a critical review of the Latin American social movement literature, from 1970 to the present. It chronicles and interprets the implications of the theoretical shift from Marxist and Marxist-inspired studies of the 1970s to the democratic and identity politics of the 1980s and 1990s. While celebrating the advances made, as class-based analysis was replaced by a more nuanced appreciation of politics and culture, it is also suggested that caution must be exercised lest the new perspective become overly concerned with cultural novelties at the expense of sober political analysis concerning the power of movements under neoliberalism. The essay ends on an optimistic note, with reference to recently published works that make important contributions to our understanding of movement/party/state relations and recent shifts in cultural identities and consciousness.
An Evaluation Procedure for a New Program to Prepare Administrator Change Agents
Authors: Hughes Larry W. , Tanner C. Kenneth
Published: March 2007

In this article the authors describe a new administrative preparation program which they conduct. They also discuss at some length a procedure developed for evaluating that program.
The School Survey: Closing the Gap between Studying and Doing
Authors: Hartman Allan S.
Published: March 2007

Implementing survey recommendations is a perennial administrative problem. This article suggests that more attention to the ways surveys are conceived, commissioned, conducted, and communicated can result in more effective implementation.
Linking Financial Incentives to Teacher Accountability in School Districts
Authors: Bruno James E. , Nottingham Marvin A.
Published: March 2007

Recently there has been a concerted effort directed at designing incentive pay schemes for school district personnel in order to increase their performance and productivity. Because of political forces operant in school districts, incentive pay schemes based upon individual performances are extremely difficult to implement, and therefore usually ineffective. This study reports the use of a school district "profit sharing" incentive scheme based upon collegial, not individual, teacher performance and sets incentives according to a non-linear payment schedule.
Political Party as an Indicator of Educational Posture in Oregon
Authors: Smith Barbara Leigh
Published: March 2007

"Political Party as an Indicator of Educational Posture in Oregon " explores correlates of voting on education legislation and the degree to which education issues are unidimensional. Differences in partisan affiliation, constituency, and personal background are examined as major explanatory factors for variations in voting.
Who Misbehaves?—A High School Studies its Discipline Problems
Authors: Duke Daniel L.
Published: March 2007

An example of locally conducted applied research, this study compares an entire population (78) of high school discipline problem students with a control group of students who were not involved in acts of misconduct. Significant differences were found to exist in intelligence, scholastic achievement, scholastic abilities, vocational aptitude, and personality characteristics in elementary school.
Lessons from the Literature on Implementation
Authors: Kritek William J.
Published: March 2007

Until recently, the "change literature" has focused on the diffusion and adoption of innovations to the exclusion of the implementation process. In the last few years, however, attention has been directed to problems involved in translating proposals for educational programs into practice. This paper is a synthesis of these case studies along with implications for program planners and managers.
The Instructional Management Role of the Principal
Authors: Bossert Steven T. , Dwyer David C. , Rowan Brian , Lee Ginny V.
Published: March 2007

This review of related literature and research prompted the development of a framework for understanding the role of the principal as an instructional manager. A number of links between school-level variables and student learning are proposed. The discussion includes consideration of instrictional organization, school climate, influence behavior, and the context of principal management.
Do Women Aspire to the Same Administrative Positions as Men?
Authors: Bowker Jeanette E , Hinkle Dennis E , Worner Wayne M
Published: March 2007

This is a study of the administrative aspirations of male and female faculty members in land grant universities. Preferences for beginning level positions and those ultimately sought are explored as well as selected demographic characteristics of the respondents. Some of the myths regarding women's administrative aspirations are refuted by the researchers' analyses.
Teachers and Administrators: Elements of the Information Processing Repertoires of Schools
Authors: Ogawa Rodney T.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to theoretically examine the loose coupling that has been observed to exist between teachers and administrators. Using Weick's concept of organizing, it is argued that teacher and administrator roles are elements of the information processing repertoires of educational organizations. As such, they must remain sufficiently independent in order to process those inputs for which each is particularly well suited. This conceptualization is grounded in thefindings of a variety of studies on schooling, teaching, and educational administration.
Teacher Motivation and its Relationship to Burnout
Authors: Anderson Mary Beth G. , Iwanicki Edward F.
Published: March 2007

This study utilized stepwise multiple regression analysis to examine the relationship between motivational factors and teacher perceived burnout when controlling for the background variables of age, sex, level of teaching, and years of teaching experience. Motivational factors consisted of teacher perceived security, social, esteem, autonomy, and self-actualization need deficiencies. Teacher perceived burnout was examined in terms of the frequency and intensity of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. Generally, the higher level self-actualization and esteem need deficiencies explained a significant amount of the variance in burnout among teachers.
Administrative Narcissism and the Tyranny of Isolation: Its Decline and Fall, 1954-1984
Authors: Walker W. G.
Published: March 2007

As EAQ completes two decades of publication, changes in professors and hence preparation programs since the mid-1950s are reviewed. Originally Americocentric and restricted by the tyranny of isolation, professors demonstrated a form of administrative narcissism. This is now in decline as leaders in the field actively seek to learn from abroad, widen theory bases, and observe new modes of administrator preparation.
Organizational Theory and the Logic of the Dichotomy
Authors: Renihan Pat
Published: March 2007

Organizational theorists have been constrained by the overuse of dichotomies. Complex social phenomena cannot adequately be represented through these simplifications of reality as constituted in only two parts. This propensity of theorists to dichotomize is investigated and countered by the advocation of the application of disciplined naivete in the study of educational organizations.
Seeing isn't Believing? Neither is Hearing! In Defense of Observational Studies
Authors: Thomas A. Ross
Published: March 2007

The author analyzes Peter C. Gronn's earlier criticisms of structured observation in the EAQ and the communications whichfollowed concerning the merits and limitations of this research method. These criticisms are explained as growing from a limited conception of administration and an overzealous promotion of the research technique termed "Boswelling." Observational studies are offered as one of a number of research methods which expand the variety of tools available for researchers in educational administration.
Perceptions of Effectiveness, Influence, and Satisfaction of Senior High School Principals
Authors: Gunn James A. , Holdaway Edward A.
Published: March 2007

A 1983-84 Alberta study examined the job satisfaction of senior high schoolprincipals and its relationship to these principals'perceptions of their influence, their effectiveness, and their school's effectiveness. The selected indicators and best predictors of these variables, and associations with demographic variables, also were identified.
Theories of Education Budgeting: Lessons from the Management of Decline
Authors: Cibulka James G.
Published: March 2007

Existing rational and political theories of educational budgeting are reviewed and critiqued using comparativefield data on the management of declining resources in 10 urban school systems. A new rational theory is outlined that better explains events in these cities. It attempts to resurrect and restructure rational theory, incorporating relevant political, economic, and administrative concepts.
Conceptions of School Culture: An Overview
Authors: Erickson Frederick
Published: March 2007

It is not clear what the term culture means in current discussion of school culture. Is it to refer globally to everything that happens routinely in schools, or are there more precise definitions that can be useful? This article reviews a range of definitions of culture. Three main conceptions of culture are discussed; a culture as bits of information, culture as conceptual structure and symbols, and culture as meanings generated in political struggle. Through examples and commentary the author considers the relative utility of the different conceptions of culture for helping one think about the diverse and systematically patterned ways of making sense that students, teachers, and administrators bring to their everyday encounters with one another in schools.
Interest Groups and the Changing Environment of State Educational Policymaking: Developments in Pennsylvania
Authors: Karper Jane H. , Boyd William Lowe
Published: March 2007

To explore the consequences for education interest groups of Reagan's "New Federalism, "the "excellence"movement prompted by A Nation At Risk, and the increased role of governors and legislators in educational policy, 33 key policy participants in Pennsylvania were interviewed. They were asked about changes since 1980 in lobbying activities and tactics, in points of access to policymaking, and about which groups now seemed most influential. The study revealed major changes in the state educational policy environment. When a strong governor seized the initiative and placed the education interest groups in a reactive position, they responded by reducing their infighting and formed a large coalition to present a unified position on school funding.
The Social Action Perspective: Attachments to Work and Productivity in the Research Function
Authors: Rebne Douglas
Published: March 2007

This study examines faculty motivation and quantitative performance in the research function. Beginning with industrial theory, factor analysis is used to characterize individual motivations to work in terms of distinctive sets of goals sought from employment. These bases of motivation (or 'work attachments) are surprisingly comparable to the range of attachments found in industry: Moral, Calculative and Alienative. Regression analysis indicates that Moral and Alienative attachments make an appreciable contribution to the explanation of research productivity. The results of this exploratory study suggest that further research should be undertaken to consider the manner in which faculty make sense of their situations and develop goals from work. There is also a need to study the relationship between work attachments and performance in other academic functions. Finally, it is suggested that the implications of research on work attachments be considered in relation to work design, compensation and development activities.
Exit and Voice: Turnover and Militancy Intentions in Elementary and Secondary Schools
Authors: Bacharach Samuel B. , Bamberger Peter
Published: March 2007

In his seminal 1972 work Hirschman suggested that members of organizations have two primary alternatives when faced with conditions that they find objectionable: exit (i.e., turnover) and voice (i.e., militancy). This study examines the degree to which two key affective work consequences (job satisfaction and stress symptomology) and two of their hypothesized antecedents (role conflict and ambiguity) are likely to have the same effect on voicing and exiting intentions. A covariance structure analysis of the data produced three basic findings. First, the results of previous studies of turnover intentions in organizations other than elementary and secondary schools were not found to be generalizable to these types of educational organizations. Second, the most plausible turnover specifications were found to be different from the most plausible militancy specifications for elementary and secondary schools (primarily in terms of the direct antecedents of turnover and militancy). Finally, exit and voice processes in elementary schools were found to be different from those in secondary schools (primarily in terms of the satisfaction-stress linkage).