bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Earnings Management or Earnings Manipulation?
Authors: Giordino Daniele
Published: September 2023

Earnings management is the strategic use of accounting principles to manipulate financial reports and influence external stakeholders' perceptions of a company's financial position. This chapter conducts a narrative review of the literature examining the long-term impact of earnings management on future profitability. It focuses on two main dimensions: accrual earnings management (AEM) and real earnings management (REM) techniques, exploring the motives and incentives driving companies towards this practice. The chapter seeks to contribute to discussions on earnings management and its implications for long-term profitability while emphasizing the need for systematic research on various forms of earnings management and their effects on a company's reputation, economic performance, and financial stability. Additionally, the chapter includes relevant case studies from previous literature to illuminate the effects of earnings management on corporations and other organizations.
Electricity Theft, Regulatory Quality, and the Rule of Law
Authors: Kargın-Akkoç Gamze , Oğuz Fuat
Published: September 2023

This study analyzes empirical outcomes to understand the causal linkages between the rule of law, regulatory quality, and electricity theft in regulated industries. It provides a brief and explicit theoretical framework on the rule of law and its impact on electricity theft, using panel data for income groups. When the rule of law is not well established, poor governance in the regulatory process leads to larger social and economic costs associated with electricity theft. The analysis demonstrates that the rule of law has a uni-directional causality effect on transmission and distribution losses across all income groups. In the upper-middle and low-income panels, transmission and distribution losses granger cause regulatory quality, while this relationship cannot be validated in the high and lower-middle-income samples. These findings highlight the significance of the rule of law in reducing electricity theft by emphasizing regulatory quality as a transmission channel.
Difference Between the Real and Estimated Size of a Company
Authors: Ruiz Gerardo Reyes
Published: September 2023

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) hold a crucial role in modern economies, contributing significantly to wealth generation and job creation. This study aims to explore the correlation between specific financial ratios and construct a synthetic measure to understand the business size of selected Catalan SMEs. Using discriminant analysis, the methodology calculates and explains company size, considering synthetic dimensions generated through principal components analysis with a set of financial ratios as input variables. By utilizing this information, the study precisely explains the “size” classification variable, detecting discrepancies between reported and actual company sizes to address potential tax evasion. The valuation of the classification process determines the necessary adjustments between real and estimated sizes, providing valuable insights into the business sizes of analyzed Catalan SMEs.
Acute Respiratory Illness Is Associated with Memory T Cell Differentiation and Other Immune Cell Changes in an Age-Associated Manner
Authors: Ugale Shreya S , Holmes Tyson H , Maysel-Auslender Sofia , Boyd Scott D , Dekker Cornelia L , Davis Mark M , Maecker Holden T
Published: September 2023

Respiratory viruses such as influenza are encountered multiple times through infection and/or vaccination and thus have the potential to shape immune cell phenotypes over time. In particular, memory T cell compartments may be affected, as both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses likely contribute to viral control. In this study, we assessed immune phenotypes using cytometry by time of flight in the peripheral blood of 22 humans with acute respiratory illness and 22 age-matched noninfected controls. In younger infected individuals (1–19 y of age), we found decreased B and NK cell frequencies and a shift toward more effector-like CD4+ and CD8+ T cell phenotypes, compared with young healthy controls. Significant differences between noninfected and infected older individuals (30–74 y of age) were not seen. We also observed a decrease in naive CD4+ T cells and CD27+CD8+ T cells as well as an increase in effector memory CD8+ T cells and NKT cells in noninfected individuals with age. When cell frequencies were regressed against age for infected versus noninfected subjects, significant differences in trends with age were observed for multiple cell types. These included B cells and various subsets of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. We conclude that acute respiratory illness drives T cell differentiation and decreases circulating B cell frequencies preferentially in young compared with older individuals.
Clinical Observation on Delivery of Low Birth Weight Infant
Authors: Song Seon-Ho , Choi Euy-Soon
Published: September 2023

A clinical study was made on 365 low birth weight infant and 406 normal birth weight infant who had been born at Kangnam St. mary's Hospital during past 3 years from Jan. 1, 1995 to Dec. 31, 1997. the data of this study were gathered through reviewing of medical records.1. Comparison of general characteristic with of obstetric characteristic 1) Old maternal age, previous abortion and previous LBWI delivery in the group of low birth weight infant(LBWI) mother were more prevalent than those in the group of normal birth weight infant(NBWI)mother 2) Cesarean section, abnormal presentation and multiple pregnancy in the group of LBWI mother were prevalent than those in the group of NBWI mother.3) regular antenartal care and visiting rate of tertiary hospital in the group of LBWI mother were more prevalent than those in the group of NBWI mother.2. Frequency of low birth weight infant 1) Anmual average frequency of LBWI was 6.5% and monthly frequency was the highest in January and december.2) The frequency of LBWI was the highest in 37-40wks of gestational age and was the highest in 2251-2500 gm of birth weight.3) The frequency of congenital anomaly in the group of LBWI was more prevalent than that of NBWI.3. Mortality rate of LBWI The mortality rate of LBWI was 9.2%. The highest mortality rate was noted before 27wks of gestational age, less than 1000gm of birth weight and within 12hrs of delivery.4. The most common complication of pregnant women was pre-term labor, the most complication relating to placenta was premature rupture of membrane(PROM) and the most fetal complication was fetal distress in delivered LBWI.5. Significant relating factors of low birth weight infant delivery were associated with maternal age, previous delivery, previous low birth weight delivery, pre-eclampsia, anemia, oligohydramnios, PROM, placenta previa, abruptio placenta, fetal sex, fetal distress and congenital anomaly.
Sexual Discrimination towards Female Nurses in the Male Dominated Hospital Environment
Authors: Goh Hyo Jung , Jeong Geum Hee
Published: September 2023

Female nurses in Korea have historically experienced discrimination on the basis of their gender as part of the traditional society views on woman and as a result of the male dominated hospital environments. This discrimination may interfere with the ability of female nurses to promote the health of their patients. To better understand this bias, we collected and analyzed 16 cases of alleged sexual discrimination reported by female nurses with more than 5 years work experience. The cases were classified into 10 subjects and further into 4 categories: personnel administration, daily working environment, female gender bias, and health care delivery. There were 7 cases (11.3%) of unjust personnel changes consisting of demotion(1), termination(4), and reallocation of position(3). Twenty three (37.1%) of cases related to problems in the daily workplace including biases in communication between female nurses and male physicians(12), daily work(8), and responsibility for adverse outcomes(3). We noted 17 cases (27.4%) of female gender bias as reported by female nurses(7), female physicians(7), and female patients(3). Lastly, there were 15 (24.3%) cases of problems with health care delivery due to sexual discrimination, including enrollment in the health care system(4),and decisions regarding medical care(4). These results suggest that sexual discrimination towards women is pervasive in the Korea hospitals, not only towards female nurses but also towards female physicians and patients. More discriminatory practices in a timely fashion such that better nursing care can be provided to patients and their families.
A Study on the Relationship between Emotion Related to Pap Smear and Continuous Participation in Pap Smear Screening in Married Korean Women
Authors: Chang Soon Bok , Park So Mi
Published: September 2023

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between emotion related to Pap smear and continuous participation in Pap smear screening by married women. The subjects for this study were 209 married women who had at least one previous Pap smear. The data were collected using a self reported survey questionnaire which was developed by the researchers. It's Cronbach's alpha score ranged from .8799 to .9118. Data analysis was done by descriptive statistics. ANOVA, t-test and Pearson correlation using the SPSS Win program.The results are as follows: 1. The mean for continuous participation in Pap smear screening over the past three years was 1.95.2. The mean score for negative emotions related to Pap smear screening was 3.2.3. The mean score for positive emotions related to Pap smear screening was 3.9 4. Positive correlations were found between positive emotion and continuous participation in Pap smear screening (r=.417, p<.05). A weak negative correlation was found between negative emotion and continuous participation in Pap smear screening (r=-.213, p<.05).In conclusion, negative and positive emotions had a significant effect on continuous participation in the Pap smear screening among married women. This suggests that reducing negative emotions and activating messages which relate to positive emotions may be an effective strategy for increasing continuous participation in Pap smear screening.
A Study on the Incidence of Breast-Feeding by Married Nurses
Authors: Baek Sun Sook , Choi Hye Jung
Published: September 2023

This descriptive study was cone to investigate the incidence of and reasons for the interruption of breast-feeding by married nurses. For this purpose, data was collected from married nurses, each of whose last child was under five years old, living in Seoul, Tong Hae, Sam Chok and Kang Rung. The number of children involved was 208. The data was collected from various places in Seoul, Tong Hae, Sam Chok and Kang Rung area, using 150 survey questionnaires.The results of the study were as follows: 1. The proportion of children receiving breast-feeding was 1.4%, mixed feeding 33.8% and milk feeding 64.9%. The most frequent duration of breast-feeding was one month (80.2%).2. The major reasons for breast-feeding were the health of the child 97%, and for emotional attachment with the child 75%.3. The major reasons for interrupting breast-feeding were the job of mother 79.5%, and an abnormality of the breast or nipple 26.0%.4. The major reasons for quitting breast-feeding were the job of mother 89.2%, insufficient breast milk 34.2%, and breast pain 19.9%. The above results suggest that the breast-feeding ratio in married nurses is very low. Therefore it is recommended that education about and propagation of breast-feeding be carried out. To enhance and promote breast-feeding, hospital managers should provide a comfortable environment, which is conducive to breast-feeding.
A Study on Functional Status after Childbirth under the Sanhujori
Authors: Yoo Eun Kwang
Published: September 2023

This study sought to figure out women's functional status after childbirth under the Sanhujori. Functioal status was defined as the women's readiness to assume infant care responsibilities and resume her usual activities including household, social and community, self-care and occupational activity. A convenience sample of 211 women who are in the postpartal period of the range from 1 week to 3 months above and residing in Seoul. Korea was studied from January, 1997 to December, 1998 for two years. Mean age of respondents was 29.9 years and mean of the present postpartal period was 7.5 weeks. The present postpartal period was of 5-8 weeks 26.5%, 3-4weeks 26.1%, 9-12 week 23.7% and below 2 weeks 7.1%, 32.7% of women had a job and the mean period of return to job was 2.76 weeks. During Sanhujori the non professional care giver was family members from women's maiden home 73.5% and only 2% of husband. The period women needed for the recovery from now was 5.39 weeks and it means that women need 12.9weeks for recovery after childbirth. For the present subjective health status after childbirth, bad was 20.2%, good 18.3 and average 61.5% and for the recovery status, completely recovered 29.5%, slightly 61.8% and rarely 8.7%. The mean of functional status at the 7.5weeks was baby care activity 3.65, household 2.57, self-care 2.46, occupational 2.44 and social 1.53 in rank. Except baby care the functional status was generally low or very low. The related factors to the functional status were the period and subjective evaluation of Sanhujori women experienced, the present period of postpartum, and subjective feeling of recovery. This result strongly reflects the effects of Sanhujori culture and Sanhujori per se on women's postpartal life including functional status and reconfirmed the relationship between health status and the experience of Sanhujori after delivery as the previous findings fron various study showed. It provides a challenge to the professional care givers to research further on the effects of Sanhujori on the health status, health recovery after abortion or delivery from the various aspects through the cross-sectional and longitudinal research for the refinement of the reality of Sanhujori not only as cultural phenomenon but as an inseparable factor influencing in women's postpartal healthy adaptation and for the appropriateness of intervention and quality of care for desirable health outcome.
Social Support and Hope of the Unwed Mothers in the Facilities
Authors: Chung Maria , Jung Moon Sook , Kim Shin Jung
Published: September 2023

Social support may play an important role in relieving the feelings of guilt and shame of unwed mothers due to social insults and ignorance and in helping them from physical and psychological harm caused by them. In addition hope may encourage to seek out a new way of life. To determine if a relationship between perceived social support and hope exists in unwed mothers a descriptive study was conducted in the facilities providing basic data for promoting the health of unwed mothers. A demographic data sheet and two instruments were used : Indirectly Perceived Social Support Scale(IPSSS) developed by Park Jee Won9revised by Jo Moo Yong), Miller Hope Scale(adapted and revised by Lee Mi Ja), 95 unmarried mothers participated. The mean score of perceived social support was 3.17. Family support was the highest(3.47) and unwed father support was the lowest(2.53) in sub-scales. Material support(3.53) was the highest in family support. Emotional support(3.58) was the highest in friends support. Informational support(3.39) was the highest in facilities-concerned personal support. The mean score of hope was 3.41 : the satisfaction with self, others and life was the highest(3.82) and anticipation of future was the lowest(3.27) in sub-scale. There was not a statistically significant relationship between social support and hope. A statistically significant relationship was found between facilities-concerned personal support and hope. In conclusion, facilities-concerned positive encouragement for unwed mothers and a program promoting support and hope from families, friends and unwed father are necessary to promote hope and health in unwed mothers.
A Study on Health Behavior of Middle-Aged Women
Authors: Choi Kong Ok , Jo Hyun Sook , Kim Chung Youb
Published: September 2023

The purpose of this study is to provide a basis to recognize the health behaviors of middle-aged women that are constructive to a healthy life style. Data were collected from interview of questionnaires completed by 208 middle-aged women living in Incheon from November 1 to 30, 1999. The questionnaires used in this study were obtained from publications on health-related topics shown in literature review. These topics included : health concept, diseases, use of tobacco, alcohol, caffeine, drug, exercise and diet, cause of stress and stress management. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics using the SPSS program. The results of this study were as follows.1. Middle-aged women though of concept of health as a doing daily living pattern(48.1%).2. 49.5% of the middle-aged women had illness or disease, which included gastritis, arthritis, anemia, hypertension, indigestion and allergies.3. 1.4% of the middle-aged women smoked cigarettes. Most of them began to smoke due to stress.4. 42.3% of the middle-aged women drink alcohol. Most of them began drinking due to peer pressure.5. 28.8% of the middle-aged women consumed caffeine-containing products 5-7 times per week.6. 55.3% of the middle-aged women took drugs. Most of the drugs were digestant and analgesics.7. 21.2% of the middle-aged women exercised more than 2 times per week.8. Most of causes of stress were economic difficulties and sickness. The method of stress management were enduring and sleeping.
Physical Discomforts and Sexual Life Pattern of Women with Hysterectomy
Authors: Ahn Young Lan , Park Young Sook
Published: September 2023

The purposes of this study were to investigate the physical discomforts and sexual life pattern and to identify the relation between the physical discomforts and the satisfaction of sexual life in women with hysterectomy. The subject were 301 women who lived with their spouses from 3 months to 2 years after hysterectomy in S. University Hospital. The data were collected using a self-reported questionnaire by mail, which composed of 25 items of physical discomforts, restarting time and frequency of sexual intercourse, and 10 items of sexual satisfaction, The results were as follows: 1) The mean score of physical discomforts was 13.22 and range of score was 0-45. 1.7% of 301 women had no physical discomforts and 12.0% of them complained of severe physical discomforts such as fatigue, lumbago and pain of extremities. 2) The women with hysterectomy complained of fatigue(76.1%), lumbago(68.8%), pain of extremities(63.5%), weight gain(55.5%), vaginal dryness(50.8%) and symptom of estrogen deficiency such as perspiration (47.5%), flush(41.2%) and palpitation (38.5%). As unusual symptom, numbness of thigh (20.3%) and acne(16.3%) were identified. 3) There was no significant difference between the degree of physical discomforts and the laps of time after hysterectomy. But the score of physical discomforts was lower in women with vaginal hysterectomy than in women with abdominal hysterectomy. 4) The mean score of sexual satisfaction was 33.11 and range of score was 10-50. There was no significant difference between the degree of sexual satisfaction and the lapse of time after hysterectomy. 83.8% of women had not change of sexual life satisfaction after hysterectomy. The women restarted sexual intercourse in average 2.57 months after hysterectomy. 5) There was a negative correlation between the physical discomforts and the sexual satisfaction. In conclusion, nurses should make the discharge educational program of the physical discomforts and the sexual pattern for women with hysterectomy in hospital.
The View on Childrearing of University Women
Authors: Kim Young Hee , Kim Shin Jeong
Published: September 2023

This study was conducted to inquire about the view on childrearing of university women for the purpose of building up the positive parent- child relationship and setting up preliminary parenting education program. The subjects were 137 university women who were freshmen to junior in one women's university in Seoul. Using the self-report questionnaire, data were collected from December in 1998 to March in 1999 and the contents which subjects wrote down were categorized by content analysis method. The results were as followed: 1. The age range of subjects were 20-22 years and main rearer was her mother(71.5%) 2. The view of subjects were revealed by 374 statements and then tied together 34 themes: 'exemplary parent model as a guider'(8.6%), 'determination for oneself' (8.0%), 'expression of love'(6.2%), 'humanity education'(4.8%), 'carrot and stick'(4.5%), 'respect of personality'(4.3%), 'sound living habit'(4.1%), 'conversation'(3.7%), 'regulation of greediness' (3.7%), 'supply of live experience'(3.7%), 'supply of broad and substantial vision'(3.5%), 'free choice'(3.5%), 'broad-mindedness'(3.5%), 'consideration'(3.0%), 'doing together'(3.0%), 'propriety education' (2.4%), 'pursuit of naturalness'(2.4%), 'looking for one's life'(2.4%), 'confidence'(2.1%), 'rearing by oneself'(2.1%), 'encouragement'(2.1%), 'cultivation of right sexual senses'(2.1%), 'desirable home environment'(1.9%), 'doing one's best'(1.9%), 'understanding'(1.6%), 'psychological intimacy'(1.6%), 'treat fair'(1.6%), 'pursuit of physical, psychological health' (1.6%), 'concerning'(1.3%), 'religious life'(1.3%), 'respect of individuality'(1.3%), 'cooperation' (1.1%), 'often-minded family'(0.8%), 'positive attitude'(0.8%). 34 themes were categorized by 12 categories once more: 'mature parenthood'(15.5%), 'acceptance' (11.5%), 'autonomy'(11.5%), 'pursuit of healthy life style'(9.4%), 'eagerness'(9.1%), 'making efforts'(8.8%), 'education'(8.8%), 'emotional bonding' (7.8%), 'respect'(7.2%), 'corporal punishment' (4.5%), 'supporting'(3.2%), 'composition of environment'(2.7%). In conclusion, we could expect that university women had a democratic view on childrearing with love and autonomy for a base. So we need to offer them nursing implementations such as preliminary parenting programs and parenting consulting in order to promote positive and interactional parent-child relationship by strengthening their desirable view on childrearing.
Effect of Aromatherapy according to the type of Sasang constitution
Authors: Lee Sung Hee
Published: September 2023

The purpose of this quasi-experimental study was to explore the differences in the effect of aromatherapy according to the type of Sasang constitution.The subjects were fifty-three nursing students experiencing clinical practice from March 10th, 2000 to April 22th, 2000.For experiment, researcher used inhalation of 2% grapeseed oil mixed with Rosemary oil for 2 minutes and massage with same oil for 20 minutes on the back of subjects in the speed of 20 strokes per minutes.The instruments used for this study were Questionaire of Sasang Constitution Class II program for personal computer developed by Kim Sun Ho et al., (1996), and Mood Questionaire developed by Ryman, Biersner, & Larocco (1974). The concentration of IgA within saliva was analyzed by immunoturbidimeter assay.The data were analyzed using SPSS and hypotheses were examined with paired t-test and ANCOVA.The results were as follows: 1) The mean score of mood was increased significantly after aromatherapy.2) The mean concentration of salivary IgA was increased significantly after aroma therapy.3) There was no significant difference in the mean score of mood after aromatherapy according to the type of Sasang constitution.4) There was no significant difference in the mean concentration of salivary IgA after aromatherapy according to the type of Sasang constitution.In conclusion, the results suggest that aromatherapy with Rosemary oil have effect on the improvement of mood and IgA within saliva in the nursing students under stress caused by clinical practice regardless of the type of Sasang constitution.
An Analysis of the Relationship between Climacteric Symptoms and Depression of Middle-Aged Women
Authors: Sung Mi Hae
Published: September 2023

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between climacteric symptoms and depression of middle-aged women. Data were collected from Jul. 1 to Jul. 31, 2000 by a structured questionnaire. The Subjects were 102 middle-aged women who non-hysterectomized and ranged in age from 40 to 59. The instruments were the climacteric symptoms scale developed by Neugarten and depression scale developed by Zung. The Data were analyzed by the SPSS/PC+/-program using t-test, ANOVA and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The results of the study were as follows 1. Mean score of climacteric symptoms was 0.72.2. There were statistically significant differences in the score of middle-abed women's self reported climacteric symptoms according to the age(F=3.13, P<0.05), and times of pregnancy(F=3.24, P<0.05).3. Mean score of depression scale was 49.2. About 39% of the women displayed a variety depression symptoms.4. Women's degree of climacteric symptoms showed a positive correlation with the degree of depression(r= 0.5393, P< 0.001). This study shows possible implication for nursing intervention of middle-aged women's health to prevent and relieve climacteric symptoms.
Breastfeeding Belief and Attitudes of Physicians and Nurses
Authors: Kang Nam Mi , Hyun Tai Sun , Kim Ki Nam
Published: September 2023

The purpose of this study was to investigate belief and attitudes on breastfeeding of physicians and nurses. A questionnaire was mailed to obstetricians, pediatricians and nurses at the department of pediatrics or obstetrics of university hospital and private hospital in Seoul and Choong-Chung Province) in South Korea. Total numbers of study subjects were 346 (pediatrician 67, obstetrician 41, nurse 238).The results were as follows 1. The main reasons not to educate breast feeding in the hospitals were a lack of interest of the health professionals, a lack of educators and education programs.2. The respondents thought that the best ways for lactating mother to get advices about breastfeeding during the first month were to give a call to health professionals in the hospitals where she had been delivered, or call to relatives or friends.3. Breastfeeding attitudes of physicians and nurses did not differ according to gender, job, or type of the hospitals they work.4. Breastfeeding attitudes were related with personal breastfeeding experience, breastfeeding knowledge, extracurricular education experience, encouragement experience. Physicians and nurses should give appropriate advices and support to lactating mothers to increase breastfeeding rate. They were, however, ill-prepared to counsel breastfeeding mothers.Therefore, it is necessary to instruct breatfeeding in the curriculum of the medical and nursing schools, and incorporate clinically based breastfeeding training into continuing education workshops. Improved breastfeeding education is a critical step in ensuring that health professionals are adequately prepared for this important role.
Sleep and Feeding Patterns in Infancy
Authors: Kim Young Hee
Published: September 2023

This study was conducted to ascertain infant's sleep and feeding patterns for the purpose of building up the positive parent-child relationship and setting up a preliminary parenting education program. The subjects were 16 infants who were cared for in their houses. The data was collected using NCASA developed by Barnard et al. from October 1st to December 3lth, 1999. The analysis of data was done with SPSSWIN for descriptive statistics and t-test, ANOVA, Correlation Analysis.The result were as follows: 1. The average day sleep of the infant was 9.51 hours, night sleep was 6.27 hours, and total sleep was 15.84 hours. The longest period of day sleep was 3.02 hours, and the longest period of night sleep was 3.72 hours. The regularity of day sleep was 34.78%, night sleep was 61.72% and total was 43.76%.2. The frequency of daytime feeding was 5.13 times, nighttime was 2.44 times and total was 7.38 times. The regularity of feeding was 52.14%.3. In the correlation between sleep and feeding patterns, night sleep was negatively correlated with feeding method(r= -.52, P< 0.05), the longest period of day sleep was negatively correlated with feeding method(r= -.73, P< 0.001), feeding frequency(r= -.60, P< 0.05), the regularity of feeding(r=-.70, P<0.001). The longest period of night sleep was negatively correlated with feeding frequency (r= -.53, P<0.05). Feeding method was positively correlated with feeding frequency(r= .71, P<0.001), the regularity of feeding(r= .57, P<0.05). Day sleep was positively correlated with total sleep(r= .93, P<0.001), the regularity of total sleep was positively correlated with the longest period of day sleep(r= .54, P<0.05), total sleep(r= .65, P<0.001). The regularity of feeding was positively correlated with feeding method(r= .57, P<0.05), total feeding frequency(r= .50, P<0.05), the frequency of daytime feeding(r= .61, P<0.05). Feeding method was positively correlated with total feeding frequency(r= .71, P<0.001). In conclusion, the study showed that infants slept more in the nighttime than in the daytime, but after 3 months the pattern changed and showed that nighttime sleep was increased. Also the regularity of night sleep was increased with the infant's age. Total feeding frequency was decreased with the infant's age, and the regularity of feeding was increased in infants who slept shorter periods in the daytime than in the nighttime.
Factors that Affect the choice of the Utilization of Sanhujoriwon among the Postpartal Women
Authors: Kim Joohyung , Song jueun , Yoo jae Eun , Lee Yu Mi , Han Mi Kyung , Kim So Yeun , Hong Gi Sun , Lee Yoon Jung , Oh Jin
Published: September 2023

This study examines the factors that are associated with the choice of the Sanhujoriwon utilization among the Korean postpartum women.Data were collected from 140 postpartum women in 9 hospitals around Seoul. Data were analyzed based on descriptive statistics and chi-square test.The results were as follows:1. Forty percent of the respondents chose to go to a Sanhujoriwon while they were in a hospital after having given birth to a child.2. The number of persons who could help a respondent beside her husband showed a statistically significant association with the choice of the Sanhujoriwon utilization. In addition, burden from multiple roles expected after the birth was positively associated with the choice of the Sanhujoriwon utilization.Recommendations by husbands or friends to use the Sanhujoriwon also increased the proportion of the choice of the Sanhujoriwon utilization.3. Knowledge about the Sanhujoriwon appeared to be an important factor. Having heard about the Sanhujoriwon, the appropriateness of the price, and a positive image of the Sanhujoriwon were positively associated with the choice of the Sanhujoriwon utilization.It was expected that the degree of depressive symptoms and confidence of raising a newborn baby would affect the Sanhujoriwon utilization.This was not the case in this study. In time, a cy developed between the postpartum women, their husbands, and their relatives as well as parents-in-law did not show a statistically significant relationship to the choice of the utilization.Implication of these findings and major findings of this study were discussed.
Changes of Maternal-fetal Attachment and Self Efficacy for Delivery after the Taekyo-perspective Prenatal Class
Authors: Chang Soon Bok , Kim KiYoung , Kim Eun Sook
Published: September 2023

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects on maternal-fetal attachment and self-efficacy for delivery using the Taekyo-oriented prenatal class. This class is for 2 hours/ week for 4 weeks. The program covers the contents of fetal growth and development, including their corresponding ability, the importance of the uterine environment, sharing the motive and purpose of pregnancy, and sharing experiences about pregnancy,Sharing of prejudices against delivery, training of maternal-fetal interaction, understanding delivery, relaxation breathing techniques, maternity exercises, writing letters or prayers to the baby, and declaration of loving the baby.This study took place from March 4th to June 15th, 2000, in a university hospital and community care center, and was done with a pretest-posttest design. It involved 55 pregnant women who were within 32-36 weeks of pregnancy and who agreed to participate in this study. Data was measured twice by self-report using the Cranley's Maternal-fetal Attachment Scale (MFAS, 1981) and the Shin's (1997) Self Efficacy for Delivery Scale at the beginning and at the completion of the class. Data was analyzed by SAS. The study results were:1. The score of maternal-fetal attachment was significantly increased after the Taekyo perspective prenatal class than before the class. (t = 7.389, p = 0.000) 2. The score of self efficacy for delivery was significantly increased after the Taekyo perspective prenatal class than before the class. (t = 8.885, p = 0.000) The above results proved that the present Taekyo perspective prenatal education program was effective in increasing maternal-infant attachment and self-efficacy for delivery.Therefore, it is concluded that the existing prenatal class should include Taekyo perspective elements. However, further study is needed to compare the effects with preexisting prenatal classes.
Suffering and Spiritual Approach
Authors: Kim Myung Ja , Jo Kae Hwa
Published: September 2023

Although the general concept of suffering care includes palliative care technology for terminally ill person to alleviate his pain, it is much more holistic including emotional, spiritual and other life dimension. This inclusive concept of caring can be possible with the fundamental reflection on the human suffering. Far from the concept of pain understood in the context of materialist medical approach, human suffering has many dimensions including aesthetic, psychological, and religious: its meaning is holistic. With this perspective, the experience of the suffering client must be reconsidered before one starts with an objective side or a subjective side of suffering. Indeed, the actual strategies of suffering care can be different depending on the definition of human suffering accepted by practicians. In this caring perspective, the body, mind and spirit are integrated so the objectivity and subjectivity can merge; the extended awareness with inner resource or energy, and the positive thinking about the God is meaningful especially for dying person, his family members and the caring team.Despite this impending importance of the inclusive understanding of human suffering, the actual nursing practice still does not reflect this growing understanding of human suffering. This approach, which tried to pursuit the more fundamental meaning of human suffering, can contribute to the development of nursing education and practice which pay attention to the more inclusive view of human suffering.
Concept Analysis of Sanhujori and Tool Development
Authors: Park Hyoung Sook , Jeong Eun Soon , Lee Sun Ok , Kim Young Mi , Seo Young Seung , Choi So Young
Published: September 2023

As one of the important purpose of the concept is mutual communication, the concept should be defined clearly concerned concept, differed from others concept, identified intersubjectiveness, and could communicated readily and easily between researcher and practitioner through concept analysis.By analysing and synthesizing the concept of "Sanhujori" according to concept analysis of Walker and Avant. The author has tried to establish the term "Sanhujori" which gas been widly used from the past till now in Korea as a scholarly terminoloy and to develop a tool for the assessment of "Sanhujori".The conceptional attributes of the "Sanhujori" were figured out such as (1) hospitality; (2) physical and emotional recovery; (3) caring; (4) maternal role attainment.The assessment tool for the "Sanhujori" was constituted of 40 items of the conceptional attributes and tested on the 30 mothers more than 8 weeks of postpartal period. The reliability was that Cronbach's alpha is .9238.
Lower Extremity Validation of a Human Body Model for High Rate Axial
Loading in the Underbody Blast Environment
Authors: Hostetler Zachary S. , Caffrey Juliette , Aira Jazmine , Gayzik F. Scott
Published: September 2023

While the use of Human Body Models (HBMs) in the underbody blast (UBB)
environment has increased and shown positive results, the potential of these
models has not been fully explored. Obtaining accurate kinematic and kinetic
response are necessary to better understand the injury mechanisms for military
safety applications. The objective of this study was to validate the Global
Human Body Models Consortium (GHBMC) M50 lower extremity using a combined
objective rating scheme in vertical and horizontal high-rate axial loading. The
model’s lower extremity biomechanical response was compared to Post Mortem Human
Subjects (PMHS) subjects for vertically and horizontally-applied high rate axial
loading. Two distinct experimental setups were used for model validation,
comprising a total of 33 distinct end points for validation. A combined
Correlation and Analysis (CORA) score that incorporates CORA, time-to-peak (TTP)
and peak magnitude of the experimental signals and ISO TS 18571 was used to
evaluate the model response. For the horizontal impacts, the combined CORA
scores were 0.80, 0.84, and 0.81 for compression, force, and strain
respectively. For the vertical impacts combined CORA scores for the knee Z
force, compression and heel Z displacement ranged from 0.70-0.81, 0.87-0.91, and
0.82-0.99 respectively. The GHBMC lower extremity model showed good agreement
with PMHS experimental data in the horizontal and vertical loading environment
in 33 unique tests. The accuracy is demonstrated by using the ISO TS 18571
standard and a combined CORA score that takes into consideration the peak and
time to peak of the signal. The results of this study show that GHBMC v 6.0 HBM
lower extremity can be used for kinetic and kinematic predictions in the UBB
environment.
The business judgment rule
Authors: B. Badawi Adam
Published: September 2023

The second, expanded edition of the acclaimed Encyclopedia represents a major update of the most authoritative reference work in the field of law and economics and the nine print volumes are now released online as a single integrated product.
War crimes and crimes against humanity in Ukraine: Legal qualification and features of documentation
Authors: Rogatinska Nina , Halahan Oleksandr , Protsiuk Oleh , Galagan Sergii , Fierieva Natalia
Published: September 2023

This scientific article is devoted to the interpretation of war crimes and crimes against humanity, peculiarities of regulation of these illegal acts and organization of their investigation in Ukraine. Using the dialectical method, it emphasizes the necessity of using the resources of the International Criminal Court ICC in Ukraine and establishing a Special International Tribunal to hold personally responsible for the commission of crimes of aggression the actors involved. The expediency of creating a special state institute for interaction with the ICC with the appointment of national coordinators is argued. The components of the concept of investigation of war crimes and crimes against humanity are determined as a holistic, comprehensive and interdisciplinary theoretical system for activities under special conditions. In the conclusions of the case, the need to ensure clear management and coordination of the international investigation team under the auspices and control of the International Criminal Court and the Eurasian Agency in order to collect, execute, systematize and preserve the factual evidence base, in accordance with the rules of the international protocol, is pointed out.
Theory and practice of influence caused by the criminal subculture on crime in the penitentiary sphere
Authors: Kolodchyn Dmytro , Mykhalik Oleksandr , Bohatyrova Olha , Merkulova Valentina , Laptinova Olesia
Published: September 2023

The object of study was the study of the theory and practice of the influence caused by the criminal subculture on criminality in the penitentiary environment. In the main content of the research, two directions are highlighted: first, the influence of criminal subculture among convicts in places of detention of the State Criminal Executive Service of Ukraine and; the second direction of influence, this caused by criminal subculture among convicts who are registered with parole of the State Institution «Parole Center». The methodological basis of the research was presented as comparative-legal and systematic analysis, formal-legal method, method of interpretation, hermeneutic method, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis. Among the contributions of the research, the definition of the influence that the criminal subculture exerts on delinquency in the penitentiary environment is formulated. It concludes on the need for the mandatory application of measures for the individual prevention of professional delinquency, in terms of judicial and public policies.
Legal regulation of occupational safety and health
Authors: Коzak Zoriana , Shapoval Lesia , Cherevko Pavlo
Published: September 2023

The aim of the article was to discuss the issues of legal regulation of health and safety in Ukraine. The aim of the research was achieved with the help of general and special methods of scientific knowledge. It was concluded that in the conditions of martial law, the legislative approach to the adoption of new laws, amendments and additions to existing laws should be carried out in accordance with international legal standards, concerning the provision of adequate guarantees for persons exercising the right to work. The analysis of the content of normative legal acts and draft laws led to the development of relevant proposals in connection with the fact that the concept of the profile of the law should reflect a holistic approach to occupational safety and health, with emphasis on measures to prevent occupational accidents; improvement of working conditions (increasing the employer’s liability for violations of legislation in the specified area, imposing on employees the duty to take care of their own safety and the health of others, etc.).
Aproximaciones a la capacidad de autodesarrollo informativo del futuro profesor: Una mirada política del fenómeno
Authors: Kozlenko Volodymyr , Liashenko Rostyslav , Prysyazhnyi Vitaly , Polishchuk Nataliia , Neborak Kateryna
Published: September 2023

The purpose of the study was to develop a critical approach to the informative self-development capacity of the future teacher, from a political point of view. Methodologically, the authors of the research used models such as: the laws of dialectics, the principles of objectivity, determinism, development, systematicity and interaction, to reveal the dynamics of the pedagogical educational process, leading to the application of the concept of development of social maturity; identifying in the discursive process, its contradictions and the interrelations of quantitative and qualitative changes inherent in the development of personality, at the stage of professional training in an institution of higher education; also studying, for this purpose, the patterns of progress of the subjects of pedagogical education in the context of updating the informational culture of society. In the conclusions, the study showed that scientists associate the solution of the problems of informational self-development capacity, as a communicational phenomenon detached from politics, which is a mistake, since any process of self-development essentially implies an empowerment of the subject, with different implications in the relations of knowledge and power of which it is a part.
Una perspectiva de la patria potestad en América Latina: Especial referencia al caso ecuatoriano
Authors: Bravo Zambrano Mayra Roxana
Published: September 2023

Parental authority implies a set of legal and moral obligations that parents have towards their children and, therefore, a right of protection of the unemancipated child and adolescent, whose only limit is his or her best interest. Parental authority in Colombia is developed in provisions such as the Civil Code and the Code of Childhood and Adolescence; in Venezuela this legal figure is regulated in the Organic Law for the Protection of Children and Adolescents. In the Ecuadorian case, from the legislative point of view, it is precepted in the Civil Code and in the Code of Childhood and Adolescence. The purpose of this work is to study the constitutional and legal provisions that regulate parental authority in Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador, with express mention of the latter. The research was of a descriptive documentary type, through the application of the analytical method. It is concluded that, in the framework of the three countries referred to, parental authority plays a transcendental role in family cohesion and coexistence, but above all in guaranteeing the best interests of the child, and it is a set of responsibilities recognized exclusively to mothers and fathers.
Oxidative stress and modification of blood proteins in children with inflammatory bowel diseases
Authors: Sorokina Elena G. , Radygina Tatiana V. , Reutov Valentin P. , Bakaeva Zanda V. , Afanasyeva Sofiya A. , Petrichuk Svetlana V. , Potapov Akeksandr S. , Smirnov Ivan E.
Published: September 2023

Introduction. Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are chronic inflammatory diseases with an autoimmune attack on the gastrointestinal tract. Insufficient knowledge of the pathogenesis and the lack of reliable biomarkers of the severity of the condition in IBD dictates the need to search for new prognostic markers to assess the condition and effectiveness of therapy in IBD patients during remission and exacerbation of diseases.
The aim of the work was to evaluate the protein profile, the amount of ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) and the content of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) in the blood serum in IBD children.
Materials and methods. In the blood serum of twenty two children in accordance with the pediatric indices of PCDAI/PUC disease activity in remission and exacerbation of IBD, electrophoretic separation of serum proteins was performed on the Hydrases 2 scan focusing device (Sebia). The content of IMA was determined by colorimetric method, 3-NT — by enzyme immunoassay (Hycult-Biotech, USA).
Results. The article presents data on the content of fractions of albumin (A) and globulins, IMA, and 3-NT in the blood serum in children with different severity of IBD (CD and UC), corresponding to remission and exacerbation of diseases. It was shown that the more severe the condition, the more pronounced the decrease in A with an increase in the fraction of acute phase proteins and a decrease in the albumin/globulin index (A/G). Simultaneously with a decrease in the level of A, the content of IMA and 3-NT indicators of oxidative and nitrosative stress increases.
Conclusion. The results obtained indicate modifications of serum proteins and the presence of oxidative and nitrosative stress in children with severe IBD. Due to the fact that such changes are typical for hypoxic brain damage and hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors (GluRc) of neurons, it is suggested that the indicators of oxidative and nitrosative stress in IBD children are associated with the possible development of disorders in the brain through GluRc activation.