bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Russian Federation after the ‘Colour Revolutions’
Authors: Krawatzek Félix
Published: October 2018

The mobilization by young people in the Russian Federation illuminates an important part of the stabilization of the country’s authoritarian regime structures from 2005 to 2011. First the political developments of the episode are contextualized by contrasting the regime’s insecurity in 2005 with the situation by 2011. After discussing the socio-political context of young people during the post-Soviet transition years, the chapter explores the findings from the discourse network analysis. Public discourse and political mobilization interact and the chapter discusses the spectrum of politically involved youth from pro-Kremlin groups to the very diverse opposition, including liberal democratic movements, fascists, and communists. It is argued that the regime’s success in capturing control over youth discourse and young people was critical in the consolidation of Vladimir Putin’s power.
The Soviet Union during Perestroika
Authors: Krawatzek Félix
Published: October 2018

The breakdown of the Soviet Union offers a paired comparison with the contemporary Russian Federation. The shifts in the symbolic meaning of youth conveyed the significance and speed of the disintegration of the USSR to its population. A study of the involvement of young people in this regime breakdown sheds a fundamentally new light on the episode. A first section contextualizes the economic, social, and political instability which characterized the Soviet Union’s last years. It argues that youth mobilization accelerated the society-wide realization of crisis and pushed the leadership to further reforms. The following sections explore the results of the empirical analysis linking the discourse network analysis to the political mobilization of differing political groups. It is argued that young people took to the streets before the beginnings of the reform period and the underlying generational gap spurred the political changes in the Soviet Union during the 1980s.
Youth and Crisis
Authors: Krawatzek Félix
Published: October 2018

This chapter draws the findings of the case studies together and ties them to the historical context of European youth mobilization. It identifies key differences and similarities of discourse about youth and mobilization of young people between authoritarian and democratic regimes, and compares the evolution of the political and public meaning of youth in twentieth-century Europe. The shifting patterns of the meaning of youth challenge homogenizing views which treat it as a purely disruptive or idealistic political actor. Conceptual value also lies in rethinking the term generation. This concept’s prevailing past-boundedness is misleading as a future-oriented horizon of expectation plays a fundamental role in generational language. Crises are characterized by a changing relation to time and a heightened perception of possibilities. This combination leads to a differently experienced present, which updates past experiences and future expectations and simultaneously changes the relationship a society expresses to its present.
Cross-National Test of the Theory
Authors: Karakoç Ekrem
Published: October 2018

The previous chapter posed the primary research question and offered a new theory that encompassed two interrelated arguments. This chapter produces three hypotheses derived from the new theory offered in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 tests these arguments in a large-N study using multivariate statistical analysis. The first section discusses the operationalization of our main dependent and independent variables. It will also briefly outline a set of control variables and what the literature predicts regarding their effect on spending and inequality. These factors range from economic factors (globalization, inflation, female labor participation, economic development), political factors (partisanship, electoral systems, election cycle), and demographic factors. To correct for problems associated with the nature of panel data models, such as endogeneity, heteroskedasticity, and autocorrelation, it uses the Arellano-Bond estimation, which uses the Generalized Method of Moments. The rest of the chapter presents the results and offers its interpretation and conclusion.
Divergent Paths of Inequality in Poland and the Czech Republic
Authors: Karakoç Ekrem
Published: October 2018

Employing most similar design and process-tracing methodology, this chapter focuses on Poland and the Czech Republic in the postcommunist region. It discusses the divergent paths these two countries have taken since their transitions. After discussing the similarities and dissimilarities of these two cases, it turns to the welfare policies shared by both countries with some differences under their former communist rule. It also traces voter turnout and linkage between political party and citizens, and explores how these two factors have affected social policies in each country. The last section offers a comparison of Polish and Czech social policies regarding the level and nature of their targeted spending and its effect on income inequality.
Conclusion
Authors: Karakoç Ekrem
Published: October 2018

This chapter returns to the research question of this study and briefly restates its argument and main findings. It discusses the role of explanatory factors of this study, namely party system institutionalization, turnout, social policy legacy in shaping welfare policies, and inequality in new democracies. Then it asks to what extent income inequality and political inequality foster one another, and argues for the importance of economic resources in creating political equality among citizens. The chapter ends with a discussion of the major debate on populism and democratic backsliding in new democracies, with a focus on Turkey and Poland. It emphasizes the conducive political and economic context that encouraged the rise of (populist) parties with nationalist/illiberal discourse and policies in these countries.
Giving and Promising
Authors: Lacoste Jean-Yves , O’Donovan Oliver
Published: October 2018

Giving and promise must be thought together. Being-in-the world entails being-with the other, who is both “given” and bearer of a gift promised. But any disclosure may be understood as a gift; it is not anthropomorphic to speak of “self-giving” with a wider reference than person-to-person disclosure. Which implies that no act of giving can exhaust itself in its gift. Present experience never brings closure to self-revealing. Yet giving is crystallized into “the given,” the closure of gift. “The given” is what it is, needing no gift-event to reveal it. But the given, too, is precarious, and can be destabilized when giving brings us face to face with something unfamiliar. Nothing appears without a promise of further appearances, and God himself can never be “given.”
Challenges and Opportunities of Living and Working Longer
Authors: Quinn Joseph F. , Cahill Kevin E.
Published: October 2018

This chapter describes the challenges and opportunities that older Americans face, with a focus on retirement income security and the role of continued work later in life. We first overview the new world of retirement income security including a discussion of how a low return environment (e.g. low interest rates) exacerbates existing retirement income security challenges. We then document how older people have responded to the evolving retirement income landscape, especially when and how they exit the labor force, and we explore how continued work later in life can help mitigate some of the anticipated retirement security challenges. We then pose some important outstanding questions. The implications of societal aging depend in large part on how we harness or squander the labor resources of older individuals.
The Unity of Perception
Authors: Schellenberg Susanna
Published: October 2018

Perception is our key to the world. It plays at least three different roles in our lives. It justifies beliefs and provides us with knowledge of our environment. It brings about conscious mental states. It converts informational input, such as light and sound waves, into representations of invariant features in our environment. Corresponding to these three roles, there are at least three fundamental questions that have motivated the study of perception. How does perception justify beliefs and yield knowledge of our environment? How does perception bring about conscious mental states? How does a perceptual system accomplish the feat of converting varying informational input into mental representations of invariant features in our environment? This book develops a unified account of the phenomenological and epistemological role of perception that is informed by empirical research. So it develops an account of perception that provides an answer to the first two questions, while being sensitive to scientific accounts that address the third question. The key idea is that perception is constituted by employing perceptual capacities—for example the capacity to discriminate instances of red from instances of blue. Perceptual content, consciousness, and evidence are each analyzed in terms of this basic property of perception. Employing perceptual capacities constitutes phenomenal character as well as perceptual content. The primacy of employing perceptual capacities in perception over their derivative employment in hallucination and illusion grounds the epistemic force of perceptual experience. In this way, the book provides a unified account of perceptual content, consciousness, and evidence.
Perceptual Evidence
Authors: Schellenberg Susanna
Published: October 2018

Chapter 7 introduces a distinction between two kinds of evidence: phenomenal evidence (evidence that corresponds to how our environment sensorily seems to us) and factive evidence (evidence that is determined by the environment to which we are perceptually related). Regardless of whether we are perceiving, hallucinating, or suffering an illusion, we have phenomenal evidence. However, when we perceive, we have additional factive evidence. The rational source of both phenomenal and factive evidence lies in employing perceptual capacities: perceptual states have epistemic force due to the epistemic and metaphysical primacy of employing perceptual capacities in perception over employing them in hallucination or illusion. So epistemic force stems from an asymmetric dependence of the employment of perceptual capacities in hallucination and illusion on their employment in perception. Insofar as both kinds of evidence stem from properties of the perceptual capacities employed, capacitism provides a unified account of phenomenal and factive evidence.
Perceptual Knowledge and Gettier Cases
Authors: Schellenberg Susanna
Published: October 2018

Chapter 9 exploits the consequences of capacitism for a view of perceptual knowledge. It argues that while factive evidence is sufficient evidence for knowledge, phenomenal evidence is not. In perceptual Gettier cases, it is standardly thought that the subject has sufficient evidence for knowledge, but fails to know for some other reason. Once we recognize the distinction between phenomenal evidence and factive evidence, we can say that in perceptual Gettier cases, the subject has mere phenomenal evidence; but since she does not have factive evidence, she fails to have sufficient evidence for knowledge. In this way, capacitism analyzes perceptual Gettier cases without appeal to any factor beyond that of sufficient evidence. Capacitism posits no belief condition on knowledge and it substantiates the idea that knowledge is a mental state. Moreover, it shows how perception yields knowledge even though one does not necessarily know that one knows.
Introduction
Authors: Francisco Louçã , Michael Ash
Published: October 2018

This book investigates two questions, how did finance become hegemonic in the capitalist system; and what are the social consequences of the rise of finance? We do not dwell on other topics, such as the evolution of the mode of production or the development of class conflict over the longer run. Our theme is not the genesis, history, dynamics, or contradictions of capitalism but, instead, we address the rise of financialization beginning in the last quarter of the twentieth century and continuing into the twenty-first century. Therefore, we investigate the transnationalization of the circuits and processes of capital accumulation that originated the expansion and financialization of the mechanisms of production, social reproduction, and hegemony, including the ideology, the functioning of the states, and the political decision making. We do not discuss the prevailing neoliberalism as an ideology, although we pay attention to the creation and diffusion of ideas, since we sketch an overview of the process of global restructuring of production and finance leading to the prevalence of the shadow economy....
The Liberalizers: Justifying Free-Market Finance
Authors: Francisco Louçã , Michael Ash
Published: October 2018

Chapter 5 traces how free market ideology displaced the apparent consensus on economic regulation that emerged from the Depression, the New Deal, and the Second World War. Viewed as cranks within economics through the 1960s, Milton Friedman and his supporters built an apparatus of ideas, publications, students, think tanks, and rich supporters, establishing outposts in Latin America and the UK. When developed economies faltered in the 1970s, Friedman’s neoliberal doctrine was ready. With citizens, consumers, and workers feeling worked over by monopolies, inflation, unemployment, and taxes, these strange bedfellows elected Reagan in the US and Thatcher in the UK and rolled to power in academia and in public discourse with a doctrine of privatization, liberalization, and deregulation. Friedman, Eugene Fama, and James Buchanan whose radical free market views triumphed at the end of the 1970s are profiled. A technical appendix, “Skeptics and Critics vs. True Believers” explores the economic debates.
The Wild Side of the Street
Authors: Francisco Louçã , Michael Ash
Published: October 2018

Chapter 9 traces a history of bubbles and financial scandals from the Dutch tulip mania of the seventeenth century to frauds associated with European colonization of the Americas to financial misdeeds of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Dirty finance is everywhere. Sometimes it is the source of the funds: the world’s most reputable banks have handled funds from highly disreputable sources. In other cases, clean wealth goes through dirty handling. Offshore finance shelters the great family fortunes, at the edge of legality. High frequency trading blurs the line between quick wits and market manipulation. Cartels of traders enrich themselves at the expense of clients. The rating agencies rate complex securities as sound with minimal investigation. In the Libor scandal, the biggest banks conspired to mislead the world about inter-bank lending. A description of the instruments, transactions, and the mechanisms of manipulation and fraud is provided.
International Trade in Carbon Units and Financial Services*
Authors: Munro James
Published: October 2018

Chapter 6 examines whether measures affecting trade in carbon units constitute measures affecting trade in financial services under the GATS Annex on Financial Services and free trade agreements covering financial services. It finds that, although carbon units are unlikely to constitute ‘negotiable instruments’, ‘transferable securities’, or ‘derivative products’, they are nonetheless likely to be covered as ‘financial assets’ or ‘any service of a financial nature’. Importantly, however, it is not the carbon units themselves that would be regulated by the GATS Annex on Financial Services, but rather the commercial activities pertaining to those units. It is conceivable that a measure could prohibit or restrict the carbon unit of a certain nationality but nonetheless leave the supply or trade of permitted carbon units by suppliers of that nationality unrestricted or unaffected.
Harmony and Interruption
Authors: Eikelboom Lexi
Published: October 2018

Building on Erich Przywara’s reception of Augustine in the previous chapter, this chapter explicates Przywara’s own use of rhythm in arguing for the doctrine of the analogy of being. Przywara uses rhythm to describe a doctrine of analogy that is not observed at a remove but glimpsed through movements in which the human creature is always already embedded. After parsing out the intersections between these various movements, the chapter argues that Przywara’s use of rhythm includes both synchronic and diachronic perspectives and, therefore, also includes movements of both harmonization and interruption. While both are operative, Przywara methodologically privileges the diachronic, intra-creaturely perspective, thereby proposing a doctrine of analogy that does not succumb to the critiques typically made of other articulations of the doctrine, as well as imagining a new approach to the practice of theology more generally.
Rhythms of Salvation
Authors: Eikelboom Lexi
Published: October 2018

If doctrines of creation are, in part, descriptions of the cultural-natural confluence of rhythms mediating the God–creature relationship at particular times and places, then doctrines of salvation are different prescriptions for how those rhythms ought to be formed. As chapter six, this final chapter considers the role of rhythm in salvation from both synchronic and diachronic perspectives. The synchronic concerns the harmonizing and interruptive effects of salvation on the rhythms of creation, gleaned through Erich Przywara and Giorgio Agamben in contrast to alternatives proposed by Robert Jenson and David W. Congdon. The diachronic concerns the relationship between church and world as the concrete, temporal nexus of these movements in which new interruptions and new possibilities for ecclesial harmony continually emerge.
Moral Dilemmas
Authors: Corran Emily
Published: October 2018

Peter the Chanter’s Summa de Sacramentis et Animae Consiliis marked a watershed in the history of casuistry. In this work, moral dilemmas, which had previously been peripheral to medieval theology, were at the centre of ethical thought; this had implications for his thought on lying and perjury. A comparison of the Chanter’s Summa with his more popular work, the Verbum Abbreviatum, and with other theological works of the same period reveals this distinctive interest in short cases of conscience. The Chanter’s treatment of three moral topics—revelation of confession, dissimulation, and broken oaths—reveals the extent to which his interest in moral cases determined the quality of his moral reasoning. The final part of the chapter investigates the influence of the Chanter’s casuistry on his circle of students, including Robert of Courson, Thomas Chobham, and John of Kent.
The First Modern People
Authors: Dyson Tim
Published: October 2018

Homo sapiens arrived in India sometime between 60,000 and 80,000 years ago. This chapter reviews what is known about the demographic characteristics of the early hunter-gatherer people and of how they gradually spread around. It seems that hunter-gatherers experienced only moderate levels of fertility and mortality. However, by 7,500 years ago the practice of agriculture had begun to appear in parts of Baluchistan, and eventually farming villages spread into the Indus valley. The advent of agriculture seems to have seen some growth in the size of the population. By 4,000 years ago the Indian subcontinent may have contained 4–6 million people, most of them associated with the Indus valley civilization in the north-west.
From Ancient Times to the Year 1000
Authors: Dyson Tim
Published: October 2018

This chapter addresses the period from the end of the Mauryan Empire to c.1000 CE. There is very little evidence for the period. Nevertheless, people probably continued to migrate into river valleys and exploit new land. As a result, populations in different parts of the subcontinent increased—albeit usually very slowly and irregularly. In the north, Indo-Aryan influences continued to grow. Further south, kingdoms like those of the Pallavas and Cholas were crucial to the process of ‘Indianization’ which, from about the second century CE, affected areas of south-east Asia. It seems unlikely that India’s people were badly affected by the so-called ‘Plague of Justinian’ which affected parts of the Middle East and southern Europe during the sixth century. The chapter considers evidence collected around 640 CE by the Chinese visitor Hsuan Tsang and suggests that it is consistent with a total population of anywhere between 30 and 85 million.
Tradition and Scripture
Authors: O’Collins, SJ Gerald
Published: October 2018

Tradition has been expressed as the history of the reception or the effects of the Scriptures. This chapter begins by exploring three examples of this history: the emergence of the creeds which did not replace the Scriptures but shaped the Church’s appropriation of them; the contrast between Adam and Christ as the New Adam or Last Adam (initiated by St Paul and then flourishing in Christian theology and literature); and the doctrine of justification, which centred largely on the interpretation of St Paul, became the heart of the Reformation debates, and has now found a substantial consensus between the churches. At Vatican II, the witness of the Scriptures corrected long-standing but unacceptable traditions involving the denial of religious freedom and sinful anti-Semitism. The example of Christ and his apostles and the teaching of Paul in Romans, respectively, helped to motivate these two reforms.
Decentralization
Authors: Butt Simon , Lindsey Tim
Published: October 2018

This chapter examines legal dimensions of Indonesia’s ‘Big Bang’ decentralization process that began soon after Soeharto’s fall in 1998. It discusses the provincial, city and county legislatures and executives empowered under the reforms, and their respective powers and jurisdictions to make laws. It also outlines the mechanisms established under the 1999, 2004, and 2014 regional autonomy laws for the review of some types of subnational laws by a higher tier of government—the so-called ‘executive review’ process. The chapter then discusses a 2017 Constitutional Court case in which these review mechanisms were invalidated. This lets local governments ‘off the leash’, allowing them to enact laws without due regard for national laws and human rights. The chapter explains that the only remaining check on subnational lawmaking is now judicial review in the Supreme Court, which is a highly fraught process.
The Constitutional Court
Authors: Butt Simon , Lindsey Tim
Published: October 2018

Indonesia’s Constitutional Court, established in 2003, is often called a model of judicial reform for other courts in Indonesia and throughout parts of Asia. It reviews statutes against the Constitution, hears disputes about elections and between state organs, and decides presidential impeachment motions brought by the national legislature. This chapter shows that this court started strongly, performing its functions professionally and commanding respect from the government and citizens, despite having no enforcement powers. It even managed to push the formal boundaries of its jurisdiction and, in our view, began to ‘make law’, thereby usurping a legislative function. However, recent corruption scandals and poorly reasoned decisions have undermined its credibility and threaten its future viability.
Company Law
Authors: Butt Simon , Lindsey Tim
Published: October 2018

This chapter deals with the law regulating business vehicles in Indonesia. The principal focus of the chapter is companies (including publicly listed companies, foreign investment, and shari’a companies) but it also covers partnerships, cooperatives, and state-owned enterprises, as well as the different regulations that apply to each. It explains the rules governing shares and capital, and directors and commissioners, as well shareholders’ rights, including in relation to general meetings. The rules for mergers and acquisitions are covered, as are corporate audit and reporting requirements. The chapter then summarizes the corporate governance regime applied in Indonesia through a mix of legislative provisions, codes of conduct, and other rules, including corporate social responsibility obligations. It also explains Indonesia’s corporate crime regime.
Donative Promises
Authors: Eisenberg Melvin A.
Published: October 2018

Chapter 8 concerns donative promises, that is, promises to make a gift. The term gift means a voluntary transfer that is made for affective reasons, such as love, affection, friendship, comradeship, or gratitude, or to satisfy moral duties or aspirations, such as benevolence or generosity, and that is not conditioned on a reciprocal exchange. Donative promises that have not been relied upon, are not based on a preexisting moral obligation to compensate for a past benefit, and are made between individuals who are in an affective relationship, such as family or friendship, are referred to in this book as simple donative promises. It should be and is a basic principle of contract law that simple donative promises are unenforceable. Donative promises that are relied upon, are based on a moral obligation to compensate for a past benefit, or are made to social-service institutions, raise special issues and are considered separately.
The Role of Fault in Contract Law
Authors: Eisenberg Melvin A.
Published: October 2018

Chapter 12 considers the role of fault in contract law. Restatement Second of Contracts provides that “Contract liability is strict liability. It is an accepted maxim that pacta sunt servanda, contracts are to be kept. The obligor is therefore liable in damages for breach of contract even if he is without fault . . . .” Similarly, the Farnsworth’s treatise states that “contract law is, in its essential design, a law of strict liability, and the accompanying system of remedies operates without regard to fault.” These statements, and many others like them, are incorrect. As a normative matter fault should be a building block of contract law. One part of the human condition is that we hold many moral values concerning right and wrong, and therefore fault. Contract law cannot escape this condition.
Liquidated Damages
Authors: Eisenberg Melvin A.
Published: October 2018

Chapter 23 considers contract provisions that liquidate—fix—damages for breach. Such provisions are reviewed with special scrutiny. The most general formulation of the special-scrutiny rule is that liquidated damages provisions are enforceable only if actual damages are difficult to estimate and the liquidated amount is a reasonable estimate of the actual loss from breach. It is sometimes incorrectly argued that the special-scrutiny rule rests on the premise that liquidated-damages provisions lend themselves to blameworthy exploitation and one-sidedness, that this premise is incorrect, and thus the special-scrutiny rule is incorrect. The true justification of the special-scrutiny rule, however,is that liquidated-damages provisions are systematically likely to reflect the limits of cognition.
Offers
Authors: Eisenberg Melvin A.
Published: October 2018

Chapter 31 concerns offers. An offer is a promise to enter into and perform a bargain on stated terms if the offeree accepts. Bargains are often, perhaps usually, formed by a sequence of offer and acceptance. Indeed, classical contract law placed the offer-and-acceptance sequence on center stage. Modern contract law recognizes that contractual liability can attach without an offer-and-acceptance process, as by a promisee’s reliance on a bargain promise. Nevertheless, that process is extremely significant: The instant an offer is accepted a contract is formed, and the instant a contract is formed each party becomes liable for expectation damages if she fails to perform the contract even if she changed her mind only a nanosecond after the contract was formed. Because the acceptance of an offer has such potent consequences much can ride on the web of rules that govern offer and acceptance.
Modes of Acceptance
Authors: Eisenberg Melvin A.
Published: October 2018

Chapter 32 concerns modes of acceptance. Most offers require acceptance by either a promise (offers for a bilateral contract) or an act (offers for a unilateral contract). In some cases an offer is ambiguous as to which mode of acceptance is required. Sometimes this ambiguity does not matter because the offeree performs an act that doubles as a promise. Often, however, cases that involve such ambiguity cannot be resolved this way. One approach to these cases is to apply the general principles of interpretation to determine which mode of acceptance is required. A different rule is embodied in Restatement Second Section 32: “In case of doubt an offer is interpreted as inviting the offeree to accept either by promising to perform what the offer requests or by rendering the performance, as the offeree chooses.”
The Parol Evidence Rule
Authors: Eisenberg Melvin A.
Published: October 2018

Assume that A and B make a contract. Call this the first contract or the parol agreement. Later, A and B make a second contract, in writing, which does not contradict, but relates to the same subject matter, as the first contract. Later still, A sues B for breach of the first contract and B defends on the ground that the second written agreement superseded or discharged the first contract, although it did not explicitly so provide. Under the parol evidence rule B will prevail unless an exception to the rule applies. Chapter 38 examines that rule.
Introduction to Mistake in Contract Law
Authors: Eisenberg Melvin A.
Published: October 2018

Chapter 39 concerns the effect of mistake in contract law. Traditionally, contract law has recognized four categories of mistake: misunderstanding, unilateral mistake, mutual mistake, and mistranscription. The names of these categories fail to describe contractual mistakes according to their functional characteristics, and many of the rules that govern these categories turn on elements that are of only limited functional significance, easy to manipulate, or both. The first step in developing a functional analysis of mistake is to analyze contractual mistakes on the basis of their character. The second step is to analyze the rules that should govern each type of mistake based on policy, morality, and experience. This chapter sets out the general parameter of these analyses.
Shared Mistaken Factual Assumptions (“Mutual Mistakes”)
Authors: Eisenberg Melvin A.
Published: October 2018

Chapter 43 concerns mutual mistakes, or more accurately, shared mistaken factual assumptions. In analyzing this type of case it is useful to begin with shared mistaken factual assumptions that are made explicit in a contract. If a contract is explicitly based on a shared factual assumption that turns out to have been mistaken, normally the mistake should furnish a basis for relief as a matter of interpretation. The general principle that should govern shared mistaken factual assumptions that are not made explicit in a contract is as follows: Where a shared mistaken factual assumption would provide a basis for relief to the adversely affected party if the assumption was made explicit, so too should the assumption provide a basis for relief to the adversely affected party if the assumption is tacit.
No-Oral-Modification Clauses
Authors: Eisenberg Melvin A.
Published: October 2018

Chapter 57 concerns no-oral-modification (n.o.m.) clauses. Often a written contract includes a provision that the contract cannot be modified except by a writing. The general rule at common law was that an oral modification of a written contract that includes an n.o.m. clause was enforceable not withstanding the clause. UCC Section 2-209(2) now provides that if a contract for the sale of goods includes an n.o.m. clause modifications must be in writing. The force of Section 2-209(2) is moderated by Section 2-209(4), which provides that although an attempt at modification does not satisfy Section 2-209(2) it can operate as a waiver.
AKARI/IRC near-infrared asteroid spectroscopic survey: AcuA-spec
Authors: Usui Fumihiko , Hasegawa Sunao , Ootsubo Takafumi , Onaka Takashi
Published: October 2018

Knowledge of water in the solar system is important for the understanding of a wide range of evolutionary processes and the thermal history of the solar system. To explore the existence of water in the solar system, it is indispensable to investigate hydrated minerals and/or water ice on asteroids. These water-related materials show absorption features in the 3 μm band (wavelengths from 2.7 to 3.1 μm). We conducted a spectroscopic survey of asteroids in the 3 μm band using the Infrared Camera (IRC) on board the Japanese infrared satellite AKARI. In the warm mission period of AKARI, 147 pointed observations were performed for 66 asteroids in the grism mode for wavelengths from 2.5 to 5 μm. According to these observations, most C-complex asteroids have clear absorption features (>10% with respect to the continuum) related to hydrated minerals at a peak wavelength of approximately 2.75 μm, while S-complex asteroids have no significant features in this wavelength range. The present data are released to the public as the Asteroid Catalog using AKARI Spectroscopic Observations (AcuA-spec).
Does Altering Sitting Posture Have a Direct Effect on Clinical Shoulder Tests in Individuals With Shoulder Pain and Rotator Cuff Degenerative Tears?
Authors: Weisman Asaf , Masharawi Youssef
Published: October 2018

Background

Posture variations have been repeatedly linked to shoulder kinematics, strength, range of motion, and rotator cuff diseases. However, to our knowledge, no study has yet examined their possible link with shoulder pain provocation and pain levels during clinical shoulder tests.

Objective

The objective was to examine whether changing posture while sitting modifies pain provocation and pain level during performance of 3 clinical shoulder tests in participants with shoulder pain and rotator cuff degenerative tears (RCDTs).

Methods

Seventy individuals were allocated into 2 groups by an experienced physical therapist: 35 participants with symptomatic shoulders and RCDT diagnosed by ultrasound (tear size = 1.0 +/- 0.5 cm) and 35 control participants with no symptoms in the upper limb. All participants were tested by a second physical therapist for pain provocation (yes/no) and pain level (visual analog scale) using 3 common clinical shoulder tests: the Neer, the Hawkins-Kennedy, and the empty can while sitting in a neutral, slouched, and upright posture. Shoulder muscle forces were examined by a hand-held dynamometer for possible correlations only in the neutral posture. All participants were asked to fill out the quick DASH (disabilities of the arm shoulder and hand) questionnaire.

Results

In the symptomatic group, all 3 clinical tests demonstrated similar pain provocation (100% repeatability) and pain level in all 3 sitting postures (visual analog scale scores 3.7–4.4). Muscle force mean ranges of the study groups were 4.4 to 7 kg and, in the control group, 6 to 10.5 kg. No correlations were found between age, body mass index, shoulder pain, hand dominance, onset of symptoms, severity, and tear size with any of the dependent variables.

Conclusions

Changing posture while sitting did not directly affect pain provocation and pain levels during performance of 3 clinical shoulder tests in participants with shoulder pain and RCDTs.
Titer Variation of Citrus Tristeza Virus in Aphids at Different Acquisition Access Periods and Its Association with Transmission Efficiency
Authors: Liu Jinxiang , Li Lingdi , Zhao Hengyan , Zhou Yan , Wang Hongsu , Li Zhongan , Zhou Changyong
Published: October 2018

Tristeza, caused by citrus tristeza virus (CTV; Closterovirus, Closteroviridae), is of significant economic importance. Tristeza epidemics have caused severe declines in productivity, and even death, of millions of citrus trees on sour orange rootstock in many regions all over the world. In the field, CTV is most efficiently vectored by the brown citrus aphid (Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy)) in a semipersistent manner. The transmission efficiency of the vector is influenced by its acquisition access period (AAP) for CTV. A real-time RT-PCR assay using SYBR Green fluorescent dye was used to estimate the CTV titers in groups of 15 aphids under AAPs after 0.5 to 48 h for three CTV isolates (CT11A, CT16-2, and CTLJ). Similar trends for CTV titer in viruliferous aphids were displayed for the three isolates. The maximum CTV titer was at AAP 6 h for isolates CT11A and CT16-2, and at 4 h for isolate CTLJ. During the AAPs from 0.5 to 6 h, the mean CTV titer of CT16-2 increased from 7.8 × 104 to 1.71 × 107 copies per 15 aphids, and was correlated with an increase in transmission rate from 20 to 90.9%. This suggests that the transmission efficiency is positively correlated with viral titer in the insect from 0.5 h until 6 h AAPs. While a downward trend in CTV titer was observed after a 6-h AAP, the transmission rate remained higher than 90% up to 48 h. These results indicate that factors other than the virus titer in the vector contribute to successful transmission under long acquisition conditions. This is the first detailed quantitative analysis of CTV in its main vector species following different AAPs and its association with transmission efficiency, and should enhance our understanding of T. citricida-CTV interactions.
A Rice Black-Streaked Dwarf Virus Replication Curve Model to Evaluate Maize Rough Dwarf Disease Resistance
Authors: Xiaohua Han , Tingmu Chen , Runqing Yue , Shulei Guo , Mengmeng Xu , Caixia Lu , Yanping Fan , Nana Chen , Lu Liu , Xiaolei Fu , Haifeng Chi , Xinhai Guo , Yan Xia , Shuanggui Tie
Published: October 2018

Resistance to maize rough dwarf disease (MRDD), a major cause of crop losses, depends on external conditions such as the virus transmission period and the rate of viruliferous small brown planthoppers, Laodelphax striatellus. The precise identification of MRDD contributes to the utilization of resistant germplasm and the cloning of resistant genes. In this study, eight maize varieties were artificially inoculated in a greenhouse with viruliferous planthoppers. The viral titers in maize seedlings were detected by quantitative fluorescence RT-PCR, and the viral replication curves were analyzed by regression. A logistic model fit the Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) replication data for five susceptible varieties well, whereas a linear model fit the data for three resistant varieties. Among the five susceptible varieties, the time points with the maximum replication rates (tIP) of the highly susceptible Ye478 and XH6 were significantly earlier than those of the three susceptible varieties, Mo17, Zheng58, and Zhengdan958. P138, the most highly resistant variety, had the lowest slope of the best fit line, followed by moderately resistant Chang7-2 and Dan 340. The RBSDV replication curve model developed in this study can accurately identify the resistance of maize germplasm to MRDD at the molecular level. Our results also suggested that tIP and the slope of the RBSDV replication curve can be considered new criteria to evaluate maize resistance to MRDD.
Intersection of Quality and Excellence: Characteristics of Redesignated National League for Nursing Centers of Excellence
Authors: Merriam Deborah H. , Kelly Kathleen , Kelman Glenda B. , Rusin Mary Lou
Published: October 2018

The purpose of this research was to identify characteristics of redesignated National League for Nursing Centers of Excellence in Nursing Education that represent the intersection between quality and excellence. A qualitative content analysis of six final applications submitted for redesignation disclosed essential resources that supported students, faculty, and staff and identified six characteristics: connections through relationships, communities of learning and service, support for students and faculty, connections through technology, use of innovation, and a systems focus. The systematic focus on excellence in teaching and learning identified in this research represents best practices from exemplary schools worthy of emulation by other nursing education programs.
A Matter of Life and Death: End-of-Life Simulation to Develop Confidence in Nursing Students
Authors: Kunkel Charys , Kopp Wendy , Hanson Melissa
Published: October 2018

The use of simulation to provide end-of-life (EOL) education is a means to enhance self-efficacy levels among nursing students. The purpose of this exploratory study was to evaluate self-efficacy levels of nursing students and recent graduate nurses following an EOL simulation experience. Data were obtained using the Simulation Effectiveness Tool developed by Medical Education Technologies, Inc.; 72 participants in three groups completed the study. Moderate to strong levels of confidence in providing EOL care were found following the simulation experience; observations by the researcher and unsolicited participant statements supported the findings. Results of the study support EOL simulation as an effective and sustainable teaching modality for enhancing self-efficacy levels when managing EOL events.
Nursing Students’ Perceptions of a Multiple-Patient Simulation Experience
Authors: Prince Wende L. , Winmill David , Wing Debra , Kahoush Angela
Published: October 2018

The purpose of this project was to determine baccalaureate nursing students’ perceptions of a multiple-patient simulation experience. Three patient scenarios, presenting typical illnesses addressed on a medical-surgical floor (diabetic ketoacidosis, postoperative partial gastrectomy, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) were developed. Fifty-two students participated and completed a pretest and posttest questionnaire. Results demonstrated that students experienced increased positive attitude, motivation, and knowledge of the content involved in the scenarios. Student feedback was overwhelmingly positive and enthusiastic; they stated that the simulation experience was beneficial to their learning and helped with critical thinking.
Continuous Student Feedback: Your Voice Counts
Authors: Palazzo Steven J. , Miller Carrie Westmoreland , Salvatierra Gail
Published: October 2018

We created a method to collect continuous course feedback called Your Voice Counts. We sought to create a highly flexible and highly responsive learning environment that had as one of its unique properties the ability to meet the different needs of successive student cohorts. Student feedback has created opportunities for us to address issues in a timely and responsive manner. We believe in managing students' expectations as well as offering a means of continuous formative feedback that sets the stage for active learning by promoting an inclusive environment that supports the development of positive attitudes toward learning.
Got Your Six: Supporting Veterans’ Move Into Professional Nursing
Authors: D'Aoust Rita F. , Rossiter Alicia G. , Itle Evan , Clochesy John M.
Published: October 2018

With the influx of veterans entering higher education, there is growing awareness of the need for special programming or services tailored specifically to student veterans. With wars in Iraq and Afghanistan winding down and enhancements to the GI Bill, more than 2 million service members and their families are eligible for benefits under the Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008. Many veterans face a difficult transition to civilian life, ranging from readjustment issues to recovery from physical and mental injuries. This article describes the services for veterans developed by one university and the collaboration with a college of nursing to design a faculty and clinical agency training program that helps transition military medics and corpsmen to nursing education.
Experiential Teaching Increases Medication Calculation Accuracy Among Baccalaureate Nursing Students
Authors: Hurley Teresa V.
Published: October 2018

Safe medication administration is an international goal. Calculation errors cause patient harm despite education. The research purpose was to evaluate the effectiveness of an experiential teaching strategy to reduce errors in a sample of 78 baccalaureate nursing students at a Northeastern college. A pretest-posttest design with random assignment into equal-sized groups was used. The experiential strategy was more effective than the traditional method (t = −0.312, df = 37, p = .004, 95% CI) with a reduction in calculation errors. Evaluations of error type and teaching strategies are indicated to facilitate course and program changes.
The Effect of a Formal Mentoring Program on Career Satisfaction and Intent to Stay in the Faculty Role for Novice Nurse Faculty
Authors: Jeffers Stephanie , Mariani Bette
Published: October 2018

AIM

The purpose of this mixed-method study was to explore the influence of a formal mentoring program on career satisfaction of novice full-time nurse faculty in academia.

BACKGROUND

The transition from the role of clinician to faculty in an academic setting can be challenging for novice nurse faculty.

METHOD

A link to an electronic survey with open-ended questions was emailed to 1435 participants.

RESULTS

The response rate was 17.6 percent (N = 124). Mean scores were obtained, and independent t-test were computed to compare scores of faculty who had participated in a mentoring program with scores of nonparticipants. Content analysis of the open-ended answers was conducted, and common themes were identified.

CONCLUSION

By examining characteristics that contribute to the success of novice nursing faculty, recruitment and retention of faculty may improve, which is essential due to the worsening nursing faculty shortage.
Conflict-Handling Styles Demonstrated by Nursing Students in Response to Microethical Dilemmas
Authors: Krautscheid Lorretta C. , Luebbering Carissa M. , Krautscheid Beth A.
Published: October 2018

Nursing students encounter microethical dilemmas during clinical practice and are confronted with negotiating accompanying conflict. This post hoc analysis pilot study describes the frequency of conflict-handling styles demonstrated by senior-level nursing students (n = 59) who encountered microethical dilemmas embedded within existing high-fidelity simulation. Observation of recorded simulations revealed that 55.9 percent of students demonstrated effective conflict-handling styles and 44 percent demonstrated ineffective conflict handling. Recommendations for nursing education include utilizing simulation to extend learning beyond the cognitive domain to promote congruence between knowing what a nurse should do and acting on one's convictions.
Retention of Content Utilizing a Flipped Classroom Approach
Authors: Shatto Bobbi , L'Ecuyer Kristine , Quinn Jerod
Published: October 2018

The flipped classroom experience promotes retention and accountability for learning. The authors report their evaluation of a flipped classroom for accelerated second-degree nursing students during their primary medical-surgical nursing course. Standardized HESI® scores were compared between a group of students who experienced the flipped classroom and a previous group who had traditional teaching methods. Short- and long-term retention was measured using standardized exams 3 months and 12 months following the course. Results indicated that short-term retention was greater and long- term retention was significantly great in the students who were taught using flipped classroom methodology.