bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antigenotoxic and antimutagenic activities of Psittacanthus calyculatus (Loranthaceae) leaves water extract
Authors: Silva Monica , Moya Carlos , Landeros-Gutierrez Juan , Garcia-López Pedro , Ruiz-López Mario
Published: November 2021

Mistletoe (Psittacanthus calyculatus) is used for the prevention and treatment of numerous diseases. Samples of leaves from P. calyculatus were collected in April of 2019, and prepared an aqueous extract. The extract was lyophilized, and its polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins content were determined. Then, concentrations of lyophilized extract were prepared (5, 50 and 100 ppm) and assessed their antigenotoxic, antimutagenic and genotoxicity activities in human lymphocytes were evaluated using the comet assay system. The dry aqueous extract contained 73.54 mg of polyphenols AGE per g sample, 39.37 mg of flavonoid CE per g, and 0.1 mg of anthocyanins Cy-3-gluc E per g. No significant genotoxic activity was observed, with the exception of the concentration of 100 ppm at 10 hours of exposure (p <0.05). There was also significant (p <0.05) antigenotoxic and antimutagenic activity (p <0.05). Clearly, low concentrations and short-duration exposures to lyophilized P. calyculatus do not induce genetic damage; however, high concentrations are genotoxic. The antigenotoxic and antimutagenic effects were due to a protective effect not only against induced DNA damage but also against basal genetic damage.
El cadáver exquisito: un producto único de la creatividad
Authors:   Escuela Normal de Santa Ana Zicatecoyan, Cardoso Brito Jesús
Published: November 2021

El presente escrito tiene como objetivo mostrar el procedimiento del juego titulado El Cadáver Exquisito, implementado a principios del siglo XX que se funda en la escritura, la creatividad y la imaginación. Ese inició y se desarrolló como un juego de mesa inventado por un grupo de artistas surrealistas. En esta dinámica, el producto que se genera, un texto poético o un dibujo, emerge de la contribución de todos los participantes. Los objetivos del juego, dependiendo de las habilidades a desarrollar, pueden ser de índole lingüística o artística, entre otras posibilidades. En lo siguiente se presenta su aplicación para el aprendizaje del inglés, como lengua extranjera.
Educación e igualdad social
Authors:   Campus Universitario Siglo XXI, Martínez Quiroz María de los Ángeles
Published: November 2021

En la actualidad, la educación en países en vías de desarrollo de América Latina depende, en cierta medida, del contexto histórico y geográfico en el que se desarrollan. La enseñanza en México obedece a los gobiernos en curso a través de la Secretaría de Educación Pública y a los programas de estudio que ellos marcan como temas obligatorios para desarrollar habilidades según las necesidades sociales. La educación no sólo es la recepción de conocimientos sino también implica la posibilidad de producir cambios sociales a nivel nacional, e incluso internacional, a través de ideologías que en ella se manejen. Por eso, en este artículo se desarrolla la importancia de la educación para el fortalecimiento de la igualdad social, es una investigación documental-teórica, basada en un discurso objetivo de la igualdad, en la que se concluye que la educación es, y siempre ha sido, no sólo una herramienta, sino más bien, un sostén de las ideas de cambio o retraso social
Pengaruh Pendampingan Keluarga Terhadap Kecemasan Belajar Anak pada Pembelajaran Jarak Jauh Selama Pandemi Covid-19
Authors: Putri Sandra Febby Eka , Abidin Zaenal , Ramadhanintyas Karina Nur , Ratnawati Riska
Published: November 2021

Learning anxiety is an excessive feeling of being afraid of threats or felt during distance learning. In overcoming children's anxiety, one of the assistance efforts made is family support. Family support is an act of assisting to meet the needs and problem solving of children in order to support the optimization of children's development. In this study, researchers used quantitative descriptive as an approach. The research method used is an analytic survey while the type of research is cross sectional. In analyzing the data, researchers used univariate as a measuring tool and the Chi-Square test as bivariate. The population of elementary school children in grades 4-6 is 60 respondents and the sample is 60 respondents. The results of the bivariate test showed that there was a significant relationship between the independent variables, that the p value was 0.044 (p < 0.05), which means that there is an influence between family support and children's learning anxiety. In this study, the study analyzed that the Chi-Square test had 2 (two) most influential variables, namely family support and children's learning anxiety. The conclusion of this study is that there is a significant relationship between family support and children's learning anxiety. From this research, it is expected that children will learn with others so that children do not experience anxiety.
Relevansi dan Efektivitas Metode Resitasi Dalam Meningkatkan Prestasi Belajar Siswa
Authors: Ali Muhammad Mahrus
Published: November 2021

This study aims to determine the relevance and effectiveness of implementing the recitation method in improving student achievement. This research is directed to answer two problems: the relevance and effectiveness of the recitation method in learning Akidah Akhlaq subjects. Classroom Action Research with a quantitative research approach is used in the research method where data collection uses research measuring instruments (instruments). Data analysis is quantitative/statistical, aiming to test and prove the hypotheses that have been made/set. The data analysis technique used in this study was carried out in several stages, namely: a) data reduction, b) data presentation and c) conclusion drawing, data analysis in research using SPSS (Product Moment). The recitation method was applied to the subjects of Aqidah Akhlak grade 5. The conclusions followed the study results with the acquisition of scores and percentages: Cognitive score acquisition in cycle-1: 85.88 in cycle-2: 87.06, which means up: 1.18. the acquisition of affective values ​​in cycle-1: 89.41 in cycle-2:89,26. It means down: 0.15. The group score in the first cycle: 86.47 in the second cycle 89.41. It means up: 0.99. The acquisition of psychomotor scores in cycle-1: 90.69 in cycle-2 90.69. It means fixed. The average score (average) in cycle-1: 88.11 in cycle-2: 89.11 means that the value increases by: 0.99. The research analysis results can be concluded that the recitation method in Akidah Akhlaq subjects is relevant and effective in improving student achievement.
Multilevel SVM and AI based Transformer Fault Diagnosis using the DGA Data
Authors:   JNTUH & Assistant Professor, Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Matrusri Engineering College, Saidabad, Hyderabad, India, Sarma GVSSN Srirama
Published: November 2021

The Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) is utilized as a test for the detection of incipient problems in transformers, and condition monitoring of transformers using software-based diagnosis tools has become crucial. This research uses dissolved gas analysis as an intelligent fault classification of a transformer. The Multilayer SVM technique is used to determine the classification of faults and the name of the gas. The learned classifier in the multilayer SVM is trained with the training samples and can classify the state as normal or fault state, which contains six fault categories. In this paper, polynomial and Gaussian functions are utilized to assess the effectiveness of SVM diagnosis. The results demonstrate that the combination ratios and graphical representation technique is more suitable as a gas signature, and that the SVM with the Gaussian function outperforms the other kernel functions in diagnosis accuracy.
Glycemic Status in Acromegaly Patients Receiving Depot Long-Acting Octreotide
Authors: Al-Juboori Omar , Al-Lehibi Khalid Ibrahim
Published: November 2021

Background: Acromegaly is an uncommon, chronic, debilitating condition characterized by hyperinsulinism, insulin resistance, diabetes and prediabetes. One possibility for managing acromegaly's questionable influence on glucose homeostasis is the somatostatin analogues. Aim: To analyze the frequency and risk factors for impaired glucose homeostasis in acromegaly patients treated with depot long-acting octreotide (octreotide LAR), as well as the relationship between risk and treatment duration. Methods: The study included 52 Iraqi adults with acromegaly receiving octreotide LAR. Demographic, anthropometric, and clinical data were collected, as well as the duration of Octreotide LAR administration. Growth hormone, IGF-1, and adenoma size were reported retrospectively from patient data. The glycemic state was assessed and classified as DM, prediabetes, or normal. Results: The prevalence of DM was 39% and prediabetes was 40%, with the exception of being male, which was substantially related with prediabetes. DM and octreotide LAR use had a non-significant correlation. However, octreotide use altered 13% of patients from normal glycemic to prediabetes, with no correlation to treatment duration. Other than hypertension and a family history of diabetes, no other variables were found to be significant. Conclusion: Acromegaly patients have abnormal glucose metabolism, which is associated with prediabetes owing to octreotide LAR medication. Hypertension and family history of diabetes are risk factors.
‘Below Minima' conditions of weather over New Delhi (Palam) and their simultaneity of occurrence at New Delhi (Safdarjung), Agra, Allahabad, Lucknow and Jodhpur
Authors: RAMAMURTHI K. M.
Published: November 2021

An analysis of the frequency and duration of spells of poor visibility and of low loud ceiling over Palam, New Delhi, below certain specified limits has been presented using the data for the period 1949-53.Below minima condition prevailing, simultaneous over neighbouring airfield at Safdarjung are also presented.  Simultaneity of weather conditions below specified limits over Agra, Allahabad, Lucknow and Jodhpur have also been studied with a view to assess their comparative suitability as alternates for Palam.

 

It has been found that on occasions of poor visibility over Palam, Safdarjung too may be affected simultaneously on nearly 60-pre cent of the occasions. Agra is affected on 30 per cent and Allahabad, Lhcknow and Jodhpur on only less than 12 per cent of the total number of occasions over Palam. Among these, Allahabad and Lucknow are India more suitable as alternates for Palam during May and June while Jodhpur is better during the winter month .In regard to low clouds, Safdarjung is generally affected simultaneously with Palam on nearly 70 per cent of the occasions. On occasions of ‘below minima’ conditions of visibility or of low clouds. or both over Palam the suitability or aerodromes mentioned above as diversionaries stands in the following order of preference--(l) Jodhpur,(2) Lucknow, (3) Allahabad and (4) Agra.
Rainfall distribution over Delhi State during monsoon
Authors: MOOLEY D. A.
Published: November 2021

Based on the data for the period 1939-1954, the mean values of rainfall and number of rainy days during the, monsoon season at the various raingauge stations as well as the extreme values of these have been given; spatial distribution of heavy, rainfall over the State and the incidence of heavy rainfall at the various location have been studied. From a study of the synoptic charts on days prior to the days on which local heavy rainfall over was reported, an attempt has been made to indicate the topical synoptic situations which usually lead to local heavy rainfall over Delhi State during the next 24hours.Typical situation ‘have been illustrated by charts.
Annual Wave in the world-wide F-Region Ionization
Authors: BHARGAVA B. N.
Published: November 2021

An analysis of squares of noon median F2 layer critical frequencies for a 3-year period has been made in order to derive the latitude variation of the annual effect in the electron densities and its relation to average F21ayer ionization. The results indicate that the annual component varies with the latitude in a manner very nearly similar to that of the steady ionization R0 and that for a given value of Ro for any latitude. R1 which can be derived approximately from a linear relationship of the type Rl = 0.3 Ro-4.5. A similar analysis of 9-year data, for precise phase and amplitude of the annual component for a pair of stations yields a value of Rl which is of the same order of magnitude as Ro and which attains a maximum around the epoch of minimum sun-earth distance.
Meteorological aspects of Ice accretion over Assam air routes
Authors: SRINIVASAN V.
Published: November 2021

The debriefing reports for 1954-56 received from Dakota aircraft in respect of ice accretion on Assam air routes have been studied in conjunction with synoptic charts and aerological data. A study of the freezing level on these routes, which is intimately connected with icing conditions has also been made.
Vertical development of precipitation echoes from cumulus clouds near Calcutta during the post-monsoon season
Authors: KOTESWARAM P. , DE A. C.
Published: November 2021

Vertical development of precipitation echoes from cumulus clouds near Calcutta during the post-monsoon season of 1956 was studied by using a Decca Type.41 3-cm radar installed at the Meteorological Office at Dum Dum airport. It has been shown that the origin of the first precipitation echoes were below the freezing level in most cases. The rate of growth of the precipitation echoes was found to be comparable with that found in USA.A condensation coalescence mechanism has been suggested for the formation of rain from these clouds.
Twilight detection of aerosol layers
Authors: BIGG E. K.
Published: November 2021

In previous papers (Bigg 1956 a, 1956 b) I have described how use may be made of a differential light intensity method for detect-ing aerosol layers in the atmosphere.
Electric charge in clouds at temperatures above 0° C
Authors: MANI ANNA , SIVARAMAKRISHNAN M. V. , VENKITESHWARAN S. P.
Published: November 2021

It is well-established that heavy rain can fall under certain conditions, from clouds whose temperatures are nowhere below the freezing point and where the Bergeron mechanism is pot applicable, and coalescence of droplets can provide the initial step in the growth of rain drops. It is, however, generally believed that lightning discharges occur in heavy cumulus or cumulonimbus clouds in which glaciations has begun to be apparent, and most of the theories so far advanced on the development of electric charges in the clouds assume the change of state to play a direct role in the electrification of the cloud.
An unusual case of abnormal propagation of micro-wave caused by Nor'wester
Authors: DE A. C.
Published: November 2021

An unusual type of radar echo was noticed on the of PPI scope of a 3 cm meteorological radar at Dum Dam airport on 3 April 1957 after the passage of a nor'wester squall. It has been shown that conditions were favourable for the formation of radio duct at that time and this echo was probably due to existence of this duct.
Tropospheric moisture and its relation with rainfall due to nor’westers in Bangladesh
Authors: KARMAKAR SAMARENDRA , ALAM MDMAHBUB
Published: November 2021

Attempts have been made to compute the precipitable water content of the troposphere, weighted average water vapour and to correlate these parameters with different instability indices and also with the next 24-hr rainfall, next 24-hr maximum rainfall and next 24-hr country averaged rainfall in order to predicting rainfall due to nor’westers in Bangladesh. It has been found that the maximum number of nor’westers occur when the precipitable water is 25-45 mm hr-1 between 1000 and 500 hPa, the maximum frequency being 48 in the range of 35-45 mm hr-1. The spatial distribution of precipitable water indicates that the maximum precipitable water is concentrated over the area near the places of nor’westers. The specific humidity has been found to increase on the dates of occurrence of nor’westers in Bangladesh on most occasions. Maximum number of nor’westers occurs when the weighted average specific humidity between the surface (1000 hPa) and 500 hPa is 8-12 g kg-1, the maximum frequency being 43 in the range of 8-10 g kg-1. The study reveals that nor’westers have been found to occur near or at the eastern end of maximum weighted average specific humidity. It has also been found that nor’westers occur near the point of inter-section of the axes of moist and dry zones. A number of parameters of the troposphere over Dhaka at 0000 UTC on the dates of occurrence of nor’westers such as precipitable water (mm/hr), MSWI, SWI, SWI/TT, (q1000 – q850) weighted averaged specific humidity have statistically significant correlations with next 24-hour rainfall at Dhaka, next 24-hour maximum rainfall in Bangladesh and country averaged rainfall. The correlation co-efficients are relatively small and the standard errors of estimates are higher. The small correlation co-efficients are significant because of the large number of data.
Simulation of mesoscale structure of thunderstorm using ARPS Model
Authors: SRIVASTAVA KULDEEP , BHOWMIK S. K. ROY , HATWAR H. R. , DAS ANANDA  K. , KUMAR AWADHESH
Published: November 2021

In this paper mesoscale structures of two thunderstorm events over Delhi have been simulated using ARPS (Advanced Regional Prediction System) model. Numerical experiments were carried out using radiosonde data of Delhi and applying a potential temperature perturbation for triggering convective activity. The simulation exercise demonstrates strong updrafts and downdrafts associated with the thunderstorm cells, indicating the presence of very strong localized convection. The development and evolution of thunderstorm and propagation of associated precipitation zone are clearly brought out in this simulation study.
Relation between southern oscillation index and Indian northeast monsoon as revealed in antecedent and concurrent modes
Authors: RAJ Y. E. A. , GEETHA B.
Published: November 2021

The relation between Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and Indian northeast monsoon has been studied in antecedent and concurrent modes based on monthly /seasonal mean SOI  and monthly/seasonal rainfall data of Tamil Nadu for the 104 year period, 1901 to 2004. It has been found that a good negative relationship exists between the SOI and Indian northeast monsoon in antecedent and concurrent modes, the former being stronger than the later. In the concurrent mode, a strong negative relationship exists during the beginning of the season  which changes as the season advances and turns positive during the fag end of the season. Such a changing nature of relationship is explained through the variation of latitudinal positions of 200 hPa Sub Tropical Ridge (STR) / Equatorial Trough (ET) and the location of these with reference to the latitudinal location of the area benefited by the northeast monsoon. It has been shown that a positive (negative) SOI shifts the STR north(south)wards throughout the year. The relationship between latitudinal position of STR and the Indian northeast monsoon rainfall (NMR) is negative during the beginning of the season and turns positive during the fag end of the season, which is similar to the relationship between SOI and NMR. The relation between upper tropospheric wind/temperature anomalies and NMR also shows a similar change in relationship.  Westerly wind and negative temperature anomalies in October changing to easterly wind and positive temperature anomalies in January are by and large associated with good northeast monsoon activity.  The reversal in the relationship between latitudinal position of STR and NMR as the season advances has also been partly explained based on theoretical considerations by invoking the tilting term of the vorticity equation. Thus the SOI appears to manifest itself on Indian northeast monsoon rainfall by way of modulating the latitudinal positions of STR. An analysis based on Australian “Rainman” software on winter monsoon rainfall of some Sri Lankan and southeast Asian stations  has substantiated the changing nature of relationship. A study of dates of onset and withdrawal of Indian northeast monsoon in relation to SOI has revealed that negative (positive) SOI in September is associated with early (late) onset. But, continuation of negative SOI throughout the season favours early and abrupt withdrawal. Positive SOI during the fag end of the season is frequently associated with extension of the monsoon into January of the next year.
Climatological studies of lapse rates during summer months vis-à-vis All India Summer Monsoon Rainfall
Authors: JOSHI U. R. , RAO G. S. PRAKASA , KUMAR SHRAVAN
Published: November 2021

The combined mean normal lapse rates for 0000 and 1200 UTC for 35 Radiosonde (RS) stations based on the period 1971-99 during the summer months (March to May) were worked out for standard levels and analysed.  To know whether any relationship exists between the distribution of summer lapse rates and the all India summer monsoon rainfall (June to September),  the mean lapse rates for three good monsoon years and six deficient years during the same period were worked out separately and the Lapse Rate Anomalies (LRAs) were examined in detail.  In excessive monsoon rainfall years the LRAs were generally negative (instable atmosphere) during summer months (March-May) in the lower and middle troposphere and the anomalies were positive in the upper troposphere.  In the deficient monsoon years, the case is reverse i.e., LRAs were positive in the lower troposphere (inhibiting the convective activity) while they were negative in the middle and upper troposphere.  The same results were noticed in the recent worst monsoon year 2002 and bad monsoon year 2004.

 

The LRAs thus give signals in the months of March to May regarding the ensuing monsoon rainfall qualitatively and can be used as one of the tools for long range forecasting.
Relationship between Indian Ocean dipole mode and summer monsoon
Authors: BALA INDU , SINGH O. P.
Published: November 2021

Utilizing the Indian Ocean Dipole Mode (IODM) and Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) data for the period 1960-2002 the relationships between the IODM and monsoon onset over Kerala and rainfall distribution over the country have been studied. It has been found that stronger/weaker western pole during April-May is associated with delayed/early monsoon onset over Kerala. Stronger eastern pole during March-April seems to be associated with enhanced seasonal (June-September) rainfall over peninsular India. The IODM index of July-August can provide good indications of summer monsoon activity over peninsular India during the withdrawal phase of the  monsoon, i.e., during September.
Morphometric analysis of Rasyan valley basin - A case study in the Republic of Yemen, using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques
Authors: MULIKI MOHAMMED MANSOOR AL , BASAVARAJAPPA H. T.
Published: November 2021

Remote Sensing and GIS has given more importance for investigation of the geomorphological features based on the morphometric analysis duo to the diversity of data information by using digital map characters which help in moderating of data base information to get a different data like distance, area, point, line, polygon and qualitative data. This has decreased the errors which resulted by manual map sources. The main aim of this paper is the study of a morphometric analysis and characteristics of river basin area, basin shape, length, width and the ratio of length to the width, the ratio of rotation and circularity of the basin. It is also a study of relief characteristic, like slope and basin texture hypsometric curve. And also a study of drainage network characteristic like streams, stream order, length, drainage density, turn ratio, bifurcation ratio, weighted bifurcation ratio, type of drainage, and the relationship between all variables that mentioned above  with rock types and structural movements of internal and external  factors which  are represented by relief,  climate, soil, type of vegetation along with the human impact on the other hand. Results have been discussed for Rasyan valley basin in the Republic of Yemen using Landsat data.
Recent variations and trends in pan evaporation over India
Authors: VERMA I.  J. , JADHAV V. N.
Published: November 2021

Thirty years pan evaporation time series data (1971-2000) recorded from US class-A evaporation pans for twenty well distributed locations in India, have been utilized in the present study. For all the locations, basic statistical parameters of annual evaporation [minimum, maximum, range, mean, standard deviation (S.D.) and coefficient of variation (C.V.)] have been computed. Annual, seasonal and monthly trends have been studied using linear trend analysis technique. Suitable graphs have been plotted to study the variations and changes in pan evaporation trends and to identify the specific periods as and when significant changes occur.

 

The mean annual pan evaporation was found to be lowest (1107 mm) at Buralikson and highest (3004 mm) at Rajkot. The highest C.V. of nearly 11% was observed at Rajamundry, Jodhpur, Buralikson and Nellore. The lowest C.V. of nearly 2% was observed at Ambikapur. Out of twenty locations, significant decreasing trend in annual pan evaporation was observed at fifteen locations and no significant trend at five locations. The annual dE/dt values varied from -6.27 (Canning) to -29.30 (Jodhpur) mm/year. The average annual dE/dt over India was found to be -14.90 mm/year. Linear relationship was obtained to quantitatively estimate annual dE/dt, at a given location, using pan evaporation range. On an average, over India, the contribution of seasonal dE/dt towards annual dE/dt (mm/year) is highest -5.63 (37.8 %) in Season-2 (March-April-May) and lowest -2.07 (13.9 %) in Season-1(January- February). On an average, over India, the contribution of monthly dE/dt towards annual dE/dt (mm/year) is highest - 2.08 (14.0 %) in May and lowest -0.77 (5.2 %) in August. Non linear relationships were obtained (a) to quantitatively estimate the average monthly dE/dt values over India, in any particular month (b) to quantitatively estimate the average cumulative dE/dt values over India (mm/year) upto any particular month and (c) to quantitatively estimate the contribution (per cent) towards average annual dE/dt over India, upto any particular month.
Meteorological conditions associated with very sluggish advance of Indian summer monsoon in 2002
Authors: KHOLE MEDHA
Published: November 2021

In the year 2002, the monsoon covered entire India on 15th August, one month later than the normal date. An attempt has been done in this study to analyse the meteorological conditions underlying this abnormally sluggish advance of the monsoon in 2002, using the NCEP-NCAR Reanalysis data sets. It has been observed that, there had been an anomalously high influence of systems in the westrelies during the advance phase of Indian Summer Monsoon in 2002. This has proved to be a factor unfavourable for the advance of the monsoon. Similar cases of hiatuses in the advance of monsoon during other recent years of delayed advance, viz., 2004 and 2006, have also been discussed.
Incomplete Gamma distribution of rainfall for sustainable crop production strategies at Palampur, Himachal Pradesh
Authors: SINGH P. K. , RATHORE L. S. , SINGH K. K. , BAXLA A. K. , ATHIYAMAN B.
Published: November 2021

The knowledge of rainfall pattern (amount and probability) helps in planning of crops to be grown in a region. Therefore weekly, monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall data for 33 years (1974-2006) for the station Palampur have been collected and its analysis has been attempted.  The annual and monthly rainfall data were analyzed for finding out drought normality and abnormality. The analysis indicated that the rainfall is mainly confined in annual rainfall       2343 mm with 25.7 per cent variability. The standard deviation of annual rainfall is 62.8 mm. Each standard week from 26th to 35th receive a rainfall of more than 100 mm, indicating the crop period. Seed sowing in paddy nursery in the Palampur region generally takes places immediately after initiation of monsoon during 23rd - 25th standard meteorological weeks and transplanting is carried out around 27th or 28th standard meteorological week. The tillering, 50 percent flowering and dough stage are observed during 32-33rd, 37-38th and 40-41st  standard meteorological weeks respectively.
Evaluation of bias free rainfall forecasts and Kalman filtered temperature forecasts of T-80 model over Indian monsoon region
Authors: BHARDWAJ RASHMI , KUMAR ASHOK , MAINI PARVINDER
Published: November 2021

A forecasting system for obtaining objective medium range location specific forecast of surface weather elements is evolved at National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF). The basic information used for this is the output from   the general circulation models (GCMs) T-80/T-254 operational at NCMRWF. The most essential component of the system is Direct Model Output (DMO) forecast. This is explained in brief.  Direct Model Output (DMO) forecast is obtained from the predicted surface weather elements from the GCM. The two important weather parameters considered in detail are rainfall and temperature. Both the weather parameters  have biases. While the bias from the rainfall is reduced by adopting bias removal technique based upon  threshold values for rainfall and for removing bias from temperature forecast a two parameter Kalman filter is applied. The techniques used for getting bias free forecast are explained in detail. Finally an evaluation of the forecast skill for the  Kalman filtered temperature forecast and  bias free rainfall forecast during monsoon 2007 is presented.
Role of mesoscale low and urbanization on exceptionally heavy rainfall event of 26th July 2005 over Mumbai : Some observational evidences
Authors: MOHAPATRA M. , KUMAR NARESH , BANDYOPADHYAY B. K.
Published: November 2021

The 26th July 2005 exceptionally heavy rainfall event over Mumbai has been mainly attributed to a mesoscale low/vortex off Konkan coast and urban heat island (UHI) effect as demonstrated by various research groups. However, these studies are limited on observational evidence regarding the existence of the mesoscale vortex and UHI prior to and during this heavy rainfall event. Hence, a study has been undertaken to examine the existence of the mesoscale low off Konkan coast, which might have triggered this exceptionally heavy rainfall over Mumbai and the possible role of UHI effect over Mumbai on this heavy rainfall event. For this purpose the additional synoptic data from Mumbai high region and daily maximum and minimum temperatures over Mumbai region have been analysed. The analysis confirms the existence of a mesoscale low pressure area and isallobaric low to the west of Dahanu during 25th - 26th July 2005. The analysis of daily maximum and minimum temperatures over Mumbai region confirms the UHI effect during 25th -26th July, 2005.
Influence of actual evapotranspiration, growing degree days and bright sunshine hours on yield of finger millet
Authors: PATIL C. S. , PUTTANNA B.
Published: November 2021

Based on the result of an experiment conducted for three years from 1997-1999 during Kharif, under rainfed conditions, a model has been generated for relating crop coefficient of ragi  with time at Bangalore. The peak value of crop coefficient was found to be 1.02 on 66th day after sowing. The multiple regression equation was also generated based on the accumulated values of actual evapotranspiration (AET), growing degree days (GDD) and bright hours of Sunshine (BHS) from sowing to physiological maturity, using the field experimental data for the period 1998-2005. This multiple regression equation can be applied to forecast the yield of finger millet under rainfed conditions. This model was validated for the crop grown during Kharif 2005.
Designing of a Quadrature Oscillator
Authors: ANSARI M. I. , KRISHNAN K. C. SAI
Published: November 2021

This paper is an attempt to design and develop an electronic circuit for Quadrature Oscillator, by using locally available components, to be used in servicing of display units for maintenance of a network of 14 Nos. of SAMEER R/Ts in IMD’s upper air network of 39 radiosonde radiowind observation system.
Sunshine duration climatology and trends in association with other climatic factors over India for 1970-2006
Authors: JASWAL A. K.
Published: November 2021

Changes in sunshine duration in association with total cloud amount, rainy days and good visibility days over India were examined for 1970-2006. Climatologically, annual total sunshine duration over west Rajasthan and adjoining Gujarat is more than 3100 hours which is ideal for harnessing solar energy over these regions. The trend analysis indicates significant decrease in sunshine duration over the country for all months (except June) and the maximum decrease has taken place in January (-0.44 hour/decade) followed by December (-0.39 hour/decade). Seasonally, decline in sunshine hours is highest in winter and post monsoon (4% per decade) and lowest in monsoon (3% per decade). Decadal variations indicate maximum decrease in sunshine over the Indo-Gangetic plains and south peninsula during 1990-1999. Spatially, the decreasing trends in sunshine hours are highest in Indo-Gangetic plains and south peninsula while regions over Rajasthan and Gujarat have lowest decrease. Out of 40 stations under study, the maximum decrease in sunshine has occurred at New Delhi (winter at 13% per decade and post monsoon at 10% per decade) and Varanasi (summer and monsoon at 7% per decade). Correlation analysis of sunshine duration with total cloud amount, rainy days and good visibility days indicates regional and seasonal variations in factors explaining the long term trends in sunshine duration over the country.
Frequencies of drought at Ranchi regions, Jharkhand
Authors: SINGH P. K. , RATHORE L. S. , ATHIYAMAN B. , SINGH K. K. , BAXLA A. K. , KUMAR ASHOK , BHARGAVA A. K.
Published: November 2021

Studies of water balance have been carried out for Ranchi taking 35 years (1970-2004) of climate data. Ranchi has annual water need of 1754 mm, rainfall of 1460 mm, actual evapotranspiration (AE) of 860 mm, water surplus (WS) of 600 mm and water deficit (WD) of 894 mm. The aridity index values were analyzed to assess the frequency of drought experienced of this region. The study reveals that during the above period, Ranchi has experienced 11 percent of large drought and severe drought, but only 3 per cent disastrous droughts in 35 years. Moderate drought category is observed to be most common with 23 per cent probability. Analyses of periods will contagious drought indicate that during the five year period 1980-84 and 1995-99, moderate, large and severe droughts were experienced.
Role and impact of Siberian High on the temporal variation of Indian northeast monsoon rainfall
Authors: GEETHA B. , RAJ Y. E. A.
Published: November 2021

The relation between the intensity of Siberian High, defined as the mean sea level pressure over the Siberian region bounded by 87.5 & 102.5° E longitudes and 47.5 & 52.5° N latitudes (PSH) and Indian northeast monsoon rainfall has been studied in antecedent and concurrent modes based on monthly/seasonal mean PSH and monthly/seasonal rainfall data of Tamil Nadu (NMR) for the 34 year period, 1971 to 2004. It has been found that a positive relationship exists between the PSH and NMR of October-November (ON) which is significant in the antecedent mode [PSH(AS/Sep)] and modest in concurrent mode. The relationship turns negative for NMR (Dec) with both PSH(Sep) (antecedent) and PSH(Dec) (concurrent).  By and large, negative anomaly profile of PSH during September-November (SON) followed by a positive PSH (Dec) anomaly is associated with a deficient NMR, but, a normal to positive PSH anomaly profile in SON becoming  negative in December is associated with an excess NMR. The manifestation of PSH on NMR has been shown to be by way of modulating the strength of low level easterlies over the Bay of Bengal off the southeast coast of peninsular India as well as the latitudinal positions of Sub Tropical Ridge at 200 hPa (STR) and Equatorial Trough at 850 hPa (ET) over India.  An intense PSH (Sep) is associated with strengthening of easterlies over the Bay of Bengal as well as southward location of STR/ET thereby favouring  a good NMR (ON).  During December, a weaker than normal PSH (Dec) is associated with northward location of ET from its normal latitudinal position near the equator which becomes conducive for good NMR(Dec). That a weaker than normal PSH in December is associated with good NMR(Dec) is comprehended from an analysis of time series of PSH.  It has been found that the PSH itself undergoes a phase change in December on most occasions, i.e., an intense PSH (Nov) is by and large, followed by a weaker than normal PSH (Dec) and vice versa.
Simulation modeling of rice genotypes of yield and yield attributes at different nitrogen levels and different dates of transplanting using CERES 3.5 v for eastern Uttar Pradesh
Authors: KUMAR NEERAJ , TRIPATHI P.
Published: November 2021

The present investigation was carried out at Agrometeorological Instructional Farm of Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad (U.P.) during Kharif season of 2005-06 to investigate the CERES v 3.5 model validations for rice at different dates of transplanting and different genotypes. Treatment consisted of three genotypes, viz., Sarjoo-52, NDR-359 and  Pant Dhan-4, two dates of transplanting, viz.,         July 5, 2005 and  July 25, 2005 & three nitrogen levels, viz., 80 kg/ha, 120 kg/ha and 160 kg/ha. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD). From the response of simulation model it is observed that accuracy of simulated value decrease with late sowing in all the genotypes. Among the varieties the Pant Dhan-4 was found to have maximum closeness to observed value followed by Sarjoo-52 and NDR-359 at all nitrogen level for Biomass (gm/m2). Grain yield predication at 120 kg N level was found closest in Pant Dhan-4 and Sarjoo-52, while in NDR­-359 shows the better closeness at 160 kg N in both dates of transplanting. In the weight/grain (gm) 120 kg nitrogen level was found to have highest accuracy of (100%), i.e., no difference between observed and predicted value in both transplanting dates and nitrogen level.
An account of low level wind shear over Chennai airport - Part I : Observation and forecasting aspects
Authors: SURESH R.
Published: November 2021

Low level wind shear (LLWS) is an aviation hazard. LLWS cases reported by the air crews over Chennai airport from 1987 to 2007 (barring 1992 and 1993 during which period no report is readily available for analysis) have been analysed threadbare. The most favourable time / period of occurrence of LLWS have been documented which has prophylactic value to issue LLWS alert in current weather reports. Richardson number and turbulence index (TI) have been computed for the reported cases of LLWS and the efficacies of these thermodynamical indices have been documented. There were cases of active moderate / severe LLWS cases lasting even beyond 10 hrs duration in contrary to the general belief that LLWS is a short lived phenomenon. The urgency / necessity of having a sizeable LLWS database to devise a suitable warning strategy have been highlighted.
Meteorological factors associated with July 2005 floods in river Jhelum
Authors: YADAV B. P. , BHAN S. C.
Published: November 2021

The meteorological conditions leading to the July, 2005 floods in river Jhelum in the state of Jammu & Kashmir have been analyzed in the present study. The floods coincided with a spell of heavy rains over the state during second week of July 2005 caused by the interaction of a westward moving monsoon disturbance over the plains of northwest India and an eastward moving trough in middle troposphere over north Pakistan. Further analysis of precipitation over the state during the preceding winter season shows that there was record snowfall at many stations over the state. The estimate from KALPANA-1 satellite also revealed the highest snow cover area over the region since 1998. The higher volume of snowmelt because of the increased snow cover area seems to have significantly contributed towards the floods.
Technical feasibility on reception of VHRR signals from Kalpana-1 satellite in the event of contingency with the existing operational ground receiving system
Authors: YADAV J. K. S. , CHAKARBORTY A. K. , GIRI R. K.
Published: November 2021

National Satellite Meteorological Center (NSMC), of India Meteorological Department is performing the vital role of receiving signals of meteorological data transmitted by KALPANA-1/INSAT series of national satellites and processing the data to generate various meteorological products for monitoring meteorological, environmental and climatological conditions. The satellite signals are currently being received through a 7.5 m diameter parabolic dish antenna installed  at  INSAT Earth Station of IMD located at Mausam Bhawan Complex, New Delhi.

In this study an attempt has been made to receive and process the VHRR signals of KALPANA-1 through a smaller (3.8m) diameter parabolic dish antenna available at earth station .The link calculations have been made to show extra 2 db margin what is theoretically required and it will be sufficient for image capturing. We  had also compared the  result with existing 7.5m diameter  antenna  and observe that quality of satellite pictures received with 3.8m diameter antenna are also equally good.

The purpose of this study is to keep in operational readiness a backup antenna for the reception of KALPANA-1 in the event of any unforseen contingency with the existing 7.5m diameter parabolic dish antenna, using the existing infrastructure of IMD.
Utilisation of ‘Aerostat’ Doppler Weather Radar in nowcasting of convective phenomena
Authors: ARORA P. K. , SRIVASTAVA T. P.
Published: November 2021

‘Aerostat’ system is a part of the air defence radar network, adopted by the Indian Air Force. Many meteorological instruments have been integrated with this system, including Doppler Weather Radar (DWR). The ground-based DWR has a maximum range of 300 NM, however, it generally uses 150 NM range on scan mode. The scan mode images are provided at half an hour interval, which are being utilised very effectively for nowcasting of thunderstorms at various IAF bases. In the present study, utilisation of DWR images for nowcasting of thunderstorms / dust storms is discussed over NW India with the help of a few case studies during pre-monsoon and SW monsoon seasons of 2008. Further, products generated through operational meso-scale NWP model runs have been studied in order to obtain indications / guidance for expected convective activity over the area at least 24-36 hours in advance. Thus, short-range weather forecasts through NWP models can be used as an advance indication for careful monitoring of DWR images in near real time. It has been found that the DWR is a very good tool to track the movement of significant weather echoes around the airfields, which can be very helpful in issuing appropriate warnings / advisories with sufficient lead time. Meso-scale NWP models are capable of generating reliable indications for expected convective activity at least 24-36 hours in advance. The integration of both the inputs can increase the accuracy and reliability of location and time specific prediction of convective activity.
Unprecedented rainfall over Bangalore city during October, 2005
Authors: MOHAPATRA M. , KUMAR NARESH , BANDYOPADHYAY B. K.
Published: November 2021

The Central Observatory of India Meteorological Department (IMD) at Palace Road, Bangalore reported a record highest monthly rainfall of 604 mm during October, 2005. It was the highest ever monthly rainfall recorded over Bangalore city. However, the surrounding stations in Bangalore district recorded less rainfall. To find out the physical processes leading to this rainfall, the characteristics of rainfall over different stations in Bangalore urban and rural districts during October, 2005 and associated synoptic and thermodynamic features during the month are analysed. The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect and role of pollution parameters and their relationship with this rainfall have also been analysed. This study can be utilized in better understanding of the impact of urbanization and pollution on rainfall, especially heavy rainfall. It can also help in predicting the heavy rainfall events over the urban centres.

The study endorses the earlier finding that the UHI effect leads to moisture convergence and pollutants may work as hygroscopic nuclei over the region to enhance rainfall near the urban centre.
Recent winter warming over India – spatial and temporal characteristics of monthly maximum and minimum temperature trends for January to March
Authors: JASWAL A. K.
Published: November 2021

In the backdrop of recent warmer winters over India, temperature series of 174 stations well distributed over the country were statistically analyzed to document the long term variations and trends in monthly mean maximum and minimum temperatures for January to March. From the trend analysis, February month has emerged as the warmer winter month over North India where increase in both maximum (+0.29° C / decade) and minimum (+0.38° C / decade) temperatures is highest with noteworthy increase in maximum temperature at a rate 1.5 times that of the South India averaged increase. Spatially, North India minimum temperature trends for February and March and South India maximum temperature trends for all months are more coherent.

 

Both day-time and night-time total cloud amounts are increasing significantly over Indo-Gangetic plains and south peninsula and decreasing significantly in central and east India. However increase in temperatures over extreme south peninsula in January and March is difficult to explain on the basis of increase in day-time total cloud amount indicating strong influence of other climatic factors. At the same time, sea surface temperatures of the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal are rising and there is strong positive correlation between land surface temperatures and sea surface temperatures suggesting significant contribution of warmer sea waters which may have important climatic implications over neighbouring regions.
Study of rainfall departure over catchments of Bihar plains
Authors: JHA T. N. , RAM R. D.
Published: November 2021

Station wise daily rainfall data of sixty years is used to study rainfall departure and variability  in  Kosi, Kamala/Bagmati/Adhwara and  Gandak/Burhi Gandak catchments during  monsoon  season. Station and catchment wise rainfall time series have been made to compute rainfall departure and Coefficient of Variation (CV). Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI) and ENSO strength based on percentile analysis are used to ascertain their impact on rainfall distribution in the category as excess, normal, deficient and scanty. Results indicate that the variability is greater over Kosi as compared to the other catchments. Probability of normal rainfall is found 0.75 and there is no possibility of scanty rain over the catchments during El Nino and La Nina year. Similarly probabilities of normal, deficient, excess rainfall are found as 0.67, 0.18 and 0.15 respectively during mixed year. SOI has emerged as principal parameter which modifies the departure during El Nino and La Nina year. MEI along with ENSO strength  are more prominent  during  mixed year  particularly to ascertain deficient and excess rain in weak and strong- moderate La Nina  respectively .