bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Instrumentos e critérios de avaliação utilizados pelos professores de educação física nos anos finais do ensino fundamental
Authors: Neuenfeldt Derli Juliano , Rataizki Cátia Raquel
Published: July 2017

Esta pesquisa qualitativa objetivou identificar, analisar e discutir o processo de avaliação na Educação Física escolar a partir dos instrumentos e critérios utilizados por seis professores de Educação Física dos Anos Finais do Ensino Fundamental da rede municipal de um município do Vale do Taquari/RS/Brasil. A avaliação formativa é a mais utilizada. Em relação aos instrumentos prevalece o uso da prova teórica. Quanto aos critérios destacam-se a participação, o interesse e o uso de roupas adequadas. Os professores criticam a falta de legitimidade da avaliação realizada uma vez que a disciplina de Educação Física sozinha não consegue reprovar um aluno.
Reconstructing human pancreatic differentiation by mapping specific cell populations during development
Authors: Ramond Cyrille , Glaser Nicolas , Berthault Claire , Ameri Jacqueline , Kirkegaard Jeannette Schlichting , Hansson Mattias , Honoré Christian , Semb Henrik , Scharfmann Raphaël
Published: July 2017

Information remains scarce on human development compared to animal models. Here, we reconstructed human fetal pancreatic differentiation using cell surface markers. We demonstrate that at 7weeks of development, the glycoprotein 2 (GP2) marks a multipotent cell population that will differentiate into the acinar, ductal or endocrine lineages. Development towards the acinar lineage is paralleled by an increase in GP2 expression. Conversely, a subset of the GP2+ population undergoes endocrine differentiation by down-regulating GP2 and CD142 and turning on NEUROG3, a marker of endocrine differentiation. Endocrine maturation progresses by up-regulating SUSD2 and lowering ECAD levels. Finally, in vitro differentiation of pancreatic endocrine cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells mimics key in vivo events. Our work paves the way to extend our understanding of the origin of mature human pancreatic cell types and how such lineage decisions are regulated.
Lipid transfer from plants to arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi
Authors: Keymer Andreas , Pimprikar Priya , Wewer Vera , Huber Claudia , Brands Mathias , Bucerius Simone L , Delaux Pierre-Marc , Klingl Verena , Röpenack-Lahaye Edda von , Wang Trevor L , Eisenreich Wolfgang , Dörmann Peter , Parniske Martin , Gutjahr Caroline
Published: July 2017

Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbioses contribute to global carbon cycles as plant hosts divert up to 20% of photosynthate to the obligate biotrophic fungi. Previous studies suggested carbohydrates as the only form of carbon transferred to the fungi. However, de novo fatty acid (FA) synthesis has not been observed in AM fungi in absence of the plant. In a forward genetic approach, we identified two Lotus japonicus mutants defective in AM-specific paralogs of lipid biosynthesis genes (KASI and GPAT6). These mutants perturb fungal development and accumulation of emblematic fungal 16:1ω5 FAs. Using isotopolog profiling we demonstrate that 13C patterns of fungal FAs recapitulate those of wild-type hosts, indicating cross-kingdom lipid transfer from plants to fungi. This transfer of labelled FAs was not observed for the AM-specific lipid biosynthesis mutants. Thus, growth and development of beneficial AM fungi is not only fueled by sugars but depends on lipid transfer from plant hosts.
Long-term resource addition to a detrital food web yields a pattern of responses more complex than pervasive bottom-up control
Authors: Lawrence Kendra L. , Wise David H.
Published: July 2017

Background

Theory predicts strong bottom-up control in detritus-based food webs, yet field experiments with detritus-based terrestrial systems have uncovered contradictory evidence regarding the strength and pervasiveness of bottom-up control processes. Two factors likely leading to contradictory results are experiment duration, which influences exposure to temporal variation in abiotic factors such as rainfall and affects the likelihood of detecting approach to a new equilibrium; and openness of the experimental units to immigration and emigration. To investigate the contribution of these two factors, we conducted a long-term experiment with open and fenced plots in the forest that was the site of an earlier, short-term experiment (3.5 months) with open plots (Chen & Wise, 1999) that produced evidence of strong bottom-up control for 14 taxonomic groupings of primary consumers of fungi and detritus (microbi-detritivores) and their predators.

Methods

We added artificial high-quality detritus to ten 2 × 2-m forest-floor plots at bi-weekly intervals from April through September in three consecutive years (Supplemented treatment). Ten comparable Ambient plots were controls. Half of the Supplemented and Ambient plots were enclosed by metal fencing.

Results

Arthropod community structure (based upon 18 response variables) diverged over time between Supplemented and Ambient treatments, with no effect of Fencing on the multivariate response pattern. Fencing possibly influenced only ca. 30% of the subsequent univariate analyses. Multi- and univariate analyses revealed bottom-up control during Year 1 of some, but not all, microbi-detritivores and predators. During the following two years the pattern of responses became more complex than that observed by Chen & Wise (1999). Some taxa showed consistent bottom-up control whereas others did not. Variation across years could not be explained completely by differences in rainfall because some taxa exhibited negative, not positive, responses to detrital supplementation.

Discussion

Our 3-year experiment did not confirm the conclusion of strong, pervasive bottom-up control of both microbi-detritivores and predators reported by Chen & Wise (1999). Our longer-term experiment revealed a more complex pattern of responses, a pattern much closer to the range of outcomes reported in the literature for many short-term experiments. Much of the variation in responses across studies likely reflects variation in abiotic and biotic factors and the quality of added detritus. Nevertheless, it is also possible that long-term resource enhancement can drive a community towards a new equilibrium state that differs from what would have been predicted from the initial short-term responses exhibited by primary and secondary consumers.
Deglacial changes in the strength of deep southern component water and sediment supply at the Argentine continental margin
Authors: Warratz Grit , Henrich Rüdiger , Voigt Ines , Chiessi Cristiano M. , Kuhn Gerhard , Lantzsch Hendrik
Published: July 2017

The deep southern component water (SCW), comprising Lower Circumpolar Deep Water (LCDW) and Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW), is a major component of the global oceanic circulation. It has been suggested that the deep Atlantic water mass structure changed significantly during the last glacial/interglacial cycle. However, deep SCW source‐proximal records remain sparse. Here we present three coherent deep SCW paleocurrent records from the deep Argentine continental margin shedding light on deep water circulation and deep SCW flow strength in the Southwest Atlantic since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Based on increased sortable silt values, we propose enhanced deep SCW flow strength from 14 to 10 cal ka B.P. relative to the early deglacial/LGM and the Holocene. We propose a direct influence of deep northern component water (NCW) on deep SCW flow strength due to vertical narrowing of deep SCW spreading, concurrent with a migration of the high‐energetic LCDW/AABW interface occupying our core sites. We suggest a shoaled NCW until 13 cal ka B.P., thereby providing space for deep SCW spreading that resulted in reduced carbonate preservation at our core sites. Increased carbonate content from 13 cal ka B.P. indicates that the NCW expanded changing deep water properties at our core sites in the deep Southwest Atlantic. However, southern sourced terrigenous sediments continued to be deposited at our core sites, suggesting that deep SCW flow was uninterrupted along the Argentine continental margin since the LGM.
Probabilistic estimates of drought impacts on agricultural production
Authors: Madadgar Shahrbanou , AghaKouchak Amir , Farahmand Alireza , Davis Steven J.
Published: July 2017

Increases in the severity and frequency of drought in a warming climate may negatively impact agricultural production and food security. Unlike previous studies that have estimated agricultural impacts of climate condition using single‐crop yield distributions, we develop a multivariate probabilistic model that uses projected climatic conditions (e.g., precipitation amount or soil moisture) throughout a growing season to estimate the probability distribution of crop yields. We demonstrate the model by an analysis of the historical period 1980–2012, including the Millennium Drought in Australia (2001–2009). We find that precipitation and soil moisture deficit in dry growing seasons reduced the average annual yield of the five largest crops in Australia (wheat, broad beans, canola, lupine, and barley) by 25–45% relative to the wet growing seasons. Our model can thus produce region‐ and crop‐specific agricultural sensitivities to climate conditions and variability. Probabilistic estimates of yield may help decision‐makers in government and business to quantitatively assess the vulnerability of agriculture to climate variations. We develop a multivariate probabilistic model that uses precipitation to estimate the probability distribution of crop yields. The proposed model shows how the probability distribution of crop yield changes in response to droughts. During Australia's Millennium Drought precipitation and soil moisture deficit reduced the average annual yield of the five largest crops.
V
an
V
oorhis,
P
atricia
Authors: Radatz Dana L. , Wright Emily M.
Published: July 2017

Patricia Van Voorhis is an American criminologist, most notably known for her work on evidence‐based practices within corrections, female offenders, and risk assessments. She, along with other scholars, worked to infuse the knowledge of “what works” in corrections into correctional agencies around the world. Van Voorhis's work has greatly impacted the study of and practices within correctional interventions, which is evident through her numerous journal and book publications, as well as the acceptance of several prominent awards.
Wrongful Convictions
Authors: Campbell Kathryn M. , Denov Myriam , Lenet Jaime
Published: July 2017

Wrongful convictions occur when individuals are found guilty of crimes they did not commit. However, recent evidence shows that such errors may not be as rare as was once thought. This entry traces the causes and consequences of wrongful conviction and the contributing factors discussed include eyewitness error, erroneous forensic science, false confessions, the use of jailhouse informants, professional and institutional misconduct, and racial bias. The profound consequences of wrongful conviction and policy responses are also reviewed.
Thinking for a Change
Authors: Taymans Juliana M.
Published: July 2017

Thinking for a Change is a correctional treatment program with three cognitive behavioral interventions: cognitive restructuring, social skills, and problem solving. This closed‐group program focuses on incremental participant skill development through interactive exercises, role playing, and application of the cognitive behavioral skills in real‐life situations. The program is implemented in juvenile and adult corrections systems throughout the United States and is facilitated by a range of correctional professionals ranging from line staff, probation officers, and social workers. Program evaluation studies support the program's effectiveness in terms of prosocial attitude change and reduced recidivism.
Tower of
L
ondon
Authors: Tang Wei
Published: July 2017

The Tower of London, officially named Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London, has played a prominent role in British history. The castle complex it comprises is located in central London. The Tower was commonly operated as a prison from 1100 to 1952. Its many famous prisoners included kings, queens, princes, princesses, traitors, and spies. Today, the Tower of London is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Britain. This entry includes a discussion of some of the famous prisoners who were executed or imprisoned in the Tower.
Time Off for Good Behavior
Authors: Demleitner Nora V.
Published: July 2017

So‐called “good time” credits have long been a feature of the correctional system in the United States. They serve to cut an inmate's prison sentence administratively and are awarded either for good behavior or on completion of educational, treatment, or work programs, or both. Because these credits are contingent upon the inmate's actions, “good time” is often also referred to as “earned credit.” Others distinguish between “good time,” awarded upon compliance with prison rules, and “earned time,” the discount granted upon program completion or participation in work projects. Many states also reward especially meritorious acts, such as preventing a prison breakout, with time credit. The scope of these discounts, however, has varied over time and between jurisdictions, inside and outside the United States.
Women Correctional Officers
Authors: Rasche Christine E.
Published: July 2017

Women have been involved in correctional work in America since colonial days, though they often were not officially recognized as professionals. Today women work in almost all areas of corrections, but it took a long time for them to begin to reach employment equality in this field. This entry provides an overview of the history of women working in corrections in America, the many challenges they faced, their fight for equal pay and equal opportunities in the field, and their struggle to be officially recognized as correctional officers alongside their male peers. Some of the remaining issues faced by women correctional officers are also discussed.
Violent Offender Programs
Authors: Polaschek Devon L. L.
Published: July 2017

Violent offender programs are psychological treatment programs designed to reduce a violent offender's risk of further offending. The offenders who are most suitable for these programs have multiple previous convictions for violent and other crimes, and because they are high‐risk, they often bring to treatment a variety of characteristics that affect their treatability. Addressing these responsivity issues (Phase 1) is as essential to treatment success as addressing their dynamic risk factors for violence (Phase 2). Reintegration preparation is the third phase of treatment. Treatment programs for violent offenders are mainly cognitive‐behavioral, intensive, and use multiple methods to change multiple risk factors. Some programs have been adapted to provide a better fit for indigenous offenders. Recidivism outcome evaluations for a small handful of programs show reductions in violent and other recidivism after treatment, suggesting that this challenging population can benefit from intervention.
S
ing
S
ing
C
orrectional
F
acility
Authors: Carter TaLisa J.
Published: July 2017

Sing Sing Correctional Facility is located on the banks of the Hudson River in Westchester County, New York City. An institution of the New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision, Sing Sing is a maximum‐security, all‐male prison housing over 2,000 inmates and employing approximately 1,000 correctional staff. The third prison built by New York State, Sing Sing's notoriety began from its inception and has continued to the present day. It currently hosts more than 5,000 visitors each month. Sing Sing is most noted for a history of brutal and inhumane confinement conditions, its death house, and, finally, major reforms with regard to the rights and rehabilitation of inmates.
RussianFederation, Corrections in
Authors: Sergevnin Vladimir A.
Published: July 2017

This entry is an overview of the correctional system in the Russian Federation. It includes items on correctional history and recent developments in the penal system in Russia. Profound changes have occurred in Russia's correctional system, accompanying the move from monarchy, to communism, to democracy. In 1998, Russia transferred authority over the correctional system from the Ministry of the Interior to the Ministry of Justice and established a semi‐independent federal agency. Dynamic reforms in the correctional institutions are reviewed, including changes in the correctional system spurred by Russia's inclusion in the Council of Europe.
Prison Abolition Movement
Authors: Mathiesen Thomas
Published: July 2017

The prison abolition movement promotes change in the current prison system. Although prisons have not been abolished completely, many forms of imprisonment have been done away with. This entry examines the prison abolition movement within Norway and discusses the abolition process. It details the various conditions that must be present for abolition to succeed.
Prison Economy
Authors: Ortiz Jennifer Marie
Published: July 2017

The prison economy is a complex system consisting of a formal market developed and operated by the correctional administration and an informal market developed and operated by inmates. This entry includes a discussion of the formal and informal systems, societal and institutional level policies that affect the prison economy, and directions for future research.
Security Threat Groups (White)
Authors: Burris Sara W. , Miller J. Mitchell
Published: July 2017

Gangs are an continuing national problem that requires constant attention from every level of the criminal justice system. Within the correctional branch of the criminal justice system, there is both an extension of national gang activity into virtually all prison systems in the United States. These organic, yet highly institutionalized, prison gangs are also known as security threat groups. While all prison gangs are security threat groups, the label enables designation of inmate collectives acting as gangs, but not necessarily meeting official gang criteria. Regardless of a gang or security threat group label, these groups categorically are identified by racial and ethnic status and affiliation. This entry focuses on white security threat groups, and includes a discussion of how these groups differ from prison gangs and the basic correctional policy responses.
Parens Patriae
Authors: Fenny Omobolanle
Published: July 2017

Children historically have been considered to be chattel, denied rights in society, and parents had unfettered right to “abuse” their children for any and every infraction. The doctrine ofparens patriaemeaning “father of the country” originated in the twelfth century, and it refers to the power of the state to make decisions for those who are unable to do so. The doctrine refers to the right of the king and the courts to intervene and actin loco parentis(in place of the parents) for all “infants,” “idiots,” and “lunatics.” Typically,parens patriaewas applied to cases involving children, and allowed the courts, under its inherent common law jurisdiction, to prioritize the best interests of the child. This doctrine has evolved over the years, owing to the impact of legislation, Supreme Court decisions, prosecutorial discretion, and juvenile court practices. This entry includes the history of the doctrine, legislative, and other impacts on its application, and implications for juveniles and the juvenile justice system.
Recidivism
Authors: Ortiz Jennifer Marie
Published: July 2017

Recidivism refers to an individual's relapse into criminal behavior after experiencing formal criminal justice sanctions. This entry provides an overview of the various factors that affect recidivism, the policies designed to reduce recidivism, and the research studies of recidivism.
Retribution
Authors: Theerathitiwong Sitthana
Published: July 2017

Retribution is a theory of punishment founded on the belief that those who commit crimes should be punished, and that the severity of the punishment should be proportional to the crime committed. In its application, however, proportionality cannot be so easily measured, and this can cause a disparity between theory and practice. Moreover, critics of retributive justice argue that the principle is rigid in its singular focus on the offence, thus overlooking other circumstances around the crime. Retributive justice theory is often contrasted with utilitarian and rehabilitative principles of punishment.
Pennsylvania Prison System
Authors: Rubin Ashley
Published: July 2017

The Pennsylvania system was a distinctive plan for prison organization centered on prisoners' long‐term solitary confinement. Although its ideological origins can be traced to the colonial period, and it manifested in the decades after the American Revolution, the Pennsylvania system primarily refers to the mode of confinement used at Pennsylvania's two state prisons between the 1820s and the 1860s. While prisoners remained in solitary confinement, reformers and prison administrators used the term “separate confinement” to emphasize that prisoners were not completely isolated: they received visits from prison employees as well as select visitors, primarily local penal reformers. The prison administrators, staff, and the local penal reformers offered primary education, often teaching illiterate prisoners to read and write, and sought to instruct the prisoners in issues of morality. Prisoners also worked within their cells on traditional crafts such as weaving, shoemaking, carpentry, and, in a few cases, blacksmithing. Though the subject of significant debate among reformers, legislators, and prison administrators interested in the best mode of prison design, the Pennsylvania system was adopted at only four prisons nationwide. By the time of the Civil War, it existed only within Pennsylvania's prisons, which abandoned the system within a decade of the war's end.
S
outh
A
frica, Corrections in
Authors: Schulz Stefan , Bruyns Hennie
Published: July 2017

With the establishment of a constitutional democracy in South Africa in 1994, which brought to an end decades of racial segregation and apartheid, notions of human dignity and human rights reflected a new value horizon that would inform public and private spheres. The abolition of the death penalty in 1995, and creation of a separate juvenile justice system in 2010, have been necessary consequences of the new political order. The democratic development led the Department of Corrections (DCS) to embrace a paradigm shift away from repression and retribution, and towards rehabilitation and social reintegration. The ongoing transformation of DCS deals with hurdles such as demilitarization and professionalization of its staff, satisfying contradicting public policies, overcrowding, and limited resources.
Adapting VMAT plans optimized for an HD120 MLC for delivery with a Millennium MLC
Authors: French Samuel B. , Bhagroo Stephen , Nazareth Daryl P. , Podgorsak Matthew B.
Published: July 2017

Linac downtime invariably impacts delivery of patients' scheduled treatments. Transferring a patient's treatment to an available linac is a common practice. Transferring a Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) plan from a linac equipped with a standard‐definition MLC to one equipped with a higher definition MLC is practical and routine in clinics with multiple MLC‐equipped linacs. However, the reverse transfer presents a challenge because the high‐definition MLC aperture shapes must be adapted for delivery with the lower definition device. We have developed an efficient method to adapt VMAT plans originally designed for a high‐definition MLC to a standard‐definition MLC. We present the dosimetric results of our adaptation method for head‐and‐neck, brain, lung, and prostate VMAT plans. The delivery of the adapted plans was verified using standard phantom measurements.
ATP‐Responsive Aptamer‐Based Metal–Organic Framework Nanoparticles (NMOFs) for the Controlled Release of Loads and Drugs
Authors: Chen Wei‐Hai , Yu Xu , Liao Wei‐Ching , Sohn Yang Sung , Cecconello Alessandro , Kozell Anna , Nechushtai Rachel , Willner Itamar
Published: July 2017

Nanoparticles consisting of metal–organic frameworks (NMOFs) modified with nucleic acid binding strands are synthesized. The NMOFs are loaded with a fluorescent agent or with the anticancer drug doxorubicin, and the loaded NMOFs are capped by hybridization with a complementary nucleic acid that includes the ATP‐aptamer or the ATP‐AS1411 hybrid aptamer in caged configurations. The NMOFs are unlocked in the presence of ATP via the formation of ATP‐aptamer complexes, resulting in the release of the loads. As ATP is overexpressed in cancer cells, and since the AS1411 aptamer recognizes the nucleolin receptor sites on the cancer cell membrane, the doxorubicin‐loaded NMOFs provide functional carriers for targeting and treatment of cancer cells. Preliminary cell experiments reveal impressive selective permeation of the NMOFs into MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells as compared to MCF‐10A normal epithelial breast cells. High cytotoxic efficacy and targeted drug release are observed with the ATP‐AS1411‐functionalized doxorubicin‐loaded NMOFs.
Retardation of Antigen Release from DNA Hydrogel Using Cholesterol‐Modified DNA for Increased Antigen‐Specific Immune Response
Authors: Umeki Yuka , Saito Masaaki , Takahashi Yuki , Takakura Yoshinobu , Nishikawa Makiya
Published: July 2017

Our previous study indicates that cationization of an antigen is effective for sustained release of both immunostimulatory DNA containing unmethylated cytosine‐phosphate‐guanine (CpG) dinucleotides, or CpG DNA, and antigen from a DNA hydrogel. Another approach to sustained antigen release would increase the applicability and versatility of the system. In this study, a hydrophobic interaction‐based sustained release system of ovalbumin (OVA), a model antigen, from immunostimulatory CpG DNA hydrogel is developed by the use of cholesterol‐modified DNA and urea‐denatured OVA (udOVA). Cholesterol‐modified DNA forms a hydrogel, Dgel(chol), and induces IL‐6 mRNA expression in mouse skin after intradermal injection, as DNA without cholesterol does. Cholesterol‐modified DNA associated with OVA and denaturation of OVA using urea increases the interaction. The release of udOVA from Dgel(chol) is significantly slower than that from DNA hydrogel with no cholesterol, Dgel. Moreover, intratumoral injections of udOVA/Dgel(chol) significantly inhibit the growth of EG7‐OVA tumors in mice. These results indicate that sustained release of antigen from Dgel can be achieved by the combination of urea denaturation and cholesterol modification, and retardation of antigen release is effective to induce antigen‐specific cancer immunity.
Aspherical, Nanostructured Microparticles for Targeted Gene Delivery to Alveolar Macrophages
Authors: Möhwald Michael , Pinnapireddy Shashank Reddy , Wonnenberg Bodo , Pourasghar Marcel , Jurisic Marijas , Jung Andrea , Fink‐Straube Claudia , Tschernig Thomas , Bakowsky Udo , Schneider Marc
Published: July 2017

Introducing novel shapes to particulate carrier systems adds unique features to modern drug and gene delivery. Depending on the route of administration, particle geometry can influence deposition and fate within biological environments. In this work, a template‐assisted engineering technique is applied, providing full control of size and shape in the preparation of aspherical, nanostructured microparticles. Based on the interconnection of nanoparticles, stabilized by a functional layer‐by‐layer (LbL) coating, the resulting cylindrical micrometer architecture is especially qualified for pulmonary delivery. Designed as gene delivery system, plasmid‐DNA (pCMV‐luciferase) and branched polyethylenimine are used to reach both structural integrity of the carrier system and delivery of genes into the cells of interest. Due to their size, particles are exclusively taken up by phagocytes, which also adds a targeting effect to the introduced system. The luciferase expression is demonstrated in macrophages showing increasing levels over a time period of at least 7 d. Furthermore, it is shown for the first time that the expression is depending on the LbL design. From in vivo experiments, corresponding luciferase expression is observed in mice alveolar macrophages. Combining site specific transport with the possibility of genetically engineering immunocompetent phagocytes, the presented system offers promising potential to improve applications for cell‐based immunotherapy.
Antioxidant defense and oxidative damage vary widely among high‐altitude residents
Authors: Janocha Allison J. , Comhair Suzy A. A. , Basnyat Buddha , Neupane Maniraj , Gebremedhin Amha , Khan Anam , Ricci Kristin S. , Zhang Renliang , Erzurum Serpil C. , Beall Cynthia M.
Published: July 2017

Objectives

People living at high altitude experience unavoidable low oxygen levels (hypoxia). While acute hypoxia causes an increase in oxidative stress and damage despite higher antioxidant activity, the consequences of chronic hypoxia are poorly understood. The aim of the present study is to assess antioxidant activity and oxidative damage in high‐altitude natives and upward migrants.

Methods

Individuals from two indigenous high‐altitude populations (Amhara, n = 39), (Sherpa, n = 34), one multigenerational high‐altitude population (Oromo, n = 42), one upward migrant population (Nepali, n = 12), and two low‐altitude reference populations (Amhara, n = 29; Oromo, n = 18) provided plasma for measurement of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity as a marker of antioxidant capacity, and urine for measurement of 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG) as a marker of DNA oxidative damage.

Results

High‐altitude Amhara and Sherpa had the highest SOD activity, while highland Oromo and Nepalis had the lowest among high‐altitude populations. High‐altitude Amhara had the lowest DNA damage, Sherpa intermediate levels, and high‐altitude Oromo had the highest.

Conclusions

High‐altitude residence alone does not associate with high antioxidant defenses; residence length appears to be influential. The single‐generation upward migrant sample had the lowest defense and nearly the highest DNA damage. The two high‐altitude resident samples with millennia of residence had higher defenses than the two with multiple or single generations of residence.
Unified Total Synthesis of Polyoxins J, L, and Fluorinated Analogues on the Basis of Decarbonylative Radical Coupling Reactions
Authors: Fujino Haruka , Nagatomo Masanori , Paudel Atmika , Panthee Suresh , Hamamoto Hiroshi , Sekimizu Kazuhisa , Inoue Masayuki
Published: July 2017

Polyoxins J (1 a) and L (1 b) are important nucleoside antibiotics. The complex and densely functionalized dipeptide structures of 1 a and 1 b contain thymine and uracil nucleobases, respectively. Herein we report the unified total synthesis of 1 a, 1 b, and their artificial analogues 1 c and 1 d with trifluorothymine and fluorouracil structures. Decarbonylative radical coupling between α‐alkoxyacyl tellurides and a chiral glyoxylic oxime ether led to chemo‐ and stereoselective construction of the ribonucleoside α‐amino acid structures of 1 a–d without damaging the preinstalled nucleobases. The high applicability of the radical‐based methodology was further demonstrated by preparation of the trihydroxynorvaline moiety of 1 a–d. The two amino acid fragments were connected and elaborated into 1 a–d (longest linear sequence: 11 steps). Compounds 1 a and 1 b assembled in this way exhibited potent activity against true fungi, while only 1 d was active against Gram‐positive bacteria.
Enantioselective Construction of Trifluoromethoxylated Stereogenic Centers by a Nickel‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling of Secondary Benzyl Bromides
Authors: Huang Weichen , Wan Xiaolong , Shen Qilong
Published: July 2017

Trifluoromethoxy‐substituted stereogenic centers can be constructed with high enantioselectivity by a nickel‐catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of readily available α‐bromobenzyl trifluoromethyl ethers with a variety of aryl pinacol boronates. The coupling proceeds under mild reaction conditions, and a variety of common functional groups, such as fluoride, chloride, bromide, ester, enolizable ketone, nitro, cyano, amino, and vinyl moieties, were well tolerated. Furthermore, the reaction can be easily scaled up to gram quantities without a decrease in enantioselectivity.
Enzymatic and Chemoenzymatic Three‐Step Cascades for the Synthesis of Stereochemically Complementary Trisubstituted Tetrahydroisoquinolines
Authors: Erdmann Vanessa , Lichman Benjamin R. , Zhao Jianxiong , Simon Robert C. , Kroutil Wolfgang , Ward John M. , Hailes Helen C. , Rother Dörte
Published: July 2017

Chemoenzymatic and enzymatic cascade reactions enable the synthesis of complex stereocomplementary 1,3,4‐trisubstituted tetrahydroisoquinolines (THIQs) with three chiral centers in a step‐efficient and selective manner without intermediate purification. The cascade employs inexpensive substrates (3‐hydroxybenzaldehyde and pyruvate), and involves a carboligation step, a subsequent transamination, and finally a Pictet–Spengler reaction with a carbonyl cosubstrate. Appropriate selection of the carboligase and transaminase enzymes enabled the biocatalytic formation of (1R,2S)‐metaraminol. Subsequent cyclization catalyzed either enzymatically by a norcoclaurine synthase or chemically by phosphate resulted in opposite stereoselectivities in the products at the C1 position, thus providing access to both orientations of the THIQ C1 substituent. This highlights the importance of selecting from both chemo‐ and biocatalysts for optimal results.
Graphene and poly(ionic liquid) modified polyurethane sponges with enhanced flame‐retardant properties
Authors: Wei Huijuan , Zhu Zhaoqi , Sun Hanxue , Mu Peng , Liang Weidong , Li An
Published: July 2017

Graphene (Gr) and poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) modified polyurethane (PU) sponges with enhanced flame‐retardant properties were prepared by the direct dip coating of Gr and ionic liquid (IL) monomers onto a PU sponge followed by the polymerization of IL monomers under thermal initiation. With a content of 1.5% Gr in IL, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of PU–PIL–Gr was 26.1%, whereas the neat PU sponge showed an LOI of only 17.9%. The horizontal flame test results indicate that PIL–Gr prevented horizontal flame spread and eliminated melt dripping. Compared with that of the neat PU sponge, the peak heat release rate of PU–PIL–Gr decreased about 22.0%. These improvements on flame retardancy might have been due to a hybrid flame retardant originating from Gr (which acted as carbon source) and PIL (which contained the flame‐retardant elements) in the PU sponge and the formation of protective layers, which isolated the oxygen and heat more effectively. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45477.
Stochastic optimization of an urban rail timetable under time‐dependent and uncertain demand
Authors: Shakibayifar Masoud , Hassannayebi Erfan , Jafary Hossein , Sajedinejad Arman
Published: July 2017

Urban rail planning is extremely complex, mainly because it is a decision problem under different uncertainties. In practice, travel demand is generally uncertain, and therefore, the timetabling decisions must be based on accurate estimation. This research addresses the optimization of train timetable at public transit terminals of an urban rail in a stochastic setting. To cope with stochastic fluctuation of arrival rates, a two‐stage stochastic programming model is developed. The objective is to construct a daily train schedule that minimizes the expected waiting time of passengers. Due to the high computational cost of evaluating the expected value objective, the sample average approximation method is applied. The method provided statistical estimations of the optimality gap as well as lower and upper bounds and the associated confidence intervals. Numerical experiments are performed to evaluate the performance of the proposed model and the solution method.
Vergleichende Untersuchungen zum räumlichen Erdwiderstand mit der Kinematischen‐Elemente‐Methode
Authors: Schmüdderich Christoph , Gußmann Peter , König Diethard , Schanz Tom
Published: July 2017

Die Bestimmung des Erdwiderstands gehört zu den grundlegenden Aufgaben in der Geotechnik und ist allgemein als ein Traglastproblem zu behandeln. Mithilfe der Kinematischen‐Elemente‐Methode (KEM), welche eine geeignete Methode darstellt, um Tragfähigkeiten und Standsicherheiten im Grenzzustand zu berechnen, wird im vorliegenden Beitrag das Problem des räumlichen Erdwiderstands untersucht und eine umfangreiche Parameterstudie durchgeführt. Aus den Ergebnissen werden für variable Reibungswinkel, Wandreibungswinkel sowie Seitenverhältnisse die räumlichen Erdwiderstandsbeiwerte für den Anteil aus Bodeneigengewicht abgeleitet und in Form von Tabellen und Diagrammen präsentiert. Es zeigt sich, dass auch im räumlichen Fall durch Verfeinerung existierender KEM‐Mechanismen Bruchzustände genauer abgebildet und geringere Erdwiderstandsbeiwerte bestimmt werden können. Der Vergleich mit kinematischen Ansätzen aus der Literatur sowie der deutschen Norm ergibt, dass mit der KEM gute Abschätzungen des räumlichen Erdwiderstands möglich sind.
Origin and prevalence of the accessory phrenic nerve: A meta‐analysis and clinical appraisal
Authors: Graves Matthew J. , Henry Brandon Michael , Hsieh Wan Chin , Sanna Beatrice , PĘkala PrzemysŁaw A. , Iwanaga Joe , Loukas Marios , Tomaszewski Krzysztof A.
Published: July 2017

The accessory phrenic nerve (APN) is a common anatomical variant with differing reports of prevalence in the literature. It can be injured during operative procedures to the neck and thorax or by regional anesthetic techniques in its vicinity. Our aim was to provide a comprehensive evidence‐based assessment of the prevalence and origins of the APN. The databases PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, ScienceDirect, EMBASE, BIOSIS, SciELO, and Web of Science were searched comprehensively, followed by assessment of eligibility and extraction of data concerning the APN. The data were pooled into a meta‐analysis. A total of 17 studies were included in the meta‐analysis. Fourteen studies (n = 1,941 hemi‐necks) reported data on APN prevalence resulting in an overall pooled prevalence estimate of 36.5%. Nine studies (n = 941 APNs) reported data on the origin of the APN. Most commonly the APN originated from the ansa cervicalis (16.5%) followed by the nerve to the subclavius (15.8%). Subgroup analysis on the basis of laterality and geographic region revealed no statistically significant findings. The APN is a highly variable anatomical structure present in over one third of the population, most often originating from the ansa cervicalis or the nerve to the subclavius. Clinicians need to be aware of the varying constellation of symptoms that can arise from APN injury. Ultimately, knowledge of APN variation could provide for better outcomes and reduction of iatrogenic injuries, particularly in high‐risk patients prone to long‐term complications from diaphragmatic dysfunction. Clin. Anat. 30:1077–1082, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Computational Study of the Intermolecular [2+2+2] Cycloaddition of Acetylene and C60 Catalyzed by Wilkinson's Catalyst
Authors: Artigas Albert , Lledó Agustí , Pla‐Quintana Anna , Roglans Anna , Solà Miquel
Published: July 2017

The functionalization of fullerenes helps to modulate their electronic and physicochemical properties, generating fullerene derivatives with promising features for practical applications. Herein, DFT is used to explore the attachment of a cyclohexadiene ring to C60 through a rhodium‐catalyzed intermolecular [2+2+2] cycloaddition of C60 and acetylene. All potential reaction paths are analyzed and it can be concluded that the [2+2+2] cycloaddition of C60 and two acetylene molecules catalyzed by [RhCl(PPh3)3], yielding a cyclohexadiene ring fused to a [6,6] bond of C60, is energetically feasible.
Total Synthesis of the Marine Natural Product Hemiasterlin by Organocatalyzed α‐Hydrazination
Authors: Lang Jan Hendrik , Jones Peter G. , Lindel Thomas
Published: July 2017

An efficient synthesis of the potently cytotoxic marine peptide hemiasterlin is presented. The tetramethyltryptophan moiety is assembled by tert‐prenylation of indole, followed by the high‐yielding organocatalyzed α‐hydrazination of a sterically congested aldehyde with excellent enantioselectivity. 2‐Bromo‐N‐ethylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate (BEP)‐mediated peptide coupling completes the synthesis, being the first approach that does not employ chiral auxiliaries. A novel phenonium‐type rearrangement of the indole system occurred when subjecting dihydroxylated 3‐tert‐prenylindole to Mitsunobu conditions.
Tuning the Effects of Bacterial Membrane Permeability through Photo‐Isomerization of Antimicrobial Cationic Amphiphiles
Authors: Salta Joana , Benhamou Raphael I. , Herzog Ido M. , Fridman Micha
Published: July 2017

Several important antimicrobial drugs act by permeabilizing cell membranes. In this study, we showed that the intensity of membrane permeability caused by antimicrobial cationic amphiphiles can be modified not only by their concentration but also through light‐induced isomerization of their lipid segment. Two types of photo‐isomerizable cationic amphiphiles were developed and the effects of photo‐isomerization on bacterial growth and membrane permeability were evaluated. One photo‐isomer inhibited cell growth and division, whereas the other photo‐isomer led to a rapid and lethal bacterial membrane‐disrupting effect. The switch from “on” to “off” can be obtained by either the cis‐ or trans‐isomer depending on the bacterial strain and the type of cationic amphiphile. These cationic amphiphiles offer a novel tool for research and industrial applications that require light‐controlled bacterial membrane permeabilization.
High‐Quality GaSb and GaInSb Crystals Prepared by Vertical Bridgman Method
Authors: Wang Jinwei , Wang Liguo , Teng Dongxiao , Zhai Shenqiu , Liu Juncheng
Published: July 2017

High‐quality GaSb and Ga1‐xInxSb (x = 0.14) crystals were grown via the vertical Bridgman (VB) method. The lattice structure, morphology, optical, and transport properties of the GaSb and GaInSb crystals were characterized. The influence of the indium doping on the physical properties of the GaSb crystal was also investigated. The results demonstrate that the indium doping maintains the zinc‐blende lattice structure of the GaSb crystal. The segregation of indium is very low, with the radial and axial concentration variation of 2.32% and 4.84%, respectively. The indium doping significantly reduces the dislocation density down to 1.275 × 103 cm−2. The band gap of the indium‐doped GaSb is reduced to 0.549 eV, consistent with the decreased infrared transmission measured by FTIR. Surprisingly, the indium doping changes the majority carrier type of the crystal, from p‐type in the pristine GaSb crystal to n‐type in the GaInSb crystal. Compared to the GaSb crystal, the GaInSb crystal shows enhanced transport properties, with carrier mobility increased to 2.512 × 103 cm2/(V•s) and resistivity reduced to 0.521 × 10−3 ohm•cm.
To forage, mate, or thermoregulate: Influence of resource manipulation on male rattlesnake behavior
Authors: Tetzlaff Sasha J. , Carter Evin T. , DeGregorio Brett A. , Ravesi Michael J. , Kingsbury Bruce A.
Published: July 2017

Male animals should preferentially allocate their time to performing activities that promote enhancing reproductive opportunity, but the need to acquire resources for growth and survival may compete with those behaviors in the short term. Thus, behaviors which require differing movement patterns such as ambushing prey and actively searching for mates can be mutually exclusive. Consequently, males that succeed at foraging could invest greater time and energy into mate searching. We radio‐tracked sixteen male massasauga rattlesnakes (Sistrurus catenatus) and supplemented the diets of half the snakes with mice across an active season. We tested the predictions that reduced foraging needs would allow fed snakes to move (i.e., mate search) more, but that they would consequently be stationary to thermoregulate less, than unfed controls. Contrary to our first prediction, we found no evidence that fed snakes altered their mate searching behavior compared to controls. However, we found controls maintained higher body temperatures than fed snakes during the breeding season, perhaps because fed snakes spent less time in exposed ambush sites. Fed snakes had higher body condition scores than controls when the breeding season ended. Our results suggest the potential costs incurred by devoting time to stationary foraging may be outweighed by the drive to increase mating opportunities. Such instances may be especially valuable for massasaugas and other temperate reptiles that can remain inactive for upwards of half their lives or longer in some cases, and for female rattlesnakes that generally exhibit biennial or more protracted reproductive cycles.
Equimolar mixture of nitroux oxyde and oxygen during post‐operative physiotherapy in patients with cerebral palsy: A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Delafontaine A. , Presedo A. , Mohamed D. , Lopes D. , Wood C. , Alberti C.
Published: July 2017

Background

The administration of an equimolar mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen (N2O) is recommended during painful procedures. However, the evaluation of its use during physiotherapy after surgery has not been reported, although pain may hamper physiotherapy efficiency. This study investigated whether the use of N2O improves the efficacy of post‐operative physiotherapy after multilevel surgery in patients with cerebral palsy.

Method

It was a randomized 1:1, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. All patients had post‐operative physiotherapy starting the day after surgery. Patients received either N2O or placebo gas during the rehabilitation sessions. All patients had post‐operative pain management protocol, including pain medication as needed for acute pain. The primary objective was to reach angles of knee flexion of 110° combined with hip extension of 10°, with the patient lying prone, within six or less physiotherapy sessions. Secondary evaluation criteria were the number of sessions required to reach the targeted angles, the session‐related pain intensity and the analgesics consumption for managing post‐operative pain.

Results

Sixty‐four patients were enrolled. Targeted angles were achieved more often in the N2O group (23 of 32, 72%, vs. Placebo: 13/ of 32, 41%; p = 0.01).

Conclusion

The administration of N2O during post‐operative physiotherapy can help to achieve more quickly an improved range of motion, and, although not significant in our study, to alleviate the need for pain medication. Further studies evaluating the administration of N2O in various settings are warranted.

Significance

During this randomized placebo‐controlled double‐blind study, children receiving nitrous oxide and oxygen (N2O) achieved more often the targeted range of motion during physiotherapy sessions after multilevel surgery. Compared to placebo, nitrous oxide and oxygen (N2O) enabled a better management of acute pain related to physiotherapy procedures.