bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Compatibility of Transport and Reaction in Membrane Reactors Used for the Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Short-Chain Hydrocarbons
Authors: Hamel Christof , Wolff Tanya , Seidel-Morgenstern Andreas
Published: April 2012

The possibility of process intensification by enhancing selectivity and yield in networks of parallel and series reactions was investigated applying asymmetric multilayer ceramic and sintered metal membranes in a dead-end configuration for a controlled distributed reactant feeding. The oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene was selected as a model reaction applying three different doped and/or active VOx/?-Al2O3 catalysts. Experimental investigations were performed in a pilot scale in order to evaluate the potential of a distributed dosing via membranes with respect to operation conditions and compatibility of reaction and membrane properties. It was demonstrated that the rates of reaction and trans-membrane mass transfer have to be compatible for an optimal membrane reactor operation avoiding back diffusion of reactants out of the catalytic zone as well as achieving safety aspects. Therefore, a detailed modeling of the trans-membrane mass transfer under reaction conditions was carried out. As a main result, it was found metal membranes possess a favorable mechanical stability, relatively low costs for production and the possibility to control mass transfer if the rate of reaction and mass transfer in the membrane is compatible which can adjusted by the trans-membrane pressure and the catalyst activity, respectively.
A Skeletal Chemical Kinetic Model of PRF Oxidation for HCCI Engines
Authors: Zhang Qingfeng , Zheng Zhaolei , He Zuwei , Wang Ying
Published: April 2012

A skeletal chemical kinetic mechanism, including 42 species and 71 reactions for the oxidation of primary reference fuel (PRF), was developed and applied to model homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion after various experiments and available mechanisms for PRF oxidation being reviewed and the performance of mechanisms applied to experiments relevant to HCCI engines being analyzed. The ignition delay predicted by the skeletal mechanism showed good agreement with experiments for different fuels over the temperature range 667-1350K. Validation was also performed with experiments from HCCI engines, and good agreement was obtained for the primary reference fuels. The results show that the present PRF mechanism gives reliable performance for HCCI combustion predictions. Sensitivity analysis indicates that for PRF70 and PRF91.8 under HCCI conditions, H-atom abstraction from iso-octane molecule reaction and OH addition to n-heptane molecule have large influence, and CH2O, CH3 are very important intermediate species.
Kinetic Modelling of Phenol Oxidation in a Bioremediation Medium Using Fenton's Reagent
Authors: Kumar Pardeep , Nikaktari Hossein , Nemati Mehdi , Hill Gordon A.
Published: April 2012

The present study is aimed at kinetic modeling of phenol oxidation using Fentons reagent in a medium suitable for bioremediation of organic pollutants. Batch experiments were conducted to study the effects of H2O2 concentration (29.26 to 146.31 mM), temperature (5 to 35°C), and to compare the oxidation of phenol in a bioremediation medium to that in pure water. The reaction mechanism used for kinetic modeling is based on the intermediate oxidation products identified in this study using LC-MS and ion chromatography. Progress of the chemical oxidation by Fentons reagent was monitored by determining the residual phenol concentration and concentrations of evolved intermediate compounds (catechol and hydroquinone) at regular time intervals. The rate of phenol oxidation and ultimate conversion of phenol were found to increase with increase in hydrogen peroxide concentration. The increase in temperatures has a positive effect on phenol oxidation and the rate of phenol oxidation was found to increase with temperature in the range of 5-35°C. Kinetic parameters, namely rate constants and activation energies for reactions involved, were determined by best-fitting the experimental data to the proposed reaction model. The values of the rate constants for oxidation of phenol and intermediate compounds, k1 (phenol to catechol), k2 (phenol to hydroquinone), k3 (catechol to maleic acid), k4 (hydroquinone to maleic acid) at 25°C were found to be 7.02x10-5±4.63x10-5, 7.22x10-4±6.09x10-4, 1.82x10-4±1.08x10-4, 1.68x10-3±1.29x10-3 L/mM min, respectively.
Study on a Coupling Reactor for Catalytic Partial Oxidation of Natural Gas to Syngas
Authors: Wei Weisheng , Du Wei , Xu Jian , Bao Xiaojun
Published: April 2012

In the current paper, engineering issues for catalytic partial oxidation of natural gas to syngas have been investigated in a pilot plant. In contrast to the microreactor for catalyst evaluation, for a large scale fixed bed reactor operated under high temperature and pressure, attentions should be paid to: introduction method of feeding gases, preheat temperature of feeds, and the coupling of exothermic oxidation reactions with endothermic reforming reactions. As indicated by thermodynamic calculations at a pressure of 2.0 MPa, the reaction temperature should reach at least 1273 K in order to obtain a yield of CO higher than 80 percent. To reach such a high reaction temperature under adiabatic conditions, the feeding gases need to be preheated to a temperature within the range of 773-923 K. With safety considerations of explosion potential, a newly designed nozzle that can premix reactant gases well and thus is suitable for natural gas catalytic partial oxidation process, has been adopted in this pilot unit. A thermally coupled fixed bed reactor is then proposed and proved to be feasible based on thermodynamic calculations and experimental validations.
Studies on Minimum Fluidization Velocity and Liquid Hold in an Internal Loop Airlift Fluidized Bed Reactor
Authors: Venkatachalam Sivakumar , Palianiappan Akilamudhan , Kandasamy Senthilkumar
Published: April 2012

The influence of superficial gas and liquid velocities, particle diameter and sphericity, physical and rheological properties of liquids on minimum fluidization velocity and liquid holdup were studied in an internal loop airlift fluidized bed reactor. Spheres, Bearl saddles and Raschig rings were used as solid phases. Water, n-Butanol, two concentrations of Glycerol (60 and 80%) were used as Newtonian liquids and three concentrations (0.25%, 0.6% and 1.0%) of Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) solutions were used as non-Newtonian liquids. Superficial gas velocity was varied from 0.142 x 10-3 m/s to 5.662 x 10-3 m/s and superficial liquid velocity was varied from 0.001 to 0.12 m/s. The experimental results showed that increase in particle size and sphericity increased minimum fluidization velocity whereas increase in superficial gas velocity decreased minimum fluidization velocity. The liquid holdup increased with increase in particle size and superficial liquid velocity. An increase in superficial gas velocity decreased the liquid holdup for Newtonian and non-Newtonian systems. Based on the experimental results separate correlations were developed for the prediction of minimum fluidization velocity and liquid holdup for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids for a wide range of operating conditions.
High-Temperature Pyrolysis of Liquified Petroleum Gases in the Fast-Mixing Reactor
Authors: Ktalkherman Marat , Namyatov Igor , Emel'kin Vladimir
Published: April 2012

Experimental study and computational analysis of a pyrolysis of liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) in a high-enthalpy heat carrier flow are presented. The experiments on a small-scale device were carried out within the temperature range at the reactor inlet of 1,350-1,500 K, which is essentially higher than the typical values in the conventional method of steam cracking. Increased initial temperatures required to realize in the experiments the ultra-fast mixing of the feedstock with heat carrier (~0.05 ms). The rate of feedstock temperature growth in the mixer was about 107 K/s. The ethylene mass fraction in pyrolysis products in our experiments reached 47%.
Theoretical/Experimental Study of an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor Treating Domestic Wastewater
Authors: Sousa Lima Maria Gorethe , Farias Neto Severino Rodrigues de , de Lima Antonio Gilson Barbosa , Brito Nunes Flávio César , Gomes Luciano de Andrade
Published: April 2012

This work reports a theoretical and experimental study to evaluate the fluid dynamic of an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket reactor (UASB), treating domestic wastewater in a pilot scale. Simulations were developed using the Ansys CFX 10.0. For validating the numerical results, an experimental study was conducted by monitoring the total concentration of suspended solids in the effluent and pressure along the reactor. The comparative analysis between the numerical and experimental results of the pressure and sludge concentration in the outlet of the reactor presented few differences, being considered satisfactory.
Nanopowders Production in the Plasmachemical Reactor: Modelling and Simulation
Authors: Kolesnikov Andrei V. , Kekana Joshua
Published: April 2012

A mathematical model capable of determining suitable operating conditions to produce TiO2 nanoparticles with specified average diameter is presented. The model consists of mass, momentum and energy conservation equations. Particle dynamics processes under consideration include particle formation by nucleation, growth by both condensation and coagulation as well as the loss of the product particles due to deposition on the reactor wall. The aim of this model is to predict the effect of inlet temperature and reactants concentrations on the average diameter of TiO2 nanoparticle products taking into account particle deposition on the wall due to thermophoresis. Strong non-linear coupling between energy and mass balance equations makes numerical integration of the stiff ordinary differential equations (ODE) a problem. The simulation results obtained provide useful information about the influence of the operational conditions (initial temperature and TiCl4 concentration) and particle wall deposition rate on the average nanoparticle diameter at reasonable computational time. The performance of the present monodisperse model was validated by comparing its predicted results with previously published numerical data. Good correlations between the predicted and numerical results were achieved.
Developing Human Capabilities Through Law: Is Indian Law Failing?
Authors: Routh Supriya
Published: April 2012

The Capability Approach envisages a human-centred idea of development instead of an income-based idea of development. Economic development is only one of the components in human capability development. Economic development by itself cannot ensure capability promotion amongst individuals, specially in developing countries like India where majority of the population suffers from various kinds of capability deprivation. What is required under such circumstances is enabling the population to make use of economic development by enhancing their capabilities. The judicial system is an important institution in this regard. However, judicial interpretation in India is not helping the cause of capability promotion amongst the population. The judiciary is blinded by the rhetoric of economic development. Judicial interpretations show that the judiciary believes economic development by itself is sufficient enough condition in the development of the country and its people. This article, by choosing the example of labour law, shows that the judiciary is acting under a mistaken belief of development in interpreting labour jurisprudence in India. If human development is the goal of the labour laws, the judiciary needs to focus on providing social and institutional conditions for the promotion of capabilities rather than eroding such conditions in the name of economic development.
The deleted music and scenes from Journey to the Center of the Earth
Authors: Wrobel Bill
Published: April 2012

This paper presents a detailed comparison of Bernard Herrmann’s original score for the 1959 fantasy film Journey to the Center of the Earth with the music that appeared on the soundtrack of the film released to the public. Traces of scenes and music edited out of the film are found in the theatrical trailer, in various drafts of the screenplay, in sound recordings and in Herrmann’s manuscripts. Each music cue composed by Herrmann is analyzed to reveal the extent to which it was modified in the final edits of the movie.
Unconscious anchors
Authors: Schneller Tom
Published: April 2012

The score for Alfred Hitchcock’s Marnie (1964) features three main themes, as well as several subsidiary motifs closely related to the main themes. I examine how the complex relationship between the characters is reflected in a network of motivic connections. The music also serves to emphasize Hitchcock’s use of recurring visual motifs that gradually escalate in intensity. The music that accompanies these visual points of correspondence amplifies their teleological trajectory through a process of registral, orchestrational, and dynamic expansion, and thus plays an important role in helping to articulate the overall dramatic structure of the film.
To Flood the Basin with Beethoven
Authors: Anderson Tim
Published: April 2012

This article focuses on the specific aesthetic formation resulting after the reorganization of the FM segment of the electromagnetic spectrum in the American post-WWII period of the late 1940s and 1950s. FM's distinction in this period was as an emergent alternative space that promoted itself with a rhetoric that emphasized the medium as a more democratic, less commercial mode of communication and musical exhibition. This article looks at a combination of programming guides, trade press and general press sources to understand how this rhetoric manifested itself through programming, ownership, FM audiences and their aesthetic expectations that influenced the development of the much heralded American FM freeform radio formats throughout the 1960s and 1970s
The role and significance of storytelling in the creation of the ‘post-Sixties’ Beatles, 1970–1980
Authors: Tessler Holly
Published: April 2012

This article considers the relationship between the cultural and commercial elements of popular music storytelling. Using The Beatles as a case study, the article takes a cross-section of the kinds of (hi)stories circulating about the group in the period immediately following their breakup, 1970–1980. This kind of analysis will show that despite this era being one in which the former Beatles sought to distance themselves from their own musical and cultural ‘legacies’, other stakeholders tapped into the power of popular and collective memory of the group for profit (where profit need not be classed in purely financial terms). The final section of the article maintains that while the ‘facts’ of Beatles history seldom change, the social and cultural contexts which frame those facts can, and indeed, must change in order to remain relevant to successive generations of popular music and culture fans and consumers. The article concludes that the ongoing origination, promotion and amending of certain elements of Beatles history can be read as ‘commercialized storytelling’, where some historians and narrators, through distinct entrepreneurial practices, seek to transform expert or ‘insider’ knowledge of The Beatles into commodities that are simultaneously materially and/or culturally valuable.
Eficiência de nematoides entomopatogênicos e inseticidas químicos contra Sphenophorus levis e Leucothyreus sp. em cana-de-açúcar
Authors: Leite Luís Garrigós , Tavares Fernando Martins , Botelho Paulo Sérgio Machado , Batista Filho Antonio , Polanczyk Ricardo Antonio , Schmidt Fabio Silber
Published: April 2012

O bicudo-da-cana-de-açúcar, Sphenophorus levis (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae), é uma importante praga em canaviais do Estado de São Paulo. Suas larvas destroem o rizoma da planta, causando prejuízos de até 30 t ha-1 ano-1 de cana. Três experimentos de campo foram conduzidos para avaliar a eficácia de nematoides entomopatogênicos e de inseticidas químicos no controle do bicudo-da-cana-de-açúcar e do escarabeídeo Leucothyreus sp. O primeiro consistiu de 10 tratamentos: 1) tiametoxam (Actara 250WG) 500 g ha-1 de produto comercial (p.c.); 2) tiamethoxam 1,0 kg ha-1 p.c.; 3) tiametoxam 1,5 kg ha-1 p.c.; 4) Steinernema brazilense 10(8) juvenis infectivos (JI) ha-1 + tiametoxam 250 g ha-1 p.c.; 5) S. brazilense (10(8) JI ha-1) + tiametoxam 500 g ha-1 p.c.; 6) Heterorhabditis indica (10(8) JI ha-1) + tiametoxam 250 g ha-1 p.c.; 7) H. indica (10(8) JI ha-1) + tiametoxam 500 g ha-1 p.c.; 8) S. brazilense (10(8) JI ha-1); 9) H. indica (10(8) JI ha-1); e 10) Testemunha. No segundo, foram considerados cinco tratamentos: 1) tiametoxam (Actara 250WG) 800 g ha-1 p.c.; 2) fipronil (Regente 800WG) 250 g ha-1 p.c.; 3) S. brazilense (10(8) JI ha-1); 4) S. brazilense (10(8) JI ha-1) + tiametoxam (Actara 250WG) 200 g ha-1 p.c.; e 5) Testemunha. O terceiro incluiu todos os tratamentos do segundo experimento, mais a mistura S. brazilense (10(8) JI ha-1) + fipronil (Regente 800WG) 62,5 g ha-1 p.c. Todos os tratamentos com inseticidas e nematoides proporcionaram maior produção de cana, quando comparados às respectivas testemunhas, que foram mais danificadas por S. levis, mas sem diferenças significativas. O nematoide S. brazilense foi mais eficaz no controle deste inseto, quando comparado com H. indica, mas sem diferenças significativas. S. brazilense proporcionou 50% de controle das larvas de Leucothyreus sp., e os melhores tratamentos para controle deste inseto foram as misturas do nematoide com fipronil (78%) e tiametoxam (83%).
Legumes affect alpine tundra community composition via multiple biotic interactions
Authors: Soudzilovskaia N. A. , Aksenova A. A. , Makarov M. I. , Onipchenko V. G. , Logvinenko O. A. , ter Braak C. J. F. , Cornelissen J. H. C.
Published: April 2012

The soil engineering function of legumes in natural ecosystems is paramount but associated solely with soil nitrogen (N) subsidies, ignoring concomitant biotic interactions such as competitive or inhibitory effects and exchange between mycorrhizas and rhizobia. We aim to (1) disentangle legume effects on plant community composition, and plant and soil N and phosphorus (P) concentrations, separating the effects of N subsidies from other legume effects; (2) estimate effects of mycorrhizal‐rhizobial interactions on nutrient acquisition modes of plants co‐existing with legumes.

We compared plant community structure and plant nutrition modes in micro‐sites in a Caucasian alpine tundra ecosystem that were either: (1) dominated by legumes in symbiosis with N‐fixing rhizobia (‘N‐fixing legumes'), (2) dominated by legumes without symbiosis with rhizobia (‘not N‐fixing legumes'), or dominated by non‐legumes and either (3) unfertilized (‘controls') or (4) experimentally fertilized.

Fertilization and the presence of N‐fixing legumes affected the ecosystem similarly: soil was enriched with plant‐available N compared to controls and sites dominated by a not N‐fixing legume. Also, N turnover pathways and plant nutrition modes were strongly affected by the latter site types, as indicated by 5–10% higher plant tissue N concentration, altered soil and plant δ15N, more than 4‐fold reduced lichen amounts, 2.5‐fold increased litter accumulation and doubling of aboveground biomass of non‐legume plants.

Vascular plant community composition was affected by the presence of legumes in a similar way regardless of whether they fixed N, suggesting that other factors overrode the N subsidy effects. Shading and microclimate changes in sites dominated by both types of legumes are possible explanatory factors. Both tissue N and δ15N of non‐legume plants near legumes were affected by interactions of mycorrhizal type and site type (without legumes, dominated by N‐fixing, or not N‐fixing legume), suggesting an important role of plant mycorrhizal status for adjusting nutrition mode to the legume presence.

We conclude that N‐fixing legumes play an engineering role in natural plant communities, but their role goes much beyond N fixation. Plant mycorrhizal status defines the way plants adjust their nutrition mode to the presence of legumes.
Particulate Air Pollution and Daily Mortality in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: Associations and Distributed Lag
Authors: Lal Shrestha Srijan
Published: April 2012

The distributed lag effect of ambient particulate air pollution that can be attributed to all cause mortality in
Kathmandu valley, Nepal is estimated through generalized linear model (GLM) and generalized additive model (GAM)
with autoregressive count dependent variable. Models are based upon daily time series data on mortality collected from
the leading hospitals and exposure collected from the 6 six strategically dispersed fixed stations within the valley. The
distributed lag effect is estimated by assigning appropriate weights governed by a mathematical model in which weights
increased initially and decreased later forming a long tail. A comparative assessment revealed that autoregressive semiparametric
GAM is a better fit compared to autoregressive GLM. Model fitting with autoregressive semi-parametric GAM
showed that a 10 μg m rise in PM is associated with 2.57 % increase in all cause mortality accounted for 20 days lag
effect which is about 2.3 times higher than observed for one day lag and demonstrates the existence of extended lag effect
of ambient PM on all cause deaths. The confounding variables included in the model were parametric effects of seasonal
differences measured by Fourier series terms, lag effect of mortality, and nonparametric effect of temperature represented
by loess smoothing. The lag effects of ambient PM remained constant beyond 20 days.
On the Microscopic Flow Characteristics of Nanofluids by Molecular Dynamics Simulation on Couette Flow
Authors: Cui Wenzheng , Bai Minli , Lv Jizu , Li Xiaojie
Published: April 2012

Adding a small amount of nanoparticles to conventional fluids (nanofluids) has been proved to be an effective
way for improving capability of heat transferring in base fluids. The change in micro structure of base fluids and micro
motion of nanoparticles may be key factors for heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids. Therefore, it is essential to
examine these mechanisms on microscopic level. The present work performed a Molecular Dynamics simulation on
Couette flow of nanofluids and investigated the microscopic flow characteristics through visual observation and statistic
analysis. It was found that the even-distributed liquid argon atoms near solid surfaces of nanoparticles could be seemed as
a reform to base liquid and had contributed to heat transfer enhancement. In the process of Couette flow, nanoparticles
moved quickly in the shear direction accompanying with motions of rotation and vibration in the other two directions.
When the shearing velocity was increased, the motions of nanoparticles were strengthened significantly. The motions of
nanoparticles could disturb the continuity of fluid and strengthen partial flowing around nanoparticles, and further
enhanced heat transferring in nanofluids.
Buber's distinguishing philosophy from religion
Authors: Kindjic Zoran
Published: April 2012

In this paper the author discusses Buber's distinguishing the spheres of philosophy and religion. Relying both on Pascal's insight that the living God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob is essentially different from abstract God of the philosophers and on his own spiritual experiences, Buber thinks that philosophy as such is abstract while religion is distinguished by its personal relationship, immediacy and concreteness. According to the thinker of the dialogue, philosophy is based on subject-object relation and is limited to objective communication. It is reduced to the mere thought exchange and does not require any personal life commitment which is otherwise the case in the true religion. In contrast to the detachment of the theoretical position, religion culminates in the immortal moment of the meeting with eternal Thou, i.e. with the living God. Differently from philosophy which insists on logic and consistency, religion is distinguished by its paradox. Instead of following the path of philosophy which mediates and reconciles the opposites, religion demands from us to bear the antinomy of the human condition. After having discussed many Buber's arguments in favour of the primacy of the living religion over the abstract philosophy namely of I-Thou relationship over the impersonal I-It relationship, the author examines the relation between the philosophical and religious moment in Buber's thought itself. At the end of the paper the author, agreeing great deal with Buber's reasoning, advances his own opinion on the relation between religion and philosophy.
The meaning of anthropic coincidences in universe suitable for life
Authors: Jevtic Vladimir
Published: April 2012

Anthropic principle has proposed as effort to provide a satisfactory key to fundamental philosophical problems which is from modern theoretical physics and cosmology. Mentioned problems concern so-called 'fine tuned' universe, whose laws are suitable for evolution and survival of intelligence life forms. This paper reckon with widely metaphysics theory which issue from so-called anthropic coincidences and show that most adequate approach to mentioned problems is principle of observation selection effects.
Open-handed ontologists
Authors: Kara-Pesic Ivo
Published: April 2012

The Alexius Meinong's Theory of Objects is undoubtedly one of the most interesting, but also one of the most contested ontological theories. The main intent of the Austrian philosopher was to introduce an entirely new philosophical discipline which in comparison to traditional sciences is not conditioned by what he called the prejudice in favor of the reality (actual, existing being). Since we are naturally oriented towards the real, to investigate something, to attribute certain qualities to it, we must suppose that that something exists. The non-real is - according to this conception - a mere nothing, non-existing. Hence the need for a more encompassing theory of objects as such and objects in their totality, not as an overall science of specific sciences, but as an a priori science in its utmost generality and exstension. According to Meinong's own words, the Theory of Objects includes, by its apriority, objects of mathematics, but at the same time is more general than metaphysics, since the latter considers only the totality of the existing or real: its catalogue comprises the totality of objects of a much less exstension than the one giving a totality of the objects of knowledge. The first part of the paper presents a short introduction to the character and work of the Austrian thinker with a review of the Theory of Objects and the famous debate with Bertrand Russell. In the second part, the neomeinongian discussion between the main two currents - eliminativism and realism, is presented.
Ontological and epistemological dimensions of Gödel's Platonism
Authors: Adzic Milos
Published: April 2012

Kurt G?del is certainly one of the biggest names of logic and mathematics of the last century. Besides that, he is also the most famous proponent of mathematical Platonism. The aim of this work is to investigate different aspects of G?del's Platonism as well as arguments he put forward in its support. We shall see that despite the problems Platonism faces, there is a lot to cite that promotes it as the only viable position in the philosophy of mathematics.
Normal European alter-ego
Authors: Romcevic Branko
Published: April 2012

In this paper I am trying to make explicit the relation between late Husserl's thinking on nature of philosophy and his theory of Other as alter-ego (from Cartesian Meditations and Ideas II). I have found that connections between those topics are enabled by Husserl's more implicit - but undoubtly effective - theory of normality, which, almost silently, directs larger part of his last writings.
Mihailo Markovic izmedju filozofije i ideologije
Authors: Zivanovic Igor
Published: April 2012

nema
Consciousness, supervenience, and reduction
Authors: Ristic Sanela , Lazovic Zivan
Published: April 2012

The main topic of this paper is the question whether, and to what extent, the supervenience theses may help us in dealing with the problem of the consciousness and understanding the relation between mantal and physical properties. In the first two sections, the content and versions of the supervenience theses are specified and illustrated on some recent views like emergentism and Davidson's anomalious monism. The following sections deal with connections between the supervenience theses and types of reduction which are usually employed within the science. The conclusion is that the supervenience theses is not of a great avail in resolving the problem of consciossnes because it only points out to a covariance of mental and physical properties without suggesting any account why such-and-such neural mechanisms and processes give rise to specific mental properties.
Levinasova fenomenologija i obrat ka teologiji
Authors: Prole Dragan
Published: April 2012

(nemacki) Ausgehend von der Stellungnahme, dass in der modernen Philosophie die Tendenz in Richtung Relativisierung g?ltiger Grenzen zwischen Philosophie und Nichtphilosophie immer erkennbarer ist, er?rtert der Verfasser die Annahmen f?r den Durchbruch theologischer Motive in Hinblick der ph?nomenologischen Philosophie. Der erste Teil der Arbeit kommt zur Schlussfolgerung, dass eine der bedeutenden modernen Ansichten, den Begriff Philosophie nicht mehr mit der traditionellen Abgrenzung zwischen dem was sie sei und nicht sei verbindet, sondern mit der Delegitimierung von Grenzen. Der zweite Teil des Artikels befasst sich mit dem Er?rtern von Einspr?chen seitens Badiou und Janicaud in Hinblick darauf, dass jegliche Art von Offenheit gegen?ber theologischer Motive, die Ph?nomenologie vollkommen in einen theologischen Diskurs umwandelt. In Anbetracht darauf, dass die Einheit des Geistes gar nicht mehr mittels tranzendentaler Subjektivit?t zu erstellen versucht wird, sondern sich durch die Entbehrung von Subjektivit?t, im Namen des Unsichtbaren, der absoluten Andersartigkeit, der reinen Gabe oder Offenbarung '?ffnet', so zieht der Verfasser den Schluss, dass eine Zuwendung zur Theologie immer ein Antlitz von radikalen Abrechnens mit der Subjektivit?t darstellt.
New variant of persistent primitive olfactory artery associated with a ruptured aneurysm
Authors: Horie Nobutaka , Morikawa Minoru , Fukuda Shuji , Hayashi Kentaro , Suyama Kazuhiko , Nagata Izumi
Published: April 2012

The authors present the case of a 78-year-old man who presented with a subarachnoid hemorrhage due to rupture of an aneurysm at the origin of the persistent primitive olfactory artery (PPOA). Interestingly, the PPOA was originating from the A1 segment of the anterior cerebral artery and coursed anteromedially along the olfactory tract. Moreover, the PPOA in this case had 2 branches: the branch making a hairpin turn and supplying the distal part of the anterior cerebral artery territory (Type 1), and the branch extending to the cribriform plate to supply the nasal cavity (Type 2). To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is a new variant (Type 3) of PPOA associated with a ruptured aneurysm. The clinical implications of this case are discussed in terms of the embryological aspects.
Annual rupture risk of growing unruptured cerebral aneurysms detected by magnetic resonance angiography
Authors: Inoue Takashi , Shimizu Hiroaki , Fujimura Miki , Saito Atsushi , Tominaga Teiji
Published: April 2012

Object

In this paper, the authors' goals were to clarify the characteristics of growing unruptured cerebral aneurysms detected by serial MR angiography and to establish the recommended follow-up interval.

Methods

A total of 1002 patients with 1325 unruptured cerebral aneurysms were retrospectively identified. These patients had undergone follow-up evaluation at least twice. Aneurysm growth was defined as an increase in maximum aneurysm diameter by 1.5 times or the appearance of a bleb.

Results

Aneurysm growth was observed in 18 patients during the period of this study (1.8%/person-year). The annual rupture risk after growth was 18.5%/person-year. The proportion of females among patients with growing aneurysms was significantly larger than those without growing aneurysms (p = 0.0281). The aneurysm wall was reddish, thin, and fragile on intraoperative findings. Frequent follow-up examination is recommended to detect aneurysm growth before rupture.

Conclusions

Despite the relatively short period, the annual rupture risk of growing unruptured cerebral aneurysms detected by MR angiography was not as low as previously reported. Surgical or endovascular treatment can be considered if aneurysm growth is detected during the follow-up period.
Properties of cellulose pulps and their influence on the production of a cellulose ether
Authors: Strunk Peter , Lindgren Åsa , Agnemo Roland , Eliasson Bertil
Published: April 2012

Several grades of cellulose pulps were investigated for their influence on the product quality of a cellulose ether, ethyl-hydroxy-ethyl cellulose (EHEC). The selection of the pulps was based on pulping process, original wood type and intrinsic viscosity. In total, five sulfite pulps and four sulfate pulps were chosen, of which all but one sulfate pulp were of dissolving grade. The physical and chemical properties of the pulps were analyzed as well as important qualitative parameters of the final product EHEC. The influence of pulp properties on EHEC quality was investigated by multivariate data analyses. Principal component analysis showed that due to the influence of all variables, the pulps aligned in groups in accordance to the selection criteria pulping process and wood type. Partial least square regression revealed that high gel formation in EHEC is explained by the pulp properties high intrinsic viscosity and high Mw in combination with high caustic absorption rate and high total caustic absorption. The amount of hemicelluloses, in particular xylose, also contributed to gel formation. High cloud point for an EHEC solution was explained by a high MSEO and low DSEt of the EHEC molecules, where in turn a high MSEO could be predicted by a high pore area, high PD and a low caustic absorption rate. A low DSEt could on the other hand be predicted by a low hemicellulose content and hence a high R18. In a separate model, the same pulp properties explaining MSEO and DSEt also predicted cloud point directly. Fock reactivity and viscose dope filterability, both test methods originating from the viscose manufacturing, were shown to predict cloud point but have low predictability on other EHEC quality parameters. The models achieved can thus be utilized to predict final EHEC product qualities for new pulps within the design set of the chosen pulps.
Pressurised compressive chip pre-treatment of Norway spruce with a mill scale Impressafiner
Authors: Nelsson Erik , Sandberg Christer , Hildén Lars , Daniel Geoffrey
Published: April 2012

Mill scale trials were performed to evaluate pressurised compressive chip pre-treatment with the Impressafiner installed in one of the thermomechanical pulp lines at Braviken paper mill (Holmen Paper AB). The aim of the study was to determine if earlier reported effects of the Impressafiner pre-treatment on spruce chips from pilot scale trials (i.e. energy reduction and extractives removal) could also be attained with the mill scale Impressafiner. The mill scale Impressafiner pre-treatment resulted in partial disintegration of chips into a material consisting of fragmented chips with cracks running along the longitudinal fibre axis. Splits or evidence for weaknesses were observed between the primary and secondary fibre walls of pre-treated chips. An increase in water uptake for pre-treated chips was also observed. The extractive content was reduced by up to 24% for pulps produced with pre-treated chips compared to pulps from untreated chips. Pulp produced from pre-treated chips had higher tensile- and tear indices, elongation and light scattering and lower freeness compared to pulps from untreated chips produced with the same total specific energy consumption. The total specific energy needed to reach a tensile index of 47 Nm/g was reduced by 120 kWh/bone dry ton (6%) with Impressafiner pre-treatment. A smaller refiner plate gap was needed to reach the same specific energy consumption for pre-treated chips compared to untreated chips.
Improvement of the retention-formation relationship using three-component retention aid systems
Authors: Svedberg Anna , Lindström Tom
Published: April 2012

The effects of retention on formation and drainage by using three-component retention aid systems were examined using a pilot web former. The purpose was to examine whether the relationship between retention and formation could be improved by using systems based on cationic polyacrylamide, structurally different high molecular weight anionic polymers and montmorillonite clay. The structure of the anionic polymer was varied from linear to fully crosslinked and added from a small amount up to such a level where papermaking fibres in suspension become dispersed. The pilot web former experiments were performed using an R-F (Retention and Formation)-machine employing a fine paper stock (90 % hardwood and 10 % softwood kraft pulp) with an addition of 25 % precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) (based on total solids content). It was found that the paper formation could be significantly improved, at a given level of retention by using a micro-particulate retention aid system (cationic polyacrylamide and montmorillonite clay) in combination with an anionic polyacrylamide. Most important, it was found, that with such three-component systems, the impairment of the drainage could be avoided and, hence, that the improved formation was not provided by worsened drainage on the wire section.
The effect of fibre properties, fines content and surfactant addition on dewatering, wet and dry web properties
Authors: Lindqvist Hanna , Salminen Kristian , Kataja-aho Janne , Retulainen Elias , Fardim Pedro , Sundberg Anna
Published: April 2012

Speed of paper machines is often limited by the drainage rate of the furnish and the mechanical properties of the wet web, i.e. the tension and relaxation properties. In this study, the effects of alteration of fibre properties and fines content by gentle and harsh refining on dewatering as well as on wet and dry web properties were determined. Both types of refining or addition of fines prolonged the dewatering time but also improved the mechanical properties. Harsh refining with much fibre cutting resulted in longer dewatering time, lower dry content after wet pressing and higher density of dry sheets than gentle refining with much external/internal fibrillation of fibres. Removal of fines shortened the dewatering time but decreased the wet web and dry tensile strength, and the residual tension compared to pulps containing fines. The fibre properties contributed more to the residual tension, while the fines content was more important for the wet web tensile strength. Addition of a non-ionic surfactant shortened the dewatering time of refined pulp without deteriorating the mechanical properties. By tailoring the refining and addition of surfactants, the mechanical properties of the wet web could be improved without prolonging the dewatering time.
An investigation of friction mechanisms of paper-to-paper friction of coated papers
Authors: Rättö Peter
Published: April 2012

Different friction mechanisms for coated board were investigated. Friction due to adhesive forces, interlocking of asperities and plastic deformation, respectively, was evaluated for coated board. The measurements of friction were combined with measurements of surface energy and measurements of gloss variations. The samples coated with only latex showed significant frictional forces but no signs of polishing or plastic deformation. Friction seemed here to depend on adhesive forces and a correlation could be observed between the surface energy and the coefficients of friction. Adhesive forces seemed to be of less importance for coatings with normal binder content. Increases in gloss variations indicated that friction was partly due to plastic deformation resulting from polishing. Samples calendered at room temperature showed clear signs of polishing while samples calendered at increased temperatures showed little or no polishing. These samples were probably too smooth on a particle level to create wear on each other during friction measurements. The base substrate, on the other hand, did not seem to have any influence on friction, and it was thus concluded that friction depended mostly on asperities on a particle size scale and plastic deformation due to polishing.
The effects of TMP and filler stratifying on wet web runnability and end product quality of fine paper
Authors: Oksanen Antti , Salminen Kristian , Kouko Jarmo , Retulainen Elias
Published: April 2012

Increase of filler content in paper improves quality of the final product and reduces raw material costs. However, this is often accompanied by deterioration of paper machine runnability. In this paper the effects of stratifying PCC (precipitated calcium carbonate) and TMP on fine paper quality and the mechanical properties of dry and wet paper were studied. In addition, a new method was introduced for evaluating the layer purity of pulp and filler stratifying by measuring the fibre length distribution in the thickness direction of the paper. The filler addition reduced the mechanical properties of paper more with chemical than mechanical pulps, with similar dry tensile indices. Stratifying filler onto paper surfaces gave higher dry tensile strength properties than samples with mixed structures, whereas only a small positive effect was detected for wet tensile and relaxation properties as a result of stratifying. Stratifying fillers only had a small negative effect on the internal bond strength. Stratifying or mixing TMP with a chemical pulp blend was shown to enable an increase in the filler content of 10% without significant changes in the residual tension (tension after 0.475 s of relaxation) or tensile index of wet samples. Based on layer purity analysis, stratifying TMP and filler was found to be successful in these trials.
Evaluation of a Novel Hydrocyclone Design for Pulp Fractionation
Authors: Andersson Rasmus , Vomhoff Hannes
Published: April 2012

The fractionation efficiency and operating conditions of a novel hydrocyclone design were evaluated. The novel design comprised a modified inlet section, where the pulp suspension had to pass a narrow ring-shaped opening, and a very compact fractionation zone. The effect of feed concentration and fine fraction mass ratio was studied. The experiments were performed with fully bleached, unrefined and never-dried chemical softwood pulp. Fractionation efficiency was evaluated in terms of change in surface roughness of handsheets. Feed concentration had a large influence on the fractionation results, with a lower feed concentration resulting in improved fractionation efficiency. Furthermore, the surface roughness improved considerably for very low fine fraction mass ratios. Surprisingly, these ratios were much lower compared to the share of earlywood fibres in the pulp. The novel hydrocyclone design showed a lower thickening of the coarse fraction when compared with previous experiences with conventional hydrocyclones. Based on these results a hypothesis on the separation mechanism in a hydrocyclone was proposed. It suggests the existence of a radial variation in suspension composition in the fractionation zone, and most likely also a layer of unfractionated feed pulp along the outer wall. The existence of the gradient and the layer could explain that, especially at higher feed concentrations, a significant improvement in surface roughness was only obtained when the fine fraction ratio was significantly below the earlywood fibre share in the pulp.
Ice-flow sensitivity to boundary processes: a coupled model study in the Vostok Subglacial Lake area, Antarctica
Authors: Thoma Malte , Grosfeld Klaus , Mayer Christoph , Pattyn Frank
Published: April 2012

Several hundred subglacial lakes have been identified beneath Antarctica so far. Their interaction with the overlying ice sheet and their influence on ice dynamics are still subjects of investigation. While it is known that lakes reduce the ice-sheet friction towards a free-slip basal boundary condition, little is known about how basal melting and freezing at the lake/ice interface modifies the ice dynamics, thermal regime and ice rheology. In this diagnostic study we simulate the Vostok Subglacial Lake area with a coupled full Stokes 3-D ice-flow model and a 3-D lake-circulation model. The exchange of energy (heat) and mass at the lake/ice interface increases (decreases) the temperature in the ice column above the lake by up to 10% in freezing (melting) areas, resulting in a significant modification of the highly nonlinear ice viscosity. We show that basal lubrication at the bottom of the ice sheet has a significant impact not only on the ice flow above the lake itself, but also on the vicinity and far field. While the ice flow crosses Vostok Subglacial Lake, flow divergence is observed and modelled. The heterogeneous basal-mass-balance pattern at the lake/ice interface intensifies this divergence. Instead of interactive coupling between the ice-flow model and the lake-flow model, only a single iteration is required for a realistic representation of the ice/water interaction. In addition, our study indicates that simplified parameterizations of the surface temperature boundary condition might lead to a velocity error of 20% for the area of investigation.
Response of the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica, to ocean gravity-wave forcing
Authors: Bromirski Peter D. , Stephen Ralph A.
Published: April 2012

Comparison of the Ross Ice Shelf (RIS, Antarctica) response at near-front seismic station RIS2 with seismometer data collected on tabular iceberg B15A and with land-based seismic stations at Scott Base on Ross Island (SBA) and near Lake Vanda in the Dry Valleys (VNDA) allows identification of RIS-specific signals resulting from gravity-wave forcing that includes meteorologically driven wind waves and swell, infragravity (IG) waves and tsunami waves. The vibration response of the RIS varies with season and with the frequency and amplitude of the gravity-wave forcing. The response of the RIS to IG wave and swell impacts is much greater than that observed at SBA and VNDA. A spectral peak at near-ice-front seismic station RIS2 centered near 0.5 Hz, which persists during April when swell is damped by sea ice, may be a dominant resonance or eigenfrequency of the RIS. High-amplitude swell events excite relatively broadband signals that are likely fracture events (icequakes). Changes in coherence between the vertical and horizontal sensors in the 8–12 Hz band from February to April, combined with the appearance of a spectral peak near 10 Hz in April when sea ice damps swell, suggest that lower (higher) temperatures during austral winter (summer) months affect signal propagation characteristics and hence mechanical properties of the RIS.