bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photoinduced Electron‐Transfer, Pyrolyses, and Direct Irradiation Reactions of 2‐Methylenecyclobutanones: Regioselective Bond Cleavage Depends on the Substituents and the Method of Activation
Authors: Ikeda Hiroshi , Tanaka Futoshi , Miyashi Tsutomu , Akiyama Kimio , Tero‐Kubota Shozo
Published: March 2004

The regioselectivity of bond cleavage and the subsequent reactivity of 4‐methylene‐3,3‐dimethyl‐2,2‐diphenylcyclobutan‐1‐one (5) and 4‐isopropylidene‐2,2‐diphenylcyclobutan‐1‐one (6) in photoinduced electron transfer, pyrolysis, and direct irradiation reactions were investigated. Novel photoinduced electron‐transfer rearrangements of 5 and 6 were found to occur through 1,4‐diyl radical cations formed by C1−C2 cleavage of 5·+ and 6·+; that is, similarly to radical‐cation Norrish type I cleavage, but in contrast to the diansyl derivative 1·+ corresponding to 5·+, which gives an oxatetramethyleneethane (OTME)‐type radical cation through C2−C3 cleavage. In contrast, solvent effects on the thermal rearrangement of 5 to 6 and theoretical calculations suggested the intervention of an OTME‐type diradical intermediate 16·· formed by homolytic C2−C3 cleavage of 5. In direct photoreactions, 5 and 6 undergo [2+2] cycloreversion to give 1,1‐diphenylethylenes and methyleneallenes, which are explained by both C1−C2 and C3−C4 cleavage. Consequently, the regioselectivity of 5 and 6 in bond cleavage and their reactivity strongly depend on the substituents and the method of activation. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Effect of Substituents on the Complexation of Aromatic and Quinoid Substrates with Molecular Tweezers and Clips
Authors: Klärner Frank‐Gerrit , Polkowska Jolanta , Panitzky Jens , Seelbach Uta P. , Burkert Ulrich , Kamieth Markus , Baumann Michael , Wigger Arne E. , Boese Roland , Bläser Dieter
Published: March 2004

Molecular tweezers and clips of type 1−3 substituted with OAc, OH, OCONHPh, OMe, OCH2COOR and OCH2CONHR groups in the central spacer units have been synthesized by modification, by standard methods, either of the known diacetoxy‐substituted derivatives 1b, 2b and 3b, or of the correspondingly substituted bis‐dienophiles 4b and 5b. The synthesis of the dimethoxy‐diacetoxy‐substituted tweezer 1d could be accomplished through pressure‐induced repetitive Diels−Alder reactions between the bis‐dienophile 4b and the newly prepared diene 6b and subsequent DDQ oxidation. The thermodynamic parameters (Ka and ΔG) of complex formation between the new receptors and aromatic substrates such as DCNB 21, TCNB 22, TCNQ 24 and Kosower salt 25 and the maximum complexation‐induced 1H NMR shifts (Δδmax.) were determined by 1H NMR titration experiments. It was found that the presence of substituents OH, OAc and OCONHPh in the central spacer units of the tweezers and clips 1−3 favours complex formation, whereas that of the substituents OMe, OCH2COOR and OCH2CONHR disfavours it. This finding can be explained in terms of the size and different conformations of these groups in the tweezer and clip molecules as calculated by force‐field (MMFF) techniques rather than of their influence on the electrostatic potential surfaces (EPSs) of the adjacent aromatic rings as calculated by quantum mechanical methods. The complementary natures of the negative EPSs inside the tweezer and clip cavities and the positive EPSs of the substrates forming complexes explained the high selectivity of these receptors toward electron‐deficient substrates. The finding that the self‐assembly of the OCH2COOCH2CH3 side chain is only observed for the benzene‐spaced tweezers 1i and 1o confirms earlier results obtained for the intermolecular complexation of these receptors. Accordingly, the benzene‐spaced tweezers of type 1 selectively bind aliphatic substrates, whereas the naphthalene‐spaced tweezers of type 2 and clips of type 3 preferentially complex aromatic substrates. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Asymmetric Synthesis of Cycloalkenyl and Alkenyloxiranes From Allylic Sulfoximines and Aldehydes and Application to Solid‐Phase Synthesis
Authors: Gais Hans‐Joachim , Babu Gadamsetti S. , Günter Markus , Das Parthasarathi
Published: March 2004

An asymmetric synthesis of cycloalkenyl and alkenyloxiranes from allylic sulfoximines and aldehydes is described. Lithiation and titanation of cyclic and acyclic allylic sulfoximines with chlorotris(diethylamino)titanium and subsequent treatment with aldehydes gave, as described previously, enantio‐ and diastereomerically pure, syn‐configured, sulfoximine‐substituted homoallylic alcohols. Treatment of the sulfoximine‐substituted homoallylic alcohols with chloroethyl chloroformate resulted in a facile substitution of the sulfoximine group by a Cl atom, with formation of the corresponding alkenyl chlorohydrins. In the case of the cycloalkenyl derivatives the substitution proceeded with high diastereoselectivities with retention of configuration, while in the case of the alkenyl derivatives, medium diastereoselectivities with inversion of configuration were observed. While elimination reactions of the cycloalkenyl chlorohydrins gave the corresponding enantio‐ and diastereomerically pure cis‐configured cycloalkenyloxiranes in good overall yields, the alkenyl chlorohydrins afforded mixtures of enantiomerically pure trans and cis isomers in which the trans isomers dominated. The solution‐phase synthesis was extended to the solid phase by the synthesis of an enantiomerically pure, polymer‐bound allylic sulfoximine and its conversion into an alkenyloxirane. The initial results proved that the concept of the utilization of the sulfoximine group as a traceless chiral linker is feasible and suggest that the solid‐phase asymmetric synthesis of cycloalkenyloxiranes by this route should be possible. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Photoelectron Spectra and Electronic Structures of Some Cyanocyclopropanes
Authors: Rademacher Paul
Published: March 2004

The molecular structures of four cyanocyclopropanes 1−4 have been investigated by DFT B3LYP calculations. PE spectra of trans‐ and cis‐1,2‐dicyanocyclopropane (3 and 4) have been measured and analysed by semiempirical PM3 and B3LYP calculations. For compounds 1−4 a linear relationship, ΔIPψ = 0.218 Δr, between ΔIPψ (in eV), the difference in the IPs associated with the Walsh orbitals ψS and ψA of the three‐membered ring, and Δr (in pm), the difference of vicinal and distal C−C bond lengths, is established. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
δ‐Galactonolactone: Synthesis, Isolation, and Comparative Structure and Stability Analysis of an Elusive Sugar Derivative
Authors: Bierenstiel Matthias , Schlaf Marcel
Published: March 2004

δ‐D‐Gluconolactone, δ‐D‐mannonolactone, and — for the first time — the thermodynamically unstable δ‐D‐galactonolactone have been prepared and isolated from DMF solution by oxidizing the corresponding sugars with Shvo’s catalyst [(C4Ph4CO)(CO)2Ru]2 and a hydrogen acceptor. The preferred conformation of δ‐D‐galactonolactone in [D6]DMSO solution has been determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy experiments and DFT calculations to be 4H3 and is compared to those of the previously established conformations of δ‐D‐gluconolactone (4H3) and δ‐D‐mannonolactone (B2,5). The conformations of the lactones suggest an explanation for their relative rates of isomerization to their respective γ‐D‐lactones by an intramolecular mechanism. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Acid‐Promoted Retro‐Mannich Reaction of N‐Protected Tropenones to 2‐Substituted Pyrroles
Authors: Cramer Nicolai , Juretschke Jeannette , Laschat Sabine , Baro Angelika , Frey Wolfgang
Published: March 2004

N‐protected tropenone 4 undergoes highly regioselective retro‐Mannich reactions to 2‐pyrrolyl ketones 5 and 7 in the presence of Lewis or Brønsted acids. Analogously, the pyrrole derivative 8a was obtained by using subsequent nucleophilic trapping with TMSCN. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Cover Picture: Effect of Substituents on the Complexation of Aromatic and Quinoid Substrates with Molecular Tweezers and Clips (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 7/2004)
Authors: Klärner Frank‐Gerrit , Polkowska Jolanta , Panitzky Jens , Seelbach Uta P. , Burkert Ulrich , Kamieth Markus , Baumann Michael , Wigger Arne E. , Boese Roland , Bläser Dieter
Published: March 2004

The cover picture shows the structures of the empty dimethoxy‐substituted clip and the host−guest complex between the hydroquinone clip and 1,2,4,5‐tetracyanobenzene (TCNB) calculated by force field. The calculations are in good agreement with single‐crystal structure analyses. The compression of the naphthalene sidewalls of the clip by 2.2 A? during the complexation, which is necessary to obtain binding arene−arene interactions in the complex, is calculated to be a low‐energy process. The complementary nature of the electrostatic potential surface (EPS) of the tetramethylene‐bridged naphthalene tweezer and TCNB (calculated by AM1) explains the high selectivity of this class of receptors toward electron‐deficient substrates. Details are discussed in the article by F.‐G. Klärner et al. on p. 1405 ff. Cover art by Björn Kahlert.
Negative BOLD in the visual cortex: Evidence against blood stealing
Authors: Smith Andrew T. , Williams Adrian L. , Singh Krishna D.
Published: March 2004

The positive BOLD (blood oxygen level‐dependent) response elicited in human visual cortex by a localized visual stimulus is accompanied by a reduction in the BOLD response in regions of the visual cortex that represent unstimulated locations in the visual field. We have suggested previously that this negative BOLD reflects attention‐related suppression of neural activity, but it might also be explained in terms of “blood stealing,” i.e., hemodynamic changes that have no neural correlate. We distinguish two possible hemodynamic effects of this type: (1) blood flow reduction caused by locally reduced pressure in vessels that share their blood supply with nearby dilated vessels; and (2) blood flow reduction caused by active constriction of vessels under neural control. The first is ruled out as an explanation of negative BOLD by showing that a visual stimulus that stimulates primary visual cortex in one hemisphere can cause extensive suppression in the other hemisphere i.e., it is not a local phenomenon. Negative BOLD most likely reflects suppression of neural activity, but could also reflect an active blood flow control system. Hum. Brain Mapping 21:213–220, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Some cyclic BIBDs with block size four
Authors: Chang Yanxun
Published: March 2004

In this paper we give some results on cyclic BIBDs with block size 4. It is proved that a cyclic B(4,1;4n u) exists where u is a product of primes congruent to 1 modulo 6 and n is a positive integer and n ≥ 3. In the case of n = 2, we also give some partial results on the existence of a cyclic B(4,1;42u) where u is a product of primes congruent to 1 modulo 6. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An updated table of binary/ternary mixed covering codes
Authors: Bertolo Riccardo , Östergård Patric R. J. , Weakley William D.
Published: March 2004

An updated table of K2,3(b,t;R)—the minimum cardinality of a code with b binary coordinates, t ternary coordinates, and covering radius R—is presented for b + t ≤ 13, R ≤ 3. The results include new explanations of short binary and ternary covering codes, several new constructions and codes, and a general lower bound for R = 1. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A classification result on weighted {δ (p3 + 1), δ; 3, p3}‐minihypers
Authors: Ferret S. , Storme L.
Published: March 2004

We classify all {δ (p3 + 1), δ; 3, p3}‐minihypers, $\delta \leq 2p^2-4p, p=p_0^{h}\geq 9, h \geq 1$, for a prime number p0 ≥ 7, with excess e ≤ p3. Such a minihyper is a sum of lines and of possibly one projected subgeometry PG(5, p), or a sum of lines and a minihyper which is a projected subgeometry PG(5, p) minus one line. When p is a square, also (possibly projected) Baer subgeometries PG(3, p3/2) can occur. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bile canalicular formation in hepatic organoid reconstructed by rat small hepatocytes and nonparenchymal cells
Authors: Sudo Ryo , Ikeda Shinichiro , Sugimoto Shinichi , Harada Keisuke , Hirata Koichi , Tanishita Kazuo , Mochizuki Yohichi , Mitaka Toshihiro
Published: March 2004

The morphogenesis and movement of bile canaliculi (BC) are not well understood. This is because culture of hepatocytes that maintain polarity of cell membranes and possess highly differentiated functions has never been successful. We found that small hepatocytes (SHs), which are known to be hepatic progenitor cells, could proliferate and differentiate into mature hepatocytes and that BC‐like structures developed between rising/piled‐up cells. We investigated how BC‐like structures developed with maturation of SHs and whether the structures were functionally active as BC. Hepatic cells, including SHs, were isolated from an adult rat liver and cultured. Immunocytochemistry and immunoblotting for BC proteins, such as ectoATPase, 5′‐nucleotidase, dipeptidylpeptidase IV, and multidrug‐resistance associated protein 2, were examined and time‐lapse microscopy was used for the observation of BC contractions. Secretion of bilirubin into the reconstructed BC was also observed. The results of immunocytochemistry, immunoblots, and immunoelectron micrographs revealed that BC proteins were localized in the intercellular space that coincided with BC‐like structures reconstructed between rising/piled‐up cells. Tight junction‐associated protein ZO‐1 was also expressed along the BC‐like structures. Bilirubin added to the medium were secreted into BC‐like structure and accumulated without leakage. Time‐lapse microscopy showed continuous contractions of reconstructed BC. In conclusion, BC‐like structures reconstructed by SHs may be functional with membrane polarity, secretory ability, and motility. These results show that this culture system may suitable for investigating the mechanism of the formation of BC and their functions. J. Cell. Physiol. 199: 252–261, 2004© 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of mesangial cell Na+/Ca2+ exchanger isoforms
Authors: Williams I. , Williams C. , Siroky B. , Bates E. , Kovacs G. , Peti‐Peterdi J. , Unlap M.T. , Bell P.D.
Published: March 2004

An isoform of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (SDNCX1.10) was cloned from mesangial cells of Sprague–Dawley rat. Regulation of this isoform was compared to two other clones that were derived from the Dahl/Rapp salt sensitive (SNCX) and salt resistant rat (RNCX). All isoforms differ at the alternative splice site and at amino acid 218 for SNCX. PKC activates RNCX but not SNCX while SDNCX1.10 was also activated by PKC. Regulation of exchanger activities by intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i), pH, and kinases was assessed using Na‐dependent 45Ca2+ uptake assays in OK‐PTH cells expressing the vector, RNCX, SNCX, or SDNCX1.10. [Ca2+]i was elevated from 50 to 125 nM (n = 4) with thapsigargin (40 nM) and reduced from 50 to 29 nM (n = 4) and 18 nM (n = 4) with 10 or 20 μM BAPTA, respectively. RNCX was active at all three [Ca2+]i while SNCX and SDNCX1.10 were only active at lower [Ca2+]i. Varying extracellular pH (pHe, without nigericin) or pHe and intracellular pH (pHi, with 10 μM nigericin) from pH 7.4 to 6.2, 6.8, or 8.0 showed that SNCX activity was attenuated at both low and high pHs. SDNCX1.10 activity was attenuated only at pH 6.2 and 6.8 (with or without nigericin) while RNCX activity was attenuated at pH 6.2 (with or without nigericin) and pH 6.8 (with nigericin). Finally, only SDNCX1.10 activity was stimulated by 250 μM CPT‐cAMP or 250 μM DB‐cGMP treatment. Thus the differential regulation of [Ca2+]i by these exchangers is dependent upon the pattern of cellular Na+/Ca2+ exchanger isoform expression. J. Cell. Physiol. 199: 181–193, 2004© 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biallelic IgH rearrangements in patients with indolent lymphoproliferative disorders: Molecular and practical implications
Authors: Cerny Jan , Slavickova Alena , Krepelova Anna , Trneny Marek , Karban Josef , Klener Pavel
Published: March 2004

We report a group of patients (pts) with indolent lymphoproliferative disorder who had both alleles for the immunoglobulin heavy chain genes rearranged (biIgH). This group of 17 pts consisted of 9 small lymphocytic lymphomas (SLL) and 8 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of clonal immunoglobulin heavy (IgH) rearrangement using the complementarity determining region III (CDRIII) constantly retrieved two distinct bands in all PCR informative samples of those pts. To rule out biclonality, we evaluated samples by fluorescein activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis and sequenced the PCR products. We were able to obtain both IgH sequences from 12 patients. FACS suggested biclonality in one case, which also correlated with sequencing results as both IgH rearrangements were in‐frame. Recently, we reported a patient who sustained transformation into an aggressive disease after biIgH was detected in the setting of monoclonal disease (Cerny et al., 2003b, Haematologica 88(05):ECR15 B.). We decided to compare clinical characteristics and prognosis of 17 pts with biIgH and 37 pts with monoIgH rearrangements. Although we found some minor differences in disease characteristics between both groups, these did not translate into a significantly different overall survival. Our findings suggest that true biclonal cases of CLL are rare. J. Cell. Physiol. 199: 217–226, 2004© 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
S100B causes apoptosis in a myoblast cell line in a RAGE‐independent manner
Authors: Sorci Guglielmo , Riuzzi Francesca , Agneletti Anna Lisa , Marchetti Cristina , Donato Rosario
Published: March 2004

S100B, a Ca2+‐modulated protein with both intracellular and extracellular regulatory roles, is most abundant in astrocytes, is expressed in various amounts in several non‐nervous cells and is also found in normal serum. Astrocytes secrete S100B, and extracellular S100B exerts trophic and toxic effects on neurons depending on its concentration, in part by interacting with the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). The presence of S100B in normal serum and elevation of its serum concentration in several non‐nervous pathological conditions suggest that S100B‐expressing cells outside the brain might release the protein and S100B might affect non‐nervous cells. Recently we reported that at picomolar to nanomolar doses S100B inhibits rat L6 myoblast differentiation via inactivation of p38 kinase in a RAGE‐independent manner. We show here that at ≥5 nM in the absence of and at >100 nM in the presence of serum S100B causes myoblast apoptosis via stimulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and inhibition of the pro‐survival kinase, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, again in a RAGE‐independent manner. Together with our previous data, the present results suggest that S100B might participate in the regulation of muscle development and regeneration by two independent mechanism, i.e., by inhibiting crucial steps of the myogenic program at the physiological levels found in serum and by causing elevation of ROS production and myoblast apoptosis following accumulation in serum and/or muscle extracellular space. Our data also suggest that RAGE has no role in the transduction of S100B effects on myoblasts, implying that S100B can interact with more than one receptor to affect its target cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 199: 274–283, 2004© 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NO induced apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells accompanied by ceramide increase
Authors: Pilane Cyril M. , LaBelle Edward F.
Published: March 2004

We have shown previously that nitric‐oxide (NO) can induce apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and that the NO‐induced apoptosis is accompanied by an increase in arachidonic acid release via cytoplasmic Ca2+‐dependent phospholipase A2 (cPLA2). We have evidence that during NO‐induced apoptosis there is an increase in ceramide synthesis. The use of inhibitors of ceramide synthesis, namely, fumonisin B1 and desipramine, which block ceramide synthase and sphingomyelinase, respectively revealed that the ceramide was produced via the sphingomyelinase pathway. Inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase by desipramine was shown to inhibit NO‐induced apoptosis while fumonisin B1 failed to inhibit this process. C2‐ceramide could induce apoptosis in cultured VSMCs. Apoptosis in smooth muscle cells was accompanied by the increased activity of DNA fragmentation factor‐40 and the secretion of cathepsin D from the cells. In this study, ceramide appears to function as a mediator of apoptosis. J. Cell. Physiol. 199: 310–315, 2004© 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
p27/Kip1 mediates retinoic acid‐induced suppression of ovarian carcinoma cell growth
Authors: Vuocolo Scott , Soprano Dianne Robert , Soprano Kenneth J.
Published: March 2004

We have investigated the mechanisms by which all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA) causes growth inhibition of ovarian carcinoma cells. As a model, we have studied the CAOV3 cell line, which is sensitive to ATRA, and the SKOV3 cell line, which is resistant. We have found that treatment of CAOV3 cells with ATRA causes a 5–10 fold increase in the protein level of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p27/Kip1. p27/Kip1 protein upregulation is important in ovarian carcinoma as primary tumors are frequently found lacking this protein. The increase in p27/Kip1 is detected by day 3 of ATRA treatment of CAOV3 cells, and is maximal by day 5. Messenger RNA levels of p27/Kip1 do not change in CAOV3 cells following ATRA treatment, however, we have shown that p27/Kip1 mRNA is more stable in ATRA treated CAOV3 cells. Conversely, the ATRA resistant cell line SKOV3 fails to show p27/Kip1 accumulation. Interestingly, the SCF component protein SKP2 appears to be decreased in CAOV3 cells treated with ATRA. We have also shown that the ATRA dependent increase in p27/kip1 protein in CAOV3 cells leads to a decrease in the kinase activity of cyclin dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) following ATRA treatment. Finally, we found that CAOV3 cells stably transfected with a p27/kip1antisense construct, which express lower levels of p27/kip1 following ATRA treatment, and have a higher CDK4 kinase activity are less sensitive to ATRA induced growth suppression. Taken together our data suggest ATRA‐induced growth inhibition in CAOV3 ovarian carcinoma cells involves modulation of the CDK inhibitor p27/kip1. J. Cell. Physiol. 199: 237–243, 2004© 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
From Cell–ECM interactions to tissue engineering
Authors: Rosso Francesco , Giordano Antonio , Barbarisi Manlio , Barbarisi Alfonso
Published: March 2004

The extracellular matrix (ECM) consists of a complex mixture of structural and functional macromolecules and serves an important role in tissue and organ morphogenesis and in the maintenance of cell and tissue structure and function. The great diversity observed in the morphology and composition of the ECM contributes enormously to the properties and function of each organ and tissue. The ECM is also important during growth, development, and wound repair: its own dynamic composition acts as a reservoir for soluble signaling molecules and mediates signals from other sources to migrating, proliferating, and differentiating cells. Approaches to tissue engineering center on the need to provide signals to cell populations to promote cell proliferation and differentiation. These “external signals” are generated from growth factors, cell–ECM, and cell–cell interactions, as well as from physical‐chemical and mechanical stimuli. This review considers recent advances in knowledge about cell–ECM interactions. A description of the main ECM molecules and cellular receptors with particular care to integrins and their role in stimulation of specific types of signal transduction pathways is also explained. The general principles of biomaterial design for tissue engineering are considered, with same examples. J. Cell. Physiol. 199: 174–180, 2004© 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intracellular redistribution and modification of proteins of the Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 DNA repair complex following irradiation and heat‐shock
Authors: Seno Joshua D. , Dynlacht Joseph R.
Published: March 2004

Mre11, Rad50, and Nbs1form a tight complex which is homogeneously distributed throughout the nuclei of mammalian cells. However, after irradiation, the Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 (M/R/N) complex rapidly migrates to sites of double strand breaks (DSBs), forming foci which remain until DSB repair is complete. Mre11 and Rad50 play direct roles in DSB repair, while Nbs1 appears to be involved in damage signaling. Hyperthermia sensitizes mammalian cells to ionizing radiation. Radiosensitization by heat shock is believed to be mediated by an inhibition of DSB repair. While the mechanism of inhibition of repair by heat shock remains to be elucidated, recent reports suggest that the M/R/N complex may be a target for inhibition of DSB repair and radiosensitization by heat. We now demonstrate that when human U‐1 melanoma cells are heated at 42.5 or 45.5°C, Mre11, Rad50, and Nbs1 are rapidly translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Interestingly, when cells were exposed to ionizing radiation (12 Gy of X‐rays) prior to heat treatment, the extent and kinetics of translocation were increased when nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions of protein were analyzed immediately after treatment. The kinetics of the translocation and subsequent relocalization back into the nucleus when cells were incubated at 37°C from 30 min to 7 h following treatment were different for each protein, which suggests that the proteins redistribute independently. However, a significant fraction of the translocated proteins exist as a triple complex in the cytoplasm. Treatment with leptomycin B (LMB) inhibits the translocation of Mre11, Rad50, and Nbs1 to the cytoplasm, leading us to speculate that the relocalization of the proteins to the cytoplasm occurs via CRM1‐mediated nuclear export. In addition, while Nbs1 is rapidly phosphorylated in the nuclei of irradiated cells and is critical for a normal DNA damage response, we have found that Nbs1 is rapidly phosphorylated in the cytoplasm, but not in the nucleus, of heated irradiated cells. The phosphorylation of cytoplasmic Nbs1, which cannot be inhibited by wortmannin, appears to be a unique post‐translational modification in heated, irradiated cells, and coupled with our novel observations that Mre11, Rad50, and Nbs1 translocate to the cytoplasm, lend further support for a role of the M/R/N complex in thermal radiosensitization and inhibition of DSB repair. J. Cell. Physiol. 199: 157–170, 2004© 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rab3D redistribution and function in rat parotid acini
Authors: Ngyen Danielle , Jones Antoinette , Ojakian George K. , Raffaniello Robert D.
Published: March 2004

The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in J. Cell. Physiol. (2003) 197(3) 400–408 .

Rab3D is a low molecular weight GTP‐binding protein believed to be involved with regulated secretion in many cell types. In parotid, Rab3D is localized to secretory granule membranes or present in the cytosol as a complex with Rab escort protein. In the present study, we examined the redistribution of membrane‐associated Rab3D during secretion in permeabilized parotid acini. When permeabilized acini were stimulated with calcium and cAMP, amylase release increased greater than twofold over basal. Quantitative immunoblotting of subcellular fractions revealed that Rab3D did not dissociate from parotid membranes during secretion. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that Rab3D co‐localizes with amylase containing granules that are found in the apical pole of the cell. Upon stimulation with calcium and cAMP, Rab3D and amylase immunostaining of granules appeared to be more dispersed. However, Rab3D immunostaining was not observed on the plasma membrane and appeared to reside in the apical cytoplasm. To examine the role of Rab3D in amylase release, cytosolic extracts containing myc‐tagged Rab3D and Rab3DQ81L, a GTP‐binding mutant, were prepared and incubated with streptolysin O‐permeabilized acini. Rab3D, but not Rab3DQ81L, bound to parotid membranes suggesting that Rab3D‐binding to parotid membranes is guanine nucleotide‐dependent. Moreover, wild‐type and mutant Rab3D inhibited agonist‐induced amylase release from permeabilized parotid acini. These observations indicate that in parotid acini, Rab3D does not dissociate from parotid membranes or redistribute to the plasma membrane during secretion, and may play an inhibitory role in regulated secretion. The fact that both wild‐type Rab3D and the GTP‐binding mutant inhibit amylase release suggests that binding of Rab3D to the membrane is not essential for secretory inhibition. J. Cell. Physiol. 199: 316, 2004© 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Advanced oxidation of cork‐processing wastewater using Fenton's reagent: kinetics and stoichiometry
Authors: Heredia Jesús Beltrán de , Domínguez Joaquín R , López Raquel
Published: March 2004

This work evaluates Fenton oxidation for the removal of organic matter (COD) from cork‐processing wastewater. The experimental variables studied were the dosages of iron salts and hydrogen peroxide. The COD removal ranged from 17% to 79%, depending on the reagent dose, and the stoichiometric reaction coefficient varied from 0.08 to 0.43 g COD (g H2O2)−1 (which implies an efficiency in the use of hydrogen peroxide varying from 17% to 92%). In a study of the process kinetics, based on the initial rates method, the COD elimination rate was maximum when the molar ratio [H2O2]o:[Fe2+]o was equal to 10. Under these experimental conditions, the initial oxidation rate was 50.5 mg COD dm−3 s−1 with a rate of consumption of hydrogen peroxide of 140 mg H2O2 dm−3 s−1, implying an efficiency in the use of the hydrogen peroxide at the initial time of 77%. The total amount of organic matter removed by Fenton oxidation was increased by spreading the H2O2 and ferrous salt reagent over several fractions by 15% for two‐fractions and by 21% for three‐fractions. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Glucose fermentation in the presence of linoleic, oleic and stearic acids by a mixed culture
Authors: Alosta H , Lalman JA , Jing D , Bellmer D
Published: March 2004

Long Chain Fatty Acid (LCFA) mixtures containing linoleic, oleic and stearic acids plus carbohydrates are found in a variety of effluents arising from fried food manufacture and milk processing. Accumulation of Volatile Fatty acids (VFAs) due to the presence of LCFAs may impair the operation of an anaerobic system treating effluents containing a mixture of triglycerides and carbohydrates. In this study, the effects of linoleic (C18:2), oleic (C18:1), and stearic (C18:0) acids on glucose fermentation were investigated at 21 °C using a culture acclimated to glucose. In cultures receiving ≥300 mg dm−3 LCFAs, residual amounts of glucose remained after approximately 8 h and none was detected after 24 h. Acetate degradation was inhibited in the presence of 300 or more mg dm−3 linoleic acid (LA), oleic acid (OA), or stearic acid (SA) with more acetate accumulation observed in cultures receiving LA. In comparison to the controls, similar amounts of propionate accumulation were observed in cultures receiving ≤100 mg dm−3 of each LCFA. However, in cultures receiving ≥300 mg dm−3 LCFAs, more propionate accumulated with complete removal observed within 20 days for only those cultures receiving oleic or stearic acids. Butyrate accumulation was observed only in cultures receiving ≥300 mg dm−3 LA and none was detected after 10 days of incubation. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Optimization of the technological parameters of epoxidation of allyl alcohol by hydrogen peroxide over Ti–BETA catalyst
Authors: Wróblewska Agnieszka , Rzepkowska Monika , Milchert Eugeniusz
Published: March 2004

The influence of the technological parameters on the epoxidation of allyl alcohol by a 30 wt% hydrogen peroxide in the medium of methanol over the Ti–BETA catalyst in the direction of glycidol has been presented. The experimental conditions were established on the basis of preliminary experiments and through the applications of statistical experimental design methods (rotatable uniform design). The results of the particular experiments were described by the following functions: the yield of glycidol in relation to allyl alcohol introduced into the reactor, the selectivity of transformation to glycidol in relation to allyl alcohol and hydrogen peroxide reacted, and the degree of conversion of allyl alcohol and H2O2. The optimal values of each function were established. The courses of functions corresponding to the parameters were plotted in the system of two variable parameters. The optimum parameters of the epoxidation process were established after the analysis of the layer drawings. The obtained results were confirmed by a series of verifying syntheses. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Recovery and recycle of tannins in the leather industry by nanofiltration membranes
Authors: Molinari R , Buonomenna MG , Cassano A , Drioli E
Published: March 2004

The aim of this work was the study of the application of membrane concentration to exhausted tanning baths from vegetable tannage operations in order to increase the tannin/non‐tannin (T/NT) ratio and obtain recyclable material. For this purpose four samples of tanning baths at different T/NT ratios (from 0.7 to 1.4) were processed using six different types of membranes which ranged from reverse osmosis (RO) to nanofiltration (NF). The membrane module Fluid Systems TFC S 2540 gave the best results in terms of permeate flux and also in terms of increased T/NT ratio in the retentate (from 1.4 to 1.7). In order to compare the permeate flux reduction with time (Jt) for the different modules, the osmotic pressure differences (Δπ) between permeate and retentate were estimated by electrical conductivity measures. The fouling phenomena for the different membranes in the processing of each sample were evaluated by comparing the pressures required to obtain the same VRF (volume reduction factor), NPF (normalized permeate flux) and membrane performances with tap water before and after tannin concentration. The retention of tannins, which are polyphenols capable of significant hydrogen bonding, was found to be governed by the chemistry of the interactions between their complexes and the polyamide membrane material. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Improved chitin production by pretreatment of shrimp shells
Authors: Aye Kyaw Nyein , Stevens Willem F
Published: March 2004

Pretreatment of shrimp shells was investigated in order to lower the costs and to improve the sustainability of chitin production. Physical pretreatment comprising drying, grinding and sieving is attractive for the recovery of 50% of shrimp protein as a dry powder. Pretreatment of shells by shearing in acidified water results in the removal of up to 60% of the protein and a reduction of their mineral content without a decrease in the chitin yield. Both pretreatment procedures will lead to cleaner technology for chitin production, to a considerably lower need for chemicals, to useful protein by‐products, and to less‐contaminated industrial effluent. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparison of the cold hardiness capacities of the oviparous and viviparous forms of Lacerta vivipara
Authors: Voituron Yann , Heulin Benoit , Surget‐Groba Yann
Published: March 2004

The lizard Lacerta vivipara has allopatric oviparous and viviparous populations. The cold hardiness strategy of L. vivipara has previously been studied in viviparous populations, but never in oviparous ones. The present study reveals that both the oviparous and viviparous individuals of this species are able to survive in a supercooled state at −3°C for at least one week when kept on dry substrates. The mean crystallisation temperatures of the body, around −4°C on dry substrata and −2°C on wet substrata, do not differ between oviparous and viviparous individuals. All the individuals are able to tolerate up to 48–50% of their body fluid converted into ice, but only viviparous individuals were able to stabilize their body ice content at 48%, and hence were able to survive even when frozen at −3°C for times of up 24 hours. Ice contents higher than 51% have been constantly found lethal for oviparous individuals. This suggests that, in L. vivipara, the evolution towards a higher degree of freezing tolerance could parallel the evolution of the viviparous reproductive mode, a feature believed to be strongly selected under cold climatic conditions. This is the first report, among reptiles, of an intraspecific variation regarding the freeze tolerance capacities. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:367–373, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A convenient synthesis of 14C‐labelled resveratrol
Authors: Zeng Dongli , Mi Qixi , Sun Hongfang , Wang Haifang
Published: March 2004

Resveratrol (trans‐3,4′,5‐trihydroxystilbene) is a naturally occurring phytoalexin and polyphenol existing in grapes and various plants. It shows remarkable beneficial bioactivities in the prevention of cancer, inflammation and platelet aggregation, etc. This paper reports the synthesis of [β‐14C]‐trans‐resveratrol using 14C‐formic acid (exchanged with sodium 14C‐formate) and 3,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid as the starting materials. [14C‐formyl]‐4‐methoxybenzaldehyde and diethyl 3,5‐dimethoxy benzylphosphonate reacted following the Wittig–Horner reaction to give trans‐3,4′,5‐[β‐14C]‐trimethoxystilbene. The final product was obtained through the demethylation of trans‐3,4′,5‐[β‐14C]‐trimethoxystilbene and identified by TLC and UV spectroscopy. Adoption of the whole procedure provided 14C‐resveratrol with a specific radioactivity of 40.8 µCi/mmol, chemical yield of 15.3% and radiochemical yield of 12.5%. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of 3H‐ and 14C‐labeled AR‐A000002, a new and selective 5‐HT1B/1D ligand
Authors: Werner Tom , Berg Stefan , Johansson Rolf
Published: March 2004

AR‐A000002 is a novel and selective high‐affinity 5‐HT1B/1D receptor antagonist. The compound has been shown to enhance 5‐HT turnover in the guinea pig brain in vivo and to increase the extracellular concentration of 5‐HT and the metabolite 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5‐HIAA) in guinea pig frontal cortex. The observed effects suggest that the compound could be used for the treatment of affective disorders.

The syntheses of labeled AR‐A000002 analogues as needed for the further pharmacological evaluation of this selective 5‐HT1B/1D antagonist, are described. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation, analysis and biodistribution in mice of iodine‐123 labelled derivatives of hypericin
Authors: Bormans Guy , Huyghe Dieter , Christiaen Annemie , Verbeke Kristin , de Groot Tjibbe , Vanbilloen Hubert , de Witte Peter , Verbruggen Alfons
Published: March 2004

The synthesis of iodine‐123 labelled mono‐ and di‐iodo derivatives of hypericin, an hydroxylated phenanthroperylenequinone which is used for photodynamic therapy and has been shown to accumulate in several tumour types, is reported. Labelling was performed by electrophilic substitution on hypericin or iodohypericin with [123I]iodide in the presence of peracetic acid and provided both mono‐[123I]iodohypericin and di‐[123I]iodohypericin in good radiochemical yields (>80%). Mono‐[123I]iodohypericin was obtained with a high specific activity (925 GBq/μmol) whereas di‐[123I]iodohypericin was obtained in low specific activity (4 GBq/μmol) due to deiodination and subsequent iodination of iodohypericin which occurred during the labelling reaction. Biodistribution studies in mice showed a slow blood clearance and extensive hepatobiliary clearance as well as faecal excretion for both compounds. They will be further evaluated with regard to their tumor seeking properties. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitation of group A rotavirus by real‐time reverse‐transcription‐polymerase chain reaction: Correlation with clinical severity in children in South India
Authors: Kang Gagandeep , Iturriza‐Gomara Miren , Wheeler Jeremy G. , Crystal Premila , Monica Bindhu , Ramani Sasirekha , Primrose Beryl , Moses Prabhakar D. , Gallimore Chris I. , Brown David W. , Gray Jim
Published: March 2004

The epidemiology and pathogenesis of rotaviruses are not completely understood, although recent developments in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques now make it possible to quantify the viral load during an infective episode and investigate its relevance to clinical features of the disease. We studied rotavirus‐positive stool samples collected from 10 children without symptoms of gastroenteritis and from 81 children with acute gastroenteritis and in whom the clinical severity of disease was recorded. A semi‐quantitative real‐time reverse‐transcription (RT)‐PCR was used to estimate the rotavirus load and to assess its correlation with the Vesikari score for severity of diarrhoea. There was a significant negative correlation (r = −0.80, P < 0.001) between severity and the PCR cycle at which the PCR amplicons were detectable (crossing point) on the assay, indicating that children with more severe diarrhoea excrete more virus than children with less severe disease. J. Med. Virol. 73:118–122, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Severe acute exacerbation of liver disease may reduce or delay emergence of YMDD motif mutants in long‐term lamivudine therapy for hepatitis B e antigen‐positive chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Tsubota Akihito , Arase Yasuji , Suzuki Fumitaka , Kobayashi Mariko , Matsuda Marie , Sato Junko , Suzuki Yoshiyuki , Akuta Norio , Sezaki Hitomi , Hosaka Tetsuya , Someya Takashi , Kobayashi Masahiro , Saitoh Satoshi , Ikeda Kenji , Kumada Hiromitsu
Published: March 2004

The pretherapy factors that could influence the emergence of resistant hepatitis B virus (HBV) tyrosine‐methionine‐aspartate‐aspartate (YMDD) motif mutants against lamivudine are not fully known in prolonged lamivudine therapy for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)‐positive chronic hepatitis B. We analyzed prospectively 116 consecutive lamivudine‐naïve patients who received long‐term lamivudine therapy (>1 year) by using multivariate regression analyses. The cumulative HBeAg loss rates were 29, 44, and 47% at 1, 2, and 3 years of treatment, respectively. Stepwise Cox's regression analyses indicated that pretherapy viral load was a significant factor associated with HBeAg loss (P = 0.0068). The cumulative emergence rates of YMDD mutants were 23% at 1 year, 45% at 2 year, and 47% at 3 year of treatment. Stepwise Cox's regression analyses indicated that patient age and presence or absence of severe acute exacerbation of liver disease were independent significant factors associated with emergence of YMDD mutants (P = 0.018 and 0.048, respectively). For the development of virological breakthrough, patient age, the presence or absence of severe acute exacerbation, and pretherapy viral load were independent significant factors (P = 0.028, 0.043, and 0.044, respectively). Severe acute exacerbation tended to reduce or delay development of biochemical breakthrough. The present study provides important information for the development of more effective and rational long‐term lamivudine therapy for HBeAg‐positive chronic hepatitis B patients infected exclusively with genotype C. J. Med. Virol. 73:7–12, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diversity and origin of hepatitis B virus in Dutch blood donors
Authors: Koppelman M.H.G.M. , Zaaijer H.L.
Published: March 2004

Two considerations led us to study the genetic diversity and origin of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in Dutch blood donors. Firstly, an HBV‐infected Dutch blood donor was found negative by four assays used commonly for detection of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). How variable is HBsAg among HBV infected blood donors? Secondly, the WHO recommends universal vaccination against HBV, but north‐west European countries limit vaccination to groups at risk of HBV. This policy may reduce hepatitis B among low‐risk, unvaccinated persons if HBV strains that infect low‐risk persons stem from local at‐risk groups. Studying the nucleotide sequence of the S‐gene of HBV from 63 Dutch blood donors, considerable variation was found. The majority of the donor strains (52/63, 83%) appears closely related to local HBV isolates as present in intravenous drug users, immigrants, and homosexual men. The remaining 11 (17%) HBV strains belong to various non‐Western genotypes. This implies that an indigenous Dutch HBV strain (heterosexually transmitted, not associated with intravenous drug abuse, or immigrants) does not exist, and it supports the policy in low endemic countries to limit vaccination to at‐risk groups. On the other hand, it must be realised that, after 20 years of vaccination of at‐risk groups, HBV still circulates in the at‐risk groups and Dutch blood donors acquire the HBV strains involved. J. Med. Virol. 73:29–32, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis E virus among apparently healthy humans and pigs in Bali, Indonesia: Identification of a pig infected with a genotype 4 hepatitis E virus
Authors: Wibawa I. Dewa Nyoman , Muljono David H. , Mulyanto  , Suryadarma I.G.A. , Tsuda Fumio , Takahashi Masaharu , Nishizawa Tsutomu , Okamoto Hiroaki
Published: March 2004

In Indonesia where hepatitis E virus (HEV) is believed to be highly endemic, only three outbreaks of HEV transmission have been documented to date in restricted areas (West Kalimantan and East Java). A total of 1,115 serum samples collected from apparently healthy individuals in Bali, Lombok, and Surabaya in Indonesia in 1996 where epidemic HEV transmissions have never been reported, were tested for IgG class antibodies to HEV (anti‐HEV). In Bali, anti‐HEV was detected in 20% (54/276) of the tested population, in remarkable contrast with 4% (17/446) in Lombok and 0.5% (2/393) in Surabaya. On the other hand, antibodies to hepatitis A virus were highly prevalent in all three regions (95% in Bali, 90% in Lombok, and 89% in Surabaya). Although the majority of the population in Indonesia is Moslem, Balinese people are mostly Hindu and have a habit of consuming pork. Therefore, serum samples were obtained from the 99 farm pigs in Bali and tested for anti‐HEV and HEV RNA. The sera from 71 pigs (72%) were positive for anti‐HEV and a 2‐month‐old pig had detectable HEV RNA. The swine HEV isolate recovered from the viremic pig was named SB66‐Bali. The SB66‐Bali isolate was most closely related to the genotype 4 isolates from China, India, Japan, and Taiwan, but shared only 82.6–90.0% identity in the common 241–412 nucleotides within open reading frame 2 (ORF2). These results indicate that a presumably indigenous HEV strain(s) is circulating in Bali, Indonesia and that HEV infection may occur via zoonosis even in developing countries. J. Med. Virol. 73:38–44, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.