bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paul’s Possible Influence on the Synoptics
Authors: Ferguson Cameron Evan
Published: March 2023

This chapter begins by presenting a case for Mark’s possible dependence on select Pauline letters through an investigation of the two authors’ shared poetic method. Focusing on Mark’s anonymous exorcist (Mk 9:38-40), it argues that, if Mark knows Pauline theology and presumes the apostle’s mission to be essential content to the salvation-historical plan of God, Mark uses Paul’s synecdochical hermeneutic vis-à-vis the Christian kerygma to seed Paul’s mission into his text. The chapter then explores how the Paulinism of Mark is picked up and incorporated into the other synoptic Gospels. It argues that the Paulinism of Matthew is unwitting, and it demonstrates this by showing how Matthew’s indebtedness to the structure and content of the Gospel of Mark results in the first evangelist (re)presenting the Pauline mission—a mission to the Jew first and then to the Gentile—even as he significantly modulates its theological implications. In the case of the Gospel of Luke, the chapter suggests that there is a more complicated and proactive process of harmonization between the “Paul” with whom the author of Luke is familiar and the Paulinism that is represented within Mark’s text. Analyzing the Last Supper accounts of the three authors, it argues that Luke shares with both Mark and Paul an essential understanding of the ecclesiological significance of the Eucharistic rite, but in the course of crafting his own Last Supper scene, Luke blends the stories of Mark and Paul together. The chapter concludes with some implications for further study.
Gospel
Authors: Garroway Joshua D.
Published: March 2023

Whereas “gospel” in modern parlance usually refers either to the first four works of the New Testament or to the message of Christianity broadly speaking, the term meant neither when it originated in Christian circles. Paul, not Jesus or his earliest followers, first made use of the relatively obscure noun εὐαγγέλιον to describe his unique understanding of salvation through Christ outside the Law. Only after the redeployment of the term by the authors of Mark, Matthew, and Luke did “gospel” lose its initial association with Paul and take on the meanings it held in medieval times and until today.
Healing and Exorcism
Authors: Henning Meghan
Published: March 2023

The study of the Synoptic Gospel healing and exorcism stories has been dominated by contemporary medicalized ways of viewing the human body. This essay challenges those approaches, which assume that there are universal ideals of the body that transcend time and space, and privileges approaches which seek to rigorously contextualize the healing and exorcism stories amid ancient conceptions of the body. One primary way in which ancient conceptions of the body differ from the contemporary is through the ancient overlap between healing and exorcism. This essay argues that one should view exorcisms as ancient healing narratives. Through comparison with other ancient depictions of healing in medical literature and inscriptions, this essay demonstrates that the Synoptic stories of healing and exorcism were operating within cultural discourses about the body. Attention to bodily discourses enables interpreters to identify and respond to the power dynamics in play in narratives of bodily transformation.
Oral Tradition, Writing, and the Synoptic Problem
Authors: Kirk Alan
Published: March 2023

Assumptions about orality and writing that Synoptic Problem critics bring to their analysis profoundly affect their proposed solutions. The default premise has been a pronounced media dualism: conceiving orality and writing as mutually exclusive modes of transmission. This is evident right from the beginning in the source theories advanced by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Johann Gottfried Herder, Johann Gottfried Eichhorn, Johann Carl Ludwig Gieseler, and Christian Gottlob Wilke. The same media dualism underlies much contemporary work on the Synoptic Problem. Placing orality and writing in a close interfacial relationship overcomes this media binary and has the potential to break through the impasses in the Synoptic Problem.
The Publication of the Synoptics and the Problem of Dating
Authors: Larsen Matthew
Published: March 2023

This essay discusses the problems related to discussion of the publication and dependence of the Synoptic Gospels, as traditionally conceived. It first considers the state of the field on issues related to publication and dependence, including a diagnosis of its key assumptive building blocks. It then notes the problems in the current framework for thinking about the publication and dependence of the Synoptic Gospels, locating the assumptive building blocks within a context of ancient reading and writing practices. After surveying a few critical advances made in Synoptic studies and adjacent fields, it argues for considering the publication of the gospels not as the product of a particular moment at a particular place by a particular person but as a complicated historical process that takes place over several centuries, involves numerous people, and continues to the present day. In conclusion, it offers suggestions about new directions in the field.
Suffering and Sacrifice
Authors: Moss Candida R.
Published: March 2023

Each of the Synoptic writers envisions the world as a place in which suffering is powerful, predictable, and meaningful. Each expects that followers of Jesus will experience hardships and that people in general will experience suffering in the apocalypse. While for Luke the death of Jesus adheres to the model of the self-controlled and respectable death of a philosopher, for Mark Jesus’s suffering is uncomfortably close and present: the reader cannot look away from the Gethsemane agony or cry of despair from the cross. For Matthew such moments serve as teaching moments: they offer moments of instruction for the disciples and, by extension, the audience itself.
Manuscripts
Authors: Nongbri Brent
Published: March 2023

Studies seeking to elucidate the Synoptic Problem, the issue of literary dependence among the Synoptic Gospels, often proceed by making close comparisons among the Synoptic Gospels that rely on the idea that the text of each of these Gospels is fixed. Yet when one turns to the actual manuscripts preserving the Gospels, one finds instead fluid texts with significant variation. Textual critics of the New Testament have attempted to sort through these variations and determine the earliest recoverable text of each of the Gospels, and in doing so, they have often adopted particular approaches to the Synoptic Problem. At the same time, one’s approach to the Synoptic Problem is determined by the analysis of the editions established by textual critics. This chapter explores the implications of this circularity by examining a series of parallel passages in different printed synopses and in individual manuscripts.
Sacred Space
Authors: Wenell Karen
Published: March 2023

This thematic study of sacred space in the Synoptic Gospels introduces a framework for understanding sacred space and an approach to the investigation of the theme in the synoptic texts. When considering evidence in texts, it is important to foreground the nonmaterial nature of the sacred, and how that invisible reality is articulated. Questions concerning where and how the sacred is being located in the synoptic texts are addressed, paying special attention to features of the sacred landscape that are agreed upon across all three accounts, as well as distinctive features that occur in two accounts, or one. Spatial concepts referred to in the texts include,, for example, Heaven and Earth the Kingdom of God/Heaven/Satanland, and temple. Each is discussed with a view to addressing how multioptic views of space contribute to an “education of attention” to the sacred in the material world.
Intersectional Psychodynamic Music Therapy
Authors: Rowe Naomi
Published: March 2023

Intersectional psychodynamic music therapy (IPMT) is a new theory and approach to working with LGBTQIA+ and neuroqueer clients. This chapter presents and explores the factors that have had an impact on the health of LGBTQIA+ people and the cultural competencies music therapists should develop within queer and trans music therapy practices. Case study examples emphasize the need for music therapists to be aware and respectful of clients’ unique intersecting identities. Highlighting music therapy techniques and how they affect the therapeutic process in IPMT, this chapter also makes a plea for music therapists to be more mindful of their power in exercising and dictating the therapeutic relationship, and the sensitivity needed to embrace clients from LGBTQIA+ and neuroqueer communities, and the vulnerabilities they face.
Intersecting Identities
Authors: Dressler Jay , Wilcoxen Jonathan
Published: March 2023

Queer interns are impacted by their internship’s workplace culture, clinical supervision style, and society’s acceptance of evolving gender expression, gender identity, and sexual orientation. Music therapy internship directors can implement inclusive practice standards based on micro, mezzo, and macro considerations found in social work methodologies. By implementing allyship principles, supervisors can create safer spaces which allow queer interns to explore their sense of self as a music therapist. Workplace cultures should be evaluated for acceptance and inclusivity of queer individuals and promote baseline knowledge of queer terminology, concepts, and best practices. Internship policies and procedures provide expectations of how interns will interact with clients and co-workers, how they can report issues through a chain of command, and how supervisors will provide equitable training. This chapter will explore our experiences as a queer music therapy intern and a queer music therapy supervisor in the United States.
The Boy’s Return Home
Authors: Sanabria Nicolas J.
Published: March 2023

This chapter describes my work as a transgender music therapist, acknowledging how self-authenticity and self-expression can harness the innate musical qualities of the therapeutic process. Through the individual case study of Chris, a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and sensory processing disorder (SPD), I describe our therapeutic relationship and the musical freedoms that were nurtured between us. This chapter is a shared collective of our roles as client and therapist and how I learned to integrate and utilize the parts of myself that were directly related to Chris. The four phases of the therapeutic process: (i) internal dissonance, (ii) resurrection of the buried boy, (iii) integration of self, and (iv) musical play, acted as a precursor for Chris’s social transition. These phases solidified our musical relationship and were foundational in the evolution of Chris’s self and myself, where a merging of multiple facets were combined to create a musically authentic therapeutic process.
Child Protection Systems in Spain
Authors: Segado Sagrario
Published: March 2023

This chapter expounds on the child protection systems in Spain. It cites the range of international, national, and regional legislations impacting the Spanish child protection system. The social protection system for minors aims to protect the rights of children and adolescents, guarantee their well-being, families, safe environment, and belonging. Regardless of the parties involved, the measures will be catered to the minor’s best interests. The chapter notes how there is still a long way to go in addressing the violence against minors, unaccompanied foreign minors and child poverty, despite Spain being family-oriented. It notes the models of support intervention in child protection such as theories of attachment, child needs, ecological-systematic model, empowerment and protection factors.
Child Protection in Portugal
Authors: Ferreira Jorge
Published: March 2023

This chapter looks into child protection in Portugal. The state has been called upon to address the field of childhood through policies and education guided by the principles of equality, opportunity, citizenship, responsibility, participation, multicultural and local intervention. The Portuguese child protection and welfare system fits the Southern European model, which is characterized by mixed social protection, cash transfers, and universal health services, and is based on the role of the social partners in income guarantee policies. The Children and Youth Protection Commission applies measures of keeping the kids in their natural living environment or enforcing placement measures if their conditions are not met.
Child Protection in Lithuania
Authors: Tamutienė Ilona , Snieškienė Dalija
Published: March 2023

This chapter expounds on the child protection system in Lithuania. The development of a system of child protection coincides with the necessity to create a political and administrative apparatus for state administration. Additionally, large-scale residential childcare is a prominent form of guardianship of children deprived of parental care. Thus, the separation of siblings, isolation of disabled children, and delinquent children are widespread across the country. Changes in the institution of social work and child psychologists were influenced by the desire to create an independent child protection system in Lithuania and Lithuania’s ambition to join the EU. Child protection reform was enacted slowly following the ratification of the UNCRC.
Reforming Russia’s Child Protection System
Authors: Kulmala Meri , Jäppinen Maija , Chernova Zhanna
Published: March 2023

This chapter explicates the reformation of Russia’s child protection system to family care from residential care. The Russian child protection system had been criticized for its inability to support families at risk. The rise of poverty, alcohol, drug abuse, and unemployment were the dramatic indicators of the fall of the socialist regime, which sparked a wide liberalization of the welfare state. Moreover, the Russian support system is regulated by federal and regional legislation. Thus, the current reform is based on the idea of every kid’s right to grow up in a family, even if it is a family-based form of alternative care. Russia’s child protection paradigm is shifting towards a combination of child-focused and family supports, at least on a policy level.
Child Protection in Egypt
Authors: Olimat Hmoud S. , ElGamal Amal A.
Published: March 2023

This chapter notes child protection in Egypt. The population in urban areas continued to grow steadily over the years. Egypt also recorded a spike in inflation due to domestic inflation, fuel subsidy cuts, and value-added tax. The legal framework of Egypt’s child protection system sparked policy and institutional changes which included policies, strategies, and programs focused on child protection. The government has committed great efforts in battling child labor by adopting relevant UN conventions and international instruments. Moreover, the National Council for Childhood and Motherhood has the highest authority to implement children’s and mothers’ rights whilst being simultaneously being responsible for the formulation, implementation, and monitoring of social protection policies. This chapter notes child protection in Egypt. The population in urban areas continued to grow steadily over the years. Egypt also recorded a spike in inflation due to domestic inflation, fuel subsidy cuts, and value-added tax. The legal framework of Egypt’s child protection system sparked policy and institutional changes which included policies, strategies, and programs focused on child protection. The government has committed great efforts in battling child labor by adopting relevant UN conventions and international instruments. Moreover, the National Council for Childhood and Motherhood has the highest authority to implement children’s and mothers’ rights whilst being simultaneously being responsible for the formulation, implementation, and monitoring of social protection policies.
Child Protection and Welfare on the Island of Ireland
Authors: Burns Kenneth , Devaney John , Holt Stephanie , Marshall Gerry
Published: March 2023

This chapter explores the issues and global relevance of child protection and welfare in Ireland. It expounds on the evolving political context on the Island of Ireland being the reason behind the nation having two different and independent child protection systems. The chapter also focuses on the impact of Brexit, technologies, and migration while highlighting the importance of neighbouring jurisdictions working together. Technology and social media platforms have also enabled social workers to communicate, monitor, and analyze data on adults who might be a risk to children. On the other hand, migrants are at an increased risk of poverty and social exclusion as children from ethnic minority groups are over-represented in the Irish childcare system.
The Social Construction and Development of an Integrated Child Protection System
Authors: Dinata Erna
Published: March 2023

This chapter expounds on the social construction and development of an integrated child protection system in Indonesia as the country continues to reconstruct its identity as a nation and renegotiate its structural and institutional boundaries through social-cultural, political, and economic changes. While progress has been made in realizing the critical role of intermediary structures and intersectoral coordination in the decentralized governance of social service provisions, Indonesia continues to front the challenges of having millions of children living in poverty and the risk of child labor, trafficking, and early marriage. Despite the decline in the national poverty rate, levels of income and gender inequality are soaring, and the poverty rate reduction is slowing. The chapter identifies key challenges in building critical public discourse about child abuse and neglect, translating, and implementing the laws, policies, and strategies in protecting children and their families.
Child Protection Systems in Brazil
Authors: Monique Carlos Diene , de Souza Aragão Ailton , Mendes de Souza Teixeira Roque Eliana , Pereira da Silva Lygia Maria
Published: March 2023

This chapter explicates the child protection systems in Brazil. Brazilian children and adolescents living in extreme poverty have the highest percentage among all age groups. Important advances have been made in Brazilian legislation regarding the social protection of children and adolescents. The organizational structure of services in this area is also coherent and thoughtfully designed. How these policies and structures are conducted in practice, however, still presents challenges. A care network between child protection services and other sectors may be an appropriate mechanism to face these challenges, with intersectoral and interprofessional articulation to protect children, adolescents, and their families.
The Chilean Child Protection System
Authors: Muñoz-Guzman Carolina , Cillero Bruñol Miguel , Bernasconi Mariana
Published: March 2023

This chapter explores the child protection system in Chile. Social services have been shifting since the return of civilian rule in 1990 and the ratification of the UNCRC. Children are more affected by the geography of poverty than the rest of the Chilean population. Overall, the Chilean population benefited from modernization, but good policy design ideas and successful implementation would improve the living conditions of the population. Additionally, the state defines children as objects of intervention and state responsibility will only be invoked in the presence of social risks. The chapter also highlights the work and models enforced by the National Service for Minors (SENAME).
The Child Protection System in Uruguay
Authors: del Luján González Tornaría María , Miller Delfina
Published: March 2023

This chapter notes the child protection system in Uruguay. The social allocations are presented with social, political, and legal landscapes while specifying the conception of violence and maltreatment of minors. The Comprehensive System for the Protection of Children and Adolescents against Violence aims to deal with the problem of violence against boys, girls and adolescents. Additionally, SIPIAV is regulated by the Uruguayan Institute for Children and Adolescents of Uruguay. The definitions of maltreatment and violence in Uruguay are adopted from the World Health Organization. SIPIAV’s principles range from the prevention of revictimization to the acknowledgement of the BGA who are witnesses of gender violence.
The Child Protection Systems in Denmark and Norway
Authors: Hestbæk Anne-Dorthe , Skivenes Marit , Falch-Eriksen Asgeir , Leth Svendsen Idamarie , Backe-Hansen Elisabeth
Published: March 2023

This chapter expounds on Denmark and Norway’s child protection systems being developed parallel to the development of the social democratic welfare state. Both countries’ child protection systems have family-service-oriented systems that are centered around children’s rights and needs. In line with the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, European Council and Court of Human Rights, the basic principle of child protection systems consists of birth parents raising children or state intervention if risks are apparent. Out-of-home care will be taken if in-home services are inappropriate. Additionally, Denmark and Norway’s assessment of children’s welfare range between material well-being, health, safety, education, behaviour, risks, housing, and environment.
Child Protection and Welfare in Germany
Authors: Biesel Kay , Kindler Heinz
Published: March 2023

This chapter outlines Germany’s child protection and welfare systems. Data on the prevalence of different types of Germanic child maltreatment are not well integrated into the international literature. Child and youth welfare offices are key institutions in enforcing child protection which is a communal task. Moreover, the health system plays a key role in some child protection cases, especially if child maltreatment is found by health professionals. Security, criminal prosecution, and victim support are the three primary responsibilities of police handling child endangerment. On the other hand, school laws require schools to cooperate with child and youth welfare offices to enact child protection measures.
The Austrian Child Welfare System
Authors: Križ Katrin , Krutzinna Jenny , Pantuček-Eisenbacher Peter
Published: March 2023

This chapter expounds on the shift to professionalization and participation of the child welfare system in Austria. It clarifies how Austrian states have lesser autonomy compared to Germany or the USA. Child welfare is ultimately under the responsibility of Austrian states. Child welfare services (CWS) have a legal obligation to intervene when a child’s well-being is at risk under the purview of the provincial states, while the wider preventive CWS is under the care of local communities. Additionally, national laws have been drafted and interpreted in accordance with the principles of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.
Cult Behaviors
Authors: Weinstock Jeffrey Andrew
Published: March 2023

The cult science fiction (sf) film is one that, in various ways, is excessive in relation to common understandings of the genre. It is typically weirder, stranger, quirkier, and/or of lesser quality than other sf films. This chapter defines that difference and focuses specifically on a cult subcategory—the quirky dystopian film. With particular attention to Terry Gilliam’s Brazil, Alex Cox’s Repo Man, Yorgos Lanthimos’s The Lobster, and Boots Riley’s Sorry to Bother You, the chapter explores how these black comedies use absurdity to offset the bleakness of their dystopian settings and to amplify their critiques of contemporary life. Their particular quirkiness becomes a marker of and for their cult audience who find in this character a reflection of themselves and their desire for individuality.
Kaiju Film
Authors: Schauer Bradley
Published: March 2023

The Kaiju film, or giant monster rampage movie, has proven to be a durable and increasingly popular form of science fiction, particularly since the Cold War era. Its metaphorical potency and flexibility have given it a cross-cultural reach. In addition, recent advances in special effects technology, coupled with the film industry’s emphasis on developing and exploiting franchises, have brought the kaiju film to a high level of popularity and attracted mainstream audiences, as films like Gareth Edwards’ remake Godzilla (2014), the dark comedy Colossal (2016), and the monster pairing Godzilla vs. Kong (2020) illustrate.
Fine-tuning the Dravidian Left Periphery
Authors: Balusu Rahul
Published: March 2023

This chapter argues that none of the three left-peripheral morphemes that have been considered complementisers in Telugu and other Dravidian languages (Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil) are typical complementisers. The linearly first left-peripheral morpheme -aa has the signature properties of a polar question particle. The second left-peripheral morpheme -oo delimits the scope of questions in Telugu. This is attributed to its location in the Spec of CP, where it is base-generated, and to its semantics, which is essential for interrogative semantics. The third left-peripheral morpheme, the quotative complementiser ani and its cognates, is analysed as syntactically and semantically true to its source, a verbum dicendi, the verb say. Its complementiser-like nature arises due to its being merged into the matrix clausal spine at various levels, without always extending its projection.
Social Processes in Nonsuicidal Self-Injury
Authors: Zetterqvist Maria , Bjureberg Johan
Published: March 2023

Social interactions are critical for the health and well-being of all group-living primates, including humans, across the lifespan. Social stressors, such as perceived criticism and rejection, are common triggers of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). Social processes may thus have a central role in the etiology and maintenance of NSSI. Using the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework for systems for social processes, the chapter presents recent findings on NSSI, mapping them onto the four constructs: affiliation and attachment, social communication, perception and understanding of self, and perception and understanding of others. The chapter also discusses available research related to NSSI for the respective units of analysis (genes and molecules, physiology, neurocircuitry, behavior, and self-report), focusing on the effects of social exclusion, rejection sensitivity, and negative social bias. The chapter also includes an overview of overlapping features related to social exclusion and rejection sensitivity between NSSI and borderline personality disorder, a condition characterized by interpersonal difficulties. This chapter provides an account of evidence-based assessment and intervention areas of social processes in NSSI together with recommendations and future directions. The chapter concludes that social processes are relevant to NSSI across the RDoC constructs and units of analyses. Social difficulties, social problem-solving, and experiences and interpretations of social situations need to be included in the conceptualization of how NSSI is developed and maintained and ultimately assessed and treated. In an effort to bring such conceptualization to life, a case example illustrates how an understanding of social processes may guide assessment and treatment of NSSI.
Autonomic Nervous System Function in Nonsuicidal Self-Injury—A Research Domain Criteria Perspective on the Arousal/Regulatory Systems
Authors: Sigrist Christine , Kaess Michael , Koenig Julian
Published: March 2023

This chapter addresses autonomic nervous system (ANS) function in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) from the perspective of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC). Based on the RDoC framework, the ANS, as a major stress-regulatory system in humans, is primarily considered to be implicated in the domain of arousal/regulatory systems, while it shows associations also to other domains. Drawing on recent theoretical models providing a framework for understanding the neurobiology of NSSI, it is suggested that NSSI may result from failures in physiological and socioemotional stress regulation. In the present chapter, after introducing ANS function under the RDoC framework and outlining a potential rationale for an involvement of the ANS in NSSI, central mechanisms and concepts will be presented that help to understand how ANS function in NSSI is typically considered in the context of psychophysiological research studies. Further, an overview of indices that are frequently derived in the lab to quantify ANS function is provided. The chapter then reviews existing research studies where the respective indices have been measured to study the involvement of ANS function in NSSI from different temporal angles (i.e., ANS function under resting state, in response to stress, as well as considering its diurnal rhythmicity). On the basis of the evidence reviewed, the chapter discusses the current state of the research field and concludes with a short summary and outlook highlighting avenues for future NSSI research.
Lived Experience Perspectives on Self-Injury
Authors: Hasking Penelope , Kenny Therese E. , Lewis Stephen P.
Published: March 2023

Although there have been many important gains in our understanding of self-injury over the past couple of decades, the majority of this research has emerged from the perspective of clinicians and researchers, overlooking the important insights provided by individuals who have lived experience of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). To date, research has typically asked participants about their experiences rather than involving them as active participants in the research. While this has yielded a better understanding of NSSI, recovery, disclosure, and stigma, giving individuals with lived NSSI experience a more active role in research may inform what and how we study NSSI and may also benefit participants themselves (e.g., by fostering greater insight or feelings of contribution). There is a moral imperative to involve individuals with lived experience at all stages of research, as well as in clinical care and advocacy settings. In doing so, this chapter acknowledges the ethical challenges that may emerge, primarily protection of vulnerable persons and peoples and inclusion/representation of diverse experiences. These challenges, however, should not be a barrier to centering lived experience perspectives but, rather, should be acknowledged in order to improve the quality of NSSI research, treatment approaches, and advocacy initiatives.
Understanding and Treating Atypical, Severe Nonsuicidal Self-Injury
Authors: Walsh Barent W. , Doerfler Leonard , Van Hove Lisa
Published: March 2023

This chapter focuses on an outlier in the field of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI): atypical, severe NSSI. The definition consists of three types of behavior: (a) NSSI requiring medical attention such as sutures, staples, glue, bandages; (b) NSSI to unusual body areas: face, eyes, breasts, genitals, and anus; and (c) foreign body ingestion. Although at first look, these behaviors may not appear to have a great deal in common, they share several features. This chapter contends that atypical, severe NSSI may be a distinct, clinically important category. A study reviewed in this chapter examined whether atypical, severe NSSI was related to other self-destructive and self-defeating behaviors in a sample of 467 male and female adults living in intensive community-based group homes or supported housing programs. Analysis using general linear models showed that clients with a lifetime history of atypical, severe NSSI had a significantly higher number of risk indicators than clients without a lifetime history of atypical, severe NSSI. More important, clients with a history of atypical, severe NSSI also had significantly more risk indicators than clients with a history of common NSSI only. The study also found that individuals with a history of atypical, severe NSSI demonstrated more severe psychopathology than clients with common NSSI only. Based on these findings, it may be clinically useful to consider individuals with an atypical, severe NSSI history to be a high-risk subgroup. The chapter concludes with a description of the psychological functions of atypical, severe NSSI, treatment recommendations, two client examples, and suggestions for future research.
Rules IN Historical Political Economy
Authors: Wallis John Joseph
Published: March 2023

This chapter develops a better understanding of the different kinds of rules that organizations use to better govern relationships, both within and between organizations (including governments). Creating and enforcing rules are essential functions of government. Understanding what rules are and how they work, therefore, is a critical element in historical political economy. Yet none of the institutional literatures have fully developed ideas about rules. In particular, there is little understanding of how rules that are enforced, but not followed—called here “default rules”—work and how they interact with impersonal rules that treat everyone the same. The concepts are developed, examples are given, and the conclusion discusses the role of rules in the last two centuries of political economy.
Shared Leadership and the Evolution of Festivals
Authors: Caust Josephine , Goodwin Kim
Published: March 2023

Arts leadership can have various meanings and associations, both in the context of arts practice as well as in the challenges of running an arts organization. This chapter focuses on the leadership of arts festivals. The two common models of leadership within arts festivals are individuals and duos (where one member of the duo is the general manager/executive director and the other is the artistic director). When it is an individual leader, the festival’s organization is usually built around their skills and needs. In the duo model, either organizational leadership is shared between the role of executive leader and artistic leader, who both report to the board, or one is given the overall role of organizational leader. Recently, though, in arts festivals this duo model has evolved into more complex collaborative leadership approaches. This chapter explores two such examples: Rising, where three individuals share the CEO role, and Next Wave, which has created an eight-person artistic directorate.
The Death of white Supremacy Culture in the US Creative Sector and Implications for Arts Management
Authors: Floyd Quanice , Cuyler Antonio C.
Published: March 2023

As a response to the 2020 global protests for racial justice, more cultural organizations have posted statements supporting Black lives than ever before. More than a year later, we have observed an unparalleled seriousness in the US creative sector about addressing racial access, diversity, equity, and inclusion (ADEI) issues through an increase in training, the hiring of diversity, equity, and inclusion officers, and the creation of anti-racist strategic plans. Although this momentum is heartening, history has shown that because of how white Americans have socially constructed race, structured it, and systemically built it into society, white supremacy culture will always seek to thwart the search for racial justice by people of the global majority. Thus, this chapter explores two research questions. First, how might critical race theory (CRT) inform and assist the death of white supremacy culture in the US creative sector? Second, what implications might the death of white supremacy culture hold for the future of arts management? As it pursues an anti-racist and liberatory culture, the creative sector must remain hyperfocused on the threat that white supremacy culture poses to progress at this pivotal moment in the movement. The chapter’s discussion of the tenets of CRT, characteristics of white supremacy culture, and case studies aims to aid the creative sector in understanding why it must make an unwavering commitment to addressing racial ADEI now.
An International Perspective on Arts and Cultural Funding
Authors: Lin Yi , Luo Huihui
Published: March 2023

In the market economy environment, the financing mechanism of arts and cultural organizations is usually considered to be the core element in achieving stable, sustainable funding. This chapter proposes that the financing mechanism is a dynamic system consisting of a driving system, an operation system, and the external environment. The funding structure, representing the proportions of income from each main funding source, is at the core of the driving system. In analyzing the motivations, values, and evaluation criteria behind different funding actions, this chapter finds that there are several forces behind the funding structure exerting power on arts organizations. The article also reveals the interactions between market force, academic force, innovation force, reputation force, and institutionalization force and their influence on the financing mechanism of cultural and arts organizations.
Memoir, Autofiction, and the New Indian Humanities
Authors: Srinivasan Ragini Tharoor
Published: March 2023

This chapter pursues two developments in modern Indian Anglophone literature: the institutionalization of creative writing in Indian institutions of higher education and a metacritical turn in literary memoir and autofiction. In the first two decades of the 21st century, Indian universities such as Ashoka and the Manipal Centre for Humanities advanced a formerly “Western” liberal arts tradition by creating new institutional structures for creative writing pedagogy and credentialization. The chapter reads Gayathri Prabhu’s experimental memoir, if I had to tell it again (2017), and Amit Chaudhuri’s autofictional novella, Friend of My Youth (2017), as evidence of a new trend in Indian literary nonfiction writing in English inflected by these institutional changes. It proposes that modern Indian Anglophone memoir and autofiction be read as a future-oriented process of living, as opposed to a means of memorializing the past. The chapter offers a critical complement to sociological scholarship on the itineraries of global-South writers in US creative writing programs by locating in India and Indian institutions a future for the New Indian Humanities.
Italic Pythagoreanism in the Hellenistic Age
Authors: Horky Phillip Sidney
Published: March 2023

This chapter seeks to elucidate the nature of “Italic” philosophy as a correlate to Pythagorean philosophy in the Hellenistic era. It starts from a claim made in Cicero’s On Old Age (77–78), in which Cato the Elder refers to Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans as “practically our own countrymen,” who were once called “Italian philosophers.” It aims to complicate Cato’s claim by evaluating what “Italian” meant in the writings of Cicero and his contemporaries, considering issues of ethnicity, language, geography, and political ideology. It then turns to the surviving evidence of “Italian” philosophy after the second century BCE, in the fragments ascribed to the Lucanians Aesara/Aresas (On the Nature of the Human), Occelus (On Law, On the Nature of the Universe) and Eccelus (On Justice), as well as those of the Oscan/Messapian poet Ennius of Rudiae (Epicharmus). The chapter concludes by considering the dissolution of Pythagorean philosophy in Italy, and its replacement by Epicureanism, in the late second century BCE.
Cicero and the Evolution of Philosophical Dialogue
Authors: Fox Matthew
Published: March 2023

The chapter examines Cicero’s contribution to the genre of philosophical dialogue. It argues that he was the first to use speakers in dialogues as representatives of different philosophical schools; he adds a particular kind of preface in order to situate philosophical conversation within a specific historical and political setting; by these means he emphasizes the practical and contingent aspects of philosophy, sometimes at the expense of the abstract; he uses historical references to highlight the need for philosophy, and to keep readers aware of the artificiality of his textual practice, and the conventional quality of the form itself. Passages from De finibus, including its account of the rape of Lucretia, are examined to show how these different aspects operate.
Plutarch
Authors: Karamanolis George
Published: March 2023

Plutarch sets out to do justice to Plato’s philosophy as a whole, its doctrines as well as its skeptical aspect, but also to defend it from its critics and rivals, Epicureans and Stoics. Plutarch’s Platonic exegesis relies mainly on the Timaeus, which he interprets literally, maintaining that the world has come about from two principles, the demiurge (accounting for order and unity) and the indefinite dyad (accounting for disorder and multiplicity). Plutarch extends principle dualism in psychology and in ethics, maintaining that both the world soul and the human soul have a rational and a nonrational aspect. Plutarch appreciates Plato’s dialectical and aporetic element, and this becomes evident not only in his epistemology but also in that he emulates Plato by writing dialogues and making frequent use of analogies, metaphors and myths. Plutarch anticipates several ideas that we find articulated later in Platonism, especially in Numenius and Plotinus.
Roman Philosophy in Its Political and Historiographical Context
Authors: Malaspina Ermanno , Della Calce Elisa
Published: March 2023

This chapter takes up two topics. On one hand it examines the philosophical background of the historical genre in Rome and focuses on the “past-present” dialectic in the Prefaces of three Roman historians (Sallust, Livy, and Tacitus), examining the nature of their political theory. On the other hand, it deals with what is today called “political philosophy.” It first looks at Roman philosophical contributions to understanding the nature of the res publica and to healing its ills. It then turns to ethical approaches, predicated on the moral qualities of the citizen or ruler, and to the radical criticism of any commitment to public affairs. In all these areas, consideration is given not only to recognized philosophical writers such as Cicero, Lucretius, and Seneca, but also, more broadly, to the philosophical elements recoverable in writers who were not professional philosophers.
Self and World in extremis in Roman Stoicism
Authors: Porter James I.
Published: March 2023

Roman Stoicism is typically read as a therapeutic philosophy that is centered around the care of the self and presented in the form of a self-help manual. Closer examination reveals a less reassuring and more challenging side to the school’s teachings, one that provokes ethical reflection at the limits of the self’s intactness and coherence. The self is less an object of inquiry than the byproduct of a complex set of experiences in the face of nature and society and across any number of flashpoints, from one’s own or others’ beliefs, actions, values, and relationships to the difficulty of sizing up one’s place in the universe. The pressures of natural and ethical reflection put intuitive conceptions of the self at considerable risk. The Roman Stoic self, read in the present case through the example of Seneca, proves to be vulnerable, contingent, unbounded, relational, and opaque—in short, a rich matrix of problems that point beyond the individual self and anticipate contemporary critiques of the self.
Death
Authors: Warren James
Published: March 2023

Roman philosophical authors inherit a set of arguments and claims about death from their Greek predecessors but develop and modify them in important ways. Most obviously, they take on the central disagreement between those who believe that after death the soul remains and those who believe that death is the total annihilation of the person. They also think about the nature and value of death in the context of standing Roman notions of duty, pietas, and courage. Roman writers influenced by Stoicism, often looking back to the examples of Socrates and Cato, make more prominent the theme of philosophically justified suicide.
Christian Ethics
Authors: Davidson Ivor J.
Published: March 2023

The De officiis of Ambrose of Milan (c. 339–397) represents a significant landmark in early Christian ethics for its self-conscious adaptation of Cicero’s De officiis. This chapter considers what Ambrose was seeking to do in evoking Roman moral philosophy, and the relationship between continuity and change in his reconstruction of Ciceronian-Stoic ideals. Ambrose was a natural admirer of Cicero, deeply formed by his legacy. He also aspired to represent Christian virtue as not only matching but exceeding classical standards. In picking up the structure, style, themes, and reasoning of Cicero’s text while suffusing his own approach with biblical and Christian idiom, Ambrose ventured strategic imitation by way of a sustained contrast, seeking to annex but also to replace Ciceronian-Stoic ethics as a practical guide for public figures in a different cultural world. The attempt to supersede was mixed in its results; Roman philosophy inevitably endured in and beyond its creative Christian reception.
Augustine’s Reception of Platonism
Authors: Bouton-Touboulic Anne-Isabelle
Published: March 2023

There is both continuity (from his Earlier Dialogues of 386 to the City of God) and difference in Augustine’s reception of Platonism. For linguistic reasons, his appropriation of Plato was indirect, mainly via Cicero and neo-Platonism. He discovered philosophy by reading Cicero’s Hortensius, and it is worth underscoring that his intellectual adherence to the Christian faith was born from his encounter with neo-Platonism, through the Latin translation of the so-called Libri Platonicorum—books that still give rise to discussion among scholars concerning their nature, authors, and content. Augustine always placed Platonism above any other ancient philosophy, as being closest to Christian doctrine. He saw in Platonism above all the opposition between the intelligible and the sensible, and the affirmation of transcendence. Considering the neo-Platonism of Plotinus and Porphyry, this influence is operative also in his ontology as well as in his description of life and the activities of the soul, in the Confessions and De Trinitate. In these latter works, he offered a new representation of human subjectivity in respect to transcendence. As time passed, he moved toward a more polemical and apologetic approach, as he did in the City of God by his critical reading of Porphyry.
Transmitting Roman Philosophy
Authors: Griffin Quinn
Published: March 2023

This article examines the relationship between Stoicism, Epicureanism, and Christianity in the letters of humanist Laura Cereta (1469–1499). Refusing to limit herself to a single philosophical school in her attempts to define how to live a “good life,” Cereta draws on the works of Seneca, and through him, the sayings of Epicurus. Cereta draws on Stoicism in particular as she considers how to face human mortality. Her discussion of Epicureanism constitutes a defense of the school from charges of hedonism, and draws on the work of contemporaries such as Lorenzo Valla in exploring the concept of voluptas. Ultimately, Cereta defines a path toward happiness that combines elements of both schools, and that is still compatible with Christianity.