bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Practical approaches to increasing access to geography
Authors: SEBBA JUDY , CLARKE JOHN
Published: May 2007

Judy Sebba and John Clarke offer some very sensible advice for those concerned with the teaching of geography. They examine the purposes of teaching geography, particularly in the light of the National Curriculum. They then describe a range of practical activities including an introduction to some of the software packages. They conclude that the concrete approaches described are applicable to all pupils, not merely those with special needs.
Possible gender bias within teachers' perceptions of pupils with special needs
Authors: GREEN LENA
Published: May 2007

Increasingly we are becoming aware of possible gender bias in the classroom but rarely has it been investigated in relation to pupils with special needs. Lena Green's research is therefore welcome and illuminating. She does not set out to look for solutions but rather to try and raise the level of debate. Readers may well wish to respond. Lena's address is: Tarrymans, Beehive Chase, Wyatts Green, Brentwood, Essex CM15 0PD.
The psychological support of children with emotional and behavioural difficulties
Authors: SMITH ALLAN , THOMAS JOHN
Published: May 2007

Allan Smith and John Thomas have undertaken some substantial research into the levels of support given to children with emotional and behavioural difficulties (EBD). They point out the under‐resourcing in the area and the frequently fragile and frustrating relationship between psychologist and teacher. The present situation, they contend, is of ‘ad hoc and piecemeal arrangements’.

Their research would appear to contradict some conventional theories as to how the needs of EBD pupils might be best met, such as through a predominantly educational approach. However, the authors do not argue for wholesale reform, rather for clarity in defining operational principles and in particular for sustained family support.
Education for all: A curriculum design for special needs learners
Authors: BAILEY BARBARA , HALL WINNIFRED
Published: May 2007

It is the practice of this journal to reflect not only national concerns but those of our overseas colleagues. Here Barbara Bailey and Winnifred Hall examine the situation in the West Indies, searching for solutions to their particular circumstances. Their ‘curriculum design proposal’ advocates a large essential learning component, which would run counter to curriculum directions in Britain. Interestingly, though, on the vexed issue of terms, they seem to be abandoning the use of ‘learning disability’ in favour of ‘learner in difficulty’.
Problems with reading
Authors: SMITH COLIN J.
Published: May 2007

This paper was given by Colin Smith at the 1993 Conference of the National Association for Special Educational Needs at Eastbourne. Smith had been invited to review the current position in relation to the teaching of reading. He chose to cover issues arising from the ‘reading debate’, the reading recovery programme and specific learning difficulties (dyslexia). He brings to bear his considerable experience in dealing with reading problems and offers some positive suggestions for developing whole‐school policies.
Special needs or educational apartheid? The emotional and behavioural difficulties of Afro‐Caribbean children
Authors: PEAGAM ERIC
Published: May 2007

Particularly in inner city areas the high proportion of black pupils of Afro‐Caribbean origin referred for some form of special educational treatment is disturbingly high. Eric Peagam traces the reasons for this in prejudice, attitudes and socio‐economic factors. He concludes that while all of these may be contributory factors the gap between parental and school perceptions, the inability to share the same view of events, has rarely been given the attention it deserves. A perceptual mismatch of this nature is capable, possibly, of remediation and should be explored further.
Comprehension monitoring, metacognition and other mysterious processes
Authors: WRAY DAVID
Published: May 2007

David Wray introduces us to the concept of ‘comprehension monitoring’. Basically, this means keeping track of one's own comprehension processes and taking suitable remedial action should they break down. A number of strategies are suggested for facilitating this, including teacher modelling, self‐questioning and interrogation, ‘proleptic’ teaching (the apprenticeship approach) and reciprocal teaching. We are still in the early stages of our understanding of these processes and there is much to learn about responding with appropriate techniques.
Specific learning difficulty (dyslexia) and interventions
Authors: CONNOR MICHAEL
Published: May 2007

Michael Connor reviews the effectiveness of various forms of intervention strategies for children experiencing literacy difficulties. He distinguishes between non‐differentiated pupil groups and teaching strategies advocated for dyslexic pupils. He concludes that in view of the heterogeneity of the presenting problems, as wide a range of approaches as possible should be deployed.
Classroom provision for the able and the exceptionally able
Authors: CALLOW RALPH W.
Published: May 2007

Ralph Callow has worked for many years with exceptionally able pupils. He describes the two recommended approaches for dealing with the challenges posed by such pupils: enrichment and acceleration. He also gives us a fascinating insight into the progress of ‘Simon’, a child of outstanding ability. It is a compliment to the profession that Simon's needs were recognised and to a local authority that quickly set about addressing them.
Listening to the children: Interviews with children attending a mainstream support facility
Authors: TISDALL GERALDINE , DAWSON RON
Published: May 2007

Geraldine Tisdall and Ron Dawson have investigated the attitudes and opinions of twenty‐one students attending a support facility for those with physical disability or hearing impairment in a large comprehensive school. The students obviously welcomed the opportunity to do this and expressed themselves lucidly and forcibly. While some general conclusions can be drawn from this study, the most significant factor that emerges is the unique individuality of the respondents in their own right.
Seats of learning?
Authors: HASTINGS NIGEL
Published: May 2007

The research undertaken by Nigel Hastings at the University of Reading has attracted considerable media attention. Building on previous investigations he demonstrates that the time some pupils spend on tasks rises considerably if they are taught in rows rather than in the normal primary school groups. This is particularly important for pupils with poor attention spans. Hastings is very careful not to discount group work and does not suggest that children should spend all their time in rows. He concludes that seating arrangements are very important and should be related to the particular activity. Inevitably one is drawn to infer that children with special educational needs should spend some of their time being taught in traditional rows, especially when this involves the mastery of basic skills.
How are we doing? Teacher's views on the effectiveness of co‐operative teaching
Authors: ALLAN JULIE
Published: May 2007

Julie Allan examines co‐operative teaching. Her study suggests that while learning support staff tend to provide valuable help to a few pupils in class there is still little involvement in discussions about curriculum or teaching approaches. In spite of this, the help provided was highly regarded by mainstream staff. It would appear co‐operative teaching has taken major steps forward in recent years even if negotiations of a more sophisticated nature have yet to emerge.
Welcoming young children with special needs into mainstream education
Authors: MORTIMER HANNAH
Published: May 2007

Hannah Mortimer has devised a number of strategies for facilitating the induction of young children with special needs into mainstream provision. She takes us through the processes of information gathering, interviewing, initial visits, record keeping and a host of other useful areas. This throws light on a largely neglected area.
Success in the primary classroom: We are all in it together
Authors: WATERS MICK
Published: May 2007

The debate about classroom effectiveness draws together arguments about curriculum approaches and teaching styles. Mick Waters examines some key aspects of classroom success and parallels these with management strategies in the education field. He examines the results of a research project into 15 primary schools in the West Midlands which combined staff development and in‐school support. He concludes that if all who are in positions of influence and authority were to give up only a fraction of their time to actual teaching and classroom involvement, huge benefits would accrue on all sides.
Improving support for children with special needs
Authors: EVANS CATHRYN , DOCKING JIM , EVANS ROY
Published: May 2007

This is an important piece of research arriving at an opportune moment. The Roehampton team have undertaken an in‐depth investigation of placement practices and effects in five local authorities. They arrive at a comprehensive list of recommedations for local education authorities in the light of legislation. The full report should be studied by administrators, school management and governing bodies. Copies of the full report are available at £6.95, including postage, from the Centre for Eudcation Development and Research Office, Roehampton Institute, London. SW15 6PJ.
THE WESTERN CYCLADES and CRETE: A “SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP”
Authors: SCHOFIELD ELIZABETH
Published: May 2007

Summary: This paper examines the idea that in the Later Bronze Age a regular exchange network linked Crete to the Western Cyclades and assured them of preferential treatment. Comparison of the degree of Minoan influence on Keos, Melos and Thera with that on the other Cycladic islands confirms that the former group had a special relationship with Crete; but the evidence is insufficient to prove that they acted as secondary distribution centres for Minoan goods. the substantivist view is that in a non‐monetary economy exchange was effected through reciprocity and redistribution, while early trade was always motivated by imports, not exports. But documentary evidence for the Near East warns against oversimplification. For the Western Aegean, precise data are lacking, but evidence suggests that foreign trade was regulated by official agents; there was also freelance private enterprise. the Western Cyclades derived much of their prosperity from the transit dues.
THE METALLURGY of the WILBURTON HOARDS
Authors: NORTHOVER PETER
Published: May 2007

Summary: The results to date of a programme of research into the metallurgy of the Wilburton hoards of the British Late Bronze Age are described and some interpretations presented. Possible origins for the metal are discussed. the associated technical advances are discussed and an attempt is made to provide a realistic metallurgical context for the hoards.

I would like to thank the British Museum, London; the National Museum of Wales, Cardiff; Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography; Museum of London; Winchester City Museums; Somerset County Museum, Taunton; Dorset County Museum, Dorchester; Exeter City Museums; Plymouth City Museums; Royal Institution of Cornwall, Truro; Musée des Antiquités Nationales, St.‐Germain‐en‐Laye and Museum für Vor‐ und Frühgeschichte, West Berlin for permission to take samples for analysis.

A special acknowledgement must be made to Miss E. Owles and the Moyses Hall Museum, Bury St. Edmunds for immense assistance given in the study of the Isleham hoard.

I would also like to thank Mr. D. Britton, Mr. R. Bradley and Mr. S. Needham for several useful discussions, Mr. A. McKnight for photography and Dr. M. Leese, British Museum Research Laboratory, for statistical calculations. Mr. A. McKnight for photography, Dr. M. Leese, British Museum Research Laboratory, for statistical calculations and Dr. N. H. Gale, Department of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Oxford for lead isotope analyses.
NORTH AND SOUTH AT THE END OF THE MYCENAEAN AGE: ASPECTS OF AN OLD PROBLEM
Authors: SANDARS NANCY
Published: May 2007

Summary. The end of the Mycenaean age calls for an explanation outside the immediate Aegean area. The evidence is more likely to come from changes in habit than in the importation of objects of bronze or pottery. In order to understand events it is necessary to look beyond Greek frontiers to the Danube and Balkans. Among important changes are those in fighting tactics with a return to the sword in the Aegean and new workshop practice in Europe with more bronze forging against casting. Evidence for actual arrival of people is never likely to be conclusive; various alternatives are considered.
GONE, BUT STILL RESPECTED: SOME EVIDENCE FOR IRON AGE HOUSE PLATFORMS IN LOWLAND ENGLAND
Authors: PRYOR FRANCIS
Published: May 2007

Summary. This paper considers the apparent absence of house or settlement platforms in Iron Age lowland England. It demands that lowland sites be interpreted using criteria derived from suitable (lowland) contexts. The dangers of using upland‐derived explanatory models are illustrated with selected examples. The Cat's Water subsite, Fengate, Peterborough provides examples of probable house‐platforms, protected from plough‐damage by alluvium; these, in turn, are used to provide criteria to recognise similar features on poorly preserved sites. Comparisons are drawn with recently excavated sites in the Netherlands. The paper concludes with some general observations on the nature of once‐wet sites and the dangers inherent in their interpretation.
FORTY FRENCH TOWNS: AN ESSAY ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE EVALUATION AND HISTORICAL AIMS
Authors: CARVER M. O. H.
Published: May 2007

Summary. A preliminary review of forty French towns suggests that the survival of archaeological evidence in urban sites is due to a combination of physical factors, many of which can be known before an excavation campaign begins. The distribution of surviving archaeological strata proves to be uneven, both in time and space; neither is it generally coincident with the riches of the written record. A new approach to national research‐policies is offered, where archaeological site‐evaluation plays a major role and the bias inherent in the differential survival of archaeological and documentary data is explicitly stated. Some compensation for the inadequate record left to us may be achieved by redefining the range of objectives accessible to archaeological investigation in towns.
PRELIMINARY FINDINGS AT THE ‘ORGAN’SANCTUARY IN THE CAVE OF NERJA, MALAGA, SPAIN
Authors: DAMS LYA
Published: May 2007

Summary. This paper covers two aspects of an unusual Palaeolithic sanctuary located in a small recess in the cave of Nerja. The first shows the way in which the artist or artists took advantage of a spectacular group of tilted and tightly packed folds in painting their sides, hollows and edges. The second stresses the musical effect obtained when striking the edges with a wooden stick, in the manner of a percussion or lithophone. Some edges have been broken at various heights of old and their worn appearance testifies to their repeated use. We believe the sound effect to have been part of some kind of ritual taking place deep inside the cave, which may have been associated with the painted signs and symbols.
THE HOMERIC TOPOGRAPHY OF THE TROJAN PLAIN RECONSIDERED
Authors: LUCE J. V.
Published: May 2007

Summary. Homeric passages bearing on the location of the Achaean camp at Troy are re‐examined in the light of new scientific data on the time‐scale for the alluviation of the Trojan plain. The new data confirm the accuracy of Strabo's account of the plain, and in particular of the shore‐line having come close to the Hisarlik site (Novum Ilium) in Hellenistic times. In the era of Troy VI/VII, c. 3,250 years BP, the shore‐line appears to have run west by south of the site, and a broad marine embayment lay between the city and the Sigeum ridge. It is therefore no longer possible to accept the received view (deriving from Schliemann and Leaf) that the Achaean camp was sited on the present shore‐line by the Hellespont. A new site is proposed for the camp on the lower slopes of the Sigeum ridge about four miles west of Hisarlik. It is argued that the indications in the Iliad are not inconsistent with such a siting, and in fact suit it better than the received view. This is shown with regard to the course of the Scamander, evidently pictured by Homer as running between camp and city, and also with respect to the general axis of the fighting on the plain, which is indicated to lie in an east‐west rather than a north‐south direction. The Besika Bay site, first proposed in 1912, is rejected as inconsistent with the Homeric data and unsatisfactory in itself.
DO NOT DISTURB? ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE RIGHTS OF THE DEAD
Authors: BAHN PAUL G.
Published: May 2007

Summary. The legality of the archaeological investigation of ancient burials is currently receiving much attention in many parts of the world, and some areas it has become a politically sensitive issue; but the ethics involved in any archaeological disturbance of the dead rarely attract much discussion. This paper attempts to open the debate as to whether science can justifiably override the wishes of the dead; but it finds that there are no simple conclusions to be drawn. The advice of clergy or of moral philosophers will be needed in order to find some answers. “If I should die, think only this of me that I am an extended inhumation with grave‐goods of phase B”. (Anon.; traditional archaeological joke). “Good frend for Iesus sake forbeare To digg the dust enclosed here Blest be ye man yt spares thes stones And curst be he yt moves my bones”. (Inscription on Shakespeare's tomb, Stratford‐upon‐Avon).
FLINT‐WORKING IN THE METAL AGE
Authors: FORD STEPHEN , BRADLEY RICHARD , HAWKES JOHN , FISHER PETER
Published: May 2007

Summary. This paper considers the relationship between flint technology and the development of metalworking in Britain. The gradual adoption of metals is reflected by changes in the range of flint flakes being produced, the efficiency with which the raw material was worked and the number of implement types that continued to be made of stone. The main types to remain in use were those for which flint was a more suitable material than bronze. The intensity of flint‐working as a whole may be one clue to the accessibility of metal in different areas.
NEOLITHIC AND BRONZE AGE SETTLEMENT ON THE BURIED FLOODPLAINS OF RUNNYMEDE
Authors: NEEDHAM S. P.
Published: May 2007

In reviewing the evidence from excavations at Runnymede Bridge this paper illustrates the potential of floodplains as archaeological resourceS. The topographic development of the local floodplain is outlined in relation to Flandrian sea level changes in the Thames estuary. Consideration is given to the role of the Middle Neolithic and Late Bronze Age occupations and the influence of physiographical and hydrological factors.
A MULTIVARIATE METRICAL STUDY OF CERAMICS MADE BY THREE POTTERS
Authors: IMPEY O. R. , POLLARD M.
Published: May 2007

The probability that similarly shaped ceramics by different potters will show individual characteristics is tested on control samples by multivariate metrical analysis and demonstrated. The method of analysis could profitably be applied to kiln‐site material of any culture where it might give some estimate of the size of the workshop involved, or to large samples of any “identical’ hand‐made ceramicS.
A BRONZE AGE BEACH‐CAPSTAN?
Authors: WRIGHT E.V.
Published: May 2007

Summary. The interpretation of a timber found by the writer and his brother in 1939 at the North Ferriby boat‐site as part of an apparatus for hauling boats has stood for nearly forty years. Recent study of ethnographic parallels has suggested a significant modification of the reconstruction proposed in 1947. The revised hypothesis is examined and compared with recent beach‐capstans from Northern Europe. While the attribution to the Bronze Age cannot now be proved, the assumption is made that the object is part of a single assemblage of discarded debris around the three major fragments of plankbuilt boats reliably dated to c 1500 BC.
POWER AND INFLUENCE IN THE LATE STONE AGE. A DISCUSSION OF THE INTERPRETATION OF THE FLINT DAGGER MATERIAL
Authors: LINDMAN GUNDELA
Published: May 2007

Summary. In this study, the flint daggers in three areas on the Swedish West Coast are used to show the connection between powerful and influential groups and warlike activities. The variations within the flint dagger material are interpreted in terms of social status and the current flint dagger typology is rejected.
EARLY ANGLO‐SAXON POTTERY OF THE ‘ILLINGTON‐LACKFORD’ TYPE1
Authors: ARNOLD C.J.
Published: May 2007

Summary. Early Anglo‐Saxon pottery of sixth‐century date of a distinctive type has been described as the Illington‐Lackford type, named after two cemeteries in which large quantities have been recovered in Norfolk and Suffolk respectively. As well as their use as cremation urns, large, but fragmentary, quantities have also also been recovered from the excavated settlement at West Stow. Analytical techniques are applied, especially to the stamped decoration, in an attempt to define more closely the mode and pattern of production.
AN EXAMPLE OF THE PROCESS OF ACCULTURATION IN THE EARLY ROMAN FRONTIER
Authors: OKUN MARCIA L.
Published: May 2007

Summary. This paper looks at how the process of acculturation can be detected in the archaeological record. It considers the specific case of acculturation in the Upper Rhine during the early Roman period and attempts to demonstrate how archaeological material can be used to evaluate social changes. Various aspects of the pottery assemblage, which relate to different aspects of pottery production and use, are considered such as production technology, style, and form. Many of the changes result from cultural changes which occurred as a result of interaction between the Roman and local peoples. Other works concerning acculturation are reviewed to determine what types of factors are involved in the process. These factors are considered, in relation to the Upper Rhine, in a discussion of the changes in the pottery and how they relate to social changes. Various explanatory models are proposed.
PREHISTORIC RESIDENTS IN MARGINAL AREAS — AN EXAMPLE FROM WEST SWEDEN
Authors: LINDMAN GUNDELA
Published: May 2007

Summary. The purpose of this article is to give an idea of the settlement history of a marginal area of the Swedish West coast. The presence of Stone Age man is evidenced by a great number of hitherto unknown, very small quartz quarries throughout the area. The Bronze and Iron Age settlements are evidenced by the ancient grave monuments. As the location at different altitudes of these graves cannot be explained by a lowering sea level, another explanation has to be sought. The area seems to have developed away from contact with the coastal zones and there is no evidence of settlement expansion.
THE SHIPMENT OF TRADED GOODS AND OF BALLAST IN ANTIQUITY
Authors: McGRAIL SEAN
Published: May 2007

Summary. A ship's Master has to ensure that goods are loaded in such a combination, and stowed in such a manner, that his ship has a safe freeboard and adequate stability. In antiquity these considerations would have been evaluated from experience and by inherited rules of thumb, whereas today stowage factors are used. Greek decorated pottery, with a relatively high stowage factor, is most unlikely to have been used as ballast in the ancient Mediterranean, but small consignments may have been used as ‘space‐fillers’.
A PRE‐ENCLOSURE BURIAL AT WINDMILL HILL, WILTSHIRE
Authors: WHITTLE ALASDAIR
Published: May 2007

Summary. A pre‐enclosure burial of the Early Neolithic phase at Windmill Hill is described and its significance assessed.
FROM THE END OF ROMAN BRITAIN TO THE’‘CELTIC WEST'
Authors: EVANS JEREMY
Published: May 2007

Summary. This paper suggests that the end of Roman Britain would have been an event noticeable, even to the peasant labouring in his fields, by a sudden collapse in the trading economy. It suggests that this was, perhaps, triggered by a ‘tax revolt’amongst the élite. It then seeks to trace possible lines of continuity and transformations in various key features of Romano‐British life in the fifth to seventh centuries. Many of the transformations are seen as resulting from the loss of traded goods by the élite with which to impress clients.
PORTCHESTER REVISITED
Authors: REECE RICHARD
Published: May 2007

Summary. Since the publication of the original report on the coins from Portchester there has been criticism of the interpretation given. The original ideas are reviewed, and, with the help of the criticisms, a new method of presentation of the material is given which strongly reinforces the original interpretations and suggests several new details. A short discussion is given on the ways by which the method might be made more generally applicable and refined to shorter chronological periods.
PYLOS: REFLECTIONS ON THE DATE OF ITS DESTRUCTION AND ON ITS IRON AGE REOCCUPATION
Authors: POPHAM MERVYN
Published: May 2007

Summary. The opinions of Blegen on the date of the destruction of the ‘Palace of Nestor’ at Epano Englianos and on the slightness of Iron Age occupation on the site are questioned. It is suggested that the palace may have been destroyed very early in Late Helladic IIIB if some vases of IIIC or early Iron Age were mistakenly ascribed to the destruction instead of to subsequent occupation of the site which, in Geometric times at least, appears to have been considerably greater than Blegen admitted.
A SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF MEDIEVAL TILES FROM BORDESLEY ABBEY, NEAR REDDITCH (HEREFORD AND WORCESTER)
Authors: STOPFORD J. , HUGHES M.J. , LEESE M.N.
Published: May 2007

Summary. Archaeological work, based on the external characteristics of decorated floor tiles from the Cistercian monastery of Bordesley, has identified and characterised a series of industries supplying that site from the earlier 13th century through to dissolution in 1538. In this paper we extend these interpretations by means of neutron activation analysis (NAA) data on the body compositions of the tiles, and compare these results with manually recorded descriptions.
The role of relative function ceramic typologies in Bronze Age settlement analysis
Authors: TENWOLDE C.
Published: May 2007

Summary: Given the importance of the site of Myrtos to the definition of village living patterns in the Early Minoan period, and the current state of disagreement as to the nature of the social system actually in place at Myrtos, a new investigation into the matter is warranted. In order to carry out that investigation, the possibility of constructing and utilizing a typology of relative function from the available ceramics is examined, and the results applied to an analysis of the living pattern at the site, along with a review of prior attempts at artifact‐distribution and architectural‐design analysis. It is suggested that the social pattern and population level at Myrtos during the EM II period was closer to Warren's original communal model than more recent theories of independent nuclear families, as there is clear evidence for an intra‐site communal storage and distribution pattern.
A RE‐EVALUATION of the RED and BLACK BOWL FROM PARKER'S EXCAVATIONS IN JERUSALEM
Authors: MAEIR A.M. , YELLIN J. , GOREN Y.
Published: May 2007

Summary: An unusual red and black bowl was found in Parker's excavations in Jerusalem at the beginning of the century. There has been no agreement as to the provenience of the bowl, the most common opinion being that it was a Cypriot import dating to Middle Bronze I age. an Archaeological re‐appraisal and Archaeometric examinations of the bowl and selected additional pottery from the same excavation revealed that the bowl is clearly of local manufacture and has no pertinence to the foreign relations of the Land of Israel during the Middle Bronze I age.
PITS, PRECONCEPTIONS and PROPITIATION IN the BRITISH IRON AGE
Authors: CUNLIFFE BARRY
Published: May 2007

Summary: Large pits have long been known to be a characteristic of the British Iron Age. Originally they were thought to be habitations but since the 1930s they have been assumed to have served as grain silos. This paper reviews our changing conceptions and then considers a range of new data for special burials within the pits. A model is developed which sees the storage of seed grain in pits as a deliberate act designed to place the grain in the protection of the chthonic deities. the chronological and spatial implications of pit storage in Britain are briefly considered.
JADE and GREENSTONE IN the PREHISTORY of SICILY and SOUTHERN ITALY
Authors: LEIGHTON ROBERT , DIXON JOHN E.
Published: May 2007

Summary: The authors consider the specific nature and possible provenance of the various rock types commonly described as ‘jades’or ‘greenstones’from which some of the prehistoric axes and adzes in southern Italy and Sicily were made. Despite the presence of jadeite‐rich pyroxenes in Calabrian metamorphic rocks, a non‐local origin, probably in the north Italian or Alpine zone, seems more likely for ‘jadeite’implements in the south. By contrast, nephrite and serpentinite artifacts probably derive from sources in southern Basilicata, Calabria, and possibly northeastern Sicily, where alluvial deposits or natural outcrops could have been exploited. Certain aspects of procurement and techniques of manufacture are comparable with others recorded ethnographically. Evidence emerges for long‐distance as well as local and interregional exchange.
EUROPEAN PALAEOLITHIC ART ‐ TYPICAL OR EXCEPTIONAL?
Authors: BEDNARIK ROBERT G.
Published: May 2007

Summary: The recent discovery of the first Palaeolithic art object from China is discussed in the context of relevant Chinese and other Asian evidence, and considered within the framework of current models of very early art evolution as they pertain to Eurasia. It appears that these are biased in favour of selective evidence from western Europe, by ignoring that in most regions where Pleistocene art exists it is largely, if not entirely, non‐figurative. It is also argued that any present distributional, statistical and compositional characteristics of the surviving evidence must not be considered to have cultural significance, unless there is clear evidence to that effect.
THE MESOLITHIC of the CHANNEL ISLANDS: ECONOMY and SETTLEMENT IN A CHANGING LANDSCAPE
Authors: PATTON MARK
Published: May 2007

Summary: Results of recent surveys, combined with a re‐evaluation of lithic assemblages from earlier surface collections, suggest the existence of several Mesolithic sites in the Channel Islands. the lithic assemblages from these sites find parallels on the mainland of North‐Western France, suggesting that most of the Channel Island sites date to the ‘Middle Stage’Mesolithic (c 8500‐10,000 BP). the evidence for Mesolithic activity in the island is discussed in the context of the evidence for changing sea‐levels and environmental conditions. It is argued that sites were preferentially located at the junction of several ecozones and that, for a short period of time during the 8th & 9th Millennia BP, sea‐levels and environmental conditions in the area were particularly favourable for the exploitation of a broad range of resources.
CELTIC SHRINES IN CENTRAL EUROPE: A SCEPTICAL APPROACH
Authors: VENCLOVÁ NATALIE
Published: May 2007

Summary: This paper deals with the archaeological manifestations of religious activities of the Central European Celts. Until recently, the rectangular enclosures in Central Europe (‘Viereckschanzen’) were considered solely as sanctuaries, though present evidence allows other interpretations of the function of these sites as well. the criteria for recognizing the wooden structures situated inside the enclosed areas as shrines are far from being unambiguous and in some cases a profane, i.e. non‐religious purpose may be presumed. the questions put forward here were prompted by the find of an unusual structure in the enclosure of MšeckéŽehrovice in Bohemia.
MIXED MARRIAGES AT the FRONTIERS of the EARLY GREEK WORLD
Authors: COLDSTREAM J. N.
Published: May 2007

Summary: Impressed by the prevalence of Italic dress ornaments in the earliest colonial graves of Pithekoussai, G. Buchner reasonably argued for widespread intermarriage between the first Euboean colonists and women from Italy. the paper pursues the implications of this hypothesis, and envisages how mixed marriages could well have resulted from Euboean precolonial contacts, notably with southern Etruria. the bilingual offspring of such marriages would have played a leading role in the spread of alphabetic literacy, and in the sharing of other ideas between the first Western Greeks and the Italic mainland.

At other frontiers of the early Greek world, parallel cases of widespread intermarriage are considered, leading to similar results: early Ionians in Caria, and Levantine master craftsmen settling among Cretans. Finally, returning to the West, I offer some fresh thoughts on the Aristonothos krater, seen in the context of several generations of intermarriage between Euboeans and Etruscans.

The text has been read by Dr T.J. Cornell, Dr Lin Foxhall, Dr G.L. Huxley and Mr D. Ridgway. I am most grateful to all four for their constructive comments, and also to those who contributed to the discussion after the paper at Oxford.
A CARIAN WILD GOAT WORKSHOP
Authors: COOK R.M.
Published: May 2007

Summary: A number of Carian pots from the neighbourhood of Mylasa are attributed to one painter and his workshop. Their decoration is in a Wild Goat style and, presumably later, a Fikellura style. Their date therefore can hardly be earlier than the second quarter of the sixth century. Miletus was the leading producer of Wild Goat pottery in the seventh century and of Fikellura from the mid sixth, and it was the nearest important Greek city to Mylasa. Since the painter's predecessors and he himself in his Fikellura work used Milesian models, it is likely that he had Milesian models too for his Wild Goat style (which is not North Ionian). This implies that a Middle Wild Goat style survived at Miletus into the second quarter of the sixth century, when it was succeeded by Fikellura.
RETHINKING the GREAT REBUILDING
Authors: JOHNSON MATTHEW H.
Published: May 2007

Summary: This paper traces the history of the debate over the ‘Great Rebuilding’of rural England, argued by W. G. Hoskins to date between 1570 and 1640. It examines Hoskins’original thesis and subsequent revisions by R. Machin and C. Currie from both an empirical and an historiographical point of view. It is argued that the rise and fall of the ‘Great Rebuilding’thesis was partly due to wider intellectual currents in the study of early modern history and vernacular architectural studies. In conclusion, an alternative approach is sketched to rethinking the Great Rebuilding in cultural rather than economic terms.
THE GRAND MENHIR BRISÉ: ITS FALL and FRACTURE
Authors: HILL ROBERT
Published: May 2007

The stability of the Grand Menhir against high velocity winds, and its fall and subsequent breakage are analyzed dynamically. It is concluded that the present locations of the fragments indicate strongly that the menhir was indeed erected and that it broke on impacting with the ground. the Grand Menhir Brisé represents a unique example of breakage in which dynamical principles of solid mechanics have been found scientifically appropriate.
THE EARLY CHRONOLOGY of ALET, and ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR HENGISTBURY HEAD and CROSS‐CHANNEL TRADE IN the LATE IRON AGE
Authors: de JERSEY PHILIP
Published: May 2007

The port of Alet (Saint‐Malo) plays a key role in models of cross‐Channel trade prior to the conquest of Gaul. It is argued here that the bulk of the archaeological evidence from this site may however be more correctly assigned to the decades following the Gallic War, and consequently it is necessary to reassess the nature of the connection between Alet and Hengistbury Head in the first half of the first century BC. the evidence of amphorae and recent work on Armorican pottery, combined with a consideration of the problems of navigation in this region, indicates that a coastal route was preferred to a cross‐peninsular journey via Alet; it is suggested that Guernsey may have been an important point on this route, and that Alet and the gulf of Saint‐Malo were usually avoided. the evidence presented seems to support Caesar's comment that the Veneti controlled cross‐Channel trade at this period.
THE LATEGLACIAL FAUNA FROM THE ROBIN HOOD CAVE, CRESWELL CRAGS: A RE‐ASSESSMENT
Authors: CHARLES R. , JACOBI R.M. , Cook J. , Beasley M.J.
Published: May 2007

Summary. Re‐study of the fauna recovered in 1969 during excavations by John Campbell in front of the West Entrance to Robin Hood Cave, Creswell Crags, Derbyshire, England, shows it to include components of different ages. Arctic hare is the only species certainly exploited by humans and it is suggested that the position and character of cut‐marks preserved on bone surfaces documents the processing and possible consumption of uncooked meat. It has not been possible to identify the time(s) of year when these hares died. Radiocarbon results for cut‐marked bones are important for dating the Creswellian.
THE CIRCULAR MATRIX FROM THE ROBINSON COLLECTION
Authors: TREISTER MICHAIL JU.
Published: May 2007

Summary. The bronze matrix, now in the collection of the Fogg Art Museum, is said to have been found in southern Thessaly close to Larissa Kremaste. As comparanda for the Scylla on the matrix the silver gilt plaque from the third century BC necropolis of Dyrrhachion in Illyria is discussed, as well as the matrix in the Antikensammlungen of Berlin and silver plaques decorating a belt from a late‐fourth‐century BC grave at Laos, Lucania. Discussing the Thetis emblem on the other side of the matrix the author analyses the motive in Classical art of the fifth/fourth century BC, paying special attention to the stamped fourth‐century BC gold and silver plaques with similar design coming from the Cimmerian Bosporus, Thessaly and Macedonia. Conclusions are drawn about the authenticity of the matrix in the Fogg Art Museum, and the close interconnections between toreutic centres in the late fourth century BC.
LATER ROMAN COLCHESTER
Authors: FAULKNER NEIL
Published: May 2007

Summary. This paper challenges the current consensual view that classical urbanism continued in Britain to the end of the Roman period. It offers a quantitative analysis of structures, deposits and artefacts at Roman Colchester, and discusses a number of interpretative problems arising from this material. It is argued on the basis of this evidence that a profound change occurred in the character of the town between c. 250 and c. 325, and that this constituted the end of classical urbanism on the site and the emergence of a distinctively late Roman urban settlement – a ‘post‐classical’ town. A description of the principal characteristics of fourth century Colchester as known from archaeology is offered, and an attempt is made to put this in the context of the third century crisis and the late Roman revolution.
COMMENTS ON A POPULAR MODEL OF MINOAN RELIGION
Authors: DICKINSON O.T.P.K.
Published: May 2007

Summary. The theory that worship of a great goddess dominated Minoan religion to such an extent that it can be described in almost monotheistic terms remains commonplace in accounts of Minoan civilization. The intellectual bases of this theory are questioned, and alternative approaches are suggested.
THE SILVER PHIALE MESOMPHALOS FROM THE KUBAN (NORTHERN CAUCASUS)
Authors: TSETSKHLADZE GOCHA R.
Published: May 2007

Summary.For almost a hundred years the find of the silver phiale mesomphalos in a burial‐mound in the Kuban has attracted the attention of scholars, but has never been the subject of a special study. The phiale was made and inscribed in the last quarter of the fifth century BC. The cup belonged to the temple of Apollo in Phasis, in Colchis, and it was seized in the first century BC and taken to the Northern Caucasus after the temple had been plundered. It was probably made by a local craftsman in Phasis and its decoration reflects both Greek traditions connected with the cult of Apollo and also local, Colchian ones.
ROME AND THE EAST. PRODUCTION OF ROMAN PROVINCIAL SILVER COINAGE FOR CAESAREA IN CAPPADOCIA UNDER VESPASIAN, AD 69–79
Authors: BUTCHER K. , PONTING M.
Published: May 2007

During the first three centuries AD several eastern provinces of the Roman empire produced silver coinages of specifically local denominations and types. It has been claimed that at certain periods the mint of Rome was employed to strike some of these coinages, rather than the provincial mints to which the coins are traditionally attributed. This claim is based mainly on stylistic observations, but because style is regarded as subjective, some other form of evidence to support these observations is desirable. In this paper three types of coin are submitted to metallurgical analysis: silver denarii struck at Rome; Roman‐style provincial silver coinage; and ‘local’style provincial silver coinage. The aim is to discover whether the Rome‐style and ‘local’style coins have different trace element profiles, and whether these might indicate different ore sources or refining techniques. The results are then compared with Roman denarii to see whether there are any similarities between the denarii and the Rome‐style provincial silver coins.
DEATH, DECAY, AND RITUAL RECONSTRUCTION: ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF CADAVERIC SPASM
Authors: KNÜSEL CHRISTOPHER J. , JANAWAY ROBERT C. , KING SARAH E.
Published: May 2007

Summary. Archaeologists often joke that patterning which cannot be explained in socio‐economic terms is likely to be of ritual significance. This view has contributed to both reticence about and a rather impressionistic approach to potential ritual patterning in the archaeological record. The application of interpretations derived from the forensic sciences to such contexts may help to exclude natural or taphonomic processes that can mimic these patterns and elucidate aspects of ritual behaviour. In this contribution, we review some recent advances made in the application of such understanding to human remains and provide two examples of another — cadaveric spasm — a condition that has, at times, been interpreted as relating to ‘live’ burial. From these examples, it is clear that the relationship between well‐analysed human remains and their context is the key to differentiating natural from ritual processes associated with interment.
FOURTH MILLENNIUM BC SILVER FROM TELL ESH‐SHUNA, JORDAN: ARCHAEOMETALLURGICAL INVESTIGATION AND SOME THOUGHTS ON CERAMIC SKEUOMORPHS
Authors: PHILIP GRAHAM , REHREN THILO
Published: May 2007

Summary. Analytical and contextual details are given for a piece of silver sheet recovered by dry‐sieving from a fourth millennium B.C. deposit at Tell esh‐Shuna in the north Jordan Valley. Analysis proved that the fragment was composed of a silver‐gold‐copper alloy. The possible origin of such aurian silver artefacts is considered in the light of current geological evidence, and alternative mechanisms for their appearance reviewed, taking into consideration recent data pertaining to the use of ‘non‐utilitarian’ metals in the southern Levant during the fifth and fourth millennia B.C. Reasons are given for believing that silver artefacts are under‐represented in the archaeological record, and the imitation of silver vessels is suggested as a possible explanation for the appearance in Palestine of the distinctive Grey Burnished ceramics at the beginning of the Early Bronze Age.
REVIEWING THE BRITISH LATE UPPER PALAEOLITHIC: NEW EVIDENCE FOR CHRONOLOGICAL PATTERNING IN THE LATEGLACIAL RECORD
Authors: BARTON R.N.E. , ROBERTS A. J.
Published: May 2007

Summary. Variation in Lateglacial lithic assemblages has led some researchers to sub‐divide the British Later Upper Palaeolithic into two or more typologically distinct phases (Campbell 1977; Jacobi 1988). Until now, however, the chronological relationships between the different phases have been difficult to demonstrate. In this paper we present new dating evidence for two distinct blade technologies of Lateglacial type found in southwest Britain. The first corresponds to the ‘Creswellian’(as defined by Jacobi 1991; Jacobi and Roberts 1992), and is dated to the earlier part of the Lateglacial Interstadial (c. 13–12,000 years BP); the second technology compares with European Federmessergruppen assemblages (literally, ‘penknife group’ industries, as described in Schwabedissen 1954) of the ‘forested’ phase of the Interstadial (c. 12–11,000 years BP). In addition to presenting the new dates, this paper explores the implications of treating the technologies as separate entities and puts forward preliminary ideas on differences in raw material use and other human subsistence behaviour.
Design Employment Trends
Authors: RYLAND JANET
Published: May 2007

During 1991 BTEC (the Business & Technology Education Council) researched into how far design programmes in colleges in North East and North West England were meeting employer needs. The research involved gathering information from colleges in the regions, and from employers. A selected sample of employers were consulted and their perceptions of design education and training matched against the range of provision available. At the same time employers were asked to comment on how they used design within their organisations and from where they recruited designers. Set against a background of economic recession, the research gave rise to some interesting findings. In particular, it highlighted the move toward more broad‐based and multi‐disciplinary provision in some colleges as a response to employer demand for designers who were flexible and adaptable. Transferability was seen as important by both colleges and employers for fighting recession. Design courses that had originally been set up to answer specific industry needs were now having to adopt a wider remit to place students in employment.
The Arts and People in Institutions
Authors: PEAKER ANNE
Published: May 2007

The paper explores an important area of arts activity which falls between concepts of education and therapy. It examines the consequence of the increasing professionalisation of the arts in institutions which took place between 1950 and 1980, showing how it led to all arts activities in institutional settings being classified as therapy, training or rehabilitation.

It charts the changes in attitude which have taken place over the past fifteen years and demonstrates that whilst freedom to become involved in creative activity should be seen as a basic human right, such engagement may, as a by‐product, offer benefits of a therapeutic, educational, social, recreational and commercial nature. Important and innovatory work is being carried out by artists working on creative projects with people in institutions and effective techniques are being developed by them in order to draw adults, with no previous experience of this kind of activity, into arts education.
Feminist Issues in Built Environment Education
Authors: AVERY HINDA
Published: May 2007

In this paper I argue for a feminist perspective as a basis on which to restructure built environment education. The paper is divided into two parts: first I will present certain issues in the literature on women and urban structure as a rationale for including women's issues in built environment education, and second, I will argue the problem ‐ that built environment education lacks gender equitable curriculum.