bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teachers’ views on the acceptability and implementation of the Incredible Years® Teacher Classroom Management programme in English (UK) primary schools from the STARS trial
Authors: Allen Kate , Hansford Lorraine , Hayes Rachel , Longdon Bryony , Allwood Matthew , Price Anna , Byford Sarah , Norwich Brahm , Ford Tamsin
Published: March 2022

Background

The Incredible Years® (IY) Teacher Classroom Management (TCM) programme may reduce disruptive behaviour in the classroom and improve child and teacher mental health; however, few studies have considered how acceptable TCM is to teachers or what facilitators and barriers there are to its implementation.

Aims

In this paper we examine the acceptability of the full 6‐day TCM programme and teachers’ perceived barriers and facilitators to implementation in the English (UK) primary school context.

Sample

Forty‐four English (UK) primary school teachers who attended the TCM programme as part of the STARS trial.

Methods

We completed focus groups and telephone interviews with participating teachers 2 months after they completed the TCM programme. Thematic analysis was used to examine the data, and a framework approach was applied to organize and summarize themes.

Results

Teachers liked the structure of the course, the peer group learning environment, delivery methods, and the opportunity to reflect outside the classroom on their practice. They reported that the video clips used lacked cultural relevance and highlighted the importance of group leadership style. Perceived facilitators to implementation included an understanding of the theory underpinning TCM and adaptability of the TCM strategies. Barriers included perceived gaps in the course content in relation to challenging behaviour, applying strategies with older children and the school context within which teachers were working.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest high levels of acceptability to TCM overall, but also highlight the need for a whole school approach to combat potential barriers to implementation.
A compliment’s cost: How positive responses to non‐traditional choices may paradoxically reinforce traditional gender norms
Authors: Meeussen Loes , Koudenburg Namkje
Published: March 2022

In times of societal change, like changes in gender roles, one may compliment men deciding to spend more time on childcare, or women pursuing a job higher up, to support their pioneering behaviour. However, we predict that while compliments may communicate appreciation of someone's behaviour, they simultaneously communicate that a norm has been breached, and thus that the behaviour is not considered ‘normal’. In four studies (total N = 821), we show that men receive more compliments for reducing work hours for childcare than women (Study 1). Moreover, compliments (compared to neutral responses) signal more descriptive norm deviance, and this has downstream consequences for perceptions of the target's gender belonging and decision doubt and for perceived societal norms (Studies 2–4). Together, these findings contribute to our understanding of normative communication patterns as well as potential paradoxical reinforcement of gender norms through compliments.
Effects of cognitive reserve proxies on cognitive function and frontoparietal control network in subjects with white matter hyperintensities: A cross‐sectional functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Ye Qing , Zhu Huahong , Chen Huiping , Liu Renyuan , Huang Lili , Chen Haifeng , Cheng Yue , Qin Ruomeng , Shao Pengfei , Xu Hengheng , Ma Junyi , Xu Yun
Published: March 2022

Aims

This study aimed to analyze the potential association between cognition reserve (CR) components, including education, working activity, and leisure time activity, and cognitive function in subjects with white matter hyperintensities (WMH). The study also explored the role of the frontoparietal control network (FPCN) in such association.

Methods

White matter hyperintensities subjects with and without cognitive impairment (CI) were evaluated with multimodal magnetic resonance imaging, neuropsychological testing, and CR survey. FPCN patterns were assessed with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex seed‐based functional connectivity analysis.

Results

Education was positively associated with cognitive function in WMH subjects with or without CI, whereas working activity and leisure time activity were positively associated with cognitive function only in those without CI. Similarly, education was associated with bilateral FPCN in both WMH groups, whereas working activity and leisure time activity were associated with bilateral FPCN mainly in the group without CI. Furthermore, FPCN partially mediated the association between education and cognitive function in both WMH groups.

Conclusion

Education showed a positive impact on cognitive function in WMH subjects regardless of their cognitive status, whereas working activity and leisure time activity exhibited beneficial effects only in those without CI. The FPCN mediated the beneficial effect of education on cognitive function.
Telomere shortening impairs alveolar regeneration
Authors: Zhang Xin , Shi Mengting , Zhao Xi , Bin Ennan , Hu Yucheng , Tang Nan , Dai Huaping , Wang Chen
Published: March 2022

Objectives

Short telomeres in alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells have been associated with many lung diseases. The study aimed to investigate the regeneration capacity of AT2 cells with short telomeres by knocking out Tert in mice (G4 Tert−/−) from the whole to the cellular level.

Materials and Methods

The lung injury model of mice was established by left pneumonectomy (PNX). The proliferation and differentiation of AT2 cells were observed by immunofluorescence staining in vivo and in vitro. The difference of the gene expression between control and G4 Tert−/− group during the regeneration of AT2 cells was compared by RNA sequencing. The expression of tubulin polymerization promoting protein 3 (TPPP3) was reduced by adeno‐associated virus delivery.

Results

The alveolar regeneration in G4 Tert−/− mice was impaired after PNX‐induced lung injury. The regulation of cytoskeleton remodelling was defective in G4 Tert−/− AT2 cells. The expression of TPPP3 was gradually increased during AT2 cell differentiation. The expression level of TPPP3 was reduced in G4 Tert−/− AT2 cells. Reducing TPPP3 expression in AT2 cells limits the microtubule remodelling and differentiation of AT2 cells.

Conclusion

Short telomeres in AT2 cells result in the reduced expression level of TPPP3, leading to impaired regeneration capacity of AT2 cells.
Cytological patterns of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in mechanically ventilated COVID‐19 patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Authors: Voicu Sebastian , Malissin Isabelle , Pepin‐Lehaleur Adrien , Sutterlin Laetitia , Naim Giulia , M'Rad Aymen , Guerin Emmanuelle , Ekherian Jean‐Michel , Deye Nicolas , Adle‐Biassette Homa , Mégarbane Bruno
Published: March 2022

Introduction

Coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) may lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Patterns of inflammatory bronchoalveolar cells in COVID‐19 patients treated with ECMO are not well described.

Objective

We aimed to describe inflammatory cell subpopulations in blood and bronchoalveolar lavages (BALs) obtained in critically ill COVID‐19 patients shortly after ECMO implementation.

Methods

BAL was performed in the middle lobe in 12 consecutive ECMO‐treated COVID‐19 patients. Trained cytologists analyzed peripheral blood and BAL cells using flow cytometry and routine staining, respectively. Data were interpreted in relation to dexamethasone administration and weaning from ECMO and ventilator.

Results

High neutrophil proportions (66% to 88% of total cells) were observed in the absence of bacterial superinfection and more frequently in dexamethasone‐free patients (83% [82–85] vs. 29% [8–68], P = 0.006), suggesting that viral infection could be responsible of predominantly neutrophilic lung inflammation. Successful weaning from ECMO/ventilator could not be predicted by the peripheral white blood and BAL cell pattern.

Conclusion

High neutrophil proportions can be observed in critically ill COVID‐19 patients despite the lack of microbiological evidence on BAL of bacterial superinfection. Dexamethasone was associated with lower neutrophil proportions in BAL. Our study was probably underpowered to provide BAL cell pattern helpful to predict weaning from ECMO/ventilator.
The role of early extubation on short‐term outcomes after liver transplantation – A systematic review, meta‐analysis and expert recommendations
Authors: Tinguely Pascale , Badenoch Adam , Krzanicki Dominik , Kronish Kate , Lindsay Martine , Khanal Pragalva , Wells Gemma , Spiro Michael , Raptis Dimitri Aristotle , McCluskey Stuart A ,   the ERAS4OLT.org Working Group
Published: March 2022

Background

Early extubation in liver transplantation (LT) and its potential benefits such as reduction in pulmonary complications and enhanced postoperative recovery have been described. The extent of the effect of early extubation on short‐term outcomes after LT across the published literature is to the best of our knowledge unknown.

Objectives

The objective of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to determine whether early extubation improves immediate and short‐term outcomes after LT and to provide expert recommendations.

Data Sources

Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Central.

Methods

A systematic review and meta‐analysis on short‐term outcomes after early extubation in LT was performed (CRD42021241402), following PRISMA guidelines and quality of evidence (QOE) and recommendations grading using the GRADE approach, derived from an international experts panel. Endpoints were reintubation rates, pulmonary and other complications/organ dysfunction, intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital length of stay (LOS).

Results

Of 831 screened articles, 20 observational studies with a total of 3573 patients addressing early extubation protocols were included, of which 12 studies compared results after early versus deferred extubation. Reintubation and pulmonary complication rates were lower in the early versus deferred extubation groups (OR 0.29, CI 0.22–0.39; OR 0.17, CI 0.09–0.33, respectively). ICU and hospital LOS were shorter in eight out of eight and seven out of eight comparative studies, respectively.

Conclusions

Early extubation after LT is associated with improved short‐term outcomes after LT and should be performed in the majority of patients (QOE; Moderate to low | Grade of Recommendation; Strong). Randomized controlled trials using standardized definitions of early extubation and short‐term outcomes are needed to demonstrate causality, validate and allow comparability of the results.
Absence experience in grief
Authors: Richardson Louise
Published: March 2022

In this paper, I consider the implications of grief for philosophical theorising about absence experience. I argue that whilst some absence experiences that occur in grief might be explained by extant philosophical accounts of absence experience, others need different treatment. I propose that grieving subjects' descriptions of feeling as if the world seems empty or a part of them seems missing can be understood as referring to a distinctive type of absence experience. In these profound absence experiences, I will argue, the absence of a person as a condition on various possibilities is made manifest in the structure of experience over time. Thus, by paying close attention to grief, we can see that even accounts of absence experience that are presented as in competition with one another may not be so, and that to explain all kinds of absence experience we sometimes need to appeal to something overlooked in other accounts, and which is neither straightforwardly perceptual or cognitive. I also suggest that we would have good reason to take such experiences to be part of and not merely psychological effects of grief.
Morality, politics, and contingency
Authors: Lyons Johnny
Published: March 2022

The influential realist thesis that politics and morals are distinct and mutually exclusive spheres of interest is one that has been challenged within the tradition of analytic moral and political theory. Over the last 50 years, several notable liberal analytic philosophers, including Isaiah Berlin, Stuart Hampshire, and Thomas Nagel, have argued that not only is politics not separate from and inimical to ethics but that there exists such a thing as political morality. This article contends that while the notion of political morality may make more sense of what is regarded as a central and troubling problem of politics, it also forces us to confront the more fundamental challenge of the radical contingency of our moral and political predicament. Whether analytic political theory is capable of producing a convincing response to the latter challenge remains precariously unclear.
The intergenerational transmission of relationship instability: A focus on emerging adult on‐off relationships
Authors: Charvat Emily J. , Garneau‐Rosner Chelsea L. , Monk James Kale , Colaner Colleen W.
Published: March 2022

This study extends prior research on the intergenerational transmission of relationship instability by examining parents' history of on‐off relationships as a predictor of emerging adults' own cycling (i.e., breaking up and renewing with the same romantic partner). Data were collected at a large mid‐western university from 702 emerging adults (18–25 years old). Multinomial logistic regression was used to predict the likelihood that participants had cycled in a past or current relationship. Results show that parental cycling increased the likelihood of offspring cycling in a past or current relationship relative to never cycling, and greater uncertainty about the future of the relationship was a mechanism through which such transmission occurred. Findings from this study demonstrate that parental relationship instability can even be consequential for the transient relationships within emerging adulthood, making family history a productive area to explore for practitioners working with cyclical partners and/or emerging adults.
Ecosystem effects of invasive crayfish increase with crayfish density
Authors: Galib Shams M. , Sun Jingrui , Gröcke Darren R. , Lucas Martyn C.
Published: March 2022

The nature and extent of effects of increasing densities of non‐native species on stream ecosystems remain poorly understood. Non‐native crayfish are among the most invasive aquatic species and we hypothesised that, in temperate streams, the extent of trophic modification increases with non‐native crayfish density.

Instream flow‐through mesocosms in the River Lune, north‐east England, were used over a 47‐day period in summer to measure density effects of invasive signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus on different ecosystem components (benthic fish, macroinvertebrates, algal biomass, and leaf litter breakdown). Effects were measured through three density treatments (low, medium, and high; four, eight, or 12 crayfish with five bullhead Cottus perifretum per 1.5 m2) and two control (crayfish and fish absent; crayfish absent and benthic fish present) groups.

Impacts of crayfish on macroinvertebrates (density, taxonomic composition), fish (growth, diet), algal standing stock, and decomposition rates increased with crayfish density. Direct effects of increased crayfish density were more important than indirect trophic cascade effects.

Despite similar invertebrate abundance and richness across enclosures before introducing crayfish and bullhead, they differed significantly from controls at the end of the study, with >80% reduction in macroinvertebrate abundance recorded in the high‐density group. Stable isotope (δ15N, δ13C) analysis showed that the trophic niche of bullhead, but not signal crayfish, changed when the species were in sympatry. Bullhead in treatment enclosures occupied a lower trophic position in the food web than those from the control group. Bullhead in the high‐density group lost 4.2% of body mass over the study period, confirming the existence of resource competition. Leaf litter break down was 59.2% faster, and algal biomass was 91.4% lower in the treatment with the highest crayfish density compared to the control without study animals.

This study indicates that signal crayfish, even at a low density, can strongly alter multiple ecosystem components in streams, and emphasises the need for minimising the spread of invasive crayfish within and between streams.
The response of ants to climate change
Authors: Parr Catherine L. , Bishop Tom R.
Published: March 2022

Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are one of the most dominant terrestrial organisms worldwide. They are hugely abundant, both in terms of sheer numbers and biomass, on every continent except Antarctica and are deeply embedded within a diversity of ecological networks and processes. Ants are also eusocial and colonial organisms—their lifecycle is built on the labor of sterile worker ants who support a small number of reproductive individuals. Given the climatic changes that our planet faces, we need to understand how various important taxonomic groups will respond; this includes the ants. In this review, we synthesize the available literature to tackle this question. The answer is complicated. The ant literature has focused on temperature, and we broadly understand the ways in which thermal changes may affect ant colonies, populations, and communities. In general, we expect that species living in the Tropics, and in thermally variable microhabitats, such as the canopy and leaf litter environments, will be negatively impacted by rising temperatures. Species living in the temperate zones and those able to thermally buffer their nests in the soil or behaviorally avoid higher temperatures, however, are likely to be unaffected or may even benefit from a changed climate. How ants will respond to changes to other abiotic drivers associated with climate change is largely unknown, as is the detail on how altered ant populations and communities will ramify through their wider ecological networks. We discuss how eusociality may allow ants to adapt to, or tolerate, climate change in ways that solitary organisms cannot and we identify key geographic and phylogenetic hotspots of climate vulnerability and resistance. We finish by emphasizing the key research questions that we need to address moving forward so that we may fully appreciate how this critical insect group will respond to the ongoing climate crisis.
The utility of P53 immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of Barrett's oesophagus with indefinite for dysplasia
Authors: Januszewicz Wladyslaw , Pilonis Nastazja D , Sawas Tarek , Phillips Richard , O'Donovan Maria , Miremadi Ahmad , Malhotra Shalini , Tripathi Monika , Blasko Adrienn , Katzka David A , Fitzgerald Rebecca C , di Pietro Massimiliano
Published: March 2022

Aims

Barrett's oesophagus with indefinite for dysplasia (BE‐IND) is a subjective diagnosis with a low interobserver agreement (IOA) among pathologists and uncertain clinical implications. This study aimed to assess the utility of p53 immunohistochemistry (p53‐IHC) in assessing BE‐IND specimens.

Methods and results

Archive endoscopic biopsies with a BE‐IND diagnosis from two academic centres were analysed. First, haematoxylin and eosin‐stained slides (H&E) were reviewed by four expert gastrointestinal (GI) pathologists allocated into two groups (A and B). After a washout period of at least 8 weeks, H&E slides were reassessed side‐to‐side with p53‐IHC available. We compared the rate of changed diagnosis and the IOA for all BE grades before and after p53‐IHC. We included 216 BE‐IND specimens from 185 patients, 44.0 and 32.9% of which were confirmed after H&E slide revision by groups A and B, respectively. More than half the cases were reclassified to a non‐dysplastic BE (NDBE), while 5.6% of cases in group A and 7.4% in group B were reclassified to definite dysplasia. The IOA for NDBE, BE‐IND, low‐grade dysplasia (LGD) and high‐grade dysplasia (HGD)/intramucosal cancer (IMC) was 0.31, 0.21, −0.03 and −0.02, respectively. Use of p53‐IHC led to a >40% reduction in BE‐IND diagnoses (P < 0.001) and increased IOA for all BE grades [κ = 0.46 (NDBE), 0.26 (BE‐IND), 0.49 (LGD), 0.35 (HGD/IMC)]. An aberrant p53‐IHC pattern significantly increased the likelihood of reclassifying BE‐IND to definite dysplasia (odds ratio = 44.3, 95% confidence interval = 18.8–113.0).

Conclusion

P53‐IHC reduces the rate of BE‐IND diagnoses and improves the IOA among pathologists when reporting BE with equivocal epithelial changes.
Effect of Levilactobacillus brevis TISTR 860 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum TISTR 951 on gamma‐aminobutyric acid content in fermented rice flour and rice noodles (Kanomjeen)
Authors: Chittrakhani Chonnipa , Songsermpong Sirichai , Trevanich Sudsai , Sukor Rashidah
Published: March 2022

This research aimed to reduce the fermentation time of fermented rice flour for fermented rice noodles (Kanomjeen) to 24 h by adding the initial starter cultures, which are Levilactobacillus brevis TISTR 860 (LB) and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum TISTR 951 (LP) alone in rice slurry to achieve the quality and high gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) content. The initial pH value of rice slurry was adjusted to 4.5 and enriched with 2% of monosodium glutamate (MSG) before fermentation. LP was able to produce lactic acid and reduced pH better than LB but produced GABA in less content. Expanding fermentation time induced decreasing in viscosity and whiteness of flour. Fermented rice noodles provided better tensile strength and elasticity. In conclusion, LB could produce GABA in the amount of 21.80 mg/100 g dry basis in 24 h with good quality.
Influence of polar compounds distribution in deep‐frying oil on lipid digestion behaviour
Authors: Li Xue , Liu Yan‐jun , Nian Bin‐bin , Cao Xin‐yu , Liu Yuan‐fa , Xu Yong‐jiang
Published: March 2022

Deep‐frying oil featuring total polar compound (TPC) has been found to be unhealthy. However, little information is available regarding the impact of TPC on the lipid digestion behaviour. In this study, three typical edible oils (palm oil, PO; high oleic acid peanut oil, HOA; and high linoleic acid sunflower oil, HLA) were selected to investigate the effect of deep‐frying on the lipid digestion. Digestion behaviour was monitored by pH‐Stat method in vitro. Digestibility rate analysis showed that free fatty acids release rate of all TPC groups was the slowest among corresponding fresh oils and deep‐frying oils, indicating deep‐frying decreased lipid digestion rate. Lipid droplet analysis uncovered that deep‐frying could increase lipid particle size. Correlation analysis showed the polymers in TPC are negatively correlated with digestion rate and particle size, suggesting the digestion behaviour of deep‐frying oil is related to TPC constitution. In conclusion, this study highlights that deep‐frying weaken the lipid digestion capacity, and the multiplicity of TPC distribution which vary in terms of FAs type contribute to differences of digestion behaviour in deep‐frying oils.
Infant appetite traits, feeding practices and child obesity in low‐income Hispanic families
Authors: Vandyousefi Sarvenaz , Messito Mary Jo , Katzow Michelle W. , Scott Marc A. , Gross Rachel S.
Published: March 2022

Background

Appetite traits and feeding practices are important determinants of child weight and obesity.

Objectives

This study examined whether: (1) infant appetite traits were associated with feeding practices and (2) feeding practices mediated the link between appetite traits and weight‐for‐age z‐scores at age 3 years.

Methods

We conducted a secondary data analysis from the ‘Starting Early Program’ of low‐income, Hispanic mother–child pairs. Appetite traits were assessed using the Baby Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. Infant feeding practices were collected using 24‐h dietary recalls and surveys: (1) breastfeeding exclusivity, intensity and duration; (2) early introduction to complementary foods/liquids and (3) any 100% fruit juice consumption at age 10 months. Regression and mediation analyses were used to explore associations between appetite, feeding and weight.

Results

Higher infant Slowness in Eating scores were associated with greater breastfeeding exclusivity, intensity and duration, compared to lower Slowness in Eating. Infants with higher Slowness in Eating and Satiety Responsiveness had lower odds of early introduction to complementary foods/liquids. Infants with higher Enjoyment of Food had greater odds of 100% juice consumption. Breastfeeding duration mediated the relationship between higher infant Slowness in Eating and lower weight‐for‐age z‐scores.

Conclusions

Appetite traits represent potential targets for early life infant feeding interventions.
COVID‐19 et travail informel: les enseignements d'une étude sur la situation dans onze grandes villes
Authors: CHEN Martha Alter , GRAPSA Erofili , ISMAIL Ghida , ROGAN Michael , VALDIVIA Marcela , ALFERS Laura , HARVEY Jenna , OGANDO Ana Carolina , REED Sarah Orleans , ROEVER Sally
Published: March 2022

Les auteurs présentent les conclusions d'une étude dirigée par le réseau Femmes dans l'emploi informel: globalisation et organisation (WIEGO) sur les effets de la crise du COVID‐19 sur les travailleurs informels. L'analyse porte sur quatre professions et onze grandes villes de cinq régions. Il y est question du travail et des revenus, de l'accès à l'alimentation et de la faim, des responsabilités familiales et domestiques, ainsi que des stratégies d'adaptation des ménages. Les auteurs évoquent également les mesures de soutien proposées par les gouvernements et les organisations de travailleurs informels. Enfin, ils énoncent une série de principes devant guider l'action en faveur de ce groupe.
COVID‐19 y trabajo informal: evidencia de once ciudades
Authors: CHEN Martha Alter , GRAPSA Erofili , ISMAIL Ghida , ROGAN Michael , VALDIVIA Marcela , ALFERS Laura , HARVEY Jenna , OGANDO Ana Carolina , REED Sarah Orleans , ROEVER Sally
Published: March 2022

Se presentan las conclusiones de un estudio dirigido por la red Mujeres en Empleo Informal: Globalizando y Organizando (WIEGO), en el que se investigan las repercusiones de la crisis de la COVID‐19 en diferentes grupos de personas trabajadoras informales y en sus hogares en términos de empleo, ingresos, alimentación y hambre, cuidado y otras responsabilidades domésticas, así como las estrategias de afrontamiento de estas personas. Se comparan los roles de los gobiernos y de las organizaciones de personas trabajadoras informales en la prestación de diversas ayudas. Basándose en las reivindicaciones de estas personas, se plantean principios rectores para mejorar su situación en el futuro.
Molecular characterization and functional analysis of Cry toxin receptor‐like genes from the model insect Galleria mellonella
Authors: Dutta Tushar K. , Veeresh Arudhimath , Phani Victor , Kundu Artha , Santhoshkumar Kodhandaraman , Mathur Chetna , Sagar Doddachowdappa , Sreevathsa Rohini
Published: March 2022

Crystal (Cry) toxins produced from the soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), have gained worldwide attention for long due to their insecticidal potential. A number of receptor proteins located on the epithelial cells of the larval midgut were shown to be crucial for Cry intoxication in different insect pests belonging to order Lepidoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera. A beehive pest, Galleria mellonella, serves as an excellent insect model for biochemical research. However, information on the Cry receptor‐like genes in G. mellonella is limited. In the present study, the full‐length sequences of four putative Cry receptor genes (ABC transporter, alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase N and cadherin) were cloned from G. mellonella. All these receptor genes were substantially upregulated in the midgut tissue of fourth‐instar G. mellonella larvae upon early exposure (6 h) to a sub‐lethal dose of Cry1AcF toxin. Oral and independent delivery of bacterially‐expressed dsRNAs corresponding to four receptor genes in G. mellonella suppressed the transcription of target receptors which in turn significantly reduced the larval sensitivity to Cry1AcF toxin. As the laboratory populations of G. mellonella develop Bt resistance in a relatively short time, molecular characterization of Cry receptor genes in G. mellonella performed in the present study may provide some useful information for future research related to the genetic basis of Bt resistance in the model insect.
The clinical relevance of epithelial‐mesenchymal transition and its correlations with tumorigenic immune infiltrates in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Qiu Zhi‐Qiang , Wang Xiang , Ji Xiang‐Wen , Jiang Fen‐Jun , Han Xin‐Ye , Zhang Wei‐Li , An Yi‐Hua
Published: March 2022

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a cancer with extremely high mortality. Epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) may play an important role in the occurrence, invasion and prognosis of HCC; however, its relationship with immunity in HCC has not yet been studied. Therefore, we investigated the diagnostic and prognostic values of EMT and explored its potential connections with tumorigenic immune infiltrates in HCC. We first proposed a quantitative metric of EMT activity, the EMT score. After applying this metric to 20 datasets from the Integrative Molecular Database of Hepatocellular Carcinoma, the Cancer Genome Atlas, and the Gene Expression Omnibus, we explored the ability of the EMT score to stratify across sample types. We then applied the EMT score for survival analysis and to differentiate patients with/without vascular invasion to test its prognostic value. We also collected and calculated data on the abundance of immune cells and immune cell markers in HCC and investigated their correlations with EMT scores. Finally, we synthesized and analyzed 20 datasets and constructed an EMT‐gene‐immune linkage network. The results showed higher EMT scores in HCC samples than in cirrhotic and normal livers. The cases with higher EMT scores also showed poorer performance in terms of prognostic factors such as vascular invasion and overall survival time. Our research demonstrated a broad correlation between EMT and the tumor immune microenvironment, and we uncovered multiple potential linkers associated with both EMT and immunity. Studying EMT has clinical relevance and high diagnostic and prognostic value for HCC.
Drivers of unique and asynchronous population dynamics in Malagasy herpetofauna
Authors: Kuhn Arianna , Gehara Marcelo , Andrianarimalala Mamy S. M. , Rabibisoa Nirhy , Randriamahatantsoa Bernard , Overcast Isaac , Raxworthy Christopher J. , Ruane Sara , Burbrink Frank T.
Published: March 2022

Aim

A long history of isolation coupled with complex landscapes makes Madagascar ideal for exploring the historical factors that have shaped patterns of population diversity and endemism. Many species‐level studies have suggested Late Quaternary climate change may have influenced population dynamics in the tropics, but unique biomes and individual species properties may have driven idiosyncratic responses to these shifts. Here, we use community‐scale population genetic data to investigate the impact of Quaternary climate cycles on shared demographic response and investigate the contributions of both biotic and abiotic factors which shape these demographic trajectories.

Location

Madagascar.

Taxon

Reptiles and Amphibians.

Methods

Using community‐scale population genetic data, we implement a hierarchical approximate Bayesian computation approach to evaluate the degree of synchronous population expansion during glacial cycles across herpetofaunal assemblages both within and across discrete biomes and taxonomic groups. We use Bayesian model averaging to identify intrinsic and extrinsic conditions predictive of individualistic demographic change.

Results

We find that demographic responses are not uniform across groups, with more than 50% of all populations showing signal of recent expansion. Our explanatory models indicate species occupying narrow elevational ranges had a higher probability of expansion, while amphibian assemblages showed higher genetic diversity and greater departures from population neutrality. Expansion events were largely asynchronous, with coexpansion found in less than half of all populations. Exceptionally, 69%–74% of all humid‐restricted populations coexpanded during the start of the Last Glacial Period at around 100 kya, supporting the hypothesis of a more extensive humid forest cover for Madagascar during this time.

Main conclusions

We show that differences in life history and regional biogeography have contributed to patterns of richness and endemism found across Madagascar, and historical connectivity across humid forests has been an important factor in shaping present‐day diversity and endemism on Madagascar, particularly for amphibians.
Association between sensorineural hearing loss and vitiligo: a nationwide population‐based cohort study
Authors: Li C.‐L. , Ma S.‐H. , Wu C.‐Y. , Chang P.‐H. , Chang Y.‐T. , Wu C.‐Yi.
Published: March 2022

Background

Vitiligo is an acquired depigmentation disease of the skin due to melanocyte destruction. A shared pathogenesis affecting melanocytes in the cochlea has been postulated. However, the association between vitiligo and sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is unclear.

Objective

To identify the association between vitiligo and SNHL.

Methods

This retrospective, nationwide cohort study included patients with vitiligo and age‐, sex‐ and comorbidities‐matched controls (propensity score matching; 1:4 ratio) from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2013.

Results

In total, 13 048 patients with vitiligo and 52 192 controls were included. SNHL developed in 0.61% patients with vitiligo and 0.29% controls. After adjusting for sex, age and comorbidities, a significant association between vitiligo and SNHL was found (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.66–2.86). The other risk factors for developing SNHL included increased age, male sex, hyperlipidaemia, coronary artery disease and diffuse connective tissue diseases. In subgroup analysis, the association between vitiligo and SNHL remained significant in almost all the subgroups.

Conclusion

A 2.2‐fold increased risk of developing SNHL was found in patients with vitiligo. Proper referral to otologists for early screening and closer follow‐up of SNHL should be considered for patients with vitiligo, especially for patients with older age.
A neurobiological perspective on social influence: Serotonin and social adaptation
Authors: Duerler Patricia , Vollenweider Franz X. , Preller Katrin H.
Published: March 2022

Humans are inherently social beings. Being suggestible to each other's expectations enables pro‐social skills that are crucial for social learning and adaptation. Despite their high relevance for psychiatry, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying social adaptation are still not well understood. This review, therefore, provides a conceptual framework covering various distinct mechanisms underlying social adaptation and explores the neuropharmacology — in particular the role of the serotonin (5‐HT) system — in modulating these mechanisms. This article reviews empirical results on social influence processing and reconciles them with recent findings from psychedelic research on social processing to elucidate neurobiological and neuropharmacological underpinnings of social adaptation. Various computational, neurobiological, and neurochemical processes are involved in distinct mechanisms underlying social adaptation such as the multisensory process of social information integration that is crucial for the forming of self‐representation and representations of social norms. This is again associated with self‐ and other‐perception during social interactions as well as value‐based decision‐making that guides our behavior in daily interactions. We highlight the critical role of 5‐HT in these processes and suggest that 5‐HT can facilitate social learning and may represent an important target for treating psychiatric disorders characterized by impairments in social functioning. This framework also has important implications for psychedelic‐assisted therapy as well as for the development of novel treatment approaches and future research directions.

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The altered HLA‐DQ expression in peripheral blood T cells of chronic hepatitis B patients characterizes the function of T cells
Authors: Zeng Xingyue , Bahabayi Ayibaota , Tuerhanbayi Bulidierxin , Zheng Mohan , Liu Tianci , Xu Lijuan , Long Yan , Xia Changsheng , Lu Songsong , Song Ying , Liu Chen
Published: March 2022

Objective

This study aimed to clarify the expression of HLA‐DQ and granulysin in peripheral blood T‐cell subsets in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (CHB) and to evaluate their significance in assisting CHB diagnosis and immune status assessment.

Methods

Peripheral blood from 34 CHB patients, 36 inactive HBsAg carriers and 33 healthy controls were collected, and HLA‐DQ and granulysin in a series of T‐cell subsets were analysed by flow cytometry. The ability to secrete IL‐10 and IFN‐γ and the functional T‐cell subsets were measured in Treg and CD4 cells expressing HLA‐DQ or not. Correlation analyses were further conducted between HLA‐DQ/granulysin‐related subsets and clinical indicators of HBV infection, and ROC curves were built to evaluate diagnosis efficiency of HLA‐DQ‐related subsets.

Results

HLA‐DQ+ percentages in circulating CD4 T cells were downregulated in CHB patients. The proportions of HLA‐DQ + Tfh in CHB were upregulated while HLA‐DQ+ percentages in Treg were decreased. In terms of function, the IFN‐γ secretion ability of CD4 + T cells and IL‐10 secretion in Tregs were stronger in HLA‐DQ+ than HLA‐DQ‐ subsets. HLA‐DQ + CD4 + T cells and HLA‐DQ + Treg were negatively correlated with HBV‐DNA, while HLA‐DQ + Tfh and Tfc cells were positively correlated with HBV‐DNA and ALT. HLA‐DQ + Treg/Tfh/Tfc could help to distinguish CHB from inactive HBsAg carriers.

Conclusion

HLA‐DQ on T cells can characterize the function of T‐cell subsets and analysis of HLA‐DQ can help to evaluate immune status and assist in diagnosis of CHB.
Mentoring as a dose treatment: Frequency matters—Evidence from a French mentoring programme
Authors: Chiodi Vera , Montes‐Rojas Gabriel
Published: March 2022

We evaluate how the impact of a mentoring programme in French disadvantaged high schools varies with the intensity of the programme. Given that, in general, the only significant effect was observed by full attendance to all meetings, we argue that the treatment dose matters. Thus, while the original evaluation programme was designed as a randomized experiment to balance control and treated individuals (those who were offered the mentoring scheme, with different degree of programme participation), we motivate the use of continuous and multi‐valued treatment effects models to estimate the dose response function. The programme shows that information about prospective labour market opportunities feeds back positively into academic performance. However, it has a negative effect on job self‐esteem, suggesting that acquiring information on job market prospects updates students' priors on their skills and possibilities and that the students might be updating rationally.
Habitat‐adapted microbial communities mediate Sphagnum peatmoss resilience to warming
Authors: Carrell Alyssa A. , Lawrence Travis J. , Cabugao Kristine Grace M. , Carper Dana L. , Pelletier Dale A. , Lee Jun Hyung , Jawdy Sara S. , Grimwood Jane , Schmutz Jeremy , Hanson Paul J. , Shaw A. Jonathan , Weston David J.
Published: March 2022

Sphagnum peatmosses are fundamental members of peatland ecosystems, where they contribute to the uptake and long‐term storage of atmospheric carbon. Warming threatens Sphagnum mosses and is known to alter the composition of their associated microbiome. Here, we use a microbiome transfer approach to test if microbiome thermal origin influences host plant thermotolerance.

We leveraged an experimental whole‐ecosystem warming study to collect field‐grown Sphagnum, mechanically separate the associated microbiome and then transfer onto germ‐free laboratory Sphagnum for temperature experiments. Host and microbiome dynamics were assessed with growth analysis, Chla fluorescence imaging, metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and 16S rDNA profiling.

Microbiomes originating from warming field conditions imparted enhanced thermotolerance and growth recovery at elevated temperatures. Metagenome and metatranscriptome analyses revealed that warming altered microbial community structure in a manner that induced the plant heat shock response, especially the HSP70 family and jasmonic acid production. The heat shock response was induced even without warming treatment in the laboratory, suggesting that the warm‐microbiome isolated from the field provided the host plant with thermal preconditioning.

Our results demonstrate that microbes, which respond rapidly to temperature alterations, can play key roles in host plant growth response to rapidly changing environments.
A new method for training creativity: narrative as an alternative to divergent thinking
Authors: Fletcher Angus , Benveniste Mike
Published: March 2022

Creativity is a major source of innovation, growth, adaptability, and psychological resilience, making it a top priority of governments, global corporations, educational institutions, and other organizations that collectively invest hundreds of millions of dollars annually into training. The current foundation of creativity training is the technique known as divergent thinking; yet for decades, concerns have been raised about the adequacy of divergent thinking: it is incongruent with the creative processes of children and most adult creatives, and it has failed to yield expected downstream results in creative production. In this article, we present an alternative approach to creativity training, based in neural processes different from those involved in divergent thinking and drawing upon a previously unused resource for creativity research: narrative theory. We outline a narrative theory of creativity training; illustrate with examples of training and assessment from our ongoing work with the U.S. Department of Defense, Fortune 50 companies, and graduate and professional schools; and explain how the theory can help fill prominent lacunae and gaps in existing creativity research, including the creativity of children, the psychological mechanisms of scientific and technological innovation, and the failure of computer artificial intelligence to replicate human creativity.
Analysis of mitochondrial DNA polymorphism in theatpAregion and design of simple sequence repeat and sequence characterized amplified region markers for distinguishing AD1, CMS‐D2 and CMS‐D8 cytoplasms in cotton (Gossypiumspp.)
Authors: Ding Jiaqi , Sun Guoqing , Li Quanjiang , Wang Jing , Li Caihua , Zhang Lanlan , Meng Zhigang , Zhou Tao , Shi Ji , Ji Wei , Liu Jian , Zhang Xiao , Zhang Rui , Guo Sandui
Published: March 2022

Previous studies showed that there were differences among AD1, CMS‐D2 and CMS‐D8 in theatpAgene region of the mitochondrial genome of cotton, but their detailed DNA sequence differences were unclear. RFLP analysis here showed that the mitochondrialatpAgene existed as two copies of different lengths in each line. Inverse polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing results revealed that one copy contained an intactatpAgene, while the other copy contained a 3′‐truncated version. In the 3′ flanking region of the intactatpAgene, an simple sequence repeat (SSR) locus was found, with the sequences in AD1, CMS‐D2, and CMS‐D8 being (TAA)7(TA)6, (TAA)3(TA)2, and (TAA)4(TA)3, respectively. In the 3′ flanking region of the 3′‐truncated copy, a 515‐bp specific chimeric fragment was found in AD1, while a 555‐bp specific chimeric fragment was found in the two CMS lines, and CMS‐D2 possessed three single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites compared with CMS‐D8. Furthermore, AD1‐specific, CMS‐D2‐specific and CMS‐D8‐specific sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers were developed to distinguish the three cytoplasms. This study will be useful for distinguishing genotypes in breeding practices and evolutionary studies of cotton.
Weed management and tillage effect on rainfed maize production in three agro‐ecologies in Mexico
Authors: Fonteyne Simon , Leal Gonzalez Abel Jaime , Osorio Alcalá Leodegario , Villa Alcántara Jonatan , Santos Rodriguez Clara , Núñez Peñaloza Omar , Ovando Galdámez Jose Rausel , Singh Ravi Gopal , Verhulst Nele
Published: March 2022

Maize (Zea mays L.) is grown in a wide range of agro‐ecological environments and production systems across Mexico. Weeds are a major constraint on maize grain yield, but knowledge regarding the best weed management methods is lacking. In many production systems, reducing tillage could lessen land degradation and production costs, but changes in tillage might require changes in weed management. This study evaluated weed dynamics and rainfed maize yield under five weed management treatments (pre‐emergence herbicide, post‐emergence herbicide, pre‐emergence + post‐emergence herbicide, manual weed control, and no control) and three tillage methods (conventional, minimum and zero tillage) in three agro‐ecologically distinct regions of the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, in 2016 and 2017. In the temperate Mixteca region, weeds reduced maize grain yields by as much as 92% and the long‐growing season required post‐emergence weed control, which gave significantly higher yields. In the hot, humid Papaloapan region, weeds reduced maize yields up to 63% and pre‐emergence weed control resulted in significantly higher yields than treatments with post‐emergence control only. In the semi‐arid Valles Centrales region, weeds reduced maize yields by as much as 65%, but weed management was not always effective in increasing maize yield or net profitability. The most effective weed management treatments tended to be similar for the three tillage systems at each site, although weed pressure and the potential yield reduction by weeds tended to be higher under zero tillage than minimum or conventional tillage. No single best option for weed management was found across sites or tillage systems. More research, in which non‐chemical methods should not be overlooked, is thus needed to determine the most effective weed management methods for the diverse maize production systems across Mexico.
Recognition and Redemption: Visions of Safety and Justice in Black Lives Matter
Authors: Loader Ian
Published: March 2022

In this paper, I recover and appraise the principal ways in which movements motivated by the ideal of racial justice have sought to transform how questions of police and punishment are imagined and acted upon. The focus of the enquiry is the visions of safety and justice found in Black Lives Matter. I offer an interpretive reconstruction and appraisal of the core claims found with the Black Lives Matter movement and their ideological lineage and affinities. The paper seeks to understand those claims anthropologically, from the inside, trying to offer a best‑case rendition of their contexts and appeal. It also seeks to situate these claims politically (while recognizing diversity and avoiding the imposition of some spurious unity) with a view to grasping the normative character of the alternative plausible world that Black Lives Matter projects and seeks to usher into being. My claim is that one finds in Black Lives Matter a tension between a politics of self‑determination and a wider politics of transformative redemption.