bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
pH‐Transformed ZnO‐NPs /NaPTS: The First Room‐Temperature Brisk Synthesis of Flavanones in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Shinde Bipin , Kamble Santosh B. , Pore Dattaprasad M. , Gosavi Prasad , Gaikwad Amol , Jadhav Harsharaj S. , Karale Bhausaheb K. , Burungale Arvind S.
Published: December 2018

We investigated pH transformed ZnO NPs viz ZnO nanobullets and ZnO nanograins at pH 11 and 12 respectively, synthesized by co‐precipitation method. The structural, morphological, chemical, compositional and optical properties of synthesized ZnO NPs were analysed by using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X‐ray Spectroscopy (EDAX) and Ultra‐Violate Visible spectroscopy (UV‐Vis). The Noteworthy feature of ZnO NPs in presence of NaPTS leads a speedy formation of flavanones from the reaction of an aldehyde and o‐hydroxy acetophenone. Thus, it imparted the first room‐temperature brisk synthesis of flavanones in an aqueous medium.
Selective Construction of Spiro[indene‐2,4′‐pyrido[1,2‐a]quinolines] and Dihydroindeno[1,2‐b]pyrene via Domino Reactions of Huisgen's 1,4‐Dipoles
Authors: Zhang Yuan‐Yuan , Han Ying , Sun Jing , Yan Chao‐Guo
Published: December 2018

The three‐component reaction of quinoline, dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate and 2‐arylidene‐1,3‐indanediones or 5‐arylidene‐N,N’‐dimethylbarbituric acids in acetonitrile at room temperature afforded polysubstituted spiro[indene‐2,4′‐pyrido[1,2‐a]quinolines] or spiro[pyrido[1,2‐a]quinoline‐4,5′‐pyrimidines] in high yields and with high diastereoselectivity. However, the similar reaction of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate with 2‐arylidene‐1,3‐indanediones in the presence of 4‐Dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) gave unexpected dihydroindeno[1,2‐b]pyrene derivatives in satisfactory yields. This three‐component reaction containing quinoline might be the most sustainable reaction without release any waste.
Superior Electrocatalytic Performance of Au‐Pt Graded Nano‐Alloys Towards Alcohol Oxidation Reaction
Authors: Prabu Natarajan , Jeyakumar Duraisamy
Published: December 2018

The electro‐oxidation of methanol, ethanol and glycerol on Au100‐xPtx/C (‘x’=7.0‐86) graded nano‐alloy modified glassy carbon electrode was investigated at cyclic voltammetry. Prepared Au77Pt23/C alloy showed highest electrocatalytic activity, with mass activity of 572 mA mg−1 of Pt for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) and high mass activity of 750 mA mg−1 of Pt for ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR). Au69Pt31/C alloy exhibited higher mass activity of 221 mA mg−1 of Pt for glycerol oxidation reaction (GOR). The results indicate that the surface enrichment of Pt in Au100‐xPtx/C graded nano‐alloy enhanced the alcohol oxidation. We also tested the Au100‐xPtx/C anode catalyst for full cell direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). While using the low amount of Au60Pt40/C anode catalyst (1 mg cm−2) in DMFC that exhibited maximum power density of 30 mW cm−2 at 70 °C, which is comparable to Pt−Ru/C anode catalyst. This remarkable electro‐catalytic performance of Au100‐xPtx/C graded nano‐alloy will make alternate materials for commercial Pt−Ru/C catalysts.
Electronic Tuning and Catalytic Activity of a Novel Pd(II) Complex Supported by a Tetracoordinate Ligand
Authors: Maity Lakshmikanta , Parua Sankar Prasad , Rana Bidyut Kumar , Isab Anvarhusein A. , Bielawski Christopher W. , Dinda Joydev
Published: December 2018

The synthesis and study of a novel Pd(II) complex (2) supported by a new tetracoordinate ligand that is based on a bis(N‐heterocyclic carbene) with two pendant pyrimidinyl donors is described. The complex was characterized using a series of spectroscopic, analytical, and computational techniques. A preliminary assessment showed that 2 displayed good performance in Suzuki‐Miyaura coupling reactions between phenyl boronic acid and an assortment of substituted bromobenzenes. Finally, the intrinsic electronic characteristics of the complex were elucidated through DFT‐based molecular orbital calculations which revealed that the coordinated metal center was relatively electron deficient and stabilized by a series of ligand dominated interactions.
A unified approach of testing coverage‐based software reliability growth modelling with fault detection probability, imperfect debugging, and change point
Authors: Chatterjee Subhashis , Shukla Ankur
Published: December 2018

This paper presents a unified approach to model the reliability growth of software with imperfect debugging and coverage factor. Existing testing coverage‐based software reliability growth models considered that faults present at a particular fault location are detected with certainty during the testing process. Practically, it is very difficult to detect all software faults. To overcome this limitation, a revised software reliability growth model has been developed with the assumption that detection of the faults at a particular fault location is not definite. Furthermore, a new method to model the imperfect debugging phenomenon has been incorporated in the proposed study. A revised model ranking method has been developed to improve the accuracy of model ranking, which is mainly extension of existing normalized criteria distance method. Change point analysis has been done with the effect of different environmental factors on the models' parameters. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model.
Elastic‐Plastic Finite Element Analysis of Tension Leveling with Non‐Associated Flow Rule and Mixed Hardening
Authors: Wang Honghao , Wu Boxun , Yanagimoto Jun
Published: December 2018

Tension leveling is an important process in the steel industry for producing steel strips with high quality. To achieve the finite element (FE) analysis of tension leveling with high accuracy, a constitutive model for 3D stress and strain conditions, which can describe the material behavior in tension leveling (e.g., anisotropy, Bauschinger effect, etc.), is constructed in this investigation by using the Hill48 anisotropic yield criterion with the non‐associated flow rule and mixed hardening. The constructed constitutive model is implemented in ABAQUS using a user‐defined material (UMAT) subroutine with an implicit integrated algorithm. In the FE analysis, a 3D analytical rigid body and eight‐node solid elements are used for the leveler roll and strip, respectively. The accuracy of the FE analysis results is validated by comparison with experimental and simulation results from Yoshida and Urabe's research on SPCC strips. Tension leveling simulations to correct flatness defects are also conducted for SPFC980 strips. The analysis results show the leveling effect of tension leveling for high strength steel strips.
Effects of Carbon and Boron on Structure and Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steel Coatings Fabricated by Laser Remanufacturing
Authors: Chen Yong , Hu Liangbin , Qiu Changjun , Wang Zhongchang
Published: December 2018

The coatings are fabricated using austenitic stainless steel powder with various contents of carbon and boron via laser remanufacturing technique. A new synchronous lateral powder feeding device is adopted to avoid surface oxidation of molten pool. The authors find that the strength can be increased but plasticity is decreased of with the rise of boron content due to the formation of lamellar borides phase structures, which are very brittle and have high hardness. In addition, the authors also find that the tensile strength and hardness are enhanced by increasing the content of carbon, while the plasticity is deteriorated due to the formed carbide in the grain of the austenitic stainless steel coating.
Real‐Time Heat Transfer Model Based on Distributed Thermophysical Property Calculation for the Continuous Casting Process
Authors: Ji Cheng , Deng Shimin , Guan Rui , Zhu Miaoyong
Published: December 2018

In this work, a one‐dimensional real‐time heat transfer model, which considers the effect of varying thermophysical properties along slab thickness direction caused by the distribution of solute segregation, is built to predict the location of the solidification end of a wide‐thick continuous casting slab accurately. According to the measurement results of carbon segregation on the slab transverse section, a database of thermophysical properties with different carbon contents is established based on the micro‐segregation model. At the beginning of the calculation, the pre‐calculated thermophysical properties of the target slab are pre‐loaded to random access memory (RAM), and the corresponding physical parameter data are called from RAM to complete the calculation process according to the pre‐measured carbon concentration at different slab thicknesses. Additionally, the solidification relationship between the slab center and other positions along the width direction is derived based on an offline two‐dimensional heat transfer model. With calling the relationship, the whole slab uneven solidification process can be described based on the real‐time calculated results of the slab centerline solidification process. The real‐time heat transfer model is validated by measuring the slab thickness and surface temperature.
Research on the response of concrete cavity shear wall under lateral load
Authors: Xu Gang , Li Aiqun
Published: December 2018

The experimental tests were conducted on the common concrete shear wall and the concrete cavity shear walls. Results indicate that the stiffness and ultimate capacity of the cavity shear walls are reduced and the ductility is improved; reasonable matching can be achieved among the stiffness, ultimate capacity, and ductility by changing the parameters of cavity. Subsequently, theoretical calculation models of shear wall with single cavity and multicavities are proposed; the calculating formula of the lateral displacement curve and the equivalent lateral stiffness of cavity shear wall is deduced under different lateral loads. The lateral response of both the through cavity shear wall and non‐through cavity shear wall can be calculated by using the continuous link method. Finally, the verification results of models with different parameters show that the theoretical calculation formula has enough accuracy, which can meet the needs of engineering estimation.
The influence of surface structure of low industrial grade seaweed and semi‐refined carrageenan on mechanical and physical properties of natural rubber latex composites
Authors: Samsir Norhazariah , Rashid Azura A. , Azahari Baharin
Published: December 2018

Composites consisting of natural rubber (NR) latex as their matrix and low industrial grade seaweed (LIGS) and its extractive (semirefined carrageenan, SRC‐LIGS) as the filler were prepared via normal prevulcanization process. An analysis regarding the particle size and morphology of seaweed (LIGS and SRC‐LIGS), as well as surface properties and mechanical properties (tensile and tear properties) of NR latex composites, was consequently generated. Furthermore, post‐processing treatment for NR latex composites have also been studied, specifically involving leaching, heat aging, water absorption, and soil burial. The particle size of LIGS and SRC‐LIGS obtained was recorded to be lower than 100 μm. Thus, the results are indicative of SRC‐LIGS's role in improving the thermal properties of NR latex composites. After 8 weeks of soil burial, the incorporation of LIGS and SRC‐LIGS into the NR latex composites has accelerated biodegradation processes, thus highlighting their advantage as biodegradable fillers. These properties have consequently contributed to SRC‐LIGS/NR latex composites as a potential composite for use in biodegradable applications, such as polybag for pottery and plants. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 25:278–286, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Communicating, Narrating, and Focalizing Minds
Authors: Elleström Lars
Published: December 2018

This chapter affords a broad conceptualization of communicating minds, which is essential for framing transmedial narration. It also suggests a methodical way of analyzing narrators and narratees that are external and internal to narratives. Distinctions are made between actual narrators/narratees and overarching and embedded virtual (represented) narrators/narratees in order to be able to discern both transmedial and media-specific narrative features. Whereas all narratives by definition require actual narrators and narratees, it is sometimes helpful to construe overarching virtual narrators or narratees that are internal to narratives and help in making sense of them. Narratives can also hold embedded virtual narrators and narratees creating stories within stories. Narrators additionally act as focalizers, delimiting the scope of narration in various ways.
Temporal Interrelations
Authors: Elleström Lars
Published: December 2018

This chapter investigates temporal interrelations of represented events with an emphasis on dissimilarities among temporal interrelations. Two distinctions that are vital for grasping media differences are highlighted: possible temporal differences between (static or temporal) representing media products and (temporal) narratives, and potential temporal differences within narratives, more precisely between overall narratives and core stories. Particular attention is given to the convention of sequential decoding, which is important for inducing temporality in some forms of static media products. These explorations make it possible to understand both the transmedial possibilities and the media-specific restraints for narration.
Nitrate boosts anaerobic ethanol production in an acetate-dependent manner in the yeast Dekkera bruxellensis
Authors: Peña-Moreno Irina Charlot , Castro Parente Denise , da Silva Jackeline Maria , Andrade Mendonça Allyson , Rojas Lino Angel Valcarcel , de Morais Junior Marcos Antonio , de Barros Pita Will
Published: December 2018

In the past few years, the yeast Dekkera bruxellensis has gained much of attention among the so-called non-conventional yeasts for its potential in the biotechnological scenario, especially in fermentative processes. This yeast has been regarded as an important competitor to Saccharomyces cerevisiae in bioethanol production plants in Brazil and several studies have reported its capacity to produce ethanol. However, our current knowledge concerning D. bruxellensis is restricted to its aerobic metabolism, most likely because wine and beer strains cannot grow in full anaerobiosis. Hence, the present work aimed to fulfil a gap regarding the lack of information on the physiology of Dekkera bruxellensis growing in the complete absence of oxygen and the relationship with assimilation of nitrate as nitrogen source. The ethanol strain GDB 248 was fully capable of growing anaerobically and produces ethanol at the same level of S. cerevisiae. The presence of nitrate in the medium increased this capacity. Moreover, nitrate is consumed faster than ammonium and this increased rate coincided with a higher speed of glucose consumption. The profile of gene expression helped us to figure out that even in anaerobiosis, the presence of nitrate drives the yeast cells to an oxidative metabolism that ultimately incremented both biomass and ethanol production. These results finally provide the clues to explain most of the success of this yeast in industrial processes of ethanol production.
Neuropathologic, genetic, and longitudinal cognitive profiles in primary age‐related tauopathy (PART) and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Bell W. Robert , An Yang , Kageyama Yusuke , English Collin , Rudow Gay L. , Pletnikova Olga , Thambisetty Madhav , O'Brien Richard , Moghekar Abhay R. , Albert Marilyn S. , Rabins Peter V. , Resnick Susan M. , Troncoso Juan C.
Published: December 2018

Introduction

Primary age‐related tauopathy (PART) is a recently described entity that can cause cognitive impairment in the absence of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we compared neuropathological features, tau haplotypes, apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes, and cognitive profiles in age‐matched subjects with PART and AD pathology.

Methods

Brain autopsies (n = 183) were conducted on participants 85 years and older from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging and Johns Hopkins Alzheimer's Disease Research Center. Participants, normal at enrollment, were followed with periodic cognitive evaluations until death.

Results

Compared with AD, PART subjects showed significantly slower rates of decline on measures of memory, language, and visuospatial performance. They also showed lower APOE ε4 allele frequency (4.1% vs. 17.6%, P = .0046).

Discussion

Our observations suggest that PART is separate from AD and its distinction will be important for the clinical management of patients with cognitive impairment and for public health care planning.
Middle School Geography Teachers’ Professional Development Centered around Historical Photographs
Authors: Callahan Cory
Published: December 2018

This paper describes three social studies teachers’ participation in an approximately 50-h, 13-month, Lesson Study-type professional development program called Beyond Words. The program centered around promoting teachers’ understanding of historical domain knowledge through experiences with innovative visual curriculum materials and sustained collaboration. This qualitative investigation answers: To what degree can Beyond Words help in-service geography teachers design and implement powerful instruction centered around historical photographs? Throughout Beyond Words the teachers demonstrated a spirit of open-mindedness and a willingness to experiment with unfamiliar ideas; they planned and implemented a lesson that featured engaging historical photographs, thinking critically about the past, and making claims about a public issue. At the end of the program, however, they demonstrated conventional approaches toward social studies instruction, especially regarding curriculum and assessment. The work shared here suggests that helping teachers craft high-quality questions to anchor student-inquiry and scaffolding teachers’ sensemaking of student-outcome data should be high priorities for professional development providers.
On the relationship between non-optimum operations and fuel requirement for large civil transport aircraft, with reference to environmental impact and contrail avoidance strategy
Authors: Poll D. I. A.
Published: December 2018

The general problem of determining cruise fuel burn is addressed by considering the variation of the product of engine overall efficiency and airframe lift-to-drag ratio, (ηoL/D), with Mach number and lift coefficient. This quantity is the aerothermodynamic determinant of fuel burn rate. Using a small amount of real aircraft data and exploiting normalisation, it is found that near universal relationships exist between the key variables. With this major simplification, an analytic, near exact solution is derived in which the aircraft-related input data are reduced to just three parameters, namely the optimum value of (ηoL/D) and the lift coefficient and Mach number combination at which it occurs. These are quantities that are either available from open information sources or can be estimated using established analytic methods. By introducing models of the take-off and climb and the descent and landing phases, the method is extended to provide accurate trip fuel estimates.

It is shown that there is an ideal flight level (IFL) at which the fuel consumption rate is a minimum for all speeds in the normal cruise operating range. Furthermore, the IFL at the end of cruise is approximately the same for all aircraft, whilst the IFL at the beginning of cruise depends, primarily, on the distance to be flown. There is little dependence on the size of the aircraft, or its take-off mass.

In the context of the ‘fuel-based’ assessment of operational inefficiency, the method is further developed to determine the sensitivity of the trip fuel requirement to changes in the operational parameters governed by air traffic management (ATM). The result is two simple equations. These are used to estimate the current ATM fuel burden. At the global level, this is about 20% with more than half being attributable to flights of less than 1,200 km.

Finally, the method is used to estimate the fuel burn penalty associated with reducing contrail formation by simply avoiding those regions of the atmosphere that are supersaturated with respect to ice. If the aircraft is at the IFL when avoiding action is required, flying below the supersaturated region minimises the additional fuel use. Even when multiple evasive manoeuvres are needed, the additional trip fuel requirement is expected to be less than 0.5%.
The automorphism group of a shift of slow growth is amenable
Authors: CYR VAN , KRA BRYNA
Published: December 2018

Suppose $(X,\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E})$ is a subshift, $P_{X}(n)$ is the word complexity function of $X$, and $\text{Aut}(X)$ is the group of automorphisms of $X$. We show that if $P_{X}(n)=o(n^{2}/\log ^{2}n)$, then $\text{Aut}(X)$ is amenable (as a countable, discrete group). We further show that if $P_{X}(n)=o(n^{2})$, then $\text{Aut}(X)$ can never contain a non-abelian free monoid (and, in particular, can never contain a non-abelian free subgroup). This is in contrast to recent examples, due to Salo and Schraudner, of subshifts with quadratic complexity that do contain such a monoid.
Zero-dimensional isomorphic dynamical models
Authors: DOWNAROWICZ TOMASZ , JIN LEI , LUSKY WOLFGANG , QIAO YIXIAO
Published: December 2018

By an assignment we mean a mapping from a Choquet simplex $K$ to probability measure-preserving systems obeying some natural restrictions. We prove that if $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F7}$ is an aperiodic assignment on a Choquet simplex $K$ such that the set of extreme points $\mathsf{ex}K$ is a countable union $\bigcup _{n}E_{n}$, where each set $E_{n}$ is compact, zero-dimensional and the restriction of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F7}$ to the Bauer simplex $K_{n}$ spanned by $E_{n}$ can be ‘embedded’ in some topological dynamical system, then $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F7}$ can be ‘realized’ in a zero-dimensional system.
Variability of surgical prophylaxis in penicillin-allergic children
Authors: Butler David F. , Lee Brian R. , Suppes Sarah , Sandritter Tracy , Newland Jason G. , Harte Lory , Goldman Jennifer L.
Published: December 2018

We retrospectively evaluated the effect of penicillin adverse drug reaction (ADR) labeling on surgical antibiotic prophylaxis. Cefazolin was administered in 86% of penicillin ADR-negative (−) and 28% penicillin ADR-positive (+) cases. Broad-spectrum antibiotic use was more common in ADR(+) cases and was more commonly associated with perioperative adverse drug events.
Self-propulsion near the onset of Marangoni instability of deformable active droplets
Authors: Morozov Matvey , Michelin Sébastien
Published: December 2018

Experimental observations indicate that chemically active droplets suspended in a surfactant-laden fluid can self-propel spontaneously. The onset of this motion is attributed to a symmetry-breaking Marangoni instability resulting from the nonlinear advective coupling of the distribution of surfactant to the hydrodynamic flow generated by Marangoni stresses at the droplet’s surface. Here, we use a weakly nonlinear analysis to characterize the self-propulsion near the instability threshold and the influence of the droplet’s deformability. We report that, in the vicinity of the threshold, deformability enhances self-propulsion of viscous droplets, but hinders propulsion of drops that are roughly less viscous than the surrounding fluid. Our asymptotics further reveals that droplet deformability may alter the type of bifurcation leading to symmetry breaking: for moderately deformable droplets, the onset of self-propulsion is transcritical and a regime of steady self-propulsion is stable; while in the case of highly deformable drops, no steady flows can be found within the asymptotic limit considered in this paper, suggesting that the bifurcation is subcritical.
The concept of business judgment
Authors: Keay Andrew , Loughrey Joan
Published: December 2018

Categorising something as a business judgment can provide directors with a powerful shield from accountability. It has been said that the courts in England and Wales defer to directors’ business judgments and directors’ decisions are protected from review in other jurisdictions by a business judgment rule. Yet what a business judgment is has never been addressed, and so precisely what is being protected, and why, is unclear. This paper analyses case law in England and Wales and key Australian and US cases to answer this question. It argues that the courts use the term judgment in two senses: an ability, and a decision sense, and that business judgment in both senses can be linked to Knight's concept of entrepreneurial judgment, and directors’ wealth creation function. Conversely, decisions that are linked to directors’ corporate governance function and are less easy to categorise as entrepreneurial are less likely to be viewed as business judgments.
A different kind of story
Authors: Smith Carly
Published: December 2018

In recounting the history of Cherbourg as an Aboriginal settlement, the Ration Shed Museum presents some traumatic narratives. It paints a picture of violent geographic and cultural dislocation, crude living conditions, forced labour and administrative oppression by infusing historical artefacts with the personal recollections of Cherbourg residents. The intent behind the Ration Shed Museum itself, however, is something quite different: its curators want to tell a story that speaks of hope for this community’s future, and to work towards some form of reconciliation. They do this by actively engaging with the ‘terrible gift’ of the past in the present, and by providing spaces for encounters that can lead to open discussions of difficult social issues and celebrations of contemporary Cherbourg life. This article draws on ethnographic interviews and observational data alongside the theoretical work of Roger I. Simon and Andrea Witcomb to describe how the Ration Shed Museum engages its community and visitors in a dual process of both understanding Cherbourg’s history and reframing traumatic narratives to enact a pedagogy of hope.
Daryl McPhee, 'Environmental History and Ecology of Moreton Bay', Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing, 2017, 208 pp., ISBN 9 7814 8630 7210, A$69.95
Authors: Mesken Jarrod
Published: December 2018

Daryl McPhee, Environmental History and Ecology of Moreton Bay, Melbourne: CSIRO Publishing, 2017, 208 pp., ISBN 9 7814 8630 7210, A$69.95
ON PARTITIONS OF NONNEGATIVE INTEGERS AND REPRESENTATION FUNCTIONS
Authors: YAN XIAO-HUI
Published: December 2018

Let
$\mathbb{N}$
be the set of all nonnegative integers. For any set
$A\subset \mathbb{N}$
, let
$R(A,n)$
denote the number of representations of
$n$
as
$n=a+a^{\prime }$
with
$a,a^{\prime }\in A$
. There is no partition
$\mathbb{N}=A\cup B$
such that
$R(A,n)=R(B,n)$
for all sufficiently large integers 
$n$
. We prove that a partition
$\mathbb{N}=A\cup B$
satisfies
$|R(A,n)-R(B,n)|\leq 1$
for all nonnegative integers
$n$
if and only if, for each nonnegative integer 
$m$
, exactly one of
$2m+1$
and
$2m$
is in 
$A$
.
Inadvertent and minimal gluten intake has a negligible role in the onset of symptoms in patients with coeliac disease on a gluten-free diet
Authors: Schiepatti Annalisa , Bellani Valentina , Perlato Margherita , Maimaris Stiliano , Klersy Catherine , Biagi Federico
Published: December 2018

Although the quantity of gluten that a well-instructed coeliac patient can involuntarily ingest is <10 mg of gluten/d which cannot induce significant villous damage, coeliac patients often attribute the origin of symptoms to the involuntary ingestion of trace quantities of gluten, either certain or hypothetical. Our aim was to evaluate whether the occurrence of symptoms in coeliac patients who histologically responded to a strict gluten-free diet was related to the involuntary consumption of minimal quantities of gluten. A case–control study to assess the association between gluten exposure and the occurrence of symptoms was designed. Between January 2017 and May 2018, coeliac patients attending our outpatient clinic were interviewed to detect the presence of symptoms. Based on a specifically designed form, patients were also divided into different risk groups of gluten exposure. A total of ninety-five coeliac patients on a strict gluten-free diet and with known histological recovery were enroled. Of them, fifty-two of them reported symptoms and they were enroled as cases; the remaining forty-three patients denied symptoms and were enroled as controls. Although this was not statistically significant, gluten exposure was more frequent in controls (Fisher’s exact test, P=0·07). Our results show no relationship between exposure to minimal quantities of gluten and onset of symptoms in coeliac patients. Symptoms are more frequent in patients who have no risk of gluten exposure. It is possible that the presence of these symptoms leads the patients to avoid situations that may place them at risk of gluten exposure.
Breakfast replacement with a liquid formula improves glycaemic variability in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised clinical trial
Authors: Peng Jiahui , Lu Jingyi , Ma Xiaojing , Ying Lingwen , Lu Wei , Zhu Wei , Bao Yuqian , Zhou Jian
Published: December 2018

There is emerging evidence that glycaemic variability (GV) plays an important role in the development of diabetic complications. The current study aimed to compare the effects of lifestyle intervention (LI) with and without partial meal replacement (MR) on GV. A total of 123 patients with newly diagnosed and untreated type 2 diabetes (T2D) were randomised to receive either LI together with breakfast replacement with a liquid formula (LI+MR) (n 62) or LI alone (n 61) for 4 weeks and completed the study. Each participant was instructed to have three main meals per d and underwent 72-h continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) both before and after intervention. Measures of GV assessed by CGM included the incremental AUC of postprandial blood glucose (AUCpp), standard deviation of blood glucose (SDBG), glucose CV and mean amplitude of glycaemic excursions (MAGE). After a 4-week intervention, the improvements in systolic blood pressure (P=0·046) and time in range (P=0·033) were more pronounced in the LI+MR group than in the LI group. Furthermore, LI+MR caused significantly greater improvements in all GV metrics including SDBG (P=0·005), CV (P=0·002), MAGE (P=0·016) and AUCpp (P<0·001) than did LI. LI+MR (v. LI) was independently associated with improvements in GV after adjustment of covariates (all P<0·05). Our study showed that LI+MR led to significantly greater improvements in GV compared with LI, suggesting that LI+MR could be an effective treatment to alleviate glucose excursions.
Increased take-off level in automatic milking systems – effects on milk flow, milk yield and milking efficiency at the quarter level
Authors: Ferneborg Sabine , Thulin Måns , Agenäs Sigrid , Svennersten-Sjaunja Kerstin , Krawczel Peter , Ternman Emma
Published: December 2018

This research communication describes how different detachment levels (0.48, 0.3 and 0.06 kg milk/min) at the quarter-level affect milk flow profiles and overall milking efficiency in automatic milking systems. We hypothesized a higher detachment level would result in greater mean flow rates without affecting the volume of harvested milk per cow during 24 h compared to lower detachment levels. The data suggest milk flow decreased to a rate below the overmilking limit within the 6-s delay time required for termination in all treatments, but the duration of overmilking was shorter for the greatest detachment level compared to the other treatments. We conclude that setting a detachment level at a greater milk flow rate reduces the duration of overmilking without affecting the amount of milk harvested when applied to cows in mid-lactation during quarter-level milking. We also suggest that the steepness of the decline phase of the milk flow curve might have a larger effect than the actual detachment level on the duration of overmilking.
Morphological and molecular characterization of two new species of the genus Aporcelinus Andrássy, 2009 (Nematoda, Dorylaimida, Aporcelaimidae) from the USA, with new insights on the phylogeny of the genus
Authors: Álvarez-Ortega S. , Subbotin S.A. , Peña-Santiago R.
Published: December 2018

Two new species of the genus Aporcelinus from the USA are described and illustrated. Aporcelinus floridensis sp. n. is characterized by its 1.12–1.52 mm long body, lip region offset by marked constriction and 14.5–17.0 μm broad with perioral liplets, odontostyle 16.5–20.0 μm at its ventral side and 1.1–1.2 times the lip region diameter, neck 316–395 μm long, pharyngeal expansion occupying 43–48% of total neck length, uterus simple and 33–56 μm long or 0.8–1.2 times the corresponding body diameter, V = 48–54, female tail conical (36–49 μm long, c = 27–41, c’ = 1.2–2.0) with finely rounded terminus and no hyaline portion, and male absent. Aporcelinus paolae sp. n. is characterized by its 1.29–1.80 mm long body, lip region offset by marked constriction and 14–16 μm broad, odontostyle 15–17 μm at its ventral side and 1.0–1.1 times the lip region diameter, neck 314–397 μm long, pharyngeal expansion occupying 43–53% of total neck length, uterus tripartite and 128–164 μm long or 2.6–3.6 times the corresponding body diameter, V = 53–57, female tail conical (30–39 μm long, c = 40–51, c’ = 1.1–1.3) with finely rounded terminus and variably re-curved dorsad, male tail conical (27–36 μm, c = 39–59, c’ = 0.9–1.2), ventrally straight and dorsally convex, spicules 48–54 μm long, and 7–9 irregularly spaced ventromedian supplements lacking hiatus. The analyses of the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA (LSU) gene sequences of the two new species confirmed the monophyly of the genus, based upon currently available data, showing a close relationship between the genera Aporcelinus and Makatinus, and justified the placement of Aporcelaimellus, Makatinus and Aporcelinus under the subfamily Aporcelaimellinae.
Production and perception of question prosody in Akan
Authors: Genzel Susanne , Kügler Frank
Published: December 2018

The paper presents a production experiment investigating the phonetic parameters speakers employ to differentiate Yes–No questions from string-identical statements in Akan, a West-African two-tone Kwa language. Results show that, in comparison to the statement, speakers use a higher pitch register throughout the utterance as a global parameter, and falling f0, longer duration and higher intensity as local parameters on the final syllable of the Yes–No question. Further, two perception experiments (forced-choice identification and gating) investigate the perceptual relevance of the global parameter and the local final parameters. Results show that listeners cannot assess the higher pitch register information to identify the mode of a sentence early on. Rather, identification takes place when the local phonetic parameters on the final vowel are available. The findings point to the superiority of language-specific cues in sentence mode perception. It is suggested that Akan uses a low boundary tone that associates with the right edge of the intonation phrase (L%) in Yes–No questions. The results are discussed from the point of view of question intonation typology in African languages. It is argued that a classification along the lines of functionally relevant cues is preferable to an impressionistic analysis.
No sex differences in the origins of covariation between social and physical aggression
Authors: Slawinski Brooke L. , Klump Kelly L. , Alexandra Burt S.
Published: December 2018

Background

Prior work has indicated both theoretical and empirical overlap between social and physical aggression. The extent to which their covariance can be explained by the same underlying genetic or environmental factors, however, remains unclear. It is also uncertain whether or how the origins of their covariance might vary across sex. The current study sought to fill these gaps in the literature.

Methods

We examined maternal and teacher reports of youth physical and social aggression in over 1000 6–10 years old (mean age = 8.02 years) twin pairs from the Michigan State University Twin Registry. We made use of the bivariate correlated factors model to clarify the origins of their association. We further tested both sex difference and no-sex difference versions of that model to determine whether there are sex differences in the association between social and physical aggression, as often assumed.

Results

The covariation between social and physical aggression was due to overlapping genetic factors and common environmental conditions. Specifically, 50–57% of the genetic factors, 74–100% of the shared environmental factors, and 28–40% of the unique environmental factors influencing physical aggression also influenced social aggression according to both mother and teacher reports. These shared etiological factors did not differ across sex.

Conclusions

These findings argue against the common assumption that social aggression is the ‘female version’ of male physical aggression, and instead suggest that social aggression may be best conceptualized as a form of antisocial behavior that shares developmental pathways with other manifestations of externalizing pathology.
Effect of fire regime on the grass community of the humid savanna of Lamto, Ivory Coast
Authors: Koffi Kouamé Fulgence , N’Dri Aya Brigitte , Lata Jean-Christophe , Konaté Souleymane , Srikanthasamy Tharaniya , Konan Marcel , Barot Sébastien
Published: December 2018

This study assesses the impact of four fire treatments applied yearly over 3 y, i.e. early fire, mid-season fire, late fire and no fire treatments, on the grass communities of Lamto savanna, Ivory Coast. We describe communities of perennial tussock grasses on three replicated 5 × 5-m or 10 × 5-m plots of each fire treatment. Tussock density did not vary with fire treatment. The relative abundance of grass species, the circumference of grass tussocks and the probability of having a tussock with a central die-back, varied with fire treatment. Mid-season fire had the highest proportion of tussocks with a central die-back while the late fire had the smallest tussocks. Tussock density, circumference, relative abundance and probability of having a central die-back varied with species.Andropogon canaliculatusandHyparrhenia diplandrawere the most abundant of the nine grass species. They had the largest tussocks and the highest proportion of tussock with a central die-back.Loudetia simplexwas the third most abundant species but was very rare in no fire plots. The distribution of tussock circumferences was right skewed and dominated by small tussocks. The proportion of the tussocks with a central die-back strongly increased with circumference, which could lead to tussock fragmentation. Taken together, this study suggests that fire regimes impact grass demography and that this impact depends on grass species and tussock size.
The effect of Chinese famine exposure in early life on dietary patterns and chronic diseases of adults
Authors: Zhou Jielin , Sheng Jie , Fan Yong , Zhu Xingmeng , Tao Qi , Liu Kaiyong , Hu Chunqiu , Ruan Liang , Yang Linsheng , Tao Fangbiao , Wang Sufang
Published: December 2018

Objective

To assess the effect of famine exposure during early life on dietary patterns, chronic diseases, and the interaction effect between famine exposure and dietary patterns on chronic diseases in adulthood.

Design

Cross-sectional study. Dietary patterns were derived by factor analysis. Multivariate quantile regression and log-binomial regression were used to evaluate the impact of famine exposure on dietary patterns, chronic diseases and the interaction effect between famine exposure and dietary patterns on chronic diseases, respectively.

Setting

Hefei, China.

Participants

Adults aged 45–60 years (n 939).

Results

‘Healthy’, ‘high-fat and high-salt’, ‘Western’ and ‘traditional Chinese’ dietary patterns were identified. Early-childhood and mid-childhood famine exposure were remarkably correlated with high intake of the traditional Chinese dietary pattern. Compared with the non-exposed group (prevalence ratio (PR); 95 % CI), early-childhood (3·13; 1·43, 6·84) and mid-childhood (2·37; 1·05, 5·36) exposed groups showed an increased PR for diabetes, and the early-childhood (2·07; 1·01, 4·25) exposed group showed an increased PR for hypercholesterolaemia. Additionally, relative to the combination of non-exposed group and low-dichotomous high-fat and high-salt dietary pattern, the combination of famine exposure in early life and high-dichotomous high-fat and high-salt dietary pattern in adulthood had higher PR for diabetes (4·95; 1·66, 9·05) and hypercholesterolaemia (3·71; 1·73, 7·60), and significant additive interactions were observed.

Conclusions

Having suffered the Chinese famine in childhood might affect an individual’s dietary habits and health status, and the joint effect between famine and harmful dietary pattern could have serious consequences on later-life health outcomes.
The long-term effects of employer-sponsored pension plans on non-workplace returns on investments
Authors: Messacar Derek , Morissette René
Published: December 2018

What is the effect of having an employer-sponsored pension plan (EPP) on financial performance in non-workplace investments? This paper offers new insight into this unresolved empirical issue using administrative data on more than 345,000 tax filers from Canada. The paper makes two key contributions. First, an approach for inferring relative returns on investments is developed based on a longitudinal analysis of saving flow-of-funds and wealth data related to the use of the tax-free savings account (TFSA). The analysis shows that there is substantial heterogeneity in asset balances across individuals with equivalent saving histories. Second, having an EPP is shown to raise the average return on investment in other tax-preferred saving plans, albeit by a modest amount of approximately 0.50–1.25% over 5 years since the TFSA was introduced. This result is robust to augmenting the analysis to an instrumental variables approach, exploiting variation in the availability of EPPs across cohorts by sex and industry of employment.
Integration vs separation in the provision of health care: 24 OECD countries compared
Authors: Toth Federico
Published: December 2018

This article proposes a classification of the different national health care systems based on the way the network of health care providers is organised. To this end, we present two rivalling models: on the one hand, the integrated model and, on the other, the separated model. These two models are defined based on five dimensions: (1) integration of insurer and provider; (2) integration of primary and secondary care; (3) presence of gatekeeping mechanisms; (4) patient's freedom of choice; and (5) solo or group practice of general practitioners. Each of these dimensions is applied to the health care systems of 24 OECD countries. If we combine the five dimensions, we can arrange the 24 national cases along a continuum that has the integrated model and the separated model at the two opposite poles. Portugal, Spain, New Zealand, the UK, Denmark, Ireland and Israel are to be considered highly integrated, while Italy, Norway, Australia, Greece and Sweden have moderately integrated provision systems. At the opposite end, Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, the Republic of Korea, Japan, Switzerland and Turkey have highly separated provision systems. Canada, The Netherlands and the United States can be categorised as moderately separated.
“Everybody Makes Up Folksongs”: Pete Seeger's 1950s College Concerts and the Democratic Potential of Folk Music
Authors: BLAKE DAVID
Published: December 2018

During the 1950s, while blacklisted from the music industry and investigated by the House Un-American Activities Committee, Pete Seeger performed at colleges and universities across the United States. Although these concerts were crucial to his political work during the decade—Seeger repeatedly called them “the most important job I ever did in my life”—they have been neglected in scholarship. This article positions Seeger's campus concerts as crucial sites for demonstrating the democratic potential of folk music. Seeger sought to teach his audiences that folk music was an everyday activity created by people around the world, as well as an inherently participatory genre that could model civic cooperation. The democratic and educational purposes of his concerts marked a change from the labor advocacy of his 1940s work, and reflected ideas that he was then promulgating in hisSing Out!columns and Folkways Records. This essay examines his appearance at Cornell University on December 6, 1954 to illustrate three dimensions of Seeger's conception of democracy: audience participation, pluralistic repertoire, and rejection of the music industry. While illustrating Seeger's political actions, the Cornell concert also surfaces a tension between democratic participation and the class dynamics inherent in performing folk music for collegiate audiences.
A Love Song for All of Us?: Macklemore's “Same Love” and the Myth of Black Homophobia
Authors: KEHRER LAURON
Published: December 2018

According to theNew York Times, white rapper Macklemore and his DJ partner Ryan Lewis's “Same Love” was “the first song to explicitly embrace and promote gay marriage that has made it into the Top 40.”1In 2013, as the Supreme Court of the United States prepared to rule on challenges to the Federal Defense of Marriage Act and California's Proposition 8, which banned same-sex marriage, the track quickly climbed the charts and became a nationally recognized anthem for marriage equality. Despite this generally positive reception, however, the song does not reflect all queer-identified listeners. Macklemore raps, “If I were gay, I would think hip hop hates me,” an assertion that positions black communities as a significant threat to (white) LGBTQ rights. Much like the backlash against black voters following the 2008 passing of Proposition 8, this claim relies on an invented black pathology that locates homophobia in black American culture specifically rather than American culture at large. This article offers a close reading and contextualization of “Same Love” and demonstrates that, rather than combating homophobia in hip hop, Macklemore's lyrical claims actually bolster his strategic performance as a socially and politically aware white rapper, while erasing queer and trans hip hop artists of color from the discourse.