bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modulated photoactivation methods—Effect on marginal and internal gap formation of restorations using different restorative composites
Authors: Alonso Roberta C. B. , Correr Gisele M. , Cunha Leonardo G. , De Moraes Souto Pantoja Carlos A. , Puppin‐Rontani Regina M. , Sinhoreti Mário A. C.
Published: January 2007

This study evaluated the effect of modulated photoactivation methods on gap formation of restorations using different composites. Methods: Sixty human third molars were selected, sectioned (two fragments), and ground to expose a flat enamel area. A cavity (5 mm long × 2 mm wide × 2 mm deep—outer margins in enamel and inner margins in dentin) was prepared on the central area of flattened surface. Single bond adhesive system was applied according to manufacturer's instructions. The specimens were assigned into 12 groups (n = 10), according to the restorative composite (Filtek Z250, Herculite XRV, and Heliomolar) and the photoactivation method [continuous light (CL); soft‐start (SS); pulse delay (PD); and intermittent light (IL)]. Outer margins were stained using Caries Detector, observed under stereomicroscope, and images were transferred to a computer measurement program. Then, the specimens were sectioned in slices and the internal gaps were assigned using the same method. The length of gaps was expressed as a percentage of total length of the margins. Data (internal adaptation) were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test. Results: All restorations showed perfect seal of the enamel outer margins. Modulated photoactivation methods (SS, PD, and IL) showed a significant reduction on internal gap formation when compared with CL, regardless of the composite. Filtek Z250 showed the best internal adaptation, regardless of the photoactivation method. Conclusion: Modulated photoactivation methods decrease the internal gap formation of composite restorations, and should be encouraged on clinical practice. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Tracking the urinary excretion of high molar mass poly(vinyl alcohol)
Authors: Besheer Ahmed , Mäder Karsten , Kaiser Sergej , Kressler Jörg , Weis Christine , Odermatt Erich K.
Published: January 2007

The fate of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) of weight average molar mass of 125,000 g/mol after administration into the peritoneum of rabbits has bean studied by various methods. PVA was spin‐labeled with a nitroxide radical and then detected in urine using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Furthermore, unlabeled polymer was also administered to rabbits, then the urine was collected, dialyzed, precipitated, and the excretion of PVA was confirmed by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), FTIR spectroscopy, and 1H NMR spectroscopy. ESR and SEC results show that, despite its relatively high molar mass, PVA is excreted through the kidneys without significant molar mass changes. Nevertheless, NMR and FTIR spectra show slight differences between the excreted and neat PVA. Possible causes of these discrepancies are discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Improved grid‐based algorithm for Bader charge allocation
Authors: Sanville Edward , Kenny Steven D. , Smith Roger , Henkelman Graeme
Published: January 2007

An improvement to the grid‐based algorithm of Henkelman et al. for the calculation of Bader volumes is suggested, which more accurately calculates atomic properties as predicted by the theory of Atoms in Molecules. The CPU time required by the improved algorithm to perform the Bader analysis scales linearly with the number of interatomic surfaces in the system. The new algorithm corrects systematic deviations from the true Bader surface, calculated by the original method and also does not require explicit representation of the interatomic surfaces, resulting in a more robust method of partitioning charge density among atoms in the system. Applications of the method to some small systems are given and it is further demonstrated how the method can be used to define an energy per atom inab initiocalculations. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2007
Electric field effects on the performance of a candidate multipole molecular switch: A quantum computational study
Authors: Sabzyan Hassan , Farmanzadeh Davood
Published: January 2007

Structural and electronic responses of the organic molecule di(4‐nitro‐2‐methylenamine phenyl) diazene a candidate molecular switch, as an active device in a nanoelectronic circuit, to the external electric fields with strengths 5 × 10−4 – 1.8 × 10−2 a.u. included explicitly in the Hamiltonian are studied using B3LYP/6‐31G* method. This study shows that thermodynamic formation functions are not affected significantly by the applied field. Electronic spatial extent show a negligibly small change (<2%) over the studied range of the electric field strength. Calculated electric dipole moments show significant sensitivity to the external electric field, which result consequently in much stronger interactions with the electrodes (poles) of the mother nanoelectronic circuit at higher electric field strengths. Natural bond orbital atomic charges analysis shows different field effects on different atoms depending on their positions with respect to the direction of the field. The applied field increases HOMO, LUMO, and the Fermi level energies; however, decreases the HOMO–LUMO gap (HLG) values. Results of this study show that it is possible to control field‐induced charge redistribution over the molecule by using push–pull effects of different substitution via their connection points to the extended π‐system. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2007
Benign glandular inclusions a rare cause of a false positive sentinel node
Authors: Norton Laura E. , Komenaka Ian K. , Emerson Robert E. , Murphy Colleen , Badve Sunil
Published: January 2007

An 84‐year‐old female underwent a wire‐guided lumpectomy and sentinel lymph node biopsy. Two sentinel nodes were identified and sent for immediate pathological evaluation. One of the nodes was reported as “glandular epithelium consistent with metastatic adenocarcinoma.” Permanent sections of the sentinel node initially considered positive revealed glandular structures primarily within the fibrous capsule of the involved lymph node. These glands were lined by tall columnar epithelial cells, which had cilia on the luminal surface and did not show significant cytologic atypia. The limitations of intra‐operative evaluation of sentinel nodes make differentiation of uncommon pathology difficult. A conservative approach should be taken with these lesions as permanent sections will often elucidate the diagnosis. J. Surg. Oncol. 2007;95:593–596. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nicotinic acid receptor subtypes and their ligands
Authors: Soudijn Willem , van Wijngaarden Ineke , IJzerman Adriaan P.
Published: January 2007

Half a century ago, nicotinic acid (niacin) was introduced into the clinic as the first orally available drug to treat high cholesterol levels and to improve the balance between (V)low density lipoproteins (LDL) and high density lipoproteins (HDL). Remarkably, its putative mechanism of action has only been recently elucidated, particularly because of the cloning of a G protein‐coupled receptor (HM74A or GPR109A). This receptor responds to both nicotinic acid and the ketone body β‐hydroxybutyrate, the latter thought to be the more probable endogenous ligand for HM74A. In this review, we will discuss the pharmacology and medicinal chemistry of this receptor subtype and a related one (HM74 or GPR109B). Although still in its infancy, the ligand repertoire is developing, and a number of compound classes have now been described, among which are both full and partial agonists. Antagonists, however, are still lacking, thus compromising thorough pharmacological studies. Mutagenesis experiments have provided clues regarding the ligand binding site; in particular, an arginine residue in transmembrane domain 3 of the receptor seems to recognize the acidic moiety present in nicotinic acid and related substances. HM74A has also been linked to one of the major side effects of nicotinic acid, that is, flushing, since this receptor subtype also occurs in skin immune cells. It is not known yet whether HM74 is also present on these cells. Since nicotinic acid is one of the few available medicines that raise HDL (“good cholesterol”) levels, HM74A and HM74 appear promising targets for future pharmacotherapy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 27, No. 3, 417–433, 2007
Contribution of central and peripheral factors to residual fatigue in Guillain–Barré syndrome
Authors: Garssen Marcel P.J. , Schillings Maartje L. , Van Doorn Pieter A. , Van Engelen Baziel G.M. , Zwarts Machiel J.
Published: January 2007

Many patients with Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) suffer from severe residual fatigue that has an uncertain basis. We determined the relative contribution of peripheral and central factors during a 2‐min fatiguing sustained maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) in 10 neurologically well‐recovered GBS patients and 12 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls. Physiological fatigue was defined as the decline of voluntary force during an MVC of the biceps brachii. Relative amounts of peripheral fatigue and central activation failure were determined combining voluntary force and force responses to electrical stimulation. Surface electromyography was used to determine muscle‐fiber conduction velocity. During the first minute of sustained MVC, peripheral fatigue developed more slowly in patients than in controls. Central fatigue only occurred in patients. The muscle‐fiber conduction velocity was higher in patients. The initial MVC, decrease of MVC, initial force response, and initial central activation failure did not significantly differ between the groups. Although peripheral mechanisms cannot be excluded in the pathogenesis of residual fatigue after GBS, these results suggest that central changes are involved. This study thus provides further insight into the factors contributing to residual fatigue in GBS patients. Muscle Nerve, 2007
Antecedents of political market orientation in Britain and Sweden: analysis and future research propositions
Authors: Strömbäck Jesper
Published: January 2007

During the last 20 years, political marketing has become a widespread phenomenon around the world. However, most of the research concerning political marketing has been carried out in countries such as the United States and Britain. Thus, in order to understand the antecedents of political marketing, as well as its effectiveness as an electoral strategy, there is a need for comparative research including countries that differ significantly from the U.S. and Britain.

One such country is Sweden. Thus, the purpose of this article is to compare and analyze Sweden and Britain with regard to two analytical research questions: (1) What differences are there between Britain and Sweden that might be relevant in understanding why parties choose to be sales‐ or market‐oriented? (2) What are the implications with regards to differencesbetweencountries and between parties within countries that might help to explain why some parties in some countries are more likely than others to be market‐oriented?

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interest group strategies in multi‐level Europe
Authors: Constantelos John
Published: January 2007

This article analyzes the political responses of French and Italian business associations to Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) in the EU. I propose and test the empirical relevance of a multi‐level lobbying model for multi‐tiered systems, a model assumed by, but never systematically examined in, the pluralism literature. Data for this ten‐sector cross‐national panel study come from personal interviews with the presidents of French and Italian business associations. The interviews were held at the beginning and the end of the euro implementation process. The research shows that organized groups routinely overstep their territorial jurisdictions to lobby across multiple levels of government in multi‐level Europe. The degree of state political decentralization is a statistically significant variable in explaining the choice of lobbying target. This ‘crucial comparative case study’ finds that, in adjusting to deeper economic integration, regional associations in France focus their energy on the central government, while Italian groups favour the regional government.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow Structure in a Technical Scale Reactor with an Internal Reboiler
Authors: Biwański Tomasz , Baars Albert , Kowalczyk Wojciech , Delgado Antonio
Published: January 2007

In this contribution, results of experimental flow investigations in a technical scale cylindrical reactor with centrally located internal reboiler are presented. The fluid motion in the kettle is induced by natural circulation. Two different geometrical configurations are considered. First, the liquid level is set below the evaporator's outlet. Thus, only the liquid phase penetrates the liquid surface. The second configuration characterizes the a direct injection of the two phase mixture into bulk liquid. In both cases the liquid leaves the evaporator radially and horizontally towards the cylindrical wall. Gathered results reveal the presence of the big, toroidal vortex in the kettle annulus. Independently on the boundary conditions, self similarity of velocity profiles in the near wall region is observed. In contrast, investigations of the momentum transfer between the jet and the bulk liquid reveal strong dependency on the geometrical configuration of the setup. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dispersive and long‐time behavior of oscillations in lattices
Authors: Path Carsten , Mielke Alexander
Published: January 2007

We study the long‐time dynamics of oscillations in lattices of infinitely many particles interacting via harmonic springs and adumbrate how decay rates for the displacements are proved analytically applying methods for oscillatory integrals. After recapitulating the results of an infinite chain with nearest‐neighbour interaction, we highlight the differences to the case of next‐nearest‐neighbour interaction. Finally we give an outlook on the two dimensional lattice with nearest‐neighbour interaction where more complicated singularities occur. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Prandtl's Mixing Length Model ‐ Revisited
Authors: Obermeier Frank
Published: January 2007

The paper is concerned with a modification of Prandtl's mixing length model of Reynolds stresses in fully developed turbulent channel flows. Here it is a well established fact that Prandtl's model falls short to describe the Reynolds stresses correctly very close to the wall. Furthermore, the resulting solution of the time averaged velocity fails to describe the channel flow correctly from the wall to its center. To overcome these shortcomings, the only characteristic mixing length in Prandtl's model is replaced by separate mixing lengths for velocity fluctuations parallel to the wall and normal to the wall, respectively. The modified model describes the mean velocity, all Reynolds stresses, and the functional dependence between Reynolds number based on the mean velocity and the one based on the friction velocity. For all Reynolds numbers these results ‐ and corresponding results for the production terms of Reynolds stresses and the energy balance of the mean flow ‐ agree quantitatively with experimental data and with data obtained by numerical simulations. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Variability in annual recruitment success as a determinant of long-term and large-scale variation in annual production of intertidal Wadden Sea mussels (Mytilus edulis)
Authors: Beukema J. J. , Dekker R.
Published: January 2007

To understand the background of the strong variation and recent decline of stocks and production of mussels (Mytilus edulis) on tidal flats of the Wadden Sea, we analysed long-term (twice-annual for 26 years) and multi-station (15 sites) estimates of numbers, mean individual weights, biomass, and annual production on Balgzand, a 50-km2tidal-flat area in the westernmost part of the Wadden Sea (The Netherlands). Somatic production was estimated from summed growth increments of soft tissues per half-year period and expressed in ash-free dry mass (AFDM). In adults, positive values in spring/summer regularly alternated with negative values in autumn/winter, when up to ∼25% (mean: 14%) of individual weight gains in the preceding season were lost. No weight losses were observed during the first winter of the life of mussels. The 26-year mean of net somatic tissue production P amounted to 5.5 g AFDM m−2 a−1at a mean biomass B of 3.2 g AFDM m−2; the ratioP/Bvaried strongly with age composition of the mussel population and ranged between 0.5 and 3.0 a−1(mean: 1.7). Within the restricted areas of mussel beds, mean biomass and annual production values were two orders of magnitude higher. In the Wadden Sea, mussel beds cover a typical 1% of extensive tidal flat areas. Numerical densities of recruits showed straight-line relationships with subsequent life-time year-class production. Once recruits had reached an age of ∼10 months, their numbers predicted subsequent production within narrow limits. Production per recruit averaged 0.21 g AFDM for 10-mo recruits and was not related to recruit density. Local variation in annual production varied strongly, with maximal values between mid-tide and low-tide level, where recruitment was also maximal. Production per recruit was higher at low than at high intertidal levels. Frequently failing recruitment is indicated as the main cause of declining mussel stocks in the Wadden Sea. As in other bivalve species, a declining frequency of the occurrence of cold winters appears to govern declining recruitment success and consequently declining production.
Recent advances in amino acid and organic acid metabolism
Authors: Leonard J. V.
Published: January 2007

This paper focuses on the three areas in this field in which there have been advances in amino acid and organic acid metabolism. These are the description of glutamine synthetase deficiency, the elucidation of the mechanism of pyridoxine‐dependent convulsions, and a hypothesis to explain the neurological complications of some organic acidaemias.
Huperzine A protects C6 rat glioma cells against oxygen–glucose deprivation‐induced injury
Authors: Wang Zhi Fei , Tang Xi Can
Published: January 2007

The protective effects of huperzine A against oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD)‐induced injury in C6 cells were investigated. OGD for 6 h and reoxygenation for 6 h enhanced phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB), triggered overexpression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and nitric oxide (NO) in C6 cells. Along with inhibiting acetylcholinesterase activity, treatment with 1 μM huperzine A inhibited activation of NF‐κB, attenuated iNOS, COX‐2 and NO overexpression, and promoted survival in C6 cells subjected to OGD insult. The protective effects of huperzine A were partly mediated by “cholinergic anti‐inflammatory pathway” through α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
Urmylation controls Nil1p and Gln3p‐dependent expression of nitrogen‐catabolite repressed genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Rubio-Texeira Marta
Published: January 2007

Urm1 is a modifier protein that is conjugated to substrate proteins through thioester formation with the E1‐like enzyme, Uba4. Here is shown that the lack of urmylation causes derepression of the GAP1 gene (encoding a nitrogen‐regulated broad‐spectrum amino acid‐scavenging permease) in the presence of rich nitrogen sources, and simultaneous inhibition of the expression of CIT2, a TCA‐cycle gene involved in the production of glutamate and glutamine. This effect is dependent on the TORC1‐ and nutrient‐regulated transcriptional factors, Nil1p and Gln3p. Evidence is provided that, in the absence of urmylation, nuclear/cytosolic shuffling of both transcriptional factors is altered, ultimately leading to inability to repress GAP1 gene in the presence of a rich nitrogen source. Altogether, the data presented here indicate an important role of the urmylation pathway in regulating the expression of genes involved in sensing and controlling amino acids levels.
Human ribosomal protein L7 displays an ER binding property and is involved in ribosome‐ER association
Authors: Wu Wei-Cheng , Liu Houng-Wen , Lin Alan
Published: January 2007

Human ribosomal protein L7 incorporates an ER‐binding characteristic. It is evident from the in vivo ER co‐localization of the transiently expressed recombinant L7 in mycophenolic acid treated HeLa cells, the in situ detection of the fluorescent L7 at the ER in digitonin‐permeablized HeLa cells, and the expression of a similar K
D value to ribosomes binding to the ER. However, no ER co‐localization and a lower K
D was observed if the last 50 amino acid residues at the carboxyl end of L7 were removed, implying that the carboxyl region embodies the ER‐binding specificity. Based on the inhibitory effect of an anti L7 antibody during ribosome rebinding to the microsome, we suggest that the L7‐ER‐binding nature could be one of multiple factors that allow a nascent peptide‐less ribosome to remain at the ER.
Characterization of retinaldehyde dehydrogenase‐2 induction in NG2‐positive glia after spinal cord contusion injury
Authors: Kern Johanna , Schrage Kirsten , Koopmans Guido C. , Joosten Elbert A. , McCaffery Peter , Mey Jörg
Published: January 2007

The transcriptional activator retinoic acid (RA) supports axonal regeneration of several neuronal cell populations in vitro, and it has been suggested that its receptor RARβ2 may be used to support axonal regeneration in the adult mammalian spinal cord. We have previously shown that spinal cord injury induces activity of the RA synthesizing enzyme retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (RALDH)2 in NG2‐positive cells. This report quantifies the increase of RALDH2 protein in the injured spinal cord and characterizes the RALDH2/NG2 expressing cells probably as a unique RA synthesizing subpopulation of activated oligodendrocyte precursors or “polydendrocytes”. In the uninjured spinal cord low levels of RALDH2 are present in oligodendrocytes as well as in the meninges and in blood vessels. Following injury there is a significant increase in RALDH2 in these latter two tissues and, given that the RALDH2/NG2 positive cells are clustered in the same area, this implies that these are specific foci of RA synthesis. It is presumed that these cells release RA in a paracrine fashion in the region of the wound; however, the RALDH2/NG2‐immunoreactive cells expressed the retinoid receptors RARα, RARβ, RXRα and RXRβ, suggesting that RA also serves an autocrine function.
Evolution of the field of operations management
Authors: Sprague Linda G.
Published: January 2007

This Special Issue of the Journal of Operations Management consists of 16 articles by 26 authors covering Operations Managements (OM) topics and issues from the 16th century to the 21st with predictions for the future. While it does not pretend to be comprehensive, it is representative of the types of subjects of inquiry through out this historical period in what could be considered OM. This introduction attempts to put the papers in context, and concludes with comments about what might be considered fundamental concepts which, taken as a set, can be seen as the foundations of Operations Management today.
The management of solvent abuse
Authors: Masterton George
Published: January 2007

The management of solvent abuse amongst adolescents in the West of Scotland is discussed. After describing a variety of community measures to combat the problem, techniques used to identify the habitual user are outlined. How the psychiatrist handles the individual problem case depends upon the underlying mechanisms involved but drug replacement is an interesting and effective method when accepted by the parents. Legislation may be imposed but the ultimate answer probably lies in adding deterrent substances to the products.
A behavioural approach to adolescents in trouble
Authors: Brown Barrie J.
Published: January 2007

Attempts by the mental health professions to find effective prevention or treatment programmes for adolescents with severe conduct disorders have been marked by failure, and by a number of swings in preferred practice which currently have been given expression in the form of various kinds of intervention within the community of the delinquent adolescent—Special Family Placement and Intermediate Treatment for example. Before rejecting current resources however, in particular residential treatment, the question has to be asked how might such resources deal effectively with delinquency? It is suggested that the use of a behavioural model has particular relevance to the delivery of services within the residential sector since it offers a consistent theoretical framework for understanding both the aetiology and the management of such problems. The behaviour model is concerned with controlling behaviour, but not necessarily in a sense of imposing social control on others. Behavioural methods of treatment may be used to control others but are equally useful in the hands of practitioners seeking to foster self‐determination and maturity in his client.

The most relevant form of behavioural treatment within the residential setting is the Token Economy since it is a technique which can be incorporated into the culture and the life of all the people who live in the residential setting. This paper describes one example of a Token Economy, focusing on the three essential components of any successful use of token economy techniques; firstly involving the clients themselves in the management of their own programmes, secondly, the establishment of a system of token reinforcement which can be gradually faded as the clients are able to respond more and more to the intrinsic value of their newly acquired skills and thirdly an effective feedback and training system for staff and children of their performance in the programme.

Preliminary results from this programme, the Gilbey House Token Economy Management Scheme, indicate that the initial aim of the programme (to achieve rapid and extensive expansion in the repertoire of skills of the boys in the unit) has been, broadly speaking, achieved. The Gilbey House programme, however, is only at its first stage—defining a treatment technology. What is now required is to achieve the second stage of its development, establishing clear cut evidence of its efficacy through a controlled comparative evaluation.
Do young delinquents really reform?
Authors: Osborn S.G. , West D.J.
Published: January 2007

A group of male delinquents and a control group of non‐delinquents were interviewed around the age of 24. The delinquents had been seen previously at age 21 and both categories had been seen at age 18. All the delinquents were recidivists, with at least two convictions for offences committed before age 19. Half were temporary recidivists with no further convictions between 19 and 24, and half were persisting recidivists who sustained more convictions in this period. At age 18, both groups of delinquents, but especially the persisting recidivists, were markedly different in social behaviour from non‐delinquents. At age 24, the persisting recidivists remained deviant, but the temporary recidivists had become even more like non‐delinquents. In fact, when those who were reconvicted soon after their 24th birthdays were reclassiffed, there was scarcely any discernable difference between the temporary recidivists and the non‐delinquents.
Conflict in an institutional setting: training and treatment considerations
Authors: Ellis Mary J.L.
Published: January 2007

This paper attempts to examine some of the conflicts that occur in a total institution for adolescents—a boys' borstal. Conflicts are found not only within the youngsters and in their relationships but also within the institution, the staff and its relation to the rest of the Prison Service. In the opinion of many “caretakers” of adolescents a penal institution cannot offer realistic training let alone treatment. Whilst not agreeing with this view the author tries to outline some of the many difficulties that have to be considered, and discusses modifications that would offer better opportunities. Training refers here not only to that undertaken by boys but also to that provided for staff.
A comparative study of self‐esteem among minority group adolescents in Britain
Authors: Louden Delroy M.
Published: January 2007

This paper challenges the fundamental assumptions and empirical evidence upon which earlier conventional views of the nature and meaning of black self‐esteem are based. Review of the literature reveals that a number of these assumptions and conclusions have been drawn from poor, incomplete and inadequate empirical data. Results of more recent, rigorous investigations suggest alternative conclusions and interpretations regarding the meaning, level and quality of black self‐esteem.
Ambivalence and how to turn it to your advantage: adolescence and paradoxical intervention*
Authors: Evans John
Published: January 2007

The concept of ambivalence illuminates our understanding of intrapsychic functioning in adolescence. However, understanding alone does not enable us to achieve our therapeutic goals. We need to develop specific strategies and techniques. Paradoxical and allied types of communication are of value in intrapsychic conflict as much as with interpersonal dilemmas. This paper explores the means of dealing with disturbed behaviour based on adolescent ambivalence.
The family context of adolescent suicidal behaviour
Authors: Kerfoot Michael
Published: January 2007

In recent years there has been a disturbing rise in the number of young people who attempt suicide and their problems present a serious challenge to our thinking about the adolescent within his family. there is increasing evidence in the psychiatric literature for the view that adolescent suicidal behaviour cannot be understood without a careful consideration of family background and relationships. This paper examines the general family context of adolescent suicidal behaviour, and looks at specific factors in the family which are associated with this behaviour. The literature is reviewed and flow charts are used to bring together data, themes, and ideas which appear to be important to an understanding of the problem.
Defined delinquency and adult attitudes to youth
Authors: Smith David M.
Published: January 2007

This research is concerned with the attitudes to youth held by a sample of mothers whose own adolescent children have been defined as delinquent. A sample of 40 such mothers are identified from a larger sample and compared with a matched Control group, concerning their attitudes towards their own 16‐year‐old children, their children's friends and 16‐year‐olds in general. They are found to be more favourably inclined towards 16‐year‐olds as a whole and to be more definite in their responses. Some disparities between their attitudes towards their own children and towards youth in general are considered, as are the means by which mothers accommodate them.
Juvenile procedures in the Swiss Canton of Vaud
Authors: Burbeck Elizabeth
Published: January 2007

The author is an Inspector in the Metropolitan Police and, as a result of being awarded a bursary, she spent three months in Switzerland in the Canton of Vaud. She made a study of their policing methods and, more specifically, their methods of dealing with juvenile crime and juveniles at risk. The legal system in Vaud is inquisitorial and the police work under examining magistrates who decide in each case whether a person should appear before a court. Figures indicate that proportionately fewer juveniles commit offences in Vaud than in London. The incidence of recidivism is lower. This is probably because Vaud is less urban than London with stronger community ties. The principles used in sentencing are similar but there is less cautioning and more use of community service orders. The emphasis is on education and on ensuring that juveniles are employable
Oedipal motives in adolescent chess players
Authors: Melamed David , Berman Emanuel
Published: January 2007

Twenty‐six adolescent boys, regular participants of chess clubs, were compared to a matched control group of 26 non‐players. Two cards of the Blacky Test, four fable completion tasks, and three Thematic Apperception Test cards were administered, and indices were constructed to measure three aspects of oedipal dynamics. Chess players displayed significantly more jealousy regarding father's relationship with mother, and significantly more castration anxiety. No significant difference was found in expressions of father‐son aggression. A composite index also showed greater preoccupation with oedipal themes in chess players. The results are seen as supporting the psychoanalytic view that oedipal motives contribute to interest in chess.
Different perspectives
Authors: Lampen John
Published: January 2007

Some personal thoughts, not necessarily original, on the different ways we perceive adolescents and their problems. Since every viewpoint is partial, and every style of therapy implies a viewpoint, it is suggested that the relationship of different therapies should be a complementary one. The question of a synthesis is discussed.
Numerical response of a helminth community in the course of a multi-annual abundance cycle of the Water Vole (Arvicola terrestris)
Authors: CERQUEIRA D. , DELATTRE P. , DE SOUSA B. , GABRION C. , MORAND S. , QUERE J. P.
Published: January 2007

The impact of parasitism on population dynamics is determined in part by the numerical responses of parasites during population fluctuations of their hosts. Vole populations fluctuate in multi-annual cycles allowing such responses to be studied over successive phases of population growth, abundance and decline. We investigate how a helminth community (5 nematode and 7 cestode species) evolved over a full 6-year Water Vole (Arvicola terrestris) population cycle. Brillouin and individual parasite species richness (IPSR) indices were used to measure the numerical response of the parasite community. We report a correlation between levels of parasite intensity and vole population cycle phases. Both indices were consistently higher during pre-decline and decline phases for male and female voles alike. The numerical response of the parasite community suggests that populations may be regulated by parasitism and that studies of this mechanism should allow both for the cyclic or non-cyclic character of the host populations and for the response of the broadest possible set of the local parasite community.
Global retrieval of columnar aerosol single scattering albedo from space‐based observations
Authors: Hu R.‐M. , Martin R. V. , Fairlie T. D.
Published: January 2007

We retrieve the global distribution of columnar single scattering albedo (ω0) by taking advantage of the high sensitivity of satellite measurements at ultraviolet channels by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) to both aerosol optical depth and ω0 and the high sensitivity of satellite measurements at visible channels by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to aerosol optical depth. A radiative transfer model (LIDORT) is used to calculate the local ω0 that reproduces the TOMS aerosol index, when constrained by MODIS aerosol optical depth and by relative vertical profiles from a global chemical transport model (GEOS‐CHEM). The simulated aerosol profiles are evaluated with lidar measurements of aerosol extinction. The retrieved ω0 at 360 nm is near 1 over the remote ocean, in contrast with values of 0.75 to 0.9 over regions dominated by biomass burning and mineral dust aerosol. The retrieval uncertainty is 15%. We validate our retrieval with measurements from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET); the correlation coefficient, slope, and intercept are 0.75, 0.99, and 0.02 respectively.
Observed temperature trends in the Indian Ocean over 1960–1999 and associated mechanisms
Authors: Alory Gaël , Wijffels Susan , Meyers Gary
Published: January 2007

The linear trends in oceanic temperature from 1960 to 1999 are estimated using the new Indian Ocean Thermal Archive (IOTA), a compilation of historical temperature profiles. Widespread surface warming is found, as in other data sets, and reproduced in IPCC climate model simulations for the 20th century. This warming is particularly large in the subtropics, and extends down to 800 m around 40–50°S. Models suggest the deep‐reaching subtropical warming is related to a 0.5° southward shift of the subtropical gyre driven by a strengthening of the westerly winds, and associated with an upward trend in the Southern Annular Mode index. In the tropics, IOTA shows a subsurface cooling corresponding to a shoaling of the thermocline and increasing vertical stratification. Most models suggest this trend in the tropical Indian thermocline is likely associated with the observed weakening of the Pacific trade winds and transmitted to the Indian Ocean by the Indonesian throughflow.
MEL‐28/ELYS is required for the recruitment of nucleoporins to chromatin and postmitotic nuclear pore complex assembly
Authors: Franz Cerstin , Walczak Rudolf , Yavuz Sevil , Santarella Rachel , Gentzel Marc , Askjaer Peter , Galy Vincent , Hetzer Martin , Mattaj Iain W , Antonin Wolfram
Published: January 2007

The metazoan nuclear envelope (NE) breaks down and re‐forms during each cell cycle. Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), which allow nucleocytoplasmic transport during interphase, assemble into the re‐forming NE at the end of mitosis. Using in vitro NE assembly, we show that the vertebrate homologue of MEL‐28 (maternal effect lethal), a recently discovered NE component in Caenorhabditis elegans, functions in postmitotic NPC assembly. MEL‐28 interacts with the Nup107–160 complex (Nup for nucleoporin), an important building block of the NPC, and is essential for the recruitment of the Nup107–160 complex to chromatin. We suggest that MEL‐28 acts as a seeding point for NPC assembly.
PATJ regulates directional migration of mammalian epithelial cells
Authors: Shin Kunyoo , Wang Qian , Margolis Ben
Published: January 2007

Directional migration is important in wound healing by epithelial cells. Recent studies have shown that polarity proteins such as mammalian Partitioning‐defective 6 (Par6), atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) and mammalian Discs large 1 (Dlg1) are crucial not only for epithelial apico‐basal polarity, but also for directional movement. Here, we show that the protein associated with Lin seven 1 (PALS1)‐associated tight junction protein (PATJ), another evolutionarily conserved polarity protein, is also required for directional migration by using a wound‐induced migration assay. In addition, we found that aPKC and Par3 localize to the leading edge during migration of epithelia and that PATJ regulates their localization. Furthermore, our results show that microtubule‐organizing centre orientation is disrupted in PATJ RNA interference (RNAi) MDCKII (Madin–Darby canine kidney II) cells during migration. Together, our data indicate that PATJ controls directional migration by regulating the localization of aPKC and Par3 to the leading edge. The migration defect in PATJ RNAi cells seems to be due to the disorganization of the microtubule network induced by mislocalization of polarity proteins.
A macrokinetic model for myeloma cell culture based on stoichiometric balance
Authors: Zhou Feng , Bi Jingxiu , Zeng An‐ping , Yuan Jingqi
Published: January 2007

A macrokinetic model for a myeloma cell line is proposed. The model describes the dynamic balances of lactate, alanine, ATP and NADH during the metabolsim of glucose, glutamine and other amino acids. The metabolic pathways mainly include glycolysis, glutaminolysis, the trcicarboxylic acid cycle, the formation and utilization of amino acids, the respiratory chain, cell growth and cell death. The metabolic shift of glucose is especially considered because of a change in the rate of glycolysis. Thus the model functions in three modes to describe the behaviour of the myeloma cell line. On the basis of this model the macrokinetic bioreaction rates such as the specific substrate consumption rate, the specific growth rate, the specific acetyl‐CoA formation rate, as well as the specific oxygen uptake rate, are estimated. The specific substrate consumption rate and the specific growth rate are then coupled into a bioreactor model such that the key variables, i.e., the cell density, the substrate and metabolite concentrations, are obtained. Experiments with batch and fed‐batch cultures of a myeloma cell line (X63‐Ag8.653) were used to validate the model. The prediction of the model was simulated by the rolling prediction approach.
Biomaterials and scaffold design: key to tissue‐engineering cartilage
Authors: Raghunath Joanne , Rollo John , Sales Kevin M. , Butler Peter E. , Seifalian Alexander M.
Published: January 2007

Cartilage remains one of the most challenging tissues to reconstruct or replace, owing to its complex geometry in facial structures and mechanical strength at articular surfaces in joints. This non‐vascular tissue has poor replicative capacity and damage results in its functionally inferior repair tissue, fibrocartilage. This has led to a drive for advancements in tissue engineering. The variety of polymers and fabrication techniques available continues to expand. Pore size, porosity, biocompatibility, shape specificity, integration with native tissue, degradation tailored to rate of neocartilage formation and cost efficiency are important factors which need consideration in the development of a scaffold. The present review considers the current polymers and fabrication methodologies used in scaffold engineering for cartilage and postulates whether we are closer to developing the ideal scaffold for clinical application.
Growth-hormone-releasing peptide 6 (GHRP6) prevents oxidant cytotoxicity and reduces myocardial necrosis in a model of acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Berlanga Jorge , Cibrian Danay , Guevara Luis , Dominguez Heberto , Alba Jose S. , Seralena Alina , Guillén Gerardo , López-Mola Ernesto , López-Saura Pedro , Rodriguez Alberto , Perez Brumny , Garcia Diana , Vispo Nelson S.
Published: January 2007

Therapies aimed at enhancing cardiomyocyte survival following myocardial injury are urgently required. As GHRP6 [GH (growth hormone)-releasing peptide 6] has been shown to stimulate GH secretion and has beneficial cardiovascular effects, the aim of the present study was to determine whether GHRP6 administration reduces myocardial infarct size following acute coronary occlusion in vivo. Female Cuban Creole pigs were anaesthetized, monitored and instrumented to ensure a complete sudden left circumflex artery occlusion for 1 h, followed by a 72 h reperfusion/survival period. Animals were screened clinically before surgery and assigned randomly to receive either GHRP6 (400 μg/kg of body weight) or normal saline. Hearts were processed, and the area at risk and the infarct size were determined. CK-MB (creatine kinase MB) and CRP (C-reactive protein) levels and pathological Q-wave-affected leads were analysed and compared. Evaluation of the myocardial effect of GHRP6 also included quantitative histopathology, local IGF-I (insulin-growth factor-I) expression and oxidative stress markers. GHRP6 treatment did not have any influence on mortality during surgery associated with rhythm and conductance disturbances during ischaemia. Infarct mass and thickness were reduced by 78% and 50% respectively, by GHRP6 compared with saline (P<0.01). More than 50% of the GHRP6-treated pigs did not exhibit pathogological Q waves in any of the ECG leads. Quantitative histopathology and CK-MB and CRP serum levels confirmed the reduction in GHRP6-mediated necrosis (all P<0.05). Levels of oxidative stress markers suggested that GHRP6 prevented myocardial injury via a decrease in reactive oxygen species and by the preservation of antioxidant defence systems (all P<0.05). Myocardial IGF-I transcription was not amplified by GHRP6 treatment compared with the increase induced by the ischaemic episode in relation to expression in intact hearts (P<0.01). In conclusion, GHRP6 exhibits antioxidant effects which may partially contribute to reduce myocardial ischaemic damage.
Cotransporters, WNKs and hypertension: important leads from the study of monogenetic disorders of blood pressure regulation
Authors: Flatman Peter W.
Published: January 2007

Major advances are being made in identifying the structure and behaviour of regulatory cascades that control the activity of cation–Cl− cotransporters and certain Na+, K+ and Cl− channels. These transporters play key roles in regulating arterial blood pressure as they are not only responsible for NaCl reabsorption in the thick ascending limb and distal tubule of the kidney, but are also involved in regulating smooth muscle Ca2+ levels. It is now apparent that defects in these transporters, and particularly in the regulatory cascades, cause some monogenetic forms of hypertension and may contribute to essential hypertension and problems with K+ homoeostasis. Two families of kinases are prominent in these processes: the Ste-20-related kinases [OSR1 (oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1) and SPAK (Ste20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase)] and the WNKs [with no lysine kinases]. These kinases affect the behaviour of their targets through both phosphorylation and by acting as scaffolding proteins, bringing together regulatory complexes. This review analyses how these kinases affect transport by activating or inhibiting individual transporters at the cell surface, or by changing the surface density of transporters by altering the rate of insertion or removal of transporters from the cell surface, and perhaps through controlling the rate of transporter degradation. This new knowledge should not only help us target antihypertensive therapy more appropriately, but could also provide the basis for developing new therapeutic approaches to essential hypertension.
Ethylene modulates genetic, positional, and nutritional regulation of root plagiogravitropism
Authors: Basu Paramita , Zhang Yuan-Ji , Lynch Jonathan P. , Brown Kathleen M.
Published: January 2007

Plagiogravitropic growth of roots strongly affects root architecture and topsoil exploration, which are important for the acquisition of water and nutrients. Here we show that basal roots of Phaseolus vulgaris L. develop from 2–3 definable whorls at the root–shoot interface and exhibit position-dependent plagiogravitropic growth. The whorl closest to the shoot produces the shallowest roots, and lower whorls produce deeper roots. Genotypes vary in both the average growth angles of roots within whorls and the range of growth angles, i.e. the difference between the shallowest and deepest basal roots within a root system. Since ethylene has been implicated in both gravitropic and edaphic stress responses, we studied the role of ethylene and its interaction with phosphorus availability in regulating growth angles of genotypes with shallow or deep basal roots. There was a weak correlation between growth angle and ethylene production in the basal rooting zone, but ethylene sensitivity was strongly correlated with growth angle. Basal roots emerging from the uppermost whorl were more responsive to ethylene treatment than the lower-most whorl, displaying shallower angles and inhibition of growth. Ethylene sensitivity is greater for shallow than for deep genotypes and for plants grown with low phosphorus compared with those supplied with high phosphorus. Ethylene exposure increased the range of angles, although deep genotypes grown in low phosphorus were less affected. Our results identify basal root whorl number as a novel architectural trait, and show that ethylene mediates regulation of growth angle by position of origin, genotype and phosphorus availability.