bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Getafix: learning to fix bugs automatically
Authors: Bader Johannes , Scott Andrew , Pradel Michael , Chandra Satish
Published: October 2019

Static analyzers help find bugs early by warning about recurring bug categories. While fixing these bugs still remains a mostly manual task in practice, we observe that fixes for a specific bug category often are repetitive. This paper addresses the problem of automatically fixing instances of common bugs by learning from past fixes. We present Getafix, an approach that produces human-like fixes while being fast enough to suggest fixes in time proportional to the amount of time needed to obtain static analysis results in the first place.

Getafix is based on a novel hierarchical clustering algorithm that summarizes fix patterns into a hierarchy ranging from general to specific patterns. Instead of an expensive exploration of a potentially large space of candidate fixes, Getafix uses a simple yet effective ranking technique that uses the context of a code change to select the most appropriate fix for a given bug.

Our evaluation applies Getafix to 1,268 bug fixes for six bug categories reported by popular static analyzers for Java, including null dereferences, incorrect API calls, and misuses of particular language constructs. The approach predicts exactly the human-written fix as the top-most suggestion between 12% and 91% of the time, depending on the bug category. The top-5 suggestions contain fixes for 526 of the 1,268 bugs. Moreover, we report on deploying the approach within Facebook, where it contributes to the reliability of software used by billions of people. To the best of our knowledge, Getafix is the first industrially-deployed automated bug-fixing tool that learns fix patterns from past, human-written fixes to produce human-like fixes.
Specifying concurrent programs in separation logic: morphisms and simulations
Authors: Nanevski Aleksandar , Banerjee Anindya , Delbianco Germán Andrés , Fábregas Ignacio
Published: October 2019

In addition to pre- and postconditions, program specifications in recent separation logics for concurrency have employed an algebraic structure of
resources
—a form of state transition systems—to describe the state-based program invariants that must be preserved, and to record the permissible atomic changes to program state. In this paper we introduce a novel notion of
resource morphism
, i.e. structure-preserving function on resources, and show how to effectively integrate it into separation logic, using an associated notion of morphism-specific
simulation
. We apply morphisms and simulations to programs verified under one resource, to compositionally adapt them to operate under another resource, thus facilitating proof reuse.
Improving bug detection via context-based code representation learning and attention-based neural networks
Authors: Li Yi , Wang Shaohua , Nguyen Tien N. , Van Nguyen Son
Published: October 2019

Bug detection has been shown to be an effective way to help developers in detecting bugs early, thus, saving much effort and time in software development process. Recently, deep learning-based bug detection approaches have gained successes over the traditional machine learning-based approaches, the rule-based program analysis approaches, and mining-based approaches. However, they are still limited in detecting bugs that involve multiple methods and suffer high rate of false positives. In this paper, we propose a combination approach with the use of contexts and attention neural network to overcome those limitations. We propose to use as the global context the Program Dependence Graph (PDG) and Data Flow Graph (DFG) to connect the method under investigation with the other relevant methods that might contribute to the buggy code. The global context is complemented by the local context extracted from the path on the AST built from the method’s body. The use of PDG and DFG enables our model to reduce the false positive rate, while to complement for the potential reduction in recall, we make use of the attention neural network mechanism to put more weights on the buggy paths in the source code. That is, the paths that are similar to the buggy paths will be ranked higher, thus, improving the recall of our model. We have conducted several experiments to evaluate our approach on a very large dataset with +4.973M methods in 92 different project versions. The results show that our tool can have a relative improvement up to 160% on F-score when comparing with the state-of-the-art bug detection approaches. Our tool can detect 48 true bugs in the list of top 100 reported bugs, which is 24 more true bugs when comparing with the baseline approaches. We also reported that our representation is better suitable for bug detection and relatively improves over the other representations up to 206% in accuracy.
Scala implicits are everywhere: a large-scale study of the use of Scala implicits in the wild
Authors: Křikava Filip , Miller Heather , Vitek Jan
Published: October 2019

The Scala programming language offers two distinctive language features implicit parameters and implicit conversions, often referred together as implicits. Announced without fanfare in 2004, implicits have quickly grown to become a widely and pervasively used feature of the language. They provide a way to reduce the boilerplate code in Scala programs. They are also used to implement certain language features without having to modify the compiler. We report on a large-scale study of the use of implicits in the wild. For this, we analyzed 7,280 Scala projects hosted on GitHub, spanning over 8.1M call sites involving implicits and 370.7K implicit declarations across 18.7M lines of Scala code.
System FR: formalized foundations for the stainless verifier
Authors: Hamza Jad , Voirol Nicolas , Kunčak Viktor
Published: October 2019

We present the design, implementation, and foundation of a verifier for higher-order functional programs with generics and recursive data types. Our system supports proving safety and termination using preconditions, postconditions and assertions. It supports writing proof hints using assertions and recursive calls. To formalize the soundness of the system we introduce System FR, a calculus supporting System F polymorphism, dependent refinement types, and recursive types (including recursion through contravariant positions of function types). Through the use of sized types, System FR supports reasoning about termination of lazy data structures such as streams. We formalize a reducibility argument using the Coq proof assistant and prove the soundness of a type-checker with respect to call-by-value semantics, ensuring type safety and normalization for typeable programs. Our program verifier is implemented as an alternative verification-condition generator for the Stainless tool, which relies on the Inox SMT-based solver backend for automation. We demonstrate the efficiency of our approach by verifying a collection of higher-order functional programs comprising around 14000 lines of polymorphic higher-order Scala code, including graph search algorithms, basic number theory, monad laws, functional data structures, and assignments from popular Functional Programming MOOCs.
Ryū revisited: printf floating point conversion
Authors: Adams Ulf
Published: October 2019

Ryū Printf is a new algorithm to convert floating-point numbers to decimal strings according to the printf %f, %e, and %g formats: %f generates ‘full’ output (integer part of the input, dot, configurable number of digits), %e generates scientific output (one leading digit, dot, configurable number of digits, exponent), and %g generates the shorter of the two. Ryū Printf is based on the Ryū algorithm, which converts binary floating-point numbers to the shortest equivalent decimal floating-point representation. We provide quantitative evidence that Ryū Printf is between 3.8 and 55 times faster than existing printf implementations.

Furthermore, we show that both Ryū and Ryū Printf generalize to arbitrary number bases. This finding implies the existence of a fast algorithm to convert from base-10 to base-2, as long as the maximum precision of the input is known a priori.
IntelliMerge: a refactoring-aware software merging technique
Authors: Shen Bo , Zhang Wei , Zhao Haiyan , Liang Guangtai , Jin Zhi , Wang Qianxiang
Published: October 2019

In modern software development, developers rely on version control systems like Git to collaborate in the branch-based development workflow. One downside of this workflow is the conflicts occurred when merging contributions from different developers: these conflicts are tedious and error-prone to be correctly resolved, reducing the efficiency of collaboration and introducing potential bugs. The situation becomes even worse, with the popularity of refactorings in software development and evolution, because current merging tools (usually based on the text or tree structures of source code) are unaware of refactorings. In this paper, we present IntelliMerge, a graph-based refactoring-aware merging algorithm for Java programs. We explicitly enhance this algorithm's ability in detecting and resolving refactoring-related conflicts. Through the evaluation on 1,070 merge scenarios from 10 popular open-source Java projects, we show that IntelliMerge reduces the number of merge conflicts by 58.90% comparing with GitMerge (the prevalent unstructured merging tool) and 11.84% comparing with jFSTMerge (the state-of-the-art semi-structured merging tool) without sacrificing the auto-merging precision (88.48%) and recall (90.22%). Besides, the evaluation of performance shows that IntelliMerge takes 539 milliseconds to process one merge scenario on the median, which indicates its feasibility in real-world applications.
Certifying graph-manipulating C programs via localizations within data structures
Authors: Wang Shengyi , Cao Qinxiang , Mohan Anshuman , Hobor Aquinas
Published: October 2019

We develop powerful and general techniques to mechanically verify realistic programs that manipulate heap-represented graphs. These graphs can exhibit well-known organization principles, such as being a directed acyclic graph or a disjoint-forest; alternatively, these graphs can be totally unstructured. The common thread for such structures is that they exhibit deep intrinsic sharing and can be expressed using the language of graph theory. We construct a modular and general setup for reasoning about abstract mathematical graphs and use separation logic to define how such abstract graphs are represented concretely in the heap. We develop a Localize rule that enables modular reasoning about such programs, and show how this rule can support existential quantifiers in postconditions and smoothly handle modified program variables. We demonstrate the generality and power of our techniques by integrating them into the Verified Software Toolchain and certifying the correctness of seven graph-manipulating programs written in CompCert C, including a 400-line generational garbage collector for the CertiCoq project. While doing so, we identify two places where the semantics of C is too weak to define generational garbage collectors of the sort used in the OCaml runtime. Our proofs are entirely machine-checked in Coq.
Effective lock handling in stateless model checking
Authors: Kokologiannakis Michalis , Raad Azalea , Vafeiadis Viktor
Published: October 2019

Stateless Model Checking (SMC) is a verification technique for concurrent programs that checks for safety violations by exploring all possible thread interleavings. SMC is usually coupled with Partial Order Reduction (POR), which exploits the independence of instructions to avoid redundant explorations when an equivalent one has already been considered. While effective POR techniques have been developed for many different memory models, they are only able to exploit independence at the
instruction level
, which makes them unsuitable for programs with coarse-grained synchronization mechanisms such as
locks
.

We present a lock-aware POR algorithm,
LAPOR
, that exploits independence at both
instruction
and
critical section levels
. This enables LAPOR to explore exponentially fewer interleavings than the state-of-the-art techniques for programs that use locks conservatively. Our algorithm is sound, complete, and optimal, and can be used for verifying programs under several different memory models. We implement LAPOR in a tool and show that it can be exponentially faster than the state-of-the-art model checkers.
AL: autogenerating supervised learning programs
Authors: Cambronero José P. , Rinard Martin C.
Published: October 2019

We present AL, a novel automated machine learning system that learns to generate new supervised learning pipelines from an existing corpus of supervised learning programs. In contrast to existing automated machine learning tools, which typically implement a search over manually selected machine learning functions and classes, AL learns to identify the relevant classes in an API by analyzing dynamic program traces that use the target machine learning library. AL constructs a conditional probability model from these traces to estimate the likelihood of the generated supervised learning pipelines and uses this model to guide the search to generate pipelines for new datasets. Our evaluation shows that AL can produce successful pipelines for datasets that previous systems fail to process and produces pipelines with comparable predictive performance for datasets that previous systems process successfully.
Specification and inference of trace refinement relations
Authors: Antonopoulos Timos , Koskinen Eric , Le Ton Chanh
Published: October 2019

The modern software engineering process is evolutionary, with commits/patches begetting new versions of code, progressing steadily toward improved systems. In recent years, program analysis and verification tools have exploited version-based reasoning, where new code can be seen in terms of how it has changed from the previous version. When considering program versions, refinement seems a natural fit and, in recent decades, researchers have weakened classical notions of concrete refinement and program equivalence to capture similarities as well as differences between programs. For example, Benton, Yang and others have worked on state-based
refinement relations
.

In this paper, we explore a form of weak refinement based on
trace
relations rather than state relations. The idea begins by partitioning traces of a program
C
1
into trace classes, each identified via a
restriction
r
1
. For each class, we specify similar behavior in the other program
C
2
via a separate restriction
r
2
on
C
2
. Still, these two trace classes may not yet be equivalent so we further permit a weakening via a binary relation
A
on traces, that allows one to, for instance disregard unimportant events, relate analogous atomic events, etc.

We address several challenges that arise. First, we explore one way to specify trace refinement relations by instantiating the framework to Kleene Algebra with Tests (KAT) due to Kozen. We use KAT intersection for restriction, KAT hypotheses for
A
, KAT inclusion for refinement, and have proved compositionality. Next, we present an algorithm for automatically synthesizing refinement relations, based on a mixture of semantic program abstraction, KAT inclusion, a custom edit-distance algorithm on counterexamples, and case-analysis on nondeterministic branching. We have proved our algorithm to be sound. Finally, we implemented our algorithm as a tool called Knotical, on top of Interproc and Symkat. We demonstrate promising first steps in synthesizing trace refinement relations across a hand-crafted collection of 37 benchmarks that include changing fragments of array programs, models of systems code, and examples inspired by the thttpd and Merecat web servers.
Coverage guided, property based testing
Authors: Lampropoulos Leonidas , Hicks Michael , Pierce Benjamin C.
Published: October 2019

Property-based random testing, exemplified by frameworks such as Haskell's QuickCheck, works by testing an executable predicate (a property) on a stream of randomly generated inputs. Property testing works very well in many cases, but not always. Some properties are conditioned on the input satisfying demanding semantic invariants that are not consequences of its syntactic structure---e.g., that an input list must be sorted or have no duplicates. Most randomly generated inputs fail to satisfy properties with such sparse preconditions, and so are simply discarded. As a result, much of the target system may go untested.

We address this issue with a novel technique called coverage guided, property based testing (CGPT). Our approach is inspired by the related area of coverage guided fuzzing, exemplified by tools like AFL. Rather than just generating a fresh random input at each iteration, CGPT can also produce new inputs by mutating previous ones using type-aware, generic mutator operators. The target program is instrumented to track which control flow branches are executed during a run and inputs whose runs expand control-flow coverage are retained for future mutations. This means that, when sparse conditions in the target are satisfied and new coverage is observed, the input that triggered them will be retained and used as a springboard to go further.

We have implemented CGPT as an extension to the QuickChick property testing tool for Coq programs; we call our implementation FuzzChick. We evaluate FuzzChick on two Coq developments for abstract machines that aim to enforce flavors of noninterference, which has a (very) sparse precondition. We systematically inject bugs in the machines' checking rules and use FuzzChick to look for counterexamples to the claim that they satisfy a standard noninterference property. We find that vanilla QuickChick almost always fails to find any bugs after a long period of time, as does an earlier proposal for combining property testing and fuzzing. In contrast, FuzzChick often finds them within seconds to minutes. Moreover, FuzzChick is almost fully automatic; although highly tuned, hand-written generators can find the bugs faster, they require substantial amounts of insight and manual effort.
Automatic and scalable detection of logical errors in functional programming assignments
Authors: Song Dowon , Lee Myungho , Oh Hakjoo
Published: October 2019

We present a new technique for automatically detecting logical errors in functional programming assignments. Compared to syntax or type errors, detecting logical errors remains largely a manual process that requires hand-made test cases. However, designing proper test cases is nontrivial and involves a lot of human effort. Furthermore, manual test cases are unlikely to catch diverse errors because instructors cannot predict all corner cases of diverse student submissions. We aim to reduce this burden by automatically generating test cases for functional programs. Given a reference program and a student's submission, our technique generates a counter-example that captures the semantic difference of the two programs without any manual effort. The key novelty behind our approach is the counter-example generation algorithm that combines enumerative search and symbolic verification techniques in a synergistic way. The experimental results show that our technique is able to detect 88 more errors not found by mature test cases that have been improved over the past few years, and performs better than the existing property-based testing techniques. We also demonstrate the usefulness of our technique in the context of automated program repair, where it effectively helps to eliminate test-suite-overfitted patches.
Detecting nondeterministic payment bugs in Ethereum smart contracts
Authors: Wang Shuai , Zhang Chengyu , Su Zhendong
Published: October 2019

The term “smart contracts” has become ubiquitous to describe an enormous number of programs uploaded to the popular Ethereum blockchain system. Despite rapid growth of the smart contract ecosystem, errors and exploitations have been constantly reported from online contract systems, which has put financial stability at risk with losses totaling millions of US dollars. Most existing research focuses on pinpointing specific types of vulnerabilities using known patterns. However, due to the lack of awareness of the inherent nondeterminism in the Ethereum blockchain system and how it affects the funds transfer of smart contracts, there can be unknown vulnerabilities that may be exploited by attackers to access numerous online smart contracts.

In this paper, we introduce a methodical approach to understanding the inherent nondeterminism in the Ethereum blockchain system and its (unwanted) influence on contract payments. We show that our new focus on nondeterminism-related smart contract payment bugs captures the root causes of many common vulnerabilities without relying on any known patterns and also encompasses recently disclosed issues that are not handled by existing research. To do so, we introduce techniques to systematically model components in the contract execution context and to expose various nondeterministic factors that are not yet fully understood. We further study how these nondeterministic factors impact contract funds transfer using information flow tracking. The technical challenge of detecting nondeterministic payments lies in discovering the contract global variables subtly affected by read-write hazards because of unpredictable transaction scheduling and external callee behavior. We show how to augment and instrument a contract program into a representation that simulates the execution of a large subset of the contract behavior. The instrumented code is then analyzed to flag nondeterministic global variables using off-the-shelf model checkers.

We implement the proposed techniques as a practical tool named NPChecker (Nondeterministic Payment Checker) and evaluate it on 30K online contracts (3,075 distinct) collected from the Ethereum mainnet. NPChecker has successfully detected nondeterministic payments in 1,111 online contracts with reasonable cost. Further investigation reports high precision of NPChecker (only four false positives in a manual study of 50 contracts). We also show that NPChecker unveils contracts vulnerable to recently-disclosed attack vectors. NPChecker can identify all six new vulnerabilities or variants of common smart contract vulnerabilities that are missed by existing research relying on a “contract vulnerability checklist.”
Characterization of urea transport mechanisms in the intestinal tract of growing pigs
Authors: Krone Jack E. C. , Agyekum Atta K. , ter Borgh Miriam , Hamonic Kimberley , Penner Gregory B. , Columbus Daniel A.
Published: October 2019

Pigs are capable of nitrogen salvage via urea recycling, which involves the movement of urea in the gastrointestinal tract. Aquaporins (AQP) and urea transporter B (UT-B) are involved in urea recycling in ruminants; however, their contribution to urea flux in the intestinal tract of the pig is not known. The objective of this study was to characterize the presence and relative contribution of known urea transporters to urea flux in the growing pig. Intestinal tissue samples (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon) were obtained from nine barrows (50.8 ± 0.9 kg) and analyzed for mRNA abundance of UT-B and AQP-3, -7, and -10. Immediately after tissue collection, samples from the jejunum and cecum were placed in Ussing chambers for analysis of the serosal-to-mucosal urea flux ( Jsm-urea) with no inhibition or when incubated in the presence of phloretin to inhibit UT-B-mediated transport, NiCl2 to inhibit AQP-mediated transport, or both inhibitors. UT-B expression was greatest ( P < 0.05) in the cecum, whereas AQP-3, -7, and -10 expression was greatest ( P < 0.05) in the jejunum. The Jsm-urea was greater in the cecum than the jejunum (67.8 . 42.7 ± 5.01 µmol·cm−2·h−1; P < 0.05), confirming the capacity for urea recycling in the gut in pigs; however, flux rate was not influenced ( P > 0.05) by urea transporter inhibitors. The results of this study suggest that, although known urea transporters are expressed in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs, they may not play a significant functional role in transepithelial urea transport.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY We characterized the location and contribution of known urea transporters to urea flux in the pig. Aquaporins are located throughout the intestinal tract, and urea transporter B is expressed only in the cecum. Urea flux occurred in both the jejunum and cecum. Transporter inhibitors had no affect on urea flux, suggesting that their contribution to urea transport in the intestinal tract is limited. Further work is required to determine which factors contribute to urea flux in swine.
A critical appraisal of the tafazzin knockdown mouse model of Barth syndrome: what have we learned about pathogenesis and potential treatments?
Authors: Ren Mindong , Miller Paighton C. , Schlame Michael , Phoon Colin K. L.
Published: October 2019

Pediatric heart failure remains poorly understood, distinct in many aspects from adult heart failure. Limited data point to roles of altered mitochondrial functioning and, in particular, changes in mitochondrial lipids, especially cardiolipin. Barth syndrome is a mitochondrial disorder caused by tafazzin mutations that lead to abnormal cardiolipin profiles. Patients are afflicted by cardiomyopathy, skeletal myopathy, neutropenia, and growth delay. A mouse model of Barth syndrome was developed a decade ago, which relies on a doxycycline-inducible short hairpin RNA to knock down expression of tafazzin mRNA (TAZKD). Our objective was to review published data from the TAZKD mouse to determine its contributions to our pathogenetic understanding of, and potential treatment strategies for, Barth syndrome. In regard to the clinical syndrome, the reported physiological, biochemical, and ultrastructural abnormalities of the mouse model mirror those in Barth patients. Using this model, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor pan-agonist bezafibrate has been suggested as potential therapy because it ameliorated the cardiomyopathy in TAZKD mice, while increasing mitochondrial biogenesis. A clinical trial is now underway to test bezafibrate in Barth syndrome patients. Thus the TAZKD mouse model of Barth syndrome has led to important insights into disease pathogenesis and therapeutic targets, which can potentially translate to pediatric heart failure.
IL8 Expression Is Associated with Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness and Androgen Receptor Loss in Primary and Metastatic Prostate Cancer
Authors: Maynard Janielle P. , Ertunc Onur , Kulac Ibrahim , Baena-Del Valle Javier A. , De Marzo Angelo M. , Sfanos Karen S.
Published: October 2019

Chronic inflammation and African ancestry are implicated in prostate cancer aggressiveness, and inflammation-related genes are more highly expressed in prostate cancer in African American men. IL8 secretion is also implicated in prostate cancer progression and castration resistance. We used RNA in situ hybridization to localize IL1β, IL6, IL8, and IL10 mRNA in low- and high-grade prostate cancer from African American and European American men. IL8 was the most abundantly expressed and the only interleukin detected in tumor cells. We further interrogated IL8 expression in primary and metastatic prostate cancer tissue microarrays and both androgen-dependent and castration-resistant patient-derived xenografts (PDX). IL8 was significantly increased in both tumor and benign regions of higher grade cases (ISUP Grade Group 4–5), but there was no difference between races. We determined that IL8 expression in prostate cancer cell lines, distant metastases, and PDX lines was associated with androgen receptor (AR) loss, but not castration resistance. Reciprocal IL8 and AR expression was also observed in high IL8-expressing atrophy lesions with simultaneous AR downregulation. Finally, we show that IL8 is likely repressed by AR binding to the IL8 promoter and is inducible in prostate cancer cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide only in cells with AR loss. Likewise, AR knockdown in androgen-dependent cells induced IL8 expression, further demonstrating that AR represses IL8 expression. In conclusion, IL8 expression in the tumor microenvironment is associated with aggressive prostate cancer and with AR loss in metastatic disease.

Implications:

IL8 expression is repressed by AR and is associated with prostate cancer aggressiveness and AR loss in metastatic disease.
Ferenczi e os objetivos do tratamento psicanalítico
Authors: Kupermann Daniel
Published: October 2019

Partimos da formulação de Sándor Ferenczi de que o final da análise consistiria na superação da “mentira” por parte do analisando, indicando que esta é a resposta sintomática ao “desmentido” (Verleugnung) sofrido na situação traumática. Nesse sentido o percurso de uma análise implicaria: superar a “identificação ao agressor” decorrente das experiências traumáticas, favorecendo ao analisando o gesto inspirado em sua autenticidade; a “neocatarse” necessária para que o sujeito possa perlaborar a clivagem narcísica, livrando-se da tirania dos objetos incorporados; e a “crianceria”, na forma do resgate da palavra evocativa própria da linguagem da ternura infantil.
O fenômeno social no entorno da epidemia de zika como potencial complicador à constituição psíquica do bebê
Authors: Silva Fernanda Fernandes da , Fulgencio Leopoldo
Published: October 2019

Este artigo busca analisar a relação entre a epidemia de Zika, ocorrida no Brasil entre 2015 e 2017, e o cenário social fóbico estabelecido entre as gestantes e seus familiares a espera de um bebê. O objetivo é fazer uma exploração teórica, com base numa perspectiva psicanalítica, ou seja, que considera os processos inconscientes na constituição do sujeito psicológico, impulsionado pela sexualidade no cenário edípico, o que implica, nesse cenário da epidemia de Zika, a reorganização das identidades paternas e maternas impregnadas pelo medo de trazer ao mundo um bebê com necessidades especiais ou, ainda, com complicações consideradas incompatíveis com a vida.
O trágico na cena escolar e a medicalização como desenlace
Authors: Thones Ana Paula Bellochio , Moschen Simone Zanon
Published: October 2019

O artigo propõe discutir um fenômeno que na última década tem ganhado vulto na cena escolar: a medicalização do sintoma de aprendizagem como forma de desenlace para o sofrimento que este engendra – tanto para estudante quanto para professores e famílias. Como estratégia metodológica, este escrito parte de uma retomada da tragédia clássica para, dela, destacar elementos que possibilitam compor diferentes cenários que indicam desdobramentos possíveis para o encontro com a dimensão insolúvel da (ex)sistência. O escrito tem como objetivo refletir sobre as consequências deste encontro para a relação estabelecida entre os atores escolares envolvidos com a práxis educativa. Retomando a figura trágica do deus ex machina, o trabalho indica que a medicalização, o mais das vezes, ingressa na cena escolar como elemento externo que suspende as condições necessárias a uma consideração do impossível próprio ao educar e daquilo que disso deriva: a abertura para uma invenção que mobilize os elementos internos à cena na construção de uma saída do mal-estar. Quando o desenlace de um impasse é pensado a partir da perspectiva do insolúvel que a linguagem inscreve na vida comum, as saídas para os conflitos escolares acabam por ser inventadas no jogo de relações entre os sujeitos da educação.
Por uma rítmica dos corpos falantes: ressonâncias entre a psicanálise e a dança contemporânea
Authors: Borges Fabíola Graciele Abadia
Published: October 2019

O corpo foi o tema central desta investigação psicanalítica, principalmente referenciada em Freud, Lacan e Dolto, que se propôs a dialogar com a arte, especificamente, a dança contemporânea. O objetivo foi investigar como se processa a ressonância entre corpos que acontece no contexto de desentendimentos próprios à linguagem e a seus restos irrepresentáveis. Por meio da investigação das perspectivas de corpo apreendidas no âmbito da psicanálise e da dança contemporânea, apresentou-se que ambos os campos teórico-práticos foram responsáveis por operações de desconstrução da individualidade corporal imaginária, indicando que o corpo não deve ser tomado como algo hermeticamente fechado sobre si mesmo, mas como espaço paradoxal para a dança contemporânea e como corpo pulsional para a psicanálise. Nesse sentido, o corpo não se confunde com a anatomia e nem se delimita pela pele ou pelo alcance dos movimentos, mas deve ser abordado a partir de sua dimensão relacional, como algo que se constrói e se atualiza no espaço dinâmico do Outro. Nesse espaço, a psicanálise evoca as palavras e as percepções sutis, e a dança contemporânea evoca o gesto, como meios pelos quais se argumentou ser possível reconhecer a instauração de um ritmo, construído e captado pelos corpos que estejam num estado de presença viva, aberto ao imaginário que se articula ao simbólico e ao real. Assim, esta tese propôs que a ressonância entre corpos diz respeito à instauração de uma rítmica que se processa por meios sutis, que vão desde a prosódia da voz à evocação de sentidos presentes nos gestos, quando endereçados ao Outro.
Annulohypoxylon sp. FPYF3050 produces volatile organic compounds against the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
Authors: Li Hongchang , Dou Guiming , Gao Mengge , Ren Fei , Li Ruhua , Zhang Xingyao , Yan Dong-Hui
Published: October 2019

Natural volatiles released by the fungus, Annulohypoxylon sp. FPYF3050, were evaluated against the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Our results showed that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) caused 64.1 and 58.4% mortality of second-stage juveniles (J2) and mixed-stages (eggs, J2, third- and fourth-stage juveniles, and adults) of populations of PWN, but no inhibitive effects were detected on nematode eggs in the experiment. Analysis of the gases within the Petri plate by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed a yield of an unique volatile with dominant 1,8-cineole in 77.4% relative area (RA) after 72 h treatment of nematodes with Annulohypoxylon sp. FPYF3050 and Botrytis cinerea. The commercial 1,8-cineole at concentrations of 2, 5, 10 and 15 μl ml−1 was applied to examine nematicidal activity. The results showed that 1,8-cineole had a 40-100% inhibition on the nematode eggs during 48 h treatment, more than 82.9% mortality of J2 after 24 h, 48 h and 96 h, and 18.7-91.9% mortality of the mixed-stage population, depending on the period after exposure. This result indicates that 1,8-cineole in the volatile gas emissions of Annulohypoxylon sp. FPYF3050 may play a crucial inhibitory effect on the pine wood nematode The nematicidal volatile gas from fungi may provide a useful biocontrol agent for controlling B. xylophilus.
More Than “Multiple Jeopardy”: Navigating the Legal System as a British-Muslim-Woman-Litigant-in-Person
Authors: Bi Suriyah
Published: October 2019

Against the backdrop of rising Islamophobia and a deficit in the literature of Muslim experiences of resistance to discrimination through the legal action, in this article, I employ an auto-ethnographic methodological approach to critically reflect on my journey from classroom to courtroom, as a British Muslim woman of colour and litigant-in-person. While threading in excerpts of legal documents from the case, I highlight that: (a) as Muslims we must resist in ways acceptable to gate-keepers of the law, who are largely white and middle-class and unaware of the embodied realities of the inequality that minorities in Britain experience; (b) the law fails to take account of the “context” in which discrimination(s) takes place, as a result of which legal logic(s) and methodologies in cases of religious discrimination are flawed; (c) a religio-social capital operates against Muslims, negating positive social capital(s) such as education, and which, in the social penalties Muslims experience, accumulates greater weight than other intersecting subjectivity markers such as race, class, ethnicity, and gender. I contrast King’s theory of “multiple jeopardy” with my embodied experience of discrimination and inequality, which I demonstrate using the model of the glass Rubik’s cube.
Problem-Solving in the Trickster Tales of Nasrdin Avanti: Folktales from the Uyghur People
Authors: Charuchinda Intira
Published: October 2019

Trickster tales can be found in the folklore of various preliterate people. Nasrdin Avanti is a series of humorous trickster tales from the Uyghur people. In this series, the protagonist Nasrdin Avanti confronts a variety of problems or difficulties, but is able to overcome or solve them. This paper explores Nasrdin Avanti’s problem-solving strategies as found in the book, The Frog Rider: Folk Tales from China, which contains 29 of his stories. Moreover, this paper discusses the functions of these folktales in their cultural and social contexts. It finds that the trickster hero uses eight strategies, the most frequent of which is talking nonsense (six stories), while the others include: feigning ignorance (four stories), satirizing (four stories), using the same reasons as the antagonists (four stories), playing on words (three stories), staying one jump ahead (three stories), taking advantage of the situation (three stories), and flattering (two stories). These problem-solving strategies can cause antagonists to lose face, stop people from bothering the trickster hero or prevent them from taking advantage of him, provide other people with new perspectives, and make them happy. In addition, the folktales of Nasrdin Avanti fulfil different social and emotional functions. Paradoxically, they provide amusement and allow people to escape from the harsh realities in their everyday lives, while at the same time, helping to retain social values and inculcate moral lessons.
The Representation of Oriental Others in Haydn’s L’incontro improvviso
Authors: Yap Oak Joo
Published: October 2019

This paper examines the musical Orientalism and representation of Oriental Others in Haydn’s seraglio opera, L’incontro improvviso. In seraglio opera, one of the Turkish-themed musical genres of “Turcomania” that swept Europe in the eighteenth century, Oriental Others were defined by their supposed negative human traits such as slyness, crudeness or irrationality. Alla turca topos in L’incontro, as in other seraglio operas, are extensively used to accentuate the inferiority of Others, their customs or religions. The representation of Others demonstrates little ethical complexity, exhibiting a stark dichotomy between morally upright Westerners and unsophisticated Others with dubious morals. I argue that despite presenting no European characters dueling with Others and thus foregoing such a narrative format as “East meets West on stage,” Haydn’s L’incontro is, nonetheless, more diminishing in its portrayal of Others than in most seraglio operas: even the male protagonist is among the degraded Others who are usually subplot characters from a low social echelon. No “rescuer,” the protagonist in L’incontro is rendered as an incompetent figure. Ali’s unmanly stature is further highlighted by the active, counter-stereotypical Oriental heroine, Rezia, who is presented as a foil to emphasize the inadequacy of Ali. The ultimate male Other, the Sultan, suffers equally from a weak stage presence despite fulfilling his role as a conveyer of Enlightenment ideals in a typical lieto fine of Turkish opera.
Drug-Resistant Salmonella typhi in Pakistan
Authors: Petrin Christine E. , Steele Russell W. , Margolis Elizabeth A. , Rabon Justin M. , Martin Holly , Wright Alexandra
Published: October 2019

Enteric fever (formerly typhoid fever) is a bacterial illness caused by fecal-oral transmission of Salmonella typhi or paratyphi. In early 2018, an outbreak of Salmonella typhi resistant to third-generation cephalosporins, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, trimethroprim-sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol was reported in Pakistan. This strain, termed “extensively resistant typhi,” has infected more than 5000 patients in endemic areas of South Asia, as well as travelers to and from these areas, including 5 cases in the United States. We present the case of one such child who developed extensively resistant enteric fever during a recent visit to Pakistan and required broader antimicrobial treatment than typically required. Clinicians should be aware that incoming cases of enteric fever may be nonsusceptible to commonly recommended antibiotics and that extensively resistant typhi requires treatment with carbapenems such as meropenem or azithromycin.
Unemployment, well-being, and the moderating role of education policies: A multilevel study
Authors: Högberg Björn , Voßemer Jonas , Gebel Michael , Strandh Mattias
Published: October 2019

This article aims to investigate if education policies moderate the association between unemployment and well-being among young adults. Based on the capability approach, we argue that education policies mitigate the negative effects of unemployment by providing opportunities for education and thus ways to exit unemployment. Education policies can strengthen capabilities, enhance the control that individuals have over their situation, and thereby reduce the stress associated with unemployment. We estimated cross-level interactions between education policies and unemployment status using multilevel methods and data from the European Social Survey. Results showed that policies that increase educational opportunities—such as generous second chance opportunities—were associated with smaller negative effects of unemployment on well-being and that this moderating impact was stronger for young adults with low education. Further analyses show that education policies are also associated with perceived capabilities among unemployed, supporting the proposed mechanism.
Taking steps towards deinstitutionalizing mental health care within a low and middle-income country: A cross-sectional study of service user needs in the Republic of Moldova
Authors: Frasch Jona J , Petrea Ionela , Chihai Jana , Smit Filip , Oud Matthijs , Shields-Zeeman Laura
Published: October 2019

Aim:

The current research was conducted in the context of an ongoing reform of mental health services in the Republic of Moldova since 2014, where efforts have been devoted to creating community-based mental health services. This article presents a snapshot of the needs of mental health service users in the Republic of Moldova and helps to understand how and with which services their needs can be addressed.

Methods:

This cross-sectional study compared the levels of needs (CANSAS scale), quality of life (EQ-5D 3L), mental health status (MINI for psychotic disorders) and functioning (WHO-DAS) among mental health service users in the psychiatric hospital in Chisinau, Moldova. All service users resided in districts where community mental health services were being developed. Correlations between quality of life, functioning and unmet need were explored.

Results:

Of 83 participants, one third had a psychotic or a mood disorder. On average, participants reported needs in 9.41 domains ( SD = 4.41), of which 4.29 were unmet ( SD = 3.63). Most unmet needs related to intimacy and relation to others. The level of functioning and quality of life were reported. We found strong, negative associations between the number of unmet needs and level of functioning, as well as the quality of life. We also found that higher functioning levels were positively associated with higher quality of life.

Conclusion:

There were a high number of unmet needs among this inpatient population, particularly social needs and service-related needs. A continuum of inpatient and outpatient care and individual treatment plans can help address the different needs of different patients. Individual treatment plans for patients and the choice of the appropriate treatment for patients could be guided by an assessment of service users’ (unmet) needs of care and level of functioning.
Evaluation of the environmental aging of the glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite when in contact with the effluent of a treatment plant
Authors: Domingos Yldeney Silva , Felipe Renata Carla Tavares dos Santos , Felipe Raimundo Nonato Barbosa , Fernandes Glauber José Turolla
Published: October 2019

This paper presents an evaluation of the mechanical and physical behavior of the type E glass fiber-reinforced polymeric composite when exposed to environmental aging agents in an effluent treatment plant. The composite was made by the hand layup process, and the test bodies were made according to the American Society for Testing and Materials standards D3039-14 and D790-10 for the uniaxial tensile and three-point bending tests, respectively, where they were exposed for a period of eight months, conditioned above and immersed in the effluent of the treatment plant. The physicochemical characterization of the effluent was evaluated considering the following parameters: pH, conductivity, sulfate, alkalinity, acidity, sulfide, and temperature, aiming to characterize the effluent conditions in direct and indirect contact with the composite. After the exposure period, tests were carried out for morphological evaluation, structural integrity evaluation, mechanical performance evaluation, and fracture characterization of the polymer composite, thereby leading to a comparison of the mechanical characteristics in the original state to that of the aged state (after exposure in the effluent treatment plant). The polymeric composite studied was stable after the aging period, with little mass variation, less than 0.5%, and slight changes in color. The mechanical properties evaluated also did not change significantly during the study period. Variations in uniaxial tensile strength were less than 1.4% and for three-point bending less than 10%, thus showing that the type E glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite has potential for use in harsh environments such as in effluent treatment plants.
Assessment of the Language Arts Curricula in the Nigerian Basic Education Program
Authors: Ajibade Yetunde Adedoyin , Awopetu Emmanuel Olajide , Odejobi Cecilia Omobola , Ajayi Hannah Olubunmi
Published: October 2019

Overload of the Basic Education curriculum in Nigeria led to the reduction from earlier 11 subjects to seven for Lower Basic, eight for Middle Basic, and nine for Upper Basic. Languages may not be exempt as it may affect performance adversely. For this study, the two national languages (English language and French) as well as Yoruba (the language of the Southwestern States) were examined. The curricula content of the three compulsory languages was examined based on (except for Yoruba) globally accepted objectives of language learning. Content analysis showed curriculum overload of different dimensions at the levels of the three languages.