bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagonals of operators and Blaschke’s enigma
Authors: Müller Vladimir , Tomilov Yuri
Published: April 2019

We introduce new techniques allowing one to construct diagonals of bounded Hilbert space operators and operator tuples under “Blaschke-type” assumptions. This provides a new framework for a number of results in the literature and identifies (often large) subsets in the set of diagonals of arbitrary bounded operators (and their tuples). Moreover, our approach leads to substantial generalizations of the results due to Bourin, Herrero, and Stout having assumptions of a similar nature.
Intersections of 𝜓-classes on \overline{𝑀}_{1,𝑛}(𝑚)
Authors: Smyth David
Published: April 2019

We explain how to compute top-dimensional intersections of

ψ
\psi

-classes on

M
¯

1
,
n

(
m
)

\overline {M}_{1,n}(m)

, the moduli space of

m
m

-stable curves. On the spaces

M
¯

1
,
n

\overline {M}_{1,n}

, these intersection numbers are determined by two recursions, namely, the string equation and dilaton equation. We establish, for each fixed

m
≥
1

m \geq 1

, an analogous pair of recursions that determine these intersection numbers on the spaces

M
¯

1
,
n

(
m
)

\overline {M}_{1,n}(m)

.
Rudhira/BCAS3 couples microtubules and intermediate filaments to promote cell migration for angiogenic remodeling
Authors: Joshi Divyesh , Inamdar Maneesha S.
Published: April 2019

Blood vessel formation requires endothelial cell (EC) migration that depends on dynamic remodeling of the cytoskeleton. Rudhira/Breast Carcinoma Amplified Sequence 3 (BCAS3) is a cytoskeletal protein essential for EC migration and sprouting angiogenesis during mouse development and is implicated in metastatic disease. Here, we report that Rudhira mediates cytoskeleton organization and dynamics during EC migration. Rudhira binds to both microtubules (MTs) and vimentin intermediate filaments (IFs) and stabilizes MTs. Rudhira depletion impairs cytoskeletal cross-talk, MT stability, and hence focal adhesion disassembly. The BCAS3 domain of Rudhira is necessary and sufficient for MT-IF cross-linking and cell migration. Pharmacologically restoring MT stability rescues gross cytoskeleton organization and angiogenic sprouting in Rudhira-depleted cells. Our study identifies the novel and essential role of Rudhira in cytoskeletal cross-talk and assigns function to the conserved BCAS3 domain. Targeting Rudhira could allow tissue-restricted cytoskeleton modulation to control cell migration and angiogenesis in development and disease.
The Extended Evolutionary Synthesis: what is the debate about, and what might success for the extenders look like?
Authors: Lewens Tim
Published: April 2019

Debate over the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis (EES) ranges over three quite different domains of enquiry. Protagonists are committed to substantive positions regarding (1) empirical questions concerning (for example) the properties and prevalence of systems of epigenetic inheritance; (2) historical characterizations of the modern synthesis; and (3) conceptual/philosophical matters concerning (among other things) the nature of evolutionary processes, and the relationship between selection and adaptation. With these different aspects of the debate in view, it is possible to demonstrate the range of cross-cutting positions on offer when well-informed evolutionists consider their stance on the EES. This overview of the multiple dimensions of debate also enables clarification of two philosophical elements of the EES debate, regarding the status of niche-construction and the role of selection in explaining adaptation. Finally, it points the way to a possible resolution of the EES debate, via a pragmatic approach to evolutionary enquiry.
Hot topics and trends in cardiovascular research
Authors: Gal Diane , Thijs Bart , Glänzel Wolfgang , Sipido Karin R
Published: April 2019

Aims

Comprehensive data on research undertaken in cardiovascular medicine can inform the scientific community and can support policy building. We used the publication output from 2004 to 2013 and the 2014 references to these documents, to identify research topics and trends in the field of cardiovascular disease.

Methods and results

Text fragments were extracted from the titles and abstracts of 478 000 publications using natural language processing. Through machine-learning algorithms, these text fragments combined to identify specific topics across all publications. A second method, which included cross-references, assigned each publication document to a specific cluster. Experts named the topics and document clusters based on various outputs from these semi-automatic methods. We identified and labelled 175 cardiovascular topics and 20 large document clusters, with concordance between the approaches. Overarching, strongly growing topics in clinical and population sciences are evidence-based guidance for treatment, research on outcomes, prognosis, and risk factors. ‘Hot’ topics include novel treatments in valve disease and in coronary artery disease, and imaging. Basic research decreases its share over time but sees substantial growth of research on stem cells and tissue engineering, as well as in translational research. Inflammation, biomarkers, metabolic syndrome, obesity, and lipids are hot topics across population, clinical and basic research, supporting integration across the cardiovascular field.

Conclusion

Growth in clinical and population research emphasizes improving patient outcomes through novel treatments, risk stratification, and prevention. Translation and innovation redefine basic research in cardiovascular disease. Medical need, funding and publishing policies, and scientific opportunities are potential drivers for these evolutions.
Residual-type a posteriori error estimator for a quasi-static Signorini contact problem
Authors: Walloth Mirjam
Published: April 2019

We present a new residual-type a posteriori estimator for a quasi-static Signorini problem. The theoretical results are derived for two- and three-dimensional domains and the case of nondiscrete gap functions is addressed. We derive global upper and lower bounds with respect to an error notion, which measures the error in the displacements, the velocities and a suitable approximation of the contact forces. Further, local lower bounds for the spatial error at each discrete time point are given. The estimator splits in temporal and spatial contributions, which can be used for the adaptation of the time step as well as the mesh size. In the derivation of the estimator the local properties of the solution are exploited such that the spatial estimator has no contributions related to the nonlinearities in the interior of the actual time-dependent contact zone, but gives rise to an appropriate refinement of the free boundary zone.
Immunizations and vaccines: a decade of successes and reversals, and a call for ‘vaccine diplomacy’
Authors: Hotez Peter J
Published: April 2019

Over the last decade we have seen extraordinary public health gains due to expansions in global vaccination programs led by United Nations (UN) agencies, including Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, UNICEF and the WHO. These initiatives have reduced childhood deaths from measles, tetanus and other vaccine-preventable diseases by almost one half. There is additional excitement over the potential development and introduction of new vaccines to prevent highly lethal respiratory virus infections, as well as tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS and several neglected tropical diseases. However, these successes are under threat due to political instability, conflict and an accelerating antivaccine movement. New initiatives in vaccine diplomacy will be required to combat these challenges.
Can Indirect Herbicide Exposure Modify the Response of the Colorado Potato Beetle to an Organophosphate Insecticide?
Authors: Margus Aigi , Rainio Miia , Lindström Leena
Published: April 2019

Organisms live in complex multivariate environments. In agroecosystems, this complexity is often human-induced as pest individuals can be exposed to many xenobiotics simultaneously. Predicting the effects of multiple stressors can be problematic, as two or more stressors can have interactive effects. Our objective was to investigate whether indirect glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) exposure of the host plant has interactive effects in combination with an insecticide (azinphos-methyl) on an invasive pest Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say). We tested the effects of GBH and insecticide on the survival, insecticide target genes expression (acetylcholinesterase genes) and oxidative status biomarkers (glutathione S-transferase [GST], glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [G6PDH], glutathione reductase homolog [GR], glutathione peroxidase homolog [GPx], total glutathione [totGSH], glutathione reduced-oxidized [GSH: GSSG], catalase [CAT], superoxide dismutase [SOD], lipid hydroperoxides). We found that exposure to indirect GBH has no single or interactive effects in combination with the insecticide on larval survival. However, prior exposure to GBH inhibits Ldace1 gene expression by 0.55-fold, which is the target site for the organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. This difference disappears when individuals are exposed to both GBH and insecticide, suggesting an antagonistic effect. On the other hand, oxidative status biomarker scores (PCAs of GPx, GR, and CAT) were decreased when exposed to both stressors, indicating a synergistic effect. Overall, we found that indirect GBH exposure can have both antagonistic and synergistic effects in combination with an insecticide, which should be considered when aiming for an ecologically relevant risk assessment of multiple human-induced stressors.
Accuracy, precision, and error in age estimation of Florida manatees using growth layer groups in earbones
Authors: Lonati Gina L , Howell Amber R , Hostetler Jeffrey A , Schueller Paul , de Wit Martine , Bassett Brandon L , Deutsch Charles J , Ward-Geiger Leslie I
Published: April 2019

Ages of Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) can be estimated by counting annual growth layer groups (GLGs) in the periotic dome portion of the tympanoperiotic complex of their earbones. The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission manages an archive of more than 8,700 Florida manatee earbones collected from salvaged carcasses from 1989 to 2017. Our goal was to comprehensively evaluate techniques used to estimate age, given this large sample size and changes to processing protocols and earbone readers over time. We developed new standards for estimating ages from earbones, involving two independent readers to obtain measurements of within- and between-reader precision. To quantify accuracy, precision, and error, 111 earbones from manatees with approximately known ages (first known as calves: “KAC”) and 69 earbones from manatees with minimum known ages (“MKA,” based on photo-identification sighting histories) were processed, and their ages were estimated. There was greater precision within readers (coefficient of variation, CV: 2.4–8.5%) than between readers (CV: 13.1–13.3%). The median of age estimates fell within the true age range for 63.1% of KAC cases and was at least the sighting duration for 75.0% of MKA cases. Age estimates were generally unbiased, as indicated by an average raw error ± SD of −0.05 ± 3.05 years for the KAC group. The absolute error (i.e., absolute value of raw error) of the KAC data set averaged 1.75 ± 2.50 years. Accuracy decreased and error increased with increasing known age, especially for animals over 15 years old, whose ages were mostly underestimated due to increasing levels of resorption (the process of bone turnover that obscures GLGs). Understanding the degree of uncertainty in age estimates will help us assess the utility of age data in manatee population models. We emphasize the importance of standardizing and routinely reviewing age estimation and processing protocols to ensure that age data remain consistent and reliable.
Visit-to-visit variability in blood pressure and the development of chronic kidney disease in treated general hypertensive patients
Authors: Li Youbao , Li Dan , Song Yun , Gao Lan , Fan Fangfang , Wang Binyan , Liang Min , Wang Guobao , Li Jianping , Zhang Yan , Xu Xin , Hou Fan Fan , Cheng Xiaoshu , Sun Ningling , Sun Yingxian , Zhao Lianyou , Wan Qijun , Li Xiaoming , Li Junnong , Han Qinghua , Xu Xiping , Huo Yong , Qin Xianhui
Published: April 2019

Background

Data on the association between visit-to-visit variability (VVV) in blood pressure (BP) and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in general treated hypertensive patients were limited. We aimed to evaluate the relation of VVV in BP with the development of CKD, and examine any possible effect modifiers in hypertensive patients without prior cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) or CKD.

Methods

This is a post hoc analysis of the Renal Sub-study of the China Stroke Primary Prevention Trial (CSPPT). A total of 10 051 hypertensives without CVD and CKD and with at least six visits of BP measurements from randomization to the 24-month visit were included. The main VVV in BP was expressed as standard deviation (SD). The primary outcome was the development of CKD, defined as a decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥30% and to a level of <60 mL/min/1.73 m2, or end-stage renal disease.

Results

The median treatment duration was 4.4 years. After multivariable adjustment, including baseline systolic blood pressure (SBP) and mean SBP during the first 2-year treatment period, there was a significantly positive relationship of SD of SBP with the risk of CKD development (per SD increment; odds ratio, 1.27; 95% confidence interval: 1.10–1.46). The results were similar for coefficient of variation (CV) of SBP. Results across various subgroups, including age, sex, SBP at baseline, treatment compliance, concomitant antihypertensive medications and mean SBP during the first 24-month treatment period, were consistent.

Conclusions

SBP variability, irrespective of mean BP level, was significantly associated with the development of CKD in general treated hypertensive patients.
Trends in Cigar Use in the United States, 2002–2016: Diverging Trends by Race/Ethnicity
Authors: Weinberger Andrea H , Delnevo Cristine D , Zhu Jiaqi , Gbedemah Misato , Lee Joun , Cruz Lisa N , Kashan Rachel S , Goodwin Renee D
Published: April 2019

Introduction

Although there are racial/ethnic differences in cigarette use, little is known about how non-cigarette tobacco use differs among racial/ethnic groups. This study investigated trends in cigar use from 2002 to 2016, by racial/ethnic group, in nationally representative US data.

Methods

Data were drawn from the 2002–2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health public use data files (total analytic sample n = 630 547 including 54 060 past-month cigar users). Linear time trends of past-month cigar use were examined by racial/ethnic group (Non-Hispanic [NH] White, NH Black, Hispanic, NH Other/Mixed Race/Ethnicity) using logistic regression models.

Results

In 2016, the prevalence of past-month cigar use was significantly higher among NH Black respondents than among other racial/ethnic groups (ps < .001). Cigar use was also higher among NH White respondents than among Hispanic and NH Other/Mixed Race/Ethnicity respondents. The year by racial/ethnic group interaction was significant (p < .001). Past-month cigar use decreased significantly from 2002 to 2016 among NH White and Hispanic respondents (ps = .001), whereas no change in prevalence was observed among NH Black (p = .779) and NH Other/Mixed Race/Ethnicity respondents (p = .152). Cigar use decreased for NH White men (p < .001) and did not change for NH White women (p = .884). Conversely, cigar use increased for NH Black women (p < .001) and did not change for NH Black men (p = .546).

Conclusions

Cigar use remains significantly more common among NH Black individuals in the United States and is not declining among NH Black and NH Other/Mixed Race/Ethnicity individuals over time, in contrast to declines among NH White and Hispanic individuals.

Implications

This study identified racial/ethnic differences in trends in past-month cigar use over 15 years among annual cross-sectional samples of US individuals. The highest prevalence of cigar use in 2016 was found among NH Black individuals. In addition, cigar use prevalence did not decline from 2002 to 2016 among NH Black and NH Other/Mixed Race/Ethnicity groups over time, in contrast to NH White and Hispanic groups. Further, cigar use increased over time for NH Black women. Targeted public health and clinical efforts may be needed to decrease the prevalence of cigar use, especially for NH Black individuals.
Introduction: Collective Memory
Authors: Vang Chia Youyee
Published: April 2019

This introductory overview discusses how this Hmong pilot oral history project originated and describes the project’s scholarly contribution as well as its theoretical frameworks and methodology. The introduction presents gaps in existing literature and explains the process followed in order to write about the ethnic minorities who took part in US Air Force operations during the United States’ Secret War in Laos and to tell the stories of their transformative experiences. The stories of these men—in which they went from mostly living on the margins of Lao society but then became daring fighter pilots working alongside Americans during the Vietnam War—are not found in official archives. The introduction also briefly discusses Hmong migration and settlement in Asia and their resettlement as refugees to the United States.
The Origin of Hmong Entanglement in the Vietnam War
Authors: Vang Chia Youyee
Published: April 2019

Chapter 1 explores how the United States moved in to Indochina to replace the French following the latter’s defeat in 1954, which resulted in those who collaborated with Americans becoming dependent on US military and humanitarian aid from the early 1960s through the mid-1970s. The chapter illustrates calculated decisions by American policy makers to continue colonial policies to divide and conquer their subjects, which enabled decisions made at the highest level to promote the use of ethnic minorities in counterinsurgency operations. Such decisions were precisely what facilitated Hmong men’s participation in the covert Project Water Pump that trained Lao fighter pilots. The chapter further explains how CIA officers circumvented resistance from ethnic Lao military leaders and American officials to establish an air operation in the region under Hmong military leadership.
Time Lost, Time Regained
Authors: Callender Craig
Published: April 2019

This chapter contends that cognitive science is crucially important to the metaphysics of time. Cognitive science reveals mechanisms that help us regain the time “lost” by physics, and in so doing, it indirectly confirms some metaphysical hypotheses. After a brief setup, the chapter describes the interplay between cognitive science and the three modes of time identified by Kant, namely, duration, succession and simultaneity. It then sketches the beginnings of a solution to one of the main puzzles in the metaphysics of time, the so-called flow of time. If this chapter is correct, the explanation of temporal flow demands an all-out interdisciplinary attack.
Cognitive Science and Metaphysics
Authors: Schaffer Jonathan
Published: April 2019

Is cognitive science relevant to metaphysics? The realist metaphysician aiming to describe the objective structure of reality itself may think that cognitive science is largely irrelevant. But Goldman argues that cognitive science is relevant, insofar as some arguments in metaphysics are premised on intuitions, and cognitive science is relevant to assessing both what people find intuitive, and whether a given intuition should be respected or debunked. This is persuasive. But Goldman’s picture would benefit from two adjustments (or perhaps just elaborations). First, the relevance of cognitive science is not specific to metaphysics, but rather generic to any intellectual inquiry that invokes intuitions. Secondly—and more importantly—metaphysics itself plays a crucial role alongside cognitive science in assessing intuitions. For a crucial part of assessment is determining which intuitions should be respected and which debunked, and that involves determining whether the intuition is tracking reality. So rather than being situated as in danger of being debunked, metaphysics should be situated as a needed partner in the very project of debunking.
Moral Metaphysics, Moral Psychology, and the Cognitive Sciences
Authors: Railton Peter
Published: April 2019

Morality, like language, is a ubiquitous feature of contemporary human societies. Both cases exhibit social variation as well as cross-cultural similarities, and individual acquisition of largely tacit abilities to communicate and cooperate spontaneously in an open-ended array of circumstances. Cognitive science has shed light on how this is possible in the case of language, but recently has challenged whether human morality could actually live up to the character it purports to have (e.g., objective and nonparochial) or the social role it purports to play (e.g., in guiding judgment, motivation, and practices). Realism about morality is seen as at odds with understanding it scientifically. Challenges have been based upon “dual-process” theories and evolutionary psychology. A defense of realism can be given, however, on the strength of research supporting a picture of the mind as engaged in non-egocentric as well as egocentric causal-evaluative modeling of the physical and social world.
Natural Language and Its Ontology
Authors: Moltmann Friederike
Published: April 2019

Natural language, it appears, reflects in part our conception of the world. Natural language displays a great range of types of referential noun phrases that seem to stand for objects of various ontological categories and types, and it also involves constructions, categories, and expressions that appear to convey ontological or notions. Natural language reflects its own ontology, an ontology that may differ from the ontology a philosopher may be willing to accept or even a nonphilosopher when thinking about what there is, and of course it may differ from the ontology of what there really is. This chapter gives a characterization of the ontology implicit in natural language and the entities it involves, situates natural language ontology within metaphysics, discusses what sorts of data may be considered reflective of the ontology of natural language, and addresses Chomsky’s dismissal of externalist semantics.
Wallowing in Self-Pity
Authors: Otis Laura
Published: April 2019

The United States and some other Western cultures discourage adults from crying and publicly expressing pain. Metaphors for self-pity show the cultural pressures brought to bear on people who try to make their suffering known. In recent novels and films, metaphors of enclosure, paralysis, and filth depict self-pity as so shameful that they may drive people to suffer in silence. The films G. I. Jane and Bridesmaids illustrate the social rewards offered to women who shun self-pity and the peer pressure directed toward women who “wallow.” Findings in the field of self psychology raise doubts about whether self-pity is as detrimental as popular metaphors indicate. Depictions of self-pity as filthy and entrapping probably have physiological roots but can serve political ends by making injured people feel too ashamed to speak out.
Detached and Circling
Authors: Otis Laura
Published: April 2019

Psychological studies of human attachment describe relationships metaphorically, but the attachment metaphor excludes some aspects of emotional bonds. It suggests that detachment is a simple, mechanical process, and it rules out the intermeshing that many people experience in loving relationships. Some male poets, fiction writers, and filmmakers who depict women resisting rejection have characterized them with metaphors of circling, constriction, and violent cutting. Virgil’s Aeneid, Charles Dickens’s Great Expectations, Rudyard Kipling’s “The Phantom Rickshaw,” Clint Eastwood’s Play Misty for Me, and Adrian Lyne’s Fatal Attraction portray rejected women with images of darkness and destruction. Novelist Siri Hustvedt and director Andrea Arnold use different metaphors of shattering, dancing, riding piggyback, and flying free. Metaphoric descriptions of rejected people matter because they can shame people into suppressing emotions that they need to consider cognitively.
Till Porn Do Us Part?
Authors: Perry Samuel L.
Published: April 2019

Chapter 5 shows how pornography use shapes the romantic and family relationships of conservative Protestants in ways that are uniquely destructive. Specifically, he chapter draws on both quantitative data and qualitative interviews to explain why the sex lives and relationship quality of conservative Protestants tends to suffer more from pornography use compared to those of other Americans. Conservative Protestant men are more likely than other American men to hide their pornography use and lie about it, creating additional sources of conflict and distance between couples. Moreover, conservative Protestant women are more likely than other American women to consider pornography use as a form of “adultery” or “betrayal” and thus when pornography use is discovered, they are more likely to be traumatized by the incident or threaten divorce.
Introduction
Authors: Walen Alec D.
Published: April 2019

Much contemporary just war theory is modeled on the theory of self-defense. The dominant account of rights used by people interested in the right of self-defense is doubly problematic: its internal tensions undermine the plausibility of the views people try to defend, and it is in some ways morally distorting. This book is primarily concerned with developing and then deploying a new account of rights, one that will put the discussion of the right to defend against threats on more solid footing. The introductory chapter covers four themes. First, to explain why the current state of just war theory calls for a new account of rights, the chapter traces a brief history of recent discussions of the right of self-defense. Second, the chapter describes when it is permissible to defend against threats. Third, it explains how this relates to current law and to other philosophical work on the topic. Finally, it sketches an outline of the rest of the book.
Innocent Threats Versus Innocent Bystanders
Authors: Walen Alec D.
Published: April 2019

This chapter is the first part of the argument that there is no fundamental, principled reason why noncombatants who help unjust combatants to wage war may not be eliminatively killed. It starts by explaining why it is hard to justify killing an innocent bystander to save an innocent victim. It then argues that the choice whether to kill an innocent threat or allow an innocent victim to die is a closer call. In particular, one cannot reason from the premise that a threat owes a victim some sacrifice to the conclusion that his harm can be discounted in the way suggested by those who would invoke a lesser-evil justification. Instead, there are both agent and patient effects of being a threat, effects that make it easier to justify killing a threat, even an innocent threat, than an innocent bystander. Finally, objections are raised and addressed.
From Innocent Threats to Noncombatants Innocently Aiding Unjust Combatants
Authors: Walen Alec D.
Published: April 2019

This chapter is the second part of the argument that there is no fundamental, principled reason why noncombatants who help unjust combatants to wage war may not be eliminatively killed. It argues that non-culpable aggressors and those who act without aggressing but who threaten have weaker claims not to be killed than innocent threats. It then argues that intervening agency does not generally strengthen an indirect threat’s claim not to be killed. Finally, the chapter argues that bearing a threat only because many others also contribute to that threat also does not strengthen a threat’s claim not to be killed. The primary restrictions on killing that protect noncombatants are necessity and proportionality.
Why “beyond the rapist”?
Authors: Harris Kate Lockwood
Published: April 2019

This first chapter outlines reasons why considering campus sexual violence “beyond the rapist” matters. Many feminists assert that, to stop sexual violence, people must pay attention to the systems that surround it. Noticing those systems can be difficult, however, because popular discussions suggest that one individual rapes another. This conceptualization of sexual violence can obscure the processes and organizational dynamics that support assaults. By focusing on the growing movement around Title IX and rape at U.S. colleges and universities, the chapter introduces a key argument of the book: Feminist new materialist theories can help organizations and activists focus “beyond the rapist” and prompt systemic change. The chapter offers definitions of the book’s key terms—organization, communication, and sexual violence—as well as an overview of feminist new materialism and Title IX.
Violence communicates differently
Authors: Harris Kate Lockwood
Published: April 2019

This chapter begins to conceptualize sexual violence as a series of material–discursive intra-actions. It does so by drawing upon a case study at a university regarded for having some of the most effective sexual violence policies in the United States, the pseudonymous Public Research University (PRU). An analysis of the systems for reporting rape and other assaults at PRU shows that these processes rely on representationalist frameworks that have problematic raced and gendered consequences. The reporting system allows PRU to overlook lots of violence. Moreover, marginalized members of the university do a disproportionate amount of the labor to run the system. The chapter relies on the feminist new materialist concept of diffraction to show that reports to Title IX officers are not mere descriptions of sexual violence, but the outcome of material–discursive processes. The chapter advances a material turn by using violence as a focal point for theory that is neither wholly constructivist nor wholly realist.
The Struggle for Recognition in International Relations
Authors: Murray Michelle
Published: April 2019

How can established powers manage the peaceful rise of new great powers? With The Struggle for Recognition in International Relations, the author offers a new answer to this perennial question in international relations, arguing that power transitions are principally social phenomena whereby rising powers struggle to obtain recognition of their identity as a great power. At the center of great power identity formation is the acquisition of particular symbolic capabilities—such as battlesheips, aircraft carriers, or nuclear weapons—that are representative of great power status and that allow rising powers to experience their uncertain social status as a brute fact. When a rising power is recognized, this power acquisition is considered legitimate and its status in the international order secured, leading to a peaceful power transition. If a rising power is misrecognized, its assertive foreign policy is perceived to be for revisionist purposes, which must be contained by the established powers. Revisionism—rather than the product of a material power structure that encourages aggression or domestic political struggles—is a social construct that emerges through a rising power’s social interactions with the established powers as it attempts to gain recognition of its identity. The question of peaceful power transition has taken on increased salience in recent years with the emergence of China as an economic and military rival of the United States. Highlighting the social dynamics of power transitions, this book offers a powerful new framework through which to understand the rise of China and how the United States can facilitate its peaceful rise.
What Is “Strategic 360 Feedback”?
Authors: Bracken David W.
Published: April 2019

Strategic 360 Feedback is defined as (a) having content derived from the organization’s strategy and values; (b) creating data that are sufficiently reliable and valid to be used for decision-making for talent management purposes; (c) being integrated into talent management, performance management, and development systems; and (d) being inclusive of all candidates for assessment. When these conditions are satisfied, Strategic 360 Feedback processes can create sustainable change in behaviors valued by the organization, create behavior change in key leaders, inform decisions integral to organization-wide talent management processes, and support the creation and maintenance of a feedback culture. All multirater processes should be developmental, and Strategic 360 Feedback in no way precludes its use for development purposes.
Strategic 360 Feedback for Talent Management
Authors: Church Allan H.
Published: April 2019

This chapter provides an overview of key elements to consider when using 360 Feedback as an integral part of a strategic talent management system in an organization. The focus of the chapter is on formal structured processes that serve to differentiate, develop, and enable decision-making to solve organizational talent needs. The chapter begins with a case example highlighting the power of 360 Feedback as both a predictive and a diagnostic tool for talent planning and slating candidates for succession. Next, context is provided regarding the distinction between the little and big S in strategic 360 Feedback in talent management programs, followed by a discussion of the four key differentiating components to consider when designing and implementing 360 Feedback for talent decision-making. The last section focuses on key challenges that can influence the effectiveness of a 360 Feedback program along with recommendations for practice.
Using Stakeholder Input to Support Strategic Talent Development at Board and Senior Executive Levels
Authors: Winum Paul
Published: April 2019

This chapter focuses on the use of stakeholder input in the form of 360 Feedback to deliver high-value strategic talent development at the board of directors and senior executive levels in organizational settings. The chapter begins with an overview of context, considerations, and methods for evaluating company directors and board effectiveness, which is an important component of organizational governance, particularly in publicly traded firms. An approach to working with the chief executive officer and other key stakeholders is then offered via a diagnostic evaluation model that covers areas such as purpose and strategy, composition and structure, board culture, chief executive officer partnership, board leadership, and renewal. Case studies are provided at both the board level and with senior executives using a Strategic 360 Feedback application at Mastercard®, where pre/post surveys were used to evaluate impact. The chapter concludes with key learning and insights for working with these unique types of populations.
Moving Beyond “The Great Debate”
Authors: Dahling Jason J. , Chau Samantha L.
Published: April 2019

The contention in this chapter is that the distinction between “administrative” and “developmental” 360 Feedback has become meaningless because it is rarely performed with developmental self-awareness as the only end goal. Almost all 360 systems use the data gathered to inform talent and performance management to some degree. However, these possibilities are likely overlooked when adopting an “either/or” viewpoint on how 360 Feedback can be leveraged in the workplace. First, the historical distinction between administrative and developmental 360 Feedback is reviewed. Highlighted is how this dichotomy has become outdated when thinking about the uses of 360 Feedback. Second, some of the ways that developmentally oriented 360 Feedback is used to strengthen strategic practices in talent management are explored, including individual and team training, employee coaching, succession planning, executive onboarding, and leader development. The chapter ends by using a continuum framework for 360 Feedback in organizations; noted are some future research and practice concerns that are evident from adopting this framework.
Factors Affecting the Validity of Strategic 360 Feedback Processes
Authors: Fleenor John W.
Published: April 2019

How do we know if a 360 process has been implemented successfully? What are the factors that influence its success? How can these factors be controlled by those responsible for its implementation? In this chapter, key factors are organized identified according to whether they exert their influence proximally or distally. This chapter explores how each of these factors contributes to successful implementation. After identifying how design features of a 360 process affect these key factors, recommendations are made on how to enhance the probability of implementing 360 Feedback successfully and sustaining the process over time, thus enhancing the validity of the process.
Harnessing the Potential of 360 Feedback in Executive Education Programming
Authors: Conger Jay A.
Published: April 2019

This chapter maintains that leadership dimensions used in executive education programs can be more effectively integrated into curricula by deploying customized 360 Feedback. It describes the means by which the integration of customized 360 Feedback can deepen and prolong the learning of leaders as well as inform program designers. To achieve this outcome, several requirements must be met: (a) The 360 assessments are customized to mirror the course’s content; (b) open-ended questions are included so participants can identify their situational demands and development needs; (c) professional coaches are employed to interpret the feedback; (d) the style of coaching is structured to be advice-centric; (e) postprogram development goals are identified using 360 Feedback; and (f) follow-up 360 Feedback is employed to assess leaders’ progress toward development goals set during the program.
An Alternative Form of Feedback
Authors: Stomski Lorraine
Published: April 2019

This chapter presents a case study of the use of an alternate form of 360 Feedback at Walmart based on an interview-driven assessment of leader reputation. Following an overview of the changing nature of business requirements for success, the emerging importance of understanding and gathering feedback from highly influential stakeholders with whom leaders may have only limited contact is discussed. The chapter then takes a closer look at Walmart’s existing 360 Feedback process and how that has evolved to include a new secondary measure of leader reputation. The reputational 360 interview measure, which focuses on perceptions of the individual’s leadership style, effectiveness, and ability to influence senior stakeholders, is then presented in detail. Similarities and differences in the process (e.g., types of raters, transparency, and use of results for development) are reviewed, and results and key learnings from the pilot program are offered for those considering a similar approach.
Mitigating Succession Risk in the C-Suite
Authors: Adler Seymour
Published: April 2019

This chapter presents a case study on succession planning for a medium-size company facing the retirement of its CEO and other members of the executive team. The approach was implemented in three steps: (a) assessing the role for critical leadership positions; (b) assessing the person; and (c) accelerating readiness. 360 Feedback was used as part of the assessment process, combined with interviews, personality tests, and simulations. The custom 360 instrument was aspirational in content, capturing readiness for future roles. A rigorous, fact-based successor readiness assessment process was developed, and a snapshot of the degree of succession risk was projected for the 5-year strategic plan. A biannual talent review discussion at board meetings marked progress concerning the development of successors and the mitigation of critical succession risks through recruitment, onboarding, and accelerated development of new talent. The chapter concludes with a list of key success factors for this and similar initiatives.
Integrating Strategic 360 Feedback at a Financial Services Organization
Authors: Shepherd William J.
Published: April 2019

This chapter describes a financial services organization that navigated the “Great Recession” while changing its leadership team and strategy. In support of this strategy, the organization worked with leaders to define a new organizational culture and competency model. The organization’s culture was in transition from complacency to rapid change. Employees were experiencing fear, distrust, and decision paralysis. The new competency model called for leaders to display courage and collaboration and to make timely decisions. To accelerate the desired cultural change and adoption of new leadership behaviors, the organization implemented a new 360 Feedback process based on the competency model. The 360 Feedback system was designed to be a powerful signal about the behaviors that were expected of leaders in support of the new organizational culture and strategy. This chapter focuses on the development, delivery, and evaluation of the 360 Feedback program and how it was embedded in talent management processes.
Leveraging Team 360 to Drive Business-Enhancing Change Across the Enterprise at Whirlpool Corporation
Authors: Mockler Stefanie , McGourty Rich , Goudy Keith
Published: April 2019

This chapter tells the story of a how a team-driven 360 Feedback solution was used with an executive team at Whirlpool Corporation to increase the team’s ability to address pressing business challenges. It describes the team-based 360 Feedback solution in detail and illustrates how feedback helped this leadership team develop. Specifically, the team 360 solution was used to help the team identify their strengths and gaps, receive impactful quantitative and qualitative feedback, gain self-awareness, and engage in a productive discussion regarding how to address and improve team performance to drive a strategic business agenda. The launch and delivery of the process with this core leadership team led to organization-wide change and benefits that, 6 years later, still positively impacted teams across the company.
What Kind of Talent Do We Have Here?
Authors: Boyce Christine Corbet , Linderbaum Beth
Published: April 2019

This chapter describes a global pharmaceutical company that used 360 Feedback and other talent assessments to address critical strategic challenges in its business. The company collected behavioral data on approximately 400 sales leaders as part of a system-wide talent assessment that allowed a newly appointed leader to craft a talent strategy that would support his business strategy. By linking 360 Feedback data, personality assessments and sales results, the organization’s senior leadership team was able to critically examine its system-wide talent profile in the context of its ambitious commercial strategies. This system-wide profile was then used to shape short- and long-term plans for developing talent and shifting the culture at all levels to better align with business goals.
Using Analytics to Gain More Insights From 360 Feedback Data
Authors: Fink Alexis A. , Sinar Evan F.
Published: April 2019

Advanced analytical methodologies and data visualizations are transforming how human resource data are used in organizations. Through the application of these methods, 360 Feedback can be enhanced; conversely, a variety of talent management objectives can be enhanced by including 360 Feedback. This chapter discusses how analytics can help support organizations and individuals as they tackle these systematic questions. The chapter begins with an overview of major talent management functions (selection, promotion, learning and development, succession and workforce planning, analytics for measuring progress), showing how each can incorporate 360 Feedback data. Attention is devoted to multirater feedback as a target of inquiry itself, discussing how new analytic approaches (unstructured data, linkage analysis, network analysis, reporting, and visualization) can enhance traditional practice. We close with a discussion of key considerations about foundational issues such as data privacy.
Using 360 Feedback to Shape a Profession
Authors: Ulrich Dave
Published: April 2019

This chapter offers another use of the 360 beyond personal development to the shaping of a profession (i.e., the competencies of human resource [HR] professionals using a 360 methodology). Called the HR Competency Study (HRCS), this research has included seven rounds of data collection with over 12,000 focal leaders (the participants in the study), 75,000 raters (about 60% of the raters work in HR and about 40% are outside of HR) in over 5,500 businesses. These respondents were selected from leading HR associations around the world who are partners in the study. This chapter overviews the 2016 results, offers three insights about using 360 methodology to shape a profession (including an updated set of core competencies), and concludes with implications for using 360s for personal development.
Introduction
Authors: Hertel Shareen
Published: April 2019

This chapter provides an overview of the book, situating it as a contribution to debates in political science as well as business and human rights literatures. The puzzle central to the book is presented: Does the practice of “stakeholder consultation” contribute to fulfilling the economic rights of people who live in manufacturing communities integral to global supply chains? Why or why not, and under what conditions? This introductory chapter positions the book within broader scholarly debates over the nature of remedy for human rights abuse. It also explores why existing modes of consultation often fall short of addressing the underlying structural factors that perpetuate poverty in manufacturing communities globally (thus bridging literatures on the political economy of grassroots development and industrialization). The chapter previews the empirical contributions of the book—specifically, its engagement with multiple methods and multiple sources of data (e.g., historical, statistical, interview, and participant observation–based data) aimed at uncovering the challenges of stakeholder consultation in theory and practice. The chapter concludes by outlining the succeeding chapters briefly.
A Genealogy of Community Consultation
Authors: Hertel Shareen
Published: April 2019

This chapter offers an historical overview of poor peoples’ involvement with public and private policymaking that has shaped the business and human rights arena over four decades. The chapter reveals the continuity of constraints on poor peoples’ involvement in policymaking and corresponding limits on their ability to fully claim their economic rights. It outlines three corresponding “eras” in community consultation and draws on primary and secondary sources to trace the evolution of poor peoples’ involvement with state and corporate actors over time through each. The first era, the 1970s–1980s, was characterized by participation as damage control in the wake of large-scale industrial disasters. The second era, the 1990s, was characterized by participation as testimonial with the rise of the 24/7 news cycle and increased attention to sweatshop conditions in global supply chains and corresponding worker testimony. The third era, the 2000s, is characterized by participation as a vehicle for empowerment through the United Nations Principles on Business and Human Rights (colloquially known as the Ruggie Principles).