bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Composição química e valores energéticos de alimentos alternativos para leitões
Authors: Wesendonck W.R. , Oliveira V. , Gewehr C.E. , Silva Y.L. , Bordignon L.A.F.
Published: March 2013

O presente experimento foi realizado para determinar a composição química e os valores energéticos de resíduo de bolacha (RB), resíduo de wafer (RW), resíduo de chocolate caramelizado (RCC) e resíduo de bombons e chocolates (RBC) para leitões. Foram utilizados 10 leitões castrados, com peso médio inicial de 7,40±0,97kg, alojados individualmente em gaiolas de metabolismo e distribuídos em cinco tratamentos: 1) dieta referência (DR); 2) 60% DR + 40% RB; 3) 60% DR + 40% RW; 4) 80% DR + 20% RCC; e 5) 80% DR + 20% RBC. O experimento foi repetido em três períodos consecutivos, com duração de 12 dias cada um, sendo sete destinados à adaptação e cinco destinados à coleta. Foi utilizada a metodologia de coleta total de fezes e urina e o óxido férrico como marcador fecal. O delineanento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, sendo o período utilizado como bloco. Os teores de proteína bruta foram de 7,96, 10,78, 6,33 e 4,01% para RB, RW, RCC e RBC, respectivamente. O conteúdo de extrato etéreo do RB e do RW foi de 11,7 e 9,4%, respectivamente. Já o do RCC e o do RBC apresentaram valores mais elevados, sendo 24,7 e 34,3%, respectivamente. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade dos nutrientes e energia e o coeficiente de metabolizabilidade da energia foram semelhantes (P>0,05) entre os alimentos estudados. Os valores de energia digestível e metabolizável foram de 3914 e 3745; 4040 e 3767; 4454 e 4200; e 4937 e 4790kcal/kg para resíduo de bolachas, resíduo de wafer, resíduo de chocolate caramelizado e resíduo de bombons e chocolates, respectivamente. Conclui-se que os alimentos resíduo de bolachas, resíduo de wafer, resíduo de chocolate caramelizado e resíduo de bombons e chocolates apresentam potencial para serem incluídos em dietas pré-inicias e inicias de leitões.
Desempenho de cordeiros em confinamento alimentados com dieta exclusiva de concentrado com diferentes porcentagens de proteína
Authors: Cirne L.G.A. , Oliveira G.J.C. , Jaeger S.M.P.L. , Bagaldo A.R. , Leite M.C.P. , Oliveira P.A. , Macedo Junior C.M.
Published: March 2013

O presente experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho de cordeiros em confinamento alimentados com dieta exclusiva de concentrado com diferentes porcentagens de proteína. Foram utilizados 24 cordeiros mestiços da raça Santa Inês, não castrados, com aproximadamente 180 dias de idade, peso vivo médio de 25kg, confinados, num delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. O consumo voluntário de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta e nutrientes digestíveis totais, além do ganho de peso diário e total, da conversão e da eficiência alimentar dos cordeiros, não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pela porcentagem de proteína na dieta. As dietas com 18 e 20% de proteína bruta apresentaram menores custos de produção, entretanto o menor custo foi obtido com a ração contendo 18% de PB.
Determination of diflubenzuron residues in milk and cattle tissues
Authors: Tfouni S.A.V. , Furlani R.P.Z. , Carreiro L.B. , Loredo I.S.D. , Gomes A.G. , Alves L.A. , Mata R.S.S. , Fonseca A.M.D. , Rocha R.M.S.
Published: March 2013

Diflubenzuron (DFB) is used to control ectoparasitic infestation by inhibiting larvae development in the manure and feces of treated animals. It is also currently been used to control tick infestations. In this study, milk and tissues from cattle treated orally with DFB for a 77-120 day period with a commercial product containing the compound were analyzed for the presence of residues. DFB residues were determined by using extraction with acetonitrile, cleanup with C18 SPE and chromatographic analysis by HPLC with UV detection (254nm). DFB was not detected in any of the analysed samples (<0.006mg kg-1 for fat, <0.014mg kg-1 for muscle, <0.015mg kg-1 for kidney, <0.016mg kg-1 for liver and <0.0006mg kg-1 for milk). In this manner, the use of this compound, according to the manufacturer's suggested doses may result in cattle milk, liver, kidneys, fat and muscles being considered safe regarding the presence of DFB residues.
As possíveis causas domésticas da liderança brasileira na América do Sul
Authors: Schenoni Luis Leandro
Published: March 2013

A internacionalização do Estado brasileiro tem sido vista como uma consequência de sua ascensão internacional, muito embora também pudesse ser considerada uma das causas de sua crescente liderança e projeção no exterior. Neste artigo, resume-se o debate atual sobre o processo de formulação da política externa brasileira, discutindo o papel do Ministério das Relações Exteriores, da Presidência da República e sua burocracia e do Congresso. Além disso, propõe-se uma comparação original com a atuação de instituições congêneres da Argentina. Por fim, conclui-se que a menor internacionalização do Estado argentino poderia explicar tanto a perda da influência internacional desse país nos últimos vinte anos, como o êxito brasileiro na região.
Burnout syndrome in senior undergraduate nursing
Authors: Oliveira Rayama de , Caregnato Rita Catalina Aquino , Câmara Sheila Gonçalves
Published: March 2013

OBJECTIVE: This papers' goal was to evaluate the presence and the factors associated to Burnout Syndrome among senior year Nursing students. METHODS: Exploratory descriptive quantitative research held in a private University of Rio Grande do Sul, with an intentional sample of 42 students enrolled in the 1st half of 2011, through the application of the instrument Burnout Inventory Student Survey (MBI-SS). The sample represented 76.3% of the population studied. RESULTS: As for the burnout rates, it was found that the professional effectiveness was the amount that reached higher average index 5.03, followed by emotional exhaustion 3.26 and disbelief 1.57. CONCLUSION: Burnout syndrome was not identified among the participants, so that the factors associated with it were also not identified. The only finding was that the students who have children have less emotional exhaustion.
Self-medication in adult Latin American immigrants in Seville
Authors: González-López José Rafael , Rodríguez-Gázquez María de los Ángeles , Lomas-Campos María de las Mercedes
Published: March 2013

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of non-prescription pharmaceutical use in the Latin American immigrant population. METHOD: A descriptive, cross-sectional study of a representative sample of 190 immigrants. We used a questionnaire based on the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). RESULTS: In the past six months, 77.4% of the sample self-medicated. The prevalence of consumption of antiinflammatory and non-prescription analgesics was the highest, followed by antibiotics. A statistical difference was observed in non-prescription use of antibiotics by gender. CONCLUSION: The consumption of pharmaceuticals without a medical prescription in the Latin American immigrants in the city of Seville is high.
Universal isolation precautions for patients at an academic hospital
Authors: Maziero Vanessa Gomes , Vannuchi Marli Terezinha Oliveira , Vituri Dagmar Willamourius , Haddad Maria do Carmo Lourenço , Tada Cristiane Nakaya
Published: March 2013

OBJECTIVE: To apply universal isolation precautions for patients at an academic hospital by a nursing team. METHODS: This descriptive and prospective study used data from advice service of quality control and nursing care that were gathered in observational reports of universal isolation precautions for patients admitted in two surgical inpatient units during 2008 and 2010. RESULTS: The mean general classification for both units was between desirable and adequate in the observational analysis of universal precaution. A borderline effect was observed only in November 2008 at the Men's Surgical Unit. The units assessed had compromised biosecurity, however, as time advanced data showed an improvement on their performance. CONCLUSION: The effective involvement of nurses in the unit is critical to prevent and control nosocomial infections.
Comparison of Reduced and Conventional Phase Equilibrium Calculations
Authors: Gorucu S. E. , Johns R. T.
Published: March 2013

Phase equilibrium calculations become computationally intensive in compositional simulation as the number of components and phases increase. Reduced methods were developed to address this problem where the binary interaction parameter (BIP) matrix is either approximated by spectral decomposition (Hendriks and van Bergen, 1992), or by using a two-parameter BIP formula (Li and Johns, 2006). Haugen and Beckner (2011) and Yan et al. (2011), however, recently stated that the spectral decomposition method, and by reference all reduced methods, are not as fast as previously reported in the literature. In this paper we present the first study that compares all eight reduced and conventional methods published to date using optimized code and compilers.

The results show that the spectral decomposition method and its variants are not as fast as other reduced methods, and can be slower than the conventional approach when fewer than 20 components are used. The reason for the slow speed is the additional number of nested loops required in the code and the requirement that the code must allow for a variable number of eigenvalues. We show that the reduced method of Li and Johns (2006) and its variants, however, are significantly faster. Significant speed up in flash calculations is achieved for all fluids studied when more than six components are used. For example, for ten-component fluids, a speed up of 2 to 3 in the computational time for Newton-Raphson iterations are obtained compared to the conventional method based on minimization of Gibbs energy. We also demonstrate that the reduced method by Gorucu and Johns (2011, 2013), an offshoot of the Li and Johns (2006) reduced approach, is more robust than all other methods.
Unlocking Fast Reservoir Predictions via Non-Intrusive Reduced Order Models
Authors: Klie Hector
Published: March 2013

The present paper proposes a novel non-intrusive model reduction approach based on Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD), the Discrete Empirical Interpolation Method (DEIM) and Radial Basis Function (RBF) networks to efficiently predict production of oil and gas reservoirs. Provided a representative set of training reservoir scenarios, either POD or DEIM allows for effectively projecting input parameters (e.g., permeability, porosity), states (e.g., pressure, saturations) and outputs (e.g., well production curves) into a much lower dimension that retains the main features contained in the simulation system. In this work, these projections are applied across multiple levels to be able to collapse a large number of spatio-temporal correlations. It is observed that these projections can be effectively performed at a large extent regardless of the underlying geological complexity and operational constraints associated with the reservoir model. The RBF network provides a powerful means for developing learning functions from input-output relationships described by the reservoir dynamics entailed by multiple combinations of inputs and controls. In order to achieve a high degree of predictability from the resulting reduced model, the RBF network exploits locality by a means of Gaussian basis functions that are maximal at the sampled point and decrease monotonically with distance. Compared to multilayer perceptron networks (i.e., traditional artificial neural networks) RBF networks require less training and are less sensitive to the presence of noise in the data. In this regard, POD or DEIM acts as a data filter that additionally aids at designing a more compact RBF network representation suitable for targeting fast reservoir predictions. Numerical results show significant accelerations with respect to running the original simulation model on a set of field-motivated cases.
Fast Simulation of Polymer Injection in Heavy-Oil Reservoirs Based on Topological Sorting and Sequential Splitting
Authors: Lie Knut-Andreas , Nilsen Halvor Møll , Rasmussen Atgeirr Flø , Raynaud Xavier
Published: March 2013

We present a set of algorithms for sequential solution of flow and transport that can be used for efficient simulation of polymer injection modeled as a two-phase system with rock compressibility and equal fluid compressibilities. Our formulation gives a set of nonlinear transport equations that can be discretized with standard implicit upwind methods to conserve mass and volume independent of the time step. In the absence of gravity and capillary forces, the splitting is unconditionally stable and the resulting nonlinear system of discrete transport equations can be permuted to lower triangular form by using a simple topological-sorting method from graph theory. This gives an optimal nonlinear solver that computes the solution cell by cell with local iteration control. The single-cell systems can be reduced to a nested set of nonlinear scalar equations that can be bracketed and solved with standard gradient or root-bracketing methods. The resulting method gives orders-of-magnitude reduction in runtimes and increases the feasible time-step sizes. For cases with gravity, the same method can be applied as part of a nonlinear Gauss-Seidel method. Altogether, our results demonstrate that sequential splitting combined with standard upwind discretizations can become a viable alternative to streamline methods for speeding up simulation of advection-dominated systems.
Generalized Field Development Optimization Using Derivative-Free Procedures
Authors: Isebor Obiajulu J. , Ciaurri David Echeverría , Durlofsky Louis J.
Published: March 2013

The optimization of general oil field development problems is considered. Techniques are presented to simultaneously determine the optimal number and type of new wells, the sequence in which they should be drilled, and their corresponding locations and (time-varying) controls. The optimization is posed as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem and involves categorical, integer-valued, and real-valued variables. The formulation handles bound, linear, and nonlinear constraints; the latter are treated using filter-based techniques. Noninvasive derivative-free approaches are applied for the optimizations. Methods considered include Branch and Bound (B&B, a rigorous global search procedure that requires relaxation of the categorical variables), Mesh Adaptive Direct Search (MADS, a local pattern search method), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO, a heuristic global search method) and a PSO-MADS hybrid. Three example cases involving two-dimensional channelized reservoir models are presented. The PSO-MADS hybrid is shown to consistently outperform the standalone MADS and PSO procedures. In the two cases in which B&B is applied, the heuristic PSO-MADS approach is shown to give comparable solutions but at much lower computational cost. This is significant since B&B provides exhaustive search capabilities. We conclude that, although it is demanding in terms of computation, the methodology presented here appears to be applicable for realistic reservoir management.
An Analytical Quasi-Newton Method for EOS Calculations
Authors: Haugen Kjetil B. , Beckner Bret L.
Published: March 2013

The matrix of binary interaction coefficients appearing in the van der Waals mixing rules for cubic equations of state is often rank-deficient. If the rank is sufficiently low, phase equilibrium algorithms can take advantage of the Sherman-Morrison-Woodbury formula to solve the linear system of equations appearing in the Newton iterations more economically than using LU- or Cholesky factorization. Frequently, many binary interaction coefficients are very small, implying that a good approximation of even lower rank may exist. Using the low-rank approximation when generating the Jacobian and Hessian matrices leads to a quasi-Newton method. The approach reduces the cost of applying the Sherman-Morrison-Woodbury formula. The results of a series of bench-marks show that the Sherman-Morrison-Woodbury formula can significantly speed-up phase equilibrium calculations in mixtures with a large number of components.
An Efficient Multicore Linear Solver for Reservoir Simulation Applications
Authors: Pravilnikov V. , Diyankov O. , Diyankova S. , Beckner B. , Mishev I.
Published: March 2013

We present a suite of algorithms for the iterative solution of linear systems of algebraic equations arising in reservoir simulations. Usually, the solution of linear systems is the most time-consuming part of reservoir simulations, especially for complex physical models. Significant progress in multi-core architectures in the last decade allows now to solve large and complex problems on desktop computers. Moreover, multi-core algorithms can be naturally used as building blocks in hybrid (MPI+SMP) linear solvers.

The suite includes the following parallel algorithms: one partitioner, four preconditioners, and several iterative methods. The partitioner smpKWPT implements a multilevel p-way graph partitioning (similar to METIS) for multicore architectures. It generates partitions with quality similar or better than quality of the partitions produced by METIS. Three parallel preconditioners OverlapFILU, RecursiveFILU, and MultiLevelILUC are intended for preconditioning general matrices, and one preconditioner MultiLevelRIC - for SPD matrices. OverlapFILU implements the most efficient Additive Schwarz algorithms. RecursiveFILU is based on non-overlapping domain decomposition paradigm with parallel truncated factorization of the domain matrices and factorization of the interface matrix. MultiLevelILUC and MultiLevelRIC implement a parallel multilevel framework based on 2x2 splitting with a good quality leading diagonal block and a second diagonal block, containing the Schur complement, which is an initial matrix for the next level. These preconditioners are very robust even for extremely ill conditioned matrices. Several iterative methods are available with an option to control the convergence by the true residuals.

The parallel algorithms are based on very efficient serial algorithms and a highly optimized multi-thread computational core. The solver’s workflow is optimized for application in multi-step and multi-right-hand-side simulations. The parallel efficiency of the solver is demonstrated on several real field models. The multi-core solver usually provides 1.8-3.0 times speed-up on 4 cores and 2.5-4.0 on 8 cores. The performance of our algorithms is considerably better than the performance of the similar algorithms in Trilinos and PETSc as shown by examples.
Respiratory Colonization by Kingella kingae, Person-to-Person Transmission, and Pathogenesis of Invasive Infection
Authors: Yagupsky Pablo
Published: March 2013

Increasing recognition of Kingella kingae as an important pathogen of early childhood in recent years has
elicited interest in the study of the asymptomatic carriage of the organism, its dissemination in the human population, and
the role played by colonization of the upper respiratory tract in the pathogenesis of K. kingae invasion of the skeletal
system and the endocardium.

Research has revealed that K. kingae is a frequent component of the normal oropharyngeal microbiota, disclosed the
subtle molecular mechanisms responsible for adherence of the bacterium to the pharyngeal mucosa, and revealed the
presence of a potent RTX toxin, probably implicated in breaching the epithelial barrier, survival of the organism in the
bloodstream, and damage to bone and joint tissues. Epidemiological studies have shown that carriage of K. kingae peaks
in 6-30 month-old children, coinciding with the age of increased susceptibility to invasive disease, and daycare-center
attendance represent a significant risk factor for pharyngeal colonization. The organism is transmitted from person-toperson
by close contact between family members, playmaytes, and day-care center attendees. Carriage is characterized by
frequent turnover of colonizing strains, similar to what has been described in other pathogens of respiratory origin.
Hypercapnia Accelerates Wound Healing in Endothelial Cell Monolayers Exposed to Hypoxia
Authors: Tsuji Takao , Aoshiba Kazutetsu , Itoh Masayuki , Nakamura Hiroyuki , Yamaguchi Kazuhiro
Published: March 2013

Introduction:

While tissue hypoxia is known to play a critical role in the process of vascular injury and repair, the effect of hypercapnia on this process remains uncertain. We investigated whether hypercapnia might influence endothelial cell wound healing under the influence of hypoxia.

Materials and Methodology:

Monolayers of human umbilical venous endothelial cells (HUVECs) were scratch-wounded and incubated under different levels of O2, CO2, and pH in the environment.

Results:

Inhibition of wound healing was observed in the HUVEC monolayers under the hypoxic condition as compared to the normoxic condition. Both hypercapnic acidosis and buffered hypercapnia, but not normocapnic acidosis improved the rate of wound healing under the influence of hypoxia. The beneficial effect of hypercapnia was associated with stimulation of cell proliferation, without effects on cell adhesion, migration or apoptosis. On the other hand, the stimulatory effect of hypercapnia on wound healing and cell proliferation was not noted under normoxic conditions.

Conclusion:

These results suggest that hypercapnia, rather than acidosisper se, accelerated the wound healing in HUVEC monolayers cultured under hypoxic conditions. The effect of hypercapnia on wound healing was due, at least in part, to the stimulation of cell proliferation by hypercapnia.
Tigecycline Versus Levofloxacin in Hospitalized Patients
With Community-Acquired Pneumonia: An Analysis of
Risk Factors
Authors: Dartois Nathalie , Cooper C Angel , Castaing Nathalie , Gandjini Hassan , Sarkozy Denise
Published: March 2013

Introduction:

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of tigecycline (TGC) versus levofloxacin (LEV) in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) using pooled data and to perform exploratory analyses of risk factors associated with poor outcome.

Materials and Methodology:

Pooled analyses of 2 phase 3 studies in patients randomized to intravenous (IV) TGC (100 mg, then 50 mg q12h) or IV LEV (500 mg q24h or q12h). Clinical responses at test of cure visit for the clinically evaluable (CE) and clinical modified intention to treat populations were assessed for patients with risk factors including aged ≥65 years, prior antibiotic failure, bacteremia, multilobar disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, alcohol abuse, altered mental status, hypoxemia, renal insufficiency, diabetes mellitus, white blood cell count >30 x 109/L or <4 x 109/L, CURB-65 score ≥2, Fine score category of III to V and at least 2 clinical instability criteria on physical examination.

Results:

In the CE population of 574 patients, overall cure rates were similar: TGC (253/282, 89.7%); LEV (252/292, 86.3%). For all but one risk factor, cure rates for TGC were similar to or higher than those for LEV. For individual risk factors, the greatest difference between treatment groups was observed in patients with diabetes mellitus (difference of 22.9 for TGC versus LEV; 95% confidence interval, 4.8 - 39.9).

Conclusions:

TGC achieved cure rates similar to those of LEV in hospitalized patients with CAP. For patients with risk factors, TGC provided generally favorable clinical outcomes.
AKI Transition of Care
Authors: Goldstein Stuart L. , Jaber Bertrand L. , Faubel Sarah , Chawla Lakhmir S.
Published: March 2013

The incidence rate of AKI is increasing across the spectrum of hospitalized children and adults. Given the increased morbidity and mortality associated with AKI, significant research effort has been appropriately focused on standardizing AKI definitions, identifying risk factors, and discovering and validating novel, earlier structural biomarkers of kidney injury. In addition, a growing body of evidence demonstrates that AKI is a risk factor for the future development or accelerated progression of CKD. Unfortunately, prospective observational studies have not consistently followed survivors of episodes of AKI for longitudinal outcomes after hospital discharge, which could lead to ascertainment bias in terms of over- or underestimation of CKD development. Furthermore, data show that clinical follow-up of AKI survivors is low. This lack of systematic study and clinical follow-up represents a potential missed opportunity to prevent chronic disease after an acute illness and improve outcomes. Therefore, prospective study of transitions of care after episodes of AKI is needed to identify which patients are at risk for CKD development and to optimally target therapeutic interventions.
Costs and Benefits of Requiring an Engagement Partner Signature: Recent Experience in the United Kingdom
Authors: Carcello Joseph V. , Li Chan
Published: March 2013

This paper investigates the effects on audit quality and audit fees of requiring the engagement partner to sign the audit report in the United Kingdom (U.K.). The effect of requiring the engagement partner to sign the audit report is timely since the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) is considering mandating a similar requirement in the United States (U.S.). In the first year after the introduction of the signature requirement, we find a significant decline in abnormal accruals and the propensity to meet an earnings threshold, and we find a significant increase in the incidence of qualified audit reports and in earnings informativeness. In addition, audit fees are significantly higher in the post-signature period than in the pre-signature period. Moreover, we compare U.K. firms with a matched sample of U.S. firms and firms in other European countries in periods both before and after the U.K. adopted a signature requirement. Our results are generally consistent with the argument of improved audit quality in U.K. firms after the signature requirement is adopted.

Data Availability: Data are available from public sources identified in the text.
Arborista, Inc.: An Instructional Resource Case
Authors: Picconi Marc P. , Smith Kimberly J. , Woods Alexander
Published: March 2013

This deceptively simple case is intended for use as early as the first day of an M.B.A. core accounting course or as a focused review for an undergraduate accounting course. It achieves three primary objectives: accelerating student learning about the statement of cash flows, emphasizing the importance of both the cash flow statement and the income statement in valuation and capital markets, and introducing the three primary financial statements as an integrated system. The case also features the use of the direct method of presenting operating cash flows, both as a pedagogical tool and to allow interested instructors to increase their focus on that method. We have found that students benefit from the early integration of the cash flow statement, as well as the ability to clearly understand how operating cash flows are similar to—and different from—net income. Finally, the case provides an optional managerial accounting module for instructors who teach a course that integrates financial and managerial accounting.
The role of passive calcium influx through the cell membrane in galvanotaxis
Authors: Borys Przemysław
Published: March 2013

Passive calcium influx is one of the theories to explain the cathodal galvanotaxis of cells that utilize the electric field to guide their motion. When exposed to an electric field, the intracellular fluid becomes polarized, leading to positive charge accumulation on the cathodal side and negative charge accumulation on the anodal side. The negative charge on the anodal side attracts extracellular calcium ions, increasing the anodal calcium concentration, which is supposed to decrease the mobile properties of this side. Unfortunately, this model does not capture the Ca2+ dynamics after its presentation to the intracellular fluid. The ions cannot permanently accumulate on the anodal side because that would build a potential drop across the cytoplasm leading to an ionic current, which would carry positive ions (not only Ca2+) from the anodal to the cathodal part through the cytoplasm. If the cytoplasmic conductance for Ca2+ is low enough compared to the membrane conductance, the theory could correctly predict the actual behavior. If the ions move through the cytoplasm at a faster rate, compensating for the passive influx, this theory may fail. This paper contains a discussion of the regimes of validity for this theory.
Design of tailing dam using red mud
Authors: Rout Subrat , Sahoo Tapaswini , Das Sarat
Published: March 2013

Red mud, waste industrial product from aluminum industries produced approximately 75 million tonnes every year with less than half of this is used. Storage of this unutilized red mud takes vast tracts of usable land and pollutes, land, air and water. Construction of high embankments, under passes, flyovers, tailing dams uses vast tract of natural resources (top soil) is also matter of concern as its takes thousands of years to form the natural soil. This paper discusses use of red mud for construction of tailing dam based on laboratory findings and finite element analysis. The geotechnical properties such as plasticity, compaction, permeability, shear strength characteristics and dispersion of red mud are presented. Stability and seepage analysis of tailing dams as per finite element analysis using the above geotechnical parameters is presented.
Catalogue of maximum crack opening stress for CC(T) specimen assuming large strain condition
Authors: Graba Marcin
Published: March 2013

In this paper, values for the maximum opening crack stress and its distance from crack tip are determined for various elastic-plastic materials for centre cracked plate in tension (CC(T) specimen) are presented. Influences of yield strength, the work-hardening exponent and the crack length on the maximum opening stress were tested. The author has provided some comments and suggestions about modelling FEM assuming large strain formulation.
From Resegregation to Reintegration
Authors: Stroub Kori J. , Richards Meredith P.
Published: March 2013

Considerable attention has been devoted to the resegregation of public schools over the 1990s. No research to date, however, has examined change in school segregation since 2000. Using the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) Common Core of Data (CCD), we examine longitudinal trends in racial/ethnic segregation in 350 U.S. metropolitan areas from 1993 to 2009. We find that worsening segregation over the 1990s has given way to a period of modest integration among all racial/ethnic groups since 1998. However, decreases in segregation were smaller in the formerly de jure segregated South and in metropolitan areas with large increases in racial/ethnic diversity. In addition, since 1998, the relative importance of segregation among non-Whites has increased, while the proportion of segregation that lies across district boundaries has stabilized.
Seeing the Invisible: A Faraday-Maxwell Centenary Lecture
Authors: Burton
Published: March 2013

The summer of 1931 has been a marked year scientifically in Great Britain because of the celebration of the centenaries of three events, namely, the formation of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, the discovery of induced currents by Michael Farady, and the birth of James Clerk Maxwell, the mathematical interpreter of Faraday.
Indian Prehistory as Revealed by Archaeology
Authors: Jenness Diamond
Published: March 2013

Although the many diverse languages and customs of our Indians suggest that Canada was occupied for countless centuries before its discovery by Europeans, the remains of its prehistoric inhabitants are seldom conspicuous, and in many districts hardly discoverable even with careful research. There are no architectural ruins similar to the cliff dwellings in the southwest of the United States, the stone temples, walls and highways of Central America and Peru, or the brick and stone monuments of the Old World. Stone entered into the construction of dwellings only on the Arctic and sub-Arctic coastlines, where alone we find habitations, still partly intact, that lead us back to the centuries preceding Columbus. The bark wigwams of the eastern Indians were impermanent structures frequently dismantled and removed to another site, and the skin tents of the plains and Mackenzie River tribes left no marks except circles of stones or faint depressions in the soil. West of the Rocky mountains, and in southeastern Ontario, the Indians occupied the same village sites for several years in succession; but even in these regions few traces of their dwellings remain, because the wood of which they were built rapidly disintegrated with the moisture and changing temperature.
South America and Imperial Problems
Authors: Fay
Published: March 2013

Nations do not stumble into empire. It only seems so, because we are ignorant of imperial history. They work for it, and when it is won they must hold it. Though every empire aims at immortality, yet all have hitherto proved mortal, was the verdict of Adam Smith in the year of England's imperial tragedy, 1776. The bounds of empire are often not seen in advance; and since empire is an overlordship, it may be lost to another imperial power or to the parts themselves, if they successfully revolt. Empire is not a disease; it is a phase of national expansion. It may be unlovely: economic progress may be unlovely. We can hardly think of a nation disappearing except by annihilation. But empires may die through political reshaping which leaves the parts in vigour. Furthermore, a mother country may have its empire at one period in one part of the world and at another period in another, as every Frenchman knows. Finally, in most empires the economic aspect is of capital importance. It is older, wider and more vital than the political. It is the seed from which the latter grows; whereas the latter is all too often an excess of centralization which culminates in disaster.
Canada's Resources in Development
Authors: Mitchell
Published: March 2013

The development of a new country is, in a great measure, due to the initiative, the resourcefulness and the independence of its people. Where these human characteristics have been found united with great material resources the history of national developments the world over, especially during the past hundred years, has recorded conspicuous achievements in the allied fields of finance, industry and engineering.
Nightfall on the Edge of the Jungle
Authors: Klotz Oscar
Published: March 2013

Every tropical country has its jungle, and to the uninitiated the word jungle carries with it a hazy picture of crowded trees, dense underbrush, tangled vines and a dank bottom. But the jungle of India bears no resemblance to the jungle of Brazil, Guiana, Venezuela, or Africa, nor can any two be compared, but only contrasted. We might as well compare the meadows of England with the prairies of our western plains, or the prairies with the pampas of the Argentine or the steppes of Russia. There is a general undercurrent of character common to all, but this is swept away by a closer acquaintance.
The Ideas in Kipling's Poetry
Authors: Stevenson Lionel
Published: March 2013

Although the right of Rudyard Kipling to be considered the chief living poet of England would probably be warmly upheld by a large majority of the reading public, including not only l'homme moyen sensuel but also a good many people who pride themselves on their literary discernment, yet there seems to be a conspiracy of misrepresentation and suppression against him in the current anthologies and critical pronouncements. To be sure, any author who excels in more than one field is apt to suffer, owing to' the classifying tendency of critics, who hate to distribute a single author through several of their pigeon-holes. They find it hard to pay equal attention to Hardy as novelist and poet, or to Galsworthy as novelist and playwright, and Robert Louis Stevenson gets unfair play in all his protean activities because they have given him up in despair. Kipling, therefore, having been labeled the master of the English short story, must reconcile himself to being disqualified as a poet.
Thomas Hardy
Authors: Grove F. Philip
Published: March 2013

Even at this late date, over sixty years since he published his first novel, one hesitates about applying rigid standards of criticism to Hardy's work. It does not matter whether we shake our heads at the curious mixture of humour and romanticism with a classicistic realism of which much, perhaps most, of his work consists; nor whether we eliminate from his poetry such large agglomerations of mere verse as to leave only a slender volume of selections. It is irrelevant that occasionally we get tired of the ceaseless repetition, in verse and prose, of the same themes and thoughts; that we fret at the lack of finality in the form in which they are expressed; that we are repelled by the naked outcropping of purely intellectual intention in the rich soil of his imaginative recastings of reality. To that thought and those themes we return again and again. Once we have sympathetically followed his musings, we can no longer free ourselves from them and from the conclusions which they force upon us. The reason is that Hardy's thought exacts a complete revaluation of accepted values, a reminting of all our intellectual and emotional currency. Hardy, in his searchings, went below the very foundations of life; and, in doing so, he never shrank from any lane in to which they might lead him. He is the greatest of the three great educators which the second half of the nineteenth century has produced throughout the world. Considered as educators (and as such, I believe, they ultimately wished to be considered) Ibsen and Tolstoi stand dwarfed by his side, no matter how much more perfect this one or that one of their works, considered as a work of art, may be than anything Hardy ever produced.
Time: From the Astronomer's Standpoint
Authors: Douglas A. Vibert
Published: March 2013

Time is one of the most fundamental and common of all conceptions; it is also one of the most illusive. The qualifying words, “from the astronomer's standpoint” have been added in order to warn off all optimistic philosophers who might otherwise be led to expect that what is to follow will contain learned remarks upon abstruse aspects of the subject of time, such as these—What is time? Has it an absolute quality, or is it purely relative in the sense in which the theory of relativity regards both it and space? Is time directional? How does the mind of man become conscious of the passing of time? Ought we to regard entropy as “time's arrow” in the physical world, as has been suggested by Sir A. S. Eddington? Are time past and time future equally real in the sense in which the passing moment which at a certain critical instant we label the present, is real? These are problems which very few people can discuss to the advantage of others.
On a Certain Revival of Ethusiasm
Authors: Anderson
Published: March 2013

W. W. Bryden's The Christian's Knowledge of God. Because, in the first instance, this work is concerned in a measure with Christian epistemology, a field which suffers but scanty and infrequent cultivation. And, secondly, the book is written with unflagging vigour, much erudition, and an adroit mastery of words. It sustains with striking consistency a thesis difficult to state and expose within the framework of logical propositions. And it abounds in trenchant criticism of facile interpretations of Christianity: blatant writers "full of noisy, catchy phrases" come in for rebuke, as well as preachers of quieter mien who teach "a church calculated to become ... scarcely more than an educational, social, and humanitarian institution" Professional theologians who talk glibly of "rational faith" will find within its pages cause for much reflection, as will their amateur disciples who are wont to undertake juvenile pilgrimages "through Science to God."
Commercialism and the Jews
Authors: Cohen Bernard Lande
Published: March 2013

The Jews have been called "The People of the Book," and by others they have been called "The Pilgrims of Commerce." No less so than the scholar, the Jewish merchant of our time is the heir of a memorable tradition, since the birth of his calling reaches back to the days of King Solomon. Such indeed was the geographical position of ancient Palestine, that it invited its inhabitants to the pursuit of trade, so that the commercial apprenticeship of the Hebrew can be said to have coincided with the writing of the Bible.
The Next British Empire
Authors: Cowie Donald
Published: March 2013

The first World War had profound effects upon the British Empire. It is not too much to say that the Empire entered that war as a patriarchal family, and emerged from it-well, as a modern family. Undoubtedly the present cataclysm will accelerate evolutionary processes to still swifter speed. We can read the portents already. And we should be wise to examine them at once, while a certain power to influence the course of events remains in our hands.
Canadian Labour and the War
Authors: Child Philip
Published: March 2013

It has become clear to most people that this war will be on the one hand, a war of mate´rial, impossible to wage successfully without the whole-hearted co-operation of labour; and, on the other hand, a total war of morale in which conflicting ideologies concerned with the condition and future in the state of the working class will be used as propaganda weapons. In both respects our success will entail both restraint and sacrifices by capital and labour. These sacrifices will unquestionably be made provided that the real nature of the emergency, fraught as it is with a specific threat to every section of the democratic commonwealth, is clearly and persistently stated.
American Politics: Reports from Men in Action
Authors: Salter
Published: March 2013

The people's opinion of politics has changed from what it was when Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote, "All public ends look vague and quixotic beside private ones." For since the Depression settled on the United States its people have increasingly looked to their government-certainly a public end-to help them, for they no longer could help themselves. A Jefferson or Emerson, no matter how wise and revered, can only cause us to think how times have changed, when he says, "The less government we have, the better-the fewer laws, and the less confided power."
The Reform of the Laws of England, 1640–1660
Authors: Smith Goldwin
Published: March 2013

The judicious Hooker, in sonorous phrases, vouched for a Tudor system of statecraft that won wide allegiance to the Crown, the Church, and the Law. "Of Law there can be no less acknowledged than that her seat is in the bosom of God, her voice the harmony of the world. All things in heaven and earth do her homage; all with uniform consent admire her as the mother of their peace and joy." With Hooker marched Sir Thomas Smith, and the two doughty champions of the harmonious and decently reasonable middle way have been given an honoured place in history. Few would challenge their right to stand as typical Elizabethan apologists, dedicated to the principles of law and degree and duty. The fact is, however, that the close and continued admiration and study of the golden age of Elizabeth has made inevitable the discovery of numberless contrasts between the rule of the Tudors and the sad destruction born of the Stuarts. These contrasts have been so frequently made and multiplied that the shaping spirit of the historians' imagination threatens at once to create and to destroy: to create a Tudor utopia that never existed; to destroy, in part at least, our ability to sense the temper of the last decades of the sixteenth century.
"O France! Thy Bleeding Body...": A Protest
Authors: Ferguson George
Published: March 2013

I should like to have five cents for every time I have read these words in the past year. I should be able to retire. I have not been given this vast sum and I therefore address myself and this protest to my fellow citizens, more particularly those charged with the teaching of English in this country and those whose duty it is, by exercise of the function of criticism, to tell the truth to Canadian poets, if nine-tenths of the persons who string verses together (and too often get them published) can be so called.
Reviews
Authors: Walter Felix , Woodhouse  , Niebuhr Reinhold , Soward
Published: March 2013

Emery Neff, A Revolution in European Poetry, 1660–1900, reviewed by Felix Walter

M. M. Knappen, Tutor Purtitanism: A Chapter in the History of Idealism, reviewed by A. S. P. Woodhouse

W. K. Jordan, The Develoopment of Religious Toleration in England from the Beginning of the English Reformation...to the Restoration, reviewed by A. S. P. Woodhouse

Don M. Wolfe, Milton in the Puritan Revolution, reviewed by A. S. P. Woodhouse

George Wesley Whiting, Milton's Literary Milieu, reviewed by A. S. P. Woodhouse

Frank Allen Patterson, An Index to the Columbia Edition of the Works of John Milton, reviewed by A. S. P. Woodhouse

Charles Norris Cochrane, Christianity and Classical Culture: A Study of Thought and Action from Augustus to Augustine, reviewed by Reinhold Niebuhr

Clarence K. Streit, Union Now with Britain, reviewed by F. H. Soward
Reviews
Authors: Brown  , Taylor  , Glazebrook  , Scott  , Wilkinson
Published: March 2013

Axel's Castle: A Study in the Imaginative Literature of 1870-1930, reviewed by E. K. Brown

The Triple Thinkers, reviewed by E. K. Brown

To the Finland Station: A Study in the Writing and Acting of History, reviewed by E. K. Brown

The Wound and thc Bow: Seven Studies in Literature, reviewed by E. K. Brown

The Boys in the Back Room: Notes on California Novelists, reviewed by E. K. Brown

Reinhold Niebuhr, The Nature and Destiny of Man: A Christian Interpretation. I. Human Nature, reviewed by W. R. Taylor

William E. Dodd and Martha Dodd, eds., Ambassador Dodd's Diary, 1933-1938, reviewed by G. deT. Glazebrook

William L. Shirer, Berlin Diary: The Journal of a Foreign Correspondent, 1931–1941, reviewed by G. deT. Glazebrook

F. H. Soward, J. F. Parkinson, N. A. M. MacKenzie, T. W. L. MacDermot Canada in World Affairs: The Pre-War Years, reviewed by F. R. Scott

Raoul de Roussy de Sales, ed., My New Order, reviewed by G. deT. Glazebrook
The Beginnings of Writing
Authors: Meek Theophile
Published: March 2013

We all remember with what straining minds and cramped fingers we learned to write, and how long and wearisome the process was. Well, if it took us a long time to learn, it took the human race thousands of years longer. Scientists have calculated that man has been on this planet of ours for at least a million years, and yet it was not until aobut 3500 B.C., i.e., some 5,500 years ago, that man first learned to write. He had speech from the beginning, but it took him many thousands of years to devise some method whereby he could put speech into writing.
The Gentle and the Austere: A Comparison in Landscape Painting
Authors: Buchanan Donald
Published: March 2013

Since I published my biography of James Wilson Morrice, some five years ago, and told of his life in Montreal and Paris, I have been asked by those who still think him essentially Parisian to proceed further, to explain how far his work was Canadian. That is a little difficult. One reason is that ever since Thomas Craven began his apotheosis of the North American in art, there has been a tendency on the part of many people to associate any work of genre that may possess regional flavour, with nationalism in painting. As Morrice was not much inclined towards genre nor given, like the Group of Seven, to the preaching of a northern ideal in landscape, he does not fit readily into these conceptions. He had nevertheless various Canadian qualities, although they were present only in mild implicity, and were not thrust forward nor obvious.