bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fluid and drug administration in a paediatric critical care: prospective, single centre, multimodal, direct observational study
Authors: Gaetani Melany , Pinkevych Serhii , Chemali Dana , Middaugh Kristen , Parshuram Christopher S.
Published: August 2024

Critically ill children are intensively monitored and receive many drugs, fluids, and other therapies while in paediatric intensive care unit(PICU). The operational aspects of the provision of these therapies are not well understood. The objective of this study was to characterise the activities supporting fluid and drug administration in critically ill paediatric patients. This prospective, single centre, observational study used multi-modal direct observation approach (video, audio, and direct bedside observation) to understand the clinical activities associated with care of critically ill children. Administration was separated into the broad and varied activities required for drug and fluid administration ranging from drug information review through disposal. 43 patients, 84 nurses, 43 doctors, 27 respiratory therapists and 4 nurse practitioners were observed over 48 epochs and 143.15 h. The 23.61(16%) hours of drug and fluid therapy observed were comprised of 660 specific clinical administrations of drug and fluid therapy that took a median(IQR) 64.45(17.10–163.62) seconds and were comprised of 4396 administration activities. Interruptions to the process of drug and fluid administration were also counted and observed 261 times, occurring in 148(22%) of unique administrations and lasted a median(IQR) of 7.95(3.82–14.88) seconds each. This study has implications on safety measures pertaining to sources and duration of interruptions within administration, as well as considerations around nursing tasks, ratios and sheer workload of drug and fluid administration. Further work could explore targeting strategies that optimize efficiency, workflow, and safety in the PICU as it pertains to layout, staffing and ease of medication administration.
The configurational entropy of pillar-arrayed microstructured surfaces with spreading droplets
Authors: Chen Enhui , Huang Xianfu , Zhao Ya-Pu
Published: August 2024

Microstructured surfaces with pillar arrays are widely used to control the wetting morphology and spreading dynamics of droplets. In both simulations and experiments, it is shown that fabricating the surface with various microstructures is a very effective method for achieving the desired symmetry of the moving contact line. However, the method for characterizing miscellaneous pillar-arrayed microstructured surfaces is still insufficient. This paper presents the configurational entropy to characterize the microstructured surfaces with pillar arrays. By calculating the configurational entropy of pillar-arrayed microstructured surfaces, the relationship between the configurational entropy and the wetting morphology of droplets is obtained. For pillar-arrayed microstructured surfaces with the configurational entropy S > 0, the droplet wetting morphology may be much more complex than those with S = 0. The relationship is found to be consistent with the previous results. Furthermore, the wetting dynamics has been analysed. This study may be useful to understand the mechanism of droplet wetting on pillar-arrayed microstructured surfaces and provide insights for the design and manufacture of microstructured surfaces.
Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 prevalence from repeated pooled testing: application to Swiss routine data
Authors: Riou Julien , Studer Erik , Fesser Anna , Schuster Tobias Magnus , Low Nicola , Egger Matthias , Hauser Anthony
Published: August 2024

Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 through reported positive RT-PCR tests is biased due to non-random testing. Prevalence estimation in population-based samples corrects for this bias. Within this context, the pooled testing design offers many advantages, but several challenges remain with regards to the analysis of such data. We developed a Bayesian model aimed at estimating the prevalence of infection from repeated pooled testing data while (i) correcting for test sensitivity; (ii) propagating the uncertainty in test sensitivity; and (iii) including correlation over time and space. We validated the model in simulated scenarios, showing that the model is reliable when the sample size is at least 500, the pool size below 20, and the true prevalence below 5%. We applied the model to 1.49 million pooled tests collected in Switzerland in 2021–2022 in schools, care centres, and workplaces. We identified similar dynamics in all three settings, with prevalence peaking at 4–5% during winter 2022. We also identified differences across regions. Prevalence estimates in schools were correlated with reported cases, hospitalizations, and deaths (coefficient 0.84 to 0.90). We conclude that in many practical situations, the pooled test design is a reliable and affordable alternative for the surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses.
At the Intersection of Home and Work: Domesticity, Labor, and the Contradictions of Modernity in Ecuador, 1890–1950
Authors: O'Connor Erin E.
Published: August 2024

This essay uses gender analysis to interrogate the modernization of labor organizations in Ecuador from 1890-1950, with a focus on why domestic servants were excluded in this process. Although labor organizers challenged other forms of paternalism in labor relations, they remained silent on domestic service even though it was the main source of female labor in Ecuador's growing cities. Using publications by labor organizations, laws, and social welfare records, this essay seeks to understand not what life was like for domestic servants, but to explore the contours and contradictions in the relationships between workers, labor organizers, and the state during a critical period of modernization and state formation in Ecuador. I argue that the absence of domestic servants from labor discourses defined and reinforced specific forms of masculine dignity as the core of the modern worker identity. This masculine worker identity made possible the inclusion of indigenous hacienda workers in the labor movement, but women could be incorporated only if they worked in public settings (mainly factories). Domestic servants belonged symbolically to the realm of traditional labor, and their ties to the home placed them beyond the paradigm of class exploitation.
South Atlantic Multi‐Site Calibration of Coral Oxygen Isotope Paleothermometer
Authors: Pereira N. S. , Chiessi C. M. , Crivellari S. , Kilbourne K. H. , Kikuchi R. K. P. , Ferreira B. P. , Macêdo R. J. A. , dos Santos M. C. M. , Pereira M. G. , Neves da Rocha L. S. , Sial A. N.
Published: August 2024

Coral‐based stable oxygen isotopes (δ18O) have been used as a proxy for sea surface temperature (SST) since the 1970s, and δ18O–SST calibration studies have been fundamental to assure robust and faithful SST reconstructions. Paleoclimatic studies based on corals from the tropical western South Atlantic (TWSA) are scarce, and the available coral species need to be calibrated to improve climate and environmental reconstructions. Siderastrea stellata, a slow‐growing coral, is a potential species to be explored as a coral archive in the TWSA. We provide the first multi‐site δ18O–SST calibration for the coral S. stellata from three locations at the TWSA: Todos os Santos Bay, Tamandaré and the Rocas Atoll. Pseudo‐coral δ18O calculations derived from gridded SSS and SST show that the contributions of SSS and SST to coral δ18O are expected to be different at each site. Weighted least squares linear regressions performed between the δ18O and SST generated the following calibrations equations: δ18O = −0.18 (±0.02) × SST (°C) + 1.90 (±0.47) for Todos os Santos Bay; δ18O = −0.18 (±0.02) × SST (°C) + 1.54 (±0.67) for Tamandaré; and δ18O = −0.16 (±0.03) × SST (°C) + 1.24 (±0.71) for the Rocas Atoll. The δ18O‐SST sensitivity of S. stellata from the TWSA is similar to that of other slow‐growing species of the genus and consistent with the expected δ18O‐SST sensitivity of other species reported in the literature. These calibrations will allow future SST reconstructions based on δ18O records from sub‐fossil and fossil S. stellata, an abundant species in the TWSA.
Petrological Evidence for Prominent Melt‐Mush Reactions During Slow‐Spreading Oceanic Accretion
Authors: Boulanger Marine , Godard Marguerite , Ildefonse Benoit , Bakouche Malissa
Published: August 2024

The structure of the lithosphere and the associated magmatic systems found in different locations along slow‐spreading ridges can vary dramatically, from melt‐starved to magmatically robust segments. A growing number of studies suggest that the evolution of the magmatic crust being governed solely by fractional crystallization is too simplistic. Reactions between migrating melts and their surroundings play a key role during accretion, yet the full extent of their impact is still to be resolved. We present here the results of a petrological, microstructural, and in situ geochemical study of two drilled sequences from the Kane Megamullion and Atlantis Massif oceanic core complexes. We show that melt‐mush reactions generate locally strong textural and/or geochemical heterogeneity at the cm‐scale, but their impact can also be identified at the 100 m‐scale. We found evidence for assimilation at various degrees of primitive lithologies of potential mantle origin within the gabbroic sequence at both locations, in addition to typical melt‐mush reactions previously described in other slow‐spread magmatic systems. Observations and numerical modeling confirm the similarity of the reactions impacting both sequences. However, the regime of the reactions (ranges of assimilation to crystallization ratios) seems to vary between Kane Megamullion and Atlantis Massif, variations which likely result from differences in melt fractions present during melt‐mush reactions. We infer relying on our observations and previous studies that the regime of the reactions is most likely controlled by the melt flux during the formation of the two sections.
Why Is the Dust Activity in the Atacama Desert Low Despite its Aridity?
Authors: Pinto Rovina , Fiedler Stephanie
Published: August 2024

The Atacama Desert is amongst the driest places on Earth yet large dust outbreaks seem rare. We present the first quantitative assessment of dust events in the Atacama for 1950–2021 based on station observations. A total of 1920 dust days were recorded with less than 10% being classified as dust storms. We calculated the wind speeds at 5%, 25% and 50% of the dust‐event frequency distribution. The mean wind speed for the threshold of 5% is 10.9 ± 1.6 ms−1 which is twice as large as the values in the Taklamakan, Western Sahel, and Sudan, and consistent with the perceptually infrequent dust activity despite the exceptional aridity. We see no overall long‐term trend but increased dust activity for 1970–1978, 1984–1988 and 2013–2017. A combination of changes in the wind speed statistics and soil conditions, possibly including anthropogenic land‐use changes have led to the variability in dust activity.
Radar Sounding Reveals Common Evolutionary History Between the North Polar Layered Deposits and an Outlier Ice Deposit on Mars
Authors: McGlasson R. A. , Sori M. M. , Bramson A. M. , Lalich D. E.
Published: August 2024

Mars' polar ice deposits are thought to preserve a record of climate throughout their evolution. In addition to the large north polar layered deposits (NPLD) at Mars' north pole, smaller ice deposits are preserved in craters nearby. These outlying deposits were potentially formed by the same mechanisms that drive NPLD formation, or may represent more local mechanisms. Distinguishing between these possibilities would help elucidate the spatial homogeneity of Martian climate processes. Here, we analyzed SHARAD radar depth profiles from 34 locations across the NPLD and 5 locations within the Korolev crater ice deposit using Fourier transform analysis and dynamic time warping to quantitatively assess the similarity between the internal layered stratigraphy of the two deposits. We identify broad stratigraphic similarities between the Korolev deposit and the NPLD, suggesting they likely formed due to the same climate forcing mechanism, with local variability also observed across the NPLD.
Phase‐Resolved Swells Across Ocean Basins in SWOT Altimetry Data: Revealing Centimeter‐Scale Wave Heights Including Coastal Reflection
Authors: Ardhuin Fabrice , Molero Beatriz , Bohé Alejandro , Nouguier Frédéric , Collard Fabrice , Houghton Isabel , Hay Andrea , Legresy Benoit
Published: August 2024

Severe storms produce ocean waves with periods of 18–26 s, corresponding to wavelengths 500–1,055 m. These waves radiate globally as swell, generating microseisms and affecting coastal areas. Despite their significance, long waves often elude detection by existing remote sensing systems when their height is below 0.2 m. The new Surface Water Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite offers a breakthrough by resolving these waves in global sea level measurements. Here we show that SWOT can detect 25‐s waves with heights as low as 3 cm, and resolves period and direction better than in situ buoys. SWOT provides detailed maps of wave height, wavelength, and direction across ocean basins. These measurements unveil intricate spatial patterns, shedding light on wave generation in storms, currents that influence propagation, and refraction, diffraction and reflection in shallow regions. Notably, the magnitude of reflections exceeds previous expectations, illustrating SWOT's transformative impact.
Weak, Vertically Stronger Main Himalayan Thrust in the India‐Asia Collision
Authors: Li Shaoyang , Schulte‐Pelkum Vera , Barnhart William D. , Chen Ling , Karplus Marianne , Oncken Onno
Published: August 2024

Megathrusts at convergent plate boundaries generate the largest and some of the most hazardous earthquakes on Earth. However, their physical properties, including those influencing fault slip accumulation and release and earthquake‐related surface displacements, are still poorly constrained at critical depths. Here, we combine seismic imaging and geodetic modeling to investigate the structure and mechanical behavior of the Main Himalayan Thrust fault (MHT) in the center of the 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha rupture in Nepal. Our results from two independent observations consistently suggest the presence of a channel associated with the MHT with high compliance (shear modulus as low as ∼4 GPa) and strain anisotropy (stiffer in the vertical orientation than in the horizontal), likely arising from a weak subducting layer with north‐dipping foliation. Such mechanical heterogeneity significantly influences the quantification of short‐term fault kinematics and associated earthquake potential, with implications on across‐scale dynamics of plate boundaries in Himalaya and elsewhere.
Statistics and Models of the Electron Plasma Density From the Van Allen Probes
Authors: Ripoll J.‐F. , Thaller S. A. , Hartley D. P. , Malaspina D. M. , Kurth W. S. , Cunningham G. S. , Pierrard V. , Wygant J.
Published: August 2024

We use the full NASA Van Allen Probes mission (2012–2019) to extract the electron plasma density from the Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science (EMFISIS) and Electric Field and Waves (EFW) instruments and discuss the evolution of the plasmasphere. We generate new statistics including mean and standard deviations of the plasma density with respect to L‐shell, magnetic local time (MLT), and various geomagnetic indices. These statistics are generated to be applied in radiation belt physics and space weather codes (with fits provided). The mean plasmasphere is circular around Earth with respect to MLT for Kp < 1. The mean 100 cm−3 level line is above L = 5 and mean 10 cm−3 level expands above the Van Allen Probes apogee for Kp < 1. The outer electron belt lies within the plasmasphere for 60% of all times. As activity increases (Kp > 2), a gradual MLT asymmetry forms with higher mean density in the afternoon sector due to plumes expanding outward. Conversely, the mean density decreases on the dawn and night sectors. The mean density is between ∼500 and ∼50 cm−3 between L ∼ 4 and L ∼ 6 during quiet and moderately active times (Kp < 3), representing ∼80% of all times. Statistics in regions of high density below L = 2 are underdefined for intense activity. The highest standard deviation of density represents a factor 2.5 to 3 times the mean above L = 5 and for active times. We find the percent difference between the EFW and EMFISIS densities is bounded by ±20% for quiet and moderate activity (Kp < 5) and goes up to ±100% for extreme activity.
Generation of Top‐Boundary Conditions for 3D Ionospheric Models Constrained by Auroral Imagery and Plasma Flow Data
Authors: van Irsel J. , Lynch K. A. , Mule A. , Zettergren M. D.
Published: August 2024

Data products relating to auroral arc systems are often sparse and distributed while ionospheric simulations generally require spatially continuous maps as boundary conditions at the topside ionosphere. Fortunately, all‐sky auroral imagery can provide information to fill in the gaps. This paper describes three methods for creating electrostatic plasma convection maps from multi‐spectral imagery combined with plasma flow data tracks from heterogeneous sources. These methods are tailored to discrete arc structures with coherent morphologies. The first method, “reconstruction,” builds the electric potential map (from which the flow field is derived) out of numerous arc‐like ridges that are then optimized against the plasma flow data. This method is designed for data from localized swarms of spacecraft distributed in both latitude and longitude. The second method, “replication,” uses a 1D across‐arc flow data track and replicates these data along a determined primary and secondary arc boundary while simultaneously scaling and rotating to keep the flow direction parallel to the arc and the flow shear localized at the arc boundaries. The third, “weighted replication,” performs a replication on two data tracks and calculates a weighted average between them, where the weighting is based on data track proximity. This paper shows the use of these boundary conditions in driving and assessing 3D auroral ionospheric, multi‐fluid simulations.
Obtaining Continental‐Scale, High‐Resolution 2‐D Ionospheric Flows and Application to Meso‐Scale Flow Science
Authors: Nishimura Y. , Lyons L. R. , Deng Y. , Sheng C. , Bristow W. A. , Donovan E. F. , Angelopoulos V. , Nishitani N.
Published: August 2024

An approach for creating continental‐scale, multi‐scale plasma convection maps in the nightside high‐latitude ionosphere using the spherical elementary current systems technique has been developed and evaluated. The capability to reconstruct meso‐scale flow channels improved dramatically, and the velocity errors were reduced by ∼30% compared to the spherical harmonic fitting method. Uncertainties of velocity vectors estimated by varying the model setup was also low. Convection maps for a substorm event revealed multiple flow channels in the polar cap, dominating the convection in the quiet time and early growth phase. The meso‐scale flows extended toward the nightside auroral oval and had continuous flow channels over >20° of latitude, and the flow channels dynamically merged and bifurcated. The substorm onset occurred along one of the flow channels, and the azimuthal extent of the enhanced flows coincided with the initial width of the auroral breakup. During the expansion phase, the meso‐scale flows repetitively crossed the oval poleward boundary, and some of them contributed to subauroral polarization streams enhancements. Increased flows extended duskward, along with the westward traveling surge. Then, flows near midnight weakened and evolved to the Harang flow shear. The meso‐scale flow channels had significant (∼10%–40% on average) contributions to the total plasma transport. The meso‐scale flows were highly variable on ∼10 min time scales and their individual maximum contributions reached upto 73%. These results demonstrate the capability of specifying realistic convection patterns, quantifying the contribution of meso‐scale transport, and evaluating the relationship between meso‐scale flows and localized auroral forms.
Investigating Boundary Layer Properties at Jupiter's Dawn Magnetopause
Authors: Montgomery Jake , Ebert R. W. , Allegrini F. , Fuselier S. A. , Bagenal F. , Bolton S. J. , Szalay J. , Wilson R. J.
Published: August 2024

We survey crossings of Jupiter's dawn magnetopause during the Juno prime mission to identify and characterize Jupiter's magnetopause boundary layer. Using plasma and magnetic field observations from Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment and Juno Magnetic Field investigation, we identify 53 boundary layer events from the 62 magnetopause crossings studied here. We find that the boundary layer generally exhibits mixed properties of magnetosheath and magnetosphere electron distributions, including lower characteristic electron energies and denser ion populations than in the magnetosphere, but higher characteristic electron energies and less dense ion populations than in the magnetosheath. Boundary layer proton speeds are on average slower than both the magnetosheath and magnetosphere. Other proton parameters in the boundary layer have intermediate values between the magnetosheath and magnetosphere. Through ion composition analysis in regions adjacent to the magnetopause, we find evidence of solar wind and magnetospheric plasma in the boundary layer that suggests plasma is transported across the magnetopause in both directions. This mass and energy transport may be the result of solar wind interactions such as magnetic reconnection and Kelvin‐Helmholtz instabilities. However, many boundary layer events do not exhibit local signatures of these solar wind interactions and plasma may be transported by a non‐local process or diffusively transported.
Spatiotemporal Evolution of Slow Slip Events at the Offshore Hikurangi Subduction Zone in 2019 Using GNSS, InSAR, and Seafloor Geodetic Data
Authors: Woods K. , Wallace L. M. , Williams C. A. , Hamling I. J. , Webb S. C. , Ito Y. , Palmer N. , Hino R. , Suzuki S. , Savage M. K. , Warren‐Smith E. , Mochizuki K.
Published: August 2024

Detecting crustal deformation during transient deformation events at offshore subduction zones remains challenging. The spatiotemporal evolution of slow slip events (SSEs) on the offshore Hikurangi subduction zone, New Zealand, during February–July 2019, is revealed through a time‐dependent inversion of onshore and offshore geodetic data that also accounts for spatially varying elastic crustal properties. Our model is constrained by seafloor pressure time series (as a proxy for vertical seafloor deformation), onshore continuous Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data, and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar displacements. Large GNSS displacements onshore and uplift of the seafloor (10–33 mm) require peak slip during the event of 150 to >200 mm at 6–12 km depth offshore Hawkes Bay and Gisborne, comparable to maximum slip observed during previous seafloor pressure deployments at north Hikurangi. The onshore and offshore data reveal a complex evolution of the SSE, over a period of months. Seafloor pressure data indicates the slow slip may have persisted longer near the trench than suggested by onshore GNSS stations in both the Gisborne and Hawkes Bay regions. Seafloor pressure data also reveal up‐dip migration of SSE slip beneath Hawke Bay occurred over a period of a few weeks. The SSE source region appears to coincide with locations of the March 1947 Mw 7.0–7.1 tsunami earthquake offshore Gisborne and estimated great earthquake rupture sources from paleoseismic investigations offshore Hawkes Bay, suggesting that the shallow megathrust at north and central Hikurangi is capable of both seismic and aseismic rupture.
Insights Into Internal Solitary Waves East of Dongsha Atoll From Integrating Geostationary Satellite and Mooring Observations
Authors: Cheng Yu‐Hsin , Chang Ming‐Huei , Yang Yiing Jang , Jan Sen , Ramp Steven R. , Davis Kristen A. , Reeder D. Benjamin
Published: August 2024

Understanding of internal solitary wave (ISW) behavior has been limited due to sparse observations. We used high‐resolution Himawari‐8 satellite imagery and mooring observations to reveal the two‐dimensional (x–y) propagation process of ISWs in the South China Sea as they westward propagate onto the Dongsha plateau and encounter Dongsha Atoll. The 2D depiction of wave speed distribution, derived from detected wave crest positions every 10 min, shows the wave speeds range from 3 m s−1 to 1 m s−1 and have a tight correspondence to the local water depth. The correlation coefficient between the wave speeds and the Dubreil–Jacotin–Long (DJL) solutions is around 0.7, with a root mean squared value of 0.26 m s−1, and the representative available potential energy for this region is considered to be 130 MJ m−1. However, diffusions of wave speed in the ISW's lateral direction, particularly around abrupt topography, contribute to occurrences of outliers. Pairs of incident and reflected waves are well recognized east of Dongsha Atoll. The incident wave packet is known to be classified into a‐type and b‐type waves. The reflected waves associated with the b‐wave, identifiable as mode‐1 depression ISWs, are traced back to their generation site at depths of 100–200 m. In contrast, the reflected waves of the a‐wave remain elusive in shallower waters (<300 m), likely due to interference from their longer incident counterparts. The reflected wave, however, is slower and decelerates toward deeper water, deviating from the DJL prediction. These comprehensive observations can help refine models for improved accuracy.
Calibration of Swarm Plasma Densities Overestimation Using Neural Networks
Authors: Smirnov Artem , Shprits Yuri , Lühr Hermann , Pignalberi Alessio , Xiong Chao
Published: August 2024

Recent studies have shown that the measurements of Langmuir Probes (LPs) onboard ESA's Swarm mission overestimate ion densities on the nightside by up to 50%. The overestimation is due to the assumption of oxygen‐only plasma for ion density calculations, which is often violated at mid‐latitudes on the nightside. In this study, we present a calibration model that resolves the nighttime overestimation by Swarm LPs. Using observations by Swarm FacePlate (FP) as a reference, we develop a neural network (NN) model that adjusts LP data to the FP measurements. The model incorporates dependence on solar and geomagnetic conditions, parameterized by the P10.7 and Hp30 indices, location, day of the year and local time. Our model reveals a distinct double‐crest pattern in nighttime density overestimation by LPs, centered at ∼30° quasi‐dipole latitude in both hemispheres. This overestimation intensifies during low solar activity and shows strong seasonal dependence. During solstices, the crests are more pronounced in the local winter hemispheres, while during equinoxes the crests are weaker and exhibit hemispheric symmetry. This morphology aligns with the presence of light ions diffusing downward from the plasmasphere. Validating the LP data in conjunctions with Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC) observations showed a much stronger agreement after applying the developed correction: for Swarm B, nighttime correlation with COSMIC increased from 0.74 to 0.93. The NN‐calibrated LP data set has numerous applications in ionospheric research, and the developed model can provide useful insights into the ion composition in the topside ionosphere.
The Drivers of Hydrologic Behavior in Brazil: Insights From a Catchment Classification
Authors: Almagro André , Meira Neto Antônio Alves , Vergopolan Noemi , Roy Tirthankar , Troch Peter A. , Oliveira Paulo Tarso S.
Published: August 2024

Despite hosting ∼16% of the global freshwater and almost 50% of water resources in South America, Brazilian catchment‐scale relationships between drivers and streamflow are still poorly understood. Here, we used streamflow signatures and attributes of 735 catchments from the Catchment Attributes for Brazil data set to investigate the dominant hydrological processes for the catchments. We also assess how catchments group based on hydrologic behavior similarities and analyze which climatic/landscape attributes control the streamflow variability. To classify and group the catchments, we used the k‐means method optimized by the Elbow approach, along with a Principal Component Analysis. Uncertainty on catchment grouping was checked by k‐fold cross‐validation. Then, we used a recursive feature elimination using the random forest technique to assess the most influential catchment attributes to the hydrological signatures. Our results revealed six similarity groups, which followed mainly an aridity gradient ranging from the wettest to the driest, but also seasonality. The climate is the primary driver of hydrological behavior for the water‐limited groups, highlighting the influence and importance of the atmospheric demand in several Brazilian catchments. High soil storage capacity in energy‐limited catchments associated with high precipitation led to high discharge all year due to the subsurface fluxes' contribution. Our findings may be useful to improve streamflow predictability and hydrological behavior identification by further understanding hydrological similarities and their signatures due to catchment landscape characteristics. Further, by employing an easily reproducible methodology and clear metrics to weigh uncertainty, our study provides a significant step toward establishing a catchment‐scale common classification system.
Strong light-matter coupling in van der Waals materials
Authors: Luo Yuan , Zhao Jiaxin , Fieramosca Antonio , Guo Quanbing , Kang Haifeng , Liu Xiaoze , Liew Timothy C. H. , Sanvitto Daniele , An Zhiyuan , Ghosh Sanjib , Wang Ziyu , Xu Hongxing , Xiong Qihua
Published: August 2024

In recent years, two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals materials have emerged as a focal point in materials research, drawing increasing attention due to their potential for isolating and synergistically combining diverse atomic layers. Atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are one of the most alluring van der Waals materials owing to their exceptional electronic and optical properties. The tightly bound excitons with giant oscillator strength render TMDs an ideal platform to investigate strong light-matter coupling when they are integrated with optical cavities, providing a wide range of possibilities for exploring novel polaritonic physics and devices. In this review, we focused on recent advances in TMD-based strong light-matter coupling. In the foremost position, we discuss the various optical structures strongly coupled to TMD materials, such as Fabry-Perot cavities, photonic crystals, and plasmonic nanocavities. We then present several intriguing properties and relevant device applications of TMD polaritons. In the end, we delineate promising future directions for the study of strong light-matter coupling in van der Waals materials.
Non-invasive estimation of the powder size distribution from a single speckle image
Authors: Zhang Qihang , Pandit Ajinkya , Liu Zhiguang , Guo Zhen , Muddu Shashank , Wei Yi , Pereg Deborah , Nazemifard Neda , Papageorgiou Charles , Yang Yihui , Tang Wenlong , Braatz Richard D. , Myerson Allan S. , Barbastathis George
Published: August 2024

Non-invasive characterization of powders may take one of two approaches: imaging and counting individual particles; or relying on scattered light to estimate the particle size distribution (PSD) of the ensemble. The former approach runs into practical difficulties, as the system must conform to the working distance and other restrictions of the imaging optics. The latter approach requires an inverse map from the speckle autocorrelation to the particle sizes. The principle relies on the pupil function determining the basic sidelobe shape, whereas the particle size spread modulates the sidelobe intensity. We recently showed that it is feasible to invert the speckle autocorrelation and obtain the PSD using a neural network, trained efficiently through a physics-informed semi-generative approach. In this work, we eliminate one of the most time-consuming steps of our previous method by engineering the pupil function. By judiciously blocking portions of the pupil, we sacrifice some photons but in return we achieve much enhanced sidelobes and, hence, higher sensitivity to the change of the size distribution. The result is a 60 × reduction in total acquisition and processing time, or 0.25 seconds per frame in our implementation. Almost real-time operation in our system is not only more appealing toward rapid industrial adoption, it also paves the way for quantitative characterization of complex spatial or temporal dynamics in drying, blending, and other chemical and pharmaceutical manufacturing processes.
Clinical audit of an artificial intelligence (AI) empowered smile simulation system: a prospective clinical trial
Authors: Adel Samar M. , Bichu Yashodhan M. , Pandian Srirengalakshmi Muthuswamy , Sabouni Waddah , Shah Chandani , Vaiid Nikhillesh
Published: August 2024

Smile aesthetics is an important factor to consider during orthodontic treatment planning. The aim of the present study is to assess the predictability of Invisalign SmileView for digital AI smile simulation in comparison to actual smile treatment outcomes, using various smile assessment parameters. A total of 24 adult subjects (12 females and 12 males; mean age 22 ± 5.2 years) who chose to be treated using Invisalign were prospectively recruited to have their pretreatment smiles captured using the Invisalign SmileView to simulate their new smiles before treatment was started. Patients were then treated using upper and lower Invisalign aligners with average treatment time of 18 ± 6 months. Full post-treatment records were obtained and full smile frame images of simulated smile and actual final smile of each subject were evaluated by an independent examiner using an objective assessment sheet. Ten smile variants were used to assess the characteristics of the full smile images. Significance level was set at P < 0.05. The ICC for the quantitative parameters showed that there was an overall excellent & good internal consistency (alpha value > 0.7 & > 0.9). The Independent t test was performed amongst the quantitative variables. The P value was not significant for all except maxillary inter canine width (P = 0.05), stating that for the five variables namely; philtrum height, commissure height, smile width, buccal corridor and smile index, actual mean values were similar to the simulation mean values. For the qualitative variables, the Kappa value ranged between 0.66 and − 0.75 which showed a substantial level of agreement between the examiners. Additionally, the Chi square test for the qualitative variables, revealed that the P value was found to be significant in all except lip line. This implies that only the lip line values are comparable. More optimal lip lines, straighter smile arcs and more ideal tooth display were achieved in actual post treatment results in comparison to the initially predicted smiles. Five quantitative smile assessment parameters i.e., philtrum height, commissure height, smile width, buccal corridor, and smile index, could be used as reliable predictors of smile simulation. Maxillary inter canine width cannot be considered to be a reliable parameter for smile simulation prediction. A single qualitative parameter, namely the lip line, can be used as a reliable predictor for smile simulation. Three qualitative parameters i.e., most posterior tooth display, smile arc, and amount of lower incisor exposure cannot be considered as reliable parameters for smile prediction.

Trial Registration number and date: NCT06123585, (09/11/2023)
The perceived beauty of art is not strongly calibrated to the statistical regularities of real-world scenes
Authors: Swartz Alexander , Skelton Alice E. , Mather George , Bosten Jenny M. , Maule John , Franklin Anna
Published: August 2024

Aesthetic judgements are partly predicted by image statistics, although the extent to which they are calibrated to the statistics of real-world scenes and the ‘visual diet’ of daily life is unclear. Here, we investigated the extent to which the beauty ratings of Western oil paintings from the JenAesthetics dataset can be accounted for by real-world scene statistics. We computed spatial and chromatic image statistics for the paintings and a set of real-world scenes captured by a head-mounted camera as participants went about daily lives. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) indicated that 6–15% of the variance in beauty ratings of the art can be accounted for by the art’s image statistics. The luminance contrast of paintings made an important contribution to the PLSR models: paintings were perceived as more beautiful the greater the variation in luminance. PLSR models which expressed the art’s image statistics relative to real-world scene statistics explained a similar amount of variance to models using the art’s image statistics. The importance of an image statistic to perceived beauty was not related to how closely art reproduces the value from the real world. The findings suggest that beauty judgements of art are not strongly calibrated to the scene statistics of the real world.
Overexpression of Ginkbilobin-2 homologous domain gene improves tolerance to Phytophthora cinnamomi in somatic embryos of Quercus suber
Authors: Serrazina Susana , Martínez MªTeresa , Soudani Serine , Candeias Gonçalo , Berrocal-Lobo Marta , Piñeiro Pablo , Malhó Rui , Costa Rita Lourenço , Corredoira Elena
Published: August 2024

In recent decades an extensive mortality and decline of Quercus suber populations mainly caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi has been observed. In the current study, a chestnut gene homologous to ginkbilobin-2 (Cast_Gnk2-like), which in Ginkgo biloba codifies an antifungal protein, was transferred into cork oak somatic embryos of three different embryogenic lines by Agrobacterium mediated transformation. The transformation efficiency varied on the genotype from 2.5 to 9.2%, and a total of 22 independent transformed lines were obtained. The presence of Cast_Gnk2-like gene in transgenic embryos was verified in all lines by PCR. The number of transgene copies was estimated by qPCR in embryogenic lines with high proliferation ability and it varied between 1 and 5. In addition, the expression levels of Cast_Gnk2-like gene were determined in the embryogenic lines, with higher levels in lines derived from the genotype ALM6-WT. Transgenic plants were obtained from all transgenic lines and evaluated after cold storage of the somatic embryos for 2 months and subsequent transfer to germination medium. In vitro tolerance tests made under controlled conditions and following zoospore treatment showed that plants overexpressing Cast_Gnk2-like gene improved tolerance against Pc when compared to wild type ones.
Beta-adrenergic agonism protects mitochondrial metabolism in the pancreatectomised rat heart
Authors: Lindsay Ross T. , Thisted Louise , Zois Nora E. , Thrane Sebastian T. , West James A. , Fosgerau Keld , Griffin Julian L. , Fink Lisbeth N. , Murray Andrew J.
Published: August 2024

The diabetic heart is characterised by functional, morphological and metabolic alterations predisposing it to contractile failure. Chronic sympathetic activation is a feature of the pathogenesis of heart failure, however the type 1 diabetic heart shows desensitisation to β-adrenergic stimulation. Here, we sought to understand the impact of repeated isoprenaline-mediated β-stimulation upon cardiac mitochondrial respiratory capacity and substrate metabolism in the 90% pancreatectomy (Px) rat model of type 1 diabetes. We hypothesised these hearts would be relatively protected against the metabolic impact of stress-induced cardiomyopathy. We found that individually both Px and isoprenaline suppressed cardiac mitochondrial respiration, but that this was preserved in Px rats receiving isoprenaline. Px and isoprenaline had contrasting effects on cardiac substrate metabolism, with increased reliance upon cardiac fatty acid oxidation capacity and altered ketone metabolism in the hearts of Px rats, but enhanced capacity for glucose uptake and metabolism in isoprenaline-treated rats. Moreover, Px rats were protected against isoprenaline-induced mortality, whilst isoprenaline elevated cGMP and protected myocardial energetic status in Px rat hearts. Our work suggests that adrenergic stimulation may be protective in the type 1 diabetic heart, and underlines the importance of studying pathological features in combination when modeling complex disease in rodents.
Multi frame holograms batched optimization for binary phase spatial light modulators
Authors: Sha Jinze , Wojcik Antoni , Wetherfield Benjamin , Yu Jianghan , Wilkinson Timothy D.
Published: August 2024

Phase retrieval methods used in computer generated holograms such as Gerchberg-Saxton and gradient descent give results which are prone to noise and other defects. This work builds up on the idea of time-averaging multiple hologram frames, first introduced in methods like One-Step Phase-Retrieval and Adaptive One-Step Phase-Retrieval. The proposed technique called Multi-Frame Holograms Batched Optimization uses the L-BFGS optimization algorithm to simultaneously generate a batch of binary phase holograms which result in an average reconstructed image of improved fidelity and fast algorithmic convergence, both in the Fraunhoffer and the Fresnel regimes. The results are compared to One-Step Phase-Retrieval and Adaptive One-Step Phase-Retrieval in simulation and experimentally, proving the superiority of the proposed approach. This technique can be easily extended to other spatial modulation methods.
Fertility protection during chemotherapy treatment by boosting the NAD(P)+ metabolome
Authors: Ho Wing-Hong Jonathan , Marinova Maria B , Listijono Dave R , Bertoldo Michael J , Richani Dulama , Kim Lynn-Jee , Brown Amelia , Riepsamen Angelique H , Cabot Safaa , Frost Emily R , Bustamante Sonia , Zhong Ling , Selesniemi Kaisa , Wong Derek , Madawala Romanthi , Marchante Maria , Goss Dale M , Li Catherine , Araki Toshiyuki , Livingston David J , Turner Nigel , Sinclair David A , Walters Kirsty A , Homer Hayden A , Gilchrist Robert B , Wu Lindsay E
Published: August 2024

Chemotherapy induced ovarian failure and infertility is an important concern in female cancer patients of reproductive age or younger, and non-invasive, pharmacological approaches to maintain ovarian function are urgently needed. Given the role of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) as an essential cofactor for drug detoxification, we sought to test whether boosting the NAD(P)+ metabolome could protect ovarian function. We show that pharmacological or transgenic strategies to replenish the NAD+ metabolome ameliorates chemotherapy induced female infertility in mice, as measured by oocyte yield, follicle health, and functional breeding trials. Importantly, treatment of a triple-negative breast cancer mouse model with the NAD+ precursor nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) reduced tumour growth and did not impair the efficacy of chemotherapy drugs in vivo or in diverse cancer cell lines. Overall, these findings raise the possibility that NAD+ precursors could be a non-invasive strategy for maintaining ovarian function in cancer patients, with potential benefits in cancer therapy.
Granular polyrotaxane microgels as injectable hydrogels for corneal tissue regeneration
Authors: Feliciano Antonio J. , Alaoui Selsouli Yousra , Habibovic Pamela , Birgani Zeinab Niloofar Tahmasebi , Moroni Lorenzo , Baker Matthew B.
Published: August 2024

Polyethleneglycol-cyclodextrin polyrotaxane microgels facilitate injectable and moldable hydrogels to advance corneal tissue engineering.
ROS-responsive self-assembly nanoplatform overcomes hypoxia for enhanced photodynamic therapy
Authors: Zhou Zhaojie , Han Jiaxi , Lang Puxin , Zhang Mengxing , Shu Haozhou , Zhang Ling , Huang Shiqi
Published: August 2024

An ROS-responsive nanoplatform with a Tapp-COF and capsaicin accumulates at the tumor site, inhibiting cell respiration and enhancing the efficacy of PDT.
Polymeric nanoformulations aimed at cancer metabolism reprogramming with high specificity to inhibit tumor growth
Authors: Xia Yu , Zhang Ming-kang , Ye Jing-jie , Niu Mei-ting , Wang Zi-yang , Dai Xin-yi , He Zhi-ling , Feng Jun
Published: August 2024

This study designed a BAY-876 and GOD co-loaded, macrophage membrane-coated polymeric nanovesicle to reprogram cancer metabolism, which demonstrated cancer-specific toxicity mainly due to the high metabolic vulnerability of cancer cells.
Exploring suitability of solid 3D substrates for designing self-supported electrocatalysts for water splitting
Authors: Singh Baghendra
Published: August 2024

The impact of various solid supports on the catalytic performance of self-supported catalysts has been reviewed.
Zn-facilitated surface reconstruction of Ni-MOF for an enhanced oxygen evolution reaction
Authors: Wu Fang , Jiao Yuhong , Ge Jin-long , Zhu Yujun , Feng Chao , Wu Zhong , Li Qiu
Published: August 2024

The Zn leaching of NiZn-BDC induces the surface self-reconstruction of NiZn-BDC into oxygen-vacancy-rich NiOOH with excellent OER performance.
Fighting fire with fire: remodeling Aβ aggregation with H-aggregates of a europium(iii) complex
Authors: Zhou Yuancun , Zhu Jiacheng , Gao Furong , Hu Ming , Qian Chengyuan , Wang Xin , Wang Xiaohui
Published: August 2024

A “Fight Aggregation with Aggregation” approach for redirection of Aβ aggregation by using the H-aggregates of a europium(iii) complex to remodel Aβ oligomers into non-fibrillar co-assemblies.
Experimental assessment of low temperature plasma devices for bacterial aerosol inactivation in the air duct of HVAC systems
Authors: Lv Yang , Wang Xiaodong , Wang Beibei , Yuan Wenjie
Published: August 2024

This study evaluates the effectiveness of low temperature plasma (LTP) devices in the air duct of HVAC systems, achieving 82% bacterial aerosol inactivation under optimal conditions, advocating their use in public buildings to improve air quality.
The role of secondary metabolites in the production of CuO nanoparticles by fungi: a physiological and metabolic approach
Authors: Zhou Ying , Nguyen Hang N. , Peña-Bahamonde Janire , Robles-Hernandez Francisco C. , Gimenes Luciana Jandelli , Rodrigues Debora F.
Published: August 2024

Previous studies have found that the production of nanoparticles by various fungi is related to the release of NADPH/NADH into the growth medium.
Effect of Sc spatial distribution on the electronic and ferroelectric properties of AlScN
Authors: Bhattarai Bipin , Zhang Xiaoman , Xu Wangwang , Gu Yijia , Meng W. J. , Meng Andrew C.
Published: August 2024

Effect of Sc spatial distribution on the ferroelectric properties of AlScN.
Transparent porous films with real refractive index close to unity for photonic applications
Authors: Miranda-Muñoz José M. , Viaña José M. , Calvo Mauricio E. , Lozano Gabriel , Míguez Hernán
Published: August 2024

Near unity refractive index porous thin films (left) allow integration of different nanoparticles to build photonic structures, such as highly diffusive random media (center) or color converting layers with enhanced luminescence outcoupling (right).
Advances and challenges in MXene-based electrocatalysts: unlocking the potential for sustainable energy conversion
Authors: He Lei , Zhuang Haizheng , Fan Qi , Yu Ping , Wang Shengchao , Pang Yifan , Chen Ke , Liang Kun
Published: August 2024

This review summarizes the design strategies of MXene-based catalysts for HER, OER, ORR and NRR, including surface modification, MXene lattice substitution, morphology, defect and heterostructure engineering.
How to efficiently isolate multiple size ranges of oxidized or hydrogenated milled nanodiamonds
Authors: Finas Marie , Girard Hugues A. , Arnault Jean-Charles
Published: August 2024

This method successfully isolates nanodiamonds into three distinct size ranges: approximately 10 nm for the smallest, 25 nm for the intermediate, and 35 nm for the largest.