bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Simarouba Glauca (Laxmi taru) biodiesel on engine performance and emissions of conventional compression ignition engine
Authors: Puthani Prashant , Jeeragal Ramesh , Patil Amaresha T , Chanagond Malati
Published: July 2022

The present paper reports the performance and emission studies for a four stroke single cylinder CI-DI unmodified engine using laxmi taru biodiesel as fuel. Laxmi taru biodiesel has 80% potential of extracting oil from the seeds as compared to other biofuels. The properties of laxmi taru biodiesel fuel nearly match the properties of diesel fuel. In this paper performance and emission tests are conducted for different blends such as S0 (0% laxmi taru + 100% diesel), S5, S10, S20, S40 by volume. At full load conditions (4.9 kW) brake thermal efficiency (BTE) decreased for S5, S10, S20 and S40 blends by 3.26%, 4.53%, 3.16% and 5.54% respectively as compared to diesel fuel operation because of poor heating value of laxmi taru biodiesel. Presence of oxygen content in the fuel and better combustion leads to decreased carbon monoxide (CO) emission for S5, S10, S20 and S40 blends by 4%, 8%, 12% and 28% as that of diesel. Similarly hydrocarbon (HC) emission reduced by 16.21%, 24.32% and 29.7% in S10, S20 and S40 blends respectively. Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) emission increased by 27.19%, 30.57%, 15.2% and 19.3% for S5, S10, S20 and S40 blends respectively in comparison with diesel fuel, under full load conditions due to high incylinder temperature. Usage of laxmi taru biodiesel in CI engines resulting in drastic reduction in carbon based (CO, HC) emissions without altering the performance of the engine. Therefore laxmi taru biodiesel is better alternate fuel for CI engines.
Bio-oil by the hydrothermal liquefaction of municipal sewage sludge using hierarchical Fe-Co-ZSM-5 catalysts
Authors: Govindasamy Gopalakrishnan , Kumar J Praveen , Pasupula Ramatejaswi
Published: July 2022

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL), a mimic of natural formation of petroleum is the only thermochemical conversion having ability to convert the wet biomass to bio-oil, which upon hydrotreatment gives drop-in auto fuels. Yield of bio-oil, the energy product of HTL depends on the activity of the catalyst. Hence the synthesis of hierarchical Fe-Co-ZSM-5 was reported for the first time, the same was characterized and evaluated for the HTL of municipal sewage sludge to bio-oil. From their XRD characterization and calculated XRD crystallinity, 3 days was found to be the optimum crystallization time, as its crystallinity was 84% of hierarchical Al-ZSM-5 as standard, maximum among others crystallized at 2 and 4 days. From the characterization of Fe-Co-ZSM-5 obtained at 3 days by N2 adsorption, mesoporosity was found to be 87.7% conforming its hierarchical nature and UV-visible reflectance spectrometry confirmed the incorporation of Fe and Co into the tetrahedral zeolite framework. Hydrothermal liquefaction of municipal sewage sludge studied at 250°C and initial H2 pressure of 40 bar using the hierarchical Fe-Co-ZSM-5 (3 days) catalysts gave higher bio-oil yield of 23.8% compared to 10.26% for non-catalytic HTL.
The effect of window orientation on the amount of light in the inner space over year using DIALux Evo application simulation
Authors: Rahmah L , Jurizat A
Published: July 2022

The visual comfort of users in residential buildings is undoubtedly a substance and necessary to put an attention. About 30-40% of human activities are spent at the house, such as working, studying, reading, and resting. To support these activities, they need a lighting condition from natural and artificial light. Natural light can be achieved by making various openings, such as windows, skylights, and ventilation that are tailored to the lighting needs of the room. The general case for natural lighting is the effective positions for the openings because it can affect the distribution and the amount of light for which passing to the inside. Other consequences of the opening’s position are radiation levels, visual comfort, and the use of energy for the electric lights. This research aims to find the appropriate orientation of windows through the amount of light in the inner space over the year. The method is qualitative research by collecting data in the form of the amount of light entering through window openings at four different positions based on cardinal orientations in a 12 m2 empty room in a natural setting to interpret the phenomena. The research is using the digital simulation of the DiaLux Evo 9.1 software. The result of this study is that the placement of windows in north and south orientations has met the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) with a value range of 146 - 1879 lx. These results meet the need for various functions of space in the house, such as terraces, garages, dining rooms, workspaces, bedrooms, living rooms. guest and bathroom. Meanwhile, the openings located in the east and west directions have the value range of 179 - 213 lx which less matches with the standard.
Impact of Artificial Lighting for Visual Comfort towards User Activity at Al-Furqon Mosque
Authors: Kusumawardani L , Ramadhan T , Maknun J
Published: July 2022

Mosque’s primary function as a sanctuary place for Muslim communities is to accommodate large numbers of worshipers in the first place. This primary function then developed over time, requiring the mosque to be used as a place of worship and for various social activities both horizontally and vertically. Unfortunately, this development makes the initial concept of lighting supporting the atmosphere of worship facilities unable to provide visual comfort for users who use the mosque to study. This research paper aims to investigate artificial lighting designing the main room of the male worshiper at the Al-Furqon Mosque, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, to provide visual comfort for non-religious activities such as reading and writing. This study used a quantitative descriptive method, which explores how artificial lightning influences visual comfort. The data was collected by collecting actual data in the location, questionnaire, analysing, and interpreting them through a quantitative inductive method to determine the level of visual comfort. The result indicated that the size of the light in the room was still far below the standard of visual comfort. Furthermore, active users in the main room of male worshipers felt that the artificial lighting was inadequate for other activities, including scientific studies, tahsin and tahfidz activities (reading and memorizing Quran), mentoring, and group study.
The Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Changes in Hospital Requirements and Designs in Indonesia. Case Study: Rumah Sakit Ginjal Habibie, Bandung.
Authors: Kartidjo W , Tambunan L , Poetry F , Asriana N , Reyndan I , Sugangga M
Published: July 2022

The Covid-19 pandemic has impacted changes in services and work systems in hospitals worldwide, including Indonesia. The Indonesian Ministry of Health’s policy calls for hospitals to accept Covid-19 patients, requiring hospital management to adjust in the design of their facilities. This study aims to examine the changes made before receiving and while treating Covid-19 patients, considering the contagious character of the disease. It focuses on the hospital’s inpatient installation that chambers infected patients for a certain duration of time. The research was carried out by comparing before-after hospital plan documents and conducting interviews with hospital management along with a field survey to Rumah Sakit Khusus Ginjal (RSKG) Nyonya Habibie in Bandung. Changes reviewed include those related criteria sourced from guides and regulations mentioning standards of Covid-19 inpatient facilities. These criteria, divided into two aspects— zoning-circulation paths and ventilation-air circulation – are the basis of quantitative evaluation, using Likert scale. The result of this phase is to find whether alterations done are enough to meet the newly set standards for Covid-19 inpatient installation and be able to reduce the chance of transmission.
Mechanical Properties Improvement of Disposable Diapers Concrete by Utilization Rice Husk-Based Admixture
Authors: Zuraida Siswanti , Dewancker Bart , Irfan Muhammad Arief , Harmaji Andrie , Margono Romi Bramantyo
Published: July 2022

Disposable diaper recycling has become a major focus in several countries due to environmental concerns. As for overcoming the problem of recycling technology, the use of diaper waste as a material for concrete can be an easier and cheaper option. Although the use of waste disposable diapers as concrete composite material is still very limited, several studies have shown positive results. The addition of disposable diapers to concrete has increased internal curing hydration, improve strength and durability. However, the problem of strength remains a major issue to the development of this concrete. Previous studies concluded that the addition of diapers to concrete is only a maximum of 5%. To further enhance its workability, the addition of a rice husk-based superplasticizer as a concrete admixture was studied in this paper. The variants of the mix design are the addition of disposable diapers of 5% and 10%, with and without superplasticizer. The results show that the addition has no significant impact to reduce compressive strength compared to normal concrete but enhances its workability and mechanical properties. The result increases compressive strength to 4.4% - 6.9% and increases slump value to 2 - 3 times. The result also indicated the variants utilization of disposable diaper concrete for the infrastructure industry.
Probing tip-induced attractive deformation of graphite surfaces through wave function dissipation in field emission resonance
Authors: Korachamkandy Shitha Valsan , Lu Shin-Ming , Su Wei-Bin , Chan Wen-Yuan , Chang Ho-Hsiang , Jeng Horng-Tay , Lee Chih-Hao , Chang Chia-Seng
Published: July 2022

We studied wave function dissipation (WFD) in field emission resonance (FER) by performing scanning tunneling microscopy on the highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and Ag(111) surfaces under two conditions: (1) the same current and FER number; (2) the same tip structure but different currents. Under the first condition, we observed that the decay rate corresponding to the WFD exhibited a larger variation on the HOPG surface than it did on the Ag(111) surface. Under the second condition, the decay rate was nearly independent of the FER electric field for the Ag(111) surface; by contrast, it was linearly proportional to the FER electric field for the HOPG surface. These remarkable differences can be attributed to the factors that the tip-induced attractive deformation caused by the electrostatic force was considerably more prominent on the HOPG surface than on the Ag(111) surface and that the deformed HOPG top layer had a unique electronic structure similar to that of single-layer graphene.
Fruit weight and yield estimation models for five avocado cultivars in Ethiopia
Authors: Mokria Mulugeta , Gebrekirstos Aster , Said Hadia , Hadgu Kiros , Hagazi Niguse , Dubale Workneh , Bräuning Achim
Published: July 2022

Avocado (Persea Americana Mill.) is an important tree crop and proved to be a very rewarding commercial crop for export and local consumptions. Due to high local and global market demand, avocado plantation and production is considerably increasing in many parts of Ethiopia. Thus, pre-harvest yield estimation is necessary for market planning, monitoring, and tracking long-term productivity. Though there are studies on various characteristics of avocado tree, not much has been documented about its productivity due to lack of easy and non-destructive ways to estimate yield. Hence, this study was conducted to develop cultivar-specific and mixed-cultivar fruit weight estimation models using single and multiple predictors including fruit length and diameter. We harvested and weighted 1800 fruits from five cultivars grown in 30 smallholder farmlands. The highest mean fruit load was recorded for Nabal (281 (±36 Fruit. tree−1) and Hass 249 (±27 Fruit. tree−1). A large proportion of avocado fruits were in the range that are commercially valuable. The correlation between fruit load and crown diameter were positive for each cultivar and it was stronger for Ettinger (r = 0.7,p < 0.01, n = 30), followed by Nabal (r = 0.64,P < 0.01, n = 30). We observed that fruit weight correlates significantly (P < 0.01) with fruit diameter and length. Our best models explained 80% for Ettinger, 78% for Fuerte, 80% for Hass, 63% for Nabal, 72% for Reed and 72% for multiple cultivars. Estimated yield was nearly 45 kg. tree−1for Ettinger, Fuerte, Hass, Reed and 90 Kg. tree−1for Nabal. The equations developed in this study are suitable for conducting pre-harvest yield estimation and monitoring changes in avocado productivity. Such information is critical for planned marketing and support government initiatives towards making horticulture sector as a possible engine for poverty alleviation and national economic growth.
A review on interaction control for contact robots through intent detection
Authors: Li Yanan , Sena Aran , Wang Ziwei , Xing Xueyan , Babič Jan , van Asseldonk Edwin , Burdet Etienne
Published: July 2022

Interaction control presents opportunities for contact robots physically interacting with their human user, such as assistance targeted to each human user, communication of goals to enable effective teamwork, and task-directed motion resistance in physical training and rehabilitation contexts. Here we review the burgeoning field of interaction control in the control theory and machine learning communities, by analysing the exchange of haptic information between the robot and its human user, and how they share the task effort. We first review the estimation and learning methods to predict the human user intent with the large uncertainty, variability and noise and limited observation of human motion. Based on this motion intent core, typical interaction control strategies are described using a homotopy of shared control parameters. Recent methods of haptic communication and game theory are then presented to consider the co-adaptation of human and robot control and yield versatile interactive control as observed between humans. Finally, the limitations of the presented state of the art are discussed and directions for future research are outlined.
A self-assembled nanoflower-like Ni5P4@NiSe2 heterostructure with hierarchical pores triggering high-efficiency electrocatalysis for Li–O2 batteries
Authors: Han Xue , Liang Yanjie , Zhao Lanling , Wang Jun , Xia Qing , Li Deyuan , Liu Yao , Zhou Zhaorui , Long Yuxin , Li Yebing , Zhang Yiming , Chou Shulei
Published: July 2022

The remarkably high theoretical energy densities of Li–O2 batteries have triggered tremendous efforts for next-generation conversion devices. Discovering efficient oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction (ORR/OER) bifunctional catalysts and revealing their internal structure-property relationships are crucial in developing high-performance Li–O2 batteries. Herein, we have prepared a nanoflower-like Ni5P4@NiSe2 heterostructure and employed it as a cathode catalyst for Li–O2 batteries. As expected, the three-dimensional biphasic Ni5P4@NiSe2 nanoflowers facilitated the exposure of adequate active moieties and provide sufficient space to store more discharge products. Moreover, the strong electron redistribution between Ni5P4 and NiSe2 heterojunctions could result in the built-in electric fields, thus greatly facilitating the ORR/OER kinetics. Based on the above merits, the Ni5P4@NiSe2 heterostructure catalyst improved the catalytic performance of Li–O2 batteries and holds great promise in realizing their practical applications as well as inspiration for the design of other catalytic materials.
Literary Ethnography/Anthropology in North America and Australia
Authors: Emberley Julia
Published: July 2022

In the early 20th century, ethnographic “as-told-to” narratives published in colonial white settler nations, such as Canada, Australia, and the United States, were written by ethnologists from “data” collected from their “native informants” and presented as the self-authored life histories of Indigenous people. The texts were intended to represent Indigenous peoples in a Eurocentric progressive transition from “barbarism” to “civilization.” Throughout the 20th century, Indigenous and non-Indigenous literary scholars addressed the uncertainties of this autobiographical subject and how the rhetorical “I” left the texts open to the commercial and stereotypical demands for “Indianness.” By controlling and interfering with editorial processes, white settler and ethnographic publications of as-told-to texts instituted colonial forms of “authority” and “authorship,” solidifying a critical nexus between white settler print culture and the development of anthropology as a social scientific epistemology. Anthropological authority was based on these texts in the early part of the 20th century and challenged by Indigenous publications throughout the century. With the rise of new social movements in the 1960s, including Native American LGBT organizations, such as the Gay American Indians and the American Indian Movement, the politics of experience brought these earlier voices to the fore, creating awareness about the counternarratives of Indigenous national and literary sovereignties.

In the 1990s and throughout the early 21st century, Indigenous scholars and writers in North America and Australia reclaimed their voices, introducing specific methods and theories that would advance national and literary sovereignties. Issues faced by Indigenous Elders and knowledge keepers—such as the appropriation of Indigenous cultural property, knowledge systems, and storytelling; and the attempt to erase or silence original Indigenous sources of anthropological “data”—were addressed by this important work. In addition, the literary sovereignty movement brought about significant changes in anthropological methods regarding the editorial reconstructions of Indigenous life histories.
Roberto Bolaño within World Literatures
Authors: Zavala Oswaldo
Published: July 2022

The name Roberto Bolaño (Santiago, Chile, 1953–Blanes, Spain, 2003) has become a central signifier within Latin American contemporary literature but also a key reference in what is often called “world literature” in academic discussions and mainstream editorial circles. At the regional and the global levels, both in the original Spanish and in English translation, Bolaño’s work moved from the margin to the canonical center as Latin America’s foremost representative in the 21st century, as Argentinean Jorge Luis Borges, Colombian Gabriel García Márquez, Mexican Carlos Fuentes, and Peruvian Mario Vargas Llosa all did during the 20th century. Bolaño’s novels, short stories, essays, and poetry delve critically into Latin America’s past—Chile’s 1973 coup d’état and subsequent military dictatorship and Mexico’s convulsive 1960s and ’70s society—but also offer insightful explorations of contemporary Western culture and its history of violence, from the effects of world wars, racism, and gender violence to intellectual engagement, avant-garde poetics, and the question of culture in disenfranchised societies of late capitalism. His two masterpieces are major canonical landmarks: The Savage Detectives (1998), a nostalgic memoir about the forgotten avant-garde “visceral realism” and the artistic ethos of his generation, those who witnessed the defeat of the Latin American’s left with the rise of neoliberal governance, and 2666 (2004), his most ambitious book—composed of five interrelated but independent novels—bridging European, US, and Latin American histories converging in the sinister femicide at the US-Mexico borderlands. Read as the author of a complex œuvre expanding across continents, Bolaño surpasses expectations for writers from non-hegemonic cultural centers, defying various conceptions of Western canons and pioneering the avenues of 21st-century Latin American literature.
Media Literacy Education for Diverse Societies
Authors: Neag Annamária , Bozdağ Çiğdem , Leurs Koen
Published: July 2022

Since the 1980s, media literacy has been a central topic in the field of communication, media, and education studies as a result of a parallel growth of polarization between societal groups and use of digital technologies for self-representation. In this article, we present a brief overview of the evolvement of media literacy and other competing terms and discuss emerging approaches that incorporate issues related to the politics of difference, representations and voice of marginalised groups. Although existing concepts and projects focus on singular aspects such as representation and media production by minorities, they do not commonly integrate concerns of diversity and media literacy education from a critical and holistic perspective. Building on critical pedagogy, feminist and decolonial theory, there is a need for a more inclusive and intersectional approach to media literacy education. Such an approach should focus not only on marginalized groups but also on society as a whole, it should advocate a critical understanding of the mediated construction of reality and offer grounds to successfully challenge dominant representations, and it should equip people with the skills not only to participate and raise their own voices but also to pay more attention to practices of listening to work toward a level playing field between mainstream and marginalized groups.
Race, Ethnicity, and Cultural Racism in Soviet and Post-Soviet Ideology, Communication, and Practice
Authors: Shnirelman Victor
Published: July 2022

A racist stance in contemporary Russia is rooted in the Soviet period. Yet, a favorable climate for its blossoming has emerged since the 1990s. Seemingly obsessed with a social class approach, Soviet Marxism’s attitude shifted over the last Soviet decades from social class to ethnicity, that is, from social and economic inequalities to cultural differences. Ethnic groups were viewed by both officials and scholars as well-defined entities with their original cultures and languages as well as “national characters.” They were commonly ascribed with special behavioral stereotypes including negative ones, which were perceived by the general public as inherent attributes of any ethnic person. These beliefs perfectly served the totalitarian regime established in the 1930s, which viewed social–political organization as a hierarchy of peoples–ethnoses. Whereas racial theory associated the fate of both a person and an entire people with race, this fate was mainly a function of ethnicity in the Soviet social practice. Yet, this was veiled by an official internationalism. The Soviet media espoused an anti-racist and anticolonial attitude. Notably, peoples were viewed as ethnic bodies rather than a civil society.

The collapse of censorship and promotion of freedom of speech in the very late 1980s opened a door for an explicit manifestation of xenophobic, racist, and anti-Semitic sentiments that were hidden earlier. A view of ethnic groups as closed entities with particular outlooks and behavioral stereotypes carved out an image of their cultural incompatibility, which engendered an idea of a natural ethnic inequality and even a “conflict of civilizations.” All these views are inherent in the contemporary cultural racism, which, in contrast to the traditional one, emphasizes culture rather than blood. Cultural racism views an ethnic culture as an inherent one—as though humans appropriate it by birth—that accompanies them unchangeably up to death. Hence, humans appear hostages of the imposed ethnic culture, who are unable to cross its strictly established borders. Adherents of this view believe that a person’s ethnic identity can reveal their mentality and behavior.
Effects of Early Visual Deprivation
Authors: Röder Brigitte , Kekunnaya Ramesh
Published: July 2022

As a consequence of congenital blindness, compensatory performance in the intact sensory modalities has been documented in humans in many domains, including auditory and tactile perception, auditory localization, voice and language processing, and memory. Both changes of the neural circuits associated with the intact sensory systems (intramodal plasticity) and an activation of deprived visual cortex (crossmodal plasticity) have been observed in blind humans. Compensation in congenitally blind and late-blind individuals involves partially different neural mechanisms. If sight is restored in patients who were born with dense bilateral cataracts (opaque lenses preventing patterned light to reach the retina), considerable visual recovery has been observed in basic visual functions even after long periods of visual deprivation. Functional recovery has been found to be lower for higher-order visual processes, which has been linked to deficits in the functional specialization of neural circuits. First evidence has suggested that crossmodal plasticity largely retracts after sight restoration but that crossmodal activity does not seem to fully dissolve. In contrast, intramodal adaptations in the auditory system have been observed to persist after sight restoration. Except for predominantly subcortically mediated multisensory functions, many multisensory processes have been found to be altered even many years after sight restoration.

On the one hand, research in permanently blind humans has documented a high capability of the human neurocognitive system to adapt to an atypical environment. On the other hand, research in sight recovery individuals who had suffered a transient phase of visual deprivation following birth has demonstrated functional specific sensitive periods in the development of visual and multisensory neural circuits.
Civilian Oversight of Police in the United States
Authors: Zastrow Taryn , Rudes Danielle S.
Published: July 2022

Civilian oversight of police is a tool commonly used in cities across the United States to hold police accountable for misconduct. Law enforcement agencies have a history of violence, brutality, and misconduct, specifically toward marginalized populations. Thus, oversight of police by civilians can be traced to the early 20th century, but models for implementing oversight have evolved over time. Literature on civilian oversight identifies three contemporary oversight models: investigative agencies, review boards, and auditor/monitor agencies. These models play different roles in providing oversight of police, including independently investigating civilian complaints, reviewing internal investigations of complaints, developing recommendations for police executives, and overseeing department practices and patterns. However, oversight agencies and boards often lack any legal power to enforce their recommendations, making them virtually ineffective. The lack of power held by oversight agencies can be traced to political pushback as well as conflicting organizational models within police departments. Given the variability between and within different oversight models, scholars have struggled to adequately study these agencies. However, some proposed solutions to ineffective oversight have been identified in the literature, including making the oversight agencies more autonomous. Further, when civilian oversight agencies are improved and public confidence in them increases, agencies should be provided with adequate resources to deal with the potential influx of civilian complaints.
Causes and Consequences of Police Self-Legitimacy
Authors: Prince Heather , Kuen Kiseong , Rudes Danielle S.
Published: July 2022

In recent years, research on policing, police legitimacy, and police decision-making has increased dramatically in part due to several high-profile police use of force and deadly shooting incidents in the United States. This line of studies largely focuses on individual-level factors such as police procedural justice during interactions with citizens from the perspective of the public. However, a growing body of studies suggests that police authority and legitimacy is not only formed by citizens’ evaluations and perceptions derived from police behaviors during the interactions. It is also shaped by factors from both individual-level and structural-level external sources of police organizations, such as citizens’ animus toward the police and crime rates of the jurisdiction. More importantly, research suggests that police culture and organizational-level factors, such as organizational justice and feeling recognition from others in an organization, play large roles in shaping officers’ self-legitimacy. The sense of low self-legitimacy derived from the above sources can lead officers to make racially biased decisions to reinforce their legitimate status with the public. Officers’ decision-making as well as their perceptions of self-legitimacy, by interacting each other, can play crucial roles in police negative behaviors toward citizens, such as use of deadly force, especially toward racial minorities. Some organizations have implemented changes such as implicit bias and procedural justice trainings, or body-worn camera requirements, but changes must be made at the overall organizational level to reduce racially biased police decision-making.
Current Debates Over the Teaching of Phonics
Authors: Brooks Greg
Published: July 2022

Phonics is a method of teaching people to read and spell (and therefore write) in an alphabetic writing system by associating symbols (letters/graphemes) with sounds (phonemes). The place of phonics in teaching children to read and spell is vigorously debated among researchers, often spilling over into the popular press. Advocates of principally comprehension-based (e.g., whole language) teaching have maintained that little or no phonics instruction is needed; others are of the view that it is essential and must be systematic. Analysis of the most rigorous evidence from research reviews and meta-analyses suggests that systematic phonics teaching is effective for teaching children to read and spell in English, and that the combination of systematic phonics teaching and comprehension-based approaches is probably more effective than either alone. Research has therefore begun on integrated teaching of literacy that incorporates both code and meaning emphases, but currently the requisite professional knowledge and teacher capacity are challenges for many school systems.

The principal forms of phonics teaching are synthetic, where children are taught to sound out the letters of a word and to blend (synthesize) the sounds together to form a word; and analytic, in which sounding-out is not taught to start with, but children identify the phonic element from a set of words in which each word contains the element under study, for example, pat, park, push, and pen. There is not yet sufficient convincing research evidence to decide which of these is more effective. Systematic phonics teaching in general is effective across the primary age range, for normally developing and most at-risk children, and probably for children whose first language is not English; and its effects last, at least in the crucial early years. Nonetheless, government policy and reform interventions in this area are sometimes heavy-handed, frequently influenced by political and community pressure, and may face difficulties of scale, resources, and implementation that hamper their effectiveness and generalizability across school systems. A new, large systematic review may be needed to clarify various outstanding issues.
Girls’ Schools and Empire (1800−1950)
Authors: Papikyan Hayarpi , Rogers Rebecca
Published: July 2022

The growth of empire in the 19th century went hand in hand with a concern to address girls’ education. Girls’ schools developed within the British, French, Dutch, Ottoman, and Russian empires and, despite the variety of spatial boundaries and the differing nature of core-periphery relations, girls’ schools were the object of ideological pronouncements centered around visions of femininity. The ostensible goals for this education often shared a similar commitment to the training of good wives and mothers in order to improve the familial morals of colonized territories. In reality, the nature of girls’ schooling was far more complex and played in particular into broader political debates about the role of education in the development of enlightened female subjects and later citizens. National movements in colonized areas generated discourses about women as “mothers of the nation,” with an emphasis on domesticity, not dissimilar from earlier colonial rhetoric, while the development of girls’ schooling led a minority of women into skilled professions that challenged without upsetting existing gender relations.
Critical ESL Education in Canada
Authors: Lau Sunny Man Chu
Published: July 2022

Critical approaches to English as a second language (ESL) education in Canada broadly fall under two intersecting orientations—inclusivity-focused and issue-focused. Inclusivity-focused education refers to critical approaches to ESL that valorize minoritized and/or Indigenous students’ voices, languages, and other semiotic resources in learning (in) English. This inclusive orientation aims to challenge systemic marginalization of multicultural voices and identities, destabilize static notions of languages and other modes of communication, and importantly, decolonize inequitable power structures inherent in academic and broader social setting. An issue-focused approach adopts an explicit critical agenda, using eco-social issues as the foci of curricular content to engage students in critical interrogation of social assumptions and participation in related class-based action research to simultaneously learn the language and enact change in broader communities. Recent trends in critical issue-focused inquiries also draw on posthumanist, socio-materialist, and Indigenous perspectives to offer more complex, interconnected, and distributed views of language learning and social change. These perspectives not only urge for alternative ways (cognitive, bodily, multi-sensory, affective, and spatial) of critical engagement but also a more human decentering perspective to understand the ethical interdependence of the human/non-human world.
Disparities in Healthcare Access and Outcomes Among Racial and Ethnic Minoritized People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Magaña Sandy , Heydarian Nazanin , Vanegas Sandra
Published: July 2022

Compared to the general population, people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) face worse health outcomes, and outcomes are even worse for children and adults with IDD from minoritized populations. Examining the intersection of people with IDD from minoritized groups is critical to understanding appropriate policies and services that promote health among all people with IDD. People with IDD from minoritized racial and ethnic groups have greater exposure to detrimental social determinants of health, which leads to poor access to adequate healthcare and poor health outcomes. Policies that aim to improve health outcomes among people with IDD and that are related to their disability and appropriate accommodations are not enough. Policies need to address poverty in families, racism and discrimination, poor housing, and other social determinants that are more prevalent among minoritized populations.

Most research on racial and ethnic disparities among children and adults with IDD has been conducted in the United States. While there is emerging research globally on racial and ethnic disparities, there a paucity of this research in the field of IDD. Furthermore, there may be detrimental health effects for other minoritized groups, such as religious minorities, but research is lacking in this area. Clearly, more research on these intersections is needed in the global context.
Approaching Identity in Southern Africa over the Last 5000 Years
Authors: Forssman Tim
Published: July 2022

Southern Africa’s past five thousand years include significant shifts in the peopling of the subcontinent. Archaeological approaches tend to characterize this period following these changes. This includes the appearance of herding and food production on a landscape that only hosted hunting and gathering, the arrival of new and competing worldviews and settlements systems, the local development of complex and state-level society that involved multiple groups, the arrival and eventual colonization of the region by European settlers, and the segregation, imbrication, articulation, and creolization of various identities. As part of studying this phase, quite often it is viewed as a series of “wholes” that share space and time. These “wholes” are usually identity groups: foragers, herders, farmers, or colonists.

While regularly kept separate, archaeological remains and historic records more often indicate inter-digiting and fluid social entities that interacted in complex ways. However, the past is frequently constructed around rigid concepts of people that usually reflect contemporary groups to some extent. Understanding past identities is historically contingent and rooted in contemporary approaches, methods, and frameworks. This is no different in the mid- to late Holocene in southern Africa, which also involves the construction of pasts and people associated with non-colonial communities. The role of identity in how the past is formed has played a significant role in building sequences, interpreting material culture, and assigning change to migrations and movements within the subcontinent. Archaeologists regularly grapple with issues involving identity that include the influence of colonial writings, the impact of social contacts, and the relationship between past and present people. Taxonomizing the archaeological past by following ethnic groups and subsistence practices has led to intense and frequent discussion and debate. The nature of identity, however, is hard to define and relinquish from the influence of Western ontologies of being and community. Archaeologists are therefore forced to orientate themselves betwixt and between the past and the present to more accurately reflect people.
Settler Colonialism and Indigenous Americans
Authors: Smithers Gregory D.
Published: July 2022

Settler colonial studies have enjoyed rapid growth as a field of scholarly inquiry since the 1990s. Scholars of settler colonialism distinguish it from other forms of colonialism—for example, extractive, planation, or trade colonialism—by positing that settlers move en masse to foreign lands with the intention of staying or permanently settling. Settlers therefore covet the land, not the labor, of Indigenous people, a structural dynamic that precipitates the “elimination” of Indigenous communities. Settler colonial studies have proven particularly germane to analysis of the Anglophone world during the 19th and 20th centuries, and to the study of global systems and transnational histories. While elements of settler colonial studies can illuminate historical understanding of North American history since 1492, the diversity of historical experiences in what became the United States means that American historians have approached this body of scholarship with caution. As is the case with any theoretical construct, historians are well advised to engage settler colonial studies with an active and critical eye before considering how they might best incorporate it into their teaching and research.
Indigenous Language Literacy in Colonial Central America
Authors: Jones Owen H.
Published: July 2022

The multifaceted development of indigenous language literacy in colonial Central America and in all of Spanish America included the instruction and education of missionary friars and priests as well as indigenous elite youths who would become scribes, choir masters, and parish caretakers in their municipalities. Both indigenous men and European monks and priests would use native languages to create documents using revised Latin letters for the ends of protecting private and community assets or spreading Catholicism. Indigenous scribes would sometimes use Nahuatl as a “vehicular language” to keep notarial documents in lieu of their own native languages. In Central America in the Cuchamatanes Mountains, rather than write in Mam, for example, scribes sometimes wrote in Central American Corrected Nahuatl. The informal education of some Spanish and casta men who conducted business in Central America with indigenous peoples was another facet of indigenous language literacy. They would often serve as witnesses and interpreters in Spanish colonial tribunals translating native testimony and keeping interpreters faithful in their interpretations. They would sometimes read documents in indigenous languages, and would approve of translations into Spanish that indigenous scribes produced. Women would use a traditional weaving literacy to create wearable representations of themselves and their communities within a larger cosmovision. Indigenous language literacy in colonial Central America included indigenous men and women and male European migrants. This entry will contain quotations and terms that have been left in the colonial orthography to emphasize the colonial rather than modern script that scribes and scholars wielded to create documentation.
Hanging Topics and Frames in the Romance Languages: Syntax, Discourse, Diachrony
Authors: Stark Elisabeth
Published: July 2022

Hanging topics and frames are optional, adjunct-like utterance-initial elements without any syntactic function inside the clause they precede. Both terms are frequently used in an ambiguous way in the specialized literature, in a way that often confounds syntactic and functional properties. However, hanging topics and frames can be kept apart. Hanging topics, on the one hand, are defined as utterance-initial syntactically and often prosodically independent constituents that denote the topic referent, that is, a discourse referent, an information element comparable to a file card under which the comment, that is, the related information provided in the following sentence, has to be stored (“aboutness”). Hanging topics are thus one type of topic-marking construction, alongside dislocations, which are, however, syntactically more dependent on the clause they precede or follow. Frames, on the other hand, are syntactically even more independent than hanging topics: they are not coreferential to any element of the accompanying sentence, and they cannot be integrated in the following sentence without changing their scope behavior. Additionally, their function is different: Rather than denoting the topic of the following utterance (there is, however, a subtype that does so and is thus to be classified between hanging topics and frames), they denote or delimitate the interpretational frame (‘domain indication’) for the following utterance. Both constructions show a rather neat correlation between the discourse-pragmatic status of their referents as given or new and the prosodic and categorial marking: The newer the discourse referent, the more prominent its intonational profile and the more likely the presence of thematic markers (like Fr. quant à, ‘as for’). In a diachronic perspective, hanging topics and frames, constituting universally available initial elements of utterances, whose use is mainly coherence driven, do not show considerable changes from Latin to the Romance languages in terms of their syntax or morphophonology. What has basically changed, to a different extent in different Romance languages, is their variationist markedness (from colloquial to standard registers in some cases). In fact, hanging topics and frames have always been available in Romance as well as in Latin, where they are known as instances of nominativus and less frequently also as (adverbial) accusativus pendens.
Operative Fixation of the Anteromedial Facet of the Coronoid Process
Authors: Kingery Matthew T. , Lowe Dylan T. , Egol Kenneth A.
Published: July 2022

Anteromedial coronoid facet fractures typically occur with varus, pronation, and axial forces applied to the elbow. Due in part to the high rate of concomitant lateral collateral ligament (LCL) injuries, untreated anteromedial facet fractures can result in varus and posteromedial rotatory elbow instability. Although small fractures that are not amenable to open reduction and internal fixation can be treated with isolated LCL repair, larger fragments are treated with buttress plating on the anteromedial surface of the coronoid with or without LCL repair. The “over-the-top” approach via a split in the flexor pronator mass is the preferred method of accessing the anteromedial facet. Although data regarding the functional outcomes after operative fixation of the anteromedial facet are limited, observational studies have demonstrated good restoration of elbow stability and motion.
Open Reduction and Fixation of Lateral Malleolus and Syndesmosis for Ankle Re-Fracture
Authors: Goel Akshay , Lamba Collin , Purudappa Prabhudev Prasad
Published: July 2022

Rotational ankle fractures are often accompanied with a syndesmotic injury. Furthermore, malreduction of syndesmosis and fibular shortening are frequent errors observed in these cases and often lead to poor functional outcomes. We present a case of Weber C lateral malleolus fracture and distal tibiofibular syndesmotic injury in an active 23-year-old patient. Various techniques for syndesmotic reduction and restoration of fibular length are discussed and demonstrated.
Dual Plate Minifragment Fixation of Clavicle Fractures- Technique and Approach
Authors: Zielinski Elizabeth , Doe Keli , Perdue Paul
Published: July 2022

The treatment of midshaft clavicle fractures continues to evolve, with a variety of fixation techniques and constructs used. Symptomatic hardware is a common complication related to plate fixation of the clavicle, and often results in secondary surgery for implant removal. The minifragment dual plate fixation technique for clavicle fractures provides a construct that may result in fewer implant related complications with comparable fixation stability to precontoured locking plates. Our case presentation demonstrates our approach to midshaft clavicle fractures, the benefits of this surgical technique, and reported outcomes from this fixation method.
Partial Articular Fracture of the Distal Radius Treated via Dorsal Approach
Authors: Solasz Sara Jo , Moses Michael J. , Egol Kenneth A.
Published: July 2022

The case of a 60-year-old woman with an impacted, dorsally unstable, displaced intra-articular distal radius fracture with dorsal sheer treated via a dorsal approach. Literature comparing dorsal to volar plating of the distal radius is mixed. Dorsal plating may lead to a greater incidence of implant removal, although radiographic and clinical outcomes seem to be similar. The rates of these complications have reduced over time with the introduction of lower profile locking plates. At 1-year after surgery, the patient demonstrated excellent clinical results with near full and painless range of motion of the wrist. She had full range of motion of thumb and fingers. The dorsal approach to the distal radius offers reliable restoration of functional ability with a low rate of neuropathic complications.
Primary Quadriceps Tendon Suture Anchor Repair: Case Presentation and Surgical Technique
Authors: Dankert John F. , Mehta Devan D. , Mahure Siddharth A. , Mojica Edward S. , Lowe Dylan T. , Leucht Philipp , Jazrawi Laith
Published: July 2022

This case presentation described a technique for repairing an acute quadriceps tendon rupture with suture anchors. The patient was a 51-year-old man who sustained an acute quadriceps tendon rupture after a fall. We used a midline incision over the quadriceps tendon and muscle. The tendon was found to be completely avulsed from the superior border of the patella. Three suture anchors were used to re-approximate the quadriceps tendon to the patella and additional sutures were used to repair the medial and lateral patellar retinacula. The patient had excellent range of motion at his 6-week follow-up appointment after the procedure.