bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Methylocella
Authors: Dedysh Svetlana N. , Dunfield Peter F.
Published: September 2016

Me.thy.lo.cel'la. N.L. pref.
methylo
pertaining to the methyl radical; L. fem. n.
cella
a room, and in biology, a cell; N.L. fem. n.
Methylocella
a methane‐using cell.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhizobiales / Beijerinckiaceae / Methylocella

The genus
Methylocella
accommodates mildly acidophilic, facultatively methanotrophic bacteria that perform the first step of methane oxidation using only a soluble methane monooxygenase, rather than the more common particulate methane monooxygenase. Cells of these methanotrophs are Gram‐negative, aerobic, non‐motile, polymorphic, slightly curved rods or ovoids, which reproduce by normal cell division and occur singly or in in shapeless aggregates. Cells possess bipolar appearance due to large, highly refractile, intracellular poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate granules, which form at each cell pole one. An extensive intracytoplasmic membrane system common to most known methanotrophic bacteria is absent from cells. Like other methanotrophs,
Methylocella
species are capable of growth on methane, methanol, methylamine and formate; C
1
compounds are assimilated via the serine pathway. However, they are also capable of growth on ethanol, some organic acids, ethane, propane and some other multicarbon compounds, but sugars are not utilized. Acetate is preferred over methane, and leads to a downregulation of methane oxidation. These methanotrophs are capable of atmospheric nitrogen fixation under reduced oxygen tension. They are mesophilic and psychrotolerant bacteria, which prefer dilute media of low salt content. The major fatty acid is ω7
c
. DNA G + C content is 61.2–63.3 (T
m
). Known habitats are acidic and neutral peatlands, soils, and sediments.

Type species
:
Methylocella palustris
Dedysh, Liesack, Khmelenina, Suzina, Trotsenko, Semrau, Bares, Panikov, and Tiedje 2000, 967
VP
.
Phytohabitans
Authors: Inahashi Yuki , Takahashi Yōko
Published: September 2016

Phy.to.ha'bi.tans. Gr. n.
phyton
plant; L. part. adj.
habitans
inhabiting; N. L. part. adj. used as a masc. n.
Phytohabitans
plant‐inhabiting.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micromonosporales / Micromonosporaceae / Phytohabitans

Aerobic, Gram‐stain positive, and mesophilic actinomycetes. Cells are nonmotile. Vegetative mycelia are branched and not fragmented. Single spores or long spore chains are produced and sporangium is not observed. Cell wall contains
d
‐glutamic acid, glycine,
d
‐alanine,
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid, and
l
‐lysine. Galactose, glucose, mannose, ribose, and xylose are detected as diagnostic whole‐cell sugars. The acyl type of the peptidoglycan is glycolyl. Phosphatidylethanolamine and unidentified phospholipids are detected (phospholipid type II). Mycolic acids are not detected. Predominant menaquinones are MK‐9 (H
6
), MK‐9 (H
8
), MK‐10 (H
4
), MK‐10 (H
6
), and/or MK‐10 (H
8
).

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 71–73 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Phytohabitans suffuscus
Inahashi, Matsumoto, Danbara, Ōmura and Takahashi 2010, 2656
VP
.
Ignisphaera
Authors: Morgan Hugh W.
Published: September 2016

Ig.ni.sphae'ra. L. n.
ignis
fire, L. fem. n
. sphaera
ball N. L. fem n
. Ignisphaera
fire ball.

Crenarchaeota / Thermoprotei / Desulfurococcales / Desulfurococcaceae / Ignisphaera

The genus
Ignisphaera
, represented by sole species
Ignisphaera aggregans
, is a member of the family
Desulfurococcaceae
and forms a distinct lineage separated from the other members of this family. Cells are regular to irregular cocci, occurring singly, in pairs, and frequently as large aggregates. Nonmotile. Obligately chemo‐organotrophs fermenting a limited range of mono‐, di‐ and polysaccharides, notably containing mannose. Hyperthermophilic, restricted to neutral pH and near boiling hot pools in New Zealand. Resistant to novobiocin and streptomycin, sensitive to erythromycin, chloramphenicol, rifampicin, and elemental sulfur. Membrane contains H‐shaped isoprenoid lipids.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 35.7 (from genome sequence).

Type species
:
Ignisphaera aggregans
Niederberger, Götz, McDonald, Ronimus and Morgan 2006, 970
VP
.
Salarchaeum
Authors: Shimane Yasuhiro
Published: September 2016

Sal.ar.chae'um. L. n.
sal salis
salt; N.L. neut. n.
archaeum
(from Gr. adj.
archaios
ancient) ancient one, archaeon; N.L. neut. n.
Salarchaeum
salt requiring archaeon.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Halobacteriales / Halobacteriaceae / Salarchaeum

The genus
Salinarchaeum
is classified with the family
Halobacteriaceae
, order
Halobacteriales
, in the class
Halobacteria
. Its closest related genera are
Halarchaeum
and
Halobacterium
. Currently, a single species has been described:
Sar. japonicum
(the type species of the genus). Cells are motile short rods and stain Gram‐negative. Colonies are red pigmented. They are obligate halophiles that lyse in distilled water, and they require at least 1.5 M NaCl for growth and grow optimally at 2.5–3.0 M NaCl. They are aerobic chemoorganotrophs that grow well on media containing yeast extract and casamino acids. Certain organic acids stimulate growth, but sugars are not used as single carbon source. Polar lipids are characterized by the presence of C
20
C
20
and C
20
C
25
derivatives of phosphatidyl glycerol (PG), phosphatidyl glycerophosphate methyl ester (PGP‐Me), sulfated diglycosyl diether‐1 (S‐DGD‐1), and five unidentified glycolipids. Isolates have been recovered commercial salt produced from seawater in Japan and from a marine saltern in Slovenia.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 64.

Type species
:
Salarchaeum japonicum
Shimane, Hatada, Minegishi, Echigo, Nagaoka, Miyazaki, Ohta, Maruyama, Usami, Grant and Horikoshi 2011, 2269
VP
.
Methanocellales
Authors: Sakai Sanae , Imachi Hiroyuki
Published: September 2016

Me.tha.no.cel.la'les. N.L. fem. n.
Methanocella
type genus of the order;
‐ales
ending to donate an order; N.L. fem. pl. n
. Methanocellales
the order of the genus
Methanocella
.

Euryarchaeota / Methanomicrobia / Methanocellales
Next generation high‐performance carbon fiber thermoplastic composites based on polyaryletherketones
Authors: Veazey Dustin , Hsu Tim , Gomez Enrique D.
Published: September 2016

Interest in carbon fiber reinforced composites based on polyaryl ether ketones (PAEKs) continues to grow, and is driven by their increasing use as metal replacement materials in high temperature, high‐performance applications. Though these materials have seen widespread use in oil, gas, aerospace, medical and transportation industries, applications are currently limited by the thermal and mechanical properties of available PAEK polymer chemistries and their carbon fiber composites as well as interfacial bonding with carbon fiber surfaces. This article reviews the state of the art of PAEK polymer chemistries, mechanical properties of their carbon fiber reinforced composites, and interfacial engineering techniques used to improve the fiber‐matrix interfacial bond strength. We also propose a roadmap to develop the next generation of high‐performance long fiber thermoplastic composites based on PAEKs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44441.
From Low Cost UAV Survey to High Resolution Topographic Data: Developing our Understanding of a Medieval Outport of Bruges
Authors: De Reu Jeroen , Trachet Jan , Laloo Pieter , De Clercq Wim
Published: September 2016

This paper assesses the application of a consumer‐grade unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) solution for the image‐based three‐dimensional (3D) reconstruction of a buried Medieval landscape at Monnikerede, a deserted former outport of Bruges, with the archaeological aim to achieve a better characterization of the (micro)topography and ultimately a better understanding of the site. The UAV survey resulted in a highly detailed and accurate 3D model of the terrain, allowing a thorough topographic analysis of the complex archaeological landscape. Application of algorithms to produce an enhanced visualization of the topographic variability led to a sequence of derivatives each highlighting the topography in a different way. Additionally a decorrelation stretch was applied on the collected imagery, thereby generating enhanced orthophotos producing another view on the archaeological landscape. Integrating the (enhanced) orthophoto(s) with the digital surface model (DSM) and derivatives to conduct a thorough analysis of the archaeological landscape resulted in the detection and identification of new archaeological features and the formulation of new insights in the layout of this important Medieval outport. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uncertainties in stellar ages provided by grid techniques
Authors: Prada Moroni P. G. , Valle G. , Dell'Omodarme M. , Degl'Innocenti S.
Published: September 2016

The determination of the age of single stars by means of grid‐based techniques is a well established method. We discuss the impact on these estimates of the uncertainties in several ingredients routinely adopted in stellar computations. The systematic bias on age determination caused by varying the assumed initial helium abundance, the mixing‐length and convective core overshooting parameters, and the microscopic diffusion are quantified and compared with the statistical error owing to the current uncertainty in the observations. The typical uncertainty in the observations accounts for 1ω statistical relative error in age determination ranging on average from about –35 % to +42 %, depending on the mass. However, the age's relative error strongly depends on the evolutionary phase and can be higher than 120 % for stars near the zero‐age main‐sequence, while it is typically about 20 % or lower in the advanced main‐sequence phase. A variation of ±1 in the helium‐to‐metal enrichment ratio induces a quite modest systematic bias on age estimates. The maximum bias due to the presence of the convective core overshooting is –7% for β = 0.2 and –13% for β = 0.4. The main sources of bias are the uncertainty in the mixing‐length value and the neglect of microscopic diffusion, which account each for a bias comparable to the random error uncertainty.
Gaia benchmark stars and their twins in the Gaia‐ESO Survey
Authors: Jofré P.
Published: September 2016

The Gaia benchmark stars are stars with very precise stellar parameters that cover a wide range in the HR diagram at various metallicities. They are meant to be good representative of typical FGK stars in the Milky Way. Currently, they are used by several spectroscopic surveys to validate and calibrate the methods that analyse the data. I review our recent activities done for these stars. Additionally, by applying our new method to find stellar twins on the Gaia‐ESO Survey, I discuss how good representatives of Milky Way stars the benchmark stars are and how they distribute in space.
Modelling the Milky Way with Galaxia and making use of asteroseismology
Authors: Sharma S. , Stello D. , Bland‐Hawthorn J.
Published: September 2016

Stellar population synthesis based models of the Milky Way play a crucial role in understanding and interpreting observational data from large surveys of the Milky Way. We describe the basic theoretical framework for modelling the Milky Way and discuss algorithms for generating a synthetic sample of stars out of such models. Next, we discuss how asteroseismology can be used to test and possibly refine theoretical models of the Milky Way. As an application we test the ability of Galaxia to reproduce the properties of stars observed by the NASA Kepler mission. We present some preliminary results. We find that Galaxia can reproduce the photometric properties of the sample. Additionally, it can also reproduce the distribution of average asteroseismic parameters and radius. In future, comparing the mass distributions will allow us to test the Galactic models more rigorously.
Lessons learnt from the solar neighbourhood and the Kepler field
Authors: Casagrande L.
Published: September 2016

Setting the timeline of the events which shaped the Milky Way disc through its 13 billion year old history is one of the major challenges in the theory of galaxy formation. Achieving this goal is possible using late‐type stars, which in virtue of their long lifetimes can be regarded as fossil remnants from various epochs of the formation of the Galaxy. There are two main paths to reliably age‐date late‐type stars: astrometric distances for stars in the turn‐off and subgiant region, or oscillation frequencies along the red giant branch. So far, these methods have been applied to large samples of stars in the solar neighbourhood, and in the Kepler field. I review these studies, emphasize how they complement each other, and highlight some of the constraints they provide for Galactic modelling. I conclude with the prospects and synergies that astrometric (Gaia) and asteroseismic space‐borne missions reserve to the field of Galactic archaeology, and advocate that survey selection functions should be kept as simple as possible, relying on basic observables such as colours and magnitudes only.
SP Ace: A new code to estimate Teff, log g, and elemental abundances
Authors: Boeche C.
Published: September 2016

SP_Ace is a FORTRAN95 code that derives stellar parameters and elemental abundances from stellar spectra. To derive these parameters, SP_Ace does not measure equivalent widths of lines nor it uses templates of synthetic spectra, but it employs a new method based on a library of General Curve‐Of‐Growths. To date SP_Ace works on the wavelength range 5212–6860 Å and 8400–8921 Å, and at the spectral resolution R = 2000–20000. Extensions of these limits are possible. SP_Ace is a highly automated code suitable for application to large spectroscopic surveys. A web front end to this service is publicly available at http://dc.g‐vo.org/SP_ACE together with the library and the binary code.
Age determination of metal‐poor halo stars using nucleochronometry
Authors: Christlieb N.
Published: September 2016

I describe the method of nucleochronometry for determining individual ages of stars, and report on results of the application of this method to old, metal‐poor stars belonging to the Galactic halo population. I discuss uncertainties and caveats of this age determination method.
Carbon‐enhanced metal‐poor stars in different environments
Authors: Salvadori S. , Skúladóttir Á. , de Bennassuti M.
Published: September 2016

The origin of carbon‐enhanced metal‐poor (CEMP) stars and their possible connections with the chemical elements produced by the first stellar generations is still highly debated. We briefly review observations of CEMP stars in different environments (Galactic stellar halo, ultra‐faint, and classical dwarf galaxies) and interpret their properties using cosmological chemical‐evolution models for the formation of the Local Group. We discuss the implications of current observations for the properties of the first stars, clarify why the fraction of carbon‐enhanced to carbon‐normal stars varies in dwarf galaxies with different luminosity, and discuss the origin of the first CEMP(‐no) star found in the Sculptor dwarf galaxy.
The Milky Way disk non‐axisymmetries and galactoseismology
Authors: Famaey B. , Monari G. , Siebert A.
Published: September 2016

Current Galactic dynamical models still most often rely on the assumptions of a smooth time‐independent and axisymmetric gravitational potential. On the other hand, ab initio simulations in a cosmological context are not very flexible to precisely produce a model of our own Galaxy, or to disentangle the internal and the external/environmental effects on its evolution. To make such a disentanglement possible, one can first try to isolate all the possible effects of one main nonaxisymmetric perturber, such as the bar or the spiral arms, through perturbation theory applied to smooth time‐independent axisymmetric potentials. For instance, it has recently been realized in this way that observed vertical oscillations of the Galactic disk could be due to such internal perturbations, rather than to external perturbers as previously believed. Here we summarize the general analytical framework, in the context of perturbation theory, which allowed us to compute the stellar vertical bulk motions generated by a single internal perturber such as the Galactic bar. We point out that non‐linear couplings can nevertheless be present when multiple non‐axisymmetric perturbers – such as multiple spiral patterns together with a central bar – are present simultaneously, thus potentially enhancing the effect presented here.
Radial migration and chemical evolution in the Milky Way
Authors: Prantzos N.
Published: September 2016

The role of radial migration on the chemical evolution of the Milky Way is studied with semi‐analytical models of disk evolution, using several new/updated ingredients and parametrized prescriptions for blurring and churning. It is found that radial migration impacts on several properties of the local disk (shape and dispersion of the age‐metallicity relation, metallicity distribution), it may explain some chemical properties of the local thin and thick disks (i.e. the two‐branch shape of the O/Fe vs. Fe/H relation) and it affects the past abundance profiles of the stellar population.
Discovery of a Highly Specific and Potent Pan‐RAF Inhibitor
Authors: Hong Sung Pyo , Lee Younho , Choi Nam Song , Nam Ky‐Youb , Ahn Soon Kil
Published: September 2016

We describe the structure‐based design and synthesis of N‐(2,6‐difluorophenyl)‐3‐(9H‐purin‐6‐yl)pyridine‐2‐amine derivatives as a selective pan‐RAF kinase inhibitor. The synthesized compounds showed highly potent and specific inhibition of the BRAFV600E mutant cell line. Among them, N‐(3‐((3‐(9H‐purin‐6‐yl)pyridine‐2‐yl)amino)‐2,4‐difluorophenyl)furan‐3‐sulfonamide (4b) exhibited the most potent inhibitory activities against protein kinase enzymes BRAFV600E, BRAFWT, and CRAF (IC50 of 2, 2, and 1 nM, respectively) and a mutant cell line bearing a BRAFV600E mutation, A375P (GI50 of 7 nM).
The noise performance of CMOS Miller operational transconductance amplifiers with embedded current‐buffer frequency compensation
Authors: Grasso Alfio Dario , Palumbo Gaetano , Pennisi Salvatore , Sansen Willy
Published: September 2016

The noise of cascode transistors is usually considered to be negligible. It is demonstrated in this paper that this is not the case for an operational transconductance amplifiers exploiting Miller compensation via an embedded current buffer. Analysis, validated through simulations, shows that the noise power spectral density of the cascode transistor implementing the buffer, can be dominant at high frequencies. Its contribution can be of the same order of magnitude as that of the transistors in the first gain stage. A design equation is also given to limit the increase of this output noise contribution. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CDNPatch: a cost‐effective failover mechanism for hybrid CDN‐P2P live streaming systems
Authors: Wang Chih‐Chiang , Lin Ying‐Dar
Published: September 2016

Among the most well‐established live media distribution technologies is content delivery network (CDN), which improves user‐perceived quality of service by delivering content from proxy servers deployed at the Internet's edge. In recent years, CDN providers started to tap into their subscribers' peer‐to‐peer (P2P) capacity to alleviate their server costs. Under the inherent peer dynamics, a major challenge of these hybrid CDN‐P2P systems is to provide efficient failure recovery with good quality of service guarantees at a reduced server cost. In this work we propose a cost‐effective failover solution named CDNPatch to address the aforementioned problem. CDNPatch enables peers to periodically precompute a few backup content suppliers by efficient information exchange and maintenance algorithms, and leverages auxiliary CDN servers and an economic server provisioning algorithm to reduce the chance of playback interruption occurring to peers. Our simulation results show that CDNPatch can mask the impact of peer dynamics of 3 real P2P systems, namely, SOPCast, PPStream, and PPTV, with 100 % failure recovery success rate and a failure recovery time less than 1 second at a cost of small P2P communication overhead of less than 1 kilobits per second, while using only 10%, 21%, and 51%, respectively, of the pure CDN scheme's server consumption.
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase positive large B‐cell lymphoma: Literature review and report of an endoscopic fine needle aspiration case with tigroid backgrounds mimicking seminoma
Authors: Sakr Hany , Cruise Michael , Chahal Prabhleen , Cotta Claudiu , Cook James , Chalikonda Sricharan , Rosenblatt Steven , Hamadeh Fatima , Al‐Nourhji Omar , Sturgis Charles D.
Published: September 2016

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase‐positive large B‐cell lymphoma (ALK+ LBCL) is a rare distinct type of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma that arises in association with alterations of the ALK gene. This distinct disease entity is typically associated with an aggressive clinical course and appears in light microscopic preparations as a monomorphic population of large, immunoblast‐like cells. In this report, we describe a case of ALK+ LBCL diagnosed by transgastric endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration (EUS FNA) of splenic hilar lymph nodes. Modified Giemsa stained direct smears from the FNA sample demonstrated large lesional cells with foamy cytoplasm and macronucleoli admixed with small lymphocytes in tigroid backgrounds, mimicking the cytologic appearance of seminoma. Ancillary immunohistochemical studies subsequently confirmed the diagnosis of ALK+ LBCL with the lesional cells being immunoreactive for CD138, VS38c, MUM1, ALK1, and lambda light chain. The cohesiveness of the cells, the cellular morphology, and the tigroid backgrounds were all pitfalls for accurate diagnosis of this rare specific type of lymphoid malignancy by cytology. To our knowledge this is the first case report detailing the diagnosis of ALK+ LBCL by EUS FNA and the first report describing a glycogen‐rich tigroid background in direct FNA smears. Establishing a refined diagnosis in cases of this rare form of LBCL is necessary, as therapies targeting ALK may be of value in clinical management. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2017;45:148–155. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Do Circadian Rhythms Draw the Patterns of Sustained Mental Vigor and Ailment?
Authors: Sharma Ashish , Goyal Rohit
Published: September 2016

Preclinical Research

Circadian rhythms are fundamental processes in all cells that coordinate a variety of cellular functions related to a specific time of the day. Disruption of circadian rhythms markedly impacts homeostasis. In this Commentary, we present data that disruption of circadian rhythm may lead to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative states. In this context, we further argue that there is an urgent need of developing new generations of compounds, chronobiotics, to modulate the molecular substrates of circadian timing system. Chronobiotics conceptually offer an effective way for restoration and protection from the consequences of the circadian disruption. We also briefly discuss whether dysfunctional circadian rhythms are a major driver of aging. Drug Dev Res 77 : 469–473, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sulfate metabolites as alternative markers for the detection of 4‐chlorometandienone misuse in doping control
Authors: Balcells Georgina , Gómez Cristina , Garrostas Lorena , Pozo Óscar J. , Ventura Rosa
Published: September 2016

Sulfate metabolites have been described as long‐term metabolites for some anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS). 4‐chlorometandienone (4Cl‐MTD) is one of the most frequently detected AAS in sports drug testing and it is commonly detected by monitoring metabolites excreted free or conjugated with glucuronic acid. Sulfation reactions of 4Cl‐MTD have not been studied. The aim of this work was to evaluate the sulfate fraction of 4Cl‐MTD metabolism by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) to establish potential long‐term metabolites valuable for doping control purposes. 4Cl‐MTD was administered to two healthy male volunteers and urine samples were collected up to 8 days after administration. A theoretical selected reaction monitoring (SRM) method working in negative mode was developed. Ion transitions were based on ionization and fragmentation behaviour of sulfate metabolites as well as specific neutral losses (NL of 15 Da and NL of 36 Da) of compounds with related chemical structure. Six sulfate metabolites were detected after the analysis of excretion study samples. Three of the identified metabolites were characterized by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) and gas chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (GC‐MS/MS). Results showed that five out of the six identified sulfate metabolites were detected in urine up to the last collected samples from both excretion studies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating methods for preventing smoke spread through ventilation systems using fire dynamics simulator
Authors: Wahlqvist Jonathan , van Hees Patrick
Published: September 2016

Fires in enclosures equipped with mechanical ventilation remain one of the key issues for fire safety assessment in multifamily homes and industries. Therefore, a wide variation of methods for preventing smoke spread through the ventilation system exist and are applied, in performance‐based designs. Through the use of the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) model in the fire dynamics simulator, several different common and less common methods for preventing smoke spread in the ventilation system were tested. The effects on smoke spread with changing building leakage and fire growth rates were also investigated. The results were evaluated by determining the total soot spread from the fire room to other compartments connected to the ventilation system, as well as soot/thermal load on the fans and system in general. The maximum and average heat release rate was also of interest and hence compared between systems. It was found that, while many methods perform similar, a few proven methods, such as fire and smoke dampers, performed very well with very little smoke spread to the rest of the system. The study should be considered as an introduction to implementing a similar methodology in specific cases because different ventilations systems will present very different challenges and weaknesses. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Localized removal affects white‐tailed deer space use and contacts
Authors: Tosa Marie I. , Schauber Eric M. , Nielsen Clayton K.
Published: September 2016

Transmission and impact of infectious diseases can be altered if host social structure is disrupted by disease outbreaks or lethal management. Specifically, if remnants of depopulated groups join or increase contact with neighboring groups, between‐group transmission may increase even as population density decreases. We tested whether this phenomenon could apply to diseases of white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) by using a before‐after‐control‐impact design. We monitored space use and contacts among adult female and juvenile deer in southern Illinois during 2011–2014; midway through each study season, we removed all members except 1 collared deer from centrally located groups and left control groups intact. After group removal, remnant adult females shortened duration of contacts with neighboring groups, whereas remnant juveniles responded with greater shifts in space use and appeared to join neighboring groups. Together, our study points to potential age‐specific responses of deer to social disruption, with evidence that juveniles respond in ways that could shift disease transmission dynamics toward frequency dependence. These findings highlight the need for focused research into the importance of social disruption in disease dynamics, and lend support for complete group removal (if possible) when culling for disease management. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.
Association of Calf Muscle Pump Stimulation With Sleep Quality in Adults
Authors: Baniak Lynn M. , Pierce Carolyn S. , McLeod Kenneth J. , Chasens Eileen R.
Published: September 2016

Prevention of lower extremity fluid pooling (LEFP) is associated with improved sleep quality. Physical activity and compression stockings are non‐invasive methods used to manage LEFP, but both are associated with low adherence. Calf muscle pump (CMP) stimulation is an alternative and more convenient approach. Convenience sampling was used to recruit 11 participants between ages 45 and 65 with poor sleep quality. A within‐person single‐group pre‐test–post‐test design was used to evaluate changes in sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and functional outcomes sensitive to impaired sleep as measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale after 4 weeks of CMP stimulation. Statistical analysis included effect size (ES) calculations. After daily use of CMP stimulation, participants demonstrated improvement in overall sleep quality (ES = −.97) and a large reduction in daily disturbance from poor sleep (ES = −1.25). Moderate improvements were observed in daytime sleepiness (ES = −.53) and functional outcomes sensitive to sleepiness (ES = .49). Although causality could not be determined with this study design, these results support further research to determine whether CMP stimulation can improve sleep quality. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characteristics of Qualitative Descriptive Studies: A Systematic Review
Authors: Kim Hyejin , Sefcik Justine S. , Bradway Christine
Published: September 2016

Qualitative description (QD) is a term that is widely used to describe qualitative studies of health care and nursing‐related phenomena. However, limited discussions regarding QD are found in the existing literature. In this systematic review, we identified characteristics of methods and findings reported in research articles published in 2014 whose authors identified the work as QD. After searching and screening, data were extracted from the sample of 55 QD articles and examined to characterize research objectives, design justification, theoretical/philosophical frameworks, sampling and sample size, data collection and sources, data analysis, and presentation of findings. In this review, three primary findings were identified. First, although there were some inconsistencies, most articles included characteristics consistent with the limited available QD definitions and descriptions. Next, flexibility or variability of methods was common and effective for obtaining rich data and achieving understanding of a phenomenon. Finally, justification for how a QD approach was chosen and why it would be an appropriate fit for a particular study was limited in the sample and, therefore, in need of increased attention. Based on these findings, recommendations include encouragement to researchers to provide as many details as possible regarding the methods of their QD studies so that readers can determine whether the methods used were reasonable and effective in producing useful findings. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effect of statins on influenza‐like illness morbidity and mortality
Authors: Brassard Paul , Wu Jennifer W. , Ernst Pierre , Dell'Aniello Sophie , Smiechowski Brielan , Suissa Samy
Published: September 2016

Purpose

The effect of statins on cytokine‐mediated inflammatory responses may impact on the prognosis of influenza. We assessed whether statin use decreases the incidence of adverse influenza‐related outcomes. Additionally, we used a new‐user study design to minimize healthy user bias. We further examined the possibility of non‐causal associations by using unrelated outcomes.

Methods

We used the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink to identify all patients aged 30 or older diagnosed with influenza‐like illness during 1997–2010. Statin users were compared with propensity score‐matched patients not receiving statins. The outcome was hospitalization for influenza or pneumonia or death in the 30 days following influenza diagnosis. Logistic regression estimated cumulative incidence ratios.

Results

The study cohort included 5181 statin users matched to 5181 non‐users. The 30‐day incidence of hospitalization or death was 3.5% in statin users and 5.2% in non‐users, resulting in a 27% lower incidence with statin use (cumulative incidence ratio: 0.73, 95%CI: 0.59–0.89). New statin users were less protected against our composite outcome. The effect of statins was less pronounced among those with respiratory and cardiac disease. Statin use was shown to be associated with a non‐statistically significant risk reduction of motor vehicle accident and burns.

Conclusion

The attenuation of the effect of statins with the new‐user design, supporting evidence from the assessment of effect modification, and additional sub‐analyses evaluating the effect of statins on non‐related outcomes suggest that the beneficial effect of statins on influenza‐related adverse outcomes may be explained by a healthy user bias. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A computer program to simplify analysis of mass scan data of organometallic compounds from high‐resolution mass spectrometers
Authors: Doran Michael C. , LeBlanc Kelly L.
Published: September 2016

Rationale

Software accompanying high‐resolution mass spectrometers, particularly that used for the analysis of organometallic compounds, has lagged the technology of the instruments themselves. We have developed a computer program that partially fills this gap.

Methods

Given the user's expectation for the number of atoms of a target element likely to be in an ion, the program calculates isotopologue mass differences for combinations of that element's isotopes and their expected intensity ratios relative to the most abundant isotopologue. These values are compared with mass differences and intensity ratios found in the experimental mass scan data and these metrics feed into a four‐factor scoring model which ranks the ions as to the likelihood of each containing the specified number of the target atoms. The program was tested using experimental data obtained for selenomethionine.

Results

Across a broad range of sample concentrations, the program consistently ranked selenomethionine at or near the top of the list of ions that passed the screening and ranking process. Mass scan data files in excess of 24,000 records were analyzed in less than one second.

Conclusions

The program is quick and efficient at scanning voluminous experimental data files for the presence of ions containing the expected number of atoms of a target element. Best results were obtained the scarcer the target element and the more isotopes it comprised. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shape‐Dependent Properties of Silver Nanocrystals as Electrocatalysts toward Glucose Oxidation Reaction
Authors: Chao Yi‐Ju , Wu Zheng‐Wei , Hsu Su‐Yang , Lee Chien‐Liang
Published: September 2016

Ag nanoprisms (mean height 136 nm) and Ag nanodisks (mean diameter 41 nm) that are dominated by (111) planes and Ag nanocubes (mean edge length 38 nm) enclosed by (100) planes were prepared and used as catalysts for the D‐glucose oxidation reaction (GOR). A systematic study of the specific activities of these three Ag catalysts, in terms of the electrochemical real surface area (ERSA), was performed to assess their ability to electrocatalyze glucose oxidation. By measuring current per ERSA for glucose oxidation, an order of nanoprisms > nanocubes > nanodisks was obtained for the activity of catalysis of the intermediate on the Ag2O on their surfaces, ascribed to diffusion‐controlled processes. Among these catalysts, the nanoprisms were more sensible to produce Ag2O and AgO after GOR. The results of cyclic tests indicated a higher D‐glucose‐tolerance of the nanoprisms and nanodisks. In addition, the amperometric analyses determined sensitivities of 14 mA mM−1 cm−2, 9.9 mA mM−1 cm−2, and 5.5 mA mM−1 cm−2 for the nanoprisms, nanocubes, and nanodisks, respectively. The comparison based on the same ERSA showed that the nanoprisms had better activity and sensitivity.
Facile Spray Deposition of Photocatalytic ZnO/Cu–In‐Zn‐S Heterostructured Composite Thin Film
Authors: Yang Kai‐Yu , Hsu Han‐Wen , Hsieh Hsin‐Yi , Chang Wei‐Chieh , Li Meng‐Chi , Lin Po‐Chang , Lee Cheng‐Chung , Liu Cheng‐Liang , Lee Tai‐Chou
Published: September 2016

We present a sprayed composite thin film, comprising Cu−In‐Zn−S (CIZS) particles embedded in ZnO matrix for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production from water splitting. CIZS, a photoactive semiconductor was used as a photon absorber, whereas ZnO channels as the pathway for charge transfer. It was found that the distribution of the CIZS particles had a direct impact on the photoelectrochemical (PEC) activity. A more homogeneous dispersion of smaller CIZS particles (0.56 μm) within ZnO matrix exhibited a higher photocurrent density, and 3.27 μmol/ cm2 hydrogen evolution for 5 h. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was employed to analyze the charge transfer mechanism of this composite thin film. In addition, ZnO coating on top of CIZS particles also served as the adhesion and protection layers. All the PEC experiments were performed in 0.5 M K2SO4 electrolyte. No sacrificial reagents were used. The composite electrode was stable under illumination: 75.67 % of photo‐activity remained after 1 h illumination at a bias of 0.2 V vs. SCE. This study demonstrates a simple and low‐cost spray preparation of composite thin film consisting of particles embedded in any semiconductor matrix.
Explanatory Indispensability and Deliberative Indispensability
Authors: Worsnip Alex ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2016

In this note, I discuss David Enoch’s influential deliberative indispensability argument for metanormative realism, and contend that the argument fails. In doing so, I uncover an important disanalogy between explanatory indispensability arguments and deliberative indispensability arguments, one that explains how we could accept the former without accepting the latter.
Use of electric vehicles or hydrogen in the Danish transport sector in 2050?
Authors: Skytte Klaus , Pizarro Amalia , Karlsson Kenneth B.
Published: September 2016

Denmark has an ambitious long‐term goal to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transport sector with an overall climate target to be independent of fossil‐fuel consumption by 2050. We compare a likely scenario with two alternative ways to achieve the goal—either with a high percentage of electric vehicles (EV) or with a high percentage of hydrogen use for transportation. The STREAM model—an energy scenario simulating tool—is used to model the different scenarios and their integration with the electricity and heating systems. The major findings are that an increased share of EV can reduce the socioeconomic cost of the energy system in 2050. However, electricity demand for H2 generation via electrolysis is more flexible than EV charging and the production can therefore, to a larger degree be used to out‐balance variable electricity surplus from a high share of wind energy in the power system, reducing the investments in backup capacity. Whether the hydrogen scenario (H2S) is more costly to implement than the EV scenario (EVS) mainly depends on the technological development—especially the improvement on the efficiency of the conversion from electricity to H2 and the cost of the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle. Therefore, the major drivers of a successful H2S are a high efficient flexible H2 production in 2050 and lower vehicle costs, which increase the stability of the power grid, compared to the EVS. Hence, from a socioeconomic view point, the technological path in innovation to achieve fossil‐free transport systems should have vehicle costs and electrolyzers efficiency as their main drivers toward 2050. WIREs Energy Environ 2017, 6:e233. doi: 10.1002/wene.233

This article is categorized under:

Wind Power > Economics and Policy

Energy Systems Economics > Economics and Policy

Energy Policy and Planning > Economics and Policy
Sphincteroplasty and perineoplasty with skin advancement flap in management of traumatic cloacal defect
Authors: Anaraki Fakhrolsadat , Etemad Omid
Published: September 2016

Background Traumatic cloacal defect (TCD) is the condition that occurs in 0.3% of women who have experienced the third/fourth-degree perineal laceration during traumatic Natural Vaginal Delivery (NVD). This condition has many undesirable effects in their lives. Surgery is the best way to repair this deformity and will improve the quality of life in these patients.

Design In this study, we prospectively studied 19 patients who were referred to the hospital with symptoms of TCD within years 2011 and 2015 with the mean of 2.6-yrs follow-up. They all underwent sphincteroplasty and perineoplasty with skin advancement flap.

Results Of all 19 patients, incontinence to solid faeces in 16 patients (84%), incontinence to liquid stool in 15 patients (78%) and incontinence to flatus in 4 patients (21%) were completely resolved. The FI score was decreased from the mean of 12.7 to 2.6. Sexual function was significantly improved in all of them and dyspareunia was completely disappeared in 9 patients (50%). The quality of life score was increased from the mean of 45 to 95. Post-operation complications were occurred in 3 of patients (wound infection in 2-cases and recto-vaginal fistula in another).

Conclusion Our findings show that sphincteroplasty and perineoplasty with skin advancement flap is an effective surgical technique to repair the perineal body due to its benefits and few complications. In this study, there was significant improvement in quality of life of almost all patients after this reconstructive surgery. Consulting with a colorectal surgeon is recommended for these cases.
Waves and vortices in the inverse cascade regime of stratified turbulence with or without rotation
Authors: Herbert Corentin , Marino Raffaele , Rosenberg Duane , Pouquet Annick
Published: September 2016

We study the partition of energy between waves and vortices in stratified turbulence, with or without rotation, for a variety of parameters, focusing on the behaviour of the waves and vortices in the inverse cascade of energy towards the large scales. To this end, we use direct numerical simulations in a cubic box at a Reynolds number $Re\approx 1000$, with the ratio between the Brunt–Väisälä frequency $N$ and the inertial frequency $f$ varying from $1/4$ to 20, together with a purely stratified run. The Froude number, measuring the strength of the stratification, varies within the range $0.02\leqslant Fr\leqslant 0.32$. We find that the inverse cascade is dominated by the slow quasi-geostrophic modes. Their energy spectra and fluxes exhibit characteristics of an inverse cascade, even though their energy is not conserved. Surprisingly, the slow vortices still dominate when the ratio $N/f$ increases, also in the stratified case, although less and less so. However, when $N/f$ increases, the inverse cascade of the slow modes becomes weaker and weaker, and it vanishes in the purely stratified case. We discuss how the disappearance of the inverse cascade of energy with increasing $N/f$ can be interpreted in terms of the waves and vortices, and identify the main effects that can explain this transition based on both inviscid invariants arguments and viscous effects due to vertical shear.
The spin-up of a linearly stratified fluid in a sliced, circular cylinder
Authors: Munro R. J. , Foster M. R.
Published: September 2016

A linearly stratified fluid contained in a circular cylinder with a linearly sloped base, whose axis is aligned with the rotation axis, is spun-up from a rotation rate $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}-\unicode[STIX]{x0394}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}$ to $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}$ (with $\unicode[STIX]{x0394}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}\ll \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}$) by Rossby waves propagating across the container. Experimental results presented here, however, show that if the Burger number $S$ is not small, then that spin-up looks quite different from that reported by Pedlosky & Greenspan (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 27, 1967, pp. 291–304) for $S=0$. That is particularly so if the Burger number is large, since the Rossby waves are then confined to a region of height $S^{-1/2}$ above the sloped base. Axial vortices, ubiquitous features even at tiny Rossby numbers of spin-up in containers with vertical corners (see van Heijst et al.Phys. Fluids A, vol. 2, 1990, pp. 150–159 and Munro & Foster Phys. Fluids, vol. 26, 2014, 026603, for example), are less prominent here, forming at locations that are not obvious a priori, but in the ‘western half’ of the container only, and confined to the bottom $S^{-1/2}$ region. Both decay rates from friction at top and bottom walls and the propagation speed of the waves are found to increase with $S$ as well. An asymptotic theory for Rossby numbers that are not too large shows good agreement with many features seen in the experiments. The full frequency spectrum and decay rates for these waves are discussed, again for large $S$, and vertical vortices are found to occur only for Rossby numbers comparable to $E^{1/2}$, where $E$ is the Ekman number. Symmetry anomalies in the observations are determined by analysis to be due to second-order corrections to the lower-wall boundary condition.
Asymptotic analysis for the propagation and arresting process of a finite dry granular mass down a rough incline
Authors: Lee K.-L. , Yang F.-L.
Published: September 2016

This work presents an asymptotic analysis for the propagation and arresting process of a two-dimensional finite granular mass down a rough incline in a shallow configuration. Bulk shear stress and arresting mechanism are formulated according to the coherence length model that considers momentum transport at a length scale over which grains are spatially correlated. A Bagnold-like streamwise velocity and a non-zero transverse velocity are solved and integrated into a surface kinematic condition to give an advection–diffusion equation for the bulk surface profile, $h(x,t)$, that is solved using the matched asymptotic method. These flow solutions are further employed to determine composite solutions for a flow-front trajectory and a local coherence length, $l(x,t)$, which reveals smooth growth of $h(x,t)$ and $l(x,t)$ from zero at the propagating front with $l(x,t)\ll h(x,t)$. At the rear, $h(x,t)$ vanishes but $l(x,t)$ asymptotes to a constant that depends on inclination angle. According to the arresting mechanism, the location where $l(x,t)\sim h(x,t)$ is solved to the leading order to locate the deposition front so that its propagation dynamics can be derived. A finite flow arrest time, $T_{d}$, and the corresponding finite run-out distance, $L_{d}$, are evaluated when all the flowing mass has passed the deposition front and are employed to construct a modified front trajectory with the deposition effect. The predicted run-out distance and front trajectory profile compare reasonably well with experimental data in the literature on inclinations at angles higher than the material repose angle.