bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
epv, Encoding a Hypothetical Protein, Is Regulated by DSF-Mediating Quorum Sensing as Well as Global Regulator Clp and Is Required for Optimal Virulence in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola
Authors: Qian Guoliang , Zhang Yanbing , Zhou Yijin , Liu Chunhui , Zhao Yancun , Song Zhiwei , Fan Jiaqin , Hu Baishi , Liu Fengquan
Published: August 2012

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola causes bacterial leaf streak in rice, a destructive disease worldwide. In this study, six putative hypothetical secreted proteins, which were absent in X. oryzae pv. oryzae, were detected from X. oryzae pv. oryzicola strain BLS256. Disruption-based mutagenesis study revealed that one of them, Xoc_15235, named as extracellular polysaccharide and virulence-related gene (epv), was required for the optimal virulence in host rice but not for the induction of a hypersensitive reaction in nonhost tobacco. Sequence analysis revealed that epv was highly conserved in Xanthomonas spp. (except X. oryzae pv. oryzae). In-frame deletion of epv in X. oryzae pv. oryzicola dramatically impaired pathogen virulence and extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production, one of the important known virulence-associated functions in Xanthomonas spp. Quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction showed that expression of both gumB (a gene encoding exopolysaccharide xanthan biosynthesis export protein) and a known virulence-related gene, pgk (encoding phosphoglycerate kinase), were obviously reduced in the epv-deletion mutant compared with the wild-type strain Rs105. In addition, we observed that epv was positively regulated by both diffusible signal factor and global regulator Clp in X. oryzae pv. oryzicola. Taken together, the novel roles and genetics of epv of X. oryzae pv. oryzicola in the EPS production and virulence were investigated for the first time.
Mutations M287L and Q266I in the Glycine Receptor α1 Subunit Change Sensitivity to Volatile Anesthetics in Oocytes and Neurons, but Not the Minimal Alveolar Concentration in Knockin Mice
Authors: Borghese Cecilia M. , Xiong Wei , Oh S. Irene , Ho Angel , Mihic S. John , Zhang Li , Lovinger David M. , Homanics Gregg E. , Eger Edmond I. , Harris R. Adron
Published: August 2012

Background

Volatile anesthetics (VAs) alter the function of key central nervous system proteins but it is not clear which, if any, of these targets mediates the immobility produced by VAs in the face of noxious stimulation. A leading candidate is the glycine receptor, a ligand-gated ion channel important for spinal physiology. VAs variously enhance such function, and blockade of spinal glycine receptors with strychnine affects the minimal alveolar concentration (an anesthetic EC50) in proportion to the degree of enhancement.

Methods

We produced single amino acid mutations into the glycine receptor α1 subunit that increased (M287L, third transmembrane region) or decreased (Q266I, second transmembrane region) sensitivity to isoflurane in recombinant receptors, and introduced such receptors into mice. The resulting knockin mice presented impaired glycinergic transmission, but heterozygous animals survived to adulthood, and we determined the effect of isoflurane on glycine-evoked responses of brainstem neurons from the knockin mice, and the minimal alveolar concentration for isoflurane and other VAs in the immature and mature knockin mice.

Results

Studies of glycine-evoked currents in brainstem neurons from knockin mice confirmed the changes seen with recombinant receptors. No increases in the minimal alveolar concentration were found in knockin mice, but the minimal alveolar concentration for isoflurane and enflurane (but not halothane) decreased in 2-week-old Q266I mice. This change is opposite to the one expected for a mutation that decreases the sensitivity to volatile anesthetics.

Conclusion

Taken together, these results indicate that glycine receptors containing the α1 subunit are not likely to be crucial for the action of isoflurane and other VAs.
Risk of Renal Dysfunction after Less Invasive Multivessel Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Authors: Kiani Soroosh , Brown Alex K. , Kurian Dinesh J. , Henkin Stanislav , Flynn Mary M. , Thirumvalavan Nannan , Desai Pranjal H. , Poston Robert S.
Published: August 2012

Objective

Several centers have established that off-pump, multivessel coronary artery bypass grafting performed via a small thoracotomy (MVST) is feasible. However, this procedure can be challenging when posterolateral coronary targets need to be grafted. We hypothesized that use of cardiopulmonary bypass via peripheral access (MVST-PA) would improve outcomes compared with a completely off-pump approach (OP-MVST).

Methods

This was a prospective observational study of patients undergoing OP-MVST (n = 46) versus MVST-PA (n = 45) using bilateral internal mammary artery grafts onto the left anterior descending coronary artery and circumflex/right coronary artery distribution. Hemostasis was quantified by measuring platelet function (aggregometry), chest tube output, thrombolysis in myocardial infarction bleeding score (%hematocrit change at 24 hours), and transfusion requirements. The rate of mortality and major morbidity at 30 days was defined according to The Society of Thoracic Surgeons criteria. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (normalized to baseline levels) was determined daily until discharge.

Results

The OP-MVST versus MVST-PA groups had similar risk factors at baseline and risks of composite morbidity/mortality at 30 days. However, renal failure was significantly increased after OP-MVST (10.87 vs 0%, P = 0.05), and MVST-PA affected hemostasis as evidenced by inhibition of platelet function (latency to response on aggregometry, 29.9 vs 17.9 seconds; P = 0.04) and higher transfusion requirement (2.31 vs 0.85 units of red blood cells/patient, P = 0.04; 55.6% vs 34.8% transfused; P = 0.059). However, 24-hour chest tube output was similar (645 vs 750 mL; P = 0.53).

Conclusions

In comparison with a completely off-pump strategy, use of cardiopulmonary bypass to assist MVST reduced the risk of renal dysfunction with only modest tradeoffs in other morbidities, for example, altered coagulation and higher transfusion requirements. These data justify further study of the effect of MVST-PA on renal complications.
Histological and Morphometric Properties of Skeletonized Gastroepiploic Artery and Risk Factors for Intimal Hyperplasia
Authors: Van Phung Doan , Kinoshita Takeshi , Asai Tohru , Suzuki Tomoaki
Published: August 2012

Objective

The aim of the present study was to examine the histological and morphometric properties of skeletonized gastroepiploic artery (GEA) and the risk factors for intimal hyperplasia.

Methods

We obtained the redundant distal segments of skeletonized GEAs from 33 patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery and microscopically examined the transverse sections just distal to the most distal anastomoses. Intimal hyperplasia was evaluated on the basis of intima-to-media ratio and percentage of luminal narrowing. Risk factors were examined using multivariate linear regression analysis.

Results

The median (range) of lumen diameter at the most distal anastomosis was 3.8 (2.4–6.4) mm; width of intima, 82 (8–418) μm; width of media, 167 (88–351) μm; wall thickness, 250 (118–554) μm; intima-to-media ratio, 0.59 (0.04–3.88), and percentage of luminal narrowing, 12.3 (1.5–28.9). The number of elastic lamina in the media was 4.2 ± 1.8. Atherosclerosis was found in six patients, and medial calcification, in three patients. The median (range) of graft flow and pulsatile index measured by intraoperative transit-time flow meter was 65 (11–141) mL/min and 3.1 (1.4–5.9), respectively. All GEA grafts were patent at the coronary computed tomography angiography before discharge. Estimated glomerular filtration rate was independently associated with intima-to-media ratio (β coefficient = −0.016, P < 0.01) and percentage of luminal narrowing (β coefficient = −0.012, P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Skeletonized GEA had sufficient lumen diameter with excellent graft flow and early patency even when used as a sequential graft. Estimated glomerular filtration rate correlates significantly with intimal hyperplasia.
The Swan-Ganz Catheter as a Teaching Tool for the Anesthesiologist Learning Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Pantin Enrique J. , Kraidin Jonathan L. , Ginsberg Steven H. , Denny John T. , Anderson Mark B. , Solina Alann R.
Published: August 2012

Objective

To perform minimally invasive cardiac surgery through the smallest possible wound and with the least number of incisions in the heart or aorta, the necessary cannulations to undergo cardiopulmonary bypass must be done through peripheral vessels. A difficult skill to learn for the cardiac anesthesiologist is how to safely and efficiently position the coronary sinus catheter (Endoplege; Edwards Lifesciences LLC, Irvine, CA USA) required for retrograde cardioplegia administration.

Methods

In patients in whom a Swan-Ganz catheter was inserted as part of the operative management strategy for non–minimally invasive heart surgery, we have been using it as a training tool to learn how to visualize and manipulate right-sided catheters under transesophageal echocardiography. We developed this teaching technique to help hone some of the necessary skills needed to place the Endoplege catheter for minimally invasive cardiac surgery. Manipulation was done with the goal of visualizing the catheter and guiding it into the coronary sinus. For a 4-month period, anesthesia records were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

Fifteen patients, for a total of 19 catheter manipulations, were found in whom we had documented the use of the Swan-Ganz catheter and details about the insertion as a training tool. The coronary sinus and the catheter were visualized 100% of the time. The Swan-Ganz catheter was successfully inserted into the coronary sinus in 17 of 19 catheter manipulations.

Conclusions

The Swan-Ganz catheter can be used as a training tool to develop some of the necessary skills to place catheters into the coronary sinus with transesophageal echocardiography guidance.
Precision Incision Robotic Coronary Revascularization via 3.9-cm Minithoracotomy
Authors: Sutter Francis P , Berry Tami , Wertan MaryAnn C
Published: August 2012

Coronary artery bypass grafting remains the treatment choice for coronary artery disease; but sternotomy, the most commonly used approach, compromises its benefits with postoperative morbidity, higher complication rates, and prolonged length of hospital stay. Despite this, minimally invasive and robotic-assisted technology has not been adopted or widely embraced because supporting literature on robotic-assisted coronary artery bypass grafting is extremely limited. Since 2005, the cardiothoracic surgical team at our institution has been developing and maturing an effective method using robotic harvesting of the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) and beating heart surgery through a minithoracotomy for coronary revascularization. This surgical technique involves precisely placing the robotic endoscopic port immediately over the left anterior descending (LAD) artery target site. The robotically harvested LIMA is secured to the epicardium at the LAD target, the robotic instruments are removed, and the endoscopic port site is enlarged slightly greater than 1 cm to become the minithoracotomy and allow for LIMA-to-LAD anastomosis. The other two robotic ports are used to complete the procedure without a need for additional incisions. This standardized method has been used in more than 750 patients, and since 2009, the last 377 consecutive non-rib-spreading minithoracotomy incisions measured a median of 3.9 cm (mean [SD], 4.16 [1.2748] cm; range, 2.3–12.0 cm). This “How I Do It” article describes our methods in detail and associated robotic nuances.
Cardiac Biointerventions Whatever Happened to Stem Cell and Gene Therapy?
Authors: Rosengart Todd K. , Fallon Eleanor , Crystal Ronald G.
Published: August 2012

Angiogenic gene therapy and stem cell administration represent two “biologic” interventions for the treatment of cardiac disease that were first introduced more than 15 years ago but still have not achieved approval for clinical use for the treatment of myocardial ischemia and heart failure. Challenges that have been encountered in the clinical testing of these new treatment strategies have included a lack of placebo controls in phase I surgical trials and the incorporation of potentially ineffectual agent delivery via intracoronary routes. Although enthusiasm for these approaches may therefore have ebbed, new refinements in these technologies and insights into their appropriate clinical testing suggest that a resurgence of interest in these “biointerventions” may be expected in the near future.
Cloning of Arctic lamprey Lethenteron camtschaticum cd9 with roles in the immune response
Authors: Wu F. , Su P. , Chen L. , Li M. , Liu X. , Li Q.
Published: August 2012

In this study, the cd9 gene, a member of the tetraspanin superfamily and involved in various cellular processes, was cloned from Lethenteron camtschaticum. Both real‐time PCR and immunohistochemical assays showed broad distribution of cd9 in various L. camtschaticum tissues. In addition, expression levels of Cd9 mRNA were up‐regulated in the liver and heart after stimulation by lipopolysaccharide. Flow cytometric analyses demonstrated that cd9 was detected on the leukocytes and that the expression level was higher on granulocytes than on lymphocytes, which implied that cd9 was mainly involved in innate immunity.
Benzodiazepine harm: how can it be reduced?
Authors: Lader Malcolm
Published: August 2012

The benzodiazepines (BZDs) are anxiolytics, hypnotics, anticonvulsants, muscle‐relaxants and induce anaesthesia. Adverse effects comprise sedation subjectively and cognitive and psychomotor impairment objectively. Complex skills such as driving can be compromised. Paradoxical excitement can have forensic implications. Long term use beyond the licensed durations is common but both efficacy and adverse effects associated with this have been poorly documented. Withdrawal and dependence have excited particular concern, and even polemic. Perhaps a third of long term (beyond 6 months) users experience symptoms and signs on attempting to withdraw – anxiety, insomnia, muscle spasms and tension and perceptual hypersensitivity. Uncommonly, fits or a psychosis may supervene. The patterns following withdrawal vary widely. The usual method of withdrawal is slow tapering but it may not obviate the problems completely. BZDs are also drugs of abuse either on their own or in conjunction with opioids and stimulants. Claims have been made that the use of BZDs is associated with increased mortality. This is a concern in view of the widespread usage of these drugs, particularly in the elderly. All of these factors impinge on the risk : benefit ratio and the severity of the indications. Harm reduction should focus on choice of alternative treatments both psychological and pharmacological. Guidelines emphasise that BZDs are not drugs of first choice and should only be used short term. Schedules are available to educate about methods of withdrawal in current users, emphasising the slow rate of taper. General principles of harm minimization in the addiction field are appropriate to BZD abuse.
High resolution imaging of neuronal connectivity
Authors: LAKADAMYALI M.
Published: August 2012

Connectomics is an emerging field that aims to generate and analyse neuronal connectivity data with high‐throughput to gain knowledge about the brain. The realization of this goal largely depends on the development of innovative microscopy techniques that can produce large‐scale three‐dimensional images of brain tissue at nanoscale resolution and automated analysis tools that can extract relevant information from these images. This review surveys the challenges associated with generating the images needed for neuronal connectivity maps and how these challenges may be overcome by novel optical methods that allow sub‐diffraction‐limit imaging.
Multiple Pathways for High Voltage‐Activated Ca2+ Influx in Anterior Pituitary Lactotrophs and Somatotrophs
Authors: Tzour A. , Sosial E. , Meir T. , Canello T. , Naveh‐Many T. , Gabizon R. , Nussinovitch I.
Published: August 2012

The present study demonstrates that a significant proportion of high voltage‐activated (HVA) Ca2+ influx in native rat anterior pituitary cells is carried through non‐L‐type Ca2+ channels. Using whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings and specific Ca2+ channel toxin blockers, we show that approximately 35% of the HVA Ca2+ influx in somatotrophs and lactotrophs is carried through Cav2.1, Cav2.2 and Cav2.3 channels, and that somatotrophs and lactotrophs share similar proportions of these non‐L‐type Ca2+ channels. Furthermore, experiments on mixed populations of native anterior pituitary cells revealed that the fraction of HVA Ca2+ influx carried through these non‐L‐type Ca2+ channels might even be higher (approximately 46%), suggesting that non‐L‐type channels exist in the majority of native anterior pituitary cells. Using western blotting, immunoblots for α1C, α1D, α1A, α1B and α1E Ca2+ channel subunits were identified in native rat anterior pituitary cells. Additionally, using reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction, cDNA transcripts for α1C, α1D, α1A and α1B Ca2+ channel subunits were identified. Transcripts for α1E were nonspecific and transcripts for α1S were not detected at all (control). Taken together, these results clearly demonstrate the existence of multiple HVA Ca2+ channels in the membrane of rat native anterior pituitary cells. Whether these channels are segregated among different membrane compartments was investigated further in flotation assays, demonstrating that Cav2.1, Cav1.2 and caveolin‐1 were mostly localised in light fractions of Nycodenz gradients (i.e. in lipid raft domains). Cav1.3 channels were distributed among both light and heavy fractions of the gradients (i.e. among raft and nonraft domains), whereas Cav2.2 and Cav2.3 channels were distributed mostly among nonraft domains. In summary, in the present study, we demonstrate multiple pathways for HVA Ca2+ influx through L‐type and non‐L‐type Ca2+ channels in the membrane of native anterior pituitary cells. The compartmentalisation of these channels among raft and nonraft membrane domains might be essential for their proper regulation by separate receptors and signalling pathways.
Mandibular implant‐supported removable partial denture with distal extension: a systematic review
Authors: DE FREITAS R. F. C. P. , DE CARVALHO DIAS K. , DA FONTE PORTO CARREIRO A. , BARBOSA G. A. S. , FERREIRA M. Â. F.
Published: August 2012

Summary  The aim of this article is to investigate patient satisfaction, survival rate of implants, and prosthetic complications or maintenance for rehabilitation with removable partial dentures associated with implants in mandibular Kennedy class I and II cases. A systematic literature review was conducted by three independent reviewers including articles published from January 1981 through September 2011. Medline and Cochrane Library electronic databases were used in addition to hand searching to assess clinical outcomes for mandibular implant‐supported removable partial denture with distal extension. This review yielded 1751 records that were narrowed down to 5. The studies revealed implant survival rates ranging from 95% to 100% with one failure reported of 98 implants. The removable partial dentures associated with implant in mandibular free‐end arches showed some complications and need of repair for relining, pitting of the healing abutment, replacement of resilient component of the attachment, damage in framework, screw loosening and damage in acrylic denture base. Patient satisfaction was evaluated through a five‐point questionnaire, and results ranged between 4·12 and 5·0, considering 1 as the least favourable situation. The literature review showed increase in patient satisfaction and high survival rates of implants associated with mandibular removable partial dentures with distal extensions. However, some complications and need of prosthetic repair were reported. Although this treatment approach could represent a low‐cost and beneficial rehabilitation for free‐end mandibular ridges, the lack of controlled and randomised well‐designed clinical trials suggests further studies with more representative samples to validate the outcomes of this treatment modality.
The prevalence of dentine hypersensitivity in the general population in China
Authors: WANG Y. , QUE K. , LIN L. , HU D. , LI X.
Published: August 2012

Summary  Dentine hypersensitivity (DH) is a common condition that is frequently encountered in dental practice. The aim of this multi‐centre and cross‐sectional study was to establish the prevalence of DH in the general population in China. A total of 6843 subjects were questioned and examined using a triple syringe with a blast of cold air to confirm the diagnosis of DH. The sensitive surface, loss of attachment and gingival recession of sensitive teeth were measured and recorded. Of the 2932 subjects reporting hypersensitive symptoms, 2363 subjects were further diagnosed as DH, giving an overall prevalence of 34·5%. The greatest number of subjects with DH were within the 50–59 years age group (P < 0·01). The most commonly affected teeth were the premolars and the most provoking factor was the presence of a cold stimulus. The prevalence of DH in a representative sample of the general population in China was 34·5%, indicating that DH is a common oral problem. Therefore, the recognition of the condition and subsequent treatment by the dentist is therefore essential if the condition is to be managed correctly.
A systematic analysis of the predicted human La protein targets identified a hepatitis B virus infection signature
Authors: Tang J. , Zhang Z.‐H. , Liu G.‐L.
Published: August 2012

Summary.  The human La (hLa) protein functions in RNA metabolism and is activated by casein kinase 2 (CK2) phosphorylation. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) can exploit hLa to stabilize its RNA and promote its pathogenesis. To enhance our knowledge of host molecular pathways involved in HBV pathogenesis, a bioinformatic approach was used to generate an expression profile of all predicted target genes of CK2‐activated hLa in HBV‐infected cells. A computerized literature search was performed to identify English language studies of HBV‐, hLa‐ and CK2‐related molecules. The data were pooled and the genes were classified in three functional groups by gene ontology (GO) analysis. HBV, hLa and CK2 targets were predicted, respectively, by a computational method, followed by screening for matching gene symbols in the NCBI human sequences, GO, pathway and network analyses. hLa targets and respective networks in the viral mechanisms of HBV were obtained by the final integrative analysis. Thirty‐seven hub genes were identified by overlap calculation, suggesting that hLa may play an important role in the development and progression of HBV through cytokine‐cytokine receptor interaction, hematopoietic cell lineage, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), antigen processing and presentation, Jak‐STAT signalling pathway, natural killer cell‐mediated cytotoxicity, apoptosis, T‐cell receptor signalling pathway, complement and coagulation cascades, protein export and other pathways. Our data may help researchers to predict the molecular mechanisms of hLa in the development and progression of HBV through CK2 comprehensively. Moreover, the present data indicate that hLa targets may be a series of promising candidates for HBV.
Molecular identification of bloodmeals and species composition in Culicoides biting midges
Authors: VIDEVALL E. , BENSCH S. , ANDER M. , CHIRICO J. , SIGVALD R. , IGNELL R.
Published: August 2012

Investigations of host preferences in haematophagous insects, including Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), are critical in order to assess transmission routes of vector‐borne diseases. In this study, we collected and morphologically identified 164 blood‐engorged Culicoides females caught in both light traps and permanent 12‐m high suction traps during 2008–2010 in Sweden. Molecular analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene in the biting midges was performed to verify species classification, discern phylogenetic relationships and uncover possible cryptic species. Bloodmeal analysis using universal vertebrate cytochrome b primers revealed a clear distinction in host selection between mammalophilic and ornithophilic Culicoides species. Host sequences found matches in horse (n = 59), sheep (n = 39), cattle (n = 26), Eurasian elk (n = 1) and 10 different bird species (n = 18). We identified 15 Culicoides species previously recorded in Scandinavia and four additional species haplotypes that were distinctly different from the described species. All ornithophilic individuals (n = 23) were caught exclusively in the suction traps, as were, interestingly, almost all mammalophilic species (n = 41), indicating that many biting midge species may be able to cover long distances after completing a bloodmeal. These results add new information on the composition of Culicoides species and their host preferences and their potential long‐distance dispersal while blood‐engorged.
Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 blockade protects against experimental colitis in mice: a new strategy for inflammatory bowel diseases treatment?
Authors: Fichna J. , Mokrowiecka A. , Cygankiewicz A. I. , Zakrzewski P. K. , Małecka‐Panas E. , Janecka A. , Krajewska W. M. , Storr M. A.
Published: August 2012

Recent reports suggested that the activation of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) receptors in the gastrointestinal tract has pro‐inflammatory effects. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that TRPV4 mRNA expression is up‐regulated in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Furthermore, selective blockade of TRPV4 in the 2,4,6‐trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid animal model alleviates colitis and pain associated with the intestinal inflammation. Our study indicates that TRPV4 may play a role in mechanisms of defense in intestinal inflammation and that TRPV4 may be an attractive target for future systemic or topic anti‐inflammatory treatment in patients with IBD.
Lack of compensation by final instar larvae of the myrmecophilous lycaenid butterfly, Jalmenus evagoras, for the loss of nutrients to ants
Authors: BAYLIS M. , PIERCE N. E.
Published: August 2012

Abstract Larvae and pupae of the Australian lycaenid butterfly, Jalmenus evagoras Donovan (Lepidoptera; Lycaenidae), are protected from parasites and predators by attendant ants. In return, the juveniles of J. evagoras secrete to the ants a solution containing substantial amounts of sugars and amino acids. Larvae of J. evagoras were reared from hatching until adult eclosion either with or without ants. Experiments were performed to examine whether fifth (final) instar larvae attempt to compensate for the nutrient loss to ants, by consuming more food, digesting food more efficiently, or extending development time. The presence or absence of ants had no effect on the feeding rate, efficiency of digestion or development time of fifth instar larvae. Larvae with ants converted a smaller proportion of ingested food into biomass, and consequently grew less than their counterparts without ants. Thus fifth instar larvae of J. evagoras do not appear to compensate for the nutrient loss to ants. Possible reasons for the failure to compensate are discussed.
Rhythmic pulses of haemolymph pressure associated with parturition and ovulation in the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans
Authors: DENLINGER DAVID L. , ŽĎÁREK JAN
Published: August 2012

Abstract Expulsion of the tsetse larva from the uterus of the female is preceded by 1–2 h of rhythmic pulses of haemolymph pressure that can be detected using a barographic technique. At first baseline pressure is maintained and all pulses are positive in relation to baseline. Then, about 1 h before parturition, baseline pressure increases, pulse intensity increases, and the pulses become both positive and negative in relation to baseline. Each pulse correlates with ‘bobbing’ action of the female's proboscis, the only external indication of this internal activity. A single large pressure pulse is observed at parturition, and thereafter the pressure level returns to the original baseline and pulsing action ceases. Around the presumptive time of ovulation, 1–2 h after parturition, another series of pressure pulses is observed. The pulses are the likely consequence of coordinated waves of muscular contraction that are essential preparation for successful parturition and ovulation.
Assessment of a strontium capture technique for cytochemical localization of potassium‐dependent phosphatase in Malpighian tubules of Locusta
Authors: FOGG K. E. , HYDE D. , ANSTEE J. H.
Published: August 2012

Abstract A strontium capture method, using p‐nitrophenyl phosphate as substrate, was used to determine the subcellular localization of (Na+ + K+)‐ATPase activity in Malpighian tubules of Locusta migratoria L. Ultrastructural studies revealed that (Na+ + K+)‐ATPase activity was restricted to the basolateral plasma membranes with little evidence of activity associated with the apical microvilli. In contrast, alkaline phosphatase activity was specifically associated with the apical cell membrane. Biochemical assays of fixed and non‐fixed tubule homogenates were used to evaluate the p‐nitrophenyl phosphate‐strontium procedure for localization of the phosphatase component of (Na+ + K+)‐ATPase. No significant potassium‐dependent, ouabain‐sensitive p‐nitrophenyl phosphatase activity was demonstrated in homogenates under conditions necessary for the cytochemical procedure, viz fixation, pH 9.0 and the presence of strontium. The significance of the biochemical results are discussed in relation to the validity of such cytochemical techniques for (Na+ + K+)‐ATPase localization.
Do tsetse flies ‘see’ zebras? A field study of the visual response of tsetse to striped targets
Authors: GIBSON GABRIELLA
Published: August 2012

Abstract A field study in Zimbabwe of Glossina pallidipes Austen and G. morsitans morsitans Westwood supported Waage's (1981) hypothesis that the striped pattern of zebras may protect them from being bitten by blood‐sucking flies. In addition, the results suggest that the orientation of the stripes may be crucially important for the unattractiveness of zebras.

The relative attractiveness of five different stationary targets (black, white, grey, vertically‐striped and horizontally‐striped; stripe width = 5 cm) were each tested on their own and in pairs of all combinations, with artificial host odour (CO2 plus acetone) always present. Electric nets were used to catch flies as they attempted to land on or circle the targets. The results were similar for the two species of tsetse. When tested on their own, grey and vertically‐striped targets caught similar numbers of flies and both caught significantly fewer than black or white targets (c. 36% as many). Horizontally‐striped targets caught <10% as many flies as any other single target.

Although there was no significant difference between the attractiveness of grey and vertically striped targets when they were presented together, when paired with the other targets, grey was as attractive as black or white, but the vertically‐striped target was significantly less attractive than black or white (P < 0.001). In other words, a difference between grey and vertical stripes was found only in their attractiveness in relation to other targets. The horizontally‐striped target, however, always caught the fewest flies, regardless of whether it was presented alone or alongside another target.
Post‐feeding bubbling behaviour in fluid‐feeding Diptera: concentration of crop contents by oral evaporation of excess water
Authors: HENDRICHS J. , COOLEY S. S. , PROKOPY R. J.
Published: August 2012

Abstract During long post‐feeding periods, adult tephritid flies (and apparently other non‐blood feeding Diptera and even Hymenoptera) engage in behaviour consisting of oral extrusion and aeration of liquid droplets of varying size (‘bubbling’), proboscis pumping, and occasional deposition of regurgitate on the substrate that is followed by subsequent re‐ingestion. Unlike evaporative cooling, which occurs in some insects when heat‐stressed, these regurgitation behaviours take place regularly at moderate temperatures. To our knowledge, the significance of these behaviours has not been studied. We suggest that through bubbling behaviour, fully gorged Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae) flies eliminate excess water by evaporation to concentrate nutrients suspended in dilute solution, and release crop volume to allow resumption of fluid feeding or minimize the water load while foraging for other resources. Fly weights were measured continuously during pre‐ and post‐feeding periods and in relation to occurrence of regurgitation behaviours. Fly weight losses during pre‐feeding were an order of magnitude lower than post‐feeding weight losses when flies exposed regurgitated liquid crop contents to air. During a bout of droplet extrusions, lasting on average 23 min, weight loss averaged 66% of the weight of liquid ingested by a fly in the preceding meal. Fly weight loss while bubbling was significantly correlated with duration of bubbling, temperature and relative humidity during post‐feeding, and initial fly weight (adj. R2 = 0.95). Fly age, volume of liquid ingested and rate of pre‐feeding weight loss did not significantly improve predicted weight loss through bubbling. Findings are discussed in relation to other behaviours adopted by fluid‐feeding insects to eliminate excess water.
Temperature compensation in the nervous system of the grasshopper
Authors: MILES CAROL I.
Published: August 2012

Abstract The wind‐sensitive head hair neurones of the grasshopper Schistocerca americana (Drury) are influenced by temperature, increasing the number of spikes fired in response to a given hair deflection as temperature increases. Because these neurones show similar increases in spike output for greater hair deflections, an interneurone which receives their input would not be able to distinguish changes in stimulus strength from changes in temperature, unless the effects of temperature were compensated or independently measured. This study examines the effects of temperature on the output of the tritocerebral commissure giant (TCG), an interneurone that receives wind hair input. Some wind hairs provide excitatory input to the TCG, while others are inhibitory (Bacon & Möhl, 1983). Temperature variations similar to those measured in freely moving animals were applied to the wind hairs and TCG while the interneurone's spike output was recorded. Two manipulations resulted in temperature compensated outputs from the TCG: (1) When both excitatory and inhibitory hair fields were stimulated simultaneously, the temperature sensitivity of the interneurone's spike output was significantly lower than when the excitatory hairs alone were stimulated. (2) The spike output of the TCG showed very little sensitivity to temperature changes which occurred only at its wind hair inputs, the temperature of the interneurone itself remaining constant. It is therefore possible for the output of a neural circuit to be temperature compensated even though the circuit itself may be composed of temperature‐sensitive units. Possible mechanisms by which temperature compensation may be produced in the TCG are discussed, and the behavioural relevance of the conditions under which TCG output is temperature compensated is considered.
Antennal neurones specific for redundant pheromone components in normal and mutant Trichoplusia ni males
Authors: TODD J. L. , HAYNES K. F. , BAKER T. C.
Published: August 2012

Abstract Recordings were made from the pheromone‐sensitive receptor cells within antennal hairs of normal and mutant male cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), using a cut‐sensillum technique. From sampling 136 sensilla on normal males and 123 on mutant males, cells excited by pairs of behaviourally redundant minor pheromone components were discovered: Z9–14: Ac was found to be replaceable with 12: Ac and 11–12: Ac was found to be replaceable with Z5–12: Ac. These cells were not found during previous neurophysiological investigations, but explain most of the associations between mutually replaceable (redundant) pheromone components which had been demonstrated previously to be behaviourally redundant in wind tunnel studies. Our results indicate that the mutant gene in T.ni that affects pheromone production does not affect pheromone receptors in males. Using both AC‐ and DC‐coupled recordings from receptor cells, we found that a single minor component could apparently hyperpolarize one cell while depolarizing another cell within the same sensillum, suggesting that noise reduction and other complex signal processing by receptor cells may contribute to odour processing in the macroglomerulus of the antennal lobe.
Gyne development in the Argentine ant Iridomyrmex humilis: role of overwintering and queen control
Authors: VARGO EDWARD L. , PASSERA LUC
Published: August 2012

Abstract A possible stimulatory effect of overwintering on gyne development in Iridomyrmex humilis (Mayr) was investigated. Although gyne‐potent larvae are present in the nest throughout the year, small queenless colony fragments composed of freshly overwintered ants (collected in late winter or early spring) produced 3–8 times more gynes than comparable fragments made up of non‐freshly overwintered ants (collected at other times of the year). Apparently, this stimulatory effect of overwintering acts on both the developmental potential of larvae and the tendency of workers to rear sexually competent larvae as gynes; queenless colony fragments in which either the brood or workers were freshly overwintered produced more gynes than fragments composed of non‐freshly overwintered workers or brood but fewer than fragments containing both brood and workers freshly overwintered. This increased sexualization potential of larvae due to overwintering is enough to overcome weak pheromonal inhibition of queens associated with low queen number; a single queen in a large freshly overwintered colony fragment is insufficient to inhibit gyne development, whereas ten queens are totally inhibitory. In non‐freshly overwintered colony fragments one queen is completely inhibitory. Variability in egg developmental potential according to queen age does not appear to play a major role in the seasonal production of gynes, because at least some eggs of very young queens (less than 3 weeks old) are capable of gyne development. In the field this stimulatory effect of overwintering is superimposed on a seasonal fluctuation in the combined strength of pheromonal queen control. In southern France, gynes are produced only in spring where they arise primarily from overwintered larvae just after a sharp drop in queen number, and presumably the total level of inhibitory queen pheromone, due to the massive execution of queens by workers.
Governance mechanisms in the physician–patient relationship: a literature review and conceptual framework
Authors: Tofan Gabriela , Bodolica Virginia , Spraggon Martin
Published: August 2012

Background

The physician–patient relationship is a critical component of the integrated approach to excellence in health‐care delivery. Although commonly modelled within the boundaries of the agency theory and regarded as synonymous to an agent–principal interaction, there exists only a sparse understanding about the most effective ways of governing it.

Objective

This article undertakes a selective review of the growing body of research on the governance of the physician–patient relationship to discuss the current state of the knowledge in the field and suggest promising avenues for further exploration.

Findings

On the basis of an extensive analysis of the relevant literature, we identify two emerging streams of inquiry on the trust‐based (i.e. trust and ethical oversight) and distrust‐based (i.e. patient information‐empowerment and decision‐making authority) governance mechanisms of the physician–patient relationship and discuss the key findings within each stream.

Discussion

To conciliate the on‐going scholarly debate concerning the efficacy of trust‐ and distrust‐based mechanisms, we draw the foundations of a conceptual framework which might serve as a guide for more integrative research endeavours on the governance of the physician–patient relationship.
Kallmann syndrome in two sisters with other developmental anomalies also affecting their father
Authors: Levy C. M. , Knudtzon J.
Published: August 2012

The classical features of Kallmann syndrome with anosmia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism were observed in two sisters aged 13 and 19. They had additional malformations including anosmia, bilateral vesicoureteral reflux and unilateral hearing loss. One of the girls had unilateral coloboma of the optic nerve. The father had unilateral hearing loss and duplication of the left ureter; he died of an unrecognized coarctation of the aorta. He had no clinical signs of hypogonadism or anosmia. It is suggested that the malformations observed in these patients may be due to a dominant inherited defect of embryonic cell migration, resulting in different phenotypic expressions within the same family, including the Kallmann syndrome.
Oxygen radicals potentiate the genetic toxicity of tobacco‐specific nitrosamines
Authors: Weitberg Alan B. , Corvese Donna
Published: August 2012

Tobacco‐specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4‐(N‐methyl‐N‐nitrosamino)‐1‐(3‐pyridyl)‐1‐butanone (NNK), are metabolites of nicotine and the major carcinogens in cigarette smoke. To evaluate the effect of oxygen radicals on TSNA‐induced genetic damage, MRC‐5 fetal human lung cells were exposed to NNN and NNK (5 mM) and DNA single‐strand breaks measured. Both NNN and NNK produced a dose‐dependent increase in strand breaks up to 10 mM which was cytotoxic. In combination with enzymatically‐generated oxygen radicals, strand breakage increased by approximately 50% for both NNN and NNK. Oxygen radical scavengers (superoxide dismutase, catalase, mannitol) significantly reduced the DNA damage caused by both the TSNAs and TSNAs plus oxygen radicals, suggesting that the genotoxicity is radical‐mediated. Because both superoxide dismutase and catalase were protective, the hydroxyl radical may be playing an important role in the mediation of the DNA damage observed.
A case of Johanson‐Blizzard syndrome complicated by diabetes mellitus
Authors: Nagashima Kanji , Yagi Hideki , Kuroume Takayoshi
Published: August 2012

We report a girl with Johanson‐Blizzard syndrome complicated by diabetes mellitus. She presented several characteristic malformations, such as aplasia of the alae nasi, deafness, dwarfism, absence of permanent teeth and malabsorption caused by disturbance of pancreatic exocrine function. At 11 years of age, glycosuria was detected at a routine outpatient examination. Repeated oral glucose tests showed a slowly progressive decline of insulin secretion and elevated blood glucose levels. The responsive secretion of insulin to glucagon or arginine loading was also low. The blood level of HbAlc was elevated over 9%. Based on these findings, insulin therapy was started when the patient was 13 years old. Our case suggests that diabetes mellitus might be considered as one of complications of Johanson‐Blizzard syndrome.
Familial thyroglossal duct cyst
Authors: Kiln Baruch , Serour Francis , Fried Kalman , Efrati Yigal , Vinograd Itzhak
Published: August 2012

Thyroglossal duct cysts are common congenital abnormalities or developmental field defects, usually detected in early childhood. Despite their frequent occurrence, familial patterns are rare. We report on two new families with thyroglossal duct cysts. In the first family three siblings were involved, while in the second one, father and son were affected. This trait may be autosomal recessive or possibly multifactorial, as the first family would indicate, and also autosomal dominant, as the second family would suggest.
Attitudes towards prenatal diagnosis and selective abortion among patients with retinitis pigmentosa or choroideremia as well as among their relatives
Authors: Furu T. , Kääriäinen H. , Sankila E.‐M. , Norio R.
Published: August 2012

Genetic counselling endeavours to be nondirective. However, the availability of prenatal diagnosis may direct clients towards accepting and using these methods. It is time to investigate the attitudes of clients in order to monitor the psychological and social effects of new genetic techniques. As prenatal diagnosis was possible for choroideremia (C), but not for retinitis pigmentosa (RP) in 1988–89, we used a questionnaire to compare the attitudes of C and RP patients, their relatives and C carriers to prenatal diagnosis. The response rate was low (35%) and no significant differences between RP and C groups came to light. However, C carriers accepted prenatal diagnosis and also selective abortion more easily, but, on the other hand, they showed more uncertainty than did the other groups. This indicates that the availability of prenatal diagnosis may confuse those concerned. In general, about 60% of all the respondents had a positive attitude to the prenatal diagnosis of RP or choroideremia, though only about 30% would use it for abortion. Over 80% of all the respondents wanted to know the opinion of the genetic counsellor.
Fertility and the cri du chat syndrome
Authors: Martínez José E. , Tuck‐Muller Cathy M. , Superneau Duane , Wertelecki Wladimir
Published: August 2012

We describe a mother and daughter with typical cri du chat syndrome. Previous investigators have noted the lack of information about the reproductive fitness of patients with this disorder. This report demonstrates that females with cri du chat syndrome are fertile, can gestate and likewise deliver affected offspring, which has significant management and counseling implications.
Peripheral stem cell harvest using regular chemotherapy schedules in childhood cancer
Authors: Gooskens Saskia L. , Braakman Eric , van den Boom Anne Loes , So‐Osman Cynthia , de Winter Ferdinand , Pieters Rob , van den Heuvel‐Eibrink Marry M.
Published: August 2012

Gooskens SL, Braakman E, van den Boom AL, So‐Osman C, de Winter F, Pieters R, van den Heuvel‐Eibrink MM. Peripheral stem cell harvest using regular chemotherapy schedules in childhood cancer.

Abstract:  Prediction of the best moment for the harvest of PBSCs after standard chemotherapy followed by filgrastim in children with cancer is difficult. We retrospectively analyzed the moment of harvesting of 152 procedures in 94 patients. The start of apheresis was guided by WBC count and CD34+ cell measurement in peripheral blood. We defined the first day of filgrastim administration, after completion of mobilizing chemotherapy, as day 1. Median time to harvest in different subgroups is as follows: neuroblastoma 11 days (range, 6–29 days), Ewing’s sarcoma nine days (range, 7–15 days), brain tumor 10 days (range, 7–15 days), relapsed Wilms’ tumor 16 days (range, 9–20 days), and extracranial GCT seven days (range, 6–14 days). Patients harvested after cyclophosphamide priming (time to harvest within a range of 8–9 days) were analyzed as a separate group. The optimal moment for harvesting in different types of tumors was highly variable, although most consistent in patients diagnosed with Ewing’s sarcoma or brain tumors and after cyclophosphamide priming.