bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE RENAISSANCE OF ENGLISH LEGAL HISTORY
Authors: Ibbetson D.J.
Published: October 2021

John Baker's “English Law and the Renaissance” is perhaps the most significant paper in English legal history to appear in the Cambridge Law Journal. In many ways it was a response to, and development from, F. W. Maitland's Rede Lecture with the same title, published some 80 years previously. Baker's paper marks a punctuation in his study of English law under the early Tudors, a subject which he has made his own, culminating in his magisterial sixth volume of The Oxford History of the Laws of England. In addition, it marked a major break with the earlier orthodoxy that English law in this period was fundamentally distinct from the law which was developing on the European continent. The present paper explores both of these themes.
NOVUS ACTUS AND BEYOND: ATTRIBUTING CAUSAL RESPONSIBILITY IN THE CRIMINAL COURTS
Authors: du Bois-Pedain Antje
Published: October 2021

Glanville Williams's influential 1989 article on causation, “Finis for Novus Actus?”, addressed two pertinent questions: (1) when, and on what grounds, may a person be judged to bear causal responsibility for harms most immediately brought about by the subsequent action of another person (the locus classicus of the novus actus interveniens doctrine), and (2) how should questions of causation be resolved in cases where the potential cause in question constitutes an omission? This article revisits these questions through an engagement with some of the major causation cases decided in the criminal courts in the past decade. The discussion of these cases is set in the broader context of a critique of H.L.A. Hart and Tony Honoré's influential doctrinal-theoretical framework for findings of legal causation, the autonomy doctrine, on which Williams had built his arguments.
Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on ENT clinical practice and training: the resident's perspective
Authors: Kapoor D , Ramavat A S , Mehndiratta M , Agrawal A , Arora V , Goel A
Published: October 2021

Background

The arrival of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic disrupted life suddenly and forcefully, and healthcare systems around the world are still struggling to come to terms with it. This paper reviews the impact of the pandemic on ENT practice and training.

Methods

The present manuscript was developed as a narrative review to examine the role of otorhinolaryngologists in the management of the pandemic, and assess its impact on practice and training in the specialty.

Results

Otorhinolaryngologists handle secretions of organs implicated in disease transmission, leaving them particularly vulnerable even while performing simple procedures. Although the pandemic increased skill expectations, it simultaneously reduced learning opportunities for trainees. In addition, attention to emergencies has been delayed. Further, the suspension of elective procedures has affected patients with malignancies.

Conclusion

While planning service resumption, provisions need to be made for protective equipment and training; improving teleconsultation services will help provide sustainable care during further waves.
Southeast Asian cultural landscape, resistance, and belonging in East Timor's FRETILIN Movement (1974–75)
Authors: Tsuchiya Kisho
Published: October 2021

The diversity of national imaginings within the East Timorese resistance movement against the Indonesian Occupation (1975–99) became visible through the country's post-independence politics. Namely, the contradiction between the returnee leaders and those who fought in East Timor over the representation of FRETILIN (the major nationalist movement since 1974) has been an important fault line. This article attempts to understand this discrepancy through a comparison of FRETILIN's campaigns in Tetun and Portuguese and how different audiences interpreted them. The article argues that FRETILIN modified its international rhetoric when it became a popular Tetun language movement to attract Timorese commoners. The Tetun version of FRETILIN provided sources for Timorese national imaginings based on local beliefs, sacred landscapes, and Southeast Asian social relations that deviated from how international audiences understood FRETILIN. This article thus contributes to the literature on Southeast Asian resistance and nationalism by revealing Timorese ideologies of resistance and nationhood.
Advances in knowledge of screening practices and their use in clinical practice to prevent malnutrition
Authors: Browne Sarah , Geraghty Aisling , Corish Clare
Published: October 2021

Malnutrition is common among older adults and is associated with a progressive decline in overall health and increased mortality. With a rapidly ageing population, the detection, prevention and management of malnutrition require urgent attention within health service planning and delivery. Routine screening for malnutrition among older adults in community settings, which addresses aetiological as well as phenotypic factors, is considered an important step for prevention and early intervention. The aim of this review is to summarise current malnutrition screening literature and highlight research that seeks to understand and address community-based approaches to malnutrition screening and management. Key healthcare professionals (HCPs) that encounter community-dwelling older adults include general practitioners (GPs), community-based nurses, community pharmacists and a range of other health and social care professionals including dietitians, physiotherapists, speech and language therapists, and occupational therapists. The key barriers to implementing screening in primary care include lack of knowledge about malnutrition among non-dietetic HCPs, lack of resources allocated to managing malnutrition, lack of access to dietetic services, and poor GP knowledge about oral nutritional supplement prescribing. In addition, older adults have poor insight into the clinical condition and the associated negative health implications. Investment in education among HCPs and public awareness is required, as well as accompanying resources to successfully implement malnutrition screening programmes for community-dwelling older adults.
Older people's experiences of dignity and support with eating during hospital stays: analytical framework, policies and outcomes
Authors: Vizard Polly , Burchardt Tania
Published: October 2021

There is growing recognition of the importance of dignity and support with eating as markers of high-quality and older-person-centred hospital services. We use data on these markers from the national Adult Inpatient Survey for England to build up statistical evidence on older people's experiences. We find that poor and inconsistent experiences of being treated with dignity and respect, and of receiving support with eating, affect a substantial proportion of inpatients across the vast majority of acute hospital trusts. There has been remarkably little change over time, although small improvements provide some grounds for optimism relating to policy developments in the period following the Francis Inquiry. Amongst people over 65, the prevalence of inconsistent and poor experiences of dignity and support with eating was higher amongst the ‘oldest of the old’ (inpatients aged over 80), individuals who experience a long-standing limiting illness or disability, and women. The highest rates of prevalence were observed amongst disabled women over 80. Perceptions of inadequate nursing quantity and quality, and lack of choice of food, stand out from logistic regression analysis as having consistent, large associations with lack of support with eating. These factors provide potential policy levers since they are within the control of hospitals to a certain extent. In drawing lessons from our analysis for inspection, regulation and monitoring, we highlight the importance of inequalities analysis – including systematic disaggregation and separate identification of at risk sub-groups (e.g. older disabled women) – rather than relying on a ‘population average approach’.
Comparison of Outcome Tools Used to Test Mass-Casualty Algorithms in the Pediatric Population
Authors: Donofrio J. Joelle , Shaban Alaa , Kaji Amy H. , Santillanes Genevieve , Cicero Mark X. , Chang Todd P. , Gausche-Hill Marianne , Claudius Ilene A.
Published: October 2021

Introduction:

Mass-casualty incident (MCI) algorithms are used to sort large numbers of patients rapidly into four basic categories based on severity. To date, there is no consensus on the best method to test the accuracy of an MCI algorithm in the pediatric population, nor on the agreement between different tools designed for this purpose.

Study Objective:

This study is to compare agreement between the Criteria Outcomes Tool (COT) to previously published outcomes tools in assessing the triage category applied to a simulated set of pediatric MCI patients.

Methods:

An MCI triage category (black, red, yellow, and green) was applied to patients from a pre-collected retrospective cohort of pediatric patients under 14 years of age brought in as a trauma activation to a Level I trauma center from July 2010 through November 2013 using each of the following outcome measures: COT, modified Baxt score, modified Baxt combined with mortality and/or length-of-stay (LOS), ambulatory status, mortality alone, and Injury Severity Score (ISS). Descriptive statistics were applied to determine agreement between tools.

Results:

A total of 247 patients were included, ranging from 25 days to 13 years of age. The outcome of mortality had 100% agreement with the COT black. The “modified Baxt positive and alive” outcome had the highest agreement with COT red (65%). All yellow outcomes had 47%-53% agreement with COT yellow. “Modified Baxt negative and <24 hours LOS” had the highest agreement with the COT green at 89%.

Conclusions:

Assessment of algorithms for triaging pediatric MCI patients is complicated by the lack of a gold standard outcome tool and variability between existing measures.
Microanalysis of the Intestinal Bulb of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon Idella): Histological, Histochemical, Immunohistochemical, and Scanning Electron Microscopical Studies
Authors: Mokhtar Doaa M , Abd-Elhafez Enas A , Hassan Ahmed H S
Published: October 2021

Cyprinid fishes have one of the simplest types of gastrointestinal tract among vertebrates. Those fish species do not possess a true stomach that is replaced by a simple dilatation at the anterior part of the intestine called the intestinal bulb. Twenty adult specimens of grass carp were used in the present study to identify the cellular components as well as the immunohistochemical and surface architectural characteristics of the intestinal bulb. The mucosa of the intestinal bulb shows numerous, deep longitudinal folds arranged in zigzagging-like patterns. The epithelium is composed mainly of absorptive columnar cells covered by microvilli and mucous goblet cells. Spindle-shaped enteroendocrine cells and some migratory immune cells such as intraepithelial lymphocytes and rodlet cells could be identified between the absorptive cells. The epithelium also contains many secretory granules and large numbers of vacuoles containing digestive enzymes mostly in the basal part. The immunohistochemistry revealed that CD20-positive B-lymphocytes are immunolocalized mainly in the connective tissue core lamina propria of the mucosal folds. However, CD3-immunopositive T-lymphocytes are highly concentrated in the lamina propria. In addition, intraepithelial T-lymphocytes expressed immunopositivity to CD3. The current study presented many types of immune cells and suggests their essential immunological role for the intestinal blub.
Arcana and Ambiguity in Intellectual History
Authors: Peden Knox
Published: October 2021

As history became a narrative of contexts as well as of actions, the moral and exemplary character of the actions related was affected … The narrative of action became a narrative of mystery, meaning not only the mystery of random contingency, but the mystery of how decision and action were framed in the face of contingency. Whether action had proved successful or disastrous, that which was exemplary about it was at the same time that which was arcane, formed in the depths of the human heart as it interacted with fortune.

The epigraph comes from the “prelude” to the second volume ofBarbarism and Religion, J. G. A. Pocock's masterpiece devoted to reconstructing the manifold contexts for understanding Edward Gibbon'sHistory of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. In this passage, Pocock is addressing the transformation of historical understanding in the wake of the Pyrrhonian controversy that dominated early modern learning. Reconstruction of contexts, Pocock argued, was one answer to skepticism about our knowledge of the past, but it could not come at the expense of an understanding of action and motivations. For his part, Gibbon sought a neoclassical synthesis designed to generate “narrative at the point where the exemplary became the arcane.” Such is the paradox of historiography as a modern craft. That which gives a historical episode its value (its exemplarity) is typically that which escapes the explanatory frameworks we bring to it (its arcana).
Protecting the global information space in times of armed conflict
Authors: Lahmann Henning
Published: October 2021

The legal implications of information activities in the context of armed conflict against the background of the digital transformation have so far received only scarce attention. This article aims to fill this gap by exposing some of the legal issues arising in relation to mis- and disinformation tactics during armed conflict in order to provide a starting point for further debate in this respect. Specifically, it explores the existence and content of existing limits imposed by international humanitarian law on (digital) information operations and inquires whether the current framework adequately captures the humanitarian protection needs that arise from such conduct.
Humanitarian values in a counterterrorism era
Authors: Modirzadeh Naz K. , Lewis Dustin A.
Published: October 2021

In this opinion note, we explore ways to understand the contemporary encounters between a growing global counterterrorism architecture and impartial humanitarian activities while critically assessing our own role in shaping responses to those encounters. Humbled by a decade of experience in this area, we aim to explain how counterterrorism concerns have been elevated over the humanitarian imperative and to offer potential avenues to secure greater respect for impartial humanitarian activities.
Geophysical Constraints on the Crustal Architecture of the Transtensional Warm Springs Valley Fault Zone, Northern Walker Lane, Western Nevada, USA
Authors: Briggs Rich W. , Stephenson William J. , McBride John H. , Odum Jackson K. , Reitman Nadine G. , Gold Ryan D.
Published: October 2021

The Walker Lane is a zone of distributed transtension where normal faults are overprinted by strike‐slip motion. We use two newly acquired, high‐resolution seismic reflection profiles and a reprocessed Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling (COCORP) deep crustal reflection profile to assess the subsurface geometry of the Holocene‐active, transtensional Warm Springs Valley fault zone (WSVFZ) near Reno, Nevada, USA. Our multiscale observations extend to 12 km depth and suggest that the WSVFZ is more complex in the subsurface than implied by late Pleistocene surface fault traces. Two 4‐km‐long high‐resolution profiles image to a depth of ∼2 km and reveal moderately dipping reflections and truncations, some of which project to mapped scarps formed in late Pleistocene surfaces. The shallow lines are collocated with COCORP profile NV 08 along ∼40°N latitude. Reanalysis of the COCORP data reveals previously unidentified coherent reflections to a depth of ∼12 km and a previously mapped ∼30° west‐dipping fault at 8–12 km. From these seismic profiles, the WSVFZ is not a simple, subvertical fault zone extending through the entire seismogenic crust. Instead, the reflections are consistent with a zone of steeply and moderately dipping faults that simplify and steepen with depth before intersecting a mid‐crustal, low‐angle (∼25–30°) fault. The complex fault geometry of the WSVFZ implies that crustal shear is accommodated by a mix of dipping and subvertical faults in the transtensional northern Walker Lane. If so, transtensional fault zones may present challenges to paleoseismic and geodetic studies and require careful treatment when included in seismic hazard analyses.
A Numerical Analysis of Six Physics‐Dynamics Coupling Schemes for Atmospheric Models
Authors: Ubbiali Stefano , Schär Christoph , Schlemmer Linda , Schulthess Thomas C.
Published: October 2021

Six strategies to couple the dynamical core with physical parameterizations in atmospheric models are analyzed from a numerical perspective. Thanks to a suitably designed theoretical framework featuring a high level of abstraction, the truncation error analysis and the linear stability study are carried out under weak assumptions. Indeed, second‐order conditions are derived which are not influenced either by the specific formulation of the governing equations, nor by the number of parameterizations, nor by the structural design and implementation details of the time‐stepping methods. The theoretical findings are verified on two idealized test beds. Particularly, a hydrostatic model in isentropic coordinates is used for vertical slice simulations of a moist airflow past an isolated mountain. Self‐convergence tests show that the sensitivity of the prognostic variables to the coupling scheme may vary. For those variables (e.g., momentum) whose evolution is mainly driven by the dry dynamics, the truncation error associated with the dynamical core dominates and hides the error due to the coupling. In contrast, the coupling error of moist variables (e.g., the precipitation rate) emerges gradually as the spatio‐temporal resolution increases. Eventually, each coupling scheme tends toward the formal order of accuracy, upon a careful treatment of the grid cell condensation. Indeed, the well‐established saturation adjustment may cap the convergence rate to first order. A prognostic formulation of the condensation and evaporation process is derived from first principles. This solution is shown effective to alleviate the convergence issues in our experiments. Potential implications for a complete forecasting system are discussed.
Late Quaternary Abrupt Climate Change in the Tropics and Sub‐Tropics: The Continental Signal of Tropical Hydroclimatic Events (THEs)
Authors: Bradley Raymond S. , Diaz Henry F.
Published: October 2021

Tropical hydroclimatic events, characterized by extreme regional rainfall anomalies, were a recurrent feature of marine isotope stages 2–4 and involved some of the most abrupt and dramatic climatic changes in the late Quaternary. These anomalies were pervasive throughout the tropics and resulted from the southward displacement of the Hadley circulation and the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and its associated convective rainfall, modulated by regional factors. Lake sediments, stalagmites, and offshore marine sediments that integrate inland continental conditions provide a comprehensive record of these changes over the past ∼70,000 yr. Vast areas experienced severe drought while other areas recorded greatly increased rainfall. Within the uncertainties of dating, these tropical rainfall anomalies occurred very close in time (±102–103 yr) to the deposition of North Atlantic ice‐rafted debris (IRD) that defines Heinrich events (HEs). The IRD record is a good proxy for the amount and distribution of additional freshwater forcing which was necessary to bring about a drastic reduction in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) strength during each HE. As a consequence of this reduction in AMOC and an abrupt expansion in the area of sea‐ice, cooling of the North Atlantic and adjacent continents took place, with a rapid atmospheric response involving the southward displacement of the ITCZ and associated rainfall belts. The climatic consequences of this large‐scale change in the Hadley circulation, modulated by regional factors, is clearly recorded throughout the tropics as a series of abrupt and extreme hydroclimatic events. Some of the physical mechanisms that may have played a role in those changes are discussed.
Pareto Optimality and Compromise for Environmental Water Management
Authors: Null Sarah E. , Olivares Marcelo A. , Cordera Felipe , Lund Jay R.
Published: October 2021

Water management usually considers economic and ecological objectives, and involves tradeoffs, conflicts, compromise, and cooperation among objectives. Pareto optimality often is championed in water management, but its relationships with the mathematical representation of objectives, and implications of tradeoffs for Pareto optimal decisions, are rarely examined. We evaluate the mathematical properties of optimized tradeoffs to identify promising regions for compromise, suggest strategies for reducing conflicts, and better understand whether decision‐makers are more or less likely to cooperate on environmental water allocations. Cooperation and compromise among objectives can be easier when tradeoff curves are concave and more adversarial when tradeoff curves are convex. “Knees,” or areas with maximum curvature, bulges, or breakpoints in concave Pareto frontiers, suggest more promising areas for compromise. Evaluating the shape of Pareto curves based on each objective's performance function can screen for the existence of knees amenable to compromise. We explore water management and restorations actions that improve and shift the location and prominence of knees in concave Pareto frontiers. Connecting river habitats and other non‐flow management actions may add knees on locally concave regions of Pareto frontiers. Managing multiple streams regionally, rather than individually, can sometimes turn convex local tradeoffs into concave regional tradeoffs more amenable to compromise. Overall, this analysis provides a deep investigation of how the shape of tradeoffs influences the range and promise of decisions to improve performance, and illustrates that management actions may encourage cooperation and reduce conflict.
New Paleointensity Data Suggest Possible Phanerozoic‐Type Paleomagnetic Variations in the Precambrian
Authors: Lloyd Simon J. , Biggin Andrew J. , Li Zheng‐Xiang
Published: October 2021

The state of the geomagnetic field throughout the Precambrian era is largely unknown. Approximately 8% of global paleointensity records account for ∼4 billion years of Earth history. Despite this severe sparsity, the data are used to constrain models that predict the timing of significant deep earth events such as inner core nucleation. This carries with it the assumption that the Precambrian paleomagnetic field was less variable when compared to the Phanerozoic, or at least that the sparse data can be averaged to accurately represent a particular time period. This study reports new paleointensities from the West Australian Craton at 755 Ma (the Mundine Wells dyke swarm) and 1,070 Ma (the Bangemall Sills); both of which occurred within ∼30 Ma from times at which extremely weak and anomalously strong fields, respectively, have been reported. Virtual dipole moments of 6.3 ± 0.1 Am2 × 1022 and 1.8 ± 1.2 Am2 × 1022 have been obtained from the two suites of mafic rock units which are substantially different to the previous measurements for the two respective ages. The findings suggest that field variability over tens of Myrs in the Precambrian was greater than has previously been assumed. This is supported by comparisons of paleosecular variation and distributions of virtual dipole moments. If variability in the Precambrian field is similar to that observed in the Phanerozoic, spatial or temporal anomalies may introduce significant bias to statistical analyses and model constraints, implying that caution should be employed in the interpretation of the Precambrian dipole moment records.
Pliocene to Early Pleistocene Drainage Reorganization in Eastern Tibet Inferred From Detrital Zircons
Authors: Zhao Xudong , Zhang Huiping , Tao Yaling , Wang Ying , Pang Jianzhang , Ma Yan , Zhang Jiawei , Ma Zifa , Xiong Jianguo
Published: October 2021

The drainage evolution in eastern Tibet during the India‐Eurasia collision has attracted considerable attention because of its critical link to topographic development and plateau growth, but the discussion still persists. In the present study, new and published detrital zircon U‐Pb ages are integrated from Pliocene‐Early Pleistocene Xigeda Formation (XGD) and modern river sands to decipher the paleo‐drainage evolution in eastern Tibet. The results confirm the eastward flow of the Jinsha River before the Pliocene, but the drainage patterns of its major tributaries (Dadu, Yalong, and Anning) in the Pliocene, differ from the modern ones. In conjunction with the previously documented fluvial incision in eastern Tibet, we interpreted that the excavation of the Paleo‐Xigeda lake in Early Pleistocene time initiated and accentuated incision of the Jinsha River and its major tributaries. This led to drainage reorganization and the modern river pattern establishment in eastern Tibet.
Robust Evaluation of ENSO in Climate Models: How Many Ensemble Members Are Needed?
Authors: Lee Jiwoo , Planton Yann Y. , Gleckler Peter J. , Sperber Kenneth R. , Guilyardi Eric , Wittenberg Andrew T. , McPhaden Michael J. , Pallotta Giuliana
Published: October 2021

Large ensembles of model simulations require considerable resources, and thus defining an appropriate ensemble size for a particular application is an important experimental design criterion. We estimate the ensemble size (N) needed to assess a model’s ability to capture observed El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) behavior by utilizing the recently developed International CLIVAR ENSO Metrics Package. Using the larger ensembles available from CMIP6 and the US CLIVAR Large Ensemble Working Group, we find that larger ensembles are needed to robustly capture baseline ENSO characteristics (N > 50) and physical processes (N > 50) than the background climatology (N ≥ 12) and remote ENSO teleconnections (N ≥ 6). While these results vary somewhat across metrics and models, our study quantifies how larger ensembles are required to robustly evaluate simulated ENSO behavior, thereby providing some guidance for the design of model ensembles.
Seismic Evidence of Mid‐Mantle Water Transport Beneath the Yellowstone Region
Authors: Frazer William D. , Park Jeffrey
Published: October 2021

Earth's mantle transition zone (MTZ) is a possible global water reservoir and may be responsible for long‐term (∼100 Ma) ocean‐mass regulation. Estimates of water capacities in MTZ minerals are ∼1 wt%, far greater than that of rocks of the surrounding mantle. When water‐rich material is displaced from the MTZ, partial melting occurs, generating a sharp reduction in seismic velocities detectable with seismic receiver functions (RFs). We estimated RFs for the MTZ beneath the Yellowstone region using earthquakes recorded by ∼200 stations of the Earthscope Transportable Array. We found many LVZs both above and below the MTZ, consistent with water release upon phase transformation of hydrated MTZ rock into upper‐ and lower‐mantle mineral assemblages with low water capacities. The locations of LVZs are consistent with mid‐mantle flow induced by descent of a Farallon‐slab fragment and ascent of the deeply rooted Yellowstone plume as imaged by seismic tomography.
The Effect of Authigenic Clays on Fault Zone Permeability
Authors: Farrell N. J. C. , Debenham N. , Wilson L. , Wilson M. J. , Healy D. , King R. C. , Holford S. P. , Taylor C. W.
Published: October 2021

Clays are understood to form the majority of fluid‐flow barriers in faulted reservoirs and numerous fault gouge and fault seal studies have quantified the volumes of smeared and abraded clays create fluid‐flow barriers along fault surfaces. However, clay‐related permeability adjacent to the fault surface, including in the fault damage zone, has largely been neglected. Previous studies have shown the morphology and distribution of unfaulted authigenic clays, and not just clay volume, exert a significant control on the magnitude of permeability. However, fault‐related studies have neither characterized deformed authigenic clays nor addressed their influence on fluid‐flow. In this study laboratory permeabilities of faulted, authigenic clay bearing sandstones sampled from the Otway basin (Australia) and the Orcadian basin (UK) present trends which; (a) do not correspond to expected patterns of fluid‐flow in faulted clay‐bearing sandstones and, (b) cannot be explained using published models of permeability related to changing clay volume. Microscopic analysis shows that faulting has disaggregated authigenic clays and, similarly to framework grain deformation, comminuted and sheared clay grains. However, instead of impeding fluid‐flow, analysis of pore networks (using mercury injection porosimetry) showed that faulting of authigenic clays has increased pore connectivity, contributing to increased magnitude of permeability and development of permeability anisotropy. Contrary to published results of faulting and fluid‐flow in impure sandstones, our results show that fault related processes involving the formation of clays in the fault zone can increase permeability and reduce the capillary threshold pressures of fault rocks relative to the unfaulted host rock.
CAPE Threshold for Lightning Over the Tropical Ocean
Authors: Cheng Wei‐Yi , Kim Daehyun , Holzworth Robert H.
Published: October 2021

We investigate the relationship between convective available potential energy (CAPE), precipitation, the number and size of storms and overshooting tops, and lightning stroke density (f) over the Central America region. While f increases almost linearly with CAPE1/2 over land, f is nearly muted over the ocean when CAPE is small. In the high‐CAPE regime, on the contrary, oceanic storms produce as many lightning flashes as land storms. We show that individual oceanic storms are smaller and contain fewer overshooting tops compared to land storms, although the difference exists across low‐ and high‐CAPE regimes. While f increases as individual storm size increases, the storm size required to produce lightning appears to be disproportionately high in the low‐CAPE regime, likely due to the stronger entrainment effect. The entrainment effect on f in the low‐CAPE regime appears to be much weaker over land. Applying the CAPE threshold for lightning over the ocean to the CAPE‐based lightning parameterization scheme of Romps et al. (2014), https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1259100 improves its performance, in particular, at representing the land‐sea contrast in f.
Climate Process Team: Improvement of Ocean Component of NOAA Climate Forecast System Relevant to Madden‐Julian Oscillation Simulations
Authors: Shinoda Toshiaki , Pei Suyang , Wang Wanqiu , Fu Joshua X. , Lien Ren‐Chieh , Seo Hyodae , Soloviev Alexander
Published: October 2021

Given the increasing attention in forecasting weather and climate on the subseasonal time scale in recent years, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) announced to support Climate Process Teams (CPTs) which aim to improve the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) prediction by NOAA’s global forecasting models. Our team supported by this CPT program focuses primarily on the improvement of upper ocean mixing parameterization and air‐sea fluxes in the NOAA Climate Forecast System (CFS). Major improvement includes the increase of the vertical resolution in the upper ocean and the implementation of General Ocean Turbulence Model (GOTM) in CFS. In addition to existing mixing schemes in GOTM, a newly developed scheme based on observations in the tropical ocean, with further modifications, has been included. A better performance of ocean component is demonstrated through one‐dimensional ocean model and ocean general circulation model simulations validated by the comparison with in‐situ observations. These include a large sea surface temperature (SST) diurnal cycle during the MJO suppressed phase, intraseasonal SST variations associated with the MJO, ocean response to atmospheric cold pools, and deep cycle turbulence. Impact of the high‐vertical resolution of ocean component on CFS simulation of MJO‐associated ocean temperature variations is evident. Also, the magnitude of SST changes caused by high‐resolution ocean component is sufficient to influence the skill of MJO prediction by CFS.
Application of Deep Learning for Imaging‐Based Stream Gaging
Authors: Vanden Boomen Ryan L. , Yu Zeyun , Liao Qian
Published: October 2021

Stream gages are critically important for measuring stream flow in water resources management. Stream gages monitor and record flow and water stage within some water body. The United States Geological Survey maintains a network of stream gages across the country. Many of these sites are also equipped with webcams to gather real‐time river information, especially in flood flows. Remotely measuring flow discharge using particle image tracking has been researched intensively. This study demonstrates a process for training a deep neural network that will utilize the webcam and stream gage data to generate a water stage prediction based on webcam captured river images. This study presents the experiments on stream gages located at the Clear Creek in Iowa, Auglaize River in Ohio, and Milwaukee River in Wisconsin. The process outlined utilizes transfer learning and well‐known image classification models as a basis for a generalized river stage regression model. Across the training, validation, and deployment experiments, the developed process shows success in creating an accurate model for these testing sites of different perspective settings. The results of this study show confidence in future studies utilizing ground‐level remote stream gaging with Machine Learning‐enabled image regression.
A meta-analysis of effectiveness of real-world studies of antipsychotics in schizophrenia: Are the results consistent with the findings of randomized controlled trials?
Authors: Katona Lajos , Bitter István , Czobor Pál
Published: October 2021

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been considered as gold standard for establishing the efficacy and safety of investigational new drugs; nonetheless, the generalizability of their findings has been questioned. To address this issue, an increasing number of naturalistic studies and real-world database analyses have been conducted. The question of how much information from these two approaches is congruent or discrepant with each other is of great importance for the clinical practice. To answer this question, we focused on data from the antipsychotic (AP) treatment of schizophrenia. Our aim was two-fold: to conduct a meta-analysis of real-world studies (RWS), and to compare the results of RWS meta-analysis with previously published meta-analyses of RCTs. The principal measure of effectiveness was all-cause treatment discontinuation for both RWS and RCTs (when not available, then drop out for RCTs). We included publications for 8 selected APs (oral formulations of amisulpride, aripiprazole, clozapine, haloperidol, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and long-acting injectable (LAI) risperidone). We identified 11 RWS and 7 RCT meta-analyses for inclusion. Our results indicated that the RWS yielded statistically conclusive and consistent findings across individual investigations. For the overwhelming majority of the comparisons where both RWS and RCT meta-analyses were available, there was good congruency between the RWS and the RCT results. Our results support that RCTs, despite their limitations, provide evidence which is generalizable to real-world settings. This is an important finding for both regulators and clinicians. RWS can provide guidance for situations where no evidence is available from double-blind clinical trials.
Isotope data from amino acids indicate Darwin’s ground sloth was not an herbivore
Authors: Tejada Julia V. , Flynn John J. , MacPhee Ross , O’Connell Tamsin C. , Cerling Thure E. , Bermudez Lizette , Capuñay Carmen , Wallsgrove Natalie , Popp Brian N.
Published: October 2021

Fossil sloths are regarded as obligate herbivores for reasons including peculiarities of their craniodental morphology and that all living sloths feed exclusively on plants. We challenge this view based on isotopic analyses of nitrogen of specific amino acids, which show that Darwin’s ground sloth Mylodon darwinii was an opportunistic omnivore. This direct evidence of omnivory in an ancient sloth requires reevaluation of the ecological structure of South American Cenozoic mammalian communities, as sloths represented a major component of these ecosystems across the past 34 Myr. Furthermore, by analyzing modern mammals with known diets, we provide a basis for reliable interpretation of nitrogen isotopes of amino acids of fossils. We argue that a widely used equation to determine trophic position is unnecessary, and that the relative isotopic values of the amino acids glutamate and phenylalanine alone permit reliable reconstructions of trophic positions of extant and extinct mammals.
A review of enrichment methods for circulating tumor cells: from single modality to hybrid modality
Authors: Zhang Yi , Li Yifu , Tan Zhongchao
Published: October 2021

This paper reviews recent advances in enrichment methods for circulating tumor cells (CTCs) with special attention to hybrid-modality methods.
Detection of aldehydes by gold nanoparticle colorimetric array based on Tollens' reagent
Authors: Zhang Qinghai , Li Jiawei , Wang You , Ma Yi , He Miao , Zhao Dong , Huo Danqun , Lu Laichun , Hou Changjun
Published: October 2021

Aldehydes are very common pollutants and many are possible human carcinogens. Herein, we report an easy-to-operate and low-cost method for discrimination of diverse aldehydes.
Accessing three oxidation states of cobalt in M6L3 nanoprisms with cobalt–porphyrin walls
Authors: Blackburn P. Thomas , Mansoor Iram F. , Dutton Kaitlyn G. , Tyryshkin Alexei M. , Lipke Mark C.
Published: October 2021

Pt2+-linked M6L3 nanoprisms with cobalt–porphyrin walls were prepared and their redox properties were evaluated, leading to the first time that cobalt–porphyrin nanocages have been characterized in CoI, CoII, and CoIII states.
On the origin of reactivity variation upon sequential ligation: the [Re(Cl)x]+/CH4 (x = 1–3) couples
Authors: Yan Linghui , Li Shihan , Zhou Shaodong
Published: October 2021

The reactivity of the clusters decreases in turn as the number of chlorine ligands increases!
Van der Waals heterostructure of graphene and germanane: tuning the ohmic contact by electrostatic gating and mechanical strain
Authors: Bafekry A. , Karbasizadeh S. , Faraji M. , Khatibani A. Bagheri , Sarsari I. Abdolhosseini , Gogova D. , Ghergherehchi M.
Published: October 2021

Correction for ‘Van der Waals heterostructure of graphene and germanane: tuning the ohmic contact by electrostatic gating and mechanical strain’ by A. Bafekry et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2021, DOI: 10.1039/D1CP03632G.
Highly-stable PEN as a gas-barrier substrate for flexible displays via atomic layer infiltration
Authors: Li Yun , Wen Di , Zhang Yinghao , Lin Yuan , Cao Kun , Yang Fan , Chen Rong
Published: October 2021

The prolonged exposure time in ALI process benefited the infiltration of precursors into the subsurface of polymer substrates, and the modified PEN substrate with tuned surface chemistry showed excellent barrier property and mechanical stability.
Five shades of green: substituent influence on the (spectro-) electrochemical properties of diferrocenyl(phenyl)methylium dyes
Authors: Casper Larissa A. , Ebel Viktoria , Linseis Michael , Winter Rainer F.
Published: October 2021

Five new, green diferrocenyl(phenyl)methylium ions and their corresponding carbinol precursors were prepared and scrutinized for their spectroscopic, structural and electrochemical properties.
Ru@N/S/TiO2/rGO: a high performance HER electrocatalyst prepared by dye-sensitization
Authors: Jia Hai-Lang , Zhao Jiao , Wang Zhiyuan , Chen Rui-Xin , Guan Ming-Yun
Published: October 2021

A high performance HER catalyst Ru@N/S/TiO2/rGO was prepared by a dye-sensitization strategy, and showed almost the same excellent catalytic effects as Pt/C.
Straightforward formation of dianionic acetonylate: self-assembly of mercury(ii) with pyridyl donor ligands in acetone
Authors: Hong Kangsan , Lim Sangwoo , Moon Heehun , Kim Dongwon , Kim Dongwook , Jung Ok-Sang
Published: October 2021

Self-assembly of Hg(ClO4)2 with a horse-shoe type ligand in acetone at room temperature produces single crystals consisting of [Hg4(ClO4)4(CH2COCH2)2L2]·CH3COCH3via straightforward formation of dianionic acetonylate −CH2COCH2− in high yields.
Non-fullerene acceptors with hetero-dihalogenated terminals induce significant difference in single crystallography and enable binary organic solar cells with 17.5% efficiency
Authors: Wang Lai , An Qiaoshi , Yan Lu , Bai Hai-Rui , Jiang Mengyun , Mahmood Asif , Yang Can , Zhi Hongfu , Wang Jin-Liang
Published: October 2021

A synergistic hetero-dihalogenated terminals strategy was systematically employed for the first time to enhance single-crystal packing, boosting the device performance of a Y-BO-FCl:PM6 device with a remarkable PCE of 17.52%.
Photoinduced remote heteroaryl migration accompanied by cyanoalkylacylation in continuous flow
Authors: Duan Xiu , Sun Qi , Yuan Xin , Qin Long-Zhou , Zhang Xin-Peng , Liu Jie , Wu Meng-Yu , Zhu Shan-Shan , Ma Can-Liang , Qiu Jiang-Kai , Guo Kai
Published: October 2021

We have reported a photocatalyzed C–C bond cleavage/C–N bond formation cyanoalkylacylation reaction through the remote C-center to N-center heteroaryl migration under mild conditions using the microflow technique.
Near infrared bioimaging and biosensing with semiconductor and rare-earth nanoparticles: recent developments in multifunctional nanomaterials
Authors: Skripka Artiom , Mendez-Gonzalez Diego , Marin Riccardo , Ximendes Erving , del Rosal Blanca , Jaque Daniel , Rodríguez-Sevilla Paloma
Published: October 2021

This review highlights the very recent examples of near infrared contrast agents employed for multivariate diagnostics, multimodal imaging, and theranostic. Considerations on how to further advance these probes towards real-life use are also given.
Correction: Covalent organic functionalization of graphene nanosheets and reduced graphene oxide via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylide
Authors: Basta Luca , Moscardini Aldo , Fabbri Filippo , Bellucci Luca , Tozzini Valentina , Rubini Silvia , Griesi Andrea , Gemmi Mauro , Heun Stefan , Veronesi Stefano
Published: October 2021

Correction for ‘Covalent organic functionalization of graphene nanosheets and reduced graphene oxide via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylide’ by Luca Basta et al., Nanoscale Adv., 2021, DOI: 10.1039/D1NA00335F.
Asymmetric carrier transport in flexible interface-type memristor enables artificial synapses with sub-femtojoule energy consumption
Authors: Yang June-Mo , Jung Young-Kwang , Lee Ju-Hee , Kim Yong Churl , Kim So-Yeon , Seo Seunghwan , Park Dong-Am , Kim Jeong-Hyeon , Jeong Se-Yong , Han In-Taek , Park Jin-Hong , Walsh Aron , Park Nam-Gyu
Published: October 2021

Flexible and transparent artificial synapse with p-type Cs3Cu2I5 operates with energy consumption as low as 10 aJ μm−2 because of asymmetric carrier transport.
Efficient absorption of ammonia with dialkylphosphate-based ionic liquids
Authors: Zhu Xiao , Shi Yunlan , Zhang Xiaolin , Yuan Lei , Wang Sihan , Zeng Shaojuan , Yu You
Published: October 2021

The influence of temperature, pressure and side chain length on the solubilities of NH3 in dialkylphosphate-based ILs was uncovered.
Host-cell-assisted construction of a folate-engineered nanocarrier based on viral light particles for targeted cancer therapy
Authors: Lv Cheng , Ao Jian , Wang Ji , Tang Man , Liu An-An , Pang Dai-Wen
Published: October 2021

A universal artificial nanocarrier is constructed via the host-cell-assisted modification of multifunctional viral light particles with folate, which enhances the tumor-targeting ability for targeted cancer therapy.
The organocatalytic synthesis of perfluorophenylsulfides via the thiolation of trimethyl(perfluorophenyl)silanes and thiosulfonates
Authors: Luo Jinyun , Lin Muze , Wu Leifang , Cai Zhihua , He Lin , Du Guangfen
Published: October 2021

The organic superbase t-Bu-P4-catalyzed direct thiolation of trimethyl(perfluorophenyl)silanes and thiosulfonates was developed.
Non-metal Lewis acid-catalyzed cross-Claisen condensation for β-keto esters
Authors: Zhang Tianyu , Yang Zhenkun , Zhou Dapeng , Meng Fuliang , Han Zhengyu , Huang Hai
Published: October 2021

In this report, we developed a TBSNTf2-catalyzed cross-Claisen condensation of commercially viable esters for the preparation of β-keto esters that represent an important complement to the Claisen condensation.
Insulin fibrillation control by specific zinc binding sites
Authors: Ben-Shushan Shira , Miller Yifat
Published: October 2021

Herein, we present for the first time a study that identifies the morphology of full-length insulin fibrils in the absence and in the presence of Zn2+ions.
Atomic Fe–N5 catalytic sites embedded in N-doped carbon as a highly efficient oxygen electrocatalyst for zinc–air batteries
Authors: Zhang Huinian , Jia Suping , Shi Xiaolin , Li Ziyuan , Liu Bin , Li Ning , Li Ying , Hu Shengliang , Wang Huiqi
Published: October 2021

FeN5–C/G with the atomic dispersion of Fe–N5 sites was synthesized by a simple method and exhibited enhanced ORR activity in Zn–air batteries compared with commercial 20% Pt/C.
Photochemical CO2 conversion on pristine and Mg-doped gallium nitride (GaN): a comprehensive DFT study based on a cluster model approach
Authors: Butera Valeria , Detz Hermann
Published: October 2021

Photochemical reduction of carbon dioxide into methanol on bare and Mg-doped gallium nitrides. A detailed DFT study to shed light on the photocatalytic activity of this promising material.
Copper-catalyzed regio- and stereoselective fluorocarboalkynylation of alkynes
Authors: Zhao Binlin , Zheng Yukun , Zhu Tianxiang , Wang Mengning , Wang Minyan , Ma Mengtao
Published: October 2021

It is attractive to establish an efficient and practical platform affording functional compounds using readily available feedstocks as starting materials under mild conditions.
Anodic substitution reaction of carbamates in a flow microreactor using a stable emulsion solution
Authors: Mikami Rio , Nakamura Yuto , Shida Naoki , Atobe Mahito
Published: October 2021

An anodic substitution reaction in a flow microreactor using a stable emulsion solution prepared by tandem acoustic emulsification is demonstrated.
An erythrocyte-delivered photoactivatable oxaliplatin nanoprodrug for enhanced antitumor efficacy and immune response
Authors: Wang Na , Deng Zhiqin , Zhu Qi , Zhao Jianxiong , Xie Kai , Shi Peng , Wang Zhigang , Chen Xianfeng , Wang Feng , Shi Jiahai , Zhu Guangyu
Published: October 2021

Strategic illustration of an erythrocyte-delivered and near-infrared photoactivatable oxaliplatin nanoprodrug for enhanced antitumor efficacy and immune response.
Machine learning real space microstructure characteristics from scattering data
Authors: Jones Matthew , Clarke Nigel
Published: October 2021

We show that Gaussian process regression can make excellent predictions of the key characteristics of phase separated microstructures from scattering data, which suggests there is a strong correlation between the two.
Microbial Brazil nut effect
Authors: Srivastava Atul , Kikuchi Kenji , Ishikawa Takuji
Published: October 2021

The work reports a new kind of Brazil nut effect (a non-intuitive granular segregation phenomenon) which occurs due bubbles that are produced by buried microbes inside a completely submerged granular bed.