bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bases para formar comunicadores y periodistas con rigor científico (punto de partida: “comunicología”)
Authors: Ortiz Veas Manuel
Published: October 2016

Postular una verdadera Comunicación Científica y un verdadero Periodismo Científico es el punto primordial y de partida para obtener una comunicación que contribuya al amor hacia este quehacer y a la educación masiva. Para lograrlo es imprescindible una formación seria y rigurosa que comience con Comunicología y luego contemple las siguientes etapas: Conceptualización de la ciencia y la investigación científica; el proceso y etapas que va desde el observar hasta el predecir; los modelos de explicación científica; los conceptos, las leyes y las teorías; los nexos causales y el serendipia; el reportaje de investigación como la mejor forma para difundir el quehacer científico; y educomunicación de la ciencia. Revista Ciencia, Cultura y Sociedad Vol.2 No.2 julio-diciembre 2015; 40-48
An Applied Model for Identification and Evaluation of Factors Affecting Energy Losses of Electric Distribution Network Case Study: Selected Counties of Bushehr Province
Authors: Shahbandarzadeh Hamid , Jamali Gholamreza , FatemehYahosseini Seyedeh
Published: October 2016

From its generation to utilization, some of the electrical energy gets wasted in the process. This loss of energy occurs due to various reasons, one of which is energy loss in distribution networks. Considering the high cost of power generation, it is important to identify factors causing this loss. This study was carried out with the objective of identifying energy loss factors and the importance of each factor. Lack of identification for factors stealing energy, network deterioration, amount of electrical load and the impact of such factors that can have significant influence on energy loss could diverge the path of energy management. Thus, the main objective of this study was to reduce energy loss and its additional costs by developing the concept of identifying influential factors and measuring the effect of each factor especially in different regions. The statistical population of this study comprised of power and energy experts and university professors. The statistical sample included 12 energy experts and their opinions were collected using questionnaires and paired comparisons. Weights of criteria were determined using SWARA technique. COPRAS-G technique was used for measuring the importance of criteria for Bushehr province distribution networks. The importance of criteria are: energy theft, measurement error, amount of load, network deterioration, loose fittings, improper placement of equipment, the amount of voltage, conductor resistance, equipment casualty, location and size of the capacitor, geographical conditions, Size and dimensions of the conductor, leakage, and network arrangements respectively. Distribution network of Assaluyeh region had the highest energy losses.
Redes académicas al interior de las escuelas chilenas: Un estudio exploratorio utilizando Modelos Exponenciales de Grafos Aleatorios (ERGM)
Authors: Palacios Diego , Villalobos Cristóbal
Published: October 2016

El artículo analiza las redes académicas que se producen al interior de aulas chilenas entre estudiantes de Tercer Año Medio (K-11) en distintos tipos de establecimientos, a través de Modelos Exponenciales de Grafos Aleatorios (ERGM). A partir de un modelo analítico que incorpora variables endógenas (reciprocidad, conectividad simple, popularidad, actividad, triangulación) y variables exógenas (género del estudiante, nivel socioeconómico, capital cultural, capital social), se observa que el efecto más importante para explicar las redes académicas se produce por variables endógenas (especialmente por la reciprocidad y triangulación) por sobre el componente exógeno, lo que podría indicar que las relaciones microsociales académicas se configuran, a lo menos en parte, independientemente de las características de los estudiantes. Asimismo, los resultados indican la existencia de relaciones complejas al interior del aula, y algunas diferencias interesantes entre los cursos respecto del efecto de las variables sociales y culturales, lo que podría indicar que algunos patrones de distinción social son relevantes en las interacciones académicas al interior del aula.
Biodiversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi in surface mine spoil restoration stands in Poland – first time recorded, rare, and red-listed species
Authors: Kałucka Izabela Lidia , Jagodziński Andrzej M. , Nowiński Mirosław
Published: October 2016

Results of mycological research conducted in the years 2001–2013 in the restoration stands growing on reclaimed mine spoils are presented. Four opencast lignite mine spoil heaps in Poland were examined: Pątnów-Jóźwin, Adamów, Mt Kamieńsk, and Turów. The paper focuses on 71 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi: recorded for the first time in the country (16 taxa), currently red-listed (23 taxa), known from few localities only (32 taxa). Notes on their ecology and habitats are provided, as well as their distribution in Europe and in Poland. Restoration tree stands, established as part of the reclamation process of mine spoils, form a unique habitat for many rare and interesting fungal taxa. Among them are pioneer species, species known mainly from Northern Europe or mountainous locations, highly specialized and narrow-niche taxa, and many threatened species. Afforested mine spoils contribute significantly to the fungal biodiversity, both at a local and at a larger scale.
A Pesquisa como espelho dos nossos desejos
Authors:   Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Müller Maristela
Published: October 2016

O que a pesquisa pode dizer acerca do pesquisador? Como nossos gostos e desejos se revelam no objeto de investigação? Essas formam algumas perguntas que permearam a escrita do presente artigo, que busca questionar o que a pesquisa pode falar sobre quem a realiza. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa se apresenta como um espelho dos nossos desejos, pois reflete os gostos, amores e aspirações do pes-quisador. Revela a capacidade de articular as evidências empíricas com os afetos explicativos. Mostra suas buscas e seu posicionamento, a partir do objeto e da teoria referenciada. O que mais está sendo refletido?
Entre conceitos e metodologias: considerações sobre o ato de escrever uma dissertação
Authors:   Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Salun Fábio
Published: October 2016

Apesar de ainda estar em processo de iniciar minha primeira dissertação busco por meio dessa reflexão fazer algumas considerações sobre o que venho passando e entendendo por uma pesquisa acadêmica. Pretendo me deter nos aspectos metodológicos da pesquisa, mas também em algumas outras questões que me parecem presentes durante o processo. Para concluir faço algumas considerações sobre o trabalho que venho fazendo e coloco a pesquisa como algo em aberto, que acontece no seu fazer e que exige do pesquisador uma relação intima com ela.
The influence of thermal treatments on the antioxidant activity and colour of chokeberry (aronia menocarpa) extract
Authors: Cristea Elena
Published: October 2016

Natural ingredients are an important trend in the present day food industry since manufacturers are demanding natural food dyes originating from concentrates of plant origin. However, if the use of plant extracts as technological additives is intended, their stability should be evaluated. This paper presents research on the stability of a 50% ethanolic extract of chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) from the Republic of Moldova. The extract was subjected to various thermal regimes, i.e. -2 °C for 12 hours; 4 °C for 12 hours; 40 °C for 15 minutes, 60 °C for 15 minutes, 80 °C for 15 minutes and 100 °C for 2 minutes, after which the antioxidant activity and the colour parameters (CIELab) were evaluated. Three sets of extracts were also stored for 2 weeks at -2 °C; 4 °C; and 25-30 °C and afterwards the parameters mentioned above were measured once again. Furthermore, total content of polyphenols was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The antioxidant activity was stable at temperatures under 0 °C and temperatures as high as 100°C, as well as during storage at -2 °C, 4 °C and 25-30 °C. High temperatures however decreased the value of luminosity, and increased the redness, the yellowness and the chroma value which reached a maximum value of 55.66 after the extract was subjected to 100 °C for 2 minutes. Storage at room temperature significantly affected the luminosity of the extract by increasing its value from 42.36 to 50.22. For most treatments, the colour was stable and was not significantly modified. 
Bioactive components, antioxidative properties and inhibition of Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation of mango peel as affected by the storage of mango fruit
Authors: Foluso Adetuyi , A. Makinde , I. Adeyemi , V. Timothy
Published: October 2016

This study sought to evaluate the bioactive components (total phenolics, vitamin C and flavonoid), antioxidant properties (FRAP, and hydroxyl, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging abilities) and inhibition of Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation of the peel of mango fruit stored at refrigeration temperature and room temperature. The peel of mango fruit stored at room temperature had significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher contents of total phenolic (13.61 mg GAE/g), vitamin C (12.98 mg AAE/g), total flavonoid (4.49 mg QE/g) and non-flavonoid (9.12 mg Qe/g) than the peel of freshly harvested mango fruit and the peel of mango fruit stored at refrigeration temperature. In consonance with the bioactive components, the peel of mango fruit stored at room temperature had a higher FRAP, and hydroxyl, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging abilities than the others. The peel of mango fruit stored at room temperature showed stronger inhibition of Fe2+ induced lipid peroxidation by exhibiting the least IC50 (1.44 mg/ml in brain), (1.43 mg/ml in pancreas) and (1.88 mg/ml in kidney). Thus freshly harvested, matured, edible and just ripe mango fruit (Sheri Mango) could be stored at room temperature and be consumed with the peel.
Assessment of nutritional composition in elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius Dennst- Nicolson) cultivars
Authors: Singh Amit , Chaurasiya Arvind , Mitra Surajit
Published: October 2016

Elephant foot yams make a significant contribution to diets in tribal people of India. However, there is insufficient study of their nutritional and antioxidant value. In this paper the various traits of eleven cultivars of elephant foot yam: BCA-1, BCA-2, BCA-4, BCA-5, BCA-6, NDA-4, NDA-5, NDA-9, IGAM-1, AC-28 and Gajendra were studied and observed during the growth and development stage. The cultivar of BCA-6 contained the maximum amount of starch and total phenol at 100 Days After Planting (DAP) while cv., NDA-9 and NDA-5 showed the maximum content of starch and total phenol at 250 DAP respectively. However, the cultivar BCA-1 stored the maximum amount of carbohydrate at 100 DAP whereas ascorbic acid and β-carotene content was highest at 250 DAP. The protein amount was maximum in cv., BCA-2 and AC-28 at 100 and 250 DAP respectively. This information will provide breeders with the ability to develop desirable types of elephant foot yams having high yields and better nutritional profiles.
Reproducibility and correlation between meat shear force measurements by Warner-Bratzler machine and a texturometer
Authors: Arantes-Pereira Lucas , C. Vargas Flavia , C. de C. Balieiro Julio , Monica Q. B. Bittante Ana , J. do A. Sobral Paulo
Published: October 2016

Tenderness has a prominent position on meat quality and is considered to be the sensory characteristic that most influences meat acceptance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and determine correlations among three different meat shear force techniques. Commercial samples of bovine Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (BLTL), Tensor fasciae latae (BTFL), Semitendinosus (BST), Psoas major (BPM), Biceps femoris (BBF) and swine Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (PLTL) were analyzed for pH, proximate composition, cooking loss and shear force with a classical Warner-Bratzler device and a TA-XT2 Texturometer equipped with shear blades 1 and 3 mm thick. The effect of different techniques in each studied muscle was statistically analyzed and regression curves were built. Results from the 1 mm blade were quite similar to the ones obtained with the Warner-Bratzler, however the results from 3 mm blade were overestimated (p<0.05). Significant correlation (p<0.01) among shear force technique using Warner-Bratzler and the ones using the Texturometer was observed (0.47 for 1 mm blade and 0.57 for the 3 mm blade). In conclusion, we found that the 1 mm blade and the Warner-Bratzler machine are reproducible for all tested muscles, while the 3 mm blade is not reproducible for the BTFL, BST, BPM, BBF, PLTL. There is a significant correlation between the results obtained by the classical Warner-Bratzler and the TA XT2 Texturometer equipped with both blades. Therefore, TA-XT2 Texturometer equipped with the 1mm blade can perfectly replace the traditional Warner-Bratzler device.
Antioxidant activities and inhibitory effects of free and bound polyphenols from date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seeds on starch digestive enzymes
Authors: Sirisena Sameera , Ng Ken , Ajlouni Said
Published: October 2016

Date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seeds have gained interest as a valuable by-product of the date fruit industry and have been identified as a rich source of functional and bioactive ingredients. In this study, date seeds from five varieties (Medjool, Deglet Nour, Barhee, Bou Sthammi and Dayrie) cultivated in Australia were analysed for their total phenolic and flavonoid contents, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and in-vitro inhibition against α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The date seed powders (DSP) were extracted with acetone-methanol-water (2:2:1, v:v:v) to obtain free polyphenols. The bound polyphenols were extracted from the residual solids with butanolHCl (97.5:2.5; v/v) treatment at 100 °C. The greatest quantities of total phenols (4166±227 mg Gallic Acid Equivalents 100g−1 DSP), total flavonoids (52.1±9.6 mg Quercetin Equivalents 100g−1 DSP), FRAP (1589±47 µmol Iron (II) Equivalents g−1 DSP) and TEAC (45.2±1.4 µmol Trolox Equivalents g −1 DSP) were detected in seeds from Deglet Nour variety. Both free and bound polyphenol fractions showed significant (p<0.05) inhibition against rat intestinal α-glucosidase with little or no inhibition against pancreatic α-amylase. Bound polyphenols showed stronger α-glucosidase inhibition compared with free polyphenols. The IC50 for α-glucosidase were reported as mg GAE mL−1 ranged from 0.39±0.02 (Deglet Nour ) to 0.68±0.02 (Medjool) for bound polyphenols, and from 0.907±0.08 (Medjool) to 1.75±0.15 (Barhee-khalal) for free polyphenols. Bound polyphenol fraction, with strong α-glucosidase inhibition and weak α-amylase inhibition, was suggested as a significant source of functional food ingredients with anti-hyperglycaemic properties.
The Glide/Gcm fate determinant controls initiation of collective cell migration by regulating Frazzled
Authors: Gupta Tripti , Kumar Arun , Cattenoz Pierre B. , VijayRaghavan K , Giangrande Angela
Published: October 2016

Collective migration is a complex process that contributes to build precise tissue and organ architecture. Several molecules implicated in cell interactions also control collective migration, but their precise role and the finely tuned expression that orchestrates this complex developmental process are poorly understood. Here, we show that the timely and threshold expression of the Netrin receptor Frazzled triggers the initiation of glia migration in the developing Drosophila wing. Frazzled expression is induced by the transcription factor Glide/Gcm in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, the glial determinant also regulates the efficiency of collective migration. NetrinB but not NetrinA serves as a chemoattractant and Unc5 contributes as a repellant Netrin receptor for glia migration. Our model includes strict spatial localization of a ligand, a cell autonomously acting receptor and a fate determinant that act coordinately to direct glia toward their final destination.
Skin deep
Authors: Casas-Sánchez Aitor , Acosta-Serrano Álvaro
Published: October 2016

Trypanosome parasites are hiding in human skin, a discovery that may undermine efforts to eliminate sleeping sickness by 2020.
On-surface molecular nanoarchitectonics: From self-assembly to directed assembly
Authors: Wakayama Yutaka
Published: October 2016

The rogress of on-surface molecular nanoarchitectonics over the last two decades has been reviewed. Over the early period in the 1990s–2000s, molecular self-assemblies were intensively studied, where van der Waals (vdW) interaction was predominant. After that, in the 2000s, selective intermolecular interactions based on hydrogen bonds and metal–molecule coordination enabled one to direct the assembling behaviors. Here, the concept of this directed assembly is opposite to that of the vdW-based self-assembly because the resulting architectures are purposefully tailored by programing intermolecular interaction. These efforts brought forth fruit in the on-surface syntheses of covalent bond networks. Particularly in the 2010s, on-surface covalent coupling was applied to graphene nanoribbons, where widths and edge structures can be precisely defined on the atomic scale. These works have the potential to bridge fundamental material nanoarchitectonics and functional device fabrication. In this paper, such a historical development of on-surface molecular nanoarchitectonics is reviewed, with the specific emphasis on the superiority of scanning tunneling microscopy.
Evolution of magnetic properties and domain structures in Co/Ni multilayers
Authors: Su Xianpeng , Jin Tianli , Wang Ying , Ren Yang , Wang Lianwen , Bai Jianmin , Cao Jiangwei
Published: October 2016

Co/Ni multilayers with different layer thicknesses and repetition numbers were fabricated by magnetron sputtering. The films with appropriate Co and Ni layer thicknesses show strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. The results of magnetic force microscopy indicate that the films show a maze domain in the demagnetization state and that the domain width decreases with increasing layer thickness and repetition number. The magnetostatic and domain wall energies of the film stack were calculated on the basis of an irregular maze domain pattern. The results suggest that the magnetostatic energy is the main reason for the variation of the domain width in Co/Ni multilayers.
Azygos Vein Z Scores in Healthy Fetuses and Fetuses With Venous Malformations Related to the Azygos Vein
Authors: Wu Li-Hong , Xie Hong-Ning , Paladini Dario , Zheng Ju , Du Liu , Lin Mei-Fang
Published: October 2016

Objectives

To establish fetal azygos vein and descending aorta sonographic Z score formulas based on femur length and gestational age and to determine the value of azygos vein diameter variation for potential use in the diagnosis of fetal venous malformations related to the azygos vein.

Methods

A total of 452 healthy singleton fetuses and 25 fetuses with venous malformations related to the azygos vein underwent prenatal sonography in this retrospective study. Azygos vein and descending aorta diameters were measured offline after spatiotemporal image correlation volume acquisition. Normal azygos vein and descending aorta Z score formulas were constructed for these measurements based on femur length by performing standard regression analysis followed by weighted regression of absolute residual values. The azygos vein‐to‐descending aorta ratio was calculated. Three parameters were compared between venous malformations related to the azygos vein and healthy fetuses.

Results

Azygos vein and descending aorta Z score formulas were constructed. Both showed a positive linear correlation with femur length (r = 0.79 and 0.90, respectively; P < .01) and gestational age (r = 0.79 and 0.91; P < .01). The azygos vein Z scores and azygos vein‐to‐descending aorta ratios of fetuses with malformations were significantly higher than those of healthy fetuses (P < .01). In the abnormal group, 96.0% of azygos vein Z scores (24 of 25) were greater than ±2, and 96.0% of azygos vein‐to‐descending aorta ratios (24 of 25) were greater than the 95% confidence interval.

Conclusions

The azygos vein Z score formulas we developed can provide a quantitative basis for prenatal screening of venous malformations related to the azygos vein. Azygos vein dilatation and an abnormal azygos vein‐to‐descending aorta ratio may contribute to increasing the recognition of venous malformations involving the azygos vein.
Identification of the interaction domains between α‐ and γ‐subunits of GlcNAc‐1‐phosphotransferase
Authors: Velho Renata Voltolini , De Pace Raffaella , Tidow Henning , Braulke Thomas , Pohl Sandra
Published: October 2016

The disease‐associated hexameric N‐acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)‐1‐phosphotransferase complex (α2β2γ2) catalyzes the formation of mannose 6‐phosphate residues on lysosomal enzymes required for efficient targeting to lysosomes. Using pull‐down experiments and mutant subunits, we identified a potential loop‐like region in the α‐subunits comprising residues 535–588 and 645–698 involved in the binding to γ‐subunits. The interaction is independent of the mannose 6‐phosphate receptor homology domain but requires the N‐terminal unstructured part of the γ‐subunit consisting of residues 26–69. These studies provide new insights into structural requirements for the assembly of the GlcNAc‐1‐phosphotransferase complex, and the functions of distinct domains of the α‐ and γ‐subunits.
MicroRNA‐105 targets SOX9 and inhibits human glioma cell progression
Authors: Liu Xiyao , Wang Huiqing , Zhu Zhiyun , Ye Yongyi , Mao Hengxu , Zhang Shizhong
Published: October 2016

Growing evidence indicates that microRNA (miRNA) play vital roles in glioma progression by directly regulating multiple targets. Here, we found that miR‐105 expression was significantly decreased and inversely correlated with SOX9 mRNA expression in glioma tissues. SOX9 was identified as a direct target of miR‐105. miR‐105 up‐regulation repressed the expression of SOX9, TCF4, c‐MYC, cyclin D1, and AXIN2 and suppressed glioma cell progression. Restoration of SOX9 or TCF4 abolished the effect of miR‐105 on glioma cell progression. SOX9 down‐regulation had similar effects as miR‐105 up‐regulation on glioma progression. Moreover, TCF4 restoration rescued the effect of SOX9 down‐regulation on glioma progression. Altogether, these findings suggested that miR‐105 functions as a potential tumor suppressor by regulating the SOX9/TCF4 axis in glioma.
Phytoplankton size impact on export flux in the global ocean
Authors: Mouw Colleen B. , Barnett Audrey , McKinley Galen A. , Gloege Lucas , Pilcher Darren
Published: October 2016

Efficiency of the biological pump of carbon to the deep ocean depends largely on biologically mediated export of carbon from the surface ocean and its remineralization with depth. Global satellite studies have primarily focused on chlorophyll concentration and net primary production (NPP) to understand the role of phytoplankton in these processes. Recent satellite retrievals of phytoplankton composition now allow for the size of phytoplankton cells to be considered. Here we improve understanding of phytoplankton size structure impacts on particle export, remineralization, and transfer. A global compilation of particulate organic carbon (POC) flux estimated from sediment traps and 234Th are utilized. Annual climatologies of NPP, percent microplankton, and POC flux at four time series locations and within biogeochemical provinces are constructed. Parameters that characterize POC flux versus depth (export flux ratio, labile fraction, and remineralization length scale) are fit for time series locations, biogeochemical provinces, and times of the year dominated by small and large phytoplankton cells where phytoplankton cell size show enough dynamic range over the annual cycle. Considering all data together, our findings support the idea of high export flux but low transfer efficiency in productive regions and vice versa for oligotrophic regions. However, when parsing by dominant size class, we find periods dominated by small cells to have both greater export flux efficiency and lower transfer efficiency than periods when large cells comprise a greater proportion of the phytoplankton community.
The 2π charged particles analyzer: All‐sky camera concept and development for space missions
Authors: Vaisberg O. , Berthellier J.‐J. , Moore T. , Avanov L. , Leblanc F. , Leblanc F. , Moiseev P. , Moiseenko D. , Becker J. , Collier M. , Laky G. , Keller J. , Koynash G. , Lichtenneger H. , Leibov A. , Zhuravlev R. , Shestakov A. , Burch J. , McComas D. , Shuvalov S. , Chornay D. , Torkar K.
Published: October 2016

Increasing the temporal resolution and instant coverage of velocity space of space plasma measurements is one of the key issues for experimentalists. Today, the top‐hat plasma analyzer appears to be the favorite solution due to its relative simplicity and the possibility to extend its application by adding a mass‐analysis section and an electrostatic angular scanner. Similarly, great success has been achieved in MMS mission using such multiple top‐hat analyzers to achieve unprecedented temporal resolution. An instantaneous angular coverage of charged particles measurements is an alternative approach to pursuing the goal of high time resolution. This was done with 4‐D Fast Omnidirectional Nonscanning Energy Mass Analyzer and, to a lesser extent, by DYMIO instruments for Mars‐96 and with the Fast Imaging Plasma Spectrometer instrument for MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging mission. In this paper we describe, along with precursors, a plasma analyzer with a 2π electrostatic mirror that was developed originally for the Phobos‐Soil mission with a follow‐up in the frame of the BepiColombo mission and is under development for future Russian missions. Different versions of instrument are discussed along with their advantages and drawbacks.
On temporal variation of reconnection rate and X line electric field structure
Authors: Shimizu K. , Fujimoto M. , Shinohara I.
Published: October 2016

We have inspected how the reconnection rate and electric field structure around an X line vary in response to macroscopic circumstances surrounding the X line. In a very simple simulation of two‐dimensional collisionless magnetic reconnection, wherein reconnection is initiated in a thin current sheet with antiparallel magnetic field bounded by a periodic boundary, the reconnection rate increases explosively, hits a peak, slowly declines, and then reconnection terminates. This temporal variation of the reconnection rate at an X line is affected by the condition outside the X line, but it has not been clear how the X line senses the external conditions. By inspecting the associated variation of the spatial structure of the out‐of‐plane electric field, we found that the out‐of‐plane electric field at the outer edge of the outer Electron Diffusion Region (oEDR) plays a key role in regulating the reconnection rate by communicating the conditions beyond the oEDR to the inner EDR via the electric field profile. We also show that the behavior of the reconnection rate in more complicated situations can be explained from the same perspective.
Inversion of coeval shear and normal stress of Piton de la Fournaise flank displacement
Authors: Tridon Marine , Cayol Valérie , Froger Jean‐Luc , Augier Aurélien , Bachèlery Patrick
Published: October 2016

The April 2007 eruption of Piton de la Fournaise was the biggest volcano eruptive crisis of the 20th and 21st centuries. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) captured a large coeruptive seaward displacement on the volcano's eastern flank, which continued for more than a year at a decreasing rate. Coeruptive uplift and posteruptive subsidence were also observed. While it is generally agreed that flank displacement is induced by fault slip, we suggest that this flank displacement might have been induced by a sheared sill, based on observations of sheared sills at Piton des Neiges. To test this hypothesis, we develop a new method to invert a quadrangular curved source submitted to simultaneous pressure and shear stress changes. This method, based on boundary elements, is applied to data acquired along six Envisat orbits covering a 14 month period subsequent to the April 2007 eruption. Posteruptive displacement is well explained by closure and slip of a large (5 km by 8 km) and shallow (500 m) trapezoidal fracture parallel to the flank and probably coincident with a lithological discontinuity. We investigate whether thermal contraction or degassing of a coeruptive sill can explain the displacement. Such a sill would have to be 10 times thicker than inferred from the coeruptive uplift and solidification time 10 times shorter (~20 days) than the duration of the posteruptive subsidence (24 to 33 months). Instead, we propose that the posteruptive eastern flank displacement is due to the compaction and ongoing slow slip on a shallow detachment fault.
Airborne measurements of BrO and the sum of HOBr and Br2 over the Tropical West Pacific from 1 to 15 km during the CONvective TRansport of Active Species in the Tropics (CONTRAST) experiment
Authors: Chen Dexian , Huey L. Gregory , Tanner David J. , Salawitch Ross J. , Anderson Daniel C. , Wales Pamela A. , Pan Laura L. , Atlas Elliot L. , Hornbrook Rebecca S. , Apel Eric C. , Blake Nicola J. , Campos Teresa L. , Donets Valeria , Flocke Frank M. , Hall Samuel R. , Hanisco Thomas F. , Hills Alan J. , Honomichl Shawn B. , Jensen Jørgen B. , Kaser Lisa , Montzka Denise D. , Nicely Julie M. , Reeves J. Michael , Riemer Daniel D. , Schauffler Sue M. , Ullmann Kirk , Weinheimer Andrew J. , Wolfe Glenn M.
Published: October 2016

A chemical ionization mass spectrometer was used to measure BrO and HOBr + Br2 over the Tropical West Pacific Ocean within the altitude range of 1 to 15 km, during the CONvective TRansport of Active Species in the Tropics (CONTRAST) campaign in 2014. Isolated episodes of elevated BrO (up to 6.6 pptv) and/or HOBr + Br2 (up to 7.3 pptv) were observed in the tropical free troposphere (TFT) and were associated with biomass burning. However, most of the time we did not observe significant BrO or HOBr + Br2 in the TFT and the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) above our limits of detection (LOD). The 1 min average LOD for BrO ranged from 0.6 to 1.6 pptv and for HOBr + Br2 ranged from 1.3 to 3.5 pptv. During one flight, BrO observations from the TTL to the extratropical lowermost stratosphere were used to infer a profile of inorganic bromine (Bry). Based on this profile, we estimated the product gas injection of bromine species into the stratosphere to be 2 pptv. Analysis of Bry partitioning further indicates that BrO levels are likely very low in the TFT environment and that future studies should target the measurement of HBr or atomic Br.
Expression of mammalian mitochondrial F1‐ATPase in Escherichia coli depends on two chaperone factors, AF1 and AF2
Authors: Suzuki Toshiharu , Iida Naoya , Suzuki Junko , Watanabe Yasunori , Endo Toshiya , Hisabori Toru , Yoshida Masasuke
Published: October 2016

F1‐ATPase (F1) is a multisubunit water‐soluble domain of FoF1‐ATP synthase and is a rotary enzyme by itself. Earlier genetic studies using yeast suggested that two factors, Atp11p and Atp12p, contribute to F1 assembly. Here, we show that their mammalian counterparts, AF1 and AF2, are essential and sufficient for efficient production of recombinant bovine mitochondrial F1 in Escherichia coli cells. Intactness of the function and conformation of the E. coli‐expressed bovine F1 was verified by rotation analysis and crystallization. This expression system opens a way for the previously unattempted mutation study of mammalian mitochondrial F1.
Additional Questions about the Applicability of “False Memory” Research
Authors: Becker‐Blease Kathryn , Freyd Jennifer J.
Published: October 2016

Brewin and Andrews present a strong case that the results of studies on adults' false memories for childhood events yield small and variable effects of questionable practical significance. We discuss some fundamental limitations of the literature available for this review, highlighting key issues in the operationalization of the term ‘false memory’, publication bias, and additional variables that have been insufficiently researched. We discuss the implications of these findings in the real world. Ultimately, we conclude that more work is needed in all of these domains, and appreciate the efforts of these authors to further a careful and evidence‐based discussion of the issues. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tandem Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Fung Man‐Keung , Li Yan‐Qing , Liao Liang‐Sheng
Published: October 2016

A tandem organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) is an organic optoelectronic device that has two or more electroluminescence (EL) units connected electrically in series with unique intermediate connectors within the device. Researchers have studied this new OLED architecture with growing interest and have found that the current efficiency of a tandem OLED containing N EL units (N > 1) should be N times that of a conventional OLED containing only a single EL unit. Therefore, this new architecture is potentially useful for constructing high‐efficiency, high‐luminance, and long‐lifetime OLED displays and organic solid‐state lighting sources. In a tandem OLED, the intermediate connector plays a crucial role in determining the effectiveness of the stacked EL units. The interfaces in the connector control the inner charge generation and charge injection into the adjacent EL units. Meanwhile, the transparency and the thickness of the connector affect the light output of the device. Therefore, the intermediate connector should be made to meet both the electrical and optical requirements for achieving optimal performance. Here, recent advances in the research of the tandem OLEDs is discussed, with the main focus on material selection and interface studies in the intermediate connectors, as well as the optical design of the tandem OLEDs.
Ceria‐based nanomaterials as catalysts for CO oxidation and soot combustion: Effect of Zr‐Pr doping and structural properties on the catalytic activity
Authors: Piumetti Marco , Andana Tahrizi , Bensaid Samir , Fino Debora , Russo Nunzio , Pirone Raffaele
Published: October 2016

In this work, we investigated a set of ceria‐based catalysts prepared by the hydrothermal and solution combustion synthesis. For the first time to our knowledge, we synthesized nanocubes of ceria doped with zirconium and praseodymium. The catalysts were tested for the CO and soot oxidation reactions. These materials exhibited different surface reducibility, as measured by H2‐TPR, CO‐TPR and Soot‐TPR, despite their comparable chemical compositions. As a whole, Soot‐TPR appears a suitable characterization technique for the soot oxidation catalysts, whereas CO‐TPR technique allows to better discriminate among the CO oxidation activities. Praseodymium contributes positively toward the soot oxidation. On the other hand, it has an adverse effect on the CO oxidation over the same catalysts, as compared to pure ceria. The incorporation of zirconium into the ceria lattice does not have a direct beneficial effect on the soot oxidation activity, although it increases the catalyst performances for CO oxidation. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 216–225, 2017
The prevalence of amnion rupture sequence, limb body wall defects and body wall defects in Alberta 1980–2012 with a review of risk factors and familial cases
Authors: Lowry Robert Brian , Bedard Tanya , Sibbald Barbara
Published: October 2016

Prevalence rates of amnion rupture sequence, limb body wall defect, and body wall defects vary widely. Comparisons are difficult due to small case numbers and the lack of agreement of definition, classification, and pathogenesis. This study reports the prevalence of cases classified in five distinct categories. The Alberta Congenital Anomalies Surveillance System data on live births, stillbirths, and terminations of pregnancy (<20 weeks gestation) occurring between 1980 through 2012 with the ICD‐10 Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health Adaptation codes used for congenital constriction bands (Q79.80) and body wall complex (Q89.7) were reviewed. During the 33‐year‐study period, there were 153 eligible cases ascertained from 1,411,652 live births and stillbirths, giving a prevalence of 1.08/10,000 total births. There were more males (52%) than females (45%) and 3% were of unknown sex. The average maternal age, birth weight, and gestation was 27 years, 2,701 g, and 35 weeks, respectively. Limb deficiencies occurred in 78% of cases. Amniotic bands with limb deficiency was the most common phenotype (48%). Digital limb deficiency was the most frequent type (56%); however, cases with body wall defects had more severe types of limb deficiencies. The upper limbs only were affected more times (44%), and there was no side preference. Most cases are sporadic but a number of familial occurrences have been reported although some have insufficient documentation and others misdiagnosed. A review of putative risk factors gives conflicting results. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phosphan‐stabilisierte Borylene und Boryl‐Anionen als Liganden? Redoxaktivität in Bor‐basierten Pinzetten‐Komplexen
Authors: Vondung Lisa , Frank Nicolas , Fritz Maximilian , Alig Lukas , Langer Robert
Published: October 2016

Stabilisierte Borylene (L2BH:) mit schwach π‐akzeptierenden Substituenten L, wie Phosphanen, galten bisher als instabil. Hier beschreiben wir eine Serie von Komplexen, die formal ein Phosphan‐stabilisiertes Borylen oder Boryl‐Anion als Liganden enthalten. Im Unterschied zu gängigen dreibindigen Bor‐Verbindungen agieren die hier beschriebenen Liganden als elektronendonierende Liganden. Die erhaltenen Eisen‐Hydrid‐Komplexe weisen eine ungewöhnliche Reaktivität auf und reagieren reversibel unter reduktiver B‐H‐Eliminierung, die formal mit einer Oxidation der Bor(I)‐Donorgruppe einhergeht.
Tunable Syngas Production from CO2 and H2O in an Aqueous Photoelectrochemical Cell
Authors: Chu Sheng , Fan Shizhao , Wang Yongjie , Rossouw David , Wang Yichen , Botton Gianluigi A. , Mi Zetian
Published: October 2016

Syngas, the mixture of CO and H2, is a key feedstock to produce methanol and liquid fuels in industry, yet limited success has been made to develop clean syngas production using renewable solar energy. We demonstrated that syngas with a benchmark turnover number of 1330 and a desirable CO/H2 ratio of 1:2 could be attained from photoelectrochemical CO2 and H2O reduction in an aqueous medium by exploiting the synergistic co‐catalytic effect between Cu and ZnO. The CO/H2 ratio in the syngas products was tuned in a large range between 2:1 and 1:4 with a total unity Faradaic efficiency. Moreover, a high Faradaic efficiency of 70 % for CO was acheived at underpotential of 180 mV, which is the lowest potential ever reported in an aqueous photoelectrochemical cell. It was found that the combination of Cu and ZnO offered complementary chemical properties that lead to special reaction channels not seen in Cu, or ZnO alone.
Defektmodelle in siliciumreichen Zeolithen: Cluster von Wasserstoffbrücken und ihre Wechselwirkungen mit organischen Strukturdirigenten aus 1H‐Doppel‐ und Tripelquanten‐NMR
Authors: Brunklaus Gunther , Koller Hubert , Zones Stacey I.
Published: October 2016

Interne SiOH‐ und SiO−‐Defektgruppen werden in Si‐reichen Zeolithen während der Synthese unter dem Einfluss organischer Kationen (“structure‐directing agent”, SDA) als negative Ladungszentren gebildet. Diese Arbeit untersucht die Defektcluster und ihre Lokalisierung in den Porenwänden von vier Zeolithen. ZSM‐12, ZSM‐5 und SSZ‐74 zeigen drei SiOH‐Gruppen in einem Defektcluster, in dem sie Wasserstoffbrücken zu einer SiO−‐Gruppe bilden, wohingegen SSZ‐24 nur zwei solche Wasserstoffbrücken aufweist. Die Defekte wechselwirken mit quartären Ammoniumkationen vorzugsweise in der Nähe des Ladungszentrums des SDA, wenn keine sterische Behinderung vorliegt. Die Gerüste von ZSM‐12, ZSM‐5 und SSZ‐24 enthalten verbundene Sechsringe an den Stellen, wo das organische Kation mit den Defekten wechselwirkt. Es wird vorgeschlagen, dass diese Sechsringmuster in den Materialien Si‐O‐Si‐Brückendefekte bilden. SSZ‐74 ist ein Sonderfall, da dieser Zeolith keine ausgedehnten Sechsringmuster enthält.
Catalyst‐Free Formal Thioboration to Synthesize Borylated Benzothiophenes and Dihydrothiophenes
Authors: Faizi Darius J. , Davis Ashlee J. , Meany Fiach B. , Blum Suzanne A.
Published: October 2016

The first ring‐forming thioboration reaction of C−C π bonds is reported. This catalyst‐free method proceeds in the presence of a commercially available external electrophilic boron source (B‐chlorocatecholborane) in good to high yields. The method is scalable and tolerates a variety of functional groups that are intolerant of other major borylation methods. The resulting borylated benzothiophenes participate in a variety of in situ derivatization reactions, showcasing that these borylated intermediates do not need to be isolated prior to downstream functionalization. This methodology has been extended to the synthesis of borylated dihydrothiophenes. Mechanistic experiments suggest that the operative mechanistic pathway is through boron‐induced activation of the alkyne followed by electrophilic cyclization, as opposed to S−B σ bond formation, providing a mechanistically distinct pathway to the thioboration of C−C π bonds.
A Platinum(IV) Anticancer Prodrug Targeting Nucleotide Excision Repair To Overcome Cisplatin Resistance
Authors: Wang Zhigang , Xu Zoufeng , Zhu Guangyu
Published: October 2016

DNA damage response plays a key role not only in maintaining genome integrity but also in mediating the antitumor efficacy of DNA‐damaging antineoplastic drugs. Herein, we report the rational design and evaluation of a PtIV anticancer prodrug inhibiting nucleotide excision repair (NER), one of the most pivotal processes after the formation of cisplatin‐induced DNA damage that deactivates the drug and leads to drug resistance in the clinic. This dual‐action prodrug enters cells efficiently and causes DNA damage while simultaneously inhibiting NER to promote apoptotic response. The prodrug is strongly active against the proliferation of cisplatin‐resistant human cancer cells with an up to 88‐fold increase in growth inhibition compared with cisplatin, and the prodrug is much more active than a mixture of cisplatin and an NER inhibitor. Our study highlights the importance of targeting downstream pathways after the formation of Pt‐induced DNA damage as a novel strategy to conquer cisplatin resistance.
A Frustrated and Confused Lewis Pair
Authors: McQuilken Alison C. , Dao Quang Minh , Cardenas Allan Jay P. , Bertke Jeffery A. , Grimme Stefan , Warren Timothy H.
Published: October 2016

We report a new class of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) by the hydroboration of bulky isocyanates iPr2ArNCO (iPr2Ar=2,6‐iPr2C6H3) and Ph2tBuArNCO (Ph2tBuAr=2,6‐Ph2‐4‐tBuC6H2) with Piers’ borane (HB(C6F5)2). While hydroboration of smaller isocyanates such as iPr2ArNCO leads to isocyanate—N/B FLP adducts, hydroboration of the bulkier Ph2tBuArNCO allows isolation of the substrate‐free aminoborane with a short, covalent N−B bond. This confused FLP reversibly binds unsaturated substrates such as isocyanates and isocyanides, suggesting the intermediacy of a “normal” FLP along the reaction pathway, supported by high‐level DFT studies and variable‐temperature NMR spectroscopy. These results underscore the possibility of FLP behavior in systems that possess no obvious frustrated Lewis acid–base interaction.
Nucleophile‐Directed Stereocontrol Over Glycosylations Using Geminal‐Difluorinated Nucleophiles
Authors: Schumann Benjamin , Parameswarappa Sharavathi G. , Lisboa Marilda P. , Kottari Naresh , Guidetti Fabio , Pereira Claney L. , Seeberger Peter H.
Published: October 2016

The glycosylation reaction is the key transformation in oligosaccharide synthesis, but it is still difficult to control in many cases. Stereocontrol during cis‐glycosidic linkage formation relies almost exclusively on tuning the glycosylating agent or the reaction conditions. Herein, we use nucleophile‐directed stereocontrol to manipulate the stereoselectivity of glycosylation reactions. Placing two fluorine atoms in close proximity to the hydroxy group of an aliphatic amino alcohol lowers the oxygen nucleophilicity and reverses the stereoselectivity of glycosylations to preferentially form the desired cis‐glycosides with a broad set of substrates. This concept was applied to the design of a cis‐selective linker for automated glycan assembly. Fluorination of an amino alcohol linker does not impair glycan immobilization and lectin binding as illustrated by glycan microarray experiments. These fluorinated linkers enable the facile generation of α‐terminating synthetic glycans for the formation of glycoconjugates.
Base‐Resolution Analysis of Cisplatin–DNA Adducts at the Genome Scale
Authors: Shu Xiaoting , Xiong Xushen , Song Jinghui , He Chuan , Yi Chengqi
Published: October 2016

Cisplatin, one of the most widely used anticancer drugs, crosslinks DNA and ultimately induces cell death. However, the genomic pattern of cisplatin–DNA adducts has remained unknown owing to the lack of a reliable and sensitive genome‐wide method. Herein we present “cisplatin‐seq” to identify genome‐wide cisplatin crosslinking sites at base resolution. Cisplatin‐seq reveals that mitochondrial DNA is a preferred target of cisplatin. For nuclear genomes, cisplatin–DNA adducts are enriched within promoters and regions harboring transcription termination sites. While the density of GG dinucleotides determines the initial crosslinking of cisplatin, binding of proteins to the genome largely contributes to the accumulative pattern of cisplatin–DNA adducts.
Alleno‐Acetylenic Cage (AAC) Receptors: Chiroptical Switching and Enantioselective Complexation of trans‐1,2‐Dimethylcyclohexane in a Diaxial Conformation
Authors: Gropp Cornelius , Trapp Nils , Diederich François
Published: October 2016

Four enantiopure 1,3‐diethynylallenes (DEAs) with OH termini were attached to the rim of a resorcin[4]arene cavitand. The system undergoes conformational switching between a cage form, closed by a circular H‐bonding array, and an open form, with the tertiary alcohol groups reaching outwards. The cage form is predominant in apolar solvents, and the open conformation in small, polar solvents. Both states were confirmed in solution and in X‐ray co‐crystal structures. ECD spectra of the alleno‐acetylenic cages (AACs) are highly conformation sensitive, the longest wavelength Cotton effect at 304 nm switches from Δϵ=+191 m−1 cm−1 for open (P)4‐AAC⊂acetonitrile to Δϵ=−691 m−1 cm−1 (ΔΔϵ=882 m−1 cm−1) for closed (P)4‐AAC⊂cyclohexane. Complete chiral resolution of (±)‐trans‐1,2‐dimethylcyclohexane was found in the X‐ray structures, with (P)4‐AAC exclusively bound to the (R,R)‐ and (M)4‐AAC to the (S,S)‐guest. Guest inclusion occurs in a higher energy diaxial conformation.