bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synoptic analysis of an intense rainfall event in Paraíba do Sul river basin in southeast Brazil
Authors: Brasiliense Camila Silva , Dereczynski Claudine Pereira , Satyamurty Prakki , Chou Sin Chan , da Silva Santos Victor Rander , Calado Renata Novaes
Published: August 2017

The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of an intense rainfall event that occurred in the Paraíba do Sul river basin, southeast Brazil, in early 2000. Rainfall data from conventional meteorological stations and automatic weather stations, satellite images and datasets from the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis, National Centers for Environmental Prediction, were employed. After the arrival of a cold front in the state of São Paulo on 1 January, the first episode of the South Atlantic convergence zone (SACZ) of the year was established, lasting for 8 days. A dipole blocking pattern over the state of Rio Grande do Sul and Uruguay, with a cold core cyclone and a warm core anticyclone in the upper troposphere, weakened the westerly flow from the Pacific, favouring slow displacement of the SACZ. Intense moisture fluxes from the southern Amazon and tropical South Atlantic converged over southeast Brazil providing copious amounts of moisture for convective activity during the first 4 days of January 2000. The most notable aspect of this event was the development of a cyclonic vortex embedded in the SACZ (CVES) in the Atlantic Ocean, with a warm core in the lower troposphere and a cold core at higher levels, which intensified rain in the study region. After the weakening of the blocking on 4 January, the CVES moved southeastward in the Atlantic. The symmetry of the CVES and conditions of the thermal gradient in the lower and higher troposphere suggest that the system presented subtropical characteristics during the first few days and became an extratropical cyclone later.
Ultrahigh resolution wind forecasting for the sailing events at the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Summer Olympic Games
Authors: Giannaros Theodore M. , Kotroni Vassiliki , Lagouvardos Konstantinos , Dellis Dimitrios , Tsanakas Panayiotis , Mavrellis Gabriel , Symeonidis Panagiotis , Vakkas Theodoros
Published: August 2017

The current study presents AEOLUS‐RIO2016, an ultrahigh resolution wind forecasting system that was developed and implemented operationally for supporting the Hellenic Olympic Sailing Team during the sailing events at the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Summer Olympic Games. The forecasting system was built around the state‐of‐the‐art numerical weather prediction Weather Research and Forecasting model, ported to a high performance computing infrastructure that ensured the reliability and timeliness of the provided service. Advanced web mapping tools were employed for communicating forecasts effectively to the athletes and coaches throughout the period of the sailing events. Prior to the operational deployment of AEOLUS‐RIO2016, sensitivity experiments were carried out, focusing on the representation of topography and land use and aiming at improving wind forecasts. The results suggest that the employment of very high resolution and up‐to‐date terrestrial data allowed model performance to be improved, especially in terms of the wind direction guidance provided. Considering the period of the sailing events, the evaluation of AEOLUS‐RIO2016 revealed an overall satisfactory performance. Notably, however, it was found that the system failed to provide reliable wind guidance on specific days. A posteriori implementation of the model using an alternative source for providing initial and lateral boundary conditions showed notable improvements in model performance.
Global solutions to Keller‐Segel‐Navier‐Stokes equations with a class of large initial data in critical Besov spaces
Authors: Yang Minghua
Published: August 2017

In this article, we consider the Cauchy problem to Keller‐Segel equations coupled to the incompressible Navier‐Stokes equations. Using the Fourier frequency localization and the Bony paraproduct decomposition, let uF:=etΔu0; we prove that there exist 2 positive constants σ0 and C0 such that if the gravitational potential
and the initial data (u0,n0,c0) satisfy

for some p,q with
and
, then the global solutions can be established in critical Besov spaces.
Locally symmetric f−associated standard static spacetimes
Authors: El‐Sayied H. K. , Shenawy Sameh , Syied Noha
Published: August 2017

In this note, we study and explore locally symmetric f−associated standard static spacetimes If×M. Necessary and sufficient conditions on f−associated standard static spacetimes to be locally symmetric are derived. Some implications for these conditions are considered.
Modelling the dynamics of HIV‐related non‐Hodgkin lymphomas in the presence of HIV treatment and chemotherapy
Authors: Aogo Rosemary , Nyabadza F.
Published: August 2017

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS and cancer coexistence both in vivo and in vitro in a cancer‐immune environment leads to specific cytokines being produced by various immune cells and the cancer cells. Most of the studies have suggested that specific cytokines produced by the immune system cells and the tumor play an important role in the dynamics of non‐Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs). In this paper, a mathematical model describing the NHL‐immune system interaction in the presence of the HIV, HIV treatment, and chemotherapy is developed. The formulated model, described by nonlinear ODEs, shows existence of multiple equilibria whose stability and bifurcation analysis are presented. From the bifurcation analysis, bistability regions are evident. We observe that with and without HIV treatment, the system results in a nonaggressive tumor size or aggressive tumor (full‐blown tumor) depending on the initial conditions. The results further suggest that at a low endemic state, patients can live for longer period with the tumor, which might explain why some patients can live with cancer for many years. However, initiation of HIV treatment in patients with NHL is observed to lower these endemic states of the tumor. Our results explain why late initiation of HIV treatment might not be helpful to NHL patients. We further investigated the effect of chemotherapy on the dynamics of the tumor. Our simulation results might explain why a few of these chemotherapeutic drugs are more effective when given at a slow continuous rate. The model provides a unique opportunity to influence policy on HIV‐related cancer treatment and management.
A homogenization method for ductile‐brittle composite laminates at large deformations
Authors: Poulios Konstantinos , Niordson Christian F.
Published: August 2017

This paper presents a high fidelity homogenization method for periodically layered composite structures that accounts for plasticity in the matrix material and quasi‐brittle damage in the reinforcing layers, combined with strong geometrical nonlinearities. A set of deliberately chosen internal kinematic variables results in a rigorous representation of the kinematics of the 2 constituents, which in turn allows for complex constitutive laws per constituent to be used directly in the formulation. The model accounts for hyper‐elastoplastic behavior in the matrix phase and hyper‐elastic behavior in the reinforcement as well as for the bending stiffness of the reinforcement layers. Additionally to previously proposed models, the present method includes Lemaitre‐type damage for the reinforcement, making it applicable to a wider range of engineering applications. The capability of the proposed method in representing the combined effect of plasticity, damage, and buckling at microlevel within a homogenized setting is demonstrated by means of direct comparisons to a reference discrete model.
A block‐centered finite difference method for fractional Cattaneo equation
Authors: Li Xiaoli , Rui Hongxing , Liu Zhengguang
Published: August 2017

In this article, a block‐centered finite difference method for fractional Cattaneo equation is introduced and analyzed. The unconditional stability and the global convergence of the scheme are proved rigorously. Some a priori estimates of discrete norm with optimal order of convergence both for pressure and velocity are established on nonuniform rectangular grids. Moreover, the applicability and accuracy of the scheme are demonstrated by numerical experiments to support our theoretical analysis.
Dutch public affairs professionals in the national and European arena: A smart mix of skills, attitude, and knowledge competences
Authors: Figee Edward L. , Gosselt Jordy F. , Linders Paul C.J. , de Jong Menno D.T.
Published: August 2017

Although the profession of public affairs (PA) is increasingly important for organizations, relatively little is known about the range of competences PA professionals need. This article presents a qualitative study among 41 experienced Dutch PA professionals and practitioners, who were interviewed about the competences needed in regional and local PA. The results show that a combination of skills‐related, attitudinal, and knowledge‐related competences is needed. Skills‐related competences involve two broad domains: politics and communication. Attitudinal competences comprise the almost paradoxical qualities of authentic professionalism and flexibility. Knowledge‐related competences comprise political and communicative knowledge. These competences are used in a delicate process of swapping, depending on the situation of the very moment and the PA file at hand. Every competence may be of decisive importance. The PA professional is a silent diplomat.
On the non‐thermal plasma synthesis of nickel nanoparticles
Authors: Woodard Austin , Xu Lihua , Barragan Alejandro A. , Nava Giorgio , Wong Bryan M. , Mangolini Lorenzo
Published: August 2017

Nickel (Ni) nanoparticles have been synthesized from the dissociation of nickelocene (Ni(Cp)2) in an argon‐hydrogen (Ar‐H2) low pressure continuous‐flow non‐thermal plasma. The influence of process parameters on the synthesized Ni nanomaterial structure, size, size‐dispersion, and carbon content has been characterized by EDS and TEM analysis. The role of hydrogen dilution and plasma input power on material throughput is carefully discussed. These data, in combination with the prediction of the electron affinity and ionization potential of Ni(Cp)2 by DFT calculations, supports the hypothesis that the material loss‐mechanism to the reactor walls is due to the inherent ambipolar diffusion present in this synthesis technique. This study suggests that precursors should be screened with care when attempting to produce nanoparticle via a low pressure, continuous flow plasma reactor.
Isolation of a phytotoxic isocoumarin from Diaporthe eres‐infected Hedera helix (English ivy) and synthesis of its phytotoxic analogs
Authors: Meepagala Kumudini M , Briscoe William E , Techen Natascha , Johnson Robert D , Clausen Brandon M , Duke Stephen O
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUND

The fungus Diaporthe eres was isolated from a fungal pathogen‐infected leaf of Hedera helix (English ivy) exhibiting necrosis. It is hypothesized that the causative fungus produces phytotoxins as evidenced by necrotic lesions on the leaves.

RESULTS

The fungus was isolated and grown in Czapek Dox broth culture medium and potato dextrose broth culture medium and identified as Diaporthe eres. The ethyl acetate extracts of the culture broths were phytotoxic to lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera). 3,4‐Dihydro‐8‐hydroxy‐3,5‐dimethylisocoumarin (1) and tyrosol (2) were isolated and identified as the phytotoxic constituents. Six analogs of 3,4‐dihydro‐isocoumarin were synthesized and shown to be phytotoxic. The synthesized 3,4‐dihydro‐8‐hydroxy‐3,7‐dimethylisocoumarin and 3,4‐dihydro‐8‐hydroxy‐3,3,7‐trimethylisocoumarin were two‐ to three‐fold more phytotoxic than the naturally occurring 1 in a Lemna paucicostata growth bioassay.

CONCLUSION

Synthesis and herbicidal activities of the several new analogs of 1 are reported for the first time. These promising molecules should be used as templates for synthesis and testing of more analogs. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Dimension reduction in magnetohydrodynamics power generation models: Dimensional analysis and active subspaces
Authors: Glaws Andrew , Constantine Paul G. , Shadid John N. , Wildey Timothy M.
Published: August 2017

Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD)—the study of electrically conducting fluids—can be harnessed to produce efficient, low‐emissions power generation. Today, computational modeling assists engineers in studying candidate designs for such generators. However, these models are computationally expensive, so thoroughly studying the effects of the model's many input parameters on output predictions is typically infeasible. We study two approaches for reducing the input dimension of the models: (i) classical dimensional analysis based on the inputs' units and (ii) active subspaces, which reveal low‐dimensional subspaces in the space of inputs that affect the outputs the most. We also review the mathematical connection between the two approaches that leads to consistent application. We study both the simplified Hartmann problem, which admits closed form expressions for the quantities of interest, and a large‐scale computational model with adjoint capabilities that enable the derivative computations needed to estimate the active subspaces. The dimension reduction yields insights into the driving factors in the MHD power generation models, which may aid generator designers who employ high‐fidelity computational models.
Bayesian hierarchical joint modeling of repeatedly measured continuous and ordinal markers of disease severity: Application to Ugandan diabetes data
Authors: Buhule O.D. , Wahed A.S. , Youk A.O.
Published: August 2017

Modeling of correlated biomarkers jointly has been shown to improve the efficiency of parameter estimates, leading to better clinical decisions. In this paper, we employ a joint modeling approach to a unique diabetes dataset, where blood glucose (continuous) and urine glucose (ordinal) measures of disease severity for diabetes are known to be correlated. The postulated joint model assumes that the outcomes are from distributions that are in the exponential family and hence modeled as multivariate generalized linear mixed effects model associated through correlated and/or shared random effects. The Markov chain Monte Carlo Bayesian approach is used to approximate posterior distribution and draw inference on the parameters. This proposed methodology provides a flexible framework to account for the hierarchical structure of the highly unbalanced data as well as the association between the 2 outcomes. The results indicate improved efficiency of parameter estimates when blood glucose and urine glucose are modeled jointly. Moreover, the simulation studies show that estimates obtained from the joint model are consistently less biased and more efficient than those in the separate models.
Visualizing uncertainty in areal data with bivariate choropleth maps, map pixelation and glyph rotation
Authors: Lucchesi Lydia R. , Wikle Christopher K.
Published: August 2017

In statistics, we quantify uncertainty to help determine the accuracy of estimates, yet this crucial piece of information is rarely included on maps visualizing areal data estimates. We develop and present three approaches to include uncertainty on maps: (1) the bivariate choropleth map repurposed to visualize uncertainty; (2) the pixelation of counties to include values within an estimate's margin of error; and (3) the rotation of a glyph, located at a county's centroid, to represent an estimate's uncertainty. The second method is presented as both a static map and visuanimation. We use American Community Survey estimates and their corresponding margins of error to demonstrate the methods and highlight the importance of visualizing uncertainty in areal data. An extensive online supplement provides the R code necessary to produce the maps presented in this article as well as alternative versions of them. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shear in reinforced concrete slabs—Experimental investigations in the effective shear width of one‐way slabs under concentrated loads and with different degrees of rotational restraint
Authors: Reissen Karin , Classen Martin , Hegger Josef
Published: August 2017

The shear design of reinforced concrete (RC) slabs under concentrated loads calls for the definition of an effective width, which can be used to assess the slab's shear capacity. However, currently the shear strength and effective shear width of one‐way RC slabs is only poorly investigated. Therefore, this paper presents the results of 34 shear tests on RC slabs and slab strips without shear reinforcement. To analyze the effective shear width, 0.5 m wide slab strips and slabs with a width of up to 3.5 m were tested under concentrated loads with different shear‐span‐to‐depth ratios (varying between 1.4 and 5.4). While the slab strips were activated over their full width (beam action), the shear capacity of the wide slabs was significantly influenced by their effective shear width. To also clarify the impact of the structural system and the support conditions, the slabs were clamped at one end with different degrees of rotational restraint. Beginning with simply supported, single‐span slabs, the rotational restraint was stepwise increased to 100% representing a fully clamped support. Further investigated parameters were the transverse reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of multiple loads. The resulting shear capacities of all tests are compared with code provisions of Eurocode 2. The results illustrate remarkable differences in the shear behavior of wide slabs and slab strips with predominant beam action. Besides the influence of the effective shear width, this paper analyzes the direct load transfer to supports via strut mechanisms (arching action).
Exploring the attitudes to and uptake of biosecurity practices for invasive non-native species: views amongst stakeholder organisations working in UK natural environments
Authors: Sutcliffe C. , Quinn C. H. , Shannon C. , Glover A. , Dunn A. M.
Published: August 2017

Invasions by invasive non-native species (INNS) can have profound consequences for natural environments, impacting on biodiversity and the biophysical landscape in ways that can endanger other species, human wellbeing and infrastructure. The financial costs of dealing with established INNS populations can be extremely high. Biosecurity measures (simple procedures designed to reduce the risk of human activities spreading INNS to new areas) are being promoted in order to minimize these negative impacts and associated costs. This paper reports on research undertaken with stakeholder organisations that operate within UK natural environments. It aims to evaluate stakeholder perceptions of their role in INNS biosecurity practice in the UK, and the implications of this for INNS strategy more broadly. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with organisation representatives to explore current practices and communications about INNS and perceptions of barriers and opportunities to implement better biosecurity. Whilst participants generally agreed on the need for biosecurity, there were variations among participants in levels of knowledge about INNS (related to background) and the capacity of organisations to engage in biosecurity practices (related to organisational size). Critical barriers to biosecurity were identified as costs, lack of clear guidance, difficulties changing attitudes and implementing collective responsibility, and reactionary versus precautionary approaches. As a result, partnership working on INNS is difficult and action tends to focus on individual species perceived as the most threatening to a particular organisations’ interests. In this way, action on INNS biosecurity faces the kinds of barriers that are common to many environmental problems where individuals/organisations prioritise self-interest despite the potential to obtain greater benefits if collective action could be achieved.
Effects of Local Watershed Land Use on Water Quality in Mid-Atlantic Coastal Bays and Subestuaries of the Chesapeake Bay
Authors: Jordan Thomas E. , Weller Donald E. , Pelc Carey E.
Published: August 2017

Nutrient inputs have degraded estuaries worldwide. We investigated the sources and effects of nutrient inputs by comparing water quality at shallow (< 2m deep) nearshore (within 200 m) locations in a total of 49 Chesapeake subestuaries and Mid-Atlantic coastal bays with differing local watershed land use. During July–October, concentrations of total nitrogen (TN), dissolved ammonium, dissolved inorganic N (DIN), and chlorophyll a were positively correlated with the percentages of cropland and developed land in the local watersheds. TN, DIN, and nitrate were positively correlated with the ratio of watershed area to subestuary area. Total phosphorus (TP) and dissolved phosphate increased with cropland but were not affected by developed land. The relationships among N, P, chlorophyll a, and land use suggest N limitation of chlorophyll a production from July–October. We compared our measurements inside the subestuaries to measurements by the Chesapeake Bay Program in adjacent estuarine waters outside the subestuaries. TP and dissolved inorganic P concentrations inside the subestuaries correlated with concentrations outside the subestuaries. However, water quality inside the subestuaries generally differed from that in adjacent estuarine waters. The concentration of nitrate was lower inside the subestuaries, while the concentrations of other forms of N, TP, and chlorophyll a were higher. This suggests that shallow nearshore waters inside the subestuaries import nitrate while exporting other forms of N as well as TP and chlorophyll a. The importance of local land use and the distinct biogeochemistry of shallow waters should be considered in managing coastal systems.
Qualitative analysis of Parkinson’s disease information on social media: the case of YouTube™
Authors: Al-Busaidi Ibrahim Saleh , Anderson Tim J. , Alamri Yassar
Published: August 2017

Introduction

There is a paucity of data pertaining to the usefulness of information presented on social media platforms on chronic neuropsychiatric conditions such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). The aim of this study was to examine the quality of YouTube™ videos that deliver general information on PD and the availability and design of instructional videos addressing the caregiving role in PD.

Methods

YouTube™ was searched using the keyword “Parkinson’s disease” for relevant videos. Videos were assessed for usefulness and accuracy based on pre-defined criteria. Data on video characteristics including total viewership, duration, ratings, and source of videos were collated. Instructional PD videos that addressed the role of caregivers were examined closely for the design and scope of instructional content.

Results

A total of 100 videos met the inclusion criteria. Just under a third of videos (28%) was uploaded by trusted academic organisations. Overall, 15% of PD videos were found to be somewhat useful and only 4% were assessed as providing very useful PD information; 3% of surveyed videos were misleading. The mean number of video views (regardless of video source) was not significantly different between the different video ratings (p = 0.86). Although personal videos trended towards being less useful than videos from academic organisations, this association was not statistically significant (p = 0.13).

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the usefulness of PD information on the largest video-sharing website, YouTube™. In general, the overall quality of information presented in the videos screened was mediocre. Viewership of accurate vs. misleading information was, however, very similar. Therefore, healthcare providers should direct PD patients and their families to the resources that provide reliable and accurate information.
Phylogenetic revision of Camarosporium (Pleosporineae, Dothideomycetes) and allied genera
Authors: Wanasinghe D.N. , Hyde K.D. , Jeewon R. , Crous P.W. , Wijayawardene N.N. , Jones E.B.G. , Bhat D.J. , Phillips A.J.L. , Groenewald J.Z. , Dayarathne M.C. , Phukhamsakda C. , Thambugala K.M. , Bulgakov T.S. , Camporesi E. , Gafforov Y.S. , Mortimer P.E. , Karunarathna S.C.
Published: August 2017

A concatenated dataset of LSU, SSU, ITS and tef1 DNA sequence data was analysed to investigate the taxonomic position and phylogenetic relationships of the genus Camarosporium in Pleosporineae (Dothideomycetes). Newly generated sequences from camarosporium-like
taxa collected from Europe (Italy) and Russia form a well-supported monophyletic clade within Pleosporineae. A new genus Camarosporidiella and a new family Camarosporidiellaceae are established to accommodate these taxa. Four new species, Neocamarosporium korfii,
N. lamiacearum, N. salicorniicola and N. salsolae, constitute a strongly supported clade with several known taxa for which the new family, Neocamarosporiaceae, is introduced. The genus Staurosphaeria based on S. lycii is resurrected
and epitypified, and shown to accommodate the recently introduced genus Hazslinszkyomyces in Coniothyriaceae with significant statistical support. Camarosporium quaternatum, the type species of Camarosporium and Camarosporomyces flavigena cluster together
in a monophyletic clade with significant statistical support and sister to the Leptosphaeriaceae. To better resolve interfamilial/intergeneric level relationships and improve taxonomic understanding within Pleosporineae, we validate Camarosporiaceae to accommodate Camarosporium
and Camarosporomyces. The latter taxa along with other species are described in this study.
Police Use of Force under International Law
Authors: Casey-Maslen Stuart , Connolly Sean
Published: August 2017

Policing is commonly thought to be governed by domestic legal systems and not international law. However, various international legal standards are shown to have an impact in situations where police use force. Police Use of Force under International Law explores this tension in detail for the first time. It critically reviews the use of force by law enforcement agencies in a range of scenarios: against detainees, during protests, and in the context of counterterrorism and counterpiracy operations. Key trends, such as the growing use of private security services, are also considered. This book provides a human rights framework for police weaponry and protection of at-risk groups based on critical jurisprudence from the last twenty years. With pertinent case law and case studies to illustrate the key principles of the use of force, this book is essential reading for anyone interested in policing, human rights, state use of force or criminology.
The Evolution of Human Co-operation
Authors: Stanish Charles
Published: August 2017

How do people living in small groups without money, markets, police and rigid social classes develop norms of economic and social cooperation that are sustainable over time? This book addresses this fundamental question and explains the origin, structure and spread of stateless societies. Using insights from game theory, ethnography and archaeology, Stanish shows how ritual - broadly defined - is the key. Ritual practices encode elaborate rules of behavior and are ingenious mechanisms of organizing society in the absence of coercive states. As well as asking why and how people choose to co-operate, Stanish also provides the theoretical framework to understand this collective action problem. He goes on to highlight the evolution of cooperation with ethnographic and archaeological data from around of the world. Merging evolutionary game theory concepts with cultural evolutionary theory, this book will appeal to those seeking a transdisciplinary approach to one of the greatest problems in human evolution.
Competing Memories
Authors: Friedman Rebekka
Published: August 2017

The aftermath of modern conflicts, deeply rooted in political, economic and social structures, leaves pervasive and often recurring legacies of violence. Addressing past injustice is therefore fundamental not only for societal well-being and peace, but also for future conflict prevention. In recent years, truth and reconciliation commissions have become important but contentious mechanisms for conflict resolution and reconciliation. This book fills a significant gap, examining the importance of context within transitional justice and peace-building. It lays out long-term and often unexpected indirect effects of formal and informal justice processes. Offering a novel conceptual understanding of 'procedural reconciliation' on the societal level, it features an in-depth study of commissions in Peru and Sierra Leone, providing a critical analysis of the contribution and challenges facing transitional justice in post-conflict societies. It will be of interest to scholars and students of comparative politics, international relations, human rights and conflict studies.
BIS/BAS Scale in Primary School Children: Parent-Child Agreement and Longitudinal Stability
Authors: De Decker Annelies , Verbeken Sandra , Sioen Isabelle , Michels Nathalie , Vervoort Leentje , Braet Caroline , De Henauw Stefaan
Published: August 2017

The current study provided psychometric information on the parent and child version of the Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)/Behavioural Approach System (BAS) scale. Parent-child agreement was evaluated (N = 217, 7.5 to 14 years, 50% boys). Moreover, absolute and rank order stability of mother-reported BIS/BAS scores over a 2-year period were assessed (N = 207, 5.5 to 11 years at baseline, 49% boys). Only full measurement invariant (sub-)scales were considered in the parent-child agreement and longitudinal stability assessment. Parent and child ratings were found to be measurement invariant but discrepant on BAS Drive and BAS Reward Responsiveness. In younger children, child ratings on BAS Drive tended to be higher than parent ratings, whereas in older children, child ratings tended to be lower than parent ratings. Further, the discrepancy between the BAS Drive ratings of fathers and children was higher than the discrepancy between the BAS Drive ratings of mothers and children. Finally, the study results suggested 2-year absolute and rank order stability of the measurement-invariant, mother-reported BIS and BAS Drive scores in children aged 5.5 to 11 years at baseline.
An Inter-regional US Blood Supply Simulation Model to Evaluate Blood Availability to Support Planning for Emergency Preparedness and Medical Countermeasures
Authors: Simonetti Arianna , Ezzeldin Hussein , Walderhaug Mark , Anderson Steven A. , Forshee Richard A.
Published: August 2017

Objectives

Planning for a response to threats like pandemics or mass casualty events is a national priority. The US blood supply system can be particularly vulnerable to such events. It is important to understand the impacts of emergency situations on blood availability and the resiliency of the US blood supply system.

Methods

On the basis of the Stock-and-Flow simulation model of the US blood supply system, we developed an inter-regional blood transfer system representing the action of multiple blood collectors and distributors to enable effective planning of strategies to minimize collection and donation disruptions to the blood supply system in the event of a national emergency.

Results

We simulated a pandemic or mass casualty event on both a national and an inter-regional blood supply system. Differences in the estimated impacts demonstrated the importance of incorporating spatial and temporal variations of blood collection and utilization across US regions. The absence of blood shortage in both emergency scenarios highlighted the resilience of the inter-regional system to meet the potential associated blood demand.

Conclusions

Our inter-regional model considered complex factors and can be a valuable tool to assist regulatory decision-making and strategic planning for emergency preparedness to avoid and mitigate associated adverse health consequences. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:201–210)
Long-term Recovery From Hurricane Sandy: Evidence From a Survey in New York City
Authors: Petkova Elisaveta P. , Beedasy Jaishree , Oh Eun Jeong , Sury Jonathan J. , Sehnert Erin M. , Tsai Wei-Yann , Reilly Michael J.
Published: August 2017

Objectives

This study aimed to examine a range of factors influencing the long-term recovery of New York City residents affected by Hurricane Sandy.

Methods

In a series of logistic regressions, we analyzed data from a survey of New York City residents to assess self-reported recovery status from Hurricane Sandy.

Results

General health, displacement from home, and household income had substantial influences on recovery. Individuals with excellent or fair health were more likely to have recovered than were individuals with poor health. Those with high and middle income were more likely to have recovered than were those with low income. Also, individuals who had not experienced a decrease in household income following Hurricane Sandy had higher odds of recovery than the odds for those with decreased income. Additionally, displacement from the home decreased the odds of recovery. Individuals who applied for assistance from the Build it Back program and the Federal Emergency Management Agency had lower odds of recovering than did those who did not apply.

Conclusions

The study outlines the critical importance of health and socioeconomic factors in long-term disaster recovery and highlights the need for increased consideration of those factors in post-disaster interventions and recovery monitoring. More research is needed to assess the effectiveness of state and federal assistance programs, particularly among disadvantaged populations. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:172–175)
More-complete remains ofProcolpochelys charlestonensis(Oligocene, South Carolina), an occurrence ofEuclastes(upper Eocene, South Carolina), and their bearing on Cenozoic pancheloniid sea turtle distribution and phylogeny
Authors: Weems Robert E. , Brown K. Mace
Published: August 2017

New and more-complete material ofProcolpochelys charlestonensisWeems and Sanders, 2014 provides the first detailed information on the skull, jaw, and plastron of this species, which occurs in the Oligocene Ashley and Chandler Bridge formations near Charleston, South Carolina. This material allows a much more detailed comparison of this turtle with the co-occurring pancheloniid speciesAshleychelys palmeriWeems and Sanders, 2014 andCarolinochelys wilsoniHay, 1923a, as well as with its Miocene successorProcolpochelys grandaeva(Leidy, 1851). Fused dentaries, found in the Cooper River north of Charleston, belong to the pancheloniid genusEuclastes, previously known only from the Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene. This specimen, apparently from the upper Eocene Parkers Ferry Formation, expands the temporal range of this genus and indicates thatEuclastessurvived in the North Atlantic basin far longer than was previously known. These new finds, combined with previous records of fossil pancheloniid sea turtles, provide an improved picture of the temporal distribution, evolutionary trends, and likely phylogeny of pancheloniids from the Late Cretaceous to the present.
Genomics of lactation: role of nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics in the fatty acid composition of human milk
Authors: Sosa-Castillo Elizabeth , Rodríguez-Cruz Maricela , Moltó-Puigmartí Carolina
Published: August 2017

Human milk covers the infant’s nutrient requirements during the first 6 months of life. The composition of human milk progressively changes during lactation and it is influenced by maternal nutritional factors. Nowadays, it is well known that nutrients have the ability to interact with genes and modulate molecular mechanisms impacting physiological functions. This has led to a growing interest among researchers in exploring nutrition at a molecular level and to the development of two fields of study: nutrigenomics, which evaluates the influence of nutrients on gene expression, and nutrigenetics, which evaluates the heterogeneous individual response to nutrients due to genetic variation. Fatty acids are one of the nutrients most studied in relation to lactation given their biologically important roles during early postnatal life. Fatty acids modulate transcription factors involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism, which in turn causes a variation in the proportion of lipids in milk. This review focuses on understanding, on the one hand, the gene transcription mechanisms activated by maternal dietary fatty acids and, on the other hand, the interaction between dietary fatty acids and genetic variation in genes involved in lipid metabolism. Both of these mechanisms affect the fatty acid composition of human milk.
Effects of different dietary DHA:EPA ratios on gonadal steroidogenesis in the marine teleost, tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis)
Authors: Xu Houguo , Cao Lin , Wei Yuliang , Zhang Yuanqin , Liang Mengqing
Published: August 2017

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary DHA and EPA on gonadal steroidogenesis in mature females and males, with a feeding trial on tongue sole, a typical marine teleost with sexual dimorphism. Three experimental diets differing basically in DHA:EPA ratio, that is, 0·68 (diet D:E-0·68), 1·09 (D:E-1·09) and 2·05 (D:E-2·05), were randomly assigned to nine tanks of 3-year-old tongue sole (ten females and fifteen males in each tank). The feeding trail lasted for 90 d before and during the spawning season. Fish were reared in a flowing seawater system and fed to apparent satiation twice daily. Compared with diet D:E-0·68, diet D:E-1·09 significantly enhanced the oestradiol production in females, whereas diet D:E-2·05 significantly enhanced the testosterone production in males. In ovaries, diet D:E-1·09 induced highest mRNA expression of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, 17α-hydroxylase (P450c17) and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD). In testes, diet 2·05 resulted in highest mRNA expression of FSHR, cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, P450c17 and 3β-HSD. Fatty acid profiles in fish tissues reflected closely those of diets. Female fish had more gonadal EPA content but less DHA content than male fish, whereas there was a reverse observation in liver. In conclusion, the dietary DHA:EPA ratio, possibly combined with the dietary EPA:arachidonic acid ratio, differentially regulated sex steroid hormone synthesis in mature female and male tongue soles. Females seemed to require more EPA but less DHA for the gonadal steroidogenesis than males. The results are beneficial to sex-specific nutritive strategies in domestic teleost.
Favourable nutrient intake and displacement with long-term walnut supplementation among elderly: results of a randomised trial
Authors: Bitok Edward , Jaceldo-Siegl Karen , Rajaram Sujatha , Serra-Mir Mercè , Roth Irene , Feitas-Simoes Tania , Ros Emilio , Sabaté Joan
Published: August 2017

Older adults tend to require fewer energy content and higher levels of nutrients to promote and maintain optimal health. Regrettably, dietary variety and quality are known to decline with advancing age. We conducted a 2-year prospective, randomised, dietary intervention trial where we asked free-living elderly subjects (63–79 years) on self-selected habitual diets to incorporate walnuts daily into their diet (15 % energy). We then compared their nutrient intake with that of a similar group of concurrent participants on self-selected habitual diets but abstaining from walnut consumption (control). No recipes or advice on use of nuts were provided. Dietary intake was assessed by multiple unannounced 24-h telephone dietary recalls. On average, walnut supplement consumption was 43 g/d or 1171·5 kJ (281 kcal). The mean daily energy intake was 954 kJ (228 kcal) higher in the walnut group than in the control group (P<0·001). Compared with control, participants in the walnut group reported significantly higher intake of total protein, vegetable protein, total PUFA andn-3 andn-6 PUFA; and significantly lower intake of total carbohydrate, animal protein, SFA, and Na. An estimated 19 % of total energy and 25 % of total fat from other food sources was displaced. Displacement of MUFA and total PUFA was 21 and 16 %, respectively. Thus adding a daily supplement of walnuts to anad libitumdiet of older adults can induce favourable modifications to the nutrient profile in a way that addresses declining nutrient intake associated with aging.
THE PETER HART AFFAIR IN PERSPECTIVE: HISTORY, IDEOLOGY, AND THE IRISH REVOLUTION
Authors: MCBRIDE IAN
Published: August 2017

Peter Hart's monograph, The IRA and its enemies: violence and community in Cork, 1916–1923, has been the subject of a rancorous debate in Ireland since its publication in 1998. In academic journals, in the press, and in the electronic media, Hart has been accused repeatedly of deliberately distorting evidence. The controversy turns on Hart's depiction of Irish revolutionary violence, and in particular upon a chapter entitled ‘Taking it out on the Protestants’, in which the IRA was portrayed as fundamentally sectarian. This article seeks to address a question that must occasionally trouble all of us: what are historical disagreements really about? To achieve a wider perspective on the Peter Hart affair it considers the famous row over historical ‘fabrication’ ignited by David Abraham's The collapse of the Weimar Republic (1981) and Keith Windschuttle's assault on Lyndall Ryan's book The Aboriginal Tasmanians (1981; 2nd edition 1996). The comparison suggests that when historians fall out over footnotes there is more involved than scholarly propriety.
THOMAS CARLYLE ON EPICUREANISM IN THE FRENCH AND GERMAN ENLIGHTENMENTS
Authors: JORDAN ALEXANDER
Published: August 2017

The young Thomas Carlyle (1795–1881) had perused many of the Epicurean writings of the French Enlightenment. According to Carlyle, such ‘Epicureanism’ consisted primarily in an emphasis upon pleasure and pain as the springs of human action, and a positing of self-interest as the foundation of sociability. However, Carlyle soon came to reject such notions, seeking salvation in the writings of Kant and Schiller, who stressed the possibility of disinterested virtue, and the importance of free, moral activity. Indeed, the Epicureanism debate continued to resonate in Carlyle's subsequent political writings, and particularly his notorious polemics againstlaissez-faireand ‘public opinion’. Finally, in Carlyle's last major work,Frederick the Great, he found himself faced with the unenviable task of painting an Epicurean into a patina of heroic virtue. Despite his best efforts, however, Carlyle's biography remained haunted by the spectre of Epicureanism. Nonetheless, as Carlyle's contemporaries recognized, his writings had done much not only to discredit the Epicureanism of the French eighteenth century, but also to shape the moral and political ideals of the British nineteenth.
Effects of feed delivery frequency in different environmental conditions on time budget of lactating dairy cows
Authors: Mattachini Gabriele , Bava Luciana , Sandrucci Anna , Tamburini Alberto , Riva Elisabetta , Provolo Giorgio
Published: August 2017

This study aimed to examine the influence of feed delivery frequency and environmental conditions on daily time budget of lactating dairy cows. The study was carried out in two commercial dairy farms with Holstein herds. Fifty lactating dairy cows milked in automatic milking units (AMS farm) and 96 primiparous lactating dairy cows milked in a conventional milking parlour (conventional farm) were exposed to different frequencies of feed delivery replicated in different periods of the year (warm and mild) that were characterized by different temperature-humidity indices (THI). On each farm, feeding treatments consisted of two different feed delivery frequencies (1× and 2× on the AMS farm; 2× and 3× on the conventional farm). All behaviours of the cows were monitored for the last 8 d of each treatment period using continuous video recording. The two data sets from different farm systems were considered separately for analysis. On both farms, environmental conditions expressed as THI affected time budgets and the pattern of the behavioural indices throughout the day. The variation in the frequency of feed delivery seems to affect the cow's time budget only in a limited way. Standing time of cows on the conventional farm and the time spent by cows in the milking waiting area on the AMS farm both increased in response to increased feeding frequency. Although feed delivery frequency showed limited influence on cow's time budget, the effect on standing time could be carefully considered, especially on farms equipped with AMS where the type of cow traffic system (e.g., milking first) might amplify the negative consequences of more frequent feed delivery. Further investigations are required to evaluate the effect of THI and feed delivery frequency on other aspects of behavioural activity.
Replacing wheat with canola meal and maize grain in the diet of lactating dairy cows: Feed intake, milk production and cow condition responses
Authors: McDonnell Ruairi P , Staines Martin vH
Published: August 2017

This research paper describes the effect of partially replacing wheat with maize grain and canola meal on milk production and body condition changes in early lactation Holstein-Friesian dairy cows consuming a grass silage-based diet over an 83-d period. Two groups of 39 cows were stratified for age, parity, historical milk yield and days in milk (DIM), and offered one of two treatment diets. The first treatment (CON) reflected a typical diet used by Western Australian dairy producers in summer and comprised (kg DM/cow per d); 8 kg of annual ryegrass silage, 6 kg of crushed wheat (provided once daily in a mixed ration), 3·6 kg of crushed lupins (provided in the milking parlour in two daily portions) and ad libitum lucerne haylage. The second treatment diet (COMP) was identical except the 6 kg of crushed wheat was replaced by 6 kg of a more complex concentrate mix (27% crushed wheat, 34% maize grain and 37% canola meal). Lucerne haylage was provided independently in the paddock to all cows, and no pasture was available throughout the experiment. The COMP group had a greater mean overall daily intake (22·5vs20·4 kg DM/cow) and a higher energy corrected milk (ECM) yield (29·2vs27·1 kg/cow;P= 0·047) than the CON cows. The difference in overall intake was caused by a higher daily intake of lucerne haylage in COMP cows (4·5vs2·3 kg DM/cow). The CON group had a higher concentration of milk fat (42·1vs39·3 g/kg;P= 0·029) than COMP cows. Milk protein yield was greater in COMP cows (P< 0·021); however, milk fat yield was unaffected by treatment. It is concluded that partially replacing wheat with canola meal and maize grain in a grass silage-based diet increases voluntary DMI of conserved forage and consequently yields of ECM and milk protein.