bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Explaining declines of newt abundance in northern Italy
Authors: Falaschi Mattia , Muraro Martina , Gibertini Chiara , Delle Monache Daniele , Lo Parrino Elia , Faraci Federico , Belluardo Francesco , Di Nicola Matteo Riccardo , Manenti Raoul , Ficetola Gentile Francesco
Published: April 2022

Amphibians are an exemplary case of the current biodiversity crisis, being among the vertebrates suffering the fastest decline. Population dynamics of amphibians can result from processes acting at different scales. Both the local characteristics of breeding wetlands and the features of the surrounding landscape can strongly affect the temporal dynamics of amphibian populations. European newts are particularly threatened by land‐use change and invasive alien species. While it is known that newts are declining across Europe, few studies have performed broad‐scale assessments of their decline, either because abundance dynamics are more complex to analyse than presence/absence data or because they require a high sampling effort and long‐term monitoring.

In this study, we show that long‐term distribution data can be combined with demographic models to quantify the decline in abundance of newt species at the regional scale, and to assess the importance of multiple factors in determining abundance dynamics. We performed multiple surveys between 1996 and 2020 and used N‐mixture models in a Bayesian framework. We then calculated abundance changes between the first and the last sampling season, which were performed with an average timespan of 13 years across all wetlands.

Both Italian crested newts and smooth newts showed large declines, with an average estimated abundance loss between the first and last sampling season of 57% and 63%, respectively. Local characteristics of the wetlands were the main determinants of abundance dynamics: the abundance of both species showed a positive relationship with the area and the permanence of the wetland and a negative relationship with the presence of fish. Additionally, the abundance of Italian crested newts was negatively related to the presence of invasive crayfish. No relationship was detected between abundance and terrestrial habitat availability or connectivity measures.

Despite uncertainties in the absolute values of estimated abundance, the striking regional‐scale decline of newts is evident. Among the major determinants of population dynamics, fish and crayfish presence increased their prevalence in the study area, while other factors remained more stable. Management actions aimed at eradicating or controlling invasive fish and crayfish might halt abundance loss and even revert this declining trend.

The application of N‐mixture models to long‐term data from representative sites permits the analysis of temporal trends of species at the regional scale even when data come from complex monitoring schemes. We found large declines in abundance of two newt species, suggesting that European newts may be more threatened than previously thought.
Advances in nanotechnology‐based hair care products applied to hair shaft and hair scalp disorders
Authors: Santos Júlia Scherer , Barradas Thais Nogueira , Tavares Guilherme Diniz
Published: April 2022

Objective

Nanotechnology has been intensively applied to the development of novel cosmetic products for hair and scalp care during the last decades. Such a trend is corroborated by the fact that about 19% of the total nanocosmetics registered in the StatNano database are intended for hair and scalp care. Nanotechnology‐enabled formulations based on nanoparticles, cyclodextrins, liposomes and nanoemulsions have emerged as novel approaches due to chemical stability and their controlled release. Regarding hair care formulations, nanocarriers can target the hair shaft, hair follicle and scalp. Therefore, they have been used to treat several hair disorders, including dandruff and other hair‐damaging conditions.

Methods

This review addressed the most important nanocarriers applied to hair‐related disorders improvement. Furthermore, the application for hair photoprotection and improvement of hair colour duration by nanotechnological formulations is also approached. Besides, we provided an overview of the current scenario of available nano‐based commercial hair products and novel patented inventions.

Results

From the patent search, the Patent Cooperation Treaty was pointed as the most important depositing agency while the United States of America has been the most depositing country. On the contrary, according to the StatNano database, Brazil stands out in the hair care worldwide market, and it is also the main producer of hair cosmetics based on nanotechnology.

Conclusion

As nano‐based products offer several advantages over conventional cosmetics, it is expected that in future, there will be more research on nanocarriers applied to hair disorders, as well as commercial products and patent applications.
Particle size distribution and homogenisation efficiency in high‐pressure homogenisation of wheat germ oil‐water system
Authors: Lai Quoc Dat , Huynh Thi Thuy Loan , Doan Ngoc Thuc Trinh , Nguyen Hoang Dung
Published: April 2022

Wheat germ oil (WGO) is well‐known as a good source of vegetable oil due to its nutrients and health benefits. Emulsification is a process that improves the incorporation of oil into food. High‐pressure homogenisation (HPH) is a nonthermal and soft technique with enormous potential in oil‐in‐water emulsification. This paper focussed on the application of HPH for emulsification of WGO‐in‐water system. Influences of homogenisation pressure (100–300 bar), oil fraction (10–20% v/v) and lecithin adding (0–0.2% w/v of content) on the homogenisation were evaluated based on distribution of particles diameter and homogenisation efficiency. The increase in operating pressure and lecithin ratio decreased the particle size and increased the emulsion stability, and vice versa for oil fraction. The findings imply that the investigated factors significantly influenced particle size and emulsion system stability. The regression model between mean particle diameter and technical conditions of emulsion was established. With HPH treatment conditions of 300 bar operating pressure, 10% (v/v) oil fraction and 0.2% (w/v) lecithin created an emulsion system with a mean particle size of 3.32 µm, more than 50% of the volume of particles smaller than 1.5 µm of diameter and the homogenisation efficiency of 98.61%. HPH exhibits high efficiency and potential in WGO‐in‐water emulsification application.
Critical migration policy narratives from West Africa
Authors: Teye Joseph Kofi
Published: April 2022

Although there are contesting perspectives on migration, there is little understanding of how narratives of various policy actors shape migration governance in West Africa. This paper relies on a desk‐review and qualitative data to examine the narratives that shape migration policy formulation and outcomes in West Africa. The findings indicate that while various stakeholders have been championing divergent narratives on migration, programmes that have been adopted by West African countries to manage migration have largely been based on the narratives of political elite and international development partners, although there were situations where these narratives were not supported by any strong evidence. While early views on the impacts of international migration portrayed it as a threat to socio‐economic development, more recent narratives have recognized the potential of migration to contribute to socio‐economic transformation. Consequently, various West African countries are developing policies to harness the benefits of immigration, emigration and return migration for socio‐economic development.
Theory‐based capacity building intervention for intersectoral action for health at local governments: An exploratory pilot study
Authors: Hernantes Naia , Bermejo‐Martins Elena , Øvergård Kjell Ivar , Pumar‐Mendez María Jesús , Lopez‐Dicastillo Olga , Iriarte‐Roteta Andrea , Antoñanzas‐Baztan Elena , Mujika Agurtzane
Published: April 2022

Aim

To design, implement and evaluate a nurse‐led capacity building intervention (PromoGOB) for intersectoral action for health at local governments.

Design

The programme was based on theories of the policy process and organizational change and facilitated by a nurse developing a health broker role. A complex intervention perspective was adopted in carrying out the study. The intervention was evaluated using a mixed method embedded design.

Methods

Quantitative component relied on a specific questionnaire. This tool, designed and piloted ad hoc, measured the capacity in terms of knowledge, awareness, resources, skills, and commitment, both at sectoral and government levels. For the qualitative component, semi‐structured interviews were conducted. These explored the perceived capacity and feasibility and acceptability issues. The programme was initiated at the end of October 2019, and it lasted a total of 5 weeks. Nineteen individuals representing various sectors at a local government in northern Spain participated in the study. The data analysis was concluded by the end of March 2020.

Findings

PromoGOB positively influenced participants' capacity for addressing health promotion. Awareness component, intersectoral work and the nurse as health broker were essential in the programme. The necessity of political participation was identified as an issue to be prioritized in future studies.

Conclusion

This study highlights the relevance of capacity building at local governments and the role that nurses can play in it. Further work should be undertaken to continue developing Health in All Policies approach at local level.

Impact

This study offers a starting point for nurses to get involved in the policy process of health promotion, performing a specific role as health brokers, building capacity at local governments for addressing social determinants of health, and delving into theories and concepts of the Health in All Policies field.
The integration of emerging technologies in socioeconomically disadvantaged educational contexts. The view of international experts
Authors: García‐Vandewalle García José Manuel , García‐Carmona Marina , Trujillo Torres Juan Manuel , Moya‐Fernández Pablo
Published: April 2022

Background

The development of students' digital skills is essential to access the labour market and interact with society, being especially important in disadvantaged socioeconomic contexts affected by the digital divide.

Objectives

The investigation has two objectives. On the one hand, to study the integration of ICT in disadvantaged contexts and, on the other, to know the critical use that is made of them in schools as a source of educational change.

Methods

In this research, eight international experts in education are interviewed on what they consider to be the best way of implementing new technologies in disadvantaged contexts to achieve educational improvement. A mixed methodology has been used, qualitative through semi‐structured interviews and quantitative through a text mining analysis of the interviews' transcripts with the R programming language.

Results and Conclusions

The results show that the teaching staff is the key element. The curriculum, objectives and school director's help are also highlighted, as well as the collaboration of the students who have to be provided with the necessary digital resources. At the state level, greater funding and support from universities are needed to support research and the quality of teacher training.
Comparison of glucose time in range and area under curve in range in relation to risk of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes patients
Authors: Wang Yaxin , Lu Jingyi , Shen Yun , Ni Jiaying , Zhang Lei , Lu Wei , Zhu Wei , Bao Yuqian , Zhou Jian
Published: April 2022

Aims/introduction

We proposed a novel continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)‐based metric, area under the curve in range (AucIR), for integrating both the amplitude and duration of dysglycemia, and further compared AucIR with the emerging key CGM‐derived metric, time in range (TIR).

Materials and methods

A total of 2,030 adult patients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled during May 2020 to October 2021. AucIR and TIR were measured with 7‐day CGM data. Logistic regression analysis and the C‐statistic was carried out to assess the association of AucIR and TIR with diabetic retinopathy (DR).

Results

Both AucIR (r = −0.89) and TIR (r = −0.95) were strongly correlated with mean glucose levels. Compared with TIR, AucIR showed a tighter relationship with parameters of glycemic variability, including the coefficient of variation (r = −0.56), standard deviation (r = −0.89) and mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (r = −0.70). For each absolute 10% decrease in AucIR, the risk of DR was increased by 7% (95% confidence interval 1.02–1.13) after adjustment for confounders. With respect to TIR, each absolute 10% decrease was associated with an 8% (95% confidence interval 1.03–1.14) increased risk of DR. The model discrimination for DR, as measured by C‐statistic, did not differ significantly between the two metrics (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

AucIR did not provide added benefit over TIR in the assessment of DR risk among patients with type 2 diabetes. The potential value of AucIR needs to be explored in future studies.
Energy and exergy analysis of a water bed‐infrared dryer coupled with a photovoltaic‐thermal collector
Authors: Rezvani Zeinab , Mortezapour Hamid , Ameri Mehran , Akhavan Hamid‐Reza , Arslan Selçuk
Published: April 2022

Orange is a perishable fruit that is dried to increase its shelf‐life. The main challenge of industrial dryers is their high energy consumption, which accounts for about 12% to 20% of the energy demands of the industry. In the present study, a continuous water bed‐infrared dryer equipped with a photovoltaic‐thermal (PV‐T) collector was presented for orange fruit drying. The designed dryer comprised two main units: the PV‐T air collector and the water bed‐infrared dryer. The PV‐T collector was considered to simultaneously generate electricity and heat required for the hot airflow inside the dryer. The effects of the hot water flow rate (0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 L/min) and the product thickness (3, 5, and 7 mm) on solar heat fraction, final moisture content of the dried oranges, and energy and exergy efficiencies of the dryer were investigated using the factorial test based on a randomized complete block design experiment. The average solar heat fraction increased by 35.1% with increasing the thickness from 3 to 7 mm, and increased by 29.8% with increasing the water flow rate from 0.05 to 0.15 L/min. Rising the water flow rate in the studied range reduced the final moisture content by about 14.7%. The average solar heat fraction, final moisture content as well as energy and exergy efficiencies of the dryer were obtained 0.26–0.61, 9.1%–16.04% wet basis (wb), 26.35%–35.63%, and 3.42%–12.9%, respectively. The best operating condition suggested based on the highest solar heat fraction, energy and exergy efficiencies, and the lowest final moisture content, was the 3‐mm slice thickness of orange and the water flow rate of 0.15 L/min.

Practical Applications

The main challenge of industrial dryers is their high energy consumption. In the present study, to increase energy efficiency in water bed dryers, a heat source of infrared radiation was deployed on top of the product surface, and a PV‐T collector was used to generate electricity and hot airflow simultaneously. We experimentally investigated the changes in heat fraction of solar energy, final moisture content of dried oranges, and energy and exergy efficiencies of the designed continuous water bed‐infrared dryer equipped with PV‐T collector at different operating conditions.
Bidirectional association between inflammatory bowel disease and depression among patients and their unaffected siblings
Authors: Zhang Bing , Wang Ho‐Hui Eileen , Bai Ya‐Mei , Tsai Shih‐Jen , Su Tung‐Ping , Chen Tzeng‐Ji , Wang Yen‐Po , Chen Mu‐Hong
Published: April 2022

Background and Aim

Approximately 30% of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients develop depression. Conversely, several studies reported increased IBD risk among patients with depression. Such bidirectional relationship has not been reported within one representative cohort, nor investigated among patients' family members. These associations may further implicate the gut–brain axis in IBD.

Methods

We conducted parallel retrospective cohort analyses to investigate depression risk among IBD patients and their unaffected siblings, and IBD risk among patients with depression and their unaffected siblings using the Taiwanese National Health Insurance Research Database. Individuals were followed up to 11 years for new‐onset depression or IBD. Controls were matched to unaffected siblings based on predefined characteristics.

Results

To investigate depression risk among IBD ‐ 422 IBD patients, 537 unaffected siblings, and 2148 controls were enrolled. During follow‐up, 78 (18.5%) IBD patients, 26 (4.8%) unaffected siblings, and 54 (2.5%) controls developed depression. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for depression among IBD patients and unaffected siblings were 9.43 (95% CI 6.43–13.81; P < 0.001) and 1.82 (95% CI 1.14–2.91; P = 0.013), respectively. To investigate IBD risk among depression ‐ 25 552 patients with depression, 26 147 unaffected siblings, and 104 588 controls were enrolled. During follow‐up, 18 (0.70/1000) depression patients, 25 (0.96/1000) unaffected siblings, and 58 (0.55/1000) controls developed IBD. ORs for IBD among depression patients and unaffected siblings were 1.87 (95% CI 1.07–3.26; P = 0.028) and 1.69 (95% CI 1.05–2.69; P = 0.029), respectively.

Conclusions

This population‐based study elucidates bidirectional association between IBD and depression. Elevated risks for either disease among patients and their unaffected siblings suggest shared etiologic contributors, offering novel insight into the gut–brain axis' influence in IBD pathophysiology.
Association of surveillance technology and staff opinions with physical restraint use in nursing homes: Cross‐sectional study
Authors: Favez Lauriane , Simon Michael , Bleijlevens Michel H.C. , Serdaly Christine , Zúñiga Franziska
Published: April 2022

Background

Physical restraints are used in nursing homes (NHs) despite their negative consequences. Use of surveillance technologies as alternatives to physical forms of restraints and negative staff opinions about the appropriateness of restraint use have been postulated to reduce this practice; however, these have rarely been investigated alongside resident outcome data. This study aimed to measure physical restraint prevalence in Swiss NHs and its associations with (a) the use of surveillance technologies and (b) staff's opinion about the appropriateness of physical restraint use.

Methods

This cross‐sectional multicenter study analyzed data on 3,137 staff and 6,149 residents of 292 units in 86 Swiss NHs (2018–2019). Based on routine resident data, we measured the prevalence of two classes of physical restraint: (a) bedrails or (b) trunk fixation or seating option that prevents standing. To assess potential factors associated with restraint use, we applied a logistic multilevel model.

Results

A 11.1% of residents were restrained with at least one form of physical restraint. Against our hypothesis, surveillance technologies were not significantly associated with restraint use, and staff members' opinion that the use of physical restraints was appropriate on their unit was associated with decreased odds of residents being restrained (odds ratio (OR): 0.48; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.29–0.80).

Conclusions

Although Swiss NHs have a low prevalence of physical restraint use, only a minority of NH units do not use any restraints with their residents. Surveillance technologies seem to be used concurrently with restraints and not as an alternative. Further research should investigate staff's current and intended uses of surveillance technologies in practice. Staff members' opinion that they use restraints inappropriately might correctly reflect overuse of restraints on their unit. If so, staff ratings of inappropriate restraint use may identify units that need improvement.
Together from the start: A transdiagnostic framework for early dyadic interventions for neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Bannon Sarah M. , Grunberg Victoria A. , Manglani Heena R. , Lester Ethan G. , Ritchie Christine , Vranceanu Ana‐Maria
Published: April 2022

Background

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are increasingly prevalent and radically alter the lives of individuals and their informal care partners (together called a dyad). As symptoms progress, dyads are at risk for elevated emotional distress and declines in relationship functioning and quality of life. Psychosocial interventions delivered to dyads early after diagnosis have successfully prevented chronic emotional distress across several chronic illnesses including cancer and acute brain injury. Dyads with NDD could benefit from such interventions, however, they are limited. Because NDDs have symptom profiles that are distinct from other chronic illnesses, they require a unique framework and interventions. Given the limited dyadic interventions and unified symptoms across NDDs, a transdiagnostic framework may help to enhance scalability and efficiency. To address this problem, we developed a transdiagnostic framework that cuts across NDD physical and emotional diagnoses to inform cost‐effective and sustainable NDD dyadic interventions.

Methods

To develop this framework, we conducted: (1) a narrative review on dyadic adjustment and existent dyadic interventions for those with NDDs, and (2) integrated findings to develop our NDD transdiagnostic framework for dyadic interventions early after diagnosis.

Results

Findings revealed no existent dyadic interventions for NDDs delivered shortly after diagnosis. Among available interventions, all were delivered later in disease progression, thereby focusing on dyadic challenges at more advanced stages. In addition, although research emphasized the influence of individual, dyadic, and contextual factors on dyads' early adjustment to NDDs, no conceptual model has been developed. Informed by theory and current research, we introduce an NDD transdiagnostic framework for couples' early biopsychosocial adjustment. This framework includes NDD specific: contextual factors, illness‐related factors, individual and dyadic stressors, adaptive coping strategies, and dyads' resources.

Conclusions

Our NDD transdiagnostic framework can be used to inform early dyadic psychosocial interventions that cut across all NDDs. This approach has important implications for implementation and scalability.
Are the Largest Banking Organizations Operationally More Risky?
Authors: CURTI FILIPPO , FRAME W. SCOTT , MIHOV ATANAS
Published: April 2022

This study demonstrates that, among large U.S. bank holding companies (BHCs), the largest ones are exposed to more operational risk. Specifically, they have higher operational losses per dollar of total assets, a result largely driven by the BHCs' failure to meet professional obligations to clients and/or faulty product design. Operational risk at the largest institutions is also found to: (i) be persistent, (ii) have a countercyclical component, and (iii) materialize through more frequent tail risk events. We illustrate three plausible channels linking BHC size and operational risk—institutional complexity, moral hazard incentives arising from “too‐big‐to‐fail,” and innovation.
Safety and efficacy of Trimax‐360 serum in healthy adult subjects with mild to moderate alopecia of scalp
Authors: Chew Soon‐Keong , Gajjar Trusha , Sethi Simran
Published: April 2022

Background

Male pattern baldness and female pattern baldness, commonly known as androgenic alopecia, is the most prevalent type of alopecia, often genetically predetermined. It is a condition of hair loss, which typically affects the scalp and characterized by progressive terminal hair loss.

Objectives

The study was conducted to evaluate efficacy and safety of botanical‐based Trimax‐360 Serum in healthy adult subjects with mild to moderate alopecia of scalp.

Methods

A total of 30 subjects were randomized in an open label, single arm study conducted in healthy males and females aged 30–45 years. Trimax‐360 Serum was applied twice a day for 98 days to each subject. Effect of Trimax‐360 Serum was evaluated for hair thickness, hair density, scalp condition, hair fall, hair oiliness, softness, and hair growth rate assessment.

Results

Statistically significant [p‐value <0.0001] improvement was observed in hair density, hair thickness, and hair growth rate after 98 days treatment with Trimax‐360 Serum. The trend of improvement in change from Baseline was gradual from Day 21 to Day 98 which was found to be 1.7%–41.5% for hair density; 0.00 µm to 10.7 µm for hair thickness, respectively. The mean (±SD) hair growth rate (μm/day) also gradually improved from 13.044(±9.4119) to 42.528(±18.5565) μm/day after 21 days to 98 days treatment with Trimax‐360 Serum. All subjects showed good scalp condition and gentle increase in noticeable new hairs while none of the patient reported hair oiliness and hair fall. No apparent adverse events were observed throughout treatment duration.

Conclusions

The results of this open label study suggest that 98 days treatment with botanical‐based Trimax‐360 Serum is safe and effective in significantly improving the rate of hair growth.
Phytoconstituents‐loaded nanomedicines for the management of acne
Authors: Qadir Abdul , Ullah Shehla Nasar Mir Najib , Gupta Dipak Kumar , Khan Nausheen
Published: April 2022

Background

According to epidemiological data, a large percentage (80–90%) of adolescents suffer from acne vulgaris and approximately 30% of them need treatment. Possible outcomes of the inflammatory acne lesions are acne scars which, although they can be treated in several ways, may have a negative psychological impact on social life and relationships. There are three levels of acne: mild, moderate, and severe. The main types of acne scars are atrophic and hypertrophic scars. The pathogenesis of acne scarring is still not fully understood, but several hypotheses have been proposed.

Aim

The aim of this review is phytoconstituents‐loaded nanomedicines for the management of acne.

Materials and methods

An online literature assessment was steered for the acne, phytochemical composition, and nanomedicines, types of acne, types of nanotechnology. Appropriate information were taken from different electronic scientific databases such as Web of Science, Elsevier, Science Direct, Springer, PubMed, Google Scholar, etc., Additional data was summarized from textbooks, local prints, and scripts.

Results

Nanotechnology‐based nanomedicines provide a great coincidence for the enhancement in the efficacy and safety of pharmaco‐therapeutic agents for acne.

Discussion

In this review, we discuss the phytoconstituent that are natural compounds present in plants extensively used for the anti‐acne activity. Phytochemicals target cytokine signaling pathways and thus exhibit their anti‐acne activity. We further outline the advantages of loading phytoconstituents as a drug in nanocarriers such as emulsion, niosomes, SLN, and nanocrystal for better and improved topical treatment.

Conclusion

This review is mainly focused on the usage of herbal nanomedicines in acne, nano delivery carriers used in the delivery of phytoconstituents with an improved therapeutic profile and reduced toxicity. In recent years, phytoconstituents showing their anti‐acne potential, and phytoconstituents‐loaded nanomedicines have high treatment potential in the management of acne.
Studies on stratum corneum metabolism: function, molecular mechanism and influencing factors
Authors: Jiao Qian , Yue Lizhi , Zhi Leilei , Qi Yufeng , Yang Jie , Zhou Cheng , Jia Yan
Published: April 2022

Background

Stratum corneum is located in the outermost layer of the skin and is the most important part of the skin barrier. Stratum corneum mainly contains keratinocytes, lipids, and desmosomes. Their normal metabolic process is closely related to the function of skin barrier.

Aims

This paper reviews the structure and function of stratum corneum, influencing factors, skin diseases, and common solutions.

Methods

An extensive literature search was conducted on the structure and function of stratum corneum, influencing factors, skin diseases, and common solutions.

Results

This paper reviews the structure and function of stratum corneum and the influence of various factors on stratum corneum metabolism. At the same time, the existing skin problems, skin diseases, and common solutions are summarized.

Conclusions

This information will help to understand the function, molecular mechanism, and influencing factors of stratum corneum metabolism, and provide new ideas for stratum corneum health management and cosmetic research and development.
Temple augmentation by injecting a hyaluronic acid filler between the superficial and deep temporal fasciae
Authors: Lee Won , Park Jin‐Woo , Yang Eun‐Jung
Published: April 2022

Background

Hyaluronic acid (HA) filler injection is easy and effective for augmenting the temple. However, there are multiple layers in the temple and multiple guidelines regarding the optimal layer for administering these fillers. In this study, we used ultrasonography to reveal relatively safe layers for augmenting the temple and selected the space between the superficial temporal fascia (STF) and deep temporal fascia (DTF) as an injection site.

Methods

Doppler ultrasonography was used to differentiate anatomic layers of the temple and detect the blood vessels. HA filler was injected in the space between the STF and DTF. After filler injection, ultrasonography was used to detect the proper filler location. Patient satisfaction and complications were evaluated.

Results

Hyaluronic acid filler was injected into the space between the STF and DTF in all patients. An average of 1.08 ml of HA filler was injected into one side of the temple. In 15 out of 50 patients, the frontal branch of the superficial temporal artery was detected at the hairline or on the anterior side of the hairline, which was the location where the temple augmentation was performed. Forty‐nine patients were satisfied with the results after 3 months postoperatively. No serious complications were observed.

Conclusions

Hyaluronic acid filler injection in the space between the STF and DTF is a relatively safe and easy site for temple augmentation.
Fast diffusion kurtosis imaging in acute ischemic stroke shows mean kurtosis‐diffusivity mismatch
Authors: Hu Ranliang , Kim Hahnsung , Kim Jinsuh , Allen Jason W. , Sun Phillip Zhe
Published: April 2022

Background and Purpose

Diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) is an advanced technique more specific to irreversible ischemic injury than conventional diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI). However, its clinical translation has been limited by a long acquisition time and complex postprocessing.

Methods

A fast DKI sequence (3 minutes) was implemented on a 3T MRI (Siemens Trio) and piloted as part of an inpatient brain MRI protocol. Mean kurtosis (MK) and mean diffusivity (MD) maps were postprocessed automatically at the scanner console and sent to the Picture Archiving and Communications System. We retrospectively reviewed consecutive patients in a 5‐month period with acute ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion. MK and MD of the ischemic infarcts and contralateral normal brain were measured, and lesion volumes were measured in large infarcts using semiautomated segmentation.

Results

Twenty‐two patients were included in the study (median age 66). The median time from last known well to MRI was 37 hours. MD and MK maps were successfully processed and demonstrated acute infarction in concordance with DWI in all cases. Infarcted regions had higher MK and lower MD compared to contralateral normal‐appearing regions. MK lesion volume was significantly smaller than MD volume.

Conclusion

In this pilot study, we demonstrated the feasibility of incorporating a fast DKI sequence into a clinical MRI protocol. Acute infarcts were depicted on kurtosis maps, and MK lesion volumes were smaller than MD, in accordance with prior works. Future studies are needed to determine the role of DKI in acute stroke treatment selection and prognostication.
Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured and Milled Interim 3‐Unit Fixed Dental Prostheses
Authors: Legaz Juan , Sailer Irena , Mojon Philippe , Lee Hyeonjong , Karasan Duygu
Published: April 2022

Purpose

To investigate the survival and mechanical properties of 3‐unit interim fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) made with additive manufacturing (AM) technology compared to milled and conventional manual fabrication.

Materials and methods

Sixty 3‐unit interim FDPs replacing the first left mandibular molar were divided in 6 groups (n = 10): manual (Man) (Protemp 4), milled (Mil) (Telio‐CAD Multi), and 4 additive manufacturing (AM) groups were subdivided into 4 AM technology subgroups: direct light positioning (DLP) (Rapidshape P30 [RS]), and stereolitography (SLA) (Formlabs 2 [FL]) and the type of printed interim polymer (P Pro C&B [St] and SHERAprint‐cb [Sh]) (RS‐St, RS‐Sh, FL‐St, and FL‐Sh). Survival and complications were assessed after thermomechanical aging. The surviving samples were tested for fracture resistance. Kaplan‐Meier test followed by log‐rank test to show differences between groups was used to calculate the survival and complication rates. For fracture strength, one‐way ANOVA and Tukey‐b post hoc test were used to compare groups. Descriptive statistics was used for failure modes and Pearson chi‐square to compare groups (α = 0.05).

Results

Survival rates among groups varied from 100% (Man, Mil and FL‐Sh), 70% (FL‐St), 50% (RS‐Sh), and 20% (RS‐Sh) (p < 0.001), respectively. Additional events were observed in 50% to 80% in FL‐St, RS‐St, and RS‐Sh groups (p < 0.001). Man, FL‐St, and RS‐S showed lower mean static load resistance (p < 0.001). Fracture through the connector between tooth 35 and the pontic was the most prevalent type of failure.

Conclusion

The manufacturing method, type of resin, and the printing mode had a significant influence on the mechanical properties of AM interim 3‐unit FDPs.
High dose melatonin increases sleep duration during nighttime and daytime sleep episodes in older adults
Authors: Duffy Jeanne F. , Wang Wei , Ronda Joseph M. , Czeisler Charles A.
Published: April 2022

Aging is associated with changes in sleep, and improving sleep may have important consequences for the health, cognition, and quality of life of older adults. Many prescription sleep aids increase the risk of nighttime falls, have adverse effects on next‐day cognition, and are associated with increased mortality. Melatonin, a hormone secreted at night, increases sleep duration in young adults but only when administered during the day when endogenous levels are low. In a month‐long cross‐over study, we randomized 24 healthy older (age >55, mean 64.2 ± 6.3 years) participants to receive 2 weeks of placebo and 2 weeks of either a low (0.3 mg) or high (5.0 mg) dose of melatonin 30 min before lights out. Sleep was polysomnographically recorded and was scheduled during both the biological day and night using a forced desynchrony design. Although 0.3 mg melatonin had a trend towards increasing sleep efficiency (SE) overall, this was due to its effects on sleep during the biological day. In contrast, 5 mg melatonin significantly increased SE during both biological day and night, mainly by increasing the duration of Stage 2 non‐rapid eye movement sleep and slightly shortening awakenings. Melatonin should be further explored as a sleep aid for older adults.
Experience of adolescents in mental health inpatient units: A metasynthesis of qualitative evidence
Authors: Shin Soyoung , Ahn Suyoun
Published: April 2022

Accessible Summary

What is known on the subject?

Inpatient treatment is often necessary due to the vulnerability of adolescents’ mental health, and hospitalization rates are increasing.

There are both positive and negative experiences related to adolescent inpatient treatment.

What does this paper add to existing knowledge?

Inpatient ward environment and interactions with staff and peers are critical in adolescents’ nursing care while undergoing inpatient treatment.

Adolescents want their voice to be reflected in the treatment process, including within the discharge plan.

What are the implications for practice?

Mental health nurses should establish a therapeutic milieu for adolescents to feel stable and safe so that inpatient treatment can become a positive experience.

Mental health nurses should apply a person‐centred approach to adolescents so that adolescents can participate in decision‐making during the inpatient treatment process.

Introduction

Mental health inpatient treatment is necessary and increasing in adolescents due to their mental health vulnerability. Few studies have comprehensively reviewed adolescents’ hospitalization experience.

Aim

To gain an in‐depth understanding of the mental health inpatient experience from adolescents’ perspectives.

Method

Six electronic databases, manual searches and citation searches were completed for studies published within the last 10 years. Eight articles were included, and thematic analysis was used. The Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) checklist was applied to assess data quality.

Results

Three main themes were identified: Experiences of hospitalization, perceived outcomes and preparing for discharge. These themes included both positive and negative experiences.

Discussion

The environment and interactions within the ward were critical to adolescents’ nursing care. Positive relationship experiences were important for adolescents to adapt well and consequently achieve beneficial inpatient treatment results. Additionally, adolescents wanted to participate in the decision‐making process related to their treatment during hospitalization.

Implications for Practice

Mental health nurses have a responsibility to be sensitive to adolescents’ mental health status during hospitalization and to understand the significance of providers’ support in leading them to recovery. Nurses need to establish a more stable ward environment and form positive relationships through respect for adolescents’ intentions.
Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) extract on growth, enzymological and biochemical responses and immune‐related gene expressions in giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)
Authors: Jahanbakhshi Abdolreza , Pourmozaffar Sajjad , Adeshina Ibrahim , Vayghan Ali Haghi , Reverter Miriam
Published: April 2022

In the current study, growth performance, biochemical constituents of muscle, activities of enzymes in the haemolymph, and expressions of immune‐related genes were evaluated in the giant freshwater prawns Macrobrachium rosenbergii fed diets supplemented with aqueous garlic (Allium sativum) extract at 0, 5, 10 and 20 g/kg (w/w) for 60 days. At the end of the feeding trial, weight gain and specific growth rate were significantly improved in garlic‐fed prawn groups compared with the control (p < 0.05). Moreover, feed conversion ratio was significantly lower in the garlic‐fed groups than in the control (p < 0.05). Activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in the hepatopancreas, activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and levels of albumin and total protein in the hemolymph were significantly increased in the garlic treatments (p < 0.05). Furthermore, garlic supplemented diets improved muscle biochemical profiles, particularly contents of crude protein and total ash and upregulations of immune deficiency and heat shock proteins (HSP70) gene expression (p < 0.05). Therefore, garlic has positive effects on growth performance and physio‐biochemical responses of M. rosenbergii, and thus, it can be used as an additive for stress resistance and as a growth promoter in sustainable aquaculture.
Gondwanan survivor lineages and the high‐risk biogeography of Anthropocene Southeast Asia
Authors: Kooyman Robert M. , Ivory Sarah J. , Benfield Adam J. , Wilf Peter
Published: April 2022

The Southeast Asian rainforest region is extremely complex and biodiverse. Fossils have shown that paleo‐Antarctic rainforest lineages (PARLs) now extant in Asia tracked the ever‐wet conditions needed to survive and diversify through deep time. However, the threat of future climate change to the remaining rainforest and PARLs in Southeast Asia has yet to be evaluated to set conservation priorities. We first quantified the woody‐genus floristic relationships of Southeast Asian Island Groups by vetting and analyzing recent compilations of bioregional species data. We then evaluated the contributions to community assembly of woody fossil lineages and Island Group relationships to environmental gradients. To better understand climatic constraints of fossil lineage distributions and forecast distributions under projected future climate, we used exemplar living woody PARLs, including two angiosperms and two gymnosperms. Generalized linear models were used to project potential distributions under future climate pathways that assume no reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. The floristic analyses highlighted strong similarities among Island Groups in the ever‐wet forest areas of Malesia, where PARLs are often concentrated. Ordination outliers represented more seasonal locations. Species distribution models showed that potential future distributions of ancient lineages are constrained by increasing rainfall seasonality and higher seasonal temperatures, with significant differences among exemplar genera. Notably, potential distributions often mapped onto de facto inaccessible areas, where forest clearing and the ubiquitous marine dispersal barriers that characterize the region will drastically inhibit potential relocation. These realities gravely threaten paleo‐conservation values and contemporary rainforest community assembly processes in Southeast Asia.
Intraspecific trait variation of grassland species in response to grazing depends on resource acquisition strategy
Authors: Streit Helena , Menezes Luciana S. , Pillar Valério D. , Overbeck Gerhard E.
Published: April 2022

Question

Grazing is an important disturbance for maintenance of structure and functioning of the plant communities in grassy ecosystems. Functional characteristics of plants, which are responsible for their response to grazing, vary at inter‐ and intraspecific levels. Here, we assessed: (1) the extent of intraspecific trait variation when compared to interspecific variability; and (2) how grazing regime affects intraspecific trait variation in leaf functional traits of species with different leaf economics strategies.

Location

A multisite grazing experiment in subtropical grasslands, southern Brazil.

Methods

For 30 dominant grassland plant species we measured functional traits related to resource acquisition strategy and grazing response (SLA, specific leaf area; LDMC, leaf dry matter content; LA, leaf area; and FT, leaf resistance to traction) under three grazing treatments (grazing exclusion, traditional, or deferred grazing) arranged in a randomized block design. We quantified the overall proportion of intra‐ and interspecific variation and, for each species, we tested for the grazing treatment effects on intraspecific trait variation through Bayesian analysis of variance.

Results

The overall contribution of intraspecific variation was up to 37% of the total variation. For most grass species, grazing exclusion led to lower values of SLA and higher values of LA, while no effect of grazing treatments was detected on intraspecific variation of LDMC and FT. Altogether, the effect of grazing management on intraspecific trait variation was more prevalent in species presenting a conservative strategy than in species with an acquisitive strategy.

Conclusion

The expression of leaf traits is variable within species, especially for those species with a conservative strategy of resource acquisition. The extent of intraspecific trait variation in response to grazing depends on the considered traits and the resource acquisition strategy of the studied species.
Does colour impact responses to images in geckos?
Authors: Katlein N. , Ray M. , Wilkinson A. , Claude J. , Kiskowski M. , Wang B. , Glaberman S. , Chiari Y.
Published: April 2022

Animals are exposed to different visual stimuli that influence how they perceive and interact with their environment. Visual information such as shape and colour can help animals detect, discriminate, and make appropriate behavioural decisions for mate selection, communication, camouflage, and foraging. Previous research indicates that at least some species within all major vertebrate groups prefer and can discriminate among certain colours and that colour may increase the response to a stimulus. However, since colour is often studied together with other potentially confounding factors such as movement and scent, it is still unclear what role colour plays in the perception of and attention to different stimuli. In this study, we test whether colour influences the response that an animal has to an object, and whether this influence changes depending on the type of object shown to the animal. We assessed the response of three gecko species,Correlophus ciliatus,Eublepharis macularius,andPhelsuma laticauda, to familiar and novel objects presented as colour or grayscale images. Our results indicate that colour does not change the response to objects. Specifically, we found that while all species responded more often to novel than to the familiar images, colour did not influence the response. We also found that the duration of interaction with images was significantly longer for the diurnal species,P. laticauda, than for the two nocturnal species, but this was also independent of colouration. Finally, no differences among sexes were observed within or between species. Our results show that geckos discriminate between 2D images of different content independent of colouration, suggesting that colour may not increase detectability or intensity of the response. These results are essential for uncovering which visual stimuli produce responses in animals.
A Generative Approach to the Instructed Second Language Acquisition of Spanish se
Authors: Juffs Alan , Fang Shaohua
Published: April 2022

This article focuses on the role of crosslinguistic patterns with verbs in the mapping of noun phrases/semantic roles to positions in morphosyntax, with a particular focus on second language (L2) development of Spanish se. The data set derives from high school learners of Spanish in the United States under broadly deductive and inductive learning treatments leading to explicit awareness. Using linear mixed effects modeling (LME) and binomial logistic regression, an analysis of high school learners from three schools (total n = 138) showed that learners based their acceptability judgments of aurally presented sentences and written production on verb classes proposed in formal linguistic theory. However, effects of the instructional intervention were limited to production data. No advantage for either deductive or inductive instruction was identified. The data show a clear role for formal linguistic categories in explaining patterns in the data. Implications for fine‐tuning instructional intervention and testing of verb classes are discussed.