bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AN INVESTIGATION INTO SOME OF THE METHODS AVAILABLE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE SULPHONATE CONTENT OF OIL‐SOLUBLE PETROLEUM SULPHONATES
Authors: FENWICK D.J.
Published: February 2008

The present situation in the industry demands reliable and rapid methods of material control, from the raw materials to the final product. New methods and techniques are constantly being introduced to fulfil this requirement; it is essential, particularly for the routine analyst, to choose a method of control which is both precise and rapid. It is the purpose of this paper to investigate some of the methods applicable to the determination of the sulphonate content of the oil soluble petroleum sulphonates. These are believed to consist of the mono sulphonic derivative of hydrocarbons of an approximate formula CnH2n‐13SO3H, containing an aromatic naphthenic nucleus with a long side chain. A brief outline of the manufacture and use of the petroleum sulphonates will be given, together with a brief survey of some of the analytical methods available for their determination; this will be developed to include an investigation of the precision and comparison of two of these methods.
Public Building Machinery
Authors: Brewer Allen F.
Published: February 2008

INDIRECTLY Management is probably more dependent upon the lubrication of office and public building machinery than in any other phase of industrial operations. In multi‐storey buildings the lift is the most obvious device. One uses it daily with reliance upon the speed, and relief from the stairs. BUT, there is other almost equally as important machinery, even though not quite so obvious. For example the heating and ventilating system along with possibly the air conditioning; the pumps, sometimes the power plant for steam heating or even auxiliary electric reserve; and the electric motors for power drives. All hidden as to location.
DEVELOPMENT TESTING OF METAL WORKING LUBRICANTS
Authors: Morton I.S.
Published: February 2008

The attraction of shorter and less expensive methods of performance testing of cutting fluids, as just indicated with respect to broaching operations, applies to all operations in some degree. Even established drilling or turning tests can soon involve expenditure of some thousands of pounds, and this may be difficult to justify where, as is often the case at present, any improvement may only give a modest commercial return.
Protective Lubrication of Packaging Machinery
Authors: Brewer Allen F.
Published: February 2008

WOODWORKING combines the usage of heavy duty machinery such as the circular or band saw which constitute the basis of sawmill operation, with the more precise high speed machines required for final finishing of wood products by planing, molding, shaping, boring, etc. Each process is essentially one of cutting. The sharper the sawteeth and the straight knife edges of the subsequent cutting machines, the more precise will be the finished surfaces.
DEVELOPMENT TESTING OF METALWORKING LUBRICANTS
Authors: Morton I.S.
Published: February 2008

Sendzimir mills have already been referred to as notable examples of cluster mills (p. 142 and Fig. 9). They exploit the advantages of well‐supported small diameter work rolls, making heavy reductions possible and producing very accurate cold rolled strip. The work rolls can be finished to produce the sheet surface quality required, can be very rapidly changed in service, and can be made of special very hard material such as tungsten carbide when minimum flattening is needed. Accordingly these mills are used for a great variety of materials — not only all types of steel (including stainless), copper and its alloys, and aluminium and its alloys, but titanium, tantalum, zirconium and even rarer or more intractable metals.
FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH in an INDUSTRIAL WORLD
Authors: CAMERON ALISTAIR
Published: February 2008

I am sure that everyone who has come here tonight is aware that Imperial College is an institution dedicated to both Science and Technology. I hope to investigate some of the implications of this double dedication, as indeed I have been ever since I came to the College. This dual dedication is implicit in the title of my lecture—Fundamental Research in an Industrial World.
Adventures of Antrobus, Part Three
Authors: LEE ALAN
Published: February 2008

IN A rapidly changing world in which surfeit—in the shape of four‐letter words, full frontal nudity and the freak antics of so‐called Trendy Man, all in the seclusion of one's own private sitting room—has reduced what was once remarkable to mere commonplace, there is perhaps nothing now which excites the curiosity of trusty old Tribology Man as much as a simple knock on the door, unless it is the intriguing plop of the postal packet which sometimes marginally precedes it. On this particular occasion the PANJANDRUM OIL COMPANY envelope carried but a solitary missive. “URGENT!” it cried, followed by a frantically scrawled appeal from a harrassed Sales clerk calling for an early visit to Mr Sam Shuttleworth, natural‐born despot and tyrannical owner of a northern rubber manufacturing outpost aptly titled Bleak Mill.
SELECTION OF CUTTING FLUID
Authors: Bagchi H. , Basu S.K.
Published: February 2008

These authors reported work on cutting oils in our September/October 1972 issue and this paper describes a continuation of their work. The selection of special cutting fluids and lubricants can significantly affect metal cutting operations. Friction forces during metal cutting can increase the amount of work to be done to deform the material, can increase tool wear, and can increase surface roughness of the workpiece. The frictional force can be reduced by the correct selection of cutting oil. In this paper the authors describe work to investigate the performance of molybdenum disulphide and graphite‐based cutting fluids and lubricants when machining mild steel under different processes. The results suggest that graphite‐based fluids give the better results under these experimental conditions.
DEVELOPMENT TESTING OF METALWORKING LUBRICANTS
Authors: Morton I.S.
Published: February 2008

DRAWING of metals occurs in innumerable ways, both hot and cold. Here, however, we are concerned only with the cold drawing operations used to form vast tonnages of steel, and large quantities of non‐ferrous metals, as tube and wire, and for the forming of sheet metals (especially by deep drawing).
Double universal rolling mill with integral edging mills
Authors: Mundt M.
Published: February 2008

The world's first double universal rolling mill with integral edging mills rolls two rails or girders simultaneously. Compared with a conventional installation, very much less space is required and all the problems of synchronizing the operation are eliminated. Total investment is also greatly reduced. SKF supplied four‐row cylindrical roller bearings for the horizontal rolls. Accurate axial location is provided by a double direction spherical roller thrust bearing. The vertical and edging rolls are fitted with SKF bearings as well.
THE HISTORY OF SEAL RESEARCH AT BHRA 1947–1975
Authors: NAU B.S.
Published: February 2008

FLUID SEALING research at BHRA Fluid Engineering has its roots in the early years following the 1939–45 war. In 1945 the then Ministry of Aircraft Production felt that the equipment designer needed sound, basic information on the way hydraulic jack seals functioned and the factors affecting their performance. D. F. Denny was therefore seconded to Imperial College, London, to undertaken programme of research on reciprocating oil seals, which resulted in the publication of a 120‐page volume: “The sealing mechanism of flexible packings”, recently reprinted to meet a continuing demand.
The microbiology of coolant/lubricants
Authors: Purkiss B.E.
Published: February 2008

It has been known, for at least 80 years, that micro‐organisms existed which have the capability of attacking aliphatic and aromatic hydro‐carbon materials; it has only been in the last decade that any attempt has been made to exploit the practical implications of the earlier work. Now that the attention of the metal‐working industries has been drawn to the economic and hygienic consequences of bacterial and fungal infections, the subject is beginning to attract the attention that it deserves.
The use of PTFE slide bearings on construction sites
Authors: Johnston Arthur M.
Published: February 2008

The exceptional frictional characteristics of PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) make it an ideal material for use as a sliding medium when moving heavy loads. Extremely low friction coefficients can be achieved with pads and slideways made from unfilled PTFE so that massive loads can be moved with relatively small forces. The use of filled grades of PTFE can provide greatly increased wear resistance with a small increase in friction coefficient.
PETROLEUM SULFONATE ANALYSIS
Authors: Parmar R.R. , Sahukar B.N.
Published: February 2008

Combination of ASTM D 855‐56 and cationic titration methods to evolve a very rapid and precise method for the analysis of petroleum sulfonates with respect to molecular weight and sulfonate content. Active ingredient as R·SO3Na where R is a naphthenic aromatic nucleus having one side chain).
GEAR OILS ON TEST
Authors: Papay Andrew G.
Published: February 2008

GEAR oil testing is an enterprise involving large numbers of people and equipment and costing millions of dollars per year. It is used as a guide in the development of new gear lubricants (or even new machines) and also serves broad quality control purposes. Since the gear oil business is a multimillion dollar area and since it is serving a multibillion dollar automotive and industrial investment around the world, spending for gear oil testing can be well worth the costs. However, as in every other aspect of business, cost reduction in gear oil testing is becoming more and more a demand of the times. It is therefore important to take a critical look at the expenses incurred in this area, and decide if some of the tests can be eliminated without detrimental effects.
SOME PRACTICES RELATED TO TRIBOLOGY
Authors: ROBERTSON J.A.
Published: February 2008

J. A. ROBERTSON addresses the Institute of Mechanical Engineers Tribology Group on the many‐sided health and safety risks arising from developments in modern industrial lubrication techniques.
The molecular structure of sulphonates
Authors: ANAND K.S. , ANAND O.N. , SINGH M.M.
Published: February 2008

MODERN heavy‐duty motor oils are almost invariably formulated with detergent‐dispersant type of additives. The types of additive normally employed for this purpose are organo‐metallic detergent‐dispersants such as metal salts (barium/calcium) of alkyl phenols, petroleum and synthetic sulphonic acids, condensation products of olefins and P2S5, alkyl salicylic acids, etc., on the one hand, and the polymeric ashless types of dispersants such as polymethacrylic esters and N‐substituted long chain alkyl succinimides, on the other. Barium and calcium salts of the petroleum sulphonic acids, however, are by far the most widely used dispersant‐detergent additives. These additives are manufactured from the sodium salts or the sulphonic acids obtained as a by‐product during the sulphonation of mineral oils for the manufacture of white oils and transformer oils. The average molecular weight of the sodium salts is in the range 450—500.
AN INDIAN EXPERIMENT
Authors: Kumar Arjun , Rao R.A. , Gupta R.B. , Singhal S.
Published: February 2008

THIS paper describes a test method, developed on the Kirloskar AV‐1 (naturally aspirated) single‐cylinder diesel engine, for evaluating tendency towards detergency, ring sticking and accumulation of deposits in heavy‐duty type lubricating oils. The repeatability, reproducibility and the discriminating ability of the method is found to be good when the engine is run under the prescribed test method for 120 hours. This method is likely to be included in Indian Standard Specification for IC Engine Lubricating Oils, IS : 496. To finalize this test method, a correlation programme was also run between five laboratories. The results obtained correlate with the Petter AV‐1 test procedure when using a fuel containing 0–4% sulphur.
Facts about fluid sealing
Authors: LINES D.J. , O'DOHOGHUE J.P.
Published: February 2008

A rotary shaft lip seal operates with a lubricant film separating the seal from the shaft. In this paper the authors present experimental measurements of under‐lip temperatures which show that there is an optimum shaft surface roughness, and present thermal solutions for various convective heat transfer conditions which illustrate that the shaft conductivity is the predominant factor which affects the under‐lip temperature.
THE BRIDGE OF KNOWLEDGE
Authors: ROYLANCE B.J.
Published: February 2008

In his introduction to this paper the author likened the function of the tribology centres to that of a two‐way bridge—for the drawing in of information about industry's tribological problems and for the outflow of remedial advice and help.
NEW DUNCAN DOWSON BOOK COULD BE A BEST‐SELLER
Authors: Dowson D.
Published: February 2008

JUST three years after tribology was first defined in a Department of Education and Science Report (1966), Professor Duncan Dowson set about writing a textbook on the subject. A member of Leeds University, he had been teaching lubrication and aspects of mechanics of machines since 1955, and tribology in its broadest sense since 1966 to MSc course students. The University itself is, of course, well‐known for its tradition, dating back to the last century, of research and teaching in friction, wear, lubrication and bearing design.
TITANIUM COULD HELP MAKE THE WHEELS GO ROUND
Authors: KRAUSE H. , SCHOLTEN J.
Published: February 2008

CONTINUAL pressure of competition from the aircraft and automobile industries is forcing the administrators of railways throughout the world to concentrate their efforts on possibilities of modernization and improvement, with particular emphasis on the increase in travelling speeds. It is, therefore, necessary to pay special attention to the system railway wheel/rail, as it is this which has to fulfil such important functions as transmitting the driving, braking and guiding forces, quite apart from supporting the vehicle itself.
THE BEAUCHAMP TOWER STORY
Authors: Cameron A.
Published: February 2008

BY way of introduction perhaps a word may be appropriate to explain how I got involved in this study. When I was writing a text book on lubrication I made a resolution never to quote any reference that I had not actually seen and read. When it came to the basic law of journal bearing friction, known as Petroff's law, I had the formidable task of going through his very lengthy works to fulfil my resolution. His classic 1883 paper is 209 pages long and the next one of 1886 has 438 pages plus 119 pages of tables, while the 1887 one contains a mere 121, all of them in Russian.
BIG GEAR OPERATION
Authors: WOLLHOFEN G.P.
Published: February 2008

In translated form this paper is slightly shorter than the German original but I believe, nevertheless, that it retains all major facets which the author has painstakingly set out for the edification and interest of engineers and operatives who have any practical dealings with big gear drives of the open‐girth type. Herr Wollhofen draws skillfully on his expertise as Senior Engineer of Lubrication Engineering Headquarters of Klüber Lubrication München KG, and on his experience of special grease blending for girth‐gear installations in the hostile environment inseparable from cement kiln plant and mills where application of lubricants is by the adhesive spray system. We endorse his repeated emphasis on the fact that, to ensure best performance from such machinery and equipment, there is onus not only on the grease manufacturer to perfect his product, and on the service personnel to do their jobs properly, but also on the installer of the plant and its manufacturer and designer. The author's powerful plea that there must be better and closer liaison and co‐operation between all these factions may seem like crying for the moon. But when the resultant saving in time lost on repairs, and possibly capital outlay on premature replacements, is totted up, it is seen that Wollhofen's commonsense thesis has much to commend it.
FINE MACHINING AND THERMO‐ELECTRIC WEAR
Authors: BAGCHI H.
Published: February 2008

WHILE machining, a cutting tool undergoes changes in geometrical shape and so‐called concentrated wear takes place in addition to normal wear on the clearance face. This type of wear is mainly due to thermo‐electric current generated in Machine‐Tool‐Workpiece‐Machine (MTWM) circuit, the whole system being on two different temperature gradients. This type of wear may be of little significance in the case of a rough machining operation but is of great importance in very fine machining operations since it effects surface roughness and dimensional accuracy of the job.
OPTICAL STUDY OF THE LUBRICATION OF A 65mm CYLINDRICAL ROLLER BEARING
Authors: PEMBERTON J.C. , CAMERON A.
Published: February 2008

All measurements of EHD film thicknesses were carried out in simulated test machines. This study uses an actual bearing. A test rig which used a 65mm bore radial cylindrical roller bearing was constructed with a specially designed sapphire window in the outer track. Full loads, and speeds to 3000 rpm were applied. With specially polished rollers and chromic oxide coating on the window excellent interferometric film thickness measurements were found possible. A Xenon flash lamp was used and a Xenon Iaserof0–50pps,pulse half width of 150ns and peak power of 100 watts was developed for this research. A microscope and 35mm camera as well as video tape were used for recording results. Arrangements were made to study any chosen roller and the side of the bearing was also open to view. First the film measurements, when corrected for inlet zone viscous heating, agreed admirably with theoretical predictions for mid and exit film thickness. The effect of inlet boundary length on the film was then investigated in some depth. Studying the effect of the multiple roller system, a number of techniques were used to demonstrate that the inlet boundary length, which controls the lubricant film thickness, was itself controlled by the film thickness between the rollers and track in the unloaded zone. The ribs of oil, formed at either edge of the roller, are only secondary sources of oil for replenishment of the inlet film. It is in fact usual (as shown by the convex shape of the inletzone) for oil to feed out of the inlet zone into the ribs. Oil globules were sometimes observed riding on an air cushion at the entry to the roller‐track conjunction, though completely inoperative as providers of oil.
CASE HISTORIES
Authors: Wilson W.H.
Published: February 2008

No matter how good the theory or how well designed and made the product, in the end it is whether a bearing works or not that really matters. That is where practical experience is indispensable.
SELF‐LUBRICATING BEARINGS
Authors: Evans David C.
Published: February 2008

Dr D. C. EVANS looks at some of the options open in selecting a plain‐bearing arrangement designed to operate where an external lubricant supply cannot be incorporated for reasons of environment or expediency.
A WELCOME FOR THE INTERLUBE NEWCOMERS
Authors: OSBORNE BERNAL
Published: February 2008

It was a visit that also allowed an element of leisure as well as business — as the nicely worded programme put it — while tarrying overnight in a sample of gracious living at the Manor Hotel, Moretonhampstead. Here Interlube managing director, Roger Harrop and senior executives met the party. And here, incidentally, British Transport Hotels demonstrate that their more normal buffet car sandwich standard comes from quite another world …
THIN LAYER ACTIVATION FOR MATERIALS ANALYSIS
Authors: CONLON T.W.
Published: February 2008

The main role of the Harwell laboratory is to develop technology for the UK nuclear power industry, and this work is funded by the Parliamentary vote of the UKAEA. The very wide range of knowledge and skills necessary to fulfil this requirement has resulted in an R&D expertise which is a major national asset. For the last ten or more years Harwell has directed its expertise to the widest possible range of UK industry and has evolved into one of the largest contract R&D organisations in the world. Work done under contract for both government and industry now exceeds nuclear work, with commercial earnings amounting to some £30 million a year and accounting for 60 per cent of all Harwell's expenditure.
WHERE IT'S WET, COLD AND WINDY
Authors: Bergling G.H.
Published: February 2008

The working conditions prevailing in the offshore oil extraction industry are very arduous and present many problems not previously encountered. Rolling bearings often provide technically superior and also most reliable solutions to problems posed by these most exacting applications. SKF has developed some bearing arrangements on the basis of experience gained at sea and in other fields of rolling bearing application where the operating conditions have also been extremely onerous. The arrangements have been designed to offer a reliable method of overcoming the hostile working environments encountered, for example, in the North Sea and Arctic Regions.
ALUMINIUM CAN MANUFACTURE
Authors: SIMANDIRI S. , SCHMIEDE J.T.
Published: February 2008

Since the introduction of two‐piece cans in 1962, manufacture of aluminium beverage cans has been a large and growing section of the packaging industry. There are two methods used for making two piece cans, namely:
VALVE‐SPRING MATERIALS AND DESIGN
Authors: EDWARDS G.D.
Published: February 2008

The function of an internal combustion engine valve spring is to provide sufficient force throughout the engine cycle to maintain the tappet in contact with the cam at all speeds within the engine speed range. However, it must not exert such force that will produce unacceptable contact stresses between tappet and cam. The performance requirements of a valve spring are that it must not fail by fracture or, by load relaxation, lose so much of its controlling force that it fails to maintain control between tappet and cam.
A Grosvenor House “full house”
Authors: Smallman Tim
Published: February 2008

REMEMBERING the note of gloom and doom from Mr J. T. Chapman in his presidential comments at the British Lubricants Federation 1982 annual dinner — “trade is bad, and it's going to get worse,” he said — it was salutary to walk into London's Grosvenor House for the 1983 function in November and find a record 394 sitting down to dine, including two ladies. It looked as if the long‐looked‐for upturn had happened.
ALL IS NOT WELL WITH THE U.S. LUBE INDUSTRY
Authors: Haycock Roger
Published: February 2008

• Doubts over American test standards
MORE ABOUT MONITORING
Authors: Price A. , Roylance B.J.
Published: February 2008

The application of a novel, rapid wear debris monitoring technique, the Particle Quantifier pot method, to the wear of laboratory and industrial gear systems is dealt with. The results are discussed and compared with those obtained using other oil monitoring techniques.
CORROSION CONTROL in nuclear fuel reprocessing
Authors: STEELE D.F.
Published: February 2008

The chemical reprocessing of irradiated nuclear fuel involves the handling of highly radioactive and often hot or highly corrosive solutions, usually containing nitric acid. This demands plant constructed to a high standard of integrity from suitably resistant materials. The difficulty of carrying out maintenance or repair of active plant which fails due to corrosion means that an adequate corrosion allowance, based on reliable data, must be included at the design stage. The data on which to base the allowance are gathered from small‐and rig‐scale laboratory experiments where coupons or vessels, tubing, etc fabricated from the candidate material(s) are exposed to a simulated process environment. This is backed up whenever possible by corrosion data accruing from the operation of existing plants and by exposure of specimens to the actual plant environment followed by metallographic examination. The constructional materials most commonly used in reprocessing plants are austenitic grades of stainless steel along with smaller quantities of refractory metals like titanium. This, unsurprisingly, is in line with current practices in the nitric acid manufacturing industry.
SUBMARINE PROPELLER SHAFT SEALS:
Authors: Green G.A. , Tribe F.J.
Published: February 2008

Submarine propeller shaft seals operate under onerous conditions in an aggressive environment and their effective life is vitally dependent upon the durability of the seal face materials. The combination of physical and mechanical properties of certain carbon‐carbon composites makes them potentially suitable for this critical service, but a literature search revealed no prior reference to their deployment in any liquid sealing application nor, indeed, to their behaviour in an aqueous environment. In consequence, a programme of work has been carried out to determine the effect of prolonged exposure to high‐pressure sea water upon their properties, and to assess their performance when run in a seal test rig against a variety of counter surfaces. The assessments were made under a reproducible condition of boundary lubrication stabilised by control of interface torque. The effects of composite anisotrophy and of graphitisation have been examined using specimen rings with the direction of fibre lay‐up either in, or normal to, the rubbing plane, and in the graphitised or non‐graphitised condition. It has been shown that the carbon‐carbon composites are stable in water and perform well as a seal face material; however, current high procurement cost will probably restrict their use to the more exacting applications.
AN INDEPENDENT POINT OF VIEW
Authors: Prescott Bagley H.
Published: February 2008

Independence, nowhere more assiduously nurtured than in America, runs strongly through that country's lubricants manufacturing and marketing business. A report and forecast (page 12) by market researchers Kline & Co, presents an overall picture of good prospects, in which the independent medium and small volume companies, frequently specialists, must claim a reasonable share. This sector of the American lubricants industry is largely represented by the Independent Lubricant Manufacturers' Association (ILMA) whose ex‐president is the author of this article. H. Prescott Bagley II writes from a position of strength, for he is also current president of the White & Bagley company, of Worcester, Massachusetts. This is a division of the Dryden Company which markets Drydene, Oilzum (automotive) and W&B (industrial) lubricant brands, Dryden's major business being in the automotive field. Prescott Bagley's ILMA is comparable in function with the British Lubricants Federation at whose annual dinner at Grosvenor House he is the most regular overseas visitor. And he has usually travelled the farthest to get there. He says that of about 190 independent oil companies trading in the US, some 125 are involved in the manufacture of lubricants and fluids. About respective volumes of business he is diplomatically reticent. But of the independent's corporate achievement he is proud — it adds up to about 30 per cent of the volume of all lubricants sold in America. “It's an impressive piece of business”, he concedes, with just a touch of ex‐presidential trumpet‐blowing on behalf of his obviously healthy and competent ILMA.
SYNTHETIC LUBRICANT DEVELOPMENTS INFLUENCE COMPRESSOR SELECTION
Authors: Palmer Graham
Published: February 2008

During the last decade the selection of an appropriate gas compressor for a particular application has become increasingly difficult due to the availability of oil lubricated screw machines which provide a logical alternative to the traditional reciprocating compressors.
THE METALWORKING LUBRICANTS MARKET:
Authors: Saunders A.R.
Published: February 2008

The West European metalworking lubricants market has seen a number of major changes in the past decade.
Lubricants And The Environment
Authors: Wilson Bill
Published: February 2008

The latest British Lubricants Federation (BLF) technical seminar was held near Manchester on 19 March 1991. This seminar provided a valuable opportunity for updating knowledge or learning about European Community (EC) regulations, and both technical and commercial details of biodegradable lubricants. All four speakers were clearly well versed in their subjects and provided a wealth of information. Although the lack of any notes or hand‐outs at the meeting (to save cost?) was regrettable BLF has included precis of the four presentations in the latest issue of its newsletter Lube.
STATIONARY OIL ENGINE LUBRICATION PROBLEMS
Authors: Rawlins E.B.
Published: February 2008

The modern diesel engine in its many designs and types presents varied problems to the lubrication engineer.
FILTER TESTS with the aid of a DUST TUNNEL
Authors: James W.S. , Brown Gratz
Published: February 2008

The Fram dust tunnel is a room 50 ft. long by 15 ft. wide, by 13 ft. high. A 200,000 cu. ft./min. blower is mounted slightly below floor level in one end of the room. It is driven by V‐belts from drums located transversely across the room, the drums being driven by the rear wheels of the car.
Use of MOLYBDENUM DISULPHIDE in association with phosphated surfaces
Authors: BARWELL F.T. , MILNE A.A.
Published: February 2008

Experiments were carried out on the load‐carrying capacity and the endurance under light loading of five dry surface treatments. It was found that molybdenum di‐sulphide, rubbed or bonded on to mild steel, gave little effective protection against seizure. The combination of a phosphating treatment with an applied lubricant resulted in a good bearing surface. Of the three additional lubricants tested, a bonded coating of molybdenum di‐sulphide was superior to a coating of paraffin wax, which was itself superior to a coating of molybdenum di‐sulphide rubbed on.
A Mirror for Change: Survey/Feedback Experiences
Authors: Rickards Tudor , Bessant John
Published: February 2008

Feedback from a disinterested observer can be a powerful stimulus for change. In our everyday lives the new mirror in the bathroom can act as the disinterested observer reminding us of progress (or lack of progress) in the fight against middle‐aged flab. Similarly there are few more salutory experiences than the first time we see ourselves on film or in a video‐taped training excercise. “Do I really act like that?” we might ask incredulously, but rapidly there is acceptance that the answer is “probably yes”, followed by a resolve to do something about that mannerism that had been so disturbing to witness.
Re‐examining Appraisal:Breathing Fresh Air into the Performance Appraisal System
Authors: Stokes John , Stinson John
Published: February 2008

The world of Human Resources has witnessed many developments in the last 25 years. New technologies and systems have been rolling off the personnel production line at a growing rate, with each new product seen as an important vehicle for securing higher people productivity for organizations. Performance appraisal, as one such product, should have proved itself as a real contributor in this respect. But has it?
The Nature of Stress: a Case Study
Authors: Fineman Stephen
Published: February 2008

In recent years the problems of stress in organisations has become widely discussed and a number of approaches for helping, or “managing” stress have been suggested. Many of the methods have been aimed at organizational wide activities which are assumed to be good for all in the battle against stress. So, for example, we have prescriptions for more participation in decision making; for reducing work overload, and for clarifying job definitions and expectations.
Why Does Your Organization Grow?
Authors: Hunsaker Phillip L.
Published: February 2008

Organizational theory and research have proposed several models of the processes contributing to, and retarding, organizational growth. Most of these ideas relate to biological analogies which take as a model the living organism and the processes and principles that regulate and describe its growth and development. These same principles and processes are assumed to be equally applicable to a single biological cell, human beings, organizations, and even societies. When applied to organizations, the analogy implies that changes in growth result from forces in the environment outside the boundaries of the organization, or, from pressures developed within it. In understanding organizational growth from this perspective, it is necessary continuously to be aware of the interdependence among the relationships between size and complexity, strategic functional changes in conjunction with these increases, and the structural, climate and behavioral reactions which occur.
Some Issues in Contracting: A Study
Authors: Walton Michael
Published: February 2008

Client and consultant in any intervention will have differing needs and expectations of the outcomes of their working association. There seem to be considerable skills demanded on both sides during the process of entering into an “engagement” and lack of care and sensitivity in the early stages can often lead to disappointments, frustrations and unfulfilled (but perhaps undisclosed) expectations. This article looks at one particular consultancy relationship where inadequate attention was focused by the external consultant on these particular issues of the role. In fact, the need to be “of assistance”, “to help” and “to display a competence” with the client resulted in too much attention being placed on a deep diagnosis, and its reflecting back to the client at too early a stage of the engagement. Rather than facilitating the relationship it is suggested that it in some ways it seriously disenabled the client group to accept the diagnosis made in order for effective and collaborative work to proceed.
The Inter‐Personal Skills of Leadership: their Analysis and Training—Part I
Authors: Wright P.L. , Taylor D.S.
Published: February 2008

There are signs of a changing approach to the study of leadership. In the session on leadership at the XIXth International Congress of Applied Psychology, contributions from the platform stressed theory building, whereas other speakers from the floor expressed greater interest in what managers actually do (a micro‐processes approach) and how well they do it (a skills approach). Similarly, Campbell, in his overview of the conference on leadership held at the University of Southern Illinois in 1976, suggested that the study of leadership has been hurt by over‐concentration on “theory”. He argued that we need to develop more reasonable taxonomies of what readers and followers actually do when they interact, and that one of the gaps to be filled in leadership research is the consideration of leadership as an ability. The question of skills is also stressed by Mintzberg in relation to managerial work in general, He states:
Organisation & the Search for Community
Authors: Terry Pat
Published: February 2008

In the opening years of the 18th century, Englishmen stood on the verge of the greatest change to society the modern world has known. Already the foundations of the Industrial Revolution had been laid, the earliest “manufacturies” had been established, the harnessing of water power to machines was much improved and the first practical steam engine had been invented by Savery & Newcomen. Science and scientific knowledge, following the great traditions of English scientific thought, was flowering; the enclosures were making available the manpower to fodder the revolution and, above all, the great markets of the Americas and the Far East were opening to English manufactured goods. The stage was set for the development of the organisations which were to change the face of Britain and eventually the world.
The Inter‐Personal Skills of Leadership: their Analysis and Training—Part II
Authors: Wright P.L. , Taylor D.S.
Published: February 2008

In Part I of this article, in the previous issue of LODJ, we suggested that the interpersonal skills of leadership could be analysed at three main levels:
Integrating OD & MS
Authors: Harrison R.G.
Published: February 2008

In some societies the match‐maker or marriage broker plays an important role in community affairs. His function involves arranging and effecting introductions to promote mutually beneficial contacts between families with a common purpose — namely the marriage of their children. In fulfilling this, often delicate, brokerage function the wise match‐maker has learned not only to consider the wishes and happiness of the parties involved but also to keep a close eye on the implications of any proposed union for wider community and social life.
Understanding the Egyptian Manager: A Third World Management Development Experience
Authors: Murrell Kenneth L.
Published: February 2008

In an earlier published work, I reported extensively on the environment of the Egyptian manager. This report deals specifically with the development needs and opportunities of that same manager. It is assumed that many of the Egyptian conditions are similar to other developing parts of the world and that the suggestions offered and the methods of analysis used would also help one perform more effective management development activities in other parts of the developing world.
The Ethics of Behavioral Management
Authors: Manz Charles C. , Sims Henry P.
Published: February 2008

This paper explores the ethical issues associated with using behavioral management techniques in organizations. First, criticisms of behavioral management are enumerated. Then, a response is developed for each of the criticisms. A model is proposed which recommends an open/positive system of behavioral management in order to optimize both organizational effectiveness and individual freedom and dignity. Finally, an alternative to external control, employee self‐management, is proposed and explored as a further system of managerial control.
Women in Personnel Management
Authors: Boulgarides James D.
Published: February 2008

This article is the result of a co‐operative research supported by the IAPW, Los Angeles Chapter. The response, over 50 per cent, has been very gratifying. The data were gathered during May‐June, 1980. The author is grateful for the support of the IAPW, Los Angeles Chapter and to the respondents. The high response is a testimonial to the high level of professionalism of women in personnel management.
The Innovative Use of Instructional Systems
Authors: Siegfried Charlotte , Josendale Debbie
Published: February 2008

What to do with a century old, successful company, that has become gun shy of training programs?
MBO: Success or Failure?
Authors: Weldon Donald J.
Published: February 2008

Summary of Conclusions on MBO from the Literature Below are a series of generally inconsistent quotations representing conclusions reached by a sample of authors on the effectiveness, usefulness, and appropriateness of Management by Objectives:
The New Care and Feeding of Entrepreneurs
Authors: Vance Charles M.
Published: February 2008

A description is given of a community based small business advisement center model developed by the American Management Associations and the United States Department of Labor. The model, reflecting strong orientations from the fields of organization development and instructional technology, is presently being implemented and tested. This model recommends solutions to problems presently facing advisement centers, particularly with regard to effectively and efficiently handling large numbers of start‐up clients.
Surviving in a Changing World: The Nature of Change and its Application
Authors: Boulden George , Lawlor Alan
Published: February 2008

The Scenario We argue in this article that people and their organisations will have to make fundamental alterations in how they operate in a fast‐changing world. Because traditional management courses will not meet this need, a learning by doing organisational change programme is suggested. The ideas expressed are based upon the practical experience of working with line managers but, where appropriate, references are made to support the views expressed.
Structuring Quality Circles: A Management Challenge to Combat Ailing Productivity
Authors: Bocker Hans J. , Overgaard Herman O.
Published: February 2008

The Taylorisation of the Production area over the last decades has brought mass manufacturing coupled with a dramatic decrease of unit costs, thus making most goods cheaper and, therefore, generally affordable. At the same time, however, a most costly and valuable resource, namely the employee's personal capacity, most notably his problem‐solving ability, has become greatly underutilized.
Attitudes of European Working Women
Authors: Cooper Cary L. , Davidson Marilyn J.
Published: February 2008

Article 119 of the Treaty of Rome states “each Member State shall during the first stage ensure and subsequently maintain the application of the principle that men and women should receive equal pay for equal work”. In addition, in 1976 the EEC Council of Ministers issued a Directive which established equal opportunity at work for women, “on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion and working conditions”.
“It Suddenly Went Phut!!” Learning from Premature Closures in Consulting Practice
Authors: Walton Michael
Published: February 2008

Invaluable lessons can be culled from failure, which often provides an opportunity for critical review. The author here divulges some of his own experiences.
The Career Prospects of Married Women
Authors: Marsh Jacqui , Cooper Cary L.
Published: February 2008

An initial study to find out whether, when a married male manager is relocated, his firm offers any assistance to his wife to find work.
Team Appraisal
Authors: Margerison Charles
Published: February 2008

A fair assessment of pay, promotion and performance is crucial to maintaining morale and motivation. Rather than the “top down” approach, the appraisal process may be more adequately served by involving the whole team in assessing their own and each other's performance.
Coping with the Stress of Being a Woman Executive
Authors: Cooper C.L.
Published: February 2008

Recent research has shown that women managers may suffer more daily stress than their male counterparts, which adversely affects their physical well‐being but which can be controlled.
Role Perception — Its Effects on What We Do: Changing Role Perception in Individuals and Organisation
Authors: Boulden George
Published: February 2008

The author suggests that Britain's decline is largely due to the attitudes of its people. He outlines an approach which can successfully change traditional roles and perceptions and which will benefit the organisation and the economy.
Organisation Development in Vocational Education:
Authors: Tomasek Hana
Published: February 2008

This brief overview of American literature dealing with OD in schools points out that, below university level, education is lagging behind today's accelerated social development.
Decision Styles — A Perspective
Authors: Rowe Alan J. , Boulgarides James D.
Published: February 2008

How do decision styles differ from leadership or management styles? This question is addressed by considering situational variables, the decision process itself and a variety of decision style models. The authors conclude that the decision style approach has many applications and is a highly effective management tool.
Leadership as a Productive Strategy in Negotiation
Authors: Fells R.E. , Savery L.K.
Published: February 2008

Collective bargaining can be perceived as a form of joint decision‐making between groups, and the process by which agreements are reached can be analysed through the accepted principles of group dynamics. This article considers the process of collective bargaining with particular reference to the structure and behaviour of the groups involved. It suggests that a strong leadership strategy is an important aspect of securing agreements.
Developing the Skill of Time Management
Authors: McConalogue Tom
Published: February 2008

In a recent survey of managers (conducted at the Irish Management Institute, Dublin, early 1983) more than 80 per cent considered time as a problem for them. Although time is the one resource available equally to all managers, paradoxically, it is a resource that causes considerable stress and concern for individual managers. This resource will prove even more difficult for managers in future, for two reasons. Firstly, managers will be working in more complex and uncertain conditions. As a result they will have more complicated choices to make between alternative uses of their time. It is this pressure of choice that makes the skill of self‐management such a difficult one to master. Secondly, the increasing size and sophistication of organisations raises critical issues for managing time. While trying to satisfy the needs of their own jobs, managers are increasingly open to demands from others. While some organisations are being redesigned to cope with these new dependencies, e.g., matrix management, the burden of managing his own boundaries and time still rests on the individual manager.
Pressures on Professional Musicians
Authors: Wills Geoffrey I. , Cooper Cary L.
Published: February 2008

Since Hans Selye first postulated the relationship between environmental stressors and bodily reactions, a great deal of research work has been undertaken in the field of occupational stress. From this growing research literature, Cooper has been able to identify some of the many sources of occupational stress and to organise them into the following simplistic model.
Developing Organisational Cultures
Authors: Bumstead Dennis , Eckblad John
Published: February 2008

It is now quite widely suggested that a post‐industrial revolution is in progress (see, for example, Handy, and Naisbitt). Mass unemployment, rapid obsolescence of established technologies and the emergence of new technologies are some of the more concrete examples of the dislocation and reshaping of the economic, social, political and value patterns which we had come to take for granted in previous decades.
Some of the Reasons for Quality Circle Failure: Part III
Authors: Dale B.G. , Hayward S.G.
Published: February 2008

This is the final article of a series of three which deal with Quality Circle failures. The first two papers, based on a review of the literature, dealt with the possible reasons why quality circles may fail. To carry the investigation further the authors visited five companies to examine in more detail the main reasons for quality circle failures, how to prevent such failures and plans to revive entire circle programmes. In no way do these case studies purport to be representative. However, they do highlight some important determinants of success or failure and also some aspects which may be important in maintaining the long‐term viability of circles. The investigation was carried out by structured interviews with the appropriate member(s) of the company.
The Woman Entrepreneur in the United States and Puerto Rico:
Authors: Hisrich Robert D.
Published: February 2008

There are a variety of perceptions about the nature and composition of an entrepreneur. This individual has been described as someone who creates and builds a business from non‐existence while assuming the responsibility for development and management as well as risk or gain. But this gives only a shell within which a more complex and interesting person exists.
Employee‐guided Management: Steps for Involving Employees in Decisions and Actions
Authors: London Manuel
Published: February 2008

Employee‐guided management (EGM) is the process of using information from employees to guide management strategies and incorporates elements of participative management, participative decision making, performance feedback, and survey feedback to outline components for comprehensive programmes of employee involvement in providing information, formulating and carrying out action strategies, and evaluating outcomes. EGM is intended to be an ongoing process. Three case studies show how the EGM guidelines can be applied.