bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the distribution of magnetism over the earth's surface: III
Authors: Passalskij Paul T.
Published: February 2008

Theory of the Magnetic Variations in Anomalous Regions. [Pp. 114–127.] Both the secular and the diurnal variations, under normal conditions, change comparatively slowly from point to point on the Earth's surface, and on this consideration is based the reduction of the elements to an epoch. Hence the quantities, ΔX, ΔY, ΔZ, which must be added to the rectangular magnetic components X (N), Y (W), Z (vertical, + down), for a given moment, are taken the same for a considerable area. The diurnal variation corrections, as computed for a given hour, local time, are considered the same for entire parallels.
The magnetic character of the year 1908
Authors: van Dijk G.
Published: February 2008

The annual review of the “Caractère magnetique de chaque jour” for 1908 has been drawn up in the same manner as the preceding years. Forty observatories contributed to the quarterly reviews, 36 sent complete data and 3 among them communicated their method of classification. Table II of the annual review, containing the mean character of each day and of each month and the list of “calm days”, is reprinted here.
Atmospheric electricity observations on the first cruise of the “Carnegie”
Authors: Kidson Edward
Published: February 2008

Observations for specific conductivity of the atmosphere and the detection of the presence of radio‐active emanations were taken, in accordance with the Director's instructions, on the portions of the cruise between Falmouth and Madeira, Madeira and Bermuda, and Bermuda and New York. The plan was to devote alternate days to conductivity and radio‐activity observations. This program was interfered with by bad weather and by the failure on some occasions of the Zamboni dry pile which was used to charge the collecting wire in the radio‐activity experiments.

I. Conductivity Observations.
Times of abruptly beginning magnetic disturbances, as recorded at the coast and geodetic survey magnetic observatories
Authors: Faris R. L.
Published: February 2008

With the hope that I may in some measure help you to a clearer view of what will be told you by the next speaker2 in his discussion of the propagation of magnetic disturbances, I shall endeavor to briefly put before you a few of the salient features of magnetic storms and to summarize what has chiefly been done in reference to the particular phase of the subject under our title, and then to offer some new data showing the time element in the propagation of a magnetic storm.

As far as I am aware no clearly fixed definition of a magnetic storm has found universal acceptance or usage. It would appear, however, that any irregular magnetic disturbance differing in any noticeable degree from the usual periodic or cyclic variations may be termed a magnetic storm. With reference to their general features as shown by the photographic records, they may be divided into two general classes: (1) those in which the disturbance begins gradually, and (2) those in which the disturbance has a sudden or abrupt beginning. In the first‐mentioned class it is generally possible to ascertain the time of beginning of the storm approximately only. In the second class the accuracy in ascertaining the time of beginning is generally dependent upon the accuracy with which the time scale of the record can be mechanically measured. Either of these classes of storms may be of any of the degrees of magnitude or intensity, but the sudden beginnings are generally of moderate intensity.
The circumnavigation cruise of the “Carnegie” for 1910–13 and the perfection of her magnetic work as shown by recent tests
Authors: Bauer L. A.
Published: February 2008

The magnetic survey vessel, “Carnegie,” of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, left Brooklyn, New York, June 20, 1910, on her second cruise, encircling the globe, embracing three years, and covering about 65,000 nautical miles. Her itinerary is sufficiently indicated by the following ports: Greenport, Long Island; Vieques,* Porto Rico, where she arrived July 24; Para, Pernambuco and Rio de Janeiro;* Montevideo and Buenos Ayres* (Dec., 1910); Tristan da Cunha and Capetown* (Mar., 1911); Colombo (Ceylon) and Bombay,* Mauritius,* and Batavia,* (Oct., 1911); Manila* (Dec., 1911); Samoa* (Mar., 1912); Acapulco, Mexico (June, 1912); Cape Horn and South Georgia Island (Nov., 1912) ; Cape Town* (Jan., 1913); Vieques,* Porto Rico (April, 1913); Greenport, Long Island (June, 1913). [The “Carnegie” left Porto Rico August 18th for Para, at the mouth of the Amazon River.]

For the ports marked with an asterisk, there exist magnetic observatories, more or less fully equipped, at which comparisons will be made between the local magnetic standard instruments and those used by the “Carnegie” (both ship and land instruments). Where there are no magnetic establishments, the “Carnegie” ship instruments will be compared ashore with her land instruments. A good control will be had, furthermore, upon the latter by the repeated inter‐comparisons which will be obtained not only at the observatories mentioned but also by direct comparisons with the instruments of land observers of the Institution who will occasionally meet the vessel at a given port. In brief, by the methods pursued in the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, an effective system of control of all instrumental constants is continually in progress. The standard instruments adopted by this Department have been found correct within both practical and theoretical requirements.
Magnetic observations at Cheltenham, Maryland, May 15 to 20, 1910
Authors: Faris R. L.
Published: February 2008

From the l6th to the 20th of May last, special registration of the three magnetic elements, were made at the Coast and Geodetic Survey magnetic observatory at Cheltenham, Maryland, in response to a request received from Dr. Nippoldt, of the Potsdam Magnetic Observatory. The geographic co‐ordinates of Cheltenham are: latitude 38° 44′ N, and longitude 76° 50.′5 West of Greenwich; the observer‐in‐charge is J. E. Burbank. These special registrations were made for the purpose of ascertaining what, if any, effect the passage of Halley's Comet might have upon the Earth's magnetic field. It will be recalled, that Birkeland had sent out a special circular calling for magnetic and allied observations, in order to further test his cathode ray theory of magnetic storms.
Record of lightning stroke at Cheltenham Magnetic Observatory
Authors: Faris R. L.
Published: February 2008

During the prevalence of a severe local thunderstorm in the evening of July 12, 1910, the magnetic observatory of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, situated at Cheltenham, Maryland, was struck by lightning. The charge first struck the flagpole which was mounted on the southern end of the roof of the “variation building,” the one in which the photographically recording magnetic instruments are mounted. The top of the flagpole stood about twenty‐five feet (7.62 meters) above the roof of the building. The charge shattered the flagpole as it passed down it to within about a foot from its base, where it left it and jumped over to a copper nail in the roof, where a hole about two inches (5 cm) in diameter was pierced through the roof.
Simpson's theory on the electricity of rain
Authors: Humphreys W. J.
Published: February 2008

It is now more than a century and a half since Franklin proved the lightning of storms to be only an electrical phenomenon, but from that day to this there has been no concensus of opinion concerning the origin of electricity in thunderstorms, nor, except the one under review, any theory of this origin that was supported both by abundant observations and by imitative laboratory experiments. Mr. Simpson's paper, therefore, is on a most interesting subject, and the success which he has attained with this difficult problem makes it imperative that all who wish to understand the phenomena of thunderstorms should become acquainted with his work.

The observations were secured at Simla, India, at an elevation of about 7,000 feet above sea level, and covered all of the monsoon seasons, that is, roughly, April 15 to September 15, of 1908 and 1909. Observations were also secured of the electrical conditions of snow during the winter of 1908–09.
On a variation in the intensity of the penetrating radiation at the Earth's surface observed May 19 and 21, 1910
Authors: Thompson Arthur
Published: February 2008

Since the discovery in 1902 of the penetrating radiation which exists at the surface of the Earth, a number of investigators have attempted to ascertain whether the radiation had its origin in the rocks and soil of the Earth or in the atmosphere of the latter, or whether it had its origin in one or more of the extra terrestrial bodies, such as the Sun or the Moon.

A number of investigators, including Borgmann,2 Mach and Rimmer,3 Wood and Campbell,4 McKeon,5 Strong,6 Pacini,7 and Wulf,8 found in their various localities daily variations in the intensity of this radiation, and were able from their results to point to regular daily periods of maximum and minimum intensity. Further, an examination of the results of these investigators shows that the variation in the intensity of the radiation covers an exceedingly wide range.
Comparisons of magnetic observatory standards by the Carnegie Institution of Washington. No. II
Authors: Fleming J. A.
Published: February 2008

All observations here were made on what is called “Pier No. 5.” There was no exchange of stations as the Observatory authorities had already made tests showing that station differences were negligible. The values given for Potsdam are based on the final determinations of base lines.

In connection with the horizontal intensity work it is interesting to compare the results with the differences obtained at Samoa, where the attempt is to have the same standard as at Potsdam, with the difference obtained by Dr. Linke11 at the Cheltenham Observatory in 1904, with a Tesdorpf magnetometer standardized at Potsdam. The results at Samoa, as given later, give the difference (C. I. W.‐Samoa) = (C. I. W.‐Potsdam) = +0.00045H, this value being determined from only two sets of observations on one day. The difference Cheltenham‐Potsdam, as determined by Dr. Linke from but one day's observations, Nov. 20, 1904, is +0.00169H; the difference (C. I. W.‐Cheltenham), as shown below, is —0.00081H; hence indirectly (C. I. W.‐Potsdam) = +0.00088H. The value determined by the Department directly is +0.00024H, resulting from several days' work. The differences between the two indirect determinations and the value obtained directly must be regarded on the whole as fairly satisfactory in view of the comparatively few observations on which the indirect determinations depend and from which they result, and because of the several steps involved. The value as directly observed, viz., +0.00024H, has been adopted. In further reference to this matter see also the results obtained by intercomparisons made by Dubinsky and Kühl, on page 157.
The penetrating radiation
Authors: Strong W. W.
Published: February 2008

The announcement of the discovery of the penetrating radiation was made simultaneously by Rutherford and Cooke and McClennan and Burton in 1902. Investigations on radioactive substances had shown that some of these emit a very penetrating radiation, the γ radiation, resembling hard X‐rays. “Since the excited activity obtained from the atmosphere is very similar in character to the excited radiations from thorium and radium, Rutherford and Cooke thought it possible that some penetrating rays might be given off from the surface of the Earth and the walls of rooms on which excited activity from air is distributed.” In order to test for the presence of this kind of a radiation, the ionization in a one liter electroscope was measured in lead screens of different thicknesses.
Circular concerning reproduction and exchange of curves of great disturbance
Authors: van Everdingen E.
Published: February 2008

Director Abels at Ekaterinbourg having called attention to the fact that the usefulness of the reproduction and exchange of the magnetic curves on days of great disturbances or other interesting days, recommended at Innsbruck (1905, Bericht p. 31) and at Berlin (1910, Bericht p. 68), would become greater if the same days were chosen by all the observatories participating, the Executive Bureau has requested us to indicate kindly on the quarterly publications of “magnetic character” a certain number of days which seem especially suited to a reproduction.

In order to comply with this request, and after having consulted Prof. Schmidt, we have the intention of indicating on the quarterly tables, beginning on Jan. 1, 1912, two series of days suitable for the reproduction: a first list to the number of 5 to 10 per year, including the days of greatest disturbance, the reproduction of which seems indispensable, and a second list, including days of considerable disturbance which will admit of a reproduction without omissions in a large number of observatories. The total number of days proposed will not exceed 15 per year.
Resultate der Inklinationsbeobachtungen der Deutschen Südpolar‐Expedition, 1901 bis 1903
Authors: Bidlingmaier Von Fr.
Published: February 2008

Die folgenden Werte sind abwechse!nd mit dem Lloyd‐Creak‐Apparat und mit dem Deviationsmagnetometer Bamberg yon Fr. Bidlingmaier a. B. des “Gauss” bestimmt worden. Näheres ¨ber Instrumente und Beobachtungsverfahren findet man in Heft 1 der Veröffentlichungen des Instituts f¨r Meereskunde Berlin 1902, pag. 72 ff, ¨ber den Einfluss des Schiffseisens und seine Elimination in Heft 2 yon Band V des Deutschen S¨dpolar‐Werks. Das in einiger Zeit erscheinende Heft 4 dieses Bandes wird eingehende Darlegungen und Untersuchungen ¨ber Entstehung und Genauigkeit der folgenden Werte enthalten. Die Bearbeitung der Beobachtungen r¨hrt von Herrn Dr. Balthasar Hartmann her.
Readings of the magnetic declination and of the temperature at Port Burwell, Canada, on the day of the solar eclipse, October 10, 1912
Authors: Stupart R. F.
Published: February 2008

I have pleasure in transmitting herewith the tabulated results of magnetic declination and of temperature observations made at Port Burwell on October 10, 1912.1 The geographic position of Port Burwell is: latitude, 60° 24′.8 N.; longitude, 64° 41′.9 West of Greenwich.

These observations were made in response to a circular letter received from the Director of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington with respect to proposed magnetic and allied observations during the total solar eclipse of October 10, 1912. Elliott Magnetometer No. 146 was used by the observers, Messrs. W. E. W. Jackson and W. B. Wiegand, and the results were reduced to the Toronto standard.
The C. I. W. deflector in use on the Carnegie for determining the magnetic horizontal intensity and the magnetic declination at sea
Authors: Bauer L. A. , Fleming J. A.
Published: February 2008

Early in 1905, in order to supplement the Lloyd‐Creak dip circle for obtaining magnetic intensities at sea, especially in loxv magnetic latitudes, the first of us devised a deflecting apparatus which could be readily attached to an ordinary liquid compass used in navigation, thus permitting the determination of the magnetic horizontal intensity direct, as well as of the magnetic declination.1 This “deflector” has been used throughout the ocean work accomplished on board the Galilee, 1905–'08, and on the Carnegie, 1909–'13, by the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. The purpose of the present paper is to describe briefly the development of this instrument; it may be recalled that when it was first devised, Bidlingmaier's “double compass” had not yet been perfected and, even if it had been, it would not have answered our special requirements, chief among which was that of simplicity, both from the standpoint of instrumental detail and that of computation and availability of the instrument for both declination and horizontal intensity work.
Biographical sketch of Johann Baptist Messerschmitt
Authors: Edmonds H. M. W.
Published: February 2008

Johann Baptist Messerschmitt was born December 9, 1861, of well‐to‐do parents in the Bavarian town of Bamberg. He died April 13, 1912, after a life of unusual activity, in which his devotion to the chosen work, his great executive ability, and valuable scientific publications gave him an honored place in the scientific world.

His early education began at the Latin school in Bamberg, from which he went to the Realgymnasium in Würzburg, and later to the Technical High School in Zürich, and finally to Leipzig. Already enthusiastic in the study of science, and more particularly of astronomy, he accepted a position, without salary, in the Astrophysical Observatory at Potsdam, where he began his scientific labors under the late Prof. H. C. Vogel.
Zur Untersuchung der taeglichen Variation auf der ganzen Erde
Authors: Rykatchew M. , Schmidt Ad.
Published: February 2008

Die deutliche Veränderlichkeit des täglichen Ganges der magnetischen Elemente von Tag zu Tag macht es nötig, dass bei Untersuchungen, die sich auf die ganze Erde beziehen, nur streng simultane Beobachtungen aller Observatorien verwendet werden.

Bei der Benutzung aller Tage zur Ableitung der Monatsmittel des Ganges ist diese Bedingung erfüllt, nicht aber bei den vielfach berechneten Mitteln ausgewählter (ruhiger oder normaler) Tage. Gerade diese sind aber von besonderer Bedeutung für verschiedene Aufgaben, vor allem für die Untersuchung der täglichen Variation auf der ganzen Erde und damit für die Weiterbildung der (von A. Schuster begründeten) Theorie der täglichen Variation. Um diese Theorie möglichst exakt durchzuführen und an der Erfahrung zu prüfen, ist es erwünscht, dass Beobachtungen von möglichst allen Observatorien benutzt werden. Es gibt aber eine nicht kleine Zahl von Observatorien, die zwar fortlaufende Registrierungen ausführen, denen aber die Mittel fehlen, diese Tag für Tag auszuwerten und zu berechnen, sowie zu publizieren. Manche dieser Observatorien, wenn nicht alle, würden aber gewiss imstande sein, diese Arbeit für eine kleine Zahl von Tagen (etwa für 5 Tage jedes Monats) zu leisten. Wenn man sich also dahin einigte, überall für dieselben 5 Tage jedes Monats den täglichen Gang zu berechnen und zu veröffentlichen, so würden wir hoffen dürfen, ineinigen Jahren ein viel reicheres Material zur Untersuchung der täglichen Variation auf der ganzen Erde zusammenzubringen, als dies bisher möglich gewesen ist. Es kommt hinzu, dass es an sich von Interesse ist, das Phänomen der Variation gerade an ruhigen Tagen, die die einfachsten Verhältnisse darbieten, zu studieren.
The first magnetic observatory in Poland
Authors: Kalinowski St.
Published: February 2008

I am very happy to be able to inform the readers of the Journal that a new magnetic observatory is to be erected this year in Swider, near Warsaw. The erection of this observatory is connected with the magnetic researches, which are now being carried on by me in Poland, For reduction of these observations to a certain epoch the Potsdam magnetograms will not suffice, as this observatory, though the nearest one, is still too far from the region of our survey. At all events the newly erected observatory will be of a permanent character.

The Observatory will be provided with registering instruments (Adolf Schmidt's system) made by the firm of O. Toepfer at Potsdam. For the absolute determinations, there will be used a large Sartorius magnetic theodolite (like the one used in the Tsingtau Observatory), and an earth inductor made by G. Schulze, of Potsdam. All of the instruments, besides the magnetometer, are nearly ready. The magnetometer will be completed in the winter. Thanks to the director of the Prussian Meteorological Institute, G. Hellmann, and to the director of the Potsdam Magnetic Observatory, Adolf Schmidt, all the instruments will be tested at Potsdam. Everything in my power will be done to ensure that the new observatory will be in active operation in 1914. Further details will be supplied later. ST. KALINOWSKI.
The geographic and magnetic survey of the southern part of Brazil
Authors: Morize H.
Published: February 2008

The work accomplished by the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington on the Atlantic Coast and along the large rivers, the Amazon and Parana, has led the writer to inaugurate a similar work in the interior of Brazil for the purpose of facilitating the construction of a chart of the magnetic elements. Accordingly, in 1910–1911, Mr. Domingos Costa, Assistant of the First Class, carried out a magnetic and geographic survey from Rio de Janeiro to the mouth of the S. Francisco. A summary of the results of this expedition first appeared in Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity (Vol. XVII, No. 3) and later, a report, in more complete form, was published in a volume issued by the Observatory of Rio de Janeiro, in 1914, under the title “Levantamento Magnetico do Valle do Rio S. Francisco.”

As a continuation of this first work it was decided, with the permission of the Minister of Agriculture, to send across country as far as Matto Grosso, another expedition, which, on the return trip, was to descend the Rio Uruguay and pass through the states of Rio Grande, S. Catharina, Paraná, S. Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro, thus completing a circuit embracing a vast continental area. Mr. Herminio Fernandes da Silva, to whom this work was assigned, set out from Rio on June 17, 1913, and reached Itapura, on the frontier of Matto Grosso, on the 2nd of the following December, having determined the geographic position and the magnetic elements at a great many points. The company which was at that time constructing the railway line known as the “Noroeste do Brazil,” had nearly finished the work of grading along its entire length, and it was hoped that by following this road, the journey would be less difficult, but a series of strikes and the falling of temporary bridges over the rivers to be crossed, made it necessary to change the itinerary. The observer returned to Sorocaba (in the State of S. Paulo) and started again across the southern states, thus reversing the direction of his journey. However, new obstacles impeded the progress of the work. Revolts of Indians and natives of the unapportioned territory lying between the states of Paraná and S. Catherina obliged the observer to proceed rapidly and not without danger. Having finished the survey of the State of Rio Grande, he returned to Rio on March 15, 1915. He then went to the observatory at Vassouras, where the Eschenhagen magnetographs were beginning to function regularly, to compare his instruments.
On the lunar‐diurnal variation of the magnetic declination at Zi‐ka‐wei
Authors: de Moidrey J.
Published: February 2008

The September 1915 issue of the Journal, p. 139, contains an abstract of papers by Dr. S. Chapman on the lunar‐diurnal variation of the Earth's magnetism. The following notes, in which an analogous question is considered with less detail, may be of interest.

In this discussion, we have limited ourselves to the consideration of the diurnal amplitude of the declination because this element is measured here every day photographically, and we are thus made independent of all computation. By diurnal maximum and minimum we understand that the elongations which take place at midday and toward sunrise, are meant. A larger value, which might occur at another hour, would be considered as belonging to another phenomenon.
Cruise of the Carnegie from Lyttelton, New Zealand to South Georgia, December 6, 1915, to January 12, 1916
Authors: Ault J. P.
Published: February 2008

I beg to transmit the following report on the trip of the Carnegie from Lyttelton to South Georgia, December 6, 1915, to January 12, 1916.

For the first week after leaving Lyttelton the winds were mainly from the SSW., forcing us considerably to the eastward of our route. So much so that we sighted the Antipodes, bearing south, distant 20 miles, on December 9, and would have passed over the charted position of the Nimrod Group had the wind remained in the south another twelve hours. I had not intended to go near this group, but the adverse winds sending us so near them I decided to stand on toward the east another day, to endeavor to sight them, but the wind shifted to the north twelve hours too soon and we passed 40 miles to the SW. of the position.
Results of magnetic observations at Seddin, near Potsdam, relating to the solar eclipse of August 21, 1914
Authors: Schmidt Adolf
Published: February 2008

[The above observations are not the results from special observations, but the five‐minute values as derived from the usual magnetograms obtained at the Seddin Magnetic Observatory (latitude 52° 17′ N, longitude 13° 01′ E). Referring to Fig. 4, p. 82, Terr. Mag., June, 1916, it will be found upon plotting the Seddin D‐curve that the progression in the times when the marked bay occurred is confirmed by the Seddin curve, just as it was by the De Bilt curve, mentioned on p. 144 (l. c., Sept., 1916). The lowest part of the bay for Seddin occurred at about 12h 15m, or practically the same as at Rude Skov, as should be the case (see Figs. 1 and 2, l. c., p. 59, June, 1916).—L. A. B.]
Magnetic observations at the Samoa Observatory during the solar eclipse of August 21, 1914
Authors: Angenheister G.
Published: February 2008

The following table gives the 5‐minute values of the magnetic elements during the solar eclipse of August 21, 1914, at the Samoa Observatory (Apia; latitude, 13° 48′S; longitude, 171° 46′W). E. D. stands for east magnetic declination; H, for horizontal intensity, and −Z, for negative vertical intensity. The values for 11h are the means for the interval from 10h 57m.5 to 11h 02m.5, etc.
Sea surface‐temperature and meteorological observations made on the Carnegie during her sub‐Antractic cruise, December 6, 1915, to April 1, 1916
Authors: Ault J. P.
Published: February 2008

Table 1 contains the results of sea surface‐temperature and meteorological observations made on board the Carnegie during her sub‐Antarctic cruise,1 December 6, 1915‐April 1, 1916, from Lyttelton (New Zealand) to South Georgia and Lyttelton. Reports that have thus far come from this region are few and incomplete, and as the part of the Great Southern Ocean traversed is the scene of such rapid and extreme changes in meteorological conditions, any additional information on the subject may be of interest.

The Carnegie made a complete circum‐navigation of the globe; from west to east, mainly between the parallels of latitude 50° and 60° south, in one season, the summer of 1915–1916, during which Sir Ernest Shackelton's expedition was meeting with such serious reverses. The meteorological observations made by the two parties of his expedition, and those obtained on the Carnegie, are especially valuable because they are contemporaneous records of the conditions prevailing in different parts of the southern regions at that time.
Relation between the secular variation of the Earth's magnetism and solar activity
Authors: Bauer L. A.
Published: February 2008

1. In a previous paper entitled “Solar Radiation and Terrestrial Magnetism,” the possibility was pointed out that irregularities in the annual changes of the Earth's magnetic elements, the so‐called secular variation, might be associated with such manifestations of solar activity as are revealed to us by changes in the solar constant of radiation. As the result of a preliminary investigation, the following conclusion was reached in that paper:

If the quiet‐day magnetic effect were to persist throughout the year, it would cause a secular variation fully 10 times that generally observed. However, the quiet days are in the minority, being exceeded 3 times and more by unquiet days, on which the magnetic effect is of an opposite or compensating kind to that of the quiet day. Since these acyclic effects appear to be associated with solar changes and since the latter are not periodic, but more or less sporadic, there is an outstanding effect at the end of the year which causes an irregularity in the regularly‐progressing secular change. Accordingly, there should be found some correspondence between annual changes of the solar constant and annual magnetic changes. This is found to be the case. Since the solar‐constant changes occur only approximately in accordance with sun‐spot activity, and since the magnetic changes are found to conform closely to those in the solar constant, an explanation is found as to why the irregularities in the magnetic secular change do not always synchronize with changes in solar activity as measured by the sun‐spot numbers, nor correspond in magnitude to them.
Return of the Carnegie, June 1918
Authors: Bauer L. A.
Published: February 2008

The magnetic survey vessel, Carnegie, arrived safely on June 10, at her home port, Washington, D.C., where she will be put out of commission probably during the period of the war. During her cruise from Buenos Aires, Argentina, around The Horn to Valparaiso, Chile, and Callao, Peru, and thence through the Panama Canal to Newport News, she was in command of Dr. H. M. W. Edmonds; the other members of the scientific staff were: Messrs. A. D. Power, Bradley Jones, L. L. Tanguy, J. M. McFadden, and Walter E. Scott.

The scientific work of the Carnegie suffered an interruption of nine months in 1917, when it was necessary to detain the vessel at Buenos Aires on account of the methods of sea warfare practised by the German government. For similar reasons, the work of the Carnegie, now that she has reached her home port, will have to be suspended for an indefinite period.
Relation between the secular variation of the Earth's magnetism and solar activity—Continued
Authors: Bauer L. A.
Published: February 2008

27. Table 8 contains the quantities Σg2 and r for the 8 observatories enumerated in the first column, for which the G‐formulæ are given in Table 5. After the column designating the observational series used, the quantities are given first for the formulæ without the sun‐spot‐ or s‐term, and next for the formulæ with the s‐term. The particular formula used is shown in the “For.”‐columns. The last column indicates the lag assumed in the formulæ with the s‐term.
A study of pressure and temperature effects in earth‐current measurements
Authors: Mauchly S. J.
Published: February 2008

A large portion of the earth‐current data now available is based upon observations made on commercial telegraph lines. During times of abnormal activity, the horizontal potential‐gradient frequently assumes values of the order of 0.5 volt per kilometer, and sometimes exceeds ten times this value. For earth‐current measurements made during such periods and also for extended series of measurements made on lines of great length, the difference of potential between the terminals is so great that most of the variations due to local causes at the earth‐plates may safely be assumed to play only a minor part in the production of the observed phenomena.

However, partly because of the fact that commercial lines can, at best, be available only part of the time for scientific observations, and partly because of the desirability of controlling such matters as the location of lines, nature of earth‐plates, etc., it is preferable, wherever possible, to install special lines for earth‐current measurements. Geological conditions, as well as financial and other considerations, usually make it necessary or at least desirable to limit the length of such special lines. When this is done we are no longer justified in making the assumption referred to above, and it becomes desirable to investigate the relation between the total variations observed and those due to local causes. The general nature of the various components of the current measured on short lines has been well set forth by Chree and by Nippoldt. The experiments to be described were carried out with a view of determining more definitely the nature and order of magnitude of some of these spurious effects.
Results of magnetic observations during the solar eclipse of June 8, 1918, at Agincourt and Meanook, Canada: Concluded
Authors: Stupart R. F.
Published: February 2008

Table 9 contains the results of the scalings from the D‐magnetograms obtained at the Meanook magnetic observatory at 5‐minute intervals for the period June 8, 18 h to June 9, 2 h, G.M.T. Each value is the mean for the 5‐minute space, beginning 2.5 minutes before the tabulated time.

It will not be possible to supply the H‐ and Z‐values for Meanook as this station is not yet equipped with self‐recording magnetometers, other than the declinometer.
Most magnetically‐disturbed days in 1917
Authors: van Everdingen E.
Published: February 2008

According to the De Bilt circular, December 1917, the following is a list of the most magnetically‐disturbed days in 1917:
Results of magnetic and electric observations made during the solar eclipse of June 8, 1918—Continued
Authors: Bauer L. A. , Fisk H. W. , Mauchly S. J.
Published: February 2008

Part I.—Magnetic Observations.—Concluded.

Values of ΔX AND ΔY.
Note on a string galvanometer for use on board ship
Authors: Fleming J. A.
Published: February 2008

The Department of Terrestrial Magnetism in connection with its ocean work and special duties assigned to it in 1917 has had occasion to design, with the assistance of Dr. W. F. G. Swann, a special form of string galvanometer, which was constructed in the instrument shop of the Department.

The galvanometer is of the string type originally developed by Prof. Einthoven. It is of the permanent‐magnet, air‐damped pattern. The magnetic field is produced by a laminated magnet consisting of five permanent horseshoe‐magnets. These magnets are of the permanent magnet‐steel supplied by the Crucible Steel Company of America, and were made following the methods used by the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism for the manufacture of magnetometer magnets. To insure maximum flux‐density in the gap, two pole pieces, P, of soft iron are attached as shown in the Section AB of Fig. 1; the gap for the fiber is 2 mm. wide.
Note on a possible explanation of the “electric tide” observed at Jersey
Authors: Mauchly S. J.
Published: February 2008

On page 34 of the March 1919 issue of this Journal Father Dechevrens says, “If the electromotive force is to be sought in the movement of the waters of the ocean, its greatest variation will accompany the greatest movements which naturally precede by some time the slack water of low and high tides.” This, of course, looks to the electromagnetic induction‐effects produced by the tidal waters in cutting across the Earth's magnetic field as the explanation of the phenomenon under discussion. It is the purpose of this note to suggest briefly an entirely different line of inquiry which also leads to a possible explanation of the observed effects.

Several interesting articles by Mr. E. G. Bilham have recently come to the writer's attention. In the first of the articles cited, it is shown that the water level in an experimental well at Kew Observatory responds to variations in the local barometric pressure. In the other two papers the well was shown to follow the fortnightly oscillation of the mean level of the Thames, and well‐marked solar and lunar diurnal‐variations were found for each of 24 consecutive months. The short‐period tides of the solar and lunar series were found to take the form of double oscillations with two maxima and two minima during 24 hours. The “spring tides” occur in the well 3.3 days after they occur in the river and the lunar fortnightly tides 5.1 days later than in the river. It is assumed that these are the times required for the respective waves to travel through the subsoil from the river to the well.
Elektrische Methode zur Bestimmung der Horizontalintensitaet des Erdmagnetismus
Authors: Uljanin Von W.
Published: February 2008

In den letzten Jahren wurde von verschiedenen Seiten die Ausarbeitung der schon lange prinzipiell bekannten Methoden zur Bestimmung der Horizontalintensität in Angriff genommen, welche auf der Anwendung elektrischer Ströme beruhen. Vor drei Jahren veröffentlichte ich in russischer Sprache meine diesbezüglichen Untersuchungen. In vorliegender Abhandlung sollen zusammen mit dem Inhalt jener Arbeit die seitherigen Erfahrungen mitgeteilt werden.

Schon sehr alt ist der Gedanke, den Stahlmagneten mit seinem veränderlichen und desshalb immer wieder zu bestimmenden magnetischen Moment durch eine stromdurchflossene Spule zu ersetzen. Eine solche Spule ist aber desshalb nicht früher in die Praxis der erdmagnetischen Beobachtungen eingeführt worden, weil die Mittel nicht vorhanden waren, den sie durch fliessenden Strom mit genügender Genauigkeit zu messen. Die bis jetzt an allen magnetischen Observatorien übliche klassische Gauss‐Lamont'sche Methode hat ausser ihrer Komplizirtheit noch den nicht zu unterschätzenden Nachteil, zu ihrer Ausführung etwa 1½ Stunden zu erfordern. Desshalb ist die Ausarbeitung von Methoden wünschenswert, welche bei derselben Genauigkeit weniger Zeit und Mühe erfordern.
Période magnétique de 27 jours
Authors: de Moidrey J.
Published: February 2008

M. le Dr. C. Chree a appliqué l'étude de plusieurs années des caractères magnétiques internationaux à l'examen de ce qu'il appelle la période de 27 jours, qui correspond à une rotation synodique du Soleil, dont la durée moyenne est 27.274 jours (Seventh Kelvin Lecture, p. 420). Nous ignorons si ce travail a été étendu davantage. Voici ce que nous avons fait en employant ce qui existe, c'est‐à‐dire de janvier 1906 à mars 1918, et en examinant plusieurs rotations successives. Le procédé a été comme suit:
The magnetic storm of August 11–12, 1919, at Lukiapang, China
Authors: de Moidrey J.
Published: February 2008

There was a severe magnetic storm recorded at Lukiapang from August 11 to 13, 1919. It seems to have been more violent than the great storm of September 25, 1909, certainly the perturbations were sharper if not of greater magnitude. The storm started quite suddenly at 14h 58m (China Central Time) on August 11 simultaneously for the three elements, west declination decreasing, horizontal intensity increasing, and vertical intensity decreasing. The movements were so rapid that no visible trace was obtained for the horizontal intensity.
Concerning the electric tide observed at Jersey
Authors: Dechevrens Marc
Published: February 2008

The June 1919 issue of Terrestrial Magnetism, page 100, contains a note by Dr. Mauchly, seeking to explain the electric tide observed at Jersey by the effect of the hydrostatic pressure of the sea seeping through the shores, on the low‐lying gas‐pipe system of the city of St. Helier. In a letter addressed to me on November 26, 1918, the director of the Meteorological Office at London had already suggested this explanation to me in the absence of a better one. This explanation must, however, be abandoned in view of another fact which seems no less striking than the rest.

For some time I have been obtaining by means of two underground couples, very different as regards metals and length or development of surface, absolutely similar diagrams of the earth current both for the electric tide and for all the small or large irregularities (there remains only a slight difference of amplitude which it would be easy to eliminate). One of these couples is the old one, viz., that consisting of the pipes of the city gas and water systems. The other consists on one hand of 3 or 4 square decimeters of sheet copper right against the observatory, forming the positive electrode; on the other hand it consists of a lead pipe (it contains two copper wires, but this is of little consequence) which goes under ground, a distance of 13 meters, from the observatory to the thermometer hut; this is the negative electrode. The first couple has a vast development, from our hill to the sea; the second couple occupies only an insignificant space, two kilometers from the sea and 55 meters of altitude. If one could speak of an electric effect of the hydrostatic pressure of the sea, it could only be in consequence of the compression of the Earth itself.
Magnetic storm of December 15, 1919, as recorded at the Watheroo Magnetic Observatory
Authors: Kidson Edward
Published: February 2008

The first signs of a disturbance showed at 5h 45m G. M. T. on December 14, when a gradual decrease in H commenced. In the next 2¼ hours the fall totalled about 60γ. From 13h 15m on the 14th. there were slight disturbances in all elements until 8h 50m on the 15th., when the disturbances began to increase in violence. The maximum violence was between 11h.0 and 12h.5. After that there was a gradual steadying down until at 21h.0 on December 15 all was again almost quiet.
Preliminary results of ocean magnetic observations on the Carnegie from Buenos Aires, South America, to St. Helena, February and March, 1920
Authors: Ault J. P.
Published: February 2008

We left Buenos Aires under tow at 14h 06m, Saturday, February 21, 1920. At 16h the tugboat was dismissed and the Carnegie proceeded down the Rio de la Plata, tacking against a head wind with only fore‐and‐aft sails set, and engine running. Good progress was made Saturday night and Sunday. By Sunday evening the wind and sea had increased to such a degree that it was necessary to anchor for the night.
Der Jaehrliche Gang der erdmagnetischen Aktivitaet
Authors: Angenheister G.
Published: February 2008

Die Häufigkeit und Grösse erdmagnetischer Störungen, oder die erdmagnetische Aktivität, zeigt periodische Schwankungen. Die Periodenlängen dieser Schwankungen stimmen mehrfach so nahe mit periodischen Vorgängen in unserm Sonnensystem überein, dass man einen Zusammenhang vermuten muss. So spiegelt sich die elfjährige Periode der Sonnentätigkeit, die 26½tägige Periode der Sonnenrotation, die tägliche Axendrehung der Erde, in einer elfjährigen, 26½tägigen und in einer täglichen Periode der erdmagnetischen Aktivität wieder.

Der jährliche Umlauf der Erde um die Sonne erzeugt auf der Erde eine jährliche Schwankung der Sonnenstrahlung infolge der Neigung der Erdaxe gegen die Ekliptik. Für Orte ausserhalb der Wendekreise ist diese Schwankung eine ganzjährige mit Extremwerten im Juni und Dezember; Orte zwischen den Wendekreisen zeigen 2 Maxima zur Zeit des Zenitdurchgangs der Sonne. Ausser dieser durch die Neigung der Erdaxe gegen die Ekliptik erzeugten Schwankung, besteht noch eine ganzjährige Schwankung der Sonnenstrahlung infolge der Excentricität der Erdbahn. Ihr Maximum liegt zur Zeit des Perihels im Jahresanfang.
Magnetic storm of March 22, 1920, as recorded at Del Ebro Observatory
Authors: Rodés Luis
Published: February 2008

At 9h 10m on March 22, 1920, there began a magnetic storm of considerable intensity, accompanied by the corresponding perturbations in the earth currents and other electrical elements registered at the Observatory.

The extreme values which give the maximum amplitude of the oscillation are for:
Magnetic observations at Coimbra, May 1919
Authors: de Carvalho A. Ferraz
Published: February 2008

[The readings of the magnetographs were made by the same observers. The data supplied consisted of absolute values of declination (D) and horizontal intensity (H) for each minute from 9h 58m to 16h 32m, G. M. T., May 29, 1919; the five‐minute means are given in Table 1. Furthermore the hourly values of D and H, local mean time, were supplied for the “five least‐disturbed days”, May 1, 7, 11, 28, and 30, as well as for May 29; the mean hourly values, Dn and Hn for May 28 and 30 are given in Table 2. Table 3 contains the differences, ΔD and ΔH, formed from Table 2, by subtraction of the hourly values for May 29 from Dn and Hn, respectively, taking west D as minus.
Magnetic observations at De Bilt, May 28–30, 1919
Authors: van Everdingen E.
Published: February 2008

According to Dr. Bauer's circular of February 15, 1919, the following is an abstract of the observations at the De Bilt Magnetic Observatory, Holland, from 9h 58m to 16h 32m, G. M. T., May 29, 1919. The five‐minute means in Table 1 have been derived from the single‐minute scalings of the Adie‐magnetograms, the curves consisting of a series of points, ¼mm. apart, given every minute by means of a contact‐clock (see Terr. Mag., vol. 21, 1916, p. 145). Care was taken that the moment of the contacts was exactly at zero second Greenwich mean time. The value of 1 mm. ordinate was: D: 1′.06; H: 3.33γ; Z: 4.03γ.
Preliminary results of ocean magnetic observations on the Carnegie from Colombo, Ceylon, to Fremantle, Western Australia, and Lyttelton, New Zealand, July to October, 1920
Authors: Ault J. P.
Published: February 2008

NOTES ON TRIP FROM COLOMBO TO FREMANTLE.

We left Colombo the morning of July 24 and were towed ten miles off shore against the prevailing southwest monsoon. At noon we let go the tugboat, started our own engine and proceeded southeasterly under fore‐and‐aft sails, close hauled to clear the southwest point of Ceylon. At midnight the wind hauling more to the westward, the engine was stopped and we proceeded under full sail.
Magnetic observations at Kew, May 28–30, 1919
Authors: Chree Charles
Published: February 2008

[Table 1 has been derived from Dr. Chree's article in Terr. Mag. vol. 24, p. 170. Dr. Chree assigns the “magnetic character” figure, as judged from the D and H curves, zero to each of the three days, May 28, 29, 30, 1919. Tables 2 and 3 have been derived from data subsequently received. The geographic coordinates of the Kew Magnetic Observatory are: Latitude, 51° 28.1 W.; longitude, 0° 18′.8 or 1m.3 W—Ed.]
Concerning the Toolangi Magnetic Observatory, Australia, and magnetogram scalings
Authors: Baldwin J. M.
Published: February 2008

There seems so little to say about the Toolangi Observatory that differs from the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey observatories that no detailed description of the buildings is at present worthwhile. The D‐ and H‐records are quite satisfactory, but the Z‐instrument is still liable to disturbance from accidental jars and the adjustment of scale value to any desired sensitiveness is difficult. The site is a curious contrast to the site of the Watheroo Magnetic Observatory; the neighborhood is heavily timbered, and at present the big logs that had to be felled when clearing the site lie around.

Unfortunately no staff is available here for the measurement of the magnetic curves, and no money has been provided for printing. I am keeping on the records in the hope that it may be possible to obtain additional assistance for carrying out the work.
Measures of the electric and magnetic activity of the Sun and the Earth, and interrelations
Authors: Bauer Louis A.
Published: February 2008

I. General Considerations and Remarks.

II. Measure of the Sun's Activity.

III. Measure of the Earth's Magnetic Activity.

IV. Relations between Solar Activity and the Earth's Magnetic and Electric Activity.
Results of magnetic observations on the “Maud Expedition”, 1918–1921
Authors: Sverdrup H. U. , Duvall C. R.
Published: February 2008

In writing a brief introduction to the present publication, I wish to emphasize that the co‐operation with the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution, of Washington, has been of the highest value to the “Maud Expedition.” In 1918 the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism made every possible effort to secure for the Expedition, not only the best and most suitable instruments, but also additional equipment which might facilitate the work under the conditions to be encountered. The instruments themselves were successfully modified for use in Arctic regions, and carefully compared with the standards of the Department. The results of the repeated comparisons in 1921 are highly satisfactory, because, according to them the standards of the instruments have remained practically unchanged, thus leaving no doubt as to the reduction of the field observations to the Department's adopted standards.