bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SHADOWS OF THE UNSEEN: MATERNAL ABSENCE AND THE QUEST FOR IDENTITY
Authors: Kaptan Tabatabaei Malazi Tuğçe , Turgut Fehmi
Published: December 2024

This article explores the profound impact of maternal absence on the construction of identity in three contemporary novels: Ian McEwan’s Atonement (2001), Patrick McGrath’s Asylum (1996), and Toni Morrison’s Beloved (1987). By utilizing the Lacanian idea of “Lack”, the study depicts the profound impact of parental absence on the formation of one’s identity. The potential impact of Lacanian theory on the characters’ self-perception and identity formation is analyzed and it specifically focuses on the absence of the mother figure. Additionally, it considers trauma and attachment theory when examining the psychological effects of this absence, with a particular emphasis on how the presence of a mother figure influences the formation of one’s identity. This study aims to analyze the several ways in which narratives depict and mirror the intricate duality of maternal absence and psychological “lack,” and how these factors impact the emotional and psychological growth of the main characters. The objective of this study is to contextualize these literary works within a broader theoretical framework in order to get a comprehensive understanding of the intricate connection between maternal influence, trauma, and the development of one’s identity. This further contributes to the ongoing conversation on the significance of mother characters in literature and their exceptional influence on the formation of personal identity.
An Assessment of the Practices and Challenges to Community Policing:The case of Oromia Regional State
Authors:   Oromia Police College, Zewude Mesfin , Setu Gosa ,   Oromia Police College, Belay Zerihun ,   Ethiopian Civil Service University
Published: December 2024

Community policing is a philosophy of policing that seeks creative ways to fight crime and maintain of order in neighborhoods though a number of challenges are affecting it. Besides, the practices of community policing in Oromia Regional State have not been so fararticulated, and these challenges are also inadequate in the scientific literatures. The objective of this study is to assess the practices and challenges of community policing in Oromia Regional State based on primary and secondary data. Both qualitative and quantitativeresearch approaches wereemployed. The study used both an exploratory and descriptive research designs. The data collected from key informants, focus group discussions andsurveys have been collected from five clustered zones were critically analyzed. All questionnaires fromthe 389 respondents were found eligible for analysis. The findings show that there are various practicesof community policing in various study areas. These include low periodic evaluation and consultation culture with the communities, infrequent problem solving, poor mobilization of communities and weak response to the communities request. Besides, due to lack of clear structure and holistic integration towards community policing, the practices of police and public partnership have not been deeply rooted. Moreover, the cultures of stake pooling were poor, community policing procedure and mandates are not clear andlack of necessaryfocus bylocal government and communitypolicinginOromia Regional State. Appropriate community policing strategy must be in a place that will facilitate and enforce police public partnership, bottom-up, decentralized, and democratic structure and citizen-focused that community policing should be taken into account.
Keywords:CommunityPolicing,Challenges,PracticesofOromiaRegionalState
Penerapan Prinsip Ekonomi Syariah Dalam Pemberian Modal Usaha Oleh BUMG Suak Raya
Authors: Febriani Asra , Rahmayana Putri
Published: December 2024

BUMG is one of the efforts to improve the economy of rural communities. BUMG Suak Raya provides business capital loans to micro-entrepreneurs in Gampong Suak Raya. As Aceh is an area that applies Sharia principles, all aspects of life must be carried out by Islamic law. Writing this article aims to discover the application of Sharia economic principles in providing business capital to the community carried out by BUMG Gampong Suak Raya and the challenges BUMG Gampong Suak Raya faces in providing venture capital to the community. This research is qualitative field research, and data collection techniques were carried out by interviews, observation, documentation, and data analysis using descriptive analysis techniques. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the application of Sharia principles in the distribution of business capital loans by BUMG Suak Raya is providing business capital loans to micro-entrepreneurs by BUMG Gampong Suak Raya as a form of helping the household economy and interest-free loans. The challenge faced in channeling business capital loans from BUMG Suak Raya to the community is that some members are not trustworthy, and BUMG Suak Raya obtains no benefits, so BUMG Suak Raya is difficult to develop.
Pesan Akhlak dalam Novel Gadis di Kamar Hotel
Authors: Meriza Iin
Published: December 2024

The novel Gadis di Kamar Hotel (Girl in a Hotel Room) by Airin Ahmad, which was initially posted on a Facebook group, Group Komunitas Belajar Menulis (KBM), received many negative responses besides positive responses. Netizens were misled by the title that they thought the novel contained pornography. However, the preconception is reversed when the reader reads the entire contents of the novel, and there are lots of moral messages as taught in Islam. In this article, the author wants to look in detail at the message of Islamic morality in the novel using the library research method. In the data analysis, the author used the method of content analysis. The results of this study indicate that the message of morality in the novel Gadis di Kamar Hotel includes morals towards Allah such asmahabbah, ridha, raja, khauf, and shabr; as well as morals towards others, including iffah (avoiding sins), 'adil (being proportional and not tyrannical), husnudzan (thinking positively toward others), being generous, shiddiq (being honest) and rahmah (being compassionate).
Actualization of Islamic Education Today in the Perspective of Muhammad Naquib Al-Attas' Thought
Authors: Suroto Suroto , Jamin Hanifuddin
Published: December 2024

This Journal is written using literature reviews of contemporary with the educational philosophy point of view. The data sources are from books, magazines, articles, and papers related to the thoughts of Al-Attas and education. The primary reference is some works written by Al-Attas. Besides, the secondary reference is the intellectual works of ideas of Al-Attas. Other works related to the topic are used as supporting data. The method used in this journal is a Heuristic method, which seeks a new understanding. The heuristic method is applied to find something new after inferring and criticizing the objective material of the study. This method is used to evaluate critically the thoughts of Al-Attas, including strengths and weaknesses.
Diskursus Epistemologi Tafsir Isyãrĩ Dan Tafsir Bathini
Authors: Mairizal T.
Published: December 2024

The Isyari interpretation, often taken by Sufi scholars, can be classified into one of the divisions of interpretation according to its source. This category includes the interpretations by al-Ma'tsũr (interpretation based on tradition) and bi ar-ra'y (interpretation based on logic). The Isyari interpretation is pursued by exploring the implicit or inner meanings in the Qur'an. However, the interpretation of Sufi groups fundamentally differs from the interpretation of the Bãthiniyyah group, although both seek to uncover the inner meanings of the Qur'an. Understanding the Qur'an by delving into implicit meanings is not a new issue in the Islamic treasury. Still, it has emerged since the companions' time and continued to evolve in subsequent periods. Several verses of the Qur'an and hadith also depict that the Qur'an can be understood explicitly and implicitly. Nevertheless, the controversy about Sufi interpretation continues; some allow it, while others condemn it.
Jorden - en arret planet
Authors: Lilljequist Robert
Published: December 2024

Intet resumé
Kiedy wysoka cena stosowana przez przedsiębiorcę dominującego jest niesłuszna? Analiza w świetle wyroku TSUE wydanego w trybie prejudycjalnym w sprawie AKAA/LAA z 14 września 2017 r.
Authors:   Uniwersytet Łódzki: Wydział Prawa i Administracji, Laszczyk Anna
Published: December 2024

W artykule krytycznie został przeanalizowany wyrok TSUE wydany w trybie prejudycjalnym TSUE dotyczący nadużywania pozycji dominującej przez łotewską organizację zbiorowego zarządzania prawami autorskimi, polegającego na pobieraniu nadmiernie wygórowanych opłat za licencje na publiczne odtwarzanie utworów muzycznych. Pytania prejudycjalne skierowane do TSUE przez łotewski sąd najwyższy dotyczyły przede wszystkim sposobów ustalenia zawyżenia cen, poziomu zawyżenia świadczącego o nadużyciu oraz możliwości przedstawienia przez dominanta obiektywnego uzasadnienia. TSUE potwierdził właściwość stosowania, innych niż kosztowa, metod oceny zawyżenia, w tym metod porównawczych. Wskazał, że porównanie cen powinno być przeprowadzone według jednorodnej podstawy w oparciu o obiektywne i weryfikowalne kryteria. Odnosząc się do poziomu zawyżenia cen, TSUE wyjaśnił, że by móc stwierdzić naruszenie, ceny muszą być znacząco wyższe (od ceny benchmarkowej) i utrzymywać się przez określony okres. W ocenie autorki, wyrok TSUE nie jest wyczerpujący, co do praktycznych wytycznych dla oceny zawyżenia cen. Jednocześnie, TSUE umożliwia krajowym organom i sądom korzystanie z dużego zakresu swobody w rozstrzyganiu okoliczności konkretnej sprawy, co może być ocenione negatywnie. W tym zakresie więcej wskazówek zawiera opinia rzecznika generalnego Nilsa Wahla. Ty m samym, pozytywnie należy ocenić podjętą przez niego próbę kompleksowego przedstawienia istotnych kryteriów dla stwierdzenia analizowanego nadużycia pozycji dominującej.
Faire ses devoirs selon les Stoïciens
Authors: Monteils-Laeng Laetitia
Published: December 2024

La question des limites des honneurs dus aux parents croise celle de l’impact des circonstances sur l’accomplissement de nos devoirs. Se peut-il qu’en situation critique il convienne de négliger nos parents ? Si la plupart des auteurs s’accordent sur certaines frontières à ne pas outrepasser (la sauvegarde de la patrie, la loi de la raison), Épictète semble exiger des fils une obéissance inconditionnelle au père (Manuel, 30). Après avoir interrogé la taxinomie des devoirs et restitué la position majoritaire de l’école sur la question, nous verrons que la position défendue par Épictète s’explique par la nécessité de remplir ses devoirs, indépendamment de toute réciprocité.
Targeted anticancer pre-vinylsulfone covalent inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase IX
Authors: Vaškevičius Aivaras , Baronas Denis , Leitans Janis , Kvietkauskaitė Agnė , Rukšėnaitė Audronė , Manakova Elena , Toleikis Zigmantas , Kaupinis Algirdas , Kazaks Andris , Gedgaudas Marius , Mickevičiūtė Aurelija , Juozapaitienė Vaida , Schiöth Helgi B , Jaudzems Kristaps , Valius Mindaugas , Tars Kaspars , Gražulis Saulius , Meyer-Almes Franz-Josef , Matulienė Jurgita , Zubrienė Asta , Dudutienė Virginija , Matulis Daumantas
Published: December 2024

We designed novel pre-drug compounds that transform into an active form that covalently modifies particular His residue in the active site, a difficult task to achieve, and applied to carbonic anhydrase (CAIX), a transmembrane protein, highly overexpressed in hypoxic solid tumors, important for cancer cell survival and proliferation because it acidifies tumor microenvironment helping invasion and metastases processes. The designed compounds have several functionalities: (1) primary sulfonamide group recognizing carbonic anhydrases (CA), (2) high-affinity moieties specifically recognizing CAIX among all CA isozymes, and (3) forming a covalent bond with the His64 residue. Such targeted covalent compounds possess both high initial affinity and selectivity for the disease target protein followed by complete irreversible inactivation of the protein via covalent modification. Our designed prodrug candidates bearing moderately active pre-vinylsulfone esters or weakly active carbamates optimized for mild covalent modification activity to avoid toxic non-specific modifications and selectively target CAIX. The lead inhibitors reached 2 pM affinity, the highest among known CAIX inhibitors. The strategy could be used for any disease drug target protein bearing a His residue in the vicinity of the active site.
Midbrain encodes sound detection behavior without auditory cortex
Authors: Lee Tai-Ying , Weissenberger Yves , King Andrew J , Dahmen Johannes C
Published: December 2024

Hearing involves analyzing the physical attributes of sounds and integrating the results of this analysis with other sensory, cognitive, and motor variables in order to guide adaptive behavior. The auditory cortex is considered crucial for the integration of acoustic and contextual information and is thought to share the resulting representations with subcortical auditory structures via its vast descending projections. By imaging cellular activity in the corticorecipient shell of the inferior colliculus of mice engaged in a sound detection task, we show that the majority of neurons encode information beyond the physical attributes of the stimulus and that the animals’ behavior can be decoded from the activity of those neurons with a high degree of accuracy. Surprisingly, this was also the case in mice in which auditory cortical input to the midbrain had been removed by bilateral cortical lesions. This illustrates that subcortical auditory structures have access to a wealth of non-acoustic information and can, independently of the auditory cortex, carry much richer neural representations than previously thought.
Skriften på veggen
Authors: Anders Lysne
Published: December 2024

Denne artikkelen analyserer selvmordstematikken i NRKs suksessfulle ungdomsdrama Rådebank. Med utgangspunkt i ungdomsseriens sjangerkonvensjoner innen norsk og nordisk allmennkringkastingsdrama analyserer artikkelen hvordan serien konstruerer et medfølende blikk på selvmordstematikken som søker både å anerkjenne umuligheten av å forstå selvmordet og samtidig vise betingelser for handlingen som kan bidra til overlevelse.
Ghost in the mirror
Authors: Armstrong Charles Ivan
Published: December 2024

The musical career of David Bowie displays a longstanding fascination with suicide, as both a theme that recurs in his lyrics and as a visually enacted motif in his stage and media performances. This essay focuses on how the artist responded to the death of Bowie’s half-brother Terry Burns by suicide in 1985. Close attention is given to the lyrics of, and music video for, “Jump They Say” (1993), both of which are interpreted as acts of mourning. The essay engages with theories of mourning and trauma to suggest that Bowie’s response to Burns’s suicide is a complex one. Bowie is shown to try to rationalise his reaction, via psychoanalysis, as an ordered working through that leads to the freeing of the ego. With the help of Derrida, it is here argued that the process is, in fact, a protracted and open-ended one. The analysis connects Bowie’s mourning with important earlier songs such as “Rock’n Roll Suicide”, “All the Madmen” and “The Bewlay Brothers”, and also demonstrates how “I Can’t Read” and “Goodbye Mr. Ed” can be interpreted as predecessors for “Jump They Say”. It is argued that Bowie’s mourning process later becomes more occluded, but persists to the very end of his career, including the ending of his musical Lazarus (2016).
Risk Factors,Diagnosis and Outcome of Proven and Probable Invasive Trichosporonosis in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Cross-sectional Analytical Study
Authors: Pillai Sharanya , Premamalini Thayanidhi , Sathyamurthy P , Kindo Anupama Jyoti
Published: December 2024

Introduction: Trichosporon species are basidiomycetous yeast like fungus that is ubiquitous in the environment. They form part of the normal flora in humans. In recent years, they have been causing invasive infections, especially in the immunocompromised hosts. Disseminated cases including trichosporonemia can rapidly progress, leading to increased morbidity and mortality.

Aim: To diagnose and identify risk factors and outcomes of proven and probable invasive Trichosporon species infections.

Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was done at Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, over a period of one year (March 2023 till February 2024). All the clinical samples sent for routine diagnostics to the laboratory during the study period and archived samples were included (Total isolates, n=60). European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infection Cooperative Group (EORTC/ IFICG) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease/Mycoses Study Group (NIAID/MSG) definitions were used to categorise samples as proven invasive and probable invasive trichosporonosis. Phenotypic characterisation was done by colony morphology on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA), Gram stain, Dalmau technique and urea hydrolysis. Genotypic characterisation was done by Trichosporon genus specific and Trichosporon asahii specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The reference strains used as quality control were Trichosporon asahii Microbial Type Culture Collection (MTCC) 6179, Trichosporon jirovecii MTCC 9036 and Candida albicans American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 90028. All statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel (2016) and descriptive statistics were presented as numbers and percentages.

Results: All the 60 (100%) isolates were characterised as Trichosporon asahii. Amongst them 4 (6.7%) were categorised as proven invasive trichosporonosis and 56 (93.3%) were probable invasive trichosporonosis. Some important risk factors for invasive disease were Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission, antibiotic usage, diabetes and hypertension. All 4 (6.3%) proven cases were isolated from blood and 2 (50%) amongst them succumbed to the disease. Amongst the probable cases, 16 (28.6%) succumbed to the disease.

Conclusion: Invasive infections caused by Trichosporon species have high mortality especially amongst immunocompromised hosts. Hence, identification at an early stage by appropriate diagnostic methods and initiating appropriate antifungal agents can result in better outcome of the patient.
Obesity in Children
Authors: Worobey John
Published: January 2020

Obesity is the product of many factors, ranging from genetic causes to environmental determinants, and may be defined in simple terms as an excess of body fat. Current estimates for the United States suggest that approximately one in six of today's youth is obese, denoting a serious public health problem. Although weight gain may be explained simply as a matter of energy intake exceeding energy expenditure, the multiple determinants of obesity require a variety of strategies for assisting individuals with weight loss, as well as comprehensive and creative approaches to prevent excess weight gain from occurring.
Feeding and Eating
Authors: Lacy Kathleen E. , Campbell Karen J.
Published: January 2020

Parental feeding practices that support healthy eating in children are particularly important because a child's food intake will strongly influence healthy growth and development. Childhood obesity and suboptimal diets are found among children from the time they move to a solid diet, suggesting the need to focus on feeding and eating from very early in a child's life. Although the early years are critical for establishing healthy eating habits, children continue to learn about food and gain greater independence in their food choices and intakes throughout childhood, indicating that continued parental support to promote healthy eating in children is essential. Feeding and eating is a complex and ongoing area of research, and this entry provides a broad overview of the key concepts related to feeding and eating in early and later childhood, including food exposure, repetition, and role modeling and parental use of pressure to eat, restriction, and reward.
Pediatric Feeding Disorders
Authors: Volkert Valerie M. , Criado Kristen
Published: January 2020

Most children learn to eat naturally; however, when this process is disrupted, children may not get the calories and nutrients needed to sustain appropriate growth and nutritional status. This entry presents diagnostic criteria and key aspects of related clinical classifications for feeding disorders. Best practice for assessment of feeding disorders should be implemented by a multidisciplinary team including practitioners in psychology, nutrition, medicine, and speech–language pathology or occupational therapy. Treatment involves structured mealtimes with behavior‐analytic techniques to target specific appropriate mealtime and problem behaviors. Challenges in the field include the need for refinement of diagnostic categories and terminology use to describe the problem. In addition, more research is needed to further test existing treatment models.
Developmental Systems
Authors: Midgley Bryan D.
Published: January 2020

The developmental systems perspective is neither a school of psychology in the traditional sense (e.g., structuralism, psychoanalysis) nor a circumscribed theory of psychological functioning in the contemporary sense (e.g., information processing model of memory). Instead, it is a multidisciplinary approach to the study of biological and behavioral development, broadly construed. Historically, the developmental systems perspective has been influenced by several sources—for instance, by critiques of the nature–nurture dichotomy, by alternatives to genetic determinism, and by emphases on lifespan development. Currently, it draws on research and theory in several of the life sciences (among them genetics, zoology, and ethology) and branches of psychology (such as physiological, comparative, developmental, and general psychology). Other labels used to identify approaches that are consistent with the developmental systems perspective include developmental interactionism, probabilistic epigenesis, and the interactionist approach.
Studying Cognitive Development in Infants and Toddlers
Authors: Horst Jessica S. , Flack Zoe M.
Published: January 2020

Understanding the development of cognition in infants and toddlers informs many aspects of our understanding of human cognition. Designing research to address such questions with infants and toddlers provides a number of logistical and theoretical challenges. These challenges inspire innovative experimental methods and techniques. This entry outlines some of the key methods and innovations used to investigate early cognitive development in this special population. The entry also covers some of the research considerations and best practices to successfully study this fascinating and important topic.
Studying Cognitive Development in School‐Aged Children
Authors: Paes Tanya M. , Tsapali Maria , Ellefson Michelle R.
Published: January 2020

This entry presents different methods for studying the cognitive development of school‐aged children between 6 and 12 years of age. More specifically, it focuses on cognitive tasks, processing speed, and verbal reasoning. First, some examples of the tasks used to measure a variety of cognitive skills are evaluated. Second, the utility and limits of response time metrics as well as neurophysiological, electrophysiological, and imaging techniques are discussed. Third, tasks that allow children to explain their experiences and ideas are examined.
Face Perception
Authors: Cashon Cara H. , Dixon Kate C.
Published: January 2020

Since the beginning of the 21st century, developmental psychologists have discovered that face perception undergoes many changes early in life and that experience plays a key role in how face perception is formed. Possibly the most dramatic changes in face perception occur in the first year of life. Newborns enter the world with a bias toward looking at faces. As their visual system matures and they gain more experiences with faces, significant developmental changes take place in face recognition and face processing. Infants' face perception system becomes more fine‐tuned for the types of faces they see most often in their everyday lives, typically female, upright, own‐race faces. Experience continues to have an influence on the development of face perception into childhood.
Working Memory Development
Authors: Henry Lucy A. , Moran Abigail , Messer David J.
Published: January 2020

Working memory refers to the mental workspace that allows us to temporarily hold and manipulate information in order to carry out day‐to‐day thinking and reasoning tasks. The well‐established working memory model, with its four separate components (central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer), highlights that working memory is a system, with each of the different components contributing to ongoing storage and processing. The working memory model has underpinned a great deal of developmental research in the past several decades, revealing how each component of the model develops during childhood, and emphasizing that the overall structure of working memory is similar in children and adults. A growing literature has also examined working memory in children with atypical development (such as developmental language disorder or dyslexia), revealing different profiles of working memory strengths and weaknesses. The working‐memory model, therefore, offers a helpful theoretical framework to guide research on children with both typical and atypical development.
Spelling
Authors: Zhang Lan , Treiman Rebecca
Published: January 2020

There has been less research on how children learn to spell than how they learn to read, but research on spelling development is also important. This entry reviews research on spelling development in typically developing children, with a focus on learners of alphabetic writing systems. The entry begins with a discussion of children's early spelling attempts and moves on to a discussion of early phonological spellings and more sophisticated spellings. It reviews and discusses theoretical perspectives on spelling development, including the phonological perspective, constructivist perspective, and statistical‐learning perspective. The entry also considers implications for how best to teach children about spelling.
Phonology
Authors: Gonzalez‐Gomez Nayeli
Published: January 2020

From birth, infants have to deal with a huge amount of information in order to learn the properties of their native language. Among other skills, infants have to identify the relevant sounds of their language to form a repertoire (phonetics); the suprasegmental properties accompanying those sounds (prosody); and the rules applying to those sounds (phonotactics), for example, which sounds can be combined and which ones cannot. All of these abilities are part of infants' early phonological development taking place during the first months of life. A great amount of research has focused on these early acquisitions, and has shown that infants already possess a set of initial capacities to process speech at birth. It is during their first year of life that these initial capacities start changing, leading to a decrease in infants' ability to discriminate nonnative contrasts and an increase in their ability to distinguish native contrasts, a process known as perceptual attunement.
Reasoning and Problem Solving
Authors: Andrews Glenda
Published: January 2020

Reasoning and problem solving are important aspects of thinking that have their origins in early childhood, and that show a protracted course of development during childhood and adolescence. Three important factors that influence children's performance on reasoning and problem‐solving tasks are the extent to which they can access and select the requisite semantic information, the complexity of the information that must be represented mentally, and their general information‐processing capacities, including speed of processing, working memory, set shifting, and inhibitory control. Maturation of the brain and reconfiguration of frontoparietal networks have been implicated in the development of these capacities and the ability to deal with greater complexity in reasoning and problem‐solving tasks.
Guilt
Authors: Colasante Tyler , Malti Tina
Published: January 2020

This entry provides an overview of guilt in childhood, including what differentiates guilt from other social emotions and its numerous sources and contextual variants. It covers the development of guilt (limited to childhood) before detailing current trends in research that will undoubtedly shed further light on the complexities and underpinnings of guilt feelings in early life.
Callous and Unemotional Traits in Childhood
Authors: Kimonis Eva R. , Prasad Ashneeta H.
Published: January 2020

Callous and unemotional
(CU)
traits
is the term used to describe children who show a constellation of features including low levels of empathy and guilt, uncaring attitudes about others' feelings and their own performance in important activities, and shallow emotions. When CU traits co‐occur with antisocial behavior, they are a marker for a particularly severe, aggressive, and chronic pattern of conduct problems. CU traits emerge in early childhood, are moderately to highly stable, and typically predict a negative developmental trajectory. Decades of research have demonstrated that this population shows distinct neurocognitive and socioemotional deficits relative to their non‐CU counterparts. Given that CU traits are associated with significant maladjustment later in life and a considerable societal burden, contemporary research is focused on refining their assessment and on developing comprehensive, targeted interventions that address their unique treatment needs. Recommendations for the next frontier of research into CU traits among children are discussed.
Engagement and Motivation During Childhood
Authors: Skinner Ellen A.
Published: January 2020

The study of academic engagement and motivation, at its core, focuses on the “fire” that fuels students' participation in the educational process. Tens of thousands of studies have been conducted on these topics and so have much to offer investigators, interventionists, and educators who wish to optimize student academic success and development. This entry provides overviews and definitions of the relatively distinct lines of work on motivation and engagement, as well as their individual strengths and limitations, before arguing that these approaches can be seen as complementary when combined into a process model of motivational resilience and vulnerability. Taken as a whole, this work suggests that when students are motivationally resilient (i.e., choose challenging academic tasks, are highly engaged, cope adaptively, and persist in the face of setbacks) they will learn more deeply, perform better, and benefit more from school. A large body of research has focused on the personal and interpersonal factors that shape student motivation and engagement. This entry identifies a dozen major motivational theories that have distinguished multiple facets of students' academic identities (e.g., self‐efficacy, mindsets, belonging) and suggested a variety of organizational, curricular, pedagogical, and interpersonal supports that shape students' development across early and middle childhood.
Emotion Perception and Recognition
Authors: Widen Sherri C.
Published: January 2020

This entry reviews evidence on the development of children's recognition and understanding of emotions. As described by the broad‐to‐differentiated hypothesis, children initially understand emotion in terms of valence (feels good vs. feels bad). The developmental challenge is to differentiate within these broad valence‐based categories until the adult taxonomy of emotion is acquired. This process is gradual and occurs over the course of childhood.
Development of Emotional Competence
Authors: Trentacosta Christopher J. , Crespo Laura M.
Published: January 2020

Developmental scientists have devoted considerable attention to understanding children's emotional competence, which includes emotion understanding and emotion regulation. This entry summarizes how emotion competence develops across infancy, toddlerhood, and the preschool period, and into the school‐age years. The entry also describes the potential negative consequences for children who demonstrate difficulties with emotion understanding and emotion regulation and provides examples of prevention programs designed to promote adaptive development of these skills.
Interface of Emotion and Social Competence
Authors: Low Angela Sokyee , Hymel Shelley
Published: January 2020

Social and emotional competence are intricately linked, both developmentally and functionally. This entry begins with an overview of social competence, and then reviews several influential models of emotional competence, from which key components of emotional competence that are critical for effective social functioning are identified. How these components, which include emotional understanding and emotion regulation, develop in childhood, and how they contribute to successful social development, are explored. The role of early social experiences in the development of emotional competence, and how emotional competence in turn contributes to the development of social competence, directly and indirectly through enriching the social landscape, are described. Finally, opportunities and strategies for supporting the development of social and emotional competence at home and in school are considered.
Sex, Gender, and Emotion
Authors: Davis Megan M. , Modi Haina H. , Rudolph Karen D.
Published: January 2020

Gender differences in emotion processing emerge in infancy and develop across childhood. Boys and girls vary in their emotional experiences and how they view the role of emotion. These gender differences are likely the result of an interplay between individual and social factors. This entry reviews gender differences in several aspects of emotion processing, including emotion recognition, expression, and understanding, as well as differences in emotion regulation strategies used by boys and girls. Several sources of these gender differences are discussed, including biological and temperamental factors and the influence of parent socialization. Although recent research suggests that variability in brain structure and function, sex hormones, and stress reactivity may contribute to gender differences in emotional reactivity and emotion regulation, these differences tend to be largest in social contexts, highlighting the interactive nature of biology and environment in creating gender differences in emotion processing.
Emotion Socialization in Schools
Authors: Braun Summer S. , Bierman Karen L.
Published: January 2020

The way in which children perceive, understand, and express their emotions is shaped directly by the experiences they have at school. In turn, the emotional competencies that children develop and utilize in the school setting affect their learning, friendships, behavioral adjustment, and overall well‐being. This entry reviews the definition of emotional competence, identifies school‐based factors that affect emotional development, and describes intervention strategies that have proven effective at improving school supports for positive emotion socialization.
Illness, Disability, and Emotion
Authors: Pavlova Maria , Soltani Sabine , Asmundson Gordon J. G. , Noel Melanie
Published: January 2020

Illness and pain are an inevitable part of childhood. Inadequately managed pain may result in a host of detrimental neurobiological, cognitive, and behavioral consequences. This entry focuses on acute pain that is associated with traumas and treatment‐related procedures, persistent pain following surgery, pain related to chronic illness, and primary pain disorders in childhood and adolescence. Cognitive–affective aspects of pain, illness, and disability, as well as the role of parents in the context of pediatric pain and illness, are also discussed.
Child Physical Abuse and Neglect
Authors: Rodriguez Christina M. , Gonzalez Samantha
Published: January 2020

Child physical abuse and neglect represent the two most frequent forms of child maltreatment. The physical abuse and neglect of children is a worldwide problem, compromising the adaptive physical and psychological development of the child as well as incurring extensive costs to society more broadly. Nearly a quarter of children experience physical abuse and over 16% experience physical neglect globally, highlighting that the magnitude of this problem demands concerted attention. Although defining both physical abuse and physical neglect remains challenging, the overwhelming consensus is that protecting children from maltreatment requires active efforts at prevention and intervention at the individual, family, community, and societal levels. Consequently, those efforts typically aim to address risk factors that reflect individual characteristics of the parent or child, as well as risks that reflect qualities of the family as a whole and the immediate and cultural environments and societies in which they live.
Supporting Children's Learning and Development in Childminding or Home‐Based Child Care
Authors: Ang Lynn
Published: January 2020

This entry discusses home‐based child care, or childminding as it is commonly known in the United Kingdom. It explores the role of home‐based settings in offering quality care and education to support young children's learning and development during the preschool years. It presents an overview of the international literature and synthesizes the key issues and debates relating to this type of child care service. With reference to existing studies, the discussion reviews the nature of the provision across different countries and offers a conceptual framework to better understand this model of early care and education. It argues that home‐based child care is a vital service not only as a form of family support, particularly for vulnerable families, but also as an important pedagogical model in enhancing children's development that is distinct from any other type of provision.
Peer Support
Authors: Cowie Helen
Published: January 2020

Peer support is not one particular program or method that can be applied in any context. Rather, it is a grassroots approach that emerges from an analysis of the needs of a particular community and takes account of the voices of the children and young people involved. Peer support systems have developed throughout the world and take many forms, depending on the cultural contexts in which they have evolved. The growth of peer support systems is related to widespread anxiety about the emotional health and well‐being of children and young people at a time when concerns for children's mental health and educational aspirations are prominent.
Internet Use
Authors: Görzig Anke , Holloway Donell
Published: January 2020

Children's use of the internet has been increasing tremendously since the early years of the 21st century. This entry outlines the prevalence rates of children's online time, the devices they use, and the activities they engage in. Some insight is offered into digital divides by geographic region and socioeconomic circumstances. A typology of online opportunities and risks for children is presented, followed by a brief discussion of online risks, and the entry concludes with theoretical models proposing approaches to identify risk and resilience factors with regards to children's internet use.
Adolescence in the 19th Century
Authors: Shore Heather
Published: January 2020

This entry explores the evolution of the concept of adolescence in the 19th and early 20th centuries. In Western Europe and North America in the 19th century, there was a growing awareness of the problems of youth. Increasingly, through an incremental process, the categorization of the adolescent was established. This entry also shows how concerns about juvenile crime and the growth of juvenile justice systems, mass education, new forms of popular culture and leisure, and new theories of society and its members all contributed to this process.
Theories of Adolescent Development: Overview
Authors: Leung Janet T. Y. , Shek Daniel T. L.
Published: January 2020

Adolescence is a critical stage between childhood and adulthood. Different psychological and sociological theories provide different perspectives in understanding the features and processes of adolescent development. At the same time, these theories reveal some issues and controversies in the study of adolescent development. This entry has three parts. The first part discusses the issues and debates related to the theoretical assumptions on adolescent development. In the second part, six theoretical perspectives on adolescence are discussed. They are the lifespan perspective, the learning perspective, the humanistic perspective, the ecological perspective, the sociocultural perspective, and the positive youth development perspective. Finally, the entry outlines the criteria that can be used to evaluate a theory of adolescent development.
Child Study Movement
Authors: Ben‐Arieh Asher , Kosher Hanita
Published: January 2020

Children have been the focus of many studies, and there is a long tradition of research on children in the social sciences. Nonetheless, the nature of children's involvement in research has been changing in accordance with the way in which childhood is viewed in society. Children have progressed from being merely the object of the study, or background actors, to being the subject of the study in the role of main actors, where their insights and experiences are the core interest of the researchers. This entry describes and discusses the changes that have taken place in the child study movement over the years, from the old paradigm that dominated the child study movement until the 1990s to the new paradigm for the study of children today, which focuses mainly on children's participation in research. In that connection, methodological and ethical issues concerning the involvement and participation of children in research are presented.
Adolescents in Individualistic Cultures
Authors: Bush Kevin Ray , James Anthony G.
Published: January 2020

Adolescence is an important development period for humans across the globe. Biologically this time period is full of physical, hormonal, and cognitive changes. The social contexts in which adolescents are embedded (e.g., racial/ethnic, cultural, socioeconomic, and political) shape the social experiences (parent–adolescent relationship, school experience, peer relationships) during development as these biological changes unfold within each adolescent's unique socioecological niche. Adolescents in Western countries (e.g., Australia, Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom) are typically more influenced by individualistic values of independence than by collectivistic values of interdependence, and will prioritize individual achievement over group achievement. However, culture does not exist within a vacuum, and most countries, even those with high of levels of individualism on average, are not absent of collectivistic values. In fact, many cultural groups within individualistic countries and cultures focus much more on collectivistic values, especially immigrant groups with strong ties to their home or ancestral collectivistic culture.
Social Consequences of Pubertal Timing
Authors: Bosacki Sandra
Published: January 2020

This entry explores theoretical and empirical considerations regarding the role of puberty in social development during adolescence. More specifically, it outlines the neurobiological and social contextual factors that could influence the development of social cognition and behavior during emerging adolescence and puberty. Findings from neuroscience and psychology are presented within a framework that suggests that emerging adolescents' health and well‐being are the result of interactions between biological factors and social interactions. The entry ends with a discussion of the potential implications of theory and empirical research on emerging adolescence for the school context.
Stages of Sexual Development
Authors: Baams Laura
Published: January 2020

Adolescent intimate relationships often start with a crush, and by young adulthood most youth have had a romantic relationship. Intimate relationships are an important and normative part of adolescent development, and are vital for adolescents' well‐being. Stages of sexual development include the start of pubertal development and sexual behaviors such as petting and kissing. For many adolescents, these “light” sexual behaviors transition into sexual intercourse. Conflict or violence in intimate relationships, as well as nonlinear trajectories of sexual development, may have a negative impact on adolescents' mental health and well‐being.
Motivation in Adolescence
Authors: Sharman Rachael
Published: January 2020

Why we do the things we do remains one of the enduring mysteries of human behavior. There are physical (biological), psychological, and social cues that “cause” behavior. Understanding the underlying motivations that drive behavior and how they interact is the key to understanding and—where desirable—changing or improving the way people behave across a variety of circumstances.
Obesity in Adolescence
Authors: Baur Louise A. , Jebeile Hiba , Alexander Shirley M.
Published: January 2020

Obesity is a major public health issue that affects young people in low‐ and middle‐income countries, as well as in high‐income countries. It influences physical and psychological health in both the short and the long term. Effective management is vital, the broad principles of which include the management of comorbidities; taking a developmentally appropriate approach; the use of a range of behavior change techniques; long‐term dietary change; increased physical activity; decreased sedentary behaviors; improved sleep quality; and planning for long‐term weight maintenance. There are also roles for pharmacotherapy, intensive dietary interventions, and bariatric surgery in selected individuals. Ultimately, given that obesity is so prevalent, it is important that primary prevention strategies are implemented.
Psychotic Disorders
Authors: Scott James G. , Burgher Bjorn
Published: January 2020

Psychotic disorders commonly emerge in adolescence and young adulthood during a time when there are rapidly changing developmental tasks. The understanding of the neurobiology underlying psychosis remains at a preliminary stage although advances in neuroscience have demonstrated atypical brain structure and function and dysregulation of neurotransmitter systems associated with this group of illnesses. The care for adolescents and young adults with these illnesses has improved, and comprehensive pharmacological and psychosocial services offer the greatest opportunity for recovery from psychosis. In many people, psychotic disorders are lifelong, and the emerging evidence suggests that treatment for many people needs to continue for many years following the onset of the incident psychosis. Further research is necessary to refine and personalize the provision of care to adolescents with psychosis.