bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fundamentos filosóficos de la historia local en las ciencias sociales educación básica superior
Authors: Calvas Ojeda María Gabriela
Published: March 2024

The article begins with a descriptive and conceptual approach to the philosophical foundations of local history applied in the field of social sciences, reflects on its link in the teaching process of Higher Basic Education as an activity aimed at social construction, Historical and cultural of tenth grade students. The objective of the article is to offer a brief philosophical approach to local history and its implications in the social sciences through bibliographic systematization and text analysis, which facilitated obtaining theoretical results and therefore concluding that this discipline represents an interdisciplinary process in the curriculum of the Social Sciences, constituting not only a powerful tool to promote identity, research and intercultural capacity but also apprehension in educational practice.
Planeación microcurricular desde la interdisciplinariedad en las carreras docentes
Authors: Espinoza Freire Eudaldo Enrique
Published: March 2024

This work includes an analysis of interdisciplinarity as a pedagogical principle of curricular design very important so that the direction of the professional teacher training process can be carried out with quality and efficiency from the microcurricular planning. It defines interdisciplinarity and microcurricular planning in its three dimensions. It emphasizes aspects that promote interdisciplinarity and aspects that affect it. Finally, the methodological structure of different types of classes in higher education is explained. The aim of this study was to analyze interdisciplinarity as one of the fundamental principles of the curriculum for the management of the Professional Teacher Training Process, highlighting aspects that undermine it, those that favor it, taking into account the different types of teaching activities in its relation with microcurricular planning.
Una historia de la vida en la Universidad Metropolitana como universidad inclusiva
Authors: Montano Rodríguez Freddy , Silva Barreras David , De La Rosa Martín Tonysé
Published: March 2024

In the present article about the pedagogical foundations of educational inclusion and the aspects that highlight the work developed by the UMET as Inclusive University, is shown a pedagogical experience that highlights the attention to diversity and special educational needs, developed in the career of Graphic design of the headquarters of Quito, with a student who at the beginning of the career and after three years of psychiatric treatment does not bring a definitive diagnosis of the disease he suffers, pointing to an acute psychotic reaction, with fears, phobias and social difficulties, who demand professional pedagogical help from the University so that they can study their career and insert themselves into society.
Editorial
Authors: López Fernández Raúl
Published: March 2024

La sociedad espera de la Universidad, influencia y compromiso, para los cambios que en ella deben ejecutarse para la mejora del pueblo, donde los estudiantes y profesores tienen que revertir sus saberes en el desarrollo, óptimo, para la equidad y justica de sus ciudadanos.
En el proceso docente educativo, presta especial atención a los componentes sustantivos que deben subsistir en la academia, docente, investigación y vinculación con la sociedad, la interrelación entre ellos, organizado y planificado elevan la calidad la cual se revierte en mejores egresados con la misión de las transformaciones sociales.
Los proyectos de investigación constituyen el eje que rige la investigación, en un importante número de universidades en el mundo. Estos, se sustentan en líneas y programas asociados con las exigencias estatales para dar cumplimiento a los planes de desarrollo económico y social de un país.
Los curriculum de las universidades deben tener en cuenta temas comunes que deben ser atendidos desde todas las disciplinas incorporados como partes de su contenidos y articulados para que fluya en los alumnos como saberes necesarios para su vida. Dentro de estos ejes transversales están la inclusión social y el medio ambiente, ambos deben estar intencionados desde la educación formal, debido a que el primero, va al fortalecimientos de los valores humanos de los estudiantes y el segundo, a la supervivencia de la humanidad.
Compresión del significado de la inteligencia. Diversidad en la capacidad para apropiarse y aplicar conocimientos y experiencias
Authors: Gil Álvarez José Luis , Morales Cruz Mabel
Published: March 2024

Studies on the development of intelligence have gained strength in recent times and a continuity of enrichment of theory and practice in this direction is manifested. At present, education assumes great challenges focused on learning and with it attention to diversity responding to the progressive personal needs of students. It is the purpose of this work to offer reflections from theoretical bases on the development of intelligence.
El estrecho enlace entre la investigación y la vinculación con la sociedad
Authors: Fuentes Águilaa Marily Rafaela , Naranjo Vaca Celso Duverli , Castellanos Fuentes Pedro Enrique
Published: March 2024

The present work deals with the intrinsic relationship between the projects of linkage and research with society in the career of Law of the Metropolitan University of Ecuador. In addition to presenting the close link between one activity and another, the fundamental objective was that teachers and students feel motivated by the different research edges that generate the results obtained and processed during the tasks of linking, which must be transformed into articles scientific, thesis of degree or books susceptible of being published with the scientific and doctrinal contribution that legal or juridical legal investigations require.
District Health System performance in South Africa: Are current monitoring systems optimal?
Authors: Barron P , Mahomed H , Masilela T C , Vallabhjee K , Schneider H
Published: March 2024

In this article, we review the monitoring and evaluation system that is used to measure the performance of primary healthcare delivered through the district health system and district management teams. We then review some global frameworks, especially linked to the World Health Organization, and look at some of the differences between what is internationally recommended and what we do in South Africa. We end with some recommendations to improve the system.
Pancreatic cancer mortality in South Africa: A case-control study
Authors: Nhleko M L , Edoka I , Musenge E
Published: March 2024

Background. There are variations in the numbers of pancreatic cancer deaths reported annually in South Africa (SA). Since pancreatic cancer deaths occurred in SA from 1997 to 2016, the number of cases has hugely increased, and reached 23 581 in both sexes. Sex differences are likely to contribute to the variations in the strength of associations between the risk factors and pancreatic cancer mortality.
Objective. To identify factors associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer mortality in SA.
Methods. A matched case-control study with 1:1 matching was conducted using data collected by Statistics SA from 1997 to 2016. Controls were randomly selected to be as similar as possible to the cases, and matched by age, sex and year of death. Conditional logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with pancreatic cancer mortality.
Results. This case-control study comprised a final selection of 23 581 cases (12 171 males and 11 410 females) and 23 581 controls (12 171 males and 11 410 females). A significantly increased risk of pancreatic cancer mortality was observed among males who were managers (odds ratio (OR) 2.99; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.36 - 6.60; p=0.006) and craft and related trade workers (OR 1.89; 95% CI 1.14 - 3.14; p=0.013). Elevated risks of pancreatic cancer mortality were also found among females who were managers (OR 6.13; 95% CI 1.32 - 28.52; p=0.021), professionals (OR 2.12; 95% CI 1.24 - 3.63; p=0.006), clerical support workers (OR 3.78; 95% CI 1.79 - 7.98; p=0.001) and elementary occupation workers (OR 1.41; 95% CI 0.99 - 2.00; p=0.059). Smoking was significantly associated with pancreatic cancer mortality in females (OR 1.36; 95% CI 1.02 - 1.82; p=0.039). Working in several occupations was associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer mortality in males (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.01 - 1.71; p=0.045) and females (OR 1.66; 95% CI 1.30 - 2.12; p<0.001).
Conclusion. Smoking and certain occupations increased the risk of pancreatic cancer mortality. Further research is needed to evaluate the associations between other extrinsic and intrinsic factors and pancreatic cancer mortality.
Recurrent venous thrombosis – an unusual first presentation of autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type 3B
Authors: Letete N , Vaz D , Malishi P H , Pogieter J J , Rheeder P
Published: March 2024

A 45-year-old female presented with unprovoked recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE), in unusual sites, and pancytopenia, posing a complex diagnostic challenge. Work-up for inherited thrombophilia, antiphospholipid syndrome (APLS) and paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria were unremarkable. Investigations revealed autoimmune thyroid disease, and a mixed iron/vitamin B12 deficiency due to pernicious anaemia and resultant atrophic gastritis. Hyperhomocysteinaemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency was identified as a potential contributor to her recurrent VTE. This case highlights the unusual initial presentation of autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type 3B (APS-3B) with recurrent thromboembolism, and emphasises the importance of considering hyperhomocysteinaemia in unprovoked and atypical VTE cases.
Commentary on the published position statement regarding the pathogenesis of fetal basal ganglia- thalamic hypoxic-ischaemic injury
Authors: Anthony J , Smith J , Murray L , Kirsten G F , Gericke G , Kara Y , Davies V , Pearce D , Van Toorn R , Lippert M M , Lotz J W , Andronikou S , Alheit B , Van Wyk L , Ebrahim A S , Schifrin B S
Published: March 2024

-
Household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a rural area in South Africa
Authors: Maimela G , Martin C E , Chersich M , Bello B , Mauti J , Bäernighausen T , Kohler S , Almuedo-Riera A , Luchters S , Sawry S
Published: March 2024

Background. Patterns of SARS‐CoV‐2 spread have varied by geolocation, with differences in seroprevalence between urban and rural areas, and between waves. Household spread of SARS‐CoV‐2 is a known source of new COVID‐19 infections, with rural areas in sub‐Saharan Africa being more prone than urban areas to COVID‐19 transmission because of limited access to water in some areas, delayed health‐ seeking behaviour and poor access to care.
Objectives. To explore SARS‐CoV‐2 infection incidence and transmission in rural households in South Africa (SA).
Methods. We conducted a prospective household cluster investigation between 13 April and 21 July 2021 in the Matjhabeng subdistrict, a rural area in Free State Province, SA. Adults with SARS‐CoV‐2 confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests (index cases, ICs) and their household contacts (HCs) were enrolled. Household visits conducted at enrolment and on days 7, 14 and 28 included interviewer‐ administered questionnaires and respiratory and blood sample collection for SARS‐CoV‐2 PCR and SARS‐CoV‐2 immunoglobulin G serological testing, respectively. Co‐primary cases were HCs with a positive SARS‐CoV‐2 PCR test at enrolment. The incidence rate (IR), using the Poisson distribution, was HCs with a new positive PCR and/or serological test per 1 000 person‐days. Associations between outcomes and HC characteristics were adjusted for intra‐cluster correlation using robust standard errors. The secondary infection rate (SIR) was the proportion of new COVID‐19 infections among susceptible HCs.
Results. Among 23 ICs and 83 HCs enrolled, 10 SARS‐CoV‐2 incident cases were identified, giving an IR of 5.8 per 1 000 person‐days (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.14 ‐ 11.95). Households with a co‐primary case had higher IRs than households without a co‐primary case (crude IR 14.16 v. 1.75, respectively; p=0.054). HIV infection, obesity and the presence of chronic conditions did not materially alter the crude IR. The SIR was 15.9% (95% CI 7.90 ‐ 29.32). Households with a lower household density (fewer household members per bedroom) had a higher IR (IR 9.58; 95% CI 4.67 ‐ 21.71) than households with a higher density (IR 3.06; 95% CI 1.00 ‐ 12.35).
Conclusion. We found a high SARS‐CoV‐2 infection rate among HCs in a rural setting, with 48% of households having a co‐primary case at the time of enrolment. Households with co‐primary cases were associated with a higher seroprevalence and incidence of SARS‐CoV‐2. Sociodemographic and health characteristics were not associated with SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission in this study, and we did not identify any transmission risks inherent to a rural setting.
Community perceptions of community health worker effectiveness: Contributions to health behaviour change in an urban health district in South Africa
Authors: Thomas L S , Pillay Y , Buch E
Published: March 2024

Background. Community health worker (CHW) programmes contribute towards strengthening adherence support, improving maternal and child health outcomes and providing support for social services. They play a valuable role in health behaviour change in vulnerable communities. Large-scale, comprehensive CHW programmes at health district level are part of a South African (SA) strategy to re-engineer primary healthcare and take health directly into communities and households, contributing to universal health coverage.
Objective. These CHW programmes across health districts were introduced in SA in 2010 - 11. Their overall purpose is to improve access to healthcare and encourage healthy behaviour in vulnerable communities, through community and family engagements, leading to less disease and better population health. Communities therefore need to accept and support these initiatives. There is, however, inadequate local evidence on community perceptions of the effectiveness of such programmes.
Methods. A cross-sectional descriptive study to determine community perceptions of the role and contributions of the CHW programme was conducted in the Ekurhuleni health district, an urban metropolis in SA. Members from 417 households supported by CHWs were interviewed in May 2019 by retired nurses used as fieldworkers. Frequencies and descriptive analyses were used to report on the main study outcomes of community acceptance and satisfaction.
Results. Nearly all the study households were poor and had at least one vulnerable member, either a child under 5, an elderly person, a pregnant woman or someone with a chronic condition. CHWs had supported these households for 2 years or longer. More than 90% of households were extremely satisfied with their CHW; they found it easy to talk to them within the privacy of their homes and to follow the health education and advice given by the CHWs. The community members highly rated care for chronic conditions (82%), indicated that children were healthier (41%) and had safer pregnancies (6%).
Conclusion. As important stakeholders in CHW programmes, exploring community acceptance, appreciation and support is critical in understanding the drivers of programme performance. Community acceptance of the CHWs in the Ekurhuleni health district was high. The perspective of the community was that the CHWs were quite effective. This was demonstrated when they reported changes in household behaviour with regard to improved access to care through early screening, referrals and improved management of chronic and other conditions.
Expansion of the introduced wild boar (Sus scrofa) in the Andean region, Argentinean Patagonia
Authors: Pescador Moisés , Sanguinetti Javier , Pastore Hernán , Peris Salvador
Published: March 2024

Wild boar (Sus scrofa) from Siberia were introduced into Patagonia (Argentina) between 1904 and the 1920s. Wild boar were first observed in the Lanín National Park in the 1980s. Their invasion pattern follows rivers and lakes, moving vertically from the original release site in the eastern steppes to the western hillsides. During the last 20 years, the area occupied by wild boar has increased throughout the park from 10% in 1985 to nearly 30% two decades later, mainly in Araucaria-Nothofagus forests and scrubland. These landscapes hold 83% of the current wild boar distribution, with a statistically significant three-fold increase (Sr = 0.891, p<0.01). Pine plantations, grassland–steppe and bare ground are less favoured by the species, with only a two-fold increase or less during the last two decades. Its distribution range has increased to over 70000 ha during the last 20 years, with an average increase of about 3500 ha/y. At this rate, the species would need 50-60 years to cover the entire Lanín National Park, but cold winters, years with poor Araucaria-Nothofagus seed production, increasing predation by puma (Puma concolor), and the possible appearance of new parasites and diseases as the population increases could limit wild boar dispersal to a lower rate.
Estudio de la comunidad de carnívoros del Parque Natural del Montseny (Catalunya) mediante el trampeo fotográfico
Authors: Torre Ignasi , Ribas Alexis , Arrizabalaga Antoni
Published: March 2024

Remote photography is a noninvasive technique that provides simultaneous data on most species that compose the carnivore community. This technique has recently become popular due to the availability of relatively simple and cost-effective automatic equipment. Between 2004 and 2007, the Montseny Natural Park area was meticulously sampled (30,000 ha), by placing a single photographic device with movement sensor in 234 1x1-km UTM squares (sample units [s.u.] formed 78% of the park area), for two consecutive nights each. Equipment was located in characteristic habitats at an altitudinal gradient of 1,465 m (165-1,630 m.a.s.l.). A total of 1,387 photographs were taken of carnivores representing 7 species (5 wild species and 2 domestic ones). The most frequently photographed species was the stone marten (Martes foina), with 800 photographs taken in 90 s.u. (38.4%), followed by the common genet (Genetta genetta), with 330 photographs in 38 s.u. (16.2%), the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), with 108 photographs in 28 s.u. (11.9%), the badger (Meles meles), with 4 photographs in 3 s.u. (1.3%), and the American mink (Neovison vison), with 1 photo in 1 s.u. (0.4%). Among the domestic species photographed were the cat (Felis catus), with 101 photographs in 17 s.u. (7.3%), and the dog (Canis familiaris), with 43 photographs in 12 s.u. (5.1%). Genets were detected between 175 and 1,206 m.a.s.l., but was absent from mountain tops in Montseny Park. Its probability of occurrence peaked between 400 and 600 m.a.s.l., progressively decreasing with altitude. Stone martens were located between 175 and 1,630 m.a.s.l., with peaks in the 400-600 m.a.s.l. range, progressively decreasing to 1,200 m.a.s.l., and increasing between 1,200 m.a.s.l. and the mountain tops. Foxes were detected between 302 and 1,318 m.a.s.l., with peaks between the 800 and 1,000 m.a.s.l., decreasing towards both extremes of the altitudinal gradient.
Seguimiento estival e invernal de lobos en los Ancares lucenses
Authors: Llaneza Luis , Herrador Ruth , García Víctor M. , Callejo Antonio
Published: March 2024

We present the results of wolf surveys in summer 2006/2007 and winter 2006/07 in Los Ancares Hunting Reserve, Lugo, north-western Spain. The 2006 study area covered the Los Ancares Hunting Reserve, and in 2007 the study area was extended further northwards and southwards. To locate wolf packs and estimate the summer population, we surveyed transects in search of wolf signs (scat and scratches) and used howling points and watch points. A kilometric abundance index (KAI) was used as potentially indicative of pack presence. Winter estimates were obtained by means of simultaneous surveys of transects in snow. The transects (n=16 in 2006, n=24 in 2007) were sampled in August, September and October, and covered a total of 191 km and 298.38 km, in 2006 and 2007, respectively. There were 21 howling points and 12 watch points in 2006, and 74 howling points and 20 watch points in 2007. A snow census in December 2006 and another in March 2007 involved 13 simultaneous transects. In 2006, two wolf packs were found, and the presence of pups in both packs was confirmed by means of chorus howling and direct observation. The average KAI value for each pack in August was more than 2 signs/km. The summer population was estimated at 16-22 individuals in the study area. Snow census results indicated 21-24 wolves in December 2006 and 20-22 in March 2007. In 2007, three packs with pups were located by chorus listening, and the presence of a fourth pack was deemed likely. All KAI averages for August for the 4 packs were above 0.5 signs/km, 3 being over 1 sign/km. We estimate that there were 27-39 wolves in the study area in summer
Facile synthesis of phase-adjustable CsPbBr3-Cs4PbBr6 composite nanocrystals and in-situ study of phase transformation process
Authors: Chen Xue-Lian , Shen Yan-Bing , Yuan Zhi-Cong , Li Kai-Rui , Pan Xi-Qiang ,   School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China,   College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, China
Published: March 2024

All-inorganic cesium lead halide perovskites have shown great potential applications in optoelectronic field due to their fascinating optical properties. Although perovskite materials have achieved great success in various fields, their inherent ionic properties and high dynamic surface properties have led to their poor stability, hindering their applications. The preparation of CsPbBr3-Cs4PbBr6 nanocrystals has proven to be an effective strategy to enhance their photoluminescence properties and stability. Herein, we report an easy synthesis of CsPbBr3-Cs4PbBr6 nanocrystals with a diphase structure at room temperature by using Cs-OA, Pb-OA and TOABr as precursors in toluene. It is found that the phase transformation and the relative composition between CsPbBr3 and Cs4PbBr6 are dependent on the concentration of TOABr and the ratio of Cs/Pb. The in-situ PL experiments reveal that the formation of ~12 nm CsPbBr3 nanocubes experiences the fast nucleation, the focusing growth of size-distribution in early growth stage and Ostwald ripening growth in the later stage at a TOABr concentration of 0.16 mmol. With the increase of concentration of TOABr or molar ratio of Cs/Pb > 1 (Cs/Pb < 1), [PbBr4]2– complex and [PbBr3]– complex can coexist and compete with each other in toluene, and the CsPbBr3 nucleations dominate in the early stage, then CsPbBr3-Cs4PbBr6 nanocomposites are gradually formed on CsPbBr3 nucleations as photoluminescence centers due to the continuous generation of [PbBr4]2– complex between TOABr and Pb2+. The relative composition of Cs4PbBr6 in CsPbBr3-Cs4PbBr6 nanocomposites can be improved from 4% to 85% with the concentration of TOABr increasing or Cs/Pb < 1. The optimized CsPbBr3-Cs4PbBr6 composite nanocrystals possess high PLQY and stability. Our work provides an understanding of the mechanism of phase transformation in cesium lead halide perovskite materials.
Finding structure during incremental speech comprehension
Authors: Lyu Bingjiang , Marslen-Wilson William D. , Fang Yuxing , Tyler Lorraine K.
Published: March 2024

A core aspect of human speech comprehension is the ability to incrementally integrate consecutive words into a structured and coherent interpretation, aligning with the speaker’s intended meaning. This rapid process is subject to multi-dimensional probabilistic constraints, including both linguistic knowledge and non-linguistic information within specific contexts, and it is their interpretative coherence that drives successful comprehension. To study the neural substrates of this process, we extract word-by-word measures of sentential structure from BERT, a deep language model, which effectively approximates the coherent outcomes of the dynamic interplay among various types of constraints. Using representational similarity analysis, we tested BERT parse depths and relevant corpus-based measures against the spatiotemporally resolved brain activity recorded by electro/magnetoencephalography when participants were listening to the same sentences. Our results provide a detailed picture of the neurobiological processes involved in the incremental construction of structured interpretations. These findings show when and where coherent interpretations emerge through the evaluation and integration of multifaceted constraints in the brain, which engages bilateral brain regions extending beyond the classical fronto-temporal language system. Furthermore, this study provides empirical evidence supporting the use artificial neural networks as computational models for revealing the neural dynamics underpinning complex cognitive processes in the brain.
The TOR signaling pathway regulates vegetative development, aflatoxin biosynthesis, and pathogenicity in Aspergillus flavus
Authors: Li Guoqi , Cao Xiaohong , Tumukunde Elisabeth , Zeng Qianhua , Wang Shihua
Published: March 2024

The target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway is highly conserved and plays a crucial role in diverse biological processes in eukaryotes. However, the underlying mechanism of the TOR pathway in
A. flavus
remains elusive. In this study, we identified and characterized seven genes encoding various components of the TOR pathway in
A. flavus,
and investigated their biological function. The FK506-binding protein Fkbp3 and its lysine succinylation are important for aflatoxin production and rapamycin resistance. As a significant downstream effector molecule of the TorA kinase, the Sch9 kinase regulates aflatoxin B
1
(AFB
1
) synthesis, osmotic and calcium stress response in
A. flavus,
and this regulation is mediated through its S_TKc, S_TK_X domains, and the ATP binding site at K340. We also showed that the Sch9 kinase may have a regulatory impact on the high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) signaling pathway. TipA, the other downstream component of the TorA kinase, plays a significant role in regulating sclerotia formation and cell wall stress response in
A. flavus
. The members of the TapA-phosphatase complexes, SitA and Ppg1, are crucial for various biological processes in
A. flavus
, including vegetative growth, sclerotia formation, AFB
1
biosynthesis, and pathogenicity. Furthermore, we showed that SitA and Ppg1 are involved in regulating lipid droplets (LDs) biogenesis and cell wall integrity (CWI) signaling pathways. In addition, another phosphatase complex, Nem1/Spo7, plays critical roles in hyphal development, conidiation, aflatoxin, and lipid droplets biogenesis. This study provides an important insight into the regulatory network of the TOR signaling pathway and the molecular mechanism of aflatoxin biosynthesis in
A. flavus
.
Structural basis for the phase separation of the chromosome passenger complex
Authors: Bryan Nikaela W , Ali Aamir , Niedzialkowska Ewa , Mayne Leland , Stukenberg P Todd , Black Ben E
Published: March 2024

The physical basis of phase separation is thought to consist of the same types of bonds that specify conventional macromolecular interactions yet is unsatisfyingly often referred to as ‘fuzzy’. Gaining clarity on the biogenesis of membraneless cellular compartments is one of the most demanding challenges in biology. Here, we focus on the chromosome passenger complex (CPC), that forms a chromatin body that regulates chromosome segregation in mitosis. Within the three regulatory subunits of the CPC implicated in phase separation – a heterotrimer of INCENP, Survivin, and Borealin – we identify the contact regions formed upon droplet formation using hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HXMS). These contact regions correspond to some of the interfaces seen between individual heterotrimers within the crystal lattice they form. A major contribution comes from specific electrostatic interactions that can be broken and reversed through initial and compensatory mutagenesis, respectively. Our findings reveal structural insight for interactions driving liquid-liquid demixing of the CPC. Moreover, we establish HXMS as an approach to define the structural basis for phase separation.
Comparison of Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection With Endoscopic Mucosal Resection After Circumferential Precutting to Treat Gastric Adenomas ≤15 mm
Authors: Lee Jin , Lee Junghwan , Na Ji Eun , Park Yong Eun , Choi Joon Hyuk , Heo Nae-Yun , Park Seung Ha , Kim Tae Oh , Park Jongha
Published: March 2024

Objectives: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a widely used approach for the resection of superficial gastric neoplastic lesions. Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is acceptable for lesions <10–15 mm in size. Herein, we compared the clinical outcomes of ESD with those of EMR after circumferential precutting (EMR-P) for gastric adenomas ≤15 mm.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 213 patients with 228 gastric adenomas ≤15 mm in size who were treated endoscopically at a single tertiary hospital in Korea between November 2018 and October 2022. We evaluated the complete endoscopic resection rate, recurrence rate, procedurer-elated complications, and procedure time according to the procedure used.Results: Among the 228 gastric adenomas, 49 were treated with EMR-P and 179 with ESD. The histological complete resection rate was higher in the ESD group than in the EMR-P group (87% vs. 57%, p<0.001). No significant between-group differences were observed in endoscopic en bloc resection rates (ESD vs. EMR-P, 96% vs. 90%; p=0.081). The procedure time was significantly shorter in the EMR-P group than in the ESD group (28.9±19.7 min vs. 8.8±5.9 min, p<0.001). The local recurrence rate in patients with histologically incomplete resection did not differ between the two groups (ESD vs. EMR-P, 8.7% vs. 9.5%; p=0.924).Conclusions: For gastric adenomas ≤15 mm, EMR-P may be the preferable treatment method considering the en bloc resection rate, procedure time, and local recurrence rate. However, considering the complete resection rate, ESD is recommended as the treatment of choice for high-grade adenomas and early gastric cancer lesions.
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Foreign Bodies
Authors: Oh Young Eun , Moon Hee Seok
Published: March 2024

Foreign body ingestion, a common emergency encountered in clinical practice, is a potentially serious condition. Most foreign bodies in the gastrointestinal tract pass spontaneously. However, objects that are relatively long or large may lodge in the upper gastrointestinal tract, potentially causing perforation, bleeding, and obstruction. This literature review summarizes the natural history and clinical aspects of these types of foreign bodies in adults as well as the various methods for their removal. Endoscopic removal is a relatively safe and effective procedure for removing these types of foreign bodies. The development of endoscopic techniques and devices has resulted in their widespread use, with good results, as the primary treatment.
Licencias Creative Commons (CC)
Authors: Sarovic Mira Paula Angélica , Senabre Estrada María Alejandra
Published: March 2024

Presentación del Taller "Licencias Creative Commons (CC)", realizado para la Subdirección de Recursos de Información y Archivos, dando a conocer lo que son las Licencias Creative Commons
ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN THE SUBCARPATHIAN PROVINCE
Authors: Galyna Kalda  , Jolanta Krokos  , Katarzyna Pietrucha-Urbanik
Published: March 2024

The work presents an examination of Poland's environmental condition, with a focus on the contamination of air and surface waters by various chemical elements. The composition and quality of the air impact ecosystems, plant growth, the animal kingdom, and shape human living conditions. These factors play a significant role in driving global climate change. The repercussions of air pollution encompass phenomena such as smog, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, as well as impacts on industrial and municipal facilities, contributing to global warming. The article conducts an analysis of air pollution, surface water contamination, and electromagnetic radiation pollution in Subcarpathian, utilizing the city of Stalowa Wola and the Stalowa Wola county as case studies. This choice is informed by the fact that Stalowa Wola stands as one of the largest industrial cities in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship, suggesting that environmental pollution levels in this county might surpass those in other regions. The article also delineates the features of air and surface water pollution, along with electromagnetic radiation characteristics. It scrutinizes pollution sources in the mentioned county, explicates the causes of such pollution, and proposes strategies for environmental amelioration. The analysis of the environmental status of Stalowa Wola county during the years 2018 to 2020 is presented, accompanied by recommendations for initiatives that could enhance its condition. The research findings indicate that the condition of uniform segments of surface waters, as evaluated through conducted studies, is deemed poor. The discharge of wastewater from specific pollution points, particularly wastewater from municipal origins, emerges as the predominant cause of subpar water quality.
MOOCs: Determinants of Enrolment and Completion Rate among Learners of Higher Education Institutions in India
Authors: Patra Santanu , Dutta Arnab Kumar , Upadhyay Papiya
Published: March 2024

Aims: The advancement and integration of technology in education made a dramatic change in the landscape of the teaching-learning process. Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) as one of the emerging trends in education removed the barriers of time, space, and pace throughout the world. Diverse lifelong learners irrespective of social, cultural, economic, age and gender identity are participating in the melting pot of MOOC. This study aimed to explore the present landscape of the participation and completion rate in MOOCs by learners from formal educational institutions in the eastern part of India specifically in West Bengal. The research also aimed to identify the underlying causes of the present landscape.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted among the learners who enrolled in different programs in different Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) during the end of 2023.

Methodology: A self-administered questionnaire in Google Forms was used to collect data from the learners. A total 298 samples have been collected. Collected data have been analyzed by descriptive statistics, independent samples ‘t’ test, ANOVA using SPSS and MS Excel.

Results: The study depicted poor enrolment as well as completion rates in MOOCs among the learners. Lack of awareness and huge pressure on the present curriculum were the main factors behind non-enrolment. SWAYAM was the most popular MOOC platform among the students of West Bengal. Attaining knowledge, enhancing skills, and earning certificates were the main intentions of the students who enrolled in MOOCs. Lack of time, affordability, in-person proctored examination, non-cooperation of facilitators, length of courses, and uninteresting discussion forum were the major constraints to completing the MOOCs for the enrolled learners.

Conclusion: Organizing awareness-building programs, institutional policy framing, and incorporating a credit transfer system into enrolled courses may be emphasized as immediate initiatives for re-thinking the present opportunities and challenges in higher education.
Data Governance in AI - Enabled Healthcare Systems: A Case of the Project Nightingale
Authors: Arigbabu Aisha Temitope , Olaniyi Oluwaseun Oladeji , Adigwe Chinasa Susan , Adebiyi Olubukola Omolara , Ajayi Samson Abidemi
Published: March 2024

The study investigates data governance challenges within AI-enabled healthcare systems, focusing on Project Nightingale as a case study to elucidate the complexities of balancing technological advancements with patient privacy and trust. Utilizing a survey methodology, data were collected from 843 healthcare service users employing a structured questionnaire designed to measure perceptions of AI in healthcare, trust in healthcare providers, concerns about data privacy, and the impact of regulatory frameworks on the adoption of AI technologies. The reliability of the survey instrument was confirmed with a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.81, indicating high internal consistency. The multiple regression analysis revealed significant findings: a positive relationship between the awareness of technological projects and trust in healthcare providers, countered by a negative impact of privacy concerns on trust. Additionally, familiarity with and perceived effectiveness of regulatory frameworks were positively correlated with trust in data, while perceptions of regulatory constraints and data governance issues were identified as significant barriers to the effective adoption of AI technologies in healthcare. The study highlights the critical need for enhanced transparency, public awareness, and robust data governance frameworks to navigate the ethical and privacy concerns associated with AI in healthcare. The study recommends adopting flexible, principle-based regulatory approaches and fostering multi-stakeholder collaboration to ensure the ethical deployment of AI technologies that prioritize patient welfare and trust.
Growth of carbon nanotubes from wet chemistry and thin film multilayer catalysts
Authors: Grüneis A. , Rümmeli M. H. , Kramberger C. , Grimm D. , Gemming T. , Barreiro A. , Ayala P. , Pichler T. , Kuzmany H. , Schamann C. , Pfeiffer R. , Schumann J. , Büchner B.
Published: October 2006

Nanotube growth by chemical vapour deposition carbon is carried out for two different catalyst preparation methods: a wet chemistry catalyst is compared to a thin metal film multilayer catalyst. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs are recorded to investigate the nanotube alignment and the number of walls. Resonance Raman spectroscopy is used for analysis of diameters and the defect concentration. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Distribution of slip from 11 Mw > 6 earthquakes in the northern Chile subduction zone
Authors: Pritchard M. E. , Ji C. , Simons M.
Published: October 2006

We use interferometric synthetic aperture radar, GPS, and teleseismic data to constrain the relative location of coseismic slip from 11 earthquakes on the subduction interface in northern Chile (23°–25°S) between the years 1993 and 2000. We invert body wave waveforms and geodetic data both jointly and separately for the four largest earthquakes during this time period (1993 Mw 6.8; 1995 Mw 8.1; 1996 Mw 6.7; 1998 Mw 7.1). While the location of slip in the teleseismic‐only, geodetic‐only, and joint slip inversions is similar for the small earthquakes, there are differences for the 1995 Mw 8.1 event, probably related to nonuniqueness of models that fit the teleseismic data. There is a consistent mislocation of the Harvard centroid moment tensor locations of many of the 6 < Mw < 8 earthquakes by 30–50 km toward the trench. For all models, the teleseismic data are better able to resolve fine details of the earthquake slip distribution. The 1995 earthquake did not rupture to the maximum depth of the seismogenic zone (as defined by the other earthquakes). In addition to the above events, we use only teleseismic data to determine the rupture characteristics of four other Mw > 6 earthquakes, as well as three Mw > 7 events from the 1980s. All of these earthquakes appear to rupture different portions of the fault interface and do not rerupture a limited number of asperities.
Chord integrated neutral particle diagnostic data analysis for neutral beam injection and ion cyclotron radio frequency heated plasma in a complex Large Helical Device geometry
Authors: Veshchev E. A. , Goncharov P. R. , Ozaki T. , Sudo S. ,   LHD Experimental Group, Lyon J. F.
Published: October 2006

Energy and angle-resolved measurements of charge exchange neutral particle fluxes from the plasma provide information about Ti, as well as non-Maxwellian substantially anisotropic ion distribution tails due to neutral beam injection (NBI) and ion cyclotron radio frequency (ICRF) heating. The measured chord integral neutral flux calculation scheme for the Large Helical Device magnetic surface geometry is given. Calculation results are shown for measurable atomic energy spectra corresponding to heating-induced fast ion distributions from simplified Fokker-Planck models. The behavior of calculated and experimental suprathermal particle distributions from NBI and ICRF heated plasma is discussed in the context of the experimental data interpretation.
A non‐invasive method for the in vivo determination of skin antioxidant capacity (IAC‐S®)
Authors: Ziosi Paola , Besco Elena , Vertuani Silvia , Solaroli Nicola , Manfredini Stefano
Published: October 2006

Background/purposes: Skin antioxidant network protects cells against oxidative injury and prevents the production of oxidation products. When oxidative stress overwhelms the skin antioxidant capacity, the subsequent modification of the cellular redox apparatus leads to an alteration of cell homeostasis leading to degenerative processes. In the dermocosmetic field, the topical application of antioxidants is often suggested as a possible strategy to prevent and modulate oxidative skin damages. Continuing our studies addressed to set‐up new bio‐engeneering protocols for the claim substantiation of antioxidant cosmetic products, we have developed a new non‐invasive methodology for the evaluation of antioxidants cosmetics ingredients and finished products.

Methods: The effects of a pre‐treatment on forearm skin with an antioxidant ingredient were investigated on 15 volunteers, in a double‐blind randomised fashion. A non‐invasive method was devized that comprises the collection of forehead SC layers of the pre‐treated area and control and the next evaluation of skin antioxidant capacity (IAC‐S®) by a luminescence‐based method.

Results: The results showed that the antioxidant preparation was able to increase, to a statistically significant extent (P<0.01), the IAC‐S® in comparison with the control area. The data were confirmed (P<0.05) by comparison with a method, previously developed by us, based on DermAnalyzer®.

Conclusions: In view of the simplicity and reliability of the method here presented, this new technique is proposed as a possible tool for the routine evaluation of in vivo efficacy of antioxidant functional ingredients and finished products.
Analysis of the C/T−1 single nucleotide polymorphism in the CD40 gene in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Buck D. , Kroner A. , Rieckmann P. , Mäurer M. , Wiendl H.
Published: October 2006

The costimulatory CD40–CD40L pathway plays a critical role in the generation and maintenance of adaptive immune responses. Genetic interference of CD40–CD40L interactions strongly influences the onset and course in many autoimmune disease models including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. We analysed the association of a single nucleotide polymorphism of the CD40 gene (C/T−1) in 287 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and 184 matched controls. No significant differences were found in the frequency of the C/T−1 polymorphism between the patients with MS and the controls (53% vs 49%) or among different MS subtypes. Cell surface expression of CD40 did not differ within the different genotypes, but carriers of the T allele showed a trend for a lower stimulatory index compared with individuals with the CC genotype. Although these subtle differences indicate functional consequences in the immune stimulatory capabilities related to the CD40 C/T−1 polymorphism, our population‐based study found no association with disease susceptibility or disease course in MS.
BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE BRAIN IN RATS POISONED WITH AN ALKYLMERCURY COMPOUND, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE INHIBITION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN BRAIN CORTEX SLICES
Authors: Yoshino Yoshikazu , Mozai Toshiji , Nakao Kiku
Published: October 2006

The incorporation of [U‐14C]leucine into the protein of brain cortex slices from rats poisoned with methylmercury thioacetamide was markedly inhibited before the development of neurological symptoms and when the oxygen consumption, aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis and sulphydryl enzyme activities were unchanged.

After the appearance of neurological symptoms, the oxygen consumption decreased significantly, while lactic acid formation did not change under anaerobic conditions, but slightly decreased under aerobic conditions.

The activities of the three sulphydryl enzymes (Mg‐activated ATPase, fructose‐ diphosphate aldolase and succinate dehydrogenase) were almost the same in visual cortex, motor cortex, cerebellum and caudate nucleus, while the activities of Mg‐activated ATPase and succinate dehydrogenase in the white matter were lower than that in the grey matter. There was no difference in the activity of fructosediphosphate aldolase in grey and white matter. The activities of all three enzymes did not show any change in the earlier stage of poisoning when the animal remained free from neurological symptoms. At the more advanced stage, when neurological symptoms were present, only the activity of the succinate dehydrogenase decreased significantly, while the activities of the other two enzymes remained unchanged.

The selective inhibition of protein synthesis may have a direct bearing on the poisoning by the alkylmercury compound.
STRUCTURE‐LINKED ACTIVITY OF LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES IN THE DEVELOPING MOUSE BRAIN
Authors: Verity M. A. , Brown W. J. , Reith A.
Published: October 2006

—A longitudinal study of the maturation of mouse cerebral lysosomal enzymes has been completed. Activity of the enzymes, acid phosphatase (I.U.B. 3.1.3.2), β‐glucuronidase (I.U.B. 3.2.1.31) and β‐acetylglucosaminidase (I.U.B. 3.2.1.30) was assayed spectrofluorimetrically on portions of supernatant from 0.25 M sucrose homogenates spun at 6 x 103 ‐min. Activities were obtained in native (free) and Triton X‐100 activated samples (total).

The neonatal period was characterized by relatively low free and high total acid phosphatase activities. An abrupt rise in free activity occurred during the period 10–20 days. Discontinuous anion exchange DEAE cellulose chromatography (0.01 m‐tris–maleate, pH 6.3) with elution by ascending molarities of NaCl of the Triton X‐100 activated supernatant revealed three major peaks in the adult. A fourth peak, designated as fraction II (‘maturation fraction’) occurred only during the neonatal period, a time also characterized by increased specific activity of fraction I, with no change in fraction IV. The chromatographic fractions were further characterized by optimal pH, ascorbate, fluoride, Cu2+ and Fe2+ ions.

The maturation profiles of total, β‐glucuronidase and total, β‐acetylglucosaminidase differed from each other, and from that of total acid phosphatase. Comparable differences existed in the profiles of the free activities, and the ratio of free:total activity differed for each enzyme at any selected time especially during the neonatal period. These findings are are discussed with reference to the maturation of isoenzyme fractions with age, and suggest that the changes in structure‐linked organization of individual lysosomal hydrolases are functions of heterogeneity in enzyme complement of individual lysosomes.
DISAGGREGATION OF BRAIN POLYSOMES INDUCED BY ELECTROCONVULSIVE TREATMENT
Authors: Vesco C. , Giuditta A.
Published: October 2006

—The ribosome–polysome equilibrium of rabbit cerebral cortex is considerably modified after elicitation of epileptic seizures by means of electroshock. Under this condition the number of free ribosomes increases approximately 80 per cent at the expense of a comparable decrease in the polysomal population.