bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anticancer agent CHS 828 suppresses nuclear factor‐κB activity in cancer cells through downregulation of IKK activity
Authors: Olsen Lone Stengelshøj , Hjarnaa Pernille‐Julia Vig , Latini Scilla , Holm Pernille Kaae , Larsson Rolf , Bramm Erik , Binderup Lise , Madsen Mogens Winkel
Published: June 2004

CHS 828, a pyridyl cyanoguanidine, has been shown to exert a significant antitumor effect in preclinical tests in vitro and in vivo, and CHS 828 is in phase I/II clinical trials. We have investigated the effect of CHS 828 on the nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) because of its well‐known role in the control of cell division and apoptosis. CHS 828 is able to inhibit the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced nuclear localization as well as the transcriptional activity of NF‐κB in human THP‐1 leukemia cells. Moreover, CHS 828 has also been shown to inhibit the LPS‐induced degradation of the IκBα and IκBβ in THP‐1 cells, leading us to identify the IκB kinase complex as a molecular target of CHS 828. The IKK activity is inhibited by CHS 828 with an IC50 of 8 nM. The inhibition of the IKK activity by different CHS 828 analogues correlates well with the inhibition of NYH small cell lung cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the inhibition of NF‐κB transcriptional activity in different cancer cell lines by CHS 828 correlates to some extent with the reduction by CHS 828 of the size of the corresponding xenografts. Activation of NF‐κB has been shown to induce expression of antiapoptotic proteins, and cancer cells have been shown to have high levels of constitutively active NF‐κB. Therefore, we hypothesize that the anticancer activity of CHS 828 is due to inhibition of the IKK activity by which the antiapoptotic protection of NF‐κB is removed, leading to the promotion of apoptosis. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma among asthmatics exposed to pesticides
Authors: Lee Won Jin , Cantor Kenneth P. , Berzofsky Jay A. , Zahm Shelia H. , Blair Aaron
Published: June 2004

We conducted a pooled analysis of population‐based case‐control studies in Iowa, Minnesota and Nebraska to investigate whether asthma modifies risk of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) associated with pesticide exposures. Cases (n = 872) diagnosed with NHL from 1980 to 1986 and frequency‐matched controls (n = 2,381) randomly selected from the same geographic areas as the cases were included. Information on use of pesticides and history of asthma was based on interviews. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate ORs, adjusted for age, state and vital status. Of all subjects, 177 (45 cases, 132 controls) reported having been told by their doctor that they had asthma. Subjects with an asthma history had a nonsignificantly lower risk of NHL than nonasthmatics (OR = 0.6, 95% CI 0.3–1.4), and there was no main effect of pesticide exposure (OR = 1.0, 95% CI 0.8–1.2). However, asthmatics tended to have larger ORs associated with exposure to pesticides than nonasthmatics. The OR among asthmatics was 1.8 (95% CI 1.1–3.2) for ever‐use of crop insecticides, 2.7 (95% CI 1.0–7.2) for chlordane, 2.4 (95% CI 1.0–5.7) for lindane and 3.7 (95% CI 1.3–10.9) for fonofos. Among nonasthmatics, ORs were 1.1 (0.9–1.3), 1.5 (1.1–2.2), 1.3 (0.97–1.8) and 1.6 (1.0–2.4), respectively. Although there is limited power for assessing interaction, our results suggest that the risk of NHL among asthmatics with pesticide exposure may be higher than among nonasthmatics with pesticide exposure. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Poly(anhydride‐ester) fibers: Role of copolymer composition on hydrolytic degradation and mechanical properties
Authors: Whitaker‐Brothers Kenya , Uhrich Kathryn
Published: June 2004

Poly(anhydride‐esters), based on carboxyphenoxydecanoate (CPD), are biocompatible polymers that hydrolytically degrade. The mechanical properties of the poly(anhydride‐esters) can be altered by copolymerization with para‐carboxyphenoxyhexane (pCPH). Mechanical properties of three CPD:pCPH compositions (30:70, 40:60, and 50:50) are reported as a function of hydrolytic degradation. The mechanical characteristics evaluated were tensile modulus at 1% strain (E1%), tensile strength (σB), ultimate elongation (εB), and toughness (Er). The 30:70 CPD:pCPH fibers maintained higher values for tensile modulus at all time points than the two other fiber compositions. In addition, the 30:70 CPD:pCPH fibers maintained lower values for both tensile strength and toughness than the two other fiber compositions. These phenomena resulted from the brittle nature of pCPH, the major component of the 30:70 CPD:pCPH fibers; increasing the pCPH concentration in the polymer lowers both tensile strength and toughness of the polymer by decreasing ductility. With increasing amounts of pCPH, the hydrolytic degradation occurred more slowly, as reflected in the copolymers' improved ability to retain their mechanical properties. Therefore, copolymerization is useful for controlling the mechanical properties of the fibers as well as the polymer degradation rate, which ultimately determines the rate at which physically or chemically encapsulated drugs can be released. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 70A: 309–318, 2004
Short term dynamic psychotherapy goes to Hollywood: The treatment of performance anxiety in cinema
Authors: McCullough Leigh , Osborn Kristin A.R.
Published: June 2004

This article uses characters in popular films to demonstrate the theory and application of short term dynamic psychotherapy (STDP) in the treatment of performance anxiety. The reader is taught to identify affect phobias that are hypothesized to underlie performance anxiety. Similar in function to external phobias, affect phobias or internal phobias involve the avoidance of feelings (e.g., fear about feeling anger, shame about showing grief, pain about closeness), which thwarts adaptive responding and generates numerous behavioral problems. STDP treatment focuses on the restructuring of defenses, conflicted affects, and attachments. The resolution of the affect phobia requires systematic desensitization of affective responses (i.e., exposure and desensitization of underlying conflicted feelings). When patients learn to access adaptive forms of feelings, performance anxiety can often be resolved. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session.
Behavioral treatment of debilitating test anxiety among medical students
Authors: Powell Douglas H.
Published: June 2004

This article presents and illustrates the behavioral treatment of medical students and physicians whose debilitating test anxiety was associated with their failure to pass the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) or a specialty board test. Seventy‐two medical trainees were treated consecutively because of at least one failure to pass these professional examinations. Behavioral treatment focused on their anxiety, which resulted in the “dual deficits” of poor test preparation, poor test performance, or both. Treatment featured progressive muscle relaxation, systematic desensitization, the self‐control triad, behavioral rehearsal, and a psychoeducational component. Ninety‐three percent of the clients eventually passed the examination while in treatment. Pass rates for this group were substantially higher than the national average for repeat USMLE test takers. Limitations of this treatment method are that it seemed too elaborate for some medical trainees and was less effective with those who had difficulty evoking anxiety. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session.
Cyclic AMP‐dependent protein kinase A negatively modulates adherens junction integrity and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells
Authors: Boucher Marie‐Josée , Laprise Patrick , Rivard Nathalie
Published: June 2004

Intestinal epithelial cell differentiation is a complex process in which many different signaling pathways are likely involved. An increase in the intracellular levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP) has been shown to inhibit enterocyte differentiation; however, the mechanisms through which cAMP/PKA signaling modulates differentiation of human intestinal epithelial cells are still not well understood. Herein, we report that: (1) treatment of Caco‐2/15 cells with 8Br‐cAMP repressed sucrase–isomaltase and villin protein expression and strongly attenuated morphological differentiation of enterocyte‐like features in Caco‐2/15 such as epithelial cell polarity and brush border formation; (2) treatment of confluent Caco‐2/15 cells with 8Br‐cAMP led to a strong decrease in F‐actin localized at cell–cell contact sites along with a reduced amount of E‐cadherin and catenins, but not of ZO‐1, at cell–cell interfaces concomitant with a decreased association of these proteins with the actin cytoskeleton; (3) inhibition of PKA by H89 prevented disruption of adherens junctions by extracellular calcium depletion; (4) treatment of Caco‐2/15 cells with 8Br‐cAMP prevented the recruitment and activation of p85/PI‐3K to E‐cadherin‐mediated cell–cell contacts, an important event in the assembly of adherens junctions and differentiation of these cells; (5) E‐cadherin appears to be phosphorylated on serine in vivo in a PKA‐dependent mechanism. Conclusion: Our studies show that cAMP/PKA signaling negatively regulates adherens junction integrity as well as morphological and functional differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A resource‐based view of interrelationships among organizational groups in the diversified firm
Authors: Ensign Prescott C.
Published: June 2004

A diversified firm has a number of advantages because it operates in different product or market areas. One of these advantages is based on the potential to develop interrelationships among organizational groups or units in the same firm (intra‐organizational linkages).

Interrelationships between distinct but related organizational groups represent opportunities for synergy. These opportunities to reduce cost or enhance differentiation through connections between resources are termed tangible and intangible interrelationships.

These interactions between activities and skills or know‐how of different organizational groups are described as inter‐unit interrelationships or internal resource sharing.

This paper presents a resource‐based view of inter‐unit interrelationships in the diversified firm (i.e., intra‐organizational linkages). An understanding of resources is central to recognizing how value can be captured when activities and skills or know‐how are shared between organizational units. It is important to consider:

How resources are utilized;

How resources are accumulated;

How resources are linked together (bundles of assets).

The resources and capabilities that exist as well as those that will be needed in the future must be considered. Strategy and resources must be aligned to achieve synergy (combined effects) and competitive advantage.

Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consultancy sector returns to significant growth
Authors: Taylor Sarah
Published: June 2004

Management Consultancies Association (MCA) Quarter 4 2003 figures released in February show growth in annual consultancy spending has doubled . . .
Rejuvenating strategic management: the Strategic Option Grid
Authors: Grundy Tony
Published: June 2004

Has strategic management forsaken the practical concerns of managers? Much of what is on offer is intellectually self‐indulgent and managerially sterile. This paper argues that much of the strategy literature is remote from its actual market, the everyday needs of senior managers.

Furthermore, strategic management appears to have politically plateaued in its appeal to these managers who, in the process‐related literature, are deemed to be ‘lost‐souls’, forever destined to be the victims of ‘logical’ incrementalism (Quinn, 1980), ‘muddling through’ (Braybrooke and Lindblom, 1963) and ‘emergent strategies’ (Mintzberg, 1978, 1994).

Whilst some prefer to dwell on the rise, and perhaps more importantly the fall, of strategic management (or at least of strategic planning), there may well be clues to how strategic management might rejuvenate itself and become far more creative.

This paper asks for those in the academic community to continue to remain innovative in ideas and approaches that might be of practical interest to managers and yet still be conceptually and empirically robust. The central core of this argument is the demonstration that a simple ‘line of enquiry’ (in detective terms) is able to provide real assistance to managers. This, it is hoped, can be done at the same time as helping us to observe and understand better new forms of strategic behaviour, rather than just dissecting the old.

In essence a single framework is advanced, namely the ‘Strategic Option Grid’, which seeks to help promote clarity, imagination and insight into the process of strategic decision‐making. This paper opens the way for a future and exciting empirical research agenda through conceptual development. In terms of management education on strategy, the Strategic Option Grid approach offers considerable potential for both the teaching and learning of strategy more effectively.

Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extractionless GC/MS analysis of γ‐hydroxybutyrate and γ‐butyrolactone with trifluoroacetic anhydride and heptafluoro‐1‐butanol from aqueous samples
Authors: Sabucedo Alberto J. , Furton Kenneth G.
Published: June 2004

γ‐Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a DEA Schedule I drug of abuse commonly spiked into beverages to incapacitate victims of sexual assault. GHB is a challenging drug for analysis by GC/MS because of its small size, charged nature, low volatility, and intramolecular esterification leading to γ‐butyrolactone (GBL). In this work an extractionless technique has been developed that allows for the use of an aqueous sample for direct derivatization. The technique uses a solution of trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA) and 2,2,3,3,4,4,4‐heptafluoro‐1‐butanol (HFB) to derivatize the active hydrogens of GHB. The conversion of GBL into GHB can be forced under alkaline conditions by diluting the sample in 10 mM borate buffer, pH 12. GBL found in beverages intended for human consumption is treated as a Schedule I control substance analogue. Spikes of the two compounds into several beverage matrices gave quantitative recovery of GHB by GC/MS. The derivatization produces higher molecular mass products whose fragmentation pattern provides multiple peaks for confirmation and quantification. The concentration of GBL can also be indirectly determined by the method developed. Therefore, this extractionless technique is rapid, sensitive, and selective for the confirmation of the presence of GHB and GBL in commercial beverages.
Hydrogeomorphological assessment of surface and groundwater quality in the Ridaura Stream, Catalan Ranges, NE Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Sala M.
Published: June 2004

Important land‐use changes and intense human impacts often accompany economic development. In many Mediterranean countries, especially in the coastal areas, tourist activities have taken the place of forestry and agriculture. Population pressure has increased and with it problems of fresh‐water availability and waste disposal have arisen. Streams draining the Catalan Coastal Ranges illustrate the impacts of these changing land uses on water quality in formerly rural areas.

Research was undertaken on the downstream changes in surface‐water quality in the Ridaura basin, a typical Mediterranean coastal torrent. The data show a clear downstream increase of suspended and solute loads related to land uses. The middle and lower reaches under agricultural and urban land uses exhibited a marked increase in nearly all chemical components, mainly calcium, chlorides, sulfates and calcium carbonate, and an increase in suspended sediment. The impact of heavy anthropogenic influences was also apparent. In the upper reaches, a waste disposal site strongly influences the dissolved load, although downstream dilution mitigates its effect. In the lower reaches which are under urban influence, there is a notable increase in conductivity, especially downstream of a water treatment plant, where values of more than 1000 μS cm−1 were observed (above the maximum allowed), together with a decrease in dissolved oxygen (often less than the recommended limits). Ammonia, phosphates, sulphates chlorides and nitrates increase their value downstream, and sometimes reach levels surpassing the recommended maxima. It is interesting to note that, for the local people, superficial pollution by rubbish from a waste dump was felt to be more important than serious chemical pollution from the sewage treatment plant effluent. The subterranean flux was also sampled in several wells, and the chemical composition of their waters also show higher concentrations of solutes downstream with values of the limit of the maximum accepted levels. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implications of natural soil piping for basin management in upland Britain
Authors: Jones J. A. A.
Published: June 2004

Natural soil pipes are a common feature in the British upland landscape, especially in podzolic and peat soils (spodosols and histosols). It is estimated that 30% of Britain (UK) is covered by soils susceptible to pipe development. Current re‐evaluation of the use of the uplands, including moves to preserve biodiversity, rehabilitate acidified surface waters, afforest, and recreate a ‘pre‐industrial’ landscape with aesthetic planting of previously native trees and shrubs, highlights the need to understand the key processes of hillslope hydrology that may affect the impact of any policy changes and the effectiveness of any rehabilitation programme.

This paper reviews the evidence that soil piping can have a significant effect upon streamflow response, water quality and acidification, as well as creating diversity in plant communities and soil types, and initiating erosion features. Evidence from the University of Wales Experimental Catchment at Maesnant is compared with the results of observations elsewhere in the British uplands and with experience gained from research programmes in other countries. Some of the effects of piping, such as aggravation of the effects of acid rain and increases in the rate of floodflow response, may currently be regarded as negative. Conversely, its effects on landscape diversity are clearly positive. Piping is a natural process and should be regarded as an integral element in preserving and restoring a ‘natural’ landscape. Most importantly, the presence of piping can alter the ‘stormflow contributing area’ within a basin and significantly expand the area of catchment over which landuse change is likely to impact upon the hydrological and hydrochemical response of the catchment.

The paper analyses the environmental impact of piping and considers the implications for basin management. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The indispensable partnership
Authors: Hesselbein Frances
Published: June 2004

Bitter lessons from the failures of flawed leaders and indifferent boards.
Five conversations on the frontiers of leadership
Authors: Whyte David
Published: June 2004

Paying attention to the things we are not talking about can open new doors.
Leading into the unknown: How Lewis and Clark built a great team
Authors: Uldrich Jack
Published: June 2004

Lessons from two of the greatest leaders in American history.
How gutsy leaders blow the doors off business‐as‐usual
Authors: Kevin  , Freiberg Jackie
Published: June 2004

Breaking through the fear of making a mistake, being rejected, or looking foolish.
Competing in the marketplace for values
Authors: Malone Thomas W.
Published: June 2004

In the postindustrial high‐tech world, competition involves far more than money.
Spin Glass‐like Behavior of Poly(phenylacetylene) Prepared with a Rh Complex Catalyst, 1
Authors: Tabata Masayoshi , Watanabe Yuji , Muto Shunichi
Published: June 2004

Summary: Magnetic field dependence of poly(phenylacetylene) (PPA) that has been stereoregularly prepared with a Rh complex catalyst was investigated in detail between 2 K and 300 K. The data showed a spin glass‐like magnetic behavior, i.e., two cusps were clearly observed when PPA was zero‐field‐cooled together with slow increasing of the magnetization (called an ageing effect) at 45 K. The observed spin glass‐like behavior has been discussed in terms of an ageing effect, which may have been caused by weak anti‐ferromagnetic interactions between intra‐ and/or inter‐magnetic spins produced by cis‐to‐trans isomerization through the rotational scission of the cis CC bond of the PPA polymer during polymerization.

Intra‐molecular anti‐ferromagnetic interactions.

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Intra‐molecular anti‐ferromagnetic interactions.
Rheological Investigation of Shear Induced‐Mixing and Shear Induced‐Demixing for Polystyrene/Poly(vinyl methyl ether) Blend
Authors: Madbouly Samy A. , Ougizawa Toshiaki
Published: June 2004

Full Paper: The phase behavior of polystyrene (PS) and poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) blend has been investigated rheologically as a function of temperature, composition and oscillating shear rate as well as different heating rates. An LCST (lower critical solution temperature)‐type phase diagram was detected rheologically from the sudden changes in the slopes of the dynamic temperature ramps of G′ at given heating and shear rate values. The rheological cloud points were dependent on the heating rate, $\dot q$, and oscillating shear rate, $\dot \gamma$. The cloud points shifted a few degrees to higher temperatures with increasing $\dot q$ and reached an equilibrium value (heating rate independent) at $\dot q \geq 2$ °C/min. The phase diagrams of the blends detected at $\dot \gamma$ = 0.1 and 1 rad/s were located in lower temperature ranges than the quiescent phase diagram, i.e., oscillating shear rate induced‐demixing at these two values for the shear rate. On the other hand, at $\dot \gamma$ = 10 rad/s, the phase diagram shifted to higher temperatures, higher than the corresponding values found under quiescent conditions, i.e., shear induced‐mixing took place. Based on these two observations, shear induced‐demixing and shear induced‐mixing can be detected rheologically within a single composition at low and high shear rate values, respectively, and this is in good agreement with the previous investigation using simple shear flow techniques. In addition, the William, Landel and Ferry (WLF)‐superposition principle was found to be applicable only in the single‐phase regime; however, the principle broke‐down at a temperature higher than or equal to the cloud point. Furthermore, different spinodal phase diagrams were estimated at different oscillating shear rates based on the theoretical approach of Ajji and Choplin.

Spinodal phase diagrams at different oscillating shear rates.

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Spinodal phase diagrams at different oscillating shear rates.
Quantum logics with the Riesz Interpolation Property
Authors: Dvurečenskij Anatolij , Pták Pavel
Published: June 2004

We study the quantum logics which satisfy the Riesz Interpolation Property. We call them the RIP logics. We observe that the class of RIP logics is considerable large—it contains all lattice quantum logics and, also, many (infinite) non‐lattice ones. We then find out that each RIP logic can be enlarged to an RIP logic with a preassigned centre. We continue, showing that the “nearly” Boolean RIP logics must be Boolean algebras. In a somewhat surprising contrast to this, we finally show that the attempt for the σ‐complete formulation of this result fails: We show by constructing an example that there is a non‐Boolean nearly Boolean σ‐RIP logic. As a result, there are interesting σ‐RIP logics which are intrinsically close to Boolean σ‐algebras. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Approximation of vector valued smooth functions
Authors: Farkas Eva C.
Published: June 2004

A real locally convex space is said to be convenient if it is separated, bornological and Mackey‐complete. These spaces serve as underlying objects for a whole theory of differentiation and integration (see [4]) upon which infinite dimensional differential geometry is based (cf. [8]). We investigate the question of density of the subspaces C∞(E) ⊗ F and 𝒫f (E) ⊗ F of smooth (polynomial) decomposable functions in the space C∞(E, F) of smooth functions between convenient vector spaces E, F with respect to various natural structures. A characterization is given for density with respect to the c∞‐topology and also some classical locally convex topologies on C∞(E, F). It is shown furthermore, that for the space ℝ(ℕ) the convenient analogon of the Schwartz kernel theorem for C∞‐functions holds. Spaces of C∞‐functions on both separable and non‐separable manifolds are considered and an example of a non‐separable manifold is given failing the above property of approximability by decomposable functions. Those notions and features of the theory of convenient vector spaces which are essential for the results of this paper are explained in the introductory section below and where needed. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Node polynomials for families: methods and applications
Authors: Kleiman Steven L. , Piene Ragni
Published: June 2004

We continue the development of methods for enumerating nodal curves on smooth complex surfaces, extending the range of validity. We apply the new methods in three important cases. First, for up to eight nodes, we prove Göttsche's conjecture about plane curves of low degree. Second, we prove Vainsencher's conjectural enumeration of irreducible six‐nodal plane curves on a general quintic threefold in four‐space, which is important for Clemens' conjecture and mirror symmetry. Third, we supplement Bryan and Leung's enumeration of nodal curves in a given homology class on an Abelian surface of Picard number 1. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ergodicity of canonical Gibbs measures with respect to the diffeomorphism group
Authors: Kuna Tobias , Silva José Luis
Published: June 2004

For general potentials we prove that every canonical Gibbs measure on configurations over a manifoldXis quasi‐invariant w.r.t. the group of diffeomorphisms onX. We show that this quasi‐invariance property also characterizes the class of canonical Gibbs measures. From this we conclude that the extremal canonical Gibbs measures are just the ergodic ones w.r.t. the diffeomorphism group. Thus we provide a whole class of different irreducible representations. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Hypoxia inhibits human bladder smooth muscle cell proliferation: A potential mechanism of bladder dysfunction
Authors: Galvin D.J. , Watson R.W.G. , O'Neill A. , Coffey R.N.T. , Taylor C. , Gillespie J.I. , Fitzpatrick J.M.
Published: June 2004

Aims

Recent animal studies have suggested that bladder outflow obstruction causes bladder wall hypoxia during both the filling and the voiding phases of the micturition cycle. We have previously demonstrated that mechanical deformation of human detrusor leads to smooth muscle (SM) cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia, which may then contribute to hypoxia in the dysfunctional bladder. We hypothesise that the detrusor's response to a hypoxic environment contributes to bladder dysfunction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hypoxia on detrusor cell survival and growth.

Methods

Normal human detrusor muscle was obtained at radical cystectomy and primary cultures were established. Cells were then cultured in the presence of 1% oxygen in a hypoxic chamber for different times. Apoptosis was assessed by propidium iodide DNA staining and flow cytometry. Proliferation was assessed by radiolabelled thymidine incorporation. Cell supernatants were retained for growth factor estimation by enzyme linked immuno‐sorbent assay (ELISA), and total cell and nuclear extracts were isolated for Western blotting.

Results

SM cells responded to the presence of hypoxia through significant upregulation of survival factors hypoxia inducible factor (HIF 1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in a time‐dependent manner. Hypoxia did not induce cell death, but significantly reduced the rate of proliferation over time, associated with an increase in the cell cycle inhibitor p27kip1.

Conclusions

In an in vitro human detrusor cell culture model, cells demonstrate a resistance to hypoxia‐induced apoptosis but proliferation is inhibited. We suggest that the anti‐proliferative effects of hypoxia may limit the ability of detrusor cells to respond to, and compensate for, alterations in their environment contributing to bladder dysfunction. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Strategies for managing the flexible capacity in the airline industry
Authors: Bish Ebru K. , Suwandechochai Rawee , Bish Douglas R.
Published: June 2004

The ability to effectively match supply and demand under uncertainty can result in significant revenue benefits in the airline industry. We study the benefits of a Demand Driven Swapping (DDS) approach that takes advantage of the flexibilities in the system and dynamically swaps aircraft as departures near and more accurate demand information is obtained. We analyze the effectiveness of different DDS strategies, characterized by their frequency (how often the swapping decision is revised), in hedging against demand uncertainty. Swapping aircraft several weeks prior to departures will not cause much disturbance to revenue management and operations, but will be based on highly uncertain demands. On the other hand, revising the swapping decision later will decrease the possibility of bad swaps, but at a higher cost of disrupting airport services and operations. Our objective is to provide guidelines on how the flexible (swappable) capacity should be managed in the system. We study analytical models to gain insights into the critical parameters that affect the revenue benefits of the different swapping strategies. Our study determines the conditions under which each of the different DDS strategies is effective. We complement our analysis by testing the proposed DDS strategies on a set of flight legs, using data obtained from United Airlines. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2004.
“Does understanding the brain need proteomics and does understanding proteomics need brains?” – Second HUPO HBPP Workshop hosted in Paris
Authors: Hamacher Michael , Klose Joachim , Rossier Jean , Marcus Katrin , Meyer Helmut E.
Published: June 2004

The second Human Brain Proteome Project (HBPP) Workshop of the Human Proteome Organisation (HUPO) took place at the Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris (ESPCI) from April 23–24, 2004. During two days, more than 70 attendees from Europe, Asia and the US came together to decide basic strategic approaches, standards and the beginning of a pilot phase prior to further studies of the human brain proteome. The international consortium presented the technological and scientific portfolio and scheduled the time table for the next year.
Synthesis of a series of SG1 2‐[N‐tert‐butyl‐N‐(1‐diethoxyphosphoryl‐2,2‐dimethylpropyl)aminoxyl] based alkoxyamines, SG1‐CH(Me)CO2R, and measurement of the homolysis rate constants of the CON bond
Authors: Bertin D. , Gigmes D. , Marque S. , Maurin R. , Tordo P.
Published: June 2004

During nitroxide‐mediated polymerization, the polymerization time decreases with an increasing rate constant of the cleavage of the NOC bond of dormant alkoxyamines. Thus, knowledge of the factors influencing this cleavage is of considerable interest. We have prepared a series of SG1 2‐[N‐tert‐butyl‐N‐(1‐diethoxyphosphoryl‐2,2‐dimethylpropyl)aminoxyl] based alkoxyamines [SG1‐CH(Me)CO2R] with various R groups (alkyl or aryl) and measured the homolysis rate constants (kd). kd decreases with the bulkiness and increases with the polarity of the R group. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3504–3515, 2004
The influence of comonomer (2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate) and keto group on photocrosslinking property of arylidene polymers
Authors: Arun A. , Reddy B. S. R.
Published: June 2004

Two types of arylidene compounds were synthesized by reacting p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde with acetone [1,5‐bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)penta‐1,4‐dien‐3‐one] (PBHP) and cyclohexanone [2,6‐bis(4‐hydroxybenzylidene)cyclohexanone] (HBC). 1,4‐Pentadien‐3‐one‐1‐p‐hydroxyphenyl‐5‐p‐phenyl methacrylate (PHPPMA) and 4‐{[‐3‐(4‐hydroxybenzylidene)‐2‐oxocyclohexylidene]methyl}phenyl acrylate (HBA) were prepared by reacting PBHP and HBC with methacryloyl chloride and acryloyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine, respectively. Copolymerization of different feed compositions of PHPPMA and HBA with 2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) was carried out using a free‐radical solution polymerization technique in ethyl methyl ketone (MEK) using benzoyl peroxide (BPO). All the monomer and polymers were characterized by IR and NMR (1H/13C) spectroscopic techniques. The reactivity ratio of the monomers were obtained using Fineman–Ross (FR), Kelen–Tudos (KT), and extended Kelen–Tudos (exKT) methods. The photocrosslinking properties of the polymers were done using a UV absorption spectroscopy technique. Homopolymers of both the arylidene polymers shows similar trend towards the rate of photocrosslinking. The rate of photocrosslinking was enhanced when the cyclohexanone based arylidene monomer was copolymerized with HEA. Thermal stability and molecular weights (Mw and Mn) of the polymers were determined. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3433–3444, 2004
Novel flame‐retardant thermosets: Phosphine oxide‐containing diglycidylether as curing agent of phenolic novolac resins
Authors: Espinosa M. A. , Galià M. , Càdiz V.
Published: June 2004

Phosphorus‐containing novolac–epoxy systems were prepared from novolac resins and isobutyl bis(glycidylpropylether) phosphine oxide (IHPOGly) as crosslinking agent. Their curing behavior was studied and the thermal, thermomechanical, and flame‐retardant properties of the cured materials were measured. The Tg and decomposition temperatures of the resulting thermosets are moderate and decrease when the phosphorous content increases. Whereas the phosphorous species decrease the thermal stability, at higher temperatures the degradation rates are lower than the degradation rate of the phosphorous‐free resin. V‐O materials were obtained when the resins were tested for ignition resistance with the UL‐94 test. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3516–3526, 2004
Morphology control of polypropylene by crystallization under carbon dioxide
Authors: Teramoto Gensei , Oda Takafumi , Saito Hiromu , Sano Hironari , Fujita Yuji
Published: June 2004

We investigated the crystalline morphology of isotactic polypropylene obtained by melt crystallization under carbon dioxide (CO2) at various pressures. Spherulites consisting of regularly arranged fibrils without subsidiary lamellae were obtained by crystallization under CO2 below 2 MPa, whereas large spherulites consisting of irregularly arranged fibrils with subsidiary lamellae were obtained under ambient pressure. Distorted domain crystals with uniform optical anisotropy consisting of α‐form were found to be obtained under CO2 above 2 MPa, and needle crystals consisting of γ‐form were obtained above 12 MPa. Transmission electron micrographs showed that straight and thick lamellae are regularly arranged in both the distorted domain crystals and the needle crystals. The uniformly thick lamellae were confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry thermograms; that is, the melting temperature is higher and the melting peak is sharper than those obtained under ambient pressure. Such characteristic crystalline morphologies obtained under CO2 may be attributed to local ordering in the melt state. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 2738–2746, 2004
Universality of linear viscoelasticity of monodisperse linear polymers
Authors: Cho Kwang Soo , Ahn Kyung Hyun , Lee Seung Jong
Published: June 2004

We suggest a universal plot that superposes linear viscoelastic data of nearly monodisperse polymers on a single curve, regardless of the molecular weight, temperature, and species of polymers. The plotting method is based on the time–temperature superposition and rescaling of viscoelastic functions with terminal behavior. Without any information from molecular theories, the plot supports the fact that the molecular theories of the linear viscoelasticity of monodisperse polymers are independent of the species of polymers. Although an appropriate scaling may show universality by separately extracting the reptational mode and the Rouse mode from the whole set of viscoelastic data, our plotting method shows universality in a unified manner that scales the viscoelastic functions measured over the whole frequency range. We explain the origin of the universality of the plot in terms of molecular theory, the phenomenological spectra of the relaxation time (the BSW and CW spectra), and the principle of time–temperature superposition. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 2730–2737, 2004
Strutinsky's shell‐correction method in the extended Kohn–Sham scheme for the investigation of binding energies of atoms and cations in the ground state
Authors: Delchev Ya. I. , Kuleff A. I. , Mineva Tz. , Zahariev F. , Maruani J.
Published: June 2004

We performed self‐consistent calculations of the oscillating part of the ground‐state energy of atoms and cations from Be through Ca, using Strutinsky's shell‐correction method in the framework of the extended Kohn–Sham scheme. New “transition state” numbers in the Taylor series expansion of the ground‐state energy are introduced, allowing the elimination of the second‐order shell‐correction term. We show that the application of this procedure yields practically identical results whether it is performed self‐consistently or not, and even the first‐order term of the shell‐correction series gives a good approximation. Oscillations in the shell‐correction energy of cations appear amplified with respect to those of the corresponding isoelectronic neutral atoms. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Don't let history repeat itself—methodological issues concerning the use of simulators in teaching and experimentation
Authors: Größler Andreas
Published: June 2004

Simulators can be used for experimentation and for teaching purposes. How far promises of useful applications of simulators in these areas are justiﬁed is, however, an open question. Evaluation research on simulators is still in its infancy, both inside and outside the system dynamics community. A reason for this is methodological issues that derive from the nature of experimenting/teaching, but which are also caused by the speciﬁc characteristics of simulators. Fifteen such issues are identiﬁed and explained in this article and classiﬁed into three categories; methods for the mitigation of these issues are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Endocrine and ultrasonographic characterization of a successful pregnancy in a Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) supplemented with a synthetic progestin
Authors: Roth T.L. , Bateman H.L. , Kroll J.L. , Steinetz B.G. , Reinhart P.R.
Published: June 2004

A Sumatran rhinoceros with a history of early pregnancy loss was supplemented with a synthetic progestin, altrenogest (Regu‐Mate®), and delivered a healthy, full‐term calf 475 days after mating. Serum hormone concentrations were measured throughout gestation, and ultrasonography was used to monitor embryo/fetal growth and viability. The embryonic vesicle growth curve was characterized by three phases: rapid expansion, plateau, and a final rapid expansion, and was similar to that in the domestic horse. Fetal sex was determined by ultrasound on day 73 of gestation. After day 80 of gestation, transabdominal examinations were more useful than rectal examinations for imaging the fetus. Serum progesterone concentrations remained at luteal levels (1.5±0.5 ng/ml) for the first 2 months of pregnancy, and then they gradually increased. However, progesterone decreased almost to luteal levels during the fifth month before it increased again, and eventually reached peak concentrations (13.3±1.9 ng/ml) shortly before parturition. Relaxin concentrations remained basal (≤0.5 ng/ml) for the first half of the pregnancy, increased to 2.7±1.2 ng/ml and stabilized until 2 weeks before parturition, when relaxin spiked to unusually high concentrations (800–1300 ng/ml). Prolactin concentrations were at baseline (7.2±1.7 ng/ml) throughout most of the gestation, but rose markedly 2 weeks before parturition, reaching concentrations as high as 75 ng/ml. Attempts to measure serum estrogen concentrations were unsuccessful. These data represent the first attempt to characterize pregnancy in the critically endangered Sumatran rhinoceros, a species that heretofore had not successfully reproduced in captivity for 112 years. Zoo Biol 23:219–238, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of growth and nutritional status of juvenile Komodo monitors (Varanus komodoensis) maintained on rodent or poultry‐based diets
Authors: Lemm Jeffrey M. , Edwards Mark S. , Grant Tandora D. , Alberts Allison C.
Published: June 2004

Nutrition and growth data were collected on six juvenile Komodo monitors (Varanus komodoensis) over 20 months. The animals were captive‐bred from two separate clutches, laid 6 months apart. Three animals were fed a rodent diet, and the other three were fed a poultry‐based diet. The animals were all weighed and measured weekly. Blood samples were collected monthly. Blood samples were analyzed for sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), 25‐OH‐D, and cholesterol. Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed in dry matter intake (DMI) (1.12 vs. 0.90 %BW) and gross energy intake (GEI) (182.3 vs. 143.0 kcal GE/d), between rodent and poultry‐based diets, respectively. However, there were no differences in growth (average daily gain=6.13 vs. 6.33 g BW/d) between the two dietary treatments. Blood Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, and 25‐OH‐D concentrations were similar across treatments, while cholesterol levels were higher in the animals maintained on the rodent‐based diet. Zoo Biol 23:239–252, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Factors influencing the formation and maintenance of all‐male gorilla groups in captivity
Authors: Stoinski T.S. , Lukas K.E. , Kuhar C.W. , Maple T.L.
Published: June 2004

The social housing of males is of particular importance for captive managers of polygynous species. In this work, we highlight nine areas we believe are important to the successful formation and maintenance of all‐male gorilla groups. Although more data are still needed to complete our understanding of these groups, the general picture that emerges is that all‐male groups can be a functional social unit for male gorillas, the longevity of which might be improved by careful planning. It appears that the best time to form all‐male groups is when the animals are still immature, as males in this age class have been observed to form some of the most stable groups. Efforts should be made to diversify the groups in terms of rearing history, particularly with respect to hand‐reared males, and to limit the amount of hand rearing experienced by males. Groups probably should contain no more than three or four adult males. Exhibits should be designed to provide visual barriers, refuges for subordinate animals, the means to separate individuals, and possibly the means to isolate all‐male groups from mixed‐sex groups. Additionally, because it is likely that some males will have to be removed from all‐male groups, zoos need to design facilities that provide state‐of‐the‐art housing for solitary individuals. It is hoped that by identifying bachelor males early in life and establishing cooperative management plans across institutions, zoos will be able to provide beneficial, long‐term social situations for all male gorillas in captivity. Zoo Biol 23:189–203, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of radar and in situ measurements of atmospheric turbulence
Authors: Zink Florian , Vincent Robert A. , Murphy Edmund , Cote Owen
Published: June 2004

We compare measurements of refractive index structure constant Cn2 and energy dissipation rate ε by VHF radar with in situ observations by high‐resolution thermosondes during a campaign near Adelaide, Australia, in August 1998. A total of 17 thermosonde soundings was performed within a distance of 120 km to the radar site. The variance between estimates of 〈Cn2〉 from backscattered radar power and in situ thermosonde observations is found to be comparable to the observed variance of the radar estimates due to temporal and spatial variations of the turbulent parameters (angle brackets denote average over the radar range resolution of 1 km). The high‐resolution thermosonde observations allow us to test the applicability of the turbulent volume fraction model to the estimation of 〈ε〉 from 〈Cn2〉. The data indicate that the turbulent volume fraction should not be modeled as the fraction of unstable layers with gradient Richardson number Ri < 0.25.
Some inferences on turbulence generation by gravity waves
Authors: Zink Florian , Vincent Robert A.
Published: June 2004

We analyze data from 17 high‐resolution thermosonde observations during a campaign near Adelaide, Australia, in 1998. We are able to explain the observed turbulence fractions by extending the turbulence model of Hines [1991], which explains turbulence by instabilities due to freely propagating independent gravity waves, from the hydrostatic wave regime toward lower frequencies. In a Monte Carlo simulation we show that the dependency of the observed gravity wave spectrum on vertical wave number is also consistent with the distribution of turbulent layer thickness as observed by the high‐resolution thermosondes.
Streaming potentials in two‐phase flow conditions
Authors: Revil A. , Cerepi A.
Published: June 2004

We report here, for the first time, the dependence of the streaming potential coupling coefficient of two consolidated rock samples (dolomite) in two‐phase flow conditions. We used two carbonate core samples characterized by image analysis and petrophysical measurements including porosity, formation factor, resistivity index at 1 kHz, and the critical water saturation determined from capillary pressure curves. In agreement with the results obtained recently by Guichet et al. [2003], who used an unconsolidated sand, we observed that the relative electrokinetic coupling coefficient scales approximately with the reduced water saturation at capillary pressure equilibrium. This observation is explained with a new model, which makes a clear distinction between Stern and Gouy‐Chapman layer contributions to surface electrical conductivity. The streaming potential coupling coefficient becomes dependent on surface conduction in the Gouy‐Chapman layer where the pore space is not fully saturated.