bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The development of aircraft as influenced by the shortage of materials and fuel
Authors: Goldsmith H. A.
Published: March 2023

The general subject of this session is the effect of shortages of raw materials on the development of aircraft. It is most important at the outset to distinguish between two related but essentially different situations.

(a) A genuine shortage in which the material in question just cannot be obtained in anything approaching adequate quantities.

(b) A situation in which, for some reason or other (possibly associated with some moderate limitation in supply), the price of the material increases rapidly.

In either case there is a pressure to reduce the amount of the material that is used, but in the first case one must do so almost regardless of cost or operational effects, while in the second case purely economic and competitive considerations apply. This is most clearly illustrated in the case of fuel—I shall show later in this paper that we could hope to achieve very large savings in fuel usage— perhaps as high as 40%—in a new generation of aircraft, but some of this saving can only come at the cost of reduced speed, reduced operational flexibility or increased complexity. The major decision that must be made is how far along this line should we go—nevertheless, if we are to have the freedom to make that decision we must continue to pursue with all energy the R & D necessary to achieve the maximum improvements.
Astronautics and Guided flight Section
Authors: Price J. S.
Published: March 2023

The target world like Gaul is divided into three parts, namely:

Converted aircraft

Specially developed pilotless drones

Towed targets

and I propose talking about these three types in turn.

The only converted manned aircraft in use in the UK is the Meteor U.16. This is a conversion of the Meteor F.8. The main structural change is the extended nose which houses the necessary black boxes, e.g. Autopilot, Control Radio Receiver, Telemetry transmitter, etc. By this means the aircraft can be flown with a pilot in the cockpit in the conventional way for non-firing runs or alternatively as a safety pilot when checking out the drone system.
Out-of-plane force on a circular cylinder at large angles of inclination to a uniform stream
Authors: Lamont P. J. , Hunt B. L.
Published: March 2023

The force on a circular cylinder inclined to a uniform flow may be resolved into three components, one perpendicular to the plane defined by the axis of the cylinder and the upstream velocity vector (described in this report as the out-of-plane force) one within this plane and perpendicular to the axis (the in-plane normal force) and one within this plane and along the axis (the in-plane axial force).

It has become common practice, since Allen and Perkins, to model the flow over a circular cylinder inclined to a uniform flow by resolving the incident flow into two perpendicular component flows. One flow is taken to be parallel to the axis of the cylinder (axial flow) and the other normal to it (cross flow). The cross flow is not taken to be uniform over the whole length of the circular cylinder. Instead it is considered to be started impulsively at the nose and to develop over the length of the body in the same way that the impulsively-started flow over a cylinder develops with time.
Design and simulation of an aircraft brake using a digital computer
Authors: Claridge J. S.
Published: March 2023

In order to test a proposed design of aircraft brake, it is obviously necessary to build a prototype, lay down a testing schedule in accordance with airworthiness requirements, and then test the brake, using for example a flywheel type test machine.

The time scale involved in this exercise is quite considerable. Once the brake has been designed it has to be drawn, stressed and the paper work required to make the prototype raised. What is not quite so obvious is that in most cases of brake test the final stage or reject take-off test leads to destruction of the heat sink. Thus if the test is not satisfactory or the results do not comply with the requirements and a retest is required, then a new prototype will also be required. In the case of a large multiplate disc brake the cost of such an exercise would be considerable.

It is hoped that the introduction of a “simulator” program run on a digital machine will enable a good deal of both time and money to be saved in the evolution of a satisfactory design.
The optimum distribution of diagonal stiffeners reinforcing a clamped infinitely long plate buckling under shear
Authors: Parsons H. W. , Beard D. W.
Published: March 2023

In a paper by Parsons and Cook, a theoretical solution to the initial buckling under shear stress of a long clamped plate with parallel edges, reinforced by a stiffener mesh was obtained. In the particular case when only diagonal stiffeners are present (having flexural rigidity only) one numerical solution was obtained for a particular value 1·5 of the aspect ratio of the panels of the plate associated with various values of θ, for which a partial check on the accuracy of the computational work could be carried out by comparison with results obtained by Southwell and Skan.

In this paper the numerical work is extended to cover a range of values of θ and a range of values of the aspect ratio in order to determine the optimum arrangement of stiffeners in resisting shear stress applied to the plate, that is to say the arrangement which maximises the onset of buckling.

As in Ref. 1, the cross-sectional area of the stiffeners is neglected, (he effect of a finite area of cross section being discussed in a subsequent paper.
The role of cost benefit analysis
Authors: Keith-lucas D.
Published: March 2023

I would begin by asking whether cost benefit analysis has any place in this symposium. It is not directly concerned with finance although one could say that it is a technique for deciding whether a thing is worth the money or, if there is more than one thing, which thing is best value for money. But we need not bring money in at all. The real object is to decide whether a thing, or which thing, is in the best interests of the community.

As such it is a proper prelude to an investment and deserves a place in the symposium.
Experimental study of turbulent boundary layer along a flat plate with linear increase of roughness height
Authors: Liu C. Y. , Huang M. Y.
Published: March 2023

Velocity defect law has been accepted as a universal velocity distribution for a turbulent boundary layer along a flat plate. The two necessary conditions for such a similarity to exist are not fulfilled with flat plate boundary layer having smooth or uniformly rough surfaces. Rotta has proved that a linear increase of surface roughness in the stream direction is necessary to ensure such a similarity. This note is an experimental investigation into turbulent boundary layer along a flat plate with linear increase of roughness height. It is obvious that, under such conditions, complete similarity characteristics are fulfilled.
Beyond the buffet boundary
Authors: Mabey D. G.
Published: March 2023

A lecture called “Some aspects of buffeting” was given to the Society in 1961 by my colleague Mr. R. Fail. In that lecture the emphasis was primarily on the prediction of buffet onset in flight from model tests in wind tunnels, and on the prevention of buffeting. In the subsequent 11 years there has been much more interest in the prediction of the severity of buffeting above the buffet boundary, for both transport and fighter type aircraft, if buffeting cannot be prevented or alleviated. I have tried to reflect this interest and I hope that the title of this paper will also suggest a cautious examination of the physical processes at work above the buffet boundary, when the boundary layer has separated. We still really know very little about these processes but I hope that the paper may stimulate further research and questioning.
Airborne aircraft carriers
Authors: Stewart P. A. E.
Published: March 2023

In the past, new concepts have largely stemmed from the use of intuitive techniques by original thinkers. These approaches, though still useful, are now reinforced by more powerful, formal, and systematic, methods of examining the possible patterns for the future. These methods are part of the process of technological forecasting and are described in references.

The results of the forecasting process may then be assessed and evaluated using further methods of operational research such as cost effectiveness analysis.
Noise and the helicopter pilot
Authors: Gordon A. C.
Published: March 2023

When I agreed to give this paper I did not appreciate the problems I would have in trying to quantify what I had as a pilot been putting into practice for some years, I have always been conscious of helicopter noise when operating into heliports or landing areas within a community and tried, by practical means, to reduce the amount of noise annoyance.

Subject to the economics being satisfactory, the more widespread use of helicopters in passenger transport might easily be seriously inhibited by restrictive noise limitations. Pilots can help to avoid this if they operate the present generation of noisy helicopters with due regard to this problem.
Small engines—big business
Authors: Perkins J. E. B.
Published: March 2023

This lecture is devoted to small gas turbines defined as those in the power range up to around 3000 shp and 4000 lb thrust, ie engines for general aviation, corporate and executive aircraft and limited trainer applications and helicopters. I do not propose to deal with APUs as these were the subject of the excellent paper given by C. H. Paul in a recent Halford Lecture.

I intend, as you may have gathered from the title, to treat this subject more in a total business context rather than as a strictly technical lecture. Recognising both the strong technical traditions of the Society and the man, Major Halford, whose memory we honour, I shall, however, take some time to deal with selected technical aspects of the subject.
Parametric analysis of turbulent wall jets in still air
Authors: Narasimha R. , Yegna Narayan K. , Parthasarathy S. P.
Published: March 2023

In presenting experimental results on turbulent wall jets, most workers have adopted as basic scales the slot height b and jet exit velocity Uj. Although this is a natural choice, experience with other flows like jets and boundary layers, where the details of the initial conditions are eventually (if not always rapidly) forgotten by the flow, prompts the question: cannot a gross parameter like the jet momentum flux Mj rather than Uj and b separately, suffice to determine the flow, at least in some region where the wall jet may be said to have attained a “fully-developed” state? If the answer to the question is yes, it would give a more compact and practically useful description of the flow than is currently available.
The Civil Aviation Authority and the user
Authors: Lucking A. J.
Published: March 2023

Users generally believe that the modern aeroplane can fly on its own wings economically. They see ordinary commercial competition in the European charter market: and in spite of the low prices that have resulted, they see that several of the UK charter operators have made very respectable profits. Sir Sefton Brancker told us that “healthy competition is the only sure preventive to inefficiency, slackness and dishonesty”—and some of us believe he might agree now that air transport is no longer an exception. Within California, by a unique regulatory quirk, the establishment airline fares have been nearly halved by competition; and yet specialist airlines have made profits. Users see also that three of the major American airlines which stood high in your Committee's productivity league, were each able to shed over 5000 employees when financial stress forced management to cut costs. In the present climate here, it may be that the Authority will find that its statutory duty to reward only efficient operators with an economic return may cause some painful problems, notably on the domestic trunk routes, where competition has exposed massive differences in cost levels.
A prediction method for the influence of a turbulent boundary layer on the efficiency of submerged intakes
Authors: Ward-Smith A. J.
Published: March 2023

The deterioration in the performance of NACA submerged intakes in the presence of a boundary layer has been established in Ref. 12, where a correlation of experimental data, obtained from wind tunnel tests on models, is presented. The purpose of this paper is to provide a prediction method which will allow the efficiency of these intakes to be estimated outside the range for which experimental data exist.
The determination of realistic probability levels for project completion dates
Authors: Mitchell G. , Willis M. J.
Published: March 2023

Since our national economy depends, to an extent, on the successful completion of the design, marketing and selling of major industrial projects, one sees more exacting demands placed on the completion of these projects on time. For example we have seen the advent of increased Ministerial requirements on the estimations of development costs and programmes with the subsequent stricter control of the costs and programmes of advanced technological projects. In order to facilitate the implementation of the requirements specified in the Downey Report, and in particular, industry's own monitoring and programming, we have seen the development of network analysis management techniques.

Projects having slipped several months or even years tend to incur escalated costs and consequently one sees a loss in overall profit, lost future orders, etc. It would be more than useful, therefore to estimate a probability function of completing a project by a specified date in order that more realistic planning can be executed.
To the Moon and Beyond
Authors: Gilruth Robert R.
Published: March 2023

I am greatly honoured to be here and to follow the distinguished men who have given this lecture in honour of the Wright Brothers in previous years. All of my famous predecessors have spoken on the subject of aeronautics. I will deal with aeronautics but only to describe its role in the development of manned space flight.

In their development of the aeroplane, the Wright Brothers recognised that there were many factors that they needed to master for successful flight. For example, they foresaw the need to train themselves to fly, showing truly remarkable foresight. They built and used their own wind tunnel. They combined the rare ability to recognise problems and to devise methods for their solution, all within the modest resources of their time. I have been very fortunate to live at a time where I could participate in so many phases of manned flight. As a boy, the Wright Brothers were a legend in my home. Later I was privileged to know Orville Wright when I was a young engineer at Langley Field and he was a member of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA).
Mathematical Modelling Techniques in Guided Weapons
Authors: Woollatt G. M.
Published: March 2023

At BAC Filton the use of computers in missile work began early in the 1950s, much as elsewhere no doubt, by the company manufacturing its own analogue machines. The utilisation of computers was brought about by the need to develop the theoretical approach of design beyond the stage of hand computed calculations. Linear calculations could be long and tedious, and although ingenious exposure of the basic principles of missiles were often very instructive, they remained too simple to give complete reassurance.

As the development of missiles proceeded, the realisation of the complexity and extent of the non-linearities became more evident, casting doubt on the likely success of the missiles under design and manufacture. Typically with Bloodhound there was the fear that a twist/steer missile would not work, most missiles of the day being tail controlled cartesians. Would one be able to keep the body movements down to an acceptable minimum for the sake of aberration or ramjet extinction? Just what were the cross coupling effects from pitch and roll into yaw? Later, when what one might call the purely mechanical reliability aspects of trials were over, the need to understand the interaction of the various phenomena of missile flight began to dominate design thought.
Some Notes on Helicopter Stability Under Constraint
Authors: Kumar P. E.
Published: March 2023

The concept of stability under constraint had been developed by Neumark and applied with considerable success to predict the speed instabilities in the flight of aircraft below minimum drag speed. This concept involves the removal (or partial removal) of one or more degrees of freedom of an aircraft by the deliberate application of some control to keep a chosen element of disturbance at a constant value. A partial constraint could thus be introduced in practice by a pilot trying to keep the wings level with the horizon by the use of aileron control, or keeping attitude constant with the use of elevator. Pinsker has recently used bank angle constraint stability of an aircraft as a means of defining a minimum acceptable value of nv.

This present note considers some aspects of longitudinal stability under constraint as applicable to the flight of a helicopter in the forward and the hover modes.
Flammability of Petroleum Liquids in Agricultural Aviation
Authors: Rees W. D.
Published: March 2023

The spraying of crops using light aircraft or helicopters poses a number of problems or hazards to the agricultural aviation industry. The toxicity hazard to humans and to neighbouring crops, due to drift, have already been considered in detail in previous symposia and much information is available on this subject. Another hazard which has not received much prominence, possibly due to the lack of incidents, or the reporting of them, and which is associated with the handling of flammable liquids is that of a fire or explosion risk. This is particularly true for spraying operations; incidents arising from aeroplane or helicopter crashes are rather obvious and these are not considered in this paper. The paper attempts to describe hazardous conditions and what steps can be taken to minimise fire and explosion risks.
Ultra High Tensile Steel Landing Gear Components—Material Selection and Manufacture
Authors: Imrie W. M.
Published: March 2023

Perhaps I had better start this paper by denning exactly what is meant by ultra high tensile steel. During the Second World War and for some years afterwards, 80 to 90 tsi (i.e. 180 to 200 ksi) ultimate tensile strength was considered to be the highest safe range at which structural steel could be used, due to the lack of sufficient toughness or ductility at higher strength levels. This lack of toughness and ductility is particularly important in applications such as landing gears, in the design of which it is often impossible to avoid conditions where the principal stresses are perpendicular to the grain direction: in such applications, adequate transverse toughness and ductility are vital necessities. In more recent years, steels of higher strength, combined with adequate toughness have been developed, and thus the term “uhts” has become to mean those structural steels capable of attaining a tensile strength of over 90 tsi (200 ksi), combined with adequate toughness. In practice, the current state-of-the-art is that landing gears are now being regularly manufactured in steel in the 122–134 tsi (275–300 ksi) range, while designers are asking for steels of still higher strength combined with adequate toughness (up to 220 tsi, 500 ksi), and claim that the gross weight of the aircraft could be substantially reduced if and when such materials become available. It is interesting to note, however, that although the strength of uhts has in general increased from 90 tsi in 1947 to 130 tsi (300 ksi) in 1970, there is no evidence of the future availability of stronger steels than this latter figure, i.e. it looks as though we are stuck with this strength level as a maximum for future applications.
A Design Study for a Freight-Carrying Airship
Authors: Mowforth E.
Published: March 2023

Considerable interest is currently evident in the potentialities of large airships as a means of transporting freight; studies are proceeding at various levels in a number of countries, the two most serious projects in the UK being those under respective development by Cargo Airships Limited and by Airfloat Transport Limited.

Although most proposals concur in envisaging a very large helium-filled vessel cruising at 80 to 110 kt (148-185 km/h) and carrying payloads of up to 500 tons (508 000 kg) there is significant diversity of approach in the selection of fields of application for the airship, and in the establishment of the appropriate design parameters.

This paper, therefore, seeks to indicate some areas of the overall transport spectrum which might be expected to favour airship operation, and discusses some of the problems associated with different modes of operation.

Particular reference will be made to the Airfloat Transport project, which is a vessel with a gas capacity of 30 million ft3 (849 510 m3) intended for the carriage of large indivisible loads over moderate distances.
The Determination of Stresses at Nodal Points from Finite Element Solutions to Elastic Problems
Authors: Jobson D. A.
Published: March 2023

The application of matrix displacement methods to elastic problems leads to an array of simultaneous equations, of the form:

in which K is non-singular. This, when inverted, enables the component deflections u to be determined for any specified loading f. The deformed shape of the system is thus obtained in terms of displacement of the nodes and the latter are used to derive the stress within each element. The stress solution thus lacks precision, since it is not clear as to what point within the element the calculated stress refers. There will be a number of such elements connected to any given node and generally, the computed stress is different within each.
A Theory on Effect of Entrainment, Due to Jet Flap which Hits the Ground, for an Aerofoil with Separation
Authors: Kida T. , Miyai Y.
Published: March 2023

A number of theoretical methods concerning the flow about jet flapped wings have been developed for predicting the increase of lift due to super-circulation around an aerofoil, but only a few of those methods have been concerned with a jet flapped wing with ground effect.

The main purpose of this paper is to introduce a simple approximate representation of the flow around a jet flapped aerofoil in the case when the jet hits the ground. Hence, it is assumed that the existence of a stationary vortex is neglected and the wake fully develops from the leading edge. It is also assumed that the jet is replaced with a suitable distribution of sinks along the jet axis, to represent the effect of jet entrainment. When the aerofoil is in very close proximity to the ground, it may be assumed that the jet impinges on the ground before the mixing layer finally emerges in the centre of the jet.
The Life and Work of Sir Sydney
Authors: Lickley R. L.
Published: March 2023

In 1912 Sydney Camm was the enthusiastic secretary of the Windsor Model Aeroplane Club (WMAC) designing and making models and starting the design of a man-carrying glider. In the early months of 1966 Sir Sydney Camm was in correspondence with Dr. Jamison of Bristol Siddeley Engines about the possibilities and potential of hypersonic fighter aircraft. In the intervening period he had been Chief Designer, and later a Director and Chief Engineer of the Hawker Company at Kingston for 41 years. This shows how impossible it is to cover, or even attempt to cover, his life and Work in any detail in a lecture of reasonable length. There is enough material for a series of lectures, of which this must be looked on only as the first. Because this is the first, I propose to take advantage of the fact and give a broad general review highlighting the main periods and achievements of his career, although even this is difficult in view of the steady intensity of his effort and his constant devotion to aviation right up to his death.
Coin Aircraft: Test, Evaluation and Application
Authors: Deken George T.
Published: March 2023

In April 1961, the 4400th Combat Crew Training Squadron was activated at Hurlburt Field, Florida, to train US Air Force aircrews in the varied and difficult skills of special air operations.

Because of the increasing emphasis on counter-insurgency (COIN) operations brought on by the conflict in South East Asia, the concept grew from a training squadron to a numbered Air Force equivalent headquarters with two wings and a Special Operations School. Designated the USAF Special Operations Force (USAF SOF), this unit of the Tactical Air Command is responsible for training US aircrews for special air operations in counterinsurgency. Over ten different types of COIN aircraft are used in these tasks, from the multi-mission C-47 with nearly 35 years of continuous civil and military service to the newest aircraft capable of COIN operations, the OV-10A. Some of these aircraft are performing in conventional air operations such as the tactical air support mission of the forward air controller. All have COIN capabilities which have been used or are available for special air operations.
Subsonic and Supersonic Operations in the Years Ahead
Authors: Andrew James
Published: March 2023

We have come to honour the memory of a great Australian. Sir Charles Kingsford-Smith was one of that small band of pioneers who forced us to start down the road which we all tread with so much confidence today. So, in our discussion I ask you to remember the men who started it all by flying unsophisticated and not too reliable aeroplanes over oceans and deserts, and who frequently lost their lives in the attempt.

I imagine that almost any speaker here would refer to aviation's humble beginnings, its phenomenal growth over the years since the war, and the brilliant and seemingly limitless future which lies ahead, and the figures certainly are impressive.
The Design of Helicopter Powerplants
Authors: Dabbadie H. C.
Published: March 2023

Over the past twenty years a large part of the activity of Turbomeca has been directed first to the creation and next to the subsequent development of propulsion units for helicopters.

The use of the gas turbine brought with it a fundamental advantage—low specific weight which led to the exceptional expansion of this specialised branch of the aircraft industry, and without wishing to minimise the constant improvement of rotor systems, we believe that above all else the qualities of the engine have played a significant part in the success of this system of transport and in the more specific success of this or that particular helicopter.
The Development of the BAC One-Eleven Autopilot
Authors: Roberts L. J.
Published: March 2023

The One-Eleven autopilot has been developed in parallel with the aircraft as a whole, being largely prompted by the increasingly sophisticated requirements of our customers, and I am sure you will agree it is a continuing story of achievement of which the British aviation industry in general, and BAC with their sub-contractors in particular, can be justly proud.

The One-Eleven is not one aircraft, it is a “family” of aircraft, each member of the “family” having a unique autopilot requirement and standard of fit (see Table I).
BCAR A8—Problems and Benefits
Authors: Hampton W.
Published: March 2023

Since the end of the Second World War civil aviation has grown beyond the dreams of the early pioneers and the design, development, manufacture and after sales support of a civil aircraft has become a most complex undertaking, involving a wide range of engineering knowledge and many engineering skills. In the past the approval of an aircraft constructor by the British Civil Airworthiness Authority has rested with the Chief Designer and the Chief Inspector of the company, but as the complexity and the cost of development, production and maintenance of modern civil aircraft has grown, it has become increasingly clear that the responsibility for control of airworthiness lies throughout the whole company.
International Airport Planning as Influenced by Aircraft Development
Authors: Tutty E. Bryan
Published: March 2023

Although the subject under discussion refers directly to international airports, I feel I must point out at the outset that domestic airports are similarly influenced by the same aircraft development—usually, however, a little later, as anything which can be labelled biggest, best, fastest or any other commercially acceptable superlative is usually introduced into the international arena first.

As those of you who had the opportunity to read my summary will have noted, I believe that airport planning, certainly for the next ten years, will be mainly influenced by the loads carried in the new generations of commercial aircraft rather than by the aircraft themselves. To illustrate my point, I will first review the significant developments in this field during the past and then, I hope, refer in greater detail to the major factors which we have to face both today and in the immediate future.
Airport Restrictions as they affect Economic Airline Operation
Authors: Davey P. M.
Published: March 2023

The airline, if it is to keep faith with its customers, has a duty to run its published schedule with a high degree of regularity and punctuality. This calls for a wide range of interlocking activities, most of which can be affected by restrictions of one form or another. Some of these restrictions cannot be overcome by the airline's own efforts, while others are of their own making, and the airline can take appropriate action to minimise their effect.

This paper has been written from the viewpoint of a major short haul airline, whose operations are centred at a major airport (London Heathrow), and discusses three major areas of concern: Congestion; Noise; Performance.
High Temperature Turbine Design Considerations
Authors: Suciu S. N.
Published: March 2023

The effect of higher turbine inlet temperature on the performance of an aircraft gas turbine engine can be quite dramatic. It can be used to increase the exhaust velocity of a dry turbojet to provide a higher specific thrust; to increase the by-pass ratio of a turbofan engine to improve its propulsive efficiency; to optimise the thermodynamic cycle at a higher pressure ratio to improve its specific fuel consumption; to reduce the amount of afterburner fuel flow in an augmented turbojet to improve its specific fuel consumption, or to increase the work output of a turbo-shaft engine. If the thrust or power of the engine is held constant, a size, cost and/or weight reduction can result. If the size of the engine is held constant growth capability can be provided.
Cost Control of Guided Weapons Development Programmes
Authors: Childs D. J.
Published: March 2023

Most guided weapon projects are inherently very difficult to bring to a successful conclusion, and the management methods necessary to achieve the required performance and time-scale, and at the same time to maintain control of costs, have had to be developed and are still developing; the procedures in use are being continually improved and refined. The essential problem in the overall control of a programme is in matching the technical achievement at any time against the corresponding expenditure, hence the involvement of an R & D establishment. There is room for many views on how this objective might best be achieved; those expressed in this paper are the author's and do not necessarily reflect official Government policy.
Aviation and the Environment—The Problem of Balance
Authors: Masefield Peter
Published: March 2023

Frederick Handley Page was, in every sense, a well-rounded man. His interests were wide—from ancient history to science fiction. They ranged through all branches of aeronautics into astronautics. And he was not afraid to show enthusiasm, tempered with a certain—proper—cynical optimism.

In the 25 years during which I knew him (from 1937 to his death, at the age of 77, in 1962) I found increasingly that one of the endearing characteristics of HP was that he maintained an exceptionally close and imaginative interest in the four main aspects of aviation in which he had been involved from his pioneering days:

Aircraft manufacture

Aircraft operation

Aerodrome provisions, and

Air education

All of these subjects are just as relevant today.
The English Manufacturer's Point of View
Authors: Cookson Brian
Published: March 2023

In a Symposium held here in November 1970 entitled “Compensation for Death and Injury in International Air Transport” we heard of the latest ICAO proposals towards resolving such liability problems as far as the airlines were concerned and there was much informed debate on the merit (or otherwise) of limiting claims arising out of an aircraft accident. It was unfortunate, but understandable, that that symposium could not be combined with today’s discussion since the basic problems are much the same. As I sought to point out on that occasion, there could be little advantage in protecting the airlines’ front door, by limiting the amount of damages available to a plaintiff, if the airlines back door was left exposed—due to the vulnerability of the airlines to a cross claim for indemnity or otherwise from a manufacturer who, more likely than not, would be a joint defendant with the airline in the same or parallel proceedings arising out of the same aviation accident. This should mean, at the very least, close collaboration between the airlines and manufacturers and, more preferably, some form of shared protection which they may create together or which may be granted to them by Government action, national or international.
Sixty Years in Flying
Authors: Sikorsky Igor I.
Published: March 2023

It is a great pleasure and honour to accept the Royal Aeronautical Society's invitation to deliver the Eleventh Cierva Memorial Lecture. I remember Cierva from a number of meetings and conversations. He was one of the great pioneers without whose work the autogyro would have been developed only far later, or possibly not at all. His significant contributions included the following:

He created a completely new concept, the autogyro.He perfected the flexible, rotating-wing which was later used by the helicopter.He demonstrated autorotation. Before Cierva many doubted that autorotation was possible in case of engine failure.
Astronautics after Apollo
Authors: Cleaver A. V.
Published: March 2023

If R. J. Mitchell were still alive, then it is very probable that this creator of the Spitfire, the Schneider Trophy seaplanes, and other classic aircraft would be attracted by the challenge of space flight. This is more than ever likely at this precise point in time, when the technology of the aeroplane is being joined with that of the ballistic rocket, in readiness to take the next great step forward in astronautics with the new vehicles which have come to be called “space shuttles”.

It was with these thoughts in mind that I chose the subject matter of this Memorial Lecture, when the Southampton Branch honoured me with the invitation to deliver it.
The Alan Marsh Award Flying Training
Authors: Howell D. A. S.
Published: March 2023

The five hours flying training obtained under the above Royal Aeronautical Society Award was given at Bristow Helicopter Flying Training School, Army Air Corps Centre, Middle Wallop. In this instance the training consisted of seven approximately equal duration flights in a Westland built Bell 47G-4 helicopter.

My flying experience prior to this award consisted of two short helicopter flights as a passenger apart from scheduled airline flights. I therefore found the flying a thoroughly enjoyable personal experience, and think the flying training will be of some professional value to my career as a helicopter engineer. It is difficult, however, to qualify this training in terms of benefit to my future work since the experience has primarily led to an environmental appreciation of the helicopter in flight.
The Use of High Strength Titanium Alloys in Aircraft Accessories
Authors: Wood S. W. H. , Hammond D.
Published: March 2023

While in the design of aircraft hydraulic equipment and landing gear, the final choice of materials used is obviously influenced by a large number of factors including space, wear corrosion resistance, fatigue and, the achievement of minimum weight at an economic cost is usually a primary consideration, the acceptable premium for each kg of weight saved varying from under £5 to over £200 depending on the aircraft type.

The range of materials available to the equipment designer is wide and it is therefore desirable to formulate some guide lines to assist the designer in making the most appropriate material selection for the type of equipment being considered.
Boeing Model 347 Flying Qualities Demonstrator
Authors: Hooper W. Euan
Published: March 2023

In December 1968, the Boeing Company defined a two-phase programme having the objective of demonstrating for the US Army those characteristics which experience with operation of the CH-47 Chinook had indicated would be required in the next generation of US Army transport helicopters. The programme, which was named the Model 347 Programme, would encompass simulation, wind tunnel, whirl tower, and bench testing and culminate with flight test development and demonstration of a modified CH-47A airframe. The first phase of the programme was aimed at establishing new standards for the flying qualities (handling, vibration and noise) of transport helicopters in a conventional pure helicopter arrangement. The second phase was to allow assessment of the value of providing a high manoeuvre capability for a transport helicopter as could be provided through the use of a fixed wing.
The aerodynamics of aircraft and other things
Authors: Owen P. R.
Published: March 2023

In pondering on a subject for this, the fifteenth, memorial lecture, I hoped to find something that might reflect the spirit of Frederick William Lanchester's work. But first of all, I tried to learn a little more of the man himself: his history and the design of events that agitated his enquiring mind. Most of what I discovered only emphasised my own unworthiness to contribute to his memory. For I am a member of Imperial College, and it was from that Institution that Lanchester left, disenchanted, in his third year without taking his degree. Worse still, I hold the Zaharoff Chair of Aviation; in one of my distinguished predecessors, Lanchester was later to discover a fierce opponent to his theory of the lifting wing and to his equally remarkable vortex theory of the propeller. It was only in another sphere, that of the Aeronautical Research Council, that I was able to establish a happy bond between us.
Sir George Cayley, Father of Aerial Navigation (1773-1857)
Authors: Gibbs-Smith Charles H.
Published: March 2023

“The true inventor of the aeroplane and one of the most powerful geniuses in the history of aviation” are the words used by a modern French authority, Charles Dollfus, to describe Sir George Cayley (1773-1857), a scholarly Yorkshire baronet who until fairly recently was unknown to many historians of applied science. This curious state of affairs has been righted by the researches of the late J. E. Hodgson, of Dollfus, of the late Captain J. L. Pritchard, and of the present speaker, who have now secured universal agreement in regarding Cayley as the true inventor, or perhaps originator, of the modern aeroplane, and the originator of the science of aerodynamics as applied to aircraft. And, in 1962, the Royal Society itself admitted that “the absence of the name of Sir George Cayley from the Roll of Fellows is one of the most notable omissions”.
Research in Human Engineering at the Royal Aircraft Establishment
Authors: Thorne R. G.
Published: March 2023

I accepted, with some alacrity, your Council's invitation to present this lecture since it reflected a growing awareness of the need to pay particular and urgent attention to the correct use of the human operator in the design of aircraft and their systems. My experience suggests we have paid only lip service to human factor requirements and have relied on the adaptability of aircrews to sort things out once the aircraft enters service. We are also faced with the paradox that, the cleverer we become at inventing black boxes to usurp man, the more important it becomes to define the role, the response, the performance and the limitations of man. Any human factor assumptions we make in the early conceptual stages will critically affect the course of the development. If these assumptions are poorly based we shall finish up with an aircraft of limited effectiveness and the exciting new developments in avionics, now being offered will be substantially wasted.
REFLEXIVITY INDEX OF THE PRODUCT OF SOME TOPOLOGICAL SPACES AND LATTICES
Authors: MA BINGZHANG
Published: March 2023

We introduce a technique that is helpful in evaluating the reflexivity index of several classes of topological spaces and lattices. The main results are related to products: we give a sufficient condition for the product of a topological space and a nest of balls to have low reflexivity index and determine the reflexivity index of all compact connected 2-manifolds.
Free classification as a method for investigating the perception of nonnative sounds
Authors: Daidone Danielle , Lidster Ryan , Kruger Franziska
Published: March 2023

Our study proposes the use of a free classification task for investigating the dimensions used by listeners in their perception of nonnative sounds and for predicting the perceptual discriminability of nonnative contrasts. In a free classification task, participants freely group auditory stimuli based on their perceived similarity. The results can be used to predict discriminability and can be compared to various acoustic or phonological dimensions to determine the relevant cues for listeners. The viability of this method was examined for both a segmental contrast (German vowels) and a nonsegmental contrast (Finnish phonemic length). Perceptual similarity data from the free classification task accurately predicted discriminability in an oddity task and separately provided rich information on how the perceptual space is shaped. These results suggest that a free classification task and related analyses are informative and replicable methods for examining nonnative speech perception.
Reevaluating trials to criterion as a measure in second language research
Authors: Henry Nick
Published: March 2023

Research on input processing and processing instruction has often employed a scoring method known as trials to criterion to observe the effects of instruction that emerge during training. Despite its common use in this research (see Fernández, 2021) this metric has never been evaluated critically. The present study first discusses several challenges associated with trials to criterion, including issues with its conceptual and methodological implementation. The study then introduces three alternative approaches for analyzing accuracy data collected during training sequences: trials to accuracy threshold, growth curve analysis, and bootstrapped differences of timeseries. For each approach, advantages and disadvantages are discussed and example analyses are presented using data from previous research. This discussion shows how these alternative approaches can supplement current trials-to-criterion-based analyses, expand the methodological choices available to researchers, and permit new and interesting research questions.
Care as Critique of Care: Public Services, Social Security and Ritual Responsiveness
Authors: Feuchtwang Stephan
Published: March 2023

Socialist governance and popular sovereignty require state administration of care. In the People's Republic of China (PRC) today, such state care is provided in the form of public services and in the guarantee of social security. Ideally, different levels of government should foster relations of care in local communities and remain responsive to “the people.” Local self-government, relations of mutual support and ritual communities, however, reveal the deficits of state care. Much like general philosophies of care, such local ethics of care propose universal benchmarks against which social practice can be measured. This article outlines the main contours of state care in the post-Mao Zedong PRC, and contrasts its findings with empirical research on public services, social security and ritual responsiveness. Mutual help, neighbourhood communities and ritual practice, in particular, provide alternative models of care. As such, they can be extended and universalized, and offer possibilities for a critique of care.
A Framework for Estimating Global River Discharge From the Surface Water and Ocean Topography Satellite Mission
Authors: Durand Michael , Gleason Colin J. , Pavelsky Tamlin M. , Prata de Moraes Frasson Renato , Turmon Michael , David Cédric H. , Altenau Elizabeth H. , Tebaldi Nikki , Larnier Kevin , Monnier Jerome , Malaterre Pierre Olivier , Oubanas Hind , Allen George H. , Astifan Brian , Brinkerhoff Craig , Bates Paul D. , Bjerklie David , Coss Stephen , Dudley Robert , Fenoglio Luciana , Garambois Pierre‐André , Getirana Augusto , Lin Peirong , Margulis Steven A. , Matte Pascal , Minear J. Toby , Muhebwa Aggrey , Pan Ming , Peters Daniel , Riggs Ryan , Sikder Md Safat , Simmons Travis , Stuurman Cassie , Taneja Jay , Tarpanelli Angelica , Schulze Kerstin , Tourian Mohammad J. , Wang Jida
Published: March 2023

The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission will vastly expand measurements of global rivers, providing critical new data sets for both gaged and ungaged basins. SWOT discharge products (available approximately 1 year after launch) will provide discharge for all river that reaches wider than 100 m. In this paper, we describe how SWOT discharge produced and archived by the US and French space agencies will be computed from measurements of river water surface elevation, width, and slope and ancillary data, along with expected discharge accuracy. We present for the first time a complete estimate of the SWOT discharge uncertainty budget, with separate terms for random (standard error) and systematic (bias) uncertainty components in river discharge time series. We expect that discharge uncertainty will be less than 30% for two‐thirds of global reaches and will be dominated by bias. Separate river discharge estimates will combine both SWOT and in situ data; these “gage‐constrained” discharge estimates can be expected to have lower systematic uncertainty. Temporal variations in river discharge time series will be dominated by random error and are expected to be estimated within 15% for nearly all reaches, allowing accurate inference of event flow dynamics globally, including in ungaged basins. We believe this level of accuracy lays the groundwork for SWOT to enable breakthroughs in global hydrologic science.