bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three Ages of ''Patina'' in Painting
Authors: Starn Randolph
Published: February 2004

THIS ARTICLE TRACES THE HISTORY of a byword for the look of age since the early seventeenth century in art writing, the museum, the restorer's studio, and the art market. The seemingly material fact of patina has a career in the history of taste in Old Master painting through its old regime in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, when it was much prized as an effect of time and as an artifice; in its modern age beginning with the formation of national museums, patina becomes an object of contention in the ''cleaning controversies'' that revolve around the obligations of the present toward the cultural legacy of the past. Postmodern patina has come to register the complex and precarious effects of age on old pictures in ways that should enable us to appreciate and to care for them more knowingly than we have been able to do before.
The Suggestion
Authors: Rév István
Published: February 2004

THE ARCHIVES THAT HIDE THE DOCUMENTS of the second half twentieth century contain, in large part, lies. The stories that emerge from the depths of the archives describe a world of apocalyptic fantasy.There is no real situation behind most of the archival documents; they are just texts. The testimonies, confessions in most cases, are repetitions of suggested texts, while the suggestions sometimes are themselves but citations of other tainted, verbally suggested works of fiction. These documents do not describe a state of affairs independent of themselves; they create the world they supposedly describe. But the self-referential nature of the documents based on suggestions helps to decipher a world that was firmly based on lies, fearful fantasies, and sheer propaganda. In lies there lies the truth. The images of and imaginations about Cardinal József Mindszenty's show trial in Hungary at the end of the 1940s played a crucial role in unleashing the wildest possible mutual speculations about the superhuman capabilities of the enemy on the opposing sides of the Cold War. The case triggered not just presumptions but frantic and fantastic experimentation on both sides. The suppositions and counterassumptions; the mutual fear and efforts at mutual deterrence; and the imagined words that were presumably capable of ''doing things'' all solidified the post-World War II construct, which was in turn experienced as solid and tangible reality.There was a subterranean dialogue between the two sides divided by the Iron Curtain, and the tools of communication between them were credible lies and wild fantasy with direct and fateful consequences. This paper—impatiently,but in minute detail—tries to follow the genesis and fate of a few suggested utterances. It is an effort to reconstruct the scene of the suggestion, arguing that it is not possible to understand its meaning and complexity if the analysis is detached from the scene of the event. In delineating a context for post-Word War II representations and misrepresentations of truth—through a maze of interconnected stories that lead from one side of the Atlantic to the other—history itself becomes the object of the essay's ethnographic analysis.
Dryasdust Antiquarianism and Soppy Masculinity: The Waverley Novels and the Gender of History
Authors: Goode Mike
Published: February 2004

This essay attempts to widen the discursive contexts through which scholars understand Romantic historicism and the role of Walter Scott's Waverley Novels in its development. Placing Scott's The Antiquary (1816) and ''Dedicatory Epistle'' to Ivanhoe (1819) in dialogue with contemporaneous verbal and visual discourse over antiquaries, Edmund Burke, and the Lady Hamilton affair, the essay proposes that Romantic historicism disciplined bodies as it defined and authorized new forms of knowledge. Romantic historicists perceived the ability to relate to and know the past properly as dependent on the manliness of the historical thinker's sentimental and sexual constitution. Thus, the era's arguments over the legitimacy of different forms of historical inquiry, as well as over the historical novel's cultural authority in relation to the field of history, frequently became contests over the manliness and sensibility of their practitioners' bodies.
Figuring the Dead Descartes: Claude Clerselier'sHomme de RenéDescartes(1664)
Authors: Wilkin Rebecca M.
Published: February 2004

Two editions of Descartes's treatise on human physiology were published in the 1660s, more than a decade after his death: Florent Schuyl's Renatus Des Cartes de homine (1662) and Claude Clerselier'sL'Homme de Ren´e Descartes (1664). The principal difference between them lies in the figures that illustrate the text. Schuyl's figures undermine Descartes's optimism; his anatomical sketches foreground human mortality,while his landscapes remind the reader of the fleeting nature of time and of the inevitability of death. In contrast, Clerselier's illustrations develop Descartes's comparison of the human body to a machine, which does not live nor, as a result, die. They thus obscure the fate of the author's dead body and in turn pave the way for the resurrection of his esprit.
Towards a Rhetoric of Experience: the Role of Enargeia in the Essays of Montaigne.
Authors: Sharpling Gerard Paul
Published: February 2004

The aim of this paper is to explore the Montaigne's use of enargeia in three essays: ''Des Cannibales,'' ''Des Coches'' and ''De l'exercitation.'' During the French Renaissance, enargeia remained a central means by which writers transferred living experience into language. The elaborate visual possibilities offered by enargeia, encapsulated in the writings of Quintilian, were popularised in France through the diffusion of Erasmus's rhetorical handbook De diuplici copia verborum ac rerum. However, the sense of graphic presence and truth conveyed by Erasmus's handbook came to be challenged through the increasing awareness of the disparity between living experience and verbal language. In his Essais, Montaigne's awareness of the deceptive properties of visual representation allows him to explore, often playfully, the pleasures and instabilities of linguistic expression, and to gain a heightened insight into the perceptual inadequacy which characterize much human behaviour. In this way, Montaigne poignantly demonstrates the instructive nature of rhetorical theories on which he draws to illustrate his understanding of human experience.
Le rideau de Timanthe, ou: les silences eáloquents de la Renaissance
Authors: Rigolot François
Published: February 2004

La Renaissance est allée chercher dans l'Antiquité des modèles exemplaires d'aphasie réelle ou simulée. Elle a ressuscité Sappho, la parleuse muette; elle a récrit les fables d'Actéon, d'Arachné, d'Io, de Philomèle et de bien d'autres figures emblématiques de l'impossibilité de parler. Mais la privation de parole est surtout mise au service de la rhétorique de l'éloge: on renoncera à parler pour mieux se faire entendre. Les écrivains recourent volontiers à une image ancienne de cette éloquence du silence: le rideau de Timanthe. Quelques exemples empruntés à Louise Labé, Joachim du Bellay, Agrippa d'Aubigné et Montaigne serviront d'illustrations.
Il buon uso dell'oblio nei rivolgimenti costituzionali: tra slogan e argomentazione persuasiva
Authors: Spina Luigi
Published: February 2004

Un'antica formula di riconciliazione, me mnesikakein, nata nella democrazia ateniese di fine V secolo, viene analizzata sia nel suo contesto storico, sia attraverso tre momenti esemplari che hanno segnato la conclusione di alcuni degli eventi più drammatici del XX secolo: la memoria dell'Olocausto; l'amnistia per i fascisti nell'Italia repubblicana del dopo-guerra; l'attività della Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) nel Sud Africa del presidente Mandela. In tali occasioni, in forme diverse tra loro, si è ripresentata la stessa domanda della vicenda ateniese sulla validità delle soluzioni proposte. Tale analisi consente di approfondire la dialettica fra memoria, perdono ed oblio.
Racial, Ethnic, and National Boundaries: Sexual Intersections and Symbolic Interactions
Authors: Nagel Joane
Published: February 2004

Sex and race are strained, if not strange, bedfellows. Sexual depictions and denigrations of racial, ethnic, and national “others” and the regulation of in‐group sexual behavior are important mechanisms by which ethnic boundaries are constructed, maintained, and defended. Race, ethnicity, and the nation are sexualized, and sexuality is racialized, ethnicized, and nationalized. The sexual systems that prop up ethnic boundaries and define ethnic identities and communities tend to be inherently conservative blueprints for ethnosexual living. These systems stress endogamy, heterosexuality and reproduction under the rubric of traditional, often patriarchal family life for ethnic group members and tend to demonize and denigrate the sexuality of those outside ethnic boundaries or of those within ethnic communities who do not conform to heteronormative, heteroconventional models of sexuality. I present several examples of the intersections of race, ethnicity, nationalism, and sexuality/ies from U.S. and international settings, and I argue that the symbolic interaction between ethnicity and sexuality is central to their mutual constitution.
A Differentiated Model of Role Identity Acquisition
Authors: Collier Peter
Published: February 2004

The differentiated model builds on Burke's control system model by emphasizing the importance of multidimensionality and how role usage variation affects identity formation. In a study of 146 entering university students, differentiating the college student role into multiple meaning dimensions results in significant variation in degree of role identification improvement. This model ties differences in role use in interaction to identity formation by specifying that the self‐referent feedback necessary for role/identity discrepancy reduction must come from members of a specific referent group who consider the role “real” based on its usefulness as a resource for accomplishing group goals.
Accounting for Trouble: Identity Negotiations in Qualitative Interviews with Alcoholics
Authors: Järvinen Margaretha
Published: February 2004

This article combines a narrative approach on life histories, inspired by Paul Ricoeur, with the symbolic interactionist approaches of George Herbert Mead and Erving Goffman. It focuses on “negotiations” in qualitative interviews with alcoholics, that is, narrative sequences in which the interviewee's line comes into conflict with the line of the interviewer. From a larger study of drinking careers among alcoholics in Copenhagen, two interviews are singled out for a more detailed analysis. The two interviewees did not live up to the (implicit) expectations of the study: the presumptions (a) that persons contacted at institutions for heavily addicted alcoholics do indeed identify themselves as alcoholics and (b) that alcoholics are interested in structuring their life histories according to the development of their drinking problems. By struggling to defend an alternative identity for themselves than the one the interviewer had in readiness for them, the interviewees laid bare the (problematic) therapeutic framework of the study.
Innocence Lost: Accomplishing Victimization in Intimate Stalking Cases
Authors: Dunn Jennifer L.
Published: February 2004

This article explores identity work and emotion management in felony domestic violence stalking cases, using data collected in a domestic violence unit in a large metropolitan district attorney's office. Victim narratives in crime reports, intensive interviews of stalking victims, and participant observation in a stalking survivors' support group show how women become “victims” in the criminal justice system. Sometimes women's continued interaction with both stalkers and law enforcement actors affects their ability to create and sustain credible victim identities. Almost any action a victim takes or presentation she makes has the potential for inducing negative identity attributions. Thus identity dilemmas seemingly inhere in the stalking situation.
Claimsmakers and Contexts in Early Constructions of Homelessness: A Comparison of New York City and Washington, D.C.
Authors: Bogard Cynthia J.
Published: February 2004

This study compares the emergence of homelessness as a “new” social problem from 1977 through 1981 in New York City and Washington, D.C. The two cases illustrate a comparative constructionist method that analyzes evolving claimsmaking activities, the context in which they were embedded, and the interplay between claimsmaking and context. The method aided in identifying why homelessness became primarily a problem of deficient and pathological individuals requiring rehabilitation rather than a problem of poverty and inadequate housing. Resources at stake in New York caused city‐ and state‐level government officials, who advocated a medicalized view, to become central claimsmakers. This typification eventually became dominant nationally. Washington's lack of similar resources allowed advocates framing homelessness as a problem of social justice to take the lead. This proved to be a less durable typification. Both groups were also embedded in different relevant histories and cultures, which also influenced claims‐making and its resonance with the public.
The Sexual Body of the Young Jew as an Arena of Ideological Struggle, 1821–1948
Authors: Ajzenstadt Mimi , Cavaglion Gabriel
Published: February 2004

This article analyzes professional discourse on masturbation to illustrate how child sexuality serves as a site for symbolic ideological struggles. Sex instruction manuals written in central Europe in the nineteenth century Palestine and Israel in the twentieth century are the basis for broader discussions on religious and scientific discourse on child and adolescent sexuality within the Jewish communities. By tracing the development of new forms of expert knowledge, we show how expert discourse on masturbation gradually transformed it from a symbolic moral evil into a medical disease and a psychological problem, before declaring it a legitimized behavior.
Making Time: Agency and the Construction of Temporal Experience
Authors: Flaherty Michael G.
Published: February 2004

In this note, I conceptualize four models of causal processes that govern various dimensions of temporal experience. The first is classic determinism, while the other three are variations on the theme of self‐determination. Efforts at self‐determination are defined as forms of agency that I call time work. These agentic practices involve attempts to control, manipulate, or customize one's own temporality or that of others. I draw empirical instances of determinism from 705 first‐person descriptions of circumstances during which time was perceived to pass slowly. Examples of self‐determination come from in‐depth interviews with 408 subjects.
Family Strain, Gender, and Delinquency
Authors: Hay Carter
Published: February 2004

In the last decade, Robert Agnew's general strain theory (GST) of delinquency has received considerable empirical attention, with most studies yielding favorable evidence. One aspect of GST neglected by researchers, however, concerns its ability to explain why certain demographic variables are related to delinquency. This article reports such a test of GST with respect to the gender-delinquency relationship in particular—one of the strongest relationships in delinquency research. The focus is on family-related strain faced by adolescents and how it may account for the gender gap in delinquency. Building on the work of Broidy and Agnew, and using questionnaire data collected from a sample of urban adolescents, this study tests three GST explanations for males' higher involvement in delinquency. The results of the analysis suggest that the gender gap in delinquency may be closely linked to gender differences in both the experience of and response to family-related strain.
The Shôwa Hall: Memorializing Japan's War at Home
Authors: Smith Kerry
Published: February 2004

The Showa Hall is a public museum and exhibition space in downtown Tokyo that purports to document the experiences of Japan's civilians in the 1930s and 1940s. The Hall has become a contested space both for those who seek to inspire pride in the nation's past as well as for those who demand a fuller acknowledgment of the Second World War's legacy in Asia and at home. This review essay explores the Hall's use of themes of sacrifice, struggle, suffering, and citizenship to connect the exhibited history of the war years with the present day.
Movie or Monograph? A Historian/Filmmaker's Perspective
Authors: Davis Natalie Zemon
Published: February 2004

Using her experience as historical consultant for Le Retour de Martin Guerre, the author weighs the advantages and disadvantages of describing the past in the language of film and the language of professional prose. She concludes that both forms of communication should be used: historians should amplify their role as consultants or filmmakers through discussion and written debate.
Industrielle Verfahren zur Herstellung von optisch aktiven Zwischenprodukten
Authors: Breuer Michael , Ditrich Klaus , Habicher Tilo , Hauer Bernhard , Keßeler Maria , Stürmer Rainer , Zelinski Thomas
Published: February 2004

Enantiomerenreine Aminosäuren, Aminoalkohole, Amine, Alkohole und Epoxide spielen heutzutage als Zwischenprodukte in pharmazeutischer Industrie und Agrochemie eine immer größere Rolle. Dabei sind sowohl ein hoher Reinheitsgrad als auch große Mengen der Verbindungen gefragt. Die chemische Industrie hat sich bei der Synthese dieser Zwischenstufen bislang auf bewährte chemische Verfahren gestützt, greift jedoch zunehmend auf enzymatische und fermentative Prozesse aus der Biotechnologie zurück. Für die industrielle Umsetzung vieler Transformationen stehen alternative Verfahren zur Verfügung. Die Vorteile der einzelnen Methoden werden in diesem Aufsatz anhand der Synthesen wichtiger Beispielverbindungen diskutiert.
Industrial Methods for the Production of Optically Active Intermediates
Authors: Breuer Michael , Ditrich Klaus , Habicher Tilo , Hauer Bernhard , Keßeler Maria , Stürmer Rainer , Zelinski Thomas
Published: February 2004

Enantiomerically pure amino acids, amino alcohols, amines, alcohols, and epoxides play an increasingly important role as intermediates in the pharmaceutical industry and agrochemistry, where both a high degree of purity and large quantities of the compounds are required. The chemical industry has primarily relied upon established chemical methods for the synthesis of these intermediates, but is now turning more and more to enzymatic and biotechnological fermentation processes. For the industrial implementation of many transformations alternative methods are available. The advantages of the individual methods will be discussed herein and exemplified by syntheses of relevant compounds.
Influence of the clay modification and compatibilizer on the structure and mechanical properties of ethylene–propylene–diene rubber/montmorillonite composites
Authors: Zheng Hua , Zhang Yong , Peng Zonglin , Zhang Yinxi
Published: February 2004

Ethylene–propylene–diene rubber (EPDM)/montmorillonite (MMT) composites were prepared through a melt process, and three kinds of surfactants with different ammonium cations were used to modify MMT and affect the morphology of the composites. The morphology of the composites depended on the alkyl ammonium salt length, that is, the hydrophobicity of the organic surfactants. Organophilic montmorillonite (OMMT), modified by octadecyltrimethyl ammonium salt and distearyldimethyl ammonium salt, was intercalated and partially exfoliated in the EPDM matrix, whereas OMMT modified by hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium chloride exhibited a morphology in which OMMT existed as a common filler. Ethylene–propylene–diene rubber grafted with maleic anhydride (MAH‐g‐EPDM) was used as a compatibilizer and greatly affected the dispersion of OMMT. When OMMTs were modified by octadecyltrimethyl ammonium chloride and distearydimethyl ammonium chloride, the EPDM/OMMT/MAH‐g‐EPDM composites (100/15/5) had an exfoliated structure, and they showed good mechanical properties and high dynamic moduli. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 638–646, 2004
Synthesis of polystyrene‐supported dithiocarbamates and their complexation with metal ions
Authors: McClain Aliecia , Hsieh You‐Lo
Published: February 2004

The derivatives of 2%‐divinylbenzene (DVB)‐crosslinked polystyrene resins with N‐ethylaminodithiocarbamate, N‐ethanolaminodithiocarbamate, and N‐t‐butylamino‐dithiocarbamate groups were prepared. The amine functionality was introduced to the acetylated polystyrene to give the imine‐supported resins which were reduced by using NaBH4 and then converted to the respective dithiocarbamates by reaction with carbon disulfide under alkaline conditions. The structure of the functionalized resins was confirmed by FTIR and elemental analysis. The ability of these polystyrene–dithiocarbamate resins to form complexes with Hg(II), Pb(II), and Cd(II) ions was found to be highest with Hg(II), followed by Pb(II), and then Cd(II). A general increase in the ability to complex with metal ions was observed from the dithiocarbamate resin derived from N‐t‐butylamino polystyrene to those derived from N‐ethylamino polystyrene and N‐ethanolamino polystyrene. The complexation level and preference among ions of these dithiocarbamate resins depends on the structures of their functional groups. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 218–225, 2004
Wood flour: A new filler for the rubber processing industry. III. Cure characteristics and mechanical properties of nitrile butadiene rubber compounds filled by wood flour in the presence of phenol‐formaldehyde resin
Authors: Vladkova T. G. , Dineff P. D. , Gospodinova D. N.
Published: February 2004

Nonmodified and corona‐activated conifer wood flour was evaluated as filler to nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) compounds containing different amounts of phenol‐formaldehyde resin (PFAR) by studying the cure characteristics and the mechanical properties of the filled compounds. It was found that the PFAR affects considerably the cure characteristics and the mechanical properties of the wood flour–filled NBR compounds due to a presumable action as an interface interactions modifier. Acting as an antiaging agent it improves also their thermal‐oxidative stability. The optimal amount of PFAR regarding the cure characteristics and mechanical parameters is of 15 phr/100 phr wood flour. The addition of PFAR just before the wood flour is preferable because of both its better homogenization in the rubber matrix and its lower adsorption by the wood flour, leading to an improvement of the mechanical properties of the wood flour–filled NBR compounds. The replacement of nonmodified wood flour by corona‐activated wood flour leads to additional increase of the mechanical parameters without significant affect of the optimum cure time, aging resistance, and water adsorption. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 95–101, 2004
Hydrophobically modified acrylamide‐based polybetaines. II. Interaction with surfactants in aqueous solution
Authors: Johnson Kathryn M. , Fevola Michael J. , Lochhead Robert Y. , McCormick Charles L.
Published: February 2004

The interaction of hydrophobically modified (HM) polybetaines with selected small molecule surfactants in aqueous solution was investigated using rheological and surface tension analyses. The polymers included acrylamide‐based, HM polybetaines containing N‐butylphenylacrylamide (BPAM) and specified amounts of sulfobetaine, 3‐(2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanedimethylammonio)‐1‐propanesulfonate (AMPDAPS), or carboxybetaine, 4‐(2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropyldimethylammonio)butanoate (AMPDAB); corresponding control (co)polymers lacking BPAM and/or betaine comonomer(s) were also examined for comparative purposes. Low charge density terpolymers exhibited greater viscosity enhancement with the addition of surfactant compared to the high charge density terpolymers. The addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) produced the largest increase in solution viscosity, while N‐dodecyl‐N,N,N‐trimethylammonium bromide (DTAB), N‐dodecyl‐N,N‐dimethylammonio‐1‐propanesulfonate (SB3–12), and Triton X‐100 enhanced polymer solution viscosity to a lesser degree. In most cases, the high charge density carboxybetaine terpolymer exhibited diminished solution viscosity upon surfactant addition. The polymers lacking hydrophobic modification showed no detectable viscosity enhancement in the presence of surfactants. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 658–671, 2004
Effect of reactive diluents on properties of unsaturated polyester/montmorillonite nanocomposites
Authors: Kim Ho‐Gyum , Oh Dae‐Hee , Lee Hun‐Bong , Min Kyung‐Eun
Published: February 2004

Unsaturated polyester (UP)/montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposite was prepared by using hydroxypropylacrylate (HPA) as a reactive diluent instead of conventional styrene monomer and the effect of polarity of reactive diluent on properties of nanocomposite was investigated. X‐ray and mechanical test data indicated that mixing for an extended period of time is essential to enhance the physical properties of nanocomposites in the UP/Cloisite 6A system. This was attributed to the high polarity of HPA that may disturb the preintercalation of UP resin into the galleries of MMT. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 238–242, 2004
Effect of a polymerizable cosurfactant on the microstructure and drug‐release properties of nanoparticles synthesized through emulsion polymerization
Authors: Bhawal Sumit , Reddy L. Harivardhan , Murthy R. S. R. , Devi Surekha
Published: February 2004

The emulsion copolymerization of a partially water‐soluble monomer, methyl methacrylate (MMA), and a water‐soluble polymerizable cosurfactant, hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), was investigated. The microstructure of the copolymer varied as the HEMA concentration increased. The copolymer microstructure influenced drug entrapment and was studied with respect to the variation in the MMA/HEMA ratio, the crosslinker concentration, and the method of nanoparticle separation from the dispersion. The subsequent release of a lipophilic drug, carbamazepine, from nanoparticles was studied at three different copolymer compositions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 402–409, 2004
Synergistic effect of a phosphorus–nitrogen flame retardant on engineering plastics
Authors: Leu Tsu‐Shang , Wang Chun‐Shan
Published: February 2004

The novel flame retardant tris(3,5‐dimethyl‐4‐diphenyl phenoxy phosphate)isocyanurate (TDPI) was synthesized from the reaction of diphenyl chlorophosphate and tris(3,5‐dimethyl‐4‐hydroxybenzyl)isocyanurate. The compound was characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, 1H‐NMR, and 31P‐NMR. Furthermore, blends of the flame retardant with engineering plastics in various weight ratios were made, and their thermal stability and flame retardancy were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), UL‐94 vertical testing, and limiting oxygen index (LOI) measurements. The phosphorus–nitrogen synergistic effect on flame retardancy was compared with the effects of commonly used tetraphenyl resorcinol diphosphate and tetrabromobisphenol A. TGA indicated that the TDPI/engineering plastics systems were stable up to 397–503°C at a 5% weight loss in a nitrogen atmosphere with a relatively high char yield (21.0–42.1% at 700°C) and that they a achieved UL‐94 V‐0 rating (with a low flame‐retardant content: P, 0.76 wt %, and N, 0.34 wt %). No fume and toxic gas emissions were observed during the burning test for this system. The LOI values were 31.6–42.2. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 410–417, 2004
Rheological and thermomechanical properties of long‐chain‐branched polyethylene prepared by slurry polymerization with metallocene catalysts
Authors: Kolodka Edward , Wang Wen‐Jun , Zhu Shiping , Hamielec Archie
Published: February 2004

A series of polyethylene (PE) samples were prepared in a slurry polymerization with bis(cyclopentadienyl) zirconium dichloride (Cp2ZrCl2)/modified methylaluminoxane (MMAO) using a semibatch reactor. The samples had long‐chain branch densities (LCBDs) of a 0.03–1.0 branch per 10,000 carbons and long‐chain branch frequencies (LCBFs) up to a 0.22 branch per polymer molecule. The rheological and dynamic mechanical behaviors of these long‐chain branched PE samples were evaluated. Increasing the LCBF significantly increased the η0's and enhanced shear thinning. Long‐chain branching (LCB) also influenced the loss modulus and storage modulus. Increasing the LCBF led to enhanced G′ and G″ values at low shear rates and broader relaxation spectrums. The samples exhibited thermorheologically complex behavior. LCB also played a significant role in the dynamic mechanical behavior. Increasing the LCBF increased the stiffness of the polymer and enhanced the damping or energy dissipation. However, LCB had little influence on the crystalline structure of the PE. The α‐ and γ‐relaxations showed little dependence on the LCBF. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 307–316, 2004
Selection of top layer materials for gas–liquid membrane contactors
Authors: Nymeijer D. C. , Folkers B. , Breebaart I. , Mulder M. H. V. , Wessling M.
Published: February 2004

Gas–liquid membrane contactors frequently suffer from wetting of the microporous membrane. Stabilization layers at the liquid side of the membrane potentially prevent this wetting. We applied such stabilized membranes to the separation of olefins and paraffins using AgNO3 solutions as absorption liquid. The stabilization material requires permeation of olefins at minimum counter transport of water. Appropriate selection of the top layer material is crucial in this application. This report describes the selection of potential top layer materials. Dense films of the selected materials were prepared and used to determine ethylene and ethane permeabilities, to perform pervaporation experiments with water and a 3.5M solution of silver nitrate in water, and to determine the swelling behavior of the dense films in water and in a 3.5M silver nitrate solution. Based on the characterization experiments, ethylene propylenediene terpolymer is the most appropriate candidate with the highest potential for application in a gas–liquid membrane contactor for the separation of paraffins and olefins. It has a relatively high olefin permeability (46.4 Barrer) and a corresponding low water vapor permeability and low swelling tendency in a 3.5M silver nitrate solution (1490 Barrer and 0.14 wt %, respectively). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 323–334, 2004
Powder‐shape analysis and sintering behavior of high‐density polyethylene powders for rotational molding
Authors: Greco Antonio , Maffezzoli Alfonso
Published: February 2004

The quality of rotational molded products is strongly affected by the sintering behavior of the powders used in the process. In turn, for a given material, the sintering behavior of polymer powders is dependent on the size and the shape of particles obtained in the milling apparatus. The quality of powders for rotational molding is usually determined by means of size distribution, dry flow, and bulk density tests. However, these tests do not provide insight into the relationship between the shape of powders, the milling conditions, and the sintering behavior during the rotational molding cycle. Nevertheless, the application of mathematical tools to powder analysis can significantly improve the efficiency of the grinding process, looking not only at the size but also at the shape of the powder. This can in turn result in a higher reliability of rotational molding and in better performances of the products obtained in processes dominated by the sintering behavior of polymer powders. In this work the grinding process of recycled high‐density polyethylene was analyzed using a quantitative approach to the shape and size of the powders. In particular, shape factors, capable of characterizing powders obtained in different milling conditions, were studied. Finally, the influence of the powders' shape and size on sintering behavior was studied by thermomechanical analysis. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 449–460, 2004
Synthesis and characterization of organic–inorganic hybrids based on epoxy resin and 3‐glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane
Authors: Macan J. , Ivankovic H. , Ivankovic M. , Mencer H. J.
Published: February 2004

Organic–inorganic hybrid materials based on diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and 3‐glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GLYMO) were prepared, using a poly(oxypropylene) diamine Jeffamine D230 as a curing agent. Materials were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), infrared spectroscopy, swelling in tetrahydrofurane (THF), and Soxhlet extraction in THF. A dependence of the final conversion of epoxy groups and the final degree of organic phase crosslinking on inorganic phase content was found. The inorganic phase presents a steric hindrance to full crosslinking of epoxy groups. It also immobilizes the organic chains and improves the temperature stability of hybrid materials. Products of GLYMO hydrolysis together with unreacted organic molecules lower the glass transition temperature of hybrid materials. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 498–505, 2004
The added value of task and ontology‐based markup for information retrieval
Authors: Kabel Suzanne , de Hoog Robert , Wielinga Bob J. , Anjewierden Anjo
Published: February 2004

In this report, we investigate how retrieving information can be improved through task‐related indexing of documents based on ontologies. Different index types, varying from content‐based keywords to structured task‐based indexing ontologies, are compared in an experiment that simulates the task of creating instructional material from a database of source material. To be able to judge the added value of task‐ and ontology‐related indexes, traditional information retrieval performance measures are extended with new measures reflecting the quality of the material produced with the retrieved information. The results of the experiment show that a structured task‐based indexing ontology improves the quality of the product created from retrieved material only to some extent, but that it certainly improves the efficiency and effectiveness of search and retrieval and precision of use.
New Dihydroxy Bis(Oxazoline) Ligands for the Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation: Experimental Investigations of the Origin of the Reversal of the Enantioselectivity
Authors: Aït‐Haddou Hassan , Hoarau Olivier , Cramailére Dimitri , Pezet Frédéric , Daran Jean‐Claude , Balavoine Gilbert G. A.
Published: February 2004

The origin of the reversal of the enantioselectivity in the palladium‐catalyzed allylic alkylation of rac‐1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐propenyl acetate with dimethyl malonate anion using chiral dihydroxy bis(oxazoline) “BO” ligands derived from (1S,2S)‐(+)‐2‐amino‐1‐phenyl‐1,3‐propanediol was investigated. To determine the structural effects of the dihydroxy BO ligand on this unique phenomenon, new homochiral dihydroxy BO ligands were prepared from L‐threonine and L‐serine and were assessed in the transformation. The results obtained with these novel BO ligands, compared with the one obtained by using the dihydroxy BO ligands derived from (1S,2S)‐(+)‐2‐amino‐1‐phenyl‐1,3‐propanediol, reveal that the reversal in the enantioselectivity observed with the dihydroxy BO ligand depends on the structure of the ligand. The effect of different bases used to generate the dimethyl malonate anion was also examined. The results are discussed in terms of the interaction of one hydroxy group in the intermediate π‐allyl palladium complex with the dimethyl malonate anion.
Molecular‐Scale Logic Gates
Authors: de Silva A. Prasanna , McClenaghan Nathan D.
Published: February 2004

Currently available approaches to molecular‐scale logic gates are summarized and compared. These include: chemically‐controlled fluorescent and transmittance‐based switches concerned with small molecules, DNA oligonucleotides with fluorescence readout, oligonucleotide reactions with DNA‐based catalysts, chemically‐gated photochromics, reversibly denaturable proteins, molecular machines with optical and electronic signals, two‐photon fluorophores and multichromophoric transient optical switches. The photochemical principles of electron and energy transfer are involved in several of these approaches. More complex molecular logic systems with reconfigurability and superposability provide contrasts with current semiconductor electronics. Integration of simple logic functions to produce more complex ones is also discussed in terms of recent developments.
Biologically Active Compounds through Catalysis: Efficient Synthesis of N‐(Heteroarylcarbonyl)‐N′‐(arylalkyl)piperazines
Authors: Kumar Kamal , Michalik Dirk , Garcia Castro Ivette , Tillack Annegret , Zapf Alexander , Arlt Michael , Heinrich Timo , Böttcher Henning , Beller Matthias
Published: February 2004

A practical route for the synthesis of new biologically active 5‐HT2 A receptor antagonists has been developed. In only three catalytic steps, this class of central nervous system (CNS) active compounds can be synthesized efficiently with high diversity. As the initial step, an anti‐Markovnikov addition of amines to styrenes provides an easy route to N‐(arylalkyl)piperazines, which constitute the core structure of the active molecules. Here, base‐catalyzed hydroamination reactions of styrenes with benzylated piperazine proceeded in high yield even at room temperature. After catalytic debenzylation, the free amines were successfully carbonylated with different aromatic and heteroaromatic halides and carbon monoxide to yield the desired compounds in good to excellent yields. The two key reactions, base‐catalyzed hydroamination of styrenes and palladium‐catalyzed aminocarbonylation of haloarenes/heterocycles, showed tolerance towards various functional groups, thereby demonstrating the potential to synthesize a wide variety of new derivatives of this promising class of pharmaceuticals.
Synthesis and Growth Mechanism of Bi2S3 Nanoribbons
Authors: Liu Zhaoping , Liang Jianbo , Li Shu , Peng Sheng , Qian Yitai
Published: February 2004

This article describes a facile solvothermal method by using mixed solvents for the large‐scale synthesis of Bi2S3 nanoribbons with lengths of up to several millimeters. These nanoribbons were formed by a solvothermal reaction between BiIII–glycerol complexes and various sulfur sources in a mixed solution of aqueous NaOH and glycerol. HRTEM (high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy) and SAED (selective‐area electron diffraction) studies show that the as‐synthesized nanoribbons had predominately grown along the [001] direction. The Bi2S3 nanoribbons prepared by the use of different sulfur sources have a common formation process: the initial formation of NaBiS2 polycrystals, which serve as the precursors to Bi2S3, the decomposition of NaBiS2, and the formation of Bi2S3 seeds in the solution through a homogeneous nucleation process; the growth of Bi2S3 nanoribbons occurs at the expense of NaBiS2 materials. The growth mechanism of millimeter‐scale nanoribbons involves a special solid–solution–solid transformation as well as an Ostwald ripening process. Some crucial factors affect nanoribbon growth, such as, solvothermal temperature, volume ratio of glycerol to water, and the concentration of NaOH; these have also been discussed.
Mechanolumineszenz während der Nasszerkleinerung von feinen Partikeln
Authors: Aman S. , Tomas J.
Published: February 2004

No abstracts.
Chemieindustrie: Herausforderungen und Antworten
Authors: Staudigl R.
Published: February 2004

Die Chemie ist heute einer der umsatzstärksten Wirtschaftszweige weltweit und auf allen Kontinenten vertreten. Die Unternehmenslandschaft in der Chemie hat sich seit dem Zweiten Weltkrieg völlig verändert. Aus diversifizierten Unternehmen wurden in den meisten Fällen Spezialisten, die auf wenige Geschäftsbereiche konzentriert sind und dort optimale Leistungen bringen können, dafür aber Marktschwankungen stärker ausgesetzt sind. Zukünftig ist abzusehen, dass der europäische Chemiemarkt global weiter an Gewicht verlieren wird. Dem kann nur durch höheres Wirtschaftswachstum und verstärkte Innovationsbemühungen in Europa entgegengewirkt werden. Voraussetzung ist jedoch, dass die Chemieindustrie nicht durch ständig zunehmende Belastungen wie unn�tige Umweltauflagen und steigende Energiepreise weiter in Rückstand gerät und als Konsequenz davon wegen mangelnder Profitabilität an Innovationskraft und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit verliert.
Analysis of list segmentation efficacy and campaign optimization
Authors: Courtheoux Richard J.
Published: February 2004

Direct marketers commonly optimize selection of names for campaigns by use of a numerical decile table that displays expected levels of performance for segments derived from statistical models. This article presents mathematical analytical results related to working with that common decile table format and the associated optimization of campaign contact quantities and projected profits. By fitting an equation to the decile table data and by using a financial campaign profit calculation formula, formulas for optimal contact quantities and maximum profitability are derived. With these formulas available, several applications to marketing planning and decision making can be made both easier and more accurate. A framework is illustrated for evaluating the potential improvement in financial performance attainable by developing a better predictive model.
Monomethylfumarate affects polarization of monocyte‐derived dendritic cells resulting in down‐regulated Th1 lymphocyte responses
Authors: Litjens Nicolle H. R. , Rademaker Mirjam , Ravensbergen Bep , Rea Delphine , van der Plas Mariena J. A. , Thio Bing , Walding Andrew , van Dissel Jaap T. , Nibbering Peter H.
Published: February 2004

Psoriasis vulgaris, a type‐1 cytokine‐mediated chronic skin disease, can be treated successfully with fumaric acid esters (FAE). Beneficial effects of this medication coincided with decreased production of IFN‐γ. Since dendritic cells (DC) regulate the differentiation of T helper (Th) cells, this study focussed on effects of monomethylfumarate (MMF, bioactive metabolite of FAE) on polarization of monocyte‐derived DC. MMF‐incubated, lipo‐polysaccharide‐stimulated DC (MMF‐DC) produced dramatically (p<0.05) reduced levels of IL‐12p70 and IL‐10 (8±4% and 20±4%, respectively) compared to control DC. MMF‐DC were mature. MMF affected polarization of DC irrespective of polarization factor(s) and ligands for the various Toll‐like receptors used. Coculture of MMF‐DC with naive and primed allogenous Th cells resulted in lymphocytes producing less IFN‐γ, i.e. 59% and 54% of that by the respective Th cells cocultured with control DC. IL‐4 production by primed, but not naive Th cells cocultured with MMF‐DC was decreased as compared to cocultures with control DC. IL‐10 production by naive and primed Th cells cocultured with MMF‐DC and control DC did not differ. In addition, MMF inhibited LPS‐induced NF‐κB activation in DC. Together, beneficial effects of FAE in psoriasis involve modulation of DC polarization by MMF such that these cells down‐regulate IFN‐γ production by Th cells.
Control of Leishmania major in the absence of Tyk2 kinase
Authors: Schleicher Ulrike , Mattner Jochen , Blos Martin , Schindler Heike , Röllinghoff Martin , Karaghiosoff Marina , Müller Mathias , Werner‐Felmayer Gabriele , Bogdan Christian
Published: February 2004

IL‐12 is indispensable for the control of many intracellular pathogens, but the components of the signaling pathway that are essential for its function in vivo are incompletely understood. Here, we investigated in the Leishmania major mouse model whether Tyk2 kinase is required for the generation of a protective immune response. Unlike C57BL/6 controls, Tyk2–/–mice developed severe skin lesions after infection that frequently ulcerated, but ultimately healed. NK cell cytotoxicity was absent in infected Tyk2–/– mice, even after IL‐12 pretreatment, which correlated with a STAT4 activation defect. IFN‐α / β, which was still able to activate STAT1 in Tyk2–/– NK cells, reconstituted their cytotoxic activity, but not their IL‐12responsiveness. The IL‐12‐induced production of IFN‐γ by NK cells and CD8+ T cells was strongly suppressed in Tyk2–/– mice at day 1 of infection, but partly regained during the late phase of infection. Tyk2–/– CD4+ T cells developed into Th1 cells (although in a delayed fashion) and infected Tyk2–/– mice expressed normals levels of inducible NO synthase. Thus, Tyk2 is required for the IL‐12 response of NK cells and CD8+ T cells in L. major‐infected mice, but not for the generation of Th1 cells and the ultimate control of the disease.
Subversion of effector CD8+ T cell differentiation in acute hepatitis C virus infection: exploring the immunological mechanisms
Authors: Francavilla Vittorio , Accapezzato Daniele , De Salvo Marietta , Rawson Pisana , Cosimi Olivia , Lipp Martin , Cerino Antonella , Cividini Agostino , Mondelli Mario U. , Barnaba Vincenzo
Published: February 2004

Hallmark of acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a severe virus‐specific effector CD8+ T cell dysfunction that seems to be a critical factor in preventing the resolution of infection and in favoring the onset of chronic liver immunopathology. We suggest that this dysfunction is critical in the establishment of HCV persistence, unless it is compensated by multispecific responses, as found in individuals resolving infection. Analyses on purified populations indicate that central memory HCV‐specific CCR7+/CD8+ T cells efficiently proliferate and differentiate in vitro, although the large population of memory effector CCR7– cells found in the peripheral blood of acutely infected patients display poor effector functions ex vivo (semi‐effectors). However, we report strong evidence in support of IL‐2 being capable of pushing semi‐effector CTL to complete their effector cell program. Therefore, IL‐2 deficiency during T cell activation may be responsible for the dichotomy between memory CTL expansion and incomplete effector differentiation shown in patients with acute HCV infection. These data are consistent with the possible therapeutic treatment with IL‐2 to rebuild the effector T cell pool in these patients.
Mini‐review: Regulatory T cells and infection: suppression revisited
Authors: Mittrücker Hans‐Willi , Kaufmann Stefan H. E.
Published: February 2004

Within the last few years, regulatory T cells (Treg cells) have re‐entered the stage of immunology. This astonishing revival is mainly due to recent studies on peripheral tolerance, which demonstrated the existence of Treg cells and allowed the isolation and phenotypic and functional characterization of these cells. However, information on the role of Treg cells in the control of immune responses against infections is still limited, although host defense represents the prime function of the immune system. In this overview, we summarize current knowledge on Treg cells in immunity to infection, discuss potential functions of Treg cells during infection, and finally, point to possible implications of Treg cell functions for our understanding of fundamental aspects of host–pathogen interactions.
Synthesis of 3‐Aryloxy‐2‐iodoemodines by Oxidation of Emodin with (Diacetoxyiodo)arenes
Authors: Daub Katja S. , Habermann Bernd , Hahn Thilo , Teich Lars , Eger Kurt
Published: February 2004

Hypervalent iodine oxidation of emodin (1) with various (diacetoxyiodo)arenes 2a−f in potassium hydroxide/methanol leading to 3‐aryloxy‐1,8‐dihydroxy‐2‐iodo‐anthraquinones 4a−f is reported. Mechanistic studies showed reaction via iodonium ylides. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)