bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Folding Theory for Fantastic Filters in BL-Algebras
Authors: Lele Celestin
Published: April 2013

In this paper, the author examines the notion of n-fold fantastic and fuzzy n-fold fantastic filters in BL-algebras. Several characterizations of fuzzy n-fold fantastic filters are given. The author shows that every n-fold (fuzzy n-fold) fantastic filter is a filter (fuzzy filter), but the converse is not true. Using a level set of a fuzzy set in a BL-algebra, the author gives a characterization of fuzzy n-fold fantastic filters. Finally, the author establishes the extension property for n-fold and fuzzy n-fold fantastic filters in BL-algebras. The author also constructs some algorithms for folding theory applied to fantastic filters in BL-algebras.
Research Intentions are Nothing without Technology
Authors: Ganassali Stéphane , Rodriguez-Santos Carmen
Published: April 2013

The chapter is aimed at showing the Wall of Pictures Web protocol for conducting mixed research in social sciences. There is a rising interest in some alternative research protocols integrating qualitative and quantitative approaches. However, what is missing are concrete illustrations and some methodological guidelines. Thanks to recent Internet survey technologies, we are able to “bridge the quantitative-qualitative divide” and benefit from the blending combination of spontaneous unstructured data, which is later recoded and processed on a large number of cases. Implemented within the Coberen European consumers’ survey, and utilising a combination of multimedia and interactive technological devices, the wall of pictures outcomes has shown some promising perspectives, which are presented and discussed in the chapter.
Techniques for Analyzing Blogs and Micro-Blogs
Authors: Webb Lynne M. , Wang Yuanxin
Published: April 2013

The chapter reviews research techniques commonly used in the study of blogs and micro-blogs, including both quantitative and qualitative analyses. Using published studies as illustrations, each section explains the options before the researcher and how he/she might reasonably choose among the many methodological options.
A Stimulation-Dependent Alternate Core Promoter Links Lymphotoxin α Expression with TGF-β1 and Fibroblast Growth Factor-7 Signaling in Primary Human T Cells
Authors: Yokley Brian H. , Selby Sandra T. , Posch Phillip E.
Published: April 2013

Lymphotoxin (LT)-α regulates many biologic activities, yet little is known of the regulation of its gene. In this study, the contribution to LTA transcriptional regulation of the region between the transcription and translation start sites (downstream segment) was investigated. The LTA downstream segment was found to be required for, and alone to be sufficient for, maximal transcriptional activity in both T and B lymphocytes. The latter observation suggested that an alternate core promoter might be present in the downstream segment. Characterization of LTA mRNAs isolated from primary and from transformed human T cells under different stimulation conditions identified eight unique transcript variants (TVs), including one (LTA TV8) that initiated within a polypyrimidine tract near the 3′ end of the downstream segment. Further investigation determined that the LTA downstream segment alternate core promoter that produces the LTA TV8 transcript most likely consists of a stimulating protein 1 binding site and an initiator element and that factors involved in transcription initiation (stimulating protein 1, TFII-I, and RNA polymerase II) bind to this LTA region in vivo. Interestingly, the LTA downstream segment alternate core promoter was active only after specific cellular stimulation and was the major promoter used when human T cells were stimulated with TGF-β1 and fibroblast growth factor-7. Most importantly, this study provides evidence of a direct link for crosstalk between T cells and epithelial/stromal cells that has implications for LT signaling by T cells in the cooperative regulation of various processes typically associated with TGF-βR and fibroblast growth factor-R2 signaling.
IL-33–Mediated Innate Response and Adaptive Immune Cells Contribute to Maximum Responses of Protease Allergen–Induced Allergic Airway Inflammation
Authors: Kamijo Seiji , Takeda Haruna , Tokura Tomoko , Suzuki Mayu , Inui Kyoko , Hara Mutsuko , Matsuda Hironori , Matsuda Akira , Oboki Keisuke , Ohno Tatsukuni , Saito Hirohisa , Nakae Susumu , Sudo Katsuko , Suto Hajime , Ichikawa Saori , Ogawa Hideoki , Okumura Ko , Takai Toshiro
Published: April 2013

How the innate and adaptive immune systems cooperate in the natural history of allergic diseases has been largely unknown. Plant-derived allergen, papain, and mite allergens, Der f 1 and Der p 1, belong to the same family of cysteine proteases. We examined the role of protease allergens in the induction of Ab production and airway inflammation after repeated intranasal administration without adjuvants and that in basophil/mast cell stimulation in vitro. Papain induced papain-specific IgE/IgG1 and lung eosinophilia. Der f 1 induced Der f 1–specific IgG1 and eosinophilia. Although papain-, Der f 1–, and Der p 1–stimulated basophils expressed allergy-inducing cytokines, including IL-4 in vitro, basophil-depleting Ab and mast cell deficiency did not suppress the papain-induced in vivo responses. Protease inhibitor–treated allergens and a catalytic site mutant did not induce the responses. These results indicate that protease activity is essential to Ab production and eosinophilia in vivo and basophil activation in vitro. IL-33–deficient mice lacked eosinophilia and had reduced papain-specific IgE/IgG1. Coadministration of OVA with papain induced OVA-specific IgE/IgG1, which was reduced in IL-33–deficient mice. We demonstrated IL-33 release, subsequent IL-33–dependent IL-5/IL-13 release, and activation of T1/ST2-expressing lineage−CD25+CD44+ innate lymphoid cells in the lung after papain inhalation, suggesting the contribution of the IL-33–type 2 innate lymphoid cell–IL-5/IL-13 axis to the papain-induced airway eosinophilia. Rag2-deficient mice, which lack adaptive immune cells, showed significant, but less severe, eosinophilia. Collectively, these results suggest cooperation of adaptive immune cells and IL-33–responsive innate cells in protease-dependent allergic airway inflammation.
TAK1–JNK Axis Mediates Survival Signal through Mcl1 Stabilization in Activated T Cells
Authors: Hirata Yasuko , Sugie Ayano , Matsuda Akio , Matsuda Satoshi , Koyasu Shigeo
Published: April 2013

TAK1, a member of MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKK-K) family, can activate JNK, p38 MAPK, and NF-κB signaling pathways. Although targeted gene disruption studies have demonstrated that TAK1 plays a critical role in T cell functions, precise functions of downstream mediators remain elusive. We used the chemical compound LL-Z1640-2, which preferentially suppressed MAPK activation but not NF-κB signal downstream of TAK1. LL-Z1640-2 blocked TCR-induced T cell proliferation and activation, confirming that a TAK1-mediated MAPK signal is essential for T cell activation. LL-Z1640-2 induced apoptosis of activated mouse splenic T cells in a caspase- and caspase-activated DNase–dependent manner. TAK1-JNK pathway, which is activated downstream of IL-2R, induced the phosphorylation of antiapoptotic protein Mcl1 in activated T cells, resulting in the stabilization of Mcl1 protein. Our data uncover that among signal transduction pathways downstream of TAK1, JNK mediates a survival program through Mcl1 stabilization downstream of IL-2R in activated T cells and that blockade of TAK1-JNK pathway can eliminate activated T cells by apoptosis.
Blue Toe Syndrome after the Discontinuation of Statin Therapy in a Patient on Chronic Hemodialysis
Authors: Binnenmars Heleen , Laverman Goos D. , de Vries P.A. Marcel
Published: April 2013

A 72-year old woman on chronic hemodialysis developed cholesterol embolization syndrome after the discontinuation of statin therapy. Four months after starting hemodialysis, statin therapy had been discontinued because she developed aspecific abdominal complaints and wanted to reduce the daily amount of pills. Five months later she developed blue toe syndrome. After restarting lipid-lowering therapy (simvastatin/ezetimibe), the pain and skin lesions diminished and eventually disappeared. Many patients starting hemodialysis use a statin. However, the benefit of statins in patients on chronic hemodialysis is not completely clear. Discontinuation of statin treatment may confer so far unrecognized risks in hemodialysis patients with severe atherosclerosis. In this case, the blue toe syndrome disappeared after restarting cholesterol-lowering treatment.
Caribbean society: Elite networks in Suriname
Authors: Jabini Franklin
Published: April 2013

How to cite this book review: Jabini, F., 2013, �Caribbean society: Elite networks in Suriname�, Verbum et Ecclesia 34(1), Art. #796, 1 page. http://dx.doi. org/10.4102/ve.v34i1.796
Warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia with a Direct Antiglobulin Test Positive for C3 and Negative for IgG: A Case Study and Analytical Literature Review of Incidence and Severity
Authors: Palla Amruth R. , Khimani Farhad , Craig Michael D.
Published: April 2013

Polygenic IgG autoantibodies are implicated in majority of the cases of warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia (WAIHA). In some of these cases, complement (C3) proteins accompany the IgG antibodies. WAIHA mediated by C3 alone is relatively rare. We present an interesting case of WAIHA with a direct antiglobulin test (DAT) positive for C3 but negative for IgG in a 79-year-old woman and perform an analytical literature review of the incidence and severity of this clinical entity.
Placental Malaria in Colombia: Histopathologic Findings in Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum Infections
Authors: Carmona-Fonseca Jaime , Arango Eliana , Maestre Amanda
Published: April 2013

Studies on gestational malaria and placental malaria have been scarce in malaria-endemic areas of the Western Hemisphere. To describe the histopathology of placental malaria in Colombia, a longitudinal descriptive study was conducted. In this study, 179 placentas were studied by histologic analysis (112 with gestational malaria and 67 negative for malaria). Placental malaria was confirmed in 22.35%, 50.0% had previous infections, and 47.5% had acute infections. Typical malaria-associated changes were observed in 37%. The most common changes were villitis, intervillitis, deciduitis, increased fibrin deposition, increased syncytial knots, mononuclear (monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes), polymorphonuclear cell infiltration, and trophozoites in fetal erythrocytes. No association was found between type of placental changes observed and histopathologic classification of placental malaria. The findings are consistent with those reported for placental malaria in other regions. Plasmodium vivax was the main parasite responsible for placental and gestational malaria, but its role in the pathogenesis of placental malaria was not conclusive.
A Systematic Review of the Literature on Cystic Echinococcosis Frequency Worldwide and Its Associated Clinical Manifestations
Authors: Budke Christine M. , Carabin Hélène , Ndimubanzi Patrick C. , Nguyen Hai , Rainwater Elizabeth , Dickey Mary , Bhattarai Rachana , Zeziulin Oleksandr , Qian Men-Bao
Published: April 2013

A systematic literature review of cystic echinoccocosis (CE) frequency and symptoms was conducted. Studies without denominators, original data, or using one serological test were excluded. Random-effect log-binomial models were run for CE frequency and proportion of reported symptoms where appropriate. A total of 45 and 25 articles on CE frequency and symptoms met all inclusion criteria. Prevalence of CE ranged from 1% to 7% in community-based studies and incidence rates ranged from 0 to 32 cases per 100,000 in hospital-based studies. The CE prevalence was higher in females (Prevalence Proportion Ratio: 1.35 [95% Bayesian Credible Interval: 1.16–1.53]) and increased with age. The most common manifestations of hepatic and pulmonary CE were abdominal pain (57.3% [95% confidence interval [CI]: 37.3–76.1%]) and cough (51.3% [95% CI: 35.7–66.7%]), respectively. The results are limited by the small number of unbiased studies. Nonetheless, the age/gender prevalence differences could be used to inform future models of CE burden.
Análisis entre la recirculación medida por termodilución (BTM®) y la presión venosa dinámica inicial como métodos para la detección de estenosis del acceso vascular protésico
Authors: Marín González Jorge Enrique , Guerrero Carrillo José , Andrés Vázquez Mª del Mar , Puente García Adriana
Published: April 2013

Introducción: Los problemas de acceso vascular suponen la mayor causa de morbilidad y mortalidad en el paciente en hemodiálisis. La estenosis es a su vez la principal causa de disfunción del acceso vascular protésico, y cuando éste problema no se logra detectar a tiempo, puede derivar en trombosis.
Existen múltiples procedimientos para la detección de disfunción del acceso vascular desde la exploración física, mediciones de presión y flujo, así como pruebas de imagen no invasivas e invasivas. La Presión Venosa Dinámica inicial, es una herramienta sencilla de seguimiento del acceso vascular.
Objetivos: El objetivo del estudio es correlacionar la presión venosa dinámica inicial y la recirculación como métodos de vigilancia del acceso vascular en pacientes en hemodiálisis.
Material y métodos: Se evaluaron de forma prospectiva 21 pacientes con prótesis durante 1 año. Se registraron signos clínicos y parámetros de medición objetivos como recirculación por termodilución, presión venosa dinámica inicial con flujo de sangre de 200 ml/min, tiempo de hemostasia, y KT/V por OCM, contrastándose con los hallazgos de las pruebas de imagen. Se realizaron mediciones mensualmente, con un total de 244.
Resultados: La prótesis de PTFE representó el 16,6% de los accesos vasculares en nuestra unidad durante el periodo de estudio. La media de edad fue de 63 años con un 57% de mujeres. El tiempo medio de diálisis fue de 225 min con un Kt/V por OCM de 1,44. De los signos clínicos, la mayor incidencia fue presencia de pseudoaneurismas, en un 42,8%. La media de recirculación fue 10,46±2,68% y la presión venosa dinámica inicial 94,51±19,58 mmHg. Se registraron en total 21 eventos: 14 fistulografías+ angioplastia, 4 trombosis con reparación quirúrgica, 2 fistulografías sin necesidad de angioplastia y una trombosis no recuperada.
Cuando se compararon las mediciones de recirculación y presión venosa dinámica inicial, con la aparición de eventos, se encontró relación significativa con la presión venosa dinámica inicial (p
Estudio comparativo de biocompatibilidad entre la hemodiafiltración en línea y la hemodiafiltración con reinfusión endógena
Authors: Cobo Sánchez José Luis , Pelayo Alonso Raquel , Menezo Viadero Raquel , Cuadrado Mantecón Mª Eugenia , Villa Llamazares Camino , Gándara  Revuelta Magdalena , Cepa García Hortensia , Sáez de Buruaga Perea Mª Araceli , Incera Setién Mª Elena , Sainz Alonso Rosa Ana , Vicente Jiménez Mª Yolanda , Sánchez Cano Mª Soraya , García Martínez Mirian , Alonso Nates Rosa , Paule Peñasco Blanca Amelia
Published: April 2013

Objetivo: Comparar la biocompatibilidad entre la hemodiafiltración en línea (HDF) y la hemodiafiltración con reinfusión endógena (HFR).
Material y método: Estudio comparativo observacional en una población de 15 pacientes en hemodiálisis crónica elegidos al azar entre los pacientes de nuestra unidad. Se compararon cambios en el perfil hematológico, nivel de PCR y constantes vitales, pre y post hemodiálisis, tras someterse a ambas técnicas de hemodiafiltración. Se comparó las diferencias entre los parámetros estudiados pre y post hemodiálisis en cada técnica.
Resultados: Los niveles de plaquetas descendieron más en la HDF (HDF -1,33 vs HFR -19,73 x103/mm3, p=0,005). El nivel de leucocitos disminuyó en la HDF y aumentó en la HFR (HDF -0,46 vs HFR +0,8 x103/mm3; p=0,006). Respecto a la fórmula leucocitaria hubo resultados dispares: segmentados HDF -1,7 vs HFR +5,4%, p
Influencia de factores epidemiológicos en la elección de la modalidad de tratamiento renal sustitutivo en la consulta de enfermería de enfermedad renal crónica avanzada
Authors: García Estevez Sonia , Vinagre Rea Gema Mª , Arribas-Cobo Patricia
Published: April 2013

El proceso de información y de elección de la modalidad de diálisis en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica constituye un derecho del paciente y una etapa clave para el tratamiento de la persona que padece dicha enfermedad. Esta elección influirá posteriormente en el estilo y calidad de vida del paciente así como en el de sus cuidadores. Según la ley 41/2002, de 14 de noviembre, básica reguladora de autonomía del paciente y de derechos y obligaciones en materia de información y documentación clínica, la elección de la modalidad de tratamiento de diálisis, se esté o no en lista de trasplante, tiene que hacerla el paciente en todos los casos. El proceso de elección de la modalidad debe, por ley, incluir un consentimiento informado o similar que garantice la información y asimilación del conocimiento necesario por parte del paciente, para que tome una decisión consciente de la modalidad de diálisis que mejor se adecue a su modo de vida. El consentimiento informado debe contener la información básica de la enfermedad, consecuencias de la elección de una modalidad u otra y debe personalizarse para el paciente requiriéndose también la información oral y no solo escrita. La llegada planificada a diálisis facilita la toma de decisiones, al permitir que el paciente reciba en la consulta de de enfermería Enfermedad Renal Crónica Avanzada (ERCA) educación sobre su enfermedad e información sobre las opciones de tratamiento (Hemodiálisis (HD), Diálisis Peritoneal (DP), Trasplante renal (TR), HD Domiciliaria y Tratamiento Conservador).
Adherencia al tratamiento inmunosupresor en el paciente adulto con trasplante renal
Authors: Durán Muñoz Mª Isabel , Lope Andrea Teresa , Pino Jurado Mª Rosario , Matilla Villar Elisa
Published: April 2013

En España durante el año 2010 se hicieron 2225, de los cuales 420 se realizaron en Madrid. (www.ont.es) El número de trasplantes renales realizados en este hospital desde sus inicios en el año 1980, son 1740. El cumplimiento adecuado del tratamiento inmunosupresor es fundamental en este tipo de pacientes, ya que la no adherencia al tratamiento puede ser la causa de la pérdida del injerto renal; se ha comprobado lo importante que es seguir correctamente dicho tratamiento junto con hábitos de vida saludables para que mejore también la supervivencia del paciente(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9). La adherencia al tratamiento puede ser una causa modificable, donde tiene un papel importante la enfermería, interviniendo de manera activa en la educación sanitaria del paciente trasplantado(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8), de ahí, que nos planteemos conocer el grado de adherencia que tienen nuestros pacientes con trasplante renal. Es difícil detectar los receptores de trasplante renal que no son adherentes al tratamiento inmunosupresor, pero a su vez es importante identificarlos para poder actuar con prontitud y en consecuencia, pues en muchas ocasiones, se puede sospechar de un mal cumplimiento del tratamiento, sin afirmarlo hasta que realmente lo reconoce el paciente(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8). La adherencia al tratamiento se debe al adecuado cumplimiento terapéutico inmunosupresor, que engloba dos conceptos: el cumplimiento de dosis y forma de administración y, la persistencia en la duración del tratamiento prescrito(1,2,3,4,5,6,7).
Modeling of daytime HONO vertical gradients during SHARP 2009
Authors: Wong K. W. , Tsai C. , Lefer B. , Grossberg N. , Stutz J.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. Nitrous acid (HONO) acts as a major precursor of the hydroxyl radical (OH) in the urban atmospheric boundary layer in the morning and throughout the day. Despite its importance, HONO formation mechanisms are not yet completely understood. It is generally accepted that conversion of NO2 on surfaces in the presence of water is responsible for the formation of HONO in the nocturnal boundary layer, although the type of surface on which the mechanism occurs is still under debate. Recent observations of higher than expected daytime HONO concentrations in both urban and rural areas indicate the presence of unknown daytime HONO source(s). Various formation pathways in the gas phase, and on aerosol and ground surfaces have been proposed to explain the presence of daytime HONO. However, it is unclear which mechanism dominates and, in the cases of heterogeneous mechanisms, on which surfaces they occur. Vertical concentration profiles of HONO and its precursors can help in identifying the dominant HONO formation pathways. In this study, daytime HONO and NO2 vertical profiles, measured in three different height intervals (20–70, 70–130, and 130–300 m) in Houston, TX, during the 2009 Study of Houston Atmospheric Radical Precursors (SHARP) are analyzed using a one-dimensional (1-D) chemistry and transport model. Model results with various HONO formation pathways suggested in the literature are compared to the the daytime HONO and HONO/NO2 ratios observed during SHARP. The best agreement of HONO and HONO/NO2 ratios between model and observations is achieved by including both a photolytic source of HONO at the ground and on the aerosol. Model sensitivity studies show that the observed diurnal variations of the HONO/NO2 ratio are not reproduced by the model if there is only a photolytic HONO source on aerosol or in the gas phase from NO2* + H2O. Further analysis of the formation and loss pathways of HONO shows a vertical dependence of HONO chemistry during the day. Photolytic HONO formation at the ground is the major formation pathway in the lowest 20 m, while a combination of gas-phase, photolytic formation on aerosol, and vertical transport is responsible for daytime HONO between 200–300 m a.g.l. HONO removal is dominated by vertical transport below 20 m and photolysis between 200–300 m a.g.l.
Laboratory studies of immersion and deposition mode ice nucleation of ozone aged mineral dust particles
Authors: Kanji Z. A. , Welti A. , Chou C. , Stetzer O. , Lohmann U.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. Ice nucleation in the atmosphere is central to the understanding the microphysical properties of mixed-phase and cirrus clouds. Ambient conditions such as temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH), as well as aerosol properties such as chemical composition and mixing state play an important role in predicting ice formation in the troposphere. Previous field studies have reported the absence of sulphate and organic compounds on mineral dust ice crystal residuals sampled at mountain top stations or aircraft based measurements despite the long range transport mineral dust is subjected to. We present laboratory studies of ice nucleation for immersion and deposition mode on ozone aged mineral dust particles for 233 < T < 263 K that will represent ageing but not internal mixing with in(organic) compounds. Heterogeneous ice nucleation of untreated kaolinite (Ka) and Arizona Test Dust (ATD) particles is compared to corresponding aged particles that are subjected to ozone exposures of 0.4–4.3 ppmv in a stainless steel aerosol tank. The portable ice nucleation counter (PINC) and immersion chamber combined with the Zurich ice nucleation chamber (IMCA – ZINC) are used to conduct deposition and immersion mode measurements respectively. Ice active fractions as well as ice active surface site densities (ns) are reported and observed to increase as a function of temperature. We present first results that demonstrate enhancement of the ice nucleation ability of aged mineral dust particles in both the deposition and immersion mode due to ageing. Additionally, these are also the first results to show a suppression of heterogeneous ice nucleation without the condensation of a coating of (in)organic material. In immersion mode, low exposure Ka particles showed enhanced ice activity requiring a median freezing temperature of 1.5 K warmer than that of untreated Ka whereas high exposure ATD particles showed suppressed ice nucleation requiring a median freezing temperature of 3 K colder than that of untreated ATD. In deposition mode, low exposure Ka had ice active fractions of an order of magnitude higher than untreated Ka, where as high exposure ATD had ice active fractions up to a factor of 4 lower than untreated ATD. Based on our results, we present parameterizations in terms of ns(T) that can represent ice nucleation of atmospherically aged and non-aged particles for both immersion and deposition mode. We find excellent agreement (to within less than a factor of 2) with field measurements when parameterizations derived from our results are used to predict ice nuclei concentrations in the troposphere.
A multivariate climate index for the western coast of Colombia
Authors: Rodríguez-Rubio E.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. Indices of the interannual and interdecadal variability at Tumaco Island (2° N; 79° W; Colombia), based on time series of sea surface temperature (SST), air temperature (AT) and precipitation (P) from a coastal station, are presented regarding the period 1960–2010. These indices are derived from the first two EOF (empirical orthogonal function) modes of the normalized time series, which grasp 84% of the explained variance. The first EOF represents the interannual variability closely correlated with the ENSO-related SST variability of region Niño 1+2 (r = 0.74; lag = 1), Niño 3 (r = 0.71; lag = 1), and the well-known period band 2–8 yr. Furthermore, the first EOF also accounts for the extreme warm events in the eastern equatorial Pacific due to them being well correlated with the E index (r = 0.70). The second EOF represents a much longer variability dominated by the ENSO-like mode or Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), represented by two interdecadal modes (8–16 yr and 20–30 yr), and may account also with moderate warm events and cool events, being more sensitive to cool events.
Retrieval of aerosol parameters from the oxygen A band in the presence of chlorophyll fluorescence
Authors: Sanders A. F. J. , de Haan J. F.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. We have investigated precision of retrieved parameters for a generic aerosol retrieval algorithm over vegetated land using the O2 A band. Chlorophyll fluorescence is taken into account in the forward model. Fluorescence emissions are modeled as isotropic contributions to the upwelling radiance field at the surface and they are retrieved along with aerosol parameters. Precision is calculated by propagating measurement noise using the forward model's derivatives. We assume that measurement noise is dominated by shot noise; thus, results apply to grating spectrometers in particular. In a number of retrieval simulations, we describe precision for various atmospheric states, observation geometries and spectral resolutions of the instrument. Our results show that aerosol optical thickness, aerosol pressure, fluorescence emission and surface albedo can be simultaneously retrieved from the O2 A band. We also show that most of the fluorescence signal is provided by filling-in of the O2 A band and to a lesser extent by filling-in of Fraunhofer lines.
Estimating carbonate parameters from hydrographic data for the intermediate and deep waters of the Southern Hemisphere Oceans
Authors: Bostock H. C. , Mikaloff Fletcher S. E. , Williams M. J. M.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. Using GLODAP and CLIVAR ocean carbon data, we have developed several multiple linear regression (MLR) algorithms to estimate alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the intermediate and deep waters of the Southern Hemisphere (south of 25° S) from only hydrographic data (temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen). A Monte Carlo experiment was used to identify a potential density (σθ) of 27.5 as an optimal break point between the two regimes with different MLR algorithms. The algorithms provide a good estimate of DIC (R2=0.98) and alkalinity (R2=0.91), and excellent agreement for aragonite and calcite saturation states (R2=0.99). Combining the algorithms with the CSIRO Atlas of Regional Seas (CARS), we have been able to map the calcite saturation horizon (CSH) and aragonite saturation horizon (ASH) for the Southern Ocean at a spatial resolution of 0.5°. These maps are more detailed and more consistent with oceanography than the gridded GLODAP data. The high resolution ASH map reveals a dramatic circumpolar shoaling at the Polar Front. North of 40° S the CSH is deepest in the Atlantic (~ 4000 m) and shallower in the Pacific Ocean (~ 2750 m), while the CSH sits between 3200 and 3400 m in the Indian Ocean.
Application of DVC-FISH method in tracking Escherichia coli in drinking water distribution networks
Authors: Mezule L. , Larsson S. , Juhna T.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. Sporadic detection of live (viable) Escherichia coli in drinking water and biofilm with molecular methods but not with standard plate counts has raised concerns about the reliability of this indicator in the surveillance of drinking water safety. The aim of this study was to determine spatial distribution of different viability forms of E. coli in a drinking water distribution system which complies with European Drinking Water Directive (98/83/EC). For two years coupons (two week old) and pre-concentrated (100 times with ultrafilters) water samples were collected after treatment plants and from four sites in the distribution network at several distances. The samples were analyzed for total, viable (able to divide as DVC-FISH positive) and cultivable E. coli. The results showed that low numbers of E. coli enters the distribution sytem from the treatment plants and tend to accumulate in the biofilm of water distribution system. Almost all of the samples contained metabolically active E. coli in the range of 1 to 50 cells per litre or cm2 which represented approximately 53% of all E. coli detected. The amount of viable E. coli significantly increased into the network irrespective of the season. The study has shown that DVC-FISH method in combination with water pre-concentration and biofilm sampling allows to better understand the behaviour of E. coli in water distribution networks, thus, it provides new evidences for water safety control.
Opportunities and challenges for the use of scintillometer-based catchment-averaged evapotranspiration estimates as model forcing
Authors: Samain B. , Pauwels V. R. N.
Published: April 2013

Abstract. To date, lumped rainfall-runoff models rely on rough estimates of catchment-averaged potential evapotranspiration (ETp) rates as meteorological forcing. A model parameter converts this ETp input into actual evapotranspiration (ETact) estimates. This paper examines the potential use of scintillometer-based ETact rates for rainfall-runoff modeling. It has been found that the reservoir-structure of the rainfall-runoff model functions as a low-pass filter for the ETp input. If the long-term volume of the ETp used in the model simulations is consistent with the data set used for calibration, a good match of the seasonal pattern, using temporally constant ETp data, is sufficient to obtain adequate discharge simulations. However, these results are then obtained with strongly erroneous evapotranspiration estimates. A better match of the diurnal cycle does not lead to better model results. Replacing the ETp inputs by scintillometer-based ETact estimates does not lead to better model predictions. Small underestimations of ETact under stable conditions, which occur at night and during the Winter, and which accumulate to significant amounts, are the cause of this problem. Consistent with other studies, the scintillometer-based ETact estimates can be considered reliable and realistic under unstable conditions. These values can thus be used as forcing for rainfall-runoff models.
Stepwise assembly of the human replicative polymerase holoenzyme
Authors: Hedglin Mark , Perumal Senthil K , Hu Zhenxin , Benkovic Stephen
Published: April 2013

In most organisms, clamp loaders catalyze both the loading of sliding clamps onto DNA and their removal. How these opposing activities are regulated during assembly of the DNA polymerase holoenzyme remains unknown. By utilizing FRET to monitor protein-DNA interactions, we examined assembly of the human holoenzyme. The results indicate that assembly proceeds in a stepwise manner. The clamp loader (RFC) loads a sliding clamp (PCNA) onto a primer/template junction but remains transiently bound to the DNA. Unable to slide away, PCNA re-engages with RFC and is unloaded. In the presence of polymerase (polδ), loaded PCNA is captured from DNA-bound RFC which subsequently dissociates, leaving behind the holoenzyme. These studies suggest that the unloading activity of RFC maximizes the utilization of PCNA by inhibiting the build-up of free PCNA on DNA in the absence of polymerase and recycling limited PCNA to keep up with ongoing replication.
Improved use of a public good selects for the evolution of undifferentiated multicellularity
Authors: Koschwanez John H , Foster Kevin R , Murray Andrew W
Published: April 2013

We do not know how or why multicellularity evolved. We used the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to ask whether nutrients that must be digested extracellularly select for the evolution of undifferentiated multicellularity. Because yeast use invertase to hydrolyze sucrose extracellularly and import the resulting monosaccharides, single cells cannot grow at low cell and sucrose concentrations. Three engineered strategies overcame this problem: forming multicellular clumps, importing sucrose before hydrolysis, and increasing invertase expression. We evolved populations in low sucrose to ask which strategy they would adopt. Of 12 successful clones, 11 formed multicellular clumps through incomplete cell separation, 10 increased invertase expression, none imported sucrose, and 11 increased hexose transporter expression, a strategy we had not engineered. Identifying causal mutations revealed genes and pathways, which frequently contributed to the evolved phenotype. Our study shows that combining rational design with experimental evolution can help evaluate hypotheses about evolutionary strategies.
A sticky solution
Authors: Gresham David
Published: April 2013

Selection favours single-celled mutants that stick together when a sugar needed for growth is in short supply, suggesting that multicellular life may have evolved as a by-product of selection for more efficient usage of resources.
Microwave Monolithic Power Amplifier Design
Authors: Campbell Charles
Published: April 2013

This article describes some key elements of high‐frequency microwave monolithic integrated circuit (MMIC) power amplifier design. An example specification for a 23‐GHz, two‐stage saturated power amplifier is provided and described in detail illustrating how the requirements impact the overall design. This is followed by an analysis of measured transistor data to determine an appropriate device cell for the amplifier. The detailed design of the MMIC is described in the next section including circuit synthesis, simulation, layout of the microstrip matching networks, and the impact of external components. The article is concluded with a section on how to perform a stability analysis of the final MMIC power amplifier.
Electron Beam Welding of High Alloy CrMnNi Cast Steels with TRIP/TWIP Effect
Authors: Buchwalder Anja , Rüthrich Karsten , Zenker Rolf , Biermann Horst
Published: April 2013

Thermal joining of newly developed, high alloy CrMnNi cast steels showing the TRansformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) and/or TWinning Induced Plasticity (TWIP) effect is an essential prerequisite for its industrial application as structural components. It is particularly appropriate to use high energy beam welding processes like laser and electron beams for this task because of their characteristically precise and short time‐interval energy inputs, which result in minimized thermal loading of the base material. Welding by electron beam (EB) proved to be particularly advantageous because of its rapid beam deflection and, furthermore, the excellent possibilities exhibited by beam guidance in achieving optimized welding results (geometry, prevention of pores, and cracks). The present paper deals with initial investigations of EB‐welded high alloy TRIP/TWIP cast steels. Using available EB equipment, a maximum welding depth of 26 mm was achieved. Excellent weldability for all investigated materials was demonstrated. The crack and pore‐free welding seams showed a slight increase in hardness of 50 HV0.3 compared to the base material. Tensile tests carried out on welded and unwelded specimens showed no significant decrease in their mechanical properties. Rupture of the welded specimens occurred outside of the welding seam.
Model‐based design of a plant‐wide control strategy for a continuous pharmaceutical plant
Authors: Lakerveld Richard , Benyahia Brahim , Braatz Richard D. , Barton Paul I.
Published: April 2013

The design of an effective plant‐wide control strategy is a key challenge for the development of future continuous pharmaceutical processes. This article presents a case study for the design of a plant‐wide control structure for a system inspired by an end‐to‐end continuous pharmaceutical pilot plant. A hierarchical decomposition strategy is used to classify control objectives. A plant‐wide dynamic model of the process is used to generate parametric sensitivities, which provide a basis for the synthesis of control loops. Simulations for selected disturbances illustrate that the critical quality attributes (CQAs) of the final product can be kept close to specification in the presence of significant and persistent disturbances. Furthermore, it is illustrated how selected CQAs of the final product can be brought simultaneously to a new setpoint while maintaining the remaining CQAs at a constant value during this transition. The latter result shows flexibility to control CQAs independently of each other. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 3671–3685, 2013
Synthesis of biopolyols by mild oxypropylation of liquefied starch and its application to polyurethane rigid foams
Authors: Yoshioka Mariko , Nishio Yoshiyuki , Saito Daisuke , Ohashi Hironori , Hashimoto Masayuki , Shiraishi Nobuo
Published: April 2013

The liquefaction of starch in the presence of commercial polyol resulted in liquefaction products (LPs) with much lower hydroxyl values compared to those resulting from glycerol liquefaction. With the use of the obtained LPs (as initiators) and a catalytic amount of potassium hydroxide, oxypropylation was conducted under mild conditions (at 120°C, inner pressure generation of <0.2 MPa). Urethane resin foams were prepared from the obtained biopolyols. The reactivities of the biopolyols toward isocyanates were almost the same as those of commercial polyols. The physical properties of the obtained foams were as good or better than the ones obtained with the commercial polyols, including the sucrose/glycerol polyol GR‐84T. The biomass content values of the foams prepared with the biopolyols ranked among the highest in the world. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Retraction: Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological–Pharmacological Evaluation of New Phosphazenes Bearing Dioxybiphenyl and Schiff Base Groups
Authors: Cil Erol , Tanyildizi Mehmet Ali , Ozen Furkan , Boybay Mustafa , Arslan Mustafa , Gorgulu Ahmet Orhan
Published: April 2013

Retraction Statement

The following article from the Archiv der Pharmazie,“Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological–Pharmacological Evaluation of New Phosphazenes Bearing Dioxybiphenyl and Schiff Base Groups” by Erol Cil, Mehmet Ali Tanyildizi, Furkan Ozen, Mustafa Boybay, Mustafa Arslan and Ahmet Orhan Gorgulu, published online on 13 March 2012 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor‐in‐Chief Prof. Holger Stark and Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA Weinheim. The retraction has been agreed due to errors in the biological‐pharmacological results data and in the discussion and conclusions based on these data.
Sex differences in spatial abilities of medical graduates entering residency programs
Authors: Langlois Jean , Wells Georges A. , Lecourtois Marc , Bergeron Germain , Yetisir Elizabeth , Martin Marcel
Published: April 2013

Sex differences favoring males in spatial abilities have been known by cognitive psychologists for more than half a century. Spatial abilities have been related to three‐dimensional anatomy knowledge and the performance in technical skills. The issue of sex differences in spatial abilities has not been addressed formally in the medical field. The objective of this study was to test an a priori hypothesis of sex differences in spatial abilities in a group of medical graduates entering their residency programs over a five‐year period. A cohort of 214 medical graduates entering their specialist residency training programs was enrolled in a prospective study. Spatial abilities were measured with a redrawn Vandenberg and Kuse Mental Rotations Tests in two (MRTA) and three (MRTC) dimensions. Sex differences favoring males were identified in 131 (61.2%) female and 83 (38.8%) male medical graduates with the median (Q1, Q3) MRTA score [12 (8, 14) vs. 15 (12, 18), respectively; P < 0.0001] and MRTC score [7 (5, 9) vs. 9 (7, 12), respectively; P < 0.0001]. Sex differences in spatial abilities favoring males were demonstrated in the field of medical education, in a group of medical graduates entering their residency programs in a five‐year experiment. Caution should be exerted in applying our group finding to individuals because a particular female may have higher spatial abilities and a particular male may have lower spatial abilities. Anat Sci Educ 6: 368–375. © 2013 American Association of Anatomists.
Molecular Assembly of an Achiral Phosphine and a Chiral Primary Amine: A Highly Efficient Supramolecular Catalyst for the EnantioselectiveMichael Reaction of Aldehydes with Maleimides
Authors: Yang Wei , Jiang Ke‐Zhi , Lu Xing , Yang Hua‐Meng , Li Li , Lu Yixin , Xu Li‐Wen
Published: April 2013

A combined catalyst system of a cinchonidine‐derived primary amine and triphenylphosphine (CD‐NH2/PPh3) exhibited high catalytic performance in the Michael reaction of aldehydes with maleimides, thereby affording the corresponding functionalized aldehydes in excellent yields (up to 99 %) and enantioselectivities (>99 % ee). More interestingly, the significance of the phosphine in enhancing the enantioselectivities in the chiral‐primary‐amine‐catalyzed Michael reaction was revealed. Furthermore, we explored the origin of the reaction mechanism in the Michael addition promoted by the dual organocatalytic system. On the basis of experimental results and spectroscopic analysis, such as UV/Vis, fluorescence emission (FL), NMR, and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, as well as ESI‐MS, we found that the molecular assembly of phosphine and primary amine played a crucial role in this enantioselective reaction, in which a possible supramolecular complex was formed as an effective chiral catalyst through noncovalent molecular interactions of a cinchona alkaloid‐derived primary amine with triphenylphosphine.
Verfahren zur Berechnung von Stützwänden
Authors: Franke D. , Neuberg C. , Winkler A.
Published: April 2013

Es werden ein Berechnungsalgorithmus und Programm zur Berechnung von Stützwänden vorgestellt, welches eine bessere Berücksichtigung der Bodeneigenschaften als herkömmliche Bettungszahlverfahren erlaubt. Es kann sowohl für den stützenden als auch für den belastenden Erddruck eine nichtlinear elastisch‐plastische Mobilisierungsfunktion definiert werden, um damit den unmittelbaren Zusammenhang von Erddruck und Verschiebung zu erfassen. Es entfallen die in vielen Verfahren verwendeten linear wirkenden Federauflager zur Simulierung des Erdwiderstandes. Als Ergebnis der Berechnungen erhält man die Verformungen der Baugrubenwand, den mobilisierten Erddruck, die Summe aller vertikalen Kräfte und Schnittkräfte sowie den Ausnutzungsgrad der passiven Erddruckkraft.
Modellierung von diskontinuierlich verbundenen Holz‐Beton‐Verbunddecken ‐ Teil 2: Langzeittragverhalten
Authors: Grosse M. , Hartnack R. , Rautenstrauch K.
Published: April 2013

Im Teil 1 dieses Beitrages wurde gezeigt, daß bei diskontinulerlich verbundenen Holz‐Beton‐Verbunddecken das in der DIN 1052 dargestellte Gamma‐Verfahren nur sehr begrenzt für die Abschätzung des Tragverhaltens geeignet ist. Für die praxisgerechte Berechnung und Dimensionierung solcher Verbunddeckenelemente kann daher das im Teil 1 vorgestellte Stabwerksmodell verwendet werden. Ergänzend hierzu werden im Teil 2 die Ergebnisse der Langzeitsimulation des Tragverhaltens auf Basis dieses Stabwerkmodells vorgestellt. In dem verwendeten Simulationsprogramm können sowohl das klimaabhängige Kriech‐ und Schwindverhalten der beiden Baustoffe Holz und Beton als auch gegebenenfalls auftretende Nichtlinearitäten und Temperatureinflüsse realitätsnah berücksichtigt werden. Aufbauend auf diese Simulationen werden dem Tragwerksplaner Hinweise zur Abschätzung des Langzeittragverhaltens von Holz‐Beton‐Verbundkonstruktionen mittels üblicher Stabwerksprogramme gegeben.
Faltung von textilen Membranen bei wandelbaren Leichtbaukonstruktionen
Authors: Göppert Knut , Paech Christoph , Balz Markus
Published: April 2013

Unlängst wurden zwei der weltweit größten wandelbaren Dächer fertig gestellt. Die faltbaren Dächer des Nationalstadions Warschau und BC Place in Vancouver sind beide nahezu 10000 m2 groß. Während das Stadion in Warschau mit einer mechanisch vorgespannten Membran realisiert wurde, erhielt das Stadion in Vancouver aufgrund der hohen Schneelasten pneumatisch stabilisierte Kissen. Im folgenden Bericht wird speziell auf die erforderlichen Materialeigenschaften für wandelbare Membrankonstruktionen eingegangen, da ein immer wiederkehrender Faltungsvorgang eine signifikante Beanspruchung für das Material und seine Beschichtung bedeutet. Anhand von neu entwickelten Testmethoden wird beschrieben, wie in Abhängigkeit des Entwurfes die passenden Materialien gewählt wurden.

Folding of textile membranes in retractable lightweight structures

Two of the largest retractable membrane roofs in the world were recently completed. The National Stadium in Warsaw and BC Place Stadium in Vancouver have retractable membrane portions each with sizes up to 10000 m2. The Stadium in Warsaw has a mechanically pre‐stressed membrane while the structure in Vancouver uses inflated membrane cushions to withstand severe snow loading. In the following article required material properties for retractable membrane solutions will be discussed, since the repetitive folding of the membrane during the retraction puts significant demands to the textile material and its coating system. By means of especially developed testing methods it is described how the most suitable membrane material can be found, taken into account the concept design of the project.