bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Single-cell transcriptomic analyses provide insights into the cellular origins and drivers of brain metastasis from lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Wang Zihao , Wang Yaning , Chang Mengqi , Wang Yuekun , Liu Peng , Wu Jianqiang , Wang Guige , Tang Xiaoyue , Hui Xiangyi , Liu Penghao , Guo Xiaopeng , Xing Bing , Wang Yu , Han Zhijun , Ma Wenbin
Published: January 2023

Background

Brain metastasis (BM) is the most common intracranial malignancy causing significant mortality, and lung cancer is the most common origin of BM. However, the cellular origins and drivers of BM from lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) have yet to be defined.

Methods

The cellular constitutions were characterized by single-cell transcriptomic profiles of 11 LUAD primary tumor (PT) and 10 BM samples (GSE131907). Copy number variation (CNV) and clonality analysis were applied to illustrate the cellular origins of BM tumors. Brain metastasis-associated epithelial cells (BMAECs) were identified by pseudotime trajectory analysis. By using machine-learning algorithms, we developed the BM-index representing the relative abundance of BMAECs in the bulk RNA-seq data indicating a high risk of BM. Therapeutic drugs targeting BMAECs were predicted based on the drug sensitivity data of cancer cell lines.

Results

Differences in macrophages and T cells between PTs and BMs were investigated by single-cell RNA (scRNA) and immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence data. CNV analysis demonstrated BM was derived from subclones of PT with a gain of chromosome 7. We then identified BMAECs and their biomarker, S100A9. Immunofluorescence indicated strong correlations of BMAECs with metastasis and prognosis evaluated by the paired PT and BM samples from Peking Union Medical College Hospital. We further evaluated the clinical significance of the BM-index and identified 7 drugs that potentially target BMAECs.

Conclusions

This study clarified possible cellular origins and drivers of metastatic LUAD at the single-cell level and laid a foundation for early detection of LUAD patients with a high risk of BM.
A Public Problem, 1867–1905
Authors: Gray Elizabeth Kelly
Published: January 2023

Drug addiction in America began to receive sustained public attention in the late 1860s, with publications promoting treatments, describing habitués’ abasement, and defending white, middle-class users. Publications, including habitués’ memoirs and doctors’ writings, made people who were addicted feel less isolated. Most writings focused on opiates, especially morphine, while chloral hydrate was briefly a drug of choice. Doctors sought effective treatments, and charlatans promoted quack remedies to “cure” addiction. Descriptions of users’ degradation intrigued readers while conveying how intense addiction could be. Some writers defended businessmen—“brain workers”—who became addicted. They asserted that their workdays, hectic due to rapid means of transportation and communication, drained their energy. Consequently, they took drugs to restore their vitality. These writers suggested that the workdays of “muscle workers” were unhurried and that, therefore, they had no need or excuse to use drugs. Such a view ignored other prevalent sources of anxiety.
Setting the Scene
Authors: Lawson Robert
Published: January 2023

Chapter 2 introduces the key terms used throughout the book, including sex, gender, men, male, and masculinity. It also describes some of the approaches in the study of men and masculinities, including hegemonic masculinity, positive masculinities, toxic masculinities, and caring masculinities, in addition to sketching out a brief history of language and masculinities studies, showing how this work becomes part of the broader field of language, gender, and sexuality. Finally, the chapter sets out a discussion of men, masculinities, and gender politics, particularly in relation to power and violence.
Approaches to Analyzing Language and Masculinities
Authors: Lawson Robert
Published: January 2023

Chapter 3 introduces the methodological nuts and bolts used in the analyses, contextualizing the book in relation to existing studies in the field of language and masculinities. It outlines the data that form the basis of the analytical accounts in later chapters, from newspaper articles and television shows to social networking sites and online forums, setting out why these are useful locales for the study of language and masculinities. It also introduces the different methodologies used to explore these data sets, including critical discourse analysis and corpus linguistics, showing how existing research in these areas has contributed to our understanding of language and masculinities. The chapter ends by discussing a number of issues related to ethics, the impact of the EU General Data Protection Regulation on linguistic research, working with ‘unlikeable subjects’, and the question of researcher safety and managing risk.
The Language of Fatherhood 2.0
Authors: Lawson Robert
Published: January 2023

Chapter 8 examines the online construction of fatherhood. As such, this work dovetails with an emergent research agenda which is broadly concerned with the intersection of fatherhood and digital technologies, especially social media spaces. The chapter has three aims. The first is to sketch out some of the background literature on fatherhood and masculinities. The second is to discuss existing work in language and gender studies which focuses on parenting, tracing the main concerns of this research as they relate to motherhood and fatherhood. Building on the caring masculinities approach, the chapter then presents an analysis of data collected from a fatherhood forum. This analysis is one of the first attempts to unite a critical analysis of fatherhood and masculinities with close attention to the linguistic practice deployed by fathers in online spaces.
“Hi-yo, Silver!”The Birth of TV Music
Authors: Burlingame Jon
Published: January 2023

Chapter 1 explores the beginnings of music for television, which follows radio tradition by using classical music for some shows (The Lone Ranger), and original scores for a very few series (Dragnet), while most—the result of the American musicians’ union’s insistence upon high fees—utilize libraries of generic dramatic music or go overseas to record music that enables producers to skirt union rules. Movie studios (Fox, Disney, Warner Bros.) eventually create content for TV and commission original scores. One major film composer near the end of his career (Victor Young) scores a series, while another just starting out, CBS’s Jerry Goldsmith, emerges from live TV before moving on to success in motion pictures.
“My name is Kunta Kinte”Made-for-TV Movies and Miniseries
Authors: Burlingame Jon
Published: January 2023

Made-for-TV movies and miniseries, which begin in the early 1960s, have attracted high-profile composers: Oscar winners like Franz Waxman and Malcolm Arnold finished their careers with telefilms, while John Williams earned his first two Emmys for TV-movies (Heidi, Jane Eyre) en route to an Oscar-laden career in fllms. Michel Legrand’s “Brian’s Song” was a hit, and James Bond composer John Barry came to TV for acclaimed work in the 1970s. Four of five Emmys won by Jerry Goldsmith were for TV-movies and miniseries, including QB VII and Masada, both films that appealed to his Jewish ancestry. The landmark Roots had behind-the-scenes musical turmoil as Quincy Jones was fired but won an Emmy anyway. Bruce Broughton won a record 10 Emmys, mostly for TV-movies and miniseries, and Basil Poledouris won for Lonesome Dove, TV’s finest western. Ennio Morricone came to TV with brilliant scores for Moses and Marco Polo, but hated how his music was treated and vowed not to return to American TV. Maurice Jarre’s Jesus of Nazareth and Shogun benefited from his ethnomusicological approach to far-off places and times. Laurence Rosenthal’s Peter the Great won an Emmy for his authentic treatment of ancient Russian sounds. Rich Man, Poor Man (Alex North), The Thorn Birds (Henry Mancini), and Sins (Francis Lai) boasted scores by top film composers. Leading American classical composers contributed scores for King Lear (Virgil Thomson), Hemingway (Aaron Copland), and the history of CBS (Leonard Bernstein).
“This is the way”Music for Cable and Streaming Services
Authors: Burlingame Jon
Published: January 2023

Music for cable and streaming services, unencumbered by commercial network restrictions, was an attractive outlet for composers in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. And changing times also meant more opportunities for women and people of color as composers for TV. Early examples: the Latin jazz theme for Sex and the City, the Django Reinhardt–style Monk, and the Caribbean-influenced Dexter music. The Sopranos and The Wire broke precedent by going without conventional scores, only songs in the narrative. Thomas Newman won an Emmy for his Six Feet Under theme; the music of House of Cards won two more, Game of Thrones two more for music in the wildly popular fantasy series (also inspiring millions of YouTube takeoffs on the theme). Up-and-comer Bear McCreary scored multiple cable series, including the revived Battlestar Galactica and the new Outlander. Spinoffs from older shows include Star Trek: Discovery and Lost in Space, both with compelling orchestral scores. Period pieces including Deadwood, Rome, The Tudors, and The Borgias offered memorable, appropriate music. Michael Kamen did his best work for the HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon and the World War II Band of Brothers, and Thomas Newman wrote one of the greatest scores in TV history for Angels in America—none even nominated for the Emmy, pointing up flaws in the voting procedures. Laura Karpman did lauded work for the sci-fi Taken. Music supervision gained traction as a key component in many series, notably Grey’s Anatomy and Glee on network, Breaking Bad on cable.
Introduction
Authors: Dal Prete Ivano
Published: January 2023

Historians of geology have occasionally pointed to flaws and discrepancies in the traditional account of the eighteenth-century “discovery” of geological time. However, a combination of cultural blindness and the state of scholarship in relevant fields have always prevented in-depth analyses and the elaboration of a more consistent alternative. This study builds on recent literature, an interdisciplinary approach, and on previously unexploited sources to deliver a radically new history of deep time that discloses the complexity, social reach, and intellectual boldness of medieval and early modern Earth history. By overturning the assumption of an eighteenth-century “discovery” of deep time, On the Edge of Eternity shows that an ancient Earth was imaginable, imagined, and freely and openly discussed.
Vernacular Earths, 1250–1500
Authors: Dal Prete Ivano
Published: January 2023

The notion of a timeless Earth was not restricted to the small intellectual elite that communicated in Latin. This chapter focuses on medieval and early Renaissance Tuscany to show that the idea of an ancient world spread unhindered in vernacular culture and was easily appropriated by artists, craftsmen, and merchants. The Earth and its strata were extensively studied for practical reasons by builders, hydraulic engineers, and water prospectors, while artists began to portray its surface as a landscape of natural ruins scarred by the passing of time. When the most famous of the Renaissance artists/engineers, Leonardo da Vinci, turned to the problem of the nature and evolution of the Earth in the early 1500s, the idea that the terraqueous globe might have been only a few thousand years old never crossed his mind.
Morphology
Authors: Leben William R. , Kessler Brett , Denning Keith
Published: January 2023

This chapter introduces the basic types of word structure and illustrates how words can be broken down into meaningful constituents. Every word has at least a root. Some words have more than one root, and in many words the root combines with affixes to form complex words. One of the challenges of word analysis is that the meaning of a word element may change depending on neighboring elements. English also coins some new words by blending two or more elements without regard for their morphological structure. For example, the word webinar, created by blending web with seminar, ignores the morphological structure of seminar (base semin + ending -ar) and simply replaces the first syllable, sem, with web. Blends like this one are highly popular nowadays, but most English words are the products of affixation or compounding.
Regular Allomorphy; Numeric Elements
Authors: Leben William R. , Kessler Brett , Denning Keith
Published: January 2023

Some English allomorphy is quite regular. This chapter describes a representative set of predictable allomorphs as the output of phonological rules applying to the original, classical pronunciations. The fifteen rules in this chapter involve assimilation, deletion, insertion, rhotacism, weakening, vowel coloring, and coalescence of consonants. The chapter ends with a section on morphemes for numbers. Included are very small and very large ones, most of them based on classical Latin or Greek.
Controlling affordability: pricing and taxation strategies
Authors: Babor Thomas F. , Casswell Sally , Graham Kathryn , Huckle Taisia , Livingston Michael , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Sornpaisarn Bundit
Published: January 2023

This chapter considers the aims, mechanisms, and effects of alcohol taxation and pricing policies, two crucial economic strategies that have substantial implications for the prevention of alcohol-related problems. Economic research and theory are reviewed to evaluate how alcohol taxation and prices affect alcohol consumption and associated harms and what other factors moderate the effects of price changes. Hundreds of studies demonstrate that alcohol prices have an effect on alcohol consumption and related problems, including mortality rates, crime, and traffic accidents. Alcohol taxes are thus an attractive instrument of alcohol policy, as they can be used both to generate direct revenue for the government and to reduce alcohol-related harms. In addition to alcohol excise tax rates, evidence supports the proposition that raising the minimum price of the cheapest beverages is effective in influencing heavy drinkers and in reducing rates of harm.
Regulating the physical availability of alcohol
Authors: Babor Thomas F. , Casswell Sally , Graham Kathryn , Huckle Taisia , Livingston Michael , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Sornpaisarn Bundit
Published: January 2023

This chapter reviews the scientific evidence on limiting the physical availability of beverage alcohol as an approach to reducing alcohol consumption and problems. It focuses on the nature of the regulatory systems used to manage alcohol sales and reviews the literature on restrictions relating to when, where, and to whom alcohol can be sold. Studies of restrictions on alcohol availability support the conclusion that such strategies can contribute to the reduction of alcohol problems. The best available evidence comes from studies of changes in retail availability, including reductions in the hours and days of sale, limits on the number of alcohol outlets, and restrictions on retail access to alcohol for young people. These studies consistently show that restrictions on availability are associated with reductions in both alcohol use and alcohol-related problems, although effectiveness can vary, depending on contexts, drinking cultures, and enforcement levels.
Education and persuasion strategies
Authors: Babor Thomas F. , Casswell Sally , Graham Kathryn , Huckle Taisia , Livingston Michael , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Sornpaisarn Bundit
Published: January 2023

Education and persuasion efforts favouring abstention, drinking less, or avoiding harms from drinking are common but in many societies operate as counter-advertising, given the substantial commercial marketing of alcohol. The main approaches which are described in this chapter include: public information campaigns; warning labels and drinking guidelines; school-based and family-inclusive programmes; and higher education-based programmes. The studies of these approaches find effectiveness in changing drinking behaviour or harms is generally limited, with some targeted programmes showing more success. Also described are programmes to build community support for public health-oriented alcohol policies, which show some success in that aim.
The policy process: multiple stakeholders and multiple agendas
Authors: Babor Thomas F. , Casswell Sally , Graham Kathryn , Huckle Taisia , Livingston Michael , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Sornpaisarn Bundit
Published: January 2023

This chapter uses a political economy framework to answer the following questions. Who are the major players in the alcohol policy area? How does each player contribute to the policymaking process? What is their individual and collective impact on public health? The major stakeholders involved in the formulation, implementation, and enforcement of alcohol policy include government legislative bodies, health professionals, non-governmental organizations, the scientific community, the mass media, and commercial interests linked to the alcoholic beverage industry. An appreciation of the various players in the alcohol policy arena can heighten our understanding of the following fundamental conclusion—alcohol policy is often the product of competing interests, values, and ideologies. This chapter shows how industry interests diverge considerably from those of public health professionals and non-governmental organizations, and that working in partnership with the alcohol industry is likely to lead to ineffective policy in terms of public health and welfare.
Conclusion
Authors: Gilbert Margaret
Published: January 2023

This discussion addresses a number of topics relating to the author’s perspective on our life in groups and, in particular, our collective psychology as this is understood in everyday life. It first compares the author’s account of collective intentions with that of Michael Bratman from the point of view of “creature construction,” estimating that creatures endowed with collective intentions according to the author’s account would be more efficient in carrying out tasks requiring the contributions of two or more of them. Turning to collective emotions, it distinguishes collective emotions on the author’s account from otherconsequential emotion-related aspects of life in groups, including “feeling-rules”, which may be directed to both individuals and groups. It makes a related point about beliefs, alluding in particular to pluralistic ignorance, which related collective beliefs as those are understood by the author would be apt to explain. It goes on to spotlight the idea that conversation—a central component of life in groups—is a context for collective-belief formation, linking this point to classic positions in the philosophy of language of David Lewis and Robert Stalnaker. Next it turns to collective moral responsibility and responds to some critical comments on the author’s account of this. Finally, it briefly explores the relationship of joint commitment thinking to moral thinking, arguing in relation to some suggestions from Michael Tomasello that though joint commitment thinking may be an important prompt for moral thinking, it should be distinguished from it.
Citizen engagement
Authors: Boswell John
Published: January 2023

Chapter 7 examines the pursuit of authentic citizen engagement through a citizens’ assembly undertaken through the Kingston-upon-Thames council on the issue of air quality. Drawing on the unique opportunity afforded to me as a participant-observer at the event, I share the experience of an exciting but ultimately frustrating experiment in deliberative democracy. Nonetheless, I argue that the appeal to the ideal of engagement worked a kind of magic, helping actors inside and outside the council to push along progress on clean air action without becoming enmired in the inertia that can typify the multi-level and intersectoral politics of wicked problems. I find important affinities between these insights and the emergence of a ‘deliberative systems’ approach to understanding democratic innovations in participatory governance across normative theory, interpretive policy analysis and science and technology studies.
Effective and Legitimate Governance in Areas of Limited Statehood
Authors: Stollenwerk Eric
Published: January 2023

How can effective and legitimate governance be ensured where state institutions are weak? This is a key question for domestic and international politics. One answer to this question that has received considerable attention in political science, but also among development agencies and international organizations, is virtuous circles of governance. In such circles, effective and legitimate governance are believed to be mutually reinforcing. More effectiveness leads to more legitimacy, and more legitimacy to more effectiveness in governance. In many parts of the world, however, state institutions are weak and citizens perceive governance as ineffective and governance actors lack legitimacy. This places a large question mark behind the idea of virtuous circles of governance. This book asks: how likely are virtuous circles of governance to evolve in areas of limited statehood? The central claim of this book is that virtuous circles of governance are possible in areas of limited statehood, but more likely to evolve for external and non-state actors than for the state. The state is often part of the governance problem rather than the solution. Based on a new theoretical model for the interplay between effective and legitimate governance, the study provides in-depth empirical evidence, drawing on innovative qualitative and quantitative data. The cases of Sub-Saharan Africa, Nigeria, and Afghanistan underline the key argument by considering state, external, and non-state actors. The book offers conceptual innovations, new empirical evidence, and policy recommendations of how to ensure effective and legitimate governance in areas of limited statehood.
Conclusion: A Chance for Virtuous Circles of Governance
Authors: Stollenwerk Eric
Published: January 2023

This concluding chapter summarizes the key findings of the book. The central claim of the study – that virtuous circles of governance are possible in areas of limited statehood, but are more likely to evolve for external and non-state actors than for the state – rethinks the interplay between effective and legitimate governance more generally. Taking this argument into account, the conclusion points out the broader consequences that this research has for several debates in the fields of international relations and comparative politics. Moreover, the conclusion turns to the policy implications that the findings have for political actors building their policies on the virtuous circle argument, such as the World Bank, the OECD, or NORAD. The book ends with ideas for future research dealing with questions of effective and legitimate governance in areas of limited statehood.
Fear without Cause and Rabies in Juan Manuel’sExemplo47
Authors: López González Luis F.
Published: January 2023

This chapter sheds new light on Juan Manuel’s employment of humoral theory and melancholic discourses as means of enhancing the dramatic effect of his masterpiece Conde Lucanor. Until now, Juan Manuel scholars have interpreted the enigmatic behavior of the Moorish female character in exemplo 47 as religiously superstitious and incoherent. Chapter 4 challenges these interpretations, alleging that Juan Manuel was aware of the medical epistemology of rabies and Galenic theory of humors in general that categorized her symptoms under the wide umbrella of rabies and melancholia. Analyzing the mora’s fears through the lens of medical/philosophical theories of melancholy allows us to find a rational explanation for the character’s seemingly irrational behavior, as there is a clear continuity between her behavior and symptomatology and those of the rabid characters in King Alfonso’s Cantigas, a text that inspired Juan Manuel to write his own Libro de cantigas (now lost).
“Mano en Mexilla”: The Lovesick Poet inLibro de buen amor
Authors: López González Luis F.
Published: January 2023

This chapter continues engaging with the phenomenon of lovesickness. This part, though, probes the medical discourses of amor hereos that arch over the entirety of Juan Ruiz’ masterpiece Libro de buen amor. Upon a closer look, it becomes evident that Juan Ruiz was steeped in the medical and philosophical traditions of lovesickness that dominated pan-European discourses during his time. It is less obvious, however, that the archpriest fashions his literary persona (and alter ego) as a lovelorn character whose predisposition for lovesickness stems from three main causes: his melancholic complexion, his planetary influence (he alleges he was born under the sign of Venus), and naturalism (he invokes Aristotle to claim that all men are inclined to follow their carnal appetites). Coupled with a comprehensive analysis of the medical discourses that show his clear understanding of lovesickness, this section studies the ways in which melancholia and lovesickness shape the behavior and subjectivity of Don Melón and Doña Endrina in the Ruizian poem.
Expectations of Accountability
Authors: Glasius Marlies
Published: January 2023

Struggles over accountability have become central to contemporary politics. Not only states, but also institutions like universities, charities, churches, companies, and international organizations are now widely deemed to be subject to an ‘accountability paradigm’. The premise of this book is that with the proliferation of expectations of accountability, incentives for powerholders to find ways of sabotaging accountability have also proliferated. It attaches the adjective ‘authoritarian’ to such practices. It will show how, instead of focusing exclusively on authoritarian regimes, or on authoritarian personalities, political scientists can and should study (that is, define, operationalize, observe, classify, analyse) authoritarian practices. Authoritarian practices in a global age also go ‘beyond the state’ in the sense that they cross borders and that they are not carried out by government agents alone. In this book, we see government agents collaborating with each other as well as with international organization staff, religious leaders, criminal enterprises, or corporate entities.
Authoritarian Practices as Accountability Sabotage
Authors: Glasius Marlies
Published: January 2023

This chapter introduces and elucidates a practice-oriented concept of authoritarianism. It opens with a brief history of authoritarianism as a political science concept, concluding that its evolution has culminated in an exclusively state-centred, negative, and election-focused usage that produces blind spots in empirical observation. Two conceptual moves are made to get to a redefinition. First, the chapter identifies authoritarian practices, rather than authoritarian systems, as the unit of analysis. Second, it introduces the concept of ‘accountability sabotage’. Authoritarian practices are then defined as ‘a pattern of actions, embedded in an organized context, sabotaging accountability to people over whom a configuration of actors exerts a degree of control, or their representatives, by disabling their voice and disabling their access to information’. Each element of this definition is clarified in turn. In the concluding section, a distinction is made between authoritarian practices—the main subject of this book—and illiberal practices.
Informal Multilateral Authoritarian Practices
Authors: Glasius Marlies
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines extraordinary rendition, involving many political actors across the globe but led by the CIA, as a case study of informal multilateral authoritarianism. It focuses on the silencing, secrecy, and disinformation surrounding rendition rather than on the treatment of those detained as such. The chapter starts with detailed accounts of two cases: so-called ‘high-value detainee’ Abu Zubaydah, who ended up in Guantanamo Bay, and the simpler case of Abu Omar, kidnapped in Italy and kept in detention in Egypt. It then zooms out to examine broader multilateral authoritarian practices relating to rendition both in so-called ‘high-value’ and ‘bilateral’ cases. The extraordinary rendition programme was a classic ‘covert op’. Its primary actors were always aware of how controversial it was and were devoted to its secrecy. Long after the existence of the programme as such was exposed, members of the CIA still went to tremendous lengths to keep the sites at which ‘high value detainees’ were held secret. More broadly, members of the US Administration maintained the consistent claim, against all the evidence, that ‘enhanced interrogation’, i.e. torture, saved lives.
Rainer Forst’s Justification Paradigm of Critical Theory
Authors: Ibsen Malte Frøslee
Published: January 2023

Chapter 10 reconstructs Forst’s emerging justification paradigm and his account of the basic right to justification. Starting from this foundational moral right, Forst develops a critical theory of society conceived as multiple contexts of justice and relations of justification and noumenal power, which is developed from the beginning with a view to the global context of application. The chapter argues that the Kantian constructivism at the heart of Forst’s justification paradigm enables a critical theory of world society to escape the two dead-ends posed by Habermas’s and Honneth’s respective paradigms. Eschewing both the formality of Habermas’s proceduralism and the strictures of Honneth’s Hegelian method of normative reconstruction and critique, a Kantian-constructivist approach is able to embrace both a reconstructive approach to existing institutions of social freedom and an imaginative political construction of the transnational or even global institutions necessary for submitting global capitalism to democratic control and averting a planetary disaster.
The Impact of Public Opinion on Political Action
Authors: Walgrave Stefaan , Soontjens Karolin , Sevenans Julie
Published: January 2023

The chapter shows that the reluctance of politicians to follow public opinion is a normative ideal rather than an empirical reality. Once politicians are asked about their daily work, it immediately becomes clear that their public opinion perceptions have a pervasive influence on their political undertakings. Perceptions matter. Foremost, (perceived) public opinion has a strong agenda-setting effect. Representatives choose to invest in initiatives where they have the public on their side and to abort or postpone initiatives for which there presumably is no support. They rarely deliberately cross their own electorate and when they do, preventive measures are put in place to avoid (electoral) harm. Politicians confirm that besides generating congruent policies, communication is one of the reasons why having accurate public opinion perceptions is so important. If they (exceptionally) decide to go against public opinion, they want to anticipate citizens’ reactions and to adapt their explanations accordingly.
Inaccuracy of Politicians’ Individual Public Opinion Perceptions and the Difference between Good and Bad Raters
Authors: Walgrave Stefaan , Soontjens Karolin , Sevenans Julie
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the inaccuracy of individual politicians. It demonstrates that the size of the error in politicians’ individual public opinion estimations is overall quite large. Politicians, although constantly preoccupied with public opinion, hardly do better at grasping public preferences than ordinary citizens (who were asked to perform the exact same estimation task). And, while certain politicians hold more accurate perceptions than others, it is not the case that more influential politicians have more accurate perceptions than their colleagues. Leading politicians are not more accurate than backbenchers, and the same applies to issue specialists, more senior politicians, and so on. Therefore, actual policies, probably mainly determined by these influential politicians, frequently draw on erroneous public opinion perceptions. Moreover, the chapter explains that understanding public opinion is not a matter of effort; those politicians who say they spend a lot of time mastering public opinion, are no better at it either.
Isotropic linear elasticity
Authors: Anand Lallit , Kamrin Ken , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: January 2023

This chapter introduces the constitutive equation for a linear isotropic elastic material. The notion of a quadratic strain-energy function is used to derive the general form of the linear elastic stress-strain relation for fully anisotropic materials. The restriction of this relation for isotropic materials is then introduced in various forms, providing definitions for the common elastic constants—namely, shear modulus, bulk modulus, Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio; the interrelations between these moduli are also discussed. Thermoelastic stress-strain relations are presented for the isotropic case. Tables of values of elastic moduli for common materials are also included. The linear isotropic stress-strain relations are then used in the equations of equilibrium to generate the Navier–Cauchy displacement equations of equilibrium. Common boundary conditions are described, and the boundary-value problem for isotropic linear elasticity is stated.
Stress concentration
Authors: Anand Lallit , Kamrin Ken , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: January 2023

This chapter considers the concentration of stress around a circular hole in a large plate. The two canonical problems of far-field radial loading and far-field tension are considered in detail. For both cases, cylindrical coordinates are employed to develop the solutions. These two cases are illustrative of the general concept of stress concentration and stress concentration factor—a concept which is further discussed for an elliptical crack-like defect in a plate under far-field tension. The role of such stress concentration sites as places at which a crack can nucleate and cause fracture of the structure is emphasized.
Limits to elastic response
Authors: Anand Lallit , Kamrin Ken , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: January 2023

This chapter presents conditions for determining the limits to elastic behaviour for isotropic materials. Common limiting theories are discussed, including models for brittle tensile failure and ductile yield. Rankine’s failure criterion for brittle materials in tension is discussed. For ductile yield of polycrystalline metallic materials, the pressure-independent Mises and Tresca yield conditions are discussed, and for yield of granular materials the pressure-dependent Coulomb–Mohr and Drucker–Prager yield conditions are presented.
One-dimensional plasticity
Authors: Anand Lallit , Kamrin Ken , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: January 2023

This chapter introduces plasticity in a one-dimensional setting. The phenomenology of the elastic-plastic response of isotropic polycrystalline materials in a tension test is discussed. The additive decomposition of the strain into an elastic part and a plastic part is introduced, along with the concept of an equivalent tensile plastic strain. The notion of a yield condition and a plastic flow rule, together with the concept of isotropic strain-hardening are discussed, and complete models for both rate-independent and rate-dependent elastoplasticity are formulated. In addition, basic numerical methods for evaluating both rate-independent and rate-dependent plasticity models are presented.
Three-dimensional rate-dependent plasticity
Authors: Anand Lallit , Kamrin Ken , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: January 2023

This chapter introduces the three-dimensional Mises–Hill-type theory of rate-dependent plasticity, also known as viscoplasticity. The decomposition of the strain tensor into elastic and viscoplastic parts is presented and a general flow-strength function—which can depend on the equivalent tensile plastic strain, the equivalent tensile plastic strain rate, and temperature—is discussed. A complete three-dimensional model of viscoplasticity is formulated using the assumption of co-directionality. Special attention is paid to the cases of power-law rate-sensitivity. A power-law rate-dependent model for modelling creep of metals at high homologous temperatures is also discussed.
Three-dimensional linear viscoelasticity under isothermal conditions
Authors: Anand Lallit , Kamrin Ken , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: January 2023

This chapter presents a three-dimensional constitutive equation for isotropic linear viscoelasticity under isothermal conditions in its stress-relaxation integral form. A stress-relaxation function in shear, Gr(t), is introduced, while the bulk response is characterized by a time-independent constant bulk modulus, K. A special Prony series form for Gr(t) based on the generalized Maxwell model is also discussed. The mixed displacement and traction boundary-value problem for isotropic linear viscoelasticity is also discussed. The correspondence principle for three-dimensional problems is also presented.
Continuous-fiber polymer-matrix composites
Authors: Anand Lallit , Kamrin Ken , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the mechanics of the deformation and failure response of laminated continuous-fiber polymer-matrix composites. Starting from a discussion of the on-axis and off-axis anisotropic elastic response of a unidirectional lamina, the classical lamination theory for thin plates is discussed, and laminate constitutive equations for force and moment resultants are derived. The widely used special case of symmetric laminates for which the bending-stretching coupling vanishes is discussed, and several examples of symmetric laminates are given. The topic of failure of laminated composites is also discussed. First, the dominant micromechanical failure modes for a unidirectional composite are delineated, and then three widely used continuum-level criteria for failure of such composites are presented. Use of these continuum-level failure criteria for a unidirectional composite for the prediction of first-ply-failure of a multi-directional laminate is discussed.
Women, Fancy Fairs, and Social Reform
Authors: Thorne-Murphy Leslee
Published: January 2023

At the end of James Joyce’s “Araby,” the protagonist finds himself walking through a large charity bazaar, gazing into the just-darkened upper galleries, as the last of the stalls close around him. He has arrived too late to succeed in his quest of obtaining a memento for the girl he longs to please, and his sense of failure and disillusionment is palpable. One might assume that Joyce was taking a decidedly Modernist stance in utilizing a quintessentially Victorian bazaar as a setting for ironic reflection. Yet, Joyce was actually drawing upon an established cultural and literary trope. A close look at nineteenth-century bazaars demonstrates that these philanthropic marketplaces were defying expectations and inviting self-critique from their inception. Bazaars distilled the very essence of Victorian philanthropic moral earnestness while at the same time allegorizing the futile and alienating excesses of Victorian ethics and might. They were sites of strident advocacy and yet also of pointed critique. This book parses the culture and literature of the British charity bazaar, from its origins in the Georgian period, through the nineteenth century to the time of Joyce, exploring the complex and contradictory characteristics that made it a vital fundraising method, a means of explicit and defiant political engagement for women, and a literary device that reshapes our understanding of Victorian social reform fiction.
The Reasons We Teach Science
Authors: Rudolph John L.
Published: January 2023

This chapter describes the primary reasons we have historically taught science in school. These are science education for culture, better thinking, utility, and democratic decision-making. The utility argument has three versions—science education for personal utility (that is, learning science to solve everyday personal problems, like repairing a broken lamp), national security (that is, science for weapons development and defense technology), and economic growth (science for technological and industrial innovation). All of these are typically divided into two categories: science education for technical training (that is, preparing future scientists and technical workers) and science education for general education (that is, science for the citizen.)
Should We Be Training More Scientists? The Numbers Say No
Authors: Rudolph John L.
Published: January 2023

This chapter begins by describing the common assumption that schools need to prepare more students for technical careers and that the best way to do this is to teach for technical content knowledge in science courses. It examines this assumption by looking at statistics from places such as the National Center for Education Statistics, the National Science Foundation, and the Bureau of Labor Statistics to see, in fact, how many beginning high school students go on to earn science or science-related postsecondary degrees and then go on to employment in science-related occupations. It finds that only a fraction of students (about 6 percent) end up following this path. Moreover, data from various sources show similarly that only a fraction of occupations in the United States are in science or science-related fields. This illustrates that school science courses should, therefore, not focus primarily on the technical training goal of science education, but rather on teaching science for the citizen or non-science-bound student.
The Failure of Scientific Literacy
Authors: Rudolph John L.
Published: January 2023

This chapter describes the origin and development of the idea of scientific literacy as a means of representing the various goals of science education for the layperson (that is, those not intending to pursue science-related careers). Early efforts to teach science to the non-specialist came with the introduction of the subject of “general science” in the 1910s. The first references to scientific literacy can be traced back to just after World War II. The concept changed considerably over the years, and researchers have defined and measured levels of scientific literacy in various ways since its introduction into public discourse. It has meant everything from public appreciation of the culture of the scientific community to individual mastery of technical content for economic goals. As a result, the idea of scientific literacy has done more to obscure the goals of science education than it has to help clarify them.
How Well Does “The Science Education We Have” Actually Work?
Authors: Rudolph John L.
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines to what extent the traditional, content-focused science education provides students with the assumed general-education benefits of being able to solve everyday problems, participate in democratic decision-making, and appreciate its cultural contributions. Looking at research from the fields of cognitive psychology, science education, and science communication, it reveals that knowing the facts and theories of science do little to help in any of these areas. People, instead, rely on a range of ethical, emotional, political, and social factors in making decisions and getting on in the everyday world. So, not only is traditional, content-focused science education unnecessary for training future scientists and technical workers, it does a poor job preparing students for the duties of life and citizenship.
Science for Better Thinking and the Limits of “Doing” Science
Authors: Rudolph John L.
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the evidence for the commonly held assumption that engaging students in scientific practice, or “doing” science, leads to enhanced scientific-reasoning skills and a deeper understanding of what science is and how it works. Research from science education shows, however, that, despite repeated calls to engage students in scientific work (via laboratory, scientific inquiry activities, or immersion in research experiences), science teachers rarely engage students in such work. This is because of their own limited experience with scientific research and the lack of curriculum materials that effectively capture what authentic science is all about. In addition, research from cognitive and developmental psychology shows that even in ideal circumstances, it is extremely difficult for students to learn to reason scientifically and that—even if they did—the assumption that those skills would translate into better everyday thinking is not supported by the evidence.
How To Get There
Authors: Rudolph John L.
Published: January 2023

The radical changes needed in science education will be difficult to accomplish. There are a number of forces keeping the status quo intact, including science teachers teaching the same, content-focused way they have been taught, the societal emphasis on standards and standardized assessment, enduring assumptions about the connections between technical training and economic prosperity, and the deep-seated function of science education serving as a means of sorting and credentialing students for college admission and future careers. In order to effect the necessary change, we need to revitalize the civic mission of the high school, change the way we prepare science teachers, and build a science education based on evidence.
Legal Strategies
Authors: Gloppen Siri , Gerzso Thalia , van de Walle Nicolas
Published: January 2023

This chapter provides a typology of legal strategies that African autocrats exploit to stay in power and legal strategies used by the opposition and civil society to resist autocratization. It distinguishes between strategies aimed at changing the law in formal terms (constitutional and legislative lawfare), strategies that rely on the discretionary space of the law (administrative lawfare), strategies using courts and quasi-judicial bodies to alter the meaning of the law or unleash the force of criminal law against opponents (judicial lawfare), and strategies mobilizing support and public legitimacy invoking rights or law (socio-discursive strategies). Through empirical examples, the chapter explores variation on the use of each of these legal manipulation strategies. The analysis shows that, first, legal mechanisms are key to recent autocratic strategies to retain power. Second, autocratic legalism has been facilitated by a failure of the constitutional reforms of the early 1990s to place effective limits on executive power. Third, law and courts have, in many countries, been the “friendliest” space for opposition actors, who have used legal mechanisms to challenge incumbents, in some cases preventing democratic backsliding or clawing back lost terrain. Both autocratic and pro-democratic lawfare is more extensive in certain countries and periods of time, and the chapter explores the conditions under which they are more dominant and likely to succeed.