bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cover Picture: Macromol. Mater. Eng. 9/2006
Authors: Grunlan Jaime C. , Kim Yeon‐Seok , Ziaee Saeed , Wei Xin , Abdel‐Magid Beckry , Tao Kun
Published: September 2006

Cover: The picture on the cover shows how a segregated network of carbon nanotubes is formed when a polymer emulsion is used as the composite matrix. A freeze‐fractured cross‐ section of poly(vinyl acetate) containing 1.3 vol.‐% single‐walled carbon nanotubes highlights this network, which dramatically improves composite modulus above the glass transition temperature. Further details can be found in the article by J. C. Grunlan,* Y.‐S. Kim, S. Ziaee, X. Wei, B. Abdel‐Magid, and K. Tao on page 1035.
Open‐label flexible‐dose pilot study to evaluate the safety and tolerability of aripiprazole in patients with psychosis associated with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Friedman Joseph H. , Berman Robert M. , Goetz Christopher G. , Factor Stewart A. , Ondo William G. , Wojcieszek Joanne , Carson William H. , Marcus Ronald N.
Published: September 2006

Psychosis affects at least 5% to 8% of medication‐treated patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). Treatment options include reducing medications used for the treatment of PD‐related motor symptoms or introducing an atypical antipsychotic drug. Only clozapine has been demonstrated to be efficacious and tolerated in double‐blind controlled trials. This study evaluated the effect of aripiprazole, an atypical antipsychotic, on psychosis in PD in an open‐label pilot study. Fourteen patients meeting entry criteria were started on aripiprazole 1 mg/day and titrated up to a maximum dose of 5 mg as needed. Subjects were evaluated on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) part III for motor function, the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) for psychiatric response. Statistically significant improvement in mean BPRS and positive BPRS subscales occurred with open‐label aripiprazole, but eight subjects discontinued the study due to worsened Parkinsonism (three), worsened psychosis (two), worsening of both (two), and lack of efficacy (one). While some patients had a favorable response, aripiprazole was associated with an exacerbation of motor symptoms. In this small study on psychosis in PD, aripiprazole did not appear promising. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Neurofilament heavy‐chain NfHSMI35 in cerebrospinal fluid supports the differential diagnosis of Parkinsonian syndromes
Authors: Brettschneider Johannes , Petzold Axel , Süßmuth Sigurd D. , Landwehrmeyer Georg B. , Ludolph Albert C. , Kassubek Jan , Tumani Hayrettin
Published: September 2006

We aimed to evaluate the potential of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) axonal damage biomarker NfHSMI35 in the laboratory‐supported differential diagnosis of parkinsonian syndromes. Patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD; n = 22), multiple‐system atrophy (MSA; n = 21), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP; n = 21), corticobasal degeneration (CBD; n = 6), and age‐matched controls (n = 45) were included. CSF levels of NfHSMI35 were measured using ELISA. Levels of CSF NfHSMI35 were elevated in PSP compared to PD and controls (P < 0.05 each). They were also significantly higher in MSA than in PD and controls (P < 0.05 each). NfHSMI35 differentiated PD from PSP with a sensitivity of 76.5% and a specificity of 94.4%. Axonal damage as measured by CSF NfHSMI35 is most prominent in the more rapidly progressive syndromes PSP and MSA as compared to PD or CBD. CSF NfHSMI35 may therefore be of some value for the laboratory‐supported differential diagnosis of atypical parkinsonian syndromes. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Microarray analysis of the developing cortex
Authors: Semeralul Mawahib O. , Boutros Paul C. , Likhodi Olga , Okey Allan B. , Van Tol Hubert H.M. , Wong Albert H.C.
Published: September 2006

Abnormal development of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is associated with a number of neuropsychiatric disorders that have an onset in childhood or adolescence. Although the basic laminar structure of the PFC is established in utero, extensive remodeling continues into adolescence. To map the overall pattern of changes in cortical gene transcripts during postnatal development, we made serial measurements of mRNA levels in mouse PFC using oligonucleotide microarrays. We observed changes in mRNA transcripts consistent with known postnatal morphological and biochemical events. Overall, most transcripts that changed significantly showed a progressive decrease in abundance after birth, with the majority of change between postnatal weeks 2 and 4. Genes with cell proliferative, cytoskeletal, extracellular matrix, plasma membrane lipid/transport, protein folding, and regulatory functions had decreases in mRNA levels. Quantitative PCR verified the microarray results for six selected genes: DNA methyltransferase 3A (Dnmt3a), procollagen, type III, alpha 1 (Col3a1), solute carrier family 16 (monocarboxylic acid transporters), member 1 (Slc16a1), MARCKS‐like 1 (Marcksl1), nidogen 1 (Nid1) and 3‐hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (heart, mitochondrial) (Bdh). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol, 2006
Tooth wear in two ancient populations of the Khazar Kaganat region in the Ukraine
Authors: Arnold W. H. , Naumova E. A. , Koloda V. V. , Gaengler P.
Published: September 2006

Tooth wear is a common phenomenon in archaeological material. It has been related to the abrasiveness of diet and to the tribological attrition of teeth of individuals. Numerous investigations have been carried out in north and middle American samples as well as African anthropological material. Not much is known about tooth wear in European cultures. Eleven skulls from Chervona Gusarovka, and 14 skulls from the Upper Saltov sites of the Khazar Kaganat region (8th–10th centuries AD) in eastern Ukraine, with different diets were examined. A total of 208 teeth were studied for tooth wear, caries prevalence and periodontal status. Abrasion grades were determined according to a standardised classification and statistically evaluated. Periodontal status was measured using the distance between the enamel‐cementum junction and alveolar crest and the gingival attachment level respectively. Tooth wear was significantly different (P < 0.01) between the two populations. A low caries prevalence of 4.2% in the Chervona Gusarovka population and 1.7% in the Upper Saltov population was found. Significantly more alveolar crest bone resorption on the lingual side was found in the premolars and anterior teeth of the Chervona Gusarovka population. No significant differences were found regarding gingival attachment levels and gingival recession. It is concluded that the content and mode of food preparation influenced tooth wear, as reflected by the prevalence of dental caries and periodontal diseases in these ancient populations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamics of a self‐trapped quasiparticle in a one‐dimensional molecular lattice with two phonon modes
Authors: Natanzon Yu. , Brizhik L. S. , Eremko A. A.
Published: September 2006

In this work we study numerically the dynamics of a self‐trapped quasiparticle (electron, hole or excitation) in a one‐dimensional molecular chain with two phonon modes, one acoustical and one optical. This model generalizes the model of Davydov solitons and Holstein polaron model: Davydov solitons are formed by a quasiparticle interacting with acoustical phonons, and Holstein polarons are formed due the interaction with optical phonons. Our model describes soliton‐like (large polaron) states in soft quasi‐one‐dimensional systems, such as conducting polymers, alpha‐helical polypeptide macromolecules, DNA etc. For the purpose of modelling self‐trapping of quasiparticles without any influence of chain boundaries, we consider a molecular chain with periodic boundary conditions. Then, to study the dynamics of quasiparticles in such states, we use the adiabatic acceleration method. We show that soliton velocity is an oscillating function of time. These oscillations are caused by the presence of optical vibrations and by the Peierls–Nabarro barrier formed by discrete lattice. We also show that self‐trapping of a quasiparticle takes place at random dynamical lattice potential induced by some random initial conditions for acoustical and optical phonons, provided the random range constant, i.e., the amplitude of random field, is not too big. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Crystal structure and vibrational analysis of novel nonlinear optical L‐histidinium tetrafluoroborate (L‐HFB) single crystals
Authors: Gokul Raj S. , Ramesh Kumar G. , Mohan R. , Jayavel R. , Varghese Babu
Published: September 2006

Single crystals of L‐histidinium tetrafluoroborate (L‐HFB) were grown by slow evaporation of an aqueous solution at room temperature. The crystal structure has been elucidated through single crystal X‐ray crystallography. The infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopic measurements fully confirm the X‐ray crystal structure. The potential role of hydrogen bonds of the title crystal and its influence on interaction between the L‐histidinium cation and tetrafluoroborate anion has been discussed in detail. The crystal is a very good second harmonic generator. Its powder SHG efficiency is calculated as deff = 1.70 deff (KDP). (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural correlation of band‐gap modifications induced in mercury telluride by dimensional constraint in single walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Sloan J. , Carter R. , Meyer R. R. , Vlandas A. , Kirkland A. I. , Lindan P. J. D. , Lin G. , Harding J. , Hutchison J. L.
Published: September 2006

A unique tubular structure for mercury telluride HgTe grown inside narrow single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is described with both Hg and Te in novel coordination geometries. Two unique projections were obtained by high resolution transmission electron microscopy from two separate encapsulated crystal fragments enabled reconstruction of a three dimensional atomic arrangement structurally consistent with both fragments. The observed structure was separately determined by quantum mechanical calculations that confirmed the global stability of the HgTe structure and demonstrated conclusively that it arises as a result of its constrained low‐dimensionality. We have also calculated that this structural change is correlated directly with a fundamentally modified electronic structure resulting in the transformation of HgTe from a bulk semimetal to a semiconductor when confined within a SWNT. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A useful identification method to build low‐order transfer function models based on frequency response for small‐signal stability analysis
Authors: Tada Yasuyuki
Published: September 2006

This paper presents a scheme of small‐signal stability analysis for very large radial power systems. Generally, a radial power system can be easily classified as one main system and some external systems. Therefore, if accurate low‐order model of the external systems could be identified, the analysis effort for small‐signal stability can be reduced. Some dynamic reduction methods are proposed. Especially, the frequency‐domain least‐squares approximation methods, which are powerful and have high numerical reliability. This paper proposes a modal rebuild logic to improve the result obtained by the frequency‐domain least‐squares approximation methods. The proposed method provides high accuracy and a practical low‐order transfer function model. This paper introduces the usefulness of the proposed method with some numerical examples. In addition, merging sophisticated data handling and advanced applications in order to reduce human efforts is also discussed. This paper mentions the importance of automated node ID handling in order to realize the classification of system data into some partial data sets. © 2006 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of core diameter of cylindrical polymer insulators on contamination flashover voltage—part I
Authors: Gautam Basanta Kumar , Matsumura Shigeki , Sakanishi Kenji , Matsuoka Ryosuke , Ito Masatoshi
Published: September 2006

This paper presents the investigation results of the effect of the core diameter on the flashover voltage of cylindrical polymer insulators under contaminated and heavy fog conditions. The specimens had the same or very similar shed profiles but different core diameters. The results confirmed a large reduction in flashover voltage when the core diameter was increased from 26 mm for transmission line insulators to 73 mm for post insulators; however, change is not so significant from post insulators to bushing shells having larger core diameters. Higher flashover voltages of line insulators are attributable to the large difference in the leakage current density between the trunk and shed portions so that the wetting conditions are very different between these portions. This causes the applied voltage to the whole insulator to be divided and allotted to almost all the dried trunks, preventing the concentration of the applied voltage to only a few portions, resulting in higher flashover voltages. The quantitative assessment of contamination flashover voltage characteristics of hydrophobic polymer insulators presented in this paper will be helpful in the selection and design of polymer insulators for contamination areas. © 2006 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Voltage balancing control of chain link converter application to interconnection system
Authors: Konishi Hiroo , Verma Suresh C. , Sugimoto Shigeyuki , Ogawa Shigeaki
Published: September 2006

An application of the chain link converter (CLC) system, which consists of multiple single‐phase voltage source converters (VSCs) connected in parallel or series, is studied as interconnection systems. In a CLC‐high voltage direct current transmission (HVDC) system, single‐phase converters must be connected in series on the DC side to make the DC voltage high, and the DC voltage of each converter must be controlled to the same value to get an appropriate capacity. This paper describes a DC voltage balancing control (DVBC) method between series converters. Simulations and simulator tests in steady states and in transient states were carried out to confirm behaviors of the CLC‐HVDC system. Those results confirmed the viability of CLC applications to interconnection systems. © 2006 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Comparisons between impulse voltage calibrators and digitizers
Authors: Wakimoto Takayuki , Li Yi , Ik‐Soo Kim
Published: September 2006

Comparisons between impulse calibrators and digitizers are useful in determining the uncertainties of the instruments, especially when multiple devices are being cross compared. In this paper, comparisons between calibrators and digitizers from NIT, Japan and NMI, Australia are reported. Comparisons of full lightning impulse and switching impulse waveforms were performed. The results of the comparisons are reported with an analysis of the sources of the uncertainties. © 2006 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Productivity of forage legumes intercropped with maize and their acceptability to livestock in the savanna zone of Nigeria
Authors: Rahman SA , Ogungbile AO
Published: September 2006

Farmers in a village in northern Nigeria grew six forage legumes as intercrops with maize in two seasons. Lablab purpurens gave the best yield and economic performance while Centrosema pubescens was more appreciated by the livestock as feed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Acceptability and growth of goats fed with khat (Catha edulis) leftover as a sole diet and supplement
Authors: Ismail Mohammed , Tamir Berhan
Published: September 2006

Leftover of khat (Catha edulis) fed to goats as a sole diet or supplement improved body weight gain and did not affect the haematological parameters. Supplementation of sorghum stover by up to 45% of khat leftover increased intakes of dry matter and nutrients, body weight gain and feed conversion efficiency of goats. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Growth of newly established alien populations: comparison of North American gypsy moth colonies with invasion theory
Authors: Liebhold Andrew M. , Tobin Patrick C.
Published: September 2006

A common characteristic observed in many biological invasions is the existence of a lag between the time of arrival by the alien population and the time when established populations are noticed. Considerable advances have been made in modeling the expansion of invading species, and there is often remarkable congruence between the behavior of these models with spread of actual populations. While these models have been used to characterize expansion of very newly founded colonies, there have been few attempts to compare the behavior predicted from theory with spread in actual newly founded populations, largely due to the difficulty of sampling sparse populations. Models predict that time lags in the radial expansion of newly invaded populations may be due to time requirements for the population to grow from founding to detectable levels. Models also indicate that these time lags can be predicted based upon population parameters such as the intrinsic rate of population growth and diffusion coefficient. In this paper, we compared the behavior of these models with historical data on gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar, establishment and spread to show similarities between model predictions and observed population spread, both of which exhibited temporal lags of expansion. However, actual populations exhibited certain behaviors that were not predicted, and this could be due, in part, to the existence of Allee effects and stochasticity. Further work that incorporates these effects is needed to more fully understand the growth of incipient colonies of invading species. Ultimately, this information can be of critical importance in the selection of effective strategies for their detection and eradication.
Assessment of Quality of Outcomes within a Local United Way Organization: Implications for Sustaining System Level Change
Authors: Julian David A. , Kombarakaran Francis
Published: September 2006

This paper provides a historical case study of efforts to implement and sustain “outcomes based funding” in a large United Way system in Central Ohio. The case study describes how community practitioners employed specific strategies to promote sustainability. The use of these strategies corresponds to several techniques suggested in the sustainability literature. This case study is offered as a means of considering how practitioners helped sustain the shift to outcomes based funding within the United Way system. In addition, this case study demonstrates how skills related to implementation and sustainability might be transferred to other situations where practitioners are interested in promoting change within large organizations and/or communities. The authors suggest that skills related to implementation and sustainability are essential to community practice.
Spiritual Coping, Family History, and Perceived Risk for Breast Cancer—Can We Make Sense of it?
Authors: Quillin John M. , McClish Donna K. , Jones Resa M. , Burruss Karen , Bodurtha Joann N.
Published: September 2006

Differences in spiritual beliefs and practices could influence perceptions of the role of genetic risk factors on personal cancer risk. We explored spiritual coping and breast cancer risk perceptions among women with and without a reported family history of breast cancer. Analyses were conducted on data from 899 women in primary care clinics who did not have breast cancer. Structural equation modeling (SEM), linear, and logistic modeling tested an interaction of family history of breast cancer on the relationship between spiritual coping and risk perceptions. Overall analyses demonstrated an inverse relationship between spiritual coping and breast cancer risk perceptions and a modifying effect of family history. More frequent spiritual coping was associated with lower risk perceptions for women with positive family histories, but not for those with negative family histories. Results support further research in this area that could influence communication of risk information to cancer genetic counseling patients.
Calmodulin is essential for angiogenesis in response to hypoxic stress in endothelial cells
Authors: Shen Wei‐Gan , Peng Wan‐Xin , Dai Gu , Xu Jian‐Feng , Zhang Yu , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: September 2006

Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels that is regulated by hypoxia, is a critical process for the growth and spread of tumors. Multiple phases of this process, including migration, adhesion, and formation of new capillary tubes, are needed for optimal tumor growth. Here, a new regulatory function for Ca2+–CaM in the vascular endothelium is described. Ca2+–CaM activation induced by hypoxia in endothelial cells is essential for angiogenic cellular responses. Inhibition of Ca2+–CaM activity suppressed endothelial cell migration, adhesion on collagen I substrate, invasion and impaired in vitro endothelial cell differentiation into tube‐like structures. We also reported that CaM is co‐distributed with the actin structures in the lamellipodia in migrating cells, whereas the actin cytoskeleton rearrangement induced by hypoxia was disrupted and HIF‐1 transcriptional activity was decreased when treated with CaM antagonists into cultures. These data indicate that Ca2+–CaM activation is more closely associated with the regulation of angiogenic key events, especially in response to hypoxic stress.
Performance evaluation of arterial femoral sheath removal by registered nurses after PCI
Authors: Schiks Ingrid , Schoonhoven Lisette , Verheugt Freek , Aengevaeren Wim , Van Achterberg Theo
Published: September 2006

Background

Sheath removal after PCI by registered nurses can improve patients’ comfort and shorten immobilisation time. As sheath removal is not without risk, it is important to assure the quality of performance.

Aims

The aim was (a) to check if nurses’ performance in 1999 and 2005 was in accordance with the protocol for arterial sheath removal and (b) to compare both measurements to explore differences in performance over time.

Methods

We trained registered nurses in sheath removal and observed them during sheath removal in elective uncomplicated PCI-patients. We developed and used a checklist, including 10 elements and 65 items.

Results

Both in 1999 ( n=43 observations with 13 nurses) and 2005 ( n=42 observations with 16 nurses) the norm of more than 90% for the total score was not achieved: we found 82% and 80%, respectively. Four elements scored more than 90%, and three elements scored less than 80% at both points in time. The results on the other three elements differed significantly over time.

Conclusion

Registered nurses achieved the norm for good performance (80–89%) of removing arterial sheaths according to protocol after a training programme and this is stable in time. Since the norm for excellent performance (≥90%) was not achieved, current performance could be improved, e.g. by yearly repetition of training and observation of skills. More research is needed, and could focus on the validation of the instrument. Also multi-centre studies with this checklist could test the association between the quality of arterial femoral sheath removal and the occurrence of vascular complications.
Characterization of novel imidazole derivative, JM‐8686, a potent inhibitor of allene oxide synthase
Authors: Oh Keimei , Asami Tadao , Matsui Kenji , Howe Gregg A. , Murofushi Noboru
Published: September 2006

The inhibitory properties of a first synthetic jasmonic acid biosynthesis inhibitor, JM‐8686, were investigated. Steady‐state kinetic analysis indicates that the compound is a competitive inhibitor of allene oxide synthase (AOS) with a K
i value of approximate 0.62 ± 0.15 μM. Dialysis experiment indicates that AOS inactivation by JM‐8686 is reversible. The optical difference spectroscopy analysis of JM‐8686 and AOS interaction indicates that JM‐8686 induced type II binding spectra with a K
d value of approximate 1.6 ± 0.2 μM, suggesting that JM‐8686 binds to the prosthetic heme iron of AOS. Comparison of the inhibitory potency of the compound against HPL (CYP74B) from tomato revealed that JM‐8686 was a highly selective inhibitor for AOS.
Tinnitus and Paget's disease of bone
Authors: Mackenzie I , Young C , Fraser W D
Published: September 2006

Aim: To investigate the prevalence of tinnitus and deafness in subjects with Paget's disease of bone.

Materials and methods: One hundred and thirty-four subjects in total (77 with Paget's disease) were identified and audiologically examined. Subjects' experience of tinnitus was surveyed via a questionnaire and the results compared with those of age-matched controls.

Results: Hearing loss in those with Paget's disease of bone was significantly worse than in controls. Hearing handicap was also much worse in the Paget's subjects. Sixty-one per cent of the Paget's subjects suffered from tinnitus, compared with 36 per cent of the controls.

Conclusion: Deafness is a recognized, common sequelae of Paget's disease of bone, and tinnitus is a common accompanying symptom.
Radiographer roles and risk management in radiotherapy, and a UK survey
Authors: Griffiths S.E. , Craig A. , Abraham M.
Published: September 2006

In 2005, against a background of expanding radiotherapy services and increasing demands on therapy radiographers, the UK radiotherapy managers group were concerned about vacancies and low establishments impacting on service delivery, and lack of guidance on staffing establishments. They undertook a survey and work to develop a staffing framework, also to highlight the criticality of adequate radiographer staffing to radiotherapy, both in service delivery and treatment safety. The survey, of 2004 services and staffing, aimed to see if commonality existed in establishment size related to services delivered, and whether staffing levels correlated with activity levels.

Reasonable parity in the total number of funded WTE establishment for “core” services, per centre, per planned daily Linear Accelerator (linac) hour of service was shown. The resultant staffing formula for core services is 1.33 WTE per linac hour. This includes radiographers, assistants, helpers and others contributing to the core activities. The average linac day length was 8h. The average fraction time was 11min with a range of 1.7–5.7 fractions per hour, the variations in activity rate correlating with actual staffing levels. The formula was tested in three departments and example staffing models constructed to help in operationalising the four-tier career structure.
Stress and coping with advanced cancer
Authors: DE FAYE BARBARA J. , WILSON KEITH G. , CHATER SUSAN , VIOLA RAYMOND A. , HALL PIPPA
Published: September 2006

Objective:For people with advanced cancer, the months preceding death can be very stressful. Moreover, cancer-related stressors can arise within multiple dimensions. However, little research has examined how people cope differentially with different types of stressors. The goal of this study was to examine patterns of coping across different dimensions of stress.

Method:Fifty-two patients who were receiving palliative care for cancer were asked to indicate their most significant stressors within social, physical, and existential dimensions. A structured interview was then conducted to describe how the participants coped with these stressors.

Results:Overall, stressor severity ratings were correlated significantly across the three dimensions, although physical symptoms received the highest mean rating. Participants generally used a range of coping strategies to deal with their stressors, but there were clear differences across dimensions in the relative use of problem-focused versus emotion-focused strategies. Problem-focused coping was less frequent for existential issues, whereas emotion-focused strategies were used less frequently for physical stressors. Coping efforts were not clearly related to psychological distress.

Significance of results:Although coping is an important research theme within psycho-oncology, it may be overly broad to ask, “How do people cope with cancer?” In fact, different cancer-related stressors are coped with in very different ways. There is not necessarily any particular pattern of coping that is best for relieving psychological distress.
Memory & Beyond
Authors: WEIN SIMON
Published: September 2006

Fear is born of knowledge.

A child will as innocently play with a snake as a teddy bear. A young
adult as naively dabble with love as life itself.

Bearing a child is as close as we get to original
Creation—something from nothing. Creating a child creates an
iredeemable future and changes forever the fabric of life. Procreation can
thereby come to symbolize immortality. A symbolic way of cheating our
inevitable common-fate, if you like. Love, a mechanism to preserve this
symbol, worms its way into the heart and settles there. It flourishes
faithfully without fear or doubt, nourishing the parent-child dyad.
Motor Vehicle Exhaust Gas Suicide in Victoria, Australia 1998-2002
Authors: Brennan Chris , Routley Virginia , Ozanne-Smith Joan
Published: September 2006

Motor vehicle exhaust gas suicide (MVEGS) is the second most frequent method of suicide in Victoria, Australia. It is a highly lethal method of suicide with 1.5 deaths for every hospital admission. Australian regulations require all vehicles manufactured since 1998 to have a maximum carbon monoxide exhaust emission level of 2.1 g/km, reduced from the previous level of 9.6 g/km. Information surrounding all Victorian MVEGS between 1998-2002 was analyzed to determine whether suicides occurred in vehicles with the lower emission levels. Between 1998-2002, 607 suicides by this means were recorded while just 393 hospital admissions were recorded for the same period. Mean carboxyhaemoglobin levels were significantly lower in fatalities using vehicles manufactured from 1998, however suicide still occurred in these vehicles (n = 25). The extent to which the new regulations contributed to the relatively low rate of suicide in vehicles less than 5 years old compared to their frequency in the fleet remains unknown. Based on international experience and the age of the Victorian vehicle fleet, it may take well over a decade until substantial decreases in MVEGS are observed in the absence of active preventive measures.
Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Social Dominance Orientation
Authors: Akrami Nazar , Ekehammar Bo
Published: September 2006

Extending previous research on the relation of Big-Five personality with right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation, we examined the relationships of Big-Five facet scores rather than factor scores. The results (N = 332) of stepwise regression analyses showed that Openness to Experience was the only significant predictor of right-wing authoritarianism at the factor level, whereas Values and Ideas were significant predictors at the facet level. A similar analysis of social dominance orientation showed that Agreeableness and Openness to Experience contributed significantly to the prediction at the factor level, whereas Tender-Mindedness and Values were the best significant predictors at the facet level. The prediction based on facet scores was more accurate than the prediction based on factor scores. A random split of the sample confirmed the robustness of the findings. The results are discussed against the background of the personality and the social psychology approaches to explaining individual differences in prejudice.
TIMED Doppler Interferometer: Overview and recent results
Authors: Killeen T. L. , Wu Q. , Solomon S. C. , Ortland D. A. , Skinner W. R. , Niciejewski R. J. , Gell D. A.
Published: September 2006

The Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite carries a limb‐scanning Fabry‐Perot interferometer designed to perform remote‐sensing measurements of upper atmosphere winds and temperatures globally. This instrument is called the TIMED Doppler Interferometer, or TIDI. This paper provides an overview of the TIDI instrument design, on‐orbit performance, operational modes, data processing and inversion procedures, and a summary of wind results to date. Daytime and nighttime neutral winds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere/ionosphere (MLTI) are measured on TIDI using four individual scanning telescopes that collect light from various upper atmosphere airglow layers on both the cold and warm sides of the high‐inclination TIMED spacecraft. The light is spectrally analyzed using an ultrastable plane etalon Fabry‐Perot system with sufficient spectral resolution to determine the Doppler line characteristics of atomic and molecular emissions emanating from the MLTI. The light from all four telescopes and from an internal calibration field passes through the etalon and is combined on a single image plane detector using a Circle‐to‐Line Interferometer Optic (CLIO). The four geophysical fields provide orthogonal line‐of‐sight measurements to either side of the satellite's path and these are analyzed to produce altitude profiles of vector winds in the MLTI. The TIDI wind measurements presented here are from the molecular oxygen (0‐0) band, covering the altitude region 85–105 km. The unique TIDI design allows for more extended local time coverage of wind structures than previous wind‐measuring instruments from high‐inclination satellites. The TIDI operational performance has been nominal except for two anomalies: (1) higher than expected background white light caused by a low‐level light leak and (2) ice deposition on cold optical surfaces. Both anomalies are well understood and the instrumental modes and data analysis techniques have been adjusted to mitigate their effects on data quality. The analysis techniques used to derive winds are described. The TIDI wind measurements from multiple yaw cycles of TIMED have been used to extract migrating diurnal and semidiurnal tides. The migrating tide results are compared with predictions from the Global Scale Wave Model (GSWM), and results from the Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite, High Resolution Doppler Imager (HRDI) instrument. TIDI wind measurements are also compared with ground‐based meteor radar observations, showing consistent results.
Updated estimates of glacier volume changes in the western Chugach Mountains, Alaska, and a comparison of regional extrapolation methods
Authors: Arendt A. , Echelmeyer K. , Harrison W. , Lingle C. , Zirnheld S. , Valentine V. , Ritchie B. , Druckenmiller M.
Published: September 2006

We used airborne altimetry measurements to determine the volume changes of 23 glaciers in the western Chugach Mountains, Alaska, United States, between 1950/1957 and 2001/2004. Average net balance rates ranged between −3.1 to 0.16 m yr−1 for the tidewater and −1.5 to −0.02 m yr−1 for the nontidewater glaciers. We tested several methods for extrapolating these measurements to all the glaciers of the western Chugach Mountains using a process similar to cross validation. Predictions of individual glacier changes appear to be difficult, probably because of the effects of glacier dynamics, which on long (multidecadal) timescales, complicates the response of glaciers to climate. In contrast, estimates of regional contributions to rising sea level were similar for different methods, mainly because the large glaciers, whose changes dominated the regional total, were among those measured. For instance, the above sea level net balance rate of Columbia glacier (−3.1 ± 0.08 km3 yr−1 water equivalent (weq) or an equivalent rise in sea level (SLE) of 0.0090 ± 0.0002 mm yr−1) was nearly half of the total regional net balance rate of the western Chugach Mountain glaciers (−7.4 ± 1.1 km3 yr−1 weq or 0.020 ± 0.003 mm yr−1 SLE between 1950/1957 and 2001/2004). Columbia glacier is a rapidly retreating tidewater glacier that has lost mass through processes largely independent of climate. Tidewater glaciers should therefore be treated separately when performing regional extrapolations.
Model inversion of transient nonlinear groundwater flow models using model reduction
Authors: Vermeulen P. T. M. , te Stroet C. B. M. , Heemink A. W.
Published: September 2006

Despite increasing computational resources many high‐dimensional applications are impractical for model inversions. In this paper, two methods are presented that are promising for high‐dimensional model inversion. The methods draw on proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and yield reduced models that describe a truncated behavior of the original model. We utilize POD differently for the two methods, which differ in efficiency and implementation. The first method (RIGM) applies a POD to an existing partial differential equation; the second method (RISM) applies it to an autoregressive formulation of a discrete model. Both methods were applied to several synthetic cases and a real‐world case with synthetic measurements and by comparing them to classic inverse methodologies (i.e., the method of finite differences and the adjoint method). The two POD methods appeared to be computationally robust and more efficient for a wide range of prior estimates. Moreover, the implementation of an adjoint for the RISM method is easy.
Dust and cloud detection at the Mars limb with UV scattered sunlight with SPICAM
Authors: Rannou P. , Perrier S. , Bertaux J.‐L. , Montmessin F. , Korablev O. , Rébérac A.
Published: September 2006

The UV detector of Spectroscopy for the Investigation of the Characteristics of the Atmosphere of Mars (SPICAM) on board Mars Express has measured several profiles of light scattered at the limb of Mars. In this paper we present 33 profiles taken between January 2004 and August 2005. Scattering of UV light at the limb of Mars is due to the molecules of the atmosphere, dust particles, and sometimes cloud particles which appear as detached layers above the extended dust layer. We have used a radiative transfer model to retrieve the haze and cloud properties. Rough estimate of the particle size shows that both cloud particles and dust particles above 20 km are in the range 10 to 100 nm. Such particles are much smaller than micron‐sized dust particles previously observed in the lower atmosphere, generally from landers. Gravitational segregation is thought to be responsible for these differences in particle size between low and high atmosphere.
One‐dimensional modeling of bed evolution in a gravel bed river subject to a cycled flood hydrograph
Authors: Wong Miguel , Parker Gary
Published: September 2006

How does a mountain river adjust to accommodate repeated flood hydrographs? Do flood hydrographs cause major cycles of aggradation and degradation of the river bed? Here flume experiments are used to explore this problem. The response of a gravel bed river to repeated floods is modeled in the simplest possible way. The gravel is well sorted, the flume is operated in sediment feed mode, and the gravel feed rate is held constant. The flow discharge, on the other hand, is specified in terms of the repetition of the same hydrograph until mobile bed equilibrium (averaged over the hydrograph) is achieved. The results of the experiments demonstrate a remarkable trade‐off. In a short inlet "boundary layer" (transition region) the bed elevation and bed slope fluctuate cyclically with the changing flow discharge, while the gravel transport rate remains nearly equal to the constant feed rate. Downstream of this short reach, however, the bed elevation and bed slope do not fluctuate in response to the hydrograph; all the fluctuation is transferred to the gravel transport rate. These results are verified in terms of one‐dimensional analytical and numerical modeling. This modeling shows that the trade‐off is inevitable as long as the morphologic response time of the reach in question is sufficiently long compared to the duration of a single hydrograph. The implication is that gravel bed rivers tend to adjust to hydrographs so as to minimize the response of the bed and maximize the response of the bed load transport rate to fluctuating flow discharge.
Live imaging of neural structure and function by fibred fluorescence microscopy
Authors: Vincent Pierre , Maskos Uwe , Charvet Igor , Bourgeais Laurence , Stoppini Luc , Leresche Nathalie , Changeux Jean‐Pierre , Lambert Régis , Meda Paolo , Paupardin‐Tritsch Danièle
Published: September 2006

Only a few methods permit researchers to study selected regions of the central and peripheral nervous systems with a spatial and time resolution sufficient to image the function of neural structures. Usually, these methods cannot analyse deep‐brain regions and a high‐resolution method, which could repeatedly probe dynamic processes in any region of the central and peripheral nervous systems, is much needed. Here, we show that fibred fluorescence microscopy—which uses a small‐diameter fibre‐optic probe to provide real‐time images—has the spatial resolution to image various neural structures in the living animal, the consistency needed for a sequential, quantitative evaluation of axonal degeneration/regeneration of a peripheral nerve, and the sensitivity to detect calcium transients on a sub‐second timescale. These unique features should prove useful in many physiological studies requiring the in situ functional imaging of tissues in a living animal.
Emergent reaction-diffusion phenomena in capillary tubes
Authors: Kettunen Petteri , Yamaguchi Tomohiko , Hashimoto Hajime , Amemiya Takashi , Steinbock Bettina , Müller Stefan C.
Published: September 2006

Pattern formation in the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction experiments carried out by filling capillary glass tubes with catalyst-immobilized gel for the reaction is reported. Under unperturbed and oscillatory conditions, helicoidal waves appear spontaneously. Quantitative structural data of those helices are obtained by devising an optical tomography technique for extracting rotationally symmetric structures from time-lapse data. Space-time representation of the catalyst oxidation reveals wave transmission phenomenon that is studied further by numerical simulations of a reduced spatial model.
Magnetotransport properties of zinc-blende-structured MnAs films with half-metallic characteristics
Authors: Jeon Hee Chang , Kang Tae Won , Yuldashev Sh. U. , Kim Tae Whan , Jin Sungho
Published: September 2006

Zinc-blende-structured MnAs epitaxial films were grown on GaAs (100) substrates with InAs buffer layer. The resistivity and the Hall resistance behavior at various temperatures indicate that the MnAs thin film is half-metallic in nature. A MnAs∕GaAs∕MnAs spin-valve structure, fabricated utilizing half-metallic MnAs thin films, exhibited giant magnetoresistance properties. The ability to fabricate epirelated half-metallic films on semiconductor surface can facilitate construction of many spin valves and related devices for potential spintronics and magnetic memory applications.
Two-dimensional electron gas in Zn polar ZnMgO∕ZnO heterostructures grown by radical source molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Tampo H. , Shibata H. , Matsubara K. , Yamada A. , Fons P. , Niki S. , Yamagata M. , Kanie H.
Published: September 2006

A two-dimensional electron gas was observed in Zn polar ZnMgO∕ZnO (ZnMgO on ZnO) heterostructures grown by radical source molecular beam epitaxy. The electron mobility of the ZnMgO∕ZnO heterostructures dramatically increased with increasing Mg composition and the electron mobility (μ∼250cm2∕Vs) at RT reached a value more than twice that of an undoped ZnO layer (μ∼100cm2∕Vs). The carrier concentration in turn reached values as high as ∼1×1013cm−2 and remained nearly constant regardless of Mg composition. Strong confinement of electrons at the ZnMgO∕ZnO interface was confirmed by C-V measurements with a concentration of over 4×1019cm−3. Temperature-dependent Hall measurements of ZnMgO∕ZnO heterostructures also exhibited properties associated with well defined heterostructures. The Hall mobility increased monotonically with decreasing temperature, reaching a value of 2750cm2∕Vs at 4K. Zn polar “ZnMgO on ZnO” structures are easy to adapt to a top-gate device. These results open new possibilities for high electron mobility transistors based upon ZnO-based materials.
Analysis for combining ability in sunflower organogenesis-related traits
Authors: Mayor M. L. , Nestares G. , Zorzoli R. , Picardi L. A.
Published: September 2006

There are few reports about the genetic control of the in vitro regeneration ability in sunflower. In an attempt to enlarge the knowledge in this area, 7 cytoplasmic male-sterile, 7 fertile inbred lines, and their hybrids, were evaluated for their organogenic response to in vitro tissue culture. Cotyledonary explants were grown in culture medium containing MS saline base, indol-3-acetic acid, and kinetin at 25 ± 2°C with a 12-h photoperiod for 36 days. A completely randomised design with 2 replications of 20 explants each per treatment was used. All genotypes showed differences in the regeneration percentage and in the number of shoots per total explant cultured (P < 0.01). Genetic differences among the hybrids were due to additive effects (P < 0.01) for the female and male parents, but also a dominant effect (P < 0.01) was found. Among the male inbred lines, there was a strong inhibiting effect on the regenerating capacity ascribed to the restorer-inbred lines. The Ñ 844A inbred line had the best general combining ability and specific combining ability for the traits evaluated, so it can be considered as a putative candidate for inclusion in a breeding program to improve organogenesis. In this set of data, the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction and site regression analyses were useful tools to interpret the genetic variation for organogenesis-related traits.
Phosphodiesterase genes are associated with susceptibility to major depression and antidepressant treatment response
Authors: Wong Ma-Li , Whelan Fiona , Deloukas Panagiotis , Whittaker Pamela , Delgado Marcos , Cantor Rita M. , McCann Samuel M. , Licinio Julio
Published: September 2006

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) constitute a family of enzymes that degrade cAMP and cGMP. Intracellular cyclic nucleotide levels increase in response to extracellular stimulation by hormones, neurotransmitters, or growth factors and are down-regulated through hydrolysis catalyzed by PDEs, which are therefore candidate therapeutic targets. cAMP is a second messenger implicated in learning, memory, and mood, and cGMP modulates nervous system processes that are controlled by the nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP pathway. To investigate an association between genes encoding PDEs and susceptibility to major depressive disorder (MDD), we genotyped SNPs in 21 genes of this superfamily in 284 depressed Mexican Americans who participated in a prospective, double-blind, pharmacogenetic study of antidepressant response, and 331 matched controls. Polymorphisms in PDE9A and PDE11A were found to be associated with the diagnosis of MDD. Our data are also suggestive of the association between SNPs in other PDE genes and MDD. Remission on antidepressants was significantly associated with polymorphisms in PDE1A and PDE11A. Thus, we found significant associations with both the diagnosis of MDD and remission in response to antidepressants with SNPs in the PDE11A gene. We show here that PDE11A haplotype GAACC is significantly associated with MDD. We conclude that PDE11A has a role in the pathophysiology of MDD. This study identifies a potential CNS role for the PDE11 family. The hypothesis that drugs affecting PDE function, particularly cGMP-related PDEs, represent a treatment strategy for major depression should therefore be tested.