bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plant‐Inhabiting Ant Utilizes Chemical Cues for Host Discrimination
Authors: Weir Tiffany L. , Newbold Scott , Vivanco Jorge M. , Haren Megan van , Fritchman Christopher , Dossey Aaron T. , Bartram Stefan , Boland Wilhelm , Cosio Eric G. , Kofer Waltraud
Published: May 2011

The Neotropical ant Pseudomyrmex triplarinus is involved in an obligate and complex symbiotic association with Triplaris americana trees. The ants inhabit trunk and branch domatia and respond aggressively to foreign invaders. Their degree of host specificity and basis for recognition of host trees has not been studied. We determined that, in contrast to T. americana seedlings, heterospecific seedlings set around the host trees suffered continuous pruning. Ants also removed 80–100 percent of heterospecific leaves attached to the trunk in contrast to only 10–30 percent of conspecific leaves. True species specificity was demonstrated by the selective removal of leaves from Triplaris poeppigiana pinned to host trees. This selectivity was also observed in a matrix‐independent bioassay using leaf cuticular extracts on glass microfiber strips. Strips treated with leaf wax extracts from host trees and pinned to the trunk of host trees received only 42 percent of the number of ant visits recorded on solvent‐treated controls by the end of the experiment. Strips treated with extracts of a related species, T. poeppigiana, received 64 percent of the number of ant visits compared with solvent‐treated controls. These experiments also suggest that P. triplarinus recognizes surface chemicals of their host tree, independent of the texture or architecture of the carrier material; although these factors may still play some role in recognition. This is the first study that we are aware of to investigate the mechanism of host discrimination related to pruning behavior.

Abstract in Spanish is available at http://www.blackwell‐synergy.com/loi/btp.
Risk Assessment and Ecological Effects of Transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis Crops on Non‐Target OrganismsF
Authors: Yu Hui‐Lin , Li Yun‐He , Wu Kong‐Ming
Published: May 2011

Kong‐Ming Wu (Corresponding author)

The application of recombinant DNA technology has resulted in many insect‐resistant varieties by genetic engineering (GE). Crops expressing Cry toxins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been planted worldwide, and are an effective tool for pest control. However, one ecological concern regarding the potential effects of insect‐resistant GE plants on non‐target organisms (NTOs) has been continually debated. In the present study, we briefly summarize the data regarding the development and commercial use of transgenic Bt varieties, elaborate on the procedure and methods for assessing the non‐target effects of insect‐resistant GE plants, and synthetically analyze the related research results, mostly those published between 2005 and 2010. A mass of laboratory and field studies have shown that the currently available Bt crops have no direct detrimental effects on NTOs due to their narrow spectrum of activity, and Bt crops are increasing the abundance of some beneficial insects and improving the natural control of specific pests. The use of Bt crops, such as Bt maize and Bt cotton, results in significant reductions of insecticide application and clear benefits on the environment and farmer health. Consequently, Bt crops can be a useful component of integrated pest management systems to protect the crop from targeted pests.
Chemogenetic Analysis of Human Protein Methyltransferases
Authors: Richon Victoria M. , Johnston Danielle , Sneeringer Christopher J. , Jin Lei , Majer Christina R. , Elliston Keith , Jerva L. Fred , Scott Margaret Porter , Copeland Robert A.
Published: May 2011

A survey of the human genome was performed to understand the constituency of protein methyltransferases (both protein arginine and lysine methyltransferases) and the relatedness of their catalytic domains. We identified 51 protein lysine methyltransferase proteins based on similarity to the canonical Drosophila Su(var)3‐9, enhancer of zeste (E(z)), and trithorax (trx) domain. Disruptor of telomeric silencing‐1‐like, a known protein lysine methyltransferase, did not fit within the protein lysine methyltransferase family, but did group with the protein arginine methyltransferases, along with 44 other proteins, including the METTL and NOP2/Sun domain family proteins. We show that a representative METTL, METTL11A, demonstrates catalytic activity as a histone methyltransferase. We also solved the co‐crystal structures of disruptor of telomeric silencing‐1‐like with S‐adenosylmethionine and S‐adenosylhomocysteine bound in its active site. The conformation of both ligands is virtually identical to that found in known protein arginine methyltransferases, METTL and NOP2/Sun domain family proteins and is distinct from that seen in the Drosophila Su(var)3‐9, enhancer of zeste (E(z)), and trithorax (trx) domain protein lysine methyltransferases. We have developed biochemical assays for 11 members of the protein methyltransferase target class and have profiled the affinity of three ligands for these enzymes: the common methyl‐donating substrate S‐adenosylmethionine; the common reaction product S‐adenosylhomocysteine; and the natural product sinefungin. The affinity of each of these ligands is mapped onto the family trees of the protein lysine methyltransferases and protein arginine methyltransferases to reveal patterns of ligand recognition by these enzymes.
A Nationwide Outbreak of Salmonella Bovismorbificans Associated with Sprouted Alfalfa Seeds in Finland, 2009
Authors: Rimhanen‐Finne R. , Niskanen T. , Lienemann T. , Johansson T. , Sjöman M. , Korhonen T. , Guedes S. , Kuronen H. , Virtanen M. J. , Mäkinen J. , Jokinen J. , Siitonen A. , Kuusi M.
Published: May 2011

Salmonella enterica serotype Bovismorbificans is a rare serotype in Finland. In June 2009, a nationwide outbreak of S. Bovismorbificans infections occurred, and 42 clinical isolates were identified. We conducted a case–control study enrolling 28 cases and 48 matched controls, and found ready‐to‐eat alfalfa sprouts associated with the infection (odds ratio = 35.2, 95% confidence interval 2.8–435). The sprouts were traced back to a domestic producer, with the seeds originating in Italy. Although finding microbiological evidence for sprouts as a source of this outbreak was very challenging, S. Bovismorbificans was finally found in sprouts germinated in the laboratory, and in soaking and rinse waters during the germination process. The pulsed field gel electrophoresis showed that these isolates were identical to the human outbreak isolates. Before sampling, it is important to mix the seeds well and to take several large‐size samples from different seed lots. Instead of analysing seeds, the analysis should be targeted to soaking or rinse water samples and to the sprouts germinated in a laboratory. Accordingly, the sprout producers should only buy seeds that have been analysed for Salmonella. The producers have to include Salmonella testing in their internal quality control to ensure that Salmonella is absent from sprouts placed on the market during their shelf‐life. In order to reduce the health hazard caused by sprouts, an effective and safe decontamination procedure should also be developed for the seeds.
Detection of Zoonotic Intestinal Parasites in Public Parks of Spain. Potential Epidemiological Role of Microsporidia
Authors: Dado D. , Izquierdo F. , Vera O. , Montoya A. , Mateo M. , Fenoy S. , Galván A. L. , García S. , García A. , Aránguez E. , López L. , del Águila C. , Miró G.
Published: May 2011

Several studies have demonstrated that the soil of public parks presents an important source of infection which has a significant impact on public health. Children are the main group affected by accidentally ingestion of contaminated soil. This study was performed in order to identify the presence of zoonotic parasites in dog and cat faecal and soil samples from public parks of Madrid, Spain. Six hundred twenty‐five and seventy‐nine soil and faecal samples (presumably from dogs and cats) respectively were collected from 67 parks. Intestinal parasites were identified in 27 parks (40.3%), which were contamined with Giardia sp. (19.4%), microsporidia (19.4%), Toxocara spp. (16.4%), Cryptosporidium sp. (6%), Entamoeba histolytica (3%) and Ancylostomidae (3%). Combinations of two or more intestinal parasites were found in 11 parks, and it was common to find Giardia and microsporidia together in samples. Intestinal parasites were detected in 18% (112/625) of soil samples. The most frequent parasite species found in the examined soil samples were Toxocara spp. (16.4%), followed by Giardia sp. (4.5%) and Strongyloides sp. larvae (3%). The zoonotic parasites found in the 79 faecal samples were Giardia sp. (17.7%), Cryptosporidium sp. (9%), E. histolytica (2.5%), Trichuris vulpis (1.3%), Toxascaris leonina (1.3%) and microsporidia spores (28%). Microsporidia characterization by amplification of DNA confirmed 10 samples as positive, eight for E. bieneusi and two for E. hellem by PCR. The role of those parasites in the environment are discussed.
Pharmacokinetics of Cyclophosphamide after Oral and Intravenous Administration to Dogs with Lymphoma
Authors: Warry E. , Hansen R.J. , Gustafson D.L. , Lana S.E.
Published: May 2011

Background:Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating chemotherapeutic drug administered IV or PO. It is currently assumed that exposure to the active metabolite, 4‐hydroxycyclophosphamide (4‐OHCP), is the same with either route of administration.

Objectives:

To characterize the pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide and 4‐OHCP in dogs with lymphoma when administered PO or IV.

Animals:Sixteen client‐owned dogs with substage A lymphoma were enrolled in the study. Eight dogs received cyclophosphamide IV and 8 received it PO.

Methods:Prospective randomized clinical trial was performed. Blood was collected from each dog at specific time points after administration of cyclophosphamide. The serum was evaluated for the concentration of cyclophosphamide and 4‐OHCP with mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography.

Results:Drug exposure to cyclophosphamide measured by area under the curve (AUC)0–infis significantly higher after intravenous administration (7.14 ± 3.77 μg/h/mL) compared with exposure after oral administration (P‐value < .05). No difference in drug exposure to 4‐OHCP was detected after IV (1.66 ± 0.36 μg/h/mL) or PO (1.42 ± 0.64 μg/h/mL) administered cyclophosphamide.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Drug exposure to the active metabolite 4‐OHCP is equivalent after administration of cyclophosphamide either PO or IV.
Associations among Albuminuria, C‐Reactive Protein Concentrations, Survival Predictor Index Scores, and Survival in 78 Critically Ill Dogs
Authors: Whittemore J.C. , Marcum B.A. , Mawby D.I. , Coleman M.V. , Hacket T.B. , Lappin M.R.
Published: May 2011

Background: Microalbuminuria and C‐reactive protein (CRP) are predictors of morbidity and survival in critically ill human patients.

Hypothesis/Objectives: To evaluate results of microalbuminuria assays (untimed single‐sample urine albumin concentration [U‐ALB] and the urine albumin : creatinine ratio [UACR]), serum CRP, and survival predictor index (SPI2) scores as predictors of survival in critically ill dogs.

Animals: Seventy‐eight dogs admitted to intensive care units at University of Tennessee (UT) and Colorado State University (CSU).

Methods: Prospective observational study. Critically ill dogs were eligible for enrollment, unless euthanized because of financial constraints. Samples were collected within 3 hours of admission. Spearman's rank‐correlation coefficients were determined for U‐ALB, UACR, CRP, and SPI2. U‐ALB, UACR, CRP, and SPI2 were assessed for associations with 7‐ and 30‐day survival by Mann‐Whitney U‐tests and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. P‐values < .0125 were considered significant.

Results: UT (n = 49) and CSU (n = 29) patients did not differ significantly. Forty percent (31/78) of dogs died. SPI2 was inversely correlated with U‐ALB (rs=−0.39, P < .001) and UACR (rs=−0.41, P < .001). CRP was not correlated with SPI2 (P= .019), U‐ALB (P > .1), or UACR (P > .1). U‐ALB and UACR had very high correlation (rs= 0.95, P < .001). SPI2, U‐ALB, and UACR differed significantly for survivors and nonsurvivors. SPI2, U‐ALB, and UACR had areas under the ROC curve (AUC) from 0.68 to 0.74 for survival prediction.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Albuminuria and SPI2, but not CRP, are associated with survival in critically ill dogs. Suboptimal AUCs limit the value of microalbuminuria testing for clinical risk assessment. Additional studies are necessary to determine the usefulness of microalbuminuria testing in patient risk stratification for prospective research.
Yoga may help reduce blood pressure in HIV‐infected adults with cardiovascular disease risk factors
Authors: Lee MS , Yarasheski K
Published: May 2011

Cade WT, Reeds DN, Mondy KE, Overton ET, Grassino J, Tucker S, Bopp C, Laciny E, Hubert S, Lassa‐Claxton S, Yarasheski KE.

Yoga lifestyle intervention reduces blood pressure in HIV‐infected adults with cardiovascular disease risk factors.

HIV Med 2010; 11: 379–88.
External qigong as an adjunct therapy for chronic pain – a critical analysis
Authors: Dunlop RA , Vincent A
Published: May 2011

Vincent A, Hill J, Kruk KM, Cha SS, Bauer BA.

External qigong for chronic pain.

Am J Chin Med 2010; 38: 695–703.
Effectiveness and safety of Antiwei for influenza
Authors: Aldaas S
Published: May 2011

Wang L, Zhang RM, Liu GY, Wei BL, Wang Y, Cai HY, Li FS, Xu YL, Zheng SP, Wang G.

Chinese herbs in treatment of influenza: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial.

Respir Med 2010; 104: e1362–9.
Traditional Chinese herbal products for stable angina
Authors: Awang DVC
Published: May 2011

Zhuo Q,Yuan Z, Chen H, Wu T.

Traditional Chinese herbal products for stable angina.

Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; 5: CD 004468.
Is traditional Chinese medicine effective for the management of psoriasis?
Authors: Onakpoya I , Ho S
Published: May 2011

Ho SGY, Yeung CK, Chan HHL.

Methotrexate versus Chinese medicine in psoriasis: a randomized, placebo‐controlled trial to determine efficacy, safety and quality of life.

Clin Exp Dermatol 2010; 35: 717–22.
Zhibitai is equally efficacious in lowering cholesterol as atorvastatin
Authors: Clement Y
Published: May 2011

Xu DY, Shu J, Huang QY, Wasti B, Chen C, Liu L, Zhao SP.

Evaluation of the lipid lowering ability, anti‐inflammatory effects and clinical safety of intensive therapy with Zhibitai, a Chinese traditional medicine.

Atherosclerosis 2010; 211: 237–41.
Spinal manipulation therapy for acute low back pain
Authors: Lawrence DJ
Published: May 2011

Dagenais S, Gay RE, Tricco AC, Freeman MD, Mayer JM.

NASS Contemporary concepts in spine care: spinal manipulation therapy for acute low back pain.

Spine J 2010; 10: 918–40.
Chair massage vs. relaxation for reducing anxiety in patients withdrawing from psychoactive drugs
Authors: Gilbey A
Published: May 2011

Black S, Jacques K, Webber A, Spurr K, Carey E, Hebb A, Gilbert R.

Chair massage for treating anxiety in patients withdrawing from psychoactive drugs.

J Altern Complement Med 2010; 16: 979–98.
Vitamin supplementation may protect against knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Holt S
Published: May 2011

Wilder FV, Leaverton PE, Rogers MW, Lemrow NB.

Vitamin supplements and radiographic knee osteoarthritis: the Clearwater osteoarthritis study.

J Musculoskelet Res 2009; 12: 85–93.
No significant effect of acupuncture on assisted pregnancy
Authors: Rose L
Published: May 2011

Andersen D, Løssl K, Andersen AN, Fürbringer J, Bach H, Simonsen J, Larsen EC.

Acupuncture on the day of embryo transfer: a randomized controlled trial of 635 patients.

Reprod Biomed Online 2010; 21: 366–372.
How long should you be trained in meditation to get benefits?
Authors: Marc I , Zeidan F , Johnson SK
Published: May 2011

Zeidan F, Johnson SK, Gordon NS, Goolkasian P.

Effects of brief and sham mindfulness meditation on mood and cardiovascular variables.

J Altern Complement Med 2010; 16: 867–73.
Frictional Loss Studies and Experimental Performance of a New Synchronal Rotary Multiphase Pump
Authors: Yang Xu , Qu Zongchang , Wu Yuyuan
Published: May 2011

A new synchronal rotary multiphase pump (SRMP) is presented, which is geometrically simple and easy to manufacture. With the rotary cylinder, the frictional losses between the major components of the SRMP are minimized. Its structural design and working principles are introduced. The mathematic models of the frictional losses at various friction-couplings are formulated. Calculations on the frictional losses and mechanical efficiency are performed for a SRMP prototype, too. Experimental works on the prototype in which crude oil is used as working fluids are conducted to validate the functionality of the SRMP and the established models. The calculated results show that the frictional losses in the SRMP are mainly produced by the friction from bearings and seals. The frictional losses caused by the other part of components occupy less than 13% of the total frictional losses. In addition, the theoretical analyses of the various shaft speeds and basic geometrical parameters reveal that the cylinder rotary inertia exercises a negative effect on the friction at the sliding vane sides. Lower shaft speed and smaller eccentricity-cylinder radius ratio are helpful to reduce this effect. In the experiment, the SRMP is operated at shaft speeds of 400, 600 and 800 rpm respectively. The pressure differences are arranged within 0–2.4MPa. The measured values of the shaft consumption powers are shown to be in good agreement with the calculations. These results confirm that the SRMP is suitable for multiphase transportation and has a higher mechanical efficiency.
Mechanical Inhibition of Foam Formation via a Rotating Nozzle
Authors: Bick Alexander G. , Ristenpart William D. , van Nierop Ernst A. , Stone Howard A.
Published: May 2011

We recently discovered that bubble formation can be substantially prevented when an aqueous solution is sprayed into a bath of the same solution provided that any two consecutive drops impacting the same surface location do so with a time interval greater than the capillary relaxation time. Building on this observation, here we report a mechanical means of preventing foam formation during liquid addition: the nozzle delivering the liquid is rotated sufficiently rapidly so that no two successive drops impact the interface at the same location. Foam formation is reduced by as much as 95% without any chemical anti-foaming agents.
Brownian Motion Goes Ballistic
Authors: Pusey Peter N.
Published: May 2011

Measurements of the Brownian motion of particles in air and in water reveal a smooth “ballistic” motion at very short times.
Comparing Photosynthetic and Photovoltaic Efficiencies and Recognizing the Potential for Improvement
Authors: Blankenship Robert E. , Tiede David M. , Barber James , Brudvig Gary W. , Fleming Graham , Ghirardi Maria , Gunner M. R. , Junge Wolfgang , Kramer David M. , Melis Anastasios , Moore Thomas A. , Moser Christopher C. , Nocera Daniel G. , Nozik Arthur J. , Ort Donald R. , Parson William W. , Prince Roger C. , Sayre Richard T.
Published: May 2011

Comparing photosynthetic and photovoltaic efficiencies is not a simple issue. Although both processes harvest the energy in sunlight, they operate in distinctly different ways and produce different types of products: biomass or chemical fuels in the case of natural photosynthesis and nonstored electrical current in the case of photovoltaics. In order to find common ground for evaluating energy-conversion efficiency, we compare natural photosynthesis with present technologies for photovoltaic-driven electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen. Photovoltaic-driven electrolysis is the more efficient process when measured on an annual basis, yet short-term yields for photosynthetic conversion under optimal conditions come within a factor of 2 or 3 of the photovoltaic benchmark. We consider opportunities in which the frontiers of synthetic biology might be used to enhance natural photosynthesis for improved solar energy conversion efficiency.
Three-Dimensional Orientation Mapping in the Transmission Electron Microscope
Authors: Liu H. H. , Schmidt S. , Poulsen H. F. , Godfrey A. , Liu Z. Q. , Sharon J. A. , Huang X.
Published: May 2011

Electron microscopy is used to nondestructively map the three-dimensional grain orientations in nanocrystalline aluminum.
Silver-Catalyzed C-C Bond Formation Between Methane and Ethyl Diazoacetate in Supercritical CO
2
Authors: Caballero Ana , Despagnet-Ayoub Emmanuelle , Mar Díaz-Requejo M. , Díaz-Rodríguez Alba , González-Núñez María Elena , Mello Rossella , Muñoz Bianca K. , Ojo Wilfried-Solo , Asensio Gregorio , Etienne Michel , Pérez Pedro J.
Published: May 2011

Supercritical carbon dioxide solvent facilitates transformation of the generally inert carbon-hydrogen bonds in methane.
Very Large Capacitance Enhancement in a Two-Dimensional Electron System
Authors: Li Lu , Richter C. , Paetel S. , Kopp T. , Mannhart J. , Ashoori R. C.
Published: May 2011

Electron correlation effects at the interface of two metal oxides lead to a lower chemical potential and enhance capacitance.
From Computational Design to a Protein That Binds
Authors: Der Bryan S. , Kuhlman Brian
Published: May 2011

Researchers use computational approaches to design two proteins from scratch that bind to the flu virus.
Did Neandertals Linger in Russia's Far North?
Authors: Balter Michael
Published: May 2011

In this week's issue of
Science
, a research team claims that some of the last Neandertals may have taken refuge in the dark Arctic north rather than the sunny south as archaeological evidence has indicated.
Feedback From Frontal Cortex May Be a Signature of Consciousness
Authors: Miller Greg
Published: May 2011

In this week's issue of
Science
, researchers say they have identified a neural signature of consciousness that is present in healthy people and brain-damaged patients who retain some awareness, but not in people who are truly in a vegetative state.
Understanding HIV Latency to Undo It
Authors: Cohen Jon
Published: May 2011

With reservoirs of latently infected cells in the spotlight as the central obstacle to a cure, attention is focusing on the fine details of how HIV does this deep dive and stays submerged.
Molecular Analysis of Varicella Vaccines and Varicella-Zoster Virus from Vaccine-Related Skin Lesions
Authors: Thiele Sonja , Borschewski Aljona , Küchler Judit , Bieberbach Marc , Voigt Sebastian , Ehlers Bernhard
Published: May 2011

To prevent complications that might follow an infection with varicella-zoster virus (VZV), the live attenuated Oka strain (V-Oka) is administered to children in many developed countries. Three vaccine brands (Varivax from Sanofi Pasteur MSD; Varilrix and Priorix-Tetra, both from Glaxo-Smith-Kline) are licensed in Germany and have been associated with both different degrees of vaccine effectiveness and adverse effects. To identify genetic variants in the vaccines that might contribute to rash-associated syndromes, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) profiles of variants from the three vaccines and rash-associated vaccine-type VZV from German vaccinees were quantitatively compared by PCR-based pyrosequencing (PSQ). The Varivax vaccine contained an estimated 3-fold higher diversity of VZV variants, with 20% more wild-type (wt) SNPs than Varilrix and Priorix-Tetra. These minor VZV variants in the vaccines were identified by analyzing cloned full-length open reading frame (ORF)
orf62
sequences by chain termination sequencing and PSQ. Some of these sequences amplified from vaccine VZV were very similar or identical to those of the rash-associated vaccine-type VZV from vaccinees and were almost exclusively detected in Varivax. Therefore, minorities of rash-associated VZV variants are present in varicella vaccine formulations, and it can be concluded that the analysis of a core set of four SNPs is required as a minimum for a firm diagnostic differentiation of vaccine-type VZV from wt VZV.
Ethanol Inhibits Antigen Presentation by Dendritic Cells
Authors: Eken Ahmet , Ortiz Vivian , Wands Jack R.
Published: May 2011

Previous studies suggest that altered virus-specific T-cell responses observed during chronic ethanol exposure may be due to abnormal functioning of dendritic cells (DCs). Here we explored the effects of ethanol on exogenous antigen presentation by DCs. BALB/c, C57BL/6, and CBA/caj mice were fed ethanol or an isocaloric control diet for 8 weeks. The splenic DC population was expanded using an Flt3L expression plasmid via tail vein injection. DCs were purified and assessed for antigen presentation and processing and for peptide-major histocompatibility complex class I and II (MHCI and MHCII) formation on the cell surface. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) was measured as an indicator of antigen-specific T-cell activation by DCs in coculture. Antigen processing and peptide-MHCII complexes were evaluated by flow cytometry. We observed that ethanol not only suppressed allogeneic peptide presentation to T cells by DCs but also altered presentation of exogenous ovalbumin (OVA) peptide 323-339 to an OVA-specific DO11 T-cell line as well as to OVA-sensitized primary T cells. Smaller amounts of peptide-MHCII complexes were found on the DCs isolated from the spleens of ethanol-fed mice. In contrast to MHCII presentation, cross-presentation of exogenous OVA peptide via MHCI by DCs remained intact. More importantly, ethanol-exposed DCs had reduced B7-DC and enhanced ICOS-L (inhibitory) costimulatory molecule expression. Ethanol inhibits exogenous and allogeneic antigen presentation and affects the formation of peptide-MHCII complexes, as well as altering costimulatory molecule expression on the cell surface. Therefore, DC presentation of peptides in a favorable costimulatory protein environment is required to subsequently activate T cells and appears to be a critical target for the immunosuppressive effects of ethanol.
Development of a Phenotypic Method for Detection of Fecal Carriage of OXA-48-Producing Enterobacteriaceae after Incidental Detection from Clinical Specimen
Authors: Ruppé Etienne , Armand-Lefèvre Laurence , Lolom Isabelle , El Mniai Assiya , Muller-Serieys Claudette , Ruimy Raymond , Woerther Paul-Louis , Bilariki Kalliopi , Marre Michel , Massin Philippe , Andremont Antoine , Lucet Jean-Christophe
Published: May 2011

We report incidental isolation of an OXA-48-producing
Escherichia coli
strain in urine of a 62-year-old woman recently returning from a 2-month vacation in Morocco. Commercially available extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-targeting medium failed to detect it in the patient's stools, although a locally developed and easy-to-implement method using ertapenem-supplemented brain heart infusion (BHI) broths could.
Rate of Recovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Frozen Acid-Fast-Bacillus Smear-Positive Sputum Samples Subjected to Long-Term Storage in Northwest Ethiopia
Authors: Tessema Belay , Beer Joerg , Emmrich Frank , Sack Ulrich , Rodloff Arne C.
Published: May 2011

Tuberculosis is a major public health problem in Ethiopia. The diagnosis and treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis remain a challenge in the country. This study aimed to assess whether single morning sputum samples could be stored at −20°C for extended periods of time at remote settings and then transported and successfully cultured for
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
. Single morning sputum samples were collected from all smear-positive tuberculosis patients diagnosed at Gondar Hospital, Gondar Health Center, Metemma Hospital, Bahir Dar Hospital, and Debre Markos Hospital in Northwest Ethiopia between March and July 2009. Specimens were stored at the study sites and sent to the mycobacteriology laboratory at the University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany, where specimens were processed and inoculated into the BacT/Alert 3D system and Lowenstein-Jensen and Gottsacker media. Ice packs were added in the package of the specimens during transport. A total of 319 patients were enrolled in this study. The median specimen storage time was 132 days (range, 16 to 180 days). Of all specimens, 283 (88.7%) were culture positive by any of the three culturing systems.
M. tuberculosis
isolates from four contaminated specimens in all culturing systems were successfully isolated on Middlebrook 7H10 agar; thereby, the recovery rate increased to 287 (90.0%). The length of time of sputum storage had no significant effect on the rate of recovery of
M. tuberculosis
in all culturing systems. In conclusion, single morning sputum specimens collected at remote settings stored at −20°C for long periods of time without the addition of preservatives can yield a high recovery rate. These findings suggest a simple and cost-effective alternative method of sputum storage for epidemiological and drug resistance studies in low-resource countries.
Rapid Detection of
bla
KPC
Carbapenemase Genes by Internally Controlled Real-Time PCR Assay Using Bactec Blood Culture Bottles
Authors: Hindiyeh Musa , Smollan Gill , Grossman Zehava , Ram Daniela , Robinov Jana , Belausov Natasha , Ben-David Debbie , Tal Ilana , Davidson Yehudit , Shamiss Ari , Mendelson Ella , Keller Nathan
Published: May 2011

Rapid detection of drug-resistant bacteria in clinical samples plays an instrumental role in patients' infection management and in implementing effective infection control policies. In the study described in this report, we validated a multiplex TaqMan real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for the detection of
bla
KPC
genes and the human RNase P gene in Bactec blood culture bottles. The MagNA Pure LC (version 2.0) instrument was utilized to extract nucleic acids from the inoculated broth, while bovine serum albumin (BSA) was utilized as the PCR inhibitor reliever. The multiplex assay, which was specific for the detection of
bla
KPC
genes, had a limit of detection of 19 CFU per reaction mixture with human blood-spiked Bactec bottles. Of the 323 Bactec blood culture sets evaluated, the same 55 (17%) blood cultures positive for carbapenem-resistant bacteria by culture were also positive by the validated qPCR assay. Thus, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the qPCR assay compared to the results of culture were all 100%.
bla
KPC
genes were also detected from the same Bactec bottle broth after manual extraction with a QIAamp DNA minikit; however, there was an average 3-threshold-cycle delay in the qPCR readings. With the limited therapeutic options available, the accurate and rapid detection of
bla
KPC
-possessing bacteria by the described
bla
KPC
/RNase P assay will be a crucial first step in ensuring optimal clinical outcomes and infection control.
Histologic and Molecular Correlation in Shelter Cats with Acute Upper Respiratory Infection
Authors: Burns Rachel E. , Wagner Denae C. , Leutenegger Christian M. , Pesavento Patricia A.
Published: May 2011

This is a descriptive study designed to correlate diagnostic real-time PCR results with histopathologic lesions in cats with clinical signs of upper respiratory infection (URI). The study occurred over a 9-month period in a single open-intake animal shelter. Cats that were selected for euthanasia by the shelter staff and additionally had URI were included in the study, for a total of 22 study cats. Combined conjunctival and oropharyngeal swab specimens were tested by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) for feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1), feline calicivirus (FCV),Mycoplasma felis,Chlamydophila felis, andBordetella bronchiseptica. Necropsy was performed on all cats, and a complete set of respiratory tract tissues was examined by histopathology. Among 22 cats, 20 were qPCR positive for FHV-1, 7 forM. felis, 5 for FCV, 1 forC. felis, and 0 forB. bronchiseptica. Nine cats were positive for two or more pathogens. Histopathologic lesions were present in all cats, with consistent lesions in the nasal cavity, including acute necroulcerative rhinitis in 16 cats. Histologic or antigenic detection of FHV-1 was seen in 18 of 20 cats positive for FHV-1 by qPCR. No lesions that could be specifically attributed to FCV,M. felis, orC. feliswere seen, although interpretation in this cohort could be confounded by coinfection with FHV-1. A significant agreement was found between the amount of FHV-1 DNA determined by qPCR and the presence of specific histopathologic lesions for FHV-1 but not for the other respiratory pathogens.
Performance Assessment of the GenoType MTBDR
sl
Test and DNA Sequencing for Detection of Second-Line and Ethambutol Drug Resistance among Patients Infected with Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Huang Wei-Lun , Chi Ting-Lin , Wu Mei-Hua , Jou Ruwen
Published: May 2011

The GenoType MTBDR
sl
test and DNA sequencing were used to rapidly detect second-line drug- and ethambutol (EMB)-resistant
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
. The ability of these two assays to detect the presence of mutations associated with resistance to fluoroquinolones (FLQ), aminoglycosides/cyclic peptide (AG/CP), and EMB in the
gyrA
,
rrs
, and
embB
genes (for the GenoType MTBDR
sl
test) and
gyrA
,
gyrB
,
rrs
,
eis
,
embC
,
embA
,
embB
, and
embR
genes (for DNA sequencing) was compared to that of conventional agar proportion drug susceptibility testing (DST). We evaluated 234 multidrug-resistant (MDR)
M. tuberculosis
isolates. The two molecular methods had high levels of specificity (95.8 to 100%). The sensitivities for FLQ resistance detection for both methods were 85.1%. For AG (kanamycin [KM] and amikacin [AM]) and CP (capreomycin CAP]), the sensitivities of resistance detection using the GenoType MTBDR
sl
test were 43.2%, 84.2%, and 71.4%, respectively, while with the inclusion of an extra gene,
eis
, in sequencing, the sensitivity reached 70.3% for detection of KM resistance. The sensitivities of EMB resistance detection were 56.2% and 90.7% with the GenoType MTBDR
sl
test and sequencing, respectively. We found that the GenoType MTBDR
sl
test can rapidly detect resistance to FLQ, CAP, and AM. The accuracy of the GenoType MTBDR
sl
test for the detection of FLQ and AM resistance was comparable to that of conventional DST; however, the test was less accurate for the detection of KM and EMB resistance and demonstrated a poor predictive value for CAP resistance. We recommend including new alleles consisting of the
eis
promoter and
embB
genes in molecular analysis. However, conventional DST is necessary to rule out false-negative results from molecular assays.
Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens Septic Arthritis following Puncture with a Coxspur Hawthorn Thorn
Authors: Francis Michelle J. , Doherty Richard R. , Patel Minoo , Hamblin John F. , Ojaimi Samar , Korman Tony M.
Published: May 2011

Curtobacterium
species are recognized plant pathogens. We report the first well-documented case of
Curtobacterium
human infection, a child with septic arthritis following puncture with a Coxspur Hawthorn plant thorn. The organism isolated from synovial tissue and the plant thorn was identified as
Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens
by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis.
Isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains with a Silent Mutation in
rpoB
Leading to Potential Misassignment of Resistance Category
Authors: Alonso María , Palacios Juan José , Herranz Marta , Penedo Ana , Menéndez Ángela , Bouza Emilio , García de Viedma Darío
Published: May 2011

Our study provides an alert regarding the transmission of rifampin-susceptible strains of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
with a silent substitution in codon 514 of
rpoB
. Among 1,450 cases, we identified 12 isolates sharing this mutation and related restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) types. The mutation impaired hybridization with the wild-type probes in three independent commercial assays, which could lead to misassignment of resistance.
Genetic Diversity among Korean Candida albicans Bloodstream Isolates: Assessment by Multilocus Sequence Typing and Restriction Endonuclease Analysis of Genomic DNA by Use of BssHII
Authors: Shin Jong Hee , Bougnoux Marie-Elisabeth , d'Enfert Christophe , Kim Soo Hyun , Moon Chang-Jin , Joo Min Young , Lee Kyungwon , Kim Mi-Na , Lee Hye Soo , Shin Myung Geun , Suh Soon Pal , Ryang Dong Wook
Published: May 2011

Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) has been successfully applied to the epidemiology of
Candida albicans
isolates not only within the hospital setting but also in multiple locations nationwide. We performed MLST to investigate the genetic relatedness among bloodstream infection (BSI) isolates of
C. albicans
recovered from 10 Korean hospitals over a 12-month period. The 156 isolates yielded 112 unique diploid sequence types (DSTs). While 95 DSTs were each derived from a single isolate, 17 DSTs were shared by 61 isolates (39.1%). Interestingly, 111 (71.1%) isolates clustered within previously known clades, and 29 (18.6%) clustered within a new clade that includes strains of Asian origin previously typed as singletons. This MLST study was complemented by restriction endonuclease analysis of genomic DNA using BssHII (REAG-B) in order to evaluate whether strains with identical DSTs and originating from the same hospital corresponded to nosocomial clusters. Importantly, only those isolates with a strong epidemiological relationship showed ≥95% identical REAG-B types. Our results indicate that REAG-B typing can be complementary to MLST but should be limited to the investigation of isolates of identical DSTs and when interhuman transmission is suspected.
Substitution of Specific Cysteine Residues in the E1 Glycoprotein of Classical Swine Fever Virus Strain Brescia Affects Formation of E1-E2 Heterodimers and Alters Virulence in Swine
Authors: Fernández-Sainz I. , Holinka L. G. , Gladue D. , O'Donnell V. , Lu Z. , Gavrilov B. K. , Risatti G. R. , Borca M. V.
Published: May 2011

E1, along with E
rns
and E2, is one of the three envelope glycoproteins of classical swine fever virus (CSFV). E1 and E2 are anchored to the virus envelope at their carboxyl termini, and E
rns
loosely associates with the viral envelope. In infected cells, E2 forms homodimers and heterodimers with E1 mediated by disulfide bridges between cysteine residues. The E1 protein of CSFV strain Brescia contains six cysteine residues at positions 5, 20, 24, 94, 123, and 171. The role of these residues in the formation of E1-E2 heterodimers and their effect on CSFV viability
in vitro
and
in vivo
remain unclear. Here we observed that recombinant viruses harboring individual cysteine-to-serine substitutions within the E1 envelope protein still have formation of E1-E2 heterodimers which are functional in terms of allowing efficient virus progeny yields in infected primary swine cells. Additionally, these single cysteine mutant viruses were virulent in infected swine. However, a double mutant harboring Cys24Ser and Cys94Ser substitutions within the E1 protein altered formation of E1-E2 heterodimers in infected cells. This recombinant virus, E1ΔCys24/94v, showed delayed growth kinetics in primary swine macrophage cultures and was attenuated in swine. Furthermore, despite the observed diminished growth
in vitro
, infection with E1ΔCys24/94v protected swine from challenge with virulent CSFV strain Brescia at 3 and 28 days postinfection.
Diverse Peptide Presentation of Rhesus Macaque Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Mamu-A*02 Revealed by Two Peptide Complex Structures and Insights into Immune Escape of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Liu Jun , Dai Lianpan , Qi Jianxun , Gao Feng , Feng Youjun , Liu Wenjun , Yan Jinghua , Gao George F.
Published: May 2011

Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I)-restricted CD8
+
T-cell responses play a pivotal role in anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) immunity and the control of viremia. The rhesus macaque is an important animal model for HIV-related research. Among the MHC I alleles of the rhesus macaque, Mamu-A*02 is prevalent, presenting in ≥20% of macaques. In this study, we determined the crystal structure of Mamu-A*02, the second structure-determined MHC I from the rhesus macaque after Mamu-A*01. The peptide presentation characteristics of Mamu-A*02 are exhibited in complex structures with two typical Mamu-A*02-restricted CD8
+
T-cell epitopes, YY9 (Nef159 to -167; YTSGPGIRY) and GY9 (Gag71 to -79; GSENLKSLY), derived from simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). These two peptides utilize similar primary anchor residues (Ser or Thr) at position 2 and Tyr at position 9. However, the central region of YY9 is different from that of GY9, a difference that may correlate with the immunogenic variance of these peptides. Further analysis indicated that the distinct conformations of these two peptides are modulated by four flexible residues in the Mamu-A*02 peptide-binding groove. The rare combination of these four residues in Mamu-A*02 leads to a variant presentation for peptides with different residues in their central regions. Additionally, in the two structures of the Mamu-A*02 complex, we compared the binding of rhesus and human β
2
microglobulin (β
2
m) to Mamu-A*02. We found that the peptide presentation of Mamu-A*02 is not affected by the interspecies interaction with human β
2
m. Our work broadens the understanding of CD8
+
T-cell-specific immunity against SIV in the rhesus macaque.
An imbalance of COX level is not related to placental abruption
Authors: Avagliano Laura , Falleni Monica , Marconi Anna Maria , Bulfoni Camilla , Prada Arianna , Barbera Antonino F , Doi Patrizia , Bulfamante Gaetano P
Published: May 2011

Aims

Muscularised basal plate arteries (MA) or chorioamnionitis (CA) are often present in placental abruption. The aim of this study was to evaluate the placental expression of COX 1 and COX 2 in cases of placental abruption with MA or CA hypothesising that an imbalance in COX placental expression might be implicated in its pathogenesis.

Methods

COX 1 and COX 2 placental immunostaining was analysed in 16 placentas with abruption (nine with MA, seven with CA), in 26 normal placentas and in 10 gestational age-matched MA or CA cases without abruption.

Results

COX 1 and COX 2 protein expression was observed in all cases, both in placental abruption and in normal placentas. No differences in distribution of immunoreactivity were observed either between cases and controls or between MA and CA. The mean COX 1 ratio between COX-positive cells and all stromal cells was significantly lower in placental abruption with MA (0.14±0.05) when compared with cases with CA (0.35±0.06) and normal placenta (0.23±0.02; p<0.001). The mean COX 2 ratio was lower in placental abruption with MA than in normal placenta (0.09±0.06 vs 0.18±0.05: p<0.001). In contrast, no difference in COX 1 and COX 2 ratio was observed between MA cases with or without abruption and between CA cases with or without abruption.

Conclusions

It is hypothesised that an imbalance of normal COX level may be present in cases with MA and CA but it is not related to placental abruption.
Evolution of a multidisciplinary cerebrovascular center: lessons learned
Authors: Hui Ferdinand K , Spiotta Alejandro M , Katzan Irene , Manno Edward M , Masaryk Thomas J , Rasmussen Peter A
Published: May 2011

The Cerebrovascular Center at the Cleveland Clinic is an integrated, multidisciplinary center comprising vascular neurologists, neurointensivists, physiatrists, open and endovascular neurosurgeons, interventional neurologists and interventional neuroradiologists administered through a single financial center with unified governance and leadership. This report describes the history and evolution of the center from conceptualization to the present, as well as outlining lessons learned in the formation and maturation of the group.
Angioplasty and stent placement for complete occlusion of the vertebral artery secondary to giant cell arteritis
Authors: Dementovych Nataliya , Mishra Richa , Shah Qaisar A
Published: May 2011

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is the most common form of systemic vasculitis in adults. Patients usually present with headache and visual symptoms, and have an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. It has been reported that 3–4% of patients with GCA develop ischemic events secondary to vertebral artery stenosis or occlusion. The mainstay of therapy of GCA is high dose steroid and/or methotrexate. A case is described of a patient who initially presented with intermittent double vision, mild headache and unremarkable MRI and MR angiography of the head and neck. The patient was diagnosed and treated for ocular myasthenia. The patient was readmitted 2 months later with imbalance and worsening headache, and workup suggested bilateral cerebellar infarction, complete occlusion of the left vertebral artery and a high grade stenosis of the right vertebral artery. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C reactive protein were elevated. Temporal artery biopsy demonstrated changes consistent with GCA. During the course of the treatment with corticosteroids and immunosuppressant, the patient developed dysarthria, left facial droop and left hemiplegia, and was found to have complete occlusion of both vertebral arteries. The patient was emergently taken for revascularization of the occluded segment using angioplasty and stent placement. The patient had significant improvement of neurological symptoms within 3 days after the procedure and continued to improve during hospitalization. Endovascular treatment of vasculitis affecting the intracranial vessels is not yet established. Our experience with successful treatment of complete occlusion of the vertebral artery secondary to GCA using endovascular intracranial angioplasty and stent placement is reported.
MAGNETIC AND DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF POLYCRYSTALLINE Co0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 MATERIALS PREPARED USING MECHANICALLY ALLOYED NANOPARTICLE
Authors: WAJE SAMAILA BAWA , HASHIM MANSOR , YUSOFF W. DAUD W. , ABBAS ZULKIFLY
Published: May 2011

Cobalt–nickel ferrite ( Co 0.5 Ni 0.5 Fe 2 O 4) were prepared using a high energy milling and sintering. The starting raw materials of NiO , Co3 O4 and Fe2O3 were subjected to 12 hr milling using a Spex8000D mixer/mill. The resulting material was molded into samples of toroidal/disc shape and subsequently sintered at various temperatures from 600 to 1000° C, at 100° C interval. The effect of sintering temperature on microstructure, saturation magnetization ( M s), and coercivity ( H c) was reported. The frequency dependence of the magnetic and dielectric properties such as permittivity, loss tangent, permeability and loss factor were investigated in the frequency range of 10 MHz–1.8 GHz. The results show that the real part of the permittivity at individual temperatures was constant within the measured frequency, while the loss tangent values decreased gradually with increasing frequency. The real permeability on the other hand remained fairly constant over certain frequency (around 1.0 GHz), and thereafter increases towards saturation thereby showing a good potential in the microwave frequencies region.
GENERALIZED SYNCHRONIZATION OF FRACTIONAL ORDER CHAOTIC SYSTEMS
Authors: WANG MING-JUN , WANG XING-YUAN
Published: May 2011

In the paper, generalized chaotic synchronization of a class of fractional order systems is studied. Based on the stability theory of linear fractional order systems, a generalized synchronization scheme is presented, and theoretical analysis is provided to verify its feasibility. The proposed method can realize generalized synchronization not only of fractional order systems with same dimension, but also of systems with different dimensions. Besides, the function relation of generalized synchronization can be linear or nonlinear. Numerical simulations show the effectiveness of the scheme.