bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organic label's halo effect on sensory and hedonic experience of wine: A pilot study
Authors: Apaolaza Vanessa , Hartmann Patrick , Echebarria Carmen , Barrutia Jose M.
Published: January 2017

This exploratory pilot study analyzes the influence of organic labeling on the sensory perception of wine, assessing not only overall hedonic rating but specific experiences of different sensory qualities, and addresses the question whether the organic halo effect on hedonic evaluation and purchase intention can be explained by variations in sensory ratings. A sample of 90 consumers took part in a one‐way (organic label vs. control), between‐groups experimental design comprising a wine tasting task and subsequent evaluation of the wine's sensory properties. All individual tasted the same organic wine. In addition to showing that organic labeling increases hedonic evaluation and purchase intention, results provide evidence that sensory perception changes significantly when a wine carries an organic label, compared with the same wine lacking the organic claim. When labeled organic, the same wine was perceived as having a finer, more intense, more fruity and floral aroma, a more intense, pleasurable and fruity flavor, as well as a smoother texture, and better body. Results further showed that the organic halo effect on hedonic evaluation and purchase intention was totally mediated by increases in sensory ratings and perceived healthiness, providing a process explanation for this effect. Additional evidence points to health concerned individuals being less prone to the organic halo effect.

Practical applications

The finding that consumers not only associate health benefits with organic wine, but that there are expectancy beliefs involved that in addition to increasing hedonic ratings induce a more intense experience of sensory properties, has significant implications for marketers of organic wine and consumer policy aimed at promoting consumption of organic produce. Our findings suggest appealing to these expectations with the use of communicational claims that highlight the sensory experience derived from consuming organic wines. Sensory qualities are particularly relevant for wine, a food product where sensory experiences strongly determine consumer preferences. As our study shows, the positive halo effect that organic labeling has on hedonic evaluation of the wine and purchase intention can be explained by an enhanced sensory experience, particularly taste.
Visual elements of packaging shaping healthiness evaluations of consumers: The case of olive oil
Authors: Cavallo Carla , Piqueras‐Fiszman Betina
Published: January 2017

Visual elements of food products can play an important role in determining food choice through shaping the attributes perception of consumers. Symbols and logos have the role of conveying information, but they can be interpreted in different ways. The product used as a case study is Extra‐Virgin Olive Oil. The elements tested are: color of the bottle, sensory quality claims, organic production logos, country of origin (COO), and cold processing. An online questionnaire was completed by a sample of Dutch and Italian consumers in order to have cross‐national results. Consumers' healthiness perception toward packaging alternatives with combinations of these elements were related to consumer traits through a contingent ranking method. Healthiness perception was enhanced by elements on the label such as: organic production, COO and by traits of the consumers such as familiarity and sustainability concern; while it was lowered by sensory indications of pungent properties. Somewhat unexpectedly, the color of container was the only element differently interpreted by the two nationalities.

Practical applications

Most of the packaging elements were perceived similarly by the Dutch and Italian consumers, this suggests that there is no need to create different labels for products sold in different countries. The exception relies in the indication to use dark bottles for products sold in Italy and transparent for products sold in The Netherlands. Pungent features, even if tied with superior healthy properties, are preferred by a small share of consumers. Label and packaging can be used to better communicate the healthiness of the products, so indicating the origin and the organic production can be useful for companies, regardless of the country in which they operate. A positive trend of preference toward olive oil in emerging consuming countries, as The Netherlands, is expected, as the use of this product is spreading within the population as healthy concerns about diet is becoming increasingly important.
Multicomponent solid forms of felodipine: preparation, characterisation, physicochemical and in-vivo studies
Authors: Chadha Renu , Sharma Mohit , Haneef Jamshed
Published: January 2017

Objectives

This study aimed to improve biopharmaceutical parameters of the poorly soluble antihypertensive drug, felodipine, by preparing multicomponent solid forms using three coformers, viz. imidazole, nicotinamide and malonic acid.

Methods

The multicomponent solid forms were prepared by mechanochemical synthesis and characterised by various analytical techniques. These solid forms were further assessed for their physicochemical parameters. Pharmacokinetic and in-vivo antihypertensive activity was performed in rats.

Key findings

Felodipine (FEL) was found to be cocrystallised with imidazole (FEL-IM) while it formed eutectic with nicotinamide (FEL-NCT) and malonic acid (FEL-MA). Cocrystal was sustained by NH…N and NH….O hydrogen-bonded network. Solubility and intrinsic dissolution studies in 0.1 N HCl (pH 1.2) revealed that eutectics exhibited higher solubility and release rate than cocrystal vis-a-vis pure drug and were found to be stable under accelerated storage condition. Significant enhancement of bioavailability was observed in eutectics (3.5- to twofold) and cocrystal (1.3-fold) compared with the pure drug. Antihypertensive activity of new solid forms in an animal model showed a marked decrease in systolic blood pressure.

Conclusions

Mechanochemical approach was successful to prepare multicomponent solid forms that have the potential to improve biopharmaceutical parameters of the poorly soluble drug, FEL.
The essential oil from the fruits of the Brazilian spice Xylopia sericea A. St.-Hil. presents expressive in-vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activity
Authors: Mendes Renata de F , Pinto Nícolas de C C , da Silva Josiane M , da Silva Jucélia B , Hermisdorf Raquel C dos S , Fabri Rodrigo L , Chedier Luciana M , Scio Elita
Published: January 2017

Objectives

The aims of this study were to investigate the chemical composition and the antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Xylopia sericea fruits (OXS). The fruits of this species are popularly used for medicinal purposes, and as a condiment in food preparation.

Methods

The chemical composition of OXS was analysed by GC/MS. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging, β-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching and phosphomolybdenum and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity. Antibacterial activity was assessed by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against bacterial strains of interest to human health and food spoilage.

Key findings

Eighty-four compounds were identified. The sesquiterpenes spathulenol (16.42%), guaiol (13.93%) and germacrene D (8.11%) were the most abundant constituents. OXS presented a significant antioxidant activity and also a high bacteriostatic effect against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter cloacae, Bacillus cereus and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Conclusions

Those results evidenced the potential of OXS to treat human bacterial infections and as an antimicrobial ingredient for food preservation.
Supplementation of corn seed with regular diet modulates immune function and antioxidant status in Capra hircus
Authors: Singh A. K. , Haldar C.
Published: January 2017

Melatonin modulates the functional activation of antioxidative enzymes to maintain the oxidant–antioxidant balance in the physiological system. Melatonin administration via subcutaneous injection increases endogenous melatonin concentration that has been used to modulate the immune function in rodents and reproductive activity in small ruminant like goats. However, to date, no report exist which could suggest the effect of corn seed supplementation on the endogenous melatonin concentration and its impact on cellular‐immune function and antioxidative enzymes activity in any small ruminant like goats. Therefore, in this study, Zea mays (corn seeds), as source of melatonin, were supplemented with regular diet to explore its impact on endogenous melatonin concentration in goat, Capra hircus. Zea mays supplementation with regular diet for 40 days significantly elevated the endogenous melatonin concentration, proliferative response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and antioxidative enzymes activity along with total antioxidant capacity of the plasma. An increase in circulatory IL‐2 and IL‐6 level along with declined TNF‐α, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide was noted with elevated endogenous melatonin concentration. In conclusion, it might be suggested that corn seed could be used as supplement to modulate endogenous melatonin concentration that may improve cellular‐immune function and antioxidant status. The corn seed might also be included as nutraceutical in regular diet to maintain immune‐antioxidant homoeostasis in other species.
Diagnostic value of two commercial chromatographic “patient‐side” tests in the diagnosis of acute canine leptospirosis
Authors: Gloor C. I. , Schweighauser A. , Francey T. , Rodriguez‐Campos S. , Vidondo B. , Bigler B. , Schuller S.
Published: January 2017

Objectives

To determine the diagnostic performance of two patient‐side tests (RDT‐1: Test‐it™ and RDT‐2 Witness®Lepto) in the early diagnosis of canine leptospirosis.

Methods

Retrospective study of 108 dogs with leptospirosis and 53 controls. Leptospirosis was diagnosed based on compatible clinical and clinicopathologic signs and either a single microscopic agglutination test titre_ >800 (n=49), seroconversion (n=53), positive urine real time PCR (RT‐PCR) (n=1), evidence of spirochaetes in silver‐stained tissues (n=1) or a combination of these (n=4). Leptospirosis was excluded in dogs with a convincing alternative diagnosis and single microscopic agglutination testing titres _<200 (n=46) or lack of seroconversion (n=7). Indices of diagnostic accuracy of the rapid diagnostic tests were calculated by comparing admission rapid diagnostic test results to the final disease status.

Results

Rapid diagnostic test‐1 was performed in 118 dogs, rapid diagnostic test‐2 in 69 dogs and both tests in 26 dogs. Weak positive results occurred frequently representing 22·6% (rapid diagnostic test‐1) and 32·3% (rapid diagnostic test‐2) of all positive tests in dogs with leptospirosis. If weak positive rapid diagnostic tests were considered positive, rapid diagnostic test‐1 and rapid diagnostic test‐2 had sensitivities of 82 and 76%, specificities of 91 and 100%, positive predictive values of 94% and 100% and negative predictive values of 73% and 74%, respectively. There were some technical problems with rapid diagnostic test‐1.

Clinical Significance

The diagnostic performance of the rapid diagnostic tests is similar to that reported for the microscopic agglutination test. Both can support a diagnosis of leptospirosis with high specificity but leptospirosis cannot be excluded based on a negative admission test result. Both RDTs are useful in conjunction with other confirmatory tests.
Changes in cardiac output and incidence of volume overload in cirrhotics receiving 20% albumin infusion
Authors: Shasthry Saggere M. , Kumar Manoj , Khumuckham Jelen S. , Sarin Shiv Kumar
Published: January 2017

Background & Aims

Patients with cirrhosis are prone to develop volume over load, have increased capillary permeability and latent or overt cardiomyopathy. Whether albumin infusion causes volume overload in cirrhotics has not been adequately studied.

Methods

Ninety nine consecutive cirrhotic patients receiving 1gm per kg albumin infusion were evaluated for development of volume overload. Clinical, echocardiographic and haemodynamic changes were closely monitored during and after albumin infusion.

Results

Thirty (30.30%) patients developed volume overload. Patients with higher BMI (P=.003), lower CTP (P=.01) and MELD (P=.034) were more often associated with the development of volume overload. Though baseline diastolic dysfunction was present in 82.8% of the patients, it did not influence the development of volume overload or changes in the cardiac output. The cardiac output increased significantly after albumin infusion (4.9±1.554 L/min to 5.86±1.85 L/min, P<.001) irrespective of the development of volume overload, or the presence of diastolic dysfunction or the Child's status.

Conclusion

Nearly, one‐third of cirrhotics receiving standard albumin infusion develop volume overload, specially, those with higher BMI and lower severity of liver disease. Cardiac output increases after albumin infusion, and, baseline diastolic dysfunction has little effect on the development of volume overload or changes in cardiac output.
Simeprevir and daclatasvir for 12 or 24 weeks in treatment‐naïve patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 1b and advanced liver disease
Authors: Hézode Christophe , Almasio Piero L. , Bourgeois Stefan , Buggisch Peter , Brown Ashley , Diago Moises , Horsmans Yves , Serfaty Lawrence , Szalay Ferenc , Gaeta Giovanni B. , Planas Ramon , Schlag Michael , Lonjon‐Domanec Isabelle , Omoruyi Edmund , DeMasi Ralph , Zeuzem Stefan
Published: January 2017

Background & Aims

We investigated the efficacy and safety of simeprevir plus daclatasvir in treatment‐naïve patients with chronic, genotype 1b hepatitis C virus infection and advanced liver disease, excluding patients with pre‐defined NS5A resistance‐associated substitutions.

Methods

This phase II, open‐label, single‐arm, multicentre study included patients aged ≥18 years with advanced fibrosis or compensated cirrhosis (METAVIR F3/4). Patients with NS5A‐Y93H or L31M/V resistance‐associated substitutions at screening were excluded. Simeprevir (150 mg)+daclatasvir (60 mg) once daily was administered for 12 or 24 weeks; treatment could be extended to 24 weeks prior to or at the Week 12 visit. Primary efficacy endpoint was sustained virological response 12 weeks after the end of treatment.

Results

A total of 106 patients were treated; 27% patients were aged >65 years, 39% had cirrhosis, 53% had estimated glomerular filtration rate 30‐89 mL/min, 14% had diabetes, and 38% had arterial hypertension. Overall, 42/106 received 12 weeks of treatment and 64/106 received 24 weeks of treatment. Ninety‐seven (92%) patients achieved a sustained virological response 12 weeks after the end of treatment. The reasons for failure were viral breakthrough (n=7) at weeks 4‐16, early treatment discontinuation (n=1) and viral relapse (n=1). Seventy‐four (70%) patients had ≥1 adverse event during treatment, including six (6%) patients with ≥1 serious adverse event. Three (3%) patients discontinued treatment owing to adverse events.

Conclusions

Simeprevir+daclatasvir demonstrated strong antiviral activity and was well‐tolerated in patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 1b infection, advanced liver disease and a high prevalence of comorbidities. However, viral breakthrough occurred in seven patients, making this regimen unsatisfactory.
The diversity and plasticity of adult hepatic progenitor cells and their niche
Authors: Chen Jiamei , Chen Long , Zern Mark A. , Theise Neil D. , Diehl Ann Mae , Liu Ping , Duan Yuyou
Published: January 2017

The liver is a unique organ for homoeostasis with regenerative capacities. Hepatocytes possess a remarkable capacity to proliferate upon injury; however, in more severe scenarios liver regeneration is believed to arise from at least one, if not several facultative hepatic progenitor cell compartments. Newly identified pericentral stem/progenitor cells residing around the central vein is responsible for maintaining hepatocyte homoeostasis in the uninjured liver. In addition, hepatic progenitor cells have been reported to contribute to liver fibrosis and cancers. What drives liver homoeostasis, regeneration and diseases is determined by the physiological and pathological conditions, and especially the hepatic progenitor cell niches which influence the fate of hepatic progenitor cells. The hepatic progenitor cell niches are special microenvironments consisting of different cell types, releasing growth factors and cytokines and receiving signals, as well as the extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffold. The hepatic progenitor cell niches maintain and regulate stem cells to ensure organ homoeostasis and regeneration. In recent studies, more evidence has been shown that hepatic cells such as hepatocytes, cholangiocytes or myofibroblasts can be induced to be oval cell‐like state through transitions under some circumstance, those transitional cell types as potential liver‐resident progenitor cells play important roles in liver pathophysiology. In this review, we describe and update recent advances in the diversity and plasticity of hepatic progenitor cell and their niches and discuss evidence supporting their roles in liver homoeostasis, regeneration, fibrosis and cancers.
An efficient algorithm for prioritizing NEA physical observations
Authors: Cortese M. , Perozzi E. , Micheli M. , Borgia B. , Dotto E. , Mazzotta Epifani E. , Ieva S. , Barucci M. A. , Perna D.
Published: January 2017

The present near‐Earth asteroids (NEA) discovery rate has surpassed 1500 objects per year, thus calling for extensive observation campaigns devoted to physical characterization in order to define successful mitigation strategies in case of possible impactors. A tool is presented which, through a prioritization algorithm, aims to optimize the planning and the execution of NEA physical observations. Two ranking criteria are introduced, Importance and Urgency, accounting for the need of satisfying the two basic observational modes for physical characterization, that is, rapid response and large observing programs, aimed at selecting targets for exploration and mitigation space missions. The resulting tool generates a daily table of observable targets and it can also be run as a stand‐alone tool in order to provide future observing opportunities at a specific date of interest. It has been developed and implemented within the framework of the NEOShield‐2 EU/HORIZON 2020 Project; the output of the prioritization algorithm is publicly available, in tabular format, on the NEOShield‐2 NEO Properties Portal (http://www.neoshield.net/the-neoshield-project/project-activities/neo-properties-portal), reachable from the main page of the Project website (http://www.neoshield.eu).
The effect of subclinical infantile thiamine deficiency on motor function in preschool children
Authors: Harel Yael , Zuk Luba , Guindy Michal , Nakar Orly , Lotan Dafna , Fattal‐Valevski Aviva
Published: January 2017

We investigated the long‐term implications of infantile thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency on motor function in preschoolers who had been fed during the first 2 years of life with a faulty milk substitute. In this retrospective cohort study, 39 children aged 5–6 years who had been exposed to a thiamine‐deficient formula during infancy were compared with 30 age‐matched healthy children with unremarkable infant nutritional history. The motor function of the participants was evaluated with The Movement Assessment Battery for Children (M‐ABC) and the Zuk Assessment. Both evaluation tools revealed statistically significant differences between the exposed and unexposed groups for gross and fine motor development (p < .001, ball skillsp = .01) and grapho‐motor development (p = .004). The differences were especially noteworthy on M‐ABC testing for balance control functioning (p < .001, OR 5.4; 95% CI 3.4–7.4) and fine motor skills (p < .001, OR 3.2; 95% CI 1.8–4.6). In the exposed group, both assessments concurred on the high rate of children exhibiting motor function difficulties in comparison to unexposed group (M‐ABC: 56% vs. 10%, Zuk Assessment: 59% vs. 3%,p < .001). Thiamine deficiency in infancy has long‐term implications on gross and fine motor function and balance skills in childhood, thiamine having a crucial role in normal motor development. The study emphasizes the importance of proper infant feeding and regulatory control of breast milk substitutes.
Rapid genetic and morphologic divergence between captive and wild populations of the endangered Leon Springs pupfish, Cyprinodon bovinus
Authors: Black Andrew N. , Seears Heidi A. , Hollenbeck Christopher M. , Samollow Paul B.
Published: January 2017

The Leon Springs pupfish (Cyprinodon bovinus) is an endangered species currently restricted to a single desert spring and a separate captive habitat in southwestern North America. Following establishment of the captive population from wild stock in 1976, the wild population has undergone natural population size fluctuations, intentional culling to purge genetic contamination from an invasive congener (Cyprinodon variegatus) and augmentation/replacement of wild fish from the captive stock. A severe population decline following the most recent introduction of captive fish prompted us to examine whether the captive and wild populations have differentiated during the short time they have been isolated from one another. If so, the development of divergent genetic and/or morphologic traits between populations could contribute to a diminished ability of fish from one location to thrive in the other. Examination of genomewide single nucleotide polymorphisms and morphologic variation revealed no evidence of residual C. variegatus characteristics in contemporary C. bovinus samples. However, significant genetic and morphologic differentiation was detected between the wild and captive populations, some of which might reflect local adaptation. Our results indicate that genetic and physical characteristics can diverge rapidly between isolated subdivisions of managed populations, potentially compromising the value of captive stock for future supplementation efforts. In the case of C. bovinus, our findings underscore the need to periodically inoculate the captive population with wild genetic material to help mitigate genetic, and potentially morphologic, divergence between them and also highlight the utility of parallel morphologic and genomic evaluation to inform conservation management planning.
Entangled fates of holobiont genomes during invasion: nested bacterial and host diversities in Caulerpa taxifolia
Authors: Arnaud‐Haond S. , Aires T. , Candeias R. , Teixeira S. J. L. , Duarte C. M. , Valero M. , Serrão E. A.
Published: January 2017

Successful prevention and mitigation of biological invasions requires retracing the initial steps of introduction, as well as understanding key elements enhancing the adaptability of invasive species. We studied the genetic diversity of the green alga Caulerpa taxifolia and its associated bacterial communities in several areas around the world. The striking congruence of α and β diversity of the algal genome and endophytic communities reveals a tight association, supporting the holobiont concept as best describing the unit of spreading and invasion. Both genomic compartments support the hypotheses of a unique accidental introduction in the Mediterranean and of multiple invasion events in southern Australia. In addition to helping with tracing the origin of invasion, bacterial communities exhibit metabolic functions that can potentially enhance adaptability and competitiveness of the consortium they form with their host. We thus hypothesize that low genetic diversities of both host and symbiont communities may contribute to the recent regression in the Mediterranean, in contrast with the persistence of highly diverse assemblages in southern Australia. This study supports the importance of scaling up from the host to the holobiont for a comprehensive understanding of invasions.
Evidence for concerted movement of nuclear and mitochondrial clines in a lizard hybrid zone
Authors: Leaché Adam D. , Grummer Jared A. , Harris Rebecca B. , Breckheimer Ian K.
Published: January 2017

Moving hybrid zones provide compelling examples of evolution in action, yet long‐term studies that test the assumptions of hybrid zone stability are rare. Using replicated transect samples collected over a 10‐year interval from 2002 to 2012, we find evidence for concerted movement of genetic clines in a plateau fence lizard hybrid zone (Sceloporus tristichus) in Arizona. Cline‐fitting analyses ofSNPand mtDNAdata both provide evidence that the hybrid zone shifted northward by approximately 2 km during the 10‐year interval. For each sampling period, the mtDNAcline centre is displaced from theSNPcline centre and maintaining an introgression distance of approximately 3 km. The northward expansion of juniper trees into the Little Colorado River Basin in the early 1900s provides a plausible mechanism for hybrid zone formation and movement, and a broadscale quantification of recent land cover change provides support for increased woody species encroachment at the southern end of the hybrid zone. However, population processes can also contribute to hybrid zone movement, and the current stability of the ecotone habitats in the centre of the hybrid zone suggests that movement could decelerate in the future.
Seven cases of Saccharomyces fungaemia related to use of probiotics
Authors: Roy Ujjwayini , Jessani Laxman G. , Rudramurthy Shivaprakash M. , Gopalakrishnan Ram , Dutta Soma , Chakravarty Chandrashish , Jillwin Joseph , Chakrabarti Arunaloke
Published: January 2017

Probiotics are increasingly used in critically ill patients without enough safety data. The aim of the present study was to determine the association of probiotics with Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungaemia. Seven patients with S. cerevisiae fungaemia were reported at two hospitals in India between July 2014 and September 2015. Detailed clinical history of patients was recorded. Besides the seven patient isolates, three probiotics sachets used in those patients and five unrelated clinical isolates were used for association study by Fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism (FAFLP). Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed by broth microdilution technique of CLSI (M27‐A3) and interpreted according to CLSI (M27S4). Two patients were premature neonates and five were adults. They were admitted in intensive care unit and were on probiotics containing S. boulardii (except one adult patient). FAFLP analysis showed 96.4‐99.7% similarity between blood and corresponding probiotic isolates. Of the three AFLP types (group I, II, II) identified, all the probiotic isolates clustered in group I (major cluster) including majority of the blood isolates. The isolates were susceptible to all antifungal agents tested. Five patients, who could be evaluated, responded promptly to echinocandins or voriconazole. As the prescription of probiotic containing S. boulardii in critically ill patient's leads to the fungaemia, we recommend avoiding this probiotic in those patients.
Validation of criteria for the definition of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations using high‐resolution manometry
Authors: Roman S. , Holloway R. , Keller J. , Herbella F. , Zerbib F. , Xiao Y. , Bernard L. , Bredenoord A. J. , Bruley des Varannes S. , Chen M. , Fox M. , Kahrilas P. J. , Mittal R. K. , Penagini R. , Savarino E. , Sifrim D. , Wu J. , Decullier E. , Pandolfino J. E. , Mion F.
Published: January 2017

Background

Criteria for transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations (TLESRs) are well‐defined for Dentsleeve manometry. As high‐resolution manometry (HRM) is now the gold standard to assess esophageal motility, our aim was to propose a consensus definition of TLESRs using HRM.

Methods

Postprandial esophageal HRM combined with impedance was performed in 10 patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations identification was performed by 17 experts using a Delphi process. Four investigators then characterized TLESR candidates that achieved 100% agreement (TLESR events) and those that achieved less than 25% agreement (non‐events) after the third round. Logistic regression and decision tree analysis were used to define optimal diagnostic criteria.

Key Results

All diagnostic criteria were more frequently encountered in the 57 TLESR events than in the 52 non‐events. Crural diaphragm (CD) inhibition and LES relaxation duration >10 seconds had the highest predictive value to identify TLESR. Based on decision tree analysis, reflux on impedance, esophageal shortening, common cavity, upper esophageal sphincter relaxation without swallow and secondary peristalsis were alternate diagnostic criteria.

Conclusion & Inferences

Using HRM, TLESR might be defined as LES relaxation occurring in absence of swallowing, lasting more than 10 seconds and associated with CD inhibition.
Waist to hip ratio is a better predictor of esophageal acid exposure than body mass index
Authors: Ringhofer C. , Lenglinger J. , Riegler M. , Kristo I. , Kainz A. , Schoppmann S. F.
Published: January 2017

Background

Obesity and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are major health problems showing an inconstant relationship in the literature. Therefore, anthropometric parameters which are predictive and can simply be assessed at first patient presentation may lead to a better patient selection for ambulatory reflux monitoring. We aimed to examine the association of body mass index (BMI) and waist to hip ratio (WHR) with gastroesophageal reflux activity during 24 hour‐pH‐impedance monitoring.

Methods

Seven hundred and seventy‐one patients with GERD symptoms underwent 24 hour‐pH‐impedance monitoring and high resolution manometry off proton pump inhibitors. Patients with known primary motility disorders of the esophagus and pre‐existing endoscopic or operative procedure on esophagus or stomach were excluded from the study. Reflux parameters and anthropometric and demographic data from our prospectively gathered database were analyzed. We performed univariate and multivariate regression analysis to evaluate the associations of BMI and WHR with reflux parameters measured with 24 hour‐pH‐impedance monitoring.

Key Results

WHR showed a significantly stronger association with esophageal acid exposure than BMI (P<.001). Our data show that 6.9% of the percentage of endoluminal pH<4 in the distal esophagus is attributable to WHR. Furthermore, an association of WHR with impaired esophageal acid clearance was observed. Additionally, we observed an inverse relationship between lower esophageal sphincter integrity (P=.05) and esophageal acid exposure.

Conclusions and Inferences

WHR is a better predictor for esophageal acid exposure than BMI. Biomechanical and metabolic mechanisms of central fat distribution may influence reflux parameters in 24 hour pH impedance monitoring, which may affect patient selection for ambulatory reflux monitoring.
Distinct regions of the Phytophthora essential effector Avh238 determine its function in cell death activation and plant immunity suppression
Authors: Yang Bo , Wang Qunqing , Jing Maofeng , Guo Baodian , Wu Jiawei , Wang Haonan , Wang Yang , Lin Long , Wang Yan , Ye Wenwu , Dong Suomeng , Wang Yuanchao
Published: January 2017

Phytophthora pathogens secrete effectors to manipulate host innate immunity, thus facilitating infection. Among the RXLR effectors highly induced during Phytophthora sojae infection, Avh238 not only contributes to pathogen virulence but also triggers plant cell death. However, the detailed molecular basis of Avh238 functions remains largely unknown.

We mapped the regions responsible for Avh238 functions in pathogen virulence and plant cell death induction using a strategy that combines investigation of natural variation and large‐scale mutagenesis assays. The correlation between cellular localization and Avh238 functions was also evaluated.

We found that the 79th residue (histidine or leucine) of Avh238 determined its cell death‐inducing activity, and that the 53 amino acids in its C‐terminal region are responsible for promoting Phytophthora infection. Transient expression of Avh238 in Nicotiana benthamiana revealed that nuclear localization is essential for triggering cell death, while Avh238‐mediated suppression of INF1‐triggered cell death requires cytoplasmic localization.

Our results demonstrate that a representative example of an essential Phytophthora RXLR effector can evolve to escape recognition by the host by mutating one nucleotide site, and can also retain plant immunosuppressive activity to enhance pathogen virulence in planta.
Pierre Bourdieu: Expanding the scope of nursing research and practice
Authors: Nairn Stuart , Pinnock David
Published: January 2017

Bourdieu is an important thinker within the sociological tradition and has a philosophically sophisticated approach to theoretical knowledge and research practice. In this paper, we examine the implication of his work for nursing and the health sciences more broadly. We argue that his work is best described as a reflexive realist who provides a space for a nonpositivist approach to knowledge that does not fall into the trap of idealism or relativism. We emphasize that Bourdieu was not an abstract theorist, but only utilized theories to understand and explain the social world in all its empirical complexity. Theory is emphasized over method without denying the importance of method. We then provide a brief overview of some of his key concepts: habitus, field and capital. His work is a scientifically astute practice that has an emancipatory purpose, with particular resonance to the problems of nursing as a social practice. Some have criticized Bourdieu for undermining agency and we briefly address this issue, but argue that his conceptual framework helps us to understand what endures in social practice and why change is often problematic. In short, this paper argues that Bourdieu's work is a fruitful resource for critiquing existing nursing approaches that are preoccupied with agency over structure.
QTL for delayed bolting after winter detected in leaf beet (Beta vulgaris L.)
Authors: Pfeiffer Nina , Müller Andreas E. , Jung Christian , Kopisch‐Obuch Friedrich J.
Published: January 2017

Growing sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris) as a winter crop in cool temperate climates is expected to increase yield potential. However, this requires bolting resistance after winter. One strategy to achieve complete bolting resistance is to accumulate genes for bolting delay from various genetic resources within the B. vulgaris gene pool. To identify such genes, a QTL mapping was performed in a segregating population derived from a biennial leaf beet with delayed bolting after winter. The population was tested for bolting delay after winter in two different experiments with natural or artificial vernalization. Three QTL for bolting delay were mapped on linkage groups 3, 5 and 9 affecting bolting time by up to 19 days. These QTL could be combined with recently reported bolting QTL to develop a winter sugar beet with complete bolting resistance.
Correlated effects of exotic pollen‐fertility restorer genes on agronomic and quality traits of hybrid rye
Authors: Miedaner Thomas , Herter Cathérine Pauline , Goßlau Heike , Wilde Peer , Hackauf Bernd
Published: January 2017

In CMS (cytoplasmic male sterility)‐based hybrid rye (Secale cereale L.) breeding, effective pollen‐fertility restoration is an essential prerequisite for achieving maximum grain yield on the one hand and for minimizing ergot (Claviceps purpurea) infestation on the other. Restorer genes for the CMS‐inducing ‘Pampa’ cytoplasm derived from landraces collected in Iran and Argentina are used by breeders for achieving this goal. Here, restorer genes from four germplasm sources (‘Altevogt 14160’, ‘IRAN III’, ‘Trenelense’ and ‘Pico Gentario’) were analysed by producing three‐way cross hybrids between an elite CMS single cross and pollinators with and without a given restorer gene. Materials were evaluated on large drilled plots for restorer index (RI), grain yield, plant height and other traits in six environments. In experiment 1, a restorer gene from ‘Altevogt 14160’ was used. Seven pairs of marker‐selected carrier and non‐carrier backcross lines served as pollinators. In experiment 2, the pollinators were 17 backcross line pairs from the other three germplasm sources. These lines were grouped as high (RI > 67%) and low restorers (RI < 30%), respectively, using testcrosses with a highly diagnostic CMS tester. Hybrids carrying an exotic restorer gene suffered from a significant grain yield reduction by 4.4% and 9.4% and were 9.3 and 4.8 cm taller in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Thousand‐kernel weight was reduced, whereas quality traits were only slightly affected. For all traits, significant genetic variance existed among the testcrosses to the presence vs. absence of a given exotic restorer gene. This offers a chance for the breeder to reduce or ultimately overcome the presently observed performance reductions brought about by exotic restorer genes.
Accommodating Informative Dropout and Death: A Joint Modelling Approach for Longitudinal and Semicompeting Risks Data
Authors: Li Qiuju , Su Li
Published: January 2017

Both dropout and death can truncate observation of a longitudinal outcome. Since extrapolation beyond death is often not appropriate, it is desirable to obtain the longitudinal outcome profile of a population given being alive. We propose a new likelihood-based approach to accommodating informative dropout and death by jointly modelling the longitudinal outcome and semicompeting event times of dropout and death, with an important feature that the conditional longitudinal profile of being alive can be conveniently obtained in a closed form. We use proposed methods to estimate different longitudinal profiles of CD4 cell count for patients from the ‘HIV Epidemiology Research Study’.
A Spatiotemporal Model for Extreme Precipitation Simulated by a Climate Model, With an Application to Assessing Changes in Return Levels Over North America
Authors: Jalbert Jonathan , Favre Anne-Catherine , Bélisle Claude , Angers Jean-François
Published: January 2017

Extreme precipitation plays a major role in flooding events and their occurrence and intensity are expected to increase. Because climate models are the only tools for providing quantitative projections of precipitation, flood risk management for the future climate may be based on the simulation of such events. The goal of the paper is to develop a spatiotemporal statistical model for extremes that is particularly suited to climate model outputs, which are transient and lie on a regular grid. Using the statistical model proposed, projected precipitation return levels for the coming climate over North America are estimated.
A reciprocal soil exchange experiment highlights tree root colonization effects on soil nitrification
Authors: Andrianarisoa K. S. , Zeller B. , Ranger J. , Bienaimé S. , Dambrine E.
Published: January 2017

For forest ecosystems, the relationship between root biomass, root growth and soil nitrification is still debated. Following repeated findings of significant differences in soil nitrification beneath comparable stands at the Breuil experimental site, a reciprocal soil exchange experiment combining high (H)‐ and low (L)‐nitrifying stands was conducted to highlight the effect of tree root colonization on the control of nitrification. Soil percent nitrification and fine root biomass were measured in undisturbed and in transplanted soil cores after 16 and 28 months. In undisturbed soils, the fine root biomass varied by tree species and explained only 14% of the variation in percent nitrification. In transplanted soil cores, percent nitrification converged, at different rates, towards values close to those measured in the undisturbed soil at the receptor stands. On the one hand, percent nitrification increased rapidly in soil cores from L transferred to H, while soil core colonization by roots remained low during the study period. Soil cores might have been colonized by active nitrifiers from their new environment, or/and the activity of the nitrifiers originally present was less suppressed by root activity in their new environment. On the other hand, percent nitrification decreased progressively in soil cores from H transferred to L as root colonization increased. This suggests that root colonization reduced nitrifier population and activity. Our findings suggest that the often‐reported influence of forest species on soil nitrification is probably multifactorial but the tree root colonization contributes.
The future of immunotherapy for canine atopic dermatitis: a review
Authors: DeBoer Douglas J.
Published: January 2017

Allergen specific immunotherapy (ASIT) is a foundation treatment for canine atopic dermatitis (CAD), though few critical studies have documented its effectiveness as a disease‐modifying treatment in dogs. The mechanisms by whichASITworks in dogs have not been elucidated, although they are likely to parallel those known for humans. CurrentASITapproaches inCADfocus on either subcutaneous or sublingual administration. Greater knowledge of major allergens in dogs, ideal dosage regimes and details of allergen admixture are likely to lead to better efficacy inCAD. Evaluation of biomarkers for successful therapy may also be of benefit.

Potentially important advances in human medicine, that have yet to be explored in dogs, include use of modified allergen preparations such as allergoids, recombinant major allergens or allergen peptides; modification with adjuvants; or packaging of the above in virus‐like particles. Co‐administration of immunomodulators such as CpG oligodeoxynucleotides or specific monoclonal antibodies might direct the immune response in the desired direction while calming the “cytokine storm” of active disease.

Initial trials of alternative routes of administration such as intralymphatic immunotherapy have yielded exciting results in humans, and continuing study in dogs is underway. Progress inASITof human food allergy may provide clues that will assist with improved diagnosis and patient management ofCAD. Importantly, further study must be undertaken to clarify the conditions under whichASITis a valuable treatment modality for dogs.
Comparison of two in vitro antifungal sensitivity tests and monitoring during therapy of Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto in Malaysian cats
Authors: Han Hock Siew , Kano Rui , Chen Charles , Noli Chiara
Published: January 2017

Background

Feline sporotrichosis is common in Malaysia. Thermosensitivity and effects of azole treatment on fungal susceptibility are unknown.

Objectives

To evaluate thermotolerance and antifungal susceptibility of feline Malaysian Sporothrix isolates, compare microdilution (MD) and E‐test results, and investigate changes in susceptibility during azole therapy.

Methods

Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto was isolated from 44 cats. Thermotolerance was determined via culture at 37°C for 7 days. Susceptibility to itraconazole (ITZ), ketoconazole (KTZ) and terbinafine (TRB) was assessed in 40 isolates by MD; to amphotericin B (AMB), KTZ, ITZ, fluconazole (FLC) and posaconazole (POS) by E‐test. Results were statistically compared by Pearson's Product Moment. In eight ketoconazole treated cats, susceptibility testing to itraconazole and ketoconazole was repeated every two months for six months.

Results

Thermotolerance was observed in 36 of 44 (82%) isolates. Assuming that isolates growing at antifungal concentrations ≥4 mg/mL were resistant, all were resistant on E‐test to FLC and AMB, 11 (28%) to POS, 6 (15%) to ITZ and 1 (3%) to KTZ. On MD, 27 of 40 (68%) were resistant to TRB, 2 (5%) to ITZ and 3 (8%) to KTZ. There was no correlation between E‐test and MD results (KTZ r = 0.10, P = 0.54, and ITZ r = 0.11, P = 0.48). MD values for ITZ and KTZ did not exceed 4 mg/L during KTZ therapy.

Conclusion

The majority of feline isolates in Malaysia are thermosensitive. Lack of correlation between E‐test and MD suggests that the E‐test is unreliable to test antifungal susceptibility for Sporothrix spp. compared to MD. KTZ was the antifungal drug with the lowest MIC. Prolonged KTZ administration may not induce changes in antifungal susceptibility.
Atypical cutaneous cryptococcosis in four cats in the USA
Authors: Myers Alexandra , Meason‐Smith Courtney , Mansell Joanne , Krockenberger Mark , Peters‐Kennedy Jeanine , Ross Payne Harold , Rodrigues Hoffmann Aline
Published: January 2017

Background

Cryptococcosis is an uncommon fungal infection in humans and mammals. Occasionally, cryptococcosis manifests as cutaneous lesions, either as an extension of nasal disease or as stand alone lesions unassociated with the nose. Histologically, these lesions are typically characterized by abundant organisms with mild granulomatous dermatitis. Herein, four feline cases of atypical cutaneous cryptococcal infections are described.

Methods

Skin punch biopsies from four client owned cats were submitted for histological evaluation between 2006 and 2015. Histological examination, including histochemical stains, was performed in all cases. Immunohistochemical stains and PCR were performed in three of four cases. Fungal culture was performed in two cases and transmission electron microscopy was performed in one case.

Results

Grossly, the cutaneous lesions were papular to nodular with occasional ulceration and were located predominantly on the trunk. Histological examination revealed severe granulomatous to pyogranulomatous and eosinophilic dermatitis with rare, capsule‐deficient yeasts. Immunohistochemistry, PCR and fungal culture confirmed Cryptococcus spp. to be the aetiological agent in these cases.

Conclusions and clinical importance

In cutaneous lesions, capsule‐deficient strains of Cryptococcus spp. may induce a severe inflammatory response with rare intralesional organisms that may not be readily identified on routine haematoxylin and eosin stained slides. Special stains with careful examination and ancillary tests (PCR, immunohistochemistry, fungal culture or antigen testing) should be performed when pyogranulomatous and eosinophilic dermatitis is encountered without an identifiable cause.
Supraglenoid tubercle fractures repair with transverse locking compression plates in 4 horses
Authors: Ahern B. J. , Bayliss I. P. M. , Zedler S. T. , Getman L. M. , Richardson D. W.
Published: January 2017

Objective

To report on a series of 4 horses with supraglenoid tubercle fractures repaired with locking compression plates.

Study Design

Case series.

Animal

Four horses ranging in age from 6 weeks to 20 months and weighing from 121 to 425 kg with supraglenoid tubercle fractures of 1 day to 6 weeks in duration.

Methods

Supraglenoid tubercle fractures were reduced and stabilized with transversely positioned locking compression plate(s) with and without additional tension band wiring.

Results

All fractures reached bony union. Two postoperative surgical site infections were managed with drainage and antibiotherapy. Three of the 4 horses continued onto athletic careers including flat racing, dressage, and hunter/jumper competition. The remaining horse was lame for a prolonged period, but was sound at 4 years.

Conclusions

The application of one or two, transversely positioned LCPs should be considered for the repair of SGT fractures because of the relative ease of the technique, and its elimination of a biceps brachii tenotomy. All screws can be inserted in a lateral to medial direction without transection or drill penetration of the biceps brachii tendon.

Clinical Relevance

SGT fractures of various durations can be repaired in a wide range of horses with transversely positioned LCPs, and allow return to athletic function.