bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical Control Strategy of Predictive Energy Management for Hybrid Commercial Vehicle Based on ADAS Map
Authors: Li Xiaozhi , Wang Yuhai , Li Xingkun
Published: April 2023

Considering the change of vehicle future power demand in the process of energy distribution can improve the fuel saving effect of hybrid system. However, current studies are mostly based on historical information to predict the future power demand, where it is difficult to guarantee the accuracy of prediction. To tackle this problem, this paper combines hybrid energy management with predictive cruise control, proposing a hierarchical control strategy of predictive energy management (PEM) that includes two layers of algorithms for speed planning and energy distribution. In the interest of decreasing the energy consumed by power components and ensuring transportation timeliness, the upper-level introduces a predictive cruise control algorithm while considering vehicle weight and road slope, planning the future vehicle speed during long-distance driving. The lower-level calculates the future power demand based on the results of speed planning, and a dynamic programming method is utilized to determine the global optimal power distribution rules for the current road and driving condition with the goal of optimal engine fuel consumption. The comparison of simulation and vehicle test results indicates that under the various high-speed cruising conditions with little change in speed range and road slope, the predictive energy management strategy has a significant improvement in fuel saving compared with the rule-based energy management strategy.
Development of Truck Platooning System Including Emergency Braking Function with Vehicle-in-the-Loop (VIL) Testing
Authors: Hong Jeong-Ki , Kim Sangjun , Lim Jong Su , Nam Joohan , Min Byeonghyeok , Lee Chanhwa
Published: April 2023

Platoon is a system that connects vehicles through vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication technology to maintain a short distance between vehicles while driving on the road. To improve fuel efficiency, many automotive original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) are interested in developing and demonstrating real-world platoon system. However, it is hard for heavy duty trucks to develop this system due to the difficulty of maintaining the targeted intervehicle distance not only for fuel efficiency but also for safety in case of emergency braking. Because of this critical safety issue in the emergency situation, the platoon system for heavy duty trucks can be hardly demonstrated or tested in real vehicle environment. The relatively complex system and the slow response characteristic of commercial vehicles makes this even more difficult.

In this paper, focusing on the emergency braking function implemented through the V2V communication interface, we introduce the platoon system developed by Hyundai Motor, and explain the system configuration, technology, and control strategy. While there have been various efforts to develop the emergency braking system of the platoon system in a simulation environment in previous studies, we conduct real vehicle-in-the-loop (VIL) test with three semi-trailer trucks. Through repeated VIL tests, we could identify certain vehicle data to be transmitted and received via V2V communication during emergency braking situation and the corresponding signals were properly tailored to reduce the inherent delay. Finally, by reducing the delay of the front vehicle’s deceleration signal, the safe distance gap between vehicles is secured even after the emergency braking. VIL test results of the system are also included to validate the effectiveness of the proposed platoon system.
An ODD-Based Scalable Assurance Framework for Automated Driving Systems
Authors: Zhang Xizhe , Khastgir Siddartha , Jennings Paul
Published: April 2023

Due to the increasing complexities, the safety assurances for Automated Driving Systems (ADSs) and Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADASs) pose challenges. Recent development within the industry and academia suggests a scenario-based approach underpinned by the system’s Operational Design Domain (ODD) for its safety assurance. In such framework, the ODD defines the safe operating boundary, whereas the scenarios set out individual test conditions. To assess the behavior of the system, a critical element for road safety is the ability to respect the rules of the road. This paper joins together ODDs, scenarios, and rules of the road to form a scalable ODD-based safety assurance framework. The backbone of the framework contains a coherent and common taxonomy to describe the ODDs and behavior library, the scenario tagging structure from the ASAM OpenLABEL standard has been used in the example use case.

The workflow utilizes the system’s ODD and behavior library as input to perform filtering and matching activities over a set of testing scenarios and the rules of the road library. Firstly, the ODD and behavior input are used to filter the applicable scenarios within the initial scenario set. At the same time the ODD and behavior input can also be used to filter the applicable rules within the rules of the road library. By further utilizing the ODD and behavior tags covered by the applicable scenarios, and applying them to the rules of the road library, the applicable scenarios related rules can be identified; similarly using the ODD and behavior tags covered by the applicable rules, and applying them to the initial scenario set, the applicable rules related scenarios can be obtained. Such process allows the most relevant rules and scenarios to be used when testing a target system. Furthermore, by comparing the applicable scenarios related rules with the applicable rules, and comparing the applicable rules related scenarios with the applicable scenarios, one can gain an understanding on the effectiveness and the efficiency of the test. When combined with the wider scenario-based evaluation criteria, the framework illustrated within this paper provides a novel and effective way to conduct and evaluate tests.
An Evaluation of the Automatic Emergency Braking and Forward Collision Warning System in a 2014 Subaru Forester
Authors: Harrington Shawn , Martin Nicholas
Published: April 2023

Testing was conducted to evaluate the performance of the 2014 Subaru Forester’s North American Generation 1 EyeSight system at speeds between 6 and 57 miles per hour (mph). The testing utilized a custom-built foam stationary vehicle target designed to withstand 60+ mph impact speeds. Testing measured the Time to Collision (TTC) values of the visual/audible component of the forward collision warning that was presented to the driver. In addition, the testing quantified the TTC and Time to Collision 2 (TTC2) response of the Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) system including the timing and magnitude of the stage one braking response and the timing and magnitude of the stage two braking response. The results of the testing add higher speed Forward Collision Warning (FCW) and AEB testing scenarios to the database of publicly available tests from sources like the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS), which currently evaluates vehicles’ AEB systems at speeds of 12 and 25 mph.
An Evaluation of the Forward Collision Warning System and Evasive Steering Maneuvers using a 2016 Volvo XC90
Authors: Harrington Shawn , Handzic Dino
Published: April 2023

Testing was conducted in daytime conditions at four speeds – 35, 50, 60, and 70 mph – to evaluate the performance of the audible and visual forward collision warning (FCW) component of the collision mitigation system in a 2016 Volvo XC90 while approaching a stationary vehicle target (SVT) in a rear collision scenario. Testing measured the time to collision (TTC) values at the issuance of the FCW, the distance from the test Volvo to the SVT at FCW, and the speed of the Volvo at FCW utilizing Racelogic VBOX data acquisition systems. The results of the testing add higher speed scenarios to the database of publicly available tests from sources like the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS), which currently evaluates vehicles at 12 and 25 mph. In addition, the timing and accelerations of evasive steering maneuvers relative to the SVT were quantified.
A System-Based Safety Assurance Framework for Human-Vehicle Interactions
Authors: Chen Shufeng , Khastgir Siddartha , Jennings Paul
Published: April 2023

With the introduction of vehicular digitization and automation, there has been significant growth in the number of Electronic Control Units (ECUs) inside vehicles, followed by the broader use of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and Automated Driving Systems (ADSs). The growth of the number of ECUs has also significantly increased the number of user interfaces. To conduct safe driving, in addition to those related to the real-time control of the vehicle, a driver also needs to be able to digest information effectively and efficiently from various ECUs via the Human-Machine Interface (HMI). To evaluate the safety of ADS, including its interactions with system users, some work has suggested that they will need to be driven for over 11 billion miles. However, the number of test miles driven is not a meaningful metric for judging safety. Instead, the types of scenarios encountered by the driver-vehicle interactions during testing are critically important. With a hazard-based testing approach, this paper proposes that the extent to which testing miles are ‘smart miles’ that reflect hazard-based scenarios relevant to potential unsafe driver-vehicle interactions is fundamental. The authors proposed an extension based on STPA’s Human Mental Model to create hazard-based test scenarios related to human-machine interactions. The proposed approach has been applied to a real-world project associated with the testing of an SAE-Level 4 Autonomous Vehicle (AV) during its prototyping phase, which involves the interactions between the safety driver and the AV’s ADS and X-by-Wire system. The authors also proposed an extension to the Scenario Description Language (SDL) that can be used to define hazard-based test scenarios. The test scenarios generated from the extended SDL have been used for scenario-based testing in real-world and simulation environments.
The Ford Rolling Road Wind Tunnel Facility
Authors: Nagle Paul , Brooker Tyler , Bari Ghazi , Walter Joel , Toth John , Skinner Shaun
Published: April 2023

The Ford Motor Company Rolling Road Wind Tunnel (RRWT) is a state-of-the-art aerodynamic wind tunnel test facility in Allen Park, Michigan. The RRWT has operated since January 2022 and is designed for passenger and motorsport vehicle development. The test facility includes an office area, three secure customer vehicle preparation bays, a garage area, a vehicle frontal area measurement system, and a full-scale ¾ open jet wind tunnel. The wind tunnel features an interchangeable single belt and 5-belt Moving Ground Plane (MGP) system with an integrated 6-component balance, a two-position nozzle, boundary layer removal systems, and two independent flow traverse systems. Each flow traverse has a large horizontal box beam and vertical Z-strut that can position the flow traverse accurately within the test volume. The individual traverse systems can also operate in tandem and have the capability to perform stereo PIV measurements and scale model vehicle testing, including vehicle passing or drafting simulations. The MGP can be quickly changed between single belt and 5-belt operations, requiring only a single eight-hour shift to transition between the two configurations. The efficient wind tunnel airline is capable of airspeeds up to 250 km/h in the large 26.4 m2 nozzle configuration and 322 km/h in the small 18.6 m2 nozzle configuration using a 12-blade, 8 m diameter fan with a 5.4 MW motor. The wind tunnel’s flow quality and aerodynamic performance compare well with similar facilities in the automotive industry. Ford Motor Company is currently correlating aerodynamic measurement data from the RRWT with other similar facilities, using 60 vehicles across multiple product lines.
An Autonomous Steering Control Scheme for Articulated Heavy Vehicles Using - Model Predictive Control Technique
Authors: Sharma Tarun , He Yuping , Huang Wei
Published: April 2023

This article presents an autonomous steering control scheme for articulated heavy vehicles (AHVs). Despite economic and environmental benefits in freight transportation, lateral stability is always a concern for AHVs in high-speed highway operations due to their multi-unit vehicle structures, and high centers of gravity (CGs). In addition, North American harsh winter weather makes the lateral stability even more challenging. AHVs often experience amplified lateral motions of trailing vehicle units in high-speed evasive maneuvers. AHVs represent a 7.5 times higher risk than passenger cars in highway operation. Human driver errors cause about 94% of traffic collisions. However, little attention has been paid to autonomous steering control of AHVs. To improve the directional performance of AHVs under a high-speed lane-change maneuvers, an autonomous steering control scheme is proposed for a tractor/semi-trailer using a model predictive control (MPC) technique, which controls the steering angle of the tractor front wheels. Various control methods are developed to improve the path following of AHVs, but they only focus on the trajectory tracking of the tractor. The current MPC-based scheme considers both the tractor and trailer for path tracking to improve directional performance of the AHV. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is examined using co-simulations, in which the MPC controller is designed using MatLab/SimuLink and the virtual tractor/semi-trailer is generated in TruckSim. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed autonomous steering control scheme.
Structural Design and Optimization of Liquid-Cooled Thermal Management Components for Electric Vehicle Batteries
Authors: Zhong Wen , Li Min , Shangguan Wenbin
Published: April 2023

Electric vehicle battery thermal management based on liquid cooling is the mainstream form of cooling for new energy vehicles. According to energy consumption, the system is divided into active cooling system and passive cooling system. The cooling of battery modules in these two cooling systems is carried out by liquid-cooled plate, which is connected in series in the cooling system. Therefore, the design of the liquid-cooled plate has a great impact on the effect of battery heat dissipation. In this paper, considering the advantages of existing liquid-cooled plates, the author proposed a series-parallel hybrid dc channel liquid-cooled plate structure, taking square lithium iron phosphate battery pack as the research object. Finally, the effects of different inlet flows and temperatures of the liquid-cooled plate on the thermal performance of the liquid-cooled plate were investigated by using single factor analysis. Studies have shown that the liquid-cooled structure can maintain the battery module temperature within the proper temperature range in high temperature environments (40°C).
Road-Feeling Simulation of SBW System Based on Kalman Filter Fusion Estimation
Authors: Wu Yutong , Duan Yupeng , Wu Jinglai , Zhang Yunqing
Published: April 2023

Due to the elimination of the mechanical connection between the steering column and steering gear in the Steer-by-Wire (SBW) system, the road-feeling simulation is mainly supplied by the road-feeling motor which loads a drag torque on the steering wheel rather than the actual torque transmitted from the road. To obtain more realistic steering wheel torque, a novel feedback torque of the road-feeling motor fusion estimation method based on the Kalman filter is presented in this paper. Firstly, the model-based estimation method is utilized to estimate the aligning torque between tires and ground which is converted into the rack force through the steering system. Then the estimated rack force is used as the observed data for the Kalman Filter of the sensor-based method and the Kalman Filter-based fusion estimation method is resulted, through which the more realistic feedback torque of the road-feeling motor can be obtained. This fusion estimation method is compared with the model-based estimation method and sensor-based method, and the accuracy of the model is verified under the slalom and double lane change maneuver test respectively. The results show that the presented road-feeling simulation model based on Kalman filter fusion estimation can effectively improve the accuracy of road-feeling simulation and reflect road information realistically.
A Data-Driven Framework of Crash Scenario Typology Development for Child Vulnerable Road Users in the U.S.
Authors: Guo Huizhong , Wang Zifei , Sherony Rini , Bao Shan
Published: April 2023

Motor vehicle crashes involving child Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs) remain a critical public health concern in the United States. While previous studies successfully utilized the crash scenario typology to examine traffic crashes, these studies focus on all types of motor vehicle crashes thus the method might not apply to VRU crashes. Therefore, to better understand the context and causes of child VRU crashes on the U.S. road, this paper proposes a multi-step framework to define crash scenario typology based on the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) and the Crash Report Sampling System (CRSS). A comprehensive examination of the data elements in FARS and CRSS was first conducted to determine elements that could facilitate crash scenario identification from a systematic perspective. A follow-up context description depicts the typical behavioral, environmental, and vehicular conditions associated with an identified crash scenario. In addition, hypothesis tests are used to reveal over-represented element conditions that separate a specific crash scenario from others. A case study is given on fatal crashes with a single vehicle and a single-child pedestrian to demonstrate the proposed framework. Insights are obtained on the similarities and more interestingly the differences in the context among crash scenarios. For example, compared to crashes noted with “Non-Motorist Contributing Factors” (actions and/or circumstances that may have contributed to the crash) for child pedestrians, crashes without the type of factors noted were associated with a significantly higher proportion of driver violations charged and/or driving under the influence. When involved in a crash, child pedestrians who failed to yield the right-of-way were significantly more likely to be young teens (13-14 years) while those in the roadway improperly were more likely playing toddlers (1-3 years). We expect the work to serve as a fundamental and practical tool for further examination of crash context and causation, especially those involving children, and to improve their safety traveling on the road.
Development and Evaluation of Comfort Assessment Approaches for Passengers in Autonomous Vehicles
Authors: Su Haotian , Brooks Johnell , Jia Yunyi
Published: April 2023

Passenger comfort is a critical factor in user acceptance of autonomous vehicles (AVs). Despite existing methods for passenger comfort assessment, new approaches to assessing passenger comfort in AVs may be valuable to the automotive industry. In this paper, continuous pressing-based and discrete smartphone-based approaches for comfort assessment were designed and implemented in a user study. Participants used the two approaches to evaluate their comfort levels in an experimental study based on a high-fidelity autonomous driving simulator. Performances of the two approaches in assessing comfort levels were analyzed and compared. In general, the discrete approach showed better measurement repeatability and lower measurement bias than the continuous approach. The performance gap of the continuous approach could be reduced with proper post-processing measures. Discussions on the potential uses of the approaches were also raised.
Impacts of Coordinating the Colors of Flashing Warning Lights and Vehicle Markings on Driver Perception
Authors: Bullough John D. , Skinner Nicholas P. , Rea Mark S.
Published: April 2023

Flashing lights on emergency and maintenance vehicles should be critical components to alerting, informing and managing drivers as they navigate around work zones, vehicle accidents and other roadway emergency incident scenes. These vehicles often also use distinctive colors and markings to identify the type of vehicle and potentially provide drivers with information about the nature of the incident they are approaching. In order to begin to understand how these elements (flashing lights and vehicle/marking colors) contribute to perception, a study was carried out in which participants viewed pairs of roadway scenes using scale model vehicles and lights adjusted to produce similar apparent intensities as full-scale lighting systems. In some cases the colors of the flashing lights were coordinated with those of the vehicle and its reflective markings, and in other cases the colors were not coordinated. Participants reported which scenes appeared to be fire emergencies, as opposed to a non-emergency situation such as a roadway work zone. In addition to differences between different amounts of coordination between the color of the lights and the vehicles and markings, there were individual differences among the participants. The results can guide future research and can help in developing guidelines for the use of flashing light and vehicle marking colors to reinforce driver perception and awareness.
Development of Standalone Diagnostic Extract Tool for Authoring AUTOSAR DEXT Information
Authors: Kadu Vedanti , Dambhare Sanjay , Ujjir Abhinav , Yadav Vineet
Published: April 2023

Due to increase in complexity of vehicle functionality and involvement of electronic components, the use of complex electronic control units is prevalent in today’s vehicles. This has led to increased amount of Electronic Control Unit (ECU) data, and in turn increased Diagnostic data. This Diagnostic data is described in the Automotive Open System Architecture Diagnostic Exchange Template (AUTOSAR DEXT), which is a standard diagnostic data format specified in AUTOSAR 4.2.1 for Unified Diagnostic Services and fault memory. It enables consistent exchange of Diagnostic information across Original Equipment manufacturer OEMs and between OEM and Suppliers, thereby aiding uniformity in configuration of basic software modules described in Automotive Open System Architecture (AUTOSAR) Layered Architecture across enterprise boundaries. DEXT provides the possibility to describe the data to be transported, using respective protocol, along with origin of data in ECU’s application software. When there is availability of both information and data, the configuration of diagnostic basic software becomes possible. This Paper explains the steps which are necessary to process diagnostic data which is being populated in DEXT file, and further tailor it for a production ECU.

Index Terms

—Automotive Open System Architecture, Autosar Extensiable markup language, Basic Software, Controller Area Network, Communication Manager, Diagnostic Communication Manager, Diagnostic Event Manager, Diagnostic Extract Template, Diagnostic Data Identifier, Diagnostic Trouble Code, Electronic Unit Control, Function Inhibition Manager, Local Interconnect Network, Onboard Diagnostics, Open Diagnostic Extract, Original Equipment Manager, Diagnostic Extract Template, Electronic Control Unit, Original Equipment Manufacturer, Unified Diagnostic Services.
Data Association between Perception and V2V Communication Sensors
Authors: Cantas Mustafa Ridvan , Chand Arpita , Zhang Hao , Surnilla Gopichandra , Guvenc Levent
Published: April 2023

The connectivity between vehicles, infrastructure, and other traffic participants brings a new dimension to automotive safety applications. Soon all the newly produced cars will have Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communication modems alongside the existing Advanced Driver Assistant Systems (ADAS). It is essential to identify the different sensor measurements for the same targets (Data Association) to use connectivity reliably as a safety feature alongside the standard ADAS functionality. Considering the camera is the most common sensor available for ADAS systems, in this paper, we present an experimental implementation of a Mahalanobis distance-based data association algorithm between the camera and the Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) communication sensors. The implemented algorithm has low computational complexity and the capability of running in real-time. One can use the presented algorithm for sensor fusion algorithms or higher-level decision-making applications in ADAS modules.
Impact of Different LCI Modelling Scenarios on the LCA Results, A Case Study for the Automotive Sector
Authors: Accardo Antonella , Dotelli Giovanni , Spessa Ezio
Published: April 2023

Since vehicles are comprised of thousands of components, it is essential to reduce the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) modelling workload. This study aims to compare different LCI modeling workload-reducing scenarios to provide a trade-off between the workload efforts and result accuracy. To achieve the optimal balance between computational effort and data specification requirements, the driver seat is used as a case study, instead of the entire vehicle. When all the components of a conventional light-duty commercial vehicle are sorted by mass descending order, seats are among the first five. In addition, unlike the other components, seats are comprised of metals as well as a wide range of plastics and textiles, making them a representative test case for a general problem formulation. In this way, methodology and outcomes can be reasonably extended to the entire vehicle. Regarding the methodology, this study investigates the use of the International Material Data System (IMDS), thus primary data are used. First, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of the reference scenario is evaluated, in which the LCI model is developed using the full list of substances at element level. The reference scenario is characterized both by the highest degree of details and major workload efforts. Second, the authors consider three workload-reducing scenarios, which they refer to as: the cut-off, the Verband Der Automobilindustrie (VDA) and the one-substance-one-material scenarios. Then, granularity is added, and different levels of disaggregation are considered for all scenarios. Results indicate that when the reference scenario is compared to the cut-off scenarios, environmental impacts are significantly different in certain impact categories (e.g., Abiotic Depletion) even with the smallest cut-off (1%). In contrast, when Global Warming Potential (GWP) is considered, the difference is negligible for any value of cut-off ranging from 1 to 5%. As a result, if the focus is solely on the GWP, the cut-off is a viable workload-reducing strategy. Finally, the VDA and the One-substance-one-material scenarios appear to be the best compromises in terms of workload and accuracy. The One-substance-one-material scenario achieves the highest accuracy compared to the other workload-reducing scenarios.
Correlating Body Pressure Distribution Test to Simulation
Authors: Alam DM
Published: April 2023

Body pressure distribution on the seat is simply the measurement and visual reporting of pressure between the human body and the supporting surface of the seat. The main objective of this paper is to correlate the body pressure distribution to simulation at the same time to raise awareness of several different human seating postures during BPD measurement that has an influence on the pressure map reading as well as the correlation of the physical pressure distribution map to the virtually measured pressure map reading. A common issue is sometimes a different BPD map is captured even if the same person sits on the same seat. This paper will discuss in detail the influence of these seating postures during BPD measurement with the help of a virtual comfort analysis tool and physical testing.
The Influence of Traffic Wakes on the Aerodynamic Performance of Heavy Duty Vehicles
Authors: McAuliffe Brian , Barber Hali , Ghorbanishohrat Faegheh
Published: April 2023

Road vehicles have been shown to experience measurable changes in aerodynamic performance when travelling in everyday safe-distance driving conditions, with a major contributor being the lower effective wind speed associated with the wakes from forward vehicles. Using a novel traffic-wake-generator system, a comprehensive test program was undertaken to examine the influence of traffic wakes on the aerodynamic performance of heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs). The experiments were conducted in a large wind tunnel with four primary variants of a high-fidelity 30%-scale tractor-trailer model. Three high-roof-tractor models (conventional North-American sleeper-cab and day-cab, and a zero-emissions-cab style) paired with a standard dry-van trailer were tested, along with a low-roof day-cab tractor paired with a flat-bed trailer. Amongst these, trailer variants provided a total of 10 HDV configurations that were tested in uniform turbulent flow over a range of freestream yaw angles between ±15°, and with wake effects over a range of yaw angles between -2° and +11°. Up to 53 specific wake-flow conditions were applied to each HDV configuration. Wind-load and surface-pressure measurements were acquired and provide indicators of the manner in which the aerodynamic performance of the HDV models are influenced by traffic wakes.

Drag-coefficient reductions up to 17% for individual drag-coefficient values and up to 9% for wind-averaged values were observed. Wakes from adjacent-lane vehicles were observed to have comparable, or sometimes greater, influence to those from safe-distance same-lane vehicles. The wakes influence primarily the forward-facing surfaces of the HDV, resulting in performance changes associated with tractor modifications being affected more than for trailer modifications. These results represent the first comprehensive study of traffic-wake effects on HDVs at safe inter-vehicle distances in highway-driving conditions, and highlight potential differences in real-world aerodynamic performance relative to the standard wind-averaged uniform-flow metrics used for fuel/energy-use and emissions predictions.
Development of a Lightweight Multi-Material Joining Concept through Solid State Welded Al-Steel Bimetal Adaptor
Authors: Chauhan Shiv , Dhadange Ravi , Ponkshe Shripadraj
Published: April 2023

In present work prefabricated multi-material adaptors welded with solid state welding such as roll bonding were explored. Aluminium-Steel adaptor manufactured by roll bonding was used which also has a highly oxidation resistant interface layer which resist the formation of intermetallic. The bimetal adaptors were manufactured by a machining process which carve out the adaptors in required design and configurations from a flat multi-material plate. The bimetal adaptors were used to join aluminium extrusion to steel by arc welding. The Steel side of multi-material adaptor is arc welded with steel and Aluminium side is arc welded with aluminium extrusion tube. This resulted into fabrication of a lightweight multi material joint with aluminium tube and steel. Secondary arc welding process was optimized to keep the interface of primary solid state welded adaptor below 350 Deg C. Detailed weld interface analysis was carried out to understand the effect of secondary arc weld on the interface of solid-state primary weld. Optical microscopy, SEM and SEM-EDX were utilized for microscopic and elemental analysis. Harmful Intermetallic Compounds was not observed at interface of bimetal adaptor. Corrosion performance of joint was also evaluated as per ASTM B117 till 500 hours under 5% NaCl salt. Developed process concept was also evaluated for durability performance which sustained 150000 cycles without failure. It also sustained torque upto 4000nm. Thus, developed concept can be used to manufacture lightweight Aluminium-Steel components without the need of sophisticated techniques through conventional arc welding.
Effectiveness of anti-gravity treadmill on gait quality of patients with orthopedic conditions: a systematic review
Authors: Almodal Justine , Dionaldo Rhea Mae , Padilla Jaera Joyce , Prieto Kienverlee Faye , Ragsac Jay Clinton , Tan Christopher , Zamora Maybelle Anne , Ramos Justine Vincent , Deray Jowil , Jerere Jonalyn , Manlutac Jessie Anne , Dayrit Bea Kristen , Ortega Lovela , Labao Hernan
Published: April 2023

Introduction: To identify the effectiveness of anti-gravity treadmill (AGT) on gait quality of patients with orthopedic conditions through a systematic review.

Methods: Search was conducted in databases such as Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Physiotherapy Database (PEDro), ScienceDirect, and NCBI for the articles published between January 2011 and April 2022. Included studies undergo data extraction, methodological quality assessment using the PEDro Scale and JBI Critical Appraisal Tool, and assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane Collaboration’s risk of bias tool. The main outcome evaluated in this study is the gait quality.

Results: Out of 147 publications found, 11 studies with the mean of 37 the review included subjects. Anti-gravity treadmill appears to be effective equal to standard rehabilitation in improving the gait quality and the overall function of the patient.

Discussion: The use of anti-gravity treadmill is safe and reliable, and it can be a complementary therapeutic option for improving gait quality in patients with lower extremity orthopedic conditions. However, due to the risk of bias assessment, there is no conclusive evidence to support the claims. To increase evidence power, studies with higher methodological quality and larger samples are required.
Effect of multidisciplinary interventions on the quality of life of individuals with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review
Authors: Barbosa Charisse , Cabal Miles Eldrin , Fecara Dyrk Adalric , Mellante Mary Grace , Navarro Hero Christian , Peña Erica Mae , Zamora Maybelle Anne , Ramos Justine Vincent , Deray Jowil , Manlutac Jessie Anne , Dayrit Bea Kristen , Ortega Lovela , Labao Hernan
Published: April 2023

Introduction: The study aims to review published literature on multidisciplinary interventions and their effect on quality of life of individuals with multiple sclerosis to produce state-of-the-art recommendations and consistent discipline combinations for optimal holistic patient car

Methods: The study thoroughly analyzed papers published between January 2010 and February 2022. The publications are gathered from five critical databases: Cochrane, JSTOR, PEDro, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. With Rayyan, the data is analyzed. Independent reviewers evaluate the quality of the papers included in the review using the PEDro Scale and the Cochrane Collaboration tool.

Results: The review includes ten studies with an average of 129 participants for each of the 513 identified articles. In QOL domains, multidisciplinary rehabilitation programs address limits in physical role (p = 0.016), emotional role (p = 0.010), mental wellbeing composite (p = 0.017), and cardiorespiratory fitness (p = 0.017). In addition, it improves Fatigue, as measured by the Chalder Fatigue Scale, the SF-36 vitality subscale, and Fatigue self-efficacy. Only one study found no statistically significant differences in its primary outcome. With 19 individuals, the Level of Activity improved, notably the Timed 50 Meter Walk (p = 0.014), walking speed (p = 0.034), 2- (p = 0.204), and 6-Minute Walk (p = 0.027).

Discussion: In terms of quality of life and decrease in fatigue, multidisciplinary interventions have a remarkable impact on the activity level of MS patients. Findings suggest that Multidisciplinary interventions and other treatment combinations are best recommended in patients with MS to improve multicomponents of QoL and different outcomes such as fatigue.
Cover April
Authors: April Cover
Published: April 2023

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Analysis and Implementation of Intravenous Bag Monitoring System
Authors: Kamone Sakshi , Makesar Mahendra , Sonkusale Rinku , Barmaiya Sharda , Sonwane Nitika , Nehare Tanuja
Published: April 2023

The Intravenous Bag Monitoring System is based upon the "Internet of Things" with the use of new technology of Artificial Intelligence and it issues flu for the Hardware as well as the software any type of project we can create using this technology and with the use of new technology today's world are grown up to the never possible conditions are also possible through the AI system So, we are looking forward to our application is used for the hospital purpose including small Clinics and Big Hospitals we had studied on it for which type of problems faced by Nurses and doctors so as we are looking for this problem then we r generating and finding a solution on it that is “Intravenous Bag Monitoring System”. This application works on the IV Bags weight sensor through this sensor the load cell sense the weight of the IV Bag and through cloud computing that data goes to the cloud and the Blynk IOT application fetches the data from the cloud and it will display the Blynk IOT dashboard like how much liquid is available in the bottle and the new feature added in this application is that when the liquid is coming up to the 15% then the Buzzer get started on the particular Hardware Kit and as well as on the mobile also alert notification sending if any nurse was busy in her another work and she can’t use her mobile that time Buzzer get started while the liquid is below 15% and as per the bottle we can set the percentage as the Buzzer will get started.
An Examination of Quantum Information Processing Through Quantum Cryptography; A study
Authors: Chinnasamy Sathiyaraj , Ramachandran M , Murugan Ashwini
Published: April 2023

"Along with these developments, personal microwave technology has enabled strong non-linear effects at the photon level, leading to readily observable novel parameter regimes in quantum optics. Circuit QED has opened up new opportunities to explore the rich physics of quantum information processing (QIP) and quantum optics (QO), making them scalable on the road to quantum computing. However, we must also discuss some of the challenges involved. Quantum Technologies (QT) is a cross-disciplinary field that has made great progress in recent years. Technologies that can explicitly represent individual quantum states, as well as superposition and entanglement, are now being developed to exploit the 'strange' properties of quantum mechanics. In quantum communication, individual or entangled photons are used to securely send data, while quantum simulation utilizes well-controlled quantum systems that are less accessible. Interest is growing in higher dimensional quantum states and quantum communication, as the extended availability of Hilbert space and greater information capacity, along with increased noise elasticity, offer many advantages and new research possibilities. Let's focus our attention on the benefits of higher dimensional quantum states for quantum communication, as shown by Kuditz and others. Nevertheless, it has been demonstrated that higher dimensional quantum states can also provide improvements in many other areas."
Peningkatan Kemampuan Guru dalam Mengajarkan Tanggung Jawab pada Pembelajaran Pendidikan Jasmani, Olahraga dan Kesehatan
Authors: Khoirul Anwar Pulungan  , Arief Ibnu Haryanto  , Meri Haryani  , I Kadek Suardika  , Nurkhoiroh
Published: April 2023

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membantu guru mengajar anak-anak untuk bertanggung jawab dengan lebih baik saat belajar tentang pendidikan jasmani, olahraga, dan kesehata.. Paradigma pembelajaran Personal and Social Responsibility (TPSR) yang digunakan sangat menekankan pada sikap tanggung jawab siswa. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK). Kegiatan penelitian tindakan kelas dilaksanakan dalam 3 silklus. Pendidik mata pelajaran PJOK dan seluruh peserta didik di kelas yang mengikuti penelitian ini, berjumlah 44 siswa yang terdiri dari 25 siswa laki-laki dan 19 siswa perempuan di SD N Yogyakarta. Hasil percakapan, wawancara, dan observasi terhadap semua informasi tekstual dalam makalah proses penelitian menjadi dasar data penelitian. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik analisis dokumen. Hasil penelitian sebagai berikut: (1) Pada siklus pertama dikumpulkan hasil diskusi dengan pendidik untuk memperoleh pemahaman yang komprehensif tentang penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK) dan pengajaran tanggung jawab pribadi dan sosial (TPSR). (2) pada siklus kedua kemampuan memahami rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran (RPP) berbasis TPSR dan (3) Instruktur dapat menggunakan RPP pendidikan jasmani berbasis TPSR pada periode ketiga. Kemampuan pendidik dalam menanamkan sikap tanggung jawab pada anak meningkat setelah intervensi Siklus I, II, dan III selesai.
Tingkat Performa Fisik Atlet Bulutangkis Usia Remaja PB. SAM Mobil Kabupaten Sumenep
Authors: Ainur Rasyid  , Muhammad Kharis Fajar  , Abdul Azis  , Andi Fepriyanto  , Dian Helaprahara
Published: April 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat performa fisik pemain bulu tangkis remaja di klub PB. Sam Mobil, Kabupaten Sumenep. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif kuantitatif. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah atlet putra berusia 15-17 tahun, dengan jumlah atlet putra sebanyak 7 orang. Kesimpulan hasil penelitian: (1) Lompat tegak tingkatan kurang sekali dengan rata-rata sebesar 48,89 cm. Persentase kriteria yaitu: 42,86% tingkatan kurang, dan 57,14% tingkatan kurang sekali. (2) Kekuatan otot perut tingkatan sedang dengan rata-rata kemampuan sit-up sebesar 21,86 kali/30detik. Persentase kriteria yaitu: 40% tingkatan baik, 57,14% tingkatan sedang, dan 42,86% tingkatan kurang. (3) Kekuatan otot lengan tingkatan kurang dengan rata-rata kemampuan push-up sebesar 23,86 kali/menit. Persentase kriteria yaitu: 57,14% tingkatan kurang, dan 42,86% tingkatan kurang sekali. (4) Kecepatan lari tingkatan kurang dengan rata-rata 5,01 detik. Persentase kriteria yaitu: 71,43% tingkatan kurang, dan 28,57% tingkatan kurang sekali. (5) Kelincahan tingkatan baik sekali dengan rata-rata waktu 11,88 detik. Persentase kriteria yaitu: 71,43% tingkatan baik sekali, dan 28,57% tingkatan baik. (6) Daya tahan tingkatan sedang dengan rata-rata kapasitas aerobik (VO2Max) 38,2 ml/kg/mnt. Persentase kriteria yaitu: 57,14% tingkatan sedang, 14,29% tingkatan kurang, dan 28,57% tingkatan kurang sekali. (7) Kelentukan tingkatan kurang sekali dengan rata-rata 15,99 cm. Persentase kriteria 100% atau seluruh atlet tingkatan kurang sekali. (8) Koordinasi mata tangan tingkatan baik dengan rata-rata waktu penelusuran 1,44 detik. Persentase kriteria yaitu: 14,29% tingkatan baik sekali, dan 85,71% tingkatan baik.
IMPACT OF THE TRANSFORMATION OF GEOECONOMY FOR FOREIGN TRADE ACTIVITIES
Authors: Bondarenko Natalia V.
Published: April 2023

The article substantiates the need to study the issues of regulation of foreign economic activity. The purpose of this study is to study the processes of influence of the transformation of geo-economics on foreign trade activities. The role of state regulation in solving the issues of optimizing commodity flows is determined. The regulatory and legislative framework for the organization of foreign economic activity of the Russian Federation and foreign countries has been studied. The main problems affecting the formation of quantitative and qualitative indicators of exports and imports are identified. The materials and methods used in the study of sources, such as content analysis and the method of expert assessments, made it possible to create a fairly objective map of the situation with foreign economic activity. The results of the study. An analysis of the situation that has developed in the world market has shown that the system of commodity flows is being transformed and priorities in geopolitics and geoeconomics are changing. The situation that has developed in the Russian Federation in the field of imports has acquired negative features and requires urgent measures of state intervention. It is necessary to use active options for tariff and non-tariff regulation to provide goods and raw materials to industries that are still dependent on imports. The article substantiates the need to activate the import substitution system. Such a scheme is beneficial both for foreign countries and for Russia, in the absence of the necessary resources. The change in the vectors of interaction with foreign countries in foreign markets led to additional problems and financial costs. However, these measures are currently producing positive results. The findings identified. The transformation of markets is gaining momentum. Solving the tasks of integrating into the new market system will allow the state and the business community to solve problems with supplies from abroad, optimize production and gain time before creating their own resources.
Objective Branch Selection with Multi Criteria Decision Making in Internal Audit Planning
Authors: ÇAKALI Kaan Ramazan , BALOĞLU Gürol
Published: April 2023

In recent years, expectations from internal audit have changed with globalization, diversification of risks, technological innovations and developments, international standards and legal regulations. Within the framework of both legal regulations and international internal audit standards, it has emerged that internal audit activities should integrate a risk-based perspective into internal audit processes rather than the traditional perspective. While this situation affects all internal audit units operating in different sectors, it has affected the internal audit units of banks, which are mandatory units for banks in Turkey, relatively more. The first stage of the risk-based perspective in internal audit is the planning of the areas to be audited through the risk assessments carried out objectively by the internal audit units. However, there are some difficulties as there is no method for objective risk assessment in practice. For this purpose, in this study, an application has been proposed on how a bank's internal audit unit can objectively prioritize the branches that should be audited, based on an imaginary example. In the proposed application, criteria for the branches to be prioritized in the annual internal audit plan were defined and scored, their weights were calculated with the standard deviation method, and the prioritization rankings for the branches were carried out using the ARAS method.
Sistem Informasi Penjualan Undangan Pernikahan Online Berbasis Web Di Kota Palangka Raya
Authors: Sari Nova Noor Kamala , Diantoro Ironaldo
Published: April 2023

Sales of wedding invitations have been experiencing various problems in the marketing process from consumer to consumer. In addition, product sales still use a catalog sales system in the form of books and compete fiercely with other printing houses near the location. Another problem is the distance and time that make it difficult for customers to get invitation booking information at the printing house. Therefore, this study aims to make it easier for customers to order and sell invitations online through a wedding invitation sales website in Palangka Raya City.

The research methods carried out include data collection methods with two stages, namely literature studies and literature studies, as well as software development using the Waterfall (Pressman) method. System and software design is done using Chris Gane and Trish Sarson's DFD (Data Flow Diagram), ERD (Entity Relationship Diagram), and interface design using Story Board. Program creation using PHP and JavaScript programming languages, CI framework (CodeIgniter), Visual Studio Code, and MySQL database.

The results showed that the Web Print Invitation has been made in accordance with the design design and testing stages of the program using BlackBox Testing. Testing of the system has been successfully carried out so that functionally the website can run quite well and according to needs, and produce the expected output.