bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tax Avoidance and Anti-Avoidance Measures in Major Developing Economies
Authors: Mo Phyllis
Published: March 2024

Tax avoidance and evasion have an important effect on the economic development of every economy. Developing economies are particularly vulnerable to tax avoidance and evasion due to inadequacies in their institutional framework and the lack of sufficient expertise and resources to monitor the intricacies of this issue. Given the far-reaching effect of revenue losses due to tax noncompliance, many developing countries have undertaken tax reforms to improve their tax administration and implemented various anti-avoidance measures to combat tax evasion. This book provides an overview of recent tax reforms and institutional frameworks of four major developing economies, China, India, Brazil, and Mexico, with a focus on China.

Most important, this book investigates the tax avoidance behaviors as well as their anti-avoidance legislation. In particular, this book includes an in-depth empirical study on tax noncompliance behaviors of foreign investors detected by the Chinese tax authorities. The empirical evidence on how tax policy and other corporate factors affect tax avoidance behavior helps public policy makers improve tax compliance through designing legislative and administrative measures. Though the findings pertain to China, the largest developing economy, the results should be a useful reference for other developing countries.
The United States Navy
Authors: Fredriksen John C.
Published: March 2024

Covering more than two centuries of naval history, this chronology highlights the individuals and events that shaped one of the world’s greatest fighting forces—the United States Navy.

The United States Navy: A Chronology, 1775 to the Present showcases the dramatic role of the nation’s warships throughout America’s long history and documents the Navy’s vital contributions to establishing the United States as a superpower. Beginning with the American Revolutionary War, this comprehensive work details major and minor events in the history of the U.S. Navy through Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan.

The topics included in this book describe not only battles at sea, but also important political and administrative changes, as well as notable events in the careers of admirals and other naval leaders. Significant battles in all major wars are covered, along with actions in smaller conflicts. This chronology also includes the founding of noted schools of instruction; the introduction of new classes of warships and aircraft; and significant naval texts, such as Alfred Thayer Mahan’s seminal The Influence of Naval Power upon History.
Violence and Terror in the Mass Media
Authors: Gerbner George , Signorielli Nancy
Published: March 2024

Originally a Unesco project, this annotate bibliography results from more than 4,600 requests to media scholars and researchers for research reports, publications, and other information relating to violence and terrorism. Although there is an international cast to the materials, most are from the U.S. Even though violence and terrorism permeate our myths and legends, there is increasing concern with their effect on viewers. This bibliography is particularly timely, with entries through spring 1987. The sections of the work (mass media content, mass media effects, pornography and the media, terrorism and the media) give a better idea of the work's scope than does the title. Choice

[T]he annotations are clearly written, succinctly descriptive of the original work's research with test groups, and evaluative of research results. Reference Books Bulletin

This bibliography focuses on research and scholarly works relating to violence and terror. Consisting primarily of articles published in scholarly journals and books, this comprehensive work examines major topics such as violence and mass media content, violence and mass media effects, terrorism and the mass media, and pornography. Also included are articles from popular journals, reports published by the United States and other governments, conference papers, and dissertations. Each entry consists of the bibliographic citation and a short abstract; many of the sources include studies from other countries where relevant research has been conducted. The compilers' introduction provides a clear definition of violence and terrorism as they are dealt with in this volume and offers an interesting overview of various aspects of the subject.
W.E.B. Du Bois
Authors: Horne Gerald
Published: March 2024

This biography of W.E.B. Du Bois gives full measure to his entire life, including his controversial final decades.

This revealing biography captures the full life of W.E.B. Du Bois—historian, sociologist, author, editor—a leader in the fight to bring African Americans more fully into the American landscape as well as forceful proponent of them leaving America altogether and returning to Africa.

Drawing on extensive research, Gerald Horne, a leading authority on Du Bois and a versatile and prolific scholar in his own right, offers a fully rounded portrait of this accomplished and controversial figure, including the often overlooked final decades without which no portrait of Du Bois could be complete. The book also highlights Du Bois's relationships with and influence upon other leading civil rights activists both during, and subsequent to, his extraordinarily long life, including Booker T. Washington, Frederick Douglas, Marcus Garvey, Martin Luther King, Malcolm X, and Jesse Jackson.
World War I
Authors: Heyman Neil M.
Published: March 2024

Designed for secondary school and college student research, this book is a readable analysis and ready-reference guide to the war. An introductory essay presents a lucid overview of the main features of the conflict, incorporating the most recent scholarship. Five essays analyze crucial aspects of the war, from the battlefield to the homefront, and a concluding essay assesses the consequences of the war from a contemporary perspective. Ready-reference features include: a chronology of events; lengthy biographical profiles of twenty-one major figures, stressing their role in the war's origins, conduct, or outcome; the text of fifteen key primary documents such as diaries, memoirs, and newspaper editorials; a glossary of selected terms; and an extensively annotated bibliography of recommended further reading and major documentary and feature films made about the war.

The essays are designed to be readable and informative, capturing the tragic character of the war as well as presenting an analysis of its main features. Topics covered include the American role in the war, the collapse of the political systems in Russia and Austria-Hungary, the success of Allied military leaders in meeting the threat of German submarine warfare, and life on the homefront in the United States, Britain, France, and Germany. A concluding essay views the war as a shaping force for the entire twentieth century and its impact on the present day. The book presents the day-to-day course of events as it involved individuals by offering excerpts from diaries and memoirs, while decision-making at the highest level appears in selections from leaders' speeches and memoranda. Shifts in public opinion in the United States are illustrated by excerpts from newspaper editorials. A selection of maps completes the text. By raising issues for discussion about The War to End All Wars and providing reference features, this work is a one-stop resource for students, teachers, and library media specialists.
Sex and Love
Authors: Griffin-Shelley Eric
Published: March 2024

The National Institute of Health has identified sexual addiction as a research priority. This volume provides a detailed definition of sex and love addiction as well as an explicit outline of treatment and recovery. It uniquely integrates sex and love in its formulation and presents a two level approach to recovery. This presentation provides in-depth examples and suggestions for change and supports the growing involvement of Twelve-Step programs in mental health. Professionals will find this volume an excellent resource in their clinical practice.

People can be addicted to sex and/or love and recovery is possible. More than ten years ago the National Institute of Health identified sexual addiction as a research priority. Experts now conservatively estimate a prevalence rate of 5 percent of the American population. Eric Griffin-Shelley provides a detailed definition of sex and love addiction as well as an outline of treatment and recovery. Unique to this work, Griffin-Shelley integrates sex and love in its formulation and also presents a two-level approach to recovery. This presentation provides in-depth examples and suggestions for change and supports the growing involvement of Twelve-Step programs in mental health. Professionals can use this resource in their clinical practice to identify and assist sex and love addicts.

Griffin-Shelley clearly describes the behavior of sex and love addicts and the emotions they may be experiencing. Problems such as multiple addictions (to drugs, alcohol, food, work) are examined. The book's two-layer approach to recovery focuses initially on the establishment of sobriety and then outlines an outer layer of protection that the sex and love addict can develop to sustain long-term recovery. Griffin-Shelley's meticulous description of the role of psychotherapy in aiding the recovery process is clearer than any book published to date on either sex or love addiction.
Jewish American Chronology
Authors: Bauman Mark K.
Published: March 2024

This comprehensive and analytical history of American Jews and Judaism from the Colonial Era to the present explores the impact of America on Jews and of Jews on America.

Covering more than four centuries from the Colonial Era forward, Jewish American Chronology offers an introduction to the history of American Jews and Judaism, using individual examples, personality profiles, and illustrations to bring fundamental patterns and major themes to life. Arranged chronologically, the entries illustrate how a variety of different Jewish groups and individuals have adapted to America, both changing in accordance with time and place and retaining tradition and culture, even as they became thoroughly American.

Readers will learn how Jews have created community and institutions, confronted anti-Semitism, and interacted among themselves and with other groups. They will read about immigration, migration, and socioeconomic mobility. And they will discover how Jews have filled critical economic niches, contributed disproportionately in a variety of endeavors, and changed over time and in reaction to circumstances. In this wide-ranging work, Jewish Americans are depicted in a balanced and accurate manner, describing Nobel Prize winners and standout economic success stories as well as those who achieved fame and notoriety in other ways.
The Native American in American Literature
Authors: Rock Roger
Published: March 2024

This bibliography is a starting point for those interested in researching the American Indian in literature or American Indian literature. Designed to augment other major bibliographies, it classifies all relevant bibliographies and critical works and supplies listings not cited by them. The author's general introduction provides bibliographical background for those beginning research in the field. Cited works are listed alphabetically by the author's or editor's last name in each of three categories: bibliographies; works about the Indian in literature; and Indian literature. Each citation is numbered and the cross-referenced subject and author indexes refer to each work by number, thereby facilitating speedy reference.
Black Youths, Delinquency, and Juvenile Justice
Authors: Joseph Janice
Published: March 2024

Over the past decade, a growing body of research has delineated the nature and extent of delinquency, as well as the role of the juvenile justice system. Despite such research, the causes and consequences of delinquency and the role of the justice system remain poorly understood, particularly in regard to minority groups. This book is intended to meet a two-fold need: to extend research into the area of delinquency generally and to further research into the sociology of Black youths. The author explores critical issues such as the rates of delinquency among Black youths, explanations of delinquency, and the juvenile justice system's treatment of Black youths, as well as the policy implications for designing culturally sensitive and effective delinquency treatment and prevention programs. Joseph's work will be of interest to scholars in sociology/criminology, criminal justice, and Black studies.
Chaucer's Pilgrims
Authors: Lambdin Robert Thomas , Lambdin Laura
Published: March 2024

Chaucer's Canterbury Tales is one of the oldest and most widely studied works of English literature. The tales provide a glimpse of medieval life, and the professions of the pilgrims figure prominently in the poetry. To have a clear understanding of Chaucer's work, the reader needs to know about the vocations of the pilgrims. For some 600 years, this information has been difficult to locate. This reference work conveniently synthesizes and discusses information about the occupation of each of Chaucer's pilgrims and provides an historical context.

The volume contains individual entries for each of Chaucer's pilgrims, and the entries share a similar format to foster comparison. Each entry includes three parts. First, the pilgrim's profession is discussed in terms of the daily routine of the medieval occupation. Second, the vocation is examined in terms of its reflection in the tale told by the pilgrim. Third, the vocation and the tale are discussed, when possible, in relation to the descriptions of the characters provided in the General Prologue. Each entry includes a bibliography, and the volume concludes with a list of works for further reading.
Handbook of Strategic Planning for Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Espy Siri N.
Published: March 2024

This is the first practical step-by-step guide to strategic planning specifically written for managers of all types of nonprofit organizations, large and small. Born out of one such manager's own successful planning efforts, it details the key techniques involved in strategy planning, such as: identifying organizational needs, guiding goal development, targeting markets, and developing marketing plans. Discussing a broad range of nonprofit organizations, Strategic Planning fo Nonprofit Organizations provides the nonprofit manager with the basic planning and implementation tools essential to the success of his or her organization.
Community Strategic Visioning Programs
Authors: Walzer Norman
Published: March 2024

Community visioning and strategic planning programs have become increasingly important in recent years as local governments in rural areas have searched for innovative ways to revitalize their local economies or manage population growth. A panel of experts describes local government programs in ten states. They also evaluate the effectiveness in reaching the vision and objective set forth in these programs. The authors examine the main components of each program and offer insights into factors contributing to its success. Major attention is paid to the need for social capital, benchmarking, and continuing support following the initial efforts. The discussion in the book includes recommendations for starting a community strategic visioning exercise.
Politics and Politicians in American Film
Authors: Gianos Phillip L.
Published: March 2024

Films have been a part of U.S. society for a century—a source of great enjoyment for the audience and of great profit to filmmakers. How does a mass entertainment medium deal with some of the great sources of dramatic real-life political and economic conflict—the Great Depression, the Cold War—in a way that attracts an audience without making it angry? How does an industry, which has from its beginnings been the subject of attacks from social, political and religious groups deal with political issues and conflicts? This book is an attempt to examine these questions; it is also an examination of some of the greatest and most interesting American films ever made—westerns, gangster films, comedies, war films, satires, and film biographies—to see what American films say about politics and politicians, and what these films, in turn, say about the audience for which they were produced.
Ideas of Social Order in the Ancient World
Authors: Harle Vilho
Published: March 2024

Harle focuses on the perennial issue of social order by providing a comparative analysis of ideas on social order in the classical Chinese political philosophy, the Indian epic and political literature, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, the classical Greek and Roman political thought, and early Christianity. His analysis is based on the religious, political, and literary texts that represent their respective civilizations as both their major achievements and sources of shared values.

Harle maintains that two major approaches to establishing and maintaining social order exist in all levels and types of social relations: moral principles and political power. According to the principle-oriented approaches, social order will prevail if and when people follow strict moral principles. According to the contending power-oriented approach, orderly relations can only be based on the application of power by the ruler over the ruled. The principle-oriented approaches introduce a comprehensive civil society of individuals; the power-oriented approaches give major roles to the city-state, its government and relationships between them. The question of morality can be recognized also within the power-oriented approaches which either submit politics to morality or maintain that politics must be taken as nothing else than politics. This book is a contribution to peace and international studies as well as political theory and international relations.
Aging China
Authors: England Robert Stowe
Published: March 2024

China, the world's most populous nation, will enter a period of rapid aging very shortly that will redefine that country. Between 2010 and 2040, the portion of people 65 and older will rise from around 7% to between 25 and 30% of the population. As China ages, can it retain the youthful dynamism now driving it?

China, the world's most populous nation, will enter a period of rapid aging very shortly that will redefine that country. Between 2010 and 2040, the number of people 65 and older will rise from around 7% to between 25 and 30% of the population. As China ages, can it retain the youthful dynamism now driving it? This book is an effort to try to capture the broad outlines of the significant economic, market, social, and demographic factors that will shape the future of China and the role that aging will play in the whole mix of influences.

Aging in developed societies and economies has been widely studied. In such nations as Japan, Germany, Italy, and Spain, for example, we know that as populations age, their societies decline, leaving fewer younger workers to support the growing number of people who will become dependent on costly health care systems, or whose basic needs, such as food and shelter, will need to be subsidized. But less work has been done in assessing the potential impact of aging in developing countries, where the majority of people may be working poor, not middle class—as in the case of China. As China restructures its economy, the old benefits packages previously available to urban workers (and not rural workers) are being replaced by a patchwork of benefits across a wide range of enterprises.
African American Culture and Heritage in Higher Education Research and Practice
Authors: Freeman Kassie
Published: March 2024

Leading African American scholars examine the often neglected cultural context in research and policy development in African American higher education in this collection of essays. Past research has most often been conducted by individuals unfamiliar with the historical and cultural considerations of specific ethnic groups. Therefore, the outcomes of research and the development of programs have been based on deficit models, that is, what is wrong with African Americans, or what they cannot achieve.

The book examines the questions; what is the relationship between African Americans' culture and experiences, and how should their culture be integrated into research and practice? How do African Americans' intra- and interrelations differ in higher education? How does understanding African American culture as it relates to higher education research enhance policy-making and practice? What role do HBUCs play in African Americans' participation in higher education? What are the policy and practice implications of past and current research? Scholars and practitioners of education, culture, and race relations will find this collection informative and interesting.
Cross-National Crime
Authors: Neapolitan Jerry
Published: March 2024

This book describes various types and sources of crime and explanatory data available to study variation in crime across nations. Problems with the data and appropriate methods for adjusting and analyzing the data are described. A thorough review of theories and past cross-national crime research is included. This book intends to facilitate and stimulate quality cross-national crime research.

The book notes past misuse of data, such as using homicide rates unadjusted for attempts, as well as inconsistencies and contradictions in past research. The major theories and concepts which have been used to explain crime across nations are described in detail and critiqued. Inconsistencies and contradictions in results are noted, and avenues for future research are offered. Methodological techniques, issues, and problems involved in analysis are also presented and new approaches to dealing with the resulting data are projected. Extensive appendixes give information and contacts to researchers, providing a network for research in cross-national crime heretofore lacking.
Affirmative Action
Authors: Johnson John W. , Green ,   Jr. Robert P.
Published: March 2024

Affirmative Action recounts the fascinating history of a civil rights provision considered vital to protecting and promoting equality, but still bitterly contested in the courts and in the court of public opinion.

"Special consideration" or "reverse discrimination"? This examination traces the genesis and development of affirmative action and the continuing controversy that constitutes the story of racial and gender preferences. It pays attention to the individuals, the events, and the ideas that spawned federal and selected state affirmative action policies and the resistance to those policies. Perhaps most important, it probes the key legal challenges to affirmative action in the nation's courts.

The controversy over affirmative action in America has been marked by a persistent tension between its advocates, who emphasize the necessity of overcoming historical patterns of racial and gender injustice, and its critics, who insist on the integrity of color and gender blindness. In the wake of related U.S. Supreme Court decisions of 2007, Affirmative Action brings the story of one of the most embattled public policy issues of the last half century up to date, demonstrating that social justice cannot simply be legislated into existence, nor can voices on either side of the debate be ignored.
The American Civil War
Authors: Woodworth Steven E.
Published: March 2024

The single most important volume for anyone interested in the Civil War to own and consult. (From the foreword by James M. McPherson) The first guide to Civil War literature to appear in nearly 30 years, this book provides the most comprehensive, up-to-date, and informative survey and analysis of the vast body of Civil War literature. More than 40 essays, each by a specialist in a particular subfield of Civil War history, offer unmatched thoroughness and discerning assessments of each work's value. The essays cover every aspect of the war from strategy, tactics, and battles to logistics, intelligence, supply, and prisoner-of-war camps, from generals and admirals to the men in the ranks, from the Atlantic to the Far West, from fighting fronts to the home front. Some sections cover civilian leaders, the economy, and foreign policy, while others deal with the causes of war and aspects of Reconstruction, including the African-American experience during and after the war.

Breadth of topics is matched by breadth of genres covered. Essays discuss surveys of the war, general reference works, published and unpublished papers, diaries and letters, as well as the vast body of monographic literature, including books, dissertations, and articles. Genealogical sources, historical fiction, and video and audio recordings also receive attention. Students of the American Civil War will find this work an indispensable gateway and guide to the enormous body of information on America's pivotal experience.
American Civil War
Authors: Hedtke James R.
Published: March 2024

This book debunks popular myths and misconceptions about the American Civil War through primary source documents and shows how misinformation can become so widespread.

The American Civil War deeply divided the nation and was a pivotal point in American history. The acrimony and bitterness of this four-year struggle, coupled with its importance to the fabric of American life, has resulted in the development and perpetuation of many myths about the conflict.

This work separates myth from reality. The author examines 10 popular myths about the war, each of which is examined in terms of its origins and how it became ensconced in the American memory. It uses primary sources to explain the evolution of the myths and to inform the reader about what really happened, providing a unique quality to this work. Moreover, the book not only explains the flaws in the myth but encourages the reader to further investigate each of the topics.
American Women Photographers
Authors: Kreisel Martha
Published: March 2024

American women have made significant contributions to the field of photography for well over a century. This bibliography compiles more than 1,070 sources for over 600 photographers from the 1880s to the present. As women's role in society changed, so did their role as photographers. In the early years, women often served as photographic assistants in their husbands' studios. The photography equipment, initially heavy and difficult to transport, was improved in the 1880s by George Eastman's innovations. With the lighter camera equipment, photography became accessible to everyone. Women photographers became journalists and portraitists who documented vanishing cultures and ways of life. Many of these important female photographers recorded life in the growing Northwest and the streets of New York City, became pioneers of historic photography as they captured the plight of Americans fleeing the Dust Bowl and the horrors of the concentration camps, and were members of the Photo-Secessionist Movement to promote photography as a true art form. This source serves as a checklist for not only the famous but also the less familiar women photographers who deserve attention.
College Athletes for Hire
Authors: Sack Allen L. , Staurowsky Ellen J.
Published: March 2024

Many books have been written on the evils of commercialism in college sport, and the hypocrisy of payments to athletes from alumni and other sources outside the university. Almost no attention, however, has been given to the way that the National Collegiate Athletic Association has embraced professionalism through its athletic scholarship policy. Because of this gap in the historical record, the NCAA is often cast as an embattled defender of amateurism, rather than as the architect of a nationwide money-laundering scheme.

Sack and Staurowsky show that the NCAA formally abandoned amateurism in the 1950s and passed rules in subsequent years that literally transformed scholarship athletes into university employees. In addition, by purposefully fashioning an amateur mythology to mask the reality of this employer-employee relationship, the NCAA has done a disservice to student-athletes and to higher education. A major subtheme is that women, such as those who created the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW), opposed this hypocrisy, but lacked the power to sustain an alternative model. After tracing the evolution of college athletes into professional entertainers, and the harmful effects it has caused, the authors propose an alternative approach that places college sport on a firm educational foundation and defend the rights of both male and female college athletes. This is a provocative analysis for anyone interested in college sports in America and its subversion of traditional educational and amateur principles.
Corporate Crime
Authors: Hartley Richard D.
Published: March 2024

Corporate Crime examines the ever-present problem of white-collar and corporate crime, not only within the United States but also worldwide.

Should corporations and their employees be held criminally liable for shoddy business practices? This volume explores both sides of the question, discussing the nature and scope of corporate crime, the controversies surrounding it, and the most promising solutions. How do we define corporate crime and how do we detect it? Corporate Crime guides readers through the definitions and concepts as well as the difficulties in detecting, prosecuting, and punishing corporate wrongdoing.

How do corporations get away with their crimes? This reference examines both the successes and the failures of government and law enforcement policies concerning the punishment of corporate crime and explores leading contemporary proposals for controlling and deterring it. It is an essential information source for any citizen of corporate America.
Domestic Violence
Authors: McCue Margi Laird
Published: March 2024

This thoroughly revised second edition is an examination of domestic violence from social, legal, and historical perspectives.

Domestic Violence: A Reference Handbook provides straightforward and objective coverage that considers all aspects of the issue through a careful combination of facts, statistics, case studies, and victims' stories.

This volume in ABC-CLIO's Contemporary World Issues series examines the causes and historical roots of domestic violence, providing the facts and analyses to foster a better understanding. The work analyzes the complex dynamics of domestic violence from three perspectives—legal, social, and psychological. This reference is an important source of information for those touched by domestic violence and for those seeking to understand it.
Euthanasia
Authors: McDougall Jennifer Fecio , Gorman Martha
Published: March 2024

This timely work is a balanced overview of end-of-life issues related to euthanasia and assisted suicide.

Except for the Oregon Death with Dignity Act, there are no U.S. laws that allow physicians to assist patients in hastening death. Many who support physician-assisted suicide ask, “Why not?” After all, the Netherlands permits both euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide, and polls suggest that many Americans want that choice available to them.

Euthanasia: A Reference Handbook, Second Edition explores that question through a balanced, thoughtful discussion of the legal, medical, and spiritual components of end-of-life questions. What are the potential pitfalls of legalizing assisted suicide? How can the expenses of a lingering death impact an uninsured family? How would physician-assisted suicide impact healthcare costs? Through its objective exploration of these issues, as well as its historical and international perspective, this volume helps readers answer the difficult questions related to the end of life.
The Grasslands of the United States
Authors: Sherow James E.
Published: March 2024

This unique survey of the environmental history of the grasslands in the United States explores the ecological, social, and economic networks enmeshing humans in this biome over the last 10,000 years.
ISIS
Authors: Steed Brian L.
Published: March 2024

Providing up-to-date information for general readers as well as those well-informed about the Islamic State, this book offers an essential understanding of the rise of ISIS and its current influence in the Middle East as well as worldwide.

ISIS—also referred to as ISIL, the Islamic State, or Daesh—began to assert its power and gain recognition for its militant and terroristic activities in April 2013. After the coordinated attacks in Paris on November 13th, 2015, ISIS has captured the full attention of observers in the West. This accessible book explains what ISIS is, what the group's goals are, what their members believe, and why their ranks are growing. Readers will gain an understanding of how ISIS is a unique group—one seeking to be the army of the righteous fighting to defeat the unbelievers and usher in the end of days—but that the extremist views of ISIS are an expression of a growing frustration with life in the Middle East and elsewhere shared by a larger community of non-state and post-state actors.

The book provides an introduction that documents the origins of ISIS within the larger Al Qaeda organization during the Iraq War. The following chapters discuss the origins, development, and territorial expansion of ISIS in Syria and Iraq and examine the ideological motivations behind the emergence of ISIS, thereby enabling a nuanced understanding of the importance of ISIS in contemporary history. Other entries discuss individuals, events, and organizations that put ISIS in historical context in terms of contemporary events since the Iraq War into the present and explain the group's position within the complex conflict currently boiling in the Middle East.
Effectiveness of task-specific training for improving balance performance in children with cerebral palsy (CP): a narrative systematic review
Authors: Karnadipa Triana Karnadipa , Xin Wei , Pickering Dawn , Carrier Judith
Published: March 2024

Introduction

A body of research has focused on helping children with disabilities stay physically active. As poor balance has been found as a major limitation in physical activities, a systematic review exploring balance intervention programs is warranted.

Methods

The primary aim of this is to systematically evaluate evidence for the effect of task-specific training to improve balance outcomes in ambulant children with cerebral palsy. Seven databases were searched for studies involving ambulant children with cerebral palsy (4–15 years old); balance TST; and balance-related outcomes. The quality of the studies was appraised using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklists for risk of bias, study design, and quality of evidence. Continuous data were transformed and summarised using standardised mean difference and 95%CI.

Results

Seven randomised controlled trials met the inclusion criteria. The risk of bias was deemed low in most of the studies. Due to heterogeneity of study design and outcome measures, a narrative synthesis was conducted. Positive between-group effects favouring TST were found across the six studies (BBS d = 1.528, 95% CI = 0.7747–2.2813) and follow-up (BBS d = –1.667, 95% CI = –2.459 ÷ –0.874). Despite poor reporting of motor learning strategies, repetitive practice, feedback, and task modulation strategies were used consistently in balance TST.

Conclusions

TST could be recommended to be a part of an intervention programme to improve balance performance in children with CP. However, more studies with rigorous study design and adequately powered implementation of a more fun task-oriented training programme are needed.
Factors associated with mental health burdens in physical therapists during the late stage of the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Mohammed Marwa , Diab Olfat Abdel Rahman , Li Jianan
Published: March 2024

Introduction

It has been a long time since the emergence of COVID-19 in China and its spread worldwide. Vaccines are a promising solution to overcome COVID-19 infection. Still, vaccine hesitancy is the only barrier to controlling the pandemic, as thinking about its side effects induces psychological exhaustion. There is still a lack of research targeting the mental health of Physical Therapists (PTs), especially during the late stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, so the study’s main aim was to identify the prevalence of anxiety, depression and insomnia and identify risk factors that influence anxiety and depression.

Methods

A cross-sectional online survey via anonymous questionnaires and questions about socio-demographic information was launched on social media in the second half of February 2021.

Results

Prevalence of anxiety, depression, and insomnia was 42.7%, 50.10%, and 89.30%, respectively, among physical therapists. Common factors that induce anxiety and depression were having children and needing psychological support. Other risk factors for anxiety only were working in a quarantine hospital, being infected with COVID-19, self-isolation after return from the hospital, and hesitance about vaccine effectiveness. Treating COVID-19 patients and having a family member who had died from COVID-19 were risk factors for depression. Consulting a psychiatrist reduced this risk of depression.

Conclusions

Elevated mental health disturbances triggered the alarm for urgent psychological rehabilitation to prevent the failure of health care systems in this critical period. Additionally, fighting the anti-vaccine movement should be a priority along with enhancing telerehabilitation programs in hospitals.
Unlocking Pathways to Employment: Understanding Factors Influencing Youth Employability in Tanzania's Informal Sector
Authors: Mdoe Christopher N. , Kanire Ezekiel , Erick Stephen Bishibura
Published: March 2024

This study investigates the determinants of employability in the informal sector among youth in Tanzania using data from the Integrated Labor Force Survey (ILFS) conducted in 2020–2021, utilizing probity regression analysis. The model, statistically significant at a 1% level, indicates that variables including sex, capital access, income tax, social security, technical and computer skills, literacy and numeracy skills, physical skills, business registration, ownership, age, marital status, readiness for work, and education level collectively account for 4.4% of variations in youth employability. Positive impacts on employability are associated with capital access, numeracy and computer skills, paid employment, and level of education. The negative impacts are being male, income tax, social security coverage, literacy skills, physical skills, registered and owned businesses, married individuals, age, and readiness for work. The study suggests that attending school and possessing computer skills increases the likelihood of informal sector employment, while being male, subjected to income tax, covered by social security, having literacy skills, physical skills, registered or owned businesses, being married, aging, and being ready for work decrease the probability. The findings emphasize the importance of targeted interventions to enhance employability for youth in the informal sector, with considerations for gender, skills development, and business practices. The research recommended that enhancing access to education, programs in skill development, and improving numeracy and computer skills for youth will foster employability.
BRANDING SENSORIAL E SUA IMPORTÂNCIA NA CONSTRUÇÃO DA IMAGEM DE UMA MARCA
Authors: Sanches Marcela Waiteman , Corrêa Paulo Vitor , Silva Suéllen Danúbia da , Oliveira Elimeire Alves de , Mendes Ijosiel
Published: March 2024

Há várias maneiras que possibilitam a conexão da empresa com o consumidor final através de seus produtos, seja através de eventos, propagandas, mostras ou internet por intermédio das redes sociais. A finalidade da empresa é assegurar que a captação de novos consumidores seja, de fato, bem sucedida. Algo que é pouco notado, contudo, são as estratégias fundamentais para atingir determinado objetivo, técnicas estas que grandes marcas fazem questão de colocar em prática tanto em seus produtos quanto em suas equipes de marketing afim de obter um maior engajamento. A pesquisa tem por objetivo mostrar como grandes marcas são preferidas pelo público ao fazerem presentes em suas vidas cotidianas, além de identificar os motivos que justificam tal predominância. A metodologia utilizada neste estudo foi qualitativa e neste trabalho que os sentidos sensoriais possibilitam um maior alcance ao marketing, permitindo-o chegar ainda mais longe faz com que, através do branding, os consumidores se sintam pertencentes dessa marca ao ponto de, involuntariamente, divulgarem os produtos por eles utilizados, seja por uma memória afetiva, gênero, cultura, trabalho ou mesmo por status. Assim, nota-se que de alguma forma tais empresas têm encontrado um novo jeito de aproximar-se progressivamente dos seus consumidores culminando em um processo de evolução constante.
A comprehensive design schedule for electrosprayed thin films with different surface morphologies
Authors: Karuga Susan Waiyego , Kelder Erik M. , Gatari Michael J. , Marijnissen Jan C. M.
Published: March 2024

Abstract. Electrospraying is a technique where a liquid jet breaks up into droplets under the influence of electrical forces. The technique is outstanding because of its high deposition efficiency and ability to achieve thin films with different surface morphologies. Nowadays, it is applied in the deposition of thin films for nanoelectronics in Li-ion batteries, fuel cells and solar cells, where performance of the deposited layers is determined by their morphologies. Though important in the design of thin films, a systematic way of depositing thin films with desired surface morphologies for optimal operation is not available. In this study, a literature survey has been conducted from which key electrospray parameters have been identified and a comprehensive design schedule for thin films with different surface morphologies has been developed. To verify the developed schedule, different thin films have been deposited on aluminium foil substrates using lithium salt precursor solutions by altering key electrospray parameters. Surface morphologies of the thin films have been characterized using scanning electron microscopy. Results show three distinct surface morphologies which include porous with agglomerates, porous reticular and dense particulate and they agree with the predictions of the developed design schedule.
Technical note: Optimizing the in situ cosmogenic 36Cl extraction and measurement workflow for geologic applications
Authors: Lesnek Alia , Licciardi Joseph M. , Hidy Alan J. , Anderson Tyler S.
Published: March 2024

Abstract. In situ cosmogenic 36Cl analysis by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is routinely employed to date Quaternary surfaces and assess rates of landscape evolution. However, standard laboratory preparation procedures for 36Cl dating require the addition of large amounts of isotopically enriched chlorine spike solution; these solutions are expensive and increasingly difficult to acquire from commercial sources. In addition, the typical workflow for 36Cl dating involves measuring both 35Cl/37Cl and 36Cl/Cl concurrently on the high-energy (post-accelerator) end of the AMS system, but 35Cl/37Cl determinations using this technique can be complicated by isotope fractionation and system memory during measurement. The traditional workflow also does not provide 36Cl extraction laboratories with the data needed to calculate native Cl concentrations in advance of 36Cl/Cl measurements. In light of these concerns, we present an improved workflow for extracting and measuring chlorine in geologic materials. Our initial step is to characterize 35Cl/37Cl on up to ~1 g sample aliquots prepared in Ag(Cl, Br) matrices, which greatly reduces the amount of isotopically enriched spike solution required to measure native Cl content in each sample. To avoid potential issues with isotope fractionation through the accelerator, 35Cl/37Cl is measured on the low-energy, pre-accelerator end of the AMS line. Then, for 36Cl/Cl measurements, we extract Cl as AgCl or Ag(Cl, Br) in analytical batches with a consistent total Cl load across all samples; this step is intended to minimize source memory effects during 36Cl/Cl measurements and allows for preparation of AMS standards that are customized to match known Cl contents in the samples. To assess the efficacy of this extraction and measurement workflow, we compare chlorine isotope ratio measurements on seven geologic samples prepared using standard procedures and the updated workflow. Measurements of 35Cl/37Cl and 36Cl/Cl are consistent between the two workflows, and 35Cl/37Cl measured using our methods have considerably higher precision than those measured following standard protocols. The chemical preparation and measurement workflow presented here (1) reduces the amount of isotopically enriched chlorine spike used per rock sample by up to 95 %, (2) identifies rocks with high native Cl concentrations, which may be lower priority for 36Cl surface exposure dating, at an early stage of analysis, and (3) allows laboratory users to maintain control over the total chlorine content within and across analytical batches. These methods can be incorporated into existing laboratory and AMS protocols for 36Cl analyses and will increase the accessibility of 36Cl dating for geologic applications.
CD-type discretization for sea ice dynamics in FESOM version 2
Authors: Danilov Sergey , Mehlmann Carolin , Sidorenko Dmitry , Wang Qiang
Published: March 2024

Abstract. Two recently proposed variants of CD-type discretizations of sea ice dynamics on triangular meshes are implemented in the Finite-VolumE Sea ice–Ocean Model (FESOM version 2). The implementations use the finite element method in spherical geometry with longitude–latitude coordinates. Both are based on the edge-based sea ice velocity vectors but differ in the basis functions used to represent the velocities. The first one uses nonconforming linear (Crouzeix–Raviart) basis functions, and the second one uses continuous linear basis functions on sub-triangles obtained by splitting parent triangles into four smaller triangles. Test simulations are run to show how the performance of the new discretizations compares with the A-grid discretization using linear basis functions. Both CD discretizations are found to simulate a finer structure of linear kinematic features (LKFs). Both show some sensitivity to the representation of scalar fields (sea ice concentration and thickness). Cell-based scalars lead to a finer LKF structure for the first CD discretization, but the vertex-based scalars may be advantageous in the second case.