bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ЗАВИЧАЈНО ОДЕЉЕЊЕ – ПРОМОТЕР КУЛТУРНОГ ТУРИЗМА
Authors: Петрић Драгана
Published: October 2017

Завичајна одељења поред основне функције да прикупљају,обрађују и чувају завичајним материјал, негују завичајну традицију,декларишу се све више као информационо-културни центри локалнезаједнице, добијајући и улогу културног промотера историјско -традиционалне баштине свога краја.Својим културним садржајима (изложбе, промоције, предавања...) којенуди у оквиру редовних активности, Библиотека обогаћује целокупнупонуду културног туризам свога краја. Препознајући као приоритетзадовољавање потреба корисника, уз чињеницу да услуге дате једном нетрају вечно, већ се модификују и мењају у складу са потребамазаједнице, Завичајно одељење заузима веома важно место у активнојтуристичкој понуди.Применом нових технологија у обради својих фондова, Завичајнаодељења библиотека директно утичу на то да културну баштину учинелакше доступном ширем кругу корисника, али и да демонстрирабиблиотечке ресурсе и учини их привлачним за што већи број потенци-јалних корисника, посебно туристичких.Библиотекар напушта пасивну улогу од "чувара знања" и постајекреативни промотер туристичке понуде локалне заједнице. Местопружања услуга није више само физички простор библиотеке, аупућеност у прилике локалне заједнице омогућено је сталним присус-твом у јавности, где прати културна дешавања, учествује у њима ииницира их. У циљу реализовања квалитетних активности сарађује се сабројним спољним сарадницима - Туристичким организацијама,Музејима, различитим организацијама из владиног и невладиногсектора...Као последица тих активности омогућује се претварање библиотека одцентара знања у центре за културу и информацију, те применом новихтехнологија чине културну баштину и актуелна дешавања доступнусвима, тако да постају мост између туриста и локалне културнебаштине.
ПРОМОЦИЈА ЛЕГАТА РИСТА ТРИФКОВИЋА
Authors: Мацан Миљана
Published: October 2017

Матична библиотека Источно Сарајево брине о посебнимзбиркама у оквиру којих се налази и Легат Риста Трифковића. Грађа излегата има велики потенцијал са научног, културног и историјскигаспекта. Рукописи, преписка, фотографије те службени и личнидокументи свакако су најзначајнија и највреднија група Легата. УЛегату постоји пар листова рукописа који нису никад објављени, ањихов значај је непроцјенљив. Такође, у рукописној грађи је до садабило скривено доста детаља и чињеница из живота и рада РистаТрифковића, јер он није желио да прича о томе у јавности, али овај радће да открије дио тога и прикаже јавности.Намјера Матичне библиотеке Источно Сарајево је да такву грађу учинидоступном свим корисницима: научницима, истраживачима, ученицима,студентима, заинересованој јавности и туристима, али на једансавремен, креативан и иновативан начин.Један од начина је отварања ове вриједне збирке јавности је кроз преносграђе у дигитални облик, презентација штампаним и аудио књигама,занимљивим штампаним и виртуелним изложбама. Осигурање њеногкориштења путем интернета те укључивање културно-историјскебаштине у образовне процесе, процесе научних истраживања, провође-ња слободног времена и у друге сврхе представљају један од главнихзадатака Матичне библиотеке.Како још немамо одговор на питање како културну баштину, вриједнефондове у нашим библиотекама, представити свијету, онда нека овајрад буде дио одговора.Обавеза је Матичне библиотеке да чува и штити ове духовне вриједно-сти за будуће генерације, промовише и презентује у јавности и такоомогући да ово културно благо буде видљиво и ван граница Босне иХерцеговине.Захваљујући интернету културно благо биће доступно свима, било гдједа се налазе, а ствар је само у отворености да се примјене новеинформационе технологије чиме се слиједи пут савременог библиоте-карства.
Planar cell polarity signaling coordinates oriented cell division and cell rearrangement in clonally expanding growth plate cartilage
Authors: Li Yuwei , Li Ang , Junge Jason , Bronner Marianne
Published: October 2017

Both oriented cell divisions and cell rearrangements are critical for proper embryogenesis and organogenesis. However, little is known about how these two cellular events are integrated. Here we examine the linkage between these processes in chick limb cartilage. By combining retroviral-based multicolor clonal analysis with live imaging, the results show that single chondrocyte precursors can generate both single-column and multi-column clones through oriented division followed by cell rearrangements. Focusing on single column formation, we show that this stereotypical tissue architecture is established by a pivot-like process between sister cells. After mediolateral cell division, N-cadherin is enriched in the post-cleavage furrow; then one cell pivots around the other, resulting in stacking into a column. Perturbation analyses demonstrate that planar cell polarity signaling enables cells to pivot in the direction of limb elongation via this N-cadherin-mediated coupling. Our work provides new insights into the mechanisms generating appropriate tissue architecture of limb skeleton.
A viral protein promotes host SAMS1 activity and ethylene production for the benefit of virus infection
Authors: Zhao Shanshan , Hong Wei , Wu Jianguo , Wang Yu , Ji Shaoyi , Zhu Shuyi , Wei Chunhong , Zhang Jinsong , Li Yi
Published: October 2017

Ethylene plays critical roles in plant development and biotic stress response, but the mechanism of ethylene in host antiviral response remains unclear. Here, we report that Rice dwarf virus (RDV) triggers ethylene production by stimulating the activity of S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase (SAMS), a key component of the ethylene synthesis pathway, resulting in elevated susceptibility to RDV. RDV-encoded Pns11 protein specifically interacted with OsSAMS1 to enhance its enzymatic activity, leading to higher ethylene levels in both RDV-infected and Pns11-overexpressing rice. Consistent with a counter-defense role for ethylene, Pns11-overexpressing rice, as well as those overexpressing OsSAMS1, were substantially more susceptible to RDV infection, and a similar effect was observed in rice plants treated with an ethylene precursor. Conversely, OsSAMS1-knockout mutants, as well as an osein2 mutant defective in ethylene signaling, resisted RDV infection more robustly. Our findings uncover a novel mechanism which RDV manipulates ethylene biosynthesis in the host plants to achieve efficient infection.
HMMR acts in the PLK1-dependent spindle positioning pathway and supports neural development
Authors: Connell Marisa , Chen Helen , Jiang Jihong , Kuan Chia-Wei , Fotovati Abbas , Chu Tony LH , He Zhengcheng , Lengyell Tess C , Li Huaibiao , Kroll Torsten , Li Amanda M , Goldowitz Daniel , Frappart Lucien , Ploubidou Aspasia , Patel Millan S , Pilarski Linda M , Simpson Elizabeth M , Lange Philipp F , Allan Douglas W , Maxwell Christopher A
Published: October 2017

Oriented cell division is one mechanism progenitor cells use during development and to maintain tissue homeostasis. Common to most cell types is the asymmetric establishment and regulation of cortical NuMA-dynein complexes that position the mitotic spindle. Here, we discover that HMMR acts at centrosomes in a PLK1-dependent pathway that locates active Ran and modulates the cortical localization of NuMA-dynein complexes to correct mispositioned spindles. This pathway was discovered through the creation and analysis of Hmmr-knockout mice, which suffer neonatal lethality with defective neural development and pleiotropic phenotypes in multiple tissues. HMMR over-expression in immortalized cancer cells induces phenotypes consistent with an increase in active Ran including defects in spindle orientation. These data identify an essential role for HMMR in the PLK1-dependent regulatory pathway that orients progenitor cell division and supports neural development.
Scope of Cooperative Learning (CL) Strategies in Teaching English to Saudi Adult EFL Learners: A Study of Practical Barriers and Possible Implications
Authors: Ishtiaq Muhammad , Sabboor Hussain Muhammad
Published: October 2017

This study aims at investigating the teachers’ practices and perceptions in teaching English in Saudi Arabia by viewing their stance on Cooperative Learning (CL) — an innovative teaching approach proposed to raise the language proficiency level of adult EFL learners. The study has been conducted in Qassim University, Saudi Arabia—a vibrant and flourishing EFL context. A quantitative tool (a questionnaire) has been used to collect data and to serve qualitative purposes. It reports 80 EFL teachers’ (40 males and 40 females) perceptions about CL using a 17-items comprehensive survey covering all the possible barriers in the way of implementing CL strategies in EFL classes. The survey items also explore how the EFL teachers in Saudi Arabia foresee the implications of making such an innovative move in their classes. The responses have been analyzed on a 5-point Likert scale which ranges from strongly disagree-disagree-neutral-agree-strongly agree. Major findings are that CL strategies have practical barriers but their implications are far more positive. The barriers are mainly due to the wrong learning habits of the adult EFL learners in Qassim University and lack of will and vision of the educational administration. The study recommends that CL strategies need to be given due consideration and support by the administrators and policy makers to raise the proficiency level of adult EFL learners. The study also allays the misconception that majority of the practitioners in English language teaching field are not ready to practice and implement CL strategies in their classes.
What is the Place of English Literature in ELT Classrooms? A Review of Related Studies
Authors: Alkhaleefah Tarek A.
Published: October 2017

The debate over the place and role of literature in language classrooms has long intrigued researchers and teachers’ interests over the years. Although there is an overall consensus that the teaching of literature in English language teaching (ELT) classrooms can help foster L2 learners’ language skills and cognitive abilities, some researchers have suggested that integrating literature in ELT classrooms should be approached with caution due to EFL learners’ limited language proficiency. In this paper, the researcher reviews previous related studies on the place of literature in the English language teaching (ELT) contexts. The aim of this review is to shed light on this researchers/teachers’ ongoing debate over the place of teaching English literature in ELT. In particular, the review examines how researchers perceive the role of literature and its authenticity in ELT classrooms as stimulating learners’ interests and personal engagement with literary texts, fostering L2 learners’ language skills (particularly their reading and creative writing skills), and enhancing their critical thinking skills and strategic processing of texts. Furthermore, the review covers issues related to how the integration of literature in language classrooms should be carefully task-designed and assessed.
Lexis in Political Ideas on Twitter
Authors: Ramanathan Renugah , Bee Hoon Tan , Paramasivam Shamala
Published: October 2017

Ideologies in political discourse have been keen research topics as they provide various views of an issue or event. The prominent aspect of ideology is that it attempts to bridge the political activism to the social world that reflects the authenticity of political figures. This study aims to compare the ideological notions in the political tweets of Prime Minister Najib Tun Razak (henceforth, Najib) and Prime Minister Narendra Modi (henceforth, Modi) during the election campaigns. The discourse between both the political premiers are compared in relation to their active participation on Twitter in Asia. Data were collected over a period of 3 months during the election campaigns of both the countries which were from February to April 2013 in Malaysia and January to March 2014 in India. The study follows the qualitative research design by employing Fairclough’s three dimensional model in analyzing the lexical choices and the formation of ideas. The presence of various ideologies in the tweets portray the consensual power of the political leaders as the citizens accepts the former’s principles, ideologies and moral values. Hence, this study is significant because the study increases political awareness among citizens and provides insights on how language is employed by both leaders from different political coalition. Besides, this study produces knowledge that helps society to understand how 140 character can be a powerful tool in disseminating ideas during national elections and making election a success.
Transitivity Analysis of Hillary Clinton’s and Donald Trump’s First Television Debate
Authors: Zhang Yichao
Published: October 2017

Halliday holds that all cultures reflect some universal meta-functions in the languages and proposes three such meta-functions: ideational, interpersonal, and textual. This paper employs the transitivity theory in Halliday’s Systemic Functional Linguistics to analyze the first television debate between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump. Specifically, through a quantitative analysis, this paper tries to find the answers for the next two questions: First, what are the distributions of six processes used by the two candidates; are there any similarities and differences or some rules in the distribution? Second, what are the reasons of such distributions, and what are the functions of the distributions of different processes and main participants in helping the speakers to convey their intentions? The main findings show that material processes, relational process and mental processes are relatively dominate in both candidates’ speeches; while compared with Hillary, Trump tends to use more existential processes. In political discourse, the speakers measure their words with special caution to interact with people, to expresses their attitudes and judgments, and to influence the viewpoints and behavior of the audience, which is mainly the realization of the interpersonal function.
Configuration of the Self-Mythology and Identity of Female Characters in Paul Auster’s In the Country of Last Things and The New York Trilogy
Authors: Amin Shirkhani Mohammad
Published: October 2017

The works of American novelist Paul Auster (1947- ) are uniquely concerned with the mythology of self, metanarrative and the role gender plays in these transactions. In his earliest works, The New York Trilogy (1985-1986) and In the Country of Last Things (1987), Auster uses genre conventions and styles (for the former, detective novels; for the latter, dystopian fiction) to interrogate these preconceptions of self-mythology and the role of gender within these genres, subverting tropes and traits of these works to comment upon them. In the following, we investigate these works in depth along these themes, conducting a close textual analysis from the framework of Freudian and Lacanian theories of psychoanalysis and poststructuralism. By investigating the roles of women in The New York Trilogy and In the Country of Last Things, we hope to illuminate Auster’s uniquely postmodernist, deconstructive approach to the psychological imperatives women are socialized into within American society, and how they are informed by narrative and mythology. The role of women, from the absent trophies of The New York Trilogy to the central voice of sanity of Anna in In the Country of Last Things, posits women as a societal superego whose goal it is to keep the destructive, nihilistic id-like impulses of men in check.
Infection of army ant pupae by two new parasitoid mites (Mesostigmata: Uropodina)
Authors: Brückner Adrian , Klompen Hans , Bruce Andrew Iain , Hashim Rosli , von Beeren Christoph
Published: October 2017

A great variety of parasites and parasitoids exploit ant societies. Among them are the Mesostigmata mites, a particularly common and diverse group of ant-associated arthropods. While parasitism is ubiquitous in Mesostigmata, parasitoidism has only been described in the genusMacrodinychus. Yet information about the basic biology of mostMacrodinychusspecies is lacking. Out of 24 formally described species, information about basic life-history traits is only available for three species. Here we formally describe two newMacrodinychusspecies, i.e.Macrodinychus hilpertaeandMacrodinychus derbyensis. In both species, immature stages developed as ecto-parasitoids on ant pupae of the South-East Asian army antLeptogenys distinguenda. By piercing the developing ant with their chelicera, the mites apparently suck ant hemolymph, ultimately killing host individuals. We compare infection rates among all studiedMacrodinychusspecies and discuss possible host countermeasures against parasitoidism. The cryptic lifestyle of living inside ant nests has certainly hampered the scientific discovery ofMacrodinychusmites and we expect that many more macrodinychid species await scientific discovery and description.
Channelized Melting Drives Thinning Under a Rapidly Melting Antarctic Ice Shelf
Authors: Gourmelen Noel , Goldberg Dan N. , Snow Kate , Henley Sian F. , Bingham Robert G. , Kimura Satoshi , Hogg Anna E. , Shepherd Andrew , Mouginot Jeremie , Lenaerts Jan T. M. , Ligtenberg Stefan R. M. , van de Berg Willem Jan
Published: October 2017

Ice shelves play a vital role in regulating loss of grounded ice and in supplying freshwater to coastal seas. However, melt variability within ice shelves is poorly constrained and may be instrumental in driving ice shelf imbalance and collapse. High‐resolution altimetry measurements from 2010 to 2016 show that Dotson Ice Shelf (DIS), West Antarctica, thins in response to basal melting focused along a single 5 km‐wide and 60 km‐long channel extending from the ice shelf's grounding zone to its calving front. If focused thinning continues at present rates, the channel will melt through, and the ice shelf collapse, within 40–50 years, almost two centuries before collapse is projected from the average thinning rate. Our findings provide evidence of basal melt‐driven sub‐ice shelf channel formation and its potential for accelerating the weakening of ice shelves.
Acoustic Reflectivity From Variously Oriented Orthorhombic Media: Analogies to Seismic Responses From a Fractured Anisotropic Crust
Authors: Malehmir Reza , Schmitt Douglas R.
Published: October 2017

The variations in the strength of seismic reflections with both angles of incidence and azimuth are being used to constrain the orientations and degrees of mechanical anisotropy of geological formations. This information is often used in turn to infer the directions of fracturing and stress usually assuming simplified geological structures that in many cases are not realistic. In order to further understand this problem, the reflectivities from a set of variously titled samples cut from a single block of a common anisotropic composite material are measured with both angles of incidence and azimuth in the laboratory. Each sample is analogous to a formation in which the fracture sets increasingly dip. The observed responses differ from plane wave theory due to the finite nature of the experiment. However, the deviations are well accounted for by modeling the acoustic reflectivity using its bounded pulse. As expected, the reflectivities vary with the sample tilt, the angle of incidence, and the azimuth at which the measurements are made. However, some of these responses, such as the precritical reflectivities, do not appear to strongly vary with azimuth for a given sample. Critical angle phenomena, too, must be used cautiously as the observed reflectivity peaks do not lie at the exact critical angle. These results suggest that reflectivities could be an important source of information with regard to the spatial orientation of anisotropic layer.
Three‐Dimensional Electrical Resistivity Tomography of the Solfatara Crater (Italy): Implication for the Multiphase Flow Structure of the Shallow Hydrothermal System
Authors: Gresse Marceau , Vandemeulebrouck Jean , Byrdina Svetlana , Chiodini Giovanni , Revil André , Johnson Timothy C. , Ricci Tullio , Vilardo Giuseppe , Mangiacapra Annarita , Lebourg Thomas , Grangeon Jacques , Bascou Pascale , Metral Laurent
Published: October 2017

The Solfatara volcano is the main degassing area of the Campi Flegrei caldera, characterized by 60 years of unrest. Assessing such renewal activity is a challenging task because hydrothermal interactions with magmatic gases remain poorly understood. In this study, we decipher the complex structure of the shallow Solfatara hydrothermal system by performing the first 3‐D, high‐resolution, electrical resistivity tomography of the volcano. The 3‐D resistivity model was obtained from the inversion of 43,432 resistance measurements performed on an area of ~0.68 km2. The proposed interpretation of the multiphase hydrothermal structures is based on the resistivity model, a high‐resolution infrared surface temperature image, and 1,136 soil CO2 flux measurements. In addition, we realized 27 soil cation exchange capacity and pH measurements demonstrating a negligible contribution of surface conductivity to the shallow bulk electrical conductivity. Hence, we show that the resistivity changes are mainly controlled by fluid content and temperature. The high‐resolution tomograms identify for the first time the structure of the gas‐dominated reservoir at 60 m depth that feeds the Bocca Grande fumarole through a ~10 m thick channel. In addition, the resistivity model reveals a channel‐like conductive structure where the liquid produced by steam condensation around the main fumaroles flows down to the Fangaia area within a buried fault. The model delineates the emplacement of the main geological structures: Mount Olibano, Solfatara cryptodome, and tephra deposits. It also reveals the anatomy of the hydrothermal system, especially two liquid‐dominated plumes, the Fangaia mud pool and the Pisciarelli fumarole, respectively.
Sensitivity of Seismic Attenuation and Phase Velocity to Intrinsic Background Anisotropy in Fractured Porous Rocks: A Numerical Study
Authors: Barbosa Nicolás D. , Rubino J. Germán , Caspari Eva , Holliger Klaus
Published: October 2017

Many researchers have analyzed seismic attenuation and velocity dispersion due to wave‐induced fluid flow (WIFF) related to the presence of fluid‐saturated fractures embedded in an isotropic porous background. Most fractured formations do, however, exhibit some degree of intrinsic elastic and hydraulic anisotropy of the background, and the impact of which on the effective seismic properties remains largely unexplored. In this work, we extend a numerical upscaling procedure to account for the potential intrinsic elastic and hydraulic anisotropy of the background. To do this, we represent the background of a representative sample of the fractured formation of interest with an anisotropic poroelastic medium and apply a set of relaxation experiments to compute the effective anisotropic seismic properties. A comprehensive numerical analysis allows us to observe that, for samples containing hydraulically connected fractures, the anisotropic behavior of both P and S waves differs significantly from that observed for an isotropic background. The anisotropy of the stiffness of the background plays a fundamental role for WIFF between the fractures and the background as well as for WIFF between connected fractures. Conversely, the anisotropy of the background permeability affects the characteristic frequency, the angle dependence, and the magnitude of the effects related to WIFF between fractures and background. In addition, different correlations between hydraulic and elastic background anisotropy lead to different degrees of effective seismic anisotropy. Our results therefore indicate that accounting for the effects of intrinsic background anisotropy on WIFF is crucial for a quantitative interpretation of seismic anisotropy measurements in fluid‐saturated fractured formations.
Rollover of Apparent Wave Attenuation in Ice Covered Seas
Authors: Li Jingkai , Kohout Alison L. , Doble Martin J. , Wadhams Peter , Guan Changlong , Shen Hayley H.
Published: October 2017

Wave attenuation from two field experiments in the ice‐covered Southern Ocean is examined. Instead of monotonically increasing with shorter waves, the measured apparent attenuation rate peaks at an intermediate wave period. This “rollover” phenomenon has been postulated as the result of wind input and nonlinear energy transfer between wave frequencies. Using WAVEWATCH III®, we first validate the model results with available buoy data, then use the model data to analyze the apparent wave attenuation. With the choice of source parameterizations used in this study, it is shown that rollover of the apparent attenuation exists when wind input and nonlinear transfer are present, independent of the different wave attenuation models used. The period of rollover increases with increasing distance between buoys. Furthermore, the apparent attenuation for shorter waves drops with increasing separation between buoys or increasing wind input. These phenomena are direct consequences of the wind input and nonlinear energy transfer, which offset the damping caused by the intervening ice.
Impacts of Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition on Surface Waters of the Western North Atlantic Mitigated by Multiple Feedbacks
Authors: St‐Laurent P. , Friedrichs M. A. M. , Najjar R. G. , Martins D. K. , Herrmann M. , Miller S. K. , Wilkin J.
Published: October 2017

The impacts of atmospheric nitrogen deposition (AND) on the chlorophyll and nitrogen dynamics of surface waters in the western North Atlantic (25°N–45°N, 65°W–80°W) are examined with a biogeochemical ocean model forced with a regional atmospheric chemistry model (Community Multiscale Air Quality, CMAQ). CMAQ simulations with year‐specific emissions reveal the existence of a “hot spot” of AND over the Gulf Stream. The impact of the hot spot on the oceanic biogeochemistry is mitigated in three ways by physical and biogeochemical processes. First, AND significantly contributes to surface oceanic nitrogen concentrations only during the summer period, when the stratification is maximal and the background nitrogen inventories are minimal. Second, the increase in summer surface nitrate concentrations is accompanied by a reduction in upward nitrate diffusion at the base of the surface layer. This negative feedback partly cancels the nitrogen enrichment from AND. Third, gains in biomass near the surface force a shoaling of the euphotic layer and a reduction of about 5% in deep primary production and biomass on the continental shelf. Despite these mitigating processes, the impacts of AND remain substantial. AND increases surface nitrate concentrations in the Gulf Stream region by 14% during the summer (2% on average over the year). New primary production increases by 22% in this region during summer (8% on average). Although these changes may be difficult to distinguish from natural variability in observations, the results support the view that AND significantly enhances local carbon export.
Nonhydrostatic Simulations of Tide‐Induced Mixing in the Halmahera Sea: A Possible Role in the Transformation of the Indonesian Throughflow Waters
Authors: Nagai Taira , Hibiya Toshiyuki , Bouruet‐Aubertot Pascale
Published: October 2017

The Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) waters are significantly transformed within the Indonesian Archipelago and consequently influence the large‐scale ocean circulation such as Agulhas and Leeuwin Currents. Existing ocean general circulation models (OGCMs) are, however, incapable of reproducing the transformation of the ITF waters, since tidal forcing is neglected in such models. In the present study, we first conduct high‐resolution nonhydrostatic three‐dimensional numerical experiments focusing on the transformation of the ITF waters in the Halmahera Sea which is thought to be the most important bottleneck in simulating the ITF water mass properties. It is shown that intensive vertical mixing induced by breaking of internal tides in the shallow regions in the Halmahera Sea dilutes the ITF waters, significantly reducing model biases found in the existing OGCMs. We next evaluate quantitatively the effect of tide‐induced vertical mixing on the transformation of the ITF waters. It is shown that tide‐induced vertical mixing dominates the transformation of the ITF waters, although some supplementary processes such as horizontal mixing associated with the submesoscale eddies resulting from tidal interaction with land configurations cannot be ignored.
Exploring a Variable‐Resolution Approach for Simulating Regional Climate in the Rocky Mountain Region Using the VR‐CESM
Authors: Wu Chenglai , Liu Xiaohong , Lin Zhaohui , Rhoades Alan M. , Ullrich Paul A. , Zarzycki Colin M. , Lu Zheng , Rahimi‐Esfarjani Stefan R.
Published: October 2017

The reliability of climate simulations and projections, particularly in the regions with complex terrains, is greatly limited by the model resolution. In this study we evaluate the variable‐resolution Community Earth System Model (VR‐CESM) with a high‐resolution (0.125°) refinement over the Rocky Mountain region. The VR‐CESM results are compared with observations, as well as CESM simulation at a quasi‐uniform 1° resolution (UNIF) and Canadian Regional Climate Model version 5 (CRCM5) simulation at a 0.11° resolution. We find that VR‐CESM is effective at capturing the observed spatial patterns of temperature, precipitation, and snowpack in the Rocky Mountains with the performance comparable to CRCM5, while UNIF is unable to do so. VR‐CESM and CRCM5 simulate better the seasonal variations of precipitation than UNIF, although VR‐CESM still overestimates winter precipitation whereas CRCM5 and UNIF underestimate it. All simulations distribute more winter precipitation along the windward (west) flanks of mountain ridges with the greatest overestimation in VR‐CESM. VR‐CESM simulates much greater snow water equivalent peaks than CRCM5 and UNIF, although the peaks are still 10–40% less than observations. Moreover, the frequency of heavy precipitation events (daily precipitation ≥ 25 mm) in VR‐CESM and CRCM5 is comparable to observations, whereas the same events in UNIF are an order of magnitude less frequent. In addition, VR‐CESM captures the observed occurrence frequency and seasonal variation of rain‐on‐snow days and performs better than UNIF and CRCM5. These results demonstrate the VR‐CESM's capability in regional climate modeling over the mountainous regions and its promising applications for climate change studies.
Comparing the Defendant to Images of the Culprit: Interpreting Results of Mock Witness Filler‐Control Tests
Authors: Thompson W. Burt , Lauher Miranda L. , Moody Taylor R.
Published: October 2017

Criminals are occasionally recorded on video committing a crime. At trial, jurors may be shown images of the culprit to determine if they match the defendant. However, several sources of bias may influence juror matching decisions. Also, even with clear video, the accuracy of defendant‐culprit matching can be relatively poor. To reduce these problems, we propose that defendant‐culprit matching be viewed as a type of forensic test. If conducted as a forensic test, defendant‐culprit matching can be improved by adding fillers and testing mock witnesses rather than the actual jurors. A Bayesian analysis of data from two experiments shows that a filler‐control test can be highly diagnostic, even when the decisions of mock witnesses are far from unanimous. However, when viewing conditions are poor, a filler‐control test may not provide much new information about whether the defendant matches the culprit. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photoactive Hybrid AuNR‐Pt@Ag2S Core–Satellite Nanostructures for Near‐Infrared Quantitive Cell Imaging
Authors: Qu Aihua , Xu Liguang , Sun Maozhong , Liu Liqiang , Kuang Hua , Xu Chuanlai
Published: October 2017

The quantitative detection of microRNA (miR) and multimode‐imaging‐induced photothermal therapy in vivo have become the focus of much attention. Platinum (Pt) decorated gold nanorods (AuNR‐Pt) and Ag2S core–satellite (AuNR‐Pt@Ag2S) multifunctional nanostructures are fabricated to quantify intracellular miRs (miR‐21), near‐infrared fluorescence cell quantitative imaging, and tumor ablation in vivo. When combined with miR‐21, the nanoassembly displays significant fluorescence intensity in the second window of the near‐infrared region (1000–1700 nm) after 808 nm excitation. The Ag2S fluorescence intensity has a good linear relationship with the amount of intracellular miR in the range of 0.054–20.45 amol ngRNA
−1 and a limit of detection of 0.0082 amol ngRNA
−1. The nanoassembly is also used to develop multimodal bioimaging, including near‐infrared, X‐ray computed tomographic, and photoacoustic imaging in HeLa‐tumor‐bearing mice. Moreover, the tumors are completely eliminated by the high photothermal capacity of the AuNR‐Pt@Ag2S assembly. This nanoassembly provides a multifunctional nanoplatform for the ultrasensitive detection of miRs and tumor diagnosis and therapy in vivo.
Highly Aligned Plasmonic Gold Nanorods in a DNA Matrix
Authors: Cha Yun Jeong , Kim Dae Seok , Yoon Dong Ki
Published: October 2017

Since the Lycurgus Cup was made in the 4th century, metal nanoparticles have attracted much interest due to the characteristics of the plasmonic and metamaterials that show beautiful colors. Despite these fascinating properties, the practical use is limited because it is difficult to control the orientation of the plasmonic nanoparticles. Here, highly aligned plasmonic gold nanorods are obtained using self‐assembled DNA material. Simple mechanical shearing results in long‐range DNA–gold nanorod arrays which show parallel, perpendicular, and zigzag configurations due to the competition between the shear force and DNA elasticity. The resulting surface plasmonic resonance properties of the aligned DNA–gold nanorods film show highly polarization‐dependent behavior in a large area, which is critical for optical and photonic applications. This simple way to form anisotropic plasmonic films can be used for plasmonic nanoparticles in potential applications such as displays and sensors.
Highly Desirable Photodetectors Derived from Versatile Plasmonic Nanostructures
Authors: Chen Hongyu , Su Longxing , Jiang Mingming , Fang Xiaosheng
Published: October 2017

With unique ability to concentrate and manipulate light at nanoscale, surface plasmon resonance technologies create additional opportunities for fabricating superintegration photodetectors with desirable functionalities. To gain an insight into the state‐of‐the‐art of plasmonic photodetectors, recent advances in novel devices as well as potential building blocks are presented herein. The article focuses particularly on understanding the enhancement mechanism of different architectures such as nanoparticles, gratings, waveguides, antennas, and microcavities. Meanwhile, challenges and potential design schemes are proposed in this inspiring field.
Scaffold Composition Determines the Angiogenic Outcome of Cell‐Based Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression by Modulating Its Microenvironmental Distribution
Authors: Gaudiello Emanuele , Melly Ludovic , Cerino Giulia , Boccardo Stefano , Jalili‐Firoozinezhad Sasan , Xu Lifen , Eckstein Friedrich , Martin Ivan , Kaufmann Beat A. , Banfi Andrea , Marsano Anna
Published: October 2017

Delivery of genetically modified cells overexpressing Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is a promising approach to induce therapeutic angiogenesis in ischemic tissues. The effect of the protein is strictly modulated by its interaction with the components of the extracellular matrix. Its therapeutic potential depends on a sustained but controlled release at the microenvironmental level in order to avoid the formation of abnormal blood vessels. In this study, it is hypothesized that the composition of the scaffold plays a key role in modulating the binding, hence the therapeutic effect, of the VEGF released by 3D‐cell constructs. It is found that collagen sponges, which poorly bind VEGF, prevent the formation of localized hot spots of excessive concentration, therefore, precluding the development of aberrant angiogenesis despite uncontrolled expression by a genetically engineered population of adipose tissue‐derived stromal cells. On the contrary, after seeding on VEGF‐binding egg‐white scaffolds, the same cell population caused aberrantly enlarged vascular structures after 14 d. Collagen‐based engineered tissues also induced a safe and efficient angiogenesis in both the patch itself and the underlying myocardium in rat models. These findings open new perspectives on the control and the delivery of proangiogenic stimuli, and are fundamental for the vascularization of engineered tissues/organs.
A Fluid Liquid‐Crystal Material with Highly Polar Order
Authors: Nishikawa Hiroya , Shiroshita Kazuya , Higuchi Hiroki , Okumura Yasushi , Haseba Yasuhiro , Yamamoto Shin‐ichi , Sago Koki , Kikuchi Hirotsugu
Published: October 2017

An anomalously large dielectric permittivity of ≈104 is found in the mesophase temperature range (MP phase) wherein high fluidity is observed for a liquid‐crystal compound having a 1,3‐dioxane unit in the mesogenic core (DIO). In this temperature range, no sharp X‐ray diffraction peak is observed at both small and wide Bragg angles, similar to that for a nematic phase; however, an inhomogeneous sandy texture or broken Schlieren one is observed via polarizing optical microscopy, unlike that for a conventional nematic phase. DIO exhibits polarization switching with a large polarization value, i.e., P = 4.4 µC cm−2, and a parallelogram‐shaped polarization–electric field hysteresis loop in the MP phase. The inhomogeneously aligned DIO in the absence of an electric field adopts a uniform orientation along an applied electric field when field‐induced polarization switching occurs. Furthermore, sufficiently larger second‐harmonic generation is observed for DIO in the MP phase. Second‐harmonic‐generation interferometry clearly shows that the sense of polarization is inverted when the +/− sign of the applied electric field in MP is reversed. These results suggest that a unidirectional, ferroelectric‐like parallel polar arrangement of the molecules is generated along the director in the MP phase.
Stimulated Transitions of Directed Nonequilibrium Self‐Assemblies
Authors: Steinschulte Alexander A. , Scotti Andrea , Rahimi Khosrow , Nevskyi Oleksii , Oppermann Alex , Schneider Sabine , Bochenek Steffen , Schulte Marie F. , Geisel Karen , Jansen Felicitas , Jung Andre , Mallmann Sabrina , Winter Roland , Richtering Walter , Wöll Dominik , Schweins Ralf , Warren Nicholas J. , Plamper Felix A.
Published: October 2017

Near‐equilibrium stimulus‐responsive polymers have been used extensively to introduce morphological variations in dependence of adaptable conditions. Far‐less‐well studied are triggered transformations at constant conditions. These require the involvement of metastable states, which are either able to approach the equilibrium state after deviation from metastability or can be frozen on returning from nonequilibrium to equilibrium. Such functional nonequilibrium macromolecular systems hold great promise for on‐demand transformations, which result in substantial changes in their material properties, as seen for triggered gelations. Herein, a diblock copolymer system consisting of a hydrophilic block and a block that is responsive to both pressure and temperature, is introduced. This species demonstrates various micellar transformations upon leaving equilibrium/nonequilibrium states, which are triggered by a temperature deflection or a temporary application of hydrostatic pressure.
Highly Crystalline C8‐BTBT Thin‐Film Transistors by Lateral Homo‐Epitaxial Growth on Printed Templates
Authors: Janneck Robby , Pilet Nicolas , Bommanaboyena Satya Prakash , Watts Benjamin , Heremans Paul , Genoe Jan , Rolin Cedric
Published: October 2017

Highly crystalline thin films of organic semiconductors offer great potential for fundamental material studies as well as for realizing high‐performance, low‐cost flexible electronics. The fabrication of these films directly on inert substrates is typically done by meniscus‐guided coating techniques. The resulting layers show morphological defects that hinder charge transport and induce large device‐to‐device variability. Here, a double‐step method for organic semiconductor layers combining a solution‐processed templating layer and a lateral homo‐epitaxial growth by a thermal evaporation step is reported. The epitaxial regrowth repairs most of the morphological defects inherent to meniscus‐guided coatings. The resulting film is highly crystalline and features a mobility increased by a factor of three and a relative spread in device characteristics improved by almost half an order of magnitude. This method is easily adaptable to other coating techniques and offers a route toward the fabrication of high‐performance, large‐area electronics based on highly crystalline thin films of organic semiconductors.
Tree‐Inspired Design for High‐Efficiency Water Extraction
Authors: Zhu Mingwei , Li Yiju , Chen Guang , Jiang Feng , Yang Zhi , Luo Xiaoguang , Wang Yanbin , Lacey Steven D. , Dai Jiaqi , Wang Chengwei , Jia Chao , Wan Jiayu , Yao Yonggang , Gong Amy , Yang Bao , Yu Zongfu , Das Siddhartha , Hu Liangbing
Published: October 2017

The solar steam process, akin to the natural water cycle, is considered to be an attractive approach to address water scarcity issues globally. However, water extraction from groundwater, for example, has not been demonstrated using these existing technologies. Additionally, there are major unaddressed challenges in extracting potable water from seawater including salt accumulation and long‐term evaporation stability, which warrant further investigation. Herein, a high‐performance solar steam device composed entirely of natural wood is reported. The pristine, natural wood is cut along the transverse direction and the top surface is carbonized to create a unique bilayer structure. This tree‐inspired design offers distinct advantages for water extraction, including rapid water transport and evaporation in the mesoporous wood, high light absorption (≈99%) within the surface carbonized open wood channels, a low thermal conductivity to avoid thermal loss, and cost effectiveness. The device also exhibits long‐term stability in seawater without salt accumulation as well as high performance for underground water extraction. The tree‐inspired design offers an inexpensive and scalable solar energy harvesting and steam generation technology that can provide clean water globally, especially for rural or remote areas where water is not only scarce but also limited by water extraction materials and methods.
Oxidizing Properties of the Polysulfide Surfaces of Patronite VS4 and NbS3 Induced by (S2)2− Groups: Unusual Formation of Ag2S Nanoparticles
Authors: Kozlova Mariia N. , Grayfer Ekaterina D. , Poltarak Pavel A. , Artemkina Sofya B. , Cherkov Alexander G. , Kibis Lidiya S. , Boronin Andrei I. , Fedorov Vladimir E.
Published: October 2017

Similarly to transition metal dichalcogenides akin to MoS2, transition metal polysulfides like tri‐ and tetrachalcogenide materials are nowadays incorporated into catalysts and composites used for energy conversion and storage, etc. However, polysulfide structures feature SS units, which make them strikingly different from the widely known MoS2 and other dichalcogenides. At the same time, their surface chemistry and its relation to properties are very little studied. Reported here is one of the first observations on the oxidizing properties of disulfide bridges (SS)2− forming surfaces in polysulfide crystals. Upon interaction with silver salts or silver nanoparticles, MoS2 acts as most supports, that is, it stabilizes metallic Ag at its surface; in contrast, curiously, patronite VS4 and NbS3 stabilize Ag2S nanoparticles under identical reducing conditions. The Ag/MoS2, Ag2S/NbS3, and Ag2S/VS4 samples are characterized with X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Apparently, the unexpected formation of Ag2S is due to complex redox processes involving disulfide fragments –S–S– of nanorods VS4 or nanoribbons NbS3, which are absent in MoS2 nanosheets. This result is important for fundamental understanding of the properties of sulfur‐rich surfaces and also for contributing to the number of available synthetic paths toward Ag2S nanoparticles.
Chemo‐Enzymatic Synthesis of Branched N‐Acetyllactosamine Glycan Oligomers for Galectin‐3 Inhibition
Authors: Laaf Dominic , Steffens Hanna , Pelantová Helena , Bojarová Pavla , Křen Vladimír , Elling Lothar
Published: October 2017

We present here a novel concept for the synthesis of branched N‐acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) glycan structures. Through a combination of sequential enzymatic and chemical reactions of Leloir‐glycosyltransferases, galactose oxidase and reductive amination, we obtained branched glycan oligomers with a variation of LacNAc and/or N′,N′′‐diacetyllactosamine (LacdiNAc) glycan epitopes. Incorporation of a branching point was accomplished by an optimized galactose oxidase protocol rendering the C‐6 aldehyde functionality at the terminal galactose of a LacNAc oligomer. After glycan chain elongation by glycosyltransferases, the C‐6 aldehyde‐containing linear building block was conjugated with amine‐linker functionalized glycans. Methanol and a temperature of 50 °C were found to be optimum conditions for the α‐picoline borane‐catalyzed reductive amination. Chemically branched glycans were obtained in high synthetic yields (≈81%) in preparative batches. Product isolation was accomplished by preparative HPLC with good overall yields (>60%). The structural integrity was proven by ESI‐MS and NMR. The herein synthesized branched LacNAc oligomers feature a variation of Lac(di)NAc epitopes and were confirmed to be potent inhibitors of human galectin‐3 (Gal‐3). The branched decasaccharide with two LacdiNAc‐LacNAc branches ranks among the most potent poly‐LacNAc‐based Gal‐3 inhibitors so far.

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High‐Mobility Transparent p‐Type CuI Semiconducting Layers Fabricated on Flexible Plastic Sheets: Toward Flexible Transparent Electronics
Authors: Yamada Naoomi , Ino Ryuichiro , Tomura Haruka , Kondo Yuumi , Ninomiya Yoshihiko
Published: October 2017

Transparent p‐type CuI layers with high hole mobility can be fabricated on flexible plastic sheets, a system which has been unattainable with p‐type transparent oxide semiconductors. Mildly heat‐treated CuI layers have mobilities of ≈20 cm2 V−1 s−1, which are comparable to those of p‐type GaN epilayers. Highly transparent p–n diodes with sufficient rectification ratio (106) can be manufactured by employing a heterojunction of p‐type CuI and amorphous n‐type In‐Ga‐Zn‐O layers on plastic sheets. Thus, CuI can be regarded as an excellent transparent p‐type semiconductor for flexible transparent electronics.