bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Costs of predator‐induced morphological defences in Daphnia
Authors: RIESSEN HOWARD P.
Published: May 2012

1. Inducible defences are advantageous because they protect the prey while limiting associated fitness costs. The presence of these costs is an essential component of this conditional strategy, since their absence would favour constitutive (fixed) defences. In some cases, however, these costs have been difficult to measure because of complex interactions between the defences themselves, resultant life history changes and the organism’s environment.

2. The pond‐dwelling water flea, Daphnia pulex, forms defensive neck spines in response to kairomones released by predatory larvae of the phantom midge, Chaoborus. This predator–prey interaction and the formation of these inducible defences have been well studied, but costs associated with the development of neck spines remain unclear. In this study, I address this problem by analysing the effect of Chaoborus kairomones on the life history responses (and fitness costs associated with these responses) of two clones of D. pulex that are from the same pond population, but differ greatly in their degree of neck spine development.

3. Both D. pulex clones exhibited the same predator‐induced shifts in life history: larger size at birth, reduced juvenile growth rate (producing a smaller size at maturity), delayed reproduction and a reduction in the number of neonates produced after the first clutch. Relative fitness decreased significantly and to the same degree (c. 10% reduction in r) in each clone. This observed fitness cost was not directly related to the neck spines per se since the cost was the same in both clones, despite their considerable differences in neck spine development. Rather, it appears to be indirectly related to this antipredator morphology via a combination of delayed reproduction and a set of life history trade‐offs (decreased growth rate, decreased reproduction after the first clutch) for increased neonate body size, which is necessary for neck spines to be effective defences. This suite of induced responses is probably a result of local adaptation of these two D. pulex clones to their common pond environment.

4. Costs of inducible defences do not always entail direct allocation costs associated with forming and maintaining a defence, but may also involve indirect life history responses that are specific to particular environmental situations. This local adaptation would explain the highly variable life history responses observed among D. pulex clones from different pond environments.
To leave or not to leave: survival trade‐offs between different migratory strategies in the greater flamingo
Authors: Sanz‐Aguilar Ana , Béchet Arnaud , Germain Christophe , Johnson Alan R. , Pradel Roger
Published: May 2012

1. The balance between costs and benefits of migration under different environmental, density‐dependent and individual conditions may promote a broad range of migratory behaviours. We studied the factors influencing first‐year migration and subsequent fidelity or dispersal among wintering areas, and the survival costs of different wintering behaviours in the greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus).

2. We analysed by multievent capture–recapture modelling among‐site dispersal/fidelity and site‐dependent survival probabilities from 22 671 flamingos ringed in the Camargue (France) between 1977 and 2010 and resighted subsequently in their wintering grounds classified as France, Iberian Peninsula, Italy and North Africa.

3. We found that first‐ and second‐year birds either resident or wintering at medium distances from their birth place, survived better than those wintering further afield. However, under severe winter conditions (extremely cold winter 1984–1985), individuals with the sedentary strategy suffered the highest levels of mortality. From the third winter onwards, the pattern of survival reversed: the long‐distance wintering individuals (i.e. North Africa) survived better.

4. The proportion of first‐year birds migrating for wintering was highly variable among cohorts and increased with favourable environmental conditions (wet years). After the first winter, birds showed high fidelity (>90%) to their previous wintering area and wintered preferably near their natal colony when they became adults (>2 years).

5. Survival estimates suggest that long‐distance migration was costly for young and inexperienced individuals. Nonetheless, for adults, the most southern wintering areas seem to offer the most favourable local conditions for overwinter survival.

6. The higher availability of intermediate stopover sites during wet years may facilitate first‐year migration. Then, once they have some wintering experience, flamingos appear to favour the known wintering grounds. As they grow older, dispersing towards the vicinity of the natal colony may provide higher breeding prospects for individuals wintering closer to this high‐quality and saturated breeding ground, as predicted by the arrival‐time hypothesis.
Convergence in the distribution patterns of Europe’s plants and mammals is due to environmental forcing
Authors: Heikinheimo Hannes , Eronen Jussi T. , Sennikov Alexander , Preston Christopher D. , Oikarinen Emilia , Uotila Pertti , Mannila Heikki , Fortelius Mikael
Published: May 2012

Aim  Our aims were to test: (1) the extent to which vascular plant associations are related in space to mammalian associations, and (2) whether the plant associations are more closely related than the mammalian associations to climate and to a published environmental stratification of Europe.

Location  Europe, as defined by the following boundaries: 11° W, 32° E, 71° N and 35° N.

Methods  The analysis is based on presence/absence records of mammal species and plant species with a resolution of 50 km × 50 km. The similarity of the overall spatial structure was tested using a partial Mantel test while controlling for the effect of geographical proximity. To further identify the main spatial components in the datasets, we used k‐means clustering and principal components analysis. The resulting geographical patterns were compared with one another, with climate variables and with the environmental stratification of Europe.

Results  The clustering of the plant data forms coherent areas that can be interpreted as reflections of floristic regions that are controlled to a large extent by climate and topography. In terms of the correlation between distance matrices, the relationship between plants and mammals is relatively strong. The relationships between mammals and climate, and between plants and climate, are more complex but always statistically significant. There is no evidence that the plant clusters are more closely related than the mammalian clusters to climate, although plant clusters are closer to environmental data than to climate.

Main conclusions  The clustering patterns of mammals and plants form groups that agree with one another in their spatial extent. The forcing of floristic patterns into coherent entities appears mainly to be caused by climatic variables (temperature, temperature range and rainfall), mediated by elevation differences. The formation of individual plant clusters is also related to species numbers and to local and regional floristic differences. The close correlation between the floristic and faunal patterns suggests that the mammal and plant distributions are controlled by the same environmental variables, although the extent to which the mammals are controlled directly by climate or through the influence of vegetation requires more detailed study.
The partitioning of Africa: statistically defined biogeographical regions in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Linder H. Peter , de Klerk Helen M. , Born Julia , Burgess Neil D. , Fjeldså Jon , Rahbek Carsten
Published: May 2012

Aim  To test whether it is possible to establish a common biogeographical regionalization for plants and vertebrates in sub‐Saharan Africa (the Afrotropical Region), using objective multivariate methods.

Location  Sub‐Saharan Africa (Afrotropical Region).

Methods  We used 1° grid cell resolution databases for birds, mammals, amphibians and snakes (4142 vertebrate species) and c. 13% of the plants (5881 species) from the Afrotropical Region. These databases were analysed using cluster analysis techniques to define biogeographical regions. A β(sim) dissimilarity matrix was subjected to a hierarchical classification using the unweighted pair‐group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA). The five group‐specific biogeographical regionalizations were compared against a regionalization developed from a combined database, and a regionalization that is maximally congruent with the five group‐specific datasets was determined using a consensus classification. The regionalizations were interpreted against measures of spatial turnover in richness and composition for the five datasets as well as the combined dataset.

Results  We demonstrate the existence of seven well‐defined and consistent biogeographical regions in sub‐Saharan Africa. These regionalizations are statistically defined and robust between groups, with minor taxon‐specific biogeographical variation. The proposed biogeographical regions are: Congolian, Zambezian, Southern African, Sudanian, Somalian, Ethiopian and Saharan. East Africa, the West African coast, and the transitions between the Congolian, Sudanian and Zambezian regions are unassigned. The Cape area in South Africa, Afromontane areas and the coastal region of East Africa do not emerge as distinct regions but are characterized by high neighbourhood heterogeneity, rapid turnover of species and high levels of narrow endemism.

Main conclusions  Species distribution data and modern cluster analysis techniques can be used to define biogeographical regions in Africa that reflect the patterns found in both vertebrates and plants. The consensus of the regionalizations between different taxonomic groups is high. These regions are broadly similar to those proposed using expert opinion approaches. Some previously proposed transitional zones are not recognized in this classification.
Cartography of cell morphology in tomato pericarp at the fruit scale
Authors: LEGLAND D. , DEVAUX M.‐F. , BOUCHET B. , GUILLON F. , LAHAYE M.
Published: May 2012

In fleshy fruits, the variability of cell morphology at the fruit scale is largely unknown. It presents both a huge variability and a high level of organization. Better knowledge of cell morphology heterogeneity within the fruit is necessary to understand fruit development, to model fruit mechanical behaviour, or to investigate variations of physico‐chemical measurements. A generic approach is proposed to build cartographies of cell morphology at the fruit scale, which depict regions corresponding to different cell morphologies. The approach is based on: (1) sampling the whole fruit at known positions; (2) imaging and quantifying local cell morphology; (3) pooling measurements to take biological variability into account and (4) projecting results in a morphology model of the whole fruit. The result is a synthetic representation of cell morphology variations within the whole fruit. The method was applied to the characterization of cell morphology in tomato pericarp. Two different imaging scales that provided complementary descriptions were used: 3D confocal microscopy and macroscopy. The approach is generic and can be adapted to other fruits or other products.
Genotypes B and C hepatocellular carcinoma–associated hepatitis B virus pre‐S mutants: their detection among F1b and A2 – but not F4 – isolates from Argentina
Authors: Trinks J. , Frías S. , Frider B. , Alessio A. , Pozzati M. , Daleoso G. , León L. , Batalla V. M. , Díaz A. , Ameigeiras B. , Oubiña J. R.
Published: May 2012

Summary.  Prevalence rates of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)‐associated hepatitis B virus (HBV) pre‐S mutants among most genotypes are still lacking. In this study, viral (sub)genotypes of 70 Argentine nucleotide sequences (33 newly obtained) were determined by phylogenetic analysis, and the presence of such mutants was assessed in the American continent for the first time. Nucleotide substitutions of the pre‐S2 start codon were observed in 10% of the HBV/A2 sequences. Ten per cent of the HBV/A2 and 12.5% of the HBV/F1b – but none of HBV/F4 – exhibited a deletion in the pre‐S1/pre‐S2 region. The contribution of these variants to liver cirrhosis (LC) and/or HCC development among HBV/F and HBV/A isolates deserves further prospective clinical studies.
The protective layer of biofilm: a repellent function for a new class of amphiphilic proteins
Authors: Kovács Ákos T. , van Gestel Jordi , Kuipers Oscar P.
Published: May 2012

Bacteria can survive harsh conditions when growing in complex communities of cells known as biofilms. The matrix of the biofilm presents a scaffold where cells are attached to each other and to the surface. The biofilm matrix is also a protective barrier that confers tolerance against various antimicrobial agents. In this issue of Molecular Microbiology, Kobayashi and Iwano (2012) show that the liquid permeability of Bacillus subtilis biofilms is determined by a small secreted protein, i.e. BslA (formerly called YuaB). BslA is important for the proper development of biofilms, but unlike exopolysaccharide and TasA, is not directly involved in cell cluster formation, and is synthesized following the production of exopolysaccharide and amyloid fibres. The amphiphilic BslA protein forms a polymer in vitro and localizes in vivo to the surface of the biofilm. The microstructures of the biofilm wrinkles are reduced in the bslA mutant strain and the liquid repellency of the biofilm surface is diminished. Exogenously added BslA42–181 protein complements the bslA mutation and restores not only water repellency, but also the formation of aerial structures. This study demonstrates that amphiphilic proteins have an important role in liquid repellency of biofilms and it suggests that these polymers contribute to antimicrobial resistance.
The conflict between DNA replication and transcription
Authors: McGlynn Peter , Savery Nigel J. , Dillingham Mark S.
Published: May 2012

There is mounting evidence that there are frequent conflicts between complexes that replicate DNA and those that transcribe the same template, and that these conflicts lead to blockage of replication and genome instability. Such problems are perhaps best understood in bacteria, but it is becoming apparent that replicative barriers associated with transcription are a universal feature of life. This review summarizes what is currently known about how collisions between replisomes and transcription complexes are minimized and the mechanisms that help to resolve such collisions when they do occur. Although our understanding of these processes is still far from complete, a picture is emerging of a wide variety of different types of transcriptional blocks to replication that have resulted in a complex, overlapping system of mechanisms to avoid or tolerate such collisions.
Uppermost Lower Aptian transgressive records in Mexico and Spain: chronostratigraphic implications for the Tethyan sequences
Authors: Moreno‐Bedmar Josep A. , Bover‐Arnal Telm , Barragán Ricardo , Salas Ramon
Published: May 2012

Terra Nova, 24, 333–338, 2012

A widespread marine transgression, which began at the very end of the Early Aptian, is well recorded in Mexico and Spain. In Mexico, this transgression was the most important Aptian transgressive event and its record begins in the Dufrenoyia justinae Zone, whereas in Spain the corresponding transgression is registered in the uppermost part of the Dufrenoyia furcata Zone. The basal age of this Tethyan transgression does not correspond exactly to any of the Lower Aptian third‐order sequences as reported in the literature. In Spain, the most important Aptian transgressive event was earlier, corresponding to the Tethyan sequence Ap3, which is well‐defined below this transgression reported herein. Consequently, it is possible to correlate this later transgressive event with the third‐order Ap4 sequence, which has commonly been attributed to the Upper Aptian. The available ammonoid data allow us to correct the basal age of the transgression, and to correlate the start of the ammonite record in Mexico with the Tethyan sequence Ap4.
Progress in epidermolysis bullosa: summary of a workshop in CILAD‐2010*
Authors: Salas‐Alanis Julio Cesar , Cepeda‐Valdes Rodrigo , Mellerio Jemima E. , Christiano Angela M. , Uitto Jouni
Published: May 2012

Background  Epidermolysis bullosa (EB), a group of blistering disorders, manifests with fragility of skin and mucous membranes, with considerable phenotypic variability. As many as 15 distinct genes have been shown to harbor mutations inheritable forms of EB. The types and combinations of mutations in these genes and their consequences at the mRNA and protein levels, when placed on the affected individuals’ genetic background and the external trauma, explain the spectrum of phenotypes encountered in this disorder.

Methods  A group of eminent researchers and physician‐scientists convened in Cancún, Mexico, as part of the CILAD‐2010 Meeting, to discuss the most recent progress in diagnosis and management of patients with EB, with emphasis on development of novel treatment strategies.

Results  The information on specific mutations in the candidate genes has been helpful in establishing genotype/phenotype correlations and has formed the basis for prenatal testing and preimplantation of genetic diagnosis for EB.

Conclusions  In spite of the progress in molecular genetics of EB, there is no specific and effective treatment, and management of these patients continues to present tremendous clinical challenges. This overview summarizes the presentations and discussions in this international workshop.
A comparative study of the impairment of quality of life in Czech children with atopic dermatitis of different age groups and their families
Authors: Jiráková Anna , Vojáčková Naděžda , Göpfertová Dana , Hercogová Jana
Published: May 2012

Background  Atopic dermatitis (AD) still remains one of the most common childhood inflammatory skin diseases. As a chronic disease, it can have a physical and psychological effect on social functioning of the affected child as well as their family. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of life of children with AD of different age groups and their families.

Methods  A total of 203 children with a diagnosis of AD from newborn to 18 years of age and 202 of their parents took part in our study (as one parent did not return the questionnaire). All participants, according to their age, completed the following questionnaires: Infants’ Dermatitis Quality of Life Index (IDQOL); Children’s Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI) – text and cartoon version; and Dermatitis Family Impact questionnaire (DFI).

Results  The mean total IDQOL score in our study was 8.18 (SD = 5.84, n = 120). The mean total CDLQI scores in the groups of children from 7 to 13 and from 14 to 18 years were 8.58 (SD = 4.98, n = 48) and 9.89 (SD = 5.26, n = 35). There was also a proven influence of the child’s AD on the quality of life of his parents with the mean score: 7.98 (SD = 6.41, n = 202).

Conclusions  The study demonstrated and confirmed that AD significantly impairs the children’s quality of life in all age groups and also quality of life of their families. Such data give us patient‐oriented information that is of great importance for understanding the situation of individuals with AD and its influence on members of their family.
Atypical Hansen’s disease presenting as florid verrucous plaques on the lower extremities: a case report
Authors: Yuchua‐Guillen Angela , Dofitas Belen L.
Published: May 2012

Background  Verrucous leprosy is rare, with only 18 cases reported in the literature. Visceral involvement is frequent but often overlooked, causing significant morbidity and mortality.

Case report  A 45‐year‐old Filipino male with a 16‐year history of hyperpigmented, hypoesthetic plaques, amputated digits, enlarged ulnar nerve, and cardiovascular congestion was diagnosed with Hansen’s disease – lepromatous type. He had multiple cauliflower‐like nodules and plaques with foul‐smelling discharge on the lower extremities presenting a diagnostic dilemma. After an exhaustive search, the causative agent for these verrucous nodules was confirmed to still be Mycobacterium leprae. In addition, he had glomerulonephritis, hypertension, congestive heart failure, deep venous thrombosis, neuritis, keratitis, and glaucoma, which are all complications of advanced leprosy and multiple attacks of erythema nodosum leprosum reactions.

Conclusion  He was treated with a multibacillary regimen of Rifampicin, Dapsone, Clofazimine, and systemic corticosteroids, with remarkable improvement.
Sweaty skin, background and assessments
Authors: Noël Fanchon , Piérard‐Franchimont Claudine , Piérard Gérald E. , Quatresooz Pascale
Published: May 2012

Overproduction of sweat, sweaty skin, and body malodors are felt unpleasant by many people in diverse social groups. This review summarizes the functional aspects of the eccrine, apocrine, and apoeccrine sweat glands as encountered in health and disease. A series of measuring methods are conveniently used to explore any trouble in sweat production. These include the gravimetric method, water evaporation quantification, skin staining procedures, dye injections, casting replicas, average electrometric assessments, and skin capacitance mapping / imaging (SCM). Qualitative assessment is provided by collection of sweat and volatile compounds followed by chromatographic analysis. At present, SCM appears to be the most valuable method for assessing the number of active glands and their individual sweat production by the eccrine and apoeccrine glands.
Multiple yellowish plaques in cerebriform pattern on the right elbow
Authors: Shinde Geeta B. , Viswanath Vishalakshi , Torsekar Raghunandan G.
Published: May 2012

What is your diagnosis?
Co‐treatment with retinyl retinoate and a PPARα agonist reduces retinoid dermatitis
Authors: Kim Bora , Kim Jin E. , Kim Hyuk , Lee Joo D. , Choi Kang‐Yell , Lee Seung H.
Published: May 2012

Background  Retinoids have been used for the treatment of skin disorders such as acne, psoriasis, and photoaging. However, despite their beneficial effects, topical retinoids often cause severe local irritation called retinoid dermatitis. We previously developed a novel vitamin A derivative, retinyl retinoate, which induces less irritation and affords excellent tolerance. In this study, we examined whether co‐treatment with topical peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐α (PPARα) agonists (e.g. WY14643) reduce retinoid dermatitis in hairless mouse skin.

Methods  The effect of concomitant treatment with a PPARα agonist on retinoid dermatitis in hairless mouse epidermis was evaluated by measuring transepidermal water loss, epidermal histology, and cytokine expression.

Results  Retinyl retinoate induced less severe retinoid dermatitis than retinoic acid. Topical application of a PPARα agonist improved the stratum corneum structure and function, reduced mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)‐1α, tumor necrosis factor‐α and IL‐8, and inhibited ear edema induced by retinoic acid or retinyl retinoate.

Conclusions  Our results indicate that PPARα agonists can potentially be used to improve retinoid dermatitis. We suggest that co‐treatment with retinyl retinoate and a PPARα agonist may reduce or prevent detrimental alterations in retinoid‐treated skin.
Mohs micrographic surgery for verrucous carcinoma of the anogenital area: report of two cases
Authors: Casado‐Verrier Beatriz , Feltes‐Ochoa Rosa , Gómez‐Fernández Cristina , Feito‐Rodríguez Marta , Beato‐Merino María , Alonso‐Pacheco María Luisa
Published: May 2012

Background  Verrucous carcinoma (VC) of the anogenital area is an uncommon variant of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Its treatment is not standardized, but surgical excision must be performed if possible. The traditional approach does not distinguish between conventional SCC and VC, despite the extremely low metastatic potential of VC. Accordingly, most patients reported in the literature have been treated with radical surgery, including regional lymphadenectomy.

Methods  We report two cases in order to describe the oncologic, functional, and esthetic results achieved by Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) in the treatment of this disease.

Results  Good functional and esthetic results were achieved in both patients. No local or nodal relapses were detected during the respective 12‐ and 27‐month follow‐ups.

Conclusions  Early recognition of VC and the proper evaluation of deep biopsies will avoid misdiagnosis as SCC and may prevent the occurrence of unnecessary disfiguring interventions. The MMS technique may be considered as a surgical approach in genitoanal VC, although further research is required to confirm this.
ADULT syndrome due to an R243W mutation in TP63
Authors: Berk David R. , Armstrong Nicole L. , Shinawi Marwan , Whelan Alison J.
Published: May 2012

Acro‐dermato‐ungual‐lacrimal‐tooth (ADULT) syndrome is a rare, autosomal dominant form of ectodermal dysplasia due to TP63 mutations. ADULT syndrome is much less common than the more classical forms of TP63‐associated ectodermal dysplasias, such as ectrodactyly–ectodermal dysplasia–cleft lip/palate (EEC) syndrome and ankyloblepharon–ectodermal defects–cleft lip/palate syndrome. ADULT syndrome is characterized by ectrodactyly, syndactyly, and excessive freckling, in addition to more typical ectodermal defects, including hypodontia, lacrimal duct anomalies, hypotrichosis, and onychodysplasia. Unlike some of the other TP63‐associated ectodermal dysplasias, ADULT syndrome lacks clefting and ankyloblepharon. Here, we report a three‐generation family with ADULT syndrome due to an R243W mutation in TP63, a mutation that has previously been described in one patient with ADULT syndrome and eight unrelated patients with EEC syndrome.
Factors associated with low physical activity levels following pediatric cardiac transplantation
Authors: Banks Laura , Dipchand Anne I. , Manlhiot Cedric , Millar Kyle , McCrindle Brian W.
Published: May 2012

Banks L, Dipchand AI, Manlhiot C, Millar K, McCrindle BW. Factors associated with low physical activity levels following pediatric cardiac transplantation.

Abstract:  Background: Objectively measured MVPA levels following pediatric cardiac transplantation are unknown despite physical health implications. We sought to determine factors associated with MVPA in a pediatric cohort who had undergone cardiac transplantation. Methods: Study assessments included maximal exercise testing (VO2max), accelerometry, and physical activity (HAES) and functional health status (CHQ‐PF50) questionnaires. Results: Participants (n = 20, 60% male, age: 11.8 ± 3.0 yr old) had a VO2max of 28.5 ± 6.8 mL/kg/min (%‐predicted: 65 ± 14%) and maximal heart rate of 154 ± 16 beats/min (%‐predicted: 73 ± 7.5%). Participants performed a median of 7.6 min/day (Q1 4.0 min/day, Q3 11.0 min/day) of MVPA. Each additional year of age at transplantation was associated with a decrease of 1.9 [1.0] min/day of MVPA (p = 0.07). Predicted VO2max, maximal power output, male sex, and age at study enrollment were not associated with an increase in MVPA. Parents’ perception of their child’s functional health status (CHQ‐PF50) was lower on general health (p < 0.01) and family activity (p < 0.01) domains relative to a population‐based cohort of parents reporting on healthy children. Conclusion: Pediatric cardiac transplantation recipients may be indicated to participate in cardiac rehabilitation to optimize physical activity levels.
Current practices and evaluation of screening solid organ donors for West Nile virus
Authors: Nett R.J. , Kuehnert M.J. , Ison M.G. , Orlowski J.P. , Fischer M. , Staples J.E.
Published: May 2012

The first cases of West Nile virus (WNV) transmitted through solid organ transplantation (SOT) were identified in 2002. Subsequently, 5 additional clusters have been reported to public health officials in the United States. Based upon a limited number of known cases, patients who acquire WNV from infected donor organs might be at higher risk for severe neurologic disease and death, compared with patients infected through mosquito bites. In response, some organ procurement organizations (OPOs) have instituted pre‐transplant screening of organ donors for WNV infection. We evaluated the current practices, concerns, and challenges related to screening organ donors for WNV in the United States by reviewing the relevant medical literature and interviewing key stakeholders. Screening organ donors for WNV is not required by national policy. In 2008, 11 (19%) of 58 OPOs performed WNV screening using nucleic acid amplification testing (NAT). These OPOs differ in their screening strategies, NAT performed, and logistical challenges. Concerns of delays in receiving NAT results before transplant and potential false‐positive results leading to organ wasting are limitations to more widespread screening. Furthermore, it is unknown if WNV screening practices decrease SOT‐related morbidity and mortality, or if screening is cost‐effective. Additional data are needed to assess and improve transplant outcomes related to WNV.
Impact of sunlight on the age of onset of bipolar disorder
Authors: Bauer Michael , Glenn Tasha , Alda Martin , Andreassen Ole A , Ardau Raffaella , Bellivier Frank , Berk Michael , Bjella Thomas D , Bossini Letizia , Del Zompo Maria , Dodd Seetal , Fagiolini Andrea , Frye Mark A , Gonzalez‐Pinto Ana , Henry Chantal , Kapczinski Flávio , Kliwicki Sebastian , König Barbara , Kunz Mauricio , Lafer Beny , Lopez‐Jaramillo Carlos , Manchia Mirko , Marsh Wendy , Martinez‐Cengotitabengoa Mónica , Melle Ingrid , Morken Gunnar , Munoz Rodrigo , Nery Fabiano G , O’Donovan Claire , Pfennig Andrea , Quiroz Danilo , Rasgon Natalie , Reif Andreas , Rybakowski Janusz , Sagduyu Kemal , Simhandl Christian , Torrent Carla , Vieta Eduard , Zetin Mark , Whybrow Peter C
Published: May 2012

Bauer M, Glenn T, Alda M, Andreassen OA, Ardau R, Bellivier F, Berk M, Bjella TD, Bossini L, Del Zompo M, Dodd S, Fagiolini A, Frye MA, Gonzalez‐Pinto A, Henry C, Kapczinski F, Kliwicki S, König B, Kunz M, Lafer B, Lopez‐Jaramillo C, Manchia M, Marsh W, Martinez‐Cengotitabengoa M, Melle I, Morken G, Munoz R, Nery FG, O’Donovan C, Pfennig A, Quiroz D, Rasgon N, Reif A, Rybakowski J, Sagduyu K, Simhandl C, Torrent C, Vieta E, Zetin M, Whybrow PC. Impact of sunlight on the age of onset of bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2012: 14: 654–663. © 2012 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Objective:  Although bipolar disorder has high heritability, the onset occurs during several decades of life, suggesting that social and environmental factors may have considerable influence on disease onset. This study examined the association between the age of onset and sunlight at the location of onset.

Method:  Data were obtained from 2414 patients with a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder, according to DSM‐IV criteria. Data were collected at 24 sites in 13 countries spanning latitudes 6.3 to 63.4 degrees from the equator, including data from both hemispheres. The age of onset and location of onset were obtained retrospectively, from patient records and/or direct interviews. Solar insolation data, or the amount of electromagnetic energy striking the surface of the earth, were obtained from the NASA Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy (SSE) database for each location of onset.

Results:  The larger the maximum monthly increase in solar insolation at the location of onset, the younger the age of onset (coefficient= −4.724, 95% CI: −8.124 to −1.323, p = 0.006), controlling for each country’s median age. The maximum monthly increase in solar insolation occurred in springtime. No relationships were found between the age of onset and latitude, yearly total solar insolation, and the maximum monthly decrease in solar insolation. The largest maximum monthly increases in solar insolation occurred in diverse environments, including Norway, arid areas in California, and Chile.

Conclusion:  The large maximum monthly increase in sunlight in springtime may have an important influence on the onset of bipolar disorder.
Validation for root‐related quantitative trait locus effects of wild origin in the cultivated background of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Authors: Ahmad Naz Ali , Ehl Alexandra , Pillen Klaus , Léon Jens
Published: May 2012

With 4 figures and 2 tables

Extensive root system plays a major role in plant’s ability to tolerate water deficit conditions. Recently, quantitative trait locus (QTL) effects of wild origin associated with natural variation of root parameters were detected on the distal arm of chromosome 5H using 301 BC2DH lines of a cross between spring barley cultivar ‘Scarlett’ and the wild barley accession ISR42‐8. Here, we report the validation of these QTL effects in the near isogenic background of ‘Scarlett’ by using introgression lines (ILs; S42IL‐126 and S42IL‐176) of the targeted region. S42IL‐126 encompasses a single wild introgression on chromosome 5H, reaching out from 145.57 to 200.12 cM, whereas S42IL‐176 harbours a major introgression on chromosome 5H from 154.37 to 234.98 cM along with three minor introgressions on chromosomes 1H, 2H and 3H. S42IL‐126, S42IL‐176, ‘Scarlett’ and ISR42‐8 were evaluated for the root‐related traits; root dry weight (RDW), root volume (RV), root length and the associated traits; shoot dry weight and change in tiller number during drought stress (ΔTIL). The phenotypic evaluations revealed contrasting root systems in both parents where ISR42‐8 inherited highly extensive fibrous roots with respect to ‘Scarlett’. Both ‘Scarlett’ and S42IL‐126 developed smaller roots and showed no variation in root parameters, indicating that the wild introgression present in S42IL‐126 does not contain QTL alleles for the above‐mentioned root traits. On the contrary, S42IL‐176 revealed remarkable trait increases in RDW, RV and ΔTIL, which are similar to the donor parent ‘ISR42‐8’. The trait increases in S42IL‐176 are presumably due to the presence of exotic alleles at the QTLs QRDW.S42IL‐1, QRV.S42IL‐1 and QΔTIL.S42IL‐1. The comparison of phenotypic data and overlapping introgressions between S42IL‐126 and S42IL‐176 suggests that these QTLs reside on chromosome 5H in the interval between 200.12 and 234.98 cM. On the basis of the magnitude of QRDW.S42IL‐1, QRV.S42IL‐1 and QΔTIL.S42IL‐1, it is likely that these QTL effects are also linked to extra introgressions of S42IL‐176 present on chromosomes 1H where a QTL effect for RDW was also detected previously at the corresponding region of the wild introgression. In future, a follow‐up study with segregating offspring which are derived from S42IL‐176 will help to ultimately quantify and map the identified QTLs. On the basis of our QTL study, S42IL‐176 can be used for positional cloning of the underlying genes as well as to improve the root parameters of cultivated varieties.
Potential to improve oilseed rape and canola breeding in the genomics era
Authors: Snowdon Rod J. , Iniguez Luy Federico L.
Published: May 2012

With 2 figures and 1 table

High‐throughput genomics technologies today offer unprecedented possibilities for gene discovery, complex trait analysis by genome‐wide association studies, global gene expression analyses, genomic selection and predictive breeding strategies. Dissection of the complex Brassica napus genome using mapping‐by‐sequencing techniques provides a powerful bridge between genetic maps and genome sequences. The completed sequence of the Brassica rapa A genome and the expected forthcoming publication of the C genome (Brassica oleracea) will greatly accelerate the release of public reference sequences for B. napus (genome AC). Dramatically falling DNA costs for targeted or genomic resequencing and the availability of a new, high‐density B. napus single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array open the way for considerably more efficient mining and exploitation of genetic variation within the primary and secondary gene pools of B. napus. In this review, we outline some of the most significant recent advances in high‐throughput genomics of Brassica crops and their potential impact on germplasm development and breeding of oilseed rape and canola in the coming years and decades.
The Combinatorial Effect of Different Equex STM Paste Concentrations, Cryoprotectants and the Straw‐Freezing Methods on the Post‐Thaw Boar Semen Quality
Authors: Wu T‐W , Cheng F‐P , Chen I‐H , Yang C‐H , Tsai M‐Y , Chang M‐H , Wang J‐H , Wu J‐T
Published: May 2012

Contents

This study was to evaluate the combinatorial effect (14 treatments, A–N) of different Equex STM paste concentrations, cryoprotectants and the straw‐freezing method on the post‐thaw boar semen quality. Two ejaculates were collected from each of nine boars (three boars from each of three breeds). Semen was diluted in extenders with different concentrations of Equex STM paste and different cryoprotectants [glycerol or dimethylacetamide (DMA)] before cryopreserving via liquid nitrogen or dry ice. Motility, viability, percentage of spermatozoa with intense acrosomal staining and with normal morphology of post‐thaw sperm were evaluated. The qualities of thawed semen were best preserved in treatment H (extender with 0.5% Equex STM paste and 5% glycerol and freezing by dry ice) and were worst in treatment B (extender with 0% Equex STM paste and 5% DMA and freezing by dry ice). Significant difference (p < 0.05) was present in post‐thawed sperm motility (63% vs 27%), sperm viability (70% vs 33%) and sperm acrosomal integrity rate (68% vs 29%) between treatments H and B. However, sperm proportion with normal morphology showed no significant difference among treatments (66% vs 66%; p > 0.05). Moreover, statistical analysis suggests that no significant difference was present in semen quality among breed or individual donors (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that Equex STM paste improved the cryosurvival efficiency of boar sperm, and the favourable straw‐freezing method changes between glycerol and DMA.
P450‐aromatase mRNA is Expressed in the Corpus Luteum (CL) of the Non‐Pregnant Sheep and Goat: The Expression of the Enzyme is Present Throughout Pregnancy in the Goat CL
Authors: Mondragón JA , Miranda C , García‐Mena J , Ocádiz‐Delgado R , Gariglio P , Romano MC
Published: May 2012

Contents

In most mammals, the corpus luteum (CL) and placenta are the major sources of progesterone. The goat pregnancy depends on the presence of CL after mid‐gestation, while sheep pregnancy does not. The expression and distribution of P450‐aromatase (P450‐Aro) mRNA throughout gestation has not been investigated in the goat CL and partially in the sheep CL. The present research was designed to characterize the expression of P450‐Aro mRNA in small ruminant CL with emphasis in the goat. For this purpose, ovaries from Criollo goats and Pelibuey sheeps were analysed using in situ reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) for the histological detection of P450‐Aro transcripts. In addition, P450‐Aro expression was determined by in vitro RT‐PCR. In situ RT‐PCR studies showed that the goat and sheep CL were rich in cells positive for P450‐Aro mRNA. We have also found in vitro RT‐PCR expression of P450‐Aro mRNA in goat CL at 1, 3 and 4 months of gestation. This study shows that the goat CL expresses P450‐Aro mRNA along gestation, suggesting that this structure is capable to produce oestrogens up to the end of gestation.
Applicability of a New Cell Culture Device for Cooled‐Storage of Stallion Semen
Authors: Scarlet D , Budik S , Aurich C
Published: May 2012

Contents

A new device for storage and shipping of cell cultures – the Petaka G3 cell management device – was tested for its applicability for cooled‐storage of equine semen. Semen from three stallions was processed with EquiPro extender either without antibiotics (three ejaculates per stallion) or with gentamicin (250 mg / l; three ejaculates per stallion). Semen was either stored at five (anaerobic conditions) or 15°C (aerobic conditions) in syringes or cell culture devices. Total and progressive motility, as well as membrane integrity of spermatozoa, were evaluated from days 1 to 7 after collection with computer‐assisted semen analysis. In experiment 1 (extender without antibiotics), total motility, progressive motility and viability of spermatozoa significantly decreased over time (p < 0.05). The decrease was significantly faster at 15°C than at 5°C (p < 0.05). In the presence of gentamicin (experiment 2), this difference was no longer present. It can be concluded that cooled‐storage of equine semen in sophisticated devices for cell culture is not advantageous to syringes for successful maintenance of semen longevity.
Water consumption by Asteraceae weeds under field conditions
Authors: BRANT VÁCLAV , PIVEC JAN , ZÁBRANSKÝ PETR , HAKL JOSEF
Published: May 2012

Knowledge of weedy species' moisture demands is the basis for determining the relationships in relation to competition for water within agronomic plant communities, but it is also essential for assessing water balance in stands of cultivated plants. The aims of this work were to determine the flow of water in selected weed species from the Asteraceae family under field conditions and to verify the dependence of water flow on selected meteorological phenomena. Between 2006 and 2010, the water flow in Artemisia vulgaris, Conyza canadensis, and Lactuca serriola was studied under field conditions at a central European (Czech Republic) site. The sap flow rates (Q; kg per day) were measured by a sap flow meter. The growth stage, plant weight, and plant length at the end of the Q measurement periods were recorded. Adding the missing values of Q (kg h−1) was carried out by calculating Qcalc (kg h–1, calculated values), while Qfill (kg h–1, replaced values) was used for the final evaluation. In A. vulgaris, the average daily value of Qfill (kg per day) in individual years ranged from 0.020 to 0.148 (BBCH 67–75), while it ranged from 0.006 to 0.657 (BBCH 55–89) in C. canadensis, and from 0.002 to 0.327 (BBCH 59–85) in L. serriola. The experiments have demonstrated Q's dependence on global solar radiation and a vapor pressure deficit.
Influence of the rheological behaviour of the lubricant on the appearance of pitting in elastohydrodynamic regime
Authors: OTERO J. ECHÁVARRI , DE LA GUERRA OCHOA E. , TANARRO E. CHACÓN , MORGADO P. LAFONT , DÍAZ LANTADA A. , MUNOZ‐GUIJOSA J. M. , MUÑOZ SANZ J. L.
Published: May 2012

This paper analyses the influence of lubricant behaviour on the appearance of pitting. It attempts to study the effect of viscosity–pressure relation, compressibility, film thickness–roughness relation and friction coefficient on pitting failure of the contacting elements. To explain these effects, we first deal with the influence of the oil on the lubrication of the contact using elastohydrodynamic theory and secondly two multiaxial fatigue criteria are used, Crossland criterion and Dang Van criterion, to evaluate the influence of the rheology on the appearance of pitting. Finally, different applications are presented together with a discussion on the results obtained.
Unveiling the diversity of thalamocortical neuron subtypes
Authors: Clascá Francisco , Rubio‐Garrido Pablo , Jabaudon Denis
Published: May 2012

Our current understanding of thalamocortical (TC) circuits is largely based on studies investigating so‐called ‘specific’ thalamic nuclei, which receive and transmit sensory‐triggered input to specific cortical target areas. TC neurons in these nuclei have a striking point‐to‐point topography and a stereotyped laminar pattern of termination in the cortex, which has made them ideal models to study the organization, plasticity, and development of TC circuits. However, despite their experimental importance, neurons within these nuclei only represent a fraction of all thalamic neurons and do not reflect the diversity of the TC neuron population. Here we review the distinct subtypes of projection neurons that populate the thalamus, both within and across anatomically‐defined nuclei, with regard to differences in their morphology, input/output connectivity and target specificity, as well as more recent findings on their neuron type‐specific gene expression and development. We argue that a detailed understanding of the biology of TC neurons is critical to understand the role of the thalamus in normal and pathological perception, voluntary movement, cognition and attention.
Patterning of pre‐thalamic somatosensory pathways
Authors: Pouchelon Gabrielle , Frangeul Laura , Rijli Filippo M. , Jabaudon Denis
Published: May 2012

The topographical mapping of input is a fundamental organizing principle of sensory pathways. In the somatosensory system, a precise topographical representation of the face is first generated in the brainstem and then faithfully replicated in the thalamus and cortex. Although our knowledge of the distinct polysynaptic pathways that link cutaneous mechanoreceptors of the face with neocortical neurons has recently expanded, the molecular mechanisms controlling their neuron‐type‐specific assembly during development remain poorly understood. The increasing availability of genetic tools that enable manipulation of these developing circuits with cellular resolution now opens new perspectives in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms through which input from the periphery is converted into patterned central pathways.
Development and critical period plasticity of the barrel cortex
Authors: Erzurumlu Reha S. , Gaspar Patricia
Published: May 2012

In primary sensory neocortical areas of mammals, the distribution of sensory receptors is mapped with topographic precision and amplification in proportion to the peripheral receptor density. The visual, somatosensory and auditory cortical maps are established during a critical period in development. Throughout this window in time, the developing cortical maps are vulnerable to deleterious effects of sense organ damage or sensory deprivation. The rodent barrel cortex offers an invaluable model system with which to investigate the mechanisms underlying the formation of topographic maps and their plasticity during development. Five rows of mystacial vibrissa (whisker) follicles on the snout and an array of sinus hairs are represented by layer IV neural modules (‘barrels’) and thalamocortical axon terminals in the primary somatosensory cortex. Perinatal damage to the whiskers or the sensory nerve innervating them irreversibly alters the structural organization of the barrels. Earlier studies emphasized the role of the sensory periphery in dictating whisker‐specific brain maps and patterns. Recent advances in molecular genetics and analyses of genetically altered mice allow new insights into neural pattern formation in the neocortex and the mechanisms underlying critical period plasticity. Here, we review the development and patterning of the barrel cortex and the critical period plasticity.