bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ships on Geometric Vases
Authors: Kirk G. S.
Published: October 2013

The representations of ships on Geometric vases, especially on Attic funerary vases of the Dipylon class, frequently earn a passing and often misleading mention in articles on ship-construction or on the relation between heroic saga and scenes on monuments of the Geometric period. The authorities most frequently quoted on the Geometric ship are now out-of-date in that they were able to treat only a fraction of the material now available; although there is still much valuable matter to be found in them, especially in the articles of Pernice, Assmann, and Torr. The original publication of many of the documents, especially those discovered in the first (1871) Dipylon dig, was extremely haphazard; some fragments were published twice over in different forms.
Jericho Tomb 13
Authors: Wace A. J. B.
Published: October 2013

The Mycenean pottery which is often found in tombs and on inhabited sites in Palestine frequently provides useful evidence for dating purposes, and occasionally, too, the presence of Egyptian objects helps to confirm the dating of the Mycenean pottery itself. Recent research, especially on the Mainland of Greece, has made clear the main lines of development of Mycenean pottery through the three periods of L.H. I, II and III and consequently the comparative dates provided by the finding of such pottery on Palestinian sites may be taken as approximately correct. It is, however, essential that the Mycenean pottery or the local Palestinian imitations of it should be assigned to the correct period. Failure to do so may lead to a misdating of the Palestinian local wares or of the other objects associated with them. A case of this seems to have occurred at Jericho.
The Poise of the Blacas Head
Authors: Ashmole Bernard
Published: October 2013

The colossal marble head from Melos, known as the Blacas head from the collector who later purchased it, was found in a shrine of Asklepios, and is large enough to have belonged to the cult-image (plate 1a). Its date cannot be before about 330 B.C. and may well be rather later. This paper, however, deals neither with the subject nor with the date, but with certain technical details which explain the way in which the head was made, and establish its poise upon the body.
‘Numerous Years of Joyful Life’ from Mycenae
Authors: Marinatos Sp.
Published: October 2013

We must bear in mind two fundamental facts, which are basic to the theme of this paper: first, that Egypt more than any other land has influenced the Minoan-Mycenaean civilisation, and second, that the free adaptation and fusion of Egyptian motives is a typical phenomenon of Aegean art and mentality.

Something has already been written about Egyptian influence in the art of the Shaft Graves of Mycenae. I hope to show, in a forthcoming paper, that this connection is even greater, extending its influence not only in art (in just that point the influence is not great), but also and especially in material matters and in deep religious and funerary ideas. Here we will discuss a very well known and ‘curious’ object of early Mycenaean art, the gold and silver pin from the Third Shaft Grave (Fig. 1).
The Sickle of Kronos
Authors: Nilsson Martin P.
Published: October 2013

The sickle, as attribute of Kronos, was considered by certain scholars to be the sickle with which the corn is reaped, and this would be a reliable argument for the opinion that Kronos was from of old a god of the harvest. Recently W. Staudacher has advanced the opinion that the harpe, as the Greek word is, is a sickle-shaped sword of Oriental origin, and uses this as an argument for deriving the myth of the separation of Heaven and Earth from the Orient; but he has not succeeded in proving his thesis. I have expressed doubt that the harpe of Kronos was a sickle, and said that it may have been a sword, but I have also called attention to the fact that the harpe is said by Hesiod to be provided with sharp teeth, being reminded of certain implements from the Neolithic Age in which sharp chips of flint are inserted in a stick of bone or wood, as in e.g. harpoons.
Garters—Quiver Ornaments?
Authors: Persson Axel W.
Published: October 2013

With the knowledge we now possess of the Mycenaean civilisation, obtained not least through examination of the Mycenaean tombs and their rich contents, it seems to me that the present is the time to take note not only of those objects found in the tombs, but also of those which are missing and which one would expect to find. Because of the apparent absence of lamps, I was able to point out that an earthenware object which was earlier taken for a drinking vessel or a scoop was probably a clay lamp. In the relatively dark tomb chambers artificial light was undoubtedly needed, especially in secondary burials, when the whole wall blocking the doorway was not removed, but a small opening, made in the upper part of the filling, sufficed for the introduction of the corpse into the tomb. Careful examination of thedromosand the wall blocking the doorway have proved that in many cases such a procedure took place. In the larger and richer tombs excellent stone lamps have been found. The occurrence of such lamps in the more pretentious tombs gave me the idea of looking for clay ones in the ordinary tomb chambers.
Accidental and Intentional Red Glaze on Athenian Vases
Authors: Richter Gisela M. A.
Published: October 2013

Professor Wace's many distinguished contributions to archaeology have been in a variety of fields. In all, however, he has kept an eye on the technical side of the problem, which so often illuminates our research. I, therefore, offer this investigation in his honour.

After Mr. Charles F. Binns had in 1929 published his theory of the firing of Athenian vases successively under oxidising, reducing, and re-oxidising conditions it became clear that the glaze on Greek vases turned red or black according to the conditions of the firing. This theory has recently been endorsed and amplified by Mr. Theodor Schumann, a ceramic chemist, who, at the instigation of the well-known archaeologist Mr. Carl Weickert, conducted during the war a series of experiments in the chemical laboratory of the Schütte Akt. Ges. für Tonindustrie in Heisterholz, Westphalia, and at long last successfully imitated the Attic black glaze. Like Binns, he used as the only ingredients for the glaze a clay that contained iron—i.e. red-burning—and a small quantity of alkali (potash or soda). His important new contribution was the peptising of the clay, whereby he eliminated the heavier particles. By using only the fluid made of the smaller and therefore lighter particles of the clay, he obtained a glaze of remarkable thinness, equal in quality and appearance to the Attic one.
The Place of Vase-Painting in Greek Art
Authors: Robertson Martin
Published: October 2013

‘The vases of the classical period are but the reflection of classical beauty; the vases of the archaic period are archaic beauty itself.’ So Beazley; an indisputable and valuable truth, but a truth that needs some explanation. In spite of all the detailed work that has been done in the last fifty years and more on the development of Greek vase-painting and its relation to other arts, its nature still remains something of a problem. The issue is confused, of course, by the fact that vase-paintings are almost our only original Greek drawings—almost the only key-hole through which we can peep at archaic and classical painting—and this gives them an importance independent of their intrinsic worth.
Further Comments on Archaic Greek Inscriptions
Authors: Jeffery L. H.
Published: October 2013

In JHS LXIX (1949), 25 ff., I commented on various Greek inscriptions, mainly archaic. This is a second series on the same lines. The inscriptions are listed geographically, if possible under the relevant headings of Inscriptiones Graecae; when the inscription discussed is not in IG, the heading is bracketed.

[IG I2.] Attica. Graffiti on Attic ‘SOS’ amphorae (Fig. 1).

In Malerei und Zeichnung der Griechen I (1923), 127, Pfuhl described a type of amphora of which stray examples have been found in many parts of the Mediterranean world, in contexts of the seventh and sixth centuries B.C. The clay and paint resembled that of Attic pottery, some of the examples had actually been found in Attica, and, though describing it as ‘eine noch ungelöste Frage’, he was inclined to agree with those archaeologists who called the ware Attic. This was later proved beyond doubt by the American excavators of the Athenian Agora, when they found there numerous examples of the whole series, from its start in Geometric times to its decline during the sixth century. They are described thus by R. S. Young: ‘Their decoration is conventional and very simple; the body is glazed, with reserved bands around the shoulder, and the neck is reserved and decorated with wheels, concentric circles, or diminishing triangles between wavy lines.’ A typical and often-quoted example, showing the wavy-line-and-circle (‘SOS’) decoration of the neck, is that carried by Dionysus on the François Vase, painted by Kleitias c. 570.

They are big enough to carry wine or oil; after Solon's legislation they can have carried only oil to the far parts where they have been found. Their size made them useful, when empty, for urn-burials; most of our examples come from cemeteries.
Delphinion in Chios
Authors: Boardman John
Published: October 2013

In 412 B.C., when the Peloponnesian War had reached its most critical stage for Athens after her Sicilian losses, Chios and Erythrae revolted from the Athenian League and appealed to Sparta for armed assistance. This was sent, despite Athenian attempts at interception, and the revolt spread up and down the Asia Minor coast. The Athenians reacted quickly, sent ships to Samos, recaptured Lesbos, and opened operations against Chios by raiding the countryside near Chios town. A hostile Chios with her war fleet constituted the major threat to Athenian interests in the East, and stronger measures, which might also provide more permanent security, were needed. Thucydides tells (viii. 38, 2) how the Athenian ships ‘crossed from Lesbos to Chios with armed force, and, in command of land and sea, fortified Delphinion, a place strong on the landward side, served by harbours, and not far distant from Chios town’.
Another Warrior-Grave at Ayios Ioannis near Knossos
Authors: Hood M. S. F.
Published: October 2013

Position. This tomb (Knossos Survey 5) lay about 130 metres east along the most southerly of the roads leading from the main Knossos-Herakleion road to Ayios Ioannis, and some 160 metres due south of the Late Minoan shaft-grave discovered in this area in 1950.

The tomb, although of modest size and mutilated before excavation, has more than ordinary interest from the presence in it of a gold cup, the first recorded from an excavation in Crete. The arms accompanying the single warrior buried in the part of the tomb preserved to us were by no means exceptional in point of decoration and adornment; but they represent the most complete and formidable armoury of Bronze Age weapons that has yet been found in Crete, standing comparison with such ‘royal’ collections of weapons as those from the Mycenae shaft-graves or the Dendra tholos tomb.
The Treatment of Re-Entrant Angles
Authors: Coulton J. J.
Published: October 2013

The triglyph problem which arose at the corners of a Doric building, and was held by Vitruvius to be responsible for the disuse of the Doric order in Roman times, has for many years been discussed by archaeologists. The best short explanation of the difficulties involved is probably that by Robertson. The much more complex problems which are met at a re-entrant angle in the Doric order, have, on the other hand, received little attention, for such angles do not occur in temples, the type of building which has been studied most thoroughly. They do, however, appear fairly frequently in more utilitarian buildings such as stoas and palaistras, and various treatments of them were evolved.
An Egyptian Flint Knife from Knossos
Authors: Cadogan Gerald
Published: October 2013

In January 1965 Mr. Sinclair Hood came upon a flint knife in a box of pottery in the Stratigraphical Museum at Knossos from the West ‘kouloura’ house in the West Court, which he kindly referred to me to publish. The knife is unrecorded, and is a unique import of its type into the Aegean in the Bronze Age, if it did reach Crete in Middle Minoan times. On the assumption that it did, it must have been passed over by Pendlebury, who excavated with his wife the ‘kouloura’ houses.
Affektiv-motivational adaptive und handlungsadaptive Reaktionen auf Fehler im Lernprozess*
Authors: Dresel Markus , Schober Barbara , Ziegler Albert , Grassinger Robert , Steuer Gabriele
Published: October 2013

Theoretisch kann die Adaptivität von zwei Arten von Reaktionen auf Fehler unterschieden werden: Die affektiv-motivationale Adaptivität (z. B. Aufrechterhaltung von Lernfreude) sowie die Handlungsadaptivität (z. B. Initiierung von passenden Lernhandlungen). Zwei Studien im Schulfach Mathematik mit N = 315 und N = 640 Schülerinnen und Schülern liefern Hinweise auf die Angemessenheit dieses Zwei-Faktoren-Modells: Die beiden Arten von Fehlerreaktionen waren voneinander abgrenzbar, wiesen differentielle Zusammenhänge mit Motivation (Attributionsstil, Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept, Zielorientierungen, implizite Fähigkeitstheorie, subjektiver Wert) sowie Erleben und Verhalten in Lern- und Leistungssituationen (Hilflosigkeit, Anstrengung, selbstreguliertes Lernen) auf und waren in unterschiedlicher Weise von Geschlechtsunterschieden betroffen. Durch die Handlungsadaptivität von Fehlerreaktionen war Lernverhalten besser erklärbar als ausschließlich durch motivationale Tendenzen und Überzeugungen. Dies galt sowohl auf der Ebene habitualisierten Lernverhaltens als auch in Bezug auf eine spezifische Situation, in der Fehler salient waren. Die Berücksichtigung beider Arten von Fehlerreaktionen ermöglicht somit ein adäquateres Verständnis des Umgangs mit und des Lernens aus Fehlern.
News and Announcements
Authors: Polisenska Veronika
Published: October 2013

This news bulletin is very diverse and offers information on recent developments in a number of countries. In the Czech Republic the EuroPsy has been approved and work toward awarding certificates is underway. In Germany, the preparations for the 24th Congress for Applied Psychology are underway and a German-language translation of the EFPA guidelines for psychologists who contribute to the media has been prepared in collaboration with colleagues from Austria and Switzerland. Russian and Slovenian psychologists report on a number of recent conferences and events. The Spanish Psychological Association reports on its involvements in policymaking and the organization of a joint conference with the Portuguese association. In Switzerland, the Swiss Psychological Professions Act (PsyG) regulating practice in the psychological profession has come into effect. In the UK, the British Psychological Society has issued several new guidelines and joined the debate on DSM-V.
An Introduction to Optimal Design
Authors: Holling Heinz , Schwabe Rainer
Published: October 2013

In this article we give an elementary introduction to optimal design for some basic statistical models. Research questions coming from a project on dyscalculia are used as illustrative examples throughout this article. First, basic design issues are considered for the t-test and simple regression and then extended to the general linear model. Finally, we will outline optimal designs for nonlinear statistical models. As a simple example, logistic regression with a binary explanatory variable is used.
Optimal Test Assembly in Practice
Authors: Kuhn Jörg-Tobias , Kiefer Thomas
Published: October 2013

Several techniques have been developed in recent years to generate optimal large-scale assessments (LSAs) of student achievement. These techniques often represent a blend of procedures from such diverse fields as experimental design, combinatorial optimization, particle physics, or neural networks. However, despite the theoretical advances in the field, there still exists a surprising scarcity of well-documented test designs in which all factors that have guided design decisions are explicitly and clearly communicated. This paper therefore has two goals. First, a brief summary of relevant key terms, as well as experimental designs and automated test assembly routines in LSA, is given. Second, conceptual and methodological steps in designing the assessment of the Austrian educational standards in mathematics are described in detail. The test design was generated using a two-step procedure, starting at the item block level and continuing at the item level. Initially, a partially balanced incomplete item block design was generated using simulated annealing, whereas in a second step, items were assigned to the item blocks using mixed-integer linear optimization in combination with a shadow-test approach.
Parabolized Navier–Stokes model for study the interaction between roughness structures and concentrated vortices
Authors: Bistrian D. A.
Published: October 2013

We perform a combined analytical-numerical study of hydrodynamic sensitivity of a concentrated vortex in collision with a roughness wall. Models of the hydrodynamic instability and wall-bounded flow sensitivity are provided analytically by means of parabolization of the Navier-Stokes equations. The differential quadrature method was originally applied as a numerical technique to solve sets of linear algebraic equations by use of a uniform grid. We extend this technique to multidimensional clustered grids and we develop a two-level differential quadrature algorithm to compute the fluctuating flow and the sensitivity field. Extensive numerical results are presented for a two-dimensional Lamb–Oseen problem and both the solution accuracy and convergence rate are assessed. A variational flow control method is also investigated, that proved to be useful for mitigating the flow instabilities by setting the base flow to optimal parameters.
Thermal analyses of alternating current light-emitting diodes
Authors: Zhang Ji-Hong , Wu Bi-Qing , Shih Tien-Mo , Lu Yi-Jun , Gao Yu-Lin , Ru-Gin Chang Richard , Chen Zhong
Published: October 2013

During studies of alternating current InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes with the focus on thermal characteristics, we have identified three shortcomings in comparison with the DC-LEDs counterpart. Via laboratory experiments using infrared thermal imagers and numerical simulations using the Galerkin finite element method, approaches of suppressing these shortcomings are first speculated, then confirmed, and finally proposed.
The role of electron scattering with vibrationally excited nitrogen molecules on non-equilibrium plasma kinetics
Authors: Capitelli Mario , Colonna Gianpiero , D'Ammando Giuliano , Laporta Vincenzo , Laricchiuta Annarita
Published: October 2013

Electron energy distribution functions have been calculated by a self-consistent model which couples the electron Boltzmann equation with vibrationally and electronically excited state kinetics and plasma chemistry. Moderate pressure nitrogen gas discharges in the E/N range from 30 to 60 Townsend are investigated comparing an electron-impact cross section set considering transitions starting from all the vibrational states, with reduced models, taking into account only collisions involving the ground vibrational level. The results, while confirming the important role of second kind collisions in affecting the eedf, show a large dependence of the eedf on the set of inelastic processes involving vibrationally and electronically excited molecules, pointing out the need of using a cross section database including processes linking excited states in non-equilibrium plasma discharge models.
On the molecular origin of high-pressure effects in nanoconfinement: The role of surface chemistry and roughness
Authors: Long Yun , Palmer Jeremy C. , Coasne Benoit , Śliwinska-Bartkowiak Małgorzata , Jackson George , Müller Erich A. , Gubbins Keith E.
Published: October 2013

Experiments and simulations both suggest that the pressure experienced by an adsorbed phase confined within a carbon nanoporous material can be several orders of magnitude larger than the bulk phase pressure in equilibrium with the system. To investigate this pressure enhancement, we report a molecular-simulation study of the pressure tensor of argon confined in slit-shaped nanopores with walls of various models, including carbon and silica materials. We show that the pressure is strongly enhanced by confinement, arising from the effect of strongly attractive wall forces; confinement within purely repulsive walls does not lead to such enhanced pressures. Simulations with both the Lennard-Jones and Barker-Fisher-Watts intermolecular potentials for argon-argon interactions give rise to similar results. We also show that an increase in the wall roughness significantly decreases the in-pore pressure due to its influence on the structure of the adsorbate. Finally, we demonstrate that the pressures calculated from the mechanical (direct pressure tensor calculations) and the thermodynamic (volume perturbation method) routes yield almost identical results, suggesting that both methods can be used to calculate the local pressure tensor components in the case of these planar geometries.
Inhomogeneity of epidemic spreading with entropy-based infected clusters
Authors: Wen-Jie Zhou , Xing-Yuan Wang
Published: October 2013

Considering the difference in the sizes of the infected clusters in the dynamic complex networks, the normalized entropy based on infected clusters (δ*) is proposed to characterize the inhomogeneity of epidemic spreading. δ* gives information on the variability of the infected clusters in the system. We investigate the variation in the inhomogeneity of the distribution of the epidemic with the absolute velocity v of moving agent, the infection density ρ, and the interaction radius r. By comparing δ* in the dynamic networks with δH* in homogeneous mode, the simulation experiments show that the inhomogeneity of epidemic spreading becomes smaller with the increase of v, ρ, r.
Oxidation behaviour of Si wafer substrates in air
Authors: Lafatzis D. , Mergia K.
Published: October 2013

The oxidation of Si in air and in the temperature range from 570 to 1140 °C has been studied by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-Ray Reflectivity (XRR) measurements. The thickness, density, and roughness of the formed silicon oxide layers were determined by XRR measurements, whereas FTIR spectra assess the bond structure of the oxide. The thermal oxidation kinetics of crystallized Si in air is described well by the oxidation model of Deal and Grove in both the thin and the thick oxide layer regimes. The kinetic constants and the activation energies for diffusion and interface reaction have been determined and discussed in conjunction with theoretical calculations.
Light-current characteristic of a quantum well laser with asymmetric barrier layers
Authors: Asryan Levon V. , Kryzhanovskaya Natalia V. , Maximov Mikhail V. , Zubov Fedor I. , Zhukov Alexey E.
Published: October 2013

Light-current characteristic (LCC) of a novel type of quantum well (QW) lasers—QW lasers with asymmetric barrier layers (ABLs)—is studied. The ABLs (one on each side of the QW) prevent electrons from entering the hole-injecting side of the structure and holes from entering the electron-injecting side. The use of ABLs thus suppresses the parasitic electron-hole recombination outside the QW and eliminates the mechanism of sublinearity of the LCC in conventional lasers associated with this recombination and with the carrier capture delay into the QW. As a result, no matter how slow is the carrier capture into the QW, the LCC of an ABL QW laser is virtually linear. In an ABL laser containing indent layers between the QW and each of the ABLs (parasitic recombination still occurs in these thin layers), even in the case of slow capture of carriers into the QW, the LCC is also considerably more linear than in a reference conventional QW laser.
Optimization on magnetic transitions and magnetostriction in TbxDyyNdz(Fe0.9Co0.1)1.93 compounds
Authors: Hu C. C. , Shi Y. G. , Shi D. N. , Zhou X. G. , Fan J. Y. , Lv L. Y. , Tang S. L.
Published: October 2013

The structure, magnetic transitions, and magnetostriction of TbxDyyNdz(Fe0.9Co0.1)1.93 polycrystalline compounds have been investigated, with the ratio of x, y, and z spanning the line of minimum magnetic anisotropy. Anisotropy compensation with lower Tb content was realized in Tb0.253Dy0.657Nd0.09(Fe0.9Co0.1)1.93 compound. The spin configuration diagram accompanied with different crystal structures was constructed to illustrate the arrangement for the easy magnetization direction and crystal structure. An optimized effect on magnetostriction especially at the relatively low field of 1 kOe (197 ppm) was observed in Tb0.253Dy0.657Nd0.09(Fe0.9Co0.1)1.93 compound, which is about two times larger than that of the sample free of Nd (62 ppm). Meanwhile, the polycrystalline saturation magnetostriction (λs=945 ppm) of Tb0.253Dy0.657Nd0.09(Fe0.9Co0.1)1.93 is even much larger than that of the Ho-doped multicomponent single crystal compound Tb0.2Dy0.22Ho0.58Fe2 (λs=530 ppm). Low content of heavy rare earth Tb, high Curie temperature, and large ratio between magnetostriction and the absolute value of the first anisotropy constant λa/|K1| were obtained in Tb0.253Dy0.657Nd0.09(Fe0.9Co0.1)1.93 compound, which may make it a potential material for magnetostrictive application.
An integrated energy conversion and storage facility for offshore wind and wave energy exploitation along the west coasts of North America and Europe
Authors: Hua Jianbo
Published: October 2013

An integrated energy conversion and storage facility based on a floating foundation is introduced. It consists of an on-board 10 MW wind turbine and eighteen wave energy capturing buoys along the front of a floating foundation, with pumped hydro-energy storage. The proposed floating foundation is designed for waters off the west coasts of North America and Europe, where strong winds and high waves prevail. To operate the wind turbine safely, the design provides viable performance in waves and possesses the hydrodynamic attribute of being a wave amplifier such that the buoys may capture twice as much wave energy as in open water. The proposed wave energy capture and conversion design provide both protection against breaking wave impacts and good access for repair and maintenance, heretofore two major technical obstacles in the way of offshore wave energy exploitation. As shown by rough assessment of the proposed floating facility, its improved cost effectiveness may allow a major move from onshore to offshore wind turbines. Since the levelized cost of onshore wind farms is about equal to conventional coal plants and roughly 30% lower than an advanced coal plant with carbon dioxide capture and storage, the proposed offshore facility may prove a viable, large scale alternative to coal plants since available land and wind resource are somewhat limited for onshore wind farms.
SiO2/4H-SiC interface doping during post-deposition-annealing of the oxide in N2O or POCl3
Authors: Fiorenza P. , Giannazzo F. , Vivona M. , La Magna A. , Roccaforte F.
Published: October 2013

In this Letter, we report a quantitative analysis of the n-type doping occurring at SiO2/4H-SiC interfaces during post-deposition-annealing (PDA) in N2O or POCl3 of a 45 nm thick oxide. In particular, a nanoscale characterization using scanning capacitance microscopy on the cross section of metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors allowed to determine the electrically active nitrogen and phosphorous concentration under the SiO2 layer after PDA in N2O and POCl3, i.e., 5 × 1017 cm−3 and 4.5 × 1018 cm−3, respectively. The technological implications have been discussed considering the possible impact of a PDA-induced “counter doping” of the p-type body region of a n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor-field-effect-transistor on the device threshold voltage.
Frequency dependence of electron dynamics during femtosecond laser resonant photoionization of Li4 cluster
Authors: Wang Cong , Jiang Lan , Li Xin , Wang Feng , Yuan Yanping , Yuan Lei , Qu Liangti , Duan Ji'an
Published: October 2013

This study investigates the resonant effects on nonlinear photoionization of Li4 cluster under femtosecond laser irradiation. The real-time and real-space time-dependent density functional theory is applied to describe the optical linear response and nonlinear electron dynamics during the laser-material interactions. The calculations describe well the behaviors of the ionization process for both the off resonance and on resonance cases. For given laser intensities, the frequency dependence of electron ionization and energy absorption on multiphoton and/or tunnel ionization mechanisms is investigated. Theoretical results show that (1) the off resonance behaves as a classical oscillator whereas resonance leads to an internal excitation with subsequent emission of electrons after the laser termination; (2) when multiphoton ionization dominates, the frequency dependence of emitted electrons and absorbed energy coincides with trend of the spectral cross section for photon absorption; (3) while when tunnel ionization becomes significant, the aforementioned correlation gradually disappears, and the enhancement of resonant effect on photoionization is not manifest.
Synthesis, Characterisation, and X-Ray Crystal Structures of 8-Hydroxyquinoline Complexes of Group IV Metal Alkoxides
Authors: Armaghan Mahsa , Mirzaee Mahdi , Norouzi Mahmood , Amini Mostafa M. , Khavasi Hamid Reza
Published: October 2013

Stoichiometric reaction of 8-hydroxyquinoline with titanium tetraethoxide, and zirconium and hafnium tetra-2-propoxide in toluene at room temperature resulted in formation of [M2-μ-(OR)2-(C9H6NO)2(OR)2] (1: M = Ti, R = Et; 2: M = Zr, R = iPr; 3: M = Hf, R = iPr). All complexes were characterised by infrared, ultraviolet-visible, and NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The molecular structures of 1, 2, and 3 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The coordination geometries around the metal ions are distorted octahedral, which share an edge through bridged alkoxy groups. Each anionic 8-quinolinolate ligand is also chelated to one metal ion through its pyridine nitrogen and phenolate oxygen atoms.
Effectiveness of commercial harvesting in controlling feral-pig populations
Authors: Gentle Matthew , Pople Anthony
Published: October 2013

Context
The feral pig (Sus scrofa) is a widespread pest species in Australia and its populations are commonly controlled to reduce damage to agriculture and the environment. Feral pigs are also a resource and harvested for commercial export as game meat. Although many other control techniques are used, commercial harvesting of feral pigs is often encouraged by land managers, because it carries little or no cost and is widely perceived to control populations.

Aims
To use feral-pig harvesting records, density data and simple harvest models to examine the effectiveness of commercial harvesting to reduce feral-pig populations.

Methods
The present study examined commercial harvest off-take on six sites (246–657 km2) in southern Queensland, and 20 large blocks (~2–6000 km2) throughout Queensland. The harvest off-take for each site was divided by monthly or average annual population size, determined by aerial survey, to calculate monthly and annual harvest rates. A simple harvest model assuming logistic population growth was used to determine the likely effectiveness of harvesting.

Key results
Commercial harvest rates were generally low (<~20%) and are likely to provide only modest reductions in population size. Additionally, harvest rates capable of substantial reductions (>50%) in long-term population size were isolated occurrences and not maintained across sites and years. High harvest rates were observed only at low densities. Although these harvest rates may be sufficiently high to hold populations at low densities, the population is likely to escape this entrapment following a flush in food supply or a reduction in harvest effort.

Implications
Our results demonstrated that, at current harvest rates, commercial harvesting is ineffective for the landscape-scale control of feral-pig populations. Unless harvest rates can be significantly increased, commercial harvesting should be used as a supplement to, rather than as a substitute for, other damage-control techniques.
The United Arab Emirates at a crossroads
Authors: Al-Yousef Yousef Khalifah
Published: October 2013

Although the creation of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in 1971 was not an easy task given the geopolitics of the region, it nevertheless has given a strong push to the aspirations of the people of the region toward integration, which is a prerequisite for real development. However, these aspirations were shattered as soon as the founding fathers of the union passed from the scene and a new generation of leaders took up the helm. These new leaders not only failed to consolidate the progress that was made by the founding fathers, but also they have led the union in a new direction that proved to be detrimental to the long-run security and prosperity of its citizens, namely: more restrictions on individual freedoms and the adoption of a distorted model of development that have marginalized the role of citizens in the economy and have not reduced the country’s dependence on oil. Therefore, the security and development of the country in the coming years will depend on the government’s ability to open up politically and opt for a federal model of development and closer cooperation with both the Gulf states and the rest of the Arab world.
The semantic measures library and toolkit: fast computation of semantic similarity and relatedness using biomedical ontologies
Authors: Harispe Sébastien , Ranwez Sylvie , Janaqi Stefan , Montmain Jacky
Published: October 2013

Summary: The semantic measures library and toolkit are robust open-source and easy to use software solutions dedicated to semantic measures. They can be used for large-scale computations and analyses of semantic similarities between terms/concepts defined in terminologies and ontologies. The comparison of entities (e.g. genes) annotated by concepts is also supported. A large collection of measures is available. Not limited to a specific application context, the library and the toolkit can be used with various controlled vocabularies and ontology specifications (e.g. Open Biomedical Ontology, Resource Description Framework). The project targets both designers and practitioners of semantic measures providing a JAVA library, as well as a command-line tool that can be used on personal computers or computer clusters.

Availability and implementation: Downloads, documentation, tutorials, evaluation and support are available at http://www.semantic-measures-library.org.

Contact: harispe.sebastien@gmail.com
Kernel Regularized Least Squares: Reducing Misspecification Bias with a Flexible and Interpretable Machine Learning Approach
Authors: Hainmueller Jens , Hazlett Chad
Published: October 2013

We propose the use of Kernel Regularized Least Squares (KRLS) for social science modeling and inference problems. KRLS borrows from machine learning methods designed to solve regression and classification problems without relying on linearity or additivity assumptions. The method constructs a flexible hypothesis space that uses kernels as radial basis functions and finds the best-fitting surface in this space by minimizing a complexity-penalized least squares problem. We argue that the method is well-suited for social science inquiry because it avoids strong parametric assumptions, yet allows interpretation in ways analogous to generalized linear models while also permitting more complex interpretation to examine nonlinearities, interactions, and heterogeneous effects. We also extend the method in several directions to make it more effective for social inquiry, by (1) deriving estimators for the pointwise marginal effects and their variances, (2) establishing unbiasedness, consistency, and asymptotic normality of the KRLS estimator under fairly general conditions, (3) proposing a simple automated rule for choosing the kernel bandwidth, and (4) providing companion software. We illustrate the use of the method through simulations and empirical examples.
János Szentágothai. 31 October 1912 — 8 September 1994
Authors: Gulyás Balázs , Somogyi Peter
Published: October 2013

János Szentágothai was an eminent, creative and renowned neuroscientist, who made pioneering and seminal discoveries contributing to our current understanding of brain functions. His vision of the brain as a network of specific populations of nerve cells, each engaging in selective operations and self-organizing into modules, has provided the framework and stimulus for generations of neuroscientists. His irrepressible curiosity and enthusiasm for the beauty in the organization of the brain never faded. He had a towering intellect and was a great humanist. Szentágothai was born in Budapest, Hungary, in 1912 and died in his native city in 1994. He was educated and worked in Hungary. During the six decades of his scientific activity, he made remarkably original and lasting contributions to the neurosciences, including the exploration of basic architectural features of many brain areas, the functional–anatomical bases of elementary brain operations such as reflex arcs, the vestibulo-ocular system, the brain control of hormonal regulation, general organizational principles of the neuraxis, the organization of the cerebellum and the modular organization of the neocortex. He left for posterity not only his discoveries, which have stood the test of time, but also a vigorous school of pupils as well as a large number of friends and admirers. Thanks to him neuroscience is one of the strongest scientific fields in Hungary today.
Workplace stress among construction professionals in South Africa
Authors: Bowen Paul , Edwards Peter , Lingard Helen
Published: October 2013

Purpose

– The discrimination/harassment experiences of survey respondents in different construction professional groups in South Africa is compared, and the relationship between harassment/discrimination and perceived work stress is examined.

Design/methodology/approach

– An online survey was administered and 626 responses (ca. 6.5 per cent of target population) received. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the response data.

Findings

– Harassment and discrimination on ethnic grounds are experienced in all of the South African construction professions included in the survey. Respondents also indicated that they felt underpaid and that their job security was adversely affected by their ethnicity. Sexual harassment and gender-based harassment and discrimination were more frequently reported by architects than by other professionals. Harassment and discrimination were found to correlate with higher perceived levels of work stress.

Research limitations/implications

– Harassment and discrimination, on ethnic and on gender-based grounds, constitute a significant stressor for many construction professionals in South Africa, particularly among architects.

Practical implications

– Strategies designed to address and counter harassment/discrimination in the South African construction industry should be implemented or reinforced as part of broader stress management programmes. Employers have a major role to play in this, but unions and professional associations should also take part.

Originality value

– Previous research into work stress has focused on the experiences of workers in developed countries. The paper provides insight into the problem of harassment and discrimination in the unique situation of post-apartheid South Africa. It supports the link between harassment and discrimination and perceived levels of personal stress in this context.
Role of macrophage infiltration in successful repigmentation in a new periphery‐spreading vitiligo lesion in a male Japanese patient
Authors: Oiso Naoki , Tanemura Atsushi , Kotobuki Yorihisa , Kimura Masatomo , Katayama Ichiro , Kawada Akira
Published: October 2013

Vitiligo is an acquired disorder in which depigmented macules result from mostly autoimmune loss of melanocytes. The initiating process in vitiligo has still been uncertain. Here, we report the case of a 19‐year‐old man with undetermined/unclassified vitiligo with a new periphery‐spreading vitiligo lesion on the right dorsal hand after rigorous sun exposure. Histopathological evaluation showed noticeable infiltration of CD68+ macrophages, moderate infiltration of CD3+ T cells, little infiltration of CD8+ T cells and CD11c+ myeloid dendritic cells, HMB45/CD11c double‐positive cells, and Melan‐A/MART1+ deposits in the dermis. We surmised that melanocyte‐derived deposits were mostly phagocytosed by CD68+ macrophages and were faintly phagocytosed by CD11c+ myeloid dendritic cells, referring distribution of CD68+ mononuclear cells and melanocyte biomarkers. Complete repigmentation was achieved following topical application of hydrocortisone butyrate propionate 0.1% ointment. We summarize that prompt clearance of debris by macrophages would be essential to an excellent prognosis of complete repigmentation.
The functional assembly of experimental grasslands in relation to fertility and resource heterogeneity
Authors: Price Jodi N. , Gazol Antonio , Tamme Riin , Hiiesalu Inga , Pärtel Meelis
Published: October 2013

Niche differences among species are considered key drivers of coexistence (limiting similarity), and increased heterogeneity of resources should promote species diversity through niche partitioning (niche theory). Two predictions follow – co‐occurring species should be more different than expected by chance, especially in productive communities due to increased competition, and heterogeneity should increase both species and functional diversity. However, evidence for these predictions in plant communities is limited.

We examined niche overlap in functional traits among co‐occurring grassland species in relation to fertility and resource heterogeneity to determine whether species are more different than expected and reveal dominant assembly processes. We conducted a mesocosm experiment with five treatments, with three levels of soil nutrient availability (low, medium, high) and scale of resource heterogeneity (at medium fertility, large‐scale heterogeneous – patch size 156 cm2, small‐scale heterogeneous – patch size 39 cm2).

We measured community weighted means and niche overlap for three functional traits related to resource acquisition and competitive ability (specific leaf area, leaf size and plant height), and compared our observed values to those expected when abundance was randomly allocated to species in the experimental treatments.

For leaf size and plant height, we found more niche overlap with increased fertility, and a positive relationship between shoot biomass and niche overlap, whereas the opposite pattern was found for specific leaf area. For all traits, the heterogeneity treatments generally had similar niche overlap values as the high‐fertility treatment and differed significantly from the homogeneous treatment of the same overall fertility. Patch type was important in most cases; significant differences were detected in functional composition and niche overlap between the low‐ and high‐fertility patches in the heterogeneity treatments.

Increased niche overlap with increased fertility and heterogeneity can be due to both habitat filters restricting the range of trait values and competition – when resources are either homogenously high or high‐fertility patches are available. The small‐scale distribution of soil resources impacts on community assembly processes and should be incorporated into future studies examining functional diversity, especially when the aim is to determine the influence of productivity gradients.
Herbivores in a small world: network theory highlights vulnerability in the function of herbivory on coral reefs
Authors: Fox Rebecca J. , Bellwood David R.
Published: October 2013

The application of network theory within the field of ecology has predominantly been based around the examination of species interactions (e.g. food webs). Extension of networks to spatial ecology is currently limited, yet the approach has significant potential as a framework for analysing habitat connectivity and ecosystem stability. Examination of network structures characterizing the spatial dynamics of organisms has the potential to highlight the relative robustness or vulnerability of the ecosystem processes they support.

On coral reefs, grazing by large herbivorous fishes is critical in maintaining the balance between coral and algae and is widely recognized as a key process in reef ecosystem functioning. However, the spatial dynamics exhibited by roving herbivores, and the implications of these dynamics for the overall stability and resilience of herbivory on reefs are not well understood.

Here, we present a novel extension of network theory to the analysis of movements of marine herbivorous fishes within a reef system. Using an array of remote acoustic receivers, over a period of 12 months, we tracked the movements of fishes belonging to the three dominant species of roving herbivore within a particular coral reef community.

Analysing these movements in terms of network graph theory, we found that individual fishes clustered their activities within small sections of the available linear reef habitat, and movements within and outside of these home ranges were made along predictable routes. All three species were heavily reliant on particular, well‐connected parts of the reef (nodes), mirroring an ‘ultra‐small‐world’ network. This underlying dynamic creates vulnerability in the system, making targeted removal by fishing or the degradation of individual pockets of reef habitat more likely to result in a complete collapse in the overall process of herbivory at that particular area of reef.

Our results highlight an inherent vulnerability in the movement dynamics of herbivorous fishes and, by extension, in the overall process of herbivory in reef ecosystems. They suggest that maintaining high herbivore abundances across all reef habitats is critical in preserving the integrity of the grazing function on reefs. The approach of using network graph theory to analyse acoustic telemetry data is illuminating and is likely to have a range of applications across diverse ecosystems.