bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INTEGRATION OF THE PARATRANSIT IN URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM / PARATRANSPORTO INTEGRAVIMO Į MIESTO VIEŠOJO TRANSPORTO SISTEMĄ ASPEKTŲ TYRIMAS
Authors: Verseckienė Alina
Published: February 2016

The demand of transport grows along with road traffic. Congestion costs 1% of the GDP of European Union (European Union 2014) and also causes significant emissions of carbon dioxide and other pollutants. This problem could be solved by transfering a part of passengers from private modes of transport to the public transport. But the essential condition is a sustainable development which means the accessibility on equal terms. Therefore, attention to the focus group – people with movement impairements, is neccessary. Since even under ideal conditions some of those people will not be able to use the ordinary public transport services, a special transportation service, called paratransit, should be offered. In this paper the parameters of paratransit as well as their variations are analyzed. Also the wider application possibilities are considered. The aspects of integration of paratransit into the existing system, pottential barriers for the integration and conditions for the integration are highlighted. The main purpose of this paper is to formulate the scenarios for the integration of paratransit into the existing public transport system based on the analysis of the scientific literature and the best practices, which could be used to form a policy of improving the accessibility of the public transport for people with movement impairments.
Transporto paklausa nuolat auga, o kartu su ja ir kelių eismo intensyvumas. Spūstys Europoje kasmet sudaro apie 1 % jos BVP (Europos Sąjunga 2014), dėl jų išmetama daug anglies dioksido ir kitų nepageidaujamų teršalų. Ši problema miestuose gali būti sprendžiama perkėlus dalį keleivių iš privataus į viešąjį transportą. Tačiau labai svarbu, kad vykdomi projektai atitiktų tvarios plėtros principus, pagal kuriuos numatomas viešojo transporto prieinamumas lygiomis teisėmis. Todėl būtinas dėmesys tikslinei žmonių grupei – žmonėms, turintiems judėjimo apribojimų. Kadangi dalis tų žmonių netgi esant idealioms sąlygoms negalės naudotis tradiciniu viešuoju transportu, jiems yra būtina specialioji transporto paslauga, vadinama paratransportu. Šiame straipsnyje yra išskiriami paratransporto paslaugos parametrai, jų variacijos. Taip pat analizuojamos platesnės šios paslaugos pritaikomumo galimybės. Išskiriami transportinės paslaugos integravimo į esamą viešojo transporto sistemą aspektai bei potencialūs barjerai ir sąlygos paratransporto paslaugai įdiegti. Šio straipsnio tikslas – remiantis mokslinės literatūros ir gerosios patirties analize suformuluoti paratransporto įdiegimo į veikiančią viešojo transporto sistemą scenarijus, kurie gali būti taikomi formuojant viešojo transporto prieinamumo žmonėms, turintiems judėjimo apribojimų, tobulinimo politiką.
ANALYSIS OF KAUNAS CITY POPULATION AND WORKPLACE DENSITY IN TERMS OF MOBILITY / KAUNO MIESTO GYVENTOJŲ IR DARBO VIETŲ TANKIO ANALIZĖ TRANSPORTINIU POŽIŪRIU
Authors: Dumbliauskas Vytautas , Barauskas Andrius
Published: February 2016

In city population and workplace density distributions directly influences the number of trips, travel means and even leads to changes of energy consumption rate. This paper is aimed to perform Kaunas city workplace density and population density analysis and to evaluate the parameters impact on the mobility of the population. The main focus is on the Kaunas population and workplace distribution. For that population density and workplace density maps are made. Initial data is processed by geographic information system (GIS), allowing to represent them in a very clear way. Conclusions are given based on conducted analysis and other relevant sources of information.
Gyventojų bei darbo vietų pasiskirstymas mieste turi tiesioginės įtakos gyventojų atliekamų kelionių skaičiui, kelionių būdui ir lemia transporto sistemos suvartojamą energijos kiekį. Šio darbo tikslas – atlikti Kauno miesto darbo vietų ir gyventojų tankio analizę bei įvertinti šių parametrų įtaką gyventojų mobilumui. Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas Kauno miesto gyventojų ir darbo vietų pasiskirstymas. Tam yra sudaromi gyventojų bei darbo vietų tankio žemėlapiai. Pradiniai duomenys apdorojami, analizuojami ir grafiškai pateikiami schemomis naudojant geografines informacines sistemas (toliau GIS). Remiantis analizės rezultatais ir atliktos apklausos rezultatais formuluojamos apibendrinančios išvados.
DIESEL ENGINE WITH DIFFERENT KIND OF INJECTION SYSTEMS EXHAUST GAS ANALYSIS / DYZELINIŲ VARIKLIŲ SU ĮVAIRIOMIS ĮPURŠKIMO SISTEMOMIS IŠMETAMŲJŲ DUJŲ TYRIMAS
Authors: Smolnikovas Mantas , Viselga Gintas , Viselgaitė Greta , Jasinskas Algirdas
Published: February 2016

The article presents an overview of structural evolution of diesel engines’ injection systems, air pollution caused by diesel engines and permissible emission rates. An analytical research on air pollution was also performed. Experimental studies evaluated air pollution during the emission of particulate matter according to diesel engine exploitation time and different constructions emissions.
Apžvelgta dyzelinių variklių įpurškimo sistemų konstrukcijų raida, aplinkos oro tarša dyzelinių variklių išmetamosiomis dujomis ir leistinos jų emisijų normos, atlikti analitiniai oro taršos tyrimai. Eksperimentiniais tyrimais įvertinta oro tarša į aplinką išmetamomis kietosiomis dalelėmis iš skirtingų konstrukcijų ir eksploatacijos laiko dyzelinių variklių.
THE IMPACT OF NONLINEAR STRUCTURE FORMATION ON THE POWER SPECTRUM OF TRANSVERSE MOMENTUM FLUCTUATIONS AND THE KINETIC SUNYAEV–ZEL’DOVICH EFFECT
Authors: Park (박현배) Hyunbae , Komatsu Eiichiro , Shapiro Paul R. , Koda Jun , Mao Yi
Published: February 2016

Cosmological transverse momentum fields, whose directions are perpendicular to Fourier wave vectors, induce temperature anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background via the kinetic Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (kSZ) effect. The transverse momentum power spectrum contains the four-point function of density and velocity fields,

In the post-reionization epoch, nonlinear effects dominate in the power spectrum. We use perturbation theory and cosmological N-body simulations to calculate this nonlinearity. We derive the next-to-leading order expression for the power spectrum with a particular emphasis on the connected term that has been ignored in the literature. While the contribution from the connected term on small scales (

) is subdominant relative to the unconnected term, we find that its contribution to the kSZ power spectrum at

at

can be as large as ten percent of the unconnected term, which would reduce the allowed contribution from the reionization epoch (

) by twenty percent. The power spectrum of transverse momentum on large scales is expected to scale as k
2 as a consequence of momentum conservation. We show that both the leading and the next-to-leading order terms satisfy this scaling. In particular, we find that both of the unconnected and connected terms are necessary to reproduce k
2.
INFERRING THE GALACTIC POTENTIAL WITH GAIA AND FRIENDS: SYNERGIES WITH OTHER SURVEYS
Authors: Sanderson Robyn E.
Published: February 2016

In the coming decade, the Gaia satellite will precisely measure the positions and velocities of millions of stars in the Galactic halo, including stars in many tidal streams. These streams, the products of hierarchical accretion of satellite galaxies by the Milky Way (MW), can be used to infer the Galactic gravitational potential thanks to their initial compactness in phase space. Plans for observations to extend Gaia’s radial velocity (RV) measurements to faint stars, and to determine precise distances to RR Lyrae in streams, would further extend the power of Gaia’s kinematic catalog to characterize the MW’s potential at large Galactocentric distances. In this work I explore the impact of these extra data on the ability to fit the potential using the method of action clustering, which statistically maximizes the information content (clumpiness) of the action space of tidal streams, eliminating the need to determine stream membership for individual stars. Using a mock halo in a toy spherical potential, updated post-launch error models for Gaia, and estimates for RV and distance errors for the tracers to be followed up, I show that combining either form of additional information with the Gaia catalog greatly reduces the bias in determining the scale radius and total mass of the Galaxy compared to the use of Gaia data alone.
SUBMILLIMETER-HCN DIAGRAM FOR ENERGY DIAGNOSTICS IN THE CENTERS OF GALAXIES
Authors: Izumi Takuma , Kohno Kotaro , Aalto Susanne , Espada Daniel , Fathi Kambiz , Harada Nanase , Hatsukade Bunyo , Hsieh Pei-Ying , Imanishi Masatoshi , Krips Melanie , Martín Sergio , Matsushita Satoki , Meier David S. , Nakai Naomasa , Nakanishi Kouichiro , Schinnerer Eva , Sheth Kartik , Terashima Yuichi , Turner Jean L.
Published: February 2016

Compiling data from literature and the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array archive, we show enhanced HCN(4–3)/HCO+(4–3) and/or HCN(4–3)/CS(7–6) integrated intensity ratios in circumnuclear molecular gas around active galactic nuclei (AGNs) compared to those in starburst (SB) galaxies (submillimeter HCN enhancement). The number of sample galaxies is significantly increased from our previous work. We expect that this feature could potentially be an extinction-free energy diagnostic tool of nuclear regions of galaxies. Non-LTE radiative transfer modelings of the above molecular emission lines involving both collisional and radiative excitation, as well as a photon trapping effect, were conducted to investigate the cause of the high line ratios in AGNs. As a result, we found that enhanced abundance ratios of HCN to HCO+ and HCN to CS in AGNs as compared to SB galaxies by a factor of a few to even ≳10 are a plausible explanation for the submillimeter HCN enhancement. However, a counterargument of a systematically higher gas density in AGNs than in SB galaxies can also be a plausible scenario. Although we cannot fully distinguish these two scenarios at this moment owing to an insufficient amount of multi-transition, multi-species data, the former scenario is indicative of abnormal chemical composition in AGNs. Regarding the actual mechanism to realize the composition, we suggest that it is difficult with conventional gas-phase X-ray-dominated region ionization models to reproduce the observed high line ratios. We might have to take into account other mechanisms such as neutral–neutral reactions that are efficiently activated in high-temperature environments and/or mechanically heated regions to further understand the high line ratios in AGNs.
Développement des systèmes sémiotiques pour dire et penser le temps chez l’enfant de 3 à 11 ans
Authors: Mendes de Carvalho Alt Ágata , Tartas Valérie
Published: February 2016

Le temps est une construction sociale et culturelle, objectivée au moyen de différents systèmes de notations ou outils culturels (calendriers, emploi du temps, etc.). L’objectif de l’étude est d’examiner la façon dont les enfants produisent et interprètent des notations temporelles, dans un contexte de communication. Soixante-dix-huit enfants (26 enfants de 3-4 ans, 26 enfants de 7-8 ans et 26 enfants de 10-11 ans) sont répartis en dyades de même sexe. Dans chaque dyade, un enfant est invité à produire des notations avec l’objectif de faire deviner des informations temporelles à son partenaire. Les enfants les plus jeunes ne parviennent pas à utiliser le support graphique proposé. Ceux âgés de 7 à 8 ans utilisent les systèmes graphiques avec le soutien du langage pour y parvenir. C’est à partir de 10-11 ans que la trace graphique acquiert le statut d’instrument psychologique, puisqu’elle est utilisée sans autre moyen d’expression et de communication. Ces résultats sont discutés à la lumière de la perspective socio-historique.
De l’action à l’écrit : la production d’un mode d’emploi par des enfants âgés de 8 à 12 ans
Authors: Bouchafa Houria , Marti Eduardo , Tantaros Spyridon
Published: February 2016

Dans cette recherche, il est rendu compte de la manière dont les enfants communiquent, à autrui, une procédure simple au moyen d’une représentation notationnelle : un mode d’emploi. Les productions d’enfants espagnols, grecs et français, âgés de 8 à 12 ans, sont analysées selon différents critères et comparées à celles d’adultes. Les résultats montrent, chez les enfants, la difficulté de produire un texte procédural complet. Différentes difficultés ont été observées, liées à la nécessité de segmenter la procédure, à la nature séquentielle des informations et à la détermination d’un mode de notation adapté. Les productions des enfants des trois pays sont assez voisines, ce qui révèle l’existence de contraintes développementales, liées aux traitements cognitifs à effectuer pour établir un mode d’emploi.
Communiquer la description d’un itinéraire à autrui : notations produites entre 9 et 11 ans selon le contexte social de la tâche
Authors: Iralde Lydie
Published: February 2016

Cette étude examine la capacité des enfants d’âge scolaire à mobiliser spontanément les notations pour communiquer une information spatiale. Les enfants (9, 10 et 11 ans, du CE2 au CM2) disposent de matériel pour écrire et écoutent une première fois la description verbale du trajet ; à la seconde écoute, ils peuvent faire tout ce qu’ils veulent pour pouvoir aider un autre enfant qui ne connaît pas le chemin pour aller à l’école (situation A, interlocuteur fictif) ; dans la situation B, ils savent qu’ils rencontreront cet enfant deux jours plus tard. Les résultats montrent un effet du contexte sur la capacité des plus jeunes à noter spontanément : la situation B (interlocuteur réel) les aiderait à appréhender la finalité sociale des pratiques d’écriture. Ainsi, proposer des contextes « authentiques » d’apprentissage pourraient aider les jeunes enfants à s’approprier les fonctions pragmatiques et cognitives des systèmes d’écriture et à faire usage de ces derniers.
Approche psychologique du stigmate et de la monstruosité en chirurgie maxillo-faciale
Authors: Demeule Caroline
Published: February 2016

À partir d’exemples cliniques et littéraires, l’auteure se propose de confronter la notion de stigmate à son expérience de psychologue dans un service de chirurgie maxillo-faciale. Si l’approche socio-culturelle de la monstruosité faciale relève de la stigmatisation, la perspective psychanalytique permet d’en éclairer des enjeux paradoxalement structurants au sein du fonctionnement psychique et de souligner la fonction visagéifiante du thérapeute.
Pathologie digestive et stigmatisation chez l’adolescent et le jeune adulte : la fonction de la nomination au service de l’élaboration psychique
Authors: Chopin Marie-Victoire
Published: February 2016

L’analyse sémantique du fonds lexical utilisé et partagé par une majorité des sujets jeunes atteints de la maladie de Crohn révèle un imaginaire commun qui allie les stigmates au fantasme de martyr. L’émergence de l’imaginaire témoigne des processus de construction de représentations collectives culturelles de la pathologie digestive chronique. Mettre en mots l’expérience de la maladie et donner un nom à celle-ci permet à l’individu d’opérer un retour sur son identité dans une tentative de reconnaissance et de réunification après une expérience de désorganisation somatique et de stigmatisation.
Harcèlement sexuel et traumatisme psychique : aspects cliniques et psychopathologiques
Authors: Chahraoui Khadija
Published: February 2016

Cet article a pour objectif de décrire les séquelles psychotraumatiques du harcèlement sexuel au travail, qui sont assez peu développées par les cliniciens. Nous faisons l’hypothèse que ce manque de reconnaissance clinique peut venir renforcer les aspects invisibles et insidieux du traumatisme et accentuer le vécu de stigmatisation des victimes. Nous insistons en particulier sur les dimensions de non-dit et de silence des femmes victimes, ce qui participe à un processus de stigmatisation en lien avec l’existence d’affects profonds de honte et de culpabilité particulièrement destructeurs sur le plan psychique. Nous montrons à travers le suivi d’une observation clinique que le harcèlement sexuel traumatique peut être décrit comme un véritable processus de destruction de la personne, qui s’apparente aux effets des traumatismes intentionnels et relationnels. Nous insistons en conclusion sur la nécessité pour le clinicien de reconnaitre ces processus traumatiques spécifiques afin de permettre aux femmes victimes de modifier la vision qu’elles ont d’elles mêmes et de déconstruire les effets du traumatisme intentionnel. Le changement et l’amélioration thérapeutique impliquent un regard nouveau et bienveillant du clinicien pour amener ces sujets à se réinscrire dans un lien intersubjectif et à se reconstruire dans l’altérité afin de panser les blessures identitaires.
The “Japan problem”: the trade conflict between the European countries and Japan in the last quarter of the 20 th century
Authors: Abe Takeshi
Published: February 2016

L’article a pour objectif de fournir une vue d’ensemble du conflit commercial qui opposa le Japon et les pays européens dans le dernier quart du xx e siècle. C’est au moment de la Grande dépression, dans les années 1930, que les exportations japonaises se sont tout d’abord accrues dans le monde, provoquant d’importants conflits commerciaux. Après la défaite de 1945, la Japon a connu une forte période de développement économique, en particulier entre les années 1955 et 1973. Pendant la crise économique de la seconde moitié des années 1970, la Communauté européenne critiqua sans relâche l’arrivée de biens japonais. Ces tensions se prolongèrent dans les années 1980, en parallèle d’un sérieux conflit commercial entre les États-Unis et le Japon. Les pays membres de la Communauté européenne n’adoptèrent pas tous la même attitude vis-à-vis du Japon : le Royaume-Uni accueillit des usines de compagnies japonaises sur son territoire alors que la France et l’Italie maintinrent les restrictions sur les importations en provenance du Japon. La « bataille de Poitiers » qui s’engagea au sujet des magnétoscopes japonais constitue un épisode remarquable de cette fermeté française. Cependant, à partir de la formation de l’Union européenne (UE) en novembre 1993, les tensions se sont progressivement apaisées et la Communauté européenne et le Japon ont cherché à établir des relations amicales. L’abolition des restrictions discriminatoires à l’égard du Japon en 1993 constitue un bon exemple des efforts consentis par les Européens. Après la fondation de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce en 1995, les liens industriels entre l’UE et le Japon ont continué à se renforcer.
Acerinox: a successful Japanese joint-venture in Southern Europe in the second half of the twentieth century
Authors: Fernández Pérez Paloma
Published: February 2016

Il y a peu d’exemples de multinationales espagnoles fondées dans la seconde moitié du xx e siècle dont l’expansion et la stratégie soient intimement liées à des investissements directs étrangers (IDE) ou des transferts de connaissances japonais. Par l’étude de la fondation et des premières décennies d’activité d’Acerinox, entreprise créée en 1970 par une banque espagnole (Banesto) et deux compagnies japonaises (Nisshin Steel et Nissho Iwai), cet article apporte une contribution à l’historiographie peu développée sur les IDE japonais dans l’Europe du Sud après les années 1960. Il analyse la logique et les dynamiques qui ont permis l’innovation et le succès de cette joint-venture , suivant le modèle LLL ( Linkage, Leverage, Learning ) de John A. Mathews. Selon ce modèle, dans le contexte d’une économie émergente, une entreprise globalisée dès sa fondation peut rapidement devenir un leader mondial si elle est principalement active dans un secteur de demande en forte croissance et si elle bénéficie, dès le début, d’un bon partenariat et d’un transfert de ressources stratégiques rares d’un leader mondial.
Chapitre 4. La Déclaration d’Helsinki en 2015 et l’éthique de la recherche en Afrique francophone
Authors: Botbol Baum Mylène
Published: February 2016

Cet article fait suite à mon livre « Bioéthique pour les pays du Sud » 2 qui avait pour but de montrer la nécessité d’une bioéthique africaine pour réguler la recherche internationale, et ce notamment sur le SIDA qui n’est ni vécue ni soignée de la même manière dans le Nord et dans le Sud. De nombreux débats ont eu lieu depuis la parution de ce livre, des débats qui semblent, à première vue, avoir donné raison à ceux qui revendiquaient, au nom de la rationalité et du pragmatisme, des doubles standards de soins entre le Nord et le Sud. En dépit d’un discours basé sur le respect d’autrui, la Déclaration d’Helsinki, dans ses versions d’après 2000, laisse place à des justifications basées sur des doubles standards de soins. Cela remet en scène le débat sur la légitimité de la recherche commandité par les pays du Nord, ayant pour participants des populations des pays émergents, ainsi que sur la meilleure approche bioéthique à développer pour répondre à cette problématique située aux confluents de l’universel, des principes éthiques et des situations locales. Ce texte se veut le fruit d’une réflexion suscitée par les conditions de légitimité de l’enseignement de la bioéthique dans les pays d’Afrique francophone, où l’absence de régulations favorise l’exploitation et l’expérimentation humaine au nom du soin.
Sidwaya et la Révolution burkinabè d’août 1983 : une histoire à géométrie variable
Authors: Yaméogo Lassané
Published: February 2016

Cet article propose une réflexion sur la médiatisation de l’histoire de la Révolution burkinabè d’août 1983 mais aussi un réexamen de cette histoire au présent. Il décrypte les représentations que le quotidien public Sidwaya a fait circuler sur cette révolution, sur sa figure de proue, Thomas Sankara, ainsi que sur le pays colonisateur, la France, pendant les trois régimes politiques suivants : la Révolution, le Front populaire et la « Démocratie ». L’analyse révèle, sur la base des clichés représentationnels, une histoire révolutionnaire à géométrie variable.
Le rôle de la France au Rwanda : les journalistes français au cœur d’une nouvelle guerre de mémoire (1994-2015)
Authors: Robinet François
Published: February 2016

Depuis 1994, la France est mise en cause pour son action au Rwanda avant, pendant et à l’issue du génocide des Tutsis. Des accusations sévères sont portées par des militants, des journalistes ou des chercheurs. Cette contribution vise à comprendre comment cette controverse s’est inscrite de manière durable dans le paysage politique et médiatique français. À travers l’étude des discours produits dans les médias d’information français depuis 1994, elle analyse le rôle des journalistes dans la fabrique de mémoires antagonistes sur l’événement : tandis que certains journalistes font émerger des faits, des documents et des témoignages permettant des progrès cognitifs sur les modalités des engagements français au Rwanda, d’autres constituent des relais pour des discours approximatifs, crispés voire négationnistes sur le génocide des Tutsis. L’étude de ces récits antagonistes dessine ainsi une cartographie des médiateurs, des réseaux voire des institutions engagés depuis 20 ans dans cette nouvelle guerre de mémoire.
Inferior Oblique Botulinum Toxin Injection: A Postoperative Diplopia Test for Secondary Inferior Oblique Muscle Overaction
Authors: Bansal Shveta , Marsh Ian B.
Published: February 2016

Purpose:

To evaluate the utility of botulinum toxin injection into the inferior oblique muscle for secondary inferior oblique muscle overaction.

Methods:

A retrospective review of 18 patients and 23 injections performed over a 9-year period. Indications and deviations in primary position and contralateral gaze before and after injection were recorded. Functional outcomes and further management (conservative vs surgical) were observed.

Results:

In 14 patients, chemodenervation resulted in a temporary improvement in symptoms. Eleven of these patients went on to have inferior oblique myectomy with resolution of their diplopia. Two patients preferred to receive regular injections of botulinum toxin as a treatment.

Conclusions:

Botulinum toxin chemodenervation of the inferior oblique muscle in cases of secondary inferior oblique muscle overaction is useful where one needs to establish a risk of overcorrection following planned inferior oblique muscle weakening. This is particularly true in cases where the primary position deviation may be small but symptoms of diplopia exist on contralateral side gaze, giving rise to a narrowed field of binocular single vision.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2016;53(2):80–84.]
Tourism and Preservation Policies in Karst Areas: Comparision Betwen the Škocjan Caves (Slovenia) and the Ardèche Gorge (France)
Authors: Duval Mélanie
Published: February 2016

This paper presents a comparative study of the Ardèche Gorge Natural Reserve (France) and the Škocjan Caves Regional Park (Slovenia). As major tourist attractions, both these areas have progressively structured their economies around tourism, although they have implemented very different development and karst landscape protection policies. In very simplistic terms, management of the Ardèche Gorge can be described as very laxest, whereas development in the Škocjan Caves is much more strictly controlled. When examined from this preservation/development perspective, the differences in the ways the two sites are managed can be traced through a diachronic approach to the history of their tourism development. In fine, this comparative approach illustrates how two processes between tourism and preservation policies structure territories development on karst areas.
New Insights into Karst and Caves of Northwestern Zagros (Northern Iraq)
Authors: Stevanović Zoran , Iurkiewicz Adrian , Maran Aleksandra
Published: February 2016

During 2002, several reconnaissance speleological explorations were undertaken by the authors and local enthusiasts in the karst of Northwestern Zagros in Northern Iraq. Some of the caves were visited for the first time and explored to a great depth by the scientists, while the Shanidar cave is a world-famous site representing one of the oldest discovered and investigated human settlements. The explored caves are located in well-karstified limestones of the Cretaceous age as well as in younger Eocene limestones. This paper contains the data from the nine largest caves. Their total explored lengths range from a few tens of meters up to several hundred meters. Four caves are fossil, containing only percolated water, while five represent still hydrogeologically active features. Two of them have resulted from the dissolution of carbonate or evaporate rocks stimulated by water oversaturated in H2S which migrated from deeper oil-bearing structures.
The Shuilian Cave in the Upper Region of the Chang River (Karst of NW Yunnan, China)
Authors: Knez Martin , Kogovšek Janja , Kranjc Andrej , Liu Hong , Petrič Metka , Slabe Tadej
Published: February 2016

In upper reaches of the Chang (Yangtze) river, in Deqen prefecture, in northwestern part of the Yunnan province, karst is developed in Devonian carbonate rocks. The Shuilian cave, more than a kilometre long, formed along the contact of fine bedded metamorphosed calcitized sandy siltstones and calcitized siltstones. The cave has two entrances, the upper one being dry and the lower entrance with a steady water flow. It is situated in the steep slope about 70 m above the river level (1,965 m a.s.l.). In the paper a detailed analysis of rocks that host the cave is presented, and also a comprehensive description of the rock morphology and shapes of the cave conduits. Physico-chemical properties of water from cave and from a nearby spring were measured. The temperature and specific electric conductivity determinations indicate a relatively long underground residence time of water which, however, relatively poorly dissolve slowly dissoluble base rock. This could be the explanation for stagnation of the karst deepening with respect to erosional downcutting of the river Chang. In addition, further research is proposed.
Karst Hydrology in Ancient Myths from Arcadia and Argolis, Greece
Authors: Clendenon Cindy
Published: February 2016

The history of karst science includes ancient Greek literary narratives that describe the behavior of karstic waters, yet remain largely unrecognized for their hydrogeological relevance. This paper integrates karst hydrology with ancient myths and travelogues describing natural features in Arcadia and Argolis of the Greek Peloponnese. The karstic landscapes of these two regions were figuratively represented in the interrelated myths of the Danaids, Poseidon, and Amymone. In a nonmythical report of a historical occurrence, a deer hunter chased a deer into the temporarily flooded polje of ancient Stymphalus, but a sudden dislodging of the sinkhole debris plug caused the lake to drain so rapidly that the hunter and his prey were suctioned helplessly down into the whirlpool. Other ancient narratives described the subterranean connection of the Stymphalian polje and the Argolic springs of Erasinus. Some accounts stemmed from an ancient religious practice of throwing items into waters to propitiate the water gods: In one case, the watery disposition of propitiatory wreaths was determined by interweavings of the surface and subsurface components of the two karstic rivers named Alpheus and Eurotas. In other ancient accounts, certain rivers were said to sink underground at the coastline, travel through the bed of a bay or sea, and resurge as subaerial freshwater springs on the opposite shore of the saline waterbody.
Supportive methods for assessing effective porosity and regulating karst aquifers
Authors: Stevanović Zoran , Milanović Saša , Ristić Vesna
Published: February 2016

Regulation of a karst aquifer implies engineering interventions designed to control its flow and manage its water reserves. One of the most important prerequisites for the feasibility and suc­cess of regulation projects is proper assessment of aquifer ef­fective porosity (storativity) and accumulated groundwater reserves. This paper is focused on several specific methods whichcan contribute to a reliable assessment of the size and volume of effective storage in karst: cave diving survey, camera logging of cavities, stochastic analysis of discharge regime and 3D modelling of karst interior. The application of these meth­ods on selected test sites in Montenegro, Algeria and Serbia are described. These methods were applied as part of the researchprogramme conducted in the catchment of Mlava Spring, the largest spring in the Carpathian karst of Serbia. The results ob­tained by the stochastic analyses of the spring’s discharge re­gime, as well as siphon diving of the spring and 3D modelling for reconstruction of conduits networks in karst interior are particularly important.
The Use of Multiple Techniques for Conceptualisation of Lowland Karst, a case study from County Roscommon, Ireland
Authors: Hickey Caoimhe
Published: February 2016

This paper summarises researchcarried out in county Roscom­mon, Ireland to characterise the workings of low-lying karst, of whichlittle is known. The researchemployed a combination of five main investigative techniques, in conjunction: geomor­phological mapping, spring chemistry and discharge analyses, dye-tracing, microgravity geophysical investigations and bed­rock core drilling. The results enabled the production of a de­tailed conceptual model for the area. Surface and subsurface karst landform mapping revealed a highlevel of karstification. Clustering and alignment of recharge landforms is found to be a significant aspect of the karst. Analyses of spring chemistry and discharge data revealed characteristics of the aquifer sys­tems in operation. It was found that a significant percentage of flow is via enlarged conduits but that the smaller fractures are important for providing base flow. Water tracing experi­ments proved that water moved from highly karstified, el­evated recharge zones to springs at the periphery. Microgravity geophysical investigations, detected and located solutionally enlarged voids in the bedrock and demonstrated the impor­tance of the shallow epikarst system as well as a deeper con­duit network. Bedrock core drilling detailed the nature of the bedrock underneathkarst landforms and showed the successes and failings of the geophysical investigations. Spring catchment boundaries were then delineated using water balance equations and a combination of the information retrieved from the other methods. Using these results in combination large amounts of information were gathered leading to the production of the first conceptual model for the karst of Roscommon, whichcan be adapted and applied to IrishLowlands in general. The use of multiple, complimentary, investigative techniques in conjunc­tion greatly enhanced the accuracy and success of this project. The aim of this paper, therefore is to highlight the benefits of using many analytical techniques together.
Examining a Coupled Continuum Pipe-Flow Model for Groundwater Flow and Solute Transport in a Karst aquifer
Authors: Hu Bill X.
Published: February 2016

A coupled continuum pipe-flow (CCPF) model has been de­veloped for groundwater flow and solute transport in a karst aquifer withconduits. Groundwater flow in conduits is simu­lated througha pipe flow model and flow in fissured matrix rock is described by Darcy’s law. Water mass exchange between the two domains is modeled by a first-order exchange rate method. In this study, we investigate mathematical well-posed­ness (mathematical term, whichmeans solution existence and uniqueness) of the CCPF model, develop a finite elementary method to numerically approximate the mathematical model and study the convergence of the numerical method. The study results prove the modeling approachis mathematically well posed and numerically converged. To study the accuracy of the CCPF model, a recently developed Stokes-Darcy (SD) model and CCPF model are compared withlaboratory experimental results. It was found that the SD model simulations matchwell withexperimental results, but the CCPF model overestimates the hydraulic head in the matrix, especially around the matrix and conduit interface. The model underestimates solute trans­port in the conduit and does not capture the plume distribution in the matrix. In comparison withthe SD model, the CCPF model requires an additional parameter, the first-order mass exchange rate, and the parameter is normally obtained throughinverse method curve fitting. The SD method may provide an approachto directly estimate the parameter value.
Simulating Drainage from a Flooded Sinkhole
Authors: Field Malcolm S.
Published: February 2016

Understanding sinkhole-drainage capacity and functioning is critical to realizing the effects that may be created when direct­ing stormwater drainage into sinkholes. In this paper, the ba­sics of sinkhole drainage are reviewed in terms of point vortex flow created by drainage down a sinkhole swallet. Then, several different, relatively simple sinkhole shapes are presented and mathematical models developed to simulate drainage from in­flowing water. The models emphasize the significance of drain­age rate as a function of sinkhole shape and sinkhole wetted cross-sectional area relative to changes in water level and time. Model simulations provide insights into the sensitivity of sink­holes to inflow rates and water-level changes withtime. Ma­jor findings include insights into the rapidity by whichinflows may increase the water level in a sinkhole and the significance of sinkhole shape and cross-sectional area as it relates to sink­hole drainage rate. The numerical solution is completely gen­eral so it allows for varying inflow rates in any manner desired. Application of the model to real sinkholes should assist in the management of sinkhole-flooding problems.
A Darcian Model for the Flow of Big Spring and the hydraulic head in the Ozark aquifer, Missouri, USA
Authors: Criss Robert E.
Published: February 2016

The complex discharge hydrographfor Big Spring, Missouri, can be described as the sum of two terms governed by Darcy’s Law. The dominant, long-term component is proportional to the regional hydraulic gradient, and constitutes about 80% of the average flow of 12.6 m3/s. Superimposed on this is a tran­sient component witha time-constant of about 1.5 days that represents the Darcian response to sharp, rainfall-driven pulses on the head of the shallow groundwater system. This tran­sient component delivers about 20% of the average total flow, but over short intervals can exceed the long-term component. However, the long-term component is so large that the ratio of record highflows to the average flow is only about 4x for Big Spring, and 1.5 to 4.5x for most other large Ozark springs; for comparison, this ratio is 10 to 3000x for most surface streams in Missouri. The strong correlation between the discharge of the large springs and the head in the Ozark aquifer permits the extension of the Darcian rainfall-runoff model to predict groundwater levels in wells.
Hydrogeological study of the Malenščica karst spring (SW Slovenia) by means of a time series analysis
Authors: Kovačič Gregor
Published: February 2016

Time series analyses are often used for the investigation of karst aquifers, but are only rarely employed in a way of using a large number of spatially distributed time series. Furthermore, only a small number of applications employ other types of hydrologi­cal data apart from rainfall, water level and discharge. The pre­sented study of the Malenščica karst spring aquifer underlines the usefulness of the simultaneous auto- and cross-correlation analysis of daily and hourly hydrological data sets, including discharge, water level, temperature, electrical conductivity and rainfall on a regional scale. The results of the autocorre­lation analysis show that the storage capacity of the spring is moderate, but this does not indicate that the system, whichis characterized by prevailing conduit porosity, is less intensively karstified. This suggests that well-karstified systems of a more complex structure can have higher memory effects than less complex systems. The results of the cross-correlation analysis show that karst springs and watercourses in the investigated area react instantly and simultaneously to rather homogeneous precipitation, yet withdifferent intensity. In suchcases a cross-correlation analysis between rainfall or ponors as inputs and springs as outputs does not provide sufficient information on the hydrogeological functioning of the system, whereas the results of a cross-correlation analysis of electrical conductivity data sets provide valuable information on its functioning and can be easily compared to those obtained by tracer tests. On the other hand, the applicability of a temperature time series in suchcomplex karst systems is limited. A comparative analysis of the results of the time series analyses performed in succes­sive hydrological years has proven that the selection of the hy­drological year can have strong effects on the results of a time series analysis.
Hydrogeological functioning of a karst aquifer deduced from hydrochemical components and natural organic tracers present in spring waters. The case of Yedra Spring (Southern Spain)
Authors: Mudarra Matías , Andreo Bartolomé
Published: February 2016

The major chemical parameters, TOC and natural fluorescence of Yedra spring, Malaga province, southern Spain were moni­tored from April 2008 to March2009. The electrical conductiv­ity and the concentrations of most major ions decreased follow­ing recharge periods. The TOC and NO3–, representing tracers from the soil that infiltrate throughthe unsaturated zone, were found to vary inversely withthe Mg2+ content, whichis a natu­ral indicator of groundwater residence time. Furthermore, a strong, direct relation was found between TOC and the natu­ral fluorescence associated withhumic and fulvic acids. Bothparameters respond similarly to rainfall events, exhibiting sig­nificant increases during recharge followed by reductions dur­ing recession. This relation means that TOC mainly originates from organic acids. The results document rapid infiltration pro­cesses witha lag of less than one day following rainfall, whichis typical of a karst aquifer withconduit flow, rapid drainage and limited natural regulation. The combined use of conventional hydrochemical parameters and natural organic tracers facili­tates aquifer characterization and validates the vulnerability to contamination.
Nano aerosols in the Postojnska jama
Authors: Iskra Ivan , Kávási Norbert , Vaupotič Janja
Published: February 2016

At the lowest point in the Postojnska Jama (jama = cave), concentration and size distribution of non-radioactive aerosols in the size range of 10–1,000 nm were measured and their concentrations are compared with those of radioactive aerosols carrying radon short-lived decay products (218Po, 214Pb and 214Bi) obtained previously. Concentration of non-radioactive aerosols during morning hours was in the range 600–2,750 cm–3, with about 90% of particles smaller than 50 nm. On the other hand, concentration of radioactive aerosols smaller than 50 nm was several radionuclide atoms per 1 cm3 and the bigger ones, less than 1 atom per 1 cm3.
Hypogenic caves in Western Umbria (Central Italy)
Authors: Menichetti Marco
Published: February 2016

Three karst areas located in the western sector of the Umbria Region (Central Italy) are here described: one northof Perugia, and the others to the south, close to Todi. All the end members of karst processes, from solution caves to Quaternary travertine deposits, are present in this region, associated withCO2 and H2S emissions. The geological and hydrogeological aspects of the main karst systems are analyzed and their underground morphologies and patterns taken into account. Caves have different sizes and vary from a single conduit to complex systems, where the passages show features related to a possible hypogenic speleogenesis. In the area northof Perugia there are small horizontal and vertical solution caves developed in poorly karstified marly limestone, along fracture systems, where phreatic morphologies are prevalent. The endogenic CO2 emissions seem to drive the underground karst evolution. Pozzi della Piana, located west of the town of Todi, is a fossil branchform network cave system developed in a Quaternary travertine and extending for more than 2500 m. The cave passages are arranged on at least two levels, withphreatic morphologies, cupola ceilings, and blind pits. Microcrystalline spalled gypsum blocks are associated withcusp features and wall pockets. The cave-forming process is believed to be linked to travertine deposition by supersaturated carbonate hydrothermal water richin H2S. In the Parrano area, the underground karst system consists of solution caves extending for many hundreds of meters at different elevations in bothsides of a small gorge. The cave patterns vary from single conduits to ramiform passages withanastomotic galleries and pits that intercept the water table witha temperature of 26°C, p CO2 of 10-1 atm, and H2S concentrations of 10 mg/l. Spongework, corrosion pockets, and cupola ceilings are common morphologies, withgypsum replacing limestone wall deposits. Cave formation by hypogenic speleo genesis is also well known in the Apennine karst system of M. Cucco and Frasassi, where bothfossil and active processes are observable. The same processes are responsible for the genesis of these karst systems in different geological and hydrogeological contexts.
Hypogean microclimatology and hydrology of the 800-900 m asl level in the Monte Corchia cave (Tuscany, Italy): preliminary considerations and implications for paleoclimatological studies
Authors: Baneschi Ilaria , Piccini Leonardo , Regattieri Eleonora , Isola Ilaria , Guidi Massimo , Lotti Licia , Mantelli Francesco , Menichetti Marco , Drysdale Russell N. , Zanchetta Giovanni
Published: February 2016

The Monte Corchia Cave is one of the most promising sites for studying the paleoclimate of the Mediterranean basin, but its hydrology and hydrogeochemistry are still poorly known. In this paper, we report some meteoclimatic and hydrochemical data for different parts of the cave. Conductivity and water level data from La Gronda channel show that this system reacts rapidly to external meteoric events, indicating the presence of a conductive epikarst. Data on two different drips indicate that the physicochemical parameters, suchas conductivity, pH, δ13CDIC and drip rate depend on the local structural setting and water pathlength. The data presented show that Galleria delle Stalattiti (the focus of the paleoclimate research) has the most stable conditions in terms of temperature, and the dripwaters show constant pH, electrical conductivity, alkalinity, calcium and magnesium content and δ18O. Drip rate is not affected by rain events and displays long-term trends that require a longer period of monitoring for elucidating their nature. The preliminary data presented here corroborate the hypotheses suggesting Galleria delle Stalattiti as a good example of a “deep” hypogean system of Fairchild et al. (2007).
Deterioration of the black Drenov Grič limestone on historical monuments (Ljubljana, Slovenia)
Authors: Kramar Sabina , Mladenović Ana , Pristacz Helmut , Mirtič Breda
Published: February 2016

The black limestone from Drenov Grič quarry (Central Slovenia) is considered one of the most beautiful Slovenian natural stones due to its typical color. The limestone was characterized from mineralogical, chemical, and petrophysical points of view. Furthermore, deterioration phenomena of the limestone from two monuments exposed to indoor and outdoor environments were studied. In situ investigation of two monuments by means of monument mapping has identified several types of deterioration phenomena, such as granular disintegration, flaking, crumbling, efflorescences, crusts, and the presence of microorganisms. Samples were characterized using Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray Powder Diffraction Analysis (XRD), porosity accessible to water under vacuum, capillary absorption, Mercury porosimetry (MIP), and Ar-sorption. Although very low values of porosity of the fresh stone as well as slow capillary kinetics were determined, both monuments showed severe deterioration as a consequence of the transport and precipitation of soluble salts within the stone.
Dolomite in speleothems of Snežna Jama cave
Authors: Martín Pérez Andrea , Košir Adrijan , Otonicar Bojan
Published: February 2016

In Snežna Jama cave, Slovenia, extensive speleothems composed of dolomite, aragonite and hydromagnesite have been found, occurring as 5 cm thick globular crusts coating the host rock. Arborescent aragonite constitutes the skeleton of the crust, whereas dolomite is cementing, coating and replacing the aragonite. The dolomite displays two distinctive fabrics: coarse rounded to spheroidal crystals, frequently showing fibrous-radial and concentric patterns, and microcrystalline aggregates. Dissolution of the dolostone host rock has provided Mg, which is the main control on the precipitation of aragonite, dolomite and hydromagnesite. Dolomite precipitation could be promoted by increased Mg/Ca ratios due to the prior precipitation of calcite and aragonite and by forced degassing due to ventilation caused by the existence of shafts cutting the main cave passage and a former entrance to the cave. However, in many caves such conditions do not lead to the formation of dolomite and so we discuss other mechanisms which might promote dolomite precipitation, like the possible contribution of microbes, or the transformation of precursor phases such as amorphous Ca-Mg carbonates, or hydromagnesite.