bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The frequency of mucosal‐associated invariant T cells is selectively increased in dermatitis herpetiformis
Authors: Li Jane , Reantragoon Rangsima , Kostenko Lyudmila , Corbett Alexandra Jane , Varigos George , Carbone Francis Robert
Published: March 2016

Background/Objectives

Mucosal‐associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a novel subset of innate‐like T‐cells that are enriched in mucosal tissues. Their presence in human skin has only recently been recognised. We describe the expression of skin‐tropic molecules on human skin MAIT cells at steady state and investigate their contribution to various dermatoses with known T‐cell involvement.

Methods

To examine the expression of skin‐tropic molecules by MAIT cells at steady state, we performed a flow cytometric analysis of blood and skin samples from healthy donors. To investigate any potential wider contribution of MAIT cells to skin disease, we examined psoriasis, alopecia areata and dermatitis herpetiformis biopsies using immunofluorescent staining to identify the proportion of T‐cells expressing MAIT cell surface markers.

Results

We found that MAIT cells constituted a small population of T‐cells in normal human skin, similar to the percentage found in peripheral blood. Like other skin T‐cells, skin MAIT cells expressed high levels of the skin‐associated markers, cutaneous lymphocyte antigen and CD103. In psoriasis and alopecia areata the proportion of MAIT cells was similar to that found in normal skin, but in dermatitis herpetiformis it was significantly elevated.

Conclusions

The expression of skin‐tropic molecules by skin MAIT cells is consistent with their resident status in normal human skin. Our results suggest that MAIT cells may play a role in the pathogenesis of dermatitis herpetiformis.
Choice of underwear and male fecundity in a preconception cohort of couples
Authors: Sapra K. J. , Eisenberg M. L. , Kim S. , Chen Z. , Buck Louis G. M.
Published: March 2016

Our objective was to investigate the relationship between male underwear‐type worn during daytime/bedtime and male fecundity as measured by semen quality and time‐to‐pregnancy. We used data from a prospective preconception cohort conducted in 16 counties in Michigan and Texas, USA. 501 couples were enrolled and followed for 12 months of trying, which facilitated capture of time‐to‐pregnancy (in cycles), 6‐cycle conception delay, and 12‐month infertility. Male partners provided semen samples via in‐home collection for next‐day semen analysis comprised of 35 semen quality endpoints. At enrollment, men provided information on type of underwear worn during daytime and bedtime and were classified into 6 categories by underwear choice (n = 491): (i) briefs day/night, (ii) boxer‐briefs day/night, (iii) boxers day/night, (iv) briefs day and boxers/none at night, (v) boxer‐briefs day and boxers/none at night, (vi) boxers day and none at night. 473 (96%) men had semen analysis performed. Men switching from their usual daytime underwear to boxers/none for bed (groups 4, 5, 6) had the most evidence of change in semen quality endpoints (10 of 11 differences) relative to men wearing briefs day/night (group 1). Group 4 men had lower percent of sperm with coiled tail (β = −0.18, 95% CI: −0.35, −0.01), higher percent round (β = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.42), number of immature sperm (β = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.77), and amplitude head displacement (β = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.10, 1.03). Group 5 men had higher sperm head perimeter (β=0.17, 95% CI: 0.002, 0.34), amplitude head displacement (β = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.91), percent cytoplasmic droplet (β = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.77) and high DNA stainability (β=0.39, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.78). After false discovery rate control, no differences remained significant. No significant differences in time‐to‐pregnancy, conception delay, or infertility were observed. In summary, male underwear choice is associated with few differences in semen parameters; no association with time‐to‐pregnancy is observed providing reassurance to couples attempting pregnancy.
A prospective open clinical trial of a proton pump inhibitor, elimination diet and/or budesonide for eosinophilic oesophagitis
Authors: Philpott H. , Nandurkar S. , Royce S. G. , Thien F. , Gibson P. R.
Published: March 2016

Background

Elimination diets and high‐dose proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are advocated as first‐line treatments in patients with eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE).

Aim

To record the treatment outcome for patients with EoE prospectively managed according to a clinical algorithm.

Methods

Patients with oesophageal eosinophilia commenced esomeprazole 40 mg twice daily for 8 weeks. Those in histological remission were re‐classified as PPI‐responsive oesophageal eosinophilia. Nonresponders were offered the 6‐food elimination diet with a PPI, or topical budesonide monotherapy (1 mg orally twice daily as an aqueous gel). Once disease control was achieved remission was reassessed at 3 months (all modalities) and an additional 6 months (diet group).

Results

Of 107 patients who completed 8 weeks of PPI, 25 (23%) were PPI‐responsive. 56 of 81 (69%) of patients with EoE chose the elimination diet with PPI. 29 (52%) had complete remission, 23 completed dietary reintroduction and food triggers were identified in 20 (36%). 25 chose budesonide with 23/25 (92%) responding. Remission was sustained in >85% of patients at 3 months with all treatment modalities. At 9 months, only 10/18 (55%) of patients who responded to the elimination diet with PPI remained complaint and sustained remission.

Conclusions

Many patients previously diagnosed with EoE will respond to PPI. Initial response >50% is possible with the elimination diet plus PPI, but many will fail to undergo food reintroduction, or will cease the diet and relapse, resulting in only one in four patient sustaining remission at 9 months. Budesonide is very effective short term, but longer term study is needed.
Beyond capitalocentricism: are non‐capitalist work practices ‘alternatives’?
Authors: White Richard J , Williams Colin C
Published: March 2016

It is widely believed that there is no alternative to capitalism. Over the last two decades however, the critical geography literature on diverse economies has demonstrated the existence of alternatives to capitalism by revealing the persistence of non‐capitalist forms of work and organisation. The aim in this paper is to question the validity and usefulness of continuing to frame these non‐capitalist practices as ‘alternatives’. Positioning non‐capitalist economic practices as ‘alternatives’ fails to capture not only the ubiquity of such practices in everyday life, but also how those engaging in them do not see them as ‘alternatives’ in the sense of a second choice, or less desirable option, to capitalist practices. The intention in doing so is to reveal that it is not non‐capitalist practices that are ‘alternative’ but rather, capitalist practices themselves, thus opening up the future to the possibility of a non‐capitalist world more fully than has so far been the case.
Emerging Practice in Responsible Supply Chain Management: Closed‐Pipe Supply Chain of Conflict‐Free Minerals from the Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Taka Miho
Published: March 2016

Minerals originated from eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) are blamed for financing violent conflict in the area over the past decade and have been called conflict minerals. They vividly demonstrate a key human rights issue facing responsible supply chain management. The conflict minerals issue has led to a significant shift in responsible supply chain management in two ways: extending producer responsibility to respect human rights in the total supply chain through establishing traceability and transparency; and developing legally binding supply chain responsibility.

This article examines an emerging effort to source conflict‐free minerals using closed‐pipe supply chain in the DRC as a new strategy to respond to the above paradigm shift. By exploring whether this new strategy can contribute to conflict prevention in the DRC, this article argues that the closed‐pipe supply chain allows building long‐term relationship with various stakeholders and has the potential to transform socio‐economic structures in the producing communities, thereby leading to peacebuilding in the long run.
Managing Contradiction: Stockholder and Stakeholder Views of the Firm as Paradoxical Opportunity
Authors: Clark Cynthia E. , Steckler Erica L. , Newell Sue
Published: March 2016

Stockholder and stakeholder perspectives have been positioned in the literature as being in tension, and thus a potential source of innovation and change. However, researchers have overlooked a systematic examination of this presumption in theory and in practice. This study explores the ways that stockholder and stakeholder assumptions are presented by theorists and compares these with expressions of stockholder and stakeholder perspectives used by firms in practice. We argue that theoretical entrenchment dichotomizing these perspectives has disrupted the ability of researchers to leverage this tension. While scholarship remains trapped in a vicious cycle, we also argue that firms in practice express only the acceptance dimension of a virtuous cycle. Our empirical research demonstrates that firms accept and accommodate the paradoxical tension between managing for stockholders versus balancing the interests of stakeholders. This is evidenced by strategies we identify as book‐ending, cadence, continuous and simultaneous co‐mingling, and hybridization. We find that in practice these tensions are more integrated whereas in theory they are treated as more distinct and, often, in conflict. We suggest ways in which both scholarship and practice can better leverage tension as paradoxical opportunity.
Residential Mortgages and Public Policy: What to do with Fannie and Freddie?
Authors: Kohn David , Sagner James S.
Published: March 2016

The current debate on U.S. housing policy focuses on the role of the government in supporting the mortgage market. Existing organizations (Fannie Mae/Freddie Mac) are in conservatorship status, and Congress is considering alternative structures and guarantees including the Johnson‐Crapo bill, to provide catastrophic insurance in support of the coverage from private companies. The resolution of this issue is complicated by the various activities involved in the issue—investment securities, public policy, macroeconomics, accounting, and insurance. This article reviews the impact of these activities on U.S. housing, with a discussion of the feasibility of creating a catastrophic insurance program similar to that of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. The federal government has successfully operated catastrophic insurance programs in support of private sector initiatives, and this experience—while certainly not perfect—may be a reasonable approach to the current Fannie/Freddie dilemma.
Neuroinflammation in Synucleinopathies
Authors: Lim Somin , Chun Yewon , Lee Jun Sung , Lee Seung‐Jae
Published: March 2016

The causes of most neurodegenerative diseases are attributed to multiple genetic and environmental factors interacting with one another. Above all, inflammation in the nervous system has been implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases. Still, the roles of neuroinflammation in disease mechanisms and the triggers of inflammatory responses in disease‐inflicted brain tissues seem to remain unclear. This review will examine previous studies that had been done from genetic, pathological and epidemiological perspectives. These studies assess the involvement of neuroinflammation in synucleinopathies, a group of neurodegenerative diseases that are characterized by deposition of α‐synuclein aggregates such as Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy. The review will also discuss the role of α‐synuclein aggregates in triggering inflammatory responses from glial cells. It is expected that a precise assessment of the roles and mechanisms of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases will pave the way for the development of disease‐modifying drugs.
Exocytosis and Spreading of Normal and Aberrant α‐Synuclein
Authors: Emmanouilidou Evangelia , Vekrellis Kostas
Published: March 2016

It is now established that α‐synuclein can be physiologically secreted to the extracellular space. In this sense, mechanisms that govern the secretion of the protein may be of importance in the initiation and progress of synucleinopathies. It is possible that increased secretion may aid the formation of toxic seeds extracellularly. Alternatively, reduced presence of extracellular α‐synuclein due to impaired secretion may increase the intracellular load and trigger intracellular seeding. Once outside, α‐synuclein can exert various paracrine actions on neighboring cells again by mechanisms that have not been fully elucidated. It has been demonstrated that, when applied extracellularly, α‐synuclein species can induce multiple neurotoxic and inflammatory responses, and aid the transmission of pathology between neurons. Still, the exact mechanism(s) by which secreted α‐synuclein affects the homeostasis of other neurons is still not well understood. A portion of α‐synuclein has been shown to be associated with the surface and lumen of exosomes which can transfer it to the surrounding cells, and potentially trigger seeding. Interestingly, increased exosome release has been linked to pathological situations of lysosomal dysfunction as observed in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the possibility that the observed α‐synuclein pathology spread is attributable to the passive diffusion of the initial injected α‐synuclein strains cannot be excluded. Importantly, most of the studies that have so far addressed the role of extracellular α‐synuclein have not employed naturally secreted forms of the protein. It is plausible that deregulation in the normal processing of secreted α‐synuclein may aid the formation of “toxic” species and as such it may also be a causative risk factor for PD. In this capacity, elucidation of the underlying mechanisms that regulate the protein‐levels of extracellular α‐synuclein becomes essential. Such mechanisms could involve its proteolytic clearance from the extracellular milieu.
NETosis-associated serum biomarkers are reduced in type 1 diabetes in association with neutrophil count
Authors: Qin J , Fu S , Speake C , Greenbaum C J , Odegard J M
Published: March 2016

As the immune pathways involved in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) are not fully understood, biomarkers implicating novel mechanisms of disease are of great interest and call for independent evaluation. Recently, it was reported that individuals with T1D display dramatic elevations in circulating components of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), indicating a potential role for NETosis in T1D. Our aim was to evaluate further the potential of NET-associated proteins as novel circulating biomarkers in T1D. We tested serum from subjects with T1D (n = 44) with a median age of 26·5 years and a median duration of 2·2 years, along with 38 age-matched controls. T1D subjects did not show elevations in either neutrophil elastase (NE) or proteinase 3 (PR3), as reported previously. In fact, both NE and PR3 levels were reduced significantly in T1D subjects, particularly in subjects within 3 years of diagnosis, consistent with the known reduction in neutrophil counts in recent-onset T1D. Indeed, levels of both NE and PR3 correlated with absolute neutrophil counts. Therefore, while not ruling out potential local or transient spikes in NETosis activity, the levels of these serum markers do not support a role for systemically elevated NETosis in the T1D population we studied. Rather, a modest reduction in these markers may reflect other important aspects of disease activity associated with reduced neutrophil numbers.
Liothyronine use in a 17 year observational population‐based study ‐ the tears study
Authors: Leese Graham P. , Soto‐Pedre Enrique , Donnelly Louise A.
Published: March 2016

Objective

To look at adverse outcomes for patients on liothyronine compared to l‐thyroxine. Some trials have examined the relative merits of liothyronine but none have looked at adverse outcomes in large numbers.

Study Design

An observational study of all patients prescribed thyroid hormone replacement in Tayside Scotland (population 400 000) from 1997 to 2014.

Patients

A study group of patients having ever used liothyronine (n = 400) was compared to those who had only used l‐thyroxine (n = 33 955). All patients were followed up until end‐point, death or leaving Tayside.

Measurements

Mortality rates and admissions with cardiovascular disease, atrial fibrillation, fractures, breast cancer and mental diseases were compared. Incident use of bisphosphonates, statins, antidepressants and antipsychotics was compared.

Results

Compared to patients only taking l‐thyroxine, those using liothyronine had no increased risk of cardiovascular disease [hazard ratio (HR) 1·04; 95% CI 0·70–1·54], atrial fibrillation (HR 0·91: 0·47–1·75), or fractures (HR 0·79: 0·49–1·27) after adjusting for age. There was no difference in the number of prescriptions for bisphosphonates or statins. There was an increased risk of new prescriptions for antipsychotic medication (HR 2·26: 1·64–3·11 P < 0·0001) which was proportional to the number of liothyronine prescriptions. There was a non‐significant trend towards an increase in breast cancer and new use of antidepressant medications. During follow‐up, median TSH was higher for patients on l‐thyroxine alone (2·08 vs 1·07 mU/L; P < 0·001).

Conclusion

For patients taking long‐term liothyronine we did not identify any additional risk of atrial fibrillation, cardiovascular disease or fractures. There was an increased incident use of antipsychotic medication during follow‐up.
Can the follow‐up of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma of low and intermediate risk and excellent response to initial therapy be simplified using second‐generation thyroglobulin assays?
Authors: Rosario Pedro Weslley , Mourão Gabriela Franco , Calsolari Maria Regina
Published: March 2016

Objective

In view of the low probability of recurrence, the cost‐effective follow‐up of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) of low or intermediate risk and excellent response to initial therapy represents a challenge. This study evaluated the cases of structural recurrence among these patients.

Patients

The sample comprised 578 patients with PTC of low or intermediate risk, who were submitted to total thyroidectomy with or without 131I therapy and exhibited an excellent response to initial therapy defined based on nonstimulated thyroglobulin (Tg) ≤0·2 ng/ml and negative neck ultrasonography (US).

Results

Twelve patients (2%) showed structural recurrence. At the time when recurrence was ‘confirmed’, Tg elevation had not occurred in only two patients, one with lymph node metastases <1 cm detected by US and the other with pulmonary metastases. Antithyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) were undetectable in both patients. The first alteration observed in patients with recurrence was Tg elevation in six patients, Tg elevation associated with suspicious US in three, and suspicious US in two. An increase in TgAb was not the first alteration in any of the patients. Among the 560 patients who continued to have Tg ≤ 0·2 ng/ml, US permitted the detection of only one neck recurrence. Measurement of TgAb did not detect any recurrence.

Conclusion

Our results confirm that in patients with PTC of low or intermediate risk an excellent response to initial therapy can be defined based on nonstimulated Tg ≤ 0·2 ng/ml. Follow‐up consisting only of clinical examination and periodic measurement of Tg with a second‐generation assay may be sufficient.
Occupational contact allergy to components of polyester resin systems
Authors: Aalto‐Korte Kristiina , Suuronen Katri
Published: March 2016

Background

Allergic contact dermatitis caused by polyester resin is considered to be rare.

Objectives

To describe 11 new patients diagnosed with occupational contact allergy to components of polyester resin systems in 1994–2009.

Methods

Data on occupations, patch test results, symptoms and exposure to polyester products were retrieved from patient files, covering 1994 to February 2015.

Results

Five patients reacted to unsaturated polyester resin putties. In 3 of these cases, putties were considered to be the main cause of the dermatitis. Four patients had cobalt allergy resulting from cobalt salts that were used as accelerators in polyester resins. Three patients were sensitized to triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC), a cross‐linker in polyester powder paints.

Conclusions

Two product types are of particular importance in contact allergy to polyester resin: powder paints cured by heat with TGIC as the cross‐linker, and car putties. Car putties are used not only in repair car painting, but also in some industrial trades to smoothen surfaces before painting. As commercial patch test substances of polyester resin putties are lacking, patients' own products need to be tested. Cobalt salts are used in several types of polyester resin product as accelerators, and these must be considered as a possible cause of cobalt sensitization.
Future land use threats to range‐restricted fish species in the United States
Authors: Januchowski‐Hartley Stephanie R. , Holtz Lauren A. , Martinuzzi Sebastian , McIntyre Peter B. , Radeloff Volker C. , Pracheil Brenda M.
Published: March 2016

Aim

Land use change is one major threat to freshwater biodiversity, and land use change scenarios can help to assess threats from future land use change, thereby guiding proactive conservation decisions. Our goal was to identify which range‐restricted freshwater fish species are most likely to be affected by land use change and to determine where threats to these species from future land use change in the conterminous United States are most pronounced.

Location

United States of America.

Methods

We focused on range‐restricted freshwater fish species, identified which of these species are considered threatened based on either the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)'s Red List or the Endangered Species Act (ESA), and compared their distributions to patterns of future land use changes by 2051 under three scenarios.

Results

We found that 14% of the range‐restricted species had >30% of their distribution area occupied by intensive land use in 2001, and this number increased from 27 to 58% by 2051 depending on the land use scenario. Among the 57 species most likely to be strongly affected by intensive land use, only 26% of these species are currently listed as threatened on the IUCN Red List, and 12% are listed as threatened under the ESA.

Main conclusions

Our approach demonstrates the value of considering future land use change scenarios in extinction risk assessment frameworks and offers guidelines for how this could be achieved for future assessments.
Correlates of psychological care strategies for people with diabetes in the second Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes and Needs (DAWN2™) study
Authors: Holt R. I. G. , Nicolucci A. , Kovacs Burns K. , Lucisano G. , Skovlund S. E. , Forbes A. , Kalra S. , Menéndez Torre E. , Munro N. , Peyrot M.
Published: March 2016

Aims

To assess the ways in which healthcare professionals address psychological problems of adults with diabetes in the second Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes and Needs (DAWN2™) study.

Methods

Approximately 120 primary care physicians, 80 diabetes specialists and 80 nurses and dietitians providing diabetes care participated in each of 17 countries (N=4785). Multiple regression analyses were used to evaluate independent statistically significant associations of respondent attributes concerning psychological care strategies, including assessment of diabetes impact on the patient's life, assessment of depression, provision of psychological assessment and support, and coordination with mental health professionals.

Results

Psychological care strategies were positively associated with each other but differed by healthcare practice site and discipline; nurses and dietitians were less likely to assess depression than other healthcare professionals, while primary care physicians were less likely to coordinate with mental health specialists or ask patients how diabetes affects their lives. Psychological care was positively associated with healthcare professionals' beliefs that patients need help dealing with emotional issues and that clinical success depends on doing so, and also with level of psychological care training, multidisciplinary team membership and availability of resources for psychological care. There were significant between‐country variations in psychological care strategies, before and after adjustment for individual‐level factors, and significant country‐by‐covariate interactions for almost all individual‐level factors investigated.

Conclusions

Improvements in training and resources, recognition and assessment of psychological problems, and increased belief in the efficacy of psychological support may enhance healthcare professionals' efforts to address psychological problems in adults with diabetes.
Ecclesiology and Ethics: A Critical Self‐Reflection1
Authors: Makgoba Thabo
Published: March 2016

This contribution is based on the welcoming remarks of the Most Revd Dr Thabo Makgoba, the Chancellor of the University of the Western Cape, who opened the conference on “Ecclesiology and Ethics: The State of Ecumenical Theology in Africa,” hosted by the Department of Religion and Theology and the Desmond Tutu Centre for Spirituality, held at the University of the Western Cape on 3–5 June 2015. It is included here in the form in which it was presented at that conference.
Venture Capitalists’ Experience and Foreign IPOs: Evidence from China
Authors: Zhang Jing , Yu Huizhi
Published: March 2016

Integrating signaling theory with social network theory, we investigate the influence of venture capitalists’ (VCs’) IPO experience on the likelihood of foreign IPO successes. Using data from VC–backed Chinese companies listed on the U.S. or Chinese stock markets from 2002 to 2012, we find that U.S. VCs’ experience in either market increases the chance of listing in the United States. However, Chinese VCs’ experience in the United States plays the same role, but not in China. For entrepreneurs who desire to pursue opportunities in international capital markets, the novel findings offer important implications in their VC selection decisions.
Glucose‐regulated protein 78 (GRP78) binds directly to PIP3 phosphatase SKIP and determines its localization
Authors: Ijuin Takeshi , Hatano Naoya , Takenawa Tadaomi
Published: March 2016

Skeletal muscle and kidney‐enriched inositol polyphosphate phosphatase (SKIP), a PIP3 phosphatase, has been implicated in the regulation of insulin signaling in skeletal muscle. SKIP interacts with Pak1 and glucose‐regulated protein 78 (GRP78), both of which are necessary for the regulation of insulin signaling. In this study, we showed that GRP78 directly binds to the SKIP C‐terminal homology (SKICH) domain of SKIP and that this binding is necessary for the localization of SKIP at the ER. In addition, in vitro binding analysis showed that GRP78 and Pak1 competitively bind to SKIP. Taken together, these findings suggest a model by which GRP78 regulates intracellular localization of SKIP and how SKIP binds to Pak1 on insulin stimulation.
Efficacy and safety of Cinacalcet on secondary hyperparathyroidism in Chinese chronic kidney disease patients receiving hemodialysis
Authors: Mei Changlin , Chen Nan , Ding Xiaoqiang , Yu Xueqing , Wang Li , Qian Jiaqi , Wang Mei , Jiang Gengru , Li Xuemei , Hou Fanfan , Zuo Li , Wang Niansong , Liu Hong
Published: March 2016

Introduction Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) develops in patients with chronic renal failure. Cinacalcet hydrochloride has been used successfully in U.S., Europe, and Japan in the treatment of SHPT, while maintaining serum levels of calcium and phosphorus. The efficacy and safety profile of Cinacalcet treatment vs. conventional treatments has been of great interest in clinical practice. In this recent phase III study conducted in China, efficacy and safety of a calcimimetic agent, Cinacalcet (Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd.), were assessed for SHPT treatment in stable chronic renal disease patients on hemodialysis.

Methods In this double‐blind, multicenter, placebo‐controlled, randomized phase III study, 238 subjects were enrolled in 12 centers and randomly divided into a Cinacalcet group and a placebo group. The percentage of patients achieving a serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) level ≤250 pg/mL was the primary efficacy end point. Serum calcium and phosphorus levels were measured. Adverse events and serious adverse events were recorded, and causal analysis performed.

Findings In primary analysis, 25.4% of the Cinacalcet group and 3.5% of the placebo group achieved the primary end point (PTH ≤250 pg/mL). Calcium and phosphorus levels and calcium–phosphorus product were lower in the Cinacalcet group compared with the placebo group. Eleven serious adverse events were reported and considered to be not related to study drugs. Mild to moderate hypocalcemia and reduced calcium levels were reported and considered to be Cinacalcet related.

Discussion This phase III study demonstrated that Cinacalcet is effective and well tolerated in treating SHPT in Chinese chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis, and in a patient population with much higher baseline PTH levels.
Evaluation of anti‐microbial activities of ZnO, citric acid and a mixture of both against Propionibacterium acnes
Authors: Bae J. Y. , Park S. N.
Published: March 2016

Objective

In this study, anti‐microbial activities of ZnO of three different particle sizes of citric acid (CA) and of mixtures of ZnO and CA were confirmed against Propionibacterium acnes.

Methods

ZnO with the smallest particle size showed relatively high anti‐microbial activity by disc diffusion assay and broth macrodilution assay. The mixtures of ZnO and CA also showed relatively high anti‐microbial activity when the particle size of ZnO was the smallest. Furthermore, anti‐microbial activities of ZnO, CA and the mixtures of ZnO and CA were compared through the checkerboard assay.

Results

The results indicated that a 1 : 1 ratio of ZnO and CA resulted in the highest anti‐microbial activity. The substances were confirmed to have synergic anti‐microbial effects. With the time‐kill curve assay, the mixture of ZnO‐containing CA reduced the surviving microbial content the most after 24 h.

Conclusion

The results of our study suggest that ZnO may not only be an anti‐microbial ingredient for the prevention of and treatment of acne. The results of our study suggest that ZnO may be an anti‐microbial ingredient for the prevention of and treatment of acne when mixed with CA.
Prenatal Reflective Functioning and Accumulated Risk as Predictors of Maternal Interactive Behavior During Free Play, the Still‐Face Paradigm, and Two Teaching Tasks
Authors: Smaling Hanneke J. A. , Huijbregts Stephan C. J. , Suurland Jill , van der Heijden Kristiaan B. , Mesman Judi , van Goozen Stephanie H. M. , Swaab Hanna
Published: March 2016

This study examined whether prenatal reflective functioning (RF) was related to mothers’ interactive style across contexts with their 6‐month‐old infants (Mage = 6.02 months,SD = 0.41, 54% boys), and to what extent quality of prenatalRFcould account for the influence of accumulated risk on maternal interactive behavior. Accumulated risk was defined as the sum‐score of a selection of risk factors that have been associated with suboptimal infant development. Mother–infant dyads (N = 133) were observed during free play, two teaching tasks, and the Still‐Face Paradigm (SFP). Better prenatalRFwas associated with more positive maternal behavior in all settings and less negative behavior during teaching andSFPreengagement. Accumulated risk and prenatalRFpredicted shared variance in maternal interactive behavior (with unique predictive effects observed only forRFon sensitivity during teaching andSFPplay, and for accumulated risk on sensitivity and positive engagement duringSFPplay, and internalizing‐helplessness duringSFPreengagement). Accumulated risk had an indirect effect on maternal sensitivity during teaching andSFPplay through prenatalRF. These findings suggest not only thatRFmay be targeted prenatally to improve mother–infant interactions, but also that enhancingRFskills may ameliorate some of the negative consequences from more stable perinatal risk factors that influence parent–child interactions.
Retrospective study of the application of acellular dermis in reconstructing full‐thickness skin defects
Authors: Chen Baoguo , Song Huifeng
Published: March 2016

The purpose of the article is to evaluate the acellular dermis' utility in reconstructing full‐thickness defects after scar contracture releasing and giant nevus resection. From the year 2012 to 2014, 18 consecutive patients underwent composite graft (thin autograft and alloderma) transplantation. Among these patients, 16 patients suffered from burned scar contracture in the upper extremities, and two young cases were met with giant nevus on the upper extremity. Ten of 13 adult cases with upper extremity scar affection were chosen for a comparative study. Twenty hands were randomly allocated into group A and group B. The thick autograft was used to repair one upper extremity in group B, and the composite grafts were used to cover the other upper extremity in group A. Besides appraisal of the recipient sites' function and aesthetics, donor sites were also estimated after a mean of 12 months' follow‐up through the Vancouver Scar Score Scale. After evaluation in the above comparative study through the Vancouver Score Scale, in the recipient evaluation, no statistical difference was found in the pigmentation score between two groups, while statistical difference was achieved in other aspects (vascularity, pliability, height). In the donor site's evaluation, statistical difference was established between the two groups in all facets. One adult patient was dissatisfied with the hypertrophic scar on the donor site, and about almost a half of the area became a hypertrophic scar in the recipient site. No atrophic change occurred; one little girl, suffering from large nevus, was operated on by removing nearly the whole giant nevus on the upper limb. Unfortunately, she presented with finger tip necrosis occurring. The finger tip was not ultimately preserved and was repaired with an abdomen flap. Acellular dermal matrix is an excellent option and a useful tool for reconstructing large full‐thickness skin defects after releasing burned scar contracture and removing giant nevus. With thin‐skin graft meshed, a donor site's presentation brings courage to patients, while recipient sites can reach nearly the same elasticity and function compared to thick‐grafted skin.
Serum Beta‐Trace Protein as a Novel Predictor of Pregnancy‐Induced Hypertension
Authors: Duan Bide , Zhang Lei , Ding Xiaoyan , Li Ling , Li Yuan , Geng Hui , Ma Yuyan
Published: March 2016

Beta‐trace protein (BTP) has emerged as a novel biomarker of cardiovascular risk. However, the level of circulating BTP in pregnancy‐induced hypertension (PIH) is still unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of serum BTP in healthy pregnant women and patients with PIH. No significant difference was found in the serum concentration of BTP in patients with a normal pregnancy. In contrast, serum BTP levels in women with PIH (n=46) were significantly higher than those in women with normal pregnancy (n=57). Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that using a serum BTP value of 321.3 ng/mL as a cutoff produced a sensitivity of 91.3% and a specificity of 89.5%. Taken together, these findings suggest that a higher serum BTP concentration in PIH patients compared with those with normal pregnancy and serum BTP might be a novel biomarker in the diagnosis of PIH.
The Characterization of an Adrenergic Signalling System Involved in the Encystment of the Ocular Pathogen Acanthamoeba spp.
Authors: Heaselgrave Wayne , Kilvington Simon
Published: March 2016

The aim of this study was to identify and characterize the receptor system involved in controlling encystment in Acanthamoeba using specific agonists and antagonists and to examine whether endogenous stores of catecholamines are produced by the organism. Acanthamoeba trophozoites suspended in axenic growth medium were exposed to adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists to determine which compounds promoted or prevented encystment. Second, trophozoites were cultured in medium containing a catecholamine synthesis inhibitor to investigate the effect this had on natural encystment. Nonspecific adrenoceptor agonists including epinephrine, isoprotenerol, and the selective β1 adrenoceptor agonist dobutamine were found to cause > 90% encystment of Acanthamoeba trophozoites compared to < 30% with the controls. The selective β1 antagonist metoprolol was able to inhibit epinephrine mediated encystment by > 55%. Cultures of Acanthamoeba with the catecholamine synthesis inhibitor α‐methyl‐p‐tyrosine significantly reduced the level of amoebic encystment compared to controls. In conclusion, Acanthamoeba appear to contain a functional adrenergic receptor system of unknown structure which is involved in initiating the encystment process that can be activated and blocked by β1 agonists and antagonists respectively. Furthermore, the presence of this receptor system in Acanthamoeba indicates that topical β adrenoceptor blockers may be effective adjunct therapy by reducing the transformation of trophozoites into the highly resistant cyst stage.
THE DISCIPLINARY ROLE OF FAILED TAKEOVER ATTEMPTS
Authors: Liu Baixiao
Published: March 2016

I find that the CEO turnover in target firms following failed takeover attempts is 21% greater than matched nontarget firms and negatively correlated with stock returns both before and during the attempt. Target firms are 14% more likely than matched nontarget firms to initiate corporate restructurings during the failed attempt. Restructured firms have more positive stock returns during this period and are less likely to experience subsequent CEO turnover. When restructurings do not occur, active outside blockholders are more likely to emerge and facilitate CEO turnover. These findings indicate that failed takeover attempts can play a disciplinary role.
A Biography of Water in Atacama, Chile: Two Indigenous Community Responses to the Extractive Encroachments of Mining
Authors: Carrasco Anita
Published: March 2016

El siguiente artículo examina las respuestas indígenas ante las invasiones mineras que se llevan a cabo en Atacama. Este análisis revela la existencia de sistemas valoricos y de significados en competencia dentro de los que podemos identificar cambios en la conceptualización del agua. Específicamente, se describen dos ejemplos etnográficos que dan cuenta como en las comunidades de Turi y Toconce (al norte de Chile), se concibe el agua como mercancía cuando se arrienda a–pero no cuando se defiende de–una empresa minera. Tal como lo argumenta Kopytoff (1988:69), un mundo perfectamente mercantilizado seria aquel en el cual todo lo que es intercambiable se encuentra a la venta. De la misma manera, un mundo perfectamente desmercantilizado seria aquél en el cual nada es intercambiable. Este estudio demuestra cómo ninguna situación en la vida real se ajusta a esos extremos. Por el contrario, toda economía del mundo real, ocupa un lugar que transita constantemente dentro de un espectro de posibilidades. [agua, Andes, mercancias, mineria, pueblos indigenas, sagrado]
Brand Iconicity vs. Anti‐Consumption Well‐Being Concerns: The Nutella Palm Oil Conflict
Authors: Cova Bernard , D'Antone Simona
Published: March 2016

This article analyzes how an iconic brand is threatened by the societal trend of anti‐consumption motivated by well‐being. Under scrutiny is the iconic brand Nutella that is recognized worldwide. In France, it has been linked to public debates on well‐being concerns about palm oil. Approaching the phenomenon from a consumer perspective and through observational netnography, we investigate the accommodation work undertaken by Nutella lovers in reaction to anti‐palm oil attacks. We identify three major accommodation processes: neutralization, interiorization, and adhesion. Each of these processes is constituted of three different practices. Our study shows that while an iconic brand can resist anti‐consumption claims thanks to its brand community, such disputes can cause the brand to lose part of its strength. We suggest that anti‐consumption for an iconic brand such as Nutella may thus be ambivalent.
The complete chloroplast genome of Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta) gives new insight into the evolution of family Gracilariaceae
Authors: Du Qingwei , Bi Guiqi , Mao Yunxiang , Sui Zhenghong
Published: March 2016

The complete chloroplast genome of Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis was recovered from a Next Generation Sequencing data set. Without quadripartite structure, this chloroplast genome (183,013 bp, 27.40% GC content) contains 202 protein‐coding genes, 34 tRNA genes, 3 rRNA genes, and 1 tmRNA gene. Synteny analysis showed plasmid incorporation regions in chloroplast genomes of three species of family Gracilariaceae and in Grateloupia taiwanensis of family Halymeniaceae. Combined with reported red algal plasmid sequences in nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, we postulated that red algal plasmids may have played an important role in ancient horizontal gene transfer among nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial genomes. Substitution rate analysis showed that purifying selective forces maintaining stability of protein‐coding genes of nine red algal chloroplast genomes over long periods must be strong and that the forces acting on gene groups and single genes of nine red algal chloroplast genomes were similar and consistent. The divergence of Gp. lemaneiformis occurred ~447.98 million years ago (Mya), close to the divergence time of genus Pyropia and Porphyra (443.62 Mya).
Use of Grain Distillers Dried Yeast in Practical Diets for Juvenile Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei
Authors: Achupallas Julio M. , Zhou Yangen , Davis D. A.
Published: March 2016

Grain distillers dried yeast (GDDY) is a yeast‐based protein source that is obtained from the bioethanol industry. A range of yeast‐based products has been evaluated as nutritional supplements in fish diets, yet there is limited information in shrimp. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the production response of Litopenaeus vannamei fed diets containing increasing levels of GDDY in two growth trials. In trial 1, five diets formulated to contain 360 g/kg crude protein, 80 g/kg lipids, and up to 300 g GDDY/kg were evaluated under laboratory conditions with juvenile shrimp (1.90 ± 0.10 g, initial weight). In trial 2, juvenile shrimp (0.40 ± 0.01 g, initial weight) were fed similar diets where lysine was supplemented in diets with high levels of GDDY (200 and 300 g/kg of diet). The results from this study demonstrate that inclusion of GDDY up to 300 g/kg of diet did not cause negative effects on final biomass, mean final weight, feed conversion ratio, and survival. Furthermore, the addition of lysine to diets with high levels of GDDY (200 and 300 g/kg of diet) did not enhance growth performance under the reported conditions, confirming lysine was not limiting. Consequently, these results indicate that up to 300 g GDDY/kg of diet can be used in practical diets for L. vannamei in a clear water system.
Depleted interstitial cells of Cajal and fibrosis in the pylorus: Novel features of gastroparesis
Authors: Moraveji S. , Bashashati M. , Elhanafi S. , Sunny J. , Sarosiek I. , Davis B. , Torabi A. , McCallum R. W.
Published: March 2016

Background

Depletion and ultrastructural changes of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in the gastric body and antrum have been observed in gastroparesis. This research was performed to investigate the ICC population in the muscularis propria and fibrosis of the muscular layer of the pylorus in gastroparesis.

Methods

Full thickness pyloric and antral biopsies were obtained from 17 gastroparetic and 6 non‐gastroparetic controls. Biopsies were stained with C‐Kit for ICC and Trichrome for collagen fibrosis. Interstitial cells of Cajal depletion in the antrum was defined as mean ICC count <10 per 20 high power fields (HPF) based on established data.

Key Results

The average pyloric ICC count was ≥10/HPF in the control patients. Twelve (70.5%) gastroparetic patients had pyloric ICC loss. Only five patients (29.4%) had ICC loss in the antrum. Gastric emptying (GE) was not significantly different in patients with depleted vs normal pyloric ICC. However, GE at 2 h was slower in patients with antral ICC <10/HPF compared to those with normal antral ICC populations. Collagen fibrosis was observed in the pylorus of 14 (82.3%) patients. Inclusion bodies in the muscularis propria of the pylorus were identified in four patients, all with diabetic gastroparesis.

Conclusions & Inferences

In gastroparetic patients, ICC loss in the pylorus is twice as common as in the antrum and fibrosis in the pyloric smooth muscle is nearly three times more common than the antrum. These findings can provide one explanation for pyloric dysfunction which is a contributing factor to the pathophysiology of gastroparesis.
The Anti‐Müllerian Hormone Profile is Linked with the In Vitro Embryo Production Capacity and Embryo Viability after Transfer but Cannot Predict Pregnancy Outcome
Authors: Ghanem N , Jin JI , Kim SS , Choi BH , Lee KL , Ha AN , Song SH , Kong IK
Published: March 2016

Contents

The current study investigated the possibility of using the AMH concentration as a predictor of the ability of Korean Hanwoo cows to produce cumulus‐oocyte complexes, embryos that survive after transfer as well as the pregnancy outcome of surrogates. Eight sessions of ovum pick‐up (OPU) were performed with 19 donor cows at an interval of 3–4 days. Antral follicle count (AFC), oocyte quality and in vitro embryo development were recorded for each cow. Embryos produced from cows with different AMH profiles were transferred into recipients (n = 96). Cows in the high (≥0.25 ng/ml) and intermediate (0.1≥ to <0.25 ng/ml) AMH groups had a significantly higher AFC per OPU session (20.40 ± 1.36 and 16.91 ± 1.52, respectively; mean ± standard deviation) than cows in the low AMH group (<0.1 ng/ml; 12.19 ± 2.14). In addition, more cumulus‐oocyte complexes per donor were recovered in the high (11.46 ± 1.22) and intermediate (7.38 ± 0.83) AMH groups than in the low AMH group (4.77 ± 0.44). The percentage of oocytes reached blastocyst stage was significantly higher in the intermediate (47.0%) and high (38.5%) AMH groups than in the low AMH group (32.3%). The number of embryos produced per cow was higher in the high (3.9 ± 0.2) and intermediate (6.9 ± 0.6) AMH groups than in the low AMH group (2.2 ± 0.3). The percentage of embryos that gave birth to viable calves when transferred into recipients was higher for those derived from cows in the intermediate AMH group (50.7%) than for those derived from cows in the low (35.7%) and high (36.4%) AMH groups. In conclusion, a single measurement of AMH concentration predicted the in vitro embryo production potential of donor Korean native cows before OPU and is linked with embryo viability after transfer into recipients.