bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Terbacil by Electron Capture Gas Chromatography
Authors: Wheeler W. B. , Thompson N. P. , Ray B. R. , Wilcox Merrill
Published: May 2019

The existing method for the analysis of 3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil (terbacil) has been modified so that electron capture gas chromatography may be used for quantitation. The crop extract was applied to a powdered cellulose column, the interferences were eluted with hexane, and the terbacil was subsequently eluted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate fraction may be used for analysis directly.
Dissipation of Dicamba, Picloram, and 2,3,6-TBA Across Nebraska
Authors: Burnside O. C. , Wicks G. A. , Fenster C. R.
Published: May 2019

The dissipation and detoxification of 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba), 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram), and 2,3,6-trichlorobenzoic acid (2,3,6-TBA) was followed for 6 years at three locations across Nebraska. Herbicide persistence was determined by growing field bioassays of field beans (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) and soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.]. Picloram showed the greatest soil persistence, 2,3,6-TBA was intermediate, and dicamba showed the least persistence across Nebraska. The residual phytotoxicity of picloram in soil was not necessarily dependent upon rainfall but was greatest in the fine textured soil with higher organic matter content.
A Microradioautographic Study of14C-Trifluralin Absorption
Authors: Strang R. H. , Rogers R. L.
Published: May 2019

The technique of microradioautography was used to study the absorption and translocation ofa,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) by cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL., var. Coker 201) and soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merr., var. Lee). Radioactivity from14C-trifluralin was retained primarily on the surfaces of the roots of cotton and soybean. This was apparently due to a tenacious adsorption or binding of the radioactivity to the epidermis and cuticle. Entrance of radioactivity into the roots of these species was greatly facilitated by breaks in the epidermis, such as might occur from seedling diseases or mechanical damage. Within the roots, radioactivity was noted in the walls of the xylem vessels and cortical cells. Little movement out of the soybean roots was observed, but limited movement of radioactivity into the leaves of cotton, apparently via the metaxylem, was noted. Radioactivity accumulated in the protoxylem of the cotton stem where many elements appeared to be plugged. Results of this study indicate that care should be used in interpreting data from studies where loss of radioactivity from nutrient media is used as a criterion of herbicide absorption, and where gross radio autography is used as an indicator of herbicide translocation.
Adsorption and Deactivation of Atrazine and Diuron by Charcoals
Authors: Jordan P. D. , Smith L. W.
Published: May 2019

The adsorption of 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine) and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron) from aqueous solution by charcoal varied widely with the type of charcoal tested. However, adsorption in solution was directly related to the deactivating properties of the charcoals for the two herbicides in soil. Several charcoals deactivated residues of 0.3 ppmw of atrazine and 1.0 ppmw of diuron when they were present at concentrations of 30 to 50 ppmw in the soil. Activation of the charcoal was essential for the adsorption and deactivating properties. A simple laboratory test was developed for assessing activated charcoals for use in deactivation studies in soil.
Response of Aquatic Plants to Combinations of Endothall and Copper
Authors: Sutton David L. , Blackburn R. D. , Barlowe W. C.
Published: May 2019

The addition of 0.5 and 5.0 ppmw of 7-oxabicyclo [2.2.1] = heptane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (endothall) to solutions of copper sulfate pentahydrate (CSP) at 1.0 ppmw of copper applied to the roots of emersed parrotfeather (Myriophyllum brasiliense(Camb.) increased the copper content of the roots of these plants. Growth of parrotfeather was inhibited by root applications of 0.5 and 5.0 ppmw of endothall, but CSP did not increase its phytotoxicity. However, a synergistic effect, as determined by dry weight, was calculated after treatment of hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillataCasp.) with a combination of 5.0 ppmw of endothall plus CSP at 1.0 ppmw of copper. An increase in copper uptake and a reduction in phosphorus levels was associated with those plants treated with the combination.
A Rapid Bioassay for Photosynthetic and Respiratory Inhibitors
Authors: Kratky B. A. , Warren G. F.
Published: May 2019

A bioassay for photosynthetic and respiratory inhibitors was devised. The chlorophyll production ofChlorella pyrenoidosaSorokin, high temperature strain 7-11-05, served as the basis of the bioassay which required 18 to 36 hr to complete. The sensitivity to nine photosynthetic and two respiratory inhibitors ranged from 0.013 to 0.4 ppm. The bioassay was successfully employed to assay leachates from soil columns and to monitor a field residue of 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine).
Response of Plant Tissues to Nitrofen
Authors: Pereira J. Francisco , Splittstoesser Walter E. , Hopen Herbert J.
Published: May 2019

Nitrofen (2,4-dichlorophenylp-nitrophenyl ether) injured meristematic tissues and reduced germination and growth of cabbage (Brassica oleraceavar.capitataL.) in the dark. Cabbage was more susceptible to nitrofen when the plants were grown under a low water potential or when they were maintained in the dark after spraying. This toxicity was overcome by exogenous sucrose and light was not required for nitrofen activity. Nitrofen promoted membrane permeability of red beet (Beta vulgarisL.) root sections and this was enhanced by dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). Sucrose or Carbowax 1500 prevented this increase in permeability. Nitrofen inhibited non-cyclic photophosphorylation and electron transport in isolated spinach (Spinacia oleraceaL.) chloroplasts and increased oxygen uptake of cabbage leaf sections. These effects appeared dependent upon permeability. Nitrofen induced stomatal closure, decreased transpiration, and increased leaf temperature. The leaf sustains thermal injury under high temperatures or high light intensities.
Relative Sensitivity of Several Plants to Dinoseb
Authors: Schroeder M. , Warren G. F.
Published: May 2019

The I50values obtained with preemergence applications of 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (dinoseb) for shoot and root growth in soil, or root growth in a bioassay were determined for 68 plant varieties representing 66 species. The I50values in soil indicate a difference of more than 240 fold between the most sensitive species, shepherdspurse (Capsella bursa-pastoris(L.) Medic.) and the most tolerant species, peanut (Arachis hypogaeaL.). The correlations among the I50values for shoot and root growth in soil and the root bioassay were significant. The I50values between susceptibility of plants to soil-applied dinoseb and their seed size are correlated significantly. Large-seeded plant species and larger seeds within varieties, in general, were more tolerant to dinoseb than small-seeded species and smaller seeds within a given variety. However, there appeared to be other factors involved in susceptibility. For example, there were differences in response among families; the Leguminosae were the most tolerant, while the Solanaceae and Cruciferae were particularly susceptible.
Repeated, Foliar Applications of MSMA on Purple Nutsedge
Authors: Hamilton K. C.
Published: May 2019

Repeated, foliar applications of monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA) controlled established, space-planted purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundusL.) while three other herbicides were less effective. Four to eight applications of 5.6 to 16.8 kg/ha of MSMA in 1 year destroyed most plants. There was little difference in final control from applications made at 2, 3, or 4-week intervals or from 187 to 1496 L/ha of spray solution. Clones of purple nutsedge responded similarly to herbicide treatments.
Effect of Several Herbicides on Dipeptidase Activity of Squash Cotyledons
Authors: Tsay Ruey-Chyong , Ashton Floyd M.
Published: May 2019

The dipeptidase activity of the cotyledons of the squash (Cucurbita maximaDuch. ‘Hubbard’) increases during germination. Several herbicides inhibited this increase in various degrees. Those herbicides inhibiting the development of dipeptidase activity 70% or more were (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-acetic acid (2,4-D), 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba), (2,3,6-trichlorophenyl)acetic acid (fenac), andN-1-naphthylphthalmic acid (naptalam). Those inhibiting dipeptidase activity by 63 to 34% were 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram), 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil), 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile (bromoxynil), 3-amino-s-triazole (amitrole), 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine), 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1] heptane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (endothall), and 5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil (bromacil). Those causing only slight inhibition, 24 to 16%, wereN,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide (diphenamid), isopropylm-chlorocarbanilate (chlorpropham), and α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin); 3-(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (monuron) was essentially the same as the control. However, 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (dalapon),O,O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioateS-ester withN-(2-mercaptoethyl)-benzenesulfonamide (bensulide),N,N-diallyl-2-chloroacetamide (CDAA), and 2-chloroallyl diethyldithiocarbamate (CDEC) were somewhat stimulatory. When compared with previously reported herbicide activity on the proteinase activity, those herbicides which inhibited dipeptidase activity did not necessarily affect proteinase activity to the same degree.
Algae Bioassay Detection of Pesticide Mobility in Soils
Authors: Helling Charles S. , Kaufman Donald D. , Dieter Charles T.
Published: May 2019

Movement of pesticides on soil thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) plates was detected by a bioassay employing a green alga,Chlorella sorokinianaShihira and Krauss. After leaching the soil TLC plates with water, aChlorellasuspension in an enriched agar medium was aspirated onto the soil to give ca. 8 × 106cells/cm2. Plates were incubated at 100% relative humidity at 30 C, with illumination of ca. 40 klux. Zones of pesticide movement were visible within 24 to 48 hr. Mobility in Hagerstown silty clay loam was assessed for two methylcarbamate insecticides and for nine phenylurea, 11s-triazine, and 13 miscellaneous herbicides. Among analogous triazines, the mobility order was: -OCH3> -Cl > -SCH3. Movement of 6,7-dihydrodipyrido[1,2-a:2′,1′-c]pyrazinediium ion (diquat) and 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion (paraquat), normally immobile in soils, was directly proportional to rate when applied in high doses.
Morphological Response of Two Mesquite Varieties to 2,4,5-T and Picloram
Authors: Hull Herbert M. , Morton Howard L.
Published: May 2019

Honey mesquite [Prosopis julifioravar.glandulosa(Torr.) Cockerell] and velvet mesquite [P. julifioravar.velutina(Woot.) Sarg.] seedlings were treated on individual leaves with 20 or 40 μg of (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T), 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram), or a 1:1 mixture thereof. Formulation of herbicides in a DMSO-complex carrier (dimethyl sulfoxide, ethylene glycol, phytobland oil, water: 50:25:15:10, v/v) enhanced activity considerably over that obtained with an aqueous carrier, the degree of enhancement being greater with 2,4,5-T than with picloram. Lack of major varietal differences in morphological or anatomical response suggests that observed varietal differences in sensitivity of field mesquite to aerial sprays are not a function of the variety itself, but are related to climatic or edaphic differences among sites which the varieties occupy.
Detoxification of 2,4-D by Several Plant Species
Authors: Dexter A. G. , Slife F. W. , Butler H. S.
Published: May 2019

The amount of free, unaltered (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D) in resistant and susceptible plant species 1, 4, and 8 days after treatment was determined by three procedures. Centrifugation and chromatography of plant homogenates was a more reliable assay than trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitation or dialysis procedures. The foliar penetration of 14C-2-4-D and radioactivity which moved from roots into the growth media following foliar application of 14C-2,4-D varied from one plant species to another, but no general correlations with 2,4-D resistance was observed. The resistant burcucumber (Sicyos angulatus L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.) were not fatally injured primarily because unaltered 2,4-D was immobilized in the treated leaves and unaltered, free 2,4-D was reduced to nontoxic concentrations. The 2,4-D in susceptible cocklebur (Xanthium sp.) remained largely as free and mobile 2,4-D, and the treated plants were near death 8 days after treatment.
Effect of Herbicide Combinations on Weeds and Soybeans
Authors: Johnson B. J.
Published: May 2019

Herbicide treatments of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea (linuron), 2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio-s-triazine (prometryne), or methyl ester of 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoate (chloramben ester) were applied preemergence to soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Dare’ or ‘Bragg’) plots previously treated withS-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate (vernolate), α,α.α,-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin), or 4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline (nitralin). Sequential treatments of vernolate with linuron, prometryne, or chloramben ester controlled weeds more effectively in soybeans than did trifluralin or nitralin applied with the same preemergence treatments. Soybean injury was not severe enough to reduce seed yields in any year. Yields were greater in 1970 when soybeans were treated with vernolate than when treated with either trifluralin or nitralin. Soybean yields also were greater in 1970 when treated with chloramben ester than when treated with linuron or prometryne. In 1969 when soybeans were planted in a sandy loam, prometryne reduced stands more than did linuron or chloramben ester.
Environmental Influence on the Tolerance of Corn to Atrazine
Authors: Thompson Lafayette , Slife F. W. , Butler H. S.
Published: May 2019

Corn(Zea maysL.) in the two to three-leaf stage grown 18 to 21 days in a growth chamber under cold, wet conditions was injured by postemergence application of 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine) plus emulsifiable phytobland oil. Injury was most severe when these plants were kept under cold, wet conditions for 48 hr after the herbicidal spray was applied, followed by exposure to high light intensity and high temperature. Under these growth chamber conditions, approximately 50% of the atrazine-treated plants died. Since wet foliage before and after application increased foliar penetration and low temperature decreased the rate of detoxication to peptide conjugates, atrazine accumulated under cold, wet conditions. This accumulation of foliarly-absorbed atrazine and the “weakened” conditions of the plants grown under the stress conditions is believed to be responsible for the injury to corn. Hydroxylation and the dihydroxybenzoxazin-3-one content in the roots were reduced at low temperature, but it is unlikely that this contributed to the death of the corn.
PROPORZIONALISMO FRAZIONISMO E CRISI DEI PARTITI
Authors: Sartori Giovanni
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Molti di coloro che negano l'efficacia dei sistemi elettorali si rifanno ancora aIle « leggi » formulate da Duverger nel 1950, leggi che sono indubbiamente mal formulate e per molti rispetti errate. Nel frattempo abbiamo fatto dei progressi e ne sappiamo di piú. Si vedano per esempio i due recenti volumi di Douglas Rae,The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws, e di Domenico Fisichella,Suiluppo democratico e sistemi elettorali. Da entrambi l'incidenza dei sistemi elettorali risulta abbondantemente confermata e analiticamente precisata, Per restare, comunque, al terreno coperto da Duverger, alcuni anni orsono indicavo cinque «leggi », o regole, che qui trascrivo anche perche risulti chiara la differenza.
Appendix on the copy of the Edict found at Ptolemais in Cyrenaica
Authors: Reynolds Joyce
Published: May 2019

In JRS XLV (1955), 106 f. (cited below simply as JRS), Giacomo Caputo and Richard Goodchild published fragments of a copy of the Edict discovered at Ptolemais in Cyrenaica. Subsequently a number of additional fragments have come to light, two in the course of excavation on the site by the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (published by C. H. Kraeling, Ptolemais (Chicago, 1962), p. 215, no. 47 and pi. LV b, c, cited below simply as Kraeling), the remainder by the Department of Antiquities of the Government of Libya. In the course of completing work left unfinished by Goodchild's untimely death, I studied the whole collection during visits to Ptolemais during the summers of 1968 and 1969 and have some new readings and interpretations of the older fragments to propose as well as the new fragments to present. Since the Ptolemais copy has been cited at a number of points in the account of the Aphrodisias copy I take this opportunity to summarize the present state of knowledge on it.
After the care journey: exploring the experiences of family carers of people living with dementia
Authors: Jameson Sonja , Parkinson Lynne , Banbury Annie
Published: June 2019

While the burden of caring for people living with dementia has been well documented, considerably less is known about how carers transition into post-care life. This study aimed to understand the experiences of primary family care-givers of people with dementia after the person with dementia has died. A specific focus of the research was understanding the barriers to transitioning into a positive post-care life, and facilitators that help sustain carers as they move forward after their care journey has ended. A qualitative exploratory, descriptive study was undertaken with nine primary carers for a family member who died with dementia (five spouses and four adult children). Semi-structured face-to-face or telephone interviews were conducted with carers between July and August 2016. Interview transcripts were analysed using a thematic approach. A number of factors that can act as barriers or facilitators to transition for carers were identified. Contextualising loss, restructuring identity, psychological health issues and the influence of social attitudes seemed to have a strong influence on carer outcomes. The findings highlight the need for further systematic social and informational support for carers to moderate post-care trajectories and improve carer transition.
Graph-Based Registration and Blending for Undersea Image Stitching
Authors: Yang Xu , Liu Zhi-Yong , Qiao Hong , Su Jian-Hua , Ji Da-Xiong , Zang Ai-Yun , Huang Hai
Published: May 2019

Image stitching is important for the perception and manipulation of undersea robots. In spite of a well-developed technique, it is still challenging for undersea images because of their inevitable appearance ambiguity caused by the limited light in the undersea environment, and local disturbance caused by moving objects, ocean current, etc. To get a clean and stable background panorama in the undersea environment, this paper proposes an undersea image-stitching method by introducing graph-based registration and blending procedures. Specifically, in the registration procedure, matching the features in each undersea image pair is formulated and solved by graph matching, to incorporate the structural information between features. In the blending procedure, an energy function on the indirect graph Markov random field is proposed, which takes both image consistency and neighboring consistency into consideration. Coincidentally, both graph matching and energy minimization can be mathematically formulated by integer quadratic programming problems with different constraints; the recently proposed graduated nonconvexity and concavity procedure is used to optimize both problems. Experiments on both synthetic images and real-world undersea images witness the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Prelacy, Pastoral Care and the Instruction of Subordinates in Late Twelfth-Century England
Authors: Springer Rebecca
Published: June 2019

Historians of the Middle Ages usually associate the phrase ‘pastoral care’ with the sacraments and religious services performed by parish priests on behalf of lay people. But late twelfth-century writers primarily attributed pastoral care to prelates. Closely following the tradition of Pope Gregory I's Pastoral Rule, they held that prelates bore the responsibility to govern, guide and (perhaps most importantly) instruct their subordinate clergy or religious. Prelates did this by preaching, and they were supposed to validate their words with the example of their own righteous lives. But although commentators assumed that prelates would be reasonably well educated, late twelfth-century writers did not attribute good preaching to intellectual aptitude, or to the availability of preaching treatises or model sermon collections, as historians often assume. In an age of intellectual vibrancy and flourishing schools, ensuring that prelates instructed their subordinates remained firmly a moral, rather than an educational, question for the English church. Only by instructing subordinates could a prelate ensure their, and by extension his own, eternal salvation: neglect of preaching was tantamount to murder. This article uses the little-studied writings of Alexander of Ashby, Bartholomew of Exeter and Thomas Agnellus to uncover new links between ideas about prelacy, pastoral care and the instruction of subordinates in the high Middle Ages.
British Sunday Schools: An Educational Arm of the Churches, 1900–39
Authors: McCartney Caitriona
Published: June 2019

Throughout much of the twentieth century, Sunday schools in Britain played a significant role, both disseminating and forming Christian faith. There was near universal attendance at the schools, and as a result there was widespread exposure to Christian teaching and hymnody. Despite this, their role as an educational arm of the churches is under-researched. This article considers the experience of the schools from the beginning of the century until the outbreak of the Second World War. It examines how and what Sunday schools taught during this time, and the extent to which they adopted pedagogical developments. The article also considers the responses of the schools to the various education acts passed in this period. In addition, it examines what the schools themselves, their scholars and the churches thought of their effectiveness, and reflects upon the tensions that arose between the schools and the churches. The article concludes that Sunday schools were an integral part of the churches’ educational reach in society and therefore deserve much more thorough examination by historians.
Religious and Industrial Education in the Nineteenth-Century Magdalene Asylums in Scotland
Authors: Thor Jowita
Published: June 2019

The Magdalene Asylums were penitentiaries for ‘fallen’ women. A high percentage of such women had been involved in sex trade in some form; others were betrayed fiancées, unmarried partners or women with drinking problems. This article explores the Magdalene Asylums’ education as a tool for reforming the inmates into women reflecting the managers’ ideals of femininity and Christian virtue in nineteenth-century Scotland. The reports of these institutions describe their aims, quoting selected letters of former inmates, their parents and new employers. They give us an insight into how these Christian philanthropists imagined and applied educational programme for this group of women and girls. The two main areas of the asylums’ education were religious teaching and instruction in a range of skills necessary for becoming a servant or a factory worker. Those who could not read and write also received basic literacy lessons. Magdalene Asylums in nineteenth-century Scotland offer a rich case study of a context in which education had a very narrow meaning and served a precisely defined purpose. They provided a broad spectrum of skills, although never at a comprehensive level. The article explores the managers’ intentions and ideals by analysing the language they used to talk about ‘successfully reformed’ women.
Nitrogen Deposition Maintains a Positive Effect on Terrestrial Carbon Sequestration in the 21st Century Despite Growing Phosphorus Limitation at Regional Scales
Authors: Fleischer Katrin , Dolman A. J. , van der Molen Michiel K. , Rebel Karin T. , Erisman Jan Willem , Wassen Martin J. , Pak Bernard , Lu Xingjie , Rammig Anja , Wang Ying‐Ping
Published: May 2019

Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are two dominant nutrients regulating the productivity of most terrestrial ecosystems. The growing imbalance of anthropogenic N and P inputs into the future is estimated to exacerbate P limitation on land and limit the land carbon (C) sink, so that we hypothesized that P limitation will increasingly reduce C sequestered per unit N deposited into the future. Using a global land surface model (CABLE), we simulated the effects of increased N deposition with and without P limitation on land C uptake and the fate of deposited N on land from 1901 to 2100. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found that N deposition continued to induce land C sequestration into the future, contributing to 15% of future C sequestration as opposed to 6% over the historical period. P limitation reduced the future land C uptake per unit N deposited only moderately at the global scale but P limitation increasingly caused N deposition to have net negative effects on the land C balance in the temperate zone. P limitation further increased the fraction of deposited N that is lost via leaching to aquatic ecosystems, globally from 38.5% over the historical period to 53% into the future, and up to 75% in tropical ecosystems. Our results suggest continued N demand for plant productivity but also indicate growing adverse N deposition effects in the future biosphere, not fully accounted for in global models, emphasizing the urgent need to elaborate on model representations of N and P dynamics.
Modeling of Topside Ionospheric Vertical Scale Height Based on Ionospheric Radio Occultation Measurements
Authors: Hu Andong , Carter Brett , Currie Julie , Norman Robert , Wu Suqin , Wang Xiaoming , Zhang Kefei
Published: May 2019

An artificial neural network (ANN) method for the modeling of global topside ionospheric vertical scale height (VSH) using electron density profiles retrieved from Global Navigation Satellite Systems radio occultation (RO) data is proposed in this study. The data for this study are 80,124 VSHs derived from the events randomly selected from 9 years of Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate RO measurements and 144,530 VSHs derived from the events randomly selected from 16 years of topside sounder measurements of both Aluoette‐1/2 and ISIS‐1/2 satellites during 1962–1978 are used for comparison. VSHs from the International Reference Ionosphere are also used for the comparison. Results showed that: (1) the median of the relative residuals of the new ANN regression approach/model (which was based on RO measurements) was 8.5% less than that of the traditional approach/model (which was based on the topside sounder data); (2) the median of the relative residuals of the ANN model when longitude was used as a variable was 1.1% less than the one without longitude; and substantial error in the polar region was shown to be mitigated by taking the variable longitude into consideration; (3) compared to International Reference Ionosphere, the accuracy of the new ANN model was improved by around 14%; (4) the new ANN model outperforms the traditional base vector‐based least squares model by around 10% when incoherent scatter radar measurements are used as a reference; and (5) the characteristics of global VSHs generated from the new model during geomagnetic storms better agree with measurements than that of the base vector‐based least squares.
VENM: An Algorithm to Accurately Calculate Neutral Slopes and Gradients
Authors: Groeskamp Sjoerd , Barker Paul M. , McDougall Trevor J. , Abernathey Ryan P. , Griffies Stephen M.
Published: June 2019

Mesoscale eddies stir along the neutral plane, and the resulting neutral diffusion is a fundamental aspect of subgrid‐scale tracer transport in ocean models. Calculating neutral diffusion traditionally involves calculating neutral slopes and three‐dimensional tracer gradients. The calculation of the neutral slope traditionally occurs by computing the ratio of the horizontal to vertical locally referenced potential density derivative. However, this approach is problematic in regions of weak vertical stratification, prompting the use of a variety of ad hoc regularization methods that can lead to rather nonphysical dependencies for the resulting neutral tracer gradients. Here we use a VErtical Non‐local Method “VENM,” a search algorithm that requires no ad hoc regularization and significantly improves the numerical accuracy of calculating neutral slopes, neutral tracer gradients, and associated neutral diffusive fluxes. We compare and contrast VENM against a more traditional method, using an independent objective neutrality condition combined with estimates of spurious diffusion, heat transport, and water mass transformation rates. VENM is more accurate, both physically and numerically, and should form the basis for future efforts involving neutral diffusion calculations from observations and possibly numerical model simulations.
Upscaling of Regional Scale Transport Under Transient Conditions: Evaluation of the Multirate Mass Transfer Model
Authors: Guo Zhilin , Fogg Graham E. , Henri Christopher V.
Published: June 2019

Regional scale transport models are needed to support the long‐term evaluation of groundwater quality and to develop management strategies aiming to prevent serious groundwater degradation. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the capacity of a previously developed upscaling approach to adequately describe the main solute transport processes, including the capture of late‐time tails under changing boundary conditions. Potential factors that impact the performance of upscaling methods, including temporal variations in mass transfer rates and mass distributions, were investigated. Advective‐dispersive contaminant transport in a 3‐D heterogeneous domain was simulated and used as a reference solution. The equivalent transport under homogeneous flow conditions was then evaluated by applying the multirate mass transfer (MRMT) model. The random walk particle tracking method was used to solve the solute transport for heterogeneous and homogeneous MRMT scenarios under steady state and transient conditions. The results indicate that the MRMT model can capture the tails satisfactorily for plumes transported with ambient steady state flow fields at all studied scales using the same parameters. However, when the boundary conditions change in either local, plume, or regional scale, the mass transfer model calibrated for transport under steady state conditions cannot accurately reproduce the tailings observed for the heterogeneous scenario. The deteriorating impacts of transient boundary conditions on the upscaled model are more significant for regions where the flow fields are dramatically affected, which highlights the poor applicability of the MRMT approach for complex field settings. This finding also has implications for the suitability of other potential upscaling approaches.
Remotely controlled nanofluidic implantable platform for tunable drug delivery
Authors: Di Trani Nicola , Silvestri Antonia , Bruno Giacomo , Geninatti Thomas , Chua Corrine Ying Xuan , Gilbert April , Rizzo Giulia , Filgueira Carly S. , Demarchi Danilo , Grattoni Alessandro
Published: June 2019

An implantable nanofluidic device for remote controlled drug delivery.
Iodine mediated oxidative cross coupling of 2-aminopyridine and aromatic terminal alkyne: a practical route to imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives
Authors: Samanta Surya Kanta , Bera Mrinal K.
Published: May 2019

A novel, transition-metal free route leading to imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives via iodine mediated oxidative coupling between 2-aminopyridine and aromatic terminal alkyne has been demonstrated.
Bypassing the stereoselectivity issue: transformations of Kinugasa adducts from chiral alkynes and non-chiral acyclic nitrones
Authors: Kutaszewicz Rafał , Grzeszczyk Barbara , Górecki Marcin , Staszewska-Krajewska Olga , Furman Bartłomiej , Chmielewski Marek
Published: May 2019

Complementary strategies for the synthesis of non-racemic trans β-lactams bearing never-before-seen substitution patterns from mixtures of Kinugasa adducts are described.
Correction: Cu(ii)/Ni(ii)–organic frameworks constructed from the homometallic clusters by 5-(2-carboxyphenoxy)isophthalic acid and N-ligand: synthesis, structures and visible light-driven photocatalytic properties
Authors: Xu Qi-Wei , Wang Qiu-Shuang , Li Shan-Shan , Li Xia
Published: June 2019

Correction for ‘Cu(ii)/Ni(ii)–organic frameworks constructed from the homometallic clusters by 5-(2-carboxyphenoxy)isophthalic acid and N-ligand: synthesis, structures and visible light-driven photocatalytic properties’ by Qi-Wei Xu et al., RSC Adv., 2019, 9, 16305–16312.
Topological defects and geometric memory across the nematic–smectic A liquid crystal phase transition
Authors: Suh Ahram , Gim Min-Jun , Beller Daniel , Yoon Dong Ki
Published: May 2019

We study transformations of self-organised defect arrays at the nematic–smectic A liquid crystal phase transition, and show that these defect configurations are correlated, or “remembered”, across the phase transition.
Physical layer security of hybrid satellite‐terrestrial relay networks with multiple colluding eavesdroppers over non‐identically distributed Nakagami‐m fading channels
Authors: Bankey Vinay , Upadhyay Prabhat Kumar
Published: May 2019

This study investigates the physical layer security of a downlink hybrid satellite‐terrestrial relay network (HSTRN) where the satellite channel follows shadowed‐Rician fading and terrestrial channels are assumed to undergo independent and non‐identically distributed Nakagami‐m fading. Herein, the authors consider a multi‐antenna satellite, which communicates with a terrestrial user via an amplify‐and‐forward relay in the presence of multiple colluding eavesdroppers at the earth. They derive novel expressions of secrecy outage probability (SOP), ergodic secrecy capacity, and probability of positive secrecy capacity for the proposed network. They further obtain the achievable secrecy diversity order of the considered HSTRN by employing asymptotic analysis of SOP expression. Finally, numerical and simulation results are provided to validate the accuracy of the proposed analysis and to highlight the impact of a multi‐antenna satellite on future wireless systems.
Multiple relay‐based Reed–Muller network‐coded cooperation for wireless communication system
Authors: Umar Rahim , Yang Fengfan , Xu HongJun , Mughal Shoaib
Published: May 2019

This research article proposes a multiple relay‐based Reed–Muller network‐coded cooperative (MR‐RMNCC) scheme for wireless communication. In the MR‐RMNCC scheme, Hadamard transform construction is adopted to build Reed–Muller (RM) codes that effectively achieve network coded‐cooperation among multiple sources and multiple relays over slow and fast Rayleigh fading channels. In any network coded‐cooperative system, a proper encoding strategy at the relay nodes is vital for achieving an optimum code construction at the destination node. Therefore, the authors have proposed an efficient message bit selection algorithm at relay‐2 that optimally selects the message bits. The supremacy of the message bit selection algorithm is demonstrated by Monte–Carlo simulation. Furthermore, the performance bound for average error‐probability is also derived for the MR‐RMNCC scheme that validates its simulated bit‐error‐rate performance over a fast Rayleigh fading channel. At the destination node, the MR‐RMNCC scheme is jointly decoded by two different decoding strategies, i.e. joint soft maximum likelihood decoding and joint majority logic decoding. Monte–Carlo simulations suggest that the MR‐RMNCC scheme not only provides a significant bit‐error‐rate performance gain over its corresponding coded non‐cooperative scheme but also to the existing state‐of‐the‐art RM network‐coded cooperative scheme under identical conditions.
Performance analysis of cooperative fixed‐gain relaying system in severe fading channels
Authors: Zakaria Jamaluddin , Mohd Salleh Mohd Fadzli
Published: May 2019

This study analyses the performance of a three‐node cooperative relaying system with single amplify‐and‐forward fixed‐gain relay. In most works, the source‐to‐destination (SD) link under deep fade condition is ignored. However, the link may experience a severe fading condition which can still contribute partially towards system diversity. Therefore, the authors assume that SD link undergoes severe fading (i.e. Weibull fading with severity parameter less than two), while the other asymmetric fading channels of the source‐to‐relay and the relay‐to‐destination links are subjected to Weibull and Rician fading, respectively. The derivations of analytical expressions for cumulative distribution function and probability density function of the instantaneous output signal‐to‐noise ratio at the destination terminal, allow the evaluation of outage probability, bit error probability with their diversity order of the particular system design. From the results, at a certain Weibull severity level, the SD link can be omitted and considered as deep fade since it offers insignificant diversity order.
Space vector PWM algorithm for a three‐level asymmetrical six‐phase motor drive
Authors: Engku Ariff Engku Ahmad Rafiqi Bin , Dordevic Obrad , Jones Martin
Published: May 2019

A space‐vector pulse‐width modulation (SVPWM) algorithm for a three‐level asymmetrical six‐phase drive based on vector‐space decomposition approach is presented in this study. A modification in zero‐plane of the transformation matrix is proposed in order to meet the requirement that the realisation of sinusoidal output phase voltages can be obtained through the chosen output leg voltage space vectors. Furthermore, a method of choosing the switching sequences based on all possible one‐level transitions of the leg voltages, i.e. a permutation method, is introduced. The algorithm is then validated experimentally and obtained results show that the developed method successfully achieves the desired fundamental phase voltage, though low‐order harmonics are present due to uncompensated inverter dead time. Finally, the performance of the proposed SVPWM algorithm is compared with several carrier‐based PWM algorithms including in‐phase disposition with ‘double min–max injection’. This is a little‐known type of injection, which is verified to obtain identical performance as the presented multilevel algorithm.
Enhanced operation of ‘Sen’ transformer with improved operating point density/area for power flow control
Authors: Behera Tikuna , De Dipankar
Published: May 2019

In flexible AC transmission systems, conventional transformers with tap changing mechanism in ‘Sen’ transformer configuration is a cost effective approach for independent active and reactive power flow control compared to voltage source converter‐based solutions. ‘Sen’ transformer regulates the power flow by injecting a series voltage in the transmission line with a specific magnitude and phase angle with respect to the line current flowing through it. The accuracy of such injected voltage depends on the number of available taps in the transformer. However, with limited number of taps the conventional ‘Sen’ transformer results in a limited number of operating points, leading to large steady state error for a given design. This study discusses different types of ‘Sen’ transformer configurations, tap control schemes and proposes an improved tap selection technique with tap reversal arrangement for enhanced operation of ‘Sen’ transformer for power flow control. The proposed method increases the number of operating points, which leads to smaller steady state error with improved copper utilisation and increased tap changing complexity. The new tap changing algorithm and its implementation techniques are described in detail. The proposed configuration is analysed against similar configurations and is verified through a 160 MVA Simulink model.
Service restoration of active distribution systems with increasing penetration of renewable distributed generation
Authors: Koutsoukis Nikolaos C. , Georgilakis Pavlos S. , Hatziargyriou Nikos D.
Published: May 2019

The increasing penetration of renewable generation poses several challenges to the operation of distribution networks under emergency conditions. This study proposes a service restoration method that exploits active management of the distribution network. The proposed active network management (ANM) method considers the coordinated control of the available switches, distributed generation, and the operation of on‐load tap changer (OLTC) to determine the optimal service restoration plan. The objectives of the proposed model are the minimisation of (i) the out of service area considering customer priorities, (ii) the number of switch operations, (iii) the number of tap changes of the OLTC, and (iv) the injected power from the substations considering the variation of load demand and renewable generation. The service restoration problem is formulated as a mixed‐integer second‐order cone programming problem, which is efficiently solved by commercial branch and bound solvers. Results on a 135‐bus distribution system and a 540‐bus distribution system highlight the importance and the benefits of incorporating ANM into the solution of the service restoration problem.
Multi‐objective planning model for multi‐phase distribution system under uncertainty considering reconfiguration
Authors: Gangwar Priyanka , Singh Sri Niwas , Chakrabarti Saikat
Published: May 2019

In this study, multi‐objective particle swarm optimisation (MOPSO) and preference order (PO) ranking‐based multi‐objective planning model is presented for placement and sizing of wind and solar‐based distributed generators (DGs), and capacitors in the multi‐phase distribution network, under uncertainty considering network reconfiguration. Uncertainty in solar irradiance, wind speed, and load are considered using Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) with suitable probabilistic models. The planning problem is formulated considering different scenarios generated using MCS. For objective function formulation with varying demand and generation conditions, a dynamic load generation model is developed. A priority vector is proposed for DG and capacitor placement using the analytic hierarchy process to reduce the search space and computational time. The key benefits of the proposed DG placement algorithm are that it gives a single solution that is nearly optimal for all the possible network topologies and it works well for both unbalanced and balanced conditions. The proposed technique has been applied to IEEE 34‐bus and IEEE 123‐bus systems. The result shows a significant reduction in power losses, current unbalancing and improvement in reliability after the placement of DGs and capacitors.
8-Hydroxylation and Glucuronidation of Mirtazapine in Japanese Psychiatric Patients: Significance of the Glucuronidation Pathway of 8-Hydroxy-Mirtazapine
Authors: Shinozaki Masataka , Pierce Jason , Hayashi Yuki , Watanabe Takashi , Sasaki Taro , Komahashi-Sasaki Hazuki , Akiyama Kazufumi , Kato Kazuko , Inoue Yoshimasa , Tsuchimine Shoko , Yasui-Furukori Norio , Ozeki Yuji , Shimoda Kazutaka
Published: June 2019

Introduction  To investigate the metabolism of mirtazapine (MIR) in Japanese psychiatric patients, we determined the plasma levels of MIR, N-desmethylmirtazapine (DMIR), 8-hydroxy-mirtazapine (8-OH-MIR), mirtazapine glucuronide (MIR-G), and 8-hydroxy-mirtazapine glucuronide (8-OH-MIR-G).

Methods  Seventy-nine Japanese psychiatric patients were treated with MIR for 1–8 weeks to achieve a steady-state concentration. Plasma levels of MIR, DMIR, and 8-OH-MIR were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Plasma concentrations of MIR-G and 8-OH-MIR-G were determined by total MIR and total 8-OH-MIR (i. e., concentrations after hydrolysis) minus unconjugated MIR and unconjugated 8-OH-MIR, respectively. Polymerase chain reaction was used to determine CYP2D6 genotypes.

Results  Plasma levels of 8-OH-MIR were lower than those of MIR and DMIR (median 1.42 nmol/L vs. 92.71 nmol/L and 44.96 nmol/L, respectively). The plasma levels (median) of MIR-G and 8-OH-MIR-G were 75.00 nmol/L and 111.60 nmol/L, giving MIR-G/MIR and 8-OH-MIR-G/8-OH-MIR ratios of 0.92 and 59.50, respectively. Multiple regression analysis revealed that smoking was correlated with the plasma MIR concentration (dose- and body weight–corrected, p=0.040) and that age (years) was significantly correlated with the plasma DMIR concentration (dose- and body weight–corrected, p=0.018). The steady-state plasma concentrations of MIR and its metabolites were unaffected by the number of CYP2D6*5 and CYP2D6*10 alleles.

Discussion  The plasma concentration of 8-OH-MIR was as low as 1.42 nmol/L, whereas 8-OH-MIR-G had an approximate 59.50 times higher concentration than 8-OH-MIR, suggesting a significant role for hydroxylation of MIR and its glucuronidation in the Japanese population.
Ventral Surgical Approach for an Intervertebral Disc Degeneration and Regeneration Model in Sheep Cervical Spine: Anatomic Technical Description, Strengths and Limitations
Authors: Deml Moritz C. , Benneker Lorin M. , Schmid Tanja , Sakai Daisuke , Albers Christoph E. , Hoppe Sven , Zeiter Stephan
Published: June 2019

Objective Sheep are used as a large animal model for intervertebral disc research. However, for the ovine ventral surgical approach to the cervical disc, limited descriptions exist. We, therefore, give a detailed in vivo anatomical description of this approach in sheep for the use in intervertebral disc regeneration and degeneration models to increase the reproducibility of such interventions.

Materials and Methods Eighteen female Swiss white alpine sheep, with an age range of 2 to 4 years, were used. A ventral surgical access was performed to establish defined intervertebral disc punch defect from cervical levels C3/4 to C5/6. Cervical levels C2/3 and C6/7 were used as negative controls. Intraoperative findings, radiographical controls and postoperative clinical follow-up were documented and collected for this clinical report.

Results All sheep recovered rapidly from the surgical intervention. Two sheep developed wound seroma, which resorbed spontaneously. Two further sheep showed wound dehiscence within 3 days after surgery, which had to be revised. No clinical wound infections occurred and all sheep healed well and did not show any side effects related to the surgical procedure.

Conclusion The ventral surgical access to the ovine cervical spine is a safe and reliable procedure. The advantage of the cervical intervertebral disc is the easier surgical access and the increased disc height compared to the sheep lumbar spine. Since the ovine cervical intervertebral disc shows a high grade of similarities (e.g. molecular characteristics) compared to human discs, it is a promising degeneration and regeneration model for disc diseases.