bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
This Stage-Play World
Authors: Briggs Julia
Published: November 2023

The later years of Elizabeth and the reign of James I were the age of Shakespeare, but the age also of Sidney, Spenser, and Donne, of fellow dramatists Marlowe, Jonson, and Webster, and of the prose writers Nashe, Bacon, and Burton. This book examines the social conditions that produced this uniquely dazzling array of talent, and relates them closely to the literature of the period. Politically, 1580-1625 was a period of comparative stability, but men's lives were constantly threatened by plague, famine, or even casual violence; a sudden population rise added problems of inflation and unemployment. Writers struggling to earn a living needed either to please the court, with its wealthy and influential patrons, or else to score a popular success with London's new theatre-going public. The establishment itself was actively engaged in promoting ideals of order, hierarchy and centralized authority, while religious reformers urged men to heed the promptings of the spirit, and humanist schoolmasters introduced the young to the pagan culture of ancient Rome, its erotic poetry, and its republican sentiments. New ideas were in the air and sceptical, sometimes iconoclastic attitudes were widely expressed: a constant theme in the literature of the age was man's simultaneous greatness and littleness, the dramatic antitheses contained within him and acted out upon what Raleigh called `this stage-play world'. This extensively revised new edition also includes two new chapters which examine the role of women, the family, travellers and `outsiders' within the social and literary contexts of the period. It also contains textual notes and a fully updated bibliography.
Neurosurgical Management Procotols
Authors: Black Peter McLaren , Rossitch Eugene
Published: November 2023

A prerequisite for neurosurgical procedures in adults is obtaining normal preoperative bleeding studies (prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, platelet count). Electrolytes (sodium, potas¬sium, chloride, carbon dioxide), BUN, and sugar should have been measured no more than 2 weeks before.
Adult Cerebrospinal Fluid Abnormalities
Authors: Black Peter McLaren , Rossitch Eugene
Published: November 2023

Adult hydrocephalus represents a spectrum of disorders ranging from the asymptomatic patient with large ventricles on CT to a very ill patient in coma after subarachnoid hemorrhage. It is caused by an obstruction to CSF flow or outflow that may be acute or chronic.
Degenerative Diseases of the Spine
Authors: Black Peter McLaren , Rossitch Eugene
Published: November 2023

Intervertebral disc disease is a common cause of neurological dis-ability. It generally affects those segments of the spinal column that are most vulnerable to physical forces; the neck and lower back. In the neck, C5, C6, and C7 are most often involved; L4, L5, and SI are the levels most commonly affected in the lower back. The tho¬racic spine, buttressed by the ribs, rarely suffers disc herniation, but it must be recognized and treated correctly when it occurs.
Pediatric Neurosurgery
Authors: Black Peter McLaren , Rossitch Eugene
Published: November 2023

Neurosurgery in infants and children is different enough from adult neurosurgery to warrant its own neurosurgical subspecialty. This chapter presents a few common syndromes and some specific dis¬eases that differ substantially in children and adults.
School-age Children Fight the War
Authors: Tuttle William M
Published: November 2023

This was a war between good and evil; there were no shades of grey, no nuances, especially for America’s school-age children. Ranging in age from five or six to puberty, these girls and boys learned well the lesson of their country’s righteousness before all nations, imbibing it in their schools, churches, and the aters. Indeed, although feelings of invincibility and moral certainty were two qual ities widely shared by the school-age children, another was a sense of personal self-worth, motivated by participation in the war effort. “Our pride in our country,” noted a homefront girl, “made us proud of ourselves.” Boys and girls col lected scrap materials for recycling, and they bought War Bonds and knitted afghans. George Curtis, born in 1935, remembered that even helping his parents perform household tasks made him feel he was making “a genuine contribution” and was “a part of the overall team.” Whether helping with the dishes or the farm chores, George saw the war years “as a time for children such as me to feel of greater human worth or value; to be more respected by adults, because we had the opportunity to ... contribute.”
A Problem About Continued Belief
Authors: Perry John
Published: November 2023

I believe we have and probably need the notion of “continuing to believe the same thing.” Suppose, for example, that Julius points to a man at a party, saying “That fellow near the bar is a dean.” I believe him, saying the same sentence to myself. Later on, Julius is near the bar, the man is next to me, and I say “So you are a dean.” A week later I see him in the quad and think to myself, “He is a dean.” I think I came to believe something when Julius spoke, and continued to believe it until the end of the story.
Defining the Race 1890-1930
Authors: Stein Judith
Published: November 2023

Popular identities, whether racial or nonracial, are constructed as people define their social and political objectives. For instance, in 1848, the abolitionist Frederick Douglass took for granted that blacks were Americans when he asked his audience, “[I]f this is not mean and impudent in the extreme, for one class of Americans to ask for the removal of another class?” This assumption was essential to Douglass’s campaign against the American Colonization Society’s attempt to re­ move blacks to Africa. A few months later, he asserted that blacks were a people.
Anzia Yezierska and the Making of an Ethnic American Self
Authors: Dearborn Mary V
Published: November 2023

Nathaniel Hawthorne, the master of American romance, is not a writer we commonly think of as ethnic. On closer examination, in fact, Hawthorne appears to have been positively obsessed with ancestry and genealogy, as works like The House of the Seven Gables (1851) attest. Moreover, his obsession led him to imagine an invented British ancetry-in short, Nathaniel Hawthorne was an early “invented” ethnic. Thus Hawthorne was fascinated with the legend of a bloody footprint left by a British clergyman on the stone floor of a hall in Lancashire.
The Race Hygiene Movement in Germany, 1904-1945
Authors: Weiss Sheila Faith
Published: November 2023

Although the histories of all national eugenics movements raise both difficult and controversial questions, the case of German eugenics, or “race hygiene” (Rassenhygiene), is by far the most troubling.1 For many people the term German eugenics immediately brings to mind visions of the Nazi death camps and the “final solution.” This presumed connection between German eugenics and the racial policies of the Third Reich makes a sophisticated analysis of German eugenics especially urgent, and also especially problematic. Indeed, until recently many German and non-German historians have simply subordinated race hygiene to the larger themes of either the history of European racism or the development of volkisch thought and, by so doing, have done little to challenge the “gut reaction”.
Eugenics in Russia, 1900-1940
Authors: Adams Mark B
Published: November 2023

In recent years the history of eugenics has proved a useful way to study the subtle relationships between science and society. However, despite the explosion of literature on eugenics movements in many countries, the history of eugenics in Russia has remained virtually unexplored. In an important article published more than a decade ago comparing the German and Soviet movements in the 1920s, Loren Graham showed in a dozen pages what interesting comparative issues are raised by the Russian case (Graham 1978), but no detailed study of Russian eugenics has yet been published that begins to approach the available literature on the British, American, and other national cases in analytic sophistication or detail.
Toward a Comparative History of Eugenics
Authors: Adams Mark B
Published: November 2023

At the International Congress of the History of Science held at Bucharest in August 1981, only one or two papers were presented on the history of eugenics. Four years later, at the next congress, held in Berkeley, California, in August 1985, there were some fifteen papers on the history of eugenics, covering ten national cases, presented in seven sessions by scholars from six countries. Since then five books have appeared dealing with Germany, and studies are under way on the eugenics movements in Denmark (Hansen), Finland (Hietala) Norway (RollHansen), Sweden (Broberg), Russia (Adams), France (Schneider, Lemaine, Clark}, Austria (Hubensdorf), Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, and Cuba (Stepan).
Investigating Our Beliefs About Ourselves: An Introduction
Authors: Unger Peter
Published: November 2023

By the end of this book, if not before, you may come to have a fuller appreciation of some of your central beliefs about yourself, and some of your related attitudes. In particular, you may come to realize more fully that, even as you yourself most deeply believe, after several more decades at most, you will cease to exist, completely and forever. In the light of this awareness, and according to your deepest values, perhaps you will make the most of your quite limited existence.
The Psychological Approach To Our Survival
Authors: Unger Peter
Published: November 2023

Nowadays, many leading writers give their endorsement, in one form or another, to our objective view of ourselves. In so doing, they reject the purely subjective view of the self, as well as hybrid views like the Cartesian view and the Butlerian view. But our objective view may itself take various forms. Indeed, there may be several competing objective approaches, each of which is initially plausible. Any of these plausible approaches will treat questions of our existence and identity as being, in large measure, conventional matters. However, each will differently locate the conventions that shape answers to these questions.
The Appreciation Of Our Actual Values
Authors: Unger Peter
Published: November 2023

Although your values are different from mine, there is a basic core of values that we share. People from radically different cultures and eras may share little of this valuational core; people from other galaxies may share scarcely any of it. But the lack of universality need not diminish the importance of our coming to understand more clearly what our own main values actually are. In this final chapter, we will take a few steps toward achieving this understanding. In so doing, we will embark on a study that I will call the appreciation of our actual values.’
Hospitals at the Crossroads Government, Society, and Catholicism in America, 1950-1975
Authors: Risse Guenter B
Published: November 2023

A hospital, particularly a Catholic hospital where Christ dwells in the chapel tabernacle, is another Holy Land where the workers from the Sister Administrator to the least of the maids are doing in r part and in a humbler way what our Savior did long ago in Palestine. Its product is a happy death for the few; for the many, health so necessary in all walks of life.
Social Control”: Rockefeller Foundation’s Agenda in the Human Sciences, 1913-1933
Authors: Kay Lily E
Published: November 2023

In 1894 the young sociologist Edward Alsworth Ross rejoiced in his “great new discovery in Sociology.” Having jotted down 33 ways in which society exercised social control, he proceeded to develop these preliminary thoughts into the organizing principle of sociology. A newcomer to the discipline from economics, Ross intended to resolve the social and political dilemmas of modernity confronting a society whose national self-conception of historical uniqueness had been formed early in the century as a reaction against forces of modernization sweeping the Old World. Through the concept of social control, Ross intended to empower sociology by supplying it with an analytical framework grounded in liberal premises and sociopsychological sciences. The series of articles published beginning in 1896 in the American Journal of Sociology and his book Social Control (1901) not only revolutionized the discipline of sociology but also shaped the other human sciences.1 In the social sciences it had a profound impact on the direction of political science, economics, and psychology; and in the biological sciences it influenced the course of genetics, eugenics, and psychobiology. In its later technocratic forms, social control would play a critical role in the conception and design of the molecular biology program during the 1930s.
Protein Paradigm
Authors: Kay Lily E
Published: November 2023

The interest in physiological genetics during the 1930s stimulated the formation of linkages between studies of genetic function and analyses of the composition and structure of genes and chromosomes. These new cognitive strategies, backed by financial and institutional resources of the Rockefeller Foundation, brought a number of American geneticists into interdisciplinary cooperation with biochemists and biophysicists. These convergences were based on the protein paradigm, on the dominant explanatory framework that endowed proteins with determinative powers over heredity and related vital phenomena. Most life scientists, whether explicitly or tacitly, subscribed to the protein view of life; and a coalescence of cognitive interests and institutional dynamics sustained the authority of the protein paradigm until the early 1950s.
Convergence of Goals: From Physical Chemistry to Bio-Organic Chemistry, 1930-1940
Authors: Kay Lily E
Published: November 2023

When Mason approved the first Rockefeller grant to T. H. Morgan in 1930, it was agreed that the cooperative attack on vital processes was predicated on the development of chemistry; the thriving chemistry division would have to expand even further to include bioorganic research. During the 15 years of Arthur Amos Noyes’s leadership of chemical research at Caltech, the Gates Chemical Laboratory had attained international acclaim. It was “the most forward looking Department of Chemistry with respect to physical chemistry in the world,” according to Linus Pauling. As early as 1922, when he first arrived in Caltech from Oregon Agricultural College, Pauling was struck by the progressive chemistry program at the Gates Laboratory. There was little formal instruction; instead, European-style seminars emphasized new topics on the borderland between physics and chemistry: chemical thermodynamics, relativistic thermodynamics, quantum theory, and mathematical physics.
“Or Does It Explode”
Authors: Greenberg Cheryl Lynn
Published: November 2023

The establishment of Harlem as the main area of black settlement and as a poor ghetto occurred before the Depression. When the Depression came, the blacks fell still further into poverty. Racism created and perpetuated Harlem’s poverty, yet segregation and discrimination also produced strong social and political networks that served not only to meet immediate needs, but to mobilise thousands to demand a better life. In this extensively researched and well argued book, Cheryl Greenberg examines the growth in the 1930s of a widespread, activist, political culture in Harlem.
Surface Analysis Using Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy
Authors: Parks James E
Published: November 2023

The concept of resonance ionization spectroscopy (RIS) was recognized from the very beginning to “have exciting potential for ultrasensitive detection of elemental substances and other materials.” Since then, this potential has been proven by the development of several ultrasensitive analysis techniques for practical analytical applications. One of these techniques, the subject of this chapter, is sputter initiated resonance ionization spectroscopy (SIRIS). SIRIS combines lasers, energetic ion beams, and mass spectrometers in a unique way so that solid material can be analyzed quantitatively for its elemental constituents with sensitivities in the parts per billion to parts per trillion range.
Applications of Laser Ablation: Elemental Analysis of Solids by Secondary Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Arrowsmith Peter
Published: November 2023

The techniques and instrumentation available for elemental analysis may be divided into two broad categories: those suitable for analysis of samples in solution form and those developed for direct analysis of solid materials. The number of techniques routinely used for trace elemental analysis of solutions is relatively small, although thousands of instruments around the world perform this kind of work. In part, this is the result of the high sensitivity of established methods and the uniform physical nature of liquid samples.
Laser Ablation and Ionization Studies in a Glow Discharge
Authors: Hess Kenneth R , Harrison Willard W
Published: November 2023

One of the most attractive features of lasers in a scientific laboratory is their ability to combine effectively with other instrumentation and methodology to create a technique of much greater utility than either of the two alone. The interactive nature of lasers has led to the development of many “hyphenated” techniques. So it is that the glow discharge, coupled with a laser, offers unique opportunities for plasma diagnostics and for practical trace element analysis through enhanced atomization and ionization processes. The high power attainable with a laser can be efficiently coupled to the glow discharge in a controlled and selective manner. By controlling wavelength and power, the analytical chemist can optimize the experimental conditions for a particular desired result. In conjunction with the glow discharge ion source, direct elemental analysis of solid samples such as metals, alloys, semiconductors, rocks, and minerals is possible.
A Cognitive Criterion of Mental Unity
Authors: Kitcher Patricia
Published: November 2023

Through his analyses of the prerequisites of cognition, Kant discovers a connection that links cognitive states. Even the most minimal cognitive task-the capacity to have cognitive states that represent something to the subject-demands a synthesis of states (or their diverse elements) in further states. But acts of synthesis both create and presuppose relations among cognitive states. Synthesis creates a relation of dependence. The resulting state depends for its content, and so for its existence as a particular cognitive state, on the existence of the earlier states. Synthesis also presupposes that the earlier states are synthesizable, that their diverse elements can be synthesized in a resulting state.
The School Of Hawthorne
Authors: Brodhead Richard H
Published: November 2023

Where does a literary reputation originate and why are so many writers’ reputations subject to the caprices of academic or critical fashion? Basing his arguments on the tradition of Nathaniel Hawthorne, who has survived long periods in the literary wilderness to become one of America’s most important novelists, Brodhead investigates the question of how pasts get created and distributed, and what it means to live within or without the presence of such pasts.
Introduction: Constructing the Frame
Authors: Michie Helena
Published: November 2023

This book began in many different places. One of these was Rome, Italy, where as a child I would walk down the streets of a city filled with effigies of women. Replicas of the Virgin served as landmarks on my way to kindergarten; a stand down the street sold plastic Marys for 100 lire apiece, while larger Virgins made of stone peered out of niches and alleyways, presided over fountains, stood numbly with plastic flowers at their feet. Bending over the flowers, their babies, and the coins people sometimes threw in their laps, they all wore the same half-secret smiles other people must associate with the Mona Lisa.
Ladylike Anorexia: Hunger, Sexuality, and Etiquette in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Michie Helena
Published: November 2023

The dinner table is an important locus of interaction in Victorian culture. In the novel, it is the place where characters, plots, and subplots come together to enjoy and to produce the rich complexities of Victorian fiction. In etiquette and conduct books, it is the central social space where the rules that govern Victorian society arc made manifest. Crucial to the dinner party that figures and so prominently figures in so many texts of the period is the heroine, ,vhosc presence and conversations at these social encounters so profoundly influence their outcome.
Calling and Falling: Vocation and Prostitution
Authors: Michie Helena
Published: November 2023

With these words the speaker of Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s “Jenny” apostrophizes the sleeping prostitute who lends the poem her name. Lying stationary at the center of the poem’s action and of the Victorian debate over fallen women, it would seem that Jenny’s body and its concerns would dominate the poem. The speaker’s strategy, however, is the erasure of Jenny’s body in the very act of its representation. From the beginning of the poem a slow process of metaphorization distances both reader and speaker from her body, first by the use of conventional tropes and finally by the transfiguration of Jenny herself into a sign.
Evolutionary Biology of Aging
Authors: Rose Michael R
Published: November 2023

This provocative book on the ageing process examines one of the unsolved problems of biology: why do we grow old? The author answers this question by proposing an evolutionary theory for senescence, suggesting that the force of natural selection declines proportionally with age after the onset of reproduction. He elaborates with evidence from cell biology, physiology, and gerontology. The strength of the book lies in the author's unique ability to synthesize the vast literature of this field into a stimulating and accessible volume.
Writing From The Margins
Authors: Hill Carolyn Ericksen
Published: November 2023

This book is an attempt to integrate, rather than fragment, disciplines, and seeks to bring seemingly marginal parts of the rhetorical tradition into the centre of negotiation between the disciplines and theories that inform composition studies. Hill weaves practical information from the classroom with her theoretical observations. While astutely addressing the work of composition theorists such as Peter Elbow, ken Macrore, William Coles, Jr., and John Schultz, and post-modern critics such as Derrida, Foucault, and Bakhtin, Hill draws on her own teaching experiences. She shows clearly how teaching and writing are social and political acts, how the social status and political standing of students and teachers operate in the writing classroom, and how an awareness of boundaries, conflict, and questioning can improve the teaching, learning, and writing experiences.
The Mulatto, Tragic or Triumphant? The Nineteenth-Century American Race Melodrama
Authors: Gillman Susan
Published: November 2023

“White Americans,” W. E. B. Du Bois wrote in 1927, “are willing to read about Negroes, but they prefer to read about Negroes who are fools, clowns, prostitutes, or at any rate, in despair and contemplating suicide.” Complicating this classic statement of the problematic appeal to a white readership of black stereotypes, Du Bois concludes, “Other sorts of Negroes do not interest them because, as they say, ‘they are just like white folks.’ “For Du Bois, the most complicated figure of all might be the so-called “tragic mulatto,” who, both despairing and appearing just like white folk, is a hybrid not only of both races but also of both Du Boisean sorts of Negroes, those acceptable and those (avowedly) uninteresting to white readers. No wonder, then, that the literary figure of the tragic mulatto has exerted such ambiguous fascination for so many readers, black and white, both those who embrace an assimilationist vision and those who reject the notion of a “white Negro” as tacitly subscribing to the racist ideology of the color line.
When the Rhetor Lies: Augustine”s Critique of Mendacity
Authors: Swearingen C Jan
Published: November 2023

Unto them that are without, all these things are done in parables: that seeing they may see, and not perceive; and hearing, they may hear and not understand. The Scriptures seemed quite unworthy of comparison with the stately prose of Cicero, because I had too much conceit to accept their simplicity and not enough insight to penetrate their depths. It is surely true that as the child grows these books grow with him. But I was too proud to call myself a child.
The In-Relation-To Qualifications
Authors: Meinwald Constance C
Published: November 2023

Obviously, the results of chapter 2, by themselves, do not enable us to understand the new kind of exercise completely. We can understand abstractly that the deriving of results from both positive and negative hypotheses allows us to “see what difference” the state of affairs we hypothesize makes. We can also understand that by deriving results for the others as well as for the subject of the hypotheses we broaden our field of observation. (In fact, it seems that there would not automatically be substantive results for the others from any claim about any subject.
The Second Section of Arguments
Authors: Meinwald Constance C
Published: November 2023

We come now to the second section of arguments constituting Parmenides’ dia1ectical display. As we have already noted in our inquiry into the structure of the exercise, this section is explicitly devoted to determining what follows for The One, if The One is. In fact, I expect that the “theme question” of the section can be more completely ex pressed as follows: what follows for The One pros ta alla, if The One is? (For both points, sec chapter 2.) The business of this chapter is to confirm that this expectation is fulfilled. To do this, I will first explore further than I have yet done the class of predications pros ta alla. This exploration will make it possible to see what sort of activities would he involved in establishing such predications and so in answering the proposed theme question. Then, I will show how we can understand the arguments of the section as carrying out those activities. (I will not discuss every argument individually, but will take up some representative ones.) I would like to start this chapter, however, by providing a summary of the second section proper and the interpretative issues it raises.
Epilogue
Authors: Meinwald Constance C
Published: November 2023

My project of understanding the key advance of the second part of the Parmenides has already received its basic application: we have seen that the notorious difficulties of the first part of the dialogue are no threat for Platonists who have made the advance. However, some issues that I raised in the course or my exposition still need to be con Severed, a process that will lead naturally to reflection on the philosophical importance for Plato’s development of the crucial episode on which we have been concentrating.
The Bayesian Model
Authors: Cooke Roger M
Published: November 2023

Bayesian models require that the user supply prior probability distributions and process expert assessments by updating these distributions via Bayes’ theorem. The model of Mendel and Sheridan (1986, 1989; see also Mendel, 1989) uses Bayes’ theorem to recalibrate and combine expert assessments of continuous variables via Bayes’ theorem. The only other model (Morris, 1977) which putatively accomplishes the same has serious computational and philosophical drawbacks (see Chap. 11).
Cell Surface Receptor/ Ligand Binding Fundamentals
Authors: Lauffenburger Douglas A , Linderman Jennifer J
Published: November 2023

In order to model cell behavior regulated by receptor/ligand signaling, we must first quantify initial cell surface binding events as well as subsequent intracellular trafficking processes, as illustrated in Figure 1-4. This is necessary for following receptor/ligand complexes temporally and spatially throughout the cell. Once this foundation is established we can more easily analyze cell behavioral phenomena governed by the number, state, and location of these complexes. In this chapter our focus is on bindirtg events on the cell surface, whereas in the next chapter we will turn to trafficking processes. Our attention throughout the book will be restricted to plasma membrane receptors, though some receptors (e.g., those for steroid hormones) reside in the cytoplasm or on intracellular organelle membranes.
Receptor/ Ligand Trafficking
Authors: Lauffenburger Douglas A , Linderman Jennifer J
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 2, we explored models of receptor/ligand binding on the cell surface. For each of those models, we assumed that the number and location of receptors are constant, i.e., that no significant synthesis, degradation, internalization, or recycling of receptors occurs over the time frame for which the models apply. Under normal physiological conditions, however, these dynamic trafficking events take place concurrently with receptor/ligand binding. In particular, cell surface receptors and receptor/ligand complexes can be internalized in a process known as receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME). The basic steps of the endocytic cycle have been described in a number of reviews (Brown et al., 1983; Wileman et al., 1985b; Mellman et al., 1986; van Deurs et al., 1989; Schwartz, 1990) and are shown schematically in Figure 3-1. The selection and internalization of ligands via RME plays a role in nutrition (e.g., LDL, transferrin), clearance or retrieval of molecules (e.g., immune complexes, asialoglycoproteins, mannose-6-phosphate glycoproteins) and presumably the elicitation or attenuation of cellular responses (e.g., EGF, chemotactic peptides).
The Use and Abuse of Basic Rights
Authors: Lomasky Loren E
Published: November 2023

Rights are not the whole of moral value, nor is respect for rights the highest of moral virtues. Unsophisticated generosity and compassion may take one a good bit higher on the ladder of moral worth than does a well-schooled punctiliousness in not overstepping the boundaries set by the rights of others. Concern for rights is a necessary cornerstone in the design of a social ethic, but it should not be confused for the completed edifice.
Extending the Moral Community: Children
Authors: Lomasky Loren E
Published: November 2023

Project pursuers enjoy rights in virtue of being project pursuers; that, in essence, was the argument of the preceding six chapters. Shall we then argue that only project pursuers enjoy rights, that non-project pursuers lack rights in virtue of their not holding those long-term commitments which so distinctly and decisively shape the lives of those who pursue projects? It is prima facie appealing to conclude exactly that. At least three reasons seem to support such an inference.
Biology
Authors: Ross Mary H , Mullins Donald E
Published: November 2023

Over twenty years have passed since the publication of two comprehensive books on cockroach biology (Cornwell 1968, Guthrie and Tindall 1968). The information on the German cockroach in these books could hardly be covered in one chapter. In addition, papers published subsequently have expanded our understanding of this ubiquitous pest. We have tried to select material from these sources that is most appropriate for readers whose main interest in the German cockroach stems from its importance as an urban pest. This chapter gives a condensed account of basic biological properties of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). An awareness of these properties is crucial to planning and carrying out control strategies and related research projects. Attention is also given to variation in the expression of biological properties within populations. Some variations are related to environmental conditions or research methodology; others have a genetic basis. The latter may stem from several decades of selection pressure from commonly-used pesticides. Only one such alteration, the development of physiological resistance to pesticides, is widely recognized (see also Chapter 8). Our emphasis on other types of biological variation is to call attention to the development of differences between present-day populations and the possible impact of these differences on cockroach control efforts. Some original data on the biology of susceptible and insecticide-resistant field strains are included.
Detection and Monitoring
Authors: Owens John M
Published: November 2023

The more theoretical considerations of insect population sampling and the research objectives inherent to many of the sampling considerations of authors such as McDonald and Manly (1989), Morris (1960), Pedigo and Buntin (1994) and Southwood (1978), are beyond the scope of this book. Rather, this chapter will focus on the sampling methods used by pest control professionals and researchers to obtain counts of German cockroach numbers in the context of ongoing pest management programs or research efforts to study and (for example) to compare the effectiveness of control technologies such as insecticides. Few research efforts have focused specifically on German cockroach sampling techniques; or considerations inherent to their application in field studies of insecticide efficacy, studies of German cockroach population dynamics and movement behavior, or for other objectives. Artyukhina (1972), Ballard and Gold (1982a, 1983a and 1984a), Moore and Granovsky (1983), Owens and Bennett (1983), Reierson and Rust (1977) and Ross (1981) have reported research which specifically evaluates and compares different sampling techniques in either laboratory or field studies of German cockroaches. There are two basic objectives of sampling efforts applied against German cockroach populations in the context of control or management programs - simple detection of presence and monitoring of changes in population size, spatial distribution or movement patterns by repeated sampling. Pest control professionals usually attempt detection by trapping or visual inspections. During visual inspections, German cockroaches are either directly observed and counted, or signs of their presence such as frass, oothecae and shed cuticles are noted.
Conventional Insecticides
Authors: Wickham John C
Published: November 2023

Insecticides are chemicals, mostly but not exclusively of synthetic origin, which have demonstrated the ability to disrupt specific biological systems associated with insects. As a consequence they can provide a relatively rapid and efficient means of reducing insect populations in circumstances which would otherwise favor the continuation of a pest infestation. Many conventional insecticides interfere with the proper functioning of the insect nervous system after entering the insect’s body following direct contact or exposure to vapor. Some enter the gut during ingestion and are absorbed into the body where they may act systemically, affecting the nervous system or other physiological processes.
Integrated Pest Management: An Operational View
Authors: Robinson William H , Zungoli Patricia A
Published: November 2023

The goal of conventional integrated pest management (1PM) programs is to manage populations of pests at low levels through the use of various chemical and nonchemical methods. However, 1PM programs for urban pests, such as the German cockroach, usually prescribe elimination. While control or even elimination of this pest is desirable, the methods to achieve this must be reconsidered. The pest status of this species and other urban insect pests often leads to excessive, and ineffective use of insecticides in the home or workplace. Programs can be designed to provide the effective and efficient use of both chemical and nonchemical methods for managing pests in the home and workplace environment.
The Non-Reality of Free Will
Authors: Double Richard
Published: November 2023

This monograph offers a new argument concerning free will and moral responsibility. Double identifies hierarchical compatibilism - a view espoused by such philosophers as Frankfurt, Neely, Watson, Levin, and Dennett - as the most plausible account of free will, showing how compatibilism can be successfully defended against incompatibilist objections. He goes on, however, to demonstrate that even the compatibilist account of free will ultimately faces insuperable objections, and concludes that free will is an essentially incoherent notion.
On The Matter Of Promises And Pacts
Authors: Carr Craig L
Published: November 2023

Next we must see about the subject matter of promises and pacts, that is, the things to which we can voluntarily obligate ourselves by promising and making pacts. This requires that we have both a physical and a moral faculty to produce the thing or action, that is, that it not be beyond our strength to produce it and that we not be prohibited from accomplishing it by some law. For when something has been placed within my strength and I am left with the faculty to make a decision about it, nothing at all prevents me from voluntarily laying upon myself the necessity of furnishing it to another, when it would have a use for human life. On the other hand, it is pointless to contract an obligation with respect to things that either exceed our strength or cannot be done without violating a stronger obligation, since it would lack any direct and legitimate effect.
W/Righting History: Sympathy as Strategy in Hope Leslie and A Romance of the Republic
Authors: Nelson Dana D
Published: November 2023

In her 1860 article “How Women Should Write?” Mary Bryan traces women’s growing involvement in literary fields. It is in response to men’s demand “for intellectual food through the length and breadth of the land … they want books for every year, for every month- mirrors to ‘catch the manners living as they rise,’ lenses to concentrate the rays of the new stars that dawn upon them” (Freibert and White, 369). Woman, responding as always to man’s call, “steps forward to take her part in the intellectual labor,’’ but then is strangely hindered by the qualms of the male establishment.
Sperm Physiology
Authors: Mortimer David
Published: November 2023

A comprehensive discussion of male reproductive physiology is outside the scope of this text, and the interested reader is referred to standard texts on reproductive physiology. However, a brief overview is provided, as sperm physiology is fundamental to understanding what follows in Sections II and III of this book.
Semen Analysis
Authors: Mortimer David
Published: November 2023

The intention of this chapter is to provide detailed descriptions of the basic technical procedures for performing a routine semen analysis. A general schedule and sample Laboratory Report Form for this whole procedure are provided in Appendix I. This evaluation of the classic ‘descriptive’ semen characteristics is fundamental to the operation of an andrology laboratory that provides diagnostic or therapeutic services. It provides the criteria on which most initial clinical decisions are based, thereby necessitating accuracy and precision. Reliable methods must be used for semen analysis as for any other laboratory test, and there is no substitute for thorough training and experience. It has become apparent that reliable semen analysis requires staff with good observational powers and critical ability. Matters of training, standardization, quality control, and quality assurance are dealt with in Chapter 16.
Writing Under Pressure
Authors: Kaye Sanford
Published: November 2023

Most writing is done under pressure. An executive has to produce a three-page position paper by tomorrow at nine. A department head suddenly has to write a one-page action memo by noon. A graduate student has a twenty-page research paper due in a week. Yet, while most students and professionals write under pressure--with limited time, limited space, and a supervisor or instructor to please--few approach the task systematically. In Writing Under Pressure, Sanford Kaye, a renowned expert on the subject, presents a system he calls the Quick Writing Process (QWP) that focuses on real-world writing tasks and demonstrates how to produce the clearest, most honest, most powerful work possible under the constraints of time and space. A writing instructor with twenty-five years’ experience teaching students and professionals in business and government, Kaye tells writers how to budget their time and how to use this time efficiently. Exploring particular writing situations in which QWP can be applied to make the most of what the writer knows, Kaye discusses the process of taking exams, focusing on how instructors select questions and evaluate essays. He also considers writing in business and government, featuring an insightful analysis of a memo written by Colonel Oliver North. This memo highlights one of the most important issues writers in business and government face: whether to write the truth as they see it or simply what their bosses want to hear. Presenting a wealth of such examples, Kaye reveals how to break through stifling organizational codes in order to write memos and position papers that count. While most guides to writing ignore the constraints of time and space, Writing Under Pressure tackles these problems head on, making it an essential reference for students, business professionals, government officials, or anyone else faced with a difficult writing assignment that has to be done now.
Producing the Raw Draft
Authors: Kaye Sanford
Published: November 2023

Most of us are trained from our first exercises in school to think of revising as a painful, unrewarding act, changing a word or two here or there without actually improving our writing. We don’t really know what to do. Later on, we learn to cut and perhaps to rearrange a few blocks of writing, but often we do this with a draft that is already fragmented, filled with remnants of discarded thoughts and passages that need more rather than less explanation for a reader. Writing becomes the easier part of the process, and revising a series of unpredictable, disjointed acts that can spoil the whole thing.
Examwriting
Authors: Kaye Sanford
Published: November 2023

Imagine that you are an undergraduate taking a three-hour final exam in Renaissance Literature. You have done fairly well on two short papers in the course, but your hour exam was disappointing. If they ask the right questions on this final, you should get at least a B in the course. You have reviewed your lecture notes. You did the readings carefully, and distilled your notes into a comparison of the major themes and methods of the important writers. You’ve browsed through one of the books on the recommended reading list, a study supporting most of your lecturer’s interpretations.
Generating and Producing Research Writing
Authors: Kaye Sanford
Published: November 2023

Clarifying your particular approach to the reader and to the material gives you a sense of the scope of your project. Estimating the scale gives you a sense of how to organize general ideas, specific information, and representative examples into a consistent, balanced structure within your timetable. On this foundation, a provisional thesis, including because-clauses, provides a framework for gathering and sifting the material. The provisional thesis for a research writing project is rougher and more malleable than that of an exam essay or an urgent position paper: it is less an answer and more a means of driving questions into the open for your consideration.
Becoming Independent Writers
Authors: Kaye Sanford
Published: November 2023

Writers constantly shuttle between extremes. In constructing a piece of writing the writer goes through two distinct forms of activity: the process of discovery, and the presentation of his or her discoveries. We know from experience that when our writing is going well these two extremes of spontaneity and conscious control re enforce each other. The goal of QWP is to help the writer achieve this integration. The QWP system envisions writing as a continuous process, from defining the writer’s relationship to the reader and the environment, to estimating the scope, scale, and style of each project. You plan the structure of your answer around meaning, transforming the topic or question into a provisional thesis supported by because-clauses .
The Deification of the Commonplace: Twilight of the Idols
1
Authors: Magnus Bernd
Published: November 2023

If Nietzsche was right in saying that there are no immaculate perceptions and that there is only a perspective knowing, as he says in GM III 12, and elsewhere moreover, if in asserting these claims their very iteration does not undermine their cognitive force, then it follows that there are no immaculate perceptions of a text either, or a knowledge of its contents, which is not perspectival. Perspectivism derives some of its intuitive force from the emerging popularity of the still-picture camera in Nietzsche’s time and can be understood as a generalization of its point. Imagine, if you would, a physical object with a camera circling 360° about it in equidistant orbits, orbits which eventually traverse the object as if it were encased in an invisible globe.
The Writing on the Wall: The Antichrist and the Semiotics of History
Authors: Shapiro Gary
Published: November 2023

Even those writers who have good things to say about Nietzsche usually do not have good things to say about his penultimate book, The Antichrist. Like Ecce Homo it is often described as at least prefiguring Nietzsche’s madness if not (as is sometimes the case) said to be part of that desperate glide itself. Those inclined to reject the book may be encouraged in this view by Nietzsche’s statement to Brandes, in November 1888, that The Antichrist is the whole of The Transvaluation of All Values (originally announced as a series of four books) and that Ecce Homo is its necessary prelude. The reader will have already discerned my intention of retrieving this exorbitant text for the Nietzschean canon. Such operations of retrieval are standard enough moves within a certain kind of philological discourse that privileges the book as an expressive or cognitive totality. But Nietzsche, the arch philogoist, is today often regarded as having undercut the grounds of such moves: first, by challenging their hermeneutic presuppositions and, second, by exemplifying in a paradigmatic fashion the discontinuous, fragmentary, or porous text. The second view of Nietzsche’s writings is a very traditional one; it is a commonplace among Nietzsche’s earlier readers that his writing is distressingly wanting in order and style, despite the brilliance for his thought. Such has continued to be the assumption of AngloAmerican readers like Walter Kaufmann and Arthur Danto, who have aimed at articulating the internal order of Nietzsche’s thought which the stylistic fireworks of the texts obscure.
Determinate Applications of Legal Rules
Authors: Greenawalt Kent
Published: November 2023

People have long believed that given existing legal institutions and standards, many legal problems have definite, objective answers, the answers provided by the law as it exists. For this belief to be sound, law need not be firmly rooted in morality, economics, or culture, but legal standards must yield answers. The most ambitious claim of determinacy is that the law provides an answer to every legal question, but that claim has few modern defenders, and I am not one of them. In this part of the book, I am defending a modest claim about determinacy: that many legal questions have determinate answers that (1) would be arrived at by virtually all those with an understanding of the legal system, and (2) are unopposed by powerful arguments, consonant with the premises of the system, for contrary results. One might think, especially in light of the last chapter, that this claim has all the bite and profundity of a truism, but passages in some skeptical writings appear to cast doubt on it.