bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Grothendieck groups for categories of complexes
Authors: Foxby Hans-Bjørn , Halvorsen Esben Bistrup
Published: February 2009

The new intersection theorem states that, over a Noetherian local ring R, for any non-exact complex concentrated in degrees n,…,0 in the category P(length) of bounded complexes of finitely generated projective modules with finite-length homology, we must have n ≥ d = dim R.

One of the results in this paper is that the Grothendieck group of P(length) in fact is generated by complexes concentrated in the minimal number of degrees: if Pd(length) denotes the full subcategory of P(length) consisting of complexes concentrated in degrees d,…0, the inclusion Pd(length) → P(length) induces an isomorphism of Grothendieck groups. When R is Cohen–Macaulay, the Grothendieck groups of Pd(length) and P(length) are naturally isomorphic to the Grothendieck group of the category M(length) of finitely generated modules of finite length and finite projective dimension. This and a family of similar results are established in this paper.
Benefits of magnetic resonance image scanning in progressive, bilateral, sensorineural hearing loss: a case of leptomeningeal haemosiderosis
Authors: Muthu A , Stevenson S , Bird P
Published: February 2009

Objective:

Magnetic resonance imaging is a routine investigation in cases of asymmetric sensorineural hearing loss, but it is not routinely used to investigate bilateral sensorineural hearing loss.

Method:

This case report illustrates the benefits of magnetic resonance image scanning in the latter patient group.

Results:

A 53-year-old man with rapidly progressive, symmetrical, bilateral, sensorineural hearing loss was found also to have anosmia, imbalance and incoordination. Magnetic resonance image scanning demonstrated leptomeningeal haemosiderosis. Progressive, bilateral, sensorineural hearing loss is the most common presentation of this condition and magnetic resonance imaging is the diagnostic investigation of choice.

Conclusion:

There are potential treatments for leptomeningeal haemosiderosis which prevent further irreversible damage, if a bleeding source can be found. Hearing loss may be due to cochlear or retrocochlear pathology. Cochlear implantation may be indicated.
Metachronous inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour in the temporal bone: case report
Authors: Goh B S , Tan S P , Husain S , Rose I M , Saim L
Published: February 2009

Objective:

We report an extremely rare case of metachronous inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour in the temporal bone.

Method:

Case report and review of the world literature on metachronous inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour.

Results:

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour in the temporal bone is rare, and metachronous inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour in the temporal bone has never been reported in the English medical literature. We report a case of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour in the right temporal bone in a 27-year-old woman presenting with right-sided otalgia and progressive hearing loss. A metachronous lesion was discovered in the left temporal bone one year later. The patient underwent surgical excision of the tumour via canal wall down mastoidectomy for both lesions. Long term steroids were prescribed after both surgical procedures. At follow up three years after the last procedure, the patient remained free of disease.

Conclusion:

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of metachronous inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour in the temporal bone.
Intelligent design and theodicy
Authors: CORABI JOSEPH
Published: February 2009

This paper explores a seldom discussed difficulty for traditional theists who wish to embrace the purported evidence employed in biochemical intelligent design arguments, and who also employ a commonly used element in their theodicies – namely, the claim that God would have reason to make a relatively orderly and self-sufficient world with stable and simple natural laws. I begin by introducing intelligent design arguments and the varieties of theodicy at issue, then I argue that there is at least a strong prima facie tension between these theodicies and the claim that God intelligently designed biochemical systems in humans and other organisms. Subsequently, I examine three strategies for resolving this tension, in increasing order of plausibility. At the end of the paper, I raise and briefly discuss some wider issues for theists enamoured with theodicy approaches that emphasize natural orderliness and the stability of laws of nature.
Escapism, religious luck, and divine reasons for action
Authors: BUCKAREFF ANDREI A. , PLUG ALLEN
Published: February 2009

In our paper, ‘Escaping hell: divine motivation and the problem of hell’, we defended a theory of hell that we called ‘escapism’. We argued that, given God's just and loving character, it would be most rational for Him to maintain an open-door policy to those who are in hell, allowing them an unlimited number of chances to be reconciled with God and enjoy communion with Him. In this paper we reply to two recent objections to our original paper. The first is an argument from religious luck offered by Russell Jones. The second is an argument from Kyle Swan that alleges that our commitments about the nature of reasons for action still leaves escapism vulnerable to an objection we labelled the ‘Job objection’ in our original paper. In this paper we argue that escapism has the resources built into it needed to withstand the objections from Jones and Swan.
Does Plantinga's evolutionary argument against naturalism work?
Authors: LEE WANG-YEN
Published: February 2009

In Alvin Plantinga's evolutionary argument against naturalism (EAAN), he contends that someone who holds both naturalism (N) and evolution (E) acquires an undefeated defeater for her belief that ‘human cognitive faculties are reliable’ (R) and as a result an undefeated defeater for everything else she believes when she comes to realize that P(R/N&E) is low or inscrutable. I argue for two theses in this paper. First, when a naturalist-evolutionist comes to think that P(R/N&E) is inscrutable, that does not constitute an undefeated defeater for her belief that R if her original grounds for believing R are something other than an assessment of P(R/N&E). Second, even if she acquires an undefeated defeater for her belief that R when she comes to think that P(R/N&E) is inscrutable, it does not follow that she has a defeater for all her other beliefs. The main contribution lies in my response to Plantinga's attempt to resist my second thesis.
Is ICTY Sentencing Predictable? An Empirical Analysis of ICTY Sentencing Practice
Authors: HOLÁ BARBORA , SMEULERS ALETTE , BIJLEVELD CATRIEN
Published: February 2009

This quantitative study analyses the sentencing practice of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). The sentencing process is only loosely regulated by the ICTY Statute, and consequently it is not clear how judges exercise their broad discretionary sentencing powers in practice. By analysing the existing case law, legal factors influencing the sentencing decisions are examined. The extent to which the selected factors predict sentence length is tested in a multiple regression analysis. The analysis suggests that the sentence can be to a large extent predicted by legal criteria. The number of offences and the rank of the offender are the strongest predictors of sentence length in the model.
Is Peace in the Interests of Justice? The Case for Broad Prosecutorial Discretion at the International Criminal Court
Authors: RODMAN KENNETH A.
Published: February 2009

The argument against factoring peace processes into the discretion of the ICC Prosecutor is based on the premise that international law can be decontextualized from international politics and that in doing so will have superior consequences in terms of deterring atrocity and in consolidating peace. This view is at odds with the history of international criminal tribunals and the cases currently under review by the ICC. Those episodes demonstrate that the effectiveness of international criminal justice and its impact on peace are shaped and constrained by the political strategies of conflict resolution used by states and intergovernmental organizations to end criminal violence. Hence the Prosecutor should construe his discretion broadly to take account of the political context in which international criminal law has to operate.
Exploring the Theory and Practice of the Relationship between International Human Rights Law and Domestic Actors
Authors: VILJOEN FRANS
Published: February 2009

In recent times the human rights discourse has become increasingly concerned with the relationship between domestic and international (UN and regional) human rights law. In 2007, two significant additions to this body of scholarship appeared. Although the authors of these texts are based in Canada and the United Kingdom respectively, their contributions explore the domestic–international relationship from a particularly African angle. While both works are concerned with the national arena (local activist forces and national human rights institutions respectively), the one investigates the domestic impact of international law and institutions, while the other explores the increased international impact of a particular domestic institution.
Non-state Actors, State-Centrism and Human Rights Obligations
Authors: DE BRABANDERE ERIC
Published: February 2009

Despite its not being an entirely new debate in international law and international relations, the nexus between human rights and non-state actors has become a highly relevant topic of scholarly research, as witnessed by the three works under review, published in 2005 and 2006. When Andrew Clapham published in 1993Human Rights in the Private Sphere, in which he already questioned the public/private divide of human rights law, the book was then categorized as both ‘adventuresome and timely’. Some fifteen years later, an analysis of this topic can no longer be called ‘adventuresome’, but the timeliness remains beyond doubt.
Feasibility of a rubella screening and vaccination programme for unvaccinated young women
Authors: RUIJS W. L. M. , HULSCHER M. E. J. L. , HAHNÉ S. J. M. , VAN BINNENDIJK R. S. , VAN DER VELDEN J.
Published: February 2009

The feasibility of a rubella screening and vaccination programme for unvaccinated young women was assessed after the 2004/2005 epidemic in The Netherlands. All 640 young women in two villages with low vaccination coverage were invited for a rubella seroprevalence test. Information on vaccination status was gathered by written questionnaire. Women testing seronegative were offered free rubella vaccination. The feasibility of the programme was evaluated in terms of participation, rubella susceptibility, and acceptance of the vaccination offer by seronegative women. The participation rate was 48% [95% confidence interval (CI) 44–52] with 108 unvaccinated participants. Eleven per cent (95% CI 6–19) of the women were identified as susceptible to rubella, of whom 17% (95% CI 2–48) accepted the vaccination offer. In the end only 0·9% (95% CI 0·1–2·5) of the target population was given protection by the programme. Under the present conditions this programme proved to be an inefficient strategy for rubella protection.
Assessing the effects of temperature on the population of Aedes aegypti, the vector of dengue
Authors: YANG H. M. , MACORIS M. L. G. , GALVANI K. C. , ANDRIGHETTI M. T. M. , WANDERLEY D. M. V.
Published: February 2009

Dengue is a vector-borne disease transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti. The incidence of dengue disease shows a clear dependence on seasonal variation. How does the temperature affect the incidence? We addressed this question indirectly by estimating the size of the A. aegypti population for different temperatures applying population dynamics theory. In order to achieve this objective we designed temperature-controlled experiments to assess the entomological parameters regarding the mosquito's life-cycle at different temperatures. By obtaining the mortality, transition and oviposition rates for different stages of the life-cycle of the mosquito we were able to calculate the basic offspring number Q0, which is the capacity of vector reproduction and ultimately gives the size of the vector population.
Testing the limits of data-driven learning: language proficiency and training
Authors: Boulton Alex
Published: February 2009

The potential for corpora in language learning has attracted a significant amount of attention in recent years, including in the form of data-driven learning (DDL). Careful not to appear to over-promote the field, enthusiasts have urged caution in its application, in particular with regard to lower-level learners, and have argued that extensive learner-training in corpus techniques is an essential condition for DDL to be successful. Such limits seem eminently reasonable, but there is a notable dearth of empirical studies to support them. This paper describes a simple experiment to see how lower-level learners cope with corpus data with no prior training.

The language focus here is on linking adverbials in English, which are renowned to be difficult to teach using traditional methods. The subjects are 132 first-year students at an engineering college in France of roughly intermediate and lower levels of English. They were divided into random groups to compare their ability to deal with the target items using traditional sources (extracts from a bilingual dictionary or a grammar/usage manual) or corpus data (short contexts or truncated concordances). Performance was tested prior to the experiment, subsequently to check ability to use the different information sources as a reference, and later to test recall.

No evidence was found that traditional sources promote better recall, and corpus data seemed to be more effective for reference purposes. While the results of any single experiment must be treated with caution, these findings suggest the need for more empirical studies to complement the theoretical arguments and qualitative data which currently dominate the discussions of DDL.
Developing annotation solutions for online Data Driven Learning
Authors: Pérez-Paredes Pascual , Alcaraz-Calero Jose M.
Published: February 2009

Althoughannotationis a widely-researched topic in Corpus Linguistics (CL), its potential role in Data Driven Learning (DDL) has not been addressed in depth by Foreign Language Teaching (FLT) practitioners. Furthermore, most of the research in the use of DDL methods pays little attention to annotation in the design and implementation of corpus-based/driven language teaching.

In this paper, we set out to examine the process of development ofSACODEYL Annotator, an application that seeks to assist SACODEYL system users in annotating XML multilingual corpora. First, we discuss the role of annotation in DDL and the dominating paradigm in general corpus applications. In the context of the language classroom, we argue that it is essential that corpora should be pedagogically motivated (Braun, 2005 and 2007a). Then, we move on to deal with the analysis and design stages of our annotation solution by illustrating its main features. Some of these include a user friendly hierarchical and extensible taxonomy tree to facilitate the learner-oriented annotation of the corpora; real-time graphics representation of the annotated corpus matching the XML TEI-compliant (Text Encoding Initiative) standard, as well as an intuitive management of the different data sections and associated metadata.

SACODEYL (System Aided Compilation and Open Distribution of European Youth Language) is an EU funded MINERVA project which aims to develop an ICT-based system for the assisted compilation and open distribution of multimedia European teen talk in the context of language education. This research lays emphasis on the functionalities of the application within the SACODEYL context. However, our paper addresses similarly the needs of potential multimedia language corpus administrators in general on the lookout for powerful annotation assisting software. SACODEYL Annotator is free to use and can be downloaded from our website.
Adults’ Versus Children’s Performance on the Stroop Task: Insights From Ex-Gaussian Analysis
Authors: Fagot Delphine , Dirk Judith , Ghisletta Paolo , de Ribaupierre Anik
Published: February 2009

In the Geneva Variability Study, the Stroop task was administered to children and young adults. Interference and facilitation effects were investigated by comparing mean reaction times (RTs) and applying ex-Gaussian distribution analysis. Our analyses were motivated by three goals: First, we aimed to replicate the results obtained with young adults by Spieler, Balota, and Faust (2000) ; second, we applied this method to children’s data; third, the question of age-related differences in these inhibitory processes was investigated with the ex-Gaussian approach. In young adults, findings pertaining to the interference effect reported by Spieler et al. (2000) were replicated; in children, the interference effect was only manifested in the estimated Gaussian parameters (Mean RT, μ, σ); facilitation effects were only observed in children. The substantive meaning of the results and the advantages of ex-Gaussian analyses for describing RT distributions are discussed.
Neurobiologische Korrelate von Psychotherapie bei Angst- und Persönlichkeitsstörungen
Authors: Herpertz Sabine C.
Published: February 2009

Die Darstellung hirnfunktioneller Korrelate von Psychotherapieeffekten könnte, so ist die Erwartung, Rückschlüsse auf die Wirkmechanismen umschriebener psychotherapeutischer Interventionen erlauben und im besten Fall ermöglichen, Prädiktoren für das Ansprechen auf unterschiedliche Therapiemethoden oder für einen drohenden Rückfall zu detektieren. Vor dem Hintergrund eines recht detailliert ausgearbeiteten Modells zu neurobiologischen Grundlagen von Angststörungen verfügen wir inzwischen über eine Reihe funktioneller und auch struktureller Studien zu Psychotherapieeffekten. Sie legen nahe, dass sich Psychotherapieeffekte bei dieser Patientengruppe vor allem auf die Amygdala und die Insel als eng mit der psychischen und somatischen Furchtsymptomatik assoziierte Hirnareale entfalten, im Weiteren auf den Hippocampus und schließlich auf ventromediale präfrontale Areale, die mit der Furchtextinktion oder allgemeiner mit der Affektsteuerung in Zusammenhang gebracht werden. Zu Psychotherapieeffekten bei Persönlichkeitsstörungen liegt nur eine sehr begrenzte Datenlage vor, die auf Effekte in ähnlichen Hirnarealen bei der Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung verweist. Insgesamt steckt die neurobiologische Forschung zu Psychotherapieeffekten noch in ihren Kinderschuhen und hat noch viele methodische Probleme zu lösen, bevor verlässliche Schlüsse zu differenziellen Effekten psychotherapeutischer Interventionen gezogen werden können.
Neurobiologische Prozesse und Psychotherapie
Authors: Herpertz Sabine C.
Published: February 2009

Der Themenschwerpunkt trägt die aktuelle Datenlage zusammen, die die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen neurobiologischer Erforschung von Psychotherapieeffekten, ihre klinische Relevanz und ihre Chancen für die Zukunft aufzeigt. Gleichzeitig wird deutlich, dass bereits ein vertieftes neurobiologisches Verständnis psychischer und psychosomatischer Erkrankungen zu therapeutischen Schlussfolgerungen führt, die bei der Therapieplanung Berücksichtigung finden könnten.
Initiative und Beteiligung
Authors: Hornung Severin , Kim Tai Gyu
Published: February 2009

Initiative in der Arbeit und die zukunftsorientierte Beteiligung an organisationalen Veränderungen stellen proaktive Formen des kontextbezogenen Leistungsverhaltens dar. Als besonders erfolgsorientierte Aufgabenerfüllung und aktive Unterstützung der Gesamtorganisation repräsentieren beide unterschiedliche Nutzendimensionen von Kontextleistung. Im Längsschnitt über zwei Messzeitpunkte im Abstand von zwei Jahren wurden Wechselwirkungen zwischen Initiative und Beteiligung bei N = 51 Krankenhausangestellten untersucht. Mit Fragebogeninstrumenten wurden Initiative in der Aufgabenerfüllung als Vorgesetztenbewertung und die aktive Beteiligung an einem partizipativen Organisationsentwicklungsprozess per Selbstauskunft erhoben. Die pfadanalytische Auswertung unterstützt einen zeitlich verzögerten Effekt von Beteiligung auf Initiative, aber nicht die umgekehrte Wirkrichtung. Implikationen für die strukturelle Förderung von aktivem Mitarbeiterverhalten durch Beteiligungsmöglichkeiten werden diskutiert.
Diversity „spielerisch“ trainieren: Auswirkungen auf Einstellungen und Sensibilität gegenüber Diversity bei Führungskräften
Authors: Krings Franciska , Bollmann Gregoire , Palazzo Bettina
Published: February 2009

Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt ein Diversity-Training für Führungskräfte sowie eine Studie zur Überprüfung der Wirksamkeit des Trainings vor. Trainingsziele waren die positive Beeinflussung der Einstellungen gegenüber Diversity-Management sowie eine erhöhte Sensibilität gegenüber und Kompetenz im Umgang mit Diversity-Themen am Arbeitsplatz. Das Training wurde mit 87 Führungskräften aus verschiedenen Organisationen durchgeführt und bestand aus einem Spiel, bei welchem sich die Teilnehmer mit Dilemmasituationen auseinandersetzen müssen. Die unmittelbare Wirksamkeit wurde anhand eines Fragebogens gemessen, den die Teilnehmer vor und nach dem Training ausfüllten. Die Resultate zeigen, dass die Teilnehmer nach dem Training eine positivere Einstellung gegenüber Diversity-Management hatten und von einer erhöhten Sensibilität gegenüber Diversity am Arbeitsplatz berichteten. Das Spiel regte Perspektivübernahmefähigkeiten, selbstkritische Reflektionen und arbeitsrelevante Kompetenzen im Umgang mit Diversity an. Darüber hinaus zeigen die Resultate, dass die letzteren beiden Prozesse mit der Einstellungsänderung der Führungskräfte zusammen hingen.
Geschlecht und Interaktionskontext als Bedingungen sozialer Unsicherheit bei Kindern
Authors: Saile Helmut , Boger Sandra
Published: February 2009

Auf dem Hintergrund des Prozessmodells sozialer Unsicherheit wird das Geschlecht der Kinder im Interaktionskontext untersucht. Ist soziale Unsicherheit bei Mädchen in Situationen, in denen die Führung übernommen werden soll, stärker ausgeprägt als bei Jungen? Für Situationen, in denen es um die Mitteilung von Gefühlen geht, wird mehr Unsicherheit in gegengeschlechtlichen Interaktionen erwartet. Befragt wurden 357 Kinder im Alter zwischen 10 und 15 Jahren. Für Situationen, in denen Emotionen geäußert werden sollen, wird mehr Unsicherheit angegeben als für Situationen, in denen Führung übernommen werden soll. Beim Führung-Übernehmen zeigen Mädchen mehr Unsicherheit als Jungen. Beim Äußern von Emotionen wird für gegengeschlechtliche Interaktionen mehr Unsicherheit angegeben als für gleichgeschlechtliche. Außerdem gibt es eine dreifache Wechselwirkung von sozialer Unsicherheit in Abhängigkeit von Alter, Geschlecht und Interaktionsform. Der gewählte Untersuchungsansatz erlaubt es, Alter, Geschlecht und Interaktionsform als Bedingungsfaktoren für soziale Unsicherheit in unterschiedlichen Situationen zu belegen.
Beyond the Null Ritual
Authors: Marewski Julian N. , Olsson Henrik
Published: February 2009

Rituals shape many aspects of our lives, and they are no less common in scientific research than elsewhere. One that figures prominently in hypothesis testing is the null ritual, the pitting of hypotheses against chance. Although known to be problematic, this practice is still widely used. One way to resist the lure of the null ritual is to increase the precision of theories by casting them as formal models. These can be tested against each other, instead of against chance, which in turn enables a researcher to decide between competing theories based on quantitative measures. This article gives an overview of the advantages of modeling, describes research that is based on it, outlines the difficulties associated with model testing, and summarizes some of the solutions for dealing with these difficulties. Pointers to resources for teaching modeling in university classes are provided.
Site characterization for urban seismic hazards in lower Manhattan, New York City, from microtremor array analysis
Authors: Stephenson W. J. , Hartzell S. , Frankel A. D. , Asten M. , Carver D. L. , Kim W. Y.
Published: February 2009

We characterize the shear‐wave velocity (Vs) of soil deposits in lower Manhattan at six sites using the SPAC and HVSR microtremor methods. The soil Vs ranges from 140 m/s to 300 m/s over bedrock. We believe that bedrock depth is constrained to ±15% with these microtremor data, but an accurate quantification of bedrock Vs is unattainable because of low spectral coherency at frequencies below 3 Hz. HVSR data corroborate the SPAC microtremor results at sites based on good alignment of theoretical Rayleigh ellipticity peaks, 1D SH amplifications, and peak HVSR. Resonant frequencies vary between 1.4 and 5.5 Hz between the sites from both observed HVSR and predicted 1D SH amplification. Shear‐wave velocities to 30 m classify the sites as C, D, or E. This study demonstrates that given relatively shallow bedrock depth the SPAC method can work in extremely urbanized areas.
Convective bursty flows in the near‐Earth magnetotail inside 13 RE
Authors: Zhang L. Q. , Liu Z. X. , Baumjohann W. , Ma Z. W. , Pu Z. Y. , Dunlop M. W. , Lu L. , Shi J. K. , Carr C. , Remè H. , Wang J. Y.
Published: February 2009

With the 4‐s resolution data of the magnetometer and the ion plasma analyzer on Double Star TC‐1 from June to November of each year during the period of 2004–2006, we statistically analyzed the occurrence rate of both convective and field‐aligned bursty flows (FABFs). In the region −13 RE < X < −9 RE, ∣Y∣ < 10 RE, ∣Z∣ < 4 RE, there are in total 80 convective bursty flow events and 430 FABF events with a criterion that the duration time of both V⊥x > 180 km/s and V∥x > 180 km/s exceeds 30 s, where V⊥x and V∥x are irrespectively the X component of the velocity vector perpendicular and parallel to the local magnetic field. The statistical results show that the occurrence rate of the convective bursty flow (CBF) reached a minimum around −11.5 RE; the occurrence rate of the FABF has a sudden decrease around −11.5 RE, but has no clear increase inside −11.5 RE. The spatial distribution of the all types of bursty flows shows that there had no deflection flows in the azimuthal direction related to the absence of the convective bursty flows inside 13 RE explored by TC‐1. The magnetic field analysis indicates that there exists a minimum in Bz around 12 RE. Here, we suggest that the CBFs inside −11.5 RE may not relate to the flows outside −12 RE. The CBFs outside 12 RE are likely to be the classical bursty bulk flow, originating 20–30 RE downtail and braking outside 12 RE. The minimum Bz may have close relation with the flow braking. The CBFs inside 12 RE may be produced by another mechanism. The minimum Bz may be prone to the excitation of instabilities and, consequently, initiation of the substorm expansion and/or acceleration of ions resulting in CBFs inside.
Variability of the total radiation belt electron content
Authors: Selesnick R. S. , Kanekal S. G.
Published: February 2009

To quantify radiation belt variability, while de‐emphasizing internal transport, the total number of electrons in the outer belt has been computed from data taken on the Polar satellite as a function of time throughout 1998 and of kinetic energy in the range 0.8 to 6.4 MeV. Changes in this electron content are resolved on timescales from ∼1 day to several months. The variability is greatest at the higher energies, with several distinct (factor ≲103) injections followed by extended (≲100 day) periods of decay. Time‐dependent magnetic field models are unable to accurately remove changes caused by adiabatic variations, but calculations based on a modified dipole field show that this can be achieved. Corrections are also made for radial transport conserving an adiabatic invariant. They show that seemingly small injections at high L may really be of comparable magnitude to large injections at low L.
Magnetic turbulence in space plasmas: Scale‐dependent effects of anisotropy
Authors: Perri S. , Yordanova E. , Carbone V. , Veltri P. , Sorriso‐Valvo L. , Bruno R. , André M.
Published: February 2009

The presence of a background magnetic field induces anisotropy in magnetic turbulence. Understanding properties of anisotropy is important to characterize turbulence power spectrum. This paper presents a case study of anisotropy by using a minimum variance analysis, in three different regions of the heliosphere, namely in the solar wind, and in the Earth's foreshock and magnetosheath behind a quasiparallel bow shock. A strong anisotropy is found in all cases, with very interesting cross‐scale effects at the ion cyclotron frequency. In particular, (1) the eigenvalues of the variance matrix have a strong intermittent behavior, with very high localized fluctuations below the ion cyclotron scale. As a consequence the probability distribution functions are almost Gaussian5 above the ion cyclotron scale and become power laws at smaller scales; (2) the minimum variance direction is almost parallel to the background magnetic field at scales larger than the ion cyclotron scale in the solar wind and in the foreshock, while their probability density functions become broader at smaller scales. In the magnetosheath the minimum variance direction exhibits a tendency to become nearly perpendicular to the large‐scale magnetic field below the ion cyclotron scale.
Scavenging of carbonyl sulfide precursor in the atmosphere by precipitation
Authors: Mu Yujing , Xu Zhu
Published: February 2009

Twenty‐eight precipitation samples were collected in Beijing during the whole year of 2006–2007 and analyzed for the initial dissolved carbonyl sulfide (COS) (9.4–40.3 ng L−1) and the photochemical production of COS (13.7–146.5 ng L−1) by UV radiation around 365 nm. The concentration of COS precursor(s) in this study was designated as the COS concentration produced by the UV irradiation (16 fluorescent lamps, 30 W for each) for 2.5 hours. The seasonal variation of COS precursor(s) concentration in the collected precipitation samples showed that the maximum values appeared during the winter and the lowest during the summer. The decrease in the concentration of COS precursor(s) during a sequential rain event implied that precipitation might scavenge COS precursor(s) in the atmosphere. The high negative correlation (r = −0.75, p = 0.05) between rainfall intensity and the concentration of COS precursor(s) also revealed that precipitation might act as a sink for atmospheric COS precursor(s). Significant amount of COS precursor(s) in the atmosphere was also first observed, with high values at night and early morning and the minimum at noon.
Two‐dimensional stable‐layered laboratory‐scale experiments for testing density‐coupled flow models
Authors: Konz M. , Ackerer P. , Younes A. , Huggenberger P. , Zechner E.
Published: February 2009

A series of laboratory‐scale two‐dimensional porous medium tank experiments was conducted to study stable‐layered variable density flow problems using well‐defined experimental parameters and boundary conditions. The experiments were carried out both in a rectangular flow tank and in a more complex geometrical setup aimed at studying variable density flow in geometries similar to geological formations of aquifers and aquicludes connected via fault zones. An impermeable layer within the porous medium tank forced the solutes to pass through a vertical channel, representing a geological fault zone, to reach the outlet of the tank. Flow through the porous medium occurred through a single inflow opening and an outflow opening on the opposite edge of the domain. An image analysis technique delivered 2%, 10%, 50%, and 80% salt concentration isolines at distinct times. Breakthrough curves of the dyed saltwater with an initial density of 1063 g/L were available at any location within the tank. The experimental data are presented as benchmark problems to evaluate numerical codes. A numerical model based on mixed finite elements for the fluid flow problem and a combination of discontinuous Galerkin finite element and multipoint flux approximation methods for the transport turned out to be adequate for the simulation of the physical experiments. The high data availability makes the proposed benchmark experiments a valuable tool for assessing the performance of density‐coupled flow models.
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) increases postprandial triglyceridaemia and delays triacylglycerol plasma clearance in transgenic mice
Authors: Salerno Alessandro G. , Patrício Patrícia R. , Berti Jairo A. , Oliveira Helena C. F.
Published: February 2009

The CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein) is a plasma protein synthesized in several tissues, mainly in the liver; CETP reduces plasma HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol and increases the risk of atherosclerosis. The effect of CETP levels on postprandial intravascular metabolism of TAGs (triacylglycerols) is an often-overlooked aspect of the relationship between CETP and lipoprotein metabolism. Here, we tested the hypothesis that CETP delays the plasma clearance of TAG-rich lipoprotein by comparing human CETP expressing Tg (transgenic) and non-Tg mice. After an oral fat load, the postprandial triglyceridaemia curve was markedly increased in CETP-Tg compared with non-Tg mice (280±30 versus 190±20 mg/dl per 6 h respectively, P<0.02). No differences in intestinal fat absorption and VLDL (very-low-density lipoprotein) secretion rates were observed. Kinetic studies of double-labelled chylomicron-like EMs (emulsions) showed that both [3H]triolein and [14C]cholesteryl oleate FCRs (fractional clearance rates) were significantly reduced (∼20%) in CETP-Tg mice. Furthermore, TAG from lipid EM pre-incubated with CETP-Tg plasma had plasma clearance and liver uptake significantly lower than the non-Tg plasma-treated lipid EM. In addition, reductions in post-heparin plasma LPL (lipoprotein lipase) activity (50%) and adipose tissue mRNA abundance (39%) were verified in CETP-Tg mice. Therefore we conclude that CETP expression in Tg mice delays plasma clearance and liver uptake of TAG-rich lipoproteins by two mechanisms: (i) transferring TAG to HDLs and increasing CE content of the remnant particles and (ii) by diminishing LPL expression. These findings show that the level of CETP expression can influence the responsiveness to dietary fat and may lead to fat intolerance.
A kringle-containing protease with plasminogen-like activity in the basal chordate Branchiostoma belcheri
Authors: Liu Mingying , Zhang Shicui
Published: February 2009

Plg (plasminogen), a member of the serine protease superfamily, is a key component constituting the fibrinolytic system, and its evolutionary origin remains unknown during the course of animal evolution. In the present study, we isolated a cDNA, designated BbPlgl, encoding a kringle-containing protease with plasminogen-like activity from the basal chordate Branchiostoma belcheri. The deduced protein, BbPlgl, consisted of 430 amino acids, which is structurally characterized by the presence of an N-terminal signal peptide of 16 amino acids, 2 kringle domains with a Lys-binding site structure, a serine protease domain with the putative tPA (tissue plasminogen activator)-cleavage site (between Arg297 and Val298), the catalytic triad His237-Asp288-Ser379 expected for protease function, and a potential N-linked glycosylation site, all characteristic of Plgs. Besides, the recombinant refolded BbPlgl was readily activated by human uPA (urokinase plasminogen activator), and exhibited Plg-like activity. BbPlgl was also able to auto-activate at neutral and alkaline pH at 4°C without the addition of uPA, and the activation was accelerated by addition of human uPA. These results demonstrate that BbPlgl is a novel member of the Plg family, with a domain structure of K-K-SP (kringle-kringle-serine protease) lacking the PAN domain, pushing the evolutionary origin of Plg to the protochordate. In addition, BbPlgl displays a tissue-specific expression pattern in B. belcheri, with the most abundant expression in the hepatic caecum and hind-gut, agreeing with the notion that the hepatic caecum of amphioxus is the precursor of the vertebrate liver.
High-bias backhopping in nanosecond time-domain spin-torque switches of MgO-based magnetic tunnel junctions
Authors: Sun J. Z. , Gaidis M. C. , Hu G. , O’Sullivan E. J. , Brown S. L. , Nowak J. J. , Trouilloud P. L. , Worledge D. C.
Published: February 2009

For CoFeB∕MgO-based magnetic tunnel junctions, the switching probability has an unusual dependence on bias voltage V and bias magnetic field H for bias voltage pulse durations t long enough to allow thermally activated reversal. At high junction bias close to 1V, the probability of magnetic switching in spin-torque-driven switches sometimes appears to decrease. This is shown to be due to a backhopping behavior occurring at high bias, and it is asymmetric in bias voltage, being more pronounced in the bias direction for antiparallel-to-parallel spin-torque switch, i.e., in the direction of electrons tunneling into the free layer. This asymmetry hints at processes involving hot electrons within the free-layer nanomagnet.
Phenomenological analysis of magnetization reversal process for L1-FePt(001) particulate films
Authors: Wang Dongling , Seki Takeshi , Takanashi Koki , Shima Toshiyuki , Li Gouqing , Saito Hitoshi , Ishio Shunji
Published: February 2009

The magnetization reversal processes for L10-FePt(001) particulate films before and after Ar ion irradiation were experimentally investigated, and the size of the defect region (2r0) and the effective demagnetization factor (Neff) were evaluated based on a phenomenological analysis. A large coercivity (Hc) of 30.4kOe, which originates from the particulate structure, drastically reduced after ion irradiation. The phenomenological analysis showed the increase of 2r0 by irradiating Ar ions, which clearly indicates that Hc is closely related with the size of 2r0. In addition, the FePt particulate films show large Neff, which may arise from the large dipole interaction between particles and the distribution of particle sizes and shapes.
Spin-current-induced dynamics in ferromagnetic nanopillars of lateral spin-valve structures
Authors: Laloë J.-B. , Yang T. , Kimura T. , Otani Y.
Published: February 2009

Under electrical injection, spin accumulation occurs in lateral spin valves at the two ferromagnet/nonmagnet interfaces, which produces a torque on the ferromagnetic electrodes, and the possibility of pure spin-current-induced magnetization reversal. Here, we generate a pure spin current in a lateral spin valve while simultaneously sweeping an external magnetic field. We observe changes to the switching properties in accordance with the effective spin torque. We also find that the spin current necessary for magnetization reversal is much lower than that required in the absence of an external field, indicative that the effective potential barrier to be overcome is lowered by the applied magnetic field.
Micromagnetic computation of interface conductance of spin-transfer driven ferromagnetic resonance in nanopillar spin valves
Authors: Carpentieri M. , Torres L.
Published: February 2009

Micromagnetic computations are used to describe spin-transfer driven ferromagnetic resonance in nanopillar spin valves with elliptical cross section. Analytical uniform magnetization models reproduce the resonance phenomenon adequately and these can be used to compute interface conductance. In this work, using the magnetic parameters extracted by fitting static magnetoresistance measurements, mixing conductances are obtained; these values are 25% and 20% lower than the ones previously reported. Nonuniform magnetization resonance is found.
Electronic structures and magnetic properties of RB4 (R=Yb,Pr,Gd,Tb,Dy)
Authors: Choi H. C. , Laref Amel , Shim J. H. , Kwon S. K. , Min B. I.
Published: February 2009

Most rare-earth tetraborides RB4 have antiferromagnetic ground states except for YbB4 and PrB4. We have investigated the electronic structures and magnetic properties of RB4 (R=Yb,Pr,Gd,Tb,Dy) employing the first-principles total energy band method. It is found that YbB4 has the paramagnetic ground state, while the other tetraborides are in the magnetic ground state, which is in agreement with experiments. We have obtained the spin and orbital magnetic moments and discussed the importance of the spin-orbit interaction and the on-site Coulomb repulsion (U) in these systems.
Relationship between magneto-capacitance-voltage characteristics and magnetoresistance of Au∕Cr2O3∕Cr2O3−x∕FeCr∕CeO2∕Si metal-insulator-semiconductor capacitor
Authors: Yokota T. , Murata S. , Kito S. , Gomi M.
Published: February 2009

We investigated the relationship between the magneto-capacitance-voltage characteristics and the magnetoresistance of a metal (Au)/insulator (Cr2O3∕Cr2O3−x∕FeCr∕CeO2)/semiconductor (Si) capacitor, in which the insulator consists of magnetic materials. By applying an electric field, electrons propagating through the FeCr∕CeO2 layer from Si were injected into the Cr2O3−x layer. When a magnetic field was applied, the resistance of this capacitor above the flat-band voltage was reduced, causing the hysteresis window to become large. This result indicates that this capacitor, which contains a magnetic gate insulator, has the potential to be used in multilevel memories by the application of an external magnetic field.
Magnetotransport properties of GaMnAs based trilayer structures with different thicknesses of InGaAs spacer layer
Authors: Lee Hakjoon , Chung Sunjae , Lee Sanghoon , Liu X. , Furdyna J. K.
Published: February 2009

Magnetotransport properties of GaMnAs∕InGaAs∕GaMnAs trilayer structures have been investigated by Hall measurements. The samples in the series are identical except for the InGaAs spacer thickness, which varies from 5to50nm. The Hall measurements revealed the systematic change of magnetic easy axes from in-plane to out-of plane with increasing InGaAs spacer thickness. Such dependence of magnetic easy axes of the trilayer systems was understood in terms of the magnetic anisotropy change with spacer thickness. In the magnetization reversal process, various configurations of magnetization between the two GaMnAs layers were observed both in in-plane and out-of plane samples by the planar and the anomalous Hall effects.
Ferromagnetic resonance and dielectric and magnetic properties of pure and diluted ferrites in millimeter waves
Authors: Afsar Mohammed N. , Chen Shu , Korolev Konstantin A.
Published: February 2009

Transmittance measurements on pure and diluted barium ferrites, nickel zinc manganese ferrites, and nickel cobalt copper ferrites in millimeter wave-frequency range from 30to120GHz have been performed for the first time. A free space millimeter wave magneto-optical approach has been successfully employed for the dielectric and magnetic characterization of ferrite materials. Simultaneous determination of dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability has been carried out from a single set of transmittance measurements. Frequency dependences of the magnetic permeability and dielectric permittivity on pure and diluted ferrites in millimeter waves have been obtained.
Effect of oxygen partial pressure on the structural and magnetic properties of Ba(Fe0.5Mn0.5)O3−δ epitaxial thin films
Authors: Katsube K. , Matsui T. , Yamamoto H. , Baba Y. , Hirao N. , Iwase A.
Published: February 2009

Ba ( Fe 0.5 Mn 0.5 ) O 3 − δ (BFMO) single crystalline films with various amounts of the oxygen deficiencies on SrTiO3(001) substrates have been successfully synthesized by a pulsed laser deposition method. The lattice constant of the films significantly decreased with an increase in the oxygen partial pressure during the deposition process. This suggests that the radius of the Fe and Mn ions that is strongly correlated with their valence state systematically changed. In addition, the oxygen partial pressure has a considerable influence on the magnetic properties of the films: the saturation magnetization of the samples increased with increasing oxygen partial pressure, i.e., with decrease in the amount of the oxygen deficiencies. The maximum saturation magnetization of 43 emu/cc for the epitaxial BFMO films was obtained at 300 K. The results of the x-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis revealed that the relative amount of the Fe3+ (3d5) and Mn4+ (3d3) ions increased with decreasing amount of the oxygen deficiency. This may increase the amount of the Fe3+(3d5)–O2−–Mn4+(3d3) ferromagnetic superexchange coupling with 180° bonding angle, which led to the ferromagnetic spin alignment in the samples.
γ
-Fe
2
O
3
nanoparticle intrinsic magnetism dependence on iron-ion availability during synthesis
Authors: Skoropata E. , Desautels R. D. , van Lierop J.
Published: February 2009

A single precursor technique was used to synthesize γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles with diameters from 5 to 7 nm. The blocking temperature of the nanoparticles essentially increases with Fe precursor concentration. Transmission Mössbauer spectroscopy of the different γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticle systems reveal that the local Fe environments in the nanoparticle vary considerably with Fe precursor concentration. Not only does the nanoparticle size change, but the magnitude of the hyperfine field (a measure of the nanoparticle moment), the amount of chemical disorder in the nanoparticle, and the number of Fe moments in the octahedral and tetrahedral sites of the γ-Fe2O3 spinel structure vary with Fe concentration as well.
Ultrafast optical study of spin wave resonance and relaxation in a CoFe/PtMn/CoFe trilayer film
Authors: Ren Y. H. , Wu C. , Gong Y. , Pettiford C. , Sun Nian X.
Published: February 2009

We report on our recent study of confined spin wave excitations in a 200 Å CoFe/PtMn/CoFe trilayer film by ultrafast Kerr-rotation experiments. Coherent magnetization precessions were generated and detected by subpicosecond laser pulses. Three precession modes are observed when a magnetic field is oriented in the film plane. The frequencies of two modes increase with the field, while one mode shows no field dependence. The modes are assigned to the exchange-dominated spin wave excitations and the nonhomogeneous dipole mode. We used a comprehensive model of the magnetic eigenmodes and their coupling to light to gain values of the exchange, bulk, and surface anisotropy constants. Further, we investigated spin wave relaxation as a function of the applied field. We calculated an effective damping constant for the uniform precession to be α∼0.012.
Controlling multidimensional off-resonant-Raman and infrared vibrational spectroscopy by finite pulse band shapes
Authors: Mukamel Shaul
Published: February 2009

Closed expressions are derived which incorporate pulse shaping effects in femtosecond nonlinear optical signals involving various combinations of temporally well-separated vibrationally resonant infrared and electronically off-resonant Raman pulses. Combinations of broadband and narrow band pulses that yield multidimensional extensions of coherent anti-Stokes Raman and sum frequency generation spectroscopy are presented.