bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feature extraction of non-linearity and low noise-signal ratio signals and its application to engine fault diagnosis
Authors: Wang Fengli , Cai Yannian
Published: December 2019

Since the vibration signals of engine cylinder head come from different interference sources, it is difficult to detect weak but useful signals in the background of noise. Aiming at nonlinear and low noise characteristics of engine vibration signals, a method based on integrated empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and fractal dimension is proposed. Firstly, the integrated EMD method is used to decompose the nonlinear low noise signal into a set of intrinsic mode functions from high to low. Then the morphological fractal dimension is applied to the intrinsic mode function (IMFs). The fractal dimension of the characteristic IMF is calculated. The vibration signals of a diesel engine exhaust valve under normal and leakage conditions are analysed. The results show that this method can extract fault features of diesel engine exhaust valve.
Research on the competency of teachers of ideological and political theory courses in undergraduate colleges
Authors: Li Guang
Published: December 2019

Teachers of ideological and political theory courses in colleges should have the consciousness of ideological and political education, be able to guide the practice of education and teaching, and cultivate students to adhere to and apply the basic principles of Marxism to solve practical problems. Using literature method, questionnaire method and mathematical statistics method, the article puts forward that the competence of teachers in ideological and political theory courses in colleges and universities in China includes loyalty, political literacy, initiative, self-confidence, training others, learning ability, knowledge and skills. The mathematical statistics method was used to explore and verify it. It was found that the second-order 4-factor first-order 7-factor competency model has a good fitness.
Investigation about the practical teaching effect of financial transformation colleges and the research on the construction of evaluation model
Authors: Zhao Xuehong , Xu Yao
Published: December 2019

Practical teaching is an effective approach to consolidating theoretical knowledge and deepening theoretical cognition, and also the important means to cultivate students to master scientific methods and improve their operational capacity. From the perspective of cultivating students’ occupational capacity, on the basis of reading lots of relevant references, the questionnaire is designed from several aspects, including the teaching methods, teaching mode, course evaluation, the enhancement of occupational capacity and the evaluation on the setting of practical teaching and designed to know about the feelings of students about practical teaching as well as to evaluate on relevant practical teaching conditions. Besides, it has also carried out factor analysis and regression analysis on investigation data respectively, and extracted four factors of occupational adaptability, occupational action capacity, practical teaching design and practical teaching assistance from the enhancement of occupational capacity and the setting of practical teaching. In combination with the questionnaire result and the four extracted factors, corresponding improvement thoughts are put forward based on the objective of building the practical teaching system focused on enhancing occupational capacity, establishing and perfecting practical evaluation system and teaching assurance system.
An empirical study on the relationship between foreign trade of agricultural products and the development of cold chain logistics in Sichuan Province
Authors: Lin Shilei , Wang Chong
Published: December 2019

This paper selects the data of Sichuan Province from 2001 to 2018 as the sample, which is the total trade volume of agricultural products (TA), the cold chain logistics volume of agricultural products (CD), and the cold chain logistics volume of agricultural products (CS). Through the time series of three variables, the stationary, co-integration and vector error correction models are used to study the long-term equilibrium and short-term fluctuations between the agricultural product foreign trade and agricultural product cold chain logistics development level, in order to provide suggestions for the common development of both. The results show that: First, the level of agricultural trade and the level of cold chain logistics of agricultural products continue to increase, but the overall level of the two is still insufficient. Secondly, the time series of the both are smooth sequences through the first-order difference. Through the cointegration test, there is a long-term equilibrium relationship, and the short-term relationship between the two is greater than the long-term relationship. Thirdly, the demand and supply of cold chain logistics of agricultural products is a one-way causal relationship between the trade volume of agricultural products. In the future, we must give full play to the advantages of Sichuan’s characteristic agricultural products and strengthen the construction of logistics facilities and the connection between logistics nodes.
Study on data-driven PEMFC humidity mechanism soft-sensing model
Authors: Tan Baohua , Chen Hongbin , Quan Rui , Quan Shuhai , Zhou Yuanye
Published: December 2019

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has a special closed structure, whose humidity cannot be measured directly. This paper selects the diffusion model as the modelling and analysis basis of the humidity mechanism soft-sensing based on the experimental research object. After the study of the basic principles of the diffusion model, a one-dimensional data-driven proton exchange membrane fuel cell humidity mechanism soft-sensing model is analysed and completed. At last, the actual experimental data drives the humidity mechanism soft-sensing model and the predicted output error based on the humidity mechanism soft-sensing model can be controlled within 3%. The output results verify the effectiveness of the humidity mechanism soft-sensing model.
Design and implementation of a high-precision turbidity measuring instrument of a mine
Authors: Wang Xueming , Chen Baoyuan , Zhang Libin
Published: December 2019

In this paper, the principle of turbidity detection based on light scattering principle is expounded, and a design method of high-precision turbidity measuring instrument in coal mine is proposed. The software and hardware design of such turbidity measuring instrument are introduced. The measuring instrument adopts integrated circuit design such as imported photodiode and high-precision operational amplifier. The MATLAB simulation software tool is used to formulate the curve of the turbidity measurement data, and the turbidity measurement value is compensated and corrected to improve the turbidity measurement accuracy. Furthermore, the measuring instrument adopts low-power design, the OLED display technology in particular, to replace the traditional digital tube or LCD liquid crystal; the anti-interference design is applied in the digital interface communication design, and the electromagnetic compatibility test is very suitable for the electromagnetic environment in the coal mine
Structural design of anthropomorphic robot vision system
Authors: Zhang Junyan
Published: December 2019

Anthropomorphic robot is one of the latest research directions in the field of intelligent robot research. It is an intelligent robot with similar shape and humanity. It has mobile function, operation function, sensing function, memory and autonomy, and can realize human-computer interaction. Robot technology has always been a hotspot of technology that people pay attention to. Because of the diverse development of robots, machine vision systems are gradually being established. The machine vision system realizes the functions of collecting images, analyzing images, acquiring information, processing images and others by simulating the human eye. It is a comprehensive technology integrating automation and computer. The article deeply studies the hardware composition and image processing technology of machine vision system and gives an example study on the application of machine vision in various fields. It also analyzes the current development status of machine vision system in China and looks forward to the bright future of machine vision.
Dynamic modelling and simulation of 9.0 m double-tamper mechanism for asphalt paver
Authors: Sun J , Liu C , Zhou Y H
Published: December 2019

Compound motion of double-tamper mechanism has impact force on the ironing plane frame, which affects the quality of the load when the Asphalt Paver running. The dynamic model of the double-tamper mechanism is established by adopting multi-body dynamics, the virtual prototype model of 9.0m Asphalt Paver is established and simulated through the analysis of the principle of the Asphalt Paver. The impact regularity of the vibrating beam inertia force and moment is obtained, and that could provide a reference for the design of double-tamper mechanism for asphalt paver and the adjustment of construction parameters.
Target extraction of fruit picking robot vision system
Authors: Zhang Junyan
Published: December 2019

Real-time and accurate target recognition and extraction of crop fruit images in the field is the key technology for picking robot vision system, and the essence of target extraction is image segmentation. When most of the water (vegetable) fruit is in the picking period, the surface color and the background color are quite different, while the surface colors of the same variety are similar, which are reflected in the different distribution characteristics of the fruit surface color and the background color in the color space. According to this characteristic, an image segmentation algorithm based on color space reference table for fruit target extraction of fruit picking robot vision system is proposed. The algorithm first establishes a color space reference table from the fruit sample image, and then uses a method similar to “convolution” to segment the image according to the color space reference table. Compared with other existing methods, the method is based on color information processing, which can remove the background more cleanly. Without segmentation processing and no complicated operation on the background, the method is beneficial to real-time image processing of the robot.
Testing the possibility of using a selective crushing process for selected types of hard coal
Authors: Kowol D , Matusiak P
Published: December 2019

The article describes the design solutions of KOMAG drum crushers. In the case of significant differences in hardness of coal and gangue, these devices are the most appropriate and the cheapest means of preliminary beneficiation of run-of-mine. The results of laboratory tests of susceptibility to selective crushing of selected hard coal types by the drop method are presented. The possibilities of using a drum crusher for deshaling the analyzed materials are determined.
Comparative analysis of hydraulic power systems for a powered roof support aimed at obtaining optimal power parameters
Authors: Szolc P , Szurgacz D , Styrylski K
Published: December 2019

Hydraulic power systems for powered roof supports, depending on the place of installation of hydraulic aggregates, can be divided into local and central systems. Central systems are gaining popularity and a number of their features are more advanced compared to the local system. However, it is widely believed that their main disadvantage is the necessity to install pipelines with larger lengths, which can have a significant impact on the obtained hydraulic power supply parameters by occurring pressure losses on the pipeline length. This paper discusses the impact of these parameters on the correct operation of the powered roof support section, which is connected with the uninterrupted continuity of the production cycle in a longwall.
Intelligent spraying installation for dust control in mine workings
Authors: Bałaga D
Published: December 2019

Design solution of an intelligent spraying installation for dust control in mine workings, developed within the ROCD project is presented. Current solution for reduction of airborne dust in the underground mining industry is described. Design as well as principles of operation of new solution based on the adaptive operation, consisting in adaptation of spraying intensity to the measured dust concentration are discussed. In conclusions, the directions of further research project are pointed out.
Development of a substrate-invariant 2-D array of nanosecond-pulsed streamer discharges
Authors: Burnette Matthew , Staack David
Published: December 2019

Two dimensional arrays of streamer discharges were developed using electrical discharge machining of stainless steel sheets and stacking them together with spacers to allow gas flow between the sheets. A nanosecond pulsing circuit, capable of delivering 2–40 kV pulses with pulse widths of >20 ns by using two spark gaps as switches, was developed as a simple tunable pulsing power supply. High resolution imaging of the plasma for uniformity across the array tips was conducted. Optical emission spectroscopy was used to characterize the species created as well as probe the temperature of the discharge for various substrates, voltage pulse durations, voltage pulse magnitudes, and gas flows. The discharge properties were found to be substrate independent for a wide variety of conditions.
Phylogeography of the Siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica), based on a mitochondrial DNA analysis
Authors: Ishikawa Keita , Abramov Alexei V , Amaike Yosuke , Nishita Yoshinori , Masuda Ryuichi
Published: December 2019

We investigated the genetic diversity and distribution pattern of mitochondrial DNA control-region haplotypes across the distributional range of the Siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica) in Eastern Eurasia. We identified 23 haplotypes from 65 individuals sampled from 21 localities. Our analyses showed two major phylogeographical groups: group I comprised continental Russia, Tsushima and Korea, and group II comprised China, Taiwan and Korea. Two novel haplotypes found in the Amur area and one from Gansu Province were closely related to the Tsushima and Taiwan clades, respectively. Phylogeographical and demographic analyses indicated a recent population expansion for group I, whereas no clear evidence for expansion was obtained for group II. The recent expansion of group I is also supported by historical records. Closely related haplotypes were found between the continental populations and the insular populations on Tsushima and Taiwan, suggesting that the ancestors of the insular populations immigrated from the continent via land bridges. The two groups could have evolved allopatrically in parts of eastern Asia differing in climate and vegetation.
Phylogeographical spatial diffusion analysis reveals the journey of Geoffroy’s cat through the Quaternary glaciations of South America
Authors: Gómez Fernández María Jimena , Fameli Alberto , Rojo Gómez Julio , Pereira Javier A , Mirol Patricia
Published: December 2019

Leopardus geoffroyi is a small feline with a widespread distribution in a broad array of habitats. Here we investigate its evolutionary history to characterize the phylogeographical patterns that led to its present distribution using mitochondrial DNA from 72 individuals collected throughout its entire range. All haplotypes conformed to a monophyletic group, including two clades with a central/marginal disposition that is incongruent to the proposed subspecies. Spatial diffusion analysis showed the origin of the species within the oldest and more diverse central clade. A Bayesian Skyline Plot combined with a dispersal through time plot revealed two population increases at 190 000–170 000 and 45 000–35 000 years ago, the latter period accompanied by an increase in the dispersal rate. Species distribution models showed similar patterns between the present and Last Interglacial Period, and a reduction of high-probability areas during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Molecular evidence confirms L. geoffroyi as a monotypic species whose origin is located in Central Argentina. The last glaciation had little effect on the pattern of distribution of the species: the population and range expansion that started before the LGM, although probably being halted, continued after the glaciation and resulted in the presence of this felid in the far south of Patagonia.
Topologically Guided Prioritization of Candidate Gene Transcripts Coexpressed with the 5-HT1A Receptor by Combining In Vivo PET and Allen Human Brain Atlas Data
Authors: Unterholzner Jakob , Gryglewski Gregor , Philippe Cecile , Seiger Rene , Pichler Verena , Godbersen Godber M , Berroterán-Infante Neydher , Murgaš Matej , Hahn Andreas , Wadsak Wolfgang , Mitterhauser Markus , Kasper Siegfried , Lanzenberger Rupert
Published: December 2019

The serotonin-1A receptor (5-HT1AR) represents a viable target in the treatment of disorders of the brain. However, development of psychiatric drugs continues to be hindered by the relative inaccessibility of brain tissue. Although the efficacy of drugs selective for the 5-HT1AR has not been proven, research continues to focus on drugs that influence this receptor subtype. To further knowledge on this topic, we investigated the topological coexpression patterns of the 5-HT1AR. We calculated Spearman’s rho for the correlation of positron emission tomography-binding potentials (BPND) of the 5-HT1AR assessed in 30 healthy subjects using the tracer [carbonyl-11C]WAY-100635 and predicted whole-brain mRNA expression of 18 686 genes. After applying a threshold of r > 0.3 in a leave-one-out cross-validation of the prediction of mRNA expression, genes with ρ ≥ 0.7 were considered to be relevant. In cortical regions, 199 genes showed high correlation with the BPND of the 5-HT1AR, in subcortical regions 194 genes. Using our approach, we could consolidate the role of BDNF and implicate new genes (AnxA8, NeuroD2) in serotonergic functioning. Despite its explorative nature, the analysis can be seen as a gene prioritization approach to reduce the number of genes potentially connected to 5-HT1AR functioning and guide future in vitro studies.
Artificial Intelligence ante portas: The End of Comparative Law?
Authors: Wolff Lutz-Christian
Published: December 2019

Artificial intelligence (AI) can do many things that were not thought of some years ago and that are unimaginable for non-AI experts even today. In contrast, it is relatively easy to understand that AI can be used to compare contents and structures of laws and legal documents. In fact, the comparative abilities of AI are the reason why AI is now playing an increasing role—for example, in due diligence exercises where contracts, documents as well as other materials and legal data of target companies are benchmarked against standard patterns. If the ‘ability to compare’ is one of the core features of AI it is only natural to assume that AI is an ideal tool to conduct comparative law work. This article explores if this assumption is correct. This article first highlights key features of the comparative law work process, which, for some strange reason, is hardly ever discussed in the legal literature. This article describes and analyses the different stages and investigates which parts can (or cannot) be conducted by AI. It also asks if AI will—within the scope of its comparative abilities—in fact, ‘take over’ from human comparatists. On the basis of the findings, this article concludes that it is more likely than not that comparative law work will, in the future, be AI based.
‘These Common Woes I Feel’: The Elegist and the Reader in Wordsworth and Shelley
Authors: Westwood Daniel
Published: December 2019

This article argues that Shelley’s approach to the elegy owes a significant debt to Wordsworth’s ‘Lucy’ poems, particularly Wordsworth’s examination of the relationship between the elegist and the reader. While the elegy often extols the value of communal bonds and shared experiences in responding effectively to grief, the ‘Lucy’ poems use reticence and obfuscation to qualify the reader’s engagement with the emotional experiences that constitute an elegy. Through this, Wordsworth questions the possibility of the elegist and the reader experiencing a unified response to loss. Identifying the importance of these techniques to Wordsworthian elegy, Shelley’s sonnet ‘To Wordsworth’ shows him inheriting Wordsworth’s belief that any elegy must negotiate between ‘common woes’ and individual feeling. The later Adonais represents Shelley’s fullest reimagining of Wordsworth’s methods. By presenting the poet as a solitary and inscrutable figure, Shelley highlights a disjunction between the universal resonance of death and the elegist’s irrevocably personal perspective on grief. Magnifying the tensions implicit in all elegies, both poets open up a distance between the elegist and the reader to explore broader distinctions between individual and communal experiences of loss.
Are there specific antibodies against Neu5Gc epitopes in the blood of healthy individuals?
Authors: Obukhova Polina , Tsygankova Svetlana , Chinarev Alexander , Shilova Nadezhda , Nokel Alexey , Kosma Paul , Bovin Nicolai
Published: December 2019

Strong discrepancies in published data on the levels and epitope specificities of antibodies against the xenogenic N-glycolyl forms of sialoglycans (Hanganutziu-Deicher Neu5Gcɑ2-3Galβ1-4Glc and related antigens) in healthy donors prompted us to carry out a systematic study in this area using the printed glycan array and other methods. This article summarizes and discusses our published and previously unpublished data, as well as publicly available data from the Consortium for Functional Glycomics. As a result, we conclude that (1) the level of antibodies referred to as anti-Neu5Gc in healthy individuals is low; (2) there are antibodies that seem to interact with Neu5Gc-containing epitopes, but in fact they recognize internal fragments of Neu5Gc-containing glycans (without sialic acids), which served as antigens in the assays used and; (3) a population capable of interacting specifically with Neu5Gc (it does not bind the corresponding NAc analogs) does exist, but it binds the monosaccharide Neu5Gc better than the entire glycans containing it. In other words, in healthy donors, there are populations of antibodies capable of binding the Neu5Gc monosaccharide or the inner core -Galβ1-4Glc, but very few true anti-Neu5Gcɑ2-3Galβ1-4Glc antibodies, i.e., antibodies capable of specifically recognizing the entire trisaccharide.
Asylum at Sea: The Legality of Shipboard Refugee Status Determination Procedures
Authors: Dastyari Azadeh , Ghezelbash Daniel
Published: December 2019

Austria and Italy have recently proposed that processing the protection claims of asylum seekers attempting to cross the Mediterranean should take place aboard government vessels at sea. Shipboard processing of asylum claims is not a novel idea. The policy has been used for many years by the governments of the United States and Australia. This article examines the relevant international law, as well as State practice and domestic jurisprudence in the United States and Australia, to explore whether shipboard processing complies with international refugee and human rights law. It concludes that, while it may be theoretically possible for shipboard processing to comply with international law, there are significant practical impediments to carrying out shipboard processing in a manner that is compliant with the international obligations of States. Current practices in the United States and Australia fall short of what is required. Nor is there any indication that the Austrian/Italian proposal would contain the required safeguards. It is argued that this is by design. The appeal of shipboard processing for governments is that it allows them to dispense with the safeguards that asylum seekers would be entitled to if processed on land. Best practice is for all persons interdicted or rescued at sea to be transferred to a location on land where they have access to effective status determination procedures and are protected from refoulement and unlawful detention.
On Helmholtz Equations and Counterexamples to Strichartz Estimates in Hyperbolic Space
Authors: Casteras Jean-Baptiste , Mandel Rainer
Published: December 2019

In this paper, we study nonlinear Helmholtz equations (NLH)$$ \begin{equation} \tag{(NLH)} -\Delta_{\mathbb{H}^N} u - \frac{(N-1)^2}{4} u -\lambda^2 u = \Gamma|u|^{p-2}u \quad\text{in}\ \mathbb{H}^N, \;N\geq 2, \end{equation}$$where $\Delta _{\mathbb {H}^N}$ denotes the Laplace–Beltrami operator in the hyperbolic space $\mathbb {H}^N$ and $\Gamma \in L^\infty (\mathbb {H}^N)$ is chosen suitably. Using fixed point and variational techniques, we find nontrivial solutions to (NLH) for all $\lambda>0$ and $p>2$. The oscillatory behaviour and decay rate of radial solutions is analyzed, with extensions to Cartan–Hadamard manifolds and Damek–Ricci spaces. Our results rely on a new limiting absorption principle for the Helmholtz operator in $\mathbb {H}^N$. As a byproduct, we obtain simple counterexamples to certain Strichartz estimates.
‘When you welcome well, you vaccinate well’: a qualitative study on improving vaccination coverage in urban settings in Conakry, Republic of Guinea
Authors: Gil Cuesta Julita , Whitehouse Katherine , Kaba Salimou , Nanan-N’Zeth Kassi , Haba Benoit , Bachy Catherine , Panunzi Isabella , Venables Emilie
Published: December 2019

Background

Recurrent measles outbreaks followed by mass vaccination campaigns (MVCs) occur in urban settings in sub-Saharan countries. An understanding of the reasons for this is needed to improve future vaccination strategies. The 2017 measles outbreak in Guinea provided an opportunity to qualitatively explore suboptimal vaccination coverage within an MVC among participants through their perceptions, experiences and challenges.

Methods

We conducted focus group discussions with caregivers (n=68) and key informant interviews (n=13) with health professionals and religious and community leaders in Conakry. Data were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim from Susu and French, coded and thematically analysed.

Results

Vaccinations were widely regarded positively and their preventive benefits noted. Vaccine side effects and the subsequent cost of treatment were commonly reported concerns, with further knowledge requested. Community health workers (CHWs) play a pivotal role in MVCs. Caregivers suggested recruiting CHWs from local neighbourhoods and improving their attitude, knowledge and skills to provide information about vaccinations. Lack of trust in vaccines, CHWs and the healthcare system, particularly after the 2014–2016 Ebola epidemic, were also reported.

Conclusions

Improving caregivers’ knowledge of vaccines, potential side effects and their management are essential to increase MVC coverage in urban settings. Strengthening CHWs’ capacities and appropriate recruitment are key to improving trust through a community involvement approach.
Genomic dynamics of species and mobile genetic elements in a prolonged blaIMP-4-associated carbapenemase outbreak in an Australian hospital
Authors: Kizny Gordon A , Phan H T T , Lipworth S I , Cheong E , Gottlieb T , George S , Peto T E A , Mathers A J , Walker A S , Crook D W , Stoesser N
Published: December 2019

Background

Hospital outbreaks of carbapenemase-producing organisms, such as blaIMP-4-containing organisms, are an increasing threat to patient safety.

Objectives

To investigate the genomic dynamics of a 10 year (2006–15) outbreak of blaIMP-4-containing organisms in a burns unit in a hospital in Sydney, Australia.

Methods

All carbapenem-non-susceptible or MDR clinical isolates (2006–15) and a random selection of equivalent or ESBL-producing environmental isolates (2012–15) were sequenced [short-read (Illumina), long-read (Oxford Nanopore Technology)]. Sequence data were used to assess genetic relatedness of isolates (Mash; mapping and recombination-adjusted phylogenies), perform in silico typing (MLST, resistance genes and plasmid replicons) and reconstruct a subset of blaIMP plasmids for comparative plasmid genomics.

Results

A total of 46/58 clinical and 67/96 environmental isolates contained blaIMP-4. All blaIMP-4-positive organisms contained five or more other resistance genes. Enterobacter cloacae was the predominant organism, with 12 other species mainly found in either the environment or patients, some persisting despite several cleaning methods. On phylogenetic analysis there were three genetic clusters of E. cloacae containing both clinical and environmental isolates, and an additional four clusters restricted to either reservoir. blaIMP-4 was mostly found as part of a cassette array (blaIMP-4-qacG2-aacA4-catB3) in a class 1 integron within a previously described IncM2 plasmid (pEl1573), with almost complete conservation of this cassette across the species over the 10 years. Several other plasmids were also implicated, including an IncF plasmid backbone not previously widely described in association with blaIMP-4.

Conclusions

Genetic backgrounds disseminating blaIMP-4 can persist, diversify and evolve amongst both human and environmental reservoirs during a prolonged outbreak despite intensive prevention efforts.
Prevalence of viral load suppression, predictors of virological failure and patterns of HIV drug resistance after 12 and 48 months on first-line antiretroviral therapy: a national cross-sectional survey in Uganda
Authors: Ssemwanga Deogratius , Asio Juliet , Watera Christine , Nannyonjo Maria , Nassolo Faridah , Lunkuse Sandra , Salazar-Gonzalez Jesus F , Salazar Maria G , Sanyu Grace , Lutalo Tom , Kabuga Usher , Ssewanyana Isaac , Namatovu Faridah , Namayanja Grace , Namale Alice , Raizes Elliot , Kaggwa Mugagga , Namuwenge Norah , Kirungi Wilford , Katongole-Mbidde Edward , Kaleebu Pontiano ,   The Uganda HIV Drug Resistance Technical Working Group, Kaleebu Pontiano , Kirungi Wilford , Munderi Paula , Ssali Francis , Lutalo Tom , Etukoit Bernard , Namayanja Grace , Watera Christine , Byomire Helen , Kambugu Andrew , Kityo Cissy , Namuwenge Norah , Namagala Elizabeth
Published: December 2019

Objectives

We implemented the WHO cross-sectional survey protocol to determine rates of HIV viral load (VL) suppression (VLS), and weighted prevalence, predictors and patterns of acquired drug resistance (ADR) in individuals with virological failure (VF) defined as VL ≥1000 copies/mL.

Methods

We enrolled 547 and 1064 adult participants on first-line ART for 12 (±3) months (ADR12) and ≥48 months (ADR48), respectively. Dried blood spots and plasma specimens were collected for VL testing and genotyping among the VFs.

Results

VLS was 95.0% (95% CI 93.4%–96.5%) in the ADR12 group and 87.9% (95% CI 85.0%–90.9%) in the ADR48 group. The weighted prevalence of ADR was 96.1% (95% CI 72.9%–99.6%) in the ADR12 and 90.4% (95% CI 73.6–96.8%) in the ADR48 group, out of the 30 and 95 successful genotypes in the respective groups. Initiation on a zidovudine-based regimen compared with a tenofovir-based regimen was significantly associated with VF in the ADR48 group; adjusted OR (AOR) 1.96 (95% CI 1.13–3.39). Independent predictors of ADR in the ADR48 group were initiation on a zidovudine-based regimen compared with tenofovir-based regimens, AOR 3.16 (95% CI 1.34–7.46) and ART duration of ≥82 months compared with <82 months, AOR 1.92 (95% CI 1.03–3.59).

Conclusions

While good VLS was observed, the high prevalence of ADR among the VFs before they underwent the recommended three intensive adherence counselling (IAC) sessions followed by repeat VL testing implies that IAC prior to treatment switching may be of limited benefit in improving VLS.
Methionyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor has potent in vivo activity in a novel Giardia lamblia luciferase murine infection model
Authors: Michaels Samantha A , Shih Han-Wei , Zhang Bailin , Navaluna Edelmar D , Zhang Zhongsheng , Ranade Ranae M , Gillespie J Robert , Merritt Ethan A , Fan Erkang , Buckner Frederick S , Paredez Alexander R , Ojo Kayode K
Published: December 2019

Background

Methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetRS) inhibitors are under investigation for the treatment of intestinal infections caused by Giardia lamblia.

Objectives

To properly analyse the therapeutic potential of the MetRS inhibitor 1717, experimental tools including a robust cell-based assay and a murine model of infection were developed based on novel strains of G. lamblia that employ luciferase reporter systems to quantify viable parasites.

Methods

Systematic screening of Giardia-specific promoters and luciferase variants led to the development of a strain expressing the click beetle green luciferase. Further modifying this strain to express NanoLuc created a dual reporter strain capable of quantifying parasites in both the trophozoite and cyst stages. These strains were used to develop a high-throughput cell assay and a mouse infection model. A library of MetRS inhibitors was screened in the cell assay and Compound-1717 was tested for efficacy in the mouse infection model.

Results

Cell viability in in vitro compound screens was quantified via bioluminescence readouts while infection loads in mice were monitored with non-invasive whole-animal imaging and faecal analysis. Compound-1717 was effective in clearing mice of Giardia infection in 3 days at varying doses, which was supported by data from enzymatic and phenotypic cell assays.

Conclusions

The new in vitro and in vivo assays based on luciferase expression by engineered G. lamblia strains are useful for the discovery and development of new therapeutics for giardiasis. MetRS inhibitors, as validated by Compound-1717, have promising anti-giardiasis properties that merit further study as alternative therapeutics.
Emphysematous cystitis: a cause of hematuria post angioplasty
Authors: Parker Sidney , Bouayyad Sarah , Tam Jonathan , Kansal Nisheeth , Bhattacharya Vish
Published: December 2019

Emphysematous cystitis (EC) is a rare, severe, urinary tract infection caused by gas-producing bacteria. It is characterized by the accumulation of air inside the bladder wall and/or lumen and is common among elderly diabetic females. This case of a 90-year-old female, who underwent bilateral iliac angioplasty and stenting, is the first published correlation between iliac angioplasty and the development of EC. The endovascular procedure performed was a success, but later on, she was confused and developed frank haematuria with a fall in haemoglobin levels. CT revealed severe EC with abundant gas tracking outside of urinary bladder into the extraperitoneal space. She was catheterized and empirical antibiotics were started and converted based on the culture sensitivities. Frequent follow-up ensured the resolution of a conservatively managed case. It is essential to increase the awareness of EC associated with angioplasties among the healthcare staff, particularly those undertaking vascular procedures.
Diverse regulation of plasmodesmal architecture facilitates adaptation to phloem translocation
Authors: Yan Dawei , Liu Yao
Published: December 2019

The long-distance translocation of nutrients and mobile molecules between different terminals is necessary for plant growth and development. Plasmodesmata-mediated symplastic trafficking plays an important role in accomplishing this task. To facilitate intercellular transport, plants have evolved diverse plasmodesmata with distinct internal architecture at different cell–cell interfaces along the trafficking route. Correspondingly, different underlying mechanisms for regulating plasmodesmal structures have been gradually revealed. In this review, we highlight recent studies on various plasmodesmal architectures, as well as relevant regulators of their de novo formation and transition, responsible for phloem loading, transport, and unloading specifically. We also discuss the interesting but unaddressed questions relating to, and potential studies on, the adaptation of functional plasmodesmal structures.
Identification of opportunistic and nonopportunistic Exophiala species using high resolution melting analysis
Authors: Bahadori Tanaz , Didehdar Mojtaba , Khansarinezhad Behzad , Shokohi Tahereh
Published: December 2019

Exophiala is a genus comprising several species of opportunistic black yeasts. Exophiala species identification by morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics is challenging because of the low degree of phenotypic differences between species and its polyphyletic nature. We aimed to develop a high-resolution melting (HRM) assay based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region to differentiate between pairs of clinical and environmental Exophiala species. HRM primers were designed based on the conserved ITS region of five Exophiala species (E. dermatitidis, E. phaeomuriformis, E. heteromorpha, E. xenobiotica, and E. crusticola). Environmental and clinical Exophiala isolates representing these five species (n = 109) were analyzed. The HRM assay was optimized using clinical and environmental reference isolates (n = 22), and then the results were compared with those obtained with nonreference isolates of Exophiala (n = 87) using two designed primer sets. The designed HRM assay was based on the normalized melting peak approach and two primer sets, and successfully distinguished between the five Exophiala species. The HRM1 primer set provided sufficient resolution, with a melting temperature (Tm) difference of approximately 2.5°C among the analyzed species and of approximately 1°C between E. dermatitidis and E. phaeomuriformis. HRM typing results were in agreement with those of ITS-sequence typing (100% sensitivity and specificity). The developed HRM assay can be used to ascertain the identity of Exophiala species, which may differ in clinical significance, with high accuracy. Its application to identify species directly in clinical samples and/or environmental niches may be possible in the future.
TOI-222: a single-transit TESS candidate revealed to be a 34-d eclipsing binary with CORALIE, EulerCam, and NGTS
Authors: Lendl Monika , Bouchy François , Gill Samuel , Nielsen Louise D , Turner Oliver , Stassun Keivan , Acton Jack S , Anderson David R , Armstrong David J , Bayliss Daniel , Belardi Claudia , Bryant Edward M , Burleigh Matthew R , Chaushev Alexander , Casewell Sarah L , Cooke Benjamin F , Eigmüller Philipp , Gillen Edward , Goad Michael R , Günther Maximilian N , Hagelberg Janis , Jenkins James S , Louden Tom , Marmier Maxime , McCormac James , Moyano Maximiliano , Pollacco Don , Raynard Liam , Tilbrook Rosanna H , Udry Stéphane , Vines Jose I , West Richard G , Wheatley Peter J , Ricker George , Vanderspek Roland , Latham David W , Seager Sara , Winn Josh , Jenkins Jon M , Addison Brett , Briceño César , Brahm Rafael , Caldwell Douglas A , Doty John , Espinoza Néstor , Goeke Bob , Henning Thomas , Jordán Andrés , Krishnamurthy Akshata , Law Nicholas , Morris Robert , Okumura Jack , Mann Andrew W , Rodriguez Joseph E , Sarkis Paula , Schlieder Joshua , Twicken Joseph D , Villanueva Steven , Wittenmyer Robert A , Wright Duncan J , Ziegler Carl
Published: December 2019

We report the period, eccentricity, and mass determination for the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) single-transit event candidate TOI-222, which displayed a single 3000 ppm transit in the TESS 2-min cadence data from Sector 2. We determine the orbital period via radial velocity measurements (P = 33.9 d), which allowed for ground-based photometric detection of two subsequent transits. Our data show that the companion to TOI-222 is a low-mass star, with a radius of $0.18_{-0.10}^{+0.39}$ R⊙ and a mass of 0.23 ± 0.01 M⊙. This discovery showcases the ability to efficiently discover long-period systems from TESS single-transit events using a combination of radial velocity monitoring coupled with high-precision ground-based photometry.
Long secondary periods in luminous red giant variables
Authors: Takayama Masaki , Ita Yoshifusa
Published: December 2019

The origin of long secondary periods (LSPs) in red giant variables is unknown. We investigate whether stellar pulsations in red giants can explain the properties of the LSP variability. VIJHKs light curves obtained by OGLE and the IRSF/SIRIUS survey in the Small Magellanic Cloud are examined. The sample of oxygen-rich LSP stars shows evidence of a phase lag between the light curves of optical and near-IR band. The change in radius contributes to the bolometric change roughly half as much as the change in temperature, implying that the change in effective temperature plays an important role in the luminosity change associated with the LSPs. We have created numerical models based on the spherical harmonics to calculate the light amplitudes of dipole mode variability and have found that the models can roughly reproduce the amplitude–amplitude relations (e.g. (ΔI, ΔH)). The LSP variability can be reproduced by the dipole mode oscillations with temperature amplitude of ≲100 and ≲150 K for oxygen-rich stars and most carbon stars, respectively. Radial pulsation models are also examined and can reproduce the observed colour change of the LSPs. However, there is still an inconsistency in length between the LSP and periods of radial fundamental mode. On the other hand, theoretical period–luminosity relations of the dipole mode corresponding to so-called oscillatory convective mode were roughly consistent with observation. Hence, our result suggests that the observations can be consistent with stellar pulsations corresponding to oscillatory convective modes.
Local RR Lyrae stars: native and alien
Authors: Zinn R , Chen X , Layden A C , Casetti-Dinescu D I
Published: December 2019

Measurements of [Fe/H] and radial velocity are presented for 89 RR Lyrae (RRL) candidates within 6 kpc of the Sun. After the removal of two suspected non-RRLs, these stars were added to an existing data base, which yielded 464 RRLs with [Fe/H] on a homogeneous scale. Using data from the Gaia satellite (Data Release 2), we calculated the positions and space velocities for this sample. These data confirm the existence of a thin disc of RRL with [α/Fe] ∼ solar. The majority of the halo RRLs with large total energies have near-zero angular momenta about the Z-axis. Kinematically, these stars closely resemble the Gaia-Sausage/Gaia-Enceladus stars that others have proposed are debris from the merger of a large galaxy with the Milky Way. The metallicity and period distributions of the RRLs and their positions in the period–amplitude diagram suggest that this disrupted galaxy was as massive as the Large Magellanic Cloud and possibly greater.
NAI2 and TSA1 Drive Differentiation of Constitutive and Inducible ER Body Formation in Brassicaceae
Authors: Stefanik Natalia , Bizan Jakub , Wilkens Alwine , Tarnawska-Glatt Katarzyna , Goto-Yamada Shino , Strzałka Kazimierz , Nishimura Mikio , Hara-Nishimura Ikuko , Yamada Kenji
Published: December 2019

Brassicaceae and closely related species develop unique endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived structures called ER bodies, which accumulate β-glucosidases/myrosinases that are involved in chemical defense. There are two different types of ER bodies: ER bodies constitutively present in seedlings (cER bodies) and ER bodies in rosette leaves induced by treatment with the wounding hormone jasmonate (JA) (iER bodies). Here, we show that At-α whole-genome duplication (WGD) generated the paralogous genes NAI2 and TSA1, which consequently drive differentiation of cER bodies and iER bodies in Brassicaceae plants. In Arabidopsis, NAI2 is expressed in seedlings where cER bodies are formed, whereas TSA1 is expressed in JA-treated leaves where iER bodies are formed. We found that the expression of NAI2 in seedlings and the JA inducibility of TSA1 are conserved across other Brassicaceae plants. The accumulation of NAI2 transcripts in Arabidopsis seedlings is dependent on the transcription factor NAI1, whereas the JA induction of TSA1 in rosette leaves is dependent on MYC2, MYC3 and MYC4. We discovered regions of microsynteny, including the NAI2/TSA1 genes, but the promoter regions are differentiated between TSA1 and NAI2 genes in Brassicaceae. This suggests that the divergence of function between NAI2 and TSA1 occurred immediately after WGD in ancestral Brassicaceae plants to differentiate the formation of iER and cER bodies. Our findings indicate that At-α WGD enabled diversification of defense strategies, which may have contributed to the massive diversification of Brassicaceae plants.
Pathomechanics Underlying Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome: Theoretical Framework to Inform Clinical Practice
Authors: Cannon Jordan , Weber Alexander E , Park Seol , Mayer Erik N , Powers Christopher M
Published: December 2019

Over the last decade, there has been a marked increase in attention to, and interest in, femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS). Despite continued efforts by researchers and clinicians, the development, progression, and appropriate treatment of FAIS remains unclear. While research across various disciplines has provided informative work in various areas related to FAIS, the underlying pathomechanics, time history, and interaction between known risk factors and symptoms remain poorly understood. The purpose of this perspective is to propose a theoretical framework that describes a potential pathway for the development and progression of FAIS. This paper aims to integrate relevant knowledge and understanding from the growing literature related to FAIS to provide a perspective that can inform future research and intervention efforts.
A Novel, Modified Human Butyrylcholinesterase Catalytically Degrades the Chemical Warfare Nerve Agent, Sarin
Authors: McGarry Kevin G , Lalisse Remy F , Moyer Robert A , Johnson Kristyn M , Tallan Alexi M , Winters Tyson P , Taris Joeseph E , McElroy Craig A , Lemmon Erin E , Shafaat Hannah S , Fan Yamin , Deal Aniliese , Marguet Sean C , Harvilchuck Jill A , Hadad Christopher M , Wood David W
Published: December 2019

Chemical warfare nerve agents (CWNAs) present a global threat to both military and civilian populations. The acute toxicity of CWNAs stems from their ability to effectively inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE). This inhibition can lead to uncontrolled cholinergic cellular signaling, resulting in cholinergic crisis and, ultimately, death. Although the current FDA-approved standard of care is moderately effective when administered early, development of novel treatment strategies is necessary. Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is an enzyme which displays a high degree of structural homology to AChE. Unlike AChE, the roles of BChE are uncertain and possibilities are still being explored. However, BChE appears to primarily serve as a bioscavenger of toxic esters due to its ability to accommodate a wide variety of substrates within its active site. Like AChE, BChE is also readily inhibited by CWNAs. Due to its high affinity for binding CWNAs, and that null-BChE yields no apparent health effects, exogenous BChE has been explored as a candidate therapeutic for CWNA intoxication. Despite years of research, minimal strides have been made to develop a catalytic bioscavenger. Furthermore, BChE is only in early clinical trials as a stoichiometric bioscavenger of CWNAs, and large quantities must be administered to treat CWNA toxicity. Here, we describe previously unidentified mutations to residues within and adjacent to the acyl binding pocket (positions 282–285 were mutagenized from YGTP to NHML) of BChE that confer catalytic degradation of the CWNA, sarin. These mutations, along with corresponding future efforts, may finally lead to a novel therapeutic to combat CWNA intoxication.