bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pancreatitis as an unusual presentation of rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: De Pasquale Maria Debora , De Ioris Maria Antonietta , Serra Annalisa , Pessolano Rosanna , Donfrancesco Alberto , De Sio Luigi
Published: February 2009

The most common etiologies of acute pancreatitis in children are trauma, multi‐system disease, drugs, infections, idiopathic and congenital anomalies of the pancreaticobiliary system. Acute pancreatitis is rarely associated with underlying childhood malignancies. We report a 12‐year‐old male with acute pancreatitis as the presenting symptom of an alveolar metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:879–880. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bortezomib reverses a post‐translational mechanism of tumorigenesis for patched1 haploinsufficiency in medulloblastoma
Authors: Taniguchi Eri , Cho Min Jung , Arenkiel Benjamin R. , Hansen Mark S. , Rivera Omar J. , McCleish Amanda T. , Qualman Stephen J. , Guttridge Denis C. , Scott Matthew P. , Capecchi Mario R. , Keller Charles
Published: February 2009

Background

Tumor initiation has been attributed to haploinsufficiency at a single locus for a large number of cancers. Patched1 (Ptc1) was one of the first such loci, and Ptc1 haploinsufficiency has been asserted to lead to medulloblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma in mice.

Procedure

To study the role of Ptc1 in cerebellar tumor development and to create a preclinical therapeutic platform, we have generated a conditional Ptc1 haploinsufficiency model of medulloblastoma by inactivating Ptc1 in Pax7‐expressing cells of the cerebellum.

Results

These mice developed exclusively medulloblastoma. We show that despite the presence of transcription of Ptc1, Ptc1 protein is nearly undetectable or absent in tumors. Our results suggest that Ptc1 loss of function is complete, but achieved at the protein level rather than by the classic genetic two‐hit mechanism or a strict half‐dosage genetic haploinsufficiency mechanism. Furthermore, we found that bortezomib, a 26S proteasome inhibitor, had a significant anti‐tumor activity in vitro and in vivo, which was accompanied by restoration of Ptc1 protein and downregulation of the hedgehog signaling pathway. The same effect was seen for both human and mouse medulloblastoma tumor cell growth.

Conclusions

These results suggest that proteasome inhibition is a potential new therapeutic approach in medulloblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:136–144. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Problems with over‐the‐counter medicines in older people
Authors: Nathan Alan
Published: February 2009

Our series Prescribing in older people gives practical advice for successful management of the special problems experienced by this patient group. Here we consider the problems that can arise when patients obtain medicines over the counter. Copyright © 2006 Wiley Interface Ltd
Causes and management of torsades de pointes
Authors: Khatimi Adil , Thomas Simon
Published: February 2009

Our series on serious ADRs focusses on rare but potentially fatal drug reactions and how to recognise and avoid them. This article considers the risks associated with torsades de pointes and the precautions that can be taken when prescribing QT‐prolonging drugs. Copyright © 2006 Wiley Interface Ltd
Splitting a large software repository for easing future software evolution—an industrial experience report
Authors: Glorie Marco , Zaidman Andy , van Deursen Arie , Hofland Lennart
Published: February 2009

Philips Medical Systems produces medical diagnostic imaging products, such as magnetic resonance, X‐ray and computed tomography systems. The software of these devices is complex, has been evolving for several decades and is currently a multi‐MLOC monolithic software repository. In this paper we report on splitting a single software repository into multiple smaller repositories so that these can be developed independently, easing the software's evolution. For splitting the single software repository, we set up two experiments that involve well‐known analysis techniques, namely formal concept analysis and clustering. Because of the sheer size of the monolithic software repository, we also propose to use a ‘leveled approach’, which implies that the analysis technique is applied in several iterations, whereby in some iterations only part of the application is subjected to the analysis technique. Unfortunately, both analysis techniques failed to produce an acceptable partitioning of the monolithic software repository, even if they are combined with our newly proposed leveled approach. We provide a number of valuable lessons learned, which might prevent others from falling into the same pitfalls. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Material flow and circular economy
Authors: Chen Jian Zhong
Published: February 2009

At present, the economy is increasingly internationally interconnected. Economic globalization requires systems approaches to promote sustainable economic development. The theory of material flow (MF) is one of the new theories that could positively contribute to the economic globalization. The theory of MF is also closely related to the concept of circular economy, as the pattern of material flow can be considered as a closed feedback process for circulatory purpose that is consisted of ‘resources‐production‐material flow‐consumption‐recycled resources’. It corresponds to the circular economy's development pattern of ‘resources‐products‐recycled resources’. In view of the pattern of material flow and its relevance to the circular economy, it is concluded that the theory of MF will contribute to the recirculation of natural resources, optimal utilization of resources, improving natural environment and especially the sustainable global economic development. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Properties of Na2MnO2
Authors: Pfeiffer Steffen , Jansen Martin
Published: February 2009

Na2MnO2 was prepared via the azide/nitrate route. Stoichiometric mixtures of the precursors (Mn2O3, NaN3 and NaNO3) were heated in an appropriate regime up to 390 °C and annealed at this temperature for 20 h, in specially designed silver containers. As the most prominent feature, the crystal structure of Na2MnO2 (C2/c, Z = 12, a = 12.5026(9), b = 12.1006(9), c = 6.0939(4) Å, β = 117.94(0)°, 1556 independent reflections, R1 = 3.83 % (all data)) forms a three dimensional framework polyanion of corner sharing MnO4‐tetrahedra. The connectivity pattern of the tetrahedral building units corresponds to the moganite structure, a rare SiO2 modification. According to measurements of the magnetic susceptibility in the temperature range from 2 to 750 K, Na2MnO2 shows antiferromagnetic ordering below 250 K. Evaluation of the high temperature data employing the Curie‐Weiss law revealed a magnetic moment of μeff = 5.93 μB, confirming the presence of divalent manganese.
Manganese(II) Complexes with Bridging Selenidoarsenate(III) Anions [AsSe2(Se2)]3− and [(AsSe2)2(μ‐Se2)]4−
Authors: Kromm Anna , Sheldrick William S.
Published: February 2009

Solvothermal reaction of [MnCl2(terpy)] with elemental As and Se at a 1:1:2 molar ratio in H2O/trien (10:1) at 150 °C affords the linear trimanganese(II) complex [{Mn(terpy)}3(μ‐AsSe4)2] (1). The tridentate [AsSe2(Se2)]3− anions of 1 chelate the terminal {Mn(terpy)}2+ fragments and bridge these through their remaining Se atom to the central {Mn(terpy)}2+ moiety. Weak interactions of Mn1···Se and Mn3···Se bonds with length 2.914(7) and 3.000(7) Å link the molecules of 1 into infinite chains. Treatment of [MnCl2(cyclam)]Cl with As and Se at a 1:1:2 molar ratio in superheated H2O/CH3OH (1:1) at 150 °C yields the dinuclear complex [{Mn(cyclam)}2 (μ‐As2Se6)] (2), whose novel [(AsSe2)2(μ‐Se2)]4− ligands bridge the MnII atoms in a μ‐1κ2Se1, Se2: 2κ2Se5,Se6 manner.
Synthesis and Characterization of an Inorganic‐Organic Hybrid Layered Zinc Phosphite [(C2H3N3)Zn(HPO3)]
Authors: Liu Xianchun , Xing Yan , Liu Li , Song Shuyan , Li Gaijuan , Xu Ning
Published: February 2009

A inorganic‐organic hybrid zinc phosphite (C2H3N3)Zn(HPO3) (1) has been prepared under solvothermal conditions in the presence of 1,2,4‐triazole (trz) ligand.Its structure was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, and further characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, ICP analysis, thermogravimetric analysis and fluorescent spectrum. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/n, a = 7.5515(6) Å, b = 9.1813(8) Å, c = 10.0125(8) Å, β = 111.267(1)°, V = 646.92(9) Å3, Z = 4. The structure consists of left‐handed and right‐handed helical chains that are connected through bridging oxygen atoms to form a two‐dimensional layer structure with 4.8‐net. The compound exhibits intense photoluminescence upon photo‐excitation at 326 nm.
Two Discrete Lanthanum(III) Complexes with Bulky Aromatic Mixed Ligands: Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Fluorescent Properties
Authors: Yang En‐Cui , Dai Pei‐Xia , Wang Xiu‐Guang , Zhao Xiao‐Jun
Published: February 2009

Two discrete lanthanide complexes with bulky aromatic mixed‐ligands, {[La2(na)6(phen)2]·[La2(na)6(phen)2]} (1) and [La2(na)6(2,2′‐bipy)2] (2) (Hna = 1‐naphthoic acid, phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline, and 2,2′‐bipy = 2,2′‐bipyridine), have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and fully characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography, IR, elemental analysis, TG‐DTA and fluorescence spectra. Structure determination reveals that 1 contains two separate binuclear [La2(na)6(phen)2] units, in which both crystallographically LaIII ions are nine‐coordinated with tricapped trigonal prism polyhedron for La1 and a distorted monocapped square antiprism arrangement for La2; whereas 2 has a binuclear structure bridged by carboxylate groups of four na anions. Due to the introduction of bulky aromatic ligands, non‐classical C–H···O H–bonds and π – involved stacking interactions become the dominantly driving forces for the supramolecular structure. The two solid complexes exhibit intense fluorescent emissions at room temperature resulted from the ligand‐to‐metal charge transfer.
Twodimensional Metal‐Organic Framework [Zn(bqdc)]n (bqdc = 2,2′‐biquinoline‐4,4′‐dicarboxylate) – Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Spectral Characterization
Authors: Xie Jingli
Published: February 2009

A new two‐dimensional metal‐organic framework [Zn(bqdc)]n (bqdc = 2,2′‐biquinoline‐4,4′‐dicarboxylate) was obtained by the reaction of ligand 2,2′‐biquinoline‐4,4′‐dicarboxylic acid (H2bqdc) and Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O under hydrothermal conditions. It has been characterized by elemental analysis, FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR and single crystal X‐ray crystallography. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n and exhibits a 2D zig‐zag network, assisted by face‐to‐face π‐π interactions of quinoline rings. In addition, it has a fluorescence emission in the solution state at room temperature.
Synthesis of Chloro Boryl Complexes by Oxidative Addition of B–Cl Bonds
Authors: Braunschweig Holger , Fuß Marco , Radacki Krzysztof , Uttinger Katharina
Published: February 2009

Some platinum boryl complexes of the type trans‐[(Cy3P)2Pt(Cl){B(Cl)R}] (1: R = NMe2, 2: R = Mes, 3: R = tBu) were synthesized by oxidative addition of the corresponding dichloroboranes to [Pt(PCy3)2]. All the compounds were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy in solution. Furthermore, a single crystal analysis was acquired from 2, that confirms the strong trans‐influence of this boryl ligand.
Zur Elektronenstruktur metallorganischer Komplexe der f‐Elemente. 70, Optische und Raman‐spektroskopische Polarisationsmessungen an einem orientierten Tris(η5‐tetramethylcyclopentadienyl)neodym(III)‐(Nd(C5Me4H)3) sowie erstmalige Beobachtung “polarisierter” elektronischer Raman‐Effekte an einem orientierten metallorganischen Einkristall: Pr(C5Me4H)3
Authors: Amberger Hanns‐Dieter , Reddmann Hauke
Published: February 2009

Electronic Structures of Organometallic Complexes of f Elements. 70, Optical and Raman Spectroscopical Polarization Measurements on an Oriented Tris(η5‐tetramethylcyclopentadienyl)neodymium(III) (Nd(C5Me4H)3) as well as First Observation of “Polarized” Electronic Raman Effects of an Oriented Organometallic Single Crystal: Pr(C5Me4H)3

Looking for the ideal exciting line for recording the polarized vibrational Raman spectra of a small oriented single crystal of Nd(C5Me4H)3(1), the laser lines at 785, 632.8 and 532 nm were used. Applying the laser line at 785 nm and comparing the spectra of1with those of La(C5Me4H)3(2), the former are dominated by the σ and π luminescence spectra of the transition4F3/2→4I9/2, which allowed to derive an improved crystal field (CF) splitting pattern of the ground manifold4I9/2. Using the line at 632.8 nm a number of negative peaks were observed which are due to (absorbing) f‐f transitions excited by background radiation. The band positions and intensities as well as the polarizations of these signals correspond to the case of conventional σ and π absorption spectra of a big oriented single crystal. Comparing the polarized Raman spectra of1,2and Pr(C5Me4H)3(3) (using the laser line at 532 nm), it becomes evident that compound3exhibits additional peaks at 183 and 510 cm−1. The existence of CF levels of those energies as well as the strong frequency dependencies and the polarization properties of these bands indicate electronic Raman effects which are extremely rare in the case of organometallics.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Rubidium Tetrasulfide‐Ammonia(3), Rb(18‐crown‐6)RbS4·3NH3
Authors: Meier Martin , Korber Nikolaus
Published: February 2009

We report the crystal structure of the rubidium tetrasulfide‐ammoniate(3) Rb(18‐crown‐6)RbS4·3NH3 (18‐crown‐6 = 1,4,7,10,13,16‐hexaoxacyclooctadecan), which formed as a byproduct from an equimolar reaction of elemental rubidium with SiS2 and 18‐crown‐6 in liquid ammonia. Single crystals were isolated and characterized by low temperature X‐ray structure analysis. Rb(18‐crown‐6)RbS4·3NH3 crystallizes in the chiral space group P212121 with a = 8.2936(6) Å, b = 16.3880(12) Å, c = 18.3203(14) Å, V = 2490.0(3) Å3 and Z = 4 as amber, prism shaped crystals. The ammoniate contains the typically chain‐like tetrasulfide anion S42–, rubidium–sulfur contacts lead to one‐dimensionally infinite 1∞[{Rb(18‐crown‐6)(NH3)}2{Rb2(μ‐NH3)4}{S4}2] chains.
Synthesis and Characterization of Hybrid Materials Derived from Polyaniline and Lacunary Keggin‐type Polyoxotungstates
Authors: Chimamkpam Emmanuel F. C. , Hussain Firasat , Engel Andreas , Schilling Andreas , Patzke Greta R.
Published: February 2009

Organic‐inorganic hybrid materials are an upcoming class of materials that attract increasing research interest. In the present manuscript, we report on the combination of a particularly versatile organic matrix – the conductive polymer polyaniline (PAni) – with a special type of polyoxometalates (POMs), namely a lacunary Keggin anion, [AsW9O33]9–. Although the high application potential and the manifold structural motifs of POMs provide an almost infinite number of options for composite materials, up to now, only few POM‐polymer combinations have been explored in more detail. Thus, we have investigated the interaction of PAni with the unique reactivity of [AsW9O33]9– that combines building‐block facilities with the presence of a lone pair on the heteroatom. The resulting composite material was characterized with a wide spectrum of analytical techniques and the effect on the reaction conditions on the nanoscale structuring was investigated. Furthermore, the newly synthesized POM‐PAni composites display a stable temperature‐dependent resistivity that renders them promising for further applications.
In silico investigations on functional and haplotype tag SNPs associated with congenital long QT syndromes (LQTSs)
Authors: Sudandiradoss C. , Sethumadhavan Rao
Published: February 2009

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) play a major role in the understanding of the genetic basis of many complex human diseases. It is still a major challenge to identify the functional SNPs in disease-related genes. In this review, the genetic variation that can alter the expression and the function of the genes, namely KCNQ1, KCNH2, SCN5A, KCNE1 and KCNE2, with the potential role for the development of congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) was analyzed. Of the total of 3,309 SNPs in all five genes, 27 non-synonymous SNPs (nsSNPs) in the coding region and 44 SNPs in the 5′ and 3′ un-translated regions (UTR) were identified as functionally significant. SIFT and PolyPhen programs were used to analyze the nsSNPs and FastSNP; UTR scan programs were used to compute SNPs in the 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions. Of the five selected genes, KCNQ1 has the highest number of 26 haplotype blocks and 6 tag SNPs with a complete linkage disequilibrium value. The gene SCN5A has ten haplotype blocks and four tag SNPs. Both KCNE1 and KCNE2 genes have only one haplotype block and four tag SNPs. Four haplotype blocks and two tag SNPs were obtained for KCNH2 gene. Also, this review reports the copy number variations (CNVs), expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and genome survey sequences (GSS) of the selected genes. These computational methods are in good agreement with experimental works reported earlier concerning LQTS.
Biophysical characterization of a new SCN5A mutation S1333Y in a SIDS infant linked to long QT syndrome
Authors: Huang Hai , Millat Gilles , Rodriguez-Lafrasse Claire , Rousson Robert , Kugener Béatrice , Chevalier Philippe , Chahine Mohamed
Published: February 2009

Various entities and genetic etiologies, including inherited long QT syndrome type 3 (LQT3), contribute to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The goal of our research was to biophysically characterize a new SCN5A mutation (S1333Y) in a SIDS infant. S1333Y channels showed the gain of Na+ channel function characteristic of LQT3, including a persistent inward Na+ current and an enhanced window current that was generated by a −8 mV shift in activation and a +7 mV shift in inactivation. The correlation between the biophysical data and arrhythmia susceptibility suggested that the SIDS was secondary to the LQT3‐associated S1333Y mutation.
Reducing maternal mortality in Yemen: Challenges and lessons learned from baseline assessment
Authors: Al Serouri Abdul Wahed , Al Rabee Arwa , Bin Afif Mohammed , Al Rukeimi Abdullah
Published: February 2009

Objective

The Yemen is a signatory of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and one of 10 countries chosen for the UN Millennium Project. However, recent MDG progress reviews show that it is unlikely that the maternal health goal will be reached by 2015 and Yemen still has an unacceptably high maternal mortality of 365 per 100 000 live births. Because 82% of deaths happen intrapartum, the purpose of this needs assessment was to identify and prioritize constraints in delivery of emergency obstetric care (EmOC).

Methods

Four district hospitals and 16 health centers in 8 districts were assessed for functional capacity in terms of infrastructure; availability of essential equipment and drugs; EmOC technical competency and training needs; and Health Management Information System.

Results

We found poor obstetric services in terms of structure (staffing pattern, equipment, and supplies) and process (knowledge and management skills).

Conclusion

The data argue for strengthening the 4 interlinked health system elements—human resources, and access to, use, and quality of services. The Government must address each of these elements to meet the Safe Motherhood MDG.
Sophoclea
Authors: Platt Arthur
Published: February 2009

I have never been able to swallow the explanation that this means οίσθ' ὃ τɩ ἒστɩ τ⋯ν κακ⋯ν ⋯ποῖον κ.τ.λ. The order of words is dead against it, since Zεύς ought to be in the ⋯ποῖον clause; it may be safely said that there is no shadow of a parallel to such an order in Sophocles, and probably not in anyone else either. Look at line 2 by itself and consider whether any hearer could possibly suppose that δτɩ Ζεὺς could mean anything but ‘that Zeus’ is doing or will do something or other. So Aristophanes seems to have thought; in a passage crammed with reminiscences of tragedy he declaims (Birds 1246):

ἆρ' οἶσθ' ὃτɩ Ζεύς εἳ με λυπήσεɩ πέρα μέλαθρα μ⋯ν αύτο⋯ κα⋯ δόμοѵς' AμΦ⋯ονος καταɩθαλώσω πυρΦόροɩσѵν ⋯ετοῖς;

Moreover, I flatly deny that οἶσθ' ⋯ τɩ κακ⋯ν όποῖον ού τελεῖ is possible Greek even when the order has been corrected. οὐĸ οἶδα ὃστɩς τ⋯ν ‘Eλλήνων όποῖος ούκ ᾀπαρνοῖτ’ ἂѵ τοȖτο μ⋯ οὺκ εἶναɩ ⋯ληθ⋯ς. Just look at it!
Plato's Simile of Light. Part I. The Similes of The Sun and The Line
Authors: Ferguson A. S.
Published: February 2009

No part ot Plato's writings has been more debated than the three similes in Books VI.-VII. of the Republic, and still there is a diversity of opinion about their meaning. I believe that most of these difficulties arise from certain assumptions about their purpose which need revision. The current view applies the Cave to the Line, as Plato seems to direct, and this application, which is itself attended by considerable difficulties, leads to an assimilation of the two figures till (in most accounts) they seem to have much the same content and purpose. Again, as this makes the lower line appear to be the phenomenal world, it is thought that the simile of the sun foreshadows the theme of the Line by hinting at a connexion between the intelligible and the sensible which is made more explicit in the Line. Thus the group of similes seem mainly intended to show the dependence of Becoming upon Being. This paper will argue that such a view depends upon the misrepresentation of the symbolism adopted by Plato, that two antithetical groups of symbols are confused with one another, and that symbols are even identified with antitypes. Owing to these misinterpretations (if they prove to be such) the Form of the Good has been mistaken for a material cause; both the Line and the Cave have been thought to reveal Plato as embarrassed by a dualism between sense and intellect, and the purpose of the Cave in particular, since the error is cumulative, has been completely obscured. This paper will attempt to substitute for current accounts another interpretation which will relate the three similes closely with the political arguments of Book VI., and with the Platonic education which is set forth in close connexion with them.
The Scipionic Inscriptions
Authors: Frank Tenney
Published: February 2009

Historians and grammarians, palaeographers, and epigraphers have long employed the Scipionic inscriptions as providing accurate data for the period of about 200 B.C. A recent article, however, appearing in this journal, written by the distinguished grammarian, Professor Fay, just before his untimely death, questions the authenticity of these inscriptions, chiefly on grammatical grounds. The inscriptions are so important that it might be well to consider carefully the validity of such arguments in the light of other evidence before we surrender these landmarks of republican history and language.
The Codex Lipsiensis of Manilivs
Authors: Housman A. E.
Published: February 2009

Professor J. van Wageningen has sent me a review of my fourth volume of Manilius which he has published in Museum vol. 28 pp. 173–7. I never contradict the taradiddles usual in reviews, because, if the reader thinks it worth his while, he can find out for himself whether they are true or no, and if he chooses to believe them without enquiry, it serves him right. But when he is fed with false information about a MS which is out of his reach, he can do nothing to help himself, and may fairly claim to be protected.
The Singular Nos in Vergil.
Authors: Conway E. H. W.
Published: February 2009

There can be few other uses in the Latin language which afford us so great an insight into the mental attitude of a writer at the moment of his writing, or which endow writing with so much of that personal colour which the voice alone gives in perfection, as does the singular use of the pronoun nos. All forms of this word (with the corresponding adjective and verb forms) which occur in the speeches of individuals, who are at the moment speaking independently, are either wholly singular uses, or partly plural uses with more or less justification for the plural form according to the extent to which the speaker is identifying himself with his surroundings. Thus we find all degrees of plurality in such forms, and it is those instances in which the plural form can be least definitely justified which we call ‘singular’ or ‘unreal plural’ uses, and which prove to be the most fascinating from a psychological point of view. The object of the present essay is to inquire how far the varieties of meaning in the singular use of nos, which Professor R. S. Conway has pointed out in Cicero, appear also in Vergil.
The Ablative Case in Vergil
Authors: Lees Madeleine E.
Published: February 2009

In the course of a note on Aen. VIII. 86 sq. by Dr. J. W. Mackail (Class. Rev. XXXII. 1918, p. 103), the Servian interpretation of line 96 (‘secant placido aequore siluas’: ostendit adeo perspicuam fuisse natuvam fluminis ut in eo apparerent imagines nemorum, quas Troianae naues secabant) is supported with the observation that 'note should be taken of Virgil's distinctive use of the ablative. “Placidoaequore siluas” in his language is practically equivalent to “placidas aequoreas siluas” just as “pictas abiete puppes” is to “pictas abiegnas puppes” or “uasta uoragine gurges” to “uastus uoraginosus gurges.”’;
Graeca
Authors: McKenzie Roderick
Published: February 2009

The two meanings of ἄγρα [(i) the chase, (2) game, booty taken in hunting] are also meanings of θ⋯ρα and similarly θηρέὐέιν is parallel to ⋯γρέὐέιν both in form and in meaning. These facts are of more importance for the etymology of ἅγρα than the accidental resemblance to ⋯γρέῖν or to ⋯γέἰρέιν.
Further Notes on Aristoxenus and Musical Intervals
Authors: Schlesinger Kathleen
Published: February 2009

The ‘Αρμονικ Στοιχεῖα of Aristoxenus, being the earliest treatise on Greek Music extant, have hitherto held an unchallenged position as the foundation of much of our knowledge of ancient musical theory. Mr. R. P. Winnington-Ingram's shrewd and critical examination (C.Q. XXVI, 195 ff.) of the many difficulties involved in Aristoxenus’ treatment of subtleties of intonation is a very welcome contribution to a thorny subject; and it is in the hope of furthering our understanding that I venture to offer these comments on one or two points where alternatives or modifications may be suggested.
Aeschylus, Agamemnon, 1227–32
Authors: Lawson J. C.
Published: February 2009

These lines of Cassandra's speech, as given in the MSS., run thus:

νεν τ' ἄπαρχος Ἰλίου τ' ναστάτης

οὐκ οἶδεν οἷα γλσσα μισητς κυνς

λέξασα κα κτείνασα ϕαιδρνους, δίκην

ἄτης λαθραίου, τεξεται κακῇ τχῃ.

τοιάδε τολμ· θλυς ἄρσενος ϕονεὺς

ἔστιν.
Magic Spears
Authors: Cary M. , Nock A. D.
Published: February 2009

Among the conundrums relating to Roman ritual which Plutarch set himself to solve was this: ‘Why do they part the hair of brides with the point of a javelin?’ To this question Plutarch offers a number of answers, all based on the assumption that the spear was symbolical. Professor Rose in his discussion of the passage makes short work of these fumbling guesses, and points out that the original purpose of the spear was magical.
The Bacchanalian Cult of 186 B.C.
Authors: Frank Tenney
Published: February 2009

Thereis no little division of opinion regarding the provenance of the Bacchanalian rites which were suppressed with much cruelty by the Senate in 186 B.C. Since the Dionysiac orgies were native to Phrygia, and since Livy tells the story in question immediately after describing the immoral practices that were brought back from Asia by the returning army of Manlius Vulso in 187, it has frequently been assumed that Anatolia was the source of these rites. Reitzenstein and Cichorius, in discussing a recently-found decree of Ptolemy IV. regarding an inquisition into Dionysiac rites in Egypt, both assume that the Roman cult had come from the Orient. Carcopino, in a recent discussion of the ‘Underground Basilica’ at Rome, suggests that the objectionable element of the cult was the Pythagorean club, which might become a political menace. Other scholars, remembering Livy's statement that one of the priests of the cult had operated in Etruria before coming to Rome, have tried to find traces of Dionysiac rites on Etruscan monuments.
The Homoiomeries of Anaxagoras
Authors: Leon P.
Published: February 2009

τοὐτων σὲ οὓτωσ ἐχóντων χρὴ σοκεῖν ἐνεῖναι πολλά τε καì παντοῖα ἐν πᾶσι τοῖσ συγκρινομἐνοισ καὶ σπέρματα π;άντων χρημ;άτων καὶ ἰσέασ ἕχοντα καὶ χροιὰσ καὶ ἡσονάσ. καὶ ἀνθρώπονσ τε συμπαγῆναι καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ξᾦα ὄσα Ψυχὴ;ν ἔχει. καὶ τοἶσ γε ἀνθρώποισιν ευναι καὶ πόλεισ συνῳκημένασ καὶ τὰ ἂλλα σᾦα óσα κατεσκνασμενα, ωσπερ παρ' ημíν, και την γην αυτοισι πυειν πολλὰ τε και παντοιων εκεινοι τα ονηιστα συνενεγκὰμενοι εíσ την οικησιν χρωνται. ταυτα μεν ουν μοι λέλεκται περι τἦσ ἀποκρισιοσ, xsὄτι οửκ ὄν παρ' ἡμíν μóνον ἀποκπιθεíη, ἀλλὰ καì ἄλλη.
Palatal λ in Greek Dialects
Authors: Mckenzie R.
Published: February 2009

To the instances of non-syllabic ε after -ιλ- or -υλ- which were given in Class. Quart. XVII. 196 (cf. Schwyzer, Exempla 251B 17, note), two more may be added:

(1) Σιλεωνίας, Kaibel, Epigrammata Graeca 783 (Cnidos), occurs in a trochaic line, and is scanned Cup – Cup –. Kaibel calls it a ‘nomen suspectum’; but in the re-edition in Anc. Gr.Inscr.in the British Museum, No. 796, the reading is defended by a comparison with Σιλώνιος in C.I.G. 1577. 3 = I.G. 7. 2429 (Thebes).
Theocritea
Authors: Platnauer M.
Published: February 2009

Modern editors take λάθρη (or P.'s λάθρια γελάοϖα as = ‘smiling secretly’— hiding the smile she felt inclined to show. This involves the two difficulties (1) the γελάοισα of 1. 95; (2) the expression βαρùν δʼἀνὰθυμòνἔΧοισα. To take first: If Aphrodite came smiling it is absurd to say in the next line that as matter of fact she was hiding her smiles. This has led to Ahlwardt's quite unjustifiable ἁδέη, accepted by Hiller.
More Notes on the Text of Hesiod
Authors: West M. L.
Published: February 2009

These notes are a supplement to those which formed the second part of my ‘Hesiodea’. In part they result from re-examination of manuscripts and papyri undertaken for a projected commentary on the Theogony.

In discussing the text of Hesiod a prime necessity is a new system of sigla. Rzach's system has the grave disadvantage that in the three extant poems the same manuscript is denoted by different letters, and conversely the same letter denotes different manuscripts.
Nonniana
Authors: West M. L.
Published: February 2009

Professor Rudolf Keydell has recently given us a greatly improved text of Nonnus' Dionysiaca. But much remains to be done. Many problems are still unsolved: many a corruption may still lie unsuspected, since the manuscript on which we rely is one in which obvious corruption tends to be concealed by conjecture (see below on 25. 424–6).
Time and Pythagorean Religion
Authors: Burnyeat M. F.
Published: February 2009

It is, I think, a fair presumption to suppose that there was some bond uniting all the different aspects of Pythagoras' thought, a bond strong enough to satisfy Pythagoras himself, but loose enough for the to be able, later, to cast off the religious and mystical doctrines without endangering the rest.
‘Friendship’ and ‘Self-Sufficiency’ in Homer and Aristotle
Authors: Adkins A. W. H.
Published: February 2009

This article falls into two parts: the first is an analysis, in the light of my earlier discussions of and of the Homeric usage of and the second, an attempt to show that, as in the case of the effects of Homeric usage persist to a considerable degree in the moral philosophy of Aristotle. In the earlier discussions I have argued that the higher value placed upon the competitive in Greek entails that co-operative relationships, even when valued and necessary, take the form dictated by the more valued qualities, the The most general words to denote co-operative relationships in Greek are and its derivatives: my purpose here is to show how the Homeric usage of these words is related to the Homeric standard and to Homeric society, and to sketch in the outline of a wider discussion, which I hope to be able to fill in later.
A Paean in the Philoctetes
Authors: Haldane J. A.
Published: February 2009

The short hymn to Hypnos at the opening of the first komrnos of the Philoctetes is of particular interest in view of Sophocles' association with the cult of Asclepius.

As suggested by the invocation the hymn is in fact intended to recall the paean, a form of liturgy with which Sophocles' audience must have become increasingly familiar in the years since the introduction in 420/19 of the Asclepius cult. Indeed if we are to judge by inscriptional and other remains the output of hymns for the cult of the healing gods from the fifth century onwards must have been a prolific one and considerably in excess of that for other deities in the same period. It is well known that amongst the earliest writers of hymns for the cult was Sophocles himself. The Suda in the list of his works records one of which at least, a paean to Asclepius, was known as late as the second and third centuries A.D. Probably this is not to be identified with the Sophoclean paean on the Sarapion monument of the same period, which in so far as the extremely fragmentary state of the inscription will allow us to determine would seem to be addressed not to Asclepius himself but to his mother Coronis.
A Note On 'AΘΠ
Authors: Fornara Charles W.
Published: February 2009

In 'AΘΠ. 22. I Aristotle made the judgement that Cleisthenes' reform gave a constitution to Athens far more democratic than Solon's, and to prove it he marked as Cleisthenic the law about ostracism. As the ostracism was considered a typically democratic institution, it was both persuasive and credible to connect Cleisthenes with a measure so admirably symptomatic of the adjudged new order.
Spartan Relations with Persia after The King'S Peace: A Strange Story in Diodorus 15.9
Authors: Ryder T. T. B.
Published: February 2009

Glos, who had been in command of the fleet and was married to the daughter of Tiribazus, fearful that it might be thought that he had cooperated with Tiribazus in his plan and that he would be punished by the King, resolved to safeguard his position by a new project of action. Since he was well supplied with money and soldiers and had furthermore won the commanders of the triremes to himself by acts of kindness, he resolved to revolt from the King.
The Alleged Secret Pact between Athens and Philip II concerning Amphipolis and Pydna
Authors: de Sainte Croix G. E. M.
Published: February 2009

What is the reality behind the famous phrase, in Demosthenes 2. 6? It is commonly spoken of as a secret treaty, pact, agreement, bargain, or understanding, or as a secret clause or article (all these terms have been used in recent times), between Athens and Philip II of Macedon, at some time between 359 and 357, whereby the Athenians promised to hand over their ally, Pydna, to Philip, in return for his promise to hand over Amphipolis to them.
Demosthenes' Policy After The Peace Of Philocrates. I
Authors: Cawkwell G. L.
Published: February 2009

In 346 the Athenians were sadly deceived by Philip. The long war for Amphipolis had taken its toll and the people wanted relief, but the real motive of those who wanted peace in 346, both Philocrates with his principal abettor Demosthenes, and Eubulus and Aeschines, was to try to keep Philip out of Greece itself.2 In Elaphebolion the only debate was about means, whether, as Aeschines wanted, to try to get Phocis included in a Common Peace, or, as Demosthenes with a clearer view of what Philip would accept urged, to make a separate peace and alliance and leave the salvation of Phocis to the future: he probably thought that, if Philip should afterwards attack Phocis, Athens could choose between her allies and, as in 352, rush to the aid of Phocis.
Greek Precedents for Claudius' Actions in A.D. 48 and later
Authors: Smith M. S.
Published: February 2009

The aim of the following note is to draw attention to certain links between the marriage of Claudius and Agrippina and that of Nero and Octavia. Previous writers have not, so far as I know, dealt fully with the implications of these marriages, especially when they are seen in the light of the Silanus affair of A.D. 48–49. In each case, it will be argued here, Claudius may have been impressed by Greek precedents.
Two Lines of Eumelus
Authors: Bowra C. M.
Published: February 2009

Among the scanty remains of poetry attributed to Eumelus of Corinth two lines (fr. 13 Kinkel, fr. 1 Bergk, Diehl, Edmonds, fr. 696/1 Page)2 stand out as different from the rest, first because they are concerned not with the legendary past but with an actual, present occasion, and secondly because they are composed not for Corinthians but for Messenians. Our evidence comes from Pausanias and may be set out at the start:
On the Interpretation of Aristotle, De Interpretations 12–13
Authors: Bluck R. S.
Published: February 2009

Chapters 12 and 13 of the De Interpretations present some puzzles, which it is my purpose to try to solve. The latest commentator, Professor Jaakke Hintikka, attempts in Acta Philosophica Fennica xiv (1962), 5–22, to abolish the difficulties by taking certain verbs in an unusual way. He suggests that in these chapters , which is usually taken to denote logical consequence, sometimes expresses simply compatibility (21b35–22a1, 22b11–14, 22b17–22), sometimes equivalence (22a14 and 33, 22b22ff., 23a18ff.), and that at 22a38ff., 22b3O, and 23a17 , which again is usually taken to denote consequence, in fact expresses compatibility. I propose to counter Hintikka's arguments and to maintain that both verbs express consequence; but as my main purpose is to give my own explanation of the general trend of Aristotle's remarks, I shall take the passages discussed by Hintikka in the order in which they occur in Aristotle's text.
An Alleged Fragment of Eunapius
Authors: Cameron Alan N. D. E.
Published: February 2009

A. F. Norman has recently suggested that a hitherto overlooked passage in Suidas is a fragment from the history of Eunapius of Sardis. He is clearly correct in referring the passage to an incident at the siege of Maiozamalcha during the Persian campaign of the emperor Julian, but I am not so sure that he is right in ascribing it to Eunapius, or in the conclusions he draws from this ascription. I give in parallel columns the accounts of Ammianus Marcellinus, Zosimus, and the passage from Suidas, together with a further version of the incident, unfortunately without names, from the pen of Libanius:
The Comment Ariolum Petitionis
Authors: Balsdon J. P. V. D.
Published: February 2009

1. The Commentariolum Petitionis is not in the Codex Mediceus of Cicero's correspondence with his brother Quintus, but it appears at the end of the letters to Quintus in the other manuscripts. It starts in the normal manner of a letter (QVINTVS MARCO FRATRIS. D.) and is, or purports to be, a collection of tips on canvassing set in the particular context of M. Cicero's consular candidature in 64: a composition of his brother Quintus. It is printed as no. 12 in Tyrrell and Purser's collection of Cicero's Letters.
Vinnius Valens, Son of Vinnius Asina?
Authors: McGann M. J.
Published: February 2009

MR. R. G. M. Nisbet has made the attractive suggestion that the Vinnius to whom Horace addressed his thirteenth epistle was the Vinnius Valens mentioned by the elder Pliny as a centurion of immense strength who had served in the praetorian guard of Augustus (N.H. 7. 82). To the points which he has made in support of this identification may be added the appropriateness, if Horace's Vinnius was a soldier, of the words victor propositi (II) and the fact that Horace's comparison between Vinnius and a pack-animal gains in point if Vinnius was famous for feats of strength involving wagons and beasts of burden.
The Status Nomenclature of the Imperial Freedmen
Authors: Weaver P. R. C.
Published: February 2009

Lily Ross Taylor in an interesting recent article on the proportion of freedmen to freeborn in the sepulchral inscriptions of Imperial Rome discusses the increasing omission of status nomenclature by freedmen in the first and second centuries A.D. and the consequent difficulty of determining the status of persons whose names appear in the epitaphs. One contributory factor to this decline in the traditional nomenclature which she mentions is the growing numbers and importance of the freedmen of the emperor, the Augusti liberti. While non-imperial freedmen were anxious to record their acquisition of citizenship, but not their inferior status in the citizen body, the emperor's freedmen, on the other hand, increasingly formalized their status nomenclature so that the formula ‘Aug. lib.’ proclaimed not only the fact of their manumission within the Familia Caesaris but also the higher social status which they enjoyed. An examination of the nomenclature of the Imperial freedmen might help to throw some light on this process, particularly on the problem of dating.
The Legal Term of Caesar's Governorship in Gaul
Authors: Adcock F. E.
Published: February 2009

It may be affirmed with some confidence that on this topic no generally accepted solution will be found in default of new evidence, for which we can only faintly hope. Against certainty on the matter it would seem that the Everlasting has fixed his canon: quis iustius induit arma scire nefas. Dogmatism is out of place; we must be content with whatever theory is least difficult to reconcile with the texts and with a reasonable interpretation of the course of events at the time and the comments on them of contemporary observers. The thesis advanced in this paper is that there are strong reasons for supposing that the Lex Pompeia Licinia contained a date by which Caesar's command ended, that this date was not the end of February of the year 50 or the year 49 or the end of December of the year 50, that it did not contain a clause forbidding the discussion of a successor to Caesar before March 1, 50, and that if the date ending his command lies between the end of February and the end of December of the year 50, it may have been in fact the Ides of November in that year.
Some Simple Facts Apropos Theocritus I. 51
Authors: Campbell A. Y.
Published: February 2009

In the last number of C.Q. (XXV., p. 207) Mr. A. D. Knox has drawn up a list of Theocriteans who, he suggests, ‘have all of them made the most elementary mistake’ of failing to consider the possibility at least that it is the Boy, and not the Fox, who is the subject of καθξῃ in Id. I. 51. From that list he will have to with-draw two names, Gow and Campbell. This construction, which Mr. Knox propounds as a novelty, had been suggested by Mr. Gow in C.R. XLIV., pp. 9–10. For my part, I am not ingenious, and that syntactical possibility would no more have occurred to me independently than would Mr. Gow's three renderings of it, two of which are ‘until he sets her vinous breakfast upon a more solid basis’ and ‘until he sets her grapes on toast’; as little could I ever have thought, with Mr. Knox, of ‘the obvious necessity’ for this fox ‘of rest after a heavy meal’; still less of those further (I must admit) inevitable eventualities1 at which he hints with such delicacy in his quotation (p. 209, item g) of Aelian V. 39. In regard to these and all such matters, to my mind ‘it were to consider too curiously to consider so.’ For even in Greek which represented for my ears some such English as ‘until she set him a-breakfastant upon the dries,’ if there was one thing with which I was completely satisfied it was with the Fox as subject; that seemed so perfectly in keeping both with the happy playfulness of the passage and with the richly idiomatic φατ as applied to a graven image of an animal. But from the fact that I criticized Mr. Gow's note it is obvious that I was familiar with his idea.
Two Titles of Goddesses in Hesychios
Authors: Rose H. J.
Published: February 2009

ἘγχώΣεμλη ӣὕτως καλεῖτо, says the lexicographer, from a source which is unknown, but would appear to be late, since it uses a past tense. Where or by whom Semele was so named is not stated, nor has any explanation been given, so far as I know, that is at all satisfactory, for she certainly has nothing to do with swords. I suggest that she was never called anything of the kind, and the statement arises from a comedian's jest. Aristophanes (Ran. 22) speaks of Διννσоς Σιαμνоν, and the scholiast is careful to inform the humourless who read this play that it is a joke, παρ' ὑπνоιαν, instead of νἱς Δις. So no lexicographer ever tells us that Stamnios is a title of Zeus. I suggest that somewhere, by Aristophanes or another, Dionysos was called νἱς Ἐγχоς, ‘son of Pour-Out,’ a comic formation from γχεῖν. If such a passage came into the late classical or the mediaeval world unguarded by a scholiast, it would be taken with the same seriousness which has attended sundry witticisms directed at Kleon and other butts of Comedy. The reasoning would be most syllogistic and accurate, as thus:

Encho is the mother of Dionysos.

But Semele is the mother of Dionysos.

Therefore Encho is Semele, Q.E.D.
Antony's Legions
Authors: Tarn W. W.
Published: February 2009

It is important to ascertain whether in the Actium campaign Antony really had only the small proportion of Italian legionaries sometimes assigned to him, and this can only be done by analyzing his legionary figures from Philippi onwards. Unfortunately, though Appian is usually quite clear, he omits one figure at the very start, which prevents one treating the matter synthetically; so one must analyze backwards from Antony's legionary coins.
The Manuscripts of Aristophanes Knights (II)
Authors: Jones D. Mervyn
Published: February 2009

IN the first part of this paper we discussed R and the y family, which divides into the two groups v (VE) and Φ (AT). Before leaving the y family, however, we may consider some of the recentiores, nearly all of which belong within it. They seem to contain no genuine tradition unknown to their elders and betters; so it is not proposed to inflict on the reader a detailed account of them all, but rather to study a representative selection.

These manuscripts consist of an uninterpolated and an interpolated group: the latter group includes also the Aldine edition.
The Costume of The Actors In Aristophanic Comedy
Authors: Webster T. B. L.
Published: February 2009

Professor Beare has attacked the position established by Alfred Körte in 1893 and accepted in large measure by Sir Arthur Pickard-Cambridge in Dithyramb, etc., and Festivals. The following reply is brief because I have dealt with the works of art at some length in Rylands Bulletin, xxxvi (1954), 563 f. and in a forthcoming number of Ephemeris Archaiologike.

The statement of Aristotle (Poet., ch. 4). I have tried to show that various elements in the ‘phallic performances’ were taken over by comedy and that we have some evidence that the leaders of padded dancers wore the phallos.
Notes on the Oresteia
Authors: Dodds E. R.
Published: February 2009

This line has been thought corrupt by most editors, though there is no agreement on the remedy. The Herald is plainly asking why the people at home are despondent: picks up the Chorus's phrase . But as Wilamowitz says, ‘ de populo aut senatu Argivorum accipi non potest’: it can only mean the army at Troy, as in lines 538 and 545. The usual inference is that arparw is corrupt.
Protagoras, Democritus, and Anaxagoras
Authors: Davison J. A.
Published: February 2009

Recent accounts of the life of Protagoras differ widely from one another in their treatment of the ancient sources, and in the conclusions which they draw from them. A re-examination of the evidence, undertaken in 1949–50 as part of a study of the Prometheus trilogy, has convinced me that a new discussion is urgently needed if we are to place the earlier stages of the sophistic movement in the right context historically; and the purpose of this paper is to lay at least a part of the foundation for such a discussion. Since the evidence for the life of Protagoras includes some allusions to his relations with Democritus, and there are some obvious affinities between the careers of Protagoras and Anaxagoras, I have added a short account of the relevant points in the biography of Democritus and a more detailed study of the evidence for the life of Anaxagoras.