bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonic Fabrication of Metallic Nanomaterials and Nanoalloys
Authors: Shchukin Dmitry G. , Radziuk Darya , Möhwald Helmuth
Published: July 2010

This review demonstrates the potential of sonochemistry to become a valuable tool for nanotechnology through composite fabrication if the underlying complex processes are understood and controlled. We show that control of cavitation requires control of interfaces at the microsecond timescale, and a diversity of phenomena is observed at the cavitation interface using different surfactants. Concrete examples show that it is possible to prepare nonequilibrium mono- and multicomponent metallic nanostructures that possess properties considerably different from those of nanostructures prepared by conventional methods.
Plasticity in Confined Dimensions
Authors: Kraft Oliver , Gruber Patric A. , Mönig Reiner , Weygand Daniel
Published: July 2010

This review examines the size effects observed in the mechanical strength of thin metal films and small samples such as single-crystalline pillars, whiskers, and wires. Experimental results from mechanical testing and electron microscopy studies, as well as recent insights from discrete dislocation dynamics simulations, are presented. The size dependency of deformation may be separated into three regimes: the nanometer regime of roughly 100 nm and below, an intermediate regime between 100 nm and approximately 1 μm, and a bulk-like regime. We argue that there is no scaling law with one universal power-law exponent encompassing the entire range. Instead, there are a number of different mechanisms and underlying effects, e.g., the initial dislocation microstructure or loading conditions. The complex interaction of these mechanisms leads to the typically observed scaling behavior.
High-precision recording of the action potential in isolated cardiomyocytes using the near-infrared fluorescent dye di-4-ANBDQBS
Authors: Warren Mark , Spitzer Kenneth W. , Steadman Bruce W. , Rees Tyler D. , Venable Paul , Taylor Tyson , Shibayama Junko , Yan Ping , Wuskell Joseph P. , Loew Leslie M. , Zaitsev Alexey V.
Published: July 2010

The use of voltage-sensitive fluorescent dyes (VSD) for noninvasive measurement of the action potential (AP) in isolated cells has been hindered by low-photon yield of the preparation, dye toxicity, and photodynamic damage. Here we used a new red-shifted VSD, di-4-ANBDQBS, and a fast electron-multiplied charge-coupled device camera for optical AP (OAP) recording in guinea pig cardiac myocytes. Loading di-4-ANBDQBS did not alter APs recorded with micropipette. With short laser exposures (just enough to record one OAP every 1–5 min), di-4-ANBDQBS yielded fluorescent signals with very high signal-to-background ratios (change in fluorescence on depolarization/fluorescence at resting potential: 19.2 ± 4.1%) and signal-to-noise ratios (40 ± 13.2). Quantum chemical calculations comparing the ANBDQ chromophore to the conventional ANEP chromophore showed that the higher wavelength and the greater voltage sensitivity of the former have the same electro-optical origin: a longer path for electron redistribution in the excited state. OAP closely tracked simultaneously recorded electrical APs, permitting measurement of AP duration within 1% error. Prolonged laser exposure caused progressive AP duration prolongation and instability. However, these effects were alleviated or abolished by reducing the dye concentration and by perfusion with antioxidants. Thus the presented technique provides a unique opportunity for noninvasive AP recording in single cardiomyocytes.
Should We Continue to Use the Cockcroft-Gault Formula?
Authors: Helou Rafik
Published: July 2010

Background/Aims: Although the National Kidney Disease Education Program recommends use of the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) formula to estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), most drug-dosing recommendations and clinical practices employ the Cockcroft-Gault (CG) formula. The quality score of the original MDRD study was better than that of the original CG study, although the imprecision sources were very similar between the formulas. To address whether CG should be abandoned in favour of MDRD in chronic kidney disease (CKD) management, we performed a literature review on the topic. Methods: We reviewed 27 articles comparing CG and MDRD in terms of bias, precision, accuracy, and the risk of misclassifying by two CKD stages. Results: In the chronic renal disease population, MDRD was more precise, safer and more accurate than CG at predicting the GFR, with two exceptions: CG was clearly superior in CKD patients with a normal serum creatinine (SCr) and results were discordant in patients with advanced renal failure. In diabetic populations with normal and near-normal GFR, the decline in renal function in diabetics was better screened by CG. In diabetics with renal impairment, MDRD is more accurate than CG. In healthy patients, in subjects with normal SCr and in elderly patients, MDRD was not superior. Based on the risk of misclassifying by ≧2 CKD stages, neither formula could be safely applied in diabetic, low body mass index, advanced liver disease, chronic heart failure, or hospitalized patients. Conclusions: CG still has an interest in screening the decline in renal function in subjects with normal SCr who are at risk, such as diabetics and stage 1 and 2 CKD patients, as well as healthy subjects enrolled in clinical trials and pharmacokinetic studies. Thus, it may be early to replace CG by MDRD in drug studies. CG still is the better formula in the elderly. Both formulas are not safe in some populations.
Clinical Transformation: The Key to Green Nephrology
Authors: Connor Andrew , Mortimer Frances , Tomson Charles
Published: July 2010

Climate change represents a major global public health threat. The very provision of healthcare itself has a significant untoward effect on the environment, to which kidney care is likely to contribute disproportionately. In this article we describe the four principles we believe will underpin a successful transformation to lower carbon kidney care: disease prevention, patient empowerment, lean service delivery and the preferential use of low-carbon technologies. We illustrate their application and their co-benefits, such as improvements in patient care and reductions in cost, with examples.
Measuring the Glomerular Filtration Rate in Obese Individuals without Overt Kidney Disease
Authors: Friedman Allon N. , Strother Matthew , Quinney Sara K. , Hall Stephen , Perkins Susan M. , Brizendine Edward J. , Inman Margaret , Gomez Gerardo , Shihabi Zak , Moe Sharon , Li Lang
Published: July 2010

Background: Identifying methods to accurately measure the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in obese individuals without kidney overt kidney disease is necessary to understanding the pathophysiology and natural history of obesity-related kidney disease. Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, iohexol clearance and disposition was measured, an optimal sampling schedule was identified, and the reliability of GFR-estimating methods was described in 29 obese individuals with normal serum creatinine levels. Iohexol disposition was measured using population pharmacokinetics. The agreement with GFR-estimating equations was assessed by intraclass coefficients. Results: Mean age was 44 ± 10 years, body mass index 45 ± 10, creatinine 0.7 ± 0.2 mg/dl (62 ± 18 µmol/l) , and cystatin C 0.83 ± 0.18 mg/dl (8.3 ± 1.8 mg/l). Iohexol disposition fit a two-compartment model and 5 sampling windows were identified over a 4-hour period to optimize model accuracy and minimize blood draws. Precision was not compromised with this sampling design. Neither creatinine nor cystatin C were linearly correlated with the measured GFR though cystatin C was independent of body composition. Agreement was fair to poor between the measured GFR and GFR-estimating equations. Conclusion: This study offers a rigorous method to study obesity-related kidney disease and improve upon suboptimal GFR-estimating methods.
Selective Strategy for Urethral Catheterization in Febrile Young Girls to Confirm Urinary Tract Infection Diagnosis
Authors: Runel-Belliard C. , Leroy S. , Delamar A.L. , Moissenet D. , Grimprel E.
Published: July 2010

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common source of bacterial infections in childhood. Making a proper diagnosis is important but requires invasive urine collection techniques. We aimed to derive a clinical decision rule to identify non-toilet-trained febrile girls at high risk for UTIs to restrict urethral catheterizations (UCs) to this high-risk group of patients. Methods: We included all non-toilet-trained girls with a positive microscopic urinalysis from urine collected by sterile bag in a prospective cohort study to derive a model to predict UTI assessed by urine culture from UC. Results: Thirty-seven patients were included. Absence of another source of fever on examination and the child’s unusual behaviour were found to be independent predictors of UTI. The corresponding model offered an 85% sensitivity [95% confidence interval (CI): 56–96], with a 59% specificity (95% CI: 30–83) for UTI. The internal cross-validation by bootstrap led to an 85% sensitivity (95% CI: 68–100), and a 59% specificity (95% CI: 35–83). Conclusion: We derived a clinical decision model to selectively identify young febrile girls at high risk for UTI with a positive microscopic analysis and propose UC with an 85% sensitivity, which would avoid approximately 60% of unnecessary UCs; although further validation is necessary before daily clinical use.
The Use of Tobacco and Cannabis at an International Music Festival
Authors: Hesse M. , Tutenges S. , Schliewe S.
Published: July 2010

Background: Music festivals are known to attract a high proportion of drug users. Methods: Using a survey of 1,772 visitors at the Roskilde Festival in Denmark, we assessed substance use at the festival, the incidence of use of substances among never-users and the incidence of use among lifetime users who had not used a substance in the past 12 months. Results: New onset of tobacco use was reported by 9.2% of never-smokers, and new onset of cannabis use was reported by 9.3% of never-smokers of cannabis. Resumption of tobacco use was reported by 24% of past year abstainers, and resumption of cannabis use was reported by 30% of past year abstainers. New onset of other types of substances was reported by less than 0.5% of subjects, but among past year abstainers, 5–10% reported resumption of amphetamine, ketamine, MDMA and cocaine use. New onset smokers of cannabis were significantly younger than never-smokers. Conclusion: Music festivals such as the Roskilde Festival may be important arenas for the prevention of onset of tobacco and cannabis use and for a return to substance use.
Prevaccination Distribution of Human Papillomavirus Types in Italian Women with High-Risk Lesions and Cervical Neoplasia
Authors: De Francesco Maria Antonia , Gargiulo Franco , Schreiber Claudio , Ciravolo Giuseppe , Salinaro Federica , Manca Nino
Published: July 2010

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine both human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence and type distribution in cervical specimens of women with cytological abnormalities and to establish the association with high-grade lesions and cervical neoplasia in order to estimate the impact of an HPV vaccine in this region. Methods: Four hundred and ninety-three cervical specimens obtained from women undergoing routine cervical screening by liquid-based Pap smear were analyzed by Roche linear array HPV genotyping to identify HPV genotypes. Results: HPV 16 was the genotype detected most frequently, followed by HPV 31, 33 and 52. Multiple infections were frequent (58.5%), but decreased with the increase of cervical severity. We found multiple infections composed by only LR types in 4 women: 3 had a histological diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 3 and 1 a diagnosis of cervical cancer. HPV 16 alone was present in 24.6% of CIN 3 lesions and 40% of neoplasia. However, in our region, there are an additional 28% of cases of carcinoma in situ and 40% of cases of invasive cancer due to different HPV types that should be considered for eventual inclusion in second-generation HPV vaccines. Conclusions: These results highlight the importance of assessing individual types in the management and prediction of outcome of women with abnormal baseline cytology and may contribute to determine the potential efficacy of an HPV vaccine in clinical practice.
Effect of Acupressure on Thirst in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Yang Li-Yu , Yates Patsy , Chin Chi-Chun , Kao Tsung-Kuei
Published: July 2010

Background: Thirst and dry mouth are common among hemodialysis (HD) patients. This paper reports a study to evaluate the impact of an acupressure program on HD patients’ thirst and salivary flow rates. Methods: The acupressure program included placebo, followed by true acupressure each applied for 4 weeks. Twenty-eight patients (mean age 57.6, SD = 16.13 years) first received a sticker as placebo acupressure at two acupoints CV23 and TE17 three times a week for 4 weeks, and then received true acupressure in the same area for the next 4 weeks. Salivary flow rate and thirst intensity were measured at baseline, during and after treatment completion for both the placebo and true acupressure program. Results: The true acupressure program was associated with significantly increased salivary flow rate (0.09 ± 0.08 ml/min at baseline to 0.12 ± 0.08 ml/min after treatments completion, p = 0.04). The mean thirst intensity also improved from 4.21 ± 2.66 at baseline to 2.43 ± 2.32 (p = 0.008) after treatment completion in HD patients. There was no statistically significant difference in pre-post program salivary flow rate; however, significant improvement in thirst intensity scores was observed (p = 0.009) in the placebo acupressure program. Conclusion: This study provides preliminary evidence that acupressure may be effective in improving salivary flow rates and thirst intensity.
Estrogen Inhibits Vascular Calcification via Vascular RANKL System
Authors: Osako Mariana Kiomy , Nakagami Hironori , Koibuchi Nobutaka , Shimizu Hideo , Nakagami Futoshi , Koriyama Hiroshi , Shimamura Munehisa , Miyake Takashi , Rakugi Hiromi , Morishita Ryuichi
Published: July 2010

Rationale:

Arterial calcification and osteoporosis are associated in postmenopausal women. RANK (the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB), RANKL (RANK ligand), and osteoprotegerin are key proteins in bone metabolism and have been found at the site of aortic calcification. The role of these proteins in vasculature, as well as the contribution of estrogen to vascular calcification, is poorly understood.

Objective:

To clarify the mechanism of RANKL system to vascular calcification in the context of estrogen deficiency.

Methods and Results:

RANKL induced the calcification inducer bone morphogenetic protein-2 by human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) and decreased the calcification inhibitor matrix Gla protein (MGP) in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs), as quantified by real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. RANKL also induced bone-related gene mRNA expression and calcium deposition (Alizarin red staining) followed by the osteogenic differentiation of HASMCs. Estrogen inhibited RANKL signaling in HAECs and HASMCs mainly through estrogen receptor α. Apolipoprotein E–deficient mice fed with Western high-fat diet for 3 months presented atherosclerotic calcification (Oil red and Alizarin red staining) and osteoporosis (microcomputed tomographic analysis) after ovariectomy and increased expression of RANKL, RANK, and osteopontin in atherosclerotic lesion, as detected by in situ hybridization. Estrogen replacement inhibited osteoporosis and the bone morphogenetic protein osteogenic pathway in aorta by decreasing phosphorylation of smad-1/5/8 and increasing MGP mRNA expression.

Conclusions:

RANKL contributes to vascular calcification by regulating bone morphogenetic protein-2 and MGP expression, as well as bone-related proteins, and is counteracted by estrogen in a receptor-dependent manner.
Years of Optimum Health Lost Due to Complications After Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Hong Keun-Sik , Saver Jeffrey L. , Kang Dong-Wha , Bae Hee-Joon , Yu Kyung-Ho , Koo Jaseong , Han Moon-Ku , Cho Yong-Jin , Park Jong-Moo , Lee Byung-Chul
Published: July 2010

Background and Purpose—

Complications after stroke increase disability or death. The disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) metric, developed by the World Health Organization to measure the global burden of disease, integrates both mortality and disability. Widely used in population-level data analyses, it has not been applied to individual patient-level data captured in outcome registries.

Methods—

We analyzed patient-level data from the outcome registry of 1254 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke enrolled between September 1, 2004, and August 31, 2005, in South Korea. For each subject, we calculated DALY lost due to the qualifying stroke and then analyzed additional DALY lost due to complications after stroke.

Results—

For 1233 patients with available 3-month outcomes, the average DALY lost due to the index stroke was 3.82 (95% CI, 3.68 to 3.96). Any complications, neurological complications, and medical complications occurred in 34.0%, 20.8%, and 24.0%, respectively. The additional DALYs lost associated with any, neurological, and medical complications were 2.11 (95% CI, 1.78 to 2.44), 2.15 (95% CI, 1.72 to 2.59), and 1.99 (95% CI, 1.59 to 2.40), respectively. Patients with 1 complication had 1.52 (95% CI, 1.15 to 1.89) additional DALY lost, and those with ≥2 complications had 2.69 (95% CI, 2.18 to 3.20) additional DALY lost.

Conclusion—

Early poststroke complications deprive patients of approximately 2 years of optimum health. Greater numbers of complications are associated with greater loss of healthy life-years. DALY analysis quantifies the burden of poststroke complications with a uniform metric potentially useful for health system planners.
Carotid Atherosclerosis Does Not Predict Coronary, Vertebral, or Aortic Atherosclerosis in Patients With Acute Stroke Symptoms
Authors: Adraktas Dionesia D. , Brasic Natasha , Furtado Andre D. , Cheng Su-Chun , Ordovas Karen , Chun Kimberly , Chien Jeffrey D. , Schaeffer Sarah , Wintermark Max
Published: July 2010

Background and Purpose—

The purpose of this study was to determine whether significant atherosclerotic disease in the carotid arteries predicts significant atherosclerotic disease in the coronary arteries, vertebral arteries, or aorta in patients with symptoms of acute ischemic stroke.

Methods—

Atherosclerotic disease was imaged using CT angiography in a prospective study of 120 consecutive patients undergoing emergent CT evaluation for symptoms of stroke. Using a comprehensive CT angiography protocol that captured the carotid arteries, coronary arteries, vertebral arteries, and aorta, we evaluated these arteries for the presence and severity of atherosclerotic disease. Significant atherosclerotic disease was defined as >50% stenosis in the carotid, coronary, and vertebral arteries, or ≥4 mm thickness and encroaching in the aorta. Presence of any and significant atherosclerotic disease was compared in the different types of arteries assessed.

Results—

Of these 120 patients, 79 had CT angiography examinations of adequate image quality and were evaluated in this study. Of these 79 patients, 33 had significant atherosclerotic disease. In 26 of these 33 patients (79%), significant disease was isolated to 1 type of artery, most often to the coronary arteries (N=14; 54%). Nonsignificant atherosclerotic disease was more systemic and involved multiple arteries.

Conclusions—

Significant atherosclerotic disease in the carotid arteries does not predict significant atherosclerotic disease in the coronary arteries, vertebral arteries, or aorta in patients with symptoms of acute ischemic stroke. Significant atherosclerotic disease is most often isolated to 1 type of artery in these patients, whereas nonsignificant atherosclerotic disease tends to be more systemic.
Cognitive and Functional Outcome After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Al-Khindi Timour , Macdonald R. Loch , Schweizer Tom A.
Published: July 2010

Background and Purpose—

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a medical emergency characterized by the accumulation of blood in the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain. The acute treatment of aSAH is well documented but less is known about the long-term effects of aSAH on cognition and day-to-day functioning.

Methods—

We reviewed all studies in the past 10 years that have focused on the effects of aSAH on cognition and day-to-day functioning.

Results—

Sixty-one empirical studies examining cognitive and functional outcome in patients with aSAH met inclusion criteria. Survivors of aSAH commonly experience deficits in memory, executive function, and language. These cognitive impairments interact to affect patients’ day-to-day functioning, including activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living, return to work, and quality of life. Deficits in cognition and day-to-day functioning are further compounded by depression, anxiety, fatigue, and sleep disturbances.

Conclusions—

Much remains to be learned about the brain changes underlying cognitive and functional deficits, including the role of diffuse brain damage and secondary complications like vasospasm and elevated intracranial pressure. A consideration of these issues is necessary to obtain a better understanding of how aSAH affects cognition and day-to-day functioning in the long-term.
Vascular and Degenerative Processes Differentially Affect Regional Interhemispheric Connections in Normal Aging, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Lee Dong Young , Fletcher Evan , Martinez Oliver , Zozulya Natalia , Kim Jane , Tran Jeannie , Buonocore Michael , Carmichael Owen , DeCarli Charles
Published: July 2010

Background and Purpose—

Despite the critical importance of the corpus callosum (CC) to the connection between brain hemispheres, little is known about the independent contribution of degenerative and vascular processes to regional changes in the microstructural integrity of the CC. Here, we examine these changes in subjects with mild cognitive impairment, with Alzheimer disease, and in cognitively normal elderly adults.

Methods—

We used 3-dimensional brain MRI with diffusion tensor imaging in 47 Alzheimer disease, 77 mild cognitive impairment, and 107 cognitively normal subjects, and we calculated mean fractional anisotropy (FA) values for 4 CC regions corresponding to 4 homologous regions of cortical gray matter (GM). To assess vascular and degenerative processes, we also measured cortical GM and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume in corresponding regions and evaluated their vascular risk.

Results—

We found that GM volumes in anterior and posterior regions were significantly related to FA values in the corresponding regions of the CC for all 3 diagnostic groups. Independent of GM volume, frontal WMH volume was also associated with FA values in the corresponding CC regions, but posterior WMH volume was not. Vascular risk was associated with FA of most CC regions, whereas diagnosis of cognitive state was associated only with FA of the anterior and posterior CC regions.

Conclusions—

We found differential region-specific associations between degenerative and vascular processes and the structural integrity of the CC across the spectrum of cognitive ability. Based on these results, we propose a model to explain regional disruption in the interhemispheric connection.
Effect of Clopidogrel on the Rate and Functional Severity of Stroke Among High Vascular Risk Patients
Authors: Hankey Graeme J. , Hacke Werner , Easton J. Donald , Johnston S. Claiborne , Mas Jean-Louis , Brennan Danielle M. , Bhatt Deepak L. , Fox Keith A.A. , Topol Eric J.
Published: July 2010

Background and Purpose—

Disabling stroke is costly and considered by some patients a fate worse than death. We aimed to determine whether clopidogrel reduces the rate and functional severity of stroke among high vascular risk patients, including patients with previous transient ischemic attack or ischemic stroke, who were enrolled in the Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization, Management and Avoidance (CHARISMA) trial.

Methods—

We randomly assigned 15 603 high vascular risk patients to receive clopidogrel (75 mg daily) or placebo in addition to background acetylsalicylic acid and followed them for a median of 28 months. The main outcome of this prespecified substudy was the functional severity of stroke outcome events as measured by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at 3 months after the stroke outcome.

Results—

During follow-up, 436 (2.8%) patients had a definite adjudicated stroke and a follow-up assessment of the mRS at 3 months poststroke, of whom 202 had been randomly assigned clopidogrel and 234 placebo (relative risk reduction 14%, 95% CI: −4% to 29%,
P
=0.12). There was no significant difference between the mean mRS scores at 3 months after stroke among patients assigned clopidogrel compared with placebo (mean mRS 3.6 [SD 2.4] clopidogrel versus 3.3 [SD 2.1] placebo;
P
=0.15). There was also no significant difference between the various categories of the mRS score at 3 months after stroke among patients assigned to clopidogrel compared with placebo. Among 4320 patients with a qualifying diagnosis of transient ischemic attack or ischemic stroke, 233 (5.4%) experienced a stroke during follow-up, of whom 103 were randomly assigned clopidogrel and 130 placebo (relative risk reduction 20%, 95% CI: −3% to 38%). There was no significant difference between the mean mRS scores at 3 months after stroke among patients with a qualifying transient ischemic attack or ischemic stroke who were assigned clopidogrel compared with placebo (3.4 [SD 2.1] clopidogrel versus 3.3 [SD 1.9] placebo;
P
=0.48).

Conclusion—

The addition of clopidogrel to acetylsalicylic acid did not significantly alter the rate and functional severity of stroke outcome events among high vascular risk patients enrolled in the CHARISMA trial.
Hospital-Based Stroke Diagnoses Among the Oldest Old in the United States
Authors: Ovbiagele Bruce
Published: July 2010

Background and Purpose—

Continued surveillance of stroke trends among the very elderly is needed to determine how best to mitigate the likely rise with time in the proportion of strokes in this relatively understudied age group. This study assessed recent time trends in the proportion of hospitalized patients with stroke who are very elderly.

Methods—

Data were obtained from all US states that contributed to the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Patients with stroke diagnoses were identified by the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision procedure codes. Percentage of stroke diagnoses among persons aged ≥80 years was evaluated.

Results—

Between 1997 and 2006, the absolute number of US hospital-based stroke diagnoses lessened (from 680 666 to 609 381). Of all patients with stroke, very elderly men constituted 25.2% in 1997 versus 25.1% in 2006 (
P
=0.83), whereas very elderly women were 39.5% in 1997 versus 39.9% in 2006 (
P
=0.55). Very elderly persons comprised similar percentages of primary acute ischemic stroke in 1997 versus 2006, but their proportion of primary acute intracerebral hemorrhages rose from 29.4% in 1997 to 32.2% in 2006 (
P
=0.005) and of primary acute subarachnoid hemorrhages from 12.5% in 1997 to 14.5% in 2006 (
P
=0.039).

Conclusion—

Across the last decade, the overall percentage of persons in the United States hospitalized with stroke, who were very elderly, remained unchanged, but the proportion of persons with primary acute hemorrhagic strokes who were very elderly increased.
Everard Booths Irenische Perkins-Vertaling
Authors: Broeyer F.G.M.
Published: July 2010

Everard Booth's irenic Perkins translation The French diplomat Jean Hotman included the French translation of William Perkins' A Reformed Catholike in a syllabus of irenical literature published by him in 1607. This is important. In around 1600 Protestant people were not struck by the unfriendly remarks about the Roman Catholic Church in Perkins' book but by the fact that each of its chapters started with a discourse on the issues on which Catholics and Protestants agreed. Therefore it makes little sense to pay special attention to Perkins' dedication to William Bowes, as W J. op 't Hof does. The translator, Booth, moreover, did not know English. He made use of a Latin translation for his version and never saw the dedication to Bowes. The wording of his translation of Perkins' preface differs very much in character from the original, as a result of its origin in the Latin text. Op 't Hof refers to a note written to Booth by his publisher Schilders. Yet this note only contains information about the sale of the translation, and tells us nothing at all about the contents of the book or Booth's intentions for it. In his own preface, Booth does tell us about these intentions. Op 't Hof disregards these remarks and brushes aside the strong possibility that the work of Booth's former professor Franciscus Junius, the author of Eirenicum de Pace Ecclesiae Catholicae, may also have influenced his translation. An earlier work of translation by Booth shows his interest in the dialogue between Protestants and Catholics. On the basis of its title, Op 't Hof ascribes to it a strong anti-Romanist nature, but the book itself does not confirm this. The author states explicitly that he does not want to annoy the other side. My conclusion is that Hotman's opinion of Booth's translation of Perkins has to be taken seriously: this version of A Reformed Catholic has an irenical nature.
Merkwaardige Boompjes Op De Gewelfschilderingen Van De Sint Salviuskerk Te Limbricht (Ca. 1300)
Authors: Goosen L.
Published: July 2010

In der Sankt Salviuskirche in Limbricht (bei Sittard) wurden vor einigen Jahren Gewölbemalereien (c 1300) entdeckt und restauriert. Am gut bewahrten und für die Niederlanden einzigartigen Zyklus (sieben Szenen aus der Jugend von Jesus und eine Krönung Marias in der Absis sowie ein zweiteiliger Erlösungs-Zyklus in der Travée des Chors: Himmelfahrt und Letztes Gericht) fallen einige ikonographische Ausnahme auf: u.a. wichtige Abweichungen im normalen Schema des Jugenzyklus, eine merkwürdige Umkehrung in der Abbildung des Letzten Gerichts und einige sehr ungewöhnliche Bäumchen bei der Verkündigung und Krönung Marias. Nach einer globalen Beschreibung der Malereien wird versucht, den Hintergrund der bereits genannten Bäumchen sowie die ikonologische und theologische Bedeutung davon zu bestimmen. Vergleiche mit einigen älteren Beispielen und mit einer späteren Tradition (15. und 16. Jh.) ergeben, dasz die Bäumchen in Limbricht, obwohl sie im Schema aus der Entstehungszeit an diesen Stellen kaum je vorkamen, doch jener ikonographischen Ueberlieferung gehören, bei welcher der Baum sowohl auf den Baum der Etkenntnis (Gen. 2,9), als auch auf den Kreuzbaum, sowie auf den himmlischen Paradiesbaum (Apok. 2,7) hinweist. In den Limbrichter Seccos bekommen Verkündigung (Anfang des Erlösungswerkes) und Krönung Marias (vorläufige Vollendung davon)- und damit der ganze Zyklus - durch diese ungewöhnlichen Zufügungen auf eine für jene Zeit einzigartige Weise einen stärkeren soteriologischen Akzent. Die beiden Bäumchen haben sicher ein dekorative Bedeutung, weisen aber auch einen ikonologischen und theologischen Sinn auf. (Vert. Elisabeth Fricker)
Het Vagevuur in De Irenische Theologie Van Théophile Brachet De La Milletière
Authors: Van De Schoor R.J.M.
Published: July 2010

C'est avec sa conception du purgatoire que l'iréniste français Théophile Brachet de La Milletière essaie de convaincre catholiques et calvinistes d'une réunification possible de l'Eglise. Celle-ci illustre bien les moyens qu'il a mis en oeuvre pour arriver à ses fins. Il y refuse d'une part le dogme catholique selon lequel il existe un lieu de pénitence où l'homme après sa mort expie la peine temporelle due à ses péches. La Milletière caractérise cette conception comme une issue de secours pour les pécheurs, pure invention de la scholastique, et il la considère en même temps comme un excès d'une trop grande indulgence. D'autre part il reproche aux protestants qu'ils combattent l'existence du purgatoire en utilisant de faux arguments; c'est que ceux qui croient que l'homme doit sa sanctification entièrement à la grâce imputative de la crucifixion du Christ, doivent être bien aveugles à la fonction de la grâce inhérente qui occupe une place si importante dans la doctrine sur le purgatoire. Pour La Milletière il s'agit d'un purgatoire où les douleurs physiques sont absentes, d'une salle d'attente où les douleurs physiques sont absentes, d'une salle d'attente où ceux qui sont morts en Christ attendent le Jugement Dernier. Bien que les âmes n'y souffrent pas, il ont tout de même besoin de soutien en de réconfort, parce qu'ils désirent ardemment leur sanctification et leur rédemption de l'état d'humiliation absolue dans laquelle la mort les a plongés. C'est pourquoi La Milletière accorde une certaine importance à la prière pour les défunts, même s'il ne réussit pas bien à concilier la portée de cette prière avec ses idées sur le purgatoire. Dans sa conception les âmes des défunts ont aussi besoin d'une commémoration dans l'eucharistie, d'une participation au Corps Mystique du Christ. En intensifiant ainsi la piété par les sacrements La Milletière croit pouvoir résoudre la controverse sur le purgatoire. Car celui qui participe dignement et libéré de tout péché à l'eucharistie et qui ne reçoit l'absolution de ses péchés que lorsqui'il a accompli sa pénitence, vit selon l'exemple du Christ et acquiert une grâce inhérente. Une telle conception pouvait rendre superflue la doctrine selon laquelle on doit encore expier ses péchés dans l'au-delà.
Katholieke Propaganda En Protestantse Polemiek in Zestiende-Eeuwse Bijbelillustraties
Authors: Rosier Bart
Published: July 2010

An illustration at the beginning of Deuteronomium 18 in the French bible published at Atwerp by Martinus de Keyser in 1530 shows the burning of a book in the background. This picture has been interpretated as an expression of the propagandistic value which catholic imagery acquired with the growth of the Reformation. The illustration, however, has its forerunners in earlier bible illustrations, the earliest of which appeared in 1490. Moreover, the editions in which the woodcut appeared cannot be regarded as catholic bibles. Though they were at the time presented as based on the Vulgata, they were placed on the Louvain Index in 1546. Furthermore, the subject depicted does not deal with the burning of religious books; Deuteronomium 18:10-11 contains a prohibition against sorcery, and the book shown in the woodcut
De Illustraties in Doen Pieterszoons Uitgave Van Het Evangelie Naar Mattheus (Amsterdam 1522)
Authors: Rosier Bart
Published: July 2010

In 1522 the Amsterdam printer Doen Pieterszoon published the first edition of the gospel according to St. Matthew in the vernacular. The text by Johan Pelt was a translation of Erasmus's Novum testamentum of 1516. The titlepage shows a woodcut of the evangelist of a type recurrent in several dutch bibles. Furthermore, the gospel contains six woodcuts of a rather emblematical character. Five of these depict an angel (the symbol for Matthew) holding in his hands, and surrounded by it, several objects, figures, and little scenes. Each of these are accompanied by a number, and are thus related to a corresponding chapter of the gospel. For example, a gnome-like devil carrying boulders at the angel's feet, refers to the temptation of Christ in the desert (Mt. 4:3). Pieterszoon's illustrations were copied after Petrus von Rosenheim's Rationarium evangelistarum, or Ars memorandi (editio princeps Pforzheim 1502), in which all the gospels were covered, and the symbols of the other evangelists (lion, ox and eagle) also featured as presenters. In their turn these cuts were copied after the Ars memorandi quator evangelia, a blockbook printed in Germany ca. 1470. As their titles suggest, these were works of a mnemotechnical nature, and the woodcuts served as images to aid the memory. However, the Ars memorandi does not belong to the tradition of the artificial memory as described by Frances Yates. Yet, the elements of the classical mnemotechnical Ad Flerennium tractate, loci and images, are present in the illustrations. Thus the Ars memorandi woodcuts are memory images, through which the contents of the gospels can be more easily memorised. They did not, however, prove succesful as biblical illustrations. Pieterszoon did not use them again in any of his later bible editions, and in fact no other printer did. Biblical illustrations were intended to depict biblical stories and to eludicate the text, and as such the Ars memorandi images obviously did not work.
De Auteur Van De Politia Et Disciplina Civili Et Ecclesiastica (1585)
Authors: Starreveld J.C.L.
Published: July 2010

The name of the author of the anonymous work De politia et disciplina civili et ecclesiastica (1585) was a wellhidden secret for centuries. An attempt is made to solve this mystery. The name of the printer and the place are mentioned: Leonardus Niestus, Lugduni Batavorum. These explicit data do not lead anywhere. The dedication of the work contains valuable information about the author. He is a relative of F. Junius and H. Smetius, professors at Heidelberg University in theology and medicine and married to sisters of the Corput family from Breda. He mentions several times Italy and the Italians as his homeland, where he is not allowed to go. Lastly his initials are given: I.B.A.C. On the basis of recently published dissertations on one of the members of the Corput family and the Italian church in London in the sixteenth century the conclusion can be made that a member of the Corput family originating from Italy is the author. We found Ioannes Baptista Aurellius Calabrensis (ca.1540-1596) member of a Waldense family from the South of Italy. His mother had sent him in 1558/9 to the Academy of Geneva to prepare for the ministry in Italy. The family in Calabria fell victim to the Inquisition in 1561 and I.B.A.C. became a minister in France and subsequently in the small Italian reformed church of London from 1570 till his death in 1596. In London he married a member of the Corput family, Mary, and became related to Junius, Smetius and Emanuel van Meteren, the famous historian. He published two other works, not anonymous, one in Italian. His now forgotten 'De politia' was influential in the Dutch Republic because it was used by J. Wtenbogaert.
Geldelijk of Geestelijk Gewin? Assyrische Bisschoppen Op De Loonlijst Van Een Amerikaanse Zendingspost
Authors: MURRE-VAN DEN BERG H.L.
Published: July 2010

In the forties of last century, American Protestant missionaries, sent forth by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, were working among the Assyrian (Nestorian) Christians in northwestern Iran. Nearly ten years after its beginnings, the 'Nestorian mission' went through a difficult period. Not only had the mission to cope with opposition from Roman Catholic missionaries and the Persian government, but also with internal quarrels about the preferred policy of the mission. The internal conflict concentrated on the employment of Assyrian bishops by the mission. Some of the missionaries were convinced that the earlier cooperation of the bishops with the mission was only to be attributed to the fact that they received salaries, rather than out of conviction. Even more, the mission's employment of the bishops could be understood as its approval of the episcopal organisation and various customs of the Assyrian Church. For some of the missionaries, these consequences were hard to accept. Their opponents within the mission greatly valued the positive aspects of the employment of the bishops: it provided the missionaries with good opportunities to preach among the Assyrians, at the same time showing the Assyrians that the Protestants' main aim was not to subvert their customs but to stimulate a revival within the Assyrian Church. In this article, I have argued that it were these opportunities for preaching among the Assyrians which constituted the main reason for Rufus Anderson to support the latter party, even if some aspects of their policy were not in line with the general policy of the American Board of that time. As to the reasons for the Assyrian bishops to work with the American missionaries, I assume that both 'spiritual' and 'material' aspects were involved; the main reason, however, not being the bishops' attraction to the Protestant faith as such, but to the process of modernization and emancipation which the Protestant mission was thought to represent.
Sursum Corda
Authors: VAN VEEN Mirjam G.K.
Published: July 2010

The knowledge we have of the so called 'Nicodemites' is based on Calvin's polemical treatises against them. By 'Nicodemite' we mean someone who did not confess his-evangelical-faith openly but kept his conviction a secret in face of persecution. Calvin's treatise Response à un certain Holandois is remarkable, because it is his only work against a known Nicodemite: the Dutchman D.V. Coornhert. All his life Calvin combatted those who, in spite of evangelical opinions, did not break with the Roman Catholic Church. The arguments he used against them, were also used by Marcourt, Viret and Farel: They all stated that one should choose between God and Baal; one should follow the example of Daniel and his friends; and those who pretend not to know the Lord on earth, would not be known by Christ at the last judgement. The other arguments were aimed at the mass: the mass was idolatrous so therefore one should not attend. The central focus was the eucharist: Christ was in heaven at the right hand of the Father and not in the bread and wine; the mass had nothing to do with the true celebration of the Lord's supper; one should pray to the Lord in spirit and truth, not in physical things. Ceremonies belonged to the Mosaic law which is why they were abolished. These arguments had been used before by Oecolampadius. In 1560 Coornhert reacted against Calvin with his treatise Verschooninghe van Roomsche Afgoderye. He argued against ceremonies in general with the same arguments Calvin had used against the mass. Coornhert, inspired by S. Franck, defended a spiritualistic point of view. The external, visible things were unimportant, so one should not put one's life at risk for it. Ceremonies did not help the believer. On the contrary: they obstructed him. In the apostle Paul Coornhert saw the example of a spiritualistic man: one who was not bound anymore to the Old Testament ceremonies. Outwardly, corporal things did not count. All a believer had to do was to love the Lord and his neighbour. Coornhert blamed Calvin for bringing back his followers to the Mosaic law, and for making them suffer for 'childish things'. Supposing it was by some Dutch evangelicals, Calvin got Coornhert's Verschooninghe and wrote his last anti-Nicodemite work. The translation Calvin used must have been accurate. He maintained the arguments he had used before. There is one specific element in the controversy between Calvin and Coornhert and that is their focus on Saint Paul. The polemic between the two makes clear that the position of Calvin and his followers was not that easy. Arguments against an outward Roman Catholic religion, could be used to defend a spiritualistic point of view as well.
The Distribution of Substances in Eggs of Limnaea Stagnalis L. Centrifuged Immediately Before Cleavage 1)
Authors: Raven Chr P.
Published: July 2010

1. La distribution des substances dans les oeufs de Limnaea stagnalis, centrifugés dans les dernières vingt minutes avant le début de la segmentation, était étudiée. 2. La segmentation des oeufs centrifugés montrait quelques anomalies. Spécialement, la zone centripète semble mettre obstacle à la formation des sillons. 3. L'oeuf centrifugé montre une stratification en 3 couches: une zone centripète à protoplasme alveolaire; une couche intermédiaire à granules-α; et une zone centrifuge à protoplasme dense contenant les granules-β. Le plasme polaire animal des oeufs normaux n'est pas visible dans les oeufs centrifugés. 4. Dans les premières 2 heures après la centrifugation, les granules-α, amassés dans la couche intermédiaire, se dispersent dans l'oeuf, enfin ils s'accumulent au pôle animal, comme dans les oeufs normaux. 5. Les granules-β, au contraire, demeurent dans la position qu'ils occupent après la centrifugation. La ligne de démarcation entre la partie centrifuge vitelline et la partie centripète sans vitellus reste assez nette. Cette distribution inégale des granules-β n'empêche pas le développement normal jusqu'au stade gastrula ou trochophore jeune. 6. Au stade morula avancé, dans les cellules de la moitié centripète une nouvelle catégorie de granules parait, qui ressemblent aux granules-β dans leur coloration. La formation de ces granules indique un transport de substances protéiques en forme soluble à travers les parois des cellules. 7. Au stade blastula, la coloration des granules protéiques change de l'acidophilie à la basophilie.
An Analysis of the Functional Differences Between the Contractions of the Adductor Muscles in the Thoracic Legs of the Lobster Homarus Vulgaris L.1
Authors: Wiersma C.A.G.
Published: July 2010

The different thoracic legs of the lobster Homarus vulgaris have been compared with regard to the contractions caused in the closer muscles on one and more impulses in the "fast" nerve fiber. It was found that small twitches occurred in the fresh preparations especially in the second and third legs; that the cutter claw, the fourth and fifth leg showed sometimes a very small contraction on a single shock, but that in the crusher claw more than two closely spaced impulses are necessary before a visible contraction occurs. Two closely spaced impulses in the second, third and fourth leg lead to a stronger twitch, which increases considerably in strength on further impulses. In the cutter claw two such impulses lead to a very strong twitch, which increases but little with a greater number of impulses. Muscle action potentials lead from the muscle with external leads
Derrida’s Flair (For the Animals to Follow...)
Authors: Naas Michael
Published: July 2010

This essay traces the history of Jacques Derrida’s engagement with the question of the animal and the methodology Derrida follows in his 2008 The Animal That Therefore I Am. As Derrida demonstrates, the history of philosophy is marked from its inception by an attempt to draw a single, indivisible line between humans and all other animals by attributing some capacity to humans (e.g., language, culture, mourning, a relationship to death) and denying it to animals. Derrida thus begins by questioning the supposed fact that animals do not have such and such a capacity or attribute but then quickly turns to questioning the principle by which philosophers have claimed that humans do. In all his work on the animal, therefore, Derrida questions the confidence with which humans attribute certain capacities to themselves while denying them to animals, all in the name of a pervasive and yet repressed violence against the animal world.