bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Sundstrom Beth , Delay Cara
Published: April 2023

The conclusion of the book summarizes its main findings, including the importance of ethical communication and centering truth-telling via a reproductive justice framework. It discusses intersectionality, asking how advocates continue to find new ways to use art and technology to raise the voices of asylum-seeking, ethnic-minority, and Traveller women, as well as trans and gender-expansive people. It reiterates that Irish activists have successfully challenged high-tech myth systems by disrupting the nature/culture dualism and reimagining the use of technology, challenging patriarchal norms and empowering women to tell their stories. The conclusion also engages with more recent developments, including the Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health decision in the United States, assessing how Irish activists responded to the decision. Finally, it asserts that the Irish example of women’s health activism can be essential moving forward in the movement for reproductive justice in the United States and beyond.
Blood and Blood Products
Authors: Jaffe Harold W.
Published: April 2023

This chapter discusses the impact of the epidemic on blood safety. By the end of 1982, evidence had emerged that the putative Kaposi’s sarcoma and opportunistic infections (KS/OI) agent could be transmitted through transfused blood and the blood-clotting factors used to treat persons with hemophilia. In January 1983, CDC met with representatives of the blood banking associations, the National Hemophilia Foundation, and the Food and Drug Administration to discuss measures to protect the safety of the blood supply. CDC presented several options, including testing donated blood for “surrogate markers” of risk, such as antibody to hepatitis B virus. The meeting was very contentious and resulted in no recommendations. Fortunately, subsequent private discussions were more productive, and in March 1983 the US Public Health Service published the first guidelines to prevent what was now called AIDS. The guidelines included the deferral of “risk group” members from blood donation.
HIV
Authors: Jaffe Harold W.
Published: April 2023

This chapter explores the etiologic agent of AIDS, now called human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The virus was first described in May 1983 by Montagnier and colleagues at the Institut Pasteur in Paris and confirmed by Gallo and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute a year later. Using an antibody test developed at CDC, scientists were able to estimate the incidence of HIV infection and subsequent illness in a large cohort of homosexual men from San Francisco. By 1985, commercial assays were available to screen donated blood for HIV. To discourage persons from seeking testing in blood banks, CDC established a series of “alternative” test sites. However, testing for diagnostic purposes was controversial. Fearing discrimination if the confidentiality of test results could not be guaranteed, some gay activists discouraged testing with the slogan that “no test is best.”
Making Predictions
Authors: Jaffe Harold W.
Published: April 2023

This chapter describes the process of making predictions about the magnitude and trajectory of the epidemic in America’s early response to AIDS. Initial modeling efforts used a simple extrapolation method, which assumed that past trends in cases could predict future cases. Subsequent modeling employed a “back-calculation” method to estimate the number of infected persons and project the number who would develop AIDS. Back-calculation models correctly predicted that the incidence of AIDS would peak in the early 1990s and then gradually fall due to “saturation” of individuals at the highest risk for infection as well as behavioral change. But given that newly susceptible individuals would enter the at-risk population each year, the epidemic would not spontaneously disappear.
Increased Understanding, Improved Outcomes
Authors: De Cock Kevin M.
Published: April 2023

This chapter reviews major advances in efforts to understand, prevent, and control HIV. Introduction of serologic tests for the virus, along with the knowledge of and ability to measure CD4 counts and viral load, gave important insights into HIV natural history and showed viral load to be the main determinant of transmission. With antiretroviral therapy, introduced in the mid-1990s, suppressed viral load reduced disease progression and transmission, including from mother-to-child. Antiretroviral drugs were also shown effective as PrEP. The only effective microbicide to date has been a tenofovir gel. Although other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) enhance acquisition and transmission of HIV, STI control efforts have not contained HIV transmission. Harm reduction interventions for people who inject drugs are effective but inadequately supported programmatically and politically. Transmission through blood transfusion has been eliminated in high-income countries. Aspirations for an HIV cure and an effective HIV vaccine remain unrealized.
Introduction
Authors: Schleicher David
Published: April 2023

The Introduction lays out the challenges facing the federal government when a state or city defaults on its debts. When faced with a state or city in fiscal crisis, the federal government cannot avoid all of these three problems: moral hazard, worsening recessions, and reducing investment in infrastructure. This is the fiscal federalism “trilemma.” Whether it engages in bailouts, forces state austerity, or encourages defaults, the federal government must choose between bad options. The chapter ends by laying out some ways the federal government can act in advance to make state and local fiscal crises less common and less painful when they occur.
State and Local Debt Crises in the 20th Century
Authors: Schleicher David
Published: April 2023

Chapter 4 discusses federal responses to state and local fiscal crises in the 20th century. The chapter begins with the Great Depression, and covers the creation of municipal bankruptcy law and the Arkansas Road Debt Crisis. The latter part of the chapter considers federal policy during the New York City Fiscal Crisis and the bailout of Washington, DC. It shows that federal policymakers did not choose one of bailouts, defaults or austerity as a policy response to state and local debt crises, but opted for some of each. It also covers how federal and state policy makers sought to displace local decision-makers during fiscal crises through the creation of fiscal control boards.
Building Better Defaults
Authors: Schleicher David
Published: April 2023

Chapter 9 discusses how to reform municipal bankruptcy. It argues in favor of adding a chapter to the bankruptcy laws for state governments. It makes the case for changes to bankruptcy law, allowing multiple overlapping local governments to file jointly, and for changing the way courts assess “service delivery insolvency.” The chapter also shows that “sales tax bonds,” like New York City’s “Big MAC” bonds or Puerto Rico’s COFINA bonds, are probably constitutional and can be useful tools if used to address liquidity problems as part of a broader set of fiscal reforms. But the abusive use of sales tax bonds should be reined in through changes to municipal bankruptcy law.
Disagreement and Public Reason
Authors: Kim Sungmoon
Published: April 2023

This chapter presents public reason Confucianism, a mode of Confucian democratic perfectionism in which a special style of public reason is affiliated with partially comprehensive Confucianism (i.e., civic Confucianism), as best suited to deal with moral disagreement. It shows that while encouraging citizens to cultivate public reasons with reference to Confucian mores, rituals, civilities, and moral sentiments, public reason Confucianism promotes active political participation and public deliberation in making important public decisions in a way consistent with the principle of egalitarian dignity. The result is what the author calls “democratic pluralism,” pluralism accommodated by democratic public reasons, and public reason Confucianism defends democratic pluralism as the most desirable way to come to terms with pluralism and disagreement in an East Asian constitutional democracy. In short, this chapter illuminates the “vertical” interaction between civic Confucianism and democratic values, principles, and institutions, which generates a distinctive mode of politics.
The Meritocratic House and the Dignity of Legislation
Authors: Kim Sungmoon
Published: April 2023

This chapter aims to illuminate what it means for free and equal citizens in a Confucian democracy who enjoy the equal right to political participation to collectively make law, to which they are equally subject. After highlighting the pivotal importance of the people’s political right to participate in the most authoritative public decisions, it contends that legislation becomes dignified only if the polity in question is a constitutional democracy that acknowledges the independent moral worth of political equality and the right to political participation. The chapter’s central claim is twofold: first, that the politics of public reason Confucianism makes legislation centrally important in a Confucian constitutional democracy, and second, that in Confucian constitutional democracy, the dignity of legislation is expressed in terms of (1) respect of human dignity and plurality, (2) trust-building political relationships, (3) protection of minorities, and (4) the constitutional power to impeach high-level public officials.
Introduction
Authors: Barrios Richard
Published: April 2023

As famous—legendary, even—as Marilyn Monroe was during her short lifetime, she has become more famous and iconic since her death. So much of that fame has come by way of her personal life, real or speculated. Yet, as a working actor, she sought continually and constantly to improve and refine her craft. This introduction describes how the book seeks to correct the sensationalistic imbalance by focusing on her films and performances. She has seldom been given the credit she warrants for her intensive approach toward her work and in seeking out worthy material. Yet, as is clear from a close look at her films, she created both an irresistible persona and indelible characterizations. As a comedian, singer, and often a dramatic performer, she remains a unique treasure.
Off Broadway
Authors: Barrios Richard
Published: April 2023

Still owing Fox more films, Monroe was compelled to return to her home studio for perhaps her least propitious starring film. Let’s Make Love was a lifeless, pointless backstage musical in which Monroe came alive only when singing and dancing. The script, written in part by an uncredited Arthur Miller, was unfunny and ill focused, and Monroe had virtually no on-screen rapport with costar Yves Montand. (Off-screen was another story.) Director George Cukor, with an enormous roster of fine films to his credit, could do little to give the film any point. Production was additionally hampered by a writers’ strike and by the now-worse-than-ever roster of Monroe indispositions. Even dance director Jack Cole, normally a staunch ally, was upset with her—although her work with him formed the main basis for whatever quality the film would possess.
Itineraries
Authors: Bachrach Steven M.
Published: April 2023

The analogy to a traveler’s itinerary motivates the notion of the key concept in physical organic chemistry: the reaction mechanism. Just as an itinerary plots the travels from start to finish, the reaction mechanism describes how molecules transform from reactant to product.
More Hard Truths
Authors: Bachrach Steven M.
Published: April 2023

Organic chemistry textbooks commonly discuss alkyl groups (groups composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms) as electron donating. This chapter presents the standard experiments that support that notion and delves into the gas-phase acidity experiments that upend this standard explanation.
Quantum Mechanical Tunneling
Authors: Bachrach Steven M.
Published: April 2023

A fascinating result of quantum mechanics is that objects can tunnel through barriers even if they lack the energy to climb over them. Recent experiments involving carbene rearrangements demonstrate that these reactions proceed through quantum mechanical tunneling. An exciting outcome is that a third control mechanism, tunneling control, complements kinetic and thermodynamic control.
Pericyclic Reactions
Authors: Bachrach Steven M.
Published: April 2023

Perhaps the greatest achievement in physical organic chemistry was the development of three complementary theories to understand and predict pericyclic reactions. This chapter discusses the underpinnings of the conservation of orbital symmetry and presents many examples of the power of this theory. The impact of this theory on the field of physical organic chemistry is explored.
Reaction Dynamics
Authors: Bachrach Steven M.
Published: April 2023

Over the past two decades, many experiments have exposed reactions that do not operate under statistical theories. These experiments directly call into question the meaning of a reaction mechanism, when features of the potential energy surface may not in fact determine reaction outcomes. Many examples of reactions dictated by dynamic effects are discussed, and their implications are explored.
Mining Conflict and Policy Alternatives
Authors: Spalding Rose J.
Published: April 2023

Chapter 1 describes mining processes and maps their recent expansion in Latin America in both neoliberal and post-neoliberal settings. It examines the conflicts that have erupted between national governments, which commonly encourage mining investment in the name of economic growth and job creation, and local communities, which often view mining as a threat and seek alternative development strategies based on agriculture, ranching, and ecotourism. To frame the resulting policy debate, this chapter constructs a six-part typology populated by clusters of reform proposals, which range from adjustments that address routine worker compensation and royalty disputes to full-fledged mining prohibitions that freeze production and prevent future mine development. This chapter concludes with discussion of the controlled comparison methodology employed in this book, and offers a chapter-by-chapter overview of the story to come.
Prison Islamist Jamaats
Authors: Mironova Vera
Published: April 2023

At the same time the vory criminal organization was experiencing difficulties, a new and different group of inmates began to appear. These were radical Islamists arrested after the Second Chechen War and sent all over Russia to serve their sentences. There, these Islamists became the seed for a new power structure inside the prisons. These Muslim inmates formed their own groups called jamaats. But unlike everyone else in a criminal-controlled prison, these jamaats refused to follow vory prison rules or operate under the vory criminal organization leadership. Rather they established a parallel structure with the long-term goal of taking total control of vory controlled prisons.
Adverbial Resumption in V2 Languages: The Background
Authors: Haegeman Liliane , De Clercq Karen , Lohndal Terje , Meklenborg Christine
Published: April 2023

This chapter lays out the background assumptions underpinning the discussions in this volume, setting “adverbial resumption,” the core issue addressed in this volume, against the general background of the Verb Second (V2) pattern. The chapter covers the main ideas present in the literature on V2 and the co-occurrence of left dislocation and resumptive patterns in V2 languages. This chapter provides a novel synthesis of the available literature on this topic and identifies areas in need of additional research. The optionality of the resumptive pattern, the status of the generalized resumptive, and the implications for the syntax of V2 and the left periphery more generally are important avenues for future work.
A Generalized Resumptive in the Ghent Variety of East Flemish?
Authors: De Clercq Karen , Haegeman Liliane
Published: April 2023

This chapter focuses on a set of data from the Flemish dialect of Ghent (East Flanders), in which root clauses with an initial adjunct feature an optional element, die, separating the initial adjunct from the finite verb, leading to a linear V3 order. The Ghent data shed new light on the V2 phenomenon in general and reveal the nonuniformity of (unexpected) V3 orders in the Germanic V2 languages. Adopting the articulated CP structure as proposed by Rizzi (1997) as integrated in the typology of V2 by Poletto (2013) and Wolfe (2016b), the chapter analyzes die as a root complementizer, spelling out a [+ declarative] Force head. As such, the analysis entails that the label “resumptive” is a misnomer for the Ghent invariant die pattern, and the chapter illustrates that what looks like a V3 resumptive pattern at first sight may turn out to be a different phenomenon.
Resumptive Adverbs in Old French and Old Occitan
Authors: Vance Barbara
Published: April 2023

This chapter investigates adverbial resumption in superficially verb-third clauses introduced by various types of subordinate clauses in thirteenth-century Gallo-Romance. The adverbs si (Old French and Old Occitan), lors, donc (Old French), and pueis (Old Occitan)—called “particles” in the traditional literature—are shown either to participate in D(iscourse)-Linking, in which they make direct reference to the initial subordinate and co-occur with a postverbal subject clitic (Old French) or object clitic (Old Occitan), or to demonstrate a more neutral type of resumption in which a null subject (Old French) or a preverbal object clitic (Old Occitan) occurs. The data show that these lexical items cannot be divided neatly into “generalized” and “specialized” resumptives, but rather each is D-linked in certain contexts, in which case it behaves like a specialized resumptive, and neutral in other contexts, behaving like a generalized resumptive. The analysis places D-linked resumptives in Spec TopicP and neutral resumptives in a lower left-periphery position.
Adverbial Resumption in German from a Synchronic and Diachronic Perspective
Authors: Axel-Tober Katrin
Published: April 2023

This chapter deals with adverbial resumption and clausal correlation in Present-Day German and historical German. In Present-Day German, various types of adverbials, including adverbial clauses, can be dislocated in a construction that can be parallelized with the German Left Dislocation construction that has been discussed for nominal arguments. Furthermore, the chapter argues that in cases where adverbial clauses are seemingly resumed by the adverb so, so is an expletive-like element that fills the matrix prefield after a syntactically unintegrated clause. In historical German, adverbial clauses were obligatorily base-generated in a peripheral, matrix-“external” position. Examples that look similar or identical to a left-dislocated integrated adverbial clause of the modern type were formerly instances of correlative clauses, and adverbial clauses were largely free relative clauses. The surface similarity between a complex sentence with a left-peripheral correlative clause and a dislocated integrated clause probably enabled a reanalysis and the development of clausal integration.
Adverbial Resumption and Scope: A Case Study of Norwegian
Authors: Meklenborg Christine , Lohndal Terje
Published: April 2023

This chapter deals with adverbial resumption in Norwegian, in particular based on data regarding the generalized resumptive marker så. Based on a detailed overview of verb second and adverbial resumption, including the question of whether or not the general resumptive marker så is a clitic, the chapter focuses on adverbial resumption and scope. Based on previous work on West Flemish which demonstrates that adverbial resumption restricts scope, it is shown that if Norwegian så is present, the fronted adverbial can only scope over the main clause verb. The chapter provides an analysis of the data in terms of phase theory, suggesting that så-resumption is restricted to movement within the same phase.
Noncanonical V3 and Resumption in Kiezdeutsch
Authors: Sluckin Benjamin Lowell , Bunk Oliver
Published: April 2023

This chapter presents an investigation of V2 violations in the German contact variety Kiezdeutsch, making comparison with spoken and written Standard German (SG). We undertake a corpus study analyzing the distribution of V3-inducing resumption strategies otherwise unproblematic in SG: adverbial resumption, Left Dislocation, and Hanging Topic Left Dislocation. Unlike for SG, little is known about resumption strategies in Kiezdeutsch, yet we find similar behavior for spoken SG and Kiezdeutsch. We attempt to reconcile such V3 with a well-known noncanonical V3 pattern in Kiezdeutsch following the order Frame Setter > SubjectTOPIC> finite verb. We employ the framework proposed by Sam Wolfe in which strict-V2 systems have high locus of V2 in Force allowing V2 violations involving resumption and, for some languages, initial Frame Setters but not other violations. We suggest that microvariation in and between Kiezdeutsch and SG results from lexicalization of Frame Setters above ForceP in Kiezdeutsch and below it in SG.
Pierre Gassendi (1592–1655)
Authors: Begley Justin
Published: April 2023

Seventeenth-century French priest, mathematician, historian, and philosopher Pierre Gassendi has been the subject of increased scholarly attention recently. But studies of Gassendi have consistently bypassed a major component of his thought: his defense of a vegetarian diet. Conversely, because of the density of his Latin tomes, historical surveys of vegetarianism have mostly overlooked his views on the topic. By neglecting such a prominent institutional figure, historians of vegetarianism have, in turn, tended to reinforce a progressivist narrative that orbits around “radical” reformers. Based on an analysis of Gassendi’s arguments for a vegetable-based diet, this chapter argues that his defense of abstention from meat consumption was far more than a peripheral reaction to the intellectual mainstream. Indeed, it demonstrates that his case for vegetarianism was taken seriously by a range of contemporaries, from the famous Flemish physician and medical reformer Jan Baptista van Helmont (1580–1644) to prominent early Royal Society associates.
Thomas Tryon (1634–1703)
Authors: Bridgen Adam
Published: April 2023

Thomas Tryon was one of the foundational voices of ethical vegetarianism. In his famous work The Way to Health, Long Life, and Happiness (1683), he stressed the Bible’s injunctions against violence toward animals as well as the negative effects of carnivorism on human health and society. Today, he is also recognized for his vocal antislavery tract, “The Negro’s Complaint” (1684). Scholars frequently underline the contribution of Tryon’s vegetarianism to this critique, particularly in his visualization of the “vast Consumption or Destruction” of enslaved Africans, who were “Butcher’d” in the violent sugar-making process. Reading this macellogia as more than just rhetoric, however, this chapter explores Tryon’s broader articulation of the primordial relationship between flesh-eating and human slavery. As it demonstrates, Tryon’s outspoken response to the violence of plantation slavery is in fact part of a broader, biblical conception of humankind’s all-destructive enslavement of animals, and subsequently humans, to satisfy unnatural appetites.
Humphry Primatt (1735–1777)
Authors: Bridgen Adam
Published: April 2023

Humphry Primatt was a Church of England clergyman and author of A Dissertation on the Duty of Mercy and the Sin of Cruelty to Brute Animals (1776), one of the earliest and most influential works of animal protectionism. However, remarkably little is known about Primatt himself. This chapter seeks to remedy this, addressing a range of unexamined materials in order to reconstruct the wider contexts of Primatt’s thinking. In view of his break from the Anglican Church in 1774 and his involvement in Unitarianism, the chapter analyzes a constellation of Dissenting influences on Primatt. Resisting, however, any straightforward characterization of him as a “revolutionary” member of the establishment church, the chapter argues that Primatt occupied a moderate and mediating position, and that his influence was due less to his perceived singularity as to his ability to incorporate some of the more esoteric ideas of animal theologians, Anglican and Dissenting, into the public mainstream.
William Bartram (1739–1823)
Authors: Gilmour Michael J.
Published: April 2023

The naturalist William Bartram published an account of his travels in southeastern North America in 1791. Though ostensibly a scientific research project, he introduces biblical material to his study of flora and fauna in the region. By likening his journey to “the first appearance of the earth to man at the creation,” he assumes an Adamic role, naming what he observes and asserting white, European dominion over nonwhite, non-European civilizations. In addition to the colonial assumptions implied by this posturing, Bartram’s presence in this new-world Eden alludes to the positive image of tending God’s garden. He expresses deep respect for nonhuman life, which is also the work of “the great Author” and a manifestation of “the divine and inimitable workmanship.” This chapter examines Bartram’s uses of the Bible, with attention to his views on human responsibilities in the “glorious apartment of the boundless palace of the sovereign Creator.”
Muḥammad ʿAbduh (1849–1905)
Authors: Friedlander Nuri
Published: April 2023

This chapter raises the question of what it means to be a Muslim animal theologian through an examination of the writings of Muhammad ʿAbduh (d. 1905). Two works are considered: The Theology of Unity and the fatwa that ʿAbduh issued to Muslims in South Africa regarding the ways in which Christians slaughtered animals. In The Theology of Unity, ʿAbduh is clear in expressing his regard for nonhuman animals and his belief that they possess important emotional and rational faculties. In his fatwa he endorsed practices of animal slaughter that many of his contemporary Muslims regarded as unacceptable because of the suffering they might cause the animal. Putting these two works in conversation complicates what we might mean in referring to a Muslim scholar as an animal theologian and highlights a tension between values that a scholar might hold as a theologian and practices the scholar might endorse as a jurist.
Josiah Oldfield (1863–1953)
Authors: Bates A. W. H.
Published: April 2023

To Josiah Oldfield—medical graduate, barrister, and doctor of law—belongs the distinction of having founded the first antivivisection hospital, the Hospital of St Francis, which opened in London in 1898. Better known today as a pioneer of dietary reform, whose many projects included a vegetarian hospital, a fruitarian colony, and an educational program in dietetics, Oldfield was also secretary of the Order of the Golden Age, a utopian Christian evangelical group, which drew on transcendentalism, Eastern religions, and classical philosophy to develop an ambitious program of social reform. What looked to some like a whimsical plan to live off fruit and nuts was for its participants the path to a new age of science that proclaimed, “all life is one” and saw nonhuman animals as “living souls . . . similar to our own.”
Martin Buber (1878–1965)
Authors: Brand Ryan
Published: April 2023

Do animals have a companion in the religion scholar Martin Buber? His earlier work posits a qualitative difference between humans and animals, viewing the human as special, transcending animality. However, this chapter argues, his contact with and reflection on animals, both personal and professional, belie this hierarchical divide. Maurice Friedman, Buber’s biographer, suggests it was Buber’s intimate relationships with other animals that made it impossible for him to cull them entirely from his philosophy of dialogue, even in the face of dogged, collegial discontent (e.g., Bergmann and Levinas). This chapter argues that his rich reflections on animals allow us to read Buber against his own humanist (re)capitulations. Buber’s animals, corralled by a humanist legacy, bite back. Attending to Buber’s animal encounters augments his relational ethics, framing this religious resource for our communities to better understand not only ourselves but the variety of ways animals comport themselves within our more-than-human world.
Epilogue: NASAKOM and Its Proponents
Authors: Hongxuan Lin
Published: April 2023

Hoping to cut the Gordian knot of political dysfunction endemic to the parliamentary democracy period, Soekarno attempted to weld the various parties and intellectual currents of the Indonesian republic through what he called “Guided Democracy” (1959–65) The only recourse Soekarno perceived to legitimate political divergence was imposed unity, deploying charismatic appeals to resurrect revolutionary solidarity while using force to suppress dissenters in the PSI and Masjumi. Soekarno and his supporters sought to lay the foundations of “Indonesian socialism” with the support of the PKI. His slogan was NASAKOM, an ecumenical portmanteau of Nationalism, Religion, and Communism. By calcifying what was once a dynamic field of political discourse, Soekarno discredited himself and his allies, and stimulated resistance across the political spectrum. Drawing on speeches, plays, and newspapers articles, this chapter explores why Soekarno’s Guided Democracy commanded significant appeal even as he eviscerated parliamentary democracy.
Conclusion
Authors: Hongxuan Lin
Published: April 2023

The book’s conclusion highlights the plurality of inspirations for Indonesian political thought, as well as its fundamentally adaptative and creative character. It identifies the limitations of relying on well-worn categories like santri, abangan, nationalist, or Communist. It also provides a brief explanation of why confluences of Islam and Marxism, so pervasive for so long, eventually became untenable as both the global and domestic situation changed drastically over the course of the 1960s. It provides an overview of each chapter, and how each period examined here evinced continuity and difference from preceding and succeeding periods. Finally, it looks forward to the ways in which such confluences might re-emerge and attain currency again.
What Congress Alone Can Do
Authors: Wallach Philip A.
Published: April 2023

Chapter 1 describes representation’s distinctive role in our political order. It explains James Madison’s vision of a representative legislature, using both Federalist No. 10 and his career in Congress to show the value and practical difficulties of organizing deliberative interest group competition. The chapter also charts the development of a rival school of American thought, articulated by Woodrow Wilson, which called for strengthened political parties to bring clarity and responsibility to America’s policymaking. It explains that Wilson, like Madison before him, had good reason to worry about chaotic legislative processes, but that his reform program, once combined with an emphasis on presidential representation, opened the door to stifling partisan orthodoxy. The chapter offers a framework for thinking about the importance of legislative organization to the success of representative government, in which legislators must guard against the dangers of disorganized chaos on one side and overbearing centralized leadership on the other.
Cacophony
Authors: Wallach Philip A.
Published: April 2023

Chapter 4 chronicles the overhaul of congressional organization implemented in the 1970s by liberal Democratic reformers, including the fragmentation of power into subcommittees and the radical expansion of legislative staff. It follows these developments into the post-Watergate period, when Congress determined to make itself more capable of checking the “imperial presidency” through measures including the War Powers Resolution, the Congressional Budget Act of 1974, scores of legislative vetoes, and increased oversight. While they empowered the institution in some ways, these reforms left Congress excessively decentralized and organizationally crippled. Subcommittees dedicated themselves to oversight but frequently ended up as tools of well-organized interest groups. New transparency rules incentivized scandal mongering and posturing. A countervailing reform impulse toward centralization mostly failed to take root in the 1970s, but laid the groundwork for later consolidation of leadership power.
Conservatives against Congress
Authors: Wallach Philip A.
Published: April 2023

Chapter 5 explains why Republicans, after decades in the minority, became so hostile to Congress in the 1980s and ’90s. Excluded from power by the reforms of the 1970s, they denounced the institution as corrupted by special interests and preoccupied with harassing the president through overly aggressive oversight. They lost sight of Congress’ deliberative potential and instead embraced a powerful presidency and ideologically polarized parties. In 1994, Republicans’ critical message helped them secure control of both chambers of Congress. They proceeded to overhaul the workings of the legislature, especially the House, creating a more business-like institution run hierarchically by its central leadership. However, this overcentralization left them unable to achieve much of their ambitious legislative agenda. Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich attempted to shape his role into a kind of shadow presidency, with disastrous political consequences.
Decrepitude
Authors: Wallach Philip A.
Published: April 2023

Chapter 9 lays out a future scenario, “Decrepitude,” in which Congress’ current dysfunctions worsen. Simply keeping the government’s lights on becomes a constant struggle, and the expectation that Congress will be a major player in the policymaking process (further) decays. American government develops new ways of working around its broken legislature, which is reduced to a peanut gallery of angry onlookers. The chapter also reflects on the potential of social media discourse to substitute for dialogue centered in the legislature. It argues that the irresponsibility of social media participants, coupled with the tendency for confrontational behavior to achieve virality, makes this a highly undesirable path.
Rubber Stamp
Authors: Wallach Philip A.
Published: April 2023

Chapter 10 lays out a second future scenario, “Rubber Stamp,” in which reformers frustrated with congressional inaction make major changes, including eliminating the filibuster, restricting amendments, and providing for automatic continuing resolutions whenever Congress fails to pass spending laws. Remote participation is embraced, allowing members to cast their votes from afar. Congress would no longer be able to obstruct presidential agendas. But having lost most of its power, it would be little more than a venue for cheap talk, much like the ornamental legislatures of authoritarian regimes. Such chambers are not without their purposes, but they are in no way responsible for making their countries’ most important decisions. The chapter argues that if the United States is deprived of a vital Congress, and citizen participation is limited to rendering judgments in plebiscitary presidential elections, American politics will no longer be truly free.
Philosophy Lost
Authors: Schmidtz David
Published: April 2023

For Scottish Enlightenment scholars, the mid-1700s was a heady time. Europe had never seen better prospects. Scholars knew they wanted to do what Newton was doing. Exactly what that meant was unclear though, and determining how to conceive of science—then called natural philosophy—would take time. But natural science was rising, and Hume thought there ought to be a science of human nature as well. Hence Hume’s attempt to “introduce the experimental method of reasoning into moral subjects” (the subtitle of Hume’s Treatise). Instead, during the course of the 1800s, moral philosophy had to reinvent itself as what was left after testable hypotheses became the turf of newly emerging departments of social science. This was the opposite of what Hume and Smith intended, which was to apply experimental methods of reasoning to moral subjects.
Justice as Traffic Management
Authors: Schmidtz David
Published: April 2023

Justice has fact-insensitive features implicit in the meanings of the words themselves. For example, justice is about people getting what they are due. That much is true no matter what the context, which is what it means to call it fact-insensitive. Exactly what a given person is due is a different question: when we ask that question, context matters. David Hume was coming to see justice as in some way grounded in convention—in observing what people come to be warranted in expecting from each other. Moral science starts by observing what happens when people expect one thing rather than another.
What Is a Theory?
Authors: Schmidtz David
Published: April 2023

To theorize is to draw a map with words. Here is a crucial fact about theorizing, expressed as a point about maps: there is no such thing as the correct way to draw the map. Consider how astounding it would be if two cartography students, working separately on mapping a terrain, drew identical maps. It would not happen. So, too, with drawing theories. Theorists choose how to represent terrain. A crucial fact about this activity is that terrain underdetermines choices that are made about how to map it. Theorizing per se does not lead to consensus. Seeing moral theories as decision procedures makes it look as though people can permit only one procedure lest multiple procedures conflict. But construing moral theory as decision theory is a mistake worth correcting. Theories are maps: nothing more, nothing less. It is fine to have more than one.
What Works
Authors: Schmidtz David
Published: April 2023

What has enabled billions of people to work their way out of pits of famine? Adam Smith inquired into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. Smith set aside the egocentric question “What does morality ask of me?” and instead asked what was making the world so prosperous. (Peter Singer has been studying this, too, to his credit.) What the author calls social (as opposed to personal) morality is not about deciding what to expect from ourselves. It is about discovering which of the evolving patterns of cooperation and coordination that people inhabit are observably making the world a better place. The question that arises is about what to respect, not what to do.
Introduction
Authors: Pinfold Rob Geist
Published: April 2023

This chapter demonstrates why territorial withdrawal—and exit from occupations in particular—remains an enduring policy problem throughout global politics. This chapter also introduces this book’s primary research questions, namely: why do some occupations end, while others persist? Why would the same occupying power entrench itself in one territory, while leaving another? What factors influence an occupier to withdraw from an occupied territory, or entrench itself within it? This chapter demonstrates the gap in the existing literature pertaining to these questions and illustrates the utility of focusing on the Israeli milieu for addressing them. Concurrently, it delineates the book’s case studies, analytical framework, and core assumptions. It also outlines the book’s contributions: within the field of security studies and territorial conflict in particular and for the study of Israel and the Israeli-Arab conflict as a milieu.
Occupation without Exit #1
Authors: Pinfold Rob Geist
Published: April 2023

Chapter 5 examines why Israel has not withdrawn from the West Bank. Prior to each of the withdrawals examined here, the international and bilateral arenas coalesced to create a new, pro-withdrawal domestic consensus. Chapter 5 explains why this pattern of bargaining did not manifest in the West Bank. It demonstrates that, unlike other cases examined here, Israel’s domestic arena does not perceive the West Bank as one contiguous entity. Instead, it attributes divergent value throughout the territory. Inputs across all three arenas, such as international pressure and the millions of Palestinian Arabs in the West Bank, have prevented Israel from annexing the entire territory. Conversely, Israel considers parts of the West Bank uniquely valuable and no amount of bilateral and international pressure altered this perception. This chapter delineates how this dichotomy has caused Israel to withdraw from some parts of the West Bank, while simultaneously entrenching itself elsewhere in the territory.
Varieties of Harm
Authors: Feit Neil
Published: April 2023

This chapter discusses some varieties of harm, largely for the purpose of setting the stage for the rest of the book. It discusses the distinction between intrinsic harm, or harm in virtue of the intrinsic properties of an event, and extrinsic harm. It also discusses the distinction between pro tanto harm, or harm in some respect, and overall harm or harm all things considered. This chapter also contains a preliminary discussion and evaluation of a basic version of the counterfactual comparative account of harm and benefit. It also considers the notion of harm at a time—for example, harm in the short term—and previews some related issues about the harm of death.
Physics II 3 in Argumentative Context
Authors: Stein Nathanael
Published: April 2023

Aristotle’s key claims about causes are re-evaluated against the results of the preceding chapters. In contrast to explanatory reductionism, he describes his causes in terms of second-order roles, which allows them to function across different ontological kinds and different types of metaphysical relationship. His principle about natural regularities reveals a commitment to a multiplicity of types of intrinsic (kath’hauto) cause—causes which relate to what they cause precisely insofar as those things come to be what they are. Aristotle offers a distinctive way of defining natural kinds in terms of their arrays of intrinsic causes, especially matter. This constitutes an extension of the conceptually simple schema for explaining true predications to the task of explaining things and the transformations they undergo. Explanatory power is achieved not by reduction, but rather by isolating a causally precise and perspicuous way of picking out intrinsic (kath’hauto) causes.
Introduction
Authors: Hussein Waheed
Published: April 2023

The market plays a central role in the lives of most people in the world today, leading them into patterns of production activity and consumption activity. The market does not always involve us in the right way in generating these patterns, and it does not explain the reasons behind the patterns that emerge from the process. The introduction articulates three criteria by which a pattern of production and consumption can be judged: (a) whether the arrangement draws citizens into the most rational or choice-worthy pattern of activity; (b) whether the arrangement enables citizens to judge for themselves the merits of the pattern; and (c) whether the arrangement gives citizens a rational basis for trusting that the arrangement is drawing them into the most rational pattern of activity. Based on these criteria, the introduction explains the importance of understanding the market as a shared social institution that must be consistent with the mutual respect among market participants as free persons. This approach is contrasted with some other prominent views. The German system of codetermination is introduced as a possible mechanism for achieving a less authoritarian and more transparent market society. The introduction concludes with an outline of the book’s chapters.
Mapping Humanity
Authors: Miller Richard J.
Published: April 2023

By the twentieth century science had become a widely practiced profession, and hundreds of millions of animals are now used every year for research purposes. Animals are used for conducting basic research and for testing purposes in the pharmaceutical industry. But how useful are these experiments? Do they generally provide results that help solve human-related problems? This chapter examines the types of animal models that are used in research today. In addition to very simple animals like worms and flies, mice are the most widely used animal for research purposes. How similar are mice to humans? Genetics tells us that they are 85% similar, but what does that mean in practice? Do experiments on mice accurately reflect human biology? In many instances scientists do not adequately consider this issue and mice and other animals fail to recapitulate humans, which makes their use problematic.
Ontology and Oppression
Authors: Jenkins Katharine
Published: April 2023

The way society is organised means that we all get made into members of various types of people, such as judges, wives, or women. These ‘human social kinds’ may be brought into being by oppressive social arrangements, and people may suffer oppression in virtue of being made into a member of a certain human social kind. This book argues that we should pay attention to the ways in which the very fact of being made into a member of a certain human social kind can be oppressive in and of itself. For example, someone who becomes a wife under circumstances where husbands have unjust powers over their wives has suffered a wrong, even if her husband never in fact exercises these powers. The book argues that social movements against racial and gendered oppression, including efforts to advance trans liberation, must get to grips with this phenomenon, and it supplies the conceptual tools needed to do so. The first tool is an analysis of this general form of wrong, termed ‘ontic injustice’. The second tool is an account of ‘ontic oppression’, a particular kind of ontic injustice in which the wrong amounts to a form of oppression, in the sense of being structural and pervasive. The third tool is a pluralist account of race and gender kinds, according to which there is no single social kind that corresponds to a gender category such as ‘woman’, but, rather, there are various different social kinds, each of which is explanatory for different purposes.
Interpersonal Race and Gender Kinds and Ontic Oppression
Authors: Jenkins Katharine
Published: April 2023

This chapter introduces a second variety of race and gender kinds, ‘interpersonal race and gender kinds’, drawing on Ásta’s account of social categories as conferred social statuses. Interpersonal kinds are unified by the interpersonal constraints and enablements that individuals fall under in a particular context. The chapter shows how these kinds fit into the constraints and enablements framework and argues for a particular understanding of the role that deontic normativity plays in constructing interpersonal kinds, which is a point of departure from Ásta’s account. Finally, it argues that some interpersonal race and gender kinds are ontically oppressive, but others are not, and some even have an emancipatory function.
A Broader View of Punishment
Authors: Sullivan Michael J.
Published: April 2023

Chapter 2 argues that state actions that undermine caregivers’ capacities to support their families inflict undeserved collateral consequences on their innocent dependents. Scholars of criminology, political science, and sociolegal studies have expanded the understanding of what it means to experience punishment. There is a cross-national trend toward the criminalization of regulatory offenses such as immigration violations and thought or allegiance “pre-crimes” in anti-terrorism prosecutions. Despite formal divisions in the law between administrative sanctions and criminal punishment, immigration enforcement actions, denials of citizenship, denationalizations, and preventive detentions for inchoate offenses are equally punitive. Suspects, offenders, and those who depend on them should be entitled to counsel and other protections reserved for offenders in the criminal justice system. The state should assume responsibility for ensuring the adequate protection and well-being of those who are dependent on persons detained on immigration and terrorism charges.