bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Realizing the dream of owning a home
Authors: Opoku Robert A. , Abdul‐Muhmin Alhassan G.
Published: June 2013

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the house purchase behavior of low‐income Saudis regarding the sources of financing they wish to have access to, their preferences for alternative financing options, and the monthly payment amounts they could afford to make in case of mortgage financing across demographic groups.

Design/methodology/approach

A survey with a sample of 815 low‐income respondents with a monthly income of SR7,000 was conducted using a structured questionnaire.

Findings

The main findings of the study are that the loan from the government Real Estate Development Fund (REDF) is found to be the most preferred financing alternative, the second being cash payment; whilst the most frequently indicated option for monthly mortgage payments is between SR1,000 and SR1,500 (US$267 and US$400) among low‐income Saudis.

Research limitations/implications

This study provides a snapshot of low‐income Saudi consumers' knowledge of financing options and their choice among alternative financing options.

Practical implications

This also offers opportunities for real estate developers to seek competitive advantage by coming up with innovative financing options to target low‐income earners.

Originality/value

There is limited published work exploring consumer knowledge of house purchase finance options that captures this phenomenon from the perspectives of low‐income Saudi consumers. This study contributes in filling this gap.
Information support technologies of integrated production planning and control for OEM driven networked manufacturing
Authors: Chen Zhixiang , Li Li
Published: June 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the information support technologies of integrated production planning control for OEM (original equipment manufacturer) driven networked manufacturing systems, and offer implications to firms for implementing networked manufacturing.

Design/methodology/approach

OEM driven networked manufacturing and its operations modes and support technologies are first discussed. Then, integration framework of production planning and control is proposed and relative technologies are discussed. Finally, a case of the application of information support technologies in networked manufacturing is illustrated.

Findings

Both theory analysis and case experience show that information integration and sharing are critical for effective operations of OEM driven networked manufacturing and an integrated production planning and control system can benefit firms for successfully operating a networked manufacturing system.

Practical implications

It is valuable to develop and apply integrated production planning and control systems in OEM driven networked manufacturing, Firms should pay more attention to information sharing and communication with partners and utilize advanced information technologies to synchronize the operations of partners.

Originality/value

Integration framework of production planning and control proposed in this paper has originality and the technology strategies are also practical. Managerial ideas, technology framework and application strategies of integrated production planning and control are helpful for firms to implement OEM driven networked manufacturing.
The shopping experience of older supermarket consumers
Authors: Yin Yuanyuan , Pei Eujin , Ranchhod Ashok
Published: June 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this research is to investigate the difficulties and challenges faced by the older supermarket consumers in order to form insights into potential ways of applying IT support and design solutions within the supermarket service for older consumers. The rationale for this research stemmed from observations and discussions with supermarkets with regards to the use of IT and better process design for a growing segment of their consumer base.

Design/methodology/approach

A mixed research methodology was used for this research. Firstly, an ethnographic approach based on direct observations was felt appropriate as this would offer a visual unbiased view of the processes involved in the shopping experience. Secondly, it was felt that it would be appropriate to support these findings with semi‐structured interviews. The data was clustered to provide contextual awareness of the problems involved within the shopping experience.

Findings

The findings indicated a range of areas where senior consumers faced difficulties. One major problem was around understanding where certain products were placed on shelves and why. The other areas of concern were access to products (shelf height), poor signage, labelling and inappropriate portion sizes.

Research limitations/implications

The main research limitation is the small sample size that was studied. Obviously with a much larger sample a wider range of problems would be uncovered. The other area of concern is the fact that studying particular customers invades the privacy of customers that are inadvertently caught up on videos. In future, it may make sense to get participants to film themselves and talk into smart mobiles, recording real‐time data.

Practical implications

The research indicates that it is important for supermarkets to improve signage and customer support, and use IT more freely in most areas. The use of electronic ink signage is a new and important area that they could invest in. This would allow real‐time updates.

Social implications

As many countries are faced with growing numbers of senior citizens, it is important that their lives are made easier and the shopping experience improved.

Originality/value

There are limited attempts at the use of an ethnographic approach to explore elderly consumers’ shopping experiences in the UK. The existing studies do not look at the practicalities of everyday shopping problems faced by this segment of the population. It also adds value to the retailers’ understanding of the behaviour patterns of this important customer segment, at the same time offering solutions to certain problems such as signage and directions through the utilisation of IT.
The NYSE and NASDAQ issue proposed rules to implement the SEC compensation committee independence and advisor rules
Authors: Lilienfeld Doreen , Cannon John , Gitlitz Bennett Amy , Spera George
Published: June 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explain the amendments to the listing standards of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the NASDAQ Stock Market (Nasdaq), which were approved by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC) on January 11, 2013 to implement the SEC's final rules on the independence of compensation committees and their selection of advisors pursuant to Rule 952 of the Dodd‐Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (Dodd Frank).

Design/methodology/approach

After a summary of notable provisions, the paper explains effective dates and respective Nasdaq and NYSE listing standards pertaining to compensation committee compensation; director independence standards, advisors, and charters; certain exemptions for foreign issuers; exemptions for certain types of companies and partnerships; and recommended next steps for companies that are subject to the amended listing standards.

Findings

Over the past few years, the independence of compensation committees and their advisors has been a hot button corporate governance issue. Dodd‐Frank prohibits national securities exchanges from listing any equity security of an issuer that is not in compliance with the exchanges' compensation committee independence and advisor requirements.

Practical implications

The listing standards generally become effective on July 1, 2013; however, listed companies have until the earlier of: their first annual meeting after January 15, 2014; or October 31, 2014, to comply with certain requirements including the independence structure of their compensation committees.

Originality/value

The paper provides practical advice from experienced financial services lawyers.
Building brand value in major Spanish cities: an analysis through municipal websites
Authors: Sáez Lucía , Periáñez Iñaki , Mediano Lucía
Published: June 2013

Purpose

Urban managers increasingly focus on establishing the city as a brand to ensure a competitive force that enables the city to position itself at home and abroad. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the development of city branding from the market orientation of the capital cities of Spain's regional Autonomous Communities.

Design/methodology/approach

The analysis uses a set of variables representing the different aspects that shape market orientation, and variables related to the development and implementation of city branding strategies. The methodology for collecting information on the cities under study is based on content analysis, and its specific application to the analysis of websites.

Findings

The research carried out reveals the existence of four distinct groups of Spain's cities that can be differentiated in terms of the importance that they give to the different areas of market orientation and the development of city branding strategies.

Research limitations/implications

The cities considered give an insight into the strategies of brand creation and development at major Spanish cities but tell nothing about secondary cities. The scope of the study is purely domestic. The authors intend to expand it to include cities elsewhere in Europe, to enable comparisons to be drawn of the processes of creation and development of city branding in different countries. The municipal web sites used as a source of information show some volatility, and as a result need to be reviewed from time to time.

Originality/value

Although web sites as marketing tools offer significant advantages, such as accessibility of information, provision of relevant information, handling of complaints, low cost, and customer service, there has been very little research into their role in urban management. Using the content provided by each municipality's official web site as a source, this paper offers a different perspective which complements research performed through other methods.
Embedding healthy eating: nudging or toolbox?
Authors: Schröder Monika , Lyon Phil
Published: June 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the rationale and limitations of public nudging approaches currently to be found in the UK food choice environment.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper uses a critical review of the literature with case studies.

Findings

Nudging has potential value to assist healthier food choices, although the current focus of proponents tends to be the individual micro‐environment for selection rather than the wider food choice context. Ethical questions are raised by nudging as a policy and limited evidence of success to date would suggest that a combination of personalised tools and public nudges – individual empowerment and attention to the choice environment – might be more effective for embedded healthier eating.

Originality/value

This paper contrasts the underlying assumptions of the nudge approach by reference to the behavioural toolbox.
Rituximab pharmacokinetics in children and adolescents with de novo intermediate and advanced mature B‐cell lymphoma/leukaemia: a Children's Oncology Group report
Authors: Barth Matthew J. , Goldman Stanton , Smith Lynette , Perkins Sherrie , Shiramizu Bruce , Gross Thomas G. , Harrison Lauren , Sanger Warren , Geyer Mark B. , Giulino‐Roth Lisa , Cairo Mitchell S.
Published: June 2013

The ANHL01P1 trial was undertaken to determine pharmacokinetics and safety following the addition of rituximab to French‐American‐British/Lymphome Malins de Burkitt (FAB/LMB96) chemotherapy in 41 children and adolescents with Stage III/IV mature B‐cell lymphoma/leukaemia. Patients received rituximab (375 mg/m2) days −2 and 0 of two induction cycles and day 0 of two consolidation cycles. Highest peak levels were achieved following the second dose of each induction cycle [299 ± 19 and 384 ± 25 μg/ml (Group‐B); 245 ± 31 and 321 ± 32 μg/ml (Group‐C)] with sustained troughs and t½ of 26–29 d. Rituximab can be safely added to FAB chemotherapy with high early rituximab peak/trough levels and a long t½.
Association between plasma free haem and incidence of vaso‐occlusive episodes and acute chest syndrome in children with sickle cell disease
Authors: Adisa Olufolake A. , Hu Yijuan , Ghosh Samit , Aryee Doreen , Osunkwo Ifeyinwa , Ofori‐Acquah Solomon F.
Published: June 2013

We tested the hypothesis that extracellular haem is linked to the incidence of acute complications of sickle cell disease (SCD). Using multivariable regression analysis, higher plasma free haem, but not total plasma haem, was associated with increased odds of vaso‐occlusive crisis (VOC) [P = 0·028, odds ratio (OR); 2·05, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1·08–3·89] and acute chest syndrome (ACS) [P = 0·016, OR; 2·56, CI = 1·19, 5·47], after adjusting for age and gender in children with SCD. These findings suggest that haem and factors that influence its concentration in plasma may be informative of the risk of VOC and ACS in SCD patients.
Long term results of a phase 2 study of vincristine sulfate liposome injection (Marqibo®) substituted for non‐liposomal vincristine in cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone with or without rituximab for patients with untreated aggressive non‐Hodgkin lymphomas
Authors: Hagemeister Fredrick , Rodriguez Maria Alma , Deitcher Steven R. , Younes Anas , Fayad Luis , Goy Andre , Dang Nam H. , Forman Arthur , McLaughlin Peter , Medeiros Leonard Jeffrey , Pro Barbara , Romaguera Jorge , Samaniego Felipe , Silverman Jeffrey A. , Sarris Andreas , Cabanillas Fernando
Published: June 2013

Vincristine sulfate liposome injection (VSLI; Marqibo®; M) is active in relapsed and refractory lymphomas, and approved in the United States for relapsed and refractory adult acute lymphocytic leukaemia. We evaluated VSLI (2·0 mg/m2 without dose cap) substituted for non‐liposomal vincristine (VCR) in a cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone ± ritiximab (CHOP±R) regimen, creating CHMP±R in 72 untreated, aggressive non‐Hodgkin lymphoma patients, including 60 with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The overall response rate was 96% (69/72) including complete response (CR) in 65 (90%) and unconfirmed CR in 2 (3%). Median progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were not reached at median follow‐up of 8 and 10·2 years, respectively. The 5‐ and 10‐year PFS and OS were 75%, 63%, 87%, and 77%, respectively. Despite VSLI exposure of up to 35 mg, the safety profile of CHMP±R was comparable to that reported for CHOP±R. Grade 3 peripheral neuropathy was reported in 2 (3%) patients; there was no reported Grade 3/4 constipation. CHMP±R was highly active, generally well tolerated, and compared favourably to historical trials with R‐CHOP in DLBCL. This enhanced activity probably reflects VCR dose intensification, pharmacokinetic optimization, and enhanced delivery afforded by VSLI. A Phase 3 trial of R‐CHMP versus R‐CHOP in elderly patients with untreated DLBCL is ongoing.
Prognostic value of preoperative multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for predicting biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy
Authors: Hattori Seiya , Kosaka Takeo , Mizuno Ryuichi , Kanao Kent , Miyajima Akira , Yasumizu Yota , Yazawa Satoshi , Nagata Hirohiko , Kikuchi Eiji , Mikami Shuji , Jinzaki Masahiro , Nakagawa Ken , Tanimoto Akihiro , Oya Mototsugu
Published: June 2013

Objective

To evaluate the suitability of preoperative multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) positivity as a predictor of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy (RP).

Patients and Methods

We reviewed the clinical records of patients who underwent either standard RP or laparoscopic RP between January 2005 and December 2009 at our institution.

Patients who received radiotherapy or androgen deprivation therapy before surgery were excluded. A total of 314 patients met the study inclusion criteria.

Cox proportional hazard regression models were used for analyses.

In accordance with the criteria in the established guidelines, a radiologist scored the probability of the presence of prostate cancer using a five‐point scale of diagnostic confidence level. The highest confidence level of any pulse sequence was considered as the evaluation result.

Results

MRI positivity was significantly associated with a high clinical stage (cT ≥ 2; P = 0.039), a high positive biopsy core rate (≥0.2; P < 0.001), a high biopsy Gleason score ([GS] ≥8; P < 0.001) and a high pathological GS (≥8; P = 0.005).

Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis showed that MRI positivity was a prognostic indicator in the analysis that included only preoperative variables and also in the analysis including preoperative and pathological variables.

Conclusion

Multiparametric MRI positivity can independently predict biochemical recurrence after RP.
Forty‐eight hour kidney transplant admissions
Authors: Siskind Eric , Villa Manuel , Jaimes Natalia , Huntoon Kristin , Alex Asha , Blum Mark , Tyrell Richard , Sameyah Emil , Kuncewitch Michael , Giangola Matthew , Agorastos Stergiani , Deutsch Gary , Plumley Lauren , Shen Adam , Robinson Melissa , Alexander Mohini , Israel Ezra , Lumermann Leandro , Bhaskaran Madhu , Calderon Kellie , Jhaveri Kenar D. , Sachdeva Mala , Bellucci Alessandro , Mattana Joseph , Fishbane Steven , D'Agostino Catherine , Nicastro Jeffrey , Coppa Gene , Molmenti Ernesto
Published: June 2013

Forty‐eight hour kidney transplantation admissions are a feasible option in selected recipients of live‐donor allografts through the use of standardized post‐operative protocols, multidisciplinary team patient care, and intensive follow‐up at outpatient centers. Age, gender, and pre‐transplant dialysis status did not impact the ability to achieve 48‐hour admissions. We did not identify any other pre‐operative risk factors that contributed to increased length of stay. Although ABO and highly sensitized recipients had longer lengths of stay, the subgroup was too small to achieve statistical significance. We did not encounter any readmissions within the first seven post‐operative days. Further improvements in clinical management will enhance the potential to shorten the length of hospital stay for all kidney transplant recipients.
The role of cytological follow‐up after radical vaginal trachelectomy for early‐stage cervical cancer
Authors: Edey K. , Denton K. , Murdoch J.
Published: June 2013

Objectives

To identify whether recurrences were picked up by cytology alone after radical vaginal trachelectomy and to determine the false‐positive rate of abnormal cytology.

Methods

Retrospective collection of patients from the cancer registry since radical vaginal trachelectomy was first performed in Bristol in 1999. All cytology results were collated and re‐reviewed by a senior consultant cellular pathologist at the cytopathology centre in Southmead Hospital, Bristol. Cytology results and pathology and survival data are discussed, and any downgrading or upgrading of reports is reviewed.

Results

Eighteen women were identified and 80 isthmic cytology samples were reviewed. Only one recurrence has occurred. Lower uterine segment sampling was apparent in 25 samples and other endometrial cells in 21 samples: thus 58% showed endometrial cell sampling. Odd metaplastic cells from the newly formed transformation zone were found in 25 samples (31%). Fifteen (19%) showed significant inflammation, two with actinomyces. After cytology review, seven of 80 reports were changed: two between negative and inadequate, two borderline changes in endocervical cells and one mild dyskaryosis were downgraded to negative, and two cases reported as ?glandular neoplasia were changed to squamous cell carcinoma and negative, respectively.

Conclusions

Cytology reporting may be challenging after trachelectomy. Cytology in our series did not add to the diagnosis of recurrence in the one case in which it occurred. We propose a pragmatic follow‐up regime, and discuss the importance of the centralization of cytology reporting in these patients.
Surgical extrusion as a treatment option for crown–root fracture in permanent anterior teeth: a systematic review
Authors: Das Bhaskar , Muthu Murugan Satta
Published: June 2013

Background

A crown–root fracture is defined as a fracture involving enamel, dentin, and cementum. The possibility of saving and reconstructing teeth with such fractures has increasingly become a viable alternative to extraction and prosthetic therapy. One such treatment option available is surgical extrusion.

Objective

The aim of this review is to evaluate surgical extrusion as a treatment modality for management of crown–root fractures in permanent anterior teeth.

Methods

Electronic search of scientific papers was carried out on Entrez Pubmed and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases using specific keywords. The search yielded 130 papers, out of which 16 relevant papers were identified and included based on predetermined inclusion criteria and the remaining 114 were found to be irrelevant. Hand search yielded 10 articles, which were also included. These 26 articles which included only case reports and case series formed the basis of this systematic review.

Conclusion

From the existing literature, we can conclude that surgical extrusion can be used to treat crown–root fractures successfully. But the level of evidence is very low as the studies available are only case reports and case series.
Morphological restriction of human coronary artery endothelial cells substantially impacts global gene expression patterns
Authors: Stiles Jessica M. , Pham Robert , Rowntree Rebecca K. , Amaya Clarissa , Battiste James , Boucheron Laura E. , Mitchell Dianne C. , Bryan Brad A.
Published: June 2013

Alterations in cell shape have been shown to modulate chromatin condensation and cell lineage specification; however, the mechanisms controlling these processes are largely unknown. Because endothelial cells experience cyclic mechanical changes from blood flow during normal physiological processes and disrupted mechanical changes as a result of abnormal blood flow, cell shape deformation and loss of polarization during coronary artery disease, we aimed to determine how morphological restriction affects global gene expression patterns. Human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) were cultured on spatially defined adhesive micropatterns, forcing them to conform to unique cellular morphologies differing in cellular polarization and angularity. We utilized pattern recognition algorithms and statistical analysis to validate the cytoskeletal pattern reproducibility and uniqueness of each micropattern, and performed microarray analysis on normal‐shaped and micropatterned HCAECs to determine how constrained cellular morphology affects gene expression patterns. Analysis of the data revealed that forcing HCAECs to conform to geometrically‐defined shapes significantly affects their global transcription patterns compared to nonrestricted shapes. Interestingly, gene expression patterns were altered in response to morphological restriction in general, although they were consistent regardless of the particular shape the cells conformed to. These data suggest that the ability of HCAECs to spread, although not necessarily their particular morphology, dictates their genomics patterns.
Role of environmental factors in the spread of domestic trout in Mediterranean streams
Authors: Splendiani Andrea , Ruggeri Paolo , Giovannotti Massimo , Caputo Barucchi Vincenzo
Published: June 2013

Overharvesting, habitat alteration and pollution have contributed to the decline of many wild populations of brown trout in Europe. Since the mid‐19th century, stocking with domestic strains has added a further threat to their genetic integrity. In this study, we adopted a landscape genetic approach to evaluate the role of environmental factors in promoting or hindering invasion by an alien genome.

Two classes of molecular markers (LDH‐C1* locus and mtDNA) were used to evaluate the level of introgression between native and domestic strains of brown trout in Central Italy. A multivariate method (redundancy analysis, RDA) was employed to find relationships between genetic diversity and 19 environmental variables that describe lithology, geomorphology, fish community and human activities.

The RDA indicated that streams with more stable ecological conditions sustain almost pure native populations, whereas streams characterised by unpredictable hydrological conditions harbour populations with high levels of introgression or pure for foreign genotypes.

Our study revealed that the outcome of supplementary stocking with hatchery‐reared brown trout is strongly linked to the environmental features of different drainage basins.
Minimally Invasive Surgery in Veterinary Practice: A 2010 Survey of Diplomates and Residents of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons
Authors: Bleedorn Jason A. , Dykema Jennifer L. , Hardie Robert J.
Published: June 2013

Objective

To report the current state of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) in veterinary surgical practice in 2010.

Study Design

Electronic questionnaire.

Sample Population

Diplomates and residents of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons (ACVS).

Methods

A survey (38 questions for Diplomates, 23 questions for residents) was sent electronically to 1216 Diplomates and 300 residents. Questions were organized into 5 categories to investigate: (1) caseload and distribution of MIS cases; (2) MIS training; (3) MIS benefits, morbidity, limitations and motivating factors; (4) ACVS role; and (5) demographics of the study population.

Results

Eighty‐six percent of small animal (SA) Diplomates, 99% of large animal (LA) Diplomates, and 98% of residents had performed MIS. Median LA caseload (30 cases/year; range, 1–600) was significantly higher than SA caseload (20 cases/year; range, 1–350). Descending order of case distribution was: arthroscopy > laparoscopy > endoscopic upper airway > thoracoscopy. Sixty percent of Diplomates and 98% of residents received MIS training during their residency. Residents' perspective of MIS training proficiency was positively correlated to caseload. Ninety‐five percent of all respondents felt postoperative morbidity was less with MIS, and were motivated by patient benefits, maintaining a high standard of care, and personal interests. Fifty‐eight percent of Diplomates and 89% of residents felt ACVS should be involved in developing MIS training.

Conclusions

MIS is widely used by ACVS Diplomates and residents in clinical practice; however, important differences exist between SA and LA surgeons and practice types. MIS training in partnership with the ACVS is needed for continued development in veterinary surgery.
Working memory development in children with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities
Authors: Van der Molen M. J. , Henry L. A. , Van Luit J. E. H.
Published: June 2013

Background

The purpose of the current cross‐sectional study was to examine the developmental progression in working memory (WM) between the ages of 9 and 16 years in a large sample of children with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities (MBID). Baddeley's influential WM model was used as a theoretical framework. Furthermore, the relations between WM on the one hand, and scholastic skills (arithmetic and reading) on the other were examined.

Method

One hundred and ninety‐seven children with MBID between 9 and 16 years old participated in this study. All children completed several tests measuring short‐term memory, WM, inhibition, arithmetic and single word reading.

Results

WM, visuospatial short‐term memory and inhibition continued to develop until around age 15 years. However verbal short‐term memory showed no further developmental increases after the age of 10 years. Verbal short‐term memory was associated with single word reading, whereas inhibition was associated with arithmetic.

Discussion

The finding that verbal short‐term memory ceases to develop beyond the age of 10 years in children with MBID contrasts with results of studies involving typically developing children, where verbal short‐term memory develops until around age 15 years. This relative early developmental plateau might explain why verbal short‐term memory is consistently considered weak in children with MBID.
Where Do Breakthroughs Come From? Characteristics of High‐Potential Inventions
Authors: Kelley Donna J. , Ali Abdul , Zahra Shaker A.
Published: June 2013

Breakthrough technological inventions create the foundation for many innovative opportunities. Through novel scientific fundamentals and unique combinations of knowledge, they form a new basis for technology development and innovation, shifting their industry's mindset about what is feasible and valuable. Prior research has, to date, characteristically taken an organizational‐level perspective on technology breakthroughs, seeking to explain the occurrence of breakthroughs as a function of firm‐level characteristics and processes. This tells us less, however, about the underlying knowledge structures of the technologies themselves. This research is based on the assumption that an examination of the knowledge foundations of high‐potential inventions can enrich our understanding about the underlying features of innovations that transform industries and advance societies. In this manner, we can clarify how certain technologies are advanced and extended, providing the basis for future discoveries. Our analysis focuses on high‐potential patents: those having the highest number of forward citations in a given class. We conduct this analysis on a sample of 298 breakthrough patents and two comparison nonbreakthrough groups in drug and semiconductor classes. Our results show that breakthrough technologies, compared with nonbreakthroughs, are more likely to build on: (1) the past technological developments of others, by backward citing and embodying knowledge from prior discoveries (earlier patents), but not one's own previous developments; (2) the latest technologies, by backward citing recent patents; (3) geographic proximity, evidenced by the fact that the focal patents backward cite patents from one's own country; and (4) greater technological breadth, evidenced by the fact that knowledge captured in the patents encompasses a larger number of technical fields. Based on these results, we frame the occurrence of breakthroughs as involving a process where these significant developments happen early in the progress of a technology, but after some relevant knowledge has accumulated. This reinforces the concept that a learning effect needs to occur before breakthroughs can happen. In addition, our findings suggest that the knowledge underlying breakthroughs is likely to come from other organizations or individuals, rather than the developing entity. They also incorporate broader insights from technological diversity but do not exhibit geographic diversity. Instead, they are associated with geographic proximity, which may better enable knowledge sharing and integration given the reliance on other entities and diverse knowledge.
HIV Risk in Group Sexual Encounters: An Event-Level Analysis from a National Online Survey of MSM in the U.S.
Authors: Grov Christian , Rendina H. Jonathon , Ventuneac Ana , Parsons Jeffrey T.
Published: June 2013

Introduction

Researchers have investigated group sexual encounters (GSEs) as potential sources for HIV/STI transmission among men who have sex with men (MSM); however, much of this work has focused on organized sex parties.

Aim

To compare behavioral and social characteristics of groups of men who engaged in three types of GSEs: threesomes, spontaneous group sex, and organized sex parties.

Methods

In 2012, 1,815 U.S.-based MSM completed an online survey.

Main Outcome Measure

We compared men based on their most recent type of GSE: threesome (68.2%), spontaneous group sex (19.7%), or organized sex party (12.1%).

Results

Using multinomial logistic regression, with type of GSE as the dependent variable, MSM who were HIV-positive, used stimulants (cocaine, methamphetamine, crack), consumed five or more alcoholic drinks, and reported receptive unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) during the most recent GSE had significantly higher odds of having had spontaneous group sex as compared to a threesome. MSM who were HIV-positive, not in a relationship, and did not report receptive UAI during the most recent GSE had significantly higher odds of having attended an organized sex party as compared to a threesome. MSM who were in a relationship, had consumed five or more alcoholic drinks, had used stimulants, and reported receptive UAI during the most recent GSE had significantly higher odds of having had spontaneous group sex as compared to an organized sex party. Compared to others, those having engaged in a GSE were more likely to report recent UAI (65% vs. 45%).

Conclusions

Men having engaged in a GSE were at greater risk for behaviors that transmit HIV and STIs. Unique social and behavioral characteristics inherent to threesomes, spontaneous group sex, and sex parties highlight the need to identify prevention strategies to help those who participate in GSEs reduce their risk for HIV and STI transmission.
Innervation and Histology of the Clitoral–Urethal Complex: A Cross-Sectional Cadaver Study
Authors: Oakley Susan H. , Mutema George K. , Crisp Catrina C. , Estanol M. Victoria , Kleeman Steven D. , Fellner Angela N. , Pauls Rachel N.
Published: June 2013

Introduction

Despite its central role in sexual function, we lack a description of the nerve distribution and histology for the central components of the clitoris.

Aim

This study aims to characterize microscopic anatomy of the clitoral–urethral complex (CUC) and aid our understanding of sexual sensation

Methods

The CUC was excised from three female fresh-frozen cadavers en bloc and prepared in 5-μm longitudinal sections with hematoxylin and eosin and S100 immunohistochemistry for neural elements. Approximately 20 sections were obtained from each specimen. On low power microscopy, the 30 most innervated fields on each section were identified. On high power, the total number of nerves per field was quantified, then was averaged. The histologic characteristics of each clitoral component were described. Two investigators evaluated all specimens.

Main Outcome Measures

Descriptives of large (≥3 fibers) and small nerves based on location in the CUC.

Results

Nerve quantification revealed the glans to be the most populated by small nerves (52.1, standard deviation [SD] 26.2). As slices through each specimen moved caudad toward the urethra, the number of small nerves dramatically decreased from 40.4 (SD 10.8) in the body and 29.8 (SD 8.8) (superior CUC) near the bulb to 23.7 (SD 9.8) in the middle CUC and 20.5 (SD 10.4) (inferior CUC) near the urethra. Although the variation in small nerves was striking, large nerves were somewhat uniform and comprised a minority of the overall quantity. Neuroanatomy was consistent for all cadaver specimens.

Conclusions

Our study provided a description of the nerve distribution throughout the central CUC. Increased density of small nerves in the glans suggests this is the location of heightened sensation. Decreasing quantity of nerves in segments closer to the urethra may indicate these zones are less important for sexual sensation. Knowledge of human clitoral innervation is important for understanding the complexities of the female sexual response cycle.
Role of FDFT1 polymorphism for fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Stättermayer Albert F. , Rutter Karoline , Beinhardt Sandra , Wrba Fritz , Scherzer Thomas‐Matthias , Strasser Michael , Hofer Harald , Steindl‐Munda Petra , Trauner Michael , Ferenci Peter
Published: June 2013

Background

In chronic hepatitis C (CHC), steatosis is associated with fibrosis and impaired response to antiviral therapy. Recently, a polymorphism of single nucleotide polymorphism SNP rs2645424 of farnesyl diphosphate farnesyl transferase 1 (FDFT1) was identified in NAFLD/NASH as a possible causal link to steatosis and fibrosis progression. SNP rs738409 in the adiponutrin gene (PNPLA3) is a well described factor for steatosis. This study evaluated the relation of these SNPs on steatosis, fibrosis and treatment response in CHC.

Methods

The SNPs rs738409478 and rs2645424 were determined by real‐time PCR in 478 patients with CHC (m/f: 314/164; mean age: 44.9 ± 10.7; GT1: 387, GT4: 91) who completed treatment with peg‐IFN‐α‐2a/ribavirin. All had a pretreatment liver biopsy. Steatosis and fibrosis were graded by board‐certified pathologists according to Brunt and METAVIR respectively.

Results

The distribution of FDFT1 rs2645424 was GG: 186 (38.9%), AG: 222 (46.4%) and AA: 70 (14.6%) and of the rs738409 PNPLA3 allele: CC: 269 (56.3%), CG: 177 (37.0%) and GG: 32 (6.7%).

Overall, FDTF1 polymorphism was not linked to the extent of steatosis or fibrosis. However, in patients without steatosis the AA genotype was associated with advanced fibrosis [AA: 8/20 (40.0%), AG: 6/70 (8.5%), GG: 9/57 (16.1%), P = 0.003]. In contrast, the minor PNPLA3 allele was associated with both steatosis and advanced fibrosis (P < 0.001).

Both SNPs did not influence treatment response.

Conclusion

The minor allele in FDFT1 was associated with advanced fibrosis in the non‐steatotic but not in the steatotic subgroup. This may reflect different metabolic pathways in fibrosis progression for steatotic and non‐steatotic patients with CHC.
Sex‐related site fidelity of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) to the Fueguian Archipelago feeding area, Chile
Authors: Acevedo Jorge , Mora Carla , Aguayo‐Lobo Anelio
Published: June 2013

We investigated sex‐related site fidelity by humpback whales to the Fueguian Archipelago, a new feeding area in the eastern South Pacific, by examining the resighting histories of 45 males and 39 females recorded from 2003 to 2012. Results indicated an overall annual return to the feeding area of 74.8%, and annual sex ratio is roughly equal in the population. The probability of an individual being resighted across years and in subsequent years was not significantly different for both males and females, however, the proportion of resighting within a year was significantly higher for individual males compared to females. Potential sources of sex‐related bias were analyzed, but none were found to be significant. Greater intraannual resighting frequency for males may reflect sex‐based differences in spatial occupation and short‐range movements due to potential differences in energy budgets.
Pathophysiologic and anesthetic considerations for patients with myotonia congenita or periodic paralyses
Authors: Bandschapp Oliver , Iaizzo Paul A.
Published: June 2013

Myotonia congenita and periodic paralyses are hereditary skeletal muscle channelopathies. In these disorders, various channel defects in the sarcolemma lead to a severely disturbed membrane excitability of the affected skeletal muscles. The clinical picture can range from severe myotonic reactions (e.g., masseter spasm, opisthotonus) to attacks of weakness and paralysis. Provided here is a short overview of the pathomechanisms behind such wide‐ranging phenotypic presentations in these patients, followed by recommendations concerning the management of anesthesia in such populations.
Joint Duties and Global Moral Obligations
Authors: Schwenkenbecher Anne
Published: June 2013

In recent decades, concepts of group agency and the morality of groups have increasingly been discussed by philosophers. Notions of collective or joint duties have been invoked especially in the debates on global justice, world poverty and climate change. This paper enquires into the possibility and potential nature of moral duties individuals in unstructured groups may hold together. It distinguishes between group agents and groups of people which – while not constituting a collective agent – are nonetheless capable of performing a joint action. It attempts to defend a notion of joint duties which are neither duties of a group agent nor duties of individual agents, but duties held jointly by individuals in unstructured groups. Furthermore, it seeks to illuminate the relation between such joint duties on the one hand and individual duties on the other hand. Rebutting an argument brought forward by Wringe, the paper concludes that it is not plausible to assume that all humans on earth can together hold a duty to mitigate climate change or to combat global poverty given that the members of that group are not capable of joint action.
Sequential estimation of a location parameter and powers of a scale parameter from delayed observations
Authors: Baran Jerzy , Stępień‐Baran Agnieszka
Published: June 2013

The problem of sequentially estimating a location parameter and powers of a scale parameter is considered in the case when the observations become available at random times. Certain classes of sequential estimation procedures are derived under an invariant balanced loss function and with the observation cost determined by a convex function of the stopping time and the number of observations up to that time.
Characterization of the oculocardiac reflex during compression of the globe in Beagle dogs and rabbits
Authors: Turner Giannico Amália , de Sampaio Manuella O. B. , Lima Leandro , Corona Ponczek Clara , De Lara Fátima , Montiani‐Ferreira Fabiano
Published: June 2013

Objective

This investigation characterizes the occurrence of oculocardiac reflex (OCR) in conscious rabbits and dogs by observing the effect of an ocular compression stimulus on heart rate (HR).

Animals studied

Thirty‐four clinically healthy adult rabbits and 15 clinically healthy adult Beagle dogs were studied.

Procedures

An electrocardiogram was used to record the heart rhythm and HR continuously. Digital pressure was exerted over the eyelid on right eye, left eye and both eyes together for 1 min, with one‐minute intervals between each compression. Variations in HR were observed in each minute by counting complexes on the electrocardiographs.

Results

There were no differences in HR between stages without ocular compressions both in dogs and in rabbits. HR reduction caused by ocular compression was statistically significant in rabbits only when both eyes were compressed in contrast with all stages without compression. In dogs, a statistically significant reduction in HR was seen during compression of just the right eye or the left eye compared with the baseline HR, and when both the right and left eyes were compressed together compared with baseline or after compression of the right eye. In dogs, compression of individual eyes produced a change similar to that seen during compression of both eyes.

Conclusions

This study shows that OCR can occur during experimental ocular compression in conscious rabbits and Beagle dogs and characterizes the reduction in HR. Knowledge of this physiological response is important for veterinary anesthetists and ophthalmologists during ophthalmic surgery or eye manipulations.
An Evaluation of Microbial Health Risks to Livestock Fed with Wastewater‐Irrigated Forage Crops
Authors: Bevilacqua P. D. , Bastos R. K. X. , Mara D. D.
Published: June 2013

This paper presents the results of five experiments in which animal health risks associated with the consumption of crops irrigated with domestic wastewater were evaluated. Forage maize and Tanner grass were irrigated with treated wastewater and used in goats and calves feeding trials. The irrigated crops presented high levels of surface contamination with E. coli (104–107 25 g−1) and salmonellae (up to 1.6 × 104 25 g−1), but none of the animals showed signs of infection or of disease. Further, the microbiological quality of animal products always complied with the Brazilian and European Union standards for food safety. It is suggested that the WHO guideline values for restricted irrigation (≤104 E. coli 100 ml−1 and ≤1 helminth egg l−1), which were developed to protect the health of agricultural field workers, would be equally protective of the health of both animals fed with wastewater‐irrigated crops and humans consuming products from such animals.
Identification of Mycobacteria from Solid and Liquid Media by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry in the Clinical Laboratory
Authors: Balada-Llasat J. M. , Kamboj Kamal , Pancholi Preeti
Published: June 2013

Mycobacteria cause significant morbidity in humans. Rapid and accurate mycobacterial identification is important for improvement of patient outcomes. However, identification may be challenging due to the slow and fastidious growth of mycobacteria. Several diagnostic methods, such as biochemical, sequencing, and probe methods, are used for mycobacterial identification. We compared the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) Biotyper system (Bruker Daltonics) to 16S rRNA/
hsp65
sequencing and/or DNA probes (Gen-Probe) for mycobacterial identification. One hundred seventy-eight mycobacterial isolates grown on solid and/or broth medium were included in the study. MALDI-TOF MS identified 93.8% of the mycobacteria isolates accurately to the species level and 98.3% to the genus level, independent of the type of medium used for isolation. The identification of mycobacteria directly from cultures using MALDI-TOF MS allows for precise identification in an hour compared to traditional biochemical and phenotypic methods that can take weeks or probes and sequencing that may take a few hours. Identification by MALDI-TOF MS potentially reduces the turnaround time and cost, thereby saving resources within the health care system.
Evaluation of the BinaxNOW Staphylococcus aureus Test for Rapid Identification of Gram-Positive Cocci from VersaTREK Blood Culture Bottles
Authors: Dhiman Neelam , Trienski Tamara L. , DiPersio Linda P. , DiPersio Joseph R.
Published: June 2013

The ability of the rapid BinaxNOW
Staphylococcus aureus
(BNSA) immunochromatographic test (Alere Scarborough, Inc., ME) to accurately differentiate
S. aureus
from coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) and other Gram-positive cocci (GPC) directly from VersaTREK blood culture bottles was evaluated. A total of 319 positive patient blood culture bottles with GPC seen in clusters with Gram staining were tested using the BNSA test and a direct tube coagulase test (DTCT). The BNSA test was accurate for the detection and differentiation of
S. aureus
from CoNS and other GPC within 30 min from the time of blood culture positivity and demonstrated a test sensitivity and specificity of 95.8% and 99.6%, respectively. BNSA test results were faxed to the antimicrobial stewardship pharmacist by noon each day in order to evaluate empirical antimicrobial therapy and facilitate more rapid changes or modifications if necessary. Same-day reporting of BNSA test results in conjunction with an antimicrobial stewardship program was more impactful in improving treatment for inpatients with documented
S. aureus
bacteremia than in reducing empirical vancomycin use in inpatients with CoNS during the first 24 h following reporting.
Palmitoylation on Conserved and Nonconserved Cysteines of Murine IFITM1 Regulates Its Stability and Anti-Influenza A Virus Activity
Authors: Hach Jocelyn C. , McMichael Temet , Chesarino Nicholas M. , Yount Jacob S.
Published: June 2013

The interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) restrict infection by numerous viruses, yet the importance and regulation of individual isoforms remains unclear. Here, we report that murine IFITM1 (mIFITM1) is palmitoylated on one nonconserved cysteine and three conserved cysteines that are required for anti-influenza A virus activity. Additionally, palmitoylation of mIFITM1 regulates protein stability by preventing proteasomal degradation, and modification of the nonconserved cysteine at the mIFITM1 C terminus supports an intramembrane topology with mechanistic implications.