bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Translational regulation in response to stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Crawford Robert A. , Pavitt Graham D.
Published: July 2018

The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae must dynamically alter the composition of its proteome in order to respond to diverse stresses. The reprogramming of gene expression during stress typically involves initial global repression of protein synthesis, accompanied by the activation of stress‐responsive mRNAs through both translational and transcriptional responses. The ability of specific mRNAs to counter the global translational repression is therefore crucial to the overall response to stress. Here we summarize the major repressive mechanisms and discuss mechanisms of translational activation in response to different stresses in S. cerevisiae. Taken together, a wide range of studies indicate that multiple elements act in concert to bring about appropriate translational responses. These include regulatory elements within mRNAs, altered mRNA interactions with RNA‐binding proteins and the specialization of ribosomes that each contribute towards regulating protein expression to suit the changing environmental conditions.
The small E8 instanton and the Kraft Procesi transition
Authors: Hanany Amihay , Mekareeya Noppadol
Published: July 2018

Abstract

One of the simplest (1, 0) supersymmetric theories in six dimensions lives on the world volume of one M5 brane at a D type singularity ℂ2
/D

k
. The low energy theory is given by an SQCD theory with Sp(k − 4) gauge group, a precise number of 2k flavors which is anomaly free, and a scale which is set by the inverse gauge coupling. The Higgs branch at finite coupling

$$ {\mathrm{\mathscr{H}}}_f $$

ℋ
f

is a closure of a nilpotent orbit of D
2k
and develops many more flat directions as the inverse gauge coupling is set to zero (violating a standard lore that wrongly claims the Higgs branch remains classical). The quaternionic dimension grows by 29 for any k and the Higgs branch stops being a closure of a nilpotent orbit for k > 4, with an exception of k = 4 where it becomes

$$ \overline{{ \min}_{E_8}} $$

min

E
8

¯

, the closure of the minimal nilpotent orbit of E
8, thus having a rare phenomenon of flavor symmetry enhancement in six dimensions. Geometrically, the natural inclusion of

$$ {\mathrm{\mathscr{H}}}_f\subset {\mathrm{\mathscr{H}}}_{\infty } $$

ℋ
f

⊂

ℋ
∞

fits into the Brieskorn Slodowy theory of transverse slices, and the transverse slice is computed to be

$$ \overline{{ \min}_{E_8}} $$

min

E
8

¯

for any k > 3. This is identified with the well known small E
8 instanton transition where 1 tensor multiplet is traded with 29 hypermultiplets, thus giving a physical interpretation to the geometric theory. By the analogy with the classical case, we call this the Kraft Procesi transition.
An ICME Framework for Design of Stainless Steel for Sintering
Authors: Molla Tesfaye T. , Liu J. Z. , Schaffer G. B.
Published: July 2018

Recent progress in the development of integrated computational materials engineering (ICME) models offers new capabilities to deal with the challenge of designing multi-component alloys. In this study, a new type of computational method for efficient design of sintered stainless steel alloys, optimized for manufacturability (sintering) as well for performance, is presented. Development of the design method follows the materials systems approach that integrates processing, structure, and property relations during metal injection molding (MIM). It includes a multi-objective genetic algorithm (GA) to optimize alloy composition with the aim of improving the sintering as well as performance-related properties. To achieve this, the GA is coupled with computational thermodynamics and predictive analytical models. Thermodynamic simulations, based on the calculation of phase diagram CALPHAD method, are used to establish constraints through phase stability at equilibrium and calculate the diffusivity that determines the sintering behavior of the alloy. In addition, an advanced predictive model is used to determine solution strengthening. To demonstrate the capability of our method, a design exercise for austenitic stainless steel is presented. New alloys which are optimized for improved sinterability, yield strength, corrosion resistance, and cost are compared to 316L, a commercially available austenitic steel that is widely produced by MIM.
Correction to: Respiratory Rate Estimation by Using ECG, Impedance, and Motion Sensing in Smart Clothing
Authors: Shen Chien-Lung , Huang Tzu-Hao , Hsu Po-Chun , Ko Ya-Chi , Chen Fen-Ling , Wang Wei-Chun , Kao Tsair , Chan Chia-Tai
Published: July 2018

The article “Respiratory Rate Estimation by Using ECG, Impedance, and Motion Sensing in Smart Clothing”, written by Chien-Lung Shen, Tzu-Hao Huang, Po-Chun Hsu, Ya-Chi Ko, Fen-Ling Chen, Wei-Chun Wang, Tsair Kao, Chia-Tai Chan was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on 1 July 2017 without open access. After publication in volume [37], issue [6], page [826–842] the authors decided to opt for Open Choice and to make the article an open access publication. Therefore, the copyright of the article has been changed to © The Author(s) 2018 and the article is forthwith distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Ginkgolide B ameliorates NLRP3 inflammasome activation after hypoxic‐ischemic brain injury in the neonatal male rat
Authors: Chen Aiming , Xu Yin , Yuan Jun
Published: July 2018

Introduction

Perinatal hypoxic‐ischemic (HI) insult is an important cause of brain injury in neonates. The development of novel treatment strategies for neonates with HI brain injury is urgently needed. Ginkgolide B (GB) is a main component of Ginkgo biloba extracts with a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine. However, it is unknown whether GB could play a protective role in hypoxic stress in immature animals.

Methods

Using neonatal hypoxic‐ischemic (HI) brain injury model of rat pups, neurological score, infarct size, and brain edema were evaluated after HI injury. The activation of microglia and the production of IL‐1β and IL‐18 were detected by immunohistochemistry and ELISA, respectively. A priming signal (NF‐κB P65) and an activation signal (Caspase‐1) of NLRP3 inflammasome activation were detected by western blot analyses.

Results

GB administrated 30 min prior to ischemia induction can improve neurological disorder, reduce infarct volume and alleviate cerebral edema. Compared with the HI groups, GB inhibited the activation of microglia and decreased the production of IL‐1β and IL‐18 in neocortex. Furthermore, GB reduced NLRP3 expression mainly in microglia, and significantly inhibited the expression of Caspase‐1 and the nuclear translocation of NF‐κB P65, preventing NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

Conclusions

GB ameliorates hypoxic‐ischemic brain injury in the neonatal male rat via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
Idleness and Aesthetic Consciousness, 1815–1900
Authors: Adelman Richard
Published: July 2018

Charting the failure of the Romantic critique of political economy, Richard Adelman explores the changing significances and the developing concepts of idleness and aesthetic consciousness during the nineteenth century. Through careful analysis of some of the period's most influential thinkers, including John Stuart Mill, George Eliot, John Ruskin and Karl Marx, Adelman weaves together evolving ideas across a range of intellectual discourses - political economy, meditative poetry, the ideology of the 'gospel of work', cultural theory, the Gothic and psychoanalysis. In doing so, he reconstructs debates over passivity and repose and demonstrates their centrality to the cultural politics of the age. Arguing that hardened conceptions of aesthetic consciousness come into being at moments of civic unrest concerning political representation and that the fin-de-siècle witnesses the demonization of the once revolutionary category of aesthetic consciousness, the book demonstrates that late eighteenth-century positivity around human spirituality is comprehensively dismantled by the beginning of the twentieth century.
Can a turbulent boundary layer become independent of the Reynolds number?
Authors: Djenidi L. , Talluru K. M. , Antonia R. A.
Published: July 2018

This paper examines the Reynolds number ($Re$) dependence of a zero-pressure-gradient (ZPG) turbulent boundary layer (TBL) which develops over a two-dimensional rough wall with a view to ascertaining whether this type of boundary layer can become independent of $Re$. Measurements are made using hot-wire anemometry over a rough wall that consists of a periodic arrangement of cylindrical rods with a streamwise spacing of eight times the rod diameter. The present results, together with those obtained over a sand-grain roughness at high Reynolds number, indicate that a $Re$-independent state can be achieved at a moderate $Re$. However, it is also found that the mean velocity distributions over different roughness geometries do not collapse when normalised by appropriate velocity and length scales. This lack of collapse is attributed to the difference in the drag coefficient between these geometries. We also show that the collapse of the $U_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}$-normalised mean velocity defect profiles may not necessarily reflect $Re$-independence. A better indicator of the asymptotic state of $Re$ is the mean velocity defect profile normalised by the free-stream velocity and plotted as a function of $y/\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$, where $y$ is the vertical distance from the wall and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$ is the boundary layer thickness. This is well supported by the measurements.
Unknown Unknowns: Uncertainty About Risk and Stock Returns
Authors: Baltussen Guido , van Bekkum Sjoerd , van der Grient Bart
Published: July 2018

Stocks with high uncertainty about risk, as measured by the volatility of expected volatility (vol-of-vol), robustly underperform stocks with low uncertainty about risk by 8% per year. This vol-of-vol effect is distinct from (combinations of) at least 20 previously documented return predictors, survives many robustness checks, and holds in the United States and across European stock markets. We empirically explore the pricing mechanism behind the vol-of-vol effect. The evidence points toward preference-based explanations and away from alternative explanations. Collectively, our results show that uncertainty about risk is highly relevant for stock prices.
Long-term monitoring of the endemicRana latastei: suggestions for after-LIFE management
Authors: Canova Luca , Balestrieri Alessandro
Published: July 2018

We monitored egg clutch numbers of a population of the endemic Italian agile frogRana latasteiin a Site of Community Interest in northern Italy (SCI IT 209000) during 1997–2017 with the aim of assessing the long-term variation in its abundance. We walked along the banks of canals and small ponds (n = 22) 1–3 times per week between early February and mid-April each year to detect egg clutches. The relationships between the start of the breeding season, yearly egg mass counts, rate of yearly change in the number of recorded egg masses and 15 climatic and environmental variables were assessed by multiple regression. The first deposition of eggs occurred progressively later in the year throughout the study period and mean air temperature during the breeding season decreased over this period. Agile frogs showed high deposition site-fidelity. Despite large variations in the number of egg clutches detected from year to year, the population size remained stable in the long term. Peaks in the number of egg clutches occurred 2 years after the dredging of canals, carried out every 4–6 years to improve water availability, starting in 2004 as part of a LIFE Nature Project. This was the only predictor of the number of egg clutches deposited, suggesting that periodical management is needed to support the agile frog population. Our results reinforce the need for multi-year monitoring to determine both the long-term success of habitat restoration projects and the status of residual populations.
Symptoms of persistent complex bereavement disorder, depression, and PTSD in a conjugally bereaved sample: a network analysis
Authors: Malgaroli Matteo , Maccallum Fiona , Bonanno George A.
Published: July 2018

Background

Complicated and persistent grief reactions afflict approximately 10% of bereaved individuals and are associated with severe disruptions of functioning. These maladaptive patterns were defined in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) as persistent complex bereavement disorder (PCBD), but its criteria remain debated. The condition has been studied using network analysis, showing potential for an improved understanding of PCBD. However, previous studies were limited to self-report and primarily originated from a single archival dataset. To overcome these limitations, we collected structured clinical interview data from a community sample of newly conjugally bereaved individuals (N= 305).

Methods

Gaussian graphical models (GGM) were estimated from PCBD symptoms diagnosed at 3, 14, and 25 months after the loss. A directed acyclic graph (DAG) was generated from initial PCBD symptoms, and comorbidity networks with DSM-5 symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were analyzed 1 year post-loss.

Results

In the GGM, symptoms from the social/identity PCBD symptoms cluster (i.e. role confusion, meaninglessness, and loneliness) tended to be central in the network at all assessments. In the DAG, yearning activated a cascade of PCBD symptoms, suggesting how symptoms lead into psychopathological configurations. In the comorbidity networks, PCBD and depressive symptoms formed separate communities, while PTSD symptoms divided in heterogeneous clusters.

Conclusions

The network approach offered insights regarding the core symptoms of PCBD and the role of persistent yearnings. Findings are discussed regarding both clinical and theoretical implications that will serve as a step toward a more integrated understanding of PCBD.
Debating Famine and Genocide
Authors: SUNY RONALD GRIGOR
Published: July 2018

Between academic writing of history – what professional historians, usually employed by universities, do – and popular history – what journalists, celebrities and independent writers usually with some claim on fame do – there is a growing intermediate genre, which I will call ‘history light’. While popular history is produced rather quickly and often with armies of researchers working for the celebrity author, history light is artisanal. It takes more time and bears the mark of the scholar/journalist author. Such writers, smart people with a flair for fluid prose, have turned out bestsellers and prizewinners that have found a broad reading public. They can be read with enjoyment and profit by the general public and scholars alike. History light may not be as sensationalist or prurient as many popular histories, but neither is it as thickly evidenced or balanced as the best academic histories. Such books usually have a strong point of view, often supportive of the liberal/conservative status quo in the United States, and in the case of those that deal with Russia or the Soviet Union, usually condemnatory of the Soviet Union, communism and extremes of left and right. They often tend to be indictments rather than historically empathetic; that is, they shape evidence to a particular conviction instead of allowing a more complex, perhaps even ambiguous, reading.
Pulmonary artery to left atrial fistula: haemodynamic changes traced from fetus to infancy until its interventional closure
Authors: Sivakumar Kothandam , Sean Del-Rossi
Published: July 2018

Communications between the pulmonary artery and left atrium cause cyanosis. The images document serial haemodynamic changes in such a fistula from fetal life to the postnatal period with a successful transcatheter intervention.
Physician experiences with sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT2) inhibitors, a new class of medications in type 2 diabetes, and adverse effects
Authors: Patakfalvi Laura , Brazeau Anne-Sophie , Dasgupta Kaberi
Published: July 2018

Aim

The primary aim of our study is to identify physicians who have witnessed a complication attributed to sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT2) inhibitors. The secondary aim is to determine the type, severity, and setting of the event (inpatient versus outpatient).

Background

Diabetes is an increasing public health burden with 9.9% of Canadians expected to be diagnosed with it in 2020. A prominent change with respect to treatment options since the publication of the revised Diabetes Canada guidelines in May 2016 concerned the SGLT2 inhibitors. Their favorable clinical profile has increased interest among clinicians, but there is still reason for caution. Because these drugs are new, the balance of benefits versus risks is not well understood.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional survey of all in-practice physicians (excluding pediatricians). Data were collected through an online survey.

Findings

Our survey identified 154 physicians who have identified one or more adverse drug reactions (ADRs) related to SGLT2 inhibitor use. A total of 173 ADRs were identified. In total, 20.6% of family physician respondents had witnessed one or more ADRs. The most common complication is mycotic infection (82 cases) with 47% identified as a low level of severity and occurring mostly in the outpatient setting. The second most common complication is diabetic ketoacidosis (43 cases) with 67% identified as a high level of severity and occurring mostly in the inpatient setting. Other identified complications include hyperkalemia (6 cases), renal insufficiency (15 cases), and even amputation (2 cases). Our survey is the first to document real-world complications from SGLT2 inhibitors. In the outpatient setting, mycotic infections are most common and most often benign. In the inpatient setting, diabetic ketoacidosis is the most common and is severe. This is an important take-home message for family physicians to tailor their practice and vigilance according to the practice setting.
Logic programming as a service
Authors: CALEGARI ROBERTA , DENTI ENRICO , MARIANI STEFANO , OMICINI ANDREA
Published: July 2018

New generations of distributed systems are opening novel perspectives for logic programming (LP): On the one hand, service-oriented architectures represent nowadays the standard approach for distributed systems engineering; on the other hand, pervasive systems mandate for situated intelligence. In this paper, we introduce the notion ofLogic Programming as a Service(LPaaS) as a means to address the needs of pervasive intelligent systems through logic engines exploited as a distributed service. First, we define the abstract architectural model by re-interpreting classical LP notions in the new context; then we elaborate on the nature of LP interpreted as a service by describing the basic LPaaS interface. Finally, we show how LPaaS works in practice by discussing its implementation in terms of distributed tuProlog engines, accounting for basic issues such as interoperability and configurability.
Evaluation of CaSO4micrograins in the context of organic matter delivery: thermochemistry and atmospheric entry
Authors: Micca Longo G. , Piccinni V. , Longo S.
Published: July 2018

In this paper, anhydrous calcium sulphate CaSO4(anhydrite) is considered as a carrier material for organic matter delivery from Space to Earth. Its capability of incorporating important fractions of water, leading to different species like bassanite and gypsum, as well as organic molecules; its discovery on Mars surface and in meteorites; the capability to dissipate much energy by its chemical decomposition into solid (CaO) and gaseous (SO3) oxide, make anhydrite a very promising material in an astrobiological perspective. Since chemical cooling has been recently considered by some of the present authors for the case of Ca/Mg carbonates, CaSO4can be placed into a class of ‘white soft minerals’ (WSM) of astrobiological interest. In this context, CaSO4is evaluated here by using the atmospheric entry model previously developed for carbonates. The model includes grain dynamics, thermochemistry, stoichiometry, radiation and evaporation heat losses. Results are discussed in comparison with MgCO3and CaCO3and show that sub-mm anhydrite grains are potentially effective organic matter carriers. A Monte Carlo simulation is used to provide distributions of the sulphate fraction as a function of altitude. Two-zone model results are presented to support the isothermal grain hypothesis.
Response of Glyphosate-resistant and Conventional Soybean Grafted Plants to Glyphosate
Authors: Chen Yin , Jiang Linjian , Doohan Douglas
Published: July 2018

Grafting is a common technique used to impart desirable traits to a plant’s scion. Herbicide resistant rootstocks have the potential to confer non–genetically modified (non-GM) scions with herbicide tolerance while mitigating some societal concerns regarding GM crops and food. We examined the impacts of soybean cultivar and growth stage and environmental temperature on transference of glyphosate tolerance to conventional (CN) soybean scions when grafted to glyphosate-resistant (RR) rootstocks. Small CN/RR (scion/rootstock) plants (3-leaf stage) and medium-sized plants (6-leaf stage) were injured more than large plants (10-leaf stage) 34 d after treatment (DAT) with 0.84 and 1.68 kg ae ha−1 glyphosate. All CN/CN combinations died, and RR/RR were uninjured. The cultivar of the scion had a greater effect on glyphosate tolerance than the cultivar of the rootstock. CN scions 352 and 5418 were more tolerant than CN scion 5388 across all RR rootstocks 35 DAT when treated with 0.84 kg ha−1 glyphosate. CN/RR construct 5388/9392 was more sensitive to temperature compared with 352/9392. Less leaf regrowth of 5388/9392 was observed under the warmer temperature. Our experiments demonstrated that grafting imparted robust glyphosate tolerance across different plant sizes, environmental temperatures, and scion/rootstock cultivars.
Negative Affect-Related Autonomic Arousal Mediates the Association Between Baroreflex Dysfunction and Insulin Resistance in Non-Diabetic Young Adults
Authors: Dennis Paul A. , Neal Julia M. , Travis Emili , Watkins Lana L. , Calhoun Patrick S. , Dennis Michelle F. , Beckham Jean C.
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Autonomic dysfunction, in particular under-regulation of heart rate (HR) by the baroreflex, is implicated in development of insulin resistance (IR). According to reactivity hypothesis, sympathetic response to stressors may be more sensitive at predicting IR than baroreceptor sensitivity (BRS), a baseline measure of baroreflex functioning. Using ecological momentary assessment (EMA) of negative affect coupled with minute-to-minute HR and heart-rate variability (HRV) monitoring, we examined whether negative affect (NA)-related autonomic arousal mediates the association of BRS with IR. At baseline, BRS was measured, and fasting serum glucose and insulin levels were collected from 178 young adults (18–39 years old), from which homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) and beta-cell functioning (HOMA %B) were derived. Participants subsequently underwent one day of Holter HR and HRV monitoring while reporting NA levels via EMA. Multilevel modeling was used to assess the associations of momentary NA with HR and low- (LF) and high-frequency (HF) HRV during the 5-minute intervals following each EMA reading. Structural equation modeling was then used to determine whether individual differences in these associations mediated the association of BRS with IR, measured by HOMA-IR, HOMA %B, and insulin levels. As predicted, BRS was negatively associated with the IR (β = −.17, p = .024). However, NA-related autonomic arousal mediated their association, accounting for 56% of the covariance between BRS and IR. Not only do these results provide support for reactivity hypothesis, they reveal a potential point of intervention in the treatment of affective dysregulation.
Time‐Dependent Consolidation in Porous Geomaterials at In Situ Conditions of Temperature and Pressure
Authors: Choens R. C. , Chester F. M.
Published: July 2018

Analysis of quartz sandstones shows that grain‐scale crushing (fracture and rearrangement) and associated sealing of fractures contribute significantly to consolidation. The crushing strength (P*) for granular material is defined by laboratory experiments conducted at strain rates of 10−4 to 10−5 s−1 and room temperature. Based on experiments, many sandstones would require burial depths in excess of the actual maximum burial depth to create observed microstructure and density. We use experiments and soil mechanics principles to determine rate laws for brittle consolidation of fine‐grained quartz sand to better estimate in situ failure conditions of porous geomaterials. Experiments were conducted on St. Peter sand utilizing different isostatic consolidation and creep load paths at temperatures to 200 °C and at strain rates of 10−4 to 10−10 s−1. Experiment results are consistent with observed rate dependence of consolidation in soils, and P* for sand can be identified by the change in the dependence of consolidation rate with stress, allowing the extrapolation of P* determined in the laboratory to geologic rates and temperatures. Additionally, normalized P* values can be described by a polynomial function to quantify temperature, stress, and strain‐rate relationships for the consolidation of porous geomaterials by subcritical cracking. At geologic loading rates, P* for fine‐grained quartz sand is achieved within ~3‐km burial depth, and thus, shear‐enhanced compaction under nonisostatic stress can occur at even shallower depths. These results demonstrate that time and temperature effects must be considered for predicting the brittle consolidation of sediments in depositional basins, petroleum reservoirs, and engineering applications.
Every Vote Counts: Final Slate for 2018 AGU Elections
Authors: Leinen Margaret
Published: July 2018

Voting is a right of membership, and your vote is important! Make sure your membership is up to date so that you are eligible to vote.
Evolution of Conduit Geometry and Eruptive Parameters During Effusive Events
Authors: Aravena A. , Cioni R. , de’ Michieli Vitturi M. , Pistolesi M. , Ripepe M. , Neri A.
Published: July 2018

The dynamics of effusive events is controlled by the interplay between conduit geometry and source conditions. Dyke‐like geometries have been traditionally assumed for describing conduits during effusive eruptions, but their depth‐dependent and temporal modifications are largely unknown. We present a novel model which describes the evolution of conduit geometry during effusive eruptions by using a quasi steady state approach based on a 1‐D conduit model and appropriate criteria for describing fluid shear stress and elastic deformation. This approach provides time‐dependent trends for effusion rate, conduit geometry, exit velocity, and gas flow. Fluid shear stress leads to upward widening conduits, whereas elastic deformation becomes relevant only during final phases of effusive eruptions. Simulations can reproduce different trends of effusion rate, showing the effect of magma source conditions and country rock properties on the eruptive dynamics. This model can be potentially applied for data inversion in order to study specific case studies.
Fluid‐Induced Fracturing of Initially Damaged Granite Triggered by Pore Pressure Buildup
Authors: Katayama Ikuo , Nicolas Aurélien , Schubnel Alexandre
Published: July 2018

Fluid flow‐induced seismic activity has been observed in various environments; however, the relations among fluid migration, pore pressure buildup, and fracturing remain poorly understood. In the present study, we conducted fluid‐induced fracture experiments on initially damaged granite. Acoustic events and macroscopic failure of the samples were triggered exclusively by a buildup of pore pressure, and fracturing occurred when the average effective stress reached a critical stress state (following the Mohr‐Coulomb criterion). The spatiotemporal distribution of acoustic events is mainly controlled by the pore pressure diffusion front through the sample. Fluid migration velocity was dependent primarily on the initial stress state and permeability. Although the propagation of acoustic events was slower in our laboratory experiments than in natural seismic swarms, a similar parabolic relationship in space and time suggests that these microearthquakes are likely triggered by the passage of a critical pore fluid pressure through the damaged zones.
Hysteresis and Resilience of the AMOC in an Eddy‐Permitting GCM
Authors: Jackson L. C. , Wood R. A.
Published: July 2018

We show a quasi‐irreversible shutdown (hysteresis) of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) in an unfluxadjusted global climate model with an eddy‐permitting ocean. This global climate model is a prototype of one submitted to the sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project and is the most comprehensive model to show this behavior. The AMOC has a resilience timescale for a given hosing: If the hosing exceeds the critical hosing for collapse for only a limited time, the AMOC recovers when the hosing is stopped. Beyond the critical time, when the hosing stops the AMOC stays in a weak state with no recovery within 200 years. We show that simple, observable metrics such as AMOC strength and mixed layer depth can indicate whether this critical resilience time has passed and that the mechanism controlling the presence of recovery is a positive advective feedback.
Bagnold Dunes Campaign Phase 2: Visible/Near‐Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy of Longitudinal Ripple Sands
Authors: Johnson Jeffrey R. , Bell James F. , Bender Steve , Cloutis Edward , Ehlmann Bethany , Fraeman Abigail , Gasnault Olivier , Maurice Sylvestre , Pinet Patrick , Thompson Lucy , Wellington Danika , Wiens Roger C.
Published: July 2018

As part of the Phase 2 Bagnold Dune campaign at Gale Crater, Mars, constraints on the geochemistry, mineralogy, and oxidation state of pristine and disturbed linear sand ripples were made using visible/near‐infrared spectral observations for comparison to Phase 1 spectra of the barchan dunes to the north. Spectra acquired by the ChemCam and Mastcam instruments (400–1,000 nm) at four Phase 2 locations revealed similar overall spectral trends between the two regions, but most Phase 2 sands were redder in the visible wavelengths. The majority of targets exhibited lower red/infrared ratios, higher ~530‐nm band depths, and higher red/blue ratios than Phase 1 samples, suggesting a greater proportion of redder, fine‐grained, ferric sands in Phase 2 samples. This is consistent with the slightly greater proportion of hematite in Phase 2 samples as determined from CheMin analyses of the Ogunquit sands, which may reflect contamination from the surrounding hematite‐bearing Murray formation bedrock.
Ionospheric Density Irregularities, Turbulence, and Wave Disturbances During the Total Solar Eclipse Over North America on 21 August 2017
Authors: Pradipta Rezy , Yizengaw Endawoke , Doherty Patricia
Published: July 2018

Data from ionosonde and global positioning system (GPS) total electron content (TEC) observations reveal a number of ionospheric phenomena during the total solar eclipse on 21 August 2017 over North America. The eclipse started over the West Coast at ∼16:00 UTC (∼07:53 LT) and ended over the East Coast at ∼20:00 UTC (∼14:46 LT). We identify a growth of plasma density irregularities and turbulence on the bottomside ionosphere during the eclipse totality (at ∼10:03 LT over Idaho Falls), signified by the distinct appearance of spread‐F echoes in the ionosonde data. In addition, data from the ionosonde observations also show some characteristic signatures of traveling ionospheric disturbances at ∼300‐km altitude during the eclipse. Finally, large reductions in TEC and ionospheric plasma densities (by 33–45%) due to the eclipse were observed in both the GPS TEC and ionosonde data.
Comparison of Dust Impact and Solitary Wave Signatures Detected by Multiple Electric Field Antennas Onboard the MMS Spacecraft
Authors: Vaverka Jakub , Nakamura Takuji , Kero Johan , Mann Ingrid , De Spiegeleer Alexandre , Hamrin Maria , Norberg Carol , Lindqvist Per‐Arne , Pellinen‐Wannberg Asta
Published: July 2018

Dust impact detection by electric field instruments is a relatively new method. However, the influence of dust impacts on electric field measurements is not completely understood and explained. A better understanding is very important for reliable dust impact identification, especially in environments with low dust impact rate. Using data from Earth‐orbiting Magnetospheric Multiscale mission (MMS) spacecraft, we present a study of various pulses detected simultaneously by multiple electric field antennas in the monopole (probe‐to‐spacecraft potential measurement) and dipole (probe‐to‐probe potential measurement) configurations. The study includes data obtained during an impact of a millimeter‐sized object. We show that the identification of dust impacts by a single antenna is a very challenging issue in environments where solitary waves are commonly present and that some pulses can be easily misinterpreted as dust impacts. We used data from multiple antennas to distinguish between changes in the spacecraft potential (dust impact) and structures in the ambient plasma or electric field. Our results indicate that an impact cloud is in some cases able to influence the potential of the electric field antenna during its expansion.
ULF Electromagnetic Field in the Upper Ionosphere Excited by Lightning
Authors: Mazur N. G. , Fedorov E. N. , Pilipenko V. A. , Vakhnina V. V.
Published: July 2018

We examine excitation of ultralow frequency (ULF) electromagnetic waves by an atmospheric lightning stroke in the upper ionosphere and the role of the ionospheric Alfvén resonator (IAR) in this process. We have theoretically calculated with the developed numerical model the spatial and spectral structures of electromagnetic disturbance in the ULF frequency range 0.1–6.0 Hz excited by an atmospheric lightning stroke on the ground and at ionospheric altitudes. The frequency band under consideration comprises typical frequencies of the IAR and the ionospheric waveguide. The spectra of horizontal magnetic and electric components reveal a spectral multiband structure in the upper ionosphere. The form of spectra depends significantly on the horizontal distance ρ from the source: spectral peaks associated with the IAR are evident at ρ≤400 km, whereas at ρ≥1,000 km the spectral peaks (>4 Hz) corresponding to the ionospheric waveguide modes can be seen. The model predicts that a vertical electric discharge with the charge moment MQ=106 C·m produces at altitude 500 km and ρ = 40 km a pulse with electric and magnetic amplitudes of about 4 mV/m and 4 nT, correspondingly, and duration ∼0.2 s. The pulse amplitude decays rather slowly with distance
. Detection of ULF response in the upper ionosphere to isolated intense lightning stroke by low‐orbiting satellites with magnetic or electric sensors onboard is quite feasible.
The Biogeochemistry of Electroactive Humic Substances and Its Connection to Iron Chemistry in the North East Atlantic and the Western Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Dulaquais Gabriel , Waeles Matthieu , Gerringa Loes J. A. , Middag Rob , Rijkenberg Micha J. A. , Riso Ricardo
Published: July 2018

We present the zonal distribution of electroactive humic‐like substances (eHS) along a section from Offshore Portugal in the North East Atlantic to the Sicily Channel in the Mediterranean Sea. The concentrations were normalized to Suwannee River Fulvic Acid and ranged from 11 μg/L to 81 μg/L. The vertical distributions were typical of those previously reported for dissolved organic carbon in the Mediterranean Sea. High eHS concentrations were measured in surface water and concentrations decreased with depth before increasing again toward benthic maxima measured at some stations. We estimate that eHS represented a relatively small fraction of the natural organic matter in the Mediterranean Sea (2–5%) but considering their important role in the complexation and the solubility of key trace elements (e.g., iron and copper), the eHS cycle could influence the entire biogeochemistry of these marine systems. We identified key processes controlling the concentration of eHS. While biologically mediated production was the major source of eHS, riverine and rain inputs as well as sediment release were also likely external sources. Low eHS concentrations at subsurface depths pointed to photodegradation as a possible sink of eHS, but degradation by heterotrophic bacteria seemed to be the main sink in the deep sea. Finally, we found a positive correlation between dissolved iron and eHS concentrations. Estimation of eHS contribution to iron binding ligand concentrations indicates the complexation of iron by eHS in the Mediterranean Sea. These observations suggest links between the cycles of eHS and iron in the Mediterranean Sea.
A Study of Cloud Microphysical Processes Associated With Torrential Rainfall Event Over Beijing
Authors: Mao Jiahua , Ping Fan , Yin Lei , Qiu Xinfa
Published: July 2018

The evolution of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) leading to a heavy rainstorm event that occurred in Beijing on 21 July 2012 was simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Observational analyses indicated that this event can be divided into an earlier‐occurring warm‐sector precipitation (WSP) and a later‐occurring cold‐frontal precipitation (CFP). Owing to the considerable differences in their ambient weather conditions, the features and evolution of the cloud microphysics were different. Diagnoses of the mass‐ and heat‐hydrometeor budgets showed that the major differences in rainwater source were that the graupel melting (PGMLT) and the collection of snow by rain (PRACS_s2r) had similar magnitudes in the WSP, and PGMLT was larger than PRACS_s2r in the CFP, while the accretion growth of cloud droplets (PRA) was always the largest in both phases. The main cooling effect in the WSP was due to the evaporation of rainwater (PRE) and cloud water, while it was PRE and PGMLT for the CFP. The mechanisms of how microphysical processes influenced the precipitation were explored. It was found that the strong PRA in the WSP was conducive to the formation of a supercooled water level and evoked a seeding effect. However, graupel processes were crucial for the CFP. The strong sublimation processes of graupel and snow associated with the collection of droplets by graupel caused more latent heat release and drove airflow to reach a higher convection height. Moreover, the stronger PGMLT cooled the air in the MCS and reduced the effect of cloud droplet accretion growth.
Crustal Deformation of South Korea After the Tohoku‐Oki Earthquake: Deformation Heterogeneity and Seismic Activity
Authors: Kim Sungshil , Ree Jin‐Han , Yoon Ha Su , Choi Byung‐Kyu , Park Pil‐Ho
Published: July 2018

Although the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake (Mw 9.0, 11 March 2011) occurred more than 1,000 km from South Korea, it significantly changed the magnitudes and orientations of Global Positioning System (GPS) velocity vectors in the country, which took two years to return to preearthquake values. Then, areas with relatively thick crust show contractional surface deformation, whereas areas with thinner crust show dilatation, suggesting that the deformation pattern is long‐term. Although there is no one‐to‐one correlation between earthquakes and surface deformation, earthquakes tend to be concentrated in areas with higher shear strain rates. In South Korea, the stress field inferred from earthquake data is inconsistent with surface deformation calculated from GPS data. This may arise because stress orientations at earthquake focal depths are different from those at the surface, or surface deformation measured by GPS may represent interseismic elastic deformation leading to future large earthquakes, while recent earthquakes without surface ruptures might not contribute to the surface deformation. Some effects of crustal thickness on surface deformation and inconsistency between surface deformation from GPS data and kinematics from earthquake data may be a common feature of intraplate regions.
Multidecadal Trajectory of Riverine Nitrogen and Phosphorus Dynamics in Rural Catchments
Authors: Dupas Rémi , Minaudo Camille , Gruau Gérard , Ruiz Laurent , Gascuel‐Odoux Chantal
Published: July 2018

The long‐term evolution of nutrient dynamics in rivers under changing external forcings, termed hereafter trajectory, is influenced by local human activities and regional climatic variations. Here we investigate nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) dynamics in seven mesoscale agricultural catchments (median size 800 km2) of western France from seasonal to multidecadal time scales (1970–2016). Results show that, in these catchments dominated by shallow groundwater, long‐term nitrate exports responded to variations of the agricultural N surplus with time lags of approximately 10 years. Presence of legacy N storage, related to the catchments' denitrification capacity, was found to increase response times. In contrast, P trends were predominantly controlled by decreasing point source emissions during the study period, and P dynamics were influenced by in‐stream retention/remobilization processes that hampered precise quantification of land‐to‐river diffuse transport processes. Occurrence of interannual climate variations during three 5‐ to 10‐year dry‐wet cycles, influenced by the North Atlantic Oscillation, affected N and P dynamics with persistent interannual hysteresis patterns among catchment and years. Thus, water quality assessment programs should cover at least five years to decipher the effect of mitigation measures from climate variations.
Considering Developmental Concepts From Attachment Theory to Inform Graduate Student Training in Global Trauma and Disaster Psychology
Authors: Fox Judith , Gupta Rohini , Mitchell Gwen
Published: July 2018

Graduate student training in global trauma and disaster psychology requires engagement with stressful learning contexts of both an academic and practical nature. These learning contexts require exposure to traumatic academic and practical material, and considerations of vicarious traumatization of graduate students are crucial. In this article, literature describing the potential negative impact of trauma exposure in the mental health field and in training is presented. Developmental concepts from attachment theory such as felt security that is enhanced by a secure base are then suggested to inform graduate training approaches of this nature. These concepts shed light on educational (i.e., teaching and supervision) strategies that may buffer against the negative impact of trauma exposure and promote student resilience, learning engagement, and skill development in global trauma and disaster psychology. Recommendations that may further graduate student trainee felt security in classroom and in supervision contexts domestically and internationally are suggested that may inform a trauma-informed educational approach to graduate training in this challenging global field.
Correction: Publisher Correction: Store-independent modulation of Ca2+ entry through Orai by Septin 7
Authors: Deb Bipan Kumar , Pathak Trayambak , Hasan Gaiti
Published: July 2018

Nature Communications 7: Article number: 11751 (2016); Published 26 May 2016, Updated 18 July 2018 The original HTML version of this Article had an incorrect article number of ‘0’; it should have been ‘11751’. This has now been corrected in the HTML version of the Article. The PDF version was correct from the time of publication.
A dopaminergic mechanism of antipsychotic drug efficacy, failure, and failure reversal: the role of the dopamine transporter
Authors: Amato Davide , Canneva Fabio , Cumming Paul , Maschauer Simone , Groos Dominik , Dahlmanns Jana Katharina , Grömer Teja W. , Chiofalo Lisa , Dahlmanns Marc , Zheng Fang , Kornhuber Johannes , Prante Olaf , Alzheimer Christian , von Hörsten Stephan , Müller Christian P.
Published: July 2018

Antipsychotic drugs are effective interventions in schizophrenia. However, the efficacy of these agents often decreases over time, which leads to treatment failure and symptom recurrence. We report that antipsychotic efficacy in rat models declines in concert with extracellular striatal dopamine levels rather than insufficient dopamine D2 receptor occupancy. Antipsychotic efficacy was associated with a suppression of dopamine transporter activity, which was reversed during failure. Antipsychotic failure coincided with reduced dopamine neuron firing, which was not observed during antipsychotic efficacy. Synaptic field responses in dopamine target areas declined during antipsychotic efficacy and showed potentiation during failure. Antipsychotics blocked synaptic vesicle release during efficacy but enhanced this release during failure. We found that the pharmacological inhibition of the dopamine transporter rescued antipsychotic drug treatment outcomes, supporting the hypothesis that the dopamine transporter is a main target of antipsychotic drugs and predicting that dopamine transporter blockers may be an adjunct treatment to reverse antipsychotic treatment failure.
Suppression of Notch1 and AKT mediated epithelial to mesenchymal transition by Verrucarin J in metastatic colon cancer
Authors: Pal Deeksha , Tyagi Ashish , Chandrasekaran Balaji , Alattasi Houda , Ankem Murali K. , Sharma Arun K. , Damodaran Chendil
Published: July 2018

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in colorectal cancer (CRC) has been attributed to activation of AKT and Notch1 signaling pathways. As EMT corresponds to increased aggressiveness of CRC, approaches that prevent metastasis by targeting AKT/Notch1 pathways are at the forefront of current research paradigms. This study examined the anti-metastatic potential of Verrucarin J (VJ), a small molecule, in CRC cells overexpressing AKT and Notch1. VJ significantly inhibited AKT/HCT 116 cell growth by acting on the AKT/NFκB/Bcl-2 signaling axis and initiated apoptotic signaling as was evident from increased expression of pro-apoptotic markers such as cleaved PARP, cleaved caspase 3, and cleaved caspase 9. Also, VJ inhibited the cell growth in AKT/Notch1-overexpressing CRC cells and abrogated EMT. The down-regulation of AKT and Notch1 signaling was apparent in immunoblot analysis and corresponded with down-regulation of mesenchymal markers including Snail, and β-catenin. Intraperitoneal administration of VJ in control (pCMV/HCT 116) and AKT/HCT 116 mice significantly suppressed AKT-induced tumor growth in a xenograft model. In addition, down-regulation of prosurvival markers as well as AKT and Notch1 was observed in the immunohistochemical analysis of the xenografted tumors. In conclusion, our study substantiates the role of AKT and Notch1 in cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and EMT of CRC cells and demonstrates that VJ may be a viable therapeutic option to counter AKT-induced cell proliferation and tumor outgrowth in CRC.