bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ética em autoria de trabalhos científicos
Authors: Rode Sigmar de Mello , Cavalcanti Bruno das Neves
Published: April 2005

O texto alerta para a consciência da relação ética da produção intelectual no que refere a quantidade, qualidade, autoria e publicação. Reafirma a importância da questão ética do gerenciamento de grupos de trabalho e a efetiva participação no desenvolvimento do projeto experimental.
Produção de textos narrativos em pares: reflexões sobre o processo de interação
Authors: Leal Telma Ferraz , Luz Patrícia Santos da
Published: April 2005

O artigo analisa o processo de interação entre pares em produção de textos narrativos. A escolha de tal tema está atrelada a uma concepção básica de que a elaboração textual é uma atividade cognitiva e social que impõe uma coordenação de ações e de decisões de diferentes tipos. São necessários conhecimentos quanto à situação de interação imediata, quanto às práticas culturais, quanto ao gênero textual e quanto aos aspectos lingüísticos formais. Dessa forma, defende-se a idéia de que o trabalho em pares pode favorecer a tomada de consciência acerca das decisões a tomar, pois idéias conflitantes desautomatizam a tarefa da escrita. Argumenta-se também que a interação pode levar as crianças a trocarem informações e a testá-las durante a geração do texto, assim como a partilhar estratégias para coordenar as ações. Foram realizadas atividades individuais e em dupla de escrita de notícias, cartas e contos em uma turma de 3ª série (ensino fundamental, escola municipal de Recife, 21 crianças, 8 e 13 anos de idade). Os resultados mostram que os textos produzidos pelas duplas foram melhores que os textos individuais em composições do tipo assimétrico (fraco-médio) e simétrico (médio-médio), não sendo tal efeito marcante em duplas compostas por crianças de níveis iniciais (fraco-fraco). As análises dos protocolos evidenciaram que em interação as crianças negociam informações e estratégias para elaboração textual e que apresentam diversos tipos de dinâmica de trabalho, podendo haver divisão clara de papéis ou negociação permanente em cada trecho do texto produzido.
Caminhos cruzados: educação e gênero na produção acadêmica
Authors: Rosemberg Fúlvia
Published: April 2005

O artigo discute a produção acadêmica contemporânea brasileira sobre educação e gênero (ou mulheres) a partir da análise de três fontes de dados: a base de teses e dissertações de programas de Educação filiados à ANPEd no período 1981-1998; o diretório de pesquisadores(as) Quem pesquisa o quê em Educação: 1998; e seis coleções de revistas especializadas em Educação e Estudos Feministas (de gênero). A análise do catálogo da ANPEd (1999) evidencia um aumento de teses/dissertações em números absolutos no período, uma concentração em certas universidades, de autoria e de orientação majoritariamente feminina. Tal perfil da produção acadêmica é confirmado, no geral, pelos dados sobre pesquisadores(as) incluídos(as) no diretório organizado pela ANPEd. Quanto à temática, nota-se dispersão e ausência relativa de questões que compõem a agenda educacional contemporânea. Teses e dissertações focalizam mais a condição feminina que o sistema educacional numa perspectiva de gênero. Esta particularidade foi também notada nas revistas especializadas em Educação. Por seu lado, as revistas feministas dão muito pouco espaço ao tema e disciplina da Educação. Daí os caminhos cruzados entre Educação e Estudos sobre a Mulher ou Gênero. O artigo conclui destacando os possíveis efeitos deletérios de tal fragilidade acadêmica no plano das propostas atuais sobre igualdade de gênero na educação.
Um breve balanço da pesquisa sobre violência escolar no Brasil
Authors: Sposito Marilia Pontes
Published: April 2005

O artigo realiza balanço da pesquisa sobre as relações entre violência e escola no Brasil, após 1980. Examina os raros diagnósticos quantitativos em torno do tema e a produção discente (dissertações e teses) na pós-graduação em Educação, no mesmo período. Apesar de ainda ser incipiente, a produção já traça um quadro importante do fenômeno no Brasil, mostrando as principais modalidades: ações contra o patrimônio - depredações, pichações - e formas de agressão interpessoal, sobretudo entre os próprios alunos. Durante esse período a violência em meio escolar tanto foi examinada como decorrência de um conjunto significativo de práticas escolares inadequadas, quanto foi investigada como um dos aspectos que caracterizam a violência na sociedade contemporânea. Nesse último enfoque, parte dos trabalhos pesquisou a dinâmica de funcionamento de escolas situadas em áreas sob a influência do tráfico de drogas ou do crime organizado e um pequeno conjunto buscou entender o comportamento dos alunos como uma forma de sociabilidade marcada pelas agressões e pequenos delitos, caracterizada como incivilidade, que se origina na crise do processo civilizatório da sociedade contemporânea.
A violência na escola: conflitualidade social e ações civilizatórias
Authors: Santos José Vicente Tavares dos
Published: April 2005

O reconhecimento da violência no espaço escolar como um enclausuramento do gesto e da palavra, uma das novas questões sociais globais, parece ser um caminho interpretativo fecundo. O que está em risco é a função da escola de socialização das novas gerações, pois a instituição escolar aparece enquanto locus de explosão de conflitos sociais em, pelo menos, 23 países nos quais a violência na escola foi considerada um fenômeno de sociedade. A compreensão das relações entre a escola e as práticas da violência passam pela reconstrução da complexidade das relações sociais na escola. No caso em estudo - a violência no espaço escolar, na cidade de Porto Alegre, entre 1996 e 2000 - são as combinações entre as relações de classe e as relações entre grupos culturais que permitem uma explicação: espaço social marcado por um desencontro entre a instituição escolar e as particularidades culturais das populações pobres das grandes cidades. Os programas contra a violência que existem nos principais países, inclusive em algumas escolas municipais de Porto Alegre, desenvolvem a metodologia de mediação de conflitos como uma das propostas de pacificação do espaço escolar: uma prática de negociação instaurada no interior da escola, em especial nos próprios grupos de alunos, através, por exemplo, da idéia de mediação pelos pares, de forma a criar responsabilidades e tentar satisfazer as necessidades dos jovens, mediante o desenvolvimento de um ambiente solidário, humanista e cooperativo.
As sutilezas das faces da violência nas práticas escolares de adolescentes
Authors: Camacho Luiza Mitiko Yshiguro
Published: April 2005

Este artigo busca lançar um olhar sobre a vida escolar de adolescentes de classes médias e de segmentos das elites, incidindo, porém, sobre a prática de violência contra seus pares em duas escolas da cidade de Vitória-ES, sendo uma pública e outra privada. A pesquisa constituiu-se em um estudo de natureza eminentemente qualitativa, que no entanto valeu-se também de dados quantitativos. No trabalho de campo os dados foram colhidos por meio das técnicas da observação, questionário e entrevistas individuais e em grupos e, também, por meio de depoimentos e da consulta a documentos. O estudo permitiu constatar que nas duas escolas investigadas as ações socializadoras incidem muito mais sobre o aspecto pedagógico do que na proposta educativa, que é deixada em segundo plano. Onde se constata a ausência de uma ampla abrangência da socialização, a escola não funciona como retradutora dos valores sociais e termina por permitir que idéias de discriminação e preconceito, por exemplo, invadam e se estabeleçam no espaço escolar. A falta de alcance da ação socializadora até o ambiente relacional promove o aparecimento de brechas que permitem aos alunos a construção de experiências escolares, dentre elas, a experiência da violência. Com todos os encontros e desencontros entre as escolas, observou-se que o ponto decisivo de convergência entre ambas é a presença da prática da violência, ainda que, em intensidade distinta e com faces envolvidas por sutis especificidades.
As marcas da violência na constituição da identidade de jovens da periferia
Authors: Araújo Carla
Published: April 2005

Este trabalho foi baseado em uma pesquisa, de caráter investigatório, que buscou compreender as vivências escolares de jovens alunos moradores da Vila da Luz, que se localiza na periferia de Belo Horizonte, cujo cotidiano é marcado pela violência, pela insegurança pública e pela exclusão social. Examinou-se como as vivências fora da escola invadem o cotidiano e reorientam atitudes e comportamentos dos alunos entre si, e destes em relação aos professores e a outros agentes escolares. Buscou-se caracterizar sociologicamente o ambiente escolar como espaço de interações complexas, no qual violência simbólica e agressão física se entrecruzam, propiciando um tipo de vivência escolar baseada no medo e na ansiedade. Focalizou-se a experiência e as representações sociais dos jovens alunos, com o intuito de compreender como eles constroem suas identidades, tendo a violência como pano de fundo em suas relações grupais e interpessoais. Assim, a investigação abriu possibilidades para se pensar a escola como espaço de mediação de conflitos e de convivência da diversidade cultural e social. Centrado em uma metodologia de pesquisa participante com ênfase no modelo interpretativista, este estudo permitiu aprofundar questões referentes à educação e subjetividade, sob a ótica de alguns teóricos importantes, tais como Anthony Giddens, Norbert Elias e Erik Erikson.
An Exploratory Qualitative Analysis of the Emotional Impact of Breast Cancer and Caregiving Among Older Women
Authors: Parrish Monique M. , Adams Sara
Published: April 2005

Using in-depth qualitative interviews, this exploratory analysis evaluated the emotional impact of breast cancer on seven older women caring for others at the time of their breast cancer diagnosis. Stress—not depression as hypothesized—was identified as a primary issue for the women in their struggle to balance caregiving responsibilities and health needs. Modified by the caregiver-care recipient relationship and the type and amount of care provided, participants’ experience with stress was influenced by a host of physical, emotional, economic, and environmental factors. Life course pattern similarities represented another compelling emergent theme in the study. Participants shared similar characteristics and experiences during their lives, leading them through common pathways to the dual status of caregiver and breast cancer patient. Findings from this preliminary analysis support the need for more extensive research in this area as well as heightened awareness among social workers and care managers of the unique stressors experienced by older women breast cancer patients caring for others.
Are Home Care Programs Cost-Effective? A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Fraser Kimberly D.
Published: April 2005

The cost-effectiveness of home care programs and services is an important area of health care research given the recent growth and continuing trend in home health care, the current state of health care reform in Canada, and changing demographics in Canada. Home care programs often proceed with little evidence-based decision-making. Increased demand for evidence-based decision-making is apparent in not only clinical settings, but also in policy environments thus creating a need for more research in this area. There are presently very few rigorous studies on the cost-effectiveness of home care programs. This systematic literature review addresses the research question, “What is the relationship between cost-consequence evidence and policy implications within the home care context?” The findings are not surprising. They include mixed results and indicate that cost-effectiveness of home care programs is an important area to study in spite of the many challenges. The challenges presented must be acknowledged and addressed in order to produce better research designs in future studies.
Linking Guidelines for Case Management to Risk of Institutionalization
Authors: Hadjistavropoulos Heather , Bierlein Cecily , Sagan Mark , Quine Allisson
Published: April 2005

In this study, we developed time-and-need-based community case management guidelines by tracking case management activity for 234 elderly clients over their first 6 months of care. Clients were interviewed at the time services began and again 6 months later to determine physical, emotional, and cognitive status. We found that the Regina Risk Indicator Tool (RRIT), a brief measure of risk for requiring institutional care, differentiated clients needing varying amounts of case management. Using these results, an expert panel devised guidelines for ranges of case management time for clients at different levels of need: low risk, some risk, and high risk. Quality measures, response times for initial contact and assessment, and service review parameters were also incorporated into the guidelines. Tools for workload measurement, quality review, client satisfaction, and service provider communication were developed. Focus group analysis of the guidelines with various stakeholders and a pilot implementation guided further revision. Future directions are outlined in the article, including the need to focus on outcomes of the guidelines and study of guideline implementation processes.
PATH Across the Generations: Older Adults’ Perceptions on the Value of Intergenerational Contact
Authors: Fees Bronwyn S. , Bradshaw Michael H.
Published: April 2005

Intergenerational programs are suggested as a way to change the attitudes of youth about older adults. However, less is known about older adults’ perceptions of the effect of intergenerational experiences on their own well-being and on youth. PATH (Personal Actions To Health) Across the Generations, a state-wide intergenerational program, targets rural adults and local youth in building meaningful relationships. A qualitative analysis of commentary by older adult volunteers suggests that they view their interactions as providing a uniquely supportive relationship for the youth. Adults indicated a heightened sense of well-being from the interactions and also desired a meaningful relationship with the youth. These results suggest that the developmental needs of older adults must be considered with equal weight with those of the youth. Additional directions for research and programming are discussed.
The “Royal Road” Becomes a Shrewd Shortcut: The Use of Dreams in Focused Treatment
Authors: Barrett Deirdre
Published: April 2005

Dreams represent a powerful, condensed metaphor for irrational beliefs which patients may not otherwise be able to articulate. While contemporary psychodynamic therapists have discarded Freud’s emphasis on dreams as intentional disguise of instinctual wishes, they continue to use dreams as diagnostic and treatment tools. Such work can be integrated with other types of treatments, including cognitivebehavioral, to examine the latent, primitive and non-verbal aspects of cognitions. This article illustrates how dream work can be utilized in symptom-focused psychotherapy with examples drawn from several specific treatment areas: bereavement, depression, trauma, cross-cultural counseling, and behavioral medicine.
Aaron T. Beck’s Dream Theory in Context: An Introduction to His 1971 Article on Cognitive Patterns in Dreams and Daydreams
Authors: Rosner Rachael I.
Published: April 2005

Aaron T. Beck developed a rudimentary theory of dreams in the early years of cognitive therapy (1969-1971) that he presented to both psychoanalysts and behavior therapists. This article will examine the historical conditions that fostered Beck’s cognitive dream theory. Beck’s early psychoanalytic dream research taught him the virtues of social science research and catalyzed his shift towards the cognitive model. Once the cognitive model was in place he returned to dreams to help position himself politically in the national therapeutic scene. The 1971 article reprinted in this special issue is evidence of his effort to reach out to psychoanalysts with his new cognitive model. Beck’s dream work, once he allied with behavior therapists, fell out of public view, but the current interest in psychotherapy integration has brought renewed attention to dreams in cognitive therapy.
A mathematical model for regulating monomer composition of the microbially synthesized polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymers
Authors: Xu Jun , Guo Baohua , Zhang Zengmin , Wu Qiong , Zhou Quan , Chen Jinchun , Chen Guoqiang , Li Guodong
Published: April 2005

A mathematical model is proposed for predicting the copolymer composition of the microbially synthesized polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) copolymers. Based on the biochemical reactions involved in the precursor formation and polymerization pathways, the model correlates the copolymer composition with the cultivation conditions, the enzyme levels and selectivity, and the metabolic pathways. It suggests the following points: (1) in the case of a sole carbon source, the copolymer composition depends mainly on the topology of the metabolic pathways and the selectivity of both the enzymes involved in the precursor formation and the polymerization route; (2) the copolymer composition can be varied in a wide range via alteration of the flux ratio of different types of monomers channeled from two or more independent and simultaneous pathways; (3) the enzymes which should be over‐expressed or inhibited to obtain the desired copolymer composition can be predicted. For example, inhibition of the β‐oxidation pathway will increase the content of the monomer units with longer chain length. To test the model, various experiments were envisaged by varying cultivation time, concentration and chain length of the sole carbon source, and molar ratio of the cosubstrates. The predictions from the model agree well with the experimental results. Therefore, the proposed model will be useful in predicting the PHA copolymer composition under different biochemical reaction conditions. In other words, it can provide a guide for the synthesis of desired PHA copolymers. © 2005 Wiley‐Periodicals, Inc.
Removal of Toluene, Chlorobenzene, and Benzene by a Needle‐to‐Net Corona Discharge Reactor
Authors: Sano N. , Muneyasu Y.
Published: April 2005

A corona discharge reactor consisting of a hollow needle cathode and a net anode was used to remove benzene, toluene, and chlorobenzene in a synthetic air stream. Two gas flow directions were adopted to examine the contributions of the separated reaction zones, a high‐energy corona zone at the needle cathode tip and a relatively large zone outside it. The target gas was fed in the corona zone through the needle cathode and exhausted through the net anode. Inversely, the gas was fed in through the net anode and exhausted through the needle cathode. It was observed that the removal efficiency of these components did not depend on the gas flow directions, indicating that the spatial distribution of the reactivity was not influential on the removal efficiency of the three target gas species. This means that the high electric field zone around the needle cathode tip would overwhelm the surrounding low‐energy zone. In addition, the contribution of ozone reaction was observed as insignificant. Considering a reported ozone distribution, this result also indicates that the main reactive zone is the corona zone at the cathode tip.
Affinity Interactions between Phenylboronic Acid‐Carrying Self‐Assembled Monolayers and Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide or Horseradish Peroxidase
Authors: Liu Songqin , Wollenberger Ulla , Halámek Jan , Leupold Eik , Stöcklein Walter , Warsinke Axel , Scheller Frieder W.
Published: April 2005

A method is provided for the recognition of glycated molecules based on their binding affinities to boronate‐carrying monolayers. The affinity interaction of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) with phenylboronic acid monolayers on gold was investigated by using voltammetric and microgravimetric methods. Conjugates of 3‐aminophenylboronic acid and 3,3′‐dithiodipropionic acid di(N‐hydroxysuccinimide ester) or 11‐mercaptoundecanoic acid were prepared and self‐assembled on gold surfaces to generate monolayers. FAD is bound to this modified surface and recognized by a pair of redox peaks with a formal potential of −0.433 V in a 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution, pH 6.5. Upon addition of a sugar to the buffer, the bound FAD could be replaced, indicating that the binding is reversible. Voltammetric, mass measurements, and photometric activity assays show that the HRP can also be bound to the interface. This binding is reversible, and HRP can be replaced by sorbitol or removed in acidic solution. The effects of pH, incubation time, and concentration of H2O2 were studied by comparing the catalytic reduction of H2O2 in the presence of the electron‐donor thionine. The catalytic current of the HRP‐loaded electrode was proportional to HRP concentrations in the incubation solution in the range between 5 μg mL−1 and 0.1 mg mL−1 with a linear slope of 3.34 μA mL mg−1 and a correlation coefficient of 0.9945.
Temozolomide plus thalidomide in patients with brain metastases from melanoma
Authors: Hwu Wen‐Jen , Lis Eric , Menell Jennifer H. , Panageas Katherine S. , Lamb Lynne A. , Merrell Janene , Williams Linda J. , Krown Susan E. , Chapman Paul B. , Livingston Philip O. , Wolchok Jedd D. , Houghton Alan N.
Published: April 2005

BACKGROUND

Temozolomide plus thalidomide is a promising oral combination regimen for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. The current Phase II study examined the efficacy and safety of this combination in chemotherapy‐naive patients with brain metastases.

METHODS

Patients with histologically confirmed metastatic melanoma and measurable brain metastases received temozolomide (75 mg/m2 per day for 6 weeks with a 2‐week break between cycles) plus concomitant thalidomide (200 mg/day escalating to 400 mg/day for patients < 70 years or 100 mg/day escalating to 250 mg/day for patients ≥ 70 years). The primary end point was tumor response in the brain assessed every 8 weeks.

RESULTS

Twenty‐six patients with a median age of 60 years were treated. All patients had progressive brain metastases: 16 were symptomatic and 25 had extensive extracranial metastases. Eight patients had received whole‐brain radiotherapy, 4 had received stereotactic radiotherapy, and 8 had received craniotomy with resection of hemorrhagic lesions. Fifteen patients completed ≥ 1 cycle (median, 1 cycle; range, 0–4 cycles), and 11 discontinued treatment before completing 1 cycle (7 for intracranial hemorrhage, 2 for pulmonary embolism, 1 for deep vein thrombosis, and 1 for Grade 3 rash). Of 15 patients assessable for response, 3 had a complete or partial response (12% intent to treat) and 7 had minor response or stable disease in the brain. However, 5 of these 10 patients had disease progression at extracranial sites. The median survival period was 5 months for all 26 patients and 6 months for the 15 assessable patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Temozolomide plus thalidomide was an active oral regimen for patients with brain metastases from malignant melanoma. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Weekly vinblastine in pediatric low‐grade glioma patients with carboplatin allergic reaction
Authors: Lafay‐Cousin Lucie , Holm Stefan , Qaddoumi Ibrahim , Nicolin Gary , Bartels Ute , Tabori Uri , Huang Annie , Bouffet Eric
Published: April 2005

BACKGROUND

Carboplatin‐based regimens have demonstrated activity in unresectable low‐grade glioma (LGG) in children. Despite an interesting toxicity profile, the use of these regimens has been limited by the development of carboplatin hypersensitivity reaction (HSR) in up to 30% of patients. Desensitization has been the recommended approach for HSR. However, no guidelines have existed to aid physicians when carboplatin desensitization techniques fail.

METHODS

A pilot study of monotherapy with weekly vinblastine for LGG in 9 children who developed carboplatin HSR on a carboplatin and vincristine regimen was performed.

RESULTS

Vinblastine toxicity was moderate and readily manageable. None of the 9 patients had disease progression on therapy. Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of tumor size from diagnosis to the end of vinblastine treatment showed 1 complete response (CR), 1 partial response (PR), 5 objective effects (OE), and 2 stable diseases (SD).

CONCLUSIONS

This experience suggested that weekly vinblastine has a good efficacy to toxicity ratio in the treatment of LGG and can be a valuable option for children who develop severe HSR. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Localization of the three GnRH types and GnRH receptors in the brain of a cichlid fish: Insights into their neuroendocrine and neuromodulator functions
Authors: Soga Tomoko , Ogawa Satoshi , Millar Robert P. , Sakuma Yasuo , Parhar Ishwar S.
Published: April 2005

The cognate receptor for any of the known gonadotropin‐releasing hormones (GnRHs) has not been directly demonstrated. In order to establish this and shed light on the functions of GnRH types, we analyzed the neuroanatomical location and time of initial expression of three distinct GnRH receptors (GnRH‐Rs) and the three endogenous GnRHs in the brain of developing and sexually mature tilapia Oreochromis niloticus using immunocytochemistry. In all age groups, including males and females, GnRH‐RIA was seen specifically in gonadotropes (Parhar et al. [2002] J Neuroendocrinol 14:657–665) but was undetectable in the brain. On day 8 after fertilization, GnRH‐RIB was first seen in the periventricular hypothalamus (lateral recess nucleus, posterior recess nucleus, posterior tuberal nucleus) and GnRH‐RIII in the olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb, telencephalon, preoptic region, mediobasal hypothalamus, thalamus, mesencephalon, and in the hindbrain. Double‐label immunocytochemistry showed GnRH1 (Ser8 GnRH)‐immunoreactive neuronal processes projecting mainly to the proximal pars distalis of the pituitary, while GnRH2 (His5, Trp7, Tyr8 GnRH) and GnRH3 (Trp7, Leu8 GnRH) fibers were observed in close association with cells containing GnRH‐RIB and GnRH‐RIII in the brain. These results suggest that GnRH‐RIA might be hypophysiotropic in nature, whereas GnRH‐RIB and GnRH‐RIII could have additional neuromodulatory functions. Further, evidence of close proximity of GnRH‐R‐containing cells and neuronal processes of multiple GnRH types suggests complex cross‐talk between several GnRH ligands and GnRH‐Rs. J. Comp. Neurol. 487:28–41, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microzonal projection and climbing fiber remodeling in single olivocerebellar axons of newborn rats at postnatal days 4–7
Authors: Sugihara Izumi
Published: April 2005

An adult olivocerebellar axon ramifies into about seven climbing fibers that innervate single Purkinje cells arranged in a longitudinal microzone. To clarify the developmental basis of this projection, individual olivocerebellar axons were labeled with biotinylated dextran amine injected into the inferior olive in rats at postnatal days 4–7. The entire trajectories of single olivocerebellar axons and single terminal arbors of climbing fibers were reconstructed from serial sections of the cerebellum and medulla. Single axons ramified into climbing fibers that terminated in a narrow band‐shaped area comparable to the adult microzone. This indicated that olivocerebellar microzones are predetermined. Terminal arbors of climbing fibers were remodeled from loose creeper type, through intermediate transitional type, into dense nest type. Each olivocerebellar axon had some 100 nascent climbing fibers in the creeper stage, whereas each axon had about 10 climbing fibers and about as many atrophic climbing fibers in the nest stage. This decrease indicated that overabundant nascent climbing fibers degenerate concomitantly with the remodeling of remaining climbing fibers. Atrophic terminal arbors and non‐climbing fiber thin collaterals were considered the intermediate forms of degenerating climbing fibers. This remodeling and degeneration of climbing fibers may be related to the electrophysiological regression of climbing fiber‐Purkinje cell synapses. The remodeling of climbing fibers occurred earliest in lobules VIII (caudal part) and IXa‐b, and then in lobules IXc and X. The more developed granular layer in these areas compared to other areas suggests that the cortical environment triggers climbing fiber remodeling. J. Comp. Neurol. 487:93–106, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression profile analysis within the human hippocampus: Comparison of CA1 and CA3 pyramidal neurons
Authors: Ginsberg Stephen D. , Che Shaoli
Published: April 2005

The hippocampus contains several distinct cell types that are interconnected by a well‐characterized series of synaptic circuits. To evaluate molecular and cellular signatures of individual cell types within the normal adult human hippocampal formation, expression profile analysis was performed on individual CA1 and CA3 pyramidal neurons using a novel single cell RNA amplification methodology coupled with custom‐designed cDNA array analysis. Populations of CA1 and CA3 neurons were also compared with regional dissections of the hippocampus from the same tissue sections. Molecular fingerprint comparison of cresyl violet–stained CA1 and CA3 pyramidal neurons microaspirated from the hippocampus of normal control subjects indicated significant differences in relative expression levels for approximately 16% (20 of 125) genes evaluated on the custom‐designed cDNA array platform. Significant differences were observed for several transcripts relevant to the structure and function of hippocampal neurons, including specific glutamate receptors, γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptors, cytoskeletal elements, dopamine receptors, and immediate‐early genes. Compared with the regional assessment of gene expression, both CA1 and CA3 neurons displayed a relative enrichment of classes of transcripts that included glutamate receptors, transporters, and interacting proteins, GABA receptors and transporters, synaptic‐related markers, and catecholamine receptors and transporters. In contrast, the regional hippocampal dissection had an increased level of gene expression for cytoskeletal elements as well as glial‐associated markers. Expression profile analysis illustrates the importance of evaluating individual cellular populations within a functional circuit and may help define elements that confer unique properties to individual populations of hippocampal neurons under normal and diseased conditions. J. Comp. Neurol. 487:107–118, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serine protease HtrA1 is developmentally regulated in trophoblast and uterine decidual cells during placental formation in the mouse
Authors: Nie Guiying , Li Ying , Salamonsen Lois A.
Published: April 2005

Development of a hemochorial placenta involves trophoblast proliferation, differentiation, and invasion into the uterus to promote blood flow to the embryo. Trophoblast invasion is tightly controlled by expression of specific proteases in the trophoblast and highly coordinated activities in the uterus. One uterine event essential for placentation is the developmentally regulated formation and regression of the decidua. In mice, decidual regression takes place in a temporal‐ and spatial‐specific manner that is coordinated with placental development. In this study, we identified that the serine protease HtrA1 (high temperature requirement factor A1) was specifically expressed in differentiated trophoblast cells, especially the giant cells, during the early stages of placental development. A high level of HtrA1 expression was also detected in decidua capsularis specifically at the decidual–trophoblast interface where active involution occurs. Thus, we have identified a previously unknown role for HtrA1 as a protease potentially important for trophoblast differentiation/invasion and uterine decidual regression during placental development. Developmental Dynamics 233:1102–1109, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis, Structure, Reactivity, and Catalytic Activity of C,N‐ and C,N,N‐Orthopalladated Iminophosphoranes
Authors: Bielsa Raquel , Larrea Angel , Navarro Rafael , Soler Tatiana , Urriolabeitia Esteban P.
Published: April 2005

The orthopalladated complexes [Pd(μ‐Cl)(C6H4‐2‐PPh2=NPh‐κ‐C,N)]2 (1) and [Pd(C6H4‐2‐PPh2=N‐C(O)‐2‐NC5H4‐κ‐C,N,N)Cl] (11) have been obtained by reaction of Pd(OAc)2 (OAc = acetate) with the iminophosphoranes Ph3P=NPh and Ph3P=N‐C(O)‐2‐NC5H4, respectively, in the presence of excess LiCl. Complex 11 has been characterised by X‐ray diffraction methods. The orthoplatinated derivative [Pt(C6H4‐2‐PPh2=N‐C(O)‐2‐NC5H4‐κ‐C,N,N)Cl] (12) can be obtained by reaction of [PtCl2(NCPh)2] with Ph3P=N‐C(O)‐2‐NC5H4 in refluxing 2‐methoxyethanol. Complex 1 shows the typical reactivity of C,N‐orthopalladated complexes, while complex 11 shows that the C,N,N‐orthometallated ligand is strongly bonded to the Pd atom and cannot be easily displaced. The catalytic activity of the complexes [Pd(μ‐Cl)‐(C6H4‐2‐PPh2=NPh‐κ‐C,N)]2 (1), [Pd(C6H4‐2‐PPh2=NPh‐κ‐C,N)(Cl)(py)] (4), [Pd(C6H4‐2‐PPh2=N‐C(O)‐2‐NC5H4‐κ‐C,N,N)Cl] (11) and [Pd(C6H4‐2‐PPh2=N‐C(O)‐2‐NC5H4‐κ‐C,N,N)(NCMe)]ClO4 (13) in the Mizoroki–Heck (MH) reaction between methyl acrylate and different haloarenes has been examined. All complexes behave as moderate to good catalysts, yielding turnover numbers (TON) up to 526000. Their role as catalysts or precatalysts and the formation of nanoparticles is also discussed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Reactions of the B‐Phenylborole Complex [CpRh(η5‐C4H4BPh)] with Metalloelectrophiles [(ring)M]2+
Authors: Loginov Dmitry A. , Muratov Dmitry V. , Petrovskii Pavel V. , Starikova Zoya A. , Corsini Maddalena , Laschi Franco , de Biani Fabrizi Fabrizia , Zanello Piero , Kudinov Alexander R.
Published: April 2005

Thirty‐valence‐electron dicationic triple‐decker complexes with a bridging borole ligand [CpRh(μ‐η5:η5‐C4H4BPh)M(ring)]2+ [M(ring) = CoCp* (3), IrCp* (6), Ru(η‐C6H3Me3‐1,3,5) (8a), Ru(η‐C6Me6) (8b)] were obtained by stacking reactions of [CpRh(η5‐C4H4BPh)] (2) with the corresponding half‐sandwich fragments [M(ring)]2+. Minor formation of arene‐type complexes [CpRh(μ‐η5:η6‐C4H4BPh)M(ring)]2+ was observed for M(ring) = IrCp* and Ru(arene). On the contrary, the arene‐type complex [CpRh(μ‐η5:η6‐C4H4BPh)RhCp*]2+ (5) was isolated as the sole product from the reaction of 2 with the fragment [RhCp*]2+; an intermediate formation of the triple‐decker complex [CpRh(μ‐η5:η5‐C4H4BPh)RhCp*]2+ (4) in this reaction was detected by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Heating 6 in nitromethane gives the symmetrical triple‐decker complex [Cp*Ir(μ‐η5:η5‐C4H4BPh)IrCp*]2+ (10). The cations were isolated as salts with the BF4– anion. The structures of 2, 5(BF4)2, 6(BF4)2 and 8a(BF4)2 were determined by X‐ray diffraction. The electrochemical properties of the complexes were also investigated. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Prediction of migration fat bloom on chocolate
Authors: De Graef Veerle , Foubert Imogen , Agache Evelien , Bernaert Herwig , Landuyt Alex , Vanrolleghem Peter A. , Dewettinck Koen
Published: April 2005

The objective of this study was to investigate whether it is possible to predict migration fat bloom based on measurements shortly after production. At different storage times shortly after production (0, 1, 4 h), the chocolate batches, varying in tempering method, tempering degree and amount of added butter oil, were evaluated by DSC, pNMR and texture analysis. Discriminant analysis and principal component analysis were combined to investigate the potential towards prediction. The batches were classified into groups depending on the time when white spots appeared (<8 wk, 8–13 wk, >13 wk). A good separation (100% correct classifications, 100% using cross‐validation) was obtained using the afore‐mentioned analyses and storage times. It was also shown that it is possible to exclude DSC analyses or analyses at 0 h storage time without compromising the classification performances too drastically. The study further elucidated that the tempering method has no significant effect on visual fat bloom development. Furthermore, undertempered chocolates bloomed quicker than well‐tempered ones, while fat bloom was delayed on overtempered chocolates. Addition of 6% butter oil promoted fat bloom development, while no significant difference was detected between chocolate with no added butter oil and chocolate with 3% butter oil added.
Influence of fatty acid structure on liquid crystal formation in systems with anionic surfactant, diethyleneglycol ethylether and water
Authors: Comelles Francesc , Sánchez‐Leal Joaquín , González Juan José
Published: April 2005

The influence of the fatty acid structure on the formation of transparent gels with lamellar liquid crystal structure, for systems composed of an anionic surfactant, fatty acid, diethyleneglycol ethyl ether and water, was investigated. The influence of the alkyl chain length, for both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, was considered. Moreover, for a given alkyl chain length, the influence of polyunsaturation was also considered. The results obtained indicate that with saturated fatty acids, it is not possible to form lamellar liquid crystals with the appearance of transparent gels, and that in the case of unsaturated acids, the influence of the alkyl chain length is more important than the degree of unsaturation.
Estimation of regional material yield from coastal landslides based on historical digital terrain modelling
Authors: Hapke C. J.
Published: April 2005

High‐resolution historical (1942) and recent (1994) digital terrain models were derived from aerial photographs along the Big Sur coastline in central California to measure the long‐term volume of material that enters the nearshore environment. During the 52‐year measurement time period, an average of 21 000 ± 3100 m3 km−1 a−1 of material was eroded from nine study sections distributed along the coast, with a low yield of 1000 ± 240 m3 km−1 a−1 and a high of 46 700 ± 7300 m3 km−1 a−1.

The results compare well with known volumes from several deep‐seated landslides in the area and suggest that the processes by which material is delivered to the coast are episodic in nature. In addition, a number of parameters are investigated to determine what influences the substantial variation in yield along the coast. It is found that the magnitude of regional coastal landslide sediment yield is primarily related to the physical strength of the slope‐forming material.

Coastal Highway 1 runs along the lower portion of the slope along this stretch of coastline, and winter storms frequently damage the highway. The California Department of Transportation is responsible for maintaining this scenic highway while minimizing the impacts to the coastal ecosystems that are part of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. This study provides environmental managers with critical background data on the volumes of material that historically enter the nearshore from landslides, as well as demonstrating the application of deriving historical digital terrain data to model landscape evolution. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Somatotopic blocking of sensation with navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary somatosensory cortex
Authors: Hannula Henri , Ylioja Shelley , Pertovaara Antti , Korvenoja Antti , Ruohonen Jarmo , Ilmoniemi Risto J. , Carlson Synnöve
Published: April 2005

We demonstrate that spatially accurate and selective stimulation is crucial when cortical functions are studied by the creation of temporary lesions with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Previously, the interpretation of the TMS results has been hampered by inaccurate knowledge of the site and strength of the induced electric current in the brain. With a Navigated Brain Stimulation (NBS) system, which provides real‐time magnetic resonance image (MRI)‐guided targeting of the TMS‐induced electric field, we found that TMS of a spatially restricted cortical S1 thenar area is sufficient to abolish sensation from a weak electric stimulation of the corresponding skin area. We demonstrate that with real‐time navigation, TMS can be repeatably directed at millimeter‐level precision to a target area defined on the MRI. The stimulation effect was temporally and spatially specific: the greatest inhibition of sensation occurred when TMS was applied 20 ms after the cutaneous test stimulus and the TMS effect was sensitive to 8–13 mm displacements of the induced electric field pattern. The results also indicate that TMS selectively to S1 is sufficient to abolish perception of cutaneous stimulation of the corresponding skin area. Hum Brain Mapp, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantifying uncertainty in chemical systems modeling
Authors: Reagan M. T. , Najm H. N. , Pébay P. P. , Knio O. M. , Ghanem R. G.
Published: April 2005

This study compares two techniques for uncertainty quantification in chemistry computations, one based on sensitivity analysis and error propagation, and the other on stochastic analysis using polynomial chaos techniques. The two constructions are studied in the context of H2O2 ignition under supercritical‐water conditions. They are compared in terms of their prediction of uncertainty in species concentrations and the sensitivity of selected species concentrations to given parameters. The formulation is extended to one‐dimensional reacting‐flow simulations. The computations are used to study sensitivities to both reaction rate pre‐exponentials and enthalpies, and to examine how this information must be evaluated in light of known, inherent parametric uncertainties in simulation parameters. The results indicate that polynomial chaos methods provide similar first‐order information to conventional sensitivity analysis, while preserving higher‐order information that is needed for accurate uncertainty quantification and for assigning confidence intervals on sensitivity coefficients. These higher‐order effects can be significant, as the analysis reveals substantial uncertainties in the sensitivity coefficients themselves. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 37: 368–382, 2005
Wear‐Resistant Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene/Zirconia Composites Prepared by in situ Ziegler‐Natta Polymerization
Authors: Park Hong‐Jo , Kwak Seung‐Yeop , Kwak Soonjong
Published: April 2005

Summary: Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)/zirconia composite has been prepared by in situ polymerization of ethylene using a Ti‐based Ziegler‐Natta catalyst supported on the surface of zirconia. Comparison of mechanical and tribological properties has been carried out between the in situ polymerized and mechanically blended composites. Microscopic observations of filled composites revealed that the polymerized composite had more uniform dispersion of zirconia and enhanced interfacial properties than the mechanically blended composite. The polymerized composite showed in a tensile test a remarkable increase in elastic modulus and yield strength, in a tensile test, but a loss in elongational properties was insignificant. In a ring‐on‐block type wear test, the polymerized composite displayed superior wear resistance to the blended composite as well as to neat UHMWPE. At 43 wt.‐% of zirconia content, the polymerized composite showed about one fourth of the 1wear rate of neat UHMWPE. Observations of wear surfaces revealed that the abrasive wear, which are observed in unfilled UHMWPE, are greatly suppressed in filled composites. In polymerized composite, moreover, micro‐cracks were also significantly reduced in comparison to the blended composite, which eventually led to an additional decrease in the wear rate.

SEM image of powdery polymerized composite (zirconia content: 15%) obtained from the in situ polymerization.

image

SEM image of powdery polymerized composite (zirconia content: 15%) obtained from the in situ polymerization.
Synthesis and Characterization of New Types of Perylene Bisimide‐Containing Conjugated Copolymers
Authors: He Xiaorong , Liu Huibiao , Wang Ning , Ai Xicheng , Wang Shu , Li Yuliang , Huang Changshui , Cui Shuang , Li Yongjun , Zhu Daoben
Published: April 2005

Summary: Two new poly(perylene bisimide) polymers that contain biphenyl (PPery) and anthracene (PPeAn) groups at the bay position of perylene bisimide are designed and synthesized. The images of scanning and transmission electron microscopies for PPery and PPeAn show that both polymers form uniform nanoparticles. These copolymers emit red photoluminescence at around 640 nm with a relatively high photoluminescence quantum yield, 48% (in solution) for PPery and 68% (in solution) for PPeAn.

Structures of the new copolymers synthesized here: PPery and PPeAn.

image

Structures of the new copolymers synthesized here: PPery and PPeAn.
Applications of FT Raman Spectroscopy and Micro Spectroscopy Characterizing Cellulose and Cellulosic Biomaterials
Authors: Fischer Steffen , Schenzel Karla , Fischer Klaus , Diepenbrock Wulf
Published: April 2005

FT Raman spectroscopy and micro spectroscopy were used for the investigation of cellulose, cellulose derivatives and cellulosic plant fibres. Lattice structures of cellulose, polymorphic modifications I and II, as well as amorphous structure, were clearly identified by means of FT Raman vibrational spectra. Chemometric models were developed utilizing univariate calibration as well as methods of multivariate data analyses of FT Raman spectral data for the fast prediction of cellulose properties. Cellulose properties like the degree of crystallinity XcRaman, the degree of substitution DSCMC, DSAC and cellulose reactivity were determined.

In situ/ in vivo FT Raman micro spectroscopy was used for the characterization of cellulose structures of flax and hemp fibres. Orientational and stress dependent FT Raman experiments were carried out.
Thermal behavior and crystallization kinetics of random poly(ethylene‐Co‐2,2‐Bis[4‐(ethylenoxy)‐1,4‐phenylene]propane terephthalate) copolyesters
Authors: Vannini M. , Finelli L. , Lotti N. , Colonna M. , Lorenzetti C. , Munari A.
Published: April 2005

The thermal behavior of poly(ethylene‐co‐2,2‐bis[4‐(ethylenoxy)‐1,4‐phenylene]propane terephthalate) (PET/BHEEBT) copolymers was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. A good thermal stability was found for all the samples. The thermal analysis carried out using DSC technique showed that the Tm of the copolymers decreased with increasing BHEEBT unit content, differently from Tg, which on the contrary increased. Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction measurements permitted identifying the kind of crystalline structure of PET in all the semicrystalline samples. The multiple endotherms similar to PET were also evidenced in the PET/BHEEBT samples, due to melting and recrystallization processes. By applying the Hoffman–Weeks' method, the Tm° of PET and its copolymers was derived. The isothermal crystallization kinetics was analyzed according to Avrami's treatment and values of the exponent n close to 3 were obtained, independently of Tc and composition. Moreover, the introduction of BHEEBT units was found to decrease PET crystallization rate. Lastly, the presence of a crystal‐amorphous interphase was evidenced. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 1441–1454, 2005