bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy on survival of patients in a persistent vegetative state after stroke
Authors: Wu Kunpeng , Chen Ying , Yan Caihong , Huang Zhijia , Wang Deming , Gui Peigen , Bao Juan
Published: November 2016

Aims and objectives

To assess the effect of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy on short‐ and long‐term survival of patients in a persistent vegetative state after stroke and determine the relevant prognostic factors.

Background

Stroke may lead to a persistent vegetative state, and the effect of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy on survival of stroke patients in a persistent vegetative state remains unclear.

Design

Prospective study.

Methods

A total of 97 stroke patients in a persistent vegetative state hospitalised from January 2009 to December 2011 at the Second Hospital, University of South China, were assessed in this study. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy was performed in 55 patients, and mean follow‐up time was 18 months. Survival rate and risk factors were analysed.

Results

Median survival in the 55 percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy‐treated patients was 17·6 months, higher compared with 8·2 months obtained for the remaining 42 patients without percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy treatment. Univariate analyses revealed that age, hospitalisation time, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy treatment status, family financial situation, family care, pulmonary infection and nutrition were significantly associated with survival. Multivariate analysis indicated that older age, no gastrostomy, poor family care, pulmonary infection and poor nutritional status were independent risk factors affecting survival. Indeed, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy significantly improved the nutritional status and decreased pulmonary infection rate in patients with persistent vegetative state after stroke. Interestingly, median survival time was 20·3 months in patients with no or one independent risk factors of poor prognosis (n = 38), longer compared with 8·7 months found for patients with two or more independent risk factors (n = 59).

Conclusion

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy significantly improves long‐term survival of stroke patients in a persistent vegetative state and is associated with improved nutritional status and decreased pulmonary infection.

Relevance to clinical practice

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy is a promising option for the management of stroke patients in a persistent vegetative state.
Classificatory multiplicity: intimate partner violence diagnosis in emergency department consultations
Authors: Olive Philippa
Published: November 2016

Aims and objectives

To explore the naming, or classification, of physical assaults by a partner as ‘intimate partner violence’ during emergency department consultations.

Background

Research continues to evidence instances when intimate partner physical violence is ‘missed’ or unacknowledged during emergency department consultations.

Methods

Theoretically, this research was approached through complexity theory and the sociology of diagnosis. Research design was an applied, descriptive and explanatory, multiple‐method approach that combined qualitative semistructured interviews with service‐users (n = 8) and emergency department practitioners (n = 9), and qualitative and quantitative document analysis of emergency department health records (n = 28).

Results

This study found that multiple classifications of intimate partner violence were mobilised during emergency department consultations and that these different versions of intimate partner violence held different diagnostic categories, processes and consequences.

Conclusion

The construction of different versions of intimate partner violence in emergency department consultations could explain variance in people's experiences and outcomes of consultations. The research found that the classificatory threshold for ‘intimate partner violence’ was too high. Strengthening systems of diagnosis (identification and intervention) so that all incidents of partner violence are named as ‘intimate partner violence’ would reduce the incidence of missed cases and afford earlier specialist intervention to reduce violence and limit its harms.

Relevance to clinical practice

This research found that identification of and response to intimate partner violence, even in contexts of severe physical violence, was contingent. By lowering the classificatory threshold so that all incidents of partner violence are named as ‘intimate partner violence’, practitioners could make a significant contribution to reducing missed intimate partner violence during consultations and improving health outcomes for this population. This research has relevance for practitioners in any setting where service‐user report of intimate partner violence is possible.
Challenges in the nurse's role in rehabilitation contexts
Authors: Christiansen Bjørg , Feiring Marte
Published: November 2016

Aim and objective

To shed light on how nurses perceive particular challenges that they experience in encounters with patients in rehabilitation wards.

Background

Rehabilitation is a tailor‐made process that allows someone with impairment to live well. Many rehabilitation institutions embrace strong beliefs in patient participation as well as awareness of and listening to the needs and wishes of patients. To our knowledge, few studies have investigated the challenges encountered by nurses from patients in rehabilitation contexts and how these challenges might influence their roles as nurses.

Design and methods

This study has a qualitative design that is based on three focus group interviews with nurses working in three rehabilitation wards. A convenience sample of 15 nurses, five from each ward, was recruited to participate in focus group interviews. The participants worked in wards for patients suffering mainly from stroke and head injuries. The analysis is inspired by hermeneutic principles to explore the participants’ challenges in their role in rehabilitation contexts.

Results

Data analyses identified three main themes surrounding the challenges experienced by nurses: (1) Adjusting patients’ and next of kin's expectations, (2) Tailoring support and information, (3) Recognising patients’ knowledge.

Conclusion

Our results from the three rehabilitation wards indicate that nurses display various educative strategies. There is, however, a need for further empirical work into how knowledgeable patients and next of kin create new challenges with implications for the nurse's role within rehabilitation contexts.

Relevance to clinical practice

The study highlights the educative aspects of the nurse's role in relation to patients and next of kin on rehabilitation wards as significant contributors to recovery processes.
A procedure for validating the use of photographs as surrogates for samples in sensory measurement of appearance: An example with color of cooked turkey patties
Authors: Maughan Curtis , Chambers Edgar , Godwin Sandria
Published: November 2016

Assessing visual characteristics of products can be difficult as they can change over time, vary in natural products, and be perceived differently due to factors such as lighting. This study examines the use of photographs, which can be problematic if they show color shifting in different lighting conditions, as a substitute for freshly prepared products and compares the photographs with samples under different lighting conditions. Three replicates of ground turkey patties cooked to six different end point temperatures that provided various shades of pink, brown, and gray were used for this study. Photographs of the samples were compared to freshly prepared samples under simulated daylight conditions by a highly trained descriptive sensory panel in a balanced randomized order. Eighteen photographs verified as matching the samples (three for each of six samples) in “daylight” subsequently were compared under consumer lighting conditions: incandescent, halogen, Compact Fluorescent (CFL), Light Emitting Diode (LED), and daylight LED bulbs. Each photograph was found to match freshly prepared samples under each of the different lighting conditions as well. This study shows that photographs can potentially be used as visual references for products, and that they behave similarly to freshly prepared samples under different lighting conditions.

Practical applications

This study suggests that photographs can be used in place of actual products with proper validation of the photographs. In addition, this study provides one procedure for validating photographs against actual products that can be used in other research studies.
Mismatch of morphological and molecular identifications in native and invasive subspecies of Codium fragile (Bryopsidophyceae, Chlorophyta)
Authors: Armitage Phoebe R. , Nelson Wendy A. , Sutherland Judith E.
Published: November 2016

Several subspecies are defined within Codium fragile, including the invasive C. fragile ssp. fragile, first reported in New Zealand in 1973. An endemic subspecies, C. fragile ssp. novae‐zelandiae, is also found throughout New Zealand. The two subspecies exhibit morphological and molecular variation, although these have never been evaluated together. We compared variation between subspecies at locations in Auckland, identifying subspecies using rps3‐rpl16 DNA sequence data, and assessing gross morphological differences, anatomical utricle characters and morphometrics. The taxonomic utility of the morphometric data sets was assessed by linear discriminant analysis. Utricle characters and measurements varied within individual thalli and between different preservation methods. The phenotypes of both subspecies were highly variable and influenced by environment. Accurate subspecies delimitation using morphological data was not possible; the discriminant analyses performed no better than chance for all combinations of the morphological data. Specimens from New Zealand, Canada, Australia and Ireland were sequenced using both the rps3‐rpl16 and tufA plastid markers. The tufA elongation factor was shown to be a good candidate for differentiating subspecies of C. fragile. This marker is twice the length of the rps3‐rpl16 spacer, shows greater variation between ssp. fragile and novae‐zelandiae, and is less prone to sequencing error. A simple restriction enzyme digest of the tufA amplicon can distinguish ssp. fragile and ssp. novae‐zelandiae. Our study expands the known range of the ssp. fragile in New Zealand, including the first record of this subspecies from the west coast of Auckland, and points to a need to re‐evaluate morphological and molecular criteria for subspecies currently defined within C. fragile.
No precipitation legacy effects on above‐ground net primary production and species diversity in grazed Mediterranean grassland: a 21‐year experiment
Authors: Sternberg Marcelo , Golodets Carly , Gutman Mario , Perevolotsky Avi , Kigel Jaime , Henkin Zalmen
Published: November 2016

Question

What are the controls on biomass production and species diversity in Mediterranean grasslands? Do medium‐term (i.e. inter‐annual) precipitation legacy effects on biomass production and diversity occur in these grasslands?

Location

Karei Deshe Experimental Range Station, Upper Galilee, northern Israel.

Methods

We used a long‐term (21‐r) cattle‐grazing experiment in a Mediterranean grassland to search for evidence of precipitation legacies on herbaceous above‐ground biomass production and species diversity. Biomass production was measured in two seasonal late grazing treatments, in the winter and at peak vegetative production in the spring, while species diversity was determined at peak production. We used ANCOVA to test the effects of residual biomass, previous year's stocking density and previous year's biomass on current biomass production. We ran forward selection and ANCOVA to test for precipitation legacies, using precipitation variables relating to both previous and current year's rainfall. In addition we examined linear regressions of biomass and species diversity on current year's precipitation.

Results

Biomass production and species diversity showed weak to negligible relationships with current year's precipitation. Biomass production, and to a lesser extent, diversity, were affected by inter‐annual fluctuations in growing conditions. However, evidence of inter‐annual precipitation legacies were found only for early season biomass production, and not for peak biomass production or species diversity. We found no effect of grazing on biomass production at the onset of the grazing season, regardless of important differences in previous year's stocking density. Additionally, we found no effect of previous year's biomass production or stocking density on the following year's biomass or diversity, but peak biomass production was strongly related to previous year's residual biomass.

Conclusions

The lack of an inter‐annual precipitation legacy on peak biomass production contributes to a growing body of evidence showing that Mediterranean ecosystems are unique among semi‐arid and sub‐humid ecosystems, where precipitation legacies play an integral role. Mediterranean ecosystems are unique in their combined long‐term high variability in rainfall and long grazing history. This lack of precipitation legacy led to the development of vegetation that is highly resistant to inter‐annual fluctuations in growing conditions. We propose that the high resistance contributes to the lack of inter‐annual, or medium‐term, precipitation legacies on the studied grassland, and may contribute to its persistence under future projected climate change in the region.
Contrasting effects of precipitation manipulations in two Great Plains plant communities
Authors: Byrne Kerry M. , Adler Peter B. , Lauenroth William K.
Published: November 2016

Question

Anthropogenic climate change is altering temperature and precipitation in grasslands worldwide. As grasslands are primarily water‐limited, these changes in climate will likely have dramatic impacts on ecosystem function and community structure, yet the magnitude of change and the types of species favoured may differ among ecosystems or even among local communities within ecosystems. How much might plant community responses to altered precipitation vary at two sites within one grassland region?

Location

Semi‐arid and sub‐humid natural grasslands in the US Great Plains.

Methods

At two sites we used rainfall shelters and irrigation to create irrigation, drought and control treatments. We measured changes in species composition, richness, Shannon's diversity, evenness and cover by plant functional groups across 4 yr (2008–2011).

Results

The semi‐arid grassland community was relatively insensitive to precipitation manipulations, and in the few cases where there was a significant relationship between treatment precipitation and the response variable, the slope of the relationship was weak. In contrast, the sub‐humid grassland community was very sensitive to changes in treatment precipitation throughout the experiment, and responded more strongly, and negatively, to drought compared to irrigation.

Conclusions

The differing sensitivity of the dominant species to altered precipitation amount appears to largely determine the overall differences in community response at these sites. The variable responses we observed within a single grassland region highlight the challenge of forecasting community impacts of climate change.
Membrane protein insertase YidC in bacteria and archaea
Authors: Kuhn Andreas , Kiefer Dorothee
Published: November 2016

The insertion of proteins into the prokaryotic plasma membrane is catalyzed by translocases and insertases. On one hand, the Sec translocase operates as a transmembrane channel that can open laterally to first bind and then release the hydrophobic segments of a substrate protein into the lipid bilayer. On the other hand, YidC insertases interact with their substrates in a groove‐like structure at an amphiphilic protein–lipid interface thus allowing the transmembrane segments of the substrate to slide into the lipid bilayer. The recently published high‐resolution structures of YidC provide new mechanistic insights of how transmembrane proteins achieve the transition from an aqueous environment in the cytoplasm to the hydrophobic lipid bilayer environment of the membrane.
Pantoea ananatis: genomic insights into a versatile pathogen
Authors: Weller‐Stuart Tania , De Maayer Pieter , Coutinho Teresa
Published: November 2016

Pantoea ananatis, a bacterium that is well known for its phytopathogenic characteristics, has been isolated from a myriad of ecological niches and hosts. Infection of agronomic crops, such as maize and rice, can result in substantial economic losses. In the last few years, much of the research performed onP. ananatishas been based on the sequencing and analysis of the genomes of strains isolated from different environments and with different lifestyles. In this review, we summarize the advances made in terms of pathogenicity determinants of phytopathogenic strains ofP. ananatisand how this bacterium is able to adapt and survive in such a wide variety of habitats. The diversity and adaptability ofP. ananatiscan largely be attributed to the plasticity of its genome and the integration of mobile genetic elements on both the chromosome and plasmid. Furthermore, we discuss the recent interest in this species in various biotechnological applications.

Taxonomy

Domain Bacteria; Class Gammaproteobacteria; Family Enterobacteriaceae; genusPantoea; speciesananatis.

Disease symptoms

Pantoea ananatiscauses disease on a wide range of plants, and symptoms can range from dieback and stunted growth inEucalyptusseedlings to chlorosis and bulb rotting in onions.

Disease control

Currently, the only methods of control ofP. ananatison most plant hosts are the use of resistant clones and cultivars or the eradication of infected plant material. The use of lytic bacteriophages on certain host plants, such as rice, has also achieved a measure of success.
Treatment options for keratocyst odontogenic tumour (KCOT): a systematic review
Authors: Dias G. , Marques T. , Coelho P.
Published: November 2016

Background

The keratocystic odontogenic tumour (KCOT) is a benign intraosseous odontogenic lesion relatively frequent in the oral cavity. It has a locally aggressive behaviour and exhibits a high propensity to recur after treatment. All the singular characteristics of this pathology have originated controversy in the scientific community regarding the most appropriate surgical approaches for the successful treatment of this tumour.

Objectives

To analyse the optimal treatment choice for this tumour, ensuring high success rates of treatment, preventing future recurrences and allowing the maintenance of the patient's quality of life.

Materials and methods

A search was conducted in Cochrane – 1 result – and in PubMed – 756 results. The selection of articles was based on abstracts and inclusion and exclusion criteria. Three research studies were considered for the final analysis.

Results

One hundred and nineteen lesions were identified (73 males and 46 females). Twenty‐nine tumours were found in the maxilla and 91 in the mandible; the applied therapeutic methods were: marsupialization/decompression, marsupialization followed by enucleation and adjunctive therapies (peripheral ostectomy and Carnoy's solution), solely enucleation, enucleation and Carnoy's solution, enucleation followed by peripheral ostectomy and Carnoy's solution and resection.

Discussion and conclusions

Treatment by enucleation, in combination with adjunctive measures, is associated with minor recurrence rates when compared with enucleation alone. The small number of KCOT that were treated with en bloc resection did not obtain statistically relevant results. Therefore, more studies with well‐established criteria are necessary to enable an adequate analysis of recurrence rates associated with each treatment modality.
COMPARING RESISTANCE TO OPEN DATA PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT: PUBLIC EDUCATION IN BRAZIL AND THE UK
Authors: MICHENER GREGORY , RITTER OTAVIO
Published: November 2016

Much is known about governmental resistance to disclosure laws, less so about multi‐stakeholder resistance to open data. This study compares open data initiatives within the primary and secondary school systems of Brazil and the UK, focusing on stakeholder resistance and corresponding policy solutions. The analytical framework is based on the ‘Three‐Ps’ of open data resistance to performance metrics, corresponding to professional, political, and privacy‐related concerns. Evidence shows that resistance is highly nuanced, as stakeholders alternately serve as both principals and agents. School administrators, for example, are simultaneously principals to service providers and teachers, and at once agents to parents and politicians. Relying on a different systems comparison, in‐depth interviews, and newspaper content analyses, we find that similar stakeholders across countries demonstrate strikingly divergent levels of resistance. In overcoming stakeholder resistance – across socioeconomic divides – context conscientious ‘data‐informed’ evaluations may promote greater acceptance than narrowly ‘data‐driven’ performance measurements.
Coordinated protein co‐expression in plants by harnessing the synergy between an intein and a viral 2A peptide
Authors: Zhang Bei , Rapolu Madhusudhan , Kumar Sandeep , Gupta Manju , Liang Zhibin , Han Zhenlin , Williams Philip , Su Wei Wen
Published: November 2016

A novel approach is developed for coordinated expression of multiple proteins from a single transgene in plants. An Ssp DnaE mini‐intein variant engineered for hyper‐N‐terminal autocleavage is covalently linked to the foot‐and‐mouth disease virus 2A (F2A) peptide with unique ribosome skipping property, via a peptide linker, to create an ‘IntF2A’ self‐excising fusion protein domain. This IntF2A domain acts, in cis, to direct highly effective release of its flanking proteins of interest (POIs) from a ‘polyprotein’ precursor in plants. This is successfully demonstrated in stably transformed cultured tobacco cells as well as in different organs of transgenic tobacco plants. Highly efficient polyprotein processing mediated by the IntF2A domain was also demonstrated in lettuce and Nicotiana benthamiana based on transient expression. Protein constituents released from the polyprotein precursor displayed proper function and accumulated at similar levels inside the cells. Importantly, no C‐terminal F2A extension remains on the released POIs. We demonstrated co‐expression of as many as three proteins in plants without compromising expression levels when compared with those using single‐protein vectors. Accurate differential cellular targeting of released POIs is also achieved. In addition, we succeeded in expressing a fully assembled and functional chimeric anti‐His Tag antibody in N. benthamiana leaves. The IntF2A‐based polyprotein transgene system overcomes key impediments of existing strategies for multiprotein co‐expression in plants, which is particularly important for gene/trait stacking.
Sporadic pseudohypoparathyroidism type‐1b with asymptomatic hypocalcemia
Authors: Goto Motohide , Yamamoto Yukiyo , Ishii Masahiro , Nakamura Akie , Sano Shinichiro , Kagami Masayo , Fukami Maki , Saito Reiko , Araki Shunsuke , Kubo Kazuyasu , Kawagoe Rinko , Kawada Yasusada , Kusuhara Koichi
Published: November 2016

Pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1b (PHP‐1b) is usually diagnosed on various symptoms of hypocalcemia. Previous studies reported a few cases of autosomal dominant pattern PHP‐1b identified on familial analysis with asymptomatic hypocalcemia. Herein we report the case of a 6‐year‐old male patient with sporadic PHP‐1b incidentally detected on preoperative examination. He had neither characteristic findings of Albright hereditary osteodystrophy nor evidence of tetany. Sporadic PHP‐1b was diagnosed on the basis of clinical observation and laboratory examination. In addition, genetic testing using methylation‐specific multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification indicated broad methylation abnormalities and confirmed the sporadic form of PHP‐1b. Sporadic PHP‐1b might often be overlooked when diagnosis is done simply on definitive clinical features. To avoid this, DNA sequencing and methylation analysis should be performed even in the absence of definitive clinical features.
Esophageal adenocarcinoma and Barrett esophagus in a neurologically impaired teenager
Authors: Hwang Jae‐Yeon , Lee Yeoun Joo , Chun Peter , Shin Dong Hoon , Park Jae Hong
Published: November 2016

Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) accompanied by Barrett esophagus (BE) is rare in patients younger than 20 years old. EAC in the upper esophagus is also rare. We report a rare case of EAC with BE that developed in the upper esophagus after chronic, untreated gastroesophageal reflux disease in a neurologically impaired teenager. A 19‐year‐old neurologically impaired man underwent endoscopy for evaluation of dysphagia and vomiting, and was diagnosed with EAC with BE. He underwent transthoracic esophagectomy, extensive lymph node dissection, and cervical esophagogastric anastomosis, but the prognosis was poor. Pathology indicated poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with BE.
Reproducibility of corrected QT interval in pediatric genotyped long QT syndrome
Authors: Ogawa Yoshiharu , Tanaka Toshikatsu , Kido Sachiko
Published: November 2016

Reproducibility of corrected QT interval (QTc), especially QTc after exercise, has not been thoroughly investigated. We reviewed charts of pediatric patients who underwent treadmill‐exercise stress testing without medication multiple times within 1 year. In patients with long‐QT syndrome (LQTS; n = 22), the discrepancy in QTc between two treadmill exercise stress tests using Fridericia's formula was 14 ± 12 ms at rest, 13 ± 12 ms 4 min after exercise, with a maximum of 14 ± 12 ms after exercise. There was no statistically significant difference in QTc between the two tests. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were 0.84, 0.85, and 0.85, respectively. In controls (n = 13), the discrepancy in QTc was 18 ± 12 ms at rest, 14 ± 7 ms 4 min after exercise, with a maximum of 14 ± 9 ms after exercise. There was no significant difference in QTc between the two tests. ICC were 0.78, 0.80, and 0.80, respectively. QTc calculated using Bazett's formula also showed high reproducibility. Reproducibility of QTc in children is high at rest and after exercise.
Neonatal bowel strangulation: Rare presentation of congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Arena Salvatore , Scalfari Gianfranco , Turiaco Nunzio , Marseglia Lucia , Perrone Patrizia , Gitto Eloisa , Romeo Carmelo
Published: November 2016

We report a case of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) with perinatal bowel strangulation requiring intestinal resection. Ten hours after birth, the newborn started to be lethargic and developed bilious emesis. X‐ray documented distended loops of bowel with air fluid levels in the abdomen and a gasless, non‐homogeneous opacity of the left hemithorax, a right mediastinal shift and loss of the sharp left hemidiaphram line. On gastrographin enema the left colon was above the adjacent left diaphragm. Emergency surgery was performed at 16 h of age. The entire small bowel appeared reddish and compromised. After 24 h, second‐look laparotomy was performed and only 25 cm of small bowel were viable. The postoperative period was uneventful. Neonatal bowel strangulation in CDH should be taken into account when estimating postnatal morbidity and mortality and, even if CDH treatment is not an emergency procedure, if gastrointestinal symptoms prevail over respiratory symptoms, surgery should be carried out without delay.
Using Value Chains to Enhance Innovation
Authors: Lee Hau L. , Schmidt Glen
Published: November 2016

Past research (along with our experience) suggests that a firm's supply chain (i.e., value chain) plays an integral role in its ability to not only reduce cost via process innovation, but also in its ability to develop new products and services. Evidence suggests the value chain is playing an ever‐more‐important role, with greater prevalence of distributed product development (spanning geographic, organizational, or firm boundaries) and open innovation (performed outside the firm). We discuss some of the trends with regard to supplier and customer involvement in the innovation process, and summarize some of the research exploring the rationale behind those trends and the research offering advice on how firms can use external resources to further improve their innovation performance. We present a number of examples that illustrate some best practices.
Organizational Learning and Management of Technology
Authors: Argote Linda , Hora Manpreet
Published: November 2016

Organizational learning includes processes of creating, retaining and transferring knowledge and has implications for the performance and competitiveness of organizations. Given the knowledge‐based view of resources inherent in management of technology (MOT), in this study, we adopt an organizational learning framework that considers knowledge to be embedded in three major components of organizations—members, tasks and tools—and the networks formed by crossing them. We present research related to these components that is most applicable to MOT. In suggesting future research in MOT, we explicate the framework further by proposing that learning occurs in an organizational context.
Overview of 3 year precommercial seafarming of Macrocystis pyrifera along the Chilean coast
Authors: Camus Carolina , Infante Javier , Buschmann Alejandro H.
Published: November 2016

Chile is one of the main producers of seaweeds in the world; however, most of the production comes from harvesting natural beds and only 2.4% from cultures, dominated by the agarophyte Gracilaria chilensis. One of the most exploited resources is the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera, which is sold fresh for abalone feed and dry for alginate extraction. Recently, new possible markets are developing for this species, for example human consumption and biofuel/chemical production that could increase the demand and justify the development of a commercial cultivation system. The objective of this work was to present the recent development of the seafarming of M. pyrifera in Chile, focusing on the fundamental determinants of productivity in cultivated systems and the identification of the binding constraints to productivity. Three experimental plots (up to 21 Ha) were designed and deployed in three study areas (Caldera in northern Chile and Quenac and Ancud in southern Chile) to test different environmental conditions. During a period of 3 years, sporophytes produced in an indoor hatchery were deployed monthly, at different densities, and followed until harvest. Environmental parameters and biomass were monitored on a monthly basis. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of Macrocystis seafarming on a large scale in Chile. Important differences in yield were observed between the study areas associated with either environmental physical or biological factors, such as the presence of herbivores. Our best production cycle reached 124 WMT Ha−1 month −1 in southern Chile, and the worst, less than 20 WMT Ha−1 month−1 in northern Chile. Finally, some direct and indirect constrains were encountered, including seeding season and depth, and the presence of pests and diseases, that are discussed.
Role of MCP‐1 in pleural effusion development in a carrageenan‐induced murine model of pleurisy
Authors: Lansley Sally M. , Cheah Hui Min , Lee Y.C. Gary
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Background and objective

Exudative pleural effusions affect over 1500 patients per million population each year. The pathobiology of pleural exudate formation remains unclear. Our recent study revealed monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 (MCP‐1) as a key driver of fibrinolytic‐induced exudate effusion while another study found a role for MCP‐1 in malignant effusion formation. In the present study, we further evaluated the role of MCP‐1 in the development of pleural effusion in a mouse model of acute pleural inflammation.

Methods

λ‐Carrageenan (CAR) was injected into the pleural cavity of CD1 mice and pleural effusion volume measured up to 16 h post‐injection. Pleural effusion and serum protein and MCP‐1 concentrations were measured and differential cell counts performed in fluids. Mice were also treated with either intraperitoneal (i) anti‐MCP‐1 antibody or isotype control or (ii) an MCP‐1 receptor (CCR2) antagonist or vehicle control 12 h prior to and at the time of CAR injection.

Results

Intrapleural CAR induced significant pleural fluid accumulation (300.0 ± 49.9 μL) in mice after 4 h. Pleural fluid MCP‐1 concentrations were significantly higher than corresponding serum MCP‐1 (144 603 ± 23 204 pg/mL vs 3703 ± 801 pg/mL, P < 0.0001). A significant decrease in pleural fluid formation was seen both with anti‐MCP‐1 antibody (median (interquartile range, IQR): 36 (0–168) μL vs controls 290 (70–436) μL; P = 0.02) or CCR2 antagonist (153 (30–222) μL vs controls 240 (151–331) μL, P = 0.0049).

Conclusions

Blockade of MCP‐1 activity significantly reduced inflammatory pleural effusion formation in a CAR model. Together with recent successes in MCP‐1 blockade in other effusion formation models, our data strongly support clinical evaluation of MCP‐1 antagonists as a novel approach to pleural fluid management.
Deconstructing maternal sensitivity: Predictive relations to mother‐child attachment in home and laboratory settings
Authors: Bailey Heidi N. , Bernier Annie , Bouvette‐Turcot Andrée‐Anne , Tarabulsy George M. , Pederson David R. , Becker‐Stoll Fabienne
Published: November 2016

Despite the well‐documented importance of parental sensitivity for child development, there is a lack of consensus regarding how best to assess it. We investigated the factor structure of maternal caregiving behavior as assessed at 12 months by the Maternal Behavior Q‐Sort (Pederson & Moran) with 274 mother‐infant dyads. Subsequently, we examined associations between these empirically‐derived dimensions and child attachment, assessed in the home and laboratory (final N = 157). Three dimensions of maternal behavior were identified, corresponding fairly closely to Ainsworth's original scales. They were labeled Cooperation/Attunement, Positivity, and Accessibility/Availability. Only Cooperation/Attunement consistently predicted home‐based attachment at 15 months and 2 years, and at comparable strength to the overall sensitivity score, suggesting that this construct may be central to sensitivity. At 18 months, compared to their primarily secure counterparts, different types of laboratory‐assessed insecure attachment were associated with different patterns of maternal behavior. Mothers in avoidant relationships (n = 18) were low on Cooperation/Attunement and Accessibility/Availability, but fairly high on Positivity. Mothers of disorganized infants (n = 11) were Cooperative/Attuned but somewhat less Positive toward, and less Accessible/Available to, their infants. A multidimensional approach to parental behavior may facilitate the identification of parenting precursors of insecure parent‐child relationships.
Analysis of morphological changes after facial massage by a novel approach using three‐dimensional computed tomography
Authors: Nishimura H. , Okuda I. , Kunizawa N. , Inoue T. , Nakajima Y. , Amano S.
Published: November 2016

Background/purpose

Photograph‐based visual scoring has been used for evaluation of facial morphological changes. Here, we describe a three‐dimensional computed tomography (3D‐CT) method for objective analysis of facial and intra‐facial (subcutaneous) changes. The effects of facial massage were examined using both methods.

Methods

Subjects were 12 healthy female volunteers without facial scars or deformation (age 30–54 years, mean 39.4 years). Photograph‐based scoring of massage‐induced morphological changes was done at the nasolabial folds, upper, lower and lateral cheeks and lower eyelids. For 3D‐CT evaluation, the virtual center axis (VCA) was set as the cranio‐caudal longitudinal line, and the VCA‐skin surface distances (VSDs) were measured. Massage‐induced changes of VSD were calculated (facial massage‐induced change rate, FMCR). Intra‐facial (subcutaneous) changes were also evaluated.

Results

Photograph‐based scoring revealed marked morphological changes of the nasolabial folds after facial massage, and changes of the lower, upper and lateral cheeks and lower eyelid were also observed in more than half of the subjects. FMCR values were significantly changed in the paranasal area, nasolabial fold area and cranial part of the mandibular area. Photograph‐based scores at the lower cheek and lower eyelid were well correlated with FMCR in the inferior part of the nasolabial fold and the mandibular area, respectively. Massage‐induced changes of subcutaneous fat tissues and facial expression muscles were also apparent on CT images.

Conclusion

3D‐CT imaging is useful for objective evaluation of the effects of facial massage, including anatomical changes in subcutaneous structures.
The role of community composition in grassland response to two methods of exotic forb removal
Authors: Heckman R W , McColley C , Slater M N , Carr D E
Published: November 2016

Invasive plants can seriously threaten biodiversity and ecosystem function. Thus, controlling the abundance and mitigating the deleterious effects of invasive plants is imperative. The effectiveness of removal methods could vary based on potential damage to non‐target species and on the ecological context of invasion. For example, species‐poor communities might benefit disproportionately from invasive removal because they tend to be more heavily invaded than species‐rich communities. In this study, we tested the efficacy of two common methods of invasive plant control, hand removal and 2,4‐D herbicide application, against the invasive forb, Galium verum. We further tested whether the community response to G. verum removal varied across communities that differed in native grass richness (one, three or six species) and composition. Grass diversity did not interact with G. verum removal to influence any response. Instead, hand removal and herbicide application each reduced G. verum stem density by >50% relative to controls. Furthermore, hand removal of G. verum increased species richness by 25% relative to controls and herbicide‐sprayed plots. Despite this benefit, hand removal is labour‐intensive and impractical for large areas. These results also suggest that applying herbicide may control G. verum spread without substantially reducing forb diversity in invaded tallgrass prairie. Thus, herbicide application may be most suitable for grasslands with low native forb diversity, especially in managed grasslands and pastures where maintaining native forb diversity is a lower priority than maintaining high grass productivity.
Whatever happened to Tuatapere? A study on a small rural community
Authors: Smith Pam
Published: November 2016

Social workers working in the rural community do so within a rural culture. This culture has developed from historical and cultural influences from the generations before, from the impact of social and familial changes over the years and from current internal and external influences. These changes and influences make the rural people who they are today. This study was carried out on a small rural community in Western Southland. The purpose was to examine the impact on the community of social changes over the past 50 years. Eight long-term residents were interviewed. The results will be discussed within this article.
Woolsheds, wet weather gear and the West Coast: Social work practice in Taranaki
Authors: Pitt Lesley
Published: November 2016

A paper presented to the ninth Biennial National Rural Remote Social Work Conference, ‘Rural Communities Inspiring Social Care’ held in Geelong, Australia, July 30 to 31, 2009.
Negotiating trans-cultural social service partnerships
Authors: Walker Peter
Published: November 2016

This paper explores trans-cultural organisational partnerships within kaupapa Māori, Pacific people’s and mainstream organisations and how such partnerships are formed and maintained. I describe and analyse such partnerships in practice in New Zealand, using Das and Teng’s (2001) trust, risk and control schema, focusing on what works and why it works, and outline strategies to enable the implementation of such partnerships to other sites. The research will hopefully be a resource for those working in community development and social service organisations, who intend to enter into trans-cultural partnerships.
Maternal mental health: Making a difference
Authors: Phillips Sally , Pitt Lesley
Published: November 2016

This research project explores what makes a difference in women’s recovery from postpartum distress. As postpartum distress can interfere in the establishment of secure attachment the need for early intervention is vital. This project, based on principles of feminist research, used questionnaires and interviews to canvas women who had accessed the mainstream maternal mental health service of Taranaki District Health Board. The women in this study felt they had benefited from individual and group work alongside medication, but crucial to their recovery was also informal support from family and friends and self care. While evidence-based practice is a dominant discourse in health at present, what these women told us was that kind, non judgemental support helped them recover. When women didn’t have this kind of support from their families, friends or professionals the recovery process was impeded.
Improving the quality of social work field education: The efficacy of an analysis using Cultural-Historical Activity Theory
Authors: Chilvers Dominic
Published: November 2016

Field education is recognised as a critical element in the preparation of social workers for competent practice. It is also acknowledged as a major pressure point in the provision of social work education in Aotearoa New Zealand. The pressures appear to be related to concerns about quality, consistent standards and the preparation of field educators who often lack the confidence or specialised knowledge and pedagogical skills required to facilitate student learning in the field. Attempts to address these concerns have generally focused on either local or national training programmes based on traditional learning theories. This article proposes that Cultural-Historical Activity Theory offers an alternative approach to the challenge of quality in field education and provides a basic description of the model. In particular, the analytical tools developed by Yrjö Engeström, which focus on the exploitation of tensions and contradictions in activity systems, are discussed as a useful strategy to bring about transformation. The article suggests that Cultural-Historical Activity Theory has been underutilised in social work research, but has the potential to open up rich veins of enquiry related to a range of concerns.
A survey of knowledge, attitudes and behaviours regarding sexual wellbeing among Chinese women living in New Zealand – a pilot study
Authors: Yeung Polly , English Awhina
Published: November 2016

The aims of the study were to assess sexual wellbeing knowledge and attitudes among Chinese women living in New Zealand and to investigate the factors that prevented them from seeking support from sexual wellbeing services. Seventy-nine Chinese women from Hong Kong, China and Taiwan were recruited through community and personal networks to complete a self-report survey, which included questions on socio-demographics, self-rated adjustment, knowledge of sexual wellbeing, importance of understanding sexual wellbeing, cultural influences, structural influences, and willingness to seek information and assistance. The findings in this study suggested that younger Chinese women lacked sexual wellbeing knowledge and were less likely to seek support when compared to their older age group counterparts. Three out of the eight variables assessed were found to make a significant contribution in the willingness of Chinese women seeking support from sexual wellbeing services. These were knowledge of sexual wellbeing, self-perceived importance of gaining an understanding of sexual wellbeing issues and cultural influences. Our results suggest that despite the length of residency and self-rated adjustment in New Zealand, traditional Chinese values and beliefs continue to influence the perceptions of Chinese women regarding their sexual wellbeing. Interventions to improve sexual and reproductive wellbeing in this population, particularly younger Chinese women, should be tailored to the specific enabling and reinforcing factors that include cultural views, communications between Chinese women and health and social services providers, and access to healthcare information.
What do social work students think social work research is?
Authors: Gibbs Anita
Published: November 2016

In New Zealand, social work students often undertake social work research training as part of their first qualification in social work. The focus of this article is to consider what social work students think social work research is and whether they think social work research should be part of normal, everyday practice or not. Forty-three social work students from Otago University participated in a small research project during 2009 aimed at exploring their constructions of social work research. They emphasised that social work research should be compatible with social work values like empowerment and social justice, and bring about positive change of benefit of service users.
Inspiring contemporary social work: Latest developments
Authors: Maidment Jane , Crichton-Hill Yvonne
Published: November 2016

The editorial for issue 28(3).
Social work with children and families: Reflections of a critical practitioner
Authors: Rogowski Steve
Published: November 2016

Reviewed by Peter Stanley, Tauranga, New Zealand.
Introduction
Authors: Obermayer August
Published: November 2016

Introduction
Glossary of Literary Terms - J to K
Authors: Obermayer August
Published: November 2016

Glossary of Literary Terms - J to K
Glossary of Literary Terms - L
Authors: Obermayer August
Published: November 2016

Glossary of Literary Terms - L
Glossary of Literary Terms - Q to R
Authors: Obermayer August
Published: November 2016

Glossary of Literary Terms - Q to R
Glossary of Literary Terms - S
Authors: Obermayer August
Published: November 2016

Glossary of Literary Terms - S
Glossary of Literary Terms - W
Authors: Obermayer August
Published: November 2016

Glossary of Literary Terms - W
Glossary of Literary Terms - X to Z
Authors: Obermayer August
Published: November 2016

Glossary of Literary Terms - X to Z
Glossary of Literary Terms - E
Authors: Obermayer August
Published: November 2016

Glossary of Literary Terms - E
A corpus of noise-induced word misperceptions for English
Authors: Marxer Ricard , Barker Jon , Cooke Martin , Garcia Lecumberri Maria Luisa
Published: November 2016

Words spoken against a noise background often form an ambiguous percept. However, in certain conditions, a listener will mishear a noisy word but report hearing the same incorrect word as reported by other listeners. These consistent hearing errors are valuable as tests of detailed models of speech perception. This paper describes the collection of a corpus of consistent speech misperceptions for English. The mishearings were elicited using a large scale listening study involving 212 participants and over 300 000 token presentations. The study led to the identification of 3207 consistent misperceptions. For each of these, the corpus records the speech and masker waveforms that generated the error, the set of responses made by the listeners, and phonemic transcriptions of the target word and the response. The corpus is freely available online.