bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photosynthetic Response of Flooded Rice (Oryza sativa) and ThreeEchinochloaSpecies to Changes in Environmental Factors
Authors: Bouhache Mohamed , Bayer David E.
Published: May 2019

The photosynthetic responses of rice (C3) and threeEchinochloaspecies (C4), barnyardgrass, early watergrass, and late watergrass, to changes in CO2intercellular partial pressure, light intensity, and leaf temperature were investigated under laboratory conditions. The threeEchinochloaspecies exhibited photosynthetic responses characteristic of C4plants. The three weedy species showed higher efficiency for CO2utilization at low CO2intercellular partial pressure (CO2i) than rice. Compensation and saturation of CO2i for photosynthesis were lower in the weedy species than in rice. The maximum photosynthetic rates at high light intensity were 33.5, 32.7, 30.5, and 21.5 μmol CO2m-2s-1for barnyardgrass, early watergrass, late watergrass, and rice, respectively. Photosynthesis temperature optimum was 35 to 37 C for the threeEchinochloaspecies and 33 C for rice. Overall, under simulated summer conditions, the four taxa showed a photosynthetic ability hierarchy with regard to gas exchange performance as follows: barnyardgrass ≥ early watergrass > late watergrass > rice.
Preemergence Control of Itchgrass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis) and Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) in Sugarcane (Saccharumspp hybrids) with Pendimethalin and Prodiamine
Authors: Millhollon Rex W.
Published: May 2019

Preemergence control of itchgrass in sugarcane with nonincorporated pendimethalin and prodiamine increased as rate for each herbicide increased from 2.2 to 3.4 kg ai ha-1. Itchgrass control at 3.4 kg ha-1was similar for both herbicides, ranging from 78 to 94% (86% mean) for pendimethalin in six field experiments and 83 to 91% (86% mean) for prodiamine in three experiments. Incorporated trifluralin at 2.2 kg ha-1, the standard, gave 99% mean control of itchgrass. None of the nonincorporated treatments with pendimethalin or prodiamine consistently prevented a decrease in the sugarcane stalk population at harvest. Asulam applied postemergence at 3.7 kg ae ha-1controlled itchgrass that survived the preemergence herbicides, and sugarcane stalk populations were maintained. Preemergence control of johnsongrass with nonincorporated treatments of pendimethalin or prodiamine at 2.8 kg ha-1, in a mixture with atrazine at 2.2 kg ai ha-1, ranged from 86 to 95% (89% mean) for pendimethalin and 80 to 95% (88% mean) for prodiamine. Metribuzin at 2.2 kg ha-1, the standard, gave 97% mean control of johnsongrass. Mixtures of pendimethalin with metribuzin or terbacil generally gave more effective control of johnsongrass than mixtures with atrazine. When used in conjunction with other herbicides, nonincorporated pendimethalin and prodiamine were effective alternatives to soil-incorporated treatments for weed control in sugarcane.
Persistence and Movement of Sethoxydim Residues in Three Minnesota Soils
Authors: Koskinen William C. , Reynolds Kathryn M. , Buhler Douglas D. , Wyse Donald L. , Barber Brian L. , Jarvis Leetta J.
Published: May 2019

The persistence and movement of sethoxydim residues were determined in the top 45 cm of an Estherville sandy loam (sl), Port Byron silt loam (sil), and Webster clay loam (cl) in the field. Analysis of sethoxydim residues simultaneously quantified parent and eight metabolites by conversion to a common volatile end product, 3-[2(ethylsulfonyl)propyl]-pentanedioic acid dimethyl ester, followed by analysis using gas chromatography (GC) and a flame photometric detector. Recovery of residues from soil spiked with 100 μg kg-1was 86 ± 21%. Residues remaining in soil 21 days after treatment (DAT) in 1989 were 37, 51, and 29% of the applied sethoxydim in the sl, sil, and cl, respectively, while in 1990, 86, 52, and 24% remained in the sl, sil, and cl, respectively. Alachlor remaining 21 DAT in 1989 was 66, 52, and 65% of that applied in the sl, sil, and cl, respectively, while in 1990, it was 16, 13, and 100% in the sl, sil, and cl, respectively. Atrazine had the greatest % of applied chemical remaining 21 DAT in 1989: 100, 71, and 73% in the sl, sil, and cl, respectively. of the atrazine applied in 1990, atrazine remaining 21 DAT was 87% in the sl, 42% in the sil, and 100% in the cl. Over all soils and years, the amount of total sethoxydim residues remaining 137 DAT was the least of the three herbicides. In terms of leaching, sethoxydim residues showed least movement, with minimal detections below 0 to 15 cm. Although sethoxydim appears to be advantageous over alachlor and atrazine in terms of potential impact on ground water quality, additional information regarding composition of the detected residues is needed to better assess its environmental impact.
Field Test of the WeevilHadroplonthus trimaculatusand the FleabeetlePsylliodes chalcomeraAgainst Musk Thistle (Carduus nutans)
Authors: Dunn Paul H. , Campobasso Gaetano
Published: May 2019

This study was conducted to determine if field evaluations could be used to select insects for biological control of musk thistle. Host specificity and larval development of a weevil,Hadroplonthus trimaculatus, and a fleabeetle,Psylliodes chalcomera, were studied in field trials near Rome, Italy, in which insects were allowed free choice of several hosts. Natural populations of these two insects, which do not occur in North America, were exposed to North American species ofCirsium, Carduus, and selected crops. Adult insects and larvae on host plants were identified and counted on test plants from North America and native attraction plants. In addition to infesting musk thistle, weevil adults and larvae were recorded on flodman thistle, wavyleaf thistle, and spinosissimum thistle. Consequently, this insect was not suitable for introduction into North America. The fleabeetle would be satisfactory for biological control since no adults or larvae were recorded onCirsiumspp. or economic plants. These studies show that field trials are a valid method for identifying specific and nonspecific candidate insects for biological control of weeds.
A 16-yr Survey on Levels of Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi
Authors: Mcwhorter Chester G.
Published: May 2019

A survey was conducted in Mississippi from 1976 and in Arkansas and Louisiana from 1977 through 1991 to determine annual variation of johnsongrass infestation in cotton and soybean fields. The survey route was 1534 km long. Levels of johnsongrass infestation were estimated in 752 ± 296 cotton fields and 884 ± 407 soybean fields in each year of the survey. The area of fields surveyed annually was 47 000 ± 21 000 ha of cotton and 52 000 ± 19 000 ha of soybeans. Johnsongrass was present in 55 to 90% of the cotton fields. The percent of cotton fields with johnsongrass was about the same in 1991 as in 1976–77. About 90% of the soybean fields in Mississippi and Louisiana had johnsongrass, but only 70 to 80% of soybeans fields in Arkansas had johnsongrass. Soybean fields with 1 to 5% levels of infestation increased slightly in Mississippi but remained about the same in Arkansas and Louisiana. Soybean fields with infestations of 6% or more slightly decreased in Arkansas and Louisiana but not in Mississippi. It was estimated that johnsongrass reduces the average annual value of harvested cotton $5.8 ± 1.9 million and soybeans $23.7 ± 0.6 million in the three states.
Resistance to Nine Herbicide Classes in a Population of Rigid Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)
Authors: Burnet Michael W. M. , Hart Quentin , Holtum Joseph A. M. , Powles Stephen B.
Published: May 2019

Rigid ryegrass population VLR69 has become resistant to nine classes of herbicides after 21 yr of exposure to five herbicides in five different chemical classes. The population was exposed to diuron in 17 seasons and is resistant to diuron (4 fold) and chlorotoluron (8 fold) when compared with a reference susceptible population (VLR1). VLR69 had six seasons of exposure to chlorsulfuron and exhibits a high level of resistance to chlorsulfuron (> 20 fold) and triasulfuron (> 25 fold) and a lesser change in sensitivity to sulfometuron (7 fold); however, 4% of the population has a high level of resistance to sulfometuron. Resistance to atrazine (5 fold), simazine (6 fold), and ametryn (10 fold) was observed after five seasons of exposure to atrazine. There is a high level of resistance to all aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides after only two exposures to diclofop eight generations prior to testing the population. The population was cross-resistant to tralkoxydim (> 9.5 fold) and sethoxydim (1.8 fold). There was a small change in sensitivity to paraquat (1.4 fold) after three generations of exposure. The population displayed cross-resistance to: imazaquin (7 fold), imazapyr (2.5 fold), metribuzin (8.7 fold), and metolachlor (2 fold) but was susceptible to oxyfluorfen and dinitroaniline herbicides. There was also a small shift in sensitivity to tridiphane (1.6 fold).
Effects of Tillage Systems and Weed Management on Weed Populations in Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
Authors: Vencill William K. , Banks Philip A.
Published: May 2019

Field research was conducted from 1987 to 1991 to evaluate the influence of four weed management systems on weed population and species dynamics in conventional-tillage and no-tillage grain sorghum production. These weed management systems included zero, low, medium, and high input systems. The weed seedbank increased faster in zero and low input weed management systems than in the high input weed management systems because of differences in weed control. Tillage influenced weed seed densities as well. Common ragweed, common lambsquarters, horseweed, and sicklepod seed densities often were greater in no-tillage than conventional-tillage plots. Common cocklebur and large crabgrass seed densities were usually greater in conventional-tillage than no-tillage plots. Smooth pigweed seed densities were not affected by tillage. Increasing weed management inputs diminished differences between tillage systems. Smooth pigweed dominated the weed populations after 4 yr in both tillage systems even in high input systems.
Interference between Mayweed Chamomile (Anthemis cotula) and Pea (Pisum sativum) is Affected by Form of Interference and Soil Water Regime
Authors: Ogg Alex G. , Stephens Randall H. , Gealy David R.
Published: May 2019

Effects of root-shoot interference, soil water regimes, and soil nitrogen were evaluated to determine aggressivity for pea relative to mayweed chamomile in the greenhouse using replacement series experiments. Interference between pea and mayweed chamomile occurred mainly below ground, and soil water was more important than soil nitrogen in controlling the outcome of interference. Pea was a stronger competitor than mayweed chamomile under all conditions investigated. Leaf area, root weight, and shoot weight of mayweed chamomile were reduced 55 to 87% by full interference and 27 to 60% by root only interference from pea. Full interference from mayweed chamomile for 53 days after planting released the remaining pea from intraspecific interference and it grew 80% larger and produced 100% more pod weight compared to a pea in monoculture. Low soil water potential (–175 kPa) compared to high water potential (–33 kPa) reduced the height, leaf area, and shoot weight of pea in 1:1 mixtures, but had no effect on mayweed chamomile. Decreasing soil water increased the aggressivity of mayweed chamomile relative to pea. Nitrogen added at 20 mg wk-1compared to no added nitrogen had no effect on peas, but more than doubled the size of mayweed chamomile in monoculture and in mixtures with pea. Added nitrogen did not increase the aggressivity of mayweed chamomile relative to pea.
Imazethapyr Absorption and Fate in Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula)
Authors: Nissen Scott J. , Masters Robert A. , Stougaard Robert N.
Published: May 2019

Absorption, translocation, root release, and metabolism of imazethapyr by leafy spurge were determined under growth chamber conditions.14C-imazethapyr was applied to vegetatively propagated leafy spurge plants in a 1% solution of 28% urea ammonium nitrate containing 0.25% by vol nonionic surfactant Plants were harvested 2 and 8 d after herbicide application. Imazethapyr absorption increased from 9% at 2d to 20% at 8d. Acropetal and basipetal translocation out of the treated leaf was observed, with 3.4 to 4.2% of the applied radioactivity accumulating in the root by the end of the 8-d time course. Eight days after herbicide application, radioactivity in dormant and elongated adventitious shoot buds was twofold higher than in root tissue (compared on a dry wt basis). Two days after herbicide application, 93% of the radioactivity remained as intact imazethapyr in the treated leaf, crown, root, and shoot buds. Eight days after application, crown, roots, and adventitious shoot buds had metabolized an average of 61, 36, and 47% of the imazethapyr, respectively, while only 14% was metabolized in the treated leaf. The primary metabolite cochromatographed with 5-hydroxyethyl-imazethapyr standard.
Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Populations Resistant to Triallate Are Also Resistant to Difenzoquat
Authors: O'Donovan John T. , Sharma M. Paul , Harker K. Neil , Maurice Denise , Baig Mirza N. , Blackshaw Robert E.
Published: May 2019

In response to farmer complaints of poor triallate performance, wild oat seed was collected from 34 fields in Alberta in the fall of 1990. Screening trials in the greenhouse indicated that 15 of the populations were highly resistant to triallate applied at the equivalent of the recommended field rate (1.7 kg ha-1), whereas the other 19 populations were adequately controlled. All triallate-resistant populations were also highly resistant to difenzoquat applied at 1.7 kg ha-1(equivalent to twice the recommended field rate). The effect of increasing rates of both herbicides on dry weight of five of the resistant and two of the susceptible populations was determined in greenhouse experiments. Triallate applied up to 3.4 kg ha-1had little or no effect on the resistant populations, whereas the susceptible populations were controlled at 1.7 kg ha-1. At rates of 6.8 kg ha-1or higher, there were differences among the resistant populations and among individuals within the populations in the response to triallate. Response of the resistant populations to increasing difenzoquat rates was variable between experiments, but in all cases the effect of difenzoquat on wild oat dry weight was considerably less in triallate-resistant than triallate-susceptible populations. Effects of increasing rates of triallate and difenzoquat on resistant and susceptible wild oat populations growing with barley in field experiments were generally similar to the responses in the greenhouse.
Supercritical CO2Fluid Extraction of Imazaquin From Soil
Authors: Reddy Krishna N. , Locke Martin A.
Published: May 2019

Feasibility of supercritical CO2fluid extraction of imazaquin from spiked soil (3.21 μmol kg-1) as an alternative to a conventional extraction method was investigated. The supercritical fluid extraction method involved single-step extraction of herbicide from soil with no further sample cleanup procedures. Extraction parameters were optimized for maximum herbicide recovery. Adding water as a modifier to air-dried soil significantly improved herbicide recovery. Extracting a 1-g soil sample with supercritical CO2at 0.80 g ml-1density and 3 ml min-1flow rate, 80 C extraction temperature, 6 min static extraction followed by 25 min dynamic extraction, and analyte trap temperature of 40 C was optimum for maximum herbicide recovery. When optimum supercritical fluid extraction conditions were used, imazaquin recovery from three texturally different soils ranged from 55 to 64%, which was comparable to a conventional extraction method (63%). The supercritical fluid extraction method consumed 4 ml methanol and 75 ml supercritical CO2and took approximately 1 h for sample extraction.
Mechanisms of Herbicide Absorption Across Plant Membranes and Accumulation in Plant Cells
Authors: Sterling Tracy M.
Published: May 2019

In most cases, a herbicide must traverse the cell wall, the plasma membrane, and organellar membranes of a plant cell to reach its site of action where accumulation causes phytotoxicity. The physicochemical characteristics of the herbicide molecule including lipophilicity and acidity, the plant cell membranes, and the electrochemical potential in the plant cell control herbicide absorption and accumulation. Most herbicides move across plant membranes via nonfacilitated diffusion because the membrane's lipid bilayer is permeable to neutral, lipophilic xenobiotics. Passive absorption of lipophilic, ionic herbicides or weak acids can be mediated by an ion-trapping mechanism where the less lipophilic, anionic form accumulates in alkaline compartments of the plant cell. A model that includes the pH and electrical gradients across plant cell membranes better predicts accumulation concentrations in plant cells of weak acid herbicides compared to a model that uses pH only. Herbicides also may accumulate in plant cells by conversion to nonphytotoxic metabolites, binding to cellular constituents, or partitioning into lipids. Evidence exists for herbicide transport across cell membranes via carrier-mediated processes where herbicide accumulation is energy dependent; absorption is saturable and slowed by metabolic inhibitors and compounds of similar structure.
Use of Membrane Potential Measurements to Study Mode of Action of Diclofop-Methyl
Authors: Wright John P.
Published: May 2019

All actively metabolizing cells have an electrical potential difference, negative on the interior, across their membranes. This electrochemical potential gradient is generated primarily by proton-pumping ATPases and provides the driving force for the transport of various ionic and neutral solutes. It is a key element in the energy metabolism of cells. Such factors as alteration of transport processes, energy metabolism, cytoplasmic pH, and membrane permeability have a direct effect on the magnitude of the membrane potential. In a brief survey, diclofop-methyl, diclofop, hydroxydiclofop, CGA 82725, haloxyfop-methyl, haloxyfop, bentazon, dinoseb, 4-hydroxy CIPC, and 2-hydroxy CIPC caused rapid depolarizations of the membrane potential of oat coleoptiles. Chlorsulfuron, dimethipin, propham, CIPC, dicamba, alachlor, metolachlor, napthalic anhydride, and paraquat had no measurable effects. The depolarizing effects of diclofop-reported earlier are used to illustrate the methods and interpretation of plant cell membrane potential measurements. Diclofop and diclofop-methyl affect the membrane properties of sensitive plant cells. Diclofop irreversibly depolarized the membrane potential and increased the proton permeability of sensitive cells but not resistant cells. It also increased the ATPase activity of isolated membrane vesicles. The mechanism through which diclofop exerted its effect is not fully understood. The equipment and techniques required for the intercellular recording of membrane potentials and resistance are described as well as the limitations of the techniques. A method not used in herbicide studies but with great potential for studies of herbicide interactions with membranes is patch clamp. A brief introduction to the methods will be given.
Primary Linear Alcohol Ethoxylates as Adjuvants for Primisulfuron
Authors: Dunne Cheryl L. , Gillespie Greg R. , Porpiglia Peter J.
Published: May 2019

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of carbon chain length and percent ethoxylation of primary linear ethoxylated alcohols on postemergence control of johnsongrass and quackgrass with primisulfuron. Control of johnsongrass and quackgrass was greatest with primisulfuron plus the experimental ethoxylated alcohols 1412-60 and 1412-70 which had chain lengths of 14 and 12 carbon atoms (60:40 ratio) and 60 or 70% ethoxylation. Control of these two weed species decreased when primisulfuron was applied with ethoxylated linear alcohols of similar chain lengths but decreased percent ethoxylation or with alcohols of similar percent ethoxylation but decreased carbon chain length. Quackgrass and johnsongrass control with primisulfuron plus 1412-60 or 1412-70 was equal to or greater than the control obtained with primisulfuron plus the commercial adjuvants of the nonionic, organosilicone, sunflower methyl ester, or crop oil concentrate types. The experimental adjuvant 1412-70 provided equal or greater uptake and translocation of14C-primisulfuron in johnsongrass and quackgrass compared to four commercial adjuvants.
Estimation of Crop Yield Loss Due to Interference by Multiple Weed Species
Authors: Swinton Scott M. , Buhler Douglas D. , Forcella Frank , Gunsolus Jeffrey L. , King Robert P.
Published: May 2019

Previous efforts to model crop yield loss from multiple weed species constructed competitive indices based on yield loss from individual weed species. Our model uses a multispecies modification of Cousens’ rectangular hyperbolic yield function to estimate a nonlinear competitive index for weed-crop interference. Results from 13 Minnesota and Wisconsin data sets provide measures of the relative competitiveness of mixed green and yellow foxtails, common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, velvetleaf, and several other weed species. Competition coefficient estimates are stable over years, but not locations.
Light Reflectance Characteristics and Remote Sensing of Big Bend Loco (Astragalus mollissimusvar.earlei) and Wooton Loco (Astragalus wootonii)
Authors: Everitt James H. , Richerson James V. , Alaniz Mario A. , Escobar David E. , Villarreal Ricardo , Davis Michael R.
Published: May 2019

The high near-infrared reflectance (0.76 to 0.90 μm) of Big Bend loco and Wooton loco contributed significantly to their orange-red and red image tonal responses, respectively, on color-infrared aerial photographs making them distinguishable from associated vegetation and soil. Big Bend loco could also be distinguished on color-infrared and near-infrared black-and-white video imagery where it had distinct red and whitish tonal responses, respectively. Computer analyses of photographic and videographic images showed that Big Bend loco and Wooton loco populations could be quantified from other landscape features. A global positioning system was integrated with the video imagery that permitted latitude-longitude coordinates to appear on each image. The latitude-longitude data were integrated with a geographical information system to map Big Bend loco populations.
RILEVARE LA SECOLARIZZAZIONE: INDICATORI A GEOMETRIA VARIABILE
Authors: Cartocci Roberto
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Il tema che intendo svolgere nelle pagine seguenti costituisce uno sviluppo - su un registro prevalentemente metodologico - di uno specifico problema cognitivo, che da alcuni anni è al centro dei miei interessi di ricerca. A tale problema, definibile con Carlo Tullio-Altan come «sindrome dell'arretratezza socioculturale italiana» (1986; 1989), ho tentato negli ultimi anni di portare dei contributi di conoscenza empirica, approfondendo gli aspetti del comportamento elettorale, degli orientamenti cattolici e della tendenza al localismo (Cartocci 1990; 1991a; 1991b).
I PRIMI MOVIMENTI SOCIALISTI IN EUROPA. CONSOLIDAMENTO ORGANIZZATIVO E MOBILITAZIONE POLITICA
Authors: Bartolini Stefano
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Questo saggio tratta della relazione tra socialismo politico-elettorale e socialismo corporato; cioè fra forme dirappresentanza politicae dirappresentanza degli interessinei primi movimenti socialisti europei, fra il 1860-1880 e il 1940. Il tema è affrontato sotto la duplice dimensione delconsolidamento organizzativoe dellamobilitazione degli aderenti.La prima si riferisce al processo di instaurazione e consolidamento di organizzazioni specifiche nel canale corporato-di gruppo e in quello partitico-elettorale, e al legame istituito fra di esse. La seconda alla capacità delle medesime organizzazioni di mobilitare soggetti individuali come membri dei sindacati, iscritti al partito e elettori. Nella prima parte il saggio passa in rassegna e discute il tema della mobilitazione politica; successivamente presenta un quadro concettuale dei legami tra i diversi canali di mobilitazione politica; in terzo luogo analizza brevemente le esperienze nazionali dei movimenti socialisti europei in riferimento a tale schema concettuale; infine prende in esame i livelli di mobilitazione elettorale, partitica e sindacale, ricollegandoli a quelli di consolidamento organizzativo.
L'IDENTIFICAZIONE DI PARTITO IN ITALIA: DUE INDICI A CONFRONTO
Authors: Palma Stefano
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Componente importante e spesso frequentata degli studi sul comportamento politico, laparty identificationè un concetto che in Italia e, più in generale, in Europa, è stato sovente utilizzato senza una chiara indagine dei significati che può venire ad assumere in contesti di volta in volta differenti. Sviluppato negli anni ‘50 dai ricercatori delMichigan Groupcome elemento centrale nella spiegazione del comportamento elettorale e delle motivazioni di voto dell'elettore americano, la party identification è stata impiegata svariate volte in contesti nazionali diversi da quello americano per storia, struttura politica e sociale, cultura. Un concetto, dunque, che ha avuto molte «traduzioni», linguistiche e culturali, non sempre ininfluenti sui significati e le dimensioni originarie.

Il modello dell'équipe di Campbell costituisce, tuttavia, un punto di riferimento obbligato, ogniqualvólta si voglia parlare di identificazione di partito; si tratterà poi di stabilire se la nozione di identificazione a cui si fa riferimento possa ancora essere considerata conforme con l'originale costrutto, oppure ci si trovi di fronte ad un nuovo concetto, differente e non riconducibile al primo.
Brief report on retouched pieces among the Kiln Combe flint
Authors: Healy Frances
Published: May 2019

The flint artifacts have not been the subject of detailed analysis and the type of deposit in which tney were found creates obvious problems of establisning to what extent we are dealing with a contemporary assemblage. Although the stratigraphic and spatial distribution of the material does suggest that much of it is contemporary with the Beaker pottery. Basic numerical information about all the flints has been given in mf 6, and the writer has examined the 260 retouched pieces with the specific objective of establisning what defined tool types are present and making some observations on their chronological range by reference to other sites. It is to be hoped that one day the assemblage will be studied in more detail and it is available for this purpose at Lewes museum (Accession No.1978:38).
Iron Age Pottery
Authors: Hamilton Sue
Published: May 2019

Fabric categories.

Fabric 1 : flint tendered (28%)

Inclusions; medium size calcined flint temper of medium abundance (approximately 1000 grains per 1 gm of sherd) with a negligible backing of medium grade sand quartz natural to the clay.

Example of analysed sherd: flint temper (99%0; G - 0.9%, VC - 8#5%, C - 26.8%, M - 39.4%, F - 24.4% quartz sand (1%); M - 11 grains per gram of sherd

Firing and surface finish; surfaces and core are generally reduced but patches of buff, brown and orange exist. Exterior and some internal surfaces show signs of horizontal burnishing.

Sherd wall thickness; 4 - 8 mm

Technology; handmade with evidence of coil construction and subsequent drawing up (Rye 1981, 67-73).
The Bone
Authors: Browne Sue
Published: May 2019

In all, 1065 fragments of bone were recovered from trench B. The bulk of the bone (868 fragments: 81%) came from the ditch; 121 fragments came from pits and scoops, 74 fragments from post holes and 1 fragment from a layer in the ‘working area’. Four of the pits and three of the post holes are in the ‘working area’ and they contained a total of 104 fragments of bone; the five post holes interpreted as a four-post structure contained 40 fragments of bone. With the exception of post holes 96 and 117, which contained one and two fragments of bone respectively, no bone was recovered from contexts east of the ditch running north-south at the eastern side of the site (39 and 78), nor from those contexts lying between its terminals. Two fragments of worked bone were recovered, one from context 5 in the ditch and one from post hole 75, which also contained one of the bird bones; the other bird bone came from context 41 in the ditch. The human remains and the dog bones were recovered exclusively from the ditch. The distribution of the bones of the larger domesticates and pig indicates consistency and continuity in disposal practices: 95.6% of the identified horse bones, 92.5% of the identified cattle bones and 80.5% of the identified pig bones w*re recovered from the ditch. Only the caprovid bones were spread more evenly over the site: 66.7% came from the ditch, 26.1% from the pits and scoops and 7.2% from post holes. Fragments of burnt bone were recovered from contexts 3 (ditch), 16 (post hole) and 107 (pit). Butchered and gnawed bones were distributed without any particular pattern in all three types of bone-bearing context.
Appendix VII: The Geotechnical data from Site 3: The Ditch Silts at Coed-Y-Dinas, Welshpool
Authors: Browtisett M
Published: May 2019

The purpose of these analyses is to assist in determining possible configurations of the original earthworks at Coed-y-dinas ring-ditch 1. This report contains a discussion of what art considered to be relevant geotechnical issues with some conclusions as to the range of configurations which might have existed. A summary of some of the calculations which have been carried out are given below.
Thin sections of Neolithic sherds
Authors: Hodges H W M
Published: May 2019

Macroscopically this sherd appears to be of a fine sandy ware, with ripple
burnish. In thin section it can be seen to be a ferruginous clay with a
large number of lumps of colloidal iron. It containes a high proportion of
small grained and proportionately rounded quartz particles, and a small
number of large, calcined flint particles. From the ID, T10, L2,
The Roman Pottery
Authors: Cameron Fiona
Published: May 2019

The general condition of the Roman pottery from this site, which is very
fragmentary and badly abraded, probably indicates that it has been disturbed
a good deal since its deposition by subsequent agricultural or other
activity and it is therefore unlikely that much of it was found in its
original contexts. By far the majority of the material consists of coarse
ware body sherds and the limited proportion of fine wares for ¿ill periods
is probably indicative of the humble, domestic nature of the occupation. The
evidence from the pottery, such as it is, suggests that the site was
occupied fairly continuously from the late first to the fourth century AD
and possibly even on into the fifth, with no discernible gaps. In the
absence of good internal dating evidence, the chronology must rely heavily
on external comparisons, but almost all of the types found here can be
readily paralleled in London and more especially in well-dated contexts in
Southwark.
Catalogue of the Romano-British and Later
Metalwork
Authors: Butcher S A
Published: May 2019

1 Complete copper alloy bracelet. One end is hooked and would have been
caught through the slot on the other flattened end. The decoration of
stamped circles and the form of the bracelet can be paralleled on late
fourth century examples from Lydney (Wheeler, 1932 fig 17). Interior, Box
95, L1.

2 Bracelet of copper alloy. One end is hooked but enough of the other
survives to show that it was not flattened as No 1 above. The decoration
appears to be formed by a fine wire twisted round the main bar. Spiral
patterned bracelets occur throughout the Roman period. Interior, Box 227,
L1.
Details of Thin Section Analysis of Pottery Fabrics
Authors: Allen Carol
Published: May 2019

Terms used

Grog relates to clay inclusions within the pottery which appear as discrete pieces of varying sizes. Usually such entities are assumed to be crushed parts of pre-existing pots.

Sizes of quartz, grog, shell or other inclusions referred to in the analysis concern measurements taken on the longest axis of the grain or piece. In each case the maximum measurement stated is the longest observed in that particular section, and does not infer that other grains in the sample were all of this size, unless stated.

Percentages of materials shown as included in the clay matrix are estimates expressed by area using comparison charts (Terry and Chilingar 1955, and Flugel 1982, 247-257).
Petrological Examination of Bronze Age and Iron Age Pottery from Hog Cliff Hill, Maiden Newton, Dorset
Authors: Williams D.F.
Published: May 2019

A group of predominantly Late Bronze Age - Early Iron Age pottery from Hog Cliff Hill, including sherds from haematite-coated bowls, was submitted for detailed fabric analysis in thin section under the petrological microscope. In addition, heavy mineral separation was carried out on four of the larger sherds. The object of the analysis was threefold: (1) to confirm the validity of a provisional fabric identification of the handspecimen (Table 1, printed), (2) to see if the fabrics might have been locally made or not, and (3) to compare the Hog Cliff Hill fabrics with certain other analyzed assemblages of roughly the same period in the region, e.g. Longbridge Deverill Cow Down, Eldon's Seat, Gussage all Saints and Rope Lake Hole. The site at Hog Cliff Hill lies partly on the Upper Chalk and partly on Bagshot Beds, closeby to Upper Greensand deposits, just southeast of Maiden Newton.
Balneaves: Soil Thin Sections
Authors: Davidson Donald
Published: May 2019

1. Structure: partially accommodated channels (0.16 to 0.80mm in width) above the pan; no aggregates; fewer channels below the pan; channel pattern - straight to curved; vughs (spherical to elongate, not normally connected) 0.4 to 0.8mm in diameter and are not orientated and have random pattern: above pan channels and vughs partially connected; pellicular grain microstructure - weakly developed.

2. Mineral components: coarse fraction: quartz grains range in size from silt to fine/medium sand (<lmm). One large quartz (200mm). Dominance of single and compound quartz grains; instances of biotite and plagioclase; quartz grains -angular/subangular and smooth. Fine fraction: brown, optically amorphous iron oxides, isotropic.
Park of Tongland: Geology
Authors: Collins G
Published: May 2019

The site country rock is greywacke and shale of Llandovery age (Silurian). There may be dykes of porphyrite in the near vicinity. This stone, with altered country rock, is worked at Tongland Quarry, 3/4 mile due south of the site.

It was not possible to visit the site during the excavation; the identifications are of samples taken from features on site by the excavator. Samples were supplied from:-

a. outcrop to west of the site and recorded by Coles as one of an outer arc of low standing stones

b. outcrop to north of the site and recorded by Coles (1895) as one of an outer arc of low standing stones

c. two samples of the cairn material

d. one sample from the cairn kerb material
Tea, Silver, Opium and War: From Commercial Expansion to Military Invasion
Authors: Guotu Zhuang
Published: May 2019

Sino-Western relations in the eighteenth century mainly found their expression in a particular mode of commercial transactions in Canton. The structure of the Western trade with China was based on silver and colonial products from India and the Malay archipelago, like silver, cotton, pepper, lead. These commodities were exchanged for Chinese tea, silk and porcelain by the mediation of the so-called Hong trades. As long as the trade structure was kept in balance the Westerners were able to make large profits and commercial relations remained the same. When the trade structure fell out balance through, for instance, a shortage of silver or the prohibition of opium smuggling, the Western powers resorted to force. The discontinuation of the traditional Sino-Western trade because of an imbalance in the trade structure eventually did not lead to the decline of trade, but to military conquest: the Opium War in 1840. This War enabled the Westerners, headed by the English, to revamp the structure of their trade with China on their own terms and forced the Chinese government into acceptance. Since then the process of the Western expansion into China was characterised by commercial expansion, military show of force and political control. In this essay I would like to analyze how the traditional structure of Sino-Western trade lost its equilibrium and to study the changing character of European expansion into China as a result of this imbalance during the period of 1740-1840.
Moral Relativism, Cognitivism and Defeasible Rules
Authors: Sosa Ernest
Published: May 2019

Naturalism rejects a sui generis and fundamental realm of the evaluative or normative. Thought and talk about the good and the right must hence be understood without appeal to any such evaluative or normative concepts or properties. In Sections I and II, we see noncognitivism step forward with its account of evaluative and normative language as fundamentally optative (that is, expressive of wishes or desires) or prescriptive. Prescriptivism falls afoul of several problems. Prominent among them below is the “problem of prima facie reasons”: the problem, namely that prescriptions do not properly capture the character of defeasibility of the prima facie, featured by nearly all our moral convictions. We find in Section II that, ironically, emotivism, with its emphasis on optative rather than prescriptive language, though historically more primitive, is yet better attuned to that crucial prima facie aspect of the normative and the evaluative. But even emotivism still faces serious difficulties that beset noncognitivism generally, such as the problem of embedding in subordinate clauses, and the problem of normative fallibility. That takes us up to Section III.
Sentence Repetition: A Useful Oral Language Screening Device
Authors: Jones Robin
Published: May 2019

Teachers, including special educators, are generally not aware of ways of evaluating the oral language competence of their students. This research study developed and trialled a sentence repetition test containing various syntactic loadings in order to determine if this is a useful screening procedure. Results indicate that sentence repetition can discriminate developmental maturity and is useful as a screening device. Results also indicate that the oral language competence of children with mild intellectual disability is lower than that of younger children of the same intellectual age.
Disentangle the neural correlates of attachment style in healthy individuals
Authors: Perlini Cinzia , Bellani Marcella , Rossetti Maria Gloria , Zovetti Niccolò , Rossin Giulia , Bressi Cinzia , Brambilla Paolo
Published: May 2019

Since its development and theorisation in the 60s, attachment theory has greatly influenced both clinical and developmental psychology suggesting the existence of complex dynamics based on the relationship between an infant and its caregiver, that affects personality traits and interpersonal relationships in adulthood. Many studies have been conducted to explore the association between attachment styles and psychosocial functioning and mental health. By contrast, only a few studies have investigated the neurobiological underpinnings of attachment style, showing mixed results. Therefore, in this review, we described current evidence from structural and functional imaging studies with the final aim to disentangle the neural correlates of attachment style in healthy individuals. Overall, different attachment styles have been correlated with volumetric alterations mainly in the cingulate cortex, amygdala, hippocampus and anterior temporal pole. Consistently, functional imaging studies suggested patterns of activations in fronto-striatal-limbic circuits during the processing of social and attachment-related stimuli. Further studies are needed to clarify the neurobiological signature of attachment style, possibly taking into consideration a wide range of demographic, psychosocial and clinical factors that may mediate the associations between the style of attachment and brain systems (e.g., gender, personality traits, psychosocial functioning, early-life experience).
More efficient North Atlantic carbon pump during the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Yu J. , Menviel L. , Jin Z. D. , Thornalley D. J. R. , Foster G. L. , Rohling E. J. , McCave I. N. , McManus J. F. , Dai Y. , Ren H. , He F. , Zhang F. , Chen P. J. , Roberts A. P.
Published: May 2019

During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; ~20,000 years ago), the global ocean sequestered a large amount of carbon lost from the atmosphere and terrestrial biosphere. Suppressed CO2 outgassing from the Southern Ocean is the prevailing explanation for this carbon sequestration. By contrast, the North Atlantic Ocean—a major conduit for atmospheric CO2 transport to the ocean interior via the overturning circulation—has received much less attention. Here we demonstrate that North Atlantic carbon pump efficiency during the LGM was almost doubled relative to the Holocene. This is based on a novel proxy approach to estimate air–sea CO2 exchange signals using combined carbonate ion and nutrient reconstructions for multiple sediment cores from the North Atlantic. Our data indicate that in tandem with Southern Ocean processes, enhanced North Atlantic CO2 absorption contributed to lowering ice-age atmospheric CO2.
Biomimetic electromechanical stimulation to maintain adult myocardial slices in vitro
Authors: Watson Samuel A. , Duff James , Bardi Ifigeneia , Zabielska Magdalena , Atanur Santosh S. , Jabbour Richard J. , Simon André , Tomas Alejandra , Smolenski Ryszard T. , Harding Sian E. , Perbellini Filippo , Terracciano Cesare M.
Published: May 2019

Adult cardiac tissue undergoes a rapid process of dedifferentiation when cultured outside the body. The in vivo environment, particularly constant electromechanical stimulation, is fundamental to the regulation of cardiac structure and function. We investigated the role of electromechanical stimulation in preventing culture-induced dedifferentiation of adult cardiac tissue using rat, rabbit and human heart failure myocardial slices. Here we report that the application of a preload equivalent to sarcomere length (SL) = 2.2 μm is optimal for the maintenance of rat myocardial slice structural, functional and transcriptional properties at 24 h. Gene sets associated with the preservation of structure and function are activated, while gene sets involved in dedifferentiation are suppressed. The maximum contractility of human heart failure myocardial slices at 24 h is also optimally maintained at SL = 2.2 μm. Rabbit myocardial slices cultured at SL = 2.2 μm remain stable for 5 days. This approach substantially prolongs the culture of adult cardiac tissue in vitro.
Publisher Correction: Microwave photons emitted by fractionally charged quasiparticles
Authors: Bisognin R. , Bartolomei H. , Kumar M. , Safi I. , Berroir J.-M. , Bocquillon E. , Plaçais B. , Cavanna A. , Gennser U. , Jin Y. , Fève G.
Published: May 2019

The original version of this Article contained an error in the author affiliations. Affiliation 3 incorrectly read “Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N), CNRS, Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190, Saint-Aubin, France”. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
Individual control and readout of qubits in a sub-diffraction volume
Authors: Bersin Eric , Walsh Michael , Mouradian Sara L. , Trusheim Matthew E. , Schröder Tim , Englund Dirk
Published: May 2019

Medium-scale ensembles of coupled qubits offer a platform for near-term quantum technologies as well as studies of many-body physics. A central challenge for coherent control of such systems is the ability to measure individual quantum states without disturbing nearby qubits. Here, we demonstrate the measurement of individual qubit states in a sub-diffraction cluster by selectively exciting spectrally distinguishable nitrogen vacancy centers. We perform super-resolution localization of single centers with nanometer spatial resolution, as well as individual control and readout of spin populations. These measurements indicate a readout-induced crosstalk on non-addressed qubits below 4 × 10−2. This approach opens the door to high-speed control and measurement of qubit registers in mesoscopic spin clusters, with applications ranging from entanglement-enhanced sensors to error-corrected qubit registers to multiplexed quantum repeater nodes.
Third BIR domain of XIAP binds to both Cu(II) and Cu(I) in multiple sites and with diverse affinities characterized at atomic resolution
Authors: Chen Shen-Na , Fang Tian , Kong Jing-Yang , Pan Bin-Bin , Su Xun-Cheng
Published: May 2019

The X-chromosome linked inhibitor of apoptosis, XIAP, is mainly known as the inhibitor of caspases by direct interaction with caspases with its baculoviral IAP repeat (BIR) domains. XIAP has three BIR domains and each BIR domain contains a zinc binding site, normally known as zinc finger motif. Recent studies showed that XIAP is involved in copper homeostasis in cells and the BIR domains bind copper ion. However, structural details of the second and third BIR domain, BIR2 and BIR3, in XIAP, with copper as well as the binding modes are not known. In the present work we characterize the structural properties of BIR3 in solution by high resolution NMR and other biophysical techniques. The interaction of BIR3 with copper both in vitro and in cell lysates was analyzed. Our results show that BIR3 is able to form stable complexes both with Cu(II) and Cu(I), whereas zinc binding site is not affected and zinc retains tightly bound in the zinc finger during these interactions. Surprisingly, BIR3 has multiple binding sites for Cu(II) and Cu(I) but with varied binding affinities. In addition, the solvent exposed Cys351 is readily oxidized by Cu(II) resulting an intermolecular disulfide bond either between two BIR3 molecules or a mixed disulfide bond with glutathione in cell lysates.
Peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets change after steroid withdrawal in renal allograft recipients: a prospective study
Authors: Llinàs-Mallol Laura , Redondo-Pachón Dolores , Pérez-Sáez María José , Raïch-Regué Dàlia , Mir Marisa , Yélamos José , López-Botet Miguel , Pascual Julio , Crespo Marta
Published: May 2019

Several studies have assessed clinical outcomes after steroid withdrawal (SW) in kidney transplant (KT) recipients, but little is known about its potential impact on lymphocyte subpopulations. We designed a prospective study to evaluate the long-term impact of SW in 19 KT recipients compared to 16 KT recipients without changes in immunosuppression (steroid maintenance, SM). We assessed renal function, presence of HLA antibodies and peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets at time of inclusion, and 3, 12 and 24 months later. The immunophenotype of 20 healthy subjects was also analyzed. Serum creatinine and proteinuria remained stable in SW and SM patients. SW did not associate with generation of de novo donor-specific antibodies. SW patients showed decreases in T-lymphocytes (p < 0.001), and in the CD4+ T cell subpopulation (p = 0.046). The proportion of B-lymphocytes (p = 0.017), and both naïve and transitional B cells increased compared to SM patients (p < 0.001). Changes in B cell subsets were detected 3 months after SW and persisted for 24 months. No changes were observed in NK cells related to steroid withdrawal. SW patients displayed significant changes in peripheral T and B cell subsets, transitioning to the phenotype detected in healthy subjects. This may be considered as a maintained positive effect of SW previously unnoticed.