bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of water and enzyme SpnF on the dynamics and energetics of the ambimodal [6+4]/[4+2] cycloaddition
Authors: Yang Zhongyue , Yang Song , Yu Peiyuan , Li Yanwei , Doubleday Charles , Park Jiyong , Patel Ashay , Jeon Byung-sun , Russell William K. , Liu Hung-wen , Russell David H. , Houk Kendall N.
Published: January 2018

Significance

The investigation of time-resolved mechanisms of enzymatic reaction with accurate quantum-mechanics method is a holy grail of computational chemistry, and we now develop an efficient method, environment-perturbed transition-state sampling, to study single-molecule trajectories in enzymes and calculate activation barriers. In 2011, the Liu group published evidence for the first monofunctional Diels–Alderase, SpnF, in the biosynthetic pathway of Spinosyn A. We discovered later that the reaction bifurcates to the [4+2] and [6+4] adduct through a single ambimodal transition state. We now elucidate in detail the mechanism of the reaction and show how the SpnF enzyme dynamically controls product formation. Our method will find great application in the design of enzymes to control selectivity, particularly for reactions involving ambimodal transition states.
Microstructure, mechanical properties and yield asymmetry of Mg–4Al–2Sn–xY alloys
Authors: Hu Yaobo , Guan Maosheng , Zheng Tianxu
Published: January 2018

The effect of 0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 wt-% Y addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of extruded Mg–4Al–2Sn alloys were investigated. The results show that α-Mg, Mg17Al12, Mg2Sn and Al2Y phases form in the extruded Y-containing alloys. Mg17Al12 phase, containing trace amounts of Y, tends to distribute on the grain boundaries in the form of needles. When the Y content is 0.6 wt-%, the alloy has the best combination mechanical properties. Its tensile yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and tensile elongation are 172 MPa, 270 MPa and 11.2%, respectively. As the Y content increases, the tensile and compressive asymmetries in the Mg–4Al–2Sn– xY alloy decrease, due to grain refinement and the weakening of texture.
The acute angiogenic signalling response to low‐load resistance exercise with blood flow restriction
Authors: Ferguson Richard A. , Hunt Julie E. A. , Lewis Mark P. , Martin Neil R. W. , Player Darren J. , Stangier Carolin , Taylor Conor W. , Turner Mark C.
Published: January 2018

This study investigated protein kinase activation and gene expression of angiogenic factors in response to low‐load resistance exercise with or without blood flow restriction (BFR). In a repeated measures cross‐over design, six males performed four sets of bilateral knee extension exercise at 20% 1RM (reps per set = 30:15:15:continued to fatigue) with BFR (110 mmHg) and without (CON). Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis before, 2 and 4 h post‐exercise. mRNA expression was determined using real‐time RT–PCR. Protein phosphorylation/expression was determined using Western blot. p38MAPK phosphorylation was greater (p = 0.05) at 2 h following BFR (1.3 ± 0.8) compared to CON (0.4 ± 0.3). AMPK phosphorylation remained unchanged. PGC‐1α mRNA expression increased at 2 h (5.9 ± 1.3 vs. 2.1 ± 0.8; p = 0.03) and 4 h (3.2 ± 0.8 vs. 1.5 ± 0.4; p = 0.03) following BFR exercise with no change in CON. PGC‐1α protein expression did not change following either exercise. BFR exercise enhanced mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) at 2 h (5.2 ± 2.8 vs 1.7 ± 1.1; p = .02) and 4 h (6.8 ± 4.9 vs. 2.5 ± 2.7; p = .01) compared to CON. mRNA expression of VEGF‐R2 and hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α increased following BFR exercise but only eNOS were enhanced relative to CON. Matrix metalloproteinase‐9 mRNA expression was not altered in response to either exercise. Acute low‐load resistance exercise with BFR provides a targeted angiogenic response potentially mediated through enhanced ischaemic and shear stress stimuli.
Replication timing kept in LINE
Authors: O’Neill Rachel J. , O’Neill Michael J.
Published: January 2018

Accurate and synchronous replication timing between chromosome homologues is essential for maintaining chromosome stability, yet how this is achieved has remained a mystery. In this issue, Platt et al. (2018. J. Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201707082) identify antisense LINE (L1) transcripts within long noncoding RNAs as the critical factor in maintaining synchronous chromosome-wide replication timing.
The INs and OUTs of mitofusins
Authors: Giacomello Marta , Scorrano Luca
Published: January 2018

Mitofusins are outer membrane proteins essential for mitochondrial fusion. Their accepted topology posits that both N and C termini face the cytoplasm. In this issue, Mattie et al. (2018. J. Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201611194) demonstrate instead that their C termini reside in the intermembrane space. These findings call for a revision of the current models of mitochondrial fusion.
Joint estimation of activity and attenuation for PET using pragmatic MR-based prior: application to clinical TOF PET/MR whole-body data for FDG and non-FDG tracers
Authors: Ahn Sangtae , Cheng Lishui , Shanbhag Dattesh D , Qian Hua , Kaushik Sandeep S , Jansen Floris P , Wiesinger Florian
Published: January 2018

Accurate and robust attenuation correction remains challenging in hybrid PET/MR particularly for torsos because it is difficult to segment bones, lungs and internal air in MR images. Additionally, MR suffers from susceptibility artifacts when a metallic implant is present. Recently, joint estimation (JE) of activity and attenuation based on PET data, also known as maximum likelihood reconstruction of activity and attenuation, has gained considerable interest because of (1) its promise to address the challenges in MR-based attenuation correction (MRAC), and (2) recent advances in time-of-flight (TOF) technology, which is known to be the key to the success of JE. In this paper, we implement a JE algorithm using an MR-based prior and evaluate the algorithm using whole-body PET/MR patient data, for both FDG and non-FDG tracers, acquired from GE SIGNA PET/MR scanners with TOF capability. The weight of the MR-based prior is spatially modulated, based on MR signal strength, to control the balance between MRAC and JE. Large prior weights are used in strong MR signal regions such as soft tissue and fat (i.e. MR tissue classification with a high degree of certainty) and small weights are used in low MR signal regions (i.e. MR tissue classification with a low degree of certainty). The MR-based prior is pragmatic in the sense that it is convex and does not require training or population statistics while exploiting synergies between MRAC and JE. We demonstrate the JE algorithm has the potential to improve the robustness and accuracy of MRAC by recovering the attenuation of metallic implants, internal air and some bones and by better delineating lung boundaries, not only for FDG but also for more specific non-FDG tracers such as 68Ga-DOTATOC and 18F-Fluoride.
The Landscape to the South: Eugène Fromentin and the Postcolonial Nineteenth Century
Authors: Graebner Seth
Published: January 2018

Postcolonial critics and novelists have brought a new readership to the travel writer and exotic-landscape painter Eugène Fromentin. In turn, the Algerian narratives of this particularly articulate and artistic traveller help us to uncover a postcolonial nineteenth century. A postcolonial study of how history and travel description are linked in Fromentin’s treatment of landscape shows us that histories still matter, and that postcolonial theory needs the scholarly construct of a francophone nineteenth century in order to think about them. While Fromentin’s paintings present a timeless, immobile Orient, his prose writing ostensibly rejects a historical approach but, through mute traces marking the landscape, reinstates Algeria in the context of the recent, and bloody, colonial past. This article argues that, rather than simply perpetuating Orientalism, Fromentin’s travel writing is a form of postcolonial history.
Limit Sets of Weil–Petersson Geodesics
Authors: Brock Jeffrey , Leininger Christopher , Modami Babak , Rafi Kasra
Published: January 2018

In this paper we prove that the limit set of any Weil–Petersson geodesic ray with uniquely ergodic ending lamination is a single point in the Thurston compactification of Teichmüller space. On the other hand, we construct examples of Weil–Petersson geodesics with minimal non-uniquely ergodic ending laminations and limit set a circle in the Thurston compactification.
Nightmare Envy and Other Stories
Authors: Blaustein George
Published: January 2018

Nightmare Envy and Other Stories is a study of Americanist writing and institutions in the twentieth century. Four chapters trace four routes through an “Americanist century.” The first is the hidden history of American Studies in the United States, Europe, and Japan. The second is the strange career of “national character” in anthropology. The third is a contest between military occupation and cultural diplomacy in Europe. The fourth is the emergence and fate of the “American Renaissance,” as the scholar and literary critic F. O. Matthiessen carried a canon of radical literature across the Iron Curtain. Drawing on American and European archives, the book weaves cultural, intellectual, and diplomatic history with portraits of Matthiessen, Margaret Mead, Ruth Benedict, David Riesman, Alfred Kazin, and Ralph Ellison. It excavates the history of the Salzburg Seminar in American Civilization, where displaced persons, former Nazis, budding Communists, and glad-handing Americans met on the common ground of American culture. Many of our modern myths of the United States and Europe were formed in this moment. Some saw the United States assume the mantle of cultural redeemer. Others saw a stereotypical America, rich in civilization but poor in culture, overtake a stereotypical Europe, rich in culture and equally rich in disaster. Others found keys to their own contexts in American books, reading Moby-Dick in the ruins. Nightmare Envy and Other Stories chronicles American encounters with European disaster, European encounters with American fiction, and the chasms over which culture had to reach.
Epilogue: Americanists after America
Authors: Blaustein George
Published: January 2018

If the American Century is over, must the Americanist Century be over, too? Nightmare Envy and Other Stories, in its circuitous way, has been about culture and the formation of the post-1945 international order. The epilogue reflects on the resonances of this cultural history for the present, as that international order breaks. The contemplation of the decline and fall of an American empire has long lurked as an Americanist preoccupation or perverse fantasy, and there are discernible continuities between the American Studies scholarship of the mid-twentieth century and that of our own time. The epilogue also ponders obituaries of the American Century, from before and after the US presidential election of November 2016. The paradigmatic narratives of “America” and “Europe” that are the subject of this book were minted in the mid-twentieth century. They appeared to be inverted in the twenty-first.
The Philosophy of Quantitative Methods
Authors: Haig Brian D.
Published: January 2018

This book is concerned with the conceptual foundations of research methods. In particular, it undertakes a philosophical examination of a number of different quantitative research methods that are prominent in, or relevant for, the conduct of research in the behavioral sciences. By doing so, the deep structure of the methods is examined in order to overcome the shallow and uncritical understanding that is typically provided by textbooks and other instructional sources. The methods submitted to critical examination are important and mostly well known. They are exploratory data analysis, statistical significance testing, Bayesian confirmation theory and statistics, meta-analysis, and exploratory factor analysis. The treatment of the research methods examined is consistent with a philosophy of scientific realism. Theories of scientific method feature prominently in the discussions of the research methods. Each chapter contains a Further Reading section in order to help the reader extend their thinking beyond what the chapters contain.
Suburban Islam
Authors: Howe Justine
Published: January 2018

Suburban Islam explores how American Muslims have created new kinds of religious communities, known as third spaces, to navigate political and social pressures after 9/11. This book examines how one Chicago community, the Mohammed Alexander Russell Webb Foundation (Webb), has responded to the demands of proving Islam’s compatibility with liberal democracy and embracing the commonalities of their Abrahamic faith. Through dynamic forms of ritual practice, such as leisure activities, devotional practices such as the mawlid, and communal reading of sacred texts, the Webb community offers an alternative vision of American Islam. Appealing to an overarching American culture, the Webb community celebrates religious pluralism and middle-class consumerism, opens up leadership roles for women, and reimagines the United States as an ideal location for the practice of “authentic” Islam. In the process, they also seek to rehabilitate the public image of Islam. Suburban Islam analyzes these efforts as one slice of American Muslims’ heterogeneous and contingent institutionalizing practices in the twenty-first century. Suburban Islam examines how some American Muslims have intentionally set out to enact an Islam recognizable to others as American. Even as Webb intends to build a more inclusive and welcoming space, it also produces its own exclusions, elisions of extant racial and gender hierarchies, and unresolved tensions over the contours of American Muslim citizenship. As a case study, the Webb community demonstrates the multiple possibilities of American Islam. Through evolving practices and overlapping sets of relationships, this group continues to work out what American Islam means to them during a time in which Muslim and American are repeatedly cast as incompatible categories.
Images at Work
Authors: Morgan David
Published: January 2018

Advocates of the ideology of modern progress and rationalism are fond of regarding human beings as rational agents and the universe as a collection of inanimate things that obey laws and do not exhibit agency. Yet evidence of nonrational practices of enchantment abounds in every part of human life: people commonly regard things as capable of independent action and expect the universe to respond to their desire for magic, miracles, and action at a distance. Clearly, rationalism is not as pervasive or singularly influential as some would insist. Enchantment consists of the things we do and how we do them to make the world go our way. This book argues that enchantment is not simply an irrational, primitive impulse that needs to be curbed or eliminated, but should be understood as problem solving. Images are ways of working on the world to achieve what people need. Images at Work explores how images operate, what their effects on viewers are, and how enchantment can be understood as visual dynamics that we need to take seriously. Enchantment is more than religion and is not identical with magic. And its effects are not fully discernible apart from its material culture because enchantment is about things and our engagement with them.
The International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, as a Victim-Oriented Treaty
Authors: Decaux Emmanuel
Published: January 2018

The chapter is a presentation of the newest international human rights treaty, which entered into force in 2010. It is a very innovative and modern instrument, with a precise definition of the victim of a crime of enforced disappearance, as an autonomous crime, and a broad codification of the ‘right to truth, to justice and to reparation’ enshrined in article 24 of the treaty. As the ILC is working on the draft of an international convention for the prevention of crimes against humanity, it is important to avoid watering down the key legal progress enshrined in the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance.
Underground Warfare
Authors: Richemond-Barak Daphné
Published: January 2018

Underground warfare, a tactic of yesteryear, has re-emerged as a global and rapidly diffusing threat. This book is the first of its kind to examine tunnel warfare in a systematic and comprehensive way, addressing the legal issues while keeping in mind operational and strategic challenges. Like many other aspects of contemporary warfare, the renewed use of the subterranean in armed conflict presents a challenge for democracies wishing to abide by the law. To the author, this challenge has not only been under-explored, it is also largely underestimated by the community of states, security experts, and public opinion. This book analyzes traditional concepts of the laws of war as they relate to underground warfare, contemplating questions such as whether tunnels constitute legitimate targets, the assessment of proportionality in anti-tunnel operations, and the availability of advanced warning in this complex terrain. It also identifies issues unique to underground warfare, including those that arise when cross-border tunnels burrow under a state’s own civilian infrastructure.
Underground Warfare in Urban Areas
Authors: Richemond-Barak Daphné
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on the application of the law of armed conflict to “urban” tunnels, that is, tunnels dug near, by, or against civilians. It examines the legal ramifications of urban tunnels for anti-tunnel operations and the protection of civilians in war. It suggests some answers, with a view to reconciling the rule of law with operational constraints. It also analyzes the status of civilians who help dig tunnels or find themselves inside a tunnel at the time of a strike. Finally, it considers the situation in which preexisting underground civilian infrastructure, such as subways or sewage systems, are used to launch attacks or carry out other types of hostile activity.
Cognitive Poetics of Allegorical Experience
Authors: Gibbs Raymond W. , Okonski Lacey
Published: January 2018

Where does allegory come from? Most studies of allegory view it as a type of artistic or literary endeavor. Our claim is that allegory arises from ordinary experience as people seek to establish connections between the here and now and symbolic and figurative themes. Most embodied metaphors reflect patterns of allegorical thought. We describe some of the ways that allegory is expressed in life events and specific domains of discourse. We report college students’ interpretations of allegory in poetry and literature. We explore the hypothesis that understanding allegory requires people to engage in an “embodied simulation” process in which they imagine themselves participating in the events mentioned in texts. Several studies offer support for this theory, focusing on people’s interpretations of the works of poets and novelists. These findings suggest that allegorical understandings emerge from embodied, cognitive processes that are widespread throughout human experience as part of the “poetics of mind.”
Hearing Haneke
Authors: Walker Elsie
Published: January 2018

Haneke’s films are sonically charged experiences of disturbance, desperation, grief, and many forms of violence. They are unsoftened by music, punctuated by accosting noises, shaped by painful silences, and defined by aggressive dialogue. Haneke is among the most celebrated of living auteurs: he is two-time receipt of the Palme d’Or at Cannes Film Festival (for The White Ribbon [2009] and Amour [2012]), and Academy Award winner of Best Foreign Language Film (for Amour), among numerous other awards. The radical confrontationality of his cinema makes him a most controversial, as well as revered, subject. Hearing Haneke is the first book-length study of the sound tracks that define his living legacy as an aural auteur. Hearing Haneke provides close sonic analyses of The Seventh Continent, Funny Games Code Unknown, The Piano Teacher, Caché, The White Ribbon, and Amour. The book includes several sustained theoretical approaches to film sound: including postcolonialism, feminism, genre studies, psychoanalysis, adaptation studies, and auteur theory. From these various theoretical angles, Hearing Haneke shows that the director consistently uses all aural elements (sound effects, dialogue, silences, and music) to inspire our humane understanding. He expresses faith in us to hear the pain of his characters’ worlds most actively, and hence our own more clearly. This has profound social and personal significance: for if we can hear everything better, this entails a new awareness of the “noise” we make in the world at large. Hearing Haneke will resonate for anyone interested in the power of art to inspire progressive change.
Finding and Serving Twice Exceptional Students
Authors: Gilman Bobbie , Peters Dan
Published: January 2018

Gifted children with coexisting disabilities—the twice exceptional or 2e—exhibit complex patterns of strengths and weaknesses. Either exceptional ability or disability may mask the other, or combined exceptionalities may appear average. A case study illustrates how interpretation of changes in special education law may overlook 2e students who perform too well to qualify for services yet have disabilities significant enough to undermine success as the demands of their education increase. Department of Education policy letters are discussed, especially regarding a state’s right to condition service eligibility upon below-grade-level performance and reduce access to assessment. The student’s comprehensive diagnostic testing is explored. A triaged approach, using observed characteristics of 2e learners, is recommended to determine when comprehensive evaluation is needed to interpret a complex 2e student’s learning challenges, guide interventions/accommodations through an Individualized Education Program or Section 504 Plan, and ensure a Free Appropriate Public Education.
Using a Positive Lens
Authors: Baum Susan , Schader Robin
Published: January 2018

Getting to know students through their positive attributes, along with any obstacles to their success, can lead to academic, social, and behavioral growth. Defining twice exceptional (2e) as those whose high abilities are coupled with learning and/or behavioral challenges, this chapter illustrates 2e using the metaphor of green. This provides a fresh representation what being 2e means and also highlights why conventional educational plans may not be as effective as desired. To engage 2e students, the chapter introduces a practical, dynamic process––The Suite of Tools™—which allows educators to collect information about students’ strengths, talents, and interests and synthesize the information into a strength-based framework. Such information results in the development of personalized options to leverage strengths and interests for skill development, integrate strengths into the curriculum, and develop a personalized menu of talent development opportunities.
Fortunate Sons and Daughters
Authors: Rose Deondra
Published: January 2018

Chapter 6 examines the effectiveness of federal financial aid policies in expanding women’s access to higher education and the social and economic building blocks of full citizenship. While the GI Bill significantly expanded men’s access to college, it offered very little support for women interested in pursuing college degrees. Subsequently enacted financial aid programs promoted greater gender equality in socioeconomic status by increasing the probability that women would attain advanced levels of education. By making college more affordable, increasing the amount of time that students can devote to academic work, and promoting undergraduate degree completion, student financial aid programs constitute central mechanisms by which US lawmakers have supported equal social citizenship for women and men. By significantly increasing women’s access to college degrees and the social and economic benefits that are associated with higher education, landmark higher education policies have supported women’s full incorporation into American society.
Psychoanalytic Theories of Gender
Authors: Bell Leslie C.
Published: January 2018

A useful psychology of gender needs to make sense of both the seemingly fixed and universal aspects of gender and the seemingly contradictory and individual aspects of gender. It should provide an explanation of gender’s seeming intractability and universality, and of individuals’ ability to manifest and experience gender in endlessly multiple ways. This chapter considers the particular utility of psychoanalytic theory for understanding gender. First, what distinguishes psychoanalytic theory from other theories of human development and gender and Freud’s initial contributions to the understanding of gender is described. Then, the contributions and revisions to Freud’s theory provided by feminist psychoanalytic theorists during the 1970s and 1980s, focusing on social structure and relations, are described. Finally, more recent feminist psychoanalytic theories influenced by postmodernism, queer theory, and the trans movement, which address universality and intractability as well as particularity and fluidity, are described.
Young Muslim America
Authors: Ali Muna
Published: January 2018

This book explores the identities, perspectives, and roles of the second and subsequent generations of Muslim Americans of both immigrant and convert backgrounds. As these younger Muslims come of age, and as distant as they are from historical processes that shaped their parents’ generations, how do they view themselves and each other? What role do they play in the current chapter of Islam in a post-9/11 America? Will they be able to cross intra-community divides and play a pivotal role in shaping their community? Culture figures prominently in the discussions about and among Muslims and is centered on four dominant narratives: 1) culture is thought to be the underlying cause of an alleged “identity crisis,” 2) it presumably contaminates a “pure/true” Islam, 3) it is the cause for all that divides Muslim American immigrants and converts, which could be remedied by creating an American Muslim community and culture, and 4) some Americans fear an “Islamization of America” through a Muslim cultural takeover. In this ethnographic study, Muna Ali explores these questions through these four dominant narratives, which are both part of the public discourse and themes that emerged from interviews, a survey, social and traditional media, and participant observation. Situating these questions and narratives in identity studies in a pluralistic yet racialized society, as well as in the anthropology of Islam and in the process and meaning of cultural citizenship, Ali examines how younger Muslims see themselves and their community, how they negotiate fault lines of ethnicity, race, class, gender, and religious interpretation within their communities, and how their faith informs their daily lives and how they envision a future for themselves in post-911 America.
Takeover
Authors: Morel Domingo
Published: January 2018

State takeovers of local school districts emerged in the late 1980s. Although many major U.S. cities have experienced state takeovers of their local school districts, we know little about the political causes and consequences of state takeovers. Relying on historical analysis, case studies, and quantitative analysis, the book offers the first systematic study of state takeovers of local school districts. It shows that although the justifications for state takeovers have generally been based on concerns with poor academic performance, questions of race and political power played a critical role in the emergence of state takeovers of local school districts. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the book demonstrates that under certain conditions, state takeovers can help marginalized populations in their efforts to gain political empowerment. However, in most cases, state takeovers have negative political consequences for communities of color, particularly black communities. A central claim of the book is that efforts to strengthen state governments in the 1970s were a response to the rise of black political empowerment in American cities. As states gained greater powers, urban localities became increasingly subjected to state intervention. The emergence of state takeovers of local school districts in the 1980s was a consequence of the increasing authority of state governments.
Liberalism in Illiberal States
Authors: Vail Mark I.
Published: January 2018

This book analyzes how national liberal traditions have shaped trajectories of economic reform in France, Germany, and Italy since the early 1990s. In some advanced industrial countries, neoliberal programs of expansive market making, characterized by assaults on non-market arrangements such as welfare states, robust regulatory frameworks, and systems of collective bargaining, have assumed quasi-hegemonic status. Rejecting these neoliberal recipes, many continental European countries have charted their own courses, negotiating the transition to a more liberal economic order while preserving or even expanding policies and institutions that serve as buttresses for processes of economic adjustment. In so doing, they have drawn on much older liberal traditions that are defined by nationally distinctive conceptions of the role of the state and its limits, the structure of the social order, and attendant conceptions of the scope and character of state responsibility. The book analyzes developments in fiscal policy, labor-market policy, and finance, three areas that have been central to the evolving relationship between state and market in advanced industrial countries during the contemporary era of transnational neoliberalism. In each domain, authorities have worked to reconcile their political economies to a more liberal order while preserving a significant role for the public institutions in facilitating adjustment. The book argues that outcomes in the three countries cannot be explained solely by recourse to conventional institutional and interest-based accounts and that ideas act as powerful drivers of patterns of economic adjustment in ways that yield strikingly consistent policy trajectories across economic, institutional, and partisan contexts.
Piety and Public Opinion
Authors: Pepinsky Thomas B. , Liddle R. William , Mujani Saiful
Published: January 2018

Across the Muslim world, religion plays an increasingly prominent role in both the private and public lives of over a billion people. Observers struggle to understand the consequences of this Islamic resurgence. Will democratic political participation by an increasingly religious population lead to victories by Islamists at the ballot box? Will more conspicuously pious Muslims participate in politics and markets in a fundamentally different way than they had previously? Will a renewed attention to Islam lead Muslim democracies to turn away from alignments with the West and toward an Islamic civilizational identity? Piety and Public Opinion presents a fresh new perspective on these issues, based on the simple fact that the answers to these questions depend on what ordinary Muslims think and do. In contrast to most research on Islam and politics which focuses narrowly on the Middle East or the Arab world, it argues that Indonesia—the world’s largest Muslim majority country, with a thriving democratic government, an emerging middle-income economy, and flourishing Islamist movement—is an ideal context to study how politics, markets, globalization, and Islamic revivalism interact. Leveraging original data and cutting-edge methods, the authors find no evidence that pious Muslims are more or less democratic, more or less market-oriented, or more or less cosmopolitan than their less pious peers. Against the common assumption that piety would naturally inhibit any tendencies toward modernity, democracy, or cosmopolitanism, Piety and Public Opinion reveals the complex and subtle links between religion and political beliefs in an important Muslim democracy.
Afterword
Authors: Watson Tim
Published: January 2018

The afterword analyzes works by two postcolonial writers who blend anthropology and literature, Amitav Ghosh from India and Erna Brodber from Jamaica. Ghosh turns his Egyptian fieldwork into a memoir that chronicles his failure to persuade his hosts of the similarities between postcolonial India and Egypt. Ghosh’s narrator turns away from anthropology toward the written archives of a precolonial history that promises to establish the Indian Ocean connections he had sought in the postcolonial present. Brodber mixes history, ethnography, and narrative in her novel Louisiana and makes her protagonist, Ella Townsend, a postcolonial intellectual trained in anthropology at Columbia, echoing the real-life career of Zora Neale Hurston.
Promote Smart Decarceration
Authors: Epperson Matthew W. , Pettus-Davis Carrie , Grier Annie , Sawh Leon
Published: January 2018

The United States has the world’s largest proportion of people behind bars. Mass incarceration and failed rehabilitation have resulted in staggering economic and human costs. Our challenge is to develop a proactive, comprehensive, evidence-based “smart decarceration” strategy that will dramatically reduce the number of people who are imprisoned and enable the nation to embrace a more effective and just approach to public safety.
Orders of Life
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the invention and the early history of the system of āśrama (orders of life). Using the newly discovered semantic history of gṛhastha (householder), this study shows that the āśrama system originates from the organization of pāṣaṇḍa religious organization noted by Aśoka, and organizational structure that contained two kinds of members: those who have gone forth as itinerant ascetics (pravrajita) and those who opted to stay at home (gṛhastha). The early formulation of the āśrama system viewed the four orders of Vedic student, married householder, forest hermit, and wandering mendicant as adult vocations chosen by the young adult who has completed his Vedic education. In Manu, we transition to the system where the four are considered four stages of life suitable for young men, adults, and old people.
Food and Dietary Rules
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the detailed rules with regard to food and eating spelled out in the Dharmaśāstras. These rules are based on an intricate classification of land animals, birds, and fish according to three criteria: foot and teeth structures, diet (carnivore or herbivore), and habitation (wild, domestic, or village). The animals, milk, and vegetables that are forbidden are called abhakṣya. Even legal foods can become unfit for consumption (abhojya) under certain supervening circumstances: for example, it has been touched or served by an impure person (menstruating woman, someone in mourning, an outcaste) or object (e.g., feces or dog). There is also a discussion about meat eating and vegetarianism.
Emotions
Authors: Heim Maria
Published: January 2018

At all layers of textual development, the dharma literature proves unexpectedly rich in describing, evoking, and regulating what users of English call emotions. This chapter explores some of the conceptual distinctions, analytical categories, and taxonomies that emerge from the dharma texts, including the dharmasūtras of Ᾱ‎pastamba, Gautama, Baudhāyana, and Vasiṣṭha, and the smṛṭi of Manu, as they represent and regulate the field of experience suggested by the term emotions. Focusing on particular emotions and the diverse discourses (ritual, legal, ethical, and social) that try to manage them, the chapter shows how certain emotions are deployed in idealized representations of social practice, even as others can prove unruly and intractable to the dharma authorities.
What did we learn from the ape language studies?
Authors: Tomasello Michael
Published: January 2018

The ‘ape language’ studies have come and gone, with wildly divergent claims about what they have shown. Without question, the most sophisticated skills have been displayed by Kanzi, a male bonobo exposed from youth to a human-like communicative system. This chapter attempts to assess, in an objective a manner as possible, the nature of the communicative skills that Kanzi and other great apes acquired during the various ape language projects. The overall conclusion is that bonobos and other apes possess most of the requisite cognitive skills for something like a human language, including such things as basic symbol learning, categorization, sequential (statistical) learning, etc. What they lack are the skills and motivations of shared intentionality—such things as joint attention, perspective-taking and cooperative motives—for adjusting their communicative acts for others pragmatically, or for learning symbols whose main function is pragmatic. Il y a eu beaucoup d’études sur la langue des singes avec des résultats très divergents. Sans question, on a vu les compétences les plus avancées chez Kanzi, un bonobo mâle qui a été exposé dès la jeunesse à un système de communication humain. Ici j’essaye d’évaluer le plus objectivement possible l’origine des compétences de communication que Kanzi et d’autres Grands singes ont appris pendant les différents projets linguistiques. Je conclue que les bonobos et les autres grands singes possèdent la plupart des compétences cognitives nécessaires à un langage humain, inclut les bases d’apprentissage de symboles, catégorisation, apprentissage séquentiel statistique, etc. Ils manquent les compétences et motivations d’intentionnalité commune—comme attention commune, prendre une perspective différente, motifs coopératifs—pour qu’ils améliorent leurs actes communicatives pragmatiquement.
Prosociality among non-kin in bonobos and chimpanzees compared
Authors: Tan Jingzhi , Hare Brian
Published: January 2018

Models of the origin of human prosociality towards non-kin have been primarily developed from chimpanzee studies. Substantially less effort has been made to consider the prosociality of bonobos. Like chimpanzees, bonobos cooperate with non-kin extensively but, unlike chimpanzees, immigrating members are central to bonobo cooperation. In experiments bonobos are tolerant during encounters with strangers and during co-feeding. They help strangers without immediate tangible reward, and forfeit monopolizable food to facilitate a physical interaction with them. Such prosociality seems proactive as it is not elicited by solicitation. Bonobos also seem to prefer sharing food over non-food objects, while chimpanzees reliably transfer non-food objects rather than food. These findings highlight the possibility that human sharing with strangers might have also evolved as a mutualistic endeavour to initiate a long-term partnership. Future models of human prosociality will need to incorporate findings from both Pan species. Les modèles de l’origine de la prosocialité humaine entre non-parents ont été développées en majorité à partir d’études de chimpanzé. Beaucoup moins d’efforts ont été faits pour considérer la prosocialité des bonobos. Comme les chimpanzés, les bonobos coopèrent extensivement avec non-parents mais, contrairement au chimpanzés, les membres immigrants sont au centre de la coopération bonobo. Les bonobos sont tolérants, en expérimentation, durant les rencontres avec des étrangers et durant la co-alimentation. Ils aident les étrangers sans récompense immédiate, et abandonnent la nourriture monopolisable pour faciliter une interaction physique avec eux. Une prosocialité pareille paraît proactive vu qu’elle n’est pas sollicitée. Les bonobos, il paraît, préfèrent partager la nourriture que d’autres objets, alors que les chimpanzés préfèrent partager les objets non-aliments que la nourriture. Ces résultats soulignent la possibilité que le partage humain avec les étrangers a pu évoluer comme une enquête mutuelle pour initier un partenariat à longue durée. Les modèles futurs de la prosocialité humaine doivent inclure les résultats des deux espèces Pan.
Fictions, Libels, and Unions in the Long Eighteenth Century
Authors: Keymer Thomas
Published: January 2018

This chapter considers the literary representation of union by way of three case studies: Jonathan Swift’s ‘The Story of the Injured Lady’ (written 1707, published 1746), Thomas Finn’s ‘The Painter Cut’ (1810), and Tobias Smollett’s Humphry Clinker (1771). Their polemical energy notwithstanding, the allegories of Swift and Finn also display tensions and articulate contradictions typifying the eighteenth century’s figurations of union. These complications may be explained in part as defences against possible prosecution, but they also imply mixed feelings about nationalist commitment, and an awareness of the conceptual or practical incoherence of unitary national identity. Smollett takes such tendencies to their extreme in his masterpiece Humphry Clinker, which juxtaposes multiple conflicting perspectives on union, and plays ironically on the anti-union rhetoric of Fletcher of Saltoun. He fashions the novel, a generation before Scott, as a genre uniquely equipped to address national identity in all its mobility and multiplicity.
Virginia Woolf
Authors: Sellers Susan
Published: January 2018

This chapter traces Virginia Woolf’s development as a writer of non-fiction, focusing on her prolific output as an essayist. It sees close links between her ongoing experimentation with the novel form and the evolving form of her essays, and argues that her alterations in style were an integral aspect of her attempt to articulate a response to her largely Victorian inheritance, to the seismic shifts taking place in society and understanding in the early decades of the twentieth century, and to the politics and culture of the 1930s dominated by the rise of fascism. While the chapter ranges across all of Woolf’s essays, there is particular discussion of her 1920 A Room of One’s Own and her 1938 Three Guineas.
Best Explanations
Authors: McCain Kevin , Poston Ted
Published: January 2018

This chapter introduces the volume as a whole. It begins by briefly explaining inference to the best explanation and giving examples of explanatory reasoning from the sciences and everyday life. The chapter notes that inference to the best explanation is taken to be central to a variety of endeavors from diagnosing medical conditions to increasing crop yields. Nevertheless, the chapter makes it clear that there are a number of conflicts related to inference to the best explanation and its proper use. These conflicts are the focus of the volume. After this introduction to the volume, the chapter provides brief summaries of the chapters that follow.
The Evidential Impact of Explanatory Considerations
Authors: McCain Kevin , Poston Ted
Published: January 2018

Explanationism is an attractive family of theories of epistemic justification. In broad terms, explanationism is the idea that what a person is justified in believing depends on their explanatory position. At its core, explanationism involves commitment to the claim that the fact p would best explain a body of evidence if p were true is itself evidence that p is true. In slogan form: explanatoriness is evidentially relevant. Despite its plausibility, explanationism has been criticized for various reasons. This chapter strengthens the case for explanationism by defending it from a recent attack by Elliott Sober and William Roche.
In Defense of Rationalism about Abductive Inference
Authors: Hasan Ali
Published: January 2018

Laurence BonJour and more recently James Beebe have argued that the best way to defend the claim that abduction or inference to the best explanation is epistemically justified is the rationalist view that it is justified a priori. However, rationalism about abduction faces a number of challenges. This chapter focuses on one particular, highly influential objection, that there is no interpretation of probability available which is compatible with rationalism about abduction. The rationalist who wants to maintain a strong connection between epistemic justification and probability would do best to rely on a Keynesian interpretation of probability. However, the latter is vulnerable to Ramsey’s famous criticism that we do not seem to perceive or be aware of such probabilities. The chapter argues that Ramsey’s criticism is unsuccessful, and that there are good reasons to be optimistic about our ability to have access to probabilities relevant to abductive inference.
Does Skepticism Presuppose Explanationism?
Authors: Beebe James R.
Published: January 2018

Explanationist (or abductivist) responses to skepticism maintain that our commonsense beliefs about the external world can be rationally preferred to skeptical hypotheses on the grounds that the former provide better explanations of our sensory experiences than the latter. This kind of response to radical skepticism has never enjoyed widespread acceptance in the epistemological community due to concerns about the epistemic merits of inference to the best explanation and appeals to the explanatory virtues. Against this tide of skepticism about explanationism, the chapter argues that traditional skeptical challenges rest upon central explanationist tenets and thus that one cannot harbor doubts about the general class of explanationist responses to skepticism while at the same time granting the force of the skeptical challenges they seek to answer. This chapter also shows how explanationist principles do a better job than epistemic closure and underdetermination principles in articulating the structure and force of skeptical challenges.
Idealism Without God
Authors: Yetter-Chappell Helen
Published: January 2018

This chapter develops a novel non-theistic (quasi-)Berkeleyan idealism. The strategy is to peel away the attributes of God that aren’t essential for the role he plays in idealist metaphysics. Neither God’s desires, intentions, beliefs, nor his status as an agent is relevant to the metaphysical work he does in sustaining a robust reality. When we peel away these things, we’re left with a view on which reality is a vast unity of consciousness, weaving together sensory experiences into the familiar world around us. The chapter argues that if reality is fundamentally phenomenal in this way, we can give a unique account of perception that robustly captures direct realist intuitions of reality forming the ‘constituents’ of our experiences. The chapter assesses the unique virtues and challenges such a view faces, paying particular attention to the question of whether idealism entails a profligacy of physical laws.
Transcendental Idealism Without Tears
Authors: Stang Nicholas F.
Published: January 2018

This chapter is an attempt to explain Kantian transcendental idealism to contemporary metaphysicians and make clear its relevance to contemporary debates in what is now called ‘meta-ontology.’ It first introduces some Kantian ideas about what objects are and argues that we understand the concept  through understanding what can be the referent of singular mental reference by some intellect (what Kant calls an ‘intuition’), human or otherwise. It then argues that explanatory understanding requires the ability to understand instances of relevant concepts, which in turn requires the ability to intuit objects that instantiate relevant concepts. This places a constraint on our ontology: we can have explanatory understanding only if our quantifiers are restricted to objects we can intuit (so-called ‘phenomena’). We can speculate about some of the recherché objects of contemporary metaphysics (e.g. physical simples, instantaneous temporal parts) but we cannot understand them.