bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Statistical analysis of radar observed F region irregularities from three longitudinal sectors
Authors: Cueva R. Y. C. , de Paula E. R. , Kherani A. E.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. Equatorial Spread F (ESF) is a manifestation of ionospheric interchange instabilities in the nighttime equatorial F region. These instabilities generate plasma density irregularities with scale sizes ranging from centimetres to thousands of kilometres. The irregularities can be detected from a variety of instruments such as digisonde, coherent and incoherent scatter radars, in situ space probes, and airglow photometers. In the present study, occurrence statistics of the ESF, based on various parameters are presented using data obtained from the VHF radars located at three longitudinally separated equatorial stations: Christmas Island (2° N, 202.6° E, 2.9° N dip latitude), São Luís (2.59° S, 315.8° E, 0.5° S dip latitude) and Jicamarca (12° S, 283.1° E, 0.6° N dip latitude). The ESF parameters presented here are the onset altitude, onset time (onset refers to first appearance of signal in the radar field of view) of the bottom-type and plume, and the peak altitude of the plume. Recent studies have used these parameters to classify the spread F occurrence characteristics. The present study reveals novel features namely, the dependence of ESF parameters on the seasonal, solar flux, declination angle and longitudinal dependence from the three radar sites. In addition, we also present an empirical model to determine the nature of these ESF parameters as a function of the solar flux which may enable us to forecast (with 30 min to 1 h tolerance) the plume occurrence at any longitude located in between São Luís and Christmas Island.
Inactive, Reactive, or Pro-Active?
Authors: Kila Joris D.
Published: December 2013

The ever-increasing problem of cultural heritage destruction in the eastern Mediterranean is the topic for this Forum. With the rapid spread of armed conflict and civil uprising throughout the Middle East and North Africa, the protection of cultural property takes a backseat to more pressing concerns about the destruction of lives and economic resources. In this article and the responses that follow, the complexities of preserving the past in the context of a volatile present are explored.
Metastatic seminoma presenting as flank pain
Authors: Smyth Lisa Geraldine , Davis Niall F. , Forde James C. , O’Kelly Olive , Gupta Rrajnish K. , Flood Hugh
Published: December 2013

Seminoma is the most common single histological sub-type of testicular carcinoma. Patients usually present with a painless lump and stage I disease. We describe a case of an incidental metastatic seminoma in a 28-year-old man post-renal trauma with a dramatically elevated β-human chorionic gonadotropin (βHCG). His βHCG level has returned to normal post-orchidectomy and chemotherapy.
Hematospermia and xanthogranulomatous prostatitis: An unusual onset of a rare diagnosis
Authors: Pastore Antonio Luigi , Palleschi Giovanni , Fuschi Andrea , Porta Natale , Cerbelli Bruna , Di Cristofano Claudio , Petrozza Vincenzo , Carbone Antonio
Published: December 2013

Xanthogranulomatous prostatitis is a rare type of granulomatous prostatitis, with very few cases described. We report the clinical, radiological and pathological findings of 5 cases of xanthogranulomatous prostatitis. All patients came for recurrent episodes of hematospermia (associated with fever in 3 patients). All patients suffered from lower urinary tract symptoms and an increased prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level associated with a suspicious digital rectal examination (DRE); however, at biopsy, the results were negative for xanthogranulomatous prostatitis. Due to persistent severe bladder outlet obstruction, after unsuccessful medical treatments, all patients underwent transurethral resection of prostate (TURP). Final histological examination revealed a xanthogranulomatous prostatitis. The xanthogranulomatous prostatitis can be an incidental finding after TURP and it can simulate prostatic malignancy with PSA elevation.
Diagnosing spontaneous ileal neobladder perforation: Too often delayed
Authors: Rosenberg Shilo , Gofrit Ofer N. , Hidas Guy , Landau Ezekiel H. , Pode Dov
Published: December 2013

Spontaneous neobladder perforations are rare, but well-documented; the first cases were reported more than 2 decades ago mostly in urologic journals. However, the diagnosis of these patients is often delayed in the emergency room setting because initial care is given by non-urological medical staff that is too often unaware of this etiology. We present 2 cases and discuss the shift in treatment that has occurred over time.
A Wheel-Switch Selective Image Encryption Scheme Using Spatiotemporal Chaotic System
Authors: Wang Xing-Yuan , Bao Xue-Mei
Published: December 2013

In this paper, we propose a novel selective image encryption scheme using a one-way coupled map lattice (CML) consisting of logistic maps and a selector constructed by two variants of a cyclic shift register (VCSR). The initial conditions and the coupling constant of CML in our scheme are influenced by all the contents of the plain image. Moreover, the selector is closely related to the nonencrypted part of the plain image. In addition, we select only a portion of image data to encrypt via a wheel-switch scheme governed by the selector. Users can select an appropriate proportion to encrypt the plain image for their different demands of security and efficiency. Experimental results and theoretical analysis show that the cryptosystem is effective and can resist various typical attacks.
Geologia e hidrogeologia da região do distrito de Lagoa Branca, Casa Branca, SP, aplicação de sondagem elétrica
Authors: Souza Adonis de , Davino André , Torres Carlos de Carvalho , Massoli Marcos , Sinelli Osmar , Vieira Percy Corrêa
Published: December 2013

Quando da locação de novo ponto para perfuração de poço tubular profundo no Distrito de Lagoa Branca, utilizou-se o método das sondagens elétricas. Afloram na área pesquisada, sedimentos cenozóicos de pequena espessura e sedimentos da Formação Aquidauana, representados localmente por siltitos argilosos e arenitos sílticos, de cores predominantemente avermelhadas. Os dados fornecidos pela interpretação de oito sondagens elétricas efetuadas e os dados obtidos de poços profundos perfurados nas imediações, levaram à definição de um lacólito subaflorante no Distrito de Lagoa Branca. Enfatiza-se a importancia da grande percentagem de ocorrência de diabásio na área, sobre a pequena percentagem de extrusivas (basalto).
A Teoria geomorfológica e sua edificação: análise critica
Authors: Abreu Adilson Avansi de
Published: December 2013

O presente trabalho refere-se a uma exposição sucinta da interpretação sobre o desenvolvimento global de ciência geomorfológica. A intenção é definir um sistema referencial em função do qual possa-se obter parâmetros para a interpretação crítica das diferentes posturas assumidas pelos geomorfólogos no correr do tempo. Fornece ainda, uma sinopse interpretativa que identifica linhas mestras da evolução da geomorfologia, através da filogênese da teoria geomorfológica.
Simplificação operacional em levantamentos geodésicos com o emprego de instrumentos eletrônicos
Authors: Carvalho Moacyr de
Published: December 2013

Este trabalho trata de certas simplificações operacionais em levantamentos geodésicos para fins de projetos ou cartografia, mediante o correlacionamento linear entre duas variáveis quantitativas. Tais variáveis são as constituídas por coeficientes de refração, curvatura e índice de refração extraídas de amostra observada em 80 pares dessas variáveis. O trabalho contém uma análise conclusiva estabelecendo condições limites para a sua aplicação.
Mapa de contorno estrutural do topo do basalto subjacente ao Grupo Bauru no estado de São Paulo
Authors: Santoro Jair , Massoli Marcos
Published: December 2013

A Bacia do Paraná apresenta uma unidade litoestratigráfica, Formação Serra Geral, caracterizada por inúmeros derrames predominantemente basálticos, de idade jurocretácea. Uma reconstituição da antiga superfície do topo dos derrames constitui a finalidade deste trabalho. A topografia da superfície basáltica mostra-se bastante irregular, com altos e baixos estruturais, com caimento para noroeste e sudoeste, onde atinge as cotas mais baixas, em tomo de 150m.
Fundamentos geográficos para a conservação da natureza
Authors: Oliveira Manoel Carlos de , Mello Maria Helena de A
Published: December 2013

Este trabalho visa mostrar que a Geografia Física, como fundamento científico, traz subsídios ao manejo correto dos recursos naturais.
Principais domínios metalogenéticos do ouro: representatividade no tempo geológico, sua distribuição espacial e importância econômica
Authors: Xavier Roberto Perez
Published: December 2013

A distribuição dos depósitos de ouro ao longo da coluna geológica do Arqueano ao Recente não é uniforme mas marcadamente assimétrica. Das épocas geológicas da Terra, o Arqueano se constitui no período mais favorável às mineralizações auríferas que se concentraram devido à combinação de eventos tectonometamórficos e ígneos que deram origem aos greenstone belts, podendo ser encontradas em praticamente todas as áreas do planeta. Exemplos na Província Estrutural Superior e Slave no Canadá incluem os distritos auríferos de Porcupine, Kirkland-Larder Lake, Noranda Cadillac-Malartic-Val d'Or, Long Lac, Red Lake e Yellowknife, ao passo que nos escassos terrenos pré-cambrianos dos U .S.A. a mina de Homestake figura como o depósito de ouro mais expressivo. Nos Crátons de Kaapvaal e da Rodésia da África Meridional destacam-se os distritos de Barberton, Steynsdorp e Murchison e diversos outros depósitos no Zimbabwe. Na Austrália Ocidental, encontram-se concentrados preferencialmente nos greenstone belts do Cráton do Yilgarn. Finalmente, na Índia são famosos os distritos auríferos de Kolar que se -situam nos greenstone belts do sistema Dharwar. As mineralizações auríferas do Proterozóico são de pequeno porte e de pouca expressividade econômica (exceto Witwatersrand), reaparecendo de forma conspícua apenas a partir do Mesozóico, com os depósitos mais jovens mostrando um teor mais alto em prata. Exemplos importantes compreendem Mother Lode em rochas jurássicas de Sierra Nevada na Califórnia (U.S.A.) e os depósitos terciários associados a cobre porfirítico (por exemplo Bingham, Utah e vários depósitos ao longo da cadeia Andina), a rochas carbonáticas (por exemplo Carlin, Nevada) e a veios polimetálicos (por exemplo Butte, Montana). O Brasil, de forma análoga a outras áreas arqueanas, tem nos greenstones belts as mais importantes fontes de ouro, quer seja diretamente na sua forma primária (por exemplo Morro Velho, Raposos, Crixás e Andorinhas), ou indiretamente associado aos pláceres atuais (garimpos oriundos da Amazônia Oriental). O Proterozóico brasileiro, em termos de mineralizações auríferas importantes, caracteriza-se principalmente pelos conglomerados do Grupo Jacobina, Formação Moeda e Chapada Diamantina, pela Mina de Passagem no Supergrupo Minas, Serra Pelada na Formação Rio Fresco e a Faixa Weber no Greenstone Belt do Rio Itapicuru (BA). Em qualquer análise metalogenética de uma província aurífera onde se pretende compreender as leis que regem suas mineralizações no espaço e tempo, deve-se levar em conta a existência de uma multitude de metalotectos reveladores, suas diversas combinações e intensidade dos processos, especialmente no caso dos depósitos de ouro em greenstone belts arqueanos.
Effect of Cash Benefits on Health Care Utilization and Health
Authors: Agarwal Sumit D. , Cook Benjamin Lê , Liebman Jeffrey B.
Published: July 2024

Importance

Poverty is associated with greater barriers to health care and worse health outcomes, but it remains unclear whether income support can improve health.

Objective

To examine the effect of cash benefits on health care utilization and health.

Design, Setting, and Participants

The City of Chelsea, Massachusetts, a low-income community near Boston, randomly assigned individuals by lottery to receive cash benefits. Participants’ medical records were linked across multiple health systems. Outcomes were assessed during the intervention period from November 24, 2020, to August 31, 2021.

Intervention

Cash benefits via debit card of up to $400 per month for 9 months.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was emergency department visits. Secondary outcomes included specific types of emergency department visits, outpatient use overall and by specialty, COVID-19 vaccination, and biomarkers such as cholesterol levels.

Results

Among 2880 individuals who applied for the lottery, mean age was 45.1 years and 77% were female. The 1746 participants randomized to receive the cash benefits had significantly fewer emergency department visits compared with the control group (217.1 vs 317.5 emergency department visits per 1000 persons; adjusted difference, −87.0 per 1000 persons [95% CI, −160.2 to −13.8]). This included reductions in emergency department visits related to behavioral health (−21.6 visits per 1000 persons [95% CI, −40.2 to −3.1]) and substance use (−12.8 visits per 1000 persons [95% CI, −25.0 to −0.6]) as well as those that resulted in a hospitalization (−27.3 visits per 1000 persons [95% CI, −53.6 to −1.1]). The cash benefit had no statistically significant effect on total outpatient visits (424.3 visits per 1000 persons [95% CI, −118.6 to 967.2]), visits to primary care (−90.4 visits per 1000 persons [95% CI, −308.1 to 127.2]), or outpatient behavioral health (83.5 visits per 1000 persons [95% CI, −182.9 to 349.9]). Outpatient visits to other subspecialties were higher in the cash benefit group compared with the control group (303.1 visits per 1000 persons [95% CI, 32.9 to 573.2]), particularly for individuals without a car. The cash benefit had no statistically significant effect on COVID-19 vaccination, blood pressure, body weight, glycated hemoglobin, or cholesterol level.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this randomized study, individuals who received a cash benefit had significantly fewer emergency department visits, including those related to behavioral health and substance use, fewer admissions to the hospital from the emergency department, and increased use of outpatient subspecialty care. Study results suggest that policies that seek to alleviate poverty by providing income support may have important benefits for health and access to care.
Lesioning the Brain—From Serendipity to Science
Authors: Sugrue Leo P. , Lashof-Regas Samuel , Wang Doris D.
Published: July 2024

This case report describes use of high-intensity focused ultrasound as a method to create spatially precise thermal lesions in the brain without a craniotomy.
Bullying victimization and bullying perpetration, social anxiety, and social withdrawal in Portuguese adolescents: A reciprocal association model
Authors: Sousa Mariana , Cruz Sara , Inman Richard , Marchante Marta , Coelho Vítor Alexandre
Published: July 2024

Further research is needed to clarify the association of the different forms of bullying with social anxiety and social withdrawal over time in adolescents. This two‐wave panel study with a 1‐year time lag (October 2021–October 2022) examined the cross‐lagged relationships between bullying victimization and bullying perpetration, social anxiety (i.e., fear or distress in social situations), and social withdrawal (i.e., consistent, and deliberate social solitude). Participants were 485 middle school students (234 girls) attending the seventh or eighth grade at Time 1 (T1) (Mage = 12.67 years, SD = 1.14 years). Social anxiety and social withdrawal were assessed using subscales of the Social and Emotional Competencies Evaluation Questionnaire. Bullying perpetration and bullying victimization were assessed using the Bullying and Cyberbullying Behavior Questionnaire–Short Form. The within‐wave associations between the study variables were similar at T1 and Time 2 (T2), with the exception that the association between bullying perpetration and social anxiety was much weaker at T1 than at T2. The results of the path analysis showed that T1 bullying perpetration predicted T2 social anxiety, and that T1 bullying victimization predicted T2 social withdrawal. We also found a reciprocal relationship between social anxiety and social withdrawal. These findings highlight the importance of preventive and remediation interventions to reduce social anxiety in adolescents who engage in and experience bullying behavior.
Investigating cortical hypoxia in multiple sclerosis via time‐domain near‐infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Williams Thomas , Lange Frédéric , Smith Kenneth J. , Tachtsidis Ilias , Chataway Jeremy
Published: July 2024

Objectives

Hypoperfusion and tissue hypoxia have been implicated as contributory mechanisms in the neuropathology of multiple sclerosis (MS). Our objective has been to study cortical oxygenation in vivo in patients with MS and age‐matched controls.

Methods

A custom, multiwavelength time‐domain near‐infrared spectroscopy system was developed for assessing tissue hypoxia from the prefrontal cortex. A cross‐sectional case–control study was undertaken assessing patients with secondary progressive MS (SPMS) and age‐matched controls. Co‐registered magnetic resonance imaging was used to verify the location from which near‐infrared spectroscopy data were obtained through Monte Carlo simulations of photon propagation. Additional clinical assessments of MS disease severity were carried out by trained neurologists. Linear mixed effect models were used to compare cortical oxygenation between cases and controls, and against measures of MS severity.

Results

Thirty‐three patients with secondary progressive MS (median expanded disability status scale 6 [IQR: 5–6.5]; median age 53.0 [IQR: 49–58]) and 20 age‐matched controls were recruited. Modeling of photon propagation confirmed spectroscopy data were obtained from the prefrontal cortex. Patients with SPMS had significantly lower cortical hemoglobin oxygenation compared with controls (−6.0% [95% CI: −10.0 to −1.9], P = 0.004). There were no significant associations between cortical oxygenation and MS severity.

Interpretation

Using an advanced, multiwavelength time‐domain near‐infrared spectroscopy system, we demonstrate that patients with SPMS have lower cortical oxygenation compared with controls.
Inhibiting the Deep Reconstruction of Ni‐Based Interface by Coordination of Chalcogen Anions for Efficient and Stable Glycerol Electrooxidation
Authors: Wang Shuo , Yan Yong , Du Yongping , Zhao Yuguo , Li Tongxian , Wang Dong , Schaaf Peter , Wang Xiayan
Published: July 2024

Recently, Ni‐based chalcogenides havedemonstrated remarkable activity and selectivity for alcohol electrooxidation, but the mechanisms remain debated. This study synthesizes Ni‐based electrodeswith different chalcogen anion coordination on nickel nanorod arrays (NiOx/Ni,NiSx/Ni, and NiSex/Ni NRAs). NiSex/Ni NRAsshowcases superior performance (Faradaic efficiency 92.9%) in glycerolelectrooxidation reaction (GOR). In situ spectroscopy reveals that NiSecoordination inhibits deep oxidative reconstruction of the Ni‐based interface, preventingNiOOH phase formation during GOR, enhancing activity and stability of NiSex/NiNRAs. Conversely, NiS and NiO coordination lead to deep reconstruction with NiOOHphase formation, limiting GOR performance. Differently, during competingreaction of GOR, the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) leads to deepreconstruction of NiSex interface due to the instability of Ni‐Sebonds, inducing performance degradation and dissolution of Se components. Furthermechanism investigation elucidates that the rate‐determining step (RDS) ofGOR at the NiSex interface involves oxidation of *C2H3O3 intermediatesthrough H2O adsorption, favoring stable formate production.Contrarily, the RDS at the NiSx, NiOx, and NiOOHinterfaces predominantly focus on the decarboxylation of multi‐carbon intermediates, raisingenergy barriers and over‐oxidizing formate to CO2. These results providenew insights for designing Ni‐based non‐oxide catalysts forefficient and stable electrocatalytic oxidation.
Multifunctional Hydrogel Based on Silk Fibroin Promotes Tissue Repair and Regeneration
Authors: Lin Demin , Li Muqing , Wang Lulu , Cheng Jialing , Yang Yanfang , Wang Hongliang , Ye Jun , Liu Yuling
Published: July 2024

The creation of functional hydrogels with robust load‐bearing capacity adaptable to complex tissue regeneration remains challenging. Silk fibroin (SF) is a natural biomaterial with excellent mechanical strength and cell adhesion capacity, possessing tremendous potential to solve the aforementioned dilemma. The excellent biodegradability and biocompatibility and the molecular structure with multiple modifiable moieties provide opportunities for the injectability and multifunctionality of hydrogels. Furthermore, the incorporation of other polymers or active ingredients can improve the basic properties, confer biological activities and pharmacological effects, and provide the prerequisites for hydrogels to fulfill specific requirements. Therefore, SF‐based hydrogels are widely applied in tissue repair and regeneration, especially in bone, skin, nerve, liver, myocardium, and cornea, which have effectively addressed the challenges of scaffolds' lack of cell adhesion sites, excessive degradation, as well as the lack of efficient, long‐lasting antimicrobial properties. This review outlines the properties of SF, discusses the types of materials commonly used in the preparation of hydrogels and their characteristics, and describes the current construction methods of SF hydrogels. Simultaneously, recent advancements in applying SF‐based multifunctional hydrogels within biological tissues are explored, with a focus on their role in tissue repair, highlighting the repair mechanism of SF based on bone and skin.
Interactions of Clay Minerals with Biomolecules and Protocells Complex Structures in the Origin of Life: A Review
Authors: Yan Ying , Yang Huaming
Published: July 2024

The origin of life (OoL) has always been a mysterious and challenging topic that puzzles human beings. Clay minerals have unique properties and wide distribution in early Earth environments. They can not only adsorb biological small molecules to catalyze their polymerization, but play an active role in the formation and evolution of protocells. In this review, the research progress on the interactions of clay minerals with biomolecules and protocells complex structures in the field of the OoL based on chemical evolution theory is summarized. The types, structures and properties of clay minerals, biological molecules and protocell models related to the OoL are introduced in detail. The mechanism of interaction between clay minerals and biological molecules, the construction of protocells and the role of clay minerals in the formation, structure and stability of protocells are systematically described. Finally, the future research priorities and challenges in the field of OoL based on clay minerals, biomolecules and protocells are discussed. It is aspired that this review can further advance the exploration of the OoL from a new perspective, and can also bring some interesting findings and ideas to the interdisciplinary research of materials, biology, chemistry and other related disciplines.Clay minerals have a variety of interactions with small biomolecules, which can be used as structural and functional templates to promote the organic synthesis of biomolecules and the formation and evolution of protocells, playing a non‐negligible role in the field of the OoL.
Multifunctional Power Generators beyond Moisture Limitation
Authors: Liu Yanhui , Li Zihao , Yang Xijia , Yang Yue , Li Xuesong , Jiang Yi , Gao Yang , Wang Liying , Lü Wei
Published: July 2024

The moisture‐enabled electricity generators (MEGs) represent an appealing clean power strategy within the realm of hydrovoltaic technology. However, their stable operation under all‐weather conditions is still challengeable due to the effect of ambient humidity. Herein, a self‐water‐storage MEGs with multifunctionality was developed. Gel textiles are employed as the proton‐release layer, while graphite fibers loaded with tin‐bismuth alloy liquid metal serve as water‐storing electrode. The gel textiles absorb water permeating down from the electrodes, releasing protons, which then react with the active electrode to enhance output performance. The experiment demonstrates that a device can generate a voltage of 0.55 V and a current of 7.08 μA after water storage, with a maximum power density of 1.14 μW·cm‐². The device's performance output can remain stable within a wide temperature range. The experiment confirms that the electrical output of the device originates from ionic diffusion, while density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) calculations reveal the importance of the strong hydrolysis ability of the polymer and the high adsorption energy of the liquid metal for H3O+ on the output performance of the device. Furthermore, the integrated device has demonstrated effective applications in driving microelectronic devices, charging capacitors and, self‐powered health monitoring.
Unlocking Chlorine Oxide‐Based Ultra‐Wideband Near‐Infrared Phosphor and Advancing Spectral Performance via Lattice Engineering
Authors: Zhao Qianqian , Xia Wenqi , Du Longsheng , Du Feng , Leng Zhihua , Xie Huidong , Tang Zuobin
Published: July 2024

Near‐infrared (NIR) phosphor‐converted light–emitting diodes (pc‐LEDs) are increasingly used in night vision, surveillance, and biomedicine. A major challenge is to identify a phosphor that efficiently converts blue light into wideband NIR emission. In this paper, a rare‐earth divalent europium (Eu2+)‐activated halogen oxide (Sr3GeO4Cl2) phosphor is unlocked via a high‐temperature solid‐state reaction. The Sr3GeO4Cl2:Eu2+ phosphor emits a wide spectrum (500–950 nm) with a peak at 700 nm when excited by 450 nm blue light. Extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis reveals that the NIR emission primarily originates from Eu2+ ions, and the Eu─O bond length closely resembles the Sr─O bond length. Lattice engineering, specifically Ge/Si cation substitution, increased Eu2+ incorporation into the crystal lattice, boosting luminescence intensity by 75%–122% and quantum efficiency from 15% to 26%. This is related to the combined effect of reduced non‐radiative energy transfer and changes in the local lattice structure of Eu2+. A NIR pc‐LED device using the optimized phosphor showed a photoelectric efficiency of 16.5% and an optical output of 25.07 mW at 100 mA. This study not only explores new Eu2+‐activated NIR phosphors but also highlights the importance of crystal engineering to enhance luminescence properties, guiding future research for efficient NIR pc‐LED development.
Carbon Dots in the Pathological Microenvironment: ROS Producers or Scavengers?
Authors: Dong Chen , Wang Yanan , Chen Tianxiang , Ren Wenzhi , Gao Changyong , Ma Xuehua , Gao Xiang , Wu Aiguo
Published: July 2024

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), as metabolic byproducts, play pivotal role in physiological and pathological processes. Recently, studies on the regulation of ROS levels for disease treatments have attracted extensive attention, mainly involving the ROS‐induced toxicity therapy mediated by ROS producers and antioxidant therapy by ROS scavengers. Nanotechnology advancements have led to the development of numerous nanomaterials with ROS‐modulating capabilities, among which carbon dots (CDs) standing out as noteworthy ROS‐modulating nanomedicines own their distinctive physicochemical properties, high stability, and excellent biocompatibility. Despite progress in treating ROS‐related diseases based on CDs, critical issues such as rational design principles for their regulation remain underexplored. The primary cause of these issues may stem from the intricate amalgamation of core structure, defects, and surface states, inherent to CDs, which poses challenges in establishing a consistent generalization. This review succinctly summarizes the recently progress of ROS‐modulated approaches using CDs in disease treatment. Specifically, it investigates established therapeutic strategies based on CDs‐regulated ROS, emphasizing the interplay between intrinsic structure and ROS generation or scavenging ability. The conclusion raises several unresolved key scientific issues and prominent technological bottlenecks, and explores future perspectives for the comprehensive development of CDs‐based ROS‐modulating therapy.
Effective Dissolution of a Gaseous Odorant in Liquid Using Gas Flow
Authors: Nakane Takuma , Osaki Toshihisa , Mimura Hisatoshi , Takamori Sho , Miki Norihisa , Takeuchi Shoji
Published: July 2024

Olfactory receptors are known for their high specificity, sensitivity, and nanometer‐sized sensing element, making them ideal for in situ odorant sensor applications. However, one of the major limitations of these sensors is the requirement for an aqueous environment to maintain their function, while most odorants are poorly soluble in water. To address this issue, a microfluidic device consisting of a gas‐flow channel and a microwell is proposed that enables the effective dissolution of a gaseous odorant in an aqueous solution. Computational simulations are used to design the gas‐flow channel and the well, and the performance of the odorant dissolution is verified using the fabricated device. This study considers that convection in water induced by the gas flow enhances the dissolution of a gaseous odorant. The feasibility of the device is demonstrated for on‐site detection of a gaseous odorant. This approach facilitates the development of highly responsive and portable sensors utilizing olfactory receptors, offering a promising solution to the limitations of current odorant sensors.
Chip‐Scale Optically Pumped Magnetometry Enabled by Tailorable Elliptical Dichroism Metasurface
Authors: Hu Jinsheng , Liang Zihua , Zhou Peng , Liu Lu , Hu Gen , Ye Mao
Published: July 2024

Emerging miniaturized optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) are becoming one of the most desirable approaches for biomagnetic imaging, especially for OPM with elliptically polarized light, which promises single‐light optical pumping and detection with high sensitivity. However, conventional schemes of this kind require a set of bulk polarization optics and tedious adjustment procedures, which compromise the system's compactness and practicality. In this paper, a novel chip‐scale OPM scheme that leverages the monolithic elliptical meta‐polarizer is presented and experimentally demonstrated. The meta‐polarizer with a side length of 3 mm is laid out on a 2 × 2 cm2 glass wafer. It offers the capability to convert arbitrary incident polarization into the desired elliptical polarization and exhibits a tailorable elliptical dichroism (ED) of ≈0.77 at the wavelength of 795 nm. A 4 × 4 × 4 mm3 vapor cell containing 87Rb and N2 is combined with this elliptical meta‐polarizer to construct a miniaturized OPM. The sensitivity of this sensor reaches approximately 13 fT/Hz1/2 in a four‐layer magnetic shield with a dynamic range near zero magnetic field ≈ ±0.55 nT. By exploiting the advantages of planar integrated optics, reduced footprints and scalability are promised. And this work paves the way for the integration of emerging quantum sensors on a chip.
Tetrahedral Structure Based on Triphenylgermanium for Quenching‐Resistant Multi‐Resonance Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters
Authors: Ni Hua‐Xiu , Zhu Jia‐Zhen , Hu Jia‐Jun , Yuan Li , Liao Xiang‐Ji , Xing Shuai , Zheng You‐Xuan
Published: July 2024

The rigid planar architecture of multiple resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR‐TADF) molecules employing boron/nitrogen (B/N) frameworks typically results in severe aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ) and spectral broadening. Herein, a steric modification strategy is proposed by incorporating a tetrahedral architecture of triphenylgermanium (TPhGe) into the para‐position of B/N/N, B/N/O, and B/N/S frameworks for the first time, formed three MR‐TADF emitters, BNNGe, BNOGe, and BNSGe, with narrowband emissions ranging from bluish‐green to pure blue. Consequently, these emitters exhibit high photoluminescence quantum yields of > 90% in doped films. Organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on BNNGe, BNOGe, and BNSGe demonstrate impressive maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQEmaxs) of 30.1% to 15.5%, and 20.7%, respectively. The unique tetrahedral TPhGe moiety, with its bulky size conformation, effectively separates adjacent MR‐TADF molecules, resulting in efficient luminescence across a broad range of doping concentrations (5–30 wt%) in doped films, thereby successfully suppressing the ACQ in devices. Furthermore, OLEDs containing BNSGe display low‐efficiency roll‐offs because of higher spin‐orbital coupling and reverse intersystem crossing rates of the emitter, attributed to the heavy atom effect. Notably, the device with 5 wt% BNOGe exhibits a pure blue emission peaking at 461 nm, with a narrow full‐width at half‐maximum of 32 nm.
Off‐Stoichiometry Synthesis of 0D Metal Halide Polycrystals for High‐Performance X‐Ray Imaging
Authors: Wang Yongquan , Wang Yulong , Zhan Xinjiang , Shi Huaiyao , Zhu Wenjuan , Chen Bing , Liu Shujuan , Xu Xiuwen , Zhao Qiang
Published: July 2024

0D organic–inorganic metal halides (OIMHs) with intriguing luminescence encoded in their diverse crystal structure open wide opportunities for next‐generation optoelectronics. Yet, this structural diversity makes their precise synthesis challenging. Here, a facile yet efficient off‐stoichiometry antisolvent precipitation protocol is devised to synthesize pure Bmpip2PbBr4 (Bmpip = 1‐butyl‐1‐methylpiperidinium) polycrystals. Optical investigations reveal that the key to suppressing the by‐product, Bmpip9[Pb3Br11][PbBr4]2, generally occurring in a typical stoichiometric synthesis is to create a Br‐rich environment to promote the [PbBr4]2− formation while suppressing the formation of [Pb3Br11]5−. Moreover, this off‐sociometric protocol can be extended to the precise synthesis of Bzmim3SbCl6 (Bzmim = 1‐benzyl‐3‐methylimidazolium) polycrystals through the meticulous control of [SbCl6]3− formation in the solution. The resulting Bzmim3SbCl6 polycrystals show a nominal light yield of 24600 photons MeV−1, which is 6.8 times higher than that of its by‐product, namely Bzmim2SbCl5, and outperforms that of commercial LuAG:Ce. As a result, the scintillators made of Bzmim3SbCl6@PMMA achieve a decent spatial resolution of 8.3 lp mm−1. This work highlights the importance of regulating the metal polyhalide intermediates in precisely synthesizing 0D OIMHs.
Reducing Voltage Loss via Dipole Tuning for Electron‐Transport in Efficient and Stable Perovskite‐Silicon Tandem Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Guoliang , Duan Weiyuan , Lian Qing , Mahmud Md Arafat , Leung Tik Lun , Liao Chwenhaw , Bing Jueming , Bailey Christopher , Yi Jianpeng , Tao Runmin , Yang Jiong , Cui Xin , Nie Shuai , Zhu Yan , Lambertz Andreas , Jankovec Marko , Topič Marko , McCamey Dane R. , Bremner Stephen , Hameiri Ziv , Ding Kaining , Mckenzie David , Zheng Jianghui , Ho‐Baillie Anita
Published: July 2024

C60 is a widely used electron selective material for p–i–n perovskite cells, however, its energy level does not match well with that of a wide‐bandgap perovskite, resulting in low open‐circuit voltage (VOC) and fill factor (FF). To overcome this issue, ultra‐thin LiF has been widely used as an interlayer between C60 and perovskite layers facilitating efficient electron extraction but resulting in instability. In this work, the use of a piperidinium bromide (PpBr) is reported as an interlayer between C60 and perovskite, and the interlayer further is optimized by introducing an additional oxygen atom on the opposite side of the NH2+. This results in morpholinium bromide (MLBr) with increased dipole moment. Because of this, MLBr is highly effective in minimizing the energy band mismatch between perovskite and C60 layer for electron extraction while at the same time passivating defects. The champion single junction 1.67 eV MLBr solar cell produced a PCE of 21.9% and the champion monolithic MLBr perovskite‐Si tandem cell produced a PCE of 28.8%. Most importantly, both encapsulated MLBr and PpBr devices retain over 97% of their initial efficiency after 400 thermal cycles (between −40 and 85 °C), twice the number of cycles specified by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61215 photovoltaic module standard.
In‐Situ Removable Solid Additive Optimizing Active Layer and Cathode Interlayer of Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Kong Lingchen , Wang Xinkang , Li Mingke , Zhang Zesheng , Chen Mingqing , Zhang Lianjie , Ying Lei , Ma Dongge , Chen Junwu
Published: July 2024

In situ removable (ISR) solid additive can employ cold sublimation process to optimize active layer morphology for organic solar cells (OSCs), thus remaining unique potential. Herein, a feasible guideline is proposed to discover a new ISR solid additive 1‐bromo‐4‐chlorobenzene (CBB), whose removing time (TR) is between those of reported ISR solid additives 1,4‐dichlorobenzene (DCB) and 1‐chloro‐4‐iodobenzene (CIB). The CBB with a moderate TR is beneficial for affording the optimal active layer morphology and achieving the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.58% for D18:L8‐BO binary active layer, as supported by the most efficient exciton splitting, the fastest exciton transfer, and the most balanced carrier transports. Due to the unique ISR ability, DCB, CBB, and CIB are further proposed to optimize the aggregation of PDINN cathode interlayer. Particularly, the CBB‐ and CIB‐treated PDINN interlayers afforded the D18:L8‐BO based binary OSCs with excellent PCEs of 19.38% and 19.26%, along with remarkable fill factors of 80.98% and 81.37%, respectively. The CBB‐ and CIB‐treated PDINN interlayers can suppress non‐radiative recombination of the devices, resulting in higher open‐circuit voltage. This work not only provides an effective approach to flourish ISR solid additives but also expands the application of the ISR solid additive in OSCs.
π‐Bridge mediated coupling between inter‐ and intra‐molecular charge transfer in aggregates for highly efficient near‐infrared emission
Authors: Xu Jingyi , Xue Jie , Dai Yu , Zhang Jinyuan , Ren Jiajun , Yao Chengyu , Li Shaman , Meng Qingyu , Wen Xueliang , Shao Haoyun , Qiao Juan
Published: July 2024

Intermolecular charge transfer (inter‐CT) is commonly considered to quench luminescence in molecular aggregates, especially for near‐infrared (NIR) emission. Herein, by elaborate comparison of π‐bridge effects in donor/acceptor (D/A) molecules, it is disclosed that a π‐bridge is essential in D/A molecule to involve inter‐CT in aggregates for inducing desired thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and largely suppressing non‐radiative decays, and importantly, electron‐donating π‐bridge is critical to maximize radiative decay for inter‐CT dominated emission by effective electronic coupling with bright intramolecular charge transfer (intra‐CT) for high‐efficiency NIR emission. As a proof‐of‐concept, TPATAP with thienyl as π‐bridge realized prominent photoluminescence quantum yields of 18.9% at 788 nm in solid films, and achieved record‐high maximum external quantum efficiencies of 4.53% at 785 nm in devices. These findings provide fresh insight into interplay between inter‐CT and intra‐CT in molecular aggregates and open a new avenue to attenuate the limitation of energy gap law for developing highly efficient NIR emitters and improving the luminescent efficiency of various inter‐CT systems, such as organic photovoltaic, organic long persistent luminescence, etc.
Ontogeny and sexual dimorphism in the human hands through a 2D geometric morphometrics approach
Authors: Fernández‐Navarro Verónica , Garate Diego , Martínez Daniel García
Published: July 2024

Objectives

This study aims to conduct a thorough characterization of hand morphology. Employing a 2D geometric morphometric approach, we scrutinize individual fingers and the palm, delineating the ontogenetic trajectories for each biological sex and investigating the alterations that take place at various stages of human development.

Materials and methods

A set of thirty‐two 2D anatomical landmarks were assessed in a sex‐balanced sample of human hands (F = 275, M = 250 males), spanning all stages of human development. Following Procrustes registration, the data on size and shape for individual fingers and the palm were examined for each biological sex and age group. Regression analysis was utilized to quantify ontogenetic trajectories for each biological sex.

Results

The findings suggest a gradual escalation in sexual dimorphism throughout human development, with statistically noteworthy distinctions becoming apparent in size starting at the age of 3, and in shape from the age of 7 onwards. Additionally, our analyses uncover a distinctive sigmoid pattern between sexes, indicating that biological male hands exhibit a sturdier build compared to biological female hands from early childhood onward.

Conclusions

In conclusion, this study enriches our insights into sexual dimorphism in human hands, stressing the importance of considering both size and shape across different ontogenetic stages. These findings not only expand our understanding of human biological variation but also lay the foundation for future interdisciplinary research in diverse scientific domains.
Hydrogen‐Bonded Organic Frameworks‐based Electrolytes with Controllable Hydrogen Bonding Networks for Solid‐State Lithium Batteries
Authors: Wang Yue , Song Li‐Na , Wang Xiao‐Xue , Wang Yi‐Feng , Xu Ji‐Jing
Published: July 2024

The lack of stable solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) with high‐ionic conductivity and the rational design of electrode/electrolyte interfaces remains challenging for solid‐state lithium batteries. Here, for the first time, a high‐performance solid‐state lithium‐oxygen (Li−O2) battery is developed based on the Li‐ion‐conducted hydrogen‐bonded organic framework (LHOF) electrolyte and the HOF‐DAT@CNT composite cathode. Benefiting from the abundant dynamic hydrogen bonding network in the backbone of LHOF‐DAT SSEs, fast Li+ ion transport (2.2×10−4 S cm−1), a high Li+ transference number (0.88), and a wide electrochemical window of 5.05 V are achieved. Symmetric batteries constructed with LHOF‐DAT SSEs exhibit a stably cycled duration of over 1400 h with uniform deposition, which mainly stems from the jumping sites that promote a uniformly high rate of Li+ flux and the hydrogen‐bonding network structure that can relieve the structural changes during Li+ transport. LHOF‐DAT SSEs‐based Li−O2 batteries exhibit high specific capacity (10335 mAh g−1), and stable cycling life up to 150 cycles. Moreover, the solid‐state lithium metal battery with LHOF‐DAT SSEs endow good rate capability (129.6 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C), long‐term discharge/charge stability (210 cycles). The design of LHOF‐DAT SSEs opens an avenue for the development of novel SSEs‐based solid‐state lithium batteries.
Tailoring the Whole Deposition Process from Hydrated Zn2+ to Zn0 for Stable and Reversible Zn Anode
Authors: Zong Quan , Li Ruiling , Wang Jiangying , Zhang Qilong , Pan Anqiang
Published: July 2024

The practical application of aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) indeed faces challenges primarily attributed to the inherent side reactions and dendrite growth associated with the Zn anode. In the present work, N‐Methylmethanesulfonamide (NMS) is introduced to optimize the transfer, desolvation, and reduction of Zn2+, achieving highly stable and reversible Zn plating/stripping. The NMS molecule can substitute one H2O molecule in the solvation structure of hydrated Zn2+ and be preferentially chemisorbed on the Zn surface to protect Zn anode against corrosion and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), thereby suppressing byproducts formation. Additionally, a robust N‐rich organic and inorganic (ZnS and ZnCO3) hybrid solid electrolyte interphase is in situ generated on Zn anode due to the decomposition of NMS, resulting in enhanced Zn2+ transport kinetics and uniform Zn2+ deposition. Consequently, aqueous cells with the NMS achieve a long lifespan of 2300 h at 1 mA cm−2 and 1 mAh cm−2, high cumulative plated capacity of 3.25 Ah cm−2, and excellent reversibility with an average coulombic efficiency (CE) of 99.7 % over 800 cycles.
Biomimetic Activation of N‐Nitrosamides with Red Light‐Triggered Nitric Oxide Release via Mediated Electron Transfer
Authors: Gan Guihai , Shen Zhiqiang , Zheng Shaoqiu , Zhang Guoying , Yin Dalong , Liu Shiyong , Hu Jinming
Published: July 2024

Mediated electron transfer (MET) is fundamental to many biological functions, including cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and enzymatic catalysis. However, leveraging the MET process to enable the release of therapeutic gases has been largely unexplored. Herein, we report the bio‐inspired activation of a series of UV‐absorbing N‐nitrosamide derivatives (NOA) under red light exposure, enabling the quantitative release of nitric oxide (NO) gasotransmitter via an MET process. The cornerstone of our design is the covalent linkage of a 2,4‐dinitroaniline moiety, which acts as an electron mediator to the N‐nitrosamide groups. This facilitates efficient electron transfer from the excited palladium(II) meso‐tetraphenyltetrabenzoporphyrin (PdTPTBP) photocatalyst and the selective activation of NOA. Our approach has been validated with distinct photocatalysts and various N‐nitrosamides, including those derived from carbamates, amides, and ureas. Notably, the modulation of the linker length between the electron mediator and N‐nitrosamide groups serves as a regulatory mechanism for controlling NO release kinetics. Moreover, this biomimetic NO release platform demonstrates effective operation under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions, and it enables localized delivery of NO under physiological conditions, exhibiting significant anticancer efficacy within the phototherapeutic window and enhanced selectivity towards tumor cells.
Mitochondrial Control of Proteasomal Psmb5 Drives the Differentiation of Tissue‐Resident Memory T Cells in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Wu Tong , Su Danhua , Zhang Lei , Liu Ting , Wang Qianliang , Yan Chenchu , Liu Mengdi , Ji Huiyan , Lei Jiaxin , Zheng Ming , Wen Zhenke
Published: July 2024

Objective

To explore T cell‐intrinsic mechanisms underpinning the mal‐differentiation of tissue‐resident memory T (Trm) cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

Circulating T cells from patient with RA and healthy individuals were used for Trm cell differentiation. The role of Hobit in Trm differentiation was investigated through targeted silencing experiments. Psmb5 expression regulation was explored by identifying BRD2 as a key transcription factor, with the interaction validated through chromatin immunoprecipitation‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The impact of BRD2 succinylation on Trm differentiation was examined by manipulating succinyl‐CoA levels in T cells. Humanized NSG chimeras representing synovitis provided insights into Trm infiltration in RA synovitis and were used for translational experiments.

Results

In patients with RA, a notable predisposition of CD4+ T cells toward differentiation into Trm cells was observed, demonstrating a positive correlation with the disease activity score 28. Remarkably, Hobit was a pivotal facilitator in the formation of RA CD4+ Trm cells. Mechanistic studies unveiled the dysregulation of proteasomal Psmb5 in T cells of patients with RA as the key factor contributing to elevated Hobit protein levels. The deficiency of proteasomal Psmb5 was intricately linked to BRD2, with succinylation exerting a significant impact on Psmb5 transcription and Trm cell differentiation. This heightened BRD2 succinylation was attributed to elevated levels of mitochondrial succinyl‐CoA in RA T cells. Consequently, targeting succinyl‐CoA within CD4+ T cells controlled the inflammation of synovial tissues in humanized chimeras.

Conclusion

Mitochondrial succinyl‐CoA fosters the succinylation of BRD2, resulting in compromised transcription of proteasomal Psmb5 and the differentiation of Trm cells in RA.