bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Du possible, sinon j’étouffe! L’écologie politique au temps des catastrophes
Authors: Afeissa Hicham-Stéphane
Published: November 2011

L?histoire de l??cologie politique, telle qu?elle s?est d?roul?e
en France au cours des deux derni?res d?cennies, peut ?tre interpr?t?e comme
?tant orient?e par une contestation progressive du r?le de l?expertise
scientifique dans la d?termination exclusive des actions qu?il convient
d?entreprendre pour faire face ? la crise environnementale. Un telle
?volution est salutaire en ce qu?elle a lib?r? un espace de r?flexion et
d?action politique. Or la configuration actuelle du probl?me du r?chauffement
climatique est telle qu?elle menace de faire perdre cet avantage. Aussi
convient-il de travailler ? reconfigurer la crise ?cologique pens?e sous les
esp?ces du r?chauffement climatique afin de pouvoir donner un sens ? ce qu
nous arrive et ainsi donner consistance au pr?sent de l?action et de
l?initiative.
Postmodernism in Belgrade architecture: Between cultural modernity and societal modernization
Authors: Blagojevic Ljiljana
Published: November 2011

The paper explores the introduction and articulation of ideas and aesthetic
practice of postmodernism in architecture of late socialism in Yugoslavia,
with the focus on Belgrade architecture scene. Theoretical and methodological
point of departure of this analysis is J?rgen Habermas's thesis of modernity
as an incomplete, i.e., unfinished project, from his influential essay ?Die
Moderne: Ein unvollendetes Projekt? (1980). The thematic framework of the
paper is shifted towards issues raised by Habermas which concern relations of
cultural modernity and societal modernization, or rather towards
consideration of architectural postmodernity in relation to the split between
culture and society. The paper investigates architectural discourse which was
profiled in Belgrade in 1980s, in a historical context of cultural modernity
simultaneous with Habermas's text, but in different conditions of societal
modernization of Yugoslav late socialism. In that, the principle
methodological question concerns the interpretation of postmodern
architecture as part of the new cultural production within the social
restructuration of late and/or end of socialism as a system, that being
analogous to Fredric Jameson's thesis of ?Postmodernism, Or, The Cultural
Logic of Late Capitalism? (1984).
Structural comparison of endomorphin-2 and its conformationally restricted analog
Authors: Borics Attila , Gach Katarzyna , Fichna Jakub , Sobolewski Dariusz , Toth Géza , Janecka Anna
Published: November 2011

In the present study, the effect of a conformational constraint introduced into the endomorphin-2 (Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH2, EM-2) structure was studied using computational analysis and radioligand binding assay. EM-2 was modified by connecting nitrogen atoms of both phenylalanine residues by a methylene bridge. The obtained analog did not bind to the µ- or δ-opioid receptors in the in vitro studies. The computational analysis of this analog showed twisted, type IV turns and the absence of canonical β-turns typical for the EM-2 structure, which can be explained by the lack of hydrogen bonds involving Phe4. Our results show that the introduction of chemical constraint in the EM-2 structure has a significant effect on opioid receptor affinity and in vitro bioactivity.
Coagulation and UF treatment of pulp and paper mill wastewater in comparison
Authors: Simonič Marjana , Vnučec Doroteja
Published: November 2011

A study using coagulation-flocculation and ultrafiltration (UF)methods for pulp and paper mills’ wastewater (WW)was carried out. The reduction efficiencies of turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD), the removal efficiency of total suspended solids (TSS) and absorbance at 254 nm were the main evaluating parameters. Using coagulation-flocculation, the efficiencies of alum and polyaluminum chloride (PACl)were studied, when used alone and when coupled with flocculant aids. During the coagulation-flocculation process, use of a single coagulant, the coagulant dosage, and the pH, play an important role in determining the coagulation efficiency. At the optimum PACl dosage of 840 mg L−1 and optimum pH of 9.0, turbidity reduction was found to be 94.5%. A combination of inorganic coagulant and flocculant, or polymer was applied, in which PACl was used coupled with the polyelectrolytes Organopol WPB20 and WPB40. PACl coupled with Organopol WPB20 by optimal pH 9 gave a 98.3% reduction of turbidity, 91.9% removal of TSS, and a 60.2% reduction in COD. Ultrafiltration trials were carried out on a pilot scale. A tubular module was used with ceramic membrane. This membrane is a multi-channel membrane with an active surface layer made of Al2O3 and ZrO2. Within the acidic range, the turbidity and TSS were removed at above 99%.
Interfacial tension of bilayer lipid membranes
Authors: Petelska Aneta
Published: November 2011

Interfacial tension is an important characteristic of a biological membrane because it determines its rigidity, thus affecting its stability. It is affected by factors such as medium pH and by the presence of certain substances, for example cholesterol, other lipids, fatty acids, amines, amino acids, or proteins, incorporated in the lipid bilayer. Here, the effects of various parameters to on interfacial tension values of bilayer lipid membranes are discussed.

The mathematically derived and experimentally confirmed results presented in this paper are of importance to the interpretation of phenomena occurring in lipid bilayers. These results can lead to a better understanding of the physical properties of biological membranes. The simple interfacial tension method proposed herein may be successfully used to determine the interfacial tension values of 1:1 lipid-lipid, lipid-cholesterol, lipid-fatty acid, lipid-amine, and lipid-amino acid systems.
A study of photodegradation of quetiapine by the use of LC-MS/MS method
Authors: Skibiński Robert
Published: November 2011

Photodegradation of quetiapine under UVC irradiation in methanol solution was investigated and structural elucidation of its photodegradation products was performed with the use of the reversed phase UHPLC system coupled with accurate mass hybrid ESI-Q-TOF mass spectrometer. During one run all essential data for the determination of photodegradation kinetics and for the structural elucidation of the products was collected with the use of auto MS/MS mode. Five degradation products were found and their masses and formulas were obtained with high accuracy (0.26–5.02 ppm). For all the analyzed compounds, MS/MS fragmentation spectra were also obtained allowing structural elucidation of the unknown degradation products and indicating photodegradation pathways of quetiapine. The main photodegradation product was identified as 2-[2-[4-(5-oxidodibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepin-11-yl)-1-piperazinyl]ethoxy]-ethanol and the photodegradation reaction yields the first-order kinetics with the rate constant k = 0.1094 h−1.
Diagnostic Accuracy of IGA Anti-Tissue Transglutaminase Antibody Testing in Celiac Disease
Authors: Eremić Nevena , Đerić Mirjana , Hadnađev Ljiljana
Published: November 2011

Diagnostic Accuracy of IGA Anti-Tissue Transglutaminase Antibody Testing in Celiac Disease

Contemporary guidelines for the first-line diagnosis of celiac disease recommend determination of IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies or IgA antiendomysial antibodies, as well as total serum IgA antibodies. The aim of our study was to assess the validity and clinical significance of serological testing for IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies in the diagnosis of celiac disease, and to investigate the presence of malabsorption symptoms in celiac patients. IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody testing was performed in 50 subjects with clinically suspected celiac disease (21 men and 29 women). All subjects underwent endoscopy with small intestine biopsy. Celiac disease was confirmed by histopathological findings in four subjects, whereas the IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase test was positive in three subjects. The IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase test showed sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 100%. There were significant differences between men with biopsy-confirmed and excluded celiac disease in the erythrocyte parameters MCV (96.5±7.7 vs. 78.6 ±11.3; p<0.05), MCH (36.9±4.6 vs. 25.9±4.9; p<0.01), and MCHC (382.5±16.3 vs. 326.9±19.1; p<0.005), as well as in the levels of total protein (47.5 ±16.3 vs. 68.3 ± 7.6; p<0.01) and albumins (24.6±9.5 vs. 42.1 ± 6.9; p<0.01). In addition, HDL-cholesterol levels were significantly lower in men with biopsy-confirmed celiac disease (0.42.±0.12 vs. 0.90±0.30; p<0.05). Our results show a high correlation between IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase testing and endoscopy with biopsy as the gold diagnostic standard.
Contemporary Changes in Vegetation of Polar Regions
Authors: Olech Maria , Węgrzyn Michał , Lisowska Maja , Słaby Agnieszka , Angiel Piotr
Published: November 2011

Contemporary Changes in Vegetation of Polar Regions

Rapid climate changes which have been observed over the recent years in both polar regions of the Earth, directly or indirectly affect vegetation dynamics. This article presents the main directions of the changes taking place in the recent years in tundra communities of both polar regions, based on original research carried out in the Arctic in Spitsbergen and in the maritime Antarctic on King George Island.
Accelerating progress in Artificial General Intelligence: Choosing a benchmark for natural world interaction
Authors: Rohrer Brandon
Published: November 2011

Accelerating progress in Artificial General Intelligence: Choosing a benchmark for natural world interaction

Measuring progress in the field of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) can be difficult without commonly accepted methods of evaluation. An AGI benchmark would allow evaluation and comparison of the many computational intelligence algorithms that have been developed. In this paper I propose that a benchmark for natural world interaction would possess seven key characteristics: fitness, breadth, specificity, low cost, simplicity, range, and task focus. I also outline two benchmark examples that meet most of these criteria. In the first, the direction task, a human coach directs a machine to perform a novel task in an unfamiliar environment. The direction task is extremely broad, but may be idealistic. In the second, the AGI battery, AGI candidates are evaluated based on their performance on a collection of more specific tasks. The AGI battery is designed to be appropriate to the capabilities of currently existing systems. Both the direction task and the AGI battery would require further definition before implementing. The paper concludes with a description of a task that might be included in the AGI battery: the search and retrieve task.
Welcoming People with Mental Health Problems into Mainstream Market Research
Authors: Stevenson Ruth
Published: November 2011

As an agency-trained researcher, the two years I spent as Head of Research at a mental health charity opened my eyes to the fact that mental health problems are ‘invisible’ and widespread, and that people with mental health problems regularly face exclusion. During this time I conducted many research projects among people with mental health problems, usually about mental health-related issues and services, through which I responded to feedback and constantly amended my approach to ensure that I was providing a high-quality and inclusive research environment. My attention was also drawn to the fact that many people with mental health problems are also consumers of mainstream products and services, and therefore form a notable proportion of the population of participants involved with mainstream research projects. In this article I will discuss ‘best practice’ ways in which mental health problems should be considered when conducting mainstream qualitative research projects, and focus groups in particular.
Welcome to Diagnostics: a New Open Access Journal for the Fast-Growing Field of Medical Diagnostics
Authors: Kjaer Andreas
Published: November 2011

Diagnostic methods in medicine are currently rapidly evolving and constantly improving. This is true for areas such as molecular diagnostics, biomarkers, as well as medical imaging. As one example, positron emission tomography (PET) has been called the fastest growing medical technology ever. Also, molecular diagnostics, at both the gene and protein levels, are developing rapidly due to advances in technology and, thereby, creating new possibilities. Early and valid diagnosis is crucial for proper treatment of patients. Moreover, advanced diagnostic methods are crucial for the upcoming era of tailored therapy. From an economic viewpoint, the cost of advanced treatments are increasingly indicating the need for better stratification and therapy monitoring of treatment, in order that these advanced treatments are limited to patients able to respond favorably. Collectively, the exciting area of medical diagnostics seems never to have been more important for patients and society. [...]
Gait Characteristics Associated with Trip-Induced Falls on Level and Sloped Irregular Surfaces
Authors: Merryweather Andrew , Yoo Byungju , Bloswick Donald
Published: November 2011

Same level falls continue to contribute to an alarming number of slip/trip/fall injuries in the mining workforce. The objective of this study was to investigate how walking on different surface types and transverse slopes influences gait parameters that may be associated with a trip event. Gait analysis was performed for ten subjects on two orientations (level and sloped) on smooth, hard surface (control) and irregular (gravel, larger rocks) surfaces. Walking on irregular surfaces significantly increased toe clearance compared to walking on the smooth surface. There was a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in cadence (steps/min), stride length (m), and speed (m/s) from control to gravel to larger rocks. Significant changes in external rotation and increased knee flexion while walking on irregular surfaces were observed. Toe and heel clearance requirements increased on irregular surfaces, which may provide an explanation for trip-induced falls; however, the gait alterations observed in the experienced workers used as subjects would likely improve stability and recovery from a trip.
Lipase-Catalyzed Kinetic Resolution of Aryltrimethylsilyl Chiral Alcohols
Authors: Palmeira Dayvson J. , Abreu Juliana C. , Andrade Leandro H.
Published: November 2011

Lipase-catalyzed kinetic resolution of aryltrimethylsilyl chiral alcohols through a transesterification reaction was studied. The optimal conditions found for the kinetic resolution of m- and p-aryltrimethylsilyl chiral alcohols, led to excellent results, high conversions (c = 50%), high enantiomeric ratios (E > 200) and enantiomeric excesses for the remaining (S)-alcohol and (R)-acetylated product (>99%). However, kinetic resolution of o-aryltrimethylsilyl chiral alcohols did not occur under the same conditions applied to the other isomers.
Soulamarin, a New Coumarin from Stem Bark of Calophyllum soulattri
Authors: Ee Gwendoline Cheng Lian , Mah Siau Hui , Teh Soek Sin , Rahmani Mawardi , Go Rusea , Taufiq-Yap Yun Hin
Published: November 2011

The extracts of the stem bark of Calophyllum soulattri gave a new pyranocoumarin, soulamarin (1), together with five other xanthones caloxanthone B (2), caloxanthone C (3), macluraxanthone (4), trapezifolixanthone (5) and brasixanthone B (6) one common triterpene, friedelin (7), and the steroidal triterpene stigmasterol (8). The structures of these compounds were established based on spectral evidence (1D and 2D NMR).
Synthesis of Methacrylate Monomers with Antibacterial Effects Against S. Mutans
Authors: He Jingwei , Söderling Eva , Österblad Monica , Vallittu Pekka K. , Lassila Lippo V. J.
Published: November 2011

A series of polymerizable quaternary ammonium compounds were synthesized with the aim of using them as immobilized antibacterial agents in methacrylate dental composites, and their structures were characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR analysis. Their antibacterial activities against the oral bacterium Streptococcus mutans were evaluated in vitro by a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration test, and the results showed that 2-dimethyl-2-hexadecyl-1-methacryloxyethyl ammonium iodide (C16) had the highest antibacterial activity against S. mutans, and 2-dimethyl-2-pentyl-1-methacryloxyethyl ammonium iodide (C5) and 2-dimethyl-2-octyl-1-methacryloxyethyl ammonium iodide (C8) did not show any inhibition.
Socio-economic factors predisposing farmers' produce to pilferage in Idah Local Government Area of Kogi State, Nigeria
Authors: Ebojei CO , Odekina FO , Mosimabale VO , Abdullahi AN
Published: November 2011

A study was carried out on six communities in Idah Local Government Area of Kogi State to determine the socioeconomic factors predisposing farmers produce to pilferage. Simple Random Sample was used to select a total of one hundred and ten respondents from the villages. Primary data were collected from the respondents using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and regression model were used to achieve the objectives of the study. The results show that about 74% of the sampled farmers were between the ages of 20-49 years, 33% were female while 67% were male. The result also revealed that measures adopted by farmers in the study area to curb pilferage include vigilance group, charms and amulets, building of fences round farm/storage structure etc. Multiple regression result run on the socioeconomic factors showed that household size, Farm size, Security measures and Attractive farm/crop variety were the factors that predisposes farmers produce to pilferage. The study recommends the need for community/village heads and elders of good repute to have a meeting with a view to strengthening social controls in their communities that will checkmate defiant behaviours like pilferage. Key Words: Pilferage; Charms; Amulets; Predisposing; Poverty. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jas.v6i1.3808 The Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2011 Vol.6(1) 16-23
Potential for agritourism development: Evedance from Sri Lanka
Authors: Malkanthi SHP , Routry JK
Published: November 2011

Agritourism is increasingly recognized as an important strategy that can contribute to agricultural development through diversification of farming activities and providing opportunities to rest, relax, enjoy and study about farming for the visitors. At present, agritourism is promoted by most of the countries in the world aiming at sustainable rural development. Since Sri Lanka is an agricultural country, it is the time to analyze the potential of this strategy under local conditions. Thus the main aim of this research is to study the possibility of application of agritourism in Sri Lankan context. The study was conducted in five districts of the central part of the country using a field survey and some group discussions with farmers and respective state officials of these districts. Results revealed that there are several possibilities for the establishment of agritourism in the country. However, there are few problems militate against the success of the agritourism development. Provision of solutions for these main problems related to; infrastructure development, relevant training and education for the farmers, access to farm credit, proper measures to waste management as well as suitable environment protection methods in those areas will enhance the benefits of agritourism as a sustainable rural development strategy. Key words: Agritourism; farm diversification; rural development; Sri Lanka DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jas.v6i1.3812 The Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2011 Vol.6(1) 45-58
Syrian Water Resources between the present and the Future
Authors: Mourad Khaldoon A. , Berndtsson Ronny
Published: November 2011

Water scarcity is one of the main challenges facing Middle Eastern countries. A typical country in this respect is Syria. This paper estimates projections for the available water resources, water balance, and available water per capita (AWPC) in Syria until 2050 in relation to possible future climate changes, national development agendas, water constraints, and water management alternatives. Results show that the AWPC is likely to be reduced by about half up to 2050. Climate change and population growth will have a huge influence on water availability during the coming decades. However, effective water management can to a great extent counterbalance these negative effects. The implementation of modern irrigation practices and the reuse of domestic wastewater, for example, can save up to 400-800 million cubic meters in 2050. If rainwater harvesting systems are implemented water availability can be utilized much more efficiently. Consequently, it appears that there are reasons to be alarmed but also cautiously optimistic regarding Syria's water availability. This, however, depends on the implementation of good development practices, integrated management and public participation at all levels.
From Cancer to Diarrhea: The Moving Target of Public Concern about Environmental Health Risks
Authors: Morrone Michele
Published: November 2011

Public concern about the environment can be unpredictable because it is influenced by numerous factors. Environmental health issues often emerge as important because the public is worried about their health especially when it comes to cancer. Public fear of cancer from environmental exposures is reinforced by many of the US regulations that set pollutant limits based on reducing the risk of cancers rather than other health outcomes. While fear of cancer will never dissipate, recent foodborne outbreaks are contributing to raising public awareness of the health effects from microbes. This paper adds to the dialogue about the challenges of enhancing public understanding of environmental health issues. Internal factors, such as worry, that contribute to public outrage are sometimes more important than external factors such as the media. In addition, relying on the media to inform the public about imminent public health risks may be an ineffective approach to enhancing understanding. In the end, scientists and risk communicators are forced to compete with politicians who are often very effective at manipulating public understanding of risk.
The Impact of a Health Education Program Targeting Patients with High Visit Rates in a Managed Care Organization
Authors: Dally Diana L. , Dahar Wendy , Scott Ann , Roblin Douglas , Khoury Allan T.
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

To determine if a mailed health promotion program reduced outpatient visits while improving health status.

Design.

Randomized controlled trial.

Setting.

A midsized, group practice model, managed care organization in Ohio.

Subjects.

Members invited (N = 3214) were high utilizers, 18 to 64 years old, with hypertension, diabetes, or arthritis (or all). A total of 886 members agreed to participate, and 593 members returned the initial questionnaires. The 593 members were randomized to the following groups: 99 into arthritis treatment and 100 into arthritis control, 94 into blood pressure treatment and 92 into blood pressure control, and 104 into diabetes treatment and 104 into diabetes control.

Measures.

Outpatient utilization, health status, and self-efficacy were followed over 30 months.

Interventions.

Health risk appraisal questionnaires were mailed to treatment and control groups before randomization and at 1 year. The treatment group received three additional condition-specific (arthritis, diabetes, or hypertension) questionnaires and a health information handbook. The treatment group also received written health education materials and an individualized feedback letter after each returned questionnaire. The control group received condition-specific written health education materials and reimbursement for exercise equipment or fitness club membership after returning the 1-year end of the study questionnaire.

Results.

Changes in visit rates were disease specific. Parameter estimates were calculated from a Poisson regression model. For intervention vs. controls, the arthritis group decreased visits 4.84 per 30 months (p < 0.00), the diabetes group had no significant change, and the hypertension group increased visits 2.89 per 30 months (p < 0.05), the overall health status improved significantly (−6.5 vs. 2.3, p < 0.01) for the arthritis group but showed no significant change for the other two groups, and coronary artery disease and cancer risk scores did not change significantly for any group individually. Overall self-efficacy for intervention group completers improved by −8.6 points (p < 0.03) for the arthritis group, and the other groups showed no significant change.

Conclusions.

This study demonstrated that in a population of 18 to 64 years with chronic conditions, mailed health promotion programs might only benefit people with certain conditions.
The Relationship between National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Weight Guidelines and Concurrent Medical Costs in a Manufacturing Population
Authors: Wang Feifei , Schultz Alyssa B. , Musich Shirley , McDonald Tim , Hirschland David , Edington Dee W.
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

To explore the relationship between the 1998 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) weight guidelines and concurrent medical costs.

Design.

Cross-sectional study.

Setting.

In a nationwide manufacturing corporation (General Motors Corporation).

Subjects.

A total of 177,971 employees, retirees, and their adult dependents who were enrolled in Indemnity/PPO health insurance plan during the years 1996 and 1997 and completed one health risk appraisal (HRA) in the same period.

Measures.

The participants were categorized into six weight groups according to the NHLBI 1998 guidelines (body mass index [BMI] <185, 185–24.9, 25–29.9, 30–34.9, 35–39.9, ≥40 kg/m2). The height and weight data were collected by self-reported values on an HRA or biometric screening completed during 1996 to 1997. To represent the typical medical costs in a given group, the median, instead of mean, medical charges were used in this article. The annual median medical charges (including drug charges) for years 1996 and 1997 were compared among the six weight groups by using Wilcoxon rank sum tests. The differences in median charges were also tested between the normal weight group and the other five groups for each of the 10 gender-age subgroups (five age groups: 19–44, 45–54, 55–64, 65–74, 75+).

Results.

Overall median medical costs were consistent with the NHLBI weight guidelines. The normal-weight group costs the least and both underweight and overweight-obesity groups cost more. The median medical costs of the six weight groups were $3184, $2225, $2388, $2801, $3182, and $3753, respectively, with statistical differences existing between any two groups of the last five categories. The underweight groups, especially in females, were not consistent with the guidelines in the two young groups (ages 19–44 and 45–54). An inconsistent relationship between medical costs and BMI groups was seen in the oldest males (age 75+).

Conclusions.

The six weight groups defined by the 1998 NHLBI guidelines are consistent with concurrent medical costs. Except for the underweight group (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2), medical costs gradually increased with BMI. Given that the prevalence of obesity continues to increase in western countries, effective weight control programs would help avoid a substantial amount of medical costs associated with overweight/obesity and related diseases.
Process Evaluation of a Monitoring Log System for Community Coalition Activities: Five-Year Results and Lessons Learned
Authors: Chalmers Maria L. , Housemann Robyn A. , Wiggs Imogene , Newcomb-Hagood Laura , Malone Bernard , Brownson Ross C.
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

Coalitions can be a successful way to promote healthy initiatives throughout a community. To properly measure the success of coalition-based interventions, it is important to conduct a process evaluation of coalition activities and establish a system for evaluating outcomes. This article describes a process evaluation of a monitoring and feedback system for community coalitions targeting chronic disease risk reduction.

Methods.

Community coalitions in six rural, southeast Missouri counties collaborated with the Missouri Department of Health and Saint Louis University to track coalition events using the process described in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention manual Evaluating Community Efforts to Prevent Cardiovascular Diseases.

First, we describe the methodology used to monitor monthly activities and to evaluate satisfaction with the process. Next, we discuss the data that resulted from the monitoring system and interviews with recorders. Third, we discuss changes made to the monitoring system and lessons learned along the way. Finally, we end with recommendations for incorporating this monitoring system in community practice.

Conclusions.

When used properly, this system is an effective way of evaluating and promoting sustainability of community interventions.
Parental, Family, and Home Characteristics Associated with Cigarette Smoking among Adolescents
Authors: Komro Kelli A. , McCarty Maribet C. , Forster Jean L. , Blaine Therese M. , Chen Vincent
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

This study examines the relationship between smoking-related parental, family, and home factors with adolescents' cigarette use.

Design.

Cross-sectional surveys of adolescents, via a self-administered questionnaire in classrooms, and their parents, via a telephone interview, were conducted.

Setting.

Fifteen suburban and rural communities within Minnesota.

Subjects.

The study sample included 8th, 9th, and 10th grade public school students and their parents.

Measures.

The dependent variable was monthly tobacco use among students. The independent measures were parental, family, and home smoking-related characteristics. There were 1343 parent-child dyads with completed surveys.

Results.

The final, multivariate logistic regression model found the following variables to be independently related to higher smoking rates among adolescents: child's grade (odds ratio [OR] = 3.03 for 10th vs. 8th), parents' permissiveness of adult smoking (OR = 1.80), parents' having higher normative estimates of how many people smoke (OR = 1.70), parents' decreased likelihood of punishing their teenager for smoking (OR = 1.65), smoking by an adult living in the home (OR = 1.99), and sibling smoking (OR = 8.95). Lack of communication about consequences for breaking family smoking rules was associated with lower smoking rates among adolescents (OR = .49).

Conclusion.

The results of this study highlight the importance of parental smoking norms and attitudes and smoking role models in the home. It is important that smoking prevention strategies target and include the entire family. Limitations of the study are its cross-sectional design and that the sample was primarily white.
Impediment Profiling for Smoking Cessation: Results of a Pilot Study
Authors: O'Connell Meghan , Lucan Sean C. , Yeh Ming-Chin , Rodriguez Elaine , Shah Dipti , Chan Wendy , Katz David L.
Published: November 2011

Objective.

To test the effectiveness of a smoking cessation program based on “impediment profiling,” the elucidation of an individual participant's personal barriers, with provision of tailored interventions accordingly.

Methods.

A literature search was conducted to identify established impediments to smoking cessation. A long impediment profiler (LIP) was developed from validated survey instruments and used as a screening tool to identify individuals' barriers to quitting. Once barriers were identified, participants were assigned to up to seven interventions. Self-reported smoking cessation was confirmed with measurements of carbon monoxide concentrations in expired air of ≤10 ppm.

Results.

Nineteen adults participated in the pilot program. At the year 1 mark, 63.2% of the study population was smoke-free. The mean number of impediments of the study population was 3.5 ± 1.5. There was a negative association between subjects' quit status and the following impediments: stress (p = .0061), anxiety (p = .0445), and depression (p < .001). No single impediment was predictive of quit status.

Conclusions.

Impediment profiling as a basis for tailored smoking cessation intervention is associated with a high quit rate in this initial study, and it appears promising. Long-term follow-up is warranted, as is replication in a larger cohort with a concurrent control group.
Policy Prescriptions for Healthier Communities
Authors: Pollard Trip
Published: November 2011

Evidence of the health impacts of the built environment has increased rapidly. Studies have linked physical inactivity and motor-vehicle pollution to a range of health problems and have shown that activity levels and air quality are influenced by community design, land use, and transportation patterns. There is comparatively little awareness, however, of the role that laws and policies play in spurring sprawl and driving and of the opportunities to reorient current provisions to promote public health. This article summarizes the findings connecting the built environment to a variety of health problems. It then describes how current policies present barriers to physical activity and increase pollution by encouraging sprawl development and by offering few transportation choices. Finally, the article suggests ways to overcome these barriers by examining policies that can promote public health by making it easier to incorporate greater physical activity into our everyday lives and to reduce driving. Multidisciplinary partnerships are needed to pursue these policy prescriptions for healthier communities.
Neighborhood Environment, Access to Places for Activity, and Leisure-Time Physical Activity in a Diverse North Carolina Population
Authors: Huston Sara L. , Evenson Kelly R. , Bors Philip , Gizlice Ziya
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

To examine associations between perceived neighborhood characteristics, access to places for activity, and leisure-time physical activity.

Design.

Cross-sectional telephone survey.

Setting.

Cabarrus, Henderson, Pitt, Robeson, Surry, and Wake counties in North Carolina.

Subjects.

Population-based sample of 1796 adults at least 18 years of age residing in the six counties.

Measures.

The 133-item questionnaire assessed self-reported leisure-time physical activity and perceptions of neighborhood characteristics (sidewalks, trails, heavy traffic, streetlights, unattended dogs, and safety from crime) and general access to places for physical activity.

Results.

Trails, streetlights, and access to places were positively associated with engaging in any leisure activity: unadjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval [CI]); 1.62 (1.09–2.41), 1.57 (1.14–2.17), and 2.94 (1.91–4.52), respectively. Trails and access to places were positively associated with engaging in the recommended amount of leisure activity: 1.49 (1.00–2.22), and 2.28 (1.30–4.00), respectively). In multivariable logistic regression modeling including environmental factors and demographics, access to places was associated with any activity (2.23 [1.44–3.44]) and recommended activity (2.15 [1.23–3.77]), and trails were associated with recommended activity (1.51 [1.00–2.28]).

Conclusion.

Certain neighborhood characteristics, particularly trails, and access to places for physical activity may be associated with leisure activity levels. In this study, perceived neighborhood environmental factors and access to places for physical activity were strongly associated with race, education, and income.
Assessing the Perceived Environment among Minimally Active Adolescent Girls: Validity and Relations to Physical Activity Outcomes
Authors: Dunton Genevieve Fridlund , Jamner Margaret Schneider , Cooper Dan Michael
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

This study examined how adolescents' perceptions of exercise resources in the environment relate to physical activity outcomes.

Methods.

Perceptions of the availability and use of environmental resources, vigorous physical activity (VIG), daily energy expenditure (KCAL), lifestyle activities (LA), and cardiovascular fitness (V̇O2peak) were assessed cross-sectionally among 87 minimally active adolescent girls (ages 14–17). To validate adolescent reports, the perceived availability of environmental resources was also assessed from 47 parents.

Results.

Adolescent-parent agreement over the availability of resources was modest for the home domain (r = .62, p < .001) and weak for the community domain ( r = .14, p > .05). Adolescents' perceptions of resource availability in both the home and community domains were positively associated with V̇O2peak ( p < .05) but unrelated to VIG, KCAL, and LA. Adolescents' use of home resources was positively correlated with both VIG and LA ( p < .05).

Conclusion.

Minimally active adolescent girls were more attuned to and likely to use the resources for physical activity located in their home environment as opposed to the community environment.
The Relationship between Convenience of Destinations and Walking Levels in Older Women
Authors: King Wendy C. , Brach Jennifer S. , Belle Steven , Killingsworth Richard , Fenton Mark , Kriska Andrea M.
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

To examine the relationship between physical activity and (1) convenience of destinations, measured by whether destinations (such as a park, trail, businesses, and services) are within walking distance of the home, and (2) participants' perception of the quality of their neighborhood surroundings for walking, captured with a global neighborhood “walkability” rating.

Design.

Cross-sectional analysis of data obtained in 1999.

Setting.

Community in southwest Pennsylvania.

Subjects.

Older Caucasian women (n = 149, mean age = 74.2 years). Response rate = 79%.

Measures.

Walking levels, leisure-time physical activity, and features of the neighborhood environment were measured with interviewer-administered questionnaires. Physical activity was also measured objectively with a pedometer.

Results.

Living within walking distance (defined as within a 20-minute walk of home) of a park; biking or walking trail; or department, discount, or hardware store was related to higher pedometer readings ( p < .01). In addition, there was a positive trend between the sum of destinations within walking distance of home and activity levels measured by pedometer and questionnaire ( p < .01). There was also a positive trend between participants' neighborhood “walkability” rating and activity levels measured by pedometer and questionnaire ( p < .01).

Conclusion.

These findings suggest that the ability to make utilitarian walking trips from home and the perception of having favorable neighborhood surroundings for walking are associated with increased physical activity levels in older women.
Environmental Correlates of Physical Activity in a Sample of Belgian Adults
Authors: De Bourdeaudhuij Ilse , Sallis James F. , Saelens Brian E.
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

This study investigated the variance in sitting, walking, and moderate and vigorous physical activity explained by neighborhood design and recreational environmental variables above and beyond the variance accounted for by individual demographic variables.

Design.

Cross-sectional analyses of self-reported survey data.

Setting.

A random sample of inhabitants of Ghent, Belgium, aged 18–65 years, was drawn.

Subjects.

Five hundred twenty-one adults completed questionnaires (52.1% response rate). The average age of the sample was 41 years, and 48.2% were female.

Measures.

A questionnaire developed to assess neighborhood design and recreational environmental variables with a total of 81 items was administered. The environmental questionnaire showed acceptable to good reliability and acceptable validity. The previously validated International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used to quantify physical activity in the past 7 days. Additional demographic information was also obtained.

Results.

Regression analyses showed that environmental variables were related to all types of physical activity in both sexes. However, the range of variance explained by the models including demographic and environmental variables was low, only 5% to 13%. Minutes of walking and of moderate-intensity activity were related to quality of sidewalks and accessibility of shopping and public transportation. Vigorous physical activity was related to presence of activity supplies in the home and number of convenient activity facilities outside the home.

Conclusions.

Both neighborhood design and recreational environment variables had small but significant associations with multiple types of physical activity in a sample of Belgian adults.
Pattern of Medical Charges after Quitting Smoking among Those with and without Arthritis, Allergies, or Back Pain
Authors: Musich Shirley , Faruzzi Stephanie D. , Lu Chifung , McDonald Timothy , Hirschland David , Edington Dee W.
Published: November 2011

Purpose.

To examine the time frame of changes in medical charges after smoking cessation among (1) those with arthritis, allergies, or back pain and (2) those with none of these chronic conditions.

Design.

Cross-sectional study using smoking status determined in 1996 and 4-year average medical charges measured from 1996 to 1999.

Setting.

Nationwide manufacturing corporation (General Motors Corporation).

Subjects.

A total of 20,332 employees and spouses who completed a health risk appraisal in 1996 were younger than 64 years, were enrolled in indemnity or preferred provider organization health insurance plans during 1996 to 1999, and self-reported no preexisting primary diseases.

Measures.

Participants were categorized according to 1996 self-reported smoking status into six subgroups: current smokers, former smokers by years since cessation (0–4, 5–9, 10–14, and ≥ 15 years), and never smokers. Average annual medical charges (1996–1999) among those with chronic conditions (arthritis, allergies, or back pain; N = 11,921) or without chronic conditions (N = 8411) were examined independently. Never smokers in each group were compared to respective smoker and former smoker subgroups.

Results.

Current smokers and former smokers without chronic conditions who quit fewer than 5 years earlier had higher medical charges compared with never smokers ($2613 and $3356 vs. $2203, respectively). Among those with chronic conditions, current smokers, former smokers who quit 0 to 4 years ago, and former smokers who quit 5 to 9 years ago had higher medical charges than never smokers ($4208, $4027, and $4050 vs. $3108, respectively).

Conclusions.

It took approximately 5 years for former smokers without chronic conditions and nearly 10 years for former smokers with chronic conditions to reduce their medical charges to levels close to their respective never smokers. Health promotion practitioners and other decision makers should consider the impact of chronic conditions on the course of medical savings when implementing smoking cessation programs at the worksite.
Eliminating Disparities: Empowering Health Promotion within Preventive Medicine
Authors: Dibble Robin
Published: November 2011

The estimated 800,000 U.S. deaths in 1990 related to behavioral decisions challenge physicians to better assist behavioral change through expanded health promotion activities. Based on the format guidelines of this special issue, this brief paper first examines the current and optimal roles of health promotion within Preventive Medicine, including five physician roles for improving modifiable public health-risk behavior burdens: (1) preventive services clinician, (2) health promotion researcher, (3) educator-communicator, (4) systems manager, and (5) health promotion advocate. After presenting a new vision statement, this paper proceeds to discuss the opportunities and barriers, including system, clinician-office, and patient factors, to attaining this new vision of empowering health promotion within Preventive Medicine. Finally, all physicians are invited to engage in a threefold strategic plan for change through at least one of five action items: (1) health promotion advocacy, (2) health promotion research, (3) public communication, (4) protocol dissemination and implementation, and (5) Preventive Medicine training.
Containers and grains: food storage and symbolism in the Central Balkans (Vinča period)
Authors: Tripković Boban
Published: November 2011

Since Flannery, who showed that types and locations of storage facilities provide a variety of associations for explaining social change, the economic and social role of storage has been reviewed numerous times. So far, no research pertaining to storage practice has been conducted in the Central Balkans. However, storage strategies play an important role in the agricultural history of the region. Similar, or exactly the same storage techniques have been practiced from the Early Neolithic until modern times, and even today some are practiced by traditional farming communities. Hence this article, which is intended to lay the foundations for understanding the relation between economic and social processes as reflected by storage behaviour in the Late Neolithic-Early Eneolithic in the Central Balkans region.
Karahan Tepe: a new cultural centre in the Urfa Area in Turkey
Authors: Çelik Bahattin
Published: November 2011

In this study, the finds from Karahan Tepe, which have already been published as news articles, will be evaluated and compared with those from nearby PPN neighbourhoods in order to reveal their similarities. Of particular interest is a new find, a snake-shaped relief carved on a T shaped pillar revealed by illegal excavations, and how similar reliefs are known through finds from Gobekli Tepe.
The absolute chronology of East Chia Sabz: a Pre-Pottery Neolithic site in Western Iran
Authors: Darabi Hojjat , Naseri Reza , Young Ruth , Fazeli Nashli Hassan
Published: November 2011

East Chia Sabz is a PPN site located in the Seimareh Valley, western Iran. 14C dating results indicated that the site was occupied from the early 9th millennium to the early 7th millennium BC. As we have very little information about early Neolithic sites in Iran in comparison with the other regions of the Near and Middle East, the site of East Chia Sabz will provide a new benchmark for investigating the Neolithisation process in Iran. It is important to note that further investigation of Chia Sabz will certainly provide more secure information about how and when the Epipaleolithic transition to the Neolithic started in the region. This paper will present the recent excavations at the site, and then, based on the 14C dates, will discuss the site’s importance in western Iran.
Early Neolithic settlement patterns and exchange networks in the Aegean
Authors: Reingruber Agathe
Published: November 2011

The Neolithisation process is one of the major issues under debate in Aegean archaeology, since the description of the basal layers of Thessalian tell-settlements some fifty years ago. The pottery, figurines or stamps seemed to be of Anatolian origin, and were presumably brought to the region by colonists. The direct linking of the so-called ‘Neolithic Package’ with groups of people leaving Central Anatolia after the collapse of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B resulted in the colonisation model of the Aegean. This view is not supported by results obtained from natural sciences such as archaeobotany, radiocarbon analyses, and neutron activation on obsidian. When theories of social networks are brought into the discussion, the picture that emerges becomes much more differentiated and complex.