bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
XIII.—A Chemical Examination of the Organic Matter in Oil-Shales
Authors: Robertson John B.
Published: June 2016

Investigations into the nature of the organic matter in oil-shales began at the time of the famous Torbanehill case in 1854, when experts attempted to settle the question as to whether the substance known as “ Torbanite ” or “ Boghead Mineral” was a coal or an oil-shale. Several witnesses at the trial (Gillespie v. Russel, Session Papers, 1854) maintained that the oilproducing material in the Mineral was of organic origin, while others pronounced it to be bituminous and produced by subaqueous eruptions. T. S. Traill, M.D., proposed for the Boghead Mineral the name “ Bitumenite,” as it seemed to him to “ consist of much bitumen, mingled with earthy matter” (Trans. Roy. 8oc. Edin., 1857, xxi. p. 7). Dr Redfern (Quart. Jonrn. Micros. Soc, 1855, x. pp. 118-119), on the other hand, supposed the round orange-yellow bodies which occur in torbanite to have had their origin in "“ a mass of vegetable cells and tissues which have been disintegrated and otherwise changed by maceration, pressure, and chemical action, and subsequently solidified."” C. E. Bertrand and B. Renault (Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Autun, 1892-3) on microscopic examination have classed these bodies as the remains of gelatinous algae which have been altered by bacterial action.
XV.—On the Hall and the Transverse Thermomagnetic Effects and their Temperature Coefficients
Authors: Unwin F.
Published: June 2016

Of the more recent researches on the subject of this paper, mention may be made of the work of H. Zahn* on the galvanomagnetic and thermomagnetic effects in various metals. Zahn has measured these effects in many different metals, and has used his results to test the electron theory of the properties of metals as developed by P. Drude. He has also determined in some cases the temperature variation of the effects.

The author of the present paper has confined his attention to the thermomagnetic transverse effects and the Hall effect. These have been measured in magnetic fields of various strengths and at temperatures varying over a range of about 100 Centigrade degrees.

The experiments were carried out with a view to obtaining some light on the electron theory, and the ratios of the effects are discussed in relation to this theory.
XVII.—The Analytical Study of the Mechanism of Writing
Authors: Drever James
Published: June 2016

In the new and rapidly developing experimental science known as “Experimentelle Pädagogik” in Germany, “Pédagogie expérimentale” in France, and “Experimental Pedagogy” or “Experimental Education” in this country and in America, two well-marked and not entirely consistent tendencies have been hitherto manifest. On the one hand, there has been a tendency, more particularly in Germany, to develop the work in the new field on the lines of experimental psychology, and to employ almost exclusively the apparatus and methods of that science. On the other hand, there has been a tendency, to a very marked extent in this country and in America, to endeavour to carry on experimental work entirely without the aid of exact and elaborate apparatus, eschewing, even regarding as “tabu,” the methods of the psychological laboratory. Both tendencies are perhaps more or less inevitable, and both to a certain extent may be said to have been justified by results. Nevertheless, there are certain obvious dangers and defects inherent in both, and the whole situation is itself dangerous for the new science.
XVIII.—Abnormal Echinoids in the Collection of the Royal Scottish Museum
Authors: Ritchie James , Todd James A.
Published: June 2016

“Echini are a particularly good group in which to study questions of variation, because here variations can usually be expressed in very definite terms of numerical or other equally positive character.” On this account, and because, in spite of much description, the variants liable to occur in sea urchins have not yet been exhausted, the three specimens described below are recorded. Each of these exhibits a pronounced abnormality in the major symmetries. Two of them resemble another abnormal echinoid in the same collections, already discussed inProc. Zool. Soc., in lacking part of a definite ambulacrum; but the means by which the tests have accommodated themselves to changed conditions of growth differ markedly in each of the three cases. The third specimen exhibits, in place of the normal five-radiate arrangement, almost perfect hexamery—a type of abnormality very different from that of the first two specimens. For in these the distortion is due to incomplete development caused, by interference with the processes of growth, while there the hexamery is a fundamental change in symmetry, is congenital in origin, and probably represents the type of variation known as duplication of parts.
I.—Some Philosophical Aspects of Modern Physics
Authors: Born Max
Published: June 2016

The Chair which I have been elected to occupy, in succession to Professor Darwin, is associated with the name of a great scholar of our fathers' generation, Peter Guthrie Tait. This name has been familiar to me from the time when I first began to study mathematical physics. At that time Felix Klein was the leading figure in a group of outstanding mathematicians at Göttingen, amongst them Hilbert and Minkowski. I remember how Klein, ever eager to link physics with mathematics, missed no opportunity of pointing out to us students the importance of studying carefully the celebrated Treatise on Natural Philosophy of Thomson and Tait, which became a sort of Bible of mathematical science for us.
III.—Quantitative Evolution in Compositæ
Authors: Small James , Johnston I. K.
Published: June 2016

Any reasonable generalisation on possibly fundamental rules of specific and generic differentiation would appear to be worth consideration. Defining our main terms briefly, we may here state that the genera and species of quantitative evolution are the genera and species recognised as such by responsible systematists who have considered entire groups in detail: the relatively few “critical” genera do not yield comparable data.
VI.—Ovarian Rhythm in Drosophila
Authors: Donald H. P. , Lamy Rowena
Published: June 2016

While observations were being carried out on the fecundity of certain experimental Drosophila pseudo-obscura females, it became apparent that there was a regular alternation of periods of rapid laying with periods of no laying. Since an irregularity in rate of oviposition in this species had been noticed by other investigators, and since, under similar circumstances, Drosophila melanogaster lays approximately the same number of eggs each day, it was decided to investigate more closely the possibility that differences in laying habit existed among the various species.
VII.—On the Geometry of Dirac's Equations and their Expression in Tensor Form
Authors: Ruse H. S.
Published: June 2016

The purpose of the present paper is to give as simple an account as possible of the general-relativity theory of two-component spinors, and to investigate its geometrical and analytical consequences. The work was suggested by courses of lectures given at Edinburgh in 1932 and 1935 by Professor E. T. Whittaker, who, on the basis of the special-relativity spinor theory of van der Waerden (1929), obtained the completely tensorized form of Dirac's equations given by him in a recent paper (1937).
VIII.—On the Ciliary Currents on the Gills of Some Tellinacea (Lamellibranchiata)
Authors: Graham Alastair
Published: June 2016

I have previously (Graham, 1934) noted the fact that in the bivalve mollusc Solecurtus scopula the structure of the outer gills is peculiar in that they possess no groove along the free edge as do the inner and the great majority of lamellibranch gills. In Solecurtus (fig. 1) the gills are rather long and narrow, the outer shorter than the inner on each side, leaving a small triangular area of the latter exposed at the anterior end as well as a narrow strip along the ventral margin. The outer gill is provided with a supra-axial extension reaching to the dorsal part of the body on each side. The lamellæ are plicate, and the filaments lying on the summits of the folds on the outer gill project at the free edge further than do those at the bottom of the folds, so that the entire gill has a wavy or scalloped edge. It was of interest to investigate the effect of this departure from the normal structure of the gill on the ciliary mechanisms found there.
XX.—Studies in Practical Mathematics. II. The Evaluation of the Latent Roots and Latent Vectors of a Matrix
Authors: Aitken A. C.
Published: June 2016

In many branches of applied mathematics problems arise which require for their solution a knowledge of the latent roots of a matrix A, sometimes only the root of greatest modulus but often the second and other roots as well, and the corresponding latent vectors. A few examples, among many that might be cited, are problems in the dynamical theory of oscillations, problems of conditioned maxima and minima, problems of correlation between statistical variables, the determination of the principal axes of quadrics, and the solution of differential or other operational equations. It is important, therefore, to have a choice of methods for obtaining latent roots and latent vectors without undue labour, and the object of the present paper is to augment the existing store of such methods.
XXIV.—Geonemertes DendyiDakin, a Land Nemertean, in Wales
Authors: Waterston A. R. , Quick H. E.
Published: June 2016

The land nemerteans of the world comprise only twelve species and at present all are referred to the genusGeonemertesSemper. Most of the species occur in the Australia, New Zealand, and Malaysian regions, with a single species in Bermuda. European occurrences are rare and apparently due to introductions by man.G. chalicophoraGraff, for example, is unknown outside glass-houses in Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia (Stammer, 1934), and the Botanic Gardens, Dublin, Ireland (Southern, 1911). One other species,G. dendyiDakin, which was originally described from a single female discovered in “a valley in the Darling Range not far from Perth,” West Australia (Dakin, 1915), was later found in glass-houses in the Botanic Gardens at Breslau, Germany (Stammer, 1934). More recently this worm has been found by us to be breeding in the open in wild situations around Swansea, Wales. We believe this occurrence to be the first record of a land nemertean established in the temperate climate of Europe.
XXV.—An Histological Analysis of Eye Pigment Development inDrosophila pseudo-obscura
Authors: Cochrane Flora
Published: June 2016

It is generally accepted that the function of the mutant genes which affect eye colour inDrosophilais to produce either quantitative or qualitative changes in the normal development of eye pigment. Wright (1932) believes that these genes act by interfering with some part of a chain of reactions which give rise to eye-colour characteristic of the wild type. Mainx (1935) suggested that recessive eye-colour genes (with the exception of sepia) reduce the total amount of pigment, and that the degree of reduction is characteristic for each gene. Transplantation experiments of Beadle and Ephrussi (1935, 1936, 1937aandb) have led them to the view that certain eye-colour mutants lack specific substances which are necessary for the development of additional pigment present in wild type eye colour. Johannson (1924) and Schultz (1935) studied the histology of the adult eye ofD. melanogasterand classified the mutant eye colours according to the distribution of granules in their pigment cells. Schultz (1932) had previously noted the time of pigment deposition and subsequent changes in wild type and some mutants ofD. melanogaster. In an earlier paper the author (1936) described in detail similar colour changes in the eyes of developing pupæ ofD. pseudo-obscura. Previous work in this laboratory (1932, 1934, 1935) by Crew and Lamy make it appear that each mutant eye colour is the expression of a gene which acts to suppress normal development during a certain period of time, allowing the rest of the development to proceed as in wild type.
VI.—The New Crystallography
Authors: Bragg W. L.
Published: June 2016

The mapping of atomic arrangement by X-ray analysis, first applied only to crystalline solids, but more recently extended to amorphous solids, liquids, and gases, has now been pursued for more than twenty years. In the present paper an attempt is made to review the position which has been reached and to forecast the probable lines of development in the future. Examples are chosen from inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, mineralogy, metallurgy, and biochemistry, which are as far as possible representative of the problems to which X-ray analysis can be effectively applied. It is perhaps not generally realised how extensive these applications are and how much they are influencing other branches of science. A knowledge of the actual atomic arrangement introduces an important precision, simplicity, and novelty of outlook, and a plea might well be made for a wider use of the new knowledge.
VII.—The Mathematical Representation of the Energy Levels of the Secondary Spectrum of Hydrogen.—III
Authors: Sandeman Ian
Published: June 2016

In a recent communication (Sandeman, 1935) some problems arising out of the attempt to obtain accurate values of the molecular constants in applying the results of the wave mechanics to the secondary spectrum of hydrogen have been discussed, and an analysis of the two molecular states Is2s3∑ and Is2p1∑ on the basis of Dunham's (1932) solution of the Schrödinger equation for the molecular rotating vibrator has been carried out and compared with the previous calculations of Richardson and Davidson and Richardson and Das. In the present paper an analysis of the ground state (IsIs1∑) of the hydrogen molecule—made possible by recent advances in the measurement and allocation of the band lines —has been attempted. For comparison a similar analysis of the ground state of the molecular ion H2+(Is2∑) is included. Although the spectrum of the molecular ion is not known, the fact that the variables in the Schrödinger equation are separable enables an analysis to be built up from theoretical considerations.
IX.—The Lunar Atmospheric Pressure Inequalities at Glasgow
Authors: Robb R. A. , Tannahill T. R.
Published: June 2016

In several papers by Chapman (1918, p. 271; 1919, p. 113, etc.) the effect of the moon on the atmospheric pressure has been analysed; the chief inequality observed is semi-diurnal, being, for example, 0·0120 sin (2θ+ 114°) millibar at Greenwich, 0·083 sin (2θ+ 68°) millibar at Batavia, and 0·060 sin (2θ+ 60°) millibar at Hongkong;θbeing measured from upper lunar transit.
X.—Charles Darwin as a Student in Edinburgh, 1825–1827
Authors: Ashworth J. H.
Published: June 2016

Charles Darwin in hisAutobiography, written in 1876, gives in half a dozen pages (Life and Letters, vol. i, pp. 36–42) an account of his two academic sessions as a medical student in Edinburgh. This account includes brief references to his naturalist friends and acquaintances, a statement that he collected specimens in the tidal pools on the shore of the Firth of Forth and by going out with the “trawlers,” and that he made new observations on the “so-called ova of Flustra,” which “were in fact larvæ,” and on the egg-cases ofPontobdella muricata.
XI.—On Fourfold Sampling with and without Replacement
Authors: Aitken A. C. , Gonin H. T.
Published: June 2016

When each individual of a population ofNmembers can be classified as being either A orA, and at the same time either B orB, the relative proportions, or probabilities, of the four types AB, AB,AB andABcan be set out in the familiar “fourfold table.”
IV.—Some Experiments having Particular Reference to the Flow of Water along Short Capillary Tubes connecting Two Vessels with Free Surfaces
Authors: Allen J.
Published: June 2016

The present investigation of the discharge of water from one vessel or reservoir to another with free surfaces, through capillary tubes of various ratios of outside to inside diameters between 1.59 and 4.31 and of various ratios between 28.8(7) and 155.2, indicates that the behaviour as a whole is represented by

provided the ends of the tubes are sharp and the conditions within the range of values of R exhibited in fig. 2.

The losses of energy are reduced by grinding the ends to a bell-mouth shape, although the effect becomes very small with the longest tubes.

The author is indebted to Professor A. H. Gibson, D.Sc, LL.D., for the facilities placed at his disposal in the Whitworth Engineering Laboratory of Manchester University, and to Mr R. Butt, M.Sc, for assistance in both the experimental work and the calculation of results.
VIII.—On the Suppression of Tangled inDrosophila pseudo-obscura
Authors: Donald H. P.
Published: June 2016

The results of the interaction of any two genes cannot yet be foretold with any degree of accuracy. This is another way of saying that our knowledge concerning the problem of the gene and development is still very meagre even in its grosser details. The work of Schultz (1935) and others has shed much light on the reasons for such phenomena as the disproportionate modification of vermilion by purple (Bridges and Morgan, 1919), and for many other observed effects following the combination of eye-colour mutants, but explanations for similar phenomena in other parts of the body, for instance, the non-additive action of bristle modifiers found by Plunkett (1926), and the interaction of the wing and bristle mutants of Lebedeff (1935), are of a somewhat more speculative nature. The accumulating data on these problems do not yet allow the empirical method to be dispensed with in seeking the answer to the question: What will happen when these two mutants are put together? From another point of view, the interaction of two genes, when it can be observed, is a useful method of approach in the investigation of genetic control in development, and has been used by various workers such as Csik (1934), Goldschmidt (1935), Dunn and Coyne (1935).
XI.—The Relation of the Pituitary Gland to Muscle Creatine
Authors: Shapiro B. G. , Zwarenstein H.
Published: June 2016

Braier (1931) showed that hypophysectomised dogs on a complete diet excrete 24 per cent. less urinary creatinine than the controls, and 35 to 40 per cent. less when fasting. Schrire and Zwarenstein (1933, 1934) found that injection of anterior lobe extracts increased the urinary creatinine in rabbits.

These results afford evidence of an endocrine relationship between the anterior lobe of the pituitary and urinary creatinine. In view of the well-established relationship between urinary creatinine and muscle creatine the present authors decided to investigate the relationship of the anterior lobe to muscle creatine. An effect on phosphocreatine of muscle was reported by Marenzi (1933), who obtained a decrease of 33 per cent, following removal of the anterior lobe of the pituitary. The effect of hypophysectomy and of injections of anterior lobe extracts on muscle creatine has not been previously investigated.
I.—On the Development of the Olfactory Organ in Protopterus
Authors: Fullarton Margaret H.
Published: June 2016

The first definite olfactory rudiments, arising as two solid ingrowths of the deep layer of ectoderm on the under-side of the head, are to be seen in sections of Stage XXVII.

A section through the left olfactory rudiment of Stage XXVIII (fig. 1) shows the early structure of the organ clearly, with its ingrowing thickening of the deep ectodermal layer covered by the thin superficial ectoderm. The cells in both layers are heavily laden with yolk particles, as illustrated in the text-figure by black dots.

In the later stages, XXIX and XXX, the rudiment is similar; the cells near their outer ends are becoming progressively less yolky.
II.—A Matrix Notation for Mendelian Populations
Authors: Hogben Lancelot
Published: June 2016

Those who have had experience of problems involving inbreeding or the correlation of relatives in a population with specified proportions of Mendelian genotypes will have realised what difficulties reside in the absence of a convenient notation. In the absence of such a notation difficulties arise more from the unwieldiness of the expressions obtained than the abstruseness of the problems encountered. The familiar chessboard diagrams of Mendelian hybridisation and the form of a contingency table for relatives alike suggest that a matrix notation might be generalised to take into account both sex-linked inheritance and the more usual type of transmission. A determinant form would meet some of the requirements of autosomal transmission; but is not adapted to the asymmetrical case, when the male sex cannot be heterozygous. In extending to more remote relationships a previous inquiry (3) into fraternal and filial correlations involving sex linkage, the writer has found it useful to employ a system of operations applicable to other types of inquiry. The former investigation is not yet complete. In the meantime it seemed possible that the method used might prove suggestive to other workers. A preliminary account of the fundamental operations is here given in so far as they are relevant to single gene substitutions.
VI.—On the Graduation of Data by the Orthogonal Polynomials of Least Squares
Authors: Aitken A. C.
Published: June 2016

The problem of fitting a polynomial to data by Least Squares has engaged the attention of many writers. The methods of approach have been many and various. Continued fractions, determinants, the calculus of finite differences and sums, the method of moments, the linear combination of data, the use of the orthogonal polynomials of Legendre and Tchebychef, these and doubtless other instruments of analysis have been pressed into service. At the end of the present paper is given a selective bibliography, which we hope on a future occasion to complete and to supplement by adding brief indications of the standpoint and achievement of each investigator.
VIII.—A Case of Non-disjunction in the Fowl
Authors: Crew F. A. E.
Published: June 2016

The application of the facts of criss-cross inheritance to commercial poultry breeding is widespread, and every year witnesses the hatching of thousands of chickens, the plumage-colour character of whose mothers was genetically silver, whilst that of their sires was genetically gold. Dominant silver and its allelomorph, recessive gold, form a pair of sexlinked characters, the genes corresponding to them being placed in the X-chromosome. Such evidence as exists points directly to the conclusion that in the fowl the male is the homogametic sex (XX), the female the heterogametic (XY or XO). The mating silver hen, (SX)Y, and gold cock, (sX) (sX), gives, in more or less equal numbers, gold daughters, (sX)Y, and silver sons, (SX) (sX), and, since these colours can readily be distinguished in the newly hatched chick, it is possible to identify males and females amongst day-olds by reference to their down colour. The diagnostic value of a sex-linked character depends upon the precision of the distributive mechanism of the sex-chromosomes.
X.—Spermatogenesis inDrosophila obscuraFallen. I. The Cytological Basis of Suppression of Crossing-over
Authors: Koller P. Ch. , Townson Thelma
Published: June 2016

During recent years it has become increasingly possible to interpret unusual genetic phenomena by reference to peculiarities in chromosome behaviour. Examples of such cytological explanation are found in the studies of triploidy by Bridges and Anderson (1924) and Redfield (1930, 1932), and of translocations by Dobzhansky and Sturtevant (1930), Rhoades (1931), and Dobzhansky (1932a). But, thus far, the phenomenon of complete linkage in the male ofDrosophilahas not been explained satisfactorily by direct observation of spermatogenesis. Doubtless this has been due partly to technical difficulties, and partly to the fact that chromosome behaviour is only now beginning to be understood. However, the first difficulties have been eliminated by Metz (1926), Guyenot and Naville (1929), and Huettner (1930); and the second by Belar (1928), and more recently by Darlington (1932b).
XI.—On the Pituitary in Lepidosiren and its Development
Authors: Kerr T.
Published: June 2016

The Dipnoi form an archaic group of Fish with so many unusual features that it is of importance to work out the development of all their organs in detail, and this investigation was therefore undertaken. The early stages were studied in the collection of slides in the Zoology Department of Glasgow University, and the adult organs were obtained from the material brought back from the Gran Chaco by Dr. G. S. Carter in 1927. The work was done in Glasgow under Professor J. Graham Kerr, F.R.S., to whom I am deeply indebted. The larval stages are numbered according to his system in Keibel's Normentafeln, Heft x (3).
XIV.—Studies in Genetic Psychology: The Intellectual Resemblance of Collateral Relatives
Authors: Gray J. L. , Moshinsky Pearl
Published: June 2016

The introduction of standardised methods for describing that characteristic of social behaviour denoted by the word intelligent is of comparatively recent date. Therefore it is not feasible to undertake a study of the intellectual resemblance of relatives along the ancestral line. In two classes of collateral relatives, however, such resemblance can be made the subject of inquiry. These are (a) members of the same fraternity— twins or ordinary sibs—and (b) first cousins. This investigation, which was prompted by a previous inquiry into the intellectual resemblance of twins carried out in the Department of Social Biology, is confined to a study of ordinary sibs and first cousins. Though resemblance between both sibs and first cousins has already been investigated, there are in each case special reasons which justify further inquiry.
XVIII.—The Fæcal Pellets of Hippa asiatica
Authors: Moore Hilary B.
Published: June 2016

In a recent paper on the fæcal pellets of the Anomura, pellets were described from a series of Galatheidea, Paguridea and Thalassinidea, but at that time no Hippidea were available. Since then, through Professor J. H. Orton, I have obtained specimens of Hippa asiatica from Madras and have prepared sections of their pellets. As the latter form an interesting addition to the series of curious pellets, apparently peculiar to the Anomura, a special description of their structure seems to be justified.
III —The Cruciform Muscle of Lamellibranchs
Authors: Graham Alastair
Published: June 2016

In 1900 von Ihering directed attention to the presence in certain Lamellibranchs of a special muscle lying in the posterior portion of the ventral mantle edge, close to the inner end of the inhalent siphon. This muscle consisted of two strands, each running diagonally from an origin on one valve to be inserted on the other, and crossing one another in the mid-ventral line so as to form a muscular apparatus with the appearance of a St Andrew's cross. He regarded this cruciform muscle as a specially differentiated group of fibres belonging to the pallial edge, acting as an accessory adductor muscle, a point of view in which he has been followed by all subsequent observers. To this von Ihering added the speculation that it had been by some similar process of specialisation of marginal pallial muscle fibres that the two other true adductor muscles of Lamellibranchs had originated.
IV.—The Developmental Stages of Euchætanorvegica, Boeck
Authors: Nicholls A. G.
Published: June 2016

Euchæta norvegica is one of the largest known copepods and has a wide range of distribution in northern waters. Sars (1903, p. 38) records it from the deep waters of the fjords along the Norwegian coast and mentions that it occurred in two places in the polar basin crossed by Nansen. With (1915, p. 162) records its presence in North Atlantic waters in various places visited by the Danish Ingolf Expedition. That it is generally distributed throughout the North Atlantic is shown by Bigelow (1924, p. 230). It occurs also in the deep waters of the Clyde sea-area, where at times it is abundant, particularly in Upper Loch Fyne.
VI.—Studies on the Reproductive System in the Guinea-Pig : Observations on the Ovaries, with special reference to the Corpus Luteum
Authors: Nicol Thomas
Published: June 2016

The object of the present paper is to put upon record for the guinea-pig data which I have collected regarding (1) the relation between the number of young in a litter and the number of corpora lutea of pregnancy in the ovaries, (2) the distribution of corpora lutea between the two ovaries in two successive ovulations, and (3) the utilisation of the uterine horns in successive pregnancies. The data were obtained in the course of other researches and are arranged in tabular form (Tables I and II). The records from which they have been collected refer to 40 female guinea-pigs killed post partum, of which 16 were pregnant and 24 had not been reimpregnated. The size of the previous litter is known for 38 of these females; both ovaries were serially sectioned at 10 microns in the 40 animals, but in 4 the records of only one ovary were preserved.
VIII.—The Atomic Weight of the Calcium contained in very Old Potassium-rich Minerals occurring at Portsoy, Banffshire, and at Cape Wrath, Sutherlandshire
Authors: Smith William W. , Tait Thomas
Published: June 2016

The radioactivity of potassium was discovered by Campbell and Wood (1907). Since the β-ray activity shown by all the potassium salts investigated was very small, the suspicion naturally arose that this activity was due to a trace of radioactive impurity and not to the potassium itself. All tests for the presence of an emanation gave, however, negative results, and it became necessary to conclude that the observed emission of the β-radiation was indeed a property of the potassium atom. The subsequent investigations of Campbell (1907) and of Hoffman (1924), whose attempts to alter the activity by chemical operations were unsuccessful, supported this conclusion, as did also the work of Biltz and Marcus, who prepared specimens of potassium sulphate from potassium minerals of different geological ages and found that the activity of the preparations per atom of potassium was always the same.
XI.—Graphical Classification of Carbonaceous Minerals: The Mineral Oils
Authors: Briggs Henry
Published: June 2016

In two previous communications to the Society (Briggs, 1931, 1932), the graphical method, based on the ultimate analysis, was applied to the classification of carbonaceous minerals, and particularly to the elucidation of the process of “development” of those minerals—a process that involves the progressive histolysis of the primitive plant offal, and a progressive enrichment in carbon and impoverishment in oxygen of the mineral substances produced from it. Almost entirely, attention in those papers was directed to the solid minerals, namely, to the constituents of common coals and to the species severally known as torbanites, oil shales, cannels, and sub-cannels. On the present occasion, however, interest is concentrated on the petroleums. My purpose is to ascertain to what extent the graphical method is able to throw light on the origin and manner of development of the oils.
XIV.—Fifty Years Ago, in the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Authors: Thompson D'Arcy Wentworth
Published: June 2016

Fifty years ago, when this Royal Society was a hundred years old, it fell to Lord Moncrieff, the President, to speak to the occasion. He sketched the history of the Society through its hundred years, and dwelt most on the days when it was born. He told how the Founders made their way one winter's night from homes in Lawnmarket or Canongate to the College Library (as Johnson and Boswell had lately done), with a few flickering oil-lamps to light the way and tallow-candles which dimly lit the room.
A Report on the Free-Swimming Crustacea found in the Firth of Clyde, 1901 to 1902
Authors: Scott Thomas
Published: June 2016

The material upon which this report is based was collected by Mr Alexander Gray, curator of the Biological Station at Millport. The tow-nettings were specially taken for Mr E. T. Browne, to aid his investigation of the Medusæ of the Firth of Clyde. After the material was examined by Mr Browne, all the Crustacea were forwarded to me for identification.
Ankylostomiasis, or the Miners' Worm Disease
Authors: Oliver Thomas
Published: June 2016

By the terms “ankylostomiasis,” “miners' anæmia,” and the “miners' worm disease,” is meant a malady due to the presence in the small intestine of numerous slender worms called Ankylostoma duodenale,—ἀγκύλος, crooked, στόμα, a mouth, and duodenale, because usually found in the upper part of the small intestine. Although the disease is known to have existed for long in Egyptian and Tropical countries, it was not until the huge mining engineering operations connected with the tunnelling of the Alps at Mont Cenis and St Gothard for railway extension were in progress that the disease attracted public attention in Europe. During the piercing of these Alpine heights the parasite was the cause of considerable ill-health and of loss of life among the miners, especially at the St Gothard. For a considerable length of time the true nature of the malady was not recognised. It was owing to the fact that as anæmia was one of the principal physical signs of the malady the disease came to be called miners' anæmia, and as the men worked in tunnels, the term “la maladie des tonnelles” was also given to it. After the discovery of the parasite in the small intestine of affected miners, the designation miners' worm disease came to be applied to it, and it is by this name that it is commonly known in this country.
A New Method of Preparing Esters
Authors: Taylor W. W.
Published: June 2016

In the preparation of esters, one of the main difficulties is the removal of the water produced by the interaction of the acid and the alcohol. This difficulty is very pronounced in the case of those esters which are readily hydrolysed, e.g. oxalic and tartaric esters; the methods of preparation of such esters are long and troublesome, and the yields are not always satisfactory. The method described in this paper is rapid and easy, requires little attention, and gives satisfactory yields.
Vanishing Aggregates of Determinant Minors
Authors: Metzler W. H.
Published: June 2016

1. Since a persymmetric determinant is a particular case of an axisymmetric determinant, it follows that every type of vanishing aggregate for axisymmetric determinants is also a vanishing aggregate for persymmetric determinants. The principal object of this paper is to give a series of theorems (I., II., III., IV., V.), by the application of which to any vanishing aggregate of minors of persymmetric determinants new vanishing aggregates are obtained (7–12), which, though true for persymmetric, are no longer true for axisymmetric determinants.
The Theory of General Determinants in the Historical Order of Development up to 1852
Authors: Muir Thomas
Published: June 2016

The nature of the connection of this with the theory of determinants is evident from the title. Some of the elementary portions of the memoir had in fact already appeared in Cauchy's determinant papers of the years 1812, 1840, 1841, and have been noted in our accounts of the latter. In these papers, as was natural, only such isolated properties were given as might be of immediate application to the main subject: here we have a methodically arranged and lucidly written treatise. As, however, in dealing with permutations the question of signature is not taken up, there is no explicit reference to determinants: and all that is therefore necessary is to direct attention to a storehouse of information regarding a subject closely connected with them.
Note on the Boiling Points of Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Johnston S. M.
Published: June 2016

In the course of a research on the boiling points of aqueous solutions, certain points came under my notice which have been introduced into this note.

After considerable experience with various forms of Beckmann's boiling point apparatus, and due consideration of the Jones type, a boiling point apparatus was designed which embraced what were considered the best points of each, in view of the research anticipated. The body of the tube was of the Jones type, and had a side tube fitted with a rubber stopper for the introduction of the salt at a short distance from the top of the tube. On the opposite side of the boiling tube, about the same height up, went off a condensing tube of the Beckmann pattern. The thermometer—one of Beckmann's—read to hundredths of a degree, and, with the aid of a Beckmann reading glass, could be estimated to thousandths of a degree. It passed through a close-fitting rubber stopper at the top of the tube.
Deep Sea Ship-Waves
Authors: Kelvin Lord
Published: June 2016

§ 65. Referring to § 63, we must, for the present, as time presses, leave detailed interpretation of the curves of fig. 17: merely remarking that, according to § 44, if δ=0, (which means that J is an integer), the disturbance, d, is infinitely great; of which the dynamical meaning is clear in (70) of § 39.
On the Foundations of the Kinetic Theory of Gases. V
Authors: Tait
Published: June 2016

The first instalment of this part of my paper deals mainly with the theory of the behaviour of mixtures of CO2 and N, for which some remarkable experimental results were given by Andrews about 1874. His full paper, so far as he had drawn it up for press, was published posthumously in the Phil. Trans, for 1886, and is reprinted in his Scientific Papers, No. L. One special reaaon for the introduction of this question at the present stage of my work was the desire to attempt a correction of Amagat's numbers, for the (very small) admixture of air with his CO2. The virial equation for a mixture is formed on the same general principle as that I employed for a single gas. There are, of course, more undetermined constants :—and, unfortunately, the data for their determination are barely adequate. The general results, however, agree in character with those described by Andrews :—the particular phenomenon which is most closely studied being the increase of volume, at constant pressure, when the gases (originally separated by the liquefaction of one) were allowed to diffuse into one another.
The Lesser Rorqual(Balænoptera rostrata) in the Scottish Seas, with Observations on its Anatomy
Authors: Turner Wm.
Published: June 2016

It is outside the scope of the present paper to enter into the geographical distribution generally of the Lesser Rorqual or Pike Whale (Balænoptera rostrata), and indeed there is no reason why I should do so, as it has so recently been considered by Professor Van Beneden, in his Histoire naturelle des Balénoptères. For a number of years it has been my custom to collect information regarding the Cetacea captured or stranded on the Scottish coasts, and when possible to obtain the animals or their skeletons. I have accumulated, therefore, a considerable body of information regarding the whales frequenting the Scottish seas, some of which I have already published. In the present communication it is my intention to record some facts regarding Balænoptera rostrata, and I may say that when a newspaper paragraph relates the capture of a whalebone whale, and, when measurements are given, if the length is under 30 feet, the animal is most probably the Lesser Rorqual.
On the Blood of the Invertebrata
Authors: Griffiths A. B.
Published: June 2016

The blood of the Invertebrata, like that of the Vertebrata, is not homogeneous. It consists of a transparent or semitransparent liquid, and a number of small, solid corpuscles which float in it.

In the higher animals the corpuscles are of two kinds—red and colourless; but in the Invertebrata there are, as a rule, only colourless corpuscles. The red blood of Annelids is different from the red blood of Vertebrates, inasmuch as the plasma is coloured, and the corpuscles are colourless in the former, while in the latter the plasma is colourless, and there are present coloured and colourless corpuscles.
On the Olfactory Organs of Helix
Authors: Griffiths A. B.
Published: June 2016

Sochaczewer has examined the olfactory organs in the Pulmogasteropoda. In these animals the organ of Semper, the pedal gland, and the tentacula have each been considered to have the function of an olfactory organ. Sochaczewer states that: (a) The organ of Semper is small in Helix, Avion, and Limnceus; but is well developed in Limax. In the last mentioned animal it has the form of four or five glandular lobate processes, which are set at the sides of the mouth. This organ is supplied with four nerve-fibres. The two median are muscular in character, while the lateral branches are the proper labiales, which give off, one on either side, fine nerve-branch to the glandular branches of the organ of Semper. The cells of the constituent lobes resemble the glandular cells of the salivary glands; in other words, this organ has not an olfactory function, (b) The pedal gland is an olfactory organ. It is well supplied with nerves; but experiments are difficult to try in such an organ, (c) The tentacula of Helix pomatia are not the seat of the olfactory organs. After having cut off the tentacula, and allowed the wounds to heal, he then placed the snails on a flat plate, the edge of which was smeared with turpentine. He says that both the mutilated and unmutilated specimens turned away from the edges, and he therefore concludes that this proves that the tentacula are not the seat of the olfactory organ.
VI.—On the Discovery of a new Genus of Thread-Bacteria (Spirophyllum ferrugineum, Ellis)
Authors: Ellis David
Published: June 2016

Throughout Lanarkshire and Renfrewshire many streams and rivulets have beds which are deep reddish-brown in colour. This colour is due to the deposition of ferric hydroxide, and in some cases the deposition is so great that the course of the stream (if a small one) is hindered, and therefore it must be periodically cleared.
VII.—Prymnothonus Hookeri, Poisson pélagique de l' “Erebus” et de la “Terror” retrouvé par l'Expédition Antarctique Nationale Ecossaise
Authors: Dollo Louis , Traquair M.R.H.
Published: June 2016

On sait que tous les Poissons recueillis lors de la fameuse Expédition de l'Erebus et de la Terror (1839–1843) ne sont pas parvenus jusqu'à nous. Parmi ceux qui ne furent représentés, au retour, que par des dessins, deux des plus intéressants sont, assurément, le Pagetodes et le Prymnothonus.
IX.—Notes on Aboriginals of the Northern Territory of South Australia
Authors: Smith W. Ramsay
Published: June 2016

Whilst engaged recently in inquiring into diseases and sanitation in the Northern Territory of South Australia, I took occasion to investigate some points in the anthropology and ethnology of the aboriginals. This investigation broke some new ground, and produced results which I consider to be of sufficient interest to be recorded.
XXIX.—Degenerations following Experimental Lesions in the Motor Cortex of the Monkey
Authors: Simpson Sutherland , Jolly W. A.
Published: June 2016

The object of the present research was to follow, by the degeneration method, the course of the fibres proceeding from definite and limited areas of the motor cortex, and to determine to what extent there is a grouping or localisation of the fibres of the pyramidal tract at different levels in the brain and spinal cord.
XXXI.—Precipitated Sulphur
Authors: Smith Alexander , Brownlee R. H.
Published: June 2016

In papers previously read before the Society, the behaviour of sulphur when heated has been the subject of investigation. It has been shown that the transition from a pale-yellow mobile liquid to a deep-brown viscous one, which occurs as the temperature rises in the neighbourhood of 160°, is due to the production from the mobile sulphur (Sλ) of another distinct variety (Sμ). The proportion of the viscous variety (Sμ) is about 4 per cent, at the melting point (114·5°). At 160° it has become 11 per cent., at 170° 19 per cent., and at the boiling point 34 per cent.
VIII.—Regeneration of the Legs of Decapod Crustacea from the Preformed Breaking Plane
Authors: Herbert Paul J.
Published: June 2016

(1) Homarus vulgáris, Eupagurus bernhardus, and Carcinus mœnas all form limb-buds or papillæ in the process of limb regeneration. These are covered by a chitinous envelope, and the observations here recorded show that their outer form and size are adaptations to the requirements of the animal. That of the lobster is straight, that of the hermit crab curved, while the shore crab has a papilla which may be folded on itself three times inside the envelope.

(2) Valvular action of the diaphragm at the breaking plane plays a greater part in the stopping of haemorrhage after self-amputation than clotting, and the dilatation of small vessels which pass beneath the epidermis detaches a layer of cells. This layer of epidermis proliferates from its free edges to form the new limb.

(3) A new diaphragm is the first structure laid down, and differentiation takes place from the base outwards. Muscle arises at the growing tip from cells proliferated from the old epidermis (an ectodermal structure), and the nerve grows outwards from the torn end by cell proliferation.

(4) Muscle-fibres are anatomically complete immediately before moulting. The fibrillæ are cross-striated and enclosed in a sarcolemma, but full functional activity does not come till several days after moulting, beginning with slow rhythmic movements. Sarcoplasm seems to be less plentiful than in the normal fibre.

(5) When moulting occurs the papilla is at once expanded to several times its previous size by valvular action, and the epidermis, previously composed of several layers of cells, now thins to a single layer, as is seen in the normal limb.
XI — The Reaction between Sodamide and Hydrogen
Authors: Miles F. D.
Published: June 2016

In some experiments on sodamide carried out at 200°, in which an attempt was made to use hydrogen as an indifierent atmosphere, it was found that a slow but constant evolution of ammonia took place. The sodamide being isolated from the glass tube in which it was heated, by silver foil, the formation of ammonia could not be due to a reaction between the glass and the sodamide.
XIV.—The Theory of the Gyroscope
Authors: Lamb H.
Published: June 2016

The object of this note is to obtain briefly the intrinsic equations of motion of a gyroscope, and to show how they lead immediately to the solution of a number of problems. So much has been written on the subject of the gyroscope that these equations are hardly likely to be new, but I do not remember to have met with them in their explicit form. Apart from their use as a basis for calculation, they have a simple interpretation which enables us to foresee the general character of the motion in cases where the actual calculation would be difficult.
XV.—The Densities and Degrees of Dissociation of the Saturated Vapours of the Ammonium Halides
Authors: Smith Alexander , Lombard Robert H.
Published: June 2016

The published determinations of the vapour densities of ammonium chloride are not consistent. Thus the percentage dissociation calculated from the observations at 300° to 323° ranges from 87 to 100; at 350°, from 83 to 100; and at 445°, from 89 to 99. The results also lack quantitative significance because they were nearly all obtained by the Dumas or the V. Meyer method. When the former method was used, the density was that at atmospheric pressure, although the temperature corresponded to a much higher vapour pressure. When the latter method was used, in most cases, for the same reason, the vapour was highly unsaturated. In a few instances the vapour pressure was less than one atmosphere, and the vaporisation could proceed only by diffusion of the vapour into the air contained in the apparatus.