bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Allografts stimulate cross‐reactive virus‐specific memory CD8 T cells with private specificity
Authors: Brehm Michael A. , Thornley Thomas B. , Daniels Keith A. , Greiner Dale L. , Rossini Aldo A. , Welsh Raymond M.
Published: June 2021

Infections are associated with both acute and chronic rejection of transplanted foreign tissues, and many viruses precipitate the rejection of tissue grafts in both humans and mice. Virus infections often stimulate the outgrowth of alloreactive T cells that cross‐react with virus‐derived antigens, and this ‘heterologous immunity’ may be a factor accounting for the ability of viruses to trigger allograft rejection. The alloreactive CD8 T cells that are activated by infection can survive into memory, but it has never been demonstrated whether these cross‐reactive memory T cells partake in the immune response to allografts in vivo. We show here that cross‐reactive, virus‐specific memory CD8 T cells from mice infected with LCMV proliferate in response to allografts and accumulate at sites of engraftment. CD8 T cells specific to several LCMV‐epitopes proliferated in response to alloantigens, with the magnitude and hierarchy of epitope‐specific responses varying with the host. Adoptive transfer studies showed that fluctuations in these responses reflected differences in the private specificities of the virus‐immune T cell repertoire unique to the individual. These findings therefore implicate a potential role for heterologous immunity in virus‐induced allograft rejection.
Novel Mechanisms generate exceptionally long CDR3H in cattle antibodies
Authors: Kaushik Azad , Koti Madhuri
Published: June 2021

Our laboratory earlier demonstrated that limited germline sequence divergence, both for the variable heavy‐ and light‐ chain genes, restricts combinatorial diversity in cattle, similar to other species such as chicken, pig and sheep but in contrast to mice and humans. We also demonstrated extensive CDR3H length heterogeneity in bovine antibodies evident during early B cell ontogeny. Further, we demonstrated that generation of an exceptionally long CDR3H (up to 61 amino acids) with multiple cysteine residues and somatic hypermutations contribute to antibody diversification in cattle. The characterization of bovine D‐gene shows the presence of a single long germline D‐gene with the potential to directly encode 49 codons. Both N‐ and P‐nucleotide insertions are noted at the junction of fetal and adult VDJ recombinations. Surprisingly, non‐V, D and J gene elements of unknown origin, conserved during evolution, contribute to CDR3H size extension as these are inserted at VH‐DH junction. Further somatic hypermutations contribute to diversification of the developing germline encoded immunoglobulin‐variable region repertoire during ontogeny. (Supported by NSERC Canada research grant).
Development of a compartmental model describing the conversion of beta‐carotene to vitamin A in US and Chinese adults
Authors: Cifelli Christopher J. , Wang Zhixu , Yin Shian , Russell Robert M. , Tang Guangwen , Green Michael H.
Published: June 2021

We developed a compartmental model that describes the intestinal and post‐absorptive conversion of beta‐carotene (βC) to vitamin A (VA) in well‐nourished Chinese and US adults. After [2H8]βC was orally administered (Chinese: n=12; 55 ± 4 y; mean ± SD and US: n=9; 60 ± 8 y), data for serum [2H4]retinol from 3 h to 56 d were analyzed using WinSAAM. Data were initially fit to a 6‐compartment model representing digestion, absorption, intestinal processing, and appearance in serum of [2H4]retinol from βC. Tracer response curves indicated that postabsorptive conversion of βC occurred between 1 and 6 d. Adding a 2nd (or 3rd) delay element during the postabsorptive conversion provided the best fit to the observed data for all individuals in both groups. We hypothesize that the additional delays represent hepatic conversion of βC to VA. The time for appearance of labeled VA in serum following postabsorptive conversion averaged 9.4 ± 5.3 d (range 2.4–22.3 d) and efficiency of bioconversion ranged from 1.5–99.5%. Our model provides novel information about whole‐body VA kinetics in humans following βC administration. (Chinese National Natural Science Foundation #30271121 and USDA #51000‐065)
Traditional and new food sources of fatty acids in diets of urban Guatemalan schoolchildren
Authors: Bermudez Odilia I. , Toher Claire , Montenegro‐Bethancourt Gabriela , Vossenaar Marieke , Mathias Paul M. , Solomons Noel W.
Published: June 2021

Background: Guatemala is undergoing nutrition transition of which a common feature is a dietary shift towards more high fat foods. Objective: To identify the main food sources of total fat (TF), and fatty acids (FA) among 3rd and 4th grade schoolchildren in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala. Methods: Data were obtained from 449 students, boys and girls, stratified by SES in private (PR) (n=230) and public (PU) (n=219) schools. Food intake estimation comprised a single 24‐h pictorial self‐recording, supplemented by a dietitian interview to quantify amounts. Results: Fried eggs (FE), sweet rolls (SR) and whole milk (WM) were main sources (MS) of TF, saturated fat (SF), mono‐and polyunsaturated fat (MUF, PUF) and cholesterol. SR intake was significantly higher in the PU schools (p<0.001), whereas WM intake was higher in the PR schools (p<0.001). SR, FE, fried plantain and mashed beans were MS for both total omega‐3 and omega‐6 FA. Shrimp, seafood broth and fried fish, consumed only by boys, were MS of EPA and DHA. Beef, poultry and eggs were MS of arachidonic acid. Processed high‐fat foods contributing fat included hotdog sausage (TF, SF and MUF), fried corn snacks, and mayonnaise. Conclusion: WM, FE and SR were important MS of TF or FA classes, whereas processed foods were less so.
Socioeconomic and cultural factors associated to metabolic control of diabetic children and adolescents from northwest Mexico
Authors: Enriquez Maria Carmen , Ballesteros Martha Nydia , Saucedo Maria Socorro , Cabrera Rosa Maria , Ortega Maria Isabel
Published: June 2021

Diabetes prevalence among children and adolescents is growing and constitutes an important public health issue. The aim of this study was to analyze the metabolic control of 100 children and adolescents diagnosed with diabetes during 2000–2006 in northwest Mexico. Medical records of children and adolescents were reviewed collecting clinical, sociodemographic and familiar data. The main indicator of metabolic control was glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). The average age of study subjects was 11.4 ± 3.9 years; prevalence of obesity was 24%. Sixty one percent of the sample had an average HbA1c of 9.1± 2.7, with the highest values in the adolescent group. A significant association was found between inadequate metabolic control and socioeconomic variables such as mother's education and health care services. In general, there is a poor metabolic control of children and adolescents with diabetes in northwest Mexico, and it is attributable to the socioeconomic and cultural factors surrounding them.
Assessment of a semi‐quantitative food frequency questionnaire used in Korean cohort studies
Authors: Jang Eunjoo , Jung Hyunju , Paik Hee Young
Published: June 2021

Semi‐quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) is commonly used for dietary assessment in large‐scale epidemiologic studies. Accuracy of results obtained from FFQ may be different by subjects and their dietary patterns. This study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of dietary intake data obtained by an FFQ developed and used in large cohorts in Korea. Total of 199 Korean adults (male: 99, female: 100) aged 20 years old were recruited. Each subject completed the FFQ by in‐person interview and three 24‐hour recalls (24HR) by one in‐person and two telephone interviews. Intakes of 21 nutrients were calculated from each subject by FFQ and 24HR. The ratio of mean nutrient intakes obtained from the FFQ to 24 HR ranged from 0.54 for sodium to 1.23 for vitamin C and average of ratios was 0.79 (male: 0.83, female: 0.75). The ratios for energy, fat, and cholesterol were 0.85, 0.60, and 0.71 respectively. Regression analyses of intakes obtained by 24HR on intakes by FFQ were significant for most of nutrients including energy, fat, and cholesterol with age and sex entered into model, but several nutrients including iron and folate were not significant. The results indicate significant underestimation of nutrient intakes by FFQ. Regression models using results of more accurate assessment methods may be useful to improve accuracy of the assessment for some, but not all, nutrient.
Nutritional assessment in children with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Hawthorne Keli M , Hiatt Peter W , Seilheimer Dan K , Griffin Ian J
Published: June 2021

Background: Optimal nutrition, including consuming 35–40% of calories (kcal) as fat, is a vital part of the management of cystic fibrosis (CF), and involves accurate assessment of dietary intake. Methods: We compared 3 methods of nutritional assessment in 8–14yo children (n=20) with CF: 1) a 24h Dietary Recall, 2) a 72h weighed Home Record, and 3) 1 120h weighed intake while inpatient at the General Clinical Research Center (GCRC). Results: Percent of kcal consumed as fat was significantly greater from the 24h Recall (37 ± 6%) than during admission to the GCRC (32 ± 5%) with the Home Record being intermediate (Kruskal‐Wallis P = 0.0173). The number of children consuming <35% of their kcal as fat also differed significantly: 68% of subjects consumed <35% of kcal from fat according to the 24h Recall, 58% from the Home Record, and 25% at the GCRC (Pearson P=0.0178). When % of kcal from fat were compared to growth parameters, the intake at the GCRC was significantly correlated with BMI z‐score (r2=0.25, P=0.026) and weight z‐score (r2=0.18, P=0.063), but neither the Home Record nor the 24h Recall were correlated with BMI or wt z‐scores (r2<0.10 and P>0.6 in all cases), suggesting that the 24h Recall and the Home Record were less reflective of usual intake than the GCRC Record. Conclusions: Nutritional assessment in children with CF is difficult, and 24h Recalls may be inadequate to identify children with sub‐optimal nutritional intakes.
Validity and Feasibility of Self Administered Multiple Web‐based 24 hour recalls: DietDay
Authors: Arab Lenore , Jardack Patricia , Anthony Mary , Schoeller Dale A
Published: June 2021

There is need for automated valid 24 hour dietary recall methods that can be conducted repeatedly, are widely available, and affordable. The Energetics study was conducted to validate caloric intake using a multipass, food image‐based, computerized tool (DietDay) against a measure of total energy expenditure using doubly labeled water (DLW) and to examine the feasibility of self administered web based recalls. The current sample includes 68 Caucasians and African Americans from Los Angeles. 96% of participants completed 6 repeated assessments at home on independent days. Perceived subject burden was minimal and even after completing 8 repeats, 92% were willing to continue reporting their daily diets months later. The Pearson's correlation between DLW and the mean of 3 and 7 days of DietDay was 0.37 (p=0.001) and 0.43 (p=0.0003). The mean total energy difference between methods was minimal: total energy expenditure was 2627 (SD 580) as compared with caloric intakes of 2581 (SD 1147) for three days and 2386 (SD 901) for seven days. These findings indicate associations for reported energy intake in a range that allows deattenuation of risk estimation. The method provides reasonable estimates of the total energy intake level with a minimum of repeats, and adherence was high in the ethnically and economically diverse test population. The approach opens new opportunities for population based studies of diet and disease.
A dietary supplement use questionnaire has acceptable reproducibility across one year: Results from the SURE Study
Authors: Morimoto Yukiko , Wilkens Lynne , Monroe Kristine , Yonemori Kim , Steffen Alana , Shen Lucy , Murphy Suzanne
Published: June 2021

Validated methods to collect data on dietary supplement use are increasingly needed in nutritional epidemiology studies. The Supplement Reporting (SURE) Study evaluated the most common methods of collecting dietary supplement use data among five racial/ethnic populations participating in the Multiethnic Cohort Study in Hawaii and Los Angeles. A self‐administered, one‐year supplement frequency questionnaire (SFQ) was completed at baseline and one year later, and compared for differences in responses. The SFQ asked about different types of multiple vitamin and mineral (MVM) preparations, 11 common single‐nutrient supplements, as well as garlic and fish oil. Only 11% of MVM users at baseline did not report use after one year, while 18% (calcium) to 58 % (vitamin A) of users of single nutrient supplements did not report use one year later. Simple Kappa coefficients (evaluating use/non‐use) ranged from 0.41 for antioxidant MVM to 0.71 for garlic supplements. Weighted Kappa coefficients (evaluating frequency of use) ranged from 0.34 for antioxidant MVM to 0.62 for B‐complex MVM. Most Kappa values were above 0.4, indicating moderate to good agreement between the two SFQs. The one‐year SFQ provides a reproducible tool in evaluating the use of selected dietary supplements among multiethnic populations. Future analyses will examine the validity of the SFQ. Supported by NCI, grant # R01 CA106744.
Recalls, Records, and “Random” error: A comparison of estimates of daily energy intake variation by commonly used dietary intake methodologies
Authors: Jahns Lisa , Sieber Jessica , Carriquiry Alicia
Published: June 2021

Objective: To compare estimates of within‐ (WIV) and between‐(BIV) individual variance (also reported as coefficients of variation) and ratios of WIV/BIV in energy intake using different dietary intake techniques and number of days of collection.

Methods: Random effects models were used to calculate WIV and BIV and estimated coefficients of variation (CVw, CVb) in energy intake using 7 day food records (7FR) (n = 105), 2 day food records (2FR) (random sample of 1 weekend, 1 weekday) from the same sample, and 2 day 24HR from NHANES 2003–04 data (n = 486) (2‐24HR) in 18–19 females (F) and males (M).

Results: Overall, CVw was greatest among M (n = 220) and F (n = 266) in 2–24HR NHANES data (37.5, 33.7%, respectively) compared to 2FR (M, 31.4, F, 30.9%) and 7FR (M, 29.0, F, 31.7%). CVb was lowest in the 2FR for both M and F. Ratios of WIV/BIV was greatest among F 2FR (2.8) followed by F 7FR (1.9), M 2–24HR (1.4) M 2FR (1.4), M 7FR (1.2), and F 2–24HR (1.1).

Conclusion: The larger CVw found in the NHANES data is to be expected as the FR samples were collected on a university campus with more homogeneity in eating options than those available to the NHANES population. The relationship between energy intake and overweight or other nutrition‐related non‐communicable diseases may be difficult to detect in observational studies such as these when the WIV/BIV ratio exceeds unity.
Hair protein and amino acids 13C and 15N abundances take more than 4 wk to reflect food isotopic patterns
Authors: Petzke Klaus Jürgen , Lemke Susen
Published: June 2021

Isotopic abundance (IA) of hair can be used as a biomarker for animal protein intake (PI) due to characteristic isotopic patterns of food sources (Petzke et al., J. Nutr. 135: 1515, 2005). In a controlled cross‐over study in 14 young women, we investigated if additional meat intake (200g pork fillet/d; M) or an omission of all meat and meat products (NOM) for 4 wk can influence natural stable nitrogen (15N) and carbon (13C) IA in bulk and amino acid (AA) specific hair, plasma and urine samples studied by IRMS. Daily PI (means ± SD) was 1.40 ± 0.29, 2.25 ± 0.35 or 1.15 ± 0.26 g/kg at baseline and in periods M and NOM, respectively. Hair and plasma proteins IA after 4 wk interventions did not change. Urinary IA were lower after period M compared to NOM (15N, P = 0.039; 13C, P = 0.006). The data suggest that a 4 wk period of altered meat intake is too short to be reflected in changed hair IA due to the high buffer capacity of endogenous protein mass and to preferential oxidation of excess dietary AA in the splanchnic bed. Interestingly, a 4 wk period of additional meat intake did not change fat free mass and plasma cholesterol‐, triglyceride‐, glucose‐, and homocysteine concentrations adversely compared to a meat‐free treatment.
Genes involved in amino acid metabolism are differentially regulated by saturated and polyunsaturated dietary fat
Authors: Aleman Gabriela , Torres Nimbe , Ordaz Guillermo , Tovar Armando R
Published: June 2021

Previous studies have shown that Wy 14643, a synthetic PPAR‐alpha ligand, down‐regulates the expression of the histidine degrading enzyme, histidase (HAL) gene. In addition fatty acids are natural ligands of PPAR‐alpha with higher affinity for polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Therefore, the aim of the present work was to study the effect of a diet rich in PUFAs (soybean oil) or saturated (coconut oil) dietary fat on the expression of genes involved in amino acid metabolism such as HAL, tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT), serine dehydratase (SDH), and the sodium‐dependant neutral amino acid transporter (SNAT2). We also measured the gene expression of PPAR‐alpha, and its coactivator PGC1. Our results showed that the gene expression of HAL, TAT, SDH and SNAT2 increased between 100–200% when the rats were fed with saturated fat when compared with rats fed with corn oil (control group). The gene expression of these genes showed a 20% to 50% decrease in the liver of the rats fed with soybean oil when compared with the control group. PPAR‐alpha and PGC‐1 gene expression decreased by approximately 30% in the rats fed with coconut oil, and about 60% in those fed with soybean oil, when compared with the rats fed with corn oil. Our results suggest that amino acid catabolism may be regulated by the kind of dietary fat via PPAR‐alpha.
Removal of glutamate from the diet enhanced postprandial leucine oxidation in the gut: evidence for nutritional significance of dietary glutamate to spare dietary leucine
Authors: Sakai Ryosei , Kuwahara Tomomi , Kawamata Yasuko , Kodama Riho , Yoneda Junya , Torii Kunio
Published: June 2021

Glutamate (Glu), one of the most abundant amino acids in food proteins, plays crucial roles in the gut as major energy source and so on. Recently, we found that postprandial net‐release of branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) from the gut decreased in rats fed Glu‐free diet. Therefore, the present study aimed to clarify roles of dietary Glu on BCAA metabolism using [1‐13C]leucine (Leu).

Amino acid defined diet containing 4% Glu (control diet) in accordance with NRC recommendation and diet in which all Glu was replaced with cornstarch (Glu‐free diet) were prepared using [1‐13C]Leu. Fisher strain male rats aged at 9 wks were given control or Glu‐free diets (2g/rat) after 12h fasting. Postprandial breath samples were collected for 7h to monitor 13CO2 production, and arterial and portal blood were collected 1, 2, 3 and 9h after the meal to measure concentrations of 13CO2 and [1‐13C]Leu.

Postprandial net release of 13CO2 in expired air increased in rats fed Glu‐free diet by 20%. This increase was accompanied with the increase in portal 13CO2 appearance. Portal‐arterial differences in plasma [1‐13C]Leu concentration indicated decrease in postprandial release of ingested Leu from the gut in rats fed Glu‐free diet. These results suggest that dietary Glu substantially increases availability of ingested Leu for whole body by reducing its oxidation in the Gut. This is the first evidence suggesting sparing of Leu by dietary Glu.
Impairment of skin wound healing in mice fed with glutamate free diets: evidences for nutritional significance of dietary glutamate
Authors: Yoneda Junya , Kawamata Yasuko , Chin Keigi , Torii Kunio , Sakai Ryosei
Published: June 2021

Background:

Glutamate is one of the most abundant amino acids in food proteins. It has been shown that dietary glutamate plays crucial role as source of intestinal energy and so on, however, nutritional significance of dietary glutamate for whole body is not recognized well, because dietary glutamate is exclusively metabolized in the gut.

Objective:

The aim of this study is to investigate the nutritional significance of dietary glutamate in the whole body by using wound model mice

Method:

Male Balb/c mice (6–0 weeks) were fed either control or glutamate‐free diets for 16 days. Seven days after the start of feeding, the mice were inserted 2 sponges into individual subcutaneous pockets and sacrificed 9 days after the operation.

Results:

Mice fed glutamate‐free diets displayed delayed cutaneous wound healing compared with mice fed control diet, which was recovered by ingestion of 2% monosodium glutamate (MSG) in tapping water. The delay was characterized by decrease in cytokine levels, lymphocyte recruitment to the wound site, and granulation. The delay of healing was associated with decreased local and systemic concentration of essential amino acids, such as BCAA and Phenylalanine.

Conclusion:

These results suggested that dietary glutamate substantially contributes to the promotion of normal wound healing presumably by maintaining certain amino acid levels in the body.
Relationship between protein intake by one meal and urinary urea excretion in young male humans
Authors: Inoue Nagisa , Kondo Emi , Tai Shinji , Hirota Ayumi , Okamura Koji
Published: June 2021

Protein requirement for athletes has been shown not to exceed 2 g/kg/day. Recently, the International Association of Athletics Federation indicates that more than 1.7 g/kg/day protein is not necessary for any athletes. However, little information is available on the upper limit protein for one meal. We hypothesized that urinary urea nitrogen excretion (UUNE) would rapidly increase when one‐meal protein intake has exceeded its upper limit. We thus evaluated the relationship between protein intake and UUNE whether or not an UUNE flexion point exist in male subjects engaged in routine physical training. Thirty‐one healthy males, 22.1 years (SD 2.1, range 19–27), body weight 72.5 kg (SD 14.0, range 57.5–111.8) participated in a 3‐consecutive‐day protocol including a weekend. During the study, the subjects were asked to maintain their routine training and diet. Dietary intake was recorded every day. Urine was collected to analyze urea nitrogen. Dietary protein intake was 100.5 g/day (SD 34.4, range 33.0–210.4) or 1.4 g/kg/day (SD 0.5, range 0.5–3.1). Maximum protein intake by one meal was 52.9 g/meal (SD 20.8, range 12.7–114.9) or 0.7 g/kg/meal (SD 0.3, range 0.2–1.7). UUNE was a function of protein intake, whereas no flexion point of UUNE was observed within the range of protein intake in the current study. These results suggest that the flexion point of UUNE may exist at higher protein intake than that of the present study.
Arginine is synthesized from proline not glutamate in enterally fed preterm human infants
Authors: Tomlinson Christopher , Rafii Mahroukh , Sgro Michael , Ball Ron , Pencharz Paul
Published: June 2021

Our laboratory recently showed in piglets that proline was the only precursor for de novo synthesis of arginine although in vitro evidence supported glutamate in this role. We performed a multitracer stable isotope study to investigate the immediate precursor for arginine in human neonates. Primed, and intermittent infusion of labeled arginine (M+2), proline (M+1) and glutamate (M+3) were given enterally to four stable, growing preterm infants at 2 weeks of age. Plasma was sampled at 8 and 12 hours during the feeding protocol with urine samples providing the baseline enrichment. The conversion of these amino acids to arginine was measured by LC‐Tandem MS to determine the contribution of each to arginine synthesis.

Plateau enrichment of arginine and proline tracers was measured in plasma. Plasma glutamate enrichment was negligible. Significant conversion from proline to arginine was detected. However, the M+3 isotopomer of arginine, which would have been synthesized from glutamate, was not detected. We conclude that, like the piglet, the human neonate only synthesizes arginine from proline, and glutamate is not an arginine precursor in vivo. CIHR supported.
Tracing of glycine carbons in healthy men and women using primed, constant infusion of [1‐13C1]glycine or [1,2‐13C2]glycine and [2H3]leucine
Authors: Lamers Yvonne , Williamson Jerry , Gilbert Lesa R. , Keeling Christine , Stacpoole Peter W. , Gregory Jesse F.
Published: June 2021

Glycine undergoes decarboxylation in the glycine cleavage system (GCS) to yield CO2, NH3, and a one‐carbon unit. CO2 also can be generated from the 2‐carbon of glycine by 10‐formyltetrahydrofolate‐dehydrogenase and, after glycine‐to‐serine conversion by serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT), from the TCA cycle.

To evaluate the relative fates of glycine carbons in CO2 generation in healthy volunteers (3 male, 3 female; aged 21–26y), primed, constant infusions were conducted using 9.26 μmol/(kg*h) of [1,2‐13C2]glycine and 1.87 μmol/(kg*h) of [5,5,5‐2H3]leucine, followed by an infusion protocol using [1–13C1]glycine as the glycine tracer.

The rate of serine synthesis via SHMT was 186 ± 10 μmol/(kg*h) (mean ± SEM) after infusion of [1‐13C1]glycine and 185 ± 18 μmol/(kg*h) after infusion of [1,2‐13C2]glycine. Using the [1‐13C1]glycine tracer, breath CO2 data showed a glycine decarboxylation rate of 96 ± 3 μmol/(kg*h), which indicated that GCS accounted for 22 ± 1% of whole body glycine flux. Infusion of [1,2‐13C2]glycine yielded a glycine‐to‐CO2 flux of 146 ± 15 μmol/(kg*h). By difference, this implies a rate of CO2 formation from the glycine 2‐carbon of 51 ± 16 μmol/(kg*h), which accounts for ~35% of the CO2 generated in glycine catabolism. The results from the [1‐13C1]glycine tracer indicate an equally high rate (~96 μmol/(kg*h)) of production of one‐carbon units by the GCS.

Supported by NIH grant DK072398 and GCRC grant M01‐RR00082
Isonitrogenous protein sources with different leucine contents differentially effect translation initiation and protein synthesis in skeletal muscle
Authors: Norton Layne Eiseman , Rupassar Indu , Layman Donald K. , Garlick Peter J.
Published: June 2021

Leucine has been shown to stimulate phosphorylation of the initiation factors 4E‐BP1 and p70S6K (S6K) and activate skeletal muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in a dose‐dependant response (J. Nutr. 135:376–382, 2005). It is unclear if protein sources with different levels of leucine will produce the same response. This study examined 3 levels of protein intake (10%, 20% and 30% of energy) from 2 sources (whey vs wheat) that differ in leucine content (~13% vs. ~7%) on the potential to activate translation factors and MPS. Male rats (250g) were trained for 5d to eat 3 meals/d consisting of 14/56/30% calories from protein, carbohydrates and fats. Rats were sacrificed on experiment day 90 min after consuming one of the meals or fasted. Measurements include plasma insulin and amino acids, MPS via D5‐Phe incooperation, and phosphorylation of translation factors 4E‐BP1 and S6K. Whey ingestion caused a significantly greater phosphorylation of S6K and 4E‐BP1 than wheat in 10% and 20% protein groups, with no difference between the two at 30%. MPS followed a similar pattern. Phosphorylation of the translation factors and MPS were similar for 10% whey and 20% wheat and similar for 20% whey and 30% wheat. These findings are consistent with the role of leucine as a regulatory substrate for MPS and suggest that leucine content of protein sources is a major determinant of protein quality for maximizing MPS.

Support: National Dairy Council
p63 Induces Key Target Genes Required for Epidermal Morphogenesis
Authors: Koster Maranke , Dai Daisy , Marinari Barbara , Costanzo Antonio , Karin Michael , Roop Dennis
Published: June 2021

Epidermal morphogenesis is controlled by p63, a transcription factor that can be expressed as multiple isoforms. Of these, ΔNp63 isoforms are the predominantly expressed isoforms in late embryonic and postnatal epidermis. To determine the role of ΔNp63 proteins, we generated an epidermal‐specific inducible ΔNp63 knockdown mouse model. We found that downregulating ΔNp63 expression caused severe epidermal defects, including aberrant keratinocyte differentiation and impaired basement membrane formation, culminating in the development of severe skin erosions. Interestingly, these lesions were indistinguishable from lesions that develop in patients with AEC, a skin fragility disorder caused by mutations in ΔNp63α. We found that, during epidermal morphogenesis, ΔNp63α initially induces expression of Fras1, which is required for maintaining the integrity of the epidermal‐dermal interface at the basement membrane. Subsequently, ΔNp63α initiates epidermal terminal differentiation by inducing IKKα. Together, our data provide novel insights into the role of ΔNp63α in epidermal morphogenesis and homeostasis, and may contribute to our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying disorders caused by p63 mutations.

This work was supported by grants from the NIH and the National Foundation for Ectodermal Dysplasias.
Long term oral citrulline supplementation in normal rats
Authors: Berthe Marie Clotilde , Breuillard Charlotte , Couderc Remy , Marc Julie , Cynober Luc , Darquy Sylviane
Published: June 2021

Administration of arginine (Arg) is associated with higher mortality in a clinical trial. The application of citrulline (Cit)as an indirect progenitor for nitric oxide (NO) synthesis is therefore of particular interest. Also, Cit is not a substrate or inducer of arginase, and bypasses the liver metabolism, whereas Arg converted into urea and ornithine (Orn) and is therefore no longer available for endothelial NO synthesis

In this study, we evaluated the effects of a diet with ranging Cit enrichment. Sprague‐Dawley rats (aged 8 weeks) were housed in metabolic cages to monitor food intake, and body weight daily. Every three days blood was sampled at the retro‐orbital sinus to determine glycaemia, insulinemia and amino acids. Rats were given 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g Cit/kg body weight mixed into their chow. After 3 weeks they were anaesthetised, decapitated, and blood was collected

Results:

Weight (g) increase was not significantly different between the 3 groups (on Day 21: 320±16; 316±19 and 314±8 for the 0.5g, 1 g and 2g Cit groups respectively). A peak of plasma Cit, Arg and Orn (μmol/l) was observed on Day 10. *p<0.005 vs same Cit supplementation at day 0.

An increase in glycaemia was observed on Day 21 in all 3 groups; 9.11±0.95, 8.03±0.39 and 9.09±0.40 (mmol/l) in the 0.5g, 1g and 2g Cit groups respectively, without modification to insulinemia:

Conclusions:

Cit is able to increase plama Arg, so Cit administration can be considered as an alternative to arginine supplementation in clinical use.
Effectiveness of outpatient diabetes education on HbA1c levels
Authors: Kyzer Holly , Hakkak Reza , Carroll Polly , Hays Nicholas , Harris Margaret M.
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to compare gender differences in decreased glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels following diabetes education. A chart review was conducted on 118 outpatients from Baptist Health Hospital with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus who were admitted for the outpatient diabetes program. Pre and post blood parameters by gender were tested (t‐tests). Covariates (general linear model) included initial HbA1c, age, smoking status, use of diabetic medications, BMI, and blood pressure (BP). Depression was assessed using the SF‐36 questionnaire. HbA1c significantly decreased (−0.79%) between pre and post diabetes education (p=0.003) as did BMI (−1.04kg/m2), systolic (−7.52 mmHg) and diastolic BP (−2.55 mmHg, all p<0.001). HbA1c was not statistically different between men (−0.89% ±1.60%) and women (−0.72%±1.54%), even after adjusting for covariates. After adjustment for all other covariates, except for smoking, were significantly (0.001<p<0.05) related to change in HbA1c levels and explained 56% of the variance. More women (38%) than men (30%) scored positively for depression, with women indicating greater bodily pain (p=0.04). We conclude weight loss and decreased risk can be achieved with outpatient diabetes education in patients who follow lifestyle modifications regardless of gender. Further studies examining the role of depression may need to be conducted.
Complementary feeding: Patterns and practices in Sidama, Southern Ethiopia
Authors: Berhanu Getenesh , Kennedy Tay , Woltamo Tesfaye , Stoecker Barbara , Abebe Yewelsew , Hambidge Michael
Published: June 2021

Complementary feeding is important for healthy growth of infants after 6 months of age. The purpose of the study was to understand the pattern of complementary feeding in the Sidama region of southern Ethiopia. We surveyed mothers about breastfeeding, complementary feeding practices and beliefs, and maternal characteristics. Weight and length of infants were taken and converted to z‐scores using WHO software, and hemoglobin was assessed by HemoCue®. Of the 96 infants (age: 9.45 ± .50 months), 18% had a length for age z‐score <−3 and 22% had a length z‐score between −3 and −2. Males were more likely to be malnourished than females (p=.009). Iron supplements after birth were reported by 82%. All the infants were currently breastfed and 91% of males and 86% of females had received solid foods within the last 24 hours; twice on average. The most commonly fed items were water (82%); corn bread (65%) and animal milk (28%). Less than 2% of infants were given yellow or green vegetables, beans, root vegetables or cheese. None were given meat, eggs, fruit juice or oil. Most mothers (>90%) did not think kocho or meat were appropriate foods for 9 month old infants. It is important to utilize local complementary feeding patterns and beliefs when designing interventions to address infant malnutrition. Supported by NIH Grant R21 TW06729 (Fogarty International Center and the Office of Dietary Supplements).
Energy and nutrient intake and adequacy in Mexican adolescent women: results of a probabilistic survey
Authors: Rodriguez Sonia , Mundo Veronica , Shamah Teresa , Ponce Xochitl , Jimenez Alejandra , de Cossío Teresa González
Published: June 2021

The objective of this study was to describe energy and nutrient intake and adequacy of Mexican adolescents women aged 12 to 19 years old and to analyze differences between area and socioeconomic status (SES). We studied a national probabilistic sample of 4612 Mexican adolescents from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey (2006). A 7 day semi‐quantitative FFQ was used to determine nutrient intakes. SES was determined by household characteristics and possessions of goods and divided into tertiles (low, middle and high). We used Estimated Average Requirement to estimate percentage of adequacy. T‐tests were used to evaluate differences in intake and adequacy between area of residence (rural/urban) and SES. Our results revealed that urban women reported significantly higher energy, protein, fat, vitamin A, C, folate, heme iron, zinc, and calcium intake than those in rural areas (p<0.05). Low SES women reported significantly less energy, protein, fat, vitamin A, C, folate, heme iron, zinc and calcium intake than women in the other SES (p<0.05). Energy, protein, fat, vitamin A, C, folate, zinc and calcium adequacy percentages were significantly lower in the low SES and in rural areas compared to urban areas and the other SES. Community and political strategies are necessary to improve nutrient intake and adequacy among women in rural area and low SES.
AN ASSESSMENT OF MACRONUTRIENTS CONSUMED BY PRESCHOOL CHILDREN ENROLLED IN A HEAD START PROGRAM
Authors: Templeton Susan Bolin , Panemangalore Myna , Marlette Martha A.
Published: June 2021

Head Start programs provide two meals: AM= Breakfast (B) and Lunch (L); PM= L and Snack (S). Two surveys were conducted 6 months apart (C1: n=62; C2: n=53). B, L and S sample portions and plate waste for each child was weighed for three separate days each collection; samples and meal plates were photographed before and after eating for comparison. Characteristics: 58% female; 50% Caucasian, 31% African‐American, 16% Hispanic; 3% Asian; age 59 months; height 108 cm; weight 19 kg; BMI 16.4: 3% underweight, 61% normal, 21% at risk of overweight, 15% overweight. Plate waste for vegetables (63%) and entrees (52%) was high; fruit (49%), meat (46%), grain (43%) and dairy (41%) waste was less (P<0.05). Children were offered Kcals and protein (g): B= 260 and 9; L= 358 and 18; S= 139 and 4; they consumed: B 141 and 5; AM‐L 244 and 12; PM‐L 188 and 9; and S 123 and 3, respectively. PM group L macronutrient intake was lower than AM group and S was wasted the least (P<0.05). AM and PM preschoolers, respectively, consumed 28% and 22% of Kcals and 90% and 63% protein of their daily requirement. Presentation, appetite and portion size may contribute to high plate waste. (USDA KY‐50‐03‐19H)
Effects of digestible lysine levels on growth performance, serum metabolites and carcass composition in barrows
Authors: Yin Yulong , Yang Feng , Huang Ruilin , Kong Xiang‐Feng , Liu Zheqiang , Hou Rongqing
Published: June 2021

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of dietary lysineon growth performance, serum metabolites, and carcass composition in growing‐finishing barrows fed to achieve a body weight (BW) of about 70 kg from an initial weight of 40 kg. Forty‐eight barrows were randomly assigned to one of three dietary groups containing 0.59, 0.75 or 0.91% digestible lysine (DLys), respectively. Results showed that the ADG and G/F increased (P < 0.05) as the level of DLys increased. The dressing percentage of barrows in the 0.91% DLys treatment group was larger (P < 0.05) than that in the other two groups. Other chemical indexes of body composition, including protein, ash, lipid accretion rates, and estimated lean yields were also affected (P < 0.05) by the level of dietary DLys. Increases in of lysine intake elevated the concentrations of glucose and insulin (P > 0.05). The concentrations of serum urea nitrogen and T3 first decreased and then increased (P < 0.05), while T4 decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of DLys. These findings suggest that barrows fed diets providing 14.21 MJ of DE/kg from over a period during which BW increases from 40 to 70 kg, show the maximum ADG and G/F when the concentration of DLys is 0.91%, which corresponds approximately to an intake of 18.4 g/day DLys and 0.63 g of DLys/MJ of DE, respectively.
Changes in cerebral oxygenation during and following short‐term maximal aerobic exercise assessed during cognitive assessment
Authors: Bue‐Estes Christine Lo , Burton Harold W , Leddy John J , Willer Barry S , Horvath Peter J
Published: June 2021

The purpose was to determine if brain oxygenation changed during and following short‐term maximal aerobic exercise with cognitive function measurement. Apparently healthy females using birth control (21.8 ± 2.7 yrs) with an average VO2max of 51.3 ± 6.8 ml/kg/min, completed two visits: 1) exercise, with a discontinuous short‐term maximal treadmill exercise protocol and cognitive assessment before, during breaks in, and after exercise and, 2) non‐exercise, with cognitive assessments timed to match testing in the exercising visit. Oxygenation in the left frontal lobe was measured by near infrared spectroscopy using a SensorMedics INVOS 5000 cerebral oximeter. Cerebral oxygenation (62–67%) did not change during the non‐exercise condition. Oxygenation was 3–6% higher after exercise, compared to before and after recovery. Cerebral oxygenation was 3–7.5% higher after exercise compared to the same time point without exercise, varying based on cognitive function. Our study suggests that short‐term maximal aerobic exercise coupled with cognitive tasks is enough to increase cerebral oxygenation and that exercise intensity is a significant factor in the observed changes in oxygenation. Exercise at 75% of VO2max and greater resulted in increased cerebral oxygenation, which extended into post exercise assessment, but not into the later recovery time point. MDRF Grant, Univ. at Buffalo
Plasma adiponektine relation to inflamatory status of patients with metabolic syndrome
Authors: Lysiak‐Szydlowska Wieslawa , Gnacinska Maria , Magorzewicz Sylwia , Sworczak Krzysztof
Published: June 2021

Adiponectin is an adipocyte‐specific protein; it plays an important role in the regulation of body weight, insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases.

The aim of the study was to determine relation between plasma concentration of adiponectin and inflammatory status of patients with metabolic syndrome (MS)

Methods: The study was performed in 38 obese (+MS) and 17 obese (−MS) patients. Individuals with the metabolic syndrome were identified by the diagnostic criteria of the Intl. Diabetes Fed. Plasma adiponectin, C‐reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), tumor necrosis factor a (TNF a) and insulin concentrations were measured using commercial ELISA kits. HOMA1‐IR was calculated.

Results: Adiponectin was significantly lower but IL‐6 and hs‐CRP were higher in patients with metabolic syndrome (Table). The adiponectin levels were inversely correlated with BMI, WHR, % of fat contents, insulin concentration and HOMA‐IR. In the study population, the results indicated that BMI and adiponectin were most closely related to the components of the metabolic syndrome.

Conclusion: Adiponectin may be useful parameter to evaluate metabolic syndrome. Research was supported by the Polish Acad. Sci., grants W‐114, W‐751.
How useful is waist circumference for assessment of abdominal obesity in Korean pre‐menopausal women during weight loss?
Authors: Hwang Mi‐Ja , Chung Won‐Seok , Gallagher Dympna , Kim Deog‐Yoon , Shin Hyun‐Dae , Song Mi‐Yeon
Published: June 2021

Asian women are known to have a larger amount of abdominal fat (AF) for the same level of BMI compared with Caucasian and African‐American women. This study was aimed to determine whether waist circumference (WC) could be useful as an index of AF compared with AF measured by dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) before and after a weight‐loss program in Asian women. Thirty‐eight healthy, pre‐menopausal obese Korean women (body fat percent > 30%) were enrolled and followed during a 6‐week weight‐loss program including herbal formula, calorie restriction, and exercise. Anthropometry and DXA measurements were performed before and after weight‐loss. A specific region of interest (ROI, L2‐iliac crest) by DXA was correlated with anthropometry at baseline: WC (γ= 0.91) > BMI (γ = 0.87) > Waist‐Height ratio (WHtR, γ = 0.82) > WHR (γ = 0.46); and after weight loss: BMI (γ = 0.88) > WC (γ = 0.84) > WHtR (γ = 0.82), all p < 0.01. The change in DXA ROI showed a reasonable correlation with change in anthropometry: BMI (γ = 0 .63, p < 0.01) > WC (γ = 0.39, p < 0.05) > WHtR (γ = 0.37, p < 0.05). A stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that 83% of the variance in DXA derived AF was explained by WC at baseline, WC and BMI at follow‐up, respectively. This study suggests that WC could be a good predictor of AF for Korean pre‐menopausal women both cross‐sectionally and longitudinally, and BMI could be useful in longitudinal studies. This study is supported by Kyung Hee University.
Effects of dietary polymethoxylated flavones on glucose metabolism in fructose‐induced insulin resistant hamsters
Authors: Evans Malkanthi , Lloyd Jonathan , Guthrie Najla
Published: June 2021

Citrus polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs) have been positively implicated in the regulation of sugar, fatty‐acids and lipoprotein metabolism. To evaluate the anti‐diabetic potential of a proprietary formula of PMFs, trademarked Diabetinol™, six male Syrian golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were fed a 60% fructose diet for 14 days followed by treatment with Diabetinol™ for 42 days. Hamsters in a control group were administered only the 60% fructose control diet for the duration of the study. Treatment group animals showed decreased whole blood glucose and serum insulin levels indicating an improvement in glucose tolerance. The control group showed raised serum insulin levels and impaired glucose tolerance. Total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were also decreased in Diabetinol™ treated animals as compared to fructose‐fed control animals. This study suggests that the PMFs used to formulate Diabetinol™ may have an anti‐diabetic effect and has prompted the pursuit of clinical research into this formulation.

Source: KGK Synergize, Inc.
Metabolomic profiles of leptin receptor mutant mice
Authors: Saadat Nadia , Iglay Heidi , Gupta Smiti , Bodary Peter , Myers Martin G
Published: June 2021

Leptin, a protein hormone secreted by adipose tissue, plays an important role in regulating energy metabolism and immune response. In this study we evaluated the urinary metabolomic profiles of obese leptin receptor (lepR) mutant mice. We compared mice carrying spontaneous deletion of LepR signaling pathway (db/db) to those carrying a point mutation (amino acid 1138) specifically creating dysfunction of the lepR‐STAT‐3 signaling pathway (s/s). Despite similar extremes of adiposity, these mouse models have robust differences in glucose homeostasis, suggesting specific effects of leptin mediated by non‐STAT‐3 LepR pathways. We examined the urinary metabolomic profiles of db/db and s/s mice at 12‐weeks of age. Proton Nuclear magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (1HNMR) was conducted on 24 hour urine samples in Deuterium oxide (D2O) using a 500 MHz instrument at 25° C. Principle component analysis showed clear separation of urine NMR spectra between the groups (p < 0.05). The CHENOMX metabolite database identified several metabolites which were different between the two mouse models, including strong differences in metabolites associated with glycine and serine metabolism. The results suggest that the metabolomic profile of db/db and s/s mice are fundamentally different and provide interesting in vivo insight into the unique metabolic effects of leptin exerted through non‐STAT3 LepR pathways.
Calcium and Magnesium supplementation improves mineral content of the spine and serum osteoporotegerin in ovariectomized and calcium deficient rats.
Authors: Bae Yun‐Jung , Sung Chung‐Ja , Chung Yoon‐Sok , Kim Mi‐Hyun
Published: June 2021

Mg deficiency increases bone resorption through changes in cytokine system like osteoporotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand (RANKL). This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Ca and Mg supplementation on bone mineral content, serum OPG and RANKL in ovariectomized and Ca deficient rats. Fifty Sprague Dawley female rats (6 weeks) were divided into 5 groups and fed for 12 weeks: sham operated control group (Sham‐C), OVX Ca deficiency group (OVX‐LCa; 0.1% Ca & 0.05% Mg AIN‐93N diet), OVX Ca deficient & Mg supplemented group (OVX‐LCaMg; 0.5% Ca & 0.1% Mg), OVX adequate Ca group (OVX‐ACa; 0.5% Ca & 0.05% Mg) and OVX adequate Ca & Mg supplemented group (OVX‐ACaMg). There were significant differences among the five groups in terms of bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) of the spine and femur. At the same time, the serum OPG and RANKL of ovariectomized groups were significantly higher than those of the sham‐operated group. Spine BMC of OVX‐ACa and OVX‐ACaMg group were significantly higher than those of the OVX‐LCa group. OVX‐ACaMg group had significantly higher levels OPG (osteoclast inhibition marker) and the OPG/RANKL ratio than in the OVX‐LCa group. From the above results, it is concluded that the adequate calcium intake shows how the supplementation of magnesium affects bone mineral content and bone metabolism regulation markers like OPG and RANKL. Therefore, in order to preserve bone health in postmenopausal women, and to maintain overall health, it is considered the supplementation of magnesium in adequate calcium intake.