bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effective fluid and grain bulk moduli for heterogeneous thinly layered poroelastic media
Authors: Wollner Uri , Dvorkin Jack
Published: September 2016

Consider a package of parallel porous layers in which the porosity, the bulk modulus of the pore fluid, and the bulk modulus of the mineral phase are constant within each layer but may vary along the package. We wished to apply Gassmann’s fluid substitution to the entire package now treated as an effective medium (long-wavelength case). The question is: What are the effective properties, namely, the mineral’s and fluid’s bulk moduli, to be used in this operation? The answer depends on the degree of hydraulic communication between the layers. We have examined two limiting cases: (1) all layers in the package are in perfect communication and (2) all layers are hydraulically isolated from each other. The two mathematical methods relevant to these cases are (1) the poroelastic Backus average for the former and (2) the elastic Backus average, respectively. By conducting a sufficient number of numerical experiments, we have found that, in both cases, the effective mineral bulk modulus for the package is very close to the value of the Hill’s average of the bulk moduli of individual layers weighted by their solid fraction. In the case of perfect hydraulic communication, the effective fluid bulk modulus is very close to the harmonic average of the individual moduli weighted by individual porosity. For the case of hydraulically isolated layers, the effective fluid bulk modulus falls between the porosity-weighted harmonic and arithmetic averages. We have evaluated approximate close-form solutions for both cases and found that these approximations cause less than 6% average relative error in the computed stiffness components. Bearing in mind that the full communication and complete isolation scenarios are relevant to very low- and very high-frequency wave propagation, respectively, our results can be interpreted as the frequency dispersion of the effective fluid bulk modulus.
An improved immersed boundary finite-difference method for seismic wave propagation modeling with arbitrary surface topography
Authors: Hu Wenyi
Published: September 2016

To accurately simulate seismic wave propagation for the purpose of developing modern land data processing tools, especially full-waveform inversion (FWI), we have developed an efficient high-order finite-difference forward-modeling algorithm with the capability of handling arbitrarily shaped free-surface topography. Unlike most existing forward-modeling algorithms using curvilinear grids to fit irregular surface topography, this finite-difference algorithm, based on an improved immersed boundary method, uses a regular Cartesian grid system without suffering from staircasing error, which is inevitable in a conventional finite-difference method. In this improved immersed boundary finite-difference (IBFD) algorithm, arbitrarily curved surface topography is accounted for by imposing the free-surface boundary conditions at exact boundary locations instead of using body-conforming grids or refined grids near the boundaries, thus greatly reducing the complexity of its preprocessing procedures and the computational cost. Furthermore, local continuity, large curvatures, and subgrid curvatures are represented precisely through the employment of the so-called dual-coordinate system — a local cylindrical and a global Cartesian coordinate. To properly describe the wave behaviors near complex free-surface boundaries (e.g., overhanging structures and thin plates, or other fine geometry features), the wavefields in a ghost zone required for the boundary condition enforcement are reconstructed accurately by introducing a special recursive interpolation technique into the algorithm, which substantially simplifies the boundary treatment procedures and further improves the numerical performance of the algorithm, as demonstrated by the numerical experiments. Numerical examples revealed the performance of the IBFD method in comparison with a conventional finite-difference method.
Eliminating artifacts in migration of surface-related multiples: An application to marine data
Authors: Zheng Yikang , Wang Yibo , Chang Xu
Published: September 2016

Migration of multiples can use surface-related multiples to provide extra illumination of the subsurface; however, the migrated images usually contain many migration artifacts. We have developed an efficient workflow to eliminate the artifacts in migration of surface-related multiples and applied it to marine data. Our workflow was based on the criterion that true seismic events in angle-domain common-image gathers (ADCIGs) should be flat. The ADCIGs were obtained via the one-way wave-equation migration and then processed by high-resolution parabolic Radon transform to separate the artifacts. Using the adjoint Radon transform, the filtered ADCIGs can be stacked to get the final image with a high signal-to-noise ratio. We also discovered that the ADCIGs can be extracted from Fourier finite-difference migration more efficiently than by reverse time migration. In the application to marine data, most noise generated by the crosscorrelation of undesired seismic events was suppressed. This shows that the final images can be a valuable complement to conventional migration using primaries only.
Probing the subsurface karst features using time-frequency decomposition
Authors: Chen Yangkang
Published: September 2016

The high-resolution mapping of karst features is of great importance to hydrocarbon discovery and recovery in the resource exploration field. Currently, however, there are few effective methods specifically tailored for such a task. The 3D seismic data can reveal the existence of karsts to some extent, but a precise characterization cannot be obtained. I have developed an effective framework for accurately probing the subsurface karst features using a well-developed time-frequency decomposition algorithm. More specifically, I have introduced a frequency interval analysis approach for obtaining the best karsts detection result using an optimal frequency interval. A high-resolution time-frequency transform was preferred in the proposed framework to capture the inherent frequency components hidden behind the amplitude map. Although the single-frequency slice could not provide a reliable karst depiction result, the summation over the selected frequency interval could obtain a high-resolution and high-fidelity delineation of subsurface karsts. I used a publicly available 3D field seismic data set as an example to indicate the performance of the proposed method.
Exercise and internet-based cognitive–behavioural therapy for depression: multicentre randomised controlled trial with 12-month follow-up
Authors: Hallgren Mats , Helgadóttir Björg , Herring Matthew P. , Zeebari Zangin , Lindefors Nils , Kaldo Viktor , Öjehagen Agneta , Forsell Yvonne
Published: September 2016

Background

Evidence-based treatment of depression continues to grow, but successful treatment and maintenance of treatment response remains limited.

Aims

To compare the effectiveness of exercise, internet-based cognitive–behavioural therapy (ICBT) and usual care for depression.

Method

A multicentre, three-group parallel, randomised controlled trial was conducted with assessment at 3 months (post-treatment) and 12 months (primary end-point). Outcome assessors were masked to group allocation. Computer-generated allocation was performed externally in blocks of 36 and the ratio of participants per group was 1:1:1. In total, 945 adults with mild to moderate depression aged 18–71 years were recruited from primary healthcare centres located throughout Sweden. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three 12-week interventions: supervised group exercise, clinician-supported ICBT or usual care by a physician. The primary outcome was depression severity assessed by the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS).

Results

The response rate at 12-month follow-up was 84%. Depression severity reduced significantly in all three treatment groups in a quadratic trend over time. Mean differences in MADRS score at 12 months were 12.1 (ICBT), 11.4 (exercise) and 9.7 (usual care). At the primary end-point the group × time interaction was significant for both exercise and ICBT. Effect sizes for both interventions were small to moderate.

Conclusions

The long-term treatment effects reported here suggest that prescribed exercise and clinician-supported ICBT should be considered for the treatment of mild to moderate depression in adults.
Inhibition of Oxidative Stress in Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Choi Eun Kyung , Jung Hoon , Kwak Kyung Hwa , Yi Soo Jin , Lim Jung A , Park Sol Hee , Park Jun-Mo , Kim Sioh , Jee Dae-Lim , Lim Dong Gun
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND:

Superoxide, nitric oxide (NO), and peroxynitrite are important mediators in the pathogenesis of ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. We tested the renoprotective effects of allopurinol (ALP), a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis (N-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphyrinato iron (III) (FeTMPyP) by selective inhibition of superoxide, NO, and peroxynitrite, respectively.

METHODS:

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 5 groups (n = 6 per group). Group 1 was a sham-operated group. Group 2 was the renal I/R group (30-minute ischemia followed by 24-hour reperfusion). Rats in groups 3, 4, and 5 received ALP, L-NAME, or FeTMPyP, respectively, at 5 minutes before the reperfusion. Serum creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), renal tissue malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, histological changes, apoptosis, and monocyte infiltration were evaluated. In addition, the combined treatment with ALP and L-NAME was compared with FeTMPyP in a second independent experiment.

RESULTS:

The administration of ALP, L-NAME, and FeTMPyP diminished the increase in Cr (P = .0066 for all) and BUN (P = .0066 for ALP; and P = .013 for L-NAME) induced by I/R injury and decreased the histological damage (P = .0066 for all). In addition, ALP, L-NAME, and FeTMPyP attenuated the oxidative stress response as determined by a decrease in malondialdehyde level (P = .0066 for all), apoptotic renal tubular cells (P = .0066 for all), and monocyte infiltration (P = .0066 for all). The combined treatment of ALP and L-NAME decreased Cr and BUN levels to a greater degree than FeTMPyP (P = .016 for Cr; P = .0079 for BUN).

CONCLUSIONS:

Superoxide, NO, and peroxynitrite are involved in renal I/R injury. The reduction of peroxynitrite formation, via inhibition of superoxide or NO, or the induction of peroxynitrite decomposition may be beneficial in renal I/R injury.
Short Communication: Conservation of mangrove gobies in Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia
Authors: ZAMRONI YULIADI , SOEWARDI KADARWAN , SURYOBROTO BAMBANG , JAAFAR ZEEHAN
Published: September 2016

Zamroni Y, Soewardi K, Suryobroto B, Jaafar Z. 2016. Short Communication: Conservation of mangrove gobies in LesserSunda Islands, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 17: 553-557. Ecosystems goods and services from mangrove forests are especially vital to coastal communities. Yet mangrove areas continue to be deforested at unprecedented rates. Using gobioid fishes associated with mangrove forests as focal organisms, we assessed their diversity in 14 selected sites within the Lesser Sunda group of islands. We applied Correspondence analysis to determine the relationships between ecosystems based on the occurrence of these fishes and complementarity analysis to identify the minimum number of sites to conserve maximum diversity based on a rarity algorithm. We recovered 55 gobioid fish species at these mangrove areas, and proposed six mangrove areas within the Lesser Sunda group of islands as areas of conservation priority: Loh Sebita, Oebelo, Bipolo, Lembar Bay, Selindungan, and Kawangu. The three former areas are already within protected zones while the remaining latter three areas are at present unprotected. The argument for the conservation of these threeremaining areas is a compelling one, based on our data (diversity of gobioid fishes), and corroborating data (diversity of corals, reef fishes, stomatopods, seagrasses, and marine birds) from other studies.Keywords: Brackish, mangroves, deforestation, Nusa Tenggara, Threatened Species, Gobiidae
Insect pollinator diversity along a habitat quality gradient on Mount Slamet, Central Java, Indonesia
Authors: WIDHIONO IMAM , SUDIANA EMING , SUCIANTO EDY TRI
Published: September 2016

Widhiono I, Sudiana E, Sucianto ET. 2016. Insect pollinator diversity along a habitat quality gradient on Mount Slamet,Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 17: 746-752. The diversity of wild bees and wasps in seven habitat types (natural forest, teak forest, pine forest, Agathis forest, community forest, gardens, and agricultural areas) representing the habitat quality gradient of Mount Slamet and adjacent areas in Central Java, Indonesia, was studied from April to June 2012. We examined whether habitat quality affected the diversity of wild bees and wasp pollinators. In total, 938 wild bee and wasp specimens representing 13 species of bees and 2 species of wasps were collected using kite netting. Wild bee diversity differed significantly among the habitat types (F 6,281 = 1.2 p < 0.05). The Spearmanâ€™s correlation coefficients confirmed that wild bee diversity was correlated with habitat quality (r2 = 0.67 p < 0.05).Habitats that included all of the major wild plant species supported the highest wild bee diversity.
Fever and laboratory profiles as predictors of serious bacterial infection in children
Authors: Yantie Ni Putu Veny Kartika , Arhana BNP , Suryantoro Purnomo
Published: September 2016

Background There is a debate on the use of high fever \\lith othermorbidities to predict serious bacterial infection (SBI). Bacterialinfection occurs in 3􀁉15% of children with fever of 2: 39°C.Various laboratory parameters including increased C􀁉reactiveprotein (CRP) levels, leukocyte counts, and absolute neutrophilcounts (AN C) have been studied for their usefulness in predictingthe occurrence of SBI, but with varied results. The ability todiscriminate whether a patient has a SBI can lead to improvedpatient management.Objective To evaluate fever of 2: 39°C, leukocyte counts of2: 15,000/mm3, ANC of 2: 1O,000/mm3 and CRP of 2: 10 mgiL aspredictors of SBI in children aged 1 month􀁉 18 years.Methods A case􀁉controlled study was conducted by collectingdata from medical records at Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar. Subjectsin the case group were diagnosed \\lith SBls (bacterial meningitis,bacterial pneumonia, bacteremia or sepsis, urinary tract infections,or bacterial gastroenteritis), and subjects in the control group nonserious bacterial infections (non􀁉SBI). Data was analyzed usingbivariate and multivariate methods \\lith 95% confidence intervalsand a statistical significance value ofP <0.05.Results Sixty subjects were studied, \\lith 30 subjects in the casegroup and 30 in the control group. Baseline characteristics ofsubjects were similar between the two groups. Fever and CRP werepredictors ofSBI [OR8.71 (95% CI 1.61 t046.98), P 􀀁 0.009; andOR 6.20 (95% CI 1.58 to 24.24), P 􀀁 0.012, respectively].Conclusion Fever 2: 39°C and CRP 2: 10 mgiL were significantpredictors of serious bacterial infections in children. [Paediatrrndones, 2012;52:313-6].
Influence of zinc on severity of common cold in children
Authors: Caesar Cahalafa Shinta , Juffrie Mohammad , Sumadiono Sumadiono
Published: September 2016

Background Symptomatic treatment of common cold in childrendoes not reduce the duration and severity of disease. Since zinc hasbeen used to enhance cellular and humoral immunity, it has thepotential to reduce the severity of the common cold. However, theeffects of zinc on the common cold have been inconclusive. Theuse of zinc to treat cold symptoms deserves further studies.Objective To determine the effect of zinc supplementation onthe severity of the common cold in children.Methods We performed a randomized, double􀁁blind, controlledtrial in children aged 3􀁁 5 years who were diagnosed Mth a commoncold at primary health care centers in Gedongtengen, Umbulharj 0I and Kotagede II, Yogyakarta. Subjects were collected byconsecutive sampling and their parents were interviewed. Severityof illness was categorized as mild, moderate or severe.Results One hundred fourteen patients with common cold weredivided into 2 groups of 57 subjects each. One group receivedzinc supplementation while the other group received a placebo.Subjects with fever received additional paracetamol. After 7 daysof treatment, there were no significant differences in clinicalimprovement in the zinc group (80.7%) compared to that of theplacebo group (78.9%), P􀁂O.83.Conclusion The severity of the common cold in children aged3􀁁5 years was not significantly different in those who receivedzinc supplementation compared to placebo. [Paediatr Indones.2012;52:324-8].
Meconium-stained amniotic fluid viscosity and chest x-ray findings
Authors: Rajagukguk Ricki , Kosim Muhammad Sholeh , Rini Arsita Eka , Mardiana Mardiana
Published: September 2016

Background Approximately 8-15% of all infants are born withevidence of meconium-stained amniotic fluid (MSAF). Manyof these infants rapidly initiate a good respiratory response andare othenvise vigorous. Other infants present v.ith a variety ofrespiratory distress. Chest x-ray imaging is the main test done toevaluate respiratory distress in order to differentiate pulmonaryand extrapulmonary etiologies.Objective To determine the relationship between viscosity ofMSAF and chest x-ray imaging results.Methods This cross-sectional study was held from January to June2011, as a continuation of a previous study from August 2009 toMay 2010 at Kariadi Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia. Data wastaken from medical records of babies who were born v.ith MSAF.MSAF viscosity measurements by the investigator and laboratorytechnician were assessed by Kappa test in the previous study witha result of 0.7 4. X-ray findings were determined by the radiologiston duty at that time. Chi square and logistic regressiontests wereused for statistical analysis.Results There were 48 subjects consisting of 26 males and 22females. Chest x-ray imaging results showed normal findings in33.3% of subjects, pneumonia in 58.3% of subjects and meconiumaspiration syndrome in 8.3% of subjects. Thick viscosity MSAFwas significantly correlated to abnormal x-ray imaging (RR= 2.046;P=0.004; 95%CI 1.12 t03.72).Conclusion Thick MSAF viscosity significantly increased therisk of abnormal chest x-ray findings. [Paediatr Indones.2012;52:336-40].
Simulated future changes of extreme nutrient loads in a mesoscale agricultural watershed in Bavaria / Simulierte zukünftige Änderungen der Extremwerte für Nährstofffrachten in einem mesoskaligen landwirtschaftlichen Einzugsgebiet in Bayern
Authors: Mehdi Bano , Ludwig Ralf , Lehner Bernhard
Published: September 2016

The hydrological model SWAT was applied to the upper Altmühl watershed to examine the simulated 10th and 90th percentiles of streamflow, nitrate nitrogen (NO3
--N), and total phosphorus loads (TP), using an ensemble of reference climate (1975–2000) and future climate (2046–2070) simulations. A comparison between the two periods showed that in the future, the 90th percentiles of the NO3
--N loads increase in all seasons which indicates a trend to increasing diffuse pollution in the mid-term future. Conversely, the 90th percentile TP loads diminished in winter and otherwise remained similar to the reference period. The 10th and 90th percentile changes in the future streamflow followed changes in precipitation, and did not have any apparent influence on extreme nutrient transport events.
Communicating scientific evidence: scientists’, journalists’ and audiences’ expectations and evaluations regarding the representation of scientific uncertainty
Authors: Maier Michaela , Milde Jutta , Post Senja , Günther Lars , Ruhrmann Georg , Barkela Berend
Published: September 2016

Although uncertainty is inherent in scientific research, it is an often neglected topic in public communication. In this article, we analyze how scientists and journalists think they should communicate about the uncertainty of scientific evidence in public, and whether their real-world communication meets laypersons’ demands and expectations. For scientists and journalists, our analyses are based theoretically on an expectancy-value model and empirically on two representative surveys. Laypersons’ expectations and evaluations are analyzed using qualitative in-depth interviews. Results show that scientists and journalists widely agree that scientific uncertainty should be pointed out in their communication. Nonetheless, while scientists show a clear inclination toward the media and hope that uncertainties will not be dramatized or misused, journalists on the other hand have a strong audience orientation and hope to stimulate critical reflection on scientific findings. For audiences, however, media coverage about scientific uncertainty is of less interest. They clearly expect fact-oriented information on the use of technology in everyday life.
Educator Responses to Migrant Children in Mexican Schools
Authors: García Juan Sánchez , Hamann Edmund T.
Published: September 2016

A decade-long, five-state, mixed-method study of students encountered in Mexican schools with previous experience in the United States suggests there may be 400,000 such students in educación básica alone (elementary and middle school). The focus here, however, are data from 68 educators asked how they have responded to such students and their families. We offer an emergent taxonomy of teacher sensemaking about these students and teachers’ responsibilities to respond. We then assert that because they are at the interface between a national institution (school) and transnational phenomena (migration), educators can provide key insight into how migration is shaped and negotiated.

Un estudio de una década, en cinco estados, y que utiliza métodos mixtos con estudiantes que se encuentran en escuelas mexicanas con experiencias previas en los Estados Unidos sugiere que se pueden encontrar 400,000 estudiantes de este tipo tan sólo cursando la educación básica (primaria y secundaria). Sin embargo, el enfoque aquí son los datos de 68 educadores a quienes se les preguntó cómo responden a esta clase de estudiantes y a sus familias. Ofrecemos una taxonomía emergente sobre cómo es que los maestros dan sentido a las responsabilidades de tener que responder a este tipo de circunstancias, enfrentadas por estos estudiantes y sus maestros. Procedemos a afirmar que, a causa de que se encuentran en el punto de contacto entre una institución nacional (la escuela) y un fenómeno transnacional (la migración), los educadores pueden proveer información clave sobre cómo es que la migración se define y se negocia.
Sin familia en México
Authors: Olvera José Juan , Muela Carolina
Published: September 2016

Este trabajo describe las estéticas de jóvenes deportados que tuvieron experiencia carcelaria en prisiones del estado de Texas y que conviven, desde su regreso a México, en un mercado popular de Monterrey. Música, peluquería y tatuaje son revisados desde tres perspectivas: como estilos de vida constructores de subjetividad; como economías de resistencia; y como articuladores de comunidad que facilitan comunicación y acción alrededor de grupos informales, crews u organizaciones transnacionales paracarcelarias, como Tango Blast. La reflexión se centra en la construcción de redes sociales alternativas y el rol de las prácticas estéticas como facilitadoras de procesos de identificación, pertenencia e integración.

This article describes the aesthetics of young deported men who have had prison experience in the state of Texas and now coexist, since their return to Mexico, in a popular market in Monterrey. Music-making, hairdressing and tattooing are discussed through three frameworks: as lifestyle builders of their subjectivity; as economies of resistance; and as articulators of community that facilitate communication and action between informal groups, crews or transnational prison organizations, like Tango Blast. The discussion focuses on the construction of alternative social networks and the role of aesthetic practices as facilitative of identification processes, membership and integration.
Penampilan Karakter Agronomi 16 Genotip Kedelai (Glycine max L. Merrill) pada Pertanaman Tumpangsari dengan Jagung (Zea mays L.) Pola 3:1
Authors: Wijaya Acep Atma , Rahayu Hana D , Oksifa Adi R. H. , Rachmadi Meddy , Karuniawan Agung
Published: September 2016

Kedelai merupakan komoditas pertanian yang sangat penting di Indonesia. Namun, produksi kedelai nasional belum dapat memenuhi kebutuhan kedelai nasional. Upaya yang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan menerapkan pola tanam tumpangsari kedelai dengan jagung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari genotip kedelai yang mampu beradaptasi pada pertanaman tumpangsari dengan jagung pola 3:1 serta menghitung produktivitas penggunaan lahan setiap genotip pada pertanaman tumpangsari dengan jagung pola 3:1. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK). 16 genotip kedelai digunakan sebagai perlakuan, dan diulang sebanyak dua kali. Untuk melihat respons genotip pada pertanaman tumpangsari dilakukan dengan uji Least Significant Increase (LSI) pada taraf signifikansi 5%. Pendugaan produktivitas lahan pada setiap genotip dihitung berdasarkan nilai Nisbah Kesetaraan Lahan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan genotip kedelai yang memperlihatkan respons paling baik pada pertanaman tumpangsari kedelai jagung dibandingkan kultivar cek untuk tinggi tanaman yaitu genotip BTN 5 dan JT 3, karakter jumlah cabang produktif yaitu genotip BTN 5, karakter luas daun dan indeks luas daun yaitu genotip JT 3, karakter sudut daun yaitu genotip CK 6, karakter bobot per plot yaitu genotip KBI 2, dan Nisbah Kesetaraan Lahan yaitu genotip CK 6 dan KBI 2.Genotip   BTN 1, BTN 2, BTN 5, CK 15, CK 6, JT 3, KA 6, KA 7, KBI 2, KH 8, Cikuray dan Malikka memiliki nilai NKL lebih besar dari 1,0. Soybean is one of important agricultural commodity in Indonesia. However, the national soybean production is not sufficient to meet the needs of national soybean. Effort to do is by applying an intercropping soybean with corn. The objectives of the research was to find soybean genotypes that can adapt to intercropped plantation with corn in pattern of 3 : 1 as well as the productivity of the land use of each genotype in intercropping with maize in 3 : 1 pattern. The research used an experimental method randomized block design (RBD), 16 soybean genotypes as treatments, and repeated twice. To see the response of genotype in intercropping planting was done by using Least Significant Increase (LSI) at the level of significant 5%. Estimation of land productivity on each genotype was calculated with Land Equation Ratio value. The results showed that the best response of soybean genotype compared checks cultivar for plant height were genotype BTN 5 and JT 3, character number of productive branches was genotype BTN 5, the character of leaf area and leaf area index was genotype JT 3 , leaf angle character was genotype CK 6, characters of weights per plot was KBI 2 genotype and Land Equation Ratio value were  CK 6 and KBI 2. Genotypes of BTN 1, BTN 2, BTN 5, CK 15, CK 6, JT 3, KA 6, KA 7, KBI 2, KH 8, Cikuray and Malikka had Land Equivalent Ratio values greater than 1.0.
Pengaruh Aplikasi Ragam Bahan Organik dan FMA terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Cabai (Capsicum annum L.) Varietas Landung pada Tanah Pasca Galian C
Authors: Ramadhan Muhamad Fajar , Hidayat Cecep , Hasani Sofiya
Published: September 2016

Penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh bahan organik (kompos gamal, dan asam humat) serta FMA (Glomus sp. + Gigaspora sp.+ Aclauspora sp) terhadap pertumbuhan serta hasil tanaman cabai pada tanah pasca galian C telah dilaksanakan di Gapoktan Simpay Tampomas, Sumedang sejak bulan Februari sampai dengan Juli 2014. Metode yang digunakan merupakan metode eksperimental berupa Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK),  dengan 8 perlakuan dan 4 kali ulang: a0 = kontrol, a1 = kompos gamal 5 t ha-1, a2 = kompos gamal 10 t ha-1, a3 = aplikasi FMA, a4 = asam humat, a5 = kompos gamal 5 t ha-1 + FMA , a6 =  kompos gamal 10 t ha-1 + FMA, dan a7 = aplikasi asam humat + FMA. Pengujian lanjut dilakukan dengan Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi kompos gamal, asam humat, dan FMA tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap diameter batang dan bobot segar buah, tetapi berbeda nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman. Pengaplikasian bahan organik hingga 10 t ha-1, asam humat, dan FMA belum berpengaruh nyata terhadap perbaikan kesuburan tanah pasca galian C (tambang pasir), karena kondisi tanah pasca galian C yang didominasi 75% pasir dan 50% batuan. The study which aimed to determine the effect of organic matter (gliricidia compost, and humic acid) also AMF (Glomus sp. + Gigaspora sp. + Aclauspora sp.) on growth and yield of chili plants on post-excavation soil C had been held in Gapoktan Simpay Tampomas, Sumedang from February to July 2014. The method was an experimental method a randomized block design (RBD), with 8 treatments and repeated 4 times: a0 = control, a1 = gliricidia compost 5 t ha-1, a2 = gliricidia compost 10 t ha-1, a3 = AMF, a4 = humic acid, a5 = gliricidia compost 5 tons ha-1 + AMF, a6 = gliricidia compost 10 tons ha-1 + AMF, and a7 = humic acid + AMF. Further testing was done by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that the application of gliricidia compost, humic acid, and AMF did not significantly affect stem diameter, and fresh weight of fruit, but significant on stem height. Application of organic matter up to 10 tons ha-1, humic acid, and AMF had not significantly affect fertility improvement of post-excavation soil C (sand mining), because the soil C dominated by 75% sand and 50% rock.
Peningkatan Produktivitas Lahan Gambut melalui Teknik Ameliorasi dan Inokulasi Mikroba Pelarut Fosfat
Authors: Istina Ida Nur , Joy Benny , Suyono Aisyah D
Published: September 2016

Keterbatasan lahan potensial menyebabkan perluasan areal pertanian mengarah pada lahan gambut. Kendala pengembangan lahan gambut adalah rendahnya kandungan hara tersedia bagi tanaman. Fosfat (P) merupakan salah satu unsur hara makro yang penting untuk pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman, disisi lain ketersediaan hara ini pada lahan gambut terbatas karena ikatan asam organik dan sifat yang mudah tercuci. Penelitian untuk menguji pengaruh ameliorasi dan inokulasi mikroba pelarut fosfat terhadap ketersediaan hara P di lahan gambut dilakukan di kebun pembibitan kelapa sawit petani di Riau dari Oktober 2013 - Maret 2014, menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok pola Faktorial dengan 30 kombinasi perlakuan dan 3 kali ulangan. Variabel yang diamati meliputi : tinggi tanaman, lingkar batang, jumlah daun, lebar daun, panjang daun, kandungan hara tanaman, dan bobot biomasa bibit setelah 5 bulan di pembibitan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ameliorasi menggunakan kompos tandan kosong kelapa sawit mampu meningkatkan P tersedia, serapan P oleh batang dan akar, berat brangkasan dan berat kering batang. Sedangkan mikroba pelarut fosfat berpengaruh secara tidak nyata.The limitation of potential land leads agricultural development expansion to the peat soil area. Constrain of the peatland development is the low nutrient content that is required by plant. Phosphate is one of major growth and production limiting nutrient because of the solublelize of the organic acids and immobility The research was conducted from October 2013 – March 2014 at the farmer main nursery in Riau province to test the effect of amelioration and phosphate solubilizing microbe inoculation on P availability on palm oil seedling growth and production at peatland, used Randomized Block Design with 30 treatments and 3 replications. The parameters observed were plant height, leaf number, leaf width, leaf length, stem diameters, nutrient contents, also fresh and dry weight after 5 months at the main nursery. The result showed that palm oil empty fruit bunch compost as ameliorant increased P nutrient avaibility, P uptake, fresh and dry weight, whereas phosphate solubilizing microbe was unsignificant.
Penjaringan Cendawan Mikoriza Arbuskula Indigenous dari Lahan Penanaman Jagung dan Kacang Kedelai pada Gambut Kalimantan Barat
Authors: Pangaribuan Nurmala
Published: September 2016

Ekosistem gambut memiliki jenis dan kepadatan CMA yang beragam. Tanaman yang dibudidayakan di lahan gambut memiliki sistem perakaran (rhizosfir) yang mengandung  berbagai jenis mikroorganisme CMA, dan dalam jumlah besar. Untuk mengetahui jenis dan  jumlahnya, perlu dilakukan studi potensi CMA indigenous pada ekosistem gambut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk dapat memberikan informasi yang tepat tentang potensi sumberdaya cendawan mikoriza arbuskular dari lokasi penanaman jagung dan kacang-kacangan pada lahan gambut desa Sidomulyo Rasau Jaya, kabupaten Kubu Raya dan dari Jawai di Kabupaten Sambas, Propinsi Kalimantan Barat. Kegiatan penelitian ini diawali dengan pengambilan sampel tanah dari Rasau dan Jawai, yang kemudian diamati dengan mikroskop. Selanjutnya dilakukan (1) trapping spora mengunakan tanaman Jagung (Zea mays L.), (2) identifikasi jenis spora, identifikasi CMA menggunakan Manual for The Identification of Mychorhiza Fungi, (3) penghitungan jumlah spora dengan menggunakan Metode Saring Basah Pacioni dan teknik sentrifugasi dari Brunndret. Hasil percobaan menghasilkan jumlah spora Glomus sp. asal Rasau 227 spora per 50 g tanah, dan gambut asal Jawai 181,9 spora per 50 g tanah gambut Rasau dan Sambas dominan mengandung Glomus sp. Peats ecosystem has different species and densities of Arbuscular Mycoriza Fungi (AMF). Plant Rhizosphere at peatland has various kinds of microorganisms, including AMF. For further use, study the potency of indigenous AMF is necessary. This research was conducted to study on the potency of indigenous AMF, from the where physic corn and nuts, grow on peatland of Rasau dan Jawai, Pontianak West Kalimantan. Soils samples were collected and then observed under microscope. The steps to study the potency of AMF were (1) spora trapping, (2) identifying the types of spore, and (3) counting of spora with Seive and Wet Techniques by Pacioni and Brunndret. The result showed that the number of spores AMF of Glomus sp from cultivated Rasau was 227 spores 50 g-1 soil and from of Jawai was 181,9 spores 50 g-1 soil  Indigenous AMF from the soil where physic corn and nut  grown at Rasau and Jawai  were dominated by Glomus sp.
Perception and acceptance of senior medical students at King Abdulaziz University of the use of Objective Structured Clinical Examination as a tool of assessment
Authors: Alghamdi Khalid S , Katib Bassel H , Alhoqail Abdulaziz A , Al-khatib Talal A
Published: September 2016

This article was migrated. The article was not marked as recommended. Introduction: The faculty of Medicine at King Abdulaziz University (KAU) introduced the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) as a tool of assessing medical students in the last decade. In our study, we aimed to assess the perception and acceptance of OSCE among students and to interpret rating of OSCE in relation to other assessment methods.Methodology : A cross-sectional survey using electronic validated questionnaire, was distributed through different methods which included Short Message Service, social media website, and posters. The questionnaire contained various domains about students' perception of OSCE validity and reliability, and rating of OSCE in relation to other assessment methods.Results : Among 246 students who responded to the survey, 52% of them denied that OSCE provided opportunity to learn real life scenarios. Interestingly, more than 80% of students showed concern about inter-evaluator and inter-patient variability as bias factors that could affect their scores. Passing or failing the OSCE was not a true measure of clinical skills as 77% of students admitted.Conclusion : Although OSCE exam is supposed to be standardized and fair to students, our survey raised concerns regarding the conduction of OSCE especially regarding inter-evaluator and inter-patient variability.
Self-reported competencies related to end of life care among residents and attending physicians
Authors: Wolff Michael L. , Pohl Henry S. , Jacoby Liva H.
Published: September 2016

This article was migrated. The article was not marked as recommended. AimsResearch with residents demonstrates perceptions of insufficient skills and comfort with end of life (EOL) care, and there is a paucity of evidence regarding attending physicians' competencies in such care. The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of self-reported competencies among medical school graduates and to assess the impact of a 3rd year hospice rotation.MethodsAn online survey was sent to 510 medical school alumni assessing experiences, self-rated competencies and preparedness regarding EOL care, and perceptions of the hospice rotation. Analyses explored a range of possible variable associations.Results116 surveys were completed. EOL care experience was substantial during undergraduate and residency training. More experience was predictive of greater skills and comfort. Pain management skills were rated lower than other skills. Completion of the hospice rotation was associated with confidence-building and perceptions of preparedness. Attending physicians did not report stronger skills than residents. There was strong support for training in EOL care.ConclusionsOur findings support previous research about the benefits of EOL care experiences for residents and exposure to such care during undergraduate training, underscoring the importance of well-tailored EOL care education at all levels of training for optimal development of competencies.
District Partisan Safety and Constituent Evaluations of U.S. House Members
Authors: Born Richard
Published: September 2016

Disputing the conventional wisdom of congressional scholars, Thomas Brunell has proposed that drafters of congressional district lines should strive to create the maximum number of safe partisan seats. One major reason, to which he devotes considerable attention, is that more votes will be cast for incumbent winners in more homogeneous districts and, because voting for a winning candidate arguably elevates the esteem in which the incumbent is held, district opinion of safer incumbents should therefore be higher. In my own study, I find that district homogeneity, in fact, only modestly improves incumbent positivity. Part of the explanation seems to be that opposition party identifiers, while less abundant in safer districts, have disproportionately critical views of safer members, likely because of these member’s ideological extremity. Moreover, I uncover only mixed evidence supporting Brunellís assertion that the act of voting for a victorious incumbent has an independent effect in raising post-election popularity.
Public Preferences, Political Party Control, and Restrictive State Abortion Laws
Authors: Medoff Marshall H. , Dennis Christopher
Published: September 2016

This study examines the process by which state legislators respond to the public’s preferences about abortion policy over time. We examine the determinants of the enactment by a state of a parental involvement law employing the event history analysis approach. The empirical results suggest that, in the short-term, neither the public’s abortion preferences nor institutional control of state government by the generally prolife Republican Party has a significant impact on the enactment of a parental involvement law, while institutional control by the generally prochoice Democratic Party significantly decreases the likelihood of the passage of a parental involvement law. In the long-term, the public’s abortion preferences are positively associated with the enactment of a parental involvement law. However, when the Republican Party or the Democratic Party have institutional control of the executive and legislative branches of state government, this allows each political party to support or oppose the enactment of a parental involvement law consistent with each party’s public position on the abortion issue, regardless of the public’s abortion preferences or the competitive electoral environment. The empirical results remain robust for a variety of alternative specifications.
Racism, Resentment, and Regionalism: The South and the Nation in the 2008 Presidential Election
Authors: Airstrup Joseph A.
Published: September 2016

This paper assesses the influences racial resentment and racial stereotypes on Southern and non-Southern white, Asian, and Hispanic voters in the 2008 presidential election. I use logistic regression to test the hypotheses that racial resentment and racial stereotypes influenced support for McCain and that the influence of these two variables is greater in the South than in the non-South. The findings suggest that racial resentment’s influence extends across both regions but that the affects of racial stereotypes is confined to the South. The analysis is replicated for U.S. House elections in 2008, finding that the impact of racial resentment and racial stereotypes is insignificant in both regions. In 2008, the influences of racism, resentment and regionalism on voting are confined to the presidential level.
Repealing “Don’t Ask Don’t Tell”: The Impact of Stereotypes on Attitudes toward Homosexuals in the Military
Authors: Bailey Mandi Bates , Lee Keith , Williams Lee R.
Published: September 2016

On December 22, 2010, President Barack Obama signed the Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell Repeal Act of 2010. This decision appears to coincide with public opinion as a December 2010 Gallup Poll reports that 67 percent of respondents would support openly gay or lesbian individuals serving in the military. Nevertheless, many Republican Congressmen and presidential candidates continue to express support of “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell.” To that end, this research investigates media priming, stereotypes of gays and lesbians, and other factors that may impact support for gay men and lesbians in the military. We use a survey-based experiment drawn from a mid-sized regional university in the southeast where the collection of attitudes toward gays and lesbians preceded the collection of atti- tudes toward homosexuals in the military. Our research points to the media’s ability to prime evalua- tions of gays in the military and suggests that stereotypes of homosexuals are powerful predictors of attitudes toward homosexuals serving in the military. We also find that personal familiarity with gay men/lesbians is related to support for homosexuals serving in the military.
Homelessness History Impacts on Health Outcomes and Economic and Risk Behavior Intermediaries: New Insights from Population Data
Authors: Oppenheimer Sarah C. , Nurius Paula S. , Green Sara
Published: September 2016

Using data from the Washington Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, this study assesses the relationship between homelessness history and physical and mental health outcomes, as well as between homelessness history and health risk behaviors and economic precariousness, as important intermediaries of subsequent health outcomes. Study results indicate that persons with a history of adult homelessness have consistently poorer health outcomes as compared to never homeless persons, and that even after accounting for childhood adversity and social assets, adult homelessness remains a consistent and strong predictor of poor health. These findings indicate that adult homelessness is a key component in understanding cumulative risk and vulnerability. Study results emphasize the importance of considering homelessness history in comprehensive health assessment and intervention services, as well as the utility of using representative public health surveys to understand population trends in housing instability.
The Survival Benefit of “Fistula First, Catheter Last” in Hemodialysis Is Primarily Due to Patient Factors
Authors: Brown Robert S. , Patibandla Bhanu K. , Goldfarb-Rumyantzev Alexander S.
Published: September 2016

Patients needing hemodialysis are advised to have arteriovenous fistulas rather than catheters because of significantly lower mortality rates. However, disparities in fistula placement raise the possibility that patient factors have a role in this apparent mortality benefit. We derived a cohort of 115,425 patients on incident hemodialysis ≥67 years old from the US Renal Data System with linked Medicare claims to identify the first predialysis vascular access placed. We compared mortality outcomes in patients initiating hemodialysis with a fistula placed first, a catheter after a fistula placed first failed, or a catheter placed first (n=90,517; reference group). Of 21,436 patients with a fistula placed first, 9794 initiated hemodialysis with that fistula, and 8230 initiated dialysis with a catheter after failed fistula placement. The fistula group had the lowest mortality over 58 months (hazard ratio, 0.50; 95% confidence interval, 0.48 to 0.52; P<0.001), with mortality rates at 6, 12, and 24 months after initiation of 9%, 17%, and 31%, respectively, compared with 32%, 46%, and 62%, respectively, in the catheter group. However, the group initiating hemodialysis with a catheter after failed fistula placement also had significantly lower mortality rates than the catheter group had over 58 months (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% confidence interval, 0.64 to 0.68; P<0.001), with mortality rates of 15%, 25%, and 42% at 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively. Thus, patient factors affecting fistula placement, even when patients are hemodialyzed with a catheter instead, may explain at least two thirds of the mortality benefit observed in patients with a fistula.
Modelo causal moderado por el conocimiento en la intención de compra de alimentos orgánicos no procesados de los habitantes en pobreza extrema en la zona urbana de Hermosillo, Sonora, México
Authors: León-López Lourdes Patricia , Espejel-Blanco Joel Enrique , De la Serna-Sierra Ivana
Published: September 2016

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo desarrollar un modelo que permita definir y determinar cuáles son los atributos de calidad (intrínsecos y extrínsecos) y de creencia que influyen en la intención de compra de alimentos orgánicos no procesados, así como la influencia que ejerce el conocimiento de ellos sobre el consumo de la población en pobreza extrema en Hermosillo, Sonora (México). Para dar respuesta al objetivo planteado, se desarrolló trabajo de campo con una muestra de 382 encuestados, en 10 colonias. La metodología de análisis utilizada fue el modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM, por sus siglas en inglés). Se contrastaron tres de cinco hipótesis planteadas, de donde se puede inferir que el “conocimiento” es un elemento clave en la intención de compra de la población en pobreza extrema.
Diferencias entre las actitudes proambientales y el consumo de servicios públicos (agua y energía eléctrica) en estratos 2 y 5 de la ciudad de Bogotá
Authors: Carranza-Vásquez Leonora
Published: September 2016

El presente artículo tiene como propósito identificar las diferencias entre las actitudes proambientales y el consumo de servicios públicos (agua y energía eléctrica), en estratos 2 y 5 de la ciudad de Bogotá (Colombia). Para lograrlo se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo-correlacional de tipo transversal, con una muestra de 462 personas. Se aplicó un instrumento para evaluar las prácticas, creencias y sentimientos que poseen las personas frente a la conservación del medioambiente y el consumo sustentable de los servicios públicos de agua y energía eléctrica. Los resultados hallados muestran que los hogares de estratos 2 y 5 presentan una correlación positiva entre las creencias sobre el consumo sustentable y el consumo de energía eléctrica, lo que confirma los resultados encontrados en otros estudios en Latinoamérica.