bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The East Asian Crisis and International Capital Markets
Authors: Elek Andrew , Wilson Dominic
Published: March 2003

This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical evidence about international capital mobility. The authors find that its potential benefits depend on certain assumptions about market structures and institutions. Many of these conditions were absent in the economies worst affected by volatile capital movements. The main features of the recent East Asian financial crisis are described, and the principal distortions that led to the crisis. In some instances, these distortions were due to government policies; in others, they stemmed from market failures that had not been adequately addressed either by individual governments or by international financial institutions.
Pacific Island Economies: Performance, Growth Prospects and the Impact of the Asian Economic Crisis
Authors: Fairbairn Te'o I. J.
Published: March 2003

The small Pacific island economies are increasingly challenged by globalisation. This paper, drawing on the limited literature, surveys the economic performance and growth prospects of six of the economies for which fair economic data are available, with special reference to the impact of the Asian crisis. Developments and problems are discussed country by country and sector by sector. In conclusion the author indicates the reforms needed to raise living standards in these small countries.
State Power and Private Profit: the political economy of corruption in Southeast Asia
Authors: Lim Linda Y.C. , Stern Aaron
Published: March 2003

This article reviews the extensive political and economic literature since 1990 on corruption in Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore. After considering each country's individual recent history of corruption, the article comparatively analyses the relationship of corruption in these countries with, respectively, the roles of the state, the private sector and external actors, democratisation and decentralisation, and the impact of corruption on economic growth and inequality. Our conclusion is that while economic liberalisation, democratisation and centralisation of state power influence the forms of corruption and its impact on national economic performance, they are neither necessary nor sufficient for its decline.
Weak Limit of the Sample Extremal Quotient
Authors: Barakat H.M.
Published: March 2003

Necessary and sufficient conditions are obtained for the weak convergence (W→) of the sample extremal quotient of independent and identically distributed random variables as the number of observations tends to infinity. The paper fully characterizes the class of possible non‐degenerate limit distribution functions of the extremal quotient, under general conditions.
Some Estimates for the Rate of Convergence in the Multidimensional Central Limit Theorem for Homogeneous Markov Chains
Authors: Gharib M.
Published: March 2003

This paper obtains some estimates for the rate of convergence in the multi‐dimensional central limit theorem for vector‐valued functions of a homogeneous Markov chain without assuming the finiteness of their absolute third moment. These estimates have a universal character and generalize the results that hold when the third moments are finite.
Multiplicative Strong Unimodality
Authors: Cuculescu Ioan , Theodorescu Radu
Published: March 2003

Multiplicative strong unimodality is defined as the preservation of unimodality in products of independent random variables. An Ibragimov type theorem is proved. As an application, preserving unimodality for scale mixtures of gamma distributions is examined. It is also shown that multiplicative strong unimodal probability measures on R appear as images, by the exponential map, of classical strong unimodal ones. The connection to the star order is also established.
Theory & Methods: Estimating Main Effects with Pareto Optimal Subsets
Authors: Raghavarao Damaraju , Wiley James B.
Published: March 2003

A subset T of S is said to be a Pareto Optimal subset of m ordered attributes (factors) if for profiles (combination of attribute levels) (x1, …, xm) and (y1, …, ym) ∈T, no profile ‘dominates’ another; that is, there exists no pair such that xi≤yi, for i = 1, …, m. Pareto Optimal designs have specific applications in economics, cognitive psychology, and marketing research where investigators use main effects linear models to infer how respondents values level of costs and benefits from their preferences for sets of profiles offered them. In such studies, it is desirable that no profile dominates the others in a set. This paper shows how to construct a Pareto Optimal subset, proves that a single Pareto Optimal subset is not a connected main effects plan, provides subsets of two or more attributes that are connected in symmetric designs and gives corresponding results for asymmetric designs.
Theory & Methods: Partitioning Pearson’s Chi‐Squared Statistic for a Completely Ordered Three‐Way Contingency Table
Authors: Beh Eric J. , Davy Pamela J.
Published: March 2003

The paper presents a partition of the Pearson chi‐squared statistic for triply ordered three‐way contingency tables. The partition invokes orthogonal polynomials and identifies three‐way association terms as well as each combination of two‐way associations. This partition provides information about the structure of each variable by identifying important bivariate and trivariate associations in terms of location (linear), dispersion (quadratic) and higher order components. The significance of each term in the partition, and each association within each term can also be determined.

The paper compares the chi‐squared partition with the log‐linear models of Agresti (1994) for multi‐way contingency tables with ordinal categories, by generalizing the model proposed by Haberman (1974).
Theory & Methods: Saddlepoint Approximation for Sample and Bootstrap Quantiles
Authors: Ma Chunsheng , Robinson John
Published: March 2003

The paper gives the saddlepoint approximation for the distribution function of the sample quantile. A comparison of the saddlepoint approximations for the distribution functions of the sample quantile and the bootstrap quantile shows that the error of the bootstrap approximation to the distribution of the sample quantile obtained by Singh (1981) as an absolute error is actually a relative error.
Theory & Methods: Partitioning Pearson’s chi‐squared statistic for a partially ordered three‐way contingency table
Authors: Beh Eric J. , Davy Pamela J.
Published: March 2003

This paper presents a generalization of the partition of the chi‐squared statistic presented in Beh & Davy (1998). For a three‐way contingency table with one or two sets of ordered categories, the chi‐squared statistic partition is defined using orthogonal polynomials. Using this partition, information about the relationship between the variables can be obtained by identifying important associations in terms of the location (linear), dispersion (quadratic) and higher order components. The paper compares these partitions with log‐linear models for ordinal data.
Theory & Methods: A Starship Estimation Method for the Generalized λ Distributions
Authors: King Robert A. R. , MacGillivray H. L.
Published: March 2003

A development of the ‘starship’ method (Owen, 1988), a computer intensive estimation method, is presented for two forms of generalized λ distributions (gλd). The method can be used for the full parameter space and is flexible, allowing choice of both the form of the generalized λ distribution and of the nature of fit required. Some examples of its use in fitting data and approximating distributions are given. Some simulation studies explore the sampling distribution of the parameter estimates produced by this method for selected values of the parameters and consider comparisons with two other methods, for one of the gλd distributional forms, not previously so investigated. In the forms and parameter regions available to the other methods, it is demonstrated that the starship compares favourably. Although the differences between the methods, where available, tend to disappear with largersamples, the parameter coverage, flexibility and adaptability of the starship method make it attractive. However, the paper also demonstrates that care is needed when fitting and using such quantile‐defined distributional families that are rich in shape, but have complex properties.
Seasonality and Return Periods of Landfalling Atlantic Basin Hurricanes
Authors: Parisi Francis , Lund Robert
Published: March 2003

This paper studies the annual arrival cycle and return period properties of landfalling Atlantic Basin hurricanes. A non‐homogeneous Poisson process with a periodic intensity function is used to model the annual cycle of hurricane arrival times. Wind speed and central pressure return periods and non‐encounter probabilities are estimated by combining the Poisson arrival model with extreme value peaks‐over‐threshold methods. The data used in this study contain all Atlantic Basin hurricanes that have made landfall in the contiguous United States during the years 1935–98 inclusive.
Theory & Methods: Residual Diagnostic Plots for Checking for Model Mis‐specification in Time Series Regression
Authors: Fraccaro Richard , Hyndman Rob J. , Veevers Alan
Published: March 2003

This paper considers residuals for time series regression. Despite much literature on visual diagnostics for uncorrelated data, there is little on the autocorrelated case. To examine various aspects of the fitted time series regression model, three residuals are considered. The fitted regression model can be checked using orthogonal residuals; the time series error model can be analysed using marginal residuals; and the white noise error component can be tested using conditional residuals. When used together, these residuals allow identification of outliers, model mis‐specification and mean shifts. Due to the sensitivity of conditional residuals to model mis‐specification, it is suggested that the orthogonal and marginal residuals be examined first.
Three Parallel Flats Designs for Two‐level Factorial Experiments
Authors: Chai F.S. , Liao C.T.
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the properties of the class of three parallel flats designs for two‐level factorial experiments. It shows that the designs constructed from this class of designs can have a very simple correlation structure. The correlation of any pair of best linear unbiased estimators of factorial effects is 0, ⅓ or ¼. Furthermore, the designs obtained also have high D‐efficiency. Finally, a class of designs is generated with run‐size N= 12 to illustrate the use of the theorem.
Theory & Methods: Selected Ranked Set Sampling
Authors: Hossain S.S. , Muttlak H.A.
Published: March 2003

This paper proposes a sampling procedure called selected ranked set sampling (SRSS), in which only selected observations from a ranked set sample (RSS) are measured. This paper describes the optimal linear estimation of location and scale parameters based on SRSS, and for some distributions it presents the required tables for optimal selections. For these distributions, the optimal SRSS estimators are compared with the other popular simple random sample (SRS) and RSS estimators. In every situation the estimators based on SRSS are found advantageous at least in some respect, compared to those obtained from SRS or RSS. The SRSS method with errors in ranking is also described. The relative precision of the estimator of the population mean is investigated for different degrees of correlations between the actual and erroneous ranking. The paper reports the minimum value of the correlation coefficient between the actual and the erroneous ranking required for achieving better precision with respect to the usual SRS estimator and with respect to the RSS estimator.
Applications: Nineteenth and early twentieth century statistics: Some New Zealand connections
Authors: Tee Garry J.
Published: March 2003

William Stanley Jevons published his statistical analysis of the climate of Australia and New Zealand, in 1858. Florence Nightingale advised Sir George Grey to collect statistics on Maori health. Frederick William Frankland published a significant study of mortality in New Zealand, in 1882; and in 1890 George Hogben pioneered the application of statistics to seismology. These people all contributed to statistical knowledge in New Zealand, but were not New Zealanders. Earnest Rutherford, Leslie John Comrie and Alexander Craig Aitken were born and educated in New Zealand, but they worked mainly in the UK. In 1911 Rutherford made very effective use of statistics in discovering the nuclear structure of atoms; in 1937 Comrie pioneered the use of punched‐card machinery for large‐scale statistical analysis; and Aitken did very important work in mathematical statistics.
In Memoriam: Emeritus Professor Henry Oliver Lancaster, AO FAA 1 February 1913 – 2 December 2001
Authors: Seneta Eugene
Published: March 2003

The death, in Sydney, of Oliver Lancaster marks the end of an era in the histories of the Statistical Society of Australia, which (in its previous existence as the Statistical Society of New South Wales) he helped found in 1947, and of the Australian Journal of Statistics of which he was founding editor (1959–1971). Oliver Lancaster was Foundation Professor of Mathematical Statistics at the University of Sydney (1959–1978), where he spent his life as student and academic. During his academic career, he achieved scholarly distinction in at least four fields: mathematical statistics, medical and public health statistics, the history of medicine and of statistics, and statistical bibliography. With E.J.G. Pitman (1897–1993), M.H. Belz (1897–1975), E.A. Cornish (1909–1973) and P.A.P. Moran (1917–1988) he was part of a cohort of renowned Australian mathematical statisticians who laid the foundation of the glory days of Australian mathematical statistics. This obituary and tribute focuses on some of these aspects, within a broader historical picture.
Analysis of Between–Household Heterogeneity in Disease Transmission from Data on Outbreak Sizes
Authors: Li Ning , Qian Guoqi , Huggins Richard
Published: March 2003

The paper proposes a method of analysis for data on within–household disease transmission, when only outbreak sizes are available. The method assumes between–household heterogeneity of the transmission probabilities. A random effects model in a hierarchical setting is fitted using MCMC and data augmentation techniques. The procedure is illustrated on a measles dataset.
Periodogram Analysis of Censored Time Series from a Designed Experiment
Authors: Littlejohn Roger P. , Webster James R.
Published: March 2003

Growth hormone plasma concentrations vary rhythmically between high and low values. Radioimmunoassay measurements of low values are often indistinguishable from low controls, and are reported as a censored value, the ‘minimum detectable dose’. This paper reports such a dataset from a designed experiment with about 60% of the values censored but large distinct signals for the remainder of the data. The ordinates of the average periodogram for each treatment group are independently gamma distributed, with distribution depending on the underlying spectrum and the replication for that group. This situation can lead to an analysis for common spectral shape using a gamma generalized linear model with log link, and the hypothesis of common spectral shape is rejected here. Since such a level of censoring reduces the variance of each profile, the periodogram, which is a partition of the variance, is also reduced in overall magnitude. A simulation study shows that this reduction is not necessarily uniform over the frequency domain, but may be more pronounced at lower or higher ordinates depending on the underlying model. Therefore it is possible that the rejection of common spectral shape is an artefact of the censoring.
Managers, Workers, and Industrial Welfarism: Management Strategies at ER&S and the Sulphide Corporation, 1895—1929
Authors: Eklund Erik
Published: March 2003

This article is a comparative analysis of the labour management strategies of two base metal refineries: the Electrolytic Refining and Smelting Company of Australia (ER&S), Port Kembla, and the Sulphide Corporation, Cockle Creek. During the period 1895—1930 both companies adopted aspects of an industrial welfarist strategy but at different times and in different forms. ER&S developed a broad‐ranging industrial welfarism that included workplace and community‐based initiatives such as cooperative stores and benefit funds. Long‐term financial security, inaccessibility to outside labour, and interest in North American developments propelled ER&S’s interest in welfarism. The Sulphide Corporation was less interested in such long‐term strategies. The smelter at Cockle Creek was more marginal to the Corporation’s business and had less secure markets. The British‐owned company was also influenced by a dominant British tradition of management that was less interventionist and less experimental. However, following major economic and political reorganization of the industry brought about by the onset of war in 1914 the Corporation slowly came around to ‘on the job’ welfarism by 1919. A comparison of these two firms can isolate the specific and general factors that account for this management diversity. Furthermore, it highlights how particular management styles such as industrial welfarism had implications beyond the workplace to the towns and communities where workers lived.
One Nation's Electoral Support: Where Does It Come From, What Makes It Different and How Does It Fit?
Authors: Goot Murray , Watson Ian
Published: March 2003

This paper does three things. First, it offers a critique of the academic literature on the One Nation vote, focusing on the limitations of the work of political geographers and the methodological shortcomings of survey researchers. Second, it re‐examines data from the 1998 Australian Election Study in order to explore the demographic and attitudinal forces that both drove the One Nation vote and distinguished it from the votes secured by the Labor Party, the Liberal and National parties and the Australian Democrats; this highlights the importance of gender, geography and class, of political alienation and of attitudes to Aborigines and immigration. Third, it suggests that the basis of One Nation's mobilisation did not lie in concerns about economic insecurity so much as in opposition to ‘new class’ values, particularly around race. In doing so, it challenges common understandings of the Party's constituency and of its distinctiveness.
Internal Control and Accountability in Non‐profit Human Service Organisations
Authors: McDonald Catherine
Published: March 2003

The welfare state regime operative in Australia is highly dependent on the non‐profit human services sector. The sector, as an organisational field, has had a series of characteristics applied to it, which assume its superiority over government in many aspects of service delivery. Nevertheless, knowledge about the internal functioning of non‐profits is poor. This article presents an initial exploration into one aspect of internal functioning, internal monitoring and control, suggesting that internal mechanisms for control are weak. As welfare state regimes in Europe and North America are restructured, different models of service financing and delivery are being imported into Australia. This article begins to sketch the organisational conditions onto which developing models are being applied, providing an initial base for informed commentary and evaluation.
Ethics, Integrity, Compliance and Accountability in Contemporary UK Government–Business Relations – Till Death Do Us Part
Authors: Doig Alan , Wilson John
Published: March 2003

This paper takes as its main themes the impact of public choice theory and the impact of Thatcherism and the rise of public management on the delivery of public services. These themes have created, according to a Chief Executive of a Regional Health Authority, the need ‘to learn new disciplines of commercial relationships and competitive tendering and so on, and at the same time . . . remember the very important traditional public service values; and that is not an easy combination’. Whether the relationship with business has been a temporary affair, a marriage of convenience or a marriage until death do us part, business and business practices have had significant implications for the dominant morality now prevailing in the delivery of public services.
Program Strategy and Coalition Building as Facets of New Public Management
Authors: Marsh Ian
Published: March 2003

This paper explores two issues: first, the strategic and coalition‐building tasks that may be routinely associated with New Public Management (NPM); and second, the implications of acknowledging these tasks for the conception of public management. NPM focuses on performance. It invites managers to accept responsibility for whole programs or systems (Kettle, 1997; Dunleavy, 1994; Ridley, 1996; Hood, 1995). This directs attention to basic program frameworks (that is, program strategy), as well as to operations. It involves the purposes of programs. It involves routine attention to such factors as the effectiveness of outcomes, the identification of alternative program configurations, the implications of emerging issues and needs, and the mobilisation of authority for change. In practice, this authority derives both from program stakeholders, as well as from ministers and the broader political system.
In Defence of Competition: The Successful Application of Competition Policy in NSW Rail
Authors: Sims Rod
Published: March 2003

This paper argues that recent rail reform in NSW has been successful. NSW rail is now not only more cost effective, but also offers improved service and safety levels to its customers. As such the NSW rail reforms have been of benefit to the community as a whole, and have laid the groundwork for a resugence of the rail sector. Despite the criticism surrounding recent job losses, it is argued that the reforms have reinvigorated an industry that had been caught up in an ever decreasing vicious circle. The success of the 1996 reforms have been dependent upon a reform model that mixes factors such as vertical separation and independent regulation with government provision of targeted community service obligation payments. This paper argues that the most important ingredient for rail's future is the removal of the enormous bias in government tax and user charging policy against rail and towards road transport. In addition to keeping faith with the traditional National Competition Policy agenda, nothing is more important than that Australian governments address this continuing and debilitating bias against rail transport.
Rescaling the Balanced Scorecard for Local Government
Authors: Quinlivan Dale
Published: March 2003

Kaplan and Norton's ‘Balanced Scorecard’ model has gained worldwide interest from managers in private and public organisations. The four perspectives of the model aim to communicate the strategic priorities of the organisation by measuring and setting stretch targets for them. However, the model, which was developed in ‘for‐profit’ organisations, may not be suitable in ‘not‐for‐profit’ organisations. A possible solution is the use of the Australian Business Excellence Framework categories to determine the perspectives to be used.
Auditors‐General: Cuckoos in the Managerialist Nest?
Authors: Mulgan Richard
Published: March 2003

The role of Auditors‐General has expanded in recent decades, particularly with the development of performance auditing. Performance auditing originated in the managerialist concern for monitoring results, but in some respects Auditors‐General have found themselves at odds with managerialism, particularly where outsourcing and privatisation have reduced the level of public accountability. Performance auditing has also increased the potential for Auditors‐General to clash openly with elected governments, though for the most part they confine their scrutiny to the activities of public servants. Auditors‐General have more authority to confront governments over matters of propriety than over efficiency and effectiveness issues.
Contracting Out and Public Values: A Symposium
Authors: Yeatman Anna
Published: March 2003

The three papers that constitute this symposium were first commissioned for a workshop entitled Citizenship and Contractualism held in October 2000. The theme of that workshop centred on the contractualisation of the relationship between service deliverers and their clients. These three papers did not fit that theme. They are concerned more with the general use of contracting out as a tool of contemporary governance. I have used the title contracting out and public values because all three of these papers raise fundamental questions about the implications of contracting out for public values.
Aids, Policy and Bioethics: Ethical Dilemmas Facing China in HIV Prevention
Authors: Wang Yan‐Guang
Published: March 2003

The present situation of the HIV/AIDS epidemic is very grim in China. The probability of China becoming a country with a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS cannot be excluded because there have been factors which promote the wide spread of HIV if we fail to take timely action to prevent it at the opportune moment. However, China's HIV prevention policy is inadequate. Health professionals and programmers believed that they could take a conventional public health approach to cope with the HIV epidemic. They simply ignored the fact that HIV infection is an epidemic so special that their approach is not effective to deter the epidemic. Many health professionals and programmers bypassed ethical issues that had emerged in the prevention of the HIV epidemic. Even some health educators, sexologists and officials believe that `AIDS is the punishment for promiscuity', and this belief has led to discrimination and stigmatization of AIDS patients, HIV positive people, their family members and high risk groups. Although homosexuality is not illegal, the police can always find any reason to detain homosexuals. A difficult ethical issue is about the laws prohibiting prostitution and drug use in China which force prostitutes and intravenous drug users underground, giving them no chance to access information, education and the services needed to protect them. The dilemma facing China is whether to stay with a restrictive policy for the reason of ideology cleansing or to turn to a more supportive policy. It is necessary to have some change in the ethical framework to evaluate the action in HIV prevention. Tolerance should be the first ethical principle.
Arguing by Analogy in the Fetal Tissue Debate
Authors: Gillam Lynn
Published: March 2003

In the debate over fetal tissue use, an analogy is often drawn between removing organs from the body of a person who has been murdered to use for transplantation, and collecting tissue from an aborted fetus to use for the same purpose. The murder victim analogy is taken by its proponents to show that even if abortion is the moral equivalent of murder, there is still no good reason to refrain from using the fetal tissue, since as a society we do not see any problem about using organs from murder victims. However, I argue that the analogy between murder victims and aborted fetuses does not hold — the two situations are not the same in all morally relevant respects. Thus the murder victim analogy does not provide an argument in favour of fetal tissue transplant. In conclusion, I point to some of the potential pitfalls of using analogies in ethical argument.
Desire‐based and Value‐based Nomative Reasons
Authors: Savulescu Julian
Published: March 2003

This paper is a response to John Harris’ provocative ‘Justice and Equal Opportunities in Health Care’. The aim of this short response is to locate the difference between Harris and me within a broader debate about the nature of reasons for action. I argue that Harris is appealing to a desire‐based conception of normative reasons. I highlight some of the deficiencies of a desire‐based conception of reasons, and contrast it with a value‐based account.
Moral Perception and Global Visions
Authors: Sherwin Susan
Published: March 2003

Because moral perception plays an essential role in guiding morally responsible behaviour, agents have a responsibility to develop their capacities in this area. There are several strategies agents can (and should) pursue in order to improve their skills at moral perception. I appeal to insights derived from the work of feminist epistomologists and philosophers of science to argue that feminist approaches to multiculturalism are particularly valuable tools for improving moral perception.
Genes and Social Justice: A Rawlsian Reply to Moore
Authors: Farrelly Colin
Published: March 2003

In this article I critically examine Adam Moore's claim that the threshold for overriding intangible property rights and privacy rights is higher, in relation to genetic enhancement techniques and sensitive personal information, than is commonly suggested. I argue that Moore fails to see how important advances in genetic research are to social justice. Once this point is emphasised one sees that the issue of how formidable overriding these rights are is open to much debate. There are strong reasons, on grounds of social justice, for thinking the importance of such rights is likely to be diminished in the interests of ensuring a more just distribution of genes essential to pursuing what John Rawls calls a person's ‘rational plan of life’.
Information Giving in Clinical Trials: The Views of Medical Researchers
Authors: Ferguson P. R.
Published: March 2003

It is both an ethical and a legal requirement that patients who participate in clinical trials must generally give their consent. As part of this process, patients must be provided with adequate information to enable them to decide whether or not to take part. In the UK, the pharmaceutical companies that sponsor such research, as well as Local Research Ethics Committees, specify in detail the information that must be given to trial participants. The researchers who conduct clinical trials inevitably form views on the amount of information they are required to provide, and about patients’ comprehension of that information. The literature in this area suggests that some medical researchers may be unhappy with the amount of information that they must give patient participants. There have been, however, few systematic attempts to determine their views. This paper reports a study that explored researchers’ views as to (i) the amount of information provided to trial participants, and (ii) participants’ understanding of that information. Researchers generally felt that they were required to give trial participants an appropriate amount of information, and that most patients had at least a reasonable understanding of key aspects of the clinical trials’ process. However, there were differing views as to the level of information that they felt patients themselves wanted. The researchers did not generally feel that the patients’ inability to comprehend information rendered the process of obtaining ‘informed consent’ a waste of time. However, some did believe that they were required to burden patients with excessive information.
Research Section: English and Mathematics Teachers' Attitudes to Integration
Authors: Taverner Sally , Hardman Frank , Skidmore David
Published: March 2003

An attitude questionnaire completed by 102 teachers of English and mathematics on the integration of students with special education needs in the mainstream classroom indicated no significant differences in attitude between the two groups. Differences, however, were discernible when teacher training in special educational needs was considered; a situation which has implications for further study and for the inservice and initial training of teachers.
Overcoming Obstacles: Approaches to Dealing with Problem Pupils
Authors: Martin Hayley , Hayes Sid
Published: March 2003

Hayley Martin, Teacher of Physical Education at Beacon Community College, Crowborough, and Sid Hayes, Senior Lecturer in Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Sports and Leisure, University of Brighton, consider the effects of feedback to pupils, and identify successful strategies for dealing with problem behaviour.
Threats to the inclusive movement
Authors: Feiler Anthony , Gibson Howard
Published: March 2003

Anthony Feiler, senior lecturer in special needs, and Howard Gibson, senior lecturer in language and literature (both at Bath Spa University College),suggest that within the field of special educational needs the movement towards inclusion is endangered. Four key threats are explored: the lack of precisionin definitions of inclusion; the lack of research evidence; the tendency for some children to experience what is termed ‘internal exclusion’ inschools; and the continuing inclination to label children (as an example of labelling the media’s presentation of the term dyslexia is examined). Theauthors argue that if inclusion is to take hold in schools more attention needs to be paid to these threats.
Scoping and Hoping: The Provision of Speech and Language Therapy Services for Children with Special Educational Needs
Authors: McCartney Elspeth
Published: March 2003

Elspeth McCartney, Department of Speech and Language Therapy at the University of Strathclyde, reviews recent legislation and Government plans for the provision of speech and language therapy services for children with special educational needs and discusses issues which might be considered in a proposed DfEE ‘scoping study’.
The development of children’s ideas about others’ difficulties in learning
Authors: Lewis Ann
Published: March 2003

In this paper, Professor Ann Lewis, of the School of Education, University of Birmingham, reviews the literature and current research on pupils’ perceptions of others’ difficulties in learning. She focuses, in particular, on three strands: children’s perceptions about other people and their traits; children as ‘naïve’ biologists, attempting to explain growth and development in others; and children’s responses to and use of cues based on achievement and ideas about ability. In a wide‐ranging discussion, this article explores work on theory of mind and notes the different ways in which children explain learning difficulties in others at various ages. In her conclusion, Professor Lewis makes three key points: there is a need to supplement experimental work in this area with good quality, classroom‐based studies; more effort should be devoted to finding ways of accessing children’s views and perceptions in authentic and reliable ways; and staff working in inclusive classrooms are ideally placed to contribute to the development of research in this area.
New Guidance on the Use of Reasonable Force in Schools 1998
Authors: Allen Bernard
Published: March 2003

Bernard Allen, Headteacher of Southfield School, Wokingham, considers the implications of recent guidance concerning physical restraint and the use of reasonable force in schools.
IV and SEN: Using interactive video with special educational needs pupils
Authors: Chambers Philip
Published: March 2003

Ten pupils with moderate learning difficulties worked on a series of mathematics related activities while visiting a school providing a whole range of multi‐media. The investigation suggests that IV has a particular contribution to make in meeting special educational needs. In addition to specific benefits in the teaching and learning of mathematics, the technology proved to be a facilitator in the areas of geography and life skills. There was also some evidence to suggest that IV can help to raise self‐esteem, provide equal opportunities and support collaborative learning. Sense of ownership, language development and motivational characteristics, together with the promotion of attention and the accompanying benefit for teachers of the reduction of anxiety over discipline, are other factors suggesting the usefulness of the medium in this context.
The Adoption of Microcomputers for Instruction: Implications for Emerging Instructional Media Implementation
Authors: Gbomita Victor
Published: March 2003

Using the five‐stage innovation decision‐making process established by Rogers, it was determined that the overwhelming majority of Pennsylvania business education teachers have adopted microcomputer technology and use it to deliver instruction on a routine basis. In addition, it was determined that three factors demonstrated a significant relationship with adoption behavior, even though they had a low ability to predict such behavior. However, it appears that three other factors, i.e., attitude towards microcomputers, the characteristics of microcomputers, and a critical threshold mark for the adoption of microcomputers, may also have influenced the decision of Pennsylvania business education teachers to adopt microcomputers in their classroom. These findings suggest that, perhaps, in the adoption of a new instructional method, what really matters are individual’s attitude towards the new method, the characteristics of the new method, and the critical threshold mark for adopting the specific method.
Language Intervention: Computer Training for Young Children with Special Needs
Authors: Schery Teris , O’Connor Lisa
Published: March 2003

Three studies that explore the usefulness and effectiveness of computers for training language skills of young children with communication disabilities are reviewed. A study of eight toddlers with Down syndrome compared traditional individual language intervention with computer‐based instruction for developing comprehension of vocabulary and early grammatical patterns over a period of three months. Both approaches showed a similar, highly significant effect, indicating that computer‐based intervention was as successful as traditional one‐to‐one language therapy.

A second study used 52 children (ages 4–10) who were enrolled in special education classes for children with severe language, learning and behavioral disabilities. The effectiveness of adding twice a week, 30‐minute interactive computer language training sessions to the regular classsroom language curriculum was examined. Children showed significantly more progress in vocabulary, general language ability and social communication during the 10 week period they were receiving the computer training.

Lastly, the effectiveness of using a parent volunteer to work with toddlers on computer‐based language tasks was compared with language progress when these children worked with a professional speech language pathologist. Four out of five of the children showed more progress when working with the parent volunteer.

The article concludes with a discussion of educational considerations for planning computer‐based language intervention and includes a sample language lesson for the computer as well as software evaluation guidelines.
The Images for Teaching Education Project: developing multimedia resources within an integrative educational framework
Authors: Dillon Patrick , Tearle Penni , Hudson Alison
Published: March 2003

The University of Exeter heads a consortium which has developed multimedia resources primarily for initial teacher education. Amongst a range of resources produced are Critical Encounters in Secondary Education, which deals with critical incidents in the classroom and how to deal with them, Multimedia in the Learning Environment, which deals with both the nature of multimedia and how it may be used in support of a range of approaches to teaching and learning and English Chalklands which deals with interpretational and judgemental responses to landscape. The resources are described and discussed in the context of the educational framework which has been developed to guide their use.
Children and the Internet: experiments with minimally invasive education in India
Authors: Mitra Sugata , Rana Vivek
Published: March 2003

Urban children all over the world seem to acquire computing skills without adult intervention. Indeed this form of self‐instruction has produced hackers?children who can penetrate high tech security systems. Is this kind of learning dependent only on the availability of technology? We provided slum children in New Delhi with Internet access in their settlement. The paper describes the results obtained in the first month of unsupervised and unguided access. It is observed that children seem to understand and use the technology fluently. Language and formal education do not seem to make any significant difference.
Special Schools, Inclusion and the World Wide Web—the emerging research agenda
Authors: Abbott Chris , Cribb Alan
Published: March 2003

A comprehensive survey of UK special schools and Pupil Referral Units (PRUs) has shown that the rapid increase in Internet use on the part of mainstream schools has not been mirrored in special education. Despite this situation, interviews with IT coordinators and Headteachers in special schools and PRUs indicate some of the reasons for creation of special school WWW homepages. The interview data indicates concerns relating to issues of separation and inclusion that have been increased by recent moves towards inclusion as a goal within the special education sector.
ICT for adults with learning disabilities: an organisation‐wide audit
Authors: Aspinall Ann , Hegarty John R.
Published: March 2003

Microcomputers have recognised value for people with learning disability (mental retardation) and their use has been a feature of many service settings since the 1980s. Recent technological advances, such as the modern and powerful personal computers with multimedia capability and the Internet, have, however, not yet been widely adopted in day and residential services. The implications of these developments for service planning and management are not fully understood. A survey of microcomputer use for adults with learning disability within The Home Farm Trust, a UK national organisation for people with learning disability was carried out in the light of a planned organisation‐wide initiative to introduce modern information and communications technology (ICT) to service users. Results show that there had been a limited provision of computers within the organisation and that staffing and support for the introduction of new ICT were not fully in place. The findings are discussed in the light of research on the organisational requirements for effective ICT use. These requirements were built into the planning of a major initiative to equip the organisation with new ICT for its service users. Future research should lead to simple audit procedures to aid organisations develop effective ICT use.
Aligning learning, teaching and assessment using the web: an evaluation of pedagogic approaches
Authors: Hall Richard
Published: March 2003

Biggs has argued that teaching is most effective when it supports those activities appropriate to understanding the curriculum objectives. This paper uses Biggs’ argument to analyse how a UK higher education initiative, the Chic project, has promoted learning and teaching innovation that supports collaborative, inclusive learning by integrating on‐line and face‐to‐face delivery. Methods by which assessments, teaching processes and learning objectives can be aligned are discussed.

The author identifies two project approaches to the utilisation of on‐line materials within curriculum design. Staff and student questionnaires and interviews are evaluated in order to assess whether these processes promote a reflexive approach to learning. Such reflexivity depends upon stimulating the learner’s emotional involvement and active engagement in undertaking achievable tasks.

The paper argues that an integrated approach to on‐line learning and teaching can be used to promote students’ critical use, understanding and application of materials. Moreover, it is argued that this can be liberating for staff and students as long as there is a shared vision and experience upon which to act. Promoting motivation within a supportive and meaningful context is fundamental.
ICT and attainment at primary level
Authors: Goodison Terry
Published: March 2003

During the last six months the British Educational Communications and Technology Agency (BECTa) has published two reports (downloadable from ) on the relationship between information and communication technology (ICT) and attainment levels of primary school children in national tests. Together, they constitute a significant contribution to the debate over the place of ICT in our primary schools but they also raise a number of issues regarding the assumptions upon which they are based and the role of teaching staff in the successful exploitation of ICT in the classroom. This article provides a critical analysis of both reports and proposes ways in which the issues raised can be taken forward.
Evaluating online CPD using educational criteria derived from the experiential learning cycle
Authors: Friedman Andrew , Watts David , Croston Judith , Durkin Catherine
Published: March 2003

A set of educational evaluation criteria for online continuing professional development (CPD) courses is developed using Kolb’s (1984) experiential learning cycle theory. These criteria are used to evaluate five courses provided by online CPD websites. It was found that these online CPD courses neglect parts of the learning cycle. Suggestions for improvements in these areas are given.
E–Learning in Hong Kong: comparing learning outcomes in online multimedia and lecture versions of an introductory computing course
Authors: Kekkonen–Moneta Synnöve , Moneta Giovanni B
Published: March 2003

This paper evaluates the effectiveness of Web–based, highly interactive, and multimedia–rich e–learning materials by comparing students’ learning outcomes in the lecture and online versions of an introductory computing course. The course versions differed only in that face–to–face lectures were replaced with e–learning modules in the online course; the other course elements (laboratory sessions, use of computer–mediated communications, examinations) were the same. The e–learning trial took place at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, where the first author taught the lecture course to 105 students, and the online course to 180 and 129 students in the following semesters. The lecture and online students achieved comparable factual learning outcomes and the online students outperformed the lecture students in applied–conceptual learning. Findings suggest that the use of carefully designed interactive e–learning modules fosters higher–order learning outcomes.
Solidarity’s Abandonment of Worker Councils: Redefining Employee Stakeholder Rights in Post‐socialist Poland
Authors: Weinstein Marc
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the rejection of employee councils by Poland’s trade union Solidarity. In the historical institutional analysis in the first part of this paper, Solidarity’s early commitment to employee councils is traced to the evolution of ideas about economic reform that predominated in the union leadership. The impact of these dominant ideas are examined in the second half of the paper which relates Solidarity’s abandonment of employee councils to broadly held beliefs about the limited rights of employee stakeholders. Together, the qualitative and quantitative analysis demonstrates how trade unions’ strategies and their ideological underpinnings have shaped Poland’s postwar industrial relations institutions.
The Union Makes Us Strong? A Study of the Dynamics of Workplace Union Leadership at Two UK Manufacturing Plants
Authors: Greene Anne‐marie , Black John , Ackers Peter
Published: March 2003

This paper draws on qualitative case study evidence to investigate the way in which union leaders involved in two workplace organizations deal with the process of managing their role within the employment relationship. In particular, the influence of their leadership style on the commitment and participation of rank‐and‐file members is considered. The paper highlights the dialectical relationship between local leaders and members in terms of trade union democracy and local leadership style.