bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L51928 Integrity and Remaining Life of Pipe with Stress Corrosion Cracking
Authors: Cialone  , Williams
Published: August 2023

The CorLAS computer program for corrosion life assessment of piping and pressure vessels was found to provide very good predictions of actual SCC failure conditions, but it gave somewhat conservative predictions for very long cracks. This research project was undertaken to develop improvements to CorLAS.
L51583 Further Assessment of Modeling Methods for Multi-Phase Operation
Authors: Crowley
Published: August 2023

This report examines actual fluid flow data for gas/oil pipelines and compares the data to two-phase flow modeling methods. Field data from eight operating pipelines was compared. Measured pressure drop and measured overall holdup for the eight gas/oil and gas/condensate pipelines examined were compared against calculated values. The gas/condensate pipelines, Marlin, Viking, Prigg-St. Fergus, Seagull, were primarily in the slug regime in the uphill direction and in the stratified regime downhill.
L51500a Crankshaft Stress Reduction through Improved Alignment A Vol 1
Authors: Smalley
Published: August 2023

Four-volume report covering a two-year investigation of factors affecting crankshaft stress due to engine alignment conditions including foundation/grouting effects, unpredictable thermal growth and case load deflections. Two volumes are year-end reports, and two volumes are topical reports covering field tests (one sole-plate mounted and one grouted engine).
L51500b Crankshaft Stress Reduction through Improved Alignment B Vol 2
Authors: Smalley
Published: August 2023

Four-volume report covering a two-year investigation of factors affecting crankshaft stress due to engine alignment conditions including foundation/grouting effects, unpredictable thermal growth and case load deflections. Two volumes are year-end reports, and two volumes are topical reports covering field tests (one sole-plate mounted and one grouted engine).
PR-186-113718-R01 Facility Integrity Management Program Guidelines
Authors: Weichel Megan , Bensman Lynsay
Published: August 2023

Pipeline Integrity Management Programs (IMPs) are used by a vast majority of pipeline operators to ensure the integrity of the transmission infrastructure. However, there is a need for a systematic approach to managing the integrity of pipeline facilities. This Facility Integrity Management Program (FIMP) Guidelines document identifies a systematic approach that can be utilized. The document specifies the key elements, requirements, and end goals of a FIMP program.
PR-186-12204-R02 Guidelines on the Effects of Ethanol on Pump Stations and Terminal Facilities
Authors: Norfleet  , Quickel  , Beavers
Published: August 2023

Ethanol has been used for the last several years as an environmentally friendly alternative to methyl tertbutyl ether (MTBE), which is an oxygenate additive to gasoline, to increase octane levels, and to facilitate the combustion process. However, the need to find alternatives to imported oil and gas has spurred the increased use of ethanol as an alternative fuel source. Further, ethanol is being promoted as a potential trade-off for CO2 emissions from the burning of fossil fuels since CO2 is consumed by the plants used as the ethanol source. Legislation mandates a significant increase in ethanol usage as fuel over the next twenty years. The widespread use of ethanol will require efficient and reliable transportation from diverse ethanol producers to distribution terminals. Pipelines are, by far, the most cost-effective means of transporting large quantities of liquid hydrocarbons over long distances. For transporting ethanol, both existing pipeline infrastructure and new pipeline construction are being contemplated.

In companion PRCI projects, the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of pipeline steels and the performance of select elastomer seals/gaskets have been studied in fuel grade ethanol (FGE). The SCC study not only included piping grade steel, but also a cast steel that could be used in pumps. Many of the issues related to corrosion of pipeline steels have been resolved in these projects. However, to address completely the effect of ethanol and gasoline-ethanol blends in pipeline systems, investigation of the effects of ethanol on other components, such as pumps, valves, screens, springs, and metering devices was required. These components have different materials (e.g., non-ferrous alloys), different types of loading, and different exposure conditions.

This report serves as a guidance document for identifying and selecting appropriate materials of construction that are exposed to ethanol and ethanol blends pumped and stored at pump stations and terminal facilities. The guidelines provided in this document are a culmination of knowledge gained from industry surveys, literature reviews, long-term testing programs, and past performance.
L51946 Enhanced Implementation of MFL Using EMAT Sensors to Detect External Coating Disbondment
Authors: Nestleroth  , Alers
Published: August 2023

External coatings are used routinely to protect transmission pipelines from conditions that promote corrosion. However, over time coatings may disbond, allowing corrosion to occur. To detect metal loss due to corrosion defects, transmission pipeline operators often use magnetic flux leakage (MFL) in-line inspection tools. These tools do not detect the cause of an actual problem, i.e., failure of a coating and the presence of a corrosive environment; rather, they detect only the result, i.e., a defect that may permanently alter the pressure capacity of the pipeline. Metal loss is the most common defect that occurs at a disbond; however, it is not the only defect that can occur. Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) almost always occurs at disbonds. Information about disbonded and missing coatings, soil models, cathodic protection assessment, and related data could be used to assess a pipeline for the potential of cracking. Direct inspection of the coating could indicate potential problems that could lead to pipeline degradation that affects serviceability. SCC can be detected using in-line inspection technology, but such tools have a limited availability and limited success in natural gas pipelines, and the cost of inspection is high compared to MFL inspection.

A novel method for the in-line evaluation of a protective coating on a pipeline was shown to be feasible. The method involves the merging of two technologies, magnetic flux leakage (MFL) and electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs). The results of the testing performed at the Pipeline Simulation Facility showed three technical accomplishments. First, EMATs could be designed to work with the magnetic fields produced by an MFL tool, although fields 2 to 3 times greater are usually optimal for EMAT sensors. Second, the EMAT transmitter and receiver could be mounted on an MFL inspection tool without interfering with the corrosion detection sensors. Finally, the EMAT sensors as implemented on the MFL pig could detect missing coating and disbonds on wrapped tar coating. While technical issues remain that would broaden the applicability, the immediate implementation of this technology for specific coating problems is possible.
L52362 Assessing the Performance of Above Ground Coating Evaluation Surveys
Authors: Ukiwe  , McDonnell
Published: August 2023

The primary application area for above ground coating evaluation (AGCES) methods is for unpiggable pipelines. For several reasons, however, AGCES methods are not necessarily limited along these narrow lines. For instance, most ILI tools are incapable of identifying external corrosion (which resulted from coating damage overtime) until the wall loss damage has reached the measurable detection threshold of the ILI tool. Thus, even for piggable pipelines, AGCES methods still come in handy for pipeline integrity. In fact, the most proactive approach for pipeline corrosion integrity management for the future will include complementary surveys, such as ECDA and ICDA, all super-imposed and integrated on a common GIS framework for comparative and comprehensive data analysis. Within the pipeline industry there exist divergent views about the AGCES methods, their principles of operation, and limitations. An important defining point about AGCES methods is simple this: they are indirect inspection methods for identifying and classifying external coating damage; they are not - and should not be - tied to the functionalities of any specific proprietary tools or hardware manufactures. The second statement requires further qualification. Confusion is often created among users of AGCES methods when the names of certain coating survey tool are interchanged with the specific survey methods in question. For instance, company A manufactures a device C for detecting coating anomalies. The tendency within the industry is to call the coating survey method such names as "C Survey" or "C Coating Survey". The problem created in this instance is to limit AGCES methods to what device C can capture; the quality of the data become handicapped by that of device C. Industry standards have been created to avoid the fore-going pitfalls. Hence, rather than limit survey methods to the specifications of a given proprietary tool, attempts should be made to manufacture and design tools to meet industry standards. The result will be uniformity of methodology, the only distinctions being speed of data acquisition, methods of data analysis, and possibly, other subtle differences in technological advancements. Included in this distinction is the use of analog versus digital data acquisition methods. Of course, all that has been described so far assumes that the industry standards referenced captures all the details of an effective coating evaluation survey method, including known and even perceived limitations.
PR-261-103703-R01 Internal Coatings Evaluation for Energy Transmission
Authors: Botros  , Sterling  , Geerligs
Published: August 2023

This document describes the evaluation of the use of internal pipeline coatings. The evaluation includes a software tool suitable for comparison of net present value of various coating options.
PR-309-09202-R01 Long Term Field Test of In-Situ NOx Sensors in Lean Burn Engines and Gas Turbines
Authors: Ashton  , Richter  , Lam
Published: August 2023

Three sensor packages with remote monitoring were installed in conjunction with a Continuous Emissions Monitoring System (CEMS) on a gas turbine, lean burn two stroke and four stroke gas engines mid 2009. Data was taken for a combined total of 11,065 hours of operation.
PR-343-10604-R01 Auto-Adjust and Auto-Checking Capabilities of Dual Rotor Turbine Meters
Authors: Zanker
Published: August 2023

The goals of this project were twofold: (1) to test various piping configurations that are typically installed upstream of the AGA-9 recommended default meter run to determine if the configurations can cause significant installation bias, and (2) to determine if any of the tested configurations cause sufficiently little bias to become acceptable design practice. The approach was to use three commercially-available ultrasonic flow meters to monitor changes in flow measurement accuracy and variations in the velocity profiles from common piping configurations typically installed upstream of the AGA-9 recommended default meter run. The tests were performed under controlled conditions in the SwRI Metering Research Facility (MRF) High Pressure Loop (HPL) and were designed to compare a baseline unidirectional AGA-9 recommended default installation, without upstream piping disturbances, to common piping configurations with piping disturbances upstream of the baseline run.
PR-339-093702-R02 Human Factors Influences on Pipeline Damage Intervention Recommendations and User Guide
Authors: Atwood  , Franklin-Alderman
Published: August 2023

This is a User's Guide that identifies practical Human Factors recommended actions to address the top 25 encroachment detection and pipeline damage concerns for the pipeline industry. These 25 items are identified based on interviews with a range of international pipeline operations. This copy of the User's Guide is dated July 2012 and is an update to the initial draft of February 2012. The User's Guide is identical to Appendix D of the Final Report for the Phase II work on Human Factors Influences on Pipeline Damage.

This report has a related webinar.
PR-406-113713-R01 Subsea Pipeline Integrity Management SPIM 1-1 Industry Standards Draft Document
Authors: Botto  , Garcia  , Trujillo
Published: August 2023

Final Report prepared by Wood Group Integrity Management (WGIM) for the development of SPIM plans and programs. The document provides general guidelines for subsea IM and may serve as the basis for standards development. The report is posted for Project Team review of tchnical content. Some formatting remains to be address with WGIM and when completed will be posted as a revised copy. No editorial or technical changes will be made during the formatting correction process.
PR-015-11211-R01 Mechanical Seal Auxiliary Systems Guideline
Authors: Poerner
Published: August 2023

The reliance on centrifugal pumps the world over implies a heavy reliance on mechanical seals. In order to get the highest level of performance from the seals, auxiliary systems are used either to condition the seal operating environment or monitor the systems and detect failures. Current standards already exist that recommend seal auxiliary systems based on certain pump operating conditions, and are widely accepted in the industry both among seal end-users and vendors. And because of their knowledge on the actual seals, the vendors are the primary source for end-users to receive designs and equipment for the auxiliary systems.

All of these systems will rely on a number of components that will be selected based on the seals, the operating conditions, and the requirements of the end-user�s facility. Therefore, accurate details for the range of operating conditions of the pump and the product must be supplied to the vendors; that way the vendors can properly specify the seal and the required auxiliary systems.

For example, if the product is expected to have considerable contaminants, a filter/separator may be recommended to prevent the contaminants from depositing on the seal faces. If the product will be considerably high in temperature, the recommendation may be to include a cooler to reduce heat build-up in the seals. However, regardless of how well the seal environment is conditioned, it is still expected that the seals will fail. When this failure does occur, additional components may also be selected that will attempt to reduce the amount of product released. These leak detection components are also considered auxiliary system for the seal. Monitoring components can also be used to detect and possibly predict when this failure might occur, thereby, possibly avoiding the unplanned failure altogether.

In the future use of seal auxiliary systems, it is this monitoring and trending of operating data that is becoming more critical. Much of the required technology to perform this trending is already in existence; but it is only slowly being adopted, with some possible advances in technology adding to the accuracy and reliability of the trended predictions and detections.
PR-415-124508-R01 Strain-Based Design and Assessment State-of-Art Review
Authors: Meyer  , Carson
Published: August 2023

This report provides an overview and introduction to the use of strain-based design and assessment (SBDA) approaches to ensure mechanical integrity for pipelines that may be (design focus) or have been (operational focus) subjected to significant ground deformation. Appropriately designed pipelines subjected to significant ground deformation can accommodate longitudinal bending loads that induce tension and/or compression loads well beyond yield without impacting pressure containment. Strain-based procedures for evaluating and ensuring pipeline integrity for such potential pipeline hazards are being safely used today for both offshore and onshore pipelines. The fundamental concepts and structure of the strain-based design (SBD) approach are well-established, but not widely known across industry or consistently addressed by regulatory and standards bodies. This report seeks to outline the current state-of-art for SBDA, including how it works in tandem with conventional stress-based design. The goal is to advance the understanding of SBDA within the PRCI community and to identify future work that could be conducted within industry to facilitate the appropriate use of SBDA to meet industry�s goal of ensuring pipeline integrity.
PR-179-12207-R01 Performance Measurements of Oxidation Catalyst on an Exhaust Slipstream
Authors: Olsen  , Neuner
Published: August 2023

Oxidation catalysts are effective at reducing CO, formaldehyde, and VOCs as long as the catalyst temperature is above the light-off temperature for each species. It is important to understand the effects of temperature and space velocity on regulated species in order to effectively apply oxidation catalyst technology to lean burn engines, in particular 2-stroke engines that typically have lower exhaust temperatures. Various catalysts were tested on an exhaust slipstream coupled to a 4-stroke lean-burn engine which allows tests to be conducted at different temperatures and flow rates. The effect of the oxidation catalysts on NO2 and odor are also discussed.
PR-445-133727-R01 Vapor Plume Detection - Report Compilation and Summary
Authors: Vanderkooy  , McAlary
Published: August 2023

Detecting small leaks of liquid hydrocarbons from underground pipelines is difficult using currently available techniques. Hundreds of thousands of miles of aging pipelines run through North America alone and the incidence of small leaks is expected to increase as time goes on. This research was aimed at evaluating two alternative methods for leak detection: 1) monitoring petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) vapors at or above ground surface over the leaked product, or 2) using plants as visual sensors to indicate the presence of a leak below. Four reports were generated, including: 1) mathematical modeling of subsurface vapor transport and atmospheric dispersion, 2) comparison of the model simulations to empirical data, 3) a review of available portable sensing technologies to detect PHC vapors, and 4) a review of mechanisms and species of plants that could be used as pipeline leak sensors.
PR-398-133725-R01 Large Standoff Magnetometry Techniques for Above the Pipe Integrity Assessment
Authors: Wall  , Lee
Published: August 2023

The project is part of the PRCI research program on above the pipe NDE methods. The scope is as follows:� initial phase assessment of received data sets (up to 20 in total) from PRCI members; agree with PRCI the extent of analysis required; obtain and review data sets and report where possible knowledge gaps. Establish contacts with technology suppliers, end users, partners, etc.; perform analysis of data to identify reliability (POD), correct calls, misses, false calls, etc.; and summarizes findings in a report for PRCI.

In total more than 70 individual LSM datasets have been reviewed and analysed, from data provided from 5 separate companies and comprising LSM trial data from pipeline and in-plant inspections by 18 companies using MTM, SCT, and MMM. The length inspected in individual datasets varies from several hundred feet of in-plant pipework many to miles of pipeline segments.
PR-276-04503-R02 Multi-Scale Mechanics and Welding Process Simulation in Weld Integrity Assessment
Authors: Wilkowski
Published: August 2023

This report is on a jointly funded project by DOE and PRCI. The DOE version of this report was separately published in 2008. This project dealt with various aspects of prediction of the stress-based and strain-based girthweld flaw tolerance of linepipe steels, as well as some supplementary investigations.
PR-283-10204-R01 Prevent Variable Guide Vane Lock-up - Solar Gas Turbines with Intermittent Operation
Authors: Thomas  , Tucker  , Cowell
Published: August 2023

A study was completed to demonstrate that a guide vane field refurbishment process and improved maintenance practices are effective at preventing corrosion and lock-up of the guide vanes of Solar�s Taurus 60-7802S gas turbine operated in intermittent duty. A Taurus 60 engine located at Dominion�s Crayne compressor station was refurbished and operated over a five year period using maintenance practices to slow the build-up of corrosion. The visible condition of the VGV assembly on this Test Unit was monitored and the guide vane actuator force measured to assess if corrosion build-up was occurring. A second co-located Taurus 60 served as a Control Unit to validate that the environment and operating profile were conducive to corrosion build-up. The Control Unit was not modified with the exception that electric actuators were installed on both units so that the VGV actuator force could be measured. The engines logged over 18,000 hours of operation during the test period after which, both units were pulled for overhaul. A detailed inspection and assessment was completed with extensive photographic documentation of the condition of the hardware. The actuator force measured during the start sequence for each of the engines was compared. The Test Unit actuator force varied from 180 to 265 lbf, while the Control Unit had a considerably larger variation of 170 to 315 lbf. The Control Unit suffered a guide vane lock-up event in June of 2014.
PR-201-144503-R01 Guidelines for Using Composite Systems to Repair High Pressure Pipelines
Authors: Alexander
Published: August 2023

This document, Guidelines for Using Composite Systems to Repair High Pressure Gas and Liquid Transmission Pipelines, was prepared for the Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. to provide direction for operators of high pressure transmission pipelines in using composite repair technologies. This guideline document provides technically sound and supported guidance to pipeline operators for the selection, design, and installation of composite repairs that allow the continued safe operation of the repaired pipelines. The guideline also provides essential elements for gaining regulatory acceptance of these repair methods and systems.
L52140 Hydrate Control for Gas Storage Operations
Authors: Savidge
Published: August 2023

A principal objective of this project was to identify low cost hydrate control options and related equipment for monitoring, managing, and when possible, eliminating hydrate problems in natural gas storage field operations. Another goal of the project was to identify a means to permit storage field operators to monitor hydrate blockage development and take pre-emptive actions to minimize the operational impact of hydrate blockages.
TDZL969 Application of Reliability-based Design and Assessment to Onshore Natural Gas Pipelines
Authors: Zhou  , Nessim
Published: August 2023

This work aims at establishing reliability-based methods as a useable tool for the design and assessment of onshore natural gas pipelines. This work focuses on several practical issues related to the application of ultimate limit state targets for a given pipeline.
L52064 Unique Properties of Seams in Early-Generation Pipelines
Authors: Hart
Published: August 2023

Pipeline operators have often managed the integrity of early generation seam welds through hydrostatic testing. More recently, in-line inspection (ILI) technologies have emerged as another option to identify seam weld defects that could affect pipeline integrity. However, the methods for evaluating the severity of seam weld defects are still evolving. The current industry practice is to repair any crack-like seam weld defect
PR-015-113601-R02 Validation of Internal Corrosion Threat Models for Dry Natural Gas Pipelines
Authors: He Xihua
Published: August 2023

This report documents the verification and validation (of the probabilistic models developed previously to predict internal corrosion (IC) threats in nominally dry natural gas pipelines. Model uncertainty quantification showed that "low temperature, high pressure" posed the greatest IC threat. To validate the model, actual measurements were compared to model-predicted wall loss. The comparison included information from an IC failure, investigated by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), with in-line inspection (ILI) data sets from five pipeline operators. Two of the pipeline operator data sets showed wall loss measurements either evenly distributed at all locations around the circumfer-ence of the pipe or predominantly at the top of the pipe. These measurements agreed with negligible wall loss predicted by the model. Two other operator data sets measured significant wall loss occurring at the bottom of the pipe. These measurements agreed with non-negligible risk of IC also predicted by the mod-el. The 5th operator data set confirmed the analysis of ILI data uncertainty and corroborated the validation results. For the NTSB investigated failure, the model prediction is in good agreement with the post-failure examination because the model predicted a very high IC risk for this pipeline that failed. This validation provides increased confidence that the previously developed models can differentiate between negligible and non-negligible wall loss occurring in a dry natural gas pipeline.
XCV843A0 Soil-Pipeline Interaction in Frozen Ground
Authors: Liu
Published: August 2023

Phases 1 and 2 of a study to assess the stresses induced on a pipeline buried in frozen ground. The study includes:

A literature review
Laboratory geo-mechanical tests
Laboratory mid-scale uplift testing
Numerical model development and calibration
Sensitivity analysis
Parametric analysis
L51568 Fracture Behavior of Stress Relieved Girth Welds
Authors: Glover  , Lazor
Published: August 2023

A study to determine how welding residual stresses should be addressed in applying fitness-for-purpose principles to pipeline girth welds in the elastic-plastic fracture regime.
GHHEN6P Risk Assessment and Decision Process for Delta-Pressuring of Natural Gas Storage Reservoirs
Authors: Foh
Published: August 2023

Delta-pressuring of gas storage reservoirs is a means to economically increase storage capacity to meet increasing gas demand in a given locale. This process of increasing the operating pressure of a reservoir to levels not used before poses some risks. A risk-based decision tool is presented for helping technical and business managers in the overall decision process by estimating the relative risks associated with delta pressuring for specific reservoirs, and comparing the risk cost to the economic benefits of delta pressuring.
L52072 Literature Review - Formaldehyde Formation Mechanisms in Large Bore Natural Gas Engines
Authors: Mitchel  , Olsen  , Fletcher
Published: August 2023

Previous work has shown that the only hazardous air pollutant of significance in the emissions from large natural gas engines is formaldehyde. In consequence, a detailed literature review was carried out in order to assess the current state of knowledge about formaldehyde formation mechanisms and evaluate its applicability to gas engines. Of particular interest was the identification of locations, events and operating conditions in large-bore engines which favor formaldehyde formation or its destruction. To complete the review and create this report, available technical databases were searched, abstracts were reviewed, and key publications were identified and then read thoroughly. The report has four main sections: first, a brief introduction and problem statement; second, an extensive review of possible formaldehyde formation mechanisms and paths to engine-out emissions; third, an evaluation of factors which may affect formaldehyde emissions from large-bore gas engines; and finally a statement of conclusions and suggestions for further work.
L51992 Centrifuge Modeling of Frost Heave of Chilled Buried Pipelines
Authors: Morgan
Published: August 2023

This project considers some of the geotechnical and geothermal engineering issues that will need to be considered for the design and construction of large diameter gas transmission pipelines from the arctic production areas to southern markets. The challenges relate to determination of the frost heave and thaw settlement behaviour of a pipeline as it crosses from areas of continuous permafrost, through discontinuous zones to completely unfrozen ground conditions. The use of chilled gas will overcome some problems in already frozen ground but will cause frost heave where a frost bulb is formed through unfrozen ground. A series of centrifuge tests to model a 1.22m (48�) diameter pipeline, 25m (82) long has been performed to investigate the effects of frost heave on chilled buried gas pipelines. The use of centrifuge tests allows reduced scale models to be tested under similar geotechnical stress conditions and in significantly shorter duration than at full-scale. In addition, the use of engineered artificial soil allows a range of site conditions to be investigated.
PR-015-08200-R01 PRCI State-of-the-Art Pipeline Pump Station Technology Study
Authors: McKee  , Poerner
Published: August 2023

The overall objectives of the project were to identify major issues for liquid pipeline operations, possible technologies to mitigate these issues, and directions forward for improving overall pipeline operations. The study included a visit to pump stations to inspect the equipment and interview operators. A database of state-of-the-art technologies for pump stations was developed and classified. New technologies were assessed to determine their potential applicability.
PR-015-06603-R02 Tests of Instruments for Measuring Hydrocarbon Dew Points in Natural Gas Streams Phase 2
Authors: George  , Hart
Published: August 2023

Research has assessed the accuracy of two commercially-available hydrocarbon dew point (HCDP) analyzers, an Ametek� Model 241 CE II and a Michell Condumax II. During a previous phase of this project, both automated analyzers, along with a Bureau of Mines chilled mirror device serving as a reference, were tested on gravimetrically-prepared gas blends chosen to simulate a transmission-quality gas and a production gas. The measurement repeatability of both units was found to be better than the manual chilled mirror. Trends in the analyzer and manual chilled mirror measurements suggested that differences in performance between the automated units were related to their measurement techniques and default set points. During the second phase of the project, the Ametek and Michell automated analyzers were tested again on the transmission-quality test gas used in Phase 1, but with specific levels of contamination added to gain knowledge of their performance under adverse conditions. In one round of tests, water vapor was added to simulate a transmission gas with water vapor levels above common tariff specifications. In the second round of tests, the test gas contained both methanol and water vapor, simulating a stream to which methanol has been added to prevent hydrates. Contaminants were added to the test gas stream in amounts such that, depending upon the pressure of the test stream, the contaminant dew point would be reached first, the HCDP would be reached first, or the two phases would condense simultaneously. Multiple HCDP measurements were made with the analyzers to determine their ability to accurately measure HCDPs under these adverse conditions. Analyzer results were again compared to HCDP measurements taken with the Bureau of Mines chilled mirror device and a digital video camera. Results were adjusted for small changes in the heavy hydrocarbon content of the test gases over time, using predictions from an equation of state and gas chromatographic analyses of the test gases.
DTPH56-05-T-003 The Assessment of Corrosion Damage in Pipelines Subject to Cyclic Pressure Loading
Authors: Swankie Troy
Published: August 2023

A range of methods exist for assessing the remaining strength of a corroded pipeline under static pressure loading and these have now matured to the extent that they are incorporated in regulations and standards. However, there is currently no guidance for assessing the performance of a corroded pipeline under cyclic pressure loading. This is of potential concern to operators where there are significant pressure variations, for example where there is a demand for linepack storage and in liquid pipelines. It is possible that a corrosion defect could be assessed as acceptable for the maximum operating pressure of a pipeline, but fail by fatigue due to internal pressure fluctuations. Advantica has been contracted by PRCI and DOT to develop an assessment method for pipelines containing corrosion defects which are subject to fluctuating pressure loadings. This forms the subject of the present report. The method involves estimating the stress raising effect of the corrosion defect to determine the enhanced cyclic stress range associated with the feature. This stress range is then used with a stress � life (S-N) curve to derive the fatigue life of the corrosion defect. This life can then be used to determine if the defect is acceptable, or the time until a repair is required.
PR-179-10211-R01 Advanced Control Techniques and Sensors for Gas Engines with NSCR
Authors: Gattoni  , Olsen
Published: August 2023

High exhaust emissions reduction efficiencies from a spark ignited (SI) internal combustion engine utilizing an NSCR catalyst system requires complex fuel control strategies. The allowable equivalence ratio operating range is very narrow where NSCR systems achieve high exhaust emissions reduction efficiencies of multiple species. Current fuel control technologies utilizing lambda sensor feedback are reported to be unable to sustain these demands for extended operation periods and when transients are introduced. Lambda sensor accuracy is the critical issue with current fuel controllers. The goal of this project was to develop a minimization control algorithm utilizing a Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) sensor installed downstream of the NSCR catalyst system for feedback air/fuel ratio control. When the engine is operated lean, NOx is produced and the NOx sensor responds accordingly. When the engine is operated rich, the NSCR catalyst system produces Ammonia. The NOx sensor has a cross sensitivity to Ammonia and responds as though it has been exposed to NOx. This behavior provides an opportunity for a unique control strategy that allows lambda sensor calibration to be ignored. Testing was performed on a 100kW rated Cummins-Onan generator set that was reconfigured to operate utilizing an electronic gas carburetor (EGC2) with lambda sensor feedback and high reduction efficiency NSCR catalyst system. The control algorithm was programmed utilizing a Labview interface that communicated with the electronic gas carburetor where the fuel trim adjustment was physically made. Improvement under steady state operation was observed. The system was also evaluated during load and fuel composition transients.
PR-003-084506-Z01 Fracture Control Technology for Transmission Pipelines
Authors: Leis  , EIber
Published: August 2023

This work was initiated in the Spring of 2001, with the objective of revising NG-18 Report 208,to correct several aspects of concern, and to comment on key developments over that interval. Over the subsequent years, the report's contents were considered dated, but still of value, while also impacted by severalrecent significant developments involving fracture initiation and propagation. A contract was negotiated and work began in 2008 to address those issues, and to recast software compiled in regard to the initial report on now outdated platforms for use with a current Windows interface. Also, perspective has been added in light of major developments since in areas relevant to the original scope. It is noted in this context that the software delivered with this package, and the examples in the several Appendices, reflect the technology as that work was completed.

This report and software are suitable for historical and background purposes only.
PR-214-114504-R01 Development of Sleeve End Fillet Weld Fitness for Service Assessment
Authors: Dinovitzer Aaron
Published: August 2023

Full encirclement repair sleeves with fillet-welded ends are often used as permanent repairs on pipelines to reinforce and develop pressure retaining repairs on areas with defects, such as cracks, dents, or corrosion. In-service failures have occurred at pressure retaining sleeves as a result of defects associated with the sleeve welds, such as hydrogen-induced cracks, undercut at the fillet welds and inadequate weld size. Currently, there are no reliable methods to carry out a quantitative fitness for service assessment for a sleeve fillet weld with a weld fault because:

- The stresses at the sleeve end fillet weld roots and toes are not easily determined;

- Stress intensity factor solutions are not available for the sleeve fillet weld geometry; and

- Ccurrent inspection procedures cannot effectively define the size of weld defects.

Following completion of a sleeve fillet weld it is currently common practice to carry out a visual inspection and magnetic particle inspection (MPI) to determine whether weld toe defects exist. With continuing advances in nondestructive examination (NDE) technologies, the ability to not only inspect for toe and root flaws but also to size these cracks is becoming a reality. The current project has developed a flaw acceptance criteria which will fill gaps in the available engineering critical assessment procedures for sleeve repairs on all grades of pipelines.
PR-322-05215-R01 Solid Model Analysis for Pipeline Pump Size-Type 12X14X19 DVS-E
Authors: Hessman
Published: August 2023

A One-Dimensional analysis was performed on the selected 12x14x19 DVS pump. The purpose is to identify the pump�s hydraulic, leakage, disk friction and mechanical losses to gain insight on the areas where performance improvements can be directed.
L52194 Detection of Third Party Encroachment Using Satellite Based Remote Sensing Technologies
Authors: Puestow
Published: August 2023

Building on past experience, it was the objective of this investigation to automate the satellite-based detection of encroachment events, to improve target detection and reduce false alarms using radar and optical imagery and to investigate the integration of one-call services into the process flow. Algorithm development for target detection using optical imagery was carried out with the intention to facilitate the future integration of unmanned airborne vehicle (UAV) technology into the process. The capacity of the multitemporal algorithm was extended to enable the detection of area changes in addition to vehicle targets. The integration of existing notification services in the satellite-based approach was examined. A satellite-based encroachment monitoring system is now in place to undertake large-scale field demonstrations over 100 to 200 miles of right-of-way for a period of several months, preceded by a pre-service calibration phase of several weeks to adjust the procedures to local conditions. A constant false alarm rate between 5 and 10% can be achieved after a service period of 8 to 10 months.
PR-244-9827-R07 Development of Local Buckling Criteria for Corroded Pipelines
Authors: Chen  , Fuglem  , Kariyawasam
Published: August 2023

This report presents the layout of limit state functions, development of regression equations that define the reduced resistance to local buckling due to corrosion defects, and the calibration of partial safety factors. Examples were included to demonstrate the application of proposed criteria to the assessment of in-service pipelines with corrosion defects.
L51879 Effect of Y-T Ratio on Mechanical Damage Tolerance for Strain-Limit Pipeline Design
Authors: Yoosef-Ghodsi  , Zimmerman
Published: August 2023

This work investigates the effect of the yield-to-tensile strength ratio (Y/T) has on the mechanical damage tolerances of steel pipelines subject to high strain loading conditions. The work includes full-scale tests and the development of an analytical model for calculating longitudinal tensile strain capacity. The tests were designed to simulate the type of loading that occurs in a pipeline subjected to a �significant ground movement event, and they involved pressurized tension tests on short, full pipe sections that contained artificially-manufactured, circumferentially-oriented dent-gouge defects. A total of 26 tests were performed on pipe specimens with Y/T values ranging from 0.81 to 0/93 and Charpy toughness ranging from 64 to 115 J.
PR-186-04301-R01 Corrosion Prevention of Pipeline Drips
Authors: Yunovich  , Eckert  , Cookingham
Published: August 2023

The objectives of the research were to (1) characterize industry practices for maintenance of drips, (2) develop guidelines for drip maintenance to prevent corrosion, and (3) prepare a manual on drip maintenance to be used for training and/or implementation.
PR-185-0351-R07 Welding Processes for Small to Medium Diameter Pipe - Productivity and Economic Analysis
Authors: Harris  , Patel  , Vaze
Published: August 2023

The project aimed to develop innovative welding processes and technologies for single-sided pipeline girth welding. Root pass welding techniques were emphasized since they have the greatest potential to improve pipeline integrity and facilitate the use of new and existing gas metal arc welding (GMAW) fill pass techniques. Advanced automation techniques were also used to improve weld quality, process control, and robustness. The objective of Task 7 was to examine the competing productivity and economic factors involved in selecting the appropriate technology for a particular pipeline project.
L52105 Improvement in Performance in the Mark III Elastic Wave
Authors: Nieland  , Ying
Published: August 2023

The Elastic Wave (EW) technology has a proven record of detecting longitudinal cracking in gas and liquid pipelines. However, the historical dig success rate for this inspection tool is only 1 in 4; i.e. for every four excavations carried out by pipeline operators, following an EW inspection, typically a crack or crack field will only be found at one of those excavations.

This project set out to: Understand the ultrasonic data available to the inspection tool, establish whether there is information in the raw signal to differentiate between cracks and non-cracks, develop potential crack discrimination techniques, and determine how the on-board electronics and off-board software should be changed to capture this ultrasonic data and enable more reliable defect classification leading to a significantly improved dig success rate. The project has been completed. A validated FE ultrasonic simulation model was produced. An automatic defect classification technique has been developed, which exploits differences in the frequency responses from crack and lamination signals. Experimental results show that 97% of defects can be classified correctly with this technique. A suitable on-board data compression technique was identified and a feasibility study showed that it could be implemented by modifying the EW tool and analysis software.
L52106 Cathodic Protection Gap Analysis
Authors: Gummow
Published: August 2023

This report contains the results of a review of the cathodic protection research literature on pipelines, published over the last 20 years, with the primary objective to identify areas of cathodic protection technology that require further research efforts. Over 100 research reports and papers were examined, most of which were PRCI sponsored projects. The summary, conclusions, and recommendations of the research reports are included in key word searchable form. A synopsis of the more significant projects is included along with reasoned recommendations for additional research on 15 topics summarized in typical PRCI request-for-proposal format. The recommended research projects, some of which overlap, cover the following areas of interest: development of CP design models, CP design fundamentals such as criteria, current distribution, and current requirements, pipeline potential measurement techniques, stray current interference, and cathodic disbondment/shielding of protective coatings.
L52098 AC Corrosion
Authors: Yunovich  , Thompson
Published: August 2023

The objectives of this project were to (1) verify the existence of AC corrosion and (2) determine under what conditions AC corrosion is a problem in typical high voltage, AC current, power corridors.
L52029 Ultrasonic Inspection of Hot Tap Branch and Repair Sleeve-Fillet Welds Using Phased Arrays
Authors: Lozev
Published: August 2023

The objective of this project was to develop an ultrasonic phased-array (PA) technology for reliable detection of weld discontinuities, especially hydrogen-induced cracking, in branch-to-carrier pipe welds for hot taps and sleeve-to-carrier pipe welds for welded repair sleeves.
NR197503 Technological Aspects of the Continuous-Casting Process and the Quality of Pipe Steels
Authors: Stein E.M. , Elsea A. R.
Published: August 2023

This report discusses various aspects of the continuous-casting process that should be of interest to the users of line pipe. In reviewing the casting processes, particular attention was devoted to the processing and the metallurgical quality of products, especially pipe steels, produced by the continuous-casting process as compared to those produced by the conventional ingot process. The purpose of this study was to present a comparison between the conventional ingot and continuous-casting processes based on in formation in the literature and on the author's own experience. Of principal concern were those metallurgical characteristics of the products from the two processes that would be expected to influence their performance in line-pipe applications.
NR198709 Evaluation of a Heat-Treated X80 Grade Pipe
Authors: Williams  , Maxey
Published: August 2023

Steel producers have developed in recent years a number of new types of line pipe to meet demand for high strength pipe with superior low temperature toughness and good field weldability. Obtaining independent evaluation of these new products is the objective, so that information on these pipes will be available when construction activities increase.

Tests to determine the susceptibility of the pipe to hydrogen-induced stepwise cracking showed it to be susceptible; considerable cracking was observed after exposure to the NACE test solution. The pipe was not produced for use in the transport of sour gas, so a sulfide inclusion shape control addition had not been made. Presumably, resistance to hydrogen-induced stepwise cracking would have been significantly improved if such an addition had been made.
NR199202 Fiber Optic Fabry-Perot Sensors for Combustion Chamber Monitor
Authors: Taylor
Published: August 2023

Presently, there is no way to continuously measure pressure and temperature in engines over extended periods of operation. Reliable fiber optic sensor networks supplying data to computerized engine control systems could lead to fuel economies in the millions of dollars per year.

The goal of this project is to demonstrate the utilization of a new fiber optic sensor technology in engines used for the pumping of natural gas.
L51881 Fracture Arrest Assessment Program (FRAAP) Users Manual
Authors: Stephens Mark
Published: August 2023

This document describes a software program that has been developed by C-FER Technologies to assess the fracture arrest capability of older vintage, natural gas pipelines. A probabilistic analysis approach is ideally suited to the problem since it offers a way to quantitatively address the inherent variability in the geometric and mechanical properties of line pipe and the uncertainties associated with the various methods and models currently available to estimate pipe properties from limited data sets and to determine the conditions necessary to achieve fracture arrest.