bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ellipsoidal topographic potential: New solutions for spectral forward gravity modeling of topography with respect to a reference ellipsoid
Authors: Claessens S. J. , Hirt C.
Published: October 2013

Forward gravity modeling in the spectral domain traditionally relies on spherical approximation. However, this level of approximation is insufficient for some present day high‐accuracy applications. Here we present two solutions that avoid the traditional spherical approximation in spectral forward gravity modeling. The first solution (the extended integration method) applies integration over masses from a reference sphere to the topography and applies a correction for the masses between ellipsoid and sphere. The second solution (the harmonic combination method) computes topographic potential coefficients from a combination of surface spherical harmonic coefficients of topographic heights above the ellipsoid, based on a relation among spherical harmonic functions introduced by Claessens (2005). Using a degree 2160 spherical harmonic model of the topographic masses, both methods are applied to derive the Earth's ellipsoidal topographic potential in spherical harmonics. The harmonic combination method converges fastest and—akin to the EGM2008 geopotential model—generates additional spherical harmonic coefficients in spectral band 2161 to 2190 which are found crucial for accurate evaluation of the ellipsoidal topographic potential at high degrees. Therefore, we recommend use of the harmonic combination method to model ellipticity in spectral‐domain forward modeling. The method yields ellipsoidal topographic potential coefficients which are “compatible” with global Earth geopotential models constructed in ellipsoidal approximation, such as EGM2008. It shows that the spherical approximation significantly underestimates degree correlation coefficients among geopotential and topographic potential. The topographic potential model is, for example, of immediate value for the calculation of Bouguer gravity anomalies in fully ellipsoidal approximation.
Hydration adjacent to a deeply subducting slab: The roles of nominally anhydrous minerals and migrating fluids
Authors: Hebert Laura B. , Montési Laurent G. J.
Published: October 2013

Subduction‐related transport of water into the mantle has significant dynamical and geochemical implications. Dehydration of hydrous phases within the slab can introduce water into the transition zone and lower mantle, potentially hydrating nominally anhydrous minerals (NAM) and impacting the viscosity and density structure of the mantle over a wide area. We present models of fluid transport and mantle hydration in the vicinity of a deeply subducting slab, focusing on the fate of water released by deep dehydration reaction in the subducted serpentinized mantle. A sharp decrease in water storage capacity across the lower boundary of the transition zone may produce “secondary dehydration” of hydrated NAM, leading to precipitation of a hydrous fluid and heterogeneous hydration of the transition zone. Rapid fluid migration relative to the solid flow field can lead to a broad region of diffuse hydration within the upper mantle wedge and the potential for localized melt regions at the top of the transition zone coincident with fluid pathways. Slower fluid migration instead implies that the fluid phase can be transported deep into the lower mantle. Water stabilized in NAM and as a free fluid can initiate upwelling within and above the transition zone. A less abrupt change in water storage capacity across the base of the transition zone leads to high NAM water contents in a channel adjacent to the slab where viscosity is reduced. However, seismic and electromagnetic observations of hydration in the transition zone are most compatible with a sudden drop of water storage capacity.
Aftershocks of the 2010 Mw 7.2 El Mayor‐Cucapah earthquake reveal complex faulting in the Yuha Desert, California
Authors: Kroll Kayla A. , Cochran Elizabeth S. , Richards‐Dinger Keith B. , Sumy Danielle F.
Published: October 2013

We detect and precisely locate over 9500 aftershocks that occurred in the Yuha Desert region during a 2 month period following the 4 April 2010 Mw 7.2 El Mayor‐Cucapah (EMC) earthquake. Events are relocated using a series of absolute and relative relocation procedures that include Hypoinverse, Velest, and hypoDD. Location errors are reduced to ∼40 m horizontally and ∼120 m vertically. Aftershock locations reveal a complex pattern of faulting with en echelon fault segments trending toward the northwest, approximately parallel to the North American‐Pacific plate boundary and en echelon, conjugate features trending to the northeast. The relocated seismicity is highly correlated with published surface mapping of faults that experienced triggered surface slip in response to the EMC main shock. Aftershocks occurred between 2 km and 11 km depths, consistent with previous studies of seismogenic thickness in the region. Three‐dimensional analysis reveals individual and intersecting fault planes that are limited in their along‐strike length. These fault planes remain distinct structures at depth, indicative of conjugate faulting, and do not appear to coalesce onto a throughgoing fault segment. We observe a complex spatiotemporal migration of aftershocks, with seismicity that jumps between individual fault segments that are active for only a few days to weeks. Aftershock rates are roughly consistent with the expected earthquake production rates of Dieterich (1994). The conjugate pattern of faulting and nonuniform aftershock migration patterns suggest that strain in the Yuha Desert is being accommodated in a complex manner.
Impact of initial soil moisture anomalies on climate mean and extremes over Asia
Authors: Liu Di , Wang Guiling , Mei Rui , Yu Zhongbo , Yu Miao
Published: October 2013

This paper focuses on the impact of soil moisture anomalies on subsequent precipitation and surface air temperature over Asia based on numerical experiments using a regional climate model. Soil moisture anomalies are applied on 1 March, 1 June, and 1 September for the spring, summer, and autumn experiments, respectively, and their impacts on both the climate mean and extremes are examined. Major findings are the following. (1) The land surface memory for soil moisture anomalies is longer in the midlatitudes and shorter in the Tropics, and such memory is enhanced by soil moisture‐precipitation feedback. (2) The wet (dry) initial soil moisture anomalies increase (reduce) the subsequent precipitation amount and reduce (increase) surface temperature. For precipitation, the strongest impacts are found in midlatitude to high‐latitude regions including northwest China, central Asia, southern Siberia; for temperature, the strongest response is found in India and Indochina regions and most of the midlatitude areas in spring, in high‐latitude and midlatitude regions in summer, and in India and eastern China (lower Yellow river basin) in autumn. (3) The impact on mean climate variables can last for 2–3 months over most regions of strong response, and the impact of wet initial soil moisture anomalies tends to be stronger but dissipates faster than the dry initial anomalies. (4) Both the dry and wet initial soil moisture anomalies tend to reinforce severe flood extremes, while other climate extremes respond to initial anomalies in a way similar to the mean climate: wet (dry) initial soil moisture anomalies reduce (amplify) the drought extremes, diminish (reinforce) the hot extremes, and enhance (reduce) the cold extremes over areas of strong soil moisture‐atmosphere coupling.
Determination and localized analysis of intersatellite line of sight gravity difference: Results from the GRAIL primary mission
Authors: Han Shin‐Chan
Published: October 2013

The line of sight (LOS) gravity difference between two coorbiting spacecrafts is determined in terms of intersatellite range‐acceleration measurements available from the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL). The precise orbit data are crucial for retrieving gravity difference from range acceleration and aligning the LOS data particularly in altitude. A relative orbit error of a few centimeters in position and a few tens µm/s in velocity is commensurate with the GRAIL‐ranging instrument noise at a few μGal in LOS gravity difference. The power spectrum, as well as the topography correlation and admittance, is quantified by upward continuing the topographic potential, forward modeling the LOS gravity along the spacecraft trajectory (i.e., Bouguer correction) and comparing with the GRAIL LOS observations. Based on the data analysis from the primary GRAIL mission, I found that the LOS gravity difference observation produced near unity correlation with topography potential out to degree 550, higher than the global estimate, over the areas covered by the low‐altitude orbit (~20 km). The crustal density was estimated to be 2500–2600 kg/m3 with regional variations of about 10%, by minimizing the Bouguer coherence of the GRAIL data at the degree band 150–300. Systematic decrease in the density estimates by 3–4% or 100 kg/m3 was observed at shorter wavelengths (degree band 300–500). It implies the inadequacy of a uniform density model across the entire lithosphere and suggests radial stratification of the bulk density (or porosity). Due to spatially localized characteristic, the LOS gravity difference data are well suited to regional analysis at the highest‐possible resolution.
Determining if two documents are written by the same author
Authors: Koppel Moshe , Winter Yaron
Published: October 2013

Almost any conceivable authorship attribution problem can be reduced to one fundamental problem: whether a pair of (possibly short) documents were written by the same author. In this article, we offer an (almost) unsupervised method for solving this problem with surprisingly high accuracy. The main idea is to use repeated feature subsampling methods to determine if one document of the pair allows us to select the other from among a background set of “impostors” in a sufficiently robust manner.
Automatically embedding newsworthy links to articles: From implementation to evaluation
Authors: Arapakis Ioannis , Lalmas Mounia , Ceylan Hakan , Donmez Pinar
Published: October 2013

News portals are a popular destination for web users. News providers are therefore interested in attaining higher visitor rates and promoting greater engagement with their content. One aspect of engagement deals with keeping users on site longer by allowing them to have enhanced click‐through experiences. News portals have invested in ways to embed links within news stories but so far these links have been curated by news editors. Given the manual effort involved, the use of such links is limited to a small scale. In this article, we evaluate a system‐based approach that detects newsworthy events in a news article and locates other articles related to these events. Our system does not rely on resources like Wikipedia to identify events, and it was designed to be domain independent. A rigorous evaluation, using Amazon's Mechanical Turk, was performed to assess the system‐embedded links against the manually‐curated ones. Our findings reveal that our system's performance is comparable with that of professional editors, and that users find the automatically generated highlights interesting and the associated articles worthy of reading. Our evaluation also provides quantitative and qualitative insights into the curation of links, from the perspective of users and professional editors.
Large‐scale production of red blood cells from stem cells: What are the technical challenges ahead?
Authors: Rousseau Guillaume F. , Giarratana Marie‐Catherine , Douay Luc
Published: October 2013

Blood‐transfusion centers regularly face the challenge of donor blood shortages, especially for rare blood groups. The possibility of producing universal red blood cells from stem cells industrially has become a possible alternative since the successful injection of blood generated in vitro into a human being in 2011. Although there remains many biological and regulatory issues concerning the efficacy and safety of this new product, the major challenge today for future clinical applications is switching from the current limited 2‐dimensional production techniques to large‐scale 3‐dimensional bioreactors. In addition to requiring technological breakthroughs, the whole process also has to become at least five‐fold more cost‐efficient to match the current prices of high‐quality blood products. The current review sums up the main biological advances of the past decade, outlines the key biotechnological challenges for the large‐scale cost‐effective production of red blood cells, proposes solutions based on strategies used in the bioindustry and presents the state‐of‐the‐art of large‐scale blood production.
Targeting DUSPs in glioblastomas – wielding a double‐edged sword?
Authors: Prabhakar Sheila , Asuthkar Swapna , Lee William , Chigurupati Srinivasulu , Zakharian Eleonora , Tsung Andrew J. , Velpula Kiran Kumar
Published: October 2013

Several dual‐specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) that play key roles in the direct or indirect inactivation of different MAP kinases (MAPKs) have been implicated in human cancers over the past decade. This has led to a growing interest in identifying DUSPs and their specific inhibitors for further testing and validation as therapeutic targets in human cancers. However, the lack of understanding of the complex regulatory mechanisms and cross‐talks between MAPK signaling pathways, combined with the fact that DUSPs can act as a double‐edged sword in cancer progression, calls for a more careful and thorough investigation. Among the various types of brain cancer, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is notorious for its aggressiveness and resistance to current treatment modalities. This has led to the search for new molecular targets, particularly those involving various signaling pathways. DUSPs appear to be a promising target, but much more information on DUSP targets and their effects on GBM is needed before potential therapies can be developed, tested, and validated. This review identifies and summarize the specific roles of DUSP1, DUSP4, DUSP6 and DUSP26 that have been implicated in GBM.
Simulation of Orifice Flow Influenced by Lateral Flow in a Trough‐Type Liquid Distributor
Authors: Yu H. , Li X. , Sui H. , Xu C. , Li H.
Published: October 2013

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation is performed to investigate the influence of lateral flow on the orifice flow in a trough‐type liquid distributor. The discharge coefficients from the simulation are in good agreement with the experimental values, indicating that the CFD simulation is accurate in describing the outflow through orifices. The lateral flow near an orifice can change the velocity and pressure distributions of flow regions in front of this orifice, causing a decrease in the discharge coefficient. This phenomenon is supported by the theory of flow past a blunt body. An important implication derived from this finding is that the influence of lateral flow should be minimized in the design of a trough‐type liquid distributor, because the decrease in the discharge coefficient leads to non‐uniform outflow. The structure of a trough‐type liquid distributor is optimized to improve the liquid distribution performance by reducing the influence of lateral flow.
Cobalt‐Based Particles Formed upon Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Production by a Cobalt Pyridine Oxime Complex
Authors: Ghachtouli Sanae El , Guillot Regis , Brisset Francois , Aukauloo Ally
Published: October 2013

An open‐coordination‐sphere cobalt(III) oximato‐based complex was designed as a putative catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Electrochemical alteration in the presence of acid occurs, leading to the formation of cobalt‐based particles that act as an efficient catalyst for HER at pH 7. The exact chemical nature of these particles is yet to be determined. This study thus raises interesting issues regarding the fate of molecular‐based complexes designed for the HER, and points to the challenging task of identifying the real catalytic species. Moreover, understanding and rationalizing the alteration pathways can be seen as a new route to reach catalytic particulates.
Crosslinking of collagen scaffolds promotes blood and lymphatic vascular stability
Authors: Chan Kelvin L. S. , Khankhel Aimal H. , Thompson Rebecca L. , Coisman Brent J. , Wong Keith H. K. , Truslow James G. , Tien Joe
Published: October 2013

The low stiffness of reconstituted collagen hydrogels has limited their use as scaffolds for engineering implantable tissues. Although chemical crosslinking has been used to stiffen collagen and protect it against enzymatic degradation in vivo, it remains unclear how crosslinking alters the vascularization of collagen hydrogels. In this study, we examine how the crosslinking agents genipin and 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide alter vascular stability and function in microfluidic type I collagen gels in vitro. Under moderate perfusion (∼10 dyn/cm2 shear stress), tubes of blood endothelial cells (ECs) exhibited indistinguishable stability and barrier function in untreated and crosslinked scaffolds. Surprisingly, under low perfusion (∼5 dyn/cm2 shear stress) or nearly zero transmural pressure, microvessels in crosslinked scaffolds remained stable, while those in untreated gels rapidly delaminated and became poorly perfused. Similarly, tubes of lymphatic ECs under intermittent flow were more stable in crosslinked gels than in untreated ones. These effects correlated well with the degree of mechanical stiffening, as predicted by analysis of fracture energies at the cell–scaffold interface. This work demonstrates that crosslinking of collagen scaffolds does not hinder normal EC physiology; instead, crosslinked scaffolds promote vascular stability. Thus, routine crosslinking of scaffolds may assist in vascularization of engineered tissues. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 3186–3195, 2014.
Contemporary Risk of Hip Fracture in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: A National Registry Study From Scotland
Authors: Hothersall Eleanor J , Livingstone Shona J , Looker Helen C , Ahmed S Faisal , Cleland Steve , Leese Graham P , Lindsay Robert S , McKnight John , Pearson Donald , Philip Sam , Wild Sarah H , Colhoun Helen M
Published: October 2013

The purpose of this study was to compare contemporary risk of hip fracture in type 1 and type 2 diabetes with the nondiabetic population. Using a national diabetes database, we identified those with type 1 and type 2 diabetes who were aged 20 to 84 years and alive anytime from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2007. All hospitalized events for hip fracture in 2005 to 2007 for diabetes patients were linked and compared with general population counts. Age- and calendar-year-adjusted incidence rate ratios were calculated by diabetes type and sex. One hundred five hip fractures occurred in 21,033 people (59,585 person-years) with type 1 diabetes; 1421 in 180,841 people (462,120 person-years) with type 2 diabetes; and 11,733 hip fractures over 10,980,599 person-years in the nondiabetic population (3.66 million people). Those with type 1 diabetes had substantially elevated risks of hip fracture compared with the general population incidence risk ratio (IRR) of 3.28 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.52–4.26) in men and 3.54 (CI 2.75–4.57) in women. The IRR was greater at younger ages, but absolute risk difference was greatest at older ages. In type 2 diabetes, there was no elevation in risk among men (IRR 0.97 [CI 0.92–1.02]) and the increase in risk in women was small (IRR 1.05 [CI 1.01–1.10]). There remains a substantial elevation relative risk of hip fracture in people with type 1 diabetes, but the relative risk is much lower than in earlier studies. In contrast, there is currently little elevation in overall hip fracture risk with type 2 diabetes, but this may mask elevations in risk in particular subgroups of type 2 diabetes patients with different body mass indexes, diabetes duration, or drug exposure. © 2014 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Dropped omental fat post laparoscopy‐assisted distal gastrectomy with omentectomy mistaken for malignant peritoneal seeding on sonography
Authors: Yang Dal Mo , Kim Hyun Cheol , Kim Sang Won , Choi Sung Il
Published: October 2013

We report the sonographic findings in a case of dropped omental fat post laparoscopy‐assisted distal gastrectomy with omentectomy for stomach cancer mistaken for malignant intraperitoneal seeding. Gray‐scale sonography revealed an ovoid‐shaped hyperechoic mass with central poorly defined hypoechoic portion in the right perihepatic space. Color Doppler sonography showed no blood flow within the mass. Contrast‐enhanced CT scan of the liver revealed an oval‐shaped fatty mass with a CT number of −100 HU. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 42:305–307, 2014
Polylactide composites with waste cotton fibers: Thermal and mechanical properties
Authors: Piekarska Klaudia , Piorkowska Ewa , Krasnikova Nelli , Kulpinski Piotr
Published: October 2013

Recently, agricultural by‐products, for instance, corn husks, oat husks, or cocoa shells, have gained attention as a source of cellulose fibers and fillers because they can save the land and other natural resources required to grow fiber crops. It has to be noted, however, that textile processing, for example, shearing, is also a source of waste fibers. Our study focuses on utilization of waste cotton fibers, amassed during shearing of textiles, as a filler for polylactide (PLA). PLA composites with 10–30 wt% of waste cotton fibers were prepared and their thermal and mechanical properties were studied. The composite with 30 wt% of fibers exhibited markedly higher storage and loss moduli as compared with neat PLA; at 25°C the storage moduli increased by 53% whereas the loss modulus increased by 76%. In addition, the yield strength was slightly improved, by 11% at 25°C. Although the composites were thermally less stable than neat PLA, their 5% weight loss temperature remained high, about 300°C. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:747–751, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Binding to E1 and E3 is mutually exclusive for the human autophagy E2 Atg3
Authors: Qiu Yu , Hofmann Kay , Coats Julie E. , Schulman Brenda A. , Kaiser Stephen E.
Published: October 2013

Ubiquitin‐like proteins (UBLs) are activated, transferred and conjugated by E1‐E2‐E3 enzyme cascades. E2 enzymes for canonical UBLs such as ubiquitin, SUMO, and NEDD8 typically use common surfaces to bind to E1 and E3 enzymes. Thus, canonical E2s are required to disengage from E1 prior to E3‐mediated UBL ligation. However, E1, E2, and E3 enzymes in the autophagy pathway are structurally and functionally distinct from canonical enzymes, and it has not been possible to predict whether autophagy UBL cascades are organized according to the same principles. Here, we address this question for the pathway mediating lipidation of the human autophagy UBL, LC3. We utilized bioinformatic and experimental approaches to identify a distinctive region in the autophagy E2, Atg3, that binds to the autophagy E3, Atg12∼Atg5‐Atg16. Short peptides corresponding to this Atg3 sequence inhibit LC3 lipidation in vitro. Notably, the E3‐binding site on Atg3 overlaps with the binding site for the E1, Atg7. Accordingly, the E3 competes with Atg7 for binding to Atg3, implying that Atg3 likely cycles back and forth between binding to Atg7 for loading with the UBL LC3 and binding to E3 to promote LC3 lipidation. The results show that common organizational principles underlie canonical and noncanonical UBL transfer cascades, but are established through distinct structural features.
The Negative Binomial Exponentially Weighted Moving Average Chart with Estimated Control Limits
Authors: Saghir Aamir , Lin Zhengyan
Published: October 2013

The control chart based on the compound Poisson distribution (the negative binomial exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) chart) has been shown to be more effective than the c‐chart to monitor the wafer nonconformities in semiconductor production process. The performance of the negative binomial EWMA chart is generally evaluated with the assumption that the process parameters are known. However, in many control chart applications, the process parameters are usually unknown and are required to be estimated. For an accurate parameter estimate, a very large sample size may be required, which is seldom available in the applications. This article investigates the effect of parameter estimation on the run length properties of the negative binomial EWMA charts. Using a Markov chain approach, we show that the performance of the negative binomial EWMA chart is affected when parameters are estimated compared with the known‐parameter case. We also provide recommendations regarding phase I sample sizes, smoothing constant and clustering parameter. The sample size must be quite large for the in‐control chart performance to be close to that for the known‐parameter case. Finally, a wafer process example has been used to highlight the practical implications of estimation error and to offer advice to practitioners when constructing/analysing a phase I sample. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The sugar phosphate/phosphate exchanger family SLC37
Authors: Olcese C. , Bartoloni L.
Published: October 2013

The solute‐carrier (SLC) superfamily is divided into 55 different families of genes coding for integral membrane proteins, which transport not only all kinds of endogenous solute substrates, but also exogenous drugs and chemicals. The SLC37 transporters are members of the organophosphate:Pi antiporter family (OPA) and therefore they belong to the major facilitator superfamily (MFS). The SLC37 family members diverged early in evolution. SLC37A1 and SLC37A2 transporters are closely related and they have 57% of identical amino acids, while they have an average of 31% identical amino acids with SLC37A3. SLC37A4 is however quite different from them, sharing an average of 15% identity with the other three members. The SLC37A4 gene (also known as glucose‐6‐phosphate transporter, G6PT) is mutated in the glycogen storage disease non‐1A type, therefore it is well studied both at the DNA and protein levels. Major function of SLC37A4 is to preserve interprandial glucose homeostasis. Data on SLC37A1 and SLC37A2 genes expression are available both in humans and in mice, but there is still little information on their protein function. Even if they are homologous to glycerol‐3‐phosphate transporters, they were described to transport glucose‐6‐phosphate; therefore, they might be multisolute carriers. SLC37A3 is still poorly investigated and the only described feature is that it seems not to transport glucose‐6‐phosphate. WIREs Membr Transp Signal 2013. doi: 10.1002/wmts.98

Conflict of interest: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.

For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
α‐(1,4)‐Amylase, but not α‐ and β‐(1,3)‐glucanases, may be responsible for the impaired growth and morphogenesis of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis induced by N‐glycosylation inhibition
Authors: Dos Reis Almeida Fausto Bruno , Pigosso Laurine Lacerda , de Lima Damásio André Ricardo , Monteiro Valdirene Neves , de Almeida Soares Célia Maria , Silva Roberto Nascimento , Roque‐Barreira Maria Cristina
Published: October 2013

The cell wall of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, which consists of a network of polysaccharides and glycoproteins, is essential for fungal pathogenesis. We have previously reported that N‐glycosylation of proteins such as N‐acetyl‐β‐d‐glucosaminidase is required for the growth and morphogenesis of P. brasiliensis. In the present study, we investigated the influence of tunycamicin (TM)‐mediated inhibition of N‐linked glycosylation on α‐ and β‐(1,3)‐glucanases and on α‐(1,4)‐amylase in P. brasiliensis yeast and mycelium cells. The addition of 15 µg/ml TM to the fungal cultures did not interfere with either α‐ or β‐(1,3)‐glucanase production and secretion. Moreover, incubation with TM did not alter α‐ and β‐(1,3)‐glucanase activity in yeast and mycelium cell extracts. In contrast, α‐(1,4)‐amylase activity was significantly reduced in underglycosylated yeast and mycelium extracts after exposure to TM. In spite of its importance for fungal growth and morphogenesis, N‐glycosylation was not required for glucanase activities. This is surprising because these activities are directed to wall components that are crucial for fungal morphogenesis. On the other hand, N‐glycans were essential for α‐(1,4)‐amylase activity involved in the production of malto‐oligosaccharides that act as primer molecules for the biosynthesis of α‐(1,3)‐glucan. Our results suggest that reduced fungal α‐(1,4)‐amylase activity affects cell wall composition and may account for the impaired growth of underglycosylated yeast and mycelium cells. © 2013 The Authors. Yeast published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The Future, the Foreign and the Public–Private Divide: Socio-political Discourses around Skolkovo
Authors: Wilson Rowe Elana
Published: October 2013

This article takes an in-depth look at the establishment of a technology and educational complex outside of Moscow dedicated to promoting innovation. The set of interrelated initiatives, which are referred to in this article as the ‘Skolkovo project’, were centerpieces of Medvedev's much touted efforts to ‘modernize’ the Russian economy during his presidential period. While others have examined the Skolkovo project with a macroeconomic perspective and an eye towards predicting whether it (and Russia's innovation policy more generally) can succeed, a different approach is taken here. Rather than evaluating Skolkovo's viability, the aim is to identify elite socio-political discourses surrounding the construction of Skolkovo. How particular moments are navigated – for example, securing a balance between government and private actors in the Skolkovo project or seeking networks internationally – can be seen as illustrative of how broader challenges in Russian governance are being (or failing to be) addressed. The case study is based in a content analysis of 310 Skolkovo-related texts (interviews, political speeches, articles) published in the state-owned newspaper Rossikaya Gazeta.
Netmums: a phase II randomized controlled trial of a guided Internet behavioural activation treatment for postpartum depression
Authors: O'Mahen H. A. , Richards D. A. , Woodford J. , Wilkinson E. , McGinley J. , Taylor R. S. , Warren F. C.
Published: October 2013

Background

Despite the high prevalence of postnatal depression (PND), few women seek help. Internet interventions may overcome many of the barriers to PND treatment use. We report a phase II evaluation of a 12-session, modular, guided Internet behavioural activation (BA) treatment modified to address postnatal-specific concerns [Netmums Helping With Depression (NetmumsHWD)].

Method

To assess feasibility, we measured recruitment and attrition to the trial and examined telephone session support and treatment adherence. We investigated sociodemographic and psychological predictors of treatment adherence. Effectiveness outcomes were estimated with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, Work and Social Adjustment Scale, Postnatal Bonding Questionnaire, and Social Provisions Scale.

Results

A total of 249 women were recruited via a UK parenting site, Netmums.com. A total of 83 women meeting DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorder were randomized to NetmumsHWD (n = 41) or treatment-as-usual (TAU; n = 42). Of the 83 women, 71 (86%) completed the EPDS at post-treatment, and 71% (59/83) at the 6-month follow-up. Women completed an average of eight out of 12 telephone support sessions and five out of 12 modules. Working women and those with less support completed fewer modules. There was a large effect size favouring women who received NetmumsHWD on depression, work and social impairment, and anxiety scores at post-treatment compared with women in the TAU group, and a large effect size on depression at 6 months post-treatment. There were small effect sizes for postnatal bonding and perceived social support.

Conclusions

A supported, modular, Internet BA programme can be feasibly delivered to postpartum women, offering promise to improve depression, anxiety and functioning.
People like us? Social status, social inequality and perceptions of public rental housing
Authors: FORREST RAY , WU YING
Published: October 2013

Over the last three decades or so, neoliberal policies have had a significant effect on housing sectors across a wide range of societies. State rental sectors, in particular, have been in the ideological firing line. Portrayed as inefficient, unresponsive, monopolistic and anachronistic, they have been typically marketised, privatised and downsized. At the same time, wider societal changes have impacted on their social role and social composition. The overall effect on many public rental sectors is now very familiar – growing social and spatial segregation, enclaves of concentrated and multiple disadvantage and increased stigmatisation. Against this background, Hong Kong's public rental sector has survived relatively unscathed and continues to accommodate around a third of its households. This paper examines the experiences and perceptions of Hong Kong public rental housing among those within and outside the sector. How are public tenants perceived in relation to ideas of social status and social equality? How do public tenants see themselves? The paper draws on a survey of 3,000 individuals in Hong Kong which is part of a larger study concerned with housing provision and social change in the Special Administrative Region.
Overview of Molecular Chaperones in Health and Disease
Authors: Wang Tai , Echeverría Pablo C. , Picard Didier
Published: October 2013

Cells and organisms must be able to maintain protein homeostasis to ensure steady-state health and adaptation. Cancer, neurodegenerative, inflammatory and other diseases lead to perturbations of protein homeostasis and are often even promoted by them. Molecular chaperones are a family of proteins that are critically involved in maintaining and adjusting protein homeostasis in health and disease. Here we present these proteins, and review both their less desirable connections with diseases and the phenotypes of genetic alterations of the genes encoding them. Indeed, because molecular chaperones also contribute to diseased states, they have emerged as drug targets. We therefore provide an extensive overview of strategies that have been developed to modulate the activity of several types of molecular chaperones.
Discovery of the Serenex Hsp90 Inhibitor, SNX5422
Authors: Haystead Timothy , Hughes Philip
Published: October 2013

SNX 5422 is a synthetic orally bioavailable inhibitor of Hsp90 discovered by the biotechnology company Serenex Inc. (Durham NC, USA) using the chemoproteomic platform proteome mining. The molecule is derived from an indoline scaffold and is therefore structurally distinct from all other known Hsp90 inhibitors reported in the literature. The molecule also inhibits with nM potency the related heat-shock proteins GRP94 and TRAP-1, although it has yet to be established to what extent these actions contribute to its biological effects in vivo. SNX5422 is a pro-drug with oral bioavailability and is hydrolyzed to the active parent compound SNX2112 upon uptake. In cell-based and initial animal studies, and subsequent full pre-clinical work-up, SNX5422 exhibited all the hallmarks of a bona fide Hsp90 inhibitor (i.e. degradation of the expected portfolio of Hsp90-dependent clients, induction of Hsp70, tumor growth arrest). In general, the compound was well tolerated in animals, and showed potent efficacy in a variety of xenograph models of human cancer, both alone and in combination with other existing anticancer agents. The compound was therefore advanced to Phase I safety studies. At the time of writing SNX5422 had completed two Phase I clinical trials conducted by the National Cancer Institutes (Bethesda, MD, USA) and Pfizer (who acquired Serenex in 2008). Chapter 7 covers the discovery and development of SNX5422 and summarizes its biological activities in vivo.
Tunable core–shell nanoparticles: macro-RAFT mediated one pot emulsion polymerization
Authors: Yeole Niranjan , Kutcherlapati S. N. Raju , Jana Tushar
Published: October 2013

Here we report a simple and robust method for the preparation of core–shell polymeric nanoparticles along with tuning of core–shell dimensions.
Ligand binding and complex formation of galectin-3 is modulated by pH variations
Authors: von Mach Tobias , Carlsson Michael C. , Straube Tamara , Nilsson Ulf , Leffler Hakon , Jacob Ralf
Published: October 2013

Galectin-3-dependent clusters or lattices are formed at the surface as well as in distinct organelles of eukaryotic cells. Incorporation into membrane proximal networks can fix glycoproteins within subcellular domains or sort them into distinct transport pathways. In the present paper we analysed the effect of acidification on the sugar binding and self-oligomerization of galectin-3. Using a fluorescence anisotropy assay we measured decreasing galectin-3 affinities to the blood group antigen GalNAcα1-3(Fucα1-2)Galβ1-4Glc under low pH conditions. Binding to the strong interaction partner N-acetyl-D-lactosamine was also lost at pH 5.0, whereas the less efficient ligand lactose was still able to bind. This indicates that variations in the binding specificity to distinct glycans can be observed by altering the pH. The formation of galectin-3-based complexes by interaction with the multivalent glycoproteins asialofetuin or transferrin was also obliterated at acidic pH and the ligand-binding affinity itself was modulated by oligomerization of the lectin. When galectin-3 was added to giant plasma membrane vesicles from the apical surface of epithelial cells, pH modulation could generate or eliminate the formation of membrane domains enriched with p75NTR (neurotrophin receptor p75). In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that the formation and composition of galectin-3 networks can be fine-tuned by changes in the environmental pH.
Expression and lighting invariant face recognition using fast tree‐based matching
Authors: Liu Rui , Feng WeiGuo , Zhu Ming
Published: October 2013

A novel method for face recognition that accounts for both expression and lighting variables within a single model is proposed. It performs recognition by calculating a dense matching between the face images on a minimum intensity difference tree, which can be both extremely fast and accurate. Very promising results are presented on the AR Face Database when compared with other algorithms.
Verification of theoretical model for collector current in SiGe‐based heterojunction bipolar transistors
Authors: Hasanah L. , Noor F.A. , Jung C.U. , Khairurrijal K.
Published: October 2013

The theoretical collector current model for SiGe‐based heterojunction bipolar transistors under parallel–perpendicular kinetic energy coupling and anisotropic masses was validated. Verification was performed by comparison to Monte Carlo (MC) calculations and experimental data obtained from previous publications. Collector current against base‐emitter voltage obtained by the present model is comparable to that calculated by the MC method. The measured collector currents as a function of base‐collector voltage agreed well with the calculated currents for base‐emitter voltages ranging from 0.3 to 0.6 V.
Flexible radio frequency connectors for textile electronics
Authors: Seager R.D. , Chauraya A. , Zhang S. , Whittow W. , Vardaxoglou Y.
Published: October 2013

A new approach to interfacing fabric based wireless systems to traditional electronics circuitry is presented. Measurements show possible insertion losses of the connector to be < 1 dB up to frequencies of about 4 GHz when electroplating has been used to increase the hook and loop conductivities. This reported work points towards an interconnection system that is flexible and will allow the removal and replacement of conventional electronics connected to textile based systems.
Recent measurements of compact electronically tunable liquid crystal phase shifter in rectangular waveguide topology
Authors: Weickhmann C. , Nathrath N. , Gehring R. , Gaebler A. , Jost M. , Jakoby R.
Published: October 2013

A low‐weight, compact, tunable phase shifter based on liquid crystal technology is presented. It is designed in a hollow waveguide topology with a dielectric filled cross‐section. The operational frequency range is 21–29 GHz, but data up to 35 GHz have been obtained and are presented. The device offers more than 140° phase shift peak per dB insertion loss and 110–130°/dB in the desired range.
Pulsed characterisation of trapping dynamics in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs
Authors: Nakkala P. , Martin A. , Campovecchio M. , Laurent S. , Bouysse P. , Bergeault E. , Quéré R. , Jardel O. , Piotrowicz S.
Published: October 2013

Time‐domain pulsed I–V measurements dedicated to characterising and modelling the time‐dependent trapping phenomena of wide band‐gap AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) are presented. The influence of temperature, electric field and their mutual interaction on trap activation and time constants are investigated and illustrated in the case of 2 × 75 × 0.15 µm2 AlGaN/GaN HEMTs from the III–V Lab. These measurements show that the most influential parameter on trap activation is the electric field induced by the highest drain voltage VDS‐max reached during a pulse sequence, which leads to the drain current collapse. These characterisations are intended to develop and improve new nonlinear models of GaN HEMTs, taking into account the dynamics of traps for modulated signals.
Diffusion least‐mean P‐power algorithms for distributed estimation in alpha‐stable noise environments
Authors: Wen F.
Published: October 2013

A diffusion least‐mean P‐power (LMP) algorithm is proposed for distributed estimation in alpha‐stable noise environments, which is one of the widely used models that appears in various environments. Compared with the diffusion least‐mean squares algorithm, better performance is obtained for the diffusion LMP methods when the noise is with alpha‐stable distribution.
Terahertz FSS for space borne passive remote sensing application
Authors: Xia Bu Gang , Zhang De Hai , Meng Jin , Huang Jian , Yao Chang Fei , Zhang Jin Sheng
Published: October 2013

A terahertz frequency selective surface (FSS) which operates inside the spatial filtering front‐end of a high sensitivity receiver is proposed and experimentally verified. To achieve this terahertz FSS metamaterial which exhibits extremely low insertion loss and is insensitive to the variations of polarisations and incident angles, the FSS array is constructed by an electrically thick SiO2 layer (quartz wafer) and an ultra‐thin high conductivity aluminium layer with periodic aperture unit cells. The micro‐machined metallic pattern is shaped by the combination of a sub‐wavelength circular ring and a split‐ring resonator. Experimental results and predicted spectral responses are shown to be in good agreement over the frequency range of 0.1–0.5 THz.
Broadband RCS reduction and high gain waveguide slot antenna with orthogonal array of polarisation‐dependent AMC
Authors: Zhao Yi , Cao Xiang‐yu , Gao Jun , Li Wen‐qiang
Published: October 2013

A novel design for broadband radar cross‐section (RCS) reduction and a high gain waveguide slot antenna is proposed. The orthogonal array of a polarisation‐dependent artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) is exploited and contributes to the scattering and radiation improvement. The measured results demonstrate that, compared with the conventional antenna with a metallic plate, the novel antenna achieves a 20% relative bandwidth of 10 dB RCS reduction and 3.2 dB gain enhancement.
High‐data‐rate FSK demodulator for wireless communication
Authors: Zhou Haifeng , Shum Kam Man , Cheung Ray C.C. , Chan Chi‐Hou
Published: October 2013

A low‐power frequency‐shift keying (FSK) demodulator capable of demodulating 5 Mbit/s data rate is presented. No high sampling clock is needed in this demodulator design, and thus the design not only greatly reduces the circuit complexity but also achieves a high data rate. It is suitable for a digital data transmission chain of wireless communication.
Improvement of conversion efficiency for solar cell with metal–oxide‐semiconductor diode
Authors: Matsuo N. , Kobayashi T. , Heya A.
Published: October 2013

The novel structure of a solar cell is presented that has the metal–oxide‐semiconductor diode at the side wall of the power generation layer. The influence of the field‐effect on the recombination of carriers is simulated and the increase of the conversion efficiency of the solar cell by the gate voltage application is discussed. In addition, the relationship between the effect of the gate voltage application on the conversion efficiency, the lifetime and the surface recombination velocity is discussed.
Si wire array waveguide grating with stray light reduction scheme fabricated by ArF excimer immersion lithography
Authors: Okayama H. , Shimura D. , Onawa Y. , Takahashi H. , Seki M. , Koshino K. , Yokoyama N. , Oshtsuka M. , Tsuchizawa T. , Nishi H. , Yamada K. , Yaegashi H. , Horikawa T. , Sasaki H.
Published: October 2013

A Si wire arrayed waveguide grating designed to reduce the noise and transmission peak width and avoid systematic phase error generated at the curved waveguides is reported. A slab waveguide structure to remove stray light is used. 200 GHz spacing 16 channel devices were fabricated by ArF immersion. An improved crosstalk of −23 dB was obtained.
Effective lazy schedule for the layered belief propagation algorithm
Authors: Zhang Jianjun , Dong Mingke , Lei Yiming , Jin Ye
Published: October 2013

This study presents an effective lazy schedule (LS) for the layered belief propagation (LS‐LBP) algorithm; it significantly reduces the number of iterations and the error floors of decoding. This novel LS forces a check node into a sleep status when the reliabilities of its neighbour variable nodes exceed the threshold, and the check node will turn to awake as all the nodes are in sleep status. This LS reduces latency by ignoring useless check‐node processes, and it also achieves a low error rate by overcoming some trapping sets. The simulation experiment shows that when compared to the classical layered belief propagation for world interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), random codes constructed using the progressive edge‐growth (PEG codes) algorithm, and digital video broadcasting‐satellite‐second generation (DVB‐S2) codes, this LS increases the decoding convergence speed by up to 36% to achieve the bit error rate 1 × 10–6 and reduces the error floors to 20–45% for the PEG and DVB‐S2 codes. Compared with other schedules for the layered belief propagation, the LS‐LBP algorithm is more suitable for the codes with a long block length and has lower complexity.
Spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks with known and unknown noise levels
Authors: Ujjinimatad Rohitha , Patil Siddarama R.
Published: October 2013

In this study, the authors consider the problem of signal detection in cognitive radio under the cases of known and unknown noise levels. The analysis is focused on maximum eigenvalue‐based method which requires the knowledge of noise variance and the ratio of maximum eigenvalue to the trace of covariance matrix. The analytical formulas are derived for threshold calculation and probability of detection for the considered methods. Performance of the considered methods is measured through simulation analysis. The performance comparison between the considered methods and other existing methods is provided. Simulations based on independent and identically distributed signals and wireless microphone signals are presented to verify the various sensing methods.