bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Field-Dependence/Independence and Active Learning of Verbal and Geometric Material
Authors: Reardon Richard , Jolly Eric J. , McKinney Kathleen D. , Forducey Pamela
Published: September 2011

Field-independent individuals generally perform better on learning and memory tasks than field-dependent persons. One explanation for this superiority is that field-independent subjects take a more active approach to learning, while field-dependent subjects take a more passive, spectator approach. In the present study, field-dependent and independent subjects were asked to sort geometric and verbal material into pigeon holes according to category exemplars, forcing both groups to take an active role in learning. Subsequently, they were asked to recall the locations of the categories. Both groups excelled at the sorting task; however, field-dependent subjects were poorer at it. On the recall task, there was a continued superiority in performance by field-independent subjects. The results suggest that memory differences between the two groups cannot be reduced to active versus passive learning styles. To the contrary, active learning may interfere with the memory of field-dependent persons by increasing demands for processing.
On Use of Multidimensional Rank-Order Data for Multidimensional Scaling
Authors: Dong Hei-Ki
Published: September 2011

The present note suggests an alternative procedure for converting the multidimensional rank-order data for multidimensional scaling. In the past, the multidimensional rank-order data were converted into pair-comparison data or tetrad-comparison data. The proposed alternative converts the multidimensional rank-order data into triad-comparison data, from which the proximities are obtained for multidimensional scaling.
Right-Left Discrimination: No Sex Difference among Normals on the Hand Test and the Route Test
Authors: Teng Evelyn L. , Lee Amy L.
Published: September 2011

84 male and 76 female high school students were individually examined on two tests which involve right-left discrimination. The Hand Test requires distinguishing drawings of right from left hands. The Route Test involves walking out patterns with various turns according to diagrams drawn on cards. Results on both tests showed a wide range of performance, but differences between the sexes were minute and statistically nonsignificant. In addition to right-left discrimination, each test also taps different additional spatial functions. Both tests are easy to administer in clinical settings; normative data given here can be useful in evaluating patients' performance.
Agreement among High School Diving Judges
Authors: Stewart Michael J. , Blair William O.
Published: September 2011

The analysis of aesthetic sports by a panel of judges has received some attention in past literature, but more studies have employed interclass correlations to arrive at judges' agreement or relative consistency. The purpose of this study was to determine raters' agreement and relative consistency of five male diving judges at the Kansas State Boys' Swimming and Diving Championships using intraclass correlation. Furthermore, one-sided confidence intervals were formed for analysis of sample variance. A total of 249 dives were performed and these dives were categorized into 16 position × type combinations for the analysis. Judges' variance was significant for 5 of the 16 type × position combinations. As expected divers' variance was significant for 14 of the 16 type × position combinations. Judges appeared to be somewhat consistent across dives but they were unable to agree upon the score of each dive. In other words the point estimates for consistency were generally greater than the point estimates for raters' agreement. Yet in neither case, consistency or raters' agreement, were lower confidence bounds impressively close to the actual point estimates.
Neuropsychological Implications of Hand Preference versus Hand Grip Performance
Authors: Lewandowski Lawrence , Kobus David A. , Church Katherine L. , Van Orden Karl
Published: September 2011

Hand-grip strength, measured by a hand dynamometer, was compared with hand preference for writing in a sample of 173 male and female undergraduate students. Hand preference and performance correlated significantly, but superiority of hand grip for 24% of the subjects did not coincide with the preferred hand. Hand-grip performance was not an accurate predictor of hand preference, and neuropsychological inferences on the basis of hand performance should be made cautiously. No significant differences were found between the right/left ratio scores for males and females, or order conditions.
Repression-Sensitization, Stress, and Perception of Pain in Others
Authors: Von Baeyer Carl
Published: September 2011

To assess the influence of individuals' defensive style on perception of pain in others, 60 undergraduate women rated the amount of pain expressed in slides of people displaying high or low pain. Subjects were categorized as high or low on Byrne's Repression-Sensitization Scale, and their level of stress was varied by presentation of an anxiety-provoking film (stress condition) or a neutral film (control condition) prior to the rating task. A significant interaction between Repression-Sensitization and slide category (high versus low pain) indicated that sensitizers assigned higher ratings of pain than repressers to slides that were relatively low in rated expressiveness of pain. Individual differences in readiness to recognize potentially threatening stimuli seem most evident when the stimuli are relatively ambiguous. The manipulation of stress produced no significant effects on ratings of pain.
Personality Characteristics of College Non-Athletes and Baseball, Football, and Track Team Members
Authors: Aamodt Michael G. , Alexander Craig J. , Kimbrough Wilson W.
Published: September 2011

Two methodological problems in sports personality research have been the non-segmentation of athletic types and the lack of variety in the personality measures that have been used. The current study investigated the personality profiles of 51 non-athletes, and baseball, football, and track team members ( ns = 29, 36, and 23) using the Personal Profile System. Analysis indicated baseball players did not differ from the non-athletes and football players and track team members were more dominant and less patient than the non-athletes. The only significant difference between groups of athletes was in greater dominance of track team members over baseball players.
Verbal Estimation, Production, and Reproduction of Time Intervals by Type a Individuals
Authors: Retzlaff Paul D.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the study was to determine by means of the classical time-estimation procedures if Type A persons estimate the passage of time differently than Type B persons. 42 male undergraduates were classified Type A or Type B on the basis of the student's version of the Jenkins Activity Survey. Subjects were asked to estimate verbally, produce, and reproduce 8 and 17 sec. as well as estimate verbally 6.5 min. There were no significant differences between the two groups on the time estimations; compared to the standards the two groups performed similarly.
Relationship between Creative Ability in Dance and Selected Creative Attributes
Authors: Brennan Mary Alice
Published: September 2011

To examine the relationships between creative ability in dance and selected attributes of creativity for 61 female dance majors three dance performance tests were devised. These assessed originality, fluency, and flexibility. Four Guilford divergent-production measures and two personological inventories were also administered. Analysis of a cluster analysis and a multidimensional scaling technique indicated the variables grouped into four clusters according to the type of measures administered: (a) dance performance, (b) verbal and visual-figural creativity, and (c) personological information. No interrelationships were found among variables across clusters. This supports consideration of the creativity variables as separate factors of divergent production in dance.
Influence of Vision on Haptic Encoding Processes
Authors: Locher Paul J.
Published: September 2011

Sighted subjects ( n = 15) assembled 6-piece jigsaw puzzles under four conditions of visual-haptic perception which both separated these perceptual systems and required the simultaneous use of vision and touch. The time required and haptic scanning strategies used to assemble the puzzles in each of the four conditions were examined to determine the influence of type of visual involvement upon haptic encoding processes and the degree to which the visual and haptic systems are linked. Results indicate that a cognitive component is involved during visual-tactual form perception which affects how the perceptual modalities work together and how information is selected, encoded, and processed. When vision and touch were used simultaneously to examine the same stimulus, and visual information was adequate for responding, vision dominated touch. However, in conditions of visual-haptic perception in which visual input was inadequate for responding or when haptic perception was independent of vision, subjects relied upon a form of information which was specifically tactual in nature and independent of visual or verbal recoding.
On Why Wayne Dennis Found Hopi Infants Retarded in Age at Onset of Walking
Authors: Harriman Arthur E. , Lukosius Patricia A.
Published: September 2011

Dennis (1940) found Hopi infants were slower in onset of walking whether or not the cradleboard was used, than infants from other socio-ethnic groups. This investigation supplemented a repetition of the interview procedure used by Dennis with questions concerning circumstances of Hopi life which may have been responsible for the retardation. Contemporary Hopi infants, who were discovered to begin walking at a mean age of 12.5 mo., were advanced by 2.5 mo. over the date of walking recorded by Dennis. Infants reared on the cradleboard, like those studied by Dennis, walked as early as unrestrained infants. Differences in genetic background, physical health, and nutritional status between the earlier time and the present day which could account for the delayed onset of walking noted by Dennis were evaluated. Former inadequacy of the infants' diet seemed to be the most significant of the possible underlying conditions. The accelerated date of walking at present may reflect the enhanced quality of Hopi infant nutrition brought about by external programs for food supplement, particularly the Indian Women, Infants and Children's program.
Automobile Color as a Predictor of Driving Behavior
Authors: Salter Charles A. , Salter Carlota D.
Published: September 2011

Research on achievement motivation has shown that highly motivated people prefer cool or somber colors like blue and tend to be in a hurry, while less motivated people tend to choose warm or bright colors like red and are less time conscious. We applied these findings to automobile driving, hypothesizing that drivers of cars with high nACH colors would speed at greater velocities and run red lights and stop signs more. Unobtrusive observation in three studies of 193 highway speeders, 261 cars at stop lights, and 191 cars at stop signs showed that drivers of cars with high nACH colors did tend to speed at higher rates and to run red lights more, although they did not run stop signs more. The data partially support previous research on the behavioral correlates of color preference.
Senegalese Students' Perception of Abdou Diouf and Gaddafi
Authors: Vandewiele Michel , Merenda Peter F.
Published: September 2011

Form D of the Activity Vector Analysis (AVA) was administered to 153 Senegalese students in French. They were requested to give their perceptions of the president of Senegal Abdou Diouf and of the president of Libya Gaddafi. The AVA profiles (4943 for Diouf and 6617 for Gaddafi) about which the public images clustered very heavily ( N = 86 for Diouf and N = 135 for Gaddafi) suggest personalities perceived as substantially different from one another.
Cognitive Styles of Students with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Junkala John , Talbot Michael L.
Published: September 2011

Cognitive style is frequently described in terms of performance on the Matching Familiar Figures Test. Because this test has a heavy visual perceptual loading its usefulness as a measure of cognitive style with cerebral palsied students, a population frequently characterized by ocular anomalies and visual perceptual deficits, may be questioned. The test and standardized tests of visual perception and motor accuracy were administered to 46 cerebral palsied students of normal intelligence. Chronological age was the major determiner of visual perceptual and matching performance. The matching data generally suggested that the cerebral palsied students' cognitive styles were qualitatively similar to those of nonhandicapped students, although the extraocular movements of some students appeared to affect the classifications of cognitive style to which they were assigned by the data.
Age, Typicality, and Task Effects on Categorization of Objects
Authors: Blewitt Pamela , Durkin Marcie
Published: September 2011

Object categories seem to have a prototypic structure: a central core of typical members and a periphery of atypical, borderline cases. Our internal concepts of categories must include representations of this prototypic structure. Given such concepts, however, people may use different processing strategies for judging membership in a category. These depend on a person's age and the demands of the categorization task. 3-, 4-, 5-yr.-old, and adult subjects were tested in three different categorization tasks with the same materials. Some of the items to be categorized were central and some were peripheral category members. For 3-yr.-olds there were strong effects of typicality on all three tasks, suggesting that these children were matching items and judging membership in a category on the basis of a wholistic process of comparison. Slightly older children and adults, however, showed differential effects of typicality across tasks, suggesting that they were using various processing strategies in different situations. In some of the tasks, older children and adults may have been using abstraction skills, and for one of the tasks adults may have been using logical classification skills.
Sex Differences in Spatial Ability: The X-Linked Gene Theory
Authors: Blatter Patricia
Published: September 2011

Among the many theories attempting to explain sex differences in spatial ability, one of the most highly researched is the X-linked recessive gene theory. This is a review of the major research done on that theory and shows the conflicting nature of the results.
Cognitive Tempo and Cognitive Level Relationships among Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Sternberg Les , Waldron Pamela , Miller Ted L.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this investigation was to ascertain predictive relationships between and within cognitive tempo and cognitive level characteristics of 33 moderately retarded junior high school children. The Matching Familiar Figures Test was used to establish cognitive tempo characteristics and the Essential Math and Language Skills Inventory was used to determine cognitive level characteristics. A multiple regression analysis indicated no significant predictive relationship from elements of cognitive tempo to elements of cognitive level. Elements of cognitive level, however, could predict elements of cognitive tempo. Implications for future research were discussed. Cross-validation on a larger sample is required.
Age Differences in Memory Scanning?
Authors: Bacon Lynd D. , Wilson Robert S. , Kaszniak Alfred W.
Published: September 2011

One conclusion from the literature on age differences in memory has been that primary memory processes are unaffected by advancing age. An exception to this generalization is the finding that material in primary memory is scanned more slowly with advancing age. Previous studies of this phenomenon, however, have yielded inconsistent results. In the present study we compared memory scanning rates of 12 young and 12 elderly subjects. There were no age differences in scanning speed or accuracy. The results support Craik's 1977 contention that primary memory processes are relatively unaffected by the aging process.
XXVI. “Personalistic” vs “Psychological”
Authors: Bartley S. Howard
Published: September 2011

A rationale for use of personology rather than psychology is given.
Perceptions of Sex Roles of Young and Middle-Aged Women and Men
Authors: Etaugh Claire , Weber Sharon
Published: September 2011

48 female and 48 male college students used the Bern Sex-role Inventory to describe either a young or middle-aged woman or man. Female subjects perceived that women become increasingly feminine and less androgynous with age. No age-related changes were perceived in men's sex-role behaviors.
Rehearsal and Learning of Embedded Movement Sequences during a Tracking Task
Authors: Franks Ian M.
Published: September 2011

The first phase of the experiment was undertaken to examine the response changes that occur when a subject learns to track a repeating sequence that is embedded in a stimulus signal. The subject's tracking performance as measured by consistency and time-lag indices improved despite having no reportable knowledge of the repeating segment of the stimulus signal. The second phase investigated the perceptual changes that accompany the learning of the tracking task. It appeared that a subject's perception of the speed of a stimulus sequence while tracking varied depended upon the familiarity of the specific pattern of movements that comprised the signal.
Echo Perception of Shape and Texture by Sighted Subjects
Authors: Hausfeld Steven , Power Roderick P. , Gorta Angela , Harris Patricia
Published: September 2011

Experienced blind subjects have previously demonstrated good echo perception of size and distance and some echo-discrimination of shapes and textures. In three experiments untrained sighted subjects also proved able to echo-detect and recognize three simple shapes and to recognize fabric and wooden but not carpet and Plexiglas discs at significantly above chance levels. Some improvement occurred over the first few trials but little thereafter, suggesting that this sort of echo perception requires very little training. A blind subject exhibited over-all accuracy comparable to those of sighted subjects. There were, however, interesting differences between the blind subject and the sighted subjects in echo perception of specific stimuli and in approach to the task.
Comparison of Reaction Time and Interpersonal Communication Tasks to Test Effectiveness of a Matching Strategy in Reducing Attack-Instigated Aggression
Authors: Bertilson H. S. , Lien S. K.
Published: September 2011

The effects of an opponent's matching strategy on attack-instigated aggression have been investigated in at least four studies. Two studies with the Taylor reaction-time task found little or no significant decreases in aggression. Two studies with the interpersonal-communications task reported more rapid decreases. While many differences between the studies other than type of task could account for the different results, the reaction-time task may be less sensitive to matching contingencies than the interpersonal-communications task. The present research compared these two procedures in the same experiment. Subjects exchanged shocks with an opponent who attacked them and then switched to a matching strategy. Results confirmed the hypothesis that the matching strategy leads to a more rapid decrease in aggression on the interpersonal-communications task than on the reaction-time task.
Loss of Visual Constancy of a Fixated Target Induced by Rapid Movement of the Head
Authors: Hadar Uri
Published: September 2011

The possibility that various types of conjugate eye movements are not merely a means of efficient perception but also determine the related visual effects is tested by imposing rapid (saccadic) movements upon the (slow) compensatory mechanism. 10 subjects were asked to shake and nod the head, at separate times, with increasing speed while fixating a stationary target. As the head reaches a frequency of resonance, at around 5 Hz, the fixated target appears to be jumping counter-head-wise.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: XXXII. On Living with a Specter: The Story of Anomalistic Psychology
Authors: Zusne Leonard
Published: September 2011

The subject matter of anomalistic psychology is human behavior and experiences for which paranormal or occult causation is claimed and which appear to violate some of the basic principles on which nature is known to operate. The ambivalence and skepticism of American psychologists concerning paranormal and occult matters are examined historically, as is the relationship between academic psychology, psychical research and parapsychology, and anomalistic psychology. The difference between parapsychology and anomalistic psychology in terms of two contrasting orientations is stressed. The reasons for the persistence of beliefs in ESP and related phenomena are examined, and the need for psychology to come to grips with them is stated.
Heterogeneity of Intellectual Performance by Disadvantaged Children within a Metropolitan Area
Authors: Barclay A. , Yater A. , Lamp R.
Published: September 2011

IQs from the Slosson Intelligence Test for 60 Head Start children drawn from three areas of metropolitan St. Louis showed the group to be heterogeneous with respect to intelligence, although there were no significant differences associated with sex or race. Consideration of this and other characteristics is needed in planning school programs.
Differences in Perceptual Abilities of Navy Sonar Operators and Recruits
Authors: Biersner Robert J. , Styer David J.
Published: September 2011

The responses of 100 Navy sonar operators were compared to those of over 600 Navy recruits using the Hidden Patterns, Gestalt Completion, and Cube Comparison tests. Sonar operators attempted more items and made fewer errors on Hidden Patterns, attempted more items on Gestalt Completion, and made fewer errors on Cube Comparison than recruits, while recruits attempted more Cube Comparison items than sonar operators. The two groups did not differ in Gestalt Completion errors. These measures, especially Cube Comparison, may be useful in screening Navy personnel for sonar training, particularly training for those sonar systems in which visual displays are used extensively.
Drug Expectations Associated with Perceptual Characteristics: Ethnic Factors
Authors: Buckalew L. W. , Coffield K. E.
Published: September 2011

For drugs, perceptual characteristics of size, form, and color have been associated with specific expectancies. Generally, capsules are perceived as stronger than tablets, larger capsules are seen as stronger than smaller ones, and some capsule colors have specifically ascribed expectations of drug action. This study replicated previous work with black subjects to assess perceptual constancies in drug expectancy between ethnic groups. 50 black subjects classified 12 colored capsules into 5 categories of drug action, rank-ordered 6 capsule sizes for relative strength, and compared a tablet and capsule for strength. Appreciable differences between white and black samples were noted for size-strength relationships and drug anion expectancy associated with capsule colors. Results suggest ethnic implications for drug efficacy and compliance, with blacks less influenced by perceptual characteristics of drugs.
Cultural Differences in Preferences for Shapes
Authors: Sierzant Krystyna
Published: September 2011

It was predicted that since there is less sexual restraint in Jamaica the sex difference in shape preference should be larger for native adult Jamaicans than Caymanian adults. Pairs of drawings of a “female” and a “male” object, depicted according to the theory of sexual symbolism, were shown to 200 subjects, who indicated which of each pair they preferred. The larger sex difference found among Jamaicans was interpreted in terms of primary sexual stimulus generalization.
Sex-Role Orientation of Gay Fathers versus Gay Nonfathers
Authors: Robinson Bryan E. , Skeen Patsy
Published: September 2011

This study compared the sex-role orientation of 30 gay fathers and 30 gay nonfathers from the Northeastern, Midwestern, Southern, Southwestern, and Western United States. Scores from the Bern Sex-role Inventory were analyzed by a chi squared test of independence. Analysis indicated that gay men who father children are no more masculine than gay men who do not father children. The myth linking masculinity and gay fatherhood was refuted, and these findings were presented as further evidence that sexual behavior and sex-role orientation are unrelated phenomena and develop out of separate experiences.
Memory for Random Shapes and Eidetic Ability
Authors: Wasinger Karen , Zelhart Paul F. , Markley Robert P.
Published: September 2011

A measure of eidetic imagery (memory for random shapes) was evaluated with a group of 56 third grade subjects. No relationship was found between the memory task and a standard eidetic imagery task. The memory task did correlate .44 with Otis-Lennon IQ, .33 reading ability, and .23 teachers' ratings of reading ability.
Immediate and Long-Term Retention for Pictorial and Verbal Stimuli
Authors: Purdy Jesse E. , Luepnitz Roy R.
Published: September 2011

Although nouns of high imagery are generally recalled better than nouns of low imagery, both Palermo and Yuille have shown that retention for the former decreases with time. The present study tested the hypothesis that this decreased effectiveness occurs because images stored in long-term memory are accessible only through their verbal labels. 64 subjects were presented pictures and later asked to draw them or provide one-word descriptions. Other subjects were presented words and asked to recall them or draw representational pictures. Recall was tested immediately and 48 hr. later. Regardless of recall mode, subjects viewing pictures showed significantly greater recall than subjects viewing words, and for all subjects immediate recall was better.
Development of Preschoolers' Social-Cognitive Play Behaviors
Authors: Pellegrini Anthony D.
Published: September 2011

To investigate the development of preschoolers' social-cognitive play behaviors 10 preschoolers each at three ages, 2, 3, and 4 yr., were observed in their classrooms on 15 occasions by a time-sampling schedule. Children's social-cognitive behaviors were coded according to Parten and Smilansky's systems. Analyses indicated that children's play became more social as they grew older. 3- and 4-yr.-olds, however, engaged in more non-social dramatic play than did 2-yr.-olds. 3- and 4-yr.-old girls engaged in more non-social functional play than did boys. Boys, however, engaged in more non-social dramatic play than girls. Increased sampling is needed.
Some Psychological Determinants of Curling Performance
Authors: Pezer Vera , Brown Marvin
Published: September 2011

A model that skill, personality and motivation interact to determine athletic performance was tested. Each component is assumed to possess arousal properties and to contribute to total arousal. A curvilinear relationship between total arousal and performance was predicted. Women curlers representing combinations of skill and Will to Win were observed during actual curling games. Combinations of the independent variables were placed along a continuum of assumed total arousal. In Study I for 83 curlers was evidence of a curvilinear relationship but only when simple and complex shots were combined. The most skilled curlers performed better as did those high in Will to Win. Then Study II considered shot complexity in more detail and included curlers' ratings of the arousal properties of different game circumstances. 60 curlers were scored on simple and complex shots under high and low game arousal. The predicted curvilinear relationship was found for simple shots but not complex shots. Increased arousal led to improved performance on simple shots and a decrement for complex shots. The studies provided considerable support for the model, though the relationship between arousal and athletic performance is not as simple as the Yerkes-Dodson Law suggests. Further work is needed to assess the arousal value of the model's components and to define shot complexity better.
Physiological Factors Related to Delayed Auditory Feedback and Stuttering: A Review
Authors: Timmons Beverly A.
Published: September 2011

Delayed auditory feedback (DAF) generally produces speech disturbances in normal speakers and improved fluency in stutterers. Several theorists have proposed that the speech disruptions of normal persons under such delayed feedback are an analog of stuttering. Related research has linked delayed auditory feedback and stuttering to several physiological factors. A review of familial relationship, age, sex, stress, speech characteristics, and sound conduction is presented. A brief integration of the factors and directions for research is presented.
Effect of Aerobic Conditioning upon Mood in Clinically Depressed Men and Women: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Hartz Gary W. , Wallace William L. , Cayton Tommie G.
Published: September 2011

A single-subject reversal design was used to test the hypothesis that aerobic conditioning would elevate mood in seven clinically depressed persons. The hypothesis was confirmed for two subjects but not for the group as a whole. A reversal design does not appear suitable for this area of investigation.
Reliability of the WAIS-R with a Mixed Patient Sample
Authors: Ryan Joseph J. , Prifitera Aurelio , Larsen Jacquelyn
Published: September 2011

Reliability of the WAIS-R for a mixed sample of psychiatric and neurological patients was determined. Split-half reliabilities and standard errors of measurement were computed for all subtests (except Digit Span and Digit Symbol) and the Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs. Only the Arithmetic subtest had a reliability estimate which was significantly lower than that of the 35—44-yr.-old standardization group. All other reliabilities and standard errors of measurement approximated those reported for the normative group. It was concluded that the WAIS-R is a reliable instrument for evaluating patients in a clinical setting.
Psychological Mood State in “Average” Marathon Runners
Authors: Gondola Joan C. , Tuckman Bruce W.
Published: September 2011

A comparison of 348 average or nonelite marathon runners to 856 college students on the Profile of Mood States showed that runners, both men and women, described themselves as significantly less tense, less depressed, less fatigued, less confused, more vigorous and equally angry. Various theories of physiological changes thought to accompany running are offered as explanations.
A Criterion Problem: The Use of Different Operationalizations in Seriation Research
Authors: Kingma Johannes
Published: September 2011

Effects of using different criteria for seriation on performance are reported. Two types of criteria are distinguished, the new-Genevan and the result-only criterion. For the first type of criterion attention was paid to the way the child started with the seriation, the number of self-corrections, anticipation of seriation and insertion. 428 children from kindergarten and primary school Grades 1 to 6 were observed while completing a set of eight seriation tasks. With the use of the new-Genevan criteria, no clear distinction could be made between partial and operational seriators. Use of both the Genevan and result-only criteria, also led to contradictions regarding Piaget's predicted order of acquisition of different types of seriation. However, a theoretical framework about the acquisition of seriation must be developed since both the new-Genevan and the judgment-only criteria were insufficient for this purpose.
Position and Axis Features in Young Children's Oblique Judgments: Partial Replication
Authors: Scher Anat
Published: September 2011

26 6-yr.-old children were given a memory task in which they were asked to compare the orientation of oblique lines. The performance of the children suggests a spatial representation system similar to that of older children. The representation assigned to obliques within a square display is characterized by the coding of position and axis information. Orientation comparisons are based on matching the coded information. As mental operations are limited the young children often do not respond correctly.
Visual Pattern Recognition in the Cerebral Hemispheres: The Role of Spatial Filtering
Authors: Previc Fred H.
Published: September 2011

The differences between the left and right cerebral hemispheres in terms of visual pattern recognition were examined within the context of the spatial filtering model of visual perception. On the basis of a wide range of evidence, it was hypothesized that the right hemisphere's predominant role in Gestalt perception may be related to its superiority in processing low spatial frequency information, while the left hemisphere may be more highly involved in an analysis of high frequency information contained in the visual environment. The spatial filtering capabilities of the left and right hemispheres were assessed by presenting square-wave gratings to the left and right visual fields, which project to the primary visual cortical areas of the contralateral hemispheres. 24 right-handed adult males were required to identify the orientation of each of six gratings varying in fundamental spatial frequency and level of contrast. Analyses of variance indicated that identification performance was superior over-all in the right visual field. The magnitude of the advantage of the right visual field latency was greater for the high frequency gratings, although this predicted trend did not attain significance. Results were discussed in relation to the spatial filtering theory and others concerning hemispheric differences in visual pattern recognition.
Locus of Control of Disadvantaged High School Dropouts: Preliminary Data
Authors: Amster Judith B. , Lazarus Philip J.
Published: September 2011

Normative data were collected on 197 disadvantaged high school dropouts on the dimension of internal-external control. Findings indicate that this group appears to be external but not markedly so, and a short-term intervention program designed to improve academic and vocational skills did not appear to affect locus of control of 33 subjects.
Validation of the Sport Competition Anxiety Test
Authors: Cheatham T. , Rosentswieg J.
Published: September 2011

The Sport Competition Anxiety Test has been reported to be a valid and reliable measure of the predisposition toward competitive anxiety. The statistical data provided with the test do not support that conclusion. Concurrent and predictive validities do not show magnitudes of correlation generally accepted. Female varsity softball coaches ( N = 15) were given the test prior to competition. Their heart rates, an acceptable physiological variable of anxiety, were continuously monitored by telemetry before, during, and after a game. Situational heart rates were recorded during neutral, offensive, and defensive game conditions. Spearman's p indicated that test scores correlated at a level similar to those obtained in the initial study but were not high enough to support the concept of validity. The anxiety data were not significantly related to heart rate under the conditions studied. The test does not appear to be a valid measure of trait anxiety for women softball coaches.
Rorschach Reliability: Cross-Validation
Authors: De Cato Clifford M.
Published: September 2011

A recent study had shown that a high level of interscorer agreement (reliability) could be obtained with graduate students using standardized training materials for the perceptanalytic system of Rorschach scoring. The efficiency of these training materials used without classroom instruction for independent study had not been demonstrated. Two groups of psychologists independently studied the training materials and took the standard test for the Intermediate level of scoring difficulty after 6 wk. One group was composed of 2 “Research Examiners” and the second group ( n = 5) was composed of Staff Psychologists using the training for continuing education. 966 pairs of comparisons between the scores and the standard were analyzed. The over-all percent of agreement for the Research Examiners was 91% and for the Staff Psychologists was 89%. The training yielded high agreement for clinical psychologists who studied materials independently. Limitations are discussed and suggestions for further research are made.
The Ghiselli Self-Description Inventory: Concurrent Validity versus Supervisors' Perceptions
Authors: Bowin Robert B.
Published: September 2011

The Self-description Inventory was designed to measure the traits of middle managers. 27 students who were managers completed the inventory and were evaluated by their immediate supervisors as more or less successful. Managers' scores and supervisors' rankings of their success generally did not correlate, suggesting a problem of concurrent validity. However, supervisors' rank of importance of the Self-description Inventory traits in determining more or less successful managers also did not correlate, suggesting a problem in perception.
Scaling Apparent Distance in a Large Open Field: Some New Data
Authors: Da Silva José Aparecido , Da Silva Cleuza Beatriz
Published: September 2011

Judged distance in a large open field, scaled by the method of magnitude estimation, is related to physical distance by a power function with an exponent smaller than unity. The exponents obtained with two ranges of distance were not affected by the availability of a standard. The mean exponent for all 80 individual power functions was 0.86, with a standard deviation of 0.11.
Relationships of Perceptual-Motor Development to Hyperkinesis, Educational Placement, Drug Utilization, Socioeconomic Status, and Age
Authors: Churton Michael W.
Published: September 2011

Hyperkinesis, educational placement, drug utilization, socioeconomic status and age were used to predict performance on The Purdue Perceptual-motor Survey subtests that measured balance, spatial organization, neurological organization, and visual motor accuracy. The variables were poor to moderate predictors of perceptual-motor performance of 9 hyperkinetic children.
Measuring Humor Ability: Revision and Construct Validation of the Humor Perceptiveness Test
Authors: Feingold Alan
Published: September 2011

The revision of Feingold's Humor Perceptiveness Test and its construct validation are reported. The revision quantifies two components of humor comprehension, memory for jokes and humor-reasoning ability. The test items are in the form of joke completions (e.g., “Take my wife——–!”). Reliability coefficients (split-half, Kuder-Richardson, alternate form) of the test were .84 to .93. The Humor Perceptiveness Test-Revised was related to humor appreciation (interest in comedy movies) and to scores on a short form WAIS, the correlates varying as a function of intelligence. Scores on the humor measure correlated only with intelligence for a subsample of dull subjects but with both intelligence and humor appreciation for brighter examinees. The revised Humor Perceptiveness Test may be of use to researchers.
Production of Original Verbal Images and Repeated Presentation of Sound Stimuli
Authors: Khatena Joe , Pazivand Ali
Published: September 2011

Sounds and Images, a measure of originality, was administered to 44 professionals attending a national convention in 1981. The verbal images they produced were scored for originality and analyzed according to multiple presentation and differential sound effects. The main effect of presentation was significant but not that of sound or their interactions.
Gender, Self-Esteem and Height
Authors: Hensley Wayne E.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between height and self-esteem was examined among male ( n = 85) and female ( n = 125) college students ( n = 210). It was hypothesized that self-esteem would increase with height for males and decrease with height for females. The data gave no distinct pattern for height and self-esteem for either gender, so height apparently has little role in the determination of self-esteem.
Effects of Age on Color Preference for Black and White by Infants and Young Children
Authors: May Jo Whitten , May J. Gaylord
Published: September 2011

To determine whether race influenced preference for the colors black and white by infants and young children a color preference test was administered to 160 subjects who attended day-care centers and who ranged in age from 6 mo. to 4.5 yr. There were equal numbers of males and females and equal numbers of Afro- and Euro-American subjects. Ages of the subjects were controlled so there were 20 subjects in each 6-mo. age interval. Data were obtained from a 12-item test. The test utilized 6 pairs of toys which were identical except one was black and the other was white. The toy a subject selected was considered that subject's preference and the color of that toy was recorded. A two-way analysis of variance and a regression analysis indicated that, as a group, race affected color preference. Age differences did not produce the same effect for Euro-Americans as for Afro-Americans. As age increased, young Afro-American subjects showed a clear increase in their preference for the color white. A corresponding analysis for Euro-Americans did not show a significant change in color preference with an increase in age.
Age, Sex, and Body Composition as Predictors of Children's Performance on Basic Motor Abilities and Health-Related Fitness Items
Authors: Pissanos Becky W. , Moore Jane B. , Reeve T. Gilmour
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of age, sex, and body composition to children's motor performances on selected basic motor tasks, balance, speed, agility, power, coordination, and reaction time, and health-related fitness items, flexibility, muscle strength and endurance, and cardiovascular functions. 80 subjects were students in Grades 1, 2, 3. Data were submitted to a step-wise multiple linear regression for each criterion variable. Predictor variables were age, sex, and body composition. Age was a significant factor in predicting performance on all variables except muscle strength, endurance, and flexibility. Sex significantly predicted performance for only flexibility and cardiovascular function and body composition for the power and cardiovascular function variables. Beyond the biological potential of each individual are factors that influence his motor development. These factors need early identification to make possible opportunities for each person to reach the full perimeters of motor potential.
On Entering First Grade: Note on Impact of Parents' Attitudes on Expectations of Their Children, an Israeli Case
Authors: Strauss Helen , Gottesdiener Harry , Fogel Rachel , Tamari Drorith
Published: September 2011

The present study dealt with the impact of parental attitudes about school on the expectations of kindergarten children entering the first grade. 20 kindergarten children of middle to high socioeconomic status were given the Bar-Ilan Picture Test for Children which is a semi-projective interview probing children's perceptions of school and home. Parental attitudes were elicited by an inventory based on items from the school-attitude scales by Erhard and by Levy and Ashani. The outcomes showed that maternal attitudes had most impact on the expectations of the children, and the differential impact of parents' attitudes was in accordance with Parson's (1955) distinction between the expressive role of the mother and the instrumental role of the father.
The Modified GATB (M) as a Measure of Recovery from General Anesthesia
Authors: Letourneau J. E. , Denis R.
Published: September 2011

23 patients were evaluated following surgery under general anesthesia with enflurane or halothane. Data on the M tests of the modified GATB gave significant differences 1 ½, 2 ½, and 3 ½ hr. after the end of the period of anesthesia when compared with the baseline. The performance of a control group shows lack of reliability of this form of the test.
Gestural Behavior as a Response to External Stimuli
Authors: Wild Heather , Johnson William R. , McBrayer Daniel J.
Published: September 2011

Previous research has suggested that many nonverbal behaviors reflect internal processes or are of significant communicative value. This study tested whether or not gestural behavior could be elicited by external stimuli. A film about insects was viewed by 28 subjects, while 27 subjects viewed a neutral film. Those viewing insects exhibited a significantly greater number of self-manipulative gestures.
Analysis of Some Factors Related to Manuscript Letter-Height Reduction
Authors: Sims Edward V. , Weisberg Paul
Published: September 2011

18 beginning second graders, copying 23 lower case letters, reduced the height of the letters compared to that of sample letters. All letters were not equally reduced. Rather, letters composed of highly curved letter strokes were written relatively smaller. This differential size reduction might be attributed to letter difficulty, although another possible difficulty index, total stroke length, did not yield a reliable relationship. Another possibility is that the dotted topline of the writing space served as a functional size prompt only if the starting position of the letter was on or above the line. Significantly greater height reduction was found for letters beginning below the topline.
Speech Disfluencies under Normal and Delayed Auditory Feedback Conditions
Authors: Timmons Beverly A.
Published: September 2011

20 male and 20 female adults, matched by age, read under conditions of normal and 113-, 152-, 200-, 253-, 307-, and 347-msec. delayed auditory feedback. Disfluency counts were correlated with delayed auditory feedback reactions which were changes in disfluencies under delay conditions. Pearson product-moment and Spearman's rhos were negative and significant for delay times of 113, 153, 200, and 253 msec. The Pearson product-moment correlation for 307 msec, was also negative and significant. Two groups of 11 adults were selected from the original sample on the basis of high and low initial disfluency counts. Their reactions to delayed auditory feedback were compared, using a 2-way analysis of variance with repeated measures (groups × delay times). Both main effects were significant but not their interaction.
Scale of Aversiveness of Behavioral Decelerators
Authors: Meunier Gary F. , Kissell Robert , Higgins Thomas
Published: September 2011

The present report describes measurement of the aversiveness of 10 well-known decelerator techniques. 67 experts in the use of behavior modification completed and returned a questionnaire which asked them to use a numerical magnitude estimation task to produce the scale. Implications and limitations of the scale, which should be of considerable aid in the provision of services for the institutionalized mentally retarded, are discussed.
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised and Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery for Children: Intercorrelations for Normal Youngsters
Authors: Quattrocchi Mary M. , Golden Charles J.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between scores on the PPVT-R and Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery for Children was examined utilizing 86 normal children, including 55 females and 31 males from middle-class families. Correlation coefficients were computed between the standard scores obtained on the PPVT-R and the T scores from the summary scales on the Luria-Nebraska. Significant relationships were predicted between the PPVT-R and the Receptive scale on the Luria-Nebraska. Significant but small correlations were found between the PPVT-R and this scale as well as the Intelligence, Visual, Arithmetic, Memory scales on the Luria-Nebraska.