bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A NEW, LOW BRAKING INDEX FOR THE LMC PULSAR B0540–69
Authors: Marshall F. E. , Guillemot L. , Harding A. K. , Martin P. , Smith D. A.
Published: August 2016

We report the results of a 16 month monitoring campaign using the Swift satellite of PSR B0540–69, a young pulsar in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Phase connection was maintained throughout the campaign so that a reliable ephemeris could be determined, and the length of the campaign is adequate to accurately determine the spin frequency ν and its first and second derivatives. The braking index n is 0.031 ± 0.013 (90% confidence), a value much lower than previously reported for B0540–69 and almost all other young pulsars. We use data from the extensive monitoring campaign with Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer to show that timing noise is unlikely to significantly affect the measurement. This is the first measurement of the braking index in the pulsar's recently discovered high spin-down state. We discuss possible mechanisms for producing the low braking index.
Faire la guerre : les politiques publiques, l’État et les conflits armés
Authors: Joana Jean
Published: August 2016

Résumé L’étude de la guerre a largement échappé aux rapprochements initiés depuis quelques années entre analyse des politiques publiques et relations internationales. Il convient donc de s’interroger sur les conditions de possibilité d’une analyse de la guerre en termes de politiques publiques et sur ses éventuels apports. L’objectif est de dresser un bilan de la littérature en sciences sociales consacrée à l’action militaire en temps de guerre et de souligner le peu de cas qu’elle accorde à la distinction entre préparation et conduite de la guerre. Adopter une approche de politiques publiques pour rendre compte de la manière dont l’État fait la guerre permet de s’interroger sur les éventuelles spécificités des modes d’action publique que celui-ci met en œuvre pour intervenir militairement dans le cadre d’un conflit armé. Autrement dit, de comprendre la manière dont les politiques de défense sont adaptées à la guerre en cours.
« Moderniser » l'enfermement en psychiatrie ?
Authors: Velpry Livia
Published: August 2016

En matière de santé mentale comme ailleurs, recours à l'enfermement et lieux sécurisés sont souvent analysés comme un mode de gestion des populations par les risques, typique des sociétés post-disciplinaires. Examinant l'articulation originale entre enfermement, dangerosité et soin que définissent les unités pour malades difficiles en France, à partir d'une analyse documentaire, d'entretiens et d'observations, cet article montre que les professionnels de l'unité recourent à une définition contextuelle de la dangerosité et qu'ils inscrivent son fonctionnement sécurisé dans une logique de soin, maintenant l'inscription dans le dispositif psychiatrique général. Il éclaire ainsi les reconfigurations contemporaines de l'enfermement dans ses relations avec l'intervention psychiatrique.
MARINGÁ: A PAISAGEM E OS PROJETOS COMO PALIMPSESTO
Authors: Dias Reginaldo Benedito
Published: August 2016

Este artigo faz um mapa de projetos e ideias que, se tivessem sido executados na forma concebida, teriam modificado a paisagem de Maringá (PR). A maioria relaciona-se ou deriva do chamado "eixo monumental", a partir do qual foi estruturado o planejamento inicial da cidade. Esse exercício permite conhecer o campo das ideias de cada época e apresenta subsídios para refletir sobre os limites e contornos da elaboração, institucionalização e execução de projetos no espaço público.
An enquiry on poverty discourses in public theology for the calling of the church to respond to poverty: A case for the Africa Inland Church in Kenya
Authors: Tenai Noah K.
Published: August 2016

As an emergent and rapidly growing international field of study, public theology has its focus on how Christian faith and practice impact on ordinary life. Its principle concern is thewell-being of society. In Africa, and in Kenya in particular, where poverty levels are still high, there is a need to enquire into the value and efficacy of the poverty discourses in publictheology, for the calling of the church to respond to poverty. One of the main and fast growingchurches in Kenya, the Africa Inland Church (AIC), has vast resources used for, amongst otherthings, various on-going work amidst the poor and the vulnerable in remote and poor areas. Due to the unrelenting nature of poverty in Kenya, the AIC needs a theological perspective, which is sufficiently sensitive to poverty and can enable it to respond to poverty moreeffectively. Public theology’s emphasis on gaining an entrée into the public square andadopting the agenda of communities, including public theology’s calling on churches toactively participate in rational and plausible public discourses, can assist the AIC to respondeffectively to the challenge of poverty in Kenya.
One Messiah, two advents, three forerunners: The chiastic structure of Matthew 11:2–17:13
Authors: Scholtz Jacob J.
Published: August 2016

This article proposes and evaluates a large chiastic structure for Matthew 11:2–17:13, leading to a discussion about the one Messiah, his two advents, and three forerunners, namely John the Baptist, the prophet Elijah, and another forerunner, the Apostle Peter, during the Inter-Advent Period. The structure emphasises God’s kingdom programme, the Inter-Advent Period and the parables of Matthew 13. What may be theologically significant about this chiastic structure is that it may link Matthew 13 to the typological fulfilment of the feasts of the  Lord by the Lord Jesus Christ and it also focuses attention on the roles of three forerunners.
It is the glycaemic response to, not the carbohydrate content of food that matters in diabetes and obesity: The glycaemic index revisited
Authors: Unwin David , Haslam David , Livesey Geoffrey
Published: August 2016

Background: The low-carbohydrate diet for diabetes and obesity is over 200 years old. A new lease of life comes with evidence for its beneficial effects supplied by research into the value of low-glycaemic index (GI) foods in diabetes control. While trialling this approach it became evident that professionals and patients had previously misunderstood the index leading to errors in food choices. Aim: To explore the importance of the GI for those with T2D and improve understanding of the likely effect of various foods on blood glucose. Setting: A 9000 patient United Kingdom (UK) primary care practice.Methods: Relevant supporting studies were examined and data were reviewed from a previously published case-series with new data relating to the effect of the approach on the whole practice over a period of three years. An improved interpretation of the GI using a ‘teaspoons of sugar equivalent’ was developed as an aide to understanding. We looked at quality markers for diabetes and obesity such as HbA1c and weight. Results: Our approach was readily understood by patients and staff, helping to achieve significant improvements in diabetes control and weight. The practice as a whole compared to the average for the area was found to have; a significantly better quality of diabetes control, lower obesity prevalence whilst spending around £40 000 less per year on drugs for diabetes.Conclusion: Greater consideration needs to be given to the harmful effects of high-GI starchy foods in the treatment and prevention of obesity and diabetes. Patient compliance and outcomes justify our approach in a primary care setting.
Work stressors, job insecurity, union support, job satisfaction and safety outcomes within the iron ore mining environment
Authors: Smit Nicolaas W.H. , De Beer Leon T. , Pienaar Jaco
Published: August 2016

Orientation: The study of work stressors, job insecurity and union support creates opportunity for iron ore mining organisations to manage job satisfaction and safety motivation and behaviour more effectively. Research purpose: The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between work stressors, job insecurity, union support, job satisfaction and safety motivation and behaviour of a sample of iron ore mine workers in South Africa.Motivation for the study: The mining industry in general is often faced with hazardous and physically demanding working environments, where employees work under constant pressure. Work stressors, job insecurity, union support and job satisfaction are considered key variables when investigating effective means of managing safety.Research design, approach and method: A cross-sectional survey design was utilised to collect the data. A convenience sample of employees in the iron ore mining industry of South Africa (N = 260) were included. Structural equation modelling and bootstrapping resampling analysis were used to analyse the data.Main findings: Work stressors and job insecurity were found to be negatively associated with job satisfaction. Conversely, perceived union support was positively associated with job satisfaction and safety motivation and behaviour. Furthermore, job satisfaction mediated the relationship between union support and safety motivation and behaviour.Practical/managerial implications: Mining organisations can, by placing the focus on reducing work stressors, and promoting job security and union support, achieve higher levels of safety motivation and behaviour through job satisfaction.Contribution/value-add: A great deal of independent research on work stressors, job insecurity, union support, job satisfaction as well as safety motivation and behaviour has already been done. To date, very little empirical research exists that simultaneously considers all these constructs. This study brought together these lines of research.
The natural oscillations in stratospheric ozone observed by the GROMOS microwave radiometer at the NDACC station Bern
Authors: Moreira Lorena , Hocke Klemens , Navas-Guzmán Francisco , Eckert Ellen , von Clarmann Thomas , Kämpfer Niklaus
Published: August 2016

Abstract. A multilinear parametric regression analysis was performed to assess the seasonal and interannual variations of stratospheric ozone profiles from the GROMOS (GROund-based Millimeter-wave Ozone Spectrometer) microwave radiometer at Bern, Switzerland (46.95° N, 7.44° E; 577 m). GROMOS takes part in the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC). The study covers the stratosphere from 50 to 0.5 hPa (from 21 to 53 km) and extends over the period from January 1997 to January 2015. The natural variability was fitted during the regression analysis through the annual and semi-annual oscillations (AO, SAO), the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the solar activity cycle. Seasonal ozone variations mainly appear as an annual cycle in the middle and upper stratosphere and a semi-annual cycle in the upper stratosphere. Regarding the interannual variations, they are primarily present in the lower and middle stratosphere. In the lower and middle stratosphere, ozone variations are controlled predominantly by transport processes, due to the long lifetime of ozone, whereas in the upper stratosphere its lifetime is relatively short and ozone is controlled mainly by photochemistry. The present study shows agreement in the observed naturally induced ozone signatures with other studies. Further, we present an overview of the possible causes of the effects observed in stratospheric ozone due to natural oscillations at a northern midlatitude station. For instance regarding the SAO, we find that polar winter stratopause warmings contribute to the strength of this oscillation since these temperature enhancements lead to a reduction in upper stratospheric ozone. We have detected a strong peak amplitude of about 5 % for the solar cycle in lower stratospheric ozone for our 1.5 cycles of solar activity. Though the 11-year ozone oscillation above Bern is in phase with the solar cycle, we suppose that the strong amplitude is partly due to meteorological disturbances and associated ozone anomalies in the Northern Hemisphere. Further, our observational study gave the result that ozone above Bern is anti-correlated with the ENSO phenomenon in the lower stratosphere and correlated in the middle stratosphere.
The fate of fixed nitrogen in oligotrophic marine sediments: an in
situ study
Authors: Bonaglia Stefano , Hylén Astrid , Rattray Jayne E. , Kononets Mikhail Y. , Ekeroth Nils , Roos Per , Thamdrup Bo , Brüchert Volker , Hall Per O. J.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Given the increasing impacts of human activities on global nitrogen (N) cycle, investigations on N transformation processes in the marine environment have drastically increased in the last years. Benthic N cycling has mainly been studied in anthropogenically impacted estuaries and coasts, while its understanding in oligotrophic systems is still scarce. Here we report on rates of denitrification, anammox and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) studied by in situ incubations with benthic chamber landers during two cruises to the Gulf of Bothnia (GOB), a cold, oligotrophic basin located in the northern part of the Baltic Sea. Burial and benthic solute fluxes were also experimentally determined to investigate the fate of fixed N in these sediments. Average rates of N2 production by denitrification and anammox (range 53–360 µmol N m−2 d−1) were comparable to those from Arctic and subarctic sediments worldwide (range 34–344 µmol N m−2 d−1). Anammox accounted for 18–26 % of the total N2 production. Absence of free hydrogen sulfide and low concentrations of dissolved iron in sediment pore waters suggested that denitrification and DNRA were driven by organic matter oxidation rather than chemolithotrophy. DNRA was as important as denitrification at a shallow, coastal station situated in the northern Bothnian Bay. At this pristine and fully oxygenated site, ammonium regeneration through DNRA contributed more than one third to the total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) diffusing from the sediment to the water column, and accounted, on average, for 45 % of total nitrate reduction. At the offshore stations, the proportion of DNRA in relation to denitrification was lower (0–16 % of total nitrate reduction). Median value and range of benthic DNRA rates from the GOB were comparable to those from the southern and central eutrophic Baltic Sea and other temperate estuaries and coasts in Europe. Therefore, our results contrast with the view that DNRA is negligible in cold and well-oxygenated sediments with low organic carbon loads. However, the mechanisms behind the variability in DNRA rates between our sites were not resolved. The GOB sediments were a major source (237 kt y−1, which corresponds to 184 % of the external N load) of fixed N to the water column through recycling mechanisms. To our knowledge, our study is the first to document the simultaneous contribution of denitrification, DNRA, anammox and TDN recycling combined with in situ measurements.
Development of CarbonTracker Europe-CH4 – Part 2: global methane emission estimates and their evaluation for 2000–2012
Authors: Tsuruta Aki , Aalto Tuula , Backman Leif , Hakkarainen Janne , van der Laan-Luijkx Ingrid T. , krol Maarten C. , Spahni Renato , Houweling Sander , Laine Marko , Dlugokencky Ed , Gomez-Pelaez Angel J. , van der Schoot Marcel , Langenfelds Ray , Ellul Raymond , Arduini Jgor , Apadula Francesco , Gerbig Christoph , Feist Dietrich G. , Kivi Rigel , Yoshida Yukio , Peters Wouter
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Gobal methane emissions were estimated for 2000–2012 using the CarbonTracker Europe-CH4 (CTE-CH4) data assimilation system. In CTE-CH4, the anthropogenic and biosphere emissions of CH4 are simultaneously constrained by global atmospheric in-situ methane mole fraction observations. We use three configurations developed in Tsuruta et al. (2016) to assess the sensitivity of the CH4 flux estimates to (a) the number of unknown flux scaling factors to be optimized which in turn depends on the choice of underlying land-ecosystem map, and (b) on the parametrization of vertical mixing in the 30 atmospheric transport model TM5. The posterior emission estimates were evaluated by comparing simulations to surface in-situ observation sites, to profile observations made by aircraft, to dry air total column-averaged mole fractions (XCH4) observations from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON), and to XCH4 retrievals from the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT). Our estimated posterior mean global total emissions during 2000–2012 are 516 ± 51 Tg CH4 yr−1, and emission estimates during 2007–2012 are 18 Tg CH4 yr−1 greater than those from 2001–2006, mainly driven by an 35 increase in emissions from the south America temperate region, the Asia temperate region and Asia tropics. The sensitivity of the flux estimates to the underlying ecosystem map was large for the Asia temperate region and Australia, but not significant in the northern latitude regions, i.e. the north American boreal region, the north American temperate region and Europe. Instead, the posterior estimates for the northern latitude regions show larger sensitivity to the choice of convection scheme in TM5. The Gregory et al. (2000) mixing scheme with faster interhemispheric exchange leads to higher estimated CH4 emissions at northern latitudes, and lower emissions in southern latitudes, compared to the estimates using Tiedtke (1989) convection scheme. Our evaluation with non-assimilated observations showed that posterior mole fractions were better matched with the 5 observations when Gregory et al. (2000) convection scheme was used.
Analysing the sensitivity of a flood risk assessment model towards its
input data
Authors: Glas Hanne , De Maeyer Philippe , Deruyter Greet
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The Small Island Developing States are characterized by an unstable economy and low-lying, densely populated cities, resulting in a high vulnerability to natural hazards. Flooding affects more people than any other hazard. To limit the consequences of these hazards, adequate risk assessments are indispensable. For the case study of Annotto Bay, Jamaica, a flood damage assessment model was created. This model generates a damage map for the region based on the flood extent map of the 2001 inundations caused by Tropical Storm Michelle. In this study, a methodology was developed and evaluated to test the sensitivity of the flood model towards its input data. Three damages were taken into account: building, road and crop damage. Twelve scenarios were generated, each with a different combination of input data, testing one of the three damage calculations for its sensitivity. One main conclusion was that population density, in combination with an average number of people per household, is a good parameter in determining the building damage when exact building locations are unknown. Furthermore, the importance of roads for an accurate visual result was demonstrated. Finally, the accuracy of raster input data, based on satellite imagery, was proven to be lower than vector data.
Who are the consumers? – The need for a sustainability-integrated consumer research agenda
Authors: Liedtke Christa , Buhl Johannes , Speck Melanie , Borrelli Lisa Marie , Monetti Silvia
Published: August 2016

In order to make our lifestyles sustainable, changing our consumption patterns is fundamental. Hence, we need to better understand who the “consumers” are and to consider them as an active actor to directly engage for ensuring effective policies. In order to support a resource-light society, production and consumption need to be considered through an integrated system view; within this, consumers play an important role as co-acting subjects. Almost every activity in private life involves a form of consumption aimed at satisfying the subject’s needs and often regarded through an economic lens. Sustainable development is not about abolishing private consumption, but rather about making it environmentally, socially and individually sustainable in its design, organization and realization, also involving ideas of simplicity or renunciation. In this paper, we will assess the status quo of the German and European debates on Consumer Research Policies and discuss the idea to link sustainability research and consumer research – where a strategic relation is currently missing. Within that discussion, an evidence-based and obligatory consumer research strategy in Germany and Europe would represent a significant improvement. A system view perspective is necessary to take into consideration the impressive amount of diversity, and to elaborate realistic economic and consumer policies. Therefore, we propose nine steps for understanding the role of the consumer in implementing sustainable development from a scientific and political perspective. The limitations of this paper are thus a result of the very diverse and often unclear policies and agendas produced by governments. The implementation of the proposed innovative research agenda for a future-orientated and sustainability-based consumer research is not free from challenges. Still, the paper suggests the first steps towards this direction. After a critical discussion of the current EU and German consumer and sustainability policies, nine differentiated and substantial ways to integrate and ameliorate them are proposed.
The Relationship between Components of Work Engagement and Organizational Commitment of Female Employees of University
Authors: Forootan Eghlidi Fatemeh , Karimi Fariba
Published: August 2016

Aim: The present research was conducted with the aim of determining the relationship between the components of work engagement and organizational commitment of female employees working at University of Isfahan. Methods: The type of the research was an applied research by purpose and a descriptive correlational-type research by nature. The study population consisted of female employees at University of Isfahan, 428 individuals, of whom 202 individuals were chosen as sample according to stratified random sampling fit for the size. The measuring instrument was a questionnaire about organizational commitment by Mowday el al and a questionnaire on work engagement by Shaufeli et al. In the analysis of the findings of the research, Pearson correlation coefficient, stepwise regression, and multiple-way analysis of variance were used to examine the research hypotheses. Result: The results of the analyses indicated that correlation coefficient between work engagement and its components vigor (the desire for job), dedication, and absorption and organizational commitment is significant. Among the components of work engagement, dedication to work was the best predictor for organizational commitment. No significant difference was observed between opinions of respondents according to demographic factors concerning work engagement and organizational commitment. Conclusions: Manager implement professional standards and rules in organizations in order to maintain and promote the variables, provide employees with freedom of action and power in accordance with their duties and provide an intimate climate by involving them in decision makings
Exploring Causes of Bribery: A Case Study in a Public Organization in Malaysia
Authors: Sathappan Malini , Omar Zoharah , Arif Ismi , Sathappan Ramesh
Published: August 2016

Purpose: The purpose of the research paper is to explore and understand the causes of bribery among law enforcement officers in Malaysia.Methodology: Qualitative method was used in this research paper. Data collected using semi structured interview, documents and field observation. The research used non-random sampling among seven various rank officers. Furthermore it is an exploratory study as it explores causes of bribery among law enforcement officers in Selangor state.Findings: The findings derived four themes based on the cause of bribery namely (1) family, (2) public, (3) individual and (4) organization. Law enforcement officers believed bribery is a cause of officers being suspended and terminated from their job. Additionally a model has been developed on causes of bribery.Practical implications: Findings showed that practices of bribery among various level of officers who have to work together to address the issue of bribery in Malaysian law enforcement agency through formulated policies and strategies.Originality/value: This study may assist Malaysian enforcement agencies in identifying causes and overcoming bribery. It also provided a clear idea about how the cause of bribery can influence the behavior of an officer which can harm an organization.Keywords: Bribery, Misbehavior, Law enforcement officer, Causes
Transformation of Primary Conjunctival Cells Transfected with Papilloma and Herpesvirus Oncogenes
Authors: Simbiri Kenneth O. , Jha Hem C. , Giacomina Massaro-Giordano Giacomina , Robertson Erle S.
Published: August 2016

Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) is a common cancer that has recently increased in incidence in HIV-1 infected patients. The rise has been more transparent in sub-Sahara Africa. Our recent publications showed the association of OSSN with multiple viral, bacterial and parasitic infections. Here we show through transfection with different viral constructs, the changes taking place in the primary conjunctival cells which involve some of the important markers associated with initiation and maintenance of the cancer.

We transfected primary conjunctival cells with different oncogenic viral genes (HPV16-E6, HPV16-E7, HPV16-E6/E7, KSHV-LANA, and EBV-EBNA1) that have been associated with transformation of infected cells. The cells were tested for expression of different markers linked to oncogenesis. We used RT PCR to determine the expression of the markers. The level of expression was determined in each case. We also performed immunohistochemistry (IHC) on the primary cells using specific antibodies.

The transfected conjunctival cells were demonstrated to be epitheliod as determined by expression of Cytokeratin-19 (C-19) and Vimentin markers. The primary conjunctival cells were efficiently transfected with the specific viral oncogenes resulting in expression of different cytokines, chemokine, cell cycle markers, and growth factors. The different constructs elicited expression and/or suppression of p53, p21, pRB, IL-10, IL-13, cyclinD1, TNF, TNF13B, and VEGF in specific transfected conjunctival primary cells.

Our findings indicate that the viral oncogene expression in primary conjunctival cells contributed to the production of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and dysregulation of cell cycle proteins in primary conjunctival tissues. This mirrors the transformation process in OSSN pathogenesis. Further studies should follow to identify pathways dysregulated that can be targeted for therapy or vaccine development. 
Development of Reverse Transcription Thermostable Helicase-Dependent DNA Amplification for the Detection of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus
Authors: Wu Xinghai , Chen Chanfa , Xiao Xizhi , Deng Ming Jun
Published: August 2016

A protocol for the reverse transcription-helicase-dependent amplification (RT–HDA) of isothermal DNA was developed for the detection of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Specific primers, which were based on the highly conserved region of the N gene sequence in TSWV, were used for the amplification of virus's RNA. The LOD of RT–HDA, reverse transcriptase-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays were conducted using 10-fold serial dilution of RNA eluates. TSWV sensitivity in RT–HDA and RT-LAMP was 4 pg RNA compared with 40 pg RNA in RT-PCR. The specificity of RT–HDA for TSWV was high, showing no cross-reactivity with other tomato and Tospovirus viruses including cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), tomato black ring virus (TBRV), tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), or impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV). The RT–HDA method is effective for the detection of TSWV in plant samples and is a potential tool for early and rapid detection of TSWV.
Planisfério da Interculturalidade
Authors: Macedo Joana
Published: August 2016

A partir de um relato da experiência adquirida como voluntária num projeto comunitário desenvolvido pela Casa da Cerca, uma instituição museológica em Almada, Portugal, pretende-se principalmente refletir sobre a forma como ele questiona a ação dos Serviços Educativos, ajudando a desenhar novos contextos e possibilidades. A construção de um Planisfério Intercultural, um mural de azulejos realizados manualmente, pensado como projeto de arte pública comunitária, é desenvolvido no campo da utopia, relançando o envolvimento da Escola Pública local e um grupo de voluntário em torno da construção de um novo Centro Cívico. Propondo novas perspetivas, ponderamos a sua inscrição no campo da pedagogia crítica, sob a influência de Paulo Freire ou Jesús Martín Barbero, que apelou á criação de projetos de Mapeamento Educacional, deslocalizando as instituições tradicionalmente educativas para o seu exterior envolvente, assumindo o risco de criar novas possibilidades no relacionamento com comunidades urbanas. Enviado em: 13 de maio de 2016.Aprovado em: 03 de agosto de 2016.
Metabolomic Profiling of Pompe Disease-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes Reveals That Oxidative Stress Is Associated with Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Pathology
Authors: Sato Yohei , Kobayashi Hiroshi , Higuchi Takashi , Shimada Yohta , Ida Hiroyuki , Ohashi Toya
Published: August 2016

Pompe disease (PD) is a lysosomal storage disease that is caused by a deficiency of the acid α-glucosidase, which results in glycogen accumulation in the lysosome. The major clinical symptoms of PD include skeletal muscle weakness, respiratory failure, and cardiac hypertrophy. Based on its severity and symptom onset, PD is classified into infantile and late-onset forms. Lysosomal accumulation of glycogen can promote many types of cellular dysfunction, such as autophagic dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and abnormal calcium signaling within skeletal muscle. However, the disease mechanism underlying PD cardiomyopathy is not fully understood. Several researchers have shown that PD induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes successfully replicate the disease phenotype and are useful disease models. We have analyzed the metabolomic profile of late-onset PD iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes and found that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are likely associated with cardiac complications. Furthermore, we have validated that these disease-specific changes were also observed in the cardiomyocytes and skeletal muscle of a genetically engineered murine PD model. Oxidative stress may contribute to skeletal muscle and cardiomyocyte dysfunction in PD mice; however, NF-E2-related factor 2 was downregulated in cardiomyocytes and skeletal muscle, despite evidence of oxidative stress. We hypothesized that oxidative stress and an impaired antioxidative stress response mechanism may underlie the molecular pathology of late-onset PD.
La demande de capitaux propres des PME en croissance : impératif financier ou volonté stratégique ?
Authors: Marion Alain , Faverjon Claire
Published: August 2016

Traditionnellement, la demande de capitaux propres émanant des PME en croissance est présentée comme l’expression d’un impératif financier lié à l’incapacité de l’entreprise à financer par ses ressources financières internes la totalité des besoins générés par la croissance. Il semble cependant, à l’observation du comportement financier des PME en croissance, que l’impératif financier ne puisse être considéré comme la seule variable explicative. L’article prend en compte la volonté des dirigeants de se doter, en dehors de toute contrainte financière, d’une marge de manoeuvre financière à l’origine de levées de capitaux propres. L’étude porte sur 2 161 PME en croissance localisées en Rhône-Alpes. Pour appréhender le besoin de capitaux propres des PME, nous utilisons la capacité d’autofinancement disponible (CAFD = CAF – flux d’investissement – variation du BFR) qui donne une mesure des besoins non couverts par les ressources financières internes. L’étude met en évidence trois catégories de PME procédant à des levées de capitaux propres : une catégorie de PME jusqu’alors non identifiée, qui présente la particularité de procéder à des levées de fonds bien qu’elles ne présentent pas de besoin de financement ; une catégorie de PME ayant un profil de performance ne répondant pas aux exigences des investisseurs et une catégorie de PME conjuguant besoin de financement et performance. On observe qu’une taille élevée, une croissance forte, une intensité capitalistique forte et une rentabilité faible constituent des caractéristiques communes aux PME ayant levé des capitaux propres, qu’il existe ou non un besoin de financement. Par contre, l’appartenance sectorielle et l’âge sont des caractéristiques propres aux PME ne présentant pas de besoin tandis que l’ouverture à l’export et l’effort d’innovation caractérisent les PME industrielles présentant un besoin.
Travail en miettes, activité, activation
Authors: Neumann Alexander
Published: August 2016

La discussion qui se déploie actuellement autour du concept d’activité nous invite à interroger le développement théorique de la sociologie du travail, depuis les travaux fondateurs des années 1950 et 60, à travers plusieurs tournants paradigmatiques successifs, jusqu’aux enjeux présents. La lecture théorique que nous poursuivons est donc celle d’un détachement progressif du travail pratiqué, qui aboutit à une focalisation sur l’organisation, du moins dans les courants les plus visibles de l’espace académique et public. Dans ce cadre, nous comprenons la notion d’activité à la fois comme un effort de recentrer le regard sociologique sur le travail en actes qui est exercé et vécu par les salariés, et comme une conception alternative à la vision d’un travail sans qualité (sous sa forme prétendument interchangeable, cognitive ou numérique).
De quelques traces du corps en sociologie du travail
Authors: Pillon Thierry
Published: August 2016

Quelle est la place du corps en sociologie du travail. Une relecture des travaux récents permet de mettre en évidence une préoccupation nouvelle pour cette question. Un point de vue centré sur l’activité permet d’accorder au corps une fonction explicative qu’il n’avait pas dans les premiers travaux de sociologie du travail.
Surveiller les flux, contrôler les hommes
Authors: Rot Gwenaële , Vatin François
Published: August 2016

Comprendre en quoi et comment une activité, dite de travail, est productive et socialement reconnue comme telle, est indispensable pour penser les modes d’encadrement social de cette activité, au niveau de l’atelier, de l’entreprise, de la société tout entière. Encore faut-il pour cela saisir le travail dans sa technicité. Telle est la démarche que nous allons développer ici, en partant d’une analyse du travail de surveillance-contrôle observé dans différents sites chimiques et nucléaires pour penser, les problèmes de l’organisation salariale dans ce type d’entreprises.
L’évolution du roman urbain (1934-1945)
Authors: Décarie David
Published: August 2016

Dans les manuels d’histoire littéraire québécois, le roman urbain se résume souvent
à deux oeuvres : Au pied de la pente douce (1944) de Roger Lemelin et Bonheur
d’occasion (1945) de Gabrielle Roy. Cet article jette un regard sur la production
romanesque des dix années qui précèdent ces oeuvres, et l’étude de cette période révèle que
l’action de très nombreux romans a lieu en ville. Apparaissant sous la plume d’écrivains
souvent prolifiques (Adrienne Maillet, Geneviève de La Tour Fondue, etc.), la ville se
décline dans des romans aux thématiques et aux styles très variés. Un fil conducteur
apparaît toutefois dans ceux-ci : la bourgeoisie. La majorité des romans urbains peignent en
effet le portrait de cette classe sociale et cherchent à traduire ses aspirations, ses
goûts, sa langue. L’urbanité de ces romans découle en bonne partie des milieux qu’ils
mettent en scène : les romanciers décrivent les lieux — bien souvent les quartiers huppés —
habités par la bourgeoisie. En examinant l’arrière-plan des romans urbains bourgeois, il
devient possible de mieux comprendre la spécificité des oeuvres de Lemelin et de Roy, qui
décrivent surtout les quartiers Saint-Sauveur et Saint-Henri. Leur originalité ne réside pas
seulement dans leur urbanité, mais également dans leur intérêt pour la classe populaire,
très peu mise en scène dans le roman québécois jusqu’alors.
Processus de résistance active de personnes présentantdes incapacités intellectuelles
Authors: Letscher Sylvain , Paré Charles , Parent Ghyslain , Point Mathieu , Beaulieu Marie-Pier
Published: August 2016

Cet article porte sur les processus de résistance active allant de l’oppression, la résignation, la résilience à la libération de personnes présentant des incapacités intellectuelles, en s’appuyant sur le modèle des obstacles et des facilitateurs au développement de la participation sociale (Letscher, Parent, & Deslandes, 2009). Cette recherche s’appuie sur une étude de cas de huit personnes âgées de 9 à 45 ans présentant des incapacités intellectuelles. Les résultats mettent en évidence des obstacles et des facilitateurs au développement de la participation sociale sur le plan des orientations politiques et des services, des attitudes et du soutien de l’entourage, de la structure familiale, du style parental et des pratiques parentales.
Le jumelage d’un suivi de groupe à un suivi individualisé axé sur les forces auprès de personnes qui entendent des voix
Authors: Breault-Ruel Stéphanie , St-Onge Myreille
Published: August 2016

Nous présentons les résultats d’une recherche qualitative au sujet de la perception que des personnes entendant des voix dérangeantes ont quant à leur intégration sociale. Ces personnes ont participé à un groupe de soutien combiné à un suivi individualisé inspiré du modèle des forces de Rapp et Goscha (2006). Une entrevue individuelle semi-structurée a été réalisée auprès de six personnes. En plus du modèle axé sur les forces, l’interprétation des résultats est fondée sur le modèle bioécologique de Bronfenbrenner (2005). Il ressort de cette recherche que la combinaison des deux volets est bénéfique pour les participants et permet des actions génératrices d’espoir. Ce suivi novateur génère des mises en action surtout ponctuelles. Des recommandations sont suggérées dans le but de favoriser davantage la participation des personnes au sein de la communauté par la réalisation d’un projet de vie.
Organisation sociale de la mise en liberté provisoire : des effets de profilage?
Authors: Vanhamme Françoise
Published: August 2016

La présente contribution se veut une synthèse des récents travaux que nous avons menés sur la détermination judiciaire d’une mise en liberté ou en détention provisoire. Elle vise à en montrer l’organisation sociale, en l’occurrence comment les raisonnements qui sous-tendent cette décision sont ancrés dans des nécessités socioprofessionnelles. En effet, dans un contexte balisé par le droit et le contrôle politique et médiatique, un principe de précaution partagé s’articule à une approche globale de défense sociale et mène à une escalade de conditions de libération (cautionnement en argent, recours à une personne garante, encadrement institutionnel) auxquelles les justiciables socialement marginalisés ne peuvent que difficilement répondre. La détention provisoire peut en devenir plus fréquente pour ce groupe. Le profilage social qui s’en esquisse serait ainsi un effet des pratiques en contexte.
Gabrielle Roy et le régime seigneurial au Québec (1941)
Authors: Grenier Benoît
Published: August 2016

Février 1941: Gabrielle Roy n’a pas encore amorcé sa carrière de romancière. Alors reporter, elle publie dansLe Bulletin des agriculteursun article intitulé «Mort d’extrême vieillesse». La future auteure propose une lecture journalistique d’un fait alors contemporain. Au début de la décennie 1940, la propriété seigneuriale n’est pas affaire du passé dans la province de Québec. Le reportage de Roy se veut à la fois historique et didactique et s’appuie sur certains témoignages de «vieux habitants». L’auteure y est très critique à l’égard de cette «vénérable» institution que les historiens de son temps encensent. Elle nous rappelle que, près d’un siècle après l’abolition du régime seigneurial (1854), «nous éprouvons encore les derniers effets du régime colonial qu’il [Richelieu] nous imposa il y a plus de trois cents ans». Il faudra attendre les années 1970, alors que la question seigneuriale ne sera toujours pas réglée, pour que des historiens adoptent une telle position. Le présent article s’emploiera à montrer que ce texte de Gabrielle Roy n’a rien d’anodin et qu’elle s’y révèle une observatrice perspicace d’un événement passé sous le radar mais pourtant crucial dans l’histoire du Québec moderne: l’ultime extinction des rapports «seigneurs/censitaires».
La construction identitaire des éducateurs de jeunes enfants en alternance : ou comment l’usage du construit de reliance participe-t-il de la réorientation de leur projet professionnel en cours de formation ?
Authors: Talbot Marie-Christine
Published: August 2016

Si les éléments de contexte, tels que les politiques sociales ou le monde du travail en mutation, viennent en partie éclairer l’émergence d’un nouveau projet professionnel des éducateurs de jeunes enfants en cours de formation, c’est le processus de professionnalisation et de construction identitaire engagé au sein même du processus de formation que nous étudierons et ceci, plus particulièrement en lien avec l’expérience pratique vécue au cours des stages (Wittorski, 2009). Le sujet en formation est, à travers cette situation pratique, dans une posture de réflexion, de construction identitaire par sa rencontre et par sa participation à des communautés de pratiques. Dans sa confrontation à autrui, le sujet met en jeu la réalisation et la continuité de soi. Les émotions, les éléments biographiques sont convoqués eux aussi (Bourgeois et Barbier, 2006), le sujet maintenant, sur le plan identitaire, sa continuité, son unicité à travers le regard d’autrui. Nous chercherons à travers cet article à articuler le processus de professionnalisation et de construction identitaire avec le concept de reliance, développé par Bolle de Bal (2003), dans le cadre de la formation en alternance des éducateurs de jeunes enfants.
L’alternance en formation : le travail silencieux de l’activité de reliance des « alternants » dans le cadre d’un dispositif de formation mobilisateur
Authors: Lechaux Patrick
Published: August 2016

Les travaux relatifs à l’analyse du fonctionnement réel de l’alternance dans les formations professionnelles rendent compte d’un grand écart avec le modèle prescriptif de celle-ci qui est qualifié de modèle institutionnel et organisationnel de l’alternance. En rupture avec ce modèle de la coordination technique en centre de formation-entreprise, il est fait l’hypothèse que c’est d’abord l’alternant qui produit le travail du lien. Les résultats d’une recherche-action portant sur l’expérimentation d’un dispositif de formation conçu pour soutenir ce travail du lien sont présentés et mis en regard avec l’hypothèse de départ. Ce travail du lien est assimilé à une activité de reliance de l’alternant. Le dispositif de formation construit autour des apports du groupe-classe et de la mobilisation de l’engagement des « alternants » exerce une dynamique typique de ce que l’on a appelé l’acteur réseau.
Physical determinants of vesicle mobility and supply at a central synapse
Authors: Rothman Jason Seth , Kocsis Laszlo , Herzog Etienne , Nusser Zoltan , Silver Robin Angus
Published: August 2016

Encoding continuous sensory variables requires sustained synaptic signalling. At several sensory synapses, rapid vesicle supply is achieved via highly mobile vesicles and specialized ribbon structures, but how this is achieved at central synapses without ribbons is unclear. Here we examine vesicle mobility at excitatory cerebellar mossy fibre synapses which sustain transmission over a broad frequency bandwidth. Fluorescent recovery after photobleaching in slices from VGLUT1Venus knock-in mice reveal 75% of VGLUT1-containing vesicles have a high mobility, comparable to that at ribbon synapses. Experimentally constrained models establish hydrodynamic interactions and vesicle collisions are major determinants of vesicle mobility in crowded presynaptic terminals. Moreover, models incorporating 3D reconstructions of vesicle clouds near active zones (AZs) predict the measured releasable pool size and replenishment rate from the reserve pool. They also show that while vesicle reloading at AZs is not diffusion-limited at the onset of release, diffusion limits vesicle reloading during sustained high-frequency signalling.
Histidine phosphorylation relieves copper inhibition in the mammalian potassium channel KCa3.1
Authors: Srivastava Shekhar , Panda Saswati , Li Zhai , Fuhs Stephen R , Hunter Tony , Thiele Dennis J , Hubbard Stevan R , Skolnik Edward Y
Published: August 2016

KCa2.1, KCa2.2, KCa2.3 and KCa3.1 constitute a family of mammalian small- to intermediate-conductance potassium channels that are activated by calcium-calmodulin. KCa3.1 is unique among these four channels in that activation requires, in addition to calcium, phosphorylation of a single histidine residue (His358) in the cytoplasmic region, by nucleoside diphosphate kinase-B (NDPK-B). The mechanism by which KCa3.1 is activated by histidine phosphorylation is unknown. Histidine phosphorylation is well characterized in prokaryotes but poorly understood in eukaryotes. Here, we demonstrate that phosphorylation of His358 activates KCa3.1 by antagonizing copper-mediated inhibition of the channel. Furthermore, we show that activated CD4+ T cells deficient in intracellular copper exhibit increased KCa3.1 histidine phosphorylation and channel activity, leading to increased calcium flux and cytokine production. These findings reveal a novel regulatory mechanism for a mammalian potassium channel and for T-cell activation, and highlight a unique feature of histidine versus serine/threonine and tyrosine as a regulatory phosphorylation site.
Stacking the odds for Golgi cisternal maturation
Authors: Mani Somya , Thattai Mukund
Published: August 2016

What is the minimal set of cell-biological ingredients needed to generate a Golgi apparatus? The compositions of eukaryotic organelles arise through a process of molecular exchange via vesicle traffic. Here we statistically sample tens of thousands of homeostatic vesicle traffic networks generated by realistic molecular rules governing vesicle budding and fusion. Remarkably, the plurality of these networks contain chains of compartments that undergo creation, compositional maturation, and dissipation, coupled by molecular recycling along retrograde vesicles. This motif precisely matches the cisternal maturation model of the Golgi, which was developed to explain many observed aspects of the eukaryotic secretory pathway. In our analysis cisternal maturation is a robust consequence of vesicle traffic homeostasis, independent of the underlying details of molecular interactions or spatial stacking. This architecture may have been exapted rather than selected for its role in the secretion of large cargo.
Identifying errors in dust models from data assimilation
Authors: Pope R. J. , Marsham J. H. , Knippertz P. , Brooks M. E. , Roberts A. J.
Published: August 2016

Airborne mineral dust is an important component of the Earth system and is increasingly predicted prognostically in weather and climate models. The recent development of data assimilation for remotely sensed aerosol optical depths (AODs) into models offers a new opportunity to better understand the characteristics and sources of model error. Here we examine assimilation increments from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer AODs over northern Africa in the Met Office global forecast model. The model underpredicts (overpredicts) dust in light (strong) winds, consistent with (submesoscale) mesoscale processes lifting dust in reality but being missed by the model. Dust is overpredicted in the Sahara and underpredicted in the Sahel. Using observations of lighting and rain, we show that haboobs (cold pool outflows from moist convection) are an important dust source in reality but are badly handled by the model's convection scheme. The approach shows promise to serve as a useful framework for future model development.