bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extended Release Liposomal Bupivacaine Injection (Exparel) for Early Postoperative Pain Control Following Pharyngoplasty
Authors: Day Kristopher M. , Nair Narayanan M. , Griner Devan , Sargent Larry A.
Published: February 2018

Background:

Liposomal bupivacaine (LB, Exparel) is a long-acting local anesthetic reported to decrease postoperative. The authors demonstrate the first safe use of LB in pediatric patients with improved pain control following pharyngoplasty.

Methods:

Retrospective case-control of all the patients who underwent pharyngoplasty at a tertiary craniofacial center from March 2010 to June 2016. Treatment group (TG) administered 1.3% LB and 0.5% bupivacaine and 1:200,000 epinephrine. Control group (CG) administered 0.5% lidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine. Pain scores, oral intake, opioids administered, and duration of hospitalization were measured.

Results:

Sixty patients (30 males, 30 females; average age 6.2 ± 2.4 years, weight 20.9 ± 6.8 kg) were evenly divided into a TG that received 3.5 ± 2.1 mL (2.6 ± 1.9 mg/kg) LB and 2.0 ± 2.3 mL 0.5% bupivacaine and a CG that received 2.7 ± 3.2 mL lidocaine. Treatment group patients had lower initial face, legs, activity, cry, consolability pain scale scores (0.1 ± 0.55/10, P = 0.0049; CG 4.5 ± 1.1/10, P = 0.00061) and no significant inpatient pain score difference 0 to 36 hours postoperative (P = 0.32–0.53). Oral intake was tolerated 0.21 ± 0.12 days (P < 0.0001) earlier by the TG and with greater first 24-hour average volume (377.6 ± 351.9 cc, P < 0.0001). Treatment group patients were discharged 1.8 ± 0.87 days (P = 0.00023) earlier and required lower average opioids (15.1 ± 11.2 mg hydrocodone-equivalents) than CG (27.5 ± 19.1 mg hydrocodone-equivalents; P = 0.0017).

Conclusions:

Liposomal bupivacaine is safe in pediatric patients, associated with less opioids, increased and earlier oral intake, and shorter hospital stay.
Software for the data analysis of the arrival-timing monitor at SACLA
Authors: Nakajima Kyo , Joti Yasumasa , Katayama Tetsuo , Owada Shigeki , Togashi Tadashi , Abe Toshinori , Kameshima Takashi , Okada Kensuke , Sugimoto Takashi , Yamaga Mitsuhiro , Hatsui Takaki , Yabashi Makina
Published: February 2018

X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) pulses from SPring-8 Ångstrom Compact free-electron LAser (SACLA) with a temporal duration of <10 fs have provided a variety of benefits in scientific research. In a previous study, an arrival-timing monitor was developed to improve the temporal resolution in pump–probe experiments at beamline 3 by rearranging data in the order of the arrival-timing jitter between the XFEL and the synchronized optical laser pulses. This paper presentsTiming Monitor Analyzer (TMA), a software package by which users can conveniently obtain arrival-timing data in the analysis environment at SACLA. The package is composed of offline tools that pull stored data from cache storage, and online tools that pull data from a data-handling server in semi-real time during beam time. Users can select the most suitable tool for their purpose, and share the results through a network connection between the offline and online analysis environments.
Different packing motifs of isomeric (E)-N′-(halophenylmethylidene)-N-methyl-2-(thiophen-2-yl)acetohydrazides controlled by C—H...O interactions
Authors: Cardoso Laura N. F. , Noguiera Thais C. M. , Wardell James L. , Souza Marcus V. N. de , Harrison William T. A.
Published: February 2018

The crystal structures of three isomeric (E)-N′-(chlorophenylmethylidene)-N-methyl-2-(thiophen-2-yl)acetohydrazides (C14H13ClN2OS) are described, with the Cl atom inortho(I),meta(III) andpara(IV) positions in the benzene ring. Theortho-bromo derivative (II) (C14H13BrN2OS), which is isostructural with its chloro congener (I), is also reported. Molecules (I)–(III) have similar conformations, which approximate to L-shapes, as indicated by their N—C—C—Ct(t = thiophene) torsion angles of −90.1 (3), −91.44 (18) and −90.7 (9)°, respectively. The conformation of (IV) is different, with an equivalent torsion angle of −170.75 (11)° corresponding to a more extended shape for the molecule. The thiophene ring in each structure features `flip' rotational disorder. The packing for (I) and (II) features inversion dimers, linked by pairs of C—H...O interactions, which generateR22(14) loops. In the crystal of (III), [010]C(8) chains arise, with adjacent molecules linked by pairs of C—H...O hydrogen bonds. The packing for (IV) features unusually short C—H...O interactions arising from an H atom attached to the benzene ring (H...O = 2.18 Å), which lead toC(9) [301] chains. Hirshfeld fingerprint percentage contact contributions are similar for the four title compounds.
Crystal structure of hexakis(dimethyl sulfoxide-κO)cobalt(II) bis[trichlorido(quinoline-κN)cobaltate(II)]
Authors: Brescia Tyler K. , Mulosmani Kaltrina , Gulati Shivani , Athanasopoulos Demosthenes , Upmacis Rita K.
Published: February 2018

There are few reports that describe crystal structures of compounds containing cobalt complexed to either dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) or quinoline (C9H7N). The title compound, [Co(C2H6OS)6][CoCl3(C9H7N)]2, is a cobalt salt in which the metal ion is complexed to both Me2SO and quinoline. In particular, we observed that anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride reacts with quinoline in Me2SO to form a salt that is to be formulated as [CoII(Me2SO)6]2+{[CoIICl3quinoline]2−}. The CoIIatom in the cation portion of this molecule lies on a inversion center and is bound to the O atoms of six Me2SO moieties in an octahedral configuration, while the CoIIatom in the anion is attached to three chloride ligands and one quinoline moiety in a tetrahedral arrangement.
Crystal structures and Hirshfeld surface analyses of bis[N,N-bis(2-methoxyethyl)dithiocarbamato-κ2S,S′]di-n-butyltin(IV) and [N-(2-methoxyethyl)-N-methyldithiocarbamato-κ2S,S′]triphenyltin(IV)
Authors: Mohamad Rapidah , Awang Normah , Kamaludin Nurul Farahana , Jotani Mukesh M. , Tiekink Edward R. T.
Published: February 2018

The crystal and molecular structures of the two title organotin dithiocarbamate compounds, [Sn(C4H9)2(C7H14NO2S2)2], (I), and [Sn(C6H5)3(C5H10NOS2)], (II), are described. Both structures feature asymmetrically bound dithiocarbamate ligands leading to a skew-trapezoidal bipyramidal geometry for the metal atom in (I) and a distorted tetrahedral geometry in (II). The complete molecule of (I) is generated by a crystallographic twofold axis (Sn site symmetry 2). In the crystal of (I), molecules self-assemble into a supramolecular array parallel to (10-1)viamethylene-C—H...O(methoxy) interactions. In the crystal of (II), supramolecular dimers are formedviapairs of weak phenyl-C—H...π(phenyl) contacts. In each of (I) and (II), the specified assemblies connect into a three-dimensional architecture without directional interactions between them. Hirshfeld surface analyses confirm the importance of H...H contacts in the molecular packing of each of (I) and (II), and in the case of (I), highlight the importance of short methoxy-H...H(butyl) contacts between layers.
Synthesis, crystal structure and computational studies of a new Schiff base compound: (E)-4-bromo-2-ethoxy-6-{[(2-methoxyphenyl)imino]methyl}phenol
Authors: Özek Yıldırım Arzu , Gülsu Murat , Albayrak Kaştaş Çiğdem
Published: February 2018

The title compound, C16H16BrNO3, which shows enol–imine tautomerism, crystallizes in the monoclinicP21/cspace group. All non-H atoms of the molecule are nearly coplanar, with a maximum deviation of 0.274 (3) Å. In the crystal, molecules are held together by weak C—H...O, π–π and C—H...π interactions. TheE/Zisomerism and enol/keto tautomerism energy barriers of the compound have been calculated by relaxed potential energy surface scan calculations with DFT methods. To observe the changes in the aromatic ring, HOMA aromaticity indexes were calculated during the scan process. Total energy and HOMA change curves were obtained to visualize results of the scan calculations.
Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of (E)-4-{[2-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)hydrazin-1-ylidene]methyl}pyridin-1-ium nitrate
Authors: Naziri Mir Abolfazl , Şahin Ertan , Hökelek Tuncer
Published: February 2018

The asymmetric unit of the title aroyl hydrazone Schiff base salt, C13H12N3O2+·N O3−, consists of one molecular cation in the keto tautomeric form, adopting anEconfiguration with respect to the azomethine bond, and one nitrate anion. The two units are linkedviaan N—H...O hydrogen bond. The molecule overall is non-planar, with the pyridinium and benzene rings being inclined to each other by 4.21 (4)°. In the crystal, cations and anions are linkedviaintermolecular O—H...O and bifurcated N—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming a two-dimensional network parallel to (101). These networks are further linked by C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming slabs parallel to (101). The slabs are linked by offset π–π interactions, involving the benzene and pyridinium rings of adjacent slabs [intercentroid distance = 3.610 (2) Å], forming a three-dimensional structure. The Hirshfeld surface analysis of the crystal structure indicates that the most important contributions for the crystal packing are from H...O/O...H (45.1%), H...H (19.3%), H...C/C...H (14.5%), H...N/N...H (7.9%) and C...C (6.0%) interactions.
Investigating the moderating role of Export Promotion Programmes using evidence from North-Africa
Authors: Haddoud Mohamed Yacine , Onjewu Adah-Kole , Jones Paul , Newbery Robert
Published: February 2018

Purpose

Based on an institutional approach to explaining firms’ internationalisation, this paper aims to empirically investigate the role of Export Promotion Programmes (EPPs) in moderating the influence of export barriers perceptions on small and medium enterprises’ (SMEs) propensity to export.

Design/methodology/approach

The study uses evidence from Algeria, the largest North-African country. The data were collected using an online questionnaire, targeting SMEs operating in the manufacturing sector. The study considers the influence of procedural, informational, environmental and functional barriers on export propensity, to uncover the moderating role of trade missions, trade shows and export seminars and workshops on such relationships. To examine these links, five main hypotheses are proposed and tested through a non-linear partial least squares structural equation modelling on a sample of 128 Algerian SMEs.

Findings

The results show that while internal barriers decrease firms’ export propensity, EPPs including trade fairs and shows may independently pose either a positive or negative influence on such relationships.

Research limitations/implications

The study confirms the applicability of the institutional perspective to explaining firms’ internationalisation. More importantly, the present study highlights the role of EPPs in moderating the influence of export barriers perceptions on SMEs’ international market entry, a role neglected by the extant empirical literature.

Practical implications

The current findings hold important implications to export promotion organisations operating in African countries. Notably, the results reveal that some programmes could have a negative influence if they are not delivered appropriately.

Originality/value

This study offers a rare focus on the moderating role of EPPs in the relationship between export barriers and export propensity, within the setting of a North-African country.
Consumer attitudes towards electric vehicles
Authors: Bennett Roger , Vijaygopal Rohini
Published: February 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of gamification on connections between consumers’ self-image congruence in relation to the purchasers of an environmentally friendly product electric vehicles (EVs) and their possession of a stereotype of EV owners as being “unconventional”, and their attitudes towards EVs, having regard to their levels of environmental concern and prior knowledge of EVs. Additionally, the research explored the link between attitudes towards and willingness to purchase EVs.

Design/methodology/approach

Participants completed a questionnaire and an Implicit Association Test (IAT) both before and after playing a computer game wherein the player assumed the identity of an EV driver. A structural equation model was constructed to predict attitude to EVs. The relationship between attitude and willingness to purchase was examined via a conditional process analysis.

Findings

The experience of playing the game improved the favourability of the respondents’ stereotype of EV owners by an average of 19 per cent, and their attitude towards EVs by 17 per cent. Self-image congruence in relation to EV ownership increased on the average by 14 per cent and reported EV product knowledge by 8 per cent. However, willingness to purchase an EV was not substantially affected. The link between attitude and willingness to purchase was weak, but was significantly moderated by stereotype favourability and self-image congruence with EV owners.

Research limitations/implications

As with any IAT study, it was necessary to pre-specify a particular form of stereotype. Future research could employ alternative stereotypes. The investigation took place in a single country and involved a single environmentally friendly product.

Practical implications

Gamification has much potential for helping manufacturers and government agencies to stimulate the mass market for EVs. To negate unfavourable images of EV owners, marketing communications promoting EVs might usefully employ celebrities, sports personalities and/or leading political figures as exemplars of the types of people who drive electric cars.

Originality/value

The research is the first to explore the effects of gamification on product user self-image congruence and stereotype formation. It is novel both in its employment of an IAT to measure the consumer stereotype of an environmentally friendly product and in its examination of the moderating influences of stereotype and product user self-image congruence on the attitude-willingness to purchase link.
Customer empowerment and firms’ performance
Authors: Berraies Sarra , Hamouda Manel
Published: February 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of customer empowerment (CE) on financial performance and the role of innovation and customer satisfaction as mediating variables in this relationship.

Design/methodology/approach

To empirically test the conceptual model and research hypotheses, data were collected through a survey from 216 branches of 14 commercial banks in Tunisia. Results were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling.

Findings

The results indicate a significant and a positive impact of CE on firms’ financial performance. Customer satisfaction, exploitative innovation and exploratory innovation mediate the relationship between CE and firms’ financial performance.

Practical implications

These findings provide useful insights for practitioners, particularly bank managers who can improve their financial performance, customer satisfaction and innovation by empowering their customers and integrating them in the products and/or services conception process. Conclusions emphasize practices to be encouraged within banks such as services customization which are acquired by customers themselves, the expression of opinions, customers’ needs and the interaction among bank customers.

Originality/value

Several studies in the literature have studied the CE and its impact on business performance. However, few research studies have focused on the variables that mediate this relationship. So far, this paper not only integrates mediating variables such as customer satisfaction and innovation to study the link CE-firm performance but also makes the distinction between exploitative and exploratory innovation which is seldom made by researchers.
Assessing the intentions to use internet banking
Authors: Namahoot Kanokkarn Snae , Laohavichien Tipparat
Published: February 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships among five dimensions of service quality towards the overall behavioural intentions to use internet banking in Thailand and explain the indirect effects between service quality and behavioural intentions to use internet banking using perceived risk and trust as the mediating variables.

Design/methodology/approach

A multi-stage sampling procedure was performed to select the 505 respondents for this study. The participants were selected based on their experiences using internet banking in Thailand. The data obtained from the participants was analysed using a structural equation modelling approach.

Findings

The results show that service quality, perceived risk and trust influence behavioural intentions to use internet banking. This study primarily aims to find out whether perceived risk and trust worked as a mediator variable between service quality and behavioural intentions to use internet banking. The study will be useful for the developers of internet banking, when they are implementing and developing a system that is in accordance with the needs and lifestyles of the potential users; and CEOs, to create strategies and relevant policies to achieve competitive advantage.

Originality/value

Literature has focused on understanding service quality dimensions that influence the behavioural intentions to use internet banking. By expanding on the previous research in internet banking, this paper empirically examines the overall direct and indirect influences between service quality, perceived risk, trust and behavioural intentions.
Human trafficking in hotels: an “invisible” threat for a vulnerable industry
Authors: Paraskevas Alexandros , Brookes Maureen
Published: February 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to identify and analyse the hotel sector’s vulnerabilities that human traffickers exploit to use hotels as conduits for trafficking in human beings (THB).

Design/methodology/approach

Using the Method for the Assessment of the Vulnerability of Sectors framework of sector vulnerability analysis, the study adopted a qualitative approach using environmental scanning and semi-structured key stakeholder interviews in three European countries: UK, Finland and Romania.

Findings

The study identifies the types of THB occurring within the industry and the specific macro-, meso- and micro-level factors that increase hotel vulnerability to trafficking for sexual exploitation, labour exploitation or both.

Research limitations/implications

Given the sensitivity of the topic, the number of interviewees is limited as is the generalisability of the findings.

Practical implications

The framework developed serves as a practical tool for independent or chain-affiliated hotels to use to assess their vulnerability to human trafficking for both sexual and labour exploitation.

Social implications

The framework will assist hotel professionals to assess their vulnerability to human trafficking and identify specific and proactive measures to combat this crime within their business.

Originality/value

This is the first study to empirically explore human trafficking in the hotel sector and to apply an integrated theoretical lens to examine macro-, meso- and micro-level sector vulnerabilities to a crime. It contributes to the authors’ understanding of why hotels are vulnerable to human trafficking for both sexual and labour exploitation.
“What is beautiful we book”: hotel visual appeal and expected service quality
Authors: Kirillova Ksenia , Chan Janelle
Published: February 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the effect of hotel aesthetics as represented in online spaces (e.g. online travel agency website) in prospective guests’ evaluation of expected service quality and booking intentions, as well as the interplay between aesthetic and functional values as related to those outcomes.

Design/methodology/approach

A scenario-based experimental design is conducted with 203 Chinese respondents. A between-subject two-way multivariate analysis of covariance (high vs low aesthetic value; high vs low functional value), which also controlled for respondents’ individual tendency to appreciate beauty, is used.

Findings

Results show that high aesthetic value hotels are more likely to be booked and perceived as able to deliver better services in SERVQUAL dimensions of tangibles, reliability and assurance. There are no significant effects for responsiveness and empathy. Given the presence of the aesthetic effect, hotel functional value has no impact on the outcome variables.

Practical implications

Hotel managers are recommended to employ professional photographer-artists who are aware of the aesthetic value of hotels and can translate this value into information technology-mediated spaces. Such professionals should be able to create a composition that balances the elements of classic (e.g. symmetry vs asymmetry) and expressive (e.g. color) aesthetics.

Originality/value

This research brings out a number of insights from the product experience literature in the hospitality context and points to the limitations of the product visual attractiveness in engendering positive service quality evaluation.
Frontline employees’ high-performance work practices, trust in supervisor, job-embeddedness and turnover intentions in hospitality industry
Authors: Afsar Bilal , Shahjehan Asad , Shah Syed Imad
Published: February 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to investigate the mediating effect of job embeddedness on the relationships between high-performance work practices, trust in supervisor and turnover intentions of frontline employees in the hospitality industry.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected from 343 frontline employees working in four- and five-star hotels of Thailand. Partial least squares was used for analysis because it is considered as the best method to analyze the data containing both reflective and formative indicators.

Findings

Results suggest that job embeddedness fully mediates the effects of high-performance work practices and trust in supervisor on turnover intentions and turnover intention positively affects the actual voluntary turnover.

Practical implications

The study confirms that high-performance work practices (empowerment, training and rewards) and trust in supervisor affect turnover intentions through on-the-job embeddedness. Hence, high-performance work practices embed hotel employees in their jobs, and they are unlikely to display turnover intentions. Furthermore, low level of trust in supervisor must be addressed to maintain a healthy environment where employees are able to develop their job embeddedness.

Originality/value

This study contributes to the body of research on the theoretical explanation of the consequences of trust in supervisor in hospitality industry, as well as to the growing body of research on turnover intentions in frontline employees.
What is the state of hospitality and tourism research – 2018?
Authors: McKercher Bob
Published: February 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide a personal view of the state of hospitality and tourism research as we enter 2018. It seeks to highlight a number of systemic issues that are affecting adversely the quality of research published.

Design/methodology/approach

This is an auto-ethnographic approach based on the author’s nearly 30 years of working and researching in the field of hospitality and tourism.

Findings

The paper begins by talking about many of the positive things that are occurring in this field, before raising five main issues of concern: the changing nature of academic research; our own lack of critical thinking; becoming method robots; publishing and authorship pressures that hinder career development and creativity; and whether our own lack of working experience hurts the academic development of the field.

Originality/value

The paper provides a list of five key issues all academics must be aware of to ensure both their own career progression and the continued development of the field.
Tie me to the mast: artificial intelligence & reputation risk management
Authors: Hirsch Peter Buell
Published: February 2018

Purpose

Artificial intelligence and machine learning have spread rapidly across every aspect of business and social activity. The purpose of this paper is to examine how this rapidly growing field of analytics might be put to use in the area of reputation risk management.

Design/methodology/approach

The approach taken was to examine in detail the primary and emerging applications of artificial intelligence to determine how they could be applied to preventing and mitigating reputation risk by using machine learning to identify early signs of behaviors that could lead to reputation damage.

Findings

This review confirmed that there were at least two areas in which artificial intelligence could be applied to reputation risk management – the use of machine learning to analyze employee emails in real time to detect early signs of aberrant behavior and the use of algorithmic game theory to stress test business decisions to determine whether they contained perverse incentives leading to potential fraud.

Research limitations/implications

Because of the fact that this viewpoint is by its nature a thought experiment, the authors have not yet tested the practicality or feasibility of the uses of artificial intelligence it describes.

Practical implications

Should the concepts described be viable in real-world application, they would create extraordinarily powerful tools for companies to identify risky behaviors in development long before they had run far enough to create major reputation risk.

Social implications

By identifying risky behaviors at an early stage and preventing them from turning into reputation risks, the methods described could help restore and maintain trust in the relationship between companies and their stakeholders.

Originality/value

To the best of the author’s knowledge, artificial intelligence has never been described as a potential tool in reputation risk management.
Mediating and moderating influencers of firm performance
Authors: Niranjan Suman , Spulick Stephen R. , Savitskie Katrina
Published: February 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to conduct an exploratory study that will assist supply chain firms in the development of partner satisfaction, flexibility, and supply chain performance. The authors examine how the interaction of information exchange, partner interaction, knowledge sharing and flexibility as mediated through partner satisfaction effectuates firm performance. The goal of this research is to answer the supply chain managers’ need to better understand where to invest their time and effort to get improved firm performance.

Design/methodology/approach

The model was tested with panel data from 105 experienced, US-based supply chain managers. Structural equation modeling using partial least squares approach was utilized to conduct the analysis.

Findings

The results provide crucial evidence that simple information exchange among supply chain partners does not result in improvements in firm performance or partner satisfaction, but, when mediated through the flexibility construct, it does. Further, the use of integration tools has a moderating effect on the relationship between flexibility and firm performance. The results suggest that working closely with supply chain partners helps ensure improved relationship satisfaction, and can reduce issues that can impact firm performance.

Research limitations/implications

The empirical research presented requires additional validation though larger sample data from supply chain managers.

Practical implications

This study stresses on the importance of managers using information exchange, partner interaction, and knowledge sharing as a means of improving their firm’s indirect influence on firm performance through flexibility and integration tools.

Originality/value

This is one of the few studies in the supply chain literature that integrates flexibility as a mediator variable. Additionally, this study introduces the new construct of integration tools to the supply chain literature.
Dorothy Dignam’s advocacy for women’s careers in advertising: 1920-1950
Authors: Wills Jeanie
Published: February 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to examine how women working in the advertising industry during the 1920s and 1930s encouraged and resisted stereotypes about women to establish a professional identity. This seemingly paradoxical approach provided women with opportunities for professional development and network building. Dorothy Dignam is presented as a case study of one such advertising woman. She was a market researcher, a teacher, an advocate for women’s employment in advertising, a historian of women’s advertising clubs and a supporter of and a contributor to women’s professional networking.

Design/methodology/approach

Archival material is drawn from the N. W. Ayer and Son archives at the Smithsonian Institute, the Advertising Women of New York archives and the Dorothy Dignam Papers at the Schlesinger Library, the Philadelphia Club of Advertising Women papers at Bryn Mawr, the Dignam Collection at the Wisconsin Historical Society and the Women’s Advertising Club of Chicago (WACC) archives at the University of Illinois, Chicago. A close reading method of analysis places the material in a historical context. Additionally, it provides a narrative structure to demonstrate the complementary relationship between advertising club work and professional identity.

Findings

Dignam’s career strategies helped her to construct a professional identity that situated her as a guide, teacher and role model for other women who worked in advertising. She supported and created an attitude that enabled aspiring career women to embark on their careers, and she assisted in creating a coalition of women who empowered each other through their advertising club work.

Practical implications

Dignam’s published work about careers for women in advertising, her own career and its advancement and her involvement with women’s advertising clubs all served a rhetorical purpose. Her professional life sought to change both men’s and women’s attitudes about the impact of women in professional roles. In turn, the influence of attitudes helped to create space for women in business, especially those seeking advertising careers.

Originality/value

This paper illustrates how Dignam’s career, accomplishments and publications coalesce to provide evidence of how women negotiated professional identities and claimed space for themselves in the business world and in the advertising industry.
Decrease in eosinophils infiltrating into the skin of patients with dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor‐related bullous pemphigoid
Authors: Chijiwa Chika , Takeoka Shintaro , Kamata Masahiro , Tateishi Mihoko , Fukaya Saki , Hayashi Kotaro , Fukuyasu Atsuko , Tanaka Takamitsu , Ishikawa Takeko , Ohnishi Takamitsu , Watanabe Shinichi , Tada Yayoi
Published: February 2018

Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an acquired autoimmune blistering disease in which autoantibodies against epitopes in the basement membrane zone of the skin such as BP180 or BP230 are produced. Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)‐4 inhibitors have become commonly used to treat diabetes. As DPP‐4 inhibitors are more commonly prescribed for diabetes, BP related to DPP‐4 inhibitors has been reported and has attracted attention. Therefore, we retrospectively investigated patients who were diagnosed with BP in order to examine characteristics of DPP‐4 inhibitor‐related BP (nine patients; median age, 85 years) in comparison with non‐DPP‐4 inhibitor‐related BP (21; median age, 85 years). There was no significant difference in Bullous Pemphigoid Disease Area Index between DPP‐4 inhibitor‐related BP patients and non‐DPP‐4 inhibitor‐related BP patients, except for erosions/blisters score in mucosa. Laboratory tests revealed no significant differences between DPP‐4 inhibitor‐related BP patients and non‐DPP‐4 inhibitor‐related BP patients in total white blood cell count, eosinophil count, neutrophil count and the titer of anti‐BP180 antibody. The number of eosinophils infiltrating into the skin was significantly lower in patients with DPP4 inhibitor‐related BP than in patients with non‐DPP4 inhibitor‐related BP. Our results showed that DPP‐4 inhibitor‐related BP has some distinct pathological characteristics from BP not associated with DPP‐4 inhibitor.
Whitefly aggregation on tomato is mediated by feeding‐induced changes in plant metabolites that influence the behaviour and performance of conspecifics
Authors: Su Qi , Chen Gong , Mescher Mark C. , Peng Zhengke , Xie Wen , Wang Shaoli , Wu Qingjun , Liu Jie , Li Chuanren , Wang Wenkai , Zhang Youjun
Published: February 2018

Leaf damage caused by herbivore feeding often triggers induced resistance in plants. However, some herbivores can take advantage of the resulting metabolic changes in host plants and may even manipulate plant resistance, leading to a phenomenon known as induced susceptibility.

Previous work has shown that feeding by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci can reduce tomato Solanum lycopersicum resistance and that whiteflies tended to aggregate on infested plants. However, metabolomic changes in the plant and associated whitefly behavioural responses underlying this phenomenon remain poorly understood. We, therefore, investigated how B. tabaci infestation affects host physiology and the preference and performance of conspecific feeders.

Bemisia tabaci adults exhibited consistent behavioural preferences for plants that experienced actual and simulated herbivory by conspecifics (consistent with observed effects on whitefly performance), but not for plants that were only mechanically wounded. Leaf volatiles and extracts of B. tabaci‐infested plants showed altered terpenoid and flavonoid profiles. Manipulative behavioural experiments indicated that suppression of the monoterpenes α‐phellandrene and α‐terpinene and of flavonoids by B. tabaci infestation influenced the foraging and oviposition preferences of conspecifics.

These findings document key metabolic changes in plants exhibiting induced susceptibility and demonstrate their role in mediating herbivore foraging behaviour and aggregation on susceptible plants, thereby providing new insight into a relatively unexplored aspect of plant–herbivore interactions.

A plain language summary is available for this article.
Environmental context and contaminant biotransport by Pacific salmon interact to mediate the bioaccumulation of contaminants by stream‐resident fish
Authors: Gerig Brandon S. , Chaloner Dominic T. , Janetski David J. , Moerke Ashley H. , Rediske Richard R. , O'Keefe James P. , de Alwis Pitts Dilkushi A. , Lamberti Gary A.
Published: February 2018

The extent to which environmental context mediates the bioaccumulation of biotransported contaminants by stream‐resident organisms is poorly understood. For example, it is unclear the extent to which contaminant type, instream characteristics or resident fish identity interact to influence the uptake of contaminants deposited by Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) during their spawning runs.

To address this uncertainty, we sampled four stream‐resident fish species from 13 watersheds of the Laurentian Great Lakes in locations with and without salmon runs across a gradient of instream and watershed characteristics. We determined the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and mercury (Hg) concentration along with the stable isotope ratios for salmon and stream‐resident fish.

We found that stream‐resident fish PCB concentrations were higher in reaches with salmon and were positively related to δ15N. In contrast, resident fish Hg concentrations were similar or lower in reaches with salmon compared with reaches lacking salmon and either exhibited a negative or no relationship with δ15N.

Based on AICc, resident fish exhibited species‐specific PCB concentrations that were positively related to salmon PCB flux. Hg burdens exhibited an interaction between fish length and salmon Hg flux—as salmon Hg inputs increased, Hg levels decreased with increasing resident fish length. Because salmon eggs are enriched in PCBs but depleted in Hg, contaminant loads of resident fish appear to be driven by consumption of salmon eggs. We found no support for models that included the mediating influence of instream or watershed factors.

Synthesis and applications. Our results highlight that contaminants bioaccumulate differently depending on contaminant type, species identity and the trophic pathway to contamination. Consequently, consideration of the recipient food web and route of exposure is critical to understanding the fate of biotransported contaminants in ecosystems. The transfer of contaminants by migratory organisms represents an understudied stressor in ecology. Effective management of biotransported contaminants will require the delineation of hotspots of biotransport and implementation of best management practices to reduce inputs of salmon‐derived pollutants.
Integration of speech and gesture in aphasia
Authors: Cocks Naomi , Byrne Suzanne , Pritchard Madeleine , Morgan Gary , Dipper Lucy
Published: February 2018

Background

Information from speech and gesture is often integrated to comprehend a message. This integration process requires the appropriate allocation of cognitive resources to both the gesture and speech modalities. People with aphasia are likely to find integration of gesture and speech difficult. This is due to a reduction in cognitive resources, a difficulty with resource allocation or a combination of the two. Despite it being likely that people who have aphasia will have difficulty with integration, empirical evidence describing this difficulty is limited. Such a difficulty was found in a single case study by Cocks et al. in 2009, and is replicated here with a greater number of participants.

Aims

To determine whether individuals with aphasia have difficulties understanding messages in which they have to integrate speech and gesture.

Methods & Procedures

Thirty‐one participants with aphasia (PWA) and 30 control participants watched videos of an actor communicating a message in three different conditions: verbal only, gesture only, and verbal and gesture message combined. The message related to an action in which the name of the action (e.g., ‘eat’) was provided verbally and the manner of the action (e.g., hands in a position as though eating a burger) was provided gesturally. Participants then selected a picture that ‘best matched’ the message conveyed from a choice of four pictures which represented a gesture match only (G match), a verbal match only (V match), an integrated verbal–gesture match (Target) and an unrelated foil (UR). To determine the gain that participants obtained from integrating gesture and speech, a measure of multimodal gain (MMG) was calculated.

Outcomes & Results

The PWA were less able to integrate gesture and speech than the control participants and had significantly lower MMG scores. When the PWA had difficulty integrating, they more frequently selected the verbal match.

Conclusions & Implications

The findings suggest that people with aphasia can have difficulty integrating speech and gesture in order to obtain meaning. Therefore, when encouraging communication partners to use gesture alongside language when communicating with people with aphasia, education regarding the types of gestures that would facilitate understanding is recommended.
Writing fluency in patients with low‐grade glioma before and after surgery
Authors: Antonsson Malin , Johansson Charlotte , Hartelius Lena , Henriksson Ingrid , Longoni Francesca , Wengelin Åsa
Published: February 2018

Background

Low‐grade glioma (LGG) is a type of brain tumour often situated in or near areas involved in language, sensory or motor functions. Depending on localization and tumour characteristics, language or cognitive impairments due to tumour growth and/or surgical resection are obvious risks. One task that may be at risk is writing, both because it requires intact language and memory function and because it is a very complex and cognitively demanding task. The most commonly reported language deficit in LGG patients is oral lexical‐retrieval difficulties, and poor lexical retrieval would be expected to affect writing fluency.

Aims

To explore whether writing fluency is affected in LGG patients before and after surgery and whether it is related to performance on tasks of oral lexical retrieval.

Methods & Procedures

Twenty consecutive patients with presumed LGG wrote a narrative and performed a copy task before undergoing surgery and at 3‐month follow‐up using keystroke‐logging software. The same tasks were performed by a reference group (N= 31). The patients were also tested using the Boston Naming Test (BNT) and word‐fluency tests before and after surgery. Writing fluency was compared between the patients and the reference group, and between the patients before and after surgery. Relationships between performance on tests of oral lexical retrieval and writing fluency were investigated both before and after surgery.

Outcome & Results

Different aspects of writing fluency were affected in the LGG patients both before and after surgery. However, when controlling for the effect of typing speed, the LGG group differed significantly from the reference group only in the proportion of pauses within words. After surgery, a significant decline was seen in production rate and typing speed in the narrative task, and a significant increase was seen in pauses before words. Strong positive relationships were found between oral lexical retrieval and writing fluency both before and after surgery.

Conclusions & Implications

Although aspects of writing fluency were affected both before and after surgery, the results indicate that typing speed is an important factor behind the pre‐surgery differences. However, the decline in overall productivity and the increase in pauses before words after surgery could be related to a lexical deficit. This is supported by the finding that oral lexical‐retrieval scores were strongly correlated with writing fluency. However, further exploration is needed to identify the language and cognitive abilities affecting writing processes in LGG patients.
Stress‐induced pyruvate accumulation contributes to cross protection in a fungus
Authors: Zhang Xing , St. Leger Raymond J. , Fang Weiguo
Published: February 2018

It is commonly observed that microorganisms subjected to a mild stress develop tolerance not only to higher doses of the same stress but also to other stresses – a phenomenon called cross protection. The mechanisms for cross protection have not been fully revealed. Here, we report that heat shock induced cross protection against UV, oxidative and osmotic/salt stress conditions in the cosmopolitan fungus Metarhizium robertsii. Similarly, oxidative and osmotic/salt stresses also induced cross protection against multiple other stresses. We found that oxidative and osmotic/salt stresses produce an accumulation of pyruvate that scavenges stress‐induced reactive oxygen species and promotes fungal growth. Thus, stress‐induced pyruvate accumulation contributes to cross protection. RNA‐seq and qRT‐PCR analyses showed that UV, osmotic/salt and oxidative stress conditions decrease the expression level of pyruvate consumption genes in the trichloroacetic acid cycle and fermentation pathways leading to pyruvate accumulation. Our work presents a novel mechanism for cross protection in microorganisms.
Novel, diverse RNA viruses from Mediterranean isolates of the phytopathogenic fungus, Rosellinia necatrix: insights into evolutionary biology of fungal viruses
Authors: Arjona‐Lopez Juan Manuel , Telengech Paul , Jamal Atif , Hisano Sakae , Kondo Hideki , Yelin Mery Dafny , Arjona‐Girona Isabel , Kanematsu Satoko , Lopez‐Herrera Carlos José , Suzuki Nobuhiro
Published: February 2018

To reveal mycovirus diversity, we conducted a search of as‐yet‐unexplored Mediterranean isolates of the phytopathogenic ascomycete Rosellinia necatrix for virus infections. Of seventy‐nine, eleven fungal isolates tested RNA virus‐positive, with many showing coinfections, indicating a virus incidence of 14%, which is slightly lower than that (approximately 20%) previously reported for extensive surveys of over 1000 Japanese R. necatrix isolates. All viral sequences were fully or partially characterized by Sanger and next‐generation sequencing. These sequences appear to represent isolates of various new species spanning at least 6 established or previously proposed families such as Partiti‐, Hypo‐, Megabirna‐, Yado‐kari‐, Fusagra‐ and Fusarividae, as well as a newly proposed family, Megatotiviridae. This observation greatly expands the diversity of R. necatrix viruses, because no hypo‐, fusagra‐ or megatotiviruses were previously reported from R. necatrix. The sequence analyses showed a rare horizontal gene transfer event of the 2A‐like protease domain between a dsRNA (phlegivirus) and a positive‐sense, single‐stranded RNA virus (hypovirus). Moreover, many of the newly detected viruses showed the closest relation to viruses reported from fungi other than R. necatrix, such as Fusarium spp., which are sympatric to R. necatrix. These combined results imply horizontal virus transfer between these soil‐inhabitant fungi.
Ascorbic Acid‐Based Oxygen Scavenger in Active Food Packaging System for Raw Meatloaf
Authors: Lee Jung‐Soo , Chang Yoonjee , Lee Eun‐Sil , Song Hong‐Geon , Chang Pahn‐Shick , Han Jaejoon
Published: February 2018

A nonferrous oxygen scavenger (NFOS) comprising activated carbon and sodium l‐ascorbate was developed to enhance the preservative efficacy of raw meatloaves. To determine the optimum formulation of activated carbon and sodium l‐ascorbate, NFOSs with varying ratios of components (1:1, 1:1.2, 1:1.4, 1:1.6, 1:1.8, and 1:2, w/w) were prepared and their oxygen‐scavenging volumes were measured over 4 d at 25 °C. Assays of oxygen‐scavenging capacities indicated that the optimum NFOS formulation of activated carbon and sodium l‐ascorbate was achieved at a ratio of 1:1.6 (w/w). Finally, the optimal NFOS sachet was applied to packaging of raw meatloaves and its oxygen‐scavenging capacity was periodically analyzed. Moreover, microbiological changes (including total aerobic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, and yeasts and molds) and an effect on lipid oxidation during the storage were examined at 4 °C for 4 d. The meatloaves packaged with NFOS sachet had lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and microbiological changes than control meatloaves, indicating the practical utility in the food packaging industry.

Practical Application

Oxygen‐scavenging sachets containing iron powder have been generally used although those have several problems. Therefore, to solve them, an ascorbic acid‐based oxygen scavenger composed of activated carbon and sodium l‐ascorbate was newly developed. It did not only inhibit lipid oxidation but also reduce microbial growth in meatloaves. It could be used as a promising packaging material to protect meat products from lipid oxidation and microbial contamination.