bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ginsenoside Rg1 improves ischemic brain injury by balancing mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy
Authors: Tang Xuhui , Chen Ningnan , Long Xiangling
Published: March 2021

Purpose: To study the effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on mitochondrial dysfunction  induced by ischemic stroke.Methods: Human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells, subjected to oxygen-glucose  deprivation (OGD), were divided into six groups: control group, OGD group, 3 OGD + Rg1 groups (6.25, 12.5 and 25 μM), and Rg1 (25 μM) group. Apoptosis rate, intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MTP) in the OGD cells treated with different  concentrations of Rg1 were determined. The mRNA and protein expression levels of mitochondrial biogenesis-related transcription factors and autophagy-related proteins were determined by reat time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting.Results: ROS production was significantly increased in OGD SK-N-SH cells (p < 0.01), but this was reversed by Rg1 treatment (p < 0.05). Rg1-treated cells had significantly higher MTP when compared with OGD cells (p < 0.01). Rg1 treatment led to significant increases in mRNA and protein expression levels of PGC1-α, NRF-1, and TFAM-1 (p < 0.01). Moreover, Rg1 treatment inhibited apoptosis in SKN- SH cells, and up-regulated autophagy-related proteins in t neuronal injury model. Treatment with autophagy inhibitors decreased the mitochondrial protective effects exerted by Rg1 in OGD SK-N-SH cells.Conclusion: Rg1 improves mitochondrial dysfunction by regulating autophagy in mitochondria. Thus, it may offer protection from brain injuries caused by cerebral ischemia. Keywords: Cerebral ischemia, Ginsenoside Rg1, Mitochondrial dysfunction, Mitophagy
Spectrophotometric and theoretical studies on the determination of etilefrine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples
Authors: El Defrawy Ahmed Mohamed , Saber Amr Lotfy
Published: March 2021

Purpose: To develop a simple and cost effective spectrophotometric method for the determination of etilefrine hydrochloride (ET) in pharmaceutical formulations and human plasma.Methods: The method is based on extraction of ET into chloroform as ion-pair  complexes with bromocresol green (BCG) and methyl orange (MO) in acidic medium. The interaction of ET with BCG and MO reagents were investigated using  B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory. The geometrical parameters of the interacting species and the ion pairs formed were characterized based on their frontier  molecular orbitals, atomic charges, electrostatic potential map, as well as NBO analysis.Results: The colored species exhibited absorption maxima at 410 and 479 nm for the two systems in universal buffer of pH range (3.0 - 3.5), with molar absorptivity of 2.4 × 104 and 1.7 × 104 Lmol-1cm-1, for BCG and MO methods, respectively. The methods demonstrated good linearity with correlation coefficient ranging from  0.9987 – 0.9991 in the concentration ranges 0.5 – 16 and 2.0 – 18 μgmL-1 for BCG and MO methods, respectively. The composition ratio of the ion-association complexes was 1:1 in all cases as established by Job’s method. Sandell,s  sensitivity, correlation coefficient, detection and quantification limits were also calculated. Molecular descriptors were obtained based on optimized structures of the molecules under investigation, by applying the B3LYP/6-31G(d) method, and used to interpret the mode of interaction between these molecules to form the investigated ion pairs.Conclusion: The proposed methods make use of simple reagents, which a basic  analytical laboratory can afford. No interference was observed from common  pharmaceutical excipients and additives. ETMO ion pair has a larger interaction energy (higher stability) than ET-BCG ion pair as inferred from their interaction energies.Keywords: Density functional theory, Etilefrine hydrochloride, Ion pair complex, Spectrophotometry, Bromocresol green, Methyl orange, Geometric analysis
Effects of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin on blood lipids, platelet aggregation rate and inflammatory factors in patients with cerebral infarction
Authors: Cao Guo-jun , Zhang Xing-feng , Zheng Ke-da
Published: March 2021

Purpose: To investigate the effects of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin on blood lipids, platelet aggregation rate (PAR) and inflammatory factors in patients with cerebral infarction.Methods: Patients (n = 120) with cerebral infarction treated in Feng Hua People's Hospital, Jiang Feng Hua, China from January 2014 to October 2016 were randomly divided into control group (clopidogrel combined with atorvastatin, 60 cases) and observation group (clopidogrel combined with rosuvastatin, 60 cases). Blood lipids, PAR, inflammatory factors and carotid atherosclerotic plaque were recorded and compared.Results: Following treatment, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and low  density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the observation group were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than in the control group, while high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly higher (p < 0.05). C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (IL-6) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were significantly decreased in the two groups after treatment (p < 0.05). Plaque area, intima-media thickness (IMT) and number of plaques in the two groups were significantly lower after treatment than before treatment (p < 0.05). Plaque area, IMT and number of plaques in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Atorvastatin and rosuvastatin have no significant effect on the  antiplatelet function of clopidogrel, but rosuvastatin shows better control of blood lipids, carotid atherosclerosis and inflammatory factors.Keywords: Atorvastatin, Rosuvastatin, Cerebral infarction, Blood lipids, Platelet aggregation rate, Inflammatory factors
Development and evaluation of miconazole mucoadhesive tablets for oropharyngeal candidiasis
Authors: Jin Qiong , Chen Wei , Wu Wan
Published: March 2021

Purpose: To develop mucoadhesive tablets containing miconazole (MCZ) for the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis, using chitosan and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as mucoadhesive polymers.Methods: Mucoadhesive tablets were formulated and optimized using a 23 factorial design and direct compression method. The independent variables were compression force and concentrations of chitosan and HPMC, while mucoadhesion time and in vitro drug release were dependent variables. Tablet characterization was carried out by evaluating hardness, thickness, tablet weight variation, content uniformity, friability and in vitro drug release at salivary pH (pH 6.8).Results: The tablets showed good mucoadhesion for an extended period (8 h), and their physical characteristics were within acceptable ranges. Drug release ranged from 60.5 % to 80.8 %.Conclusion: These results indicate that the mucoadhesive MCZ tablets formulated with chitosan and HPMC possess potential for the development of therapeutic preparations for management of oropharyngeal candidiasis.Keywords: Miconazole, Oropharyngeal candidiasis, Factorial design, Mucoadhesion, Chitosan, Drug release
Development of extended-release formulation of domperidone using a blend of Raphia hookeri gum and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as tablet matrix
Authors: Olorunsola Emmanuel O. , Majekodunmi Stephen O.
Published: March 2021

Purpose: To develop an extended-release formulation of domperidone using a blend of Raphia hookeri gum and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as tablet matrix.Methods: Tablets (400 mg) containing 30 mg domperidone (DPD) were formulated using binary mixtures of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and Raphia hookeri gum (RHG) as matrix former; and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) as direct compression excipient. The proportions of the matrix formers (40 % of tablet weight) was varied as 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100. The composition of the matrix former was also kept constant (50:50) while MCC was varied as 40, 30, 20 and 10 %. The tablets were evaluated for compact density, tensile strength, friability and drug release over 24 h.Results: The tensile strength of tablets decreased while their friability increased with increase in the proportion of RHG. A similar trend was observed with decrease in the concentration of MCC. Tablets containing RHG alone as matrix former and 40 % MCC as direct compression excipient had tensile strength of 0.95 MNm-2, friability of 1.07 % and cumulative drug release of 83.2 % over a period of 24 h. Tablets containing equal proportions of HPMC and RHG as matrix former had the best release properties of 95.0 % over a period of 24 h.Conclusion: RHG is comparable with HPMC in terms of extending the release of  domperidone for a once daily administration. A suitable combination of the two  polymers for use as a matrix former is superior to either of the individual polymers.Keywords: Domperidone, Extended drug release, Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, Raphia hookeri gum, Tablet properties
Preparation and characterization of artemether inclusion complexes with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin
Authors: Yahaya Zwanden Sule , Ofokansi Kenneth C. , Allagh Suzane T. , Bhatia Pat G.
Published: March 2021

Purpose: To investigate experimentally the inclusion of artemether into the cavity of  hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and examine its effect on the solubility and dissolution rate of the drug.Methods: Inclusion complexes of artemether with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin of molar ratios 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 were prepared using the kneading method. Phase solubility analysis and in vitro dissolution studies were utilized in evaluating the influence of inclusion complex formation on the solubility and dissolution rate of the drug. The complexes were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The inclusion complex containing equimolar concentrations of artemether and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin was then formulated into tablets via direct compression and  evaluated for various pharmaceutical characteristics including hardness, friability, absolute drug content and comparative in vitro dissolution profiles with some  commercially available brands of artemether.Results: The phase solubility diagram for the formed complexes in water at 37 oC indicated a linear curve soluble complex system (referred to as the AL system), and a stability constant (KC) value of 143 M-1. Evidence consistent with inclusion complex formation was obtained using FT-IR and DSC. The formulated inclusion complex tablets exhibited a higher rate of dissolution than the pure drug and commercial brands, showing 3.9-, 1.8- and 1.6-fold increases, respectively, over a period of 15 min.Conclusion: Inclusion complexation of artemether with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin is a promising approach to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of the drug.Keywords: Artemether, 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, Dissolution, Solubility enhancement, Inclusion complex
Anti-trypanosomal effect of Malva sylvestris (Malvaceae) extract on a Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected mouse model of sleeping sickness
Authors: Ding Yan-Bing , Chen Jun , Huang Li-Xia , Gong Ye-Li , Yuan Fa-Hu , Tu Jin- Wen
Published: March 2021

Purpose: To evaluate the antitrypanosomal activity of Malva sylvestris (MS) extract in a Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected  mouse model of sleeping sickness.Methods: Sleeping sickness was induced by the intraperitoneal injection of Trypanosoma brucei brucei infected blood in mice.  Confirmation of parasitaemia was performed by estimating the parasite count in the plasma on the 12th day after inoculation. All the mice were divided into five groups: control group that received neither infection nor treatment; negative control that was  infected with the parasite but did not receive treatment; MS-treated group that receive MS extract (250 and 500 mg/kg, ip) and standard (STD) group that received levamisole (7.5 mg/kg, ip) for 7 days after the development of parasitaemia. A further parasite count was performed in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after the treatment period. Humoral antibody response,  delayed hypersensitivity reaction, and mobilization of leucocytes were determined after the treatment period in SRBC-sensitized mice.Results: The results indicate that treatment with MS significantly decreased body weight and parasite count in the blood and CSF of mice with Trypanosoma brucei brucei-induced sleeping sickness compared with that in the negative control group. There was a significant increase in paw swelling and decrease in secondary antibody in the MS-treated group compared with that in the  negative control group. However, treatment with MS extract also enhanced the mobilization of the total leucocyte count compared with that in the negative control group.Conclusion: The results demonstrate the anti-trypanosomal activity of Malva sylvestris extract via immunomodulation in a  Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected mouse model of sleeping sickness.Keywords: Malva sylvestris, Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Sleeping sickness, Immunomodulatory activity, Delayed hypersensitivity reaction
Excisanin A suppresses proliferation by inhibiting hypoxiainducible factor-1α expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Authors: Han Li Zhuo , Jiang Changgao , Mi Chunliu , Wang Ke Si , Zuo Hong Xiang , Wang Zhe , Li Ming Yue , Zhang Zhi Hong , Jin Xuejun
Published: March 2021

Purpose: To investigate the effect of excisanin A on human hepatocellular carcinoma cells as well as to elucidate its mechanism of action.

Methods: Molecular docking was used to determine the binding characteristics of excisanin A to HIF-1α protein. The transcriptional activation and viability of excisanin A were assessed using Luciferase reporter and MTT assay. The HIF-1α protein in the nucleus was assayed using western blot and immunofluorescence. HIF-1α and VEGF mRNA levels were evaluated using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Cell proliferation was determined by flow cytometry, as well as by EdU and clonogenic assays. In vivo tumor growth was assessed in a murine xenograft model of SKHep1 cells.

Results: Excisanin A inhibited HIF-1α transcriptional activation, as well as HIF-1α protein synthesis (p < 0.001). Excisanin A also reduced VEGF protein and mRNA expressions (p < 0.001). In addition, the compound inhibited the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. and tumor growth in the xenograft tumor model.

Conclusion: Excisanin A is a potent HIF-1α inhibitor, supporting its potential development for human hepatoma therapy.

Keywords: Excisanin A, HIF-1α, Protein synthesis, Hepatoma therapy
Phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein 1 enhances sensitivity of gastric cancer cell to 5-fluorouracil via inhibition of cell proliferation, migration and invasion
Authors: Lin Mengxin , Lin Xiaoyan , Huang Xiaobing , Liu Qing , Wu Riping , Wang Xinli , Zhong Dongta
Published: March 2021

Purpose: To determine the association between phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein 1, which is an Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP), and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) via analysis of the association between RKIP and clinical responses in individuals treated using fluorouracil-based chemotherapy.Methods: Human gastric cancer cell lines MGC-803 and SGC-7901 were used in this study. Cell viability was measured using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Apoptosis and migration were determined with flow cytometry and Transwell chamber assays, respectively. The mRNA and protein expressions of apoptosis-related factors were assayed using realtime polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting, respectively, while the expression of RKIP was determined by immunohistochemical staining.Results: Chemotherapeutic drug (5-FU) treatment induced low RKIP expression levels in tumorigenic GC cells, thereby sensitizing the cells to apoptosis (8.57 vs 1.25 %, p < 0.01). The highest RKIP level correlated well with initiation of apoptosis (4.20 vs 1.25 %, p < 0.01). Following in vitro downregulation of RKIP, there was increase in the viability and proliferation of RKIP-inhibited cells over time, and these changes were linked to alterations in cell cycle phases and increased optical density in MTT proliferation assay (1.55 vs 1.18, p < 0.01). In vitro Transwell assay measurement revealed an association between RKIP downregulation and enhancement of cell migration potential (652 vs 436, p < 0.01). Ectopic RKIP expression restored the apoptotic sensitivity of resistant cells (14.30 vs 1.36 %, p <0.01). This sensitization was annulled by upregulation of survival routes. Reduction of RKIP by expression of antisense and siRNA conferred resistance on cancer cells sensitive to 5-FU-mediated apoptosis (6.88 vs 2.13 %, p < 0.01).Conclusion: Thus, RKIP is a promising therapeutic strategy for improving the efficacy of clinically relevant chemotherapeutic drugs for GC.

Keywords: Gastric cancer, Raf kinase inhibitor protein, Cell proliferation, Invasion, Apoptosis, Chemotherapy,  Phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein 1
Inhibition of gastric cancer cell growth, invasion and metastasis by tocotrienolic amide
Authors: Huang Yi , Xu Shi
Published: March 2021

Purpose: To investigate the effect of tocotrienolic amide on gastric cancer (GC) cell growth and metastasis, and the underlying  mechanism of action.Methods: Gastric cancer (GC) cell lines MKN28 and NCI-N87 were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10 % fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1 % penicillin/streptomycin solution at 37 ˚C in a humidified atmosphere of 5 % CO2 and 95 % air. Cell invasion and migration were determined using Transwell and wound healing assays, respectively. Realtime  quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting were used for the determination of changes in the levels of expression of Snail, E-cadherin, vimentin, and microRNA-195-5p (miR-195-5p). In vivo tumor growth inhibition was determined 45 days after establishment of GC xenografts in nude mice.Results: Treatment of MKN28 and NCI-N87 cells with tocotrienolic amide significantly and dosedependently reduced their invasiveness and migratory capacity (p < 0.05). It also significantly and dosedependently downregulated the mRNA and protein expressions of Snail and vimentin, but significantly upregulated E-cadherin expression (p < 0.05). The mRNA expression of miR-195-5p was significantly and dose-dependently upregulated in MKN28 and NCI-N87 cells treated with tocotrienolic amide, but was downregulated after transfection with miR-195-5p inhibitor (p < 0.05). Transfection of MKN28 and NCI-N87 cells with miR-195-5p inhibitor significantly and dose-dependently upregulated mRNA and protein expressions of Snail (p < 0.05). Moreover, treatment of GC mice with TCTA led to significant and dose-dependent reduction in tumor weight and volume (p < 0.05).Conclusion: These results suggest that tocotrienolic amide inhibits the growth and metastasis of GC cells by directly targeting Snail and vimentin genes, and thus can potentially be developed for the management of gastric cancer.

Keywords: Gastric cancer, Metastasis, Protein expression, Tocotrienolic amide, Tumor volume
Costus afer (Costaceae, Zingiberales) leaf extract ameliorates naproxen-induced gastric ulcer in rats
Authors: Khattab Hala AH , Aljehany Buthaina M.
Published: March 2021

Purpose: To examine Costus afer leaf extract (CALE) protective effects against naproxen-induced gastric ulcer and the mechanisms of protection.Methods: Rats with naproxen-induced ulcer were pretreated with either CALE (800 mg/kg), pantoprazole (20 mg/kg), or a combination of both. Then the ulcer index, total gastric acidity, gastric pH, and curative index were evaluated. In addition, gastric mucin, pepsin, prostaglandin E2, nitric oxide, reduced glutathione, lipid peroxide, and superoxide dismutase were quantified. The gastric pathologicalchange was also evaluated.Results: Rats treated with CALE, pantoprazole, and their combination significantly decreased ulcer index, total gastric acidity, and gastric pH. All treatments induced a significant curative index in favor of the combination. The CALE significantly increased gastric mucin, prostaglandin E2, nitric oxide, reduced glutathione, and superoxide dismutase. However, the CALE significantly decreased pepsin and lipid peroxide product.Conclusion: These results reveal that CALE protects the stomach against naproxen-induced ulcer. This action is linked to increased gastroprotective factors, increased antioxidants, and decreased lipid peroxidation. The CALE may be used as an adjunctive treatment for ulcers caused by NSAIDs.

Keywords: Costus afer, Naproxen, Gastric ulcer, Antioxidants, Lipid peroxidation
Solid-phase extraction and validated spectrofluorimetric quantification of pamidronate in human plasma
Authors: Abdel-Gawad Sherif A. , Alamri Mubarak A.
Published: March 2021

Purpose: To design a simple and sensitive quantification procedure for pamidronate disodium (PAM) after its solid phase extraction from plasma.Methods: The procedure was based on derivatization of PAM using a suitable fluorogen, 4-chloro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxazole. The  product was determined spectrofluorometrically at excitation and emission wavelengths of 390 and 535 nm, respectively. The method was optimized for all factors that affect the reaction between PAM and the fluorogen. These factors include diluting solvent, pH of the reaction medium, volume of fluorogen solution, buffer pH, buffer volume, temperature and heating time. The method was fully validated according to US-FDA guidelines with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision, recovery, robustness and stability.Results: PAM was successfully extracted from human plasma with solid-phase extraction technique. A linear response was obtained in the concentration range of 10 – 100 ng/mL, with correlation coefficient of 0.998. Mean maximum plasma concentration of PAM was 9.73.2 ± 3.2 µmol/L, which was within the linear range of the proposed method, thereby confirming its sensitivity for the determination of plasma PAM.Conclusion: The proposed procedure is suitable for the quantification of PAM in human plasma after its solid phase extraction. The method is sensitive enough for use in PAM determination in pharmacokinetic studies. Moreover, it is likely a more cost-effective and simpler alternative method than high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) methods.

Keywords: Pamidronate disodium, Derivatization, Spectrofluorimetry, Fluorogen, Quantification
Analysis of Water-Soluble Proteins by Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis in the Encystment Process of Colpoda cucullus Nag-1 and Cytoskeletal Dynamics
Authors: Sogame Yoichiro , Kojima Katsuhiko , Takeshita Toshikazu , Kikuchi Shiho , Shimada Yuto , Nakamura Rikiya , Arikawa Mikihiko , Miyata Seiji , Kinoshita Eiji , Suizu Futoshi , Matsuoka Tatsuomi
Published: March 2021

Assays of protein contained in water-soluble fraction of encysting cells Colpoda cucullus Nag-1 by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) and mass spectrometry (MS) revealed that the amount of β-tubulin abruptly increased in 2.5–10 h after encystment induction. Judging from the results that total α-tubulin content did not decrease much until 12 h after encystment induction, the result indicates that disassembly of microtubules may occur soon after encystment is induced. Therefore, we tried to visualize dynamics of microtubules. Immunofluorescence microscopy using anti-α-tubulin antibody indicated that disassembly of axonemal microtubules of cilia became within 1.5 h after encystment induction, and resorbed in 3 days. Although the cytoplasmic microtubules failed to be visualized clearly, encystmentdependent globulation of cells was promoted by taxol, an inhibitor of disassembly of microtubules. It is possible that a temporary formation of cytoplasmic microtubules may be involved in cell globulation. The phosphorylation level of actin (43 kDa) became slightly elevated just after encystment induction. Lepidosomes, the sticky small globes surrounding encysting cells, were vividly stained with Acti-stain 555 phalloidin, suggesting that 43-kDa actin or its homologues may be contained in lepidosomes.
Idiom i imię Boga
Authors: Idziak-Smoczyńska Urszula
Published: March 2021

Idiom and the Name of God In this article the author follows Derrida’s deconstruction of the Babel tower parable, showing how God’s name is structured by difference, instead of identity. The story of the tower of Babel introduces not only the origin of languages and the necessity of translation, but the ultimate untranslatable – the name. God’s name, hence every name becomes for Derrida another quasi-transcendental, which conditions of possibility (identity) are concurrently conditions of impossibility (difference).
Pomoc i współpraca w czasie pandemii. Zarys problemu
Authors: Baniowska-Kopacz Ewa
Published: March 2021

Help and Cooperation during a Pandemic Time. Outline of the Problem

The article presents the results of research, the axis of which were help initiatives taken during the COVID-19 pandemic. A characteristic feature, and previously unheard of on such a scale, is the initiation, and often full implementation of these activities in the virtual world. The time of the pandemic has blurred the clarity of the categories of those most affected or most in need of help in the events that took place. Another feature of the observed events is their phased. Its elements are spontaneously emerging groups that undertake aid actions. Restoring the “state of normality” and taking over the aid activities by institutions established for this slowed down and weakened the participation of ordinary people in organizing spontaneous activities. The time lived has the features of Turner’s liminality, and assistance groups can be described by the term Communitas.
Sign Order in Slovenian Sign Language Transitive and Ditransitive Sentences
Authors: Pavlič Matic
Published: March 2021

The basic sign order in Slovenian Sign Language (SZJ) is Subject-Verb-Object (SVO). This is shown by analysing non-topicalised or focalised transitive and ditransitive sentences that were elicited from first language SZJ informants using Picture Description Task. The data further reveal that the visual-gestural modality, through which SZJ is transmitted, plays a role in linearization since visually influenced classifier predicates trigger the non-basic SOV sign order in this language.
Wpływ mowy nienawiści zawartej w wypowiedziach przedstawicieli partii Alternatywa dla Niemiec na zmiany zachodzące w systemie zarządzania mediami w RFN
Authors: Kamińska-Korolczuk Katarzyna
Published: March 2021

The impact of hate speech contained in the statements of the Alternative for Germany party representatives on changes taking place in the media management system in Germany

The purpose of the article is to present the introduced legal solutions regulating the functioning and management of the media system in Germany, which came into force under the influence of changes in political communication. A case study is presented examples of hate speech in the discourse of the party of the new right-wing populism –Alternative for Germany (Alternative fur Deutschland, AfD). The party uses rhetoric which until now has been marginal in the German media and since the refugee crisis it has become an increasingly common form of expression. The analysis was conducted against the backdrop of events that influenced the Bundestags to adopted Law improving law enforcement in social networks (Gesetz zur Verbesserung der Rechtsdurchsetzung in sozialen Netzwerken, Netzwerkdurchsetzungsgesetz, NetzDG). The analysis leads to the conclusions that the new right-wing populism changed the style of communication on the German political scene, which is not without influence on the decisions making by the legislator to introduce specific legal provisions regulating the management and framework of discourse in the social media in this state.
A Scientist does not have to be Human?
Authors: Szymborska Dorota
Published: March 2021

We, as humans appropriated science. A scientist is associated only with a human being. It doesn't have to stay that way. Non-protein scientists may appear sooner than expected. We will be challenged soon. A new legal and ethical code will be needed, and above all, a redefinition of the concepts of science and scientist seems to be urgent to formulate. The appearance of superintelligence and machines in science will mean the need to re-evaluate its operation. Let's start noticing the law of artificial intelligence (AI), to build inclusive science with machines.
Neurogenic Obesity-Induced Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Gordon Phillip S. , Farkas Gary J. , Gater David R.
Published: March 2021

The population with SCI is at a significant risk for both insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) secondary to neurogenic obesity. The prevalence of insulin resistance and T2DM in persons with SCI suggests that disorders of carbohydrate metabolism are at epidemic proportions within the population. However, the true frequency of such disorders may be underestimated because biomarkers of insulin resistance and T2DM used from the population without SCI remain nonspecific and may in fact fail to identify true cases that would benefit from intervention. Furthermore, diet and exercise have been used to help mitigate neurogenic obesity, but results on disorders of carbohydrate metabolism remain inconsistent, likely because of the various ways carbohydrate metabolism is assessed. The objective of this article is to review current literature on the prevalence and likely mechanisms driving insulin resistance and T2DM in persons with SCI. This article also explores the various assessments and diagnostic criteria used for insulin resistance and T2DM and briefly discusses the effects of exercise and/or diet to mitigate disorders of carbohydrate metabolism brought on by neurogenic obesity.
Pathophysiology of Neurogenic Obesity After Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Gater David R. , Farkas Gary J. , Tiozzo Eduard
Published: March 2021

Individuals with a spinal cord injury (SCI) have a unique physiology characterized by sarcopenia, neurogenic osteoporosis, neurogenic anabolic deficiency, sympathetic dysfunction, and blunted satiety associated with their SCI, all of which alter energy balance and subsequently body composition. The distinct properties of “neurogenic obesity” place this population at great risk for metabolic dysfunction, including systemic inflammation, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the relationship between neurogenic obesity and the metabolic syndrome after SCI, highlighting the mechanisms associated with adipose tissue pathology and those respective comorbidities. Additionally, representative studies of persons with SCI will be provided to elucidate the severity of the problem and to prompt greater vigilance among SCI specialists as well as primary care providers in order to better manage the epidemic from a public health perspective.
Performance evaluation of an anaerobic hybrid reactor treating petrochemical effluent
Authors: Jafarzadeh M.T. , Jamshidi N. , Talebiazar L. , Aslaniavali R.
Published: March 2021

Organic loading rate (OLR), Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) and up flow velocity are important parameters significantly affecting microbial ecology and characteristics of anaerobic reactors. In this study, Performance of an anaerobic hybrid reactor (UASB/Filter) at mesophilic condition was evaluated in a 15.4 L reactor receiving petrochemical wastewater. The temperature of influent was adjusted by an inline heat exchanger at around 35 ˚C. The reactor was seeded with flocculent sludge from a UASB plant treating dairy wastewater. The sludge was acclimatized to petrochemical wastewater in twostage operation. After 39 weeks, a COD reduction of 70.3% was obtained at OLR=2.0 kg m-3 d-1 and HRT=18 h. Under steady state conditions, experiments were conducted at OLRs of between 0.5 and 24 kg TCOD m-3 d-1 , hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 4-48 h and up flow velocities 0.021-0.25 m h-1. Removal efficiencies in the range of 42-86% were achieved at feed TCOD concentrations of 1000- 4000 mg L-1 . The biogas production data used for determination of biogas production kinetics. The values of Gmax and GB estimated as 11.173 LL-1d -1 and 85.83 g L-1d -1 , respectively.
La resiliencia como estrategia de recuperación en un destino turístico internacional. Caso Los Cabos, México / Resilience as a recovery strategy in an international tourist destination. Case Los Cabos, Mexico
Authors: Lacruhy Enríquez Claudia Carolina , Perpuli Ceseña Ariadna Colette
Published: March 2021

En esta investigación, se presenta el estudio de caso del municipio de Los Cabos Baja California Sur, México, con el objetivo de analizar estrategias de recuperación, para incrementar la resiliencia de destinos turísticos, cuando estos se enfrentan a embates de factores externos que amenazan su estabilidad y desarrollo; la metodología es cualitativa, con alcance  exploratorio, descriptivo y explicativo, se efectuaron entrevistas a actores clave del destino turístico, con un guion de corte exploratorio validado por expertos al 97%, se incluyeron dimensiones de perfil, escenarios de afectación, estrategias de resiliencia y fases de recuperación, se compararon las  estadísticas del destino y una etnografía virtual,  lo cual permitió, tener una visión más amplia de los problemas y la evaluación de respuesta en dos vertientes: la pandemia COVID-19(SARS-CoV-2);  y el análisis de respuesta en el impacto del huracán Odile en 2014. Los principales resultados mostraron que la participación los actores públicos y privados relacionados con la política pública de cara al turismo son centrales. Aunque Los Cabos ha salido adelante de diversas crisis y actualmente posee una estrategia andante que ha permitido una pequeña recuperación, no hay manera de determinar una aproximación realista de recuperación económica del destino. La afectación a la economía poco diversificada de la región, dificulta sostener la operación de las empresas y los empleos de la población. Indicadores de bioseguridad del turista y de los residentes, deberán ser incorporados a las buenas prácticas en el sector y a las estrategias de resiliencia del destino turístico.
ISHRANA GRABLJIVIH VRSTA RIBA I NJIHOV UTICAJ NA ODRŽANJE STABILNOSTI AKUMULACIJE BOVAN
Authors:   University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science Kragujevac, Radenkovic Milena , Miloškovic Aleksandra , Kojadinovic Nataša , Đuretanovic Simona , Velickovic Tijana , Nikolic Marijana , Jakovljevic Marija , Simic Vladica
Published: March 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate the diet of adult predatory fish (pikeperch, perch, pike, and catfish) that inhabit the Bovan reservoir and determine their impact on the ecological stability of the reservoir. The results showed that predators most often used planktivorous fish species in their diet, including bleak, roach, and perch. These species are dominant prey to predators, and at the same time important links in food chains. By feeding on planktivorous fish, predatory fish can contribute to the reduction of the eutrophication of the reservoir and keep this ecosystem stable.
SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF THE ZAPADNA MORAVA RIVER WATER QUALITY
Authors:   University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Pantelic Nebojša Đ. , Štrbacki Jana S. ,   University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Markovic Goran ,   University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, Popovic-Đorđevic Jelena B. ,   University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture
Published: March 2021

The water samples collected from four localities of the middle course of the Zapadna Morava River during 2020 were analyzed via the selected physico-chemical parameters with the aim to estimate the quality of surface water. According to the results of selected physico-chemical parameters (pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand), analyzed surface water show a good chemical status, while the values of nutrient content (nitrate, nitrite, ammonium ion, total phosphorus) indicated the poor chemical status especially at the locality 4 probably due to the outflow of wastewater from the city of Čačak as well as from the influence of the polluted water of the Čemernica River.
ZAKONSKI PROPISI U ORGANSKOJ PROIZVODNJI-NACIONALNA I EU REGULATIVA
Authors:   University of Belgrade, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Savic Radovanovic Radoslava , Aleksic-Agelidis Aleksandra , Aleksic Radojkovic Jelena
Published: March 2021

Organic production in the Republic of Serbia is controlled production, officially regulated by the Law on Organic Production ("Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia", No. 30/10, 17/2019) that provided the legal basis for the adoption of regulations - Rulebook on control and certification in organic production and methods of organic production ("Official Gazette of RS", No. 095/2020) and the Rulebook on documentation submitting for certificate issuance by the authorized organization and organic products trading requirements ("Official Gazette of RS", No. 88/16). The Law on Organic Production regulates the production of agricultural and other products, goals, principles and methods of organic production and control, certification, processing, labeling, storage, transport, trade, import and export of organic products as well as other issues of importance for organic production. The provisions of the Act are applied to products originating from all stages of organic production - plant and livestock, including aquaculture products for market. Organic products are not considered to be products obtained by hunting and fishery. The system of organic products control in the Republic of Serbia was established in accordance to the European Union regulations- Council Regulation (EC) No 834/2007, Commission Regulation (EC) No 886/2008). On January 2021, these regulations will expire. The new Regulation of the European Parliament and the Council on organic production and labeling of organic products (Regulation (EU) 2018/848) will enter into force in order to respond to growing consumers demands and expectations.
QUALITY PARAMETERS AND POTENTIALS OF UTILIZATION OF DIFFERENT MAIZE HYBRIDS FOR FOOD AND FEED
Authors: Nikolic Valentina , Žilic Slađana , Simic Marijana , Radosavljevic Milica , Filipovic Milomir , Srdic Jelena
Published: March 2021

Quality parameters of six maize hybrids created at the Maize Research Institute Zemun Polje were investigated in this study. Physical properties, kernel structure, and chemical composition of one yellow dent standard and five specialty maize hybrids of different grain color were analyzed. Whole-grain maize flour is naturally gluten-free which makes it suitable for persons suffering from celiac disease. Fiber, protein, and oil make maize grain an essential component for animal feed production. All maize hybrids showed favorable processing and nutritive characteristics which make them highly suitable for different uses.
Attitude of Health Care Workers On COVID 19 Care In a Selected Hospital Setting
Authors: Bhattacharya Chanu , Karandikar Dr. Neeraj J. , Kadu Amit
Published: March 2021

Introduction: From the first week of March 2020 till Nov 2020 the attitude of HCWs, mental health or perceptions changing regularly as the COVID-19 pandemic changing its image. New treatment, new information new training and practice changing attitude towards positivity as the death rate reducing and patient recovery rate increasing. Methods: A cross sectional study was done by a Likert type five-point attitude scale by survey method and conveniently selected 120 health care workers from a single setting.  Different categories of HCWs were participated namely doctors, nurses, physiotherapists, lab technicians and X-ray technicians. Results: result showed mean age of HCWs were 26.9.  Female HCWs are more than male. 80% HCWs attitude is favorable 20% neutral and no one have unfavorable attitude. Chai square test revealed that there is highly significant association of attitude with marital status and residence area, significant with age and year of experience. Conclusion: Generalization is not possible because this is single center data. But research showed maturity and better practice improves attitude. HCWs attitude improve care and recovery rates.
IMPLEMENTASI SUPERVISI PEMBELAJARAN DALAM MENINGKATKAN PRESTASI KERJA GURU PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM DI SMP NEGERI 2 RANTAU SELATAN KABUPATEN LABUHANBATU
Authors: Ahmad Azhar Candra Wijaya, Syamsu Nahar,
Published: March 2021

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis: 1) Pelaksanaan supervisi pengajaran di SMP Negeri 2 Rantau Selatan Kabupaten Labuhanbatu, 2) Pelaksanaan fungsi-fungsi supervisi pengajaran di SMP Negeri 2 Rantau Selatan Kabupaten Labuhanbatu, 3) Prestasi kerja guru di SMP Negeri 2 Rantau Selatan Kabupaten Labuhanbatu, 4) Pelaksanaan supervisi pengajaran dalam meningkatkan prestasi kerja guru di SMP Negeri 2 Rantau Selatan Kabupaten Labuhanbatu. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data penelitian berupa observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan empat temuan, yaitu: 1) Pelaksanaan supervisi pengajaran di SMP Negeri 2 Rantau Selatan Kabupaten Labuhanbatu sudah di rencanakan dan di laksanakan di SMP Negeri 2 Rantau Selatan Kabupaten Labuhanbatu, 2) Pelaksanaan fungsi-fungsi supervisi pengajaran di SMP Negeri 2 Rantau Selatan Kabupaten Labuhanbatu, melihat beberapa hal, yaitu: mengkoordinasi semua usaha sekolah; memperluas pengalaman guru-guru (pelatihan); memperlengkapi kepemimpinan sekolah, 3) Prestasi kerja guru di SMP Negeri 2 Rantau Selatan Kabupaten Labuhanbatu sudah terlaksana sesuai dengan indikator prestasi kerja guru yang harus dicapai, 4) Pelaksanaan supervisi pengajaran dalam meningkatkan prestasi kerja guru di SMP Negeri 2 Rantau Selatan Kabupaten Labuhanbatu, dilaksanakan dengan berbagai cara, yaitu: penyusunan rencana pembelajaran; pelaksanaan interaksi proses belajar mengajar; penilaian interaksi peserta didik; pelaksanaan tindak lanjut hasil penilaian prestasi belajar; pelaksana bimbingan dan penyuluhan; disiplin kerja; tanggung jawab dan loyalitas dalam tugas.

 

Kata Kunci: Supervisi, Pembelajaran, Prestasi
La fotografia live istant come dispositivo costruttivo di booty Looting di Wim Vanderkeybus.
Authors: Novaga Arianna
Published: March 2021

The Belgian theatre-dance company Ultima Vez – founded by the director and choreographer Wim Vandekeybus – presented Booty Looting in 2012, at the Venice Biennale Danza. On the stage, a complex and apparently disordered narrative rhapsody, brings into play complementary diegetic coefficients: while a story straddles the real and the imaginary, the dancers become consumed actors, the actors dance and live music fills the empty spaces. But the real beating heart of the show is the photographer, who is entrusted with the delicate task of deciphering the feverish dynamism of the scene to move the public's attention elsewhere, as if to give them a relaxing break from the chaos. The photographic image, taken and reported in real time on the screen at the bottom of the stage, freezes some salient moments of that convulsive movement, almost to break it down anatomically into parts of a 'muybridgian' conception. The photographer, always active during the representation, is an integral part of the story, becoming a performer himself so that his intervention determines the dramaturgical development of the plot. The visual quality of the scene is strongly enhanced by live photographic images, which are often attributable to known visual models. Booty looting literally means stealing what has already been the object of theft, exactly as it happens in the art world, according to the perspective of Vandekeybus. Photography is seen here as an instrument that on the one hand makes it useful to prove the reality of facts, but at the same time declares its ability to lie, to deform memory, to create false memories, to become misleading echoes of experiences actually lived. Between truth and deceit, the photographic image plunders the world and gives us the feeling of being able to know and know it in depth - as Susan Sontag teaches - but it is only a distorted memory that confuses and falsifies the real.
Penanaman Nilai-Nilai Kemasyarakatan Di Pesantren Modern
Authors: H. Ahmad Nadjib , Jamaluddin Muh. , Haroen Hilman , Nugroho Taufik , Paiman Paiman
Published: March 2021

The modern Pabelan Islamic boarding school has received awards in relation to community welfare development including the international Aga Khan Award and the Kalpataru Environment national award. The noble values ​​in the pesantren culture that are to be implanted in the Pabelan modern Islamic boarding school require further exploration so that the strengthening of character education (PPK) based on the culture of the pesantren has various alternatives according to the specifics of each, especially those related to the process of cultivating social values ​​in extra-curricular activities. The case study research in a qualitative approach concludes that the internalization of social values ​​in Panca Jiwa, the motto of the boarding school and its educational orientation has been evident in the culture of Pesantren in extracurricular activities of trilingual speech and scouting with active participation of all parties in the pesantren and clear rules and regulations. hence strengthening the interaction between the community and the pesantren is needed by actively involving the community in extracurricular activities as a whole. Collective and individual initial guidance for new santri on societal values ​​also has a positive impact on the internalization of the pesantren culture for each Pabelan Pesantren student on an ongoing basis.
Analisis Implementasi Program Gerakan Arah Kiblat 1000 Masjid/ Mushola di Kabupaten Sleman
Authors: Muthmainnah Muthmainnah , Arifin Zainul , Hermawan Toto , Barid Barid , Muhaini Akhmad
Published: March 2021

This qualitative case study research deals with the implementation of the 100 Mosques / Musalla movement which socializes the MUI fatwa number 5 of 2010 concerning the Direction of the Qibla in Sleman Regency. by taking two districts to represent the conditions of urban and rural communities. The data collection methods are involved observation, documentation and interviews with 10 informants from community leaders in the two regions. Some people reject change because of their belief in the myth of the ijtihad of their predecessors, besides considering technology not as a means to perfect worship, including measuring the direction of the Qibla. However, most of the changes due to the certification of the mosque's Qibla direction do not require changes to the building, but only adjusting the prayer lines (saff) in the mosque. The dissemination of astronomical technology, which is understood as a form of ijtihad, can be done so that changes and developments that occur in the direction of the mosque's qibla can be accepted by the community.