bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neuropathology of Certain Forms of Mental Retardation
Authors: Windle William F.
Published: October 2006

In presenting the neuropathology of asphyxia neonatorum and some related conditions, as illustrated in experiments with monkeys, I have tried to make six principal points. (i) Newborn monkeys need not be asphyxiated to the point of terminal apnea to suffer structural brain damage. Mental retardation has not been proved, but neither has it been excluded, in these monkeys. (ii) Asphyxia neonatorum requiring resuscitation of the offspring, which otherwise would die, is associated with a remarkably constant syndrome of bilaterally symmetrical, nonhemorrhagic lesions in thalamic and brain-stem nuclei, mainly those of afferent systems. The individuals in this category clearly are retarded. (iii) Asphyxia neonatorum of this second degree may be associated with postpartum complications leading to neocortical atrophy, often of considerable magnitude. The individuals are markedly retarded, often palsied, epileptic, and in a few instances even comatose. (iv) Increased intrauterine pressure in the monkey during prolonged labor leads to fetal and postpartum depression, in connection with which cerebral cortical injury occurs in the absence of typical asphyxial lesions. (v) The relationship of cerebral hemorrhages to mental retardation is not clear, but their presence at autopsy probably signifies trauma during birth, or is an agonal artifact associated with death after postpartum depression. (vi) Finally, kernicterus, a condition in which bile pigment escapes into the brain tissues from the blood when the bilirubin level is high and when there is, in combination with it, some depressing factor such as asphyxia, has been produced in the newborn monkey. It, too, is associated with mental retardation.
Tumors Induced in Primates by Chicken Sarcoma Virus
Authors: Munroe J. Spencer , Windle William F.
Published: October 2006

A suspension of a variant of Rous sarcoma was injected into four adult and eight newborn rhesus monkeys. Seven newborns developed tumors, three of which were diagnosed as fibrosarcomas, in 2 to 6 weeks; none of the adults have tumors after 11 weeks. Virus was demonstrated in two of the tumors by injecting a tumor-suspension preparation into the chick wing-web where tumors subsequently appeared. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time that sarcomas have developed in primates after a virus has been injected.
Nuclear Bodies: Their Prevalence, Location, and Ultrastructure in the Calf
Authors: Weber Alvin F. , Frommes Stephen P.
Published: October 2006

Nuclear bodies, averaging 0.8 to 1.2μ in diameter, were observed in various parenchymatous and interstitial cells of the calf. They were most prevalent and complex in structure in the parenchymatous cells of the adrenal cortex, and consisted of a fibrillar outer portion and a central or core area of varying size that was composed of electron-opaque particulate matter. These bodies, as far as the authors are aware, are of unknown significance.
Thymectomy: Prolongation of Immunological Tolerance in the Adult Mouse
Authors: Claman Henry N. , Talmage David W.
Published: October 2006

The loss of acquired immunological tolerance of mice to bovine gamma globulin depended on the presence of the thymus. Mice were repeatedly injected with bovine γ-globulin from birth until the age of 5 to 10 weeks and then thymectomized or sham operated. After 130 to 160 days without antigen, an accelerated (immune) disappearance of I
125
bovine γ-globulin could be uniformly induced in controls while thymectomized mice remained tolerant. Adult thymectomized mice made tolerant by a single injection of bovine γ-globulin lost tolerance more slowly than sham-operated controls.
Heterogeneity of DNA in Density and Base Composition
Authors: Cheng Ts'ai-Ying , Sueoka Noboru
Published: October 2006

Chromatography, on methylated-albumin columns, of DNA from calf thymus, mouse testis, and
Bacillus subtilis
, yielded, on elution by a sodium chloride gradient, fractions differing in density. The fractions eluted by higher sodium chloride concentrations had lower densities in a CsCl density gradient. Since DNA with higher guaninecytosine content is eluted from the column with lower concentration of sodium chloride and has higher density, the density heterogeneity of DNA is best interpreted as a result of heterogeneity of base composition. An extra band observed in calf-thymus DNA had a higher density than that of the main DNA; it was eluted at a lower concentration of NaCl, indicating a higher content of guanine and cytosine. On the other hand, an additional DNA component in the mouse-testis DNA had a lower density and also it was eluted at a lower salt concentration, possibly an indication of an unusual base component in its structure.
Astaxanthin in the Cedar Waxwing
Authors: Brush Alan H. , Allen Kenneth
Published: October 2006

The pigment on the secondary feathers of the cedar waxwing (
Bombycilla cedrorum
) is deposited as an amorphous layer upon a supporting medullary structure. The pigment was extracted with alkali and analyzed by chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods. The results indicate that the pigment is astacene (3,3′,4,4′-tetraketo- β-carotene), the oxidation product of astaxanthin.
Lead Isotope Variation with Growth Zoning in a Galena Crystal
Authors: Cannon Ralph S. , Pierce Arthur P. , Delevaux Maryse H.
Published: October 2006

A large crystal of lead sulfide from Picher, Oklahoma, has significant differences in isotopic composition of lead in successive growth zones. Lead isotope ratios in the parent ore-fluid evidently changed with time during crystal growth. The growth history of this crystal, interpreted quantitatively, points to a tentative hypothesis of genesis of Mississippi Valley deposits of lead and zinc.
Directional Movement and Horizontal Edge Detectors in the Pigeon Retina
Authors: Maturana Humberto R. , Frenk S.
Published: October 2006

There are ganglion cells in the pigeon retina that respond selectively, some to any edge moving in a particular direction only, others to any vertically moving horizontal edge. This selective response to a specific stimulus arises from the selective sensitivity of each neuron to a particular spatiotemporal configuration in its afferent influences, and is independent of specific pathways.
Intestinal Invertase: Precocious Development of Activity after Injection of Hydrocortisone
Authors: Doell Ruth G. , Kretchmer Norman
Published: October 2006

Injection of rats aged 3 to 9 days with hydrocortisone causes precocious development of invertase activity in the small intestine. The enzyme becomes fully active about 72 hours after injection of hydrocortisone. Invertase activity is also detectable when hydrocortisone is added to organ culture of intestine derived from 5- to 6-day old rats. Hydrocortisone does not appear to affect the activity of lactase, suggesting that it does not act solely by hastening the normal maturation process.
Lymphocyte Interaction: A Potential Histocompatibility Test in vitro
Authors: Bach Fritz , Hirschhorn Kurt
Published: October 2006

Lymphocytes from two unrelated individuals, cultured together in the same tube, undergo morphological transformation to large cells and divide. Both of these parameters may be estimated quantitatively. There is a correlation between the degree of this response and the degree of cross-reactivity of grafts from the two individuals placed on a third unrelated recipient.
Inquiline Roach Responds to Trail-Marking Substance of Leaf-Cutting Ants
Authors: Moser John C.
Published: October 2006

Nymphs and females of the roach inquiline,
Attaphila fungicola
W. M. Wheeler, respond to odor-trail substances of
Atta texana
(Buckley) and
Trachymyrmex septentrionalis
(McCook). The ants are more sensitive than roaches to the pheromone.
Regulation of Cell Surface Polarity from Bacteria to Mammals
Authors: Nelson W. James
Published: October 2006

The generation of unique domains on the cell, cell surface polarity, is critical for differentiation into the diversity of cell structures and functions found in a wide variety of organisms and cells, including the bacterium
Caulobacter crescentus
, the budding yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, and mammalian polarized epithelial cells. Comparison of the mechanisms for establishing polarity in these cells indicates that restricted membrane protein distributions are generated by selective protein targeting to, and selective protein retention at, the cell surface. Initiation of these mechanisms involves reorientation of components of the cytoskeleton and protein transport pathways toward restricted sites at the cell surface and formation of a targeting patch at those sites for selective recruitment and retention of proteins.
Chemical Contrast in X-Ray Microscopy and Spatially Resolved XANES Spectroscopy of Organic Specimens
Authors: Ade H. , Zhang X. , Cameron S. , Costello C. , Kirz J. , Williams S.
Published: October 2006

The scanning transmission x-ray microscope at the National Synchrotron Light Source has been used to record x-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra from 0.01-square-micrometer regions of organic specimens. The spectral features observed reflect the molecular structure of the dominant absorbing atoms and provide the contrast mechanism for high-resolution imaging with chemical sensitivity. This technique was used with x-ray energies near the carbon
K
absorption edge to identify and map separate phases in various polymer blends and to map the DNA distribution in chromosomes with a spatial resolution of 55 nanometers.
Actinomycin D and the Response to Parathyroid Hormone
Authors: Rasmussen Howard , Arnaud Claude , Hawker Charles
Published: October 2006

Actinomycin D inhibits the effect of parathyroid hormone upon bone, as measured by calcium mobilization, without altering its effects upon the renal excretion of phosphate and calcium.
Hemoglobin Polymorphism: Its Relation to Sickling of Erythrocytes in White-Tailed Deer
Authors: Kitchen Hyram , Putnam Frank W. , Taylor W. Jape
Published: October 2006

Hemoglobins with different electrophoretic mobilities are associated with bizarre shapes seen during ordinary light microscopy of erythrocytes from the white-tailed deer,
Odocoileus virginianus
; nonsickling is contingent upon a specific hemoglobin. Sickling in vitro, which is produced to a maximum degree in the presence of oxygen and elevated
p
H, is not associated with hematological abnormalities or disease despite marked differences in physical characteristics of sickled and nonsickled cells.
Polypeptide Chains of Human Gamma-Globulin: Cellular Localization by Fluorescent Antibody
Authors: Bernier George M. , Cebra John J.
Published: October 2006

Fluorescent antibody to antigenically distinct portions of 7
S
gammaglobulin was used to study the occurrence of H-chains and L-chains of types I and II within single cells. Individual lymphoid cells contained both H- and L-chains, but individual cells did not contain both antigenic types of L-chains.
Human Myopathy with Giant Abnormal Mitochondria
Authors: Shy G. M. , Gonatas N. K.
Published: October 2006

The study of children with symmetrical nonprogressive muscle weakness and hypotonia has previously led to the discovery of two new disorders of striated muscle. A third myopathy in a child with hypotonia and proximal weakness is reported. Cytochemical and electron-microscopic studies reveal large, bizarre, interfibrillary and subsarcolemmal mitochondria in muscle obtained by biopsy. Smooth muscle of the vascular wall did not show such abnormalities nor did leucocytes or intramuscular nerves with cytochemical techniques. The basal metabolic rate of the patient was within normal limits.
Genotype and Sex Drive in Intact and in Castrated Male Mice
Authors: McGill Thomas E. , Tucker G. Richard
Published: October 2006

Male mice of two inbred strains and one hybrid strain were observed for sexual behavior for 42 consecutive days. Half the males of each strain were then castrated, and daily testing was continued until the ejaculatory reflex was lost. Strain differences were found in ejaculatory frequency both before and after castration.
Myosin Substructure: Isolation of a Helical Subunit from Heavy Meromyosin
Authors: Lowey Susan
Published: October 2006

A highly α-helical subunit has been isolated from the heavy-meromyosin portion of myosin. This molecule has a helix content of about 73 percent and an amino acid composition similar to that of light meromyosin. The presence of this subunit supports the current view that the myosin molecule consists of a long helical rod with a globular region at one end.
Interaction of Positive and Negative Reinforcing Neural Systems
Authors: Valenstein Elliot S. , Valenstein Thelma
Published: October 2006

Evidence is presented indicating that the repetitive turning on and off of reinforcing brain stimulation is not a special property of restricted hypothalamic and tegmental areas. Results from a sample of 22 diverse hypothalamic, septal, amygdala, and hippocampal sites suggest that such behavior can be obtained from most neural areas from which self-stimulation behavior may be elicited. Questions thus arise about the location of aversive neural systems when aversion is considered as being expressed by the act of terminating positively reinforcing brain stimulation.
Behavioral Lifetime of Human Auditory Sensory Memory Predicted by Physiological Measures
Authors: Lu Z.-L. , Williamson S. J. , Kaufman L.
Published: October 2006

Noninvasive magnetoencephalography makes it possible to identify the cortical area in the human brain whose activity reflects the decay of passive sensory storage of information about auditory stimuli (echoic memory). The lifetime for decay of the neuronal activation trace in primary auditory cortex was found to predict the psychophysically determined duration of memory for the loudness of a tone. Although memory for the loudness of a specific tone is lost, the remembered loudness decays toward the global mean of all of the loudnesses to which a subject is exposed in a series of trials.
Middle Stone Age Culture in India and Pakistan
Authors: Sankalia H. D.
Published: October 2006

For the present we may only note (i) the special features of this flake culture, consisting predominantly of scrapers, points, and borers on any fine-grained material, (ii) its relationship to certain river deposits and factory sites on or near foothills, and (iii) its distribution over almost the whole of Peninsular India. Its maker, Middle Stone Age man, and his vegetational environment are unknown, though we do have a faint idea of the contemporary fauna.
DDT: A New Hypothesis of Its Mode of Action
Authors: O'Brien R. D. , Matsumura Fumio
Published: October 2006

It is suggested that DDT and perhaps other chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides owe their activity to the formation of a charge-transfer complex with a component of the nerve axon, with consequent disturbance of function. Experimental evidence is provided for the formation of two complexes with components of cockroach nerve; the complexes have been partially purified. Their formation is accompanied by an absorption in the 245- to 270-millimicron range.
Visual Experience in Infants: Decreased Attention to Familiar Patterns Relative to Novel Ones
Authors: Fantz Robert L.
Published: October 2006

A complex visual pattern presented for ten successive 1-minute exposure periods was fixated progressively less than comparable novel stimuli by infants 2 to 6 months old. This indicates the occurrence of recognition and habituation of visual responsiveness to specific patterns, and suggests that familiarization with the environment begins through visual exploration before more active exploration is possible.
Infrared Surveys of Hawaiian Volcanoes
Authors: Fisher W. A. , Moxham R. M. , Polcyn F. , Landis G. H.
Published: October 2006

Aerial infrared-sensor surveys of Kilauea volcano have depicted the areal extent and the relative intensity of abnormal thermal features in the caldera area of the volcano and along its associated rift zones. Many of these anomalies show correlation with visible steaming and reflect convective transfer of heat to the surface from subterranean sources. Structural details of the volcano, some not evident from surface observation, are also delineated by their thermal abnormalities. Several changes were observed in the patterns of infrared emission during the period of study; two such changes show correlation in location with subsequent eruptions, but the cause-and-effect relationship is uncertain.

Thermal anomalies were also observed on the southwest flank of Mauna Loa; images of other volcanoes on the island of Hawaii, and of Haleakala on the island of Maui, revealed no thermal abnormalities.

Approximately 25 large springs issuing into the ocean around the periphery of Hawaii have been detected.

Infrared emission varies widely with surface texture and composition, suggesting that similar observations may have value for estimating surface conditions on the moon or planets.
Radium-226 and Polonium-210 in Leaf Tobacco and Tobacco Soil
Authors: Tso T. C. , Hallden N. A. , Alexander L. T.
Published: October 2006

Contents of radium-226 and polonium-210 in leaf tobacco and tobacco-growing soils vary with the source. The differences may result from production locality, culture, and curing. The polonium seems to be not entirely derived from the radium; plants probably take it up from the soil or air.
Reversible Sonic Inhibition of Protein, Purine, and Pyrimidine Biosynthesis in the Living Cell
Authors: Burns Victor W.
Published: October 2006

Yeast cells, carrying on normal biosyntheses in the treatment cup of a sonic oscillator, cease synthesis when the oscillator is operated at a critical low power level. Synthesis is resumed immediately when the oscillator is turned off. At the sonic intensities employed the cells are not extracted, uptake of ammonium ion is unaffected, and most cells remain viable. The inhibition may be the result of disruption of supramacromolecular organization in the cell.
Spawning of Starfish: Action of Gamete-Shedding Substance Obtained from Radial Nerves
Authors: Kanatani Haruo
Published: October 2006

An extract of the radial nerves of the starfish,
Asterias amurensis
, acts on the ovary in two ways: it induces meiosis and brings on spawning. Contraction of the gonadal wall, the driving force for spawning, does not happen until this gamete-shedding substance acts to liberate the eggs that adhere to each other or to the inner surface of the gonadal wall.
Responses of Single Cells in Visual System to Shifts in the Wavelength of Light
Authors: De Valois Russell L. , Jacobs Gerald H. , Abramov Israel
Published: October 2006

Spectrally opponent cells of the macaque lateral geniculate are very sensitive to shifts from one wavelength to another, independent of the relative intensities of the different wavelengths. Shifts in opposite spectral directions from the adaptation wavelength produce opposite changes in firing rate, regardless of the particular wavelengths involved; however, any given cell is more sensitive to shifts in some spectral regions than in others.
Saturation Deficit of the Mesophyll Evaporating Surfaces in a Desert Halophyte
Authors: Whiteman P. C. , Koller D.
Published: October 2006

The tensions developed in the internal evaporating leaf surfaces were estimated for a desert halophyte,
Reaumuria hirtella,
growing in its natural habitat. The method was based on the assumption that at zero transpiration the vapor pressure of the inner parts of the leaf was in equilibrium with that of the atmosphere, provided that stomatal resistance was constant during the measuring period. This could be ensured, since the measuring system controlled both the concentration of carbon dioxide and the atmospheric humidity, while measuring photosynthesis and transpiration simultaneously. Tension values of 180, 240, and 320 bars were recorded for three different
Reaumuria hirtella
plants.
Electroencephalographic Correlates of Binocular Rivalry in Man
Authors: Lansing Robert W.
Published: October 2006

Under conditions of ocular rivalry, changes in the rhythmic brain response to flicker stimulation of one eye correspond closely to the subject's report of changes in the perceptual dominance of that eye.
Averaged Brain Activity Following Saccadic Eye Movement
Authors: Gaarder Kenneth , Krauskopf John , Graf Virgil , Kropfl Walter , Armington John C.
Published: October 2006

Since a change of stimulus is required to effect a visual response, and since saccadic eye movements change the locus of the retinal image, the hypothesis was developed that there should be a brain response following saccadic eye movement. The hypothesis was tested experimentally by averaging the activities following successive saccadic eye movements. A response was found whose characteristics were dependent on illuminance of the stimulus.
Luminous Figures: Factors Affecting the Reporting of Disappearances
Authors: Schuck John R. , Brock Timothy C. , Becker Lee A.
Published: October 2006

Subjects fixated luminous figures in darkness and reported the parts, either points or lines, that disappeared. After carefully controlled instructions, almost half of the disappearances were of lines and less than 20 percent were of fixation points, thus refuting the argument that meaningful disappearances are artifacts of the manner of fixation.
Invariant Chain Peptides in Most HLA-DR Molecules of an Antigen-Processing Mutant
Authors: Sette Alessandro , Ceman Stephanie , Kubo Ralph T. , Sakaguchi Kazuyasu , Appella Ettore , Hunt Donald F. , Davis Theresa A. , Michel Hanspeter , Shabanowitz Jeffrey , Grey Howard M. , DeMars Robert , Rudersdorf Richard
Published: October 2006

Class II major histocompatibility complexes bind peptides in an endosome-like compartment. When the class II null cell line 721.174 was transfected with class II DR3 genes, DR molecules were produced in normal amounts. However, the DR molecules were abnormally conformed and unstable because deletion of an antigen-processing gene had impaired intracellular formation of most class II-peptide complexes. Yet, 70 percent of the DR molecules still bore peptides, 80 percent of which were 21- to 24-amino acid fragments of the class II-associated invariant chain. These peptides were rare on DR3 from control cells. Thus, a defect in the main antigen-processing pathway revealed a process in which DR molecules bind long peptides derived from proteins present in the same compartment.
Coesite Discovered in Tektites
Authors: Walter L. S.
Published: October 2006

Coesite has been identified by x-ray diffraction and electron microprobe chemical analysis as a constituent of inclusions in Muong Nong type tektites from Phaeng Dang, Thailand. The fine coesite grains are mixed with coarse quartz in the core of the inclusions, and the core is surrounded by frothy lechatelierite. The mixture of SiO
2
phases indicates that these tektites have been quenched from high temperatures and that modifications in texture and chemical composition from the original parent material have been minimal.
Uracil Mustard: A Potent Inducer of Lung Tumors in Mice
Authors: Abell C. W. , Falk H. L. , Shimkin M. B. , Weisburger E. K. , Weisburger J. H. , Gubareff N.
Published: October 2006

Uracil mustard, injected intraperitoneally, increased the incidence and average number of pulmonary tumors in A/J mice. In comparison to a typical alkylating agent, nitrogen mustard, or to urethan, uracil mustard (on a molar basis) was considerably more carcinogenic.
Serum Protein Electrophoresis in Acrylamide Gel: Patterns from Normal Human Subjects
Authors: Peacock Andrew C. , Bunting Sylvia L. , Queen Kathryn G.
Published: October 2006

Technical improvements in the method for vertical acrylamide gel electrophoresis (Raymond) have resulted in improved resolution and reproducibility. In a survey of approximately 200 normal human serums, ten lines were found to be common in all specimens. Interposed with these constant lines and in addition to known variations in the pattern reflecting haptoglobin and transferrin types, at least one line followed that of albumin and three followed that of transferrin; the presence or absence of these varied from individual to individual. Based on these variations, the electrophoretic patterns of normal humans may be divided into at least 12 discrete groups.
Structure of a Ribonucleic Acid
Authors: Holley Robert W. , Apgar Jean , Everett George A. , Madison James T. , Marquisee Mark , Merrill Susan H. , Penswick John Robert , Zamir Ada
Published: October 2006

The complete nucleotide sequence of an alanine transfer RNA, isolated from yeast, has been determined. This is the first nucleic acid for which the structure is known.
Discrimination and Conditioning during Sleep as Indicated by the Electroencephalogram
Authors: Beh Helen C. , Barratt P. E. H.
Published: October 2006

Changes in electroencephalograms indicate that subjects respond more frequently to significant or meaningful stimuli during sleep than to nonsignificant stimuli, and that conditioned reactions may be induced in sleeping subjects.
Primate Retina: Duplex Function of Dark-Adapted Ganglion Cells
Authors: Gouras Peter
Published: October 2006

Certain ganglion cells from the central region of dark-adapted retina of the rhesus monkey respond to stimulation of both rod and cone receptors. With dim stimuli the function of these ganglion cells is determined entirely by the rods; with brighter stimuli that affect both dark-adapted rods and cones, little evidence of rod function is detectable because a cone mechanism appears to determine both the latency and frequency of ganglion-cell firing.
A Clathrate Crystalline Form of Silica
Authors: Kamb Barclay
Published: October 2006

The low-density cubic form of silica (impure), melanophlogite, has a clathrate-type structure that incorporates organic molecules, including long straight-chain hydrocarbons. The structure is analogous to that of the clathrate crystalline hydrates of composition 6X⋅46H
2
O or 8X⋅46H
2
O. This is the first known example of a silicate framework structure with the pentagonal dodecahedron as a framework element.
Selective Attentiveness and Cortical Evoked Responses to Visual and Auditory Stimuli
Authors: Spong Paul , Haider Manfred , Lindsley Donald B.
Published: October 2006

Cortical evoked responses to flashes and clicks were recorded from human subjects performing visual or auditory tasks under three conditions of selective attentiveness. The subjects were required to attend to the flashes and to ignore alternating clicks, or vice versa. Responses to flashes recorded from the occipital area were larger when attention was directed toward visual stimuli, and responses to click stimuli recorded from the temporal area were larger when attention was directed toward auditory stimuli.
Lignin: Its Constitution and Formation from
p
-Hydroxycinnamyl Alcohol
Authors: Freudenberg Karl
Published: October 2006

The conversion of
p
-hydroxycinnamyl alcohols and their glucosides into lignin is illustrated in vitro and in vivo for spruce.
Glossopteris
Discovered in West Antarctica
Authors: Craddock Campbell , Bastien Thomas W. , Rutford Robert H. , Anderson John J.
Published: October 2006

Leaf impressions from the Polarstar Formation in the northern Ellsworth Mountains are the first
Glossopteris
and the oldest identifiable plant fossils reported from West Antarctica. Their occurrence in a thick, probably marine, geosynclinal sequence in close association with coals and probable glacial deposits increases the similarity between the late Paleozoic history of Antarctica and the other southern continents.
Conditional-Lethal Mutants of an Animal Virus: Identification of Two Cistrons
Authors: Burge Boyce W. , Pfefferkorn E. R.
Published: October 2006

Two different temperature-sensitive conditional-lethal mutants of Sindbis virus, an animal virus that contains RNA, have been isolated. When cultured in chick fibroblast monolayers at 42°C, these mutants yield less than 0.05 percent as much virus as does the wild type, whereas at 27°C they grow normally. One mutant appears to be altered in the synthesis of a protein that is produced early in the infection and is required for viral RNA synthesis. The other mutant produces as much infectious RNA as the wild type at 42°C and appears to be altered in the synthesis of a protein produced late in the infection.
Herpes-Like Virus Isolated from Neonatal and Fetal Dogs
Authors: Stewart Sarah E. , David-Ferreira J. , Lovelace Elizabeth , Landon John , Stock Neal
Published: October 2006

A herpes-like virus has been isolated from fetal and neonatal dogs that died with an acute hemorrhagic disease. The virus differs from the other herpes-like viruses in its immunologic and growth characteristics. It is capable of passing the placental barrier and of causing disease and death of some of the fetuses, but in other apparently healthy animals the virus may remain latent, becoming activated under certain conditions.
Intracranial Reinforcement Compared with Sugar-Water Reinforcement
Authors: Gibson William E. , Reid Larry D. , Sakai Makoto , Porter Paul B.
Published: October 2006

Three ways in which electrical, intracranial reinforcement is reputed to differ from conventional reinforcement were tested in an experiment which equated the form of the responses being reinforced and the response-reinforcement relation. Four groups of rats performed instrumental or consummatory responses reinforced by intracranial reinforcement or sugar. In no comparison did the kind of reinforcement produce a difference, but in every comparison the kind of response reinforced did produce a difference. It is inferred that reputed differences between intracranial reinforcement and conventional reinforcement are artifacts.
Uranium-Series Dating of Corals and Oolites from Bahaman and Florida Key Limestones
Authors: Broecker Wallace S. , Thurber David L.
Published: October 2006

Samples of fossil coral and oolite from marine formations of the Bahamas and the Florida Keys have been analyzed for their concentrations of uranium and thorium isotopes. Ages calculated from the ratio Th
230
: U
234
clearly indicate periods of marine limestone formation at about 85,000, 130,000, and 190,000 years ago, implying that the surface of the ocean was then close to its present level.
Actinomycin D and the Response to Vitamin D
Authors: Norman Anthony W.
Published: October 2006

The administration of low doses of actinomycin D to rachitic chicks inhibits the action of a subsequent dose of vitamin D
3
in promoting calcium absorption from the intestine.
Adenovirus-Associated Defective Virus Particles
Authors: Atchison Robert W. , Casto Bruce C. , Hammon William McD.
Published: October 2006

Small, DNA-containing particles were separated from preparations of a simian adenovirus. These particles differed antigenically from the adenovirus. Replication of the particles in cell cultures was obtained only when they were inoculated simultaneously with adenoviruses. This suggests that these adenovirus-associated particles behave as defective viruses.
Cleft Palate Produced in Mice by Human-Equivalent Dosage with Triamcinolone
Authors: Walker Bruce E.
Published: October 2006

Triamcinolone produced cleft palates in mouse embryos at a dosage proportionate, by body weight, to common therapeutic dosage for humans. Thus, it showed much greater teratogenicity than other glucocorticoids tested on mice. Widely ranging doses of desoxycorticosterone did not produce cleft palates.
Sarcolemma: Transmitter of Active Tension in Frog Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Street Sibyl F. , Ramsey Robert W.
Published: October 2006

Maximum tetanic tension developed by frog muscle fibers was measured before and after they had been injured at one end so as to break myoplasmic continuity but to leave the sarcolemma-tube connection to the tendon. The lateral mechanical coupling between myoplasm and sarcolemma is adequate to bear and transmit the maximum active tension developed during stimulation.
Transform Faults, Oceanic Ridges, and Magnetic Anomalies Southwest of Vancouver Island
Authors: Wilson J. Tuzo
Published: October 2006

The San Andreas Fault and a large fault off British Columbia are interpreted as examples of the recently proposed "transform faults." They are joined by a short, isolated length of oceanic ridge striking N20°E, with an associated "window" of young crust. The displacement along these faults is estimated at 400 kilometers.
Reversible, Light-Screening Pigment of Elasmobranch Eyes: Chemical Identity with Melanin
Authors: Fox Denis L. , Kuchnow Karl P.
Published: October 2006

There lies directly beneath the tapetum lucidum, in the eyes of many elasmobranch fishes, a layer of darkly pigmented choroid cells which, in bright light, extend individual strands that aggregate to form a dark, compound curtain which shields the reflecting tapetal cells. This process is reversed in dim light or in darkness; the tapetum is exposed and visual sensitivity presumably Increased. The black choroid pigment has been isolated, analyzed, and shown to possess the properties of melanin.
Differentiation of Tobacco Plants from Single, Isolated Cells in Microcultures
Authors: Vasil Vimla , Hildebrandt A. C.
Published: October 2006

Single cells isolated from pith callus of fresh stem of hybrid tobacco (
Nicotiana glutinosa
♂ ×
N. tabacum
♀) gave rise to small colonies of cells in microcultures which upon transfer to agar medium produced clones of callus tissue. These single-cell clones differentiated roots, and shoots with green leaves, on a completely defined nutrient medium. The rooted shoots developed into normal plants after transfer to soil in pots in the greenhouse. Buds and flowers were produced by these plants.
Evolution of Fitness in Experimental Populations of
Drosophila serrata
Authors: Ayala Francisco J.
Published: October 2006

Changes which enhance adaptedness to the environment occur in experimental populations of
Drosophila serrata
which are acted upon by strong natural selection. The improvement is greater in hybrid than in single-strain populations because genetic variability is greater in the former.
Electronic Separation of Biological Cells by Volume
Authors: Fulwyler M. J.
Published: October 2006

A device capable of separating biological cells (suspended in a conducting medium) according to volume has been developed. Cell volume is measured in a Coulter aperture, and the cells are subsequently isolated in droplets of the medium which are charged according to the sensed volume. The charged droplets then enter an electrostatic field and are deflected into a collection vessel. Mixtures of mouse and human erythrocytes and a large volume component of mouse lymphoma cells were separated successfully. In tests with Chinese hamster ovary cells essentially all cells survived separation and grew at their normal rate.
Chronic Infection of Rodents by Machupo Virus
Authors: Johnson K. M. , Mackenzie R. B. , Webb P. A. , Kuns M. L.
Published: October 2006

Machupo virus, the etiologic agent of human hemorrhagic fever in Bolivia, induced chronic asymptomatic infection in laboratory hamsters and colonized individuals of the peridomestic, wild, South American rodent,
Calomys callosus
. Viruria was detected for more than 500 and 150 days, respectively, in the two species. Chronic viremia was shown only for
Calomys
. Virus-neutralizing substances were present in parenterally infected adult animals, but not in animals born to, and in contact with, an infected female. Chronic infection in wild rodents may be an important mechanism in the natural history of Machupo and related virus infections.
Ice-Rafted Detritus as a Climatic Indicator in Antarctic Deep-Sea Cores
Authors: Conolly John R. , Ewing Maurice
Published: October 2006

Ice-rafted detritus is readily identified in sediment cores raised from the deep ocean floor around Antarctica. A few cores have reached a depth below which no ice-rafted material is found. This depth is interpreted as indicating the establishment of earliest Pleistocene glaciation in the Southern Hemisphere. It is just below a depth where there is a change in assemblages of Radiolaria which Hays associates with the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary. The presence of ice-rafted material throughout the upper zone in cores taken south of the Polar Front indicates continuity of glaciation in Antarctica. Further north, near 45°S in the Argentine Basin, zonation of the ice-rafted detritus can be used to delineate glacial stages of the Pleistocene.
Genome Research: Fulfilling the Public's Expectations for Knowledge and Commercialization
Authors: Adler Reid G.
Published: October 2006

This article provides a historical perspective for the patenting of gene sequences and describes the fundamentals and evolution of patent law. It summarizes federal technology transfer law and policy and assesses the impacts of patenting on academic research. The patentability of gene sequences is then considered along with potential impacts that published sequence data may have on obtaining patent protection for downstream products. Industry's position on gene patenting is summarized and perspectives from the emerging public record on these issues are presented. The article discussing points at which the filing of patent applications and the licensing of patents may be appropriate. It concludes that technology transfer policies for genome research must be adopted carefully so that they remain viable in a time of rapid technological change.
Age Differences in Infants' Attention to Patterns of Different Complexities
Authors: Brennan Wendy M. , Ames Elinor W. , Moore Ronald W.
Published: October 2006

Infants 3 weeks, 8 weeks, and 14 weeks old were presented with checkerboard patterns which differed in the number of squares they contained. The older the infants, the more complex was the checkerboard that they looked at longest. This result does not appear to depend on changes in visual acuity or accommodation related to age.
Puromycin Effect on Successive Phases of Memory Storage
Authors: Barondes Samuel H. , Cohen Harry D.
Published: October 2006

Mice injected bitemporally with puromycin 5 hours before training learned to escape or to avoid shock by choosing the correct limb of a Y-maze. When retested 15 minutes after training they had normal retention. In the ensuing 2¾ hours the animals injected with puromycin, unlike the controls, showed a progressive decrease of savings to less than 7 percent.
Zoological Classification System of a Primitive People
Authors: Diamond Jared M.
Published: October 2006

The Fore people of the New Guinea Highlands classify all animals in one of nine higher categories ("tábe aké"), and these are further subdivided into lower categories ("ámana aké"). There are 182 lower categories for vertebrates alone. The nearly one-to-one correspondence between Fore ámana aké and species as recognized by European taxonomists reflects the objective reality of the gaps separating sympatric species. In 90 percent of the cases, when a species of animal unknown to the Fore is presented for naming, it is called by the name of the Fore species considered its closest relative by zoologists. The origin of Fore classification is probably utilitarian.
Nature of the Packing of Ribosomes within Chromatoid Bodies
Authors: Morgan Richard S. , Uzman Betty G.
Published: October 2006

Optical Fourier transforms, made of electron micrographs of the crystalline array of ribonucleoprotein known as chromatoid bodies of
Entamoeba invadens
, have been interpreted as the transforms of a helix of 12 nodes in five turns. A model shows that this helix may be built of spheres 180 angstroms in diameter, placed at a radius of 150 angstroms. The optical transform of the model is very similar to the transform of the original electron micrograph.
Scolytid Beetles Associated with Douglas Fir: Response to Terpenes
Authors: Rudinsky Julius A.
Published: October 2006

Douglas-fir oleoresin and the terpene hydrocarbons (α-pinene, β-pinene, litnonene, camphene, geraniol, and α-terpineol) attracted various bark and timber beetles associated with Douglas-fir forests during their flight. In responding to these volatile terpenes the bettles are directed to favorable breeding material.
Microorganisms Three Billion Years Old from the Precambrian of South Africa
Authors: Barghoorn Elso S. , Schopf J. William
Published: October 2006

A minute, bacterium-like, rod-shaped organism,
Eobacterium isolatum
, has been found organically and structurally preserved in black chert from the Fig Tree Series (3.1 × 10
9
years old) of South Africa. Filamentous organic structures of probable biological origin, and complex alkanes, which apparently contain small amounts of the isoprenoid hydrocarbons pristane and phytane, are also indigenous to this Early Precambrian sediment. These organic remnants comprise the oldest known evidence of biological organization in the geologic record.
Lead-210 and Polonium-210 in Biological Samples from Alaska
Authors: Beasley Thomas M. , Palmer Harvey E.
Published: October 2006

The naturally occurring concentrations of lead-210 and polonium-210 in certain biological samples from Alaska are unusually high. The concentration processes are similar to those observed for artificially produced radioactive fallout. Concentrations of these nuclides are greater in Alaskan natives than they are in other United States residents.
Human Visual Acuity Measured with Colored Test Objects
Authors: Cavonius Carl Richard , Schumacher Anne W.
Published: October 2006

Visual acuity was measured with a grating test object in which alternating bars were matched in brightness but differed in wavelength. If the wavelength difference between adjacent bars was great enough, acuity scores were obtained which were as high as those obtained with test objects in which there was a large brightness difference between adjacent bars.
Mummified Pleistocene Ostracods in Alaska
Authors: Schmidt Ruth A. M. , Sellmann Paul V.
Published: October 2006

Preserved soft parts of ostracod specimens were recovered from beach and lagoon sediments from the Gubik Formation, of Quaternary age, at Barrow, Alaska.
Thermodynamic Equilibrium and the Inorganic Origin of Organic Compounds
Authors: Eck R. V. , Lippincott E. R. , Dayhoff M. O. , Pratt Y. T.
Published: October 2006

Theoretical and experimental support is presented for the hypothesis that many organic compounds may form under conditions of thermodynamic equilibrium. This possibility must be considered along with special effects of selective catalysts, radiation, and degradation from biological matter, in explaining the origin of organic compounds in carbonaceous chondrites. Similar considerations may apply to solar nebulas and planetary atmospheres. The equilibrium distribution of organic compounds at temperatures between 300°K and 1000°K and pressures of 10
-6
to 50 atm for the C—H—O system have been computed. At moderate temperatures and low pressures, conditions where graphite production is inhibited, aromatic compounds may form even in the presence of large excesses of hydrogen. Such conditions exist in the solar nebula and in the atmospheres of some of the major planets. Equilibrium concentrations of a large number of compounds at 1000°K with nitrogen, sulfur, and chlorine added to the system have also been determined. In some cases, a limited equilibrium method is employed in which those few compounds which form with the most difficulty are excluded from the computations, while representatives of all other families of compounds are included. This approach is shown to be useful in the interpretation of certain experimental data in which complete equilibrium has not been attained. We have also found that gases, activated to the plasma state by a high-energy radio frequency field, recombine on cooling to yield product mixtures which are in qualitative agreement with those predicted by the equilibrium computations. We believe that such products can be profitably studied as if at a metastable limited equilibrium.
Hemopoietic Colony-Forming Units in Regenerating Mouse Liver: Suppression by Anticoagulants
Authors: Varon Myron L. , Cole Leonard J.
Published: October 2006

After hepatic injury induced by carbon tetrachloride, mitotically active hematopoietic cells of nonhepatic origin localize in the liver as judged by an increase in colony-forming nodules in the spleens of lethally irradiated recipient mice on intravenous injection of cells from these livers. The administration of warfarin suppresses the localization of colony-forming units in the regenerating liver by inhibiting the coagulation mechanism of the donor animals.
Anxiety Levels in Dreams: Relation to Changes in Plasma Free Fatty Acids
Authors: Gottschalk Louis A. , Stone Walter N. , Gleser Goldine C. , Iacono James M.
Published: October 2006

Blood samples for determination of plasma free fatty acids were obtained throughout the night by means of an indwelling catheter. The first sample was drawn at the onset of rapid eye movements and a second after 15 minutes of these movements. Subjects were then awakened and asked to relate their dreams; a third sample was drawn 15 to 25 minutes later. Anxiety scores derived from 20 dreams of nine subjects had significant positive correlations with changes in free fatty acids occurring during REM sleep. No statistically significant relation was found between anxiety and the changes in free fatty acids occurring from the time just before awakening to 15 to 25 minutes later. Presumably, anxiety in dreams triggers the release of catecholamines into the circulation, and these catecholamines mobilize proportional amounts of free fatty acids from body fat.
Isotopic Evidence on the Early Life History of
Nautilus pompilius
(Linné)
Authors: Eichler R. , Ristedt H.
Published: October 2006

The ratios of oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 and of carbon-13 to carbon-12 in the early shell and septa of two
Nautilus
specimens are interpreted for the early ontogeny of the animals. Changes in the carbon isotope content are tentatively correlated with the end of the embryonic period and with environmental changes. Variations in the oxygen isotope content are in part ascribed to migrations from warm to cooler water after a certain stage of development. The size of the body chamber of the young animals can be determined by comparison of the isotope contents in outer shell and septa.
Movement Directions in Late Paleozoic Glacial Rocks of the Horlick and Pensacola Mountains, Antarctica
Authors: Frakes L. A. , Matthews J. L. , Neder I. R. , Crowell J. C.
Published: October 2006

Striae and associated structures beneath and within the Buckeye Tillite in the Ohio Range of the Horlick Mountains show that Permian(?) glaciers moved toward the west-southwest. Striae in the Wisconsin Range of the Horlicks display similar orientation, but the sense of movement could not be determined. Paleoglaciers in the Neptune Range and the Cordiner Peaks of the Pensacola Mountains moved toward the south-southwest with some dispersion. Paleocurrents flowed parallel to ice motion in the Ohio Range and in the Pensacolas, but they also flowed toward the north-northeast in the Pensacolas.
Source of Lead-210 and Polonium-210 in Tobacco
Authors: Tso T. C. , Harley Naomi , Alexander L. T.
Published: October 2006

Test plants were grown within a chamber enriched with radon-222 in the atmosphere, in tobacco fields with different sources of phosphate-containing fertilizer, and in culture containing lead-210 in the nutrient solution. Harvested leaves were subjected to three curing conditions. The major portion of the lead-210 in the plant was probably absorbed through the roots. Airborne radon 222 and its daughters contributed much less to the plant's content of lead-210 and of polonium-210. The stage of leaf development and the methods used to cure the leaf affected the final amount of polonium-210 in tobacco leaf.
North Atlantic Deep-Sea Fertility
Authors: Fournier Robert O.
Published: October 2006

Observations have been made on two cruises in the North Atlantic in which large numbers of microscopic, unicellular flagellates have been found throughout the aphotic zone below 1000 meters. Preliminary measurements also indicate the uptake of dissolved organic substances, suggestive of an apparently viable, actively metabolizing community at these depths.