bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Real- and reciprocal-space attributes of band tail states
Authors: Wager John F.
Published: December 2017

Band tail states are localized electronic states existing near conduction and valence band edges. Band tail states are invariably found to exhibit an exponential distribution defined by a characteristic (Urbach) energy. To a large extent, the band tail state density of states determines the electronic performance of an amorphous semiconductor (or insulator) in terms of its mobility. Real-space assessment of a suitable density of states model for extended (delocalized) conduction or valence band states and nearby localized band tail states leads to an expression for the peak density of band tail states at the mobility edge and for the total band tail state density. Assuming a continuous density of states and its derivative with respect to energy across the mobility edge, these densities are found to depend on only two parameters – the Urbach energy and an effective mass characterizing the extended state density above the mobility edge. Reciprocal-space assessment is then employed to deduce a probability density function associated with band tail states. The full width at half maximum of the resulting Gaussian probability density function is found to be equal to the average real-space distance of separation between band tail states, as estimated from the total band tail state density. This real- and reciprocal-space insight may be useful for developing new high-performance amorphous semiconductors and for modeling their electronic properties.
Cooper pair tunnelling and quasiparticle poisoning in a galvanically isolated superconducting double dot
Authors: Esmail A. A. , Ferguson A. J. , Lambert N. J.
Published: December 2017

We increase the isolation of a superconducting double dot from its environment by galvanically isolating it from any electrodes. We probe it using high frequency reflectometry techniques, find 2e-periodic behaviour, and characterise the energy structure of its charge states. By modelling the response of the device, we determine the time averaged probability that the device is poisoned by quasiparticles, and by comparing this with previous work, we conclude that quasiparticle exchange between the dots and the leads is an important relaxation mechanism.
Applicability of transfer tensor method for open quantum system dynamics
Authors: Gelzinis Andrius , Rybakovas Edvardas , Valkunas Leonas
Published: December 2017

Accurate simulations of open quantum system dynamics is a long standing issue in the field of chemical physics. Exact methods exist, but are costly, while perturbative methods are limited in their applicability. Recently a new black-box type method, called transfer tensor method (TTM), was proposed [J. Cerrillo and J. Cao, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 110401 (2014)]. It allows one to accurately simulate long time dynamics with a numerical cost of solving a time-convolution master equation, provided many initial system evolution trajectories are obtained from some exact method beforehand. The possible time-savings thus strongly depend on the ratio of total versus initial evolution lengths. In this work, we investigate the parameter regimes where an application of TTM would be most beneficial in terms of computational time. We identify several promising parameter regimes. Although some of them correspond to cases when perturbative theories could be expected to perform well, we find that the accuracy of such approaches depends on system parameters in a more complex way than it is commonly thought. We propose that the TTM should be applied whenever system evolution is expected to be long and accuracy of perturbative methods cannot be ensured or in cases when the system under consideration does not correspond to any single perturbative regime.
Theoretical study of potential performance of armchair graphene nanoribbon field effect transistors: Dependence on channel dimensions and contact resistance
Authors: Hur Ji-Hyun , Kim Deok-kee
Published: December 2017

In this paper, we examine the performance limitations of graphene nanoribbon field effect transistors (GNRFETs) with various channel dimensions and electrode contact resistances. To do this, we formulate a self-consistent non-equilibrium Green's function method in conjunction with the Poisson equation. We model the behavior of GNRFETs with nanometer dimensions and relatively large bandgaps operating as metal–oxide–semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) and calculate their performance including contact resistance effects typically occurring at the graphene nanoribbon (GNR) channel and electrodes. We propose a metric for GNRFETs to compete with the current silicon CMOS high performance or low power devices and explain that this can vary significantly depending on the contact resistance.
Electrostatic instabilities in a mirror trap revisited
Authors: Kotelnikov Igor A. , Chernoshtanov Ivan S. , Prikhodko Vadim V.
Published: December 2017

The conditions for the stabilization of the Drift-Cyclotron Loss-Cone (DCLC) and Double-Humped (DH) microinstabilities in a mirror trap are critically revisited assuming the plasma is confined in the kinetic regime, which is characterized by an empty loss cone. The temperature of warm ions, necessary for stabilization of the DH instability, is calculated. The fraction of warm ions necessary to stabilize the DCLC instability at a given radial density gradient is calculated. Assuming the wavelength is much shorter than the Larmor radius, a simple criterion for the stability of drift-cyclotron loss-cone oscillations is derived whose accuracy is verified by comparison with the solution of the exact dispersion equation and with known experimental data obtained in the past decades in PR-6, 2XII, 2XIIB, TMX, and TMX-U devices for plasma confinement.
Scale-free quantitative unique continuation and equidistribution estimates for solutions of elliptic differential equations
Authors: Borisov Denis , Tautenhahn Martin , Veselić Ivan
Published: December 2017

We consider elliptic differential operators on either the entire Euclidean space Rd or subsets consisting of a cube ΛL of integer length L. For eigenfunctions of the operator, and more general solutions of elliptic differential equations, we derive several quantitative unique continuation results. The first result is of local nature and estimates the vanishing order of a solution. The second is a sampling result and compares the L2-norm of a solution over a union of equidistributed δ-balls in space with the L2-norm on the entire space. In the case where the space Rd is replaced by a finite cube ΛL, we derive similar estimates. Particular features of our bound are that they are uniform as long as the coefficients of the operator are chosen from an appropriate ensemble, they are quantitative and explicit with respect to the radius δ, and they are L-independent and stable under small shifts of the δ-balls. Our proof applies to second order terms which have slowly varying coefficients on the relevant length scale. The results can also be interpreted as special cases of uncertainty relations, observability estimates, or spectral inequalities.
Parallel replica dynamics method for bistable stochastic reaction networks: Simulation and sensitivity analysis
Authors: Wang Ting , Plecháč Petr
Published: December 2017

Stochastic reaction networks that exhibit bistable behavior are common in systems biology, materials science, and catalysis. Sampling of stationary distributions is crucial for understanding and characterizing the long-time dynamics of bistable stochastic dynamical systems. However, simulations are often hindered by the insufficient sampling of rare transitions between the two metastable regions. In this paper, we apply the parallel replica method for a continuous time Markov chain in order to improve sampling of the stationary distribution in bistable stochastic reaction networks. The proposed method uses parallel computing to accelerate the sampling of rare transitions. Furthermore, it can be combined with the path-space information bounds for parametric sensitivity analysis. With the proposed methodology, we study three bistable biological networks: the Schlögl model, the genetic switch network, and the enzymatic futile cycle network. We demonstrate the algorithmic speedup achieved in these numerical benchmarks. More significant acceleration is expected when multi-core or graphics processing unit computer architectures and programming tools such as CUDA are employed.
Platelet integrins exhibit anisotropic mechanosensing and harness piconewton forces to mediate platelet aggregation
Authors: Zhang Yun , Qiu Yongzhi , Blanchard Aaron T. , Chang Yuan , Brockman Josh M. , Ma Victor Pui-Yan , Lam Wilbur A. , Salaita Khalid
Published: December 2017

Significance

During initial growth of a clot, it is necessary for platelets to aggregate, which is mediated by binding fibrinogen molecules that bridge platelets through their integrin receptors. How platelet integrin receptors rapidly bind fibrinogen that is attached to the surface of another platelet but yet ignore soluble fibrinogen remains a mystery. This is difficult to understand since fibrinogen is the third most abundant protein in blood plasma. Here we show that differentiation between soluble and immobilized platelet ligands is mediated by mechanical forces. We demonstrate that the platelet integrins apply specific piconewton forces to test their ligands within the platelet junction. Our results provide insights into how clotting functions.
Structural basis for the regulation of β-glucuronidase expression by human gut Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Little Michael S. , Pellock Samuel J. , Walton William G. , Tripathy Ashutosh , Redinbo Matthew R.
Published: December 2017

Significance

Commensal microbiota establish nutrient-utilization niches in the gastrointestinal tract. While the large intestine is dominated by the Bacteroidetes that degrade complex carbohydrates, the small intestine contains Proteobacteria and Firmicutes that compete with host tissues for small-molecule sources of carbon. Here, we show that the Enterobacteriaceae family of Proteobacteria, including
Escherichia
,
Salmonella
,
Klebsiella
,
Shigella
, and
Yersinia
pathobionts, maintains DNA operator- and glucuronidated ligand-specific glucuronide repressor (GusR) transcription factors that uniquely respond to glucuronidated ligands.
Effect of Cr–Fe on friction and wear properties of Cu-based friction material
Authors: Fan Jianglei , Zhang Chi , Wu Shen , Jia Dejin , Sun Lulu , Li Yuwen , Liu Jianxiu
Published: December 2017

The copper-based friction material with Cr–Fe particles was prepared using the hot pressing powder metallurgy sintering process. Effects of Cr–Fe particles content on the microstructure formation and the friction/wear property of copper-based friction material were investigated. The addition of Cr–Fe powder could effectively modify the bonding status between the hard phase and the matrix. The bonding strength between the hard phase and the matrix increased with increasing content of Cr–Fe powders in the range of 0–11 wt-%. With increasing content of Cr–Fe powders, the hardness of the copper-based friction material increased gradually. When the content of Cr–Fe was 11 wt-%, the copper-based friction material had the best combination of coefficient of friction, hardness and wear capacity.
The multiple voices of the corporation
Authors: Miller David , Harkins Claire , Schlögl Matthias , Montague Brendan
Published: December 2017

This chapter develops the central research questions of the book and lays down some of the basic assumptions we took. It is argued that corporate actors form a network of influence that reaches into every area of public life. Therefore, researching the influence of business on public policy making cannot concentrate on single actors but must emphasize the network. The chapter does so by applying classical power structure research to the digital age. The research approach is designed to allow the combination of various, very heterogeneous data sources—such as scanned material, data available online, and handcrafted structured data—into one database that can be used for network research. We conclude the chapter by taking a closer look at the sources we used to investigate the important actors within the network.
The architecture of the addiction lobby
Authors: Miller David , Harkins Claire , Schlögl Matthias , Montague Brendan
Published: December 2017

This chapter uses social network analysis to explore the web of influence of the four ‘addictive’ industries examined in the book: alcohol, tobacco, food, and gambling. The data are used to paint an overall picture before taking a closer look in subsequent chapters. The four industries form more or less separated clusters, and whereas the alcohol and food industries are very well interconnected, the gambling and tobacco industries are only loosely tied to the others. The network also shows that advertising and marketing sectors and think tanks often act as connecting hubs between the industries. The closer look at the clusters of the four industries shows some important differences. The food cluster is more heterogeneous than the others are; the alcohol cluster contains product-related subclusters; and gambling, as well as tobacco, is smaller and less dense compared with the other two.
Corporate capture of science?
Authors: Miller David , Harkins Claire , Schlögl Matthias , Montague Brendan
Published: December 2017

Science can provide a rationale and a basis for policy decisions; therefore, corporate planners see it as a crucial resource. This chapter draws on our structural data to show how science policy organizations play a role in pursuing corporate strategy. Corporations create ‘sound science’ lobby and front groups, and they fund libertarian and neoliberal think tanks and groupings to attack and undermine scientists. They try to influence and capture public and policy debates on issues related to the regulation of addictive substances or services. Specifically, they help to provide a range of experts and advisors that can be tapped by the policy and decision-making apparatus at the national and EU levels. Regulatory systems at national and EU levels are mostly insufficient to monitor or manage the conflicts of interest that arise as a result.
Addiction aware? Corporate social responsibility
Authors: Miller David , Harkins Claire , Schlögl Matthias , Montague Brendan
Published: December 2017

This chapter considers whether corporate social responsibility (CSR) across ‘addictive industries’ is a vehicle for corporations to make a positive contribution to the health and welfare of consumers, and in turn, to society, or is a fig leaf used as part of wider corporate strategy. The chapter argues that CSR is used to promote ineffective actions by corporations in responding to the health harms of their products, while simultaneously undermining effective statutory action. Examples of CSR by the tobacco, alcohol, and gambling industries are used to examine these activities within the context of strategic corporate activity. We argue that CSR should be viewed critically and that its strategic deployment should be regarded as strands of marketing and lobbying rather than as corporate altruism. Despite many claims, CSR does not contribute positively to reducing harm associated with addictive products and services: our analysis suggests that this was never the intention.
Learning in the spotlight
Authors: Williamon Aaron , Clark Terry , Küssner Mats
Published: December 2017

The skills needed to perform music well and to communicate effectively as a performer are truly multifaceted. Increasingly, new methods and technologies are enabling a better understanding of how musicians perform and some of the reasons great performances are so compelling. Yet, optimizing performance skills can still be an elusive task for musicians. Implicit in this is the need for performers to attain a high level of self-awareness regarding their skills and behaviours, appropriate development of those skills and behaviours, and effective implementation of them within high-stress performance situations. This chapter provides an overview of self-regulated learning and examines its relevance to enhancing musical performance. To assist musicians in applying self-regulatory processes to their own assessment, development and review of performance skills, the authors introduce an approach widely used in sport—performance profiling—as a means of facilitating effective ‘self-regulated performing’.
Incorporating improvisation into classical music performance
Authors: Hill Juniper
Published: December 2017

The paucity of improvisation over the last 150 years of western art music is an anomaly. This chapter discusses why and how classical musicians today might incorporate more improvisation into their practice and performance. Examples from professional musicians demonstrate innovative approaches to classical improvisation as well as methods for renewing historical practices in modern contexts. As a developmental tool, improvisation can be used to deepen understanding of traditional repertoire, improve technique and aural skills, expand expressive possibilities, discover a personal voice, and lessen performance anxiety. Methods for increasing improvisation in public performance are also illustrated, including the preparation of improvised cadenzas in canonical repertoire, the exploration of multiple possible score interpretations, the practice of functional improvisation for church services, and the adventure of boundary-challenging creative acts. The chapter concludes by addressing challenges and constraints faced by potential improvisers in today’s classical music culture, especially in relation to education (when important enabling skill sets are left underdeveloped), career pressures (when deviations from convention are risky) and value systems (when improvisation is considered wrong and the creative capacity of performers is deemed inferior). Classical performers are encouraged to take some of their training into their own hands and assert their right for greater artistic autonomy.
Responding to performers
Authors: O’Neill Sinéad , Sloboda John
Published: December 2017

Musical performance is an irreducibly social phenomenon, manifested through the multiple relationships between performers and audience. In live contexts, the nature and meaning of performance encompass the two-way interplay between performers and audience. This chapter surveys a range of research, from the philosophical to the empirical, into the parameters of this interplay, both during and after performances, focusing most specifically on those aspects that have implications for the creative practice of the musician. These aspects go beyond sound parameters to features of the performance often seen as ‘extra-musical’, such as the visual and gestural aspects of performance, the architecture of the performance space and perceived norms of behaviour within the concert context. Consideration is given to how these elements contribute to different levels of experience, from the ‘basic’ appreciation of structural elements through to the ‘peak’ experiences which music performance sometimes engenders. Also considered is audience feedback, both formal and informal, and how it may have an impact on creative performance.
Diatom performance in a future ocean: interactions between nitrogen limitation, temperature, and CO2-induced seawater acidification
Authors: Li Futian , Beardall John , Gao Kunshan
Published: December 2017

Phytoplankton cells living in the surface waters of oceans are experiencing alterations in environmental conditions associated with global change. Given their importance in global primary productivity, it is of considerable concern to know how these organisms will perform physiologically under the changing levels of pH, temperatures, and nutrients predicted for future oceanic ecosystems. Here we show that the model diatom, Thalassiosira pseudonana, when grown at different temperatures (20 or 24 °C), pCO2 (400 or 1000 µatm), and nitrate concentrations (2.5 or 102.5 µmol l−1), displayed contrasting performance in its physiology. Elevated pCO2 (and hence seawater acidification) under the nitrate-limited conditions led to decreases in specific growth rate, cell size, pigment content, photochemical quantum yield of PSII, and photosynthetic carbon fixation. Furthermore, increasing the temperature exacerbated the negative effects of the seawater acidification associated with elevated pCO2 on specific growth rate and chlorophyll content under the N-limited conditions. These results imply that a reduced upward transport of nutrients due to enhanced stratification associated with ocean warming might act synergistically to reduce growth and carbon fixation by diatoms under progressive ocean acidification, with important ramifications for ocean productivity and the strength of the biological CO2 pump.
Radiation-Induced Cavernous Malformations After Single-Fraction Meningioma Radiosurgery
Authors: Nagy Gábor , McCutcheon Brandon A , Giannini Caterina , Link Michael J , Pollock Bruce E
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a commonly performed procedure for patients with intracranial meningiomas.

OBJECTIVE

To describe the clinical features of patients with radiation-induced cavernous malformations (RICM) after single-fraction meningioma SRS.

METHODS

Retrospective study of patients having single-fraction SRS for intracranial meningioma at our center from 1990 through 2009, and 1 patient who had single-fraction SRS elsewhere. Patients were excluded if they refused research authorization (n = 7), had a World Health Organization Grade II or III meningioma (n = 65), had a genetic predisposition for tumor development (n = 52), had prior or concurrent radiation therapy (n = 49), or had less than 2 yr of magnetic resonance imaging follow-up after SRS (n = 77). The median follow-up of the remaining 426 patients was 7.9 yr (range, 2-24.9).

RESULTS

Three RICM (0.7%) were identified at 2, 10, and 21 yr after SRS. Two patients were asymptomatic, whereas 1 patient had a brainstem hemorrhage causing facial weakness and numbness. The risk of developing an RICM after SRS was 0.2% at 5 yr and 0.9% at 15 yr. All patients were observed and remained stable without additional bleeding in follow-up of 7, 12.8, and 2 yr, respectively. A fourth patient developed progressive neurological dysfunction starting 7 yr after SRS at another center and was treated for several years with bevacizumab without improvement. Surgical resection was performed 11.5 yr after SRS and histologic examination was consistent with an RICM.

CONCLUSION

The risk of RICM after single-fraction SRS for intracranial meningiomas is very low, but the latency period noted until their detection emphasizes the need for extended imaging follow-up after SRS of benign lesions.
Comprehensive Anatomic Assessment of the Pterional, Orbitopterional, and Orbitozygomatic Approaches for Basilar Apex Aneurysm Clipping
Authors: Tayebi Meybodi Ali , Benet Arnau , Rodriguez Rubio Roberto , Yousef Sonia , Lawton Michael T
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND

The pterional approach, along with its orbitopterional and orbitozygomatic extensions, is among the most common surgical approaches for tackling challenging aneurysms of the basilar artery apex (BAX). There is general consensus that the orbitozygomatic approach provides the best exposure for these lesions. However, there is little objective evidence to support approach selection for surgical treatment of BAX aneurysms.

OBJECTIVE

To compare different features regarding surgical treatment of BAX aneurysms between the pterional, orbitopterional, and orbitozygomatic approaches.

METHODS

The pterional, orbitopterional, and orbitozygomatic approaches were sequentially completed on 10 cadaveric specimens. The visibility of perforators, lengths of exposure, and safe clipping for major BAX branches, surgical area of exposure, and the surgical freedom for the BAX target were assessed.

RESULTS

The orbitopterional approach provided significantly greater values than the pterional approach in all variables, except for exposure of the bilateral P1 posterior cerebral artery (PCA) perforators. When compared to the orbitopterional approach, the orbitozygomatic approach did not provide a statistically significant increase in (1) surgical freedom through the carotid-oculomotor triangle, (2) area of exposure, (3) ipsilateral, and (4) contralateral P1 PCA perforator visibility, and (5) ipsilateral PCA exposure and (6) clipping lengths.

CONCLUSION

The orbitopterional approach provides significantly greater surgical exposure to BAX than the pterional approach. The orbitopterional approach is less invasive while providing similar surgical access to the BAX compared to the orbitozygomatic. The results of this study show that the orbitopterional approach may be optimal for the treatment of most BAX aneurysms, particularly to reduce morbidity resulting from the full orbitozygomatic approach.
Mapping Modern Beijing
Authors: Song Weijie
Published: December 2017

Mapping Modern Beijing investigates five methods of representing Beijing- a warped hometown, a city of snapshots and manners, an aesthetic city, an imperial capital in comparative and cross-cultural perspective, and a displaced city on the Sinophone and diasporic postmemory—by authors traveling across mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and overseas Sinophone and non-Chinese communities. The metamorphosis of Beijing’s everyday spaces and the structural transformation of private and public emotions unfold Manchu writer Lao She’s Beijing complex about a warped native city. Zhang Henshui’s popular snapshots of fleeting shocks and everlasting sorrows illustrate his affective mapping of urban transition and human manners in Republican Beijing. Female poet and architect Lin Huiyin captures an aesthetic and picturesque city vis-à-vis the political and ideological urban planning. The imagined imperial capital constructed in bilingual, transcultural, and comparative works by Lin Yutang, Princess Der Ling, and Victor Segalen highlights the pleasures and pitfalls of collecting local knowledge and presenting Orientalist and Cosmopolitan visions. In the shadow of World Wars and Cold War, a multilayered displaced Beijing appears in the Sinophone postmemory by diasporic Beijing natives Liang Shiqiu, Taiwan sojourners Zhong Lihe and Lin Haiyin, and émigré martial-arts novelist Jin Yong in Hong Kong. Weijie Song situates Beijing in a larger context of modern Chinese-language urban imaginations, and charts the emotional topography of the city against the backdrop of the downfall of the Manchu Empire, the rise of modern nation-state, the 1949 great divide, and the formation of Cold War and globalizing world. Drawing from literary canons to exotic narratives, from modernist poetry to chivalric fantasy, from popular culture to urban planning, this book explores the complex nexus of urban spaces, archives of emotions, and literary topography of Beijing in its long journey from imperial capital to Republican city and to socialist metropolis.
Immunologic Factors
Authors: Engels Eric A. , Hildesheim Allan
Published: December 2017

The immune response is a highly complex system that has developed to protect individuals from morbidity and mortality induced by exogenous exposures, including infections. As summarized in this chapter, alterations in the immune response, whether due to immunosuppressive or immune stimulatory effects, have important consequences with respect to cancer risk. Individuals with inherited immunological defects, acquired immunological deficiencies, chronic unresolved infections, and autoimmune conditions are at considerably increased risk for multiple cancers, suggesting an important role for the immune response in the development of cancer at various anatomical sites. Studies that have directly evaluated immunogenetic and immunological factors and cancer risk are beginning to identify specific immunological risk factors associated with individual cancers. Furthermore, technological advances have made it increasingly feasible to evaluate specific immunological factors and their relationship to cancer risk, suggesting that additional insights are likely in the coming years.
Lung Cancer
Authors: Thun Michael J. , Henley S. Jane , Travis William D.
Published: December 2017

Lung cancer is the most common cancer worldwide, ranking first in men and third in women for new cases and first in both sexes for deaths. Dynamic global patterns in incidence predominantly reflect past and current patterns of cigarette smoking. Incidence rates in most high-income countries have decreased substantially among men but are increasing among women. More than half of all cases occur in economically developing countries where smoking remains common, especially among men. Strong birth cohort patterns dominate temporal trends in high-income countries; these parallel birth cohort patterns in the uptake in cigarette smoking, fifty years earlier. Unlike smoking cessation, which dramatically reduces risk, design changes in cigarettes provide no health benefit. Active cigarette smoking accounts for an estimated 95% of lung cancer cases among smokers and 82% in the general population of the United States; secondhand smoke causes an estimated 7,700 lung cancer deaths among never smokers.
Childhood Cancers
Authors: Roman Eve , Lightfoot Tracy , Picton Susan , Kinsey Sally
Published: December 2017

This chapter addresses the wide range of histological and site-specific cancers that occur before age 25. It considers disease classifications, predisposing factors, and the epidemiology of the most common malignancies seen in children, and adolescents and young adults (AYAs). Cancer before age 25 is rare, accounting for < 2% of diagnoses in economically developed countries. The global burden of childhood cancers is, difficult to quantify, however, since over 80% of the world’s children and AYAs live in economically developing countries, where high morbidity/mortality from infectious disease and nutritional deficiency complicate diagnosis. Both inherited and environmental factors influence cancer risk in children and AYAs, although the relative contribution of each varies widely among cancer subtypes and relatively few causal associations are well established.
Multiple Primary Cancers
Authors: Morton Lindsay M. , Savage Sharon A. , Bhatia Smita
Published: December 2017

As prognosis following a cancer diagnosis has improved and survival has increased, so has the occurrence of multiple primary cancers diagnosed in the same individual. In the United States, one in five cancer diagnoses involves an individual with a previous history of cancer. These new primary cancer diagnoses, or “subsequent neoplasms” (SN), are a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer survivors. The risk of developing SN varies substantially depending on age, the type of initial primary cancer, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, genetic susceptibility, and exposure to other cancer risk factors. Childhood cancer survivors have particularly elevated SN risks associated with radiotherapy and, to a lesser extent, systemic therapy. Genetic susceptibility to cancer is also thought to play an important role in SN development after childhood cancer. Survivors of many adulthood cancers also have elevated SN risks, likely with a multifactorial etiology.
Ozu, the Ineffable
Authors: Davis Darrell W
Published: December 2017

This chapter addresses the conceit of Ozu’s Zen Buddhist underpinnings, especially the impression his films leave on Western critics. Paul Schrader’s “transcendental” account of Ozu kicked off a cycle of mystical Oriental tropics in the 1970s. Because the Western discovery of Ozu’s films centered on the stately postwar masterpieces, Ozu’s early comedies and genre pictures were neglected; they did not feed into the model of ineffable otherness. Japanese critics have had little patience with this approach and have provided rich rebuttals, particularly Hasumi Shigehiko and Yoshida Kiju. Hasumi is intent on breaking the conflation of Ozu’s ascetic style with negative or abstemious nuances. In Ozu, Yoshida sees a cinema of restored superfluity, a presignifying world, with things seeming to look back at viewers. Bordwell, Thompson, Burch, and Richie have all rounded out Ozu’s reputation, sometimes picking up Zen cues but also broadening the oeuvre.
Strengths and Limitations of Criminal Law
Authors: Pieth Mark
Published: December 2017

This chapter discusses the strengths and limitations of criminal law in controlling corruption. Some experts claim that criminal law misses the systemic nature of corruption, whereas others prefer prevention to prosecution. Regardless, there can be no question that prosecution of bribery is necessary. Various experiences with self-governing bodies have demonstrated that without the legal risk of prosecution self-regulation rarely works. The chapter asks questions such as: Who is a “foreign public official”? What about the perpetual “facilitation payments”? Are prosecutors and courts out of their depths? The final question is: Do we need a Supranational Criminal Court for large-scale corruption?
Storytelling and Ethics
Authors: Meretoja Hanna
Published: December 2017

Chapter 3 explores the ethical implications of the hermeneutic approach to narrative. It proposes a framework for analyzing and evaluating narrative practices from an ethical perspective by differentiating between six aspects of their ethical potential. (1) It argues that the power of narratives to cultivate and expand one’s sense of the possible is ethically crucial. In relation to this key point, it suggests that narratives can (2) contribute to personal and cultural self-understanding; (3) provide an ethical mode of understanding other lives and experiences “non-subsumptively” in their singularity; (4) create, challenge, and transform narrative in-betweens; (5) develop one’s perspective-awareness and capacity for perspective-taking; and (6) function as a mode of ethical inquiry. The chapter develops a non-subsumptive model of narrative understanding and shows how the hermeneutic approach allows one to go beyond the dichotomous question of whether narratives are good or bad, toward appreciating their ethical complexity.
An Introduction to Global Health Delivery
Authors: Mukherjee Joia S. , Farmer Paul
Published: December 2017

The passion to be a force for change, to work on the positive side of globalization, and to be part of a movement for human rights has called many young people to the field of global health. This passion stems from the knowledge that the world is not okay. Impoverished people are suffering and dying from treatable diseases while the wealthy live well into their 80s and 90s. Before the 21st century, people living in countries marred by slavery, colonialism, resource extraction, and neoliberal market policies had little access to health care. Public health in the 19th and 20th centuries focused on low-cost prevention programs instead of advancing the human right to health. In the mid-1990s, as the AIDS pandemic swept the African continent, an activist movement sparked new investment in the delivery of health care. This movement emphasized the need for a constant supply of drugs, good laboratories, and trained health workers to mitigate health disparities. This book captures the momentum for the delivery of care that began in the AIDS era and the launch of the Millennium Development Goals through the Sustainable Development Goals. The global health era in this book is defined as beginning with the AIDS activist-led fight to move from prevention only to the delivery of comprehensive health care. By focusing on equity and social justice, An Introduction to Global Health Delivery: Practice, Equity, Human Rights fills a much needed gap and positions global health as a field set to fulfil the universal right to health.
Political Islam in Tunisia
Authors: Wolf Anne
Published: December 2017

Political Islam in Tunisia uncovers the secret history of Tunisia’s main Islamist movement, Ennahda, from its origins in the 1960s to the present. Banned until the popular uprisings of 2010-11 and the overthrow of Ben Ali’s dictatorship, Ennahda has until now been impossible to investigate. This is the first in-depth account of the movement: one of Tunisia’s most influential political actors.Based on more than four years of field research, over 400 interviews, and access to private archives, Anne Wolf masterfully unveils the evolution of Ennahda’s ideological and strategic orientations within changing political contexts and, at times, conflicting ambitions amongst its leading cadres. She also explores the challenges to Ennahda’s quest for power from both secularists and Salafis. As the first full history of Ennahda, this book is a major contribution to the literature on Tunisia, Islamist movements, and political Islam in the Arab world.
Emigrants Get Political
Authors: Danielson Michael S.
Published: December 2017

Migrants who live abroad or who return home after many years have become an important constituency throughout the world. This book examines Mexican migrant engagement in origin communities and finds that at times migrants powerfully impact political dynamics there, both from abroad and upon their return. Migrant hometown engagement, the subject of the book, can result in a range of different political outcomes in migrant-sending municipalities. However, these do not uniformly enhance local democracy. This is the central contention of the book and explaining what causes variation in migrant impact is the principle goal. The findings challenge the arguments of scholars, policy makers, and migrant politicians themselves who expect migrants to learn democracy in the United States and bring it back with them when they return home. Not only do migrants remit dollars, the argument goes, they remit democracy. The book employs a multi-method approach to answer these questions, providing two statistical chapters—including analysis of an original survey of more than 400 mayors from the state of Oaxaca—with two qualitative chapters based on field research in 12 Mexican municipalities and their satellite communities in the United States. The project began with an expectation that the engagement of millions of Mexican migrants in their home towns would result in thousands of political earthquakes. Instead, what may be most noteworthy is the ability of the Mexican political system to incorporate these new actors without instituting fundamental changes to the way that politics are done.
Making an Author in Radically Collaborative Research
Authors: Huebner Bryce , Kukla Rebecca , Winsberg Eric
Published: December 2017

Collaborative authorship is the overwhelming norm in science. Yet philosophical issues that arise in this context have received little direct attention. The chapter examines several difficulties inherent in establishing authorship in the context of collaborative research. Using case studies, the chapter considers collaborative research that relies on multiple authors, collaborative research with a single author and many collaborators, and radically collaborative research that is distributed widely over disciplinary expertise, time, and space. The chapter argues that the first two types of collaborative research leave a standard understanding of authorship untouched, while the third yields a novel class of significant challenges for our common understanding of authorship.
Power, Bargaining, and Collaboration
Authors: Bruner Justin , O’Connor Cailin
Published: December 2017

Collaboration is increasingly popular across academia. Collaborative work raises certain ethical questions, however. How will the fruits of collaboration be divided? How will academics divide collaborative labor? This chapter considers the following question in particular. Are there ways in which these divisions systematically disadvantage certain groups? The chapter uses evolutionary game theoretic models to address this question. First, it discusses results from O'Connor and Bruner (2015) showing that underrepresented groups in academia can be disadvantaged in collaboration and bargaining by dint of their small numbers. Second, it presents novel results exploring how the hierarchical structure of academia can lead to bargaining disadvantage. The chapter investigates models where one actor has a higher baseline of academic success, less to lose if collaboration goes south, or greater rewards for non-collaborative work. The chapter shows that in these situations, the less powerful partner can be disadvantaged in bargaining over collaboration.
My Enemy's Enemy
Authors: Paliwal Avinash
Published: December 2017

The archetype of ‘my enemy’s enemy is my friend’, India’s political and economic presence in Afghanistan is often viewed as a Machiavellian ploy aimed against Pakistan. Challenging deeply held beliefs about an India-Pakistan proxy war, the book offers a nuanced explanation of India’s strategic intent and actions, which is critical to resolving the seemingly unending war in Afghanistan, as well as wider bilateral disputes between the two South Asian rivals. Divided into three parts — ‘debating neutrality’, ‘debating containment’, and ‘debating engagement’ — the book offers a detailed examination of the nature of and reasons for New Delhi’s foreign policy conduct. It demonstrates that Indian presence in Afghanistan has been guided primarily by an enduring vision for the region that requires a stable balance of power across the Durand Line.
Animals and the Expanding Moral Circle
Authors: Kasperbauer T.J.
Published: December 2017

This chapter considers the hypothesis that our treatment of animals is best accounted for by an “expanding moral circle.” This hypothesis is examined by looking at changes in attitudes to animals historically and across cultures. Different conceptions and formulations of this hypothesis are considered, in order to achieve greater clarity on the potential implications for animals. Evidence is reviewed concerning legal protections for animals, the use of animals for food and laboratory experiments, and public attitudes toward animals. Research on moral foundations theory is used to explain certain obstacles to expanding moral concern for animals. Ultimately the chapter concludes that the expanding moral circle does not satisfactorily explain human moral attitudes to animals.
To Thine Own Selves Be True-ish
Authors: Landy Joshua
Published: December 2017

This chapter presents the core challenge before Hamlet as that of achieving authenticity in the face of inner multiplicity. Authenticity—which this chapter will take to mean (1) acting on the (2) knowledge of (3) what one truly is, beneath one’s various masks and social roles—becomes a particularly pressing need under conditions of (early) modernity, when traditional forms of action-guidance are at least halfway off the table. But authenticity is highly problematic when the self that is discovered turns out to be multiple. Which self, exactly, should one be true to? Hamlet’s solution, this chapter suggests, is an “actor’s ethos,” in which each of his aspects is given its day in the sun, granted full commitment by means of what we now call “method acting.” That is what Hamlet learns from the players—and that too is what we stand to learn from Hamlet: not an idea but a method.
Finite Elasticity Theory
Authors: Steigmann David J.
Published: December 2017

This book is suitable for a first-year graduate course on Non-linear Elasticity Theory. It is aimed at graduate students, post-doctoral fellows and researchers working in Mechanics. Included is a modern treatment of elementary plasticity theory emphasizing the foundational role played by finite elasticity. The book covers fundamental and advanced material that should be mastered before embarking on research. Included are the concepts of frame invariance, material symmetry, kinematic constraints, a development of nonlinear membrane theory, energy minimizers as stable equilibria and various attendant convexity conditions.
Inheritance and motivation in Construction Morphology
Authors: Booij Geert
Published: December 2017

The basic question to be addressed in this chapter is: what is the status of the notions ‘inheritance’ and ‘default inheritance’ in the theoretical framework of Construction Morphology (CM)? This framework, developed in Booij (2010), assumes a hierarchical lexicon with both abstract morphological schemas and stored complex words that instantiate these schemas. The lexicon of a language can be modelled in such a way that the abstract word formation schemas dominate their individual instantiations. Thus, the lexicon is partially conceived of as a hierarchical network in which lower nodes, the existing complex words, can be assumed to inherit information from dominating higher nodes. Advantages of a full-entry theory over an impoverished entry theory are outlined, and the chapter includes discussion of polysemy, allomorphy, and the class of items that fall between derivatives and compounds using ‘affixoids’.
Default inheritance and the canonical
Authors: Hippisley Andrew
Published: December 2017

Derivation serves two purposes: to create a new sign, and to connect signs. This is manifested to the extent to which properties are inherited from the base. Illustrating with Russian nominals we show how the two goals are more or less achieved, in the full range of derivational possibilities. The extremes are represented by category-changing derivation and head-marked category-preserving derivation, manifested by their differences in default inheritance behaviours. The two goals are in an inverse relationship: the non-canonical situation with regard to one of them corresponds to the canonical with regard to the other. Representing the canonical in terms of default inheritance is therefore less straightforward in this arena than in others. We conclude that a symbolic sign, the currency of natural language, requires both distinctness and connectedness, and therefore has two levels of canonicity which act against each other.
Defaulting to the new Romance synthetic future
Authors: Gisborne Nikolas
Published: December 2017

This chapter explores the emergence of the new synthetic Romance future from a periphrasis involving habeo and the infinitive of a verb, addressing the question of how to model such a change in a theory of language which has a Word and Paradigm theory of morphology. The theoretical discussion is conducted in Word Grammar, a theory of language structured around a default inheritance architecture that treats language as a knowledge representation model, in a symbolic network. It is explicitly mentalist, and the account of the changes involved draws on WG’s mentalism, particularly to explore how language learners set defaults on the basis of their models’ grammars’ outputs which may be different from the defaults of their models’ grammars. The two phenomena that this chapter addresses from the point of view of morphological theory are periphrasis (and whether it can be formalized within a paradigm) and the status of clitics.
Inferential-realizational morphology without rule blocks
Authors: Crysmann Berthold
Published: December 2017

The chapter outlines a formal theory of inferential-realizational morphology that eliminates (ordered) rule blocks. I show that rule blocks not only stand in the way of a more general treatment of variable morphotactics, but that they also artificially restrict the scope of Pāṇinian competition, effectively ruling out operation at a distance. Instead, it argues for a purely information-based model of global competition that reconciles competition with extended exponence by means of a distinction between realization and allomorphic conditioning. It shows, in particular, that arbitrary decisions with respect to this distinction can be eliminated, once Carstairs’s (1987) notion of Pure Sensitivity has been turned into a formal principle of our theory. Finally, the chapter shows how Information-based Morphology can account for symmetric cases of extended exponence by simultaneous introduction of exponents since the theory is able to capture many-to-many relations between form and function at the level of individual rules.