bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From `Political Correctness' to `Politische Korrektheit': Discourses of `PC' in the German Newspaper, Die Welt
Authors: JOHNSON SALLY , SUHR STEPHANIE
Published: April 2003

Discourses of `political correctness' (`PC') are (Anglo-)American in origin. But one of the aims of this special issue of Discourse & Society is to explore `PC' from the perspective of languages other than English and, in this article, we look at the case of German. After providing a brief discursive history of `political correctness' in Germany, we present an empirical study of `PC'-related discourses in a corpus of texts gathered from the newspaper Die Welt. The analysis of the data begins with a quantitative survey of German `PC'-related terms from 1995 to 2000. This is followed by a qualitative analysis of the use of those terms during this period. The article reveals many similarities but also a number of interesting differences between Anglo-American and German discourses of `political correctness', especially where the themes of national identity and the so-called `normalization' of German historical consciousness are concerned.
Le Politiquement Correct Dans le Monde Français
Authors: TOOLAN MICHAEL
Published: April 2003

The discoursal evidence in Le Monde in a recent year (June 2000 to June 2001) suggests that the metropolitan French media, and by extension the readership it serves, conceive of and use le politiquement correct in ways rather less `charged' and sharply political than in North America or the UK. Occasionally, it is invoked with respect to foreign political trends, almost never to domestic ones; much more often it is invoked in the course of cultural or sociological critique or discussion: of gender roles, sexual practices and artistic representation. But even in these fields, perhaps owing in part to its recent and much-noted non-French origins, the phrase seems to be used without great animus: it implies mild and detached disapproval (`a general conformism') rather than intimating self-righteous hypocrisy or absolutism. It is also noticeable, and seemingly not fortuitous, that the phrase politiquement correct occurs chiefly in cultural commentaries on `events' that are themselves sociocultural responses and commentaries, such as films, books, exhibitions and TV programmes. Here the late-modern multi-layered reflexivity that political correctness reflects and sponsors is palpable.
Caught Between Sexism, Anti-sexism and `Political Correctness': Feminist Women's Negotiations with Naming Practices
Authors: MILLS SARA
Published: April 2003

This article focuses on the complex negotiations undertaken by professional feminist women in Britain with the discourses of anti-sexism,¹ `political correctness' (`PC') and sexism, specifically in relation to their choice of titles and surnames. Rather than seeing these discourses as sets of permissible or forbidden practices or lists of words/phrases, I have preferred in this article to adopt a theoretical position, based on the work of Pierre Bourdieu, which tries to see these discourses as hypothesized positions with which many women negotiate (Bourdieu, 1999). Thus sexism, anti-sexism and `political correctness' must be seen, not as separate discourses functioning in isolation from the others, but as all working at the same time to define the limits and possibilities of the others. The pressure exerted by the interaction of these three positions seems to be `played out' on key words or phrases which function as sites of struggle, and which seem to define what can be seen as these women's social identities, constructed as they are within a variety of different communities of practice, each with different alignments with sexism, anti-sexism and `political correctness'. The question of which surname and title to use is one of those sites of struggle for many women who have some affiliation with feminism. Particularly in the present post-modern moment, rather than seeing feminist interventions in relation to discursive practices as concerned simply with reforming sexism, this article argues that, in addition, many feminists are concerned with appropriating practices which might be viewed as sexist and inflecting those practices differently, making them work for them, thus leading to potential changes in the ways that those practices are viewed in general.
Exploring the Color of Glass: Letters of Recommendation for Female and Male Medical Faculty
Authors: TRIX FRANCES , PSENKA CAROLYN
Published: April 2003

This study examines over 300 letters of recommendation for medical faculty at a large American medical school in the mid-1990s, using methods from corpus and discourse analysis, with the theoretical perspective of gender schema from cognitive psychology. Letters written for female applicants were found to differ systematically from those written for male applicants in the extremes of length, in the percentages lacking in basic features, in the percentages with doubt raisers (an extended category of negative language, often associated with apparent commendation), and in frequency of mention of status terms. Further, the most common semantically grouped possessive phrases referring to female and male applicants (`her teaching,' `his research') reinforce gender schema that tend to portray women as teachers and students, and men as researchers and professionals.
Racial Insult in Brazil
Authors: GUIMARÃES ANTONIO SÉRGIO ALFREDO
Published: April 2003

In 1988, the fight against racial discrimination in Brazil gained tremendous impetus following the enactment of a law that made racism a crime subject to penal law. Black activists complained about the effectiveness of such a law when 70 percent of all Black complaints were systematically typified by the police as verbal offenses. Based on this, in 1997, parliament reformed the law in order to include racial verbal abuse as a crime. In this article I analyze the complaints forms filed at the São Paulo Police Station for Racial Discrimination, between May 1997 and December 1998. My goals are threefold: to understand the context in which verbal abuse is used; to determine the importance of this type of discrimination; and to evaluate the impact on combating racism in Brazil of making verbal abuse a crime.
`When Shall We Go for a Ride?' a Case of the Sexual Harassment of a Young Girl
Authors: TAINIO LIISA
Published: April 2003

In this article, I explore the benefits and limits of conversation analysis for the analysis of a conversation that has been labelled (post-hoc) as an instance of `sexual harassment'. The data analysed is a phone call between a 15-year-old girl and a male Member of Parliament. I explore how `harassment-in-action' may be embedded in the mundane procedures of talk. Analysis of the MP's strategies to pursue the girl's acceptance of his invitation to `come for a ride' revealed a number of patterns: recurrent invitations, personal knowledge displays, an orientation to secrecy and confidentiality and implicit and explicit threats. The girl's strategies to resist the MP's suggestions were formulated according to the norms of preference organization, by doing dispreferred activities, using repair initiators and standard responses. I argue that although no single feature of the talk could directly index sexual harassment, the `formal analysis' of (recurrent) patterns of interaction, combined with the cultural knowledge about the identity of the interactants, forms a basis to construct also a feminist-informed explication of `sexual harassment'.
Expressions of Gender: an Analysis of Pupils' Gendered Discourse Styles in Small Group Classroom Discussions
Authors: DAVIES JULIA
Published: April 2003

This article presents data collected from small discussion groups in English classrooms. The research contributes to debates about boys' relative under-achievement in comparison with that of girls, examining the processes of pupils' learning through talk-related activities. Using discourse analysis techniques, the ways in which pupils signal gender allegiances are explored. It is shown how the girls tended to use a linguistic style in which their engagement with the topic was congruent with their relationship with each other, thus enhancing a co-operative climate for learning. Boys' discourse styles tended to be more dislocated; the discourse of learning conflicted with expressions of heterosexual masculinity. Aspects of the boys' discussions constructed definitions of gender which were obstructive to learning, in a manner likely to impact upon examination results, but more importantly sustaining gendered inequity.
Using Conversation Analysis to Track Gender Ideologies in Social Interaction: toward a Feminist Analysis of a Japanese Phone-in Consultation TV Program
Authors: OHARA YUMIKO , SAFT SCOTT
Published: April 2003

In this article, we engage in the recent debate concerning the utility of conversation analysis (CA) for feminist purposes. Using analysis of a Japanese phone-in consultation TV program, we take the position that CA has much to contribute to the feminist critique of Japanese society. Combining two strands of CA research, Hutchby's reconsideration of power as an interactional achievement and membership category analysis (MCA), we show in the analysis that CA makes it possible not only to point out places in the interaction where participants orient to gender, but also to track how the sequential structure of the interaction is used to invoke and reinforce ideological beliefs about women. Following the analysis, we discuss four ways that our analysis may be used to further feminism in Japan.
Positivism, Quantification and the Phenomena of Psychology
Authors: Martin Jack
Published: April 2003

While in general agreement with Michell's (2003) observations, arguments and positions, I believe two considerations might help to contextualize his piece further. First, it is important to note just how widespread have been psychologists' misunderstandings of positions and arguments in the philosophy of science, and what this says about the disciplinary isolation of psychology. Secondly, despite some common misunderstandings amongst qualitative researchers in psychology, there are good reasons for psychologists to resist both the quantitative imperative and the positivists' overly narrow construal of philosophy of science. These reasons relate to important, non-quantifiable characteristics of many psychological phenomena. Nonetheless, Michell's article is a timely reminder to guard against the excesses and limitations that attend any version of `methodolatry', quantitative or qualitative.
Pragmatism, Positivism and the Quantitative Imperative
Authors: Michell Joel
Published: April 2003

In this response I enlarge upon three comments by Hoshmand (2003) and Martin (2003). I endorse the recommendation for a pragmatist approach to evaluating research practice, but argue that such an approach alone will not resolve disagreements, for these generally have their origins in other matters. I agree that positivism had a profound influence upon psychology's methodological consensus and explain why it was powerless to resist the imposition of the quantitative imperative upon the discipline. I analyze one instance of Stevens' philosophical syncretism, showing that his attempt to combine the logical positivist view of mathematics with the quantitative imperative in his theory of scales of measurement involved juggling irreconcilable theses. I finish by claiming that it is counter-productive for advocates of qualitative methods to reject traditional scientific values.
Times, Theories and Practices in Social Psychology
Authors: Levine Mark
Published: April 2003

This paper begins by problematizing the `taken for granted' status of Newtonian linear time at the heart of (social) psychology. Borrowing from Adam, the paper makes a distinction between an `events in time' and `time in events' approach to social psychology. It argues that a `time in events' approach helps to reveal the importance of multiple times for social psychological theories and practices. To demonstrate this approach, it considers some of the multiple times that are relevant for analysing the concept of `identity'. It also explores the multiple times of the research encounter. In doing so, it suggests that traditional dichotomies in social psychology between synchronic and diachronic methods, and between experimental and qualitative methods, can be dissolved by this focus on the temporal. The paper concludes with some observations about the importance of time for thinking about social psychology as a knowledge-producing practice.
The Ordinary Superstition of Subjectivity
Authors: Papadopoulos Dimitris
Published: April 2003

This paper attempts to provide evidence for the thesis that the concept of subjectivity is linked to contemporary liberal geoculture, especially new regulation practices and new forms of violence that started to become visible during the 1980s and 1990s. Two conceptualizations of subjectivity will be examined: traditional Marxist accounts, which focus on the notion of interest, and post-structuralist accounts, which emphasize the self-referential character of subjectivity. I will argue that, despite the critical impetus of both traditions, their historical genesis can be traced to the hegemony of North Atlantic liberal ideology. Furthermore, their broad application in the social sciences and in psychology corresponds to the present-day neo-liberal reorganization of societal conditions and the trans-formation of liberalism to geoculture.

So that in the first place, I put for a general inclination of all mankind, a perpetual and restless desire of power after power, that ceaseth only in death. And the cause of this is not always that a man hopes for a more intensive delight than he has already attained to, or that he cannot be content with a moderate power, but because he cannot assure the power and means to live well, which he hath present, without the acquisition of more. (Hobbes, 1994, p. 58)
Jacques Lacan, Barred Psychologist
Authors: Parker Ian
Published: April 2003

This paper reviews a series of contradictions between the discipline of psychology and the work of Jacques Lacan. Psychology here is the academic and professional domain of theory and practice developed in Western, specifically Anglo-US American, culture to describe and explain behavioural and mental processes. Lacan is characterized with reference to the elaboration of his theoretical and clinical work, with the focus primarily on his own writings. The main argument is that there is a fundamental incompatibility between Lacan's work and psychological views of the individual subject, and therefore attempts to assimilate the two traditions are misconceived. This means that psychologists looking to Lacan for answers must question underlying assumptions about theory and methodology in their discipline if they are to take his work seriously. The incompatibility between Lacan and psychology also has important consequences for clinical psychologists who may wish to adopt ideas from the Lacanian tradition, for it highlights the dangers that psychology holds for psychoanalysis if psychological theories and methodologies are taken on good coin. The motif of Lacan as `barred psychologist' is designed to emphasize these arguments as well as the distinctive account of the human subject that his work entails.
The Resurgence of the Italian Confederal Unions: Will it Last?
Authors: Baccaro Lucio , Carrieri Mimmo , Damiano Cesare
Published: April 2003

This article argues that the Italian confederal unions' decision to engage in national policy-making paid off, even though it implied becoming co-responsible for tough choices, such as wage restraint and pension reform. This engagement was linked to a combination of three factors: the opening up of new opportunities in the political sphere, unity of action among the three major confederations, and a series of organizational reforms that strengthened internal democracy and in the process, also increased the unions' capacity for encompassing representation. Future challenges are likely to come, as in the past, from the political sphere. In particular, the resurfacing of competition among the three major confederations makes it increasingly difficult for them to speak with a single voice, not just in the political, but also in the economic arena.
Reviving the American Labour Movement: Institutions and Mobilization
Authors: Hurd Richard , Milkman Ruth , Turner Lowell
Published: April 2003

The current revitalization of the American labour movement is driven primarily by two forces: from above, new strategic leadership in some unions and at the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), ready to offer institutional support for local efforts to organize, build coalitions and expand the scope of grass-roots politics; from below, renewed interest in rank-and-file activism and participation. We call these two forces institutional support and network mobilization, and we find indications of their overriding importance in all six union strategies on which our case-study research focuses: organizing, political action, coalition building, labour-management partnership, organizational change and international solidarity.
Between the Mundane and the Exotic
Authors: Michael Mike
Published: April 2003

This article examines the relation of technology to temporality. Exotic technologies - iconically information and communication technologies and biotechnologies - typically evoke change and the novel character of the present epoch. Yet these enter a world of mundane technologies that putatively serve merely in social reproduction. It is argued that such a stark contrast is untenable. Drawing on the work of Michel Serres, the temporality of technology is re-conceived in terms of patterns of order/disorder to which both exotic and mundane technologies contribute. The minimal parameters needed to articulate the nature of such a complexly temporalized sociotechnical stuff are outlined.
The Perceived Value of Time
Authors: Baker Angela , Ferguson Sally , Dawson Drew
Published: April 2003

A burgeoning shiftworking population is placing increased demands on employee's time. This study aimed to determine if shiftworkers and non-shiftworkers valued time differently. Participants were matched on age, gender, parenting and marital status. For each of four time matrices (work, social, leisure and family time), participants were required to value each hour across the days of the week on a scale from 0 to 10. Data were averaged across groups to produce mean and standard deviation matrices. The results suggest that employees need an incentive to work when personal preferences indicate otherwise. Money to date has been a way of achieving satisfaction; however, alternatives for employees may be to work at self-selected times or to increase their involvement in roster determination.
Chronology, time, tense and experientiality in narrative
Authors: Fludernik Monika
Published: April 2003

Tense in narrative and non-narrative texts performs a variety of functions, not all of which are properly temporal or aspectual. In particular, tense relates to the passing of time (duration), sequentiality, chronology and the expression of subjectivity (frequently linked with aspect). In addition, tense is here argued to fulfil textual functions of foregrounding and backgrounding over and above plot-related foregrounding. The peculiarities of the use of tense in literary narrative can be illustrated by reference to texts in which the tenses chosen do not seem to obey any of the familiar rules of aspect or tense usage but seem to acquire a properly literary function. As one of many possible examples of such a literary use of tense, Ondaatje’s The English Patient is then analysed in detail. It will be argued that linguistic analysis of such a peculiar use of tense can help to explain why such texts are odd but that the purpose of the idiosyncrasy must be sought in literary effect and the artificial shaping of language as deliberate literary strategy.1
The Global Sport Mass Media Oligopoly
Authors: Law Alan , Harvey Jean , Kemp Stuart
Published: April 2003

The current frenzy of megamergers and acquisitions creating giant media/entertainment conglomerates has been described in the sociology of sport literature as one of the key aspects of sport globalization processes now unfolding. In this literature three usual suspects are mostly pointed out: Disney, News Corp and AOL–Time Warner. This article argues that one must look beyond these in order to get a clearer picture of the emerging media/sport complex. By examining the corporate structure of six major media/entertainment conglomerates, this article reveals some of the intricacies of these holdings which unpack the ‘circuits of promotion’ being formed through media platforms and content convergence. Moreover, the analysis of these corporate holdings show how these competitors are also involved in several joint ventures that connect them together, thus forming a dense web despite their rivalries. The article concludes that unless democratic interventions are enabled at the national and global levels sport media consumers will remain easy targets of the global media/ entertainment oligopoly.
Globalization American-Style and Reference Idol Selection
Authors: Melnick Merrill J. , Jackson Steven J.
Published: April 2003

While there have been significant refinements in the scholarly development of the sport and Americanization/globalization literature in recent years, the individual, psychosocial consequences resulting from the intersection of global forces and local cultures remain largely unexplored. A sample of 510 New Zealand youth (average age = 14.5 yrs) was administered a survey instrument to identify their public heroes and heroines (reference idols), that is, celebrity others who are ‘very important in your life’. Statistical analysis of these data as well as movie and television consumption patterns revealed that these youth are heavily influenced by global media in general and American popular culture in particular. The data suggested that the influence of popular American cultural icons (e.g. Michael Jordan, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Jim Morrison, Michael Jackson) extended well beyond simple admiration for some respondents to include impacts on beliefs, values, self-appraisals, and behaviors. It was concluded that focusing on adolescent reference idol choices and their identityrelated consequences is a promising approach to understanding the influence of the ‘global’ on the ‘local’.
Examining Equity in Newspaper Photographs
Authors: Pedersen Paul Mark
Published: April 2003

Sport has long been considered the generic preserve of males. Because of hegemonic masculinity, females have encountered myriad obstacles in their quest to participate in and receive the benefits from sports. The mass media have aided in the establishment of these barriers with their biased coverage of the institution of sport. While the existence of under-representative and stereotyped coverage of females has been documented across the various media and sport participation levels, there has not been any determination of equitable coverage at the interscholastic level. This content analysis, through its investigation of the newspaper photographic coverage given to high school athletics, seeks to fill this void. A total of 827 photographs were examined from 602 randomly selected newspaper issues. The sample was taken over a one-year timeframe from all the daily newspapers (n= 43) based in the State of Florida. The study found that female athletics, even when compared to the independent standards of enrollment, participation, and sports offered, were significantly under-represented in number of photographs and total photographic column inches. Male athletics not only received more photographic coverage, their photographs were also better positioned and more likely to be color photographs. Collectively, the newspapers upheld hegemonic masculinity through their under-representation and marginalization of high school female athletics.
Body Lessons
Authors: Maguire Jennifer Smith
Published: April 2003

Since the 1970s, fitness has developed as a cultural field — a network of producers, consumers, products and practices that focuses on the exercising body. This article considers the textual aspect of the US fitness field, drawing from a content analysis of several US exercise manuals from the late 1970s to late 1990s. The content of exercise manuals sheds light on the broader tastes and attitudes of fitness consumers, who are chiefly middle and new middle class men and women. In particular, the article addresses three recurrent themes or ‘lessons’ regarding the fitness consumer and his or her attitude towards the body: as an object of consumption, as a source of calculable rewards and as a motivational problem.
Educational Brokers in Global Education Markets
Authors: Sidhu Ravinder
Published: April 2003

This article undertakes a text analysis of the promotional materials generated by two educational brokers, the British Council’s Education Counselling Service (ECS) and Australia’s International Development Programme (IDP-Education Australia).By focusing on the micropractices of branding, the constructions of the “international student” and “international education” are examined to uncover the relations between international education and globalisation.The conclusion reached here is that the dominant marketing messages used to brand and sell education are unevenly weighted in favour of the economic imperative.International education remains fixed in modernist spatiotemporal contexts that ignore the challenges presented by globalisation.Developing new notions of international education will require a more critical engagement with the geopolitics of knowledge and with issues of subjectivity, difference, and power.Ultimately, a more sustained and comprehensive engagement with the noneconomic dimensions of globalisation will be necessary to achieve new visions of international education.
Overseas Student Teaching: Affecting Personal, Professional, and Global Competencies in an Age of Globalization
Authors: Cushner Kenneth , Mahon Jennifer
Published: April 2003

Conditions in the world today demand that teachers have increased international knowledge and experience that they can transmit to the students in their charge. Developing the knowledge and skills necessary to achieve such objectives requires significant immersion experiences in cultures other than one’s own.Schools of edu cation, however, give scant attention to this reality.This study examined the nature of the international student teaching experience and its impact on the professional and personal development of new teachers.Fifty returned student teachers reported how such an experience affected them personally as well as professionally.Findings reflect the study-abroad literature in general, suggesting that an overseas experience has immense benefits for the student teacher.Students reported impact on their beliefs about self and others as evidenced through increased cultural awareness and improved self-efficacy, as well as professional development in terms of global- mindedness.
Cyperbole, Commerce, and Internationalisation: “Desperate Hope and Desperate Fear”
Authors: Duke Chris
Published: April 2003

This article draws on experience working within the higher education systems of three countries in particular and on recent OECD work on e-learning and postsecondary education. It refers to the four forms of trade in services identified by GATS and explores different meanings and forms of internationalisation, especially from that perspective. The “cyperbole” of the virtual university and the global e-learning market is examined, leading to a consideration of which uses of new ICT may assist deeper forms of internationalisation and which are more superficial and essentially commercial. The article concludes with some discussion of future types of universities in a more global and virtual environment and their relationship to the four profiles proposed in the editorial of this special issue.
Variations on a Theme: Complexity and Choice in a World Ofborderless Education
Authors: Middlehurst Robin
Published: April 2003

The article explores examples from the UK that illustrate how institutions are positioning themselves in relation to their use of information and communications tech nologies (ICT) and their approaches to internationalisation within the context of “borderless education.” Four scenarios developed by Collis and Gommer are used as reference points to locate institutional strategies. The article also points to a variety of national strategies that are being developed to open new markets for higher education and create greater flexibility and choice for students, some of which may compete with strategies developed by individual institutions. The article concludes by high-lighting the dilemmas facing institutional leaders and managers as they seek to position themselves in a changing world.
Educational Reform Based on E-Learning: The Establishment of an International Web-Based Learning Community
Authors: Sakamoto Takashi
Published: April 2003

The following article provides an overview of the moves to reform Japanese education and stake a place in the global information technology revolution and of the current state of information and communications technology (ICT) in Japanese higher education. It discusses recently introduced educational policies regarding the regulation and promotion of multimedia and ICT in Japanese universities, some of the activities in progress, and the factors encouraging and inhibiting new forms of technology-based teaching and learning and the sharing of knowledge and wisdom worldwide.
Planning for an Uncertain Future: A U.S. Perspective on Why Accurate Predictions about Icts May Be Difficult
Authors: Harley Diane
Published: April 2003

This article analyses some of the ways in which information and communication technologies (ICTs) are being employed as possible solutions to the triad of pressures facing U.S. research universities: (a) holding down costs, (b) providing access to an increasingly diverse demographic, and (c) maintaining quality. It presents the preliminary results of a large research project investigating the economic and pedagogical impacts of technology enhancements in a large lecture course at the University of California, Berkeley. This study’s findings, as well as a review of activities taking place throughout the United States, show that student expectations and backgrounds, the pace of technological change, financing of ICTs, demands of public stakeholders, and the emergence of new competitive markets are among the multiple pressures faced by U.S. research universities as they plan for the future.
Intercultural Learning and Diversity in Higher Education
Authors: Otten Matthias
Published: April 2003

International learning experiences seem to shift from an added-value side effect to an all-persuasive motive in a market-driven and globalised educational sector. However, nature and substance of this experience, target groups, and also means for unfolding this value are still vague when it comes to the time beyond the mission statements of internationalisation. This article presents the theoretical and conceptual framework of an understanding of intercultural learning. The first part will outline some assumptions about intercultural encounters and its meaning for intercultural learning. The second part describes approaches of diversity activities with an institution-wide focus. Drawn from regions with an explicit diversity policy tradition in higher education—namely, the United States, Canada, and Australia—ways and problems of its adaptation to the European context will be discussed. The article provides an orientation for setting up diversity activities and diversity plans aimed at intercultural learning.
The Case of the University of Twente: Internationalisation as Education Policy
Authors: de Jong Huib , Teekens Hanneke
Published: April 2003

This article presents the case of educational policy development of the University of Twente (UT) and takes a critical look at some of the issues at stake. The emphasis in this process is predominantly focused on improving the efficiency and quality of the educational process. The internationalisation of education at the UT is understood as a deliberate institutional strategy to create a truly international and intercultural academic community on the campus. It means that international mobility is a means rather than an end in itself. The value of an internationalised campus for the process of global teaching and learning is of immense importance and forms the main resource for intercultural experiences in and outside the lecture hall.
The American Case: The University of Minnesota
Authors: Paige R. Michael
Published: April 2003

This case study will be a historical account of the internationalization of higher education at the University of Minnesota. It examines the internationalization process during a 30-year period leading up to the present. The article traces the history of the university’s internationalization efforts with reference to the specific components, including the curriculum, the co-curriculum, the role of international students and scholars, international educational exchanges and inter-university agreements, study-abroad programs, organizational/structural arrangements (e.g., central administrative support, committees), funding, and so forth. The key events will be described. The article finishes with an analysis of the lessons that the university has learned about internationalization.
Cultural Diversity for Life: A Case Study From Australia
Authors: Dunstan Paula
Published: April 2003

This article considers internationalisation policy and practice in Australian institutions, with a focus on the internationalisation of student experiences. This is particularly relevant to the majority of students who remain at their home campus for their course duration and who are immersed in the multicultural environment in which they live. The discussion recognises the political and historical context of international education in Australia and discusses the opportunities Australian institutions have to develop practical models of cultural awareness and to work with diversity in student groups. The article uses examples of policy and practical initiatives in universities, as well as discussion of a specific secondary school in Melbourne, Australia, currently using organisational structure, curriculum and innovative practice to internationalise its learning community.
Is Implementation Distinct from Political Bargaining?
Authors: Torenvlied René , Thomson Robert
Published: April 2003

Two approaches to research on policy implementation are compared in this article. In the first approach, corresponding with the multi-stage view, implementation is understood as a sub-process requiring specific tools of analysis such as principal-agent theory. In the other approach, which we label the political bargaining view, implementation is seen as an integral part of the policy debate that occurs when political decisions are taken. Using data on the implementation of decisions taken in three Dutch local authorities, we show how the different views can be tested using models. We compare the predictions of agency performances made by bargaining models with those made by implementation models. The results show that the models of political bargaining produce significantly less accurate predictions of agency performances than the implementation models, suggesting that implementation is best understood as a distinct stage of the policy process.
Conflict Measures in Cooperative Exchange Models of Collective Decision-making
Authors: van Assen Marcel , Stokman Frans , van Oosten Reinier
Published: April 2003

This study focuses on externalities of exchanges of voting positions in collective decision-making. Exchanges are represented by non-constant two-person cooperative games. It is assumed that the rate of exchange is specified by the Raiffa-Kalai-Smorodinsky solution, and a model is specified to identify the exchanges. Externality effects of these exchanges are assessed with two conflict measures we develop here. The measures assess within-group and between-group conflict, respectively, and are applied to collective decision-making in the European Union regarding support for fishery infrastructure. The application shows that the measures provide indispensable insights into the decision-making setting and that these can be used for strategic intervention in the setting. It also shows that both actors' power and the outcomes in exchange with externalities are very different from those in exchange without externalities as studied by theories of network exchange.
Modeling the Strategic Effects of Risk and Perceptions in Linkage Politics
Authors: Abdollahian Mark , Alsharabati Carole
Published: April 2003

We develop a new linkage model for multiple issue politics and negotiations, one that extends previous single and multidimensional work by Bueno de Mesquita, Stokman, Morgan, and Morrow by explicitly capturing risk in a spatial multidimensional analysis. In order to address the critiques of previous linkage models as cooperatively based, we allow risk to vary simultaneously across issues, which yields non-convex indifference curves. Consequently, our model incorporates a new perceptive and conflictual component in multiple issue contexts. This approach allows the possibility of misjudgment and misperceptions in behavior. We show that linkage solutions in a political context may or may not be taken advantage of by the participants, nor do they need be Pareto optimal. Besides more accurately modeling the negotiation process, these valuable insights yield strategies for unilateral maximization of linkages not captured by previous linkage approaches.
Shrouded in Secrecy: Breaking the News of HIV Infection to Ghanaian Women
Authors: Mill Judy E.
Published: April 2003

The purpose of this research was to examine the experience of HIV-positive Ghanaian women and to identify factors that influenced their vulnerability to infection. The study was carried out in Ghana from January to May 1999 using participatory action research. In-depth interviews and focus groups with 31 HIV-positive women, 5 HIV-positive men, 8 nurses, 10 professionals, and 2 traditional healers were used to collect the data. The need for secrecy in "breaking the news" emerged as an important theme. Secrecy affected the women's access to treatment and to financial and emotional support from families. The secrecy surrounding breaking the news of HIV infection is one manifestation of AIDS stigma in Ghana. Encouraging disclosure within a trusting and supportive environment may be one strategy to diffuse AIDS stigma in Ghana. Educational interventions to eliminate AIDS stigma among health care professionals, including nurses, are required in Ghana.
The Use of Advance Directives in a Population of Asian Indian Hindus
Authors: Doorenbos Ardith Z. , Nies Mary A.
Published: April 2003

Advance directives are a way to communicate the kind of care that people desire at the end of life. Recent research shows that ethnic minorities have been found to complete advance directives significantly less often than Caucasians, and no information was available regarding advance directives in the Asian Indian population. To address this shortcoming, this descriptive exploratory design sampled a community sample of 45 Asian Indian Hindus. Being female and having an individualistic decision-making style were significantly positively correlated with advance directive completion. Having strong religious affiliation and a family decision-making style were significantly negatively correlated with advance directive completion. The results of this study provide needed information regarding the Asian Indian population and how Hinduism affects advance directives.
Home Care Nurses: A Study of the Occurrence of Culturally Competent Care
Authors: DiCicco-Bloom Barbara , Cohen Deborah
Published: April 2003

The purpose of this study is to describe how home care nurses orient to and manage cultural issues during patient visits. Fourteen home care nurse-patient dyads were observed. Interviews were then conducted with nurses. Nurses and the home care agencies for which they worked engaged in practices aimed at minimizing patients' cultural practices and beliefs. A correspondence with how nurses oriented to patients' cultures and how cultural issues were managed during encounters was observed. Overwhelmingly, nurses and home care agencies used strategies to avoid dealing with patients' "different" cultural backgrounds. Work needs to be done to begin integrating theory and practice regarding culturally competent health care.
Gendered Nursing Education and Practice in Iran
Authors: Fooladi Marjaneh M.
Published: April 2003

Through qualitative ethnographic methods, the researcher explored gendered nursing education and practice among Iranian nursing students and faculty. Interaction with nursing students and faculty occurred in a familiar turf using the native language in interviews and on field observations. Settings included classrooms, skills laboratory, faculty offices, clinical areas, and informants' homes. Formal and informal interviews, observations, and printed materials provided useful data to reach consistent common patterns. Thematic analysis and triangulation of data identified gender variations in care and compassion, spirituality, economic motives, and practice preference. Integrated experiences of pre-Islamic period were used to describe the current developments of gendered nursing education and practice in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Study of gendered nursing education and practice brings attention to the cultural significance of gender issues. This body of knowledge will benefit American nurses and educators by increasing their cultural understanding of gender.
Perspectives on Healing Foot Ulcers by Yaquis With Diabetes
Authors: de Vera Noemi
Published: April 2003

The purpose of this pilot study was to describe the perspectives of 4 Yaqui Native Americans with diabetes regarding biomedical and traditional methods for healing foot ulcers. Leininger's sunrise model provided the conceptual framework for this study. Analysis of ethnographic data produced four cultural themes: (a) Belief in God is expressed in prayers for healing, (b) the way to keep healthy is to take care of oneself, (c) foot ulcer is a modern illness that takes time to heal, and (d) support is important to survive a difficult journey. Understanding cultural beliefs, perceptions, and healing practices of Yaqui individuals with foot ulcers may provide health care providers with a broader scope for providing culturally competent care.
Literacy for Health: An Interdisciplinary Model
Authors: Watters Elisa K.
Published: April 2003

Traditionally, many literacy and health education programs have had difficulty in significantly affecting vulnerable priority populations. The materials used were largely generalized for one language, one level of literacy, and one culture. A multidiscipline review of literature discusses the relationship between literacy, health, and culture and provides rationale for the interdisciplinary literacy for health model. The model's synthesis of anthropology, linguistics, literacy, nursing, and community partnership guides development of culturally and linguistically appropriate materials for successful adoption and diffusion within a priority population. In Nepal, the model is being used in the Mugom first-language literacy project among a group of remote Tibetan Buddhist peoples.
A Research-Based Didactic Model for Education to Promote Culturally Competent Nursing Care in Sweden
Authors: Gebru Kerstin , Willman Ania
Published: April 2003

As Sweden changes toward a multicultural society, scientific knowledge of transcultural nursing care becomes increasingly important. Earlier studies in Swedish nursing education have demonstrated a lack of knowledge base in transcultural nursing. Through an extensive review of the literature, a didactic model was developed to help facilitate the establishment of this body of knowledge in transcultural nursing. The article demonstrates how the model applies the content and structure of Leininger's theory of culture care diversity and universality and ethnonursing method in a 3-year nursing program in theory as well as clinical education. The model includes a written guide for faculty members, with references to scientific articles and documents to be used.
Identifying Underserved Ethnic Populations Within a Community: The First Step in Eliminating Health Care Disparities Among Racial and Ethnic Minorities
Authors: Zust Barbara L. , Moline Kay
Published: April 2003

As set forth by the United States Department of Health and Human Services in Healthy People 2010, the primary goal of the national health promotion and disease prevention plan is to eliminate the health care disparities among racial and ethnic groups. This disparity is due, in part, to unequal health access. However, equal access to health care alone would not eliminate the difference. The health care provided must be culturally competent to be effective. Before providers can effectively begin strategizing ways to provide culturally sensitive health care for the people they serve, they first need to identify the groups of people in their service areas. A clinical example will be used to demonstrate public health nursing's role in accessing and advocating for uncounted populations as a fundamental beginning for eliminating disparity in health care delivery.
Development of a Family Assessment Instrument for Transcultural Use
Authors: Friedemann Marie-Luise , Åstedt-Kurki Päivi , Paavilainen Eija
Published: April 2003

Purpose: The article describes challenges related to the transfer of a family assessment instrument, the Assessment of Strategies in Families-Effectiveness (ASF-E), and its theoretical basis to another culture. Design: Instrument development encompassed translation and discussion of theoretical and cultural relevance of the items. Patients from two clinics in Tampere, Finland ( N = 196) completed the ASF. Psychometric tests involved factor and reliability analysis. Results: The theoretical constructs of stability, growth, control and connectedness/spirituality were represented in the factor structure, and reliability ranged from .65 to .83. Discussion: There were cultural differences in the interpretation of certain items. Characteristics of Finnish culture with impact on instrument validity were homogeneity and family emphasis on conflict resolution. Insights contributed to further instrument development and broader understanding of culture.
A Discussion of Chain Referral As a Method of Sampling Hard-to-Reach Populations
Authors: Penrod Janice , Preston Deborah Bray , Cain Richard E. , Starks Michael T.
Published: April 2003

Nursing research often requires inquiry into sensitive topics that involve hidden or hard-to reach populations. However, identifying and sampling these populations for research purposes is often fraught with difficulties. Barriers include society’s lack of tolerance of diverse groups, social stigma, concern for issues of confidentiality, and fear of exposure because of possible threats to security. Chain referral sampling techniques are proposed to minimize bias while maintaining privacy and confidentiality. Techniques of chain referral sampling are detailed for use in researching sensitive topics and hidden populations. When carefully planned and executed, this sampling design offers transcultural nurse researchers a reasonable method for accessing and studying special populations that are particularly hard-to-reach.