bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BMI Trajectories from Birth to Young Adulthood
Authors: McGinty Shannon M. , Osganian Stavroula K. , Feldman Henry A. , Milliren Carly E. , Field Alison E. , Richmond Tracy K.
Published: April 2018

Objective

This study aimed to compare BMI trajectories from childhood to early adulthood in those with overweight and/or obesity versus severe obesity.

Methods

Longitudinal BMI values (2,542 measurements) were calculated from measured heights and weights for 103 children, adolescents, or young adults with overweight, obesity, or severe obesity. Segmented regression with splines was used to model BMI trajectories.

Results

Sixty‐nine participants were classified as ever having severe obesity versus 34 who never had severe obesity. Trajectories and slopes did not differ by sex or race/ethnicity. Compared with those who never had severe obesity, BMI was higher in the group with severe obesity at all ages, and BMI slope was higher for those with severe obesity at age 14 (P = 0.002), with peak slope occurring later (18 years vs. 16 years) and higher (4.5 ± 0.5 kg/m2/y vs. 2.9 ± 0.5 kg/m2/y; P < 0.02). In the group without severe obesity, BMI fell below zero by the mid‐20s (−0.3 ± 0.6 kg/m2/y); in those with severe obesity, BMI slope never reached zero (0.9 ± 0.5 kg/m2/y).

Conclusions

Youth with severe obesity, compared with their peers without, started with higher BMIs, had more rapid rates of BMI increase beginning at age 14, as well as a higher peak and longer period of increase, and never achieved weight stabilization.
Moderate Weight Loss Improves Body Composition and Metabolic Function in Metabolically Unhealthy Lean Subjects
Authors: Chooi Yu Chung , Ding Cherlyn , Chan Zhiling , Choo John , Sadananthan Suresh Anand , Michael Navin , Lee Yijun , Velan S. Sendhil , Magkos Faidon
Published: April 2018

Objective

Individuals who have “metabolically obese normal weight” (MONW) have an increased risk for cardiometabolic disease. Moderate weight loss has multiple benefits in people with obesity, but its effects in lean people are unknown. Thus, the effects of diet‐induced 5% weight loss on body composition and metabolic function in MONW subjects were evaluated.

Methods

Total body fat, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAT) volumes, intrahepatic and intramyocellular lipid contents, insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp), glucose tolerance, and postprandial insulin secretion and clearance rates (mixed meal with minimal modeling) were measured before and after 4.8% ± 0.5% weight loss in 11 MONW Asians (48 ± 3 years old, six men and five women, BMI 22.7 ± 0.4 kg/m2).

Results

Weight loss decreased total fat mass by ∼9%, VAT and SAT volumes by ∼11% and ∼17%, respectively, and intrahepatic fat by ∼50% (all P < 0.05). Fasting plasma insulin, triglyceride, and total low‐ and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were also reduced (P < 0.05). Insulin sensitivity indexes (M‐value and M/I ratio) increased by 21% to 26% (both P < 0.05); β‐cell responsivity and postprandial insulin secretion rate did not change, but insulin clearance rate increased by 16% (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Diet‐induced moderate weight loss improves body composition, lipid profile, and insulin sensitivity and thereby reduces cardiometabolic risk in MONW Asians.
Short‐ and Long‐Term Changes in Health‐Related Quality of Life with Weight Loss: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Pearl Rebecca L. , Wadden Thomas A. , Tronieri Jena Shaw , Berkowitz Robert I. , Chao Ariana M. , Alamuddin Naji , Leonard Sharon M. , Carvajal Raymond , Bakizada Zayna M. , Pinkasavage Emilie , Gruber Kathryn A. , Walsh Olivia A. , Alfaris Nasreen
Published: April 2018

Objective

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of weight loss and weight loss maintenance (WLM) on weight‐specific health‐related quality of life in a 66‐week trial.

Methods

Adults with obesity (N = 137, 86.1% female, 68.6% black, mean age = 46.1 years) who had lost ≥ 5% of initial weight in a 14‐week intensive lifestyle intervention/low‐calorie diet (LCD) program were randomly assigned to lorcaserin or placebo for an additional 52‐week WLM program. The Impact of Weight on Quality of Life‐Lite (IWQOL‐Lite) scale (including five subscales), Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 (depression), and Perceived Stress Scale were administered at the start of the 14‐week LCD program, randomization, and week 52 of the randomized controlled trial (i.e., 66 weeks total).

Results

Significant improvements in all outcomes, except weight‐related public distress, were found following the 14‐week LCD program (P values < 0.05). Improvements were largely maintained during the 52‐week randomized controlled trial, despite weight regain of 2.0 to 2.5 kg across treatment groups. Participants who lost ≥ 10% of initial weight achieved greater improvements in physical function, self‐esteem, sexual life, and the IWQOL‐Lite total score than those who lost < 5% and did not differ from those who lost 5% to 9.9%.

Conclusions

Improvements in weight‐specific health‐related quality of life were achieved with moderate weight loss and were sustained during WLM.
Risk factors for fetal death after radiofrequency ablation for complicated monochorionic twin pregnancies
Authors: Sun Luming , Zou Gang , Yang Yingjun , Zhou Fenhe , Tao Duan
Published: April 2018

Objective

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a management alternative for complicated monochorionic twin pregnancies. The purpose of this study is to evaluate risk factors for fetal death after RFA.

Methods

An observational study was performed to document the perinatal outcomes of all cases undergoing fetal reduction using RFA from 2010 to 2016 at the Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital. A multiple regression model was built to identify predictors of the death of the remaining fetus after RFA.

Results

A total of 183 patients treated with RFA for fetal reduction were analyzed, including 53 selective intrauterine growth restriction, 35 twin‐twin transfusion syndrome, 36 dichorionic triamniotic triplets, 24 monochorionic twins discordant for fetal anomaly, and 35 twin reversed arterial perfusion. The prevalence of fetal death after RFA was 23% (43:183). The occurrence of fetal death after RFA was independently associated with more than 2 cycles of RFA coagulation (OR 3.46; 95% CI, 1.34‐8.94; P = .01).

Conclusion

More than 2 cycles of RFA coagulation is the only independent risk factors of fetal death after RFA.
A silicon‐labelled amino acid suitable for late‐stage fluorination and unexpected oxidative cleavage reactions in the preparation of a key intermediate in the Strecker synthesis
Authors: Scroggie Kymberley R. , Alcock Lisa J. , Matos Maria J. , Bernardes Gonçalo J. L. , Perkins Michael V. , Chalker Justin M.
Published: April 2018

A novel silicon‐substituted phenylalanine derivative was prepared using the Strecker amino acid synthesis. An unexpected oxidative cleavage was observed in the preparation of the aldehyde required for the Strecker reaction. In this step, a homobenzylic alcohol intermediate was oxidatively cleaved to the corresponding benzaldehyde using either chromium or palladium based oxidants. This undesired side reaction was overcome through the use of Dess‐Martin Periodinane, or through an efficient TEMPO‐bleach oxidation. The amino acid prepared in this study was then labelled with fluoride in aqueous solvent using a range of fluoride sources. The efficiency of this labelling motivates future studies in late‐stage fluorination of peptide and protein therapeutics for use in positron emission tomography.
Can social support buffer the association between depression and suicidal ideation in adolescent boys and girls?
Authors: Fredrick Stephanie Secord , Demaray Michelle K. , Malecki Christine K. , Dorio Nicole B.
Published: April 2018

The purpose of the current study is to investigate social support (from parents, classmates, teachers, and close friends) as a protective factor in the association between depression and suicidal ideation. Data on students’ levels of social support, depression, and suicidal ideation were collected from 399 9th‐grade students using the Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale (CASSS), the Children's Depression Inventory, 2nd Edition Short Version (CDI 2), and the Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire ‐ Junior Version (SIQ‐JR). Results of hierarchical linear regressions indicated parent, classmate, and close friend social support buffered the association between depression and suicidal ideation. Close friend social support as a buffer appeared to be more robust for girls. Implications concerning these findings are discussed.
Successful ventilator weaning following vascular bypass in patient with vascular tracheobronchial compression
Authors: Sonehara Kei , Shomura Toshitaka , Yasuo Masanori , Ushiki Atsuhito , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Hanaoka Masayuki
Published: April 2018

A 74‐year‐old man, who had undergone thoracoplasty for tuberculous sequelae 54 years earlier, was referred to our hospital with a chief complaint of dyspnea. He had recently received mechanical ventilation due to pneumonia. However, although the pneumonia had improved, extubation was prevented by the presence of hypercapnic respiratory failure with tracheal stenosis due to compression of the right aortic arch and the left common carotid artery. Bypass surgery was performed, during which the left subclavian artery was placed over the left common carotid artery. Surgery resulted in expansion of the cross‐sectional tracheal stenosis area from 11.60 mm2 to 62.62 mm2, and the patient was successfully weaned off ventilatory support.
Optimization‐based adaptive sliding mode control with application to vehicle dynamics control
Authors: Ferrara Antonella , Incremona Gian Paolo , Regolin Enrico
Published: April 2018

This paper presents the design of a new adaptive optimization‐based second‐order sliding mode control algorithm for uncertain nonlinear systems. It is designed on the basis of a second‐order sliding mode control with optimal reaching, with the aim of reducing the control effort while maintaining all the positive aspects in terms of finite‐time convergence and robustness in front of matched uncertainties. These features are beneficial to guarantee good performance in case of vehicle dynamics control, a crucial topic in the light of the increasing demand of semiautonomous and autonomous driving capabilities in commercial vehicles. The new proposal is theoretically analyzed, as well as verified relying on an extensive comparative study, carried out on a realistic simulator of a 4‐wheeled vehicle, in the case of a lateral stability control system.
Tributyltin reduces the levels of serum adiponectin and activity of AKT and induces metabolic syndrome in male mice
Authors: Yan Haotian , Guo Hao , Cheng Dong , Kou Ruirui , Zhang Cuili , Si Jiliang
Published: April 2018

Tributyltin (TBT), a proven environmental obesogen, functions as a nanomolar agonist of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor‐γ (PPARγ). However, the adverse effects of TBT on metabolism are incompletely understood. In this study, male ICR mice were administered TBT (5 and 50 μg·kg–1) by an intraperitoneal injection once every 3 days for 30 days from 28 days of age and bred for another 30 days after the last administration of TBT. We analyzed the effects of these exposures on the fat depot weights, serum lipid profile, serum leptin and adiponectin, hepatic lipid accumulation, and activity of AKT in the liver and skeletal muscle isolated from mice 8 mins after receiving an insulin injection. Pubertal exposure to TBTCl resulted in a higher body weight, increased epididymal and liver fat accumulation, hyperlipidemia, an elevated low‐density lipoprotein/high‐density lipoprotein ratio, serum adiponectin deficiency, worse glucose tolerance, and lower insulin‐dependent AKT phosphorylation in the liver and muscle in mice. These results showed that TBT exposure induced peripheral insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in mice.
Apodemus mice as the main prey that determines reproductive output of tawny owl (Strix aluco) in Central Europe
Authors: Luka Václav , Riegert Jan
Published: April 2018

During the years 2008–2014, we studied diet composition, the number of breeding pairs, and reproductive output of tawny owls in Central Europe (Czech Republic) in relation to availability of main prey in the field. We also performed a meta‐analysis on diet composition of tawny owl in Europe that confirmed the important role of Apodemus mice in tawny owl diet in Central Europe. In concordance, Apodemus mice were the main prey of tawny owl in our study area (38.7%), and Microtus/Myodes voles (15.4%), birds (12.1%) and others (33.8%) were alternative prey. We found a positive relationship between the proportion of Apodemus mice in the diet and their abundance in the field (beta = 0.23, P = 0.001). Availability of main prey (Apodemus mice, Microtus/Myodes voles or Sorex shrews) in the field was not correlated with the number of breeding pairs. Proportion of birds in diet (expressed by scores from multivariate analysis), which was inversely related to proportion of Apodemus mice, was positively correlated with laying date (beta = 0.66, P = 0.012) and negatively correlated with clutch size (beta = − 0.45, P = 0.004) and brood size (beta = − 0.16, P = 0.076). We also found negative relationships between laying date and clutch size (beta = − 0.13, P = 0.014) and brood size (beta = − 0.07, P = 0.057). Our results support the idea that diet and breeding ecology of owls in Central Europe is mainly driven by the availability of Apodemus mice that are suitable prey due to their similar habitat requirements and nocturnal activity.
“I Feel It In My Heart When My Parents Fight”: Experiences of 7–9-Year-Old Children of Alcoholics
Authors: Tinnfält Agneta , Fröding Karin , Larsson Madelene , Dalal Koustuv
Published: April 2018

Children are vulnerable when exposed to parental alcohol abuse. Although much is known about children of alcoholics (COA), research examining the experiences of younger COA is scarce. To gain knowledge of the consequences for these children, it is important to ask the children themselves. This study explored the consequences for a child of having an alcoholic parent, from the point of view of 7–9-year-old COA. Eighteen children were interviewed, whose alcoholic parent was undergoing treatment, using a vignette. In the analysis, using qualitative content analysis, the findings show that the children of this young age had much experiences and took a great responsibility for their alcoholic parent, and the family. The most significant feeling of the children was a feeling of sadness. They tried to control the situation in different ways. They wished for a change in the future, but despite problems in the family they described things they did together with a loving parent. Implications include the importance of listening to and supporting all COA, also children as young as 7–9 years old. Further studies should address the support that can and should be offered to COA.
Participating in Research Symposia: Tales of Reinscription, Disruption, and Inclusivity
Authors: Birdsall Sally , White Peta
Published: April 2018

Having participated in both the New Zealand Association for Environmental Education (NZAEE) and Australian Association for Environmental Education (AAEE) Research Symposia of 2016, the authors provide a critical analysis of the opportunities provided during these symposia for researchers to position themselves within the environmental education field. Each symposium is analysed in terms of its purpose and program structure, and the opportunities for researchers to communicate and share their ideas, build their research community, and frame their field. It was found that there were spaces for researchers to reinscribe the structures and practices of the environmental education field, but less space for its disruption. Furthermore, it seemed that there were some voices from the edge who were unintentionally silenced to some degree; for example, emerging researchers, women, and Indigenous people. It is recommended that symposia organisers and delegates give careful consideration to these spaces for disruption and to inclusivity when planning and attending future symposia.
Exact theory of material spike formation in flow separation
Authors: Serra Mattia , Vétel Jérôme , Haller George
Published: April 2018

We develop a frame-invariant theory of material spike formation during flow separation over a no-slip boundary in two-dimensional flows with arbitrary time dependence. Based on the exact curvature evolution of near-wall material lines, our theory identifies both fixed and moving flow separation, is effective also over short time intervals, and admits a rigorous instantaneous limit. As a byproduct, we derive explicit formulae for the evolution of material line curvature and the curvature rate for general compressible flows. The material backbone that we identify acts first as the precursor and later as the centrepiece of unsteady Lagrangian flow separation. We also discover a previously undetected spiking point where the backbone of separation connects to the boundary, and derive wall-based analytical formulae for its location. Finally, our theory explains the perception of off-wall separation in unsteady flows and provides conditions under which such a perception is justified. We illustrate our results on several analytical and experimental flows.
Experimental investigation of heat transport in homogeneous bubbly flow
Authors: Gvozdić Biljana , Alméras Elise , Mathai Varghese , Zhu Xiaojue , van Gils Dennis P. M. , Verzicco Roberto , Huisman Sander G. , Sun Chao , Lohse Detlef
Published: April 2018

We present results on the global and local characterisation of heat transport in homogeneous bubbly flow. Experimental measurements were performed with and without the injection of ${\sim}2.5~\text{mm}$ diameter bubbles (corresponding to bubble Reynolds number $Re_{b}\approx 600$) in a rectangular water column heated from one side and cooled from the other. The gas volume fraction $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$ was varied in the range 0 %–5 %, and the Rayleigh number $Ra_{H}$ in the range $4.0\times 10^{9}{-}1.2\times 10^{11}$. We find that the global heat transfer is enhanced up to 20 times due to bubble injection. Interestingly, for bubbly flow, for our lowest concentration $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}=0.5\,\%$ onwards, the Nusselt number $\overline{Nu}$ is nearly independent of $Ra_{H}$, and depends solely on the gas volume fraction $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$. We observe the scaling $\overline{Nu}\,\propto \,\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}^{0.45}$, which is suggestive of a diffusive transport mechanism, as found by Alméras et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 776, 2015, pp. 458–474). Through local temperature measurements, we show that the bubbles induce a huge increase in the strength of liquid temperature fluctuations, e.g. by a factor of 200 for $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}=0.9\,\%$. Further, we compare the power spectra of the temperature fluctuations for the single- and two-phase cases. In the single-phase cases, most of the spectral power of the temperature fluctuations is concentrated in the large-scale rolls/motions. However, with the injection of bubbles, we observe intense fluctuations over a wide range of scales, extending up to very high frequencies. Thus, while in the single-phase flow the thermal boundary layers control the heat transport, once the bubbles are injected, the bubble-induced liquid agitation governs the process from a very small bubble concentration onwards. Our findings demonstrate that the mixing induced by high Reynolds number bubbles ($Re_{b}\approx 600$) offers a powerful mechanism for heat transport enhancement in natural convection systems.
Early Studies in Human Reasoning: A Case Study of the Pitfalls of Interdisciplinary Work
Authors: LEHAN VANESSA
Published: April 2018

In this paper, I describe some of the history of work on human reasoning done by philosophers and experimental psychologists. This particular interdisciplinary work is interesting because it shows the ways that interdisciplinary research can solidify pervasive preconceptions in a particular field. Work in experimental psychology has shown that certain normative systems fail to model reasoning in natural language contexts. Thus, I will argue, philosophers could instead take this psychological research as motivation to amend these normative models or radically change our ideas about how these models are applied to reasoning in natural language.
Is Asking What Women Want the Right Question? Underrepresentation in Philosophy and Gender Differences in Interests
Authors: GOGUEN STACEY
Published: April 2018

In discussions of the underrepresentation of women in professional philosophy, those sceptical of discrimination as an explanation often suggest that gender differences in interests are a plausible alternative hypothesis. Some suspect that if women’s differing interests explains underrepresentation, then interventions suggested by the discrimination hypothesis might be unnecessary—or even risky. I argue that one needs to consider how stereotypes might influence interests, and that doing so can provide a more even-handed assessment of the risks involved in proposed interventions.
The Dimensions of Diversity: Teaching Non-Western Works in Introductory Philosophy Courses
Authors: MITCHELL MEGAN
Published: April 2018

The recent push to diversify philosophy courses is often motivated by a desire to include underrepresented students. Although incorporating non-Western philosophy would achieve greater diversity, there seems to be no special reason to select non-Western traditions for this purpose. I argue this appearance is deceiving. Data suggests an absence of non-Western content in the curriculum causes alienation for some of our students of colour. Given the minimal burden it would impose on philosophy instructors to address this suffering, we have good reason to include some non-Western content in our introductory courses, where it is likely to have the greatest impact.
Defining Atheism and the Burden of Proof
Authors: Malik Shoaib Ahmed
Published: April 2018

In this paper I demonstrate how certain contemporary atheists have problematically conflatedatheismwithagnosticism(knowingly or unknowingly). The first type of conflation issemantic fusion, where the lack of belief in God is combined with the outright denial of God, under the single label of ‘atheism’. The second ismorphological fissionwhich involves the separation of atheism into two subcategories where lack of belief in God is labelled asnegativeatheism and outright denial of God aspositiveatheism – and while here they are more explicitly demarcated, they are still positioned under the broad notion of atheism. I argue in this paper that atheism should be better used as thepropositional denialof God and thatuncertaintyandunknowability about Godshould be reserved to characterise agnosticism. Conflating these positions under the single term ‘atheism’ mischaracterises agnostics and inflates the territory of atheists. In clarifying these terms, I review how the nuances in the prefixa-in atheism have potentially contributed towards these misnomers. I also suggest the use of the categories ‘local atheism’ and ‘global atheism’ to clarify on whom the burden of proof lies within the discourse.
Three Arguments for the Philosophical Life
Authors: Church Jeffrey
Published: April 2018

One of the many contributions ofPostmodern Platosis that it raises an old question in the postmodern age: what is the value of philosophy? This essay finds and assesses three distinct arguments for the philosophical life in Zuckert's book, which she associates with Aristotle, Nietzsche, and Strauss. Philosophy, according to all three arguments, represents the highest life for human beings because it realizes our highest capacity, and it secures for our otherwise finite existence a measure of permanence. The arguments diverge on the question of the order and goodness of nature. The case for philosophy has relevance in our postmodern age, as we are driven to ask the question of the best life yet are unequipped to answer it.
In the name of (de)securitization: Speaking security to protect migrants, refugees and internally displaced persons?
Authors: Donnelly Faye
Published: April 2018

This article examines how the protection of migrants, refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) is spoken about and framed. Today it is evident that the dominant responses of sovereign States to each of these groups is heavily reliant on the language of security and (de)securitization, and this article openly conceptualizes ongoing attempts to protect migrants, refugees and IDPs as a series of overlapping (de)securitized “games”. At least three arguments follow from this claim. First, adopting this approach serves as a reminder that the ways in which different groups of people are spoken about often constitutes a dividing line between life and death. Second, the language games of (de)securitization are not identical when it comes to protecting different groups. Third, using securitization as the theoretical point of departure provides a timely reminder that none of the three categorizations listed above is guaranteed to apply. On the contrary, the adoption of each linguistic label – migrant, refugee, IDP – is subject to and dependent upon audience acceptance. Remembering the latter dimension is imperative to fully comprehend the ongoing contestations and countermoves in response to people moving in search of security. By way of conclusion, the article contends that far more attention must be paid to broader understandings of acceptance and love to ensure the protection of migrants, refugees and IDPs.
Crustal Strain in the Marmara Pull‐Apart Region Associated With the Propagation Process of the North Anatolian Fault
Authors: Karakaş Ç. , Armijo R. , Lacassin R. , Suc J.‐P. , Melinte‐Dobrinescu M. C.
Published: April 2018

Propagation processes of plate‐scale faults through continental lithosphere are poorly documented. The North Anatolian Fault (NAF) is a continental right‐lateral transform with striking evidence for propagation processes in the Marmara Sea pull‐apart region. Earlier work (Armijo et al., 1999, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091‐7613(1999)027<0267:WPOTNA>2.3.CO;2) suggests that in the Dardanelles, where the principal, northern branch of that fault (NNAF) enters into the Aegean: (1) a fold‐thrust system has progressively developed above the NNAF fault tip, at the WSW corner of the Marmara Sea pull‐apart. The main anticline formed there was sheared and its SW half laterally offset by ~70 km to the SW; (2) the timing of structure development appears correlated with sea level changes associated with the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Our new description of the Dardanelles (or Ganos‐Gelibolu) fold‐thrust system is based on structural mapping, field observations, and calcareous nannoplankton analyses to date key sedimentary units. Our results provide tight constraints on the main pulse of folding associated with propagation of the tip of the NNAF: it took place in the late Miocene to earliest Pliocene (5.60 to 5.04 Ma), before deposition of undeformed Pliocene marine sediments. The folding is mostly coeval with the Messinian Salinity Crisis and accommodated several kilometers of shortening at the fault tip. After full propagation of the NNAF up to the surface, the folded structure was sheared and right laterally offset, with an average 14 mm/year of slip rate during the past ~5 Myrs. A reconstruction of tectonic evolution suggests a flower structure nucleating and taking root at the tip of the fault.
Early Onset of Franciscan Subduction
Authors: Mulcahy Sean R. , Starnes Jesslyn K. , Day Howard W. , Coble Matthew A. , Vervoort Jeffrey D.
Published: April 2018

The Franciscan subduction complex of California is considered a type example of a subduction‐accretion system, yet the age of subduction initiation and relationship to the tectonic history of western North America remain controversial. Estimates for the timing of Franciscan subduction initiation are largely based either indirectly on regional tectonic arguments or from the ages of high‐grade blocks within mélange. Many of the high‐grade blocks record counterclockwise pressure‐temperature paths with early amphibolite overprinted by later eclogite and blueschist; however, their origin and significance with respect to subduction initiation have been debated. In contrast, some high‐grade blocks show evidence for clockwise pressure‐temperature paths and an early eclogite assemblage overprinted by later amphibolite. Zircon U‐Pb ages from inclusions in garnet and Lu‐Hf estimates of initial garnet growth ages from these samples record early eclogite metamorphism at ~176 Ma. Matrix zircon U‐Pb ages and Lu‐Hf estimates of final garnet growth ages record a barroisite‐amphibolite assemblage overprint of eclogite at ~160 Ma. Combined with petrologic data and existing geochronology, the data suggest that (1) Franciscan subduction was underway by no later than 180 Ma, (2) continuous subduction metamorphism occurred for at least 100 Ma, and (3) Franciscan subduction initiation predated the formation of the overlying Coast Range Ophiolite, supporting models that form the ophiolite above an east dipping Franciscan subduction zone.
The Dynamic Topography of Eastern China Since the Latest Jurassic Period
Authors: Cao Xianzhi , Flament Nicolas , Müller Dietmar , Li Sanzhong
Published: April 2018

Some changes in the topography of eastern China since Late Jurassic times cannot be well explained by lithospheric deformation. Here we analyze global mantle flow models to investigate how mantle‐driven long‐wavelength topography may have contributed to shaping the surface topography of eastern China. Paleodrainage directions suggest that a southward tilted topography once existed in eastern north China in the latest Jurassic Period, which is different from that at present day (southeastward tilting). Our model dynamic topography reveals a southward tilting topography between 160 and 150 Ma, followed by southeastward tilting and rapid subsidence, which is compatible with paleodrainage directions and tectonic subsidence of the Ordos Basin. The Cretaceous anomalous subsidence of the Songliao and North Yellow Sea basins, as well as the Cenozoic anomalous subsidence of the East China Sea Shelf Basin, can also be explained by dynamic topography. An apatite fission track study in the Taihang Mountains reveals four stages of evolution: Late Jurassic fast unroofing, Cretaceous slow unroofing, early Cenozoic fast unroofing, and late Cenozoic slow unroofing. We propose that mantle flow influenced this surface unroofing because the model predicts Late Jurassic dynamic uplift, Cretaceous dynamic subsidence, early Cenozoic dynamic uplift, and late Cenozoic dynamic subsidence. Apatite fission track data from northern south China are also in reasonable agreement with predicted dynamic topography between 80 and 30 Ma. The spatial and temporal agreement between geological observations and model dynamic topography indicates that mantle flow has had a significant influence in shaping the surface topography of eastern China.
Tectonics and Paleomagnetic Rotation Pattern of Yunnan (24°N–25°N, China): Gaoligong Fault Shear Versus Megablock Drift
Authors: Pellegrino Alessandra G. , Zhang Bo , Speranza Fabio , Maniscalco Rosanna , Yin Congyuan , Hernandez‐Moreno Catalina , Winkler Aldo
Published: April 2018

A wealth of paleomagnetic data from Yunnan (China) showed in the past a predominant post‐Cretaceous clockwise (CW) rotation pattern, mostly explained invoking huge (hundreds of kilometer wide) blocks, laterally escaping (and/or rotating) due to India‐Asia collision, separated by major strike‐slip shear zones. Here we report on the paleomagnetism of the outcrops close to the Gaoligong dextral shear zone. Fifty paleomagnetic sites (503 samples) were sampled at variable distances (up to ~25 km) from mylonites exposed along the fault. Eighteen Jurassic‐Cretaceous red bed sites yield systematic CW rotations with respect to Eurasia that peak at maximum (176°) close to the fault, and progressively decrease moving eastward, up to be virtually annulled ~20 km east of mylonite contact. West of the fault, 15 Pliocene‐Holocene sites from the Tengchong volcanic field do not rotate. Thus, our data show that Gaoligong shear zone activity yielded significant CW rotations that were likely coeval to the main Oligo‐Miocene episodes of dextral fault shear. The Gaoligong zone rotation pattern conforms to a quasi‐continuous crust kinematic model and shows blocks of ≤1 km size close to the fault that enlarge moving eastward. Rotation values and width of the rotated‐deformed zone translate to a 230–290 km Gaoligong shear zone dextral offset. Our work shows that fault shear plays a significant role for Indochina CW rotation occurrence. However, significant rotations at distances >30 km from main faults were also documented, so that additional tectonics—whose relative relevance has not been elucidated yet—must contribute as well to the rotation pattern.
Crustal Structure and Continent‐Ocean Boundary Along the Galicia Continental Margin (NW Iberia): Insights From Combined Gravity and Seismic Interpretation
Authors: Druet M. , Muñoz‐Martín A. , Granja‐Bruña J. L. , Carbó‐Gorosabel A. , Acosta J. , Llanes P. , Ercilla G.
Published: April 2018

The magma‐poor rifted continental margin of Galicia has an extremely complex structure. Its formation involved several rifting episodes that occurred ultimately during the early Cretaceous near a ridge triple junction, which produced a change in the orientation of the main structures in its transition to the north Iberia margin. In addition, there is a superimposed partial tectonic inversion along its northwest and northern border which developed from the Late Cretaceous to at least Oligocene times. The present study integrates a large volume of new geophysical information (mainly marine gravity data and 2‐D seismic reflection profiles) to provide insights on the formation of this rift system and on the development of its later inversion. The combined interpretation and modeling of this data enable the presentation of a new crustal and structural domain map for the whole Galicia margin. This includes the rift domains related to the extreme thinning of the crust and the lithospheric mantle (stretched, necking, and hyperextension and mantle exhumation domains), as well as a domain of intense compressional deformation. New constraints arise on the origin, the deep structure, and the characterization of the along‐ and across‐strike variation of the continent‐ocean transition of the margin, where a progressive change from hyperextension to partial inversion is observed. The development of both rifting and later partial tectonic inversion is influenced by the existence of former first‐order tectonic features. Most of the tectonic inversion is focused on the hyperextension and mantle exhumation domain, which in some areas of the northwestern margin is completely overprinted by compressional deformation.
Imaging a Crustal Low‐Velocity Layer Using Reflected Seismic Waves From the 2014 Earthquake Swarm at Long Valley Caldera, California: The Magmatic System Roof?
Authors: Nakata Nori , Shelly David R.
Published: April 2018

The waveforms generated by the 2014 Long Valley Caldera earthquake swarm recorded at station MLH show clear reflected waves that are often stronger than direct P and S waves. With waveform analyses, we discover that these waves are reflected at the top of a low‐velocity body, which may be residual magma from the ∼767 ka caldera‐forming eruption. The polarity of the reflection compared to direct P and S waves suggests that the reflection is SP waves (S from hypocenters to reflector and then convert to P waves to the surface). Because the wavefields are coherent among different earthquakes and hold high signal‐to‐noise ratios, we apply them to a wavefield migration method for imaging reflectors. The depth of the imaged magmatic system roof is around 8.2 km below the surface. This is consistent with previous studies. Even though we use only one station and waveforms from one earthquake swarm, the dense cluster of accurately located earthquakes provides a high‐resolution image of the roof.
Far‐Ultraviolet Photometric Response of Apollo Soil 10084
Authors: Raut U. , Karnes P. L. , Retherford K. D. , Davis M. W. , Liu Y. , Gladstone G. R. , Patrick E. L. , Greathouse Thomas K. , Hendrix A. R. , Mokashi P.
Published: April 2018

We report new measurements of the far‐ultraviolet (FUV) bidirectional reflectance of Apollo soil 10084 from the Southwest Research Institute ultraviolet reflectance chamber. The bidirectional reflectance distribution function of this mare soil, enriched in Ti and Fe content, is rather featureless in the FUV wavelength region of 115–180 nm, except for a small blue slope, which is attributed to the effects of space weathering. This soil preferentially backscatters FUV photons as indicated by the angular distribution of the bidirectional reflectance. The phase curves are fitted with a simplified Hapke photometric model to derive the average volume single scattering albedo and scattering phase function of the mare lunar grains. The albedo values and the backscattering nature reported here are consistent with Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter's Lyman‐Alpha Mapping Project ultraviolet imaging spectrograph observations, despite expected morphological differences.
Water Column Stratification in the Antarctic Zone of the Southern Ocean During the Mid‐Pleistocene Climate Transition
Authors: Billups Katharina , York Kelsee , Bradtmiller Louisa I.
Published: April 2018

We use biogenic silica (opal) mass accumulating rates (MARs) at Ocean Drilling Program Site 745B to infer upwelling, and by extension upper water column stratification, on glacial to interglacial time scales during the mid‐Pleistocene climate transition (MPT; 1.2–0.6 Ma). Distinct variations in the percent biogenic silica content of the sediments parallel the global benthic foraminiferal δ18O stack affording the derivation of an orbital‐scale age model. Opal MARs confirm that silica production/preservation was indeed at a minimum at each of the glacial maxima during the entire MPT consistent with the late Pleistocene model that links upwelling of dissolved silica with water column stratification. A unique relationship between opal MARs and benthic foraminiferal δ13C values in the South Atlantic suggests that during the midpoint of the MPT stratification may also be causally related to deep water circulation. However, there is no evidence that cooling during the MPT and the evolution of the 100 kyr climate cycle are linked to changes in water column stratification. Terrigenous sediment MARs, on the other hand, which can be inferred from the proportion of biogenic silica in the sediments at this particular site, provide evidence for increased glacial activity on Antarctica beginning with the onset of the MPT and culminating in a maximum during its midpoint (Marine Isotope Stage 22, 0.9 Ma). Thereafter, glacial activity decreases and we speculate that the evolution of the 100 kyr cycle is associated with a thickening ice sheet after reaching maximum extent somewhat analogous to the processes proposed for Northern Hemisphere ice sheets.
Localization optoacoustic tomography
Authors: Luís Dean-Ben X , Razansky Daniel
Published: April 2018

Localization-based imaging has revolutionized fluorescence optical microscopy and has also enabled unprecedented ultrasound images of microvascular structures in deep tissues. Herein, we introduce a new concept of localization optoacoustic tomography (LOT) that employs rapid sequential acquisition of three-dimensional optoacoustic images from flowing absorbing particles. We show that the new method enables breaking through the spatial resolution barrier of acoustic diffraction while further enhancing the visibility of structures under limited-view tomographic conditions. Given the intrinsic sensitivity of optoacoustics to multiple hemodynamic and oxygenation parameters, LOT may enable a new level of performance in studying functional and anatomical alterations of microcirculation.
Optically-controlled bacterial metabolite for cancer therapy
Authors: Zheng Di-Wei , Chen Ying , Li Zi-Hao , Xu Lu , Li Chu-Xin , Li Bin , Fan Jin-Xuan , Cheng Si-Xue , Zhang Xian-Zheng
Published: April 2018

Bacteria preferentially accumulating in tumor microenvironments can be utilized as natural vehicles for tumor targeting. However, neither current chemical nor genetic approaches alone can fully satisfy the requirements on both stability and high efficiency. Here, we propose a strategy of “charging” bacteria with a nano-photocatalyst to strengthen their metabolic activities. Carbon nitride (C3N4) is combined with Escherichia coli (E. coli) carrying nitric oxide (NO) generation enzymes for photo-controlled bacterial metabolite therapy (PMT). Under light irradiation, photoelectrons produced by C3N4 can be transferred to E. coli to promote the enzymatic reduction of endogenous NO3– to cytotoxic NO with a 37-fold increase. In a mouse model, C3N4 loaded bacteria are perfectly accumulated throughout the tumor and the PMT treatment results in around 80% inhibition of tumor growth. Thus, synthetic materials-remodeled microorganism may be used to regulate focal microenvironments and increase therapeutic efficiency.
RNA-guided transcriptional silencing in vivo with S. aureus CRISPR-Cas9 repressors
Authors: Thakore Pratiksha I. , Kwon Jennifer B. , Nelson Christopher E. , Rouse Douglas C. , Gemberling Matthew P. , Oliver Matthew L. , Gersbach Charles A.
Published: April 2018

CRISPR-Cas9 transcriptional repressors have emerged as robust tools for disrupting gene regulation in vitro but have not yet been adapted for systemic delivery in adult animal models. Here we describe a Staphylococcus aureus Cas9-based repressor (dSaCas9KRAB) compatible with adeno-associated viral (AAV) delivery. To evaluate dSaCas9KRAB efficacy for gene silencing in vivo, we silenced transcription of Pcsk9, a regulator of cholesterol levels, in the liver of adult mice. Systemic administration of a dual-vector AAV8 system expressing dSaCas9KRAB and a Pcsk9-targeting guide RNA (gRNA) results in significant reductions of serum Pcsk9 and cholesterol levels. Despite a moderate host response to dSaCas9KRAB expression, Pcsk9 repression is maintained for 24 weeks after a single treatment, demonstrating the potential for long-term gene silencing in post-mitotic tissues with dSaCas9KRAB. In vivo programmable gene silencing enables studies that link gene regulation to complex phenotypes and expands the CRISPR-Cas9 perturbation toolbox for basic research and gene therapy applications.
High frequency temperature variability reduces the risk of coral bleaching
Authors: Safaie Aryan , Silbiger Nyssa J. , McClanahan Timothy R. , Pawlak Geno , Barshis Daniel J. , Hench James L. , Rogers Justin S. , Williams Gareth J. , Davis Kristen A.
Published: April 2018

Coral bleaching is the detrimental expulsion of algal symbionts from their cnidarian hosts, and predominantly occurs when corals are exposed to thermal stress. The incidence and severity of bleaching is often spatially heterogeneous within reef-scales (<1 km), and is therefore not predictable using conventional remote sensing products. Here, we systematically assess the relationship between in situ measurements of 20 environmental variables, along with seven remotely sensed SST thermal stress metrics, and 81 observed bleaching events at coral reef locations spanning five major reef regions globally. We find that high-frequency temperature variability (i.e., daily temperature range) was the most influential factor in predicting bleaching prevalence and had a mitigating effect, such that a 1 °C increase in daily temperature range would reduce the odds of more severe bleaching by a factor of 33. Our findings suggest that reefs with greater high-frequency temperature variability may represent particularly important opportunities to conserve coral ecosystems against the major threat posed by warming ocean temperatures.
Polarization noise places severe constraints on coherence of all-normal dispersion femtosecond supercontinuum generation
Authors: Bravo Gonzalo Iván , Engelsholm Rasmus Dybbro , Sørensen Mads Peter , Bang Ole
Published: April 2018

Supercontinuum (SC) generated with all-normal dispersion (ANDi) fibers has been of special interest in recent years due to its potentially superior coherence properties when compared to anomalous dispersion-pumped SC. However, care must be taken in the design of such sources since too long pump pulses and fiber length has been demonstrated to degrade the coherence. To assess the noise performance of ANDi fiber SC generation numerically, a scalar single-polarization model has so far been used, thereby excluding important sources of noise, such as polarization modulational instability (PMI). In this work we numerically study the influence of pump power, pulse length and fiber length on coherence and relative intensity noise (RIN), taking into account both polarization components in a standard ANDi fiber for SC generation pumped at 1064 nm. We demonstrate that the PMI introduces a power dependence not found in a scalar model, which means that even with short ~120 fs pump pulses the coherence of ANDi SC can be degraded at reasonable power levels above ~40 kW. We further demonstrate how the PMI significantly decreases the pump pulse length and fiber length at which the coherence of the ANDi SC is degraded. The numerical predictions are confirmed by RIN measurements of fs-pumped ANDi fiber SC.
Cytokine storms are primarily responsible for the rapid death of ducklings infected with duck hepatitis A virus type 1
Authors: Xie Jinyan , Wang Mingshu , Cheng Anchun , Zhao Xin-Xin , Liu Mafeng , Zhu Dekang , Chen Shun , Jia Renyong , Yang Qiao , Wu Ying , Zhang Shaqiu , Liu Yunya , Yu Yanling , Zhang Ling , Sun Kunfeng , Chen Xiaoyue
Published: April 2018

Duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1) is one of the most harmful pathogens in the duck industry. The infection of adult ducks with DHAV-1 was previously shown to result in transient cytokine storms in their kidneys. To understand how DHAV-1 infection impacts the host liver, we conducted animal experiments with the virulent CH DHAV-1 strain and the attenuated CH60 commercial vaccine strain. Visual observation and standard hematoxylin and eosin staining were performed to detect pathological damage in the liver, and viral copy numbers and cytokine expression in the liver were evaluated by quantitative PCR. The CH strain (108.4 copies/mg) had higher viral titers than the CH60 strain (104.9 copies/mg) in the liver and caused ecchymotic hemorrhaging on the liver surface. Additionally, livers from ducklings inoculated with the CH strain were significantly infiltrated by numerous red blood cells, accompanied by severe cytokine storms, but similar signs were not observed in the livers of ducklings inoculated with the CH60 strain. In conclusion, the severe cytokine storm caused by the CH strain apparently induces hemorrhagic lesions in the liver, which might be a key factor in the rapid death of ducklings.