bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observations on the Biology of Ixodidae
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

Rhipicephalus appendiculatus requires three hosts upon which to feed in its larval, nymphal and adult stages. The larvae remain upon the host 3–7 days in most cases; when they remain considerably longer they either do not imbibe blood freely or they may not actually attach themselves on the day on which they were placed on the host; gorged larvae have dropped off the host up to 15 days after the unfed larvae were placed on the host. Nymphs remained upon the host 5–11 days and fertilized replete females abandoned the host after 6–14 days. The males may stay on longer. Unfertilized females may remain upon the host up to 24 days. The temperature at which the host is maintained, within the limits observed, exerts no apparent influence upon the time that the different stages of the tick remain attached. Metamorphosis takes place: from egg to larva in 32–65 days at 17–19° C.; from larva to nymph in 4–6 days at 30° C., in 21–41 days at 15–17° C., in 60–75 days at 13–14° C.; from nymph to adult in 10 days at 37° C., in 21–28 days at 20° C., in 64 days at 14° C. Temperature therefore markedly influences the rate of development. Oviposition commences 6–23 days at 17–19° C. to 50–61 days at 12° C. after the female abandons the host, the process lasting 15–56 days, during which period the female lays 3000–5770 eggs. Unfed larvae and nymphs were still lively after 333 days and 164 days respectively in a tightly corked bottle maintained at room temperature in a darkened cupboard in the laboratory. Unfed adults were lively after 181 days on moistened earth in a gauze covered jar kept in the cupboard; we have one lot of which a few individuals were living (unfed) after 630 days, a single male being still alive after 682 days (21. iii. 13).
Parthenogenesis in Ticks
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

Aragão (1912) has recently described a new species of tick which he raised through three complete generations upon cold-blooded animals, the natural hosts in Brazil. He gave the species the name Amblyomma agamum because reproduction occurred parthenogenetically, males not having as yet been observed. The tick, in common with most other Ixodidae, feeds upon three successive hosts in the larval, nymphal and adult stages; it may, however, undergo metamorphosis from larva to nymph upon the host. This observation of Aragão's is the first of the kind, for parthenogenesis has not hitherto been observed in ticks. In the course of his raising experiments he obtained thousands of females which laid fertile eggs in the absence of males.
Experimental “Tick Paralysis” in the Dog
Authors: Hadwen Seymour , Nuttall G. H. F.
Published: June 2009

The following note is published by way of supplement to the foregoing paper on “Tick Paralysis” by Hadwen, as it records a positive experiment carried out in Cambridge upon a dog experimentally infested with Dermacentor venustus obtained from Canada.
The Anatomy of Argas persicus (Oken 1818)
Authors: Robinson L. E. , Davidson J.
Published: June 2009

The muscular system is so highly developed in the Ixodoidea, that it is no matter of surprise that it has been the subject of more or less detailed treatment in most of the publications dealing with tick anatomy; but, with a single exception, the existing descriptions do not extend beyond a general classification of the various muscles, with the addition of brief remarks, in some instances, on the histological structure of the muscle fibres. In the majority of cases, also, the observations only apply to the Ixodid ticks, and although the general arrangement of the musculature in the two families of the Ixodoidea is not fundamentally different, the comparative anatomy of the muscles offers some difficulty, owing to the great morphological differences which the two families present.
Note on the Behaviour of Spirochaetae in Acanthia lectularia
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

A popular belief prevails in Russia that the bug Acanthia lectularia plays a part in the spread of relapsing fever. Flügge (1891) however appears to have been the first scientific writer to suppose that vermin might spread the disease. This view was also held by Tictin (1897) who considered that man may become infected by (a) being bitten by bugs which had previously fed on blood containing Spirochaeta obermeieri, or (b) by his crushing such bugs and infecting himself with the spirochaetes through lesions in the skin induced by scratching. Tictin injected the gut-contents of infected bugs which had recently fed on a relapsing fever patient into monkeys and infected them. When the bugs were crushed 48 hours after feeding on infected blood their contents did not produce the disease in monkeys.
Note on a Gnathobdellid Leech [Limnatis SP.?] from Angola
Authors: Harding W. A.
Published: June 2009

I owe to Prof. G. H. F. Nuttall and Mr A. E. Shipley the opportunity of examining three specimens of a West African leech sent by Dr C. Wellman from Benguella, Angola. They were described as land leeches ‘taken four or five miles from any water’ and were preserved in alcohol. A brown, vermiform object protruded from the mouth of the largest specimen.
Bilharziosis in South Africa
Authors: Turner G. A.
Published: June 2009

A few years ago it was believed that there was only one form of trematode responsible for the pathological conditions included in the term Bilharziosis, namely a worm, known as Schistosoma haematobium, which has had numerous other synonyms, but as I am dealing with the subject purely from a South African point of view, I need merely mention that given it by Dr John Harley, namely Distoma capense.
Notes on Nagana and on Some Haematozoa observed during my travels
Authors: Durham Herbert E.
Published: June 2009

1. Some cases of remarkable resistance to nagana infection are recorded.

2. Although such birds as pigeons are unable to harbour the trypanosoma brucei, the kestrel is able to do so.

3. Attention is drawn to certain changes which are brought about by the trypanosome infection and the need for more precise chemical investigation of these haematozoal diseases.
On the Structure of “Haller's Organ” in the Ixodoidea
Authors: Nuttall G. H. F. , Cooper W. F. , Robinson L. E.
Published: June 2009

In the year 1881, G. Haller published a description of the sensory organ of ticks which has since borne his name; he was apparently so much impressed by its remarkable similarity in structure to the auditory organs of many Crustacea, that he assumed it to be an organ of hearing, and even went so far as to describe the presence of otoliths within one of the cavities of the organ. Since that time, other zoologists appear to have given little attention to this structure, the majority of those who have had occasion to mention it, contenting themselves with a brief resumé of Haller's observations and a reference to his paper.
Dientamoeba fragilis n. g., n. sp., a new Intestinal Amoeba from Man
Authors: Jepps Margaret W. , Dobell Clifford
Published: June 2009

It is now becoming generally recognized that there are three different amoebae which may be present in the human bowel—the harmless Entamoeba coli(Lösch) Schaudinn and “Entamoeba” nana Wenyon and O'Connor, and the pathogenic E. histolytica Schaudinn. We have discussed these three species in an earlier paper (1917), and there noted their chief distinctive characters. In the present paper we shall describe a fourth and much less common species which we have recently encountered. It differs in some respects so conspicuously from the others that it appears to us necessary to place it not only in a new species, but even in a new genus. We propose therefore the new name Dientamoeb fragilis for our amoeba, but we can discuss the question of nomenclature most conveniently after we have described the organism itself. This, therefore, we shall now do.
Combating Lousiness among Soldiers and Civilians
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

“Man, the chief lord of other animals, is, notwithstanding his power, the food and ordinary abode of this vermin, who riots in his blood, and sometimes colonizes his body with innumerable and detestable offspring. When such a mean, disgustful insect as this, can raise legions sufficient to render thee loathsome, and even to destroy thee, O man! where is thy boasted greatness?” Barbut (1781, p. 328).
Intestinal Protozoa found during acute intestinal conditions amongst members of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, 1916—1917
Authors: O'Connor F. W.
Published: June 2009

In the summer of 1916, during the advance across Sinai, the prevalence of amoebic dysentery amongst our troops occasioned the appointment of a Protozoologist to the Field Laboratories. While I was engaged in this capacity the work recorded in this paper was carried out.
On a New Ciliate, Balantidium Knowlesii, sp. nov., a Coelomic Parasite in Culicoides peregrinus
Authors: Ghosh Ekendranath
Published: June 2009

The parasite herein described was found in the coelomic cavity of Culicoides peregrinus by Mr A. R. O. Smith, of the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, and was brought to me for identification. It is named after the Teacher of Protozoology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine. Numerous specimens with several undergoing ordinary transverse fission were observed.
On Three New Proteocephalids (Cestoda) and a Revision of the Genera of the Family
Authors: Woodland W. N. F.
Published: June 2009

When La Rue (1914a) published his exhaustive monograph on the Proteocephalidae, all the then-known species of this family were, with one exception, shown to be very much alike. To substantiate this statement it will suffice to mention that all the six genera, into which La Rue grouped the species, were chiefly based upon trivial characters of the scolex and the distribution of the testes. The one exception referred to was the species which he re-namedMonticellia coryphicephala(Monticelli), and this species differed from all the others in the remarkable and relatively deep-seated character of its principal genital organs being situated in the cortical region of the parenchyma instead of in the medullary. This one exception was promptly transferred by La Rue to a distinct new family, the Monticellidae, and the consequence was that he was still left dependent upon the aforesaid trivial characters as bases for his genera in the original family. Since 1914 however we have come to know of some other Proteocephalids exhibiting similar deep-seated differences of structure, and we are therefore in a position to re-consider the classification of the Proteocephalidae on broader lines, includingMonticellia coryphicephalain that family. The general scheme of this re-classification I have already outlined in a paper (Woodland, 1925a) which will be published either before or shortly after the present communication, and it is my purpose, in this latter, to justify the suggestions there referred to by discussing the subject in some detail. Before attempting this, however, I shall describe the structure of three new Proteocephalids, two from India (in a frog and a Varanid lizard) and one from the Sudan (in a Siluroid fish).
Notes on the Lives of Cholodkovsky and Portchinsky.
Authors: Pavlovsky E. N.
Published: June 2009

N. A. Cholodkovsky was born on the 4th of March 1858 at Irkutsk, Siberia, where his father was a physician. He attended school in St Petersburg (now Leningrad) and at the age of 17 entered the Academy of Medicine. After completing his medical education, having no inclination for practice, he joined the University and in 1885 obtained the lectureship of Zoology in the Institute of Forestry.
A Strongyloid Nematode, Warrenius bifurcatus n.sp., from the Richardson Ground Squirrel
Authors: Sleggs George F.
Published: June 2009

The genera Citellinema and Warrenius were established by Hall in 1916 with regard to specimens collected from alcoholic host material supplied by Mr E. R. Warren. The genus Citellinema was founded upon a single male specimen from Citellus elegans, named by Hall Citellinema bifurcatum, in reference to the bifurcated spicules. The genus Warrenius was based upon two males, one headless, from Eutamias quadrivittatus, to which Hall gave the name Warrenius quadrivittatus.
A Comparative Study of the Structure of the Head and Mouth Parts in the Hippoboscidae (Diptera Pupipara)
Authors: Jobling B.
Published: June 2009

Though the structure of the head and the proboscis of Hippoboscidae has been studied by many observers, their descriptions are in some respects incomplete. When, therefore, living specimens ofLynchia mauraBigot were brought to the Wellcome Bureau by Dr W. N. F. Woodland from Algiers and these were successfully bred on pigeons in captivity, I availed myself of the opportunity to reinvestigate their structure. In addition,Melophagus ovinusL. and many other forms belongs to the family were examined with special reference to the structure of the head and mouth parts.
On the Nutrition of the Male of Lernaeopoda Scyllicola
Authors: Gray Peter
Published: June 2009

Leigh-Sharpe (1918, Parasitology, XI. p. 24) states that the alimentary canal of the male has no visible contents and quotes Wilson (1915) to the effect that there is never an anus. He (Leigh-Sharpe) makes three suggestions: (i) that the male never feeds, (ii) that it feeds on the spermatozoa of the dogfish or (iii) on the eggs of the nematode which infests the latter. It is unlikely that the copepod is capable of completely digesting the chitinous case of the eggs in a canal which Wilson (loc. cit.) states to be sparingly furnished with glands; but if there is to be no debris all material taken in must be completely digested and absorbed. If the male never feeds the mouth would degenerate as rapidly as the anus; the mouth and oesophagus are both well developed. That spermatozoa form the food is a suggestion which cannot be disproved except by observation of the living animal.
Report on a Collection of Cestoda, mainly from Egypt. Part I. Families Anoplocephalidae, Davaineidae
Authors: Meggitt F. J.
Published: June 2009

The present paper is the first of a series describing a collection of cestodes from the Biological Laboratory of the Egyptian Government School of Medicine, Cairo, the nematodes having previously been described in this Journal by Baylis (1923 a, 1923 b, 1923 c) and Boulenger (1926). The identification of this portion of the collection has presented great difficulties, the specimens, from long immersion in alcohol mixed with fragments of cork, having become so pigmented as to be virtually black and almost unstainable: but for a formula (soak for 3 to 5 days in pure beechwood creosote, then transfer for the same time to 5 per cent. hydrochloric acid in 70 per cent, alcohol) supplied by Dr H. A. Baylis—to whom the author tenders his most sincere thanks—the elucidation of their anatomy would have been impossible.
Remarque à propos du Mémoire de A. W. Sellards et W. A. Baetjer (1927), The Occurrence of Atypical Amoebiasis
Authors: Alexeieff A.
Published: June 2009

Dans le pus des ulcérations du gros intestin on trouve toujours en nombre plus ou moins considérable des macrophages d' un type spécial. On tencontre ces macrophages dans la dysenterie bacillaire, dans la dysenterie amibienne, dans le colitis ulverosa (cette dernière a, pour moi, une origine non infectieuse).
Notes on certain points in the Cytology Of Trypanosoma raiae and Bodo caudatus
Authors: Robertson Muriel
Published: June 2009

1. T. raiae and Bodo caudatus are investigated using Feulgen's nucleal reaction in addition to the usual nuclear stains. The nature and value of this method is discussed.

2. In T. raiae the parabasal body or kinetonucleus is found to consist of chromatin as shown by the nucleal reaction. An achromatic element in its composition is suggested in the division by the desmose between the two halves being achromatic.

The blepharoplast is an achromatic structure. It seems probable that it persists in the aflagellar phase of the trypanosome. In T. raiae the division of the blepharoplast precedes but does not apparently orientate the division of the parabasal body. The division of the parabasal body does not present a mitotic figure.

3. The nucleus in T. raiae consists of an achromatic karyosome body with some chromatin surrounding it, there is also chromatin arranged upon the inner surface of the nuclear membrane.

4. At division the karyosome apparently draws out into an achromatic spindle figure, the chromatin collects in the prophase into a loose granular mass and then becomes arranged at the equator. The mass divides into two portions; it is not possible to distinguish chromosomes with sufficient certainty. The nuclei are finally reconstructed from the achromatic ends of the spindle and the chromatin which has travelled to either pole.

5. In Bodo caudatus the parabasal body (kinetonucleus) is composed of chromatin and of an achromatic substance, the blepharoplasts or basal granules are achromatic bodies which play an orientating part in the division of the parabasal body: this division does not show an equatorial plate stage. The nucleus is made up of an achromatic nucleolus-karyosome surrounded by a hollow sphere of chromatin; there is a very definite division process which takes place apparently within the nuclear space. There is no equatorial plate formed and the achromatic figure which is derived directly from the karyosome is a division column which inserts itself into the already dividing chromatin and is not of the spindle fibre type found in the mitosis of the metazoan cell and of many protozoa.
Warble Flies. A Further Contribution on the Biology of Hypoderma lineatum and Hypoderma bovis
Authors: Hadwen Seymour
Published: June 2009

The experiments with warble-fly larvae, taken in conjunction with the evidence of Carpenter and Gläser, lend support to the view that they gain an entrance through the skin.

The hypothesis is advanced that the larvae select the gullet for reasons connected with their development and growth. These may be: a freer supply of oxygen, and a loose areolar tissue which offers comparatively little resistance to them.

The position of the larva under the hide is horizontal. In this position the skin movements affect it but slightly, or less than if the position were perpendicular.

H. lineatum does not terrify cattle as does H. bovis, the fly was seen ovipositing and the animals showed little uneasiness during the process.

The seasonal activity of H. lineatum is earlier than that of H. bovis.

Observations were made on oviposition which confirmed those of Riley and Gläser.

Two experiments were tried with larvae, to see if they would penetrate the hide, but no definite results were obtained.

Further proof is afforded of the terror which H. bovis inspires in cattle. It was observed that animals, exhausted by running, occasionally lay down and became more or less indifferent to the attacks of the fly. On these occasions the eggs were laid higher up on the host's body.
On a New Ciliate, Balantidium blattarum, sp. nov., Intestinal Parasite in the Common Cockroach (Blatta americana)
Authors: Ghosh Ekendranath
Published: June 2009

The parasite herein described was found in the intestinal contents of Blatta americana at Calcutta. The species seems to be comparatively rare and was observed twice only. It may be named B. blattarum sp. nov.
Some Notes on the Differentiation of closely-allied Schistosomes
Authors: Cawston F. G.
Published: June 2009

When fresh-water snails are examined microscopically, specimens are occasionally encountered that are infested with the cercariae of more than one species. Sometimes these cercariae are easily differentiated. A snail may harbour numerous eye-spotted amphistomes and a few distomes without eye-spots, or furcocercous forms may be associated with cercariae possessing undivided tails. In some collections of semi-stagnant water, however, the same individual snail may be found infested with at least two distinct schistosomes. In 1916, I found Physopsis africana (in an overflow pool along the course of the Umsindusi river at Pietermaritzburg) heavily infested with two distinct schistosomes, and it was not uncommon, as Dr E. E. Warren also observed, for the two forms to develop in the same host. One of these cercariae I named Cercaria secobii, the other was probably the cercaria of Schistosoma haematobium. Soparkar (1921 a and b) has moreover noted a double infection of Planorbis exustus near Bombay.
Note on Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea-worm)
Authors: Richards W. G.
Published: June 2009

When the 26th Madras Light Cavalry were reconstituted at Bangalore in 1903 the regiment was joined by a couple of squadrons of men from an Imperial Service Regiment in the north, and, after these men had been at Bangalore some months, many developed guinea-worms, our wards becoming filled with cases showing the worms in all stages of delivery. It took many days or weeks to wind out the worms and so many were broken in the operation that the number of men rendered unfit for duty became a serious matter. I consequently made enquiries as to methods employed for hastening the exit of the worm, since its rupture during extraction always led to severe suppuration.
The Trematode Genus Stephanochasmus Looss in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Pratt Henry S.
Published: June 2009

Two species of the genus Stephanochasmus have been found in the fishes examined for parasites at the station of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, situated on the island of Tortugas in the Gulf of Mexico. These are S. casus Linton and S. sentus Linton. The anatomy of these worms contains several novel and interesting features, and that of the first named will be described here in detail.
Lernaeopoda scyllicolan. sp., a Parasitic Copepod ofScyllium canicula
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

Habitat and Record.The animal under consideration, a parasitic member of the Copepoda, and belonging to the family Lernaeopodidae, occurs commonly on the males, and much less frequently on the females, ofScyllium canicula. The point of fixation is just outside the cloaca, between the pelvic fins, the parasite remaining attached permanently by the second maxillae to the tissues of the host, and occasionally even to the claspers, on their sides, preferably in the groove. I have several times found as many as six specimens on one host (Fig. 1), while three or four is a usual number.
A Description of the Male of Brachiella merluccii
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. H.
Published: June 2009

Material. On 28. V. 1928 two females of Brachiella merluccii Bassett-Smith, 1896 were taken by the author from the tips of the gill-rakers of a single Merluccisu vulgaris at Plymouth. One of these was accompanied by a male upon the cephalothorax. The female is generally well known, but there is no complete account of the appendages of the male.
On certain Semi-carnivorous Anthomyid Larvae
Authors: Keilin D. , Tate P.
Published: June 2009

In previous papers one of us (Keilin, 1915, 1917) has shown that among cyclorrhaphous dipterous larvae there is a remarkable correlation between the anatomical structure of the larvae and their mode of life. Although the mode of life of the larvae is in correlation with such anatomical features as thickness and hardness of the body-wall, the development of sensory organs on the head, and the structure of the alimentary canal, it is in the bucco-pharyngeal armature that the most obvious and important adaptations are to be found. The most important of these adaptations may be mentioned briefly. In certain cyclorrhaphous dipterous larvae the ventral wall of the basal sclerite of the bucco-pharyngeal armature has a number of longitudinal ridges projecting into the lumen of the pharynx. These ridges are usually Y-shaped at their free borders, and form a series of longitudinal channels in the ventral region of the pharynx. In other cyclorrhaphous dipterous larvae such ridges are absent and the ventral wall of the pharynx is smooth. This character allows the larvae to be divided into two groups—“all cyclorrhaphous dipterous larvae parasitic on the most diverse animals or on plants, as well as carnivorous larvae, and larvae which suck the blood of mammals, never have ridges in their pharynx; on the contrary, ridges are always present in saprophagous larvae” (Keilin, 1915). All the larvae which are devoid of ridges and are either parasitic, carnivorous, pass their whole life in the uterus of the female, or are phytophagous, may be united into the group of biontophagous; all larvae which have ridges are saprophagous.
An Analysis of the Methods used in the Study of Larval Trematodes
Authors: Stunkard H. W.
Published: June 2009

The advantages and difficulties of various methods employed in the study of larval trematodes are discussed. The desirability of using living specimens rather than fixed material and of studying mature, normally emerged cercariae rather than those obtained by crushing the host is noted. Intra-vitam staining with neutral red is recommended to demonstrate the form and reaction of the secretory granules in gland cells. Knowledge of the details of the excretory system is of major importance in both theoretical and experimental work.
The larval stages of the celery fly (Acidia heraclei L.) and of the braconid Adelura apii (Curtis), with notes upon an associated parasitic yeast-like fungus
Authors: Keilin D. , Tate P.
Published: June 2009

The larval stages of the celery fly, Acidia heraclei, have been described, and it is shown that this larva agrees with other biontophagous dipterous larvae in having the pharynx devoid of ventral ridges. The transparency of the larvae permits the internal anatomy to be seen clearly in the living larva, and by this means the structure of the perispiracular glands is clearly revealed.

The braconid Adelura apii occurs as a parasite of Acidia heraclei larvae, and its first. stage larva is described in detail. This larva is densely hairy, has a long, curved, hairy, tail-like appendage and, by the more rapid growth of the ventral surface, it develops a dorsal curvature which obscures the true orientation so that the true dorsal surface appears externally to be ventral. In these respects the first stage larva of Adelura apii resembles that of A. gahani described by de la Baume-Pluvinel. The later larval stages of A. apii, of which there are at least two, are naked, lack the tail-like appendage and do not differ from the normal type of parasitic hymenopterous larvae.

A yeast-like fungus occurs as a parasite in the blood of Acidia heraclei larvae. It is always found associated with existing or abortive infection of the larvae with Adelura apii. Dense mycelial masses sometimes occur in the gut of A. apii pupae and are probably derived from the yeast cells parasitic in the host larvae. It is suggested that this is a unique case of a fungus parasitic in a host larva (Acidia heraclei) undergoing part of its development in a parasitic braconid (Adelura apii), adult females of which transmit the fungus to the host larva during oviposition.
A Protozoon Pathogenic to Mosquito Larvae
Authors: Lamborn W. A.
Published: June 2009

A Batch of twenty-nine larvae of Stegomyia scutellaris Walker, were collected on 24 July 1920 from an old earthenware pot found in a Malay's garden. It was at once seen, even with the unaided eye, that many, some considerably paler than others, were characterised by a pearly-white opalescence of the tracheal gills at the hinder end of the body.
Biology, morphology and anatomy of aphidophagous syrphid larvae
Authors: Bhatia Madan Lal
Published: June 2009

The paper deals with the biology, morphology and anatomy of seven species of syrphid larvae viz.Syrphus lunigerMeig.,S. balteatusDe Greer,S. ribesiiLinne,Catabomba pyrastriLinne,Sphaerophoria flavicaudaZett.,Sph. scriptaLinne, andPlatychirus scutatusMeig.

The habitat, mode of progression, aphidophagous habits and characteristic coloration are described for each species.

It is shown that the larvae of all the above species, like larvae of other cyclorrhaphous Diptera, definitely pass through three stages separated by two moults. The mode of dehiscence of the puparium is described briefly.

Each of the species, exceptCatabomba pyrastri,has three generations in the breeding season which lasts from May to October.Platychirus scutatushibernates only in the larval stage, but the other species may be found in both the larval and pupal stages during the winter.

The larvae of all the above species, exceptSyrphus balteatus,are commonly parasitized by ichneumonid larvae.

The morphology of the egg, the three larval stages and the puparium ofS. lunigeris described in detail.

The characters common to the third stage larvae of all the species dealt with are summarized and short descriptions of the third stage larvae and puparia of the individual species are given. The general appearance of the living larvae and details of the buccopharyngeal armature, spiracles and puparia of each of the species is represented in figures.

In connexion with the pupae a number of new structures are described and it is suggested that some of them are concerned with the formation of the characteristic shape of the puparium and with the dehiscence of the puparium.

Internal pupal spiracles are present in all the species dealt with, but external pupal spiracles are present only inPlatychirus scutatus.

The anatomy ofP. scutatusis described and figured, an account being given of all the structures except the musculature of the body wall. Study of the anatomy affords evidence as to the carnivorous mode of life of the larvae and also indicates that the larvae have evolved from aquatic forms.

The comparative morphology of the Syrphinae is discussed with respect to the relationship of the Syrphinae to other Aschiza and to the cyclorrhaphous Diptera.
The common flagellate of the human mouth,Trichomonas tenax(O.F.M.): its discovery and its nomenclature
Authors: Dobell Clifford
Published: June 2009

Uncertainty and disagreement still exist among protozoologists regarding the proper name of the trichomonad flagellate which is commonly found in the human mouth and generally called“Trichomonas buccalis”.The nomenclature of this organism undoubtedly presents several awkward problems; but I believe all of them can be solved simply and satisfactorily if we merely read aright the description recorded by its discoverer, and consequently recognize the validity of his original specific name.
A new species of Camallanus from the stomach of Kinosternon hirtipes. IV
Authors: Caballero Eduardo
Published: June 2009

Set of seven of these nematodes, two males and five females, taken from a fresh-water tortoise from Tasquillo, State of Hidalgo, Mexico, collected in 1937.
Hersiliodes pelseneeri Canu, a parasitic copepod of Leiochone
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

Habitat and record. A single female was taken on Leiochone sp. by Alan Fisk on 23. viii. 1938 at Roscoff, France.
The Appendages of Basanistes huchonis (Schrank) (Copepoda)
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

Record and Habitat. I am indebted to Dr Theodore Monod of Paris for his kindness in sending me four female specimens of Basanistes huchonis (Schrank) which, according to him, is common on Salmo hucho on the inner side of the operculum, in the rivers of Continental Europe. In 1928, Parasitology, 20, 183, I gave an account (in which by an error the specific names of the host and parasite were unfortunately interchanged) of the external features, with figure, from the single specimen in the British Museum, which it is unnecessary to repeat here. As the Museum specimen lacks a bulla and the appendages of Basanistes, owing to its apparent rarity, have not been adequately described, I append the following account. The male is still unknown.
Some Common Queensland Mosquitoes as Intermediate Hosts of Wuchereria bancrofti (Filaria bancrofti)
Authors: Heydon G. M.
Published: June 2009

1. Anopheles amictus in North Queensland is a favourable intermediate host for Wuchereria bancrofti, comparable but perhaps not quite equal to Culex fatigans. The two described varieties of A. amictus were both tested.

2. Experiments with Aëdes vigilax and Culex sitiens show that the former is a rather poor host and the latter a very poor one though infective larvae develop in some mosquitoes.

3. In experiments with Aëdes argenteus none of the sixty-two mosquitoes used proved hospitable.

4. Some observations on the transmission of filariasis in New Britain and on mosquitoes there are mentioned.
A Note on the New Species of Eimeria found in Man by Dr E. P. Snijders
Authors: Dobell Clifford
Published: June 2009

In the foregoing paper Dr E. P. Snijders has described the oöcysts of a species of Eimeria which he found in the stools of a patient under his care in Medan (Sumatra). The manuscript of this paper, together with a preparation containing the cysts in question, was kindly sent to me by the author with the request that I would “be so kind as to add my opinion, and give to the species its right name.” I shall do my best to comply with both these requests in the present note.
Some points relating to the Morphology and Development of Sarcocystis tenella
Authors: McGowan J. P.
Published: June 2009

A short description is given of an important disease of sheep (Scrapie, Traber-krankheit, La Tremblante), believed to be caused by a heavy infection with Sarcocystis tenella, probably of increased virulence.

The itchiness and paresis, the congenital transmission by the mother, the non-contagiousness, the long incubation period, etc., are readily explained on this view and a method of control of the disease based on this theory has been highly successful.

The sarcocyst has been shown to be transmitted from sheep to sheep by intrauterine infection and by means of the milk.

The minute structure of the sarcocyst is described and it has been shown in particular that the sickle-shaped spores are surrounded by a capsule. Under certain conditions, as in 1 per cent, glucose water and in the centre of the ripe cyst, these spores swell out and become globular, eventually bursting and scattering small chromatin granules. The further evolution of these granules is dealt with.

The spread by means of milk and by the intestinal route is discussed1.
Epibrachiella impudica (Nordmann) (Copepoda)
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

Two adult females bearing males, on the gills of Trigla cuculus at Plymouth, collected by Miss Miriam Rothschild in November 1933.
Description of a tick, Ornithodoros coprophilus n.sp., from Bat Guano
Authors: McIntosh Allen
Published: June 2009

In October, 1934, several specimens of a tick belonging to the genus Ornithodoros were forwarded to the Bureau of Animal Industry for identification by Drs William Thompson and N. E. Dutro. These ticks were first observed by Mr F. E. Swan of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine in a carload of bat guano originating at Linares, Mexico, and held in quarantine at Matamoros, Mexico.
Adelina schellacki n.sp., a coccidium from the intestine of the Indian centipede Cormocephalus dentipes poc.
Authors: Ray H. N. , Das-Gupta M.
Published: June 2009

From 1931 to the middle of 1936 we occasionally examined the gut contents of the centipede Cormocephalus dentipes, procured from Calcutta and its suburbs. In the intestine we have often found a coccidium belonging to the genus Adelina. Species of Adelina are on record from arthropod and annelid hosts; but since Schellack (1913) described in detail the life history of A. dimidiata from Scolopendra cingulata, no account of any other species from a myriapod has been given.
New Hemiurids (Trematoda) from Indian marine food fishes
Authors: Srivastava Har Dayal
Published: June 2009

The genus Lecithocladium was erected by Lühe in 1901, with L. excisum (Rud. 1819) as the type species. In addition to the type species, the genus contains L. excisiforme Cohn, 1902, L. gulosum Linton, 1910, L. longicaudum Shen, 1934, L. psenopsis, L. magnacetabulum and L. pagrosomi Yamaguti, 1934, and L. johnii Yamaguti, 1938. L. barbatum Cohn, 1902, has been transferred to the genus Dinurus Looss, 1907, and L. crenatum (Molin, 1859) is regarded by Looss as a ‘species inquirenda’, while Lühe maintains that it is synonymous with L. excisum. The author (1937) has added two more species from Indian hosts to the genus. These are more fully described in the present paper.
Turkey malaria
Authors: Purchase Harvey S.
Published: June 2009

A turkey brought to this laboratory for examination in 1934 was found to be harbouring protozoal parasites in the red blood cells, but the parasite was not definitely identified at the time. The parasite was determined as a Plasmodium species by Mr R. Daubney when he returned from leave; and when Dr Carlton Herman was a guest worker at thia Institute in 1939 Mr Daubney suggested that he might like to investigate the incidence of this particular parasite in turkeys in the neighbourhood of Kabete. A visit was then made to a nearby turkey farm, and blood smears taken from many poults. One of these birds proved to be infected with a Plasmodium. Using the blood of this bird, experimental infection was set up in other young turkeys.
Fertility in the argasid tick, Ornithodorus moubata, Murray
Authors: Robinson G. G.
Published: June 2009

The fertility rate of eggs of the tick, Ornithodorus moubata, was investigated with the following results:

(1) Although three batches of eggs can be laid after a single mating, fertility is considerably improved if a fresh mating take place before each oviposition.

(2) Fertility of the eggs decreases with the interval between mating and oviposition (the latter takes place usually only after a blood meal).

(3) If the organ of Géné is faulty (permanently everted) none of the eggs will develop.

(4) Eggs have a wide tolerance of temperature, and show no alteration in fertility rate from 22 to 32° C. At 34° C. no larvae are produced at all.

(5) Females lay over twice as many eggs in sand as they do on a flat surface such as filter paper.
An experimental study of East Coast fever in Uganda IV. A study of the East Coast fever reactions produced when infected ticks 171 days old were fed on susceptible calves in limited numbers over a period of 3 weeks
Authors: Wilson S. G.
Published: June 2009

This experiment showed that infections of Theileria parva were still viable in nymphae of Rhipicephalus appendictdatus 171 days old, but when nine nymphae were fed on calves at intervals over 22 days the reactions produced were most irregular.

In group A reactions varied from acute fatal type to mild, doubtful or no obvious reaction. None of the four animals which survived was protected from subsequent infection when grazed in a tick-infested paddock (Table 1). The two fatal reactions which developed in this paddock varied in intensity; calf no. 5717 showing a typical acute East Coast fever reaction, but the reaction of calf no. 167 showed several atypical features especially in the sporadic appearance of Koch's bodies.

In group B the reactions were again in marked contrast to those seen in group A, one fatal reaction developed and only mild transient reactions without the production of Koch's bodies were seen in the remaining five calves. These mild reactions, however, appeared to be sufficient to protect against subsequent re-infection in the tick-paddock (Table 4).

It is doubtful if the transient reactions seen in calves nos. 5734 (on the 12th day), 172 and 168 could be diagnosed clinically under field conditions, and further investigations as to the infectivity of these types of reactions are required.

In calves nos. 165 and 167 Koch's bodies were absent from all tissue smears at time of death, and diagnosis of the true cause of death by smears alone would therefore be difficult. Reactions such as those given by calves 133 and 139 cast further doubt on the ability to diagnose East Coast fever by gland-smear technique.

In general, the results of this experiment appear to indicate that if the original reaction is mild a second reaction may develop within a few weeks with or without the production of Koch's bodies. The development of a durable resistance to further attacks may not, therefore, depend on the presence of Koch's bodies in the peripheral glandular tissues in detectable numbers.

My thanks are due to the Director of Veterinary Services, Uganda, for his permission to carry out this work and to publish this paper.
On the longevity of fasting ticks, Hyalomma savignyi Gerv
Authors: Feldman-Muhsam B.
Published: June 2009

The survival of fasting imagines of Hyalomma savignyi under various conditions of temperature and relative humidity was studied.

Within the range of experimental conditions low temperature and high humidity are shown to be most favourable to the survival of ticks: at 17·5° C. and 80–95% R.H. mean longevity approaches 1 year, and a few individuals were observed to survive for more than 2 years. Longevity shortens as temperature rises and relative humidity decreases. At a temperature of 37° C. (and under various conditions of humidity) average longevity does not exceed 1·5–3·5 months, while under conditions of extreme dryness, viz. 10–20% b.h. (and various temperatures) average longevity ranges from 1·5 to 9 months.

The longevity of fasting imagines is not as much affected by dryness as that of preimaginal stages.
The bionomics of Ixodes hexagonus Leach in Britain
Authors: Arthur D. R.
Published: June 2009

1. Ixodes hexagonus is a three-host tick.

2. The length of the pre-oviposition period is fairly constant at 19° C. in a saturated atmosphere, varying between 12 and 14 days.

3. Oviposition takes place as in I. ricinus and, at room temperatures at 18–20° C., R.H. 100%, the number of eggs laid varies from 880 to 1449. Experiments on the effects of different temperatures and humidities on egg-laying are described.

4. Eggs hatch in 52–59 days under the conditions stated above.

5. The larvae gorge for 3–6 days, the majority becoming replete on the third and fourth days after attachment.

6. The metamorphosis of the larva is prolonged by cold conditions and is hastened during warm weather. In a saturated atmosphere at 15, 20, 22 and 25° C., the mean times for moulting are respectively 60, 33, 27 and 23 days.

7. The nymphs gorge for 5–7 days, the greater number dropping off between the sixth and seventh days.

8. At 18° C. and 100% R. H. moulting of the nymph takes place about 32 days after repletion.

9. After metamorphosis the adults rest for 8–12 days, and feeding lasts 8–16 days.
A method for studying the distribution and bionomics of trombiculid mites (Acarina: Trombidiidae)
Authors: Jones B. M.
Published: June 2009

(1) The medical importance of trombiculid mites is indicated and reference is made to their geographical distribution.

2. Methods used by investigators for assessing the distribution of the mites in the Far East are discussed as well as methods used in the study ofTrombicula autumnalis.

3. A detailed account is given of a light-trap and the method of using it; the reaction of the mites to the trap is discussed.

4. The results of a detailed survey are presented to show the significance of the method in relation to the distribution and bionomics of trombiculid mites.

The main results of this survey are as follows:

(a) The mites are characteristically distributed in pockets of infection.

(b) A study of the ecoclimatic conditions favourable to mites shows that humidity is a limiting factor.

(c) The free-living larval stage disappeared from the soil in October, and nymphs were found in the soil in September. These facts, together with the results of laboratory breeding experiments at room temperatures, which showed that it was normal for nymphs to appear in October, indicate that the nymphal and adult stages over-winter.

(d) Mites are not associated with fruit bushes if the physical conditions of the soil are unfavourable. A tentative explanation is given to account for the frequent association of fruit bushes with miteirritation.

(e) The gregarious habit of clustering is primarily due to a tactile response.

5. It is concluded that the light-trap method offers a new approach to the problem of surveying an area in order to diagnose trombiculid mite infection. It is also of value in obtaining abundant material for laboratory investigations.
Two dichelesthiid copepods from Madras fish
Authors: Gnanamuthu C. P.
Published: June 2009

In the course of studies of copepods parasitic on the market fishes of South India two of the most valued fishes, Scomberomorus commersoni and Stromateus niger, were found infested by large numbers of the blood-sucking parasites, Pseudocycnus armata Bas-sett-Smith and Lernanthropus konigii Steenstrup & Lutken. In the present paper the description of Pseudocycnus armata, which was first recorded by Bassett-Smith from Bombay and later by Kirtisinghe from Ceylon, is confined to a more accurate account of the appendages than has been given by these authors, while Lernanthropus konigii, which has not been recorded since it was established in 1861, is fully described.
The mites (Acarina) parasitic on mammals, birds and reptiles
Authors: Radford Charles D.
Published: June 2009

The author (1943) published a paper under the title ‘Genera and Species of Parasitic Mites (Acarina)’. This paper has been in great demand by workers interested in the parasitic Acarina and the number of separates was speedily exhausted.
The systematic status of Ixodes percavatus var. rothschildi Nuttall & Warburton, 1911
Authors: Arthur D. R.
Published: June 2009

1. The description of the female and nymph of the so-called variety I. percavatus var. rothschildi is enlarged.

2. As far as the evidence is available it parasitizes marine birds and is probably a three-host tick.

3. Its systematic affinities are discussed, and since I. percavatus is synonymous with I. auritulus, then the variety of Nuttall & Warburton should be raised to the specific rank of I. rothschildi.
The chemotherapy of Plasmodium berghei. I. Resistance to drugs
Authors: Thurston June P.
Published: June 2009

1. Strains of P. berghei resistant to sulphadiazine, pyrimethamine, and methylene blue were produced by treating acute infections with low doses of drug.

2. The strain resistant to methylene blue was sensitive to pamaquin, mepacrine, sulphadiazine, proguanil, pyrimethamine, and 2 : 4-diamino-6 : 7-camphano-pteridine.

3. The pyrimethamine-resistant strain was cross-resistant to proguanil and its active metabolite CPT, 2 : 4-diamino-6 : 7-camphanopteridine, 2 : 4-diamino-6 : 7-(l′-ethylindolo)-pteridine, and 2 : 4-diamino-5-p-chlorophenylpyrimidine.

4. The sulphadiazine-resistant strain was cross-resistant to pyrimethamine, sulphanilamide, proguanil and its active metabolite CPT, 2 : 4-diamino-6 : 7-dinhexylpteridine, and 2 : 4-diamino-6 : 7-diisopropylpteridine. It was as sensitive as the parent strain to quinine, mepacrine, chloroquin, pamaquin, methylene blue, and M 3349.

5. The action of sulphadiazine against the sulphadiazine-resistant strain was inhibited by the same doses of p-aminobenzoic acid and folic acid as were required with the parent strain, although the dose of sulphadiazine was increased 30-fold.
Electron and light microscope studies of the development of the virus rods of insect polyhedroses
Authors: Smith Kenneth M. , Xeros N.
Published: June 2009

In 1915 Glaser demonstrated for the first time that a nuclear polyhedrosis of a lepidopterous larva (Lymantria dispar), was induced by an invisible filterable virus isolated from the blood of diseased larvae. Nuclear polyhedroses of the larvae of over a 100 insect species are now known, and those of them which have been investigated have been shown to be due to viruses. In these polyhedroses the nuclei of susceptible cells, hypodermis, tracheae, fat and blood cells, etc., enlarge and become packed with infectious crystalline inclusion bodies, the polyhedra, from which the diseases get their name. The pupae and imagos of these insects are not generally susceptible to polyhedral virus diseases, and so far no nuclear polyhedrosis of imaginal tissues in the larvae has been reported. This has led to the suggestion that imaginal tissues are not susceptible to polyhedral virus diseases.