bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Titanium and Hydroxyapatite on Osteoblastic Expression and Proliferation in Rat Parietal Bone Cultures
Authors: Massas R. , Pitaru S. , Weinreb M.M.
Published: November 2010

Titanium and hydroxyapatite are used for the fabrication of dental and orthopedic implants. The longevity of these implants depends on the amount and rate of bone formation that occurs around their surfaces. In the present study, the effects of titanium, hydroxyapatite, and polystyrene (control) on the proliferation of rat calvarial cells, and on their capacity to express alkaline phosphatase and respond to parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulation, were studied. The nature of the substrate did not affect the DNA and protein contents of experimental and control cultures throughout the experimental period. Alkaline phosphatase expression and PTH response, as assessed by DNA synthesis and adenylate cyclase activity, were higher in cultures grown on hydroxyapatite and polystyrene than in those grown on titanium. These results indicate that hydroxyapatite was a more favorable substrate than titanium for the growth and differentiation of osteoblast-like cells in vitro.
The Effects of p-Octopamine on Salivary Flow Rates and Protein Secretion by Rat Submandibular Glands
Authors: Okina A. , Abe K. , Tashiro M. , Ishibashi K.
Published: November 2010

The effects of p-octopamine injected i.v. and i.p. on salivary flow rates and proteins secreted by the submandibular glands of rats were studied with and without various types of autonomic blockers at different doses, and with two enzyme inhibitors. The salivary flow rates and the amounts of protein secreted progressively increased with increasing doses injected both i.v. and i.p., whereas they were dramatically reduced with almost all autonomic blockers and disulfiram, a dopamine-β-hydroxylase inhibitor. Salivation was completely abolished in response to p-octopamine in combination with metoprolol or phenoxybenzamine at high doses, and simultaneous injections of prazosin and propranolol. The concentration of protein in submandibular saliva in response to p-octopamine injected i.v. and i.p. was not dose-dependent and significantly increased with all of the a-blockers except yohimbine, and with atropine and disulfiram. The protease activity was dose-dependent but was reduced significantly with a-blockers except yohimbine and with two enzyme inhibitors. The a-type of protein was secreted in response to p-octopamine injected i.v. and i.p. at all doses except with the lowest dose i.p., which caused the β-type to be secreted. The a-type was completely replaced by the (3-type with all a-blockers at all doses, except with yohimbine, but no change was observed with various types of β-blockers, yohimbine, atropine, and two enzyme inhibitors. Thus, p-octopamine could stimulate both the a- and β-adrenoceptors in the submandibular glands of rats.
The Isolation and Characterization of Milleri Group Streptococci from Dental Periapical Abscesses
Authors: Fisher L.E. , Russell R.R.B.
Published: November 2010

Reports of the isolation of streptococci from dental abscesses have shown an association of the "S. milleri" group with such lesions. There has been considerable confusion regarding the taxonomy of these organisms, but the milleri group has recently been reclassified into three distinct species: Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus constellatus, and Streptococcus intermedius. In this study, 45 samples from dental periapical abscesses were examined. Milleri group streptococci were isolated from 16 patients (37%), 15 being identified as S. anginosus and one as S. intermedius. In one patient, S. anginosus was isolated in pure culture, and it would appear that this is the predominant species of milleri group streptococci associated with periapical abscesses.
Development of the Human Submandibular Salivary Gland
Authors: Merida-Velasco J.A. , Sanchez-Montesinos I. , Espin-Ferra J. , Garcia-Garcia J.D. , García-Gomez S. , Roldan-Schilling V.
Published: November 2010

The development and morphogenetic timetable of the submandibular gland was studied in 37 human embryos and human fetuses. The medial paralingual groove constituted the anlage of the submandibular gland: Its anterior three-quarters gave rise to Wharton's duct, and its posterior quarter to the submandibular gland proper. The sublingual process of the submandibular gland originated from a lateral ectodermal bud of the anlage of the submandibular gland, in the posterior quarter of the medial paralingual groove.
Acute Toxicological Effects of Ingested Tooth Whiteners in Female Rats
Authors: Cherry D.V. , Bowers D.E. , Thomas L. , Redmond A.F.
Published: November 2010

Tooth whiteners are considered as cosmetic agents to be used for bleaching teeth. Since tooth whitener may be swallowed during the whitening procedure, studies were conducted to determine whether ingestion of tooth whitener containing carbamide peroxide resulted in toxic effects. Adult female rats were used, and vaginal smears were examined daily to determine whether the animals were ovulating. Following an overnight fast, a single bolus of a commercial tooth whitener (5 g of tooth whitener/kg fasting body weight) was administered by gavage. Control rats received de-ionized water. After 2 h, mean respirations per min of animals receiving the tooth whitener Quik Start (contains 35% carbamide peroxide) decreased from 169 to 55, and body temperature decreased from 38.4 to 34°C. Other distress signs included: labored breathing, loss of righting reflex, partial eye closure, bloody urine, and incontinence. Three of 22 animals (3/22) died within 48 h, of gastric hemorrhaging. Eight/10 rats stopped ovulating. At necropsy 2 weeks post-dosing, 10/19 animals had grossly bloated stomachs, and mucosal necrosis was observed histologically in 3. Animals receiving White & Brite or Nu-Smile (containing 10 or 15% carbamide peroxide, respectively) exhibited similar but milder symptoms. The data indicate that ingestion of large doses of commercial preparations of tooth whiteners may be acutely toxic, sometimes fatal, to female laboratory rats.
Increased Condylar Growth after Experimental Relocation of the Glenoid Fossa
Authors: Pirttiniemi P. , Kantomaa T. , Tuominen M.
Published: November 2010

Attempts to increase mandibular growth by the stimulation of condylar proliferative activity, either experimentally or with functional appliances in humans, have led to controversial results. The aim of this study was to measure changes in proliferative activity in the mandibular condyle after steady experimental posterior relocation of the glenoid fossa in the rabbit without actively interfering with normal masticatory action. The method differed from most previous experimental procedures, which force the mandible anteriorly to simulate functional appliance therapy. Twelve 5-day-old rabbits underwent gluing of the interparietal, temporoparietal, and lambdoidal sutures. Three experimental and three control rabbits were injected with tritiated thymidine at 10, 15, 20, and 30 days and were killed after 2 h for histological and autoradiographic examination. The total number of labeled cells in the prechondroblastic layer was higher in the experimental group, the difference being greatest in the 20-day-old rabbits. The highest proliferative activity in the experimental group was found in the area immediately posterior to the articular contact surface. There was a tendency for the cartilage layers to be thicker in the experimental group, especially in the extreme anterior segments of the condyle.
Transport of Sugars, Including Sucrose, by the msm Transport System of Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Tao L. , Sutcliffe I.C. , Russell R.R.B. , Ferretti J.J.
Published: November 2010

The range of substrates transported by the sugar-binding protein-dependent msm (multiple sugar metabolism) system of S. mutans was investigated. By determining the ability of unlabeled sugar to compete with radiolabeled melibiose transport, we have demonstrated that the transported sugars included a number of carbohydrates structurally related to raffinose.

A model accommodating these results has been devised which accounts for the sugars transported by the msm transport system. Competition with radiolabeled melibiose transport indicated sucrose to be an msm substrate. This was confirmed by examination of uptake of radiolabeled sucrose in scrAB mutants lacking the sucrose-specific phosphotransferase system.
Platelet-derived Growth Factor Stimulates Hyaluronate but not Proteoglycan Synthesis by Human Gingival Fibroblasts in vitro
Authors: Bartold P.M.
Published: November 2010

The effect of PDGF-BB on human gingival fibroblasts was monitored in an in vitro system. PDGF was found to be mitogenic for these cells, although it required the presence of low concentrations of fetal calf serum to be active. Proteoglycan and hyaluronate synthesis was analyzed by labeling newly synthesized macromolecules with [35S]-sulfate or [3H]-glucosamine, respectively. Identification of specific glycosaminoglycans was achieved by selective enzymatic or chemical degradations. It was found that cells cultured in the presence of PDGF showed no discernible differences in proteoglycan synthesis relative to the control cultures. There were no alterations in amounts of proteoglycans synthesized, types of sulfated glycosaminoglycans synthesized, or relative hydrodynamic sizes of the proteoglycans. In contrast to the proteoglycans, hyaluronate synthesis was significantly increased in the presence of PDGF. The increase in [3H]-glucosamine incorporation into newly synthesized hyaluronate correlated with an increase in the activity of the enzyme hyaluronate synthetase but could not be accounted for entirely by changes in the specific activity of sugar nucleotide precursors, which did alter slightly under differing culture conditions. It is concluded from these results that PDGF stimulates gingival fibroblasts to proliferate and is associated with a differential effect on proteoglycan and hyaluronate synthesis. These observations may correlate with the observed early events associated with wound healing and repair.
Immunocytochemical Distribution of Human PMN Elastase and Cathepsin-G in Dental Pulp
Authors: Cootauco C.J. , Rauschenberger C.R. , Nauman R.K.
Published: November 2010

Components of primary (azurophilic) granules of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) have been implicated as important mediators in pulpal inflammation. This anatomical study used ultracryoimmunocytochemical techniques and characterized and contrasted the subcellular distributions of human PMN elastase (PMN-E), PMN cathepsin-G (PMN-CG), and alpha-2 macroglobulin (a-2M) in healthy and inflamed dental pulps. Inflamed pulpal tissue sections revealed an intense distribution of PMN-E in the extracellular domain throughout the collagen matrix. PMN-E was also localized in the perinuclear cytoplasm of PMNs and distributed in a random fashion. PMN-CG was localized intensely in the intracellular granules of PMNs and observed moderately within the extracellular matrix. Healthy pulpal tissues exposed to PMN-E and PMN-CG antibodies revealed no evidence of PMN infiltration and no specific labeling. a-2M, a natural serum inhibitor of PMN-E and PMN-CG, was distributed in an intense fashion within the intravascular compartments of both inflamed and healthy pulpal samples. Immunogold-labeling for a-2M was observed in moderate amounts within the extravascular domain of inflamed pulpal samples but only in mild amounts within the same area of healthy tissues. These results suggest that PMN-E and PMN-CG are released to the extracellular matrix of irreversibly inflamed teeth, enabling them to facilitate pulpal connective tissue destruction. Conversely, moderate extravascular labeling for a-2M within inflamed samples suggests a physiological attempt at inhibiting the pulpal connective tissue destruction mediated by human PMN-E and PMN-CG.
Prevalence in the Dutch Adult Population and a Meta-analysis of Signs and Symptoms of Temporomandibular Disorder
Authors: De Kanter R.J.A.M. , Truin G.J. , Burgersdijk R.C.W. , Van 't Hop M.A. , Battistuzzi P.G.F.C.M. , Kalsbeek H. , Kayser A.F.
Published: November 2010

A nationwide survey of oral conditions, treatment needs, and attitudes toward dental health care in Dutch adults was carried out in 1986. One of the aims of the study was to assess the prevalence of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder (TMD). A sample of 6577 persons (from 15 to 74 yr of age), stratified for gender, age, region, and socio-economic status, was contacted. Of this sample, 4496 persons participated in the behavioral part of the study, of whom 3526 were examined clinically. The TMD prevalence was based on (1) perceived signs and symptoms of TMD and (2) clinical examination of joint sounds, deviation, and pain on mandibular movements. A total of 21.5% of the Dutch adult population perceived some dysfunction, and 44.4% showed clinically assessed signs and symptoms of TMD. In nearly all age groups, the signs and symptoms of TMD appeared more in women than in men. Agreement between the results ofthe clinical examination and the anamnestic dysfunction index was significant (p < 0.0001); however, the Pearson's correlation coefficient was low (r = 0.29). The odds-value (risk-ratio) that subjects who perceived signs and symptoms of TMD would present with clinically assessed signs and symptoms of TMD was 2.3. The results of the survey were compared with results of a meta-analysis performed on 51 TMD prevalence studies. The analysis revealed (1) a perceived dysfunction rate of 30% and (2) a clinically assessed dysfunction of 44%, both based on compound samples of, respectively, over 15,000 (23 studies) and over 16,000 (22 studies) randomly selected subjects.
Distributed Crack Analysis of Ceramic Inlays
Authors: Peters M.C.R.B. , De Vree J.H.P. , Brekelmans W.A.M.
Published: November 2010

In all-ceramic restorations, crack formation and propagation phenomena are of major concern, since they may result in intra-oral fracture. The objective of this study was calculation of damage in porcelain MOD inlays by utilization of a finite-element (FE) implementation of the distributed crack theory. "Damage" is defined as the parameter that describes the local decrease of stiffness caused by microdefects. In the simulated MOD ceramic inlay, the crack initiation starts at the internal occlusal surface near the pulpo-axial line angle. This initiation is invisible from the external surface and cannot be detected by the clinician. The crack initiation at the internal surface started as soon as 55-60% of the loading needed for complete fracture was reached. The use of FE techniques for calculation of the fracture in loaded ceramic inlays offers prospects for further detailed study of the crack behavior, including three-dimensional modeling and cyclic loading situations
A Longitudinal Study of Dental Caries in the Primary Teeth of Children who Suffered from Infant Malnutrition
Authors: Alvarez J.O. , Caceda J. , Woolley T.W. , Carley K.W. , Baiocchi N. , Caravedo L. , Navia J.M.
Published: November 2010

A prospective, four-year longitudinal study of 209 Peruvian children was conducted to evaluate the effect of a single malnutrition episode occurring at infancy (i.e., < 1 year of age) on dental caries in the primary teeth. Children were recruited into the study at age 6-11 months after they had suffered from a malnutrition episode and were thus classified by anthropometry as either: (1) Normal ; (2) Wasted (low weight for height); (3) Stunted (low height for age); or (4) Stunted and Wasted (S and W). Eruption of the primary teeth was significantly delayed in all malnourished children; however, the effect of stunting-that is, retarded linear growth-was more pronounced and lasted longer than that of wasting or acute malnutrition (i.e., 2.5 us. 1.5 years, respectively). By age 4 years, children from group 4 (S and W) showed a significantly higher caries experience in the primary teeth than did those in any of the other three groups. In summary, this longitudinal study has confirmed previous studies in animals and indirect epidemiological evidence which had suggested a cause-effect relationship between early malnutrition and increased dental caries.
Raman Spectra of Human Dental Calculus
Authors: Tsuda H. , Arends J.
Published: November 2010

Raman spectra of human dental calculus have been observed for the first time by use of micro-Raman spectroscopy. The spectral features of calculus were influenced easily by heating caused by laser irradiation. Therefore, the measurements were carried out at relatively low power (5 mW, 1-μm spot size). The spectra could be characterized as phosphate vibrational bands due to the v1, v2, v 3, and v4 modes. The overall spectral features did not resemble those of pure minerals such as brushite, octacalcium phosphate, and hydroxyapatite. There were spectral differences among mixed calculus particles obtained from 18 adults, probably due to variations in local mineral composition and differences among patients. However, the averaged spectral features did not vary significantly with formation period from 1 to 6 months. Freshly removed and stored (5-11 months) calculus also gave comparable Raman spectra. Measurements on a fractured sample indicated that Raman spectra at saliva and dentin interfaces are nearly identical, and major mineral constituents may not vary significantly along the growth axis of calculus.
Prevalence of Subjective Feelings of Dry Mouth in the Elderly
Authors: Närhi T.O.
Published: November 2010

Dry mouth is a common disorder in elderly individuals. It is not, however, necessarily related to decreased salivary flow rate, since subjective feelings of oral dryness have also been found in those with normal flow rates. The aim of this study was to examine in elderly individuals the prevalence of subjective complaints related to dry mouth, and their association with salivary flow rates and the use of systemic medication. In 1990 and 1991, 368 elderly inhabitants of Helsinki, Finland, had their oral health status examined. In addition to the clinical examination, 341 subjects were interviewed regarding different oral and non-oral complaints related to dry mouth. Findings showed that 46% (n =158) of the subjects had noticed subjective symptoms of dry mouth. Continuous oral dryness was reported by 12% (n = 40) of the subjects, 6% of the men and 14% of the women (p < 0.05). In these 40, the oral and non-oral complaints were studied in more detail. Almost all oral and non-oral symptoms were more frequent in subjects reporting continuous dry mouth compared with controls. Continuous dry mouth was clearly associated with the female gender, with mouth breathing, and with the use of systemic medications.
Release of Elements due to Electrochemical Corrosion of Dental Amalgam
Authors: Olsson S. , Berglund A. , Bergman M.
Published: November 2010

The corrosion pattern of dental amalgam in aqueous media was interpreted theoretically by means of log(αi/αref)-pe diagrams. The definitions on which the diagrams were based were given, and their features were described. All sparingly soluble compounds which were expected to be formed in reactions with the solvents considered were listed. All the corrosion products reported in the current literature were found to be formed, and the conditions for their formation were established. It emerged that it was necessary to exclude other sparingly soluble compounds which theoretically might be formed. Two compounds, CuSCN and AgSCN, which have not been reported previously were found to be possible corrosion products. Corrosion products containing mercury compound cannot be formed on amalgam restorations with no metallic contact with other materials.
In vitro Bond Strengths and SEM Evaluation of Dentin Bonding Systems to Different Dentin Substrates
Authors: Perdigao J. , Swift E.J. , Denehy G.E. , Wefel J.S. , Donly K.J.
Published: November 2010

In comparison to enamel, bonding to normal dentin is a greater challenge because of its organic constituents, fluid-filled tubules, and variations in intrinsic composition. Bonding to sclerotic dentin is even more difficult. To evaluate the shear bond strengths of four adhesive systems to dentin substrates with different levels of mineralization, 120 extracted human teeth were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 40). After mid-coronal dentin was exposed, groups of specimens were artificially hypermineralized by immersion in a remineralizing solution, demineralized by means of an acetic acid demineralizing solution, or stored in distilled water to model sclerotic, carious, and normal dentin, respectively. Resin composite was bonded to dentin by use of commercial adhesive systems. After the specimens were thermocycled, shear bond strengths were determined in an Instron universal testing machine. Dentin substrates and resin/dentin interfaces were examined by SEM. For each adhesive system, the mean shear bond strength to normal dentin was significantly higher than that to either of the other substrates. Shear bond strengths to hypermineralized dentin were significantly higher than those to demineralized dentin with all adhesives except Prisma Universal Bond 3.
3-D Force and Moment Analysis of Repulsive Magnetic Appliances to Correct Dentofacial Vertical Excess
Authors: Vardimon A.D. , Bourauel C. , Drescher D. , Schmuth G.P.F.
Published: November 2010

Repulsive magnetic appliances can intrude posterior teeth, but create a lateral shift of the mandible and also decrease in force as the mouth opens. To model their optimal use, the 3-D spatial force/displacement (F/D) and moment/ displacement (M/D) diagrams of four magnetic repulsive appliances in diverse overlapping arrangements were characterized and compared. In this orthodontic measurement and simulation system, only the medial eccentric magnetic arrangement, of the four compared, partially met the criteria of an optimal repulsive force system, i.e., keeping a constant intruding force and excluding shearing force. The moment analysis found that eccentric arrangements, however, developed high Z-moment. Thus, a perplexing point was reached where the force analysis favored medial centric arrangement and the moment analysis favored centric arrangement. When the gap between juxtaposed magnets increased over 2 mm, the repulsive force declined and the attractive force was favorably eliminated. At gap distances of 3 to 6 mm, the intrusive force was almost constant. These data suggest that centric arrangement is indicated clinically when the gap is minute and Müller prongs are used to prevent deleterious lateral shearing forces.
Pilgrim’s Progress: Trends and Convergence in Research on Organizational Size and Environments
Authors: Bluedorn Allen C.
Published: November 2010

This article reviews the research conducted on organizational size and environments from 1980 through 1992. Specifically, the environmental research based on the traditional environmental contingency model is reviewed and trends over the review period are identified. The organizational size literature is reviewed in a similar fashion. Suggestions for empirical and theoretical extensions of trends identified in both research streams a represented. An especially salient finding in the review is the emerging theoretical convergence of the size and environment research streams on the topic of organizational life cycles, which seems to particularly involve the population ecology model. Possible theoretical convergence between the institutional, population ecology, interorganizational relations, and environmental enactment perspectives and other fundamental organization theory areas (e.g., culture and strategy) are then proposed. Overall, traditional organizational size and environment research continued at a steady pace over the review period, and new approaches and perspectives, especially in the area of environment research, have developed and are surpassing the traditional approaches in the volume of research they generate.
The Role of Role Playing in Organizational Research
Authors: Greenberg Jerald , Eskew Don E.
Published: November 2010

The present article analyzes role playing as an organizational research technique. A survey of organizational journals for 1978-1988 reveals that role playing was used in 11.55 percent of the published studies. Role playing studies are conducted to learn about attitudes and behaviors in organizational contexts and to learn about basic psychological contexts. The studies differ along three key dimensions: subjects’ level of involvement, the role being played, and the degree of response specificity provided. We recommend that role playing studies be designed in a manner that is appropriate to the purpose of the study, and offer guidelines for doing so.
Transforming Public Organizations with Strategic Management and Strategic Leadership
Authors: Nutt Paul C. , Backoff Robert W.
Published: November 2010

This article suggests how to transform public sector organizations using strategic management and strategic leadership. We summarize the theory and process of strategic management and strategic leadership and suggest propositions that identify key questions in using these processes for the transformational change of public organizations. The propositions consider the unique needs posed by the public sector, the way transformational or radical change must be carried out in and for this type of organization, and how a transformation will redirect and channel the energies of strategic leaders in the future.
Strategic Decision Processes: Critical Review and Future Directions
Authors: Rajagopalan Nandini , Rasheed Abdul M. A. , Datta Deepak K.
Published: November 2010

This article develops an integrative framework of strategic decision processes based on a review of the past literature. The framework incorporates environmental, organizational, and decision-specific antecedents of process characteristics, and their process and economic outcomes. Key empirical studies are reviewed in the context of the framework and major patterns and contradictions are identified. Based on this review, useful implications for theory building, research methods and managerial practice are identified and several directions for future research are presented.
Toward Improved Theory and Research on Business Turnaround
Authors: Pearce John A. , Robbins Keith
Published: November 2010

Statistics on business failure rates corroborate the conclusion that neither academics nor practitioners have succeeded in designing a model to guide strategic management action during periods of financial decline. Therefore, a comprehensive review was conducted on the turnaround literature from multiple disciplines and related research streams. The product of this work is an empirically-driven conceptual model of business level turnaround. Building on data-supported hypotheses from prior research and confirmatory anecdotal evidence from practitioner literature, the model is intended to help focus future theory testing efforts and to accelerate the advancement of strategic management practice.
Construct Validity of Three Types of Organizational Citizenship behavior: An Illustration of the Direct Product Model with Refinements
Authors: Becker Thomas E. , Vance Robert J.
Published: November 2010

The direct product model is a new analysis tool for modeling multitrait-multimethod data. This model may avoid some of the problems associated with conventional analysis of multitrait-multimethod data by allowing for the possibility of multiplicative trait-method interactions. Based on the work of Browne (1984; 1990), we suggest several refinements in testing this model, including use of confirmatory procedures for testing model fit and implementation of a hierarchical approach to model comparisons. We provide an illustration of the refined direct product approach using a study of three types of organizational citizenship behavior. The results supply evidence for convergent and discriminant validity of the three constructs, and suggest that job incumbents, supervisors, and peers have significantly different perspectives of organizational citizenship behavior.
Managerial Search Activity: The Impact of Perceived Role Uncertainty and Role Threat
Authors: Boynton Andrew C. , Gales Lawrence M. , Blackburn Richard S.
Published: November 2010

This empirical study examines both the individual and combined effects of role uncertainty and role threat on managerial information search activity. Results from a survey of 215 managers in six organizations suggest that search is a function of a complex interaction between levels of uncertainty and threat in the role context. Findings suggest that previous conceptualizations of the relationships among uncertainty, threat, and search activity may have been overly simplistic.
Embeddedness, Interdependence, and Opportunism in Organizational Supplier-Buyer Networks
Authors: Provan Keith G.
Published: November 2010

Despite the value of Williamson’s (1975; 1985) transaction cost economics perspective to organization theorists for offering new ways of thinking about relations between organizations, its focus on supplier-buyer dyads operating on a continuum ranging from markets to hierarchies de-emphasizes the importance of cooperative network relations. In this paper; theory and hypotheses are developed explaining constraints on the emergence of opportunism when supplier-buyer relations are considered in a network context. The general thesis is that the opportunistic behavior of individual network suppliers relative to the dominant buyer; or hub firm, will decline at increasing levels of embeddedness in an interdependent supplier-buyer network, despite conditions of high asset specificity and small numbers bargaining.
Environmental Change and Management Staffing: A Comment
Authors: Thomas Anisya S. , Ramaswamy Kannan
Published: November 2010

This article comments on Guthrie, Grimm and Smith’s (1991) examination of the impact of environmental change on top management team characteristics. Specifically, we argue against their approach of predicting directional changes in top executive attributes without first studying the nature of changes that are transforming the context. Since the impact of environmental shifts such as deregulation can vary by industry, we suggest that it is first necessary to examine changes in the dominant mode of competition, before investigating organizational adaptation. We empirically illustrate the value of this method in a study of the U.S. domestic airline industry before and after deregulation. Our results are dramatically opposed to those reported by Guthrie et al. (1991) in the railroad industry.
The Interface and Convergence of the Strategic Management and Organizational Environment Domains
Authors: Bluedorn Allen C. , Johnson Richard A. , Cartwright Debra K. , Barringer Bruce R.
Published: November 2010

Extending Bluedorn's (1993) review of environmental contingency theory, we examine the strategic management research conducted from 1980-1993 that explicitly deals with the environmental domain. Framing our approach as a constrained strategic choice perspective, our focus on this intersection of the strategic management and organizational environment literature leads us to examine six specific subsets of this literature: (1) strategic leadership and upper echelons; (2) scanning; (3) interorganizational relationships; (4) institutional theory; (5) organizational alignment; and (6) strategic control and evaluation. In our discussions of these topics, we identify research trends and generalizations as well as identify promising research possibilities and questions for future research. In this vein, we conclude the article with our identification of several possibilities for theoretical syntheses and theory development.
A Mid-Range Theory of the Interactive Effects of International and Product Diversification on Innovation and Performance
Authors: Hitt Michael A. , Hoskisson Robert E. , Ireland R. Duane
Published: November 2010

Some research in international management has focused on international diversification as a strategy, while substantial research in strategic management has focused on product diversification. However, corporate strategies may include both product and geographic international diversification components. Furthermore, little theoretical work has linked the interaction of these two strategies to innovation and performance. This paper develops theoretical arguments depicting the interactive effects of international and product diversification in a comprehensive model. The theory presented suggests that international diversification is positively related to both innovation and firm performance, and positively moderates the relationship between product diversification and innovation and performance. The central concept is that innovation is generally facilitated by international diversification, while the general relationship between product diversification and innovation is negative. However, because of the complexity and information asymmetries, it is difficult to manage internationally diversified firms. Additionally, it is difficult to achieve global integration and local responsiveness in highly internationally diversified firms. Thus, there are limits to international diversification, but, given appropriate firm capabilities and country circumstance, international diversification facilitates innovation and performance.
Personality and Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Authors: Organ Dennis W.
Published: November 2010

The same logic that suggests an effect of job attitudes on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) would also argue for an effect due to personality. It is also plausible that personality could explain the correlation between job attitudes and OCB. A review of the research on personality measures and OCB does not support the case for dispositional affectivity as an important determinant of OCB. A stronger case emerges for the role of some variant of Conscientiousness, although results indicate that the best predictor of OCB is not a ‘factorially pure” dimension of the Big Five, but a constellation or profile of personality facets drawn from different factors of the Big Five.
The Effect of Advance Notice of Plant Closings on Firm Value
Authors: Clinebell Sharon K. , Clinebell John M.
Published: November 2010

The issue of workers displaced because of plant closings gained prominence in the 1980’S because of their growing numbers. With the increased attention focused on plant closings, the topic of advance notice has also gained prominence. This paper examines the issue of advance notice for plant closings and its effect on firm value. The findings of this study indicate that longer periods of advance notice have significant negative effects on firm value.
The Effects of Environment and Technology on Managerial Roles
Authors: Gibbs Barrie
Published: November 2010

Two samples of managers are used to demonstrate that environmental and technological variables affect the frequency of managerial roles as defined by Mint&erg (1973). Environmental complexity increases the frequency of informational roles while complexity and dynamism increase the frequency of decisional roles. The interpersonal roles are predicted by an interaction between complexity and dynamism. Overall routineness decreases the frequency of all roles. The presence of rules increases the frequency of decisional and interpersonal roles. The findings suggest that environmental dimensions and technology need to be taken into account in future research and future theories of managerial work.
The Influence of Sex and Equity Sensitivity on Relationship Preferences, Assessment of Opponent, and Outcomes in a Negotiation Experiment
Authors: King Wesley C. , Hinson Thomas D.
Published: November 2010

In a negotiation experiment (N = 248) sex, equity sensitivity, and gender pairings were used to test six hypotheses. Results indicate that sex and equity sensitivity were predictive of subjects’ relationship preferences and sex, but not equity sensitivity, was predictive of subjects ’ measured assessment of the relationship preferences of the opponent. Equity sensitivity was also not significantly correlated with subjects’ satisfaction. Sex and sex within a role (seller versus buyer) was also found to influence settlement amount with males besting their female opponents when in mixed-sex pairs and with male sellers outperforming female sellers. The differences between males and females in settlement offers made appears to be one explanation for males’ success relative to females: Suggestions for expanding the range of measured outcomes in negotiation and implications for incorporating individual differences into negotiation research are discussed.
Additive and Multiplicative Method Effects in Applied Psychological Research: An Empirical Assessment of Three Models
Authors: Becker Thomas E. , Cote Joseph A.
Published: November 2010

Method effects can be additive (independent of trait correlations) or multiplicative (associated with trait correlations). This study is the first to empirically assess the relationship between the nature of method effects and the goodness-of--t of different latent factor models. Specifically, we examined method effects in I7 published multitrait-multimethod data sets and evaluated the usefulness of confirmatory factor analysis, the direct product approach, and Marsh S correlated uniqueness technique for modeling these effects. While each of the models fit some of the data sets well, Marsh’s technique appeared to be generally more effective. Also, Campbell and O'Connell’s slope index indicated that additive models (confirmatory factor analysis and the correlated uniqueness approach) were not more likely than a multiplicative model (the direct product model) to provide a good fit to data with additive method effects; nor did a multiplicative model provide a better fit than additive models when method effects were multiplicative.
Group, Sub-Group, and Nominal Group Idea Generation: New Rules for a New Media?
Authors: Dennis Alan R. , Valacich Joseph S.
Published: November 2010

How should a group organize itself to generate ideas? Should all group members work together as one intact group, should they form several smaller sub-groups that work independently, or should all members work separately as individuals without communicating? Research with verbal media presents a clear answer: all members should work separately without communicating. This paper examines this question for computer-mediated idea generation. In two separate studies, intact groups generated more ideas (with higher quality) than those working as individuals or in several smaller sub-groups. We attribute these differences to reduced blocking, and different social processes adopted in the different sized groups.
A Large-scale Second-order Structural Equation Model of the Influence of Management Participation on Organizational Planning Benefits
Authors: Gerbing David W. , Hamilton Janet G. , Freeman Elizabeth B.
Published: November 2010

This study analyzes the relationship between management participation in strategy formation and organizational planning benefits with the construction and subsequent empirical validation of a large-scale structural equation model with 57 items. This model simultaneously considered first-order and second-order measurement models as well as the structural model. Methodological emphasis was placed on developing expanded conceptualizations of these strategy constructs by modeling them as second-order factors and expressing their defining constituent domains of content as first-order factors. Results indicate a strong causal linkage between management participation and two classes of strategic benefits, suggesting that management participation enhances the effectiveness of the strategy process.
Spillback Effects of Expansion When Product-Types and Firm-Types Differ
Authors: Mitchell Will , Singh Kulwant
Published: November 2010

Contrary to perspectives that credit firms with only limited abilities to undertake significant change successfully, recent research has demonstrated that firms often improve their performance after undertaking major expansion to their operations. In this paper, we build on a study by Mitchell and Singh (1993) to test for differences in expansion effects, depending on whether the new goods substitute for old products and whether the firm is a generalist or specialist participant in the industry. The analysis helps us understand when a business can undertake major change successfully. The results have implications for ecological and other definitions of the core of a business and highlight the necessity for firms to undertake changes even at considerable risk to their existing operations.
The Effects of Politics and Power on The Organizational Commitment of Federal Executives
Authors: Wilson Patricia A.
Published: November 2010

This research investigates the effects of power and politics on organizational commitment. The study develops two theoretical explanations for organizational commitment in which five independent variables are embodied: (I) a power-based theory of commitment (including subunit power, leadership power, leadership behavior variables); and, (2) theory of politics (including “arbitrary personnel practices”and the “political control”variables). Politics and power are discovered to have a significant effect on the organizational commitment of executives.
Managerial Dominance of Japan’s Major Corporations
Authors: Johnston Stewart
Published: November 2010

This paper presents a model which suggests that four factors-national and ownership structure, an industrial encouragement policy, barriers to entry and the labor market-combine to produce a situation in which Japanese management is freed from all the major threats to its dominance-shareholders, trade unions, government, domestic competitors, domestic speculators, foreign competitors and foreign capital. Hence, in line with classical managerial theories of the firm, Japanese managers have developed the long run strategies and policies that are typical of the large Japanese corporations-market share emphasis, slow personnel evaluation, MIT systems, etc. Some suggestions for further work are offered.
Measuring Emotion in Open-ended Survey Responses: An Application of Textual Data Analysis
Authors: Mossholder Kevin W. , Settoon Randall P. , Harris Stanley G. , Armenakis Achilles A.
Published: November 2010

The present study illustrates the use of a qualitative research technique, textual data analysis, in assessing the emotional content of open-ended survey responses. The Dictionary of Affect in Language (DAL), one of many acceptable routes to the measurement of emotion, provided the basis for scoring open-ended responses collected in a study of the organizational transformation efforts of a Fortune 100 firm based in the midwestern United States. Managers and corporate executives were surveyed with an in-depth questionnaire that included quantitative measures of several work-related perceptions and attitudes as well as open-ended questions regarding two major events that occurred during the transformation. Dimension scores produced from the DAL and direct ratings of open-ended responses correlated with the quantitative measures in expected and consistent ways. The use of textual data analytic approaches is discussed, and advantages and disadvantages of such approaches are broadly addressed.
City-County Government and Promises of Economic Development: A Tale of Two Cities
Authors: Carr Jered B. , Bae Sang-Seok , Lu Wenjue
Published: November 2010

The prevailing opinion in Louisville is that its central city, like many American cities, is terminally ill. People have moved to the suburbs and retail stores have located into the malls. All this has left the city with fewer people and fewer shops. But is the city really worse off? A great many claims about Louisville's imminent death are made by politicians anxious about a shrinking electoral base, by businesses concerned about declining investments and by newspapers worried about lost circulation. “Fragmented” Louisville is invidiously compared to the consolidated urban county of Lexington-Fayette especially on the population count. Since 1970 Louisville has lost 25 percent of its residents and today is down to 269,000 people. During the same period Lexington-Fayette registered a 108 percent gain and it holds 225,000 residents. Louisville's haunting fear is that Lexington Fayette will overtake it during the early part of the next century (Savitch and Vogel 1999,4).
The Politics of Precision
Authors: VanSickle-Ward Rachel
Published: November 2010

Policy delegation is, in part, a function of the precision of statutes—the more ambiguous or open-ended the statute, the more decisions are delegated to agencies and the courts. Moreover, the study of policy detail sheds light on the objectives pursued, and constraints faced, by policy-making actors. Yet surprisingly little work in political science has concentrated on the conditions that contribute to or diminish the specificity of statutes, and the work that has been done promotes contradictory findings. This article treats the effects of institutional and political fragmentation on the specificity of mental health insurance laws across states. Using a new measure of statute specificity and identifying new sources of fragmentation as independent variables (e.g., gubernatorial power, interest group diversity, and party polarization), the author shows that fragmentation encourages ambiguity in mental health policy. This ambiguity may serve as a tool to achieve compromise when disagreement precludes precision.
The Policy Diffusion of the State R&D Investment Tax Credit
Authors: Miller Chad R. , Richard Brian
Published: November 2010

Since the first U.S. state adopted the Research and Development (R&D) tax credit in the early 1980s, the policy has spread to most of the other states. The diffusion continues with numerous modifications and enhancements to the basic R&D tax credit. This study examines the diffusion of the R&D investment tax credit using event history analysis supported by qualitative research. The conclusions of the research are that the R&D tax credit is an economic development approach associated with an existing manufacturing base and implementation is aided by political factors. Adjacent state competition does not appear to lead toward adoption. Applying these findings to the current literature on the effectiveness of the state R&D tax credits highlights the need for thorough policy evaluation before the adoption of tax credits as part of an economic development program.
Shopping Malls, Credit Cards and Global Brands
Authors: Mathur Nita
Published: November 2010

Contemporary society in India is marked by the growing importance of consumer culture, fuelled by the rise of disposable incomes in the hands of a huge middle class and increasing availability of a large variety of commodities in the open market, including a growing number of shopping malls. The article examines India’s ‘new middle class’ as an agency of consumption, engaged in a process which seems to be jeopardising long held ideals of self-sufficiency, self-reliance and anti-materialism. After the economic liberalisation of the 1990s, consumer goods appear to have become a crucial basis for redefining status distinctions in Indian society and for negotiating interpersonal and inter-communal relationships within the seemingly antithetical categories of tradition and modernity. As in other forms of globalisation, however, the resulting patterns of change are not simply based on total abolition of older ‘traditional’ structures and their replacement by new patterns. Despite apparent changes in shopping habits and the emergence of blatant consumerism, the older moral tradition continues to oppose rising materialism and individualism, contributing to the limited success of shopping malls.