bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stages 1–2 non–rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder associated with dementia: A new parasomnia?
Authors: Arnulf Isabelle , Mabrouk Tarek , Mohamed Khalil , Konofal Eric , Derenne Jean‐Philippe , Couratier Philippe
Published: June 2005

A 55‐year‐old woman with a progressive dementia and frontal syndrome was hospitalized because she was agitated every night after falling asleep (spoke, laughed, cried, tapped, kicked, walked, and fell down). She slept 5.5 hours during video polysomnography, but the theta rhythm electroencephalograph recording typical of sleep stages 1 to 2 and the spindles and K‐complexes typical of sleep stage 2 contrasted with continuous muscular twitching, prominent rapid eye movements, vocalizations, and continuous, complex, purposeful movements typical of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder. This newly described stages 1–2 non‐REM sleep behavior disorder suggests that central motor pattern generators were disinhibited during non‐REM sleep. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Micronodular thymoma: an epithelial tumour with abnormal chemokine expression setting the stage for lymphoma development
Authors: Ströbel Philipp , Marino Mirella , Feuchtenberger Martin , Rouzière Anne‐Sophie , Tony Hans Peter , Wulbrand Ulrich , Förster Reinhold , Zettl Andreas , Lee Harris Nancy , Kreipe Hans , Laeng R Hubert , Müller‐Hermelink Hans Konrad , Marx Alexander
Published: June 2005

The aetiology of primary B‐cell lymphomas of the thymus is enigmatic. Although thymic follicular lymphoid hyperplasia (TFH) is commonly associated with myasthenia gravis (MG), lymphoma is not a complication of this condition. The present paper reports a high frequency of monoclonal B‐cell populations (6 of 18 cases; 33%) in micronodular thymoma (MNT), a peculiar thymic epithelial neoplasm with a B‐cell‐rich stroma, while B cells were consistently polyclonal in TFH (25 cases) and other types of thymomas (15 cases) (p < 0.001). An intratumoural lymphoma could be identified in three of the six monoclonal MNTs. Sequencing of the monoclonal IgH chain revealed partially overlapping VDJ gene usage in MNT and thymic mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas. The neoplastic epithelium of MNTs, but not of TFH and other types of thymoma, expressed high levels of dendritic cell, T‐cell, and B‐cell chemoattractants, such as CCL18, CCR6, and CCL20. It is concluded that abnormal chemokine expression in an epithelial tumour, MNT, can promote the recruitment of MALT, the emergence of monoclonal B cells, and, eventually, the subsequent development of mediastinal lymphomas. More generally, the concept that expression of a ‘high‐risk’ spectrum of chemokines due to local or genetic factors may interfere with B‐cell homeostasis and may contribute to MALT lymphoma development in chronic inflammatory states is proposed. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reactivity of Si‐H and Si‐vinyl end functionalized siloxanes toward PBT: A model system study
Authors: Fustin C.A. , Sclavons M. , Pantoustier N. , Bebelman S. , Truffier‐Blanc D. , Bailly C. , Merlin P.
Published: June 2005

Based on a previous model compound study, we investigated the melt reactivity of Si‐H and Si‐vinyl end‐functionalized siloxane oligomers towards polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) in the presence of platinum(0)‐catalyst. We clearly observed grafting of the Si‐H functional oligomer onto PBT and have also indications for grafting of the Si‐vinyl oligomer. The grafting efficiencies and kinetics of both siloxane model compounds are compared and roughly quantified by infrared spectroscopy. This result indicates that the same reactive groups that are used to vulcanize silicone gums at high temperature can also be used to favor compatibility with a polyester matrix, opening perspectives toward polyester‐siloxane thermoplastic elastomers. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 45:1067–1072, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers
Survey of professionals' expectations of developmental task achievement of cystic fibrosis self‐care in children
Authors: Patton Susana R. , Graham Julie L. , Holsclaw Douglas , Varlotta Laurie
Published: June 2005

We surveyed 174 professionals with at least 6 months of experience working with children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF), to obtain estimates of ages at which 50% of children with CF may be able to perform each of 44 self‐care behaviors related to the treatment of CF. Respondents were 63 physicians, 36 nurses, 24 dietitians, 18 respiratory therapists, 17 nurse practitioners, 10 social workers, and 4 psychologists, who had a mean of 11.4 years (SD = 7.5) of experience working with pediatric patients with CF. Mean age estimates for self‐care behaviors ranged from 5.5–13.9 years. For each item, responses varied among respondents, as reflected by a mean standard deviation of 2.75 years for all behaviors. Analyses of concordance suggested a high level of agreement among respondents for the order of mastery of specific skills related to diet and enzymes use only. To date, there are no empirically defined age estimates for when children with CF may be able to perform specific self‐care behaviors involved in the management of CF. This survey is the first step in generating age estimates for self‐care independence in CF. Future research should conduct an objective assessment of children's CF knowledge and skill in performing these behaviors, and compare these findings to the age estimates offered in this study. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2005; 40:135–140. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of nebulized albuterol on blood glucose in patients with diabetes mellitus with and without cystic fibrosis
Authors: König P. , Goldstein D. , Poehlmann M. , Rife D. , Ge B. , Hewett J.
Published: June 2005

Over 90% of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are treated with bronchodilators, and 6% have diabetes. Some with asthma also have diabetes, and most are treated with bronchodilators. Systemic administration of adrenergic agents can cause increases in blood glucose, but the effect of inhaled agents is unclear. A double‐blind study was performed on 10 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) without CF (3 male, 7 female, mean age 25.5 years) and 9 patients with insulin‐dependent CF‐related diabetes (CFRD) (8 male, 1 female, mean age 21.9 years). On 2 separate days before 9 AM fasting and the morning dose of insulin, 2.5 mg of albuterol or nebulized placebo were given. Blood glucose was measured by finger stick with a glucose reflectance meter before and 15, 30, 45, and 60 min after treatment. No significant changes from baseline or differences between placebo and albuterol occurred in either group. The mean maximum increase from baseline in DM was 20 mg/dl on placebo, and 38 mg/dl on albuterol; in the CFRD, the respective changes were 7 and 7 mg/dl. Two DM patients had a > 50 mg/dl increase on albuterol vs. placebo; no CFRD patients had differences of such magnitude. DM patients had greater increases from baseline than CFRD patients on placebo and albuterol. Differences reached statistical significance at 30 and 45 min on placebo, and 45 min on albuterol. Albuterol 2.5 mg by nebulizer causes no clinically significant increases in blood glucose in DM or CFRD patients. Diabetes patients without CF have a significantly greater increase of glucose with time (placebo or albuterol) than CFRD patients. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2005; 40:105–108. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glucocorticoid induction of cleft palate in mice; no correlation with inhibition of mucopolysaccharide synthesis
Authors: Andrew Floyd D. , Zimmerman Ernest F.
Published: June 2005

Glucocorticoids were administered once intramuscularly on day 11.5 of gestation to pregnant C3H/An mice. Triamcinolone acetonide (10 mg/ kg) produced 80% fetal cleft palates and reduced 35S‐sulfate incorporation into palate mucopolysaccharides to 74% of control values. Cortisol acetate (320 mg/ kg) administration under the same conditions resulted in 70% cleft palate and 35% of control incorporation. A nonteratogenic dose of cortisol (64 mg/kg) in‐hibited mucopolysaccharide synthesis to 68% of control values, i.e., this effect was similar to that obtained with the teratogenic dose of triamcinolone. Maximal palatal mucopolysaccharide synthesis occurs during day 14.5 of gestation, the time at which fetal palate shelves normally move horizontally and grow toward each other prior to fusion. Marked inhibition of mucopolysaccharide synthesis by glucocorticoids at this time has been considered to be the basis of their induction of cleft palates, analogous to their antiinflammatory effects on other connective tissue. However, our results suggest that the induction of cleft palate by gluco‐corticoids is not related to inhibition of mucopolysaccharide synthesis by them but rather to growth inhibition.
Inhibition of palatal fusion in vitro by β‐2‐thienylalanine
Authors: Baird G. , Verrusio A. C.
Published: June 2005

The effect of β‐2‐thienylalanine on palatal fusion was studied in vitro. Palatal shelves were dissected from 13‐ and 14‐day C57BL/6J mouse embryos and placed on agar‐solidified Eagle's medium containing equimolar concentrations of β‐2‐thienylalanine and phenylalanine. Closure of the palate proceeded normally in these explants—the marginal edges of the shelves fused to form an epithelial band, which then broke down and permitted mesenchymal continuity of the palatal processes. However, fusion was delayed, or completely inhibited, in all explants grown on medium supplemented with 2 mM β‐2‐thienyla‐lanine alone. The degree of inhibition depended on the stage of development of the embryo from which the palatal shelves were obtained—explants from early 13‐day embryos showed no adherence of the midpalatal epithelium, but 14‐day explants formed an epithelial band along the full length of the palate. Numerous mitotic figures, as well as areas of active cartilage and bone proliferation, demonstrated that the cultures were viable in the presence of the analogue.
Teratologic effects of LSD in explanted early chick embryos
Authors: Lee Hsin‐Yi , Hart Nathan H. , Kalmus Gerhard W.
Published: June 2005

Chick embryos were explanted at stages 4–7 and cultured for 20 h with or without LSD. At any stage 10 μg/ml LSD or higher caused abnormalities in axial structures, particularly somites, in over 50% of the embryos. LSD had no apparent effect on morphogenesis of the heart, but significantly lowered the pulse rate. Cellular degeneration occurred in severely affected structures, but LSD at embryotoxic doses caused alterations in neither cell morphology nor mitotic activity. The effects of LSD were not permanent, i.e., the embryos retained the ability to undergo normal morphogenesis when, after 4–5 h of treatment with 10 μg/ml LSD, they were subcultured on plain nutrient medium.
A syndrome of multiple congenital malformations including amelia and oligodactyly occurring in half‐cousins
Authors: Lazjuk G. I. , Lurie I. W. , Cherstvoy E. D. , Ussova Yu. I.
Published: June 2005

Two half‐cousins with a complex of malformations including unilateral lower amelia and oligosyndactyly of the hands are described. The differential diagnosis of the syndrome is presented. It is possible that it is inherited as an autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance.
Effects of trypan blue on the development of the garden lizard, Calotes versicolor
Authors: Mathur Jagdish K. , Goel Suresh C.
Published: June 2005

The eggs of Calotes versicolor were exposed to different concentrations of trypan blue around the time of appearance of limb buds. The treatment resulted in malformations of limbs, hemorrhages in various locations, microphthalmia, kinky tail, and retarded development and growth of the contained embryos. The proportion of affected embryos varied significantly from clutch to clutch, perhaps due to genetic variation. All treated embryos, including those apparently unaffected, had trypan blue in the blood circulation, but not in the amniotic cavity or extraembryonic celom. Trypan blue was seen in kidney, liver, and other organs in decreasing order of frequency and concentration. On histological examination a change in the mitotic and necrotic frequency of the cells was noticed as one of the early events. The initial necrosis was close to blood vessels. The protective role of yolk sac in trypan blue‐induced teratogenesis is discussed and contrary to the widely held view it is concluded that the yolk sac appears to play no such significant role in Calotes. It is suggested that trypan blue directly affects Calotes embryos, perhaps by altering cell permeability.
Effects of cytosine arabinoside, 6‐aminonicotinamide, and 6‐mercaptopurine riboside on ectoderm and mesoderm of mouse limb buds
Authors: Krowke R. , Berg P. , Merker H.‐J.
Published: June 2005

The effects of cytosine arabinoside, 6‐aminonicotinamide, and 6‐mercaptopurine riboside on the incorporation of [14C]glucose moieties and [32P]phosphate into acid‐soluble material and lipids, RNA, DNA, and protein were measured in the dissected mesoderm and ectoderm of mouse limb buds at the 42–45 (day 11) somite stage. Due to the different proliferative capacities of the two tissues the incorporation of the precursors into mesodermal cells was considerably higher than into ectodermal ones. Cytosine arabinoside inhibited the incorporation of the precursor moieties only into DNA, but very early after its application. This effect was more obvious in mesoderm than ectoderm. 6‐Aminonicotinamide interfered only with glucose metabolism, whereas the incorporation of phosphate was not affected. 14C radioactivity in the various cell components was similarly reduced in mesoderm and ectoderm. 6‐mercaptopurine riboside caused an increased incorporation of precursor material in all fractions studied in the mesoderm as well as in the ectoderm during the first 12 hours. This was succeeded by a dramatic decrease of incorporated 14C and 32P radioactivity. Differences of response in the tissues could not be detected with this drug. It is suggested that the malformations of the extremities caused by these antimetabolites may be predominantly attributed to changes in the cell function rather than to gross effects on cell metabolism.
Commercial dietary influences on the frequency of cortisone‐induced cleft palate in C57B1/6J mice
Authors: Miller K. K.
Published: June 2005

Changes in standard laboratory diet were found to affect appreciably the cortisone‐induced CP frequencies in the offspring of C57B1/6J mice. Fetuses from females maintained on Purina Mouse Chow consistently showed much higher CP frequencies than fetuses from females maintained on Wayne Lab‐Blox.
6‐Aminonicotinamide‐induced cleft palate in the mouse: The nature of the difference between the A/J and C57BL/6J strains in frequency of response and its genetic basis
Authors: Biddle F. G.
Published: June 2005

Cleft palate induction by 6‐aminonicotinamide (6‐AN) was examined in the A/J and C57BL/6J strains of mice to determine the nature of the strain difference in frequency of cleft‐palate response. Probit analysis of the cleft‐palate response to dose of different genotypes revealed a family of linear and parallel dose‐response curves. The genotypes differ only in dosage tolerance (log ED50) to 6‐AN that is required for the cleft‐palate response. No evidence for a maternal cytoplasmic effect on 6‐AN‐induced cleft palate was found under the conditions of the present study. When the difference in dosage tolerance to 6‐AN between A/J and C57BL/6J was examined with a single dose and measured by differences in frequency of induced cleft palate on a probit scale, there was some departure from genetic additivity. There was an indication of dominance deviation of the F1 embryos in the direction of C57BL/6J. A 3‐locus, epistatic model is proposed to account for the difference in embryonic tolerance to 6‐AN‐induced cleft palate. There was a suggestion of association with the brown (b) locus.
Alpha‐fetoprotein values in monkey (Macaca mulatta) pregnancy
Authors: Ehrenkranz Richard A. , Chez Ronald A. , Princler Gerald L. , McIntire K. Robert , Waldmann Thomas A.
Published: June 2005

The pregnant rhesus monkey's (Macaca mulatta) potential as a model for understanding the dynamics of alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) metabolism in human pregnancy was evaluated. AFP levels in maternal and fetal serum and amniotic fluid were determined by radioimmunoassay. Significant correlations were found between decreasing maternal serum, fetal serum and amniotic fluid AFP concentrations and increasing gestational age. However, these data are not consistent with the AFP changes reported in human pregnancy. It appears that this animal has limited applicability as a model in this aspect of human pregnancy.
Sex, side, and severity in spontaneous malformations of fetal A/JKt mice, and their associations with each other and with fetal weight
Authors: Kalter Harold
Published: June 2005

Cleft lip and palate (CLP) and open eyelid (OL) occur spontaneously in rather high frequencies in A/JKt mice, but vary greatly in their degree, laterality, and sex distribution. CLP occurs significantly more often in females, and OL even more often in males, than in the opposite sex. The female preponderance for CLP was largely if not entirely due to the increased rate of occurrence of left and incomplete forms of the defect, and to the excess in females heavier than the female median weight; whereas the male preponderance for OL could not be explained by any clear or major disparities of these sorts. CLP and OL occurred together more often than expected in individuals, but not in litters. There was no relation between the rate of defects in successive litters of the same female; nor was a relation detected between extent and severity of defect.
The challenges of teratology
Authors: Smithells Richard W.
Published: June 2005

Teratology has its origins in the descriptive anatomy of malformed humans. Although the term now has much wider connotations, the first challenge of teratology is to recognise its purpose as a science related to a human problem. The wider connotations inevitably mean the involvement of increasing numbers of disciplines, each with its own language and limitations, but each with a unique contribution to make. The second challenge of teratology is therefore to establish and expand communications between these disciplines. The third challenge is teratogenesis, which requires a rather more profound consideration of the nature of causation than a simple cause‐and‐effect relationship. At the same time as looking back from consequences to causes, we must look forward from the causes to alternative consquences. The affinity of teratogenesis, carcinogenesis, and mutagenesis constitutes the fourth challenge. The fifth challenge brings us back to humans, and lies in the relationships between scientists working within the field of teratology, and industry, the law, the media, and the public at large.
A metabolite of a structural analog of thalidomide lacks teratogenic effect in pregnant rhesus monkeys
Authors: Scott W. J. , Wilson J. G. , Helm F.‐Ch
Published: June 2005

A metabolite of CG 3033, a structural analog of thalidomide, was examined for teratogenic potential in rhesus monkeys. The metabolite EM 240 is produced in man by hydrolysis of the parent compound but the pathway is absent in nonhuman primates.

Fifteen mg/kg administered orally throughout organogenesis to pregnant rhesus monkeys produced no evidence of embryotoxicity, including malformation.
Congenital malformations in Utah
Authors: Seegmiller Robert E. , Hansen Wilford N.
Published: June 2005

The rate of malformed children in Utah of 11.7 per 1,000 live births, derived from 128,857 birth certificates, was not high compared with other non‐Utah studies. Rates of selected malformations also were not high. The rate of malformed children varied by county of residence. San Juan County reported the highest percentage of mothers receiving late or infrequent prenatal care, the lowest mean level of public education, and the highest rate of malformed children in the state. The rate was not significantly associated with the large population of Indians residing in that county since by controlling for residence, the variation by race was eliminated. The overall rate was positively associated with maternal age primarily due to an increased frequency of Down's syndrome. The impact of the “maternal age effect” on the state malformation rate, however, was not large. By controlling for maternal age, the slight association between increased rate of malformed children and increasing birth order was eliminated. The rate of malformed children was higher for parents having a low level of education, infrequent prenatal care, or who were not married. There was also a strong negative association of birth weight with the rate of malformation. Analysis of rates of selected malformations suggested that the low birth weight was a sequela to intrauterine growth retardation caused by severe congenital malformation. The validity and etiologic implications of these results await further investigation.
Teratogenic effects of cyproterone acetate and medroxyprogesterone treatment during the pre‐ and postimplantation period of mouse embryos. II. Cyproterone acetate and medroxyprogesterone acetate treatment before implantation in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Eibs H.‐G. , Spielmann H. , Jacob‐Müller U. , Klose J.
Published: June 2005

The study was performed to investigate direct embryotoxic effects of maternal progestin treatment during the preimplantation period. In the first experiment pregnant mice received a single subcutaneous injection of either Cyproterone acetate (CA) or medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) on day 2 of pregnancy (5–600 mg/kg). In a second experiment four‐cell embryos were exposed to CA or MPA in vitro (3 or 30 μg/ml medium). Our results revealed: (1) After maternal treatment the number of live embryos was reduced after the highest CA dose. Development into blastocysts was inhibited in a dose‐related manner after CA but not after MPA. The number of cells in morulae, blastocysts, and of the inner cell mass (ICM) of late blastocysts was not affected. (2) When morulae and blastocysts were cultured in vitro after maternal treatment, hatching, attachment, and trophoblast outgrowth were inhibited after high doses, but development and differentiation of the ICM were inhibited even after low doses. (3) Application of 30 μg/ml of CA or MPA in vitro was directly embryolethal. Three μg/ml did not affect development into blastocysts, but ICM development and differentiation were again inhibited during subsequent culture in hormone‐free medium. (4) Qualitative protein synthesis was altered in morulae and blastocysts 24 hours after maternal CA treatment. According to our results high doses of progestins are embryotoxic before implantation, low doses have delayed effects on embryonic development that are particularly evident after implantation in vitro.
Backcross test demonstrates the linkage of glucocorticoid‐induced cleft palate susceptibility to H‐2
Authors: Bonner Joseph J. , Tyan Marvin L.
Published: June 2005

Data in this report demonstrate a linkage between glucocorticoid‐induced cleft palate susceptibility and H‐2. B10.A × C57BL/10F1 females were backcrossed to C57BL/10 males. Cleft palate was induced in the BC1 fetuses by giving pregnant females 80 mg/kg of dexamethasone intraperitoneally (IP) on day 12 of gestation. The H‐2a/b haplotype was detected on day 18 BC1 fetal spleen cells with an indirect immunofluorescent labeling technique. Fetuses without antigen H‐2Kk were H‐2b/b. H‐2a/b fetuses had a cleft palate frequency of 29%; 11% of the H‐2b/b fetuses had cleft palate (P < .01), demonstrating that the higher suceptibility to cleft palate segregates with the H‐2a haplotype.
Histopathological and hemodynamic studies supporting hypoxia and vascular disruption as explanation to phenytoin teratogenicity
Authors: Danielson M. K. , Danielsson B. R. G. , Marchner H. , Lundin M. , Rundqvist E. , Reiland S.
Published: June 2005

The limb plates and craniofacial regions in rabbit fetuses were examined shortly after the last dose of phenytoin on day 16 after daily administration by gavage with either 150 mg/kg on days 14–16 or 300 mg/kg on days 15–16. Both treatment regimens resulted in similar changes. Histologically, the digital areas of the limb plates showed extensive edema and dilated blood vessels within 2 h. After 8 h, vascular disruption occurred with hemorrhages. At 24–48 h after dosing, mesenchymal necrosis and, on some occasions, amputation of digits was observed. In the craniofacial region, well‐defined superficial hemorrhage was seen in the frontal and nasal region at 8 h. Histologically, subectodermal hemorrhage caused by vascular disruption and microfocal mesenchymal necrosis was observed. At 48 h, some fetuses showed severe diffuse intracranial and superficial hemorrhage, resulting in massive tissue damage, also in the central nervous system (CNS). Maternal heart rate, blood pressure, PO2, and PCO2 were also measured in awake pregnant rabbits 6 h after the last dose on day 16 after daily administration with 150 mg/kg during gestational days 14–16. An attempt was also made to measure fetal heart rate in anesthetized rabbits. The maternal heart rate and blood pressure decreased with about 15% in phenytoin‐treated animals, resulting in a decrease in PO2 (∼15%) and an increase in PCO2 (∼15%). A decrease in fetal heart rate was also registered. The results thus indicate that phenytoin exerts its teratogenic effects by inducing fetal hypoxia, leading to vascular disrupture and necrosis of existing and developingstructures. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accumulation of elements in annual tree rings measured by synchrotron x‐ray fluorescence analysis
Authors: Vives A. E. S. , Silva R. M. C. , Medeiros J. G. da S. , Tomazello Filho M. , Barroso R. C. , Zucchi O. L. A. D , Moreira S.
Published: June 2005

Wood samples of hardwood (Eucalyptus sp.) and softwood (Pinus sp.) showing typical anatomical features treated with CCA (copper–chromium–arsenic) were analyzed. The distribution and quantification of metals in the sapwood/heartwood (Eucalyptus sp.) and in the growth‐rings (Pinus sp.) were obtained. The samples were scanned in 320 µm steps in the vertical direction. An x‐ray beam of ∼320 × 180 µm was used. For excitation of the elements white beam synchrotron radiation was employed and for x‐ray detection an Si(Li) semiconductor detector. The x‐ray fluorescence intensities for the elements K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn and As were measured. Heterogeneous distribution of the elements was verified across growth‐rings indicating irregular efficiency of the preservative distribution inside wood in the softwood samples. As expected, in eucalyptus the presence of the elements Cr, Cu and As was verified in the sapwood region only. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A resurgence in reproductive behavior in a previously inactive male orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus abelii)
Authors: O'Donoghue E. R.
Published: June 2005

A male orangutan, who had sired one offspring in 1973, displayed no sexual activity over a period of years despite the continuing presence of his mate. Reproductive behavior recurred after (1) relocation to a new environment, (2) an apparent reduction in obesity, and (3) the introduction of a novel female conspecific.
Intraspecific aggression results in death of a collared peccary
Authors: Lochmiller Robert L. , Grant W. E.
Published: June 2005

An adult male collared peccary (Dicotyles tajacu) caught from the wild was released into an outdoor enclosure containing 12 other wild adult peccaries. The introduced male died of severe infection as a result of scrotal wounds inflicted by resident peccaries.
Notes on water‐contact by a captive male lowland gorilla
Authors: Brown Susan G. , Dunlap William P. , Maple Terry L.
Published: June 2005

Great apes in captivity and in the wild exhibit varying propensities to enter and use water. Although some captive apes have drowned in deep water, others have been inclined to play and to “bathe” in shallow water. In the present study of two gorillas, an adult male's water contact was apparently influenced by humidity, but not by zoo attendance or ambient temperature. Most water contact was restricted to the morning hours; water entry during the afternoon was infrequent. Both animals sought shelter during rain. Considering the frequent use of the streams and moat by one of the two gorillas studied, water may be regarded as a type of environmental enrichment.
Birds on novel island environments. A case study with the urban avifauna of Tenerife (Canary Islands)
Authors: Palomino David , Carrascal Luis M.
Published: June 2005

We analyzed the variation in island bird communities of urban environments related to habitat characteristics, using regression/classification tree analyses. Data from field censuses in cities/towns representing the urban heterogeneity of the whole island were obtained in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain). Urban bird abundance in Tenerife was negatively affected by altitude and the cover of dry Euphorbia shrubs and positively influenced by the height and cover of the tree layer. Species richness was negatively associated with building cover and positively related to tree height and altitude. Data from field censuses in Tenerife were compared with that of similar urban environments in the mainland (Madrid Province, central Spain). Species diversity was higher in the urban sample of Tenerife than in that of Madrid and the proportion of bird species from the regional pool ‘captured’ by urban environments was higher in the island than in the mainland. Nine native species and three alien species were more abundant in island urban environments than in the continent (densities, at least, 100% higher), the converse occurring for only five species. At a biogeographic scale, we conclude that the avifauna of Tenerife Island is more prone to occupy a new artificial environment than the mainland bird fauna of central Spain.
Double Dislocations of Digits
Authors: HUTCHISON J. D. , HOOPER G. , ROBB J. E.
Published: June 2005

We report eight patients who sustained simultaneous dislocations of two joints in a digit. The little finger was involved in five patients.
Type 4 Median Nerve Entrapment after Elbow Dislocation
Authors: AL-QATTAN M. M. , ZUKER R. M. , WEINBERG M. J.
Published: June 2005

A rare case of median nerve entrapment after posterior elbow dislocation is reported. Nerve entrapment was both in the healed medial epicondyle fracture and within the elbow joint and we recommend placing this type of entrapment separately in an extended classification of median nerve entrapment following elbow dislocation.
A Study of the Dynamic Relationship of the Lumbrical Muscles and the Carpal Tunnel
Authors: YII N. W. , ELLIOT D.
Published: June 2005

The dynamic relationship of the lumbrical muscles to the carpal tunnel was studied in 35 hands in 32 patients and their movement into the tunnel on finger flexion was examined with a view to its use as a diagnostic provocation test in carpal tunnel syndrome.
Carpal Instability Non-Dissociative
Authors: WRIGHT T. W. , DOBYNS J. H. , LINSCHEID R. L. , MACKSOUD W. , SIEGERT J.
Published: June 2005

A retrospective study of 45 patients with symptoms of wrist pain and weakness with clinical evidence of instability is presented. These patients had normal intrinsic interosseous ligaments demonstrated arthrographically or surgically. They were followed for a minimum of 18 months and an average of 5.8 years. All patients demonstrated instability of the proximal carpal row which is referred to as carpal instability non-dissociative (CIND). Seven patients were treated non-operatively and 38 were treated operatively. Surgical management consisted of soft tissue reconstruction directed at the area of instability in 34 cases, joint levelling osteotomy in six, three of whom also had soft tissue reconstructions, and mid-carpal fusion in one. The overall good and excellent results were a disappointing 56% and there was no significant difference between the non-surgical and surgical groups. The best results were found in the ulna-minus CIND patients who underwent a joint levelling osteotomy, with 83% good and excellent results. CIND is associatedwith extrinsic ligamentous laxity; however, significant difficulty exists in locating the precise areas of maximum pathology. This accounts for the unpredictable results of treatment. As our understanding of the pathomechanics of CIND improves, the treatment will become more specific and the results should improve.
NATURAL HISTORY OF ASHKENAZI INTELLIGENCE
Authors: COCHRAN GREGORY , HARDY JASON , HARPENDING HENRY
Published: June 2005

This paper elaborates the hypothesis that the unique demography and sociology of Ashkenazim in medieval Europe selected for intelligence. Ashkenazi literacy, economic specialization, and closure to inward gene flow led to a social environment in which there was high fitness payoff to intelligence, specifically verbal and mathematical intelligence but not spatial ability. As with any regime of strong directional selection on a quantitative trait, genetic variants that were otherwise fitness reducing rose in frequency. In particular we propose that the well-known clusters of Ashkenazi genetic diseases, the sphingolipid cluster and the DNA repair cluster in particular, increase intelligence in heterozygotes. Other Ashkenazi disorders are known to increase intelligence. Although these disorders have been attributed to a bottleneck in Ashkenazi history and consequent genetic drift, there is no evidence of any bottleneck. Gene frequencies at a large number of autosomal loci show that if there was a bottleneck then subsequent gene flow from Europeans must have been very large, obliterating the effects of any bottleneck. The clustering of the disorders in only a few pathways and the presence at elevated frequency of more than one deleterious allele at many of them could not have been produced by drift. Instead these are signatures of strong and recent natural selection.
Valuing ecosystem functions: an empirical study on the storm protection function of Bhitarkanika mangrove ecosystem, India
Authors: BADOLA RUCHI , HUSSAIN S.A.
Published: June 2005

The ecosystem services provided by mangroves are often ignored in the ongoing process of mangrove conversion. Services provided by the Bhitarkanika mangrove ecosystem in India and estimated cyclone damage avoided in three selected villages, taking the cyclone of 1999 as a reference point, were valued by assessing the socio-economic status of the villages, the cyclone damage to houses, livestock, fisheries, trees and other assets owned by the people, and the level and duration of flooding. Eleven variables were used to compare damage in the villages, one protected by mangroves, one unprotected by mangroves, and the third possessing an embankment on its seaward side. Attitude surveys were carried out in 10% of the households in 35 villages located in the Bhitarkanika Conservation Area to assess local people's perceptions regarding the storm protection function of mangroves and their attitude towards mangrove forests generally. In the mangrove-protected village, variables had either the lowest values for adverse factors (such as damage to houses), or the highest values for positive factors (such as crop yield). The loss incurred per household was greatest (US$ 153.74) in the village that was not sheltered by mangroves but had an embankment, followed by the village that was neither in the shadow of mangroves or the embankment (US$ 44.02) and the village that was protected by mangrove forests (US$ 33.31). The local people were aware of and appreciated the functions performed by the mangrove forests in protecting their lives and property from cyclones, and were willing to cooperate with the forest department in mangrove restoration.
The effect of catena position and stump characteristics on the coppice response of three savannah fuelwood species
Authors: KASCHULA S.A. , TWINE W.C. , SCHOLES M.C.
Published: June 2005

Fuelwood is still the primary energy source for rural households across the savannah biome of Africa. Coppice growth is an important species-specific trait that strongly influences fuelwood production and regeneration, and yet coppice growth patterns are poorly understood in African savannahs. It is therefore vital that factors affecting coppice growth of species, such as environment conditions and harvesting technique, be better understood in order to develop models for sustainable fuelwood use. This study investigated coppice growth and resource allocation strategies in relation to (1) position along the landscape catena and (2) harvesting technique, for three savannah fuelwood tree species: Dichrostachys cinerea, Albizia harveyi and Combretum collinum. The study was conducted in a dystrophic semi-arid savannah in the far north-east of South Africa. A total of 1146 harvested stumps were sampled in topland and bottomland sites in three locations around a rural village. Stump characteristics (diameter and height) and coppice shoot variables (number of shoots, length and diameter of each shoot, length of longest shoot, and diameter of fattest shoot) were measured for each stump. Three soil samples were taken in each site for physical and chemical analysis. No statistically significant differences were found in soil variables between topland and bottomland sites, probably due to low sample size. Coppice resource allocation strategies varied between species. D. cinerea exhibited a ‘quantity-driven’ strategy, with the production of large numbers of relatively small coppice shoots with high length:diameter ratio (shoot taper function). C. collinum exhibited a ‘quality-driven’ strategy, characterized by the production of a relatively low number of larger coppice shoots. Coppice growth variables for A. harveyi were intermediate between those of the other two species, suggesting a strategy where allocation of resources to the number and growth of shoots is more balanced. However, allocation of resources relative to the size of the cut stem, indexed by total shoot basal area:stump basal area ratio, did not differ significantly between species. Coppice growth was strongly favoured in bottomland sites for D. cinerea, and to a lesser degree, C. collinum. Catenal position had a negligible influence on coppice growth of A. harveyi. Number of shoots produced increased with cutting height for all three species. For all three species the number of shoots increased with stump diameter, and mean shoot size also increased with stump size for D. cinerea. There was a significant negative relationship between stump diameter and total shoot basal area:stump basal area ratio for A. harveyi and C. collinum. A framework for optimizing different coppice growth variables according to species, catenal position and harvesting technique is given.
Accounting for correlations with core electrons by means of the generalized relativistic effective core potentials: Atoms Hg and Pb and their compounds
Authors: Mosyagin N. S. , Titov A. V.
Published: June 2005

A way to account for correlations between the chemically active (valence) and innermore (core) electrons in the framework of the generalized relativistic effective core potential (GRECP) method is suggested. The “correlated” GRECP’s (CGRECP’s) are generated for the Hg and Pb atoms. Only correlations for the external 12 and 4 electrons of them, correspondingly, should be treated explicitly in the subsequent calculations with these CGRECP’s whereas the innermore electrons are excluded from the calculations. Results of atomic calculations with the correlated and earlier GRECP versions are compared with the corresponding all-electron Dirac–Coulomb values. Calculations with the above GRECP’s and CGRECP’s are also carried out for the lowest-lying states of the HgH molecule and its cation and for the ground state of the PbO molecule, as compared to earlier calculations and experimental data. The accuracy for the vibrational frequencies is increased up to an order of magnitude and the errors for the bond lengths (rotational constants) are decreased in about two times when the correlated GRECP’s are applied instead of earlier GRECP versions employing the same innercore-outercore-valence partitioning.
The origin of preferential twinning in YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin films deposited on the (0 0 1) NdGaO3 substrate
Authors: Nam J. , Hughes R. A. , Castellan J. P. , Gaulin B. D. , Britten J. F. , Preston J. S.
Published: June 2005

With few exceptions, YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin films have been shown to be heavily microtwinned. Conflicting reports of twin-free films, however, have been presented when using the (0 0 1) NdGaO3 substrate. In this report, we address this issue as well as investigate the epitaxial relationship between YBa2Cu3O7−δ and this substrate. We find no evidence that the films are twin-free, but instead provide corroborative support for other work showing that the films are preferentially twinned. This work also establishes the epitaxial relationship between the film and substrate; a relationship consistent with the formation of preferential twins.
Electric-field-controlled water and ion permeation of a hydrophobic nanopore
Authors: Dzubiella J. , Hansen J.-P.
Published: June 2005

The permeation of hydrophobic, cylindrical nanopores by water molecules and ions is investigated under equilibrium and out-of-equilibrium conditions by extensive molecular-dynamics simulations. Neglecting the chemical structure of the confining pore surface, we focus on the effects of pore radius and electric field on permeation. The simulations confirm the intermittent filling of the pore by water, reported earlier under equilibrium conditions for pore radii larger than a critical radius Rc. Below this radius, water can still permeate the pore under the action of a strong electric field generated by an ion concentration imbalance at both ends of the pore embedded in a structureless membrane. The water driven into the channel undergoes considerable electrostriction characterized by a mean density up to twice the bulk density and by a dramatic drop in dielectric permittivity which can be traced back to a considerable distortion of the hydrogen-bond network inside the pore. The free-energy barrier to ion permeation is estimated by a variant of umbrella sampling for Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Cl− ions, and correlates well with known solvation free energies in bulk water. Starting from an initial imbalance in ion concentration, equilibrium is gradually restored by successive ion passages through the water-filled pore. At each passage the electric field across the pore drops, reducing the initial electrostriction, until the pore, of radius less than Rc, closes to water and hence to ion transport, thus providing a possible mechanism for voltage-dependent gating of hydrophobic pores.
Annealing behavior of low-energy ion-implanted phosphorus in silicon
Authors: Ruffell S. , Mitchell I. V. , Simpson P. J.
Published: June 2005

Phosphorous diffusion in silicon has been investigated for room-temperature implants of low energy (5, 10, and 30 keV) and fluence between 1×1014 and 5×1015cm−2, followed by rapid thermal annealing in the temperature range of 600–1000 °C. Depth profiles were extracted by time-of-flight secondary-ion-mass spectroscopy. For 5-keV energy implants below 1×1015cm−2 fluence, phosphorus preferentially diffused outwards, i.e., toward the sample surface. Nuclear reaction analysis in combination with chemical stripping of the oxide shows that as much as 50% of the P in annealed samples can accumulate at the surface oxide during a 30-s anneal. At all implant energies, indiffusion of P dominates in the regimes of higher fluence, higher anneal temperature, and longer anneal times.
Electron paramagnetic resonance of Cr3+ in near-stoichiometric LiTaO3
Authors: Loyo-Menoyo M. , Keeble D. J. , Furukawa Y. , Kitamura K.
Published: June 2005

Electron-paramagnetic-resonance (EPR) experiments on the dominant Cr3+ center in near-stoichiometric LiTaO3 crystals, grown by the double crucible Czochralski method, are reported. A near complete roadmap of EPR positions was obtained allowing an accurate determination of the spin-Hamiltonian parameters. Newman superposition model calculations of zero-field splitting term were performed and support the model of Cr3+ incorporation within the Li octahedron. Calculations were also made for Cr3+ in LiNbO3, again good agreement with a Li site model was obtained for the main EPR center. The temperature dependence of the zero-field splitting parameter for Cr3+ in LiTaO3 was found to show anomalous behavior in the region of 40 K, suggesting the presence local structural instability at the ion site.
Cathodoluminescence imaging and spectroscopy of excited states in InAs self-assembled quantum dots
Authors: Khatsevich S. , Rich D. H. , Kim Eui-Tae , Madhukar A.
Published: June 2005

We have examined state filling and thermal activation of carriers in buried InAs self-assembled quantum dots (SAQDs) with excitation-dependent cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging and spectroscopy. The InAs SAQDs were formed during molecular-beam epitaxial growth of InAs on undoped planar GaAs (001). The intensities of the ground- and excited-state transitions were analyzed as a function of temperature and excitation density to study the thermal activation and reemission of carriers. The thermal activation energies associated with the thermal quenching of the luminescence were measured for ground- and excited-state transitions of the SAQDs, as a function of excitation density. By comparing these activation energies with the ground- and excited-state transition energies, we have considered various processes that describe the reemission of carriers. Thermal quenching of the intensity of the QD ground- and first excited-state transitions at low excitations in the ∼230–300-K temperature range is attributed to dissociation of excitons from the QD states into the InAs wetting layer. At high excitations, much lower activation energies of the ground and excited states are obtained, suggesting that thermal reemission of single holes from QD states into the GaAs matrix is responsible for the observed temperature dependence of the QD luminescence in the ∼230–300-K temperature range. The dependence of the CL intensity of the ground-and first excited-state transition on excitation density was shown to be linear at all temperatures at low-excitation density. This result can be understood by considering that carriers escape and are recaptured as excitons or correlated electron–hole pairs. At sufficiently high excitations, state-filling and spatial smearing effects are observed together with a sublinear dependence of the CL intensity on excitation. Successive filling of the ground and excited states in adjacent groups of QDs that possess different size distributions is assumed to be the cause of the spatial smearing.
Ultraviolet electroabsorption modulator based on AlGaN∕GaN multiple quantum wells
Authors: Friel I. , Thomidis C. , Moustakas T. D.
Published: June 2005

An ultraviolet electroabsorption modulator based on AlGaN∕GaN quantum wells is demonstrated. Enhanced excitonic absorption in the quantum wells at around 3.48eV was achieved using a Schottky contact to partially cancel the polarization-induced electric fields in the quantum well layers. A change in the absorption coefficient greater than 4×104cm−1 was obtained for a modest reverse bias of 10V. The observed blueshift in the exciton energy was smaller than that predicted by theoretical calculations. This is accounted for by variations in the background carrier concentration in the wells with reverse bias.