bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KARAKTERISTIK TEPUNG JEWAWUT (FOXTAIL MILLET)VARIETAS LOKAL MAJENE DENGAN PERLAKUAN PERENDAMAN
Authors: Ningrum Anna Sulistya , Rahmawati NFN , Aqil Muhammad
Published: March 2018

Jewawut (Foxtail Millet) merupakan sumber karbohidrat, mempunyai aktivitas antioksidan, kaya kandungan vitamin dan mineral, serta memiliki kandungan serat pangan yang tinggi. Pengolahan jewawut dalam bentuk tepung lebih memudahkan dalam aplikasi serta memiliki daya simpan yang lebih lama. Proses perendaman dalam pembuatan tepung dilaporkan dapat memperbaiki karakteristik tepung jewawut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari pengaruh lama perendaman terhadap karakteristik fisik, kimia dan organoleptik tepung jewawut. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan 6 perlakuan (perendaman 0 jam, 1 jam, 2 jam, 3 jam, 4 jam dan 5 jam) dan diulang 4 kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin lama perendaman menurunkan kadar air, kadar abu, pH, dan densitas kamba sedangkan rendemen dan kadar asam lemak bebas meningkat. Perendaman menyebabkan berkurangnya kekerasan biji sehingga rendemen meningkat,tekstur tepung yang dihasilkan lebih halus serta kadar air menurun. Tepung dengan lama perendaman 4 jam menghasilkan karakteristik fisik, kimia dan organoleptik yang terbaik dengan nilai rendemen 99,94%; densitas kamba 0,61 g/ml; pH 6,65; kadar air 6,23%; kadar abu 1,46% dan ALB 1,152%. Hasil analisis awal menunjukkan tepung jewawut memiliki kadar serat pangan yang tinggi yaitu 8,21% dan kandungan amilosa yang rendah 6,96%-9,29 (sehingga bersifat lengket, dan tingkat pengembangan rendah). Tepung jewawut dengan karakteristik fisikokimia yang terbaik diharapkan dapat diaplikasikan dalam berbagai produk olahan, sehingga dapat mengurangi konsumsi terigu.
APLIKASI VINEGAR AIR KELAPA TERHADAP MUTU KARKAS AYAM DI RUMAH POTONG AYAM (RPA) DAN PASAR TRADISIONAL (STUDI KASUS DI RPA JAMBU RAYA DAN PASAR SHANGRILA KEBAYORAN LAMA)
Authors: Miskiyah NFN , Juniawati NFN , Suryamiyati Sri
Published: March 2018

Uji coba aplikasi vinegar air kelapa pada karkas dilakukan di Rumah Potong Ayam (RPA) dan Pasar Tradisonal. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui kinerja vinegar air kelapa terhadap karakteristik fisik dan mikrobiologi karkas ayam, dengan studi kasus di RPA Jambu Raya dan Pasar Shangrila Kebayoran Lama. Uji coba aplikasi dilakukan pada dua suhu penyimpanan yaitu suhu ruang (27-300oC) dan suhu dingin (5-7 oC) dimana pada masing-masing suhu penyimpanan terdiri dari dua perlakuan (dengan perendaman dan tanpa perendaman) dan diulang sebanyak tiga kali. Hasil Uji aplikasi di RPA menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik fisik karkas ayam dengan perlakuan vinegar air kelapa secara umum menunjukkan performa yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan karkas ayam tanpa perendaman. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan susut masak yang menurun, pH yang relatif stabil, tekstur yang semakin meningkatkan keempukannya, namun memberikan kecerahan yang sedikit menurun. Sedangkan secara mikrobiologis karkas ayam yang diberi perlakuan vinegar mampu menurunkan bakteri patogen (E.coli O157:H7 O157:H7, Salmonella, S. aureus, L. monocytogenes). Hasil uji aplikasi di pasar tradisional menunjukkan performa fisik yang berbeda dengan aplikasi di RPA dimana susut masak dan kecerahan cenderung meningkat, pH dan tekstur cenderung menurun. Sedangkan secara mikrobiologis aplikasi vinegar mampu menurunkan kontaminasi bakteri uji selama penyimpanan. Secara umum vinegar air kelapa prospektif digunakan sebagai biopreservatif pada karkas ayam.
PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN GULA TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK BUBUK INSTAN DAUN SIRSAK (ANNONA MURICATA L.) DENGAN METODE KRISTALISASI
Authors: Haryanto Bambang
Published: March 2018

Tanaman sirsak (Annona muricata L.), yang juga dikenal dengan sebutan nangka sebrang merupakan tanaman tropis dan sudah tidak asing lagi bagi masyarakat Indonesia. Tanaman ini mempunyai manfaat besar bagi kehidupan manusia, yaitu sebagai tanaman buah yang syarat dengan gizi. Dalam industri makanan, sirsak dapat diolah menjadi selai buah, sari buah, sirup dan dodol sirsak. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah pengaruh jumlah gula terhadap karakteristik serbuk instan sari daun sirsak dengan menggunakan metode kristalisasi, dan mendapatkan jumlah gula terbaik sebagai pengkristal untuk menghasilkan serbuk instan sari daun sirsak yang terbaik. Hipotesis yang diajukan dalam penelitian ini adalah jumlah gula sebagai pengkristal berpengaruh terdapat karakteristik serbuk instan daun sirsak dengan metode kristalisasi dan terdapat jumlah gula terbaik sebagai bahan penambah pada pembuatan bubuk instan daun sirsak dengan metode kristalisasi. Jumlah gula sebagai pengkristal berpengaruh nyata terhadap rendemen, tingkat kelarutan, kadar air, warna dan rasa serbuk instan daun sirsak. Jumlah gula sebagai pengkristal yang menghasilkan serbuk instan daun sirsak terbaik diperoleh pada perlakuan penambahan gula 300 gr/liter jus daun sirsak) dengan rendemen 66.68 %, Kelaruran sebesar 68,877%, Kadar Air 3,53% warna 4,10 (coklat) dan rasa 3,40 (Manis segar).
International Human Right and Islamic Law: Sebuah Upaya Menuntaskan Wacana-Wacana Kemanusiaan
Authors: Mukhis Febri Hijroh
Published: March 2018

Abstract: Islam brings universal messages involve justice, equality, respect and humanity. These actually are the sacred Sunnah of the Prophet. However, the current problems of human are so varied, in line with the development of information and technology which are so advanced. Those problems could be positive if everyone really understands the universal messages of Prophet by always on the side of social-humanity. This article seeks to examine the problem of human rights and Islamic law as the one of efforts to resolve the dichotomy between Islam and the humanity problems. This article is the conceptual study which specifically uses qualitative descriptive study. The conclusion of this study is the dichotomy between the concept of human rights and Islamic law must be resolved, both are on one purpose involve justice, equality and humanity. Human right is a common concern regardless of any interest, whether religious, politic, culture, and even science. If there is no harmony in the concept of humanity in a religious frame or tauhid, then the understanding of humanity must be freed from all forms of identity of interests.Abstrak: Islam membawa pesan universal yang abadi, yakni: keadilan, persamaan, penghargaan, dan kemanusiaan. Pesan universal inilah yang sebenarnya Sunnah Nabi yang suci. Namun problem terkini umat manusia begitu variatif, dengan semakin majunya informasi dan teknologi. Problem tersebut bisa menjadi positif jika semua orang benar-benar memahami pesan universal kenabian dengan selalu memihak kepada sosial-kemanusiaan. Artikel ini berupaya mengkaji problem HAM dan hukum Islam sebagai salah satu upaya untuk mengakhiri dikotomi antara Islam dan problem kemanusiaan. Artikel ini merupakan kajian konseptual, dengan jenis kajian kualitatif deskriptif. Kesimpulan dari kajian ini yaitu, dikotomi antara konsep HAM dan hukum Islam haruslah dituntaskan, kedunya berada pada satu ujung tujuan, yakni keadilan, kesetaraan dan kemanusiaan. Urusan kemanusiaan adalah urusan bersama tanpa memandang kepentingan apapun, baik agama, politik, budaya, bahkan pengetahuan. Jika tidak adanya keharmonisan dan kesepahaman antara konsep kemanusiaan dalam bingkai keagamaan atau tauhid maka pemahaman tentang kemanusiaan haruslah dibebaskan dari segala bentuk kepentingan identitas.
Disparitas Antara Hisab dan Rukyat: Akar Perbedaan dan Kompleksitas Percabangannya
Authors: Aini Shofwatul
Published: March 2018

Abstract: The one of some problems faced by Moslems in Indonesia is about how to determine the beginning of month of hijri year. It happens because there is no agreement on the criteria of the beginning of month of hijri year. The different ways on the interpreting hadith about the beginning of the month causes emerged of two different streams. On one side, there are some Moslems who use rukyat method (seeing the new moon) as the best way to determine the beginning of the month, usually called as “madzhab rukyat”. On the other side, there are also some Moslems who prefer to use hisab method (counting the position of the new moon) as the best way to determine the beginning of the month, usually called as “madzhab Hisab”. This difference has lead to a discordance among Moslems because it take effect on the way to determine the beginning of Ramadhan, the beginning of Syawal, and determine time to doing Arafah fasting. This article is trying to identify the root of that difference. There is the fact that there are also the new differences which made the gap within each method, so it becomes wider than before. Abstrak: Penentuan awal bulan Hijriyah merupakan salah satu di antara permasalahan yang ada di kalangan umat Islam di Indonesia. Permasalahan ini terjadi karena belum disepakatinya kriteria awal bulan. Perbedaan penafsiran terhadap hadits tentang awal bulan menyebabkan terdapat dua aliran yang berbeda. Di satu sisi, ada sekelompok umat Islam yang menggunakan metode rukyat yang biasanya disebut dengan madzhab  rukyat. Di sisi lain, ada juga sebagian umat Islam yang lebih memilih memakai metode hisab, yang kadang dinamakan sebagai madzhab hisab. Perbedaan metode penentuan awal bulan ini kadang menimbulkan perpecahan di kalangan umat Islam karena berkaitan dengan penentuan awal Ramadhan, awal Syawal, dan puasa Arafah. Artikel ini berusaha mengkaji akar perbedaan yang memunculkan metode hisab dan rukyat dalam penentuan awal bulan Hijriyah. Perbedaan antara metode hisab dan metode rukyat semakin bertambah ketika masing-masing dalam metode tersebut pada kenyataannya juga memiliki perbedaan.
Penerapan Wasiat Wajibah Menurut Kompilasi Hukum Islam (KHI) Dalam Kajian Normatif Yuridis
Authors: Setiawan Eko
Published: March 2018

Abstract: Wasiat wajibah is a last will and testament allocated to the heirs or relatives who does not acquired the inheritance of the deceased, because of the obstacle of syara. It also can be interpreted as a mandatory gift to the heirs or the families especially grandchilds who were barred from receiving the inheritance because their parents died before their grandparents died, or their parents and their grandparents died together. It is because there are their uncle(s) or aunt(s) who causing them to be barred from receiving the inheritance based on hereditary law. Wasiat wajibah is an exercise of the last will and testament or a message that should be carried out and addressed to the person who has been abandoned. According to Compilation of Islamic Law, the allocation of inheritance for foster child can be done through grants or through wasiat wajibah with the amount should not exceed 1/3 of inheritance of foster parent, this is to protect the other heirs. Abstrak: Wasiat wajibah adalah suatu wasiat yang diperuntukan kepada ahli waris atau kerabat yang tidak memperoleh bagian harta warisan dari orang yang wafat, karena adanya suatu halangan syara. Wasiat wajibah juga dapat diartikan sebagai suatu pemberian yang wajib kepada ahli waris atau kaum keluarga terutama cucu yang terhalang dari menerima harta warisan karena ibu atau ayah mereka meninggal sebelum kakek atau nenek mereka meninggal atau meninggal bersamaan. Ini karena berdasarkan hukum waris mereka terhalang dari mendapat bagian harta peninggalan kakek dan neneknya karena ada ahli waris paman atau bibi kepada cucu tersebut. Wasiat wajibah merupakan suatu pelaksanaan wasiat atau suatu pesan yang harus dilaksanakan dan ditujukan kepada orang yang ditinggalkan (orang yang masih hidup) akan memberikan harta peninggalannya kepada anak angkat. Pembagian harta warisan bagi anak angkat menurut Kompilasi Hukum Islam adalah dengan jalan melalui hibah atau dengan jalan wasiat wajibah dengan syarat tidak boleh melebihi 1/3 (sepertiga) dari harta warisan orang tua angkatnya, hal ini untuk melindungi ahli waris lainnya.
Larangan Perkawinan Perspektif Fikih dan Relevansinya Dengan Hukum Perkawinan Di indonesia
Authors: Hermanto Agus
Published: March 2018

Abstract: Marriage prohibitions from fiqh perspective include eternal prohibition (ta'bíd) is a women forbidden to marry men at the longest because of nasab relationship, marriage relationship and mother’s milk relationship. Temporary prohibition (gairu ta'bíd) is women or men forbidden to marry for certain time because of amount, collection , slavery, heathen, ihrám, iddah, three times divorced, and matrimony. Until now, adultery and li'an vow are still disputed. Marriage act in Indonesia is the result of normative law legislation which not arranges the prohibition of marrying slaves. The controversial section is section 40 letter c; in that section clearly established that a Moslem is prohibited to marrying a non-Moslem. In fiqh, non-Moslems involve Musyrik/Kafir who forbidden to married by Moslems and Christians/Jews (ahlul kitab) who can be married by Moslems.Abstrak: Larangan perkawinan perspektif fikih mencakup larangan abadi (ta’bíd); perempuan dilarang kawin dengan laki-laki sepanjang masa dikarenakan hubungan nasab, perkawinan dan persusuan. larangan sementara (gairu ta’bíd) adalah wanita atau laki-laki yang haram kawin untuk masa tertentu dikarenakan bilangan, mengumpulkan, kehambaan, kafir, ihrám, iddah, talak tiga dan peristrian. Yang diperselisihkan adalah zina dan sumpah li’an. Undang-Undang Perkawinan di Indonesia adalah hasil legislasi hukum normatif (fikih) dan tidak mengatur tentang larangan menikahi budak, Pasal yang kontroversial, yaitu pasal 40 huruf c, dalam pasal tersebut ditentukan dengan jelas bahwa seorang laki-laki muslim dilarang melakukan perkawinan dengan wanita yang tidak beragama Islam. Dalam fikih, non muslim dibagi dua, yaitu musyrik/kafir adalah orang yang haram untuk dikawin sedangkan Nasrani/Yahudi yang disebut dengan ahlul kitab dapat di kawin.
Sengketa Hak Asuh Anak Dalam Hukum Keluarga Perspektif Keadilan Jender
Authors: Fanani Ahmad Zaenal
Published: March 2018

Abstract: The one of the crucial issues in the Islamic family law in Indonesia is the issue of gender equity including tug of love. It is caused by historical and empirical of Islamic family law which still put unequal status and unequal roles between men and women. That Islamic family law is law that has become the positive law or has become law and regulation in Indonesia. This article will discuss about the provision of tug of love dispute in Islamic family law in Indonesia, and the renewal of provision of tug of love dispute from a gender justice perspective. Based on the review and analysis can be concluded that the provision of tug of love dispute in Islamic family law in Indonesia (particularly Article 105 and 156 KHI) is not gender equitable and should be revised by adding the aspect of morality, aspect of health, the ability to educate and the ability to take care of children as the main parameter in determining the right parent who will possess the custody of the children.Abstrak: Salah satu persoalan krusial dalam hukum keluarga di Indonesia yang perlu mendapat pembaharuan dewasa ini adalah persoalan keadilan jender dalam hukum keluarga, termasuk hak asuh anak. Hal ini dikarenakan kenyataan historis-empiris hukum keluarga masih menempatkan status dan peran yang tidak setara antara laki-laki dan perempuan. Hukum keluarga yang dimaksud adalah hukum keluarga yang sudah menjadi hukum positif atau menjadi peraturan perundang-undangan di Indonesia. Artikel ini akan membahas tentang bagaimana ketentuan sengketa hak asuh anak dalam hukum keluarga Islam di Indonesia, serta bagaimana pembaruan ketentuan sengketa hak asuh anak dalam perspektif keadilan jender. Berdasarkan kajian artikel ini, dapat disimpulkan; Pertama, ketentuan hukum tentang sengketa hak asuh anak yang diatur dalam pasal 105 dan 156 KHI tidak responsif jender. Kedua, aspek moralitas, kesehatan dan kemampuan mendidik dan memelihara anak tidak bisa dimonopoli oleh jenis kelamin tertentu akan tetapi semua aspek tersebut sama-sama bisa dimiliki baik oleh kaum perempuan (ibu) maupun oleh kaum laki-laki (bapak).
Pemakaian Kitab Kuning Dalam Meningkatkan Mutu Pembelajaran Fiqh di Madrasah Tsanawiyah Berbasis Pesantren di Pamekasan
Authors: Rijal Akh Syaiful
Published: March 2018

Abstract: This study investigate the problem in the utilization of classic book in fiqh learning in Islamic Junior High School based boarding school in Pamekasan. It deals with how tradition in fiqh learning related to the type of classic book, learning method, book selection, and learning achievement. The teaching and learning of fiqh in Islamic Junior High School based boarding school generally used classic book fiqih from Shafi'i madzhab. The reason for employing the classic  book is to preserve the scientific tradition that is occured in the boarding schoool. The method used in fiqh learning is a combination between classic book methods that exists in boarding school, such as bandongan, sorogan, and memorization. The achievement of the fiqih curriculum standard which has been determined by Kemenag is pursued through three approaches, namely (1) integrating fiqh curriculum stipulated by Ministry of Religious Affairs and classic book; (2) khushûshiyah class; and (3) not using specific books from Kemenag.Abstrak: Penelitian ini membahas tentang permasalahan penggunaan kitab kuning dalam pembelajaran fiqih pada Madrasah Tsanawiyah berbasis pesantren di Kabupaten Pamekasan. Bagaimana tradisi pemakaian kitab kuning dalam pembelajaran fiqih kaitannya dengan jenis kitab kuning yang digunakan, metode pembelajaran, latarbelakang pemilihan kitab, dan capaian pembelajarannya. Pemakaian kitab kuning dalam pembelajaran fiqih di MTs berbasis pesantren pada umumnya menggunakan kitab adalah kitab kuning fiqih bermadzhab Syafi’i. Motif pemakaian kitab kuning adalah untuk melestarikan tradisi keilmuan yang sudah establish di pesantren dan pengenalan kitab kuning pada para santri. Metode yang dipakai dalam pembelajaran fiqih adalah penggabungan antar metode pembelajaran kitab kuning yang ada di pesantren  yaitu bandongan, sorogan, dan hafalan. Pencapaian standar kurikulum fiqih yang telah ditentukan oleh Kemenag, ditempuh melalui tiga pendekatan: (1) memadukan antara fiqih kurikulum Kemenag dan fiqih kitab; (2) kelas khushûshiyah; dan (3) tidak memakai buku Kemenag secara khusus.
Digital Slickline Using a Novel RF Transceiver: Case Studies in Kuparuk River: North Slope, Alaska
Authors: Heaney F. M. , Taylor C. , Wiese T.
Published: March 2018

The Kuparuk River unit (KRU) on the North Slope of Alaska is a maturing asset providing a variety of well intervention opportunities necessary to maintain production. Because of the high well count, interventions need to be efficient, and the traditional slickline and electrical line model are being challenged. The primary concern is the multiple rig ups and rig downs to complete the scope of work, but there are also local concerns, such as maintaining a workable equipment schedule in a cold-weather region. Another unique feature of the KRU is that many of the wells have scale deposits.

Digital slickline (DSL) has been successfully used in the KRU and was highlighted in previous papers (Wiese 2015). The ability to have real-time depth correlation with a casing collar locator (CCL) and optional gamma ray (GR) during slickline runs and completing the traditional electric line services (i.e., packer set, perforating, etc.) is a game changer that dramatically helps improve intervention efficiency. A previous challenge was maintaining real-time communications in areas where there is excess scale buildup. To circumvent this issue, a new protocol was developed using a radio frequency (RF) antenna to provide half duplex communications with a coated slickline. This methodology doesnot require the tool housing to contact the tubular to complete the signal transmission.

In 2017, more than 400 digital subscriber line (DSL) runs covering a wide variety of tasks were successfully completed, including removing and replacing gas-lift valves, fishing packers, string shots, perforating, setting packers, and patches. An interesting result of the KRU digital slickline interventions was that approximately 60% of the runs were slickline centric involving jars and 40% were considered e-line replacement services. This trend suggests that a successful product should be able to complete all typical slickline runs to maintain the efficiency advantage.
Comprehensive Review of Well Tractor Technology in Highly Extended Reach Wells
Authors: Badeghaish Wael , Noui-Mehidi Mohamed N. , Al-Mulhem Abdulrahman A.
Published: March 2018

Oil and gas wells are drilled with horizontal and multilateral architecture to improve reservoir contact and maximize production. To evaluate the performance of these wells, coiled tubing (CT) and Wireline (WL) conveyance are routinely used. CT inherently have many technical issues such as lock-up. The WL cannot reach the target depth. To address these challenges, the oil industry introduced well tractors that are combined with CT and WL to offer a significant improvement in well accessibility for all types of open- hole horizontal wells by providing extra pulling force to pull CT and WL all the way to target depth. The objective of this article is to evaluate most of the well tractor technology used in logging and stimulation operations. Moreover, the development of a new slim tractor with improved gripping and pulling force with ability to pass through restrictions in electrical submersible pump (ESP) is presented. This study can help identify areas of improvement for tractor capabilities in future operations.
Laboratory and Field Performance of Mechanically Damaged New Technology Coiled Tubing
Authors: Rolovic R. , Reichert B. A. , Cravero S. , Valdez M.
Published: March 2018

The new coiled tubing (CT) manufacturing technology that uses new steels with optimized chemical compositions and full microstructure transformation heat treatments has been proven in field applications over the last three years. The observed useful field life is typically two to four times longer than the life of comparable conventional CT strings in similar operations in the same operating regions. The most common reason for the new technology CT string retirement or failure has been CT string mechanical damage, such as gouges, plough marks and dents. In this study the field life of new technology strings mechanically damaged in field operations is compared to the field life of a large population of similar conventional CT strings used in similar operations in the same regions. Additionally, laboratory testing results for both undamaged and damaged CT are presented and compared to conventional CT results for the same CT damage and test conditions. Full size CT samples were used for laboratory testing of damaged CT. Sharp transverse tubing cuts were made to specific wall thickness depths and tested in the standard fatigue machine to failure under different internal pressures. Some samples with operational damage were also tested in the fatigue machine to determine the remaining life of CT strings with real-life field damage.

Laboratory test results show that the new technology CT grades do not only keep the large advantage observed for undamaged CT but also increase the fatigue life advantage for the same CT damage, even when the higher strength HT-125 grade is compared to the lower strength conventional CT-110 grade. Testing of new technology CT sections containing real-life operational damage shows that there is still a substantial life remaining even after relatively severe CT damage. Field data show that mechanically damaged new technology CT strings have had, on average, more than twice as long operational life compared to the average operational life of conventional CT-110 and CT-100 strings used in similar operations in the same regions. This shows that the new technology CT is more damage tolerant, which provides additional reductions in operational risks and cost and enables more reliable and longer CT string utilization even when the CT string suffers damage of usual operational nature and severity.
Past and Present Coiled Tubing String Failures - History and Recent New Failures Mechanisms
Authors: Padron T. , Craig S. H.
Published: March 2018

As a result of many industry efforts, the premature fatigue failure of undamaged coiled tubing (CT) strings is almost negligible. However, despite the current understanding and control of low-cycle fatigue, CT string failures remain present in the industry. Several prior technical publications reviewed the causes and trends of CT string failures that occurred within the period of 1994 to 2005. This paper will review CT failures mechanisms and trends as observed over the last twelve years and compare them to the prior ten years period. It will also review the new failure mechanisms that have appeared with more challenging operational conditions and the associated actions taken to reduce their influence.

Within one major service company, all failures that occur are analyzed for the root cause(s) of failure. This results in the identification of corrective actions to avoid their recurrence. Statistical data is kept to observe trends on failure causes.

Several technical publications show that approximately 80% – 90% of CT string failures within the period of 1994 to 2005 were associated with corrosion, mechanical damage, human error, and string manufacturing problems. Actions taken in the last two decades by the CT services companies, and constant improvement implemented by CT manufacturers have reduced the influence of some of these causes. However, work in ever-more challenging well conditions (such as higher pressures, temperatures, and depths), the need to use larger-diameter and higher-strength CT, and the use of recycled fluids for the interventions, have created new issues and introduced new CT failure mechanisms. The new mechanisms within the industry include: microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC), premature fatigue failures on bias welds of high-strength grades, and mechanical damage associated with pipe slippages.

This paper will compare the failure trends reported for the period before 2005 with the trends observed for this service company within the period of 12 years after 2005 (i.e., from 2006 to 2017). The changes in the failures trends are analyzed, and examples of the newer CT failure mechanisms and the mitigating actions taken are presented.
Wireline Operations - All-Inclusive Risk Management
Authors: Castillo H. C. , Haigood A. G.
Published: March 2018

Many of the high-impact operational and safety incidents in wireline operations are the direct result of incorrect selection or inappropriate operation of surface equipment. Examples of such incidents are pulling tensions on the rig-up equipment components above their safe working loads and using winch units incapable of pulling the tensions required to retrieve heavy tool strings in deep or tortuous wells.

Current processes and simulation software used to plan wireline operations are focused on the risks and conditions in which the downhole tools and wireline cables selected will operate; they do not include specific assessments of the adequacy of the surface equipment selected and their associated operating practices.

In this paper, we show the outcome of implementing a set of surface equipment assessments in a popular wireline forces modeling software suite. The surface equipment covered in this initial implementation include the wireline cable, hoist (winch) unit, wireline drum, chains/slings, sheave wheels, load cells, powered capstans, and rig anchoring points. We also demonstrate the merits of the quantification of the selected hoist unit horse power and torque versus the tension and speed profiles simulated at all depths for the free and stuck tool conditions.

The use of processes and forces modeling software, including suitability assessments of the surface equipment and operational choices, is particularly relevant to long and/or tortuous wells. Selection of marginal surface equipment in these types of wells can impose severe operational limitations not identified during the job planning phase and create hazardous conditions that can result in safety incidents and large financial losses.
The Fatigue Behavior of Concentric Coiled Tubing
Authors: Luebke Garrett , Tipton Steven M.
Published: March 2018

This paper investigates the fatigue behavior of Concentric Coiled Tubing (CCT) and specifically the influence of internal and annular pressures on fatigue life and diametral growth rate. This behavior is assessed relative to that of conventional Coiled Tubing (CT) using samples of identical material, with software modelling predictions providing an additional basis for comparison. Samples of 1.25" CT were situated concentrically within samples of 2.375" CT, and both were repeatedly bent and straightened on a standard CT fatigue testing system, with separate pressures in the inner volume and the annular volume between the CT samples. Current SPE literature does not include prior art for any type of concentric coiled tubing fatigue testing or analysis. The testing apparatus used in this study is the industry standard for the assessment of conventional coiled tubing, however this paper presents the world-first experimental study of concentric coiled tubing fatigue.

Since the testing focused on the failure of the smaller diameter samples, baseline fatigue tests were only conducted on the smaller, inner coiled tubing samples. These results are cross referenced to current fatigue models. Concentric samples were tested on the same machine and setup parameters, using special fixturing that allowed the internal sample to move axially on one end, with its pressure contained. A matrix of pressure differentials was examined, with various levels of inner and annular pressures. The exterior pressure was atmospheric for all tests. The orientation of the longitudinal Electric Resistance Welding (ERW) seams in both samples was examined in this study.

The current approach to monitor CCT fatigue integrity is to use a conventional CT fatigue model, based on the differential pressures caused by the inner CT pressure, annular CCT pressure, and well pressure. While pressure may be monitored accurately, uncertainties exist with regards to the influence of radial stress in the tube wall and factors such as mechanical abrasion between the inner and outer coiled tubing strings, especially due to the presence of internal longitudinal ERW seams. Current models assume perfect concentricity; however, eccentricity varies throughout the string in real-world applications. Results from this study include an empirical derating factor, post mortem failure analysis (including assessment of the influence of ERW seam abrasion), diametral growth analysis, and recommendations for future testing.
Depleted Well Intervention in Extended Laterals Using Coiled Tubing and Commingled Fluid Systems
Authors: Williams Troy A.
Published: March 2018

The objective of this paper is to clearly outline the basic principles and techniques required to successfully perform well intervention in wells with low-pressure formations, thief zones, and/or depleted reservoirs—specifically, horizontal or highly deviated wells. The paper aims to review the considerations and provide an example of reliable execution in its most basic form, including simplified calculations designed to be used in conjunction with advanced modeling software available in the industry. Coiled-tubing intervention in lateral wells with fluid-loss potential is inherently high risk. The risk of poor solid suspension or loss of fluid circulation results from the inability to avoid fluid loss and causes costly job failures, lost workstrings or equipment, or reduced well production. For land-based operations in the United States, coiled tubing has been reliably and successfully deployed in depleted and low-reservoir-pressure wells that were unable to support a hydrocarbon or water column to surface. These jobs include sand cleanouts, re-fracture preparation cleanouts, and underbalance millouts in extended laterals.

Commingled nitrogen and water-based systems were used to reduce hydrostatic pressures exerted on the reservoir and, thereby, allowed for successful continued circulation. The fluid system was adapted to each well intervention to consider formation type, reservoir fluid composition, job requirements, BHA requirements and limitations, chemical compatibility, cutting suspension potential, and foam integrity. When combined with real-time monitoring of, and response to, well conditions, the occurrence of job failure was greatly reduced.
Long Term Storage of Coiled Tubing: Industry Best Practices and Conclusions Based on Evaluation of Stock Strings
Authors: Elliott K. J. , Williams C. D. , Li Y. , Arriaga E.
Published: March 2018

An unprecedented industry downturn has created surplus stock: new coiled tubing strings that have been stored at manufacturing facilities and at coiled tubing bases all over the world. This paper will address best practices for coiled tubing storage as well as recommendations based on the testing program for stock strings that have been destroyed.

Methods, Procedures, Process

An unprecedented industry downturn has led to a surplus of inventory of strings that have been stored for at least one year. This program will evaluate stored inventory by gathering samples at multiple locations of stored strings including bias welds and parent tubing from both ends and the center. Additional samples will be located on the bottom of the wrapping (to verify if residual fluids affect coiled tubing storage). These samples will be tested in low cycle fatigue and evaluated for the presence of corrosion pitting.

Results, Observations, Conclusions

The low cycle fatigue testing program evaluates multiple stored strings, including different grades and outer diameters. The samples are compared against existing commercially available models and can also be visually examined (after the removal of any surface rust) for the presence of corrosion pits. The results of the testing program will allow for the comparison of performance against storage conditions and time. Additionally, it will provide an opportunity to confirm that all workstring grades experience similar storage issues (regardless of grade) as all grades have a similar alloy chemistry (high strength low alloy steel).

The test results will then be evaluated against commercially available modeling software to determine if storage corrosion led to defects, and if so provide some coiled tubing storage best practices that can be applied for coiled tubing manufacturers. These best practices can then be carried over to service companies storing the strings at their yards around the world.

Novel or Additive Information

This testing program is the first-ever destructive evaluation of coiled tubing strings after long-term storage to determine the effects of storage. The paper is expected to set guidelines for long-term storage of coiled tubing.
30 Years of Continuous Coiled Tubing Modeling Software Development and Field Applications Creating New Capabilities
Authors: Aitken W. A. , Livescu S. , Craig S.
Published: March 2018

During the last three decades a coiled tubing (CT) modeling software package has been continuously developed to assist in the planning and executing of global CT operations. The first models were steady-state. In the past decade these models have been extended to consider transient effects of operations as they are executed. These models will also be used in the not-so-distant future to automate CT operations. In this paper, a review of all these models is presented for the first time.

The development of a computer program was initiated in the early 1980s to help understand the downhole flow and pressure conditions during CT operations. Utilizing multi-phase rheological and frictional correlations obtained from laboratory flow loop testing, the CT flow model was extensively validated against global field data. Later, CT force and stress analysis models, considering such effects as the specific well geometry, mechanical friction, CT size, shape and material strength, were developed to predict lateral reach and assist in preventing downhole CT failures. While the most common and simplest approach within the industry is still to use steady-state models, in practice, the downhole conditions during CT operations, such as well cleaning, well unloading, well control, stimulation, cementing, underbalanced drilling with nitrified fluid, etc., are transient. Consequently, the steady-state models have been extended to account for downhole transient effects at the pre-planning and execution stages of CT operations. In addition, with the advent of the state-of-the-art CT telemetry systems, it is possible to acquire the downhole data in real time and use the transient CT software model to automate and optimize CT operations, increasing their safety and efficiency.

A review is presented for the first time about the steady-state and transient models included in the CT software model, with details about each model and how they performed during 30 years of operations. Results and discussions regarding the extensive validation of the software against laboratory and field data are also presented. Several field cases from around the world help illustrate the transient nature of CT operations and the benefits of using the transient simulation in the pre-planning and execution stages of these operations.

The paper presents the results from 30 years of global experience with the CT modeling software program. The mathematical models, validation against laboratory and field data, verification against other models available in literature, and case histories are described. The current trends within the industry are leading to a shortage of experienced CT field engineers, so the use of CT software models to increase the efficiency, compliance and safety of CT operations has never been as important as now.
Redefining Battery Operation for High-Power Downhole Tools
Authors: Segura J. , Erkol Z.
Published: March 2018

The use of conventional downhole batteries, which are intended for low voltage/current, faces hurdles when it comes to operating tools designed for surface power provided through a cable. The high power consumed by some of these tools requires careful characterization of parameters such as current, transients, and battery capacity at different loads and temperatures.

The battery power tool developed for high-power tools uses three battery packs, here used in series, to boost input voltage, with a provision to use three additional packs in parallel for additional current. Battery characterization efforts at currents higher than 1 A were performed at different temperatures (75°C, 100°C, and 150°C) to explore the behavior of lithium battery chemistry, with a total of 48 battery packs tested. The electronics design to boost battery voltage up to 200 V to support a pulsed neutron tool is also presented.

The result of this engineering effort is a system that can provide more than 20 Ah of power and enables more than 10 hours of continuous operation of pulsed neutron tools. It also allows more than 100 hours of operation of conventional production logging tools. A tool planner software is provided for the field users to estimate the battery operation time for a specific job. Those benefits are illustrated by the field deployment results of this solution since 2014, with examples of successful operations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the Congo, and Gabon.
Innovation in Conveyance with Carbon Composite Rod
Authors: Troup Duncan
Published: March 2018

An intervention program in a well may require the use of both electric line and slick line to convey a variety of services. This calls for the swapping between conveyance systems, often multiple times in a single intervention program. A viable solution is a new system for carrying out interventions in oil wells which is designed to convey electrical, electro-mechanical and mechanical services. The paper aims to describe this new conveyance system and discuss field experience to date.

Carbon composite material technology confers the benefit of higher strength at reduced weight when compared to conventional cable materials and the slick surface eliminates the need for grease injection pressure control systems. The ability to perform both precision logging and heavy duty mechanical services within the same rig-up allows complex well programs to be executed with only one unit and a multi-skilled crew.

The first field trial for the new conveyance system was conducted offshore in the North Sea, and proved the carbon composite rod capable of performing both mechanical intervention (16 runs) and electric line (12 runs) services. The strength of the rod material enables the running of long and heavy bottom hole assemblies. Run in conjunction with electrical or mechanical release devices, the carbon composite rod is able to deploy strings beyond the capability of conventional wirelines.

The physical strength and rigidity of the rod, coupled with its light weight, allow efficient planning of intervention programs where mechanical and electric services are combined in a single rig-up. Since the first trial, advances in technique have brought 10km (32,000 ft.) rods to the field enabling intervention access to, and perhaps more importantly retrieval from, extended reach wells. Equally of interest is the ability of the rod to access short lateral sections without resorting to tractor technology, allowing faster and more economical intervention.
Dendritic Acidizing Update: The Light at the End of the Tunnel
Authors: Wehunt C. Dean , Lattimer Stefan K. , McDuff Darren R.
Published: March 2018

The paper provides an update on recent advances for, and summarizes global experiences with, dendritic acidizing methods, aka acid tunneling. The scope of the paper includes both Coiled-Tubing (CT) deployed and non-CT methods, and discusses process limitations, candidate selection criteria, job design factors, operational learnings, risks, and surveillance requirements and opportunities. The paper contains a comprehensive review of published information for three different tunneling methods and relevant information for several other tunneling methods. The literature information is supplemented by, depth, temperature, and pressure records for the three processes which are discussed in detail. Execution factors such as logistics required, length of time required, and volumes of acid and other fluids used are also compared for three methods.

Previous papers have focused on only one of the methods, whereas the authors will discuss acid job optimization, process risks, and surveillance requirements for multiple acid tunneling methods in substantially greater depth than have past authors. The three methods detailed in the paper are all viable but may have different niches. Differences in the job counts for the different methods are easily explained by differences in process vintages, execution speeds, and depth limitations. Previous optimization efforts were focused on tunnel creation but not acid job effectiveness in terms of the wormholes generated adjacent to the tunnels; however, some progress is now being made in that regard. There are differences in the processes regarding pushing or pulling the jetting nozzles into the tunnels, and differences in resulting tunnel trajectories. Pre-job caliper data are more critical for one of the processes than for the others, and there are significant differences in ability to measure or control tunnel direction. The tunneling tools have different sizes, but when tool size alternatives are available, the larger tool sizes offer no clear advantages to the operator. Useful risk mitigation measures are also discussed in the paper. The paper includes a comprehensive bibliography to facilitate further examinations of the technology alternatives by other petroleum industry professionals.
Back to Life by a Coiled Tubing Gas Lift Pilot Project in Colombian Foothill Wells
Authors: Almeyda Oscar , Castañeda Claudio , Higuera Josue , Torres Monica , Portela Fernando
Published: March 2018

A Coiled Tubing Gas Lift (CTGL) pilot project was implemented in a reservoir with a compositional fluid system in the Casanare foothills area in the northeast of Colombia. This paper presents the life cycle of the project from design to operation including production test results after installation to "revive" wells with high water production and very low gas liquid ratio.

High pressure gas was injected through conventional 1-3/4" and 2" 110 Kpsi coiled tubing, installed inside completion strings and hung to the Christmas tree to reduce cost of the project and avoiding recompletion of the well in a low-cost environment. A pilot project included three well was executed ending 2015, being a world first CTGL for 1-3/4" and 2" CT deployment beyond 12,000 feet.

Challenges for deployment of CT string, well control aspects, barriers for control upon disabling of DHSV and master hydraulic valve among of moderate CO2 corrosion impact were some of the risks associated to this project. A pilot installation on three wells was successful and this paper compiles lessons learnt from this process including candidate selection, deployment, material selection, well intervention and risk assessment among of operational performance and pipe recovery after end of project life.
Unlocking the Potential of Your Coiled Tubing Post Job Data
Authors: Murphy Chris , Sams Andrew
Published: March 2018

"Run in hole", "stop CT", "pickup", "drop pumps"… All common commands heard in the control cab during a coiled tubing plug drillout (CTDO). What drives the decision making process and what information has been processed to arrive at such a conclusion? During a coiled tubing (CT) operation, many parameters are being acquired including pump rate, pressures, weights and speeds, and the success of the operation relies on how the supervisory personnel interpret this data and advise on next steps. At the end of the job, if lucky, this crucial data is archived in the catacombs of the well file on some network server. What if instead, this information was analyzed to detail the operation, develop performance metrics to help understand why the results were what they were, and ultimately provide guidance for future operations? This paper discusses an algorithm developed to support analysis and a philosophy of job review that has been utilized to robustly process a rich, continuous and widely available CTDO data set.
Successful Creation of Permanent Reservoir Isolation Barriers Using Coiled Tubing on the Norwegian Continental Shelf NCS
Authors: Thomson Iain
Published: March 2018

As well production declines in mature fields and becomes unprofitable, operators must shut the wells in and permanently plug and abandon (P&A) them. It is presently estimated that thousands of such wells will require permanent P&A.

Historically, the P&A of wells in the North Sea were performed using either drilling or workover rigs. In many cases, wells drilled from fixed platforms in the North Sea no longer have operational drilling rigs requiring recommissioning of existing facilities or mobilization of workover rigs.

Regulatory authorities in the North Sea have defined standards for creating permanent reservoir barriers for the P&A of wells, which includes requiring a "rock-to-rock" barrier.

This paper discusses an alternative approach to P&A using coiled tubing (CT) processes and techniques to create these permanent reservoir barriers. One process rigged CT up from the drill floor and pipe deck in a conventional fashion. During the intervention, standard milling and tubular cleanout techniques were used to gain access to the reservoir, and then a novel perforating, washing, and cementing (PWC) technique created the reservoir barrier. Finally, an additional tubing punch run was made, and the barrier was tested. In a single, multiwell campaign, 13 wells in the field had successful permanent reservoir barriers created using CT.

This paper illustrates the successful creation of permanent reservoir barriers using CT. Additionally, the paper highlights that using CT can provide economic benefits for creating the barrier compared to more conventional drilling or workover rigs.