bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global population genomic signature of Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) supports complex introduction events across the Old World
Authors: Tay Wee Tek , Rane Rahul V. , Padovan Amanda , Walsh Tom K. , Elfekih Samia , Downes Sharon , Nam Kiwong , d’Alençon Emmanuelle , Zhang Jianpeng , Wu Yidong , Nègre Nicolas , Kunz Daniele , Kriticos Darren J. , Czepak Cecilia , Otim Michael H. , Gordon Karl H. J.
Published: April 2022

Native to the Americas, the invasive Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm; FAW) was reported in West Africa in 2016, followed by its chronological detection across the Old World and the hypothesis of an eastward Asia expansion. We explored population genomic signatures of American and Old World FAW and identified 12 maternal mitochondrial DNA genome lineages across the invasive range. 870 high-quality nuclear single nucleotide polymorphic DNA markers identified five distinct New World population clusters, broadly reflecting FAW native geographical ranges and the absence of host-plant preferences. We identified unique admixed Old World populations, and admixed and non-admixed Asian FAW individuals, all of which suggested multiple introductions underpinning the pest’s global spread. Directional gene flow from the East into eastern Africa was also detected, in contrast to the west-to-east spread hypothesis. Our study demonstrated the potential of population genomic approaches via international partnership to address global emerging pest threats and biosecurity challenges.
Successive remodeling of IgG glycans using a solid-phase enzymatic platform
Authors: Hsu Yen-Pang , Verma Deeptak , Sun Shuwen , McGregor Caroline , Mangion Ian , Mann Benjamin F.
Published: April 2022

The success of glycoprotein-based drugs in various disease treatments has become widespread. Frequently, therapeutic glycoproteins exhibit a heterogeneous array of glycans that are intended to mimic human glycopatterns. While immunogenic responses to biologic drugs are uncommon, enabling exquisite control of glycosylation with minimized microheterogeneity would improve their safety, efficacy and bioavailability. Therefore, close attention has been drawn to the development of glycoengineering strategies to control the glycan structures. With the accumulation of knowledge about the glycan biosynthesis enzymes, enzymatic glycan remodeling provides a potential strategy to construct highly ordered glycans with improved efficiency and biocompatibility. In this study, we quantitatively evaluate more than 30 enzymes for glycoengineering immobilized immunoglobulin G, an impactful glycoprotein class in the pharmaceutical field. We demonstrate successive glycan remodeling in a solid-phase platform, which enabled IgG glycan harmonization into a series of complex-type N-glycoforms with high yield and efficiency while retaining native IgG binding affinity.
Neuromotor prosthetic to treat stroke-related paresis: N-of-1 trial
Authors: Serruya Mijail D. , Napoli Alessandro , Satterthwaite Nicholas , Kardine Joe , McCoy Joseph , Grampurohit Namrata , Talekar Kiran , Middleton Devon M. , Mohamed Feroze , Kogan Michael , Sharan Ashwini , Wu Chengyuan , Rosenwasser Robert H.
Published: April 2022

Background

Functional recovery of arm movement typically plateaus following a stroke, leaving chronic motor deficits. Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) may be a potential treatment for post-stroke deficits

Methods

In this n-of-1 trial (NCT03913286), a person with chronic subcortical stroke with upper-limb motor impairment used a powered elbow-wrist-hand orthosis that opened and closed the affected hand using cortical activity, recorded from a percutaneous BCI comprised of four microelectrode arrays implanted in the ipsilesional precentral gyrus, based on decoding of spiking patterns and high frequency field potentials generated by imagined hand movements. The system was evaluated in a home setting for 12 weeks

Results

Robust single unit activity, modulating with attempted or imagined movement, was present throughout the precentral gyrus. The participant acquired voluntary control over a hand-orthosis, achieving 10 points on the Action Research Arm Test using the BCI, compared to 0 without any device, and 5 using myoelectric control. Strength, spasticity, the Fugl-Meyer scores improved.

Conclusions

We demonstrate in a human being that ensembles of individual neurons in the cortex overlying a chronic supratentorial, subcortical stroke remain active and engaged in motor representation and planning and can be used to electrically bypass the stroke and promote limb function. The participant’s ability to rapidly acquire control over otherwise paralyzed hand opening, more than 18 months after a stroke, may justify development of a fully implanted movement restoration system to expand the utility of fully implantable BCI to a clinical population that numbers in the tens of millions worldwide.
A sensing system constructed by combining a structure-switchable molecular beacon with nicking-enhanced rolling circle amplification for highly sensitive miRNA detection
Authors: Sun Shujuan , Wang Wenqing , Hu Xuemei , Zheng Cheng , Xiang Qi , Yang Qingguo , Zhang Jing , Shen Zhi-Fa , Wu Zai-Sheng
Published: April 2022

A novel amplification assay strategy is developed for the highly sensitive detection of miRNA-21 based on a combination of a structure-switchable molecular beacon with nicking-enhanced rolling circle amplification.
Synergistically improving the thermoelectric and mechanical performance for p-type MnGe1−xSbxTe2 alloys
Authors: Gao Lei , Dong Ximeng , Zheng Shuqi , Li Wenhao , Yang Xinyue
Published: April 2022

A high TE performance GeMnTe2-based material with improved thermoelectric and mechanical properties is obtained by Sb doping. Excellent power factors could be achieved in the tested temperature range.
Catalytic conversion of carbon-containing impurity methyldichlorosilane to purify raw material trichlorosilane of polysilicon production
Authors: Geng Qiang , Huang Guoqiang
Published: April 2022

Under the condition of activated carbon catalysis, using silicon tetrachloride as the chlorine source, the conversion rate of methyldichlorosilane to methyltrichlorosilane is higher than 80%.
Preparation of polycation with hydroxyls for enhanced delivery of miRNA in osteosarcoma therapy
Authors: Chen Da-Fu , Zhang Bo-Wen , Cao Jingjing , Wang Honggang , Luo Peng , Liu Weifeng , Niu Xiaohui , Wang Renxian , Nie Jing-Jun
Published: April 2022

Ethanolamine-decorated poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) polycation with abundant hydroxyl groups, namely PGEA, was proposed as a safe and effective miRNA delivery system for the treatment of osteosarcoma.
Competitive profiling of ligandable cysteines in Staphylococcus aureus with an organogold compound
Authors: Schmidt Claudia , Zollo Michael , Bonsignore Riccardo , Casini Angela , Hacker Stephan M.
Published: April 2022

With the idea of exploiting metal templated C–S bond forming reactions to achieve modification of cysteines in bacterial proteins, a cyclometalated Au(iii) compound was explored in a competitive chemoproteomic approach in S. aureus cell extracts.
Construction of a dual-functional dumbbell probe-based fluorescent biosensor for cascade amplification detection of miRNAs in lung cancer cells and tissues
Authors: Zhang Qian , Han Yun , Li Chen-chen , Zou Xiaoran , Ma Fei , Zhang Chun-yang
Published: April 2022

We develop a dual-functional dumbbell probe-based fluorescent biosensor for cascade amplification detection of miRNAs in lung cancer cells and tissues.
2,2′-Bipyridine derived doubly B ← N fused bisphosphine-chalcogenides, [C5H3N(BF2){NCH2P(E)Ph2}]2 (E = O, S, Se): tuning of structural features and photophysical studies
Authors: Mondal Dipanjan , Sardar Gopa , Kabra Dinesh , Balakrishna Maravanji S.
Published: April 2022

This paper describes the synthesis of a novel 2,2′-bipyridine bridged bisphosphine and its doubly B ← N bridged derivatives. The doubly B ← N bridged bisphosphine-chalcogenides exhibit excellent photophysical properties.
Leveraging the advancements in functional biomaterials and scaffold fabrication technologies for chronic wound healing applications
Authors: Ali Zahid Alap , Chakraborty Aishik , Shamiya Yasmeen , Ravi Shruthi Polla , Paul Arghya
Published: April 2022

The graphic displays various biomaterial design functionalities along with the developed fabrication technologies to enhance the wound healing process in patients with chronic wounds.
Synthesis of 4-trifluoromethyl pyridazines via annulation of pyridinium ylides with trifluoroacetyl diazoester
Authors: Fang Zheng , Teng Yun , Yang Huilin , Li Rongxing , Li Qiuhong , You Yi , Weng Zhiqiang
Published: April 2022

A base promoted annulation of pyridinium ylides with trifluoroacetyl diazoester for the synthesis of 4-trifluoromethyl pyridazines has been developed.
Two-dimensional BA2PbBr4-based wafer for X-rays imaging application
Authors: Xu Youkui , Li Yingtao , Wang Qian , Chen Huanyu , Lei Yutian , Feng Xuefeng , Ci Zhipeng , Jin Zhiwen
Published: April 2022

We successfully fabricated a pure phase 2D perovskite single crystal BA2PbBr4. We applied it as a wafer in the field of X-rays imaging and showed good imaging performance impressive environmental and temperature stability.
Palladium-catalyzed enantioselective (2-naphthyl)methylation of azaarylmethyl amines
Authors: Chen Shuguang , Tan Jiahong , Xiong Dan , Shang Yongjia , Mao Jianyou , Walsh Patrick J.
Published: April 2022

A method for the synthesis of enantioenriched azaarylmethyl amine derivatives, which are useful building blocks is presented.
Cationic conjugated polymer-based FRET aptasensor for label-free and ultrasensitive ractopamine detection
Authors: Fu Xuancheng , Dong Wei , Liu Chang , Han Jing , Huang Chengzhi
Published: April 2022

A label-free fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) platform based on cationic conjugated polymers and aptamer has established for ultrasensitive and specific ractopamine (RAC) detection.
Comparison of mesoporous fractal characteristics of silica-supported organocatalysts derived from bipyridine-proline and resultant effects on the catalytic asymmetric aldol performances
Authors: Xu Guangpeng , Bing Liujie , Jia Bingying , Bai Shiyang , Sun Jihong
Published: April 2022

The relationships between the fractal evolution and catalytic behavior of the resultant catalysts were deeply exploredviaSAXS method and other characterizations. The applicability and reliability of fractal theory are therefore proved.
High performance asymmetric supercapacitors based on Ti3C2Tx MXene and electrodeposited spinel NiCo2S4 nanostructures
Authors: Pathak Mansi , Polaki S. R. , Rout Chandra Sekhar
Published: April 2022

Spinel metal sulfides have been investigated for a wide range of applications mostly in electrochemical energy storage owing to their better electronic conductivity and high reversible redox activity.
Electrode materials for stretchable triboelectric nanogenerator in wearable electronics
Authors: Aazem Irthasa , Mathew Dhanu Treasa , Radhakrishnan Sithara , Vijoy K. V. , John Honey , Mulvihill Daniel M. , Pillai Suresh C.
Published: April 2022

Schematic illustration of the general requirements of components of a wearable TENG.
Plasma-assisted removal of methanol in N2, dry and humidified air using a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor
Authors: Dahiru Usman H. , Saleem Faisal , Zhang Kui , Harvey Adam
Published: April 2022

The removal of methanol from ambient air is carried out using a non-thermal plasma dielectric barrier discharge reactor.
All-vacuum deposited perovskite solar cells with glycine modified NiOxhole-transport layers
Authors: Fang Cheng , Zhao Qianqian , Zhao Fuping , Huang Fuzhi , Peng Yong , Ku Zhiliang , Cheng Yi-Bing , Fu Zhengyi
Published: April 2022

Self-assembled glycine molecules are used to modify E-beam evaporated NiOxfilms. The glycine interlayer improved the crystallinity and band alignment of perovskite with NiOx. The all vacuum-processed PSCs achieved a champion PCE of 17.96% with negligible hysteresis.
Review on the preparation and application of lignin-based carbon aerogels
Authors: Wu Cai-Wen , Li Peng-Hui , Wei Yu-Meng , Yang Chi , Wu Wen-Juan
Published: April 2022

Lignin carbon aerogel has high specific surface area, high porosity, excellent bioactivity and degradability of the material, it has a wide range of applications and can be used in supercapacitors, adsorbents and catalysts, etc.
Reductive aminations by imine reductases: from milligrams to tons
Authors: Gilio Amelia K. , Thorpe Thomas W. , Turner Nicholas , Grogan Gideon
Published: April 2022

IRED-catalyzed reductive aminations have progressed from mg to ton scale, through advances in enzyme discovery, protein engineering and process biocatalysis.
PVP derived nitrogen-doped porous carbon integrated with polyindole: nano/microspheres assembled by emulsion polymerization for asymmetric supercapacitors
Authors: Zhou Pengcheng , Xiao Feng , Weng Ruixue , Huang Quanguo , Wang Lei , He Qihang , Tang Weishan , Yang Peilin , Su Rong , He Ping , Jia Bin , Bian Liang
Published: April 2022

Nano/micro-scale polyindole-coated nitrogen-doped porous carbon materials with spherical morphology have been assembled by emulsion polymerization. The influence of the carbon contents, and supercapacitive performance have been studied.
Bio-inspired ultra-thin microfluidics for soft sweat-activated batteries and skin electronics
Authors: Wu Mengge , Shi Rui , Zhou Jingkun , Wong Tsz Hung , Yao Kuanming , Li Jian , Huang Xingcan , Li Dengfeng , Gao Yuyu , Liu Yiming , Hou Sihui , Yu Junsheng , Yu Xinge
Published: April 2022

This work reports a flexible sweat-activated battery integrated with efficient bio-inspired microfluidics that can power biosensors for real-time health monitoring.
A comparison of the positional effect of difluorination and the synergistic effect of siloxane-terminated side chains on benzodithiophene-based conjugated polymers for efficient photovoltaic application
Authors: Wang Qian , Hu Zelong , Zhang Lianjie , Qiu Rihang , Zhou Deng , Liang Jiahao , Chen Junwu
Published: April 2022

The synergistic effect of siloxane terminus and difluorination is systematically studied through six polymer donors based on benzodithiophene and benzodithiophene-4,8-dione.
Magnetic MOF-808 as a novel adsorbent for toxic metal removal from aqueous solutions
Authors: Paz Roxana , Viltres Herlys , Gupta Nishesh Kumar , Romero-Galarza Adolfo , Leyva Carolina
Published: April 2022

Magnetic Zr-MOFs show excellent performance towards heavy metal capture from contaminated water.
Alkali therapy protects renal function, suppresses inflammation, and improves cellular metabolism in kidney disease
Authors: Pastor Arroyo Eva Maria , Yassini Nima , Sakiri Elif , Russo Giancarlo , Bourgeois Soline , Mohebbi Nilufar , Amann Kerstin , Joller Nicole , Wagner Carsten A. , Imenez Silva Pedro Henrique
Published: April 2022

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects approximately 10–13% of the population worldwide and halting its progression is a major clinical challenge. Metabolic acidosis is both a consequence and a possible driver of CKD progression. Alkali therapy counteracts these effects in CKD patients, but underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here we show that bicarbonate supplementation protected renal function in a murine CKD model induced by an oxalate-rich diet. Alkali therapy had no effect on the aldosterone–endothelin axis but promoted levels of the anti-aging protein klotho; moreover, it suppressed adhesion molecules required for immune cell invasion along with reducing T-helper cell and inflammatory monocyte invasion. Comparing transcriptomes from the murine crystallopathy model and from human biopsies of kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) suffering from acidosis with or without alkali therapy unveils parallel transcriptome responses mainly associated with lipid metabolism and oxidoreductase activity. Our data reveal novel pathways associated with acidosis in kidney disease and sensitive to alkali therapy and identifies potential targets through which alkali therapy may act on CKD and that may be amenable for more targeted therapies.
Field‐circuit coupling numerical calculation method of transformer remanence
Authors: Yuan Weiying , Yuan Jiansheng
Published: April 2022

When the transformer is re‐energised, the remanence in the core will cause inrush current, which will have adverse impacts on the power system. In the remanence distribution calculation, not only the hysteresis characteristics of the core, but also the characteristics of the external circuit need to be considered. In this paper, an indirect field‐circuit coupling method for calculating transformer remanence distribution is presented. The residual flux density distribution at every point of the iron core, which has not been shown in previous literatures, can be obtained, and also the H‐B trajectory of the iron core. In the field calculation, the pseudo‐permeability method is modified in order to fit the field separation‐based dynamic hysteresis model. The pseudo‐permeability method and the initial value estimation method are used to speed up the iteration convergence. Furthermore, in the electric circuit topology used in the calculation, the switching process of the circuit breaker and the capacitance in the circuit are considered, and this has not been tried in the previous remanence calculation method. The remanence results are verified by comparison with the results in the literature. The remanence results can provide a basis for the impact analysis and phase control of the re‐energisation.
A novel bidirectional synchronized transfer method for multilevel electric drive systems based on discrete Fourier transformation
Authors: Keshavarzian Ali , Lahooti Eshkevari Alireza , Abdoli Iman , Karimi Hajiabadi Mostafa , Farzi Mohammad , Arefian Mansour
Published: April 2022

Bidirectional synchronized transfer (BST) in variable frequency drive (VFD) systems implies automatic synchronization with seamless transfer of the motor to the grid or take‐over of the motor from the grid. This feature is realized if the magnitude, frequency, and phase angle of the VFD voltage and the grid voltage are synchronized. So, an accurate synchronization algorithm is necessary. This paper proposes a new BST method based on the discrete Fourier transformation (DFT) that obtains the magnitude, frequency and phase angle of VFD and grid voltages precisely through determining the fundamental components. This new BST coordinates the output voltage of the VFD with the grid using two error amplifiers. Also, additional decoupling reactors or transformers are no longer required by using this method due to exact estimation and synchronization. Furthermore, the algorithm can be integrated into any motor control strategy. This paper presents the principle of the proposed BST comprehensively and evaluates it by experimental results. The algorithm is tested on an induction motor via a 13‐level cascaded H‐bridge (CHB) inverter and the V/Hz constant control. The effect of BST on the motor voltage and current, the inverter current and dc‐link voltage is also examined. Results confirm the proposed strategy.
ShapeNet: Shape constraint for galaxy image deconvolution
Authors: Nammour F. , Akhaury U. , Girard J. N. , Lanusse F. , Sureau F. , Ben Ali C. , Starck J.-L.
Published: April 2022

Deep learning (DL) has shown remarkable results in solving inverse problems in various domains. In particular, the Tikhonet approach is very powerful in deconvolving optical astronomical images. However, this approach only uses the ℓ2 loss, which does not guarantee the preservation of physical information (e.g., flux and shape) of the object that is reconstructed in the image. A new loss function has been proposed in the framework of sparse deconvolution that better preserves the shape of galaxies and reduces the pixel error. In this paper, we extend the Tikhonet approach to take this shape constraint into account and apply our new DL method, called ShapeNet, to a simulated optical and radio-interferometry dataset. The originality of the paper relies on i) the shape constraint we use in the neural network framework, ii) the application of DL to radio-interferometry image deconvolution for the first time, and iii) the generation of a simulated radio dataset that we make available for the community. A range of examples illustrates the results.
Convergence of quasi-Newton methods for solving constrained generalized equations
Authors: Andreani Roberto , Carvalho Rui M. , Secchin Leonardo D. , Silva Gilson N.
Published: April 2022

In this paper, we focus on quasi-Newton methods to solve constrained generalized equations. As is well-known, this problem was firstly studied by Robinson and Josephy in the 70’s. Since then, it has been extensively studied by many other researchers, specially Dontchev and Rockafellar. Here, we propose two Broyden-type quasi-Newton approaches to dealing with constrained generalized equations, one that requires the exact resolution of the subproblems, and other that allows inexactness, which is closer to numerical reality. In both cases, projections onto the feasible set are also inexact. The local convergence of general quasi-Newton approaches is established under a bounded deterioration of the update matrix and Lipschitz continuity hypotheses. In particular, we prove that a general scheme converges linearly to the solution under suitable assumptions. Furthermore, when a Broyden-type update rule is used, the convergence is superlinearly. Some numerical examples illustrate the applicability of the proposed methods.
Pro-Kind Rheuma – aktueller Stand des
GBA-Projektes
Authors: Vollbach Kristina , Eulert Sascha , Horneff Gerd , Föll Dirk , Tenbrock Klaus , Minden Kirsten
Published: April 2022

Die Initiative Protokolle in der Kinderrheumatologie (Pro-Kind) der GKJR hat es
sich zum Ziel gesetzt, durch Entwicklung von Therapieprotokollen die Behandlung
von kindlich-rheumatischen Erkrankungen zu standardisieren und dadurch das
Outcome zu verbessern. Seit 2019 wird die Überprüfung der
Effektivität dieser standardisierten Protokolle im Rahmen des Projektes
„Pro-Kind Rheuma“ vom Gemeinsamen Bundesausschuss (GBA)
gefördert. Hierzu werden 500 neu diagnostizierte Patienten mit
kindlich-rheumatischen Erkrankungen (Polyartikuläre JIA,
Oligoartikuläre JIA, Enthesitis-assoziierte JIA, systemische JIA,
juvenile Dermatomyositis, Systemischer Lupus Erythematodes) in einer
Registerstudie erfasst und prospektiv über ein Jahr verfolgt. Dieser
Artikel möchte über den aktuellen Stand des Projektes
informieren. Die derzeitige Rekrutierungszahl (Stand 12/2021)
beträgt 275 Patienten.
The Changing Face of the Cornea in a Case of Juvenile Glaucoma and Subclinical Keratoconus
Authors: Khalil Ahmad K.
Published: April 2022

We report on a 23-year-old man who presented with bilateral subclinical keratoconus and juvenile glaucoma (JG). With intraocular pressures (IOPs) of 30 and 28 mmHg, both eyes were consecutively operated by adjusted trabeculotomy, leading to a remarkable decrease in IOP to well below the mean for this surgery in JG. Meanwhile, most keratoconus indices clearly progressed in the first 5 months postoperatively, with increases in corneal hysteresis, associated with a remarkable drop in the corneal resistance factor. During the following years, IOP remained low, and all changes (except the increase in corneal hysteresis) reverted to near preoperative levels through the follow-up course of 5 years. This report complements a few existing reports that show the coincidence of keratoconus and JG, and, more importantly, documents a novel pattern of remarkable and prolonged corneal changes following surgical lowering of IOP in eyes with these changes. Postoperative biomechanical
disturbances in the cornea and possibly limbus are proposed in cases of JG and subclinical keratoconus.
CT-Based Definition and Structured Reporting of Abdominal Lymph Node Stations
Authors: Kumar Ishan , Sharma Srishti , Prakash Adity , Aggarwal Priyanka , Shukla Ram C. , Verma Ashish
Published: April 2022

Background Meticulous evaluation of abdominal lymph nodes on computed tomography (CT) is a fundamental task in radiological practice especially in oncological reporting. Although various reporting systems exist to define abdominal nodal stations for malignancies of individual abdominal organs, a complete and uniform framework for radiological reporting of abdominal lymph nodes does not exist in the literature.

Purpose The goal of this review was to provide a step-wise reporting template and precise definitions of the radiological anatomy of abdominal lymph nodes and to generate a CT-based illustration of the lymph node stations of the abdomen.

Conclusion This CT-based illustration and reporting template will help the radiologists to aptly describe the extent of the lymph nodal diseases and will help in comparison with posttherapy scans.
Novel Copy Denture Technique—A Practical Approach for Duplicating Existing Dentures
Authors: Khan Mehwish , Kazmi Syed Murtaza Raza , Quraeshi Sameer , wazir Shah
Published: April 2022

Provision of copy dentures to complete denture patients is often needed in clinical practice. Several edentulous patients want an additional set of dentures to avoid being without them in case the existing ones are broken or lost, whereas some patients have adapted to their old dentures so much that they do not want them to be replaced by a completely new prosthesis. This article presents a technique for the fabrication of a copy denture that allows duplicate dentures to be processed in heat-cure acrylic resin in two clinical visits, without leaving the dentures at dental office.
Neurophysiologic Mechanisms of Tinnitus
Authors: Kaltenbach James A.
Published: April 2022

Research over the past decade has provided new insights into the neural mechanisms likely to produce the false percepts of sound associated with tinnitus. These insights have emerged mainly as a result of electrophysiologic studies, examining changes in brain activity, and behavioral studies, examining changes in perception, in animals that have been treated with well-known tinnitus inducers such as salicylates, quinine, and intense sound. The available evidence, based on electrophysiologic studies, suggests that tinnitus is associated with disturbances in spontaneous neural activity in the auditory system. These abnormalities include increases in spontaneous activity (hyperactivity), changes in the timing of neural discharges (i.e., the temporal firing properties of neurons), and an increase in bursting activity of neurons. Parallel studies using behavioral testing methods have demonstrated that agents, which produce these neural changes, also cause tinnitus in animals. This article reviews the literature concerned with both behavioral evidence for tinnitus in animal models and the associated changes that occur at peripheral and central levels of the auditory system.

Abbreviations: Al = primary auditory cortex, All = secondary auditory cortex, AFF = anterior auditory field, CF = characteristic frequency, C02 = carbon dioxide, DCN = dorsal cochlear nucleus, EEG = electroencephalogram, FMRI = functional magnetic resonance imaging, IC = inferior colliculus, OAEs = otoacoustic emissions, PET = positron emission tomography, SA = spontaneous activity, SOAEs = spontaneous otoacoustic emissions
Performance of Dual-Microphone In-the-Ear Hearing Aids
Authors: Valente Michael , Schuchman Gerald , Potts Lisa G. , Beck Lucille B.
Published: April 2022

Fifty subjects with mild to moderate-severe sensorineural hearing loss and prior experience with binaural amplification were evaluated at two sites (25 subjects at each site). Signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) were measured using the Hearing in Noise Test (HINT) after each subject wore binaural in-the-ear hearing aids programmed for omnidirectional and dual-microphone performance, for 4 weeks. Both microphone conditions were evaluated under "ideal" (signal at 0°; noise at 180°) and "diffuse" (signal at 0°; correlated noise at 45°, 135°, 225°, and 315°) listening conditions. Results revealed statistically significant mean improvements in SNRs between 3.7 and 3.5 dB at Site I and 3.2 and 2.7 dB at Site II for the ideal and diffuse listening conditions, respectively, for the dual-microphones in comparison to the performance provided by the omnidirectional microphone.

Abbreviations: Dl = directivity index, HINT = Hearing in Noise Test, NAL-R = National Acoustic Laboratory-Revised, REIG = real-ear insertion gain, SAV = select-a-vent, SC+aRT = super compression with adaptive release time
Toward a More Ecologically Valid Measure of Speech Understanding in Background Noise
Authors: Jerger James , Greenwald Ralf , Wambacq Ilse , Seipel Amanda , Moncrieff Deborah
Published: April 2022

In an attempt to develop a more ecologically valid measure of speech understanding in a background of competing speech, we constructed a quasidichotic procedure based on the monitoring of continuous speech from loudspeakers placed directly to the listener's right and left sides. The listener responded to the presence of incongruous or anomalous words imbedded within the context of two children's fairy tales. Attention was directed either to the right or to the left side in blocks of 25 utterances. Within each block, there were target (anomalous) and nontarget (nonanomalous) words. Responses to target words were analyzed separately for attend-right and attend-left conditions. Our purpose was twofold: (1) to evaluate the feasibility of such an approach for obtaining electrophysiologic performance measures in the sound field and (2) to gather normative interaural symmetry data for the new technique in young adults with normal hearing. Event-related potentials to target and nontarget words at 30 electrode sites were obtained in 20 right-handed young adults with normal hearing. Waveforms and associated topographic maps were characterized by a slight negativity in the region of 400 msec (N400) and robust positivity in the region of 900 msec (P900). Norms for interaural symmetry of the P900 event-related potential in young adults were derived.

Abbreviations: CVC = consonant-vowel-consonant, EEG = electroencephalic, ERP = event-related potential, ISI = interaural symmetry index, VEOG = vertical electro-oculography
Longitudinal Investigation of Hearing Disorders in Children with Congenital Cytomegalovirus
Authors: Dahle Arthur J. , Fowler Karen B. , Wright John D. , Boppana Suresh B. , Britt William J. , Pass Robert F.
Published: April 2022

This investigation consisted of a longitudinal study of the effects of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection on hearing sensitivity in 860 children with documented asymptomatic or symptomatic congenital CMV infection. Of the 651 children with asymptomatic CMV infection, 48 (7.4%) developed sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), compared to 85 (40.7%) of the children with symptomatic CMV infection. Children in both groups experienced latent effects consisting of delayed onset of loss, threshold fluctuations, and/or progressive loss of hearing. It can be concluded that congenital CMV infection is a leading cause of SNHL in children. The late onset and progression of loss necessitates continued monitoring of hearing sensitivity in this population.

Abbreviations: ABR = auditory brainstem response, CMV = cytomegalovirus, OAEs = otoacoustic emissions, SNHL = sensorineural hearing loss
Indistinguishable photons play a crucial role in quantum technologies
Authors: Green Leigh Ann
Published: April 2022

Secure communications and quantum computation are critical applications of an emerging technology.
Refractive index dispersion of BGa(As)P alloys in the near-infrared for III-V laser integration on silicon
Authors: Fitch Christopher R. , Duffy Dominic A. , Ludewig Peter , Stolz Wolfgang , Sweeney Stephen J.
Published: April 2022

BxGa(1−x)P and BxGa(1−x)AsyP(1−y) alloys are of potential interest in III-V heterostructures for integration with silicon. Waveguide design utilizing these alloys requires an understanding of the refractive index properties and their variation with composition. Refractive index dispersion was measured and modeled in the wavelength range of 827–2254 nm using spectroscopic ellipsometry at room temperature for samples with boron and arsenic fractions from 0% to 6.6% and 0% to 17%, respectively. The refractive index was found to increase with increasing boron composition as a result of strain due to lattice constant mismatch with the silicon substrate. For the arsenic-containing alloy, the refractive index was found to increase independently of strain. An empirical model based on the composition dependent variation of Cauchy dispersion function coefficients was developed for BGaAsP alloys lattice matched to silicon at the growth temperature. This model can be used to calculate the wavelength dependent refractive index of lattice matched boron and arsenic combinations for applications in semiconductor waveguides, an example of which is proposed. The results of this study are of interest more broadly for other III-V on silicon applications including photovoltaics and more generally in terms of the ellipsometric investigations of thin films on non-native substrates.
Ti3C2Tx MXene/Ge 2D/3D van der Waals heterostructures as highly efficient and fast response near-infrared photodetectors
Authors: Xie Chao , Wang Yi , Wang Siliang , Yang Wenhua , Zeng Wei , Huang Zhixiang , Yan Feng
Published: April 2022

Cost-effective and highly efficient near-infrared photodetectors are urgently demanded in many electronic and optoelectronic products for applications in both military and civil areas. Herein, by using a simple solution-based drop-casting technique, we fabricate a Ti3C2Tx MXene/Ge two-dimensional/three-dimensional van der Waals heterostructure, which can function well as a highly efficient near-infrared photodetector. When shined by 1550 nm light illumination, the heterostructure exhibits an apparent photovoltaic effect and can, thus, work as a self-driven near-infrared photodetector. A representative photodetector achieves a photocurrent responsivity of ∼314.3 mA W−1 at zero bias voltage, which can be improved to as high as ∼642.6 mA W−1 by applying a small reverse bias voltage of −1 V. In addition, other critical performance parameters such as current on/off ratio, specific detectivity, and response speed are estimated to be ∼430, ∼2.01 × 1011 Jones, and 17.6/13.6 μs, respectively. The excellent device performance is comparable to that of many previously reported two-dimensional material/Ge heterostructure-based near-infrared photodetectors, which cannot be constructed using facile solution-based processes. This work provides a facile avenue for developing high-performance and low-cost near-infrared photodetectors, which will find important applications in future optoelectronic systems.
An advance artificial neural network scheme to examine the waste plastic management in the ocean
Authors: AL Nuwairan Muneerah , Sabir Zulqurnain , Asif Zahoor Raja Muhammad , Aldhafeeri Anwar
Published: April 2022

In this study, an advanced computational artificial neural network (ANN) procedure is designed using the novel characteristics of the Levenberg–Marquardt backpropagation (LBMBP), i.e., ANN-LBMBP, for solving the waste plastic management in the ocean system that plays an important role in the economy of any country. The nonlinear mathematical form of the waste plastic management in the ocean system is categorized into three groups: waste plastic material W(χ), marine debris M(χ), and reprocess or recycle R(χ). The learning based on the stochastic ANN-LBMBP procedures for solving mathematical waste plastic management in the ocean is used to authenticate the sample statics, testing, certification, and training. Three different statistics for the model are considered as training 70%, while for both validation and testing are 15%. To observe the performances of the mathematical model, a reference dataset using the Adams method is designed. To reduce the mean square error (MSE) values, the numerical performances through the ANN-LBMBP procedures are obtained. The accuracy of the designed ANN-LBMBP procedures is observed using the absolute error. The capability, precision, steadfastness, and aptitude of the ANN-LBMBP procedures are accomplished based on the multiple topographies of the correlation and MSE.
Hole traps related to nitrogen displacement in p-type GaN grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy on freestanding GaN
Authors: Endo Meguru , Horita Masahiro , Suda Jun
Published: April 2022

This work investigated deep levels in p-type GaN originating from intrinsic point defects, using deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) to examine homoepitaxial GaN p+–p−–n+ junction diodes grown via metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy. Following exposure to an electron beam with an energy of 137 keV that generated nitrogen vacancies (VN) and nitrogen interstitials (NI), a peak due to EHa hole traps (at 0.52 eV) was observed in DLTS spectra. The injection of minority carriers resulting from applying a forward bias generated signals for EHb (0.5 eV) and EHc (0.8 eV) hole traps while decreasing the EHa signal and increasing the net accepter concentration. The generation of EHa traps can likely be attributed to VN (3+/+) or NI (2+/+) defects based on the results of first-principles calculations. The EHb and EHc hole traps may have been associated with complex defects, including those that generated EHa traps, because these two traps appeared as the concentration of EHa traps decreased.
Underwater ultrasonic topological waveguides by metal additive manufacturing
Authors: Wang Michael Y. , Thevamaran Mythili , Mattei Michael Sabatini , Hacha Brandon G. , Mazzei Capote Gerardo Andres , Yu Zongfu , Osswald Tim , Goldsmith Randall H. , Thoma Dan J. , Ma Chu
Published: April 2022

Acoustic topological systems explore topological behaviors of phononic crystals. Currently, most of the experimentally demonstrated acoustic topological systems are for airborne acoustic waves and work at or below the kHz frequency range. Here, we report an underwater acoustic topological waveguide that works at the MHz frequency range. The 2D topological waveguide was formed at the interface of two hexagonal lattices with different pillar radii that were fabricated with metal additive manufacturing. We demonstrated the existence of edge stages both numerically and in underwater experiments. Our work has potential applications in underwater/biomedical sensing, energy transport, and acoustofluidics.
Giant bulk spin–orbit torque and efficient electrical switching in single ferrimagnetic FeTb layers with strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy
Authors: Liu Qianbiao , Zhu Lijun , Zhang Xiyue S. , Muller David A. , Ralph Daniel C.
Published: April 2022

Efficient manipulation of antiferromagnetically coupled materials that are integration-friendly and have strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) is of great interest for low-power, fast, dense magnetic storage and computing. Here, we report a distinct, giant bulk damping-like spin–orbit torque in strong-PMA ferrimagnetic Fe100−xTbx single layers that are integration-friendly (composition-uniform, amorphous, and sputter-deposited). For sufficiently thick layers, this bulk torque is constant in the efficiency per unit layer thickness, ξDLj/t, with a record-high value of 0.036 ± 0.008 nm−1, and the damping-like torque efficiency ξDLj achieves very large values for thick layers, up to 300% for 90 nm layers. This giant bulk torque by itself switches tens of nm thick Fe100−xTbx layers that have very strong PMA and high coercivity at current densities as low as a few MA/cm2. Surprisingly, for a given layer thickness, ξDLj shows strong composition dependence and becomes negative for composition where the total angular momentum is oriented parallel to the magnetization rather than antiparallel. Our findings of giant bulk spin torque efficiency and intriguing torque-compensation correlation will stimulate study of such unique spin–orbit phenomena in a variety of ferrimagnetic hosts. This work paves a promising avenue for developing ultralow-power, fast, dense ferrimagnetic storage and computing devices.
Estimation of binding rates and affinities from multiensemble Markov models and ligand decoupling
Authors: Ge Yunhui , Voelz Vincent A.
Published: April 2022

Accurate and efficient simulation of the thermodynamics and kinetics of protein–ligand interactions is crucial for computational drug discovery. Multiensemble Markov Model (MEMM) estimators can provide estimates of both binding rates and affinities from collections of short trajectories but have not been systematically explored for situations when a ligand is decoupled through scaling of non-bonded interactions. In this work, we compare the performance of two MEMM approaches for estimating ligand binding affinities and rates: (1) the transition-based reweighting analysis method (TRAM) and (2) a Maximum Caliber (MaxCal) based method. As a test system, we construct a small host–guest system where the ligand is a single uncharged Lennard-Jones (LJ) particle, and the receptor is an 11-particle icosahedral pocket made from the same atom type. To realistically mimic a protein–ligand binding system, the LJ ϵ parameter was tuned, and the system was placed in a periodic box with 860 TIP3P water molecules. A benchmark was performed using over 80 µs of unbiased simulation, and an 18-state Markov state model was used to estimate reference binding affinities and rates. We then tested the performance of TRAM and MaxCal when challenged with limited data. Both TRAM and MaxCal approaches perform better than conventional Markov state models, with TRAM showing better convergence and accuracy. We find that subsampling of trajectories to remove time correlation improves the accuracy of both TRAM and MaxCal and that in most cases, only a single biased ensemble to enhance sampled transitions is required to make accurate estimates.
The tale of two countries
Authors: Filipović Luna
Published: April 2022

The aim of this research was to compare the quality of language services and of linguistic evidence obtained in UK police interviews and US police interrogations with suspects, witnesses and victims who speak little or no English and have to communicate via an interpreter. This is the first study of its kind based on substantial real-life data from both jurisdictions, which rely on different types of service provision. The data were annotated using NVivo 12 software and the methodology included a quantitative analysis of miscommunication instances that arise as a result of cross-linguistic or cross-cultural contrasts and a qualitative analysis of the interpreting standards and information details recorded in official transcripts. It was discovered that both countries exhibit some advantageous features in their language service provision. although both also have shortcomings that should be responded to and remedied. The US data reveal that the transcripts there are more detailed and more informative, and are produced bilingually and verbatim; this is not the case in the UK context. However, the use of non-professional interpreters in the US, unlike in the UK, where professional interpreters are employed, is shown to be highly problematic. The article concludes with a summary of empirical insights that can be used to improve evidence-gathering, access to justice in multilingual contexts, policy development and the training of law-enforcement and language professionals around the world.
Sexual and Violent Recidivism of Empirically-Typed Individuals Convicted of Rape
Authors: Freudenthaler Laura , Tran Ulrich S. , Eher Reinhard
Published: April 2022

Men convicted of rape are a heterogenous group among individuals with sexual offending history. This may contribute to the difficulty of establishing adequate treatment during institutionalization and preventing recidivism after release. Therefore, we aimed to identify an empirical typology of individuals convicted of rape based on (a) common criminological variables (age at first offense, number of prior convictions, relation to the victim), (b) offense behavior (alcoholization during the offense) and (c) clinical diagnoses (substance abuse and dependence, psychopathy, sexual sadism, Cluster B personality disorders, paraphilias, paraphilia-related disorders) associated with the risk of sexual offending. Data of N = 575 adult males with raping history were analyzed. We found four types with different profiles in the described variables: an antisocial impulsive, a sexualized, a highly violent and a non-criminal situational type. The types significantly varied in prognostic validity for violent, but not sexual, recidivism. Also, the typology exhibited a slightly higher predictive validity for violent recidivism than Static-99 scores. In contrast to Static-99, the typology failed to significantly predict sexual recidivism. Although the types explained more variance of violent recidivism than Static-99 scores, the value of applying a broad set of risk factors in contrast to combining only few are discussed.
Saha–Basu equation of state and its application to Carnot cycle
Authors: Samanta S , Acharya A , Mitra J , Bhattacharyya S
Published: April 2022

A hundred years ago, in 1920, Meghnad Saha and Satyendra Nath Basu derived an equation of state bearing their name. We revisit this largely overlooked equation of state and compute the efficiency of the Carnot cycle using this as a working substance. We also calculate the efficiency of the Carnot cycle using the Dieterici equation of state which can be obtained from Saha–Basu’s equation of state in a proper limit.
Near-threshold Cooper minimum in the photoionisation of the 2p subshell of sodium atom and its impact on the angular distribution parameter
Authors: Hosea Nishita M , Jose Jobin , Varma Hari R
Published: April 2022

The present work reports the photoionisation studies of 2p subshell of Na atom, just above the threshold region. The calculations are performed in the framework of multiconfiguration Dirac–Hartree–Fock method (MCDHF). It unravels the effect of 3d orbital on the final state leading to the appearance of Cooper minimum (CM) in the region close to the threshold. Further, the impact of this CM on the angular distribution parameter is studied. It is found that CM not only modifies the cross section profile but also makes dramatic changes in the angular distribution.
Periodic evolution of the Pearcey–Gaussian beam in the fractional Schrödinger equation under Gaussian potential
Authors: Gao Ru , Guo Teng , Ren Shumin , Wang Pengxiang , Xiao Yan
Published: April 2022

The dynamics of a Pearcey–Gaussian (PG) beam with Gaussian potential in the fractional Schrödinger equation (FSE) are investigated. In free space, varying the Lévy index offers a convenient way to control the splitting and bending angle of the beam. In the presence of Gaussian potential, with increasing propagation distance, the process is repeated in a breath-like motion. The periodicity also can be changed by adjusting the potential parameter and incident beam arguments, such as potential height, potential width and transverse wavenumber. The transmission and reflection of the beam can also be controlled by varying the potential parameters. Moreover, when a symmetrical Gaussian potential barrier is selected, total reflection is more likely to occur. These unique characteristics demonstrate the possibility of controlling the dynamics of PG beams with the FSE system.