bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Analysis of Consistency in Personality Assessment
Authors: Tellegen Auke
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
In recent years psychologists have treated not only the mean (or sum) but also the variability of a person's item scores on multi‐item scales as significant individual attributes Variability measures and comparable statistics, interpreted as indicators of (in)consistency, have been used as a basis for rejecting test results or trait constructs In cognitive assessment the concern has been with test results, in personality assessment the emphasis has been primarily on traits and “traitedness” Some of the assessment procedures are described and discussed For personality assessment the main conclusions are (a) the use of intra‐individual variability measures for identifying invalid test data could be explored and exploited more, (b) intra‐individual variability is for many reasons to be considered a poor indicator of low traitedness rather than its hallmark, and (c) traitedness itself is a promising concept and certain alternative approaches to traitedness assessment seem promising and integrative
Painting Group Portraits: Studying Life Outcomes for Aggressive and Withdrawn Children
Authors: Moskowitz D. S. , Schwartzman A. E.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Aggression and social withdrawal have long been of interest to personality psychologists The present article presents a longitudinal study of the development of children selected from a community sample who were high on aggression and withdrawal The selection of outcome variables is discussed, and outcomes during adolescence are described For both males and females, high aggressiveness was predictive of low intelligence, poor school achievement, and psychiatric problems For females, high aggressiveness was also predictive of general health problems High social withdrawal was predictive of poor school achievement Females who were high on withdrawal also had an elevated rate of abortions Individuals who were high on both aggression and withdrawal had relatively poor social competence, had general problems with behavior, had low intelligence, and were performing poorly in school
Inferring Emotions From Multiple Cues: Revealing Age‐Related Differences in “How” Without Differences in “Can”
Authors: Wells Robin S. , Higgins E. Tory
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT This study examined differences in children's use of social cues to make emotional inferences Children ages 4, 5, and 8 years were presented with stimuli that depicted another child in affectively congruous and affectively incongruous expression/situation combinations The intensity of positive and negative facial expressions was varied across situations Subjects judged the target's feelings and selected among the alternative facial expressions or situations the one they had just seen No significant age‐related differences were found in the extent to which children registered and used both the expressive and situational information when making emotional inferences The main experimental measure asked children to explain their judgments In explaining their judgments, subjects' rationales indicated that they (a) used both the situational and expressive cues, and (b) were sensitive to congruous versus incongruous cues, and even to mild versus strong incongruous cues Children's rationales also reflected a sensitivity to expressive and situational negativity For each age group, the rationales were more elaborate when the cues were problematic Characteristic strategies, however, were also found for each age group These distinct strategies may reflect social‐life changes in children's social “theories” of emotion
A Four‐Factor Model of Perceived Control: Avoiding, Coping, Obtaining, and Savoring
Authors: Bryant Fred B.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT This study provides evidence that people evaluate their control over events and over feelings separately with respect to both positive and negative experiences Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that subjects made separate self‐evaluations of control regarding their ability to (a) avoid negative outcomes, (b) cope with negative outcomes, (c) obtain positive outcomes, and (d) savor positive outcomes In addition, beliefs about avoiding and obtaining were more highly correlated (r = 50) than were beliefs about coping and savoring (r= 27) It is argued that coping and savoring involve different sets of cognitive and behavioral skills Multiple regression analyses generally indicated that beliefs about avoiding and coping related more strongly to measures of subjective distress, whereas beliefs about obtaining and strongly related more strongly to measures of subjective well‐being These four control beliefs are discussed in relation to other conceptual models of control, and ways in which savoring may promote perceived control are described
Beliefs in a Just World and Reactions to Personal Deprivation
Authors: Hafer Carolyn L. , Olson James M.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT We hypothesized that strong believers in a just world would be motivated to perceive personal deprivation as fair and to report little resentment, compared to weak believers in a just world In two experiments, subjects performed a computer task to earn points toward a goal that had desirable consequences In the first study, some subjects chose their computer task, whereas other subjects were randomly assigned to a task In the second study, some subjects decided not to practice the task before the test trial, whereas other subjects learned after the test trial that the experimenter had forgotten to give them the opportunity to practice All subjects received bogus feedback indicating that they did not earn any points The predicted relation between beliefs in a just world and perceived fairness was obtained in both experiments, especially within the choice condition of Experiments and the experimenter error condition of Experiments The results show that beliefs in a just world have implications not only for perceptions of others, but also for self‐perception
An Unwillingness to Act: Behavioral Appropriateness, Situational Constraint, and Self‐Efficacy in Shyness
Authors: Hill Gretchen J.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Three reasons for the failure to demonstrate social skills were examined in an attempt to integrate social skills deficit and dysfunctional cognition approaches to self‐labeled shyness To assess social skills knowledge, the willingness to demonstrate such knowledge, and self‐efficacy expectations for enacting social behaviors, 40 shy and 40 nonshy adults were asked to judge the appropriateness of situated behaviors and indicate whether they characteristically enacted and felt capable of producing them Results suggested that shys may be unaware of the appropriateness of some behaviors in some situations, however, shys and nonshys more often agree on behavioral appropriateness standards Compared to nonshys, shys are less likely to enact social behaviors and tend to have low self‐efficacy It was suggested that shys' self‐awareness of characteristic responses and low self‐efficacy expectations may contribute to failures to demonstrate social skills knowledge
Attributional Style and Depressive Mood Reactions
Authors: Stiensmeier‐Pelster Joachim
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT According to the reformulated learned helplessness model of depression, individuals who charactenstically attribute negative events to internal‐stable‐global causes become depressed when confronted with negative life events This proposition was tested in a field and a laboratory study in settings with an interpersonal, socially relevant character In the field study, the attributional style of 86 female college students was investigated before Christmas, and their mood was recorded both before and after Christmas The laboratory study recorded the mood of 46 female students before and after either success or failure In both studies changes m depressive mood were predicted by the Attribution X Outcome interaction The direction and form of the interaction were in line with the diathesis‐stress model In the field study, but not the laboratory study, outcome was a significant predictor of changes m depressive mood
A Comparison Between Bottom–Up, Top–Down, and Bidirectional Models of Relationships Between Global and Life Facet Satisfaction
Authors: Lance Charles E. , Lautenschlager Gary J. , Sloan Christopher E. , Varca Philip E.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT We compared “bottom‐up,”“top‐down,” and “bidirectional” models of relationships between global and life facet satisfactions in a sample of university professors A bottom‐up model proposed that specific life facet satisfactions determine satisfaction with life in general A top‐down model proposed that global life satisfaction determines satisfaction in specific life domains A bidirectional model proposed reciprocal influences between global and life facet satisfaction We used LISREL‐VI to contrast these models and, overall, the bidirectional model received strongest support However, direction of relations between global and life facet satisfaction varied across life domains We suggest that differences in domain scope, criticality, and centrality may determine the direction of the relationship between overall and life facet satisfaction
There Is No Motive to Avoid Success: The Compromise Explanation for Success‐Avoiding Behavior
Authors: Hyland Michael E.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT There are two traditional explanations for success‐avoiding behavior the motive hypothesis and the cognition hypothesis A third hypothesis, compromise, is proposed m this article and explains success avoidance as a compromise between achievement and other goals A review shows that data explained by the motive hypothesis can be explained more parsimoniously by the compromise hypothesis, that some data are weakly inconsistent with the motive hypothesis, and that there is supportive evidence for the cognition and compromise hypotheses The implications of the compromise hypothesis for motivation research in general are discussed in terms of a control theory framework Compromises may be a common feature of intentional behavior
Trait‐Specific Versus Person‐Specific Moderators of Cross‐Situational Consistency
Authors: Koestner Richard , Bernieri Frank , Zuckerman Miron
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
Moderator variables for cross‐situational consistency can be tested m two different ways (a) a trait‐specific manner which examines differences in cross‐situational consistency among traits, or (b) a person‐specific manner which examines differences in cross‐situational consistency among people The present study examined moderator effects–both trait‐ and person‐specific–of the discrepancy between private self‐ratings on trait dimensions (“How do you see yourself?”) and the corresponding public self‐ratings (“How do others see you?”) Agreement between self‐ and peer ratings served as the dependent variable The results showed that public‐private discrepancy moderated self‐peer agreement when operationalized in a trait‐specific manner, i e, for each trait, higher discrepancy was associated with lower self‐peer agreement On the other hand, the results showed only minimal moderator effects when public‐private discrepancy was operationalized in a person‐specific manner, i e, when mean discrepancy across all traits served as the moderator Implications of the distinction between trait‐ and person‐specific approaches to moderator effects are discussed
Reinterpreting the Myers‐Briggs Type Indicator From the Perspective of the Five‐Factor Model of Personality
Authors: McCrae Robert R. , Costa Paul T.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
The Myers‐Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI, Myers & McCaulley, 1985) was evaluated from the perspectives of Jung's theory of psychological types and the five‐factor model of personality as measured by self‐reports and peer ratings on the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO‐PI, Costa & McCrae, 1985b) Data were provided by 267 men and 201 women ages 19 to 93 Consistent with earlier research and evaluations, there was no support for the view that the MBTI measures truly dichotomous preferences or qualitatively distinct types, instead, the instrument measures four relatively independent dimensions The interpretation of the Judging‐Perceiving index was also called into question The data suggest that Jung's theory is either incorrect or inadequately operationalized by the MBTI and cannot provide a sound basis for interpreting it However, correlational analyses showed that the four MBTI indices did measure aspects of four of the five major dimensions of normal personality The five‐factor model provides an alternative basis for interpreting MBTI findings within a broader, more commonly shared conceptual framework
Motives and Values to Achieve: Different Constructs With Different Effects
Authors: Biernat Monica
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
Motives to achieve and values associated with achievement were conceptualized as distinct and independent personality constructs, one nonconscious, the other conscious, each predictive of a different type of achievement‐related behavior It was hypothesized that (a) motive and value measures would be uncorrelated, (b) motives would predict “operant” or spontaneous behaviors while values would predict “respondent” or stimulus‐driven behaviors, and (c) motives and values would interact such that subjects with high values relating to achievement would perform better than those with low values, but only when their motives were also high Hypotheses (a) and (b) were strongly supported m two studies, and Hypothesis (c) was supported in Study 2 In that study, the motive for achievement was a particularly strong predictor of operant math performance among those subjects who valued achievement as opposed to affiliation The findings suggest that nonconscious (motive) and conscious (value) measures are both useful in different cases–the former for predicting “real” (doing) activity, the latter for predicting self‐report (thinking) responses Questions concerning how motives and values might combine to predict different kinds of behavior are addressed
Gender and Sex‐Role Influences on Children's Self‐Esteem
Authors: Alpert‐Gillis Linda J. , Connell James P.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
This study examined direct and moderating influences of gender and sex‐role orientations on children's general self‐esteem Moderating influences of these variables on the prediction of self‐esteem were examined with respect to two sets of competence beliefs regarding school achievement perceived capacities and perceived strategies for doing well in school One hundred nineteen fourth‐, fifth‐, and sixth‐grade children were assessed using the perceived Competence Scale for Children (Harter, 1982), the Multidimensional Measure of Children's Perceptions of Control (Connell, 1985), and the Children's Personal Attributes Questionnaire (Hall & Halberstadt, 1980) Correlational and hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that upper elementary schoolchildren's general self‐esteem is (a) marginally related to biological gender, with boys showing a slight advantage, (b) significantly related to masculinity and androgyny, and (c) predicted more strongly by perceived capacities to do schoolwork in girls than in boys, and by perceived (lack of) strategies for academic success in nontraditionally sex‐typed children than in traditionally sex‐typed children Of the two nontraditionally sex‐typed groups, androgynous children were found to have more positive school competence beliefs than were undifferentiated children
A Test of Bipolar and Androgyny Perspectives of Masculinity and Femininity: The Effect of Participation in an Outward Bound Program
Authors: Marsh Herbert W. , Richards Garry E.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
The purposes of the present investigation are to examine theoretical issues in androgyny theory by testing the effect of participation in the Outward Bound program on measures of masculinity (M) and femininity (F) Bipolar conceptualizations of MF posit that an increase in either M or F must lead to a decrease in the other, whereas androgyny theory posits M and F to be independent constructs Consistent with a priori predictions based on the nature of the Outward Bound program, participation substantially enhanced M and had a small positive effect on F The results were reasonably consistent for male and female participants, for single‐sex and mixed‐sex groups, and across responses to three different MF measures Results support the androgyny interpretation of MF and demonstrate the effectiveness of the Outward Bound program in changing MF The results contradict the bipolar perspective that an increase in M must be accompanied by a decrease in F
Self‐Construct Systems and Interpersonal Congruence
Authors: Benesch Kevin F. , Page Monte M.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
Personal Construct Theory (Kelly, 1955) provided a framework in which the congruence of social perceptions was examined Triads of close acquaintances engaged in personality description procedures presented at two levels of abstraction (global and specific) Using a modification of Kelly's (1955) Role Construct Repertory Test (REP) grid methodology, target persons in each triad generated personally relevant self‐constructs, contexts in which such self‐constructs might be displayed, and actions which might be expressive of those self‐constructs This resulted m an idiographic data base on which peers attempted to construe the target's personality in a variety of contexts The relationships between several self‐construct system properties (such as Mean‐ingfulness and Prototypicality) and congruence (shared construing) were assessed Patterns of correlational analyses indicated that the most meaningful self‐constructs (i e, those manifested in extreme form), as well as self‐constructs exhibiting the least variation across contexts, produced greater agreement among triad members about the target's personality It was suggested that the study of self–peer congruence is feasible using idiographic, self‐identified personality themes, explicit contextual information, and a systems perspective
Mothers' Attributions to Their Young Children: The Verbal Environment as a Resource for Children's Self‐Concept Acquisition
Authors: Wylie Ruth C.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT There has been a century of theorizing that self‐conceptions begin to develop early, heavily involve language, are important aspects of personality, and are much influenced by others' reactions Nevertheless, no one has heretofore probed the empirical characteristics and antecedents of mothers' language that might be relevant to their 2½1/2‐year‐old children's acquisition of self‐conceptions In this research, such “maternal attributions” were located in video transcripts of 3 mother‐child pairs, each interacting for 300 minutes (Study 1), and of 35 mother‐child pairs, each interacting for 35 minutes (Study 2), all in a seminaturalistic setting Study 2 replicated and extended results from Study 1 regarding (a) types of occasion for maternal attributions, and (b) the attributions' specificity/abstractness, vocabulary content, substantive referent, explicitness/implicitness, evaluative tone, and direction toward the whole child or an aspect of the child Antecedent‐consequent relationships were found between children's roles in occasioning attributions and the language specificity and evaluative tone of the attributions. Results are discussed in terms of the development of the self.
Self‐Monitoring and Idiographic Measures of Behavioral Variability Across Interpersonal Relationships
Authors: Lippa Richard , Donaldson Stewart I.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Sixty‐five subjects were assessed by a computer program that asked them to list the primary people they interact with, the situations they inhabit with these people, and the traits and behaviors they typically show with these people The program stored these data as a tree of information Subjects also kept detailed behavioral diaries over a 10‐day period and completed Snyder's (1974) Self‐Monitoring Scale The consistency of subjects' behaviors and settings over interpersonal relationships was computed from the computer data and from behavioral diaries Results indicated that consistency as assessed idiographically from computer data, consistency as assessed idiographically from diaries, and self‐monitoring were intercorrelated These results illustrate the possibility of wedding idiographic and nomothetic approaches in research on the consistency and variability of behavior
Adolescent Adjustment and Coping Strategies
Authors: Jorgensen Randall S. , Dusek Jerome B.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT This study examines the relation between psychosocial adjustment and coping strategies among college freshmen. Three hundred thirty‐one college students completed the Inventory of Psychosocial Development (IPD; Constantinople, 1969) and the Adolescent Coping Orientation for Problem Experiences (ACOPE; Patterson & McCubbin, 1987) inventory. Factor analysis of the ACOPE scales revealed two factors interpreted to represent the coping strategies of “salutary effort” and “stress palliation.” For each subject a relative salutary effort score was calculated to reflect the proportion of coping efforts ascribable to mature, salutary coping efforts. Optimal adjustment was associated with adolescents whose reported means of dealing with tension reflected a high proportion of salutary effort. These findings, which support the notion of a covariation between styles of coping and psychological adjustment among adolescents, are discussed in light of psychosocial development, coping, and methodological issues related to research on coping and adjustment.
Affective Responses to Autobiographical Memories and Their Relationship to Long‐Term Goals
Authors: Singer Jefferson A.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT It was hypothesized that affective responses to memories could be predicted from a memory's relevance to the attainment or nonattainment of an individual's long‐term goals. In Study 1, 30 subjects received 15 goals, based upon Murray's (1938) needs, as cues to retrieve memories. They rated both affective responses to memories and the relevance of the memories to the attainment of the cuing goal. On average, affective responses were significantly correlated with the relevance of the memories to goal attainment. In Study 2, 62 subjects retrieved 20 memories from four different content categories and rated the relevance of each memory to the attainment of all 15 goals. Factor analysis yielded three goal factors—avoidance, self‐gratification, and academic accomplishment. Depending upon the memory content (family, friends, school, or activities), memories varied in how much the affect they evoked was related to the attainment of particular goals. Goals played a differentiated role in subjects' current affect about past events.
Item Variances and Median Splits: Some Encouraging and Reassuring Findings
Authors: Baumeister Roy F.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT The article by Bissonnette, Ickes, Bernstein, and Knowles (1990) presented in this issue contains a series of simulations which vary widely in the degree to which they resemble the parameters that have been found in actual data. Their conclusions feature warnings based on simulations containing large confounds between trait extremity and item variance. In real data, however, the corresponding confounds typically have been small. When Bissonnette et al. used appropriately small confounds in their simulations, their results showed that median split techniques failed to inflate Type I error rates. The constructive implications of Bissonnette et al.'s simulations indicate that moderator‐variable researchers should always perform a simple check for range restriction and for variance‐extremity confounds, and that there is no danger of spurious conclusions as long as these checks conform to what has typically been found with real data.
Item Variances and Median Splits: Some Discouraging and Disquieting Findings
Authors: Bissonnette Victor , Ickes William , Bernstein Ira , Knowles Eric
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT In his response to our article, Baumeister argued that in real data, the confound between interitem variance and trait extremity is small (typically in the range of 0 and –.2), and that the danger of artifact associated with the application of median splits to interitem variance is not as serious as our first simulation study would lead one to believe. When we examined a large body of actual personality data, employing personality scales of average reliability and relatively large samples, we found that the average magnitude of the confound was –.15. However, we also found that even a confound as small as –.03 could be associated with significant differential range restriction of the trait scores within subsamples produced by the median split (MS) technique. We note that several factors, not just the magnitude of the interitem variance/trait extremity confound, must be considered when assessing the danger of artifact associated with the MS technique. We again conclude that researchers should use the moderated multiple regression (MMR) technique in preference to the MS technique when testing for moderating effects in personality research.
A Motivational Explanation for the Existence of Private Self‐Consciousness Differences
Authors: Franzoi Stephen L. , Davis Mark H. , Markwiese Barbara
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT The present article investigates whether there are motivational underpinnings for individual differences in level of private self‐consciousness The findings provide preliminary evidence that there are underlying motivational components of need for self‐knowledge and need for self‐defense In the first two studies, high private self‐conscious individuals (PRSCs) reported placing a higher value on accurate self‐knowledge than did low PRSCs (Study 2), and acted according to that value (Study 1) In Study 3, the pattern of results supported the view that low PRSCs may have a desire to avoid unpleasant self‐knowledge Our tentative conclusion is that high PRSCs may have a need for self‐knowledge that is stronger than their need to protect their self‐esteem, whereas low PRSCs may have a need for self‐defense that outweighs self‐knowledge needs Implications of these findings both for other approaches to self‐consciousness and for a better understanding of the etiology of self‐consciousness are discussed
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Multitrait‐Multimethod Data: The Construct Validation of Multidimensional Self‐Concept Responses
Authors: Marsh Herbert W.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT The multitrait‐multimethod (MTMM) design is frequently used to test construct validity and is particularly appropriate for evaluating multidimensional instruments in personality research Despite its popularity there are important problems with both the traditional and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) approaches to MTMM data In previous research (1989a, 1989b) I described a new CFA approach that I claimed to be relatively immune to many of these problems This approach is applied here to test the construct validity of preadolescent responses to three multidimensional self‐concept instruments The substantive contribution of the present investigation is to demonstrate good support for the construct validity of two of the three instruments The methodological contributions are to further substantiate my claims about the new CFA approaches and to demonstrate this approach in a substantively meaningful context that has broad applicability to other personality research
The Structure of Personal Commitments
Authors: Novacek Jill , Lazarus Richard S.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT This article examines the structure of personal commitments across several dimensions ot commitment experience and across multiple samples In Sample 1, one hundred ninety‐seven subjects rated 41 commitment items along the dimensions of importance, expectancy to achieve, effort, and distress, in Sample 2, two hundred five subjects rated the same items along the dimensions of importance, current commitment, and visibility Principal components analyses produced six component solutions within each of the rating dimensions Using a multitrait‐multimethod format, comparisons of the component solutions suggested that the six components (a) represented independent groupings within each solution and (b) remained consistent across the different dimensions of commitment experience The six components of commitment were identified as Affiliation, Power/Achievement, Personal Growth, Altruism, Stress Avoidance, and Sensation‐Seeking
Anger and the Use of Defense Mechanisms in College Students
Authors: Cramer Phebe
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
It was hypothesized that experimentally induced anger would result in an increased use of defense mechanisms in college students. As predicted from the theory of defense mechanism development, the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) stories of angered students showed a higher level of use of projection and identification, and the use of these defenses was significantly correlated with the presence of aggressive content in the stories. The results were consistent with previous studies in showing that the predominant defenses of late adolescents are projection and identification, and that men use more projection than women.
Human Values, Global Self‐Esteem, and Belief in a Just World
Authors: Feather N. T.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
Relations were investigated between global self‐esteem, just world beliefs, and value priorities in two large samples of Australian high‐school (N= 953) and university students (N= 361). Principal component factor analyses involving the importance ratings for each of the Rokeach terminal and instrumental values showed that values could be classified into the following eight value domains for both samples: positive affiliation, universal prosocial, mature accomplishment, comfort/stimulation, security/salvation, self‐directed competence, restrictive conformity, and prosocial concern. These value domains overlapped with but were not identical to the classification of motivational domains proposed by Schwartz and Bilsky (1987). As predicted, global self‐esteem (assessed by the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale) was positively related to the importance of values in domains concerned with achievement, competence, and self‐direction, and just world beliefs (assessed by the Just World Scale) were positively related to values in the restrictive conformity domain. Gender differences occurred in regard to the value domains and in the relation of prosocial values to global self‐esteem in the older university sample. The results were discussed in relation to other studies of the structure of human values and other research on self‐esteem and belief in a just world.
Perceived Control, Drive for Thinness, and Food Consumption: Anorexic Tendencies as Displaced Reactance
Authors: Rezek Pamela J. , Leary Mark R.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
Although loss of perceived control has been implicated in the development of eating disorders, previous research has not directly tested the relationship between perceived control and food consumption. This study investigated the hypothesis that individuals with anorexic tendencies react to low perceived control by restricting food intake as a means of regaining a sense of control. Forty female undergraduates who scored either low or high on the Drive for Thinness Scale (Garner & Olmsted, 1984) were led to believe they would be participating in two separate studies. Perceived control was experimentally manipulated such that half of the subjects experienced low control and half experienced high control over a social situation. Under the guise of a second experiment, subjects tasted breakfast cereals and completed measures relevant to eating and body image. Results showed that subjects who were high in drive for thinness (DT) who experienced low control ate less sweetened cereal and planned to eat less at dinner than high DT subjects who experienced high control. Low DT subjects were unaffected by the control manipulation. The results are discussed in terms of displaced reactance.
The Next Generation of Moderator Research in Personality Psychology
Authors: Chaplin William F.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
The concept of a moderator variable has a long and checkered history in personality psychology. In this article I review the methodological and conceptual advances in recent moderator variable research. I then report the results of a number of empirical analyses of three newly proposed idiographic moderator variables: scalability, metatraits, and construct similarity, as well as the ipsatized variance index. The results of these analyses indicate that moderator effect sizes in personality can be expected to correspond to a correlation of about. 10:1 then consider two recent prescriptions, (a) aggregating trait‐specific moderators into general ones, and (b) evaluating joint (e.g., triple interaction) moderator effects. Following these prescriptions did not increase the size of the moderator effects in these data. I conclude that moderator effects in personality will be small, and will thus be most reliably detected in very large samples with predictors that are strongly related to the criteria. Even small moderator effects can be important and interesting in the context of theory disconfirmation. However, moderator variables generally will not serve to transform weak relations among personality variables into strong ones.
Narcissistic Acts in Everyday Life
Authors: Buss David M. , Chiodo Lisa Mancinelli
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
This article presents a series of studies on narcissism, a personality syndrome receiving increasing theoretical and practical attention. Four empirical studies were carried out to (a) identify narcissistic acts in everyday life, (b) identify the acts subsumed by dispositions that are seen as central components of narcissism, (c) identify which acts and which dispositions are most and least central to narcissism, (d) test the hypothesis that the conceptually specified component dispositions of the narcissistic personality disorder indeed covary sufficiently to merit the designation of narcissism as a syndrome, (e) identify sex differences in the acts through which narcissism is manifested, (f) validate the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (a major personality instrument developed to assess narcissism), and (g) locate narcissistic act performance within each of three major taxonomies of personality psychology.
Adjustment, Depression, and Minimal Goal Setting: The Moderating Effect of Performance Feedback
Authors: Catanzaro Salvatore J.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
In this study I tested hypotheses about changes in expectancy and minimal goal statements and the relations of these variables to adjustment. Seventy‐seven male college students completed the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank and the Beck Depression Inventory and subsequently received success or failure feedback on tasks for which they provided expectancy and minimal goal statements. Expectancies and minimal goals changed differently, relative to each other, as a function of performance feedback. Modest relations of adjustment and dysphoria with minimal goals were found, but these were moderated by performance feedback: Under failure, poorer adjustment and greater dysphoria were associated with higher minimal goals; under success, poorer adjustment and greater dysphoria were associated with lower minimal goals, contrary to a widely held hypothesis. Moreover, although the effects of adjustment and dysphoria on minimal goal setting were similar in strength and direction, these effects were independent of each other. Thus, adjustment‐minimal goal relations must be understood in light of situational parameters and may reflect two processes, only one of which is related to mood.
Evidence for the Altruistic Personality from Data on Accident Research
Authors: Bierhoff Hans Werner , Klein Renate , Kramp Peter
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to test whether the concept of an altruistic personality was valid for first aiders who intervened to help the victims of a traffic accident. We derived a number of relevant personality variables that should be related to the willingness to administer first aid. These include locus of control, social responsibility, belief in a just world, empathy, and instrumentality. We obtained data from proven first aiders who had intervened after a traffic accident. Thirty‐four of these first aiders were matched to respondents from a subject pool on the basis of sex, age, and socioeconomic status. In addition, the willingness of these respondents to offer help after a traffic accident was taken into account. Only people who indicated that they had witnessed an accident and had not helped were included in the control group. Multivariate analyses of variance and covariance indicated that proven first aiders deviated from the control group on several dimensions: They described themselves as more internal, believed more in a just world, and emphasized more social responsibility and empathy.
Self‐image and Guilt: A Further Test of the Cognitive‐Developmental Formulation
Authors: Bybee Jane A. , Zigler Edward
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
The cognitive‐developmental formulation of self‐image disparity holds that an increasing disparity between the real and ideal self‐image is due to (a) increasing differentiation of the real from the ideal self with maturity and (b) the increased capacity for incorporation of social mores with a greater propensity for guilt as a result. Guilt and self‐image disparity were assessed in 47 young adults in Study 1, and in 108 children, of varying intellectual abilities, in the 5th, 8th, and 11th grades in Study 2. In both studies, guilt was related to self‐image disparity. At all age levels, guilt was related to a higher ideal self‐image. Guilt was related to a higher real self‐image among 5th graders, but not among older individuals. Brighter children had a higher ideal self‐image, greater self‐image disparity, and marginally more guilt than children of average intellectual abilities. Guilt and self‐image disparity were not related to grade level. The pattern of findings indicated that self‐image is influenced by both cognitive‐developmental and experiential determinants.
Sociosexuality and Romantic Partner Choice
Authors: Simpson Jeffry A. , Gangestad Steven W.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT In three studies, we explored how individual differences in sociosexual orientation systematically relate to the types of attributes people prefer in romantic partners. In Investigation 1, individuals rated the importance of 15 partner attributes. Two factors emerged: personal/parenting qualities and attractiveness/social visibility. Individuals who possessed a restricted sociosexual orientation rated attributes that loaded highly on the former factor as being more important than those that loaded highly on the second one, whereas the reverse was true for unrestricted individuals. In Investigation 2, individuals evaluated two prospective romantic partners, one who was described as highly attractive and socially visible but less desirable in terms of personal/parenting qualities and one who had the opposite set of attributes. Unrestricted individuals tended to select the former partner, whereas restricted individuals chose the latter one. Investigation 3 examined the attributes actually possessed by their romantic partners. Unrestricted individuals were dating partners who were more socially visible and attractive, whereas restricted individuals were dating partners who were more responsible, faithful/loyal, and affectionate. Results are discussed in terms of an evolutionary model that links sociosexuality to mate selection.
A Brunswikean Approach to Tratt Continuity: Application to Shyness
Authors: Asendorpf Jens B.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT A new method of assessing the continuity of traits independent of their stability is proposed that is based on Brunswik's lens model of person perception. The method is applied to the continuity of shyness between preschool age and adulthood. A sample of 108 children (observed at age 4 and again at age 6) and a sample of 70 university students were videotaped in conversations with adult strangers. Detailed coding of 17 different behaviors revealed a highly similar rank order of their validity coefficients for parental reports of children's shyness, self‐reports of students' shyness, and observer judgments of both children's and students' shyness, even after controlling for differences in the behaviors' reliability. These findings suggest that the construct of shyness shows a strong continuity from preschool age through adulthood. The proposed methodology can also be applied to the continuity of emotional states or to the cross‐situational generality of traits and states.
Making Life Complicated: Prompting the Use of Integratively Complex Thinking
Authors: Hunsberger Bruce , Lea James , Pancer S. Mark , Pratt Michael , McKenzie Barbara
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Two studies are reported which assess the proclivity of individuals to increase the integrative complexity of social, moral, or religious thinking when prompted to do so. We also examined the influence on complexity of topic area and respondents' religiosity. In both studies significant increases in complexity were obtained when participants were prompted to differentiate and integrate material, suggesting that an important distinction needs to be made between competence and performance with respect to complexity. However, there was some evidence that prompting complexity was more effective in eliciting differentiation than integration. Both studies indicated that overall, religious orientation was not a significant predictor of integrative complexity, nor did it interact with other factors (including religious vs. nonreligious content of stimulus materials). Finally, there was some evidence that complexity may vary across different content areas, and this variation may be differentially affected by prompting for complexity.
Factors and Taxa, Traits and Types, Differences of Degree and Differences in Kind
Authors: Meehl Paul E.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT A taxon is a nonarbitrary class whose existence is conjectured as an empirical question, not a mere semantic convenience. Numerous taxa are known to exist in nature and society (chemical elements, biological species, organic diseases, geological strata, kinds of stars, elementary particles, races, cultures, Mendelizing mental deficiencies, major psychoses, vocations, ideologies, religions). What personality types, if any, occur in the nonpathological population remains to be researched by sophisticated methods, and cannot be settled by fiat or “dimensional” preference. The intuitive concept of taxonicity is to be explicated by a combination of formal‐numerical and causal criteria. Taxometric methods should include consistency tests that provide Popperian risk of strong discorroboration. In social science, latent class methods are probably more useful than cluster algorithms.
Motivational and Other Sources of Work Accomplishments in Mid–Life: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: McClelland David C. , Franz Carol E.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Earned Income and work accomplishment were determined at age 41 for 89 adults whose mothers had been interviewed for their child‐rearing practices when the adults were 5 years old. At age 31, in spontaneous thought but not self‐report, n Achievement predicted earned income and socialized power motivation predicted work accomplishment at age 41. Hardships (or “bad breaks”) during childhood and adolescence predicted work outcomes for both men and women, as did education for men. Parenting achievement pressure in the first 2 years of life was associated with adult n Achievement and earned income, while moderate encouragement of assertiveness by mothers who were warm to boys and cool to girls was associated with adult socialized power motivation and work accomplishment. Controls for social class of origin, IQ, temperament, and education did not explain the relations between parenting, motivation, and work outcomes, although education played a larger role for men than women who worked both inside and outside the home.
Identity Style and Coping Strategies
Authors: Berzonsky Michael D.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT This Study examined the relationship between identity style and strategies used to cope with stressors that potentially threaten one's sense of identity. Identity style refers to differences in the way individuals construct and revise or maintain their sense of identity. An informational style involves actively seeking out, evaluating, and utilizing self‐relevant information. A normative style highlights the expectations and standards of significant others. A diffuse/avoidant style is characterized by procrastination and situation‐specific reactions. Late‐adolescent college subjects were administered measures of identity style, ways of coping with academic stressors, and test anxiety. Within this self‐as‐student context, subjects with diffuse and normative identity styles employed avoidant‐oriented coping strategies (wishful thinking, distancing, and tension reduction). An informational style was associated with deliberate, problem‐focused coping. Findings are discussed in terms of a process model of identity development.
The Impact of Self‐Presentations on Self‐Beliefs: Effects of Social Identity and Self‐Presentational Context
Authors: McKillop Kevin J. , Berzonsky Michael D. , Schlenker Barry R.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT To examine the impact of self‐presentations on private self‐appraisals, subjects were induced to characterize themselves positively or negatively during a face‐to‐face interview, during a written interview, or on a private questionnaire. As hypothesized, subjects high in Social Identity (the tendency to root identity in social sources of experience) shifted their self‐appraisals in the direction of their positive or negative role after a face‐to‐face interaction, but were less affected by role in their private self‐characterizations. In contrast, subjects low in Social Identity were primarily affected by a private, positive self‐characterization. The latter subjects were not indifferent to how they appeared to others, as indicated by their attempts to rationalize negative, face‐to‐face self‐presentations; they simply did not define themselves in terms of their public appearance.
The Dimensionality of Type A Behavior within a Stressful Work Simulation
Authors: Tett Robert P. , Bobocel D. Ramona , Hafer Carolyn , Lees Mary C. , Smith Catherine A. , Jackson Douglas N.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
The present study was conducted to examine the dimensionality of overt Type A behaviors elicited in a simulated stressful work environment. University students played a managerial role while being subjected to time and work‐load pressures, and completed the Survey of Work Styles (SWS; Jackson & Gray, 1989). Eighteen behaviors, coded by two raters based on audiovisual recordings, yielded relatively high interrater reliabilities. Principal components analysis revealed four primary factors: Hurriedness, Irritability, Tension of the Lower Extremities, and Restlessness. These factors contribute to an understanding of Type A behavior in that they are the first to be derived from a purely observational approach rather than a combination of observational and self‐report methods. Consistent with previous research, differential correlations between the factors and the SWS subscales supported a multidimensional interpretation of the Type A behavior pattern. Present findings are compared to those of previous studies of Type A dimensionality.