bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward a Cross-Cultural Training Model for Migrants Entering Oppressive Work Environments
Authors: Martyn Howard Lorne
Published: January 2019

This paper examines Indonesian migrant domestic workers’ contentment with their sojourn in Hong Kong and factors that inhibit contentment. These factors largely consist of inadequate pre-departure training in Indonesia or training that emphasizes subservience rather than assertiveness, as well as oppressive work environments, underpayment and employer behavior designed to psychologically or physically demean migrants in Hong Kong. The paper proposes a training model with module content based on needs identified during interviews with migrants. Training modules may be presented in Indonesia or Hong Kong by NGO groups and should be process driven and experiential with an emphasis on assertiveness aimed at migrant perspective transformation. Although designed with the Indonesia-Hong Kong situation in mind, this model along with the accompanying modules may be adapted for a variety of situations where migrant workers find themselves in oppressive work environments.
Translation as Accommodation: Influences of Contextual Factors on a Translator
Authors: Janjua Fauzia , Majeed Aamir
Published: January 2019

The present study attempts to investigate how contextual factors with ideology as the major component affect the process of translation and influence translators to adopt accommodations in translated text because all translations are ideological in one way or the other because preference of definite terms is motivated by the aims and interests of target society. For this purpose the researcher selected short story ‘Overcoat’ written by renowned Pakistani writer Ghulam Abbas and its English version included in syllabus of intermediate class. The author is a professional Urdu writer whose text is translated by PTB Lahore for academic purpose. The translated text was analyzed and compared and contrasted with the original text to trace the accommodation patterns which are adjustments to adjust target text in new context. The source context is informal, free and wide with a variety of readerships whereas target context is formal, restricted and with a specific type of readerships. Analytical framework is a fusion of Van Dijk (2005) approach of text analysis and Shi’s (2004) model of translation as accommodation. The analytical framework demonstrates that the analysis of the texts starts individually and then after analyzing macro and micro structures of the texts comparatively, draws the conclusion. The findings show that there are significant ideological and cultural accommodations in the target text.
Locking Plate Fixation with Multiple Telescoping Sliding Screws for Femoral Neck Fractures
Authors: Kilian Miroslav , Csörgő Peter , Šajter Marian , Šimkovic Pavel , Vajcziková Silvia , Zamborský Radoslav
Published: January 2019

Background. Non-displaced femoral neck fractures are mostly treated with internal fixation, while in dis­placed fractures this surgical option is under debate and the benefits are still not clear. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that affect the treatment of non-displaced and displaced hip fractures using a head-preserving plate.
Material and methods. From August 2011 to May 2015, we reviewed eighty-two adult patients who had sustained undisplaced and displaced intracapsular femoral neck fracture treated with a locking plate system with telescoping sliding screws. Fracture reduction, healing rate and implant related complications were primary objectives. Other complications (e.g. avascular necrosis, nonunion, hematoma, infection) and revision surgery were recorded as well.
Results. According to the Garden classification system, a total of 51.2% fractures were classified as non-displaced (type 1 and 2) and 48.8% were displaced fractures (type 3 and 4). Anatomic reduction was achieved in 58.5% and valgus in 41.5% of patients and it did not influence the healing. Varus reduction was not observed in any case. The total average complication rate was 18.1%, where screw cutout was the most frequent complication (8.5%). The timing of surgery did not affect the healing of femoral neck fractures. Age over 60 years combined with a displaced fracture was associated with impaired healing potential and a higher complication rate. Revision surgery was performed in 17.1% of patients, mainly those with displaced fractures.
Conclusions. 1. The use of a locking plate system with telescoping sliding screws was associated with lower rates of postoperative complications in undisplaced, but also in displaced femoral neck fractures in patients younger 60 years. 2. Patients over 60 years with displaced fractures were more likely to have healing problems and implant failure.
"Żeby wierszowi chodziło o życie". Liryka Bogusława Kierca
Authors: Maliszewski Karol
Published: January 2019

The author of this article analyzes the poetry of Bogusław Kierc, a poet
from Wrocław, pointing to the separateness and originality of this artist.
Originality is revealed in risky and bold themes and a form that is a combination
of something avant-garde with something very traditional. The
language used by the poet, concerning ultimate and mystical problems,
captivates with harmonious, musical finesse. Pictures in this poetry are
seen, heard and experienced. The hero of these poems sees in his somatic
and erotic experiences the source of potential mysticism, the possibility
of approaching transcendence.
Dzieło jako zdarzenie - Performans rekonstruowany w wyobraźni
Authors: Śnieciński Marek
Published: January 2019

An exceptionally interesting case of performance in contemporary art are
artworks, in which artists do not present a performance itself but rather
its effects. For these artists a performance is somehow included in the
tissue of the artwork; it was indispensable for the artwork to be created,
yet it is hidden so the viewer needs to make an effort to reconstruct this
performative character of the artwork and understand (become aware
of) the resulting consequences. The text analyses works by Akira Komoto
(the Seeing series), the realization by Lech Twardowski (Generator Bez
Maszyn), three series of works by Urszula Wilk (Niewysłane listy) as well
as selected sculptures by Shen Shaomin (the Bonsai series). Although in
these works we deal with various forms of performativeness, their joint
feature is the fact that in each of them the viewer must discover and reconstruct
the hidden performance in his/her memory.
Tablecloth definition of performance
Authors: Solski Zbigniew Władysław
Published: January 2019

From its very beginning the development of performatics was influenced by two kinds of performance activities: performance art and theatre. In Poland theatrologists became proponents of performatics. The translation of Schechner’s book about performance studies was used to homogenise Polish performative vocabulary: the translator reached for the polonized word “performans” and created a new term: “performatyka”. Thanks to Schechner’s general definition – performances are actions, while the subject of performatics are behaviours – the concept of “performans” proved to be very useful because the Polish language lacks such “transparent tool of description”. When in the U.S.A. the researchers dealing with performance studies radically broadened the area of performative activities, their representative in Poland, Jacek Wachowski, became involved in the process of limiting the notion of “performans” and theatre’s influence on performatics. This article is devoted to his innovative proposal.
Evaluation of interdisciplinary treatment outcomes in patients with cleft lip and palate. Part 1.
Authors: Racka-Pilszak Bogna , Wojtaszek-Słomińska Anna , Zdun-Ryżewska Agata , Majkowicz Mikołaj , Banaszkiewicz Agnieszka , Basiński Krzysztof
Published: January 2019

Cleft palate is the most common congenital defect within the facial skeleton. Coexisting facial deformations are not only visible, but also audible after surgery – children born with cleft lip and palate belong to the risk group for occurrence of speech-language disorders. Due to this fact, they may face inappropriate responses of people around, which may cause poor mental condition. Majority of subjects (ca. 67 percent) experienced unpleasant feelings caused by people around them and noticed contribution of the cleft to lowered selfconfidence. Almost 56 percent of the studied group notices influence of this congenital defect on ability to establish social relationships, and 33 percent – on results achieved at school. Aim. The main aim of the study was to evaluate efficacy of treatment in patients with cleft lip and palate as well as usefulness of applied research tools (questionnaire, GOSLON score). Material and methods. Study material included a group of 45 subjects with unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate, who completed multidisciplinary treatment. Mean age of the subjects was 22 years. The study was conducted at the Outpatient Orthodontic Clinic of the University Dentistry Centre of the Medical University of Gdansk. Research methods included evaluation of the occlusal abnormalities before and after treatment using GOSLON score, questionnaire completed by the patient, and specialist speech-language examination. Results. The highest percentage of satisfied patients was observed among subjects, who underwent orthodontic treatment (ca. 90 percent), which corresponded with established improvement in occlusal conditions after treatment. Appearance of the respective facial areas was mainly defined as good or very good. It was also noticed that the more the patient was satisfied with speech-language therapy, the more he/she was satisfied with speech quality. Conclusions. Evaluation of final outcomes of the multidisciplinary treatment in patients with cleft lip and palate constitutes high clinical significance in order to make further development and to evaluate currently used therapeutic management standards.
Solitary median maxillary central incisor – case report
Authors: Molska Magdalena , Janiszewska Jagoda , Mikołajczyk Marcin , Małkiewicz Konrad
Published: January 2019

Solitary Median Maxillary Central Incisor Syndrome (SMMCI Syndrome) is a rare developmental disorder consisting of morphological defects that mainly affect structures in the midline of the body. The aetiology of this syndrome has not been fully explained, and SMMCI syndrome is observed more frequently in females. The presence of a solitary median maxillary incisor in the midline of the maxilla is a typical trait in the stomatognathic system, and this anomaly is found in both deciduous and permanent dentition. Regarding developmental abnormalities accompanying a solitary incisor with an atypical structure, the most common ones include: lack of the frenulum of the upper lip, deformations in the nasal cavity and cranial base, heart defects, cleft lip and palate, and mental disability of various severity. Aim. The aim of this work is to present the characteristic traits of a solitary median maxillary central incisor syndrome on the basis of a case study of a 9-yearold female patient and the analysis of available literature. Material and methods. The literature review was performed using the PubMed database and the following key words: incisor, maxilla, syndrome, development, SMMCI syndrome. Case report. When the clinical examination and medical history were performed the patient was diagnosed with signs of solitary median maxillary central incisor syndrome. The outcomes of a computed tomography scan confirmed choanal stenosis. Except for allergies to animal hair and grass, the patient did not suffer from any systemic diseases. On the basis of a clinical examination and analysis of additional tests the following diagnosis was made: I skeletal class, complete distocclusion with incisor protrusion, partial lateral bilateral cross bite and dental abnormalities. Summary. Patients diagnosed with SMMCI syndrome often require complex care provided by specialists from various fields of medicine and dentistry, due to the possibility of coexistence of numerous developmental abnormalities involving different body structures.
APPLICATION OF DATA BASE SYSTEMS BIG DATA AND BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE SOFTWARE IN INTEGRATED RISK MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIZATION
Authors: Gwoździewicz Sylwia , Prokopowicz Dariusz , Grzegorek Jan , Dahl Martin
Published: January 2019

Currently, business analytics uses computerized platforms containing ready-made reporting formulas in the field of Business Intelligence. In recent years, software companies supporting enterprise management offer advanced applications of information-analytical Business Intelligence class systems consisting of modular development of these systems and combining business intelligence software with platforms that use data warehouse technology, multi-dimensional analytical processing software and data mining and processing applications. This article describes an example of this type of computerized analytical platform for business entities, which is included in analytical applications that allow quick access to necessary, aggregated and multi-criteria processed information. The software allows entrepreneurs and corporate managers as well as entities from the SME sector on the one hand to use embedded patterns of reports or analyzes, and on the other hand to self-develop and configure analyzes carried out, tailored to the specifics of a specific entity. Such analytical applications make it possible to build integrated risk management systems in the organization.
PHOTOGRAPHY AS THE EXTENSION OF A BODY
Authors: Tomaszczuk Zbigniew
Published: January 2019

The text concerns the performativeness of the process of making photographs.
It discusses examples of experiencing photography through such
medium as the photographer’s body. The relations between the photographer
and the technological changes of photography have been analysed.
The main subject is the process of making photographs concluded with
a reflection on the relation between the viewer and the large format photographic
artwork.
PRIORITIES OF CANADA URBAN DEVELOPMENT: FROM SUSTAINABLE TO SMART CITIES
Authors: Kolomechiuk Vladyslav
Published: January 2019

The article deals with the priorities and dynamics of the Canada urban development and describes the sustainable cities evolution. The purpose of the work is to compare the main achievements in the implementation of sustainable cities in Canada and to outline the problems and prospects of the formation of smart cities. To date smart cities is also an innovative system, where technologies are used to improve the relationship between citizens and their governments and provide social innovation and improve quality of life. A sustainable and smart cities is a place where citizens work with local authorities to improve service delivery, develop community initiatives and create solutions to improve quality of life. In this context, it is important to analyze the current policy of sustainable urban development in Canada in order to identify problem points and formulate recommendations for further de-velopment.
2º Salão de Pesquisa em Medicina de Família e Comunidade do Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Oliveira Francisco Jorge Arsego Quadros de , Giugliani Camila , Kolling João Henrique Godinho
Published: January 2019

Tendo em vista a importância de incentivar a produção e divulgação das pesquisas realizadas na especialidade de Medicina de Família e Comunidade, foi feito o relato de um evento que buscava oportunizar a apresentação de trabalhos de pesquisa desenvolvidos por médicos residentes do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, em 2008. Ao final, são listados os autores e respectivos resumos dos trabalhos.
O uso da Aspirina na Prevenção Primária da doença cardiovascular: novas atualizações
Authors: Cavadas Luís Filipe
Published: January 2019

Muitas vezes os Médicos de Família têm de tomar a decisão de iniciar ou não o uso de aspirina nos seus pacientes. Embora os benefícios do tratamento com aspirina na redução do risco de enfarte do miocárdio (EM), acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) ou morte de causa vascular entre homens e mulheres com doença cardiovascular (DCV) pré-existente estejam bem estabelecidos, o papel da aspirina na prevenção primária é menos claro. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as indicações para o uso da aspirina na prevenção primária da DCV no adulto, baseadas na melhor evidência disponível. O autor pesquisou revisões baseadas em evidência, normas de orientação clínica, meta-análises, revisões sistemáticas e ensaios clínicos controlados e aleatorizados, na base de dados Medline e sites de Medicina Baseada na Evidência, utilizando os termos MeSH: Primary Prevention e Aspirin, publicados desde janeiro de 2000 até dezembro de 2009 em inglês, espanhol e português. Para avaliar o nível de evidência, foi utilizada a escala de Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT) da American Family Physician. As conclusões são: no homem entre os 45 e os 79 anos de idade deve ser encorajado o uso da aspirina quando o potencial benefício cardiovascular, prevenção de EM, ultrapassa o potencial dano de hemorragia gastrointestinal (GI) (SOR A); na mulher entre os 55 e os 79 anos de idade deve ser encorajado o uso da aspirina quando o potencial benefício cardiovascular, prevenção de AVC, ultrapassa o potencial dano de hemorragia GI (SOR A); a aspirina pode reduzir o risco de EM no diabético do sexo masculino (SOR B); ponderar o uso da aspirina como prevenção primária da DCV nos diabéticos tipo 1 e tipo 2 com risco cardiovascular aumentado, incluindo aqueles com >40 anos ou que têm fatores de risco adicionais (história familiar de DCV, HTA, fumantes, dislipidemia, ou albuminúria) (SOR B).
Leishmaniose mucosa: considerações epidemiológicas e de tratamento
Authors: Nunes Caroline Sampaio Alves , Yoshizawa Juliano Kazuo , Oliveira Rosangela Ziggiotti de , Lima Airton Pereira de , Oliveira Letícia Ziggiotti de , Lima Meiri Vanderlei Nogueira de
Published: January 2019

Na região Sul do Brasil, a leishmaniose tegumentar americana predomina no Estado do Paraná, especialmente ao Norte e Oeste, onde um dos circuitos de produção da doença é localizado. Estima-se que 3 a 5% dos casos de leishmaniose cutânea desenvolvam lesão mucosa, e que cerca de 1% destas podem evoluir para óbito. De longa data, as drogas de escolha para tratamento da doença são os compostos antimoniais sob a forma de sais pentavalentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever características epidemiológicas e de tratamento dos pacientes com leishmaniose mucosa, diagnosticados no período de 2001 a 2007, em municípios localizados na área de abrangência da 13ª Regional de Saúde, com sede no município de Cianorte, no Paraná. As informações foram coletadas do prontuário ambulatorial e das fichas de investigação epidemiológicas do Sistema de Notificação e Informação de Agravos. No período estudado, foram notificados 505 casos de leishmaniose tegumentar americana, 30 deles (6%) na forma mucosa. Foram incluídos no estudo pacientes com diagnóstico de leishmaniose mucosa, que apresentavam exames complementares realizados antes e durante o tratamento. Os resultados evidenciaram a necessidade de acompanhamento cuidadoso dos doentes nas equipes de saúde, dado a possível evolução e presença de efeitos medicamentosos indesejáveis nos pacientes afetados pela condição.
Monitorização Ambulatorial da Pressão Arterial (MAPA): esta tecnologia deve ser incorporada na Atenção Primária à Saúde?
Authors: Duarte Vivian Severino , Tavares Mário Roberto Garcia , Neumann Cristina Rolim
Published: January 2019

Introdução: embora a medida da pressão arterial (MPA) casual em consultório seja o procedimento padrão para o diagnóstico e seguimento de hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), ela é sujeita a erros. Para reduzir estes erros utiliza-se a MAPA que tem, entre outras vantagens, um maior poder em prognosticar desfechos cardiovasculares maiores e atenua o efeito do avental branco. Entretanto, o seu uso na atenção primária ainda não está bem estabelecido. Objetivo: qualificar a rotina do atendimento da HAS na UBS HCPA/Santa Cecília, avaliando a necessidade de incorporar a MAPA na rotina de atendimento, identificar a prevalência de HAS não controlada no ambulatório, comparar as informações obtidas pelo MAPA e pela MPA nos pacientes hipertensos e não controlados. Materiais e Métodos: em um estudo transversal serão selecionados para a realização de MAPA aqueles pacientes com diagnóstico de HAS que apresentem medidas de TA não-controladas (TA ? 140/90 mmHg) Etapa 1: Aprimoramento do método de colocação do aparelho de MAPA e leitura dos resultados, através de busca bibliográfica, treinamento junto ao Serviço de Cardiologia do HCPA e exame de pacientes hipertensos atendidos no ambulatório da UBS. Etapa 2: Serão registrados, entre outros, os seguintes dados dos pacientes hipertensos atendidos na UBS: MPA (2 medidas com intervalo de 5 minutos, com o paciente sentado), presença de co-morbidades e conduta do médico frente aos resultados.  Por este registro serão selecionados os primeiros 10 pacientes que apresentam MPA elevada a cada mês até atingir um total de 78 pacientes.  Os pacientes com médias pressórica ? 135 mmHg na MAPA serão considerados bem controlados. Todos os pacientes selecionados para a MAPA também farão pelo menos 3 MPA pela enfermagem na mesma semana em que realizam MAPA e se a média pressórica for ?140/90 serão considerados bem controlados. Os resultados serão apresentados de forma descritiva, calculados os intervalos de confiança para 95% para as variáveis de interesse. Para as comparações utilizaremos Teste T, de Mann Whitney, e Qui-quadrado, conforme a variável. O nível de significância considerado será de 5%. Resultados: foi realizado o treinamento e a colocação da MAPA em 2 pacientes hipertensas não controladas conforme as medidas de consultório, e em ambas a MAPA mostrou medidas pressóricas normais. Conclusões: espera-se com este estudo criar uma rotina para a utilização da MAPA em nosso serviço, identificando o custo e efetividade deste procedimento na APS.
Saúde Mental na Atenção Básica com Usuários de Psicotrópicos
Authors: Boaz Regina , Fait Claudia Sedano
Published: January 2019

Objetivo: o objetivo desse trabalho é identificar o perfil dos pacientes cadastrados como usuários de psicotrópicos e também descrever o cuidado em saúde mental fornecido a esses usuários na UBS 8, pertencente ao Centro de Saúde-Escola Murialdo. Método: a partir de um cadastro dos usuários de psicotrópicos feito pela UBS para a renovação mensal de psicotrópicos, foram selecionados 60 pacientes maiores de 18 anos e que utilizam psicotrópicos há no mínimo um ano devido a uma patologia incluída nos transtornos mentais do CID-10. Os pacientes tiveram seus prontuários pesquisados e responderam a questionário, mediante aceite de termo de consentimento. Os dados obtidos foram organizados em tabelas de freqüência no programa Epi-Info. Resultados: a amostra é composta de mulheres (70%) e a média de idade é de 44,43 anos. Em relação ao estado civil, 41,7% são solteiros. Apenas 20% moram sozinhos. 55% possuem co-morbidades, as principais sendo HAS (18,3%) e DM (5%). O diagnóstico mais frequente nessa amostra é o de depressão (50%) e o psicotrópico mais utilizado a fluoxetina (33,3%). 11,7% não possuem diagnóstico, embora utilizem psicotrópicos há mais de 1 ano. Apenas 5% das pessoas são acompanhadas em algum outro serviço de saúde mental. 23,3% não consultaram na UBS no último ano. 39 pessoas (65%) agendaram consultas com médico. Em 19 consultas agendadas com médico (31,7% do total) não houve abordagem de aspectos da saúde mental. Conclusões: o paciente da Saúde Mental tem dificuldades de tratamento, adesão e acompanhamento. É necessário aproveitar as consultas desses pacientes na UBS (mesmo quando não motivadas por queixas de saúde mental) para um acompanhamento que de outra forma não ocorrerá.
Prevalência de esteatose hepática e consumo de álcool em participantes do Projeto Atividade Física na Vila
Authors: Soler Gisele L. N. , Silva Albert Wilson S. M. , Silva Valéria C. G. da , Teixeira Rosimere de J.
Published: January 2019

A esteatose hepática é um achado cada vez mais frequente em exames de rastreamento por estudo de imagem. Tem sido descrita associação entre esteatose, obesidade, resistência à insulina e síndrome metabólica (SM). Também parece existir sinergismo entre esteatose hepática, álcool e fibrose hepática. O objetivo foi descrever a prevalência de esteatose e de etilismo nos participantes do Projeto “Atividade Física na Vila” e avaliar sua associação com a presença de obesidade e obesidade visceral. Foi realizada ultrassonografia abdominal em 69 participantes, 53,02±1,26 anos, sendo avaliados a presença e o grau de esteatose e as medidas da gordura subcutânea e visceral (GV). Foram excluídos os pacientes com hepatite viral e com etilismo significativo na anamnese ou após teste AUDIT. Após análise inicial, 60 pacientes foram avaliados quanto aos dados antropométricos e divididos em 2 grupos: com e sem esteatose. A prevalência de etilismo foi de 8,7%. A esteatose hepática foi observada em 37% dos pacientes sendo a maioria classificada como leve e moderada (91%). O grupo com esteatose apresentou aumento significativo de IMC (34,±8,7 versus 29,8±6,5kg/m2), cintura abdominal (102,6±12,7 versus 95,3±12,3cm), peso (85,8±18,7 versus 74,5±17,7kg) e GV (47,9±10,5 versus 36,0±12,7mm). A esteatose hepática é comum em obesos, especialmente naqueles com obesidade visceral. Sabemos que o álcool e a obesidade visceral podem estar envolvidos em seu mecanismo fisiopatológico. Por isso, os pacientes com esteatose hepática e consumo excessivo de álcool podem apresentar maior chance de evoluir desfavoravelmente para a cirrose e insuficiência hepática.
Osmotic Investigations and Mutant Poems: An Americanist Poetic
Authors: Bell Ian F. A. , Lland Meriel
Published: January 2019

In chapter four, Ian F. A. Bell and Meriel Lland discuss Fisher’s poetic practice, focusing in particular on the significance of his use of scepticism, subjectivism, and dissembling. The chapter also focuses on the ways in which Fisher’s poetry crosses borders and boundaries of all kinds and describes how the work of William James and Ezra Pound fit in relation to Fisher’s literature. The poems analysed in this chapter include ‘The Lesson in Composition’, ‘Of the Empirical Self and for Me’, ‘The Six Deliberate Acts’, and ‘Without Location’.
Cutting-Edge Poetics: Roy Fisher's 'Language Book'
Authors: Perloff Marjorie
Published: January 2019

Chapter six, written by Marjorie Perloff, focuses on the patterns in language, form and structure found in Fisher’s The Cut Pages. Perloff describes the uniqueness of the collection and defines its status as ahead of its time within both the American and British poetry sphere. Perloff additionally points out the potential insularity of Fisher’s poetry and outlines the difficulties he faced when attempting to bring in an American audience. The chapter also comments on Fisher’s prose and makes comparison to the American poet, William Carlos Williams.
'The Secret Laugh of the World'
Authors: Sansom Ian
Published: January 2019

The title of chapter eight, written by Ian Sansom, is inspired by a line in one of Fisher’s poems, ‘Toyland’. The chapter itself focuses on Fisher’s lighter and more comedic work and asks the question, has Fisher’s work been taken too seriously in public and critic opinion? To answer this question, Sansom explores the critical understanding of Fisher and takes a look at the poet’s use of self-awareness and humour in order to provide an analysis of the successfulness of Fisher’s comedic writing. Sansom focuses mainly on poems found in the Consolidated Comedies collection, and makes particular comment on ‘“Other Titles by Roy Fisher”’, ‘North Wind Harrying the North’, ‘One World’, and ‘Toyland’.
'Coming into their Own': Roy Fisher and John Cowper Powys
Authors: Pite Ralph
Published: January 2019

Chapter ten, written by Ralph Pite, provides an analysis and comparison of Fisher’s A Furnace and John Cowper Powys’s A Glastonbury Romance. The chapter outlines Powys’s use of poetic imagination as a tool to recognise the real nature of the universe, and attributes this belief system to the themes underlying and informing Fisher’s poetry. While the chapter focuses on Fisher’s ideas that are similar to Powys’s, it also dedicates equal time to describing the stark contrast between the works of the two poets.
A Furnace and the Life of the Dead
Authors: Wills Clair
Published: January 2019

Chapter eleven, written by Clair Wills, provides a close reading of Fisher’s A Furnace. In this chapter, Wills unpacks the poem’s most significant recurring motifs, including the mention of ghosts, politics, memory and immortality. She also focuses closely on the attention Fisher places on the burial of the dead, and analyses the poem’s portrayal of both religious and literary boundaries.
Kru Country
Authors: Frost Diane
Published: January 2019

‘Kru Country’ is the first chapter in the section titled ‘In the Beginning’ and describes the development of the Kru as European trade and traffic increased on the West African coast. The chapter defines the origins of the terms ‘Kru’ and ‘Kroo’ and assesses the emergence of the construct of the Kru as a result of various social and economic processes that occurred during a period of European colonial activity in West Africa. Frost also explores the changing nineteenth century European systems of trade, and the Kru’s influence on these systems, while providing a useful cultural context that includes a discussion on the significance of ‘bride-wealth’ on Kru migration.
Early Work and Recruitment
Authors: Frost Diane
Published: January 2019

‘Early Work and Recruitment’ is the first chapter in the section titled ‘Sailors and Workers’ and explores the Kru’s earliest experience as workers on European ships. Included in this chapter is a discussion on the slave trade era and the Kru’s role within it, and an assessment of the value of the Kru in the mercantile industry and the ways in which they were recruited.
Labour Conditions
Authors: Frost Diane
Published: January 2019

‘Labour Conditions’ defines the working conditions experienced by the Kru, and describes the subsequent strikes, campaigns and petitions that followed as a resulted of poor treatment. The chapter highlights the dangers that a mercantile profession carried for the Kru, including risk of accident or death, lack of compensation, abuse, and poor living conditions.
Work Palaver
Authors: Frost Diane
Published: January 2019

‘Work Palaver’ is the last chapter in the ‘Sailors and Workers’ section and explores the various disputes between the Kru and their employers during the pre-Second World War period. The chapter discusses the need and significance of strike action in order to improve wages and working conditions, and describes the frequent disputes present among specifically Kru labour.
Indirect Rule
Authors: Frost Diane
Published: January 2019

‘Indirect Rule’ explores the political organisation amongst the Kru in Freetown and describes the British colonial administration’s system of ‘indirect rule’ and the resulting self-governance of colonial states. The chapter also foregrounds the emergence of tribal headship and administration amongst migrant communities, and reports on the intra-ethnic rivalries that followed.
Community and Social Organisation
Authors: Frost Diane
Published: January 2019

‘Community and Social Organisation’ is the last chapter in ‘The Kru Community in Freetown’, and provides an understanding of the social and economic history of the Kru in Freetown, and the respective internal and external factors that shaped it. The chapter focuses on community organisation amongst the Kru, rather than political organisation, which was shaped largely by forces outside the Kru’s social control.
Identity
Authors: Frost Diane
Published: January 2019

‘Identity’ is the concluding chapter in ‘The Kru Community in Liverpool’ as well as the book itself. It explores ethnic identity and migrant cultures, and defines the persistence of strong cultural and ethnic allegiances as a reaction to the way that immigrants are received by their host communities. This final chapter ultimately questions why certain groups maintain this strong ethnic allegiance, and assesses the extent to which the cultivation of ethnic ties is a decision made by the migrants themselves.
Conclusion
Authors: Frost Diane
Published: January 2019

The Kru communities of Freetown and Liverpool emerged in response to, and as a consequence of, British maritime interests. Kru were actively encouraged to leave their Liberian homeland and migrate to Freetown, where they came to constitute an important part of its maritime trade. The Kru formed a significant nucleus of Freetown’s seafarers, as well as the majority of ships’ labourers or ‘Krooboys’ that were recruited to work the West African coast. The occupational niche that the Kru eventually came to occupy in Britain’s colonial trade with West Africa had important social repercussions. The Kru were labelled as unusually competent maritime workers by shipowners and colonial administrators, and the Kru encouraged this label for obvious expedient reasons. The gradual build-up of the Kru’s dominance in shipping during the nineteenth century and until the Second World War contrasts sharply with their position in the post-war period. The breaking down of their occupational niche due to circumstances beyond their control had direct social consequences on the nature of their community. Whilst many Kru clubs and societies depended on seafaring for their very existence, the demise of shipping undermined such societies’ ability to survive in the face of increasing unemployment and poverty....
Introduction
Authors: Kirkham Michael
Published: January 2019

In this introductory chapter, Kirkham provides a biography of Charles Tomlinson’s early life to present day. It prepares the reader for the contents of the following chapters and foregrounds Tomlinson’s abilities and status as both a poet and a painter.
The Historic Viability of Child Labour and the Mines Act of 18421
Authors: Kirby Peter
Published: January 2019

Chapter four, written by Peter Kirby, looks closely at the effect of child labour on the Mines Act of 1842 and debates the effectiveness of legislative developments on employment practices. The chapter also provides reasons for the decline of child labour in the mines.
The Changing Form of Child Labour circa 1880–1918
Authors: Lavalette Michael
Published: January 2019

This chapter, written by Michael Lavalette, presents interpretations for the decline of child labour in the period 1880-1920 and addresses the role of the state in the handling of child welfare. Throughout the chapter, Lavallette stresses how dangerous it is to think that the issue of child labour is resolved. Instead, he emphasises the importance of recognising the ways that child labour and exploitation can be restructured and disguised in today’s society.
Child Work in the UK, 1970–1998
Authors: Leonard Madeleine
Published: January 2019

This chapter, written by Madeleine Leonard, discusses the recent research surrounding child employment in the UK between 1970 and 1998, and addresses the rebirth of interest in child labour among academics, politicians, policy makers and child welfare organisations. It provides evidence of children’s domestic and paid labour and makes an attempt to understand the extent of its presence in Britain by taking into account the numbers of children working in the UK and the conditions of their labour. The chapter also looks into how far recent developments in the twentieth century within the UK have had an effect on the economic importance of children, and the ways that these developments have contributed to a change in attitude regarding child labour.
Honoured in the Breach
Authors: Cornwell David , Graham Katya , Hobbs Sandy
Published: January 2019

This chapter, written by David Cornwell, Katya Graham and Sandy Hobbs, addresses the legal regulation of child labour and criticises the inadequacy of laws and regulatory mechanisms attempting to control child labour in Britain. The chapter concludes by arguing for an improvement in regulation in order to protect children at work.
Unenforced or unenforceable?
Authors: Whitney Ben
Published: January 2019

Chapter ten, written by Ben Whitney, the educational welfare specialist officer for Staffordshire Country Council, addresses the legal regulation of child labour and criticises the existing legislation. Whitney advocates for a more accessible framework of laws and regulation that will aid children in their transition from childhood (school) to adulthood (work).
Trouble (Living in the Machine)
Authors: Jones Gwyneth
Published: January 2019

This chapter was originally read at a postgraduate conference called Looking at the Future, held at the University of Sussex in May 1994. The main body of the essay focuses on the difference in the description used to define the physical body compared to the language used when describing human consciousness, and analyses what it means for the genre now that cyberspace isn’t mere science fiction anymore.
Aliens in the Fourth Dimension
Authors: Jones Gwyneth
Published: January 2019

‘Aliens in the Fourth Dimension’ was originally read at a conference on Speaking Science Fiction, held at the University of Liverpool in July 1996. It is the last in the ‘Science, Fiction and Reality’ section of the book. The chapter deals with the various models of alien stories found in science fiction, and looks at the ways in which language, gender and morality are treated. Jones makes parallels from alien invasion in science fiction to the world’s history of colonisation, and places focus on the relationship between man and woman within that process of colonising. She concludes by describing her own decisions and techniques used when writing her alien stories, The Aleutian Trilogy.
Alien Sex: Ellen Datlow’s Overview of the SF Orgasm
Authors: Jones Gwyneth
Published: January 2019

In this chapter, Jones reviews Ellen Datlow’s anthology, Off Limits: Tales of Alien Sex. Jones unpacks Datlow’s description of sex, gender and abuse and supplements the discussion with her knowledge of other authors, including Pat Cadigan and Ed Bryant, whose literature deals with the treatment of human sexual relations with aliens. In her review, Jones also points out the significance of female writers writing about sex.
Glory Season: David Brin’s Feminist Utopia
Authors: Jones Gwyneth
Published: January 2019

In this review of David Brin’s Glory Season, Jones foregrounds the issues that arise when feminism is looked at from a male perspective. She criticises the text for presenting a feminist utopia so clearly designed by a man and analyses the sexual stereotyping that comes out of it.
Virtual Light: A Shocking Dose of Comfort and Joy from William Gibson
Authors: Jones Gwyneth
Published: January 2019

In this chapter, Jones reviews science fiction novels by William Gibson, including Necromancer and Virtual Light. She discusses Gibson’s well-established contribution to the cyberpunk genre and outlines his frequent dependence on the heroes/heroines plotline, as well as unsympathetic characterisation. Writing from a feminist perspective, Jones also provides a commentary on the sexual politics present in Virtual Light and debates the titles’ status as radical science fiction.
Winterlong: Elizabeth Hand at the End of the World
Authors: Jones Gwyneth
Published: January 2019

In this review of The End of the World, Jones recognises Elizabeth Hand’s embrace of gender difference and gender roles. She also foregrounds the narrative’s inclusion of warning messages and morals.
Alfred Lewis Jones
Authors: Davies Peter N.
Published: January 2019

This chapter follows the professional career of Alfred Lewis Jones to his position as senior partner of Elder Dempster and Company. It details Jones’ early career history, including the establishment of his firm, Alfred L. Jones and Company, and his junior partnership with Elder Dempster and Company. The chapter concludes with Jones’ decision to create a conference system to regulate the West African shipping trade, as a result of constant negotiations with rival opponents Woermann Line of Hamburg and the Royal Niger Company.
The End of the Royal Mail Group
Authors: Davies Peter N.
Published: January 2019

This chapter introduces the formation of the United Africa Company and explains actions taken to secure shipping space. It discusses Elder Dempster and other merchants and organisations’ reactions to the changes made by the Company in the declining economic climate. It also discusses The Great Depression after 1929 and the resulting sharp decline in shipping activity and West African trade, which was in part contributed to by the breakdown in the financial organisation of the Royal Mail Group. The chapter ends with a description of Lord Kylsant’s failings, downfall, and eventual conviction but focuses on Elder Dempster’s relationship with the United Africa Company, and analyses the disagreements and negotiations made between the two.
Shipbuilding in the Northeast of England in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Ville Simon
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the rate and pattern of growth of shipbuilding output in the major ports of Northeast England in the nineteenth century, with the aim of determining the contributing factors that led to the region’s shipduilding successes in the period. Ville determines major factors as:- cost savings due to access to raw materials; good labour relations; and the development of skilled labour.
Shipbuilding in the Northwest of England in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Neal Frank
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the shipbuilding output in the major ports of Northwest England in the nineteenth century, spanning Chester, Liverpool, and Lancaster. Neal analyses the structure, output, and various markets associated with the area, and pays particular attention to Merseyside. He concludes with suggestions for the Northwest shipbuilding industry’s rapid decline.
Potential for Historical-Ecological Studies of Latin American Fisheries
Authors: Reid Chris
Published: January 2019

Chris Reid considers Latin American fisheries and their contribution to the worldwide exploitation of maritime animal populations, with particular focus on Peruvian fisheries and their economic and political impediments, growth within the 1950s and 1960s, and turbulance in the 1970s and 1980s. The chapter concludes by stating fishing is a marginal aspect of the Latin American economy, and that though the sector remained underdeveloped and attracted little attention from historians, there is potential to develop a clearer history of the area, pre large-scale harvesting, with the investment of time and resources.
Introduction: Resource Flows and Maritime Infrastructures
Authors: Boyce Gordon
Published: January 2019

Resources and infrastructures represent two elements that interact in complex ways to support and shape economic activity. In the context of maritime endeavours, this interaction unfolds over relatively wide geographic areas and exhibits great complexity, since it is influenced by diverse and sometimes conflicting legal, social, cultural and institutional forces. Impacted in numerous ways by these variables, flows of resources, such as capital, goods, information, people and productive assets (even those that following their initial deployment become fixed) are coordinated with the aid of different kinds of infrastructures. Considering the latter from a maritime perspective immediately brings to mind physical infrastructures in particular ports. But intangible frameworks, including those networks of business contacts that constitute communication systems, social and cultural constructs that shape patterns of thought and behaviour, as well as formally constituted (legal) structures, exert a coordinating or mediating influence upon patterns of resource allocation. Both of these generic types of infrastructure – physical and intangible – develop sector-specific attributes: those employed to support maritime activities differ from those used for land-based purposes. Within these broad sectors, individual industries develop their own specialised infrastructures to meet their resource coordinating requirements. In the maritime context, the chapters below analyse both physical and intangible infrastructures. The former are examined directly by Elisabetta Tonizzi and James Reveley and Malcolm Tull, who evaluate ports and port policies in three different countries, while Michael Miller and Leos Müller and Jari Ojala consider non-physical forms – respectively, agency structures and consular networks. John Chircop explores a complex infrastructure consisting of social, cultural, economic and psychological ties. Hrefna Karlsdóttir examines a defective informal bargaining framework, and Carol Hill and Poul Holm refer to ports as well as intangible infrastructures that shaped capital and commodity flows....
Resources and Infrastructures in the Danish Maritime Economy: Evidence for the Coastal Zone, 1500-2000
Authors: Holm Poul
Published: January 2019

Historians of the Danish economy usually emphasise the importance of agriculture since Neolithic times. Evidence put forward in this paper suggests that a revision of this perception is necessary. The maritime component of the economy dominated medieval exports, and while the seventeenth century was marked by a decline in maritime activities, the eighteenth century was associated with a resurgence of shipping in particular. This overview looks first at natural resources, population and business statistics, and then goes on to present an historical overview on the development of the main maritime industries, fisheries and shipping, as well as other coastal economic activities in order to understand the relationship between settlement and economic activity. The outcome of this research is a fuller picture of the maritime population and activities of Denmark between 1500 and 2000....
Economy, Traffic and Infrastructure in the Port of Genoa, 1861-1970
Authors: Tonizzi M. Elisabetta
Published: January 2019

When the Kingdom of Italy was formed in March 1861, Rome was not yet the centre of government (it would become so only in 1870), but Genoa was already the maritime capital and, together with Marseilles, the most important port in the Mediterranean. In fact, at Unification Genoa handled about fifteen percent of the nation’s shipping traffic and was the largest of more than 250 Italian ports; it was also the most modern since it was the only one with a railway link (since 1854)....
Sail and Steam
Authors: Scholl Lars U. , Hinkkanen Merja-Liisa
Published: January 2019

This collection provides a tribute to the career of maritime historian Yrjö Kaukiainen, composed upon his retirement from the University of Helsinki. It collects seventeen of his maritime essays written in English, reprinted in order to celebrate his career and impact on the field of maritime history. The selected essays encompass the following themes: maritime Finland; maritime labour; sail, steam, coal, and canvas; the timber-trade; maritime communication and networks; ship measurement and shipping statistics; the economics of merchant shipping; managerial skills in Finnish merchant fleets; and international freight markets. The collection primarily concerns Finnish shipping, and the maritime relationships between Finland and the wider international community, including the British timber-trade, the wider Baltic timber-trade, and Dutch shipping in relation to the Swedish Navigation Act. The essays are prefaced by three tributes of Kaukiainen’s career, penned by Lars U. Scholl, Merja-Liisa Hinkkanen, and Lewis R. Fischer, respectively. The volume concludes with a bibliography of Kaukiainen’s work on maritime history, in both Swedish and English, from 1981 to 2003.