bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
XAI-MRI: an ensemble dual-modality approach for 3D brain tumor segmentation using magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Farhan Ahmeed Suliman , Khalid Muhammad , Manzoor Umar
Published: February 2025

Brain tumor segmentation from Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI) presents significant challenges due to the complex nature of brain tumor tissues. This complexity poses a significant challenge in distinguishing tumor tissues from healthy tissues, particularly when radiologists rely on manual segmentation. Reliable and accurate segmentation is crucial for effective tumor grading and treatment planning. In this paper, we proposed a novel ensemble dual-modality approach for 3D brain tumor segmentation using MRI. Initially, individual U-Net models are trained and evaluated on single MRI modalities (T1, T2, T1ce, and FLAIR) to establish each modality's performance. Subsequently, we trained U-net models using combinations of the best-performing modalities to exploit the complementary information and improve segmentation accuracy. Finally, we introduced the ensemble dual-modality by combining the two best-performing pre-trained dual-modalities models to enhance segmentation performance. Experimental results show that the proposed model enhanced the segmentation result and achieved a Dice Coefficient of 97.73% and a Mean IoU of 60.08%. The results illustrate that the ensemble dual-modality approach outperforms single-modality and dual-modality models. Grad-CAM visualizations are implemented, generating heat maps that highlight tumor regions and provide useful information to clinicians about how the model made the decision, increasing their confidence in using deep learning-based systems. Our code publicly available at: https://github.com/Ahmeed-Suliman-Farhan/Ensemble-Dual-Modality-Approach.
Forecasting crude oil futures volatility with extreme-value information and dynamic jumps
Authors: Shu Wenliang , Luo Huiyu
Published: February 2025

In this paper, we propose the realized EGARCH model with jumps (hereafter REGARCH-Jump model) to model and forecast the crude oil futures volatility. A key feature of the proposed REGARCH-Jump model is its ability to account for the extreme-value information as well as time-varying jump intensity. We apply the REGARCH-Jump model to the Brent crude oil futures price data. Our empirical results provide evidence of the presence of time-varying jumps in the crude oil futures market. More importantly, we show that our proposed REGARCH-Jump model outperforms the GARCH, EGARCH, HAR, and REGARCH models in terms of both empirical return fit and out-of-sample volatility forecast. Moreover, the superior forecast performance of the REGARCH-Jump model is robust to alternative out-of-sample forecast windows. Finally, a Value at Risk (VaR) analysis demonstrates the economic value of the improved volatility forecasts from the REGARCH-Jump model. In summary, our findings highlight the importance of accommodating the extreme-value information and jump dynamics in forecasting the volatility of crude oil futures prices.
What can we learn from a multi-season-stage-variety potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) study using aerial hyperspectral imagery?
Authors: Crosby Trevor , Townsend Philip A. , Ravindran Prabu , Heberlein Brendan C. , Hills W. Beckett , Wang Yi
Published: February 2025

Proper monitoring of plant nitrogen (N) status and yield forecasting is essential to achieving a healthy crop and to maximizing profitability, especially in N-demanding crops such as potato. The most common method of monitoring potato N status (nitrate-N analysis of petioles) by the potato farmers in Wisconsin is time-consuming, destructive, and is impractical to sufficiently characterize spatial-temporal variability. This study utilized narrow-band hyperspectral imagery (including the visible and near-infrared (VNIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectral regions) collected over two growing seasons from two potato varieties (Russet Burbank and Soraya) grown under varied N treatments to develop robust partial least squares regression (PLSR) models for predicting potato in-season and at-harvest traits related to N. The results indicate that some traits such as leaf total N content, within-season tuber yield, and the marketable yield and quality at harvest could be well predicted for both varieties (R2 up to 0.78). The best spectral regions for those predictions varied depending on the growth stages of the plants, with VNIR predominating during early and mid-tuber, and SWIR during late tuber bulking. Our research suggests that the narrow-band hyperspectral imaging technique could be utilized to develop robust models to assist and potentially improve crop N fertilization decision-making, which will eventually result in higher input use efficiency of the cropping systems and better environmental stewardship for the farmers.
Combining microcosm biodegradation and reactive transport modeling to explore the feasibility of ATES-bioremediation approaches
Authors: Wienkenjohann Henning , Bin Hudari Mohammad Sufian , Mosthaf Klaus , Vogt Carsten , Nijenhuis Ivonne , Rolle Massimo
Published: February 2025

This study presents a process-based model analysis of non-isothermal biodegradation of chlorinated ethenes in batch microcosm setups and field-scale remediation, combining Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage with in situ bioremediation (ATES-ISB). The features of the proposed modeling framework include: (i) kinetic multi-phase mass transfer and temperature-dependent biodegradation in batch systems, and (ii) multi-dimensional non-isothermal fluid flow, heat transport, and contaminant transport in a physically and chemically heterogeneous aquifer combined with temperature-dependent microbial kinetics. The model was used to analyze an experimental microcosm dataset of temperature-dependent reductive dehalogenation of chlorinated ethenes, from which maximum specific degradation rates were derived. A scenario modeling investigation is presented, considering an ATES-ISB intervention in an aquifer contaminated with trichloroethene, where heated groundwater is injected and lactate is delivered to stimulate in situ microbial activity and contaminant transformation. Four scenario parameters were varied to identify the optimal conditions for efficient bioremediation. High lactate concentrations and temperatures at 20°C and 30°C led to more complete transformation of chlorinated ethenes in the considered heterogeneous aquifer system. Furthermore, the pumping rate and the natural groundwater flow velocity were found to control the delivery of heated water and solutes, including lactate, in the aquifer. The outcomes of the scenario simulations performed in this study are useful for designing non-isothermal bioremediation interventions in groundwater systems polluted with organic contaminants.
From Hallways to Highways: The Mathematics of Traffic
Authors: Lyons Rainey , Eden Michael , Muntean Adrian
Published: February 2025

When designing schools and highways, engineers need to know how people might move through these structures. If they can accurately describe how crowds will react to their designs before they build the various structures, they can prepare for emergencies, avoid traffic jams, and make the flow of crowds more efficient. In this article, we provide an introduction to the mathematical modeling of traffic flow by describing how individual people might act while moving in large crowds. We provide links to an experiment with real people, a model of the experiment, and interactive simulations for readers to see how well the mathematical model mimics a real crowd and for the readers to explore the features of similar models.
Arid irrigated winter wheat and soybean cropping under conservation tillage systems
Authors: Nurbekov Aziz , Umarov Sherzod , Azizov Shukhrat , Umarov Muxammad , Khaitov Botir , Khalilova Lola , Namozov Fazliddin , Teshaboyev Sherzod
Published: February 2025

This research aimed to determine the effects of conservation tillage practices on the soil quality parameters and productivity of winter wheat (WW) followed by soybean (SB) in a conventionally irrigated arid environment. Field experiments were conducted in 2020–2023 in a split-plot design with the following four land management practices: conventional tillage (CT: moldboard plow + harrow), RT1 (chisel + harrow), RT2 (disk + harrow), and NT (no-till – without tillage). After three experimental cycles, the soil humus content increased by 10, 12, and 15% (p < 0.05) in the CT, RT1, and RT2 plots, respectively, while the highest soil humus was detected in the NT plot. Soil bulk density decreased from 1.6 g/cm3 to 1.33, 1.42, and 1.34 g/cm3 (p < 0.05) in the CT, RT1, and RT2 plots, respectively. A significant increase was found at the NT plot in terms of soil quality indicators such as total N and P, available N–NO3, P2O5, and K2O. The application of NT increased the yield components of WW and SB by 20 and 12%, respectively, compared to CT. This study showed that the highest WW (6.84 Mg ha−1) and SB (2.12 Mg ha−1) grain yields were achieved in the NT plot, most likely due to enhanced moisture and nutrient conservation, facilitated by the high amount of crop residues on the soil surface. The implemented NT method combined with the legume-based cropping system appears to be a more sustainable and environmentally friendly land management system to achieve a favorable soil environment that generates higher crop yield in the arid ecosystem.
Connection between nutrition and oncology in dogs and cats: perspectives, evidence, and implications—a comprehensive review
Authors: Amaral Andressa R. , Finardi Gabriela L. F. , Marchi Pedro H. , de Oliveira Natália M. C. , Príncipe Leonardo A. , Teixeira Natacha , Pappalardo Maria C. F. , Lima Laís O. C. , Cirillo Juliana V. , Balieiro Júlio Cesar de C. , Vendramini Thiago H. A.
Published: February 2025

Oncology has become one of the most influential and studied areas in both human and companion animal health. In veterinary practice, cancer represents a significant challenge, especially concerning cats and dogs. Nutrition plays a crucial role in the management of oncology patients in veterinary medicine; however, is often nonspecific and reliant on data from other species and diseases, highlighting the need for a comprehensive review of the latest developments in this field. Since the intricate relationship between nutrition and cancer encompasses various aspects, this review therefore intends to cover the most important points in nutrition in canine and feline oncology. Therefore, topics are addressed that include discussion about the effects of cancer on nutrition, cancer-related cachexia, the influence of obesity on both the occurrence and progression of cancer, essential nutrients for oncologic patients, and nutritional supplementation.
A cross-sectional study to investigate associations between flooring substrates and prevalence of limb and paw abnormalities of dogs housed in commercial breeding facilities
Authors: Stella Judith , Gomes Paulo , Shreyer Traci , Croney Candace
Published: February 2025

Understanding the impact of environmental and management factors on the health and behavior of dogs housed in commercial breeding (CB) facilities is critical to their welfare. The specific aims of the study were to assess (a) associations between combinations of flooring substrates commonly used in CB kennels with foot, elbow, or hock abnormalities such as pododermatitis, calluses, or interdigital furuncle and (b) the impact of flooring substrate on dog cleanliness. Dogs (N = 373) from CB facilities (N = 20), housed on combinations of concrete, gravel, and diamond-coated expanded metal were assessed. A veterinary dermatologist examined each dog's paw, toenails, elbows, hocks, body condition, and overall cleanliness. Identified conditions included wet paws (12.6%), calluses (11.26%), erythema (6.97%), and matted paw fur (6.17%). Mixed-effects logistic regression models identified an effect of sex and wet paws (OR 6.08, CI 1.23, 29.92, p = 0.03) and age with matted paw fur (OR 1.52, CI 1.12, 2.07, p = 0.007). A few conditions were identified, including pododermatitis, hygromas, and interdigital furuncles, where management alterations might result in improved outcomes and welfare states for dogs in CB facilities.
Numerical Analysis of a Hypersonic Body Under Thermochemical Non-Equilibrium and Different Catalytic Surface Conditions
Authors: Teixeira Odelma , Páscoa José
Published: February 2025

This work results from a numerical investigation of the thermochemical non-equilibrium effects on the surface properties of a hypersonic body. Non-equilibrium within an air mixture composed of 11 chemical species was considered when solving the Navier–Stokes–Fourier equations using a density-based algorithm in OpenFOAM. The influence of thermal and chemical non-equilibrium on the surface properties of a hypersonic double-cone test body was studied by considering two types of surfaces. It was found that the heat flux and pressure distribution along the surface are higher under non-equilibrium free-stream conditions. Unlike what was observed at the impingement point, where the vibrational non-equilibrium effects on the surface properties are almost independent of the surface type, at the stagnation point, these effects are highly dependent on the catalytic activity of the surface. At the stagnation point, the vibrational non-equilibrium effects are more pronounced on a fully catalytic surface than on a non-catalytic surface. Under the studied conditions, the vibrational non-equilibrium reduces the heat flux by 18% for a non-catalytic surface, while for a fully catalytic surface, it reduces the heat flux by 38%. Additionally, the presence of vibrational non-equilibrium in the free-stream reduces the pressure by 24% for a non-catalytic surface, while for a fully catalytic surface, it is reduced by 42%.
Research on Disturbance Compensation Control and Parameter Identification of a Multiple Air-Bearing Planar Air-Floating Platform Based on ADRC
Authors: Xu Chuanxiao , Kang Guohua , Wu Junfeng , Li Zhen , Tao Xinyong , Zhou Jiayi , Wu Jiaqi
Published: February 2025

The spacecraft microgravity simulation air-bearing platform is a crucial component of the spacecraft ground testing system. Special disturbances, such as the flatness and roughness of the contact surface between the air bearings and the granite platform, increasingly affect the control accuracy of the simulation experiment as the number of air bearings increases. To address this issue, this paper develops a novel compensation control system based on Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC), which estimates and compensates for the disturbing forces and moments caused by the roughness and levelness of the contact surface, thereby improving the control precision of the spacecraft ground simulation system. A dynamic model of the multi-air-bearing platform under disturbance is established. A cascade ADRC algorithm based on the Linear Extended State Observer (LESO) is designed. The Gauss–Newton iteration method is used to identify the parameters of the sliding friction coefficient and the tilt angle of the air-bearing platform. A full-physics simulation experimental platform for spacecraft with rotor-based propulsion is constructed, and the proposed algorithm is validated. The experimental results show that on a marble surface with a flatness of grade 00, an overall tilt angle of 0–1 degrees, and a surface friction coefficient of 0–0.01, the position control accuracy for the simulated spacecraft can reach 1.5 cm, and the attitude control accuracy can reach 1°. Under ideal conditions, the identification accuracy for the contact surface friction coefficient is 2 × 10−4, and the recognition accuracy for the overall levelness of the marble surface can reach 1 × 10−3, laying the foundation for high-precision ground simulation experiments of spacecraft in multi-air-bearing scenarios.
Attraction Behavior and Functional Response of Orius insidiosus to Semiochemicals Mediating Rose–Western Flower Thrips Interactions
Authors: Díaz Marco A. , Coy-Barrera Ericsson , Rodríguez Daniel
Published: February 2025

The Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) constitutes a significant threat to rose greenhouses in Colombia. An eco-friendly approach to managing this pest involves using the predatory bug Orius insidiosus. The pest and its predator’s food search and selection mechanisms are influenced by ecological interactions mediated by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted during plant–pest interactions. To investigate the role of VOCs in the foraging and host-selection behaviors of O. insidiosus, we conducted functional response assays in greenhouses and olfactometry experiments in laboratory settings. These experiments used flowers from two rose cultivars, with and without female adult thrips, over 24, 48, and 72 h. Functional response analysis revealed a shift in O. insidiosus foraging behavior based on the duration of thrips interaction with rose flowers, transitioning from a Type II to a Type III functional response between 24 and 48 h in the ‘Freedom’ cultivar. The maximum consumption rates increased significantly, from 7.98 individuals at 24 h to 16.18 individuals at 48 h, before slightly decreasing to 14.37 individuals at 72 h. This shift coincided with an increase in O. insidiosus preference for thrips-infested ‘Freedom’ flowers over time, with selection proportions rising from 0.37 at 24 h to 0.46 at 72 h, suggesting a learning effect on prey-searching behavior mediated by VOCs. Olfactometry analyses revealed that O. insidiosus did not respond to the same VOCs that attracted F. occidentalis during flower infestation. However, O. insidiosus responded to certain VOCs likely associated with floral resources such as nectar and pollen, which also attract pollinators and zoophytophagous predators. This observation suggests a potential overlap in the chemical cues used by O. insidiosus for distinct ecological purposes. These findings highlight the complex chemical ecology underlying predator–prey interactions in agroecosystems and underscore the importance of considering VOCs in shaping the foraging behavior of natural enemies and their interactions with insect pests.
High-Precision Phenotyping in Soybeans: Applying Multispectral Variables Acquired at Different Phenological Stages
Authors: Silva Celí Santana , Santana Dthenifer Cordeiro , Baio Fábio Henrique Rojo , Seron Ana Carina da Silva Cândido , Alvarez Rita de Cássia Félix , Teodoro Larissa Pereira Ribeiro , Junior Carlos Antônio da Silva , Teodoro Paulo Eduardo
Published: February 2025

Soybean stands out for being the most economically important oilseed in the world. Remote sensing techniques and precision agriculture are being analyzed through research in different agricultural regions as a technological system aiming at productivity and possible low-cost reduction. Machine learning (ML) methods, together with the advent of demand for remotely piloted aircraft available on the market in the recent decade, have been conducive to remote sensing data processes. The objective of this work was to evaluate the best ML and input configurations in the classification of agronomic variables in different phenological stages. The spectral variables were obtained in three phenological stages of soybean genotypes: V8 (at 45 days after emergence—DAE), R1 (60 DAE), and R5 (80 DAE). A Sensefly eBee fixed-wing RPA equipped with the Parrot Sequoia multispectral sensor coupled to the RGB sensor was used. The Sequoia multispectral sensor with an RGB sensor acquired reflectance at wavelengths of blue (450 nm), green (550 nm), red (660 nm), near-infrared (735 nm), and infrared (790 nm). The following were used to evaluate the agronomic traits: days to maturity, number of branches, productivity, plant height, height of the first pod insertion and diameter of the main stem. The random forest (RF) model showed greater accuracy with data collected in the R5 stage, whose accuracies were close to 56 for the percentage of correct classifications (CC), close to 0.2 for Kappa, and above 0.55 for the F-score. Logistic regression (RL) and support vector machine (SVM) models showed better performance in the early reproductive stage R1, with accuracies above 55 for CC, close to 0.1 for Kappa, and close to 0.4 for the F-score. J48 performed better with data from the V8 stage, with accuracies above 50 for CC and close to 0.4 for the F-score. This reinforces that the use of different specific spectra for each model can enhance accuracy, optimizing the choice of model according to the phenological stage of the plants.
Response to Selection for Drought Tolerance in Algerian Maize Populations for Spanish Conditions
Authors: Benchikh-Lehocine Maysoun , Álvarez-Iglesias Lorena , Revilla Pedro , Malvar Rosa Ana , Djemel Abderrahmane , Laouar Meriem
Published: February 2025

Drought is the main stress on maize, and, in order to improve drought tolerance, a breeding program for reduced anthesis-silking interval (ASI) was carried out in Algiers. The objective of this study was to investigate if the selection for reduced ASI made in Algiers had a positive effect on drought tolerance in northern Spain. Two populations selected for reduced ASI in Algiers were evaluated in Algiers and Pontevedra (northwestern Spain) under well-watered and drought conditions. The dry trial was not irrigated, while the well-watered trial was irrigated three times. Data were taken on agronomic and photosynthetic traits in the selection of reduced ASI and anthesis and increased yield for BTM and LOM. In the combined analyses of variance in locations, differences were significant among environments and among genotypes for most agronomic traits. Rank correlations between Algiers and Pontevedra were high and significant for flowering and correlations were higher when measured under the same water regime. In the Spanish environments, differences between the drought and well-watered selection and differences among genotypes within water regimens were significant for most agronomic traits. The agronomic performance of the selection cycles under drought and well-watered conditions indicated that selection for reducing ASI in Algiers was partially effective in Pontevedra. Photosynthetic traits did not respond to selection for ASI; nevertheless, stomatal conductance had positive effects and water use efficiency had a negative effect on plant height and yield. Therefore, base breeding populations after prebreeding in arid environments could be used for breeding programs in humid environments, and some physiological traits had limited effects on plant growth and yield.
Effects of Delayed Application of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Yield, Canopy Structure, and Microenvironment of Winter Wheat with Different Planting Densities
Authors: Shi Zhilin , Mao Tingyong , Ma Long , Pan Hongjian , Liu Jiahao , Wang Desheng , Yang Lili , Zhai Yunlong
Published: February 2025

Nitrogen fertilizer setback and planting density both affect wheat yield. However, the differences in winter wheat yield and its components, canopy structure, and microenvironment caused by N fertilizer setback at different planting densities are not clear. A two-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the most suitable planting density and N fertilizer setback combinations for winter wheat. Three planting densities of 3.3, 2.36, and 1.77 million plants·hm−2, and two basal fertilizer/nodulation and fertilizer/spike fertilizer ratios of 6:4:0 and 4:3:3, respectively, were used in the experiment. The results of the two-year experiment showed that, under the same planting density, the yields of wheat with nitrogen fertilizer setback increased by 8.2%, 2.7%, and 2.8%, respectively; the total leaf area of the upper trifoliate leaves increased by 10.7–17.4%; and the leaf area index (LAI) increased by 5.4% and 5.3%, respectively. The results showed that the yield, the effective number of spikes, leaf area index, and vertical light interception of wheat at a density of 3.30 million plants·hm−2 were higher than those of the other treatments. In both years of the experiment, the planting density of 3.30 million plants·hm−2 with nitrogen fertilizer setback (basal fertilizer/nodulation fertilizer/spike fertilizer = 4:3:3) was the best. Therefore, a nitrogen application of 240 kg·hm−2 and a planting density of 3.30 million hm−2 with nitrogen fertilizer setback was found to be the best combination.
Deep Learning and Reinforcement Learning for Assessing and Enhancing Academic Performance in University Students: A Scoping Review
Authors: Stasolla Fabrizio , Zullo Antonio , Maniglio Roberto , Passaro Anna , Di Gioia Mariacarla , Curcio Enza , Martini Elvira
Published: February 2025

University students often face challenges in managing academic demands and difficulties like time management, task prioritization, and effective study strategies. This scoping review investigates the application of Deep Learning (DL) and Reinforcement Learning (RL) in evaluating and enhancing academic performance, focusing on their practical applications, limitations, and future potential. Using PRISMA guidelines, 27 empirical studies published between 2014 and 2024 were analyzed. These studies utilized advanced DL and RL technologies, including neural networks and adaptive algorithms, to support personalized learning and performance prediction across diverse university contexts. Key findings highlight DL’s ability to accurately predict academic outcomes and identify at-risk students, with models achieving high accuracy in areas like dropout prediction and language proficiency assessments. RL proved effective in optimizing learning pathways and tailoring interventions, dynamically adapting to individual student needs. The review emphasizes significant improvements in grades, engagement, and learning efficiency enabled by AI-driven systems. However, challenges persist, including scalability, resource demands, and the need for transparent and interpretable models. Future research could focus on diverse datasets, multimodal inputs, and long-term evaluations to enhance the applicability of these technologies. By integrating DL and RL, higher education can foster personalized, adaptive learning environments, improving academic outcomes and inclusivity.
Meta-Analysis of Dietary Tannins in Small Ruminant Diets: Effects on Growth Performance, Serum Metabolites, Antioxidant Status, Ruminal Fermentation, Meat Quality, and Fatty Acid Profile
Authors: Al Rharad Asma , El Aayadi Soufiane , Avril Claire , Souradjou Alassane , Sow Fafa , Camara Younouss , Hornick Jean-Luc , Boukrouh Soumaya
Published: February 2025

Tannins are secondary metabolites naturally present in various plants as a defense mechanism. In animal nutrition, they play a dual role, acting as both antinutritional factors and bioactive agents, with potential benefits in nutrient metabolism and product quality. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary tannin on nutrient intake and digestibility, blood serum metabolite levels, growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality in small ruminants. Ninety-seven studies were included in this meta-analysis. The effects of tannins were analyzed using a random-effects model to determine the weighted mean difference between treatments with tannins and the control (without tannins). Publication bias and heterogeneity between studies were explored, and meta-regression and subgroup analyses were performed. The results indicated that tannin significantly increased the intake of dry matter, crude protein, nitrogen (N), fecal N, and meat fatty acids (FA), such as C18:2 ω6, C18:3 ω3, C20:4 ω6, C20:5 ω3, total ω3 and ω6 FA, and total polyunsaturated FA (PUFA). However, NH3-N, urinary N, blood urea nitrogen, cold carcass weight, subcutaneous fat thickness, drip loss, and nutrient digestibility decreased. In conclusion, tannin in small ruminants did not affect animal productivity and antioxidative status, but mainly modified nitrogen metabolism and improved the fatty acid profile of meat.
Hepatotoxicity in Carp (Carassius auratus) Exposed to Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS): Integrative Histopathology and Transcriptomics Analysis
Authors: Tang Lin , Hao Guijie , Zhou Dongren , Fan Yunpeng , Wei Zihao , Li Dongsheng , Shen Yafang , Fang Haoyu , Lin Feng , Zhao Meirong , Zhang Haiqi
Published: February 2025

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) contamination poses a significant environmental threat due to its widespread distribution and persistence. However, the hepatotoxic effects of PFOS on key aquatic species, such as crucian carp, remain understudied. This study systematically investigated the hepatotoxicity and underlying molecular mechanisms associated with PFOS exposure in crucian carp over a 21 day period. We determined a 96 h 50% lethal concentration (LC50) of 23.17 mg/L. Histopathological and transcriptomic analyses confirmed PFOS-induced liver damage in the carp, characterized by venous congestion, nucleolar dissolution and cellular vacuolation. Transcriptomic profiling further identified 1036 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), involving critical pathways related to lipid and energy metabolism, immunity, and endocrine regulation. These pathways are integral to the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Specifically, DEGs related to lipid metabolism showed significant changes, while those involved in energy metabolism indicated disrupted ATP production and mitochondrial function. Genes associated with immune response revealed an upregulation of pro-inflammatory markers, and hormone regulation genes highlighted alterations in endocrine signaling. Our findings emphasized that PFOS exhibits acute toxicity to crucian carp, potentially inducing hepatotoxicity by disrupting multiple physiological systems. This research provides a theoretical foundation for mitigating aquatic pollution and protecting eco-health, contributing to broader ecological and conservation biology discussions.
Factors Influencing Antibiotic Prescribing and Antibiotic Resistance Awareness Among Primary Care Physicians in Poland
Authors: Świder Karolina , Babicki Mateusz , Biesiada Aleksander , Suszko Monika , Mastalerz-Migas Agnieszka , Kłoda Karolina
Published: February 2025

Introduction: Antibiotic resistance is a major public health problem in Europe. Most antibiotics are sold only by prescription in Poland, and it is mainly up to physicians to decide whether to start antibiotic treatment. Therefore, we analyzed the factors influencing the prescribing of antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections by primary care physicians in Poland, attitudes toward antibiotic resistance, and knowledge of the principles of antibiotic use. Methods: We conducted a CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interview) survey, carried out using a proprietary survey distributed online. Results: A total of 528 doctors participated in the study. The result of the physical examination and additional tests, as well as the recommendations of scientific societies are the most important in deciding whether to start antibiotic therapy. Patient pressure (p < 0.011) and workload (p = 0.021) significantly influenced the decision to prescribe an antibiotic among primary care physicians and physicians in the course of specialization, who fear of legal consequences (p < 0.001). The habits of other physicians (p < 0.001) working at the same facility appeared to be additionally important. Conclusions: The decision to implement antibiotic therapy in upper respiratory tract infections is influenced by several factors that depend on the doctor (including place of work and seniority) and the patient (clinical symptoms, expectation of antibiotic prescription). The physician’s level of knowledge contributes to reducing antibiotic prescribing. Considering the factors associated with the level of knowledge and awareness, together with a high prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics in Polish population, there is a strong need to design educational interventions aimed at reducing inappropriate antibiotic prescribing and preventing antibiotic resistance in Poland.
Active Vibration Control Study of Harmonic Excitation for Voigt–Kelvin System
Authors: Vasile Ovidiu , Bugaru Mihai
Published: February 2025

This paper presents research on active vibration control (A-V-C), which is being carried out to reduce structural vibration in the field of active vibration control and describes the most important method of implementation. Non-adaptive and adaptive systems feedback with adaptive algorithms are outlined. Electrodynamic shakers, used to excite an SDOF system to study its dynamic characteristics, are introduced. Signal analysis determines the response of a system under known excitation and presents it in a convenient form. The proposed method directly measures the payload displacement relative to the ground. We carry out a detailed investigation based on a realistic single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF), demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive control law, estimate the control parameters, and show that the target dynamics of the isolator are attained.
An Automatic Dry Sieving Mechanism for a Lunar Brick Payload
Authors: Verbruggen Bram , Zhang Xiaochen , Cowley Aidan , Hadler Kathryn
Published: February 2025

This paper presents the design, implementation, and testing of an automated sieve system tailored for lunar regolith sorting to support ISRU applications, specifically targeting particles of 500 μm size. The design incorporates an approach to mitigate sieve blocking, crucial for effective regolith particle separation, utilizing natural frequencies and adjustable sieve angles. The results indicate the system’s effectiveness in separating regolith simulant fractions, with notable variations in sieving efficiency and sieve blocking observed based on sieve angles, simulant types, and aperture sizes. Further investigations include evaluating the influence of amplitude and moisture content on sieving efficiency and analyzing sieve blocking tendencies. Despite variations in simulant behavior and operational parameters, the prototype demonstrates promising performance, characterized by tight confidence intervals in measured results.
Physical and Mechanical Properties and Constitutive Model of Rock Mass Under THMC Coupling: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Wang Jianxiu , Ahmed Bilal , Huang Jian , Nong Xingzhong , Xiao Rui , Abbasi Naveed Sarwar , Alidekyi Sharif Nyanzi , Li Huboqiang
Published: February 2025

Research on the multi-field coupling effects in rocks has been ongoing for several decades, encompassing studies on single physical fields as well as two-field (TH, TM, HM) and three-field (THM) couplings. However, the environmental conditions of rock masses in deep resource extraction and underground space development are highly complex. In such settings, rocks are put through thermal-hydrological-mechanical-chemical (THMC) coupling effects under peak temperatures, strong osmotic pressures, extreme stress, and chemically reactive environments. The interaction between these fields is not a simple additive process but rather a dynamic interplay where each field influences the others. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of fragmentation evolution, deformation mechanics, mechanical constitutive models, and the construction of coupling models under multi-field interactions. Based on rock strength theory, the constitutive models for both multi-field coupling and creep behavior in rocks are developed. The research focus on multi-field coupling varies across industries, reflecting the diverse needs of sectors such as mineral resource extraction, oil and gas production, geothermal energy, water conservancy, hydropower engineering, permafrost engineering, subsurface construction, nuclear waste disposal, and deep energy storage. The coupling of intense stress, fluid flow, temperature, and chemical factors not only triggers interactions between these fields but also alters the physical and mechanical properties of the rocks themselves. Investigating the mechanical behavior of rocks under these conditions is essential for averting accidents and assuring the soundness of engineering projects. Eventually, we discuss vital challenges and future directions in multi-field coupling research, providing valuable insights for engineering applications and addressing allied issues.
Research on the Attitude Control Strategy of TBM Digging with V-Shaped Propulsion System
Authors: Wang Huabei , Xu Liping , Zhou Xiaolei , Guo Bingjing , Cai Liujin
Published: February 2025

To address the challenges in controlling a Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) equipped with a V-type propulsion system during excavation, a digging attitude control strategy based on a nonlinear controller is introduced. First, the mathematical models of the V-type propulsion hydraulic system and the propulsion system’s attitude are developed, followed by an analysis of the system’s nonlinearities and susceptibility to strong disturbances. Second, a nonlinear control strategy tailored to the propulsion system’s characteristics is devised to regulate the digging attitude of the V-TBM. Finally, the proposed nonlinear control strategy is validated through comprehensive simulations and experimental evaluations. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed nonlinear control strategy outperforms traditional PID control in attitude regulation performance. Field experiments reveal that the TBM achieves an average horizontal error of less than 20 mm and a vertical error of less than 22 mm in circular curve boring. This validates the strategy’s effectiveness in enabling rapid tracking and adjustment of the tunnel boring axis, meeting the stringent demands of small-radius curved boring.
Improved Antioxidant Capacity by Block Cryoconcentration of Opuntia ficus-indica L. Mill (Green and Red) Juice
Authors: Márquez-Montes Carlos Alberto , Gallegos-Infante José Alberto , Petzold-Maldonado Guillermo Rodrigo , Orellana-Palma Patricio Antonio , González-Laredo Rubén Francisco , Rocha-Guzmán Nuria Elizabeth , Moreno-Jiménez Martha Rocío
Published: February 2025

The presence of bioactives in prickly pear has been documented, including flavonoids and betalains, which are compounds highly unstable to thermal processing. An alternative to the thermal processing of foods is the use of cryoconcentration. The objective of this work was to use cryoconcentration assisted by centrifugation to obtain prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica L. Mill) concentrate from two ecotypes (green and red) and evaluate their impact on the polyphenol profile and betalains. Prickly pear juice was obtained and cryoconcentrated. The process parameters of cryoconcentration were obtained. The highest solute yield (Y) was observed for red prickly pear juice (0.42 ± 0.03 kg solute × kg initial solute−1), but the efficiency (η) did not show differences between ecotypes (green 51.0 ± 7.0 vs. red 55.0 ± 7.0%), physicochemical parameters (pH, titratable acididty, °Bx), reducing sugars, or color. The highest total phenolic content (TPC) (1843 ± 153), total flavonoid content (TFC) (759 ± 17), betanin (801.6 ± 19), and indicaxanthin (453.7 ± 19) were observed in cryoconcentrated red prickly pear juice, while the antioxidant activity (ABTS, FRAP, and ORAC) was higher in cryoconcentrated green prickly pear juice (except ABTS). Betalains showed a high correlation with the ABTS antioxidant results, and the TPC showed a high correlation with the ORAC results. Cryoconcentration technology has a high potential to process prickly pear juice, preserving its bioactives.
Constructive Conditions for a High-Dimensional Hilbert-Type Integral Inequality Involving Multivariate Variable Upper Limit Integral Functions and Optimal Constant Factors
Authors: Zhao Qian , Hong Yong , He Bing
Published: February 2025

Hilbert integral inequalities are beautiful inequalities with a symmetric structure, and have attracted much attention because of their important applications in the study of integral operators, and the Hilbert-type integral inequality involving variable upper limit integral functions is a generalized form of the Hilbert integral inequality. In this paper, we use a construction theorem of the Hilbert-type n-ple integral inequality with homogeneous kernels to discuss a high-dimensional Hilbert-type integral inequality involving multivariate variable upper limit integral functions, and obtain the sufficiently necessary conditions for constructing inequalities and the formulas for optimal constant factors, which improve and generalize the existing results.
Long-Term Engraftment of Cryopreserved Human Neurons for In Vivo Disease Modeling in Neurodegenerative Disease
Authors: Marmion David J. , Deng Peter , Hiller Benjamin M. , Lewis Rachel L. , Harms Lisa J. , Cameron David L. , Nolta Jan A. , Kordower Jeffrey H. , Fink Kyle D. , Wakeman Dustin R.
Published: February 2025

The transplantation of human neurons into the central nervous system (CNS) offers transformative opportunities for modeling neurodegenerative diseases in vivo. This study evaluated the survival, integration, and functional properties of cryopreserved forebrain GABAergic neurons (iGABAs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) across three species used in translational research. iGABAs were stereotactically injected into the striatum of Sprague–Dawley rats, immunodeficient RNU rats, R6/2 Huntington’s disease (HD) mice, wild-type controls, and Cynomolgus monkeys. Post-transplantation, long-term assessments revealed robust neuronal survival, extensive neurite outgrowth, and integration with host CNS environments. In immunodeficient rats, iGABAs innervated the neuraxis, extending from the prefrontal cortex to the midbrain, while maintaining mature neuronal phenotypes without uncontrolled proliferation. Similarly, grafts in nonhuman primates showed localized survival and stable phenotype at one month. In the neurodegenerative milieu of HD mice, iGABAs survived up to six months, projecting into the host striatum and white matter, with evidence of mutant huntingtin aggregates localized within the graft, indicating pathological protein transfer. These findings underscore the utility of cryopreserved iGABAs as a reproducible, scalable model for disease-specific CNS investigations and mechanistic studies of proteinopathic propagation. This work establishes a critical platform for studying neurodegenerative diseases and developing therapeutic interventions.
Ultra-Processed Foods and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: What Is the Evidence So Far?
Authors: Vallianou Natalia G. , Evangelopoulos Angelos , Tzivaki Ilektra , Daskalopoulou Stavroula , Adamou Andreas , Michalaki Zafeiri Georgia Chrysi , Karampela Irene , Dalamaga Maria , Kounatidis Dimitris
Published: February 2025

Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) are foods that have undergone extensive industrial processing with the addition of various substances in order to make them more tasty, eye-catching, and easy to consume. UPFs are usually rich in sugars, salt, and saturated fat, whereas they lack essential nutrients. The aim of this review is to elaborate upon the current evidence associating overconsumption of UPFs with the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We will discuss data interconnecting UPFs and T2DM risk and will further describe specific ingredients that have been suggested to increase this risk. In addition, we will thoroughly explain how additives, such as emulsifiers or sweeteners, or other compounds formed during manufacturing, such as acrylamide and acrolein, and during packaging, such as bisphenol-A, are proposed to be implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and T2DM.
Differential Pattern of Circulating MicroRNA Expression in Patients with Intracranial Atherosclerosis
Authors: Tanashyan Marine M. , Raskurazhev Anton A. , Shabalina Alla A. , Mazur Andrey S. , Annushkin Vladislav A. , Kuznetsova Polina I. , Illarioshkin Sergey N. , Piradov Mikhail A.
Published: February 2025

Background: Intracranial atherosclerosis (ICAS) is a major cause of ischemic stroke, yet fundamental studies regarding epigenetic regulation of ICAS are lacking. We hypothesized that, due to anatomical and/or functional differences, extracranial atherosclerosis is distinct from ICAS, which may explain the clinical variability as well. Methods: We chose a number of miRNAs involved in various steps of atherogenesis (namely, miR-712/205-5p/-3p, miR-106b-3p/-5p, miR-146a-3p/-5p, miR-100-3p/miR-5p, miR-200c-3p/-5p, miR-532-3p/-5p, and miR-126-3p/-5p) and examined their plasma levels in a cohort of patients with carotid stenosis > 50% (n = 35, mean age: 65 years, 54% male; 12 patients had ICAS). Results: A differential pattern of circulating miR expression was found in ICAS patients: there was an overexpression of miR-712/205-5p, miR-106b-5p, miR-146a-5p, miR-200c-5p, miR-532-3p, and miR-126-3p. The following miRs were underexpressed in intracranial atherosclerosis—miR-712/205-3p and miR-100-3p. These changes represent a plethora of atherogenic mechanisms: smooth muscle cell migration (miR-712/205, miR-532), foam cell formation (miR-106b, miR-146a), endothelial dysfunction (miR-200c), low-density lipoprotein-induced vascular damage (miR-100), and leukocyte recruitment (miR-126). In symptomatic ICAS patients, we observed a statistically significant upregulation of miR-712/205-3p and miR-146a-5p. Conclusions: Overall, the findings of our pilot study revealed several new and interesting associations: (1) intracranial atherosclerosis seems to have a different epigenetic profile (regarding circulating microRNA expression) than isolated extracranial vessel involvement; (2) ischemic stroke in ICAS may be potentiated by other pathophysiologic mechanisms than in extracranial-only atherosclerosis (ECAS). Certain miRs (e.g., miR-712/205) seem to have a larger impact on ICAS than on extracranial atherosclerosis; this may be potentially linked to difference between extra- and intracranial artery morphology and physiology, and/or may lead to the said differences. This underscores the importance of making a distinction in future epigenetic studies between ECAS and ICAS, as the mechanisms of atherogenesis are likely to vary.
Combination of Cannabidiol with Cisplatin or Paclitaxel Analysis Using the Chou–Talalay Method and Chemo-Sensitization Evaluation in Platinum-Resistant Ovarian Cancer Cells
Authors: Ismail Jana , Shebaby Wassim , Azar Atallah Shirine , Taleb Robin I. , Kawrani Sara , Faour Wissam , Mroueh Mohamad
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Cannabidiol (CBD) is known for its anti-cancer properties in preclinical models and is increasingly used alongside conventional chemotherapy in cancer treatment. This study aims to evaluate the anti-cancer activity of CBD from Lebanese Cannabis sativa as a monotherapy and in combination with cisplatin or paclitaxel on human ovarian adenocarcinoma cells. Methods: Cytotoxicity of CBD was tested on OVCAR-3 and SK-OV-3 cell lines using the MTS assay. The Chou–Talalay method and CompuSyn software were used to determine the combination indices (CIs) for predicting interactions between CBD and chemotherapeutic agents. CBD showed dose-dependent tumor growth inhibition at 72 h with comparable IC50 values for both cell lines. Results: The combination of CBD with cisplatin or paclitaxel showed significant antagonistic interaction in SK-OV-3 cells (CI > 1), but mild synergism (CI < 1) at high growth inhibition rates (95% and 97%) was observed in SK-OV-3 cells with CBD/cisplatin. Pure antagonism was found in OVCAR-3 cells with CBD/cisplatin. Priming SK-OV-3 cells with CBD reduced the IC50 values of both drugs significantly, with a similar effect seen when cells were primed with cisplatin or paclitaxel before CBD treatment. Conclusions: Integrating CBD with chemotherapy could improve cancer therapy and address drug resistance. Sequential administration of CBD and chemotherapeutic agents is more beneficial than simultaneous administration. Further in vivo studies are necessary to validate these findings and understand CBD’s interactions with other drugs fully.