bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An immunopathological study of herpes‐associated erythema multiforme
Authors: Zaim M. T. , Giorno R. C. , Golitz L E. , Kunke K. S. , Huff J. C.
Published: April 2006

Any pathogenetic mechanism proposed for erythema multiforme (EM) must account for the prominent mononuclear cell infiltrate in the skin lesions. The purpose of this study was to characterize immunopathologically, with monoclonal antibodies to human leukocyte antigens, the inflammatory cells in early target lesions of recurrent herpes‐associated EM. Cryostat sections of snap‐frozen skin biopsies were studied by the avidin‐biotin immunoperoxidase technique with use of the following monoclonal antibodies: anti‐HLA‐DR, anti‐Leu M5, anti‐Leu 4+5b, anti‐Leu 3a+3b, anti‐Leu 2a, anti‐Leu 14, and anti‐Leu 6. The dermal mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate in the EM biopsies consisted of monocyte‐macrophages and T‐lymphocytes, with both helper and suppressor T cells present. Both the dermal inflammatory infiltrate and the overlying keratinocytes were strongly HLA‐DR positive. No definite alteration of Langerhans cell number or distribution was noted. These findings are consistent with the characteristics seen in cell‐mediated immune reactions in the skin and point to this as a likely immune mechanism for the tissue damage of EM.
Cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis: correlation of histopathological changes with clinical severity and course
Authors: Hodge S. J. , Callen J. P. , Ekenstam E.
Published: April 2006

We have examined 61 histopathologic specimens from 54 patients with cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis (LV). They were examined without knowledge of clinical disease for the following characteristics: vessel wall inflammation, erythrocyte extravasation, depth of infiltrate, leukocytoclasis, fibrinoid necrosis, epidermal necrosis and fibrin thrombi. Independent of the histopathological study, the following clinical observations were recorded: type of lesion, severity and the presence and type of systemic: disease. The severity score was based on the extent of cutaneous disease, the presence of systemic disease and the difficulty of disease control. The clinical and histological features were then compared using an analysis of variance. Statistically significant results included (1) the relation of clinical severity to vessel wall inflammation, leukocytoclasis, overall histologic severity; and (2) the mildness of histological changes in patients with urticarial lesions. Thus, we have demonstrated that the severity of histopathologic changes seen on skin biopsy is (1) predictive of clinical severity, (2) may correlate with the type of skin lesion observed, but (3) does not correlate with the presence or absence of internal vasculitic involvement.
Immunohistochemical study of carbonic anhydrase in mixed tumours and adenomas of sweat and sebaceous glands
Authors: Noda Y. , Oosumi H. , Morishima T. , Tsujimura T. , Mori M.
Published: April 2006

Immunohistochemical distribution of carbonic anhydrase II (CA) in mixed tumours and adenomas of sweat gland origin and in sebaceous adenomas was demonstrated by the PAP method. Normal sweat glands, both eccrine and apocrine, clear cells of the secretory coils, and ductal epithelial cells all showed conspicuous staining for CA, and sebaceous glands were also positive. Mixed tumours of the skin indicated strongly positive staining for CA in the luminal cells of tubular and duct‐like or cystic structures, while most of the other tumour cells were negative. In solid or massive foci, CA positive cells were found scattered among the cellular mass. Sebaceous adenomas were usually moderately positive for CA throughout the tumour.
T6+ and HLA‐DR+ cell numbers in epidermis of immunosuppressed renal transplant recipients
Authors: Kelly G. , Scheibner A. , Murray E. , Sheil R. , Tiller D. , Horvath J.
Published: April 2006

The increased susceptibility of the skin of chronically immunosuppressed individuals to viral infections and sunlight‐induced malignancies suggests specific drug‐induced, dysfunction of local immune mechanisms within the sun‐exposed skin of these individuals. To help understand the effect of immunosuppressive therapy alone in the absence of ultraviolet light on the immune system of skin, biopsies were collected from non‐sun‐exposed buttock skin of control, healthy volunteers and kidney transplant recipients immunosuppressed with either azathioprine/ prednisone or cyclosporin A/prednisone and examined for incidences of T6+, and HLA‐DR+ cells. No significant differences in the incidences of these 2 cell types were found (a) between control individuals and transplant recipients, (b) between transplant recipients receiving either of the immunosuppressive drug regimes, or (c) between transplant recipients who either had or had not developed skin cancer.
Basal cell epithelioma with giant tumor cells: light and electron microscopic study
Authors: Ochiai T. , Suzuki H. , Morioka S.
Published: April 2006

A case of basal cell epithelioma (BCE) with multiple large nuclei on the right buttock of a 69‐year‐old woman is reported, and the skin was studied by light and electron microscopy. This represented the only case (0.85%) of giant tumor cells with multiple nuclei among 117 patients with BCE. Ultrastructural studies revealed that giant tumor cells were not different from ordinary tumor cells of BCE, except for large convoluted nuclei. In the cytoplasms of giant tumor cells, we observed autophagic vacuoles which were derived from autophagocytosis. Scattered among the giant tumor cells, there were many degenerate tumor cells, some of which were phagocytized by giant tumor cells with multiple nuclei (referred to as macrophagocytosis). It is indicated that tumor cells have considerable phagocytic activities, and degrade the autophagic vacuoles or the degenerate tumor cells with the lysosomes. These findings suggest that the presence of the giant tumor cells with multiple nuclei does not indicate a increased malignant potential or anaplasia of the tumor, and that autophagocytosis or macrophagocytosis is a factor in initiating giant tumor cell formation.
Human papillomavirus Type 2 DNA in oral and labial verruca vulgaris
Authors: Eversole L. R. , Laipis P. J. , Green T. L.
Published: April 2006

Twenty instances of verruca vulgaris, equally divided between oral mucosa and lip vermillion, were assayed for the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) capsid antigen and type‐specific DNA employing in situ hybridization methods. All 10 cases arising on lip vermilion expressed capsid antigen and harbored HPV Type 2 genomes as assessed under conditions of high stringency DNA hybridization. Oral verrucae rarely expressed capsid antigen; HPV Type 2 genomes were encountered in 20% of the cases.
A new histopathologic feature of necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum: lymphoid nodules
Authors: Alegre V. A. , Winkelmann R. K.
Published: April 2006

We have found a previously undescribed histopathologic feature of necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum among 310 biopsied cases: lymphoid nodules. This feature does not correlate with unique clinical lesions or forms of the disease. The lymphoid nodules are similar in appearance to those in other chronic dermal inflammations.
Ultrastructural morphometric analysis of human mast cells in normal skin and pathological cutaneous lesions
Authors: Tharp M. D. , Glass M. J. , Seelig L. L.
Published: April 2006

Electron micrographs of human mast cells in normal neonatal and adult skin and in cutaneous lesions of basal cell carcinoma (BCC), hemangioma and mastocytosis were assessed by morphometric analysis. Using this quantitative histologic approach, adult skin mast cells were found to be significantly larger (47.7μm2± 2.4 SEM vs. 38.3 μm2± 1.8 SEM, p < 0.001) and have larger granules (0.63 μm ± .02 SEM vs. 0.53 μm ± .02 SEM, p 0.001) than infant mast cells while both mast cell populations had comparable nuclear sizes (13.7 μm2± 0.9 SEM vs. 14.3 μm2± 0.8 SEM) and numbers of cytoplasmic granules (72 ± 4.0 SEM vs. 66 ± 4.0 SEM). Morphometric analysis of mast cell infiltrates in the adult skin lesions of BCC and hemangioma revealed that these cells were larger than neonatal mast cells but were similar to normal adult controls. Cutaneous mast cells from 2 mastocytosis patients, however, had significantly larger mean cell surface areas (78.0 μm2± 3.4 SEM and 70.6 μm2+ 3.2 SEM, p < 0.001), nuclear areas (20.8 μm2± 1.1 SEM and 21.3 μm2± 1.2 SEM, p 0.001) and granule diameters (0.82 urn ± 0.4 SEM and 0.83 μm ± .03 SEM, p ± 0.001) when compared with mast cells in normal adult skin and in the other pathologic lesions. No difference in the total number of cytoplasmic granules was observed in the different mast cell populations. This study demonstrates that morphometric analysis in combination with electron microscopy provides a valuable and sensitive tool for assessing mast cells in normal and pathologic tissues.
Endothelial cell crystalloids in newborn human foreskin*
Authors: Pasyk K. A. , Hassett C. A. , Cherry G. W. , Argenta L. C.
Published: April 2006

This study describes the presence of crystalline inclusions in the endothelial cells of foreskins. They were found in 9 normal full‐term newborn infants, without maternal medication or complication during pregnancy and delivery. These cytoplasmic crystalloids occurred in 10% of endothelial cells of small blood vessels. The diameter of the inclusions ranged from 0.3 to 1.5 μm and they appeared as round, oval, hexagonal or irregular polygonal in shape. These inclusions were surrounded by a triple membrane and their contents demonstrated granular, homogenous and crystalloid‐like material with a regular periodicity of dense and less dense layers measuring about 20–25 nm. Similar crystalloids in the endothelial cells were observed in the normal upper lip skin of a 6‐week‐old girl, although they were present in much smaller numbers than in foreskin. No endothelial inclusions were found in normal skin taken from 11 body areas in 29 patients aged 2.5 to 56 years. The nature and function of these cotyplasmic crystalloids are unknown.
Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma: a case without paraproteinemia but with transepithelial elimination
Authors: Dupré A. , Viraben R.
Published: April 2006

We report a female patient, now aged 60, followed for 20 years for lesions originally diagnosed as necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum. In fact, the anatomical and clinical features of her disorder correspond to the new entity described as necrobiotic xanthogranuloma. Two elements distinguish this from earlier cases: 1) two examinations failed to reveal paraproteinemia; 2) there was transepithelial elimination of cholesterol crystals and degenerated xanthomatous cell debris via hair follicles. This demonstrates the characteristic histology of the disorder and indicates that the diagnosis of necrobiotic xanthogranuloma should be considered even in the absence of paraproteinemia.
Adult, acquired reactive perforating collagenosis. Report of a case including ultrastructural findings
Authors: Beck H.‐I. , Brandrup F. , Hagdrup H. K. , Jensen N. K. , Starklint H.
Published: April 2006

A case of reactive perforating collagenosis in an adult male patient with chronic renal failure. Pruritic, umbilicate papules, showing extrusion of collagen fibers through the epidermis were detected histopathologically. Electron microscopy showed absence of basal membrane beneath the perforation and collagen fibers with preserved periodicity passing through widened intercellular spaces with islands of cytoplasmic material.
Immunohistpchemical demonstration of S‐100 protein and melanoma‐associated antigens in melanocytic nevi
Authors: Paul E. , Cochran A. J. , Wen D.‐R.
Published: April 2006

Thirty‐nine melanocytic nevi of varying histologic structure and stages of development were examined for the presence of S‐100 protein and melanoma‐associated antigens (MAA) by the indirect immunoperoxidase technique, using a polyclonal anti‐serum to S‐100 protein and monoclonal antibodies to MAA. S‐100 protein and MAA were found in the cells of all types of nevi, including dysplastic and congenital nevi. While S‐100 protein was present in nevus cells at the epidermodermal junction and at all levels of the dermis, the melanoma‐directed monoclonal antibodies BM 24‐2, NKI/C‐3, Mel‐1, and Mel‐2 reacted most prominently with the superficial (A‐type) nevus cells; the B‐ and C‐type cells being negative in these cells. An exception to this rule was melanoma‐monoclonal antibody 34.1 which reacted with nevus cells at all levels; deep C‐cells often being more intensely stained than the subepidermal A‐cells. The cells of the different nevus cell layers, known to differ morphologically and enzymatically, are, thus, also different in their expression of MAA. Our data suggest that for most antibodies these variations may be due to differences in the metabolic activities of nevus cells at various distances from the epidermis.
Diagnosis of Lafora disease by skin biopsy
Authors: White J. W. , Gomez M. R.
Published: April 2006

The Lafora type of progressive myoclonus epilepsy is a rare and fatal familial disease characterized by seizures, myoclonus, and dementia. This diagnosis was confirmed in 2 patients by demonstrating the presence of intracytoplasmic polygkicosan bodies, or Lafora bodies, in the peripheral portion of the eccrinc sweat gland duct. Exclusive use of the periodic acid‐Schifl stain is recommended for demonstrating these diagnostic inclusions. Electron microscopy reveals fine pale‐staining filaments, line clark‐slaining granules, and dark‐rimmed vacuoles within these non‐inembranc‐bound inclusions. Skin biopsy is the preferred method of confirming the diagnosis of Lafora disease.
Immunoelectron microscopic localization of keratin filaments: a post‐embedding technique
Authors: Hanna W. , Andrighetti L.
Published: April 2006

We report the successful immunoelectron microscopic (IEM) post‐embedding localization of keratin filaments. This was done using a protein A‐gold system on universal fixed material embedded in epon‐araldite.
Squamous cell carcinoma arising in Hailey‐Hailey disease
Authors: Chun S. I. , Whang K. C. , Su W. P. D.
Published: April 2006

A case of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) arising in a lesion of Hailey‐Hailey disease at the penoscorotal junction is reported. The patient was treated with arsphenamine (Salvarsan 606) early in the disease. It is possible that this carcinogen, as well as friction and the local irritation of long‐standing Hailey‐Hailey skin lesions, may be the predisposing factors for the development of SCC in this case.
Spinous, follicular lichen nitidus associated with perifollicular granulomas
Authors: Madhok R. , Winkelmann R. K.
Published: April 2006

This is the first report of spinous and follicular lichen nit idus associated with perifollicular granuloma formation. Clinicians and pathologists need to distinguish this stage of the disease from lichen scrofulosorum.
Reactive and malignant “angioendotheliomatosis”: a discriminant clinicopathological study
Authors: Wick M. R. , Rocamora A.
Published: April 2006

In order to determine whether or not phenotypic differences existed between reactive angioendotheliomalosis (RAE) and malignant angioendotheliomalosis (MAE), we studied the histological and immunohistochemical features of 4 and 8 cases of these lesions, respectively. Antibodies to leukocyte common antigen (LCA), specialized B‐ and T‐lymphocytic determinants, Factor VIII‐related antigen (FVIIIRAG), blood group isoantigens A, B, and H (BGI), epithelial antigens, vimentin, and actin; and Ulex europaeus I lectin (UEL) were utilized. Cutaneous lesions in all cases of MAE were part of a disseminated, fatal, intravascular cellular proliferation, with highly atypical cytological features. Because one of the patients in this group had cardiac valvular vegetations at autopsy, this case had been reported previously as representative of RAE. However, the latter example, as well as all others of MAE, stained strongly for LCA, B‐cell antigens, and vimenlin in tumor cells. FVIIIRAG was seen focally in 6 cases, in cells entrapped in platelet‐fibrin thrombi; however, UEL binding and reactivity for BGI were uniformly absent. Conversely, RAE was typified by a cytologically‐bland intravascular proliferation, with actin‐positive, peri‐vascular, pericytic cuffs. All 4 patients in this group had cutaneous involvement only, and the lesions tended to be self‐resolving. One had pulmonary tuberculosis, but evidence for an underlying infection was absent in the remainder of RAE cases. Immunohistologically, RAE displayed universal reactivity for FVIIIRAG, BGI, UEL, and vimentin, and negativity for LCA in intravascular cells. Neither MAE nor RAE showed the presence of epithelial determinants. These data indicate that MAE and RAE are clinicopathologically distinct entities, showing lym‐phoid and endothelial features, respectively. Because of the phenolypic properties of the former condition, it would appear advisable to substitute the term “intravascular lymphomatosis” for “malignant angioendotheliomatosis”.
Epidermal and follicular calciphylaxis
Authors: Solomon A. R. , Comite S. L. , Headington J. T.
Published: April 2006

A patient with secondary hyperparathyroidism due to chronic renal failure developed epidermal and follicular calcification without concomitant dermal calcification in the lesions of toxic epidermal necrolysis. We propose that the combination of keratinocyte necrosis and an elevated serum calcium‐phosphorus product resulted in epidermal calciphylaxis.
Porokeratotic eccrine ostial and dermal duct nevus
Authors: Fernández‐Redondo V. , Toribio J.
Published: April 2006

A ease of porokeratotic eccrine ostial and dermal duel nevus (PEODDN) affecting all 4 extremities is described. Clinically, palmo‐plantar lesions resembled those of nevus comedonicus and the remaining lesions those of linear verrucous epidermal nevus. Histologically, all lesions were identical with cornoid lamellae in the eccrine ostia and epidermal ducts.
Re‐expression of disease‐characteristic features of non‐bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (CIE) after graftig of the pathological keratinocyte cultures to athymic mice
Authors: Haftek M. , Thivolet J. , Thomas L. , Joubaud A. , Faure M.
Published: April 2006

Epidermal keratinocytes separated from skin lesions of non‐bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma were investigated in an attempt at experimental reproduction of this keratinization disorder. In vitro studies on growth and differentiation of pathological keratinocytes isolated from the influence of the host's dermal and humoral components were performed using the immersed epidermal cell culture technique. Ten to 25‐ day‐old confluent and stratified cultures were examined by means of photonic and electron microscopy, and stained with various differentiation markers for indirect immunofluorescence studies. The cultured epidermis showed low‐grade differentiation and no clear‐cut evenly distributed signs of the original disease. Grafting on congenitally athymic nude mice allowed further differentiation of the epidermal sheets and re‐expression of the histologic and ultrastructural features of non‐bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma. Thus, the purely epidermal origin of this particular form of autosomal recessive ichthyosis could be confirmed. Large amounts of pathological keratinocytes generated from small skin biopsies may be used for experimental purposes after grafting on several athymic animals.
Pilomatricoma associated with epidermoid cyst
Authors: Benharroch D. , Sacks M. I.
Published: April 2006

The clinical and pathological features of 4 cases of pilomatricoma associated with epidermoid cysts, are described. None of the cases showed features of Gardner's syndrome.
Distribution patterns of the OKM 5 antigen in normal and diseased human epidermis
Authors: Soyer H. P. , Smolle J. , Kerl H.
Published: April 2006

The distribution of OKM 5‐positive dendritic cells in the epidermis was investigated in 75 cases of inflammatory dermatoses and in 14 cases of normal human skin by immunohistochemical and morphometric methods. Furthermore 6 cases of normal human skin, 14 cases of nevocellular nevi, 26 cases of malignant melanoma, 7 cases of contact dermatitis and 6 cases of mycosis fungoides have been examined with special emphasis on the expression of OKM 5 antigen on keratinocytes. OKM 5‐positive dendritic cells were present in normal human epidermis at a density of 46 ± 3.4 cells/mm2section area. However, there was a significant increase in cutaneous drug eruptions (166±17.2 cells/mm2; U‐test: p 0.05). Concerning OKM 5‐positive keratinocytes, a mean percentage of 10.2%± 5.0% OKM 5‐positive keratinocytes was found in nevocellular nevi, compared to 0.5%± 0.5% in the adjacent skin. The corresponding values for malignant melanomas were 52.5%± 3.4% (lesional epidermis) and 7.1%± 2.2% (adjacent epidermis). There were significant differences of both lesional and adjacent epidermis between nevi and melanomas (U‐test: p 0.05). Our cases of contact dermatitis revealed a mean percentage of 19.3%± 6.7% OKM 5‐positive keratinocytes, whereas in mycosis fungoides the corresponding value represents 42.7%± 6.2%. The differences between the percentage of OKM 5‐positive keratinocytes in normal epidermis and contact dermatitis as well as mycosis fungoides were significant (U‐test). These 2 different distribution patterns of OKM 5 antigen, namely OKM 5‐positive dendritic cells in the epidermis and OKM 5 expression on keratinocytes, may further contribute to the immunologic role of the epidermis.
The contribution of direct immunofluorescence to the diagnosis of lupus erythematosus
Authors: Williams R. E. A. , Mackie R. M. , O'Keefe R. , Thomson W.
Published: April 2006

The contributions of direct immunofluorescence, light microscopy and serology to the investigation of 52 patients with possible lupus erythematosus were studied. Direct immunofluorescence was found to be most valuable in the investigation of possible systemic lupus erythematosus whilst only of supportive value in the investigation of possible chronic discoid lupus erythematosus. The importance of performing light microscopy before direct immunofluorescence in cases of possible chronic discoid lupus erythematosus is shown.
Cytophagic histiocytic panniculitis is not always fatal
Authors: White J. W. , Winkelmann R. K.
Published: April 2006

Two patients with benign cytophagic histiocytic panniculitis are presented and compared with the one benign and ten fatal cases previously reported. Benign‐appearing histiocytes which engulf blood cells, nuclear debris, and platelets are the most characteristic feature of the disease. This cytophagia tends to be massive in the subcutaneous tissue and involves extracutaneous organs only in the fatal cases. The course is chronic in the benign form. Patients with the fatal form tend to have fever, hepatosplenomegaly, serosal effusions, ecchymoses, peripheral adenopathy, and mucosal ulcers. Anemia, leukopenia, elevated liver enzyme levels, and coagulopathy are present in almost all and hypocalcemia in many patients with a fatal course. Cytophagic histiocytic panniculitis may represent a form of regional histiocytosis primarily involving subcutaneous tissue. It is midway in the spectrum of the cytophagic histiocytoses.
Verrucous trichoadenoma
Authors: Jaqueti G. , Requena L. , Yus E. Sánchez
Published: April 2006

Abstract – Two cases of verrucous trichoadenoma are reported. Clinically, both lesions were diagnosed as seborrheic keratoses, but histopathologically no areas of basaloid cell proliferation were seen in the numerous sections and there were many small, epidermoid cysts in the dermis which contained one or more vellous hairs. Some of these cysts expelled their horn material into the surface keratin layer in a “boiling pattern”. We propose the term a “verrucous trichoadenoma” for these tumors.
Juvenile colloid milium
Authors: Hashimoto K. , Nakayama H. , Chimenti S. , Carlesimo O. A. , Calvieri S. , Iacobelli D. , Bianchi L
Published: April 2006

A 7‐year‐old Italian girl with juvenile colloid milium was studied with histological, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic methods. This patient had a well‐documented history of severe sunburn and developed the lesions on the face shortly afterward. Numerous apoptotic keratinocytes were observed in the lower epidermis. These cells began their degeneration with filamentous whorl formation (or filamentous degeneration) of tonofilaments. In the papillary dermis the colloid substance was resolved by the electron microscopy into either wavy, thin filaments derived from the epidermal keratinocytes or typical amyloid filaments. Many desmosomes and gap junctions were found in the colloid substance. Polyclonal antikeratin antibody (DAKO) was positive in the colloid substance, particularly in the parts close to the epidermis. These findings suggested that juvenile colloid milium is different from adult colloid milium despite clinical similarities and that the former belongs to the group of actinic amyloid K, i.e. amyloidoses due to actinic degeneration of keratinocyte and its keratin.
Elastophagocytosis: a non‐specific reaction pattern associated with inflammatory processes in sun‐protected skin
Authors: Barnhill R. L. , Goldenhersh M. A.
Published: April 2006

Four cases characterized by primary inflammatory processes localized to sun‐shielded skin were observed to have associated phagocytosis of elastic fibers by multinucleate histiocytic giant cells. These findings support the idea that this reaction pattern may occur non‐specifically, at least in some instances, in sun‐protected areas, as well as in sun‐exposed skin as previously reported.
Cutaneous defects of focal dermal hypoplasia: an ectomesodermal dysplasia syndrome
Authors: Howell J. B. , Freeman R. G.
Published: April 2006

The 5 major cutaneous defects of development found in focal dermal hypoplasia, an ectomesodermal dysplasia syndrome, are: aplasia cutis congenita, multiform atrophy‐like areas, striate, papillomatous, and lipomatous lesions of skin. Subepidermal lipomatosis, present in some lesions, has been reported to be due to absence of dermis or a striking underdevelopment of connective tissue with replacement by adipose tissue from herniation of subcutaneous fat through multiple areas of hypoplasia. We believe this theory to be a major error in interpretation of the microscopic findings. We have had the unique experience of studying 2 patients periodically for 27–30 years and 2 additional patients for a shorter time. Biopsy specimens were removed at intervals for analysis from the same or similar lesions (43 specimens) from these 4 individuals. Our evidence strongly supports the concept that the cutaneous defects of development involving‐fat cells represent heterotopic fat i.e. a fat nevus resulting from dysplasia, not hypoplasia followed by herniation of subcutaneous fat.
Chondroid syringoma associated with hidrocystoma‐like changes. Possible differentiation into eccrine gland. A histologic, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study
Authors: Mihara M.
Published: April 2006

A case of chondroid syringoma associated with hidrocystoma‐like changes was investigated by histology, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Chondroid syringoma was histologically compatible with apocrine mixed tumor, and hidrocystoma‐like changes did not fulfill diagnostic criteria of either eccrine hidrocystoma or apocrine hidrocystoma. However, epithelial cellular elements composing both chondroid syringoma and hidrocystoma‐like changes suggested, immunohistochemically and electron microscopically, differentiation into eccrine gland. The lesions of both had an apparent transition of ductal structures of chondroid syringoma into hidrocystoma‐like changes. Therefore, chondroid syringoma and hidrocystoma‐like changes in this case may be organized as a peculiar type of cutaneous appendage tumor differentiating toward eccrine gland.
Neurofollicular hamartoma: a light microscopic and immunohistochemical study
Authors: Barr R. J. , Goodman M. M.
Published: April 2006

Neurofollicular hamartoma is an unusual, previously undescribed neoplasm characterized by a proliferation of spindle cells and hyperplastic pilosebaceous units. Five cases were reviewed. The lesions presented as single, asymptomatic, smooth, flesh‐colored papules. Four were on the nose, and one on the adjacent nasolabial fold. Immunoperoxidase studies performed on two cases utilizing antibodies to S‐100 antigen were positive in both. These lesions share some histological and clinical features with angiofibroma and neurofibroma.
Mitochondrial inclusions in keratinocytes of hairless mouse skin exposed to UVB radiation
Authors: Feldman D. , Bryce G. F. , Shapiro S.S.
Published: April 2006

Mitochondrial inclusions were observed in keratinocytes during an ultrastructural investigation of the skin of hairless mice exposed to UVB radiation. Mice were irradiated 3 times a week for 5–6 months with sunlamps at individual doses seldom exceeding 0.06 J/cm2. Strips of dorsal skin were processed for electron microscopic examination; blocks were sectioned to include both epidermis and dermis. Mitochondrial inclusions were observed in keratinocytes of the basal, spinous and granular layers. They were spherical in shape and of moderate and homogeneous electron density. Mitochondria toward the upper regions of the epidermis were swollen and had fragmented cristae; mitochondria in the lower areas of the epidermis usually contained smaller and less dense inclusions and intact or partially disrupted cristae. Because mitochondria are essential in providing the energy for cellular function, keratinocyte mitochondrial damage induced by UVB radiation may have serious pathological consequences. Possible mechanisms involved in mitochondrial inclusion formation are suggested.
Necrobiotic granulomas localised to the penis: a possible variant of subcutaneous granuloma annulare
Authors: Kossard Steven , Collins A.G. , Wegman A. , Hughes M. R.
Published: April 2006

Three young men developed multiple firm asymptomatic nodules confined to the shaft of the penis. Skin biopsies from all 3 cases showed prominent necrobiotic granulomas indistinguishable from granuloma annulare. One of the patients had repeated recurrent nodules confined to the penis which were removed surgically over a period of 20 months. This unusual, but benign, presentation of granuloma annulare has to be distinguished from other granulomatous and malignant processes which may present as penile nodules.
Trichilemmal cyst under a compound melanocytic nevus
Authors: Requena Luis , Ambrojo Prudencio , Yus Evaristo Sánchez
Published: April 2006

Cystic dilatation of a hair follicle, folliculitis, abscess formation and epidermoid cysts are not infrequent findings in an intradermal melanocytic nevus. We herein report a trichilemmal cyst under a compound melanocytic nevus. To the best of our knowledge this association has not been previously reported.
Extramammary Paget's disease:
Authors: Urabe Atsumichi , Matsukuma Akito , Shimizu Nobuyuki , Nishimura Masayuki , Wada Hideytoshi , Hori Ysoshiaki
Published: April 2006

We examined 32 cases (38 lesions) of extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) in relation to comparative studies on intraductal carcinoma of the breast (ductal carcinoma in situ, DCIS) and apocrine adenocarcinoma (AAC). Lesions included scrotum (18 lesions), vulva (8), axilla (6), groin (3), penis (2) and chest wall (1), and the distribution was compatible with that of apocrine or supernumerary mammary glands. Histologically, extra‐mammary Paget's and DCIS cells exhibited a large amount of a pale‐stained cytoplasm. The cytoplasm of AAC cells frequently contained granules, was eosinophilic and differed from that of Paget's or DCIS cells. Immunohistochemical studies revealed positive reactions for polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to carcinoembryonic antigen in all EMPD and most DCIS, but not in AAC. Recent studies have shown that extramammary Paget's cells exhibit characteristics of glandular epithelial cells and that most cases of EMPD are not accompanied by an underlying carcinoma. The results obtained in this study, coupled with data on the frequency of the supernumerary breasts, lead to the speculation that extramammary Paget's cells originate from ectopic mammary glands or from pluripotential germinative cells in the epidermis, capable of differentiating toward the mammary glands.
Angioleiomyoma within a histiocytoma
Authors: Requena Luis , Ortiz Sebastián , Sánchez Manuel , Yus Evaristo Sánchez
Published: April 2006

We report an angioleiomyoma developed within a cellular histiocytoma on the calf of a 77‐year‐old man. The lesion consisted of a spherical nodule with two well‐defined concentric areas. The outer circular area was a cellular histiocytoma and the inner central area consisted of an angioleiomyoma. Immunoperoxidase investigations for desmin demonstrated positivity in the angioleiomyoma, whereas the histiocytoma positivity in the angioleiomyoma, whereas the histiocytoma remained negative. Serial sections of the lesion failed to demonstrate a connection between the angioleiomyoma and a normal vein which could have been trapped by the histiocytoma. The angioleiomyoma may have originated from a vessel in the histiocytoma.
Acantholytic variant of seborrheic keratosis
Authors: Chen M. , Shinmori H. , Takemiya M. , Miki Y.
Published: April 2006

From among 504 histologic specimens of seborrheic keratosis (SK), 09 showed acantholysis, not related to pemphigus, Darier's disease, actinic keratosis or acantholytic squamous cell carcinoma. Acantholysis was found in 04 (03.3%) of the irritated type of SK, almost exclusively in the squamous cell nests showing dyskeratosis and spongiosis between and around squamous eddies or horn cysts. Clinically, 65.5% of the lesions were located on the face and scalp, 00.7% on the trunk and 13.8% on the limbs. It was speculated that dyskeratotic, degenerative changes of the keratinocytes together with spongiosis were responsible for the acantholysis.
Immunohistochemical demonstration of ferritin in sweat gland and sweat gland neoplasms
Authors: Penneys N. S. , Zlatkiss I.
Published: April 2006

Using a rabbit anti‐human liver ferritin antibody, we examined the binding patterns of this reagent in normal skin and observed a unique binding pattern limited to the outermost layer of the eccrine duct. Examination of a variety of sweat gland neoplasms revealed 2 distinct patterns. One was the binding of this antibody to the outermost layer of cells in the epithelial cords of syringoma, producing a characteristic ring when seen in cross‐section. This pattern of binding did not occur in other neoplasms known to be related to the eccrine duct such as dermal duct tumor and eccrine poroma. Only sparse sporadic binding occurred in other eccrine and apocrine neoplasms. A second characteristic binding pattern, not related to that noted in syringoma and diffuse in pattern, was seen in acrospiroma and in a number of adnexal carcinomas. Diffuse ferritin expression has been described in malignant neoplasms in tissues other than skin. Diffuse ferritin staining of certain sweat gland neoplasms may be an indication of biologic activity and potential aggressivity of these neoplasms.
Cutaneous metastases of a giant cell tumor of bone: case report
Authors: Cerroni L. , Soyer H. P. , Smolle J. , Kerl H.
Published: April 2006

A 47‐year‐old patient with the previous history of a giant cell tumor of the left femur presented with 3 cutaneous nodules located on the face. Histologic examination revealed skin metastases of a giant cell tumor of bone, with dermal and subcutaneous nodules characterized by multinucleate giant cells and mononuclear cells. The patient died 10 months later from widespread metastases to the lung and brain. A panel of enzymoand immunohistochemical markers reactive with osteoclastic, fibroblastic and histiocytic determinants was tested on the cutaneous lesions. The results indicated osteoclastic lineage of the multinucleate giant cells whereas the mononuclear cells showed features of fibroblastic differentiation. Cutaneous metastasis from a giant cell tumor of bone is an extraordinary event and so far has only been reported once.
Numerical aberrations of chromosome 7 detected in 15 μm paraffin‐embedded tissue sections of primary cutaneous melanomas by fluorescence in situ hybridization and confocal laser scanning microscopy
Authors: D'Alessandro I. , Zitzelsberger H. , Hutzler P. , Lehmann L. , Braselmann H. , Chimenti S. , Höfler H.
Published: April 2006

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to sections of formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded archival tissues allows the detection of gene or chromosome copy number changes in interphase cell nuclei within the histological context and thus may be of particular interest in tumor pathology. In this report, we describe the application of FISH to thick (15 μn) paraffin sections of 7 primary cutaneous malignant melanomas. A chromosome 7‐specific centromeric DNA probe was used to detect numerical aberrations of chromosome 7. By optical sectioning using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) only complete, uncut interphase cell nuclei were scored. The mean percentage (±SEM) of melanoma cell nuclei with three hybridization spots was (20.7±2.8)%; (6.8±1.0)% of nuclei showed one spot and (5.0±1.2) % four or more spots. The frequency distribution of spot numbers among melanoma cell nuclei and normal keratinocyte nuclei was significantly different (χ2= 176.8, df= 5, p<0.001). Trisomy 7 was detected in all 7 cases analyzed, mostly associated with monosomy 7 or polysomy 7. The approach used in our study and the data obtained could be useful for further studies designed to investigate a possible involvement of chromosome 7 in melanocytic tumor progression.
The effect of copper deficiency on the mandibular joint and alveolar bone of pigs
Authors: Furstman L. , Rothman R.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Two types of oro‐facial skeletal lesions were observed in copper deficient swine. Condylar changes which closely resembled those previously noted in long bones of copper deficient pigs were observed. Changes in the alveolar bones included decreased osteogenesis, a marked increase in osteoclasts with a resulting increase of hone resorption and a marked loss of marrow cellular elements with a fibrous tissue replacement.
Structure of antibodies
Authors: Mestecky J.
Published: April 2006

Vertebrates develop a highly specialized system of defense mechanisms as a result of continuous stimulation by foreign materials from the environment. Whether free in body fluids or attached to cell surfaces, antibodies play the key role in the recognition of, and protection of the body against, foreign substances.

Important characteristics of antibodies are their adaptive production as a result of antigenic stimulation and the specificity they exhibit in their reaction with the antigen that induced their production. Antibodies are present in the globulin fraction of the body fluids and are summarily called immunoglobulins.

Knowledge pertaining lo antibody structure has been acquired principally from research of the last two decades. During this period many important findings have been made that are applicable to other proteins; in fact, antibodies are presently the most completely characterized of the complex proteins.

This paper will encompass a brief review of the structure of antibodies. The rapid development in this field makes it difficult lo ensure the inclusion of all appropriate publications, and therefore we shall refer the reader principally to the most recent review articles and books which can be examined for more detailed information. Of these, four deserve special attention: Kochwa & Kunkel (1971), Amos (1971), Merler (1970), and the Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology (1967).
Electron microscopy of enamel surface after reactions of apatite accretion
Authors: Gonzalez M. , Feagin F.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Images were obtained from intact and acid etched enamel surfaces (both before and alter growth of surface apatite) with electron diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Labial surfaces (intact) of bovine incisor teeth were slightly abraded and pumiced. They were then etched by a 14‐hour immersion in 2mM sodium acetate‐acetic acid buffer at pH 5.0; an average of 31 μ.Mol/cm2 calcium and 24 μMol/cm2 phosphate was dissolved from the surfaces. The SEM. and TEM showed loss of minerals to a depth of 10 μm. Dissolution was largely in central areas of enamel prisms, and prismatic structure in the etched surfaces was retained. Electron diffraction, SEM, and TEM showed the growth of crystalline apatites at the etched surfaces after 24 to 96 hours immersion in neutral pH solution (metastable) which contained 1.5 mM Ca+2, 0.9 mM H2PO4/HPO4−2, 0.05 mM F−, and 150 mM NaCl. Indirect analysis, at the loss of calcium and phosphate concentrations in the metastable solution after immersion periods, indicated deposition of approximately 24μMol/Cm2 calcium and 14μMol/cm2 phosphate on the etched surfaces. Results show induction of apatite crystal growth and recrystallization at enamel surfaces in otherwise stable solutions containing 0.05 mM F−.
Proteins in fluid from non‐keratinizing jaw cysts
Authors: Skaug Nils , Hofstad Tor
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Fluid from 41 non‐keratinizing jaw cysts was examined by cellulose acetate membrane (CAM) electrophoresis. Improved separation with more regular protein profiles was obtained after digestion with bovine testicular hyaluronidase of two cyst contents exhibiting pronounced viscosity. CAM electrophoretograms of cyst fluid and serum contained the same protein fractions, with the exception of the β2globulin band which was clearly demonstrated in only one cyst fluid, that from a median palatine cyst. Quantitation by scanning of the CAM eleclrophorelograms yielded contents of albumin, α1‐, and α2‐globulins which usually were proportionately lower in cyst fluid than in autologous serum while the β1‐globulin fraction was roughly similar. Relative concentrations of γ‐globulins were significantly higher in cyst fluid than in autologous scrum, rising to as much as 56% of the total cyst fluid protein content. The γ‐globulin band of cyst fluid generally was broad‐based (“polyclonal” pattern). Within these broad γ‐zones discrete, narrow, but well demarcated bands were occasionally seen (“oligoclonal” pattern). One cyst fluid exhibited a narrow‐based γ‐globulin band (“monoclonal” pattern). The electrophoretic patterns as well as other observations provide indirect evidence for the view that the bulk of the cyst fluid proteins are derived from the plasma and indicate that the γ‐globulin fraction is a mixture of extravasated arid locally produced immunoglobulins.
The effects of bacterial plaque extracts on organ cultures of fetal rat masticatory mucosa. I. Histochemistry
Authors: Cobb Charles M.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Cytotoxicity of pooled extracts from bacterial plaque was demonstrated by inoculating organ cultures of fetal rat masticatory mucosa. Advanced cytotoxic reactions were characterized by pyknosis, karyorrehexis, hyperkeratosis and possible acantholysis. Histochemical microscopy indicated possible alteration in Krebs cycle function and an increased anaerobic metabolism. Quantitative histochemistry demonstrated a statistically significant increase in total lactic dehydrogenase, glucose‐6‐phosphalc dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase in test explants when compared to controls. Test explants also exhibited a significant decrease in malic and isocitric dehydrogenase activities.
Oral leukoplakia associated with tylosis and esophageal carcinoma
Authors: Tyldesley W. R.
Published: April 2006

The association between tylosis (palmoplantar keratoderma) and esophageal carcinoma in a group of related patients has been previously established and has been shown to depend on dominant genetic transmission. Sixteen out of seventeen such affected patients have been found to exhibit lesions of the oral mucosa classified as pre‐leukoplakia in the younger subjects and as leukoplakia in the older patients. The histology of the pre‐leukoplakias examined resembles in some features that of several developmental oral epithelial disorders. The histological appearance of the leukoplakias examined was of benign keratosis with no special features. No similar lesions were found in small control groups of unaffected siblings of the subjects involved or in unrelated tylotic patients. It is suggested that the oral leukoplakia associated with tylosis should be considered as a possible indication of a tendency to develop esophageal carcinoma.
Pulpal response to phosphoric acid
Authors: Retief D. H. , Austin J. C. , Fatti L. P.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. The chemical treatment of tooth surfaces to improve bonding of dental materials to enamel and dentin is one of the approaches in overcoming the lack of adhesion of the available restorative materials to tooth structure. The acid etch technique is now an accepted procedure in restorative and preventive dentistry and for the direct bonding of orthodontic attachments. The pulpal response elicited by one of the conditioning agents, 50 % H3PO4 applied for 1 minute, was investigated in the teeth of the vervet monkey. The differences between most of the criteria used to evaluate the pulpal responses in acid‐treated and control teeth at three time intervals, namely 4, 14 and 42 days, were statistically significant. These results suggest that a protective lining should be used to cover exposed dentin before etching adjacent enamel surfaces with 50 % H3PO4.
Histological, histochemical and ultrastructural studies on the nature of hyalin bodies in odontogenic cysts
Authors: Morgan P. R. , Johnson N. W.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Hyalin bodies, present in a proportion of 427 jaw cysts, were examined by histological, histochemical and electron microscopical methods. Their overall prevalence in odontogenic cysts was 11 % and all the bodies were confined to the cyst epithelium. The histochemical results were generally in agreement with existing reports of reactions in both hyalin bodies and dental cuticle. An ultrastructural examination of 10 specimens revealed a close relationship of epithelial cells to at least one surface of each body, an attachment being mediated by hemidesmosomes and a basal lamina. The circular bodies surrounded so‐called “granular material” which appeared to be composed of degenerating cellular debris and which was sometimes calcified. Curved, elongate bodies bordered cholesterol clefts in the epithelium or showed evidence of having done so at an early stage in their formation. Existing concepts which attribute the origin of hyalin bodies to thrombosed blood vessels or to keratinizing epithelium are refuted, mainly on ultrastructural grounds. It is proposed that hyalin bodies are a secretion from odontogenic epithelium stimulated by cholesterol or cellular debris.
A histological comparison of the giant cells in the central giant cell granuloma of the jaws and the giant cell tumor of long bone
Authors: Abrams B. , Shear M.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. A histological comparison has been made of the giant cells in 10 cases which had been diagnosed as central giant cell granuloma of the jaws and 10 cases diagnosed as giant cell tumor of long bone. The numbers of nuclei in each of 50 giant cells were counted in the 20 lesions. The giant cells were measured in order to compare their sizes in the respective lesions. It was found that the giant cells of the jaw lesions contained significantly fewer nuclei than those of the lesions in other bones. Secondly it was found that cells in the lesions of long bone have significantly larger dimensions than those in the jaw lesions. There was, however, an area of overlap. It was concluded that these data supported the view that giant cell tumor and giant cell granuloma are distinct entities. Some giant cell lesions of long bones are, however, morphologically indistinguishable from giant cell lesions of the jaws; and conversely giant cell lesions of the jaws are indistinguishable from some giant cell lesions of the long bones. It seems possible, therefore, that some jaw lesions are giant cell tumors and that some giant cell lesions outside the jaws are giant cell granulomas.