bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Bone Graft Materials: Part II. New Bone Formation With Autografts and Allografts: A Histological Evaluation
Authors: Mellonig James T. , Bowers Gerald M. , Cotton William R.
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this study was to make a direct histological comparison of new bone formation evoked by decalcified freeze‐dried bone allograft, freeze‐dried bone allograft, autogenous osseous coagulum, and autogenous bone blend. Defects were surgically created in the calvaria of 35 guinea pigs. The graft materials were placed in porous nylon chambers and implanted into the defects. Implanted empty nylon chambers served as controls. The animals were sacrificed at 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days. New bone formation was determined quantitatively from histologic preparations. It was concluded that, in this model system, decalcified freezedried bone allograft is a graft material of high osteogenic potential; autogenous osseous coagulum and bone blend of less potential, and freeze‐dried bone allograft even less.
Serum α‐1‐Antitrypsin in Patients With Juvenile Periodontitis
Authors: Sandholm Leena , Saxén Leena , Koistinen Jukka
Published: March 2012

α‐1‐Antitrypsin phenotypes and serum levels were determined in 19 patients with juvenile periodontitis in order to test whether reduced periodontal resistance in this disease is caused by decreased serum protease inhibitory capacity resulting from deficient α‐1‐antitrypsin phenotypes. The phenotyping of the patients' sera was performed by thin‐layer isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel. The quantitation of α‐1‐antitrypsin was performed using the radial immunodiffusion technique. All 19 patients displayed the most common phenotype M. Twelve patients had the subclass M1M1, two the M1M2 and five the M1M3. The α‐1‐antitrypsin levels in the patients' sera were within normal limits. The results do not support the hypothesis that deficient production of α‐1‐antitrypsin is causally related to juvenile periodontitis.
Antibodies to Herpes Simplex Virus in Human Gingival Fluid
Authors: Hochman Nira , Rones Yehoshua , Ehrlich Jacob , Levy Reuven , Zakay‐Rones Zichria
Published: March 2012

Antibodies to herpes simplex virus were found by immunofluorescent techniques in the gingival fluid of 84.0% of the persons tested. A mixture of IgG and IgA antibodies was demonstrated in 52.3% of the specimens while in 47.7% only IgG antibodies were found. Neutralization of herpes simplex virus infection in Vero cells by the gingival fluid was also demonstrated. No correlation between recurrences of herpes infection and the type of antibodies produced could be established.
Centric Relation Determinations: Clinical and Radiographic Comparisons
Authors: Carwell Mark L. , McFall Walter T.
Published: March 2012

This study investigated variations in occlusal prematurities and condylar positions using different methods of determining centric relation. Thirty patients were randomly placed into three groups of 10. In Group I a clinical analysis of occlusal patterns using bilateral mandibular manipulation (BMM) was compared to results with a chin point (CPM) method. Group II compared CPM to an anterior guidance jig (CPJ) method. Group III compared BMM to CPJ. Standardized transcranial oblique radiographs were taken of each temporomandibular joint using CPM and BMM on 10 patients. Condylar position was determined with tracing evaluations and direct measurements of the radiographs. Clinical results indicated that the initial point of contact was located most accurately with CPJ. Both initial contact points and secondary points were disclosed with CPM. The BMM disclosed the most tooth contacts. Contacts were most prevalent on the premolars. Radiographic analyses of condylar positions were inconclusive.
A Clinical Evaluation of Freeze‐Dried Homologous Dura Mater as a Periodontal Free Graft Material: Study in Humans
Authors: Bartolucci Enrico G.
Published: March 2012

Homologous freeze dried dura mater (FDDM) was used as a graft material in the correction of inadequate zones of attached gingiva. Eleven patients having a mean preoperative width of attached gingiva of 0.31 mm with a range of 0 to 1 mm were used in this study. A total of 17 grafts were implanted at 42 tooth sites, all on the buccal side of the mandibular arch. Clinical observations were conducted over a 3‐month postoperative period. The parameters examined pre‐ and postoperatively were the width of the attached gingiva, the crevice depth and the width of the homologous FDDM implanted. Postoperatively, the mean width of the attached gingiva was 3.65 mm with a range of 2 to 6 mm. This finding was statistically significant (P < 0.001). The crevice depths did not vary significantly and the implanted FDDM evidenced a mean shrinkage of 46.7%. Within its temporal limits, the present study has shown that homologous FDDM can be used effectively as a free graft in mucogingival surgery to correct inadequate zones of attached gingiva.
Lymphocyte Transformation Responses in Gingivitis and Periodontitis: A Review
Authors: Campana Luis R.
Published: March 2012

Recent research in oral immunology has implied that cell‐mediated immune reactions are a possible pathogenic mechanism in gingivitis and periodontitis. The basis for the most commonly used in vitro test, lymphocyte transformation, and the possible interpretation are explained. The application of this test to a study of medically healthy subjects with varying degrees of periodontal disease yielded conflicting results. Previous reports in the literature have not established a relationship between blastogenic responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes in periodontally diseased patients, and their disease status. The possibility of subclinical sensitization is discussed, although a cause‐and‐effect relationship has not been proven.
Eubacterium saburreum and Veillonella parvula: A Symbiotic Association of Oral Strains
Authors: Mashimo Paul A. , Murayama Yoji , Reynolds Homer , Mouton Christian , Ellison Solon A. , Genco Robert J.
Published: March 2012

A cocci‐filament association was discovered in bacterial cultural studies of a subgingival plaque sample. Components were isolated and identified as Veillonella parvula and Eubacterium saburreum. A E. saburreum cell‐associated material consisting of approximately 25% glucose and 70% protein was found which may play a role in the adherence of V. parvula to this filament. Acid end product analysis via gas liquid chromatography showed an uptake of lactic and succinic acids by V. parvula resulting in increased levels of acetic, propionic and n‐butyric acids in mixed culture of the E. saburreum and the V. parvula strains. The ability of E. saburreum to adhere to nichrome wire and to glass surfaces as well as the secondary plaque forming ability of V. parvula indicates that these organisms may play a role in the maturation of human dental plaque.
Treatment of Periodontal Disease in a Patient With Turner's Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Michaelides Paul L.
Published: March 2012

This case report describes a patient with Turner's syndrome receiving systemic androgen therapy who experienced marked gingival enlargement, bleeding, and discomfort. Turner's syndrome and its treatment are discussed. The literature pertaining to sex hormones and their role in affecting periodontal disease is reviewed. The patient was treated with full mouth gingivectomy and 2‐week recall visits for a period of 2 months consisting of oral physiotherapy instructions, scaling, and topical fluoride application. She was then placed on 1‐month recall for the next 4 months. This mode of therapy was effective in treating severe gingival hyperplasia in a patient receiving systemic androgen therapy.
Comparison of Neutrophil Chemotactic Response in Diabetic Patients With Mild and Severe Periodontal Disease
Authors: Manouchehr‐Pour M. , Spagnuolo P. J. , Rodman H. M. , Bissada N. F.
Published: March 2012

This study was undertaken to evaluate the relationship between the severity of periodontitis and neutrophil (PMN) chemotactic abnormalities in diabetic patients and to correlate the observed PMN chemotactic defects with the degree of gingival inflammation and the amount of periodontal attachment loss. Fourteen dentulous, insulin‐dependent, adult onset diabetics and 18 nondiabetics participated in this study. Complete periodontal examinations including periodontal charting and full mouth radiography were performed, and gingival and plaque indices were recorded. Severe periodontitis was diagnosed in eight diabetics and seven nondiabetics. The remainder of the subjects including six diabetic patients and 11 nondiabetic subjects demonstrated mild or no periodontal disease and served as controls. The chemotactic assay employed a modification of the Boyden technique. Chemoattractants studied included endotoxin activated autologous plasma, endotoxin activated normal plasma, and n‐formylmethionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine. The results indicated that diabetic patients with severe periodontitis had lower PMN chemotactic response than diabetic subjects with mild periodontal disease and nondiabetic subjects with either mild or severe periodontitis, regardless of chemoattractant studied. There were no significant differences between the mean PMN chemotactic indices of diabetic patients with mild periodontal disease and nondiabetic patients with either mild or severe periodontitis. There was no correlation between chemotactic index, periodontal attachment loss and gingival index in diabetics or nondiabetics. Based on previous reports of the association between impaired PMN chemotaxis and periodontal destruction in some forms of periodontal disease and the significant impairment of PMN chemotaxis we have observed in diabetic patients with severe periodontitis, it is possible that altered PMN chemotaxis may contribute to the severity of periodontitis in diabetics.
Keratinization of the Sulcular Epithelium—A Pointless Pursuit?
Authors: Squier Christopher A.
Published: March 2012

A considerable amount of effort has been directed at finding methods for modifying the nonkeratinized sulcular epithelium on the assumption that a keratinized surface may offer a better barrier to antigens and bacterial products present in the gingival sulcus. It is argued here that keratinization in itself may not confer greater impermeability, for nonkeratinized epithelia also have been shown to resist the penetration of certain substances. Moreover, few workers have considered the role of junctional epithelium in the initiation of periodontal disease although experimental evidence suggests that this may be a permeable tissue. As formation of a surface with barrier properties seems to be a concomitant of epithelial differentiation while attachment is a property of relatively undifferentiated epithelial cells, attempts to induce junctional epithelium to differentiate could result in a loss of epithelial attachment to the tooth. It is suggested that attempts to keratinize the sulcular region, on theoretical grounds, may be unjustified.
Nuclear Uptake of Sex Steroids in Gingiva of the Baboon
Authors: Aufdemorte Thomas B. , Sheridan Peter J.
Published: March 2012

Influences of sex steroid hormones on the periodontium are documented. Confirmation of the presence and location of receptors for these hormones is important in achieving a more complete understanding of their role in periodontal disease. Biochemical studies have provided evidence of sex steroid receptors in cytosols prepared from gingival tissues, however, no morphologic data are available on the location or specific cell types with receptors. For this study, three mature male and three female baboons received tritiated 5‐α‐dihydrotestosterone (3H‐DHT) while three similar males and three females received tritiated estradiol‐β (3H‐E2). A control animal from each group of three was given an excess of the corresponding unlabeled hormone in addition to the tritiated dose. Gingival specimens were obtained at necropsy as part of a total body study of receptor distribution, and autoradiographs were prepared on emulsion‐coated slides. Heavy nuclear uptake was observed in periosteal fibroblasts and scattered fibroblasts of the lamina propria in males given 3H‐E2. Females had moderate uptake of E2 in similar but fewer sites than males. There was minimal uptake of 3H‐DHT in one male and two females. These data provide additional evidence of steroid receptors in the periodontium and contribute to our understanding of responses of the periodontium to sex steroids.
Alveolar Bone Loss Due to Open Interproximal Contacts in Periodontal Disease
Authors: Koral S. M. , Howell T. H. , Jeffcoat M. K.
Published: March 2012

Ninety patient records were examined in order to determine radiographically whether an association between open interproximal contacts and increased alveolar bone loss exists. The amount of alveolar bone in the open contact site was compared to the amount of alveolar bone in the contralateral closed contact site. Open interproximal contacts were not found to be associated with increased alveolar bone destruction in Class I, III and IV periodontal disease groups. In a group of 53 Class II cases, open contacts were found to be associated with an average of 2.4% less relative bone height than contralateral closed contacts. This difference was significant at the 0.01 to 0.02 level.
Relationship Between Attachment Loss and Precipitating Serum Antibody to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in Adolescents and Young Adults Having Severe Periodontal Destruction,
Authors: Ranney Richard R. , Yanni Nancy R. , Burmeister John A. , Tew John G.
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this study was to determine if adolescents and young adults with severe periodontal disease had precipitating serum antibody reactive with Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, and, if so, to correlate presence or absence of the precipitin with clinical patterns of periodontal destruction. Double diffusion in gel was used to detect precipitins. Test and known positive standard sera were run in different wells against a common well containing a mixture of sonicates from two strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans (Y4 and N27). Periodontal loss of attachment was measured with a probe on four surfaces per tooth; missing and unerupted teeth were noted with the aid of radiographs. Precipitating antibody was seen in 77% of sera from 22 subjects with localized juvenile periodontitis, 40% of 35 young subjects with more generalized severe disease, and 2% of 44 periodontally healthy individuals. About 80% of the positive reactions were with strain Y4. Within the diseased groups, there were significantly fewer involved teeth in subjects with precipitating antibody (Ab+) than among those in whose sera precipitins were not seen (Ab−). Comparisons of the distribution and severity of involved teeth between Ab+ and Ab− subjects were consistent with an hypothesis that high levels of antibody specific for A. actinomycetemcomitans have a protective effect against periodontal destruction.
Comparison of Ultrasonic to Hand Instruments in the Removal of Subgingival Plaque
Authors: Thornton Sandra , Garnick Jerry
Published: March 2012

The primary objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of hand and ultrasonic instrumentation in removing subgingival plaque. Twenty‐four teeth in five patients were randomly assigned to be scaled by hand instruments, scaled by ultrasonic instruments, or uninstrumented as a control. The subgingival tooth surface was delineated by a groove, and the teeth were then extracted for periodontal reasons. The percentage of plaque area relative to the total surface area of the side of the tooth was computed. No significant difference was found between the two methods in removing subgingival plaque. Furthermore, neither method removed all of the plaque.
The Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate and Hydrogen Peroxide on the Microbial Flora of Periodontal Pockets: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Cerra Margaret B. , Killoy William J.
Published: March 2012

This study investigated the effects of sodium bicarbonate and hydrogen peroxide on the microbial flora of 4 to 7 mm periodontal pockets. Four selected patients were instructed to brush assigned quadrants daily with a sodium bicarbonate‐3% hydrogen peroxide paste utilizing a split‐mouth design. The paste was pumped between the teeth and gingiva via sulcular brushing and a Perio Aid. The control sides were treated in the identical manner with fluoridated paste. Probing depths on each patient were taken on Days 1 and 21 and examined under dark‐field microscopy. For each sample, morphology and motility of all cells were recorded. The data were analyzed by three factor repeated measures analysis of variance. No statistically significant differences were found between the control and medicament sites at the 0.005 level regarding changes in the microbial flora. Probing depths were reduced during the study. However, similar results were found on both medicament and control sites. It appeared that sodium bicarbonate and hydrogen peroxide have no unusual benefits in reducing the microbial flora of periodontal pockets.
Evidence for Local Immunoglobulin Synthesis in Periodontitis
Authors: Lovelace Bruce M. , Thompson James J. , Yukna Raymond A.
Published: March 2012

Periodontitis lesions are characterized by an increased plasma cell infiltrate. These cells have been shown to increase in number with the severity of the disease and in vitro synthesis of immunoglobulins by gingival plasma cells has been shown in tissue culture. This study correlated gingival and serum immunoglobulin levels to reflect the in vivo production of immunoglobulin. An electroimmunoassay technique was employed to determine serum and gingival IgG concentrations simultaneously relative to reference albumin levels in 16 patients with periodontitis. Results indicated that local immunoglobulin synthesis and accumulation occurs at the gingival site. Data obtained demonstrated that an average of 74.56% of the IgG found in gingiva from periodontitis patients was of local origin.
Relationship Between the Depths of Furcal Defects and Alveolar Bone Loss
Authors: Tal Haim
Published: March 2012

The depths of furcal defects (excluding through‐and‐through) and the distances between the cementoenamel junctions and alveolar bone crests were measured on 245 lingual surfaces and 235 buccal surfaces of 246 first and second molars, in 100 dry mandibles of South African Negroes. Analysis of the measurements shows that: (1) There is a high correlation between depths of furcal defects and the distances between cementoenamel junctions and alveolar bone crests in surfaces of all molars. (2) For the same degree of vertical bone loss, buccal furcal defects are deeper than lingual ones and buccal furcal defects on first molar teeth are deeper than those on second molar teeth (P < 0.05). (3) There is no significant difference (P > 0.5) between the measurements on the right and left mandibular teeth.
The Relationship Between Tooth Vibratory Sensation and Periodontal Disease
Authors: Cathelineau G. , Yardin M.
Published: March 2012

Forty subjects both with and without periodontal disease were studied. Tooth proprioception was tested in regard to vibratory stimuli and the sensory perception thresholds were measured. A link was found between the quantitative diminution of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone and the perception thresholds relative to vibratory stimuli. These thresholds are elevated in subjects with periodontal disease and are dependent on the region of the dental arch to which the stimulus is applied. Modification of these afferent sensory impulses leads to a change in the occlusal stroke pattern and possible exacerbation of the initial insult.
A Six‐Month Clinical Evaluation of Decalcified Freeze‐Dried Bone Allografts in Periodontal Osseous Defects
Authors: Quintero George , Mellonig James T. , Gambill Vernon M. , Pelleu George B.
Published: March 2012

The osteogenic potential of decalcified freeze‐dried bone allografts in the treatment of human periodontal osseous defects was evaluated over a 6‐month period. Cortical bone, obtained under sterile conditions from a human donor within 24 hours after death, was decalcified, freeze‐dried and ground to a particle size of 250 to 500 μm. Twenty‐seven osseous defects with one‐, two‐ and wide three‐wall morphology were treated. Clinical measurements were made with a stent and a calibrated periodontal probe before surgery, at the time of surgery, and at re‐entry. The combined mean osseous regeneration for all defects was 2.4 mm. This represented a 65% mean bone‐fill of the original defect. The findings demonstrate that decalcified freeze‐dried bone allograft has potential as an osseous grafting material in periodontal therapy.
The Peripheral Ameloblastoma of the Gingiva: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Moskow Bernard S. , Baden Ernest
Published: March 2012

A new case of the rare peripheral ameloblastoma of the gingiva is presented. Also the clinical and histomorphologic characteristics of the lesion were analyzed and studied in all previously documented cases. This tumor, and the basal cell carcinoma of the gingiva, probably represent the same lesion. It meets the same microscopic criteria as the intraosseous ameloblastoma, but its behavioral and clinical characteristics are completely different. The peripheral ameloblastoma usually occurs in the gingiva, is noninvasive, and local excision is usually curative. Recurrence of the neoplasm is uncommon, except when it is incompletely excised. The histogenesis and varied cellular pattern of the peripheral ameloblastoma and several other related odontogenic lesions of the gingiva illustrate the proliferative and differentiation potential of the basal cell layer of gingival epithelium.
Histologic Evaluation of Gingival Curettage Facilitated by Sodium Hypochlorite Solution
Authors: Kalkwarf Kenneth L. , Tussing Gerald J. , Davis Michael J.
Published: March 2012

Gingival curettage has long been used as a modality in periodontal therapy. Recent longitudinal studies have shown that diligent curettement of periodontal pockets may aid in maintaining the attachment levels around periodontally involved teeth. This study was designed to histologically evaluate the controlled use of concentrated sodium hypochlorite solution to facilitate gingival curettage therapy. The results indicate that the action of sodium hypochlorite solution may be adequately controlled to provide predictable chemolysis of the soft tissue wall of a periodontal pocket with minimal effect upon the adjacent tissues. The action of the solution appears to have no detrimental effect upon healing. Reduction of inflammation prior to the procedure and careful technique are important to assure predictability. The use of gingival curettage augmented by sodium hypochlorite solution may aid in the management of patients undergoing periodontal maintenance.
The Effect of Progressive and Increasing Tooth Hypermobility on Reduced but Healthy Periodontal Supporting Tissues
Authors: Perrier Michel , Polson Alan
Published: March 2012

The aim of the present investigation was to assess the effect of progressive and increasing tooth hypermobility on a periodontium reduced by marginal periodontitis, but in which the inflammatory lesion had been resolved. Periodontitis was induced by tying plaque‐retentive silk ligatures around the mandibular second and third bicuspids on one side of the jaw (experimental) in four squirrel monkeys. Ten weeks later the ligatures were removed and an oral hygiene regime of mechanical cleaning was started and continued 3 times a week for 20 weeks. Ten weeks after beginning oral hygiene, continual mesio‐distal jiggling trauma to the periodontium between these bicuspids was begun and continued for the remaining 10 weeks. Induction of periodontitis, removal of ligatures, and the oral hygiene regime were performed around the same teeth of the contralateral side (control) of the jaw so that the interproximal periodontium corresponded to the situation on the experimental side immediately before initiation of jiggling. The bicuspids had slight mobility prior to the initiation of jiggling; however, mobility increased progressively throughout the period of tooth displacement. Histologic examination showed that each periodontal ligament under compression had areas of acellularity, while those under tension were widened with dilated blood vessels. In contrast to the dense alveolar bone of control specimens, the alveolar bone of the experimental specimens was characterized by islands of osseous tissue surrounded by the connective tissue of the marrow spaces and periodontal ligaments. Histometric analysis showed that the progressively increasing tooth mobility on the reduced periodontium had significantly decreased the percentage of bone in the coronal interproximal periodontium, but it had not affected the level of crestal alveolar bone or the level of connective tissue attachment. It was concluded that teeth with markedly reduced but healthy periodontal tissues may continually accommodate to increasing and multidirectional forces by morphologic alterations in the periodontium which are independent of alterations in the level of connective tissue attachment.
Effect of a Local Germicide on the Occurrence of Bacteremia During Subgingival Scaling
Authors: Witzenberger Thomas , O'Leary Timothy J. , Gillette William B.
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effectiveness of irrigating periodontal pockets with povidone‐iodine in reducing the incidence of bacteremia found during subgingival scaling. Twenty male patients requiring subgingival scaling had the following factors recorded on two contralateral groups of three posterior teeth: age, race, mean pocket depth, mobility, and scores of gingival, plaque, calculus, and sulcus bleeding indices. In control areas, 5 ml blood samples were taken before, during and after scaling through an indwelling Minicath. In experimental areas, the patients first rinsed with a povidone‐iodine mouthwash for 1 minute, and the teeth then received a 3‐minute sulcus irrigation with 10% povidone‐iodine. Blood samples were taken as with the controls, and also 2 minutes after the irrigation. Blood samples were anaerobically cultured, and isolates were classified by Gram staining and cellular morphology. No significant difference in factors between control and experimental areas was noted. All preoperative blood cultures, including those taken 2 minutes after irrigation, were negative. In the 11 patients (55%) who showed positive cultures during the scaling, cultures were positive in both control and experimental areas. None of the preoperatively recorded factors in either control or experimental areas were significantly correlated with the occurrence of bacteremia. Local degerming by mouthrinsing and sulcus irrigation with povidone‐iodine prior to subgingival scaling seems neither to increase nor decrease the incidence of bacteremia.
An Analysis of Peripheral Blood and Salivary Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Function, Circulating Immune Complex Levels and Oral Status in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Lamster I. B. , Rodrick M. L. , Sonis S. T. , Falchuk Z. M.
Published: March 2012

In an earlier case report, we described a 28‐year‐old man with active Crohn's disease and rapidly progressive alveolar bone loss, who presented with enhanced peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocyte activity as assessed by phagocytosis and lysis of a target bacterium. To assess the significance of this finding, peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) from thirty patients with active or inactive inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) were examined for spontaneous and stimulated hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS) activity. Analysis revealed that PMN from active IBD patients displayed greater metabolic activity than PMN from inactive IBD patients, which in turn were more active than PMN from normal subjects. Since circulating immune complex (CIC) levels might be of importance in the in vivo activation of PMN, analysis of serum CIC levels via polyethylene glycol 6000 precipitation was carried out. This indicated that active IBD patients had higher levels of CIC activity than inactive IBD patients. Ten of these patients were evaluated for spontaneous HMS activity by salivary PMN. As compared to controls, comparable numbers of salivary PMN from IBD patients displayed an average of 45% less activity than control salivary PMN. Analysis of the oral status of 10 IBD patients referred to the Peter Bent Brigham Dental Clinic indicated that two patients had overt oral pathoses apparently attributable to IBD. These two patients also had the highest CIC levels observed in the 30 serum samples tested.
Congenital Fusion of the Gums: A Case Report
Authors: Sarikayalar F. , Tuncbilek E. , Kaya S.
Published: March 2012

A baby with congenital fusion of the gums is described. The findings of three previously reported cases are compared. Hypoplasia of the mandible and face and a poorly developed temporomandibular joint on the affected side were similar in all four cases.
The Surface Roughness of Restorative Materials and Dental Tissues After Polishing With Prophylaxis and Polishing Pastes
Authors: Roulet J. F. , Roulet‐Mehrens T. K.
Published: March 2012

The effect of prophylaxis and polishing pastes on bovine tooth hard tissues and dental materials was investigated in vitro. Four restorative dental materials (gold, amalgam, a conventional composite, a microfilled composite), brought to a standard surface finish, and two bovine dental hard tissues (enamel, dentin) were polished with ten different prophylaxis and polishing pastes. Before polishing, SEM photographs were taken of all materials, and surface profiles were obtained of every sample. After polishing, surface profiles from every sample and SEM photographs of every material/paste combination were obtained. Using the same techniques, two‐step polishing procedures were also investigated. The evaluation of the surface profiles and the rated SEM photographs (by 20 dentists) showed significant paste and material differences. There was a significant correlation (0.82) between the results of the surface profiles and the SEM ratings. Almost all pastes roughened the surfaces of dental restorative materials and only a few pastes showed a tendency to render the surfaces of dental hard tissues smoother. Therefore, if polishing is indicated after periodontal treatment, the paste used should be selected carefully. Since the surface roughness of conventional composites increases tremendously during each polishing with pastes, their surfaces should be avoided when using polishing pastes. If polishing with a paste is indicated, conventional composites should be polished afterwards with aluminium silicate coated discs.
Initial Healing of Periodontal Pockets After a Single Episode of Root Planing Monitored by Controlled Probing Forces
Authors: Proye M. , Caton J. , Polson A.
Published: March 2012

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate, using controlled probing forces, the response of periodontal pockets to a single episode of root planing. The clinical characteristics of 128 pockets (3–7 mm depth) distributed in ten subjects, were monitored immediately before and 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after a single episode of subgingival root planing. The clinical parameters measured were: pocket depth and bleeding after probing with 15 gm, 25 gm, 50 gm of controlled probing force and manual probing, gingival margin location, loss of attachment, gingival and plaque indices. Oral hygiene instruction and supragingival prophylaxis were given at each time point.

An average aggregated score for each subject for each parameter was calculated at each time point. A repeated measure all‐within analysis of variance was done, and the Tukey multiple range test was used to assess the significance of differences among and between the means. Plaque and gingival indices decreased significantly after 1 week. Significant pocket depth reduction (initial) occurred 1 week after root planing, and reduced further (secondary) at 3 weeks. Initial pocket reduction was associated with significant gingival recession, whereas secondary pocket reduction was associated with significant gain of clinical attachment. Bleeding upon probing was virtually absent after 3 weeks. All probing changes were detected more consistently using controlled insertion pressures. It was concluded that substantial reduction in pocket depth occurs within 3 weeks after a single episode of root planing owing to initial gingival recession and secondary gain in clinical attachment.
Regeneration and Repair After Biologic Treatment of Root Surfaces in Monkeys: II. Proximal Surfaces Posterior Teeth,,
Authors: Wirthlin M. R. , Hancock E. B.
Published: March 2012

The healing of a new attachment procedure was evaluated in monkeys. Standard flap curettage procedures were made in posterior segments having previously created periodontal pockets. The diseased root surfaces were treated with sodium deoxycholate (2%) and human plasma fraction Cohn IV1 (5%), applied to experimental sites for 1 minute each. Control surfaces were similarly treated with phosphate buffered saline. The healing at 10 weeks postoperatively was described clinically, histologically, and by histometrics. There was a significant increase in connective tissue new attachment in experimental sites, compared to controls.
Clinico‐Pathologic Correlation of 385 Lesions of Marginal Destructive Periodontitis
Authors: Carvel Rosa I. , Carr Ronald F.
Published: March 2012

This study investigated the relationship between the degree of periodontal destruction present in advanced periodontal lesions and consistently associated infiltrates of lymphocytes and/or plasma cells. A total of 385 biopsy specimens were obtained from the depths of pockets during routine periodontal surgery. The selected lesions were in “established” or “advanced” stages and were classified according to pocket depth as Class I (4–6 mm) or Class II (7–10 mm). The infiltrates attached to the cementum, bone, or lining the pocket soft tissue wall were classified in five types according to the distribution of lymphocytes, plasmocytes, and neutrophils. Statistical evaluation of the findings demonstrated a strong, significant relationship (P < 0.001) between the degree of destruction of supporting periodontal tissues (Class II) and the predominance of plasma cells in the infiltrate (Type a). A weaker significant correlation (P < 0.02) was found between predominant lymphocytic populations (Type b) and Class I lesions. The assumption was made that local, specific, cellular infiltrates reflecting immunologic mechanisms are associated with the degree of periodontal destruction in humans.
The Effectiveness of an Electro‐Ionizing Toothbrush in the Control of Dentinal Hypersensitivity
Authors: Johnson R. H. , Zulqar‐Nain B. J. , Koval J. J.
Published: March 2012

The object of the investigation was to test the value of the 3M Brand Electro‐Ionizing Toothbrush in the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity. Eighty‐eight volunteers were divided into three groups, each using different methods: (I) stannous fluoride dentifrice and 3M brush without a battery; (II) stannous fluoride dentifrice and 3M brush with a 1½ volt battery; and (III) strontium chloride dentifrice and 3M brush without a battery. The volunteers brushed their teeth for 3 minutes twice a day for 12 weeks using one of the three test agents. The subjects were tested at weeks 0, 2, 4, 8 and 12 by means of a cold water spray quantitated by a temperature probe. All three groups experienced improvement and by week 12 Groups II and III displayed much less sentivity than did Group I. At the end of the 12 weeks the subjects were questioned as to benefit of treatment. The questionnaire revealed that stannous fluoride with the ionizing brash provided significantly greater relief than did the stannous fluoride alone.
Furcal Defects in Dry Mandibles: Part I: A Biometric Study
Authors: Tal Haim
Published: March 2012

Two hundred and eighty‐eight first and second molar teeth in 100 dry mandibles from South African Negro skulls were examined for the presence of furcal defects. The depths of the furcal defects were measured. Analysis of the measurements showed that: (1) first molars are more severely affected than second molars; (2) the buccal sides of furcae are more severely affected than the lingual; (3) mean furcal depth increases markedly from the 3rd decade of life to the 4th in all surfaces examined. Because the analysis is complicated by through‐and‐through defects, no unequivocal trend can be shown; and (4) there is no difference between the furcal depths on the left and right sides.
Furcal Defects in Dry Mandibles: Part II: Severity of Furcal Defects
Authors: Tal Haim , Lemmer John
Published: March 2012

Two hundred and eighty two first and second molar teeth from 100 dry mandibles of South African Negro skulls were scored by four degrees of severity of furcal involvement. The severity was judged by whether the furca was involved from one or both sides, by the depth of the defect on each side and by the sum of the depths of the defects on both lingual and buccal sides. Analysis of the frequencies of the scores show that: (1) First molars are more severely affected than second molars; (2) There is a general trend of scores 1 and 2 (normal and mild involvement) to be predominant in the 3rd decade of life, while by the 5th, 6th and 7th decades scores 3 and 4 (moderate and severe involvement) predominate; (3) The difference between the frequencies of all the scores for the right and left sides was not significant.
Endotoxin Penetration Into Root Cementum of Periodontally Healthy and Diseased Human Teeth
Authors: Nakib N. M. , Bissada N. F. , Simmelink J. W. , Goldstine S. N.
Published: March 2012

This study was undertaken to determine the extent of in vitro penetration of E. coli endotoxin into the root cementum of periodontally healthy and diseased teeth. Freshly extracted teeth were washed in distilled water, scaled and divided into two groups of 16 teeth each. Nine diseased and five healthy teeth in the first group were immersed in various concentrations of E. coli endotoxin for 2 to 12 weeks. They were then prepared for indirect immunofluorescence examination after treatment with anti‐endotoxin antibody and rhodamine conjugated secondary antibody. Teeth in the second group were prepared for autoradiographic examination by immersing nine diseased and five healthy teeth in tritium labelled E. coli endotoxin for 2 to 12 weeks. The latter technique also allowed for semi‐quantitative study of the depth of endotoxin penetration by creating facets on the root at various depths after endotoxin exposure. This technique was also used to investigate the strength of endotoxin binding to the tooth surface by brushing for 1 minute and re‐examining the tooth for the presence of endotoxin. Controls included periodontally diseased and healthy teeth. Results of the study showed that (1) endotoxin adheres to the tooth surface without penetration into the root cementum of either periodontally healthy or diseased teeth, and (2) the binding of the endotoxin to the root surface appears to be weak.
The Effect of Waxed and Unwaxed Dental Floss on Gingival Health: Part I. Plaque Removal and Gingival Response
Authors: Lamberts David M. , Wunderlich Richard C. , Caffesse Raul G.
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of waxed and unwaxed floss in plaque removal and on gingival health when used in a home oral hygiene program. Eighty patients, having previously received periodontal therapy, were divided into four similar groups, according to the S‐OHI. Each group represented four different types of dental floss being tested: Butler waxed, Butler unwaxed, Johnson and Johnson waxed, and Johnson and Johnson unwaxed. After receiving a thorough prophylaxis, each patient received oral hygiene instruction with a video tape, and was given a toothbrush and a quantity of test floss. At 0, 28 and 56 day intervals, the patients were scored for plaque and gingivitis. The data were then analyzed statistically using analysis of variance. It was found that there was no statistical difference among the four different types of tested floss as far as their plaque removal ability or prevention of gingivitis is concerned.
The Effect of Waxed and Unwaxed Dental Floss on Gingival Health: Part II. Crevicular Fluid Flow and Gingival Bleeding
Authors: Wunderlich Richard C. , Lamberts David M. , Caffesse Raul G.
Published: March 2012

Eighty patients, having received periodontal therapy previously, were divided into four groups, corresponding to one of four different types of dental floss being used. Seven to ten days after receiving a thorough prophylaxis, each patient had oral hygiene instruction by video tape, was given a toothbrush and a quantity of the test floss. At 0, 28 and 56 day intervals, the patients were scored for crevicular fluid flow and gingival bleeding. Data were analyzed statistically. Johnson and Johnson unwaxed dental floss was found to be slightly less effective in reducing gingival bleeding at the 56th day. It was also found that crevicular fluid flow was least with waxed floss use at the 56 day session. However, the range of variations was so minimal that no clinical significance could be ascribed to either finding. There were patients in each of the four floss groups with no fluid flow or bleeding during all three sessions.
Phenytoin‐Induced Gingival Overgrowth Control in Severely Retarded Children
Authors: Steinberg Steven C. , Steinberg Arnold D.
Published: March 2012

Nineteen severely retarded children were studied to evaluate distribution, severity and control of phenytoin‐induced gingival overgrowth (PIGO). Observations included the Plaque Index, the Gingival Index and the PIGO Index. Eighteen of these patients had gingival overgrowth with 47% having the severest type of involvement and all having severe overgrowth in the posterior regions. Elimination of topical, oral contact of phenytoin did not appear to alter gingival overgrowth. Use of SnF2 as an antiplaque agent significantly decreased plaque and overgrowth scores. Use of an electric toothbrush quite significantly decreased gingival inflammation, plaque scores and gingival overgrowth.
The Effect of Short‐Term Administration of Minocycline HCl on Gingival Inflammation and Subgingival Microflora,
Authors: Ciancio Sebastian G. , Slots Jørgen , Reynolds Homer S. , Zambon Joseph J. , McKenna John D.
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the efficacy of minocycline hydrochloride in the management of subgingival microorganisms and periodontal disease. In a double‐blind, split‐mouth study, minocycline or placebo was administered systemically for 7 days to 26 adults with moderate‐to‐severe periodontitis. Four study groups were examined: (i) minocycline‐scaled, (ii) minocycline‐unscaled, (iii) placebo‐scaled, and (iv) placebo‐unscaled. The minocycline‐scaled group responded most favorably, with improved gingival health for at least 49 days and with marked reductions in total bacterial counts and proportions of spirochetes for at least 70 days (termination of the study). Minocycline administration with no periodontal scaling and root planing also resulted in major, long‐lasting shifts in the subgingival microflora. Scaling alone was least effective in changing the microflora. The data indicated that minocycline may be a useful adjunct in the treatment of periodontal disease. Further studies are needed, however, to determine the long‐term effect of minocycline therapy on the periodontal attachment level.
The Effect of Elimination of Jiggling Forces on Periodontally Exposed Teeth in the Dog
Authors: Lindhe Jan , Ericsson Ingvar
Published: March 2012

The aim of the present investigation in dogs was to analyze the effect on periodontal disease induced by a combination of ligatures and jiggling trauma, when the jiggling forces are eliminated. The experiment was performed in six dogs. On Day 0 a phase of periodontal tissue breakdown was initiated around the mandibular fourth premolars (4P; P4) by placing plaque retention ligatures around the necks of the teeth. The ligatures were changed once a month during a 90‐day period. On Day 90 the ligatures were removed. On Day 0 trauma from occlusion (jiggling) was also produced in the 4P and P4 region. On Day 90 the jiggling trauma was removed from the 4P‐region (test) while it was maintained in the P4‐region (control). Tooth mobility measurements and radiographic examinations were carried out on experimental Days 0, 30, 60, 90, 180 and 360. One dog was sacrificed on Day 90 and the remaining five on Day 360. Following sacrifice, tissue sections comprising 1M, 4P, 3P and P3, P4, M1 were obtained and subjected to microscopic analysis.

Removal of the jiggling trauma from the test teeth resulted in a markedly decreased tooth mobility, but the loss of connective tissue attachment on Day 360 was similar in the test and control sites. This means that although the control teeth had an increased mobility and a widened periodontal ligament space, the height of the remaining periodontal tissue support was similar in the test and control tooth regions.
Identification of Rheumatoid Factor in Periodontal Disease
Authors: Gargiulo Alphonse V. , Robinson John , Toto Patrick D. , Gargiulo Anthony W.
Published: March 2012

Rheumatoid factor (RF) was detected by latex‐slide agglutination in subgingival plaque, inflamed gingival tissue, stimulated pooled saliva and serum of patients suffering from chronic moderate periodontitis. The etiology of rheumatoid factor and its possible homeostatic role in periodontal disease are discussed, in relation to the reported association of Gram‐negative bacterial endotoxin and the chronic antigenic stimulating nature of periodontal disease.
Periodontal Disease in Five and Six Year Old Children
Authors: Spencer A. John , Beighton David , Higgins Thomas J.
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and severity of gingivitis in a sample of primary school children. One hundred and twenty eight children with an average age of 6 years 0 months (SD ± 4 months) were examined for oral hygiene status using the Plaque Index (Pl.I.) and the Calculus Index (C.I.). The periodontal status was assessed using the Gingival Index (G.I.) and recording gingival sulcus depths about selected teeth. The significance of factors associated with the G.I. was determined using multiple classification analysis. The incorporated factors were Pl.I., age and sex. The scores for Pl.I., and G.I., and Pl.I. and sulcus depth were significantly correlated. The majority of children had a maximum Pl.I. score of 2, a maximum C.I. score of 0, a maximum G.I. score of 1, and maximum sulcus depth of 2 mm. The regressands Pl.I. and age used in the multiple classification analysis explained only 28% of the variance in the G.I. data. Also, the analysis did not indicate the children's sex as a significant source of explanation for the variance of the G.I.
The Diagnosis and Management of Vertical Bony Defects
Authors: Prichard John F.
Published: March 2012

Marginal periodontitis and pulpal disease often cause similar‐appearing lesions in the periodontium. Successful therapy depends on correct diagnosis, which is sometimes difficult. Some bony defects caused by pulpal disease require surgical debridement in addition to standard endodontic therapy.

With one exception three‐walled intrabony periodontal defects discussed in this report were managed by surgical debridement without any type of implant or graft. Long‐term observation is required to determine the value of techniques used in the treatment of intrabony periodontal defects.