bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aspek Pendukung Affirmative Action Perempuan pada Anggota Bawaslu Provinsi dan Kabupaten/Kota di Jawa Timur
Authors: Daryono Yon
Published: January 2022

A policy of women's representation (affirmative action) in organizing elections (Elections) becomes essential. The representation of women as election supervisors is still very minimal and has not reached a quota of 30 percent despite the law, Particularly at the province, district, and city levels. In this research, women members of Bawaslu Province in Indonesia and women members of Bawaslu regencies/cities in East Java became the object of study. What aspects support them being elected as members of Bawaslu provinces and districts/cities become the subject of the problem that will be examined. Qualitative research methods are used to answer this research problem. Data collection techniques use literature study books, offline and online scientific journals, news, websites, youtube recordings, which are then critically analyzed with Hanna F Pitkin's representation theory. The representation of affirmative action in Indonesia's Bawaslu province was concluded based on the findings of the study and debate. Four things have supported Bawaslu regency/city in East Java. First, the education aspect. Second, the background of activities and professions before becoming a member of Bawaslu. Third, ownership knowledge as a former election organizer of Adhoc and KPU, and Bawaslu. Fourth, support operational experience in PMII, HMI, and organizations.
The Silent Epidemic – Maternal Mental Health: Postpartum Depression
Authors: Scott Haley , Naginewicz Ashley
Published: January 2022

The paper emphasizes a thorough knowledge and assessment of maternal mental health including prenatal and postpartum depression and their risk factors. These include barriers to screening, treatment for women, alongside the unspoken stigma associated to postpartum depression. Likewise, the role of the mother’s mental health and the lack of attunement to the infant can have effects on both the mother and child as a pair. According to Hoffman, Cooper and Powell, (2017) a well known neuropsychologist, Allan Schore shares that the first three years of a child’s life are significant, which covers the internal road map and life span of a child’s psychopathology. Each experience, whether traumatic or positive interaction, is interlinked to a child’s brain chemistry. Also, a healthy attachment based on interactions from parents and caregivers can transmit to a child’s development. This paper employs meta-analysis and statistical analysis of literature reviews and seminal knowledge to construct the importance of addressing maternal mental health and postpartum depression and the significance of the early stages of attachment. The role of mothers’ attachment with infants from prenatal to postnatal years and how they assemble a healthy social and emotional development promotes cognitive development as well as positive family functioning were discussed. Keywords: Postpartum Depression, Maternal Mental Health, Screening, Attachment, Family Function
Guide Me In The Right Direction: Obtaining Quality Clinical Supervision
Authors: Carter Benealia
Published: January 2022

The supervisory-counselor relationship is an evaluative, hierarchical, and unremitting process. This paper explores the competency of supervisors in multicultural supervision, the knowledge of ethical mandates, the advantages and disadvantages of administered supervision models, and the clinical supervisory delivery. Cumulative research data reveal participants who reported a positive clinical supervision experience during practicum and internship were more likely to engage in professional development training, which ensured that supervisees were within the American Counseling Association (ACA) compliance and meeting clinical hallmarks. This paper is a meta-analysis of the clinical supervisory relationship and process. Keywords: Clinical supervision, Multicultural competency, Metaphors, Supervision models
Using The Lexia Reading Program To Increase NWEA MAP Reading Scores In Grades 1 to 3
Authors: Taylor Mark
Published: January 2022

This quantitative study evaluated the efficiency of the Lexia Reading Program in 132 early elementary school students in an inner-city school in Hartford, Connecticut. Students who met the criteria were assigned to the experimental Lexia group, and other students were randomly assigned to a comparison group. The Northwest Evaluation Association Measures of Academic Progress (NWEA MAP) was used to provide pre and post measures of literacy skills. Results indicated that students who used Lexia outperformed students in the control group (p <.01): their MAP scores increased from 157 to 174, a 17-point increase, while the control group’s scores increased from 166 to 171, a 5-point increase. The Lexia reading program appears to be an effective tool to improve the literacy skills of struggling first- to third-grade readers. Keywords: Lexia reading, Lexia group, NWEA MAP, Elementary students, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2703-5767
Roger Zelazny
Authors: Cox F. Brett
Published: January 2022

This book surveys the life and career of Roger Zelazny (1937-1995), an American science fiction writer who quickly rose to prominence in the 1960s with works that offered new perspectives on traditional science fiction scenarios such as planetary exploration, alien encounter, and immortality as they audaciously remixed Western mythology and Eastern religion within a brilliant, allusive prose style. Although he continued to produce innovative and often formally experimental fiction, after 1970 Zelazny increasingly focused on more commercial work, in particular the extraordinarily popular fantasy novels in the Amber series. At the time of his death, Zelazny remained a beloved figure within the field, but the critical consensus was that he had chosen commercial success over literary ambition and that his later work did not rise to the level of the breakthrough stories of the 1960s. This book argues that such a reading is an oversimplification. Whereas Zelazny’s use of mythic structures and sophisticated prose is important, so is his strikingly consistent preoccupation with questions of autonomy that evolves from early stories of the noble resistance of often violent individuals to later stories of such individuals’ existing within a larger community--all produced, from the beginning to the end of his career, within the ongoing tensions between the ambitions of the literary artist and the requirements of the commercial writer.
Introduction
Authors: Cox F. Brett
Published: January 2022

The introduction summarizes the response to Roger Zelazny’s premature death from cancer in 1995, noting the universally high personal regard in which he was held but also the all-but-universal consensus that his early work was his best. The introduction then traces the decline of Zelazny’s critical reputation, especially within the academic community, and summarizes the argument to follow: that Zelazny’s career is best considered not only in terms of such well-discussed elements as mythology, immortality, and sophisticated prose but also in terms of a consistent preoccupation with the role of the individual within the larger community, a preoccupation explored throughout his career within the often conflicting demands of the literary artist and the commercial writer.
Nothing on Spec but Still Some Joy
Authors: Cox F. Brett
Published: January 2022

The chapter discusses the final decade and a half of Zelazny’s career. During this period, Zelazny’s publications consisted largely of collaborative novels, editorial projects, and commercial fantasy novels, including five more volumes in the Amber series. The second series of Amber novels brought Zelazny significant financial reward and a ferociously engaged fan base of “Amberites” while further developing some of the themes and character concerns of the earlier novels; however, they were poorly received by reviewers. His major achievements of this period--the standalone science fiction novel Eye of Cat, the science fiction novella “24 Views of Mt. Fuji by Hokusai,” and the fantasy-horror novel A Night in the Lonesome October--demonstrated that Zelazny was still willing and able to produce serious, ambitious work. But the chance for more such work ended with the author’s untimely death from cancer in 1995 at age 58.
Diplomacy in Gymnastics and the Olympic Movement
Authors: Cervin Georgia
Published: January 2022

This chapter demonstrates how the Cold War provided for moments of collaboration in gymnastics, at all levels of participation. Eastern bloc gymnasts like Olga Korbut and Nadia Comăneci became celebrities around the world, launching tours that their governments used to promote their regimes. The gymnasts engaged in citizen diplomacy, using bodily discourses to share cultural traditions like ballet and circus. While on tour, they were also exposed to US values through cultural infiltration. They met with President Nixon to demonstrate the friendship between East and West, a symbol of goodwill that preceded official political talks. But by 1980, the significance of sport as a form of soft power led to the Olympic boycotts. Yet even these ultimately resulted in deeper collaboration, triggering the creation of the Goodwill Games and compelling the International Olympic Committee to work with the United Nations to facilitate sporting links between the United States and the Soviet Union.
“Civilize the Savage”
Authors: Villegas Mark R.
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores how Filipino American hip hop performers’ encounter with Islam references a greater sense of Filipino dignity, sovereignty, and civilization. Through their spiritual, political, and artistic expressions, Filipino American hip hop artists narrate the intricate status of Muslims in the Philippines (i.e., Moros) and valorize otherwise disparaged Muslims worldwide. Hip hop provides empowering racial and spiritual language inspired by the Black Arts Movement, Malcolm X, Nation of Islam, and Five Percent Nation of Gods and Earths. Through politicized spirituality in hip hop culture, Filipino Americans de-authorize the hegemony of global white supremacy by both imagining a more preferable belonging in symbolic “Golden Ages” and expressing solidarity with an anticolonial Muslim community.
Introduction
Authors: Wright Jonathan , Barrett Dawson
Published: January 2022

This chapter frames the history of punk rock within the broader historical context of Peoria, Illinois, a conservative, mid-sized city in the American Midwest. The chapter touches on the city’s history as the whiskey capital of the world, a staple of the American vaudeville circuit, the world headquarters of Caterpillar, Inc., and a popular American test market. Before punk rock bands such as Fugazi and the Jesus Lizard passed through the city, its complicated history already included ties to figures as varied as Richard Pryor, Ronald Reagan, Charles Manson, and George Wallace.
Punks Live on Straight Edge
Authors: Wright Jonathan , Barrett Dawson
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores the punk rock and skateboarding scenes in Peoria during the mid-1980s, amidst a nationwide recession and a growing national conservatism around social issues and drug use. The chapter focuses on Chips Patroll, an awkward union between the straightedge, skateboarding Stepe brothers and Bloody Mess, a long-haired, heavy-drinking singer, as well as another Stepe-brother band called Caustic Defiance.
The Underground Goes Aboveground
Authors: Wright Jonathan , Barrett Dawson
Published: January 2022

This chapter revolves around 1985 Peoria-area appearances by G.G. Allin and 7 Seconds, opposite ends of the punk rock spectrum. During this period, the punk scene became a local media sensation, garnering newspaper coverage and the attention of law enforcement. Allin’s performance was marked by obscenity and destruction, while the 7 Seconds show reflected the influence of the more constructive Better Youth Organization (BYO) movement in punk.
Teenage Airwaves
Authors: Wright Jonathan , Barrett Dawson
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines the explosive growth of the Peoria “alternative” scene following the success of Nirvana’s Nevermind. As punk and punk-adjacent “underground” music became the popular youth culture of the moment, hundreds of area youth and a number of new bands were added to the local scene. This coincided with the emergence of a short-lived new venue, a local skateboard shop called Airwaves.
Hidden by Cornfields
Authors: Wright Jonathan , Barrett Dawson
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines a new generation of Peoria punks, notably including those who would later find worldwide success in the bands Planes Mistaken For Stars and Minsk. The chapter covers the golden era of “emo” music, and Peoria hosted noteworthy touring bands including Rainer Maria, The Promise Ring, and Cursive. Peoria’s scene also grappled with the increasing influence of Christian punk and hardcore, via the massive Cornerstone Festival, as well as resistance to it by those who felt that punk should reject organized religion on principle.
Being La Dominicana
Authors: Quinn Rachel Afi
Published: January 2022

With this book, Rachel Afi Quinn makes the case for a transnational feminist cultural studies lens of analysis and an ethnographic approach to the study of race, gender, and visual culture in the Dominican Republic. This book provides a new window into contemporary life in Santo Domingo through which surrealist cultural productions reflect the social climate. Quinn theorizes the ways that the racial meaning of Dominican women’s mixed-race bodies “see/saw” in the viewing moment, as they are read visually in relation to others and informed by particular narratives of identity. Drawing on some forty interviews conducted by the author, this text centers these voices as it reveals the ways that the mixed-race bodies of Dominican women and girls signify within a racial schema tied to an economy in which they are commodified. Queer identities and fluid sexualities intersect with racial ambiguity and Dominican whiteness, Quinn argues, while incorporating public art, digital images, and Dominican film and music videos that are circulated transnationally, including performances by Rita Indiana Hernández and Michelle Rodriguez. Numerous other works by Dominican women artists and activists including print and online publications, documented live performances, photographic images, and social media discourse compose this text. Transnational political organizing is also considered here as part of a legacy of Dominican feminist activism against patriarchal oppression
Introduction
Authors: Quinn Rachel Afi
Published: January 2022

In this introductory chapter the author employs as metaphor the uniquely Dominican muñeca sin rostro, a highly feminized yet racially ambiguous “doll without a face” that is commonly sold as a souvenir. This chapter frames the overarching argument of the text in which racial meaning for mixed-race women in the Dominican Republic requires a “narrative eye” and functions relationally. Locating herself in relation to the women she writes about, the author explores the ways that Dominican women in Santo Domingo produce identities within and against dominant stereotypes of the Caribbean picturesque on which neoliberalism relies. The author employs methodologies of transnational feminist theory that require collaboration with those she writes about and points to sustained and expanded diasporic networks online.
Me Quedo con la Greña
Authors: Quinn Rachel Afi
Published: January 2022

This chapter provides several examples of how Dominican women articulate their own racial identities in relation to dominant narratives that intersect with gender in a patriarchal society. Ethnographic research in this chapter reveals the ways that Dominican women constantly navigate hierarchies of color and how narratives of class, as in the case of transnational Dominican celebrity Martha Heredia, frequently inform shifting racial meanings within and outside of the country. In this chapter Santo Domingo artists Yaneris Gonzalez Gomez and Michelle Ricardo each describe experiences of overlapping and sometimes disparate negotiations with anti-blackness. Dominican terms such as indio, negra, and morena that emerge in these and other conversations take on different meanings based on user and context.
The Premodern Midwest
Authors: Stacy Jason
Published: January 2022

Chapter 2 focuses on Illinois, Masters’s home state and the location of the fictional Spoon River. Geographic, economic, and political factors in the early nineteenth century, as well as the growth of Chicago, the Civil War, and the rise of Populism, shaped the state and the region. Likewise, a pioneering mythology molded Midwesterners’ earliest conceptions of themselves, as well as authors like E. W. Howe, who presented grim portrayals of Midwestern life. In adulthood, Masters recalled two towns form his youth, Petersburg, which he remembered nostalgically for its easy-going “Virginian” ways, and Lewistown, which he claimed reflected America’s hypocritical “Calvinism.” These conflicting memories shaped Spoon River Anthology.
Rampant Yokelisms
Authors: Stacy Jason
Published: January 2022

Chapter 4 analyzes three types of citizen found in Spoon River Anthology: populist, elite, and exile. Each type eventually became familiar tropes in the mythological small town of the twentieth century. Masters reserved the perspective of the last type, the exile, for the reader of Spoon River Anthology, and characterized himself as the exile Webster Ford, a pseudonym he often used. Spoon River’s exiles invited readers to view the town from both nostalgic and ambivalent perspectives, thereby helping shape popular conceptions of small towns in twentieth-century popular culture in these terms.
The Village Revolt
Authors: Stacy Jason
Published: January 2022

Chapter 6 traces Carl Van Doren’s claim in 1921 that Spoon River Anthology founded a literary “Revolt from the Village.” Van Doren argued that Midwestern authors inspired by Masters, such as Sherwood Anderson and Sinclair Lewis, formed a literary movement that exposed the hypocritical underside of the United States through a critique of small-town America. The dissemination of this argument can be traced to intellectuals like H. L. Mencken and Thorstein Veblen, who popularized Freudian theory as a way to critique bourgeois mores and American capitalism. However, other popular authors, like William Allen White, celebrated Midwestern towns as ideal communities as a counter to these critiques. Thus, in the 1920s, a short-lived culture war arose around rival interpretations of Masters’s portrayal of American small towns.
New Technology to Promote an Old Story
Authors: Mungons Kevin , Yeo Douglas
Published: January 2022

As the popularity of tabernacle revivalism declined, Homer Rodeheaver embraced new technologies to advance his ideas about the power of gospel music and community singing. While Billy Sunday was suspicious of technology and held on to an evangelistic model that was fading, Rodeheaver was an evangelical pioneer in recorded music—on cylinders, player piano rolls, and records. After becoming a best-selling recording artist he launched new forays into network radio and film, where he attempted to apply his ideas about community singing. Rodeheaver’s early-adopter attitudes toward technology broadened the scope of the gospel music industry, but it also brought personal tragedy, including the death of his brother.
Preserving and Exporting the Gospel Songs
Authors: Mungons Kevin , Yeo Douglas
Published: January 2022

Homer Rodeheaver called gospel music “the universal language,” and aggressively promoted it to an international audience as a form of missionary outreach. In so doing, he wandered into another controversy, the practice of exporting American music to other cultures—often called cultural imperialism. His gospel songs became popular because of their similarity to other music types, particularly ragtime and jazz—though this critical observation vexed him. The authors explore questions of musical style with new research on the recordings he preserved, comparing it to an earlier form, the parlor song. And while his relationship with flamboyant evangelist Aimee Semple MacPherson might have become a romance, it was more likely a business relationship, and a common affinity for bringing an evangelical Christian message to the masses.
Tackling the Talented Tenth
Authors: Hobson Maurice J.
Published: January 2022

This essay focuses on Black Greek-lettered organizations and their efforts to facilitate social change in the American south, especially through voter education and electoral politics. The idea of a Talented Tenth as posed by W. E. B. Du Bois at the turn of the century clearly reflects core class biases, but it, nonetheless, framed much of the way that Black Greek-lettered organizations on college campuses fostered successive generations of Black leaders. There organizations grounded themselves in concepts of racial uplift, community service, and education. This chapter concentrates on the racial political theory these Black fraternities and sororities developed and their impact on Black electoral politics in the south after the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
Introduction
Authors: Holden Vanessa M.
Published: January 2022

This chapter introduces each community of African Americans that the book will highlight: enslaved women, free people of color, and Black children and youth. By looking more closely at these overlooked parts of the Black community of Southampton County, the introduction argues that the Southampton Rebellion was created by a community and that community was key to survival post-rebellion. Departing from “great man” histories of American slave rebellions, this chapter asks readers to consider how African Americans built community strategies for evasion, resistance, and survival.
From Football to Soccer
Authors: Bunk Brian D.
Published: January 2022

Across North America, Native Americans and colonists played a variety of kicking games long before soccer's emergence in the late 1800s. The book explores the development and social impact of these sports through the rise of professional soccer after World War I. The various games called football encouraged men to form social bonds based on educational experience, occupation, ethnic identity, or military service and gave women an outlet as athletes. Football followed young people to college as higher education expanded in the nineteenth century. University play, the arrival of immigrants from Great Britain, and the backing of industrial firms helped spark the creation of organized soccer in the United States. By the early twentieth century, soccer communities had become established in many cities around the country. These communities served as a foundation for the growth that occurred following the end of World War I.
The Schoolboys’ Game
Authors: Bunk Brian D.
Published: January 2022

Football had been played for centuries in Great Britain but did not make a perfect transition to European North America. The sport took on different meanings within colonial society. The game developed as an informal one played by young people. This chapter shows that the link between football and childhood had lasting impacts on the development of the sport in the United States. Unlike baseball, which by the 1850s had moved beyond its childish origins, football remained a kid’s game throughout the nineteenth century. The expansion of educational facilities meant that boys took the game with them to schools and colleges. Initially, football at these institutions emphasized a kicking form of the game, but the influence of rugby-style rules led to a shift toward carrying the ball. A desire for intercollegiate competition encouraged the development of a common version of the game, one that became known as intercollegiate football.
Steel City Soccer
Authors: Bunk Brian D.
Published: January 2022

The popularity of soccer in Great Britain during the late nineteenth century meant that emigrants from those islands took the game with them to their new homes. The period saw soccer clubs and competitions formed in cities around the United States as changes in the conditions of labor and general economic prosperity helped spur the growth of the game. This trend accelerated in the 1890s before dropping off in many places around 1900. Once organized, soccer clubs and competitions faced a number of challenges, including disputes, infighting, and protests. The communities also had logistical issues to overcome, such as inclement weather and trouble finding and maintaining adequate places to play. In this chapter, Pittsburgh is a case study highlighting these general developments. Despite early problems, by the start of World War I, Pittsburgh had one of the most vibrant soccer communities in the United States.
The Rise and Demise of World Championship Tennis
Authors: Ruth Greg
Published: January 2022

This chapter recounts a selection of sports promoters who got involved in tennis following the decision for Open Tennis in 1968. Lamar Hunt’s World Championship Tennis proved itself the most innovative of the new tennis circuits by securing bigger stadium venues, better television contracts, and offering higher prize money for players than any professional tennis touring that had come before. During the 1970s a new player union called the Association of Tennis Professionals formed and proved powerful after staging a successful player boycott of the 1973 Wimbledon Championships. The growing strength of the players and the Men’s International Professional Tennis Council combined with the International Lawn Tennis Federation’s Grand Prix circuit, anchored by an expanded U.S. Open at Flushing Meadows, to eventually overwhelm World Championship Tennis and force Hunt to drawback his tennis operations.
Professional Tennis as Global Entertainment
Authors: Ruth Greg
Published: January 2022

This chapter traces the consequences of several of the developments discussed in earlier chapters. The so-called Tennis Boom of the 1970s brought with it a surge of dollars into the professional game. The worldwide tournament circuit grew but so too did the influence of individual players who might choose to play a one-off exhibition rather than an International Tennis Federation Grand Prix tournament. The players, through the Association of Tennis Professionals, took it upon to begin managing their own tour beginning in 1990. This marked both a return to earlier player led tours and a new direction for professional tennis.
A Miniature Hell
Authors: Carson Matter
Published: January 2022

Chapter 2 provides a detailed analysis of the occupational structure and social division of labor in the power laundry industry. The chapter follows the laundry as it moves through the plant, from the markers, who sorted and tagged the incoming soiled laundry, to the sorters, who packaged the freshly laundered garments for return to the customers. The chapter highlights the occupational and social divisions between the inside workers, who were mostly women and people of color, and the drivers, who were all white men. An examination of how and why this division of labor emerged in the early 1900s (and which to a large extent has remained intact in the twenty-first century) demonstrates that deeply entrenched assumptions about the relationship between skill, ability, and a worker’s racial and gender identity influences hiring and employment practices. Drawing on the work of labor sociologists and historians such as Ruth Milkman and Alice Kessler-Harris, this chapter demonstrates that once a job is labeled female or male, the demand to fill that job becomes sex (and race) specific and, over time, extremely resistant to change. Finally, chapter 2 argues that although the occupational structure was imposed from above, white male workers, determined to protect their monopoly over the highest-paying and highest-status positions, eagerly embraced and defended the racist and sexist job assignments. The occupational divisions that emerged during the industry’s formative years would complicate the workers’ organizing, at times hopelessly impeding the development of workplace solidarities, while simultaneously providing opportunities for women and people of color to mobilize in independent and oftentimes empowering spaces where they forged race- and gender-based coalitions with allies in the labor movement.
Sunrise
Authors: Milward John
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on Elvis Presley, who was Sun Studio's biggest star until Sam Phillips sold his contract to RCA (Radio Corporation of America). Elvis was now the King, with hits such as “Heartbreak Hotel” and “Hound Dog,” and Love Me Tender (1956) already in movie theaters. But Sun Studio was where he had crossed country and western with rhythm and blues to create rock and roll. The chapter then describes the gathering of what would become known as the Million Dollar Quartet, which includes Presley, Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee, and Carl Perkins. Ultimately, Elvis Presley's Sun singles galvanized musicians throughout the South. However, Sun Records was not the only place where rock and roll was born. In Chicago, Chess Records, the label that released the Howlin' Wolf tracks cut by Sam Phillips, spiced up its roster of blues artists with two seminal rockers: Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley.
Bob Dylan in Live Performance
Authors: Starr Larry
Published: January 2022

In this chapter, comparisons are made between studio and live performances of individual Bob Dylan songs that may be heard on his officially released albums. Songs discussed in detail are “You’re a Big Girl Now,” “Don’t Think Twice, It’s All Right,” “Just like a Woman,” “All along the Watchtower,” and “I Shall Be Released.” It emerges that Dylan is a restless, continuously creative artist, many of whose songs remain works-in-progress for him as he reconsiders, reshapes, and reinvents them over the course of a decades-long career as a live performer.
Bringing It All Back Home
Authors: Starr Larry
Published: January 2022

This final chapter unites the aspects of Bob Dylan’s art previously discussed—vocal style, musical composition, choice and arrangement of instruments—in a comprehensive consideration of four songs. “Visions of Johanna” from Blonde on Blonde (1966), “Dear Landlord” from John Wesley Harding (1967), and two lesser-known examples from the 2009 album Together through Life, “Life Is Hard” and “This Dream of You,” are examined from multiple standpoints to reveal them as highly integrated, significant achievements.
Todd Bolender, Janet Reed, and the Making of American Ballet
Authors: West Martha Ullman
Published: January 2022

Martha Ullman West illustrates how American ballet developed over the course of the twentieth century from an aesthetic originating in the courts of Europe into a stylistically diverse expression of a democratic culture. West places at center stage two artists who were instrumental to this story: Todd Bolender and Janet Reed. Lifelong friends, Bolender (1914–2006) and Reed (1916–2000) were part of a generation of dancers who navigated the Great Depression, World War II, and the vibrant cultural scene of postwar New York City. They danced in the works of choreographers Lew and Willam Christensen, Eugene Loring, Agnes de Mille, Catherine Littlefield, Ruthanna Boris, and others who West argues were just as responsible for the direction of American ballet as the legendary George Balanchine and Jerome Robbins. The stories of Bolender, Reed, and their contemporaries also demonstrate that the flowering of American ballet was not simply a New York phenomenon. West includes little-known details about how Bolender and Reed laid the foundations for Seattle’s Pacific Northwest Ballet in the 1970s and how Bolender transformed the Kansas City Ballet into a highly respected professional company soon after. Passionate in their desire to dance and create dances, Bolender and Reed committed their lives to passing along their hard-won knowledge, training, and work. This book celebrates two unsung trailblazers who were pivotal to the establishment of ballet in America from one coast to the other.
7
Authors: West Martha Ullman
Published: January 2022

Describes Todd Bolender’s career as a choreographer, working with such dancers as Mark Ryder, Emily Frankel, and Jacques d’Amboise and creating pieces like The Still Point, Fairy Tale, and Souvenirs.
Settling Quilcapampa
Authors: González La Rosa Luis Manuel , Jennings Justin , Spence-Morrow Giles , Álvarez Willy Yépez
Published: January 2022

This chapter describes how Quilcapampa was organized based on our study of its architecture. We look in particular at the sequence of construction, the internal divisions of the site, and the orientation of the plaza. Several components are divided, with a core area of more monumental architecture divided from an outlying area of scattered, less well-built buildings. Our analysis suggests the core’s architecture correlates with that found in Wari sites, in terms of building techniques and spatial organization. The outlying areas, in contrast, reflect the ways that people lived on the southern coast of Peru. Of particular importance is the evidence suggesting that the core was organized around extended family units in contrast to the nuclear family–centered households of the outlying area.
Quilcapampa’s Stone Tools and Placas Pintadas
Authors: Rizzuto Branden , Jennings Justin
Published: January 2022

A description of the lithic assemblage at Quilcapampa that focuses on the stone tools and placas pintadas. Flaked and ground stone tools are found throughout the site. We briefly describe these tools and the raw materials used to make them. We then conduct an array of spatial analyses to determine if certain kinds of tool or stone types are clustered in certain areas. Chemical analysis was also done on obsidian to determine if the source of the obsidian used was different in parts of the site. We do the same kinds of analyses with the placas pintadas (painted stones used in rituals), concentrating as well on the relationship between color, decoration, and orientation in individual deposits. In sum, we noted few differences between locations, suggesting that everyone was doing similar activities across the site. The key differences were found in the obsidian source used, as well as a general trend toward higher mobility in the outlying areas.
Checks and Balances
Authors: Worden Blair
Published: January 2022

The principle of checks and balances is a guiding premise of the American Constitution and of the definition of the presidency and executive power. Where did it come from? Historians portray it as an eighteenth-century concept, adumbrated by Montesquieu and invoked to identify the wisdom of the English constitution. Yet its origins lay in the mid-seventeenth century, when that constitution had broken down. The England of the 1650s and the America of the 1780s underwent parallel experiences, which produced a parallel of political vocabulary. In both countries the removal of an alleged tyrant—Charles I; George III—was followed by alleged tyrannies of legislative power—the English parliament; Congress and the new state legislatures. In both countries a new executive office—the protectorate of Oliver Cromwell; the presidency—was created to prevent both extremes. The language of checks and balances was invented to vindicate Cromwellian rule.
Is the Electoral College the Fundamental Problem?
Authors: Furstenberg François
Published: January 2022

This chapter asks how the constitutional debates over the admission of new states affected the balance of power among the states in general and the election of the presidency in particular. It frames what it calls “The Problem of New States,” and explores how early texts on U.S. western policy of the 1780s framed questions of territory and statehood. It then explores in detail the debates surrounding new state admissions and the Northwest Ordinance in the Constitutional Convention, showing how contingent the final outcome of the Electoral College was, and how questions like the equal footing of states, which have often been taken as settled constitutional issues, were in fact matters of contentious debate. It concludes by tracing paths forward for future research.
Mirror for Presidents
Authors: Hulsebosch Daniel J.
Published: January 2022

Is the president bound by law? If so, how? These are historical as well as modern questions, and they are questions that the first president, George Washington, asked himself and his advisors throughout his eight-year administration. As he and they marked the boundaries of the executive under the spare text of the new federal Constitution’s Article II, they used the law of nations to fill the gaps and define key powers. Enlightenment-era jurists like Emer de Vattel intended their treatises to function as updated versions of the traditional “mirror for princes,” or advice books for European rulers, and that is how the president and his cabinet read them. Just as throughout his life he had turned to self-help books to make his way in the world, Washington turned to Vattel to learn how to govern—not just how to govern other people, but more importantly how to govern with other people at home and abroad. The early modern law of nations not only provided stage directions, showing an actor how to behave among others. It also contained working scripts to borrow. Vattel in particular emphasized jealous territorial sovereignty and open commercial intercourse, and striking the balance between them was, in Washington’s eyes, the main task of his presidency.
Finding Ephemeral Homes of the Enslaved
Authors: Mitchell Ruth M. , Miller Henry M.
Published: January 2022

Finding archaeological sites of the enslaved and impoverished can be difficult due to their destitution and limited material possessions. This chapter compares two widely used methods of archaeological survey in the discovery and identification of domestic sites of late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century enslaved African Americans at St. Mary’s City. The findings indicate that controlled surface collection is a more effective methodology than shovel test pit excavation for locating archaeological sites with low artifact densities. Using an area targeted for construction, our research concludes that the site was the home of enslaved laborers on the plantation of John Mackall and James Broom between ca. 1780 and 1840. Ceramics, glass, and architectural materials are analyzed and the insights they provide about enslaved life at St. Mary’s City are reported. An unusual palisade fence enclosure that surrounded the log quarters of the residents is also discussed.
Tamecongh, or Aresapa, to New Castle
Authors: De Cunzo Lu Ann
Published: January 2022

Over the course of the 1650s and mid-1660s, a marshy sand spit on the west coast of the (now) Delaware River was occupied, claimed, and intermittently reclaimed by the Lenape, Dutch, Swedish, and English. Known successively as Tamecongh/Aresapa, Sandhoeck, Fort Casimir, Fort Trefaldighet, New Amstel, and finally New Castle, the Delaware colony’s capital, it became home to a diverse array of European multinationals, captured Africans, and coastal Indian peoples. All left a material signature on the landscape. This chapter examines settlement patterns, landscape design and land use, property ownership and transfer practices, architecture, and material life in the community in the context of Native and European cultural practices and colonial contest in this North American homeland and borderland.
Wolf Traps in Seventeenth-Century Delaware
Authors: Liebeknecht William B.
Published: January 2022

During the early colonial period, governmental authorities recognized the physical dynamics of free-ranging livestock set against the backdrop of a wolf-laden wilderness. It was, or could be, a costly nuisance, and thus they ordered wolves to be hunted and trapped in order to mitigate the problem. In May of 1676, Sheriff Captain Edmund Cantwell of Appoquinimink (present day Odessa) stated that “wolves being so over frequent and doing such daily damage to sheep, cattle, and hogs that any person who brings in a wolf skin or head to the local magistrate be paid a bounty of forty (Dutch) gilders from a public levy.” This order was ineffectual, so on January 5, 1677, it was ordered that the inhabitants erect 54 “woolf-pitts” along the streams before May 1, under penalty of seventy-five gilders. One such wolf pit was excavated in the summer of 2012 in Delaware.
Thank You for Smoking
Authors: Furlow David A.
Published: January 2022

The story of Edward Bird’s clay tobacco pipes is investigated through these insights into smoking behavior and trade in the Atlantic world of the seventeenth century. Each pipe fragment can mark a short passage of time, indicating within a few decades or even a few years the time it was made. Tobacco pipes thus reflect the ebb and flow of commerce, colonialism, and conflict in a measurable series of transitions. Bird’s trademark in clay pipe fragments have become a telltale sign for archaeologists of the presence of Dutch trade in North America, reflecting a global trade network.
The Cultural Landscapes of Pre-Inka and Inka Copacabana
Authors: Christie Jessica Joyce
Published: January 2022

This chapter reconstructs the cultural landscape of Copacabana from roughly 500 B.C. to 1400 A.D. Small and dispersed human settlements have been documented in the Copacabana cultural landscape, going back several thousand years before Christ. It was not until the Upper Formative (Late Titinhuayani on the Island of the Sun, 500 B.C.–A.D. 400) that populations began to concentrate on the northern end of the Island of the Sun where the Sacred Rock is situated. This chapter also reconstructs the Inka period of Copacabana through the lens of the state-directed pilgrimage. This pilgrimage route is reconstructed from the point it enters the Copacabana peninsula to the rock sanctuary on the Island of the Sun. The physical archaeological evidence is presented and correlated with ethnohistoric accounts.
Introduction
Authors: Bader Anne Tobbe , Pollack David , Carlson Justin N.
Published: January 2022

The Falls of the Ohio River was a landmark that would have been readily recognized and easy to locate by Native Americans. As such, it would have been a convenient meeting place. Without this feature, native populations may never have aggregated at this location to the extent that they did. The chapters that make up this volume recognize that humans and the environment are not disconnected but rather are intertwined and mutually affect each other to varying degrees. Societies and ecosystems are not static or unilineal in their trajectory, having long, dynamic histories. These historic accounts can lead to periods of aggregation and dispersal depending on environmental and social circumstances. Likewise, though authors of this volume examine human adaptations to the shifting environmental conditions of the Holocene, they recognize that humans impacted their environments to varying degrees depending on social, economic, and political circumstances. As the Falls region became a persistent place on the landscape, and a part of the social memory of indigenous groups, it was also at times a contested landscape.
The Early Mississippian Occupation in the Falls Region
Authors: Munson Cheryl Ann , McCullough Robert G.
Published: January 2022

During the early Mississippian period, the Prather polity was situated on the northeastern boundary of the Mississippian world. The Prather polity was a result of interaction with larger Mississippian polities to the west, such as Cahokia. This interaction led to the establishment of an administrative mound center. The material culture recovered from early Mississippian sites in the Falls region is suggestive of a rigid Mississippian/Fort Ancient boundary.
Introduction
Authors: Arriaga Eduard , Villar Andrés
Published: January 2022

The chapter introduces the main topics and issues that intersect the connection between Afro-Latinx cultures and their use of digital technologies. Through discussions of concepts such as digital humanities, Black digital humanities, Afro-Latinx, Afro-Latin American, Afrodescendant, and Afro-Latino, the introduction sets the ground for the reader to understand where is the book coming from and going to. The chapter ends up with an outline, describing each of the chapters.
International Organization Theory and Online Afro-Latin America
Authors: Captain Yvonne
Published: January 2022

Yvonne Captain's chapter describes the role of leadership in the success, or failure, of Afro-Latin American organizations that have an online presence. Captain demonstrates how International Organization theory can help diagnose the weaknesses of Afro-Latin American online digital initiatives so as to make them more effective.
Borrowing Digital Tools to Connect the Periphery
Authors: Arriaga Eduard , Villar Andrés
Published: January 2022

Alí Majul is an Afro-Colombian performance artist and activist who uses digital technology as part of his practice. As one of the coordinators and most active members of Contextos, a cultural collective in the Colombian city of Cartagena, Majul and his collaborators have created Canal Cultural (Cultural Channel), a web presence through which they disseminate their production and connect with diverse members of their community. Majul proposes that a healthy critical wariness of the digital needs to be fostered in Afro-Latinx and peripheral communities at large, and argues against the primacy of the academy in terms of how knowledge is valued, calling in effect for a decolonized epistemology. Majul also challenges ongoing gender discrimination that is compounded by issues of race.
Writing Black Political Networks during the Early Republic
Authors: Brunson Takkara K.
Published: January 2022

This chapter analyzes how women of African descent intervened in Black political networks through letter writing during the early years of the republic. It shows that women of African descent sought to shape the political system, despite being disenfranchised under the 1901 Constitution. Hundreds of literate and semi-literate Black women penned appeals to male politicians and the Black political party, the Independent Colored Party (PIC). Most requested access to pensions as the family members of veterans who served in the Wars for Independence; others sought aid in challenging racial discrimination. Their letters addressed exclusion from educational and professional opportunities, the limits of nationalist discourses that proclaimed racial equality, assumptions that African descendants lacked civil virtue, and the failure of the government to support Black veterans. They used letter writing, in other words, to shape an evolving political system in which they lacked formal power.
Feminism and the Transformation of Black Women’s Social Thought
Authors: Brunson Takkara K.
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores how a small but influential group of elite Black women employed feminist thought as a citizenship practice between the 1910s and 1930s. The women who wrote for publications like Minerva represented an island-wide network that bridged movements for women’s rights and racial equality. They shared a goal of integrating women of all races into public life as contributors to nationalist projects. The African descended feminists writing during the 1910s empowered a subsequent generation of elite Blacks that —during the economic crises and political turmoil of the 1920s and 1930s—began to recognize women as formal leaders within the Black institutions. By the 1920s, Black feminist activists leveraged their expertise as educators, doctors, and community activists to demand greater political authority. Feminists of African descent navigated this context by focusing on the particular experiences of Black women.