bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the structure arrangement on the thermal characteristics of Li‐ion battery pack in thermoelectric generator
Authors: Zhu WenChao , Xie Changjun , Shi Ying , Li Weibo , Tang Zebo
Published: July 2020

Traditional automobile exhaust contains a large amount of thermal energy. Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) can store recovered electrical energy into battery packs and supply to vehicle‐mounted electrical equipment. A reasonable battery pack structure is designed to facilitate stable vehicle operation based on the actual conditions of the vehicle. This paper presents investigation on thermal performance of air‐cooled li‐ion battery pack in different arrangements. Taking the AVIC (Aviation Industry Corporation of China) lithium battery as the research object, a battery pack model based on T‐type parallel ventilation structure is established in Fluent, and the accuracy of the model is verified through experiments. In the same battery module, there are three typical arrangements of forming battery cells into an equal arrangement, an increasing arrangement, and a decreasing arrangement. The changes of the temperature field of the battery pack under different discharge rates and wind speeds are studied, respectively. Studies have found that battery pack arranged in decreasing order has the best temperature consistency and the temperature difference is reduced by 14.82% and 6.21%, respectively, at 1C and 2C discharge rates, compared to the equally spaced arrangement.
Geomorphological evidence of paleoseismicity: Surficial and underground structures of Pasmajärvi postglacial fault
Authors: Markovaara‐Koivisto Mira , Ojala Antti E.K. , Mattila Jussi , Kukkonen Ilmo , Aro Ilkka , Pullinen Arto , Hänninen Pekka , Middleton Maarit , Sutinen Aleksi , Majaniemi Juha , Ruskeeniemi Timo , Sutinen Raimo
Published: July 2020

The cyclic nature of glaciations and related postglacial faulting represents a risk for the deep geological disposal of spent nuclear fuel in areas likely to be affected by future glaciations. Seismic history was therefore studied by means of detecting geomorphological structures on airborne laser scanning digital elevation models and underground by excavating in an esker and trenching across a postglacial fault located in northern Fennoscandia. OLS dating and assessing the geomorphological structures was used for timing of the seismic history. The results suggest that the faulting of different segments in the Pasmajärvi complex is due to at least two late Weichselian events, which probably occurred both subglacially and postglacially. The most reliable input for the moment magnitude estimates was vertical slip profiles, and therefore these estimates (MW ≈ 6.4–6.9) are suggested. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two hop verification for avoiding void hole in underwater wireless sensor network using SM‐AHH‐VBF and AVH‐AHH‐VBF routing protocols
Authors: Hussain Tariq , Rehman Zia Ur , Iqbal Arshad , Saeed Khalid , Ali Iqtidar
Published: July 2020

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) consist of several sensor nodes deployed underwater and gathering information from the underwater situation. Sometimes during a communication void regions occur when a forwarder node is unable to find the next forwarder node closer to the sink within the transmission ranges which results from its took extra energy consumption. In this research work, we intend schemes for void hole avoidance. First one is, Avoiding Void Hole Adaptive Hop by Hop Vector‐Based Forwarding (AVH‐AHH‐VBF) in an UWSN, and the second, scheme for increasing lifetime and minimizing consumption of energy of the network, Sink Mobility (SM‐AHH‐VBF). Simulation results show that our schemes outperform compared with baseline solution in terms of average Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Average Propagation Distance (APD), energy consumption. The simulation results verify the AVH‐AHH‐VBF scheme results is equals to 14% and SM/AHH‐VBF equal to 32% in terms of PDR, AVH‐AHH‐VBF equals to 57% and SM equals to 39% for energy consumption, AVH‐AHH‐VBF had a tradeoff of 63% because of considering two hops and SM equals 20% tradeoff for the average delay and AVH‐AHH‐VBF equals 35% and SM equals 61% improvement for average
APD.
Trifolium pratense L. (red clover) extract and doxorubicin synergistically inhibits proliferation of 4T1 breast cancer in tumor‐bearing BALB/c mice through modulation of apoptosis and increase antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory related pathways
Authors: Akbaribazm Mohsen , Khazaei Mohammad Rasoul , Khazaei Mozafar
Published: July 2020

Therapeutic strategies against triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) are associated with drug‐induced toxicities. The tropical edible red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is rich in polyphenolic compounds which confer the plant potential anticancer properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of T. pratense and doxorubicin (DOX) on the apoptosis and proliferation of 4T1 tumor cells in an allograft model of tumor‐bearing BALB/c mice. Fifty‐six female 4T1‐tumor bearing‐ BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 7 groups (n = 8/group) to receive different doses and combinations of DOX and T. pratense extract for 35 days. On the 36th day, serum estradiol (E2), IL‐12 and IFN‐γ cytokines, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were measured. Tumor's ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the expressions of apoptosis‐related genes (p53, Bax, Bcl‐2, and caspase‐3) were also evaluated. Immunohistochemical staining for Ki‐67 and p53 were performed. Our results showed that the co‐treatment of DOX and T. pratense (100–400 mg/kg) inhibited the proliferation of 4T1 tumor cells in dose‐ and time‐dependent manners. The co‐treatment of DOX and T. pratense (especially at the dose of 400 mg/kg) decreased the serum level of E2 (as a stimulant for breast tumor growth) and increased the serum levels of IL‐12 and IFN‐γ along with significant increments in serum GPx and tumor FRAP activities. The co‐administration of DOX and T. pratense also decreased the expression of Ki‐67 proliferation marker and increased the number p53 positive (i.e., apoptotic) cells within tumors. This was accompanied with the upregulation of pro‐apoptotic and down‐regulation of antiapoptotic genes. The key findings indicated the synergistic effects of DOX and T. pratense against TNBC xenografts.
Efficacy of low‐fat milk and yogurt fortified with encapsulated vitamin D3on improvement in symptoms of insomnia and quality of life: Evidence from the SUVINA trial
Authors: Sharifan Payam , Khoshakhlagh Mahdieh , Khorasanchi Zahra , Darroudi Susan , Rezaie Mitra , Safarian Mohammad , Vatanparast Hassan , Afshari Asma , Ferns Gordon , Ghazizadeh Hamideh , Ghayour Mobarhan Majid
Published: July 2020

Introduction

Sleep disorders are a common condition globally. Vitamin D receptors are present on cells in several regions of the brain. It is possible that vitamin D status may affect brain function, including sleep patterns. We aimed to evaluate the 1,500 IU of Nano‐encapsulated vitamin D fortified in dairy products on the symptoms of insomnia and associated improvement of quality of life.

Methods

A case series was undertaken as part of theSurvey of ultraviolent intake by nutritional approachproject. Subjects enrolled among adults with abdominal obesity. Twenty‐nine subjects with insomnia were selected according to the results of Insomnia Severity Index questionnaire and quality of life using a Short Form Health Survey (SF‐36) questionnaire. Subjects were allocated to four groups: low‐fat milk fortified by 1,500 IU vitamin D3(n = 8), simple milk (n = 8), low‐fat yogurt fortified by 1,500 IU vitamin D3(n = 7), and simple yogurt (n = 6) and were treated for 10 weeks.

Results

The insomnia score improved after the intervention in the group receiving vitamin D fortified milk compared to group receiving unfortified milk (p < .001). There were no significant differences between the two groups taking yogurt (fortified vs. unfortified). Comparison of quality of life scores between baseline and after intervention indicated significant improvements in both fortified and simple milk groups (p = .002 andp = .03, respectively); but no differences were found in the groups taking yogurt.

Conclusion

Fortified low‐fat milk containing 1,500 IU vitamin D3can improve insomnia symptoms and subsequently quality of life.

Trial registration number: IRCT20101130005280N27,www.IRCT.ir.
Sex classification using long‐range temporal dependence of resting‐state functional MRI time series
Authors: Dhamala Elvisha , Jamison Keith W. , Sabuncu Mert R. , Kuceyeski Amy
Published: July 2020

A thorough understanding of sex differences that exist in the brains of healthy individuals is crucial for the study of neurological illnesses that exhibit phenotypic differences between males and females. Here we evaluate sex differences in regional temporal dependence of resting‐state brain activity in 195 adult male–female pairs strictly matched for total grey matter volume from the Human Connectome Project. We find that males have more persistent temporal dependence in regions within temporal, parietal, and occipital cortices. Machine learning algorithms trained on regional temporal dependence measures achieve sex classification accuracies up to 81%. Regions with the strongest feature importance in the sex classification task included cerebellum, amygdala, and frontal and occipital cortices. Secondarily, we show that even after strict matching of total gray matter volume, significant volumetric sex differences persist; males have larger absolute cerebella, hippocampi, parahippocampi, thalami, caudates, and amygdalae while females have larger absolute cingulates, precunei, and frontal and parietal cortices. Sex classification based on regional volume achieves accuracies up to 85%, highlighting the importance of strict volume‐matching when studying brain‐based sex differences. Differential patterns in regional temporal dependence between the sexes identifies a potential neurobiological substrate or environmental effect underlying sex differences in functional brain activation patterns.
Prognostic significance of histologic grade and Ki‐67 proliferation index in follicular lymphoma
Authors: Xue Tian , Yu Bao‐Hua , Yan Wan‐Hui , Jiang Xiang‐Nan , Tian Tian , Zhou Xiao‐Yan , Li Xiao‐Qiu
Published: July 2020

The prognostic value of histologic grading and the Ki‐67 proliferation index in follicular lymphoma (FL) is controversial. This study investigated the clinical usefulness of these two factors in Asian FL patients. Four hundred and thirty‐three patients diagnosed with FL were retrospectively reviewed with a median follow‐up time of 47.0 months (range, 24.0‐168.0). The 10‐year overall survival (OS) rate and progression‐free survival (PFS) rate were 91.0% and 47.1%, respectively. Grade 3B and grade 3B with diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) showed a better PFS than grade 1‐3A (P < 0.001), and similar findings were noted in patients who received rituximab‐containing regimens (P = 0.002). In contrast, no significant differences in terms of OS or PFS were observed between grades 1‐2 and 3A. In addition, patients with Ki‐67 ≥ 30% had a significantly better PFS than patients with Ki‐67 < 30% (P = 0.014), although the difference was eliminated in the multivariate analysis. Both grade and Ki‐67 index had no impact on prognosis in patients who did not receive rituximab treatment. In conclusion, grade 3A is closely related to grade 1‐2, as reflected by a similar indolent clinical course and a lower PFS rate than grade 3B/3B + DLBCL. In addition, a higher Ki‐67 index seems to have a positive effect on PFS in FL patients.
The variation and controls of mean transit times in Australian headwater catchments
Authors: Cartwright Ian , Morgenstern Uwe , Howcroft William , Hofmann Harald , Armit Robin , Stewart Michael , Burton Chad , Irvine Dylan
Published: July 2020

Determining mean transit times in headwater catchments is critical for understanding catchment functioning and understanding their responses to changes in landuse or climate. Determining whether mean transit times (MTTs) correlate with drainage density, slope angle, area, or land cover permits a better understanding of the controls on water flow through catchments and allows first‐order predictions of MTTs in other catchments to be made. This study assesses whether there are identifiable controls on MTTs determined using 3H in headwater catchments of southeast Australia. Despite MTTs at baseflow varying from a few years to >100 years, it was difficult to predict MTTs using single or groups of readily‐measured catchment attributes. The lack of readily‐identifiable correlations hampers the prediction of MTTs in adjacent catchments even where these have similar geology, land use, and topography. The long MTTs of the Australian headwater catchments are probably in part due to the catchments having high storage volumes in deeply‐weathered regolith, combined with low recharge rates due to high evapotranspiration. However, the difficulty in estimating storage volumes at the catchment scale hampers the use of this parameter to estimate MTTs. The runoff coefficient (the fraction of rainfall exported via the stream) is probably also controlled by evapotranspiration and recharge rates. Correlations between the runoff coefficient and MTTs in individual catchments allow predictions of MTTs in nearby catchments to be made. MTTs are shorter in high rainfall periods as the catchments wet up and shallow water stores are mobilized. Despite the contribution of younger water, the major ion geochemistry in individual catchments commonly does not correlate with MTTs, probably reflecting heterogeneous reactions and varying degrees of evapotranspiration. Documenting MTTs in catchments with high storage volumes and/or low recharge rates elsewhere is important for understanding MTTs in diverse environments.
Efficient anomaly detection on sampled data streams with contaminated phase I data
Authors: El Sibai Rayane , Bou Abdo Jacques , Abou Jaoude Chady , Demerjian Jacques , Assaker Joseph , Makhoul Abdallah
Published: July 2020

Control chart algorithms aim to monitor a process over time. This process consists of two phases. Phase I, also called the learning phase, estimates the normal process parameters, then in Phase II, anomalies are detected. However, the learning phase itself can contain contaminated data such as outliers. If left undetected, they can jeopardize the accuracy of the whole chart by affecting the computed parameters, which leads to faulty classifications and defective data analysis results. This problem becomes more severe when the analysis is done on a sample of the data rather than the whole data. To avoid such a situation, Phase I quality must be guaranteed. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new approach for applying EWMA chart to obtain accurate anomaly detection results over sampled data even if contaminations exist in Phase I. The new chart is applied to a real dataset, and its performance is evaluated on both sampled and not sampled data according to several criteria.
Real‐time detection of regimes of predictability in the US equity premium
Authors: Harvey David I. , Leybourne Stephen J. , Sollis Robert , Taylor A.M. Robert
Published: July 2020

We propose new real‐time monitoring procedures for the emergence of end‐of‐sample predictive regimes using sequential implementations of standard (heteroskedasticity‐robust) regression t‐statistics for predictability applied over relatively short time periods. The procedures we develop can also be used for detecting historical regimes of temporary predictability. Our proposed methods are robust to both the degree of persistence and endogeneity of the regressors in the predictive regression and to certain forms of heteroskedasticity in the shocks. We discuss how the monitoring procedures can be designed such that their false positive rate can be set by the practitioner at the start of the monitoring period using detection rules based on information obtained from the data in a training period. We use these new monitoring procedures to investigate the presence of regime changes in the predictability of the US equity premium at the 1‐month horizon by traditional macroeconomic and financial variables, and by binary technical analysis indicators. Our results suggest that the 1‐month‐ahead equity premium has temporarily been predictable, displaying so‐called “pockets of predictability,” and that these episodes of predictability could have been detected in real time by practitioners using our proposed methodology.
Acute Hyperinsulinemia Alters Bone Turnover in Women and Men With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Sherk Vanessa D , Vigers Timothy , Pyle Laura , Snell‐Bergeon Janet K , Nadeau Kristen J , Rickels Michael R , Miller Kellee M , Greenbaum Carla J , Shah Viral N
Published: July 2020

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) increases fracture risk across the lifespan. The low bone turnover associated with T1D is thought to be related to glycemic control, but it is unclear whether peripheral hyperinsulinemia due to dependence on exogenous insulin has an independent effect on suppressing bone turnover. The purpose of this study was to test the bone turnover marker (BTM) response to acute hyperinsulinemia. Fifty‐eight adults aged 18 to 65 years with T1D over 2 years were enrolled at seven T1D Exchange Clinic Network sites. Participants had T1D diagnosis between age 6 months to 45 years. Participants were stratified based on their residual endogenous insulin secretion measured as peak C‐peptide response to a mixed meal tolerance test. BTMs (CTX, P1NP, sclerostin [SCL], osteonectin [ON], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], osteocalcin [OCN], osteoprotegerin [OPG], osteopontin [OPN], and IGF‐1) were assessed before and at the end of a 2‐hour hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp (HEC). Baseline ON (r = −0.30, p = .022) and OCN (r = −0.41, p = .002) were negatively correlated with age at T1D diagnosis, but baseline BTMs were not associated with HbA1c. During the HEC, P1NP decreased significantly (−14.5 ± 44.3%; p = .020) from baseline. OCN, ON, and IGF‐1 all significantly increased (16.0 ± 13.1%, 29.7 ± 31.7%, 34.1 ± 71.2%, respectively; all p < .001) during the clamp. The increase in SCL was not significant (7.3 ± 32.9%, p = .098), but the decrease in CTX (−12.4 ± 48.9, p = .058) neared significance. ALP and OPG were not changed from baseline (p = .23 and p = .77, respectively). Baseline ON and SCL were higher in men, but OPG was higher in women (all p ≤ .029). SCL was the only BTM that changed differently in women than men. There were no differences in baseline BTMs or change in BTMs between C‐peptide groups. Exogenous hyperinsulinemia acutely alters bone turnover, suggesting a need to determine whether strategies to promote healthy remodeling may protect bone quality in T1D. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
The role of double filtration plasmapheresis in hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis: A propensity score matching analysis
Authors: Lu Zhihua , Chen Yueliang , Wu Yinshan , Lin Yongjun , Yang Na , Wang Xiaoling , Guo Feng
Published: July 2020

Introduction

The role of double filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP) in hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis (HTGP) is still not well established. Our study aimed to investigate the efficacy of DFPP in reducing triglyceride levels as well as their effects on the outcomes of HTGP.

Material and methods

We retrospectively evaluated the data of patients with HTGP presenting within 72 hours from symptom onset between January 2016 and February 2019. Patients with DFPP treatment were compared with those without DFPP treatment. We used a propensity score matching analysis to reduce confounding factors.

Results

Of the 249 patients enrolled, 88 (35.3%) were treated with DFPP. The DFPP was initiated at a median of 7.7 hours from the time of presentation. In the propensity score‐matched cohort (n = 100), patients with DFPP had a significantly lower level of triglyceride (P = .034), higher triglyceride reduction (P = .005), and the proportion of triglyceride <5.65 mmol/L (P = .002) by 24 hours after admission when compared with those without DFPP. However, this efficacy did not last until 48 hours after admission. No differences were found in terms of the majority of the clinical outcomes between the two groups, including persistent organ failure (P = .098), local complications (P = .213), hospital stay (P = .657), and in‐hospital mortality (P > .999).

Conclusions

HTGP patients with early initiation of DFPP were associated with rapidly and efficiently reduction of triglyceride levels compared with those without DFPP. However, DFPP showed no beneficial effects on improving the clinical outcomes of HTGP.
Identifying breast cancer patients who gain the most dosimetric benefit from deep inspiration breath hold radiotherapy
Authors: Browne Patricia , Beaton Nakia‐Rae , Sharma Harish , Watson Sharon , Mai G Tao , Harvey Jennifer , Bernard Anne , Brown Elizabeth , Hargrave Catriona , Lehman Margot
Published: July 2020

Introduction

Deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH) has been proven to reduce cardiac dose for women receiving left breast and chest wall radiation therapy. However, it utilises extra departmental resources and patient exertion. The aim of this exploratory study was to investigate if any factors existed that could identify breast cancer patients who may benefit most from DIBH, to facilitate appropriate utilisation of departmental resources.

Methods

Left‐sided breast cancer patients aged 18–70 years, and right‐sided breast cancer patients with internal mammary nodes included, were recruited. DIBH and free breathing (FB) plans were created for all patients. Patient demographic and clinical history were recorded. Variables including lung threshold value, lung volume, patient separation, maximum heart in field, volume of planning target volume (PTV), heart dose, ipsilateral lung dose were compared between plans.

Results

Plans for 31 patients were analysed. No correlations were found between lung threshold value or patient separation and cardiac dose. Moderate to strong correlations were found with BMI, PTV volume and lung volume change however no definitive thresholds were determined. A significant difference was found in the maximum heart in field between DIBH and FB (P < 0.001) with those patients with greater than 0.7 cm heart in the field on the FB scan demonstrating greater reductions in mean heart dose.

Conclusion

Maximum heart in the field of greater than 0.7 cm in FB could be a potential factor to identify patients who may benefit most from DIBH. This factor warrants investigation in a larger patient cohort to test its validity.
Physiological and biochemical responses of green and red perilla to LED‐based light
Authors: Nguyen Thi Kim Loan , Oh Myung‐Min
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND

Light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) are widely used in closed‐type plant production systems to improve biomass and accumulate bioactive compounds in plants. Perilla has been commonly used as herbal medicine because of its health‐promoting effects. This study aimed to investigate the physiological and biochemical responses of green and red perilla under various visible‐light spectra.

RESULTS

Results showed that red (R) LEDs improved fresh weights of shoots and roots, plant height, internode length, node number and leaf area, as well as photosynthetic rate of green and red perilla plants compared to blue (B) LEDs and RB combined LEDs. Meanwhile, B resulted in higher stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and Fv/Fm compared to R. Supplementation of green (G) and far‐red (FR) did not enhance perilla growth. Reduction or absence of B decreased leaf thickness, adaxial and abaxial epidermis, and palisade and spongy mesophyll. Total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, rosmarinic acid content and caffeic acid content of green perilla were higher under R, R8B2 and RGB + FR, while greater values were obtained in red perilla under R. Accumulation of perillaldehyde, luteolin and apigenin presented different trends from those of rosmarinic and caffeic acids in both cultivars.

CONCLUSIONS

Growth and accumulation of bioactive compounds in green perilla were greater than in red perilla under similar light quality, and R LEDs or a higher R ratio in combination treatments were suitable for cultivating high‐quality green and red perilla plants in closed‐type plant factories. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Improvement of the stabilities and antioxidant activities of polyphenols from the leaves of Chinese star anise (Illicium verum Hook. f.) using β‐cyclodextrin‐based metal–organic frameworks
Authors: Wang Ying , Li Ming‐Fen , Wang Liang , Tan Jin , Li Rong , Jiang Zi‐Tao , Tang Shu‐Hua , Li Ting‐Ting
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND

Polyphenols extracted from plants are usually highly unstable and rapidly transformed into various reaction products during food and drug processing, thus limiting their applications. To improve the stability and solubility of polyphenols from the leaves of Chinese star anise (Illicium verum Hook. f.), and hence to expand their application to food and medicine, the extracted anise leaf polyphenols (ALPs) were microencapsulated using β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) and cyclodextrin‐based metal–organic frameworks (β‐CD‐MOFs).

RESULTS

The optimum inclusion rate of ALP/β‐CD‐MOFs was 97.80% at a core–wall ratio of 1:10. Meanwhile, the stabilities, solubilities and antioxidant activities of the polyphenols before and after inclusion were compared. The results showed both the stabilities and solubilities of ALP/β‐CD‐MOFs were significantly improved compared with those of ALPs and ALP/β‐CD, suggesting the potential of β‐CD‐MOFs as newer and better carriers than β‐CD for polyphenols in food industry applications. The free radical (including superoxide, hydroxyl and DPPH radicals) scavenging activities were also improved by microencapsulation. Superoxide radical scavenging reaction also showed slow‐release property of ALP/β‐CD‐MOFs. The formation of the inclusion complex was further confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectral characterization.

CONCLUSIONS

Microencapsulation with β‐CD‐MOFs could expand the application scope of ALPs, and it is more effective than encapsulation with β‐CD. This is important for a better understanding and application of this useful traditional Chinese plant. As a new material with high efficiency and edibility, β‐CD‐MOFs are not limited to the chemical field, but also have potential in new areas of food, medicine and healthcare products. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Protein microspheres as structuring agents in lipids: potential for reduction of total and saturated fat in food products
Authors: Iqbal Shahid , Ayyub Azhar , Iqbal Haroon , Chen Xiao Dong
Published: July 2020

Excess consumption of total and saturated fats is linked to the development of chronic diseases, such as obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. There is therefore considerable interest in the development of foods containing lower levels of total and saturated fats, but that still have the same desirable physicochemical and sensory characteristics as the original foods. Solid fats normally contribute a number of key functional attributes to foods due to their ability to form crystalline networks that alter texture (such as elasticity, plasticity, and spreadability) and appearance (such as opacity and creaminess). The aim of this review is to provide an overview and to discuss the potential applications of food proteins as fat structuring agents that may be able to offer some of the desirable attributes normally supplied by saturated and trans fats. Previous studies have shown that globular proteins (such as whey proteins) trapped inside water‐in‐oil emulsions form protein microspheres when they are thermally denatured, which leads to the creation of highly viscous or solid‐like lipid phases, having higher rheological properties. These protein microspheres may therefore be useful for the development of reduced fat margarines and spreads with reduced level of saturated/trans‐fat contents. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Kinetics and thermodynamics of rebaudioside A adsorption on a strongly acidic cation exchange resin
Authors: Chen Bin , He Jiaxin , Xiao Xia , Li Rong
Published: July 2020

To explain the mechanism underlying the adsorption of stevia's polar component rebaudioside A in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography mode, the characteristics of rebaudioside A adsorption on various resins in an organic‐solvent‐rich system were studied. Among the tested resins, the strongly acidic cation resin FPC11 showed the best adsorption behavior for rebaudioside A. The factors affecting the adsorption kinetics of the resin for rebaudioside A are discussed. The results showed that the pseudo‐second‐order reaction model and intra‐particle diffusion model best described the adsorption kinetics of rebaudioside A on the resin. The adsorption rate was controlled by physical sorption, mainly via electron sharing or electron transfer between the adsorbent and the adsorbate. The adsorption process with multiple stages involved weak initial adsorption behavior. Thermodynamic studies showed that the adsorption of rebaudioside A on the resin was not an ideal monolayer adsorption, but mutual adsorption effects between the adsorbates. The adsorption was a spontaneous, entropy‐increasing endothermic process. The synergistic effect of hydrogen bonding and ion–dipole was a possible driving force.
Development and applications of deep eutectic solvent derived functional materials in chromatographic separation
Authors: Li Linnan , Liu Yamin , Wang Zhengtao , Yang Li , Liu Huwei
Published: July 2020

Deep eutectic solvents have received increasing attention over the past decade, and the green and versatile nature makes them important media for developing environmentally friendly and sustainable technologies. In addition to act as green alternatives to traditional organic solvents, deep eutectic solvents offer tremendous opportunities to produce different kinds of emerging functional materials. The present review highlights the recent development and applications of deep functional materials based on deep eutectic solvents as novel adsorbents for diverse analytes in complex matrices. The type, preparation, and unique properties of deep eutectic solvents, the synthesis of deep eutectic solvent derived materials, as well as their applications in chromatographic separation are described. We aim to demonstrate that deep eutectic solvents not only allow the design of eco‐friendly extraction processes but also open straightforward access to advanced materials in sample preparation.
Synthesis of an organic‐inorganic hybrid absorbent for in‐tube solid‐phase microextraction of bisphenol A
Authors: Nasrollahi Seyedeh Sara , Yamini Yadollah , Shamsayei Maryam
Published: July 2020

This research is an application of fiber‐in‐tube solid‐phase microextraction followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography with UV detection for the extraction and determination of trace amounts of bisphenol A. Nanomagnetic Fe3O4 was formed on the surface of polypropylene porous hollow fibers to increase the surface area and then it was coated with polystyrene. The introduction of polystyrene improves the surface hydrophobicity and is an appropriate extractive phase because it is highly stable in aquatic media. The extraction was carried out in a short capillary packed longitudinally with the fine fibers as the extraction medium. Extraction conditions, including extraction and desorption flow rates, extraction time, pH, and ionic strength of the sample solution, were investigated and optimized. Under optimal conditions, the limit of detection was 0.01 µg/L. This method showed good linearity for bisphenol A in the range of 0.033–1000 µg/L, with the coefficient of determination of 0.9984. The inter‐ and intraday precisions (RSD%, n = 3) were 7.9 and 6.3%, respectively. Finally, the method was applied to analysis of the analyte in thermal papers, disposable plastic cups, and soft drink bottles.
The utility of silica hydride‐based stationary phases for dual‐mode ultra high performance liquid chromatography separation of synthetic cathinone positional isomers
Authors: Ploumen Carly , Marginean Ioan , Lurie Ira S.
Published: July 2020

Emerging drugs usually mimic the effects of traditional drugs, but are not always controlled due to the chemically altered structures. Positional isomers of emerging drugs are difficult to analyze because they challenge the separation and detection techniques commonly employed by forensic laboratories. The utility of silica hydride stationary phases for the ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography separation of synthetic cathinone positional isomers was studied in this manuscript. SiH phases are operable under both reversed phase and aqueous normal phase chromatographic conditions without the need to change solvent reservoirs. The separation of eight positional isomers of the synthetic cathinone, pentedrone, was investigated using five silica hydride phases, and compared to a classical dual column reversed phase, hydrophilic interaction chromatography system, and to a bimodal pentaflurophenyl column. Significant selectivity differences were observed using either a combination of a classical reversed phase C18 and NP Silica columns or the various bimodal columns. The silica hydride silica‐C column, which contains no derivatized ligands attached to the silica hydride backbone, not only gave the most orthogonal separation of the bimodal columns, but provided a unique separation of all eight positional isomers (resolution ≥ 1) using the combination of reverse phase and aqueous normal phase chromatographic conditions.
Alkenones as a temperature proxy in fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) tissues
Authors: Rita Diego , Berdié Lourdes , Borrell Asuncion , Aguilar Alex
Published: July 2020

Alkenones are a group of extremely resilient molecules produced by cosmopolitan haptophyte organisms. The unsaturation index () of di‐ vs. tri‐unsaturated C37 alkenones (C37:2·(C37:2 + C37:3)−1) can be used to estimate the temperature of the water in which the alkenone‐producing organisms grew. Alkenones have been widely used in paleoceanography, but they have received little attention in other fields. In this study, a method to detect alkenones in fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) tissues is developed to adapt this technique to the marine ecology field. Five replicas of five tissues (stomach content, external blubber, internal blubber, muscle, and liver) were analyzed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Alkenones were present in both blubber tissues (66 ± 57 ng g−1 in external blubber and 145 ± 89 ng g−1 in internal blubber), and in the stomach content (3126 ± 2643 ng g−1). The calculated index was very similar in the three tissues: 0.54 ± 0.03 in the external blubber, 0.55 ± 0.08 in the internal blubber, and 0.71 ± 0.06 in the stomach content. These indexes are equivalent to a sea surface temperature estimates of 17.79 ± 0.68°C in the external blubber, 17.84 ± 1.84°C in the internal blubber, and 21.07 ± 1.23°C in the stomach content, which are very similar to the expected temperature for the region. The results of the current study indicate that alkenones biodilute in the trophic web, which could hinder the analyses of alkenones in species with a high trophic level. However, it is shown that alkenones can be detected in fin whale tissues and can be used to approximate the environmental water temperature where these animals feed.
A simpler description of the κ‐topologies on the spaces DLp,Lp,M1
Authors: Bargetz Christian , Nigsch Eduard A. , Ortner Norbert
Published: July 2020

For the spaces , and , we consider the topology of uniform convergence on absolutely convex compact subsets of their (pre‐)dual space. Following the notation of J. Horváth's book we call these topologies κ‐topologies. They are given by a neighbourhood basis consisting of polars of absolutely convex and compact subsets of their (pre‐)dual spaces. In many cases it is more convenient to work with a description of the topology by means of a family of semi‐norms defined by multiplication and/or convolution with functions and by classical norms. We give such families of semi‐norms generating the κ‐topologies on the above spaces of functions and measures defined by integrability properties. In addition, we present a sequence‐space representation of the spaces equipped with the κ‐topology, which complements a result of J. Bonet and M. Maestre. As a byproduct, we give a characterisation of the compact subsets of the spaces , and .
Bent folded‐end dipole head array for ultrahigh‐field MRI turns “dielectric resonance” from an enemy to a friend
Authors: Avdievich Nikolai I. , Solomakha Georgiy , Ruhm Loreen , Bause Jonas , Scheffler Klaus , Henning Anke
Published: July 2020

Purpose

To provide transmit whole‐brain coverage at 9.4 T using an array with only eight elements and improve the specific absorption rate (SAR) performance, a novel dipole array was developed, constructed, and tested.

Methods

The array consists of eight optimized bent folded‐end dipole antennas circumscribing a head. Due to the asymmetrical shape of the dipoles (bending and folding) and the presence of an RF shield near the folded portion, the array simultaneously excites two modes: a circular polarized mode of the array itself, and the TE mode (“dielectric resonance”) of the human head. Mode mixing can be controlled by changing the length of the folded portion. Due to this mixing, the new dipole array improves longitudinal coverage as compared with unfolded dipoles. By optimizing the length of the folded portion, we can also minimize the peak local SAR (pSAR) value and decouple adjacent dipole elements.

Results

The new array improves the SEE (<

>/√pSAR) value by about 50%, as compared with the unfolded bent dipole array. It also provides better whole‐brain coverage compared with common single‐row eight‐element dipole arrays, or even to a more complex double‐row 16‐element surface loop array.

Conclusion

In general, we demonstrate that rather than compensating for the constructive interference effect using additional hardware, we can use the “dielectric resonance” to improve coverage, transmit field homogeneity, and SAR efficiency. Overall, this design approach not only improves the transmit performance in terms of the coverage and SAR, but substantially simplifies the common surface loop array design, making it more robust, and therefore safer.
Numerical solutions and stability analysis for solitary waves of complex modified Korteweg–de Vries equation using Chebyshev pseudospectral methods
Authors: Mittal Avinash K. , Balyan Lokendra K.
Published: July 2020

In this research article, the authors investigate the interaction of solitary waves for complex modified Korteweg–de Vries (CMKdV) equations using Chebyshev pseudospectral methods. The proposed method is established in both time and space to approximate the solutions and to prove the stability analysis for the equations. The derivative matrices are defined at Chebyshev–Gauss–Lobbato points and the problem is reduced to a diagonally block system of coupled nonlinear equations. For numerical experiments, the method is tested on a number of different examples to study the behavior of interaction of two and more than two solitary waves, single solitary wave at different amplitude parameters and different polarization angles. Numerical results support the theoretical results. A comprehensive comparison of numerical results with the exact solutions and other numerical methods are presented. The rate of convergence of the proposed method is obtained up to seventh‐order.
Evaluation of BMI Metrics to Assess Change in Adiposity in Children with Overweight and Moderate and Severe Obesity
Authors: Barlow Sarah E. , Salahuddin Meliha , Durand Casey , Pont Stephen J. , Hoelscher Deanna M. , Butte Nancy F.
Published: July 2020

Objective

This study aimed to examine the relation between change in different BMI metrics and change in adiposity over a 12‐month weight management intervention.

Methods

Baseline and 12‐month weights and heights from 399 children aged 2 to 12 years with BMI ≥ 85th percentile were used to calculate BMI, %BMIp95, %BMIp50, BMI z‐score (BMIz), and modified BMI z‐score (BMImz). Changes (Δ) in these measures were compared with changes in body fat percent (Δfat%) from bioelectrical impedance assessment. Correlation and regression models predicting associations between ΔBMI metrics and Δfat% were examined.

Results

A total of 89% of the cohort was Hispanic, and 34% had class 2 or 3 obesity. In models predicting Δfat% adjusting for age, sex, and weight category, R2 for ΔBMI, ΔBMIz, BMImz, Δ%BMIp95, and Δ%BMIp50 were 0.53, 0.38, 0.45, 0.53, and 0.54, respectively (all P < 0.001). Only the ΔBMIz model had an interaction with weight status. Among the models with the highest R2, age group and sex interacted with the Δ%BMIp95 model but not ΔBMI or ΔBMIp50 models.

Conclusions

Longitudinal analyses demonstrate the utility of several BMI metrics other than z‐score in capturing adiposity change consistently across a range of obesity severity. Characteristics of studied groups and interpretability could influence metric choice.
Hybrid Ni‐Al layered double hydroxide/graphene reinforced polyvinyl alcohol/starch blends
Authors: PA Sreekumar , Afzal Hafiz Muhammad , Al‐Harthi Mamdouh A.
Published: July 2020

Ni‐Al layered double hydroxide/graphene hybrid fillers were prepared via co‐precipitation method. The structural and thermal studies of these fillers were conducted using X‐ray diffractometer (XRD) and thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Subsequently, by using solution casting method, these fillers were introduced into the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/starch matrix as reinforcing agent. For the composites, characteristic peaks of Ni‐Al‐LDH/graphene disappeared irrespective of filler content. TGA showed an increase in the initial degradation temperature (234‐242 °C) when filler content was increased from 0 to 2 wt%. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) analysis exhibited an increase in heat of fusion (ΔHm), melting temperature (Tm) and percentage crystallinity values for the PVA/ starch matrix having 1 wt% of filler. Similar trend was observed for tensile strength and Young's modulus of composites. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed a homogeneous distribution of filler throughout the matrix.
A prospective study on rapid exome sequencing as a diagnostic test for multiple congenital anomalies on fetal ultrasound
Authors: Corsten‐Janssen Nicole , Bouman Katelijne , Diphoorn Janouk C. D. , Scheper Arjen J. , Kinds Rianne , el Mecky Julia , Breet Hanna , Verheij Joke B. G. M. , Suijkerbuijk Ron , Duin Leonie K. , Manten Gwendolyn T. R. , van Langen Irene M. , Sijmons Rolf H. , Sikkema‐Raddatz Birgit , Westers Helga , van Diemen Cleo C.
Published: July 2020

Objective

Conventional genetic tests (quantitative fluorescent‐PCR [QF‐PCR] and single nucleotide polymorphism‐array) only diagnose ~40% of fetuses showing ultrasound abnormalities. Rapid exome sequencing (rES) may improve this diagnostic yield, but includes challenges such as uncertainties in fetal phenotyping, variant interpretation, incidental unsolicited findings, and rapid turnaround times. In this study, we implemented rES in prenatal care to increase diagnostic yield.

Methods

We prospectively studied 55 fetuses. Inclusion criteria were: (a) two or more independent major fetal anomalies, (b) hydrops fetalis or bilateral renal cysts alone, or (c) one major fetal anomaly and a first‐degree relative with the same anomaly. In addition to conventional genetic tests, we performed trio rES analysis using a custom virtual gene panel of ~3850 Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) genes.

Results

We established a genetic rES‐based diagnosis in 8 out of 23 fetuses (35%) without QF‐PCR or array abnormalities. Diagnoses included MIRAGE (SAMD9), Zellweger (PEX1), Walker‐Warburg (POMGNT1), Noonan (PTNP11), Kabuki (KMT2D), and CHARGE (CHD7) syndrome and two cases of Osteogenesis Imperfecta type 2 (COL1A1). In six cases, rES diagnosis aided perinatal management. The median turnaround time was 14 (range 8‐20) days.

Conclusion

Implementing rES as a routine test in the prenatal setting is challenging but technically feasible, with a promising diagnostic yield and significant clinical relevance.
Investigation of air plasma generated by surface microdischarge for decellularized porcine aortic valve leaflets modification
Authors: Lu Chen , Dai Jinchi , Dong Nianguo , Zhu Yu , Xiong Zilan
Published: July 2020

In this study, the surface microdischarge (SMD) device was used to modify the mechanical properties of decellularized porcine aortic valve leaflets (DPAVL). It was found that SMD treatment under NOx mode considerably improved the ultimate tensile strength and the Young's modulus of DPAVL, whereas treatment under O3 mode had no effect. The absorbance band peak at ~1,375 cm−1, measured by Fourier‐transform infrared spectrometer, increased with treatment time in the freeze‐dried DPAVL group under NOx mode treatment. The microstructure was not destroyed and blood compatibility test showed no toxicity. The reaction between plasma‐activated species and the DPAVL and the pH change, other than temperature/UV irradiation, plays a major role. All of the results indicate that cold atmospheric plasma treatment seems to be a potential alternative for DPAVL modification.
Quantum mechanical modeling of Zn‐based spinel oxides: Assessing the structural, vibrational, and electronic properties
Authors: Oliveira Marisa C. , Ribeiro Renan A. P. , Longo Elson , Bomio Mauricio R. D. , de Lázaro Sergio R.
Published: July 2020

The structural, electronic, and vibrational properties of two leading representatives of the Zn‐based spinel oxides class, normal ZnX2O4 (X = Al, Ga, In) and inverse Zn2MO4 (M = Si, Ge, Sn) crystals, were investigated. In particular, density functional theory (DFT) was combined with different exchange‐correlation functionals: B3LYP, HSE06, PBE0, and PBESol. Our calculations showed good agreement with the available experimental data, showing a mean percentage error close to 3% for structural parameters. For the electronic structure, the obtained HSE06 band‐gap values overcome previous theoretical results, exhibiting a mean percentage error smaller than 10.0%. In particular, the vibrational properties identify the significant differences between normal and inverse spinel configurations, offering compelling evidence of a structure‐property relationship for the investigated materials. Therefore, the combined results confirm that the range‐separated HSE06 hybrid functional performs the best in spinel oxides. Despite some points that cannot be directly compared to experimental results, we expect that future experimental work can confirm our predictions, thus opening a new avenue for understanding the structural, electronic, and vibrational properties in spinel oxides.
How does the mental health and wellbeing of teachers compare to other professions? Evidence from eleven survey datasets
Authors: Jerrim John , Sims Sam , Taylor Hannah , Allen Rebecca
Published: July 2020

There is growing concern about the mental health and wellbeing of teachers globally, with the stress caused by the job thought to be a key factor driving many to leave the profession. It is often claimed that teachers have worse mental health and wellbeing outcomes than other occupational groups. Yet academic evidence on this matter remains limited, with some studies supporting this notion, while a handful of others do not. We contribute to this debate by providing the largest, most comprehensive analysis of differences in mental health and wellbeing between teachers and other professional workers to date. Drawing upon data from across 11 social surveys, we find little evidence that teachers have worse health and wellbeing outcomes than other occupational groups. Research in this area must now shift away from whether teachers are disproportionately affected by such issues towards strengthening the evidence on the likely drivers of mental ill‐health within the education profession.