bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MORTUARY RITUAL AND FAMILY POLITICS AT FORMATIVE AND EARLY
CLASSIC K'AXOB, BELIZE
Authors: McAnany Patricia A. , Storey Rebecca , Lockard Angela K.
Published: April 2003

Mortuary interments from Formative and Early Classic
deposits of the Maya site of K'axob, northern Belize,
show significant variation in four aspects: burial position,
number of interments within a burial facility, incidence
of secondary interments, and types of associated burial
accoutrements. Burial data for more than 100 individuals
of both sexes and all age grades indicate that these changes
over time are significant. The implications of these patterns
for heightening our understanding of mortuary ritual are
explored in depth. Evidence suggests that tightly wrapped
seated and flexed burials represent the Late Formative
onset of more protracted rituals involving prolonged displays
of ancestors. Terminal Formative mortuary deposits featuring
collections of curated ancestor remains indicate the “gathering
of ancestors,” generally at a locale at which a monumental
structure was later built. Sex and age distributions within
multiple interments (both primary and secondary) reflect
the familial character of burial locales, particularly
at the centrally located Operation I. Burial accoutrements
demonstrate the connectivity of K'axob to general
cosmological armatures of Maya society. Increasingly individualized
artifacts indicate the socially diacritical role of burial
offerings.
A PRE-COLUMBIAN OBSIDIAN SOURCE IN SAN LUIS, HONDURAS
Authors: Aoyama Kazuo , Tashiro Toshiharu , Glascock Michael D.
Published: April 2003

Recent archaeological and geological surveys, combined
with a neutron activation analysis, have located a new
obsidian source in San Luis in the Department of Santa
Bárbara of Western Honduras. From the Early Preclassic
through Late Classic periods, the ancient inhabitants of
the neighboring region of La Entrada acquired obsidian
from San Luis and Source Y directly from outcrops and nearby
streams in the form of small cobbles. These cobbles, due
to their small size, were employed exclusively for the
unspecialized production of percussion flakes, using a
bipolar technique, for household consumption. Political
boundaries played an important role in the distribution
of certain imported commodities having a high exchange
value: among others, Ixtepeque obsidian. It is our belief
that political control over the distribution of Ixtepeque
obsidian was confined more to smaller spatial configurations
than to the suggested territorial political control of
the segmentary states in the Maya lowlands. The distribution
of goods with lower exchange values, such as the San Luis
and Source Y obsidian, may have escaped political control.
Small obsidian cobbles from San Luis and Source Y were
apparently not distributed over long distances, but were
rather essentially local resources.
THE “CANEK MANUSCRIPT” AND OTHER FAKED DOCUMENTS
Authors: Prem Hanns J.
Published: April 2003

During the last two decades, four manuscripts have
surfaced, all purportedly of sixteenth- to eighteenth-century
origin and each describing historical episodes of the contact
between the Maya and Spaniards. Although some of them received
scholarly attention and have been used as authentic sources
of Maya history and culture, their identification as modern
fakes can be established beyond a reasonable doubt. The
texts show characteristics identical to the Spanish translation
of Sylvanus G. Morley's The Ancient Maya
(1947), and they possess specific information and illustrative
material (i.e., Mayan hieroglyphs) that were drawn from
this work, indicating that these manuscripts were created
between 1950 and 1965.
LAS RUINAS DE ARENAL
Authors: Taschek Jennifer T. , Ball Joseph W.
Published: April 2003

Las Ruinas de Arenal is a small “major”
Lowland Maya center located at the southwest edge of the
upper or western Belize Valley. This paper presents a preliminary
description of Las Ruinas in formal, spatial, and temporal
terms and reports the results of two short seasons of archaeological
investigations carried out there in 1991 and 1992. Some
aspects of the site's likely cultural, historical,
and sociopolitical significance also are discussed.
Assessing the distribution of estrildid finches on Vanuatu using local knowledge
Authors: Birchenough A.C. , Douglas G.W. , Evans S.M.
Published: April 2003

A rapid appraisal technique, using local people's knowledge of bird life, was used to map the distribution and assess conservation needs of estrildid finches on Vanuatu. Most ni-Vanuatu, especially men, have good knowledge of the local bird fauna. Not surprisingly, therefore, there was close agreement between the distributions of finches predicted from the use of this technique and from field records of the birds. The data suggest that the ranges of two endemic subspecies, Royal Parrot Finch Erythrura cyanovirens regia and Blue-faced Parrot Finch Erythrura trichroa cyanofrons, have declined in recent years. Royal Parrot Finch, in particular, should be given high conservation priority. It now occupies a tiny global range and is believed to be particularly vulnerable to further habitat change.
Organizational Ethics in Residency Training: Moral Conflict
with Supervising Physicians
Authors: EGAN ERIN A.
Published: April 2003

It is inevitable that physicians in training will be exposed
to behavior by supervising physicians that the trainees find
unethical. By nature these events are rare. It is imperative
within any residency training program that resident physicians
have immediate access to a meaningful review process in cases
of moral conflict with supervising physicians. Here, I discuss
the reasons why this issue must be recognized and what it entails.
Most important, I discuss the procedural steps that are essential
for the training program to make this a meaningful safety mechanism
in residency training. This issue is central to promoting conscious
development of professionalism in clinical training. Physicians
in training, especially resident physicians, need to be taught
to value and protect their own professional integrity. The
responsibility for fulfilling this ethical duty falls on the
individual residency programs as well as the administrative
organizations that regulate residency training. Thus, ensuring
this process of review is an organizational ethical imperative.
Availability of this process is fundamental to promoting and
ensuring ethical behavior by all participants in residency training.
Qualitative features of finger movement during the Halstead finger oscillation test following traumatic brain injury
Authors: Prigatano George P. , Borgaro Susan R.
Published: April 2003

Qualitative and quantitative performance on the Halstead Finger Tapping test may help differentiate brain dysfunctional patients from normal controls. “Normal” and “abnormal” finger tapping patterns during this task have been characterized and illustrated pictorially. Data from 65 patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 15 normal controls support the dual proposition that (1) abnormal finger tapping patterns are more commonly observed in TBI patients than in controls and (2) the frequency of abnormal finger movements may relate to the severity of TBI during the acute stages after trauma. Future prospective studies are needed to replicate these findings. (JINS, 2003, 9, 128–133.)
INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE: COORDINATION IN DYNAMIC EXPECTATIONS MODELS: LEARNING AND SUNSPOTS
Authors: Evans George W. , Guesnerie Roger
Published: April 2003

The title speaks for itself: This special issue focuses attention on dynamical models in which expectations matter and in which expectational coordination is not taken for granted. This is a subject that has generated a lot of research in the past 20 years; the sample of papers presented here is witness to the present activity and the ongoing progress of our understanding. Here, as in previous research, the rational expectations construct remains the anchor of the analysis of expectational coordination, but it is subject to the additional critical scrutiny for which the present state of our knowledge calls more and more.
Caught in the Net: The Impact of Changes to Canadian Employment Insurance Legislation on Part-time Workers
Authors: Pupo Norene , Duffy Ann
Published: April 2003

Throughout Western highly industrialised countries, there has been a marked shift toward more conservative social policies signalling a dismantling of the welfare state as part of the process of globalisation. This paper examines the aetiology of the (un)employment insurance programme in the Canadian context. Recently, legislators have tightened eligibility rules, lowered earnings replacement rates and altered coverage requirements. While these changes signal a shredding of the social safety net, they differentially impact on certain segments of the population. Despite official pronouncements of fairness, employment insurance changes intensify the subordination women experience in the paid labour force.
‘Sleeping with the enemy’? Some Problems with Feminist Abolitionist Calls to Penalise those who Buy Commercial Sex
Authors: Davidson Julia O'Connell
Published: April 2003

Feminists campaigning for the abolition of prostitution have long argued that it is men who buy sex, rather than prostitute women, who should be penalised and reformed. In recent years, the phenomenon of ‘trafficking’ in persons has provided feminist abolitionists with a more high profile platform from which to lobby on prostitution issues, and they have found policy makers increasingly receptive to calls to penalise men who buy sex. This has encouraged some feminist abolitionists to forge alliances with those who would more usually be viewed as ‘enemies’ of feminism and other progressive social movements (police chiefs calling for more extensive police powers and tougher sentencing policy, anti-immigration politicians calling for tighter border controls, and moral conservatives urging a return to ‘family values’). This paper is concerned with the dangers of such liaisons. It begins with a brief review of the findings of recent research on the demand for commercial sexual services, then puts forward some reasons why feminist abolitionists should be cautious about calling on the state to penalise sex buyers.
Public pensions and take-off
Authors: MIYAZAWA KAZUTOSHI
Published: April 2003

This paper examines the effects of unfunded public pensions on national income, growth rate, and employment in a model à la Lucas (1988) consistent with the empirical finding in Schoeni (1997). Our model shows that a public pension system can lead to a take-off from a low growth trap to a higher growth equilibrium.
Gelatin Blends with Alginate: Gels for Lipase Immobilization and Purification
Authors: Fadnavis Nitin W. , Sheelu Gurrala , Kumar Bezavada Mani , Bhalerao Mahendra U. , Deshpande Ashlesha A.
Published: April 2003

Blends of natural polysaccharide sodium alginate (5%) with gelatin (3%) cross‐linked with glutaraldehyde provide beads with excellent compressive strength (8 × 104Pa) and regular structure on treatment with calcium chloride. Lipases from porcine pancreas,Pseudomonascepacia, andCandida rugosawere immobilized in such a blend with excellent efficiency. The immobilized enzymes were stable and were reused several times without significant loss of enzyme activity both in aqueous and reverse micellar media. The beads were functionalized with succinic anhydride to obtain beads with extra carboxylic acid groups. These functionalized beads were then successfully used for 7.4‐fold purification of crude porcine pancreatic lipase in a simple operation of protein binding at pH 5 and release at pH 8.5.
Equivalent Models of Indanol Isomers Adsorption on Cellulose Tribenzoate
Authors: Kaczmarski Krzysztof , Zhou Dongmei , Gubernak Małgorzata , Guiochon Georges
Published: April 2003

The adsorption isotherm data of ( R)‐ and ( S)‐1‐indanol and of their racemic mixture on cellulose tribenzoate were measured by frontal analysis. The experimental data for each enantiomers were fitted to the single‐component bilangmuir isotherm model. The competitive experimental data were fitted to the ideal adsorption solution model (IAS), the real adsorption solution model (RAS), and the bilangmuir thermodynamically consistent model (BTC). The mass transfer kinetic parameters were estimated from systematic comparisons between the experimental single‐component band profiles and profiles calculated using the general rate model (GR) of chromatography coupled with the generalized Maxwell‐Stefan equation (GMS). The validation of the isotherm model and of the mass transfer kinetic model was made by comparing the experimental band profiles obtained for solutions of the two enantiomers and those calculated with the competitive GR‐GMS model. The excellent agreement observed proves that a combination of the BTC isotherm model and the GMS kinetic model, using the best values of the BTC and GMS parameters estimated from single component experiments, allows an excellent prediction of the binary isotherm and the binary mass transfer kinetics.
Method for Lipase‐Catalyzed Carbonate Synthesis via One‐ and Two‐Step Alkoxycarbonylation Reactions
Authors: Chandrasekaran Sangeetha M. , Wangikar Pramod P.
Published: April 2003

Lipase‐catalyzed alkoxycarbonylation methods offer potential advantages over the currently practiced industrial scale chemical synthesis of carbonates. We report a method for synthesis of organic carbonates via lipase‐catalyzed alkoxycarbonylation between diphenyl carbonate and various alcohols in hexane. This method utilizes precursors that are readily available and does not involve extensive purification of the intermediate. In a two‐step process, the two phenyl groups of diphenyl carbonate were substituted by two alcohol nucleophiles. The approach was demonstrated for two‐step synthesis of 14 different disubstituted carbonate products. The rates of reaction for the two steps were much slower if the order of nucleophile addition was reversed. Under optimal conditions, complete conversion of diphenyl carbonate occurred within 8–15 h at 50 °C, which is a significant improvement from 50–90 h at 24 °C. A kinetic model for the alkoxycarbonylation reaction was derived based on the Michaelis‐Menten equation, which simplified to first‐order kinetics at low and equimolar concentration of substrates.
Adaptation of Clostridiumtyrobutyricum for Enhanced Tolerance to Butyric Acid in a Fibrous‐Bed Bioreactor
Authors: Zhu Ying , Yang Shang‐Tian
Published: April 2003

By immobilization in a fibrous‐bed bioreactor (FBB), we succeeded in adapting and selecting an acid‐tolerant strain of Clostridium tyrobutyricumthat can produce high concentrations of butyrate from glucose and xylose. This mutant grew well under high butyrate concentrations (>30 g/L) and had better fermentative ability as compared to the wild‐type strain used to seed the bioreactor. Kinetic analysis of butyrate inhibition on cell growth, acid‐forming enzymes, and ATPase activity showed that the adapted cells from the FBB are physiologically different from the original wild type. Compared to the wild type, the adapted cultureapos;s maximum specific growth rate increased by 2.3‐fold and its growth tolerance to butyrate inhibition increased by 29‐fold. The key enzymes in the butyrate‐forming pathway, phosphotransbutyrylase (PTB) and butyrate kinase (BK), were also more active in the mutant, with 175% higher PTB and 146% higher BK activities. Also, the mutantapos;s ATPase was less sensitive to inhibition by butyric acid, as indicated by a 4‐fold increase in the inhibition rate constant, and was more resistant to the enzyme inhibitor N, N′‐dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD). The lower ATPase sensitivity to butyrate inhibition might have contributed to the increased growth tolerance to butyrate inhibition, which also might be attributed to the higher percentage of saturated fatty acids in the membrane phospholipids (74% in the mutant vs 69% in the wild type). This study shows that cell immobilization in the FBB provides an effective means for in‐process adaptation and selection of mutant with higher tolerance to inhibitory fermentation product.
Evaluation of Kinetic Models for Industrial Acetic Fermentation: Proposal of a New Model Optimized by Genetic Algorithms
Authors: González‐Sáiz José M. , Pizarro Consuelo , Garrido‐Vidal Diego
Published: April 2003

The most important kinetic models developed for acetic fermentation were evaluated to study their ability to explain the behavior of the industrial process of acetification. Each model was introduced into a simulation environment capable of replicating the conditions of the industrial plant. In this paper, it is proven that these models are not suitable to predict the evolution of the industrial fermentation by the comparison of the simulation results with an average sequence calculated from the industrial data. Therefore, a new kinetic model for the industrial acetic fermentation was developed. The kinetic parameters of the model were optimized by a specifically designed genetic algorithm. Only the representative sequence of industrial concentrations of acetic acid was required. The main novelty of the algorithm is the four‐composed desirability function that works properly as the response to maximize. The new model developed is capable of explaining the behavior of the industrial process. The predictive ability of the model has been compared with that of the other models studied.
Effect of Flow Rate Pattern on Glucose‐6‐phosphate Dehydrogenase Synthesis in Fed‐Batch Culture of Recombinant Saccharomycescerevisiae
Authors: Miguel Ângelo Samir Melim , Neves Luiz Carlos Martins das , Vitolo Michele , Pessoa Adalberto
Published: April 2003

A strain of genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae ( S. cerevisiae) W303 181 was used to improve glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) production in aerobic culture. Fed‐batch cultures were carried out in a 5 L fermentor at variable values of the parameter K, namely, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.8 h−1. The highest G6PDH production (1164 U/L) and specific activity (517 U/gcell) were obtained using the following conditions: glucose, 5.0 g/L; adenine, 8 μg/mL; histidine, 8 μg/mL; tryptophan, 8 μg/mL; temperature, 30 °C; inoculum, 1.28 g/L; pH, 5.7; agitation, 400 rpm; aeration, 2.2 vvm; and K, 0.2 h−1. The exponential feeding pattern increased cell density (2.14 g/L), enzyme productivity (149.27), and biomass yield (0.18 gglu/gcell mass). The level of G6PDH in the genetically modified S. cerevisiae was ∼4.1‐fold higher than that found in a commercial strain.
Leading Voices and the Power of One: 2002 Presidential Address to the National Society of Genetic Counselors
Authors: Bennett Robin L.
Published: April 2003

Presented as the annual education conference of the National Society of Genetic Counselors in Phoenix, Arizona on November 11, 2002.
An Assessment of Ethnocultural Beliefs Regarding the Causes of Birth Defects and Genetic Disorders
Authors: Cohen Leslie H. , Fine Beth A. , Pergament Eugene
Published: April 2003

With the expansion of genetic services to various cultural groups, genetic counselors encounter clients who hold diverse beliefs inscribed by their culture about health conditions. Thus, clients may attribute the cause of a birth defect or genetic condition to a culturally‐based health belief. This present study was conducted as a pilot study in order to assess the beliefs about the causes of birth defects and genetic disorders held by women of different ethnocultural backgrounds. This study proposed that women who do not have a family history of a disorder will differ in their knowledge about the cause of a birth defect or genetic disorder compared to women who have an affected child. In addition, this study determined to what extent culturally‐based health beliefs are attributed to being the cause of a birth defect or genetic disorder in the 1990s.
The Prophylactic Mastectomy Dilemma: A Support Group for Women at High Genetic Risk for Breast Cancer
Authors: Karp Jane , Brown Karen L. , Sullivan Margaret D. , Massie Mary Jane
Published: April 2003

The goal of this pilot study was to test the usefulness of a six session psychoeducational support group for women at high genetic risk for breast cancer who were considering prophylactic mastectomy. The themes of the group sessions included overestimation of and anxiety about risk; desire for “hard data”; the emotional impact of watching a mother die of breast cancer; concerns about spouse reactions; self‐ and body image; the decision‐making process; and confusion over whom to trust in decision making. Both the participants and the multidisciplinary leaders concluded that as a supplement to individual counseling, a support group is a beneficial and cost‐effective treatment modality. Recommendations for the optimal format for such a group are described.
Case Report: Second case of a successful pregnancy in maternal isovaleric acidaemia
Authors: Spinty S. , Rogozinski H. , Lealman G. T. , Wraith J. E.
Published: April 2003

Summary: A female patient with isovaleric acidaemia had a successful outcome from pregnancy.
Recurrent Trisomies: Chance or Inherited Predisposition?
Authors: Ulm Janet E.
Published: April 2003

Two patients experiencing recurring trisomic pregnancies involving a different chromosome each time are presented. Mechanisms to explain recurrent trisomies include a gene or genes predisposing to nondisjunction in general or to nondisjunction of the acrocentric chromosomes, maternal age effects, and germ‐line mosaicism. Genetic counseling is complicated by the lack of a clear explanation for the recurrences, difficulty in quoting a specific recurrence risk, concern regarding the risk for uniparental disomy, and the frustration, grief and guilt reactions of the patients.
Psychosocial and pharmacological interventions for child crime victims
Authors: Cohen Judith A. , Berliner Lucy , Mannarino Anthony P.
Published: April 2003

Children may develop a variety of difficulties following victimization, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), other anxiety symptoms, depressive disorders, externalizing symptoms, or substance use disorders. Some children appear to be resilient in the face of victimization and do not report significant difficulties. A growing number of treatment studies for child abuse victims has supported the efficacy of trauma‐focused cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT); however, more research is needed to determine the critical components and optimal dosage of CBT, and to evaluate the efficacy of this approach for other groups of child crime victims. Psychopharmacological treatments are widely used for childhood PTSD, but little research has evaluated such treatments. Treatment guidelines and future directions are discussed.
Update and Review: Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Brown Trisha , Schwind Elinor Langfelder
Published: April 2003

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is one of the most commonly inherited recessive disorders in U.S. Caucasians, with a carrier frequency of approximately 1 in 29. Genetic counseling and CF mutation analysis has traditionally been offered to the affected patient and his/her extended family, in keeping with policy statements from professional organizations (ASHG, NSGC, ACOG). The target population for CF testing and counseling may be evolving after the release of the 1997 National Institutes of Health Consensus Statement, Genetic Testing for Cystic Fibrosis, which recommends that CF screening be offered to all preconceptional and pregnant couples. Genetic counseling for CF is complicated by reports of polymorphisms in the CF gene that are associated with symptoms that do not meet the diagnostic criteria for CF, such as bilateral congenital absence of the vas deferens, bronchiectasis, and idiopathic pancreatitis. To aid genetic counselors with these issues, this review explores the symptoms of CF, patient management, gene function, genetics, genotype/phenotype correlation, and genetic counseling issues.
Genetic Counseling for Confined Placental Mosaicism: A Case Report
Authors: Kim Kathryn Spitzer
Published: April 2003

New technologies can lead to unforeseen discoveries which in turn can lead to diagnostic and counseling dilemmas. A case which involved confined placental mosaicism for trisomy 16 is presented to illustrate such a situation. While interpreting data and explaining a newly described phenomenon created uncertainties for the genetic counseling team, the patient and her husband were primarily dealing with grief surrounding the loss of a wanted pregnancy. It is important to recognize that the counseling issues may be different for the professionals and the families. Genetic counselors must be cognizant of their own reactions and those of their clients and be prepared to use all of their counseling skills to address these varying needs.
Youth Living with HIV as Peer Leaders
Authors: Luna G. Cajetan , Rotheram-Borus Mary Jane
Published: April 2003

Community‐based service providers often hire youth living with HIV (YLH) as peer leaders for delivering HIV education to uninfected adolescents. Life narratives were collected from 44 YLH during a hypotheses‐generating two‐year ethnographic study. About 30% of the youth were employed as peer educators. While 60% of the 44 youth had a lower‐class background, only 23% of the peer leaders were lower class. One‐fifth of the sample were female, but more than one‐half of the peer leaders were female. After identifying and categorizing difficulties experienced by the peer leaders, a frequency count of each theme was conducted. Issues about professional boundaries were evident in 38.5% of the youth's narratives, indicating conflicts in their roles as peer leaders; 23% of the youth engaged in substance use and sexual behaviors that placed themselves and uninfected youth in their peer educator programs at risk; and 8% of the youth reported relapse while peer leaders. The observations suggest reconsideration or restructuring of existing peer‐education models that employ YLH.
The Relationship Between Health and Human Services and the Personal Goal‐Directed Activities of Persons Living with AIDS
Authors: DuMont Kimberly A. , Rapkin Bruce D. , Smith Meredith Y. , Correa Arlene , Palmer Sara , Cohen Scott
Published: April 2003

This study evaluates the relationship between the social climate from different services and the personal goal‐directed activities of 224 individuals with AIDS. The study's results supported the main hypothesis that “recipient” and “participatory” service involvement uniquely influence personal goal‐directed activities, even after considering individuals with AIDS' physical symptoms, psychological distress, income, and recruitment site. Income and involvement with participatory services were both positively related to the amount of personal goal‐directed activity. Longitudinal analyses suggest that personal initiative contributes to the subsequent amount of personal goal‐directed activities a person pursues. These results suggest further examination of factors contributing to the selection of different service types and of the processes underlying the relationship between participatory services and positive outcomes for clients with AIDS.
Genetic Counselors' Judgments of Patient Concerns: Concordance and Consequences
Authors: Michie Susan , Weinman John , Marteau Theresa M.
Published: April 2003

The aims of this prospective study were to determine (a) the concordance between patient concerns and genetic counselors' judgments of these concerns, (b) the predictors of patient and counselor judgments, and (c) the relationship between concordance and patient outcomes. Patients' and counselors' views were sought before and after 131 routine genetic consultations. Before consultations, there was concordance about level of patient concern to within one point in 63% (82/131) of consultations and about type of patient concern in 60–84% of consultations. Lack of concordance in judging level and type of concern was associated with lower satisfaction with information and higher anxiety after the consultation. The biggest predictor of counselor judgment of concern was professional background: doctors judged patients to be more concerned than did nurses. Concordance of concern was predicted by counselors' experience in genetics: less experienced counselors overestimated patient concern. Future research needs to determine whether improving judgment of concern improves patient outcome.
Adolescent Substance Use: Preliminary Examinations of School and Neighborhood Context
Authors: Allison Kevin W. , Crawford Isiaah , Leone Peter E. , Trickett Edison , Perez-Febles Alina , Burton Linda M. , Le Blanc Ree
Published: April 2003

In considering the influences of microsystems on adolescent substance use, familial and peer contexts have received the most extensive attention in the research literature. School and neighborhood settings, however, are other developmental contexts that may exert specific influences on adolescent substance use. In many instances, school settings are organized to provide educational services to students who share similar educational abilities and behavioral repertoires. The resulting segregation of students into these settings may result in different school norms for substance use. Similarly, neighborhood resources, including models for substance use and drug sales involvement, may play an important role in adolescent substance use. We briefly review literature examining contextual influences on adolescent substance use, and present results from two preliminary studies examining the contribution of school and neighborhood context to adolescent substance use. In the first investigation, we examine the impact of familial, peer, and school contexts on adolescent substance use. Respondents were 283 students (ages 13 to 18) from regular and special education classrooms in six schools. Although peer and parental contexts were important predictors of substance use, school norms for drug use accounted for variance in adolescent use beyond that explained by peer and parental norms. Data from a second study of 114 adolescents (mean age = 15) examines neighborhood contributions to adolescent substance use. In this sample, neighborhood indices did not contribute to our understanding of adolescent substance use. Implications for prevention are presented.
The Effect of Genetic Counseling on Knowledge and Perceptions Regarding Risks for Breast Cancer
Authors: Sagi Michal , Kaduri Luna , Zlotogora Joel , Peretz Tamar
Published: April 2003

In 1994, a clinic for cancer risk counseling was opened at Hadassah University Hospital in Jerusalem. Most of the counselees have been women who had breast cancer and/or a relative with breast cancer. In order to evaluate the effect of this counseling on women's knowledge and perceptions regarding the risks for breast cancer, a questionnaire was given before and after the counseling session to 60 healthy women who came to the clinic because they have relatives with breast cancer. According to the genetic counselors' estimations, most of these women had a significantly increased risk (compared to the general population) of developing cancer. Before counseling, the women overestimated the population risk for breast cancer, the contribution of heredity to morbidity of cancer, and their own risks to get cancer. After counseling session, they gave reduced estimates, closer to the “real” ones. The subjective perceptions regarding these risks were reduced after counseling, except for the perceptions regarding their relativerisks which have not changed after the counseling. About 90% of the women who came to the clinic wanted to be tested for genetic predisposition to cancer. For most of these women, the expectations that the test can rule out a genetic predisposition to cancer became more realistic after the counseling. The option to first test an affected relative was offered to all families, and a test was actually conducted in 75% of the families.
Male Partners' Role in Latinas' Amniocentesis Decisions
Authors: Browner Carole H. , Preloran H. Mabel
Published: April 2003

There has been relatively little research on men's experiences with fetal diagnosis or their role in their female partners' decisions about whether to be tested. This issue may be of particular salience in the delivery of genetic services to Latino groups, where it is often assumed that lower rates of genetic service utilization are linked to men's refusal to allow their wives to be tested. Here we present data from a multimethod study on the use of amniocentesis by Mexican‐origin women in Southern California. We focus on the role male partners played in the women's amniocentesis decisions. Contrary to expectation, we found that women made the majority of the decisions about amniocentesis, although their partners' presence at the genetic consultation where the amniocentesis was offered proved an important predictive factor in amniocentesis uptake.
Teenage pregnancies and abortions in Finland in the 1990s
Authors: Kosunen Elise A.-L. , Vikat Andres , Gissler Mika , Rimpelä Matti K.
Published: April 2003

Aims: This study analyses trends and regional variation in teenage pregnancy, abortion, and fertility rates in Finland in the 1990s, by single-year age group. Methods: Individual-level data from Finnish abortion and birth registers maintained by the National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health (STAKES) were used to calculate the rates and the abortion ratio. The abortion ratio was also calculated using conception as the time reference. Results: Teenage pregnancy rates and abortion rates reverted from decrease to increase in the mid-1990s. This was accompanied by an increase in the share of teenage pregnancies that ended in an abortion. The increase in abortions started first among older teenagers, and spread gradually to younger girls. Regional variation in the rates remained the same throughout the study period. Conclusions: The observed trends refl ect a change towards less effective use of contraceptive methods among teenagers. There is also evidence of the earlier start of teenage sexual activity at the end of the 1990s. The possible explanations for less effective contraceptive use include cutbacks in healthcare and family planning services in the first half of the 1990s and the reduction of sex education in schools.
Is the association between short stature and myocardial infarction explained by childhood exposures-a population-based case referent study (SHEEP)
Authors: Lundberg Michael , Diderichsen Finn , Hallqvist Johan
Published: April 2003

Aims: This study was undertaken to examine the association between short stature and acute non-fatal myocardial infarction and to analyse causal mechanisms related to height with a focus on childhood risk factors. Method: The SHEEP (Stockholm Heart Epidemiology Program) is a population-basedcase-referent study. The outcome was incident first events of myocardial infarction. The study base included all Swedish citizens aged 45 to 70, who lived in Stockholm County during 1992-94. This analysis is based on 967 male cases, 412 female cases and 1696 referents. Exposure information was obtained through questionnaires, interviews, health examinations, and obstetric records. Results: Adult height was inversely related to myocardial infarction. The odds ratio for men in the shortest quartile (<173 cm) compared with the tallest was 1.78 (95% CI: 1.39, 2.28). For women the corresponding odds ratio in the shortest quartile (< 159 cm) was 1.86 (95% CI: 1.28, 2.71). Height was also inversely associated with fetal growth and indicators of material resources during childhood. Within each social class of origin short stature was associated with number of siblings, lack of higher education, and absence of upward social mobility. Adjustment for childhood risk factors decreased the excess relative risk of short stature with around 25%. Adult social, behavioural, and biological risk factors could not explain the association. The findings were similar for men and women. Conclusion: Height is associated with many risk factors of myocardial infarction, which increase the risk of disease through many different causal pathways. Childhood exposures have no dominant role in explaining the association between short stature and myocardial infarction.
Secular changes in prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in elderly Finns
Authors: Kattainen Anna , Reunanen Antti , Koskinen Seppo , Martelin Tuija , Knekt Paul , Aromaa Arpo
Published: April 2003

Aims: The purpose of the present study was to examine changes with time in the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in Finns 65 to 74 years of age. Methods: Two cross-sectional studies were conducted 18 years apart. In the Mini-Finland Survey (1978 to 1980), a nationally representative sample of 1,250 Finns of 65 to 74 years of age was interviewed and clinically examined. The FINRISK Survey (1997) consisted of a random sample of 1,500 individuals in the same age range, from two areas of Finland. Prevalences of chronic CVD (angina pectoris (AP), myocardial infarction (MI), coronary heart disease (CHD), heart failure, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, and intermittent claudication) were assessed via self-reported data relating to known conditions and diagnoses by physicians. Results: The prevalences of most of the chronic CVD were lower in the 1997 survey than in the 1978 to 1980 survey. A major exception was drug treatment for hypertension in men, which was more prevalent in the 1997 survey. Conclusions: We conclude that the prevalence of CVD in Finns 65 to 74 years of age has declined since 1978. This information is valuable in assessing current and future burdens imposed by CVD on society.
Living conditions, contraceptive use and the choice of induced abortion among pregnant women in Denmark
Authors: Rasch Vibeke , Wielandt Hanne , Knudsen Lisbeth B.
Published: April 2003

Aims: This study describes women with induced abortion and thereby elucidates how living conditions and contraceptive failure are associated with the choice of induced abortion in a population of Danish pregnant women. Methods: The study population consisted of pregnant women attending Odense University Hospital. They were categorized in two groups: women with induced abortion ( n= 373) and a reference group consisting of women with spontaneous abortion and antenatal care attendees ( n=2,176). The two groups were compared by use of a case-referent design. The variables studied comprise age, number of children, partner relationship, education, occupation, economical situation, and contraceptive use. Results: Being single, aged 15-24 or 35 and above, having either no children or two or more children, and the experience of contraceptive failure were parameters which were associated with the choice of induced abortion. Among married/cohabiting women aged 20-39 with fewer than two children, being under education, unemployed, on leave, or willing to invest effort in obtaining a more satisfying job influenced the choice of induced abortion. Conclusions: To reduce the number of induced abortions, it should be recognized that many women both want to establish a family with the number of children they wish for and to have a satisfying job with influence and challenge.
Self-reported health in Bulgaria: levels and determinants
Authors: Balabanova Dina C. , McKee Martin
Published: April 2003

Aims: Self-reported health has been widely used in studies of health inequalities in many industrialized countries, but there is still little information on their distribution within populations in countries in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). There is growing evidence that, since the political transition at the end of the 1980s, income and health inequalities have widened considerably throughout CEE. This paper examined self-perceived health in Bulgaria in relation to financial status (measured by income and self-assessed financial status) after adjustment for other potential explanatory variables. Methods: Data were derived from a national representative survey of the population of Bulgaria aged over 18, in 1997. Respondents were asked ``How would you describe your own health status over the past 12 months on the whole?' ' with answers ``good'' , ``rather good' ' , ``rather poor' ' , and ``poor''. Responses were assessed in relation to a variety of measures including income, education, marital status, and self-perceived financial hardship. Results: As expected, the prevalence of poor/rather poor health increases steeply with age. Those with only primary education are more likely to be in poor/rather poor health than those with secondary or higher education. Self-assessed financial status is a much better predictor of health than is income, with the relationship especially strong among women. There was no association with marital status or urban vs. rural dwelling. Conclusions: The survey found marked inequalities in self-reported health in Bulgaria. Some of its determinants, such as age and education, are comparable to those seen in the West. Self-reported health is particularly associated with self-perceived financial hardship, a proxy for material deprivation that is sensitive to informal economic exchanges. An accelerated pace of economic and social reforms at the end of the 1990s means that the health divisions in Bulgaria are likely to increase in the short term.
Here’s your new editor!
Authors: Swartz Clifford
Published: April 2003

Cliff Swartz welcomes new Editor, Karl Mamola.
Egg mail
Authors: Bouffard Karen
Published: April 2003

The object of this do-ahead activity is to design a container in which an egg can be sent through the U.S. mail and arrive intact at the designated Olympics site.
Magnetic torsion pendulum
Authors: O’Connell James
Published: April 2003

A simple, inexpensive magnetic-dipole torsion pendulum is constructed with modern materials and used to measure the horizontal component of the Earth’s magnetic field.
Global physics
Authors: Mamola Karl C.
Published: April 2003

Now that I have the opportunity and responsibility to read the scores of manuscripts sent to The Physics Teacher, I realize what a significant place this journal has in the hearts of physics teachers worldwide. Although most articles come from U.S. authors, a quick look through back issues makes it clear that we are a worldwide community that continually works to improve how we all teach our subject. Indeed, this month’s issue is devoted substantially to contributions from our international colleagues.
Flexural stress in windows during hurricanes
Authors: Smith David J.
Published: April 2003

This paper presents an introductory-level derivation of the flexural deflection of windowpanes during hurricane-force winds. In addition, experimental results are compared to the predictions of the derivation.
A stopwatch-based photogate timer
Authors: Wootton Allen
Published: April 2003

This paper describes the construction of an inexpensive photogate timer that uses a flashlight-infrared phototransistor photogate and a simple electronic circuit that triggers an electronic stopwatch. This photogate timer uses readily available parts and is relatively easy to construct.
Diffraction by a cat’s whisker
Authors: Greenslade Thomas B.
Published: April 2003

The diffraction patterns produced by a single slit of width w and a thin wire of the same width are exactly the same. This is called Babinet's principle and is based on the fact that the interference pattern produced by blocking out part of a wavefront depends only on the locations of the edges of the diffraction obstacle.
Collecting kinematics data over long time intervals
Authors: Euler Manfred , Braune Gert , Schaal Soenke , Zollman Dean
Published: April 2003

Data collection and analysis in real-world situations has been enhanced by combining an electronic bicycle speedometer, audiotape for data storage and computer analysis. Using a computer, distance, speed, acceleration, and time results can be obtained from the audiotape. The system has been used effectively to improve learning and motivation while students are learning kinematics.
Let’s ban Work from physics!
Authors: Hilborn Robert C.
Published: April 2003

Although I am sure all physics students would applaud the title of this paper, I am not making a plea for reduced effort and activity in physics courses or in physics as a profession. More modestly, I want to suggest a simple change in jargon, a change that I claim carries several conceptual as well as pedagogical advantages.
Motion of a sand-filled funnel: An experiment and model
Authors: Sullivan Peter , McLoon Anna
Published: April 2003

An experiment is described in which a system consisting of a funnel filled with sand is accelerated. As the sand drains from the funnel, the mass of the funnel and the external forces on the funnel change as the funnel moves, thus achieving nonuniform acceleration. Additionally, a spreadsheet is described that models the velocity time behavior of the system. Good correlation between experiment and theory can be easily achieved.
Correction: “Electric field of a two-charge dipole” [Phys. Teach. 38(7) 430 (2000)]
Authors: Weinstock Robert
Published: April 2003

Reader's attention is called to a misprinting in Robert Weinstock's note “Electric field of a two-charge dipole” in the October 2000 issue of The Physics Teacher (p. 430).
On the nature of moonquakes
Authors: Bailey Janelle M.
Published: April 2003

Seismometers left on the Moon by Apollo 12, 14, 15, and 16 astronauts showed that the Moon undergoes three main types of seismic activity, or moonquakes. Data collected from these instruments also allowed geologists to map the interior of the Moon. Like the Earth, the Moon has three layers (crust, mantle, and core); however, the relative size and composition of the layers are different from Earth. Furthermore, the Apollo seismology packages allowed scientists to study natural and man-made impacts and their effect on lunar seismic activity.
K-12 astronomy benchmarks from Project 2061
Authors: Slater Timothy F.
Published: April 2003

National standards. Curriculum frameworks. Literacy benchmarks. Learning targets. Whatever they are called in your region or discipline, the idea that a consensus on the outcomes of teaching and learning can be articulated and measured has had profound and far-reaching effects. Project 2061 is the concerted effort of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) to reform K-12 education in natural and social science, mathematics, and technology.
Easy and inexpensive demonstration of light interference
Authors: Sawicki Charles A.
Published: April 2003

Interference of scattered light is easy and inexpensive to observe using a flashlight, mirror, and talcum powder. Using this phenomenon, the thickness of plastic wrap was measured using a light emitting diode point source.
How did friction get so “smart”?
Authors: Reichert Jonathan F.
Published: April 2003

Imagine a block of plastic on a smooth wooden horizontal plane. Is there any frictional force acting on the block?
Michael Faraday: Prince of lecturers in Victorian England
Authors: Lan Boon Leong , Lim Jeanette B. S.
Published: April 2003

In this note, we focus on Faraday as a lecturer/teacher. We trace his development as a lecturer/teacher and highlight his approaches in popular-science lecturing and in teaching chemistry to military cadets. We appraise his success and conclude with an account of his poignant last lecture.
Water down the string
Authors: Gardner Martin
Published: April 2003

Soak a foot-long piece of string in water. Tie one end of the string to the handle of a cream pitcher that is half-filled with water.
The inertia ball
Authors: Bouffard Karen
Published: April 2003

We used this activity in the Eastern Massachusetts Physics Olympics and were pleased to find in it an important teaching tool for the concept of circular motion. I now introduce centripetal force in my class with this activity. Using only the “business end” of a broom, team members will push a bowling ball from the starting line along a masking-tape course without going outside the tape or hitting one of the pylons.