bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Melting phase relation of Fe-bearing Phase D up to the uppermost lower mantle
Authors: Xu Chaowen , Inoue Toru , Gao Jing , Noda Masamichi , Kakizawa Sho
Published: March 2021

Dense hydrous magnesium silicates (DHMSs) are considered important water carriers in the deep Earth. Due to the significant effect of Fe on the stability of DHMSs, Fe-bearing Phase D (PhD) deserves much attention. However, few experiments have been conducted to determine the stability of PhD in different bulk compositions. In this study, we provide experimental constraints for the stability of PhD in the AlOOH-FeOOH-Mg1.11Si1.89O6H2.22 system between 18 and 25 GPa at 1000–1600 °C, corresponding to the P-T conditions of the mantle transition zone and uppermost lower mantle.

Fe3+-bearing PhD was synthesized from the FeOOH-Mg1.11Si1.89O6H2.22 binary system with two different Fe3+ contents. The resultant Al,Fe3+-bearing compositions are close to analog specimens of the fully oxidized mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) and pyrolite in the AlOOH-FeOOH-Mg1.11Si1.89O6H2.22 ternary system. The substitution mechanism of Fe is shown to be dependent on pressure, and Fe3+ occupies both Mg and Si sites in PhD at pressures below 21 GPa. In contrast, Fe3+ only occupies Si site at pressures exceeding 21 GPa. The presence of Fe3+ results in a slight reduction in the thermal stability field of PhD in the FeOOH-Mg1.11Si1.89O6H2.22 system in comparison to Mg-bearing, Fe-free PhD. In contrast, Al,Fe3+-bearing PhD is more stable than Mg-bearing PhD in both MORB and pyrolite compositions. In this regard, Al,Fe3+-bearing PhD could act as a long-term water reservoir during subduction processes to the deep mantle.
Electrical conductivity of metasomatized lithology in subcontinental lithosphere
Authors: Peng Ye , Manthilake Geeth , Mookherjee Mainak
Published: March 2021

A plausible origin of the seismically observed mid-lithospheric discontinuity (MLD) in the subcontinental lithosphere is mantle metasomatism. The metasomatized mantle is likely to stabilize hydrous phases such as amphiboles. The existing electrical conductivity data on amphiboles vary significantly. The electrical conductivity of hornblendite is much higher than that of tremolite. Thus, if hornblendite truly represents the amphibole varieties in MLD regions, then it is likely that amphibole will cause high electrical conductivity anomalies at MLD depths. However, this is inconsistent with the magnetotelluric observations across MLD depths. Hence, to better understand this discrepancy in electrical conductivity data of amphiboles and to evaluate whether MLD could be caused by metasomatism, we determined the electrical conductivity of a natural metasomatized rock sample. The metasomatized rock sample consists of ~87% diopside pyroxene, ~9% sodium-bearing tremolite amphibole, and ~3% albite feldspar. We collected the electrical conductivity data at ~3.0 GPa, i.e., the depth relevant to MLD. We also spanned a temperature range between 400 to 1000 K. We found that the electrical conductivity of this metasomatized rock sample increases with temperature. The temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity exhibits two distinct regimes. At low temperatures <700 K, the electrical conductivity is dominated by the conduction in the solid state. At temperatures >775 K, the conductivity increases, and it is likely to be dominated by the conduction of aqueous fluids due to partial dehydration. The main distinction between the current study and the prior studies on the electrical conductivity of amphiboles or amphibole-bearing rocks is the sodium (Na) content in amphiboles of the assemblage. Moreover, it is likely that the higher Na content in amphiboles leads to higher electrical conductivity. Pargasite and edenite amphiboles are the most common amphibole varieties in the metasomatized mantle, and our study on Na-bearing tremolite is the closest analog of these amphiboles. Comparison of the electrical conductivity results with the magnetotelluric observations constrains the amphibole abundance at MLD depths to <1.5%. Such a low-modal proportion of amphiboles could only reduce the seismic shear wave velocity by 0.4–0.5%, which is significantly lower than the observed velocity reduction of 2–6%. Thus, it might be challenging to explain both seismic and magnetotelluric observations at MLD simultaneously.
Finite-temperature photoemission in the extended Falicov-Kimball model: a case study for Ta$_2$NiSe$_5$
Authors: Ejima Satoshi , Lange Florian , Fehske Holger
Published: March 2021

Utilizing the unbiased time-dependent density-matrix renormalization
group technique, we examine the photoemission spectra in the extended
Falicov-Kimball model at zero and finite temperatures, particularly with
regard to the excitonic insulator state most likely observed in the
quasi-one-dimensional material Ta_22NiSe_55.
Working with infinite boundary conditions, we are able to simulate all
dynamical correlation functions directly in the thermodynamic limit. For
model parameters best suited for Ta_22NiSe_55
the photoemission spectra show a weak but clearly visible two-peak
structure, around the Fermi momenta k\simeq\pm k_{F}k≃±kF,
which suggests that Ta_22NiSe_55
develops an excitonic insulator of BCS-like type. At higher
temperatures, the leakage of the conduction-electron band beyond the
Fermi energy becomes distinct, which provides a possible explanation for
the bare non-interacting band structure seen in time- and angle-resolved
photoemission spectroscopy experiments.
Combining ability in maize hybrid for yield-related traits and silage production
Authors: Viana Flávia Nicácio , Crevelari Jocarla Ambrosim , Gonçalves Gabriel Moreno Bernardo , Júnior José Arantes Ferreira , França Débora Evellin Gonçalves , Pereira Messias Gonzaga , Júnior Antonio Teixeira do Amaral
Published: March 2021

Maize cultivars developed for silage production are desirable because ensiling enables the production of high-quality feed and, increases farmers profit. Diallel cross is an efficient and advantageous mating technique that allows the selection of the best parents and crossings. The objective of this study was to estimate the general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) of hybrids and their parents and to evaluate promising hybrid crosses that can be used in breeding programs. Six genotypes were crossed in a complete diallel system. Fifteen hybrid combinations, six parents, and three commercial controls were evaluated in the 2017/2018 growing season in the north and northwest regions of Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Nine agronomic traits were analyzed at the silage stage: plant and ear height, stem diameter, stand, husk covering, number of cobs, husked ear weight, unhusked ear weight, and fresh mass yield. The study employed a completely randomized block design with four repetitions. The parents UENF 2210, Piranão 12, and UENF 2208 presented higher GCA values for fresh matter yield and were indicated for the generation of single cross (F1) hybrids. The parental combinations of UENF 2208  Piranão 12, UENF 2208  UENF 2205, and UENF 2209  UENF 2205 had high SCA for most of the evaluated traits and were promising for the use in breeding programs. The crosses with higher average yield were UENF 2208  Piranão 12, UENF 2210  Piranão 12, and UENF 2208  UENF 2205
Effect of soil moisture stress at booting and flowering stages on pollen development, pollination and fertilization in upland NERICA cultivars
Authors: IWATA-HIGUCHI Momoko , SAKAGAMI Jun-Ichi , MARUYAMA Sachio
Published: March 2021

Spikelet sterility induced by soil moisture stress during reproductive development greatly limits grain yield in upland rice. This study aimed to elucidate differences in responses to soil moisture stress for pollen development, pollination and fertilization among upland rice cultivars. A greenhouse experiment with a split-plot design was performed for five different soil moisture treatments (T1 to T5) as the main plots and three cultivars (NERICA 1, NERICA 4 and Yumenohatamochi) as subplots, each with three replicates. Plants in pots were grown under well-watered condition (T1) and various moisture stress conditions: moderate at the booting stage (T2), severe at the booting stage (T3), moderate at the flowering stage (T4) or severe at the flowering stage (T5). During the 9-day stress period, soil moisture was maintained at -10 to -20 kPa for moderate moisture stress or -20 to -49 kPa for severe moisture stress under controlled irrigation. NERICA 1 had fewer differentiated microspores and developed pollen grains in T2 and T3 and showed poorer anther dehiscence and fewer pollen grains on the stigma than did NERICA 4 and Yumenohatamochi. NERICA 4 showed a lower percentage of basal dehiscence in T4 and T5, causing fewer pollen grains to be deposited on the stigma than for NERICA 1 and Yumenohatamochi. The results indicate that the highly sensitive process of fertilization are pollen development in NERICA 1 and pollination in NERICA 4 under soil moisture stress
Effect of phosphorus and potassium on gas exchanges of Tachigali vulgaris
Authors: Simões Pedro Henrique Oliveira , Carvalho João Olegário Pereira de , Araujo Dênmora Gomes de , Gama Marcos André Piedade , Lima Clenes Cunha , Neto Cândido Ferreira de Oliveira , Okumura Ricardo Shigueru , Silva Raimundo Thiago Lima da , Nogueira Glauco André dos Santos , Paula Manoel Tavares de
Published: March 2021

Tachigali vulgaris L. G. Silva & H. C. Lima is a pioneer species with great potential for reforestation. The inadequate supply of phosphorus and potassium results in nutritional disorders, requiring nutritional complementation. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) doses on Tachigali vulgaris gas exchange. Three doses of P (0, 26.7 and 53.5 kg-1 ha) and three doses of K (0, 50 and 100 kg-1 ha) were applied in a 3x3 factorial scheme as randomized block design. The data were submitted to analysis of variance using the Tukey 1% test and Pearson's linear correlation test. Potassium fertilization provided increases of approximately 30% in the rate of liquid photosynthesis (PN). Stomata conductance (GS), internal CO2 concentration (Ci), perspiration (E), instantaneous caboxilation efficiency (ΦC), water use efficiency (EWU) and intrinsic water use efficiency (iEWU) were also favored at dose of 78.2 g kg-1 K, suggesting their role in regulating essential physiological processes for plant growth. The highest PN values were observed with application of 33.1 g kg-1 P and 78.2 g kg-1 K, with rates of 4.28 and 4.86 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1, respectively, which also occurred with E, ΦC, EWU and iEWU. It was observed that P exerted antagonistic effects on K absorption, which may also have impaired Mg2+ absorption due to the fact that Ca2+ is an accompanying ion of potassium fertilizer
Quality and antioxidant activity of 'Isabel Precoce' grapes installed on different training systems and rootstocks in warmer seasons in a tropical semi-arid region
Authors: Costa Rayssa Ribeiro da , Ferreira Talita de Oliveira , Rodrigues Antônio Augusto Marques , Neto Eugênio Ribeiro de Andrade , Lima Maria Auxiliadora Coêlho de
Published: March 2021

Production system and environmental factors might cause changes in grapevine physiology, affecting grape yield, quality, phenolic composition, and antioxidant potential. The aim of this study was to characterize the quality and antioxidant potential of 'Isabel Precoce' grapes on different training systems and rootstocks in warmer seasons, in tropical conditions. Experimental design was in randomized blocks, in sub-subplots through time and four replicates. Three training systems (overhead trellis, lyre and vertical shoot positioning - VSP) and two rootstocks (‘IAC 572’ and ‘IAC 766’) were studied in the production cycles from July to October, 2017 and from July to October, 2018 in the Submedium of São Francisco Valley. Berry weight; cluster weight; color attributes; berry resistance to compression (COMP); titratable acidity; soluble solids; total soluble sugars (TSS); yellow flavonoids; total anthocyanins; total extractable polyphenols and antioxidant activity by ABTS●+ and DPPH● free radical capture methods were analyzed. Lyre and VSP resulted on increases of 6% and 17% in berry weight and COMP, respectively. Moreover, differences between production cycles were more intense for both variables. In production cycle from July to October 2017, lyre and VSP systems provided increases of 2 g 100 g-1 of TSS and higher anthocyanin and yellow flavonoid contents, while grapes trained in VSP had higher antioxidant activity. Mean values of anthocyanins reached 529.34 mg 100 g-1 in grapes harvested in October 2017. Some grape quality and chemical components showed high variation in warmer seasons of sucessive years, according to training system or rootstock and their combinations
Inheritance of resistance against Peronospora destructor in onion cv. ‘Regia’
Authors: Arias Mariana , Curbelo Natalia , Rabelino Pablo González , Vicente Esteban , Giménez Gustavo , Galván Guillermo A.
Published: March 2021

Onion downy mildew (DM) caused by Peronospora destructor is a very destructive leaf disease. Genetic resistance is an economic and environmentally friendly way of disease control. In this research, the segregation of DM resistance was analysed in six offspring from crosses between national cultivars and the cv. ‘Regia’, a partial resistance source. F1 plants were self-fertilised, and F1S1 derived progenies were evaluated. The segregations in DM severity were skewed towards susceptibility, with transgressive segregation in five of six progenies. The recessive inheritance could be associated with loss of susceptibility mechanisms. In another experiment, the response of advanced F1S2 lines ‘Regia’ x ‘Pantanoso del Sauce’ were evaluated two times (August and November 2017) in DM disease severity, DM histological quantitative differences, and agronomic traits. F1S2 lines, which have had an earlier selection process, presented an intermediate DM severity between the parents. Disease severity was positively correlated with histological differences in the proportion of infected stomata. ‘Regia’ presented the lowest DM severity and the highest percentage of healthy stomata. Most resistant F1S2 lines did not differ from control cultivars in bulb yield, bulb quality traits and postharvest behaviour, and could be the basis to develop a DM resistant cultivar in comparison to currently grown cultivars
The effects of paclobutrazol on enhancing tolerance of Plantago major L. to cadmium stress in vitro
Authors: Neamah Shamil I. , Hamad Alla Hussein
Published: March 2021

The plant tissue culture technique has enabled us to study the tolerance of cells, tissues, and plant organs and cultures to different stresses that plants suffer from. The in vitro culture facilitates the ability to stimulate the production of secondary metabolites. The present study investigated the influence of paclobutrazol (PBZ) pre-treatment on the growth, physiological, morphological, biochemical traits, and phenolic compounds production in callus cultures of Plantago major L. in a medium containing different concentrations of cadmium. The callus was cultured in a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with diﬀerent concentrations of cadmium (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 µM), with a PBZ concentration of 0 and 2 mg l-1. A factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design (CRD) was performed in triplicate. The results of the growth of the callus culture were obtained after 28 days. The increasing concentrations of cadmium were found to have a negative effect on some traits such as fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), browning intensity (BI), tolerance index (TI), electrolyte leakage (EL), and membrane stability index (MSI). The PBZ treatment reduced the effects of cadmium levels through the decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). This was caused by a significant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Also, there was an increase in total phenol and flavonoids content in the callus grown on the tissue cultures supporting 200 µM cadmium compared to the other levels. The PBZ pre-treatment was a signiﬁcant reducing factor to produce total phenolic and flavonoids content in P. major L. callus culture under the cadmium levels.
Investigating Factors Affecting Consumers’ Intentions to Use Online Food Delivery Services During Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak in Jabodetabek Area
Authors: Kartono Rano , Tjahjadi Jane Kartika
Published: March 2021

Currently, mobile applications are rapidly developing. One of the most frequently used services by society is online food delivery services. The research intended to scrutinize aspects affecting intentions to use online food delivery services during extraordinary event, like Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak in Jabodetabek (Jakarta metropolitan) area. The research adopted TRA (Theory of Reasoned Action) that integrated perceived trustworthiness, perceived relative advantage, perceived risk and attitude toward using to give insights on factors affecting consumers’ intention when using online food delivery services. The data collection was conducted through quantitative, non-probability, purposive sampling method using online questionnaires, that were spread out to all people who have experienced in using online food delivery services at least once, during COVID-19 outbreak (Feb-May 2020). In total, there were valid 127 questionnaires used to analyze the data variables using PLS-SEM method through SMART-PLS 2.0 M3 software. The results find that perceived trustworthiness, perceived relative advantage and perceived risk positively affect consumers’ attitudes toward using. Perceived trustworthiness and attitude toward using positively affects intention to use online food delivery services during Coronavirus outbreak in Jabodetabek area. However, perceived risk negatively affects intention to use online food delivery services during Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak in Jabodetabek area.
Analisis Penerapan Good Corporate Governance pada Sistem Pelaporan Keuangan BAZNAS Kabupaten Kebumen
Authors: Ambarsari Livia , Anwar Khoirul , Hartono Setyo Budi , Lestari Herwening Sindu
Published: March 2021

The implementation of Good Corporate Governance (GCG) in the financial reporting system is an effort to encourage transparent and accountable zakat management. This study aimed to determine the financial reporting system and the application of GCG in the financial reporting system of BAZNAS Kebumen Regency. The research method in this research is qualitative with a descriptive analysis approach. The informants consisted of three informants from BAZNAS Kebumen Regency. The data used are primary data obtained through direct interviews with informants and secondary data obtained from internal institution data, financial reports and several literature studies. The results show that the financial reporting system in BAZNAS Kebumen Regency is good enough at implementing GCG in the financial reporting system with principles consisting of transparency, accountability, responsibility, independence and justice. The implementation of GCG in the financial reporting system makes BAZNAS Kebumen Regency have a transparent and accountable reporting system to increase the community's trust or muzakki to pay zakat to BAZNAS.
Analisis Market Share Perbankan Syariah di Indonesia
Authors: Hidayat Ahmad Rifqi , Trisanty Aidha
Published: March 2021

The majority of Indonesia's population is Muslim. Ideally, the development of Islamic banking in Indonesia runs significantly, but the facts show that the market share of Islamic banks is still relatively small. This article aims to analyze the market share of Islamic banking in Indonesia. This study uses a descriptive quantitative approach. The data collection method used is the non-communication method, namely in the form of observation, literature review and experimentation through secondary data. Based on the results of the analysis and discussion, it shows that the market share of Islamic banking in Indonesia is still relatively low. The factors causing the low market share of Islamic banks and the improvement strategy are focused on three sides: Islamic banks' internal elements, aspects of government, regulators, and characteristics of society. In the future, there is a need for strategic steps from all parties to increase the market share of Islamic Banking in Indonesia.
Pengembangan Kaidah Fikih Fatwa Ekonomi Syariah DSN-MUI
Authors: Sanusi Sandy Rizki Febriadi , Nurhasanah Neneng , Surahman Maman
Published: March 2021

The application of fiqh principles to Islamic economic issues often uses general principles outside the muamalah field, even though general fiqh rules in the muamalah field and detailed rules have been formulated. This article aims to describe the development of fiqh principles on Islamic economic fatwas issued by the DSN-MUI from 2000 to 2019. This study uses a qualitative research approach with descriptive analysis, using a library research approach. This study's results indicate that the development of fiqh principles in the DSN-MUI fatwa can be analyzed from two perspectives. First, the ten fiqh rules with the most significant number are the rules "Basically all forms of muamalat are allowed, unless there are arguments that prohibit them." This rule occupies several repetitions of 125 times (36%). Then the fiqh rule ranks tenth with the intensity of the repetition of 8 times (2%), namely the fiqh rule: "Every debit and credit that brings benefits is usury." Second, the DSN-MUI Fatwa Commission has used the theoretical level because its use includes: core principles, basic principles, general rules, special rules, to detailed regulations.
PREDICTIVE VALUE OF EOSINOPHILIA AND BASOPHILIA IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA IN PREMATURE INFANTS
Authors: BÜYÜKEREN MELEK , ÇELİK HASAN TOLGA , Yiğit Şule , Yurdakök Murat
Published: March 2021

Objective: To compare the presence of eosinophilia and basophilia between two groups with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants and, to investigate whether there was a correlation between the BPD severity and degree of eosinophilia.Study Design: In this retrospective study, we have evaluated premature babies who were admitted between 2007 and 2017 to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of …… Hospital. Hospital records were scanned and 85 preterm infants diagnosed as BPD formed study group while 89 babies without BPD formed the control group. Necessary demographic, neonatal and laboratory data were withdrawn from the electronic registry and patient files.Results: In the study group, there was a statistically significant difference in the severity of eosinophilia and basophilia in the first day, first week, second week, third week and fourth week compared to the control group. (p<0.05). According to mixed effect model, after adjusting results for gestational age and birth weight there was statistically significant difference between groups in terms of eosinophil and basophil values (p<0.05).Conclusion: The number of eosinophils and basophils increased in patients with BPD without an increase in the number of leukocytes.
An updated national-scale assessment of trends in UK peak river flow data: how robust are observed increases in flooding?
Authors: Hannaford J. , Mastrantonas N. , Vesuviano G. , Turner S.
Published: March 2021

A cluster of recent floods in the UK has prompted significant interest in the question of whether floods are becoming more frequent or severe over time. Many trend assessments have addressed this in recent decades, typically concluding that there is evidence for positive trends in flood magnitude at the national scale. However, trend testing is a contentious area, and the resilience of such conclusions must be tested rigorously. Here, we provide a comprehensive assessment of flood magnitude trends using the UK national flood dataset (NRFA Peak Flows). Importantly, we assess trends using this full dataset as well as a subset of near-natural catchments with high-quality flood data. While headline conclusions are useful for advancing national flood-risk policy, for on-the-ground flood-risk estimation it is important to unpack these local changes to determine how climate-driven trends compare with those from the wider dataset that are subject to a wide range of human disturbances and data limitations. We also examine the sensitivity of reported trends to changes in study time window using a ‘multitemporal’ analysis. We find that the headline claim of increased flooding generally holds up regionally to nationally, although we show a much more complicated picture of spatio-temporal variability. While some reported trends, such as increased flooding in northern and western Britain, appear to be robust, trends in other regions are more mixed spatially and temporally – for example, trends in recent decades are not necessarily representative of longer-term change, and within regions (e.g. in southeast England) increasing and decreasing trends can be found in close proximity. While headline conclusions are useful for advancing national flood-risk policy, for flood-risk estimation it is important to unpack these local changes, and the results and methodological toolkit provided here could provide such supporting information to practitioners.
A novel visible light-driven TiO2 photocatalytic reduction for hexavalent chromium wastewater and mechanism
Authors: Zhao Baoxiu , Zhang Kaixin , Huang Yue , Wang Qi , Xu Hao , Wang Yilin , Li Jincheng , Song Tianwen , Xia Wenxiang , Liu Jie
Published: March 2021

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalyst was prepared with a sol-gel method and its characterizations were analyzed TiO2 photocatalytic reduction of Cr6+ was investigated in visible light irradiation and reduction mechanisms were calculated. Prepared TiO2 is anatase with a bandgap of about 2.95 eV. Experimental results display that almost 100% of Cr6+ is removed by visible light-driven TiO2 photocatalytic reduction after 120 min when Cr2O72− initial concentration is 1.0 mg·L−1, TiO2 dosage is 1.0 g·L−1, and pH value is 3. In acidic aqueous solution, HCrO4− is the dominant existing form of Cr6+ and is adsorbed by TiO2, forming a complex catalyst HCrO4−/TiO2 with an increase in wavelength to the visible light zone, demonstrated by UV–Vis diffuse reflection spectroscopy. Based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data, it can be deduced that Cr6+ is adsorbed on the surface of TiO2 and then reduced to Cr3+ in situ by photoelectrons. Self-assembly of HCrO4−/TiO2 complex catalyst and self-reduction of Cr6+ in situ are the key steps to start the visible light-driven TiO2 photocatalytic reduction. Furthermore, TiO2 photocatalytic reduction of Cr6+ fits well with pseudo-first-order kinetics and has the potential application to treat chemical industrial wastewater.
Class solidarity of working youth in the service sector
Authors: Gavriliuk Vera V.
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this article is to show the peculiarities of the class self-awareness and solidarity formation among the new working class youth occupied in the service sector of the economy. The main tasks include revealing the correlation between the traditional content and forms of class solidarity of workers and their manifestations among the new working class youth; substantiating the use of a class approach to the analysis of the problems of young people employed in the service sector of the economy; and revealing the contradictions between the class interests and corporate habitus of the young customer service workers. The research methodology is grounded in the traditional institutional approach adopted in Russian sociology. This article is based on the materials of an empirical study using quantitative and qualitative sociological methods: a mass survey of working-class youth in the Ural Federal District (a target multistage sample model according to four objective criteria: age, gender, place of residence, and employment). Additionally, a biographical interview was conducted, the informants of which are employed in the real sector of the economy and the service sector. The results have revealed that a new working class is being formed in modern Russia, a significant part of which is employed in the service sector of the economy. The active formation of the sphere of customer service reflects the global patterns of the traditional working class tranformation. In the service sector, in contrast to the traditional working class, a significant proportion of young people lack the experience of the class solidarity of previous generations. A new generation of young workers is shaping their own experience of class solidarity in the face of conflicting demands of corporate culture and social status.
Metal Toxicity and Speciation: A Review
Authors: Peana Massimiliano , Zoroddu Maria Antonietta , Pelucelli Alessio , Medici Serenella , Cappai Rosita , Nurchi Valeria Marina
Published: March 2021

Background :

Essential metal ions play a specific and fundamental role in human
metabolism. Their homeostasis is finely tuned, and any concentration imbalance in
the form of deficiency or excess could lead to a progressive reduction and failure of normal
biological function, to severe physiological and clinical outcomes, may eventually
causing death. Conversely, non-essential metals are not necessary for life, and only
noxious effects could arise after their exposure. Large environmental amounts of such
chemicals come from both natural and anthropogenic sources, with the latter being predominant
because of human activities. The dissipation of toxic metals contaminates water,
air, soil, and food, causing a series of chronic and acute syndromes.

Objective :

This review discusses the toxicity of non-essential metals considering their peculiar
chemical characteristics, such as different forms, hard-soft character, oxidation
states, binding capabilities, and solubility, which can influence their speciation in biological
systems, and subsequently, the main cellular targets. Particular focus is given to selected
toxic metals, major non-essential metals, or semimetals related to toxicity, such as
mercury, lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel, and arsenic. In addition, we provide indications
on the possible treatments/interventions for metal poisoning based on chelation therapy.

Conclusion:

Toxic metal ions can exert their peculiar harmful effects in several ways.
They strongly coordinate with important biological molecules on the basis of their chemical-
physical characteristics (mainly HSAB properties) or replace essential metal ions
from their natural locations in proteins, enzymes, or hard structures, such as bones or
teeth. Metals with redox properties could be key inducers of reactive oxygen species,
leading to oxidative stress and cellular damage. Therapeutic detoxification, through complexation
of toxic metal ions by specific chelating agents, appears an efficacious clinical
strategy, mainly in acute cases of metal intoxication.
Mediterranean Diet and its Benefits on Health and Mental Health: A Literature Review
Authors: Ventriglio Antonio , Sancassiani Federica , Contu Maria Paola , Latorre Mariateresa , Di Salvatore Melanie , Fornaro Michele , Bhugra Dinesh
Published: March 2021

Mediterranean Diet (MD) is currently considered one of the most healthy dietary models worldwide. It is generally based on the daily intake of fruit and vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, fish, white meats, and olive oil. It may also include moderate consumption of fermented dairy products, a low intake of red meat, and red/white wine during the main course. Even if the effect of MD on cancer prevention as well as on human metabolic and cardiovascular balance has been discussed, including the quality of life of the exposed population, the putative effects on mental health are still not properly investigated. This narrative review reports on some emerging pieces of evidence on the possible impact of MD on general health and the outcome of psychiatric disorders (e.g., major depression, anxiety) and encourages further studies to test the benefits of healthy food selection on the health of the general population.
Экспериментальная установка на базе перестраиваемого в диапазоне волн 5.3-12.8 μm квантово-каскадного лазера для спектрального анализа выдыхаемого человеком воздуха
Authors: Щербакова А.В. , Анфимов Д.Р. , Фуфурин И.Л. , Голяк И.С. , Трапезникова И.А. , Карева Е.Р. , Морозов А.Н.
Published: March 2021

An experimental setup and a method for analyzing multicomponent gas mixtures, including human exhaled air, are presented. The installation consists of a quantum cascade laser, tunable in the wavelength range of 5.3-12.8 µm, with a peak power of 150 mW, and a multi-pass Herriot gas cell, which allows obtaining an optical path of up to 76 m. The registration time of a single spectrum is about 50 ms. For acetone and ethanol, which are potential biomarkers of some human diseases, the sensitivity threshold at the sub-ppm level was experimentally determined. A system of sample preparation and pre-drying is proposed, which allows analyzing both multicomponent gas mixtures and the air exhaled by a person. The variants of application of the described installation in biomedical applications are proposed.
Эмиссионные спектры молекулярных газов N-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=- и CO-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=- в диапазоне 3-20 nm при импульсном лазерном возбуждении с использованием различных газовых струй в качестве мишеней
Authors: Нечай А.Н. , Перекалов А.А. , Чхало Н.И. , Салащенко Н.Н.
Published: March 2021

The article considers the results of studies of the emission spectra of N2 and CO2 upon excitation by pulsed laser radiation. We used Nd: YAG laser, λ = 1064 nm, τ = 5 ns, and Epulse = 0.8 J. The spectral range of 3-20 nm was studied. We used capillary and supersonic conical nozzles with dcr = 145 μm, 2α = 12o, L = 5 mm, and dcr = 450 μm, 2α = 11o, L = 5 mm to form an atomic cluster beam. The emission spectra for various gas targets were obtained, the obtained spectra were deciphered, and the ions emitting in this spectral range were determined. We observed that with increasing particle concentration in the zone of laser spark, the radiation intensity increases. In this case, the intensity of ion lines with high degrees of ionization increases faster.
Generation of Coherent Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation in an Air Gas Cell with a High Power Femtosecond Laser System-=SUP=-*-=/SUP=-
Authors: Sayrac Muhammed
Published: March 2021

High harmonic generation (HHG) in air medium is experimentally produced by using a state-of-the-art high power laser system. The harmonic orders up to 35th harmonics are well observed. Optical power dependence of harmonic spectrum is obtained. The dynamics of a free electron in an intense laser field presents good agreement with the experimental results. The air medium is used as an interaction medium since air is a ready source in abundance. The harmonic spectral distribution is similar to that obtained in noble gases. Experimental results of harmonics produced in air medium follow the same trends in terms of plateau region and cutoff harmonic order, which extends and enhances with increasing laser field.
Phylogenetic and Mutational Analysis of Lassa Virus Strains Isolated in Nigeria: Proposal for an In Silico Study
Authors: Kolawole Daniel , Raji Hayatu , Okeke Malachy Ifeanyi
Published: March 2021

Background

In 2018, the total number of Lassa fever cases in Nigeria was significantly higher than that observed in previous years. Hence, studies had attempted to determine the underlying cause. However, reports using phylogenetic methods to analyze this finding ruled out the emergence of potentially more transmissible Lassa virus strains or an increase in human-to-human viral transmission as the cause underlying the increase in cases. Two years later, the situation seems even worse as the number of confirmed cases has reached an all-time high according to situational reports released by the Nigerian Center for Disease Control.

Objective

Considering the increasing trend of Lassa fever cases and related mortality, the major objective of this study is to map mutations within the genomes of Lassa virus isolates from 2018 and 2019 using the reference sequence available at the National Center for Biotechnology Information as a benchmark and compare them to the genomes of viruses isolated during 1969-2017. This study would also attempt to identify a viral marker gene for easier identification and grouping. Finally, the time-scaled evolution of Lassa virus in Nigeria will be reconstructed.

Methods

After collecting the sequence data of Lassa virus isolates, Bayesian phylogenetic trees, a sequence identity matrix, and a single nucleotide polymorphism matrix will be generated using BEAST (version 2.6.2), Base-By-Base, and DIVEIN (a web-based tool for variant calling), respectively.

Results

Mining and alignment of Lassa virus genome sequences have been completed, while mutational analysis and the reconstruction of time-scaled maximum clade credibility trees, congruence tests for inferred segments, and gene phylogeny analysis are ongoing.

Conclusions

The findings of this study would further the current knowledge of the evolutionary history of the Lassa virus in Nigeria and would document the mutations in Nigerian isolates from 1969 to 2019.

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)

DERR1-10.2196/23015
Using Unsupervised Machine Learning to Identify Age- and Sex-Independent Severity Subgroups Among Patients with COVID-19: Observational Longitudinal Study
Authors: Benito-León Julián , del Castillo Mª Dolores , Estirado Alberto , Ghosh Ritwik , Dubey Souvik , Serrano J Ignacio
Published: March 2021

Background

Early detection and intervention are the key factors for improving outcomes in patients with COVID-19.

Objective

The objective of this observational longitudinal study was to identify nonoverlapping severity subgroups (ie, clusters) among patients with COVID-19, based exclusively on clinical data and standard laboratory tests obtained during patient assessment in the emergency department.

Methods

We applied unsupervised machine learning to a data set of 853 patients with COVID-19 from the HM group of hospitals (HM Hospitales) in Madrid, Spain. Age and sex were not considered while building the clusters, as these variables could introduce biases in machine learning algorithms and raise ethical implications or enable discrimination in triage protocols.

Results

From 850 clinical and laboratory variables, four tests—the serum levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP), and the number of neutrophils—were enough to segregate the entire patient pool into three separate clusters. Further, the percentage of monocytes and lymphocytes and the levels of alanine transaminase (ALT) distinguished cluster 3 patients from the other two clusters. The highest proportion of deceased patients; the highest levels of AST, ALT, LDH, and CRP; the highest number of neutrophils; and the lowest percentages of monocytes and lymphocytes characterized cluster 1. Cluster 2 included a lower proportion of deceased patients and intermediate levels of the previous laboratory tests. The lowest proportion of deceased patients; the lowest levels of AST, ALT, LDH, and CRP; the lowest number of neutrophils; and the highest percentages of monocytes and lymphocytes characterized cluster 3.

Conclusions

A few standard laboratory tests, deemed available in all emergency departments, have shown good discriminative power for the characterization of severity subgroups among patients with COVID-19.
Loss of Smell and Taste in Patients With Suspected COVID-19: Analyses of Patients’ Reports on Social Media
Authors: Koyama Sachiko , Ueha Rumi , Kondo Kenji
Published: March 2021

Background

The year 2020 was the year of the global COVID-19 pandemic. The severity of the situation has become so substantial that many or even most of the patients with mild to moderate symptoms had to self-isolate without specific medical treatments or even without being tested for COVID-19. Many patients joined internet membership groups to exchange information and support each other.

Objective

Our goal is to determine the benefits and limits of using social media to understand the symptoms of patients with suspected COVID-19 with mild to moderate symptoms and, in particular, their symptoms of anosmia (loss of the sense of smell) and ageusia (loss of the sense of taste). The voluntary reports on an internet website of a membership group will be the platform of the analyses.

Methods

Posts and comments of members of an internet group known as COVID-19 Smell and Taste Loss, founded on March 24, 2020, to support patients with suspected COVID-19 were collected and analyzed daily. Demographic data were collected using the software mechanism called Group Insights on the membership group website.

Results

Membership groups on social media have become rare sources of support for patients with suspected COVID-19 with mild to moderate symptoms. These groups provided mental support to their members and became resources for information on COVID-19 tests and medicines or supplements. However, the membership was voluntary, and often the members leave without notification. It is hard to be precise from the free voluntary reports. The number of women in the group (6995/9227, 75.38% as of October 12, 2020) was about three times more than men (2272/9227, 24.62% as of October 12, 2020), and the peak age of members was between 20-40 years in both men and women. Patients who were asymptomatic other than the senses comprised 14.93% (53/355) of the total patients. Recovery of the senses was higher in the patients who were asymptomatic besides having anosmia and ageusia. Most (112/123, 91.06%) patients experienced other symptoms first and then lost their senses, on average, 4.2 days later. Patients without other symptoms tended to recover earlier (P=.02). Patients with anosmia and ageusia occasionally reported distorted smell and taste (parosmia and dysgeusia) as well as experiencing or perceiving the smell and taste without the sources of the smell or taste (phantosmia and phantogeusia).

Conclusions

Our analysis of the social media database of suspected COVID-19 patients’ voices demonstrated that, although accurate diagnosis of patients is not always obtained with social media–based analyses, it may be a useful tool to collect a large amount of data on symptoms and the clinical course of worldwide rapidly growing infectious diseases.
Indonesian Government’s COVID-19 Measures, January–May 2020: Late Response and Public Health Securitization
Authors: Chairil Tangguh
Published: March 2021

The Indonesian government’s measures to control the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic can be characterized by late response due to initial de-securitization of the issue, and later securitization that limits its very efficacy in restricting the spread of the pandemic. This article uses securitization theory to analyze the government’s measures to control the COVID-19 pandemic and discusses how the government’s increasing reliance on military figures and national security agencies influences the measures used to control the COVID-19 pandemic. This study finds that initially, the government seemed to be trying to de-securitize the issue, denying warnings that the virus might have existed undetected in Indonesia. Then, after the first cases were confirmed in March 2020, the government responded by securitizing the issue. The delay in the government’s response to COVID-19 caused the audience to not fully accept the government’s securitization efforts because public trust in the government’s measures was already low, while the means of emergency action taken by the government against the threat of COVID-19 are also limited. The government has also been overly reliant on influential military figures and national security agencies. The government also tended to downgrade the threats, lack transparency, and even use the pandemic to crack down on anti-government smears. This article concludes that the government needs to change their approach to COVID-19 measures and prioritize the human security dimension by not downgrading the threats and upholding transparency.
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF MANGIFERA INDICA LEAF EXTRACT ON FUNGI ISOLATED FROM BREAD VENDED WITHIN BAKORI, NIGERIA
Authors: BASHIR KUTAWA ABDULAZIZ , BAKORI SALMAN SADA , MUSA HABU
Published: March 2021

Objective: The present study was carried out to determine the antifungal activity of Mangifera indica leaves extract on fungi isolated from bread vended within Bakori.

Methods: The powdered form of M. indica leaves was used to prepare the extract using ethanol, the leaves were air dried at room temperature for 10 days.

Results: The chemical test was carried out to identify the secondary metabolites, some of the metabolites that were present include alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, and tannins. Both fungal isolates were identified on the basis of morphological characteristics as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Mucor spp. The antifungal activity of M. indica leaves extract was determined using agar well diffusion method on Aspergillus and Mucor spp. The results showed that the extract was found to inhibit A. niger at 100 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, and 25 mg/ml with 13.9 mm, 11.5 mm, and 8.0 mm, respectively, and A. flavus at 100 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, and 25 mg/ml with 13.6 mm, 11.2 mm, and 8.1 mm, respectively, while Mucor spp. was found to be resistant at 25 mg/ml while 100 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml showed an activity. Minimum inhibitory concentration result showed a promising activity against Aspergillus spp. at 25 mg/ml while Mucor spp. at 50 mg/ml.

Conclusion: Therefore, M. indica leaf extracts can be used in the treatment of diseases or illness caused by Aspergillus and Mucor spp.
A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A PLANNED TEACHING PROGRAM ON THE KNOWLEDGE REGARDING MENARCHE AMONG PRE-PUBERTAL GIRLS AT SELECTED HIGH SCHOOLS IN URBAN AREA AT UDAIPUR
Authors: SAMSON SARIKA , SINGH CHUNDAWAT DIGPAL , PALIWAL HARIBALA
Published: March 2021

Objective: Menarche is the culmination of a series of physiological and anatomical process of puberty such as secretion of estrogen by ovaries in response to pituitary hormones. When menarche occurs, it confirms that the girl has had a gradual estrogen induced growth of uterus, the fluctuations of hormone levels can result in changes of adequacy of blood supply to the parts of the endometrium.

Methods: The method adopted for the present study was evaluative approach. In this study, samples were drawn using non-probability convenient sampling method.

Results: The result showed that the calculated value is greater than the table value at 0.05 levels. Hence, the research hypothesis (H1) is accepted that there is a significant difference between pre-test and post-test knowledge score. With regard to the knowledge assessment, the mean pre-test score was 11.33 and mean post-test score 18.81. The paired value of pre-test and post-test score was 7.48. This indicated that the planned teaching program (PTP) was effective.

Conclusion: Further, effectiveness of PTP was tested by inferential statistics using the paired “t”-test. A significant difference was found between pre-and post-test knowledge scores of respondents indicating significant increase in knowledge after PTP. Hence, research hypothesis H1 was accepted and PTP was found to be effective in improving the knowledge of pre-pubertal girls regarding menarche.