bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Labor and Cost in AIDS Family Caregiving
Authors: Ward Debbie , Brown Marie Annette , Strang Vicki R.
Published: March 2007

When the costs of care for persons with AIDS are calculated, the assumption is made that the care provided by the family or other social support network members is a social and not also an economic contribution. This article challenges theflawed assumption of 'free" care, focuses on the labor and economic dimensions offamily home care, and presents a calculation of the dollar value of this care for persons with AIDS (PWAs). The sample consisted of 53 persons, each of whom identified themselves as the primary caregiver for a PWA. Studyfindings revealed caregiver estimates of 5 hours a week of housework performed specificallyfor the PWA. Caregivers spent an average of 8.5 hours a day performing personal care tasks for the PWA. The three most common activities were providing companionship, running errands, and performing food/meal-related activities. Gendercomparisons revealedthat women performed more hours of housework than men but that both provided similar types of personal care for similar numbers of hours. Using a market valuation method, the value of a day's caregiving work was estimated to be $43.78. The annual value of unpaid care, including housework, for one PWA was calculated to be $25,857.88. These data documenta significant economic contribution byfamilies and friends caringfor PWAs. This subsidy must be included as part of the policy andplanning work essential to addressing the AIDS epidemic.
Behavioral Characteristics of Children with Turner Syndrome and Children with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Williams Janet K , Schepp Karen G. , Tiedeman Mary E.
Published: March 2007

Children with Turner syndrome (TS) are at increased risk for cognitive deficits and behavioral problems. Although cognitive skills are similar to those found in children with nonverbal learning disabilities (NLD), comparisons of behavioral patterns in children with TS to those in children with NLD have not been reported. The purpose of this research was to describe behavioral patterns in school-agedfemales with TS and to determine if these patterns differed from those exhibited by females with NLD as measured on the Pediatric Behavior Scale, a parental report of childhood behaviors. Behavioral characteristics were identified in IO children with TS, 10 with NL, and 10 healthy children. Those with TS and with NLD were found to have increased levels of social isolation. In addition, children with TS had behavioral problems in the areas of impulsivity and medical noncompliance. Identification of behavioral characteristics of specific conditions is essential to guide counseling and interventions provided by nurses and other health professionals.
Reliability and Validity of the Modified Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory in Diverse Samples
Authors: Leidy Nancy Kline , Darling-Fisher Cynthia S.
Published: March 2007

The Modified Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory (MEPSI) is a relatively simple survey measure designed to assess the strength of psychosocial attributes that arise from progression through Erikson's eight stages of development. The purpose of this study was to employ secondary analysis to evaluate the internal-consistency reliability and construct validity of the MEPSl acrossfour diverse samples: healthy young adults, hemophilic men, healthy older adults, and older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Special attention was given to the performance of the measure across gender, with exploratory analyses examining possible age cohort and health status effects. Internal-consistency estimates for the aggregate measure were high, whereas subscale reliability levels varied across age groups. Construct validity was supported across samples. Gender, cohort, and health effects offered interesting psychometric and theoretical insights and direction for further research. Findings indicated that the MEPSI might be a useful instrumentfor operationalizing and testing Eriksonian developmental theory in adults.
The new food policies
Authors: Lang Tim
Published: March 2007

Food and food policies are becoming more central in the social policy arena. not least because of their impact on health and poverty. This paper reviews some of the key trends in the food system notably the over production of food in the west ,the growing domination odf the food industries by hugecorporations and the rediscovery of the links between food costs, nutritional standards and poverty. Overproduction leads the corporations into an endless search for new crops new products, new modes of marketing and new forms of consumption such as eating out and fast food, Ethnic-minority and wholefood-tastes retailing have challenged these trends but new food policies now being developed by local outhori ties, voluntary organisations and even the Labour Party are needed to check the corrosive effect of the dominant trends on health in general and on the lower income groups in particular.
Mental health and citizenship
Authors: Rogers Anne , Pilgrim David
Published: March 2007

The view that changes in mental health legislation and treatment advances have improved the status of mental patients as citizens is examined critic ally. Principles of civil and political rights set out by the United Nations and the National Council for Civil Liberties are used to facilitate this examination.This is followed by a discussion of the implications arising in the context of contemporary debates about community care. The disadvan tages of debating mental health policy only in terms of civil liberties are outlined.
Interesting times: education and broadcasting in the 1990s
Authors: Donald James
Published: March 2007

The agenda of the Education Reform Act (1988) and the White Paper Broadcasting in the '90s: Competition, Choice and Quality is to reorganise the way that the social goods of education and broadcasting are dis tributed, and so to change the ways in which govemment/citizen relations are instituted and regulated. Much of the opposition to these changes renders itself ineffective by speaking in the terms of a cultural 'welfare statism: New alternatives based on notions of a public sphere, a radical democracy, and a republican citizenship are critically reviewed.
Evolution across two revolutions: social care policy in Czechoslovakia
Authors: Harris John
Published: March 2007

The article begins by noting the increasing appeal of 'two breaks' accounts of post-war developments in Central and Eastern Europe. The universal applicability of such accounts is questioned through an examination of general trends in social care policy in (the former) Czechoslovakia, an examination which stresses a gradual process of policy change across the revolutions of 1948 and 1989.
The moment of municipal feminism: gender and class in 1980s local government
Authors: Bruegel Irene , Kean Hilda
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses the tensions in the relationship between munici pal feminism, the urban left and the trade union movement and identi fies the period from 1983 to 1987 as the 'moment of municipal femin. ism'. It argues that since that period the concept of equal opportunities has narrowed considerably. It shows that inequalities between women working for local authorities have widened appreciably, even though the rhetoric of local authority management increasingly echoes municipal feminist critiques of hierarchical management
The privatization of human misery
Authors: Craig Gary
Published: March 2007

Government policy in recent years has led to a full understanding of the scope of poverty being eroded from public consciousness. Although research has demonstrated a growth in poverty, in width, depth and concentration, and the mapping of that poverty is far more precise than hitherto, effective poverty research is hampered by two processes. First, government policies have driven many of the poor out of official statis tics. Second, government has increasingly manipulated aspects of the research process, including the compilation and use of official statistics, thereby also obscuring the extent of poverty. This article argues the need for an independent accountable national statistical service.
Popular paradigms and welfare values
Authors: Dean Hartley
Published: March 2007

Drawing on the results of a recently completed ESRC research project, this article advances three principal arguments. First, unprecedented social polarization in Britain and other liberal democracies in the last quarter of the 20th century now constitute poverty and wealth as socially constructed forms of exclusion from the realm of 'ordinary' citizenship. Second, that as the welfare state gives way to what has been characterized as the 'risk society', poverty and wealth as symbolic spectres now bear upon the quotidian anxieties and desires of virtually all citizens— whether they be poor, rich or 'comfortable'. Third, that discourses of cit izenship and popular values tend to draw on conflicting sets of traditions and moral repertoires; an insight which helps explain the ambiguity of political debate and social attitudes concerning the welfare state.
Rebuttal Analogy in Persuasive Messages
Authors: Whaley Bryan B. , Wagner Lisa Smith
Published: March 2007

Research concerning rebuttal analogy suggests that communicators using this argument form are perceived unfavorably by message receivers. To further understand the effects of rebuttal analogy, the present investigation examines respondents’ perceived likability of rebuttal analogy users, respondents’ cognitive responses to the message, and their reported attitudes toward messages using rebuttal analogy. Respondents were either exposed to one of four persuasive messages employing rebuttal analogy or to one of the same four messages with a nonanalogy version of the argument. As predicted, results revealed that respondents rated the communicator using rebuttal analogy as less likable. Cognitive responses and argument recall showed the message-processing effects of rebuttal analogy. However, no significant difference for attitude was detected between groups. Implications of the findings are discussed and research directions concerning persuasion are offered.
Correlates of Anxiety at Three Stages of the Foreign Language Learning Process
Authors: Bailey Phillip , Onwuegbuzie Anthony J. , Daley Christine E.
Published: March 2007

Foreign language anxiety is a complex phenomenon that occurs at each stage of the language learning process (i.e., input, processing, and output). This study of 205 university students attempted to identify a combination of variables that might be correlated with these three types of anxiety. Canonical correlation analyses revealed that students with the highest levels of anxiety at the input, processing, and output stages tend to be older; have lower expectations of their achievement in foreign language courses, low perceived global self-worth, low perceived scholastic competence, low perceived intellectual ability, and low perceived job competence; and have taken few or no high school foreign language courses. Academic achievement acted as a suppressor in the model by increasing the predictive power of the independent variables. The educational implications of these findings for understanding foreign language anxiety and for increasing foreign language learning are discussed, as are suggestions for future research.
Language and the Development of Children’s Ethnic Prejudice
Authors: Nesdale Drew
Published: March 2007

This article considers whether the study of children’s language in intergroup contexts enhances our understanding of the development of children’s ethnic prejudice. It is concluded that whereas children’s ethnic preferences may be well established by 6 years of age, ethnic prejudice does not emerge in middle childhood. In addition, whether children develop ethnic prejudice does not appear to be directly dependent on their perceptualcognitive abilities or the proximity of prejudiced others. Nevertheless, children may express racist statements toward ethnic outgroups by 5 years of age, and parents and peers are the primary sources of these expressions. However, such expressions are typically not held as the child’s own. That is, younger children may have the verbal fluency, but not the intergroup attitudes and stereotypes of older children in whom ethnic prejudice is fully realized. The implications of these findings for minimizing children’s ethnic prejudice are considered.
Enacting Gender Identity in Written Discourse
Authors: Winn Laura L. , Rubin Donald L.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated ways in which gender identity is enacted within written language. Participants first supplied a self-descriptive letter that might be filed with a dating service. Next, they responded to a fabricated personal ad posted by a potential dating partner. Contextual factors in this study were writing task (self-description or response to a personal ad) and the gender role “bid” (either instrumental or expressive) of the hypothetical personal ad writer. Individual difference variables were biological gender and measured gender role orientation. Texts were coded for frequency of seven gender-typed language features (e.g., hedges, first-person pronouns). Writers’ own gender role schemata affected their language use, as did their biological sex. Contextual factors were more potent than the writers’ gender in affecting these stylistic features. Overall, writers altered their styles to complement (rather than converge toward) the apparent gender role orientations of their interlocutors.
Truths, Lies, and Equivocations: The Effects of Conflicting Goals on Discourse
Authors: Bavelas Janet Beavin , Black Alex , Chovil Nicole , Mullett Jennifer
Published: March 2007

This article proposes a situational and discourse-oriented view of a particular class of messages, equivocations, that have usually been dismissed as ineffective or even deceptive. We distinguish between-and measure independently- what a message says (whether it is true or false) and how it is said (whether it is clear or equivocal), and we propose that the nature of the communicative situation determines the position of messages on these two coordinates. Specifically, situations can create external goals or consequences of messages, and these consequences can be positive or negative. There exists a class of situations in which all direct messages (true or false) have negative consequences. We predict that in these avoidance-avoidance conflicts, direct messages will be avoided and indirect, but true, equivocations should occur instead. Using hypothetical scenarios, the first four experiments confirmed that, in such conflicts but not in control conditions, people make their messages equivocal but true. A fifth experiment elicited false messages as well and showed that these could be distinguished from both clear and equivocal truths. Additional analyses showed that equivocations are not lies of omission and that nonverbal leakage did not occur in either equivocal or false messages.
"I Saw What Really Happened"
Authors: Beaitie Geoffrey , Doherty Kathy
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors demonstrate how discursive psychology may be applied to the analysis of eyewitness accounts ofparamilitary-related violence in North Belfast, Ireland. Eyewitnesses are in apowerful position to construct reality for others in their community, but such accounts can easily be dismissed as partisan characterisations of events. The authors therefore demonstrate some ofthe ways in which these accounts are made difficult to undermine, how they are rhetorically designed to undermine alternative versions of events, and how blamings and mitigations may be achieved through the construction of the social identities of the individuals in the events as blameless victims or as ruthless perpetrators. They further consider how it is made discursively possible for "blameless" victims to exist alongside "professional" hitmen through the construction of assailants as professional but also personally flawed, and this therefore compromises their claim to rational, political motivations for violence.
Syntax, Semantics, and Sexual Violence
Authors: Henley Nancy M. , Miller Michelle , Beazley Jo Anne
Published: March 2007

This research tested hypotheses that news media often report violence against women (VAW) in passive-verb format and that this leads readers to be more accepting of VAW than reports using the active voice. In Study 1, 1,501 verbs from news stories were classified as having active or passive voice. Passive voice use for both VAW (rape) and nonsexual violence (murder) was greater than for comparison verbs. Findings of a follow-up semantic differential study suggested that these verbs'negativity could account for the results. In a third study, 54 college students read mock news reports on rape, battery, robbery, and murder, rated victim harm and perpetrator responsibility after each, and completed scales of attitudes toward sexual violence. With passive voice, males, but notfemales, attributed less victim harm and perpetrator responsibility for VAW than with active voice. Both females and males showed more acceptance of VAW with passive voice use.
Workplace Interactions
Authors: Mott Helen , Petrie Helen
Published: March 2007

This study examined 78 telephone conversations occurring naturally in the workplace between nine women recruitment consultants and female and male addressees, who were either high status (clients) or low status (employees). These conversations were analyzed for effects of status and gender of addressee on the participants'temporal conversational styles (number of interruptions and back-channel responses). The data show a significant interaction between status and gender on the number of attempted interruptions that the consultants made and show a highly significant effect for status on the number of the consultants' back-channel responses. Discussion highlights the importance for language and gender research of taking into account its situational context.
Strategies of Talking to Each Other
Authors: Galasinski Dariusz
Published: March 2007

Two television debates between candidates for the Polish presidency, Aleksander Kwasniewski and Lech Wa4psa were held in the week preceding the second round of elec-tions in 1995. At the beginning of both debates, the moderator explained the rules-agreed to by the two candidates-strictlyapportioning communicative rights. The candidates were not to address each other or refer to each other's statements, restricting their utterances to answering questions posed by the moderator and journalists. In both debates, however, the candidates either addressed the other candidate directly to ask a question or challenge a point, or they directly responded to the opponent's statement, even though the response was irrelevant to the question they had been asked. These actions were usually accompanied by mitigatingdevices. An analysis of these devices is presented and explanation offered as to why in some cases none were used. The devices are discussed as instances of the pretence of cooperation.
Goal-Oriented Leadership in Swedish Schools
Authors: Stalhammar Bert
Published: March 2007

Bert Stålhammar is at the Skolledar Hogskolan in Orebro, Sweden. He suggests that in Sweden, the head is faced with new demands from society which entail a move from a school system dominated by rule-oriented management to one which emphasises goal-oriented management. In this context heads can no longer rely on the authority they derive from position and must instead cultivate a credibility based on competence. Much of the paper spells out what is involved in such a shift.
Metaphors as Storehouses of Expectation
Authors: Beavis Allan K. , Thomas A. Ross
Published: March 2007

Drawing upon a research project initially undertaken by Allan Beavis, this article explores how metaphors are used to identify and store some of the expectations which structure the interactions and communications of schools. The first part outlines a particular systems-theoretical view of schools (and other educational institutions) derived from the social theories of the German sociologist Niklas Luhmann. The importance of structures of expectations in maintaining a school's identity is argued. The second part illustrates how the metaphors identified in Beavis's study provide material contexts for identifying and storing the structures to guarantee their stability.
Multi-Models of Education Quality and Multi-Levels of Self-Management in Schools
Authors: Cheng Yin Cheong , Cheung Wing Ming
Published: March 2007

In current educational reforms, the shift to school-based management is often assumed as the important approach to enhancing school effectiveness and educational quality. This assumption will be problematic if the relationship between education quality and school-based management is conceptually and empirically unclear. This paper aims to provide a theoretical framework to explore this relationship. It explains how the characteristics of school-based management or self-management at multi-levels can contribute to the emphasis and concerns of seven different models of educational quality in school. The proposed framework has useful implications for current educational reforms in international contexts.
Making Things Real
Authors: Slater Don
Published: March 2007

If materiality is necessary for social order, we can usefully investigate what happens in social settings (such as, in this case, an Internet setting) which constantly problematize materiality and are uncertain as to what exactly count as `things'. This discussion draws on an on-line ethnography of people exchanging sexually explicit material (`sexpics') and communications over Internet Relay Chat (IRC). The paper argues that although, or because, this `sexpics' scene problematized materiality, participants went to great lengths to make `things' material. They set in motion a considerable range of `mechanisms of materialization', and they did so in order to establish a sense of ongoing ethical sociality. Conversely, the kinds of materializations they produced need to be interpreted in the light of the precise ethical sociality they sought to sustain. In particular, the article explores a paradox: although sexual imagery and communications were hyperabundant (partly because they were `dematerialized' as digital files), participants routinely materialized them in the form of scarce economic commodities which were exchanged within pseudo-market relations. What is at stake here is not the necessity of materiality for normative social order but rather the precedence of the normative over the material, or the `ought' over the `is'.
Establishing Day Centres
Authors: Howe Anne , Johnson Barry , Purser Bob , Read Gordon
Published: March 2007

Notes on opinion, theory and practice generated at a Midlands Regional Staff Development workshop. We hope these notes may be useful to others thinking of setting up day centres.
Released and Homeless
Authors: Jones Emlyn , Rudenko Martin
Published: March 2007

How the probation teams at two prisons linked up with a national voluntary agency to help prisoners on discharge to increase their accommodation options.
The Changing Environment of the Professional Worker
Authors: Willson Michael
Published: March 2007

A conceptual analysis of the political and organisational environment faced by the Probation Service, as part of the Public Sector, applying Mintzberg's work to anticipate the consequences of SNOP. What positive strategies are open to retain the role of skilled workers employing their discretion over complex tasks?
Prostitution and the Absolute Discharge Strategy
Authors: Davies Mary , Stewart Gillian
Published: March 2007

The proposers of resolution 21 at the 1986 AGM initially called for absolute discharges to be recommended for the offence of loitering. The motion was subsequently amended after reservations were expressed as to the possible repercussions of such a strategy. They here argue the merits of their original proposal.
S. West Youth Custody Survey
Authors: Bridges Andrew
Published: March 2007

A recent large scale survey of who goes into Youth Custody and what contact, if any, they have with their throughcare worker during sentence shows the scope for diversion and the gaps in provision.
Winsome, Lose Some: Beating the Gaming Machine
Authors: Bissitt Dave , Crate-Lionel Patrick , Lambert Roger
Published: March 2007

Machine gambling is frequently lost sight of amongst the more obvious difficulties experienced by Youth Custody trainees. Prison and probation staff at Glen Parva have worked together to address the problem.
Retinitis Pigmentosa: its effect on the individual and his family
Authors: Guest Mary
Published: March 2007

In this article the symptoms of RP are described and the problems associated with the disease are discussed. Of these problems, attitudes are identified as a particularly important factor. The attitude of the patient and family members can have a major influence on the handicapping effect of the condition. For young adults, the attitude o f workmates may discourage discussion of the problems associated with RP but, it is argued, this is an important way of helping the sufferer hold his job successfully.
Multi-handicap, low vision and the teaching of mobility (Part 2)
Authors: Dodds Allan G.
Published: March 2007

The following article concludes Allan Dodds's report on the seminar organised jointly by the Royal National Institute for the Blind and the Blind Mobility Research Unit, held at Nottingham University in November 1984. The contributions o f four practitioners are summarised.
Author, printer, reader, listener
Authors: Hartley James
Published: March 2007

In this article the writer outlines how difficulties in the design and layout of tabular and diagrammatic materials in printed text can cause difficulties (1) for readers of these materials when they are record ing them on tape, and (2) for the listeners to the resulting tapes.
First introduction to tactiles
Authors: Hinton Ronald
Published: March 2007

Blind pupils are sometimes expected to make sense of tactiles without the period of pre-picture- reading activity, which is vital to understanding but whose importance we tend to overlook in the fully sighted child because much of it occurs so early This article will discuss ways of introducing very young blind children to tactile pictures, maps and diagrams, and then reinforcing and developing their experiences
The use of the Blind Learning Aptitude Test in England and Wales, India and the USA
Authors: Mason Heather L. , Shukla Sukhdev R.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the rationale behind the development of the Blind Learning Aptitude Test (BLAT) by Newland, and then describes the results of its usage in England and Wales and India. These results are compared with the original standardization in the USA. The difficulties of testing the blind population in these countries are discussed and some tentative suggestions about future usage of the test are made.
Blind and partially sighted children in Britain: the RNIB survey, Volume 2. A summary
Authors: Lane Ann
Published: March 2007

This article highlights some of the issues considered in the RNIB Needs Survey, Volume 2, and outlines their implications for planners and providers of services to visually impaired children and their families.
Efficacy of special education provision for primary school pupils with serious visual impairment
Authors: Dobbins D.Alan , de la Mere Trudi
Published: March 2007

The authors suggest that the results of the research outlined here, while on too small a scale to be conclusive, indicate that the special education provision available to visually impaired children in primary schools compensates only in some cases for visual loss. The research (1991-92) was based on video recordings of lesson tasks undertaken by 14 children from three local education authorities in Wales. The article concludes with a list of options used by the teachers of these children to remove or reduce the visually based problems inherent in lesson tasks which may be relevant to the National Curriculum.
Visual information and the blind student: the problem of access
Authors: Wild Gabrielle , Hinton Ron
Published: March 2007

Information transfer on university level courses, particularly those in science related subjects, is often visual. This poses a problem for blind students wishing to pursue such subjects. Between 1990 and 1993 the Tactile Diagram Research Unit at Loughborough University followed eight such students through their courses to investigate how the problem can be tackled in practice. Students accessed visual information through verbal description and through tactile diagrams, sometimes used in conjunction with the audio-tactile device Nomad. The results indicate that tactile representations are the favoured method of transfer for much of this information. Their greater use at this level of education is advocated.
Attachment Security and Available Support: Closely Linked Relationship Qualities
Authors: Asendorpf Jens B. , Wilpers Susanne
Published: March 2007

Perceived security of attachment to mother, father, same-sex peers, and opposite-sex peers, and perceived available support from members of the individual network of relationships were related to each other both cross-sectionally and longitudinally in a four-wave longitudinal study of 171 students. Security of attachment and available support were closely linked within particular relationships such as the relationship to mother, and modestly linked for categories of relationships such as same-sex peers; their consistency across relationships was much lower. Furthermore, longitudinal changes in attachment and support were correlated within relationships, but not between relationships. Thus, perceptions of attachment security and support availability reflected the fluctuating quality of the relationships. Consequences for research on attachment and support are discussed.
Do Attachment and Hardiness Relate to Each Other and to Mental Health in Real-Life Stress?
Authors: Neria Yuval , Guttmann-Steinmetz Sarit , Koenen Karestan , Levinovsky Liat , Zakin Giora , Dekel Rachel
Published: March 2007

This study examines the associations among attachment styles, hardiness, and mental health in intensive real-life stress. Four hundred and thirty-four young Israeli men, candidates for service in an elite combat unit, were assessed towards the end of a highly demanding screening process. Secure attachment style was positively associated with overall hardiness, commitment, and control, whereas avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles were negatively associated with these variables. In addition, a secure attachment style, and overall hardiness, commitment, and control were positively associated with mental health and well-being, and negatively associated with distress and general psychiatric symptomatology, whereas avoidant and ambivalent styles were inversely related to mental health and well-being and positively related to distress and general psychiatric symptomatology. Regression models testing the relationship between attachment, hardiness, and mental health suggest that both attachment and hardiness are predictors of mental health in real-life stress. Findings are discussed with respect to theories of both attachment and hardiness.
Premarital Relationship Correlates of the Erosion of Satisfaction in Marriage
Authors: Kelly Carol , Huston Ted L. , Cate Rodney M.
Published: March 2007

The results of the present study show that premarital conflict is a precursor of marital conflict and that, while it does not relate to the feelings that partners report having about one another premaritally, it does predict the extent to which they are satisfied once they have been married about two and a half years. Twenty-one newlyweds provided detailed time-ordered descriptions of their courtships, dividing them into three stages of involvement - casual dating, serious dating, and commitment to marriage. With the events of the courtship fresh in their minds, they were asked to think about the time period of each stage in turn, and to fill out a questionnaire designed to measure: (1) love, (2) ambivalence, (3) conflict and (4) maintenance behaviours (e.g., attempts at problem-solving). Approximately two years later they completed the same scales, as well as a measure of marital satisfaction and adjustment. Premarital conflict was generally the strongest predictor of patterns of marital involvement, but it predicted the subjective feelings of wives better than of husbands. Conflict and maintenance are strongly associated premaritally, but once couples have been married for a while there is no tendency for couples who have high conflict to make greater efforts at problem-solving. The results are discussed in terms of couples' changing attributions regarding the origins of conflict.
Cohabitation, Marriage and Divorce among Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Newcomb Michael D.
Published: March 2007

This study examines a variety of important aspects of marriage, cohabitation, and divorce among young adults. Using longitudinal data obtained in high school, men and women in their early twenties were compared on the basis of whether they have or have not cohabited, in general, and, for those who married, whether they had cohabited prior to marriage. Prior to cohabiting, future cohabitors reported significantly more frequent drug use, poorer relationships with family and friends, and more nontraditional personality traits than noncohabitors. Using concurrent data obtained from the young adults, these same groups were compared on a variety of variables related to autonomy needs, dependency conflicts, friendship network, and quality of life. Cohabitors tended to have more dependency conflicts, somewhat more autonomy needs, more sexually active friendship network, and lower life satisfaction in many areas, compared with noncohabitors. It was also found that premarital cohabitors had significantly higher divorce rates than those who did not cohabit before marriage. Results are discussed in terms of life stage, maturity level, and autonomy/affiliation needs.
When Spouses Talk to Each Other about their Relationship
Authors: Acitelli Linda K.
Published: March 2007

A study of 42 married couples addressed the questions: (1) What effect does talking about their relationship have on perceptions of spouses' feelings of contentment; (2) Does talking about the relationship affect spouses differently in different situations? Subjects read stories about pleasant and unpleasant interactions between married couples who either talked or did not talk about their relationship. Subjects rated characters' feelings of contentment after each story. Relationship talk appeared to have a positive effect on subjects' ratings of the fictional couples' feelings. How much the ratings were affected by such talk seemed to depend on which partner was talking and whether the story was pleasant or unpleasant. Results are discussed in light of previous research on attributions in married couples. Recommendations for future research suggest a closer examination of gender differences in talking about relationships and finding out when such talk is beneficial to a marriage.
Listener Response Strategies to a Distressed Other
Authors: Notarius Clifford I. , Herrick Lisa R.
Published: March 2007

Talking with someone who is distressed can be an emotionally provocative experience. When confronted with a distressed person, listeners have been found to employ a variety of response strategies, with varying effects on the troubled talker; and to experience, themselves, a range of feeling reactions. This study examined the association between a listener's response style and her affective reactions following a conversation with a distressed individual. Thirtyfemale subjects participated in a fifteen-minute dyadic interaction in which they talked with a confederate enacting a depressed role. Observational coding of listener response strategies revealed that subjects who relied on advice-giving, chit-chat and/or joking were significantly more depressed and more rejecting of their partners than were subjects who acknowledged the confederate's mood and who relied on supportive listening techniques. These findings suggest the importance of listener's behaviour in determining the outcomes of informal helping encounters.
Fitzpatrick's Typology: An Australian Replication
Authors: Noller Patricia , Hiscock Harley
Published: March 2007

This paper describes an Australian replication of Fitzpatrick's marital typology. One hundred and ninety couples were administered the Relational Dimensions Instrument (RDI) (Fitzpatrick, 1977, 1984). Eight factors were found, six of which were highly similar to those found by Fitzpatrick — sharing, ideology of traditionalism, temporal regularity, spatial differentiation, autonomy and conflict avoidance. The factor previously labelled 'assertiveness', however, seemed more appropriately labelled 'coercion', while ideology of uncertainty and change was replaced by a factor labelled 'enthusiasm'. The three types were replicated and labelled connecteds, independents and separates. The three types were discriminated in terms of two dimensions of openness and independence. The connecteds were high on openness and low on independence, the independents were high on both dimensions, and the separates were low on both dimensions. They key difference between this replication and the original study is the lack of effect for ideology of traditionalism, and the subsequent renaming of that cluster or type.
What Women Know that Men don't: Sex Differences in Determining the Truth Behind Deceptive Messages
Authors: McCornack Steven A. , Parks Malcolm R.
Published: March 2007

While a good deal of research has been devoted to studying individual accuracy in detecting deceptiveness, a neglected issue involves the ability of individuals to accurately discern the truth that is obscured by deceptive messages. Methodological considerations have limited the generalizability of previous research findings in this area. Drawing upon a conceptualization of deception as a relational phenomenon, three hypotheses were developed and tested in a sample of 55 premarital romantic dyads. Subjects viewed a series of 12 videotaped segments of their partner who told the truth in half the segments and lied in half the segments. Results indicated that individual accuracy in ascertaining the underlying truth obscured by deception declines as individuals become more intimate. In addition, women were found to be consistently more accurate than men independent of level of relationship development.
Perceived Understanding and Interpersonal Relationships
Authors: Cahn Dudley D.
Published: March 2007

This research program overview focuses on the role of perceived understanding in interpersonal relationships. This overview (1) explains the theoretical rationale for the program; (2) details the progress to date; and (3) describes ongoing research efforts.
A Behavioral Self-Report Technique for Assessing Conflict in Close Relationships
Authors: Lloyd Sally A.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the development of a behavioral self-report measure of conflict in everyday life. The method entails using a structured disagreement record to track conflicts as they occur on a daily basis. This record assesses information such as the length of the disagreement, who initiated the disagreement and time of day as well as assessments of the intensity, resolution and stability of the conflict. These disagreement records were used in a longitudinal study of twenty-five dating couples; results indicate that dimensions of conflict as described on the disagreement records were related to both global properties of the relationship (for example, love, ambivalence) and relationship continuance versus noncontinuance.
Marital Happiness and Spousal Consensus on Beliefs about Marital Conflict: A Longitudinal Investigation
Authors: Crohan Susan E.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between marital happiness and spousal consensus on beliefs about marital conflict was assessed for 133 black and 149 white couples who were randomly selected from among all couples applying for marriage licenses in Wayne County, Ml in the spring of 1986. The relationship between happiness and beliefs about conflict was examined in the first year of marriage (Time 1) and 2 years later (Time 2). Results showed that, first, there was little agreement between spouses on beliefs about conflict at either Time 1 or Time 2. Second, spousal consensus was not highly associated with marital happiness concurrently or longitudinally. However, the content of the beliefs that partners hold about marital conflict was more important to their marital happiness than spousal consensus. For example, those husbands and wives who both believe that conflicts should be avoided at Time 1 reported lower marital happiness in the first year of marriage as well as 2 years later than those spouses who both believe that conflicts should not be avoided. The results were similar for black and white couples. Discussion focuses on the importance of assessing spouses' cognitions about conflict in order to understand the relationship between marital conflict and marital happiness more fully.
Mothers' and Children's Friendships: Intergenerational Associations
Authors: Doyle Anna Beth , Markiewicz Dorothy , Hardy Cindy
Published: March 2007

We assessed predictability of the friendship participation and quality, as well as the popularity, of 154 children 8 to 12 years of age from measures of their mothers' social relationships. Measures included questionnaires assessing qualities of the mothers' best friendships and the quality of the marital relationship, and an interview measure of maternal acceptance of the child. Results indicated that qualities of the mothers' best friendship, in particular self-referent reward qualities, significantly predicted child friendship participation, the closeness and helpfulness of children's friendships, child popularity and maternal acceptance. Marital status was an important predictor, and marital quality a lesser predictor, of child friendship quality but not of popularity. Results suggest domain-specific parental influences on children's friendships which are distinct from peer popularity.
Reflection-Enhancing Regulative Communication: How Do Parents Vary Across Misbehavior Situations and Child Resistance?
Authors: Wilson Steven R. , Whipple Ellen E. , Grau Jennifer
Published: March 2007

This study examines parental regulative communication across misbehavior situations and child resistance. Regulative messages are analyzed using Applegate et al.'s (1985) hierarchical scheme for coding `reflection-enhancement', or the degree to which parents encourage their child to reflect on psychological consequences of misbehavior. We explore several questions about regulative communication that have been de-emphasized in previous research, including how parents mix power-assertion and reflection-enhancement within the same message, how parents as a group vary their responses depending on how their child has misbehaved, how parents also differ individually in the degree to which they vary across situations and how parents respond after child resistance. Our findings tentatively suggest the need to develop more detailed and contingent views of parental regulative communication.
Introduction to Special Issue: Reciprocity and Bidirectionality in Parent-Child Relationships: New Approaches to the Study of Enduring Issues
Authors: Pettit Gregory S. , Loulis Susan
Published: March 2007

A long history of research on parent-child relationships has been premised on the assumption that parents socialize their children to a greater degree than children socialize their parents. Increasingly, however, it has-been recognized that parent-child relationships are co-constructed and are embedded in a social matrix that is defined by patterns of reciprocal influence over time. This Special Issue of Journal of Social and Personal Relationships provides a sampling of the energetic work currently being conducted in the parent-child relationships field that bears directly on issues of reciprocity and bidirectionality. Our goal in assembling this collection of papers is to focus greater attention on the centrality of bidirectional concepts in current research and thinking about parentchild relationships in particular, and interpersonal relationships more generally.
Intrapersonal Characteristics and the Timing of Divorce: A Prospective Investigation
Authors: Tucker Joan S. , Kressin Nancy R. , Spiro Avron , Ruscio John
Published: March 2007

Data from two longitudinal studies (Normative Aging Study and Terman Life Cycle Study) were used to investigate the intrapersonal predictors of earlier and later divorce. Initially married individuals were classified as having not divorced, divorced before 20 years of marriage, or divorced after 20 or more years of marriage. Individuals rated as more disagreeable (angry, vain/egotistical, lacking sympathy/tenderness) and more impulsive (lacking conscientiousness and perseverance) were at higher risk for earlier than later divorce. Although individuals rated higher on neuroticism were more likely to divorce, certain aspects of neuroticism (feelings of inadequacy and sensitivity) were not associated with the timing of divorce. Results indicate that intrapersonal characteristics that are associated with divorces occurring relatively early in marriages are not necessarily predictive of divorces occurring in marriages of longer duration.
Using Paired Data to Test Models of Relational Maintenance and Marital Quality
Authors: Weigel Daniel J. , Ballard-Reisch Deborah S.
Published: March 2007

Recent research has developed a good understanding of how maintenance behaviors are related to husbands’ and wives’ individual perceptions of marriage. Unfortunately, one of the limitations is that data have been collected from an individual spouse and may be misleading when applied to the relationship as a whole. The purpose of the present study was to test a procedure by which data collected from spouses can be used to examine joint couple-level concepts. Specifically, the study employs structural equation modeling with 129 married couples to examine the relationship between husbands’ and wives’ use of maintenance behaviors and joint couple-level constructs of marital quality. The final models for couple satisfaction, couple commitment, and couple love had good fits, indicating that individual use of maintenance behaviors has an influence upon couples’ marital quality. Also, wives’ overall use of maintenance behaviors had a stronger relationship with marital quality than did husbands’ use of maintenance behaviors.
The British Library Business Information Service: progress report
Authors: King David
Published: March 2007

The British Library Business Information Service has been in operation for three years. In this paper, developments in the service are measured against the recommendations of the expert Working Group set up in 1980 to advise the British Library on its future provision of business information.
How to design your Management Information System
Authors: van Mesdag Martin
Published: March 2007

Information systems in business, inasmuch as they exist at all, are usually out of step with the needs of management. The skills and insights needed to manage information are lagging behind the technology to process data - the gap between the two is widening Many new areas of essential management knowledge have emerged, few business information systems are able to cope with these extended needs Management information systems are still designed to monitor internal historical events rather than to scan the business environment for future opportunities This paper identifies the specific abilities which companies must have to survive during the 1980s and it draws inferences for the architecture and management of information systems to enable those abilities to be developed. The paper concludes by suggesting a number of specific ways in which marketing researchers could serve the future needs of business