bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Online crime and internet gambling
Authors: McMullan John L. , Rege Aunshul
Published: August 2010

The spread of Internet gambling has raised several issues concerning motivations to gamble, consumer behaviour online, problem gambling, security of Web sites, and fairness and integrity of the games. Rather surprisingly, however, there has been little in the way of research regarding online crime and Internet gambling even though it is an urgent priority. This article addresses this absence by investigating the types, techniques, and organizational dynamics of online crime at the portals of Internet gambling sites. Our approach is qualitative in nature and explores, using document analysis, the activities of cybernomads, dot.con teams, and criminal networks. We demonstrate that there are different levels of criminal organization, distinguished by their complexity of division of labour; coordination of roles; purposefulness of association between criminals; and ability to avoid, evade, or neutralize security systems and law enforcement. We conclude by arguing that conventional understandings of real-world gambling-related criminal relationships have been altered by the digital environment of the Internet.
Implicit measures of attitudes toward gambling: An exploratory study
Authors: Yi Sunghwan , Kanetkar Vinay
Published: August 2010

Gambling researchers have used self-report measures in order to assess gamblers' attitudes toward gambling. Despite their efficiency, self-report measures of attitudes often suffer self-presentation and social desirability bias when they are used to assess socially sensitive or stigmatized issues. This concern has led to the recent development of indirect, non-reactive measures of attitudes in psychology. These implicit measures of attitudes tend to reveal automatic, impulsive mental processes, whereas the self-report measures tap conscious, reflective processes (F. Strack & R. Deutsch, 2004). In this paper, we demonstrate how response latency-based measures can be used to investigate attitudes toward gambling. We report findings of our empirical study, in which evaluative priming (Fazio et al., 1995) and the Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT; Karpinski & Steinman, 1996) were used to assess implicit attitudes toward gambling, and the Single Target IAT was adapted to assess implicit arousal-sedation associations of gambling. With a sample of 102 undergraduate students, we found that latency-based measures of attitudes toward gambling were not significantly correlated with self-report measures. Moderate-to-high-risk gamblers held more positive attitudes toward gambling in the SC-IAT and exhibited more positive and more negative attitudes toward gambling in the evaluative priming task than did low-risk gamblers.
Spectral characteristics of protons in the Earth's plasmasheet: statistical results from Cluster CIS and RAPID
Authors: Haaland S. , Kronberg E. A. , Daly P. W. , Fränz M. , Degener L. , Georgescu E. , Dandouras I.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. We present a study of the spectral characteristics of protons in the Earth's plasma sheet for various geomagnetic disturbance levels. The study is based on about 5400 h of data combined from the Cluster RAPID and CIS instruments obtained during the tail season (July–October). The overall proton spectral shape is generally that of a κ distribution, that is, resembling a Maxwellian at lower energies which smoothly merges into a power-law tail at higher energies. The actual spectral long-term slope depends on various magnetospheric driver parameters, but is on average around 3.5–4. During disturbed conditions, such as geomagnetic storm or substorm periods, a shift in the characteristic energy is observed. For two individual storms, we also found a hardening of the spectra. Unlike the electron spectra, we do not see any significant local time dependence in the spectral slope, but we find higher average ion fluxes in the dusk side. We also do not find any direct response in the energy spectra to changes in the interplanetary magnetic field or solar wind dynamic pressure. This suggests that energization of the ions are mainly due to internal processes in the plasma sheet.
Estimation of high return period flood quantiles using additional non-systematic information with upper bounded statistical models
Authors: Botero B. A. , Francés F.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. This paper proposes the estimation of high return period quantiles using upper bounded distribution functions with Systematic and additional Non-Systematic information. The aim of the developed methodology is to reduce the estimation uncertainty of these quantiles, assuming the upper bound parameter of these distribution functions as a statistical estimator of the Probable Maximum Flood (PMF). Three upper bounded distribution functions, firstly used in Hydrology in the 90's (referred to in this work as TDF, LN4 and EV4), were applied at the Jucar River in Spain. Different methods to estimate the upper limit of these distribution functions have been merged with the Maximum Likelihood (ML) method. Results show that it is possible to obtain a statistical estimate of the PMF value and to establish its associated uncertainty. The behaviour for high return period quantiles is different for the three evaluated distributions and, for the case study, the EV4 gave better descriptive results. With enough information, the associated estimation uncertainty is considered acceptable, even for the PMF estimate. From the robustness analysis, EV4 distribution function appears to be more robust than the GEV and TCEV unbounded distribution functions in a typical Mediterranean river and Non-Systematic information availability scenario.
Impact of hydrographic data assimilation on the modelled Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
Authors: Smith G. C. , Haines K. , Kanzow T. , Cunningham S.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Here we make an initial step toward the development of an ocean assimilation system that can constrain the modelled Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) to support climate predictions. A detailed comparison is presented of 1° and 1/4° resolution global model simulations with and without sequential data assimilation, to the observations and transport estimates from the RAPID mooring array across 26.5° N in the Atlantic. Comparisons of modelled water properties with the observations from the merged RAPID boundary arrays demonstrate the ability of in situ data assimilation to accurately constrain the east-west density gradient between these mooring arrays. However, the presence of an unconstrained "western boundary wedge" between Abaco Island and the RAPID mooring site WB2 (16 km offshore) leads to the intensification of an erroneous southwards flow in this region when in situ data are assimilated. The result is an overly intense southward upper mid-ocean transport (0–1100 m) as compared to the estimates derived from the RAPID array. Correction of upper layer zonal density gradients is found to compensate mostly for a weak subtropical gyre circulation in the free model run (i.e. with no assimilation). Despite the important changes to the density structure and transports in the upper layer imposed by the assimilation, very little change is found in the amplitude and sub-seasonal variability of the AMOC. This shows that assimilation of upper layer density information projects mainly on the gyre circulation with little effect on the AMOC at 26° N due to the absence of corrections to density gradients below 2000 m (the maximum depth of Argo). The sensitivity to initial conditions was explored through two additional experiments using a climatological initial condition. These experiments showed that the weak bias in gyre intensity in the control simulation (without data assimilation) develops over a period of about 6 months, but does so independently from the overturning, with no change to the AMOC. However, differences in the properties and volume transport of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) persisted throughout the 3 year simulations resulting in a difference of 3 Sv in AMOC intensity. The persistence of these dense water anomalies and their influence on the AMOC is promising for the development of decadal forecasting capabilities. The results suggest that the deeper waters must be accurately reproduced in order to constrain the AMOC.
Enhanced Electrical Switching and Electrochromic Properties of Poly(p‐phenylenebenzobisthiazole) Thin Films Embedded with Nano‐WO3
Authors: Zhu Jiahua , Wei Suying , Alexander Max Jr. , Dang Thuy D. , Ho Thomas C. , Guo Zhanhu
Published: August 2010

The electrical switching and electrochromic phenomena of a novel nanocomposite comprising poly(p‐phenylenebenzobisthiazole) (PBZT) and tungsten oxide (WO3) nanoparticles are investigated as a function of the nanoparticle loading. Both dissolving PBZT and doping PBZT backbone structure with acid are achieved by one simple step. Chlorosulfonic acid (CSA) is used as a solvent and spontaneously transformed to sulfuric acid upon exposure to moisture. The formed sulfuric acid serves as doping agent to improve the electrical conductivity of PBZT. The most significant enhancement of electrical switching is observed in the nanocomposites with low weight fraction (5%). The electrical conductivity of 5% WO3/PBZT nanocomposite thin film is increased by about 200 times and 2 times, respectively, as compared to those of the as‐received PBZT and PBZT/CSA thin films. As the nanoparticle loading increases to 20% and 30%, the nanocomposites follow an ohmic conduction mechanism. Stable electrical conductivity switching is observed before and after applying a bias on the pristine PBZT and WO3/PBZT nanocomposite thin films. Electrochromic phenomena of both PBZT and WO3/PBZT nanocomposite thin films with high contrast ratio are observed after applying a bias (3 V). The mechanisms of the nanoparticles in enhancing the electrical switching and electrochromic properties are proposed.
An Individual Carbon Nanotube Transistor Tuned by High Pressure
Authors: Caillier Christophe , Ayari Anthony , Gouttenoire Vincent , Benoit Jean‐Michel , Jourdain Vincent , Picher Matthieu , Paillet Matthieu , Le Floch Sylvie , Purcell Stephen T. , Sauvajol Jean‐Louis , San Miguel Alfonso
Published: August 2010

A transistor based on an individual multiwalled carbon nanotube is studied under high‐pressure up to 1 GPa. Dramatic effects are observed, such as the lowering of the Schottky barrier at the gold–nanotube contacts, the enhancement of the intertube conductance, including a discontinuity related to a structural transition, and the decrease of the gate hysteresis of the device.
Shape‐Memory Polymers: Multifunctional Shape‐Memory Polymers (Adv. Mater. 31/2010)
Authors: Behl Marc , Razzaq Muhammad Yasar , Lendlein Andreas
Published: August 2010

The thermally‐induced shape‐memory effect (SME) is the capability of a material to change its shape in a predefined way in response to heat. In shape‐memory polymers (SMP) this shape change is the entropy‐driven recovery of a mechanical deformation, which was obtained before by application of external stress and was temporarily fixed by formation of physical crosslinks. The high technological significance of SMP becomes apparent in many established products (e.g., packaging materials, assembling devices, textiles, and membranes) and the broad SMP development activities in the field of biomedical as well as aerospace applications (e.g., medical devices or morphing structures for aerospace vehicles). Inspired by the complex and diverse requirements of these applications fundamental research is aiming at multifunctional SMP, in which SME is combined with additional functions and is proceeding rapidly. In this review different concepts for the creation of multifunctionality are derived from the various polymer network architectures of thermally‐induced SMP. Multimaterial systems, such as nanocomposites, are described as well as one‐component polymer systems, in which independent functions are integrated. Future challenges will be to transfer the concept of multifunctionality to other emerging shape‐memory technologies like light‐sensitive SMP, reversible shape changing effects or triple‐shape polymers.
EGR3 as a potential susceptibility gene for schizophrenia in Korea
Authors: Kim Se Hyun , Song Joo Yun , Joo Eun‐Jeong , Lee Kyu Young , Ahn Yong Min , Kim Yong Sik
Published: August 2010

Early growth response (EGR) genes play critical roles in signal transduction in the brain, which is involved in neuronal activation, brain development, and synaptic plasticity. EGR genes, including EGR2, EGR3, and EGR4, showed significant association with schizophrenia in Japanese schizophrenic pedigrees. In particular, EGR3, which resides at the chromosomal location 8p21.3, was suggested to be a potential susceptibility gene in schizophrenia based on a study of Japanese cases. However, this requires further replication with an independent sample set. We investigated the association of the EGR3 and EGR2 genes, which were suggested as potential susceptibility genes for schizophrenia supported by both genetic association and postmortem brain expression studies, with schizophrenia in Korean patients. Along with 350 healthy individuals, 244 schizophrenic patients were analyzed. Among the four examined single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of EGR3 (rs1008949, rs7009708, rs35201266, and rs3750192), SNP rs35201266 in intron 1 of the EGR3 gene showed a significant association with schizophrenia (P = 0.0008, χ2 = 11.156, OR = 1.493), which withstands multiple testing correction. In addition, the “T‐G‐C‐G” haplotype of EGR3 was under‐represented in the patients with schizophrenia (P = 0.0073, χ2 = 7.188, OR = 0.697). However, an association between the SNPs of EGR2 (rs2295814 and rs2297488) and schizophrenia was not found. These findings are consistent with the previous genetic association of the EGR3 gene in Japanese cohorts, which is the first replication concerning the association of EGR3 with schizophrenia in an independent cohort. Taken together, EGR3 could be suggested as a compelling susceptibility gene in schizophrenia. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lumineszierende Kohlenstoff‐Nanopunkte: Nanolichtquellen mit Zukunft
Authors: Baker Sheila N. , Baker Gary A.
Published: August 2010

Wie ihre wohlbekannten älteren Verwandten, die Fullerene, Kohlenstoff‐Nanoröhren und Graphen, inspiriert auch die jüngste Form von Nanokohlenstoff, nämlich Kohlenstoff‐Nanopunkte, zu intensiven Forschungsaktivitäten. Insbesondere die oberflächenpassivierten, kohlenstoffhaltigen Quantenpunkte, so genannte C‐Punkte, zeigen einige der positiven Eigenschaften der herkömmlichen Quantenpunkte auf Halbleiterbasis (d. h. größen‐ und wellenlängenabhängige Lumineszenzemission, Beständigkeit gegen Photobleichen, einfache Biokonjugation), ohne dass Nachteile wie eine intrinsische Toxizität oder seltene Elemente damit verbunden wären, und zudem werden rigorose, mühselige, kostspielige oder ineffiziente Herstellungsschritte vermieden. C‐Punkte können tatsächlich kostengünstig und in großem Maßstab auf nachhaltige Weise (oftmals unter Verwendung von einstufigen Synthesen und wenn möglich aus Biomasseabfällen) hergestellt werden, wobei eine Vielzahl an Vorgehensweisen vom einfachen Abbrennen einer Kerze über In‐situ‐Dehydratisierungsreaktionen bis hin zu Laserablationsverfahren möglich sind. In diesem Aufsatz fassen wir aktuelle Fortschritte in der Synthese und Charakterisierung von C‐Punkten zusammen. Wir stellen Überlegungen zur zukünftigen Gestaltung dieses Gebiets vor und diskutieren einige äußerst vielversprechende Entwicklungen für die mögliche Nutzung dieser zukunftsträchtigen Nanokohlenstoffklasse in Bereichen wie Energieumwandlung/Speicherung, Bio‐Imaging, Wirkstofffreisetzung, Sensorik, Diagnostik und Kompositmaterialien.
Developmental Changes of Cell Adhesion Molecule Expression in the Fetal Mouse Liver
Authors: Sugiyama Yoshinori , Koike Toru , Shiojiri Nobuyoshi
Published: August 2010

Developmental changes of cell adhesion molecule expression, especially in nonparenchymal cells, have hardly ever been analyzed in the murine liver. The present study was undertaken to immunohistochemically examine the expression of NCAM, ICAM, VCAM, and N‐cadherin during mouse liver development and in fetal liver cell cultures. NCAM was transiently expressed in mesenchymal cells of the septum transversum and sinusoidal cells in liver development. In vitro studies demonstrated that desmin‐positive stellate cells expressed this cell adhesion molecule. NCAM expression in periportal biliary epithelial cells and connective tissue cells also coincided well with bile duct remodeling processes in the perinatal periods. Expression of ICAM and VCAM was transiently restricted to hepatoblasts, hepatocytes and hemopoietic cells in fetal stages. N‐cadherin was expressed not only in hepatoblasts and hepatocytes, but also in nonparenchymal cells such as endothelial cells, stellate cells and connective tissue cells, however the expression was weak. These results suggest that each cell adhesion molecule may play an important role during development in hepatic histogenesis, including hepatoblast/hepatocyte‐stellate cell interactions, hemopoiesis, and bile duct morphogenesis. Anat Rec 293:1698–1710, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Magnetic signal prospecting using multiparameter measurements: the case study of the Gallic Site of Levroux
Authors: Pétronille M. , Thiesson J. , Simon F.‐X. , Buchsenschutz O.
Published: August 2010

The ‘magnetic signal’ that combines both the induced (Ji) and the remanent (Jr) magnetization is widely used in archaeological and pedological prospecting. Magnetic prospecting recording the lateral variations of the total magnetization is the most frequently used measurement before in‐phase magnetic susceptibility (Kph) and magnetic viscosity (Kqu) mapping. The work presented here brings together three types of prospecting technique: magnetic field survey and electromagnetic measurements with both frequency and time domain devices that measure magnetic susceptibility and viscosity respectively. The site studied, the Gallic town of Levroux (Indre, France), is particularly interesting because it includes features such as pits and ditches dug into the calcareous substratum partly filled with topsoil and with residues of different metallurgical and fire activities. The field results indicated anomalies with different types of characterization: (i) many compact features filled with magnetic, electrically conductive and minimally viscous materials; and (ii) elongated anomalies characterized by lower magnetic properties and electric conductivity but relatively higher magnetic viscosity than those of the compact features. In addition to the location of the features, the combination of the information brought by the different types of measurements allows us to evaluate the possible erosion of their upper parts by ploughing, to assess their depth (never deeper than 1.30 m) and to precise the nature of the feature's fill. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can grass biomethane be an economically viable biofuel for the farmer and the consumer?
Authors: Smyth Beatrice M. , Smyth Henry , Murphy Jerry D.
Published: August 2010

Farm incomes in Ireland are in decline and many farmers would operate at a loss in the absence of subsidies. Agriculture is responsible for 27% of Ireland's greenhouse gas emissions and is the largest contributing sector. Penetration of renewable energy in the heat and transport sectors is falling short of targets, and there is no clear plan for achieving them. The anaerobic digestion of grass to produce biogas or biomethane is put forward as a multifaceted solution, which could help meet energy and emissions targets, reduce dependence on imported energy, and provide additional farm income. This paper addresses the economic viability of such a system. Grass biogas/biomethane fares poorly under the current combined heat and power tariff structure, which is geared toward feedstock that attracts a gate fee. Tariff structures similar to those used in other countries are necessary for the industry to develop. Equally, regulation should be implemented to allow injection of biomethane into the gas grid in Ireland. Blends of natural gas and biomethane can be sold, offering a cost‐competitive green fuel. Sale as a renewable transport fuel could allow profitability for the farmer and savings for the consumer, but suffers due to the lack of a market. Under current conditions, the most economically viable outlet for grass biomethane is sale as a renewable heating fuel. The key to competitiveness is the existing natural gas infrastructure that enables distribution of grass biomethane, and the renewable energy targets that allow renewable fuels to compete against each other. © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Invited reviewnative chemical ligation applied to the synthesis and bioengineering of circular peptides and proteins
Authors: Clark Richard J. , Craik David J.
Published: August 2010

Native chemical ligation methodology developed in the laboratory of Stephen Kent is a versatile approach to the linkage of peptide fragments using a native peptide bond. It is readily adaptable to the task of joining the N‐ and C‐termini of peptides to produce cyclic molecules and we have used it for the cyclization of a range of disulfide‐rich peptides. Specifically, it has been valuable for the synthesis of cyclotides, naturally occurring peptides characterized by a head‐to‐tail cyclized backbone and a knotted arrangement of three conserved disulfide bonds. Cyclotides have a diverse range of biological activities, including anti‐HIV, antimicrobial, and insecticidal activities. They are ultrastable owing to their cyclic cystine knot motif, and native chemical ligation methodology has been invaluable in the synthesis of a range of native and modified cyclotides to explore their structure‐activity relationships and applications in drug design. Similar studies have also been applied to a smaller cyclic peptide produced in sunflower seeds, sunflower trypsin inhibitor‐1, which also shows promise as a template in drug design applications. We have also found native chemical ligation to be a valuable methodology for the cyclization of conotoxins, small disulfide‐rich peptides from the venoms of marine cone snails. Conotoxins target a range of ions channels and receptors and are exciting leads in drug design applications. The synthetic cyclization of conotoxins with peptide linkers stabilizes them and improves their biopharmaceutical properties. In summary, this article illustrates the use of native chemical ligation technology in the cyclization of cyclotides, sunflower trypsin inhibitor‐1, and conotoxins in our laboratory. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 94: 414–422, 2010.
Toward fully synthetic, homogeneous glycoproteins: Advances in chemical ligation
Authors: Yuan Yu , Chen Jin , Wan Qian , Wilson Rebecca M. , Danishefsky Samuel J.
Published: August 2010

Traditionally, in the pharma sciences, there has been an unstated but operative bifurcation into small molecules and biologics. Small molecules were seen to be, at the discovery level, in the province of chemistry, based on targets provided through biology. By contrast, “biologics” were seen to arise solely from the province of biology exploiting its accessible replicative mechanisms. Our laboratory has been dedicated to the proposition that explosive advances in chemical synthesis have been such as to render so called “biologics” as being accessible to chemical synthesis. In this article, we focus particularly on the area of glycopeptides. Chemical synthesis, in principle, offers an advantage, in that it can lead to homogeneous glycopeptides characterized by a single glycoform of the glycosidic domain mounted at a particular amino acid in the polypeptide domain. In support of this defining goal, a variety of new methods have been developed. The key problem addressed is that of ligation. In this article, we review how insights available from mechanistic organic chemistry have been used to create an imposing framework for the synthesis of structures which would, in an earlier day, have been seen to be strictly in the realm of chemically inaccessible “biologics”. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 94: 373–384, 2010.
Synthesis of a GPI anchor module suitable for protein post‐translational modification
Authors: Schumacher Miria C. , Resenberger Ulrike , Seidel Ralf P. , Becker Christian F. W. , Winklhofer Konstanze F. , Oesterhelt Dieter , Tatzelt Jörg , Engelhard Martin
Published: August 2010

Eukaryotic cell surface proteins are often modified by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. More than 200 of these post‐translationally altered proteins are presently known, a prominent example being the prion protein (PrP). Although the significance of the GPI anchor is well recognized, efforts to study its function are hampered due to its complex chemical nature, which combines hydrophilic glycosyl chains with hydrophobic lipid moieties. Here we describe a general method for the synthesis of a GPI‐anchored peptide containing an N‐terminal Cys. This module can be employed for the production of proteins containing a natural GPI anchor using expressed protein ligation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 94: 457–464, 2010.
NMR study of the structure and self‐association of core peptide in aqueous solution and DPC micelles
Authors: Zheng Gang , Torres Allan M. , Ali Marina , Manolios Nicholas , Price William S.
Published: August 2010

Core peptide is a hydrophobic peptide derived from the T‐cell antigen receptor‐alpha chain (TCR‐α) transmembrane region with therapeutic potential. The mechanism by which the peptide inserts into the membrane, including any requirements to change conformational or association states during the insertion, is unclear. Here, the self‐association and secondary structure of Core peptide in aqueous solution and in dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) micelles were examined using various nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. NMR diffusion measurements were performed on 0.05, 1, and 5 mM Core peptide in D2O. These samples had pH values varying from 3 to 4. A constant measured diffusion coefficient of ∼2 × 10−10 m2 s−1 was observed in these samples indicating that Core peptide was monomeric. Multidimensional NMR experiments (i.e., TOCSY and NOESY) revealed the formation of β‐strands in water at low pH and random coil in DPC micelles. The results of this study reveal that at relatively low pH, the insertion mechanism must involve Core peptide in the monomeric state but it undergoes a conformational transition during membrane insertion. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 96: 177–180, 2011.
Identification of a potential modification site in human stromal cell‐derived factor‐1
Authors: Baumann Lars , Beck‐Sickinger Annette G.
Published: August 2010

Selective modification of proteins is an important tool to study their function. However, it is still challenging to identify the best position to avoid a loss of activity. By using a 6‐nitroveratryl (Nvoc)‐modification approach, we facilitate the identification of a potential modification site as Nvoc can be removed in situ by UV irradiation and accordingly allows directly the comparison of the biological activity of the modified and the unmodified protein derived from the same precursor. As a test system, we used stromal cell‐derived factor‐1 (SDF‐1), which is involved in a wide range of physiological functions, mainly hematopoiesis and embryonic organ development. This chemokine is a potential candidate in regenerative medicine because of its capability to attract stem cells to distinct localizations. First, we synthesized the wildtype and the Nvoc‐modified C‐terminal segments SDF‐1(50–68) and studied their secondary structure formation by circular dichroism spectroscopy. By using the intein‐mediated purification with a affinity chitin binding tag system, we then expressed the peptide thioester M‐[A49]‐SDF‐1(1–49)‐MESNA recombinantly, in which the valine at position 49 was replaced by a more suitable alanine residue to allow improved cleavage and ligation. After ligation and refolding, the biological activity was proven in a cell‐based inositol phosphate accumulation assay prior and after Nvoc removal, which showed that neither the alanine 49 nor the attached Nvoc group impair the activity of the analog. The study shows that lysine 56 is a potential site to introduce labels site‐specifically in SDF‐1. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 94: 771–778, 2010.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Synthesis of MUC1 glycopeptide thioesters and ligation via direct aminolysis
Authors: Wilkinson Brendan L. , Chun Candy K. Y. , Payne Richard J.
Published: August 2010

MUC1 is a cell‐surface, epithelial glycoprotein that forms an essential protective barrier of cells and serves to modulate intercellular communication. During cancer progression, the dysregulation of glycosyltransferases, which serve to elongate cell‐surface glycans, leads to aberrant glycosylation patterns on this glycoprotein. This results in the presentation of well‐characterized, tumor‐associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) which represent important biomarkers for a range of epithelial cancers. The synthesis of well‐defined, multivalent MUC1 glycopeptide constructs bearing TACAs therefore represents a viable opportunity for the development of cancer vaccine candidates. We report herein the synthesis of a glycopeptide thioester, comprising the full eicosapeptide variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) region of MUC1, which was prepared bearing multiple copies of the cancer‐associated TNantigen. The glycopeptide thioester was prepared on the solid‐phase using two different methods on 2‐chlorotrityl chloride and sulfamylbutyryl resins. The solid‐phase assembly on 2‐chlorotrityl chloride resin, followed by thioesterification in solution, afforded the desired thioester in 4% yield over 41 linear steps. Likewise, the glycopeptide thioester was successfully prepared on sulfamylbutyryl resin using an activation and thiol‐release strategy in a 9% isolated yield. The resulting peptide thioester was successfully ligated to a deprotected MUC1 glycopeptide using the direct aminolysis ligation to afford a 5.8 kDa, 40 amino acid MUC1 glycopeptide bearing 10 copies of the TNantigen. This work represents an important step toward the immunological evaluation of multivalent MUC1 constructs. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 96: 137–146, 2011.
Nε‐(thiaprolyl)‐lysine as a handle for site‐specific protein conjugation
Authors: Van de Vijver Pieter , Suylen Dennis , Dirksen Anouk , Dawson Philip E. , Hackeng Tilman M.
Published: August 2010

In this article, we introduce the use of a thiaproline‐modified lysine side‐chain [Lys(Thz)], as an unlockable handle that enables late‐stage, site‐selective modification of chemically synthesized proteins. The Lys(Thz) residue was incorporated into the murine chemokine RANTES to demonstrate its compatibility with Boc/Bzl solid phase peptide synthesis, native chemical ligation, and disulfide bond formation. After oxidative folding of the protein, the thiol was liberated under mild reaction conditions [0.2M hydroxylamine (NH2OH) or O‐methylhydroxylamine (MeONH2), pH 4] and was subsequently reacted with thiol‐selective tags. This side chain protection strategy enables the use of readily available thiol‐reactive probes for the modification of internally disulfide bonded proteins. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 94: 465–474, 2010.
A rapid and simple RP‐HPLC method for quantification of kirenol in rat plasma after oral administration and its application to pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Song Xiao‐Li , Zhang Qing‐Ying , Wang Zhe‐Ming , Fu Hong‐Zheng , Qian Rui‐Qin
Published: August 2010

A rapid and simple reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) was developed and validated for the quantification of kirenol in rat plasma after oral administration. Kirenol and darutoside (internal standard, IS) were extracted from rat plasma using Cleanert™ C18 solid‐phase extraction (SPE) cartridge. Analysis of the extraction was performed on a Thermo ODS‐2 Hypersil C18 reversed‐phase column with a gradient eluent composed of acetonitrile and 0.1% phosphoric acid. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and the detection wavelength was set at 215 nm. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 9.756–133.333 µg/mL (r2 = 0.9991) in rat plasma. The lower limits of detection and quantification were 2.857 and 9.756 µg/mL, respectively. The intra‐ and inter‐day precisions (relative standard deviation, RSD) were between 2.24 and 4.46%, with accuracies ranging from 91.80 to 102.74%. The extraction recovery ranged from 98.16 to 107.62% with RSD less than 4.81%. Stability studies showed that kirenol was stable in preparation and analytical process. The present method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of kirenol in male Sprague–Dawley rats after oral administration at a dose of 50 mg/kg. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RP‐HPLC‐DAD method for the estimation of embelin as marker in Embelia ribes and its polyherbal formulations
Authors: Madhavan Soumya N. , Arimboor Ranjith , Arumughan C.
Published: August 2010

Evidence‐based herbal products with assured quality are assuming importance for complementary and alternative medicine. Traditional medicines by and large are not standardized and validated to meet the new requirements. In the present study, marker (embelin)‐based standardization of a major medicinal plant, Embelia ribes and its polyherbal formulations was attempted. Conditions for the quantitative extraction of the marker compound embelin from E. ribes fruits and herbal formulations were also optimized. Reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography, coupled with diode array detection (RP‐HPLC–DAD) for the quantification of embelin was developed and validated. Satisfactory results were obtained with respect to linearity (15–250 µg/mL), LOD (3.97 µg/mL), LOQ (13.2 µg/mL), recovery (99.4–103.8%) and precision (1.43–2.87%). The applicability of the method was demonstrated with selected phytopharmaceuticals. The present method was sensitive, accurate, simple and reproducible and therefore can be recommended for marker‐based standardization, and quality assurance of E. ribes herbal formulations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental Study on Flow Behavior in a Gas‐Solid Fluidized Bed for the Methanol‐to‐Olefins Process
Authors: Wang B. , Li T. , Sun Q.‐W. , Ying W.‐Y. , Fang D.‐Y.
Published: August 2010

A cold model experimental system is established to investigate the flow behavior in a gas‐solid fluidized bed for the methanol‐to‐olefins process catalyzed by SAPO‐34. The system comprises a gas distributor in a F 300 × 5000 mm acrylic column, double fiber optic probe system and a series of cyclones. The experiments are carried out under conditions of atmospheric pressure and room temperature with different superficial velocities (0.3930–0.7860 m s–1) and different initial bed heights (600–1200 mm). The effects of radial distance, axial distance, superficial gas velocity, and initial bed height on the solid concentration and particle velocity in the bed are discussed. The time‐averaged solid concentration and rising particle velocity profiles under different conditions are obtained. The results show that an increase in the value of r/R or initial bed height results in an increase in the solid concentration but a decrease in the rising particle velocity in the dense phase area, while improvement of the superficial gas velocity has a negative influence on the solid concentration but results in an increase in the rising particle velocity.
Tunable Diastereoselection of Biased Rigid Systems by Lewis Acid Induced Conformational Effects: A Rationalization of the Vinylation of Cyclic Nitrones En Route to Polyhydroxylated Pyrrolidines
Authors: Delso Ignacio , Marca Eduardo , Mannucci Vanni , Tejero Tomás , Goti Andrea , Merino Pedro
Published: August 2010

The diastereofacial selection in addition reactions to biased rigid systems can be modulated by the action of Lewis acids. As an example, the stereoselectivity of the nucleophilic addition of vinyl magnesium bromide (VMB) to cyclic nitrones in the presence of diethylaluminum chloride (DEAC) shows a strong dependence on the temperature and the carbon substituent adjacent at the reaction center; it is remarkable that whereas a high selectivity is obtained at higher temperatures, in the presence of DEAC, a trend to invert the stereochemical course of the reaction is observed at lower temperatures, provided the substituent at C3 of the pyrrolidine ring allows delivery of the vinyl moiety. This behavior and difference in selectivity is to be attributed to the high conformational barriers of the intermediate nitroneDEACVMB complex. A clear inversion of the selectivity is observed at −78 °C for the reaction of the nitrone protected as an O‐methyl derivative. The present study provides a rationalization for the stereocontrolled addition of nucleophiles to rigid systems (cyclic nitrones).
ChemInform Abstract: The Constitution of PbF4 with Structure Refinement of SnF4.
Authors: BORK M. , HOPPE R.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Electronic Structure, Superconductivity, and Substitution Patterns in Tl5Te3.
Authors: NORDELL K. J. , MILLER G. J.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Basic Reaction Steps in the Sulfidation of Crystralline MoO3 to MoS2, as Studied by X‐Ray Photoelectron and Infrared Emission Spectroscopy.
Authors: WEBER TH. , MUIJSERS J. C. , VAN WOLPUT J. H. M. C. , VERHAGEN C. P. J. , NIEMANTSVERDRIET J. W.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Polymer‐ and Dendrimer‐Bound Ti‐TADDOLates in Catalytic (and Stoichiometric) Enantioselective Reactions: Are Pentacoordinate Cationic Ti Complexes the Catalytically Active Species?
Authors: SEEBACH D. , MARTI R. E. , HINTERMANN T.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Kinetic Resolution of sec‐Alcohols with Axially Chiral Twisted Amides.
Authors: YAMADA S. , OHE T.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfonylation and Phosphinylation of Olefinic Compounds with Radical Species Generated by the Oxidation of Sodium Sulfinates and Diphenylphosphine Oxide.
Authors: MOCHIZUKI T. , HAYAKAWA S. , NARASAKA K.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Dihalogenocarbenes with Functional Substituted Vinyl‐ and Allylacetylenic Compounds.
Authors: VELIEV M. G. , CHALABIEVA A. Z. , AKPEROVA E. G. , MAMEDOV I. M. , MAMEDOW E. SH.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Nitroenamines in Polar (2 + 2) Cycloadditions.
Authors: IVSHIN V. P. , IVSHINA T. N. , KOMELIN M. S.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermal Transformation of gem‐Dihalogenocyclopropanes: Alkylation of Aromatic Compounds and Reactions with Nucleophiles.
Authors: KOSTIKOV R. R. , VARAKIN G. S. , MOLCHANOV A. P. , OGLOBLIN K. A.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Hexacyanocyclopropane. Part 2. Reaction of Hexacyanocyclopropane with Hydroiodides of Aromatic and Aliphatic Amines.
Authors: NASAKIN O. E. , LUKIN P. M. , VERSHININ E. V. , LYSHCHIKOV A. N. , URMAN YA. G. , YASHKANOVA O. V.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclic Nitrazaethers from 1,3‐Dinitro‐1,3‐diazapropane.
Authors: ISHCHENKO M. A. , NIKOLAEV V. D. , SOKOLOV A. A.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3‐Alkylfuropyridines via Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyclization of Iodopyridinyl Allyl Ethers.
Authors: CHO S. Y. , KIM S. S. , PARK K.‐H. , KANG S. K. , CHOI J.‐K. , HWANG K.‐J. , YUM E. K.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Aza‐1,3‐dienes.
Authors: KROMPIEC S. , MAZIK M. , ZIELINSKI W. , WAGNER P. , SMOLIK M.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Unusually Stable Pentaethynylcyclopentadienyl Radical (I).
Authors: JUX N. , HOLCZER K. , RUBIN Y.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogenation of Amides by the Use of Bimetallic Catalysts Consisting of Group 8 to 10, and Group 6 or 7 Metals.
Authors: HIROSAWA C. , WAKASA N. , FUCHIKAMI T.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Dialkyl Phosphonates and Phosphinic Acid with Bis( benzylideneimino)toluene.
Authors: PUDOVIK A. N. , SHAGIDULLIN R. R. , KHAIRULLIN V. K. , VANDYUKOVA I. I. , CHERNOVA A. V. , GAINULLIN R. M. , PUDOVIK M. A.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Conjugate Addition of Aromatics to α,. beta.‐Unsaturated Ketones and Aldehydes with Arylantimony Compounds.
Authors: CHO C. S. , MOTOFUSA S. , OHE K. , UEMURA S.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Promoted Transformations: Fast and Chemoselective N‐ Acylation of Amino Alcohols Using Catalytic Amounts of Dibutyltin Oxide. Influence of the Power Output and the Nature of the Acylating Agent on the Selectivity.
Authors: MORCUENDE A. , ORS M. , VALVERDE S. , HERRADON B.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Two Reducible Protecting Groups for Boronic Acids.
Authors: MALAN C. , MORIN C. , PRECKHER G.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Synthesis of Keto Nitroaliphatics via Retro‐Henry Reaction of Cyclic 2‐Nitroalcohols by Anhydrous Copper Sulfate Adsorbed on Silica Gel. A Short Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Phoracantholide I.
Authors: SAIKIA A. K. , HAZARIKA M. J. , BARUA N. C. , BEZBARUA M. S. , SHARMA R. P. , GHOSH A. C.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.