bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the contributions of three types of information to the prediction of criminal conviction using the receiver operating characteristic
Authors: Buchanan Alec , Leese Morven
Published: April 2006

Background

Quantifying the contributions that different types of information make to the accurate prediction of offending offers the prospects of improved practice and better use of resources.

Aims

To quantify the contributions made by three types of information – demographic data alone, demographic and criminal record and demographic, criminal record and legal class of disorder – to the prediction of criminal conviction in patients.

Method

All 425 patients discharged from the three special (high secure) hospitals in England and Wales over 2 years were followed for 10.5 years. The contribution of each type of information was described in terms of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and the number needed to detain (NND).

Results

The AUC values using the three types of information were 0.66, 0.72 and 0.73 respectively. Prediction based on the full model using an optimal probability cut-off implies an NND of 2. The AUCs for serious offences were 0.67, 0.69 and 0.75 respectively.

Conclusions

For long-term prediction of conviction on any charge, information on legal class adds little to the accuracy of predictions made using only a patient's age, gender and criminal record. In the prediction of serious offences alone the contribution of legal class is significant.
Pharmaceutical sponsorship of educational events: what can we learn from healthcare ethics?
Authors: Vassilas Christopher A. , Matthews Sarah
Published: April 2006

In the UK, postgraduate medical educational events are commonly sponsored by pharmaceutical companies, often with the provision of food and gifts with a small monetary value (e.g. pens and torches). The involvement of pharmaceutical companies with doctors has been discussed extensively (Abbasi & Smith, 2003; Shooter, 2005). We have chosen to consider sponsorship of educational events from an ethical point of view in order to see if this approach can provide guidance for a situation that is the norm in many hospitals, but of increasing concern to educationalists. We also hope to illustrate how the application of ethical principles can be applied to a medical education issue.
Impact ofIGF-IandCYP19Gene Polymorphisms on the Survival of Patients With Metastatic Prostate Cancer
Authors: Tsuchiya Norihiko , Wang Lizhong , Suzuki Hiroyoshi , Segawa Takehiko , Fukuda Hisami , Narita Shintaro , Shimbo Masaki , Kamoto Toshiyuki , Mitsumori Kenji , Ichikawa Tomohiko , Ogawa Osamu , Nakamura Akira , Habuchi Tomonori
Published: April 2006

Purpose

The prognosis of metastatic prostate cancer significantly differs among individuals. While various clinical and biochemical prognostic factors for survival have been suggested, the progression and response to treatment of those patients may also be defined by host genetic factors. In this study, we evaluated genetic polymorphisms as prognostic predictors of metastatic prostate cancer.

Patients and Methods

One hundred eleven prostate cancer patients with bone metastasis at the diagnosis were enrolled in this study. Thirteen genetic polymorphisms were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism or an automated sequencer with a genotyping software.

Results

Among the polymorphisms, the long allele (over 18 [CA] repeats) of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and the long allele (over seven [TTTA] repeats) of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 19 were significantly associated with a worse cancer-specific survival (P = .016 and .025 by logrank test, respectively). The presence of the long allele of either the IGF-I or CYP19 polymorphisms was an independent risk factor for death (P = .019 or .026, respectively). Furthermore, the presence of the long allele of both the IGF-I and CYP19 polymorphisms was a stronger predictor for survival (P = .001).

Conclusion

The prognosis of metastatic prostate cancer patients is suggested to be influenced by intrinsic genetic factors. The IGF-I (CA) repeat and CYP19 (TTTA) repeat polymorphisms may be novel predictors in prostate cancer patients with bone metastasis at the diagnosis.
Phase I, Pharmacokinetic, and Pharmacodynamic Study of Intravenously Administered Ad5CMV-p53, an Adenoviral Vector Containing the Wild-Type p53 Gene, in Patients With Advanced Cancer
Authors: Tolcher Anthony W. , Hao Desiree , de Bono Johann , Miller Alex , Patnaik Amita , Hammond Lisa A. , Smetzer Leslie , Van Wart Hood Jill , Merritt James , Rowinsky Eric K. , Takimoto Chris , Von Hoff Dan , Eckhardt S. Gail
Published: April 2006

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of administering Ad5CMV-p53, an adenoviral vector containing the wild-type p53 gene to patients with advanced malignancies, characterize the pertinent pharmacokinetic parameters, identify evidence of viral uptake in both normal and tumor tissue, and seek evidence of antitumor activity.

Methods

Patients were treated with escalating doses of Ad5CMV-p53 intravenously over 30 minutes on days 1, 2, and 3, every 28 days. The clearance of circulating Ad5CMV-p53 (INGN 201) DNA was characterized in the plasma and paired tumor and skin biopsies were performed in patients treated at the two highest dose levels to assess vector uptake into tissues.

Results

Seventeen patients received 36 courses of Ad5CMV-p53 at doses ranging from 3 × 1010 to 3 × 1012 virus particles (vp). Fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and fever were common, but rarely severe. Abnormalities of coagulation parameters, including decreases in fibrinogen and increases in fibrin degradation products at 3 × 1012vp, precluded additional dose escalation. Ad5CMV-p53 DNA could be detected in the plasma by polymerase chain reaction assay in the majority of patients at 14 days and 28 days at doses of 3 × 1010 and higher. Six patients treated at 1 × 1012vp and 3 × 1012vp dose levels had Ad5CMV-p53 DNA detected within paired tumor tissue collected day 4.

Conclusion

Ad5CMV-p53 can be safely and repetitively administered up to 1 × 1012vp intravenously daily for 3 consecutive days. The absence of severe toxicities, the presence of circulating adenovirus 24 hours after administration, and detectable p53 transgene within tumor tissue distant from the site of administration demonstrates that systemic therapy with this adenoviral vector containing p53 is feasible.
Finding Structure in Time
Authors: Elman Jeffrey L.
Published: April 2006

Time underlies many interesting human behaviors. Thus, the question of how to represent time in connectionist models is very important. One approach is to represent time implicitly by its effects on processing rather than explicitly (as in a spatial representation). The current report develops a proposal along these lines first described by Jordan (1986) which involves the use of recurrent links in order to provide networks with a dynamic memory. In this approach, hidden unit patterns are fed back to themselves: the internal representations which develop thus reflect task demands in the context of prior internal states. A set of simulations is reported which range from relatively simple problems (temporal version of XOR) to discovering syntactic/semantic features for words. The networks are able to learn interesting internal representations which incorporate task demands with memory demands: indeed, in this approach the notion of memory is inextricably bound up with task processing. These representations reveal a rich structure, which allows them to be highly context‐dependent, while also expressing generalizations across classes of items. These representations suggest a method for representing lexical categories and the type/token distinction.
Detection of Cognitive Structure with Protocol Data: Predicting Performance on Physics Transfer Problems
Authors: Robertson William C.
Published: April 2006

This article presents a cognitive map proposed to be associated with understanding of the “system concept,” one component of the physics principle of Newton's second low. A definition of the concept is followed by the results of a problem‐solving experiment designed to investigate whether or not good problem solvers possess cognitive structures similar to the one proposed. Think‐aloud protocols were collected as subjects solved a series of physics problems involving Newton's second law. Coding schemes were used to analyze these protocols and to develop a quantitative index intended to reflect the extent to which subjects possessed certain components of the proposed structure. This index proved a highly significant predictor of performance on Newton's second law transfer problems contained in a written exam. In contrast, performance on a set of familiar problems in the same written exam was not a good predictor of performance on transfer problems. These results indicate that cognitive structures that connect the equation ΣF = ma and the concept of choosing appropriate systems are at least part of what constitutes understanding of the principle of Newton's second law. Implications for physics education and problem‐solving research are presented.
Facile and Selective Conversion of Ethylenediaminetetraacetate to Ethylenediamine-N,N,N′-triacetate on a Cobalt Complex
Authors: Yashiro Morio , Mori Tomonori , Yoshikawa Sadao , Shiraishi Shinsaku
Published: April 2006

Ethylenediaminetetraacetatocobaltate(III) is converted to aqua(ethylenediamine-N,N,N′-triacetate)cobalt(III) selectively in a 1 mol dm−3 K2CO3 aqueous solution at room temperature in the presence of PbO2. This reaction could be a simple and versatile procedure to obtain ed3a-type ligands.
Evaluation of Association between Cyclodextrins and Various Inorganic Anions in Aqueous Solutions by 81Br NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Yamashoji Yuko , Fujiwara Manabu , Matsushita Takayuki , Tanaka Minoru
Published: April 2006

The line-broadening of 81Br NMR signals observed in the presence of CyDs was applied to evaluate their binding abilities toward inorganic anions in aqueous solutions. The apparent association constants of α -CyD with anions have been found to decrease in the order SCN− > ClO4− > I− > NO3− > Br−   F− > Cl−.
Synthesis and Spectral Characterization of a Rotaxane of β-Cyclodextrin Threaded by a 4,4′-Diaminostilbene
Authors: Kunitake Masashi , Kotoo Kengo , Manabe Osamu , Muramatsu Tsuyoshi , Nakashima Naotoshi
Published: April 2006

A rotaxane, in which a stilbene moiety threads the cavity of β-cyclodextrin (β-CyD), has been synthesized. The rotaxane structure has been proved by uv-visible and induced circular dichlorism (CD) spectra.
The Catalytic Activities of IgG and IgM Monoclonal Antibodies for the Hydrolysis of p-Nitrophenyl Acetate
Authors: Ohkubo Katsutoshi , Urata Yasuo , Seri Kei-ichi , Ishida Hitoshi , Sagawa Takashi , Nakashima Toshihiro , Imagawa Yoshitaka
Published: April 2006

The catalytic activities of IgG and IgM monoclonal antibodies (Antibody KD2-1–KD2-260) derived from a hapten of p-nitrophenyl hydrogen 4-(hydroxycarbonyl)butylphosphonate were examined in the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate in 2.4–4.0% (v/v) MeCN-H2O in Tris-HCl buffer (pH 5.0–8.0) at 293–308 K. The most efficient Antibody KD2-260 resulted in kcat/kuncat = 2.1 × 103 (308 K) – 3.1 × 103 (293 K), Km = 4.9 × 10−6 (293 K) – 1.5 × 10−5 mol dm−3 (308 K, and Km/Ki = 80 (303 K) at pH 6.0.
Methanol Synthesis from CO2 and H2 over Cu/ZnO/Ga2O3 Catalyst
Authors: Fujitani Tadahiro , Saito Masahiro , Kanai Yuki , Takeuchi Masami , Moriya Keiko , Watanabe Taiki , Kawai Motomitsu , Kakumoto Terumitu
Published: April 2006

The methanol synthesis activity per unit copper surface area of Cu/ZnO catalyst combined with Ga2O3 was higher than those of Cu/ZnO and Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst in the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide.
Photoinduced Electron Transfer Reactions of Di(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanal in Solution. Sensitizer-dependent Decay Pathways of the Aldehyde Cation Radical
Authors: Akaba Ryoichi , Kamata Masaki , Kuriyama Yasunao , Sakuragi Hirochika , Tokumaru Katsumi
Published: April 2006

Laser flash photolyses of di(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanal in the presence of electron-accepting sensitizers such as 2,4,6-triphenylpyrylium tetrafluoroborate and 9,10-dicyanoanthracene have been carried out. Chemical properties of the sensitizers or their one-electron reduced species and an added electrolyte greatly influenced the reaction course of the photogenerated aldehyde cation radical in solution.
35Cl NQR Spectra of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-diphenylhydantoin and Related Compounds
Authors: Nagao Yoshitaka , Katagiri Shigeyoshi
Published: April 2006

The 35Cl NQR spectra were measured for 1,3-dichloro-5,5-diphenylhydantoin, 1, N-chloro-4,4-diphenyl-2-oxazolidone, 2, N-chloro-α,α-diphenylsuccinimide, 3, and 1-chloro-5,5-diphenyl-3-methylhydantoin, 4, at liquid nitrogen temperature. The resonance frequencies for these compounds were as follows: 1, 55.019, 56.460 MHz; 2, 52.914 MHz; 3, 53.492, 53.717 MHz; 4, 54.097 MHz.
Enhanced Catalytic Activity of Silica-Deposited Alumina for Selective Reduction of Nitrogen Monoxide by Ethene in Oxidizing Atmosphere
Authors: Okazaki Noriyasu , Kohno Takuya , Inoue Ryo , Imizu Yuzo , Tada Akio
Published: April 2006

The effect of silica deposition by CVD method onto alumina catalyst on its catalytic activity for the titled reaction was examined. The deposition of a small amount of silica resulted in the enhancement of the activity, whereas the activity was greatly affected by the variation of alkoxy silane as a source of silica.
In Turn or in Reverse Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonyl Allylation and Diels-Alder Reaction by 2-Methylene-3-buten-1-ol
Authors: Masuyama Yoshiro , Fuse Manabu , Kurusu Yasuhiko
Published: April 2006

Using PdCl2(PhCN)2-SnCl2, 2-methylene-3-buten-2-ol causes carbonyl allylation of various aldehydes to afford 1-substituted-3-methylene-4-penten-1-ols; the Diels-Alder reaction of those with dienophiles produces 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)cyclohexenes. Diels-Alder reaction of 2-methylene-3-buten-1-ol with dienophiles followed by carbonyl allylation produces structurally isomeric 1-methylene-2-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexanes.
A Conformationally Controlled Regioselective Rearrangement of 2-Substituted 1-Alkynylcyclopropanols to 2-Cyclopenten-1-ones via Hexacarbonyldicobalt Complex
Authors: Iwasawa Nobuharu , Iwamoto Mari
Published: April 2006

The rearrangement of hexacarbonyldicobalt-complexed 2-substituted 1-alkynylcyclopropanol derivatives is conformationally controlled to give 4- or 5-substituted 2-cyclopentenones regioselectively. In the cases of the reactions of 2-monosubstituted 1-alkynylcyclopropanol derivatives, either regioisomer can be selectively obtained by the appropriate choice of the substrates.
Effect of Dimethylsulfoxide as a Masking Agent for Chlorine in the Selective Determination of Aqueous Chlorine Dioxide
Authors: Imaizumi Noriko , Nakahara Yumiko , Suzuki Kayoko , Oikawa Kikuo
Published: April 2006

For the selective determination of aqueous chlorine dioxide(ClO2) in the mixed solution with chlorine, dimethylsulfoxide(DMSO) was used as a masking agent for chlorine. In spectrophotometric and iodometric determination of ClO2, a large excess of DMSO did not affect on ClO2, but it completely depressed the interference from chlorine.
Structure and Electrical Properties of MeDTET Salts
Authors: Misaki Yohji , Nishikawa Hiroyuki , Yamabe Tokio , Mori Takehiko , Inokuchi Hiroo , Mori Hatsumi , Tanaka Shoji
Published: April 2006

Several cation radical salts of MeDTET (2-isopropylidene-1,3-dithiolo[4,5-d]ethylenedithiotetrathiafulvalene) showed metallic temperature dependence of conductivity down to 0.6–0.9 K. X-Ray crystal structure of (MeDTET)3PF6TCEx revealed that the donors have “κ-type” arrangement in the conducting sheet. This is the first example of a κ-type salt that has a composition other than 2:1.
Porphyrins Coupled with Nucleoside Bases. Synthesis and Characterization of Ether-Linked Adenine-Thymine and Guanine-Cytosine Derivatives
Authors: Hisatome Masao , Ikeda Koichi , Kishibata Shusuke , Yamakawa Koji
Published: April 2006

Porphyrins having an adenine-thymine or guanine-cytosine pair have been synthesized. Spectroscopic study has revealed that the two nucleobases form inter- and intramolecular base pairs in anti and syn atropisomers, respectively, and that the guanine-cytosine pair is more close to the porphyrin ring than the adenine-thymine pair.
Calculation of Ternary Plait Point from Activity Coefficient Equation
Authors: Sugi Hiroshi , Kato Masahiro
Published: April 2006

Plait points are meaningful for the shapes of the ternary solubility curves. However, no report is found for calculation of the ternary plait point from activity coefficient equation. The ternary plait point was able to be calculated from the NRTL equation for three ternary systems.
Low-Temperature Synthesis of NdFe11TiCxNy via Plasma Carbonitriding
Authors: Machida Ken-ichi , Nakamoto Akira , Adachi Gin-ya
Published: April 2006

Carbonitriding characteristics of NdFe11Ti by applying the plasma technique to it in a CH4-N2-H2 mixed gas were studied. Carbon and nitorgen were simultaneously introduced to the NdFe11Ti crystal lattice even at 423 K, of which the electronic states were found to be of metal carbide and nitride, respectively.
Synthesis of Polygermanes by Ligand Substitution Polymerization of the 1,4-Dioxane Complex of Germanium Dichloride with Organolithium Compounds
Authors: Kobayashi Shiro , Cao Shaokui
Published: April 2006

Higher molecular weight polygermanes were synthesized by a ligand substitution polymerization of the 1,4-dioxane complex of germanium dichloride with organolithium compounds at a lower reaction temperature. Different from the conventional Wurtz-type coupling reaction, the present polymerization gives rise much higher yields of polygermanes.
The Catalytic Role of Iodide Ion / Iodine Couple in the Photo-Reduction of 10-Methylacridinium Ion with Diphenylphosphine Oxide
Authors: Yasui Shinro , Shioji Kosei , Ohno Atsuyoshi , Yoshihara Masakuni
Published: April 2006

Photo-redox between diphenylphosphine oxide and 10-methylacridinium iodide with visible light in aqueous acetonitrile under argon atmosphere is initiated by single electron transfer from the phosphorus compound to the acridinium salt in the photo-excited state giving diphenylphosphinic acid and 10-methylacridan as the final products. Iodide ion/iodine couple plays a crucial role for transferring an electron in this reaction.
An Efficient Procedure for Synthesis of Phosphopeptides through the Benzyl Phosphate-Protection by the Boc Mode Solid-Phase Method
Authors: Wakamiya Tateaki , Saruta Kunio , Kusumoto Shoichi , Nakajima Kiichiro , Yoshizawa-Kumagaye Kumiko , Imajoh-Ohmi Shinobu , Kanegasaki Shiro
Published: April 2006

The benzyl phosphate-protection for phosphoamino acid is very useful for Boc mode solid-phase synthesis of phosphopeptides. A phosphothreonine-containing peptide related to the EGF receptor protein was synthesized by use of this methodology.
Ortho Enhancement in the Ozone-Mediated Nitration of Some Aromatic Carbonyl Compounds with Nitrogen Dioxide
Authors: Suzuki Hitomi , Murashima Takashi , Tatsumi Atsuo , Kozai Iku
Published: April 2006

Alkyl aryl ketones react smoothly with nitrogen dioxide at low temperatures in the presence of ozone to give a mixture of ortho and meta nitration products (o/m = 1.1–3.8/1.0), the former becoming predominant with the increasing size of alkyl moiety.
Norrish Type I Reaction of Diphenyltetrahydrobenzocycloheptenones. Conformational Effects on Biradical Lifetime
Authors: Tanaka Ryoko , Kuriyama Yasunao , Itoh Hiroki , Sakuragi Hirochika , Tokumaru Katsumi
Published: April 2006

Isomeric 6,6-diphenyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-benzocyclohepten-7-one and 7,7-diphenyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-benzocyclohepten-6-one (2) were photolyzed in methanol to give rise to unsaturated aldehydes as well as diphenyltetrahydronaphthalene, a decarbonylation product (for 2). Lifetimes of the intermediate triplet biradicals were dependent on their structures, indicating that cyclic conformations play an important role in the intersystem crossing of biradicals.
Electron Transfer vs. Nucleophilic Addition of Ketene Silyl Acetals with Halogenated p-Benzoquinone Derivatives
Authors: Fukuzumi Shunichi , Fujita Morifumi , Matsubayashi Gen-etsu , Otera Junzo
Published: April 2006

A β,β-dimethyl-substituted ketene silyl acetal reduces p-chloranil to produce the carbon-oxygen adduct, the hydrolysis of which yields the corresponding hydro-quinone ether (3). The structure of 3 has been determined by the X-ray crystal analysis. On the other hand, the reaction of a nonsubstituted ketene silyl acetal with p-fluoranil yields the carbon-carbon adduct selectively. The mechanistic difference between the C-O and C-C bond formation is elucidated based on the kinetic study.
Novel Columnar Liquid Crystals Designed from Cone-shaped Calix[4]arenes. The Rigid Bowl Is Essential for the Formation of the Liquid Crystal phase
Authors: Komori Takashi , Shinkai Seiji
Published: April 2006

Conformationally-immobile calix[4]arenas with a cone conformation coupled to C6H4-p-CmH2m+1 (m = 3, 8, 12, 14, and 16) via an azomethine linkage were synthesized. It was found that the compounds with m ≥ 8 have the liquid crystal phase with a columnar arrangement.
Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Butenolide, Bromobeckerelide, by Regioselective Lithiation of Furan Followed by Photosensitized Oxygenation of α-Silylfuran
Authors: Katsumura Shigeo , Ichikawa Koji , Mori Hajime
Published: April 2006

A straightforward synthesis of a tetrasubstituted halobutenolide, bromobeckerelide, was achieved by photosensitized oxygenation of a trisubstituted α-trialkylsilylfuran which was obtained by the introduction of desired substituents into a furan ring via regioselective lithiation.
De Novo Design and Synthesis of Four α-Helix Bundle Proteins with Flavin Function
Authors: Mihara Hisakazu , Tomizaki Kin-ya , Nishino Norikazu , Fujimoto Tsutomu
Published: April 2006

Four α-helix bundle proteins containing flavin moieties (7-acetyl-10-methylisoalloxazine) were de novo designed and synthesized. The artificial proteins could effectively catalyze the oxidation of dihydronicotinamides under controlled conditions for bundle structure.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering from Silver Salt of Carboxymethylcellulose Photolyzed with UV-Light
Authors: Miyama Toshihito , Yonezawa Yoshiro , Sato Tomoo , Umemura Junzo , Takenaka Tohru
Published: April 2006

A Raman signal arising from carboxylate ions in thin films of silver salt of carboxymethylcellulose (CMCAg film) was fairly increased, when the CMCAg film was photolyzed with UV-light. The maximum enhancement was achieved in the CMCAg film irradiated for 180 min. It is likely that the intensity enhancement of the carboxylate ions reflects the contribution of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS).
Absolute Conformation of Methyl 3-(1,4-Dimethoxy- and 1,4-dimethyl-9-triptycyl)-3-methylbutanoate Rotamers
Authors: Toyota Shinji , Miyasaka Tsutomu , Oki Michinori
Published: April 2006

The racemates of the rotational isomers of the mother acids of the title compounds were resolved via their camphor sultam amides and their absolute conformation was determined by X-ray crystallography. The chiroptical properties of the methyl esters are correlated with the absolute conformations. Both of these compounds are shown to possess dextrorotatory property at Na D line, if their stereochemistry is Psc.
New Analytical Chemiluminescence System Using Peroxymonosulfate as Oxidant
Authors: Makita Yuji , Umebayashi Hidetoshi , Suzuki Takehiko , Masuda Akio , Yamada Masaaki , Hobo Toshiyuki
Published: April 2006

Transition metal ion- and ketone-catalyzed decompositions of peroxymonosulfate ion were found to produce light emission. The luminous decompositions permitted flow chemiluminescent determinations of cobalt(II), iron(II) and vanadium(IV) ions and fluorescent organic compounds.
Anomalous Lifetime Shortening of S1 trans-Stilbene in Carbon Tetrachloride as Revealed by Picosecond Time-resolved Raman, Absorption, and Fluorescence Spectroscopies
Authors: Iwata Koichi , Toleutaev Bulat , Hamaguchi Hiro-o
Published: April 2006

The lifetime of the first excited singlet state of trans-stilbene (S1 tSB) in carbon tetrachloride at room temperature is determined to be 3.1 ± 0.2 ps with the use of time-resolved Raman, absorption, and fluorescence spectroscopies. The lifetime of 3.1 ps is shorter than the shortest value ever reported by an order of magnitude. The steady state photoirradiation of tSB in carbon tetrachloride shows that the decomposition of the tSB molecule is the primary cause of the lifetime shortening.
Dissociative Path Promoted by Ion Pair Formation for Acetonitrile Exchange Reaction of the Palladium(II) Complex with Diethylenetriamine
Authors: Aizawa Sen-ichi , Yagyu Takeyoshi , Funahashi Shigenobu
Published: April 2006

The acetonitrile exchange rates at the palladium(II) complex with diethylenetriamine have been measured at various temperatures by the NMR line-broadening method. The dependence of the exchange rate on the concentration of the free solvent indicates the two reaction paths with dissociative and associative mechanisms. This unique concerted mechanism has been ascribed to the promotion of the dissociative path by the ion pair formation with tetrafluoroborate.
Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Cyclocarbonylation of Enol Ester of Acetone. A Novel Synthesis of 1,3-Dioxolan-4-one
Authors: Kudo Kiyoshi , Mitsuhashi Koichi , Mori Sadayuki , Komatsu Koichi , Sugita Nobuyuki
Published: April 2006

The cyclocarbonylation of isopropenyl acetate(1) to produce 2-methoxy-2,5,5-trimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-one(2) by use of palladium(II)-phoshine catalyst with methanol in benzene solution was studied at 100 °C under 200 atm of CO. Conversion of up to 98% and yield to 2 as high as 67% were attained.
Direct Observation of Phase Separation in LB Film Composed of Polyamic Acid Long Alkyl Amine Salts by Using Friction Force Microscope (FFM)
Authors: Yuba Tomoyuki , Kakimoto Masa-aki , Imai Yoshio , Shigeno Masatsugu
Published: April 2006

The surface of a LB film of polyamic acid long alkyl amine salts, consisted of a mixture of aromatic and aliphatic polyamic acids, was observed by means of friction force microscopy (FFM). The LB film having 11 layers gave no significant pattern by atomic force microscopy (AFM), whereas clearly phase separated morphology was observed by using FFM.
Preparation and Structure of Oxo-bridged Dinuclear Vanadium(III) Complex [VIII2(l-his)4(μ-O)]·2H2O
Authors: Kanamori Kan , Teraoka Michiko , Maeda Haruyo , Okamoto Ken-ichi
Published: April 2006

The synthesis, structure, and properties of a l-histidinato vanadium(III) complex, [VIII2(l-his)4O)]·2H2O, are reported. Crystal structure analysis has revealed that the complex is an oxo-bridged dimer with the V-O-V angle of 153.9(2)° and at each vanadium(III) center one l-his ligand coordinated tridentately and the other didentately. The visible absorption and resonance Raman spectra show the characteristic feature of the oxo-bridged vanadium(III) complexes.
Osmium-Catalyzed Oxidative Transformation of Alkenes to α-Ketols with Peracetic Acid
Authors: Murahashi Shun-Ichi , Naota Takeshi , Hanaoka Hidenori
Published: April 2006

The OsCl3-catalyzed oxidation of alkenes with peracetic acid at room temperature gives the corresponding α-ketols, which are important building units for synthesis of biological active compounds.
Prediction of Structural Effects of Trialkylsilyl Groups on Reactivity toward Nucleophilic Displacement at Silicon
Authors: Shimizu Nobujiro , Takesue Naohide , Yasuhara Sigefumi , Inazu Takahiko
Published: April 2006

A quantitative method of predicting reactivities of trialkylsilyl groups relative to Me3Si toward nucleophilic displacement at silicon has been established on the basis of statistical analyses of the rates of solvolysis for a comprehensive series of chlorosilanes in aqueous dioxane.
Synthesis and Structure of a Novel Doubly Bridged Dinuclear Cobalt(III) Peroxo Complex [(tren)Co(μ-O2)(μ-S2O3)Co(tren)]I2 [tren = tris(2-aminoethyl)amine]
Authors: Yamanari Kazuaki , Mori Masahiro , Dogi Shozo , Fuyuhiro Akira
Published: April 2006

A novel (μ-peroxo)(μ-thiosulfato) bridged cobalt(III) complex [(tren)Co(μ-O2)(μ-S2O3)Co(tren)]2+ [tren = tris(2-aminoethyl)amine] was prepared. The complex shows a characteristric UV/VIS absorption spectrum and the X-ray crystal structure reveals that the complex has an unprecedented large Co-O-O-Co torsion angle 75.5(2)°.
Doping Effect of Polyaniline Derivatives on Synthetic Metal Catalytic System for Dehydrogenative Oxidation of Benzylamine
Authors: Hirao Toshikazu , Higuchi Masayoshi , Ohshiro Yoshiki , Ikeda Isao
Published: April 2006

The catalytic activity of polyaniline derivatives in the dehydrogenative oxidation of benzylamme to N-benzylidenebenzylamine is effected by protonic acid doping.
Cryoprotection of Synthetic Glycolipids for Phospholipid Vesicles
Authors: Sakai Hiromi , Takisada Mikimasa , Takeoka Shinji , Tsuchida Eishun
Published: April 2006

The synthetic glycolipid; N-hexadecylmaltopentaonamide (HDMPA), was introduced as a component of a phospholipid vesicle (φ, ca. 100 nm) of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (DPPC) to modify the surface of the vesicle with oligosaccharide. After freeze-thawing, the size of the vesicles does not change, and the leakage of 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein encapsulated into the vesicles is suppressed, indicating that the glycolipid possesses a cryoprotective activity.
Double Alkylation of Tin Enolate Derived from Diketene and Bis(tributyltin) Oxide
Authors: Shibata Ikuya , Nishio Masahiro , Baba Akio , Matsuda Haruo
Published: April 2006

Tin enolate derived from diketene and (n-Bu3Sn)2O was alkylated by alkyl halides, leading to mono-alkylated enolate via facile decarboxylation, which successively react with other electrophiles like an aldehyde and alkyl halides to furnish double-alkylated acetones.
Laser-Induced Photoionization of Two-Electron-Reduced Viologen
Authors: Usui Satoshi , Inoue Hiroshi , Ishida Hitoshi , Ohkubo Katsutoshi
Published: April 2006

Laser photolysis of two-electron-reduced 1,1′-bis(3-sulfonatepropyl)-4,4′-bipyridinium (PVS2−) produced by the reduction of PVS0 with Na2S2O4 in the cationic micelles of hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride induced the photoionization of PVS2− to generate comparable amounts of PVS−• and hydrated electrons. Pyrene with a considerably negative reduction potential of −2.09 vs. SCE was observed to be reduced in the system.
Catalytic Cyclooctane Photodehydrogenation at Unusually Low Photon Energy with a Dinuclear Iridium Complex
Authors: Itagaki Hiroaki , Einaga Hisahiro , Saito Yasukazu
Published: April 2006

Photoirradiation on an A-frame dinuclear complex Ir2(μ-S)(CO)2(dppm)2 caused catalytic dehydrogenation of cyclooctane, where effectiveness was proved for all the absorption bands in the visible region (λmax: 360, 418, and 520 nm).
Stereoselective Synthesis of (±)-7β-Acetoxyvouacapane
Authors: Wang Feng , Chiba Kazuhiro , Tada Masahiro
Published: April 2006

A tetracyclic furano diterpene, 7β-acetoxyvouacapane was stereoselectively synthesized via the route involving alkylation reaction of 2-methyl-3-furoic acid and stereoselective reductive hydrolysis of a tosylhydrazone.
The SmI2 Mediated Cross-Coupling Reaction of Aldehydes with α-Diketones in Their Aqueous Forms
Authors: Miyoshi Norikazu , Takeuchi Seiji , Ohgo Yoshiaki
Published: April 2006

By the use of samarium diiodide (SmI2), a cross-coupling reaction of aldehydes with α-diketones smoothly proceeds in the presence of water to give the corresponding adducts in moderate to good yield. In this reaction, it is possible to use the substrates such as phenylglyoxal monohydrate, aqueous methylglyoxal, formalin, and aqueous α-chloroacetaldehyde.
Preparation of ZnO Films by Low-pressure Organometallic Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Kobayashi Kenkichiro , Matsubara Toshihiro , Matsushima Shigenori , Okada Gengi
Published: April 2006

Using zinc acetate as a precursor, ZnO films have been prepared on sapphire () substrates at pressures of 2.7 × 10−2 and 6.7 × 10−3 Pa. The deposition rate increased with substrate temperature. The crystal structure of ZnO film was dependent on the substrate temperature and H2O partial pressure. In particular, oriented () ZnO films have been formed at 350 °C at 2.7 × 10−2 Pa.
1,3-Dioxane-Bridged Pyromellitimide-Pyropheophorbide and Pyropheophorbide Dimer
Authors: Osuka Atsuhiro , Marumo Shinji , Konishi Norifumi , Maruyama Kazuhiro , Yamazaki Iwao , Yamazaki Tomoko , Shirakawa Yoshihiro , Nishimura Yoshinobu
Published: April 2006

1,3-Dioxane-bridged pyromellitimide-pyropheophorbide dyads were synthesized by simple acid-catalyzed reaction of methyl pyropheophorbide-d and a pyromellitimide-substituted diol. A bis-1,3-dioxane-bridged pyropheophorbide dimer was similarly prepared by the reaction of methyl pyropheophorbide-d and pentaerythritol. Intramolecular electron-transfer and energy-transfer reactions in these models have been studied by picosecond fluorescence measurements.
A Facile Synthesis of 2,3-Dihydroxyketones from 1,2-Diketones and Aldehydes Using Samarium Diiodide
Authors: Miyoshi Norikazu , Takeuchi Seiji , Ohgo Yoshiaki
Published: April 2006

In the presence of samarium diiodide, 1,2-diketones react with aldehydes to afford the corresponding 2,3-dihydroxyketones in good yields with moderate diastereoselectivity. The reaction of unsymmetrical 1,2-diketones with aldehydes gives the products with high regioselectivities.
Timing Successive Product Introductions with Demand Diffusion and Stochastic Technology Improvement
Authors: Krankel R. Mark , Duenyas Izak , Kapuscinski Roman
Published: April 2006

This paper considers a firm’s decisions on the introduction timing for successive product generations. We examine the case where a firm introduces multiple generations of a durable product for which demand is characterized by a demand diffusion process. Under fixed introduction costs, we consider the case where available product technology improves stochastically. As such, delaying introduction to a later date may lead to the capture of further technology improvements, potentially at the cost of slowing sales for the existing product (and a decline in market potential for the product to be introduced, given our focus on durable products). We specify a state-based model of demand diffusion and construct a decision model to solve the firm’s introduction timing problem. By incorporating technology improvement in our model, we prove the optimality of a state-dependent threshold policy governing the firm’s product-introduction decisions. Numerical analysis reveals the influence of key model parameters on the pace of product introduction. Our model helps to explain the product-introduction behavior of firms and provides an alternative to previous explanations of IBM’s introduction timing decisions for successive generations of its mainframe computers.
Performance Evaluation and Stock Allocation in Capacitated Serial Supply Systems
Authors: Gupta Diwakar , Selvaraju N.
Published: April 2006

We develop an approximation scheme for performance evaluation of serial supply systems when each stage operates like a single-server queue, and its planned inventories are managed according to a base-stock policy. We also present a near-exact matrix-geometric procedure for benchmarking our approximation relative to two other methods proposed in the literature. Through numerical tests, we demonstrate that our method is superior, both for performance estimation and for policy parameter optimization. Using this technique, we then perform experiments that address the following issues. What proportion of the optimal total inventory should managers allocate to upstream production stages to minimize the sum of inventory and backorder costs? If managerial action could lower holding cost rate or add capacity, which stages of the supply system should be targeted for maximum net benefit? Such concerns have been the subject of several recent studies relating to supply networks with constant and random independent lead times. We shine light on optimal actions for serial supply systems that experience congestion.
Serum and Urine Tissue Kallikrein Concentrations in Male-to-Female Transsexuals Treated with Antiandrogens and Estrogens
Authors: Slagter Margrita H , Gooren Louis JG , de Ronde Willem , Soosaipillai Antoninus , Scorilas Andreas , Giltay Erik J , Paliouras Miltiadis , Diamandis Eleftherios P
Published: April 2006

Background: The expression of human tissue kallikrein genes is regulated by steroid hormones, but most studies have been conducted with cancer cell lines. Our purpose was to examine serum and urinary tissue kallikrein concentration changes in male-to-female transsexuals before and after treatment with antiandrogens and estrogens.

Methods: Thirty-five male-to-female transsexuals receiving cyproterone acetate and estrogens (orally or transdermally) were included in this study. Serum and urine samples were collected before initiation of therapy and 4 and 12 months post therapy. ELISAs were used to measure multiple kallikreins in serum and urine.

Results: After antiandrogen and estrogen therapy, serum testosterone concentrations decreased dramatically, as did serum and urinary concentrations of human glandular kallikrein (hK2) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA; hK3). Statistically significant but relatively small changes in serum and urinary concentrations of many other kallikreins were also seen. Kallikreins in serum and urine were correlated before and after treatment.

Conclusions: The concentrations of hK2 and hK3, but not of any other kallikreins, decrease dramatically after combined antiandrogen and estrogen treatment in male-to-female transsexuals. The smaller responses of the other kallikreins presumably reflect their expression in multiple tissues.
News factors and news decisions. Theoretical and methodological advances in Germany
Authors: Eilders Christiane
Published: April 2006

News value research has contributed a great deal to the understanding of news selection. For a long time scholars focused exclusively on news selection by the media. Yet, more recent approaches — inspired by cognitive psychology — have conceptionalized news factors as relevance indicators that not only serve as selection criteria in journalism, but also guide information processing by the audience. This article examines the theoretical and methodological developments in the German research tradition and discusses selected results for newspaper and television news. Its theoretical perspective focuses on the conceptionalization of news factors as either event characteristics or characteristics of the reality construction by journalists and recipients. This article explores how and why news factors affect media use and the retention of news items. Finally, this contribution's empirical perspective discusses various modifications of the assumed factors and presents methodological advancements in the measurement of news factors in selection processes.
Predicting news decisions. An empirical test of the two-component theory of news selection
Authors: Kepplinger Hans Mathias , Ehmig Simone Christine
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this study is to test the two-component theory of news selection. Its components are (a) news factors included in articles and (b) news values of news factors. It is assumed that news factors have different news values for various media outlets. The theory was tested comparing the empirical (measured) with the theoretical (calculated) newsworthiness of news stories. First, news values of five news factors for national quality papers, regional papers, and tabloids were identified. Then, based on theory, the theoretical newsworthiness of news stories was calculated. The independent variables were the news factors included in these articles and the news values of these news factors. In addition, in a laboratory setting, the empirical newsworthiness of the news stories was measured. Finally, measured newsworthiness was compared to the predicted one. Results confirmed the two-component theory and demonstrated that the chances of news stories to get published can be predicted by news factors and their news values.
Die Zukunft der DDR-Geschichte. Potentiale und Probleme zeithistorischer Forschung
Authors: Bispinck Henrik , Hoffmann Dierk , Schwartz Michael , Skyba Peter , Uhl Matthias , Wentker Hermann
Published: April 2006

Vorspann

Seit Jürgen Kocka die DDR-Forschung zum Auslaufmodell erklärt hat, überschlagen sich ihre Nothelfer schier mit Vorschlägen, wie Remedur zu schaffen sei: Weg von einer staatlich-nationalen Betrachtungsweise, hin zu einer Einbettung der DDR-Geschichte in transnationale, europäische und globale Bezüge, so lautet der vorgeschlagene Paradigmenwechsel. Die Verfasser des Aufsatzes, sämtlich Mitarbeiter der Berliner DDR-Forschungsabteilung des Instituts für Zeitgeschichte, plädieren dafür, die Kirche im Dorf zu lassen. Gerade zur Untersuchung der DDR biete ein – methodisch offener –politikgeschichtlicher Zugriff nach wie vor die besten Erkenntnischancen.
Zum Zeitablauf der Reichstagsbrandstiftung. Korrekturen der Untersuchung Alfred Berndts
Authors: Fischler Hersch
Published: April 2006

Vorspann

Der Reichstagsbrand erregt noch immer die Gemüter. War mit Marinus van der Lubbe nur ein Täter am Werk, oder wurde das Feuer von mehreren Brandstiftern gelegt? Bei der Klärung dieser Fragen spielt der Faktor Zeit eine entscheidende Rolle. Wie viele Minuten vergingen zwischen dem Einbruch in den Reichstag und dem Zeitpunkt, an dem er plötzlich in hellen Flammen stand? Waren es deutlich mehr als ursprünglich angenommen, wie Alfred Berndt 1975 in den Vierteljahrsheften betonte, wodurch die Alleintäterschaft van der Lubbes neue Plausibilität gewann? Oder hat Hersch Fischler Recht, der von einer deutlich kürzeren Zeitspanne ausgeht und damit die Vermutung nahelegt, dass es sich um mehrere Täter gehandelt haben muss?
Stalin, Renner und die Wiedergeburt Österreichs nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg
Authors: Mueller Wolfgang
Published: April 2006

Vorspann

Die Gründung der Zweiten Republik in Österreich unter der Führung des Sozialdemokraten Karl Renner am 27. April 1945 hatte aus Sicht der westlichen Alliierten den Charakter eines Handstreichs. Die Gründe, die Stalin und Renner zu diesem Vorgehen veranlassten, sind bis heute nicht völlig geklärt. Umstritten ist auch, ob die sowjetische Politik Österreich als integralen Teil des künftigen Ostblocks betrachtete oder nur als dessen Vorfeld. Revisionistisch beeinflusste Historiker meinten gar, Stalin habe einen „beinahe restaurativen Wiederbeginn“ in Österreich ermöglicht. Neue Antworten auf diese alten Fragen gibt Wolfgang Mueller, Mitarbeiter der Quellenedition „Sowjetische Politik in Österreich 1945–1955“, wobei er auch auf bislang unzugängliche russische Dokumente zurückgreifen kann.
Die 6. Armee und die Zivilbevölkerung von Stalingrad
Authors: Lübbers Gert C.
Published: April 2006

Vorspann

Kaum eine Schlacht des Zweiten Weltkriegs ist so bekannt wie die von Stalingrad. Was aber geschah mit der dort lebenden Zivilbevölkerung? Hitler wollte sie teilweise vernichten, im Oberkommando des Heeres verfolgte man angeblich viel weiterreichendere Pläne. Wer nicht mehr arbeitsfähig war, sollte in die Steppe deportiert werden und dort verhungern. Gab es diese Pläne wirklich? Und was geschah vor Ort unter der Verantwortung der 6. Armee tatsächlich?
Kain in Rom. Judenverfolgung und Kollaboration unter deutscher Besatzung 1943/44
Authors: Guerrazzi Amedeo Osti
Published: April 2006

Vorspann

Die Römer, so sagt man, haben nach der Besetzung ihrer Stadt im September 1943 alles getan, um die Juden vor dem Zugriff der deutschen Besatzer zu schützen. Rund 2.000 Juden wurden dennoch aufgespürt und deportiert. War dies nur das Werk der deutschen Polizei? Konnte sich diese dabei auf Mithilfe stützen? Wer leistete sie? Amedeo Osti Guerrazzi stellt diese Fragen und gibt Antworten, die in ihrer verwirrenden Mischung aus Hilfs- und Denunziationsbereitschaft, Habgier und ideologischer Blendung zutiefst verstören.
The Immanent Past: Culture and Psyche at the Juncture of Memory and History
Authors: Birth Kevin
Published: April 2006

The past is immanent. Its presence in the present takes many forms such as memories, texts, ruins, and monuments. Although the phenomenological existence of the past is in the present, the present does not determine the immanent past. In some cases, conspicuous traces of the past, such as ruins and monuments, demand attention. These traces can even serve as sites to shape intersubjective relations. At other times, experiences in the present produce unwanted, anxiety‐provoking flashbacks. The immanent past can influence the reproduction of knowledge and subjectivity, as much as present concerns can shape the past. By focusing on the cultural and intersubjective engagement with manifestations of the past, it is possible to bridge old distinctions such as global–local, individual–culture, history–memory, and even past–present–future. [past, history, memory, intersubjectivity, immanence]
Past Times: Temporal Structuring of History and Memory
Authors: Birth Kevin
Published: April 2006

InOn Collective Memory, Maurice Halbwachs asks, “Why does society establish landmarks in time that are placed close together—and usually in a very irregular manner, since for certain periods they are almost entirely lacking—whereas around such salient events sometimes many other equally salient events seem to gather, just as street signs and other signposts multiply as a tourist attraction approaches?” (1992:175). The recognition of the “irregular manner” of history and memory only emerges in contrast to a concept of the regularity of time implied by objectifying chronologies. Furthermore, such irregularity suggests that concepts of time other than chronology are crucial for understanding representations of the past, and experiences of the past in the present. This article draws on nondirected interviews conducted in rural Trinidad in which subjects discussed significant events in their lives. In examining this material, I address Halbwachs's question by emphasizing nonchronological, cultural models of time that organize autobiographical narratives. These cultural models position autobiographical narratives in space and connect them to events of historical significance. [time, memory, intersubjectivity, labor, Trinidad]
Epilogue: Memory Moments
Authors: White Geoffrey
Published: April 2006

It is apparent that the past has a robust future. With the intensification of globalization comes an increase in discourses of the past, accompanied by an expansion of memory studies in the academy. This “memory moment” is generating research on topics that are at once intensely personal and political. Anthropological approaches capable of linking the affective textures of personal experience with the broad sweep of collective histories are well suited to research in this area. Taken together, the articles assembled here suggest the emergence of new paradigms for understanding the cultural and emotional politics of social memory making. [memory, history, identity, cultural politics, cultural psychology]