bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autonomous control mechanism of stator assembly in the bacterial flagellar motor in response to changes in the environment
Authors: Minamino Tohru , Terahara Naoya , Kojima Seiji , Namba Keiichi
Published: August 2018

The bacterial flagellar motor is composed of a rotor and a transmembrane ion channel complex that acts as a stator unit. The ion channel complex consists of at least three structural parts: a cytoplasmic domain responsible for the interaction with the rotor, a transmembrane ion channel that forms a pathway for the transit of ions across the cytoplasmic membrane, and a peptidoglycan‐binding (PGB) domain that anchors the stator unit to the peptidoglycan (PG) layer. A flexible linker connecting the ion channel and the PGB domain not only coordinates stator assembly with its ion channel activity but also controls the assembly of stator units to the motor in response to changes in the environment. When the ion channel complex encounters the rotor, the N‐terminal portion of the PGB domain adopts a partially stretched conformation, allowing the PGB domain to reach and bind to the PG layer. The binding affinity of the PGB domain for the PG layer is affected by the force applied to its anchoring point and to the type of ionic energy source. In this review article, we will present current understanding of autonomous control mechanism of stator assembly in the bacterial flagellar motor.
In silico discovery of small molecules that inhibit RfaH recruitment to RNA polymerase
Authors: Svetlov Dmitri , Shi Da , Twentyman Joy , Nedialkov Yuri , Rosen David A. , Abagyan Ruben , Artsimovitch Irina
Published: August 2018

RfaH is required for virulence in several Gram‐negative pathogens including Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Through direct interactions with RNA polymerase (RNAP) and ribosome, RfaH activates the expression of capsule, cell wall and pilus biosynthesis operons by reducing transcription termination and activating translation. While E. coli RfaH has been extensively studied using structural and biochemical approaches, limited data are available for other RfaH homologs. Here we set out to identify small molecule inhibitors of E. coli and K. pneumoniae RfaHs. Results of biochemical and functional assays show that these proteins act similarly, with a notable difference between their interactions with the RNAP β subunit gate loop. We focused on high‐affinity RfaH interactions with the RNAP β’ subunit clamp helices as a shared target for inhibition. Among the top 10 leads identified by in silico docking using ZINC database, 3 ligands were able to inhibit E. coli RfaH recruitment in vitro. The most potent lead was active against both E. coli and K. pneumoniae RfaHs in vitro. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of identifying RfaH inhibitors using in silico docking and pave the way for rational design of antivirulence therapeutics against antibiotic‐resistant pathogens.
I. INTRODUCTION
Authors: Dahl Audun , Gingo Matthew , Uttich Kevin , Turiel Elliot
Published: August 2018

The value of human life is a significant moral value for most people. Yet, past research has devoted little attention to the development of moral reasoning about the value of life. The present studies investigated how adolescents and adults reason about the value of life in the context of so‐called trolley car situations. These situations, adopted from philosophy, involve the option of sacrificing the life of one person to save five others. Based on past developmental research, we expected that individuals would reason about distinct and sometimes conflicting considerations regarding the value of life. This approach contrasted with past research on adults’ responses to trolley car situations, which has been taken to show that most moral evaluations are based not on reasoning but on affective, automatic reactions. In Study 1, 288 adolescents and adults were interviewed about trolley car situations designed to examine considerations like the value of human life and the relationship of those at risk with the actors. In Study 2, 144 college students were interviewed to further examine the roles of those involved. Participants’ justifications referred not only to the number of lives saved, but also to other considerations, such as intrinsic rights and personal responsibility for events. Moreover, responses indicated frequent conflicts about standard trolley car situations, counter to the argument that people's evaluations are automatic or based solely on a counting of lives saved. The present findings indicate that adolescents and adults reason about, and seek to coordinate, distinct moral considerations regarding the value of life.
Expression of RAD21 immunoreactivity in myenteric neurons of the human and mouse small intestine
Authors: Bianco F. , Eisenman S. T. , Colmenares Aguilar M. G. , Bonora E. , Clavenzani P. , Linden D. R. , De Giorgio R. , Farrugia G. , Gibbons S. J.
Published: August 2018

Background

RAD21 is a double‐strand‐break repair protein and component of the cohesin complex with key roles in cellular functions. A RAD21 loss‐of‐function mutation was found in cases of chronic intestinal pseudo‐obstruction (CIPO) with associated enteric neuronal loss. Analysis of RAD21 expression in the enteric nervous system is lacking, thus we aimed to characterize RAD21 immunoreactivity (IR) in myenteric ganglia.

Methods

Double labeling immunofluorescence in mouse and human jejunum was used to determine colocalization of RAD21 with HuC/D, PGP9.5, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), neuropeptide Y (NPY), choline acetyl transferase (ChAT), Kit, platelet‐derived growth factor receptor‐α (PDGFRα), and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) IRs.

Results

A subset of PGP9.5‐ and HuC/D‐IR neuronal cell bodies and nerve fibers in the myenteric plexus of human and mouse small intestine also displayed cytoplasmic RAD21‐IR Cytoplasmic RAD21‐IR was found in 43% of HuC/D‐IR neurons in adult and neonatal mice but did not colocalize with nNOS. A subset of ChAT‐positive neurons had cytoplasmic RAD21‐IR Punctate RAD21‐IR was restricted to the nucleus in most cell types consistent with labeling of the cohesin complex. Cytoplasmic RAD21‐IR was not detected in interstitial cells of Cajal, fibroblast‐like cells or glia. Subsets of neurons in primary culture exhibited cytoplasmic RAD21‐IR Suppression of RAD21 expression by shRNA knockdown abolished RAD21‐IR in cultured neurons.

Conclusions

Our data showing cytoplasmic RAD21 expression in enteric neurons provide a basis toward understanding how mutations of this gene may contribute to altered neuronal function/survival thus leading to gut‐motor abnormalities.
Sustained pain hypersensitivity in the stressed colon: Role of mast cell‐derived nerve growth factor‐mediated enteric synaptic plasticity
Authors: Zhang L. , Song J. , Bai T. , Wang R. , Hou X.
Published: August 2018

Background

Sustained pain hypersensitivity is the hallmark of stressed colon which could be partially explained by central sensitization with synaptic plasticity, the key mechanism of memory. We previously identified that synaptic plasticity of enteric nerve system (ENS) contributed to peripheral pain maintaining in the gut. However, the mechanisms of enteric “memory” formation remain elusive.

Methods

In this study, rats were exposed to water avoidance stress (WAS) or sham stress (SS), with cromolyn sodium or physiological saline injected intraperitoneally 30 minutes before stress every day. The abdominal withdrawal reflex scores, mesenteric afferent nerve activity, enteric neural c‐fos expression, and enteric synaptic plasticity were assessed, and mast cell infiltration and degranulation. Furthermore, colonic mucosal mediators‐induced enteric synaptic plasticity and the role of mast cell‐derived nerve growth factor (NGF), tryptase, and histamine were investigated via ex vivo longitudinal muscle‐myenteric plexus (LMMP) organotypic culture.

Key Results

It is shown that mast cell stabilizing inhibited WAS‐induced visceral hypersensitivity through enhancing visceral pain threshold, decreasing spontaneous and distention‐induced mesenteric afferent firing, and downregulating enteric neural activation (c‐fos). Importantly, WAS led to evident enteric synaptic plasticity, but decreased by cromolyn. Water avoidance stress‐derived mucosal supernatants markedly enhanced the c‐fos expression and enteric synaptic plasticity in LMMP tissues, which could be eliminated by mast cell inhibition or NGF neutralization, but not tryptase or histamine blocking.

Conclusions & Inferences

In conclusion, mast cells/NGF pathway may be the key regulator of synaptic plasticity of ENS and participate in the formation of chronic stress‐induced sustained visceral hypersensitivity.
Pre‐ and perinatal stress and irritable bowel syndrome in young adults – A nationwide register‐based cohort study
Authors: Olén Ola , Stephansson Olof , Backman Ann‐Sofie , Törnblom Hans , Simrén Magnus , Altman Maria
Published: August 2018

Background

The etiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is poorly understood. Animal and human data suggest that early life stress may induce long‐term changes in the nociceptive circuitry, but conclusive studies are lacking.

Methods

We identified all Swedish children born between 1973 and 1992 in the Swedish Medical Birth Register. We had access to all diagnostic codes for specialized (nonprimary care) outpatient visits 2001‐2009 (the National Patient Register) and identified individuals who were diagnosed with IBS (ICD‐10 code: K58) after 18 years of age. We compared incidence of IBS in individuals with and without pre‐ and perinatal stress using multivariable logistic regression.

Key Results

2 056 430 children were included in the study. After turning 18 years, 14 382 of them were diagnosed with IBS in specialized outpatient care. Neither high, nor low birth weight was a risk factor for IBS in young adults. Preterm birth was associated with lower occurrence of IBS (adjusted OR 0.82 [0.75‐0.90]) and vaginal instrumental delivery and Cesarean delivery were associated with slightly increased odds of IBS (adjusted OR 1.14 [1.06‐1.24] and 1.09 [1.03‐1.16] respectively). Neonatal distress and respiratory distress were not associated with future IBS. Female gender was by far the strongest risk factor for IBS in young adults (adjusted OR 3.48 [3.34‐3.63]).

Conclusions & Inferences

In this large population‐based study, we found that mode of delivery was associated with an increased risk for IBS in young adulthood, while other proxies for pre‐ and perinatal stress were not. Female gender remains the most important risk factor for IBS.
Abdominal distension in health and irritable bowel syndrome: The effect of bladder filling
Authors: Issa Basma , Morris Julie , Whorwell Peter J
Published: August 2018

Background & Aims

Abdominal distension is a common feature of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which is difficult to treat and can have the appearance of late pregnancy. It results from an abnormality of the normal accommodation reflex which keeps abdominal girth constant despite changes in gastrointestinal volume resulting from food ingestion or gas accumulation. We speculated that bladder filling might also trigger this abnormal reflex in IBS and this study tested this hypothesis.

Methods

Eight females with IBS (aged 21‐43, mean 34) were compared with seven female controls (aged 19‐56, mean 31) at the same time in the menstrual cycle. Abdominal girth in response to maximum tolerated bladder filling following ingestion of 1500 mls of water was measured using abdominal inductance plethysmography. Symptoms, girth change after bladder emptying, and urine volumes were also recorded.

Key Results

Baseline girth of patients and controls was 84.8 and 79.9 cm respectively. After reaching maximum tolerated bladder filling, girth increased by a mean of 6.4 (Standard deviation (SD) 2.1) cm in patients compared with 3.5 (1.1) in controls (P = 0.006), with patients having symptoms of bladder hypersensitivity. After voiding urine, girth reduced by 5.3 (3.1) and 1.9 (1.2) in patients vs controls (P = 0.018), despite passing similar mean urine volumes, 789 (364) mls vs 671(286) (P = 0.50).

Conclusions & Inferences

Bladder filling contributes to abdominal distension in IBS and is unrelated to urine volume suggesting that bladder stretch or hypersensitivity might trigger this response. Frequent bladder emptying may help control this intrusive problem which is very challenging to manage.
Do plants increase resource acquisition potential in the face of resource shortfalls, and if so, how?
Authors: Reich Peter B.
Published: August 2018

This article is a Commentary on Freschet et al., 219: 1338–1352.
Mechanical contribution of secondary phloem to postural control in trees: the bark side of the force
Authors: Clair Bruno , Ghislain Barbara , Prunier Jonathan , Lehnebach Romain , Beauchêne Jacques , Alméras Tancrède
Published: August 2018

To grow straight, plants need a motor system that controls posture by generating forces to offset gravity. This motor function in trees was long thought to be only controlled by internal forces induced in wood. Here we provide evidence that bark is involved in the generation of mechanical stresses in several tree species.

Saplings of nine tropical species were grown tilted and staked in a shadehouse and the change in curvature of the stem was measured after releasing from the pole and after removing the bark. This first experiment evidenced the contribution of bark in the up‐righting movement of tree stems.

Combined mechanical measurements of released strains on adult trees and microstructural observations in both transverse and longitudinal/tangential plane enabled us to identify the mechanism responsible for the development of asymmetric mechanical stress in the bark of stems of these species.

This mechanism does not result from cell wall maturation like in wood, or from the direct action of turgor pressure like in unlignified organs, but is the consequence of the interaction between wood radial pressure and a smartly organized trellis structure in the inner bark.
Host investment into symbiosis varies among genotypes of the legume Acmispon strigosus, but host sanctions are uniform
Authors: Wendlandt Camille E. , Regus John U. , Gano‐Cohen Kelsey A. , Hollowell Amanda C. , Quides Kenjiro W. , Lyu Jonathan Y. , Adinata Eunice S. , Sachs Joel L.
Published: August 2018

Efficient host control predicts the extirpation of ineffective symbionts, but they are nonetheless widespread in nature. We tested three hypotheses for the maintenance of symbiotic variation in rhizobia that associate with a native legume: partner mismatch between host and symbiont, such that symbiont effectiveness varies with host genotype; resource satiation, whereby extrinsic sources of nutrients relax host control; and variation in host control among host genotypes.

We inoculated Acmispon strigosus from six populations with three Bradyrhizobium strains that vary in symbiotic effectiveness on sympatric hosts. We measured proxies of host and symbiont fitness in single‐ and co‐inoculations under fertilization treatments of zero added nitrogen (N) and near‐growth‐saturating N. We examined two components of host control: ‘host investment’ into nodule size during single‐ and co‐inoculations, and ‘host sanctions’ against less effective strains during co‐inoculations.

The Bradyrhizobium strains displayed conserved growth effects on hosts, and host control did not decline under experimental fertilization. Host sanctions were robust in all hosts, but host lines from different populations varied significantly in measures of host investment in both single‐ and co‐inoculation experiments.

Variation in host investment could promote variation in symbiotic effectiveness and prevent the extinction of ineffective Bradyrhizobium from natural populations.
Effects of creativity on social and behavioral adjustment in 7‐ to 11‐year‐old children
Authors: Fancourt Daisy , Steptoe Andrew
Published: August 2018

This study sought to explore whether creativity in undertaking activities such as free writing, telling a story, crafts, painting, drawing, or drama at age 7 is associated with a lower risk of social and behavioral maladjustment in children at the onset of adolescence. Data from 7558 7‐year‐olds who were socially and behaviorally “stable” at baseline were analyzed from the nationally representative National Child Development Study. Multinomial regression analyses showed associations between teacher‐rated creativity at age 7 and a lower relative risk of social and behavioral instability and maladjustment at age 11. Specifically, the associations were found between moderate and marked creativity and a lower risk of symptoms of internalizing behaviors (including depression and withdrawal), externalizing behaviors (such as restlessness) as well as a lower risk of various nervous symptoms of social and behavioral instability and maladjustment. Associations were independent of social, demographic, educational, parental, academic, and personality covariates, and robust to a range of sensitivity analyses. These results suggest that facilitating engagement with creative activities could be explored further as a way of reducing levels of instability and maladjustment at the onset of adolescence.
The present and future use of functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) for cognitive neuroscience
Authors: Pinti Paola , Tachtsidis Ilias , Hamilton Antonia , Hirsch Joy , Aichelburg Clarisse , Gilbert Sam , Burgess Paul W.
Published: August 2018

The past few decades have seen a rapid increase in the use of functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in cognitive neuroscience. This fast growth is due to the several advances that fNIRS offers over the other neuroimaging modalities such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography/magnetoencephalography. In particular, fNIRS is harmless, tolerant to bodily movements, and highly portable, being suitable for all possible participant populations, from newborns to the elderly and experimental settings, both inside and outside the laboratory. In this review we aim to provide a comprehensive and state‐of‐the‐art review of fNIRS basics, technical developments, and applications. In particular, we discuss some of the open challenges and the potential of fNIRS for cognitive neuroscience research, with a particular focus on neuroimaging in naturalistic environments and social cognitive neuroscience.
ABO‐incompatible deceased donor pediatric liver transplantation: Novel titer‐based management protocol and outcomes
Authors: Mysore Krupa R. , Himes Ryan W. , Rana Abbas , Teruya Jun , Desai Moreshwar S. , Srivaths Poyyapakkam R. , Zaruca Kimberly , Calvert Andrea , Guffey Danielle , Minard Charles G. , Morita Eda , Hensch Lisa , Losos Michael , Kostousov Vadim , Hui Shiu‐Ki Rocky , Orange Jordan S. , Goss John A. , Nicholas Sarah K.
Published: August 2018

ABO‐ILT have re‐emerged as an alternate option for select patients awaiting transplant. However, treatment protocols for children undergoing deceased donor ABO‐ILT are not standardized. We implemented a novel IS protocol for children undergoing deceased donor ABO‐ILT based on pretransplant IH titers. Children with high pretransplant IH titers (≥1:32) underwent an enhanced IS protocol including plasmapheresis, rituximab, IVIG, and mycophenolate, while children with IH titers ≤1:16 received steroids and tacrolimus. We retrospectively assessed our outcomes of ABO‐ILT with ABO‐compatible recipients of similar age and diagnosis over a 2‐year period. Ten children with median age of 8.9 months underwent ABO‐ILT, 4 of 10 patients underwent enhanced IS due to high IH titers. Rates of complications (rejection, infections, biliary, and vascular) at both 1 year and up to 3 years post‐transplant were comparable between the groups. Patients with ABO‐ILT had good graft function with 100% survival at a median follow‐up of 3.3 years. In conclusion, IS tailored to pretransplant IH titers in pediatric deceased donor ABO‐ILT is feasible and can achieve outcomes similar to ABO‐CLT at 1 and 3 years post‐transplantation.
Utility of screening echocardiogram after endomyocardial biopsy for identification of cardiac perforation or tricuspid valve injury
Authors: Peng David M. , Kipps Alaina K. , Palmon Michal , Tacy Theresa A. , Peng Lynn F. , Hollander Seth A. , McElhinney Doff B.
Published: August 2018

Per protocol, our institution obtains echocardiograms immediately after each EMB to rule out procedural complication. We sought to determine the incidence of echocardiogram‐detected cardiac perforation and TV injury and to evaluate the utility of routine screening echocardiogram after each EMB in the current era. At a single center, 99% (1917/1942) EMB performed in 162 patients were immediately followed by an echocardiogram per protocol. There were five newly diagnosed pericardial effusions, and only one required pericardiocentesis. In the three echocardiograms demonstrating new flail TV, only one patient underwent surgical repair 2 months later. This study demonstrates the very low incidence of significant hemopericardium and TV injury after EMB in pediatric heart transplant recipients and argues against the utility of post‐EMB echocardiograms to screen solely for procedural complications.
Resale Price Maintenance with Strategic Customers
Authors: Bazhanov Andrei , Levin Yuri , Nediak Mikhail
Published: August 2018

We consider a decentralized supply chain (DSC) under resale price maintenance (RPM) selling a limited‐lifetime product to forward‐looking customers with heterogeneous valuations. When customers do not know the inventory level, double marginalization under RPM leads to a higher profit and aggregate welfare than without RPM under a two‐part tariff contract (TT). Both RPM and TT profits are higher and aggregate welfare is lower than in a centralized supply chain (CSC). When customers know the inventory, RPM coincides with CSC. Thus, overestimation of customer awareness may lead to overcentralization of supply chains with profit loss comparable with the loss from strategic customers. The case of RPM with unknown inventory is extended to an arbitrary number of retailers with inventory‐independent and inventory‐dependent demand. In both cases, the manufacturer, by setting a higher wholesale price, mitigates the inventory‐increasing effect of competition and reaches the same profit as with a single retailer. The high viability and efficiency of RPM in using double marginalization as a strategic‐behavior‐mitigating tool may serve as another explanation of why manufacturers may prefer DSC with RPM to a vertically integrated firm.
Cloning and functional analysis of fiveTERMINAL FLOWER 1/CENTRORADIALIS‐like genes fromHevea brasiliensis
Authors: Bi Zhenghong , Tahir Ayesha T. , Huang Huasun , Hua Yuwei
Published: August 2018

FiveTERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1)/CENTRORADIALIS(CEN)‐like genes were isolated and characterized from rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). All genes, exceptHbCEN1, were found to have conserved genomic organization, characteristic of the phosphatidyl ethanolamine‐binding protein (PEBP) family. Overexpression of all of them delayed flowering and altered flower architecture compared with the wild‐type (wt) counterpart. In addition, as premature‐flowering of the terminal bud was successfully overcome in thetfl1‐1mutant of Arabidopsis, all these genes have a potential function similar toTFL1. Quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction analysis showed higher expressions ofHbCEN1andHbCEN2in the shoot apices and stems of both immature and mature rubber trees than in reproductive organs.HbTFL1‐1andHbTFL1‐2expression was confined to roots of 3‐month‐old seedlings andHbTFL1‐3was significantly higher in the shoot apices of these seedlings. These results suggested thatHbCEN1andHbCEN2could be associated with the development of vegetative growth, whereasHbTFL1‐1,HbTFL1‐2andHbTFL1‐3seem to be mainly related with maintenance of juvenility. In addition, four of the five genes displayed variable diurnal expression,HbTFL1‐1andHbTFL1‐3being mainly expressed during the night whereasHbCEN1andHbCEN2showed irregular diurnal rhythms.
Identity and expression processing during classical conditioning with faces
Authors: Rehbein Maimu A. , Pastor Maria Carmen , Moltó Javier , Poy Rosario , López‐Penadés Raül , Junghöfer Markus
Published: August 2018

In classical conditioning, conditioned responses (CRs) to aversively paired (CS+) relative to unpaired (CS‐) face images are often interpreted in terms of the specific individual displayed in the CS + face image having adopted an aversive emotional connotation. This interpretation requires conditioning to rely on an association between CS + face identity and the occurrence of the aversive event (UCS). Here, we tested this requirement assuming that if an association between CS + face identity and UCS occurrence is established, CRs to originally conditioned face images should transfer to novel images of same‐identity faces. Forty‐eight participants underwent MultiCS conditioning with eight neutral faces as CSs and electric shock as UCS. Central, peripheral, evaluative, and behavioral CRs signaled successful emotional learning (as reported in Pastor et al., 2015). Behavioral and EEG responses of consecutive passive viewing showed enhanced reactions to novel angry and happy expressions of previously shocked CS + versus nonshocked CS‐ identities, indicating successful CR transfer within the dimension of face identity. Investigating the nature of CR transfer, EEG revealed an interaction of identity and expression information during face processing that followed emotional congruency (i.e., stronger reactions to congruent angry CS + and happy CS‐ vs. incongruent angry CS‐ and happy CS + compounds). While correlates of transfer appeared in late and midlatency time intervals, the congruency interaction became significant within the first 100 ms of face processing. Our results suggest conditioning to rely on an association of UCS occurrence with CS + identity and point to fast dynamic interrelations between identity and expression processing.
Presaccadic EEG activity predicts visual saliency in free‐viewing contour integration
Authors: Van Humbeeck Nathalie , Meghanathan Radha Nila , Wagemans Johan , van Leeuwen Cees , Nikolaev Andrey R.
Published: August 2018

While viewing a scene, the eyes are attracted to salient stimuli. We set out to identify the brain signals controlling this process. In a contour integration task, in which participants searched for a collinear contour in a field of randomly oriented Gabor elements, a previously established model was applied to calculate a visual saliency value for each fixation location. We studied brain activity related to the modeled saliency values, using coregistered eye tracking and EEG. To disentangle EEG signals reflecting salience in free viewing from overlapping EEG responses to sequential eye movements, we adopted generalized additive mixed modeling (GAMM) to single epochs of saccade‐related EEG. We found that, when saliency at the next fixation location was high, amplitude of the presaccadic EEG activity was low. Since presaccadic activity reflects covert attention to the saccade target, our results indicate that larger attentional effort is needed for selecting less salient saccade targets than more salient ones. This effect was prominent in contour‐present conditions (half of the trials), but ambiguous in the contour‐absent condition. Presaccadic EEG activity may thus be indicative of bottom‐up factors in saccade guidance. The results underscore the utility of GAMM for EEG—eye movement coregistration research.
A Note on α‐Gini Measures
Authors: Mussard Stéphane , Mornet Pauline
Published: August 2018

This note provides a characterization of α‐Gini inequality measures. These measures generalize the standard Gini index by including one sensitivity parameter α, which captures different value judgments. The α‐Gini measures are shown to be weakly decomposable and unit consistent. Weak decomposition provides within‐group and between‐group inequalities. Unit consistency keeps unchanged the ranking of two income distributions when the income units vary. It is shown that the α‐Gini measures are relevant with either “leftist” or“rightist” views.
Maintenance of grafting‐induced epigenetic variations in the asexual progeny of Brassica oleracea and B. juncea chimera
Authors: Yu Ningning , Cao Liwen , Yuan Lu , Zhi Xiao , Chen Yiqian , Gan Susheng , Chen Liping
Published: August 2018

Grafting‐induced variations have been observed in many plant species, but the heritability of variation in progeny is not well understood. In our study, adventitious shoots from the C cell lineage of shoot apical meristem (SAM) grafting chimera TCC (where the origin of the outmost, middle and innermost cell layers, respectively, of SAM is designated by ‘T’ for tuber mustard and ‘C’ for red cabbage) were induced and identified as r‐CCC (r = regenerated). To investigate the maintenance of grafting variations during cell propagation and regeneration, different generations of asexual progeny (r‐CCCn, n = generation) were established through successive regeneration of axillary shoots from r‐CCC. The fourth generation of r‐CCC (r‐CCC4) was selected to perform whole genome bisulfite sequencing for comparative analysis of hetero‐grafting‐induced global methylation changes relative to r‐s‐CCC4 (s = self‐grafting). Increased CHH methylation levels and proportions were observed in r‐CCC4, with substantial changes occurring in the repeat elements. Small RNA sequencing revealed 1135 specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) tags that were typically expressed in r‐CCC, r‐CCC2 and r‐CCC4. Notably, 65% of these specific siRNAs were associated with repeat elements, termed RE siRNAs. Subsequent analysis revealed that the CHH methylation of RE siRNA‐overlapping regions was mainly hypermethylation in r‐CCC4, indicating that they were responsible for directing and maintaining grafting‐induced CHH methylation. Moreover, the expression of 13 differentially methylated genes (DMGs) correlated with the phenotypic variation, showing differential expression levels between r‐CCC4 and r‐s‐CCC4. These DMGs were predominantly CG hypermethylated, their methylation modifications corresponded to the transcription of relative methyltransferase.
Venous oxygen saturation in critical illness
Authors: Walton Rebecca A.L. , Hansen Bernie D.
Published: August 2018

Objective

To review clinically relevant features of systemic oxygen delivery and consumption and the technique and use of venous oxygenation monitoring in human and veterinary medicine.

Data sources

Veterinary and human peer‐reviewed medical literature including scientific reviews, clinical and laboratory research articles, and authors’ clinical research experience.

Measurement of venous hemoglobin oxygen saturation (venous oxygenation) provides insight into the balance between oxygen supply and tissue demand. In people, measurement of venous oxygen saturation can reveal decompensation that is missed by physical examination and other routinely monitored parameters. Therefore, measurement of mixed or central venous oxygenation measurement may help guide therapy and predict outcome of critically ill patients. In dogs, low central venous oxygen saturation has been associated with impaired cardiopulmonary function and poor outcome in several small studies of experimental shock or severe clinical illness, suggesting that monitoring this variable may assist the treatment of severe illness in this species as well.

Conclusion

Venous oxygenation reflects systemic oxygenation status and can be used to guide treatment and estimate prognosis in critically ill patients. Measurement of venous oxygenation in veterinary patients is feasible and is a potentially valuable tool in the management of patients with severe disease. This review is intended to increase the understanding and awareness of the potential role of venous oxygen measurement in veterinary patients.
Vasovagal reaction in blood donors: prediction and its impact on donor return
Authors: Wong Hoi‐kei , Chu Cherry Chui‐yee , Lau Ching‐wa , Leung Jennifer Ngar‐sze , Lee Idy Yik‐mun , Lee Cheuk‐kwong
Published: August 2018

Background

Maintaining safe and adequate blood supply with minimal adverse events is the dual responsibility of all blood centres. Vasovagal reactions are of particular concern because they are relatively common, may cause injuries and are a rather important disincentive for subsequent donation. It is therefore, of utmost interest to identify those at risk.

Method

This is a retrospective study of whole blood donations made in 2012–14. Chi‐square test, logistic regression and stratification are applied for statistical analysis.

Result

Of 729,347 whole blood donations, vasovagal reactions occurred at 1·504%. Young age, first‐time donation, female and low body weight are important predictors and their adjusted odds ratios are 7·2 (age < 20 versus ≥50; 95% CI: 6·3, 8·3), 2·3 (first‐time versus repeat donors; 95% CI: 2·2, 2·4), 1·9 (female versus male; 95% CI: 1·8, 2·0) and 1·8 (weight < 50 kg versus ≥70 kg; 95% CI: 1·7, 2·0), respectively. This study also confirms that those with vasovagal reactions are much less likely to return with odds ratio of 4·4 (95% CI: 4·2, 4·6).

Conclusion

As those with vasovagal reactions are significantly less likely to come back, it is recommended that high‐risk groups should be identified. The value of decreased vasovagal reactions would result in improved donor safety, higher donor satisfaction, better donor retention and potentially reduced costs. Application of risk reduction strategies should be implemented as part of the ongoing effort to contribute to more adequate and safer blood to be provided.
The Application of Web-Based Distance Learning to the Instrument (Guitar) Education In Undergraduate Program: The Sample of Kastamonu University
Authors: Can Ajda Aylin , Yungul Okan
Published: August 2018

The aim of this study is to test the applicability of distance learning instrument education in undergraduate programs of higher education institutions. It is intended that a web-based experimental study has been designed for guitar education as a part of instrument education and that designed study has been applied to the undergraduate students through distance learning. Guitar performance rating scale was used to collect data. Obtained data was analyzed by using Mann Whitney U and Wilcoxon nonparametric tests which measure and evaluate the significance of the difference between two mean scores. Following the analysis, the results were interpreted.According to the findings, it was concluded that the intended target behaviors were attained by the students who were taught by the conventional method and the students who were taught by the web-based distance education method at the same level and the web-based distance education has had the same effect on students’ learning as the traditional instrument education practice. Suggestions in this context suggestions were also provided.
Long‐term pulmonary vascular consequences of perinatal insults
Authors: Goss Kara
Published: August 2018

Development of the pulmonary circulation is a critical component of fetal lung development, and continues throughout infancy and childhood, marking an extended window of susceptibility to vascular maldevelopment and maladaptation. Perinatal vascular insults may result in abnormal vascular structure or function, including decreased angiogenic signaling and vascular endowment, impaired vasoreactivity through increased pulmonary artery endothelial dysfunction and remodeling, or enhanced genetic susceptibility to pulmonary vascular disease through epigenetic modifications or germline mutations. Although some infants develop early onset pulmonary hypertension, due to the unique adaptive capabilities of the immature host many do not have clinically evident early pulmonary vascular dysfunction. These individuals remain at increased risk for development of late‐onset pulmonary hypertension, and may be particularly susceptible to secondary insults. This review will address the role of perinatal vascular insults in the development of late pulmonary vascular dysfunction with an effort to highlight areas of critical research need.

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Ciudad(anía) en movimiento: construcción social de instrumentos de políticas de movilidad en Bogotá y Belo Horizonte 1995-2015
Authors: Ardila Pinto Ana Marcela , Villamizar-Duarte Natalia
Published: August 2018

Basadas en la perspectiva cultural de los problemas públicos (Gusfield, 2014), exploramos el proceso de construcción de las políticas de movilidad urbana como un fenómeno social y como objeto de acción pública en Bogotá y Belo Horizonte, a partir de la década de los noventa. Mediante un análisis de contenido de los instrumentos de política pública, tanto de carácter territorial como sectorial, identificamos transformaciones en la categoría de movilidad y la construcción de nuevas identidades de los agentes urbanos en las que el movimiento tiene un papel central. Observamos que en este periodo se promovieron transformaciones de la cultura de ordenamiento territorial, en el ámbito local, que valorizaron el concepto de movilidad. También identificamos un creciente interés por agentes urbanos que tenían escasa visibilidad pública –como peatón y ciclista, entre otros–, e identificamos cuatro mecanismos discursivos utilizados para describir, regular, controlar y construir la identidad de los sujetos móviles: clasificación, omisión, estigmatización y metonimias.
Dialécticas de la ciudad: espacio, seguridad y diversidad
Authors: Garavito Zuluaga Juan Pablo
Published: August 2018

El artículo desarrolla un concepto de seguridad urbana que no se reduce al tema de la prevención de delitos o la intervención represiva de fuerzas gubernamentales, sino que tiene en cuenta la dimensión espacial de la ciudad y los diferentes tipos e intereses de sus habitantes. Está dividido en dos secciones, una, que explora concepcionesmodernas del espacio, tomando para ello filósofos del siglo XX, y su relación con la ciudad. Vemos el espacio urbano como medio en donde se inscriben los signos de una narración discontinua y a veces fragmentaria, en donde la dimensión espacial es a la vez pasiva y actuante, en donde los caminos en ella nos arrojan infinitas perspectivassobre lo que es una misma ciudad. Con ello determinamos los conceptos básicos que la segunda parte utilizará para establecer un concepto de seguridad que no simplifique su significado ni limite su alcance al aspecto estadístico para establecer su realidad.
Migración internacional: patrones y determinantes. Estudios comparados Colombia-América Latina-Proyecto LAMP. María Gertrudis Roa Martínez (Comp.)
Authors: Louidor Wooldy Edson
Published: August 2018

María Gertrudis Roa Martínez (Comp.)Cali: Princeton University - Editorial Universidad delValle - LAMP, 2015. 300 pp.
Moldeando prácticas y hábitat: estrategias de movilidad cotidiana en cerros de Valparaíso
Authors: Quinteros Urquieta Carolina
Published: August 2018

La movilidad es un elemento conformador de lugares, y por tanto articulador de la vida cotidiana y hábitat para la conformación de barrios y su relación con la ciudad. Por ello, resulta importante reflexionar acerca de cómo se moldea la vida cotidiana para lograr llegar a un destino. El documento busca exponer diversas estrategias, según género, edad o situación económica, para recorrer tramos cortos pero físicamente significativos, y cómo estos resignifican formas de uso, espacios, lugares y, consecuentemente, el hábitat. Mediante un análisis histórico y un enfoque etnográfico, se expondrá la experiencia diaria en dos cerros de Valparaíso, desde el enfoque de la movilidad cotidiana. Los resultados dan cuenta del aislamiento físico y la subsiguiente exclusión urbana a la que se exponen los territorios cuando los sistemas de transporte no responden a las necesidades de los habitantes, y cómo los mismos habitantes salvan esas dificultades para acceder a la ciudad.
Mobilidades Urbanas, Espaços Públicos e Manifestações Populares: uma análise dos protestos ocorridos na cidade de Belo Horizonte entre 2012 e 2015
Authors: Hasz Laíse , Nigri Lucas
Published: August 2018

O presente artigo realiza uma análise de protestos e manifestações populares que ocorreram na cidade de Belo Horizonte, entre 2012 e 2015, tendo como embasamento teórico o novo paradigma das mobilidades. Através de uma análise quantitativa e qualitativa de trezentas e vinte três notícias e reportagens, primeiramente verificou-se a composição e a intensidade das motivações de protesto que reivindicam direito, acesso e qualidade da mobilidade urbana. Num segundo momento, evidenciou-se como os espaços de mobilidade e o próprio movimento dos corpos presentes nos eventos noticiados são fundamentais na composição de repertórios performáticos de grupos protestantes. Os resultados encontrados demonstram que a mobilidade urbana não é apenas uma agenda política complexa e de extrema relevância, mas que o próprio ato de se movimentar e/ou de interromper o fluxo de movimento da cidade são estratégias fundamentais na busca pela visibilidade e divulgação de questionamentos políticos na cena pública.
Desarrollo neuroembriológico: el camino desde la proliferación hasta la perfección
Authors: Herández Flórez Cristhian Eduardo , Contreras García Gustavo Adolfo , Beltrán Avendaño Mónica Andrea
Published: August 2018

El desarrollo neurológico humano requiere una serie de pasos que permitan orientar, regular y diferenciar los diversos componentes cerebrales, para así garantizar, de una manera bastante precisa, la correcta organización y funcionamiento de las estructuras neuronales. La neurogénesis está clásicamente dividida en cuatro etapas consecutivas: proliferación, migración, diferenciación y maduración. En los humanos,estas ocurren desde la tercera semana de gestación hasta la vida adulta y precisan de un complejo grupo de paquetes genéticos, así como de algunos factores asociados, que se han ido descubriendo gracias a los avances en la biología molecular. El artículo es una revisión acerca del desarrollo neuroembriológico humano y los componentes genéticos más relevantes encontrados en la literatura.
De la indiferencia pública a la protección de los autores e interpretes de las producciones de cine en Colombia, a propósito de la ley Pepe Sánchez de 2017
Authors: Flórez Acero Germán Darío , Salazar Castillo Sebastián , Acevedo Pérez Carlos Ernesto
Published: August 2018

Este artículo de investigación busca profundizar en los antecedentes que dieron origen a la protección de las obras cinematográficas en Colombia. Igualmente, el artículo reflexiona sobre cómo la evolución legislativa en materia de cine, fue de la mano del crecimiento de la industria en el país. También se explora cuál es el alcance de los derechos que tiene cada uno de los autores e intérpretes de las obras cinematográficas en el país. Igualmente se estudia la evolución de sus derechos y su relación con el cine en Colombia.
Libertad y peculio: Una estrategia jurídica en contra de la esclavitud en la historia institucional colombiana (1780-1851)
Authors: López-Santamaría Ramsés
Published: August 2018

La presente propuesta de investigación ha sido motivo de interés durante los últimos dos años de labor investigativa doctoral, cuyo propósito pretende inicialmente abordar la problemática de la historia de los derechos y especialmente de aquellos relacionados con el reconocimiento de la libertad y del acceso a la propiedad en favor de la comunidad de esclavos negros durante un periodo concreto. Dicho interés respecto a la historia se concentra en la importancia que tuvo durante muchos años de la vida institucional de Colombia, tanto antes como después de la Independencia, la institución de la esclavitud y todo lo que se entiende en contexto respecto a la actividad no solo jurídica sino económica y política alrededor de tal institución. En cuanto al método, se realizará un análisis documental, de referencias primarias ubicadas especialmente en dos archivos: La Biblioteca del Colegio de Misiones de Popayán y sus fondos del siglo XVIII y el Catálogo de negros y esclavos del Archivo General de la Nación y la revisión de las fuentes secundarias que han trabajado estas referencias, tanto en Colombia como en otras latitudes. Finalmente se pretende mostrar como principal conclusión la existencia de contradicciones presentes para la institución de la esclavitud en el tiempo propuesto, lo que permitirá continuar en nuevos caminos hacia la identificación de denominadores comunes que adviertan nuevas lecturas desde las tensiones propuestas en el presente documento.
Elevated Inactivation Efficacy of a Pulsed UVC Light-Emitting Diode System for Foodborne Pathogens on Selective Media and Food Surfaces
Authors: Kim Do-Kyun , Kang Dong-Hyun
Published: August 2018

In 2013, the United Nations Environment Programme convened the Minamata Convention on Mercury, which prohibits trade in mercury-containing products in order to ensure human health. It will be effectuated in 2020; use of low-pressure mercury lamps will be discontinued and a new UV light source selected to replace the conventional technology. In this regard, UVC-LEDs have been developed and the fundamental inactivating effect has been researched. However, a pulsed UVC-LED system has not been studied, because of the difficulty of generating a UVC-LED pulse wave. An optical chopper system that physically divides the light with an adjustable blade, with personalized frequency and duty ratio settings, was introduced for generation of pulsed UVC-LED irradiation. This study elucidated the efficacy of a pulsed UVC-LED system and investigated its enhanced bactericidal effect in mechanism analyses.
A Molecular Window into the Biology and Epidemiology of Pneumocystis spp
Authors: Ma Liang , Cissé Ousmane H. , Kovacs Joseph A.
Published: August 2018

Pneumocystis, a unique atypical fungus with an elusive lifestyle, has had an important medical history. It came to prominence as an opportunistic pathogen that not only can cause life-threatening pneumonia in patients with HIV infection and other immunodeficiencies but also can colonize the lungs of healthy individuals from a very early age. The genusPneumocystisincludes a group of closely related but heterogeneous organisms that have a worldwide distribution, have been detected in multiple mammalian species, are highly host species specific, inhabit the lungs almost exclusively, and have never convincingly been culturedin vitro, makingPneumocystisa fascinating but difficult-to-study organism. Improved molecular biologic methodologies have opened a new window into the biology and epidemiology ofPneumocystis. Advances include an improved taxonomic classification, identification of an extremely reduced genome and concomitant inability to metabolize and grow independent of the host lungs, insights into its transmission mode, recognition of its widespread colonization in both immunocompetent and immunodeficient hosts, and utilization of strain variation to study drug resistance, epidemiology, and outbreaks of infection among transplant patients. This review summarizes these advances and also identifies some major questions and challenges that need to be addressed to better understandPneumocystisbiology and its relevance to clinical care.