bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Principal Component Analysis of Fatty Acid Data to Detect Virgin Coconut Oil Adulteration by Palm Olein
Authors: J.M.N. Marikkar
Published: April 2020

Authentication of virgin coconut oil (VCO) is important to safeguard customers from adulteration practices. A study was carried out to distinguish VCO from VCO adulterated with palm olein (PO) using principal component analysis (PCA) of fatty acid (FA) compositional data. Six samples of VCO, and six samples of palm olein were obtained from oil producers’ companies in Malaysia. Six samples of adulterated VCO were prepared by mixing with palm olein in 5% increment of adulteration. Fatty acid compositions of all oil samples were determined individually and the data were analyzed statistically. PCA analysis showed that lauric, palmitic and oleic acids were the most influencing parameters to discriminate VCO from adulterated VCO. Out of the thirteen FA variables investigated, ten were found to display high correlation with increasing adulteration. Predictive models showing higher coefficient of determination (R2) and good confidence limits were useful for quantification purposes.
Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Based Biofertilizer on Coconut Seedlings Growth in Nursery
Authors: S.H.S. Senarathne
Published: April 2020

The success of a coconut plantation, in terms of its field establishment as well as its future performance, is heavily dependent on the quality of the seedlings used. Coconut nurseries adopt different agronomic practices to produce good quality seedlings. Applying mycorrhizal inoculants is becoming an increasingly common practice in plant nurseries as it facilitates healthy seedling growth resulting in healthy and vigorous seedlings in the nursery, helps to reduce mortality rates of seedlings in the field and reduce water and fertilizer consumption. In this study effects of mycorrhizae based biofertilizer were evaluated for the growth of coconut seedlings in the nursery and field. The experiment was conducted at the Makadura Research Center in Sri Lanka. The nursery experiment treatments were, the presence of AMF based biofertilizer (50g per seedling or per bag) and absence of mycorrhizae based biofertilizer. In the field experiment, five treatments with 500g of AMF biofertilizerwith 25% recommended inorganic fertilizer mixture for young coconut palms (YPM) per seedling, 500g of AMF biofertilizer with 50% YPM per seedling, 500g of AMF biofertilizer with 75% YPM per seedling, 500g of AMF biofertilizer with 100% YPM per seedling and with only YPM per seedling. Root and shoot growth of seedlings were measured at monthly intervals in the nursery experiment. Leaf production rate and stem girth of the seedling were measured at six months interval in the field experiment. The application of bio fertilizer increased the volume and dry weight of primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary roots in seedlings in the nursery significantly. A significantly higher leaf production rate and stem girth was observed in the field seedlings treatment with 500g of AMF biofertilizer with 75% YPM. The experiment concluded that application of bio fertilizer is beneficial for coconut seedlings in the nursery for the production good quality seedlings with well-developed roots resulting in better field establishment and in the field for fast and vigorous growth.
Effect of Different Weed Management Strategies on Population Changing Pattern of Pennisetum polystachion in Coconut Plantations of Sri Lanka
Authors: S.H.S. Senarathne
Published: April 2020

Pennisetum polystachion is a major problematic monocotyledonous weed species and a perennial problem in intermediate zone of coconut plantations in Sri Lanka. This study was carried out to evaluate the impacts of different management systems on P. polystachion seedling emergence patterns.The tested treatments were application of glyphosate (T1), cover cropping with Pueraria phaseoloides (T2), tractor harrowing (T3), tractor slashing (T4) and tractor ploughing (T5). All the treatments were applied twice a year except T2. As T2 cover crop at the initiation of the experiment and over grown conditions were managed by harrowing once a year. Based on the reduction in weed biomass, cover cropping (T2) was the best to reduce the P. polystachion population and to reduce P. polystachion seedling emergence density in the field. Chemical weeding was the second-best method to control the P. polystachion population in the field. The effectiveness of slashing in reducing weed seedling emergence density was lower than cover cropping and chemical weeding methods. The weed seedling emergence densities were almost similar in ploughed and harrowed plots. The seed depth of emerged seedling was very high in harrowed and ploughed treatments when compared to other treatments. Results given by T3 and T5 indicates that loosening the soil creates more favorable environment for the germination of weed seeds buried in soil. Therefore, it can be argued that the elimination of weed seeds in the top 2cm or 4cm in the soil seed bank by any means is likely to reduce the level of weed infestation by about 60% to 95%. Results also indicated that burying rhizomes in ploughing and harrowing treatment plots at the depths below 30 - 40 cm is effective in controlling germination of this weed species. This experiment also suggested that keeping rhizomes on the soil surface without burying for durations of 5 – 15 days would produce weak plants with poor development.
Üniversiteli Kız Öğrencilerin Tamamlayıcı Sağlık Yaklaşımlarını Kullanma Durumları ve Etkileyen Faktörler
Authors: HÖBEK AKARSU Rukiye , TOSUN GÜLEROĞLU Funda , YÜZER ALSAÇ Selda
Published: April 2020

Amaç: Bu çalışma
üniversiteli kız öğrencilerin tamamlayıcı sağlık yaklaşımlarını kullanma
durumlarını ve etkileyen faktörleri belirlemek amacıyla yapıldı.

Yöntem: Kesitsel ve
tanımlayıcı tipte olan bu araştırma Yozgat Bozok Üniversite’sinde öğrenim gören
kız öğrenciler üzerinde yürütüldü. Araştırmanın evrenini, öğrenim gören kız
8200 kız öğrenci oluşturdu. Çalışma, araştırmaya katılmaya gönüllü 944 kız
öğrenciyle tamamlandı. Veriler öğrencilerin sosyo-demografik
özelliklerini,  tamamlayıcı sağlık
yaklaşımlarını (TSY) kullanma durumlarını saptamaya yönelik geliştirilen anket
formu ile toplandı. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde; ki-kare ve bonferroni testi kullanıldı.

Bulgular: Üniversiteli kız
öğrencilerin yaş ortalaması 18.8±0.8 olarak bulundu.  Katılımcıların %99,6’sının bekâr, %65.7’sinin
gelir durumunun orta düzeyde olduğu, %79.9’unun TSY kullandığı belirlendi.
Öğrencilerin  TSY olarak  %85 egzersiz, %73.2 müzik dinleme, %67.7
masaj, %55.1 sıcak-soğuk kompres, %44.7 duş alma, %42.9 uyku, %1.3 yoga, %1
akupunktur, %0.3 hipnoz; alternatif tedavi yöntemleri (bitkisel ve besinsel
yaklaşım) olarak %87 bitkisel terapi, %85.8 vitamin-mineral kullandıkları
bulundu.

Sonuç: Üniversiteli kız
öğrencilerin büyük çoğunluğu TSY kullanmaktadır. TSY’ndan en fazla bitkisel
terapiye başvurulmaktadır. Üniversite öğrenimi sırasında evde kalan ve sigara
kullanan kız öğrenciler TSY yöntemlerini daha fazla kullanmaktadır.
Cultural embedding in designating maritime metaphors
Authors: Visan Ioana Raluca
Published: April 2020

An interesting and fruitful area of research in maritime language is represented by metaphors and metaphorical expressions which abound in the language of seafarers. This paper sets to highlight that several maritime terms are the result of understanding and naming based on the metaphorical scenarios.
Also, the aesthetic value of several maritime terms increases motivation and helps maritime language users to deal with them. The idea should be pointed out that the cognitive theories of metaphor have put forward the thesis according to which metaphors are not only a cultural symbol or ornamentation within a given discourse, but also a phenomenon that takes place to categorize and understand the experience.
Adaptive patching strategy
Authors: Dimov Dimo Bozhidarov , Tsonev Yuliyan
Published: April 2020

Providing sustainable availability, confidentiality, and integrity of all services and resources within associates and counterparts is a key concept to be in the “Leaders” quadrant. No respectable vendor will reject the idea that systems should be always up-to-date with the latest security patches and solutions available. Having a fully patched environment does not always correspond very well with the full business automation strategies. This article glances over an approach for delivering the latest updates to Microsoft systems, and at the same time putting minimum degradation of the production systems process.
Risk analysis and the probability of collision
Authors: Varsami Corina , Tromiadis Ramona , Hanzu-Pazara Radu
Published: April 2020

This paper aims at identifying all factors that lead to a collision, and further emphasizes the point that collision consequences should not be related only to structural deformations of a ship, human safety should be also included in the analysis as well as the effects on the environment, the economic impact, the shipping company’s reputation and the type and quantity of oil products spilled at sea as a result of the collision.
On the dynamics of a particle inside a U – shaped rotating thin tube
Authors: Deleanu Dumitru
Published: April 2020

In this paper the problem of the strongly nonlinear motion of a particle on a rotating parabola is generalized for an arbitrary U-shaped curve. The governing equation of motion is deducted and then particularized on three cases, namely quadratic parabola, quartic parabola and cosine curve. Each case is numerically investigated for various small and large parameters and the results are contrasted with those provided by a relatively new analytical technique called energy balance method. The importance of the relative equilibrium points on the particle’s dynamics is highlighted.
Observations of the Hydrogen Cyanide in Comet 46P/Wirtanen at a 3.4 mm Wavelength
Authors: Wang Zhen , Zhang Shao-Bo , Tseng Wei-Ling , Sun Ji-Xian , Liao Ying , Ip Wing-Huen , Zheng Xing-Wu , Wang Na , Lu Deng-Rong , Chen Lue , Shan Hao , Yuan Ye , Yan Jian-Guo , Ping Jin-Song
Published: April 2020

We searched for rotational lines of H12C14N in comet 46P/Wirtanen, using the Purple Mountain Observatory 13.7 m radio telescope. The J = 1–0 lines of HCN (3.4 mm wavelength) were unambiguously detected in 46P during the 2018 December 14–15 period, with a beam resolution of 62.″2 and a velocity resolution of ∼0.21 km s−1 per channel. The molecular production rates were computed. The mean HCN(1–0) production rate of 46P was (6.45 ± 1.31) × 1024 molec s−1 in the above two days. We found possible indications of time variation in the outgassing activity. The average HCN abundance relative to water Q
[HCN]/

of 46P was (0.09 ± 0.01)%. The HCN line shapes gave primary information on the kinematics of the cometary atmosphere. The HCN linewidths provided a direct determination of the coma expansion velocity, which was about 0.5 ± 0.05 km s−1 at post-perihelion (1.056 au).
Tidally Distorted, Iron-enhanced Exoplanets Closely Orbiting Their Stars
Authors: Price Ellen M. , Rogers Leslie A.
Published: April 2020

The transiting planet candidate KOI 1843.03 (

radius, 4.245 hr orbital period,

host star) has the shortest orbital period of any known planet. Here we show, using the first three-dimensional interior structure simulations of ultra-short-period tidally distorted rocky exoplanets, that KOI 1843.03 may be shaped like an American football, elongated along the planet-star axis with an aspect ratio of up to 1.79. Furthermore, for KOI 1843.03 to have avoided tidal disruption (wherein the planet is pulled apart by the tidal gravity of its host star) on such a close-in orbit, KOI 1843.03 must be as iron-rich as Mercury (about 66% by mass iron compared to Mercury’s 70% by mass iron). Of the ultra-short-period (P
orb ≲ 1 day) planets with physically meaningful constraints on their densities characterized to date, just under half (four out of nine) are iron-enhanced. As more are discovered, we will better understand the diversity of rocky planet compositions and the variety of processes that lead to planetary iron enhancement.
Dynamics of Laterally Propagating Flames in X-Ray Bursts. I. Burning Front Structure
Authors: Eiden Kiran , Zingale Michael , Harpole Alice , Willcox Donald , Cavecchi Yuri , Katz Max P.
Published: April 2020

We investigate the structure of laterally propagating flames through the highly stratified burning layer in an X-ray burst. Two-dimensional hydrodynamics simulations of flame propagation are performed through a rotating plane-parallel atmosphere, exploring the structure of the flame. We discuss the approximations needed to capture the length and timescales at play in an X-ray burst and describe the flame acceleration observed. Our studies complement other multidimensional studies of burning in X-ray bursts.
Equation of State and Progenitor Dependence of Stellar-mass Black Hole Formation
Authors: Schneider André da Silva , O’Connor Evan , Granqvist Elvira , Betranhandy Aurore , Couch Sean M.
Published: April 2020

The core collapse of a massive star results in the formation of a proto-neutron star (PNS). If enough material is accreted onto a PNS, it will become gravitationally unstable and further collapse into a black hole (BH). We perform a systematic study of failing core-collapse supernovae in spherical symmetry for a wide range of pre-supernova progenitor stars and equations of state (EOSs) of nuclear matter. We analyze how variations in progenitor structure and the EOS of dense matter above nuclear saturation density affect the PNS evolution and subsequent BH formation. Comparisons of core collapse for a given progenitor star and different EOSs show that the path traced by the PNS in mass-specific entropy phase space

is well correlated with the progenitor compactness and is almost EOS independent, apart from the final end point. Furthermore, BH formation occurs, to a very good approximation, soon after the PNS overcomes the maximum gravitational mass supported by a hot NS with constant specific entropy equal to

. These results show a path to constraining the temperature dependence of the EOS through the detection of neutrinos from a failed galactic supernova.
On the Cooling Flow Problem in the Gaseous Halo of the Milky Way
Authors: Fang Xiang-Er , Guo Fulai , Yuan Ye-Fei
Published: April 2020

Theoretical and observational arguments suggest that there is a large amount of hot (∼106 K) diffuse gas residing in the Milky Way (MW) halo, but its total mass and spatial distribution are still unclear. In this work, we present a general model for the gas density distribution in the Galactic halo, and investigate the gas evolution under radiative cooling with a series of 2D hydrodynamic simulations. We find that the mass inflow rate in the developed cooling flow increases with gas metallicity and the total gas mass in the halo. For a fixed halo gas mass, the spatial gas distribution affects the onset time of the cooling catastrophe, which starts earlier when the gas distribution is more centrally peaked, but does not substantially affect the final mass inflow rate. The gravity from the Galactic bulge and disk affects gas properties in the inner regions, but has little effect on the final inflow rate either. We confirm our results by investigating cooling flows in several density models adopted from the literature, including the Navarro–Frenk–White (NFW) model, the cored-NFW model, the Maller & Bullock model, and the β model. Typical mass inflow rates in our simulations range from ∼5 M
⊙ yr−1 to ∼60 M
⊙ yr−1, and are much higher than the observed star formation rate in our Galaxy, suggesting that stellar and active galactic nucleus feedback processes may play important roles in the evolution of the MW and MW-type galaxies.
Near-infrared Methanol Bands Probe Energetic Processing of Icy Outer Solar System Objects
Authors: Urso Riccardo Giovanni , Baklouti Donia , Djouadi Zahia , Pinilla-Alonso Noemí , Brunetto Rosario
Published: April 2020

Frozen methanol was detected in the outer solar system on the surfaces of the Centaur 5145 Pholus, the Trans-Neptunian Object (55638) 2002 VE95, and more recently on (486958) Arrokoth. The icy surfaces of these objects are subjected to solar and cosmic ions that modify the physico-chemical properties of their surface. To study the effects of ion bombardment on methanol-rich surfaces, we performed experiments of ion irradiation of H2O:CH3OH mixtures and we monitored the evolution of the methanol near-infrared bands. We observed significant variations of the 2.34/2.27 μm methanol band ratios as a function of the irradiation dose. We then used the Arrokoth and Pholus spectra to test the 2.34/2.27 μm band ratio as a probe of irradiation of methanol-rich surfaces, and we estimated the timescales of processing by solar and cosmic ions. Our results indicate that solar energetic particles are the main drivers of changes in the near-infrared spectra of frozen surfaces in the outer solar system.
Iatrogenic Periorbital Subcutaneous Emphysema after Endodontic Treatment â€“ A Case Report.
Authors: Shashidhar C. , Sarda Poonam Narayan , Parmar Jenish , Patil Sayli
Published: April 2020

BACKGROUND: Surgical emphysema is well known and many case reports have been published on this. Many authors have reported this as a complication post dentoalveolar treatment. Diffusion of air into facial planes and periorbital area during endodontic procedures has been rarely reported. The use of three-way air syringe and forceful irrigation of root canal can lead to surgical emphysema of subcutaneous tissue planes in and around the teeth which are involved.
CASE REPORT: This case report highlights one such complication seen during endodontic treatment and conservative management of this dental office emergency.
CONCLUSION: Endodontic treatment is not frequently associated with the presence of the SCE. However, it is very important to know how to recognize this situation when occurs, to treat the patient appropriately.
Gouverner par les incitations. La diffusion d’une logique incitative dans le droit du travail
Authors: Leclerc Olivier , Sachs Tatiana
Published: April 2020

Certaines normes, plus que d’autres, méritent d’être qualifiées d’« incitatives » : telle est l’hypothèse qui constitue le point de départ de cet article. À rebours d’une tentation communément partagée par les juristes et les économistes à considérer que toutes les règles juridiques constituent des incitations, l’article isole les attributs des dispositifs incitatifs, afin de mieux cerner ce que la prolifération de ce type d’instruments juridiques produit dans l’ordonnancement du droit du travail. La figure de l’employeur, mais aussi l’articulation de l’individuel et du collectif s’en trouvent affectées.
Les recompositions des normes d’emploi public
Authors: Peyrin Aurélie
Published: April 2020

Cet article décrit la genèse d’un système dual d’emploi public articulant, en France, deux modes de régulation distincts : un premier régime d’emploi, statutaire, organise les recrutements et carrières des fonctionnaires titulaires ; un deuxième régime d’emploi, contractuel, concerne les agents recrutés hors statut, par le biais de contrats de droit public (CDD ou CDI). Si les emplois précaires ne sont pas une nouveauté dans la fonction publique, la récente et rapide normalisation de l’usage du contrat au sein de l’État contribue à remettre en cause la norme d’emploi statutaire.
Multimodal Imaging of Laser-Induced Retinal-Choroidal Anastomosis Masquerading as Type 3 Macular Neovascularization
Authors: Xu Xiaoyu , Freund K Bailey
Published: April 2020

The use of laser to induce a retinal-choroidal anastomosis (RCA) through photomechanical and photothermal rupture of the retinal pigment epithelium/Bruch's membrane beneath a retinal vein has been performed in eyes with retinal vein occlusion to create an alternate pathway for retinal venous outflow. The authors document the multimodal imaging findings of a 64-year-old female with type 2 diabetes presenting with a parafoveal vascular lesion simulating type 3 macular neovascularization. A review of the medical history and the benign course of the lesion suggested its inadvertent origin from prior focal/grid laser to treat diabetic macular edema.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina.
2020;51:244–248.]
El Arxiu d'Etnografia i Folklore de Catalunya o la transformación de la investigación etnográfica en Cataluña a principios de siglo
Authors: Calvo Calvo Luis
Published: April 2020

El Arxiu d'Etnografia i Folklore de Catalunya es la primera tentativa de institucionalizar la investigación etnográfica en Cataluña, constituyéndose, asimismo, en una de las primeras de todo el país. Unido al Noucentisme catalán, receptor de la teoría etnológica europea del momento (Lévy-Bruhl, W. Schmidt, Marett, etc. .. ), representó una transformación radical de lo realizado hasta el momento en el terreno de la Etnografía y el Folklore en Cataluña, cambio que se materializó en la teoría de la Psicoetnografla, creada por el director y fundador de la entidad, Tomas Carreras i Artau.
Debla: un arcano del cante flamenco (del vocativo romaní al sustantivo caló)
Authors: Torrione Margarita
Published: April 2020

Desde que Antonio Machado padre publicó su densa colección de Cantes Flamencos (1881), se viene especulando sobre el significado de la palabra debla, que da nombre a la más antigua y dramática de las «tonás», también la más gitana,cuyas raíces se pierden en la profunda noche del cante «jondo». El estribillo («macho») en caló que la remata -Debla barea o deblica barea- ha suscitado múltiples y caprichosas interpretaciones entre los flamencólogos, poco preocupados por el dialecto gitano español y por los préstamos de éste a la copla flamenca, que han llegado a hablar del «misterio» de la debla. El presente estudio viene a deshacer los hilos de un arcano fabricado, al menos desde el punto de vista lingüístico, a partir de una sencilla fórmula exclamativa gitana.
Dos versiones peruanas de «Juan ( el) Oso»
Authors: Fourtané Nicole
Published: April 2020

Este artículo propone dos versiones peruanas del cuento de «Juan el Oso». Ambas provienen del departamento de Junín (Huancayo), en los Andes centrales. Fueron narradas en castellano por informantes cuya lengua materna es el quechua. El español que hablan se ve, pues, influido por las estructuras de dicho idioma. Los relatos van precedidos de una introducción que resume los cuentos españoles que sirvieron de base para la elaboración de las variantes andinas y que pone de realce la problemática original que se expresa en estas narraciones. Se hacen eco de la resistencia a la cultura hispánica y nos presentan al condenado andino.
El refrán: un artefacto cultural
Authors: Vila Rubio Mª Nieves
Published: April 2020

Partiendo de la precisión de los conceptos de cultura y de cultura popular, la autora examina aquí el carácter instrumental del refrán y cómo éste ha sido utilizado según ideologías, de la misma forma que cualquier otro artefacto cultural. De ello resulta la consideración del refranero en bloque como una alegoría. Refuerza esta teoría el análisis que realiza de un conjunto de refranes pertenecientes al campo semántico del matrimonio.
Uso y función de la estampa suelta en los Siglos de Oro (Testimonios literarios)
Authors: Portús Pérez Javier
Published: April 2020

A través de las fuentes literarias se ha tratado de realizar un estudio valorativo de la función de la estampa suelta en la sociedad española del Siglo de Oro, y de arrojar cierta luz sobre los estamperos, un tipo de vendedor del que, aunque se conocía su existencia en la España barroca, se ignoraban muchas de sus características. Por último, se ha observado cómo frecuentemente las estampas han sido utilizadas por los escritores para definir y caracterizar ambientes y personajes, y para reflejar en algún caso una trama argumental.
Petit âge d’or statistique de la décennie de Nankin (Le) (1928‑1937)
Authors: Paulès Xavier
Published: April 2020

La décennie de Nankin correspond à une période
d’intense production et publication de statistiques aussi bien dans
les zones contrôlées par le gouvernement central que dans celles
tenues par des seigneurs de la guerre. De plus, loin de ne concerner
que les autorités, une véritable émulation poussant à la compilation
de données statistiques précises et à jour se développe à travers
toute la société. Enfin, il faut souligner que les publications
étrangères, en particulier en langue japonaise, constituent une part
très importante, quantitativement et qualitativement, de l’abondante
documentation statistique.
Crucifix kongo (Les)
Authors: Volper Julien
Published: April 2020

Les crucifix nkangi kiditu étaient encore possédés aux xixe et xxe siècles par certains chefs de RDC et d’Angola. La notice évoque quelques‑uns des différents groupes kongo ayant connu cet attribut de pouvoir, traite des fonctions de celui‑ci, expose son origine européenne et son lien avec la première évangélisation (xve‑xviiie siècle). Quelques modèles spécifiques de nkangi kiditu sont également présentés.
Stèles et textes épigraphiques en Chine (Les)
Authors: Bujard Marianne
Published: April 2020

L’épigraphie appartient en Chine à un domaine plus vaste, la « gravure sur pierre », qui inclut notamment les décors funéraires et la sculpture en ronde bosse et en relief. Restreinte à l’écriture sur pierre, elle comprend des centaines de milliers d’inscriptions sur des pierres mobiles ou sur des parois rocheuses. Celles‑ci ont généralement été envisagées sous l’angle de la calligraphie, tandis que leur contenu était tenu pour une source auxiliaire de l’histoire événementielle. La richesse de l’épigraphie religieuse et funéraire permet pourtant de traiter les inscriptions comme une source majeure de l’histoire sociale. Qu’elles figurent sur des stèles en surface ou sur des pierres enterrées dans la tombe, les inscriptions offrent des informations précieuses sur la vie des individus et leurs lignages, leurs carrières administratives ou militaires, ainsi que sur les collectivités religieuses, que ce soit celles des moines ou celles des fidèles, des plus humbles jusqu’aux empereurs, sans parler des dieux.
Calophyllolide Separation from Calophyllum inophyllum Oil by Silica Gel Adsorption
Authors: Gunawan Setiyo , Pamungkas Brilian , Primaswari Claudia Shantika , Hapsari Safrina , Aparamarta Hakun Wirawasista
Published: April 2020

Nyamplung (Calophylluminophyllum), widely spreads in Indonesia archipelago, is known to have many advantages. It has various benefits that can be utilized from its root, stem, leaf, and seed. C inophyllum’s seed contains bioactive compounds called calophyllolide. However, the utilization of C. inphyllum’s seed is limited because it contains harmful toxins. Therefore, C. inophyllum’s seed is generally used and investigated as a raw material of biodiesel. This research aimed to find the best condition to isolate calophyllolide, to know the yield of isolated calophyllolide and to know its purity percentage from crude C. inophyllum oil. Current research on calophyllolide is to extract the substance from C. inophyllum’s shell nut without further treatment on it. In this work, calophyllolide was separated from crude C. inophyllum oil by silica gel adsorption. Each fraction obtained was tested qualitatively using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and quantitatively using Gas Chromatography (GC) to analyze calophyllolide mixture. In this study, the best separation method (12.92% purity, 8.03% yield, and 95.02% recovery of calophyllolide) was obtained by using crude C. inophyllum to silica gel mass ratio of 1:2 (g/g).
Fabrication and Characterization of Aluminum Matrix Composite (AMCs) Reinforced Graphite by Stir Casting Method for Automotive Application
Authors: Suryana Suryana , Hasanah Indah Uswatun , Fadhillah Muhammad Fikri , Putra Yordan Valentino
Published: April 2020

The effects of graphite and magnesium (Mg) addition on mechanical properties and microstructure of aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) have been investigated in this work. Aluminum alloy (ADC-12) was combined with graphite and Mg produced by stir casting. The effect of addition of graphite into the matrix has been studied with variation 2, 4 and 6 wt-% for each composite. The addition of Mg as wetting agent was introduced wit 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 wt-% to promote wettability between ADC-12 and graphite. All composites were characterized both microstructures analysis and mechanical properties include tensile strength and hardness. The higher reinforcement content, the higher porosity formed, due to the tendency of de-wetting as well as particles agglomeration. One of the main intermetallic phase present evenly in aluminum matrix is Mg2Si. The addition of magnesium in the material that will form Mg2Si primary phases which have a high hardness value of these composites.
Effect of Pressure Distribution on Hydroxyapatite (HAp) Based Hybrid Composites Made from the Milkfish Bones
Authors: Pramono Agus , Sulaiman Fatah , Suryana Suryana , Alfirano Alfirano , Milandia Anistasia
Published: April 2020

The milkfish bones (chanos-chanos forsk/CCF) which contain of Ca 4%, P 3% and protein 32% are a waste material. It is necessary to process the waste into a new product so that it can be used optimally. The milkfish content contains various metallic elements which can be combined metallurgically with aluminum (Al) as a matrix and Titanium (Ti)/magnesium (Mg) as a wetting element which will give an interface between materials. With that advantages, the milkfish bones can be used as a composite material with a content of more than one type of matrix that is being used as a composite hybrid. Milkfish bone material calcined at temperature of 500-700OC, and made into Hydroxyapatite (HAp). This material was made as reinforced by mixing on Al with Mg and lightweight metal as well so that it can be processed into hybrid composite material. The study refers to the influenced of the stress distribution at the process of composites based on CCF calcination on the mechanical properties that was produced by self-high propagating temperatures synthesis (SHS) methods. The experiment used 3 types of sample with different composition each sample. The first type of sample composition used 80% HAp, 10% Al, 4% Mg, 3% Ti and 3% Cu with a pressing operated at 461.2 MPa which resulted in maximum mechanical hardness of 167-239 HV10. The second type of sample composition used 80% HAp, 10% Al, 4% Mg, 2% Ti, 2% Cu, and an addition of 2% Al2O3 ceramics with operational pressure reached at 691.7 MPa which resulted in a hardness value of 229-349 HV10. The third type of sample composition used 80% HAp, 10% Al, 4% Mg, 2% Ti, 2% Cu and 2% SiC as a reinforced with operational pressure reached at 921.8 MPa and hardness value of 359-375 HV10.
Effect of Pouring Temperature on Mechanical Properties and Microstructures of Aluminium Matrix Composite Strengthened by CNT with Stir Casting Method
Authors: Syahid Muhammad , Arma Lukmanul H. , Arsyad Hairul , Suwardi Zulfikar A.R.
Published: April 2020

Aluminium matrix composite reinforced Carbon nanoTubes are widely developed because it can increase mechanical strength without reducing its ductility. One of the AMC / CNT manufacturing processes is through the stir casting method. The challenge of the Al / CNT manufacturing process is the occurrence of agglomeration and CNT not homogeneous so that the right casting parameters are needed to obtain optimal results. The purpose of this study was to analyse the effect of pouring temperature on the mechanical strength and microstructure of AA6061 by adding Carbon Nanotube (CNT) through the stir casting method. The CNT is added by 0.1% wt and pouring temperature at 700 °C, 730 °C and 760 °C. Mechanical tests carried out were tensile test, hardness test, and impact test. The highest value of hardness and tensile strength was obtained at the pouring temperature of 700 °C are78 HV and 80.97 MPa. Lower pouring temperature causes smaller grain size so that it has higher strength. The distribution of hardness values ​​at the top, middle and bottom of the specimen is not evenly distributed, but does not differ greatly for all pouring temperatures. The highest value of impact strength is obtained at the pouring temperature of 760 °C which is 0.128 J/mm2. Microstructure was shown the addition of CNTs caused the size of primary silicon and aluminium grains to be small which would increase the mechanical properties.
Distinct Features of Human Myeloid Cell Cytokine Response Profiles Identify Neutrophil Activation by Cytokines as a Prognostic Feature during Tuberculosis and Cancer
Authors: Devlin Joseph C. , Zwack Erin E. , Tang Mei San , Li Zhi , Fenyo David , Torres Victor J. , Ruggles Kelly V. , Loke P’ng
Published: April 2020

Myeloid cells are a vital component of innate immunity and comprise monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and granulocytes. How myeloid cell lineage affects activation states in response to cytokines remains poorly understood. The cytokine environment and cellular infiltrate during an inflammatory response may contain prognostic features that predict disease outcome. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptional responses of human monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils in response to stimulation by IFN-γ, IFN-β, IFN-λ, IL-4, IL-13, and IL-10 cytokines to better understand the heterogeneity of activation states in inflammatory conditions. This generated a myeloid cell–cytokine-specific response matrix that can infer representation of myeloid cells and the cytokine environment they encounter during infection, in tumors and in whole blood. Neutrophils were highly responsive to type 1 and type 2 cytokine stimulation but did not respond to IL-10. We identified transcripts specific to IFN-β stimulation, whereas other IFN signature genes were upregulated by both IFN-γ and IFN-β. When we used our matrix to deconvolute blood profiles from tuberculosis patients, the IFN-β–specific neutrophil signature was reduced in tuberculosis patients with active disease, whereas the shared response to IFN-γ and IFN-β in neutrophils was increased. When applied to glioma patients, transcripts of neutrophils exposed to IL-4/IL-13 and monocyte responses to IFN-γ or IFN-β emerged as opposing predictors of patient survival. Hence, by dissecting how different myeloid cells respond to cytokine activation, we can delineate biological roles for myeloid cells in different cytokine environments during disease processes, especially during infection and tumor progression.
Cutting Edge: ST8Sia6-Generated α-2,8-Disialic Acids Mitigate Hyperglycemia in Multiple Low-Dose Streptozotocin–Induced Diabetes
Authors: Belmonte Paul J. , Shapiro Michael J. , Rajcula Matthew J. , McCue Shaylene A. , Shapiro Virginia Smith
Published: April 2020

The immune system contains a series of checks and balances that maintain tolerance and prevent autoimmunity. Sialic acid-binding Ig-type lectins (Siglecs) are cell surface receptors found on immune cells and inhibit inflammation by recruiting protein tyrosine phosphatases to ITIMs. Islet-resident macrophages express Siglec-E, and Siglec-E expression decreases on islet-resident macrophages as insulitis progresses in the NOD mouse. The sialyltransferase ST8Sia6 generates α-2,8-disialic acids that are ligands for Siglec-E in vivo. We hypothesized that engaging Siglec-E through ST8Sia6-generated ligands may inhibit the development of immune-mediated diabetes. Constitutive overexpression of ST8Sia6 in pancreatic β cells mitigated hyperglycemia in the multiple low-dose streptozotocin model of diabetes, demonstrating that engagement of this immune receptor facilitates tolerance in the setting of inflammation and autoimmune disease.
Immunopeptidome Analysis of HLA-DPB1 Allelic Variants Reveals New Functional Hierarchies
Authors: van Balen Peter , Kester Michel G. D. , de Klerk Wendy , Crivello Pietro , Arrieta-Bolaños Esteban , de Ru Arnoud H. , Jedema Inge , Mohammed Yassene , Heemskerk Mirjam H. M. , Fleischhauer Katharina , van Veelen Peter A. , Falkenburg J. H. Frederik
Published: April 2020

HLA-DP alleles can be classified into functional T cell epitope (TCE) groups. TCE-1 and TCE-2 are clearly defined, but TCE-3 still represents an heterogeneous group. Because polymorphisms in HLA-DP influence the presented peptidome, we investigated whether the composition of peptides binding in HLA-DP may be used to refine the HLA-DP group classification. Peptidomes of human HLA-DP–typed B cell lines were analyzed with mass spectrometry after immunoaffinity chromatography and peptide elution. Gibbs clustering was performed to identify motifs of binding peptides. HLA-DP peptide-binding motifs showed a clear association with the HLA-DP allele-specific sequences of the binding groove. Hierarchical clustering of HLA-DP immunopeptidomes was performed to investigate the similarities and differences in peptidomes of different HLA-DP molecules, and this clustering resulted in the categorization of HLA-DP alleles into 3-DP peptidome clusters (DPC). The peptidomes of HLA-DPB1*09:01, -10:01, and -17:01 (TCE-1 alleles) and HLA-DPB1*04:01, -04:02, and -02:01 (TCE-3 alleles) were separated in two maximal distinct clusters, DPC-1 and DPC-3, respectively, reflecting their previous TCE classification. HLA-DP alleles categorized in DPC-2 shared certain similar peptide-binding motifs with DPC-1 or DPC-3 alleles, but significant differences were observed for other positions. Within DPC-2, divergence between the alleles was observed based on the preference for different peptide residues at position 9. In summary, immunopeptidome analysis was used to unravel functional hierarchies among HLA-DP alleles, providing new molecular insights into HLA-DP classification.
Cytokine storm and colchicine potential role fighting SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia
Authors: Vitiello Antonio , Ferrara Francesco , Pelliccia Chiara , Granata Giovanni , La Porta Raffaele
Published: April 2020

For some patients with SARS-CoV-2, the worst clinical damage is not caused by the virus itself, but by an overactive inflammatory state. In fact, in some people the immune system goes into overdrive and launches a large-scale assault on the tissue known as cytokine storm. This excessive inflammatory/immune reaction can damage tissue and eventually kill people. Evidence shows that blocking such cytokine storms can be effective and trials are underway to test drugs that act by reducing cytokine response, such as tocilizumab and sarilumab which bind interleukin 6 (IL-6), or anikinra which is the interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1). However, other drugs that block the cytokine cascade can also be considered. In this article we describe the scientific and molecular motivation for the use of drugs that act by modulating the hyperactive inflammatory system in severe patients suffering from SARS-CoV-2, considering in particular an old drug that has been in use for many years for other therapeutic indications such as colchicine, and that could be favourable to its use, with low cost and good tolerability.
Time series analysis of Nevirapine syrup consumption in prevention of mother-tochild transmission and optimal supply chain model in Oshana region, Namibia
Authors: Magesa Emmanuel , Kabwebwe Honore M. , Angula Penehafo
Published: April 2020

HIV/AIDS continue to be serious communicable disease whose impact on public health in Namibia is massive. It is estimated that the prevalence rate of HIV in Namibia is 17.2%, ranking the country as the fifth highest in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Some improvement in reducing the number of cases of HIV/AIDS has been made in the country, but the sporadic shortage of medicines continues to slow down government efforts to foster the emergence of an HIVfree generation of Namibians. Develop and demonstrate a mathematical supply-chain model, which can establish parameters to prevent stock-outs of NVP suspension. The study adopted retrospective approach to acquire data from 2012-2016. Gamma supply chain model was developed as the optimal model for NVP syrup and forecasted consumption for 2017-2018 was determined. It is a recommendation of this study that new guidelines for implementation of optimal supply-chain models at the regional medical store, health centers and clinics be implemented for Nevirapine syrup.
Quadriceps Inhibition After Naturally Occurring Patellar Tendon Damage and Pain
Authors: Davi Steven M. , Lepley Adam S. , Denegar Craig R. , DiStefano Lindsay J. , Edgar Corey M. , Lepley Lindsey K.
Published: April 2020

Context

After knee-joint injury, pain, effusion, and mechanoreceptor damage alter afferent signaling, which can result in quadriceps inhibition and subsequent weakness. The individual contributions of each factor to inhibition remain unclear due to confounding knee-joint injuries and indirect experimental models.

Objective

To characterize the influence of naturally occurring knee damage and pain on quadriceps neuromuscular function in individuals with patellar tendinopathy.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

Research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants

Twenty participants who self-reported patellar tendinopathy (PT) and 10 healthy control individuals underwent ultrasonic tendon assessment. Injured participants were dichotomized by an orthopaedic surgeon into groups with (1) pain and structural tendon abnormality and (2) regional pain alone.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Quadriceps inhibition was assessed with the Hoffman reflex and the central activation ratio via the superimposed-burst technique. Normally distributed measures were analyzed using a 1-way analysis of variance and post hoc independent t tests. Kruskal-Wallis tests with post hoc Mann-Whitney U tests were used to analyze nonnormally distributed data. An a priori α level of P ≤ .05 was set.

Results

Control participants presented with more spinal-reflex excitability (0.37 ± 0.23) than the PT (0.10 ± 0.06; P = .03) and regional-pain (0.18 ± 0.05; P = .02) groups. Knee-extension strength was greater in the control (3.37 ± 0.59 Nm/kg) than in the PT (2.41 ± 0.67 Nm/kg; P = .01) group but not the regional-pain group (3.05 ± 0.66 Nm/kg; P = .24). Control individuals presented with more quadriceps activation (97.93% ± 3.12) than the PT (84.44% ± 16.98; P < .01) and regional-pain (91.17% ± 10.56; P = .01) groups. No differences were present for any measures between the PT and regional-pain groups (P values > .05).

Conclusions

Deficits in spinal-reflex excitability, quadriceps activation, and strength were present in both the PT and regional-pain groups. A combination of pain and structural damage appeared to have the greatest negative effect on quadriceps function, as only the PT group presented with neuromuscular outcomes that failed to meet clinical thresholds.
Mitral valve E point to ventricular septal separation in the dog
Authors: Kirberger R. M.
Published: April 2020

Mitral valve E point to septal separation (EPSS) was measured (X=3,27 ± 1,29mm) in healthy non-anaesthetised Beagle and German Shepherd dogs (0=50). The minimum and maximum values recorded were 1 and 6mm respectively. Breed, age, sex, mass and heart-rate had no significant effect on the EPSS value.
El discurso pseudopolítico de la segunda pantalla. #ElDebateEnRTVE visto a través de sus prosumers
Authors: Villar-Hernández Paz
Published: April 2020

Introducción: Nuestro objeto de análisis es la conversación mantenida en Twitter en uno de los debates electorales de las elecciones generales del 28 de abril: el que tuvo lugar el 22 de abril en Televisión Española entre los candidatos de los cuatro principales partidos políticos: PP, PSOE, UP y Cs. Metodología: La metodología empleada en el trabajo es el análisis del discurso de base pragmática, en la que se emplean técnicas cuantitativas y cualitativas de análisis. Para este, se seleccionaron de forma aleatoria 1000 tuits de entre los más populares que habían empleado los hashtags promocionales del debate: #ElDebateEnRTVE y #ELDEBATEenRTVE. Resultados: Los resultados indican que los cuatro partidos analizados participaron en el debate paralelo generado en Twitter y que, si bien la mayor parte de las intervenciones en la segunda pantalla fueron de ataque, los partidos prefirieron sobre todo elogiar a su candidato, a excepción de Ciudadanos, que optó por el ataque al PSOE y luego por el elogio propio. Discusión y conclusiones: En cuanto a los temas tratados fueron no tanto políticos sino pseudopolíticos. Los memes, mensajes irónicos y bromas ocuparon un espacio reducido en esta conversación transmediática.
La reforma de la legislación audiovisual y de la cobertura electoral en España
Authors: Campos-Freire Francisco , Rodríguez-Castro Marta , Gesto-Louro Alejandro
Published: April 2020

Introduction: The purpose of this article is to propose the reform of the regulation in force in Spain on the coverage and treatment of information in the audiovisual media during electoral campaigns, in relation to the mandatory transposition into Spanish legislation, before the end of 2020, of Directive 1808/2018 of audiovisual communication. Methodology: For this, a review of the most relevant legislation in the field is carried out, including the Organic Law of Electoral Regime (LOREG by its acronym in Spanish) of 1985, the different laws of creation of public and private media, General 7/2010 Law of Audiovisual (LGA by its acronym in Spanish), the European Audiovisual Services Directive approved in 2018 and the regulation in other European countries on the organization of electoral debates and disinformation campaigns. Results: Although the 35 years of validity of the LOREG and its jurisprudence condition the legal framework of the audiovisual coverage of the electoral campaigns, it is possible to include  in the transposition and reform of the LGA 7/2010 the regulation of the debates and new measures on the protection of pluralism, independence, and verification against fake news, issues that a group of Spanish academics raised during the public consultation of the Secretary of State for Digital Advancement (SEAD by its acronym in Spanish) of the Ministry of Economy and Business (MEE by its acronym in Spanish) on the transposition of Directive 1808/2018.
Las agendas territoriales españolas: análisis temático de los debates en las elecciones autonómicas del año 2019
Authors: López-López Paulo Carlos , Chavero Ramírez Palmira , Pereira López María
Published: April 2020

Introducción: La presente investigación analiza temáticamente los debates electorales televisados celebrados en las distintas Comunidades Autónomas de España que en el año 2019 celebraron comicios. Metodología: Codificación y agregación a través de una puntuación de los temas expresados por cada candidato, determinados por la estructura del debate realizado en cada televisión. Presentación en tablas y aplicación del coeficiente de correlación de Spearman para medir niveles de correlación. Resultados: Los issues crónicos (política económica, servicios públicos y empleo) ocupan las primeras posiciones en rango en la mayor parte de las Comunidades Autónomas, sumándosele el de “Ideología y campaña”, propio de los contextos electorales. Discusión y conclusiones: La presencia de partidos políticos nacionalistas o regionalistas en el gobierno tiende a generar problemas compartidos entre sus respectivos territorios.