bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Historia de Siuna, Nicaragua, (1905-2009)
Authors: Jastrzembski Benjamín
Published: February 2017

En este artículo se presenta la versión narrativa de la historia de tres períodos del pueblo minero de Siuna, empezando con el descubrimiento de oro a finales del siglo diecinueve, siguiendo con la época de las compañías norteamericanas que controlaban la mina (1905-1979), y ha concluido con la Revolución Sandinista, la guerra civil de los ochentas, y la postguerra. La historia se basa en la revisión de la literatura disponible, en la investigación de archivos y en las entrevistas a miembros de la comunidad, que se realizaron con un corte transversal de 2008 - 2009. La investigación concluye que, a pesar de su aislamiento, Siuna, debido a su oro, ha jugado un papel importante, y tal vez no bien reconocido, en la historia de Nicaragua.
Actitudes hacia la estadística en la formación del profesorado para contextos multiculturales
Authors: Flores López William Oswaldo , Olivar Molina Sabino Ariel
Published: February 2017

En esta investigación se ha caracterizado las actitudes hacia la estadística en la formación del profesorado para contexto multiculturales. Es un estudio cuantitativo sustentado en diseño Ex post facto donde se suministró una escala de actitud hacia la estadística a 276 estudiantes universitarios de grados de Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad de las Regiones Autónomas de la Costa Caribe Nicaragüense. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los datos, un análisis de correlaciones de las categorías, pruebas t de student, análisis de varianza y prueba HSD-Tukey con el paquete estadístico para las ciencias sociales SPSS. Los resultados muestran que la actitud del estudiantado ante la estadística es positiva; que los componentes afectivo, cognitivo, valor se correlacionan positivamente lo que hace que disminuya la dificultad hacia la estadística, hombres y mujeres tienen el mismo grado de actitud hacia la estadística y finalmente que existen diferencias significativas entre los componentes actitudinales en función de la variable especialidad a favor de las especialidades en Educación Intercultural, Inglés y Cultura Física. Se concluye, que las actitudes hacia la estadística en la formación de profesores para contextos multiculturales es un elemento característico en la formación, y puede influir en la formación de las actitudes de sus futuros estudiantes.
Three cases of congenital bilateral ball and socket ankle joints in the same family – a case series
Authors: Tiwari Sandeep , Sharma Prateek , Pobbathi Parthasarathy , Morris Matthew
Published: February 2017

A 40-year-old lady presented with a 10-year-history of left ankle and foot pain. Clinically the pain was thought to be due to instability of the lateral ligament complex. Bilateral ankle radiographs showed a ball and socket ankle joints. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan of the left ankle in addition showed a chronic tear of the lateral ankle ligaments and subluxation of the peroneal tendons. Subsequently, she underwent an examination under anaesthesia of the left ankle which demonstrated no significant difference in stability between the two sides. Interestingly, because of the daughter’s peculiar ankle radiograph appearances, her mother’s and son's radiographs of the ankle were reviewed and they also showed similar appearance of bilateral ball and socket joints, favouring congenital aetiology.
Continuous antibiotic prophylaxis in the setting of prenatal hydronephrosis and vesicoureteral reflux
Authors: Wong Nathan C. , Koyle Martin A. , Braga Luis H.
Published: February 2017

Continuous antibiotic prophylaxis (CAP) has traditionally been offered for children with recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) or those at risk, including children diagnosed with prenatal hydronephrosis (HN) and vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). However, indications for antibiotic prophylaxis are controversial, data on who should benefit from this therapy is conflicting and, thus, guidelines are unable to provide conclusive recommendations. In the setting of prenatal HN, although randomized trials are currently underway, most evidence is derived from low- to moderate-quality observational studies. Although there is no benefit in those with low-grade HN, a systematic review of the available studies showed that highgrade HN patients on prophylaxis experienced fewer infections with an estimated number needed to treat of 7. On the other hand, there are eight randomized trials that have investigated the use of antibiotic prophylaxis in the setting of VUR. Although four of the studies have demonstrated some value of prophylaxis and the other four have not, meta-analysis has shown an overall benefit of antibiotic prophylaxis in preventing infections. The observed differences are likely due to different inclusion criteria and study heterogeneity. Although generalizing results of meta-analyses to all children is tempting, an individualized approach, by determining which patients best behave like those of the included studies, is recommended.
Analyzing the Effect of the Senior Management’s Support on the Relationship between Factors Affecting and Employees’ Performance in the Al-Zawiya University of Libya
Authors: Dukhan Nasreddin Ramadhan , Mohamad Norhisham , Ali Asbi B
Published: February 2017

This study aims to test the influence of the senior management’s support as a moderating variable on the relationship between the independent factors (Training, Empowerment, Motivation and Communication) and the dependent variable (Performance of Employees). (SEM-AMOS) is used to test the impact of the moderating variable. Where it is depended on the method of sampling or analysis of what is known as multiple-groups analysis. The paragraphs of the senior management’s support variable are collected and divided into two groups according to the mean of the total paragraphs. In addition, according to the relative weights given to the paragraphs of the questionnaire, using a five- point’s Likert scale: 1= strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree. The first group consisted of the grades less than the mean and it is considered as the group which is non-supporters of the existence of support. While the second group consisted of the grades higher than the mean and considered as the group which is a supporter of the existence of support. The study found that the model of study in the presence of the support of the senior management’s is appropriate for the second group and inappropriate in light of the lack of support by the senior management’s support for the first group.
Economic Analysis of the Latent Factors Related to the Nursing Shortage
Authors: Kandiel Hend Mohumed Hani , Gharib Sanaa Abd Elmonem
Published: February 2017

The aim of the study was, to economically analyze o the latent factors related to nursing shortage at Cairo University Hospitals. Research design: A descriptive, methodological design was utilized. Research Questions: 1) Is the economic analysis of nursing shortage related to the actual auditing records of nursing data at Cairo University Hospitals (2011-2015). 2) What are the contributing factors leading to the nursing shortage at Cairo University Hospitals. 3) What are the economic recommendations for the present concerns related to nursing shortage. Tools of data collection: The researchers used auditing records related to nursing staff at mentioned area (2011-2015) and Questionnaire. Random sample of (N= 179). Cronbach's Alpha was 0.885. The finding revealed that nurses supply, mostly from Secondary School (84%). A critical demand for more nurses 30%-40% in certain units due to high work load. Most of the nurses were not satisfied about monitory compensation, participation in decision making and inadequate supplies.
Invariance Test: Detecting Difference Between Latent Variables Structure in Partial Least Squares Path Modeling
Authors: Lamberti Giuseppe , Banet Tomas Aluja
Published: February 2017

In the context of heterogeneity, almost all partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) approaches focus on differences in the causal relationships between the latent variables. The principal goal is to detect segments that have different path coefficients in the structural model, yet inadequate attention is generally given to the measurement model. Thus, anytime that we define specific sub-models for different groups of individuals, we may wonder if the latent variables are the same in all detected sub-models. Taking this into consideration, the problem of invariance arises, meaning that if the estimation of latent variables are specific in each sub-model, there is reasonable doubt regarding whether we can compare the distinct behavior of individuals who belong to two different segments. In this paper, we present an invariance test as a possible solution, whereby the goal is to verify whether or not the measurement models of each sub-model may be assumed equal among themselves.
The Analysis of the Relationship between Well Being and the Levels of Emotional Abuse of the Teacher Candidates Perceive
Authors: Sakar Zuleyha , Akca Figen , Bozkurt Aysegul
Published: February 2017

Emotional abuse can be defined as a large behavior pattern which the individual is exposed to and can be compiled as, the abasement, violent attitude, exclusion, continuous criticism, unfulfilled need for love and making someone feel worthless. From this point of view the effect on the well being is a key concern about the individuals exposed to emotional abuse. Accordingly the purpose of this study is determined as to analyze of the relationship between the level of emotional abuse and well being of teacher candidates perceive. For this purpose 438 teacher candidates, who study at the Faculty of Education in Uludağ University, were utilized in the study. In the research descriptive method was used and the data was obtained by “Perceived Emotional Abuse Scale” (Ersanlı, Yılmaz, & Özcan, 2013) and “Psychological Well Being Scale” (Telef, 2013). According to the findings obtained in order to determine the relationship between the psychological well being and the emotional abuse that teacher candidates perceive, correlation and simple linear regression analysis were performed and it is found that there is a significant negative relation in between (p<.01). In addition in terms of the variables of gender, developmental period they are in, department and the level of academic success they perceive, it is discovered that the levels of perceived emotional abuse predict their psychological well being between 12% and 24%.
Approximation of generalized Riemann solutions to compressible Euler-Poisson equations of isothermal flows in spherically symmetric space-times
Authors: Hong John Meng-Kai , Quita Reyna Marsya
Published: February 2017

In this paper, we consider the compressible Euler-Poisson system in spherically symmetric space-times. This system, which describes the conservation of mass and momentum of physical quantity with attracting gravitational potential, can be written as a $3\times 3$ mixed-system of partial differential systems or a $2\times 2$ hyperbolic system of balance laws with $global$ source. We show that, by the equation for the conservation of mass, Euler-Poisson equations can be transformed into a standard $3\times 3$ hyperbolic system of balance laws with $local$ source. The generalized approximate solutions to the Riemann problem of Euler-Poisson equations, which is the building block of generalized Glimm scheme for solving initial-boundary value problems, are provided as the superposition of Lax's type weak solutions of the associated homogeneous conservation laws and the perturbation terms solved by the linearized hyperbolic system with coefficients depending on such Lax solutions.
Public Security in the Polish Law on State of Emergency
Authors: Wiśniewski Bernard
Published: February 2017

This article presents the essential issues in the provisions of the law relating to public security in force in the Republic of Poland which are used in conditions of extraordinary internal threats that cannot be dealt with using ordinary legal tools. The considerations are based on an analysis of the legally regulated obligations of the state as a political organisation to society for securing the conditions for its survival in a changing security environment. This serves to present the basic issues of public security and the rules for the use of the State instruments for states of emergency. The rest of this article presents the relationship between issues of public security and a state of emergency. In this part of the article it is essential to discuss the circumstances that must exist to be able to employ specific legal measures in the conditions of threats to the constitutional order of the State and threats affecting the security of the citizens or of public order (including those caused by terrorist activities). Consequently, it discusses the impact of the rigours of a state of emergency in relation to the potential for limiting the escalation of these threats. The final part of the article also presents other instruments, apart from the state of emergency which, in the Polish legal system, can be used in the fight against threats which endanger public security and that are related to prohibited activities in cyberspace.
Basic principles of the prosecutor in criminal proceedings under Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine
Authors: Rohatiuk Ihor
Published: February 2017

Principles have always been the cornerstones of criminal proceedings’ legal regulation affecting all participants of criminal process. Taking into account the accelerated pace of current law enforcement reforming it is necessary to mention the prosecution institute and key role of criminal proceedings’ principles presenting scientific background for further empirical findings. The majority of these principles defines the priority growth directions of criminal process as well as creates friendly environment for behavioral aspects of criminal proceeding parties. This article provides comparative analysis of the existing criminal procedural principles of the prosecutor’s role in the criminal proceedings with specification of the legality principle as a requirement for all subjects of the criminal proceedings, including the prosecutor, to use the norms and provisions of legal acts correctly, to comply it consistently and perform accurately, explores the historical origins of these principles and their determinants’ origin starting from the times of Kievan Rus and its unique judicial system and proves that the adversarial principle is closely connected with dispositivity of prosecutor’s participation in criminal proceeding. An emphasis is placed on correlation between the ‘principles’ and ‘foundations’ terms examined by Ukrainian and Soviet scholars and its application in relation to the newly adopted Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine.
The use of a document attesting an untruth. Review of literature and judicature.
Authors: Suchanek Paweł
Published: February 2017

This article is devoted to criminal issues under Article 273 of the Criminal Code involving the use of a document attesting an untruth. The specific nature of this influenced the structure of the article. It is composed of an introduction, an exposition of four substantive areas and a summary.
In the first section, which is of an introductory nature, the author analyses the construction of criminal law pertaining to documents and items of generic and individual legal protection. Attention is also drawn to the role of public confidence in documents and to the reliability of activities of state institutions and local government. Dogmatic considerations, which are an important element of this article, are supported by a comprehensive presentation of the opinions contained in the Polish literature.
In the second section the criteria for a causative act of using a document are defined. In this case, beyond insights of a general nature, reference is made to jurisprudence opinion.
The third section presents detailed definitions of documents attesting an untruth made by the issuer, and as a result of an issuer being misled, based on an analysis of existing legislation, doctrine and the jurisprudence of common courts.
The last section is devoted to an executing entity referred to in Article 273 of the Criminal Code and the criminal sanctions threatened for this act. The concluding section of the study constitutes a recapitulation of the preceding considerations.
Psychosocial risks associated with the profession of train driver
Authors: Basińska Beata , Reczek Olimpia
Published: February 2017

Excellent competencies as well as a good physical and mental health are required in train drivers’ profession. Despite the changes in the structure of employment the train drivers above 46 years and job tenure longer than 30 years are the largest group. The generation gap is becoming more pronounced, and its fulfilment will not be easy. It is related not only to training of new personnel but also promotion of healthy work environment focus on reducing occupational stress. The aim of study was twofold. Firstly, identification of psychosocial risks and sources of occupational stress in relation to health of employees will be performed. Secondly, the methods of reducing with occupational stress in train drivers’ profession will be indicated.
In study presented here the qualitative method was applied. We have conducted the focused group interview among train drivers and instructors.
The results have shown that more important source of occupational stress were the failure of the material factor, workload, role conflict, working time and care of trainees. Results of our previous study based on the individual reviews have indicated that traumatic stress associated with fatal incidents and people under train were significant occupational risk in train drivers’ profession.
Organizational resources such as competencies and knowledge of experience train drivers can be helpful in health promotion and development of methods reducing occupational risk. Safety climate, risk assessment, and the acquisition of new personnel require new actions and improvement. Management style more focused on the human factor should be preferred.
New techniques and a new approach to the effective extinguishing of fully developed fires in enclosed spaces
Authors: Tuśnio Norbert , Wolny Paweł
Published: February 2017

An example of modern water mist extinguishing technology is presented in the article.
Water mist systems are firefighting systems which uses very fine water sprays. The smallest water droplets allow a water mist to control, suppress or extinguish fires by cooling both the flame and hot gases by evaporation, displacing oxygen by evaporation and reducing radiant heat through the small droplets themselves.
The effectiveness of water mist systems in fire suppression depends on its spray characteristics, which include the droplet size and distribution, flux density and spray dynamics, phase of fire development, fire size and the ventilation conditions.
The COBRA (known as PyroLance in USA) systems presented use of a cutting extinguisher is a fire extinguishing technique that combines abrasive waterjet cutting with water spray extinguishing, through a single handpiece or nozzle. The firefighter approaches the fire from outside the main fire area, then uses the cutting action to drill a small hole through a barrier such as a door, wall, roof or floor. Switching to a water spray then allows the fire to be fought, as with a conventional fog nozzle.
An analysis of the benefits of using high-pressure water mist in conjunction with new firefighting tactics is described. State Fire Service should aim to minimize water consumption and thus reduce the post-fire losses, take care of environmental protection and improve safety conditions for firefighters.
State Protection and Safety of Participants in Russian Criminal Proceedings
Authors: Zaytsev Oleg  Aleksandrovich , Yepihin Aleksandr  Jurevich
Published: February 2017

International law is a powerful generator of factors for the creation of criminal procedure security system. However, the mechanism of implementation of international law in national, Russian legislation causes certain difficulties. The problem is the imperfection of regulating the implementation process of international law within a particular state. The institute of public protection and safety of participants in the Russian criminal proceedings is now sufficiently developed. However, it is no longer possible to investigate effectively the problems in law enforcement within the same branch of jurisprudence, such as criminal proceedings. It is absolutely necessary to obtain knowledge from related areas of law, as well as from other disciplines (e.g., psychology, conflict resolution). Also positive examples of implementation of the state protection and ensure the safety of persons, used by some foreign countries are highly required in the Russian legislation and law enforcement practice.
At present, the accumulation of a sufficient number of laws and legal acts can be observed which regulate the state protection of participants of the Russian criminal process. Improved security of the individual in criminal proceedings is directly related to the cross-sectoral research; generalization of positive examples of law enforcement practices; sufficient methodological support for law enforcers (investigators, prosecutors and judges); adequate funding of state protection measures.
Neoclita pringlei (Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae), a new relict genus and species from the Drakensberg Range of South Africa
Authors: Perissinotto Renzo
Published: February 2017

A new genus is erected within the Cetoniini to describe a newly discovered species with characters shared between Heteroclita Burmeister, 1842, Ichnestoma Gory & Percheron, 1833 and Meridioclita Krikken, 1982. Neoclita pringlei gen. et sp. nov. exhibits a simple clypeal structure without specialized armour, along with hypertrophic and hairy tarsal segments as well as a fully winged female. The new species also exhibits an aedeagal structure closest to Meridioclita, with dorsal lobes of parameres substantially narrower than the ventral ones. The species appears to be restricted to high altitudes in the southwestern peri-Drakensberg area of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Similarly to other mountain relicts known from the southern African region, adults emerge only after major rainfall events during the late spring to early summer season and do not show any evidence of feeding. It appears that flying activity may be temporarily interrupted following soil desiccation, to resume promptly after the next rainfall.
E. P. Sanders. Paul: The Apostle’s Life, Letters, and Thought
Authors: Gorman Michael J.
Published: February 2017

No abstract is available.
Argumentationsanalyse. Grundtræk af en modulær sprogvidenskabelig tilgang
Authors: Nølke Henning
Published: February 2017

In this article, the author presents some fundamentals of a modular linguistic approach to argumentation. Argumentation is seen as a matter of interpretation, and since interpretation phenomena depend on linguistic material as well as on context in the broad sense, genuine linguistic theory should be an integrated part of argumentation theory. A linguistic approach to argumentation should adopt instructional semantics as opposed to representational semantics and argumentative (discourse dynamic) seman-tics as opposed to referential semantics. In view of the high complexity of argumentation phenomena, rigour can be obtained only in a strictly modular approach. After a brief overview of the global approach, the author lays down some fundamental metho-dological and theoretical principles for modular studies. He then introduces three modules taking care of Lexical Semantics (the Topos Theory), Polyphony and Argu-mentative Functors. The three mini-theories involved are all inspired by the Theory of Argumentation in Language developed by the French linguists Oswald Ducrot and Jean-Claude Anscombre. Two recommendations for practitioners are formulated as conclusion: “To be efficient, use the right linguistic forms and structures!” and “To choose efficient forms, keep your eye on the purpose!”
A Functional Interpretation of Company Brochures - from Context to Text
Authors: Askehave Inger
Published: February 2017

No abstract.
ИСПРАВА КОЈОМ ДУБРОВЧАНИ КРАЉУ ОСТОЈИ ВРАЋАЈУ ЗЕМЉУ И КУЋУ И ПРИМАЈУ ГА ЗА СВОГ ВЛАСТЕЛИНА
Authors: Михаљчић Раде
Published: February 2017

Издање, превод и објашњења исправе, коју је Дубровачка општина издала краљу Стефану Остоји 31. децембра 1410. Аутор је посебне одељке посветио дипломатичкој анализи, просопографским подацима, устано­ вама и важнијим појмовима.
ПИСМО ДУБРОВЧАНА КНЕЗУ ПАВЛУ РАДЕНОВИЋУ ПОВОДОМ ОЛОВА КОЈЕ ЈЕ ДРЖАО У ЊИХОВОМ ГРАДУ
Authors: Вуковић Тамара
Published: February 2017

Послије смрти Марина Кабужића, кнез Павле Раденовић преко свог човјека, Браила Тезаловића, потражује олово које је повјерио овом дубровачком властелину и трговцу. Дубровачка општина затражила је од кнеза Павла да преко њихових посланика пошаље вјеровно писмо како би се тражено олово испоручило Браилу Тезаловићу, што је кнез и учинио.
ПОТВРДЕ БРАЋЕ ДРАГИШИЋ ДА СУ ПОДИГЛИ СВОЈ ДЕО ОД ПОКЛАДА САНДАЉА ХРАНИЋА
Authors: Рудић Срђан
Published: February 2017

Браћа Стефан, Радосав и Остоја Драгишић изјављују да су примили свој део од поклада који је Сандаљ Хранић депоновао у Дубровнику. Стефан је свој део поклада преузео 20. априла 1437, а Радосав и Остоја свој 20. јула 1438.
ПРИЗНАНИЦА ХЕРЦЕГА ПЕТРА БАЛШЕ КОСАЧЕ И ЊЕГОВИХ ПОСЛАНИКА О ПРИЈЕМУ КОНАВОСКОГ ДОХОТКА ОД ДУБРОВЧАНА
Authors: Исаиловић Невен , Фостиков Александра
Published: February 2017

Посланици херцега Петра Балше Косаче, сина Владислава Херцеговића, Иван Твртковић из Требиња и Иван Махлић из Сријеме, примају херцегов део Конавоског дохотка за претходне две године у износу од 333 перпере и четири гроша (односно 96 дуката), дана 29. септембра 1509. године. Документ, унапред снабдевен потписом Петра Балше, саставио је дубровачки нотар Хијероним, будући да посланици нису умели да пишу. Преузимању новца и састављању признанице (експедиторије) присуствовала су и два сведока, чији су својеручни потписи такође забележени на исправи.
ДУБРОВАЧКО ПИСМО ВОЈВОДИ РАДИЧУ САНКОВИЋУ ПОВОДОМ ПРОДАЈЕ ПРИМОРЈА
Authors: Смиљанић Аранђел
Published: February 2017

Дубровчани су 17. маја 1399. упутили писмо војводи Радичу Санковићу, као одговор на његово писмо којим се жалио због продаје Приморја. Он је истицао како је то учињено без његовог знања, и да је тиме био оштећен, јер је дио његове племените баштне био у уступљеном Приморју. Међутим, у свом писму Дубровчани су истицали како је управо војвода Радич био први који их је савјетовао да затраже од краља и Босне тај појас земљишта. Писмом су га још обавјештавали да ће учинити све код краља и станка како би он био обештећен. При крају писма су га позивали на састанак како би се отклонили сви проблеми који су оптерећивали међусобне односе.
ДВА ПИСМА ДУБРОВЧАНА ВОЈВОДИ ВУКОСАВУ, ЉУБИШИ БОГДАНЧИЋУ И ЖУПАНУ РАДОСАВУ ПОВОДОМ ЗАТОЧЕЊА РАХЦА БОГИШИЋА
Authors: Ивановић Милош
Published: February 2017

(I) Дубровчани су 30. априла писали војводи Вукосаву и Љубиши Богданчићу обавештавајући их да су одлучили да Рахца Богишића задрже у тамници док не да јемце. До тада је морао да изађе пред суд због оних који би га тужили за дуг или неко друго дело. (II) Почетком јуна Репубика Св. Влаха је известила војводу Вукосава, жупана Радосава и Љубишу Богданчића да Рахцу није дато јемство за оно што је требало да плати, те су предложили да се у Млинима одржи суђење на коме би била по три поротника са обе стране.
ПОТВРДА РАДОСАВА ПАВЛОВИЋА ДУБРОВЧАНИМА О ПРИМИТКУ ЊЕГОВЕ КУЋЕ У ДУБРОВНИКУ
Authors: Драгичевић Павле
Published: February 2017

У раду се анализира документ у облику признанице из канцеларије војводе Радосава Павловића, којим је овај босански војвода потврдио Дубровчанима примитак своје палате која се за њега уређивала у Дубровнику, као и остатак неутрошеног новца.
ПОВЕЉА КРАЉА СТЕФАНА ТОМАША КОЈОМ СЕ ОБАВЕЗУЈЕ НА ВЕРНОСТ УГАРСКОЈ ПРОТИВ ТУРАКА
Authors: Крстић Александар
Published: February 2017

Повеља краља Стефана Томаша утврђује обавезе босанског владара и његове државе према угарској круни, и настала је као резултат преговора краља и његове властеле и велможа са мачванским баном Јованом Корођијем у Добору. Краљ Стефан Томаш обавезује се Угарској и губернатору Јовану Хуњадију да им неће бити неверан и непријатељ и да неће подржавати Турке, нити ће их доводити у земљу и пружати им помоћ. У својим областима између Дрине и Укрине босански владар неће Турцима обезбеђивати прелазе ни бродове, а ако би у Босну провалила велика турска војска, којој се краљ не би могао одупрети, одмах ће о томе обавестити губернатора или угарске бароне писмом или преко посланика.
Understanding morphological variability in a taxonomic context in Chilean diplomystids (Teleostei: Siluriformes), including the description of a new species
Authors: Arratia Gloria , Quezada-Romegialli Claudio
Published: February 2017

Following study of the external morphology and its unmatched variability throughout ontogeny and a re-examination of selected morphological characters based on many specimens of diplomystids from Central and South Chile, we revised and emended previous specific diagnoses and considerDiplomystes chilensis,D. nahuelbutaensis,D. camposensis, andOlivaichthys viedmensis(Baker River) to be valid species. Another group, previously identified asDiplomystessp.,D. spec.,D. aff.chilensis, andD. cf.chilensisinhabiting rivers between Rapel and Itata Basins is given a new specific name (Diplomystes incognitus) and is diagnosed. An identification key to the Chilean species, including the new species, is presented. All specific diagnoses are based on external morphological characters, such as aspects of the skin, neuromast lines, and main lateral line, and position of the anus and urogenital pore, as well as certain osteological characters to facilitate the identification of these species that previously was based on many internal characters. Diplomystids below 150 mm standard length (SL) share a similar external morphology and body proportions that make identification difficult; however, specimens over 150 mm SL can be diagnosed by the position of the urogenital pore and anus, and a combination of external and internal morphological characters. According to current knowledge, diplomystid species have an allopatric distribution with each species apparently endemic to particular basins in continental Chile and one species (O. viedmensis) known only from one river in the Chilean Patagonia, but distributed extensively in southern Argentina.
Antievolutionism in the Antipodes: from protesting evolution to promoting creationism in New Zealand
Authors: NUMBERS RONALD L. , STENHOUSE JOHN
Published: July 2002

Like other English-speaking peoples around the world, New Zealanders began debating
Darwinism in the early 1860s, shortly after the publication of Charles Darwin's Origin of Species.
Despite the opposition of some religious and political leaders – and even the odd scientist –
biological evolution made deep inroads in a culture that increasingly identified itself as
secular. The introduction of pro-evolution curricula and radio broadcasts provoked occasional
antievolution outbursts, but creationism remained more an object of ridicule than a threat until
the last decades of the twentieth century, when first American and then Australian creationists
began fomenting antievolutionism among New Zealanders. Although Stephen Jay Gould assured
them in 1986 that they had little to fear from so-called scientific creationism, because it was a
‘peculiarly American’ phenomenon, scientific creationism by the mid-1990s had captured the
allegiance of an estimated five per cent of the country and proved especially attractive to Maori
and Pacific Islanders. In 1992 New Zealand creationists formed their own antievolution society,
Creation Science (NZ).
A study of the partitioning of applied nitrogen between maize and beans in intercropping
Authors: Siame J. , Willey R. W. , Morse S.
Published: July 2002

The experiment examined how nitrogen applied to a maize crop was partitioned when the maize was intercropped with beans. Treatments consisted of 2, 4 and 6 rows of beans at within-row spacings of 20 or 10 cm sown between ‘maize' rows in which maize was either present or absent. Nitrogen was applied at 0, 30, 60, 90 or
120 kg ha−1. Maize showed a large response to nitrogen and this was little affected by beans. All bean rows in all positions showed some response to nitrogen. The largest response was from the rows closest to the maize, but this response
was similar whether these rows were 20, 40 or 60 cm from the maize. Beans gave a much greater response in the absence of maize, indicating that the main factor determining
the partitioning of the nitrogen between the two crops was the superior competitive ability of the maize. It is suggested that the approach could be suitable for examining nitrogen partitioning in other non-legume/legume situations.
FLOWERING IN PIGEONPEA IN KENYA: SENSITIVITY TO PHOTOPERIOD AND TEMPERATURE DURING PRE-FLOWERING DEVELOPMENT
Authors: ELLIS R. H. , SUMMERFIELD R. J. , OMANGA P. A. , QI A. , ROBERTS E. H.
Published: July 2002

Plants of the photoperiod-sensitive, late-maturing pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) cv. KAT777 were grown in pots in modified field environments at Katumani, Kenya. They were transferred at different durations after emergence from natural short days
(SD, 12.6 h d−1) to artificially-extended long days (LD, 15.0 h d−1), and vice versa, under both ambient (19 °C) and warmer (26 °C) temperatures created beneath p
olythene enclosures. All plants at 19 °C flowered within 106–160 d after emergence whereas only those transferred from LD to SD flowered at 26 °C during the investigation (202 d). A well-defined photoperiod-insens
itive pre-inductive phase (a1) was detected after emergence; it lasted for 26 d at 19 °C but increased to 49 d at 26 °C. Thereafter, SD hastened and LD delayed progress to flowering until a third pha
se, the photoperiod-insensitive post-inductive phase (a3) of pre-flowering development. At 19 °C, a3 was 66 d while the duration of the inductive phase in SD (IS) was 25 
d and in LD (IL) it was 72 d. Plants were also moved from ambient to warmer temperatures and vice versa within either SD or LD at different durations after emergence. In SD all plants flowered during the investigation (
250 d) whereas in LD only the plants transferred from the warmer to the ambient temperature regime flowered. During the initial stages of development plants were less sensitive to supra-optimal temperatures so that developmental progress from emerg
ence to first flowering was the same whether plants were held at warmer or ambient temperatures during the first 35 d from emergence. Furthermore, plants transferred from the ambient to the warmer temperature in SD at any time from 49 to 77 
d from emergence flowered at similar times to those kept at ambient temperature from emergence. Since a1 = 26 d and a1 + IS = 51 d, we sugg
est that these results imply that exposure to supra-optimal temperature in SD during the latter 60% of the photoperiod-sensitive inductive phase (IS) of pre-flowering development delayed progress to flowering. In contrast, expos
ing plants to supra-optimal temperature during either the photoperiod-insensitive pre-inductive phase (a1) or part of the photoperiod-insensitive post-inductive phase (a3) or during the first 40% of the photo
period-sensitive inductive phase did not delay progress to flowering.
MAIZE YIELD DETERMINANTS IN FARMER-MANAGED TRIALS IN THE NIGERIAN NORTHERN GUINEA SAVANNA
Authors: CARSKY R. J. , NOKOE S. , LAGOKE S. T. O. , KIM S. K.
Published: July 2002

Farmer-managed tests of Striga hermonthica-resistant maize varieties were conducted in 1994 in a moderately intensified zone in the northern Guinea savanna of Nigeria. Field history, soil properties, current season fertility management, and crop management observations were recorded for 37 farmer-managed trials. Site averages for maize grain yield varied from 300 to 4000 kg grain ha−1. In spite of the tremendous variability observed, the grain yield was significantly higher for the striga-resistant hybrid 8321-18 compared with an improved open-pollinated variety, STR Syn-W, and the farmers' current variety. Correlation analysis and stepwise regression analysis of grain yield on measured variables suggested that maize yield was a function of plant density for all three varieties. The rate of nitrogen fertilizer application was an important variable only for the hybrid, while the day of first weeding was most important for the improved varieties. The yield of the local varieties and STR Syn-W was related to the number of emerged striga at harvest in the stepwise regression, and the yield of the local varieties was highly correlated with the striga-damage score on maize. The striga-damage score was significantly lower on 8321-18 than on the other varieties, suggesting some degree of resistance in the hybrid. The number of emerged striga was lower for the hybrid but not significantly different. Farmers were almost unanimous in ranking the hybrid as least damaged by striga and highest yielding. Besides being related to maize variety, striga-damage score was lower if crop residue was observed on the field at the time of site confirmation. Highest yields (approximately 4 t ha−1) were recorded on fields near the homestead (compound fields) where soil organic carbon values were 2.0–2.5%. Realization of maize yield potential in the absence of manure or fertilizer will only be possible on long-term compound fields. Striga-resistant maize can maintain high yields under S. hermonthica infestation.
Farmer participatory crop improvement. IV. The spread and impact of a rice variety identified by participatory varietal selection
Authors: WITCOMBE J. R. , PETRE R. , JONES S. , JOSHI A.
Published: July 2002

Participatory varietal selection in a development project in western India showed that the rice (Oryza sativa) variety Kalinga III was highly preferred by farmers. The spatial diffusion of this variety from three villages (two project and one non-project) was studied. Seed of Kalinga III had spread from the three villages in 1994 to 41 villages by 1996 and is estimated to have reached over 100 widely distributed villages by 1997. Farmer-to-farmer spread was as high from the non-project case study village that received no further seed from the project, possibly because farmers are more likely to spread seed of a new variety to other farmers when they have no assured supply. Project interventions used key villages, informal-sector seed merchants, and Non-Government Organizations in the spread of seed. The project also collaborated with Rajasthan State Agricultural University and Kalinga III has been proposed for release in that state. A financial analysis revealed the very high internal rates of return that are possible from investment in participatory varietal selection.
Effect of a substitution of a short chromosome segment
carrying a histone H1 locus on expression of the homeotic
gene Tl in heterozygote in the garden pea Pisum sativum
L.
Authors: BERDNIKOV V. A. , GOREL F. L. , BOGDANOVA V. S. , KOSTERIN O. E. , TRUSOV Y. A. , ROZOV S. M.
Published: July 2002

Mutation tlx was induced in pea by
gamma-irradiation
in the homeotic gene Tl, responsible for
transformation of the upper leaflets into tendrils. Heterozygotes
tlx/Tl+
possess ‘flat tendrils’ having narrow rudimentary leaf blades.

By 15 generations of selfing the line Delta was established,
in which closely linked loci Tl and His1 were
maintained heterozygous, His1 encoding the most abundant histone
H1 subtype.
The heterozygous chromosome region was flanked by several recessive markers.
The genotype of
line Delta with respect to loci His1 and Tl was:
tlxHis12/Tl+His11. There were derived two sublines, Delta-s and
Delta-f,
homozygous for each of the His1
alleles but heterozygous for the Tl and flanking markers. The
three lines were
compared for a number of quantitative traits, including parameters of flat
tendrils reflecting
the expression of the gene Tl in heterozygote, and for recombination
rate within
the heterozygous segment. The line Delta-s exceeded Delta-f in terms of
the level
of the first inflorescence, length of the internode 8–9,
number of pods on the main stem and mean seed mass, but was inferior regarding
the mean
number of seeds per pod. The flat tendrils were wider in the Delta-s as
compared with the Delta-f
line ; the difference was highly significant and exceeded 15% at node 17.
Recombination rate
between the flanking markers also showed significant differences, being
highest in the Delta-f and
lowest in the Delta line. We do not exclude the possibility that the observed
differences in the
quantitative traits are caused by the substitution of alleles of the histone
H1 gene. The effects of
such substitution appeared to be especially strong for expression of the
homeotic gene Tl.
Dynamics of inbreeding depression due to deleterious
mutations in small populations: mutation parameters and
inbreeding rate
Authors: WANG JINLIANG , HILL WILLIAM G. , CHARLESWORTH DEBORAH , CHARLESWORTH BRIAN
Published: July 2002

A multilocus stochastic model is developed to simulate the dynamics of mutational load in small
populations of various sizes. Old mutations sampled from a large ancestral population at
mutation–selection balance and new mutations arising each generation are considered jointly, using
biologically plausible lethal and deleterious mutation parameters. The results show that inbreeding
depression and the number of lethal equivalents due to partially recessive mutations can be partly
purged from the population by inbreeding, and that this purging mainly involves lethals or
detrimentals of large effect. However, fitness decreases continuously with inbreeding, due to
increased fixation and homozygosity of mildly deleterious mutants, resulting in extinctions of very
small populations with low reproductive rates. No optimum inbreeding rate or population size
exists for purging with respect to fitness (viability) changes, but there is an optimum inbreeding
rate at a given final level of inbreeding for reducing inbreeding depression or the number of lethal
equivalents. The interaction between selection against partially recessive mutations and genetic
drift in small populations also influences the rate of decay of neutral variation. Weak selection
against mutants relative to genetic drift results in apparent overdominance and thus an increase in
effective size (Ne) at neutral loci, and strong selection relative to
drift leads to a decrease in Ne due
to the increased variance in family size. The simulation results and their implications are discussed
in the context of biological conservation and tests for purging.
Tetrad analysis shows that gene conversion is the major
mechanism involved in mutation at the human minisatellite
MS1 integrated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: BERG INGRID , CEDERBERG HÅKAN , RANNUG ULF
Published: July 2002

Minisatellites are arrays of tandemly repeated DNA sequences which occur at thousands of
locations in the human genome. They are frequently hypervariable with respect to allele length as
a result of high rates of complex and incompletely understood recombination-based germline
mutation events that alter the repeat copy number. MS1 is one of the most variable minisatellites
so far isolated from the human genome. We have integrated MS1, flanked by synthetic markers, in
the vicinity of a hot spot for meiotic double-strand breaks upstream of the LEU2 locus in
chromosome III of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here we present the first tetrad analysis of mutations
at a human minisatellite locus. The data showed that mutant alleles occur as single mutants in one
of the spores in a tetrad, also when the mutant structure was the result of a combination of intra-
and inter-allelic rearrangements. The conversional transfer of repeat units from one allele to the
other was associated with flanking marker conversion which always involved the same flank of the
minisatellite. The results demonstrate that conversion is the predominant mechanism by which
minisatellite alleles mutate to new lengths, and also support the assumption that cis-acting
elements are involved in the regulation of the mutational process in humans.
Early Proterozoic nappe formation: an example from Sodankylä, Finland, Northern Baltic Shield
Authors: EVINS P. M. , LAAJOKI K.
Published: July 2002

The Central Lapland Greenstone belt comprises rift-related metavolcanic and metasedimentary
rocks representing one of the largest supracrustal belts in the Baltic Shield. The Sodankylä
area in the central part of the belt represents a complex thrust duplex within a nappe overlying
Belomorian Archaean basement and autocthonous Luirojoki calc-silicate rocks. Here, an early D1
schistosity is axial planar to at least three coaxial generations of southward-verging, subhorizontal,
E–W-plunging D1 folds associated with major southwards thrusting.
D2 is represented by broad, map-scale,
upright, NE-trending folds in the south and crenulations in the north. Staurolite-grade metamorphism
represented by post-tectonic andalusite + staurolite + kyanite assemblages occurred after
D2 folding. Later D3 deformation was limited to local NW-trending folds and sinistral faults. The
internal nappe-like structure of the Central Lapland Greenstone belt suggests that it represents the
foreland of a large collisional complex cored by the Lapland Granulite belt.
New Remigolepis (Placodermi; Antiarchi) from Canowindra,

New South Wales, Australia
Authors: JOHANSON ZERINA
Published: July 2002

Remigolepis walkeri sp. nov. from the Mandagery

Sandstone (late Devonian) near Canowindra,

New South Wales (NSW), is the second species of Remigolepis to

be described from Australia, the first

being from near Grenfell, NSW. Remigolepis walkeri possesses

unusual paired suborbital plates with a large

oval structure at the anteromesial edge of the plate, representing an attachment

for the autopalatine portion

of the palatoquadrate. Among asterolepidoids, this morphology is most similar
to

Pterichthyodes.

Suborbitals of Remigolepis from East Greenland are said to possess

a transverse ridge on the internal surface,

similar to the bothriolepids Bothriolepis and Nawagiaspis.

However, some specimens from East

Greenland may show a morphology more similar to Remigolepis walkeri.

The internal morphology of the

suborbital plates is constant in the population of Remigolepis

from the Canowindra locality, suggesting the

presence of a single species despite the presence of more than 1000 individuals

in this fauna. The morphology

of the caudal fin of Remigolepis walkeri is similar to Remigolepis

sp. from near Eden, NSW, and

Asterolepis ornata, but differs from Remigolepis sp.

from China. The morphology of the pectoral and caudal

fins of R. walkeri indicate a bottom-dwelling lifestyle,

whereas Bothriolepis from the same fauna may have

been able to generate sufficient lift from the pectoral fins to enter the

water column on a regular basis.