bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Economic Case for Regulatory Competition
Authors: Stark Johanna
Published: April 2019

This chapter discusses arguments in favour of and against regulatory competition—and systems competition—from an economic perspective. The first strand of positive arguments refers to the merits of competition in general, in the Hayekian sense of a discovery procedure for efficient solutions in situations of dispersed and undisclosed knowledge. Competition among suppliers of legal products—the argument goes—should help to identify and establish efficient legislative solutions. The second type of argument builds upon the premise that regulatory competition serves as a restraining factor against the Leviathan state. Competitive structures based on credible exit threats by law’s addressees could force governments to consider the interests of legal customers instead of, for example, taxing excessively. The chapter proceeds with a discussion of arguments that have questioned the promise of regulatory competition from an economic perspective, such as the selection principle. The most prominent criticism is that regulatory competition brought about by a law market leads to a ‘race to the bottom’ instead of a ‘race to the top’ in the quality of legal rules, such as a ‘race to laxity’ in the case of mandatory standards designed to prevent negative externalities.
Negotiating Partisanship
Authors: Perry Elisabeth Israels
Published: April 2019

After New York women won the vote in 1917, many joined political party clubs and some ran for office. In the 1920s, only a few won seats in the state legislature, and only one served more than one term. A few women won other posts—register of New York County and alderwoman—and a few others won appointive government and judicial posts. Local and state political party committees elected women as officers. These small victories encouraged other women to keep trying. The obstacles to women’s political success in the first decade after suffrage remained high, however. Some suffragists were ambivalent toward partisanship and discouraged women from being active party members; party men remained prejudiced against women politicians and government officials. In the 1920s African American women and Socialists had no electoral success at all.
Sustaining Feminist Progressivism
Authors: Perry Elisabeth Israels
Published: April 2019

During the 1920s and 1930s, New York City’s civic women activists expended the most energy and passion over three campaigns: winning state acceptance of federal funds for improving the health of mothers and babies (the Sheppard-Towner Act), legalizing women’s jury service, and passing laws to protect women wage earners. Using the tactics and networks they had developed during the suffrage movement and working through both partisan and nonpartisan voluntary associations, they led other public policy campaigns, such as legalizing the dissemination of birth control information, repealing national prohibition, and modernizing state government. The stories of these campaigns demonstrate both the possibilities and limitations of New York City women’s efforts to sustain feminist progressive reform after enfranchisement.
Fallout
Authors: Perry Elisabeth Israels
Published: April 2019

New York City women civic activists avidly followed the Seabury investigations’ hearings and revelations. They passed resolutions demanding reform and traveled to Albany to confront legislators and urge Governor Roosevelt to take action. When the investigations’ focus turned from the women’s court to city governance, women were on the front lines of discussions of the city’s future and then helped bring a reform administration into power under the leadership of independent Republican Fiorello La Guardia. Women were thus engaged in not only the specifics of the corruption Samuel Seabury exposed but also the consequences of that exposure for New York City’s future.
Overcoming Inhibitors of Creativity
Authors: Hill Juniper
Published: April 2019

Restrictions on creativity are numerous and operate at ideological, psychological, educational, cultural, societal, and economic levels. This chapter examines approaches that musicians from different cultures found to be effective for overcoming inhibitors and enhancing creative agency. Key factors in formal courses, community music, and music therapy programs are safety, emotional support, compositional scaffolding, improvisation, experimentalism, multiple modes of expression, exposure, high expectations, validation, and the transgression of comfort zones. The personal journeys of several individual musicians are shared. Their transformative experiences involved switching to a new instrument, new idiom, new teacher, new institution, and/or new location; taking up other art forms; undergoing therapy and/or bodywork; and finding mentors and/or supportive collaborators. There is no single formula for increasing creativity; however, a better understanding of what creativity is and what its principal enablers and inhibitors are can help indicate which strategies might be most effective in individual circumstances.
Civil Measures or Punishment?
Authors: Hoskins Zachary
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines whether collateral legal consequences (CLCs) constitute civil measures or forms of criminal punishment. Traditional legal practice has treated all CLCs as civil measures, but in recent years critics have contended that they are in fact additional forms of punishment. This chapter defends a more nuanced account, according to which the answer depends on whether CLCs are intentionally burdensome and intentionally express societal condemnation of the offender’s wrongdoing. Those that meet these conditions are best regarded as punishment, and those that do not are best regarded as civil measures. One implication of this analysis is that some CLCs, in some contexts, may be best regarded as punishment, whereas other restrictions, in other contexts, may be best regarded as civil measures. Thus a normative analysis of CLCs should examine both possibilities.
Noninstrumental Justifications
Authors: Hoskins Zachary
Published: April 2019

This chapter assesses several noninstrumental arguments in defense of collateral legal consequences (CLCs). Noninstrumental justifications hold that CLCs are justified for their own sake, as intrinsically appropriate responses to criminal wrongdoing. The chapter examines several noninstrumental accounts, grounded in appeals to rights forfeiture, distributive justice, retributive justice, incompetence, democratic self-determination, and civic trust. The chapter contends that none of these justifications is successful, and ultimately for similar reasons. Such accounts attempt to justify CLCs as appropriate responses in virtue either of what offenders have done or of who they are. But neither of these bases turns out to be adequate, outside the context of punishment, for treating offenders differently from everyone else.
Politics, Culture, and the Political Economy of Everyday Communalism in Eastern Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Pai Sudha , Kumar Sajjan
Published: April 2019

Chapter 2 describes the beginnings of everyday communalism in eastern UP since the late 1990s/early 2000s. Two developments underlie the renewed incidents of communal violence in the 2000s: emergence of new patterns of communal mobilization by the BJP–RSS and the HYV; significant changes in the economy of the region, especially in Mau. Four significant, political strands underlie resulting communal tension and riots: shift from class-based mobilization by left/socialist parties to identity politics, and to criminalization and rise of mafia dons in the Mau-Azamgarh area; the emergence of the backward Muslims movement, leading to rise in political consciousness, fragmented Muslim identity, and autonomous politics; changes following globalization in the weaving industry that have affected the Muslim-Ansari community causing confrontation with Hindu traders. These have provided fertile ground for aggressive everyday communal mobilization by an independent power centre under Yogi Adityanath; the activities of the Gorakhnath Math are also examined.
Patents
Authors: Nagar Ranita
Published: April 2019

Patents provide incentives to the individuals; in particular, the inventors deserve recognition for their creativity and material reward for their marketable inventions. The incentives encourage innovation, which ensures that the quality of human life is enhanced. The protection stimulates research, which results in technological development. The chapter seeks to analyse in detail the importance of patents from an economic perspective and exploring the paradigm of its social costs and benefits. It also illustrates the co-relation between sustainable development and patents. Sustainable human development can be achieved by green and ecofriendly technology, which is vital to ensure global growth, taking into consideration the needs of the poorest countries, while enhancing the performance of advanced economies. In this backdrop, patents are a dominant factor due to their key role in encouraging technological innovation as well as research and development.
Role of Satellite Technology in Oceanic Study
Authors: Mathew Thomas
Published: April 2019

The three-fourth surface of the earth is covered with ocean. The study of the ocean is important for sustainable overall development of a nation and world at large in view of it being rich in resources and playing a crucial role in the climate of the region and changes associated with it. The space-based observations assume significance, as it provides synoptic and repetitive coverage of the ocean in contrast to the sparse and isolated in-situ buoy or ship observations. The remote sensing of the ocean with the help of satellite or satellite oceanography has many other applications also. The electromagnetic radiation in the visible, near infrared, thermal infrared, and microwave regions are used by the sensors on-board space platforms to measure the diverse physical, biological, and geological parameters of the ocean. Amongst the various electromagnetic regions, the microwave region plays an important role in the study of the ocean.
E-Waste Management
Authors: Pandya Viral
Published: April 2019

In the modern world, waste management and especially e-waste management is one of the big challenges to tackle for any country. With the boom in technological innovations in electronic industry, the waste in the form of electronic goods has increased exponentially and it is considered to be the largest mounting waste stream in the world. Globalization of e-waste, partly due to demand and partly in terms of e-waste shipment to developing countries by developed countries has created adverse environmental and health implications. Hence, it has become utmost important for policymakers to develop robust e-waste management system as well as allied policies and regulations. This chapter analyses present status, various initiatives, actions, and regulatory frameworks incorporated by various developed and developing countries to combat giant threat of e-waste and recommendations have been given in terms of strategic actions for India to tackle e-waste in an effective manner.
British Rule and Classifications of Indian Languages
Authors: Jha Mithilesh Kumar
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines the ways through which Christian missionaries and British officials attempted to classify Indian languages. How these exercises turned out to be the basis for different groups in India to forge various identities? How that led to competing claims and counter claims by various communities and groups? In particular, language turns out to be a powerful marker of group identity. The question of ‘chaste’ versus ‘standard’, written versus oral, and language with or without grammar and literature became politically and emotionally charged issue since the beginning of the nineteenth century. It also led to the politics of linguistic dominations and subordinations as well as resistances to such processes. For the British, it was an arduous task to classify and categorize various languages and knowledge systems of ‘natives’ in India into one single hegemonic narrative. They did not follow a consistent linguistic policy which remains a daunting task for the post Independent governments in India as well. And, we continue to witness various forms of identity movements based on language, religion and caste with varying degree of intensities. In these movements, their numerical strength became one of the most important signifier. Their engagement with modernity and their own ‘pre-modern’ selves are also important conjuncture in such mobilizations. I have argued in this chapter that more serious explorations of these movements will enrich not only the effective history and politics of modern India but also the understanding of unfolding and adaptations to modernity in India.
Language, History, Nation, and the Imaginary of Maithili Identity
Authors: Jha Mithilesh Kumar
Published: April 2019

Using the category of language and history, the present chapter attempts to explore the incongruities, persistent ambivalences and challenges to the formation of nationalist consciousness in the context of India’s ‘Hindi heartland’ in the second half of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. Within the ‘Hindi heartland’, we do not find any serious challenges to the pan Indian identity formation, at least not in the beginning. But a weak, even suppressed, but obvious and often visible discomforts against such formation was not totally absent. The Maithili speakers accepted Hindi as the national language of India but when attempts were made by the supporter of Hindi to appropriate it as a ‘dialect’ of Hindi, they began to contest not only such claims by asserting the independence and rich literary history of Maithili, but also in the process they began to articulate a ‘new’ imaginary of Maithili identity. I have explored in this chapter how far such articulations were successful and how did Maithili language and history was used as powerful tools for the articulations of modern Maithili identity.
Maithili Language and the Movement, Part–II
Authors: Jha Mithilesh Kumar
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines the unfolding of the Maithili movement in post-independent India. One of the major characteristics of the movement in this period has been its gradual shift from a predominantly literary and cultural movement to a more politicized movement. A number of political parties and leaders joined in and have played critical roles in the expansion of the movement. One can divide the Maithili movement in this era into four phases. In the first phase, separate statehood demand for Mithila became the central mobilizing factor immediately after Independence of India in 1950s. Demands for separate statehood extended further to claim Mithila as a union republic. The second phase of the movement was highlighted by the issues regarding the recognition of Maithili as a Modern Indian language in Sahitya Akademi and correct enumeration of Maithili speakers in the census. It also includes other demands like opening of a Mithila University, a radio station at Darbhanga. The third phase was about the demand for inclusion of Maithili in the eighth schedule of the Indian Constitution. This phase also witnessed many protests and demonstrations due to removal of Maithili from BPSC (Bihar Public Service Commission) and for its re-inclusion; for the inclusion of Maithili in secondary school examinations; for implementation of decision regarding the use of Maithili as a medium of instruction at the primary level; for publication of textbooks in Maithili and recruitment of Maithili teachers; for the recognition of Maithili as an administrative language in the state of Bihar, especially when Urdu was made second official language in the state by a Maithili-speaking chief minister, Jagannath Mishra. The fourth and contemporary phase of the Maithili movement has been witnessing reassertion of separate statehood demands particularly after the creation of Jharkhand, Uttarakhand and Chhatisgarh in 2001 and the recognition of Maithili in the eighth schedule of the Indian Constitution in 2004.
Contextualizing Governance
Authors: Wani Aijaz Ashraf
Published: April 2019

The first chapter contextualizes governance in Kashmir in the context of the role played by various factors that shaped and continue to shape the nature and character of governance in Kashmir. Among them mention may be made of the impact of Kashmir dispute, identity politics of the state, the legacy of the authoritarian, feudal and exclusivist princely order, ideological orientation of the freedom movement, Kashmir’s special position, its contestation and disorder in Kashmir, policy interventions from the centre, financial crisis and the changing environment which characterizes the period. It also provide an overview of the changing context of the Kashmiri society in which governance has to operate.
Bringing Sikkim into the Fold, 1970–5
Authors: Singh Zorawar Daulet
Published: April 2019

India’s trials and tribulations over Sikkim offer a vivid canvas to contrast Nehru and Indira Gandhi’s regional role conceptions and how they conditioned two distinct geopolitical approaches to managing India’s security interests on its periphery. In retrospect, the contestations over Sikkim policy also exemplify a recurring and broader pattern in India’s approach to its immediate neighbourhood, and, this chapter takes a look into the debates and disagreements of those years and places them as being reflective of contemporary India’s foreign policy.
Introduction
Authors: Cullet Philippe , Koonan Sujith , Bhullar Lovleen
Published: April 2019

The Introduction starts with an overview of the concept of the right to sanitation and its implementation in India. It examines the legal recognition of the right—expressly as a constitutional right by the higher judiciary and by implication in legislation, and then highlights some points of divergence between international law and domestic law in India. This is followed by a justification for a separate right to sanitation. It then considers the features of the existing law and policy framework that can contribute to the realization of the right to sanitation, and the implications of the dominance of the policy framework. In the next part, it advocates for a broad conceptualization of sanitation and the right to sanitation which is followed by two parts that elaborate the relevance and the scope of this work respectively.
Sanitation
Authors: de Albuquerque Catarina
Published: April 2019

This chapter analyses the right to sanitation from a human rights perspective. It provides an understanding of when, how, and why the right to sanitation originated in the international human rights arena and how it has developed under international human rights law. It begins by highlighting the enormity of the sanitation crisis, briefly examines existing definitions of sanitation, and goes on to explain the inextricable links between sanitation and a wide variety of human rights. The final section offers a definition of sanitation in human rights terms and explores the scope and content of human rights obligations related to sanitation. The conclusion emphasizes the need to further focus on steps that will make the right to sanitation a reality particularly for the most stigmatized and marginalized in society.
Assessing the Realization of the Right to Sanitation in Rural Areas
Authors: Koonan Sujith
Published: April 2019

The legal framework relating to the realization of the right to sanitation in rural areas is complex and fragmented, with laws and institutions focusing on different aspects of sanitation at different administrative levels. The framework is further complicated with the presence of a strong policy framework framed by the Union Government from time to time which primarily governs the sector. This chapter examines the law and policy framework for the realization of the right to sanitation in rural areas in India. It specifically examines the framework for implementation of the right to sanitation in rural areas from the perspective of rights including the right to sanitation.
Community-Led Total Sanitation and Its Potential to Realize the Right to Sanitation
Authors: Mehta Lyla
Published: April 2019

Community-based decentralized approach to achieve the goal of total sanitation has received significant attention at the global level and the idea is of significant importance in the South Asian context. This chapter tracks the origins of Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), highlights its key tenets, and discusses how CLTS spread from Bangladesh to India. It further analyses prospects and challenges in adopting and implementing CLTS with a special focus on the Indian experience and its potential for the realization of several human rights including the right to sanitation.
The Politics of Open Defecation
Authors: Desai Renu , McFarlane Colin , Graham Stephen
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines the politics of open defecation by focusing on everyday intersections of the body and infrastructure in the metabolic city which produces profoundly unequal opportunities for fulfilling bodily needs. Specifically, it examines how open defecation emerges in Mumbai’s informal settlements through everyday embodied experiences, practices, and perceptions forged in relation to the materialities of informality and infrastructure. It does so by tracing the micropolitics of provision, access, territoriality, and control of sanitation infrastructures; everyday routines and rhythms, both of people and infrastructures; and experiences of disgust and perceptions of dignity. It also examines open defecation as embodied spatial and temporal improvisations in order to investigate the socially differentiated efforts and risks that it entails. More broadly, the chapter seeks to deepen understandings of the relationship between the body, infrastructure, and the sanitary/unsanitary city.
Historical and Contemporary Deviations from the State Legal System in India
Authors: Singh Mahendra Pal , Kumar Niraj
Published: April 2019

In late colonial and early independent India, with the consolidation of the modern Indian state, the two domains of the state and the non-state legal systems took shape. The pan-Indian drive to create one uniform legal system was rife with exceptions and contradictions. This set the base for continued operation of informal systems of law outside the state domain. The colonial attitude towards informal or non-state law in India could be seen post Independence as well. Both the colonial and the newly independent Indian state attempted to maintain a rhetorical stance of national unity, but could not do so effectively.
Conclusion
Authors: Singh Mahendra Pal , Kumar Niraj
Published: April 2019

India, being a recipient of a largely forced legal transfer, necessarily suffers the issues of a gap between law and society. While measures have been taken to reduce this gap and achieve an ‘integrated’ approach to law, which attempts to take into consideration those indigenous forms of law that exhibit closer congruency with society, they continue to be top-down and state-centric. The broad implications of this study are to re-evaluate India’s common law identity, to question the applicability of ‘uniformalization’ in the Indian context, to examine how constitutionally recognized heterogeneity interacts with other constitutional ideals of national unity and integrity, and to examine the interact of regional and cultural safeguards with universal values of human rights.
Gandhi after 9/11
Authors: Allen Douglas
Published: April 2019

The author sees Gandhi, in his writings and his life, as offering the most profound and influential theory, philosophy, and engaged practices of ahimsa. Embracing Gandhi’s insightful critiques of modernity, the book sees his approach as a creative and challenging catalyst to rethink our positions today. As expressed in the book’s title, we live in a post-9/11 world that is defined by widespread physical, psychological, economic, political, cultural, religious, technological, and environmental violence and that is increasingly unsustainable. The author’s central claim is Gandhi’s writings, philosophy, and practices, when selectively appropriated and creatively reformulated and applied, are essential for formulating new positions that are more nonviolent and more sustainable. These provide resources and hope for dealing with our contemporary crises. Two central questions the author poses for the reader are the following: What would a Gandhi-informed, valuable but humanly limited swaraj technology look like and what would a Gandhi-informed, more egalitarian, interconnected, bottom-up, decentralized world of globalization look like? In response, through a collection of essays, the book focuses on key themes in Gandhi’s thought, such as violence and nonviolence, Absolute Truth and relative truth, ethical and spiritual living. Challenging us to consider nonviolent, moral, and truthful transformative alternatives today, the author moves through essays on Gandhi in the age of technology; Gandhi after 9/11 and 26/11 terrorism; Gandhi’s controversial views on the Bhagavad-Gita and Hind Swaraj; Gandhi and Vedanta; Gandhi on socialism; Gandhi and marginality, caste, class, race, and oppressed others.
Terrorism and Violence
Authors: Allen Douglas
Published: April 2019

Ever since 9/11 in the US and 26/11 in India, terrorism has been a central concern. Gandhi is generally assumed to be of little value when confronting terrorism today. At best, he is irrelevant; at worst, he is complicit and contributes to the crisis since he opposes necessary violent responses. This essay argues that while Gandhi does not have all of the answers for dealing with terrorism today, he provides us with a complex analysis essential for understanding and responding to the multidimensional structural crisis. After analyzing the nature and meaning of terrorism, we focus on the following topics: Gandhi’s interactions with terrorists; his means-ends analysis and his short-term and long-term preventative approaches to terrorism; his analysis of absolute truth and relative truth in approaching terrorism; and his general analysis of the status of “the other” in transforming our relations with violent, terrorizing, and terrorized others.
Rewriting Marginality
Authors: Allen Douglas
Published: April 2019

Focusing on American minority literature, as well as Indian minority literature, how do we understand “marginality,” contextually informed rewriting of marginality, and invaluable contributions of Gandhian hermeneutical challenges? After acknowledging the perspectival nature of rewriting marginality, we examine dynamic open-ended interrelations of literary and other texts, contexts, and interpretations of meaning. We then formulate key Gandhian challenges and contributions in rewriting marginality in both hegemonic and subaltern marginalized contexts. Using major values, concepts, and principles from Gandhi’s philosophy and practice, we analyze how a Gandhian approach to minority literature and rewriting marginality privileges the perspectives of the marginalized oppressed and downtrodden. Most significantly, we analyze how Gandhi’s insightful approach to violence and nonviolence, means-ends relations, and relative-absolute relations of truth and reality is invaluable for challenging us to approach minority literature, multiculturalism, inclusive interrelated pluralism, and rewriting and transforming marginality in way of greatest contemporary significance.
Securing the Person
Authors: Powell Rhonda
Published: April 2019

To make sense of ‘security’ in any context, we need to be able to identify the thing that is to be secured. It follows that the meaning of the right to security of person depends upon the meaning of ‘the person’. In order to understand the right and the interests it protects, we need to take a view about which aspects of ‘the person’ warrant securing. In Chapter 4, I argue that Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum’s capabilities approach has the potential to provide a meaningful framework through which to understand the right to security of person: the right would protect ‘capabilities’.
Negative and Positive Security of Person
Authors: Powell Rhonda
Published: April 2019

In Chapter 6 it is argued that the right to security of person correlates to both negative and positive duties. The right to security of person should not only restrain the state from threatening or putting a rights-holder’s personal interests at risk; it also requires that the state take positive measures to protect the rights-holders’ interests and values against threats and risks, whether or not these emanate from the state. Taking the capabilities approach as the ‘theory of personhood’ underlying the right, it would also require duties of facilitation and provision in situations where the capability to function is non-existent. Finally, Chapter 6 also considers the extent to which rights jurisprudence of the European Convention on Human Rights, the Canadian Charter, and the South African Bill of Rights successfully reflect the positive features of the right to security of person.
Introduction
Authors: Hanciles Jehu J.
Published: April 2019

The ‘dissenting tradition’ is traceable to Christian groups in Britain—variously labelled ‘Dissent’, ‘Nonconformist’, and ‘Free Church’—that emerged from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. The spread of these groups throughout the British Empire intensified with the Protestant foreign missions movement and gained particular impetus in the twentieth century with the extraordinary growth of Pentecostal-Charismatic movements. This chapter advocates the use of ‘globalization’ as a unit of analysis for probing the complex historical processes that produced ‘global Dissent’. It makes the case that rather than being one-directional in transformative impact, processes of globalization are multidirectional, multicentred, and paradoxical; which means that the local and the global intersect and remain mutually dependent in a multitude of ways. Thus, the study of the global spread of Protestant dissenting traditions requires attentiveness to the interplay between global and contextual forces, the complex interface of cultures, and the multicentred networks that shaped expansion.
Protestant Dissenting Traditions in Asia in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Roxborogh John
Published: April 2019

Protestant Christianities in Asia today are Asian, but they also carry markers of piety, resilience, and social sensibility which reflect dissenting traditions. While acknowledging the fundamental importance of Asian agency, elements of Protestant Dissent can be identified among the multiple ideas, traditions, personalities, social phenomena, and historical events which have contributed to the formation of Asian Christianity. Denominational names often signify connection with a dissenting Christian identity. A dissenting heritage is often associated with education, an emphasis on bible -reading and translation, an openness to women and lay-leadership in positions of authority, and a cautious attitude towards relationships with governments. Links are also found in stories about pioneer personalities. However, Congregationalist, Presbyterian, British Methodist, and some Baptist churches who joined in national union schemes in India, China, the Philippines, and Thailand, have generally had their memory, and sometimes their polity, subsumed under the shared vision of a new national church.
‘Crying for Help and Reformation’
Authors: Womack Deanna Ferree
Published: April 2019

With a focus on Arabic-speaking Protestants in Ottoman Syria (present day Lebanon and Syria) in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this chapter explains how Syrian Evangelical Church members who shared the same Reformed theological tradition came to define themselves as either Congregationalists or Presbyterians. Contrary to the accounts of Presbyterian missionaries who operated the American Syria Mission after 1870, the church schism in Beirut and subsequent denominational divisions were not merely the result of internal Syrian Protestant squabbling, self-interested troublemaking, or a preference for congregationalism. Rather, the church controversies and anti-missionary critiques that emerged during this period were part of a wider Protestant dissenting tradition.
Free Church Traditions in Twentieth-Century Europe
Authors: Pilli Toivo , Randall Ian M.
Published: April 2019

This chapter focuses on the Free Church traditions, the heirs of earlier dissenting movements, in Europe in the twentieth century. This century posed major challenges to Free Church believers. The chapter explores five main areas: evangelistic witness, church and state relations, theology and spirituality, issues of identity, and social and global involvements. The chapter shows that while some Free Church denominations saw numerical decline, others—particularly Pentecostals—grew. It explores how some Free Churches have been reluctant to get involved in wider political issues, while others have been deeply engaged; how in theology and spirituality European Free Church scholars have made a contribution; how Free Churches have related in different ways to ecumenical endeavour; and how they have been involved in social ministry. Finally, although Europe has become a missionary-receiving part of the world, this chapter suggests that global mission has remained an essential part of European Free Church identity.
Dissent by Default
Authors: Collins-Mayo Sylvia
Published: April 2019

Religious dissent has taken different forms throughout history. This chapter considers the case of England in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. It describes sociological trends in Christian affiliation, belief, and practice, and suggests that decreasing numbers of people conform to the traditions and teachings of the established Church of England or any other Protestant denomination. Widespread cultural norms and values have resulted in a drift away from the Church and belief is understood in subjective terms, particularly among young people. Given the overall lack of personal religious engagement in England, the chapter suggests that active dissent rests with the minorities who stand against a prevailing attitude of religious indifference to take Christianity seriously; either seriously enough to live their lives by it or seriously enough to stand against it. Active young Christians and the ‘new Atheists’ are cases in point.
Ancient narrative theory in practice
Authors: Liveley Genevieve
Published: April 2019

This chapter views the critics of the ancient Greek scholia and later Latin commentaries as practising proto-narratologists. It demonstrates that their work is clearly informed by the prevailing narratological theories of the day—the scholia by Plato and Peripatetic ‘Aristotelianism’ if not directly by the Poetics, and the Servius commentators by Horace too. They and their readers have recourse to a complex lexicon of specialized narratological terms and concepts (as knotty as anything dreamed up by the Russian formalists or French structuralists) often freely adapted from ancient theories of rhetoric. In this rhetorical-narratological context, they show a keen interest in matters of affect and cognition, in the ways that stories are formed so as to produce particular affects within and effects upon an audience, presenting a fascinating glimpse into ‘the business of narrating’ as understood by ancient theorists and critics.
Expression of Cutaneous Beta-2 Adrenoceptors Is Similar in Patients with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome and Pain-Free Controls
Authors: Drummond Peter D , Morellini Natalie , Visser Eric , Finch Philip M
Published: April 2019

Objective

Studies in rodents suggest that cutaneous beta-2 adrenoceptors (β2-ARs) mediate inflammation and pain after tissue injury and that inflammation and peripheral nerve injury trigger increases in neuronal β2-AR expression. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the expression of β2-ARs on keratinocytes and dermal nerves in patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS).

Design, Setting, and Subjects

Fifty-eight patients with CRPS were recruited for this study. In addition, skin biopsies were obtained from 13 pain-free women and three pain-free men of similar age and sex distribution as the patients.

Methods

Quantitative sensory tests for assessing sensitivity to pressure, pinprick, light touch, heat, and cold were administered, and skin biopsies were obtained from the affected and contralateral limbs. Skin biopsies were also obtained from a similar site on the dorsal hand or foot of pain-free controls. Immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy were used to identify β2-ARs on keratinocytes, dermal nerves, and blood vessels in the skin samples.

Results

The distribution of β2-ARs in keratinocytes and nerves was similar in the affected and contralateral limbs of patients and was similar for target cells in patients and controls. However, elevated β2-AR expression in reticular nerve bundles was associated with heightened sensitivity to heat pain.

Conclusions

These findings do not support a major role of cutaneous β2-ARs in CRPS. However, activation of neuronal β2-ARs may contribute to thermal hyperalgesia in a subgroup of patients. Whether activation of β2-ARs on keratinocytes mediates inflammation early in the course of CRPS requires further investigation.
Bank-Branch Supply, Financial Inclusion, and Wealth Accumulation
Authors: Célerier Claire , Matray Adrien
Published: April 2019

This paper studies how financial inclusion affects wealth accumulation. Exploiting the U.S. interstate branching deregulation between 1994 and 2005, we find that an exogenous expansion of bank branches increases low-income household financial inclusion. We then show that financial inclusion fosters household wealth accumulation. Relative to their unbanked counterparts, banked households accumulate assets in interest-bearing accounts, invest more in durable assets, such as vehicles, have a better access to debt, and have a lower probability of facing financial strain. The results suggest that promoting financial inclusion for low-income populations can improve household wealth accumulation and financial security.

Received April 13, 2017; editorial decision November 14, 2018 by Editor Stijn Van Nieuwerburgh. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Conceptualizing Activation Policies Targeted at Single Mothers: A Case Study of Australia and the United Kingdom
Authors: Brady Michelle
Published: April 2019

Single parents are increasingly a target group for “activation” through new obligations to seek paid work or engage in education or training. Researchers commonly characterize new activation policies in terms of epochal shifts or unidirectional movements away from understanding single parents as “carers” or “mothers”. This characterization downplays the degree to which the postwar welfare state viewed single parents as potential workers and the degree to which contemporary reforms view them as carers. Based on historical research and drawing on Foucault’s concept of problematization and research on neoliberal governmentalities, pre-emptive politics and anticipatory modes of power, this article seeks to extend existing characterizations of activation policies for single parents.
How do morphological sharpness measures relate to puncture performance in viperid snake fangs?
Authors: Crofts S. B. , Lai Y. , Hu Y. , Anderson P. S. L.
Published: April 2019

It makes intuitive sense that you need a sharp tool to puncture through a tough material. The typical approach to evaluating sharpness in biological puncturing tools is to treat morphological measurements as a proxy for puncture ability. However, there are multiple approaches to measuring sharpness, and the relative influence of morphology on function remains unclear. Our goal is to determine what aspects of tip morphology have the greatest impact on puncture ability, using (a) viper fangs and (b) engineered punches to isolate the effects of different sharpness measures. Our results indicate that tip included angle is the strongest predictor of puncture performance in both viper fangs and engineered punches. For puncture tools with small included angles, sharpness index (based on the radius of curvature) also affects puncture ability. Finally, we found that punches serve as good predictors of fang performance at small angles and sharpness index values.
Facultative parasites as evolutionary stepping-stones towards parasitic lifestyles
Authors: Luong Lien T. , Mathot Kimberley J.
Published: April 2019

Parasites and parasitic lifestyles have evolved from free-living organisms multiple times. How such a key evolutionary transition occurred remains puzzling. Facultative parasites represent potential transitional states between free-living and fully parasitic lifestyles because they can be either free-living or parasitic depending on environmental conditions. We suggest that facultative parasites with phenotypically plastic life-history strategies may serve as evolutionary stepping-stones towards obligate parasitism. Pre-adaptations provide a starting point for the transition towards opportunistic or facultative parasitism, but what evolutionary mechanism underlies the transition from facultative to obligate parasitism? In this Opinion Piece, we outline how facultative parasites could evolve towards obligate parasites via genetic assimilation, either alone or in combination with the Baldwin effect. We further describe the key predictions stemming from each of these evolutionary pathways. The importance of genetic assimilation in evolution has been hotly debated. Studies on facultative parasites may not only provide key insights regarding the evolution of parasitism, but also provide ideal systems in which to test evolutionary theory on genetic accommodation.
Experimentally enhanced performance decreases survival in nature
Authors: Husak Jerry F. , Lailvaux Simon P.
Published: April 2019

Superior locomotor performance confers advantages in terms of male combat success, survival and fitness in a variety of organisms. In humans, investment in increased performance via the exercise response is also associated with numerous health benefits, and aerobic capacity is an important predictor of longevity. Although the response to exercise is conserved across vertebrates, no studies have tested whether non-human animals that invest in increased athletic performance through exercise realize a survival advantage in nature. Green anole lizards respond to exercise training, and enhanced performance drives trade-offs with reproduction and immunocompetence. We released sprint-trained, endurance-trained and untrained-control male and female green anole lizards into an isolated, urban island in New Orleans, LA, USA and monitored their survival. Sedentary controls realized a significant survivorship advantage compared to trained lizards. Our results suggest that locomotor capacity is currently optimized to maximize survival in green anoles, and that forcing additional investment in performance moves them into a suboptimal phenotypic space relative to their current environmental demands.
A variational principle for fluid sloshing with vorticity, dynamically coupled to vessel motion
Authors: Ardakani H. Alemi , Bridges T. J. , Gay-Balmaz F. , Huang Y. H. , Tronci C.
Published: April 2019

A variational principle is derived for two-dimensional incompressible rotational fluid flow with a free surface in a moving vessel when both the vessel and fluid motion are to be determined. The fluid is represented by a stream function and the vessel motion is represented by a path in the planar Euclidean group. Novelties in the formulation include how the pressure boundary condition is treated, the introduction of a stream function into the Euler–Poincaré variations, the derivation of free surface variations and how the equations for the vessel path in the Euclidean group, coupled to the fluid motion, are generated automatically.
Quantifying age and model uncertainties in palaeoclimate data and dynamical climate models with a joint inferential analysis
Authors: Carson J. , Crucifix M. , Preston S. P. , Wilkinson R. D.
Published: April 2019

The study of palaeoclimates relies on information sampled in natural archives such as deep sea cores. Scientific investigations often use such information in multi-stage analyses, typically with an age model being fitted to a core to convert depths into ages at stage one. These age estimates are then used as inputs to develop, calibrate or select climate models in a second stage of analysis. Here, we show that such multi-stage approaches can lead to misleading conclusions, and develop a joint inferential approach for climate reconstruction, model calibration and age estimation. As an illustration, we investigate the glacial–interglacial cycle, fitting both an age model and dynamical climate model to two benthic sediment cores spanning the past 780 kyr. To show the danger of a multi-stage analysis, we sample ages from the posterior distribution, then perform model selection conditional on the sampled age estimates, mimicking standard practice. Doing so repeatedly for different samples leads to model selection conclusions that are substantially different from each other, and from the joint inferential analysis. We conclude that multi-stage analyses are insufficient when dealing with uncertainty, and that to draw sound conclusions the full joint inferential analysis should be performed.
Chimpanzees (
Pan troglodytes
) coordinate by communicating in a collaborative problem-solving task
Authors: Melis Alicia P. , Tomasello Michael
Published: April 2019

Successful collaboration often relies on individuals' capacity to communicate with each other. Despite extensive research on chimpanzee communication, there is little evidence that chimpanzees are capable, without extensive human training, of regulating collaborative activities via communication. This study investigated whether pairs of chimpanzees were capable of communicating to ensure coordination during collaborative problem-solving. The chimpanzee pairs needed two tools to extract fruits from an apparatus. The communicator in each pair could see the location of the tools (hidden in one of two boxes), whereas only the recipient could open the boxes. The subjects were first successfully tested for their capacity to understand the pointing gestures of a human who indicated the location of the tools. In a subsequent conspecifics test, the communicator increasingly communicated the tools’ location, by approaching the baited box and giving the key needed to open it to the recipients. The recipient used these signals and obtained the tools, transferring one of the tools to the communicator so that the pair could collaborate in obtaining the fruits. The study suggests that chimpanzees have the necessary socio-cognitive skills to naturally develop a simple communicative strategy to ensure coordination in a collaborative task.