bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STRUCTURE AND PERFORMANCE OF ALASKA NATIVE CORPORATIONS
Authors: KARPOFF JONATHAN M. , RICE EDWARD M.
Published: January 2010

The 13 regional corporations established by the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971 (ANCSA) historically have performed poorly. The illusory appearance of improved performance during the latter 1980s resulted from a temporary tax loophole and accounting conventions for undeveloped land. The firms have performed poorly primarily because of ANCSA restrictions, which have not changed substantially since the Act's passage. This paper examines the 13 regional corporations'financial performance from 1984 to 1989 and suggests ways of alleviating the costs of these restrictions. Most importantly, the authors recommend that future Native settlements avoid the organizational restrictions inherent in ANCSA.
COMPARABLE WORTH: CANADA'S EXPERIENCE
Authors: GUNDERSON MORLEY , RIDDELL W. CRAIG
Published: January 2010

This paper discusses the design, implementation and administration of comparable worth legislation in Canada, focusing particular attention on the potential of comparable worth to close the male‐female earnings gap. The authors document the Canadian legislative initiatives, provide illustrative evidence on the impact of comparable worth, and identify the main policy lessons to be learned from the experience of Canada, where the comparable worth concept has evolved furthest.
U.S. DEPOSIT INSURANCE REFORM
Authors: CARGILL THOMAS F. , MAYER THOMAS
Published: January 2010

Congress, late in 1991, enacted a banking reform measure that (i) authorizes $70 billion of additional FDIC funding, (ii) enhances bank regulation and supervision, and (Hi) adopts a “trip wire” system for increasingly severe regulation based on a bank's capital. Congress rejected a number of key elements of the Treasury proposal submitted early in 1991, such as interstate banking and expanded bank powers. The Congressional action does not end the debate over banking reform. In due time, other attempts likely will be made to restructure the banking system along the lines of the Treasury proposal.

The Treasury proposal's positive points failed to offset its fundamental problems. The Congressional action, though not subject to the Treasury proposal's problems, falls short of complete deposit insurance reform. Both proposals fail to recognize that regulatory oversight is a poor substitute for market discipline in the current financial environment.

This paper reviews problems with the financial reform process and failure of the Treasury proposal to recognize these problems. It also reviews alternative approaches to deposit insurance reform.
NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE: OPPORTUNITIES AND PITFALLS
Authors: Gruben WILLIAM C.
Published: January 2010

Most studies of the impacts of the North American Free Trade Agreement assume that once the agreement is in place, it will remain in place. Some common theories of trade and of special interest groups' influences upon government policy call these assumptions into question. If ratification of the agreement represents a loss for some import‐competing special interest groups, the loss likely will be only of a battle in a war that continues. Attempts to abridge the effects of the agreement may succeed even if the agreement itself is not abridged. U.S. special interest groups rather than their Mexican counterparts will make the majority of these attempts.
INFLATION AND STABILIZATION IN YUGOSLAVIA
Authors: Rocha ROBERTO DE REZENDE
Published: January 2010

This paper examines the main causes of the acceleration of inflation in Yugoslavia during the 1980s and Yugoslavia's last attempt at stabilization in 1990. Yugoslav inflation shares common elements with inflation in other highly indebted countries despite appearances otherwise. Like these other countries, Yugoslavia failed to make internal adjustments to match a large transfer to resources abroad, resulting in a large internal redistribution to real resources through inflation. However, in Yugoslavia these internal conditions were not transparent. Instead of an open fiscal deficit, complex interactions took place among enterprises, banks, and the central bank, involving the central bank's absorption and servicing of a large stock of foreign exchange liabilities.

Failure to correct hidden losses in the economy was the main reason that various stabilization attempts failed during the 1980s. The 1990 program was the first to recognize the existence of those hidden losses and the need for a fiscal correction. The program succeeded in eliminating the central bank's own deficit and was initially successful infighting inflation, but pressures to finance enterprises and avoid a liquidity crisis in the financial system resulted in a relaxation of monetary policy and a revival of inflation. Seen from this angle, the Yugoslav program of 1990 resembles other heterodox programs that had initial success in reducing inflation but later faltered because of an insufficient fiscal adjustment.
UNDERSTANDING PATTERNS OF CHILD MALTREATMENT
Authors: Ards SHEILA
Published: January 2010

Some authors point to growing public awareness and financial stress on families to explain the increased number of child maltreatment reports over the past decade. This paper tests the relative importance of these two factors in explaining the increase. It compares and evaluates two conceptual models to see how well they predict the surge in child maltreatment reports over the last decade and the variability of reports across communities. A better understanding of the factors associated with child maltreatment will aid social service agencies in their attempt to mitigate further maltreatment of children.
BCCI: LESSONS FOR INTERNATIONAL BANK SUPERVISION
Authors: Herring RICHARD J.
Published: January 2010

This paper analyzes the BCCI collapse in light of the ongoing efforts of the Basle Committee on Banking Supervision to ensure that “no foreign banking establishment escapes adequate supervision.” It reviews the development of the Basle Committee's Concordat and analyzes ways of improving international bank supervision.
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF STATE SUPPORT FOR HIGHER EDUCATION
Authors: Burns Joseph M. , Chiswick Barry R.
Published: January 2010

There are few practical problems in which the economist has a more direct interest than those relating to the principles on which the expense of the education of children should be divided between the state and the parents.–Alfred Marshall, Principles of Economics
BUFFER STOCKS, AGGREGATE ACTIVITY, AND ECONOMIC POLICY
Authors: LEVI MAURICE D.
Published: January 2010

The buffer motive for holding inventories would lead us to expect that at any point in time inventory stocks might deviate from their long‐run desired level. These undesired inventory stocks will have subsequent effects upon output. This paper shows that if we fail to include a measure of the deviation of stocks from desired levels in a study of the effect of monetary and fiscal policy, we will attribute variability to the effect of policy that is not the result of the policies themselves.
THE ECONOMICS OF SHORT‐TERM LEASING
Authors: FLATH DAVID
Published: January 2010

Short‐term leasing is an everyday occurrence. Tax savings cannot account for the ubiquity of leasing by temporary users. Monopoly explanations are inconsistent with concurrent leasing and selling markets for perfect substitutes. Leasing economizes upon the costs of detecting, assuring, and maintaining quality, costs of search, and costs of risk‐bearing. This view is based on standard economic reasoning and has numerous specific implications.
Synthesis, regulation and utilization of lignocellulosic biomass
Authors: Harris Darby , DeBolt Seth
Published: January 2010

Increasing the range of fuels and bioproducts that are derived from lignocellulosic biomass and the efficiency at which they are produced hinges on a detailed understanding of the cell wall biosynthetic process. Herein, we review the structure and biosynthesis of lignocellulosic biomass and also highlight recent breakthroughs that demonstrate a complex regulatory system of transcription factors, small interfering RNAs and phosphorylation that ultimately dictate the development of the polyalaminate cell wall. Finally, we provide an update on cases where plant biotechnology has been used to improve lignocellulosic biomass utilization as a second‐generation biofuel source.
Evaluation of plant biomass resources available for replacement of fossil oil
Authors: Henry Robert J.
Published: January 2010

The potential of plants to replace fossil oil was evaluated by considering the scale of production required, the area of land needed and the types of plants available. High yielding crops (50 tonnes/ha) that have a high conversion efficiency (75%) would require a global land footprint of around 100 million ha to replace current (2008) oil consumption. Lower yielding or less convertible plants would require a larger land footprint. Domestication of new species as dedicated energy crops may be necessary. A systematic analysis of higher plants and their current and potential uses is presented. Plant biotechnology provides tools to improve the prospects of replacing oil with plant‐derived biomass by increasing the amount of biomass produced per unit area of land and improving the composition of the biomass to increase the efficiency of conversion to biofuel and biomaterials. Options for the production of high value coproducts and the expression of processing aids such as enzymes in the plant may add further value to plants as bioenergy resources.
Characterization and varied expression of a membrane‐bound endo‐β‐1,4‐glucanase in hybrid poplar
Authors: Maloney Victoria J. , Mansfield Shawn D.
Published: January 2010

To understand better the intricacies of secondary cell wall biosynthesis in trees, we investigated changes in cellulose chemistry and ultrastructure manifested by the mis‐regulation of the poplar membrane‐bound β‐1,4‐endoglucanase orthologous to KORRIGAN (AtKOR). We isolated the poplar KORRIGAN gene from hybrid poplar (Populus alba×grandidentata; designated Pa×gKOR) and created a self‐complementary (hairpin) RNAi suppression construct using PCR products derived from the gene. Additionally, AtKOR was employed to generate transgenic poplar over‐expressing KORRIGAN. It was found that down‐regulation leads to moderate to severe defects in plant growth, an irregular xylem (irx) phenotype, and significantly impacts the ultrastructure of the cellulose synthesized. The RNAi‐suppressed lines deposited significantly reduced quantities of a more highly crystalline cellulose, while the hemicellulose content and, more specifically, the xylose content increased. In addition, the amount of soluble sucrose in the leaves and xylem decreased. Conversely, the AtKOR transgenics did not significantly alter cell wall development or plant growth parameters, but it did impact the ultrastructure of the cellulose produced, generating trees with less crystalline cellulose and reduced xylose content.
Production of multifunctional chimaeric enzymes in plants: a promising approach for degrading plant cell wall from within
Authors: Fan Zhanmin , Yuan Ling
Published: January 2010

Multifunctional chimaeric hydrolases can be created by covalently linking heterologous catalytic and functional domains in a single polypeptide. Previously, we have generated a number of chimaeric lignocellulosic hydrolases that contain two to five modules [Biotechnol Bioeng(2009)102: 1045;Appl Environ Microbiol(2009)75: 1754]. These chimaeras closely resemble the parental enzymes in kinetics and other enzymatic properties, and some exhibit improved synergy in degrading natural substrates when compared to mixtures of parental enzymes. In addition to the applications in fermentative enzyme production, the chimaeric genes can be used in the construction of a single plant transformation binary vector carrying several genes that encode a complete set of lignocellulosic hydrolase activities. The advantages of this approach include ease in vector construction and transformation, as well as downstream plant analysis and breeding. The hydrolases sequestered in biomass feedstock can potentially assist enzymatic pretreatment and sugar conversion. Here, we report the gene expression and functional characterization of a chimaeric hemicellulase in transgenic tobacco plants. T1 transgenic plants produced up to 19‐mg active enzymes per gram of total‐soluble leaf proteins. The results demonstrate the feasibility of producing multifunctional lignocellulosic hydrolases in plants. Key considerations in the design, construction and plant expression of the chimaeric genes are discussed.
Obesity: the new childhood disability?
Authors: Tsiros M. D. , Coates A. M. , Howe P. R. C. , Grimshaw P. N. , Buckley J. D.
Published: January 2010

This review addresses the impact of obesity on paediatric physical functioning utilizing the World Health Organization International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Framework (ICF). The ICF encompasses functioning (as it relates to all body functions and structures), activities (undertaking a particular task) and participation (in a life situation) with disability referring to impairments in body functions/structures, activity restrictions or participation limitations. Electronic databases were searched for peer‐reviewed studies published in English prior to May 2009 that examined aspects of physical functioning in children (≤18 years). Eligible studies (N = 104) were ranked by design and synthesized descriptively. Childhood obesity was found to be associated with deficits in function, including impaired cardiorespiratory fitness and performance of motor tasks; and there was some limited evidence of increased musculoskeletal pain and decrements in muscle strength, gait and balance. Health‐related quality of life and the subset of physical functioning was inversely related to weight status. However, studies investigating impacts of obesity on wider activity and participation were lacking. Further research utilizing the ICF is required to identify and better characterize the effects of paediatric obesity on physical function, activity and participation, thereby improving targets for intervention to reduce disability in this population.
Neuropsychological subgroups of adolescents with conduct disorder
Authors: NÄRHI VESA , LEHTO‐SALO PIRKKO , AHONEN TIMO , MARTTUNEN MAURI
Published: January 2010

Närhi, V., Lehto‐Salo, P., Ahonen, T. & Marttunen, M. (2010). Neuropsychological subgroups of adolescents with conduct disorder. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 51, 278–284.

In group‐level studies adolescents with conduct disorder (CD) have been found to have deficiencies in verbal and executive functions. Teichner and Golden (2000) addressed the neuropsychological heterogeneity of CD, and hypothesized the existence of six neuropsychologically different subgroups. We used that theoretical basis to identify subgroups among 77 adolescents with CD and 48 controls. Among subjects with CD we identified subjects with no, diffuse, verbal and executive function deficits, but none with specific memory or visuo‐spatial deficits. In total, neuropsychological deficits altogether were more common among subjects with CD relative to controls, as were specific verbal deficits. Subgroups did not differ in gender distribution, comorbidity of psychiatric disorders, type or severity of CD, or number of psychosocial risk factors. Among subjects with CD, learning disabilities were common. CD is neuropsychologically a heterogeneous disorder, and neuropsychological deficits should be taken into account in assessing and planning interventions for adolescents with CD.
Foreign Employers as Relief Routes: Women, Multinational Corporations and Managerial Careers in Japan
Authors: Bozkurt Ödül
Published: January 2010

This article argues that multinational corporations may provide critical relief routes for women workers' progress in managerial careers in national contexts where their career paths with domestic employers remain blocked by traditional and institutional practices. It illustrates this possibility through a study of two women managers at the local head office of a foreign‐owned multinational retailer in Japan and their career trajectories. The alternative career paths through foreign employers are not without their contingencies and constraints, and the article identifies the limitations of the transformative potential foreign employers could have in the larger realm of women's managerial employment in a restrictive context such as Japan. Noting that globalization incorporates different groups of workers into the global economy with different costs and rewards, the article concludes by calling for a more nuanced understanding of women's employment with multinationals and for further research that remains cognizant of the multiplicity of experiences in different contexts.
Bureaucratic, Corporate/market and Network Governance: Shifting Spaces for Gender Equity in Education
Authors: Blackmore Jill
Published: January 2010

Education as a field of policy, research and practice has been reconfigured over four decades by economic, social and cultural globalization in conjuncture with neoliberal policies premised upon markets and new managerialism. One effect has been shifting boundaries between, and understandings of what constitutes the public and the private with regard to the role of the state vis‐á‐vis the formation of gendered subjectivities and civil society and the gendering of public– private relations in and between family and work. Drawing on feminist readings of Bourdieu and critical policy sociology, I consider the implications of a move from bureaucratic educational governance framed by state welfarism to corporate or market governance framed by the post‐welfare state, and consider whether particular constructions of globalization and corporate/market governance lead to network governance. Network governance, it is argued, is premised on new forms of sociality and institutional reconfigurations of knowledge‐based economies and a spatialized state that coordinates rather than regulates multiple public– private providers. The question is how each mode of governance frames various possibilities and problems for gender equity in education.
Skin moisturization by hydrogenated polyisobutene—Quantitative and visual evaluation
Authors: Dayan N. , Sivalenka R. , Chase J.
Published: January 2010

J. Cosmet. Sci., 60, 15–24 (January/February 2009)

Synopsis

Hydrogenated polyisobutene (HP) is used in topically applied cosmetic/personal care formulations as an emollient that leaves a pleasing skin feel when applied, and rubbed in after application. This effect, although distinguishable to the user, is difficult to define and quantify. Recognizing that some of the physical properties of HP such as film formation and wear resistance may contribute, in certain mechanisms, to skin moisturization, we designed a short‐term pilot study to follow changes in skin moisturization. HP’s incorporation into an o/w emulsion at 8% yielded increased viscosity and reduced emulsion droplet size as compared to the emollient ester CCT (capric/caprylic triglyceride) or a control formulation. Quantitative data indicate that application of the o/w emulsion formulation containing either HP or CCT significantly elevated skin moisture content and thus reduced transepidermal water loss (TEWL) by a maximal ∼33% against the control formulation within 3 h and maintained this up to 6 h. Visual observation of skin treated with the HP‐containing formulation showed fine texture and clear contrast as compared to the control or the CCT formulation, confirming this effect. As a result of increased hydration, skin conductivity, as measured in terms of corneometer values, was also elevated significantly by about tenfold as early as 20 min after HP or CCT application and was maintained throughout the test period. Throughout the test period the HP formulation was 5–10% more effective than the CCT formulation both in reduction of TEWL as well as in increased skin conductivity. Thus, compared to the emollient ester (CCT), HP showed a unique capability for long‐lasting effect in retaining moisture and improving skin texture.
Deposition of 18‐MEA onto alkaline‐color‐treated weathered hair to form a persistent hydrophobicity
Authors: Tanamachi H. , Inoue S. , Tanji N. , Tsujimura H. , Oguri M. , Ishita M. , Tokunaga S. , Sazanami F.
Published: January 2010

J. Cosmet. Sci., 60, 31–44 (January/February 2009)

Synopsis

A technology for the deposition of a persistent hydrophobicity to alkaline‐color‐treated weathered hair surfaces using 18‐MEA (18‐methyleicosanoic acid) is presented. Two approaches were examined in order to make 18‐MEA bind tightly to the alkaline‐color‐treated weathered hair surface. One was to apply 18‐MEA as an acid form and the other was to apply 18‐MEA as a salt or complex. It was found that the combination of 18‐MEA with specific cationic surfactants [stearoxypropyldimethylamine (SPDA) and docosyldimethylamine (DSDA)] makes the alkaline‐color‐treated weathered hair surface hydrophobic and that its hydrophobicity is maintained even after shampooing. Characterization of adsorbed layers of 18‐MEA/SPDA on a mica surface, as a possible hydrophilic surface model, was performed using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and angle‐resolved X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AR‐XPS). The results revealed that 18‐MEA/SPDA formed a layer with high wear resistance, with an alkyl chain, the hydrophobic moiety, oriented at an angle of around 25° to the air interface.
The COLIPA in vitro UVA method: a standard and reproducible measure of sunscreen UVA protection
Authors: Matts P. J. , Alard V. , Brown M. W. , Ferrero L. , Gers‐Barlag H. , Issachar N. , Moyal D. , Wolber R.
Published: January 2010

Synopsis

There is a continuing need to measure and communicate reliably the UVA protection offered by commercial sunscreens. To that end, the COLIPA (European Cosmetics Trade Association) ‘In Vitro Sun Protection Methods’ group has developed a new in vitro method for measuring UVA protection in a standardized, reproducible manner. The method is based on in vitro UV substrate spectrophotometry and convolution of resulting absorbance data with the action spectrum for the in vivo Persistent Pigment Darkening (PPD) endpoint to provide an in vitro UVA protection factor (UVAPF) which is correlated with an in vivo measure. This method has been published as a COLIPA guideline, used currently in European geographies for testing and labelling sunscreen products.

This article summarizes two ‘ring’ studies, involving eight separate testing laboratories, which both defined critical parameters for the method and validated it. In Ring Study 1, eight laboratories tested the in vitro UV transmission of a total of 24 sunscreens and, from the data, a unit dose of UVA (D0 of 1.2 J cm−2) was defined to provide a single irradiation step which, by taking into account potential sunscreen photo‐instability, gave the closest agreement with in vivo UVAPF values. In Ring Study 2, eight laboratories tested the in vitro UV transmission of a total of 13 sunscreens using this single irradiation step and established a very good correlation (r2 = 0.83; slope = 0.84, P < 0.0001) between resulting in vitro UVAPF values and corresponding values derived from the in vivo PPD method. This new method, therefore, can be used to provide a reliable in vitro metric to describe and label UVA efficacy in sunscreen products, in line with the EU Commission recommendation 2006/247/EC.
An approach to improvement of pore conspicuousness caused by epidermal structure on cheek
Authors: Nishijima T.
Published: January 2010

Conspicuous facial pores are one of the more serious aesthetic defects of concern to most women. However, the mechanism that causes the conspicuousness of facial pores remains unclear. We observed the epidermal structure around the conspicuous pores on cheeks in vivo using a confocal microscope in detail, and found that there were peculiar epidermal structures around the conspicuous facial pores. These epidermal structures were characterized by a thick epidermis, which reached the deep dermis, and elongated dermal papillae. As the shape and the size of these epidermal structures at more than one hundred micrometers below the surface were similar to those of the surface hollow area around the conspicuous pores, we thought that this epidermal structure was one cause for facial pore conspicuousness on cheeks. To improve these epidermal structures through contraction of keratinocytes, we developed l‐isostearylglycerol‐3‐phosphate, which promoted the gel contractile ability of keratinocytes and suppressed the keratinocytes’ growth in vitro. The treatment of lotion containing l‐isostearylglycerol‐3‐phosphate could alter the epidermal structures and decrease the hollow area around the conspicuous facial pores.

Key words:  pores, conspicuousness, hollow, epidermis, structure, dermal papillae, keratinocytes, contraction, follicle, cheek.
Style and non‐style in anatomical illustration: From Renaissance Humanism to Henry Gray
Authors: Kemp Martin
Published: January 2010

Style is a familiar category for the analysis of art. It is less so in the history of anatomical illustration. The great Renaissance and Baroque picture books of anatomy illustrated with stylish woodcuts and engravings, such as those by Charles Estienne, Andreas Vesalius and Govard Bidloo, showed figures in dramatic action in keeping with philosophical and theological ideas about human nature. Parallels can be found in paintings of the period, such as those by Titian, Michelangelo and Hans Baldung Grien. The anatomists also claimed to portray the body in an objective manner, and showed themselves as heroes of the discovery of human knowledge. Rembrandt’s painting of Dr Nicholas Tulp is the best‐known image of the anatomist as hero. The British empirical tradition in the 18th century saw William Cheselden and William Hunter working with techniques of representation that were intended to guarantee detailed realism. The ambition to portray forms life‐size led to massive volumes, such as those by Antonio Mascagni. John Bell, the Scottish anatomist, criticized the size and pretensions of the earlier books and argued for a plain style adapted to the needs of teaching and surgery. Henry Gray’s famous Anatomy of 1858, illustrated by Henry Vandyke Carter, aspired to a simple descriptive mode of functional representation that avoided stylishness, resulting in a style of its own. Successive editions of Gray progressively saw the replacement of Gray’s method and of all his illustrations. The 150th anniversary edition, edited by Susan Standring, radically re‐thinks the role of Gray’s book within the teaching of medicine.
Facial reconstruction – anatomical art or artistic anatomy?
Authors: Wilkinson Caroline
Published: January 2010

Facial reconstruction is employed in the context of forensic investigation and for creating three‐dimensional portraits of people from the past, from ancient Egyptian mummies and bog bodies to digital animations of J. S. Bach. This paper considers a facial reconstruction method (commonly known as the Manchester method) associated with the depiction and identification of the deceased from skeletal remains. Issues of artistic licence and scientific rigour, in relation to soft tissue reconstruction, anatomical variation and skeletal assessment, are discussed. The need for artistic interpretation is greatest where only skeletal material is available, particularly for the morphology of the ears and mouth, and with the skin for an ageing adult. The greatest accuracy is possible when information is available from preserved soft tissue, from a portrait, or from a pathological condition or healed injury.
Women's responses to fashion media images: a study of female consumers aged 30–59
Authors: Kozar Joy M.
Published: January 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine whether female consumers ranging in age from 30 to 59 prefer fashion advertising models more closely resembling their age. The sample for this study consisted of 182 women. Stimuli included full‐colored photographs of current fashion models. A questionnaire designed to explore participants' responses to the stimuli included scales measuring participants' beliefs about the stimulus models' appearances and attractiveness, participants' purchase intentions and perceived similarity with the models and participants' perceived fashionability of the model's clothing. Participants rated models appearing older in age significantly higher than younger models on the characteristics related to appearance and attractiveness. Advertisements with older models also had a significant positive relationship to participants' purchase intentions as compared to younger‐age models. Participants who perceived more similarity to the models were found to have more positive beliefs about the model's appearance and attractiveness and the fashionability of the model's clothing. Perceived similarity also had a significant positive relationship to participants' purchase intentions. As a result of this study, findings suggest that marketers and retailers should consider the age of the model used in their promotional materials. Specifically, it is possible that female consumers either transitioning into, or currently in, the middle adulthood life stages may have a preference for fashion models more closely resembling their age group.
Antipsychotic‐induced gene regulation in multiple brain regions
Authors: Girgenti Matthew James , Nisenbaum Laura K. , Bymaster Franklin , Terwilliger Rosemarie , Duman Ronald S , Newton Samuel Sathyanesan
Published: January 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 10.1111/j.1471‐4159.2010.06585.x

The molecular mechanism of action of antipsychotic drugs is not well understood. Their complex receptor affinity profiles indicate that their action could extend beyond dopamine receptor blockade. Single gene expression studies and high‐throughput gene profiling have shown the induction of genes from several molecular classes and functional categories. Using a focused microarray approach, we investigated gene regulation in rat striatum, frontal cortex, and hippocampus after chronic administration of haloperidol or olanzapine. Regulated genes were validated by in situ hybridization, real‐time PCR, and immunohistochemistry. Only limited overlap was observed in genes regulated by haloperidol and olanzapine. Both drugs elicited maximal gene regulation in the striatum and least in the hippocampus. Striatal gene induction by haloperidol was predominantly in neurotransmitter signaling, G‐protein coupled receptors, and transcription factors. Olanzapine prominently induced retinoic acid and trophic factor signaling genes in the frontal cortex. The data also revealed the induction of several genes that could be targeted in future drug development efforts. The study uncovered the induction of several novel genes, including somatostatin receptors and metabotropic glutamate receptors. The results demonstrating the regulation of multiple receptors and transcription factors suggests that both typical and atypical antipsychotics could possess a complex molecular mechanism of action.
Helicobacter pylori Reinfection in Brazilian Patients with Peptic Ulcer Disease: A 5‐Year Follow‐Up
Authors: Silva Fernando M. , Navarro‐Rodriguez Tomas , Barbuti Ricardo C. , Mattar Rejane , Hashimoto Claudio L. , Eisig Jaime N.
Published: January 2010

Background:  The Helicobacter pylori reinfection seems to be higher in developing countries, than in developed ones. The aim of the study was to determine the annual recurrence rate of H. pylori, in Brazilian patients with peptic ulcer disease, in a 5‐year follow‐up.

Methods:  Patients, with peptic ulcer disease diagnosed by upper digestive endoscopy (UDE) and H. pylori infection verified by histological analysis, rapid urease test, polymerase chain reaction, and urea breath test (UBT), were treated for bacterial eradication. The cure of the infection was verified using the same tests, 3 months after. Clinical evaluation and UBT were performed after sixth and ninth month. After 1 year of follow‐up, UBT and UDE were repeated. Up to the fifth year, patients were assessed twice a year and an UBT was performed annually. The patients included and all the reinfected were tested for 15 different genes of the H. pylori.

Results:  One hundred and forty‐seven patients were followed: 19 for 1 year, eight for 2 years, four for 3 years, five for 4 years, and 98 for 5 years, totaling 557 patients/years. Recurrence did not occur in the first year. In the second year, two patients were reinfected; in the third, four patients; in the fourth, three patients; and in the fifth, one patient. The total of reinfected patients was 10. The annual reinfection rate was 1.8%.

Conclusion:  Brazil presents a low prevalence of H. pylori reinfection, similar to the developed countries.
Bismuth‐Containing Quadruple Therapy as Second‐Line Treatment for Helicobacter pylori Infection: Effect of Treatment Duration and Antibiotic Resistance on the Eradication Rate in Korea
Authors: Lee Byoung Hwan , Kim Nayoung , Hwang Tae Jun , Lee Sang Hyub , Park Young Soo , Hwang Jin‐Hyeok , Kim Jin‐Wook , Jeong Sook‐Hyang , Lee Dong Hoo , Jung Hyun Chae , Song In Sung
Published: January 2010

Background:  The eradication rate of first‐line Helicobacter pylori treatment is only 70–85% and has been decreasing due to the increase in antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of bismuth‐containing quadruple therapy as second‐line treatment for H. pylori infection based on treatment duration.

Methods:  We prospectively enrolled 227 patients that were found to have persistent H. pylori infection after first‐line proton‐pump inhibitor‐clarithromycin‐amoxicillin triple therapy. Patients were randomized to 1‐week (112 patients) and 2‐week (115 patients) quadruple therapy with tripotassium dicitrate bismuthate 300 mg q.i.d., meteronidazole 500 mg t.i.d., and tetracycline 500 mg q.i.d. and esomeprazole 20 mg b.i.d. The eradication rate, drug compliance, and adverse events were compared based on treatment duration.

Results:  The eradication rates were 72/112 (64.3%, 95% CI: 0.504–0.830) and 71/92 (77.2%, 0.440–0.749) with 1‐week group, and 95/115 (82.6%, 1.165–2.449) an 88/94 (93.6%, 1.213–5.113) with 2‐week group by intention‐to‐treat therapy (p = .002) and per‐protocol analysis (p = .001), respectively. The adverse events increased as the treatment durations increased from 7 to 14 days (20.0 and 42.5%, respectively, p < .001). However, there was no significant difference in the patient compliance or the rate of major adverse events between the 1‐ and 2‐week groups (6.3 and 12.5%, respectively, p = .133).

Conclusion:  Two‐week bismuth‐containing quadruple therapy was more effective than the 1‐week treatment, and should be considered for second‐line treatment in Korea.
High Level of Antimicrobial Resistance in French Helicobacter pylori Isolates
Authors: Raymond Josette , Lamarque Dominique , Kalach Nicolas , Chaussade Stanislas , Burucoa Christophe
Published: January 2010

Background:  Helicobacter pylori is a human pathogen responsible for serious diseases including peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. The recommended triple therapy included clarithromycin but increasing resistance has undermined its effectiveness. It is therefore important to be aware of the local prevalence of antimicrobial resistance to adjust treatment strategy.

Materials and Methods:  Overall, 530 biopsies were collected between 2004 and 2007. The antimicrobial susceptibility of H. pylori was determined by E‐test and molecular methods.

Results:  Among these, 138/530 (26%) strains were resistant to clarithromycin, 324/530 (61%) to metronidazole and 70/530 (13.2%) to ciprofloxacin. Whereas no resistance against amoxicillin and tetracycline was observed, only one strain was resistant to rifampicin. Compared to the patients never treated for H. pylori infection, the prevalence of resistance was significantly higher in patients previously treated (19.1% vs 68% for clarithromycin; 13.2% vs 53.3% for both clarithromycin and metronidazole). The trend analysis revealed an increase of primary resistance to ciprofloxacin between 2004 and 2005 (7.3%) vs 2006–2007 (14.1%) (p = .04) and the secondary resistance reached 22.7% in 2007. Interestingly, 27 biopsies (19.6%) contained a double population of clarithromycin‐susceptible and ‐resistant strains.

Conclusions:  The reported high prevalence of clarithromycin and multiple resistances of H. pylori suggest that the empiric therapy with clarithromycin should be abandoned as no longer pretreatment susceptibility testing has assessed the susceptibility of the strain. As culture and antibiogram are not routinely performable in most clinical laboratories, the use of molecular test should be developed to allow a wide availability of pretreatment susceptibility testing.
Product Market Competition, Insider Trading, and Stock Market Efficiency
Authors: PERESS JOEL
Published: January 2010

How does competition in firms' product markets influence their behavior in equity markets? Do product market imperfections spread to equity markets? We examine these questions in a noisy rational expectations model in which firms operate under monopolistic competition while their shares trade in perfectly competitive markets. Firms use their monopoly power to pass on shocks to customers, thereby insulating their profits. This encourages stock trading, expedites the capitalization of private information into stock prices and improves the allocation of capital. Several implications are derived and tested.
Real and Financial Industry Booms and Busts
Authors: HOBERG GERARD , PHILLIPS GORDON
Published: January 2010

We examine how product market competition affects firm cash flows and stock returns in industry booms and busts. Our results show how real and financial factors interact in industry business cycles. In competitive industries, we find that high industry‐level stock market valuation, investment, and financing are followed by sharply lower operating cash flows and abnormal stock returns. Analyst estimates are positively biased and returns comove more. In concentrated industries these relations are weak and generally insignificant. Our results are consistent with participants in competitive industries not fully internalizing the negative externality of industry competition on cash flows and stock returns.
Global Currency Hedging
Authors: CAMPBELL JOHN Y. , SERFATY‐DE MEDEIROS KARINE , VICEIRA LUIS M.
Published: January 2010

Over the period 1975 to 2005, the U.S. dollar (particularly in relation to the Canadian dollar), the euro, and the Swiss franc (particularly in the second half of the period) moved against world equity markets. Thus, these currencies should be attractive to risk‐minimizing global equity investors despite their low average returns. The risk‐minimizing currency strategy for a global bond investor is close to a full currency hedge, with a modest long position in the U.S. dollar. There is little evidence that risk‐minimizing investors should adjust their currency positions in response to movements in interest differentials.
A Habit‐Based Explanation of the Exchange Rate Risk Premium
Authors: VERDELHAN ADRIEN
Published: January 2010

This paper presents a model that reproduces the uncovered interest rate parity puzzle. Investors have preferences with external habits. Countercyclical risk premia and procyclical real interest rates arise endogenously. During bad times at home, when domestic consumption is close to the habit level, the representative investor is very risk averse. When the domestic investor is more risk averse than her foreign counterpart, the exchange rate is closely tied to domestic consumption growth shocks. The domestic investor therefore expects a positive currency excess return. Because interest rates are low in bad times, expected currency excess returns increase with interest rate differentials.
Do Hot Hands Exist among Hedge Fund Managers? An Empirical Evaluation
Authors: JAGANNATHAN RAVI , MALAKHOV ALEXEY , NOVIKOV DMITRY
Published: January 2010

In measuring performance persistence, we use hedge fund style benchmarks. This allows us to identify managers with valuable skills, and also to control for option‐like features inherent in returns from hedge fund strategies. We take into account the possibility that reported asset values may be based on stale prices. We develop a statistical model that relates a hedge fund's performance to its decision to liquidate or close in order to infer the performance of a hedge fund that left the database. Although we find significant performance persistence among superior funds, we find little evidence of persistence among inferior funds.
Stock Market Declines and Liquidity
Authors: HAMEED ALLAUDEEN , KANG WENJIN , VISWANATHAN S.
Published: January 2010

Consistent with recent theoretical models where binding capital constraints lead to sudden liquidity dry‐ups, we find that negative market returns decrease stock liquidity, especially during times of tightness in the funding market. The asymmetric effect of changes in aggregate asset values on liquidity and commonality in liquidity cannot be fully explained by changes in demand for liquidity or volatility effects. We document interindustry spillover effects in liquidity, which are likely to arise from capital constraints in the market making sector. We also find economically significant returns to supplying liquidity following periods of large drops in market valuations.
Time Variation in Liquidity: The Role of Market‐Maker Inventories and Revenues
Authors: COMERTON‐FORDE CAROLE , HENDERSHOTT TERRENCE , JONES CHARLES M. , MOULTON PAMELA C. , SEASHOLES MARK S.
Published: January 2010

We show that market‐maker balance sheet and income statement variables explain time variation in liquidity, suggesting liquidity‐supplier financing constraints matter. Using 11 years of NYSE specialist inventory positions and trading revenues, we find that aggregate market‐level and specialist firm‐level spreads widen when specialists have large positions or lose money. The effects are nonlinear and most prominent when inventories are big or trading results have been particularly poor. These sensitivities are smaller after specialist firm mergers, consistent with deep pockets easing financing constraints. Finally, compared to low volatility stocks, the liquidity of high volatility stocks is more sensitive to inventories and losses.
The Impact of Deregulation and Financial Innovation on Consumers: The Case of the Mortgage Market
Authors: GERARDI KRISTOPHER S. , ROSEN HARVEY S. , WILLEN PAUL S.
Published: January 2010

We develop a technique to assess the impact of changes in mortgage markets on households, exploiting an implication of the permanent income hypothesis: The higher a household's expected future income, the higher its desired consumption, ceteris paribus. With perfect credit markets, desired consumption matches actual consumption and current spending forecasts future income. Because credit market imperfections mute this effect, the extent to which house spending predicts future income measures the “imperfectness” of mortgage markets. Using micro‐data, we find that since the early 1980s, mortgage markets have become less imperfect in this sense, and securitization has played an important role.
Overestimation of Left Ventricular Mass and Misclassification of Ventricular Geometry in Heart Failure Patients by Two‐Dimensional Echocardiography in Comparison with Three‐Dimensional Echocardiography
Authors: Abramov Dmitry , Helmke Stephen , Rumbarger Lyna El‐Khoury , King Donald L , Maurer Mathew S.
Published: January 2010

Background: Accurate assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and ventricular geometry is important, especially in patients with heart failure (HF). The aim of this study was to compare the assessment of ventricular size and geometry by 2D and 3D echocardiography in normotensive controls and among HF patients with a normal and a reduced ejection fraction. Methods: One hundred eleven patients, including 42 normotensive patients without cardiac disease, 41 hypertensive patients with HF and a normal ejection fraction (HFNEF), and 28 patients with HF and a low ejection fraction (HFLEF), underwent 2DE and freehand 3DE. The differences between 2DE and 3DE derived LVM were evaluated by use of a Bland–Altman plot. Differences in classification of geometric types among the cohort between 2DE and 3DE were determined. Results: Two‐dimensional echocardiography overestimated ventricular mass compared to 3D echocardiography (3DE) among normal (166 ± 36 vs. 145 ± 20 gm, P = 0.002), HFNEF (258 ± 108 vs. 175 ± 47gm, P < 0.001), and HFLEF (444 ± 136 vs. 259 ± 77 gm, P < 0.001) patients. The overestimation of mass by 2DE increased in patients with larger ventricular size. The use of 3DE to assess ventricular geometry resulted in reclassification of ventricular geometric patterns in 76% of patients with HFNEF and in 21% of patients with HFLEF. Conclusion: 2DE overestimates ventricular mass when compared to 3DE among patients with heart failure with both normal and low ejection fractions and leads to significant misclassification of ventricular geometry in many heart failure patients. (Echocardiography 2010;27:223‐229)
Effects of Isolated Obesity on Left and Right Ventricular Function: A Tissue Doppler and Strain Rate Imaging Study
Authors: Orhan Ahmet L. , Uslu Nevzat , Dayi Sennur U. , Nurkalem Zekeriya , Uzun Fatih , Erer Hatice B. , Hasdemir Hakan , Emre Ayse , Karakus Gultekin , Soran Ozlem , Gorcsan John , Eren Mehmet
Published: January 2010

Objective: To determine the subclinical effects of isolated obesity and its duration on cardiac function by using routine echocardiography and tissue Doppler myocardial strain rate. Methods: Forty‐nine subjects were enrolled in this study; 29 with isolated obesity defined as a body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 with no other cardiovascular comorbidities, and 20 nonobese controls. All subjects underwent two‐dimensional and Doppler echocardiography including tissue Doppler imaging and myocardial strain rate. Results: The average duration of obesity was 12.1 years (4–18 years). Abnormalities of left ventricular (LV) wall thickness, mass, diastolic function, and left atrial size were detected in obese individuals, despite having preserved ejection fractions. The LV global longitudinal peak strain rate was significantly lower in obese subjects compared to nonobese control subjects (1.07 ± 0.14 vs. 1.38 ± 0.12, P < 0.001). Using multivariate analysis, the duration of obesity (ß=−0.76, P < 0.001), body mass index (ß=−0.35, P = 0.023), and age (ß=−0.29, P = 0.009) were independent predictors of the decreased LV global longitudinal peak strain rate, while the duration of obesity (ß=−0.66, P < 0.001) and body mass index (ß=−0.28, P = 0.037) were independent predictors of the decreased right ventricular (RV) peak strain rate. Conclusion: The presence and the duration of obesity were associated with impairment of subclinical biventricular systolic and diastolic function. These findings have the potential to increase awareness of subclinical cardiac manifestations in patients with isolated obesity and influence their early management. (Echocardiography 2010;27:236‐243)