Studying the middle/upper atmosphere of Venus and Mars combining 3D modeling and observations
Authors: Gilli Gabriella , Lebonnois Sebastien , Navarro Thomas , Quirino Diogo , Martinez Antoine , Forget François , Liu Jiandong , Spiga Aymeric , Gonzalez-Galindo Francisco , Millour Ehouarn , Lefèvre Franck 
Published: March 2022

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Our understanding of Venus and Mars climate has been noticeably improved thanks to progress with General Circulation Models (GCM) (e.g., Forget et al. 1999, Lebonnois et al. 2010, Gilli et al. 2021) and increasing measurements, both from space missions and ground-based telescopes.&amp;#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;While there are 13 operational missions currently dedicated to Mars, a new era in the exploration of &amp;#8220;our sister&amp;#8221; planet Venus is coming in the next decades with the selection of 3 missions: DAVINCI and VERITAS by NASA, &amp;#160;EnVision by ESA, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;in addition to the Indian orbiter mission, Shukrayyan-1 (planned for 2025).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Nevertheless, our view of the upper layers of those planets (i.e., above approximately 80 km and 60 km on Venus and Mars, respectively) remains incomplete. &amp;#160;The observed high variability of those regions (e.g., Gerard et al. 2014, Gonzalez-Galindo et al. 2015) is very challenging to predict by 3D models. Planetary waves (e.g., Kelvin waves) are suggested to play an important role in the variability in the so-called transition region on Venus (between super-rotation and day-to-night circulation) (Navarro et al. 2021) and gravity waves are recognized to produce a significant impact on the thermal tides of Mars (Gilli et al. 2020). &amp;#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;In this talk, I will give a brief overview of recent 3D GCM developments done in collaboration with the &lt;em&gt;Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace &lt;/em&gt;(IPSL) laboratories in France and the &lt;em&gt;Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia&lt;/em&gt; (IAA) in Spain, such as the inclusion of a stochastic non-orographic gravity wave parameterization and improvements on the parameterization of non-LTE CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; heating rates (Martinez et al. 2022, submitted), to provide a more realistic picture of those upper regions of the Venus and Mars atmosphere.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;References:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Forget et al. 1999, JGR, 104, 155-24&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Lebonnois et al. 2010, JGR-Planets, 115, 6006&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Gilli et al. 2021, Icarus, Vol. 366, 114432&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Navarro et al. 2021, Icarus, Vol. 366, 114400&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Gilli et al. 2020, JGR-Planets, 125-3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Gilli et al. 2017, Icarus, Vol.248, 478-498&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Gerard et al. 2014, Icarus, 236, 92-103&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Gonzalez-Galindo et al. 2015. JGR-Planets, 120, 2020-2035&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Martinez et al. 2022, submitted to Icarus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;Acknowledgments:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;GG is funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci&amp;#243;n y Universidades, the Agencia Estatal de Investigaci&amp;#243;n and EC-FEDER funds under project RTI2018-100920-J-I00, and acknowledges financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the &amp;#8220;Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa&amp;#8221; award to the Instituto de Astrof&amp;#237;sica de Andaluc&amp;#237;a (SEV-2017-0709). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;This research was also supported by Funda&amp;#231;&amp;#227;o para a Ci&amp;#234;ncia e a Tecnologia (FCT) through the research grants UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020, P-TUGA PTDC/FIS-AST/29942/2017.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;