bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maternal depressive
disorder and contextual risk: Contributions to the development of attachment insecurity and
behavior problems in toddlerhood
Authors: CICCHETTI DANTE , ROGOSCH FRED A. , TOTH SHEREE L.
Published: July 2002

Research has shown that offspring of depressed caregivers are
at increased risk for maladaptive development and emotional difficulties. Specifically, infants
and toddlers of depressed mothers have been shown to evidence higher percentages of insecure
attachments and more behavioral difficulties than offspring of nondisordered mothers. However,
even in studies that reveal significant differences between children of depressed and
nondepressed caregivers, a substantial number of children with depressed caregivers do not
evidence dysfunction. Such findings have resulted in increased attention to the broader social
context in which children of depressed mothers develop. This investigation examined the direct
influences of maternal depression on child development, as well as the role of contextual risks
that may be particularly heightened in families with depressed parents. Toddlers with depressed
mothers evidenced significantly more insecure attachments than did toddlers with nondisordered
mothers, and this difference was not accounted for by contextual risk. In predicting child
behavior problems, contextual risk was found to mediate the relation between maternal
depression and child behavior problems. Father-report data on child behavior corroborated the
mother report data. Results are discussed in terms of the diversity of functioning in offspring of
depressed caregivers that can be attributed to varied levels of contextual risk accompanying
depression.
Developing brain and in utero cocaine exposure: Effects on neural ontogeny
Authors: MAYES LINDA C.
Published: July 2002

Within the last decade, many investigators have focused on the physical,
neurodevelopmental, and neuropsychological effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on infants and
young children. Although inconclusive on many crucial issues, published studies reveal the
beginnings of a profile of possible cocaine-related effects on neuropsychological functions
subserving arousal and attention regulation. That profile is informed by preclinical studies in
which important factors such as duration and type of exposure as well as environmental
conditions may be more adequately controlled. In the developing brain, there are a number of
candidate mechanisms that account for how prenatal cocaine exposure may interfere with neural
ontogeny. This review focuses on the monoamine system, one of the primary sites of action of
cocaine in the adult. In the developing organism, monoamines play critical trophic roles through
all phases of central nervous system (CNS) ontogeny—cell proliferation, neural migration,
growth, maturation, and synaptogenesis. Because of their trophic role in CNS ontogeny, cocaine
effects on developing nervous system may be mediated in part through effects on monoamine
system ontogeny. In turn, these effects may be expressed behaviorally in disrupted patterns of
arousal and attention regulation given that these domains are connected intimately to
monoaminergic systems.
Direct and inverse problems of wave propagation
through a one-dimensional inhomogeneous medium
Authors: ALEKSEEV A. S. , BELONOSOV V. S.
Published: July 2002

This paper deals with a wave process induced by an acoustic impulse
in a vertically
inhomogeneous half-space. The solvability of the corresponding direct initial
boundary value
problem is proved. We also consider a class of one-dimensional inverse
problems including,
in particular, the classical inverse problem of the scattering theory,
the transmission and
reflection problems of seismology, etc. It is shown that
all these inverse problems are equivalent
in a certain sense, and therefore can be solved by identical methods. Theoretical
results are
illustrated by numerical examples.
Proof-directed debugging
Authors: HARPER ROBERT
Published: July 2002

The close relationship between writing programs and proving theorems has frequently been
cited as an advantage of functional programming languages. We illustrate the interplay
between programming and proving in the development of a program for regular expression
matching. The presentation is inspired by Lakatos's method of proofs and refutations in
which the attempt to prove a plausible conjecture leads to a revision not only of the proof,
but of the theorem itself. We give a plausible implementation of a regular expression matcher
that contains a flaw that is uncovered in an attempt to prove its correctness. The failure of
the proof suggests a revision of the specification, rather than a change to the code. We then
show that a program meeting the revised specification is nevertheless sufficient to solve the
original problem.
LES CENTRES DE GRAVITÉ D'ABU SAHL AL-QU HI
Authors: Bancel Faïza
Published: July 2002

The only traces which remain of Abū Sahl al-Qūhī's work on centers of gravity are the correspondence he maintained with Abū Is[hdotu]āq al-[Sdotu]ābi', and the first chapter of the Kitāb Mīzān al-[hdotu]ikma, which 'Abd al-Ra[hdotu]mān al-Khāzinī attributes to al-Qūhī and to Ibn al-Haytham, without distinguishing between their respective contributions. The author of the present article attempts to confront the texts and to analyse all the testimonies which have come down to us on this subject, which are susceptible of shedding light upon al-Qūhī's contribution and the importance of his work on centers of gravity.
A review of instrumental ADL assessments for use with elderly people
Authors: Ward Gillian , Jagger Carol , Harper William
Published: July 2002

The concept of formal or standardized tests for assessing function came to the fore in the 1960s. Katz et al. acknowledged the hierarchical nature of activities of daily living (ADL) such as eating, continence, transferring, going to the toilet, dressing and bathing in his ’Index of ADL’ and by 1968 ‘ADL’ was an accepted Index Medicus category. The definition of instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) began in 1969 with the work of Lawton and Brody who presented two scales to assess function which recognized the different degrees of complexity required for performing functional tasks. The first scale, taking life maintenance and activities essential for self-care as the primary level, was called the Physical Self-Maintenance Scale.
A menagerie of non-finitely based process semantics
over BPA* – from ready simulation to completed traces
Authors: ACETO LUCA , FOKKINK WAN , INGÓLFSDÓTTIR ANNA
Published: July 2002

Fokkink and Zantema (Fokkink and Zantema 1994) have shown that
bisimulation
equivalence has a finite equational axiomatization over the language of
Basic Process
Algebra with the binary Kleene star operation (BPA*). In
light of this positive result on the
mathematical tractability of bisimulation equivalence over BPA*,
a natural question to ask is
whether any other (pre)congruence relation in van Glabbeek's
linear time/branching time
spectrum is finitely (in)equationally axiomatizable over it. In this paper,
we prove that,
unlike bisimulation equivalence, none of the preorders and equivalences
in van Glabbeek's
linear time/branching time spectrum, whose discriminating power lies
in between that of
ready simulation and that of completed traces, has a finite equational
axiomatization. This
we achieve by exhibiting a family of (in)equivalences that holds in ready
simulation
semantics (which is the finest semantics that we consider) and whose instances
cannot all be
proved by means of any finite set of (in)equations that is sound in completed
trace semantics
(which is the coarsest semantics that is appropriate for the
language BPA*). To this end, for
every finite collection of (in)equations that are sound in completed trace
semantics, we build
a model in which some of the (in)equivalences of the family under consideration
fail. The
construction of the model mimics the one used by Conway (Conway 1971, p.
105) in his
proof of a result, originally due to Redko, to the effect that infinitely
many equations are
needed to axiomatize equality of regular expressions.

Our non-finite axiomatizability results apply to the language BPA* over
an arbitrary
non-empty set of actions. In particular, we show that completed trace equivalence
is not
finitely based over BPA* even when the set of actions
is a singleton. Our proof of this result
may be adapted to the standard language of regular expressions to yield
a solution to an
open problem posed by Salomaa (Salomaa 1969, p. 143).

Another semantics that is usually considered in process theory is trace
semantics. Trace
semantics is, in general, not preserved by sequential composition, and
is therefore
inappropriate for the language BPA*. We show that, if the set of
actions is a singleton, trace
equivalence and preorder are preserved by all the operators in the signature
of BPA*, and
coincide with simulation equivalence and preorder, respectively. In that
case, unlike all the
other semantics considered in this paper, trace semantics have finite,
complete equational
axiomatizations over closed terms.
Semi-pullbacks and bisimulation in categories of Markov processes
Authors: EDALAT ABBAS
Published: July 2002

We show that the category whose objects are families of Markov processes on Polish spaces,
with a given transition kernel, and whose morphisms are transition probability preserving,
surjective continuous maps has semi-pullbacks, i.e., for any pair of morphisms
fi:Si→S
(i = 1, 2), there exists an object V and morphisms
πi:V→Si
(i = 1, 2) such that f1∘π1
= f2∘π2. This property holds for various full subcategories, including that of families
of Markov processes on locally compact second countable spaces, and in the larger category
where the objects are families of Markov processes on analytic spaces and morphisms are
transition probability preserving surjective Borel maps. It also follows that the category of
probability measures on Polish spaces and measure-preserving continuous surjective maps
has semi-pullbacks. A main consequence of our result is that probabilistic bisimulation for
labelled Markov processes on all these categories, defined in terms of spans of morphisms, is
an equivalence relation.
The Culture of Physician Autonomy; 1900 to the Present
Authors: PONT EDWARD A.
Published: July 2002

The physician of fifty years ago is barely recognizable
today. Rural, autonomous, and isolated, he did everything
from mending broken bones to pronouncing people dead. He
was responsible for a well-circumscribed community, who
came to him for all their medical needs, regardless of
the hour.
Transplantation Ethics: Old Questions, New Answers?
Authors: DeVITA MICHAEL , AULISIO MARK P. , MAY THOMAS
Published: July 2002

The first reported successful kidney transplantation occurred
in 1954, between twins. Since then, organ donation and transplantation
has become less a medical marvel than a common expectation of patients
with a variety of diseases resulting in organ failure. Those
expectations have caused demand for organs to skyrocket far beyond
available supply, fueling an organ shortage and resulting in over
60,000 patients on transplant waiting lists. In this special issue,
our contributors attempt to shed new light on some of the many old
ethical questions raised by transplant in the contemporary context
of extreme scarcity.
Measuring salt and freezing temperature on roads
Authors: Turunen Markus
Published: July 2002

Practical monitoring of the amount of salt spread on the road surface for de‐icing purposes is technically difficult, especially if it has to be done in a commercially viable way. Possible solutions to this problem are discussed. As it has become customary to refer to the freezing temperature of a salted road, the physical meaning of such a temperature is scrutinised. It turns out that the meaning and the definition of freezing temperature are not clear, and that it also does not have the significance that is often associated with it. Some experimental results of salt measurements on a road are presented. Copyright © 1997 Royal Meteorological Society.
Topic-based mixture language modelling
Authors: GOTOH YOSHIHIKO , RENALS STEVE
Published: July 2002

This paper describes an approach for constructing a mixture of language models based on
simple statistical notions of semantics using probabilistic models developed for information
retrieval. The approach encapsulates corpus-derived semantic information and is able to model
varying styles of text. Using such information, the corpus texts are clustered in an unsupervised
manner and a mixture of topic-specific language models is automatically created. The principal
contribution of this work is to characterise the document space resulting from information
retrieval techniques and to demonstrate the approach for mixture language modelling. A
comparison is made between manual and automatic clustering in order to elucidate how the
global content information is expressed in the space. We also compare (in terms of association
with manual clustering and language modelling accuracy) alternative term-weighting schemes
and the effect of singular value decomposition dimension reduction (latent semantic analysis).
Test set perplexity results using the British National Corpus indicate that the approach can
improve the potential of statistical language modelling. Using an adaptive procedure, the
conventional model may be tuned to track text data with a slight increase in computational
cost.
Applications of term identification technology:
domain description and content characterisation
Authors: BOGURAEV BRANIMIR , KENNEDY CHRISTOPHER
Published: July 2002

The identification and extraction of technical terms is one of the better understood and
most robust Natural Language Processing (NLP) technologies within the current state of
the art of language engineering. In generic information management contexts, terms have
been used primarily for procedures seeking to identify a set of phrases that is useful for
tasks such as text indexing, computational lexicology, and machine-assisted translation: such
tasks make important use of the assumption that terminology is representative of a given
domain. This paper discusses an extension of basic terminology identification technology
for the application to two higher level semantic tasks: domain description, the specification
of the technical domain of a document, and content characterisation, the construction of a
compact, coherent and useful representation of the topical content of a text. With these
extensions, terminology identification becomes the foundation of an operational environment
for document processing and content abstraction.
COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOURAL TREATMENT OF A 14-YEAR-OLD TEENAGER WITH OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER
Authors: Freestone Mark H.
Published: July 2002

This study describes the treatment of severe obsessive-compulsive disorder in a 14-year-old male with an
experimental single case design. Onset of OCD was at age 12. He had been hospitalized for 6 months the year before
consulting. Almost all life spheres were affected by OCD. An initial behavioural intervention, which targeted tooth
brushing, was used as a springboard to understand OCD and the process of change was framed within a cognitive
account of OCD. The approach was then applied to a number of different targets within a unified framework. There
was a 46% reduction in Y-BOCS score at post-treatment and 67% reduction through to 11-month follow-up. Points
discussed include the involvement of other professionals, the changing role of the family as treatment progressed and
as the patient started to seek more autonomy, and the choice of the initial target.
The Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination–Spanish
Version: The influence of demographic variables
Authors: PINEDA DAVID A. , ROSSELLI MONICA , ARDILA ALFREDO , MEJIA SILVIA E. , ROMERO MARIA G. , PEREZ CLAUDIA
Published: July 2002

The Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination Battery
(BDAE) is one of the most widely used aphasia tests worldwide.
Information about general population performance, however,
is limited. This paper analyzes the effects of gender,
age, socioeconomic status (SES), academic achievement,
and occupation on the BDAE Spanish version. The BDAE was
administered to a randomized sample of 156 occupationally
active 19–60-year-old participants (75 male and 81
female) from two SES groups. Gender and age had a significant
effect on some reading and writing subtests. Body-part
naming and mechanics of writing scores were significantly
decreased in the low SES group. Education had a significant
impact over most of the BDAE subtests. A stepwise regression
model showed that academic achievement was best able to
predict the variance in BDAE scores with a low (<15%)
to modest (>17%) but significant capability (F
MANOVA p < .01). A factor analysis disclosed
7 factors that explained 67% of the total variance. (JINS,
2000, 6, 802–814.)
Phonological naming therapy in jargon aphasia: Positive
but paradoxical effects
Authors: ROBSON JO , MARSHALL JANE , PRING TIM , CHIAT SHULA
Published: July 2002

This article is a single-case investigation of
phonological naming therapy. The individual involved had
fluent jargon speech, with neologisms, verbal paraphasias,
and paragrammatisms. The jargon was underpinned by a severe
anomia. Content words were rarely accessed either in spontaneous
speech or naming. Single word investigations highlighted
some preserved skills. Auditory comprehension, at least
for concrete words, was relatively intact and although
nonwords could not be repeated, words could, and at a level
which was far superior to naming. The patient also had
some ability to respond to phonological cues. These results
suggested that phonological representations were preserved
and that there were some intact semantic abilities. It
seemed that the naming disorder was primarily due to an
inability to access phonology from semantics. Therapy took
a phonological approach. The patient was encouraged to
reflect upon the syllabic structure and first phoneme of
pictured targets. Subsequently, she was required to use
this partial phonological knowledge as a self-cue. It was
hypothesized that this therapy might equip the subject
with a self-cuing naming strategy. Posttherapy investigations
of naming demonstrated dramatic improvements, which generalized
to untreated items. However, there was little evidence
that these were due to a self cuing strategy. Performance
on phonological judgment and discrimination assessments,
which required conscious phonological reflection, was unchanged,
and there were no signs that the patient was self-cuing
during naming. Reasons for these paradoxical results are
discussed. (JINS, 1998, 4, 675–686.)
Extending the p-plot: Heuristics for multiple testing
Authors: ABRAMSON IAN , WOLFSON TANYA , MARCOTTE THOMAS D. , GRANT IGOR , GROUP THE HNRC
Published: July 2002

In the problem of large-scale multiple testing
the p-plot is a graphically based competitor to
the notoriously weak Bonferroni method. The p-plot
is less stringent and more revealing in that it gives a
gauge of how many hypotheses are decidedly false. The method
is elucidated and extended here: the bootstrap reveals
bias and sampling error in the usual point estimates, a
bootstrap-based confidence interval for the gauge is given,
as well as two acceptably powerful blanket tests of significance.
Guidelines for use are given, and interpretational pitfalls
pointed out, in the discussion of a case study linking
premortem neuropsychological and postmortem neuropathologic
data in an HIV cohort study. (JINS, 1999, 5,
510–517)
Contingent valuation in project planning and evaluation: the case of social forestry in Orissa, India
Authors: Köhlin Gunnar
Published: July 2002

There have been few applications of the contingent valuation method (CVM) to forests in developing countries. When applied, the method is seldom utilized to improve the implementation of development projects. In this paper an application of CVM to the Orissa Social Forestry Project is reported. The results show considerable variation between villages and the analysis of the bid function shows underlying factors to project success that can be used in project planning. The policy implications are to plant new VWL where natural forests are inaccessible, where people have prior experience of VWL, and where fuel consumption relies heavily on market purchases. Such plantations are expected to give greatest benefit to families with few men and many women. An analysis of the reliability of the study concludes that many of the observed biases originate from the enumerators. The study also recommends that one should be careful with the use of a discrete design in a cultural context such as this that is prone to yea-saying, and that strategic bias can arise from an open ended question that follows up the start bid in a culture characterized by bargaining.
The concept of resilience: retrospect and prospect
Authors: BATABYAL AMITRAJEET A.
Published: July 2002

The modern study of stability in ecology can be said to have begun with the appearance of ‘Fluctuations of Animal Populations and a Measure of Community Stability’, by R.H. MacArthur in 1955. Since the publication of this influential paper, ecologists have investigated the properties of a number of different stability and stability-related concepts; the concepts of persistence, resilience, resistance, and variability readily come to mind. Of these various concepts, the concept of resilience itself appears to have been rather resilient. Indeed, as Neubert and Caswell (1997) and others have noted, today there is a vast literature on resilience. However, it is important to note that this literatur—to the best of my knowledge—has been primarily ecological in nature. In other words, the concept of resilience originated in ecology, and this concept has been applied and studied primarily in the context of ecosystems.
HIGH INFLATION, SEASONAL COMMODITIES, AND ANNUAL INDEX NUMBERS
Authors: Diewert W. Erwin
Published: July 2002

This paper studies the problems of measuring economic growth under conditions
of high inflation. Traditional bilateral index number theory implicitly assumes that
variations in the price of a
commodity within a period can be ignored. To justify this assumption under conditions of
high inflation, the accounting period must be shortened
to a quarter, a month, or possibly a week.
However, once the accounting period is less
than a year, the problem of seasonal commodities is
encountered; i.e., in some subannual periods, many seasonal commodities
will be unavailable and hence the usual bilateral index number
theory cannot be applied. The paper systematically
reviews the problems
of index number construction when there are seasonal commodities and high
inflation. Various index number formulas are justified from the viewpoint of the economic
approach to index number theory by making separability assumptions on consumers'
intertemporal preferences. We
find that accurate economic measurement under
conditions of high inflation is very complex.
Japan's Images of China in the 1990s: Are They Ready for China's ‘Smile Diplomacy’ or Bush's ‘Strong Diplomacy’?
Authors: Rozman Gilbert
Published: July 2002

Both the US and China are pressing Japan to tilt its foreign policy in their direction. Japan's response depends on views of China, which turned negative as assumptions proved incorrect. Early expectations were challenged in 1990–94, despite hopes of becoming a bridge between the US and China, and were dashed from 1995. The struggle among four schools of thought intensified. The full engagement group lost the most ground. The predominantly engagement, potential threat group was attacked as the mainstream, but it survived as the best option for global political leverage. The predominantly containment, possible engagement group gained as China allowed rising nationalism to target Japan. The full containment group also gained, boosted by Japanese nationalism anxious to rationalize the war era. More than reacting to Chinese or US actions, Japanese views are driven by instability in national identity. The US should be wary of encouraging containment of China because of its impact on rising Japanese nationalism.
A Radiation Hybrid Map of the Cat Genome: Implications for Comparative Mapping
Authors: Murphy William J. , Sun Shan , Chen Zhang-qun , Yuhki Naoya , Hirschmann Deborah , Menotti-Raymond Marilyn , O'Brien Stephen J.
Published: July 2002

Ordered gene maps of mammalian species are becoming increasingly valued in assigning gene variants to function in human and animal models, as well as recapitulating the natural history of genome organization. To extend this power to the domestic cat, a radiation hybrid (RH) map of the cat was constructed integrating 424 Type I-coding genes with 176 microsatellite markers, providing coverage over all 20 feline chromosomes. Alignment of parallel RH maps of human and cat reveal 100 conserved segments ordered (CSOs) between the species, nearly three times the number observed with reciprocal chromosome painting analyses. The observed number is equivalent to theoretical predictions of the number of conserved segments to be found between cat and human, implying that 300–400 Type I gene markers is sufficient to reveal nearly all conserved segments for species that exhibit the most frequently observed “slow” rate of genome reorganization. The cat–human RH map comparisons provide a new genomic tool for comparative gene mapping in the cat and related Felidae, and provide confirmation that the cat genome organization is remarkably conserved compared with human. These data demonstrate that ordered RH-based gene maps provide the most precise assessment of comparing genomes, short of contig construction or full-sequence determination.

[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the GenBank data library under accession nos.AZ081249–AZ081287andAW646734–AW646956.]
Sequence Diversity in Genes of Lipid Metabolism
Authors: Garcia Christine Kim , Mues Gabriele , Liao Yuanlan , Hyatt Tommy , Patil Nila , Cohen Jonathan C. , Hobbs Helen H.
Published: July 2002

Elevated plasma lipoprotein levels play a crucial role in the development of coronary artery disease. Genetic factors strongly influence the levels of plasma lipoproteins, but the genes and sequence variations contributing to the most common forms of dyslipidemias are not known. We used GeneChip probe arrays to resequence the coding regions of 10 key genes of lipid metabolism. The sequences of these genes were analyzed in 80 dyslipidemic individuals. Fourteen nonsynonymous and twenty-two synonymous single nucleotide changes were identified that could be confirmed by conventional sequencing. Seven of the fourteen nonsynonymous sequence variants were polymorphisms with allele frequency >1% in the general population. The remaining seven were not found in normolipidemic controls (25 Caucasians and 25 African-Americans). The relationship between nonsynonymous sequence variations and various dyslipidemias was explored in association and family studies. No evidence was found for coding sequence variations in any of the 10 genes contributing to dyslipidemia. Only a single sequence variation, a missense mutation in the low density lipoprotein receptor gene, co-segregated with hyperlipidemia in the proband's family. This study illustrates some of the difficulties associated with identifying sequence variations contributing to complex traits.
Temperature-Induced Extended Helix/Random Coil Transitions in a Group 1 Late Embryogenesis-Abundant Protein from Soybean
Authors: Soulages Jose L. , Kim Kangmin , Walters Christina , Cushman John C.
Published: July 2002

Group 1 late embryogenesis-abundant (LEA) proteins are a subset of hydrophilins that are postulated to play important roles in protecting plant macromolecules from damage during freezing, desiccation, or osmotic stress. To better understand the putative functional roles of group 1 LEA proteins, we analyzed the structure of a group 1 LEA protein from soybean (Glycine max). Differential scanning calorimetry of the purified, recombinant protein demonstrated that the protein assumed a largely unstructured state in solution. In the presence of trifluoroethanol (50% [w/v]), the protein acquired a 30% α-helical content, indicating that the polypeptide is highly restricted to adopt α-helical structures. In the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (1% [w/v]), 8% of the polypeptide chain adopted an α-helical structure. However, incubation with phospholipids showed no effect on the protein structure. Ultraviolet absorption and circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed that the protein existed in equilibrium between two conformational states. Ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy studies also showed that the protein became more hydrated upon heating. Furthermore, circular dichroism spectral measurements indicated that a minimum of 14% of amino acid residues existed in a solvent-exposed, left-handed extended helical or poly (l-proline)-type (PII) conformation at 20°C with the remainder of the protein being unstructured. The content of PII-like structure increased as temperature was lowered. We hypothesize that by favoring the adoption of PII structure, instead of the formation of α-helical or β-sheet structures, group 1 LEA proteins retain a high content of surface area available for interaction with the solvent. This feature could constitute the basis of a potential role of LEA proteins in preventing freezing, desiccation, or osmotic stress damage.
A Putative Mg Chelatase Subunit from Arabidopsis thaliana cv C24 (Sequence and Transcript Analysis of the Gene, Import of the Protein into Chloroplasts, and in Situ Localization of the Transcript and Protein
Authors: Gibson LCD. , Marrison J. L. , Leech R. M. , Jensen P. E. , Bassham D. C. , Gibson M. , Hunter C. N.
Published: July 2002

We have isolated and sequenced a cDNA from Arabidopsis thaliana cv C24 that encodes a putative Mg chelatase subunit. The deduced amino acid sequence shows a very high level of identity to a gene previously characterized from Antirrhinum majus (olive) and also high similarity to bchH, a bacterial gene involved in the Mg chelatase reaction of bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis. We suggest that this gene be called CHL H. Northern blot analyses were used to investigate the expression of CHL H, another putative Mg chelatase gene, ch-42, and ferrochelatase. The CHL H transcript was observed to undergo a dramatic diurnal variation, rising almost to its maximum level by the end of the dark period, then increasing slightly at the onset of the light and declining steadily to a minimum by the end of the light period; in contrast, transcripts for ch-42 and ferrochelatase remained constant. A model is proposed in which the CHL H protein plays a role in regulating the levels of chlorophyll during this cycle. In situ hybridization revealed that the transcripts are located over the surface of the chloroplasts, a feature in common with transcripts for the ch-42 gene. The CHL H protein was imported into the stromal compartment of the chloroplast and processed in an in vitro assay. Immunoblotting showed that the distribution of CHL H protein between the stroma and chloroplast membranes varies depending on the concentration of Mg2+. In situ immunofluorescence was used to establish that the CHL H and CH-42 proteins are localized within the chloroplast in vivo.
K+-Selective Inward-Rectifying Channels and Apoplastic pH in Barley Roots1
Authors: Amtmann Anna , Jelitto Till C. , Sanders Dale
Published: July 2002

Recent structure-function analysis of heterologously expressed K+-selective inward-rectifying channels (KIRCs) from plants has revealed that external protons can have opposite effects on different members of the same gene family. An important question is how the diverse response of KIRCs to apoplastic pH is reflected at the tissue level. Activation of KIRCs by acid external pH is well documented for guard cells, but no other tissue has yet been studied. In this paper we present, for the first time to our knowledge, in planta characterization of the effects of apoplastic pH on KIRCs in roots. Patch-clamp experiments on protoplasts derived from barley (Hordeum vulgare) roots showed that a decrease in external pH shifted the half-activation potential to more positive voltages and increased the limit conductance. The resulting enhancement of the KIRC current, together with the characteristic voltage dependence, strongly relates the KIRC of barley root cells to AKT1-type as opposed to AKT3-type channels. Measurements of cell wall pH in barley roots with fluorescent dye revealed a bulk apoplastic pH close to the pK values of KIRC activation and significant acidification of the apoplast after the addition of fusicoccin. These results indicate that channel-mediated K+ uptake may be linked to development, growth, and stress responses of root cells via the activity of H+-translocating systems.
Inhibition of Plant Asparagine Synthetase by Monoterpene Cineoles
Authors: Romagni Joanne G. , Duke Stephen O. , Dayan Franck E.
Published: July 2002

Asparagine (Asn) synthetase (AS) is the key enzyme in Asn biosynthesis and plays an important role in nitrogen mobilization. Despite its important physiological function, little research has been done documenting inhibitors of plant AS. Plant growth inhibition caused by the natural monoterpene 1,4-cineole and its structurally related herbicide cinmethylin was reversed 65% and 55%, respectively, by providing 100 μm Asn exogenously. Reversion of the phytotoxic effect was dependent on the concentration of Asn. The presence of either 1,4-cineole or cinmethylin stimulated root uptake of [14C]Asn by lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seedlings. Although the physiological responses suggested that both compounds affected Asn biosynthesis, biochemical analysis of AS activity showed that the natural monoterpene was a potent inhibitor (I50 = approximately 0.5 μm) of the enzyme, whereas the commercial product was not inhibitory up to levels of 10 mm. Analysis of the putative metabolite, 2-hydroxy-1,4-cineole, showed that the cis-enantiomer was much more active than the trans-enantiomer, suggesting that the hydroxyl group was involved in the specific ligand/active site interaction. This is the first report that AS is a suitable herbicide target site, and that cinmethylin is apparently a proherbicide that requires metabolic bioactivation via cleavage of the benzyl-ether side chain.
Early H2O2 Accumulation in Mesophyll Cells Leads to Induction of Glutathione during the Hyper-Sensitive Response in the Barley-Powdery Mildew Interaction
Authors: Vanacker Helene , Carver Tim L.W. , Foyer Christine H.
Published: July 2002

H2O2 production and changes in glutathione, catalase, and peroxidase were followed in whole-leaf extracts from the susceptible (AlgS [Algerian/4* (F14) Man.(S)]; ml-a1allele) and resistant (AlgR [Algerian/4* (F14) Man.(R)];Ml-a1 allele) barley (Hordeum vulgare) isolines between 12 and 24 h after inoculation with powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis [DC]. Speer [syn. Erysiphe graminis DC] f.sp hordei Marchal). Localized papilla responses and cell death hypersensitive responses were not observed within the same cell. In hypersensitive response sites, H2O2 accumulation first occurred in the mesophyll underlying the attacked epidermal cell. Subsequently, H2O2 disappeared from the mesophyll and accumulated around attacked epidermal cells. In AlgR, transient glutathione oxidation coincided with H2O2accumulation in the mesophyll. Subsequently, total foliar glutathione and catalase activities transiently increased in AlgR. These changes, absent from AlgS, preceded inoculation-dependent increases in peroxidase activity that were observed in both AlgR and AlgS at 18 h. An early intercellular signal precedes H2O2, and this elicits anti-oxidant responses in leaves prior to events leading to death of attacked cells.
Age discrimination and public policy
Authors: Taylor Philip , Walker Alan
Published: July 2002

Reviews government and employer policies towards older workers and shows that there has been a massive decline in economic activity among older workers over the last two decades. The major cause is identified as economic recession which has encouraged employers, with the support of government, to target older workers for redundancy. In addition, older workers have been over‐represented in declining industries. Once out in the labour market older workers face considerable age discrimination. Recently, population ageing has encouraged all political parties to revise their policies on age and employment. Each now recognizes the value of older workers, although there is fundamental disagreement about the best means of encouraging employers to change their practices. The then Conservative government favoured a voluntary approach while the Labour Party and the Liberal Democrats have been more favourably disposed towards comprehensive legislation outlawing age discrimination. Argues that a combination of both approaches is desirable and, moreover, that it will also be necessary to revise policies on training, pensions and social security.
A comparison of a competitive and non‐competitive outdoor management development programme
Authors: Ibbetson Adrian , Newell Sue
Published: July 2002

This paper compares the immediate impact of an outdoor management development programme run in two different formats. The original OMD programme which was evaluated had a competitive format with individuals participating in teams on a variety of outdoor challenges in order to develop personal team‐working skills. On each activity the teams were awarded points depending on how successful they were judged to have been, so that one team “won” and one team “lost”. Evaluation of this programme indicated that those in losing teams felt they had learned less from the experience compared to those in winning teams. In consequence, the format of the programme was changed so that the competition between the teams was abolished. Evaluation results indicated a much more positive impact for all participants. These results are discussed in terms of how the different programme formats encouraged different types of review processes.
Using vision to improve organisational communication
Authors: Kelly Dawn
Published: July 2002

Research on communication in organisations has enabled us to develop a body of knowledge about recognising and overcoming barriers to effective communication. In contrast to the tenet in the communication literature that communication barriers require minimisation, the leadership literature provides a basis for a re‐conceptualisation of the “problems” into opportunities. This article offers a theoretical synthesis of the communication and leadership literatures to extend our knowledge of improving communication in organisations.
Sturdy tool changer
Authors: Brillowski K.
Published: July 2002

Describes the development of sturdy tool changes for robots employed in harsh environments such as water and mud, for example in the offshore industry. Various companies offer standard mechanical interfaces between tool and robot but are only intended for use in a clean industrial environment. Proves that it is possible to design a small tool changing mechanism for robots by using a pneumatic drive and a pin‐type locking system and that mechanical coupling of a tool changer is feasible under water, even with dirt and mud. Subsequently a tool changing mechanism for manipulators has been developed which is usable both inside the workspace of production machines and in offshore production.
Management structures of facilities management in the National Health Service in England: a review of trends 1995‐1997
Authors: Rees David
Published: July 2002

Points out that the development of health care has always been partially dependent on facilities and supporting services. Investigates the current level of integrated facilities management in NHS Trusts in England. Compares the findings of a 1997 survey with a smaller survey conducted in 1995 to show the growth which has occurred in two years. Reviews the extent to which directors of facilities management are in a position to influence their trust’s strategic development, business planning and policy decision making. It also investigates the seniority of directors of facilities management within their trusts and identifies the type of trust least likely to have integrated the various elements of FM support.
Human resource development in small organizations
Authors: Hill Rosemary , Stewart Jim
Published: July 2002

The paper draws on case‐study research into human resource development (HRD) within three small organizations in the north‐west of England. It positions the investigations within an overall framework of doctoral research, defines how the term small to medium‐sized enterprise (SME) has been used, and summarizes the research design. The main content of the paper discusses the characteristics and values of SMEs in general and explores how these might influence the HRD policies and practices developed by them. A comparison of an HRD model typically found in small organizations with one typically engendered through the adoption of the Investors in People standard is presented. Findings and conclusions about HRD in the three case‐study organizations are reported to include a description and comparison of the three cases’ own HRD models. The paper concludes with some suggestions for further research.
Management development: contemporary trends, issues and strategies
Authors: Garavan Thomas N. , Barnicle Bridie , O’Suilleabhain Fiachra
Published: July 2002

Recent changes have demanded a more strategic perspective from those who lead and manage organisations, placing increased pressure on employees to be more productive, innovative and change orientated. This has precipitated a search for a more integrated model of human resource development. This article discusses some of the debate that currently prevails within the field of management development. In doing so, it gives consideration to a range of definitional issues, current debates and a number of alternative but complementary management development strategies. The article concludes with a brief discussion of the issues involved in evaluating the effectiveness of management development, focusing in particular on the problems of measurement of outcomes.
Self‐construction of desirable social systems
Authors: Espejo Raul
Published: July 2002

Social systems are produced by people’s interactions. They are by and large the outcome of self‐organising processes, which often produce undesirable properties like corruption, violence and other forms of social malaise. Yet, we want transparent, fair and effective social systems. Explores some of the issues involved in the production of desirable social systems. It is argued that this production requires more than self‐organisation, it requires also the participants’ awareness of the processes grounding their purposes and values in social reality and the use of this awareness to steer their recurrent interactions towards the production of a desirable social system. This is called a process of self‐construction. Understanding this process requires clarifying the role of organisation in the transformation of collectives into social systems. In the end, more than clarification, this paper offers a research agenda.
Objective hand measurement of materials used for disposable diapers
Authors: Yokura Hiroko , Niwa Masako
Published: July 2002

The objective hand measurement of the materials used for disposable diapers has been looked into, with consideration given to aspects of both dermatitis and comfort. The subjective hand of the commercially produced diapers both at the leg gatherings and at the center was assessed by mothers and female students. The mechanical and surface parameters of the diapers were measured with the KES‐FB system. The equations that connect the material properties to the subjective hand were obtained by using the stepwise block‐regression analysis method. It became clear that the hand of diapers could be predicted from the physical parameters, for which the calculated error was within the range of the standard deviation of the subjective hand value of each diaper. In a dry condition, it is expected that the hand of diapers could be satisfactorily evaluated by using only the surface and compression parameters.
The marketing of gambling on the Internet
Authors: Brindley Clare
Published: July 2002

It is estimated that gambling on the Internet will be worth as much as $3bn by 2001. Gambling via interactive technology is already underpinned by two recent changes in consumer behaviour. First, increasing familiarisation with interactive technology and second, by changes in the way the gambling market operates. These already changing behaviour patterns, signal the success drivers on which gambling on the internet can build. The implications of this new leisure consumption pattern are discussed and the paper concludes that the synergy between marketing gambling and technology will transform the production and consumption of gambling.
Rationality revisited
Authors: Bolan Richard S.
Published: July 2002

This paper is concerned with enlarging the traditional view of rationality that has dominated management and planning in modern times. The inquiry begins by re‐examining Weber’s discussion of rationality as interpreted by contemporary analysts. Weber saw rationality as multi‐faceted and included notions of a social rationality involving more than simple instrumental or “practical” rationality. Habermas’ ideas concerning communicative action are then introduced as the basis for parsing out Weber’s differing conceptions of rationality based on the dual underlying motivations of pursuing social agreement along with technical or instrumental goals. In dialectical fashion, the paper introduces the concept of adaptive rationality involving a synthetic form of reason that mediates between substantive, or social, rationality and instrumental, or technical, rationality. This adaptive form of reason is seen as the heart of management and planning and requires a combined technical, political and moral imagination in the service of creating new forms of social practice and marshaling both the collective will and resources for their fulfillment. Thus, the paper argues for a wider conception of rationality that explicitly acknowledges social norms and the distribution of power and concludes with the hope of a renewed focus of research for a richer understanding of rational action.
An Exact Solution for Steady Motion of an Extensible Belt in Multipulley Belt Drive Systems
Authors: Rubin M. B.
Published: July 2002

The creep theory of multipulley belt drive systems is reexamined and the belt is modeled as an elastic extensible string. An exact solution of the nonlinear steady state equations of a string is obtained which includes, elastic extension, Coulomb friction, radial and tangential accelerations, and the power loss due to friction between the belt and the pulleys. Most importantly, the present solution uses the correct compatibility condition that ensures that the same belt is considered for all applied moments and speeds. An example of a two pulley system is considered which shows that existing approximations of the compatibility condition cause previous solutions for full slip to: underpredict the maximum transmitted moment; over predict the efficiency η; and underpredict both the low and high values of the tension. [S1050-0472(00)01503-8]