bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mysteries
Authors: Przybyszewski Stanisław
Published: October 2015

Translated, annotated and with an introduction by Michał Kruszelnicki
Ansatte perspektiver på utvikling av tverrfaglighet i ny sykehusavdeling
Authors: Brataas Hildfrid V. , Haugan Nancy
Published: October 2015

Artikkelen omhandler en følgestudie om ansattes perspektiver på teamorganisert og brukerinvolvert tverrfaglig samarbeid i en ny rehabiliteringsavdeling i et norsk sykehus. Studiens formål var å bringe frem mer kunnskap om forhold av betydning ved utvikling av tverrfaglige arbeidsformer i sammensatte helsetjenester.

Metode: Undersøkelsen var kvalitativt beskrivende og fortolkende med bruk av fokusgruppeintervjuer tre og fem år etter oppstart av rehabiliteringsavdelingen.

Resultater: Over en femårsperiode var praksis erfart å endre karakter, fra flerfaglig samarbeid til funksjonelt tverrfaglig samarbeid. Profesjonsoverbyggende teori om rehabiliterings-virksomheten og ledelsens kvalitetsorientering var erfart som hjelp for teamenes utvikling av funksjonell tverrfaglighet.

Konklusjon: Langsiktighet, kvalitetsorientert ledelse og teamorganisert rehabiliteringsarbeid basert på profesjonsoverbyggende teoriramme synes å underbygge utvikling av funksjonell tverrfaglighetsforståelse og praksis. Denne kunnskapen er relevant ved omlegging til teamorganisert rehabiliteringsvirksomhet i eksisterende og nye virksomheter. Det er behov for mer forskning om betydning av personfaktorer og motivasjon, ledelse og overbyggende teorirammeverk for samarbeidsutvikling og kvalitet i praksis.
Video narrativer i sygeplejerskeuddannelsen
Authors: Jensen Inger
Published: October 2015

I artiklen gives nogle bud på hvordan video narrativer kan bruges i sygeplejerskeuddannelsen som triggers, der åbner for diskussioner og udvikling af meningsfulde holdninger til medmennesker. Det belyses også hvordan undervisere i deres didaktiske overvejelser kan inddrage elementer fra teori om reception, begrebet voice, retorik og sokratisk dialog, når de vurderer videoer og forbereder undervisningen. Som undersøgelsesmetode er der anvendt single case studie.
Treningsmotivasjon og fysisk aktivitet blant unge:
Authors: Arntsen Camilla , Kobbeltvedt Therese
Published: October 2015

Motivation for physical activity and amount of physical activity amongst adolescents: What differences exist between active and inactive groups of Norwegian adolescents with reference to demography, Body Mass Index (BMI), subjectively perceived health, motivation for physical exercise, and initiative?

Abstract

This study is based on the Norwegian data from the HEVAS (Helsevaner blant barn og unge) WHO-survey. We investigated: What differences exist between active and inactive groups of individuals with reference to demography, Body Mass Index (BMI), subjectively perceived health, motivation for physical exercise, and initiative? Compared to inactive individuals, physically active individuals reported higher socioeconomic status, lower BMI, better subjectively perceived health. The active individuals report more health motivation than the inactive individuals. Of all the factors included in this study, initiative was the one differentiating the groups. Active individuals report more initiative than inactive individuals.
Språklige og verdimessige utfordringer ved innføring av klassifikasjonssystemet NANDA
Authors: Øien Lisa , Lillevik Ole Greger
Published: October 2015

Artikkelen setter fokus på sykepleielederes opplevelse av språk og innhold i kodeverket NANDA (North American Nursing Diagnoses Association), et klassifikasjonssystem for sykepleiediagnoser. Funnene som presenteres er framkommet gjennom semistrukturerte intervju med tre sykepleieledere fra tre ulike avdelinger innen samme helseforetak. Det er brukt fenomenologisk hermeneutisk metode i analysen. Studien viser at språket oppleves som fremmed og stigmatiserende, og at det derfor finnes motstand mot å ta klassifiseringsverktøyet i bruk. Det foreligger en verdikonflikt mellom sykepleierens humanistiske grunnsyn og den grunnlagstenkningen sykepleieren opplever i møte med NANDA. Funnene blir viktige med tanke på utvikling og videreutvikling av klassifikasjonssystemer for bruk av sykepleiere i Norge. Videre arbeid med standardisering av sykepleiedokumentasjon må ta hensyn til at klassifikasjonssystemer ikke er verdinøytrale.
Psykisk helsearbeideres erfaringer med å jobbe i små kommuner i Nordland
Authors: Masvie Toril Beate , Ytrehus Siri
Published: October 2015

Abstract

 “Mental health workers’ experiences of working  in small municipalities in Northern Norway
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: NO-BOK; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">This study addresses the experience of mental health workers working in small municipalities in northern Norway. The study is based on qualitative interviews and had special focus on how the context influenced their professional role and role as citizens. The informants emphasized both positive and negative aspects of their work, but the negative aspects were most prominent in the interviews. On the one hand they experienced high degree of independency and possibility of close relationships to the patients due to transparency, but on the other hand also professional loneliness.  The relationship to the patients was multifaceted. The boundary between their professional role and the role as a citizen was difficult to maintain. The professional role could affect their private life and the role and relations they had in the community as a citizen. Some felt they had to withdraw from social networks and arenas which had been important to them. 
En sykepleiers erfaringer i møte med pårørende – og seg selv
Authors: Solvoll Betty-Ann , Ursin Gøril , Brinchmann Berit Støre , Lindseth Anders
Published: October 2015

Abstract

A nurse’s experience of encountering the next of kin - and herself.

The purpose of this scientific essay is to show how emotions embedded in events and experiences may be significant to nursing practice. Through dialogs and reflections it is possible to relate actively to our own emotions and thus reveal important knowledge about oneself and others. The story in this essay is told by the nursing staff in a reflection group from a rehabilitation department. The reflections were on the staff’s experiences of ethical challenges in their everyday practice. Based on the conversation, we have written a story.

The story is examined through a critical investigating method, using a dialogical and hermeneutical method. The analysis in this essay shows how challenging events may give a greater understanding of the persons acting in practice by systematically reflect on experiences. The essay further demonstrates how systematic investigation on narratives contributes significantly to practical knowledge. Personal experiences may be transformed into public knowledge.
Det som sitter i veggene
Authors: Sørbø Jan Inge , Gjengedal Eva , Lykkesle Else , Sæther Wigdis Helen
Published: October 2015

Sammendrag

Rommet ser ut til spille en viktig rolle når man informerer om helse. Et forskningsprosjekt i samarbeid mellom Høgskolene Sør-Trøndelag, Molde og Volda har invitert en gruppe pårørende til mennesker med demens til teaterforestillinger som berører demens-sykdom og pårørendes situasjon. Informantene gir uttrykk for at opplevelsene av disse forestillingene oppleves sterkere og annerledes enn informasjon i et nøytralt rom på sykehuset, og gir en sterkere opplevelse av gjenkjennelse, berøring  og bygningene kan ha på for formidling, og hva opplevelsen av mening, gjennom kunsten, han ha å si for pårørende i en krevende situasjon. Hva slags kunnskap og mening er materialisert i et sykehus, og hva ligger i en teaterbygning?
Social ulighed i sundhed i et udsat boligområde: En undersøgelse af sammenhængen mellem selvvurderet helbred, etnicitet og social position
Authors: Kronborg Bak Carsten , Tanggaard Andersen Pernille
Published: October 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between self-rated health, ethnicity and social position in a deprived neighbourhood in Denmark where many residents have a non-western background. In the article we investigate associations between self-rated health as dependent variable and ethnicity and social position (defined by an “index for resources of living conditions”) as independent variables. The study is based on survey data collected in a geographically bounded and socially deprived neighbourhood. The analyses were conducted by logistic regression models.The results shows a strong connection between the residents “social position” and their self-rated health. In this investigation we were not able to identify any connection between ethnicity and self-rated health which indicates that ethnicity does not constitute an explanation per se for differences in self-rated health.
Subjektiv skriving med utgangspunkt i psykisk helsearbeid
Authors: Fagerland Tone
Published: October 2015

When writing a scientific essay, it is necessary for the author herself to be visible. In the case of writing in and about mental health work, this means that the intuitive perspective of the writer/practitioner be attended to.  The aim of this process is the development of theory that is grounded in reflection upon lived experience and the narratives of practice. In this sense, it is perhaps necessary to take up a perspective informed by the human sciences since this perspective is one that can fully make space for the ethical, aesthetic and empirical considerations.
«Ambulant akutteam - Et sikkerhetsbelte for mennesker i psykisk krise?»
Authors: Knudsen Gullslett Monika , Karlsson Bengt , Forinder Ulla , Borg Marit
Published: October 2015

The objective of this study is to contribute with in-depth knowledge based on persons’ subjective experiences within mental health crisis and support and help from a Crisis Resolution/Home Treatment (CR/HT) team. The study has a qualitative, exploratory design and qualitative interviews were conducted with seven persons. They have experiences with both inpatient treatment in hospitals and support from a CR/HT teams. The informants revealed a variety of experiences as service users in the different helping contexts. The experiences of the CR/HT team’s accessibility, availability and flexibility, was highlighted as important.  The Service users felt they were taken more seriously and met as a fellow human being in the home setting as opposed to hospital ward. The informants also emphasized how the CR/HT team helped them to feel more safe and secure. This study offers some in-depth insights of being on the receiving end of mental health services. It is important to include experience based user knowledge in the evidence base of practice development.
Samarbeid mellom frivillig sektor og kommunale tjenester på pleie- og omsorgsfeltet. En kvalitativ studie
Authors: Solbjør Marit , Ljunggren Birgitte , Kleiven Hanne Hestvik
Published: October 2015

Cooperation between third sector and municipal health care services – a qualitative study

Municipal health care services are facing challenges due to an increasing number of individuals in need of care, combined with demographic change. More unpaid voluntary work within health care services has been put forward as a solution. Cooperation between volunteers and municipal health authorities can be challenging. This qualitative interview study with seven volunteers and six health care service managers explore experiences with cooperation between third sector and health care services in seven Norwegian regional municipalities. Facilitators for cooperation were predictable economy, municipal coordination, recruitment of volunteers and personal engagement among cooperating parties. Lack of these factors hampered cooperation. Professional expectations towards volunteers were another challenge. In small communities local networks may contribute to recruitment of volunteers and simplify communication between parties. Cooperation towards a common goal may reinforce local identity. This article shows how such cooperation develops in-between formal and informal structures. 
Nærlys på tvang og makt overfor personer med utviklingshemming
Authors: Rommetveit Margunn , Tollefsen Anita
Published: October 2015

Focusing at the use of coercion and force against people with intellectual disability

The use of coercion and force against people with intellectual disability has been regulated by law in Norway since 1999. Each episode of coercion is challenging the human rights and has the potential to be an act of violation. The requirements for proceedings, ethical considerations and the requirements for professional competences, is special in Norway comparing to the other Scandinavian Countries. The article examines the notifications of coercion and the claim form from the staff working in communities with people with intellectual disability. The notifications of coercion have different approach. The attitude and the way of behavior are strongly related to the approach. The language in the notifications is strongly different. We talk about a subject-subject-relation and a subject-object-relation. It seems like there can be less use of coercion and force, if the staff involved, has the knowledge of how important the relation affect on the good interaction. The staffs own role, in preventing the need of using coercion and force, can be better recognized and improved.
Nyutdannede jordmødres vurdering av utdanning, klinisk kompetanse og arbeidsforhold
Authors: Hagtvedt Mari Landsverk , Eri Tine Schauer
Published: October 2015

Newly qualified midwives’ self-assessment of education, clinical competence and working conditions

In Norway, post-graduate nursing programmes are being transformed into master programmes. This occurs without previous evaluation of the study programmes. The level of competence and the requirements of newly qualified are being discussed, and a mentoring programme has been suggested to ensure follow-up and development of clinical competence. In central parts of the country, newly qualified midwives have difficulties getting a permanent full time position, which affects their possibilities to develop clinical competence. An evaluation study of the midwifery program at Vestfold University College has been performed to assess its relevance for professional work, as well as mapping the respondents’ working conditions and their self-assessment of clinical competence. The method used was a survey. The respondents rate the program as good. They lack competence to manage complicated conditions related to the perinatal period, and are inadequate when it comes to issues related to women’s sexual heath. These midwives work part-time, and it may take years to get a permanent position. They rate the follow-up as newly qualified as satisfying, yet they do not feel sufficiently confident during clinical practice. Comprehensive national midwifery competence will require more full time positions and better follow-up of newly qualified. To lay the basis for the content in master programmes, there is a need for a national evaluation of the midwifery programmes and a review of the professional competence of newly qualified.
Kreftkoordinatorers rolle i samhandlingsarbeidet i kreftomsorgen i norske kommuner
Authors: Syse Astri , Moshina Nataliia
Published: October 2015

The role of cancer coordinators in cancer care collaboration in Norwegian municipalities
Uncoordinated services represent a pronounced challenge in Norwegian health care. To enhance local cancer care, a trial project implementing cancer coordinator positions in several Norwegian municipalities was launched in 2012. We aim to assess the role cancer coordinators play in the local coordination of cancer care. In 2014, 52% of cancer coordinators in Norwegian municipalities answered a quantitative web survey concerning their role. Cancer coordinators work directly with patients and their families, but are also a resource for other service providers. Collaboration with involved parties is generally adequate, although interactions with general practitioners, NAV, schools and kindergartens could be improved. Cancer prevalence will increase due to population aging, and thus pressure municipal health services. Cancer coordinators report that they contribute positively in local cancer care. Future research should include perspectives also from patients, next-of-kin and collaborating partners, and potential differences in municipalities with and without cancer coordinators should be explored.
Å være pårørende når alternativ behandling tas i bruk i “kampen mot kreft”
Authors: Rabben Jannicke , Johannessen Berit
Published: October 2015

Being relatives when alternative therapies are used in the "fight against cancer"
CAM (Complementary and Alternative Medicine) is prevalent among cancer patients. Relatives are central to support and care for the patient but experience challenges and stresses in this role. The purpose of this study was to gain knowledge of how it is experienced to be relative of people with terminal cancer who seeks CAM. Five qualitative semi-structured in-depth interviews of relatives and nine biographies written by relatives were analyzed using systematic text condensation. Results showed that relatives experienced to fight for hope in a given battle, not knowing who you can trust, well-meant pressure from others, putting the sick in the center, a double balance between quality of life and life extension, and mixed feelings in retrospect. The language was characterized by war metaphors. In order to provide better support to relatives it is important that health workers have insight into the paradoxical and ambivalent experience of hope for healing and simultaneously fear of death.
Kva skjer i praksisstudiet i somatiske sengeavdelingar?
Authors: Kvangarsnes Marit , Hagen Berit , Fylling Grete
Published: October 2015

Hensikta er å tilføre kunnskap om sjukepleiarstudentar si læring i praksisstudiet i somatiske sengeavdelingar. Forskingsspørsmåla er: Korleis lærer studentane ulike sjukepleiarfunksjonar?, Korleis samhandlar student og praksisrettleiar om læring? Observasjonar av sjukepleiarstudentar og intervju med studentar og praksisrettleiar er nytta for å samle det empiriske materialet. Studien viste at hjelperolla, den diagnostiske og overvakande funksjonen og den administrerande funksjonen til medisinsk behandling er tydelegast i materialet. Hjelperolla og samhandlinga med pasientane blir av studentane framheva som særleg verdfulle og synest å ha stor betyding for utviklinga av sjukepleiaridentitet. Rettleiing bidrar til at studentane tileignar seg avdelinga sitt repertoar.
Studentenes kritiske vurdering av egen fysioterapipraksis – en relevant metode for bacheloroppgaven
Authors: Fougner Marit , Stokkenes Grethe
Published: October 2015

Artikkelen belyser og argumenterer for å bruke caserapporter som et alternativ til de forskningsmetoder som tradisjonelt har vært benyttet i bacheloroppgaven i fysioterapi i tredje studieår. Caserapportens relevans beskrives i lys av kunnskap om klinisk resonnering. Metoden gir fysioterapistudenter mulighet til å videreutvikle ferdigheter og forståelse i utøvelse av pasient-/klientrettet arbeid som er forankret i egen praksis. Artikkelen løfter fram problemstillinger knyttet til studenters vurderinger av ulike valg og prioriteringer i utøvelsen av kunnskapsbasert praksis. Med utgangspunkt i en caserapport illustreres noen utfordringer med å forene forskningsbasert kunnskap, erfaringskunnskap og pasientkunnskap på en konstruktiv måte. Artikkelen beskriver også et eksempel på en caserapport som er et samarbeidsprosjekt mellom to studenter. Den ene har behandlet en pasient med kroniske smerter, mens den andre har fungert som en ”kritisk venn” som har diskutert og stilt flere kritiske spørsmål som gir grunnlag for refleksjon over praksis og utvikling av økt kunnskap om klinisk resonnering.
Contribution of brown carbon and lensing to the direct radiative effect of carbonaceous aerosols from biomass and biofuel burning emissions
Authors: Saleh Rawad , Marks Marguerite , Heo Jinhyok , Adams Peter J. , Donahue Neil M. , Robinson Allen L.
Published: October 2015

We present global direct radiative effect (DRE) calculations of carbonaceous aerosols emitted from biomass/biofuel burning addressing the interplay between two poorly constrained contributions to DRE: mixing state of black carbon (lensing) and light absorption by organic aerosol (OA) due to the presence of brown carbon (BrC). We use the parameterization of Saleh et al. (2014) which captures the variability in biomass/biofuel OA absorption. The global mean effect of OA absorption is +0.22 W/m2 and +0.12 W/m2 for externally and internally mixed cases, while the effect of lensing is +0.39 W/m2 and +0.29 W/m2 for nonabsorbing and absorbing OA cases, signifying the nonlinear interplay between OA absorption and lensing. These two effects can be overestimated if not treated simultaneously in radiative transfer calculations. The combined effect of OA absorption and lensing increases the global mean DRE of biomass/biofuel aerosols from −0.46 W/m2 to +0.05 W/m2 and appears to reduce the gap between existing model‐based and observationally constrained DRE estimates. We observed a strong sensitivity to these parameters in key regions, where DRE shifts from strongly negative (< −1 W/m2) to strongly positive (> +1 W/m2) when accounting for lensing and OA absorption.
Diploic vessels and computed tomography: Segmentation and comparison in modern humans and fossil hominids
Authors: Rangel de Lázaro Gizéh , de la Cuétara José Manuel , Píšová Hana , Lorenzo Carlos , Bruner Emiliano
Published: October 2015

Objectives

The diploic channels appear to be more developed in humans than in nonhuman primates, suggesting they may be relevant in evolutionary biology. This study is aimed at providing a segmentation procedure for diploic channels and CT analysis, a quantitative description of their variation in modern humans, and paleoanthropological case‐studies.

Materials and Methods

CT data were used for the 2D and 3D visualization, rendering, and measure, of diploic channels in modern and fossil hominids. We analyzed 20 modern human skulls and three Neanderthals. The effect of different resolution factors was evaluated. A specific protocol was designed to segment the vascular network and localize the main branches, reducing the noise of the cancellous bone.

Results

We provide a quantitative description of the frontal, parietal, and occipital diploic networks in modern humans and in three Neanderthals. There is a correlation in the degree of vascularization among the different vault areas. No side differences can be detected. The diploic network is commonly connected with the meningeal artery at the temporal fossa, with the emissary veins at the occipital bone, and with the venous sinuses at the parieto‐occipital areas. The channels are more developed in the parietal areas. The three Neanderthals show a vascular development, which is in the lower range of the modern human variation.

Conclusions

Modern humans display a large variation in their morphological patterns, being the parietal area the most vascularized. The pattern of the diploic channels may be relevant in anthropology, medicine, and paleontology, taking into account their possible involvement in thermoregulation. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:313–324, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The motivation for special interests in individuals with autism and controls: Development and validation of the special interest motivation scale
Authors: Grove Rachel , Roth Ilona , Hoekstra Rosa A.
Published: October 2015

Clinical observations and first person accounts of living with autism suggest that individuals with autism are highly motivated to engage in special interests, and that these interests remain important throughout life. Previous research assessing special interests has mainly focused on parental reports of children with autism spectrum conditions (ASC). To better understand the significance of and motivations for engaging in special interests it is essential to use self‐report ratings. This paper aims to systematically explore the motivations for engagement in special interests, and whether these differ in adults with ASC, first‐degree relatives and general population controls. The Special Interest Motivation Scale (SIMS) was developed to assess motivation to engage in special interests. The internal structure of this scale was evaluated using factor analysis, and mean scores on the SIMS factors were subsequently compared across individuals with autism, parents and general population controls. Factor analysis indicated a 20‐item SIMS containing five factors assessing Personal life values and goals; Intrinsic interest and knowledge; Prestige; Engagement and “flow” and Achievement. Individuals with autism were more motivated by Intrinsic interest and knowledge and by Engagement and flow than controls. The 20‐item SIMS is a quick to administer measure that provides a reliable description of motivation to engage in special interests. This study indicates that individuals with ASC are highly motivated to engage in their special interest, and are more motivated than controls by intrinsic motivational factors, some of which are associated with positive affect. This has implications for research and clinical practice. Autism Res 2016, 9: 677–688. © 2015 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Build a strong community of adult learners to benefit the whole campus
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: October 2015

CHICAGO — The University of California, Santa Cruz is facing a tough few years going forward. With state tuitions frozen for the next few years and yearly costs increasing 6 percent, searching for out‐of‐the‐box strategies to increase enrollment‐based state funding and tuition revenue has been a forefront project for the campus. In a session at the annual convention for the Society for College and University Planning, Tyrus Miller, vice provost for UCSC; Peggy Delaney, vice chancellor of planning and budget for UCSC; and Alison Galloway, Ph.D., campus provost and executive vice chancellor for UCSC, laid out their plan for increasing master's and doctoral student enrollment from 10 to 15 percent of campus enrollment by 2020.
LEAD: Shape a culture supportive of work and life satisfaction
Authors: Bryan Laura Koppes , Wilson Cheryl A.
Published: October 2015

During 2013, the American Council on Education announced an ongoing national challenge to presidents of higher education institutions to join a campaign advocating faculty career flexibility. University and college leaders signed a statement that includes this phrase: “We believe that supporting flexibility must become a core leadership competency to enable our faculty to meet the increasing demands of twenty‐first century workplaces and to meet their personal and family responsibilities.” Several research studies have revealed that the stress and conflict from managing work and life responsibilities negatively influences individuals, families and workplaces. Consequently, many organizations, including universities and colleges, have implemented strategies, benefits, programs and policies to promote work‐life effectiveness and satisfaction among employees, resulting in a work‐life‐friendly culture, a culture in which academic leaders recognize that professional and personal lives are not mutually exclusive, and acknowledge that faculty and staff want to be appreciated for being professionals and understood as human beings with life obligations.
Collaborate to meet institution's, students' needs
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: October 2015

Lisandra De Jesus had the opportunity to go to college because others saw her potential. She attended high school in the South Bronx after her family moved to the mainland from Puerto Rico, and was admitted to the State University of New York at New Paltz after being recruited through a program that sought inner‐city students. She started college in a summer bridge program and went on to earn her doctorate.
Individual variation in fathers’ testosterone reactivity to infant distress predicts parenting behaviors with their 1‐year‐old infants
Authors: Kuo Patty X. , Saini Ekjyot K. , Thomason Elizabeth , Schultheiss Oliver C. , Gonzalez Richard , Volling Brenda L.
Published: October 2015

Positive father involvement is associated with positive child outcomes. There is great variation in fathers’ involvement and fathering behaviors, and men's testosterone (T) has been proposed as a potential biological contributor to paternal involvement. Previous studies investigating testosterone changes in response to father–infant interactions or exposure to infant cues were unclear as to whether individual variation in T is predictive of fathering behavior. We show that individual variation in fathers’ T reactivity to their infants during a challenging laboratory paradigm (Strange Situation) uniquely predicted fathers’ positive parenting behaviors during a subsequent father–infant interaction, in addition to other psychosocial determinants of paternal involvement, such as dispositional empathy and marital quality. The findings have implications for understanding fathering behaviors and how fathers can contribute to their children's socioemotional development. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 58: 303–314, 2016.
Bouts of steps: The organization of infant exploration
Authors: Cole Whitney G. , Robinson Scott R. , Adolph Karen E.
Published: October 2015

Adults primarily walk to reach a new location, but why do infants walk? Do infants, like adults, walk to travel to a distant goal? We observed 30 13‐month‐old and 30 19‐month‐old infants during natural walking in a laboratory playroom. We characterized the bout structure of walking—when infants start and stop walking—to examine why infants start and stop walking. Locomotor activity was composed largely of brief spurts of walking. Half of 13‐month‐olds' bouts and 41% of 19‐month‐olds' bouts consisted of three or fewer steps—too few to carry infants to a distant goal. Most bouts ended in the middle of the floor, not at a recognizable goal. Survival analyses of the distribution of steps per bout indicated that the probability of continuing to walk was independent of the length of the ongoing bout; infants were just as likely to stop walking after five steps as after 50 steps and they showed no bias toward bouts long enough to carry them across the room to a goal. However, 13‐month‐olds showed an increased probability of stopping after 1–3 steps, and they did not initiate walking more frequently to compensate for their surfeit of short bouts. We propose that infants' natural walking is not intentionally directed at distant goals; rather, it is a stochastic process that serves exploratory functions. Relations between the bout structure of walking and other measures of walking suggest that locomotor exploration is constrained by walking skill in younger infants, but not in older infants. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 58: 341–354, 2016.
Fibroblast‐derived tenascin‐C promotes Schwann cell migration through β1‐integrin dependent pathway during peripheral nerve regeneration
Authors: Zhang Zhanhu , Yu Bin , Gu Yun , Zhou Songlin , Qian Tianmei , Wang Yongjun , Ding Guohui , Ding Fei , Gu Xiaosong
Published: October 2015

Peripheral nerve regeneration requires precise coordination and dynamic interaction among various types of cells in the tissue. It remains unclear, however, whether the cellular crosstalk between fibroblasts and Schwann cells (SCs) is related to phenotype modulation of SCs, a critical cellular process after peripheral nerve injury. In this study, microarray analysis revealed that a total of 6,046 genes were differentially expressed in the proximal nerve segment after sciatic nerve transection in rats, and bioinformatics analysis further identified tenascin‐C (TNC), an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein, as a key gene regulator. TNC was abundantly produced by nerve fibroblasts accumulating at the lesion site, rather than by SCs as usually expected. TNC significantly promoted SC migration without effects on SC proliferation in primary culture. In co‐culture of fibroblasts and SCs, inhibition of TNC expression either by siRNA transfection or antibody blockade could suppress SC migration, while TNC‐stimulated SC migration was mediated by TNC binding to β1‐integrin receptor in SCs through activation of Rac1 effectors. The in vivo evidence showed that exogenous TNC protein enhanced SC migration and axonal regrowth. Our results highlight that TNC‐mediated cellular interaction between fibroblasts and SCs may regulate SC migration through β1‐integrin‐dependent pathway during peripheral nerve regeneration. GLIA 2016;64:374–385
Dissipativity analysis of memristive neural networks with time‐varying delays and randomly occurring uncertainties
Authors: Li Ruoxia , Cao Jinde
Published: October 2015

Dissipativity theory is a very important concept in the field of control system. In this paper, we pay attention to the problem of dissipativity analysis of memristive neural networks with time‐varying delay and randomly occurring uncertainties(ROUs). Under the framework of Filippov solution, differential inclusion theory, by employing a proper Lyapunov functional, and some inequality techniques, the dissipativity criteria are obtained in terms of LMIs. It should be noteworthy that the uncertainty terms as well as the ROUs are separately taken into consideration, in which the uncertainties are norm‐bounded and the ROUs obey certain mutually uncorrelated Bernoulli‐distributed white noise sequences. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method will be verified via numerical example. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of microwave heating on the kinetics of isothermal dehydration of equilibrium swollen poly(acrylic‐co‐methacrylic acid) hydrogel
Authors: Jovanović Jelena , Potkonjak Biljana , Adnadjević Tanja , Adnadjević Borivoj
Published: October 2015

The isothermal dehydration of poly(acrylic‐co‐methacrylic acid) (PAM) hydrogel under microwave heating (MWH) was investigated. The isothermal kinetics curves of the PAM hydrogel dehydration at temperature range from 293 K to 333 K were recorded. Based on the differential isoconversion method it was concluded that the microwave dehydration of poly(acrylic‐co‐methacrylic acid) hydrogel is an elementary kinetics process. Applying the model‐fitting method it was established that the kinetics of microwave isothermal hydrogel dehydration can be described by the kinetics model of the phase‐boundary controlled process (contracting area). The values of the kinetics parameters (activation energy (Ea) and preexponential factor (lnA)) of the dehydration process under microwave heating are lower than the values for conventional heating (CH). The established influence of MWH on the kinetics of hydrogel dehydration is explained with a specific activation mechanism of water molecules for dehydration and with the increase in the value of the energy of the ground level of the resonant oscillator of water molecule (v = 837 cm−1) due to the absorption of microwave energy. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 56:87–96, 2016. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Placental Mesenchymal Dysplasia
Authors: Ernst Linda M.
Published: October 2015

This is an updated review of the recently described entity, placental mesenchymal dysplasia, which has been shown to have recognizable antenatal characteristics, distinctive gross and microscopic pathologic findings, associated fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality, and unique pathogenic mechanisms. Recent understanding of the frequently associated genotype, androgenetic biparental mosaicism, is reviewed and the spectrum of changes discussed.
Order flow imbalance effects on the German stock market
Authors: Hanke Michael , Weigerding Michael
Published: October 2015

Order flow imbalance refers to the difference between market buy and sell orders during a given period. This paper is the first study to examine effects of order flow imbalance on returns of stocks traded on the German Xetra trading system on a daily basis. In contrast to previous studies on other markets, we control for unobserved effects using a fixed-effects panel regression. For the concurrent (or conditional) relation between order imbalance and returns, our results confirm those of the literature. For the question of return predictability from past order imbalances (unconditional relation), our results are partly confirmatory. In addition, we provide evidence for size and liquidity effects and analyze changes in imbalance effects during the financial crisis.
Depressive symptoms, anxiety and academic motivation in youth: Do schools and families make a difference?
Authors: Elmelid Andrea , Stickley Andrew , Lindblad Frank , Schwab‐Stone Mary , Henrich Christopher C. , Ruchkin Vladislav
Published: October 2015

This longitudinal study aimed to examine the association between depressive and anxiety symptoms and academic motivation by gender, and whether positive school and family factors would be associated with academic motivation, in spite of the presence of such symptoms. Study participants were predominantly economically disadvantaged youths aged 13–15 years in a Northeastern US urban public school system. The Social and Health Assessment (SAHA) served as the basis for a survey undertaken in 2003 and 2004 with information being used from students who participated at both time points (N = 643). Multiple linear regression analyses showed that depressive symptoms were negatively associated with academic motivation, while anxiety was positively related to academic motivation in both genders. Teacher support, school attachment and parental control were positively related to academic motivation even in the presence of internalizing problems. The negative association of depressive symptoms with academic motivation may be potentially decreased by attachment to school.
Brief report: Physical health of adolescent perpetrators of sibling aggression
Authors: Tucker Corinna Jenkins , Van Gundy Karen , Sharp Erin Hiley , Rebellon Cesar
Published: October 2015

We describe adolescents' perpetration of sibling aggression and its link to physical health two years later. In‐school surveys at Time 1 (N = 331) and Time 2 (two‐years later, N = 283) were administered to adolescents (at Time 1, Mage = 15.71 years, SD = .63; 52% female) living in the United States querying about perpetration of aggression toward a sibling closest in age and perceived physical health. The majority of adolescents perpetrated aggression towards their sibling (74%). Adolescents who were part of brother–brother pairs reported the most aggression. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that perpetrating sibling aggression more often at Time 1 was predictive of lower physical health at Time 2 controlling for Time 1 physical health and demographic characteristics. Perpetration of aggression toward a sibling is common and has negative health consequences in late adolescence suggesting this issue should be targeted to improve adolescents' sibling dynamics and physical health.
Bidirectional associations between perceived parental support for violent and nonviolent responses and early adolescent aggressive and effective nonviolent behaviors
Authors: Garthe Rachel C. , Sullivan Terri N. , Larsen Ross A.
Published: October 2015

The current study examined bidirectional relations between early adolescents' perceptions of parental support for violent and nonviolent responses to conflict and their aggressive and effective nonviolent behaviors six months later. Data was collected across the sixth and seventh grades for 520 adolescents at three middle schools in the southeastern United States. At baseline, participants were ages 10–14 (M = 11.29). Longitudinal path models showed that perceived parental support for violent responses was negatively associated with effective nonviolent behaviors and positively associated with aggressive behaviors across sixth and seventh grades. Across seventh grade, reciprocal negative relations were found between perceived parental support of nonviolent responses and aggressive behaviors. Effective nonviolent behaviors were positively associated with perceived parental support for nonviolent responses. Study implications include the importance of adolescent perceptions of parental support of violent and nonviolent responses in influencing early adolescents' effective nonviolent and aggressive behavior.
A qualitative study of adolescents with medically unexplained symptoms and their parents. Part 2: How is healthcare perceived?
Authors: Moulin V. , Akre C. , Rodondi P.‐Y. , Ambresin A.‐E. , Suris J.‐C.
Published: October 2015

Medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) are common among adolescents and an important cause of clinical visits. This study sought to understand the experiences with, and perceptions of, the healthcare of adolescents who have MUS and their parents. Using a qualitative approach, six focus groups and two individual interviews were conducted with a total of ten adolescents and sixteen parents. The participants were recruited in a university hospital in Switzerland. A thematic analysis was conducted in accordance with the Grounded Theory. Six main themes emerged: needing a label for the symptoms, seeking an etiology to explain the symptoms, negotiating the medical system, medication and treatments, interactions with doctors, and the inclusion of parents during consultations. Transcending these themes, however, was the need for good communication between the adolescents, their parents and the clinicians. When explaining the symptoms, clinicians should make sure to discuss the results, investigations and lack of organic origin.
Differential genetic and environmental influences on developmental trajectories of antisocial behavior from adolescence to young adulthood
Authors: Zheng Yao , Cleveland H. Harrington
Published: October 2015

Little research has investigated differential genetic and environmental influences on different developmental trajectories of antisocial behavior. This study examined genetic and environmental influences on liabilities of being in life‐course‐persistent (LCP) and adolescent‐limited (AL) type delinquent groups from adolescence to young adulthood while considering nonviolent and violent delinquency subtypes and gender differences. A genetically informative sample (n = 356, 15–16 years) from the first three waves of In‐Home Interview of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health was used, with 94 monozygotic and 84 dizygotic pairs of same‐sex twins (50% male). Biometric liability threshold models were fit and found that the male‐specific LCP type class, chronic, showed more genetic influences, while the AL type classes, decliner and desister, showed more environmental influences. Genetic liability and shared environment both influence the persistence of antisocial behavior. The development of female antisocial behavior appears to be influenced more by shared environment.
Lifestyle intervention for gestational diabetes mellitus prevention: A cluster‐randomized controlled study
Authors: Wang Shuang , Ma Jing‐Mei , Yang Hui‐Xia
Published: October 2015

Objective

The study was to examine whether gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) can be prevented by early trimester lifestyle counseling in a high‐risk population.

Methods

From September 2012 to January 2013, 1664 pregnancies in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of First Hospital of Peking University were enrolled in the study during their first prenatal care visit before the 8 gestational weeks visit and asked to fill out a questionnaire on GDM risk evaluation. According to the questionnaire and medical records, those with at least one risk factor of GDM were included in the intervention study and randomly allocated to two groups, intervention group and control group. Routine prenatal care was offered, while standardized two‐step lifestyle intervention was provided to the intervention group during 6–8 gestational weeks, and at 12–13 gestational weeks, enforcement intervention based on maternal anthropometrics were offered. Both groups were followed until 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) testing at 24–28 gestational weeks. The weight gain after intervention and the prevalence of GDM were used to evaluate the effect.

Results

(1) According to the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) criteria, the positive rate of GDM for the intervention group was 17.16% (23/134), lower than the control group which was 23.91% (33/138), P = 0.168. (2) The weight gain during the first and second trimester for the intervention group was (1.38 ± 2.34) kg and (5.51 ± 2.18) kg, lower than in the control group which was (1.41 ± 2.58) kg and (5.66 ± 2.25) kg, (P = 0.905, P = 0.567). (3) Positive rate of GDM for those fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥5.1 mmol/L during early pregnancy was 11/36 (30.55%) for the intervention group that was lower than 17/37 (45.95%) for the control group, but the statistical difference was not significant (P = 0.076).

Conclusion

The positive rate of GDM could be reduced by a certain amount lifestyle intervention from the beginning of pregnancy. More validated effective intervention should be explored in the high‐risk pregnant women.
Keap1–Nrf2 pathway: A promising target towards lung cancer prevention and therapeutics
Authors: Tong Ying‐Hui , Zhang Bo , Fan Yun , Lin Neng‐Ming
Published: October 2015

Objectives

Drugs for targeted therapy have become a new strategy of adjuvant therapy for treatment of lung cancer. The Keap1 (kelch‐like ECH‐associated protein 1)–Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2) pathway is recognized to be critical in regulating genes related to the cellular protective response and protecting cells from oxidative damages and toxic insult.

Methods

Pubmed, Embase, OVID, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched from the beginning of each database without any limitations to the date of publication. Search terms were “Nrf2” or “Keap1” and “Lung cancer”.

Results

The upregulation of Nrf2 had been closely related to tumor protection and drug resistance. The aberrant state of Keap1 or Nrf2 that were frequently found in lung cancer conferred a poor prognosis. Nrf2 could prevent cells from undergoing oncogenesis as a tumor suppressor, while it could also promote cancer progression and resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs as an oncogene, depending on the different stages of tumor progression. Target Nrf2 signaling by specific chemicals showed it could prevent tumor growth or combat chemoresistance.

Conclusions

Increasing evidence has demonstrated the dual roles of the Keap1–Nrf2 pathway in tumor initiation and progression. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of the potency of the Keap1–Nrf2 pathway as an antitumor target, and the current status of Nrf2 activators or inhibitors for therapeutic approaches. Further studies are required to clarify the role of Nrf2 in lung cancer at different tumor stages, in order to maximize the efficacy of Keap1–Nrf2 targeting agents.