bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early History of Aluminum Metallurgy
Authors: Craig Norman C.
Published: February 2019

Prior to the mid-1880s aluminum was known as a metallic substance but was too costly to be used for other than jewelry-type applications. In 1886, Charles Hall in the United States and Paul Héroult in France discovered an economical electrolysis process for reducing aluminum from its abundant ore, alumina (Al2O3). This method, known today as the Hall–Héroult process, was a direct application of the then-new development of dynamos and principally of waterpower to generate huge amounts of electricity. Within a few years, aluminum was being produced at a low enough price that this metal played a growing role in everyday life. As a lustrous and lightweight metal, aluminum transformed human expectations for the appearance and uses of metals. This paper traces the stories of Hall and Héroult in their historic paths from concept to industrialization for refining aluminum metal. The essentials of the Hall–Héroult process remain fundamental in the aluminum industry today.
Powder Metallurgy Aluminum Alloys: Structure and Porosity
Authors: Judge Will , Kipouros Georges
Published: February 2019

The production of aluminum alloys through powder metallurgy (PM) processes allows for the manufacture of net- or near-net-shape components in a cost-effective and sustainable manner. The high reactivity of aluminum metal, however, complicates PM processing, and special attention must be given to certain steps during production, particularly sintering. PM processing conditions strongly affect the structure and porosity of aluminum PM alloys, which ultimately determine their material properties and performance. In this article, the fundamental aspects of the commercial production of aluminum PM alloys are presented, along with the effects of production conditions on the structure and porosity of aluminum PM alloys. The properties and performance of aluminum PM alloys are then analyzed and interpreted with respect to their structure and porosity.
Nanostructured Ni/Al2O3 Interlayer: Transient Liquid Phase Diffusion Bonding of Al6061-MMC
Authors: Cooke Kavian , Khan Tahir
Published: February 2019

Aluminum metal matrix composites are materials frequently used in the automotive and aerospace industries due to their high strength-to-weight ratio, formability, corrosion resistance, and long-term durability. However, despite the unique properties of these materials, the lack of a reliable joining method has restricted their full potential in engineering applications. This article explores the effect of bonding time on transient liquid phase diffusion bonding of Al6061 containing 15 vol.% alumina particles using a 5 μm electrodeposited Ni-coating containing nano-sized alumina particles as the interlayer. Joint formation was attributed to the solid-state diffusion of Ni into the Al6061 alloy followed by eutectic formation and isothermal solidification at the joint interface. Examination of the joint region using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction showed the formation of eutectic phases such as Al3Ni, Al9FeNi, and Ni3Si within the joint zone. The results indicate that the addition of nano-size reinforcements into the interlayer can be used to improve joint strength. The joint strength recorded was 136 MPa at a bonding time of 10 min with a marginal increase in the shear strength when the bonding time is increased to 30 min.
Sintering Behavior: Al–SiC Compacts in Different Atmospheres
Authors: Pieczonka Tadeusz
Published: February 2019

The effect of sintering atmosphere on densification of Al–SiC compacts was investigated. Dimensional changes were monitored in situ in a dilatometer in flowing nitrogen, nitrogen/hydrogen mixture (95/5 by volume), and argon. Two grades of SiC powder were used—F240 characterized by large particles and FCN13 with very fine particles. Mixtures containing 10 and 30 vol.% of SiC reinforcement were prepared in a Turbula mixer. Green compacts of about 80% of theoretical density were made of each mixture. For comparison, compacts made of pure aluminum powder were also investigated. It was shown that nitrogen is the only sintering atmosphere producing shrinkage. This ceramic constituent lowers the sintering densification. Metallographic examinations of sintered composites revealed that sintering of compacts occurs in the presence of a liquid phase exclusively in nitrogen. The melt appearing in Al–SiC compacts is capable to wet the solid phases, which makes shrinkage possible and is beneficial for metal/ceramic bond formation.
Hardness–Yield Strength Relationships in Al-Zn-Mg(-Cu) Alloys
Authors: Tiryakioğlu Murat
Published: February 2019

Mean pressure developed during Vickers and Rockwell hardness testing of Al-Zn-MgCualloys is reviewed. Relationships between mean pressure and yield strength are introduced for these alloys by using both Vickers and Rockwell hardness data from the literature. Results have shown that the slope of the mean pressure–yield strength relationships is 0.355 for Vickers tests and 0.264 for Rockwell B tests. The y-intercepts calculated for best fits are all negative, implying that the representative strains in both tests have exceeded the yield strain. Results also have indicated that mean pressure is affected by the indenter geometry and therefore is not a universal hardness number.
Production Methods for Aluminum: Alternative
Authors: Rhamdhani M.A. , Brooks G.A. , Dewan M.A. , Monaghan B.J. , Prentice L.
Published: February 2019

The production of Al from its ores at present relies on the Bayer (alumina production) and the Hall–Heroult (Al production) process. The cost associated with alumina production and apparent disadvantages of the Hall–Heroult process have led to intensive research to find alternative routes for Al production. The direct carbothermal reduction process has been thoroughly investigated as an alternative technique. Another alternative includes the indirect carbothermal reduction route where alumina (or aluminous ores) is first reduced to intermediate Al compounds before reduced further to Al. The present study reviews and provides systematic thermodynamic analyses of alternative Al production routes. In this paper, a comprehensive review of alternative Al production techniques focusing on the indirect carbothermal reduction routes is presented. These include carbochlorination, carbonitridation and carbosulphidation routes for the formation of intermediate Al compounds, followed by various Al extraction processes.
Castings
Authors: Colás Rafael , Velasco Eulogio , Valtierra Salvador
Published: February 2019

An overview of the effect of elemental composition on resulting properties of castings will be provided in this article. Additional topical coverage includes: molten metal processes, solidification, casting processes, die casting, heat treating, computational modeling, and microstructural evolution and control.
Die Casting Process Design
Authors: Goodwin Frank E.
Published: February 2019

Pressure die casting is a process in which molten metal is forced under high pressure into a cavity in a metal die after which it rapidly solidifies. This high speed process allows complex shapes to be cast into net shape requiring minimal machining and finishing. This article reviews: basic die casting processes, shot system design, construction and use of the P-Q2 Diagram, feed system and overflow design, die machine selection, runner and gate systems, cooling systems and heat transfer, determining input values for water line placement, and application examples.
Extrusion
Authors: Stvren Sigurd , Thomas Moe Per
Published: February 2019

The article will provide the reader with practical aspects of extrusion as well as an overview of the theoretical work and current challenges of this important aluminum alloy processing technology. This article is divided into three main sections: basic parameters for designing a section or die, an overview of extrusion processing, and optimization of productivity, cost and quality. Specific topical coverage includes: basic extrusion parameters, manufacturing of extrusions process review, productivity, quality including dimensional stability, surface quality, corrosion, cracking and tearing, product development and design, overview of the metallurgy of the extrusion process, numerical analyses and more.
Porosity in Aluminum Welds
Authors: Mazur M.
Published: February 2019

Porosity constitutes the main defect in aluminium welds. It is generally assumed that the basic reason for its formation is the presence of hydrogen. Hydrogen can originate from a variety of sources. Major sources of hydrogen are surface contamination of both the parent and deposited metals in the form of hydroxides, hydrocarbons or oxides with adsorbed moisture. Another source of hydrogen can be impurity of the gas shield associated with either moisture or air sucked into the arc atmosphere if an incorrect welding procedure is adopted. It has been found that even 2 ppm of hydrogen in the molten metal, or 250 ppm of hydrogen in the gas shield can be sufficient to produce porosity in aluminium welds.
Welding Technology: Gas Chromatography in
Authors: Probst R. , Splitt K.
Published: February 2019

It is important to understand the effect of the protective gas atmosphere on the welding process to relate qualitatively the chemical composition of the welding atmosphere to the quality of the weld produced. Of particular interest are the reactions occurring within the gas phase of the arc welding process. This article presents the results conducted on the gaseous atmosphere with the aid of gas chromatography. The objective of this work was to obtain an overall understanding of the quantitative interaction of the welding atmosphere and liquid metal, and to improve the quality of the weld metal produced by specific metallurgical and technological means.
Metallic Coatings for Brazing Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Suslov A.A.
Published: February 2019

Because of their high specific strength and satisfactory corrosion resistance, aluminum alloys belong to the group of fundamental structural materials in modern engineering. Their wide use has been made possible as a result of developing advanced methods of processing and producing permanent joints by welding or brazing. However, the application of brazing aluminum alloys is limited because of the problems in removing the strong and chemically resistant oxide film. These problems can be overcome by using metallic coatings which themselves do not oxidize during heating in vacuum and, when deposited, the oxide film is broken up and can be removed from the surface of the parent material. The most promising method is to use metallic coatings in the form of individual components of the brazing alloy which forms in contact melting of the deposited coatings with aluminum in heating for brazing. This brazing method is referred to as contact-reactive brazing and is used widely for brazing aluminum alloys. This article provides an overview of the contact-reactive brazing process.
Effectiveness of Magnesium in Preventing Shivering in Surgical Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Kawakami Hiromasa , Nakajima Daisuke , Mihara Takahiro , Sato Hitoshi , Goto Takahisa
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND:

Clinical trials regarding the antishivering effect of perioperative magnesium have produced inconsistent results. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis with Trial Sequential Analysis to evaluate the effect of perioperative magnesium on prevention of shivering.

METHODS:

We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and 2 registry sites for randomized clinical trials that compared the administration of magnesium to a placebo or no treatment in patients undergoing surgeries. The primary outcome of this meta-analysis was the incidence of shivering. The incidence of shivering was combined as a risk ratio with 95% CI using a random-effect model. The effect of the route of administration was evaluated in a subgroup analysis, and Trial Sequential Analysis with a risk of type 1 error of 5% and power of 90% was performed. The quality of each included trial was evaluated, and the quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. We also assessed adverse events.

RESULTS:

Sixty-four trials and 4303 patients (2300 and 2003 patients in magnesium and control groups, respectively) were included. The overall incidence of shivering was 9.9% in the magnesium group and 23.0% in the control group (risk ratio, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.33–0.52). Subgroup analysis revealed that the incidence of shivering was lower with IV (risk ratio, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.29–0.54; Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development, and Evaluation, moderate), epidural (risk ratio, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.13–0.43; Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development, and Evaluation, low), and intrathecal administration (risk ratio, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.43–0.96; Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development, and Evaluation, moderate). Only trials with low risk of bias were included for Trial Sequential Analysis. The Z-cumulative curve for IV magnesium crossed the Trial Sequential Analysis monitoring boundary for benefit even though only 34.9% of the target sample size had been reached. The Z-cumulative curve for epidural or intrathecal administration did not cross the Trial Sequential Analysis monitoring boundary for benefit. No increase in adverse events was reported.

CONCLUSIONS:

Perioperative IV administration of magnesium effectively reduced shivering and Trial Sequential Analysis suggested that no more trials are required to confirm that IV magnesium effectively reduces shivering.
Trans-splicing of the C. elegans let-7 primary transcript developmentally regulates let-7 microRNA biogenesis and let-7 family microRNA activity
Authors: Nelson Charles , Ambros Victor
Published: February 2019

The sequence and roles in developmental progression of the microRNA let-7 are conserved. In general, transcription of the let-7 primary transcript (pri-let-7) occurs early in development, whereas processing of the mature let-7 microRNA arises during cellular differentiation. In Caenorhabditis elegans and other animals, the RNA-binding protein LIN-28 post-transcriptionally inhibits let-7 biogenesis at early developmental stages, but the mechanisms by which LIN-28 does this are not fully understood. Nor is it understood how the developmental regulation of let-7 might influence the expression or activities of other microRNAs of the same seed family. Here, we show that pri-let-7 is trans-spliced to the SL1 splice leader downstream of the let-7 precursor stem-loop, which produces a short polyadenylated downstream mRNA, and that this trans-splicing event negatively impacts the biogenesis of mature let-7 microRNA in cis. Moreover, this trans-spliced mRNA contains sequences that are complementary to multiple members of the let-7 seed family (let-7fam) and negatively regulates let-7fam function in trans. Thus, this study provides evidence for a mechanism by which splicing of a microRNA primary transcript can negatively regulate said microRNA in cis as well as other microRNAs in trans.
Genetic interactions support an inhibitory relationship between bone morphogenetic protein 2 and netrin 1 during semicircular canal formation
Authors: Hwang Chan Ho , Keller James , Renner Charles , Ohta Sho , Wu Doris K.
Published: February 2019

The semicircular canals of the mammalian inner ear are derived from epithelial pouches in which epithelial cells in the central region of each pouch undergo resorption, leaving behind the region at the rim to form a tube-shaped canal. Lack of proliferation at the rim and/or over-clearing of epithelial cells in the center of the pouch can obliterate canal formation. Otic-specific knockout of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (Bmp2) results in absence of all three semicircular canals; however, the common crus and ampullae housing the sensory tissue (crista) are intact. The lack of Bmp2 causes Ntn1 (which encodes netrin 1), which is required for canal resorption, to be ectopically expressed at the canal rim. Ectopic Ntn1 results in reduction of Dlx5 and Lmo4, which are required for rim formation. These phenotypes can be partially rescued by removing one allele of Ntn1 in the Bmp2 mutants, indicating that Bmp2 normally negatively regulates Ntn1 for canal formation. Additionally, non-resorption of the canal pouch in Ntn1−/− mutants is partially rescued by removing one allele of Bmp2. Thus, reciprocal inhibition between Bmp2 and netrin 1 is involved in canal formation of the vestibule.
An update on the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic somatic and autonomic neuropathy
Authors: Azmi Shazli , Petropoulos Ioannis N. , Ferdousi Maryam , Ponirakis Georgios , Alam Uazman , Malik Rayaz A.
Published: February 2019

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is the most common chronic complication of diabetes. It poses a significant challenge for clinicians as it is often diagnosed late when patients present with advanced consequences such as foot ulceration. Autonomic neuropathy (AN) is also a frequent and under-diagnosed complication unless it is overtly symptomatic. Both somatic and autonomic neuropathy are associated with increased mortality. Multiple clinical trials have failed because of limited efficacy in advanced disease, inadequate trial duration, lack of effective surrogate end-points and a lack of deterioration in the placebo arm in clinical trials of DPN. Multifactorial risk factor reduction, targeting glycaemia, blood pressure and lipids can reduce the progression of DPN and AN. Treatment of painful DPN reduces painful symptoms by about 50% at best, but there is limited efficacy with any single agent. This reflects the complex aetiology of painful DPN and argues for improved clinical phenotyping with the use of targeted therapy, taking into account co-morbid conditions such as anxiety, depression and sleep disturbance.
Growth Firms and Relationship Finance: A Capital Structure Perspective
Authors: Inderst Roman , Vladimirov Vladimir
Published: February 2019

We analyze how relationship finance, such as venture capital and relationship lending, affects growth firms’ capital structure choices. We show that relationship investors that obtain a strong bargaining position because of their privileged information about the firm optimally cash in on their dominance by pushing it to finance follow-up investments with equity. The firm underinvests if its owner refuses to accept the associated dilution. However, this problem is mitigated if the firm’s initial relationship financing involves high leverage or offers initial investors preferential treatment in liquidation. By contrast, if initial investors are unlikely to gain a dominant position, firms optimally lever up only in later rounds. Our implications for relationship and venture capital financing highlight that the degree of investor dominance is of key importance for growth firms’ capital structure decisions.

This paper was accepted by Gustavo Manso, finance.
Learning in Cycles
Authors: Rockart Scott F. , Wilson Kristin
Published: February 2019

Organizations face a key challenge in dynamic environments: the contexts in which experience is gained will not always match the contexts in which experience will be applied. This challenge has been investigated largely in terms of progressive environmental change, which increasingly invalidates learning from prior experience. A great deal of environmental dynamism, however, involves cycling through a limited set of environmental conditions that appear and then give way to other conditions, only to later reappear. We argue that cycles create some of the same problems for organizations as progressive change but also provide organizations an opportunity to reapply lessons as the cycle moves from phase to phase. We develop hypotheses about how cycles affect what organizations learn and how cyclical conditions affect how organizations learn. We test the resulting hypotheses in the highly cyclical context of construction lending by community banks using a panel of nearly 40 years of local real estate cycles.

The online appendices are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2018.1239 .
Infant malnutrition: A return to Victorian values?
Authors: Greener Mark
Published: February 2019

Mark Greener discusses the impact of malnutrition on children in the UK
Hard-to-heal diabetic foot ulcers treated using negatively charged polystyrene microspheres: a prospective case series
Authors: Lázaro-Martínez José Luis , García-Álvarez Yolanda , Álvaro-Afonso Francisco Javier , García-Morales Esther , Sanz-Corbalán I , Molines-Barroso Raúl Juan
Published: February 2019

Objective:

To describe the outcomes of a new product based on negatively charged polystyrene microspheres (NCM) technology, in non-responding diabetic foot ulcers (DFU).

Methods:

A clinical case series of patients with a hard-to-heal DFU treated with NCM were recruited between March and June 2017 in a specialised diabetic foot unit. DFUs were treated daily with NCM over four weeks, although the health professional could decide to continue NCM treatment in some patients. Cases were followed up for 12 weeks. Wollina score (granulation, colour and consistency tissue), wound area (cm2), percentage reduction and wound closure (%) were measured.

Results:

A total of 22 ulcers (19 patients) were included, of which three patients (five ulcers) were withdrawn due to adverse events: four infections and one necrosis. None were associated with the product. NCM treatment was completed in 17 ulcers (16 patients). The mean patient age was 61.53±9.57 years. At baseline, mean duration time of the DFU was 7.88±8.65 weeks, the median area was 5.35cm2, the interquartile range (IQR) was 1.45 to 4.65cm2 and positive probe-to-bone test (PTB+) was recorded at 29.4%. After four weeks of treatment, an increase in Wollina score (3.65±2.12 to 5.69±1.18; p=0.000), a 62.2% reduction of the ulcer area (5.35 cm2; IQR: 1.45 to 4.65cm2) to 3.33cm2 (IQR: 0.25 to 1.70cm2; p<0.001) and complete healing in 17.6% of ulcers was observed. The mean time of NCM treatment was 6.2±1.2 weeks. At 12 weeks, 100% achieved complete healing, including those ulcers with PTB+.

Conclusion:

After NCM use, a reactivation of the healing process in non-responding wounds was observed, having a significant improvement in Wollina score as well as reduction of the wounds. Complete healing was achieved in all ulcers at 12 weeks, including PTB+.
Biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance in meticillin-resistant and meticillin-sensitiveStaphylococcus aureusisolated from burns
Authors: Mahmoudi Hassan , Pourhajibagher Maryam , Chiniforush Nasim , Soltanian Ali Reza , Alikhani Mohammad Yousef , Bahador Abbas
Published: February 2019

Objective:

To investigate the relationship between biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance patterns in meticillin-resistant and meticillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, isolated from burns.

Methods:

In a cross-sectional study, pus/wound swab samples were obtained from burns. Presence of Staphylococcus aureus was confirmed, and biofilm formation-related icaABCDR and eta, etb genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction. Biofilm formation assay was assessed using the microtiter plate method. Antibiotic resistance was performed using the disk diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration.

Results:

A total of 95 patients with burns were recruited. Of the 95 wounds swabbed, Staphylococcus aureus was identified in 50 (62.5%), and 47 (94%) isolates capable of producing biofilm. Biofilm production levels were classed as ‘strong’ (n=29; 58%), ‘moderate’ (n=11; 22%), ‘weak’ (n=7; 14%) and ‘non-biofilm forming’ (n=3; 6%). There was an almost even split between isolates identified as meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), n=24 (48%), and meticillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) n=26 (52%). The prevalence of the icaA, icaB, icaC, icaD and icaR genes among the studied isolates were 96%, 80%, 80%, 96% and 84%, respectively. The prevalence of eta and etb genes in isolates were 84% and 92%, respectively.

Conclusion:

Biofilm producing isolates of Staphylococcus aureus showed greater multidrug resistance than non-biofilm producers. In our study, a high rate of biofilm formation and antimicrobial drug resistance was seen. Our results highlight the alarming levels of antimicrobial resistance among MRSA strains and important data about the prevalence of eta and etb genes in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from burn patients in this study.
Treatment of diabetic foot wounds with acellular fish skin graft rich in omega-3: a prospective evaluation
Authors: Woodrow Tania , Chant Theresa , Chant Harvey
Published: February 2019

Objective:

To evaluate the potential benefit of an intact fish skin graft rich in omega-3 (Kerecis Omega3), in the management of postoperative diabetic foot wounds.

Method:

Prospective evaluation in eight patients with diabetes following forefoot surgery. The dressing was applied weekly for a period of six weeks in the diabetic foot clinic. At each visit the wound was photographed and independently measured using ImageJ software to calculate wound area. Secondary outcome measures were pain, infection, odour, discharge and irritation.

Results:

The wound area range was 0.94 to 29.55cm². In wounds of less than three months duration, regardless of size, the median percentage wound area reduction was over 84.9% at six weeks (n=6, range: 71.3 to 100%). There were two wounds over three months duration, in these the wound area reduction was <42% at six weeks (n=2, range: 41.2 to 41.1%). No patients developed infection or skin reactions. None reported odour, discharge or itching.

Conclusion:

Our initial results demonstrate that the trend towards healing is more marked in wounds less than three months duration. This would suggest that the fish skin graft has potential to decrease time to healing in this patient group when used early on in the healing process, perhaps as a routine adjunct to postoperative diabetic foot wound management.

Conclusion:

Postoperative diabetic foot wounds are difficult to heal. In this series, fish skin grafts show promise as an agent to accelerate wound healing. We suggest larger randomised trials to further evaluate its use in acute and chronic wounds.
Relax and chat
Authors: Harries Judith
Published: February 2019

Support children to extend their conversations and ideas while they are busy at the sand play area. As a shared place to play it provides fantastic opportunities for building confidence in speaking.
Study of the Fe(II-III) hydroxysalts transformation according to the pH and the concentration of the ions present
Authors: Termemil Farida , Ahmed-Malek Marwa , Bourouba Assia , Benloucif Mohamed-rida
Published: February 2019

Sulphated green rust, GR (SO4 2- ), is one of the main corrosion products of carbon steel in marine environments. It is Fe (II)-Fe(III) hydroxylsalt in sheets, consisting of alternating layers of iron-hydroxide type Fe(OH)2 , loaded positively due to the presence of the cations Fe(III) and negative interlayers consisting of anions and water molecules. This compound is strongly associated with the metabolism of sulphate-reducing bacteria, and can also evolve under cathodic protection. Thus, recently, GR (CO3 2- ) has been detected in place of GR (SO4 2- ) on already corroded ordinary steel, newly subjected to cathodic protection. This presence is due to the pH and[SO4 2−] [HCO3 − ⁄ ] conditions imposed by the cathodic protection. In this paper, we chemically synthesize sulfated and carbonate green rust in a chlorinated medium; we then study their respective transformation according to the concentration [SO4 2- ] / [HCO3 - ] ratio and pH. Our results show that from a GR (SO4 2- ), GR (CO3 2- ) is formed from a pH ≥8.2 for [SO4 2- ] / [HCO3 - ] = 12 and without any change in pH for [SO4 2- ] / [HCO3 - ] <12. Whereas from GR (CO3 2- ), GR (SO4 2- ) is formed for [SO4 2- ] / [HCO3 - ] > 1 without any change in pH.
New sulfonamide hybrids: synthesis, in vitro antimicrobial activity and docking study of some novel sulfonamide derivatives bearing carbamate/acyl-thiourea scaffolds
Authors: Hussein Modather F
Published: February 2019

In this study, the novel hybrids sulfonamide carbamates were synthesized by treatment of N-substituted 4-isothiocyanatophenyl sulfonamides with ethyl carbamate in dry 1,4-dioxane at reflux temperature in the presence of triethylamine. Also, treatment of Phenylacetylisothiocyanate with sulfanilamide in refluxing acetonitrile afforded the corresponding hybrid sulfonamide acylthiourea derivatives. The anti-microbial activities of the synthesized compounds were evaluated. Ethyl ({4-[(5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl)sulfamoyl)-phenyl]carbamothioyl)- carbamate and 2-Phenyl-N-((4-(N-thiazol-2-yl)sulfamoyl)-phenyl)carbamothioyl)-acetamide exhibited the best activity against tested bacteria. Molecular docking studies for the final compounds were performed using the Open Eye docking suite. Moreover, Ligand efficiency (LE) and lipophilic ligand efficiency (LLE) parameters for Ethyl ({4-[(5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl]carbamothioyl)-carbamate and 2-Phenyl-N-((4-(N-thiazol-2- yl)sulfamoyl)phenyl)carb-amothioyl)acetamide were evaluated. Quantum chemical calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) have been performed.
"Feitac espravi dutuçu": partizipio sail berri bat Zuberoan / "Feitac espravi dutuçu": a new group of participles in Souletin Basque
Authors: Padilla-Moyano Manuel
Published: February 2019

Azken mendeetako zubererak -i bukaerarekiko aditz multzo berri bat garatu du. Jatorri erromantzeko akabi, ataki edo ezkapi bezalako formak ez dira, alta, -i multzoko euskal partizipio zaharrekin batera sailkatzekoak. Izan ere, multzo berriko aditzek kideak dituzte -tü klasean (akabatü, atakatü, ezkapatü), zeinekin forma zein funtzio banaketa osagarrian erabiliak baitira. Artikulu honek partizipio berrien multzoa aztertzen du Zuberoako euskara historikoan, XVI-XIX. mendera bitarteko corpus zabal batean oinarriturik. Lehenik, aditz berrien forma eta funtzioak deskribatuko dira (§ 2), haien agerpena sistematikoki bilduz (§ 3). Ikuspegi diakronikotik, -i-dun forma berrien eta -(a)tü beren kideen arteko lehia deskribatuko da (§ 4). Ondoren, forma berrien jatorriaren gaineko hipotesi bat formulatuko da, gaskoiarekiko ukipenari seinalatzen diona, eta zehazkiago bearnesaren aditz jokatuen mailegatzeari (§ 5). Azkenik, -i akabantza duten, baina oraino aditz izaera osoki berenganatu ez duten beste zenbait forma ikertuko dira (§ 6).
Eibarko testu zaharrak berrikusten: 1754ko udal-ordenantzak / Revisiting 18th century Basque administrative texts: a municipal ordinance from Eibar
Authors: Zuloaga Eneko
Published: February 2019

Lan honek Eibarko 1754ko udal-ordenantzaren edizio kritikoa aurkezten du. Idazkiak Deba ibarreko testu zahar eta modernoen corpusa osatzen laguntzen du, eta ideia eta ikuspegi berriak ematen ditu Eibarko XVIII. mendeko euskarari buruz. Are gehiago, era horretako testuak euskararen historian oso ugariak ez direnez, iturri interesgarri askoa da euskara administratiboa ikertzeko. Ordenantzaren lehenengo edizioa Mujikak (1908) egin zuen, eta orduz geroztiko antologiak haren lanari jarraikiz aritu dira, nahiz eta transkripzioetan akatsak agertu. Hain zuzen ere, edizio honek akats horiek zuzendu nahi ditu, eta testuaren ikuspegi kritikoa eman. Edizioarekin batera, testuko sistema grafikoaren deskripzioa eta lexikoi analitikoa aurkezten dira.
Preventing a Catastrophe: Increasing Awareness of Loeys-Dietz Syndrome
Authors: Kane Bradley S. , Shamsa Kamran
Published: February 2019

Loeys-Dietz syndrome is a genetic disorder that predisposes patients to aortic aneurysms. If left untreated, the natural history of the associated aortopathy often culminates in fatal aortic dissection. We describe the case of a 21-year-old man who was diagnosed with Loeys-Dietz syndrome after 2 family members died of aortic dissection. This case highlights the importance of increased physician awareness of this syndrome, which can play a crucial role in preventing premature sudden cardiac death caused by aortic catastrophe.
The Development of Creativity of 5-6 Year Old Children through Collage Game usingNatural
Authors: Fahmi Ade Ismail , Santoso Soegeng , Sumantri M. S.
Published: February 2019

This study has goal to know the development of creativity of 5-6 year-old children through collage game using natural materials. The method used in this study is action research that means to improve a problem that occurs in a process of
learning activities. The research theory used is Kemmis Taggart theory because it has several stages. The stages consist of stages of planning, execution, observation and reflection. So, it is hope that these stages can fix the problems that occur in
every action. The application of creativity of 5-6 year-old children in the learning activities through collage game using natural materials is really help researchers in motivating the children to be more creative. The success level in the group is
so significant, so it is expected that in the future there is an imaginative, creative and innovative research model. So it can stimulate children creativity such as : 1) flexibility 2) smoothness 3) authenticity 4) details. Therefore, with
creativity, children are able to explore, to express using both hands and to coordinate with both eyes in playing collage using natural materials.
A Comparative Study of Mahaprabhu’s Idea of Bhakti
Authors: Ghosh Hrisikesh
Published: February 2019

Bhakti, as a religious movement had its far reaching impact on the political and cultural changes in India. It was a movement as well as a religious reformation which first took place in Tamil Nadu and began to spread to the north during the
late medieval ages when north India was under Islamic rule. There is a mark of resemblance between the Bhakti movement and the movement of American Transcendentalism. Transcendentalism in America was not only a philosophical or literary movement but
as F. I. Carpenter has observed "American Transcendentalism was primarily religious rather than philosophical." Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu was not only an exponent of this Bhakti Movement but considered to be the incarnation of Lord Sri Krishna. Apart
from this there are a number of similarities in the philosophy of lord Chaitanya and the basic Ideas of Transcendentalism. Lord Chaitanya believed that the human souls are in a fallen state and it is only through the “Bhakti Marg” or true devotion
that the human soul can achieve God’s grace and end up the “Karma Chakra” or soul’s transmigration. He rather preferred “Bhakti Marg” than “Mukti Marg”.
Traumatized selves in Janice Galloway’s The Trick Is to Keep Breathing and A. L. Kennedy’s Night Geometry and the Garscadden Trains
Authors: Jelínková Ema
Published: February 2019

This paper presents the case of Scotland as a traumatized nation haunted by ghosts of the past. Scottish national identity has been profoundly influenced by the country’s loss of sovereignty in the 1707 Act of Union. As a result, the stateless nation deprived of agency built its literature on the foundations of idealized stories of its heroic past. It was not until the 1980s that Scottish literature started to tackle the collective trauma and gave rise to works focusing on the weak and the exploited rather than the brave. Janice Galloway and A. L. Kennedy both epitomize this new vein of literature of trauma and explore the links between national and individual experience and strategies for healing the trauma.
Animal transformation as a deserved punishment in archnarratives
Authors: Danišová Nikola
Published: February 2019

The present study is devoted to the transformation of protagonists into animals in ancient narratives (myths, magical stories, legends, etc.) from various cultures and continents (Europe, Asia, America, Africa and Australia). The aim of this research is to determine in what situations and subject-motive combinations the main protagonist transforms into an animal as a part or consequence of his/her fair/well-deserved punishment. We will also attempt to conceptually grasp the archetypal meaning of the existential transformation into an animal, which is directly related to human thinking and (sacral and profane) way of life.
The silent world of Reinaldo Arenas’s novels
Authors: Waldnerová Jana
Published: February 2019

The paper focuses on the life and poetics of Cuban writer Reinaldo Arenas, an important representative of Cuban gay literature, who, due to his sexual orientation and eventual opposition to the Revolution, was silenced by the Cuban government and exposed to continual threats. His novels, which depict the hardship of and discrimination against ordinary people and gay members of Cuban society (for example Old Rosa and Farewell to the Sea), reveal also signs of the deep trauma that the writer suffered and its impact on his writing.
”What punishments of God are not gifts?” The meaning of suffering in Tolkien’s life and work
Authors: Juričková Martina
Published: February 2019

J. R. R. Tolkien, as somebody who experienced a difficult early life as an orphan and then as a World War I soldier, endured enough trauma and suffering in his life for it to become a significant element in almost all of his fictional works. This paper explores Tolkien’s understanding of the effects of suffering in human life, which was shaped by his religious belief. He presents pain as an inevitable and essential part of the nature of the Fallen World; yet while it may seem at first as a form of punishment, if treated appropriately, it turns into a powerful means of achieving personal or societal salvation.
Photoluminescence and Cathodoluminescence of the Solid Cometary Substance
Authors: Simonia Irakli , Gucsik Arnold
Published: February 2019

We have proposed that solar ultraviolet and corpuscular radiations may excite photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence of the solid cometary substance including mineral halos of comets. Main characteristics of such possible luminescence and physical mechanisms of these phenomena have considered. Results of the tentative identification of previously unknown cometary emissions and data of laboratory research of meteorites are presented. We have shown as well that cometary solid substance may demonstrate red luminescence - similar of red luminescence by the circumstellar dust. Some other aspects of the problem have also been considered.
A mathematical optimization framework for expansion draft decision making and analysis
Authors: Booth Kyle E. C. , Chan Timothy C. Y. , Shalaby Yusuf
Published: February 2019

In this paper, we present and analyze a mathematical programming approach to expansion draft optimization in the context of the 2017 NHL expansion draft involving the Vegas Golden Knights, noting that this approach can be generalized to future NHL expansions and to those in other sports leagues. In particular, we present a novel mathematical optimization approach, consisting of two models, to optimize expansion draft protection and selection decisions made by the various teams. We use this approach to investigate a number of expansion draft scenarios, including the impact of “collaboration” between existing teams, the trade-off between team performance and salary cap flexibility, as well as opportunities for Vegas to take advantage of side agreements in a “leverage” experiment. Finally, we compare the output of our approach to what actually happened in the expansion draft, noting both similarities and discrepancies between our solutions and the actual outcomes. Overall, we believe our framework serves as a promising foundation for future expansion draft research and decision-making in hockey and in other sports.
Phylogeny of Falconidae and phylogeography of Peregrine Falcons
Authors: Wink Michael
Published: February 2019

We first examine how falcons can be integrated into avian tree of life. Then we go one step further and investigate the position of Peregrine Falcons in a comprehensive phylogeny of the falcons (genus Falco), which was reconstructed on the basis of DNA sequences. Whether the 19 subspecies of the Peregrine Falcon can be identified genetically is examined in the next step. Recently, the question of Peregrine Falcon’s genetics in Central Europe has become of wider interest. Which subspecies was present before the collapse of populations and which currently after various reintroduction projects? Evidence is provided, that Central Europe constitutes a (natural) hybrid zone between F. p. brookei from the Mediterranean and F. p. peregrinus of northern Europe.
Influence of the Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) on the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) population in Germany
Authors: Lindner Martin
Published: February 2019

In Germany, the Eagle Owl is the only animal species that has a massive impact on the distribution and breeding success of the Peregrine Falcon. Both species compete for the same breeding sites on rocks. In addition, the Peregrine Falcon belongs to the prey spectrum of the Eagle Owl. The Eagle Owl always dominates at places where the two species meet. Since the 1980s, the Eagle Owl has taken over many of the rock face breeding sites of the Peregrine Falcon in Germany. This trend towards the taking-over of Peregrine Falcon nesting sites is ongoing in areas with rocks, as not all regions of Germany have yet been completely colonized by Eagle Owls. Since 1975, the Eagle Owl initially nested on buildings in rural areas, but it is now also colonizing urban areas. Eagle Owls are more and more frequently taking over Peregrine Falcon nest boxes on buildings. The currently growing Peregrine Falcon breeding population on buildings is expected to decline in coming years due to predation by the Eagle Owl, even though these owls do not breed very successfully on buildings and many old and young owls are killed. These statements apply to large parts of Germany. In other areas of Europe, the future usage of buildings as Eagle Owl breeding sites can be expected to have an impact on the Peregrine Falcon populations there. At least eight other Peregrine Falcon breeding sites on buildings and rocks have been taken over by Egyptian Geese (Alopochen aegyptiaca).
Nesting habitat selection of Peregrine Falcons (Falco p. peregrinus) in Eastern Germany – the state of knowledge
Authors: Kleinstäuber Gert , Kirmse Wolfgang , Langgemach Torsten
Published: February 2019

After the disappearance of the Peregrine Falcon during the DDT era, the re-colonization of Eastern Germany from 1981 was accompanied by colour-ringing of a high percentage of juveniles and systematic identification of these individuals on their later nest-sites. Before that period there were two geographically distinct subpopulations: tree-breeders in the north, and cliff-breeders in the south. We were able to restore the tree breeders’ tradition by imprinting nestlings at stick nests in forests. Today, besides cliff- and tree-breeders there are also nest-sites on buildings and lattice structures. The population is increasing including all nest-site types. Here, we analyse nesting habitat choice with respect to the natal habitat of birds. The exchange between the four nest-site types is limited. Habitat fidelity was high in birds fledged on cliffs (95%) and on buildings (81%). The sample size for lattice structures is still too low for deeper analyses. The fixation towards trees was stable only in 56% of birds, and higher for males than for females. The influx from other habitat types is very limited and hardly supports the tree breeders’ subpopulation. A growing number of tree-breeders go along with higher habitat fidelity which is stabilizing their sub-population.
A primer on natural product-based virtual screening
Authors: Koulouridi Eleni , Valli Marilia , Ntie-Kang Fidele , Bolzani Vanderlan da Silva
Published: February 2019

Databases play an important role in various computational techniques, including virtual screening (VS) and molecular modeling in general. These collections of molecules can contain a large amount of information, making them suitable for several drug discovery applications. For example, vendor, bioactivity data or target type can be found when searching a database. The introduction of these data resources and their characteristics is used for the design of an experiment. The description of the construction of a database can also be a good advisor for the creation of a new one. There are free available databases and commercial virtual libraries of molecules. Furthermore, a computational chemist can find databases for a general purpose or a specific subset such as natural products (NPs). In this chapter, NP database resources are presented, along with some guidelines when preparing an NP database for drug discovery purposes.
Plant-derived medicines for neuropathies: a comprehensive review of clinical evidence
Authors: Ebrahimi Farnaz , Farzaei Mohammad Hosein , Bahramsoltani Roodabeh , Heydari Mojtaba , Naderinia Kiana , Rahimi Roja
Published: February 2019

Neuropathy is defined as the damage to the peripheral or central nervous system accompanied by pain, numbness, or muscle weakness, which can be due to congenital diseases or environmental factors such as diabetes, trauma, or viral infections. As current treatments are not sufficiently able to control the disease, studies focusing on the identification and discovery of new therapeutic agents are necessary. Natural products have been used for a long time for the management of different neurological problems including neuropathies. The aim of the present study is to review the current clinical data on the beneficial effects of medicinal plants in neuropathy. Electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library were searched with the keywords ‘neuropathy’ in the title/abstract and ‘plant’ or ‘extract’ or ‘herb’ in the whole text from inception until August 2017. From a total of 3679 papers, 22 studies were finally included. Medicinal plants were evaluated clinically in several types of neuropathy, including diabetic neuropathy, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, carpal tunnel syndrome, and HIV-associated neuropathy. Some studies reported the improvement in pain, nerve function, nerve conduction velocity, and quality of life. Cannabis sativa (hemp), Linum usitatissimum (linseed oil), capsaicin, and a polyherbal Japanese formulation called Goshajinkigan had the most evidence regarding their clinical efficacy. Other investigated herbal medicines in neuropathy, such as Matricaria chamomilla (chamomile), Curcuma longa (turmeric), and Citrullus colocynthis (colocynth), had only one clinical trial. Thus, future studies are necessary to confirm the safety and efficacy of such natural medicines as a complementary or alternative treatment for neuropathy.
ÇÖREK OTU BALI KULLANIMI İLE FONKSİYONEL SET TİPİ YOĞURT ÜRETİMİ
Authors: OKUR Özge Duygu , DAYIOĞLU Feyza Nur , DUMAN Merve , KÖTEN Pınar
Published: February 2019

Bu çalışmada çörek otu balı
ilavesiz (kontrol, K ) ve farklı oranlarda (%2.5,%5%10,%15) çörek otu balı
ilaveli set tipi yoğurtların depolamanın 1, 7, 14 ve 28. günlerinde analizleri
gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı; fonksiyonel bir ürün elde edebilmek
için karakteristik özellikleri olan çörek otu balının yoğurdun duyusal, bazı
fizikokimyasal ve mikrobiyolojik özellikleri üzerine etkisini incelemektir.
Yoğurt üretiminde çörek otu balı kullanımının pH ve serum ayrılması değerleri
üzerindeki etkisi istatistiki olarak önemli saptanmıştır. Çörek otu balı
ilavesi Streptococcus thermophilus (Str. thermophilus) sayısını
etkilerken, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (Lb.
del. subsp. bulgaricus) sayısını önemli düzeyde
etkilememiştir.  Hedonik değerlendirme
sonuçlarına göre depolamanın 1, 7. ve 14. günlerinde en yüksek beğeni alan
yoğurt örnekleri %10 ve %15 bal içeren set tipi yoğurt örnekleri olmuştur.