bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PROMO: Real‐time prospective motion correction in MRI using image‐based tracking
Authors: White Nathan , Roddey Cooper , Shankaranarayanan Ajit , Han Eric , Rettmann Dan , Santos Juan , Kuperman Josh , Dale Anders
Published: December 2009

Artifacts caused by patient motion during scanning remain a serious problem in most MRI applications. The prospective motion correction technique attempts to address this problem at its source by keeping the measurement coordinate system fixed with respect to the patient throughout the entire scan process. In this study, a new image‐based approach for prospective motion correction is described, which utilizes three orthogonal two‐dimensional spiral navigator acquisitions, along with a flexible image‐based tracking method based on the extended Kalman filter algorithm for online motion measurement. The spiral navigator/extended Kalman filter framework offers the advantages of image‐domain tracking within patient‐specific regions‐of‐interest and reduced sensitivity to off‐resonance‐induced corruption of rigid‐body motion estimates. The performance of the method was tested using offline computer simulations and online in vivo head motion experiments. In vivo validation results covering a broad range of staged head motions indicate a steady‐state error of less than 10% of the motion magnitude, even for large compound motions that included rotations over 15 deg. A preliminary in vivo application in three‐dimensional inversion recovery spoiled gradient echo (IR‐SPGR) and three‐dimensional fast spin echo (FSE) sequences demonstrates the effectiveness of the spiral navigator/extended Kalman filter framework for correcting three‐dimensional rigid‐body head motion artifacts prospectively in high‐resolution three‐dimensional MRI scans. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimal blood glucose regulation of diabetic patients using single network adaptive critics
Authors: Ali Sk. Faruque , Padhi Radhakant
Published: December 2009

Diabetes is a long‐term disease during which the body's production and use of insulin are impaired, causing glucose concentration level to increase in the bloodstream. Regulating blood glucose levels as close to normal as possible leads to a substantial decrease in long‐term complications of diabetes. In this paper, an intelligent online feedback‐treatment strategy is presented for the control of blood glucose levels in diabetic patients using single network adaptive critic (SNAC) neural networks (which is based on nonlinear optimal control theory). A recently developed mathematical model of the nonlinear dynamics of glucose and insulin interaction in the blood system has been revised and considered for synthesizing the neural network for feedback control. The idea is to replicate the function of pancreatic insulin, i.e. to have a fairly continuous measurement of blood glucose and a situation‐dependent insulin injection to the body using an external device. Detailed studies are carried out to analyze the effectiveness of this adaptive critic‐based feedback medication strategy. A comparison study with linear quadratic regulator (LQR) theory shows that the proposed nonlinear approach offers some important advantages such as quicker response, avoidance of hypoglycemia problems, etc. Robustness of the proposed approach is also demonstrated from a large number of simulations considering random initial conditions and parametric uncertainties. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐performance nanocomposites based on arcylonitrile‐butadiene rubber with fillers of different particle size: Mechanical and morphological studies
Authors: Thomas P.C. , Tomlal Jose E , Selvin Thomas P , Thomas Sabu , Joseph Kuruvilla
Published: December 2009

Acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber (NBR) nanocomposites with layered silicate (LS), calcium phosphate (CP), and titanium dioxide (TO) of different particle size were prepared in an open two‐roll mixing mill at different filler loading in presence of sulphur as vulcanizing agent. The layered silicate (LS) filled system showed outstanding enhancement in mechanical properties in comparison with nanocalcium phosphate (CP) and titanium dioxide (TO). The variations in properties can be attributed to the extent of intercalation/exfoliation, which was highly influenced by the filler size. The layered silicate filled system at 20 phr showed nearly 349% increase in tensile strength compared to pure NBR whereas an increase of 110% and 84% were shown by CP and TO filled systems respectively. The modulus enhancements were in the order of 200%, 63% and 22%, respectively compared to the unfilled system. The increase in tear resistance was in the order of 230%, 115%, and 41% respectively for the filled systems in comparison with unfilled NBR. The significant enhancements in mechanical properties were supported by the morphological analysis. POLYM. COMPOS., 31:1515–1524, 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Experimental analysis for extrusion screw geometry to produce highly transparent polypropylene sheets
Authors: Funaki Akira , Takubo Toyokazu , Kanai Toshitaka
Published: December 2009

The observation was experimentally conducted by using many screws with various geometries to obtain a highly transparent polypropylene melt resin sheet. The pressure distribution in the extruder, melt temperature profile across melt flow, the extruder throughput and the specific energy consumption were monitored. In a preliminary evaluation, transparent melt web was obtained in a simple straight channel depth screw and a straight channel depth screw with a torpedo type barrier section. The transparency of melted resin sheet was obtained by the screw geometry so that the specific energy consumption was small and the melted temperature was low. Based on these results and taking a wide applicability for a large size extruder of the production machine into consideration, the screw of gently tapered compression with a torpedo type barrier section was selected as the basic design of the screw geometry to satisfy both the transparency and the extrusion stability. The screw geometry optimization was conducted using the analysis of melting performance by the cooling experiment and the pressure pattern. As a result, the screw geometry to satisfy a low external haze and an extrusion stability under higher throughput conditions was designed. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Assessing effectiveness and efficiency of academic interventions in school psychology journals: 1995–2005
Authors: Bramlett Ron , Cates Gary L. , Savina Elena , Lauinger Brittni
Published: December 2009

This article reviews research in the four major school psychology journals: Journal of School Psychology, Psychology in the Schools, School Psychology Quarterly, and School Psychology Review. The function of the review was to provide school psychologists with a summary of academic interventions published through years 1995–2005, synthesize the commonalities of empirically based interventions, and report on the extent to which each article provides the reader the opportunity to understand the effects of the intervention with regard to the amount of instructional time required to implement it. Results of the review suggest that reading is most heavily investigated followed by math and, to a much lesser degree, written expression. Moreover, studies use a variety of designs including single subject and group designs. Finally, it is clear that a limited number of studies evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention with regard to the amount of instructional time needed to implement the intervention. In light of these findings and in addition to the two major functions of the review, recommendations for practice and future research are presented. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphing, Zoom und 3D. Lamellen‐ und Linsenrasterbilder
Authors: Ucke Christian , Schlichting Hans‐Joachim
Published: December 2009

Schon seit Jahrhunderten ist die Technik der Riefel‐ oder Lamellenbilder bekannt, mit der zwei oder drei Bilder in ein Bild zusammengefasst werden. Mit der Linsenrastertechnik kann man heute bis zu dreißig unterschiedliche Bilder in eine ebene Druckvorlage unterbringen. Damit lassen sich Wechselbilder, 3D‐Bilder, ja sogar kleine Videosequenzen realisieren. Linsenraster bestehen aus einer Anordnung von parallelen Zylinderlinsen.
Elektrofahrzeuge. Mobilität und erneuerbare Energie
Authors: Vezzini Andrea
Published: December 2009

Reine Elektroautos sind im Betrieb Nullemissionsfahrzeuge, sofern sie mit CO2‐frei erzeugtem Strom fahren. Aber auch mit fossil erzeugtem Strom kommen sie auf eine gute CO2‐Bilanz. Der Grund: Elektromotoren haben über 90 % Wirkungsgrad (Diesel 35 %) und kommen sogar ohne Getriebe aus. Der Flaschenhals ist nach wie vor die teure und schwere Batterie mit niedriger Speicherkapazität. Die schnellen Fortschritte in der Lithiumionen‐Technologie lassen jedoch auf einen Durchbruch im kommenden Jahrzehnt hoffen. Große Autobatterien benötigen ein aufwendiges Batteriemanagement, um sicher zu sein und eine hohe Lebensdauer zu erreichen.
Correlation of 2J couplings with protein secondary structure
Authors: Schmidt Jürgen M. , Hua Yixun , Löhr Frank
Published: December 2009

Geminal two‐bond couplings (2J) in proteins were analyzed in terms of correlation with protein secondary structure. NMR coupling constants measured and evaluated for a total six proteins comprise 3999 values of 2JCαN′, 2JC′HN, 2JHNCα, 2JC′Cα, 2JHαC′, 2JHαCα, 2JCβC′, 2JN′Hα, 2JN′Cβ, and 2JN′C′, encompassing an aggregate 969 amino‐acid residues. A seamless chain of pattern comparisons across the spectrum datasets recorded allowed the absolute signs of all 2J coupling constants studied to be retrieved. Grouped by their mediating nucleus, C′, N′ or Cα, 2J couplings related to C′ and N′ depend significantly on ϕ,ψ torsion‐angle combinations. β turn types I, I′, II and II′, especially, can be distinguished on the basis of relative‐value patterns of 2JCαN′, 2JHNCα, 2JC′HN, and 2JHαC′. These coupling types also depend on planar or tetrahedral bond angles, whereas such dependences seem insignificant for other types. 2JHαCβ appears to depend on amino‐acid type only, showing negligible correlation with torsion‐angle geometry. Owing to its unusual properties, 2JCαN′ can be considered a “one‐bond” rather than two‐bond interaction, the allylic analog of 1JN′Cα, as it were. Of all protein J coupling types, 2JCαN′ exhibits the strongest dependence on molecular conformation, and among the 2J types, 2JHNCα comes second in terms of significance, yet was hitherto barely attended to in protein structure work. Proteins 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Amino acid substitutions at protein–protein interfaces that modulate the oligomeric state
Authors: Nishi Hafumi , Ota Motonori
Published: December 2009

Despite similarities in their sequence and structure, there are a number of homologous proteins that adopt various oligomeric states. Comparisons of these homologous protein pairs, in terms of residue substitutions at the protein–protein interfaces, have provided fundamental characteristics that describe how proteins interact with each other. We have prepared a dataset composed of pairs of related proteins with different homo‐oligomeric states. Using the protein complexes, the interface residues were identified, and using structural alignments, the shadow‐interface residues have been defined as the surface residues that align with the interface residues. Subsequently, we investigated residue substitutions between the interfaces and the shadow interfaces. Based on the degree of the contributions to the interactions, the aligned sites of the interfaces and shadow interfaces were divided into primary and secondary sites; the primary sites are the focus of this work. The primary sites were further classified into two groups (i.e. exposed and buried) based on the degree to which the residue is buried within the shadow interfaces. Using these classifications, two simple mechanisms that mediate the oligomeric states were identified. In the primary‐exposed sites, the residues on the shadow interfaces are replaced by more hydrophobic or aromatic residues, which are physicochemically favored at protein–protein interfaces. In the primary‐buried sites, the residues on the shadow interfaces are replaced by larger residues that protrude into other proteins. These simple rules are satisfied in 23 out of 25 Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) families with a different‐oligomeric‐state pair, and thus represent a basic strategy for modulating protein associations and dissociations. Proteins 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the orientation of the catalytic dyad in aspartic proteases
Authors: Friedman Ran , Caflisch Amedeo
Published: December 2009

The recent re‐refinement of the X‐ray structure of apo plasmepsin II from Plasmodium falciparum suggests that the two carboxylate groups in the catalytic dyad are noncoplanar, (Robbins et al., Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2009;65: 294–296) in remarkable contrast with the vast majority of structures of aspartic proteases. Here, evidence for the noncoplanarity of the catalytic aspartates is provided by analysis of multiple explicit water molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of plasmepsin II, human β‐secretase, and HIV‐protease. In the MD runs of plasmepsin II, the angle between the planes of the two carboxylates of the catalytic dyad is almost always in the range 60°–120°, in agreement with the perpendicular orientation in the re‐refined X‐ray structure. The noncoplanar arrangement is prevalent also in the β‐secretase simulations, as well as in the runs with the inhibitor‐bound proteases. Quantum‐mechanics calculations provide further evidence that before catalysis the noncoplanar arrangement is favored energetically in eukaryotic aspartic proteases. Remarkably, the coplanar orientation of the catalytic dyad is observed in MD simulations of HIV‐protease at 100 K but not at 300 K, which indicates that the noncoplanar arrangement is favored by conformational entropy. This finding suggests that the coplanar orientation in the crystal structures of apo aspartic proteases is promoted by the very low temperature used for data collection (usually around 100 K). Proteins 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Integrating job safety analysis into process hazard analysis
Authors: Collins Robert L.
Published: December 2009

In this article, the author will present and explain in some detail how the job safety analysis (JSA) technique can be integrated into and used in conjunction with any of the six process hazard analysis (PHA) techniques required by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration process safety management Standard for highly hazardous chemicals. The goal of this effort is to produce a rigorous and unified approach to performing a PHA for either a batch chemical process or a continuous chemical process with significant batch elements (i.e., startup and shutdown). This approach combines the typical approach to performing a PHA with representative operating, emergency, and maintenance procedures to allow PHA teams to evaluate process risks within the environment of specific modes of operation for the process equipment and PHA nodes. When this approach is used, the PHA team is less likely to miss something important. As a result, the PHA produces a set of preventive actions that, when implemented, will produce the best and safest way to operate the system reviewed. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2010
Control of near‐grazing dynamics and discontinuity‐induced bifurcations in piecewise‐smooth dynamical systems
Authors: Misra Sambit , Dankowicz Harry
Published: December 2009

This paper develops a rigorous control paradigm for regulating the near‐grazing bifurcation behavior of limit cycles in piecewise‐smooth dynamical systems. In particular, it is shown that a discrete‐in‐time linear feedback correction to a parameter governing a state‐space discontinuity surface can suppress discontinuity‐induced fold bifurcations of limit cycles that achieve near‐tangential intersections with the discontinuity surface. The methodology ensures a persistent branch of limit cycles over an interval of parameter values near the critical condition of tangential contact that is an order of magnitude larger than that in the absence of control. The theoretical treatment is illustrated with a harmonically excited damped harmonic oscillator with a piecewise‐linear spring stiffness as well as with a piecewise‐nonlinear model of a capacitively excited mechanical oscillator. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FineTrust: a fine‐grained trust model for peer‐to‐peer networks
Authors: Ren Yizhi , Li Mingchu , Sakurai Kouichi
Published: December 2009

Trust research is a key issue in peer‐to‐peer (P2P) networks. Reputation‐based trust models as one of the good solutions to resolve the trust problems in P2P network are received more and more attention in recent years. One of the fundamental challenges is to capture the evolving nature of a trust relationship between peers and reflect the varied bias or preference of peers in a distributed and open environment. In this paper, we present a fine‐grained trust computation model for P2P networks. Our model defines the service as a fined‐grained quality‐of‐service (QoS) (N‐dimensional vector), and in order to accurate the recommendation trust computing, several concepts are introduced to reflect the recommenders' current status, history behavior, and the gap between these two behaviors. Also, we firstly introduce the Gauss‐bar function to measure the preference similarity between peers. All these will result in a flexible model which represents trust in a manner more close to human intuitions and satisfies the diverse QoS requirements of peers in P2P networks. The extensive simulations have confirmed the efficiency of our model. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of coping responses in the relationship between perceived stress and disordered eating in a cross‐cultural sample of female university students
Authors: Beukes Magdel , Walker Stephen , Esterhuyse Karel
Published: December 2009

The aim of the study was to determine whether a relationship exists between perceived stress and disordered eating among 349 female, residential, first year students (143 Black and 206 White). The possible influence of coping responses and cultural differences on this relationship was also investigated. The participants completed measures of disordered eating, coping responses and perceived stress. Body mass index scores were also calculated. Product‐term regression analyses were conducted to investigate whether coping responses mediated or moderated the relationship between perceived stress and disordered eating. The results indicated a significant correlation between perceived stress and disordered eating among the White female students. Furthermore, with the exception of drive for thinness, similar results were found for the Black female participants. Coping responses did not moderate the relationship between perceived stress and disordered eating among the White female students. Coping responses did, however, act as mediators in this group. Coping responses were found not to moderate nor mediate the relationship between perceived stress and disordered eating among Black females. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detecting memory leaks in managed languages with Cork
Authors: Jump Maria , McKinley Kathryn S.
Published: December 2009

A memory leak in a managed language occurs when the program inadvertently maintains references to objects that it no longer needs. Memory leaks cause systematic heap growth that degrade performance and can result in program crashes after perhaps days or weeks of execution. Prior approaches for detecting memory leaks rely on heap differencing or detailed object statistics which store state proportional to the number of objects in the heap. These overheads preclude their use on the same processor for deployed long‐running applications. This paper introduces Cork as a tool that accurately identifies heap growth caused by leaks. It is space efficient (adding less than 1% to the heap) and time efficient (adding 2.3% on average to total execution time). We implement this approach of examining and summarizing the class of live objects during garbage collection in a class points‐from graph (CPFG). Each node in the CPFG represents a class and edges between nodes represent references between objects of the specific classes. Cork annotates nodes and edges with the corresponding volume of live objects. Cork identifies growing data structures across multiple collections and computes a class slice to identify leaks for the user. We experiment with two functions for identifying growth and show that Cork is accurate: it identifies systematic heap growth with no false positives in 4 of 15 benchmarks we tested. Cork's slice report enabled us to quickly identify and eliminate growing data structures in large and unfamiliar programs, something their developers had not previously done. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human Embryonic Stem Cell Lines and Their Use in International Research
Authors: Löser Peter , Schirm Jacqueline , Guhr Anke , Wobus Anna M. , Kurtz Andreas
Published: December 2009

Research in human pluripotent stem cells, including human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC), is one of the most dynamic research fields. Despite the high public attention, especially for hESC research, there is only scattered information on the number of hESC lines and the degree, dynamics, and diversification of their use on a global level. In this study we present data on the current number of publicly disclosed hESC lines, on the extent and impact of experimental work involving hESCs, and on the use of specific hESC lines in international research. The results are based on the evaluation of nearly 1,000 research papers published by the end of 2008, which describe experimental work on hESCs, and of a comprehensive database of published hESC lines. The average impact of hESC research papers is high at 7.422, with a predominance of research output by the United States. Of at least 1,071 original hESC lines derived up to November 2009 at 87 institutions in 24 countries, only a fraction is thoroughly characterized. Our data show the global predominance of a few hESC lines in research, but also reveal remarkable country-specific differences. Comparison of hESC and hiPSC application did not show a diminished role for hESC research, but rather revealed that, up to this time, both fields continue to expand, exist independently, and partially overlap.
Neural networks
Authors: Titterington Michael
Published: December 2009

A variety of artificial neural networks are reviewed, including feed‐forward networks, recurrent networks, associative memories such as the Hopfield network, and the self‐organizing map. Their architectures are described, as are methods that have been developed for training them. Particular emphasis is placed on links with statistical activities, especially regression, classification, and clustering, in contexts such as graphical models and latent structure models. In terms of the training procedures, attention is drawn to the implicit or explicit implementation of statistical methodological approaches such as likelihood and Bayesian methods. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Neural Networks
The creation of a Pavlik “hemi-harness” for a singly irreducible hip in bilateral dysplastic hips
Authors: Atrey Amit , Katchburian Marcos
Published: December 2009

Purpose

The treatment of bilaterally dislocated hips with a Pavlik harness can have deleterious effects if one hip remains dislocated. We assess the success of potentially leaving the persistently dislocated hip free and the relocated hip in a “hemi-Pavlik” harness.

Methods

In this report, we retrospectively review three cases of bilaterally dislocated hips in children who were treated with a Pavlik harness. Only one hip was effectively reduced by the harness and, in each case, half of the harness was cut away to create a “hemi-Pavlik” harness and the free side was operated on at a later date.

Results

Initial follow-up has shown that the “hemi-Pavlik” harness is effective in maintaining reduction of one hip whilst leaving the other hip untreated, thus, avoiding the complications of prolonged use of the harness in an unreduced hip or having both hips dealt with operatively.

Conclusions

We suggest, in the early stages, that if only one side of the bilaterally displaced hips can be reduced, the non-reduced side should be left free and an elective procedure carried out at a later stage. In the early stages, a “hemi-Pavlik” harness is effective in treating the reducible hip and causes no treatment obstacles for the irreducible side.
Zionism and the Foundations of Israeli Diplomacy
Authors: Sofer Sasson
Published: December 2009

Detailed historical reconstruction of the origins of Jewish political thought. By tracing the development of Socialist Zionism and Revisionism in the years prior to Israel's independence, the book demonstrates how the political, social and economic foundations of the future state of Israel were negotiated in this period and how these ideologies have endured and are reflected in Israeli diplomacy. In this respect, the comprehensive analysis is key to an understanding of the basis of Israeli international relations and the fragmentary nature of its politics. The book promises to become a standard reference for students of Zionist and Israeli politics, as well as those interested in the Middle East generally.
Effect of prebiotic fibre supplementation on hepatic gene expression and serum lipids: a dose–response study in JCR:LA-cp rats
Authors: Parnell Jill A. , Reimer Raylene A.
Published: December 2009

Prebiotic fibres have been proposed to promote weight loss and lower serum cholesterol; however, the mechanisms are not fully understood. The aim of the present research was to identify possible mechanisms through which prebiotic fibres improve serum lipids. Lean and obese JCR:La-cp rats aged 8 weeks consumed one of three diets supplemented with 0, 10 or 20 % prebiotic fibre for 10 weeks. Rats were anaesthetised and a fasting blood sample was taken for lipid analysis. Real-time PCR was used to determine gene expression for cholesterol and fatty acid regulatory genes in liver tissue. Liver and caecal digesta cholesterol and TAG content were quantified. Both doses of prebiotic fibre lowered serum cholesterol levels by 24 % in the obese hyperlipidaemic rats (P < 0·05). This change was associated with an increase in caecal digesta as well as an up-regulation of genes involved in cholesterol synthesis and bile production. Additionally, there was a 42 % reduction in TAG accumulation in the liver of the obese rats with 10 % prebiotic diet (P < 0·05); however, no change in liver fatty acid synthase (FAS). Prebiotic fibres appear to lower cholesterol levels through increased cholesterol excretion in the form of bile and inhibit the accumulation of TAG in the liver through a mechanism unrelated to FAS. These effects appear to be limited to the obese model and particularly the 10 % dose. The present work is significant as it provides insight into the mechanisms of action for prebiotic fibres on lipid metabolism and furthers the development of dietary treatments for hypercholesterolaemia.
Viewspapers: The Malay press of the 1930s
Authors: Emmanuel Mark
Published: December 2009

There was a tremendous acceleration in newspaper publishing between 1930 and 1941 despite the Great Depression. The Malay press began to evolve into a site for discussing and debating the circumstances of Malay life in the 1930s. Rather than news, opinions, commentaries, leading articles and editorials made up the bulk of column space in Malay newspapers and magazines of the 1930s. It was a ‘viewspaper’ rather than a newspaper. New forms of public-opinion making like the editorial, increased participation in the media through letters to the editor and contributors' articles, public readings of newspapers, and the extension of newspapers into classrooms meant that a broader cross-section of Malays were able to access debates and discussions on issues of the day and raises new questions about public life in Malaya among Malays.
The Five Power Defence Arrangements and the reappraisal of the British and Australian policy interests in Southeast Asia, 1970–75
Authors: Benvenuti Andrea , Dee Moreen
Published: December 2009

Working from recently declassified Australian and British government files, this paper examines the archival evidence on policy thinking in London and Canberra towards the Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA) during the period 1970–75. The article argues that one of the main reasons for the Heath government's decision to deploy a token military force in Southeast Asia as part of a multilateral defence arrangement with Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and Singapore was the desire to uphold these Commonwealth connections. By contrast, Canberra was beginning to question the value of such arrangements in a rapidly changing Southeast Asian strategic environment.
II An Anonymous Parliamentary Diary, 1705–6
Authors: Speck W. A.
Published: December 2009

This parliamentary diary was deposited in Cambridge University Library by Lord Braybrooke in 1947. I wish to thank his Lordship for permitting me to publish it, and the University Librarian for all the help which I received while working on it.
IV Parliamentary Diaries of Nathaniel Ryder, 1764–7
Authors: Thomas P. D. G.
Published: December 2009

This Parliamentary diary is taken from shorthand manuscripts in the archives of the Harrowby MSS. Trust at Sandon Hall in Stafford-shire. For nearly a century from about 1713 successive members of the Ryder family recorded much of their personal, legal and political activities in shorthand notes and diaries. This practice was begun by Sir Dudley Ryder, who used a variant of Rich's shorthand system, which had been devised in the seventeenth century. He taught the system to his son Nathaniel, the author of this diary, and he in turn taught it to his two eldest sons, Dudley, later first Earl of Harrowby and Foreign Secretary 1804–5, and Richard, Home Secretary 1809–1812. Legal business comprises much of the material thus recorded, and many other notes concern personal and social matters, or estate management and accounts: but a considerable amount of important Parliamentary and other political information has also been discovered. Altogether, the surviving shorthand documents at Sandon Hall amount to some four million words. During the last thirty years or so, the Earl of Harrowby has sought to have these documents transcribed as part of his plan to put his family records in order. Since 1949 this task has been undertaken on something approaching a voluntary basis by Mr. K. L. Perrin of Great Comberton in Worcestershire, a hobby of great benefit to past, present and future historians.
II The Parliamentary Diary of John Clementson, 1770–1802
Authors: Thomas P. D. G.
Published: December 2009

Introduction 143

Text 147
IV A Book of All the Several Officers of the Court of Exchequer together with the Names of the Present Officers, in Whose Gift, and how Admitted. With a Brief Collection of the Chief Heads of Whatevery Officer Usually Doeth by Vertue of his Office According to the State of the Exchequer at this Day, January 1641
Authors: Squibb Lawrence
Published: December 2009

Introduction 77

I. Lawrence Squibb 78

II. The Manuscripts and Their Descent 80

III. Editorial Practice 95

Text 97
A Charge at the General Quarter Sessions of the Peace Held for the County of Cambridge, at the Castle of Cambridge, On Thursday the seventeenth day of January, Anno Domini 1688/9
Authors: Dudley Matthew
Published: December 2009

The great occasion of our meeting here is, for Preservation of the Peace in matters Ecclesiastical as well as Civil: By matters Ecclesiastical is meant matters of the Church, and by the Church is meant the Church of England as ‘tis by Law Established in this Kingdom, the Constitutions of which are undoubtedly the best of any now in practice in any other part of the Christian World, as coming nearest to that Forme of divine Worship which was taught by our Blessed Saviour and his Apostles, and which indeed is a Member of that very Church which was at Unity with it self for some Centuries after Christ's Ascension, as making the whole Scriptures the Rule of our Faith; as believing and acknowledging for Orthodox, the Doctrines of the prime Primitive Fathers, and the Four first General Councils.
A Charge by the Chairman to the Grand-Jury, General Quarter-Sessions of the Peace for the County of ESSEX at Chelmsford, July 10 1705
Authors: Corsellis Nicholas
Published: December 2009

Being desired by the Grand-Jury, several of the Justices of the Peace and Gentlemen of the County of Essex, to print the Charge I delivered at the General Quarter-Sessions of the Peace, held at Chelmsford the 10th of July 1705, I rather chose to expose my self to the Censure of some People than refuse their Request, and have accordingly printed the same, and set my Name to it; which is as follows.
The Charge to the Grand Jury of the City of Bristol and County of the same City, At the General Quarter-Session of the Peace, held in the Guild-Hall there, April 30, 1728
Authors: Cann William
Published: December 2009

To the Gentlemen of the Grand Jury of the City of Bristol and County of the same City.

GENTLEMEN,

Could I with any Decency have excused my self from printing the following Speech after your Commands to publish it, the same, being no more intended for the Press than it is fit for it, had never thus appear'd abroad. The only Recommendation of this Charge to your least Notice, were those slight Touches in it relating to our happy Establishment: And your View in having it thus come into the World, I look upon as kindly giving me a proper Opportunity to clear my self from the Aspersion mention'd in your Presentment, which I hope the following Pages will effectually do. I am,

Gentlemen,

Your Most Obedient and

Most Humble Servant,

William Cann.
A Charge to the Grand Jury of the City and Liberty of Westminster, &c. At the General Quarter-Sessions of the Peace, held the third Day of July, 1729, in Westminster-Hall
Authors: Knt John Gonson
Published: December 2009

Printed at the Desire of the Justices of the Peace, for the said City and Liberty, and of thew Grand Jury.

LONDON: Printed by Charles Ackers, in Great-Swan-Alley, St. John's -Street. 1729.

Civitas, Burgas, & Villa Westm. in Com. Midd. } Ad Generalem Quarterialem Sessionem Pacis Domino Regis Regis tent' apud Westm. pro Libertat' Decani & Capituli Ecclesiœ Collegial. Beati Petri Westm. Civit', Burgi & Ville Westm. in Comitat. Midd. & Sancti Martini le Grand, London' Die Jovis scilicet tertio die Julii, Anno Regis Domini Georgii Secundi, Dei Gratiâ, nunc Regis Magnæ Birtanniæ, &c Tertio.
A Charge given to the Grand Juries of the County of the City of Dublin, and County of Dublin, at a Sitting of His Majesty's Commissions of Oyer and Terminer, and General Gaol Delivery for the said Counties, On Saturday the 3d Day of December, 1763
Authors: Aston Richard
Published: December 2009

I HAVE the Honour to meet You on this solemn Occasion, which the Wisdom of Government, for the Sake of preserving Peace and Good Order, has made frequent and regular.

As the Well-being of every Country in a great Measure depends upon the wise Frame of their Laws, to regulate Property, and to restrain and punish Offenders, and on a due Execution of those Laws; it became absolutely necessary for die Sup-[4] port of Government, and the Safety of the Subject, that some Persons should be intrusted with the Inquiry into all Crimes and Offences whatsoever: And it was no less needful for the Security and Quiet of every Man, diat such a Trust should be delegated to Men of Integrity and Indifference, who might not suffer the Guilty to escape Prosecution for dieir Crimes, or the Innocent to be oppressed by false, weak, or vindictive Accusations.
A Charge to the Grand Jury of the County of Middlesex. delivered At the General Quarter Session of the Peace, holden at Hick's Hall in the said County, on Monday the Eleventh Day of September, 1780
Authors: Hawkins John
Published: December 2009

At the General Quarter Session of the Peace holden at HICK's HALL, in Saint-John-Street, in and for the County aforesaid, on Monday the Eleventh Day of September 1780, before the Reverend Sir George Booth, Baronet, Thomas Cogan, William Gregson, George Alcock, Esquires, and others their Fellows, Justices of our Lord the King assigned to keep the Peace in and for the said County.

It is unanimously resolved and ordered, That the Thanks of this Court be, and the same are hereby returned to Sir JOHN HAWKINS, Knt. Chairman of die Sessions of die Peace for this County, for his Charge delivered to the Grand Jury, at die Opening of diis Session. And the Court doth desire, dial he will be pleased to cause the same to be printed and published as soon as conveniendy may be. And it is further ordered, That Sir JOHN HAWKINS have a copy of this order, and diat the Clerk of the Peace do attend him dierewith immediately.
A Charge delivered to the Grand Jury of the County of Middlesex at the General Session of the Peace, held at the Sessions House on Clerkenwell-Green, on monday the 10th of December 1792
Authors: Mainwaring William
Published: December 2009

Gentlemen, BEFORE you retire from the Court to proceed to your Business, I must request you will permit me to call your Attention to some Measures of great Importance to us all, in which the Tranquillity and Hap-[6]piness of the Country are most materially concerned, and which it is your particular Province at this Time, as the Grand Jury for this great and populous County, to enquire in to and present.

His Majesty has found it necessary to issue a second Proclamation, in which it is set forth, that the utmost Industry is still employed by evil-disposed Persons within this Kingdom, acting in concert with Persons in Foreign Parts, with a View to subvert the Laws and established Constitution of this Realm, and de-[B 2–7] stray all Order and Government therein; and that a Spirit of Tumult and Disorder, thereby excited, has lately shewn itself in Acts of Riots and Insurrection.
A Charge given to the Grand Jury of the Hundreds of Kirton and Skirbeck, in the parts of Holland, In the County Of Lincoln at Epiphany-Sessions, held at Boston, 14th January 1793. concerning the standard measure of corn; and concerning seditious publications
Authors: Partridge Samuel
Published: December 2009

Gentlemen of the Grand jury: IT was my design, a short time since, to address you this day on a subject of a nature altogether peaceful and agreeable: I mean, the reformation so much and so long wanted, and now likely to prevail universally, in the practice of MEASURING CORN. But I must speak to you concisely on this subject, that I may hasten to one of incomparably greater importance.
A Charge, delivered to the Grand Jury of the County of Chester, at the Quarter-Sessions held at Chester, on Tuesday the 15th of January, 1793
Authors: Jacson Roger
Published: December 2009

Gentlemen of the Grand Jury, I Am directed to make it part of my charge to you, on this occasion, that you diligently inquire and true presentment make of all wicked and seditious writings dial have come to your knowledge. — This, Gentlemen, is one of the means that Government has adopted to suppress such publications, as you all know have remarkably abounded of late in this kingdom, justly alarmed, as it should seem, at the danger direatened diereby to our happy constitution. And it is a means, which at the same time that it bespeaks a proper vigilance in those that have the present direction of our affairs, exhibits to us an ample proof of the excellence of the government under which we live: It is a luminous display of the perfect civil liberty which Englishmen actually enjoy; that however wantonly provoked, the executive power dares not lift the hand of punishment against the meanest of its citizens, before a dispassionate enquiry is made into the probability of his guilt, by a jury of his fellow-citizens and equals, previous even to his being brought under the hazard of a trial for his offence.
A Charge delivered to the Grand Jury at the General Quarter Sessions of the Peace for the County of Suffolk, holden, by adjournment, at Ipswich on Friday, January 18, 1793
Authors: Chedworth John Lord
Published: December 2009

Gentlemen of the Grand jury, YOU are now called upon to exercise one of the highest Privileges that can be enjoyed by the Citizens of a free State, that of assisting in the Administration of the criminal Justice of your Country. It is your Duty, in Virtue of the Office which You have now taken upon You, not only to decide on the Truth of all such Bills of Indictment as shall be laid before You, but likewise to present all Offences against the Public Peace, Convenience, and good Order which You know of from your own Knowledge.
A Charge Delivered to the Grand Jury of the County of Dublin, at the Quarter Sessions of the Peace, Held at Kilmainham, on Tuesday the 12th of January 1796
Authors: Day Robert
Published: December 2009

Gentlemen of the Grand Jury, IT is impossible for any Irishman, not dead to all public virtue, to contemplate without exultation and just national pride, the Stability of these Kingdoms, amidst the Convulsions and disastrous Events which in the lapse of a few years have desolated the greater part of Europe. While we prostrate ourselves in great adoration before the throne of God for this his stupendous goodness, it may not be unprofitable to inquire into the more immediate Causes of our Exemption from those [8] awful Calamities, which it has pleased Providence to visit upon so large a portion of our Fellow-creatures. Such disquisitions, while they teach us to form a just sense of our Establishments, and of their importance and value, must lead every man of prudence and reflexion to sustain and cherish them, as the surest means of our preservation amidst this wreck of Nations.
III John Benet's Chronicle for the years 1400 to 1462
Authors: Harriss G. L. , Harriss M. A.
Published: December 2009

MS. E.5.10 in Trinity College, Dublin, is a volume measuring approximately 8½ × 6 inches, consisting of 224 leaves of vellum and paper written in English and Latin.1 The greater part is in one clear, regular fifteenth-century cursive hand, but the volume also includes sections of thirteenth- and fourteenth-century date and has flyleaves of fragments of similar date. Throughout the volume additions have been made in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries by a dozen or more different hands. On fo. 2v an inscription in the hand of the greater part of the book reads: ‘Iste liber est Domini Johannis Benet de harlyngdon. Quisquis istum elongaverit de custodia sua absque suo consensu anathema sit maranatha’, and at not less than twelve other places throughout the volume Benet signs his name, usually in the form ‘quod Benet’2. Three of these are dated: on fo. 75v ‘Quod Benet apud Harlyngdon Anno Domini M1CCCColxjo DominicalilitteraC’; on fo. 12Ir ‘quod Benet apud Harlyngdon Anno Domini M1CCCC1XViijo littera dominicali B’; on fo. 189v ‘M1CCCClxxj 13 die Novembris quod Benet’. John Benet was vicar of Harlington in Bedfordshire throughout the period covered by these dates, during which he wrote and assembled his book. The paper he used shows a variety of watermarks of the mid-fifteenth century, such as might be expected of a compiler in the provinces buying paper in small packets or using what happened to be at hand. After it was bound several of the remaining blank leaves were used by others for additional notes. The volume was foliated by one of these later hands, and on ff. 191–2 a table of contents with the folio references was made in the late fifteenth century. All the items in the table are present in the book as it survives today.
III The Diary and Speeches of Sir Arthur Kaye 1710-21
Authors: Szechi D.
Published: December 2009

Written ‘to supply the defect of an ill memory’, Sir Arthur Kaye's manuscript diary is one of the few early eighteenth-century accounts of Parliamentary politics that have survived to the present day. It is also one which scholars in the field have found very useful. As Geoffrey Holmes, the doyen of early eighteenth-century British history, has put it: ‘no contemporary material illustrates more vividly the negative side of the country member's prejudices’. The Parliamentary speeches also preserved amongst Kaye's papers are less well known but in their own way are just as valuable, hence the publication of the two in conjunction.
II George Rainsford's ‘Ritratto d'Ingliterra’ (1556)
Authors: Donaldson P. S.
Published: December 2009

George Rainsford's Ritratto d'Ingliterra appears, in the two manuscripts in which it has come down to us, as an appendix to Stephen Gardiner's Ragionamento dell'advenimento delli inglesi et normanni in Britannia. Apart from catalogue references and one brief note in J. A. Muller's introduction to The Letters of Stephen Gardiner (Cambridge, 1933), neither the Gardiner work nor that by Rainsford has been mentioned by scholars. Professors Paul Oskar Kristeller and William Nelson directed my attention to these texts some years ago, and suggested the project which has resulted in the publication of Gardiner's treatise under the title A Machiavellian Treatise by Stephen Gardiner (Cambridge, 1975) and in the edition of Rainsford's appendix presented here. Though it has proved necessary to publish the two texts separately, they are very closely connected works, and should be studied together. Rainsford was Gardiner's translator; it was he who was responsible for the Italian version in which Gardiner's last work survives, and to which his own composition was appended. The Rainsford text was, therefore, explicitly offered as a supplement to what Gardiner had done. In his dedication of the composite volume to Philip II he gave this as the reason for his own work:

So that nothing might be lacking in this little book that might contribute to an understanding of the laws, procedures, customs, nature and humour of the people of Britain, I have composed and here appended a portrait of the realm, (fo. IVr)

Thus his own work was composed expressly to supplement what Gardiner has written.
III The Letter-Book of Thomas Bentham, Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield
Authors: O'Day Rosemary , Berlatsky Joel
Published: December 2009

The letter-book of Thomas Bentham, Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield (1560–79), is to be found in National Library of Wales MS. 4919D. The volume was purchased in May 1923, being one of some 500 volumes sold by Captain Ivor McClure on his removal from London to Malvern. Mr (later Sir) John Ballinger travelled up to London to examine the library on behalf of the National Library of Wales. Personal letters between the Librarian, Mr Ballinger, and Captain McClure survive for this period but provide no clue as to the origins of the library in general or of this volume in particular. The correspondence, moreover, does not indicate how the sale was made. The National Library of Wales Librarian's Report to the half yearly meeting of the court of Governors, held on 30 October 1923, makes no mention whatsoever of this purchase. It is known that at least three other rare books were bought from the same collection—a seventeenth-century Ethiopia psalter; the Divinae Institutiones of Lactantius (Latin, fifteenth century); and Roman Inscribed and Sculptured Stones (nineteenth century).