bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of a Plyometric Training Program in Sub-Elite Futsal Players During Pre-Season Period
Authors: Branquinhoa Luís , Ferraz Ricardo , Teixeira José , Neiva Henrique P. , Sortweel Andrew , Forte Pedro , Marinho Daniel A. , Marquesb Mário C.
Published: July 2022

Background of Study: Plyometric training (PT) programs can improve several motor skills during the pre-season. Even so, its impact during the pre-season specifically in futsal remains unclear. Objective: The present observational study examines the impact of a six-week PT program that included varied strength exercises in adult male futsal players. Method: Fourteen futsal players from a Portuguese men’s sub-elite team that competed in a national championship (mean ± Standard deviation (SD) age: 25.78±7.05 years) were included in this cross-sectional study that analyzed the consequences of a PT program during the pre-season, followed by four weeks of detraining. Players were monitored 3 times: at the beginning, after six weeks of PT and four weeks after the end of PT. Results: The current research presented significant mean changes with the application of the training program in the three assessment moments for agility (small to moderate effect), countermovement jump (CMJ) height (trivial to small effect), and sprint performance (trivial to moderate large effect). When assessing the mean differences between pre- and post-training, the differences are more evident in their magnitude (Δ = -12.73 to 3.69%, d = 0.38 to 2.08). Furthermore, the PT program showed the greatest influence on 20 m sprint with a large effect (Δ = -12.73%, d = 2.08), followed by a small and moderate effect for agility (Δ = -6.46%, d = 0.85) and for the 10 m sprint (Δ = -3.53%, d = 0.38). Conclusions: These results confirmed the impact of a six-week plyometric training during the pre-season in sub-elite futsal players. This new evidence can be particularly useful in pre-season planning in futsal.
War and the Destruction of Antiquities in the Former Ottoman Empire
Authors: Effros Bonnie
Published: July 2022

This chapter addresses the mostly unmanaged explorations of military (and a few civilian) archaeological enthusiasts in the context of the ongoing French onslaught on the former Ottoman principalities of al-Jazā'er and Constantine. It also reports the obliteration of ancient archaeological sites in Syria and northern Iraq by Daesh. The chapter then chronicles the nearly two-hundred-year struggle over the rightful place of ancient monuments located in the former Ottoman Empire to understand Daesh's recent destruction of classical remains. It emphasizes the intimate connection between the modern destruction of classical antiquities and the persistent legacy of European colonial and postcolonial violence to both the people and objects found in North Africa and the Middle East. Ultimately, the chapter examines how the wartime explorations of military archaeological enthusiasts shape the mission and narrative of classical archaeology in North Africa for decades to come.
Knowing and Controlling
Authors: Effros Bonnie
Published: July 2022

This chapter opens with the military conquest of Algiers and Constantine, and the scientific assessment of the region's resources, including ancient monuments. In the months and years after the conquest, the French recorded their impressions of the landscape of their new colony. At the same time, they rapidly transformed cosmopolitan centers such as the city of Algiers to meet European expectations of life in the occupied North African territory. The chapter then reviews the French presence in Algiers during the early years of the war. It examines the influx of not just soldiers and administrators but also civilian immigrants from Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Malta, Spain, and the Balearic and Greek Islands, who sought livelihoods in the new colony. Ultimately, the chapter looks at the implications of French control of inland and rural districts, as well as the role of the armée d'Afrique in French-occupied al-Jazā'er and the purpose of the French mission.
Envisioning the Future
Authors: Effros Bonnie
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on the second decade of the French colony. It examines how competing visions of the colonial settlement of Algeria were affected by the French understanding of the ancient Roman past. French officers justified their expanded control of the North African territory as part of a long-term endeavor crucial to the well-being of metropolitan France, one that necessitated appropriate infrastructural support. Many French political leaders embraced the hope that the conquest and settlement of the colony of Algeria might offer moral renewal and provide a solution to urban poverty in the metropole. The chapter then shifts to investigate how public intellectuals and statesmen altered the negative tone of their characterizations of French military operations in North Africa. Ultimately, the chapter emphasizes how the second decade of French military operations in the region saw the erection of a modest number of memorials in Algiers, Constantine, and elsewhere in the colony commemorating French military victories and generals.
Introduction
Authors: Rampton Martha
Published: July 2022

This introductory chapter explores opposing semiotic systems in conflict as Carolingian ecclesiastics attempted to neutralize the power of what were, to them, implausible, alien, or threatening rituals in which women acted autonomously in the realm of the sacred. The mindset that women were peripheral in ecclesiastical affairs paralleled views about women's inability to control the occult through magic. The Carolingian reformers created an idealized picture of women as largely passive and vulnerable, but particularly when it came to spiritual matters, and magic was a spiritual matter. Churchmen feared rites that could nurture a worldview in which women reassumed an “illegitimate” spiritual potency that Carolingian culture had systematically eroded. Religious and secular authorities were determined to neutralize myths of female power. The establishment sought to destroy a matrix of pagan symbols that had the potential to promote concepts of women's majesty outside the liminal space in which they were incubated.
Sub Dio
Authors: Rampton Martha
Published: July 2022

This chapter reveals how proscriptive sources consistently denounce pagan celebrations, the rituals at the Kalends of January—calling down the moon, raising storms, and miscellaneous pagan rites sub dio. Authorities were not exhorting about empty vestiges of old belief systems, but were engaged in a real-time struggle to supplant an ancient worldview in which unorthodox currents, sustained in communal rites, ran deep. The patterns of continuity manifest in the transition from ancient Rome to the early Middle Ages were as evident in magic as they were in virtually all other aspects of post-Roman civilization. It may well have been that the pagani who participated in the proscribed ceremonies did not see any incongruity between their old forms of worship and their new Christian rituals. However, the clerics did, and they did not hesitate to admonish parishioners through penitential tariffs and sermons preached from the pulpit.
The Awesome Power of the Woman’s Craft
Authors: Rampton Martha
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores perceptions of women's magic in late antiquity and post-Roman Europe. It reveals that they had much in common; they drew on familiar themes developed around specific larger-than-life biblical and literary characters. The stereotype of women avariciously wielding magic to ensnare men and upset the body politic through secretive sorcery are absent in patristic writings about Christian women, but that archetype resurfaced in early medieval sources. Yet, however fearful, sinful, and illegal women's magic was, their sorcery was taken seriously and acted to empower them. Their sorcery was terrifying—indexed on ancient rituals drawn from rhythms of the natural world. Women, who were themselves defined by their corporeality, had an intuitive affinity for magic of the body. Both healing and birth magic were domains in which competition between the church, wives, and mothers was rife.
The Horizon
Authors: Blumenberg Hans
Published: July 2022

This chapter introduces the concept of the horizon. The paradoxical desire to pace off a horizon derives from its optical ambiguity. Additionally, relating horizon to time assumes the metaphorical distance of the past, future, and present. The chapter expounds on Matthew's portrayal of God such as the judge of the world. Bach's “St. Matthew's Passion” seemed to portray the more beyond word and music of humanity's disobedience not being enough to embitter God to the point of suffering and death. The realism of “St. Matthew's Passion” is a triumph over the Gnostic prohibition against mentioning the God of salvation simultaneously with God's entanglement to the disintegration of the world.
Apostates
Authors: Blumenberg Hans
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses apostates. Loyalty is demanded and imposed upon every soul as faith. Bach's Passion showcases the seriousness of the realization that salvation arises from frailty. The chapter also notes how Bach's Passion addressed Simon Peter's denial of cutting an ear despite being a supposed apostle of God. It mentions how Judas is simply an exponent of messianic impatience. However, the demonology of John is not transparent enough to evaluate sufficiently the entering of Satan into Judas. The “St. Matthew's Passion” makes people realize that they know nothing of Jesus. Additionally, the Passion is the story of the falling silent of the followers without any exhortation by the master.
Between Two Murderers
Authors: Blumenberg Hans
Published: July 2022

This chapter refers to the scene in Gethsemane being the weakest in the “St. Matthew's Passion.” Bach has been more successful than all theological masters before him due to the implicit presumption in immediately deflecting everything toward the will of salvation lies in the insinuation that the meaning of Jesus of Nazareth's life was to suffer and die for humans. Additionally, the composer follows the evangelist in focusing all attention on the behavior of the apostles, who cannot keep awake while their master wrestles with God. The chapter expounds on the history of the two murderers who were crucified with Jesus on Golgotha.
Translators’ Afterword
Authors: Blumenberg Hans
Published: July 2022

This chapter uses philosopher Hans Blumenberg's writing to analyze the Gospel of Matthew and the setting of its Passion to music by Johann Sebastian Bach. Learnedness and digression in the exegesis of the Bible have long been virtues associated with the “lower” of the four senses of scripture. According to Blumenberg, the neglect of the lower senses harbors the danger of turning the criticism of Christianity and religion into either an ineffectual exchange of convictions or into an affirmation of incommunicable beliefs. A contradiction lurks at the heart of the Christian text, which is the conflict between an omnipotent God and the independence of his creation.
Ayni’s Children, or Making a Tajik-Soviet Intelligentsia
Authors: Kalinovsky Artemy M.
Published: July 2022

This chapter tackles the people who negotiated and implemented ideas for social transformation in the republic. The two generations of particular interest are those individuals born around the time of the revolution, “Zhivago's Children” and and those that followed, who entered university starting in the late 1950s, “Soviet Baby Boomers.” The Great Patriotic War played a crucial role in the formation of the Central Asian elite and the legitimization of the Soviet stems. Additionally, new institutions of higher education were created or expanded throughout the USSR in the post-war era. University has proven to be a crucial step for education, opportunities, and socialization. Sadriddin Ayni, Bobojon Gafurov, and their respective successors wanted Stalinabad/Dushanbe to be the center of Tajik learning and culture in line with the focus of intelligentsia in Moscow, Tashkent, and Stalinabad.
Nurek, “A City You Can Write About”
Authors: Kalinovsky Artemy M.
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores the development of Nurek. Engineer Semen Kalizhniuk used Nurek as a prototype for future cities while city planning had been intimately tied in shaping modern men and women. Urban utopias played a vital role following the revolution as people lived amidst Bolshevik's goals of industrialization and social transformation. Soviet and Eastern bloc architects traveled across the postcolonial world to help build cities with a nationalist culture with socialist content. Moreover, the Tajikistani proponents of Nurek had connected the building of the dam to the USSR's commitment to internationalism and anti-colonialism. The construction of the Nurek Dam made the city the nucleus of political party activity.
The Countryside Electrified
Authors: Kalinovsky Artemy M.
Published: July 2022

This chapter tackles the modernization and transformation of rural life. Central Asian cotton had become particularly vital during the industrialization of the 1930s. Soviet officials envisioned cotton production would become the job of land and machines. However, pulling children out of school for child labor gradually became institutionalized since Soviet cotton agriculture was labor intensive. The chapter highlights the difficulty of modernization, mechanization, and electrification of the Central Asian countryside. The notion has led to the competition for labor and helped the resettlement of peasants. Across 1960s and 1970s, the Soviet Union invested more resources to raise the standard of living in the countryside, which encouraged people to stay.
“A Torch Lighting the Way to Progress and Civilization”
Authors: Kalinovsky Artemy M.
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks into the concept of a Central Asian model for developing countries as an exhibition of Soviet achievement. However, in the late 1980s, some Tajikistani economists and other economists regard Central Asia as a colony rather than a model. The idea of Central Asia as a model was quietly dropped for more reasons of changing ideas of the USSR's role in international development. However, Central Asia's importance for the Soviet Union's relationship with the developing world only grew. Mirzo Rakhmatov is a good example of the special role Central Asian diplomats played in forging ties with the developing world.
The Poorest Republic
Authors: Kalinovsky Artemy M.
Published: July 2022

This chapter explains the perestroika in Central Asia. Scholars are mostly focused on the perestroika's role of nationalist mobilization, corruption scandals, and return of religion. In Tajikistan, perestroika is treated as a pre-history of civil war between 1992 and 1997. Donor countries increasingly questioned the value of their aid as they are suspicious it was corrupted by bureaucracies. The chapter then discusses the role of the press in the Soviet Union. Tajikistan's formal independence was celebrated by many members of the intelligentsia, but their hopes for a cultural and economic resurgence were soon dropped. By May 1992, the Republic of Tajikistan was engulfed in civil war.
Threatening Dystopias
Authors: Paprocki Kasia
Published: July 2022

Bangladesh is currently ranked as one of the most climate-vulnerable countries in the world. This book investigates the politics of climate change adaptation throughout the South Asian nation. The book engages with developers, policy makers, scientists, farmers, and rural migrants to show how Bangladeshi and global elites ignore the history of landscape transformation and its attendant political conflicts. The book looks at how groups craft economic narratives and strategies that redistribute power and resources away from peasant communities. Although these groups claim that increased production of export commodities will reframe the threat of climate change into an opportunity for economic development and growth, the reality is not so simple. For the country's rural poor, these promises ring hollow. As development dispossesses the poor from agrarian livelihoods, outmigration from peasant communities leads to precarious existences in urban centers. And a vision of development in which urbanization and export-led growth are both desirable and inevitable is not one the land and its people can sustain. The book shows how a powerful rural movement, although hampered by an all-consuming climate emergency, is seeking climate justice in Bangladesh.
Opportunity/Crisis
Authors: Paprocki Kasia
Published: July 2022

This chapter expounds on the politics of knowledge that shaped both popular narratives reproduced through the adaptation regime and the production of scientific knowledge in Bangladesh. Additionally, uncertainty is practiced to shape landscapes and communities, which became a dominant narrative in the global governance of climate change. However, categories of certainty and uncertainty are subject to interpretation and manipulation. The study of the adaptation regime is an examination of transformations in the political economy of development in a moment of acute global ecological change. The effects of climate change are seen as beyond the control of local development policy. Thus, uncertainties are constructing limits on the region's possible futures.
Conclusion
Authors: Paprocki Kasia
Published: July 2022

This chapter highlights climate justice and the politics of possibility in Bangladesh. The success of social movements in Khulna offers possibilities for alternative climate imaginaries. The adaptation regime is socially and historically specific, though its dynamics of imagination, experimentation, and dispossession reflect patterns that can be traced beyond Bangladesh. Investigating the adaptation regime in specific social and historical conditions will result in an analysis of the political economies that mediate the impacts of climate change. The chapter also explains how a recognition of human agency and its histories is the first step in forging a radical politics of climate justice.
Introduction
Authors: Polk Andrew R.
Published: July 2022

This introductory chapter begins by providing an overview of how Dwight D. Eisenhower used religious propaganda to justify and garner support for his policies. The supposed religious heritage Eisenhower claimed to value so dearly was the product of a coordinated campaign of religious propaganda that he adopted and expanded from his two immediate predecessors. When Eisenhower directed the Ad Council to bolster Americans' material consumption, the organization subsequently mounted public relations campaigns to explain that buying goods demonstrated Americans' faith in the “American way of life” and their dedication to both the nation's essential religious freedoms and its God-given place in the world. However, scholars have yet to examine adequately the ways he and his immediate predecessors, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman, constructed an American religion to advance their political objectives. In truth, the extent to which so many political, military, and business leaders coordinated with the White House to advance public policies through religious propaganda during the mid-twentieth century is astounding.
Building a Better World
Authors: Polk Andrew R.
Published: July 2022

This chapter evaluates how Harry S. Truman's administration fought both alongside and against other American leaders and institutions to determine America's postwar identity and the type of world it would lead into the future. Despite their many differences, nearly all agreed that American leadership must be based, or at least seem to be based, on America's foundational religious heritage, though they often disagreed on what that heritage was. Truman, who had invested himself in the same harmonious and nationalistic American religious identity as his predecessor and adopted much of the same religious propaganda he used to promote it, found that his chief opponent was the Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America (FCC). The FCC's Protestant leaders had gained an unprecedented influence over American and international policymaking during the formation of the United Nations (UN), and they had their own plans for forming a just and durable peace in the new world. They were extremely skeptical of the extensive reach of the military, its increasingly prevalent connection with American values, and Truman's insistence that Catholic influence was essential for postwar peace.
Being Religious in America
Authors: Polk Andrew R.
Published: July 2022

This chapter addresses how, by the start of Dwight D. Eisenhower's second term in the White House, cracks had formed in the nation's supposed consensus. A growing number of Americans were coming out in opposition to the national identity that the government's religious propaganda had so assiduously fostered. By the 1950s, Black leaders began utilizing the myth of America's religious heritage in their quest for civil rights, the same myth that propagandists had too often employed to disregard racial injustices. Even the public veneer of a religious unity-in-diversity for which Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, Eisenhower, and their allies had worked so hard was breaking apart. By Eisenhower's second term, liberal Protestants had gone from hesitant acceptance of religious patriotism to outspoken critique of what they perceived to be a shallow endorsement of the status quo. Conversely, evangelicals, who had continued to differentiate themselves from self-styled fundamentalists, gained both greater numbers and a more consistent, and powerful, voice in public affairs.
Antifa and the Mainstreaming of Antifascism
Authors: Gottfried Paul
Published: July 2022

This chapter examines the development of Antifa in the United States as both a major political force and a continuing source of civil disturbance. It looks beyond the often simplistic explanation for this development provided by sympathetic media; namely, that in violent protests and rioting we are observing a natural, understandable response to the discovery of systemic racism in the United States. One can condemn the indefensible killing of George Floyd in Minneapolis and also note that Floyd was used as a pretext for mobilizing revolutionary forces to swing into action. The result of what in some cases were planned actions was to leave inner cities devastated. Although some of this violence may have been spontaneous, Antifa and those acting in concert with it had their fingerprints on the devastation. Moreover, their demonstrations prompted similar protests, resulting in looting and the toppling of statues by antifascists in Western Europe.
Stalingrad
Authors: Lohse Alexandra
Published: July 2022

This chapter traces the origins of this new but enduring dynamic to the contentious aftermath of “the debacle in Russia.” As Allied successes mounted in the face of broader German mobilization, the war encroached on life at the home front in ways it had never done before. The chapter then looks at the events of 1943, which had a profound impact on people's relationship with the Nazi regime. It investigates popular reactions to the German defeat at Stalingrad, perceived as a turning point by contemporaries and historians alike, and to the Nazi regime's efforts to harness the nation's collective force of will to the point of self-annihilation. Ultimately, the chapter explores how the shock of defeat caused many Germans to reexamine some of the events of the preceding war years, and, most importantly, how the experience had a decisive and enduring impact on popular responses to mounting mobilization efforts and subsequent military setbacks.
Dissolution
Authors: Lohse Alexandra
Published: July 2022

This chapter illuminates popular responses to the violent dissolution of the Third Reich in the spring of 1945. It asks whether the stubborn popular faith in “führer and victory” endured as Germans took their final stand. The chapter seeks to answer the following questions: How did they confront the specter of defeat that had loomed in the far-off distance since 1943? Did they go down fighting as Göring had demanded after Stalingrad and as many had vowed that they would in the intervening years? And for those who took their final stand, what were they fighting for and against? Ultimately, the chapter asks the final question: Did they hold out “until the bitter end” in hopes that their self-sacrifice would ensure a “radiant renaissance of the National-Socialist movement” in the far-off future? Or could they envision a future for themselves and the German nation in a world beyond Hitler, Nazism, and war?
Chinese Diasporic Communities
Authors: DeHart Monica
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores Chinese diasporic communities. It expounds on the implications and construction of Chinatown in San Jose, Costa Rica. The Chinatown initiative had been a collaborative effort between Beijing and San Jose. Overlapping political, economic, and cultural arrangements were at play in line with the history of Chinese migration to America. The Chinatown debates highlight the presence of early Chinese migrant workers in Central America and the generations after provided the forms, practices, and relationships on which local ideas of China and Chineseness in the region were crafted. Additionally, the chapter notes the Chinese population in the countries of Central America in 2016.
Humanitarianism is Samafal
Authors: Carruth Lauren
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on the Somali concept of samafal which translates to humanitarianism. Samafal can also mean charity, philanthropy, and responding to others' needs. However, the term can invoke both definitions in line with sentimentality and politics. The concept is a prevalent but dynamic cultural feature in Somali communities, thus it exists both within and outside the bounds of international relief operations. Additionally, the chapter includes that Somalis' dependence on and love for mobility enable the kinds of moral experience and job opportunities provided by the relief industry. It highlights that samafal is key to global humanitarianism.
Conclusion
Authors: Ibrahim Farhana
Published: July 2022

This chapter contends that family, marriage, and forms of reckoning kin involve modalities of policing that are not necessarily discontinuous from those that we are used to associating with the state, even though they do not necessarily spring from the same source and may not agree over the shared outcome of the moral and social order. Multiple forms of policing are not categorized as forms of regulation that are “state” or “nonstate”; this distinction is not a primary focus for the ethnography. It seeks to dislodge the state as the primary frame of reference for borderland studies. Threaded through the sections, the chapter reminds us that forms of identification used by the state—that often the social scientist is complicit in using—do not always tell us how political belonging at the level of the nation-state is decrypted into the microprocesses of everyday life: through negotiation, adjustment, compromise, and adaptation.
Global Finance, Local Control
Authors: Logvinenko Igor O.
Published: July 2022

Exploring Russia’s re-entry into global capital markets at the dawn of the twenty-first century, this book shows how economic integration became deeply entangled with a bare-knuckled struggle for control over the vestiges of the Soviet empire. The book reveals how the post-communist Russian economy became a full-fledged participant in the international financial sector without significantly improving the local rule of law. By the end of Vladimir Putin’s second presidential term, Russia was more integrated into the global financial system than at any point in the past. However, the country’s longstanding deficiencies — including widespread corruption, administration of justice, and an increasingly overbearing state — continued unabated. Scrutinizing stock-market restrictions on foreign ownership during the first fifteen years of Russia’s economic transition, the book concludes that financial internationalization allowed local elites to raise capital from foreign investors while maintaining control over local assets. They legitimized their wealth using Western institutions, but they did so on their terms. The book delivers a somber lesson about the integration of emerging markets: without strong domestic rule of law protections, financial internationalization entrenches oligarchic capitalism and strengthens authoritarian regimes.
Where Freedom Awaits
Authors: Dabrowski Patrice M.
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on the Tatra Mountains. The mountains were paradoxically the site of early industrial development as much as it was a destination for scientists. Mining and metallurgy shaped the landscape of the region. The chapter expounds on the process of discovery of the Tatras, which needed to be understood in broader terms and gain advocates in the heart of Polish lands such as Warsaw and the Russian Empire. Additionally, Zakopane and the mountains were also isolated enough to be nearly invisible to the partitioning powers. Borderlands are often liminal places where brief disorientation can lead to subsequent reorientation or transformation.
Turn-of-the-Century Innovations
Authors: Dabrowski Patrice M.
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores the emergence of civilization in the Tatras. A change in tourism took wave as people climbed solo and without their highland guides or took part in enormous and grandiose excursions. The change resulted in fewer opportunities to be acquainted with the highland culture. The chapter discusses Stanisław Witkiewicz's efforts for building infrastructures in Zakopane such as railways, sewage, and waterways. However, men with different visions of Zakopane and its future clashed. The chapter includes how the Poles truly appreciated and appropriated the mountains. The discovery of the Tatras and Zakopane helped to bring the highlanders of Podhale closer together.
The Advent of the Railway
Authors: Dabrowski Patrice M.
Published: July 2022

This chapter explains the advent of the railways in line with the rapid rise of Eastern Carpathians. New railway lines would provide fast access to this remote region, in the process helping to transform the traditional landscape. Tourism is regarded as one of the main conduits in bringing modernity to the Alpine regions. The Stanisławów-Woronienka railway revolutionized the settlement pattern. The chapter discusses the establishment of a Hutsul theatre wherein the Polish play Carpathian Highlanders took a direct translation of Hutsul. The Hutsul theatre also broadened the horizons of the Hutsuls and the world.
A Novel Wilderness
Authors: Dabrowski Patrice M.
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses the beginning of a new period in the history of Polish statehood and the Carpathian Mountain region. Under Soviet rule, the Hutsul region would forever be lost to Poles and Polish statehood. The Bieszczady is firmly ensconced within the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The chapter explores the changes in population density and diversity following World War II and the Holocaust. A part of the Carpathians reverted to wilderness as well. The Polish People's Republic would seek the physical space of the Bieszczady in keeping with their vision of a progressive, industrial, collectively owned socialist state.
Conclusion
Authors: Dabrowski Patrice M.
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on the history of the Carpathians wherein it had been a remote and unfamiliar highland borderland turned into a prized native landscape and major tourist destination. The discovery of the Tatras and Zakopane helped boost the Polish state and identity. The chapter highlights how the mountains were rediscovered several times with differences each time. It cites how the discoveries brought highlands and lowlands together. The modernizing experiments, on the other hand, were affecting people in the highlands. The discovery of the Carpathians and the Polish tradition of mountaineering opened the way to the summit for climbers and their love for freedom.
How to Build a Global City
Authors: Acuto Michele
Published: July 2022

This book considers the rise of a new generation of so-called global cities—Singapore, Sydney, and Dubai—and the power that this concept had in their ascent, in order to analyze the general relationship between global city theory and its urban public policy practice. The global city is often invoked in theory and practice as an ideal model of development and a logic of internationalization for cities the world over. But the global city also creates deep social polarization and challenges how much local planning can achieve in a world economy. Presenting a unique elite ethnography in Singapore, Sydney, and Dubai, the book discusses the global urban discourses, aspirations, and strategies vital to the planning and management of such metropolitan growth. The global city, the book shows, is not one single idea, but a complex of ways to imagine a place to be global and aspirations to make it so, often deeply steeped in politics. The book is a call to reconcile proponents and critics of the global city toward a more explicit engagement with the politics of this global urban imagination.
The Trajectories
Authors: Acuto Michele
Published: July 2022

This chapter cites Ola Söderström, who demonstrated how off the map cities in the Global South are enmeshed in transnational relationships that determine their growth. It emphasizes closer attention to the politics of translocal connections as clear determinants of the intensity and orientation of the trajectories of urban development. Understanding how politics play out is an exercise in contemporaneously appreciating future orientations and the historical processes that led to today in relation to places such as Dubai, Sydney, and Singapore. The chapter emphasizes how the creation of governing relationships between those who control the city and those who live under such rule is no short-term feat. Even behind the myth of super-fast urbanism, Dubai, Sydney, and Singapore can showcase both historical and international trajectories.
Galvanizing Nostalgia?
Authors: Mandelstam Balzer Marjorie
Published: July 2022

This book explores critical questions for the survival of Russia in its nominally federal form. Will Russia fall apart along the lines of its internal republics, as did the Soviet Union? Based on cultural anthropology and historical research in major republics of Eastern Siberia—Sakha (Yakutia), Buryatia, and Tyva (Tuva)—the book highlights Indigenous concerns about self-determination. The book suggests that a fragile and disorganized dynamic of nested sovereignties has developed within Russia. Ecology activism has grown, given new threats to the environment and accelerating climate challenges, especially in the Arctic. Focus on strategically chosen republics enables comparing and contrasting interethnic relations, language politics, and the salience of gender, demography, resource competition, environmental degradation, and increased spirituality. Republics vary in their neocolonial relationships to Moscow authorities. Some local leaders, such as a politicized shaman, use nostalgia for cultural achievements to galvanize citizens. Since the Soviet Union collapsed, cultural and political revitalization have been relatively more viable, although still difficult, in areas where Siberians have their own republics.
“Fighting Liberals” at the Polls
Authors: Soyer Daniel
Published: July 2022

This chapter examines how the Liberal Party nominated Franklin D. Roosevelt for a fourth term as president, and how the party's first task was to establish itself as a real player in New York politics. In order to do this it needed to convince voters to defect from the American Labor Party (ALP), from the Democrats, and from the Republicans, and vote on its line. As the city and state's complicated New Deal coalition fractured at the end of World War II, the liberals thus sought to identify themselves as the most consistent supporters of the New Deal's “fighting liberalism,” and as the Left's most consistent opponents of communism. They built an unusual structure in mainstream US politics in that it connected their mass base to a leadership that included leading progressive intellectuals. For a time, the Liberal Party of New York harbored aspirations to become the seed of a national political realignment, an idea that seemed to be in the air at the time of its founding, but first it faced the prosaic tasks of gaining ballot status and overtaking the ALP. Neither of these was easily accomplished.
Wilsonian Visions
Authors: McAllister James
Published: July 2022

This book recovers the history of the most influential forum of American liberal internationalism in the immediate aftermath of the First World War: The Williamstown Institute of Politics. Established in 1921 by Harry A. Garfield, the president of Williams College, the Institute was dedicated to promoting an informed perspective on world politics even as the United States, still gathering itself after World War I, retreated from the Wilsonian vision of active involvement in European political affairs. Located on the Williams campus in the Berkshire Mountains of Western Massachusetts, the Institute's annual summer session of lectures and roundtables attracted scholars, diplomats, and peace activists from around the world. Newspapers and press services reported the proceedings and controversies of the Institute to an American public divided over fundamental questions about US involvement in the world. In an era where the institutions of liberal internationalism were just taking shape, Garfield's institutional model was rapidly emulated by colleges and universities across the US. The book tracks the career of the Institute, tracing its roots back to the tragedy of the First World War and Garfield's disappointment in America's failure to join the League of Nations. It also shows the Progressive Era origins of the Institute and the importance of the political and intellectual relationship formed between Garfield and Wilson at Princeton University in the early 1900s. The book restores the Institute to its rightful status in the intellectual history of US foreign relations and shows it to be a formative institution as the country transitioned from domestic isolation to global engagement.
Career Opportunities
Authors: McAllister James
Published: July 2022

This chapter gives an overview of Harry Garfield's work history. Woodrow Wilson offered an academic opportunity to Garfield in Princeton. Accepting the career would help Garfield gain law practice and profitable business ventures in Cleveland, Ohio while simultaneously losing possibilities of joining a career in national politics. The presidential race in 1912 helped arrest Garfield's increasing detachment from national political affairs. The idea of the Institute of Politics enabled Garfield to mitigate the dilemma that had confronted him since Wilson's election victory. The chapter tackles the origins of Wilsonianism, which is Garfield's unique contribution to national political affairs and ideological perspective to world politics.
The Gathering Storm
Authors: McAllister James
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses the growing doom of the Institute of Politics (IOP) by the time Herbert Hoover replaced Calvin Coolidge in the White House. Numerous papers praised the IOP for its contributions to national political life, and to the inspiration it sparked for other political institutes. C. E. Ayres, an institutional economist, wrote a critique of the IOP and its lack of quality membership. The Ayres critique implied that no serious academic forum should include a substantial contingent of women. The chapter expounds on the consideration of the IOP's closure of the disappointing prospects for a permanent endowment following the 1928 session.
1941–1942: Doubling Down on Holy War
Authors: Harward Grant T.
Published: July 2022

This chapter shows how morale dipped during the bitter winter of 1941–1942 but recovered in the spring before the new summer campaign that appeared to offer a second chance at victory in 1942. At the time, the German Army’s failure to defeat the Red Army seemed to herald disaster. Romanian soldiers confronted probably the worst conditions of the war. The Romanian Army’s morale plummeted, although a combination of propaganda, strict discipline, devotion to comrades, and self-preservation, plus German support, kept it fighting through the winter. Moreover, the German Army’s near-miraculous recovery during the spring and apparently successful offensive in the summer raised the Romanian Army’s morale, increasing its combat motivation. Even when the campaigning continued into the autumn, soldiers remained committed to Romania’s holy war and still believed in Nazi Germany’s final victory over the Soviet Union.
Girlhood to Widowhood
Authors: Thomas Roger K.
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on the womanhood and life of Nomura Bōtō. It starts with Bōtō's family and history of being born as Urano Moto. Moto worked under the household of Hayashi Tadamune as it was common for young women of lower-class samurai families to spend time with higher-ranking families to learn protocol and etiquette. Following her divorce, Moto met Nomura Sadatsura and had a happy married life with him and his sons. Chōsō, an infectious disease, claimed the life of Moto's second husband which resulted in her joining the nunnery and taking the name Bōtō. The chapter also tackles her journey to Kyoto.
The “Liberators”
Authors: Harrisville David A.
Published: July 2022

This chapter provides a close examination of the relationship between the army and the Soviet population. It argues that, even as they enforced a brutal occupation, servicemen cast themselves in the role of liberators who had come to free an oppressed citizenry from the “Bolshevik yoke.” This narrative was reinforced by military propaganda, as well as large- and small-scale actions such as opening prisons, handing out food, and providing medical assistance to civilians. The chapter also tracks how through word and deed, the Wehrmacht as an institution, its propaganda apparatus, and ordinary servicemen reimagined the war as a battle to destroy an illegitimate and tyrannical regime and bring order, peace, and prosperity to a grateful population. Although it would eventually break down under the weight of the army's crimes, the chapter emphasizes that the liberation fantasy constituted a critical element in the Wehrmacht's larger attempt to imbue the war with moral legitimacy and safeguard its reputation.
Neomercantilism’s Diverse Intellectual Origins
Authors: Helleiner Eric
Published: July 2022

This chapter introduces the origins of neomercantilism. Free trade has attracted growing criticism in countries around the world in the early twenty-first century. Most of the opposition had been neomercantilists supporting strategic protectionist policies and other forms of government economic activism to promote state wealth and power. The neomercantilist perspective was marginalized in the framing between economic liberalism and Marxism. The chapter defines neomercantilist ideology in the pre-1939 period as a belief in the need for strategic trade protectionism and other forms of government economic activism to promote state wealth and power. It also notes the opposition to Adam Smith's advocacy of economic liberalism.
Some Pioneers in List’s German-US-French Context
Authors: Helleiner Eric
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on the ideas of earlier neomercantilists prior the work of Friedrich List. It starts with politician Alexander Hamilton's tentative neomercantilism wherein he thought that an independent United States should continue to focus its economy on agriculture and resist protective measures designed to build up local manufacturing. On the other hand, Jean Antoine Chaptal had a large impact on List's work as he focused on French industrialization and the importation of British engineering talents. Additionally, the chapter notes Mathew Carey's free trade criticisms had distinctive features of his version of neomercantilism, such as its patriotic and social content.
Some Neglected Chinese Pioneers
Authors: Helleiner Eric
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on neglected pioneers in China. The emergence of Chinese neomercantilist thought begins with the “protoneomercantilist” ideas of Wei Yuan after the First Opium War. The war resulted in commercial treaties that undermined the tightly controlled manner of Chinese authorities, who tried to manage the trade with Western merchants. Then, Zheng Guanying's ideas helped to inspire the most influential Chinese neomercantilist in the early twentieth century, Sun Yat-sen. The chapter discusses the aforementioned thinkers' ideologies stemming from older Chinese mercantilist traditions in line with neomercantilism found in Japan. Moreover, Chinese intellectual history highlights the importance of recognizing the diverse mercantilist traditions that inspired neomercantilists around the world.
The Asante and the Pan-African Movement
Authors: Helleiner Eric
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores neomercantilist ideas from late nineteenth-century West Africa and the early twentieth-century Pan-African movement. The West African case involved the ideas of some leaders of the Asante Empire, whose neomercantilist initiatives were subsequently stymied by British colonial conquest. The chapter then notes the emphasis on commercial protectionism and the nature of its engagement with foreign investment in line with Asante neomercantilism. In Pan-Africa, Jamaican political activist Marcus Garvey developed a distinctive neomercantilism linked to the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) as an embryo for a future independent African state. Garvey's diasporic neomercantilism prioritized swadeshi-style economic activism to maximize the wealth and power of an African state-in-formation.
Mortuary Culture
Authors: Troche Julia
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses the Egyptian mortuary culture, which explores the social role of the dead, lays the foundation for quotidian mortuary practices, and describes components of the ancient Egyptian self. Mortuary culture in ancient Egypt included practices of real and symbolic offerings to the dead so that they could “live” in the afterlife. Their largest and most impressive monuments were tombs, and they put great care into the preservation of the body through mummification. Engagement with the dead did not, in itself, challenge the king's semi-divine position as intermediary between the earthly and divine realms. In fact, engagement with the dead was always a fundamental aspect of the Egyptian worldview and was part of expected social behavior. The chapter then looks at the concept of the Egyptian afterlife.
Power and Egyptian Kingship
Authors: Troche Julia
Published: July 2022

This chapter investigates “power,” first as a larger concept and then situated within the historical context in which the Egyptian king was the sole ideological benefactor of mortuary access. This role was a primary means through which the king in the Old Kingdom constructed and maintained his power. The king had knowledge of the gods and had access to the spells of transfiguration, which aided in admittance into the divine Hereafter. His role, then, as mortuary benefactor, gave him power—that is, as long as the elites recognized him in this role. Power is, after all, a negotiation between parties and was not vertical in Egypt. Though the power of the inhabitants of ancient Egypt existed only as long as they acted as a group, they had agency in the negotiation of royal power. Thus, in some instances, when the inhabitants of Egypt mobilized the dead to act as divine mediators and mortuary benefactors in place of the king, they were in essence renegotiating and redefining royal power.