bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patient-Oriented Questionnaires and Machine Learning for Rare Disease Diagnosis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Brauner Lea Eileen , Yao Yao , Grigull Lorenz , Klawonn Frank
Published: August 2024

Background: A major challenge faced by patients with rare diseases (RDs) often stems from delays in diagnosis, typically due to nonspecific clinical symptoms or doctors’ limited experience in connecting symptoms to the underlying RD. Using patient-oriented questionnaires (POQs) as a data source for machine learning (ML) techniques can serve as a potential solution. These questionnaires enable patients to portray their day-to-day experiences living with their condition, irrespective of clinical symptoms. This systematic review—registered at PROSPERO with the Registration-ID: CRD42023490838—aims to present the current state of research in this domain by conducting a systematic literature search and identifying the potentials and limitations of this methodology. Methods: The review adheres to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and was primarily funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research under grant no. 16DHBKI056 (ki4all). The methodology involved a systematic search across the databases PubMed, Semantic Scholar and Google Scholar, covering articles published until June 2023. The inclusion criteria encompass examining the use of POQs in diagnosing rare and common diseases. Additionally, studies that focused on applying ML techniques to the resulting datasets were considered for inclusion. The primary objective was to include English as well as German research that involved the generation of predictions regarding the underlying disease based on the information gathered from POQs. Furthermore, studies exploring identifying predictive indicators associated with the underlying disease were also included in the literature review. The following data were extracted from the selected studies: year of publication, number of questions in the POQs, answer scale in the questionnaires, the ML algorithms used, the input data for the ML algorithms, the performance of these algorithms and how the performance was measured. In addition, information on the development of the questionnaires was recorded. Results: This search retrieved 421 results in total. After one superficial and two comprehensive screening runs performed by two authors independently, we ended up with 26 studies for further consideration. Sixteen of these studies deal with diseases and ML algorithms to analyse data; the other ten studies provide contributing research in this field. We discuss several potentials and limitations of the evaluated approach. Conclusions: Overall, the results show that the full potential has not yet been exploited and that further research in this direction is worthwhile, because the study results show that ML algorithms can achieve promising results on POQ data; however, their use in everyday medical practice has not yet been investigated.
Dermatological Neoplastic Diseases Complicating Treatment with Monoclonal Antibodies for Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Bile Floriana , Sparaco Maddalena , Ruocco Eleonora , Miele Giuseppina , Maida Elisabetta , Vele Renato , Mele Davide , Bonavita Simona , Lavorgna Luigi
Published: August 2024

Background: Over the past 20 years, the treatment scenario of multiple sclerosis (MS) has radically changed, and an ever-increasing number of disease-modifying treatments has emerged. Among high-efficacy treatment agents, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become a mainstay in a MS patient’s treatment due to their targeted mechanism, high efficacy, and favorable risk profile. The latter varies from drug to drug and a skin cancer warning has emerged with sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor inhibitors. Several cases of skin malignancy in people with MS (pwMS) undergoing therapy with mAbs have also been described, but dermatological follow-up is not currently indicated. Objectives: The aim of this review is to investigate cases of cutaneous malignancy during mAb therapy and to explore possible pathophysiological mechanisms to evaluate the potential need for regular dermatological follow-ups in pwMS treated with mAbs. Methods: A literature search for original articles and reviews in PubMed was conducted with no date restrictions. Results: A total of 1019 results were retrieved. Duplicates were removed using Endnote and manually. Only peer-reviewed studies published in English were considered for inclusion. At the end of these screening procedures, 54 studies published between 2001 and 2024 that met the objectives of this review were selected and reported. Conclusions: The available data do not show a clear link between monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment in pwMS and the risk of skin cancer. At present, these treatments remain contraindicated for people with cancer. Dermatological screening is advisable before starting mAb treatment in pwMS, and subsequent follow-ups should be individualized according to each patient’s risk profile.
Gender Reassignment and the Role of the Laboratory in Monitoring Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy
Authors: Ramasamy Indra
Published: August 2024

Transgender people experience distress due to gender incongruence (i.e., a discrepancy between their gender identity and sex assigned at birth). Gender-affirming hormone treatment (GAHT) is a part of gender reassignment treatment. The therapeutic goals of the treatment are to develop the physical characteristics of the affirmed gender as far as possible. Guidelines have been developed for GAHT, which recommend dosage as well as different formulations of oestrogen and testosterone for treatment. Questions arise about the metabolic side effects of hormone treatment. Establishing reference ranges for common analytes in transgender individuals remains a task for laboratory medicine. It has been suggested once GAHT is commenced, the reference ranges for affirmed gender are reported for red blood cells, haemoglobin and haematocrit. For transgender assigned-female-at-birth (AFAB) people, testosterone concentrations are recommended to be within the reference interval established for cisgender men and for transgender assigned-male-at-birth (AMAB) people, estradiol concentrations are within the reference range for cisgender women. Sex-specific reference ranges are available for certain laboratory tests, and these may be organ (e.g., heart)-specific. Transgender-specific reference ranges may be a requirement for such tests. Laboratories may need to make decisions on how to report other tests in the transgender population, e.g., eGFR. Interpretation of further tests (e.g., reproductive hormones) can be individualized depending on clinical information. Electronic medical record systems require fields for gender identity/biological sex at birth so that laboratory results can be flagged appropriately. In this review, we aim to summarise the current position of the role of the laboratory in the clinical care of the transgender individual. Prior to the review, we will summarise the genetics of sex determination, the aetiology of gender incongruence, and the recommendations for GAHT and monitoring for the transgender population.
Association between Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in Assisted Reproduction Technology Singleton Pregnancies: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Narita Yuichiro , Tsuda Hiroyuki , Tsugeno Eri , Nakamura Yumi , Suzuki Miho , Ito Yumiko , Tezuka Atsuko , Ando Tomoko
Published: August 2024

Background/Objectives: Women with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) were reported to be at an increased perinatal risk. We aimed to investigate the relationship between SCH and perinatal outcomes in singleton pregnancies resulting from assisted reproduction technology (ART). Methods: We retrospectively examined the perinatal outcomes of ART singleton pregnancies in women who underwent thyroid function screening before conception and delivered at our hospital from January 2020 to July 2023. We defined SCH as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels > 2.5 mU/L and normal free T4 levels. The patients were categorized into three groups: normal thyroid function (group A), SCH without levothyroxine therapy (group B), and SCH with levothyroxine therapy (group C). The risks of preterm birth, preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, manual placental removal, and blood loss at delivery were compared among the three groups. Results: Out of the 650 ART singleton deliveries, 581 were assigned to group A, 34 to group B, and 35 to group C. The preterm birth rate at <34 weeks was significantly higher in group B and significantly lower in group C than in group A. The rate of preterm delivery at <34 weeks increased in correlation with TSH levels. Levothyroxine therapy was the significant preventive factor for preterm birth at <34 weeks. Conclusions: The preterm birth rate before 34 weeks was significantly higher in the SCH group. Levothyroxine therapy is a significant protective factor against preterm birth before 34 weeks. Universal screening for thyroid function and appropriate hormone therapy in pregnant women may help reduce perinatal risks, including preterm birth.
Investigation of Relationship between Hemodynamic and Morphometric Characteristics of Aortas in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Doroshenko Olga V. , Kuchumov Alex G. , Golub Mikhail V. , Rakisheva Irina O. , Skripka Nikita A. , Pavlov Sergey P. , Strazhec Yulija A. , Lazarkov Petr V. , Saychenko Nikita D. , Shekhmametyev Roman M.
Published: August 2024

Background: The utilization of hemodynamic parameters, whose estimation is often cumbersome, can fasten diagnostics and decision-making related to congenital heart diseases. The main goal of this study is to investigate the relationship between hemodynamic and morphometric features of the thoracic aorta and to construct corresponding predictive models. Methods: Multi-slice spiral computed tomography images of the aortas of patients with coarctation diagnoses and patients without cardiac or vascular diseases were evaluated to obtain numerical models of the aorta and branches of the aortic arch. Hemodynamic characteristics were estimated in key subdomains of the aorta and three branches using computational fluid dynamics methods. The key morphometric features (diameters) were calculated at locations in proximity to the domains, where hemodynamic characteristics are evaluated. Results: The functional dependencies for velocities and pressure on the corresponding diameters have been fitted, and a metamodel has been constructed employing the predicted values from these models. Conclusions: The metamodel demonstrated high accuracy in classifying aortas into their respective types, thereby confirming the adequacy of the predicted hemodynamic characteristics by morphometric characteristics. The proposed methodology is applicable to other heart diseases without fundamental changes.
Large-Scale Item-Level Analysis of the Figural Matrices Test in the Norwegian Armed Forces: Examining Measurement Precision and Sex Bias
Authors: Helland-Riise Fredrik , Norrøne Tore Nøttestad , Andersson Björn
Published: August 2024

Figural matrices tests are common in intelligence research and have been used to draw conclusions regarding secular changes in intelligence. However, their measurement properties have seldom been evaluated with large samples that include both sexes. Using data from the Norwegian Armed Forces, we study the measurement properties of a test used for selection in military recruitment. Item-level data were available from 113,671 Norwegian adolescents (32% female) tested between the years 2011 and 2017. Utilizing item response theory (IRT), we characterize the measurement properties of the test in terms of difficulty, discrimination, precision, and measurement invariance between males and females. We estimate sex differences in the mean and variance of the latent variable and evaluate the impact of violations to measurement invariance on the estimated distribution parameters. The results show that unidimensional IRT models fit well in all groups and years. There is little difference in precision and test difficulty between males and females, with precision that is generally poor on the upper part of the scale. In the sample, male latent proficiency is estimated to be slightly higher on average, with higher variance. Adjusting for measurement invariance generally reduces the sex differences but does not eliminate them. We conclude that previous studies using the Norwegian GMA data must be interpreted with more caution but that the test should measure males and females equally fairly.
Research on Fatigue Crack Propagation Prediction for Marine Structures Based on Automated Machine Learning
Authors: Li Ping , Yang Yuefu , Chen Chaohe
Published: August 2024

In the field of offshore engineering, the prediction of the crack propagation behavior of metals is crucial for assessing the residual strength of structures. In this study, fatigue experiments were conducted for large-scale T-pipe joints of Q235 steel using the automatic machine learning (AutoML) technique to predict crack propagation. T-pipe specimens without initial cracks were designed for the study, and fatigue experiments were conducted at a load ratio of 0.067. Data such as strain and crack size were monitored by strain gauges and Alternating Current Potential Drop (ACPD) to construct a dataset for AutoML. Using the AutoML technique, the crack propagation rate and size were predicted, and the root mean square error (RMSE) was calculated. The prediction accuracy of the AutoML ensemble learning approach and the machine learning foundation model were evaluated. It was found that when the strain decreases by more than 3% compared to the initial value, crack initiation may occur in the vicinity of the monitoring point, at which point targeted measurements are required. In addition, the AutoML model utilizes ensemble learning techniques to show higher accuracy than a single machine learning model in the identification of crack initiation points and the prediction of crack propagation behavior. In the crack size prediction in this paper, the ensemble learning approach achieves an accuracy improvement of 5.65% over the traditional machine learning model. This result significantly enhances the reliability of crack prediction and provides a new technical approach for the next step of fatigue crack monitoring of large-scale T-tube joint structures in corrosive environments.
Dynamic Characteristic Analysis of Underwater Suspended Docking Station for Resident UUVs
Authors: Guo Jingqian , Meng Lingshuai , Feng Mengmeng , Liu Jun , Peng Zheng , Feng Wei , Cui Jun-Hong
Published: August 2024

The widespread use of Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs) in seafloor observatory networks highlights the need for docking stations to facilitate rapid recharging and effective data transfer. Floating docks are promising due to their flexibility, ease of deployment, and recoverability. To enhance understanding and optimize UUV docking with floating docks, we employ dynamic fluid body interaction (DFBI) to construct a seabed moored suspended dock (SMSD) model that features a guiding funnel, a suspended body, and a catenary of a mooring chain. This model simulates SMSD equilibrium stabilization in various ocean currents. Then, a UUV docking model with contact coupling is developed from the SMSD model to simulate the dynamic contact response during docking. The accuracy of the docking model was validated using previous experimental data. Through investigation of the UUV docking response results, sensitivity studies relating to volume, moment of inertia, mass, and catenary stiffness were conducted, thereby guiding SMSD optimization. Finally, sea tests demonstrated that the SMSD maintained stability before docking. During docking, the SMSD’s rotation facilitated smooth UUV entry. After the UUV docked, the SMSD was restored to its original azimuth, confirming its adaptability, stability, and reliability.
Revisiting the Upwelling Evolution along the Western Iberian Peninsula over the 21st Century Using Dynamically Downscaled CMIP6 Data
Authors: Thomas Brieuc , Costoya Xurxo , deCastro Maite , Gómez-Gesteira Moncho
Published: August 2024

Coastal upwelling is of particular importance in the western Iberian Peninsula, considering its socioeconomic impact on the region. Therefore, it is of crucial interest to evaluate how climate change, by modifying wind patterns, might influence its intensity and seasonality. Given the limited spatial extension of the area, it is essential to use high-resolution data. Thus, the weather research and forecasting model was used to dynamically downscale data from a multi-model ensemble from the 6th phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, representing the latest climate projections. Two shared socioeconomic pathways, 2–4.5 and 5–8.5 scenarios, were considered. The results show that climate change will not modify the upwelling seasonality in the area, where the months from April to September represent the period of highest intensity. Conversely, this seasonality might be exacerbated throughout the 21st century, as upwelling is expected to strengthen during these months and decrease during others. Additionally, coastal upwelling shows the highest increase at the northerner locations of the western Iberian Peninsula, resulting in a homogenization of its intensity along this coast. These changes may result from the anticipated intensification and northward shift of the Azores High.
Modeling the Underwater Sound of Floating Offshore Windfarms in the Central Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Baldachini Marzia , Burns Robin D. J. , Buscaino Giuseppa , Papale Elena , Racca Roberto , Wood Michael A. , Pace Federica
Published: August 2024

In the shift toward sustainable energy production, offshore wind power has experienced notable expansion. Several projects to install floating offshore wind farms in European waters, ranging from a few to hundreds of turbines, are currently in the planning stage. The underwater operational sound generated by these floating turbines has the potential to affect marine ecosystems, although the extent of this impact remains underexplored. This study models the sound radiated by three planned floating wind farms in the Strait of Sicily (Italy), an area of significant interest for such developments. These wind farms vary in size (from 250 MW to 2800 MW) and environmental characteristics, including bathymetry and seabed substrates. Propagation losses were modeled in one-third-octave bands using JASCO Applied Sciences’ Marine Operations Noise Model, which is based on the parabolic equation method, combined with the BELLHOP beam-tracing model. Two sound speed profiles, corresponding to winter and summer, were applied to simulate seasonal variations in sound propagation. Additionally, sound from an offshore supply ship was incorporated with one of these wind farms to simulate maintenance operations. Results indicate that sound from operating wind farms could reach a broadband sound pressure level (Lp) of 100 dB re 1 µPa as far as 67 km from the wind farm. Nevertheless, this sound level is generally lower than the ambient sound in areas with intense shipping traffic. The findings are discussed in relation to local background sound levels and current guidelines and regulations. The implications for environmental management include the need for comprehensive monitoring and mitigation strategies to protect marine ecosystems from potential acoustic disturbances.
Network Impact on the Investment Strategy and Performance of Cross-Border Venture Capital Institutions in China
Authors: Wang Xiaoli , Tan Yi
Published: August 2024

In this paper, we investigate whether the VC institutions’ position in the network affects their investment strategies and performance. Our results show that network location has a negative correlation with geographic concentration index, industry concentration index, and stage concentration index, which indicates that the higher the network position of the cross-border VC institutions, the higher the degree of geographical diversification, the wider the industry diversification, and the higher the investment stage diversification of their investments. In addition, our results show that the relationship between network position and the VC’s performance is not simply linear but rather an inverted U-shaped correlation. When the network location is lower than the critical value, higher network location positively improves the VC’s investment performance; however, when the network location is higher than the critical value, then the relationship is reversed.
Effects of Zn2+ on Limestone Weathering and Carbon Sink in the Chaotian River Basin, Guilin, China
Authors: Li Liang , Jiang Zhiwei , Wu Bingjin , Wang Wenhai
Published: August 2024

In this paper, the generation of inorganic carbon (mainly HCO3−) in a karst system (soil-limestone system) under karst soil and non-karst soil conditions was investigated using two Zn2+ concentrations and water flow rates. The results showed that (1) the dynamic equilibrium state of the chemical weathering of limestone is altered by Zn2+, which is the primary cause of the change in HCO3− in soil-limestone systems; (2) ion exchange and adsorption are the primary characteristics of Zn2+ depletion under 1 mg/L ZnCl2 settings, whereas Zn2+ under 50 mg/L ZnCl2 conditions created two new solid phases (Zn5(OH)6(CO3)2, ZnCO3) in the soil-limestone system; (3) the dissolution rate of limestone increases with the water flow rate, which facilitates the dissolution process; (4) the notable difference in ion release between non-karst and karst soil conditions could potentially be attributed to variations in the mineral composition, specific surface area, and particle size of the two soil types; (5) the combination of SEM, XPS, FT-IR, and XRD microstructure observation methods reveals that when limestone is exposed to a high flow rate (1.23 mL/min) and a high concentration (50 mg/L) of ZnCl2, it experiences obvious dissolution and surface precipitation phenomena, as well as a significant change in HCO3− content.
Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Driving Forces of Ecological Environment Quality in Coastal Cities: A Remote Sensing and Land Use Perspective in Changle District, Fuzhou
Authors: Long Tianxiang , Bai Zhuhui , Zheng Bohong
Published: August 2024

In the face of persistent global environmental challenges, evaluating ecological environment quality and understanding its driving forces are crucial for maintaining the ecological balance and achieving sustainable development. Based on a case study of Changle District in Fuzhou, China, this research employed the Remote Sensing Ecological Index (RSEI) method to comprehensively assess ecological environment quality and analyze the impact of various driving factors from 2000 to 2020. Based on the GeoSOS-FLUS model, this study simulated and predicted land use classifications if maintaining the RSEI factors. The results reveal an overall improvement in the southern and southwestern regions, while the northwest and eastern areas face localized degradation. The RSEI index increased from 0.6333 in 2000 to 0.6625 in 2022, indicating significant ecological shifts over the years. The key driving factors identified include vegetation coverage, leaf area index, and aerosol levels. Industrial emissions and transportation activities notably affect air quality, while land use changes, particularly the expansion of construction land, play a critical role in altering ecological conditions. If maintaining the current RESI factors without any improvement, Changle District will experience continued urbanization and development, leading to an increase in built-up areas to 32.93% by 2030 at the expense of grasslands. This study offers valuable insights for policymakers and environmental managers to formulate targeted strategies aimed at reducing industrial and traffic emissions, optimizing land use planning, and enhancing ecological sustainability. The methodology and findings provide a robust framework for similar assessments in other rapidly urbanizing regions, contributing to the broader discourse on sustainable land use and ecological conservation. By advancing the understanding of ecological environment quality and its driving forces, this research supports the development of informed environmental protection and sustainable development strategies for coastal regions in developing countries globally.
Effects of Inertial Flywheel Training vs. Accentuated Eccentric Loading Training on Strength, Power, and Speed in Well-Trained Male College Sprinters
Authors: Hu Zhongzhong , Liu Yuhang , Huang Keke , Huang Hao , Zhang Yu , Yuan Xiaoyi
Published: August 2024

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of inertial flywheel training and accentuated eccentric loading training on the neuromuscular performance of well-trained male college sprinters. Fourteen sprinters were recruited and randomly assigned to either the flywheel training (FWT, n = 7) group or the accentuated eccentric loading training (AELT, n = 7) group. The FWT group completed four sets of 2 + 7 repetitions of flywheel squats, whereas the AELT group performed four sets of seven repetitions of barbell squats (concentric/eccentric: 80%/120% 1RM). Both groups underwent an eight-week squat training program, with two sessions per week. A two-way repeated ANOVA analysis was used to find differences between the two groups and between the two testing times (pre-test vs. post-test). The results indicated significant improvements in all measured variables for the FWT group: 1RM (5.0%, ES = 1.28), CMJ (13.3%, ES = 5.42), SJ (6.0%, ES = 2.94), EUR (6.5%, ES = 4.42), SLJ (2.9%, ES = 1.77), and 30 m sprint (−3.4%, ES = −2.80); and for the AELT group: 1RM (6.3%, ES = 2.53), CMJ (7.4%, ES = 3.44), SJ (6.4%, ES = 2.21), SLJ (2.2%, ES = 1.20), and 30 m sprint (−3.0%, ES = −1.84), with the exception of EUR (0.9%, ES = 0.63, p = 0.134), showing no significant difference. In addition, no significant interaction effects between group and time were observed for 1RM back squat, SJ, SLJ, and 30 m sprint (p > 0.05). Conversely, a significant interaction effect between group and time was observed for both CMJ and EUR (p < 0.001); post hoc analysis revealed that the improvements in CMJ and EUR were significantly greater in the FWT group compared to the AELT group (p < 0.001). These findings indicate that both FWT and AELT are effective at enhancing lower-body strength, power, and speed in well-trained male college sprinters, with FWT being particularly more effective in promoting elastic energy storage and the full utilization of the stretch–shortening cycle.
COVID-19 in Brazilian Pediatric Patients: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study with a Predictive Model for Hospitalization
Authors: Pacheco Ana Paula , Laureano Henrique , Schidlowski Laire , Ciorcero Natalia , Zanatto Thalita , Borgmann Ariela , Fragoso Gabrielle , Giamberardino Ana Luisa , Dourado Renata , Anjos Karine dos , João Paulo , Assahide Marina , Silveira Maria Cristina , Costa-Junior Victor , Giamberardino Heloisa , Prando Carolina
Published: August 2024

Background: This study was conducted to ascertain the most frequent symptoms of COVID-19 infection at first consultation in a pediatric cohort and to devise a predictive model for hospitalization. Methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study of 1028 Brazilian patients aged <18 years with SARS-CoV-2 infection in a single reference hospital in the first year of the pandemic. Clinical, demographic, laboratory, and disease spectrum data were analyzed via multivariate logistic regression modeling to develop a predictive model of factors linked to hospitalization. Results: The majority of our cohort were schoolchildren and adolescents, with a homogeneous distribution concerning sex. At first consultation, most patients presented with fever (64.1%) and respiratory symptoms (63.3%). We had 204 admitted patients, including 11 with Pediatric Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome. Increased D-dimer levels were associated with comorbidities (p = 0.018). A high viral load was observed in patients within the first two days of symptoms (p < 0.0001). Our predictive model included respiratory distress, number and type of specific comorbidities, tachycardia, seizures, and vomiting as factors for hospitalization. Conclusions: Most patients presented with mild conditions with outpatient treatment. However, understanding predictors for hospitalization can contribute to medical decisions at the first patient visit.
Prenatal Nutritional Factors and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Narrative Review
Authors: Cernigliaro Federica , Santangelo Andrea , Nardello Rosaria , Lo Cascio Salvatore , D’Agostino Sofia , Correnti Edvige , Marchese Francesca , Pitino Renata , Valdese Silvia , Rizzo Carmelo , Raieli Vincenzo , Santangelo Giuseppe
Published: August 2024

According to the DSM-5, neurodevelopmental disorders represent a group of heterogeneous conditions, with onset during the developmental period, characterized by an alteration of communication and social skills, learning, adaptive behavior, executive functions, and psychomotor skills. These deficits determine an impairment of personal, social, scholastic, or occupational functioning. Neurodevelopmental disorders are characterized by an increased incidence and a multifactorial etiology, including genetic and environmental components. Data largely explain the role of genetic and environmental factors, also through epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation and miRNA. Despite genetic factors, nutritional factors also play a significant role in the pathophysiology of these disorders, both in the prenatal and postnatal period, underscoring that the control of modifiable factors could decrease the incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders. The preventive role of nutrition is widely studied as regards many chronic diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, and cancer, but actually we also know the effects of nutrition on embryonic brain development and the influence of prenatal and preconceptional nutrition in predisposition to various pathologies. These factors are not limited only to a correct caloric intake and a good BMI, but rather to an adequate and balanced intake of macro and micronutrients, the type of diet, and other elements such as exposure to heavy metals. This review represents an analysis of the literature as regards the physiopathological mechanisms by which food influences our state of health, especially in the age of development (from birth to adolescence), through prenatal and preconceptional changes, underlying how controlling these nutritional factors should improve mothers’ nutritional state to significantly reduce the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring. We searched key words such as “maternal nutrition and neurodevelopmental disorders” on Pubmed and Google Scholar, selecting the main reviews and excluding individual cases. Therefore, nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics teach us the importance of personalized nutrition for good health. So future perspectives may include well-established reference values in order to determine the correct nutritional intake of mothers through food and integration.
Generating Functions for Binomial Series Involving Harmonic-like Numbers
Authors: Li Chunli , Chu Wenchang
Published: August 2024

By employing the coefficient extraction method, a class of binomial series involving harmonic numbers will be reviewed through three hypergeometric F12(y2)-series. Numerous closed-form generating functions for infinite series containing binomial coefficients and harmonic numbers will be established, including several conjectured ones.
A Study of Positive Solutions for Semilinear Fractional Measure Driven Functional Differential Equations in Banach Spaces
Authors: Zhang Jing , Gou Haide
Published: August 2024

In this paper, we deal with the delayed measure differential equations with nonlocal conditions via measure of noncompactness in ordered Banach spaces. Combining (β,γk)-resolvent family, regulated functions and fixed point theorem with respect to convex-power condensing operator and measure of noncompactness, we investigate the existence of positive mild solutions for the mentioned system under the situation that the nonlinear function satisfies measure conditions and order conditions. In addition, we provide an example to verify the rationality of our conclusion.
Level-Agnostic Representations of Interacting Agents
Authors: Tohmé Fernando , Fioriti Andrés
Published: August 2024

The study of the interactions among intentional agents, with rationality being the main source of intentional behavior, requires mathematical tools capable of capturing systemic effects. Here, we choose an alternative toolbox based on Category Theory. We examine potential level-agnostic formalisms, presenting three categories: PR, G, and an encompassing one, I. The latter allows for representing dynamic rearrangements of the interactions among different agents. Systems represented in I capture the dynamic interactions among the interfaces of their sub-agents, changing the connections among them based on their internal states. We illustrate the expressive power of this formalism in four different instances, providing practitioners with a toolbox for representing cases of interest and facilitating their modular analysis.
HLA Genetic Diversity and Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection: Effect of Heterozygosity Advantage
Authors: Tălăngescu Adriana , Tizu Maria , Calenic Bogdan , Mihăilescu Dan Florin , Constantinescu Alexandra Elena , Constantinescu Ileana
Published: August 2024

This research aims to determine whether HLA heterozygosity confers a protective effect against hepatitis B virus infection by analyzing the relationship between HLA diversity and the risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. A total of 327 hepatitis B patients were selected and categorized based on their clinical status: 284 patients with chronic HBV infection and 43 patients with HBV-related liver cirrhosis (LC). The control group included 304 healthy individuals. HLA genotyping for 11 loci, including HLA class I and class II, was conducted using next-generation sequencing. The results of this study indicate a statistically significant negative correlation between HLA class II heterozygosity and the risk of HBV infection. Specifically, heterozygosity in HLA-DQB1 (OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.31–0.76, p = 0.01277) and HLA-DRB1 (OR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.24–0.77, p = 0.01855) were significantly associated with protection. Subgroup analysis was conducted to explore the effect of HLA diversity among pathological subtypes (chronic hepatitis B and control group, liver cirrhosis and control group). For liver cirrhosis, compared with the control group, a decreased risk of LC was possibly associated with the heterozygosity of HLA class I locus B (OR = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.09–0.65, p = 0.0591), but this hypothesis was not confirmed by other studies. The diversity of HLA, measured by HLA heterozygosity, was associated with a protective effect against HBV infection.
Effect of Microstructure on Fatigue Damage Accumulation in 7075 Aluminum Alloy Subjected to a Single Compressive Overload
Authors: Xie Changji , Sun Teng , Li Li , Zheng Zhanguang
Published: August 2024

7075 aluminum alloy has been widely used because of its excellent mechanical properties. The fatigue crack acceleration induced by compressive overloading is detrimental to 7075 aluminum alloy in service, and the corresponding mechanisms are complex. To further reveal these mechanisms, the effect of microstructure on fatigue damage response ahead of the crack tip is simulated based on the damage-coupled crystal plasticity model for 7075 aluminum alloy. Results show that the ratchetting strain ahead of the crack tip at the compressive overload ratio of −3 is greater than that at the compressive overload ratio of −2, which is attributed to the fact that higher compressive overloading induces greater tensile residual stress ahead of the crack tip. The proportion of material points with no less than four activated slip systems increases after compressive overloading, indicating the number of activated slip systems ahead of the crack tip increases because of the compressive overload effect. This causes the dislocation multiplication rate to be faster, thereby accelerating the fatigue damage accumulation after compressive overloading. Furthermore, the effect of compressive overload changes the slip system activity, and this change in slip system activity depends on grain orientation. It is also found that for a grain ahead of the crack tip, the acceleration of fatigue damage accumulation caused by the effect of compressive overload is influenced by the orientation of its nearest neighbor grains. The findings provide further insight into the acceleration mechanisms induced by the compressive overload effect from a microscopic perspective.
Potentials of Additive Manufacturing for Cutting Tools: A Review of Scientific and Industrial Applications
Authors: Kelliger Tobias , Meurer Markus , Bergs Thomas
Published: August 2024

Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques enable new design concepts for performance improvements and functional integration in a wide range of industries. One promising application is in additively manufactured cutting tools for machining, improving process reliability on the one hand and increasing tool life and process productivity on the other hand. Compared to conventional manufacturing processes, AM allows for new and complex geometrical designs, enables the production of individualized parts, and offers new possibilities for alloy composition and material design. This work gives a comprehensive and systematic review of scientific as well as industrial activities, studies, and solutions regarding AM cutting tools and their fields of application. Four different areas are identified, including cooling and coolant supply, damping and vibrational behavior, lightweight design and topology optimization, and functional integration. Thus, the relevant and promising approaches for the industrialization of AM cutting tools are highlighted, and a perspective is given on where further scientific knowledge is needed.
The Effect of the Forming Mode on Twinning and Springback in the Bending-Dominated Forming of Magnesium AZ31 Sheet
Authors: Weiss Matthias , Desinghe Shiromani Gangoda , Hodgson Peter , Beladi Hossein
Published: August 2024

The sheet metal forming of magnesium is challenging due to the material’s complex springback behaviour, which is due to the tension/compression yield mismatch. In this study, three different AZ31 grain sizes are produced by a special heat treatment, while maintaining the material strength in uniaxial tension at a similar level. Pure, V-die and channel bending tests are combined with roll forming to compare bending scenarios with and without tension applied transverse and parallel to the bending axis. This is complemented with electron backscatter diffraction to measure the twinning type and twinning area fraction (TAF) in the tension and compression bending zones. Our study shows that, like conventional steel, when bending magnesium, springback reduces with the increasing level of the outer fibre bending strain, i.e., when the bend radius is decreased and the TAF increased. It is further shown that when tension is applied, the TAF increases. However, while in some forming cases, the increase in TAF leads to a clear reduction in springback, in other forming cases the effect of the TAF on springback is less pronounced. Overall, this study provides clear evidence that the twinning behaviour in bending magnesium is influenced by the bend deformation mode and that this influences the springback behaviour.
Structural Relaxation and Delayed Yielding in Cyclically Sheared Cu-Zr Metallic Glasses
Authors: Priezjev Nikolai V.
Published: August 2024

The yielding transition, structural relaxation, and mechanical properties of metallic glasses subjected to repeated loading are examined using molecular dynamics simulations. We consider a poorly annealed Cu-Zr amorphous alloy periodically deformed in a wide range of strain amplitudes at room temperature. It is found that low-amplitude cyclic loading leads to a logarithmic decay of the potential energy, and lower energy states are attained when the strain amplitude approaches a critical point from below. Moreover, the potential energy after several thousand loading cycles is a linear function of the peak value of the stress overshoot during startup continuous shear deformation of the annealed sample. We show that the process of structural relaxation involves collective, irreversible rearrangements of groups of atoms whose spatial extent is most pronounced at the initial stage of loading and at higher strain amplitudes. At the critical amplitude, the glass becomes mechanically annealed for a number of transient cycles and then yields via the formation of a shear band. The yielding transition is clearly marked by abrupt changes in the potential energy, storage modulus, and fraction of atoms with large nonaffine displacements.
The Effect of Multiple Solder Reflows on the Formation of Cu6Sn5 Intermetallics and the Decomposition of SnAg3.0Cu0.5 Solder Joints in the Framework of Rework and Reuse of MLCC Components
Authors: Wiss Erik , Wiese Steffen
Published: August 2024

A rework of electronic assemblies and the reuse of electronic components are the most effective ways to reduce electronic waste. Since neither components nor substrates were developed with the intention of multiple usage, the question of how the integrity of lead-free solder joints is affected by multiple reflow operations is crucial for the implementation of any reuse strategy. Therefore, various types of 1206 multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) differing in their capacitance value and dielectric type (X5R, X7R, Y5V, NP0) were soldered on test printed circuit boards (PCBs) having a pure Cu-metallization surface in order to investigate the intermetallic reactions during multiple reflows. The metallization system on the MLCC-component side consisted of a thick film of Ni covered by galvanic-deposited Sn. The reflow experiments were conducted using a hypoeutectic SnAgCu solder. The results show the formation of a Cu6Sn5 intermetallic phase on both metallizations, which grows homogeneously with the number of reflows. Moreover, an ongoing decomposition of the solder into Ag-enriched and depleted zones was observed. The effect of these microstructural changes on the functionality of the solder joint was investigated by mechanical shear experiments and electrical four-point capacitance measurements.
The Interplay between Nucleation and the Rates of Chemical Reduction in the Synthesis of Bimetallic Nanoparticles in Microemulsions: A Computer Study
Authors: Tojo Concha
Published: August 2024

Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to investigate the interaction between nucleation and the rates of chemical reduction in Au/Ag, Au/Pt and Au/Pd nanoparticles prepared in microemulsions using a one-pot method. The impact of nucleation on final nanostructure depends on the critical nucleus size value: at a high critical nucleus size, nucleation becomes the main factor in determining the final nanostructure, even with a very large difference in reduction rates, as seen in the Au/Pd pair. However, when the critical nucleus size is small, the difference in reduction rates of the two metals becomes the key parameter determining the final nanostructure. Furthermore, the relevance of heteroatomic nucleation on the mechanism of nanoparticle formation depends on the difference between the reduction rates of the two metals. Smaller differences, such as in the Au/Ag or Au/Pt pairs, result in a greater impact of heteroatomic nucleation on the final nanostructure. In contrast, in the Au/Pd pair, heteroatomic nucleation becomes less important due to the low availability of Pd until late stages of synthesis. This study provides deeper insight into the complex mechanisms that govern reactions in microemulsions.
Impact of Lactobacillus- and Bifidobacterium-Based Direct-Fed Microbials on the Performance, Intestinal Morphology, and Fecal Bacterial Populations of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Castillo Zuniga Juan , Fresno Rueda Anlly M. , Samuel Ryan S. , St-Pierre Benoit , Levesque Crystal L.
Published: August 2024

Weaning is a critical stage in the swine production cycle, as young pigs need to adjust to sudden and dramatic changes in their diet and environment. Among the various organ systems affected, the gastrointestinal tract is one of the more severely impacted during this transition. Traditionally, challenges at weaning have been managed by prophylactic use of antibiotics, which not only provides protection against diarrhea and other gut dysfunction but also has growth-promoting effects. With banning or major restrictions on the use of antibiotics for this purpose, various alternative products have been developed as potential replacements, including direct-fed microbials (DFMs) such as probiotics and postbiotics. As their efficiency needs to be improved, a continued effort to gain a deeper understanding of their mechanism of action is necessary. In this context, this report presents a study on the impact of a Lactobacillus-based probiotic (LPr) and a Bifidobacterium-based postbiotic (BPo) when added to the diet during the nursery phase. For animal performance, an effect was observed in the early stages (Day 0 to Day 10), as pigs fed diets supplemented with either DFMs were found to have higher average daily feed intake (ADFI) compared to pigs fed the control diet (p < 0.05). Histological analysis of intestinal morphology on D10 revealed that the ileum of supplemented pigs had a higher villus height/crypt depth ratio (p < 0.05) compared to controls, indicating a benefit of the DFMs for gut health. In an effort to further explore potential mechanisms of action, the effects of the DFMs on gut microbial composition were investigated using fecal microbial communities as a non-invasive representative approach. At the bacterial family level, Lactobacillaceae were found in higher abundance in pigs fed either LPr (D10; p < 0.05) or BPo (D47; p < 0.05). At the Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) level, which can be used as a proxy to assess species composition, Ssd-00950 and Ssd-01187 were found in higher abundance in DFM-supplemented pigs on D47 (p < 0.05). Using nucleotide sequence identity, these OTUs were predicted to be putative strains of Congobacterium massiliense and Absicoccus porci, respectively. In contrast, OTU Ssd-00039, which was predicted to be a strain of Streptococcus alactolyticus, was in lower abundance in BPo-supplemented pigs on D47 (p < 0.05). Together, these results indicate that the DFMs tested in this study can impact various aspects of gut function.