bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SESGOS ASOCIADOS A CENSOS VISUALES DE PECES ARRECIFALES EN EL PACÍFICO ORIENTAL TROPICAL: IMPLICACIONES DEL USO DE TRANSECTOS SENCILLOS O DE TAMAÑO MIXTO, DE LA EXPERIENCIA DE LOS BUZOS Y DE LA ESTIMACIÓN DE LA TALLA
Authors: Palacios María Del Mar , Zapata Fernando A.
Published: October 2017

Visual censuses on belt transects implemented to assess reef fish populations in the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) vary greatly in the size of sampling units and census protocols. To examine the effects of such variation on estimates of species richness and density, and to help identify an appropriate (accurate, precise and efficient) protocol, we compared two belt transect methods: a single-size transect (one 30 x 2 m band) and a mixed-size transect (two bands, a 50 x 5 m band for large, mobile fishes, and a 50 x 1 m band for small or cryptic fishes). Three observers with different experience conducted 72 visual censuses on three fixed transects at El Arrecife coral formation in Malpelo Island, Colombia, following a factorial design to evaluate the effect of methods, observers and fish size estimation on the accuracy and precision of species richness and density estimates. Additionally, we examined the efficiency (cost in time in relation to the accuracy and precision) of each method. The Mixed Transect (MT) yielded more precise estimates of population and community parameters and more accurate estimates of species richness. However, it had a high implementation cost (25 min/census) and consistently underestimated total density and the density of species recorded in the 50 x 5 m transect (probably due to its greater band width and associated decrease in species detectability). The Single Transect (ST) was more cost-efficient (14 min/census) and produced more accurate estimates of total and specific density for most species (except cryptic or small ones). Both methods were biased by the estimation of fish size during the censuses and by observer inexperience, so they should be implemented under oceanographic conditions that facilitate carrying out visual censuses and by divers with prior training. Alternatively, random sampling can be performed independently of visual censuses to estimate size frequency distributions without affecting estimates of abundance and species richness. Given the generally poor visibility in the ETP and insufficient funding for research and monitoring projects, the ST protocol is more suitable for conducting surveys of multiple species. In addition to producing more accurate estimates of total and specific density for most species, the greater cost-efficiency of STs allows to increase the number of replicates and thus to improve the estimate of total species richness and the precision of all population and community estimates. However, due to the greater accuracy of the MT to assess total species richness and density of small and cryptic species, an alternative would be to use a MT of at least 30 m length, with a maximum width of 2 m for censusing large and mobile species, and of 1 m for small and cryptic species.
DIVERSIDAD, ABUNDANCIA Y AMENAZAS DE LOS OCTOCORALES DE LA ISLA MALPELO, PACÍFICO ORIENTAL TROPICAL, COLOMBIA
Authors: Sánchez Juan A. , Gómez Carlos E. , Escobar Dairo , Dueñas Luisa F.
Published: October 2017

During three expeditions to the island (2009 and 2010), the diversity, abundance and status of octocorals were explored. Seven species of octocorals were recorded: Leptogorgia alba, Pacifigorgia cf. lacerata, Pacifigorgia sp.1 y Pacifigorgia sp.2, Muricea cf. fruticosa, Muricea sp., and the invasive species Carijoa riisei. Octocorals form dense aggregations in rocky walls and cliffs, with higher abundances between 10 and 20 m, reaching up to 20 colonies m-2. The most abundant species was Pacifigorgia cf. lacerata with a dominance of more than 60 % and a frequency of occurrence of 100 % for all visited sites. According to depth, three well-defined zones were determined for most sites. A deep zone between 25 and 40 m with an exclusive dominance of L. alba, a shallow assemblage between 7 and 20 m dominated by Pacifigorgia spp., and a transition zone between 18 and 25 m with a mixture of L. alba and P. cf. lacerata. Surprisingly, during November 2009, diseases of possible fungal origin visibly affected populations of Leptogorgia and Pacifigorgia. Subsequently, during February 2010 the same populations of octocorals were monitored and up to 66 % of the colonies were already dead in some locations. Leptogorgia had a significant reduction at El Arrecife site, while Pacifigorgia cf. lacerata had high mortality at La Nevera and El Freezer sites, and a recovery in El Arrecife. There was a notable improvement in disease prevalence by July 2010 with less than 10 % of diseased colonies. The invasive species C. riisei was observed in La Catedral and El Monstruo bank. Thus, this information increases considerably the knowledge of octocorals on Malpelo Island and is the first warning of possible threats against local octocoral populations, such as fungal diseases and the invasive octocoral C. riisei.
ESTIMACIÓN POBLACIONAL, RUTAS MIGRATORIAS Y CARACTERÍSTICAS MORFOMÉTRICAS DE LA TORTUGA CARDÓN (DERMOCHELYS CORIACEA VANDELLI 1761) EN LAS PLAYAS DE CIPARA Y QUEREPARE, PENÍNSULA DE PARIA, VENEZUELA, DURANTE LAS TEMPORADAS DE ANIDACIÓN 2000-2006
Authors: Rondón Médicci María , Buitrago Joaquín , Guada Hedelvy J. , Eckert Karen L.
Published: October 2017

Capture-mark-recapture data, individual morphometrics (including size and growth), remigration data, and nesting population size (2000-2006) are presented for leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) in Cipara and Querepare, Paria Peninsula, Venezuela. From 502 tagged females, the average remigration interval for 41 individuals seen in subsequent years was 2.5 years. In Querepare, remigrants (previously tagged) and neophytes (untagged individuals) increased significantly; in Cipara, remigrants increased significantly but neophytes did not. Of 38 tagged females observed nesting at more than one beach during a nesting season, 73.6 % traveled between Cipara and Querepare (30 km) and 10.5 % the balance between Cipara or Querepare and Unare (10-30 km) and 7.9 % between Paria and Margarita Island (130 km), as well as 5.3 % internationally between Paria and Trinidad (240 km) and 2.6 % between Cipara and Dominica (550 km). Mean curved carapace length (CCL) and width (CCW) of 403 measured females was 151.78±6.20 cm and 110.03±4.42 cm, respectively. Of 46 nesting females measured during more than one reproductive season, mean growth in CCL and CCW was 0.85±1.10 cm*yr–1 and 0.64±0.56 cm*yr–1, respectively. There was no significant relationship between growth rate and initial size or remigration interval. Estimates of population size between 2000 (58 adult females, range: 28-113) and 2006 (277 adult females, range: 133–532) increased both significantly and exponentially (r= 0.966, p= 0.0004), with the study sites representing 1% of estimated world adult female population.
RELEVANCIA DE PROCESOS COSTEROS EN LA HIDRODINÁMICA DEL GOLFO DE URABÁ (CARIBE COLOMBIANO)
Authors: Escobar Carlos A.
Published: October 2017

This paper deals with a methodology to quantitatively determine the effect of a number of coastal processes and external forcing on the hydrodynamics of the Urabá Gulf, which are preliminarily assumed to affect flow behavior. According to this purpose, a coupled flow-wave numerical simulation at the Uraba Gulf is performed by means of the Delft3D modeling system. The simulation includes the following processes: (i) the marine influence through the tidal forcing at the northern boundary of the Gulf; (ii) waves; (iii) thermal and salinity stratification; (iv) wind drag, and (v) fluvial influence through the discharges of the Atrato river and other secondary tributaries. The importance of a specific process and the region inside the Gulf where it is predominant, is defined through the proposed methodology. The analysis evidences the importance, and extended effect, of the Atrato river and the density currents on the magnitude of the flow velocities. Other processes are relevant over certain areas of the Gulf, which present special conditions, such as depth, energy, season, and coastal landforms, thus allowing them to stand out when compared to the main processes.
DISTRIBUCIÓN DE LA CLOROFILA A EN LAS AGUAS ADYACENTES A LAS ISLAS DE PROVIDENCIA Y SANTA CATALINA, CARIBE COLOMBIANO
Authors: Campos González Mauricio , Vargas Castellanos Julián Roberto , Franco Herrera Andrés , Medina Calderón Jairo Humberto
Published: October 2017

In order to determine the concentration and distribution of the phytoplankton biomass in waters of the islands of Old Providence and Santa Catalina, Colombian Caribbean a survey with 47 superficial samples, 12 in the whole water column, was carried out in 2005. Physicochemical parameters varied through the year; temperature fluctuated between 25 and 30 °C, salinity between 28 and 39, and pH between 8.30 and 9.65. Chlorophyll a and phaeopigment a concentrations were low, a characteristic of oligotrophic oceanic areas; chlorophyll a presented an average of 0.198±0.017 μg/L and 0.693±0.149 μg/L for dry and rainy seasons, while the phaeopigment a had a value below 0.01 μg/L in both seasons. It was found that the phytoplanktonic community is young and with an elevated renovation rate.
ESTADO ACTUAL DE LAS POBLACIONES DEL ERIZO NEGRO DIADEMA ANTILLARUM PHILIPPI (ECHINOIDEA: DIADEMATIDAE) EN EL PARQUE NACIONAL NATURAL TAYRONA Y PLAYA BLANCA, SANTA MARTA, CARIBE COLOMBIANO
Authors: González Gaviria Fanny Tatiana , García Urueña Rocío
Published: October 2017

Diadema antillarum experienced a mass mortality event between 1983-1984 that dropped its densities about 93 %, a phenomenon that led to a macroalgae dominance in most reefs. This study was performed in Tayrona National Natural Park (PNNT) and Playa Blanca (Bahía de Gaira) to determine the status of the black sea urchin populations. At each site, five 10 m line transects were located perpendicular to each other and the density was estimated by 1 m2 squares; coral community composition and roughness was recorded by video. Size structure was calculated by collecting between 31 and 52 individuals and measuring the diameter and height of the test. The highest mean density was found in Nenguange (1.16 ind/m2) and lowest in Chengue (0.04 ind/m2), both located in the PNNT. Mean test diameter was between 58.84 and 80.60 mm. No relation was found between the main reef components (corals, macroalgae or dead coral) and the sea urchin densities, neither between diversity and uniformity and sea urchin densities. Our results show that the density is in the range of current abundance reported in other Caribbean regions, indicating a slow recovery of populations.
PRIMEROS REGISTROS DE CALLISTOCHITON PORTOBELENSIS FERREIRA E ISCHNOCHITON KAASI FERREIRA (MOLLUSCA: POLYPLACOPHORA) PARA EL CARIBE COLOMBIANO
Authors: García Ríos Cedar I. , Álvarez Ruiz Migdalia , Tigreros Paulo C. , Triana Lina S. , Rodríguez Simón A.
Published: October 2017

Callistochiton portobelensis Ferreira 1976 and Ischnochiton kaasi Ferreira, 1987 are reported for the fist time from the Colombian Caribbean. Both species were found in shallow water, under rocks, at Santa Marta in October 2009.
PRESENCIA DEL PEZ LEÓN PTEROIS VOLITANS (LINNAEUS) EN EL MANGLAR DE LA BAHÍA DE CHENGUE, CARIBE COLOMBIANO
Authors: Arbeláez M. Natalia , Acero P. Arturo
Published: October 2017

On August 25th, 2010, four specimens of the invasive lionfih Pterois volitans were seen inhabiting the submerged roots of mangroves bordering the entrance to the southern lagoon of Bahía de Chengue, at the Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona. One specimen (40 mm total length) was captured and photographed. The occurrence of this deleterious fih in such an ecological and economic valuable ecosystem is considered potentially dangerous.
DISTRIBUCIÓN ESPACIAL DE SEDIMENTOS EN LA REGIÓN NORTE DEL CARIBE COLOMBIANO
Authors: Paramo Jorge , Espinosa Luisa , Posada Blanca , Núñez Samuel , Benavides Seydi
Published: October 2017

The spatial distribution of sediments in the continental shelf, their granulometry (phi) and composition (content of calcium carbonate, CaCO3) is described, taking into account the localization (depth, latitude and longitude) to explain their source and distribution and to establish their relationship with the more productive areas in the northern Colombian Caribbean region. Sediment samples were collected in 68 stations during two surveys carried out in December 2005 and February 2006. Granulometry was determined with sieving separation method and medium grains values of sediment (PHI = F) were calculated. Additionally calcium carbonate (CaCO3) contents were determined. Cluster analysis was performed to characterize groups of similar stations in terms of sediment types and sediment type maps were made using geostatistical techniques. Analysis of relationship between sediment types, according to their PHI, with depth, latitude and longitude, and CaCO3 content with sediment types and depth, was made with Generalized Additive Models (GAM). According to spatial distribution of sediments was possible characterize three sectors in agreement with the values of PHI: 1) from Río Buritaca to Río Camarones with fine sands and muds, 2) from Riohacha to Cabo de la Vela with very coarse sands and sands, 3) from Cabo de la Vela to Puerto Estrella with fine sands and muds.
EVOLUCIÓN Y FACTORES DETERMINANTES DE LA HUELLA ECOLÓGICA DE LA PESCA DE CAMARÓN BLANCO (LITOPENAEUS OCCIDENTALIS) EN EL PACÍFICO COLOMBIANO
Authors: Vargas Morales Myriam , Rueda Mario , Maldonado Jorge
Published: October 2017

The ecological fishprint is an adaptation of original ecological footprint concept to quantify the pressure of fishery on marine ecosystems. In a complementary role of other fishery indicators, this ecological fishprint try to show a more ecosystemic evaluation of the fishing impact in Colombian, with a first application on the white shrimp (L. occidentalis) fishery. For such purpose, the ecological fishprint was estimated from 1956 to 2010 including artisanal and industrial fleets, whereas an econometric model was fitted to assess the effect of some environmental, economic and fishing variables on the performance of the fishery. The results showed an increase in the fishprint during the studied period: 4.72 gha/ton white shrimp in 1956 to 66.43 gha/ton white shrimp in 2010, which shows an increase of more than 1300%. The fitted econometric model indicated the dynamic effect of previous period and the artisanal fishery rising prevalence on others variables to explicate fishprint. This research gives a new perspective on environmental impact of shrimp fishery on Colombian Pacific, emphasizing that fishery management and conservation measures should control the shrimp bycatch and the selectivity of the fishing gears used by both artisanal and industrial fleets.
AMBIENTES MARINOS DE LA PLATAFORMA SOMERA DE LA GUAJIRA, CARIBE COLOMBIANO
Authors: Chasqui Luis , Nieto Ramón , Rodríguez Rincón Angélica , Gil Agudelo Diego L.
Published: October 2017

A brief description of seven benthic environments found in La Guajira’s shallow continental shelf from Boca de Camarones to Cabo de la Vela between 3 to 20 m depth is presented. Cover percentage of main benthic components, organic matter proportion in sediment, and main organisms observed in each environment are listed. The dominant environment was “arenal” (sandy bottom) covering 47% of total area sampled, whereas most species were observed in the environments “fondo mixto” (mixed bottom), “cascajo compuesto” (composed gravel) and “corales y esponjas sobre cascajo” (corals and sponges on gravel).
REGISTRO DE UN MERO NEGRO ADULTO, HYPORTHODUS NIGRITUS (PERCIFORMES: EPHINEPHELIDAE), EN UN ARRECIFE PROFUNDO DEL CARIBE COLOMBIANO
Authors: Bustos Montes Diana , Viaña Tous Jorge , Acero P. Arturo , Pardo Elkin R. , Rueda Mario , Alonso David
Published: October 2017

The Warsaw grouper (Hyporthodus nigritus) has been reported from the western Atlantic between Massachusetts (United States) and Mexico, including a few South American reports to Brasil. In Colombia a juvenile specimen was reported from nearby Cartagena in 2003. Herein, we report an adult fih caught near to deep-water reefs in the Golfo de Morrosquillo, Colombian Caribbean.
POLIQUETOS ERRANTES (POLYCHAETA: ERRANTIA) ESCLEROBIONTES DEL PUERTO DE MAZATLÁN, SINALOA (MÉXICO)
Authors: Villalobos Guerrero Tulio F , Tovar Hernández María Ana
Published: October 2017

Mazatlan is the main sea and coastal port from northwestern Mexico. There are maritime metallic signaling buoys throughout the navigation channel, these provide a favorable substrate for the establishment of diverse fouling communities. This study discloses the composition of errant eunicemorph and phyllodocemorph polychaete species associated to metallic buoys during an annual cycle (2009). The polychaetofauna is represented by 6 families, 17 genera and 22 species. Nine are nominal species, seven are potentially new species and six require of detailed studies to clarify their identity. Pterocirrus (Phyllodocidae) is recorded by the first time in the Tropical Eastern Pacific. The habitat, distribution and taxonomic comments of the recorded species are indicated; furthermore, a fouling polychaete species list in the Gulf of California is included.
AVES MIGRATORIAS NEOTROPICALES RECAPTURADAS EN ALGUNAS LOCALIDADES DE LOS DEPARTAMENTOS DE ATLÁNTICO Y MAGDALENA, CARIBE COLOMBIANO
Authors: Ruiz Guerra Carlos
Published: October 2017

Information obtained from the recoveries of banded birds has historically been used to deduce their migratory routes and other key aspects of their life histories. This paper analyses information on Neotropical migratory species recaptured in the Colombian provinces of Atlántico and Magdalena between 1923 and 2011, using data obtained from the U. S. Bird Banding Laboratory. In this area 707 individuals of 14 species of waterbirds were encountered, among which were blue-winged teal (Anas discors) and royal tern (Thalasseus maximus) with the largest number of encountered individuals, as well as species with few records in Colombia: American wigeon (Anas americana), Northern pintail (Anas acuta), and roseate tern (Sterna dougalli). This analysis contributes to knowledge about the distribution of several species occurring in the country and assesses their migratory status; for instance, we determined that Eudocimus albus has both migratory and resident populations in Colombia. This paper attempts to promote the use of existing data on recaptured birds, and to bring attention to the fact that people who inhabit the study area are unaware of the bird banding goals, which has resulted in hunting of banded birds, illegal pet trade, and removal of the bands from birds.
DISTRIBUCIÓN Y DENSIDAD DE ICTIOPLANCTON EN EL ESTUARIO DE BAHÍA MÁLAGA, PACÍFICO COLOMBIANO (SEPTIEMBRE DE 2009-FEBRERO DE 2010)
Authors: Medina Contreras Diana , Cantera Jaime , Escarria Eugenia , Mejía Ladino Luz M
Published: October 2017

The density, taxonomic composition, and spatial and temporal distribution of the estuarine ichthyoplankton of Bahía Málaga (Pacific coast of Colombia) are described, as well as the relationship between biological parameters and some physicochemical variables. Samples were collected at 12 stations along the principal navigation canal; these samples were taken in four areas following the design of Barletta-Bergan. Surface sweeps were carried out with a conical-cylindrical net (mesh size 500 µm, mouth diameter 0.6 m, length 3.5 m). Salinity and temperature were measured before each sweep. A total of 69019 larvae/1000 m³, representing 23 families, 36 genera and 40 species were collected during monthly sampling from September, 2009 to February, 2010. Carangidae (39.0%) was the most abundant family, followed by Sciaenidae (27.1%) and Engraulidae (20.1%). The most frequent families were Sciaenidae (26.6%), followed by Carangidae (22.8%) and Engraulidae (14.7%) which are important families in larval fish assemblages in tropical estuaries. Eighty percent of total density was provided by six species, of which Seriola morphotype 1 (Carangidae) and Cetengraulis mysticetus (Engraulidae) were the most abundant and dominant. No correlation was found between density and salinity (Spearman, R = 0.23) or temperature (Spearman, R = 0.51). Analysis of spatial and temporal variations of larval density shows significant differences among the months sampled (Anova, p = 0.0029; p < 0.05), but not among areas (Anova, p = 0.078), suggesting that Bahía Málaga offers adequate conditions for the presence of fish larvae.
EVOLUCIÓN RETICULADA POR HIBRIDACIÓN EN CORALES
Authors: Torres Suárez Olga Lucía
Published: October 2017

Hybrid speciation and adaptive introgression have been recognized as mechanisms promoting biodiversity in animals. For corals with high morphological variation, hybridization is being considered as a possible explanation of phylogenetic incongruences. For instance, in the Caribbean Sea, it has been shown that Acropora prolifera contains a haplotype from each of its parents (A. cervicornis and A. palmata) and intermediate morphology. Because of the polyphyly and paraphyly, in addition to crosses between species, it is suggested that hybridization has an important role in the evolution of Acropora and other corals. Moreover, it has been proposed that the evolution of Acropora is in a reticulate pattern owing to a syngameon. Nevertheless, in some cases it has not been possible to state the reason of morphological and genetic variation since it was not possible to differentiate between introgressive hybridization and other process such as incomplete linage sorting, convergence and ancestral polymorphism selectively maintained. To review the empiric evidence of reticulate evolution by hybridization in corals, here, I reviewed published research on the morphologic and phylogenetic evidence of possible events of hybridization. Additionally, I analyzed the reproductive barriers and the results of interspecifi crosses of species that synchronically spawn their gametes. Moreover, I reviewed the effect of hybridization on coral biodiversity and a possible adaptation of corals under climate change. In conclusion, up today, there is no evidence of hybrid speciation in corals. Thus, the use of new methodologies of next generation is needed as a way to looking for hybridization or introgression signals in order to state whether hybrid speciation and/or adaptive introgression are forces driving the great coral diversity.
CARACTERIZACIÓN DEL USO Y APROVECHAMIENTO DE RECURSOS HIDROBIOLÓGICOS EN ÁREAS PROTEGIDAS DE PARQUES NACIONALES NATURALES EN EL CARIBE DE COLOMBIA
Authors: Martínez Viloria Héctor Manuel , Franke Ante Rebeca , Saldaña Pérez Patricia , Cano Correa Marcela , Angarita Jiménez Luz Elvira , García Llano César , Martínez Whisgman Luis , Castro B. Alcides , Posada Santiago , Gómez Camilo , Bruges Esnelda , Narváez Barandica Juan Carlos , Viloria Maestre Efraín
Published: October 2017

Colombia’s protected areas have biodiversity preservation as one of their objectives. When dealing with hydrobiological resources, they become the source supporting nearby areas where fiheries communities should use them in a sustainable way. Nevertheless, regional stress go beyond areas’ boundaries which, added to the limited capabilities of institutional control, have forced to look for different strategies to face this conflct. In this context, the Colombian National Natural Park Authority (PNNC in Spanish) began the process looks for defiition and implementation of actions for the recovery of aquatic resources, and initially outlined the characterization of some societal elements and the pressure on hydrobiological resources as fundamentals for the implementation of such a strategy in fie protected areas in the Colombian Caribbean: Tayrona, Old Providence McBean Lagoon, Rosario and San Bernardo Corals, Floral and Faunal Sanctuary Los Flamencos, and Salamanca Island Way National Park. The methodology applied in order to implement this study was that proposed by Invemar’s Fishing Information System (Sipein in Spanish). A total number of 1664 fihermen were censed; they have 7545 dependent persons, 29.3% of them youngsters. It was observed that 40% of the fihermen alternate fihing with other activities within the protected areas (tourist guides, boatman, scuba aid, and seller) and outside them (farmer, construction worker, minor merchant). 63 places of origin adjacent to protected areas and circumscribed to fie Caribbean Colombian provinces were determined for fihermen working in the protected areas. 1146 fihery economic unities potentially use protected areas. The role assumed by PNNC and other regional agencies aimed to minimize pressure within those protected areas is discussed. The construction of joint strategies involving resource managers, researchers, academics, government, and NGOs in the national, regional, and local levels is highly recommended. Elements to be considered in strategies are: prevent and control, economic alternatives outside of protected areas, and monitoring to validate the management. For the future, sustainable fihing in the region will depend upon a network of Marine Protected Areas along with other management measures to reduce fihing mortality.
EVALUACIÓN DE LA TOXICIDAD AGUDA DE UN FLUIDO DE EXPLORACIÓN OFFSHORE EN LA FECUNDACIÓN DEL ERIZO DE MAR LYTECHINUS VARIEGATUS
Authors: Cerón Benavides Sandra Milena , Santos Acevedo Marisol , Gómez Cerón Ariel Emiro , Ospina Salazar Gloria Helena , Imués Figueroa Marco Antonio , Gómez León Javier
Published: October 2017

In Colombia, oil industry is interested in developing offshore hydrocarbon exploration, activity that causes spills of harmful substances in marine areas. It is essential to understand the effects that those substances may cause in native organisms in the inflence zones. This manuscript proposes an assay with an autochthonous organism from the Colombian Caribbean, that may be used as a bioindicator of contamination. The acute toxicity (CE50) of a flid used in offshore exploration was assessed on basis on the fecundity of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus, using as a standard toxic pentahydrated cooper sulfate. The protocol for obtaining the gametes and fecundation was previously standardized with the reference toxic which is used to guarantee and validate its results in terms of effective concentration (CE50). The fecundation percentage should be greater than 85% in order to validate the assay in the control treatment, that was carried out by fecundating 2000 oocytes with 50 x 106 sperms. In each replicate 200 oocytes (10%) were counted in order to determine the percentage of fecundation. The obtained CE50 value of pentahydrate copper sulphate was 20.45 ± 1.90 mg.L-1 and 3649 mg.L-1 ± 400 mg.L-1 corresponding to the suspended particulate phase of mud, which was prepared from a mud-water relationship of 1:9 (v/v). The results show a high sensitivity degree of the L. variegatus gametes to the action of the drilling mud of offshore hydrocarbon exploration, which shows the sensitivity of the test organism to these substances and its potential use as bioindicator of pollution.
COMUNIDAD DE PECES ARRECIFALES EN RELACIÓN CON LA INVASIÓN DEL PEZ LEÓN: EL CASO DEL CARIBE SUR
Authors: Coronado Carrascal Víctor , García Urueña Rocío , Acero P. Arturo
Published: October 2017

The abundance and size of reef fihes in presence of lionfih were evaluated in Morro de Santa Marta, Remanso, and Isla Aguja and Chengue and Cinto Bays in the Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona (PNNT). Some commercially important fih species (Lutjanus mahogoni, Cephalopholis cruentata, and Haemulon plumierii) and some fih species important for reef health (Abudefduf saxatilis, Chaetodon ocellatus, C. striatius, C. sedentarius, and C. capistratus) were evaluated monthly during 2012. Counting was carried upon using visual censuses along 30 x 10 m transects. The highest lionfih abundances were found at Morro (2.60 ± 2.12) and the lowest at Remanso (0.58 ± 1.16), however, no differences were found between localities (p > 0.05). Highest abundance was recorded in June and July and the lowest in March, September, and October; no lionfih was observed in February. The highest abundances of both, commercially important and reef health important species were detected in the PNNT localities. The smallest lionfih and H. plumierii specimens were found at Morro, Remanso, and Isla Aguja. The size of the species was similar for all localities and lionfih sizes where larger. This may indicate that the studied species are not large enough to compete and thus they may be displaced, likewise their low abundances may be due to other stress factors. In any case, the invader has not reach yet the abundances shown in other Caribbean regions and then it may not be still causing a negative effect on the reef community.
UNA NUEVA ESPECIE DE ANGUILA DE ARENA DEL GÉNERO BASCANICHTHYS (ANGUILLIFORMES: OPHICHTHIDAE) DEL CARIBE
Authors: Moreno Fabián , Acero P. Arturo , Bendeck Marcela Grijalba
Published: October 2017

A new species of the sand eel genus Bascanichthys (Anguilliformes: Ophichthidae) is described from specimens found inside the stomachs of mature female numbfish Narcine bancroftii. These rays were collected as bycatch in local fisheries, using beach seines in shallow waters (5 to 10 m) in Gaira Bay (Santa Marta, Colombian Caribbean). Bascanichthys gaira n.sp., is described from three specimens and can be distinguished from other species of the genus by its minute pectoral-fin base (12.3- 24.7% of gill-opening length) and its vertebral number (189).
DENSIDAD DE HUEVOS DE SARDINA SARDINELLA AURITA, ABUNDANCIA DE ZOOPLANCTON E HIDROGRAFÍA EN LA PENÍNSULA DE ARAYA Y SUR DE ISLA MARGARITA, VENEZUELA
Authors: Gómez Gaspar Alfredo
Published: October 2017

During 18 months (October 2007 - March 2009) the density of eggs and larvae of round sardine Sardinella aurita, the abundance of mesozooplankton and hydrography were studied in three stations located south of Margarita island (Coche, Cubagua and Macanao) and three stations at the Araya Peninsula (Guaca, Chacopata and Araya). Nocturnal horizontal hauls (20 minutes; 15-20 m depth) of plankton (net diameter 1.0 m; net length 2.5 m and mesh size 400 μm) and water samples (surface and 25 m) were collected to determinate temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen. Eggs of sardine were found during all study months; in the Araya Peninsula the mean density ranged between 2.51 and 5.19 eggs/ m3 and ranged between 5.22 y 7.06 eggs/m3 at the south of Margarita Island. The highest density (47.51 eggs/m3) was found at Coche. The abundance of sardine eggs was minor than between 2002 and 2004 at the east of Margarita. The monthly mean density of total zooplankton ranged between 170.63 and 1032.8 ind/m3; the dry weight between 2.53 and 7.32 mg/m3 and the settled volume ranged between 0.26 and 0.38 mL/m3. The highest abundances of zooplankton and sardine eggs were found at Coche and Cubagua stations. The hydrography is discussed; the temperature values at the surface and at 25 m depth (means 26.5 and 24.9 °C) are considerate high and comparable to mean temperatures of previous years (2005 to 2007) and possibly affecting sardine abundance in the region.
INFLUENCIA DEL RÍO ATRATO EN EL GOLFO DE URABÁ DURANTE EL HOLOCENO TARDÍO, MAR CARIBE COLOMBIANO
Authors: Vélez Agudelo Camilo , Aguirre Ramírez Néstor
Published: October 2017

Sedimentary, geochemical (total organic carbon TOC, total nitrogen TN, total phosphorus TP, biogenic silica BSi and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and diatoms data of two sediment cores were used to infer general environmental changes in the northern Gulf of Urabá during the late Holocene. The age models (AMS 14C ) suggested that core of the northeastern margin (SP 9) belong to ~960 years BP, while in the core of the northwestern margin (SP 41) the model was adjusted for the last ~2845 years BP. The results indicated that drilling sites are affected by different hydrodynamic processes that, in general, have been maintained during the late Holocene. While in the northwestern margin oceanic processes dominate and there is low input of fluvial sediments to this site, in the northeastern margin there are processes that favor the transport and accumulation of terrigenous sediments, which limit the growth of diatoms. Between 2845 and 2489 year BP, a higher sea level and wet conditions were recorded in the gulf. Since ~2445 years BP a gradual decrease in sea level allowed delta progradation towards the eastern side of the gulf. Apparently, this process would have intensified its presence in the last ~200 year BP, due to natural and anthropogenic factors. Even though the river discharges are channeled predominantly towards the east side of the Gulf, the trend of increasing TOC and diatoms data suggested fluvial input to the northwestern margin from ~800 years BP, which may be associated with a higher activity of Tarenas mouth, the northern branch of the Atrato River.
VALORACIÓN ECONÓMICA DEL PARQUE NACIONAL NATURAL CORALES DE PROFUNDIDAD
Authors: Maldonado Jorge Higinio , Cuervo Sánchez Rafael
Published: October 2017

Deep-sea corals, also called cold-water corals, provide a variety of ecosystem services, including habitat for numerous species and being a source of biodiversity. Despite their importance, these ecosystems are under threat because of trawling and exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons. According to the gap analysis conducted by the Institute of Marine and Coastal Research of Colombia (Invemar), during the first decade of the XXI century in Colombia, less than 2% of the known deep coral coverage was found under some category of conservation inside the System of National Natural Parks. In 2013, the Corales de Profundidad National Natural Park was established, and it is located in the Colombian Caribbean Sea, next to the departments of Córdoba, Sucre and Bolivar, close to the Corales del Rosario and San Bernardo National Natural Park. The biological knowledge of these ecosystems is new, as well as the importance of these ecosystems expressed in economic and social terms. Carrying out an exercise that captures the economic value of ecosystem services provided by deep-sea corals in the new national park becomes relevant. The objective of this study is to make a first approach to estimate this value. Given the difficulty of accessing these ecosystems, the benefits provided by them are not directly tangible and are not revealed through markets. In fact, the provided services are related to benefits not associated with direct use (non-use values, such as option and existence values, and indirect use values). Stated preference methods are used to estimate the economic value associated with this type of services; with these methods the strategy is to create a hypothetical scenario and ask respondents to reveal their willingness to pay for the feasibility of these conservation scenarios. The contingent valuation method is the chosen one, whose main instrument for information collection is household surveys. The average estimated willingness to pay per household is around US$58 (110000 COP using the average exchange rate for the third quarter of 2014, when data was collected, COP/USD: 1878) per year. Based on these results, it is possible to calculate the willingness to pay for the entire population of the study, Bogotá citizens. This value is around US$95 million annually (178 billion COP per year). When this value is compared with the budget assigned to this national park, the latter represents less than 1% of the economic value associated with the flow of benefits generated by the park. The lack of resources assigned to this area becomes evident as well as the need to identify and implement alternative funding sources to ensure financial sustainability of the park
TELEDETECCIÓN APLICADA AL RECONOCIMIENTO DE PRADERAS DE PASTOS MARINOS EN AMBIENTES DE BAJA VISIBILIDAD: LA GUAJIRA, COLOMBIA
Authors: Millán Santiago , Bolaños Jiner Antonio , García Valencia Carolina , Gómez López Diana Isabel
Published: October 2017

Seagrass meadows are important ecosystems due to their high productivity and ecological value among tropical ecosystems, because of their high species diversity. In Colombia seagrasses are located around some islands, oceanic coral banks and along the Caribbean shelf, mainly in La Guajira Department, where more than 80% of the seagrass meadows of the country are present. In the world, the delimitation of this ecosystem has been successfully mapped during years, with assistance of remote sensing, using satellite image of different spatial scales. Nevertheless, the specific environmental conditions in La Guajira, such as high water turbidity and reduced light penetration restrict the use of traditional satellite images employed for those seascapes. With the aim of delimiting and establishing the extension of seagrass meadows in La Guajira, based on analyses between July 2013 and February 2014, a methodology of massive image interpretation that included fieldwork fast verification was applied, generating as a result one layer of seagrass habitats in Cabo de La Vela – Dibulla area at 1:100000 scale. Methodology included geometric correction, image fusion, fieldwork information, definition of thematic classes, determining of criteria for spatial delimitation, visual interpretation of images, thematic uncertainty qualification, and final cartography production. The process of cartographic production showed that Landsat 8 OLI satellite sensor images made easier the identification of seagrass meadows in deep areas (>10m). In total, 53621 ha of seagrass meadows were identified, and the largest meadows of Colombia were delimitated, which reach dimensions of up to 6018 ha.
The Stille Reaction: Applications in the Synthesis of Organic Dyes for DSSCs
Authors: Reginato Gianna , Mordini Alessandro , Zani Lorenzo , Calamante Massimo , Dessì Alessio , Franchi Daniele
Published: October 2017

The cross-coupling reaction of organic electrophiles with organostannanes, traditionally known as the Stille reaction, has found renewed interest in the preparation of new organic materials such as conjugated polymers, organic semiconductors and photoactive molecules for use in organic
photovoltaics. Moreover, a very recent field in which the Stille reaction has found successful application is that of the design and synthesis of new photosensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). DSSCs are considered a promising alternative for energy production from renewable sources.
In such devices light harvesting is carried out by a dye which is generally a highly conjugated molecule. Due to the mild operating conditions and the high functional-group compatibility, the Stille reaction proved to be a powerful tool not only for the preparation of photosensitizers, but
also to plan their chemical elaboration in order to tune and optimize their photophysical, electrochemical and photovoltaic properties. In this microreview some recent examples of the Stille reaction in the synthesis of organic dyes for DSSC are reported.
Catalytic Arene-forming Aldol Condensation: Stereoselective Synthesis of Rotationally Restricted Aromatic Compounds
Authors: Fäseke Vincent C. , Witzig Reto M. , Link Achim , Lotter Dominik , Sparr Christof
Published: October 2017

By taking inspiration from the fascinating biosynthetic machinery that creates aromatic polyketides, our group investigates analogous reactions catalyzed by small molecules. We are particularly captivated by the prospects of intramolecular aldol condensation reactions to generate different
rotationally restricted aromatic compounds. In a first project of our independent research group, a highly stereoselective amine catalyzed synthesis of axially chiral biaryls, tertiary aromatic amides and oligo-1,2-naphthylenes has been developed. In this article, we outline the twists and
turns for our escape from the aromatic flatland to structurally intriguing chiral arene scaffolds relevant for various fields of application.
Abundancia relativa de medianos y grandes mamíferos en el Bosque Protector Colambo-Yacuri, suroriente del Ecuador
Authors: Arcos D Rodrigo
Published: October 2017

Una evaluación rápida de la riqueza y abundancia relativa de medianos y grandes mamíferos fue llevada a cabo en tres localidades del Bosque Protector Colambo- Yacuri: la Reserva Comunal Angashcola, Lagunas Negras-Bermejas y Manchananga. La evaluación se basó en recorridos de 20 km de transectos, por cada localidad, con el uso de dos técnicas: la observación directa y el rastreo de indicios que consiste en la búsqueda de huellas, nidos, heces, restos y para efecto de análisis, se incluyó como indicios a las vocalizaciones. Además, se agregaron especies de acuerdo a información local. Se identificaron, en base a 135 indicios, 15 especies de mamíferos compiladas entre las tres localidades, de las cuales: 13 están presentes en la Reserva Comunal Angashcola, 10 especies se encontraron en las Lagunas Negras-Bermejas y 12 en Manchananga. La riqueza de especies presenta un valor relativamente promedio, comparado con el número de especies de mediano y gran tamaño que en conjunto presentan el piso templado y altoandino (26 especies). No obstante, será necesario realizar evaluaciones en otra época para determinar cambios en la composición de especies y así definir criterios de conservación. Un hallazgo importante es la ampliación rango de distribución altitudinal del ciervo enano para el Ecuador.
Isaac III: Rinitis en la ciudad de Quito
Authors: Barba Sergio , Lazcano Gonzalo , Naranjo Plutarco , Romero Mariana , Zurita Magdalena , Alvarez Fausto , Ortiz Dona , Landázuri Nelly , Proaño Hernán , Vásquez Miguel
Published: October 2017

Se realiza la exposición y análisis de los resultados obtenidos en lo que se refiere a RINITIS ALÉRGICA del estudio internacional ISAAC III realizado en la ciudad de Quito en el año de 2003. El  estudio  randomizado  involucra  a  3055  niños  y  3014  adolescentes  de  la  ciudad  de Quito, estratificados y representativos de los estratos socio-económicos de la ciudad, teniendo como base los datos del Censo de Población y Vivienda del año 2001 y los datos de Ministerio de Educación Pública. Se encuentra la prevalencia del 27% en los niños y 36% en los adolescentes de rinitismo infecciosas; un 14% y 23% respectivamente, de rinoconjuntivitis. La Rinitis diagnosticada es del 16% en los dos grupos etarios. De estos, el 80% de los niños y el 46% de los jóvenes tienen tratamiento médico. Son más frecuentes las formas de rinitis clínicamente persistentes leves, y muy pocas las persistentes graves. Las épocas de agudización corresponden a los primeros 6 meses del año. Son factores importantes en la presencia de la enfermedad datos como las condiciones medioambientales perinatales, la presencia de Atopía familiar y el humo de tabaco. Esto lleva a que en el cálculo de probabilidades, el  43.48% (uno  de  cada  cinco) niños,  y  el 31.35% (dos de cada 6) jóvenes tenga probabilidades de presentar rinitis alérgica en la ciudad de Quito.
Registro de Drosophilidae en dos zonas geográficas del Estado de Guerrero, México
Authors: Salaceda Victor M. , Beltrán Elizabeth , Adame-Reducindo Jaime , Iturbe-Chiñas Patricia
Published: October 2017

Aproximadamente 140 especies de la familia Drosophilidae han sido reportadas en México, cifra muy baja comparada con la correspondiente fauna mundial que alcanza 3341. Por ello, y deseando contribuir al mejor conocimiento de este taxón en nuestro país, realizamos una serie de colectas en dos zonas geográficas del Estado de Guerrero, cinco en la zona central en áreas con cobertura de bosque y matorral y cuatro en la Costa Chica en áreas de monocultivo de maíz y cultivos mixtos. Los especímenes se capturaron empleando trampas conteniendo frutas en fermentación y ayudados de una red entomológica y posteriormente llevadas al laboratorio donde se conservaron en alcohol para su posterior identificación. De la zona central obtuvimos 5915 individuos y en la zona de cultivo 4023. A partir de las colectas las moscas se agruparon tomando en cuenta sus diferencias morfológicas y después, con la ayuda de una clave, se determinaron y cuantificaron las diferentes especies capturadas De esa forma se identificaron un total de 43 especies ya descritas y además tres indeterminadas; estas añadidas a otras diez previamente reportadas representan un total de 56 especies para las localidades muestreadas en el Estado aunque no todas presentes en todos los sitios. Se recomienda tanto para la entidad como para el país hacer más colectas y asàcontribuir al mejor conocimiento de la familia Drosophilidae en México, considerando que el número de especies que en el habitan debe de ser mayor dada la existencia de una alta diversidad ecológica.
Evidence-Based Medicine applied to the control of communicable disease incidents when evidence is scarce and the time is limited
Authors: Palmer S , Jansen A , Leitmeyer K , Murdoch H , Forland F
Published: October 2017

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Trends in Human Leptospirosis in Denmark, 1980 to 2012
Authors: van Alphen L B , Lemcke Kunoe A , Ceper T , Kähler J , Kjelsø C , Ethelberg S , Krogfelt K A
Published: October 2017

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Creating an online atlas of Salmonella serotypes in Europe
Authors: Rudbeck Jepsen M , Fisher I , Galle M , Bang H , Ethelberg S
Published: October 2017

Salmonellosis is a frequently occurring disease in Europe. Through their national surveillance systems, the European Union (EU) Member States collect a substantial amount of information on cases of salmonellosis, which may be used to gain new insights into the epidemiological characteristics of the many different Salmonella serotypes. One simple approach to this is by visualising the spatial distribution of the cases on maps.
International Meeting on Microbial Epidemiological Markers, 14-17 May 2008
Authors:   Eurosurveillance editorial team
Published: October 2017

The International Meeting on Microbial Epidemiological Markers (IMMEM-8, http://www.immem-8.org), will be held on 14-17 May 2008, in Zakopane, Poland.
Observed oseltamivir resistance in seasonal influenza viruses in Europe interpretation and potential implications
Authors: Nicoll A , Ciancio B , Kramarz P , on behalf of the Influenza Project Team
Published: October 2017

In this weeks issue of Eurosurveillance, Zambon and colleagues describe the first findings of the European Union-funded European Surveillance Network for Vigilance Against Viral Resistance (VIRGIL) of some seasonal influenza viral isolates resistant to the antiviral drug oseltamivir in Europe.
Excess mortality as an epidemic intelligence tool in chikungunya mapping
Authors: Ramchurn S K , Goorah S S , Makhan M , Moheeput K
Published: October 2017

Mortality is an important public health indicator [1]. Mortality data is accurately recorded, readily accessible, and includes precise temporal and geographical variables. During epidemic outbreaks, excess mortality can inform on the virulence of an infection. Moreover, in the absence of outbreak prevalence data, mortality can additionally inform on the spatio-temporal progression of the disease.