bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Translanguaging
Authors: Lee Jerry Won
Published: October 2023

Translanguaging can be understood in a variety of senses, referring to (1) a type of language practice, (2) a theory of language, or (3) an orientation to language. As a type of language practice, it generally refers to the fluid use of language resources across linguistic boundaries. While conventional concepts such as code-switching and code-mixing are predominantly premised on the clear delineation of named language boundaries (e.g., movement between languages as “codes”), translanguaging generally attempts to conceptualize language irrespective of such boundaries. As a theory of language, it aims to understand and represent the lived realities of communication. In other words, translanguaging tries to understand how everyday people, particularly in linguistically and culturally diverse contexts, engage in a variety of communicative practices. This bibliography provides an overview of the preliminary descriptions of translanguaging. It afterwards surveys various cognate theorizations of the concept. It is followed by treatments of translanguaging as a form of communicative social interaction first generally and then specifically in educational contexts, digital contexts, in relation to language policy/planning, and then in the linguistic landscape. Next, it provides a survey of texts that describe methodological implications of translanguaging. Although it is undeniable that translanguaging has been most influential within applied linguistics, this entry also acknowledges and provides an overview of how translanguaging has been taken up in composition studies, where it has also been impactful. It concludes with a series of texts that represent critical approaches to translanguaging. Though there are a number of concepts related to translanguaging, in order to make this bibliography a useful resource for researchers, it does not include references that are closely related, including the wealth of texts on the theory and practice of translation, bilingualism, multilingualism, and bi-/multilingual literature.
France in World War I
Authors: Taub James
Published: October 2023

The French Army of the World War I (aka, the Great War) carried the weight of the Allied war effort on its shoulders, providing the second-largest proportion of fighting troops, holding a majority of the Western Front, and providing multiple smaller allied nations with the materiel needed to fight in multiple theaters of war. Like many other forces entering the conflict, the French had to rapidly adapt to modern warfare. Adjusting from dated uniforms and tactics was a painful experience, which the French soldier, known as the poilu, excelled at. After the initial shock of combat during the Battle of the Frontiers, the army was able to rally a defense along the Marne River and counterattack alongside their British allies. With the onset of the war in the trenches, the campaign of 1915 saw repeated assaults in Artois and Champagne in what would become the bloodiest year of the war for France. In addition to efforts on the Western Front, the French deployed forces to assist the British in the Dardanelles and the Serbians in the Balkans. The year 1916 would center around the brutal attritional combat at Verdun and the Somme, while 1917 saw the disastrous Neville Offensive on the Chemin des Dames and occurrences that have been referred to as a “collective disobedience” among the French forces, followed by a period of rebuilding and limited assaults. The last year of the war witnessed France assisting the British in repulsing the German Spring Offensive before dealing with concentrated offensives toward their own lines. While training and equipping the newly arrived American Expeditionary Forces, the French Army began a series of assaults in July that began the defeat of the Germans in the west. The historiography of the French military effort has changed rapidly as more sources become available. Debate continues over battles, tactics, personalities, and social themes, which have tended to focus on the social experience of the poilu and his war. Recent historians have begun a process of reevaluating the French war effort to show just how powerful and leading a force the French Army truly was. Additionally, growing studies in German and English language historiography are emerging to open France’s history to a multitude of new audiences.
The United States and International Law
Authors: Delabie Lucie
Published: October 2023

This bibliography proposes a range of references relating to the US attitude toward international law, including practical and doctrinal approaches prevailing in the United States regarding international legal norms. It aims to highlight the singularity of an American vision of international law, as viewed through a European lens, on different topics including collective security and recourse to force, economic matters, environmental challenges, and human rights protection. The bibliography includes a historical dimension, highlighting the emergence of an American tradition of international law going back to the eighteenth century, based on realism and pragmatism. Exploring the methods and points of view developed by American scholars reveals that they are mostly interested in the concrete aspects of international law, which leads to an instrumental vision of legal norms. Such a unified vision of international law in the United States does not conceal the diversity of views within the American international scholarship, as exemplified by the existence of different doctrinal “schools” or “movements” (the New Haven school, the new approaches to international law, the international legal process, the law and economics movement, the transnational process movement, and so on). The reader will find citations relating to these movements and, more generally, to American international scholarship. But this does not preclude the interest for the American practice of international law, which is deeply linked with the theoretical and methodological approach of international law in the United States, as revealed in citations under the last heading of this bibliography.
Australia
Authors: Steer Philip
Published: October 2023

The Victorian period demarcates a crucial period in the settler colonization of Australia. Although the settler invasion had commenced with the landing of the so-called First Fleet of convict ships in 1788, the number of transported convicts peaked in the 1830s, the year of Victoria’s accession. In 1901, the year of Victoria’s death, the Australian colonies—New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Tasmania, and Western Australia—formally federated to create the Commonwealth of Australia. Between these events, the growing settler population explored and expanded across the continent, with devastating impacts for its Aboriginal peoples and ecosystems alike. The growing settler economy was also meshed ever more tightly with Britain’s, spurred by the discovery of gold in the 1850s and the constant expansion of pastoralism. Australia’s settler literature emerged against this backdrop. Victorianists, however, have typically viewed the settler colonization of Australia through the lens of British novelists, especially Charles Dickens and to a lesser extent Anthony Trollope. Settler writing offers a broader and more immediate—though still limited—range of insights into processes of invasion, racial violence, environmental change, and identity formation. Victorianists considering the remarkably large body of 19th-century Australian literature must also reckon with the rich and complex field of Australian literary studies. The area of colonial textual production that has historically received greatest attention is the writing of the 1890s, long seen as marking the emergence of a distinctive national identity, but now interrogated for the starkly gendered nature of its literary and critical procedures. A long-standing interest in Australia’s landscape has now broadened into an ecocritical focus on climate, ecosystems, and introduced species. The extensive open access digitization of colonial newspapers and periodicals has also spurred a flourishing of print culture and periodical studies. One of the enduring challenges of studying Australian literature for the insights it offers into Victorian imperialism is the almost total lack of Indigenous writing in English.
Sarah Helen Whitman
Authors: Ball Andrew
Published: October 2023

Sarah Helen Whitman, née Power (b. 1804–d. 1878), was a poet, essayist, literary critic, translator, and spiritualist from Providence, Rhode Island. She was a descendent of Nicholas Power, one of the founders of Rhode Island. In 1827, she published her first verses as “Helen,” her preferred first name. In 1828, she married John Winslow Whitman, a Boston lawyer and scion of Plymouth colonists. When he died in 1833, Whitman returned to Providence, where she resided for the rest of her life. Whitman’s poetry regularly appeared in prominent periodicals and annuals of the 1830s and 1840s. Though later relegated to the status of a “minor poet,” Whitman was regarded as one of America’s foremost poets. Whitman was one of the central theorists of American romanticism, particularly with respect to its roots in German philosophy and literature. The essays she wrote in the 1840s form a vital, though often overlooked, chapter in the corpus of Transcendentalism. After Margaret Fuller, she was the leading woman literary critic in antebellum America. As Noelle A. Baker aptly put it, Whitman was ever the “champion of literary blackguards,” writing erudite essays in defense of misunderstood geniuses like Shelley, Byron, Goethe, and most famously, Edgar Allan Poe. After a brief courtship, she and Poe were engaged in 1848 but didn’t marry. In 1860, Whitman published Edgar Poe and His Critics to disprove popular falsehoods about him. In 1853, Whitman published the only collection of her poetry that would appear in her lifetime, Hours of Life and Other Poems. A second collection, Poems (1879), was published posthumously. In the 1850s, Whitman became an early and important proponent of Spiritualism and is featured prominently in Capron’s Modern Spiritualism (1855). Whitman was a prolific contributor to newspapers, primarily the Providence Daily Journal, where she published book reviews, travel correspondence, and essays on topics related to social reform, such as homelessness, poverty, and women’s right to vote and pursue higher education. Throughout her life, Whitman was sought after as a literary mentor and corresponded with many aspiring authors, such as a young John Hay and George William Curtis, who would remain a longtime friend. From the start of her career, Whitman was regarded as an eccentric, an image she cultivated. She often wore veils and flowing, oracular garments. Henry James based the appearance of Juliana Bordereau in The Aspen Papers (1888) on an account of Whitman made by a fellow spiritualist, Thomas Wentworth Higginson.
Soviet Yiddish Literature
Authors: Gruschka Roland
Published: October 2023

Being the mother tongue of more than two million Jews within the emerging Soviet Empire after the First World War, the Yiddish language was formally acknowledged by the Bolshevik regime as a minority language, and Yiddish-language cultural activities were supported by the state so long as they complied with the ideology and the political line of the Communist Party. Yiddish literature was produced in the Soviet Union and published on a large scale, and even within the institutional framework of a totalitarian state, a multifaceted Yiddish cultural life originated, encompassing various aesthetic and artistic literary trends. The project of a secular, “Proletarian” Soviet-Jewish national culture and literature attracted and appealed to many Yiddish writers who felt a resonance between the Soviet policy, on the one hand, and their own revolutionary hopes and radical literary modernism on the other, whereas the mélange of Socialist Utopianism and repressive dictatorial rule, not to mention state terror, polarized the Jewish intelligentsia outside the country. Over the years, however, the state policy gradually shifted toward a downsizing, downgrading, and finally a “liquidation” of Soviet Yiddish culture and its institutions, leading to a complete repression at the end of the 1940s, right after World War II and the atrocities of the Shoah (Holocaust). This tragedy culminated in the state-directed assassinations of the most eminent Soviet Yiddish writers in a secret trial against members of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee in 1952. After Stalin’s death, and after an unofficial “rehabilitation,” a limited space for a Soviet Yiddish literary culture was created anew in the form of the highbrow literary bi-monthly Sovetish heymland (“Soviet Homeland”) which existed until the collapse of the Soviet Union. For all this, it is hardly surprising that Soviet Yiddish literature continues to be a controversial subject in academia and beyond, even affecting questions of its definition. To this day, the field of Soviet Yiddish literature with its rich materials is still far from exhaustively researched. The main lines of its literary and historical development, however, have been treated at monograph length, and the majority of its leading figures and outstanding authors and their canonical major works have to some extent been analyzed in several studies. Many aspects of their works, however, still merit further research. The bibliography provided in this article in a way reflects this state of discussion, which also constitutes an outline of the concept of Soviet Yiddish literature and includes sections with detailed background information.
Evolution and Pest Management
Authors: Johnson Norman
Published: October 2023

Because they cannot easily flee from natural enemies, plants are particularly prone to threats from other organisms including pathogens and animal herbivores. Moreover, plants often face intense competition for resources (including space) from other plants. When referring to agricultural plants and other plants of human concern, these pathogens, herbivores, and other competing plants (weeds) are collectively known as pests. Pest management encompasses human activities that limit the damage from pests to preferred plants. Managing pests is particularly critical to agriculture as losses from pests can cause substantial loss of crops, especially in areas of food insecurity and fast-growing human populations. Because of space limitations, this entry focuses on the management of insect and microbial pests that threaten agricultural plants; however, similar principles apply to forest pests and urban pests as well as to weeds. Pest management is an applied science that relies heavily on concepts, principles, and information from ecology, genetics, and evolutionary biology. Evolutionary principles help identify current pests and help biologist predict which organisms are likely to become pests. Evolutionary biology also influences pest management strategies. Chemical agents (pesticides) can be effective in managing or even eliminating pests, at least for a while, but nfortunately, pests can evolve resistance to those pesticides. Understanding how pests evolve resistance can help in the development of practices aimed at slowing the evolution of resistance. Guidance from evolutionary biology also assists in the best use of a plant’s natural defenses and use of biological control agents in pest management. Pest management benefits from information about the genetic basis of traits of the host plant and or their pests. For instance, knowing that a gene affects an insect pest’s resistance to a specific pesticide can help to thwart the evolution of resistance in that insect or to develop new insecticides. In recent years, DNA markers have increasingly been used to find genes that likely contribute to specific phenotypes of interest and regions of the genome that have been impacted by selection. Development of these tools rest on a foundation of evolutionary genetics.
Short-Course Versus Prolonged-Course Antimicrobial Therapy in Adults With Catheter-Related Septic Thrombosis: A Propensity-Weighted Retrospective Study
Authors: Stoldick Marine , Vannier Margot , Verdalle-Cazes Mikael , Etienne Manuel , Alexandre Kévin
Published: October 2023

Background

Optimal duration of antimicrobial therapy (AT) for catheter-related septic deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is unknown. We aimed to compare the outcomes of patients receiving short-course AT (≤21 days) versus prolonged-course AT (>21 days).

Methods

This was a monocentric retrospective study comparing adults with catheter-related septic DVT from 2015 to 2020 treated with short- or prolonged-course AT. A propensity score–weighted analysis was used to mitigate potential bias. The primary outcome was a composite of all-cause mortality or recurrent bloodstream infection 30 days after AT discontinuation.

Results

Of 172 patients with catheter-related septic DVT, 104 were treated with prolonged-course AT and 68 with short-course AT. In the propensity score analysis, we found no significant difference in 30-day all-cause mortality or relapse between the 2 groups (inverse probability of treatment weighted hazard ratio [wHR], 2.16 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .68–6.88]; P = .192). No differences in 90-day all-cause mortality and 90-day relapse were observed between the treatment groups (wHR, 1.01 [95% CI, .49–2.05], P = .987 and 1.13 [95% CI, .08–15.62], P = .928, respectively).

Conclusions

A 21-day AT could be an effective and safe option to treat catheter-related septic DVT. Further randomized studies are needed to establish the optimal duration of AT for patients with catheter-related septic DVT.
Listening to Muslim Women’s Lived Expertise Concerning Surviving Family Violence and Seeking Islamic Community Divorce in the Australian Context: A Qualitative Analysis of Muslim Women's, Community/religious Leader’s, and professional Responder’s Perspectives
Authors: Krayem Ghena , Funston Leticia
Published: October 2023

Many Muslim women in Australia seek religious divorce through various community processes, as religious divorce is often perceived to be more personally and spiritually significant than a civil divorce. Many Muslim women seek religious divorce because their current or former husbands have used domestic and family violence and coercive control against them and their children. The article is based on an Australian Research Council-funded qualitative research project exploring Muslim women’s experiences of Sharia community divorce processes in Australia. This multi-site research project took place across two major Australian cities between 2016 and 2020 and involved in-depth semi-structured interviews with 63 participants including, Muslim women, community/religious leaders and professional responders (for example lawyers, psychologists, community support and domestic and family violence workers) who have experience of supporting women through community divorce processes. This article explores Muslim women’s lived expertise to guide helpful and transformative responses to domestic and family violence in the context of religious divorce in Australia.
Innovative Enterprise, Industrial Leadership, and Sustainable Prosperity
Authors: Lazonick William
Published: October 2023

This chapter provides a retrospective account of nearly five decades of historical and comparative research aimed at developing an economic theory that explains the shifts across nations in industrial leadership and addresses the policy challenges of developing and sustaining a successful and equitable economy. The initial research focused on the dynamics of the British cotton-textile industry, the global 19th-century leader that lost international competitiveness in the 20th century. The focus expanded to the social conditions that supported innovation across industries in Britain, the United States, and Japan in global competition in the 20th century, providing empirical foundations for the Social Conditions of Innovative Enterprise (SCIE) framework. In turn, this framework has permitted systematic research into the transition of many United States corporations from innovation to financialization, with implications for extreme economic inequality in the United States and the loss of US industrial leadership to China.
Analysis of conformational stability of interacting residues in protein binding interfaces
Authors: Chauhan Varun M , Pantazes Robert J
Published: October 2023

After approximately 60 years of work, the protein folding problem has recently seen rapid advancement thanks to the inventions of AlphaFold and RoseTTAFold, which are machine-learning algorithms capable of reliably predicting protein structures from their sequences. A key component in their success was the inclusion of pairwise interaction information between residues. As research focus shifts towards developing algorithms to design and engineer binding proteins, it is likely that knowledge of interaction features at protein interfaces can improve predictions. Here, 574 protein complexes were analyzed to identify the stability features of their pairwise interactions, revealing that interactions between pre-stabilized residues are a selected feature in protein binding interfaces. In a retrospective analysis of 475 de novo designed binding proteins with an experimental success rate of 19%, inclusion of pairwise interaction pre-stabilization parameters increased the frequency of identifying experimentally successful binders to 40%.
Comprehensive validation of early diagnostic algorithms for myocardial infarction in the emergency department
Authors: Tada M , Matano H , Azuma H , Kano K -I , Maeda S , Fujino S , Yamada N , Uzui H , Tada H , Maeno K , Shimada Y , Yoshida H , Ando M , Ichihashi T , Murakami Y , Homma Y , Funakoshi H , Obunai K , Matsushima A , Ohte N , Takeuchi A , Takada Y , Matsukubo S , Ando H , Furukawa Y , Kuriyama A , Fujisawa T , Chapman A R , Mills N L , Hayashi H , Watanabe N , Furukawa T A
Published: October 2023

Objective

To comprehensively evaluate diagnostic algorithms for myocardial infarction using a high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) assay.

Patients and methods

We prospectively enrolled patients with suspected myocardial infarction without ST-segment elevation from nine emergency departments in Japan. The diagnostic algorithms evaluated: (i) based on hs-cTnI alone, such as the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) 0/1-h or 0/2-h and High-STEACS pathways; or (ii) used medical history and physical findings, such as the ADAPT, EDACS, HEART, and GRACE pathways. We evaluated the negative predictive value (NPV), sensitivity as safety measures, and proportion of patients classified as low or high-risk as an efficiency measure for a primary outcome of type 1 myocardial infarction or cardiac death within 30 days.

Results

We included 437 patients, and the hs-cTnI was collected at 0 and 1 hours in 407 patients and at 0 and 2 hours in 394. The primary outcome occurred in 8.1% (33/407) and 6.9% (27/394) of patients, respectively. All the algorithms classified low-risk patients without missing those with the primary outcome, except for the GRACE pathway. The hs-cTnI-based algorithms classified more patients as low-risk: the ESC 0/1-h 45.7%; the ESC 0/2-h 50.5%; the High-STEACS pathway 68.5%, than those using history and physical findings (15–30%). The High-STEACS pathway ruled out more patients (20.5%) by hs-cTnI measurement at 0 hours than the ESC 0/1-h and 0/2-h algorithms (7.4%).

Conclusions

The hs-cTnI algorithms, especially the High-STEACS pathway, had excellent safety performance for the early diagnosis of myocardial infarction and offered the greatest improvement in efficiency.
Prognostic value of Controlling Nutritional Status score for postoperative complications and biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer patients undergoing laparoscopic radical prostatectomy
Authors: Xiong Tianyu , Ye Xiaobo , Zhu Guangyi , Cao Fang , Cui Yun , Song Liming , Wang Mingshuai , Wasilijiang Wahafu , Xing Nianzeng , Niu Yinong
Published: October 2023

Background

Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score was used for screening the preoperative nutritional status. The correlation between the CONUT score and the prognosis of patients with prostate cancer (PCa) has yet to be elucidated. Herein, we analyzed the prognostic value of CONUT scores in patients with PCa who underwent laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.

Materials and methods

Data of 244 patients were retrospectively evaluated. Perioperative variables and follow-up data were analyzed. The patients were categorized into 2 groups according to their preoperative CONUT scores. Postoperative complication and incontinence rates were also compared. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the median biochemical recurrence-free survival (BCRFS) between the 2 groups. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to identify the potential prognostic factors for BCRFS.

Results

Patients were categorized into the low-CONUT group (CONUT score <3,n= 207) and high-CONUT group (CONUT score ≥3,n= 37). The high-CONUT group had a higher overall complication rate (40.5% vs.19.3%,p= 0.004), a higher major complication rate (10.8% vs. 3.9%,p= 0.013), and longer postoperative length of stay (8 days vs. 7 days,p= 0.017). More fever, urinary infection, abdominal infection, scrotal edema, rash, and hemorrhagic events (allpvalues < 0.05) were observed in the high-CONUT group. A higher rate of urinary incontinence was observed in the high-CONUT group at 1 (34.4% vs. 13.2%,p= 0.030) and 3 months (24.1% vs. 8.2%,p= 0.023) postoperatively. The high-CONUT group had shorter medium BCRFS (23.8 months vs. 54.6 months,p= 0.029), and a CONUT score ≥3 was an independent risk factor for a shorter BCRFS (hazards ratio, 1.842;p= 0.026).

Conclusions

The CONUT score is a useful predictive tool for higher postoperative complication rates and shorter BCRFS in patients with PCa who undergo laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.
Impact of Integrated Pharmacology Instruction by Principal Faculty Pharmacists in Two Physician Assistant Programs: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Draper Andrew , Schwartz Michael , Coombs Jennifer Myers , Gindoff Alan , Spackman Jared , Pedersen Donald M.
Published: October 2023

Purpose

In recent years, there has been a growing trend toward integrating pharmacology instruction into physician assistant (PA) programs by dedicated PA faculty pharmacists. Pharmacists train to become medication experts. Incorporating pharmacist instruction in a PA program during the didactic year provides PA students with an early opportunity to experience interprofessional education and interdisciplinary synergy through clinical application.

Methods

This article presents a retrospective study that aims to evaluate the impact of integrated pharmacology instruction by principal PA faculty pharmacists on student satisfaction and standardized assessment metrics. Student satisfaction was measured by course evaluations and exit/alumni surveys. Standardized metrics included Physician Assistant Clinical Knowledge Rating and Assessment Tool and Physician Assistant National Certifying Exam assessments.

Results

The findings indicate that having a principal faculty member with specialized expertise in pharmacology has improved the overall course satisfaction, knowledge, and competence of PA students and perceptions of the relevance and effectiveness of pharmacology instruction in their clinical practice.

Conclusion

The results of this study support the value of using pharmacist faculty members in PA programs to enhance the quality of pharmacology instruction and ultimately contribute to the success of PA students in their professional careers.
Academic Rank Disparities in Minoritized and Racialized Physician Assistant Educators
Authors: Ryujin Darin , Coombs Jennifer , Sturges Daytheon , Najmabadi Shahpar , Rodríguez José E. , Maldonado Maria , Loder Rayne , Yole-Lobe Menerva , Bradley-Guidry Carolyn
Published: October 2023

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate the disparities in career progression and the need for inclusive mentorship in the physician assistant (PA) profession, specifically focusing on racial/ethnic minority faculty.

Methods

Pooled data from the Physician Assistant Education Association Program Survey in 2015, 2017, and 2019 were analyzed to examine the effect of PA faculty race/ethnicity on academic rank promotion. Logistic regression models were used to assess the association between faculty race/ethnicity and the likelihood of being in a middle/late-career (associate/professor) or early-career status (instructor/assistant), adjusting for confounding factors.

Results

The analysis revealed significant disparities in career progression, particularly for Black/African American and Hispanic faculty members, who were 44% less likely to be in late-career positions compared with White faculty. These disparities persisted even after accounting for gender, highest degree, region, and years in rank. The slower career progression experienced by minoritized faculty can have negative impacts, such as lower salaries, impostorism, reduced social capital, isolation, marginalization, burnout, and attrition.

Conclusion

The findings highlight the urgent need for increased efforts to promote diversity and inclusion in the PA profession. Creating a more equitable academic environment requires addressing systemic biases, implementing inclusive mentorship initiatives, and promoting diversity in hiring and promotion decisions. By prioritizing equity, diversity, and inclusion, the PA profession can foster a more diverse, innovative, and satisfied workforce while reducing turnover. Continued research and evidence-based strategies are essential to effectively address these disparities and create a more inclusive and equitable environment in the PA profession.
HIV and mpox: a rapid review
Authors: O'Shea Jesse G. , Bonacci Robert A. , Cholli Preetam , Kimball Anne , Brooks John T.
Published: October 2023

In this review, we discuss the history and epidemiology of mpox, prevention strategies, clinical characteristics and management, severity of mpox among persons with advanced HIV, and areas for future research relevant to persons with HIV.
Demographic patterns and disparities in new HIV diagnoses attributed to injection drug use in the United States
Authors: Rosen Joseph G. , Cepeda Javier , Park Ju Nyeong
Published: October 2023

People who inject drugs (PWID) exhibit disproportionate HIV burdens in the United States. We characterized longitudinal patterns and demographic disparities in new HIV diagnoses attributed to injection drug use (IDU) in 2008–2020. Although new IDU-attributed HIV diagnoses fell by 53.9%, new HIV diagnoses remained disproportionately elevated in female (100.9/100 000), Black (258.8/100 000), and Hispanic (131.0/100 000) PWID. Despite considerable declines in new HIV diagnoses, disparities by race/ethnicity and sex persist among US PWID.
Geoffrey Wilson Greenwood. 3 February 1929—13 December 2022
Authors: Bhadeshia FRS Harshad K. D. H.
Published: October 2023

Geoffrey Wilson Greenwood came from humble beginnings but his early encounters as a child, with steam engines and their governors at the local mills inspired his technical curiosity. He later showed considerable interest in the new physics of the day but was enticed into physical metallurgy, where his discovery of grain-size effects in body-centred cubic brass led to discussions during his Ph.D. research, with the undisputed leaders in the fundamental understanding of crystal defects. He was soon sought to work on the development of civil nuclear power at Harwell, assigned to develop a reactor fuelled by a slurry of fissile particles. This proved tricky, but following his observation of particle coarsening under static isothermal conditions, he developed the theory leading to an equation which now forms the basis of many aspects of materials design. He went on to study the consequences of the production of krypton and xenon created during the fission process on the swelling of uranium fuel. His later responsibility at the Central Electricity Generating Board was to foresee and forestall dangers during the operation of nuclear reactors. He was invited back to Sheffield University where he thrived in all his passions, including teaching, research and music. Geoffrey was respected internationally, the USA, China, India, Japan, to name a few countries. Geoffrey had a wonderful family life throughout, met Nancy through his interests in music and is survived by their three children John, Catherine and Alan.
The cold atmospheric pressure plasma-generated species superoxide, singlet oxygen and atomic oxygen activate the molecular chaperone Hsp33
Authors: Dirks Tim , Krewing Marco , Vogel Katharina , Bandow Julia E.
Published: October 2023

Cold atmospheric pressure plasmas are used for surface decontamination or disinfection, e.g. in clinical settings. Protein aggregation has been shown to significantly contribute to the antibacterial mechanisms of plasma. To investigate the potential role of the redox-activated zinc-binding chaperone Hsp33 in preventing protein aggregation and thus mediating plasma resistance, we compared the plasma sensitivity of wild-type
E. coli
to that of an
hslO
deletion mutant lacking Hsp33 as well as an over-producing strain. Over-production of Hsp33 increased plasma survival rates above wild-type levels. Hsp33 was previously shown to be activated by plasma
in vitro
. For the PlasmaDerm source applied in dermatology, reversible activation of Hsp33 was confirmed. Thiol oxidation and Hsp33 unfolding, both crucial for Hsp33 activation, occurred during plasma treatment. After prolonged plasma exposure, however, unspecific protein oxidation was detected, the ability of Hsp33 to bind zinc ions was decreased without direct modifications of the zinc-binding motif, and the protein was inactivated. To identify chemical species of potential relevance for plasma-induced Hsp33 activation, reactive oxygen species were tested for their ability to activate Hsp33
in vitro
. Superoxide, singlet oxygen and potentially atomic oxygen activate Hsp33, while no evidence was found for activation by ozone, peroxynitrite or hydroxyl radicals.
Lumped parameter liver simulation to predict acute haemodynamic alterations following partial resections
Authors: Tithof Jeffrey , Pruett Timothy L. , Rao Joseph Sushil
Published: October 2023

Partial liver resections are routinely performed in living donor liver transplantation and to debulk tumours in liver malignancies, but surgical decisions on vessel reconstruction for adequate inflow and outflow are challenging. Pre-operative evaluation is often limited to radiological imaging, which fails to account for post-resection haemodynamic alterations. Substantial evidence suggests post-surgical increase in local volume flow rate enhances shear stress, signalling hepatic regeneration, but excessive shear stress has been postulated to result in small for size syndrome and liver failure. Predicting haemodynamic alterations throughout the liver is particularly challenging due to the dendritic architecture of the vasculature, spanning several orders of magnitude in diameter. Therefore, we developed a mathematical lumped parameter model with realistic heterogeneities capturing inflow/outflow of the human liver to simulate acute perfusion alterations following surgical resection. Our model is parametrized using clinical measurements, relies on a single free parameter and accurately captures established perfusion characteristics. We quantify acute changes in volume flow rate, flow speed and wall shear stress following variable, realistic liver resections and make comparisons with the intact liver. Our numerical model runs in minutes and can be adapted to patient-specific anatomy, providing a novel computational tool aimed at assisting pre- and intra-operative surgical decisions for liver resections.
Modularity of biological systems: a link between structure and function
Authors: Kadelka Claus , Wheeler Matthew , Veliz-Cuba Alan , Murrugarra David , Laubenbacher Reinhard
Published: October 2023

This paper addresses two topics in systems biology, the hypothesis that biological systems are modular and the problem of relating structure and function of biological systems. The focus here is on gene regulatory networks, represented by Boolean network models, a commonly used tool. Most of the research on gene regulatory network modularity has focused on network structure, typically represented through either directed or undirected graphs. But since gene regulation is a highly dynamic process as it determines the function of cells over time, it is natural to consider functional modularity as well. One of the main results is that the structural decomposition of a network into modules induces an analogous decomposition of the dynamic structure, exhibiting a strong relationship between network structure and function. An extensive simulation study provides evidence for the hypothesis that modularity might have evolved to increase phenotypic complexity while maintaining maximal dynamic robustness to external perturbations.
Modelling and simulation of brinicle formation
Authors: Gómez-Lozada Felipe , del Valle Carlos Andrés , Jiménez-Paz Julián David , Lazarov Boyan S. , Galvis Juan
Published: October 2023

Below the Arctic sea ice, under the right conditions, a flux of icy brine flows down into the sea. The icy brine has a much lower fusion point and is denser than normal seawater. As a result, it sinks while freezing everything around it, forming an ice channel called a brinicle (also known as ice stalactite). In this paper, we develop a mathematical model for this phenomenon, assuming cylindrical symmetry. The fluid is considered to be viscous and quasi-stationary. The heat and salt transport are weakly coupled to the fluid motion and are modelled with the corresponding conservation equations, accounting for diffusive and convective effects. Finite-element discretization is employed to solve the coupled system of partial differential equations. We find that the model can capture the general behaviour of the physical system and generate brinicle-like structures while also recovering dendrite composition, which is a physically expected feature aligned with previous experimental results. This represents, to our knowledge, the first complete model proposed that captures the global structure of the physical phenomenon even though it has some discrepancies, such as brine accumulation.
The rhythms of transient relationships: allocating time between weekdays and weekends
Authors: Vergara Hidd Valentín , Zhang Mailun , Centellegher Simone , Roberts Sam G. B. , Lepri Bruno , López Eduardo
Published: October 2023

A fundamental question of any new relationship is, will it last? Transient relationships, recently defined by the authors, are an ideal type of social tie to explore this question: these relationships are characterized by distinguishable starting and ending temporal points, linking the question of tie longevity to relationship finite lifetime. In this study, we use mobile phone data sets from the UK and Italy to analyse the weekly allocation of time invested in maintaining transient relationships. We find that more relationships are created during weekdays, with a greater proportion of them receiving more contact during these days of the week in the long term. The smaller group of relationships that receive more phone calls during the weekend tend to remain active for more time. We uncover a sorting process by which some ties are moved from weekdays to weekends and
vice versa
, mostly in the first half of the relationship. This process also carries more information about the ultimate lifetime of a tie than the part of the week when the relationship started, which suggests an early evaluation period that leads to a decision on how to allocate time to different types of transient ties.
Large euarthropod carapaces from a high latitude Cambrian (Drumian) deposit in Spain
Authors: Pates Stephen , Zamora Samuel
Published: October 2023

Deposits preserving non-biomineralized tissues and animals provide an unrivalled opportunity to study the evolution and radiation of early animal life. Numerous sites of Cambrian age are known from North America (Laurentia) and South China (East Gondwana), which provide a high resolution picture of the fauna at low latitudes. By contrast, our knowledge of Cambrian animals from higher latitudes is relatively poor. This patchiness in our knowledge of animal life during the radiation of animals in the Cambrian period limits our ability to understand and detect palaeogeographic trends and does not provide a full appreciation of animal diversity at this time. Here we report a new middle Cambrian (Drumian) site preserving lightly sclerotized euarthropod carapaces, sponges and palaeoscolecids near the village of Mesones de Isuela in the Iberian Chains (Spain). We describe three bivalved euarthropod carapace morphs, two comparable to those described from the only other high latitude Drumian deposit, the Jince Formation (Czechia), and one distinct from previous discoveries. These new findings highlight the importance of high latitude Gondwana Konservat Lagerstatten for understanding the palaeogeographical aspect of the radiation of early animals and suggest that bivalved euarthropods at high latitudes were larger than those at lower latitudes during the Cambrian.
The kinetic Ising model encapsulates essential dynamics of land pattern change
Authors: Stepinski Tomasz F. , Nowosad Jakub
Published: October 2023

A land pattern change represents a globally significant trend with implications for the environment, climate and societal well-being. While various methods have been developed to predict land change, our understanding of the underlying change processes remains inadequate. To address this issue, we investigate the suitability of the two-dimensional kinetic Ising model (IM), an idealized model from statistical mechanics, for simulating land change dynamics. We test the IM on a variety of patterns, each with different focus land type. Specifically, we investigate four sites characterized by distinct patterns, presumably driven by different physical processes. Each site is observed on eight occasions between 2001 and 2019. Given the observed pattern at the timetiwe find two parameters of the IM such that the model-evolved land pattern atti+1resembles the observed land pattern at that time. The data support simulating seven such transitions per site. Our findings indicate that the IM produces approximate matches to the observed patterns in terms of layout, composition, texture and patch size distributions. Notably, the IM simulations even achieve a high degree of cell-scale pattern accuracy in two of the sites. Nevertheless, the IM has certain limitations, including its inability to model linear features, account for the formation of new large patches and handle pattern shifts.
Drivers of microbial food-web structure along productivity gradients
Authors: Burian Alfred , Gruber-Dorninger Martin , Schweichart Johannes , Yasindi Andrew , Bulling Mark , Jirsa Franz , Winter Christian , Muia Anastasia W. , Schagerl Michael
Published: October 2023

Ratios between viruses, heterotrophic prokaryotes and chlorophyll
a
are key indicators of microbial food structure and both virus–prokaryote and prokaryote–chlorophyll ratios have been proposed to decrease with system productivity. However, the mechanisms underlying these responses are still insufficiently resolved and their consistency across aquatic ecosystem types requires critical evaluation. We assessed microbial community ratios in highly productive African soda-lakes and used our data from naturally hypereutrophic systems which are largely underrepresented in literature, to complement earlier across-system meta-analyses. In contrast to marine and freshwater systems, prokaryote–chlorophyll ratios in African soda-lakes did not decrease along productivity gradients. High-resolution time series from two soda-lakes indicated that this lack of response could be driven by a weakened top–down control of heterotrophic prokaryotes. Our analysis of virus–prokaryote relationships, revealed a reduction of virus–prokaryote ratios by high suspended particle concentrations in soda-lakes. This effect, likely driven by the adsorption of free-living viruses, was also found in three out of four additionally analysed marine datasets. However, the decrease of virus–prokaryote ratios previously reported in highly productive marine systems, was neither detectable in soda-lakes nor freshwaters. Hence, our study demonstrates that system-specific analyses can reveal the diversity of mechanisms that structure microbial food-webs and shape their response to productivity increases.
Jaw size variation is associated with a novel craniofacial function for galanin receptor 2 in an adaptive radiation of pupfishes
Authors: Palominos M. Fernanda , Muhl Vanessa , Richards Emilie J. , Miller Craig T. , Martin Christopher H.
Published: October 2023

Understanding the genetic basis of novel adaptations in new species is a fundamental question in biology. Here we demonstrate a new role for galr2 in vertebrate craniofacial development using an adaptive radiation of trophic specialist pupfishes endemic to San Salvador Island, Bahamas. We confirmed the loss of a putative Sry transcription factor binding site upstream of galr2 in scale-eating pupfish and found significant spatial differences in galr2 expression among pupfish species in Meckel's cartilage using
in situ
hybridization chain reaction (HCR). We then experimentally demonstrated a novel role for Galr2 in craniofacial development by exposing embryos to Garl2-inhibiting drugs. Galr2-inhibition reduced Meckel's cartilage length and increased chondrocyte density in both trophic specialists but not in the generalist genetic background. We propose a mechanism for jaw elongation in scale-eaters based on the reduced expression of galr2 due to the loss of a putative Sry binding site. Fewer Galr2 receptors in the scale-eater Meckel's cartilage may result in their enlarged jaw lengths as adults by limiting opportunities for a circulating Galr2 agonist to bind to these receptors during development. Our findings illustrate the growing utility of linking candidate adaptive SNPs in non-model systems with highly divergent phenotypes to novel vertebrate gene functions.
Sensory integration of danger and safety cues may explain the fear of a quiet coyote
Authors: Smith Jennifer E. , Carminito Chelsea , Hamilton Shea , Newcomb Kate Lee , Randt Clare , Travenick Sarah
Published: October 2023

Sensory integration theory predicts natural selection should favour adaptive responses of animals to multiple forms of information, yet empirical tests of this prediction are rare, particularly in free-living mammals. Studying indirect predator cues offers a salient opportunity to inquire about multimodal risk assessment and its potentially interactive effects on prey responses. Here we exposed California ground squirrels from two study sites (that differ in human and domestic dog activity) to acoustic and/or olfactory predator cues to reveal divergent patterns of signal dominance. Olfactory information most strongly predicted space use within the testing arena. That is, individuals, especially those at the human-impacted site, avoided coyote urine, a danger cue that may communicate the proximity of a coyote. By contrast, subjects allocated less time to risk-sensitive behaviours when exposed to acoustic cues. Specifically, although individuals were consistent in their behavioural responses across trials, ‘quiet coyotes’ (urine without calls) significantly increased the behavioural reactivity of prey, likely because coyotes rarely vocalize when hunting. More broadly, our findings highlight the need to consider the evolution of integrated fear responses and contribute to an emerging understanding of how animals integrate multiple forms of information to trade off between danger and safety cues in a changing world.