bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) for Green Pod Yield and its Component
Authors: Abha Ruchika , Meena M. L.
Published: July 2024

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is a significant leguminous crop extensively cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions, known for its adaptability and nutritional value. This study, conducted at Horticulture Research Farm,Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow,(U.P.)India, during 2020-21 and 2021-22, aimed to analyze the genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advance among 30 diverse cowpea genotypes. The experiment utilized a Randomized Block Design (R.B.D.) with three replications, evaluating twenty-six quantitative traits. Analysis of variance revealed significant genetic variation across all traits, indicating potential for effective selection. During first year (2020-21) the phenotypic variance ranged from 0.03 (pod diameter) to 9947.17 (pod yield plant-1) and it ranged from 0.03 (pod diameter) to 10443.59 (pod yield plant-1) for second year. The genotypic variance ranged from 0.03 (pod diameter) to 9873.13 (pod yield plant-1), while it ranged from 0.03 (pod diameter) to 10373.99 (pod yield plant-1) in second year. During first year, highest magnitude of phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation was recorded in pod yield plant-1 (63.42 and 63.18) followed by pod yield/plot (55.73 and 55.57), whereas, during second year it recorded in pod yield plant-1 (64.39 and 64.18) followed by pod yield/plot (56.95 and 56.73). Traits like pod yield per plant, pod yield qha-1, pod yield per plot, non-reducing sugar, number of pods per plant, total sugars, plant height, number of branches per plant, average pod weight, weight of 100 seeds, reducing-sugar, number of pods per peduncle, number of green pods per cluster, number of peduncles per plant, number of nodes on main branches, number of seeds per pod, number of clusters per plant, total soluble solids, pod diameter, pod length, number of flowers per cluster, days taken to first flowering showed high heritability and genetic advance, suggesting additive gene action and reliability for selection. The findings underscore the importance of genetic variability in breeding programs, facilitating the selection of superior genotypes to enhance yield and other agronomic traits in cowpea.
Genetic Diversity Analysis for Forage Yield and Quality Traits in Sorghum [Sorghum Bicolor L. Moench] Germplasm
Authors: Santosh  , Pandey P. K.
Published: July 2024

This study investigated 280 sorghum germplasm lines using an augmented block design at GBPUAT Pantnagar under normal sowing conditions during the 2019 Kharif season. The observations were recorded on different yield contributing traits such as days to flowering, plant height, number of leaves; stem girth etc., quality traits such as protein content, total soluble solids, in vivo dry matter digestibility etc., and quality traits like cellulose content, silica content, and hemicelluloses etc. The statistical analysis for genetic diversity was done using hierarchical cluster analysis. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed significant genetic diversity in the sorghum germplasm concerning various yield-related traits, quality traits, and biochemical traits. The 280 germplasm lines were grouped into XI distinct non-overlapping clusters.The cluster-VIII (50) consisted of highest number of genotypes whereas lowest numbers of genotypes were grouped into cluster-III (1).The maximum intra-cluster distance was observed in cluster-IV (54.652) suggesting highest genetic diversity among genotypes of this cluster in comparison to other clusters whereas minimum intra-cluster distance was observed in cluster-III (0.000).The highest inter-cluster distance was observed between clusters-III and VI (334.554)suggested distant relationship between members of these two clusters and upon crossing the members of these two clusters will give more genetic diversity in segregating generationwhereas minimum inter-cluster distance was observed betweenclusters-VIII and IX (52.512) suggested a closer relationship between these two clusters and low degree of genetic diversity among the genotypes.. Presence of substantial genetic diversity among the genotypes screened in the present study indicated that this material may serve as a good source for selecting the diverse parents for hybridization programme. In order to increase the possibility of isolating good trangressivesegregants in the segregating generations it would be logical to attempt crosses between the diverse genotypes belonging to clusters separated by large inter-cluster distances.
Stability Analysis for Yield and Physiological Traits in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.)
Authors: Santosh  , Jaiswal Jai Prakash
Published: July 2024

The present investigation was carried out with 32 diverse genotypes of bread wheat in completely randomized block design with 3 replications at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G.B. Pant University of agriculture & Technology Pantnagar for the screening of genetic variability under three environments viz., timely sown (E1), late sown (E2) and very late sown (E3) conditions. The observations were recorded on 16 agronomic traits and 3 physiological traits. The statistical analysis was performed to analyze stability for different yield and physiological traits using Eberhart and Russell model. Genotypic performance varied substantially over different sowing conditions. Stability analysis revealed that the maximum number of stable genotypes were observed in grain weight per spike followed by number of tillers per plant, number of spikelets per spike, biological yield per plant, CTD-II, SPAD value, CTD-I, 1000-grains weight, relative water content, days to 75% heading, spike length, harvest index while no stable genotypes were observed for days to 75% anthesis, days to maturity and plot yield. The genotypes bearing the desired values of mean performance, stability parameters can be exploited in future breeding programme for developing stable varieties for yield related and physiological traits under different sowing conditions in wheat crop. These genotypes can be used as donor parents in crop improvement programme.
Trends and Evolution of Research on Genetic Modification: A Bibliometric Analysis of Scientific Literature During 2000-2020
Authors: Kumar Deepak , KV Praveen , Laishram Chinglembi
Published: July 2024

This analysis evaluates the most recent developments in genetic modification investigation worldwide. Recent challenges in genetically modified technology include regulatory hurdles, ethical concerns, and the ecological impacts of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Developments such as CRISPR-Cas9 and other genome-editing technologies have revolutionized the field, offering more precise and efficient methods for genetic modification. We followed a bibliometric analysis approach based on the bibliographic details retrieved from the Web of Science core collection in January 2020. VOS viewer was used for visualizing the research networks in genetic modification research. From 2000 to 2020, we found an aggregate of 1172 records indexed in the Web of Science. These records received a total of 19052 citations, with an average of 16.26 citations per record. Entomology had the most significant share of GM articles (15.52%), followed by multi-disciplinary science (12.11%) and agronomy (11.17%). The top five journals in terms of citations are Science, Nature, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, and World Development. Aside from BT cotton and its economic implications, academia has also shown research interest in subjects like resistance management, genetically modified food, and the impact on non-target pests. The United States, China, England, France, Germany, and India have made significant contributions to the literature on genetic modification, thanks to the efforts of many organizations and researchers in those countries. This manuscript is crucial as it provides a comprehensive overview of the global research landscape in genetic modification, highlighting the collaborative efforts and scientific advancements that shape the future of this critical field. It serves as an essential resource for researchers, policymakers, and stakeholders aiming to understand the dynamics and impact of genetic modification research.
Assessing the Impact of Trap Nests on Megachile Bee Population in Mung Bean
Authors: Kumari Suman , Khan M. S. , Kumar Gaurava
Published: July 2024

This study explores the impact of nest installation on Megachile bee populations, which are potential pollinators of mung bean crops in Uttarakhand, India. Field investigations over two seasons reveal that six Megachile species visit mung bean blooms regularly for their provisioning. Assessments performed pre- and post-nest installation show slight changes in Megachile abundance and species-specific responses to environmental factors. Post-nest installation M. lanata showed the highest abundance (5.13±0.77 bees/m2/5min) followed by M. umbripennis (4.76±1.05 bees/m2/5min), although nest occupancy rates were low. Correlation analyses of weather parameters show preferences for specific climatic conditions with temperature having a considerable influence. These findings highlight the intricate relationship between Megachile bees and environmental factors, underlining the need for specific pollinator management approaches. Further research into Megachile nesting behaviours is essential to enhancing crop pollination and ensuring sustainable agricultural practices.
Indirect enantioseparation of selenomethionine by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography using a newly synthesized chiral derivatizing reagent based on (S)‐naproxen moiety
Authors: Bhushan Ravi , Nagar Hariom
Published: March 2013

(S)‐Naproxen was reacted with N‐hydroxyphthalimide in the presence of coupling reagent dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, and a new chiral derivatizing reagent, phthalimidyl‐(S)‐naproxen ester, was synthesized. It was characterized and was used for synthesis of diastereomers of selenomethionine via microwave irradiation or vortexing. The reaction conditions were optimized. Diastereomeric pairs synthesized by two approaches were successfully separated by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography using binary mixtures of aqueous triethylammonium phosphate and acetonitrile. Detection was carried out at 231 nm. The limit of detection was found to be 0.11 and 0.10 pmol/mL for diastereomers of d‐ and l‐SeMet, respectively. The method was validated for accuracy, precision and limit of detection. The new chiral derivatizing reagent was capable of enantioseparation of dl‐SeMet in the form of diastereomers having higher stability, enhanced resolution and lower limits of detection in comparison to the diastereomers prepared with other chiral derivatizing reagents reported in the literature. Optimized structures of the two diastereomers were drawn using the Gaussian 09 Rev. A.02 program and hybrid density functional B3LYP with 6‐31G basis set to explain the separation mechanism. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Message exposure with friends: The role of social context on attitudes toward prominently placed brands
Authors: Coker Kesha K. , Altobello Suzanne A. , Balasubramanian Siva K.
Published: March 2013

Consumers usually experience product placements in the presence of others, such as watching a movie or television show together. In this study, the role of social context on attitudes toward prominently placed brands is explored. Multilevel modeling was used to analyze data from 382 participants who watched a sitcom episode in dyads, with a friend or with someone they did not know. Additionally, dyads were allowed to interact during the viewing or required to remain passive. Attitudes toward product placements were more favorable when coviewing with friends than with strangers, but only toward a high intensity plot placement. No attitude differences emerged between interactive and passive viewing, suggesting that talking while viewing does not distract viewers to the extent that it impacts attitudes. No significant differences in attitudes emerged between the friend‐interactive experimental condition and the other conditions. However, a significant difference in brand attitudes between friends and strangers emerged within the passive viewing context for a high intensity plot placement. Implications are such that chatting with a friend while watching product placements was no different from chatting with a stranger, but when watching silently, the presence of a friend improved brand attitudes compared to the presence of a stranger for high intensity plot placements. This is the first known study to investigate social context effects on attitudes toward product placements, the results of which are important to brand strategy. Brands with high intensity plot placements should encourage consumers to view with friends. Other managerial implications and limitations are discussed.

Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adsorption and Electrooxidation of DNA at Glassy Carbon Electrodes Modified with Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes Dispersed in Glucose Oxidase
Authors: Gutierrez Fabiana , Rubianes María D. , Rivas Gustavo A.
Published: March 2013

We are proposing for the first time the successful immobilization of DNA at glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) modified with carbon nanotubes (CNT) dispersed in glucose oxidase (GOx) (GCE/CNT‐GOx) either by direct adsorption or by layer‐by‐layer self‐assembling using polydiallyldimethylamine (PDDA). The presence of GOx allows an efficient dispersion of CNT and gives a most favorable environment that promotes the adsorption and makes possible a more sensitive electrooxidation of DNA. The PDDA incorporated in the self‐assembled architecture largely facilitates the adsorption and electrooxidation of dsDNA and the adsorbed layer can be successfully used for evaluating the interaction of DNA with methylene blue.
Low‐Voltage Pulsed Electric Field Sterilization on a Microfluidic Chip
Authors: Liu Linlin , Zhao Liping , Yang Jun , Wan Xiaoping , Hu Ning , Yeh Li‐Hsien , Joo Sang W. , Qian Shizhi
Published: March 2013

A polyimide substrate based microfluidic chip with thousands of comb‐shaped microelectrodes has been designed, fabricated, and tested for sterilization of bacteria by using pulsed electric field. The performance of bacteria sterilization as functions of the electric field strength, pulse number and width, treatment buffer, bacteria growth status, and bacteria enrichment by positive dielectrophoresis has been experimentally investigated on the microfluidic chip. Experimental results show that only 100 V are sufficient to obtain good sterilization of Escherichia coli. Higher electric field strength, bacteria enrichment by positive dielectrophoresis, longer pulse time, buffer with fewer components and nutritions, and suitable bacteria growth status also improve the sterilization of bacteria. In addition, configuration of the microelectrode array affects bacteria sterilization. This microfluidic device allows one to preconcentrate bacteria to a region with high electric field strength by using positive dielectrophoresis, and subsequently kill the enriched bacteria by applying a pulsed electric field through the same microelectrode array.
Fetal nutrition in lecithotrophic squamate reptiles: Toward a comprehensive model for evolution of viviparity and placentation
Authors: Stewart James R.
Published: March 2013

The primary pattern of embryonic nutrition for squamate reptiles is lecithotrophy; with few exceptions, all squamate embryos mobilize nutrients from yolk. The evolution of viviparity presents an opportunity for an additional source of embryonic nutrition through delivery of uterine secretions, or placentotrophy. This pattern of embryonic nutrition is thought to evolve through placental supplementation of lecithotrophy, followed by increasing dependence on placentotrophy. This review analyzes the relationship between reproductive mode and pattern of embryonic nutrition in three lecithotrophic viviparous species, and oviparous counterparts, for concordance with a current model for the evolution of viviparity and placentation. The assumptions of the model, that nutrients for oviparous embryos are mobilized from yolk, and that this source is not disrupted in the transition to viviparity, are supported for most nutrients. In contrast, calcium, an essential nutrient for embryonic development, is mobilized from both yolk and eggshell by oviparous embryos and reduction of eggshell calcium is correlated with viviparity. If embryonic fitness is compromised by disruption of a primary source of calcium, selection may not favor evolution of viviparity, yet viviparity has arisen independently in numerous squamate lineages. Studies of fetal nutrition in reproductively bimodal species suggest a resolution to this paradox. If uterine calcium secretion occurs during prolonged intrauterine egg retention, calcium placentotrophy evolves prior to viviparity as a replacement for eggshell calcium and embryonic nutrition will not be compromised. This hypothesis is integrated into the current model for evolution of viviparity and placentation to address the unique attributes of calcium nutrition. The sequence of events requires a shift in timing of uterine calcium secretion and the embryonic mechanism of calcium retrieval to be responsive to calcium availability. Regulation of uterine calcium secretion and the mechanism of embryonic uptake of calcium are important elements to understanding evolution of viviparity and placentation. J. Morphol., 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interactive stereoscopic displays
Authors: Patterson Robert Earl
Published: March 2013

Interactive stereo displays allow for the existence of a natural interaction between the user and the stereo images depicted on the display. In the type of display discussed here, this interaction takes the form of tracking the user's head and hand/arm position. Sensing the user's head position allows for the creation of motion parallax information, an immersive depth cue that can be added to the binocular parallax already present in the display. Sensing the user's hand or arm position allows the user to manipulate the spatial attributes of virtual objects and scenes presented on the display, which can enhance spatial reasoning. Moreover, allowing the user to manipulate virtual objects may permit the creation of a sense of spatial relations among elements in the display via proprioception, which may augment the two parallax cues. The congruence among binocular parallax, motion parallax, and proprioception should increase the sense of depth in the display and increase viewing comfort, as well as enhance the ability of our intuitive reasoning system to make reasoned sense out of the perceptual information. These advantages should make interactive stereo displays, which may be classified as a form ofcognitive enhancement display, the display of choice in the future.
Demethoxycurcumin, a major active curcuminoid from Curcuma longa, suppresses balloon injury induced vascular smooth muscle cell migration and neointima formation: An in vitro and in vivo study
Authors: Sheu Ming‐Jyh , Lin Hui‐Yi , Yang Yi‐Hsuan , Chou Chia‐Ju , Chien Yi‐Chung , Wu Tian‐Shung , Wu Chieh‐Hsi
Published: March 2013

Scope

Curcumin has been shown to affect platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF)‐ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α‐elicited vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration and inhibit neointima formation following vascular injury. However, whether two other curcuminoids isolated from Curcuma longa, demethoxycurcumin (DMC) and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC), also demonstrate antimigratory activity in VSMCs similar to that of curcumin remain uncharacterized.

Methods and results

Based on 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazolyl‐2)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide and proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunostaining analyses as well as changes in intima/media ratios, we show that DMC exhibits more potent effects than the other curcuminoids. We aimed to evaluate the effects and characterize the molecular mechanisms of DMC on VSMC migration and neointima formation in a carotid injury model. DMC decreased the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2/9 and inhibited VSMC migration as demonstrated by in vitro scratch wound and transwell assays. Furthermore, DMC may inhibit the migration of VSMCs by reducing the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2/9 via downregulation of the focal adhesion kinase/phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K)/AKT (protein kinase B) and phosphoglycerate kinase 1/extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 signaling pathways. Using a rat carotid arterial injury model, we show that DMC treatment was more potent than treatment with the other curcuminoids with respect to reducing intima/media ratios and the number of proliferating cells.

Conclusion

DMC should be considered for therapeutic use in preventing VSMC migration and attenuating restenosis following balloon‐mediated vascular injury.
Statin‐associated autoimmune myopathy and anti‐HMGCR autoantibodies
Authors: Mohassel Payam , Mammen Andrew L.
Published: March 2013

Statins are among the most commonly prescribed medications that significantly reduce cardiovascular risk in selected individuals. However, these drugs can also be associated with muscle symptoms ranging from mild myalgias to severe rhabdomyolysis. Although statin myotoxicity is usually self‐limited, in some instances statin‐exposed subjects can develop an autoimmune myopathy typically characterized by progressive weakness, muscle enzyme elevations, a necrotizing myopathy on muscle biopsy, and autoantibodies that recognize 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), the pharmacologic target of statins. These antibodies are also found in some autoimmune myopathy patients without statin exposure. Importantly, anti‐HMGCR antibodies are not found in the vast majority of statin‐exposed subjects without autoimmune myopathy, including those with self‐limited statin intolerance. Thus, testing for these antibodies may help differentiate those with self‐limited statin myopathy who recover after statin discontinuation from those with a progressive statin‐associated autoimmune myopathy who typically require immunosuppressive therapy.Muscle Nerve48: 477–483, 2013
Treatment of Primary Chronic Glomerulonephritis with Rehmannia Glutinosa Acteosides in Combination with the Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Irbesartan: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Qiu HongYu , Fu Ping , Fan WenXing , Zuo Chuan , Feng Ping , Shi Peng , Cao Lina , Liu Fang , Zhou Li , Chen Feng , Zhong Hui , Gou ZhongPing , Liang YaPing , Shi Mei
Published: March 2013

This study aims to assess the efficacy and safety of Rehmannia glutinosa acteosides used in combination with the angiotensin receptor blocker irbesartan to treat primary chronic glomerulonephritis. A total of 479 patients diagnosed with primary chronic glomerulonephritis were recruited from outpatient clinics and were randomly assigned to the treatment group (Rehmannia glutinosa acteosides, two 200‐mg capsules, bid; and irbesartan, one 150‐mg tablet, qd) or the control group (irbesartan, one 150‐mg tablet, qd). The primary outcome was 24‐h urinary protein. Secondary outcome measures included blood pressure, estimated glomerular filtration rate, erythrocyturia, serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase and electrolytes. After 8 weeks of treatment, the treatment group showed a mean reduction in 24‐h proteinuria of 36.42% compared to baseline, which was significantly higher than the mean reduction from baseline of 27.97% in the control group (P = 0.0278).Adverse drug reactions occurred at a similarly low rate in the treatment group (0.4%) and control group (1.2%, P = 0.3724). In the treatment of chronic glomerulonephritis, the combination of Rehmannia glutinosa acteosides and irbesartan can reduce proteinuria more effectively than irbesartan alone. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of insulin sensitivity and secretion on glycated albumin and hemoglobin A1c in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Pan Jiemin , Zhang Feng , Zhang Lei , Bao Yuqian , Tao Minfang , Jia Weiping
Published: March 2013

Objective

To examine the differential effects of insulin sensitivity and secretion on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and glycated albumin (GA) at 24–32 weeks of pregnancy in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

Methods

A cross‐sectional, sequential case series study was performed in pregnant women with an abnormal 50‐g oral glucose‐screening test. Hemoglobin A1c and GA measurements were taken during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) and beta‐cell function (HOMA‐%β), insulin sensitivity index (ISOGTT), and modified insulinogenic index were calculated to assess insulin sensitivity and secretory function.

Results

A total of 713 pregnant women were enrolled. The GDM group had lower ISOGTT and insulinogenic index scores, and a higher HOMA‐IR score. Hemoglobin A1c was positively correlated with HOMA‐IR. Glycated albumin was negatively correlated with insulinogenic index and HOMA‐%β. Multiple regression analysis revealed that HbA1c was independently associated with diastolic pressure, 0‐ and 120‐minute glucose, and HOMA‐IR; GA was independently associated with 0‐ and 120‐minute glucose.

Conclusion

Compared with HbA1c, GA is more closely correlated with fasting and postprandial glucose, regardless of insulin resistance and blood pressure, and might be a better monitoring index in women with GDM.
The Borderline of ‘Empire’: Japanese Maritime Quarantine in Busan c.1876–1910
Authors: Kim Jeong-Ran
Published: March 2013

This paper seeks to balance the regional and thematic focus of cholera historiography by examining maritime quarantine in Busan, as it was devised and implemented by Japanese officials and doctors during the pre-colonial period. It also places the relationship between Korea and Japan in the context of relations with China, Russia and Britain. This paper shows that quarantine measures in Busan and other Korean ports reflected the rise of Japanese imperial power and the increasing desire on the part of the Japanese to establish an effective borderline for their regional empire.

From 1879 Japan began to impose maritime quarantine in Busan, where Japanese influence was very strong even before the colonial period, though at that time Japan was unable to perform quarantine in its own ports independently due to the objections of Western powers, particularly Britain. Victories in the Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese wars established Japan as a regional power on equal terms with the West, and as the dominant power in Korea and Eastern Asia. With the acquisition of the right to impose quarantine in its homeland, Japan strengthened and extended the range of quarantine from Japan to Korea, China and Russia. Now quarantine screened Japan from potentially harmful agents – pathogenic and political – and its functions diversified further as modernisation and imperial expansion gathered pace. The reliance which Japan placed upon quarantine in maintaining its empire explains why it was increasingly out of step with other powers regarding international sanitary precautions. The Japanese maritime quarantine in Busan during this period therefore shows many aspects of Japan’s ‘national empire’.
Cure for Empire: The ‘Conquer-Russia-Pill’, Pharmaceutical Manufacturers, and the Making of Patriotic Japanese, 1904–45
Authors: Kim Hoi-eun
Published: March 2013

Seirogan, a popular anti-diarrhoeal pill, is arguably one of the most successful pharmaceutical products of modern Japan. What is less known is that the Japanese army initially developedSeiroganduring the Russo-Japanese War as the ‘Conquer-Russia-Pill’, which was later marketed to the public by private manufacturers. Previous scholars have emphasised the top–down governmental method of mobilising private sectors to manipulate public opinion for the cause of external imperialist expansion and domestic stability during wartime Japan. But the matrix that the Conquer-Russia-Pill allows us to glimpse is an inverted power relation among the state, commercial sectors, and imperial citizens. While the Japanese government remained indifferent if not hostile to jingoistic pharmaceutical manufacturers who could easily disrupt international relations, pharmaceutical companies quickly recognised and exploited the opportunities that the Conquer-Russia-Pill and its symbolism provided under the banner of the empire. In turn, Japanese consumers reacted to commercial sermons carefully anchored in patriotic and militaristic discourses and images by opening their wallets. In other words, the popularity of the Conquer-Russia-Pill was a culmination of the convergence of a governmental initiative to enhance military capabilities, the commercial ingenuity of pharmaceutical manufacturers, and a consumer response to patriotic exhortations.
Capitol Mobility: Madisonian Representation and the Location and Relocation of Capitals in the United States
Authors: ENGSTROM ERIK J. , HAMMOND JESSE R. , SCOTT JOHN T.
Published: March 2013

The location of a government's capital can profoundly influence the nature and quality of political representation. Yet scholars know very little about what drives the siting of political capitals. In this article, we examine the location and relocation of political capitals in the United States, including the choice of Washington, DC, as the nation's capital and the location and relocation of capitals in the 48 contiguous American states. We argue that the location of capitals in the United States followed a systematic pattern in accord with the theory of representative government developed in the new nation, especially as articulated by Madison. Based on an empirical analysis of historical census and political boundaries data from 1790 to the present, we find that decision makers consistently tended to locate—and especially relocate—the seat of government as near as possible to the population centroid of the relevant political jurisdiction, consistent with the principle of equal representation of citizens. Our analysis contributes to the study of institutional design and change, especially in the area of American political development, as well as to a burgeoning literature on the effects of geographical factors on political outcomes.
The anti-inflammatory potential of phenolic compounds in grape juice concentrate (G8000™) on 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid-induced colitis
Authors: Paiotti Ana Paula Ribeiro , Neto Ricardo Artigiani , Marchi Patrícia , Silva Roseane Mendes , Pazine Vanessa Lima , Noguti Juliana , Pastrelo Mauricio Mercaldi , Gollücke Andréa Pittelli Boiago , Miszputen Sender Jankiel , Ribeiro Daniel Araki
Published: March 2013

Chronic inflammatory bowel disease is characterised by an up-regulation of the synthesis and release of a variety of pro-inflammatory mediators leading to excessive tissue injury. Flavonoids are able to inhibit enzymes and/or due to their antioxidant properties regulate the immune response. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the mechanisms of action of phenolic compounds present in grape juice on 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis. A total of forty-one male Wistar rats were randomised into seven groups: negative control group; TNBS non-treated induced colitis; 2 % grape juice control group; 1 % grape juice 24 h after TNBS colitis induction; 1 % grape juice on day 7 after colitis induction; 2 % grape juice 24 h after colitis induction; 2 % grape juice on day 7 after colitis induction. The 1 % grape juice-treated induced colitis group showed marked clinical improvement when compared with the TNBS-induced colitis group. Rats that received 1 % grape juice, on day 7 after colitis induction, presented reduced intensity of macroscopic and histological scores. Statistically significant differences (P< 0·05) ofTNF-αand inducible NO synthase mRNA expression were detected in the groups treated with grape juice at the 1 % dose after inducing experimental colitis when compared with the TNBS group. Grape juice reduced the noxious effects induced by colitis caused by TNBS, especially at the 1 % dose.
Detrital zircon provenance of the Lower Yangtze foreland basin deposits: constraints on the evolution of the early Palaeozoic Wuyi–Yunkai orogenic belt in South China
Authors: LI HAI-BIN , JIA DONG , WU LONG , ZHANG YONG , YIN HONG-WEI , WEI GUO-QI , LI BEN-LIANG
Published: March 2013

The Lower Yangtze foreland basin is situated to the northwest of the early Palaeozoic Wuyi–Yunkai orogen in South China. To demonstrate its provenance history and the denudation of the orogen, seven sandstone samples were collected from the upper Ordovician to Silurian strata for U–Pb dating. The zircons show a broad range of ages that can be linked with the ages of specific units in the Wuyi–Yunkai orogen. The zircon spectra in the late Ordovician samples are similar to those in the pre-orogenic strata, suggesting a recycled source. The dominant age population of 880–740 Ma in the early Llandovery samples indicates that the middle Neoproterozoic volcanic rocks were the primary source. A significant age population of 460–425 Ma in the late Llandovery to Wenlock samples reflects the fact that the synorogenic magmatic and metamorphic rocks were exposed to provide detritus. The youngest zircons from the uppermost Silurian strata yield an age of 425 Ma, which approximates the inferred depositional age. This age, together with available biostratigraphic data, indicates that the foreland basin was formed 448–425 Ma ago. We surmise a possible link between the Wuyi–Yunkai orogen and the Appalachian–Caledonian orogen based on the geological constraints and palaeomagnetic data.
NEGOTIATION FOR SAFER SEX AMONG MARRIED WOMEN IN CAMBODIA: THE ROLE OF WOMEN'S AUTONOMY
Authors: UNG MENGIENG , BOATENG GODFRED O. , ARMAH FREDERICK A. , AMOYAW JONATHAN A. , LUGINAAH ISAAC , KUUIRE VINCENT
Published: March 2013

Negotiating safer sex among married women has been identified as an important determinant of vulnerability or resilience to new HIV infections. Using the Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey data of 2010, this paper examined negotiation for safer sex among 11,218 married women in the context of Cambodia's highly touted reduction in HIV/AIDS prevalence. The results from a complementary log-log regression model indicate that wealthier and highly educated married women were more likely to report that they can refuse sexual intercourse and ask their husbands to use a condom. Interestingly, while women who were fully involved in decision-making on their own health care were 19% more likely to refuse sex, they were 14% less likely to be able to ask their husbands to use a condom, compared with their counterparts who were not involved in this decision-making. Women who were partially involved in decision-making on family visits were 17% less likely to be able to ask their husbands to use a condom compared with those who were not involved. In this context, involvement in decision-making may have translated into trust and risk compensation. Those who believed in HIV transmission myths were less likely to negotiate safer sex relative to their counterparts who did not hold such myths to be true. Women's ability to negotiate for safer sex is, therefore, a function of their autonomy in terms of their full participation in decision-making in health care, household expenditure and mobility. Policy implications of the capacity of women to negotiate for safer sex are delineated.
The life history ofPleurogenoides malampuzhensissp. nov. (Digenea: Pleurogenidae) from amphibious and aquatic hosts in Kerala, India
Authors: Brinesh R. , Janardanan K.P.
Published: March 2013

The life-cycle stages ofPleurogenoides malampuzhensissp. nov. infecting the Indian bullfrogHoplobatrachus tigerinus(Daudin) and the skipper frogEuphlyctiscyanophlyctis(Schneider) occurring in irrigation canals and paddy fields in Malampuzha, which forms part of the district of Palakkad, Kerala, are described. The species is described, its systematic position discussed and compared with the related species,P. gastroporus(Luhe, 1901) andP. orientalis(Srivastava, 1934). The life-cycle stages, from cercaria to egg-producing adult, were successfully established in the laboratory. Virgulate xiphidiocercariae emerged from the snailDigoniostoma pulchella(Benson). Metacercariae are found in muscle tissues of dragonfly nymphs and become infective to the frogs within 22 days. The pre-patent period is 20 days. Growth and development of both metacercariae and adults are described.
Elevated alanine aminotransferase independently predicts new onset of depression in employees undergoing health screening examinations
Authors: Zelber-Sagi S. , Toker S. , Armon G. , Melamed S. , Berliner S. , Shapira I. , Halpern Z. , Santo E. , Shibolet O.
Published: March 2013

Background

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT). NAFLD is associated with insulin resistance and hepatic inflammation. Similarly, patients with depression exhibit insulin resistance and increased inflammatory markers. However, no study has shown a clear association between elevated ALT and the development of depression. The aim of the study was to test whether elevated ALT, a surrogate marker for NAFLD, predicts the development of depression.

Method

The present prospective cohort study investigated 12 180 employed adults referred for health examinations that included fasting blood tests and anthropometric measurements between 2003 and 2010. Exclusion criteria were: baseline minor/major depression, excessive alcohol consumption and other causes for ALT elevation. Depression was evaluated by the eight-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8) score.

Results

The final cohort included 5984 subjects [69.4% men, aged 45.0 (s.d. = 10.24) years]. The incidence rate of minor and major depression was 3.8% and 1.4%, respectively. Elevated ALT was a significant independent predictor for the occurrence of minor [odds ratio (OR) 2.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.40–2.92] and major (OR 3.132, 95% CI 1.81–5.40) depression after adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, education level, serum levels of lipids, glucose, smoking and physical activity. Adding subjective health and affective state parameters (sleep disturbances, self-rated health, anxiety and burnout) as potential mediators only slightly ameliorated the association. Persistently elevated ALT was associated with the greatest risk for minor or major depression as compared with elevation only at baseline or follow-up (p for trend < 0.001).

Conclusions

Elevated ALT was associated with developing depressive symptoms, thus suggesting that NAFLD may represent an independent modifiable risk factor for depression.
Aortic isthmic atresia and aorta–right atrial communication: a case report
Authors: Deniz Ali , Kanadasi Mehmet , Ozbarlas Nazan
Published: March 2013

The development of an aorta–right atrial fistula is a very rare complication of aortic isthmic atresia. We described a case of aorta–right atrial communication associated with isthmic atresia.
Star Formation in the Long Filamentary Infrared Dark Cloud at l ∼ 53°.2
Authors: Kim Hyun-Jeong , Koo Bon-Chul , Davis Chris
Published: March 2013

Massive stars govern the evolution of galaxies by providing ionizing photons and energy as well as enriching heavy elements into interstellar medium; however, their formation is still poorly understood. Infrared dark clouds (IRDCs) are cold (< 25 K) and very dense (> 105 cm−3) interstellar clouds which are seen silhouette against the bright Galactic background in mid-IR. With very high column densities (∼ 1023–1025cm−2), IRDCs are believed to be the precursors to massive stars and star clusters (Simon et al. 2006).

We report a remarkable IRDC at (l, b) ∼ (53°.2, 0°.0) which shows a number of bright mid-IR stellar sources along the cloud that are likely young stellar objects (YSOs). There are also several H2 (at 2.122 μm) outflow features in the cloud revealed by UWISH2 (Ukirt Widefield Infrared Survey for H2, Froebrich et al. 2011), in particular where earlier evolutionary stage of YSOs are located. The IRDC was previously partly identified as three separate IRDCs in the MSXDC catalog (Simon et al. 2006), whereas we have found that a long, filamentary cloud extending ∼ 30 pc including these three IRDCs is very well coincident with a CO cloud at v ∼ 23.5 km/s (or at d ∼ 2 kpc) which is clearly distinct from the other velocity components. Therefore, in this study, we investigate the overall star formation activity in this IRDC (IRDC G53.2, hereafter).

We perform the PRF photometry of Spitzer MIPSGAL 24 μm data using MOPEX and build a catalog of YSOs by matching the detected 24 μm sources with published catalogs. The limiting magnitude in 24 μm is ∼ 7.8 mag, and YSO candidates which have counterparts in GLIMPSE I catalog are 354. The YSO candidates are classified using spectral index derived between 2 and 24 μm, following Greene et al. (1994). We also remove the field-star contamination using reference fields where there is no CO cloud; the fraction of each class after reference field analysis is 18, 22, 45, 10, and 5% for Class I, Flat, Class II, Class III, and sources which cannot be classified due to the lack of data. The spatial distribution that earlier classes (i.e., Class I and Flat) are concentrated where far-IR or millimeter emission is strong and larger fraction of Flat objects compared to other low-mass star forming regions (e.g., Evans et al. 2009 and Billot et al. 2010) may imply that the IRDC G53.2 is indeed an active star-forming region in rather early evolutionary stage. Further investigation of each YSO such as SED modeling will reveal detailed information on star formation activity in this intriguing IRDC.
Filamentary structure formation in the Interstellar Radiation Field (ISRF)
Authors: Miao Jingqi , Lieu M. , Cox Philip , Kinnear Tim , Cornwall Paul
Published: March 2013

A new mechanism is proposed for the formation of filament/core structure by ISRF and clumpy molecular cloud interaction. The derived characterizes of the filament/core network is consistent with that produced by the compressive forcing turbulence model.
Large column densities and [12CII] 158 μm self-absorption in Orion B
Authors: Stutzki J. , Graf U. U. , Simon R. , Colgan S. W. J. , Guan X. , Güsten R. , Honingh C. E.
Published: March 2013

We present a preliminary analysis of the self-absorbed [CII]-spectra observed with SOFIA/GREAT towards NGC 2024. Together with the detected [13CII] hyperfine satellites, the observed spectra require surprisingly high column densities of C+, both in the warm core and the foreground absorption component. Such high column densities are a challenge to explain with present state-of-the-art PDR models of the UV/molecular cloud interaction.
Formaldehyde observations at XAO
Authors: Wu Gang , Esimbek Jarken , Zhou Jian-Jun , Ji Wei-Guang
Published: March 2013

In recent years our team has performed H2CO(110 − 111) observations towards GMCs and HII regions with the Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory, CAS. Here, we provide a summary of these observations. More than 200 new formaldehyde sources are detected, 8 extended GMC have been mapped, kinetic distances, Galactic structure and a related discussion are provided.
The Methanol Multibeam Survey: a unique window on high-mass star formation in our Galaxy
Authors: Caswell J. L.
Published: March 2013

The Methanol Multibeam (MMB) survey has yielded over 1000 masers at the 6668-MHz methanol transition: a near-complete census throughout the Galactic disc, as evident from the discovery statistics, and corroborated by preliminary distance determinations. Each maser pinpoints a massive star in a brief early evolutionary phase. Follow-up comparisons reveal in most cases a matching IR source in the GLIMPSE survey. The methanol masers effectively distinguish the genuine high mass proto-stars from the many thousand IR mimics of similar color. Longer IR wavelength follow-ups by Herschel instruments, and in the radio mm-continuum, will refine the mass-range encompassed by the masers; and, complemented by radio measurements at short cm-wavelengths, will define the evolutionary stage of each site, distinguishing hyper-compact HII regions from an earlier phase. Follow-up studies of key molecular gas tracers, including closely associated masers (other methanol transitions, water and OH), reveal the extent of homogeneity in the population and environments of high mass stars.

Distance estimates based on the maser velocities have already allowed useful exploration of Galactic structure. Future astrometric parallax measurements extended to the full maser sample will precisely define the geometry of Galactic spiral arms of our Galaxy and independently define the velocity field, allowing a model-free study of Galactic rotation and dynamics. Associated OH masers (present at about half of the methanol sites) are being exploited to provide the first Galaxy-wide grid of ‘in situ’ magnetic field estimates.

Our detailed characterization of the Galactic methanol maser population provides a yardstick for extragalactic comparisons with M31 and the LMC. Notably, our survey of the LMC has shown its methanol maser population to be remarkably small relative to our Galaxy - a likely consequence of low LMC metallicity.
From Gas to Stars in Energetic Environments: Dense Gas Clumps in the 30 Doradus Region
Authors: Anderson C. N. , Meier D. S. , Ott J. , Hughes A. , Wong T.
Published: March 2013

We present parsec-scale interferometric maps of HCN(1-0) and HCO+(1-0) emission from dense gas in the star-forming region 30Dor10, obtained using the Australia Telescope Compact Array. This extreme star-forming region, located in the Large Magellanic Cloud, is characterized by a very intense ionizing radiation field and sub-solar metallicity, both of which are expected to affect molecular cloud structure. We detect 13 clumps of dense molecular gas, some of which are aligned in a filamentary structure. Our analysis of the clump properties shows that they have similar mass but slightly wider linewidths than clumps detected in other LMC star-forming regions.
Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of the Interaction of Magnetic Tower Jets with Interstellar Clouds including Cooling
Authors: Asahina Y. , Ogawa T. , Matsumoto R.
Published: March 2013

We carried out magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations to reveal the formation mechanism of molecular towers observed in the central region of our galaxy. These molecular clouds can be formed by the interaction of magnetic tower jet with the interstellar gas. When the jet collides with dense HI clouds, the HI gas is compressed by the bow shock ahead of the jet. Since the density enhancement triggers the cooling instability because it increases the cooling rate, the shocked gas cools down and forms cold, dense gas. We carried out MHD simulations including the cooling. The magnetized jet which triggers the formation of the molecular column appears in global magnetohydrodynamic simulations of accretion disks, in which the magnetic loops emerging from the disk are twisted by the differential rotation between the footpoints of magnetic loops anchored to the disk. Numerical results indicate that the magnetic loops expand, and form a magnetic tower. When the ambient density is small, the propagation speed of the tower can be as large as the rotation speed of the disk. When the ambient density is high, the collision of the jet and the HI cloud forms dense molecular tower.
Supernova Remnants in Starburst Regions
Authors: Asvarov A. I.
Published: March 2013

We study the evolution of SNRs in starburst regions taking into consideration the role of the high ambient pressure and the influence of gravitational forces from the stellar component within the shell of a SNR. On this basis, we discuss the connection between the radio, infrared, and gamma emissions from starburst regions.