bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A prisão para efetivação da deportação no Brasil: inconsistências com as normas da convenção americana de direitos humanos
Authors: Ramos Alan Robson Alexandrino
Published: October 2015

Este artigo aborda o instituto jurídico da deportação no Brasil, com análise da medida de prisão administrativa para efetivação da deportação de estrangeiros no Brasil em confronto com as normas da Convenção Americana de Direitos Humanos, que integra a ordem jurídica pátria desde 1992 e tem status jurídico supralegal no ordenamento jurídico.
A ORGANIZAÇÃO RACIONAL DA EXPERIÊNCIA: O RACIONALISMO APLICADO COMO BASE PARA UMA APROXIMAÇÃO DO REAL
Authors: Sarmento Paulo Sousa
Published: October 2015

Não consta em edição publicada.
A INCORPORAÇÃO DE RELATOS ORAIS COMO FONTES NA PESQUISA HISTÓRICA
Authors: De Souza Carla Monteiro
Published: October 2015

Não consta em edição publicada.
TECNOLOGIA EDI CACIONAL DE HUMANIZAÇÃO DO ENSINO DE FÍSICA Proposta metodológica para a Escola de Aplicação da Universidade Federal de Roraima
Authors: Lopes Guido Nunes
Published: October 2015

Não consta em edição publicada.
Caminhos e Experiências na Análise de Evidências Históricas
Authors: De Medeiros Mónica Xavier
Published: October 2015

Este artigo problematiza o uso das fontes/evidências históricas nos trabalhos de pesquisadores das ciências humanas a partir das reflexões feitas na dissertação de mestrado da autora. A tradição positivista preconiza a análise das fontes deslocadas de lua historicidade, acabando por negá-la. Assim, cabe ao pesquisador analisar a intencionalidade do sujeito que produziu a fonte e deixar claras as inquietações que o inspiram na pesquisa, bem como as interrogações que faz às evidências. Na prática, não é a fonte em si que determina que um trabalho seja ou não positivista, mas como o pesquisador estabelece sua relação com ela. Salienta-se que o desvio positivista não advém apenas do uso das chamadas "fontes oficiais", mas também de fontes orais, imagens, cerâmicas, músicas, etc. Palavras-Chave: Evidências, Fontes, Positivista.
Una Crocefissione e una Pietà di Michelangelo per gli ‘spirituali’
Authors: Forcellino Maria
Published: October 2015

Een Kruisiging en een Pietà van Michelangelo voor de ‘spirituali’Maria Forcellino reconstrueert de verschillende fasen van haar onderzoek rond twee paneelschilderingen, een Kruisiging en een Pietà. Op grond van stilistische kenmerken en materiaaltechnische gegevens, kunnen deze paneelschilderingen toegeschreven worden aan Michelangelo Buonarroti. Zij waren bekend in de groep van ‘spirituali’, religieuze hervormers met wie de kunstenaar nauwe betrekkingen had in de jaren dertig en veertig van de zestiende eeuw. Samen met haar broer, de kunsthistoricus en restaurator Antonio Forcellino, begon de schrijfster enkele jaren geleden aan de zoektocht naar de twee schilderijen. Inmiddels is, mede door middel van infrarood-reflectografie, de toeschrijving aan Michelangelo nader bevestigd.
Excelsa monarchia: Alexander the Great in Italian Narrative Poems (14th- 16th centuries)
Authors: Campopiano Michele
Published: October 2015

Excelsa monarchia Alessandro Magno nei poemi narrativi italiani (secoli XIV-XVI) Alessandro Magno, probabilmente la più popolare figura di monarca nell’Europa medievale, è anche la figura centrale di quattro poemi in ottava rima, uno schema metrico usato in Italia dal XIV secolo per la composizione di poemi narrativi. Questi poemi sono basati su fonti diverse, da Quilichino da Spoleto a Curzio Rufo. Questo articolo mostra come gli autori di questi poemi diedero rappresentazioni differenti di un monarca mostrato in ogni caso come esemplare. La figura di Alessandro è adattata a differenti generi narrativi basati sull’ottava, rivolti à un pubblico differente. Differenze di genere si traducono in differenti rappresentazioni ideologiche della figura di Alessandro Magno che è modificata a secondo dei diversi contesti politico-sociali.
Visiting the Theatre of War: Fortresses, battlefields, and the bellicose past of the southern Low Countries (1697-1750)
Authors: Verhoeven Gerrit
Published: October 2015

Visitando il teatro della guerra. Fortezze, campi di battaglia, e memorie di guerra nei Paesi Bassi meridionali (1697-1750)Dagli ultimissimi anni del Seicento in poi, la zona sud-orientale dei Paesi Bassi meridionali, con città quali Liegi e Namur, diventava meta di viaggiatori e turisti curiosi di visitare i luoghi che solo alcuni anni prima erano stati devastati nelle campagne militari di Luigi XIV. A cominciare dalla guida di Jean-Baptiste II Christyn, Les Délices des Païs-Bas (1697), una produzione corografica chiaramente modellata su esempi precedenti relativi soprattutto ai Paesi Bassi settentrionali cominciava a stimolare tale nuovo fenomeno di ‘turismo dei campi di battaglia’, presentando la regione in una veste militare appositamente accentuata per soddisfare questo nuovo mercato turistico. Verhoeven dimostra il successo di questo tentativo di ‘region branding’, illustrando non solo il crescente flusso di viaggiatori a questa regione prima solo raramente visitata, ma anche l’impatto preciso di alcuni testi corografici, la cui impronta è chiaramente riconoscibile negli appunti di alcuni viaggiatori e perfino nei percorsi turistici offerti sul luogo a questi visitatori.
Kennis in meervoud. Voor een ruimhartige wetenschapsgeschiedenis
Authors: De Bont Raf , Wils Kaat
Published: October 2015

Knowledge in the plural. For a ‘generous’ history of science  Even if C.P. Snow’s sharp distinction between a scientific and a literary culture has often been contested, historians still mostly conceive these cultures as two separate fields. The authors of this article argue that the potential scope of the history of science is regrettably limited by this dichotomy. Recent developments within the history of science have made clear that scholars of both ‘cultures’ share workplaces, practices and self-images to a large extent, and that even natural scientists heavily rely on artistic representations. The recognition of these commonalities can contribute to a full integration of the human sciences into the history of science and, more generally, into cultural history. This evolution is further stimulated by the transdisciplinary approach which has recently become dominant within the history of the human sciences itself. Since the newly founded journal takes part in these fruitful tendencies, the authors welcome Studium as a promising enterprise.
Stijlen van programmeren, 1952-1972
Authors: Van den Boogaard Adrienne
Published: October 2015

Styles of programming 1952-1972  In the field of History of Computing, the construction of the early computers has received much scholarly attention. However, these machines have not only been important because of their logical design and their engineering, but also because of the programming practices that emerged around these first machines. This article compares two styles of programming that developed around Dutch ‘first computers’. The first style is represented by Edsger Wybe Dijkstra (1930-2002), who would receive the Turing Award for his work in 1972. Dijkstra developed a mathematical style of programming – a program was something you should be able to design mathematically and prove it logically. The second style is represented by Willem Louis van der Poel (born 1926). For him, programming is ‘trickology’. A program is primarily a technical artefact that should work: a program is something you play with, comparable to the way one solves a puzzle.
Datanet 1 en de convergentie van computer en telecommunicatie
Authors: De Wit Onno
Published: October 2015

Datanet 1 and the convergence of the computer and telecommunications  This article describes the efforts of the Dutch national company for telecommunication, PTT, in introducing and developing a public network for data communication in the Netherlands in the last decades of the twentieth century. As early as the 1960s, private companies started to connect their local computers. As a result, small private computer networks started to emerge. As the state company offering general access to public services in telephony, the PTT strove to develop a public data network, accessible to every user and telephone subscriber. This ambition was realized with Datanet 1, the public data network which was officially opened in 1982. In the years that followed, Datanet became the dominant network for data transmission, despite competing efforts by private companies and computer manufacturers. The large-scale application of Datanet in public municipal administration serves as a case study for the development of data communication in practice, that shows that there was a gradual migration from X-25 to TCP/IP protocols. The article concludes by stating that the introduction and development of data transmission transformed the role of the PTT in Dutch society, brought new working practices, new services and new responsibilities, and resulted in a whole new phase in the history of the computer.
De Zuid-Amerikaanse aal. Twee vroege brieven uit de Nederlandse koloniën over dierlijke elektriciteit
Authors: Koehler P.J.
Published: October 2015

The South-American eel. Two early letters on animal electricity from the Dutch colonies Speculations about the nature of nerve action, including animal spirits, date back to antiquity. Only during the 18th century, when it became possible to store electricity in Leyden jars, did natural philosophers begin to realise that the sensations caused by electric fish are like those produced by these primitive capacitors. The important roles played by amateur observers in the Dutch colonies of South-America, and how they communicated with more established Dutch scientists in the Netherlands, are often relatively overlooked in histories of how the nerves became electrical. In this article we examine two mid-18thcentury letters from South-America to the Netherlands. Both dealt with what would soon be called the electric eel, and were published in the proceedings of the first Dutch Society of Science (in Haarlem). The discovery of the electric nature of the shocks produced by these fish in particular proved to be a crucial step in understanding animal electricity and the true nature of neurophysiology.
De gevaren van het schoolgaan. Over het ontstaan van de schoolgezondheidszorg in Nederland (ca. 1900)
Authors: De Beer Fedor , Bakker Nelleke
Published: October 2015

The dangers of attendance. About the Genesis of Health Care in Dutch Schools (c. 1900) In this article, the authors discuss the origins of the school medical service in the Netherlands. They focus on the period of transition from nineteenth-century concern for school hygiene – focusing on the improvement of buildings, school desks and timetables – to twentieth-century prevention of diseases and infirmities through medical inspection of pupils’ health by school doctors. The research shows that in the Netherlands, when compared to Belgium and England, the state played only a minor role in this respect, as no legislation was introduced. Moreover, the instructions of the first generation of municipal school doctors were limited to medical examination; treatment of the illnesses they found continued to be the privilege of private practitioners. The sectarian character of Dutch society around 1900 seems to have been an important circumstance, stimulating restraint from interfering with religion-based education and its pupils in particular on the part of the government. School doctors’ limited instruction appears to have been crucial for the acceptance of the service for denominational groups. Teachers’ organisations welcomed the service, as they admitted their own lack of hygienic knowledge and the service did not interfere with teaching itself. Nevertheless, compulsory education seems to have ruled out other solutions to reduce the dangers of classroom education, particularly catching contagious and other ‘school’ diseases. The medical profession did not have to act as imperialists to become the protector of children that were forced to go to school. In the Netherlands, school medical inspection was created by a society that no longer accepted the health hazards of classroom education.
L’Ecole Sucrière Belge de Glons
Authors: Deelstra Hendrik , Peters Michel
Published: October 2015

The Belgian sugar school of Glons This article deals with the start in 1889 and the evolution till 1914 of the first Sugar technical school in Belgium located in Glons-Liège. In the literature on the history of sciences in Belgium this school has been unjustly neglected or forgotten. This is probably due to the total destruction of the archives in 1917 by the German occupiers. The history of the creation of a School for sugar chemists and technicians goes back to the early 1880’s, when the need was realised for the creation of such a High Technical School, to support and improve the most important agro-industrial industry in Belgium: the beet-sugar production. However there was at that time no consensus how to create and organize such an Institute. In 1889, E. Nihoul started in Glons a private sugar technical school for the direct training of specialists for all functions in the sugar industry, especially that of sugar chemists. This article describes the history of this school from 1889 till 1914. The school rapidly gained a great reputation and became extremely attractive for students outside Belgium. During the period 1900 till 1914 the school produced 251 qualified specialists of which 80% were foreigners. The school moved to Liège in 1917 and after 1932 involved in fusions with different Technical High Schools to form the now well-known ‘Hautes Ecoles Rennequin Sualem’ in Liège.
De ontwikkelingsgeschiedenis van Rein van Bemmelens (1904-1983) undatietheorie: veertig jaar Nederlandse geologie
Authors: Barzilay Willemjan
Published: October 2015

The development of Rein van Bemmelens (1904-1983) undation theory: Forty years of Dutch geology The Dutch geologist Rein van Bemmelen was the greatest opponent of plate tectonics in the Netherlands. He lived and worked during an important period in the history of earth sciences. He had studied geology when Wegeners theory was introduced and enthusiastically received in the Netherlands and he worked as a geologists during the period in which, after Wegeners theory was rejected in the Netherlands, several Dutch geologists came with their own theories to explain the origin of continents and oceans and in which plate tectonics was introduced in the Netherlands. He had proposed his own theory, the undation theory, at the beginning of the 1930s and kept on developing it during the following years. He continued to do so until his death in 1983. The history of the undation theory thus sheds light on the history of geology in the Netherlands. I will trace the history of geology in the Netherlands using Rein van Bemmelen and his undation theory as a lense.
De oprichting van de ‘Nederlandsche Vereeniging voor Tropische Geneeskunde’: een zaak van nationaal belang
Authors: Van Bergen Leo
Published: October 2015

The foundation of the Dutch Society for Tropical Medicine: an affair of national importance  The ‘Nederlandsche Vereeniging voor Tropische Geneeskunde’ (Dutch Society for Tropical Medicine – in short: NVTG) was founded in 1907, a time not only of colonial expansion, but also a time in which the economic interest of the Dutch East-Indies for the Netherlands grew exceptionally. This had its effect on the motivations behind medical aid. Hygienic measures were financially backed because healthy workers had a positive effect on profits. This atmosphere of economic interest and political-military expansion had its effect on the foundation of the NVTG as well. Colonialism was generally approved of, and the goal of the society – apart from sociability motives – was to support research into illnesses torturing mainly the Dutch colonies. This was in line with the reasoning that the colonies were rightfully governed by the Netherlands, because the peoples living there had proven not to be able to look after themselves in a proper manner. The foundation of the Society should have been a part of the foundation of an international society for tropical medicine, but this failed. Although internationalism generally was seen as an important feature of science and certainly of medical science, it is not strange this was not seen as a major problem. For it was national and not international reasons that had led to founding the Dutch society. It was the Dutch position as a colonial power that had convinced Dutch tropical doctors a society should be called into being. A generally shared spirit of internationalism had little to do with this unless internationalism is defined as: what others have, we need to have as well, and let us see in international conferences what could be of national benefit. That nevertheless this spirit of internationalism – and not nationalism – is commonly hailed as the main reason behind the foundation, is probably due to the fact that around 1900 nationalism was such a normal state of mind and so fully incorporated in man’s way of thinking and acting, that, as for instance was the case with racism, it was hardly noticed and recognised as such.
Politiques sanitaires, État et missions religieuses au Rwanda (1920-1940). Une conception autoritaire de la médecine coloniale?
Authors: Cornet Anne
Published: October 2015

Medical policies, state and religious missions in Rwanda (1920-1940). An authoritative design of colonial medicine? The Belgian health policy set up in mandated Rwanda after the First World War was mainly centred on some campaigns taking specifically yaws as a target. The struggle against this endemic disease (not fatal, but most disabling) was organized in a very systematic and authoritarian way. This article looks into two of those yaws campaigns, questions their runnings and alterations, and finally brings to light the intra-colonial tensions between the health services and the administration on the one hand, between the colonizers and the African populations on the other hand.
Keien van helden. De maanstenen van Museum Boerhaave
Authors: Maas Ad
Published: October 2015

Rocks of Heroes. The Moon Rocks of Museum Boerhaave After both the first successful manned moon landing in 1969 (Apollo 11) and the last one in 1972 (Apollo 17) the United States authorities donated small samples of moon rocks to the heads of state of other countries. However, not all of these samples were kept in a careful manner; quite a few even disappeared. I argue that this can partly be explained through cultural differences and misunderstandings between the United States and other countries about the nature and recognition of heroic achievements. This article's point of departure is the fate of the samples that were given to the then Dutch head of state, Queen Juliana. In turn, she donated these to the Dutch National Museum for the History of Science and Medicine (now: Museum Boerhaave), where they have been held in storage ever since, instead of being put on display.
In memoriam Professor dr. Fernand Hallyn (1945-2009)
Authors: Dupré Sven , Roose Alexander
Published: October 2015

Wanting
Literary positivism? Scientific theories and methods in the work of Sainte-Beuve (1804-1869) and Wilhelm Scherer (1841-1886)
Authors: Kaltenbrunner Wolfgang
Published: October 2015

Literary positivism? Scientific theories and methods in the work of sainte-beuve (1804-1869) and wilhelm scherer (1841-1886) This paper compares the research and critical work of Charles-Augustin Sainte-Beuve and Wilhelm Scherer, two of the most important representatives of ‘literary positivism’ in France and the Germanophone countries in the nineteenth century. It argues that although Sainte- Beuve and Scherer shared a research interest in deterministic biography, their work is too rich and too varied to lump it together under the commonly assigned label of ‘positivism’. Sainte- Beuve’s descriptive comparative literary criticism was meant to establish a database of human character types and thereby lay the groundwork for a future science of morals. Scherer, on the other hand, was mainly interested elaborating inductive hypotheses on the causal determination of individual life and literary history by various social and physiological factors. The paper elicits the different scientific sources of knowledge that Sainte-Beuve and Scherer drew upon. While Sainte-Beuve’s classification of character types is strongly in - formed by his reception of the comparative natural sciences, especially late eighteenth/early nineteenth century botany and zoology, Scherer’s research is in many respects conceived as a humanistic equivalent to the empirical inductive research model of German physical reductionism. Finally, the paper elucidates the specific political contexts to which Sainte-Beuve and Scherer reacted in their research.
Advertenties voor hypnotica en sedativa in het Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, 1900-1940: historische veranderingen in de vorm en inhoud van een informatiebron voor artsen
Authors: Van der Hoogte Arjo Roersch , Pieters Toine
Published: October 2015

Drug advertising as communication between the pharmaceutical industry and the physician: Advertisements for psychotropic drugs in the Dutch medical journal, Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, 1900-1940   In this article we explore the historical development of drug advertisements for psychotropic drugs in the leading Dutch medical journal from 1900 to 1940. The advertisements for hypnotics and sedatives, in the Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde (Dutch medical journal) reflected the changes in the vocabulary and image promoted by the pharmaceutical companies. In the first two decades, the advertisements were sober and to the point, and included the trademark, company name, molecular formula and therapeutic properties of the medication. The emphasis was on creating a scientific image of reliable symptom control for the therapeutic drug. In doing so, the ethical drug companies tried (successfully) to distinguish themselves from the producers of patent medicines. Once scientific credibility was established, the form and content of the advertisements changed significantly. In the late 1920s and 1930s drug companies embraced modern advertising techniques, developing a figurative language to address the changing beliefs and practices of Dutch physicians. Instead of promoting therapeutic drugs as safe and scientific, the emphasis was on their effectiveness in comparison to similar drugs. In the process, scientific information was reduced to an indispensable standardized minimum, whereby therapeutic drugs were advertised according to the latest pharmacological taxonomy rather than molecular formulas. The image-making of ‘ethical marketing’ began during the interwar years when marketers applied modern advertising techniques and infotainment strategies. The scanty black and white informational bulletins transitioned into colourful advertisements. The pharmaceutical companies employed the same medical language as used by physicians, so that one word or image in an advertisement would suffice for the physician to recognize a drug and its therapeutic properties. These developments show the changing relationship between the modern ethical pharmaceutical industry and Dutch doctors during the interwar years – from rapprochement towards concerted action.
‘Das politische Welträtsel’: Ernst Haeckel en het Duitse liberalisme 1859-1900
Authors: Wegener Daan
Published: October 2015

Het werk van de evolutionair-morfoloog en wetenschapspopularisator Ernst Haeckel is uiterst omstreden. Zijn sociaaldarwinisme is na de Tweede Wereldoorlog om begrijpelijke redenen in een kwaad daglicht komen te staan. De meest expliciete veroordeling van Haeckel is waarschijnlijk Daniel Gasmans The Scientific Origins of National Socialism in Ernst Haeckel. Inmiddels hebben wetenschapshistorici het eenzijdig negatieve beeld genuanceerd. Volgens de standaardkritiek is het anachronistisch om latere ontwikkelingen terug te projecteren op het werk van Haeckel. Zo ziet Robert Richards in Haeckel geen voorloper van het nazisme, maar een late vertegenwoordiger van een Duitse romantische traditie, die teruggaat op Alexander von Humboldt en Goethe. Met andere woorden Richards is meer geïnteresseerd in de intellectuele achtergronden, dan in de politieke en culturele werking van Haeckels denken.
Mededeling van de redactie: Studium in het digitale tijdperk
Authors: Zuidervaart Huib
Published: October 2015

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Woord vooraf / avant-propos
Authors: Van de redactie
Published: October 2015

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Frederik Kaiser (1808-1872), een gekweld man met een missie
Authors: Zuidervaart Huib
Published: October 2015

Frederik Kaiser (1808-1872), a tormented man with a missionThe Leiden astronomer Kaiser has been instrumental for the rise of Dutch astronomy in the late nineteenth-century. His career was impressive. In 1826, without any formal university education, he began at the Leiden Astronomical Observatory as an ordinary observer. Through his work in astronomy he obtained an honorary doctorate, which enabled him in 1838 to become director of the observatory. In 1844 he was appointed full professor and in the academic year 1857/1858 he even became Rector Magnificus of Leiden University. In 1860 he even saw the fulfillmentof his life-long dream: the opening of a brand new astronomical observatory. However, in spite of these obvious professional successes, Kaiser's personal life was full of melancholy. This paper investigates Kaiser's personality, using correspondence with his family, as well as testimonies written down by his students and other contemporaries. Among others, we demonstrate the way in which Kaiser used his personal network, as well as his fierce continuous – and often publicly expressed – complaining, as a successful strategy in establishing his new astronomical observatory.
The conception of a mathematical instrument and its distance from the material world: the ‘Pantometra’ in Lisbon, 1638
Authors: Gessner Samuel
Published: October 2015

At Lisbon in the 1630s a Jesuit of English birth, Ignace Stafford (1599–1642), wrote a thick treatise on calculating instruments, among them Gunter's sector, while he was a teacher of the 'Aula da Esfera' attached to the Society's college. Gunter had published his book on a sector equipped with recently developed logarithmic scales at London in 1623. While Stafford may have been the first person to routinely deal with logarithms on the Iberian peninsula, he does not seem to be the first one introducing the use of the sector. It appears that earlier versions of this instrument had some currency already under the name of 'pantometra'. This article is based on a close reading of Stafford's arithmetical treatise that seeks to make visible different kinds of distances in communicating knowledge, as well as the interplay of distancing and approaching. Paying attention to the various kinds of distances involved, will contribute to a better understanding of the historical contingencies that shaped this particular work on arithmetic and mathematical instruments. As a conclusion, I briefly consider the impact of varying distances on the circulation of knowledge.
Een heilzame vergissing. Het urine- en fecaliënprobleem van Grieken tot Gouwenaars
Authors: Tilburg Cornelis
Published: October 2015

Nowadays, faeces and urine are considered as noxious and unhealthy. In ancient times, however, urine and excrements were seen as undangerous and even useful; urine for textile production and excrements for agriculture. The Romans constructed sewers like the Cloaca Maxima, in the first place to remove (rain)water and drainage. Only later, toilets were connected to these sewers to remove the smell of urine and excrements. The idea that sewers were constructed with the specific aim of removing urine and excrements is therefore no longer valid, but the memory of this function of the (Roman) sewers was maintained in the Middle Ages.From the Renaissance onwards, city planners developed their ‘ideal cities’. In these cities, there was no place for the dirty smell of urine and excrements, so subterranean sewers had to be constructed. Yet such ideas proved difficult to implement in the Dutch context. The Dutch engineer Simon Stevin realised that the situation described by the ancient and Renaissance sources did not offer a solution for the problems in Dutch cities, with standing water in canals and without natural drainage. Moreover, in this period there was not yet an awareness of the relation between the presence and smell of urine and excrements, on the one  hand, and hygiene and public health on the other.Awareness of this relation came not earlier than the 18th century. The German physician Johann Peter Frank argued in favour of diminishing the bad smell by  means of filling up canals; the city physician Willem Frederik Büchner was confronted with the extremely unhealthy situation in the typical Dutch city of Gouda. But their political influence was small. Only at the end of the 19th century, the construction of sewers began in Dutch cities, thus – improving health conditions.
Een zeesfeer van Michiel Coignet?
Authors: Meskens Ad
Published: October 2015

A Nautical Sphere by Coignet Michiel?In 1580 the Antwerp mathematician Michiel Coignetdescribed the nautical hemisphere, an instrument with which the longitude problem could, in theory, be solved. In 2008 an example of this instrument, albeitincomplete, surfaced during an exhibition on the history of the Jesuit Seminaire de Tournai. This hemisphere is the only horizontal hemisphere known (two vertical hemispheres are kept in Firenze and in St-Andrews). All indications are that the Tournai instrument was made in Coignet's workshop.
'De dageraad der natuurwetenschappen, ook in de volksschool'. Wetenschap, vormingsidealen en vrijdenken in het lager onderwijs (1855-1870)
Authors: Stolk Vincent
Published: October 2015

'The dawn of science, in the primary school too'. Science, pedagogical ideals and freethinking in primary education (1855-1870)Historical research has been done into science education in primary schools in the Netherlands. This is remarkable, because the introduction of science in the curriculum marked an important shift in the history of the primary school. This article focuses on the pedagogical meaning of science education in the period after 1857, the year when several scientific subjects, like natural science and the ‘study of forms’, became obligatory to all pupils. Some teachers feared that this change would turn primary schools into industrial schools. This, however, was not the case. On the contrary, as became clear by studying cultural and pedagogical journals, teachers appreciated the benefits of science education because it supported the development of pupils in all the aspects of life: cognitive, moral and religious. Freethinkers are included in this research because their liberal theological thought and interest in the moral meaning of science was both exemplary and limiting for the identity of science education.The outcome of this article challenges the idea in historiography that the function of Dutch primary schools in the mid-nineteenth century was either socialisation or qualification. Instead, it intended to educate pupils towards ‘full humanity’, science education having an important role in this.
Wetenschap in een regionale context. Sociologie en economie aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
Authors: Melis Korrie , Molema Marijn
Published: October 2015

Science in a regional context: Sociology and economy at the University of Groningen.The relation between a university and its regional service area is two-sided. A university depends on the regional service area, for example for supplying students and research topics. On the other hand a service area can profit from the university by applying the results of the research conducted. In this article we explore this relationship in the case of the University of Groningen, the Netherlands. The focus is on research by two scientists: the work of the sociologist C.D. Saal from the1950s and the work of the economist Jan Oosterhaven from the 1970s. The research of both men was strongly grounded in a regional discussion about social-economic development and was conducted through methods that could be considered as innovative for that time. Although the direct relevance of their work is modest, especially for Saal’s work, their work directly influenced the debate about economic development. It helped regional politicians to find legitimation for their policy proposals. Both men contributed to the transfer of knowledge to practice by participating in the ongoing debates about rural and regional development. Therefore, we can conclude that their research illustrates the productive relationship between scientists and the regional context in which research is conducted.
A Portal to Dutch Academic Heritage: www.academischecollecties.nl
Authors: Reerink Henriette
Published: October 2015

The UNICUM development project, commissioned by the Dutch Academic Heritage Foundation Stichting Academisch Erfgoed (SAE), has been carried out by the five classic Dutch universities in 2010– 2012. UNICUM, short for ‘University Collections and University Museums’, has received a national government grant to create a digital portal to Dutch academic heritage. The portal, which can be reached via www.academischecollecties.nl, presents both academic archives and museum and library collections. Images, collection metadata and items can be found on one site. The UNICUM idea is inspired by the Online Archive of California. The project is important because it crosses the traditional sector boundaries between museums, libraries and archives, it creates awareness of the opportunities which this cross-sectoral approach offers, and it retains the context of – and the relation between – objects within collections as a whole. Moreover, the joint effort brings to light the importance of creating metadata according to international standards to stimulate re-use and exchange of content. In addition, UNICUM intended to be a technical project in which multi-level descriptions are presented and can be browsed in a structured way (collections linked to objects, and archives linked to separate documents). Now the project is finished, the focus will shift to generating content.
Krankzinnigenzorg in België (1850-1900): Collocatie en Dwang
Authors: Hermans Goedele
Published: October 2015

Mental health care in Belgium (1850–1900): compulsory admission and coercionAfter the declaration of the Lunacy law of June 18th, 1850, the Belgian government became increasingly involved in the organization of psychiatric care. Doctors were given a huge responsibility by making compulsory admission a medical procedure. The position of the so-called aliéné was ultimately the result of negotiations between the madman himself, his family, doctors and the government. To understand how coercion was inscribed in a reformatory movement that claimed a more humane and scientific approach to insanity I researched the various influences that were at play. Sources from the établissement des aliénés de Frères Alexiens de Louvain were used to study the position of the aliéné in the second half of the nineteenth century. The compulsory admission forms and the data on the use of coercive tactics shed light on the hopeful reformation and its decline caused by low cure rates and a growing overpopulation of asylums. The relation between the government and the alienists was characterized by a complex balance between freedom and control. Families and doctors also had a relationship that was complicated because of mutual distrust. The position of the aliéné grows more complicated when we look at these influences. Most of the time, the mental patient was doomed to undergo the decisions made for him by his family, his doctor or the government. However, as specialized treatment, scientific study and government policy grew, the mental patient also became someone who would no longer be ignored.
Johannes Franck (1854-1914): de eerste hoogleraar Nederlandse taal- en letterkunde in het Duitse taalgebied
Authors: Grave Jaap
Published: October 2015

Johannes Franck (1854–1914): the first Professor of Dutch Language and Literature in the German-speaking Countries. Johannes Franck (1854–1914) was the first Professor of Dutch language and literature in the German-speaking countries. Born Jewish but not a practising Jew, he found it impossible to get a chair in German language and literature because of the prevailing anti-Semitism in Prussia, Saxony and Bavaria at the time. In this article I will focus on his struggle to get a full professorship in Germany and the obvious but concealed anti-Semitism in Germany. I will then proceed to describe Franck’s study at Leiden University and his judgement on his colleagues in Germany and the Netherlands before dilating upon the ‘Berlin School’ he belonged to.
Duitse Geopolitik in vooroorlogs en bezet Nederland: tussen welwillende ontvangst en resolute afwijzing in de wetenschap
Authors: De Pater Ben , Van der Wusten Herman
Published: October 2015

The German science of geopolitics in the Netherlands, 1920–1945.In the 1920s, Karl Haushofer founded Geopolitik in München as a form of applied political geography. German geopoliticians perceived territorial loss of their country after 1918 through the social darwinist lens. They considered states as types of organisms that rivalled over territories (Lebensraum). ‘Natural’ selection determined the outcome. Geopolitics was aligned with the nazis despite theoretical differences (space vs. race).The reception of German geopolitics among geographers in Dutch universities (especially in the geography departments of Utrecht and Amsterdam) during the Interbellum and the German occupation varied. Keen interest in the highly reputed sister-universities across the border did not result in uniform reactions to the academic implications of the nazi rise to power, as was also evident in other ideologically sensitive fields such as archeology and eugenetics. This article analyses the cooperation of S.R. Steinmetz and L. Van Vuuren, the main chair holders in Dutch human geography, in German geopolitical publications and the reactions of their successors. While H.N. ter Veen, Steinmetz’ eventual successor, strongly rejected the geopolitical project, J.G. Loohuis, Van Vuuren’s erstwhile student, reacted approvingly. He was the only academic geopolitician to work at a Dutch university, nominated during the war at the strong request of the occupation authorities.
Disciplines en studies. Vernieuwing in de geesteswetenschappen
Authors: Tollebeek Jo
Published: October 2015

Disciplines and studies. Innovation in the humanitiesThe classic humanities disciplines took shape in the nineteenth century in a complex, contingency- driven process in which factors such as the introduction of a ‘scientific principle’ and the securing of the humanities’ position in the universities played an important role. This process resulted in flexible disciplines that lacked rigidity. For example, there was no ambitious theorising, no development of systematic methodologies and no academic monopoly. This, in turn, made renewal in the humanities a straightforward possibility, particularly when social and cultural changes called for such renewal. The liveliness that characterises teaching and research in the humanities today testifies to this. The renewed demand for cross-disciplinary approaches has led to a number of branches of study (from holocaust and genocide studies to museum studies) which explicitly present themselves as contemporary, focus on a concrete social theme, and often recall a time before the humanities disciplines had emerged in the way that they are organised and function. Anyone wishing to bring stability and continuity to this uneasy pattern of development must take account the factors that reinforced the classic disciplines back then. Among other things, a sustainable policy involves monitoring the quality of the new programmes, relaxed dealings with existing institutional structures and the provision of the necessary seed capital in the field of research.
Het ontstaan van het systeem van bètadisciplines: de natuurkunde
Authors: Van Lunteren Frans
Published: October 2015

The emergence of the system of scientific disciplines: the case of physics This essay aims to contribute to a better understanding of the emergence of academic disciplines in the course of the nineteenth century. Being largely based upon Rudolf Stichweh’s 1984-exemplary study Zur Entstehung des modernen Systems wissenschaftlicher Disziplinen. Physik in Deutschland 1740–1890, this essay takes an academic discipline to comprise a well-defined body of knowledge, a corresponding field of research, a set of institutions and a community of representatives, who owe their access to this community to expert skills acquired through an academic education. It describes the emergence of these different facets in the case of physics. This process involved the gradual emergence of a clear demarcation with respect to bordering fields like chemistry and mathematics, the rise of vocational training at the universities, the emergence of specialized journals and of disciplinary communities. Seen from this perspective and in contrast to the received view the modern system of academic disciplines only emerged in the second half – or rather, the last third – of the nineteenth century.
Cinematografie van de neurowetenschap in Nederland: De Magnus-Rademaker collectie
Authors: Koehler P.J. , Lameris B. , Hielscher E.
Published: October 2015

Following a short introduction on medical photography and cinematography, we describe a recently discovered neurological film collection, the so called Magnus-Rademaker collection (1909-1940), earlier presumed to be lost. Rudolf Magnus was professor in pharmacology in Utrecht and Gysbertus Rademaker was professor in physiology and later in neurology in Leiden. At the time they performed experimental research on animals to the role of the labyrinth, the neck afferents and cerebellum in position and standing. Next to animals, they also filmed patients. As an example we discuss a film about a boy whose cerebellum had been largely removed because of a tumor. The case was discussed for the ‘Amsterdam Neurologists Society’ and reported upon in the Dutch journal of medicine (1940). The films were produced for educational, as well as for scientific purposes. the discovery of this collection contributes to a better understanding of the role that early cinematography played in science and medicine.
Versnippering of diversiteit? De Belgische wetenschapsgeschiedenis na de Tweede Wereldoorlog
Authors: Vanpaemel Geert
Published: October 2015

Versnippering of diversiteit? De Belgische wetenschapsgeschiedenis na de Tweede Wereldoorlog
Tussen Tannery en Klein: polariteit in de geschiedschrijving van wiskunde in België en Nederland
Authors: Alberts Gerard , Beckers Danny
Published: October 2015

Tussen Tannery en Klein: polariteit in de geschiedschrijving van wiskunde in België en Nederland
Honderd jaar universiteitsgeschiedenis in Nederland
Authors: Frijhoff Willem
Published: October 2015

Honderd jaar universiteitsgeschiedenis in Nederland
Museum Boerhaave en het primaat van de collectie
Authors: Van Delft Dirk
Published: October 2015

Museum Boerhaave en het primaat van de collectie
Henri Bosmans S.J. (1852–1928) – grondlegger van de geschiedenis van de wiskunde in België
Authors: Heeffer Albrecht
Published: October 2015

Henri Bosmans S.J. (1852–1928) – grondlegger van de geschiedenis van de wiskunde in België
Evert Cornelis van Leersum (1862–1938): pionier van de geschiedenis van de geneeskunde
Authors: Huijnen Pim
Published: October 2015

Evert Cornelis van Leersum (1862–1938): pionier van de geschiedenis van de geneeskunde
Martinus Antonie van Andel (1878–1941) en de volksgeneeskunde: ‘Lost in Translation’?
Authors: Snelders Stephen
Published: October 2015

Martinus Antonie van Andel (1878–1941) en de volksgeneeskunde: ‘Lost in Translation’?
Cornelis de Waard (1879–1963): een onvermoeibaar bronnenonderzoeker
Authors: Zuidervaart Huib
Published: October 2015

Cornelis de Waard (1879–1963): een onvermoeibaar bronnenonderzoeker
Pieter H. van Cittert (1889–1959) en Johanna G. van Cittert-Eymers (1903–1988): natuurkundigen, museologen en wetenschapshistorici avant la lettre
Authors: Deiman Jan
Published: October 2015

Pieter H. van Cittert (1889–1959) en Johanna G. van Cittert-Eymers (1903–1988): natuurkundigen, museologen en wetenschapshistorici avant la lettre
Dirk Jan Struik (1894–2000)
Authors: Alberts Gerard , Beckers Danny
Published: October 2015

Dirk Jan Struik (1894–2000)
Gerrit A. Lindeboom (1905–1986) en de medische geschiedenis
Authors: Lieburg Mart
Published: October 2015

Gerrit A. Lindeboom (1905–1986) en de medische geschiedenis
Reijer Hooykaas (1906–1994)
Authors: Flipse Ab
Published: October 2015

Reijer Hooykaas (1906–1994)
Dirk Arnold Wittop Koning (1911–2001)
Authors: Bierman Annette
Published: October 2015

Dirk Arnold Wittop Koning (1911–2001)
‘Beginnen is de allereerste voorwaarde om iets te verwezenlijken’. Paul Bockstaele (1920–2009) en de academisering van de wetenschapsgeschiedenis in België
Authors: Vanpaemel Geert
Published: October 2015

‘Beginnen is de allereerste voorwaarde om iets te verwezenlijken’. Paul Bockstaele (1920–2009) en de academisering van de wetenschapsgeschiedenis in België
Voor iedere vriend van de wetenschap. Het publiek van het naturaliënkabinet van de Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen in de jaren 1772–1830
Authors: De Beer Liang
Published: October 2015

This article explores the visitors of the natural history cabinet of the Holland Society of Sciences over the period 1772–1830. Not much is known about this first public museum in the Netherlands. By studying new sources such as visitor books and re-examining foreign travel accounts, the world of these visitors can be reconstructed. In this paper the role of the elite is put alongside Bennett’s thesis about the increasing public role of museums in Western society in the nineteenth century.
Wetenschapsbeoefening en belangenbehartiging: naar een nieuwe geschiedschrijving van negentiende-eeuwse medische genootschappen in de Lage Landen
Authors: Vandendriessche Joris
Published: October 2015

This paper provides an overview of the historiography of nineteenth-century medical societies in the Low Countries and sketches opportunities for new research. Three research traditions will be identified. The first two traditions correspond to the different reception of the concept of ‘professionalisation’ (the development of medicine into a modern profession) in the Netherlands and Belgium, which resulted in different interpretations of the professional function of medical societies. The third tradition comprises the research into the advisory function of these societies and their political lobby relating to public health. As each of these research traditions discussed medical societies within their own interpretative framework, the historiographical image of nineteenth-century medical societies has also become highly fragmented. While the efforts of medical societies to build and protect their professional interests have been extensively studied, the scientific activities of these medical societies have only received limited attention. This paper suggests that a more complete analysis can be achieved by considering medical societies as research communities. From such a perspective, the scientific practices performed in medical societies can be studied in close relation to their professional functioning, thus enabling new insights into the relation between scientific and professional developments in nineteenth-century medicine.