bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genotypic diversity, and molecular and pathogenic characterization of Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida isolated from different fish species in Taiwan
Authors: Pham Trung Hieu , Cheng Ta‐Chih , Wang Pei‐Chi , Chen Shih‐Chu
Published: May 2020

Photobacteriosis, caused by Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida (Phdp), is a serious disease in marine fish species worldwide. To date, the epidemiological characterization of this pathogen in Taiwan remains limited. In this study, we collected 39 Phdp isolates obtained from different farmed fish for phenotypic and genotypic analysis. Phenotype bioassays using API‐20E and API‐20NE systems showed that the Phdp is a homogeneous group. However, genotyping using the pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) technique revealed genetic variability among Phdp isolates when 13 and 11 different PFGE band patterns were obtained with SmaI and NotI as restriction enzymes, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis using 16S rDNA and the Fur gene clustered Taiwanese isolates and other species of P. damselae in the same clade. In contrast, the ToxR phylogenetic tree, a powerful discriminatory marker, separated the two subspecies. Furthermore, the virulence‐associated genes, AIP56, P55, PDP_0080, Sod and Irp1, were detected from all isolates. Virulence testing with nine representative isolates in cobia (Rachycentron canadum) and Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) showed that some were highly pathogenic with 80%–100% mortality rates. This study provides epidemiological data of Phdp infections in farmed fish in Taiwan, which is necessary to develop comprehensive prevention and control strategies for the disease.
Evaluation of the Freestyle Optium Neo H point‐of‐care device for measuring blood glucose concentrations in sick calves
Authors: Karapinar Tolga , Tumer Kenan Cagri , Buczinski Sébastien
Published: May 2020

Background

Data on the performance of a glucometer in calves with different diseases are currently lacking.

Objective

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability of a point of care glucometer in calves affected by different diseases relative to a traditional bench‐top autoanalyzer.

Animals

One hundred ninety‐six calves with different disorders in a referral hospital.

Methods

Prospective study. Venous blood samples were used for the determination of glucose concentrations in blood and plasma using the Freestyle Optium Neo H and autoanalyzer, respectively. Data were subjected to Passing‐Bablok regression and Bland‐Altman plots. The Freestyle Optium Neo H was the test method and the autoanalyzer was the reference method. The diagnostic performance of the glucometer relative to the autoanalyzer was assessed using 3 different plasma glucose concentrations.

Results

The Passing‐Bablok regression for the glucometer against the reference method revealed the presence of both proportional bias (1.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07‐1.18) and constant bias (−11.25; 95% CI, −16.0 to −7.70). The glucometer yielded 92.2%‐100% sensitivity and 86.4%‐96% specificity for the assessing glucose concentration based on different concentration thresholds.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The Freestyle Optium Neo H showed proportional and constant biases relative to the reference method. The glucometer showed poor performance according to criteria recommended by the International Standards Organization and the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology. However, the glucometer determined hypoglycemia with high sensitivity and specificity therefore it might be used to diagnose hypoglycemia in calves with different diseases until calf‐specific POC glucometers are developed.
Effect of castration procedure on the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in goat kids
Authors: Tekeli Ibrahim Ozan , Turk Erdinc , Durna Corum Duygu , Corum Orhan , Uney Kamil
Published: May 2020

The aim of this study was to determine the changes in the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in goat kids who were castrated following the administration of xylazine. Six goat kids were used for the study. The study was performed in two periods according to a longitudinal study, with a 15‐day washout period between periods. In the first period (Control group), 1 mg/kg meloxicam was administered by i.v. route to kids. In the second period (Castration group), the kids were sedated with 0.3 mg/kg xylazine and castration was performed following meloxicam administration. Plasma meloxicam concentration was analyzed using HPLC‐UV, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by noncompartmental model. In the control group following the administration of meloxicam, mean elimination half‐life (t1/2ʎz), area under the concentration–time curve (AUC0−∞), total body clearance (ClT), and volume of distribution at steady‐state (Vdss) were 13.50 ± 0.62 hr, 41.10 ± 2.86 hr µg/ml, 24.43 ± 1.75 ml hr−1 kg−1, and 0.45 ± 0.03 L/kg, respectively. In the castration group, the t1/2ʎz of meloxicam prolonged, AUC0−∞ increased, and ClT and Vdss decreased. In conclusion, the excretion of meloxicam from the body slowed and the t1/2ʎz was prolonged in the castrated goat kids following xylazine administration. However, there is a need to determine the pharmacodynamics of meloxicam in castrated goat kids.
The gut microbiota and Bergmann’s rule in wild house mice
Authors: Suzuki Taichi A. , Martins Felipe M. , Phifer‐Rixey Megan , Nachman Michael W.
Published: May 2020

The extent to which the gut microbiota may play a role in latitudinal clines of body mass variation (i.e., Bergmann's rule) remains largely unexplored. Here, we collected wild house mice from three latitudinal transects across North and South America and investigated the relationship between variation in the gut microbiota and host body mass by combining field observations and common garden experiments. First, we found that mice in the Americas follow Bergmann's rule, with increasing body mass at higher latitudes. Second, we found that overall differences in the gut microbiota were associated with variation in body mass controlling for the effects of latitude. Then, we identified specific microbial measurements that show repeated associations with body mass in both wild‐caught and laboratory‐reared mice. Finally, we found that mice from colder environments tend to produce greater amounts of bacteria‐driven energy sources (i.e., short‐chain fatty acids) without an increase in food consumption. Our findings provide motivation for future faecal transplant experiments directly testing the intriguing possibility that the gut microbiota may contribute to Bergmann's rule, a fundamental pattern in ecology.
Regional differences in the abiotic environment contribute to genomic divergence within a wild tomato species
Authors: Gibson Matthew J. S. , Moyle Leonie C.
Published: May 2020

The wild currant tomato Solanum pimpinellifolium inhabits a wide range of abiotic habitats across its native range of Ecuador and Peru. Although it has served as a key genetic resource for the improvement of domestic cultivars, little is known about the genetic basis of traits underlying local adaptation in this species, nor what abiotic variables are most important for driving differentiation. Here we use redundancy analysis (RDA) and other multivariate statistical methods (structural equation modelling [SEM] and generalized dissimilarity modelling [GDM]) to quantify the relationship of genomic variation (6,830 single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]) with climate and geography, among 140 wild accessions. RDA, SEM and GDM each identified environment as explaining more genomic variation than geography, suggesting that local adaptation to heterogeneous abiotic habitats may be an important source of genetic diversity in this species. Environmental factors describing temporal variation in precipitation and evaporative demand explained the most SNP variation among accessions, indicating that these forces may represent key selective agents. Lastly, by studying how SNP–environment associations vary throughout the genome (44,064 SNPs), we mapped the location and investigated the functions of loci putatively contributing to climatic adaptations. Together, our findings indicate an important role for selection imposed by the abiotic environment in driving genomic differentiation between populations.
Pm21 CC domain activity modulated by intramolecular interactions is implicated in cell death and disease resistance
Authors: Gao Anli , Hu Minjie , Gong Yifei , Dong Ruixiang , Jiang Yuan , Zhu Shanying , Ji Jian , Zhang Dale , Li Suoping , He Huagang
Published: May 2020

Nucleotide‐binding (NB) leucine‐rich repeat (LRR) receptors (NLRs) provide resistance against several plant pathogens. We previously cloned the wheat powdery mildew resistance gene Pm21, which encodes a coiled‐coil (CC) NLR that confers broad‐spectrum resistance against Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici. Here, we report comprehensive biochemical and functional analyses of Pm21 CC domain in Nicotiana benthamiana. Transient overexpression assay suggested that only the extended CC (eCC, amino acid residues 1–159) domain has cell‐death‐inducing activity, whereas the CC‐containing truncations, including CC‐NB and CC‐NB‐LRR, do not induce cell‐death responses. Coimmunoprecipitation (Co‐IP) assay showed that the eCC domain self‐associates and interacts with the NB and LRR domains in planta. These results imply that the activity of the eCC domain is inhibited by the intramolecular interactions of different domains in the absence of pathogens. We found that the LRR domain plays a crucial role in D491V‐mediated full‐length (FL) Pm21 autoactivation. Some mutations in the CC domain leading to the loss of Pm21 resistance to powdery mildew impaired the CC activity of cell‐death induction. Two mutations (R73Q and E80K) interfered with D491V‐mediated Pm21 autoactivation without affecting the cell‐death‐inducing activity of the eCC domain. Notably, some susceptible mutants harbouring mutations in the CC domain still exhibited cell‐death‐inducing activity. Taken together, these results implicate the CC domain of Pm21 in cell‐death signalling and disease‐resistance signalling, which are potentially independent of each other.
Baseline characteristics of patients from ongoing post‐marketing surveillance, evaluating the real‐world efficacy and safety of edaravone, a novel, free radical scavenger, for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients in Japan (SUNRISE Japan)
Authors: Yuki Satoshi , Ishizaki Kaoru , Yoshioka Hanami , Nakamura Hidekazu , Hirai Manabu , Sobue Gen
Published: May 2020

Background

The ongoing SUNRISE Japan post‐marketing surveillance is collecting real‐world data about the long‐term efficacy and safety of edaravone in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) for up to 5 years.

Aim

To provide detailed methodologic information about SUNRISE Japan and report baseline data.

Methods

Survival time, time to invasive tracheal intubation, other clinical events, ALS Functional Rating Scale‐Revised [ALSFRS‐R] scores, and safety will be assessed.

Results

In total, 797 patients were included in the safety and efficacy analysis sets; 55.3% were male, two‐thirds of patients were aged ≥65 years, and 86.1% had a body mass index of <25 kg/m2. Disease duration was <1 year (37.3% of patients), or 1‐2 years (32.1%). Disease severity (Japan ALS severity classification) included grade 2 (42.0% of patients), grade 3 (28.5%), or grade 1 (15.7%). Most ALS cases were sporadic (96.4% of patients). The most common site of symptom onset was the upper limbs (43.5% of patients). ALS diagnosis (El Escorial revised Airlie House criteria) was definite (34.5% of patients), probable (36.1%), probable supported by laboratory data (19.4%), possible (6.4%), or suspected (3.5%). The mean ALSFRS‐R score was 38.5, and mean percent forced vital capacity, 83.6%. Over 60% of patients had been treated with riluzole, and over 60% were receiving other concomitant drugs. Complications were noted in two‐thirds of patients.

Conclusion

Data from the SUNRISE Japan study are expected to extend ALS knowledge in Japan and worldwide, and the study methodology may provide a model for other long‐term surveillance studies in neurodegenerative diseases.
Deteriogenic flora of the Phlegraean Fields Archaeological Park: ecological analysis and management guidelines
Authors: Motti Riccardo , Bonanomi Giuliano , Stinca Adriano
Published: May 2020

Biodeterioration, the alteration caused by living organisms, on historical buildings and stone monuments is a well‐known problem affecting two‐thirds of the world's cultural heritage. The study of the flora growing on wall surface is of particular importance for the assessment of the risk of biodeterioration of stone artifacts by vascular plants, and for maintenance planning. In this study, we investigate how rock type, exposure and inclination of the wall affect the biodeteriogenic flora at 13 sites of the Archaeological Park of the Phlegraean Fields located in the province of Naples, in southern Italy. For each site, we analysed randomly selected square areas with 2 × 2 m size, representing the different vegetation types in terms of vascular plant species cover. The total number of plant species recorded was 129, belonging to 43 families. Erigeron sumatrensis, Sonchus tenerrimus and Parietaria judaica are the most commonly reported species, while Capparis orientalis is the species with the highest average coverage. Substrate type, exposure and surface inclination affect the floristic composition, with the average plant cover significantly higher on vertical surfaces and at western and southern exposure. All the main biodeteriogenic vascular plant species grow on more or less porous lythotype like yellow tufa, conglomerate and bricks. Finally, woody plants eradications methods are proposed by the tree cutting and local application of herbicides, to avoid stump and root sprouting and to minimize the dispersion of chemicals in the surrounding environment.
Expressions of extracellular matrix‐remodeling factors in lymph nodes from oral cancer patients
Authors: Fujita Shuichi , Sumi Misa , Tatsukawa Eri , Nagano Kenichi , Katase Naoki
Published: May 2020

Objective

Most malignant tumors require remodeling extracellular matrices (ECMs) for invasive growth and metastasis. Cancer cells and stromal cells remodel ECM. We investigated the relationship between regional lymph node (LN) metastasis and expression of ECM‐remodeling factors in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Methods

Using primary OSCC and cervical LNs obtained surgically, we performed immunohistochemical evaluation of the ECM‐remodeling factors, lysyl oxidase (LOX), MT1‐MMP, S100A8, and TIMP‐1 in primary tumor and marginal sinus histiocytosis (MSH) in LNs, and determined the statistical significance of the positive rates between metastatic and metastasis‐free groups.

Results

Marginal sinus histiocytosis was more frequently formed in the metastatic group compared to the metastasis‐free group. Lymphatic metastasis correlated with the immunopositivity rates of tumor cells expressing LOX, MT1‐MMP, and TIMP‐1, and of stromal cells expressing TIMP‐1. The case rates of MSH containing macrophages positive for LOX and MT1‐MMP in the metastasis group were significantly higher than in the metastasis‐free group. ECM‐remodeling‐associated macrophages accumulate in marginal sinus in conjunction with lymphatic metastasis.

Conclusion

Expression of LOX, MT1‐MMP, and TIMP‐1 in the parenchyma, and stromal expression of TIMP‐1 in primary tumor may predict lymphatic metastasis. LOX and MT1‐MMP have a possibility to participate in formation of pre‐metastatic niche in LNs.
Reputation management by Chinese universities: Primary profile and comparative features
Authors: Christensen Tom , Gavrila S. Gabriela , Ma Liang , Ramirez Francisco O.
Published: May 2020

In this study, we analyse data from 176 Chinese universities to examine the use of reputation symbols on official websites. We find that Chinese universities prefer professional and performative symbols more than moral symbols. Reputation symbols are mainly observed in teaching, research, history and strategy categories, whereas their use in internal operations and the external environment is limited. A comparison with samples from the United States and Nordic countries indicates that their universities differ in the use of reputation symbols, with relatively high emphasis on professional and moral symbols, respectively. This difference can be attributed to divergent national cultures, higher education regimes and globalization. Here, we discuss the implications of our findings on reputation management by universities in a globalized world.
The pepper RING‐type E3 ligase, CaATIR1, positively regulates abscisic acid signalling and drought response by modulating the stability of CaATBZ1
Authors: Joo Hyunhee , Lim Chae Woo , Lee Sung Chul
Published: May 2020

Protein degradation by the ubiquitin/26S proteasome system is a critical process that modulates many eukaryotic cellular processes. E3 ligase usually modulates stress response by adjusting the stability of transcription factors. Previous studies have shown that a RING‐type E3 ligase, CaASRF1, positively modulates abscisic acid (ABA) signalling and ABA‐mediated drought response by modulating the stability of CaAIBZ1 and CaATBZ1. In this study, we conducted yeast two‐hybrid (Y2H) screening with CaATBZ1 to isolate an additional modulator, identified as CaATIR1 (Capsicum annuum ATBZ1 Interacting RING finger protein 1). CaATIR1 has E3 ligase activity and promoted CaATBZ1 degradation using the 26S proteasome system. We investigated the loss‐of and gain‐of functions of this E3 ligase by using silencing pepper and overexpressing (OX) Arabidopsis plants, respectively. In response to ABA and drought treatments, CaATIR1‐silenced pepper plants showed ABA insensitive and drought‐sensitive phenotypes, while CaATIR1‐OX plants showed the opposite phenotypes. Additionally, CaATBZ1‐silencing rescued the ABA insensitive and drought‐sensitive phenotypes of CaATIR1‐silencing pepper plants. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the stability of CaATBZ1 mediated by CaATIR1 has a crucial role in drought stress signalling in pepper plants.
Germline loss‐of‐function variants in MBD4 are rare in Finnish patients with uveal melanoma
Authors: Repo Pauliina , Jäntti Johannes E. , Järvinen Reetta‐Stiina , Rantala Elina S. , Täll Martin , Raivio Virpi , Kivelä Tero T. , Turunen Joni A.
Published: May 2020

Uveal melanoma (UM) is a rare intraocular cancer with the highest incidence in northern latitudes. Metastases develop in approximately 50% of patients, whereafter the median survival is 13 months. Generally, the mutation burden of these tumors is low. Germline variants predisposing to UM have been previously described in BRCA1‐associated protein 1 (BAP1). Recently, germline and somatic loss‐of‐function (LOF) variants in the methyl‐CpG‐binding domain 4 (MBD4) gene have been found to cause a hypermutated UM, and MBD4 also has been put forward as a gene predisposing to UM. We sequenced for MBD4 germline variants in 440 Finnish patients with UM and identified seven rare exonic missense variants in 16 (3.6%) patients, of which one likely alters MBD4 function. The frequency of likely pathogenic variants in our cohort is 0.23% (1/432; 95% CI, 0.01–1.28). We identified no LOF variants though their frequency in the Finnish population is 0.052%. Thus, our data do not support the suggestion that MBD4 germline variants predispose to UM. Somatic loss of MBD4 might modify the mutational burden in UM and change its response to immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Playing with Antagonists: The Politics of Humor in Israeli‐Palestinian Market Encounters
Authors: Siegman Jeremy A.
Published: May 2020

This article identifies playful antagonism as a defining mode of rare Israeli‐Palestinian encounters in Israeli settlement businesses. It is based on ethnographic work primarily in an Israeli settlement supermarket where the lowest‐paid workers are mostly occupied Palestinians. This playful antagonism characterizes heated Israeli‐Palestinian political exchanges as well as Palestinian workers’ mockery of their settler bosses and customers, through gestures and jokes alike. These practices navigate an incongruity between the high‐stakes antagonisms of Israeli settler‐colonization and the banality of the workplace. Rather than preventing more “serious” antagonism, this playful antagonism is itself serious, enacting and contesting existential struggles over settler‐colonization, in a context saturated with suspicion and risk to Palestinian livelihoods. Thus, rather than framing humor as standing outside of or transcending political domination and antagonism, this article frames humor as a way of enacting these forms of settler‐native politics. It thus stages a fresh conversation between the recent literature on settler colonialism in Palestine, which has understandably focused on Israeli domination but ignored Israeli‐Palestinian contact and humor, and the literature on humor, which has often ignored scaled‐up forms of power and domination. The article thus contributes to a political anthropology of humor as intertwined with power and domination.
A Dominance‐Based Rough Set Approach for an Enhanced Assessment of Seasonal Influenza Risk
Authors: Younsi Fatima‐Zohra , Chakhar Salem , Ishizaka Alessio , Hamdadou Djamila , Boussaid Omar
Published: May 2020

Accounting for about 290,000–650,000 deaths across the globe, seasonal influenza is estimated by the World Health Organization to be a major cause of mortality. Hence, there is a need for a reliable and robust epidemiological surveillance decision‐making system to understand and combat this epidemic disease. In a previous study, the authors proposed a decision support system to fight against seasonal influenza. This system is composed of three subsystems: (i) modeling and simulation, (ii) data warehousing, and (iii) analysis. The analysis subsystem relies on spatial online analytical processing (S‐OLAP) technology. Although the S‐OLAP technology is useful in analyzing multidimensional spatial data sets, it cannot take into account the inherent multicriteria nature of seasonal influenza risk assessment by itself. Therefore, the objective of this article is to extend the existing decision support system by adding advanced multicriteria analysis capabilities for enhanced seasonal influenza risk assessment and monitoring. Bearing in mind the characteristics of the decision problem considered in this article, a well‐known multicriteria classification method, the dominance‐based rough set approach (DRSA), was selected to boost the existing decision support system. Combining the S‐OLAP technology and the multicriteria classification method DRSA in the same decision support system will largely improve and extend the scope of analysis capabilities. The extended decision support system has been validated by its application to assess seasonal influenza risk in the northwest region of Algeria.
Investigation of symptoms of hand skin changes with aging in Korean women and development of a new standard grading scale for hand aging
Authors: Jeong Hyunjin , Kim Soyeon , Seo Youngkyoung , Koh Jaesook , Baek Jihwoon
Published: May 2020

Background

Skin aging, particularly facial skin, has been actively studied. However, hand skin research is limited.

Methods

Aging symptoms of 100 hands of Korean women aged from 20s to 60s were measured by noninvasive and bioengineering methods. Standard grade images were produced.

Results

As people got older, skin wrinkles were getting worse and skin tone was uneven with the occurrence of structural flexion. For each symptom, a suitable standard photograph of the skin of the hand was chosen and a new grading scale was made.

Conclusions

The new grading scale developed in the present study could be employed in studies to explore aging of hand skin as one of objective indicators.
Ouch! A cross‐sectional study investigating self‐reported human exposure to dog bites in rural and urban households in southern Ontario, Canada
Authors: Julien Danielle A. , Sargeant Jan M. , Filejski Catherine , Harper Sherilee L.
Published: May 2020

This study investigated self‐reported dog bites in humans in rural and urban households in southern Ontario, Canada. Our objectives were to determine, and compare, the incidence of dog bites in rural and urban households, and to describe the profile of bite victims, biting dogs, and the proportion of biting dogs that respondents self‐reported as being not up to date on rabies vaccination. We conducted a cross‐sectional observational study using an online questionnaire. The 2,006 respondents, each representing one household, included 1,002 rural and 1,004 urban residences. The incidence risk of at least one person in the household being bitten over the previous year in rural households (6.09% per year) was less than in urban households (10.76% per year). In 53.20% of households from which at least one person had been bitten within the past year, only a single person had been bitten. Mostly, victims were 25 to 34 years old (21.67%), male (54.19%), and playing with or interacting with the biting dog at the time of the incident (59.11%). Most biting dogs were 3 to 5 years old (32.02%), males (53.69%), and unleashed (76.85%). Based on self‐reporting by respondents, 83.33% of respondent‐owned biting dogs were vaccinated against rabies at the time of the biting incident. Irrespective of dog ownership, the odds of an individual in a rural household being bitten by a dog were 0.53 (95% CI: 0.38–0.73) the odds for an individual in an urban household. Dog bites constitute a serious, yet preventable, public health concern that requires targeted, community‐specific efforts. Public health organizations could consider findings in developing messaging, particularly as we highlight biting dogs reported by their owners as not up to date on rabies vaccination.
Current Applications of Single Shoulder-Specific or Upper Extremity Region-Specific Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Swimmers: A Critically Appraised Topic
Authors: Sutherlin Mark A.
Published: May 2020

Clinical Question: What single shoulder-specific or upper extremity region-specific patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures (I) are used to assess self-perceived disability (O) in competitive swimmers (P)? Clinical Bottom Line: There is limited research on the use of single shoulder-specific or upper extremity region-specific PRO measures for self-perceived disability in competitive swimmers. Current use of single shoulder-specific or upper extremity region-specific PRO measures are inconsistent and select applications vary across studies. Future research on competitive swimmers should include single shoulder-specific or upper extremity region-specific PRO measures that address sport-related self-perceived disability. This would allow for additional evidence to support the recommendation and use of appropriate single shoulder-specific or upper extremity region-specific PRO measures for competitive swimmers, increased clinical applicability, and comparison of research findings across studies to assist with evidence-based practices.
Estimating Postmatch Fatigue in Soccer: The Effect of Individualization of Speed Thresholds on Perceived Recovery
Authors: Tomazoli Gustavo , Marques Joao B. , Farooq Abdulaziz , Silva Joao R.
Published: May 2020

Purpose: To investigate the effectiveness of different individualization methods of speed zones during match play to estimate postmatch perceptual recovery in soccer. Methods: Twelve players under the age of 19 y undertook field-based assessments to determine their maximal aerobic speed (MAS) and maximal sprint speed (MSS). External load (extracted from 10-Hz GPS over 10 official matches) was measured and classified into 4 categories as follows: low-speed running, moderate-speed running, high-speed running, and sprinting. Match running distribution into different speed zones was categorized using either MAS, MSS, MAS and MSS as measures of locomotor capacities, and absolute values. Players perceived recovery status was recorded immediately postmatch (Post) and 24 (G+24H) and 48 hours (G+48H) after each game. Results: Different individualization methods resulted in distinct match outputs in each locomotor category. Perceived recovery status was lower (P < .001) at Post (3.8 [1.32], 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.6 to 4.2), G+24H (5.2 [1.48], 95% CI, 4.9 to 5.6), and G+48H (6.0 [1.22], 95% CI, 5.7 to 6.3) compared with prematch values (7.1 [1.05], 95% CI, 6.8 to 7.3). The absolute perceived recovery-status score was better associated with high-speed running using the locomotor-capacities method at Post (β = −1.7, 95% CI, −3.2 to −0.22, P = .027), G+24H (β = −2.08, 95% CI, −3.22 to −0.95, P = .001), and G+48H (β = −1.32, 95% CI, −2.2 to −0.4, P = .004) compared with other individualization methods. Conclusion: The authors’ results suggest that locomotor capacities may better characterize the match intensity distribution (particularly for the high-speed running and sprinting categories) and should be preferred over MAS and MSS to estimate perceived recovery.
Active Gaming: It Is Not Just for Young People
Authors: Evans Eric J. , Naugle Keith E. , Owen Tyler , Naugle Kelly M.
Published: May 2020

Whether active gaming is an appropriate method to facilitate moderate-intensity physical activity in older adults remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the intensity of physical activity and enjoyment while playing three active video games in older adults compared with younger adults. Ten younger and 10 older adults played three active games on separate days. Participants played two 15-min periods per game: one period at a self-selected intensity and one period with structured instructions to maximize the movement. Physical activity intensity and enjoyment were measured during gameplay. The results indicated that older adults played games at significantly higher intensities (5.3 + 1.8 vs. 3.6 + 1.8 metabolic equivalents), spent less time in whole-body sedentary activity, and rated games more enjoyable compared with younger adults. With physical activity intensity being consistent with moderate-to-vigorous intensity for older adults during gameplay, the results suggest that active video games could be used as a cardiovascular tool for older adults.
Comparison of Brief Videos and Articles to Promote Coping Skills Among Student-Athletes
Authors: Malone Tyler L. , Kern Adam , Klueh Emily , Eisenberg Daniel
Published: May 2020

This study sought to determine the efficacy of particular strategies for delivering information about coping skills for stress to college student-athletes. This study analyzed 166 undergraduate varsity student-athletes. Among these participants, 60.8% were female (n = 101). The authors used a randomized controlled trial to compare video-based and text-based interventions designed to deliver coping skills information. Five weeks after the intervention, the participants completed a follow-up survey containing simple self-report questions regarding the memorability, use, and helpfulness of the coping skills information. In general, both strategies led to the use of coping skills by a sizeable proportion of the sample. The participants in the video-based deep breathing intervention were more than twice as likely to use coping skills compared with participants in the text-based intervention (risk ratio = 2.20, 95% confidence interval [1.02, 4.71], p = .03). Overall, the results suggest that both video- and text-based interventions have the potential to promote coping skills.
The Influence of Fitness-App Usage on Psychological Well-Being and Body Awareness—A Daily Diary Randomized Trial
Authors: Busch Lena , Utesch Till , Bürkner Paul-Christian , Strauss Bernd
Published: May 2020

Self-tracking via fitness apps is popular and has been described as a means to enhance body awareness and well-being. However, the effects of fitness-app use and specific app functions on well-being and body awareness have yet to be targeted in controlled experimental studies. In two randomized groups, a fitness tracker was used for 6 weeks, and in one group a daily step target was implemented. In a third control group, participants documented their physical activity. A daily diary method was used to measure well-being and body trusting. In Bayesian multilevel analyses, no time, group, or interaction effects were found. These results were robust when controlling for diverse variables. It can be concluded that exercise-related self-tracking and specific step goals do not substantially influence psychological well-being and body trusting. Considering the large variability in effects, potential effects can be assumed under conditions that are to be identified in further studies.
Evidence for host-dependent RNA editing in the transcriptome of SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Di Giorgio Salvatore , Martignano Filippo , Torcia Maria Gabriella , Mattiuz Giorgio , Conticello Silvestro G.
Published: May 2020

Host deaminases shape the viral RNA genome and its evolution by targeting its RNA.
Susceptible supply limits the role of climate in the early SARS-CoV-2 pandemic
Authors: Baker Rachel E. , Yang Wenchang , Vecchi Gabriel A. , Metcalf C. Jessica E. , Grenfell Bryan T.
Published: May 2020

CORONAVIRUS

In some quarters, it is hoped that increased humidity and higher temperatures over the Northern Hemisphere in the summer will snuff out the 2020 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. In reality, the situation is likely to be more complicated than that. Baker
et al.
used a climate-dependent epidemic model to simulate the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, testing different scenarios of climate dependence based on known coronavirus biology. Levels of susceptibility among the population remain the driving factor for the pandemic, and without effective control measures, the pandemic will persist in the coming months, causing severe outbreaks even in humid climates. Summer will not substantially limit pandemic growth.

Science
this issue p.
315
An Essential Membrane Protein Modulates the Proteolysis of LpxC to Control Lipopolysaccharide Synthesis in Escherichia coli
Authors: Fivenson Elayne M. , Bernhardt Thomas G.
Published: May 2020

The outer membrane is a major determinant of the intrinsic antibiotic resistance of Gram-negative bacteria. It is composed of both lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and phospholipid, and the synthesis of these lipid species must be balanced for the membrane to maintain its barrier function in blocking drug entry. In this study, we identified an essential protein of unknown function as a key new factor in modulating LPS synthesis in the model bacterium
Escherichia coli
. Our results provide novel insight into how this organism and most likely other Gram-negative bacteria maintain membrane homeostasis and their intrinsic resistance to antibiotics.
Overpressure release: Fluid inclusion evidence for a new mechanism for the formation of heavy oil
Authors: Ping Hongwei , Li Chunquan , Chen Honghan , George Simon C. , Gong Se
Published: May 2020

Heavy oils in sedimentary basins are commonly related to biodegradation and water washing, and thermal degradation of sulfur-rich kerogen at an early hydrocarbon generation stage. However, the potential for overpressure release to form heavy oil has been seldom considered and rarely demonstrated. Paragenetic sequences of diagenetic and oil charge events, pressure-temperature-composition (P-T-x) evolutionary history reconstruction, and molecular geochemical data from a single generation of oil inclusions reveal that heavy shale oil in the PS18–1 well in the Dongpu Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, China, was neither a product of biodegradation nor due to early oil generation during kerogen maturation. Instead, the precipitation and retention of polar compounds of a previously charged, higher-maturity oil from deeper source rocks, induced by intense pressure reduction during basin uplift, represent the most likely mechanism for the formation of the heavy oil. The precipitation of polar compounds during primary and secondary migration due to intense pressure release may be an important mechanism for explaining compositional fractionation effects in the expelled petroleum fluids in source rocks, bitumen, and heavy oil distributions in unconventional shale systems, and deep non-biodegraded heavy oils. This mechanism has wider implications for understanding the hydrocarbon distribution in overpressured basins.
Prominent thermal anomalies in the mantle transition zone beneath the Transantarctic Mountains
Authors: Emry Erica L. , Nyblade Andrew A. , Horton Alan , Hansen Samantha E. , Julià Jordi , Aster Richard C. , Huerta Audrey D. , Winberry J. Paul , Wiens Douglas A. , Wilson Terry J.
Published: May 2020

The Transantarctic Mountains (TAMs), Antarctica, exhibit anomalous uplift and volcanism and have been associated with regions of thermally perturbed upper mantle that may or may not be connected to lower mantle processes. To determine if the anomalous upper mantle beneath the TAMs connects to the lower mantle, we interrogate the mantle transition zone (MTZ) structure under the TAMs and adjacent parts of East Antarctica using 12,500+ detections of P-to-S conversions from the 410 and 660 km discontinuities. Our results show distinct zones of thinner-than-global-average MTZ (∼205–225 km, ∼10%–18% thinner) beneath the central TAMs and southern Victoria Land, revealing throughgoing convective thermal anomalies (i.e., mantle plumes) that connect prominent upper and lower mantle low-velocity regions. This suggests that the thermally perturbed upper mantle beneath the TAMs and Ross Island may have a lower mantle origin, which could influence patterns of volcanism and TAMs uplift.
Supplemental Material: Past hot fluid flows in limestones detected by Δ47–(U-Pb) and not recorded by other geothermometers
Authors: Brigaud Benjamin
Published: May 2020

Supplemental text, Tables S1 and S2, and Figures S1–S3 (petrographical descriptions, clumped Δ477 and U-Pb methods); and Table S3 (detailed laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry U-Pb data).
Supplemental Material: The Chief Joseph dike swarm of the Columbia River flood basalts, and the legacy data set of William H. Taubeneck
Authors: Morriss M.C.
Published: May 2020

Supplemental Google Earth file: Mapped dike steps, en echelon segmentation, and cross-cutting dikes. Mapped dike steps, en echelon segmentation, and cross-cutting dikes.
Untitled Item
Authors: Timmermans A.C.
Published: May 2020

Sample locations, GPS coordinates, and geochemical data.
Supplemental Material: Intrarift fault fabric, segmentation, and basin evolution of the Lake Malawi (Nyasa) Rift, East Africa
Authors: Scholz C.A. , al. et
Published: May 2020

Provides additional background to methodologies used for analyses presented in main paper. Presents background information on SEGMeNT Project; summary of seismic data acquisition parameters; SEGMeNT data processing and legacy data reprocessing details; seismic data interpretation and integration methods; GIS analysis of local relief in the rift; expanded summary of structural restoration methods; summary of volcanic load estimates and methods; summary of the lineament analyses; and discussion of the age of the Malawi Rift.
Supplemental Material: Distinguishing tectonic versus climatic forcing on landscape evolution: An example from SE Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Liu Fangbin , Nie Junsheng
Published: May 2020

Table S1. Results of apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He dating; Table S2. Results of zircon (U-Th)/He dating; Figures S1–S4.
Supplemental Material: A Boost for the CURE: Improving Learning Outcomes with Curriculum-Based Undergraduate Research
Authors: Admin Editing , Allen Joseph L.
Published: May 2020

MS-CURE research activities, learning goals, and rubric for student assessment
Role of Arg243 and His239 Residues in the Recognition of Damaged Nucleotides by Human Uracil-DNA Glycosylase SMUG1
Authors: Iakovlev D. A. , Alekseeva I. V. , Kuznetsov N. A. , Fedorova O. S.
Published: May 2020

Human uracil-DNA glycosylase SMUG1 removes uracil residues and some other noncanonical or damaged bases from DNA. Despite the functional importance of this enzyme, its X-ray structure is still unavailable. Previously, we performed homology modeling of human SMUG1 structure and suggested the roles of some amino acid residues in the recognition of damaged nucleotides and their removal from DNA. In this study, we investigated the kinetics of conformational transitions in the protein and in various DNA substrates during enzymatic catalysis using the stopped-flow method based on changes in the fluorescence intensity of enzyme’s tryptophan residues and 2-aminopurine in DNA or fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between fluorophores in DNA. The kinetic mechanism of interactions between reaction intermediates was identified, and kinetic parameters of the intermediate formation and dissociation were calculated. The obtained data help in elucidating the functions of His239 and Arg243 residues in the recognition and removal of damaged nucleotides by SMUG1.
Acral vascular syndrome during an immune checkpoint inhibitor
Authors: O'Connor Patrick , Laury Raquele , Bhadbhade Pooja , Khan Qamar , Williamson Stephen
Published: May 2020

Immune checkpoint inhibitors, including antiprogrammed death cell protein 1 (anti-PD-1) and anti cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (anti-CTLA-4), have been associated with a range of autoimmune-related side effects since their introduction in cancer treatment. Small vessel digital necrosis, referred to as the acral vascular syndrome, is a rare but serious complication that can result in loss of digits. Here we present a case report of acral vascular syndrome and review possible aetiologies. A 45- year-old woman with invasive ductal carcinoma of the left breast presented to the emergency department during neoadjuvant treatment with carboplatin, docetaxel and pembrolizumab with complaints of severe pain in her right third digit. She had physical findings consistent with ischaemic necrosis and gangrene of the distal phalanx. Angiography demonstrated Raynaud’s phenomenon in the distal portion of the digits. Laboratory testing showed a weakly positive RNA polymerase III antibody level. Her case resulted in surgical amputation of her affected digit after partial resolution of symptoms with prednisone, vasodilators and antibiotics.
Which men change in intimate partner violence prevention interventions? A trajectory analysis in Rwanda and South Africa
Authors: Gibbs Andrew , Dunkle Kristin , Mhlongo Shibe , Chirwa Esnat , Hatcher Abigail , Christofides Nicola J , Jewkes Rachel
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Emerging evidence suggests working with men to prevent intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration can be effective. However, it is unknown whether all men benefit equally, or whether different groups of men respond differentially to interventions.

Methods

We conducted trajectory modelling using longitudinal data from men enrolled in intervention arms of three IPV trials in South Africa and Rwanda to identify trajectories of IPV perpetration. We then use multinomial regression to describe baseline characteristics associated with group allocation.

Results

In South Africa, the Stepping Stones and Creating Futures (SS-CF) trial had 289 men and the CHANGE trial had 803 men, and in Rwanda, Indashyikirwa had 821 men. We identified three trajectories of IPV perpetration: a low-flat (60%–67% of men), high with large reduction (19%–24%) and high with slight increase (10%–21%). Baseline factors associated men in high-start IPV trajectories, compared with low-flat trajectory, varied by study, but included higher poverty, poorer mental health, greater substance use, younger age and more childhood traumas. Attitudes supportive of IPV were consistently associated with high-start trajectories. In separate models comparing high-reducing to high-increasing trajectories, baseline factors associated with reduced IPV perpetration were depressive symptoms (relative risk ratio, RRR=3.06, p=0.01 SS-CF); living separately from their partner (RRR=2.14, p=0.01 CHANGE); recent employment (RRR=1.85, p=0.04 CHANGE) and lower acceptability of IPV (RRR=0.60, p=0.08 Indashyikirwa). Older aged men had a trend towards reducing IPV perpetration in CHANGE (p=0.06) and younger men in Indashyikirwa (p=0.07).

Conclusions

Three distinct groups of men differed in their response to IPV prevention interventions. Baseline characteristics of past traumas and current poverty, mental health and gender beliefs predicted trajectory group allocation. The analysis may inform targeting of interventions towards those who have propensity to change or guide how contextual factors may alter intervention effects.

Trial registration numbers

NCT03022370;NCT02823288;NCT03477877.
The Light Role CCP: A Blueprint for Far Forward Medical Support to Contemporary Operations
Authors: Miles John , Jones C
Published: May 2020

November 2018 saw the deployment of a medical team with a remit to provide far forward medical support to UK, Coalition and indigenous forces. The delivery of this capability demanded a solution unique within the UK Defence Medical Services. The ‘light role’ casualty collection points provided emergency medical care to 475 casualties over a 4-month period. The success of the deployment was dependant on the ability to remain light and agile which brought with it logistical considerations. The clinical caseload was predominantly secondary blast injury and gunshot wound (GSW). The positioning of a Role 1 facility close to the front line of troops enabled early Damage Control Resuscitation including the delivery of blood products. MEDEVAC to Role 2 was enabled by indigenous forces. The unique situation demanded bespoke solutions for documentation and blood warming. The lessons learnt during the deployment may form a blueprint for future contingency operations.
Association between chronic kidney disease and incident diagnosis of dementia in England: a cohort study in Clinical Practice Research Datalink
Authors: Hiramatsu Rikako , Iwagami Masao , Nitsch Dorothea
Published: May 2020

Objectives

To investigate the association between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and dementia diagnosis in a real-world primary care setting in England.

Design

Matched cohort study.

Settings

English primary care in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink.

Participants

People aged ≥18 years with predialysis CKD (stages 3–5, defined as two measurements of estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for 3 months) from 2004 to 2014, and people without known CKD who were matched on age, sex, general practice and calendar time in a 1:1 ratio.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

First-ever diagnosis of dementia recorded by GPs. We also examined all-cause death as a secondary outcome to discuss potential competing risk of mortality in the association between CKD and dementia diagnosis.

Results

In a matched cohort of 242 349 pairs with and without CKD (mean age 75.4±9.7 years, 39.3% male), the crude incidence rate of dementia diagnosis was 11.4/1000 and 9.4/1000 person-years, respectively. There was an association between CKD status and incident dementia diagnosis in the first 6 months of the follow-up (adjusted rate ratio (aRR) 1.58, 95% CI 1.44 to 1.74), which attenuated after 6 months (aRR 1.12, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.16). Among patients with CKD, there was no evidence of association between CKD stage and incident dementia diagnosis; compared with stage 3a, aRR (95% CI) was 1.04 (0.91 to 1.18) for stage 3b and 0.94 (0.74 to 1.20) for stages 4 or 5 in the first 6 months, and 0.97 (0.92 to 1.01) and 0.89 (0.80 to 0.98) thereafter. We found a strong association between worsening CKD stage and all-cause mortality.

Conclusion

We identified a co-occurrence of detection of CKD and dementia in real-world clinical practice and a strong competing risk of mortality in the association between CKD stage and dementia, while a weak association between CKD status and dementia was suggested in the long term.