bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glutamate is required for depression but not potentiation of long-term presynaptic function
Authors: Padamsey Zahid , Tong Rudi , Emptage Nigel
Published: November 2017

Hebbian plasticity is thought to require glutamate signalling. We show this is not the case for hippocampal presynaptic long-term potentiation (LTPpre), which is expressed as an increase in transmitter release probability (Pr). We find that LTPpre can be induced by pairing pre- and postsynaptic spiking in the absence of glutamate signalling. LTPpre induction involves a non-canonical mechanism of retrograde nitric oxide signalling, which is triggered by Ca2+ influx from L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, not postsynaptic NMDA receptors (NMDARs), and does not require glutamate release. When glutamate release occurs, it decreases Pr by activating presynaptic NMDARs, and promotes presynaptic long-term depression. Net changes in Pr, therefore, depend on two opposing factors: (1) Hebbian activity, which increases Pr, and (2) glutamate release, which decreases Pr. Accordingly, release failures during Hebbian activity promote LTPpre induction. Our findings reveal a novel framework of presynaptic plasticity that radically differs from traditional models of postsynaptic plasticity.
DDM1 and Lsh remodelers allow methylation of DNA wrapped in nucleosomes
Authors: Lyons David B , Zilberman Daniel
Published: November 2017

Cytosine methylation regulates essential genome functions across eukaryotes, but the fundamental question of whether nucleosomal or naked DNA is the preferred substrate of plant and animal methyltransferases remains unresolved. Here, we show that genetic inactivation of a single DDM1/Lsh family nucleosome remodeler biases methylation toward inter-nucleosomal linker DNA in Arabidopsis thaliana and mouse. We find that DDM1 enables methylation of DNA bound to the nucleosome, suggesting that nucleosome-free DNA is the preferred substrate of eukaryotic methyltransferases in vivo. Furthermore, we show that simultaneous mutation of DDM1 and linker histone H1 in Arabidopsis reproduces the strong linker-specific methylation patterns of species that diverged from flowering plants and animals over a billion years ago. Our results indicate that in the absence of remodeling, nucleosomes are strong barriers to DNA methyltransferases. Linker-specific methylation can evolve simply by breaking the connection between nucleosome remodeling and DNA methylation.
Partnership as Educational Policy Imperative: An Unquestioned Good?
Authors: I'Anson John , Eady Sandra
Published: November 2017

“Partnership” is often promoted as an unquestioned “good” for higher education institutions in relation to its various stakeholder organizations. This paper seeks to problematize this uncritical valorization through a critical interrogation of the concepts and socio-material practices associated with partnership. In the name of partnership, new forms of governance are inaugurated that have far-reaching effects. More specifically, this paper is concerned with a critical analysis of partnership in relation to a longitudinal study of the relational practices between a university and five local authorities within a Scottish educational context. In particular, we trace how a “signature event” transformed a partnership assemblage, from one characterized by a grammar of participation, to a formal partnership aligned with a set of principles that we characterize as a grammar of representation. We argue that this transition led to a new assemblage that enacted new accountabilities, performativities, and alignments under the sign of partnership.
Crafts and gears used in reservoirs of Marathawada region, Maharashtra
Authors: Sakhare V.B. , Jetithor S.G.
Published: November 2017

It was analyzed the fisheries arts in reservoirs of Marathawada region, Maharashtra, it was compared the different kinds of fisheries arts considering efectivity, materials, mode of use, and fisheries efforts for different sites.Keywords: fisheries, reservoirs, Marathawada.
Uso de las concesiones acuicolas de mar en la industria salmonera de Chile
Authors: Vega Salinas Daniel
Published: November 2017

El presente trabajo es una revisión sobre las concesiones de acuicultura del salmón en la zona sur de Chile, específicamente entre las regiones de Los Lagos y Magallanes. La industria del salmón en Chile ha tenido un incremento en ingresos y producción, que se redujo por el virus ISA entre los años 2008 y 2009, pero tuvo una recuperación posterior. Se comenta sobre los aspectos de costos y tópicos de manejo desde los puntos de vista técnico, económico y legal asociados a la industria del salmón. Palabras clave: acuicultura, concesiones, producción, salmones.
Las energías renovables no convencionales: ¿Son una opción sustentable y rentable en Chile?
Authors: Soto Carolina
Published: November 2017

[Carta al editor sobre las fuentes de energía no renovable]
Aspectos epidemiológicos sobre mordeduras caninas durante el año 2011 en la ciudad de Temuco, Chile.
Authors: Armstrong Waldo , Ulloa Gloria
Published: November 2017

Los accidentes causados por mordeduras de perros y gatos son un problema de salud pública y concretamente las mordeduras de perro constituyen el riesgo más grave que estos animales suponen para la salud de las personas. A los costes económicos  derivados del tratamiento de las lesiones físicas debemos añadir las secuelas psicológicas que muchas veces aparecen tras las agresiones. La prevención es el único camino para resolver este problema y puede efectuarse mejor cuando se conocen los diversos factores involucrados en la génesis de este tipo de accidentedebido a lo anterior el objetivo del estudio fue describir las características epidemiológicas asociadas a las personas mordidas por perros.             La metodología utilizada para la recolección de datos fue la aplicación de una encuesta a 9 centros asistenciales de la ciudad de Temuco. Se solicitó información sobre pacientes atendidos por mordeduras caninas durante el año 2011 y los datos recolectados se ingresaron en una planilla de cálculos. Los resultados indican que niños y adultos presentan 52% de las mordeduras durante el año.  Los hombres presentan una mayor incidencia con un  47% a diferencia de las  mujeres con un 44%. Con respecto  a la región corporal afectada  los miembros superiores alcanzan un 25% de frecuencia ante el ataque y los miembros inferiores  un 31.3%. Por otra parte, las mordeduras por perros presentaron una marcada estacionalidad en los meses de  verano con un 30% de casos. Se  concluye que las mordeduras caninas son un problema frecuente y de real importancia en el ámbito de salud pública, generando en la población secuelas físicas y psicológicas por las lesiones generadas durante el ataque.             Palabras claves: Mordeduras perros, Características Epidemiológicas.
Phytoplankton diversity in relation to different weather conditions in two urban made lakes
Authors: Omar Munay Abdulqadir , Naqqiuddin Mohamed Amar , Shohaimi Shamarina , Omar Hishamuddin , Ismail Ahmad
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTMany scientists have reported that global warming have significant impact on phytoplankton community, however, the impact of global warming on phytoplankton communities in suburban made lake is less understood. Therefor the objective of this study are to observe the effect of variable weather conditions on the diversity and succession of phytoplankton in mesotrophic lake (Seri Serdang) and oligotrophic lake (Engineering Faculty Lake). Samples were collected from surface water and species diversity (Shannon Weaver Diversity Index) was calculated. Daily weather and rain fall were recorded. A total of 65 species from five divisions (Chlorophyta, Euglenophyta, Cyanophyta, Bacillariophyta and Dinophyta) and 52 species belonging to six divisions (Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, Bacillariophyta, Euglenophyta, Cryptophyta & Charophyta) were recorded from Engineering Faculty Lake and Seri Serdang Lake respectively. Division of Chlorophyta was found most dominant in both lakes during all the weeks (67%). The most dominant species in Faculty Engineering Lake was Microcystis aeruginosa during all weather conditions. Whereas, the most dominant species in Seri Serdang Lake during all weather conditions were Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Planktothrix agardhii. The phytoplankton density was low during dry weather conditions for both lakes. The present finding suggested noticeable correlation between weather changes to the alteration of population density of phytoplankton.
Álamo: alternativa para la diversificación maderera
Authors: Cornejo Roberto
Published: November 2017

Nota breve sin resumen
Macrophytes assemblages in mountain lakes of Alerce Andino National Park (41° S, Lakes Region, Chile).
Authors: Hauenstein Enrique , Romero-Mieres Mario , Acevedo Patricio
Published: November 2017

The lakes studied (Chapo, Sargazo, Chaiquenes and Triángulo) are located in the Alerce Andino National Park (41°30'S, 71°32'W), Chile. An inventory of the aquatic and riparian species was performed between December 2010 and January 2011. A null model analysis was done to determine the existence of regulatory factors of species associations, and the Jaccard index was applied to determine floristic similarities. It identidied 23 species, the high number was reported (14) and the most introduced species number (4) were reported at Sargazo lake, whereas the low species number was observed in Triángulo lake with three species. The analysis of the null model revealed the presence of regulatory factors in one of the three simulations. However, in the other two simulations, the species associations appeared to be random, presumably because many species were repeated at the study sites. According to the Jaccard index, Triángulo Lake is noticeably different from the other lakes, probably due to its marked oligotrophy.
Key for Microzooplankton Species found in at Sundaparandian
Authors: Kalaiarasi Mariadoss , Ambikadevi Periyasamy , Ragunathan Chelladurai , Stella Chelladurai
Published: November 2017

[brief note without abstract]
Manejo de infecciones de Garrapatas transmitidas por perros en la comuna de Padre las Casas.
Authors: Alvarez Romina
Published: November 2017

[sin resumen, nota breve]
Crustáceos acuáticos en arroyo Maquehue.
Authors: Barra Veronica , Riquelme Joaquín
Published: November 2017

Not aplicable
Nonlinear Control Systems – Analytical Methods
Authors: Atherton Derek , Spurgeon Sarah
Published: November 2017

This article covers what can be called aspects of classical nonlinear control and sliding mode control, due to the latter's close relationship to relay control and phase‐plane concepts. The introduction discusses nonlinearity and the effects it can have on the behavior of feedback loops. The phase‐plane approach is then presented, placing particular focus on nonlinear characteristics that may be approximated by linearly segmented nonlinear characteristics, and a simple example is included. This is followed with a section on frequency domain absolute stability methods that allow some comparisons to be made with results from the two following sections on the approximate describing function method and the exact determination by frequency domain methods of limit cycles in relay feedback loops. Detailed coverage of the describing function method is given, including its definition, evaluation and examples of its application to determine feedback loop stability, limit cycles and their stability, its use in feedback loop design, and other applications. The fundamentals of sliding mode control are then discussed and illustrated by second‐order system examples. The next sections review wider applications of the methods presented as well as recent developments.
Underground Electric Power Transmission: Solid Cables and Gas‐Insulated Lines
Authors: Koch Hermann
Published: November 2017

The need of underground electric power transmission is becoming more and more of interest to solve the transmission requirements of today and tomorrow. The increasing use of electric power requires higher power ratings, even with improved energy efficiency of devices and loads. The classical technology used for power transmission is overhead line with typical high voltage ratings of 110–800 kVand in some cases even 1200 kVfor bulk power transmission. The distribution voltage levels are typically between 10 and 50 kVand are often used in cities and densely populated areas. Underground cables are used since the 1800s, mainly in cities. Today's needs are going toward higher voltage levels and longer distances.

This article gives a short overview of the underground electric power transmission technologies.
Evolving Granular Neural Networks From Data Streams
Authors: Gomide Fernando
Published: November 2017

Granular evolving computing offers human‐like learning to be gradually embedded into modeling approaches through incremental granular processing. Granular neural networks generalize numeric (singular) data‐oriented neural networks through mechanisms to process singular and granular data to produce singular or granular function approximators or classifiers. Evolving granular neural networks are applied to online modeling of potentially unbounded streams of granular data such as intervals and fuzzy sets. Fundamentally, learning is a means to accommodate new data into existing granular models on a recursive, never‐ending basis. Evolving frameworks balance parametric and structural adaptation, while avoiding exposure to catastrophic forgetting to parsimoniously reconcile plasticity and stability of neural structures. This article introduces the concepts of granular computation, neural networks, and evolving systems, and details the main evolving neural network approaches and their corresponding learning algorithms.
Viking‐2 Seismometer Measurements on Mars: PDS Data Archive and Meteorological Applications
Authors: Lorenz Ralph D. , Nakamura Yosio , Murphy James R.
Published: November 2017

A data product has been generated and archived on the NASA Planetary Data System (Geosciences Node), which presents the seismometer readings of Viking Lander 2 in an easy‐to‐access form, for both the raw (“high rate”) waveform records and the compressed (“event mode”) amplitude and frequency records. In addition to the records themselves, a separate summary file for each instrument mode lists key statistics of each record together with the meteorological measurements made closest in time to the seismic record. This juxtaposition facilitates correlation of the seismometer instrument response to different meteorological conditions, or the selection of seismic data during which wind disturbances can be expected to be small. We summarize data quality issues and also discuss lander‐generated seismic signals, due to operation of the sampling arm or other systems, which may be of interest for prospective missions to other bodies. We review wind‐seismic correlation, the “Martian solar day (sol) 80” candidate seismic event, and identify the seismic signature of a probable dust devil vortex on sol 482 : the seismometer data allow an estimate of the peak wind, occurring between coarsely spaced meteorology measurements. We present code to generate the plots in this paper to illustrate use of the data product.
AuroraWatch UK: An Automated Aurora Alert System
Authors: Case N. A. , Marple S. R. , Honary F. , Wild J. A. , Billett D. D. , Grocott A.
Published: November 2017

The AuroraWatch UK aurora alert service uses a network of magnetometers from across the United Kingdom to measure the disturbance in the Earth's magnetic field caused by the aurora borealis (northern lights). The service has been measuring disturbances in the Earth's magnetic field from the UK and issuing auroral visibility alerts to its subscribers, since September 2000. These alerts have four levels, corresponding to the magnitude of disturbance measured, which indicate from where in the UK an auroral display might be seen. In the following, we describe the AuroraWatch UK system in detail and reprocess the historical magnetometer data using the current alert algorithm to compile an activity database. This data set is composed of over 150,000 h (99.94% data availability) of magnetic disturbance measurements, including nearly 9,000 h of enhanced geomagnetic activity.
Magmatic Focusing to Mid‐Ocean Ridges: The Role of Grain‐Size Variability and Non‐Newtonian Viscosity
Authors: Turner Andrew J. , Katz Richard F. , Behn Mark D. , Keller Tobias
Published: November 2017

Melting beneath mid‐ocean ridges occurs over a region that is much broader than the zone of magmatic emplacement that forms the oceanic crust. Magma is focused into this zone by lateral transport. This focusing has typically been explained by dynamic pressure gradients associated with corner flow, or by a sublithospheric channel sloping upward toward the ridge axis. Here we discuss a novel mechanism for magmatic focusing: lateral transport driven by gradients in compaction pressure within the asthenosphere. These gradients arise from the covariation of melting rate and compaction viscosity. The compaction viscosity, in previous models, was given as a function of melt fraction and temperature. In contrast, we show that the viscosity variations relevant to melt focusing arise from grain‐size variability and non‐Newtonian creep. The asthenospheric distribution of melt fraction predicted by our models provides an improved explanation of the electrical resistivity structure beneath one location on the East Pacific Rise. More generally, we find that although grain‐size and non‐Newtonian viscosity are properties of the solid phase, their effect on melt transport beneath mid‐ocean ridges is more profound than their effect on the mantle corner flow.
Perceiving the Crust in 3‐D: A Model Integrating Geological, Geochemical, and Geophysical Data
Authors: Strati Virginia , Wipperfurth Scott A. , Baldoncini Marica , McDonough William F. , Mantovani Fabio
Published: November 2017

Regional characterization of the continental crust has classically been performed through either geologic mapping, geochemical sampling, or geophysical surveys. Rarely are these techniques fully integrated, due to limits of data coverage, quality, and/or incompatible data sets. We combine geologic observations, geochemical sampling, and geophysical surveys to create a coherent 3‐D geologic model of a 50 × 50 km upper crustal region surrounding the SNOLAB underground physics laboratory in Canada, which includes the Southern Province, the Superior Province, the Sudbury Structure, and the Grenville Front Tectonic Zone. Nine representative aggregate units of exposed lithologies are geologically characterized, geophysically constrained, and probed with 109 rock samples supported by compiled geochemical databases. A detailed study of the lognormal distributions of U and Th abundances and of their correlation permits a bivariate analysis for a robust treatment of the uncertainties. A downloadable 3‐D numerical model of U and Th distribution defines an average heat production of
µW/m3, and predicts a contribution of
TNU (a Terrestrial Neutrino Unit is one geoneutrino event per 1032 target protons per year) out of a crustal geoneutrino signal of
TNU. The relatively high local crust geoneutrino signal together with its large variability strongly restrict the SNO+ capability of experimentally discriminating among BSE compositional models of the mantle. Future work to constrain the crustal heat production and the geoneutrino signal at SNO+ will be inefficient without more detailed geophysical characterization of the 3‐D structure of the heterogeneous Huronian Supergroup, which contributes the largest uncertainty to the calculation.
Bay of Bengal Exhibits Warming Trend During the Younger Dryas: Implications of AMOC
Authors: Panmei Champoungam , Divakar Naidu Pothuri , Mohtadi Mahyar
Published: November 2017

A sharp decline in temperature during the Younger Dryas (YD) preceding the current warmer Holocene is well documented in climate archives from the Northern Hemisphere high latitudes. Although the magnitude of YD cooling varied spatially, the response of YD cooling was well documented in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans but not in the Indian Ocean. Here we investigate whether the modern remote forcing of tropical Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) by Northern Hemisphere climate changes holds true for events such as the YD. Our SST reconstruction from the western Bay of Bengal exhibits an overall warming of ∼1.8°C during the YD. We further compared our data with other existing Mg/Ca‐based SST records from the Northern Indian Ocean and found no significant negative SST anomalies in both the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal compared to pre‐ and post‐YD, suggesting that no apparent cooling occurred during the YD in the Northern Indian Ocean. In contrast, most part of the YD exhibits positive SST anomalies in the Northern Indian Ocean that coincide with the slowdown of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation during this period.
Diversity in Addressing Reaction Mechanisms of Nano‐Thermite Composites with a Layer by Layer Structure
Authors: Sui Hongtao , LeSergent Lauren , Wen John Z.
Published: November 2017

The reaction mechanisms and microstructures of various layered nano‐thermite composites are investigated through characterization of their energetic properties. Migration of reactive components across the reaction zone is analyzed, which plays an important role in determining the process initiation, reaction propagation, and chemical stability at low temperatures. Distinct types of nanoparticles are deposited onto filter paper in a sequence, using the vacuum filtration method, which promotes intimate contact between neighboring reactive layers. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images demonstrate a well‐defined contact region between the two layers in the Al/CuO or Al/NiO composites. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) data shows that the thermite reaction occurs below the melting temperature of Al, resulting in rapid heat release, and improves reaction initiation. Elemental mapping results reveal the migration of Al, Ni/Cu, and oxygen before and after the thermite reaction, which is arranged during thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). This analysis indicates the dominant pathway of the thermite reaction in each composite, through either decomposition of the CuO nanoparticles in the Al/CuO composite or through direct migration of reactive components across the conducting surface within the Al/NiO composite.
Multiscale Geometric Design Principles Applied to 3D Printed Schwarzites
Authors: Sajadi Seyed Mohammad , Owuor Peter Samora , Schara Steven , Woellner Cristiano F. , Rodrigues Varlei , Vajtai Robert , Lou Jun , Galvão Douglas S. , Tiwary Chandra Sekhar , Ajayan Pulickel M.
Published: November 2017

Schwartzites are 3D porous solids with periodic minimal surfaces having negative Gaussian curvatures and can possess unusual mechanical and electronic properties. The mechanical behavior of primitive and gyroid schwartzite structures across different length scales is investigated after these geometries are 3D printed at centimeter length scales based on molecular models. Molecular dynamics and finite elements simulations are used to gain further understanding on responses of these complex solids under compressive loads and kinetic impact experiments. The results show that these structures hold great promise as high load bearing and impact‐resistant materials due to a unique layered deformation mechanism that emerges in these architectures during loading. Easily scalable techniques such as 3D printing can be used for exploring mechanical behavior of various predicted complex geometrical shapes to build innovative engineered materials with tunable properties.
Extreme Carrier Depletion and Superlinear Photoconductivity in Ultrathin Parallel‐Aligned ZnO Nanowire Array Photodetectors Fabricated by Infiltration Synthesis
Authors: Nam Chang‐Yong , Stein Aaron
Published: November 2017

Ultrathin semiconductor nanowires enable high‐performance chemical sensors and photodetectors, but their synthesis and device integration by standard complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS)‐compatible processes remain persistent challenges. This work demonstrates fully CMOS‐compatible synthesis and integration of parallel‐aligned polycrystalline ZnO nanowire arrays into ultraviolet photodetectors via infiltration synthesis, material hybridization technique derived from atomic layer deposition. The nanowire photodetector features unique, high device performances originating from extreme charge carrier depletion, achieving photoconductive on–off ratios of >6 decades, blindness to visible light, and ultralow dark currents as low as 1 fA, the lowest reported for nanostructure‐based photoconductive photodetectors. Surprisingly, the low dark current is invariant with increasing number of nanowires and the photodetector shows unusual superlinear photoconductivity, observed for the first time in nanowires, leading to increasing detector responsivity and other parameters for higher incident light powers. Temperature‐dependent carrier concentration and mobility reveal the photoelectrochemical‐thermionic emission process at grain boundaries, responsible for the observed unique photodetector performances and superlinear photoconductivity. The results elucidate fundamental processes responsible for photogain in polycrystalline nanostructures, providing useful guidelines for developing nanostructure‐based detectors and sensors. The developed fully CMOS‐compatible nanowire synthesis and device fabrication methods also have potentials for scalable integration of nanowire sensor devices and circuitries.
Synthesis of Fused‐Pyrazines via Palladium‐Catalyzed Double Benzyl Isocyanide Insertion and Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling
Authors: Senadi Gopal Chandru , Guo Bing‐Chun , Chang Yu‐Ching , Hu Wan‐Ping , Wang Jeh‐Jeng
Published: November 2017

A palladium‐catalyzed cascade reaction has been realized for the synthesis of 5H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐b]pyrazines and 5H‐pyrazino[2,3‐b]indoles from benzyl isocyanide by choosing o‐pivaloyloximes or o‐iodoanilines as a suitable substrate. The key steps involved are (i) oxidative addition of palladium through N–O or C–I cleavage; (ii) migratory double isocyanide insertion; and (iii) cross‐dehydrogenative coupling. Notable features are good functional group tolerance as well as formation of three C–C and one C–N bonds.

magnified image
Advanced Energy Storage Devices: Basic Principles, Analytical Methods, and Rational Materials Design
Authors: Liu Jilei , Wang Jin , Xu Chaohe , Jiang Hao , Li Chunzhong , Zhang Lili , Lin Jianyi , Shen Ze Xiang
Published: November 2017

Tremendous efforts have been dedicated into the development of high‐performance energy storage devices with nanoscale design and hybrid approaches. The boundary between the electrochemical capacitors and batteries becomes less distinctive. The same material may display capacitive or battery‐like behavior depending on the electrode design and the charge storage guest ions. Therefore, the underlying mechanisms and the electrochemical processes occurring upon charge storage may be confusing for researchers who are new to the field as well as some of the chemists and material scientists already in the field. This review provides fundamentals of the similarities and differences between electrochemical capacitors and batteries from kinetic and material point of view. Basic techniques and analysis methods to distinguish the capacitive and battery‐like behavior are discussed. Furthermore, guidelines for material selection, the state‐of‐the‐art materials, and the electrode design rules to advanced electrode are proposed.
Hunter–gatherer dental pathology: Do historic accounts of Aboriginal Australians correspond to the archeological record of dental disease?
Authors: Littleton Judith
Published: November 2017

Objectives

Studies of hunter–gatherer oral pathology, particularly in Australia, often focus upon dental wear and caries or assume that historic studies of Aboriginal people reflect the precontact past. Consequently the range of population variation has been underestimated. In this paper dental pathology from human remains from Roonka are compared with a model of dental pathology derived from historic studies. The aim is to identify aspects of dental pathology indicative of regional or intra‐population diversity.

Methods

Adult dentitions (n = 115) dating from the mid to late Holocene were recorded for the following conditions: dental wear, caries, periapical voids, calculus, periodontal disease and antemortem tooth loss. Statistical analysis was used to identify patterns of dental pathology and to identify causal relationships between conditions.

Results

Dental wear is marked while dental caries rates are extremely low. Other indications of dental pathology are uncommon (<7% of teeth affected). Temporal heterogeneity is apparent: there are 3 young adults with caries who died in the postcontact period. There is also a small group of middle age to old adults with disproportionate abscessing and pulp exposure who may represent temporal variation or heterogeneity in individual frailty.

Conclusions

The results confirm dental wear as the major cause of dental pathology in this group and that, at a general level, historic accounts do correspond with this archeological sample. However, intra‐sample heterogeneity is apparent while 2 dental conditions, calculus and periodontal disease, along with the pattern of sex differences deviate from expectation, demonstrating that to identify regional variation attention needs to be paid to the dentoalveolar complex as a whole.
Biomimetic Peptide‐Gated Nanoporous Membrane for On‐Demand Molecule Transport
Authors: Xiao Kai , Wu Kai , Chen Lu , Kong Xiang‐Yu , Zhang Yuqi , Wen Liping , Jiang Lei
Published: November 2017

The controllable molecule transport is crucial to realize many highly valuable applications both in vivo and in vitro. Nanoporous membranes, with nanoscopic pores, high porosity, uniform pore dimensions, and controllable surface chemical properties, hold tremendous potential to achieve this function. Herein, we report a nano‐gating system for on‐demand molecule transport based on a peptide‐gated nanoporous membrane. Acting as gatekeeper, the peptides introduced to the nanoporous membrane provide an opportunity to realize on‐demand on–off states via reversible conformational switching of the peptides. This nano‐gating system offers sustained release and can be used as a sophisticated molecule transport platform for localized drug delivery with a feedback function.
Photoinduced Pedalo‐Type Motion in an Azodicarboxamide‐Based Molecular Switch
Authors: Amirjalayer Saeed , Martinez‐Cuezva Alberto , Berna Jose , Woutersen Sander , Buma Wybren Jan
Published: November 2017

Well‐defined structural changes of molecular units that can be triggered by light are crucial for the development of photoactive functional materials. Herein, we report on a novel switch that has azodicarboxamide as its photo‐triggerable element. Time‐resolved UV‐pump/IR probe spectroscopy in combination with quantum‐chemical calculations shows that the azodicarboxamide functionality, in contrast to other azo‐based chromophores, does not undergo trans–cis photoisomerization. Instead, a photoinduced pedalo‐type motion occurs, which because of its volume‐conserving properties enables the design of functional molecular systems with controllable motion in a confined space.
Achieving Strong Positive Cooperativity through Activating Weak Non‐Covalent Interactions
Authors: Ma Yan‐Long , Ke Hua , Valkonen Arto , Rissanen Kari , Jiang Wei
Published: November 2017

Positive cooperativity achieved through activating weak non‐covalent interactions is common in biological assemblies but is rarely observed in synthetic complexes. Two new molecular tubes have been synthesized and the syn isomer binds DABCO‐based organic cations with high orientational selectivity. Surprisingly, the ternary complex with two hosts and one guest shows a high cooperativity factor (α=580), which is the highest reported for synthetic systems without involving ion‐pairing interactions. The X‐ray single‐crystal structure revealed that the strong positive cooperativity likely originates from eight C−H⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bonds between the two head‐to‐head‐arranged syn tube molecules. These relatively weak hydrogen bonds were not observed in the free hosts and only emerged in the complex. Furthermore, this complex was used as a basic motif to construct a robust [2+2] cyclic assembly, thus demonstrating its potential in molecular self‐assembly.
Time‐Resolved Interception of Multiple‐Charge Accumulation in a Sensitizer–Acceptor Dyad
Authors: Mendes Marinho Stéphanie , Ha‐Thi Minh‐Huong , Pham Van‐Thai , Quaranta Annamaria , Pino Thomas , Lefumeux Christophe , Chamaillé Thierry , Leibl Winfried , Aukauloo Ally
Published: November 2017

Biomimetic models that contain elements of photosynthesis are fundamental in the development of synthetic systems that can use sunlight to produce fuel. The critical task consists of running several rounds of light‐induced charge separation, which is required to accumulate enough redox equivalents at the catalytic sites for the target chemistry to occur. Long‐lived first charge‐separated state and distinct electronic signatures for the sequential charge accumulated species are essential features to be able to track these events on a spectroscopic ground. Herein, we use a double‐excitation nanosecond pump–pump–probe experiment to interrogate two successive rounds of photo‐induced electron transfer on a molecular dyad containing a naphthalene diimide (NDI) linked to a [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (bpy=bipyridine) chromophore by using a reversible electron donor. We report an unprecedented long‐lived two‐electron charge accumulation (t=200 μs).
Hot‐melt adhesives based on co‐polyamide and multiwalled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Latko‐Durałek Paulina , Macutkevic Jan , Kay Christopher , Boczkowska Anna , McNally Tony
Published: November 2017

Composites of two hot melt adhesives based on co‐polyamides, one high viscosity (coPA_A), the other low viscosity (coPA_B), and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were prepared using twin‐screw extrusion via dilution of masterbatches. Examination of these composites across the length scales confirmed that the MWCNTs were uniformly dispersed and distributed in the polymer matrices, although some micron size agglomerations were also observed. A rheological percolation was determined from oscillatory rheology measurements at a mass fraction of MWCNTs below 0.01 for coPA_B and, between 0.01 and 0.02 for coPA_A. Significant increases in complex viscosity and storage modulus confirmed the “pseudo‐solid” like behavior of the composite materials. Electrical percolation, determined from dielectric spectroscopy was, found to be at 0.03 and 0.01 MWCNT mass fraction for coPA_A and coPA_B based composites, respectively. Addition of MWCNTs resulted in heterogeneous nucleation and altered the crystallization kinetics of both copolymers. Indirect evidence from contact angle measurements and surface energy calculations confirmed that MWCNT addition enhanced the adhesive properties of coPA_B to a level similar to coPA_A. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45999.
Stimuli‐sensitive nanostructured poly(sodium 4‐styrene sulfonate): Synthesis, characterization, and study of metal ion retention properties
Authors: Palencia Manuel , Córdoba Alexander , Arrieta Álvaro
Published: November 2017

Stimuli‐sensitive polymers are a type of smart polymers having the capability to change their configuration or properties under adequate stimuli as heat, pH, magnetic field, mechanical strength, among other. The aim of this work was to synthesize nanostructured polymers with antibacterial properties capable to change their retention properties of divalent metal ions by external stimuli (pH and ionic strength). For that, a polymerizable nanostructured crosslinker (PNC) based on silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and acrylic acid was synthesized. Later, NPSS was synthesized by free‐radical polymerization, characterized by different analytical techniques and its retention properties of divalent ions (Cu2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, and Zn2+) were studied at different pHs and ionic strengths (5.0, 7.0, and 9.0; and 0.0, 0.5, and 1.5% NaCl, respectively). It was evidenced that AgNPs can be synthesized using acrylic acid as stabilizing agent, and later, be used for synthesis of NPSS by free‐radical polymerization. For NPSS, metal ion retention decreases as pH is increased; in addition, results suggest that the electrostatic interaction is not the only determining factor in the retention of ions. Other possible factors which would be affecting the retention are: water flow by swelling capacity and water flow by osmotic stress resulting of high salt concentration. NPSS showed antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus which was enhanced by incorporation of PNC based on AgNPs. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46001.
Protic NNN and NCN Pincer‐Type Ruthenium Complexes Featuring (Trifluoromethyl)pyrazole Arms: Synthesis and Application to Catalytic Hydrogen Evolution from Formic Acid
Authors: Nakahara Yoshiko , Toda Tatsuro , Matsunami Asuka , Kayaki Yoshihito , Kuwata Shigeki
Published: November 2017

NNN and NCN pincer‐type ruthenium(II) complexes featuring two protic pyrazol‐3‐yl arms with a trifluoromethyl (CF3) group at the 5‐position were synthesized and structurally characterized to evaluate the impact of the substitution on the properties and catalysis. The increased Brønsted acidity by the highly electron‐withdrawing CF3 pendants was demonstrated by protonation–deprotonation experiments. By contrast, the IR spectra of the carbonyl derivatives as well as the cyclic voltammogram indicated that the electron density of the ruthenium atom is negligibly influenced by the CF3 group. Catalysis of these complexes in the decomposition of formic acid to dihydrogen and carbon dioxide was also examined. The NNN pincer‐type complex 1 a with the CF3 group exhibited a higher catalytic activity than the tBu‐substituted analogue 1 b. In addition, the bis(CF3‐pyrazolato) ammine derivative 4 catalyzed the reaction even in the absence of base additives.
Bringing plant cell wall‐degrading enzymes into the lignocellulosic biorefinery concept
Authors: Silva Caio O.G. , Vaz Raissa P. , Filho Edivaldo X.F.
Published: November 2017

Recent decades have seen the growth of immense interest in lignocellulosic biomass conversion technologies. This interest is motivated by their huge potential for energy and bioproduct generation and reduced dependency on non‐renewable feedstocks, leading to improved air quality and reduced emission of greenhouse gases. It is in this context that the lignocellulose biorefinery concept arises. Among the lignocellulose conversion technologies available, enzymatic conversion has emerged as a promising candidate, since it represents a biomass management approach that integrates recycling and remediation in an environmentally friendly manner. Although already in existence, biorefineries employing enzymatic conversion of lignocellulose are at an incipient stage. There remain many operational difficulties, resulting in a very costly overall process that is reflected in product price, reducing market competitiveness. Therefore, much research is still needed to improve the operational and financial feasibility of this process. This paper covers general biorefinery concepts, as well as new and associated concepts, such as the circular economy, bioeconomy, and waste biorefinery. Subsequently, the global outlook, including examples of currently existing enzyme‐based lignocellulose biorefineries and their status, is described. The main technical and economic challenges are also discussed, and various potential tools for the optimization of biomass degradation in enzyme‐based biorefineries are presented. Finally, the future perspectives for the sector are considered, and models of the ideal biorefinery and globally integrated biorefinery hubs are proposed. These models may contribute to the future establishment of such biorefineries as competitive industries, consistent with the sustainable bioelectro economy paradigm. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
H‐likelihood approach for joint modeling of longitudinal outcomes and time‐to‐event data
Authors: Ha Il Do , Noh Maengseok , Lee Youngjo
Published: November 2017

In longitudinal studies, a subject may have different types of outcomes that could be correlated. For example, a response variable of interest would be measured repeatedly over time on the same subject and at the same time, an event time representing a single event or competing‐risks event is also observed. In this paper, we propose a joint modeling framework that accounts for the inherent association between such multiple outcomes via frailties (unobserved random effects). Among outcomes, at least one outcome is an event time that has a type of a single event or competing‐risks event. For inference we use the hierarchical likelihood (h‐likelihood) that provides an unified efficient fitting procedure for the joint models. Numerical studies are provided to show the performance of the proposed method and two data examples are shown.
β‐cyclodextrin encapsulated polyphenols as effective antioxidants
Authors: Roy Pritam , Dinda Amit Kumar , Chaudhury Susmitnarayan , Dasgupta Swagata
Published: November 2017

Formation of dityrosine (DT) cross‐linkages in proteins is one of the most widely used markers of oxidative stress. Ribonuclease A (RNase A) has 6 Tyr residues and shows a characteristic DT fluorescence peak upon oxidation in addition to major changes in its secondary structure. DT formation can be prevented by using polyphenols (GA, ECG, and EGCG) which are known to have strong antioxidant activity. However, it has been observed that ECG and EGCG initiate protein oligomerization due to protein‐polyphenol cross‐linkages. To prevent the formation of such cross‐linkages we have used β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) to encapsulate the polyphenols and studied its antioxidant properties along with that of free polyphenols. The polyphenol/β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) inclusion complexes not only prevent DT formation but also reduce protein oligomerization. This may be attributed to the fact that the quinone forming rings of ECG and EGCG become encapsulated in the cavity of β‐CD and are no longer available for protein cross‐linking.
Patient-reported rates of chronic pain and recurrence after groin hernia repair
Authors: Lundström K-J , Holmberg H , Montgomery A , Nordin P
Published: November 2017

Background

The effectiveness of different procedures in routine surgical practice for hernia repair with respect to chronic postoperative pain and reoperation rates is not clear.

Methods

This was prospective cohort study based on a unique combination of patient-reported outcomes and national registry data. Virtually all patients with a groin hernia repair in Sweden between September 2012 and April 2015 were sent a questionnaire 1 year after surgery. Persistent pain, defined as at least ‘pain present, cannot be ignored, and interferes with concentration on everyday activities’ in the past week was the primary outcome. Reoperation for recurrence recorded in the register was the secondary outcome.

Results

In total, 22 917 patients (response rate 75·5 per cent) who had an elective unilateral groin hernia repair were analysed. Persistent pain present 1 year after hernia repair was reported by 15·2 per cent of patients. The risk was least for endoscopic total extraperitoneal (TEP) repair (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0·84, 95 per cent c.i. 0·74 to 0·96), compared with open anterior mesh repair. TEP repair had an increased risk of reoperation for recurrence (adjusted OR 2·14, 1·52 to 2·98), as did open preperitoneal mesh repair (adjusted OR 2·34, 1·42 to 3·71) at 2·5-year follow-up. No other methods of repair differed significantly from open anterior mesh repair.

Conclusion

The risk of significant pain 1 year after groin hernia repair in routine surgical practice was 15·2 per cent. This figure was lower in patients who had surgery by an endoscopic technique, but at the price of a significantly higher risk of reoperation for recurrence.
Know how to respond to challenges presented by animals on campus
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: November 2017

Like most colleges and universities, you've probably been seeing an increase in the number of service animals on campus and in the requests for emotional support animals in residence halls.
Additive‐Enhanced Crystallization of Solution Process for Planar Perovskite Solar Cells with Efficiency Exceeding 19 %
Authors: You Shuai , Bi Shiqing , Huang Jing , Jia Qiushuang , Yuan Yuhe , Xia Yanjie , Xiao Zhenyu , Sun Zhuzhu , Liu Jiangfeng , Sun Shujie , Zhao Zhiqiang
Published: November 2017

To reduce intrinsic defect density in perovskite films, various additives are often added into the precursor solution. In this paper, a novel solution, in which isopropanol (IPA) was added into the precursor solution, was developed for the preparation of normal planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs). A champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.70 % was achieved with this approach. By adding IPA into the precursor solution, CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite showed better crystallization and stability, indicating improved film quality. Because of the improved morphology of perovskite crystal, the PCE of PSCs increased. In addition, the unencapsulated PSCs retained high output for up to 40 days in air at room temperature, indicating the stability of PSCs. These results may provide a new avenue for manufacturing high efficiency and high stability PSCs.
A Versatile Strategy to Main Chain Sulfur/Selenium‐Functionalized Polycarbonates by Macro‐Ring Closure of Diols and Subsequent Ring‐Opening Polymerization
Authors: Wei Chao , Zhang Yan , Yan Bingkun , Du Zhengzhen , Lang Meidong
Published: November 2017

Herein, a new class of main chain functionalized aliphatic polycarbonates with sulfur/selenium functional groups on the backbone is reported. Sulfur/selenium‐containing cyclic carbonate monomers (MR) are designed and synthesized by enzyme‐catalyzed intermolecular macro‐ring closure of related diols. The proposed synthetic strategy is tolerant of other functionalities such as N‐substituted groups. The ring opening polymerization (ROP) of MR occurs readily as a versatile route to generate a new family of main chain sulfur/selenium substituted aliphatic polycarbonates (PR) with predictable molecular weights (MW), narrow molecular‐weight distribution and controlled copolymer composition. The resultant polymers can be oxidized and/or reduced by treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or dithiothreitol (DTT), highlighting their potential for applications in the stimuli‐responsive field and inflammation/cancer targeting. With these desirable results, it is revealed that this versatile technique can provide a broad‐reaching method to the next generation of innovative materials, especially, well‐defined biodegradable chalcogen‐based main chain functional biomaterials.
Three‐Component Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Novel Coumarin‐Based Merocyanines
Authors: Papadopoulos Julian , Merkens Kay , Müller Thomas J. J.
Published: November 2017

Novel E‐configured coumarin‐based merocyanines were efficiently synthesized by a one‐pot, three‐component Sonogashira coupling–Michael addition starting from triflyl coumarins, terminal alkynes and secondary amines. The photophysical properties of the synthesized yellow to orange merocyanines were studied by UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy and rationalized by Hammett–Taft correlations and DFT and TD‐DFT calculations. Most compounds were only weakly fluorescent in solution; however, two compounds were investigated in more detail with respect to their aggregation behavior. The system for R2=H and NR23=pyrrolidinyl shows aggregation induced emission at a water content of 40–60 % in methanol, while the chromophore with R2=p‐Me2NC6H4 and NR23=morpholinyl displays considerable aggregation induced emission enhancement with a concomitant redshift at increasing water contents in THF.