bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Embryological Origin of Human Smooth Muscle Cells Influences Their Ability to Support Endothelial Network Formation
Authors: Bargehr Johannes , Low Lucinda , Cheung Christine , Bernard William G. , Iyer Dharini , Bennett Martin R. , Gambardella Laure , Sinha Sanjay
Published: May 2016

Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) from distinct anatomic locations derive from different embryonic origins. Here we investigated the respective potential of different embryonic origin-specific SMCs derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to support endothelial network formation in vitro. SMCs of three distinct embryological origins were derived from an mStrawberry-expressing hESC line and were cocultured with green fluorescent protein-expressing human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to investigate the effects of distinct SMC subtypes on endothelial network formation. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that lateral mesoderm (LM)-derived SMCs best supported HUVEC network complexity and survival in three-dimensional coculture in Matrigel. The effects of the LM-derived SMCs on HUVECs were at least in part paracrine in nature. A TaqMan array was performed to identify the possible mediators responsible for the differential effects of the SMC lineages, and a microarray was used to determine lineage-specific angiogenesis gene signatures. Midkine (MDK) was identified as one important mediator for the enhanced vasculogenic potency of LM-derived SMCs. The functional effects of MDK on endothelial network formation were then determined by small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown in SMCs, which resulted in impaired network complexity and survival of LM-derived SMC cocultures. The present study is the first to show that SMCs from distinct embryonic origins differ in their ability to support HUVEC network formation. LM-derived SMCs best supported endothelial cell network complexity and survival in vitro, in part through increased expression of MDK. A lineage-specific approach might be beneficial for vascular tissue engineering and therapeutic revascularization.

Significance

Mural cells are essential for the stabilization and maturation of new endothelial cell networks. However, relatively little is known of the effect of the developmental origins of mural cells on their signaling to endothelial cells and how this affects vessel development. The present study demonstrated that human smooth muscle cells (SMCs) from distinct embryonic origins differ in their ability to support endothelial network formation. Lateral mesoderm-derived SMCs best support endothelial cell network complexity and survival in vitro, in part through increased expression of midkine. A lineage-specific approach might be beneficial for vascular tissue engineering and therapeutic revascularization.
Impacts of ENSO events on cloud radiative effects in preindustrial conditions: Changes in cloud fraction and their dependence on interactive aerosol emissions and concentrations
Authors: Yang Yang , Russell Lynn M. , Xu Li , Lou Sijia , Lamjiri Maryam A. , Somerville Richard C. J. , Miller Arthur J. , Cayan Daniel R. , DeFlorio Michael J. , Ghan Steven J. , Liu Ying , Singh Balwinder , Wang Hailong , Yoon Jin‐Ho , Rasch Philip J.
Published: May 2016

We use three 150 year preindustrial simulations of the Community Earth System Model to quantify the impacts of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events on shortwave and longwave cloud radiative effects (CRESW and CRELW). Compared to recent observations from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System data set, the model simulation successfully reproduces larger variations of CRESW and CRELW over the tropics. The ENSO cycle is found to dominate interannual variations of cloud radiative effects. Simulated cooling (warming) effects from CRESW (CRELW) are strongest over the tropical western and central Pacific Ocean during warm ENSO events, with the largest difference between 20 and 60 W m−2, with weaker effects of 10–40 W m−2 over Indonesian regions and the subtropical Pacific Ocean. Sensitivity tests show that variations of cloud radiative effects are mainly driven by ENSO‐related changes in cloud fraction. The variations in midlevel and high cloud fractions each account for approximately 20–50% of the interannual variations of CRESW over the tropics and almost all of the variations of CRELW between 60°S and 60°N. The variation of low cloud fraction contributes to most of the variations of CRESW over the midlatitude oceans. Variations in natural aerosol concentrations explained 10–30% of the variations of both CRESW and CRELW over the tropical Pacific, Indonesian regions, and the tropical Indian Ocean. Changes in natural aerosol emissions and concentrations enhance 3–5% and 1–3% of the variations of cloud radiative effects averaged over the tropics.
A study on hydrodynamic characteristics in a Φ38 pulsed extraction column by four‐sensor optical fiber probe
Authors: Yuan Yukun , Gao Yang
Published: May 2016

Accurate prediction of dispersed phase droplet behavior is crucial to the design and scaling‐up of an extraction column. In this article, the dispersed droplet velocity algorithm and the diameter algorithm in a liquid–liquid two‐phase flow have been developed based on the bubble velocity model in gas–liquid two‐phase flow of Lucas [Measurement Science & Technology. 749, 758(2005)] and Shen [International Journal of Multiphase Flow. 593, 617(2005)]. Hydrodynamic characteristics, including droplet diameter, holdup and droplet velocity, were measured using a self‐made four‐sensor optical fiber probe in a 38 mm‐diameter pulsed sieve‐plate extraction column. Water and kerosene were used as continuous and dispersed phases, respectively. The influences of the pulsed intensity, the continuous and dispersed phase superficial velocities on the hydrodynamic characteristics were investigated. The experimental results show that it is reliable to use a four‐sensor optical probe to measure the hydrodynamic characteristics of a pulsed extraction column. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 801–811, 2017
Manifesting Subtle Differences of Neutral Hydrophilic Guest Isomers in a Molecular Container by Phase Transfer
Authors: Lee Hyun Hee L. , Lee Jong Wha , Jang Yoonjung , Ko Young Ho , Kim Kimoon , Kim Hugh I.
Published: May 2016

Achieving strong host–guest interactions between synthetic hosts and hydrophilic guests in solution is challenging because solvation effects overwhelm other effects. To resolve this issue, we transferred complexes of cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) and monosaccharides to the gas phase and report here their intrinsic host–guest chemistry in the absence of solvation effects. It was observed that effective host–guest interactions in the gas phase mediated by ammonium cations allow the differentiation of the monosaccharide isomers in complex with CB[7] upon vibrational excitation. The potential of the unique observation was extended to a quantitative supramolecular analytical method for the monosaccharide guests. The combination of host–guest chemistry and phase transfer presented in this study is an effective approach to overcome current limitations in supramolecular chemistry.
Double Ring Expansion from an Aromatic [18]Porphyrin(1.1.1.1) to an Antiaromatic [20]Porphyrin(2.1.2.1)
Authors: Umetani Masataka , Tanaka Takayuki , Kim Taeyeon , Kim Dongho , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: May 2016

Double ring expansion from a 5,15‐diarylporphyrin to a 5,16‐diaryl‐10,11,21,22‐tetradehydro[20]porphyrin(2.1.2.1) occurred through a reaction sequence consisting of oxidation with PbO2 to 5,15‐dioxoporphodimethene, a Corey–Fuchs reaction with tetrabromomethane in the presence of triphenylphosphine, and Fritsch–Buttenberg–Wiechell rearrangement triggered by tert‐butyllithium. The obtained tetradehydro[20]porphyrin(2.1.2.1) and its mono‐ and dihydrogenated congeners exhibited 20 π antiaromatic character, whereas overhydrogenated congeners bearing a saturated bridge were nonaromatic owing to disrupted π conjugation.
Transfer of Two‐Dimensional Oligonucleotide Patterns onto Stereocontrolled Plasmonic Nanostructures through DNA‐Origami‐Based Nanoimprinting Lithography
Authors: Zhang Yinan , Chao Jie , Liu Huajie , Wang Fei , Su Shao , Liu Bing , Zhang Lan , Shi Jiye , Wang Lihua , Huang Wei , Wang Lianhui , Fan Chunhai
Published: May 2016

The precise functionalization of self‐assembled nanostructures with spatial and stereocontrol is a major objective of nanotechnology and holds great promise for many applications. Herein, the nanoscale addressability of DNA origami was exploited to develop a precise copy‐machine‐like platform that can transfer two‐dimensional oligonucleotide patterns onto the surface of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) through a deliberately designed toehold‐initiated DNA displacement reaction. This strategy of DNA‐origami‐based nanoimprinting lithography (DONIL) demonstrates high precision in controlling the valence and valence angles of AuNPs. These DNA‐decorated AuNPs act as precursors in the construction of discrete AuNP clusters with desired chirality.
Tensile behavior of polyolefin composites: the effect of matrix parameters
Authors: Guseva Maria , Gerasin Victor , Shklyaruk Boris
Published: May 2016

Polyolefin composites were prepared from 14 PE matrices and three different mineral fillers (montmorillonite, palygorskite and glass microspheres) via melt compounding in an extruder. Mechanical properties of the obtained systems were analyzed with emphasis on elongation at break and conditions for ductile/brittle failure were determined. When filler content is raised beyond a certain “critical” value, tensile properties are dramatically altered and transition occurs from ductile behavior to brittle fracture. This transition is displayed by a well‐defined “step” on the plot of strain at break versus concentration of particles. The value of “critical filler content” was found to depend mainly on level of crystallinity of a matrix while other parameters (chemical nature of filler particles, their size, shape and surface treatment) are less significant. “Critical filler content” will decrease with growth of crystallinity of a polymer and with highly crystalline HDPEs it is as low as 2–8 vol %. Otherwise, with noncrystallizing and low‐crystalline polymers elongation at break decreases gradually with concentration of mineral particles and ductile type deformation is maintained at fairly large filler fractions. The results presented here will be useful for a proper selection of a matrix polymer in composites with mineral fillers. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43819.
How motif environment influences transcription factor search dynamics: Finding a needle in a haystack
Authors: Dror Iris , Rohs Remo , Mandel‐Gutfreund Yael
Published: May 2016

Transcription factors (TFs) have to find their binding sites, which are distributed throughout the genome. Facilitated diffusion is currently the most widely accepted model for this search process. Based on this model the TF alternates between one‐dimensional sliding along the DNA, and three‐dimensional bulk diffusion. In this view, the non‐specific associations between the proteins and the DNA play a major role in the search dynamics. However, little is known about how the DNA properties around the motif contribute to the search. Accumulating evidence showing that TF binding sites are embedded within a unique environment, specific to each TF, leads to the hypothesis that the search process is facilitated by favorable DNA features that help to improve the search efficiency. Here, we review the field and present the hypothesis that TF‐DNA recognition is dictated not only by the motif, but is also influenced by the environment in which the motif resides.
Separation of 3‐Biphenylcarboxylic Acid and 4‐Biphenylcarboxylic Acid Isomers with Chromatographic Column of Solid β‐Cyclodextrin
Authors: Zhang Weijiang , Tang Yin , Xu Jiao , Sun Jing , Lang Wuke
Published: May 2016

The solid β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) was selected as the separating medium of chromatographic column to separate the isomers, 3‐biphenylcarboxylic (3‐BPCA) and 4‐biphenylcarboxylic (4‐BPCA). Separation capability for different solvents (ethanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, toluene, and hexane) was investigated, and was assessed based on the separation factor (S). The results showed that hexane was considered as the best solvent due to the high separation factor of 1.525 and a sharper eluent peak compared to the other solvents. Ethanol could dissociate 3‐BPCA and 4‐BPCA from β‐CD completely due to its strong polarity, so ethanol was selected as the reverse solvent. This study provided satisfactory results on the purity and yield for the separation of 3‐BPCA and 4‐BPCA.
NMR Fragment Screening Hit Induces Plasticity of BRD7/9 Bromodomains
Authors: Wang Na , Li Fudong , Bao Hongyu , Li Jie , Wu Jihui , Ruan Ke
Published: May 2016

The complex biology associated with inhibition of bromodomain and extra‐terminal (BET) domains by chemical probes has attracted increasing attention, and there is a need to identify non‐BET bromodomain (BD) inhibitors. Several potent inhibitors of the BRD9 BD have recently been discovered, with anticancer and anti‐inflammation activity. However, its paralogue, BRD7 BD, remains unexploited. Here, we identified new chemotypes targeting BRD7 BD by using NMR fragment‐based screening. BRD7/9 BDs exhibit similar patterns of chemical‐shift perturbation upon the titration of hit compound 1. The crystal structure revealed that 1 repels the Y222 group of BRD9 BD in a similar way to that for butyryllysine, but not acetyllysine and known inhibitors. Hit 1 induced less rearrangement of residue F161 of BRD9 BD than acetyllysine, butyryllysine, and crotonyllysine. Our study provides structural insight into a new generation of butyryllysine mimics for probing the function of BRD7/9 BD.
Size‐controlled/Surface‐Functionalized Polystyrene Nanospheres with Good Biocompatibility and High Encapsulation Efficiency of Cyclosporin A via Miniemulsion Polymerization in One Step
Authors: Song Xiaoli , Yang Fangfang , Li Ling , Zhu Aiping
Published: May 2016

In this paper, size‐controlled and surface‐functionalized RhB‐labeled and Cyclosporin A (CsA)‐loaded polystyrene (PS) nanospheres were successfully synthesized via miniemulsion polymerization. The biophysical properties of PEG functionalized PS nanospheres from protein adsorption, blood compatibility, cell compatibility and cell penetrability showed the nanoparticles with high biocompatibility. These results indicated that PEG modified PS nanospheres showed outstanding properties as low size distribution (0.164), high encapsulation efficiency (98.3%), long re‐calcification time (50% than positive control), low hemolysis ratio (3.19%) and high cell viability (95.3%). This work could be used as a good drug delivery system for CsA.
Ligand Specific Efficiency (LSE) Index for PET Tracer Optimization
Authors: Auberson Yves P. , Briard Emmanuelle , Sykes David , Reilly John , Healy Mark
Published: May 2016

Ligand efficiency indices are widely used to guide chemical optimization in drug discovery, due to their predictive value in the early steps of optimization. At later stages, however, as more complex properties become critical for success, indices relying on calculated, rather than experimental, parameters become less informative. This problem is particularly acute when developing positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents, for which nonspecific binding (NSB) to membranes and non‐target proteins is a frequent cause of failure. NSB cannot be predicted using in silico parameters. To address this gap, we explored the use of the experimentally determined chromatographic hydrophobicity index on immobilized artificial membranes, CHI(IAM), to guide the optimization of NSB. The ligand specific efficiency (LSE) index was defined as the ratio between affinity (pIC50 or pKd) and the logarithmic value of CHI(IAM). It allows for quantification of binding affinity to the target of interest, relative to NSB. Its use was illustrated by the optimization of PET tracer candidates for the prostacyclin receptor.
Continuous skyline queries on multicore architectures
Authors: De Matteis Tiziano , Di Girolamo Salvatore , Mencagli Gabriele
Published: May 2016

The emergence of real‐time decision‐making applications in domains like high‐frequency trading, emergency management, and service level analysis in communication networks has led to the definition of new classes of queries. Skyline queries are a notable example. Their results consist of all the tuples whose attribute vector is not dominated (in the Pareto sense) by one of any other tuple. Because of their popularity, skyline queries have been studied in terms of both sequential algorithms and parallel implementations for multiprocessors and clusters. Within the Data Stream Processing paradigm, traditional database queries on static relations have been revised in order to operate on continuous data streams. Most of the past papers propose sequential algorithms for continuous skyline queries, whereas there exist very few works targeting implementations on parallel machines. This paper contributes to fill this gap by proposing a parallel implementation for multicore architectures. We propose (i) a parallelization of the eager algorithm based on the notion of Skyline Influence Time, (ii) optimizations of the reduce phase and load‐balancing strategies to achieve near‐optimal speedup, and (iii) a set of experiments with both synthetic benchmarks and a real dataset in order to show our implementation effectiveness. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low Cytotoxic Metal–Organic Frameworks as Temperature‐Responsive Drug Carriers
Authors: Lin Wenxin , Hu Quan , Yu Jiancan , Jiang Ke , Yang Yanyu , Xiang Shengchang , Cui Yuanjing , Yang Yu , Wang Zhiyu , Qian Guodong
Published: May 2016

Two zinc‐based porous metal–organic frameworks, ZJU‐64 and ZJU‐64‐CH3, sharing the same crystal structure, have been synthesized from zinc ions, the biomolecular linker adenine, and carboxylate‐based ligands, resulting in 3D frameworks with 1D channels (approximately 1.6 nm×1.9 nm). The materials ZJU‐64 and ZJU‐64‐CH3 exhibit low toxicity by 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay, microscopy images, and cell‐cycle analysis; this indicates their potential applications for human health care. The anticancer drug methotrexate (MTX) is successfully loaded into MOFs by a simple impregnation method and the drug payloads reach approximately 13.45 and 10.63 wt % for ZJU‐64 and ZJU‐64‐CH3, respectively. The sustainable drug‐release behavior of MTX from MTX‐loaded ZJU‐64 and ZJU‐64‐CH3 is detected for several days. The temperature‐responsive deliveries of ZJU‐64 and ZJU‐64‐CH3 reveal that hyperthermia can control the drug release and open up a new treatment which combines drug therapy and thermal therapy to kill more cancer cells with fewer side effects; this reveals the practical value of ZJU‐64 and ZJU‐64‐CH3 as “smart” drug carriers with more therapeutic efficacy.
Distributed opportunistic spectrum sharing in cognitive radio networks
Authors: Hawa Mohammed , AlAmmouri Ahmad , Alhiary Ala , Alhamad Nidal
Published: May 2016

In cases where the licensed radio spectrum is underutilized, cognitive radio technology enables cognitive devices to sense and then dynamically access this scarce resource making the most out of it. In this work, we introduce a simple and intuitive, yet powerful and efficient, technique that allows opportunistic channel access in cognitive radio systems in a completely distributed fashion. Our proposed method achieves very high values of spectrum utilization and throughput. It also minimizes interference between cognitive base stations and the primary users licensed to use the spectrum. The algorithm responds quickly and efficiently to variations in the network parameters and also achieves a high degree of fairness between cognitive base stations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonhost diversity and density reduce the strength of parasitoid–host interactions
Authors: Kehoe Rachel , Frago Enric , Barten Catherin , Jecker Flurin , van Veen Frank , Sanders Dirk
Published: May 2016

The presence of nonprey or nonhosts is known to reduce the strength of consumer– resource interactions by increasing the consumer's effort needed to find its resource. These interference effects can have a stabilizing effect on consumer–resource dynamics, but have also been invoked to explain parasitoid extinctions. To understand how nonhosts affect parasitoids, we manipulated the density and diversity of nonhost aphids using experimental host–parasitoid communities and tested how this affects parasitation efficiency of two aphid parasitoid species. To further study the behavioral response of parasitoids to nonhosts, we tested for changes in parasitoid time allocation in relation to their host‐finding strategies. The proportion of successful attacks (attack rate) in both parasitoid species was reduced by the presence of nonhosts. The parasitoid Aphidius megourae was strongly affected by increasing nonhost diversity with the attack rate dropping from 0.39 without nonhosts to 0.05 with high diversity of nonhosts, while Lysiphlebus fabarum responded less strongly, but in a more pronounced way to an increase in nonhost density. Our experiments further showed that increasing nonhost diversity caused host searching and attacking activity levels to fall in A. megourae, but not in L. fabarum, and that A. megourae changed its behavior after a period of time in the presence of nonhosts by increasing its time spent resting. This study shows that nonhost density and diversity in the environment are crucial determinants for the strength of consumer–resource interactions. Their impact upon a consumer's efficiency strongly depends on its host/prey finding strategy as demonstrated by the different responses for the two parasitoid species. We discuss that these trait‐mediated indirect interactions between host and nonhost species are important for community stability, acting either stabilizing or destabilizing depending on the level of nonhost density or diversity present.
Transcriptional profiling of the mouse hippocampus supports an NMDAR‐mediated neurotoxic mode of action for benzo[a]pyrene
Authors: Chepelev Nikolai L. , Long Alexandra S. , Bowers Wayne J. , Gagné Rémi , Williams Andrew , Kuo Byron , Phillips David H. , Arlt Volker M. , White Paul A. , Yauk Carole L.
Published: May 2016

Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a genotoxic carcinogen and a neurotoxicant. The neurotoxicity of BaP is proposed to arise from either genotoxicity leading to neuronal cell death, or perturbed expression of N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunits. To explore these hypotheses, we profiled hippocampal gene expression of adult male Muta™Mouse administered 0, 1, 35, or 70 mg BaP/kg bw per day by oral gavage for 3 days. Transcriptional profiles were examined by RNA‐sequencing (RNA‐seq), DNA microarrays, and real‐time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). BaP‐DNA adducts in the cerebellum were quantified by 32P‐post‐labeling to measure genotoxicity. RNA‐seq revealed altered expression of 0, 260, and 219 genes (P‐value < 0.05, fold‐change ≥ ± 1.5) following exposure to the low, medium, and high doses, respectively; 54 genes were confirmed by microarrays. Microarray and RT‐PCR analysis showed increased expression of NMDAR subunits Grina and Grin2a. In contrast, no effects on DNA‐damage response genes were observed despite comparable BaP‐DNA adduct levels in the cerebellum and in the lungs and livers of mice at similar BaP doses in previous studies. The results suggest that DNA‐damage response does not play a major role in BaP‐induced adult neurotoxicity. Meta‐analysis revealed that BaP‐induced transcriptional profiles are highly correlated with those from the hippocampus of transgenic mice exhibiting similar neurotoxicity outcomes to BaP‐exposed mice and rats (i.e., defects in learning and memory). Overall, we suggest that BaP‐induced neurotoxicity is more likely to be a consequence of NMDAR perturbation than genotoxicity, and identify other important genes potentially mediating this adverse outcome. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 57:350–363, 2016. © 2016 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis © 2016 Environmental Mutagen Society.
Sustained, localized salicylic acid delivery enhances diabetic bone regeneration via prolonged mitigation of inflammation
Authors: Yu Weiling , Bien‐Aime Stephan , Mattos Marcelo , Alsadun Sarah , Wada Keisuke , Rogado Sarah , Fiorellini Joseph , Graves Dana , Uhrich Kathryn
Published: May 2016

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder caused by insulin resistance and/or deficiency and impairs bone quality and bone healing due to altered gene expression, reduced vascularization, and prolonged inflammation. No effective treatments for diabetic bone healing are currently available, and most existing treatments do not directly address the diabetic complications that impair bone healing. We recently demonstrated that sustained and localized delivery of salicylic acid (SA) via an SA‐based polymer provides a low‐cost approach to enhance diabetic bone regeneration. Herein, we report mechanistic studies that delve into the biological action and local pharmacokinetics of SA‐releasing polymers shown to enhance diabetic bone regeneration. The results suggest that low SA concentrations were locally maintained at the bone defect site for more than 1 month. As a result of the sustained SA release, a significantly reduced inflammation was observed in diabetic animals, which in turn, yielded reduced osteoclast density and activity, as well as increased osteoblastogenesis. Based upon these results, localized and sustained SA delivery from the SA‐based polymer effectively improved bone regeneration in diabetic animals by affecting both osteoclasts and osteoblasts, thereby providing a positive basis for clinical treatments. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 2595–2603, 2016.
High‐performance Liquid Chromatographic Ultraviolet Detection of Nilotinib in Human Plasma from Patients with Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia, and Comparison with Liquid Chromatography‒Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Nakahara Ryosuke , Satho Yuhki , Itoh Hiroki
Published: May 2016

Background

A method for determining nilotinib concentration in human plasma is proposed using high‐performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet detection.

Materials & Methods

Nilotinib and the internal standard dasatinib were separated using a mobile phase of 0.5% Na2PO4H2O (pH 2.5)‐acetonitrile‐methanol (55:25:20, v/v/v) on a Capcell Pak C18MGII column (250 × 4.6 mm) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min, and ultraviolet measurement at 250 nm.

Results

The calibration curve exhibited linearity over the nilotinib concentration range of 50–2,500 ng/ml at 250 nm, with relative standard deviations (n =5) of 7.1%, 2.5%, and 2.9% for 250, 1,500, and 2,500 ng/ml, respectively. The detection limit for nilotinib was 5 ng/ml due to three blank determinations (ρ = 3).

Conclusion

This method was successfully applied to assaying nilotinib in human plasma samples from patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. In addition, we compared the results with those measured by liquid chromatography‒tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) at BML, Inc. (a commercial laboratory). A strong correlation was observed between the nilotinib concentrations measured by our high‐performance liquid chromatographic method and those obtained byLC/MS‐MS(r2= 0.988,P< 0.01).
Behavioral momentum theory fails to account for the effects of reinforcement rate on resurgence
Authors: Craig Andrew R. , Shahan Timothy A.
Published: May 2016

The behavioral‐momentum model of resurgence predicts reinforcer rates within a resurgence preparation should have three effects on target behavior. First, higher reinforcer rates in baseline (Phase 1) produce more persistent target behavior during extinction plus alternative reinforcement. Second, higher rate alternative reinforcement during Phase 2 generates greater disruption of target responding during extinction. Finally, higher rates of either reinforcement source should produce greater responding when alternative reinforcement is suspended in Phase 3. Recent empirical reports have produced mixed results in terms of these predictions. Thus, the present experiment further examined reinforcer‐rate effects on persistence and resurgence. Rats pressed target levers for high‐rate or low‐rate variable‐interval food during Phase 1. In Phase 2, target‐lever pressing was extinguished, an alternative nose‐poke became available, and nose‐poking produced either high‐rate variable‐interval, low‐rate variable‐interval, or no (an extinction control) alternative reinforcement. Alternative reinforcement was suspended in Phase 3. For groups that received no alternative reinforcement, target‐lever pressing was less persistent following high‐rate than low‐rate Phase‐1 reinforcement. Target behavior was more persistent with low‐rate alternative reinforcement than with high‐rate alternative reinforcement or extinction alone. Finally, no differences in Phase‐3 responding were observed for groups that received either high‐rate or low‐rate alternative reinforcement, and resurgence occurred only following high‐rate alternative reinforcement. These findings are inconsistent with the momentum‐based model of resurgence. We conclude this model mischaracterizes the effects of reinforcer rates on persistence and resurgence of operant behavior.
Exclusion performance and learning by exclusion in dogs
Authors: Zaine Isabela , Domeniconi Camila , de Rose Julio C.
Published: May 2016

Responding by exclusion is a type of emergent repertoire in which an individual chooses an alternative by the apparent exclusion of other available alternatives. In this case it is possible to respond appropriately to an undefined stimulus (one that has not previously acquired discriminative functions) by excluding the defined alternatives. There is evidence of exclusion in humans and nonhuman animals, although learning as an outcome of exclusion does not always occur. This study aimed to investigate exclusion in visual simple discriminations and learning of new simple discriminations resulting from exclusion in four border collies. Subjects were trained to perform simple simultaneous discriminations between pairs of tridimensional objects, and were then tested for exclusion, novelty control and learning of new simple discriminations. All dogs successfully responded by exclusion, choosing an undefined stimulus displayed with an S‐. For three dogs, it was possible to conclude that these previously undefined stimuli acquired S+ functions, documenting learning of new simple discriminations. However, this required up to four exposures to exclusion trials with each pair of stimuli.
Comparative B‐mode and Doppler renal ultrasonography with histopathological findings in dogs positive for canine visceral leishmaniasis
Authors: Baltazar Pollyana Irene , Da Silva Moura Laecio , Pessoa Gerson Tavares , De Sá Rodrigues Renan Paraguassu , Sanches Marina Pinto , Das Neves Diniz Anaemilia , Das Chagas Araújo Sousa Francisco , Guerra Porfírio Candanedo , Neves Willams Costa , Giglio Robson Fortes , De Jesus Rosa Pereira Alves Jacyara , De Assis Leite Souza Francisco , Braga Juliana Fortes Vilarinho , Alves Flávio Ribeiro
Published: May 2016

Morphological parameters and renal flow were assessed and measured in six clinically healthy dogs with negative serological and parasitological examinations for canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) and six dogs with CVL‐positive serological and parasitological tests and asymptomatic condition of the disease. Kidney length and diameter were measured and compared with the aorta/kidney ratio. Alterations in flow were measured using the flow velocity (cm/s) and resistance index (RI). Renal function was assessed by serum biochemical examination (urea, creatine, total proteins, albumin, and globulin) and urinalysis. CVL‐positive animals presented heterogeneous kidney echotexture, reduced vascular flow, hypoperfusion, lesser visualization of the arcuate arteries, high RI values (1.06 ± 0.28 for the right kidney and 1.10 ± 0.30 for the left kidney), reduced diastolic flow, and high systolic peak. They also presented positive creatine/RI correlation and between the renal artery vascular flow and kidney diameter. Histopathological analysis of CVL‐positive animals was compatible and confirmed hemodynamic changes observed by Doppler ultrasound. The findings in the present study showed that Doppler ultrasonography is a valid method to assess and detect alterations in flow in renal pathological processes with kidney vascular damage, as in the case of leishmaniasis, and can help in the diagnosis of animals with this infection. Microsc. Res. Tech. 79:637–645, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chemical and Biological Studies on the Yellow Organic Acids of Lake Water1
Authors: SHAPIRO JOSEPH
Published: May 2016

The yellow coloring matter of natural waters has been studied with particular emphasis on Lower Linsley Pond, Connecticut. The best method of isolation was by ethyl acetate extraction of acidified evaporation residues of filtered water.

The material thus obtained was a mixture of colorless and colored carboxylic acids, the colored ones fluorescing under ultra‐violet light. Numerous yellow fractions were distinguished through paper chromatography, none of which showed maxima in either their visible or ultra‐violet absorption spectra. Chemical tests indicated a phenolic or enolic character with probable unsaturation. Elemental analyses showed 1.4% ash, no halogens or sulfur, and resulted in an empirical formula of (C50H62O27N)n. The nitrogen was believed to be an impurity, resulting in an empirical formula of C21H26O11 on the basis of the determined mean molecular weight of 456. The mean equivalent weight of the mixture was 228. The salts of the acids were dialysable and the acids were amorphous as shown by x‐ray diffraction. Infra‐red spectroscopy of various derivatives indicated a mixture of hydroxy carboxylic acids and admitted the possibility of unsaturation and aromaticity, although the indications are that if aromaticity exists it is relatively inconsequential. The materials were very resistant to chemical oxidation.

Lower Linsley Pond surface water contained between 4.5 and 9.0 milligrams of acids per liter, of which about 40% was estimated to be yellow. Raising the pH from 3 to 11 increased the color by 50%. Solutions of the salts obeyed Beer’s law in the range studied from 5 to 70 mg/L. The materials may affect organisms through alteration of light and by their buffering action. They were reasonably stable to biological decomposition over a period of 4½ months. Concentrations of up to 50 mg/L had no effect on pure cultures of Chlamydomonas Reinhardi, but Hematococcus pluvialis and Scenedesmus quadricauda were stimulated in their growth by concentrations of between 5 and 50 mg/L. The materials were able to retain iron in a filterable state at pH values up to 13.2.

Eleven lakes showed very similar chromatographic patterns on the same date and on different dates. Evidence is presented for the hypothesis that some of the numerous colored fractions are different salts of a small number of acids. It is concluded that the materials originate as a result of decomposition in soil and possibly in sediments as well. The name ‘humolimnic acids’ is suggested for the materials to indicate their probable relation but improbable equivalence with so‐called ‘humic’ acids.
Biologic and Hydrographic Adjustment in a Disturbed Gulf Coast Estuary1
Authors: REID GEORGE K.
Published: May 2016

East Bay, an arm of the Galveston Bay system of Texas, was studied during the summers of 1954, 1955, and 1956. The first study was made with the Bay in its natural state, the second investigation followed the excavation of a pass (Rollover Pass) that permitted considerable interchange between the Gulf of Mexico and East Bay, and the third study was subsequent to partial blocking of the Pass.

Considerable evidence from salinity distribution and fluctuations in population density of the dominant fish and shrimp species suggests a rapid physical and biological reversion toward the natural condition, following the blocking of the Pass. In addition, the presence or absence of certain fish and shrimp forms was correlated with changes in the Bay.
The Significance of Variations in the Strontium Content of Deep Sea Cores
Authors: TUREKIAN KARL K.
Published: May 2016

An Atlantic equatorial eupelagic core, Lamont A180‐76, was systematically analyzed for strontium and calcium at 10‐cm intervals down the core. The globigerina contribution to the core was found to contain essentially a constant strontium‐to‐calcium ratio independent of depth in the core. When the globigerina contribution to the strontium and calcium contents of the core are subtracted, a variation in the strontium‐to‐calcium ratio for the fine fraction is observed which is related to the Ericson temperature curve for the core—the high strontium‐to‐calcium ratio corresponding to a time of high surface ocean temperature. It is postulated that this sympathetic variation is best explained as the representation of the relative abundance of celestite tests secreted by an acantharian radiolaria. If the carbonate and lutite sedimentation rates are sensibly constant, then Acantharia productivity is temperature dependent. On the other hand, recent work has shown that the rate of sedimentation in the Atlantic equatorial region during the last glacial period was twice as high as the present rate. Since the strontium‐to‐calcium ratio of the fine fraction is roughly half as great for glacial time relative to recent times, this may be interpreted as the expression of a constant rate of celestite deposition.
Paroxysmal Dyskinesia in Norwich Terrier Dogs
Authors: De Risio Luisa , Forman Oliver P. , Mellersh Cathryn S. , Freeman Julia
Published: May 2016

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Background

Episodic muscular hypertonicity in Norwich terrier dogs was first reported in a brief communication in 1984. Since then, the condition has remained poorly characterized.

Objectives

The aims of this study were to characterize the phenomenology, clinical course, and family history of paroxysmal dyskinesia in the Norwich terrier and to estimate its prevalence in the United Kingdom.

Methods

The owners of Norwich terrier dogs born since January 1, 2000 were invited to complete a specifically designed questionnaire aimed at identifying affected and unaffected dogs and investigating the clinical characteristics of this paroxysmal dyskinesia. Pedigrees were collected and reviewed.

Results

The questionnaire was returned for 198 Norwich terrier dogs. Of these, 26 (13%) were classified as affected by paroxysmal dyskinesia after revision of the questionnaires and after obtaining videos of the episodes, veterinary medical records, and telephone interviews with the owners. All dogs were neurologically normal between episodes. No significant abnormalities were detected on diagnostic investigations. Mean age at the first episode was 3 years. The episodes were characterized by sustained muscular hypertonicity in the pelvic limbs, lumbar region, and thoracic limbs, impairing posture and locomotion without loss of consciousness. Episode frequency varied both between and within individuals. Stress, anxiety, excitement, and variation in daily routine were recognized as episode triggers in 13 dogs. Episode duration generally was from 2 to 5 minutes (range, from < 2 to 30 minutes). The majority of affected dogs were related.

Conclusions

Paroxysmal dyskinesia segregates in an extended pedigree of Norwich terrier dogs and thus is potentially an inherited disorder in this breed.
Disability Rating Scales in Parkinson's Disease: Critique and Recommendations
Authors: Shulman Lisa M. , Armstrong Melissa , Ellis Terry , Gruber‐Baldini Ann , Horak Fay , Nieuwboer Alice , Parashos Sotirios , Post Bart , Rogers Mark , Siderowf Andrew , Goetz Christopher G. , Schrag Anette , Stebbins Glenn T. , Martinez‐Martin Pablo
Published: May 2016

Introduction

PD is associated with impairments that progress over time to disability. A large number of disability scales exist with little information on the best choice in PD.

Methods

Following methodology adopted by the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society Task Force, a review of disability scales used in PD was completed. Based on prespecified criteria, the review categorized scales into: “Recommended”; “Recommended with Further Validation in PD Required” when well‐validated scales have not been specifically tested for clinimetric properties in PD; “Suggested”; and “Listed.”

Results

Twenty‐nine disability instruments were identified with nine scales fulfilling criteria for “Recommended” and 7 “Recommended with Further Validation in PD Required.” Eight scales are “Suggested” and five scales are “Listed” for use in PD. The nine Recommended scales (Functional Status Questionnaire, Lawton‐Brody Activities of Daily Living, Nottingham Activities of Daily Living, Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living, Self‐Assessment PD Disability, Short Parkinson's Evaluation Scale/Scales for Outcomes in PD, Unified PD Rating Scale–II: Activities of Daily Living, Movement Disorders Society UPDRS Motor Experiences of Daily Living, PROMIS® and Neuro‐QoL Physical Function), and the seven Recommended with Further Validation in PD Required are reviewed.

Conclusion

Many disability measures are available and recommended for application in PD. The Task Force does not recommend the development of a new scale. Selection of the most appropriate instrument for a particular objective requires consideration of the characteristics of each scale and the goals of the assessment. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Biomarkers for dementia and mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Delgado‐Alvarado Manuel , Gago Belén , Navalpotro‐Gomez Irene , Jiménez‐Urbieta Haritz , Rodriguez‐Oroz María C.
Published: May 2016

Cognitive decline is one of the most frequent and disabling nonmotor features of Parkinson's disease. Around 30% of patients with Parkinson's disease experience mild cognitive impairment, a well‐established risk factor for the development of dementia. However, mild cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease is a heterogeneous entity that involves different types and extents of cognitive deficits. Because it is not currently known which type of mild cognitive impairment confers a higher risk of progression to dementia, it would be useful to define biomarkers that could identify these patients to better study disease progression and possible interventions. In this sense, the identification among patients with Parkinson's disease and mild cognitive impairment of biomarkers associated with dementia would allow the early detection of this process. This review summarizes studies from the past 25 years that have assessed the potential biomarkers of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease patients. Despite the potential importance, no biomarker has as yet been validated. However, features such as low levels of epidermal and insulin‐like growth factors or uric acid in plasma/serum and of Aß in CSF, reduction of cerebral cholinergic innervation and metabolism measured by PET mainly in posterior areas, and hippocampal atrophy in MRI might be indicative of distinct deficits with a distinct risk of dementia in subgroups of patients. Longitudinal studies combining the existing techniques and new approaches are needed to identify patients at higher risk of dementia. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Child dietary and eating behavior outcomes up to 3.5 years after an early feeding intervention: The NOURISH RCT
Authors: Magarey Anthea , Mauch Chelsea , Mallan Kimberley , Perry Rebecca , Elovaris Rachel , Meedeniya Jo , Byrne Rebecca , Daniels Lynne
Published: May 2016

Objective

To evaluate dietary intake impact outcomes up to 3.5 years after the NOURISH early feeding intervention (concealed allocation, assessor masked randomized controlled trial).

Methods

In this study, 698 first‐time mothers with healthy term infants were allocated to receive anticipatory guidance on protective feeding practices or usual care. Outcomes were assessed at 2, 3.7, and 5 years (3.5 years post‐intervention). Dietary intake was assessed by 24‐h recall and Child Dietary Questionnaire. Mothers completed a food preference questionnaire and Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Linear mixed models assessed group, time, and time × group effects.

Results

There were no group or time × group effects for fruit, vegetable, discretionary food, and nonmilk sweetened beverage intake. Intervention children showed a higher preference for fruit (74.6% vs. 69.0% liked, P < 0.001), higher Child Dietary Questionnaire score for fruit and vegetables (15.3 vs. 14.5, target ≥18, P = 0.03), lower food responsiveness (2.3 vs. 2.4, of maximum 5, P = 0.04), and higher satiety responsiveness (3.1 vs. 3.0, of maximum 5, P = 0.04).

Conclusions

Compared with usual care, an early feeding intervention providing anticipatory guidance regarding positive feeding practices led to small improvements in child dietary score, food preferences, and eating behaviors up to 5 years of age, but not in dietary intake measured by 24‐h recall.
Relationship between weight‐related behavioral profiles and health outcomes by sexual orientation and gender
Authors: VanKim Nicole A. , Erickson Darin J. , Eisenberg Marla E. , Lust Katherine , Rosser B.R. Simon , Laska Melissa N.
Published: May 2016

Objective

Examine relationships between weight‐related factors and weight status, body dissatisfaction, chronic health conditions, and quality of life across sexual orientation and gender.

Methods

Two‐ and four‐year college students participated in the College Student Health Survey (n = 28,703; 2009–2013). Risk differences were calculated to estimate relationships between behavioral profiles and weight status, body satisfaction, diagnosis of a chronic condition, and quality of life, stratified by gender and sexual orientation. Four behavioral profiles, characterized as “healthier eating habits, more physically active,” “healthier eating habits,” “moderate eating habits,” and “unhealthy weight control,” were utilized based on latent class analyses, estimated from nine weight‐related behavioral survey items.

Results

Sexual orientation differences in weight and quality of life were identified. For example, sexual minority groups reported significantly poorer quality of life than their heterosexual counterparts (females: 22.5%–38.6% (sexual minority) vs. 19.8% (heterosexual); males: 14.3%–26.7% (sexual minority) vs. 11.8% (heterosexual)). Compared with the “healthier eating habits, more physically active” profile, the “unhealthy weight control” profile was associated with obesity, poor body satisfaction, and poor quality of life in multiple gender/sexual orientation subgroups.

Conclusions

Interventions are needed to address obesity, body dissatisfaction, and poor quality of life among sexual minority college students.