bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modern Integrated Approach to the Development of New Oil Fields
Authors: Vershinin Sergey A. , Elisenkov Pavel V. , Klimov Svyatoslav A.
Published: October 2016

It should be noted that during initial development period oil fields are usually developed by means of natural drive, without a reservoir pressure maintenance system. This is because infrastructure which allows organizing the injection of working substance doesn't exist - there is neither water injection system nor water injection pumping station. This results in reducing of reservoir pressure during exploitation.

To solve this problem application of a complex approach to the development and introduction of reservoir pressure maintenance system together with exploration the oil field in initial development period are offered.

This complex approach includes the use of a number of innovative technologies both in the organization reservoir pressure maintenance system (downhole and cluster injection, wellhead pumping station for maintenance reservoir pressure). In the oil production is dual completion and injection system with coaxial suspension.

The question of the possibility of applying this technology on prospective fields is considered. Targeted selection of candidate wells was made in accordance with the screening criteria. Technological and economic calculation of its efficiency is done. The prospects applications of a complex approach to the development of new o fields are revealed.
The Effect of Acid Treatments on the Bottom Zone of Clastic Reservoir Rocks of Perm Region
Authors: Plotnikov V. V. , Rehachev P. N. , Barkovsky N. N. , Mikhailov N. N. , Popov S. N.
Published: October 2016

The publication describes the aspects of laboratory analysis of acid influence on porosity and permeability and stress-strain behaviour of terrigenous reservoir rocks using the Perm Krai field as an example. A comprehensive laboratory study procedure for free volume and core sample testing in simulated reservoir conditions is represented. Certain test results for acid injection through a rock sample are given and acidizing impact on rock properties was assessed.
Analysis and Processing of the Results of Laboratory Experiments to Investigate Fracture Permeability Changes Under the Influence of Mechanochemical Effects of Water Injection into Carbonate Reservoir
Authors: Popov S. , Mikhailov N. , Plotnikov V.
Published: October 2016

The paper describes the results of laboratory experiments with fractured core samples. Fresh and distilled water was filtered through samples, and the samples were exposed to variable effective stresses. The experiments showed significant change of sample permeability caused by coupled mechanical and chemical (mechanochemical) effects. The results of studies were processed for determination of regularities in permeability variation in the process of water injection and the effective stress impact. As the result, the authors received the dependences of change of the fracture width on the fracture wall contact area, that can be used for prediction of change of the fractured reservoir permeability.
Evaluation of the Resource Potential Based on 3D Basin Modeling of Bagenov Fm. Hydrocarbon System
Authors: Morozov N. , Belenkaya I. , Kasyanenko A. , Bodryagin S.
Published: October 2016

Addition to hydrocarbon reserves (HC) from the Bazhenov Formation in Western Siberia is evident and confirmed by commercial oil inflows.

Presently, a number of projects aimed at the study of oil and gas potential of Bazhenov Formation (Bzh. fm.) at the regional, zonal, and local levels is developing in Gazpromneft Company.

In 2012, as a part of the regional assessment of the Bzh. fm. deposits, the area was ranked according to the petroleum potential. Later on 2015, as a continuation of the project, a 3D basin model of Bzh. fm. system (unique by its size and quantity of input data) was built to establish the criteria for a comprehensive assessment of petroleum potential of the area. The geochemical parametres was used for the 3D model calibration.

Despite the significant potential and the oil inflows from the Bzh. fm. deposits, any detailed prospectivity assessment of the total area has not been done.

A large complex of actual data and studies including 10 wells core pluggings, full set of geochemical studies involving pyrolitic (1,200 samples), chromatographic (60 samples) (GC), and gas chromatography-spectrometry analysis (60 samples) (GC-MS), bitumen and oils group composition (180 samples) was integrated to the project.

The results of the work allowed understanding of geochemical processes in-situ (primary cracking, secondary cracking, HC adsorption) and the regional scale of HC system developing.

The potential and the in-place reserves of the Bzh. fm. were evaluated of up to 1 trillion tons of HC and 173 billion tons of oil, respectively.

One of the main results was the quantification of the HC adsorption on the kerogen surface. The Rock-Eval analysis of the organic matter (OM) showed that the most of the HC (S1 and S2 peak) are in the adsorbed form. For the Bzh. fm. deposits the amount of adsorbed HC does not exceed 20–25 mg of HCs per g/rock. The results obtained allowed to adjust the resource evaluation of the HC potential and to estimate the in-place reserves, and to rank the adsorbed HC as non-recoverable.

Taking into account the results of the geochemical analysis, and using the basin modeling technology, maps for different types of HC distribution within the Bzh. fm. were built for the entire area.

Thermal history of the basin was reconstructed based on published data (Kurchikov et al., 1987) corrected in respect of mesuared BHT data. Integration of the geochemical data and the 3D basin modeling tool allowed for Bzh. fm potential the additional evaluating parameter to be invented. This parameter is based on physical and chemical HC fluid composition.
Domanik Shale Oil: Unlocking Potential
Authors: Gabnasyrov A. V. , Lyadova N. A. , Putilov I. S. , Solovyev S. I.
Published: October 2016

The main purpose of the work is evaluation of the potential of oil source rocks of the Domanik age in the Volga-Ural and Timan-Pechora oil and gas provinces as a unconventional hydrocarbon source on the basis of generalization of the materials of earlier completed and new standard and special core studies. The maps of the content and maturity of organic matter were built, the lithological composition of the Domanik horizon was evaluated, and the comparative evaluation of the domanikite parameters at the commercially developed fields of the USA and Canada was performed.
Approaches to the Analysis of Spectral Decomposition for the Purpose of Detailed Geological Interpretation
Authors: Butorin A. V. , Krasnov F. V.
Published: October 2016

This article considers qualitative and quantitative interpretation of spectral decomposition results on the basis of a deposit in Western Siberia. Spectral decomposition as a method of time-frequency analysis is getting extensively used in geophysical during recent years. This fact makes relevant to consider geological structure prediction algorithms on spectral amplitude characteristics. The study proposes a new approach to the interpretation of spectral data – frequency pseudo-cube, which on the one hand allows to optimize interpretation process, on the other hand, allows to use new analysis technics such as principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Approaches to interpretation discussed on a single case that allows to perform a comparative analysis of the methods and to determine the most informative one within particular subject of study.
Interpreted RGB Volumes of Spectral Decomposition on Example of Detailed Analysis of the Complicated Objects of Achimov Formation
Authors: Popov Mikhail , Barancev Alexey
Published: October 2016

RGB summation is widely used in the industry to visualize spectral decomposition results. Special visualization techniques are used to obtain RGB images, but a wide range of interpretation tools is generally not available for RGB objects. This paper proposes a method to construct interpreted RGB volumes using standard visualization tools, significantly improving analysis efficiency and detail level; it provides an example of the application of the method for the exploration of productive formations of the Achimov deposit.
Successful Experience of Estimating Injection Flow Profile in Horizontal Wells Completed with Multistage Fracs in Conventional Reservoirs Using CT Conveyed Distributed Temperature Sensing
Authors: Malanya G. , Butula K. , Burdin K. , Khaziev M. , Kuzmin S. , Kaeshkov I. , Kremenetskiy M.
Published: October 2016

This paper describes an alternative method and successful experience of performed Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) survey in non-cemented horizontal wells completed with multi-stage hydraulic fractures (HW-MSF). An optical fiber located inside coiled tubing (CT) has been used as a temperature sensor that continuously recorded temperature changes along the wellbore to identify fracture positions in the horizontal injection part of the well. More than ten DTS surveys in three HW-MSF were run before, during and after re-fracturing (re-frac) treatments in which special chemicals were used to divert new hydraulic fractures from the existing propped fractures. The DTS survey included the acquisition of temperature at three different stages: during a shut-in period recording a baseline, during an injection test to record the injection profile and during warm-back period to allocate zones (fractures) of flow behind the installed liner.
3D Log Interpretation in Horizontal Wells Using Example of Neocomian Age Formation of Western Siberia
Authors: Bokarev A. Y. , Mingazov A. N. , Ismagilov A. T.
Published: October 2016

To increase the efficiency of field development, more and more wells are drilled with horizontal or high angle section at the end (HAHZ). Despite this, well logging data analysis is based on methodic and models developed using data from vertical and slant wells with relatively low inclination angle. Although it works well for vertical wells, it does not take into account geometric effects associated with high angle of drilling where wells are drilled almost parallel to formation layers. That often leads ambiguities while logging data analysis and formation evaluation in HAHZ wells compared to low angle wells. This fact does not allow using logging data from horizontal wells for geological and hydrodynamic models, which reduces its credibility.

The paper describes uncertainties that exist when using conventional processing and interpretation techniques in horizontal wells and their causes. For demonstration purpose, the paper uses an example from real well XX04, which has been drilled horizontally in complex environment in one of the field of Western Siberia region of Russia.

Azimuthal measurements application together with advanced modeling software packages enable more reliable estimation of well length exposed to reservoir, spatial position of its boundaries and essential reservoir properties, such as porosity and saturation. As a result, the geological model may be refined locally.
A Well Log Identification Method of Complex Carbonate Reservoir Lithotypes and Lithofacies: A Case Study on Formation Unit B in K Oil Field, Caspian Basin, Kazakhstan
Authors: Yaping Lin , Liangdong Zhao , Liyong Tan , Jiangyuan Yao , Man Luo , Jiping Wang
Published: October 2016

Based on cores lab data observation, depositional facies analysis, lithotypes analysis and well logging data, the characteristics of lithotypes and lithofacies of carbonate reservoirs Carboniferous Unit B formation of K oil field in the southern margin of Kazakhstan Caspian basin are described and summarized, the identification standards of lithotypes and lithofacies by using well logging are established. The main lithofacies in Unit B formation carbonate reservoir were classified into 6 types: compacted limestone, grainstone, reef limestone, wackestone/packstone, marlstone and mudstone. The lithotypes and lithofacies in Unit B formation in K oil field were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively by conventional logging and imaging logging and other methods. The discriminatory criteria of reservoir lithotypes and lithofacies were established by analyzing conventional logging and imaging logging data, summarizing the different facies lithology logging response characteristics, developing carbonate lithology structure index(CLSI) characterizing its quantitative characterization.

In this study, the depositional facies were analyzed: two main depositional environments developed in K field, which are platform and slope, and the dominant facies in this block can be divided into lagoon, tidal flat, intershoal depression, rim shoal, rim reef, the outer continental shelf and continental slope. The well log responses of each lithology and lithofacies were identified, the five different types were recognized by the above method. The identification and classification of lithotypes and lithofacies in both vertical and horizontal disturbition in UnitB formation were achieved by processing the logging data from each well in this block, the identification results of lithotypes and lithofacies were well matched the analysis of physical properties. This study is one of the important keys for the reserves calculation and the development plan, and also guides to evaluate the complex carbonate reservoir of K oil field.
Permeability Estimation Using Pulsed Neutron Logging
Authors: Isyangulov Rinat , Podberezhny Maxim
Published: October 2016

The purpose of this paper is assessment of an opportunity to apply pulsed neutron logging for qualitative assessment of permeability and porosity in terrigenous reservoirs on example of Salym group of fields in West Siberia that explored by Salym Petroleum Developnent (SPD).
Radioisotope Measuring System for Oil Stream Asphaltene-Resin-Paraffin Deposits ARPD Parameters
Authors: Kopteva A. , Starshaya V.
Published: October 2016

This paper describes a new method for monitoring oil pipelines, as well as highly efficient and automated paraffin deposit monitoring method.

When operating oil pipelines, there is an issue of paraffin, resin and salt deposits on the pipeline walls that come with the oil stream. It ultimately results in frequent transportation suspension to clean or even replace pipes and other equipment, thus shortening operation periods between repairs, creating emergency situations and increasing production expenses, badly affect environment, damaging ecology and spoil underground water, kill animals, birds etc. Oil spills contaminate rivers, lakes, and ground waters. oil transportation monitoring issues are still subject for further studying. Thus, there is the need to invent radically new automated process control and management system, together with measurement means intellectualization.

The measurement principle is based on the Lambert-Beer law that describes the dependence between the gamma-radiation frequency and the density together with the linear attenuation coefficient for a substance. Using the measuring system with high accuracy (± 0,2%), one can measure the thickness of paraffin deposits with an absolute accuracy of ± 5 mm, which is sufficient to ensure reliable operation of the pipeline system.

Safety is a key advantage, when using the proposed control system.
Multi-Size Piping Approach to Increase Gas Pipeline Productivity by Selective Reduction of Holdup
Authors: Baitlessov Ruslan , Kaibaldiyeva Ulmeken , Rojas-Solórzano Luis
Published: October 2016

Hydraulic performance and thermal characterization are the main parameters dictating proper consideration of flow assurance in pipelines. Hydraulic performance considers the evaluation of multiphase systems, specifically the equilibrium of phases and consequent flow patterns and their impact on pressure loss, holdup and sustainable and safe flow transport characteristics. Secure supply of hydrocarbons via pipelines plays crucial importance to maximize their production. In this study, a multiphase flow simulation of gas-condensate is developed using PIPESIM™ software. The data and main physical parameters correspond to a projected off-shore natural gas pipeline located in the north sea of Venezuela. The flow of hydrocarbons is analyzed and potential improvements are presented using both a traditional single-size and an ¨out-of-the-box¨ multi-sizing technique with the objective to reduce predicted overall holdups and pressure drops along the pipeline. The simulation permitted to assess different flow characteristics as liquid holdup, flow rate and pressure drop through different sections and accessories of the pipeline. Fixed pipeline insulation was maintained along all the study to keep a practical number of independent variables. The outcome of the analysis demonstrates that with a reasonable adjustment of pipe diameter, it is possible to increase the gas production without extra energy to compress the line, favoring the project economy and reducing its carbon footprint.
Integrated Innovative EOR Approach with Coiled-Tubed Multistage Frac
Authors: Sharipov Rafis , Andreev Vyacheslav , Parshin Nikolay
Published: October 2016

Very often it takes a great amount of time for a well commisimng. One of processes, costly on time, are geological and technical actions for increase of oil recovery of layer and also the subsequent development of a well. Especially for the reducing the time and the cost the fracturing stimulation method with coiled tubing has been developed. This method was used in one of the wells at Vladimir Vinogradov field in Khanty-Mansy Autonomous District. During experienced and production works, 16-stage fracturing in liner with sliding sleeves using coiled tubing has been carried out.

Standard geological and technical actions include consecutive carrying out multistage fracturing with preliminary activation of each port, with the subsequent attraction of CT fleet for clean out and nitrogen lifting of a well. Activation of ports before the fracturing happens by activation balls (composite, aluminum, soluble) or by the special tool with involvement of CT fleet.

The principle of described technology above is the following: after fracturing the first zone (from the bottomhole), the assembly is released using an auto mechanism and the whole BHA is moved to the next frac port, which is then opened with a mechanical shifting tool. The packer is actuated below the newly opened port to isolate previously treated intervals. The packer is set mechanically by coiled tubing moving up/down.

After performed fracturing there are opportunities to make conventional normalization by pumping down thru coiled tubing or reverse circulation to remove proppant in case of screen-out.

The job was successful. The total pumped volume was 960 tons of proppant, 60 tons per interval. All operations were completed in less than two weeks and without tripping out of the hole. Packer setting/release loads were within the acceptable for coiled tubing stress range. The fracturing was also performed with standard parameters.

This innovating layout has significantly enhanced the efficiency of operations in comparison with the traditional method. For this project bottomhole assembly was upgraded for more safe works.
Results of Jet Perforation Physical Modelling in Test-Bench and Pay Sandstone Particle Size Distribution Study During Steam Treatment
Authors: Vasilenko I. , Chertenkov M.
Published: October 2016

Complex dynamic processes are used for development of oil deposits, and the result of their usage is not always interpreted conclusively. The purpose of our studies is physical modeling of one of popular processes: –cumulative perforation at reinforced model of well support and payout bed in high pressure vessel;–assessment of changes in fractional composition of pay sandstone of Yaregskoe deposit under thermal impact of steam (SAGD) in PT conditions at 200 °C and P=1.5 MPa.
A Post-Fracturing Evaluation Method of Fracture Properties in Multi-Stage Fractured Wells
Authors: Xiaofeng Zhou , Zolotukhin A. B. , Guangliang An
Published: October 2016

Activities in exploitation and development of unconventional resources have grown tremendously in recent years. Production is further improved by applying multi-stage hydraulic fracture stimulation in horizontal wells from tight oil and gas reservoirs. Due to complex mechanical behavior including rock deformation and fracture closure during the development of multi-stage hydraulically fractured horizontal wells (MFHW), geometrical fracture parameters in MFHW may partially change.

In this paper, a method of determination of fracture properties based on production data analysis combined with numerical simulation of multi-stage hydraulic fracturing in horizontal wells is presented. Accordingly, an analysis procedure is provided to determine fracture properties in the stimulated reservoir volume with two field cases from a tight gas reservoir and a tight oil reservoir. The results prove that the proposed method works well in determining fracture properties by analyzing production data.
Management of Geometrical Parameters of Hydraulic Fracturing in the Conditions of the Multilayer Romashkinsky Field
Authors: Khusainov R. , Ganiev B. , Lutfullin A. , Garifullin R.
Published: October 2016

Recently, one of the main areas, which allowed stabilizing and increasing the production level in the unique Romashkino oilfield is hydraulic fracturing. The natural chronology of the development of hydraulic fracturing is a period of testing, working out the optimum criteria of applicability and further mass implementation. Current volumes of hydraulic fracturing in JSC Tatneft allow us to speak about the reduction of wells potential to treatments. High coverage of wells with hydraulic fracturing treatments inevitably leads to a reduction in the number of wells candidates and reduce their attractiveness. However, despite this, achieved in recent years, the growth of oil production exceeds the results of previous years, which shows a continuous development of technology.
Simulation of Thermal Recovery Methods for Development of the Bazhenov Formation
Authors: Erofeev A. A. , Mitrushkin D. A. , Meretin A. S. , Pachezhertsev A. A. , Karpov I. A. , Demo V. O.
Published: October 2016

The paper represents the study of hydrocarbon reservoir characteristics of Bazhenov formation and evaluation of perspective recovery technologies conducted as a part of the complex investigation by the consortium including Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas, Faculty of Geology in Moscow State University and Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech).

The research examines the ability of thermal treatment recovery technology to involve the low permeability collectors and increase oil recovery ratio through implementation of oil generation potential of source rocks. The paper describes the results of numerical modelling in reservoir simulator with compositional and thermochemical modules what allows to take into account the process of kerogen pyrolysis – the key feature of reservoirs of Bazhenov formation. In addition, the approach based on special Matlab module is proposed, which allows simulating the permeability changes, occurs due to thermal treatment. That module allows calculating the permeability value depending on porosity, porous pressure and temperature in each cell of the model on each time step.

Within the framework of the present approach, parametric studies were conducted to evaluate the influence of the uncertainty of main input parameters on the results of calculations such as cumulative oil production and amount of generated synthetic oil. The range of input parameters values was chosen based on the results of research conducted by a consortium on the rock samples and reservoir fluids of Bazhenov formation. Moreover, the paper represents the evaluation of thermal treatment recovery technology effectiveness depending on technology parameters such as duration of production and injection cycles.
The Design of the Injection Well Provided Fire Flooding in the Reservoir Sredne-Nazymskogo Oilfield
Authors: Yakunin S. A. , Shadchnev A. N. , Shtyfel A. P. , Chudinov V. A. , Agishev A.R. R
Published: October 2016

The reserves of unconventional high-viscosity hydrocarbons at the Middle Nazym Field are developed by AO RITEK using the in-situ combustion technology. Construction of a pattern of injection and production wells is provided for the development of such type of field. At the same time, air and water with active agents are injected under pressure into the pay-out bed of the injection well. Due to the pressure and oxidation processes in the pay-out bed, temperature increases up to 650 °C, and as a result its combustion occurs. Thus, the high thermal load and injection pressure impact the well bottom-hole design. Such nature of formation stimulation resulting in high temperature differences causes creeping and thermal fatigue of the casing string metal. In selection of a production string design thermal loads rather than collapsing pressures and axial loads from the string weight prevail. To resolve this problem at the design phase, the field conditions of high temperature exposure were assumed in addition to the standard approaches of the well program design based on the mining and geological conditions. Conventional procedures for selection of a casing string are not applicable, therefore AO RITEK together with PAO TMK-Premium Service have conducted a number of experiments using the finite-element method with the Abaqus software system where the anticipated well conditions were modelled. In order to study the thermal flux spreading process and compressive loads on the cement, several models were calculated: without and with perforations. Based on the calculation, casing strings resistant to thermal loads under the thermal gas treatment were selected.
Comprehensive Costs Assessment with Cost Engineering Tools During the Concept Design Phase
Authors: Pashkevich Lev , Khlyzova Kristina
Published: October 2016

This article addresses questions about the capital and operating cost estimation. The current approaches of cost estimation do not provide detailed analysis of the basic cost drivers. Decomposing cost analysis is at core a subject of accurate cost evaluation. The Gazprom neft experience is presented towards development of cost engineering tools. Comprehensive costs analysis is a very important part of effective business.
Analysis of Efficiency of Horizontal Drilling in Low-Permeability Reservoirs at the Fields of LLC LUKOIL-Western Siberia with Oil-Based Drilling Fluids
Authors: Malyutin D. V. , Buyanova M. G.
Published: October 2016

The rate of hard-extractive oil reserves in Western Siberia increases every year. Majority of new fields and developed objects, have low permeability reservoirs with deteriorated reservoir properties. LUKOIL-Western Siberia actively implements various technologies to improve the efficiency of hard-extractive reserves deposits development, increasing the rate of oil extraction in the company and oil cost reduction, including:horizontal well drilling with multi-zone fracturing;multilateral horizontal well drilling with 2-5 branches;new types of drilling fluids (including oil-based).

This study reveals the estimation of the oil-based drilling fluids efficiency for productive formation drilling in horizontal multilateral wells. The study also gives the comparative analysis of technical and economic parameters of drilling and indicators of operation (productivity) for multilateral wells drilled in oil-based and water-based solutions, as well as horizontal wells drilled with water-based solutions, with multi-zone fracturing.

Drilling fluids have least negative impact on oil and gas reservoirs characteristics; they have high temperature resistance, inertness against clays and salts, good lubricity. However, the cost of such drilling fluids is quite high, they are flammable and dangerous for environment. International and Russian experience of oil-based mud usage indicates the increase of technical and economic parameters of drilling, due to the differential sticking risk reduction, reduction of drilling loads due to the lower friction coefficient, which generally contributes to the penetration rate and commercial drilling speed. Furthermore, lack of negative effects of the hydrocarbon-based fluids on clay minerals within the collector, and least filtration leads to primary opening quality improvement.

Test results for the oil-based muds at productive formation opening on the fields of LLC "LUKOIL-Western Siberia" showed a 30% penetration rate increase in experimental wells, compared to neighboring, drilled with basic water-based muds. While drilling the horizontal section with hydrocarbon-based fluids there was no unproductive time associated with drilling fluids. Average experimental multilateral well produced oil flow rate higher by 30%, compared to the results obtained in horizontal wells with multi-zone hydraulic fracturing. Average oil production rate in multilateral wells drilled with oil-based fluids was higher by 20% than that of multilateral wells drilled on standard water-based solutions.
Justification of Microlayered Turonian Age Deposits Petrophysical Model for Reliable Reservoir Properties Assessment
Authors: Malshakov A. V. , Oshnyakov I. O. , Zhadaeva E. A. , Weinheber P. , Ezersky D. M. , Filimonov A. Y. , Novikov S. V.
Published: October 2016

Commercial production from the thinly-laminated Turonian deposits of North West Siberia has been proven in many wells. But despite the fact that we see these layers in many fields and they are in fact the primary development target, the reservoir properties are not well studied and thus their ultimate potential is unclear. To date, the obstacle has been the sand shale laminations that we encounter are on the order of a few millimeters to even fractions of a millimeter thick.

Standard log interpretation method have proven to be inadequate, including the application of the latest deconvolution techniques of using a high resolution measurement such as a microimager to inform the layering of standard resolution devices. Even core analysis is ambiguous due to the heterogeneous and anisotropic nature of the reservoirs.

In this paper we discuss a complete method of analyzing these thinly-laminated layers with a view to resolving a fuller petrophysical understanding.
Implementing An Impact Mitigation Hierarchy to Minimize Ecological Impacts; A Case Study of Seismic Survey in Murchison Falls National Park
Authors: Ochanda D.. , Jennet C..
Published: October 2016

Total E&P Uganda undertook a 3D seismic survey in Exploration Area 1/1A lying within the Murchison Falls National Park. During the survey, an impact mitigation program was applied to; Avoid unnecessary damages; Minimize unavoidable damages; Restore damages; and Offset any residual damage to ecosystems.

Here, we describe highly innovative approaches used in Avoidance, Minimization, and Restoration of impacts presented as a model for future operations in similar sensitive ecosystems. A simplified Avoidance model was designed to implement avoidance while Minimization involved use of alternative technologies such as cable-less technology, and vegetation mapping. Restoration involved use of both manual and mechanical methods. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle was also used to scout predefined seismic lines and monitor restoration.

Ecological Compliance Officers supervised activities on ground to ensure enforcement of the Avoidance Mapping Procedure, identification of impacts and overseeing restoration of impacted areas. Consequently, there were generally few impacts resulting from avoidable damages. Impacted areas were identified, mapped and later restored. In total 64 tracks, 59 upholes and 30 patches were fully restored. Total of 40,328 avoidance features were mapped along approximately 3500kms of seismic lines. 678 features were later sampled and revisited after operations to assess compliance to Avoidance. Only one feature, a burrow was found impacted upon, having a tyre mark depression implying it may have been trampled by a vehicle.Observations indicate compliance by the Seismic crews, further suggesting the mitigation hierarchy is an effective impact mitigation measure.

The seismic survey was very intensive and the first of its kind in such a sensitive ecosystem employing highly innovative technologies such as use of cable-less data acquisition implemented for the first time in Africa. Application of the UAV was highly innovative, as well as the creative Simplified Avoidance Model which provides an extensive knowledge, technicalities and experience in avoiding impacts in such operations.
Effect of Different Nutrient Amendments on Eco-Restoration of a Crude Oil Polluted Soil
Authors: Ekwuabu C. B. , Chikere C. B. , Akaranta O..
Published: October 2016

The reduction in the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) content of a polluted soil is not indicative of reduction in toxicity and soil recovery. However, it is expedient to design methods that will not only remediate the soil but restore it to support agricultural and biological activities. This study involved a bench-scale bioremediation experiment conducted to compare two treatment regimens, NPK and a combined NPK and cow dung (NPK + CD) to enhance petroleum hydrocarbon degradation and eco-restoration. The treatment was conducted in three microcosms representing each treatment and a control (unamended soil). Each pot contained 4kg of soil spiked with Escravos crude oil to a final concentration of 8695.77mg/kg and monitored for a 35 day period using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector. At the end of the monitoring period, 32.56% removal of TPH occurred in control while NPK treatment enhanced TPH removal with 64.62% and NPK+CD had a further biostimulatory effect on TPH with 67.56% attenuation, respectively. Phytotoxicity assay was conducted to determine the extent of soil recovery after the experimental monitoring period. Corn seeds (Zea mays) were planted in all experimental pots and a pristine soil (CTRL-UP) served as control. After the 8th day, root length, shoot length and plant height were measured as 23.3, 6, 10.2cm; 10.2, 5.5, 15.4cm and 4.8, 4.5, 14.2cm for CTRL-UP, NPK+CD and NPK, respectively and the corn plant in NPK treatment died before the 35th day. The results confirmed that bioremediation was nutrient-limited. The presence of requisite hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial community with optimal nutrient availability enhanced the rate of crude oil degradation. The combination of inorganic and organic nutrient amendment is a better treatment option as it improves soil structure, water holding capacity and generally possess a rich microbial population with hydrocarbon utilizing capabilities.
Petroleum Product Storage Tank, Design and Loss Control Management
Authors: Maxwell Atia , Lawal Ayoola
Published: October 2016

Petroleum emissions (Volatile Organic Compounds, VOC) have deleterious effects on the environment and certain factors increase the volumes of these emissions. Identifying and minimising such factors is an efficient means of loss control management. In this paper therefore, the effects, quantity and most significant loss sources (and/or factors) as well as ways of minimising these emissions are identified and outlined.

Fixed roof tank losses were observed to be exponentially higher than floating roof tanks. The most significant loss source was vapour volume for fixed roof tank and wind effects for floating roof tanks with internal floating roof tanks recording the lowest emissions. The most interesting discovery was, higher ambient temperatures resulted in higher vapour pressure (Gay-Lussac's Law) and density values.

This paper introduces practical and quantitative effects of meteorological factors as well as tank design on emissions in Tema, Ghana. All calculations are based on equations specified in AP-42 chapter 7. Data used include meteorological data from Ghana Meteorological Agency, tank design data and daily product levels for 2015 from a tank farm. The effects of wind on emission in withdrawal loss is excluded for internal floating roof tank and so also was deck seam losses for the welded external floating roof tank. All calculations are explicit, practical and detailed for easy understanding and reproduction.
Innovative Approaches to Healthcare Delivery in Resource Limited Settings: Lessons from Nigeria
Authors: Fajola A. O. , Ogbimi R. N. , Oyo-Ita A.. , Mosuro O.. , Mustapha A.. , Umejiego C.. , Fakunle B.. , Uduma C..
Published: October 2016

The weak structure of the health system in Nigeria, its lack of vertical and horizontal integration, slow deployment of evidence-based decisions to impact health outcomes and weak synergy between government and other stakeholders, has led to minimal innovations in health care services. The introduction of community-based health insurance scheme (CHIS) at Obio Cottage Hospital changed the processes of service. The increased number of clients led to opportunities for innovation across the spectrum of health care. This included the ‘Green hospital energy’ initiative which reduced cost of power from an average of $300 - $1500/month to $180 – $500/month, increased facility utilization to an average of 340 patients /day. LEAN process led to a 51% reduction in patient transit time from mean of 3.8hours to 1.7 hours. There was also a 53% improved process efficiency through a cut down in process steps from 72 to 35 and introduction of the aired-oven which reduced specimen processing from 2hours 25mins to 13 minutes. CHIEASY reduced the lengthy registration process including curtailing the manual handling of client records. It provided an electronic and authentication system to track enrolment and financial accountability thus improving quality of care. Remote health through Vsee saved lives and cut cost of 10 patients diagnosed through video and audio report. These innovations brought about general clients' satisfaction and increased demand in health care in the facility.

Healthcare innovations to clients have multiplier effects in the provision of safe, timely, sustainable and quality-assured health care services and can be delivered at minimal costs. This analysis aimed to examine the use of innovative methods in improving efficiency in service delivery in a resource limited setting
The Future is Now: Imagery-Based Analysis and Assessment for More Robust ESIAs
Authors: Park Doug , Nunan Karin , Camp Henry
Published: October 2016

The objective of this paper is to demonstrate how recent technological developments in remote sensing, surveillance, and associated computing capabilities are changing the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) approach. Specifically, these developments include high-resolution, multi-spectral satellite imagery and LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) derived digital surface and terrain modelling, as well as advanced software platforms used in their analysis. Building on these technological developments, a new approach to ESIA studies is emerging – Imagery-Based Analysis and Assessment (IBAA).

The IBAA approach aims to efficiently and accurately classify environmental and social sensitivities, quantify anticipated impacts from project activities and assist in the development of mitigation measures all while reducing the amount of time needed in the field to undertake baseline surveys. This is achieved through a methodology that involves semi-automated land cover and habitat classification, spectral manipulation, object-oriented analysis and valuation calculations.

A large onshore oil field development project in Ethiopia will serve as a case study for this paper to illustrate the technical and commercial benefits of the IBAA approach. Specifically, the case study will show how imagery-based analysis allows for: i) the generation of a more robust, thorough and defensible environmental and social baseline, ii) an efficient and cost-effective classification of social and environmental sensitivities across large geographic areas, and iii) more targeted and comprehensive analysis of risk.

This paper will culminate in the proposal of new industry best practice for utilizing IBAA methods to improve HSSE/SR performance and to identify, manage and mitigate non-technical risks throughout the project lifecycle.
Utilizing analytic hierarchy process (AHP) for decision making in water loss management of intermittent water supply systems
Authors: Zyoud Shaher H. , Shaheen Hafez , Samhan Subhi , Rabi Ayman , Al-Wadi Firas , Fuchs-Hanusch Daniela
Published: October 2016

Increasing water demands, in parallel with water scarcity, force water utilities in developing countries to follow complex operation techniques for the distribution of the available amounts of water. The reduction of water losses from water supply systems can help fill the gap between supply and demand. This strategy is characterized by the variety of options, and identification of the most appropriate option is a demanding process. An integrated multi-criteria decision making framework, precisely analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is applied to prioritize water loss reduction options for a typical intermittent water supply network in Palestine. The AHP was applied to structure the decision problem into a hierarchy framework, and four groups of decision makers were engaged to evaluate the elements. The results show that the strategic plan, which comprises controlling and managing operational pressure, was the best option. The selection of this option was highly connected to the conditions of the case study and to the well-known advantages of this strategy to reduce losses. It is anticipated that the developed methodology will help water utilities to identify integrated water loss management plans that will guide utility managers to conduct better control for water losses.
Limited effectiveness of household sand filters for removal of arsenic from well water in North Vietnam
Authors: Ilmiawati Cimi , Thang Nguyen Dinh , Iida Machiko , Maeda Masao , Ohnuma Shoko , Yajima Ichiro , Ohgami Nobutaka , Oshino Reina , Al Hossain M. M. Aeorangajeb , Ninomiya Hiromasa , Kato Masashi
Published: October 2016

Since well water utilized for domestic purposes in the Red River Delta of North Vietnam has been reported to be polluted by arsenic, barium, iron, and manganese, household sand filters consisting of various components are used. Information regarding the effectiveness of various sand filters for removal of the four toxic elements in well water is limited. In this study, arsenic levels in 13/20 of well water samples and 1/7 of tap water samples exceeded World Health Organization (WHO) health-based guideline value for drinking water. Moreover, 2/20, 6/20, and 4/20 of well water samples had levels exceeding the present and previous guideline levels for barium, iron, and manganese, respectively. Levels of iron and manganese, but not arsenic, in well water treated by sand filters were lower than those in untreated water, although previous studies showed that sand filters removed all of those elements from water. A low ratio of iron/arsenic in well water may not be sufficient for efficient removal of arsenic from household sand filters. The levels of barium in well water treated by sand filters, especially a filter composed of sand and charcoal, were significantly lower than those in untreated water. Thus, we demonstrated characteristics of sand filters in North Vietnam.
Life-threatening Rupture of a Femoral Pseudoaneurysm after Cardiac Catheterization
Authors: Petrou Emmanouil , Malakos Ioannis , Kampanarou Stamatina , Doulas Nikolaos , Voudris Vassilis
Published: October 2016

A pseudoaneurysm refers to a defect in the arterial wall, allowing communication of arterial blood with the adjacent extra-luminal space. Pseudoaneurysms result from traumatic arterial injury. With the increasing utilization of percutaneous arterial interventions, iatrogenic arterial injury has become the predominant cause of pseudoaneurysm formation. Rupture of the pseudoaneurysm comprises a vascular emergency. Clinical suspicion and imaging techniques are the cornerstones of timely diagnosis and appropriate management of the condition. Herein, we report the case of a 69 year-old woman who suffered a life-threatening profunda femoral artery pseudoaneurysm rupture after a routine cardiac catheterization, that was treated surgically.
USES OF SEAWEED AND ITS APPLICATION TO HUMAN WELFARE: A REVIEW
Authors: Pati Mitali Priyadarsini , Sharma Satyabrata Das , Nayak Lakshman , Panda Chita Ranjan
Published: October 2016

Seaweed research has been carried out for more than seven decades by many research workers. Research has been done separately in different aspects accordingly to our need. The main objective of the present review is to gather information relating to nutritional, pharmacological, clinical, biochemical, industrial uses and its application to human welfare. Seaweeds have a high concentration of essential vitamins, trace elements, proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, enzymes, and minerals as compared to terrestrial foodstuffs. These plants have been a source of food, fodder, medicine, cosmetics, energy, fertilizer and are used for industrial production of agar and alginate. Their recent utilization increases in poultry due to their nutritive value. In the present scenario, it is being used for wastewater treatment such as treatment of wastewater to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus containing compounds. This review work is an attempt to highlights all the relevant application and uses of seaweeds and its products. Finally, this paper would be helpful to a common man to know and aware about such a great living resources which is present in and around us.
TRADE AND QUALITY CONTROL OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN BRAZIL
Authors: Aranha Brito Maria Cristiane , Godinho JÉssyca Wan Lume Da Silva , Ferreira TÁlison Taylon Diniz , AraÚjo Luz TÁssio RÔmulo Silva , Costa Leite JosÉ Antonio , Moraes Denise Fernandes Coutinho , Amaral Flavia Maria MendonÇa Do
Published: October 2016

The use of medicinal plants is influenced by the cultural legacy of popular knowledge of plants with therapeutic purposes, resulting from the ethnic mix of the population, with a strong Indian, European, African, and Asian influence. Other factors, such as difficulties in access the regular health services associated with poor socioeconomic conditions, and easy access to medicinal plants, and/or herbal products have contributed to consolidate herbal medicine as a widely resource used by the population. However, these products, derived from plants do not always possess the sufficient safeguards for their use and have not been proved for their therapeutic safety or quality. Thus, it emphasizes the need for studies on the marketing of medicinal plants, and to evaluate the quality of these products in order to conduct pharmacovigilance, ensure safe and effective use, especially by contributing to the full development of Phytotherapy.
IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL 5-STYRYL-1,2,4-OXADIAZOLE/TRIAZOLE DERIVATIVES AS THE POTENTIAL ANTI-ANDROGENS THROUGH MOLECULAR DOCKING STUDY
Authors: Kaur Paranjeet , Khatik Gopal L.
Published: October 2016

Objective: To identify the novel and simple bioactive antiandrogens, that can overcome to side effects as well as drug resistance.

Methods: The AutoDock Vina (ADT) 1.5.6 software is used for molecular docking purposes. The molecular structures were drawn in ChemBiodraw ultra and by the help of ChemBiodraw 3D, all structures were energy minimized by MM2 method and converted to pdb extension file which is readable at the ADT interface.

Results: Total ten compounds from both series were shown better binding affinity than R-bicalutamide including oxadiazole and triazole series. Among these pk42 and pk46 were studied in-depth which showed best binding affinity to the androgen receptor. The cis-isomers were found better than their trans-isomer.

Conclusion: Novel 5-styryl-1,2,4-oxadiazole/triazole derivatives were studied through molecular modeling using Autodock Vina. The potent compounds which showed better binding affinity than R-bicalutamide like pk24 and 46 were further analyzed for their interactions. The conformational effect also found significant in binding to the androgen receptor.