bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Lymphatic Drain of Below-Knee Malignant Melanoma: Is the Popliteal Fossa a Ghost Station?
Authors: Piero Covarelli , Barberini Francesco , De Giorgi Vincenzo , Anania Gabriele , Santoro Alberto , Bruzzone Paolo , Suadoni Fabio , Boselli Carlo , Cheruiyot Isaac , Palumbo Barbara , Cirocchi Roberto
Published: February 2021

Sentinel lymph node biopsy is fundamental in the staging of primary cutaneous melanoma (PCL), but reported lymphoscintigraphic patterns are very heterogeneous. In this systematic review, we evaluated the role of the popliteal station in below-knee PCL. A systematic search of literature through was conducted on the electronic databases PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science (WOS) to identify eligible studies. A total of 22 studies (n=5673 patients) were included. During the analysis of the included articles, it was not possible to classify patients into the 3 Menes popliteal drainage pattern, obtained by lymphoscintigraphy. The analysis of lymphatic drainage in patients undergoing lymphoscintigraphy for melanoma of the lower extremities below the knee was reported in 5637 patients and the type of lymphatic popliteal drainage was reported only in 5.64% (320 patients). The rate of popliteal lymph nodes melanoma metastases was 1.49%: they were located exclusively at the popliteal level in 0.60%, at the popliteal and inguinal levels in 0.39%, at the popliteal and iliac level in 0.02%, and at the groin level in 0.48%. In conclusion, the most common lymphoscintigraphic pattern is represented by popliteal nodes in-transit or interval nodes, so metastases from below-knee melanomas commonly transit through popliteal nodes stations and arrive to inguinal nodes stations. The popliteal nodes are the primary station in about 5.64% of cases. Larger studies are needed to corroborate these findings.
Evaluation of Biochar Post‐Process Treatments to Produce Soil Enhancers and Phosphorus Fertilizers at a Single Plant
Authors: Laghari Mahmood , Müller-Stöver Dorette Sophie , Puig-Arnavat Maria , Thomsen Tobias Pape , Henriksen Ulrik Birk
Published: February 2021

This study evaluates the potential to produce phosphorus (P)-rich fertilizer substrates with high plant availability as well as carbon (C)-rich biochar with soil enhancement properties in a single slow-pyrolysis plant. Campaign-based production or co-production of soil enhancers and fertilizer substrates may increase the potential societal value of slow pyrolysis plants. The assessment focus on conventional slow pyrolysis operated at 600 °C to produce biochar from various substrates as well as two options for post-process char treatments—char oxidation at 550 °C and char steam gasification at 800 °C, as a potential way to improve substrate fertilizer value. Four P-rich biomass residues including municipal sewage sludge (SS), biogas fiber (BF), cattle manure (CM), and poultry manure (PM) as well as two C-rich biomasses: wood chips (WC) and wheat straw (WS), were tested. Production yields of biochar and ash from char oxidation and steam gasification were compared and the materials were characterized to be used as soil enhancers and P-fertilizers through direct analysis and soil incubation studies with two different agricultural soils. All thermal treatments increased the concentration of the plant nutrients P, potassium and magnesium in the resulting biochar and ashes compared to the dry biomass. At the same time, concentrations of nitrogen and sulfur were reduced. The dry biomasses generally increased the amount of available P in the soils to a greater extent than biochar or ashes at an application rate of 80 mg P/kg soil. The P-rich biochar and ash made from BF, CM and PM had higher P fertilizer values than those made from SS. In terms of thermal processes, pyrolysis with subsequent char steam gasification was found to be the best option for high P availability in both soils, except for operation on SS where the oxidized char gave the best results. The C-rich biochars made from wood and wheat straw both showed potential for improving soil properties including soil organic matter (SOM) content, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and water holding capacity (WHC). The study shows that campaign operation of slow pyrolysis with the option for char steam gasification is a viable option for producing fertilizer substrates with high levels of plant available P as well as biochar with substantial soil enhancing properties on a single plant. In addition, results also indicate that direct co-pyrolysis of P-rich substrates—especially BF and CM, with any of the two tested C-rich substrates—without subsequent char treatment may be a sufficiently well integrated option for combined soil fertility and soil P fertilization management.

Graphic Abstract
Adsorption affinity of Zn (II) ions for nanostructured zirconium phosphate/silica or titania composites
Authors: Janusz W. , Sydorchuk V. , Skwarek E. , Khalameida S. , Skubiszewska-Zięba J. , Leboda R.
Published: February 2021

The paper presents the kinetics of Zn (II) ions adsorption as well as its dependence as a function of pH on nanostructured zirconium phosphate and its composites with silica and titania. The nanostructured zirconium phosphate-containing composites were obtained by mechanical processing in the Pulverisette-7 (Fritsch Gmbh) mill. The obtained composites were characterized by a heterogeneous surface coverage of silica gel or titanium oxides. Zinc ions adsorption studies on these adsorbents showed practically complete removal of Zn (II) from aqueous solutions with an initial concentration of < 0.0001 mol/dm3 and a pH > 4 within 10 min.
Combinatorial study of stable categories of graded Cohen–Macaulay modules over skew quadric hypersurfaces
Authors: Higashitani Akihiro , Ueyama Kenta
Published: February 2021

In this paper, we present a new connection between representation theory of noncommutative hypersurfaces and combinatorics. Let S be a graded ($$\pm 1$$

±
1

)-skew polynomial algebra in n variables of degree 1 and $$f =x_1^2 + \cdots +x_n^2 \in S$$

f
=

x
1
2

+
⋯
+

x
n
2

∈
S

. We prove that the stable category $$\mathsf {\underline{CM}}^{\mathbb Z}(S/(f))$$

CM
̲

Z

(
S
/

(
f
)

)

of graded maximal Cohen–Macaulay module over S/(f) can be completely computed using the four graphical operations. As a consequence, $$\mathsf {\underline{CM}}^{\mathbb Z}(S/(f))$$

CM
̲

Z

(
S
/

(
f
)

)

is equivalent to the derived category $$\mathsf {D}^{\mathsf {b}}({\mathsf {mod}}\,k^{2^r})$$

D

b

(
mod

k

2
r

)

, and this r is obtained as the nullity of a certain matrix over $${\mathbb F}_2$$

F
2

. Using the properties of Stanley–Reisner ideals, we also show that the number of irreducible components of the point scheme of S that are isomorphic to $${\mathbb P}^1$$

P

1

is less than or equal to $$\left( {\begin{array}{c}r+1\\ 2\end{array}}\right) $$

r
+
1

2

.
Evaluation of chemical additives in hydrothermal pre-treatment of wood for the integrated production of monosugars and hydrolysis lignins for PLA-based biocomposites
Authors: Borrega Marc , Pihlajaniemi Ville , Liitiä Tiina , Wikström Lisa , Tamminen Tarja
Published: February 2021

The use of chemical additives (1- and 2-naphthol, formaldehyde) in hydrothermal pre-treatments of pine, birch, and willow wood was evaluated to minimize lignin condensation reactions and consequently improve the saccharification of the pre-treated materials. The residual hydrolysis lignins were then tested in the preparation of polylactic acid (PLA)-based composites. The results showed that addition of 2-naphthol to the hydrothermal pre-treatment increased the saccharification of pine wood by twofold compared to water-only experiments, but the sugar yield was only 50% of the carbohydrate content in the pre-treated pine. The use of 2-naphthol and formaldehyde also improved somewhat the saccharification of bark-containing willow wood, while the use of 1-naphthol had no effect on the saccharification of any of the pre-treated materials. In birch and willow (without bark), almost complete saccharification could be achieved even without additives. Analyses of hydrolysis lignins from birch revealed structural changes caused by the additives, which were consistent with a reduction of condensation reactions. Selected lignins were successfully used at 20% loading in PLA/lignin composites; however, variation in mechanical properties among composites prepared with different lignins was only minor. In general, the use of lignin decreased the strength and ductility of PLA but increased the stiffness. Based on these results, the use of additives may only be beneficial in the pre-treatment of pine or other softwoods to improve the sugar yields.
Measuring body satisfaction in women with eating disorders and healthy women: appearance-related and functional components in the Body Cathexis Scale (Dutch version)
Authors: Rekkers Marlies E. , Scheffers Mia , van Busschbach Jooske T. , van Elburg Annemarie A.
Published: February 2021

Purpose

Differentiating the concept of body satisfaction, especially the functional component, is important in clinical and research context. The aim of the present study is to contribute to further refinement of the concept by evaluating the psychometric properties of the Dutch version of the Body Cathexis Scale (BCS). Differences in body satisfaction between clinical and non-clinical respondents are also explored.

Method

Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to investigate whether functional body satisfaction can be distinguished as a separate factor, using data from 238 adult female patients from a clinical sample and 1060 women from two non-clinical samples in the Netherlands. Univariate tests were used to identify differences between non-clinical and clinical samples.

Results

EFA identified functionality as one of three factors, which was confirmed by CFA. CFA showed the best fit for a three-factor model, where functionality, non-weight, and weight were identified as separate factors in both populations. Internal consistency was good and correlations between factors were low. Women in the non-clinical sample scored significantly higher on the BCS than women with eating disorders on all three subscales, with high effect sizes.

Conclusions

The three factors of the BCS may be used as subscales, enabling researchers and practitioners to use one scale to measure different aspects of body satisfaction, including body functionality. Use of the BCS may help to achieve a more complete understanding of how people evaluate body satisfaction and contribute to further research on the effectiveness of interventions focussing on body functionality.

Level of evidence

Cross-sectional descriptive study, Level V.
Tourism destination management using sentiment analysis and geo-location information: a deep learning approach
Authors: Paolanti Marina , Mancini Adriano , Frontoni Emanuele , Felicetti Andrea , Marinelli Luca , Marcheggiani Ernesto , Pierdicca Roberto
Published: February 2021

Sentiment analysis on social media such as Twitter is a challenging task given the data characteristics such as the length, spelling errors, abbreviations, and special characters. Social media sentiment analysis is also a fundamental issue with many applications. With particular regard of the tourism sector, where the characterization of fluxes is a vital issue, the sources of geotagged information have already proven to be promising for tourism-related geographic research. The paper introduces an approach to estimate the sentiment related to Cilento’s, a well known tourism venue in Southern Italy. A newly collected dataset of tweets related to tourism is at the base of our method. We aim at demonstrating and testing a deep learning social geodata framework to characterize spatial, temporal and demographic tourist flows across the vast of territory this rural touristic region and along its coasts. We have applied four specially trained Deep Neural Networks to identify and assess the sentiment, two word-level and two character-based, respectively. In contrast to many existing datasets, the actual sentiment carried by texts or hashtags is not automatically assessed in our approach. We manually annotated the whole set to get to a higher dataset quality in terms of accuracy, proving the effectiveness of our method. Moreover, the geographical coding labelling each information, allow for fitting the inferred sentiments with their geographical location, obtaining an even more nuanced content analysis of the semantic meaning.
Two-stage multi-tasking transform framework for large-scale many-objective optimization problems
Authors: Chen Lu , Wang Handing , Ma Wenping
Published: February 2021

Real-world optimization applications in complex systems always contain multiple factors to be optimized, which can be formulated as multi-objective optimization problems. These problems have been solved by many evolutionary algorithms like MOEA/D, NSGA-III, and KnEA. However, when the numbers of decision variables and objectives increase, the computation costs of those mentioned algorithms will be unaffordable. To reduce such high computation cost on large-scale many-objective optimization problems, we proposed a two-stage framework. The first stage of the proposed algorithm combines with a multi-tasking optimization strategy and a bi-directional search strategy, where the original problem is reformulated as a multi-tasking optimization problem in the decision space to enhance the convergence. To improve the diversity, in the second stage, the proposed algorithm applies multi-tasking optimization to a number of sub-problems based on reference points in the objective space. In this paper, to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, we test the algorithm on the DTLZ and LSMOP problems and compare it with existing algorithms, and it outperforms other compared algorithms in most cases and shows disadvantage on both convergence and diversity.
Effects of population co-location reduction on cross-county transmission risk of COVID-19 in the United States
Authors: Fan Chao , Lee Sanghyeon , Yang Yang , Oztekin Bora , Li Qingchun , Mostafavi Ali
Published: February 2021

The objective of this study is to examine the transmission risk of COVID-19 based on cross-county population co-location data from Facebook. The rapid spread of COVID-19 in the United States has imposed a major threat to public health, the real economy, and human well-being. With the absence of effective vaccines, the preventive actions of social distancing, travel reduction and stay-at-home orders are recognized as essential non-pharmacologic approaches to control the infection and spatial spread of COVID-19. Prior studies demonstrated that human movement and mobility drove the spatiotemporal distribution of COVID-19 in China. Little is known, however, about the patterns and effects of co-location reduction on cross-county transmission risk of COVID-19. This study utilizes Facebook co-location data for all counties in the United States from March to early May 2020 for conducting spatial network analysis where nodes represent counties and edge weights are associated with the co-location probability of populations of the counties. The analysis examines the synchronicity and time lag between travel reduction and pandemic growth trajectory to evaluate the efficacy of social distancing in ceasing the population co-location probabilities, and subsequently the growth in weekly new cases across counties. The results show that the mitigation effects of co-location reduction appear in the growth of weekly new confirmed cases with one week of delay. The analysis categorizes counties based on the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases and examines co-location patterns within and across groups. Significant segregation is found among different county groups. The results suggest that within-group co-location probabilities (e.g., co-location probabilities among counties with high numbers of cases) remain stable, and social distancing policies primarily resulted in reduced cross-group co-location probabilities (due to travel reduction from counties with large number of cases to counties with low numbers of cases). These findings could have important practical implications for local governments to inform their intervention measures for monitoring and reducing the spread of COVID-19, as well as for adoption in future pandemics. Public policy, economic forecasting, and epidemic modeling need to account for population co-location patterns in evaluating transmission risk of COVID-19 across counties.
Beobachtete Begeisterung
Authors: Hildebrandt Annika
Published: February 2021

Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Beziehung zwischen dem Geniediskurs und der Faszination für ungelehrte Autorschaft im 18. Jahrhundert. Literaturgeschichtlich erschließt er Konstellationen, in denen die Hallische Aufklärung am Beispiel der Dichterinnen Anna Dorothea Lange und Anna Louisa Karsch das Schreiben von Ungelehrten studierte und so Konzepte des Naturgenies vorbereitete. Systematisch hinterfragt er das Modell einer autonomen Rede, indem er diese Versuche auf Sprechmodelle der religiösen Inspiration zurückführt, in denen der inspirierte Status stets durch eine externe Instanz zugeschrieben werden musste.
City intelligence for enhancing urban performance value: a conceptual study on data decomposition in smart cities
Authors: Kourtit Karima
Published: February 2021

The contemporary ‘digital age’ prompts the need for a re-assessment of urban planning principles and practices. Against the background of current data-rich urban planning, this study seeks to address the question whether an appropriate methodological underpinning can be provided for smart city governance based on a data-driven planning perspective. It posits that the current digital technology age has a drastic impact on city strategies and calls for a multi-faceted perspective on future urban development, termed here the ‘XXQ-principle’ (which seeks to attain the highest possible level of quality for urban life). Heterogeneity in urban objectives and data embodied in the XXQ-principle can be systematically addressed by a process of data decomposition (based on a ‘cascade principle’), so that first, higher-level urban policy domains are equipped with the necessary (‘big’) data provisions, followed by lower-ranking urban governance levels. The conceptual decomposition principle can then be translated into a comprehensive hierarchical model architecture for urban intelligence based on the ‘flying disc’ model, including key performance indicators (KPIs). This new model maps out the socio-economic arena of a complex urban system according to the above cascade system. The design of this urban system architecture and the complex mutual connections between its subsystems is based on the ‘blowing-up’ principle that originates from a methodological deconstruction-reconstruction paradigm in the social sciences. The paper advocates the systematic application of this principle to enhance the performance of smart cities, called the XXQ performance value. This study is not empirical, although it is inspired by a wealth of previous empirical research. It aims to advance conceptual and methodological thinking on principles of smart urban planning.
Oral Cenesthopathy Proceeding Dementia with Lewy Body: a Case Report
Authors: Sawada Yuta , Konishi Yuki , Ikenouchi Atsuko , Yoshimura Reiji
Published: February 2021

We herein report a case of oral cenesthopathy that proceeded dementia with Lewy body (DLB). A 70-year-old female presented with oral cenesthopathy. She was diagnosed with major depression/late-onset schizophrenia and treated with paroxetine and perospirone. Subsequently, she developed severe parkinsonism. Her diagnosis changed to DLB based on clinical features and her magnetic resonance imaging, MIBG scintigraphy, and DAT scans. After tapering off paroxetine and perospirone, the patient was treated with donepezil and levodopa. The DLB symptoms, including oral cenesthopathy and parkinsonism, were relieved. This case indicates that oral cenesthopathy may occur as an early symptom of DLB.
Exact and limiting solutions of fluid flow for axially oscillating cylindrical pipe and annulus
Authors: Sarkar U. K. , Biswas Nirmalendu
Published: February 2021

The Navier–Stokes equations have been solved to derive the expressions of the velocity distributions for two cases: (1) oscillatory flows inside and outside of an axially oscillating cylindrical pipe, and (2) oscillatory flow inside an axially oscillating cylindrical annulus. In both the cases, in addition to the exact expressions for the velocity profiles, particular emphasis has been given for the determination of approximate velocity distributions for the high frequency and low frequency or quasi-static limits. It is shown that, for sufficiently large value of an appropriate frequency parameter, the velocity distribution inside the axially or longitudinally oscillating cylindrical annulus can be approximated as a superposition of the velocity distribution inside an axially oscillating cylindrical pipe of radius $${\bar R_o}$$

R

¯

o

and the velocity distribution outside an axially oscillating cylindrical pipe of radius $${\bar R_i}$$

R

¯

i

, where $${\bar R_i}$$

R

¯

i

and $${\bar R_o}$$

R

¯

o

are the inner and outer radii of the axially oscillating annulus, respectively.
Thermal ignition of a combustible over an inclined hot plate
Authors: Parvin Salaika , Roy Nepal Chandra , Gorla Rama Subba Reddy
Published: February 2021

In this study, the ignition characteristics and the flow properties of the mixed convection flow are presented. Detailed formulations of the forced, natural and mixed convection problems have been discussed. In order to avoid inconvenient switch between the forced and natural convection we introduce a continuous transformation in the mixed convection. We make a comparison between these situations which reveal a good agreement. For mixed convection flow, the ignition distance is explicitly expressed as a function of the Prandtl number, reaction parameter and wall temperature. It has been observed that owing to the increase of the aforesaid parameters, the thermal ignition distance is reduced. Numerical results are illustrated for velocity, temperature, and concentration for different physical parameters. Furthermore, the development of combustion is presented by using streamlines, isotherms and isolines of fuel and oxidizer.
On cointegration and cryptocurrency dynamics
Authors: Keilbar Georg , Zhang Yanfen
Published: February 2021

This paper aims to model the joint dynamics of cryptocurrencies in a nonstationary setting. In particular, we analyze the role of cointegration relationships within a large system of cryptocurrencies in a vector error correction model (VECM) framework. To enable analysis in a dynamic setting, we propose theCOINtensityVECM, a nonlinear VECM specification accounting for a varying systemwide cointegration exposure. Our results show that cryptocurrencies are indeed cointegrated with a cointegration rank of four. We also find that all currencies are affected by these long term equilibrium relations. The nonlinearity in the error adjustment turned out to be stronger during the height of the cryptocurrency bubble. A simple statistical arbitrage trading strategy is proposed showing a great in-sample performance, whereas an out-of-sample analysis gives reason to treat the strategy with caution.
Hereditäre gastrointestinale Tumoren
Authors: Horisberger Karoline , Turina Matthias
Published: February 2021

Eine familiäre Veranlagung liegt in einem Viertel aller Fälle von kolorektalen Karzinomen vor. Sehr viel weniger Patienten (ca. 5 %) sind von einer vererbbaren genetischen Veranlagung betroffen. Dabei ist es interessant, dass ein nennenswerter Prozentsatz der hereditären Tumoren durch Neumutationen verursacht wird – die Familiengeschichte ergibt also keinen Hinweis, die Diagnose ist aber wichtig für die PatientInnen und ihre Nachkommen. Verbesserte Diagnostik führt dazu, dass der Anteil hereditärer Ursachen bei den kolorektalen Karzinomerkrankungen zunimmt und wohl noch weiter zunehmen wird. Das insgesamt verbesserte Überleben onkologischer Patienten wiederum führt dazu, dass auch häufiger Patienten mit Zweit- oder Drittkarzinomen behandelt werden. Aber zu häufig noch werden Patienten tatsächlich erst bei einem zweiten oder dritten Karzinom der entsprechenden Diagnostik zugeführt. Es sollen in diesem Artikel die häufigsten polypösen und nichtpolypösen kolorektalen hereditären Tumorerkrankungen, die dazugehörigen Surveillance-Programme und Operationsmethoden vorgestellt werden. Ebenso wird aufgezeigt, welche anderen Organe betroffen sein können.
Structural hierarchy from wavelet zoom and invariant construction
Authors: Huang Zhiheng
Published: February 2021

During the past decade there have seen substantial progress being made on materials genome related research. However, coupling mechanisms across multi-scale microstructure and resulting consequences on property and performance of materials remain unsolved problems. Structural hierarchy, which was a concept developed but not quantitatively fulfilled in 1970s, is referred to as microstructure genome here and pinpoints the key enabler for materials genome engineering. Latest progress in deep learning for image recognition and understanding the underlying mathematical mechanisms have revealed the pivotal roles that directional wavelets and invariants play. Hierarchical invariants constructed by a wavelet system can provide an inherent descriptor for microstructure genome.
Criminal Law Perspectives
Authors: Anderson John , Murphy Brendon , Livings Ben , Kukulies-Smith Wendy , Antolak-Saper Natalia , Daft Shireen
Published: February 2021

Criminal Law Perspectives: From Principles to Practice is an engaging introduction to the criminal law in New South Wales, Victoria, the Australian Capital Territory and the Commonwealth Criminal Code. It takes a comparative approach to the law in these jurisdictions, focusing on prevalent summary offences, substantive federal offences and criminal procedure. Complex concepts are explained and contextualised by linking them to practical applications. Each chapter is supported by tools for self-assessment: review questions; case boxes summarising and extracting key historical and contemporary cases; and longer, narrative end-of-chapter problems that promote student engagement and help students develop problem-solving skills and independent thinking. Criminal Law Perspectives explores the development of criminal law principles in Australia, and provides a comprehensive and accessible overview of criminal law for students studying in the area for the first time.
Utilizing a church-based platform for mental health interventions: exploring the role of the clergy and the treatment preference of women with depression
Authors: Iheanacho Theddeus , Nduanya Ujunwa Callista , Slinkard Samantha , Ogidi Amaka Grace , Patel Dina , Itanyi Ijeoma Uchenna , Naeem Farooq , Spiegelman Donna , Ezeanolue Echezona E.
Published: February 2021

Background

Training lay people to deliver mental health interventions in the community can be an effective strategy to mitigate mental health manpower shortages in low- and middle-income countries. The healthy beginning initiative (HBI) is a congregation-based platform that uses this approach to train church-based lay health advisors to conduct mental health screening in community churches and link people to care. This paper explores the potential for a clergy-delivered therapy for mental disorders on the HBI platform and identifies the treatment preferences of women diagnosed with depression.

Methods

We conducted focus group discussion and free-listing exercise with 13 catholic clergy in churches that participated in HBI in Enugu, Nigeria. These exercises, guided by the positive, existential, or negative (PEN-3) cultural model, explored their role in HBI, their beliefs about mental disorders, and their willingness to be trained to deliver therapy for mental disorders. We surveyed women diagnosed with depression in the same environment to understand their health-seeking behavior and treatment preferences. The development of the survey was guided by the health belief model.

Results

The clergy valued their role in HBI, expressed understanding of the bio-psycho-socio-spiritual model of mental disorders, and were willing to be trained to provide therapy for depression. Majority of the women surveyed preferred to receive therapy from trained clergy (92.9%), followed by a psychiatrist (89.3%), and psychologist (85.7%).

Conclusion

These findings support a potential clergy-focused, faith-informed adaptation of therapy for common mental disorders anchored in community churches to increase access to treatment in a resource-limited setting.
DNA translated: Friedrich Miescher's discovery of nuclein in its original context
Authors: Hall Kersten , Sankaran Neeraja
Published: February 2021

In 1871, the Swiss physiological chemist Friedrich Miescher published the results of a detailed chemical analysis of pus cells, in which he showed that the nuclei of these cells contained a hitherto unknown phosphorus-rich chemical which he named ‘nuclein’ for its specific localisation. Published in German, ‘Ueber Die Chemische Zusammensetzung Der Eiterzellen’, [On the Chemical Composition of Pus Cells]Medicinisch-Chemische Untersuchungen(1871) 4: 441–60, was the first publication to describe DNA, and yet remains relatively obscure. We therefore undertook a translation of the paper into English, which, together with the original article, can be accessed via the following linkhttps://doi.org/10.1017/S000708742000062X. In this paper, we offer some intellectual context for its publication and immediate reception.
Measuring the impact of bovine digital dermatitis research on knowledge and practice of biosecurity during cattle foot-trimming
Authors: Gillespie Amy V. , Carter Stuart D. , Blowey Roger W. , Staton Gareth J. , Walsh Tessa R. , Evans Nicholas J.
Published: February 2021

This research communication reports the results from questionnaires used to identify the impact of recent research into the disinfection of cattle foot-trimming equipment to prevent bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) transmission on (a) biosecurity knowledge and (b) hygiene practice of foot health professionals. An initial questionnaire found that more than half of participating farmers, veterinary surgeons and commercial foot-trimmers were not considering hand or hoof-knife hygiene in their working practices. The following year, after the release of a foot-trimming hygiene protocol and a comprehensive knowledge exchange programme by the University of Liverpool, a second survey showed 35/80 (43.8%) farmers, veterinary surgeons and commercial foot-trimmers sampled considered they were now more aware of the risk of spreading BDD during foot- trimming. Furthermore, 36/80 (45.0%) had enhanced their hygiene practice in the last year, impacting an estimated 1383 farms and 5130 cows trimmed each week. Participants who reported having seen both the foot-trimming hygiene protocol we developed with AHDB Dairy and other articles about foot-trimming hygiene in the farming and veterinary press, were significantly more likely to have changed their working practices. Difficulties accessing water and cleaning facilities on farms were identified as the greatest barrier to improving biosecurity practices. Participants' preferred priority for future research was continued collection of evidence for the importance and efficacy of good foot-trimming hygiene practices.
Navigating the choppy waters to Nirvana: A critical reflective account of caring for ageing parents in the fourth age
Authors: McInnes Alison
Published: February 2021

This article revisits a paper and from an autoethnographic/critical reflective biographical approach re-examines seven cultural notions or myths, which may encourage ageism. It is framed within my experiential knowledge of caring for my ageing parents, with the tensions and challenges around problematising the value of expertise based on experience, communication, grief, and autonomy and freedom versus safety. The commentary emphasises that by analysing the impact of our personal life experiences, we can start to understand both the intended and unintended consequences of policy and practice affecting those in the fourth age. As a social work educator, I wanted to reflect upon how my tacit experiential knowledge, if made explicit, could impact upon my own and others’ learning. The recent death of my father has allowed for a period of reflection on my own caring and indeed my professional social work experience, knowledge, skills and practice. It is argued that the ageing process is unequal as class and socio-economic factors, i.e. geography, age, gender, religion and ethnicity, all play parts in determining how someone ages, and indeed upon the care an individual older person receives. A fuller understanding of negotiating the role of one stakeholder, that of a family carer in the ageing process, is elicited in this paper.
COVID-19 symptoms: a case–control study, Portugal, March–April 2020
Authors: Duque M. Perez , Lucaccioni H. , Costa C. , Marques R. , Antunes D. , Hansen L. , Sá Machado R.
Published: February 2021

COVID-19, although a respiratory illness, has been clinically associated with non-respiratory symptoms. We conducted a negative case–control study to identify the symptoms associated with SARS-CoV-2-positive results in Portugal. Twelve symptoms and signs included in the clinical notification of COVID-19 were selected as predictors, and the dependent variable was the RT-PCR test result. The χ2 tests were used to compare notified cases on sex, age group, health region and presence of comorbidities. The best-fit prediction model was selected using a backward stepwise method with an unconditional logistic regression. General and gastrointestinal symptoms were strongly associated with a positive test (P < 0.001). In this sense, the inclusion of general symptoms such as myalgia, headache and fatigue, as well as diarrhoea, together with actual clinical criteria for suspected cases, already updated and included in COVID-19 case definition, can lead to increased identification of cases and represent an effective strength for transmission control.
Measuring the Masses: Mass-Gathering Medical Case Reporting, Conceptual Modeling – The DREAM Model (Paper 5)
Authors: Lund Adam , Turris Sheila , Rabb Haddon , Munn Matthew Brendan , Chasmar Elizabeth , Ranse Jamie , Hutton Alison
Published: February 2021

Introduction:

Without a robust evidence base to support recommendations for first aid, health, and medical services at mass gatherings (MGs), levels of care will continue to vary. Streamlining and standardizing post-event reporting for MG medical services could improve inter-event comparability, and prospectively influence event safety and planning through the application of a research template, thereby supporting and promoting growth of the evidence base and the operational safety of this discipline. Understanding the relationships between categories of variables is key. The present paper is focused on theory building, providing an evolving conceptual model, laying the groundwork for exploring the relationships between categories of variables pertaining the health outcomes of MGs.

Methods:

A content analysis of 54 published post-event medical case reports, including a comparison of the features of published data models for MG health outcomes.

Findings:

A layered model of essential conceptual components for post-event medical reporting is presented as the Data Reporting, Evaluation, & Analysis for Mass-Gathering Medicine (DREAM) model. This model is relational and embeds data domains, organized operationally, into “inputs,” “modifiers,” “actuals,” and “outputs” and organized temporally into pre-, during, post-event, and reporting phases.

Discussion:

Situating the DREAM model in relation to existing models for data collection vis a vis health outcomes, the authors provide a detailed discussion on similarities and points of difference.

Conclusion:

Currently, data collection and analysis related to understanding health outcomes arising from MGs is not informed by robust conceptual models. This paper is part of a series of nested papers focused on the future state of post-event medical reporting.
Association between Dietary Inflammatory Index and kidney stones in US adults: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2016
Authors: Zhang Chichen , Qiu Shi , Bian Haiyang , Tian Bowen , Wang Haoyuan , Tu Xiang , Cai Boyu , Jin Kun , Zheng Xiaonan , Yang Lu , Wei Qiang
Published: February 2021

Objective:

We evaluate the association between the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and kidney stones.

Design:

We performed a cross-sectional analysis using data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Dietary intake information was assessed using first 24-h dietary recall interviews, and the Kidney Conditions were presented by a questionnaire. The primary outcome was to investigate the association between DII and incidence of kidney stones, and the secondary outcome was to assess the association between DII and nephrolithiasis recurrence.

Setting:

The NHANES, 2007–2016.

Participants:

The study included 25 984 NHANES participants, whose data on DII and kidney stones were available, of whom 2439 reported a history of kidney stones.

Results:

For the primary outcome, after fully multivariate adjustment, DII score is positively associated with the risk of kidney stones (OR = 1·07; 95 % CI 1·04, 1·10). Then, compared Q4 with Q1, a significant 38 % increased likelihood of nephrolithiasis was observed. (OR = 1·38; 95 % CI 1·19, 1·60). For the secondary outcome, the multivariate regression analysis showed that DII score is positively correlated with nephrolithiasis recurrence (OR = 1·07; 95 % CI 1·00, 1·15). The results noted that higher DII scores (Q3 and Q4) are positively associated with a significant 48 % and 61 % increased risk of nephrolithiasis recurrence compared with the reference after fully multivariate adjustment (OR = 1·48; 95 % CI 1·07, 2·05; OR = 1·61; 95 % CI 1·12, 2·31).

Conclusions:

Our findings revealed that increased intake of pro-inflammatory diet, as a higher DII score, is correlated with increased odds of kidney stones incidence and recurrence.
REALIZING METRICS OF CURVATURE ON CLOSED SURFACES IN FUCHSIAN ANTI-DE SITTER MANIFOLDS
Authors: LABENI HICHAM
Published: February 2021

We prove that any metric with curvature less than or equal to

$-1$
(in the sense of A. D. Alexandrov) on a closed surface of genus greater than

$1$
is isometric to the induced intrinsic metric on a space-like convex surface in a Lorentzian manifold of dimension

$(2+1)$
with sectional curvature

$-1$
. The proof is by approximation, using a result about isometric immersion of smooth metrics by Labourie and Schlenker.
Introduction to the Special Issue on New Longitudinal Data for Retirement Analysis and Policy
Authors: Angrisani Marco , Samek Anya , Kapteyn Arie
Published: February 2021

The number of data sources available for academic research on retirement economics and policy has increased rapidly in the past two decades. Data quality and comparability across studies have also improved considerably, with survey questionnaires progressively converging towards common ways of eliciting the same measurable concepts. Probability-based Internet panels have become a more accepted and recognized tool to obtain research data, allowing for fast, flexible, and cost-effective data collection compared to more traditional modes such as in-person and phone interviews. In an era of big data, academic research has also increasingly been able to access administrative records (e.g., Kostøl and Mogstad, 2014; Cesarini et al., 2016), private-sector financial records (e.g., Gelman et al., 2014), and administrative data married with surveys (Ameriks et al., 2020), to answer questions that could not be successfully tackled otherwise.
Zusammen sind wir stärker
Authors: Wolf Svenja A. , Steiner Silvan , Jokuschies Nina , Hesselmann Tobias
Published: February 2021

Zusammenfassung. In der Forschung und in der Praxis gewinnt die Sportpsychologie an Bedeutung. Allerdings vertreten wir die Position, dass die Integration dieser Bereiche noch ausgebaut werden kann. In unseren Augen fehlen der Forschung Feldnähe und Wissensübersetzung und der Praxis evidenzbasierte Anwendung und wissenschaftliche Vorgehensweisen. Konkret behindern erfolgreiche Integration Barrieren bezüglich Kommunikation, Kultur, Motivation, Wichtigkeit, Dringlichkeit, Veröffentlichungen, Leseverhalten, Begrifflichkeiten, Tätigkeiten, Ausbildung, Zeit, Förderungsanforderungen, systemischen Zielen und Kooperationen der Zielpopulation ( Haddow & Klobas, 2004 ). Integration fördern kann die Forschung gemäß unserer Position, indem sie die Praxis stärker einbindet und ihre Ergebnisse besser kommuniziert, während die Praxis Forschungsergebnisse bei der Auswahl und Entwicklung von Interventionen stärker einbezieht und wissenschaftliche Methoden besser einbindet. Auch übergeordnete Stellen können unserer Auffassung nach Integration unterstützen. Letztendlich argumentieren wir, dass nicht nur Forschung (via nutzbarerer Ergebnisse, relevanterer Themen) und Praxis (via zielgerichteterer Vorgehensweisen, effizienterer Prozesse) von Integration profitieren, sondern die Sportpsychologie als Gesamtfeld (via erhöhter Qualität und Investitionen).
Multiprofessionalität als Prozess inklusiver/integrativer Kindertagesbetreuung
Authors: Müller Gabriele
Published: February 2021

Zusammenfassung. Die hier vorgestellte Studie nimmt aus einer praxeologischen Perspektive empirisch in den Blick, wie Multiprofessionalität unter dem Anspruch von Inklusion in Kindertageseinrichtungen für Kinder mit und ohne Behinderung hervorgebracht wird. Erste Erkenntnisse aus der Analyse von Gruppendiskussionen mit Kita-Teams verweisen auf Spannungsverhältnisse zwischen einer normativen Orientierung am Gleichheitsanspruch der Inklusionsidee und der mehrperspektivischen Realisierung in hierarchisch (vor-)strukturierten Räumen. Als zentrale Orientierungsfigur in der Bearbeitung dieser Spannungsverhältnisse zeigt sich ein Modus des Austarierens von Diskrepanzen.
Unterstützungspotenziale für multiprofessionelle Teams in Kindertageseinrichtungen
Authors: Fröhlich-Gildhoff Klaus , Weltzien Dörte , Strohmer Janina
Published: February 2021

Zusammenfassung. In diesem Beitrag werden zentrale Erkenntnisse einer Längsschnittstudie zu multiprofessionellen Teams dargestellt. Im Projekt „Team BaWü“ ( Weltzien, Fröhlich-Gildhoff, Reutter & Tinius, 2016 ; Weltzien, Fröhlich-Gildhoff, Strohmer, Reutter & Tinius, 2016 ) wurden 25 Kitas mit 478 Fachkräften über einen Zeitraum von 15 Monaten mit einem multimethodalen Design empirisch begleitet. Es zeigte sich, dass über die Zeit die Zustimmung zu den heterogenen Teams und auch die Arbeitszufriedenheit besonders bei den einschlägig qualifizierten Fachkräften sinken. Ein höherer Anteil nicht-einschlägig qualifizierter geht insbesondere in kleineren Teams mit geringerer Prozessqualität einher. Aus den Ergebnissen werden Handlungsempfehlungen für die kontinuierliche Begleitung und Unterstützung der heterogenen Teams abgeleitet.
A Next Generation Ocean Carbon Isotope Model for Climate Studies I: Steady State Controls on Ocean 13C
Authors: Claret Mariona , Sonnerup Rolf E. , Quay Paul D.
Published: February 2021

The 13C/12C of dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13CDIC) carries valuable information on ocean biological C‐cycling, air‐sea CO2 exchange, and circulation. Paleo‐reconstructions of oceanic 13C from sediment cores provide key insights into past as changes in these three drivers. As a step toward full inclusion of 13C in the next generation of Earth system models, we implemented 13C‐cycling in a 1° lateral resolution ocean‐ice‐biogeochemistry Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) model driven by Common Ocean Reference Experiment perpetual year forcing. The model improved the mean of modern δ13CDIC over coarser resolution GFDL‐model implementations, capturing the Southern Ocean decline in surface δ13CDIC that propagates to the deep sea via deep water formation. Controls on δ13CDIC of the deep‐sea are quantified using both observations and model output. The biological control is estimated from the relationship between deep‐sea Pacific δ13CDIC and phosphate (PO4). The δ13CDIC:PO4 slope from observations is revised to a value of 1.01 ± 0.02‰ (μmol kg−1)−1, consistent with a carbon to phosphate ratio of organic matter (C:Porg) of 124 ± 10. Model output yields a lower δ13CDIC:PO4 than observed due to too low C:Porg. The ocean circulation impacts deep modern δ13CDIC in two ways, via the relative proportion of Southern Ocean and North Atlantic deep water masses, and via the preindustrial δ13CDIC of these water mass endmembers. The δ13CDIC of the endmembers ventilating the deep sea are shown to be highly sensitive to the wind speed dependence of air‐sea CO2 gas exchange. Reducing the coefficient for air‐sea gas exchange following OMIP‐CMIP6 protocols improves significantly surface δ13CDIC relative to previous gas exchange parameterizations.
Large Amplitude Electrostatic Proton Plasma Frequency Waves in the Magnetospheric Separatrix and Outflow Regions During Magnetic Reconnection
Authors: Steinvall K. , Khotyaintsev Yu. V. , Graham D. B. , Vaivads A. , André M. , Russell C. T.
Published: February 2021

We report Magnetospheric Multiscale observations of large amplitude, parallel, electrostatic, proton plasma frequency waves on the magnetospheric side of the reconnecting magnetopause. The waves are often found in the magnetospheric separatrix region and in the outflow near the magnetospheric ion edge. Statistical results from five months of data show that these waves are closely tied to the presence of cold (typically tens of eV) ions, found for 88% of waves near the separatrix region, and that plasma properties are consistent with ion acoustic wavegrowth. We analyze one wave event in detail, concluding that the wave is ion acoustic. We provide a simple explanation for the mechanisms leading to the development of the ion acoustic instability. These waves can be important for separatrix dynamics by heating the cold ion component and providing a mechanism to damp the kinetic Alfvén waves propagating away from the reconnection site.
Assessing the COVID‐19 Impact on Air Quality: A Machine Learning Approach
Authors: Rybarczyk Yves , Zalakeviciute Rasa
Published: February 2021

The worldwide research initiatives on Corona Virus disease 2019 lockdown effect on air quality agree on pollution reduction, but the most reliable method to pollution reduction quantification is still in debate. In this paper, machine learning models based on a Gradient Boosting Machine algorithm are built to assess the outbreak impact on air quality in Quito, Ecuador. First, the precision of the prediction was evaluated by cross‐validation on the four years prelockdown, showing a high accuracy to estimate the real pollution levels. Then, the changes in pollution are quantified. During the full lockdown, air pollution decreased by −53 ± 2%, −45 ± 11%, −30 ± 13%, and −15 ± 9% for NO2, SO2, CO, and PM2.5, respectively. The traffic‐busy districts were the most impacted areas of the city. After the transition to the partial relaxation, the concentrations have nearly returned to the levels as before the pandemic. The quantification of pollution drop is supported by an assessment of the prediction confidence.