bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pelvic organ prolapse and overactive bladder
Authors: de Boer T.A. , Salvatore S. , Cardozo L. , Chapple C. , Kelleher C. , van Kerrebroeck P. , Kirby M.G. , Koelbl H. , Espuna‐Pons M. , Milsom I. , Tubaro A. , Wagg A. , Vierhout M.E.
Published: December 2009

Aims

In this review we try to shed light on the following questions:

How frequently are symptoms of overactive bladder (OAB) and is detrusor overactivity (DO) present in patients with pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and is there a difference from women without POP?

Does the presence of OAB symptoms depend on the prolapsed compartment and/or stage of the prolapse?

What is the possible pathophysiology of OAB in POP?

Do OAB symptoms and DO change after conservative or surgical treatment of POP?

Methods

We searched on Medline and Embase for relevant studies. We only included studies in which actual data about OAB symptoms were available. All data for prolapse surgery were without the results of concomitant stress urinary incontinence (SUI) surgery.

Results

Community‐ and hospital‐based studies showed that the prevalence of OAB symptoms was greater in patients with POP than without POP. No evidence was found for a relationship between the compartment or stage of the prolapse and the presence of OAB symptoms. All treatments for POP (surgery, pessaries) resulted in an improvement in OAB symptoms. It is unclear what predicts whether OAB symptoms disappear or not. When there is concomitant DO and POP, following POP surgery DO disappear in a proportion of the patients. Bladder outlet obstruction is likely to be the most important mechanism by which POP induces OAB symptoms and DO signs. However, several other mechanisms might also play a role.

Conclusions

There are strong indications that there is a causal relationship between OAB and POP. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29: 30–39, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A branch‐and‐cut‐and‐price algorithm for vertex‐biconnectivity augmentation
Authors: Ljubić Ivana
Published: December 2009

In this article, the first approach for solving the vertex‐biconnectivity augmentation problem (V2AUG) to optimality is proposed. Given a spanning subgraph of an edge‐weighted graph, we search for the cheapest subset of edges to augment this subgraph to make it vertex‐biconnected. The problem is reduced to augmentation of the corresponding block‐cut tree [Khuller and Thummella, J Algorithms 14 (1993), 214–225], and its connectivity properties are exploited to develop two minimum‐cut‐based ILP formulations: a directed and an undirected one. In contrast to the recently obtained result for the more general vertex‐biconnected Steiner network problem [Chimani et al., Proceedings of 2nd Annual International Conference on Combinatorial Optimization and Applications, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 5165, Springer, 2008, pp. 190–200.], our theoretical comparison shows that orienting the undirected graph does not help in improving the quality of lower bounds. Hence, starting from the undirected cut formulation, we develop a branch‐and‐cut‐and‐price (BCP) algorithm which represents the first exact approach to V2AUG. Our computational experiments show the practical feasibility of BCP: complete graphs with more than 400 vertices can be solved to provable optimality. Furthermore, BCP is even faster than state‐of‐the‐art metaheuristics and approximation algorithms, for graphs up to 200 vertices. For large graphs with more than 2000 vertices, optimality gaps that are strictly below 2% are reported. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2010
The degree‐preserving spanning tree problem in strongly chordal and directed path graphs
Authors: Lin Ching‐Chi , Chang Gerard J. , Chen Gen‐Huey
Published: December 2009

Suppose G is a connected graph and T a spanning tree of G. A vertex v ε V(G) is said to be a degree‐preserving vertex if its degree in T is the same as its degree in G. The degree‐preserving spanning tree problem is to find a spanning tree T of a connected graph G such that the number of degree‐preserving vertices is maximized. The purpose of this article is to provide an O(m.α(m,n))‐time algorithm for the degree‐preserving spanning tree problem in strongly chordal graphs, where α is the inverse of Ackermann's function. Furthermore, we present an O(m + n)‐time algorithm in directed path graphs. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2010
Distinguished vertices in probabilistic rooted graphs
Authors: Gordon Gary , Jager Ekaterina
Published: December 2009

The expected number of vertices that remain joined to the root vertex s of a rooted graph Gs when edges are prone to fail is a polynomial EV(Gs; p) in the edge probability p that depends on the location of s. We show that optimal locations for the root can vary arbitrarily as p varies from 0 to 1 by constructing a graph in which every permutation of k‐specified vertices is the “optimal” ordering for some p, 0 < p < 1. We also investigate zeroes of EV(Gs; p), proving that the number of vertices of G is bounded by the size of the largest rational zero. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2010
Application of semi definite relaxation and variable neighborhood search for multiuser detection in synchronous CDMA
Authors: Lisser Abdel , Lopez Rafael
Published: December 2009

In this article, a detection strategy based on variable neighborhood search (VNS) and semidefinite relaxation of the multiuser model maximum likelihood (ML) is investigated. The VNS method provides a good method for solving the ML problem while keeping the integer constraints. A SDP relaxation is used as an efficient way to generate an initial solution in a limited amount of time, in particular using early termination. The SDP resolution tool used is the spectral bundle method developed by Helmberg. We show that using VNS can result in a better error rate, but at a cost of calculation time. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2010
Solving a resource allocation problem in wireless mesh networks: A comparison between a CP‐based and a classical column generation
Authors: Capone Antonio , Carello Giuliana , Filippini Ilario , Gualandi Stefano , Malucelli Federico
Published: December 2009

This article presents a column generation approach to a resource allocation problem arising in managing Wireless Mesh Networks. The problem consists in routing the given demands over the network and to allocate time resource to pairs of nodes. Half‐duplex constraints are taken into account together with the aggregate interference due to simultaneous transmissions, which affects the signal quality. Different problems are considered, according to the assumptions on the transmission power and rate. The resource allocation problem can be formulated as a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) problem and dealt with a column generation‐based approach. The pricing problem, due to signal quality constraints, turns out to be computationally demanding. To tackle these difficulties, besides a classical mathematical programming approach, we have applied a hybrid column generation approach where the pricing subproblem is solved using Constraint Programming. Numerical results show that the two methods are comparable. The results of the column generation are then used to solve heuristically the problem. The obtained results provide very small gaps (between lower bounds and Heuristic solutions) for two of the three considered problems and reasonable gaps for the third problem. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2010
Comparison of three different extraction methods and HPLC determination of the anthraquinones aloe‐emodine, emodine, rheine, chrysophanol and physcione in the bark of Rhamnus alpinus L. (Rhamnaceae)
Authors: Genovese S. , Tammaro F. , Menghini L. , Carlucci G. , Epifano F. , Locatelli M.
Published: December 2009

Introduction – Rhamnus alpinus L. (Rhamnaceae), a traditional plants in the flora of the Abruzzo region, is known to contain active anthraquinone secondary metabolites. However, the content of anthraquinones varies among R. alpinus samples depending on collection season and site. Thus, using simple, reliable and accurate analytical methods for the determination of anthraquinones in R. alpinus extracts allows comparative study of different methods of extraction.

Objective – After a partial validation of an HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of five anthraquinones, aloe‐emodine, rheine, emodine, chrysophanol and physcione, in the bark of R. alpinus, we compared three different methods of extraction.

Methodology – Anthraquinones were extracted from the bark of R. alpinus using different techniques (methanol maceration, ultrasonic and supercritical CO2 extraction). Separation and quantification of anthraquinones were accomplished using a reversed‐phase C18 column with the mobile phase of H2O–methanol (40 : 60, v/v, 1% formic acid) at a wavelength of 254  nm. The qualitative analyses were also achieved at wavelength of 435  nm.

Results – All calibration curves were linear over the concentration range tested (10–200  mM) with the determination coefficients ≥0.991. The detection limits (S/N = 3) were 5  mM for each analytes. All five anthraquinones were found in the samples tested at concentrations reported in experimental data.

Conclusion – The described HPLC method and optimised extraction procedure are simple, accurate and selective for separation and quantification of anthraquinones in the bark of R. alpinus and allow evaluation of the best extraction procedure between the tested assays. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of refractive star‐shaped polysulfide by anionic polymerization of phenoxy propylene sulfide using an initiating system consisting of trifunctional thiol derived from five‐membered cyclic dithiocarbonate and amine
Authors: Hirata Mitsuhiro , Ochiai Bungo , Endo Takeshi
Published: December 2009

Star‐shaped poly(phenoxy propylene sulfide) [poly (PPS)] were synthesized by anionic polymerization using a trifunctional initiator (I1) derived from a trifunctional five‐membered cyclic dithiocarbonate and benzyl amine. Conditions for the anionic polymerization of PPS were optimized to obtain polymers with desired Mns and narrow Mw/Mns. The best catalyst and solvent were DBU and DMF, respectively. The star‐shaped structure of the resulting star poly(PPS) was supported by SEC analysis. The refractive indexes (nD) of the star poly (PPS) were relatively high (>1.64). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 525–531, 2010
Synthesis of magnetic, reactive, and thermoresponsive Fe3O4 nanoparticles via surface‐initiated RAFT copolymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide and acrolein
Authors: Xiao Zhong‐Peng , Yang Kun‐Min , Liang Hui , Lu Jiang
Published: December 2009

A reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agent was directly anchored onto Fe3O4 nanoparticles in a simple procedure using a ligand exchange reaction of S‐1‐dodecyl‐S′‐(α,α′‐dimethyl‐α″‐acetic acid)trithiocarbonate with oleic acid initially present on the surface of pristine Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The RAFT agent‐functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles were then used for the surface‐initiated RAFT copolymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide and acrolein to fabricate structurally well‐defined hybrid nanoparticles with reactive and thermoresponsive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐acrolein) shell and magnetic Fe3O4 core. Evidence of a well‐controlled surface‐initiated RAFT copolymerization was gained from a linear increase of number‐average molecular weight with overall monomer conversions and relatively narrow molecular weight distributions of the copolymers grown from the nanoparticles. The resulting novel magnetic, reactive, and thermoresponsive core‐shell nanoparticles exhibited temperature‐trigged magnetic separation behavior and high ability to immobilize model protein BSA. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 542–550, 2010
Effect of dispersed phase composition on morphological and mechanical properties of PET/EVA/PP ternary blends
Authors: Abolhasani M. M. , Arefazar A. , Mozdianfard M.
Published: December 2009

Immiscible ternary blends of PET/EVA/PP (PET as the matrix and (PP/EVA) composition ratio = 1/1) were prepared by melt mixing. Scanning electron microscope results showed core‐shell type morphology for this ternary blend. Binary blends of PET/PP and PET/EVA were also prepared as control samples. Two grades of EVA with various viscosities, one higher and the other one lower than that of PP, were used to investigate the effect of components' viscosity on the droplet size of disperse phase. The effect of interfacial tension, elasticity, and viscosity on the disperse phase size of both binary and ternary blends was investigated. Variation of tensile modulus of both binary and ternary blends with dispersed phase content was also studied. Experimental results obtained for modulus of PET/EVA binary blends, showed no significant deviations from Takayanagi model, where considerable deviations were observed for PET/PP binary blends. Here, this model that has been originally proposed for binary blends was improved to become applicable for the prediction of the tensile modulus of ternary blends. The new modified model showed good agreement with the experimental data obtained in this study. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 251–259, 2010
Reproducibility of multiple breath washout indices in the unsedated preterm neonate
Authors: Sinhal Sanjay , Galati John , Baldwin David N. , Stocks Janet , Pillow J. Jane
Published: December 2009

Multiple breath inert gas washout (MBW) is gaining popularity for measurements of resting lung volume and ventilation inhomogeneity. Test reproducibility is an important determinant of the clinical applicability of diagnostic tests. The between‐test reproducibility of variables derived from MBW tests in newborn infants is unknown. We aimed to determine the within‐test repeatability and short‐term between‐test reproducibility of MBW variables in unsedated preterm infants. We hypothesized that measurements obtained within a 3‐day interval in clinically stable preterm infants would be reproducible and suitable for use as an objective clinical outcome measurement. In this cross‐sectional observational study, clinically stable hospitalized preterm infants whose parents had given informed consent for MBW studies were tested twice within 72 hr during quiet, unsedated sleep. Functional residual capacity (FRC), lung clearance index (LCI), and the first and second to zeroeth moment ratios (M1:M0; M2:M0) were computed from MBW traces obtained using a mainstream ultrasonic flowmeter and 4% sulphur hexafluoride (MBWSF6). Within‐test repeatability and between‐test reproducibility were determined. Within‐test repeatability (expressed as a coefficient of variability (Cv)) for differences between two and four replicate measurements on the same test occasion, were 9.3% (FRC), 9.0% (LCI), 7.6% (M1:M0), and 15.6% (M2:M0), respectively. The within‐test Cv's were not statistically different to the between‐tests Cv's, which were 7.7% (FRC), 10.3% (LCI), 6.1% (M1:M0), and 13.0% (M2:M0), respectively. Among unsedated preterm infants, between‐test reproducibility over a 3‐day interval was similar to within‐test repeatability. The wide limits of agreement may limit the application of these measures to detect a clinically significant change in condition in small preterm infants. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010; 45:62–70. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The bronchial circulation—worth a closer look: A review of the relationship between the bronchial vasculature and airway inflammation
Authors: McCullagh Angela , Rosenthal Mark , Wanner Adam , Hurtado Andres , Padley Simon , Bush Andrew
Published: December 2009

Until recently, the bronchial circulation has been relatively ignored in the research and clinical arenas, perhaps because of its small volume and seeming dispensability relative to the pulmonary circulation. Although the bronchial circulation only receives around 1% of the cardiac output in health, it serves functions that are critical to maintaining airway and lung function. The bronchial circulation also plays an important role in many lung and airway diseases; through its ability to increase in size, the bronchial circulation is able to provide lung parenchymal perfusion when the pulmonary circulation is compromised, and more recently the role of the bronchial circulation in the pathogenesis of inflammatory airway disease has been explored. Due to the anatomic variability and small volume of the bronchial circulation, much of the research to date has necessitated the use of animal models and invasive procedures. More recently, non‐invasive techniques for measuring bronchial blood flow in the mucosal microvascular network have been developed and offer a new avenue for the study of this circulation in humans. In conjunction with molecular research, measurement of airway blood flow (Qaw) may help elucidate the role of the bronchial circulation in inflammatory airway disease and become a useful tool for monitoring therapy. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010; 45:1–13. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Loop recreation for thread‐level speculation on multicore processors
Authors: Gao Lin , Xue Jingling , Ngai Tin‐Fook
Published: December 2009

Inter‐iteration dependences in loops can hinder loop‐level parallelism. For some loops, existing thread‐level speculation techniques fail to expose their inherent loop‐level parallelism, because some inter‐iteration dependences are too costly to synchronize, predict, pre‐compute and isolate. This paper presents a compiler technique called loop recreation to change the nature of some dependences (by turning some inter‐iteration dependences into intra‐iteration ones and vice versa) in a loop so that the inter‐iteration dependences in the transformed loop are less costly to enforce at runtime than those in the original loop. We present an algorithm for finding an optimal loop recreation transformation with respect to a simple misspeculation cost model and demonstrate the performance advantages of loop recreation over two recent techniques for multicore systems running nine representative irregular applications. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neurolaw
Authors: Belcher Annabelle , Sinnott‐Armstrong Walter
Published: December 2009

Less than three decades ago, the fields of cognitive psychology and neuroscience joined forces to form cognitive neuroscience. More recently, neuroscience has combined with social psychology and with economics to produce social neuroscience and neuroeconomics. Each of these amalgamations has been revolutionary in its own way. Neurolaw extends this trend. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article is categorized under:

Philosophy > Value

Neuroscience > Cognition
Der Komplexität gerecht werden. Potenziale agentenbasierter Simulationen zur Evaluation kommunikativer Planungsprozesse
Authors: A. Schenk Tilman
Published: December 2009

Shifting from formal and institutional to communicative and participatory conceptions of planning does not only alter the understanding of its instruments, but challenges hitherto evaluation techniques with the dilemma of insufficient measurability and small impact of narrative objectives. As a consequence, methodological advances are required to enable actors to evaluate the processes they are involved in. Agent-based simulation provides promising opportunities towards that aim.
Broadcasting and democracy in Mexico: From corporatist subordination to State capture
Authors: Guerrero Manuel Alejandro
Published: December 2009

The purpose of this article is twofold: on the one hand, it proposes a model to understand the relation between the media and politics in Mexico after the transition, which transformed from a relation dominated by a centralized political power into another dominated, this time, by strong broadcasting networks over a fragmented political landscape. On the other hand, additionally to what has been discussed in recent literature, it offers some evidence to consider that under conditions of fragmentation of power it is also possible to capture the State by strong and organized economic actors.
AN INVESTIGATION OF WOMEN'S ATTITUDES TOWARDS FERTILITY AND CHINA'S FAMILY PLANNING POLICY
Authors: CAO SHIXIONG , TIAN TAO , QI FAN , MA LI , WANG GUOSHENG
Published: December 2009

Reducing China's population has formerly been considered a good thing because of the perceived environmental and social risks of overpopulation, but it has recently become apparent that the resulting population decline may create problems that will become increasingly serious in the future. The results of a survey of 4600 women in nineteen Chinese provinces in 2005 indicated that young age, high income, high education level, urban location and good employment all decreased a woman's willingness to bear children. The risks created by declining fertility in these groups have been intensified by China's ‘one child’ family planning policy. However, as a result of current trends and China's policies, the country's population will continue to age, leading to social problems and difficulties for sustainable development both in China and around the world. Therefore, China's policy-makers must begin planning to adjust their policy by encouraging women to give birth to more than one child.
Polarization effect of a chirped Gaussian laser pulse on the electron bunch acceleration
Authors: SOHBATZADEH F. , AKU H.
Published: December 2009

In this paper, we investigated the output characteristics of the electron bunch accelerated by a chirped femtosecond laser pulse in vacuum using linear, elliptical and circular polarization states. To examine the features of the energy and angular spectra, emittances and position distribution of the electron bunch numerically, 105 electrons are used. It is found that the initial emittances of the electron bunch together with a proper choice of the polarization state of the laser pulse could lead to the efficient electron bunch acceleration.
Studying the State through State Formation
Authors: Vu Tuong
Published: December 2009

This article seeks to take stock of the insights offered by the fast-growing literature on comparative state formation, which is treated here as a neglected offshoot of the “bringing the state back in” movement of the 1980s. Unlike previous Eurocentric reviews of this literature, this article includes works that range broadly in time and geography. The author focuses particularly on two areas of interest to political scientists: the causes of bureaucratic centralization and the origins of durable democratic/authoritarian institutions. The author also shows how the literature has reconceptualized the state in response to long-standing criticisms directed at this concept. The concept remains useful in political science despite impressions otherwise.
James Midgley and Lwon-leung Tang (eds.) (2008), Social Security, the Economy, and Development. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. £60, pp. 316, hbk. – ERRATUM
Authors: Cohen Shana
Published: December 2009

Within this Book Review the name of one of the Authors of the book was spelt incorrectly. The correct spelling is Kwong-leung Tang. The publisher apologises for any inconvenience this has caused.
Differences that make the difference: a study of functionalities in synchronous CMC
Authors: Kenning Marie-Madeleine
Published: December 2009

This paper has a dual aim: to situate functionalities among the complex of factors that help shape online interactions and to explore the heterogeneity of audio conferencing and its implications. Following a critical discursive synthesis of the treatment of variables in the literature, attention focuses on the distinctive and diverse characteristics of synchronous audio environments. The existence of a synchronous-asynchronous dichotomy is questioned and the effects of a number of differences are highlighted. As a further illustration, the paper next undertakes a comparison ofLyceumandWimba Voice Direct. The main features of the two environments are introduced and a detailed analysis of their text and voice chat facilities is carried out. In the last section the benefits of text-based CMC are revisited through the lens of voice chat technology. It is concluded that the benefits of CMC appear to have been overstated and that no general claims can be made about voice CMC, but that collectively, well documented studies could provide a useful source of information on the level of contingency of particular findings.
Morbidity and mortality after surgery for congenital cardiac disease in the infant born with low weight
Authors: Ades Anne M. , Dominguez Troy E. , Nicolson Susan C. , Gaynor James W. , Spray Thomas L. , Wernovsky Gil , Tabbutt Sarah
Published: December 2009

Objective

Low weight at birth is a risk factor for increased mortality in infants undergoing surgery for congenitally malformed hearts. There has been a trend towards performing surgery in patients early, and for amenable lesions, in a single stage rather than following initial palliative procedures. Our goal was to report on the current incidences of morbidities and mortality in infants born with low weight and undergoing surgery for congenital cardiac disease.

Methods

We made a retrospective review of the data from patients meeting our criterions for entry from July, 2000, through July, 2004. The criterions for inclusion were weight at birth less than or equal to 2500 grams, and congenital cardiac malformations requiring surgery during the initial hospitalization. A criterion for exclusion was isolated persistent patency of the arterial duct. We assessed preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables.

Results

We found a total of 105 patients meeting the criterions for inclusion. The median weight at birth was 2130 grams, and median gestational age was 36 weeks. The most common morbidity identified was infections of the blood stream. Infections, and chronic lung disease, were associated with increased length of stay. Survival overall was 76%. Patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, or a variant thereof, had the lowest survival, of 62%. The needs for cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, post-operatively were the only factors identified as independent risk factors for mortality.

Conclusion

Patients undergoing surgery during infancy for congenital cardiac disease who are born with low weight have a higher mortality and morbidity than those born with normal weight.
Proteinuria in aging rats due to low-protein diet during mid-gestation
Authors: Joles J. A. , Sculley D. V. , Langley-Evans S. C.
Published: December 2009

Nephrogenesis in the rat starts mid-gestation and continues into lactation. Maternal low protein (LP) intake leads to renal injury in rats and associates with mild renal injury in humans. We hypothesized that LP during early nephrogenesis or throughout gestation would induce more renal injury in rat offspring than when LP was only present before nephrogenesis. Pregnant rats were fed LP diet (9% casein) at early gestation (LPE, day 0–7), mid (LPM, day 8–14), late (LPL, day 15–22) or throughout gestation (LPA, day 0–22) and compared to controls on 18% casein diet. Offspring were studied at 18 months. Renal injury was assessed by 24 h proteinuria, plasma urea, antioxidant enzyme activities, and apoptosis (Bax/Bcl2). Proteinuria was higher in LPM males and LPE and LPM females. In LPM males glutathione peroxidase activity was lower, while in LPE males catalase activity was higher. Antioxidants were not much affected in females. Bax expression was higher in LPM males and females, while Bcl2 expression was higher in LPA females. Thus even before nephrogenesis (day 0–7), LP impacted on renal integrity in adult life, while LP during a later phase (day 15–22) or throughout gestation had less effect. In summary, for aging rat kidney LP poses the greatest threat when restricted to early nephrogenesis.
Goal Attainment Scaling in der Ermittlung der Behandlungs- wirksamkeit bei der behavioralen Therapie von Erwachsenen mit ADHS
Authors: Lauth Gerhard W. , Breuer Jennifer , Minsel Wolf-Rüdiger
Published: December 2009

ADHS bei Erwachsenen wird im Wesentlichen als Beeinträchtigung des Alltagsverhaltens begriffen. Folglich werden die Beeinträchtigungen, die sich im sozialen, familiären und beruflichen Bereich einstellen, zu einem bevorzugten Behandlungsziel. Diese Behandlungen machen sich die Unterstützung und Förderung des Alltagsverhaltens zum Ziel. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Methode des Goal Attainment Scaling als Maß für den Therapieerfolg. In der Untersuchung gaben 34 Erwachsene mit ADHS (Altersdurchschnitt 29.4 Jahre) vor Beginn eines Verhaltenstrainings bis zu drei Ziele an, die sie im Verlaufe der Therapie erreichen wollten. Am Ende der Behandlung wurde erfragt, in welchem Ausmaß diese Ziele erreicht wurden. In einer explorativen Studie wurde die Tauglichkeit dieser Methode untersucht. Im Ergebnis zeigte sich, dass die Patienten wichtige Ziele mit großer Tragweite angaben (z. B. ein Examen bestehen, einen Umzug organisieren). Diese Ziele wurden im Schnitt von etwa 60 Prozent der Patienten erreicht. Gut operationalisierte Ziele aus dem Berufs- und Arbeitsbereich wurden eher erreicht als Ziele, die das soziale Zusammenleben betrafen. Die Mehrzahl der Patienten (n = 24) wurde in einer Clusteranalyse als «gute Therapienutzer» eingestuft. Der Grad der Zielerreichung korrelierte nicht mit der erreichten Symptomreduktion und nur mäßig mit der Schwere der Eingangssymptomatik. Es wird dazu geraten, alltagsnahe Erfolgskriterien zur Erfolgskontrolle von Therapien einzusetzen.
Development and validation of a low‐frequency modeling code for high‐moment transmitter rod antennas
Authors: Jordan Jared Williams , Sternberg Ben K. , Dvorak Steven L.
Published: December 2009

The goal of this research is to develop and validate a low‐frequency modeling code for high‐moment transmitter rod antennas to aid in the design of future low‐frequency TX antennas with high magnetic moments. To accomplish this goal, a quasi‐static modeling algorithm was developed to simulate finite‐length, permeable‐core, rod antennas. This quasi‐static analysis is applicable for low frequencies where eddy currents are negligible, and it can handle solid or hollow cores with winding insulation thickness between the antenna's windings and its core. The theory was programmed in Matlab, and the modeling code has the ability to predict the TX antenna's gain, maximum magnetic moment, saturation current, series inductance, and core series loss resistance, provided the user enters the corresponding complex permeability for the desired core magnetic flux density. In order to utilize the linear modeling code to model the effects of nonlinear core materials, it is necessary to use the correct complex permeability for a specific core magnetic flux density. In order to test the modeling code, we demonstrated that it can accurately predict changes in the electrical parameters associated with variations in the rod length and the core thickness for antennas made out of low carbon steel wire. These tests demonstrate that the modeling code was successful in predicting the changes in the rod antenna characteristics under high‐current nonlinear conditions due to changes in the physical dimensions of the rod provided that the flux density in the core was held constant in order to keep the complex permeability from changing.
Upstream urbanization exacerbates urban heat island effects
Authors: Zhang Da‐Lin , Shou Yi‐Xuan , Dickerson Russell R.
Published: December 2009

Urban Heat Island (UHI) effects adversely impact weather, air quality, and climate. Previous studies have attributed UHI effects to localized, surface processes. Based on an observational and modeling study of an extreme UHI (heat wave) episode in the Baltimore metropolitan region, we find that upstream urbanization exacerbates UHI effects and that meteorological consequences of extra‐urban development can cascade well downwind. Under southwesterly wind, Baltimore, MD, experienced higher peak surface temperatures and higher pollution concentrations than did the larger urban area of Washington, DC. Ultra‐high resolution numerical simulations with National Land Cover Data (NLCD) of 2001 show a nonlocal, dynamical contribution to UHI effects; when the upstream urban area is replaced by natural vegetation (in the model) the UHI effects could be reduced by more than 25%. These findings suggest that judicious land‐use and urban planning, especially in rapidly developing countries, could help alleviate UHI consequences including heat stress and smog.
Top‐down analysis of the elemental carbon emissions inventory in the United States by inverse modeling using Community Multiscale Air Quality model with decoupled direct method (CMAQ‐DDM)
Authors: Hu Yongtao , Odman M. Talat , Russell Armistead G.
Published: December 2009

A Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model based inverse method is used for calibrating the 2004 elemental carbon (EC) emissions in the continental United States. We convert the Thermal Optical Transmittance (TOT) EC measurements to the Thermal Optical Reflectance (TOR) equivalents to fully utilize available observational networks. The reestimate of the total emissions is 0.40 Tg yr−1, about 13% higher than the a priori. The posterior CMAQ simulation driven by the adjusted emissions had an ∼10% reduction in annual average fractional error based on 24 h EC observations. Comparison of simulated EC concentrations to hourly aethalometer black carbon (BC) measurements improved as well. Also, using the EC scaling factors to adjust the primary particulate organic matter (OM) emissions improved performance for OM simulation. Results show that splitting sources further spatially and category‐wise increases the flexibility of adjusting emissions according to the spatial variability of the emissions strength and hence makes a better reestimate of emissions.
Temperature and slant path effects in Dobson and Brewer total ozone measurements
Authors: Scarnato B. , Staehelin J. , Peter T. , Gröbner J. , Stübi R.
Published: December 2009

There is a worldwide tendency to replace Dobson spectrophotometers in ground‐based total ozone (TOZ) measurements by more advanced Brewer spectrophotometers. Ensuring the homogeneity of these data sets is of utmost importance if changes in TOZ of a few percent over long time periods are to be diagnosed accurately. Previous studies have identified a seasonal bias of a few percent between midlatitude Brewer and Dobson measurements. At Arosa (Switzerland), two Dobson and three Brewer instruments have been colocated since 1998, providing a unique data set of quasi‐simultaneous observations, invaluable to study systematic differences between these measurements. The differences are partially attributed to the seasonal variability in atmospheric temperatures and ozone slant paths (OSP). The sensitivity to the temperature dependence of the ozone absorption cross section is calculated for each operational Brewer spectrophotometers at Arosa by using different high‐ and low‐resolution reference spectra appropriately weighted with the instruments' slit functions, whereas the information on the primary standard instruments is used for all the Dobson instruments. The Brewer retrieval algorithm reveals a higher sensitivity to the reference spectra applied than the Dobson. When adopting the Bass and Paur (1985) or Malicet et al. (1995) ozone absorption spectra with their specific temperature dependence, and correcting for the OSP effect, the seasonal bias between Dobson and Brewer TOZ measurements is reduced to 0.6%. Conversely, these differences increase when using the spectral data of Burrows et al. (1999). This finding illustrates that the accuracy of ground‐based spectrophotometric TOZ measurements is limited by the uncertainty in the ozone cross sections measured by different internationally leading laboratories.
Mitochondrial dynamics regulate the RIG‐I‐like receptor antiviral pathway
Authors: Castanier Céline , Garcin Dominique , Vazquez Aimé , Arnoult Damien
Published: December 2009

The intracellular retinoic acid‐inducible gene I‐like receptors (RLRs) sense viral ribonucleic acid and signal through the mitochondrial protein mitochondrial antiviral signalling (MAVS) to trigger the production of type I interferons and proinflammatory cytokines. In this study, we report that RLR activation promotes elongation of the mitochondrial network. Mimicking this elongation enhances signalling downstream from MAVS and favours the binding of MAVS to stimulator of interferon genes, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein involved in the RLR pathway. By contrast, enforced mitochondrial fragmentation dampens signalling and reduces the association between both proteins. Our finding that MAVS is associated with a pool of mitofusin 1, a protein of the mitochondrial fusion machinery, suggests that MAVS is capable of regulating mitochondrial dynamics to facilitate the mitochondria–ER association required for signal transduction. Importantly, we observed that viral mitochondria‐localized inhibitor of apoptosis, a cytomegalovirus (CMV) antiapoptotic protein that promotes mitochondrial fragmentation, inhibits signalling downstream from MAVS, suggesting a possible new immune modulation strategy of the CMV.
Can we detect changes in high-latitude soil respiration over decadal time scales?
Authors: Bond-Lamberty Ben , Thomson Allison
Published: December 2009

Soil respiration (RS), the soil surface CO~2~ flux, is the second-largest terrestrial carbon flux, but because of its high variability and the inaccessibility of the soil medium it remains one of the least well-constrained parts of the terrestrial carbon cycle. If the carbon stored in high-latitude ecosystems is being mobilized by climate changes (whether by increasing temperature, changing precipitation, altered disturbance regimes, etc.) we may be able to detect RS changes in the now forty-year record of RS chamber measurements. We searched the published literature and found 194 RS observations from 1964 to 2008 at high latitudes, and paired their known measurement locations with a global climate data set spanning the time period. Linear regression was used to examine the effects of various parameters on RS. The data showed a strong temporal trend, with RS measurements increasing ~4%/yr after the effects of mean annual temperature and moisture had been accounted for. Precipitation anomaly (the deviation of precipitation from the mean 1961-1990 value) was positively correlated with RS, while temperature anomaly was, surprisingly, negatively correlated with it. The small size of the data set limits its inferential power; nonetheless, our results suggest that high-latitude RS is changing due to climate and disturbance changes.
Spinor calculus on five-dimensional spacetimes
Authors: García-Parrado Gómez-Lobo Alfonso , Martín-García José M.
Published: December 2009

Penrose’s spinor calculus of four-dimensional Lorentzian geometry is extended to the case of five-dimensional Lorentzian geometry. Such fruitful ideas in Penrose’s spinor calculus as the spin covariant derivative, the curvature spinors, or the definition of the spin coefficients on a spin frame can be carried over to the spinor calculus in five-dimensional Lorentzian geometry. The algebraic and differential properties of the curvature spinors are studied in detail, and as an application, we extend the well-known four-dimensional Newman–Penrose formalism to a five-dimensional spacetime.
Pressure-energy correlations in liquids. III. Statistical mechanics and thermodynamics of liquids with hidden scale invariance
Authors: Schrøder Thomas B. , Bailey Nicholas P. , Pedersen Ulf R. , Gnan Nicoletta , Dyre Jeppe C.
Published: December 2009

In this third paper of the series, which started with Bailey et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 129, 184507 (2008); ibid. 129, 184508 (2008)], we continue the development of the theoretical understanding of strongly correlating liquids—those whose instantaneous potential energy and virial are more than 90% correlated in their thermal equilibrium fluctuations at constant volume. The existence of such liquids was detailed in previous work, which identified them, based on computer simulations, as a large class of liquids, including van der Waals liquids but not, e.g., hydrogen-bonded liquids. We here discuss the following: (1) the scaling properties of inverse power-law and extended inverse power-law potentials (the latter includes a linear term that “hides” the approximate scale invariance); (2) results from computer simulations of molecular models concerning out-of-equilibrium conditions; (3) ensemble dependence of the virial/potential-energy correlation coefficient; (4) connection to the Grüneisen parameter; and (5) interpretation of strong correlations in terms of the energy-bond formalism.
Thermal excitation of large charge offsets in a single-Cooper-pair transistor
Authors: Simkins L. R. , Rees D. G. , Glasson P. H. , Antonov V. , Collin E. , Frayne P. G. , Meeson P. J. , Lea M. J.
Published: December 2009

Charge offsets and two-level fluctuators are common in single-electron transistors with a typical magnitude of |ΔQ|<0.1e. We present measurements in a 2e-periodic single-Cooper-pair transistor which exhibited hysteretic charge offsets close to 1e. The real-time capture and escape of individual electrons in metastable trapped states was measured at very low temperatures. This enabled the dynamics of the transitions to be investigated in detail, demonstrating thermal excitation to a hysteretic tunneling transition. We show that, allowing for the hysteresis, the metastable states are in thermal equilibrium with each other. The observed temperature dependence and hysteresis can be explained by the coupling of a two-level fluctuator to a quasiparticle trap.
Controlling the Bi content, phase formation, and epitaxial nature of BiMnO3 thin films fabricated using conventional pulsed laser deposition, hybrid pulsed laser deposition, and solid state epitaxy
Authors: Havelia S. , Wang S. , Skowronski M. , Salvador P. A.
Published: December 2009

Loss of Bi during thin film growth of bismuth-based compounds is a major challenge to obtaining stoichiometric films. Three approaches to BiMnO3 film growth were investigated to understand and to control the loss of Bi. First, a systematic study was carried out using a conventional pulsed laser deposition (PLD) approach, using targets of different Bi compositions. Conventional PLD was plagued with high re-evaporation and slow reaction kinetics, which led to Bi-deficient multiphase films. A phenomenological model was developed to describe Bi loss in conventional PLD and demonstrated that the film composition was dependent on both the rate of reaction between the constituent oxides and the rate of desorption of bismuth species from the substrate surface. To overcome the problems of conventional PLD, two different growth approaches were developed: a solid state epitaxy approach, in which stoichiometric but amorphous films deposited at low temperatures (T<500 °C) were annealed to generate crystalline films, and a hybrid PLD approach, in which conventional PLD is supplemented with an effusion cell to provide a background flux of Bi. Both of these approaches produced stoichiometric, epitaxial films of BiMnO3 in a straightforward fashion since the local composition was maintained to the overall stoichiometry during crystallization.
Infrared study of the concentration of H introduced into Si by the postdeposition annealing of a SiNx coating
Authors: Kleekajai S. , Wen L. , Peng C. , Stavola M. , Yelundur V. , Nakayashiki K. , Rohatgi A. , Kalejs J.
Published: December 2009

The postdeposition annealing of a SiNx antireflection coating is commonly used to introduce hydrogen into a multicrystalline Si solar cell to passivate defects in the Si bulk. A quantitative comparison has been made of the concentrations of H that are introduced into a Si model system from SiNx coatings with high and low density that have been characterized by infrared spectroscopy. Experiments have also been performed in which the processing of the SiNx/Si interface was modified to compare how the preparation of the interface and properties of the SiNx film itself affect the concentration of H that is introduced into the Si bulk.
From thermodynamic cell models to partitioning cellular automata for diffusion in zeolites. I. Structure of the algorithm
Authors: Pazzona Federico G. , Demontis Pierfranco , Suffritti Giuseppe B.
Published: December 2009

In the study of adsorption of simple adsorbates in microporous materials like zeolites, thermodynamic models of small grand-canonical cells with very local interactions [e.g., see K. G. Ayappa, J. Chem. Phys. 111, 4736 (1999)] have been proven to be able to produce thermodynamic properties in very good agreement with the results of experiments and atomistic simulations. In this paper we present in details the structure and implementation of a thermodynamic partitioning cellular automaton (PCA) devised as a dynamical version of thermodynamic cell models and proposed as an easy environment to perform coarse-grained simulations of adsorption/diffusion of simple interacting molecules in microporous materials. Local evolution rules and memory effects are introduced to make our PCA able to complete the static picture provided by thermodynamic cell models with the simulation of transport properties.
From thermodynamic cell models to partitioning cellular automata for diffusion in zeolites. II. Static and dynamic properties
Authors: Pazzona Federico G. , Demontis Pierfranco , Suffritti Giuseppe B.
Published: December 2009

In this second paper we exploit our thermodynamic partitioning cellular automaton (PCA) developed in Paper I [Pazzona et al., J. Chem. Phys. 131, 234703 (2009)] to study interacting molecules adsorbed in microporous materials. We present a mean-field theory of the single cell model at equilibrium followed by a detailed description of the procedure we propose to calculate the chemical potential in the canonical ensemble. Finally we use our approach to simulate transport properties starting from the parameterization devised by Ayappa [J. Chem. Phys. 111, 4736 (1999)] to reproduce the adsorption properties of xenon in zeolite NaA. We report how the correlations included in the PCA evolution rule affect the estimated self-diffusion coefficient.
Capillary instability, squeezing, and shearing in head-on microfluidic devices
Authors: Shui Lingling , van den Berg Albert , Eijkel Jan C. T.
Published: December 2009

We investigate two-phase (oil and water) flow in head-on microfluidic devices, which consist of two identical channels as inlets and the “long leg” as a constriction channel leading to a wider outlet section. Over an exceptionally broad range of flow rates of 10−4–10 μl/min in 10–100 μm (hydraulic diameter) microchannels, corresponding to capillary numbers of 10−6–10−1, a two-phase flow map is presented. A rich flow behavior was found. The flow patterns observed were dripping, jetting, and threading. These phenomena are interpreted as caused by capillary instability, squeezing, and shearing by considering the contribution of different forces acting at the oil/water interface. This device provides us with a broad choice to generate droplets of different sizes and frequencies by modifying either the geometrical design or the flow rates.