bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Alliance
Authors: La Serna Miguel
Published: September 2021

The MRTA renews its attacks on symbols of state power and the Garcia administration in 1986-87. Alberto Galvez Olaechea, leader of the leftist MIR, forms an alliance with Polay’s MRTA, folding his movement into the MRTA. Nestor Cerpa continues to lead MRTA actions on his former textile factory, Cromotex
Rodrigo’s Journey
Authors: La Serna Miguel
Published: September 2021

Rodrigo Galvez is a young MIR activist in San Martin who enlists in the Peruvian military to gain combat training. When he returns, he joins the MRTA’s newly established guerrilla front in San Martin.
El Gordo Returns
Authors: La Serna Miguel
Published: September 2021

An army ambush at Molinos, a location outside Jauja, wipes out almost an entire MRTA guerrilla front. Rodrigo Galvez leads MRTA incursions in San Martin. While running undercover errands for Galvez’s Daniel Bravo, still a young boy, has an unexpected encounter.
Where the Potatoes Are Cooking
Authors: La Serna Miguel
Published: September 2021

Lucero Cumpa’s newfound fame makes her an easy target. The MRTA leadership deploys her out of the country. Peter Cardenas and Victor Polay are recaptured.
The Internal Revolution
Authors: La Serna Miguel
Published: September 2021

Esperanza Tapia, a teenager from Villa El Salvador, is recruited into the MRTA as a first-year student at San Marcos University. After joining, she encounters a culture of misogyny within the rebel ranks. Lucero Cumpa returns to Peru to in 1993 command the guerrilla front in San Martin.
Gone with the Wind
Authors: La Serna Miguel
Published: September 2021

Retired navy admiral Luis Giampietri attends a reception at the Lima residence of the Japanese Ambassador to Peru, Morihisha Aoki. Marco Miyashiro, the DINCOTE counterinsurgency head who had previously been in charge of locating and arresting MRTA leaders, is also in attendance. A small MRTA column led by Nestor Cerpa, Tito Cruz, and Rolly Rojas, occupy the residence at gunpoint, taking the guests as hostages. The event becomes known as the Japanese embassy crisis.
Chavín de Huántar
Authors: La Serna Miguel
Published: September 2021

Nestor Cerpa and the MRTA rebels inside the Japanese ambassador’s residence engage in more symbolic warfare. A rescue force storms the residence, killing Cerpa and the other MRTA members. Fujimori’s government had been planning the operation, code-named Chavin de Huantar, for months.
Conclusion
Authors: La Serna Miguel
Published: September 2021

Alberto Fujimori’s popularity rises following Operation Chavin de Huantar. With most members now dead or behind bars, the MRTA insurgency is all but defeated, becoming a Cold War cautionary tale.
Founders
Authors: Kerby Lauren R.
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores how white evangelicals come to imagine themselves as heirs to the American founding fathers, and how they find material evidence to support their claims about the nation’s Christian heritage at key sites in Washington, D.C. It discusses Christian tourists’ experiences at the U.S. Capitol, the National Archives, and the Library of Congress, and the stories they tell about George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and other famous white men they depict as proto-evangelical Christians. This chapter also introduces the Christian heritage industry, including early proponents such as Jerry Falwell Sr. and more recent advocates such as David Barton. It argues that white evangelicals employ a nostalgic view of the American past to justify their participation in politics and their efforts to impose their moral code on the nation.
Harnessing Harmony
Authors: Coleman Billy
Published: September 2021

Following the creation of the United States, profound disagreements remained over how to secure the survival of the republic and unite its diverse population. In this pathbreaking account, Billy Coleman uses the history of American music to illuminate the relationship between elite power and the people from the early national period to the Civil War. Based on deep archival research in sources such as music periodicals, songbooks, and manuals for musical instruction, Coleman argues that a particular ideal of musical power provided conservative elites with an attractive road map for producing the harmonious union they desired. He reassesses the logic behind the decision to compose popular patriotic anthems like "The Star-Spangled Banner," reconsiders the purpose of early American campaign songs, and brings to life a host of often forgotten but fascinating musical organizations and individuals. The result is not only a striking interpretation of music in American political life but also a fresh understanding of conflicts that continue to animate American democracy.
Music and the Making of a Conservative Radical
Authors: Coleman Billy
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores the thus far unexamined early life of S. Willard Saxton. In the grand scheme of American history Saxton was not an especially significant figure: he spent most of his time in the 1850s as a Boston-based itinerant printer–perennially mired in debt–frequenting concerts and making small talk with girls he fancied. But Saxton’s unusually large and evocative manuscript diary offers unparalleled insight into the mind of a reform-minded young man who harbored a deep love for music and who cultivated an ever-developing taste for politics. Saxton’s relationship to music helped fuel his decision to cast a vote for the first time, volunteer at the polls, survive for a time as an avowed abolitionist in the South, and ultimately to interpret emancipation and Union victory as the realization of the better world that music had encouraged him to believe had always been coming. The chapter also includes details of Saxton’s relationship to John S. Dwight, experiences with Jenny Lind and the Hutchinson Family Singers, and the significance of his engagement with Fourierism and life at Brook Farm.
Introduction
Authors: Knight Michael Muhammad
Published: September 2021

This introductory chapter introduces the key themes and arguments of the book, presenting Muhammad’s body and the Deleuzian question of “what can a body do?” as the book’s site of concern and its guiding question.
Reading the Prophetic Body
Authors: Knight Michael Muhammad
Published: September 2021

This chapter introduces Muhammad’s body with discussions of his ancestry and physical appearance, asserting the importance of Muhammad’s body as a proof of his privileged prophetic station.
Muhammad’s Heart
Authors: Knight Michael Muhammad
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses traditions in which various transcendent entities act upon Muhammad’s body, modifying the body for prophetic function. Special attention is given to Muhammad’s heart as the site at which these modifications occur, as in the famous “chest opening” episode from accounts of Muhammad’s life.
Through the Airwaves
Authors: Menconi David
Published: September 2021

Arthur Smith was a guitarist, bandleader and songwriter with a couple of standards to his name, “Guitar Boogie” and “Feudin’ Banjos.” But most of all, he was a multi-media genius who created a business empire in Charlotte based on his syndicated television show “Carolina Calling,” which aired for more than three decades. Everyone from Johnny Cash to Richard Nixon appeared on his show. Arthur Smith Enterprises also owned record labels, publishing companies, and the Charlotte recording studio where James Brown recorded “Papa’s Got a Brand New Bag” in 1965. When “Feudin’ Banjos” appeared in the 1972 movie “Deliverance” as “Dueling Banjos,” Smith sued and won.
Rocket Man
Authors: Menconi David
Published: September 2021

Bill Monroe led a band called the Blue Grass Boys, but bluegrass was not invented until banjo player Earl Scruggs joined in 1945, playing his three-finger “Scruggs Style” of lightning-fast banjo. Cementing his legacy, Scruggs went on to co-lead Flatt & Scruggs and create the ultimate bluegrass instrumental, “Foggy Mountain Breakdown.” His fellow North Carolina natives George Shuffler and Bobby Hicks made important sideman contributions with acts including Stanley Brothers and Ricky Skaggs. In the modern era, Steep Canyon Rangers and Chatham County Line continue the tradition.
The Eight-Track Era of Rock and Roll
Authors: Menconi David
Published: September 2021

After forming as a beach band called Stax of Gold, Nantucket emerged as North Carolina’s top mainstream rock act of the 1970s. At a time when few acts in the state could attract the record industry, Nantucket signed to the major label Epic Records and had a good run through the 1970s and into the ’80s as a hard-working touring act. They also never completely left beach music behind, with horns and R&B a part of their sound, creating a template for North Carolina bands playing overtly mainstream music even when it was out of fashion.
Songs of Immigrants and Emigrants
Authors: Menconi David
Published: September 2021

As a crossroads state, North Carolina’s population has more than doubled since 1970. Musical immigrants move here for the same reasons as everyone else: quality of life, cost of living, scenery, inspiration. The influx includes everyone from jazz giant Branford Marsalis to electronic inventor Bob Moog. It runs two ways, however, with African-Americans fleeing the Jim Crow South for brighter futures up North -- Nina Simone, John Coltrane, and Thelonious Monk among them.
Hip-Hop Goes to College
Authors: Menconi David
Published: September 2021

North Carolina has always had a solid hip-hop scene, even if the state’s “Cackalacka” nickname has been synonymous with “rural rube” ever since the Queens trio A Tribe Called Quest’s 1991 song “Scenario” (“New York, North Cackalacka and Compton…”). Rap hit-makers to emerge from North Carolina in the 1990s include Sanford’s Black Sheep, of “The Choice Is Yours” fame; and Lords of the Underground, a trio that formed at Raleigh’s Shaw University. In 2001, the year that Petey Pablo hit it big with the North Carolina hit anthem “Raise Up,” Little Brother formed at Durham’s NC Central University. Little Brother was proudly old-school in sound as well as outlook, a throwback to the Tar Heel state’s soul-era glory days, and the group had a good run before winding down around 2010. Little Brother producer/deejay 9th Wonder (Patrick Douthit) has emerged as a major figure in college classrooms.
Famous on Television
Authors: Menconi David
Published: September 2021

During its run, the singing-contest show “American Idol” produced the statistical oddity that three of its 15 winners came from North Carolina -- 20 percent, far more than any other state. The show’s rise coincided with the decline of the record industry, which was grappling with plummeting record sales. In 2006’s fifth season, the year three of the show’s top-eight finalists were from North Carolina, “American Idol” was at its peak as one of the last, best ways to sell records. Scotty McCreery, Fantasia Barrino, Chris Daughtry, and Clay Aiken are among North Carolina’s native sons and daughters to ride it to fame.
Epilogue
Authors: Menconi David
Published: September 2021

When the International Bluegrass Music Association moved its World of Bluegrass festival to Raleigh in 2013, it seemed to acknowledge North Carolina’s under-appreciated role in bluegrass history -- even though Nashville partisans didn’t see things that way and sneered that Raleigh was undeserving. But the festival was a huge hit in Raleigh right out of the gate. The downtown setting, right by where Bill Monroe used to play in radio station WPTF’s studio in the 1930s, was even more appropriate.
Fighting for Citizenship
Authors: Taylor Brian
Published: September 2021

In Fighting for Citizenship, Brian Taylor complicates existing interpretations of why black men fought in the Civil War. Civil War–era African Americans recognized the urgency of a core political concern: how best to use the opportunity presented by this conflict over slavery to win abolition and secure enduring black rights, goals that had eluded earlier generations of black veterans. Some, like Frederick Douglass, urged immediate enlistment to support the cause of emancipation, hoping that a Northern victory would bring about the end of slavery. But others counseled patience and negotiation, drawing on a historical memory of unfulfilled promises for black military service in previous American wars and encouraging black men to leverage their position to demand abolition and equal citizenship. In doing this, they also began redefining what it meant to be a black man who fights for the United States. These debates over African Americans’ enlistment expose a formative moment in the development of American citizenship: black Northerners’ key demand was that military service earn full American citizenship, a term that had no precise definition prior to the Fourteenth Amendment. In articulating this demand, Taylor argues, black Northerners participated in the remaking of American citizenship itself—unquestionably one of the war’s most important results.
A White Man’s War?
Authors: Taylor Brian
Published: September 2021

This chapter looks at the first two years of the Civil War, when black men were barred from serving in the US Army. It follows the debate that black Northerners conducted about the proper response to the call to serve in the US military, which they were sure would come at some point. Immediate enlistment advocates sparred with those who counseled withholding enlistment until African Americans’ demands had been met. Black Northerners began to articulate the terms under which they would serve the Union, among which citizenship emerged as central, as well as the changes necessary to bring lived reality in the United States in line with the founding principle of equality.
Contracts of War
Authors: Taylor Brian
Published: September 2021

This chapter covers black soldiers’ agitation against unequal treatment from the US Army, including inferior pay and lack of access to promotion, and the Confederacy’s refusal to treat black soldiers as prisoners of war. It focuses on the contractual argument that black soldiers, who had enlisted under promises of equality, made in the black press and in communications with government officials, an argument that related to the citizenship black soldiers sought their service to win and the description of citizenship enumerated by Edward Bates in 1862. This chapter also deals with the parallel campaign of agitation waged by black civilians on the home front, and it deals with the end of the Civil War and the anxiety felt by African Americans who feared they would be forsaken when the fighting ended.
Picturing Black Fugitivity and Respectability in New York City
Authors: Gonzalez Aston
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the images created by Patrick Henry Reason of New York City during the 1830s. He applied the British antislavery symbol of the kneeling slave to fit the context of slavery in the United States and worked with the American Anti-Slavery Society to circulate his images widely. His engravings of formerly enslaved people depicted alternative ways to visualize fugitive slaves and people of African descent more generally. Thousands purchased these escaped slave narratives that featured images of black respectability. Individually and collectively, these representations of black people simultaneously rejected scientific racism and drew upon the tactic of moral suasion to encourage viewers to join the cause of abolition. Reason’s images rejected visual and print that contained racial stereotypes and the reception of Reason’s images reveals how viewers understood them to advance the antislavery movement.
Spectacular Activism
Authors: Gonzalez Aston
Published: September 2021

This chapter moves between the United States and England to analyze the antislavery moving panoramas exhibited by three black men—James Presley Ball, William Wells Brown, and Henry Box Brown. Following the moving panoramas of slavery that they toured to exhibit the horrors of enslavement and fund antislavery campaigns, this chapter situates the medium of the moving panorama as another popular media form that black activists used to advance their cause. As the visual medium regained popularity in England and the United States for its landscape views, these black men centered the experiences of enslaved people in their repurposed panoramas for the thousands of men, women, and children who viewed them. The reception of these popular panoramas demonstrated the educational and inspirational components of these works. Each of these three moving panorama purveyors implemented different business strategies to attract attendees and convince them of the authenticity and veracity of their antislavery works. Like the African American producers of other visual media, they drew on an established network of activists as they toured towns and cities in the service of the abolitionist cause. Records from these African American exhibitors, advertisements, and attendees reveal the complex process of encouraging viewer expectations, fashioning visual experiences, and interpreting the displayed information. Activists knew that the freedom of millions was at stake.
Storming Vicksburg
Authors: Hess Earl J.
Published: September 2021

This book offers a detailed study of a pivotal phase in the Vicksburg campaign, after Ulysses S. Grant moved his Army of the Tennessee to the east side of the Mississippi River, defeated John C. Pemberton at Champion’s Hill, and cut off Vicksburg on its landside. What followed from May 18 to 23, 1863, was an attempt to storm the defences of Vicksburg and capture the important river town. The Union attacks on May 19 and 22 failed with considerable loss of life and Grant decided on May 23 to conduct siege approaches instead. Rather than treat this week-long period as merely an interlude between the overland march and the siege, this book takes the attacks of May 19 and 22 seriously as elements in the Federal struggle to control Vicksburg. Based on exhaustive research, especially in archival holdings, it explains why and how the assaults failed, how they could have succeeded, and what would have resulted had Grant broken through the Confederate lines. A combination of difficult terrain, poor coordination of supporting troops, a breakdown of command and control in some key units, and a partial breakdown of combat spirit in other units, doomed the Union assaults. A thorough military study of the operations, this book offers new insights into the care of wounded, the burial of the dead, the handling of prisoners, the preservation of the battlefield, and the commemoration and memory of the bloodiest assaults the Union Army of the Tennessee ever launched in the Civil War.
I Hope Every Man Will Follow Me
Authors: Hess Earl J.
Published: September 2021

Uneven action characterized Federal attacks all along the Union line. In James B. McPherson’s Seventeenth Corps, which held the center of Grant’s line, the only serious attack was conducted by Thomas E. Ransom’s brigade and it failed to come closely to grips with the entrenched Confederates on its sector. In John A. McClernand’s Thirteenth Corps, holding the left of the Union line, all that was done was to move the three divisions of the corps forward to reach positions from which they could launch a serious attack. This was all that seemed possible given the rugged terrain and heavy Confederate artillery fire. The Federals had not conducted a general attack or mounted a serious effort to find and break through weak points in the enemy defence line. Their enthusiasm had dampened somewhat but they still retained strong confidence in ultimate success. The effect of the Union repulse of May 19, however, was dramatic among the Confederates. It wiped away most of the demoralization caused by their defeats in Grant’s overland march and made them much more confident of holding Vicksburg until the Confederate government could mount an effort to relieve them from outside.
The Horror of the Thing Bore Me Down Like an Avalanche
Authors: Hess Earl J.
Published: September 2021

John A. McClernand’s Thirteenth Corps advanced at 10 a. m. on May 22 but its left-most division, commanded by Peter J. Osterhaus, did not close in on the Confederate line of earthworks. The primary reason lay in the nature of the terrain, cut up by ravines and steep ridges. The men were relatively safe when going through the former but terribly exposed to fire when they crested the latter. Osterhaus’ two brigades engaged in heavy skirmishing and endured terrible artillery fire but neither of them got close to the foot of the enemy parapet. McClernand had organized his artillery to support the corps advance and it opened with a great deal of noise that morning. Its effect, however, was largely nullified by the strength of Confederate engineer Samuel H. Lockett’s parapets, well sited on commanding ground.
I Am Surfeited, Sick, and Tired of Witnessing Bloodshed
Authors: Hess Earl J.
Published: September 2021

Both sides faced an enormous task in caring for the wounded resulting from the failed attack of May 22. The Federals suffered 3,199 losses that day, 2,550 of them were wounded. While John C. Pemberton’s Confederates suffered only about 500 losses all told, they had fewer resources to care for their wounded than the Federals. Even so, many Union surgeons and their staff were burdened for days in caring for so many wounded men in temporary field hospitals behind the Federal line. Those able to do so were moved to the landing on the east side of the Yazoo River north of Vicksburg to board hospital boats for transfer north to general hospitals at Memphis and other Federally-controlled cities along the Western river system. To the extent possible, squads of soldiers retrieved wounded as well as abandoned arms and other equipment from no-man’s-land between the lines. The few prisoners taken by the Confederates, amounting to 147 Federals, were soon released by Pemberton so he would not have to feed them. They signed paroles and then were transported across the Mississippi River and delivered to Federal troops on the west side of the stream.
No One Would Have Supposed That We Were Mortal Enemies
Authors: Hess Earl J.
Published: September 2021

Hundreds of Federals lay dead or dying between the lines after the attack of May 22 but Grant refused to ask Pemberton for a truce to bury the fallen or collect the wounded. He thought it would be an admission of defeat. The wounded slowly died and the dead began to emit foul odors that oppressed the men on both sides. Finally, Pemberton sent a message on May 25 proposing a truce and Grant readily agreed to it. The truce began at 6 p.m. as squads of Federals roamed no-man’s-land, burying the dead in short trenches and individual graves where they fell. The Confederates took care of bodies that lay close to their earthworks. A handful of men were found barely alive among the number. During the truce thousands of Union and Confederate soldiers fraternized. While much of the conversation was friendly some of it was tinged with anger and taunting. A few violations of the truce took place as some Confederates took shots at Federals, but the burial truce provided a welcome opportunity for men to get out of their hot, stinking trenches, breathe fresh air, and meet their enemy as individuals. It was over by 8:30 p.m.
Conclusion
Authors: Hess Earl J.
Published: September 2021

The attacks of May 19 and 22 were not foredoomed to failure. Despite the presence of well-sited although not strong Confederate earthworks, there was reason to hope they could have succeeded. The Federals failed to search for weak spots and they failed to adopt the best tactical formations to use when advancing their infantry units. Grant left decisions on both points up to his subordinates. The terrain was rugged and confusing, but that could have been used better by the attackers. Some Federal officers, such as McClernand, made mistakes in deploying their available manpower. The strongest attacks took place against the strongest parts of the Rebel line and comparatively week efforts took place against the few genuinely weak points of that line. The Confederates at Railroad Redoubt were very worried that their part of the line would break and felt fortunate that the Federals did not take better advantage of their weakness. Grant’s Army of the Tennessee was a superb campaign force, able to march and live off the land better than any other field army of the war. But it was among the weakest in terms of mobilizing its full strength for coordinated, large-scale tactical offensives.
Sages of the Sea
Authors: Crawford Sharika D.
Published: September 2021

This chapter draws on an array of sources including twentieth century scientific studies to offer insight into the habits and migratory patterns of sea turtles. As a result, the chapter discusses basic sea turtle biology differentiating the distinctive features of green and hawksbill turtles. It then explains how the two turtle varieties became global commodities for niche luxury markets. The chapter explains how indigenous and early New World newcomers—both European and non-European—came to adapt and learn how to hunt turtles in the Caribbean. It also traces the development of turtle hunting in the Cayman Islands. The chapter argues that turtles played a pivotal role in shaping these small islands and coastal societies as much as sugar or banana commodities did in other parts of the Caribbean.
Out to Sea
Authors: Crawford Sharika D.
Published: September 2021

This chapter reveals how Caymanian turtlemen experienced significant changes to the hunt and the turtle industry between the years 1880 and 1950. It explains how nineteenth century Caymanians had depleted local and nearby turtle grounds, which forced them to travel long distances in search of sea turtles. It also explains specific changes to the technology, equipment, financing, and labor organization of Caymanian turtle hunting voyages. The chapter argues that Caymanian turtle hunting matured because of the adoption of new technologies and capital investment into the industry, which turned itinerant turtlemen into an industry with an expansive global reach.
Langston Hughes and the Scandal of Early Blues Poetry
Authors: Gussow Adam
Published: September 2021

The history of the blues is, among other things, a history of commentators who lament the appropriation, commercialization, dilution, sexing-up, and other misuse of the blues. Early blues scholar Howard Odum wrote about the blues in this way, decrying the “filth” propagated by the “depraved” Negro blues singers of Lafayette County, Mississippi. Langston Hughes, America’s first great Black blues poet, would later lament that popular theatre had “taken my blues and gone,” but he too, as a young and insurgent poet, was castigated by the Black press of his time as the “poet low-rate of Harlem” for having dared to depict his blues people with their bawdy, sometimes violent vitality intact. Focusing on Hughes’s key early poem, “The Weary Blues” (1925), this chapter seeks the source of his greatness as a blues translator—somebody who sensed power of blues lyricism and performance was located and found ways of conveying that power on the printed page, inventing blues literature in the process. This chapter also explores the so-called “blues craze” of the 1920s: the sudden emergence of a mass African American audience for race records on the heels of Mamie Smith’s “Crazy Blues” (1920), followed by broader cultural participation.
Zora Neale Hurston in the Florida Jooks
Authors: Gussow Adam
Published: September 2021

Like W. C. Handy and Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston was a translator: she sought textual analogies—words on a page--for the bittersweet lyricism, dynamism, and bold self-declarations found in blues music made by Black people in the rural South of the early Twentieth Century. She was also, like both men, a migrant to the urban North, a key figure of the Harlem Renaissance. A biographical as well as literary-critical exploration, this chapter focuses on Hurston’s two best-known works: Mules and Men (1935), a folklore study, and Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937), a cornerstone of the African American literary tradition. Both works vividly evoke the rough but vital blues culture of rural Florida, offering us Black spaces of self-making through the eyes of a Black female participant-observer. Both texts also force readers to confront the presence of scarifying, sometimes deadly violence within that juke-joint world. Hurston, this chapter argues, uses the novel to rewrite the folklore study, offering us a questing and indomitable young woman, Janie Crawford, who earns her way into the blues and lives out her destiny with the help of Tea Cake, a passionate, adventurous, and mercurial young bluesman.
Conclusion
Authors: Eichler-Levine Jodi
Published: September 2021

Using a Passover matzah cover called “Old Plagues on Them, New Plagues on Us” as its centrepiece, the book’s conclusion expands upon the themes of memory and intergenerational transmission to ponder what one stitcher called “the fabric of forever.” Through objects, Jewish crafters create a sustainable Judaism, one that is always in progress, connecting people separated by both space and time through vibrant materiality.
Slavery, Fatherhood, and Paternal Duty in African American Communities over the Long Nineteenth Century
Authors: Hilde Libra R.
Published: September 2021

Analyzing published and archival oral histories of formerly enslaved African Americans, Libra R. Hilde explores the meanings of manhood and fatherhood during and after the era of slavery, demonstrating that black men and women articulated a surprisingly broad and consistent vision of paternal duty across more than a century. Complicating the tendency among historians to conflate masculinity within slavery with heroic resistance, Hilde emphasizes that, while some enslaved men openly rebelled, many chose subtle forms of resistance in the context of family and local community. She explains how a significant number of enslaved men served as caretakers to their children and shaped their lives and identities. From the standpoint of enslavers, this was particularly threatening--a man who fed his children built up the master’s property, but a man who fed them notions of autonomy put cracks in the edifice of slavery.
Fatherhood highlighted the agonizing contradictions of the condition of enslavement, and to be an involved father was to face intractable dilemmas, yet many men tried. By telling the story of the often quietly heroic efforts that enslaved men undertook to be fathers, Hilde reveals how formerly enslaved African Americans evaluated their fathers (including white fathers) and envisioned an honorable manhood.
Mortifications Peculiarly Their Own
Authors: Hilde Libra R.
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores the sexual exploitation of slavery and enslaved women’s feelings towards children born of rape and concubinage and their reactions to the white fathers of their children. A white man who sold his own offspring likely sold his daughters into the sex trade, underscoring how deeply imbedded rape was in the market economy and in the role of white planters as fathers.The act of rape connected the private realm of the southern home to the market. Sexual exploitation complicated identity and family formation in the slave South and could strengthen children’s identification with their enslaved mothers, or in the rare cases when white men offered preferential treatment to their mixed-race children, could erase Black mothers.
My Children Is My Own
Authors: Hilde Libra R.
Published: September 2021

This chapter considers the lives of African American fathers and children in freedom prior to, during, and after the Civil War and emancipation. Ongoing challenges, including postwar violence and abusive labor practices, undermined patriarchal status and underscore the ways in which normative definitions of fatherhood and family limit a full understanding of the African American experience. Although the promise of emancipation remained incomplete, caretaking fathers used their newfound freedom to reconstitute their families and attempt to assert their paternal rights.
A Disease, Not a Lifestyle
Authors: Royles Dan
Published: September 2021

This chapter describes the work of Blacks Educating Blacks about Sexual Health Issues (BEBASHI), one of the country’s first Black AIDS organizations, under the leadership of Rashidah Hassan, a Black Muslim nurse. Hassan confronted racism within existing AIDS agencies, which were predominantly made up of white gay men, and maintained that Black gay and bisexual men could be reached only by canvassing Black neighborhoods outside of the downtown core, which was home to the mostly white “gayborhood.” This approach, she argued, additionally would help prevent AIDS among the straight Black men, women, and youth who were also shown to be at increased risk of the disease. But this approach also drew accusations of homophobia and hurt the group’s credibility with the Black gay men who were among the most at risk.
Nurturing Growth in Those Empty Spaces
Authors: Royles Dan
Published: September 2021

This chapter describes the work of the National Task Force on AIDS Prevention (NTFAP), an organization that grew out of the work of the National Association of Black and White Men Together, and Reggie Williams, its charismatic leader. NTFAP was funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1988, and produced some of the earliest knowledge about Black gay men’s sexual practices in the age of AIDS through a nationwide survey that it conducted under the auspices of the CDC grant. At the local level, in San Francisco, the NTFAP also forged a multicultural model of AIDS prevention and safer sex education, situating Black gay men within the broader category of “gay men of color.” However, NTFAP’s federal funding also opened it up to public scrutiny, as when the group was targeted by conservative pundits and politicians for its sexually explicit approach to AIDS prevention.
Stop Medical Apartheid from South Africa to Philadelphia
Authors: Royles Dan
Published: September 2021

This chapter describes the work of Philadelphia chapter of the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP) as it became increasingly involved in the fight against global AIDS, starting in the mid 1990s. Around this time, both white and African American grassroots activists at ACT UP Philadelphia redirected the group’s protest politics to address the structural inequalities driving AIDS rates in poor communities of color, both at home and abroad. ACT UP Philadelphia members situated their local work in the larger international movement against globalization and free trade. In Philadelphia, they focused on issues of concern to poor people of color with HIV/AIDS, including Medicaid privatization, needle exchange, and access to highly effective but expensive HIV drugs. The campaigns they waged at the local level fed into work on a much broader scale, as members joined forces with anti-globalization groups to protest American free trade policies in Africa. Today, the group claims at least a partial victory in the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, a massive funding package to support HIV prevention and AIDS treatment in sub-Saharan Africa and other countries in the developing world that have been hit particularly hard by the epidemic.
Introduction
Authors: Boonshoft Mark
Published: September 2021

The introduction sets out the central question of the book. Why did academies—privately run schools that primarily served elite children, and which critics dismissed as “aristocratic”—receive the majority of state support for education in early America, a period when the need for universal public education seemed obvious. The introduction contextualizes the rise of academies within the political transformations of the American Revolution and the Federalists’ movement to create the U.S. Constitution. Some Americans saw aristocratic education as a way to reassert elite power in the face of the revolutionary challenge to authority.
Defining Merit
Authors: Boonshoft Mark
Published: September 2021

Chapter 4 examines the academic culture, pedagogy, and curriculum of academies during the early republic. Through public examinations and parades, academy boosters made the case that their schools elevated students of exceptional merit, who should rightfully become the future leaders of the republic. Yet academies kept alive the importance of classical and oratorical education in American life. This sort of education appealed to the children of wealthy Americans. So, while academies claimed they helped create a society defined by merit, they tended to reinforce existing inequalities. Academies did not open up opportunities for most poor white children, women, or African-Americans to prove their merit.
The First Era of School Reform
Authors: Boonshoft Mark
Published: September 2021

This chapter explains how, during the 1810s and 1820s, a more effective political opposition to aristocratic education formed. In different ways, the “Jeffersonian Revolution” of 1800, the War of 1812, and the Panic of 1819 all helped bolster the critique of academies, and built popular support for public common schools. Historians often skip over this “first era of school reform” and look instead at Horace Mann and the common school reformers of the 1830s. But it was during this period that many northern states started investing in common schools, and also revamping academies and colleges to serve a new educational vision. These institutional changes were all geared toward overthrowing aristocratic education and instead trying to create widespread informed citizenship. But as education came to be seen as an important path to citizenship, the impulse to segregate public schools grew, confining their benefits primarily to white men.
Total Parenteral Nutrition for Neonates
Authors: Peprah Kwakye , Walter Melissa
Published: September 2021

The 2 included studies reported conflicting findings regarding weight gain, length, and time to regained birth weight in moderate-to-late preterm neonates weighing 1,500 g or more at birth treated with peripherally administered parenteral nutrition (P-PN) versus 10% dextrose or dextrose-containing fluids. However, both studies reported no statistically significant difference in safety and other measures such as head circumference, time to full enteral feeds, and length of hospital stay between the treatment groups.

The strength of the evidence was limited because analyses of the outcomes did not include measures that could minimize false-positive results, and a definitive conclusion could not be drawn regarding the clinical effectiveness of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) for a term or moderate-to-late preterm neonates weighing 1,500 g or more at birth.

No relevant evidence-based guidelines regarding using TPN in term or moderate-to-late preterm neonates weighing 1,500 g or more at birth was identified.
PENINGKATAN KEMAMPUAN IBU DALAM OPTIMALISASI PERKEMBANGAN BAYI MELALUI SENAM BAYI
Authors: HARDJITO KOEKOEH , YANI ERNA RAHMA , SUWOYO SUWOYO
Published: September 2021

Orang tua selalu menginginkan bayinya mengalami perkembangan yang sesuai dengan usia. Salah satu cara untuk mencapai hal itu adalah memberikan stimulasi yang tepat. Pemberian senam bayi merupakan salah satu bentuk stimulasi yang dapat diberikan ibu pada bayinya. Banyak ibu yang tidak memiliki kemampuan dalam memberikan stimulasi. Pengabdian ini bertujuan membantu ibu untuk meningkatkan kemampuannya dalam memberikan senam bayi pada bayinya melalui kegiatan edukasi kepada ibu bayi. metode yang digunakan melalui pembelajaran klasikal, diskusi dan curah pendapat, demonstrasi, pemutaran video senam bayi dan observasi. Sasaran kegiatan adalah 15 ibu yang memiliki bayi direntang usia 6-12 bulan. Kegiatan dilaksanakan dalam 4 pertemuan, jarak antar pertemuan adalah 3 minggu. Evaluasi kegiatan dilakukan dengan mengamati perubahan pengetahuan ibu tentang senam bayi dari pre test dan post test, mengobservasi kemampuan ibu dalam memberikan senam bayi, serta mengamati kemampuan motorik bayi. Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan terjadi peningkatan pengetahuan ibu tentang senam bayi yang ditunjukkan perubahan rerata nilai pre test yaitu 44,44 menjadi 78,22 serta seluruh ibu mampu memberikan senam bayi sesuai usia bayinya dengan benar, seluruh bayi sudah memiliki kemampuan motorik sesuai usianya. Pengetahuan yang dimiliki ibu mendukung kemampuan ibu dalam memberikan stimulasi pada bayi melalui senam bayi dan akhirnya berdampak pada perkembangan bayi yang optimal.
Reconstruction designs of an early Chinese astronomical clock with a waterwheel steelyard clepsydra
Authors: Hwang Zeng-Hui , Lin Tsung-Yi , Yan Hong-Sen
Published: September 2021

Abstract. During the 8th century, ancient China began to use a
steelyard clepsydra to control the waterwheel, giving it a time-keeping
function for use in hydromechanical astronomical clocks. In the Tang
Dynasty, the monk I-Hsing (683–723 CE) and Liang Lingzan jointly built a
water-powered celestial globe (shuiyun huntian), which, according to historical records, was China's first hydromechanical astronomical clock with a waterwheel steelyard clepsydra. However, the original device has since been lost. The objective of this study is to use the design methodology for the reconstruction of lost ancient machinery to systematically reconstruct this lost clock. The methodology included the study of ancient literature to formulate reconstruction design specifications. Through the process of generalization and specialization, the target device was analyzed to determine its function, and different mechanical configurations that achieved the same function were developed. Thereafter, an atlas of possible mechanical sketches that were consistent with the technological level of ancient times was built. A computer 3D reconstruction of the waterwheel steelyard clepsydra, time-reporting device, and astronomical device was carried out, and 50 possible configurations were developed. One was selected to build a physical model.
Mechanical hysteroscopic tissue removal or hysteroscopic morcellator: understanding the past to predict the future. A narrative review
Authors: Franchini M , Ceci O , Casadio P , Carugno J , Giarrè G , Gubbini G , Catena U , Chiara de Angelis M , Di Spiezio Sardo A
Published: September 2021

Background: In recent years, the available evidence revealed that mechanical hysteroscopic tissue removal (mHTR) systems represent a safe and effective alternative to conventional operative resectoscopic hysteroscopy to treat a diverse spectrum of intrauterine pathology including endometrial polyps, uterine myomas, removal of placental remnants and to perform targeted endometrial biopsy under direct visualisation. This innovative technology simultaneously cuts and removes the tissue, allowing one to perform the procedure in a safer, faster and more effective way compared to conventional resectoscopic surgery.

Objective: To review currently available scientific evidence concerning the use of mechanical hysteroscopic morcellators and highlight relevant aspects of the technology.

Material and Methods: A narrative review was conducted analysing the available literature regarding hysteroscopic tissue removal systems.

Main outcome measures: Characteristics of available mHTR systems, procedures they are used for, their performance including safety aspects and their comparison.

Results: A total of 7 hysteroscopic morcellators were identified. The diameter of the external sheet ranged from 5.25 to 9.0 mm, optics ranged from 0.8 to 6.3 mm with 0o angle. The cutter device diameter ranged from 2.9 to 4.5 mm most of them with rotation and reciprocation.

Conclusion: We conclude that the adoption of mHTR has shown to reduce operating time, simultaneously cutting and suctioning tissue fragments avoiding the need for multiple removal and reinsertions of the device into the uterine cavity as well as reducing the volume of distension media required to complete the procedure compared to using the hysteroscopic resectoscope.
Impact of surgeon learning curve in minimally invasive radical hysterectomy on early stage cervical cancer patient survival
Authors: Pedone Anchora L , Bizzarri N , Gallotta V , Chiantera V , Fanfani F , Fogotti A , Cosentino F , Vizzielli G , Carbone V , Ferrandina G , Scambia G
Published: September 2021

Background: Recently, it has been sustained that only surgeons skilled in minimally invasive radical hysterectomy (MI-RH) could provide valuable oncological outcomes in early-stage cervical cancer. Still, literature lacks data correlating surgeon experience with patient survival rate. We aimed to investigate the impact of surgeon training on this rate.

Methods: This is a retrospective study of 243 early-stage cervical cancer treated with MI-RH. Multiple regression analyses were undertaken to investigate the impact of the surgeons learning curve, according to the number of MI-RH, on patients prognosis.

Results: A steady trend of reduction in disease recurrence risk is associated with increased surgeon experience. The peak of the learning curve was shown at the 19th MI-RH (hazard ratio of disease-free survival: 0.321; 95%CI: 0.140-0.737; p= 0.007). The 3 years disease-free survival that a surgeon could provide to patients is significantly lower at the beginning of his/her learning path comparing to what he/she could guarantee once adequate experience had been achieved (75.4% and 91.6% respectively, p=0.005). Surgeon experience appears to be an independent prognostic factor.

Conclusion: The experience that a surgeon can achieve practicing in MI-RH significantly influences oncological outcomes of early-stage cervical cancer patients. Future studies comparing minimally invasive and open surgery should take this into account. It would be advisable that the scientific community precisely establishes the minimum training required in the field of MI-RH for early-stage cervical cancer.
Outcomes of Cessation of Antiviral Therapy in Chronic Hepatitis B: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Ergen Pınar , Işık Burcu , Arslan Ferhat , Yılmaz Karadağ Fatma , Aydın Özlem , Çağ Yasemin , Yazıcı Saadet , Üçışık Ayşe Canan
Published: September 2021

Objective: Data on the efficacy and duration of nucleos(t)ide analogue (NUC) therapies to prevent the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients are scarce and heterogeneous. This study aimed to summarize the clinical and laboratory results of the patients with CHB infection who discontinued oral antiviral therapy. Methods: A single-centered cohort study was conducted with CHB infection. NUCs were discontinued in patients who were under viral suppression for at least two years with undetectable HBV DNA levels for 18 months. Risk factors for clinical relapse (CR) were evaluated. Results: A total of 77 patients were recruited. HBeAg status showed that 9.4% of the patients underwent HBeAg seroconversion with NUCs. HBeAg reversion was noted in four (31%) of these patients. Severe hepatitis, which resolved after antiviral therapy was restored, was reported in two out of 77 patients (4%). None of the patients with CR had clinical or biological signs of hepatic decompensation or died during the study period. Conclusions: We found no benefits of the discontinuation of antiviral therapy after viral suppression in patients with initially severe fibrotic HBV infection. In patients with mild to moderate fibrosis, cessation of antiviral treatment is not associated with adverse outcomes
Production of Fortified Wine in a Family Cellar
Authors: Vepkhishvili Valeri , Chanturia Irma , Vephkhishvili Nino
Published: September 2021

The Georgian nation, which has a long history keeps the ancient traditions in viticulture and winemaking too and is distinguished by the richest culture of winemaking. However, Georgian winemaking was not limited to only local varieties and methods. In the 19th century, foreign grape varieties and technologies were introduced in Georgia.