bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phycoremediation of treated palm oil mill effluent (TPOME) using Nannochloropsis sp. cells immobilized in the biological sodium alginate beads: Effect of POME concentration
Authors: Emparan Quin , Harun Razif , Jye Yew Sing
Published: December 2020

The use of freely suspended cells of microalgae culture to treat wastewater is of current global interest because of their effective photosynthetic uptake of pollutants, carbon dioxide sequestration, and biomass production for desirable high value-products. Biomass immobilization is a promising option to overcome the harvesting problem that is encountered when using free-cells upon completion of the wastewater treatment process. In this study, Nannochloropsis sp. cells were immobilized in sodium alginate beads to eliminate the harvesting limitation. The microalgal beads were further cultivated in treated palm oil mill effluent (TPOME) for removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD). The effect of POME concentration on COD removal and microalgal cells growth was investigated, respectively. It was found that the maximum biomass concentration of 1.23 g/L and COD removal of 55% from 10% POME were achieved after 9 days. An increment of POME concentration did not cause any improvement to the treatment efficiency due to the inhibitory effect of high initial COD of POME on the biomass concentration and was further responsible for low COD removal. The immobilized cells showed a systematic growth, demonstrating that the beads are biocompatible as immobilization carrier. In conclusion, the immobilized microalgal cells could be a viable alternative technology system for POME treatment as well as biomass production.
Ensino de Filosofia na Amazônia
Authors: Souza Sulivan Ferreira de , De Oliveira Ivanilde Apoluceno
Published: December 2020

Neste artigo apresenta-se o recorte de uma pesquisa realizada em cursos de Filosofia de duas universidades públicas na cidade de Belém, estado do Pará, financiada pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq). O objetivo deste artigo é debater insurgências decoloniais no ensino de filosofia. A abordagem teórica é da rede conceitual do coletivo Decolonial. É um estudo qualitativo, constituído por pesquisa de campo, levantamento bibliográfico e documental. Foram entrevistados 4 (quatro) estudantes. Inferiu-se que a primeira postura para decolonizar o ensino de filosofia é a reflexão crítica de quem vivencia a filosofia, assim como problematizar a história da filosofia, os cânones da tradição filosófica, bem como desconstruir as concepções engessadas e dogmáticas de filosofia, isto é, realizar uma antropofagia epistemológica/filosófica.
A Função do educador na creche sob a abordagem psicanalítica
Authors: Gnatta Hellen Terluk , Marcolino-Galli Juliana , Ballão Cléa Maria
Published: December 2020

A creche é um espaço privilegiado para o desenvolvimento infantil e envolve questões sobre a separação mãe-bebê. O educador que atua na creche vivencia alguns conflitos sobre a maternagem dos bebês. Diante disso, realizou-se uma revisão integrativa da literatura, entre os anos de 2002 e 2016, com o objetivo de apresentar a contribuição dos conceitos psicanalíticos para definir a função do cuidador/educador na creche. Quatorze publicações, que se enquadram nas questões da presente pesquisa, foram utilizadas como referência. A maioria dos estudos analisados destacaram a importância da primeira infância na constituição do aparelho psíquico a partir dos conceitos psicanalíticos fundantes. Sendo assim, infere-se que o cuidador/educador na creche é um mediador na constituição psíquica do bebê, inserindo a criança no campo da linguagem e operando na função materna e paterna.
Condição humana, mundo comum e educação
Authors: Boufleuer Jose Pedro , Schütz Jenerton Arlan
Published: December 2020

Nós, errantes, espécie aberta e inacabada, obrigada a se ver com a incerteza e a dramaticidade da condição humana, escolhemos e estabelecemos modelos de convivência sempre provisórios, passíveis de modificação e aperfeiçoamento. Pensar a educação das gerações vindouras exige um olhar para aquilo que temos em comum, ou seja, o mundo humano, fruto de nossas interações e criações. O esforço do presente texto consiste em compreender o que compõe a nossa condição humana e, a partir dela, o que a educação escolar e a docência têm a contribuir para a construção de um mundo humano comum. Será na perspectiva teórica da filósofa Hannah Arendt, especialmente a partir de sua obra A Condição Humana, que essas tematizações serão propostas. Tomar o mundo humano comum como base e orientação para educarmos os recém-chegados significa que alimentamos o desejo de que este mundo continue, dure, se eternize.
Conservadorismo moral, indeterminação da condição humana e ética democrática
Authors: Dalbosco Claudio Almir , Cenci Angelo Vitório , Rossetto Miguel da Silva
Published: December 2020

O artigo argumenta que o conservadorismo moral da « comunidade moral bolsonarista » baseia-se em uma noção fechada e dogmática de mundo, assim como na ideia fundamentalista de ser humano como essência pronta e numa ontologia antropológica hierarquizada. A partir desse passo, recorre-se ao pragmatismo falibilista de Bernstein como referência crítica ao conservadorismo moral autoritário e ao perigo de fechamento do espaço público que ele representa. Na sequência, procura-se mostrar que essa maneira pública e crítica de pensar dá origem a uma noção aberta e plural de mundo e à compreensão da condição do ser humano como indeterminada, condição que contradiz o desejo irracional e desmesurado de onipotência. Conclui-se, por fim, defendendo-se que é o nexo entre mundo aberto e fragilidade humana, no marco de uma ética democrática, que cria as condições propícias para experiências éticas e formativas.
El problema de la formación en la sociedad acelerada y la expropiación de la atención
Authors: Gómez Ramos António
Published: December 2020

La concepción clásica de la Bildung se construía sobre actividades culturales, sobre todo la de la lectura, que presuponían un grado alto de concentración, silencio y soledad, a partir de las cuales se esperaba producir una subjetividad reflexiva, autónoma y formada que era idealmente el sujeto de la Modernidad clásica. Los cambios tecnológicos y de hábitos sociales que se han producido paralelamente al orden neoliberal contemporáneo han erosionado ese tipo de actividades culturales, sobre todo la lectura, introduciendo un modo de vida acelerado y deudor de la inmediatez que, siguiendo a teóricos  contemporáneos (Harmut Rosa, Jonathan Crary, Byung Chul Han) presentaremos como alienación. Sobre todo, la pérdida de la capacidad de atención y concentración, ligada al uso de las nuevas tecnologías, supone un reto para la Bildung clásica y obliga a una reformulación de esta. y obliga a una reformulación de esta
Abordagens teóricas da Educação Física escolar
Authors: Duarte Zuleyka da Silva , Oliveira Avelino da Rosa
Published: December 2020

O presente estudo insere-se no campo das Teorias Críticas da Educação e desenvolve-se como uma reflexão à luz da Filosofia Social Marxiana. Traz para o debate o tema da formação humana omnilateral, articulado às proposições teóricas da Educação Física escolar e tem como objetivo analisar a abordagem teórica Crítico-Superadora, que orienta o trabalho teórico-metodológico para o ensino da Educação Física escolar, com a intenção de propor aprofundamentos que a conduzam como referência de uma proposta de formação humana omnilateral. Partimos do fio argumentativo da Filosofia Social marxiana e defendemos a tese de que, no campo teórico da Educação Física escolar, a proposição melhor construída na base filosófica do materialismo histórico é a abordagem Crítico-Superadora. No entanto, conforme a necessária autocrítica no processo de emancipação, percebemos a necessidade de uma ressignificação, a fim de que ela esteja mais perfeitamente adequada a um projeto formativo de alcance omnilateral.
Educação e democracia no contexto do capitalismo neoliberal contemporâneo
Authors: Goergen Pedro Laudinor
Published: December 2020

O presente texto é o resultado de um estudo bibliográfico sobre a educação contemporânea e sua conexão com a racionalidade econômica como seu novo princípio gerencial. Destaca-se a relação entre o projeto educacional embasado na ideia do desempenho frente à formação humanista. O objetivo é argumentar, com base em bibliografia especializada, a favor de um projeto educacional embasado numa dinâmica de dupla face envolvendo, de um lado, o ideal formativo humanista e, de outro, a educação profissionalizante dos jovens para o mercado de trabalho. Trata-se, portanto, de colocar em questão a transferência da racionalidade econômica e da valorização de resultados para o campo da educação, em prejuízo da cultura e dos valores subjetivos e antropológicos, essenciais à formação integral da pessoa humana. O conceito básico deste projeto formativo não se fundamenta nas clássicas transcendências religiosa ou filosófica, mas na ideia do comum dialogicamente formulado com vistas à dignidade, solidariedade e diversidade.
La relación intencional de Brentano a la luz del pensamiento de Suárez
Authors: Torrijos-Castrillejo David
Published: December 2020

Brentano introduce en la fi losofía contemporánea el concepto de intencionalidad, gracias a sus fuentes escolásticas. Entre ellas, Suárez no ha sido atendido sufi cientemente, pero su idea de relación trascendental es incorporada por Brentano para hablar de relación intencional. Además, al estudiar el ente como verdadero en Suárez, Brentano manifi esta ya su asunción del principio de inmanencia. Por último, este artículo defi ende que, incluso en su período reísta, Brentano siguió concibiendo el conocimiento como una relación.
Sugar Spectrum, Hydroxymethylfurfural and Diastase Activity in Honey: A Validated Approach as Indicator of Possible Adulteration
Authors: BONTA Victoriţa , DEZMIREAN Daniel Severus , MĂRGHITAŞ Liviu Alexandru , URCAN Adriana Cristina , BOBIŞ Otilia
Published: December 2020

Honey is used for centuries both as nutrient and in medicine, being an exhaustless source of benefic factors for health and also for different biotechnological processes. This is a complex matrix which possesses antioxidant and antimicrobial properties due to its peroxidic activity and bioactive compounds. A fully validated approach for the determination of sugars, hydroxymethylfurfural content and diastase activity in honey samples were presented in accordance with the official methods from the International Honey Commission. Spectrophotometric method was used for diastazic activity determination and chromatographic determinations for HMF content (photodiode array detection) and sugars (refractive index detection). The limits of detection and quantification were calculated. Accuracy, precision and uncertainty were determined in the spectrophotometric and chromatographic techniques using the certified reference material. Diastase activity, sucrose content and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content were easily differentiated and these parameters were used for indication of a possible adulteration of the honey. The present study confirms that, in order to have an authentic honey sample, diastazic activity must be above 8 DN (diastazic number) and HMF content less than 40 mg/kg. Sugar spectrum is different for every honey type. Consequently, physico-chemical analysis should be combined for the determination of authentic honey and proper labeling.
Trabalho Feminino: Uma Revisão Sistemática da Literatura em Psicodinâmica do Trabalho
Authors: Antloga Carla Sabrina , Monteiro Renata , Maia Marina , Porto Manuella , Maciel Marcella
Published: December 2020

Resumo A despeito de considerar a divisão sexual do trabalho como um problema, a psicodinâmica do trabalho ainda não investiga, de maneira aprofundada, as diferenças de gênero no trabalho. Este estudo objetivou realizar uma revisão sistemática dos estudos sobre a psicodinâmica do trabalho feminino nas principais bases de dados nacionais e internacionais, nos idiomas inglês, português, francês e espanhol. Os resultados evidenciaram que, do total de 236 artigos selecionados para revisão, apenas 29 tratam do trabalho feminino. Conclui-se que as especificidades de gênero devem ser consideradas em profundidade no campo da psicodinâmica do trabalho.
Assessing the impact of design on the development of digital services
Authors: Garbulho Gabriel Santos , Fleury André Leme , Ferreira Eduardo Camillo Kasparevicis
Published: December 2020

Abstract This paper analyzes how design diffusion is changing the organizational logics of established companies. If previously design activities had as its main objective packaging new technologies to create differentials for products and services and to reduce production costs, with the diffusion of digital services currently design activities expand its scope and identify functional and emotional needs from users that are relevant for creating differentiated experiences, that in turn will result in new products and services that incorporate existing and emerging technologies of the firm. This transformation reveals a new organizational strategy, in which design assumes a more relevant position for the creation of innovative business models. However, a point not yet considered in the literature is how companies are restructuring their operations in order to benefit from this transition. This paper analyzes how Brazilian organizations of different sizes and sectors have redefined their management models in order to incorporate design as a catalyst of change. The obtained framework consolidates the main propositions of design while directing of the changes in the organizations in the operational, tactical and strategic levels.
Optimization of a logistics network considering allocation of facilities and taxation aspects
Authors: Furlanetto Bruno Vinícius Ribeiro , Marins Fernando Augusto Silva , Silva Aneirson Francisco da , Defalque Cristiane Maria
Published: December 2020

Abstract This article analyzes the impacts of operational and tax changes in a logistics network, considering the location of facilities and the following taxes: the Brazilian State Excise Tax on Circulation of Goods and Services, the Import Duty, the Brazilian State Excise Tax in Tax Substitution, the Social Integration Program, the Contribution for the Financing of Social Security and the Brazilian Federal Excise Tax on Industrialized Products. The influence of incorporations and outsourcing of distribution services in solving global localization issues concerning various links in a chain suplly has also been considered. The problem was modeled and solved by the GAMS modeling language using Solver CPLEX. The proposed Mixed Integer Linear Programming model minimizes operating costs taking into account tax benefits and the best use of the credits related to the Tax on Circulation of Goods and Services of a multiproduct network. A real application involving a company in the animal feed production sector was developed. The results showed that the model allowed to evaluate conveniently how the choice of the facilities and the characteristics of the product flows impacted the overall costs of the system. The results also evidenced the need to make decisions based on the existing tax structure, since the scenarios without tax optimization generated substantial losses to the companies. This information added quality to the manager of the company studied.
Nota sobre rotação finita e vetor
Authors: Thomaz M.T.
Published: December 2020

Resumo Quando estudamos o movimento de rotação de corpos rígidos precisamos de uma cinemática de rotação que descreva este tipo de deslocamento que os corpos podem ter. É dito nos livros textos que: “… não podemos identificar rotações finitas com vetores.” Esta nota usa uma demonstração algébrica simples para mostrar a validade dessa afirmação no caso do movimento angular finito de uma partícula e entender porque apesar desta impossibilidade podemos associar um vetor a uma variação angular infinitesimal, sem qualquer conflito.
Inflammatory cytokines and lipid profile in children and adolescents with nephrotic syndrome receiving L. Plantarum: a randomized, controlled feasibility trial
Authors: Fortes Patrícia Marques , Teles Filho Ricardo Vieira , Azevêdo Lucas Henrique Souza de , Queiroz Victória Coelho Jácome , Costa Paulo Sérgio Sucasas da
Published: December 2020

SUMMARY This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the action of the Lactobacillus Plantarum probiotic as a immunomodulatory and hypolipidemic agent in dyslipidemic nephrotic children and adolescents. METHODS: This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in pediatric, compensated or partially compensated nephrotic syndrome and dyslipidemic subjects undergoing regular outpatient follow-up. Serum lipid and TNF-α (proinflammatory) and IL-10 (anti-inflammatory) cytokine variations were evaluated. Cytokines were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: In the probiotic group there was a tendency to reduce TNF-α levels and increase IL-10 levels when compared to controls. Regarding the lipid profile, there was a decrease in serum triglyceride (6.0 mg / dL) and total cholesterol (41.5 mg / dL) levels in the probiotic group when compared to baseline levels, while in the control group there was an increase in serum triglyceride (49.5 mg / dL) and total cholesterol (8.0 mg / dL) levels, respectively. CONCLUSION: Preliminary results suggest that L. Plantarum showed an immunomodulatory and hypolipidemic effect in nephrotic and dyslipidemic pediatric subjects.
The relationship between thyroidectomy complications and body mass index
Authors: Üstün Mehmet , Karaca Avni Can , Birol Ihsan , Uslu Gülberk , Atici Semra Demirli , Aydin Cengiz
Published: December 2020

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION: Obesity is a growing public health problem associated with many comorbid diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between body mass index and complications of thyroidectomy. METHODS: Patients who underwent total thyroidectomy between January 2015 and December 2018 were enrolled. Patients were divided into two groups, i.e., BMI <25 (group A) and BMI≥ 25 (group B). Demographics, operative time, and complications were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: The study included 145 patients (66 in Group A and 79 in Group B). There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of age (p=0.330) and gender (p=0.055). No surgical site infection and bleeding complications were observed in any patients. The mean operative time was 148.4 minutes (90-235) in Group A and 153.4 minutes (85-285) in Group B (p=0.399). Transient hypocalcemia was observed in 25 (37.9%) patients in group A, and 23 (29.1%) patients in Group B (p = 0.291). Permanent hypocalcemia was not observed in any patient in group A, and in 2 patients in Group B (2.5%) (p = 0.501). Transient recurrent nerve palsy was observed in 1 (1.5%) patient in Group A and in 3 (3.8%) patients in Group B (p=0.626). None of the patients had permanent recurrent nerve palsy. Parathyroid autotransplantation was performed on 1 patient (1.5%) in group A and on 7 (8.9%) patients in Group B (p=0.055). CONCLUSION: We think there is no relationship between a high BMI and thyroidectomy complications, and surgery can also be performed safely in this patient group.
Behavioral and clinical aspects associated with probable sleep bruxism in early childhood
Authors: EMÍDIO Caio André da Silva , SANTOS Luiz Felipe Nogueira , CARNEIRO Diego Patrik Alves , SANTOS Patrícia Rafaela dos , VEDOVELLO Silvia Amélia Scudeler , VALDRIGHI Heloisa Cristina
Published: December 2020

Abstract Introduction Although many studies are being carried out with sleep bruxism, the literature points to a lack of studies with methodological quality in children. Objective To evaluate the behavioral and clinical aspects associated with probable sleep bruxism in early childhood. Material and method A cross-sectional observational study carried out with 371 children between 4 and 6 years of age. Parents answered a questionnaire with aspects related to their children's sleep behavior. Among the clinical characteristics, the presence of lip sealing, clicking, teeth marks on the jugal mucosa, and the side of the tongue was evaluated. Tooth wear was assessed using the BEWE index criteria. Simple logistic regression models were adjusted for each independent variable, estimating the gross odds ratios with the respective 95% confidence intervals. Variables with P <0.20 in the individual analyzes were adjusted in a multiple logistic regression model, with those with P ≤ 0.05 remaining in the model. Result 42.4% of parents reported that their children gritted their teeth while sleeping. Children who showed wear on their teeth were 1.53 times more likely to grind their teeth. There was no significant association with the other variables analyzed (P > 0.05). Conclusion Behavioral aspects were not associated with probable sleep bruxism. Among the clinical characteristics evaluated, tooth wear showed an association, which may indicate the probable bruxism of sleep in early childhood.
Análise do perfil dos pacientes com deficiência internados no Instituto de Saúde da Criança do Amazonas
Authors: NASCIMENTO Sara Maria Araujo do , PRESTES Gimol Benchimol de RESENDE , RIBEIRO Eliane de Oliveira Aranha , SOARES Keuly Sousa , ALENCAR Aréli Morais de Araújo
Published: December 2020

Resumo Introdução Pessoas com Deficiência (PcD) são aquelas que possuem alteração física, intelectual, social ou emocional. Podem ter impedimentos que duram um curto período de tempo ou por toda sua vida. Objetivo Descrever o perfil clínico dos pacientes com deficiência internados no Instituto de Saúde da Criança do Amazonas (ICAM). Material e método Foram analisados 34 pacientes e coletados dados, como gênero, faixa etária, procedência, patologia de base e condição de saúde bucal. Os dados obtidos foram organizados e tabulados no Microsoft Excel 2013. Resultado Na distribuição por gênero, verificou-se 70% do gênero masculino (mais prevalente) e 30% do feminino. Quanto à faixa etária, a idade predominante foi 8 anos. A maioria dos pacientes (60%) era do interior do Amazonas e 40% eram da capital. No que diz respeito à patologia, a Doença Neurológica teve prevalência em 44% dos casos, seguida das seguintes patologias: Síndrome de Down 18%, Transtorno de Espectro Autista 12%, Mielomeningocele 12%, Surdez 3%, Diabetes 3%, Síndrome de Prader Willi 3%, Síndrome Moebius 3% e Síndrome de Lennox 3%. Na condição bucal, 44% da amostra teve condição precária, 32% deficiente e 24% satisfatória. Conclusão A maioria das crianças era do gênero masculino, faixa etária de 8 anos, procedentes do interior do Amazonas, com deficiência neurológica e condição bucal precária, sugerindo que a presença do cirurgião-dentista, compondo a equipe multidisciplinar hospitalar, auxilia a traçar um plano de tratamento preventivo e curativo adequado a esses indivíduos.
PRACTICES FOR THE PREVENTION OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Authors: Ramos Raquel Conceição de Almeida , Spindola Thelma , Oliveira Claudia Silvia Rocha , Martins Elizabeth Rose Costa , Lima Giselle da Silva Figueiredo , Araujo Agatha Soares de Barros de
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the sexual practices adopted by university students for the prevention of Sexually Transmitted Infections Method: a quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study, conducted in 2016, at a private university in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A convenience sample was selected, stratified by gender, of 768 students who answered a self-administered questionnaire, structured with variables of sociodemographic characterization and related to knowledge about sexually transmitted infections, sexual practices, prevention practices and care with sexual health. In the analysis, descriptive statistics, chi-square tests and analysis of variance were used, with a significance level of 5%. Results: most of the university students ‒ 654 (85.16%) ‒ had an active sex life and 480 (62.54%) did not use condoms in all their sexual encounters. Among the participants, 509 (84.83%) said they had sexual intercourse with a steady partner, of which 224 (44.01%) used a condom. In the investigated group, 313 (47.86%) had relationships with casual partners, with 199 (63.58%) reporting having used a condom. Among the participants, 174 (26.61%) had their sexual practices classified as adequate/satisfactory. Conclusion: the findings show that the university students investigated present a risk behavior for Sexually Transmitted Infections due to inadequate/unsatisfactory sexual practices. Health education actions should consider cultural and individual aspects of the group in order to encourage reflection on practices for the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases.
Tratamento da luxação anterior recidivante do ombro pela técnica de Bristow-Latarjet
Authors: Angeli Malavolta Eduardo , Conforto Gracitelli Mauro Emilio , Assunção Jorge Henrique , Brandão de Andrade e Silva Fernando , Bolliger Neto Raul , Zoppi Filho Américo , Amado Ferreira Neto Arnaldo , Amado Ferreira Filho Arnaldo
Published: December 2020

Objetivos: Descrever os resultados clínicos e radiográficos do tratamento da luxação anterior recidivante do ombro pela técnica de Bristow-Latarjet. Material e Métodos: Série de casos retrospectiva, incluindo 44 pacientes (45 ombros) com instabilidade anterior do ombro submetidos à técnica de Bristow-Latarjet, incluindo 86% de pacientes do sexo masculino e 80% com luxações traumáticas. O enxerto foi fixado "em pé" em 84% dos ombros, e "deitado" em 16%, utilizando 1 parafuso metálico, com uso de arruela em 20% das cirurgias. Resultados: O seguimento foi de 19,25 ± 10,24 meses. Obtivemos 96% de bons resultados, sendo 2 recidivas sob a forma de subluxação. Dos 36 pacientes que praticavam esporte, 89% apresentaram bons resultados. A consolidação ocorreu em 62% dos casos. O enxerto foi posicionado  abaixo do equador da glenoide em 84% das vezes, e a menos de 10 mm da sua borda em 98%. A rotação externa apresentou limitação de 20,7º ± 15,9º, enquanto a rotação interna 4,0º ± 9,6º. A limitação da rotação externa e da rotação interna e a posição do enxerto ("em pé" ou 'deitado") não se correlacionaram com a consolidação do enxerto (p>0,05). A fixação bicortical correlacionou-se positivamente com a consolidação (p<0,001). Conclusão: A técnica de Bristow-Latarjet está indicada para o tratamento das luxações e subluxações anteriores recidivantes do ombro. É um método de tratamento seguro, que pode ser utilizado em pessoas com atividade física intensa. A limitação da mobilidade do ombro não impede os pacientes de voltarem às suas ocupações habituais, bem como, na maioria deles, de praticar esporte com desempenho igual ao de antes da operação.

Nível de evidência: IV, Série de Casos
A Revision to Industrial Production and Capacity Utilization, 1991-95
Authors: Raddock Richard D.
Published: December 2020

The Federal Reserve's index of industrial production and its related measures of capacity and utilization for January 1991 onward have been revised to incorporate updated or additional data, revised seasonal factors through mid-1995 and updated productivity relationships for input-based estimates. The updated measures continue to paint the same broad picture of recovery in industrial activity from the 1990 recession through 1994 followed by a slowdown in early 1995.
An Analysis of Commercial Bank Exposure to Interest Rate Risk
Authors: Wright David M. , Houpt James V.
Published: December 2020

This article evaluates some of the factors that may be affecting the level of interest rate risk among commercial banks and estimates the general magnitude and significance of this risk using data from the quarterly Reports of Condition and Income and a simple interest rate risk model. That risk measure suggests that the interest rate risk exposure for the vast majority of the banking industry is not significant at present. The article also concludes that a relatively simple model can be useful for broadly measuring the interest rate risk exposure of institutions that do not have unusual or complex asset characteristics.
Profits and Balance Sheet Developments at U.S. Commercial Banks in 1995
Authors: Nelson William R. , Reid Brian K.
Published: December 2020

Continued profitability and rapid growth of assets combined to lift net income of U.S. commercial banks almost 10 percent in 1995 to a record $49 billion. Profitability, as measured by either return on assets or return on equity, edged up near the peak level posted in 1993. Although net interest income as a share of average assets fell slightly, the decline was more than offset by a decline in net noninterest expense. Provisioning for loan and lease losses edged up, as did charge-offs, but both remained quite low. With delinquency rates for real estate and business loans declining, overall loan quality continued to be very good, even though delinquency rates for consumer loans, particularly credit card loans, rose sharply. Banks retained about one-third of their income, and capital-asset ratios generally remained well above regulatory minimums.
Evaluating International Economic Policy with the Federal Reserve's Global Model
Authors: Levin Andrew , Rogers John H. , Tryon Ralph W.
Published: December 2020

FRB/Global is a large-scale macroeconomic model developed and maintained by the Board's staff. This article provides a historical perspective on the development of the model, gives an overview of its structure, and highlights its dynamic properties with three simulation experiments: a reduction in U.S. government purchases; a depreciation of the U.S. dollar; and an increase in the price of oil exported by OPEC. The article illustrates other uses of FRB/Global by examining the spillover effects of fiscal and monetary policy under alternative European monetary policy regimes.
Changes in the Distribution of Banking Offices
Authors: Avery Robert B. , Bostic Raphael W. , Calem Paul S. , Canner Glenn B.
Published: December 2020

The past twenty years have been marked by major structural and regulatory changes in the banking industry. This article explores the relationships between these changes and the distribution of "brick and mortar" banking offices between 1975 and 1995. The analysis explores how population shifts, deregulation, and mergers, acquisitions, and failures may have influenced changes in the number and location of banking offices. Special attention is given to changes in banking office distributions across neighborhoods grouped by the median income of their residents and their central city, suburban, or rural location.
CRA Special Lending Programs
Authors: Avery Robert B. , Bostic Raphael W. , Canner Glenn B.
Published: December 2020

The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) of 1977 encourages federally insured banking institutions to help meet the credit needs of their communities, including those of lower-income areas, in a manner consistent with their safe and sound operation. In responding to the CRA, many banking institutions have sought to expand lending to lower-income populations through "special lending programs" that seek out and assist such borrowers in a variety of ways. These programs, many of which include third parties such as government agencies and nonprofit groups, are often an important element of an institution's CRA-related lending. Many institutions have conducted such programs, some for many years. Although the characteristics of these programs and their implementation vary greatly across banking institutions, little systematic information about them has been available. To further the understanding of CRA special lending programs, this article uses data from a recent Federal Reserve Board survey to provide new information on the nature of these programs, their characteristics, and how these characteristics relate to the performance (delinquency and default rates) and profitability of the loans extended through them.
Industrial Production and Capacity Utilization: Recent Developments and the 1999 Revision
Authors: Gilbert Charles , Morin Norman J. , Raddock Richard D.
Published: December 2020

In late 1999, the Federal Reserve published revised measures of industrial production, capacity, and capacity utilization for the period January 1992 through October 1 999. The updated measures reflect both the incorporation of newly available, more comprehensive source data typical of annual revisions and the introduction of improved methods for compiling a few series, including computer and office equipment and motor vehicles. The new source data are for recent years, primarily from 1997 on, and the modified methods affect data beginning in 1992. The production index for the third quarter of 1999 is at 137.7 percent of output in 1992, compared with 135.2 percent reported before the annual revision, and the capacity index is 170.7 percent of output in 1992, compared with 167.9 percent reported previously. As a result, the rate of industrial capacity utilization was revised up 0.1 percentage point, to 80.7 percent for the third quarter of 1999.
Credit Cards: Use and Consumer Attitudes, 1970-2000
Authors: Durkin Thomas A.
Published: December 2020

From modest origins in the l950s as a convenient way for the relatively well-to-do to settle restaurant and department store purchases without carrying cash, credit cards have become a ubiquitous financial product held by households in all economic strata. Since the late 1960s, much federal legislation has been enacted to ensure that consumers have the protections and information they need to use this widely available form of open-end credit wisely. Nevertheless, concerns persist about whether consumers fully understand the costs and implications of using credit cards and whether credit cards have encouraged widespread overindebtedness. Drawing on information from commercial banks, credit reporting agencies, and surveys of consumers, this article explores these issues as well as changes over the past three decades in consumer impressions of their card-using experiences and of conditions in the marketplace.
Industrial Production and Capacity Utilization: The 2000 Annual Revision
Authors: Corrado Carol
Published: December 2020

In late 2000, the Federal Reserve Board published the annual revision of its index of industrial production and related measures of capacity and utilization for the period January 1992 through October 2000. The updated measures reflect the incorporation of newly available, more comprehensive source data, the introduction of new production series, and changes in methods. For this revision, two new years of comprehensive data on manufacturing output became available; otherwise, the updating of the data was typical of annual revisions. Total industrial output has increased, on average, 5.1 percent per year since 1995, and industrial capacity has expanded 5.4 percent per year; these revised rates of increase are more rapid than those previously reported. The rate of industrial capacity utilization was little changed by the revision for the third quarter of 2000 but was revised up 0.6 percentage point, to 81.6 percent, for the fourth quarter of 1999.
Recent Developments in Business Lending by Commercial Banks
Authors: Bassett William F. , Zakrajšek Egon
Published: December 2020

After growing rapidly during much of the 1990s, the real value of commercial and industrial (C&amp;I) loans at domestic commercial banks and at U.S. branches and agencies of foreign banks has fallen 19 percent since the beginning of 2001. The recent contraction in business loans has been concentrated at large banking institutions and appears to stem from the combined effects of weak demand for credit and a tightening of lending standards and terms. The move toward a more-stringent lending posture, although partly cyclical, also reflects a reassessment of the risks and returns of C&amp;I lending. This reassessment, in turn, is due partly to structural changes in the market, including the increased participation of nonbank financial institutions, the growth of the secondary loan market, and the greater use of credit derivatives by some banks.
Credit Report Accuracy and Access to Credit
Authors: Avery Robert B. , Calem Paul S. , Canner Glenn B.
Published: December 2020

Data that credit-reporting agencies maintain on consumers' credit-related experiences play a central role in U.S. credit markets. Analysts widely agree that the data enable these markets to function more efficiently and at lower cost than would otherwise be possible. Despite the great benefits of the current system, however, some analysts have raised concerns about the accuracy, timeliness, completeness, and consistency of consumer credit records and about the effects of data problems on the availability and cost of credit. In this article, the authors expand on the available research by quantifying the effects of credit record limitations on the access to credit. Using the credit records of a nationally representative sample of individuals, the authors examine the possible effects of data problems on consumers by estimating the changes in consumers' credit history scores that would result from "correcting" the problems in their credit records. Moreover, the authors report results for consumer groups segmented by strength of credit history (credit history score range), depth of credit history (number of credit accounts in a credit record), and selected demographic characteristics.
Federal Reserve Personal Financial Education Initiatives
Authors: Fox Lynn , Hoffman Joy
Published: December 2020

Recognizing the importance of successful personal financial management to individuals and the broader economy, the Federal Reserve System has in the past two years intensified its efforts to provide and promote personal financial education. Initiatives have ranged from a public outreach effort highlighting the importance of financial education, to local and regional Reserve Bank programs targeted to specific audiences, to new educational seminars for employees. Staff members have studied the effectiveness of different types of education programs for different groups, and the System has worked to encourage the dissemination of research findings. The challenge for the future is to support financial education in a way that makes effective use of the System's resources and national visibility and complements the resources already available.
Industrial Production and Capacity Utilization: The 2004 Annual Revision
Authors: Gilbert Charles , Bayard Kimberly
Published: December 2020

In late 2004, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve issued revisions to its index of industrial production (IP) and the related measures of capacity and capacity utilization for the period from January 1972 to November 2004. Overall, the changes to total industrial production were small. Measured from the fourth quarter of 2002 to the third quarter of 2004, industrial output is reported to have increased a little less than shown previously. Production expanded more slowly in 2000 than earlier estimates indicated, whereas the contraction in 2001 was a little less steep. The rise in output in 2002 was slightly stronger than reported earlier. Although the level of IP was a bit lower in the third quarter of 2004 than previously reported, the rate of industrial capacity utilization--the ratio of production to capacity--was revised upward. At 78.2 percent, the utilization rate for total industry is 0.9 percentage point higher than previously reported but still 2.9 percentage points below its 1972-2003 average. The revision indicated that industrial capacity expanded at a slower rate in 2002 and 2004 than estimated previously. Capacity is reported to have declined a bit in 2003; previously, a small increase had been reported. The current figures for capacity in 2000 and 2001 indicate a slightly stronger rate of increase than the earlier estimates did.
Background on FOMC Meeting Minutes
Authors: Danker Deborah J. , Luecke Matthew M.
Published: December 2020

On December 14, 2004, the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) decided to move up the publication of its minutes to three weeks after the end of each meeting. That action has cut in half the average time between the meeting and publication of the minutes. It has also apparently heightened public attention to the FOMC minutes. To give additional context to the Committee's decision, this article outlines previous changes to the release schedule for the minutes and provides a brief overview of the content of the minutes and the way they are now produced.
Recent Developments in the Credit Card Market and the Financial Obligations Ratio
Authors: Johnson Kathleen W.
Published: December 2020

This article argues that three important developments in the credit card market over the period account for most of the rise in credit card payments relative to income and played a strong role in the rise of the total financial obligations ratio (FOR). First, improvements in credit scoring technology and the advent of risk based pricing of credit card debt have increased the share of households particularly lower income households with a credit card. Second, in the 1990s, credit card interest rates began to vary with changes in broader market interest rates, which in turn led to an especially pronounced decline in credit card interest rates when, beginning in 2001, market rates turned sharply lower; the decline in credit card rates raised the demand for credit card debt. Finally, households have increased their use of credit cards as a convenient means of paying for daily purchases. The article also considers these findings in relation to the possible economic implications of the rise in the revolving credit FOR.
Profits and Balance Sheet Developments at U.S. Commercial Banks in 2008
Authors: Bech Morten L. , Rice Tara N.
Published: December 2020

Reviews recent developments in the balance sheets and in the profitability of U.S. commercial banks. The article discusses how developments in the U.S. banking industry in 2008 and early 2009 were related to changes in financial markets and in the broader economy.
Designing Disclosures to Inform Consumer Financial Decisionmaking: Lessons Learned from Consumer Testing
Authors: Hogarth Jeanne M. , Merry Ellen A.
Published: December 2020

The Federal Reserve Board has studied ways to improve the disclosures that consumers draw on when they purchase and use financial products and services. This article examines lessons learned from the Board's consumer testing projects, suggests potential best practices for disclosure content and presentation, and identifies challenges involved in crafting effective disclosures for financial products.
Improving Measurement of Cross-Border Securities Holdings: The TIC SLT
Authors: Brandner Erika , Cai Fang , Judson Ruth A.
Published: December 2020

In the wake of the financial crisis, growing interest in improving the measurement of cross-border securities positions and flows spurred the introduction of a new Treasury International Capital (TIC) reporting form, the TIC Security Long Term (SLT). This article reviews the existing structure of TIC cross-border position and flow data, the benefits that the new SLT can provide, and the incoming information from the first two reporting months of SLT data, September and December 2011. While some patterns and characteristics of the SLT data will become clear only after more data have accumulated, the SLT data have already begun to provide timely insights on U.S. and foreign cross-border investment flows that are different from the monthly estimates provided by existing flow data.
Mortgage Market Conditions and Borrower Outcomes: Evidence from the 2012 HMDA Data and Matched HMDA--Credit Record Data
Authors: Bhutta Neil , Canner Glenn B.
Published: December 2020

This article describes mortgage lending activity in 2012 based on newly available data reported under the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act of 1975 (HMDA). It also examines a new data set composed of HMDA records matched to borrowers? credit records. The matched data help document differences in the financial circumstances (credit scores and debt-to-income ratios) and subsequent loan performance of borrowers grouped by their race or ethnicity and income. The data also provide insight both into the potential for differential effects of the new qualified mortgage rules on access to credit across groups and into the role of the Community Reinvestment Act in the financial crisis.
Morphology and elemental analysis of freshly emitted particles from packed-bed domestic coal combustion
Authors: Masekameni Masilu Daniel , Makonese Tafadzwa , Rampedi Tebogo Isaac , Keretetse Goitsemang Salvation
Published: December 2020

This study was conducted in a laboratory-controlled environment to analyse the physical properties and elemental composition of coal combustion particles in a brazier.  Particles were sampled ~1 m above the stove, using a partector. Particles were collected on gold transmission electron microscopy (TEM) grids, and polycarbonate filters for TEM and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis, respectively. Particles for elemental analysis were collected on a 37 µm polycarbonate filter, and the exhaust was drawn in using a GilAir Plus pump. During sampling, a 2.5 µm cyclone was attached to the sampling cassette to isolate larger particles. Combustion particles emitted during the early stage of combustion were single organic spherical particles with similar characteristics to tarballs. As the combustion progressed, the particle diameter gradually decreased (from 109 nm), and the morphology changed to smaller particles (to 34.3 nm). The particles formed accretion chain structures, showing evidence of agglomeration. Furthermore, a fluffy microstructure, resembling the formation of soot, was formed in the post flaming phase. In the char-burning phase, an irregular structure of semi-spherical particles was formed, showing evidence of mineral particles infused with small carbonaceous particles. Similarly, with the findings of previous studies, the present research also observed organic spherical particles similar to tarballs. Given that during the ignition phase there was a simultaneous burning of wood as kindling and coal, the provenance of these particle emissions can be attributed to both coal and wood.
An Empirical Study on the Impact of Pre-interpreting Preparation on Business Interpreting under Gile's Efforts Model
Authors: Song Xiaoli , Tang Mingzhu
Published: December 2020

With Gile's Efforts Model as the theoretical foundation, this study aims at analyzing the effect of pre-interpreting preparation on business interpreting between English and Chinese, particularly focusing on the following two questions: 1. Does pre-interpreting preparation affect the quality of students' business interpreting output? If so, how it affects the various factors of interpreting output quality? 2. Will the pre-interpreting effect change with the different language levels? To answer these two questions, we carried out an experimental study by testing sample students' interpretation on a selected business interview without any preparation and with adequate preparation respectively. With the data collected, we made both quantitative and qualitative analysis. Based on the analysis, the following conclusions are reached: First, pre-interpreting preparation has a positive effect on the overall quality of business interpreting output. Second, in business scenarios, pre-interpreting preparation have different degrees of impact on the factors of interpretation quality. Specifically, it has a relatively large impact on the accuracy of terminology and the logical coherence of the target-language speech, while exerting a minimal impact on the voice quality. Third, pre-interpreting preparation has a greater influence on the interpreting output of the intermediate language level group than it has on the advanced language level group. It is hoped that this study could provide some new perspectives and offer some help to the teaching of business English interpreting.