bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formulation and Evaluation of Gastroretentive Floating Microspheres loaded with Lamivudine
Authors: Karosiya Shikhar R. , Vaidya Vaishali M. , Bhajipale Nitin S. , Radke Rahul S.
Published: August 2022

Some drugs give poor absorption because of a narrow absorption window in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). To improve the absorption of such drugs in GIT, gastro retentive drug delivery techniques play a vital role. Lamivudine is an antiviral medicine. The floating gastroretentive microspheres were prepared to attain an extended therapeutic action of Lamivudine. Floating microspheres were formulated to prolong the gastric retention and enhancement of bioavailability of the drug candidate. The floating microspheres were formulated using guar gum and xanthan gum as natural polymers. The proposed floating system was evaluated by preliminary evaluation parameters, micrometric investigation as well as Particle size investigation, Percentage yield of microspheres, Drug entrapment efficiency, In-vitro drug release studies, and their kinetics. The formulated microsphere is evaluated in the form of its stable nature. The formulated microsphere was found to be smooth, spherical, and slightly aggregated containing guar gum whereas xanthan gum containing microsphere was found porous, irregular, grossly, and discrete globular. Formulated microsphere gives a good percentage of drug entrapment and practical yields. The floating microsphere prolonged the drug release by up to 12 hrs. The IR spectroscopy of the prepared formulation was shown that the chemical structure of the Lamivudine was unchanged. The prepared lamivudine microspheres presented gastro retentive and extended-release properties.

Keywords: Lamivudine; Microspheres; Narrow absorption window; Floating system
Evaluation of the nutritional situation of the students of the "Benito Juarez" Elementary School according to the Body Mass Index. Jose Maria Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico
Authors: Franco–Monsreal José , Serralta–Peraza Lidia Esther del Socorro , Varguez-Dzul Angel Adrián , Sánchez–Uluac Maria Selene , Flores–Abuxapqui Javier Jesús
Published: August 2022

Introduction. The Body Mass Index, also called the Quetelet Index, is a measurement (kg/m²) used as an indicator of weight adequacy for a given height. The resulting value is interpreted as an indicator of different nutritional situations, both physiological (normal weight) and pathological (low weight, overweight and obesity). Objective. To evaluate the nutritional situation of the students of the "Benito Juarez" Elementary School in the Maya municipality of Jose Maria Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico, during the period from June 3, 2019, to July 12, 2020. Material and methods. Cross–sectional descriptive observational epidemiological study without directionality and with prospective temporality. One hundred and twenty–eight students from "Benito Juarez" Elementary School were evaluated. As a hypothesis test or statistical significance test, the Mantel–Haenszel Chi–Square statistic (x²M–H) was used. Likewise, the Epi Info software for Windows, version 7.1.4.0, was used to obtain the values ​​of both the x²M–H statistic and the probability (p). Results. Fifty–four (42.19%), 70 (54.69%), 3 (2.34%) and 1 (0.78%) students presented low weight, normal weight, overweight and obesity, respectively. Conclusion. It is concluded that the students of the "Benito Juarez" Elementary School present health problems with respect to their nutritional situation, since 45.31% (58/128) have a pathological nutritional situation (low weight, overweight and obesity).

Keywords: Assessment, nutritional status, school–age students, body mass index
Review on Atherogenic Index of Plasma Lipids and Dyslipidemia
Authors: Onuchukwu Ifunanyachukwu Confidence , Etim Echu Ukam , Chimdike Omejua Godswill , Oguzie Blessing Chinyere , Emuebie Hilary , Orji Kelvin Nkemakonam , Egoh Livia Chinaza , Ofojama Ebubechukwu Lovelyn , Okonkwo Gift Ifechukwu , Timothy Amokeoja Olayinka , Igwe Comfort Chinwendu , Sunday Favour Chizaram , Nnaji Chisimdindu Frances , Ekemezie Chiagoziem Henry , Ikwueze Unoaku Judith , Maduekwe Chibuike Emmanuel , Adebisi Sheriffdeen Adedolapo , Nnanyereugo Vivian Onyinyechi , Ihedi Kelechi Victor , Ifionu Onyinyechukwu Vivian , Eze Sharon Obianuju , Okafor Chisom Nwabundo , Makata Victor Chisom , Inalegwu Samuel Edwin , Joboson Juliet Uzorchi , Udensi Carmilla Ijeoma , Omokungbe Olatunji , Onuoha Prince Ikechukwu , Ajibo Chikwube Collins , Agbo Moses Ejiofor , Okoro Goodluck Oghenerukevwe , Uba Amarachi Cynthia , Offor Chioma Mascillina , Uchendu Ikenna Kingsley
Published: August 2022

Dyslipidemia is defined as abnormally levels of lipids in the blood. Different types of lipids and lipoproteins have been identified. Dyslipidemia is a single strong risk factor for the development of cardiovascular events and atherosclerosis is the most common. It has been described as a disease of the economically advanced societies, but recently, it has found its way into the semi-urban societies and among its dwellers, who are at the increasing risk of developing cardiovascular accidents. Hence, early identification and diagnosis of dyslipidemia at its earliest stage among this populace is a worthwhile cardiovascular preventive measure. The study of hyperlipidaemia is of considerable importance, mainly because of the involvement of lipids in cardiovascular diseases. The classification system of hyperlipidaemia is based on which plasma lipoprotein concentrations were increased. Fredrickson classification helped to put lipidology on the clinical map, though it was not a diagnostic classification. It gives little clue as to the aetiology of the disorder. Currently, a more descriptive classification is used for the primary hyperlipidaemia although they can be genetic or secondary factors. This review presents the overview of plasma lipids. This article illustrates the theoretical background and details about dyslipidemias.

Keywords: Dyslipidemia, Atherogenic index, Hyperlipidaemia, Atherosclerosis, Lipoproteins
Formulation and Evaluation of Microspheres of Ramipril
Authors: Mutagond Chetankumar , Kolageri Shivanand , Katagaon Supriya B
Published: August 2022

Background: Ramipril an antihypertensive medicine has a 28 percent oral bioavailability and is promptly eliminated from the body through the kidneys. When Ramipril is administered as an immediate dosage form, it has also been linked to a wide range of side effects, including hypotension, an increase in potassium level, and angioedema. The present study was therefore conducted in an effort to reduce the drug's negative effects and boost its bioavailability.

Objectives: In the current work, ramipril microspheres are created and evaluated utilizing the solvent evaporation method and natural or synthetic polymers. Use natural polymers like ramipril, sodium hydroxide, potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate, dichloromethane (DCM), and synthetic polymers like ethyl cellulose, eudragit RL100, etc.

Methods: A solvent evaporation technique was used to create the microsphere, and polymers like EudragitRL100 and ethyl cellulose were used. Particle size analysis, percent entrapment efficiency, Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Drug encapsulation efficiency (DEE), FTIR spectroscopy, in vitro release research, and stability study were all performed on the produced formulations.

Results: The results were observed to be within the normative ranges. The FT-IR analysis of the formulations indicated there was no interaction between Ramipril and other excipients. The range of entrapment efficiency was found to be between 68.7 and 94.08%. The drug release investigation was conducted in gastrointestinal fluid (SGF) for 12 hours and demonstrated the largest quantity of drug release in a regulated and sustained manner over a prolonged length of time. The size of the microsphere was in the range of 25.7 to 49.2 m. According to the DSC study, molecules of drugs are uniformly dispersed in an amorphous state.

Conclusion: The designed formulation was discovered to be stable and it provides a potential system for the controlled and sustained distribution of ramipril.

Keywords: Ramipril, EudragitRL100, Ethylcellulose, Potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate, Solvent evaporation method.
Contraceptive Prevalence, Pattern and Socio-demographic Determinants among In- Union Women of Reproductive Age (15-49 years) in Semi-urban Communities of Orlu town, Imo state, Nigeria
Authors: Duru Chukwuma B. , Andibanbang Franklin A. , Duru Chioma A. , Ogelle Onyecherelam M.
Published: August 2022

Introduction: The use of contraceptives is very important in controlling high and unsustainable population growth thereby reducing its attendant problems of poor national economy and health outcomes of women and children.

Methodology: The study was a community based cross-sectional study carried out among 600 in-union women of reproductive age living in suburban communities in Orlu, Imo State, Nigeria.  They were selected using multistage sampling technique.  Data was collected using a pre-tested, semi-structured and interviewer administered questionnaire and was analyzed using EPI-INFO version 3.2.1. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test and regression analysis were performed where necessary. A p-value of ≤ 0.05 was considered significant.

Result:  Contraceptive ever used and current use was 66.7% and 36.7% respectively.  The commonest modern contraceptive type ever used and currently used was the oral Contraceptive pill (65% vs. 22.8%). Socio-demographic and economic factors found to influence contraceptive use among the women were; age of women (p=0.002), status of union(p˂0.0001), age at union (p = 0.043), duration of union (p = 0.002), level of education of women (p ˂ 0.0001), religion of women (p ˂ 0.0001), family size (p ˂ 0.0001), number of male children (p ˂ 0.0001), monthly income (p ˂ 0.0001) and previous use of contraceptives (p ˂ 0.0001).

Conclusion: The use of contraceptive was low and the commonest reason for non-use was due to religious beliefs.  Most of the factors influencing use can be modified by appropriate intervention programs.  Thus there is need to institute intervention programs by relevant authorities of the state that can help increase contraceptive use among these women.

Keywords:  Contraceptive use, prevalence, pattern, socio-demographic, determinants, Orlu, Imo State.
An Overview of Monolithic Column: Types, Parameters and Applications
Authors: Patel Nishiben , Gupta Krishna R. , Umekar Milind J.
Published: August 2022

The column is the main component for chromatographic separation. Nowadays, monolithic columns are graining more popularity in the field of separation media for liquid chromatography. The monolith columns possess great potential as compared to the conventional packed column in terms of preparing complex mixtures. These columns provide various properties like higher permeability, high-efficiency fast separations, high flow rate with lower backpressure, fast mass transfer kinetics with a high binding capacity. It is categories into three columns and they are organic monolithic column, inorganic monolithic column and hybrid monolithic column and all three types of monolithic column differ through their porous properties. In this review, the various advantage of the high-efficiency monolithic column with recent advances, the origin of the concept, the various parameter of the monolithic stationary phase and the application of monolithic columns are illustrated. It is better column in comparison of selectivity, reproducibility and performance.

Keywords: Monolithic column, Packed columns, Inorganic and organic monolithic column, Column parameters, Pharmaceutical Applications
Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review
Authors: Sharik Mehraj , Mubashir Wani , Ahad Wani Abdul , Shafi Aamir
Published: August 2022

Non-Valvular atrial fibrillation is defined as the one which develops in the absence of moderate to severe rheumatic mitral stenosis ,a mechanical or bioprosthetic valve or mitral valve repair. Atrial fibrillation is the most common pathological cardiac arrhythmia and major cause of ischemic stroke. There are many major risk factors for development of atrial fibrillation. Among these advanced age, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, chronic lung disease and consumption of alcohol are the major causes. Aim of treatment is to control the rate, rhythm and anticoagulation so as to prevent tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy, heart failure and stroke. This review article gives a comprehensive and systematic approach for the management of Non-valvular atrial fibrillation.

Keywords: Atrial fibrillation (AF), Stroke, Anticoagulation.
Evaluation of Diuretic and Antinephrolithiatic Activity of Cucurbita pepo Seed in Experimental Rats
Authors: Thakur Niharika , Jain Surendra Kumar , Saxena Rajiv
Published: August 2022

This study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the cucurbita pepo seed on albino rats as a preventive agent against the development of kidney stones. The seeds of cucurbita pepo were collected from the local market of Lalitpur, district (UP). Activity of cucurbita pepo seed was studied using the ethylene glycol-induced nephrolithiasis model. Standard drug used was cystone. Several parameters were used including urinary volume, urine analysis and serum analysis to assess the activity. The results indicated that the administration of cucurbita pepo to rats with ethylene glycol-induced lithiasis significantly reduced and prevented the growth of urinary stones (P < 0.01). Also, the treatment of lithiasis-induced rats by cucurbita pepo seed restored all the elevated biochemical parameters (calcium, creatinine, uric acid and urea), increased the urine volume significantly (P < 0.01) when compared to the model control drug. This study supports the usage of cucurbita pepo seed in nephrolithiasis and the utility could further be confirmed in other animal models.

Keywords: Antinephrolithiatic Activity, Ethylene glycol, Cucurbita pepo, Renal calculi.
Formulation and Characterization of Novel Transfersomes Gel for Enhance TDDS of Losartan Potassium
Authors: Khan Rubeena , Jain Prateek Kumar , Khare Basant , Jain Monika , Thakur Bhupendra Singh , Jain Anushree , Jain Ashutosh Pal
Published: August 2022

A transferosome is the first generation of an elastic liposome prepared from phospholipids and edge activators. An edge activator is often a single-chain surfactant with a high radius of curvature that destabilizes the lipid bilayers of vesicles and increases the deformability of the bilayers, thereby making the vehicle ultra-deformable. Losartan potassium is an orally active angiotensin-II receptor antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension due to mainly blockade of AT1 receptor. It is freely soluble in water, slightly soluble in acetonitrile, and soluble in isopropyl alcohol. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of transfersomal gel formulations for transdermal delivery of losartan potassium by reverse phase evaporation method. Characterization of transfersomes gel performed by vesicle size, pH measurements,  drug content, entrapment efficiency, in vitro drug diffusion study, spreadability and stability study. In the formulations pH is found to be around 6.8 to 6.9, pH is found in the range of 6 which is compatible with skin. In the formulations spreadability is found to be around 6.75 to 10.11 g m cm/sec. The prepared gel containing losartan potassium-loaded transfersomal formulation was optimized and can be use for topical preparation. The results were obtained which showed that transfersomal gel was a promising candidate for transdermal delivery with targeted and prolonged release of a drug. It also enhances skin permeation of many drugs.

Keywords: Transferosome gel, Losartan potassium, Antihypertensives, Reverse phase evaporation method
A Comprehensive Review on In-Situ Gel Drug Delivery System
Authors: Gupta Sakshi , Archana , , Niranjan Abadhesh Kumar
Published: August 2022

Over the past ten years, in situ gelling drug delivery methods have attracted a lot of attention. Prior to injection, they are in a sol-state, and they can gel when exposed to a variety of endogenous stimuli, including temperature rise, pH changes, and the presence of ions. Such to accomplish the injection of a local or systemic medication, systems may be delivered by a variety of can also be employed effectively as carriers for nano- and microparticles that carry drugs. Natural or artificial or in conjunction with semi-artificial polymer exhibiting in situ gelling behaviour. For the development of such systems, coupling with mucoadhesive polymers is highly sought in order to prolong the duration spent at the site of action or absorption. Nasal drug administration is a superior option than oral and parental routes because of the high permeability of the nasal epithelium, rapid drug absorption, avoidance of hepatic first pass metabolism, improved bioavailability of the medication, and fewer adverse effects. adverse local and systemic effects, minimal dosage is required, Patient compliance has increased, direct distribution to the CNS and systemic circulation is available, and self-medication. The development of gastric ulcers can be prevented. Recent evidence indicates that many medications have greater oral bioavailability than nasal bioavailability. So, the focus of this review is on nasal drugs. Administration, various nasal architecture and physiology characteristics, the method of nasal absorption, and benefits, Evaluations of in situ gels' composition, use, and advantages and disadvantages.

Keywords: Nasal formulation, sustained drug administration, mucoadhesive drug delivery system, and in-situ nasal gelation.
Comprehending the Presence and Application of Antiradicals and Antioxidants within the Human Body
Authors: Pandey Saurabh , Dubey Bhavana , Niranjan Abadhesh Kumar
Published: August 2022

A substance that prevents other molecules from oxidising is known as an antioxidant1. A chemical process called oxidation can generate free radicals, which can set off a series of events that can harm cells. Ascorbic acid, an antioxidant, stops these cascades of events. Reactive-oxygen species (ROS) are produced in excess by plants and animals as a result of various abiotic stressors. ROS are extremely sensitive and toxic, damaging proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and DNA as a result, which causes oxidative stress. This oxidative-stress damages tissues and contributes to a broad range of illnesses2. Antioxidants counteract the effects of ROS and aid in disease prevention by balancing their effects. Antioxidants can be naturally occurring or synthetic. Common cancer preventatives are ingested through diet because they are present in organic foods, veggies, and flavours. Additionally, several designed cancer preventative substances like BHT and BHA prevent oxidation. The search for non-toxic cancer prevention agents has gotten stronger in recent years, nonetheless, as it has been determined that these synthetic cancer prevention agents pose risks to people.

Keywords: Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's cancer, ascorbic acid, and tocopherols.
Analytical Method Development and Validation of Ondansetron and Telmisartan in Tablet Dosage Form by RP-UPLC Method
Authors: Siddiqui Khushnuma , Dubey Bhavana
Published: August 2022

The objective of the present analysis was the improvement of easy, exact as well as reproducible and precise verifies reversed phase Liquid Chromatography with High Performance [UPLC] assays for Telmisartan and Ondansetron. The chromatographic splitting up was done on Acuity UPLC BEH C 18 (50×2.1mm and1.7µm) column with gradient elution. The injection amount was 1µl and also the detection was performed at 214 nm by utilizing photo diode array detector. The evolved as well as a validated UPLC way of Telmisartan and Ondansetron in tablet dosage styles based on ICH tips was precise and accurate, therefore it may be utilized for equally evaluation scientific studies of medications. This process demonstrated the repeatability of outcomes with regard to accuracy, scientific studies, robustness, and then program - suitability problems.

Keywords: UPLC, Ondansetron, chromatography, Telmisartan, accuracy, robustness
Development and Evaluation of Gastro Retentive Mucoadhesive Microballoons of Esomeprazole to Treat Peptic Ulcer
Authors: Pandey Chandra Prakash , Archana ,
Published: August 2022

The Gastro-retentive medication delivery method may increase patient compliance by lowering drug plasma level fluctuations1. The absorption maxima (max) of esomeprazole magnesium in 0.1 N HCl solution were found to be at 291 nm. Correlation coefficient values better than 0.99 suggest that the calibration curves provide strong linearity data. The results showed that the medication was soluble in 0.1 N HCl and had the maximum solubility in water. Magnesium esomeprazole was found to have a partition coefficient of (0.2442). The prepared mucoadhesive microballons percentage yield was calculated, with a range of 88.2 to 96.5 percent. The shape and surface morphology of produced mucoadhesive microballons photographed using a scanning electron microscope. The effectiveness of drug entrapment was in the region of 81.71 % - 93.51 % . The swelling rate and percent mucoadhesion of Esomeprazole Magnesium mucoadhesive microballons ranged from 75.63 percent to 88.64 percent. The in-vitro buoyancy % of mucoadhesive microballons used to determine the floating ability of all formulations. All of the developed formulations were floated for at least 7 to 12 hours. The best formulations incorporate naturally occurring polysaccharide polymeric blends as Drug: HPMC: Carbopol 934 (1:1:1) that release more than 98.13 percent of the drug in a regulated and sustained manner in the stomach environment for up to 24 hours.

Keywords:  Gastroretention, mucoadhesive microballoons, Esomeprazole, HPMC, Carbopol
Catnip (Nepeta cataria L.): Recent Advances in Pharmacognosy, Cultivation, Chemical Composition and Biological Activity
Authors: Ibrahim Zen Saleh , Qayssar Rahma , Sardar Sara , Jamal Eman , Senjawi Laza Saadi Mustafa , Sleman Eron , Fazil Halo , Porwal Omji
Published: August 2022

Plant preparations are said to be medicinal or herbal when they are used to promote health beyond basic nutrition. It is indeed quite interesting to observe that our ancients were duly equipped with the vast, in depth and elaborated knowledge of drugs from the vegetable origin but unfortunately they possessed a scanty knowledge with regard to the presence of chemically pure compounds in most of them. The genus Nepeta L. (catmint), a large genus of the family Lamiaceae, is named after the ancient Italian City of Nephi It is also known as Glechoma and Cataria and it contains about 280 annual and perennial species, the majority of which are aromatic plants native to temperate Europe, Asia, North Africa, and North America. The wide variety and high content of terpenoid, flavonoid and phenolic compounds of Nepeta species provide diverse pharmacological effects, justifying its traditional utilization for medicinal purposes. Nepeta cataria (catnip or catmint, N. cataria), an aromatic perennial herb, belongs to genus Nepeta of Lamiaceae family and has been well known for its medicinal and therapeutic values. The name Cataria has been originated from Cathus, an old Latin word, which mean of cats. Like other aromatic plants which have showed flavoring and medicinal properties and act as renewable source for the same, N. cataria has also been known for its essential oil and secondary metabolites, which showed tremendous applications in pharmaceutical, agrochemical and food industries. It was shown by the different research groups that the essential oil and different extracts isolated from N. cataria have been a rich source of nepetalactones and related compounds (iridoids), which have been mainly responsible for different biological activities of the plant, viz. cat attractant, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic activities, as well as sedative, antidepressant, spasmolytic, anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities. Experiments show that this plant influences sexual activity, and expresses anticancer properties. Antimicrobial activity against a number of bacteria is also noted, as well as repellent and insecticidal properties. Nematodidal and allelopathic effects are also noted. This review emphasizes on latest information regarding the botany, distribution, cultivation taxonomy, traditional uses and more focused on phytochemistry, pharmacology.
Relationship between Menstrual Stress Levels and Menstrual Cycle in Medical Students
Authors: Batubara Frisca Ronauli , Sirait Gelora Lisbet Aprina , Achmad Luana N.
Published: August 2022

Menstruation is a physiological change in a woman's body that is affected by reproductive hormones that occur periodically. The menstrual cycle is the time from the first day of menstruation until the arrival of the next period of menstruation. The average menstrual cycle lasts for 21-35 days. Stress is a disorder of the body and mind caused by changes and life demands. Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) is a condition accompanied by emotional and physical problems related to the menstrual cycle. This study aims to determine the correlation of stress levels during menstruation with the menstrual cycle in medical students. This study uses a type of cross-sectional research. The data was obtained using questionnaires. The study used 99 respondents who met inclusion criteria. The results showed that out of 99 respondents there were 79 respondents (79.8%) had a regular menstrual cycle, seven respondents (7.1%) had an abnormal menstrual cycle, there were 28 respondents (28.3%) had normal stress levels during menstruation. Twenty-one respondents (21.2%) had mild stress levels during menstruation, 21 respondents (21.2%) had moderate stress levels during menstruation, and 16 respondents (16.2%) had severe stress levels during menstruation, 13 respondents (13.1%) had stress levels are very heavy during menstruation. Based on the Spearman Rank test, there is a negative correlation with the moderate level of relationship between stress levels during menstruation and the length of the menstrual cycle.

Keywords: Menstruation, Menstrual Cycle, Stress, Stress Level.
An Overview of Public Knowledge and Attitudes towards the Use of Herbs during the Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Silaban Hertina , Weubun Anastasia Novena Brigita , Salutondok Welly
Published: August 2022

During the Covid 19 pandemic, one of the prevention measures suggested by Indonesian Food and Drug Authority (BPOM) is to consume herbal medicine to boost one's health immunity. The major factors that encourage the individual to consume herbal medicines are their knowledge and attitude towards the herbal medicines themselves. In these pandemic condition, consumption of herbal medicines will still increase as one of the prevention measures. This research aims to understand the knowledge and attitude of indigenous people in Wasur village RT 002 RW 001 regency towards herbal medicines during the pandemic. This research is descriptive research using a cross-sectional approach. The instrument that is being used in this research is a questionnaire. There are 100 people as the sample used in this research was taken under a nonrandom sampling technique with purposive sampling criteria that have been inclusively determined. The results have shown that plants that are frequently consumed as herbal medicines are Sambiloto (36%), Ginger (26%), Meniran leaves (13%), Galangal leaves (13%), Papaya leaves (11%), and Guava leaves (8%). The dosage form that is being used by the sample is decoction. The village's knowledge of the people's herbal medicines is mainly passed down by the family (60%). The majority of these herbal medicines concoctions are local's concoctions. To be noted in this research, 44 persons of the samples passed the "GOOD" knowledge criteria, and 98% passed the "GOOD" criteria for attitude toward herbal medicines. This research concludes that knowledge and attitude are majorly in the "GOOD" criteria.

Keywords: Consume, Knowledge, Attitude, Herbal.
Effect of compound Unani Drug in the management of cervical spondylosis (Wajaur Raqaba): A case study
Authors: Usmani Safia , Sultana Asia , Sabir Bushra
Published: August 2022

Cervical spondylosis is also known as cervical osteoarthritis. It is a disorder characterised by alterations in the bones, discs, and joints of the neck. These changes are induced by the regular wear and tear of ageing, which leads to intervertebral disc degeneration and osteophyte production. The most common complaints are pain in the head, neck, and shoulders, as well as tenderness in these areas. There is also pain radiation and a reduction in cervical range of motion. Wajaur Raqaba (cervical spondylosis) is treated through Ilaj bit Tadbeer (Regional therapy), Ilaj bid Dawa (Pharmacotherapy), and Ilaj bil Yad (Surgery). The purpose of this case study was to assess the efficacy of Unani formulations Habbe Asgand and Habbe Gul-e-akh in the treatment of cervical spondylosis. A 24-year-old female patient with cervical spondylosis presented to the OPD of Ajmal Khan Tibbia College, Aligarh. Treatment was given to the patient for a period of one month. The Northwick Park Neck Pain Questionnaire (NPQ) is used for the assessment of cervical pain. As assessed by NPQ, Unani formulations were proven to be safe and effective in the management of cervical spondylosis.

Keywords Cervical spondylosis, Wajaur Raqaba, Unani formulations, Habbe suranjan and Habbe gul-e-akh.
Case Report on Phenytoin-Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
Authors: David Nishoja , Bali Prasad N , Swamy AHM Vishwanath
Published: August 2022

Toxic epidermal necrolysis is a cutaneous drug reaction which is a severe adverse effect that predominantly involves the skin and mucous membrane. Phenytoin is an anti-epileptic medication that belongs to the hydantoin class. Here we are going to present a case of 50-year-old male patient with phenytoin induced toxic epidermal necrolysis. The outcome of this study was to determine the severity of the adverse reaction and its management to improve the patient condition.  

Keywords: Toxic epidermal necrolysis, phenytoin, erythromatous, adverse drug reaction, body surface area.
Formulation, Evaluation and Comparison of Mesalamine compression coated tablets by using Natural and Semi synthetic polymers
Authors: Joshna B , Sirisolla Janaki Devi
Published: August 2022

The main objective of this research paper is to formulate, evaluate and compare compression-coated tablets of Mesalamine using natural and synthetic polymer. The natural polymers used were pectin and Xanthan gum and the synthetic polymer used was HPMC E50 LV. Initially tablets were prepared by direct compression method using different polymers and both pre-compression and post-compression evaluation was conducted. Using the same polymers compression coated tablets of mesalamine were prepared by compression coating method using Cellulose acetate phthalate as the enteric polymer. These tablets were also subjected to pre-compression and post-compression evaluation and all the values obtained were in acceptable limits. Dissolution studies were conducted in different media having pH 1.2, 6.8 and 7.4. The dissolution results showed the drug release of uncoated tablet of HPMC E50 LV was 108.42% at 480 minutes, Pectin was 100.53% at 300 minutes and Xanthan gum was 108.73% at 90 minutes. The drug release of coated tablets of HPMC E50 LV was 100.42% at 680 minutes, Pectin was 102.31% at 580 minutes and Xanthan gum was 100.42% at 300 minutes. Hence the study showed that the compression coated tablets of mesalamine using HPMC E50 LV showed delayed release of the drug in 680 minutes.

Keywords: Mesalamine, Colon targeting drug delivery system, Compression coating method, Delayed release, Cellulose acetate phthalate.
A Comprehensive Review on Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery
Authors: Chauhan Vasu , Agrawal Abhinav , Singh Umesh Kumar
Published: August 2022

The two major problems in the development of new drugs are low aqueous solubility and low oral bioavailability. Although, drug delivery via oral route is most preferred for years but it also has some drawbacks. Various techniques for improving the solubility have been developed, however the success of these techniques depends on the physical and chemical properties of the drug under development. In recent years, mucoadhesive drug delivery gained high popularity in comparison to other routes of drug delivery as it can circumvent the drawbacks of conventional delivery system such as first pass metabolism, enzymatic degradation, GI toxicity of some drugs, instability in acidic or alkaline environment and poor bioavailability. Various mucoadhesive dosage forms have been developed recently including tablets, patches, films, ointments, gels etc. The objective of current review is to provide a comprehensive overview of mucoadhesive drug delivery including the mechanism and theories behind mucoadhesion, factors affecting mucoadhesion, different dosage forms, polymers used in mucoadhesive formulations, characterization techniques, marketed products and current scenario & future challenges.

Keywords: Mucoadhesion, Buccal mucosa, Mucoadhesive drug delivery, Mucoadhesive polymers, Mucus membrane, Patents
Clinical Trials: Essential Stage in Development of Drug
Authors: Tamboli S.S. , Surwade A.B. , Mahale K.J. , Khairnar K.B. , Avhad K.B. , Avhad A.V. , Chavan A.G. , Kaluse P.S. , Darekar A.B. , Ugale P.G. , Jadhav S.S.
Published: August 2022

This article gives an idea about the clinical trials and way its importance in the development of the vaccine. The different phases which are involved in clinical trials like phase I, phase II, phase III, and phase IV. Each phase role in the development of vaccines and how clinical trials play an important role in the treatment of various diseases. The role of a clinical trial is to help society and the entire medical community by contributing to the research and development of new drugs concerning their safety and efficacy.

Keywords: Preclinical trials, phase I trial, phase II trial, phase III trial, phase IV trial
Impact of Hypertension on Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
Authors: Suryowati Trini , Gultom Fajar Lamhot , Muntu Ester Grace Nikti
Published: August 2022

Hypertension is a progressive cardiovascular syndrome arising from complex and interrelated etiologies, characterized by an increase in systolic blood pressure higher than or equal to 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure higher than or equal to 90 mmHg. Hypertension is one of the main risk factors for chronic kidney disease. This research aims to know the impact of hypertension on chronic kidney disease patients in UKI General Hospital from 2019 – to 2020. The design of this research was retrospective. The sample used was 58 patients following inclusion criteria. The instruments used are medical records of hypertension patients in UKI General Hospital from 2019 – to 2020. The results showed that 23 (39.7%) patients with hypertension were male, 35 (60.3%) patients with hypertension were female, and 15 (25.9%) patients with hypertension aged 46 – 55 years and 56 – 65 years. The chi-square correlation test results between hypertension and chronic kidney disease obtained p > 0.05. It was concluded that in UKI General Hospital during 2019 – 2020, hypertension has no significant impact on chronic kidney disease.

Keywords: Cardiovascular Syndrome, Chronic Kidney Disease, Hypertension
Fingerprinting Profile of Saponin Glycosides in Bacopa Monnieri (L.) Wettst
Authors: Singh Chhaya , Saxena Rishi Kumar , Tripathi Pawan , Gupta Sonika
Published: August 2022

As a medhya rasayana in Ayurveda formulations, B. monnieri has undergone extensive research into its bioactive chemicals in the last few years. To date, no research has been done on the chemical profiles of different extract components, such as the leaf and stem compounds that are crucial for pre-formulation purposes. Routine B. monnieri testing requires the use of welldefined concentrations of bacopaside II and baposide A3. As a result, the study's goal was to identify the active ingredients found in the leaves and stems of the Bacopa monnieri plant. We want to standardize phytoconstituents in B. monnieri leaves and stems using two different markers and the HPLC technique described here. The HPLC fingerprinting analysis of the extract of B. monnieri was carried out. Phosphoric acid: acetonitrile (65: 53 v/v) was used as the mobile phase, and the absorbance at 240 nm was measured after a 50-minute run time. Saponins found in the leaf extract included apigenin, bacopasaponin A, bacoside A3, and bacoside A1, with retention durations of 21.217, 17.843, 15.241, 14.540, 11.274, and 11.263, respectively. Stem extract, on the other hand, revealed the existence of major compounds such as bacopaside II, bacoside A3, bacopaside I, and bacosaponin C, with retention durations of 21.133, 14.186, 14.021, and 13.970, respectively. Phytoconstituents were found in greater abundance in the leaf extract of the plant than in the stem extract. The standard bacopaside II and bacoside A3 were used to match the phytoconstituents found in leaves and stems. HPLC fingerprinting was used to check the quality of plant extracts and their fractions, such as methanol. Keywords: ,,,,
DRUMS IN THE DEEP
Authors: Johan Björklund
Published: August 2022

Embracing and finding inspiration in my youth and background to explore methods and paths for creating art.

In this project I have explored and investigated my background growing up in Hedekas, a small rural village in Sweden. I wanted to see both socially and geographically how it could relate to and inspire my artistic work and practice. This resulted in three exstensive series of works that exemplifies this. An important overall aspect of this project is how I connect and releate the titles of my works to specific locations, people and events that have inspired them.
"Αdagio e Rondo” for oboe and piano accompaniment, by Josef Vitzthum (1815-1884). The oldest oboe piece that is associated with the newly formed independent Greek State.
Authors: Christos Tsogias-Razakov
Published: August 2022

Excerpt from the lecture at the "Portitsa" Festival about the musical piece “Adagio e Rondo” for oboe and piano by the Bavarian composer Josef Vitzthum (1815-1884). It is considered the oldest oboe work related to the newly formed independent Greek state. It came to the surface after more than a century, from the moment of its creation, during the doctoral research on oboe works by Greek composers.

Christos Tsogias-Razakov
Oboist - Ph.D. Candidate

Tsogias-Razakov, Christos. “‘Αdagio e Rondo’ oboe and piano by Josef Vitzthum (1815-1884)” First Festival of Portitsa. Lecture, August 5, 2022.
The primary knowledge about cane, by Theophrastus.
Authors: Christos Tsogias-Razakov
Published: August 2022

The following material is a short excerpt from the master’s research exposition: THE IMPORTANCE OF ARUNDO DONAX CANE SELECTION, FOR MANUFACTURERS OF OBOE REEDS (2020) by Christos Tsogias-Razakov. It is mentioned that already from the period of classical antiquity existed methods that helped manufacturers to make playable reeds for the instruments of that time.
Cyclic Extrusion Synthesis of Mesoporous Carbon-Supported Metal Catalysts for Selective Hydrogenation
Authors: Zhang Pengfei , Xu Jialu , Hou Shengtai , Niu Qiang , Luo Zheng-Hong
Published: August 2022

The mesoporous carbon-supported metal catalysts are important materials
in heterogeneous catalysis. From the standpoint of process
intensification, the current synthesis methods still suffer from several
issues, such as the excessive use of toxic solvents, the time-consuming
self-assembly process, and the difficulty of continuous production.
Herein, we report a solvent-free and continuous route to synthesize
mesoporous carbon-supported metal catalysts. Interestingly, the use of
cyclic extrusion could promote the mixing, coordination, and assembly of
catalyst precursors (tannin-metal salts-additives) by shearing and
squeeze force. The as-made mesoporous carbon-supported nickel showed
high surface areas (up to 512m2g-1), narrow pore size distribution
(~10 nm), and good performance in the selective
hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to aniline (Conv.>99%;
Sel.>99%). In addition, the fluid property of catalyst
precursors and the geometry of the twin-screw extrusion channel were
studied, and the essence of this cyclic extrusion process is also
discussed.
New insights on the molecular organization of binary azeotrope at the vapor/liquid interface affected by temperature
Authors: Sun Guanlun , Li Hong , Hou Jian , Wang Hong , Wang Jinzhao , Lu Zhou , Gao Xin
Published: August 2022

The vapor/liquid interface plays an important role in the distillation
of azeotropic mixture. The understanding of interfacial structure will
allow us to improve the separation of azeotropic mixture in a rational
way. Herein, we use sum-frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy
(SFG-VS) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to study how the
interfacial molecular structure of the mixture of 1,2-butanediol and
ethylene glycol depends on concentration and temperature. At 64 ℃, an
obvious decline is observed in the SFG-VS intensity of this system
contrast to the strong signal yield by 1,2-butanediol at 22 ℃. MD
simulation results show that bulk concentration would not significantly
affect the molecular orientation. But a temperature rise would make
1,2-butanediol gradually twist around its C2-O2 bond and turn to a lying
orientation. This work explores the structure of azeotrope from
molecular level and carves the path for the further study on the
vapor/liquid interface affected by temperature.
Responses of carbon dynamics to grazing exclusion in alpine grassland ecosystems on the Qingzang Plateau
Authors: Sun Jian , Liu Tianyuan , Chen Youchao , Zhou Tiancai , Shang Hua , Wang Yingxin , Wu Junxi , Mi Qi , Zhang Jintao , He Wen , Sun Le
Published: August 2022

In the context of “Carbon Emissions Peak” and “Carbon Neutrality”,
grazing exclusion (GE) has been applied widely to rehabilitate degraded
grasslands and increase carbon sequestration. However, on the Qingzang
Plateau (QP), the impacts of GE on carbon dynamics of alpine grasslands
are poorly understood, particularly at regional scale. Here, we
evaluated the responses of carbon sequestration to GE in different
alpine grasslands across QP to fill this knowledge gap by using
meta-analysis. Overall, the effects of GE on ecosystem carbon fractions
were dependent on GE duration, grassland types and climate factors. GE
had more obviously positive effects on carbon stock across alpine meadow
than alpine steppe. Longer duration of GE was more effective for
ecosystem carbon sequestration in alpine steppe. Annual mean
precipitation (AMP) and temperature (AMT) began to dominate ecosystem
carbon sequestration after three years of GE duration across alpine
meadow; and AMP was important climate factor limiting ecosystem carbon
sequestration in the alpine steppe. In terms of plant carbon fraction,
GE generated continuous positive effects on aboveground biomass (AGB)
with increased GE duration in alpine meadow, while the continuous
beneficial effects for AGB of alpine steppe disappeared at the 8th year
of GE duration. And no positive effects were found on belowground
biomass at the 11th year in both alpine meadow and alpine steppe. For
soil organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon, there were no obvious
trends in response to GE duration. In general, we highlighted that the
responses of different carbon fractions (plant -soil - microbe) to GE
were nonuniform at spatial and temporal scales, thereby we should adopt
different carbon management practices for sustainable development of
different grasslands.
Urinary cotinine levels show high concordance with tobacco exposure and lower oxygen saturation in infants with community acquired lower respiratory system infection
Authors: Altuntaş Cansu , Zorlu Pelin
Published: August 2022

Childhood pneumonia is an important issue causing morbidity and
mortality especially in developing countries. Secondhand smoking has
been shown to increase the risk of lower respiratory tract diseases,
especially in children under 2 years of age. In epidemiological studies,
secondhand smoking is evaluated mostly by measuring cotinine level in
urine. The aim of this study is to determine the environmental tobacco
exposure status of otherwise healthy infants who were admitted to the
hospital due to community-acquired lower respiratory tract infection and
to investigate the effects of environmental tobacco exposure on clinical
parameters, laboratory findings and hospitalization periods. When daily
household tobacco consumption and the distribution of cotinine was
compared, greater consumption was found to be statistically
significantly associated with cotinine elevation (n =115, p=0.001). No
significant relationship was found between the likelihood of high
cotinine levels and the proximity of tobacco consumption to the child
(n=86, p = 0.501). Among all participants urinary cotinine elevation was
significantly correlated with lower oxygen saturation levels (p = 0.038)
at admission. In this study, it is shown that exposure from surfaces
previously exposed to tobacco smoke (environmental tobacco exposure) is
also an important parameter that affects infants’ clinical status and
must be considered a negative prognostic factor during evaluation of an
infant with community acquired lower respiratory system infection. It is
imperative to create a strict smoke-free, tobacco exposure-free
environment for improved infant health in the community.
INVESTIGATION OF PHAGOCYTE FUNCTIONS IN PSEUDOMONAS-COLONIZED CYSTIC FIBROSIS PATIENTS
Authors: Duman Handan , Barlik Meral , Topyıldız Ezgi , Gülen Figen , Aksu Güzide , Kütükçüler Necil , Demir Esen , Edeer Karaca N.
Published: August 2022

Introduction: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive
disorder. Although it is considered as an epithelial disease due to
impaired chloride transport, its pathogenesis is not clear. CF is
classified as a syndrome with congenital defects of phagocyte in recent
human inborn errors of immunity phenotypic classification. Neutrophils
are the most effective cells in the eradication of bacterial infections
such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The aim of this study was to
investigate the phagocyte functions in pseudomonas colonized cystic
fibrosis patients. Material-Method: A total number of 26
Pseudomonas colonized cystic fibrosis patients and 21 healthy controls
(sex and age matched) were included in the study. Absolute neutrophil
counts(ANC), immunoglobulin values (Ig), Migratest to evaluate
chemotaxis in neutrophils and monocytes, CD11A/CD18/CD15 S (β2 integrin)
adhesion molecules, Phagoburst test for intracellular bacterial killing
were analyzed by flow cytometer. Results:  Absolute neutrophil
counts (ANC), CD15S expression on neutrophils and IgG, IgA and IgM
levels were higher in CF patients than control group (p<0.01,
0,018). The neutrophils oxidative burst activity and chemotactic ability
of CF patients did not differ from that of controls. Patients with
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA) and with a mutation of
2183AA>G had significantly lower chemotaxis index than the
others (respectively p:0.01, p:0.01). Conclusion: Our results
from a small group of patients does not support impaired functions such
as migration and phagocytosis of neutrophils in patients with CF.
Further studies involving more CF patients are needed to make a
definitive interpretation.