bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Moving Out: Museums, Mobility, and Urban Spaces
Authors: Rectanus Mark W.
Published: May 2015

Recent exhibition practices, curatorial initiatives, and collaborative projects indicate that contemporary museums are increasingly “moving out” of the conceptual and physical spaces of the museum. This move is not only a result of projects that question the fixity of museum boundaries, for example, “where the museum ends and the outside world begins,” but it also reflects diverse forms of mobility (including mobile media) that foreground the museum as a portal for experience. The implications of these processes that are shaping notions of “the mobile museum” are wide‐ranging and include: (1) the increasing integration of museums and exhibitions into urban cultural zones; (2) projects that engage audiences in border zones outside the museum; (3) collaborations with artists and audiences that reference forms of social activism; (4) the museum's expanded role as a think tank, lab, or civic space; (5) projects that engage audiences in a reflection on the relations between art, culture, mobility, and locality in the contexts everyday life. The concept of amobile mise‐en‐scèneprovides an analytical tool for understanding how diverse museum practices and sites for exhibition and display that cross physical and virtual boundaries create transdiscursive spaces for cultural meaning and experience.
The Elastic Museum: Cinema Within and Beyond
Authors: Wasson Haidee
Published: May 2015

This chapter looks at museums’ long relationship with moving image technologies, from the introduction of the moving image into museum spaces such as auditoriums and galleries, to the ways in which museums have engaged with broadcast and cinema outside their own buildings. While museums are often seen as antithetical to media and to mass culture, they have actually enthusiastically engaged with these media. Wasson provides a historical account which demonstrates their mutual imbrication. Focusing on the Metropolitan Museum of Art (the Met), New York City, and its early history of experiment and collaboration with cinema and television, Wasson argues that assessing film technologies within and beyond the museum requires us to think more fully about what constitutes museum space (auditoriums, museum mobiles, traveling shows) and what constitutes the pace and rhythm of a museum visit. The chapter addresses media in the context of museums not just as content but as infrastructure, and in certain cases as architectural elements of the museum, and suggests that the museum should not be thought of solely as a permanent, unmoving physical structure but as a kind of tentacular hub for a range of circulating things and ways of presenting those things: an elastic, mediated museum.
Below‐Replacement Fertility
Authors: Philip Morgan S.
Published: May 2015

When a human population has underlying birth rates too low to sustain its current population size, it has
below‐replacement fertility
. If mortality rates are low, then replacement‐level fertility is slightly above two births per woman. Currently, over 50% of the global population lives in a country with below‐replacement fertility; below‐replacement fertility is especially widespread in developed countries and is emerging in many developing ones. But there is substantial variation in degree—some countries having very low fertility (below 1.5 births) and other countries (such as the United States) have levels at or near the replacement level. Because the level of fertility intended (or desired) approximates two births per woman in most countries, explanations for fertility levels below replacement levels focus on why people fail to have the number of children they intend. An important factor is fertility timing. Postponement of fertility to older ages reduces birth rates in current periods (lowering period fertility rates), but it also exposes persons to events and experiences that may lead them to forego childbearing or additional births. Below‐replacement fertility produces important macro‐level effects (e.g., a population with older persons and a declining population size). Average fertility below two births also impacts families and individuals' life courses and activities.
Business Anthropology
Authors: Moeran Brian
Published: May 2015

This essay outlines the overall scope and location of business anthropology within the overall field of the discipline. It outlines its foundations as an applied form of anthropology in early developments in the United States (in particular, in Western Electric's Hawthorne Project and the Human Relations School at Harvard University), as well as in the United Kingdom and elsewhere, before turning to five areas of research and practice: academic ethnographies of business practices, regional studies, case studies developed by practitioners, theoretical applications, and methods. The essay then asks what a future program for business anthropology might look like and suggests four areas for theoretical development against a background of education, engagement, and comparative work. These are an examination of structures of power in, between, and dependent on business organizations of all kinds; cross‐cultural comparison of work cultures; attention to the materials, technologies, and goods with which business people engage and which afford their organizational forms; and explicit attention to cutting‐edge fieldwork methods.
Facile Fabrication of Robust Organic Counterion‐Induced Vesicles: Reversible Thermal Behavior for Optical Temperature Sensor and Synergistic Catalyst upon Removal of Amine
Authors: Li Chuanqi , Zhang Shiyong , Pang Jie , Wu Yao , Gu Zhongwei
Published: May 2015

A general concept of organic counterion‐directed molecular strategy for thepreparation of robust vesicles is developed. Functional amphiphilic ammonium salts (L1‐L3) bearing readily available oligo‐ethyleneglycol‐based ligand 1 and single‐tailed fatty amines self‐assemble into vesicles with controllable sizes in aqueous media. The organic counterion‐induced vesicles (OCIVs) are characterized by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and acid triggered release of hydrophilic drug (DOX·HCl). The introduction of organic counterion not only plays an important role in vesicle construction, but also endows the material with greatly practical values. By virtue of alkynyl groups attached on the organic ligand, the OCIVs can be easily cross‐linked via thiol‐ene reaction to generate a robust material. Importantly, the cross‐linked OCIVs exploit reversible temperature‐dependant size change, which can be repeated over 10 times without appreciable size fluctuating. Based on the unique property, a robust luminescence temperature sensor with a useful detection range of 35–70 °C is developed. Besides, removing the amines buried in the polymerized OCIVs under acidic condition, the resulting carboxylic acid‐functionalized material is found to have unusual efficiency as “nanozyme” for acetal hydrolysis, which exhibits over 20‐fold rate acceleration compared with that catalyzed by 1 or benzoic acid.
Electroluminescence Efficiency Enhancement in Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes by Embedding a Silver Nanoisland Layer
Authors: Yang Xuyong , Hernandez‐Martinez Pedro Ludwig , Dang Cuong , Mutlugun Evren , Zhang Kang , Demir Hilmi Volkan , Sun Xiao Wei
Published: May 2015

A colloidal quantum dot light‐emitting diode (QLED) is reported with substantially enhanced electroluminescence by embedding a thin layer of Ag nanoislands into hole transport layer. The maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 7.1% achieved in the present work is the highest efficiency value reported for green‐emitting QLEDs with a similar structure, which corresponds to 46% enhancement compared with the reference device. The relevant mechanisms enabling the EQE enhancement are associated with the near‐field enhancement via an effective coupling between excitons of the quantum dot emitters and localized surface plasmons around Ag nano­islands, which are found to lead to good agreement between the simulation results and the experimental data, providing us with a useful insight important for plasmonic QLEDs.
Lead exposure in US worksites: A literature review and development of an occupational lead exposure database from the published literature
Authors: Koh Dong‐Hee , Locke Sarah J. , Chen Yu‐Cheng , Purdue Mark P. , Friesen Melissa C.
Published: May 2015

Background

Retrospective exposure assessment of occupational lead exposure in population‐based studies requires historical exposure information from many occupations and industries.

Methods

We reviewed published US exposure monitoring studies to identify lead measurement data. We developed an occupational lead exposure database from the 175 identified papers containing 1,111 sets of lead concentration summary statistics (21% area air, 47% personal air, 32% blood). We also extracted ancillary exposure‐related information, including job, industry, task/location, year collected, sampling strategy, control measures in place, and sampling and analytical methods.

Results

The measurements were published between 1940 and 2010 and represented 27 2‐digit standardized industry classification codes. The majority of the measurements were related to lead‐based paint work, joining or cutting metal using heat, primary and secondary metal manufacturing, and lead acid battery manufacturing.

Conclusions

This database can be used in future statistical analyses to characterize differences in lead exposure across time, jobs, and industries. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:605–616, 2015. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Feeding ecology of bonobos living in forest‐savannah mosaics: Diet seasonal variation and importance of fallback foods
Authors: Serckx Adeline , Kühl Hjalmar S. , Beudels‐Jamar Roseline C. , Poncin Pascal , Bastin Jean‐François , Huynen Marie‐Claude
Published: May 2015

Primates along with many other animal taxa are forced to cope with large shifts in basic ecological conditions because of rapid anthropogenically induced changes of their habitats. One of the coping strategies for primates is to adjust their diet to these changes, and several studies have demonstrated the importance of fallback resources for this. Bonobos, like chimpanzees, might be particularly vulnerable to habitat fragmentation because of their high dependence on fruit availability. Little is known, however, about bonobo feeding ecology in fragmented habitats and their use of fallback resources. In this study, we investigate diet seasonal variation and the exploitation of preferred and fallback foods in a bonobo population living in forest‐savannah mosaics. Results show that bonobos have adapted to this fragmented habitat by feeding on only a few fruit species, including an important number of non‐tree species (liana, herb and savannah shrub), in comparison to populations living in dense forests. These non‐tree plants have been defined as fallback and non‐preferred foods, which are most probably consumed to maintain high frugivory. Interestingly, we identified that preferred foods are all typical of mature forests while fallback resources are mainly found in forest edges or disturbed areas. This finding indicates that bonobos prefer to use mature forests when feeding, as they do for nesting, but extend their range use to forest areas in close proximity to humans when the availability of preferred fruits is low. Finally, we show that bonobo diet relies heavily on two abundant fallback fruits: Musanga cecropioides and Marantochloa leucantha. Other studies have demonstrated that the selection of abundant fallback resources enables primates to subsist at high densities and to maintain cohesive groups, as observed at this study site. Our findings suggest that bonobos living in forest‐savannah mosaics can be considered as staple fallback food consumers. Am. J. Primatol. 77:948–962, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Old Made New: Natural Compounds against Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Pavan Valeria , Mucignat‐Caretta Carla , Redaelli Marco , Ribaudo Giovanni , Zagotto Giuseppe
Published: May 2015

The interest toward sex‐related diseases keeps growing through the years. In this review, we focus our attention on erectile dysfunction (ED), a condition that caught much attention especially after the introduction on the market of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors such as the well‐known sildenafil. Here, we briefly describe both the etiology of ED and the available treatments, examining then extensively some natural derivatives that, coming from traditional medicine, could represent promising starting points for the development of alternative remedies. In fact, herbal remedies from several parts of the world have been traditionally known for long, and were recently reconsidered and are now being studied to demonstrate their eventual potential in the treatment of ED. Among the various examples reported in the literature and reviewed here, plants and extracts containing polyphenols—especially a class of compounds called kraussianones—appear to be particularly effective and promising against ED.
Quantitative Interpretation of Magnetic Anomalies from Thick Bed, Horizontal Plate and Intermediate Models Under Complex Physical‐Geological Environments in Archaeological Prospection
Authors: Eppelbaum Lev V.
Published: May 2015

Magnetic prospecting is one of the most widely used methods for archaeological prospection in the world. Noise both of natural [main factors are inclined magnetization, complex geological (archaeological) structure of investigated sites, and uneven terrain relief] and artificial origin (different iron‐containing targets, electric power lines, etc.) strongly obscure interpretation of observed magnetic anomalies. For quantitative analysis of magnetic anomalies produced by archaeological targets under aforementioned conditions a non‐conventional interpreting system has been developed. Methodology of magnetic anomalies interpretation from models of thin bed and horizontal circular cylinder (sphere) in conditions of oblique magnetization, rugged relief and unknown level of the total magnetic field by the use of improved versions of characteristic point and tangents has been earlier suggested. However, many archaeological targets have geometrical form of thick bed, thin horizontal plate and intermediate between these two models. In this paper methodology of magnetic anomalies produced by thick bed models in complex environments is explicitly described. It is shown that quantitative analysis of magnetic anomalies due to intermediate (between the thick bed and thin horizontal plate) targets could be successfully carried out by the use of methodology developed for the thick bed model. In the case of thin horizontal plate with a large horizontal extent, the two measured anomalies may be interpreted as anomalies from thin beds. The interpretation methodology was successfully tested both on typical models and on real archaeological targets with some success. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Geophysical Tool for the Conservation of a Decorated Cave – a Case Study for the Lascaux Cave
Authors: Xu Shan , Sirieix Colette , Ferrier Catherine , Lacanette‐Puyo Delphine , Riss Joelle , Malaurent Philippe
Published: May 2015

The Lascaux Cave, located in the south‐eastern part of the department of the Dordogne (24, France), is considered to be one of the most important prehistoric caves in the world. The scope of this study is the protection and conservation of the Lascaux paintings from a hydrogeological and climatic environmental standpoint. Geophysical methods enable us to monitor the environment of the decorated cave in a non‐invasive way. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) using a pole–dipole array, together with analysis of the local effective rainfall (groundwater recharge) and the flow in the cave, helps us to identify an area where upstream underground water is probably stored e.g. a recharge zone. There is a relationship between resistivity change in this zone and the underground flow measured in the cave, but with a time lag. Thus systematic electrical surveys following rainy periods could be used to predict the beginning of the underground flow and in so doing provide valuable advice for the preservation of the Lascaux Cave. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Author credit‐assignment schemas: A comparison and analysis
Authors: Xu Jian , Ding Ying , Song Min , Chambers Tamy
Published: May 2015

Credit assignment to multiple authors of a publication is a challenging task owing to the conventions followed within different areas of research. In this study, we present a review of different author credit‐assignment schemas, which are designed mainly based on author position and the total number of coauthors on the publication. We implemented, tested, and classified 15 author credit‐assignment schemas into 3 types: linear, curve, and “other” assignment schemas. Further investigation and analysis revealed that most of the methods provide reasonable credit‐assignment results, even though the credit‐assignment distribution approaches are quite different among different types. The evaluation of each schema based on PubMed articles published in 2013 shows that there exist positive correlations among different schemas and that the similarity of credit‐assignment distributions can be derived from the similar design principles that stress the number of coauthors or the author position, or consider both. We provide a summary about the features of each credit‐assignment schema to facilitate the selection of the appropriate one, depending on the different conditions required to meet diverse needs.
Wikipedia, collective memory, and theVietnam war
Authors: Luyt Brendan
Published: May 2015

Wikipedia is increasingly an important source of information for many. Hence, it is important to develop an understanding of how it is situated within society and the wider roles it is called onto perform. This article argues that one of these roles is as a depository of collective memory. Building on the work ofPentzold,Ipresent a case study of theEnglishWikipedia article on theVietnam War to demonstrate that the article, or more accurately, its talk pages, provide a forum for the contestation of collective memory. I further argue that this function is one that should be supported by libraries as they position themselves within a rapidly changing digital world.
Spamming in scholarly publishing: A case study
Authors: Kozak Marcin , Iefremova Olesia , Hartley James
Published: May 2015

Spam has become an issue of concern in almost all areas where the Internet is involved, and many people today have become victims of spam from publishers and individual journals. We studied this phenomenon in the field of scholarly publishing from the perspective of a single author. We examined 1,024 such spam e‐mails received by Marcin Kozak from publishers and journals over a period of 391 days, asking him to submit an article to their journal. We collected the following information: where the request came from; publishing model applied; fees charged; inclusion or not in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); and presence or not in Beall's (2014) listing of dubious journals. Our research showed that most of the publishers that sent e‐mails inviting manuscripts were (i) using the open access model, (ii) using article‐processing charges to fund their journal's operations; (iii) offering very short peer‐review times, (iv) on Beall's list, and (v) misrepresenting the location of their headquarters. Some years ago, a letter of invitation to submit an article to a particular journal was considered a kind of distinction. Today, e‐mails inviting submissions are generally spam, something that misleads young researchers and irritates experienced ones.
Citation data as a proxy for quality or scientific influence are at best PAC (probably approximately correct)
Authors: Rousseau Ronald
Published: May 2015

In this communication I give a brief introduction to Valiant's probably approximately correct (PAC) theory, provide an extension that goes beyond Valiant's ideas (and beyond the domain for which this theory was meant), and come to an interpretation in terms of research evaluation. As such, PAC provides a framework for a theory of research evaluation.
A machine‐learning approach to negation and speculation detection for sentiment analysis
Authors: Cruz Noa P. , Taboada Maite , Mitkov Ruslan
Published: May 2015

Recognizing negative and speculative information is highly relevant for sentiment analysis. This paper presents a machine‐learning approach to automatically detect this kind of information in the review domain. The resulting system works in two steps: in the first pass, negation/speculation cues are identified, and in the second phase the full scope of these cues is determined. The system is trained and evaluated on the Simon Fraser University Review corpus, which is extensively used in opinion mining. The results show how the proposed method outstrips the baseline by as much as roughly 20% in the negation cue detection and around 13% in the scope recognition, both in terms of F1. In speculation, the performance obtained in the cue prediction phase is close to that obtained by a human rater carrying out the same task. In the scope detection, the results are also promising and represent a substantial improvement on the baseline (up by roughly 10%). A detailed error analysis is also provided. The extrinsic evaluation shows that the correct identification of cues and scopes is vital for the task of sentiment analysis.
Thesaurus structure, descriptive parameters, and scale
Authors: Losee Robert
Published: May 2015

A thesaurus contains a set of terms or features that may be used to represent recorded information, including prose documents or scientific data sets. The focus of this work is on the basic structural nature of a thesaurus itself, not on how people develop a thesaurus or how a thesaurus effects retrieval performance. Thesauri in this research are automatically developed in a simulation from sets of randomly or exhaustively generated documents. Each thesaurus is generated by the Thesaurus Generator software from a set of several hundred documents, and thousands of different document sets are used as input to the Thesaurus Generator, producing thousands of thesauri. Thus, thousands of thesauri are generated for each data point in accompanying graphs. The characteristics of this large number of thesauri are studied so that the relationships between thesaurus parameters can be determined. Some rules governing these relationships are suggested, addressing factors such as tree height and width, number of tree roots in thesauri, and number of terms available for the vocabulary. How these parameters scale as vocabularies grow is addressed. These results apply to various information systems that contain features with hierarchical relationships, including many thesauri and ontologies.
Facile Electrospinning of CeO2/Bi2WO6 Heterostructured Nanofibers with Excellent Visible‐light‐driven Photocatalytic Performance
Authors: Liu Xiaona , Lu Qifang , Wei Mingzhi , Wang Cuiqing , Liu Suwen
Published: May 2015

One‐dimensional (1D) CeO2/Bi2WO6 heterostructured nanofibers with a diameter of about 300 nm were successfully synthesized by using a straightforward strategy combining an electrospinning technique with a sintering process. The acquired products were characterized by thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetric (TG‐DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area measurements, and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The obtained CeO2/Bi2WO6 heterostructured nanofibers exhibited an excellent photocatalytic property for the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) dye driven by visible light due to the promoted separation of photoelectrons and holes and the large contact area between the photocatalyst and organic pollutant.
Nonlinear Robust Adaptive Deterministic Control for Flexible Hypersonic Vehicles in the Presence of Input Constraint
Authors: Tian Bailing , Fan Wenru , Su Rui , Zong Qun
Published: May 2015

A nonlinear deterministic robust control scheme is developed for a flexible hypersonic vehicle with input saturation. Firstly, the model analysis is conducted for the hypersonic vehicle model via the input‐output linearized technique. Secondly, the sliding mode manifold is designed based on homogeneity theory. Then an adaptive high order sliding mode control scheme is proposed to achieve tracking for the step change in altitude and velocity for hypersonic vehicles where the uncertainty boundary is unknown. Furthermore, the control input constraint is investigated and another new adaptive law is proposed to estimate the uncertainties and to guarantee the stability of the system with input saturation. Finally, the simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
The contribution of cultural capital to students’ mathematics achievement in medium and high socioeconomic gradient economies
Authors: Tan Cheng Yong
Published: May 2015

The present study addresses the issue of how different forms of cultural capital may influence children's mathematics achievement in economies with different socioeconomic gradients. Data from 73,178 parent–child dyads from 10 economies with different socioeconomic gradients who participated in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2012 were analysed using hierarchical linear modelling. The cultural capital variables examined comprised the availability of home educational resources and parental educational expectations of their children. Results showed that after controlling for parent education, student gender and student history of repeating grades in the past, there were statistically significant main and interaction effects (home educational resources × parent education and parental educational expectations × parent education) of cultural capital on student achievement. Furthermore, these effects explained more student achievement variance in high than in medium socioeconomic gradient economies (7.45% vs 2.82% respectively). In particular, the main effects for parental educational expectations, and interaction effect between parental educational expectations and parent education were more pronounced in high as compared with medium socioeconomic gradient economies. Overall, the results underscore the challenges confronting low socioeconomic status (SES) parents who aspire for social mobility for their children and the need for high SES parents to strategically ‘activate’ their cultural capital advantages to benefit their children's achievement maximally.
Fluorophores, environments, and quantification techniques in the analysis of transmembrane helix interaction using FRET
Authors: Khadria Ambalika S. , Senes Alessandro
Published: May 2015

Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) has been widely used as a spectroscopic tool in vitro to study the interactions between transmembrane (TM) helices in detergent and lipid environments. This technique has been instrumental to many studies that have greatly contributed to quantitative understanding of the physical principles that govern helix–helix interactions in the membrane. These studies have also improved our understanding of the biological role of oligomerization in membrane proteins. In this review, we focus on the combinations of fluorophores used, the membrane mimetic environments, and measurement techniques that have been applied to study model systems as well as biological oligomeric complexes in vitro. We highlight the different formalisms used to calculate FRET efficiency and the challenges associated with accurate quantification. The goal is to provide the reader with a comparative summary of the relevant literature for planning and designing FRET experiments aimed at measuring TM helix–helix associations. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 104: 247–264, 2015.
Oncocin Onc72 is efficacious against antibiotic‐susceptible Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 43816 in a murine thigh infection model
Authors: Knappe Daniel , Adermann Knut , Hoffmann Ralf
Published: May 2015

Oncocins and apidaecins are short proline‐rich antimicrobial peptides (PrAMPs) representing novel antibiotic drug lead compounds that kill bacteria after internalization and inhibition of intracellular targets (e.g. 70S ribosome and DnaK). Oncocin Onc72 is highly active against Gram‐negative bacteria in vitro and in vivo protecting mice in systemic infection models with Escherichia coli and KPC‐producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Here we studied its efficacy in a murine thigh infection model using meropenem as antibiotic comparator that had a 44‐fold higher molar in vitro activity than Onc72. Male CD1 mice were rendered neutropenic using cyclophosphamide for four days before intramuscular infection with K. pneumoniae ATCC 43816. After 75 min oncocin Onc72 or the antibiotic comparator meropenem were administered subcutaneously with 100 mg (43 µmol) and 25 mg (65 µmol) per kg of body weight, respectively, six times every 75 min. Onc72 and meropenem administered subcutaneously reduced the thigh tissue burden of K. pneumoniae ATCC 43816 in neutropenic mice significantly by 4.14 and 4.65 a log10 cfu/g, respectively. The bacterial counts were ∼0.5 and ∼1 log10 below the pre‐treatment burden, respectively, indicating bactericidal effects for both compounds. Thus, Onc72 was as efficacious as meropenem in vivo despite its much lower in vitro activity determined according to CLSI standard antimicrobial activity tests. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 104:707–711, 2015.
Effect of helix length on the stability of the lac repressor antiparallel coiled coil
Authors: Little Wheaton , Robblee James P. , Dahlberg Caroline L. , Kokona Bashkim , Fairman Robert
Published: May 2015

The helix length dependence of the stability of antiparallel four‐chain coiled coils is investigated using eight synthetic peptides (Lac21–Lac28) whose sequences are derived from the tetramerization domain of the Lac repressor protein. Previous studies using analytical ultracentrifugation sedimentation equilibrium experiments to characterize Lac21 and Lac28 justifies the use of a two state model to describe the unfolding behavior of these two peptides. Using circular dichroism spectropolarimetry as a measure of tetramer assembly, both chemical and thermal denaturation experiments were carried out to determine thermodynamic parameters. We found that the hydrophobic core residues provide the greatest impact on stability and, as a consequence, must reorganize the register of the antiparallel helices to accommodate the burial of the nonpolar amino acids. Addition of noncore residues appears to have only a minor effect on stability, and in some cases, show a slight destabilization. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 104: 395–404, 2015.
A modified culture strategy of human keratinocytes to shorten the primary culture time
Authors: Shi Le , Lei Zhan Jun , Zhao Cong Ying , Lv Xiao Xing , Jiang Li , Li Jing , Li Xue Yong
Published: May 2015

Shortening time from biopsy to graft preparation is crucial for the coverage of extensive burn wound in major burn patients. This study was aimed to shorten the culture time of keratinocytes by means of one modified cell culture method. Three factors (temperature of dispase, area of skin, and age of patient) that might have impacts on cell behavior were evaluated. The results showed that cells isolated with dispase at 37°C exhibited an improved cell activity than being isolated at 4°C. The time that cells reached subconfluence with various skin areas was in order of 3 cm2 < 2 cm2 < 1 cm2 (120.07 ± 5.03 h, 141.33 ± 4.16 h, and 193.33 ± 6.11 h, respectively). Furthermore, compared with the young and middle‐aged groups, proliferation of keratinocytes isolated from children skin tissue was better. These results indicated that 3 cm2 skin biopsy from a young patient, isolated with dispase at 37°C, was a promising strategy to shorten the cultivation of keratinocytes.
Necrobiosis lipoidica associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and positive detection of ANA and ASMA autoantibodies
Authors: Borgia Francesco , Russo Giuseppina T. , Villari Provvidenza , Guarneri Fabrizio , Cucinotta Domenico , Cannavò Serafinella P.
Published: May 2015

Key Clinical Message

Necrobiosis lipoidica (NL) is a rare idiopathic cutaneous condition exceptionally associated with autoimmune thyroiditis. We describe the first case of NL, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and positive detection of autoantibodies. Appropriate screening for NL in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis may clarify its real incidence and the existence of a common pathogenetic pathway.
Methane oxidation over Pt, Pt:Pd, and Pd based catalysts: Effects of pre‐treatment
Authors: Abbasi Reza , Huang Guangyu , Istratescu Georgeta M. , Wu Long , Hayes Robert E.
Published: May 2015

This paper presents a comparison of the activity for methane oxidation of selected commercial platinum, palladium, and platinum‐palladium supported catalysts. Precious metal loadings are typical of those found in the catalytic converters for lean‐burn natural gas engines. Experiments are presented for de‐greened as well as hydrothermally aged catalysts, both in the presence and the absence of water. For the platinum catalyst, fraction conversion of methane is shown to be independent of methane concentration, while for the palladium‐containing catalysts a dependence of conversion on methane partial pressure is observed. For catalysts containing palladium, reduction in hydrogen gives an increase in methane conversion activity, although the increase is subsequently lost in the oxidizing atmosphere. Hydrothermal aging of the platinum catalyst causes a relatively large and permanent loss in methane oxidation activity, while the palladium‐based catalysts showed more resistance to deactivation. Adding a small amount of palladium to the platinum catalyst provides an overall improvement in performance.
Experimental investigation of hydrodynamics of gas‐solid flow in an internally circulating fluidized bed
Authors: Gujjula Ravi , Mangadoddy Narasimha
Published: May 2015

Hydrodynamic study of gas and solid flow in an internally circulating fluidized bed (ICFB) is made in this paper using a high‐speed camera and pressure probes for the laboratory 0.3 m × 0.27 m column having an internal draft tube. Experiments were conducted using sand particles of Geldart B and Geldart B‐D groups. At each run the standard pressure‐flow curves for both the draft tube and annular region beds, and the moving wall particle velocity in the annular bed region were measured. The effects of superficial gas velocity, static bed height, and draft tube gap height on pressure drop profiles, solid circulation patterns, and gas bypassing dynamics for the ICFB were investigated extensively. Unlike the conventional CFB, the pressure drop in ICFB is further decreased with superficial gas velocity after the minimum spouting fluidization, followed by yielding a cross‐over in the pressure drop of the annular bed compared to the draft tube. Pressure drop in the draft tube increases with an increase of static bed height and gap height between the draft tube bottom and the air distributor. The gas bypassing fraction increases with an increase in gap height and decreases with increased bed height and mean particle size. The mechanism governing the solid circulation and the pressure losses in an ICFB has been elaborated based on gas and solid dynamics obtained from the experimental data.
Age‐Related Changes in MicroRNA Expression and Pharmacogenes in Human Liver
Authors: Burgess KS , Philips S , Benson EA , Desta Z , Gaedigk A , Gaedigk R , Segar MW , Liu Y , Skaar TC
Published: May 2015

Developmental changes in the liver can significantly impact drug disposition. Due to the emergence of microRNAs (miRNAs) as important regulators of drug disposition gene expression, we studied age‐dependent changes in miRNA expression. Expression of 533 miRNAs was measured in 90 human liver tissues (fetal, pediatric [1–17 years], and adult [28–80 years]; n = 30 each). In all, 114 miRNAs were upregulated and 72 were downregulated from fetal to pediatric, and 2 and 3, respectively, from pediatric to adult. Among the developmentally changing miRNAs, 99 miRNA‐mRNA interactions were predicted or experimentally validated (e.g., hsa‐miR‐125b‐5p‐CYP1A1; hsa‐miR‐34a‐5p‐HNF4A). In human liver samples (n = 10 each), analyzed by RNA‐sequencing, significant negative correlations were observed between the expression of >1,000 miRNAs and mRNAs of drug disposition and regulatory genes. Our data suggest a mechanism for the marked changes in hepatic gene expression between the fetal and pediatric developmental periods, and support a role for these age‐dependent miRNAs in regulating drug disposition.
Emerging Targets for Therapeutic Development in Diabetes and Its Complications: The RAGE Signaling Pathway
Authors: Litwinoff EMS , Hurtado del Pozo C , Ramasamy R , Schmidt AM
Published: May 2015

Types 1 and 2 diabetes are on the rise worldwide. Although the treatment of hyperglycemia has benefited from recent advances, aggressive efforts to maintain euglycemia may be fraught with risk, especially in older subjects or in subjects vulnerable to hypoglycemic unawareness. Hence, strategies to prevent and treat the complications of hyperglycemia are essential. In this review we summarize recent updates on the biology of the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) in the pathogenesis of both micro‐ and macrovascular complications of diabetes, insights from the study of mouse models of obesity and diabetic complications, and from associative studies in human subjects. The study of the mechanisms and consequences of the interaction of the RAGE cytoplasmic domain with the formin, mDia1, in RAGE signal transduction, will be discussed. Lastly, we review the "state‐of‐the‐art" on RAGE‐directed therapeutics. Tackling RAGE/mDia1 may identify a novel class of therapeutics preventing diabetes and its complications.
The Effect of Different Phosphorus Chemical States on an Onion‐like Carbon Surface for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Sun Xiaoyan , Xu Junyuan , Ding Yuxiao , Zhang Bingsen , Feng Zhenbao , Su Dang Sheng
Published: May 2015

Two kinds of phosphorus‐modified onion‐like carbons dominated by COP bonds and CP bonds were fabricated and further used as catalysts in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The results show that the bonding state of phosphorus has a significant effect on the ORR catalytic activity. The formation of COP bonds improves ORR activity, whereas CP bonds play an adverse role in stabilizing the key intermediates during the ORR owing to the distorted graphitic structure, as confirmed by the work function value.
Cholesteryl esters from squid oil contain only saturated fatty acids, whereas the oil is rich in EPA and DHA and contains almost no saturated fatty acids
Authors: Galliani Guido , Brucka Marta Anna
Published: May 2015

Crude squid oil is a valuable source for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). It represents a sustainable alternative to tuna oil, which has been so far the major source for DHA. During the development of an industrial process from squid oil to omega‐3 enriched ethyl esters, a solid powdery material was isolated from the residue obtained after short path distillation of ethyl esters, as a 0.3–0.5% weight/weight versus the starting crude oil. The isolated material and the products obtained by its methanolysis were characterized and structurally verified by TLC, 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR, as well as GC analysis. The material was found to be a mixture of cholesteryl esters, whose fatty acid profile mainly features C14:0, C16:0, and C18:0 along with minor amounts of C15:0 and C17:0 entities. No unsaturated acids are visible in the GC profile, whereas squid oil is rich in mono‐ and polyunsaturated acids. Isolation of total cholesteryl esters from the distillation residue by column chromatography rules out selective precipitation as a cause for the presence of only saturated fatty acids in the isolated solid. It is concluded that the cholesteryl esters containing only saturated acids are biosynthesized in the squids.

Practical applications: The results presented in this publication may contribute to the general understanding of squid lipid metabolism. Moreover, quantitative analysis of cholesteryl esters in squid oil is relevant to the development of industrial methods for removal of all cholesterol in final products. The total cholesterol in crude squid oil is ca. 4%. Cholesteryl esters which are identified only in the distillation residue represent approximately 0.25% of total cholesterol in the crude squid oil. The scarce amount of esterified cholesterol indicates that it can be neglected when a process is optimized in order to lower total cholesterol in final products, whereas removal of free cholesterol must be focused. Finally, data show that: a) cholesteryl esters are less reactive than triglycerides during ethanolysis of squid oil, in agreement with published data; b) free cholesterol does not react with ethyl esters to give cholesteryl esters under ethanolysis conditions.

Gas chromatograms of fatty acid methyl esters (fame) from squid cholesteryl esters (top) and squid crude oil (down).
Extraction, benefits and valorization of olive polyphenols
Authors: Ciriminna Rosaria , Meneguzzo Francesco , Fidalgo Alexandra , Ilharco Laura M. , Pagliaro Mario
Published: May 2015

Already used as antioxidants and antimicrobials in functional foods and beverages, as well as in several cosmetic products, olive polyphenols will also play an important role in the treatment and prevention of inflammation, and thus of numerous free‐radical mediated chronic diseases. By integrating chemical, health, extraction technology, and market aspects into a unified picture, this study provides arguments supporting the viewpoint that current investments into extraction plants based on green chemistry technologies will shortly translate into widespread utilization of these powerful antioxidants, well beyond the Mediterranean basin countries where the olive tree has been cultivated for >5000 years.

Olive polyphenols will play a central role in the treatment and prevention of inflammation, and thus of numerous free‐radical mediated chronic diseases. By integrating chemical, health, extraction technology and market aspects into a unified picture, this study provides arguments supporting the viewpoint that current investments into extraction plants based on green chemistry technologies will shortly translate into widespread utilization of these powerful antioxidants.
Conducting Polymer Paper‐Based Cathodes for High‐Areal‐Capacity Lithium–Organic Batteries
Authors: Wang Zhaohui , Xu Chao , Tammela Petter , Zhang Peng , Edström Kristina , Gustafsson Torbjörn , Strømme Maria , Nyholm Leif
Published: May 2015

Conducting polymers have been considered for use as cathode materials in rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) since 1981 but problems with poor cycling stability, rapid self‐discharge, and low energy and power densities have so far limited their applicability. Herein it is shown that nanostructured freestanding conducting polymer composites [e.g., polypyrrole (PPy) and polyaniline (PANI)] can be used to circumvent these shortcomings. Freestanding and binder‐free PPy and cellulose‐based composites can straightforwardly be used as versatile organic cathode materials for LIBs. The composite, reinforced with chopped carbon filaments (CCFs), exhibited a large active mass loading of approximately 10 mg cm−2, an areal capacity of 1.0 mAh cm−2(corresponding to 102 mAh g−1), and stable cycling. With an active mass loading of 4.4 mg cm−2, a capacity of 0.22 mAh cm−2(corresponding to 58 mAh g−1) was found for current densities of 5 A g−1yielding discharge times of approximately 40 seconds, and a capacity retention of 91 % over 100 cycles was obtained at 0.2 A g−1. The present method constitutes a straightforward approach for the manufacturing of high‐performance freestanding electroactive conducting‐polymer‐based paper‐like electrodes for use in inexpensive and sustainable, high‐performance organic LIBs.
Trail Making Task Performance in Inpatients with Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa
Authors: Vall Eva , Wade Tracey D.
Published: May 2015

Set‐shifting inefficiencies have been consistently identified in adults with anorexia nervosa (AN). It is less clear to what degree similar inefficiencies are present in those with bulimia nervosa (BN). It is also unknown whether perfectionism is related to set‐shifting performance. We employed a commonly used set‐shifting measure, the Trail Making Test (TMT), to compare the performance of inpatients with AN and BN with a healthy control sample. We also investigated whether perfectionism predicted TMT scores. Only the BN sample showed significantly suboptimal performance, while the AN sample was indistinguishable from controls on all measures. There were no differences between the AN subtypes (restrictive or binge/purge), but group sizes were small. Higher personal standards perfectionism was associated with better TMT scores across groups. Higher concern over mistakes perfectionism predicted better accuracy in the BN sample. Further research into the set‐shifting profile of individuals with BN or binge/purge behaviours is needed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
A conservative semi‐implicit method for coupled surface–subsurface flows in regional scale
Authors: Casulli Vincenzo
Published: May 2015

A semi‐implicit method for coupled surface–subsurface flows in regional scale is proposed and analyzed. The flow domain is assumed to have a small vertical scale as compared with the horizontal extents. Thus, after hydrostatic approximation, the simplified governing equations are derived from the Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equations for the surface flow and from the Darcy's law for the subsurface flow. A conservative free‐surface equation is derived from a vertical integral of the incompressibility condition and extends to the whole water column including both, the surface and the subsurface, wet domains. Numerically, the horizontal domain is covered by an unstructured orthogonal grid that may include subgrid specifications. Along the vertical direction a simple z‐layer discretization is adopted. Semi‐implicit finite difference equations for velocities and a finite volume approximation for the free‐surface equation are derived in such a fashion that, after simple manipulation, the resulting discrete free‐surface equation yields a single, well‐posed, mildly nonlinear system. This system is efficiently solved by a nested Newton‐type iterative method that yields simultaneously the pressure and a non‐negative fluid volume throughout the computational grid. The time‐step size is not restricted by stability conditions dictated by friction or surface wave speed. The resulting algorithm is simple, extremely efficient, and very accurate. Exact mass conservation is assured also in presence of wetting and drying dynamics, in pressurized flow conditions, and during free‐surface transition through the interface. A few examples illustrate the model applicability and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.