bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teaching American Gov’t: PSI vs Modular Instruction
Authors: Botsch Robert E.
Published: May 2020

A large body of research has focused on the benefits of personalized systems of instruction (PSI) relative to the traditional lecture format. Most of this research indicates that PSI is superior to the lecture format. Most of this research indicates that PSI is superior to the lecture format. However, there is little research comparing PSI to other modern teaching techniques. The purpose of this article is to evaluate PSI relative to grouppaced modular instruction in the teaching of American National Government.
Combating Problems in Teaching State and Local Government
Authors: Waite Mary H.
Published: May 2020

Because many political science instructors come from another region or state; they feel insufficiently informed in teaching about the state and local government wherein they presently reside. Consequently, instructors generalize about these governments. Yet in many public universities and community colleges, students find the politics in their area pertinent and care less for comparative analysis. In truth, the students probably have a valid point, since the majority will reside in the state where they are attending college.
C-SPAN in the Classroom
Authors: Frantzich Stephen
Published: May 2020

Until recently most students of Congress were limited to studying it from afar, depending primarily on secondary sources. Limited press coverage of current debates and behavior were often so skimpy that it was necessary to wait a number of years until a select group of events percolated through the process to become part of “the literature.” It took even longer before the events found their way into the classroom as relevant examples of important principles and concepts. The primary sources available (The Congressional Record, Committee Reports, etc.) were ponderous, poorly indexed and often retained the tainted image that they did not truly represent reality. While the Congress of recent years is much more open to public view than its predecessors, open committee meetings and the increase in recorded voting did little to enhance the resources available to teachers or students for understanding the process.
A Curriculum Guide for Law-Related Education
Authors: Cline Paul C. , Graham P. Tony
Published: May 2020

Law-related education is experiencing a growing emphasis in school curriculum throughout the American school system. Educators see the need for it though most are not trained specifically in the law. Therefore, they need as much guidance as possible to help them create a curriculum that is relevant for their students.

An excellent way to provide this help is through the development of a well-designed curriculum guide. There have been a few guides developed in law-related education in the last few years such as the one produced by the James Madison Institute on Law-Related Education at James Madison University (Curriculum Guide for Law-Related Education in the Secondary Schools of Virginia, copyright Virginia State Bar).
Using a Supplementary Analytical Unit
Authors: Brisbin Richard A.
Published: May 2020

As part of efforts to assist political science instructors, the American Political Science Association is currently using a grant from the National Science Foundation to develop and field test Supplementary Analytical Units for political science classes. Developed during the past three years, eight units are now being field tested: Hayard R. Alker, Jr. and Roger Hurwitz, Prisoner's Dilemma; John M. Boyle, Public Service Delivery; Phillip T. Gay, Minority-Majority Group Conflict; Stephen R. Lefevre, Technology Politics; Brian Loveman, The Beer Bottle Crisis; Mark Sproule-Jones, Natural Resources Management; Barbara Ann Stolz, Juvenile Delinquency; and Arnold B. Urken, Markets for Votes.

This paper reports on the field test of Stephen Lefevre's Technology Politics unit at Saint Mary's College.
Teaching War and Morality
Authors: Lewy Guenter
Published: May 2020

In the summer of 1979 the Division of Education Programs of the National Endowment for the Humanities sponsored an institute on “War and Morality” at the University of Massachusetts/ Amherst. The institute was attended by 20 college teachers, including nine political scientists, all of whom have since developed courses on “War and Morality” or added material relating to this subject to existing courses on their own campuses. The following essay is a report on the 1979 summer institute and its local follow-up.

When in 1949 the United Nations International Law Commission was asked to codify the law dealing with the methods and means of warfare it declined the task for the reason that “war having been outlawed, the regulation of its conduct has ceased to be relevant”.
Technology Politics, An Analytical Unit
Authors: Lefevre Stephen R.
Published: May 2020

Political scientists are increasingly interested in understanding policymaking in civilian, defense and space technologies. The answer to the question why this is, is found partly in the emergence of the policy field itself, and partly in the enormously expanded role that government stimulus of technological innovation is playing in the public and private sectors. A listing of some recent programs — breeder and fusion reactor R&D, the space shuttle, windmill farm demonstration programs, synthetic fuels programs, and dial-a-ride transportation systems — gives some indication of the scope of federal involvement, and points up some of the implications that this enlarged role has for the student of public policy. Why, for instance, has government elected to stimulate innovations in certain technologies and not others? Who are the key actors shaping the policymaking process in R&D? Are their gaps in federal efforts? Is the policy system responding effectively to needs for renewable energy sources, alternative home building materials, gasoline-efficient automobile engines, etc?
A Film Review: The Canadian confederation
Authors: Raabe Conrad
Published: May 2020

The Canadian Confederation is a 1980 National Film Board of Canada release written, directed, and edited by Joan Henson. This technically competent work begins with the establishment of the Canadian political system, and then gives us glimpses of all major facets of that system from village government in Smithfalls to the paramount halls of power in Ottawa. But this is not all. There are minicourses in Canadian constitutionalism, federal-provincial relations, energy policy, regionalism and regional economic planning, and last but not least, ethnology including native peoples packed into this freeze dried smorgasbord.

Some themes receive more treatment than others. The perceived dominant theme is diversity. Senator Maurine Lamontagne sets the tone by pointing out that Canada differs from the United States’ melting pot in that Canada is a mosaic, to use John Porter's enduring image.
Recent American Government Textbooks and Readers
Authors: Sahr Robert
Published: May 2020

Eighteen American government textbooks were published in 1979 (seven new books and 11 new editions of previously published books). In 1980, another 16 were published (nine new books and seven new editions.) In 1981, the year after a presidential election, came 20 more (six new books and 14 new editions). Three of the 1981 books (new editions) were published in multiple versions (some combination of basic, national, national- state-local), so there were a total of 25 versions of American government textbooks published in 1981. Examining all the texts for course consideration is an extremely time consuming process. The purpose of this paper is to simplify the process by briefly reviewing the American government textbooks and readers published in 1980 and 1981. (Books throughout are indicated by the name of the first author; a complete list is given in the Appendix.)
Rights and Citizenship
Authors: Pennock J. Roland
Published: May 2020

This discussion of rights and citizenship is part of a series falling under the general topic “Ethical Issues and Citizenship Education.” Although it contains little directly dealing with how to go about the education of citizens, it does embody material that would be desirable for citizens to know and to understand. Citizenship as well as rights will be discussed in the pages that follow, but the bulk of this particular contribution to the series will deal with rights. (Specifically sections 3-7 deal solely with rights.) The relation between the two is greater than might otherwise appear to the casual reader, for it is as citizens that we claim our most important rights, our rights against the state. Our legal rights have derived from our citizenship. As citizens we enjoy therightto have our rights enforced — as a matter of right, not just as a privilege that could be legitmately taken away from us at the whim of some arbitrary ruler.
Public Policy Administration
Authors: Brumback Richard A.
Published: May 2020

The teaching of an introductory course in American Government can be a difficult and frustrating endeavor under even the best of circumstances. Given the general level of cynicism and/or lack of interest by large numbers of Americans regarding politics and politicians, the task of generating student enthusiasm, or even mild interest, toward the subject matter can indeed be an arduous one. When the teaching of such a course takes place in a business college, and when the student audience is “captive” to a college requirement that all students must take the course, the task can be rendered considerably more formidable.

For the past six years I have been teaching such courses at business colleges — one year at Bryant College in Rhode Island, and the following five years at Bentley College in Massachusetts.
Computers and Public Administration
Authors: Wish Naomi
Published: May 2020

The United States is increasingly becoming an information society. Over half of the labor force is now engaged in work requiring some level of information processing. Computers are the “engines” powering this information society and consequently, their diffusion is considerable and growing (Kraemer and Northrop, 1984:2).

University professors, especially those who teach the social sciences, recognize that an understanding of computerized society is not enough. Students should be prepared to use these “engines of the information age.“

For those of us who teach public administration, especially on the graduate level, the task of preparing our students for the computerized world is even of greater urgency and somewhat different in nature. Professors of public administration are not only preparing students for a computerized future, but more importantly, a computerized present.
The Locus of Sovereignty In The Years Before the Constitution
Authors: Morris Richard B.
Published: May 2020

The issue over the original locus of sovereignty in Revolutionary America has been recently criticized as “a continuing fruitless debate from the nineteenth century to the present over the priority of the union or the states.” Most of those opposing the view that sovereignty originated with the nation and not the states based their theory on the Articles of Confederation, notably Article II, and the relatively brief debates on its preliminary and final drafts. They ignored the fact that the Articles did not go into effect until March 1, 1781, almost seven years after the initial Congress had begun to take united action on behalf of the American people.
Simulations: National Policy Making
Authors: Levitt Morris J. , James Ronald
Published: May 2020

This simulation sets up a presidential and congressional structure and demonstrates the various institutional and political factors that exist in the law making process on the American national level. We have designed a role-playing framework for presidential initiative, congressional action/reaction, and interest group and media activity. Students will become aware of agenda setting, the budget as a policy instrument, and the forces and strategies of influence that affect lawmaking. It can be inserted into a semester course to diversify routine lectures and discussion. It is flexible, easily adjusted to class size and time available to highlight the executive-legislative process (it may take three to eight class sessions).
The Constitution and Black America
Authors: Miles E. Wally
Published: May 2020

During the week of June 20, 1983 twenty-five historians and political scientists gathered for a seminar concerning “The Constitution and Black America.” Most of the participating faculty were very positive in their evaluations of the program; many, in fact, stated that its usefulness exceeded their expectations.

The location of the seminar at Atlanta University, in Georgia was described by one of the participants as “perfect” in light of the themes which were to be discussed. The university and the city provided both an appropriate environment and relevant resources for the faculty who attended.

The Atlanta University complex has a rich history of contributions to the black community and possesses a repository of special collections concerning black history and the quest for equality.
Training Administrators To Use Microcomputers
Authors: Rittle Robert H.
Published: May 2020

Some are born to computer literacy, while others have literacy thrust upon them! Students who comprise the next generation of political scientists and public administrators will, in many cases, fall into the latter category. This article concerns the role of university training programs in meeting the increasing demands for microcomputer skills.

The January, 1984 issue of Public Administration Review included five articles concerning microcomputers in local government. These articles anticipate “major changes in the way local governments organize and the means by which they carry out operations,” as a result of microcomputer technology. Predicting a significant impact of microcomputers in local government, the International City Management Association has also published a major monograph on microcomputer use (Griesemer, 1984).
Teaching About Research Methodology and Its Crises
Authors: Cherryholmes Cleo H.
Published: May 2020

One promise of the behavioral revolution was that metaphysical assumptions would be minimized, if not eliminated, in political research and theorizing. Nothing would be taken for granted. It is now obvious that this is not possible. Instead, the question is which metaphysical assumptions are most felicitous and persuasive in our search for knowledge about politics. This question does not have a single, uncomplicated answer. For those of us who teach research methodology, interesting and at times disillusioning developments have influenced thinking about research methodology during the last twenty years. Developments in modern logic, continental and neo- Marxist thought, philosophy of language, philosophy of science, and even literary criticism has upset previously held assumptions about behavioral political research and the nature of empirically based theory.
Teaching Political Science in China
Authors: Morrison Kent , Robert Thompson
Published: May 2020

As recipients of Fulbright-Hayes lectureships, we taught political science courses at two Chinese universities during the academic year 1983-84. Professor Thompson, at the International Politics Department of Beijing University, the major liberal arts university in North China, and Professor Morrison with the History Department of Zhongshan University in Guangzhou, the comparable institution of the south. We were the first western political scientists in residence and teaching on a regular basis in mainland Chinese universities in over thirty years, and taught the first political science courses included in Chinese curricula since the late 1940's. In addition to lecturing in each other's departments. Professor Thompson spent a week at Fudan University in Shanghai and Professor Morrison lectured at Nanjing University. These are our perceptions regarding the current state of political science in the People's Republic of China.
Teaching Political Philosophy as Plausible Reasoning
Authors: Arnhart Larry
Published: May 2020

I have taught courses on political philosophy at four schools — the University of Chicago, Rosary College, Idaho State University, and Northern Illinois University. I have had to adjust the style of my teaching to conform to the distinctive character of each school. But I have found that the most fundamental obstacles to winning the attention of students have been the same.

Many students have begun my courses with four unfavorable preconceptions. They believe that political philosophy is too abstract. And for that reason they also believe that it has no application to contemporary political issues. Moreover, many students assume that since the classic texts of political thought are old, the ideas they contain must therefore be obsolete. And finally they think that political philosophy is ultimately subjective because no philosopher can prove his ideas to be absolutely true.
Graduate Training in Public Service Ethics
Authors: Ahmed Latheef N.
Published: May 2020

Educating and training professional administrators in public service ethics is complex. Just one of the many questions is whether ethics can be taught in the classroom at all, particularly to graduate students at a late period in their lives. Essential life patterns of our MPS and MBA students have already been established during their formative years, and their jobs and other adult experiences influence their thinking, feeling and acting. What is “practical” administrative behavior vs. high sounding ethical prescriptions and codes? Recognizing such caveats, the following account documents the author’s classroom teaching experience.

The unique student body involved combined MPA and MBA students, who were all part or full time practitioners and mature individuals. This setting provided an opportunity for government-business cross study and dialogue on administrative ethics.
The Court Packing Crisis of 1937
Authors: Leuchtenburg William E.
Published: May 2020

In the nearly two-hundred-year history of the American republic, no episode resulted in so sharp a confrontation between and among the three branches of the national government as the proposal Franklin D. Roosevelt unveiled on February 5, 1937, to reorganize the federal judiciary. Promptly dubbed the "Court-packing plan," FDR's recommendations constituted an effort by the chief executive to alter the outlook of the Supreme Court to such an extent that it would henceforth validate virtually all acts of Congress, especially socio-economic measures. Instead of forging an alliance of the executive and legislative branches against the judiciary, however, the ensuing struggle pitted the executive against a powerful segment of the legislative with the judicial branch playing a not inconsequential role in how the battle came out. The repercussions of that momentous combat continue to reverberate in our own day.
Test Manuals and Test Wiseness
Authors: Adkinson Danny B. , Seip Kathleen
Published: May 2020

Most college instructors that teach an introductory American government course use multiple choice questions on examinations. Do these instructors give the answers away during the examination? They may be doing so unintentionally. Furthermore, the manner in which they give away the answers may be helping a select group of students and penalizing others.

Multiple choice questions may be written in such a way that students who are test-wise are given clues as to which answers are correct. Testwiseness has been defined as the ability to manifest test-taking skills which utilize the characteristics and formats of a test and/or test-taking situation in order to receive a score commensurate with the abilities being measured (Oakland & Weilert, 1971).
Rhetoric as the Foundation for Political Education
Authors: Lawler Peter Augustine
Published: May 2020

The serious study of the best examples of American political rhetoric can be used as the foundation for the introductory course in American government. The laws of most of our states understand the purpose of political education to be the creation of good citizens. Even at the college level, it makes sense to justify political education in terms of citizenship rather than with the benefits associated with a diffuse introduction to the technical discipline of political science.

Citizenship, after all, is a quality shared by almost all human beings in our democratic regime, while only a very few of us ever will specialize in political science. The most cogent way of justifying the general requirement of study of a subject is by showing its universal utility, especially in a democracy, where utility is often the measure of worth.
Conflict Resolution and the National Model United Nations
Authors: Hazleton William A.
Published: May 2020

The pedagogical value of experiential learning, or “learning-by-doing,“ has led to the widespread use of simulations and games in the social sciences and other disciplines. Despite some questions concerning the effective transmission of factual information through simulations and games, their value as heuristic devices in teaching is based on the experience gained by students in adopting strategies and making decisions in a group context, experiences so varied that they would be impossible to relate through conventional classroom techniques. The pressures and constraints of a simulated political environment challenge participants to (1) confront the limited availability of options and approaches for resolving problems; (2) develop a deeper understanding of the concepts, principles, and procedures involved; and (3) formulate and propose novel solutions that may not have otherwise occurred to them.
American Government : The Piaget Way
Authors: Waite Mary H. , Wysocki Peter
Published: May 2020

Not satisfied with existing approaches to teaching American government, the two authors volunteered to participate in an experiment applying the learning theories of Piaget.

What follows is a short explanation of a few selected theories by Piaget, as a forerunner to demonstrating how the noted psychologist's ideas relate to the teaching of American politics. A learning model is then described. Two sample units of this approach to teaching the introductory course on American government are discussed in some detail. Before concluding with a little background on the federal grant involved, there is a section on the advantages and disadvantages of this method for the college instructors as well as their students.
Politics and Literature
Authors: Whitebrook Maureen
Published: May 2020

The terms “politics” and “literature” are both “essentially-contestable“ concepts. “Politics” can mean political practice, political ideas or the study of politics; “literature” can mean the writing of books, the content of those books or the reading of them. “Politics and literature” is often taken to be synonymous with “political literature,” but different usages of “politics” and “literature” will produce other connections. Much of the work in “politics and literature” hitherto has been of a sociological nature. Less interest has been shown in the distinctively political aspects of the possible relationships between the study of politics — political thought in the widest sense — and the content of literature.

No methodology has yet been developed, in Literary Studies or Political Science, for the explication and understanding of these connections. The sociology of literature, however, provides terminology that may be useful in establishing such links.
Women and the Constitution
Authors: Hoff-Wilson Joan
Published: May 2020

The seminar will explore the historical development surrounding changes in the legal status of women from the colonial period to the present. In addition to specialized readings in constitutional history, video cassettes which analyze aspects of modern case laws affecting contemporary American women will also comprise a segment of the instructional material. Particular attention will be paid to the historical circumstances prompting women reformers to place varying degrees of emphasis upon achieving equality through equity procedures, litigation, amendments to the Constitution and public policy legislation. Bibliographies and techniques for teaching major constitutional issues will be presented and discussed. Topics: equity jurisprudence, dower rights, married womens’ property acts, the Fourteenth Amendment, Supreme Court decisions involving working women, the Nineteenth Amendment, equal and comparable pay, national commissions on women, federal legislation prohibiting sex discrimination in employment and education, divorce and family law, constitutional views on contraception and abortion, the significance of the ERA, treatment of rape victims, sexual harassment on the job.
Assessing the Impact of a Course on Student Attitudes and Knowledge
Authors: Caputo David A. , Houniak Ilese
Published: May 2020

One of the more interesting and under researched questions concerning university teaching deals with the impact courses have on students’ cognitive knowledge and attitudes. While considerable attention has been devoted to “how to” increase cognitive knowledge, there have not been many attempts to study such changes in regularly taught courses. In similar fashion, there have been a variety of attempts to study attitudinal changes, but these attempts have often been unassociated with specific teaching methodology or course design. For instance, the political socialization literature has dealt with attitude formation and attitude change in college age youth, but there was little concern for the impact a specific course might have on those attitudes.
Competing Dreams in Communist Societies
Authors: Peterson James W.
Published: May 2020

Focus Many courses on comparative communism traditionally make mention of artistic and political dissidents, but exclusive reliance on political science source materials often fails to demonstrate the variety of thought patterns within communist societies. A multi-disciplinary course which specifically draws attention to various “political dreams” can enable students to become more aware of the richness of thought patterns within communist societies.

A January term in which students took part in one course for four weeks provided an ideal setting for teaching such a course. Through daily reading assignments and discussions class members discovered four main categories of dissident political dreams. First, a number of writers challenged the system of one-party control by advocating an effective separation of powers among governmental institutions such as the legislature and the courts.
Crisis Response Model
Authors: Weatherby Joseph N. , Lipke William
Published: May 2020

For a number of years the Cal Poly Political Science Department has team taught a course with ROTC staff in National Strategies. This juniorlevel course is taken by both military science and political science students. Because of the diversity in their academic backgrounds, students taking this class need a written exercise that will give each participant experience in preparing the kinds of position papers that are required in government and the military. This exercise has been devised to provide students with such an experience. We believe that this Crisis Response exercise can be used in almost any international affairs class where there is a desire to emphasize clear, precise analysis in an area studies setting.
Microcomputers in Political Science
Authors: Weisberg Herbert F.
Published: May 2020

We are now entering a new era of computing in political science. The first era was marked by punched-card technology. Initially, the most sophisticated analyses possible were frequency counts and tables produced on a counter-sorter, a machine that specialized in chewing up data cards. By the early 1960s, batch processing on large mainframe computers became the predominant mode of data analysis, with turnaround time of up to a week. By the late 1960s, turnaround time was cut down to a matter of a few minutes and OSIRIS and then SPSS (and more recently SAS) were developed as general-purpose data analysis packages for the social sciences. Even today, use of these packages in batch mode remains one of the most efficient means of processing large-scale data analysis.
An Interactive Instructional Program
Authors: Garson G. David
Published: May 2020

Microcomputing puts an amazingly versatile instructional tool into the hands of political scientists. It provides the ability to do far more than process data in ways political science SPSS and SAS users are familiar with. Microcomputing enables the student to interact with instructor provided programs which provide immediate feedback tailored to the student's speed and abilities.

One example is a program which will poll voters and provide instantaneous feedback on the results of an individual's vote as averaged with all previous votes. Our department uses this program on “Open House Day”, a high school oriented outreach. It replaces an earlier manual version of the same thing in which visitors to the department's display were asked to vote on forms which were tallied later.
Interactive Data Analysis of the 1980 Election
Authors: Christopherson Jon A. , Heyl Phillip J.
Published: May 2020

By introducing data analysis techniques, analyzing current research in voting behavior, and using the computer for social science research, introductory American Government courses on the undergraduate level are undertaking ambitious goals. Using the SETUPS units for each presidential election since 1972, cadets at the Coast Guard Academy have engaged in a comprehensive approach to the study of American electoral behavior in an interactive data analysis mode. Although SETUPS modules are run at most colleges and universities in batch mode, there are imitations and drawbacks to batch mode. The Coast Guard Academy is able to utilize interactive data analysis as a result of its time-sharing arrangement with the Dartmouth College Time Sharing System (DCTS). In this article we will discuss the use of SETUPS in an interactive mode using the CIDAR interactive data analysis system.
Microcomputers in Statistical Work
Authors: Schrodt Philip A.
Published: May 2020

The computer has revolutionized the use of statistical techniques in social science research. In recent years microcomputers have begun to replace large mainframe computers in such applications as word processing, accounting and data base management. While the use of microcomputers as statistical processors is still in its infancy, and existing software leaves a lot to be desired, the economics and convenience of statistical work on microcomputers point to an increasing role for micros in this area.

This article will survey the costs and benefits of doing statistical work with microcomputers. It is not a discussion of individual statistical programs but instead focuses on the general issues of what you need and what you can expect to do.
Merging Microcomputers and Personalized Instruction
Authors: Steinman Michael
Published: May 2020

Somewhere around the corner is that better classroom: a place where students are motivated to learn our material and we, the instructors, gain satisfaction from helping them master it. Efforts to turn that corner are nowhere more difficult than in the larger classroom. How can we motivate individual students when there are so many of them that it is hard to remember their faces let alone their names? How can we evaluate each student's work when there are other courses to teach, research to do, committees to serve on, and families to cherish? This essay describes my attempt to deal with this all too common situation by merging a Personalized System of Instruction (PSI) strategy with the use of microcomputers.
Teaching Social Class
Authors: Perrone C.
Published: May 2020

The literature of social class analysis is enormous: wealth differences of the population by percentiles, interlocking directories, membership in elite organizations, and educational institutions attended. The list of possible social class indicators is limited only by the researcher's ingenuity. However, teaching about social class is another story. Discussions with my teacher colleagues and visits to their classrooms reveal that our students are relatively unimpressed (as compared, say, to their enthusiasm for the National Football League) by these mountains of facts. This apathy of our students, themselves members of the lower percentiles, is only partly explained by our American belief in the inevitability of upward mobility of the social classes. Somehow, our students don't connect these impersonal printed sources with their own daily lives.
Students’ Support for Civil Liberties
Authors: Hughes D. L. , Garrison David
Published: May 2020

Ed. Note: The questionnaire and tables described in this essay are available from the editor upon request.

After a number of years of relative neglect, scholarly attention is once again being paid to the teaching of political science, particularly the introductory American government course. In many states such courses are required of virtually every college student, usually on the grounds that better citizens will somehow result. The underlying assumption is that learning about the structure and function of government and the rules of democratic procedure will produce citizens more committed to democratic ideals.

Most studies of students’ democratic values have focused on the effect of the college experience as a whole rather than on the specific effect of exposure to political science courses.
The new definition of health technology assessment: A milestone in international collaboration
Authors: O'Rourke Brian , Oortwijn Wija , Schuller Tara ,   the International Joint Task Group
Published: May 2020

Background

An international joint task group co-led by the International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment (INAHTA) and Health Technology Assessment International (HTAi) has developed a new and internationally accepted definition of HTA.

Methods

The task group, consisting of representatives of leading HTA networks, societies and global organizations, developed guiding principles for the process and followed an established consultation plan with the broader HTA community to develop the definition.

Results

The consensus achieved by the international joint task group brings the collective weight of the participating networks, societies, and organizations behind the new definition.

Conclusion

The new definition of HTA is an historic achievement and it is offered to the current and emerging HTA world as a cornerstone reference for today and into the future.
German Literature
Authors: Jackson W. T. H.
Published: May 2020

After years in which several important contributions on the drama of the Renaissance appeared, it is disappointing to have to record that 1962 was a poor year for new works on the literature of the period. No new book of full length has conic to my notice. A revised version of the second volume of the Annalen der deutschen Literatur provides a useful work of reference for those seeking the names of authors and works written during the sixteenth century but it can scarcely claim new interpretations. Such editions of texts as have appeared are either reprints of the Neudrucke deutscher Literaturwerke, e.g., Luther's Fables, or popular versions such as the Stiasny paperbacks of Rebhhun's Susanna. One important series should be mentioned. The Realienbücher für Germainisten being produced by the Metzler Verlag plans volumes in the field of sixteenth-century literature, and if all are of the same high standard as Bert Nagel's Meistersang they will indeed be useful.
Renaissance Philosophy
Authors: Gilbert Neal
Published: May 2020

First of all, in the way of texts, our period lags behind the medieval period in production of modern editions. There have been few recent editions of Renaissance philosophical texts, moreover, to equal the high standard set by Richard LeMay with Pomponazzi's De Fato. But there have been facsimile reproductions, such as those of the Opera of Ficino and Valla, very useful for scholars who do not have access to the larger libraries. And we have the promise of editions of Valla's Dialectica (Zippel) and of his De voluptate, or rather De vero bono (De Panizza Lorch). The Campanella edition continues to come out in Italy. Dozens of interesting Renaissance philosophical texts are reproduced in the Manuscripta series of microfilms (cf. List No. 39, for example): these represent a very worth-while investment for smaller libraries willing to support Renaissance research.
Five-year-olds produce prosodic cues to distinguish compounds from lists in Australian English
Authors: YUEN Ivan , XU RATTANASONE Nan , SCHMIDT Elaine , MACDONALD Gretel , HOLT Rebecca , DEMUTH Katherine
Published: May 2020

Although previous research has indicated that five-year-olds can use acoustic cues to disambiguate compounds (N1 + N2) from lists (N1, N2) (e.g., ‘ice-cream’ vs. ‘ice, cream’) (Yoshida & Katz, 2004, 2006), their productions are not yet fully adult-like (Wells, Peppé & Goulandris, 2004). The goal of this study was to examine this issue in Australian English-speaking children, with a focus on their use of F0, word duration, and pauses. Twenty-four five-year-olds and 20 adults participated in an elicited production experiment. Like adults, children produced distinct F0 patterns for the two structures. They also used longer word durations and more pauses in lists compared to compounds, indicating the presence of a boundary in lists. However, unlike adults, they also inappropriately inserted more pauses within the compound, suggesting the presence of a boundary in compounds as well. The implications for understanding children's developing knowledge of how to map acoustic cues to prosodic structures are discussed.
Efecto de la tandospirona sobre la discinesia tardía y los síntomas parkinsonianos
Authors: Yoshida K. , Sugita T. , Higuchi H. , Hishikawa Y.
Published: May 2020

Los autores examinaron el efecto de la tandospirona sobre la discinesia tardía (DT) y los síntomas parkinsonianos en un estudio abierto. La tandospirona no produjo ningún efecto favorable sobre la DT, pero tuvo un buen efecto sobre los síntomas parkinsonianos.
Depresión psicótica en pacientes ambulatorios de la práctica privada
Authors: Benazzi F.
Published: May 2020

Se estudió la prevalencia de la depresión psicótica y se realizó una comparación entre la depresión psicótica y no psicótica en 203 pacientes ambulatorios unipolares y bipolares consecutivos que se presentaron para tratamiento de depresión en la práctica privada de un psiquiatra La prevalencia de la depresión psicótica fue 14%. De las variables investigadas (diagnóstico unipolar/bipolar, edad en la línea de base/comienzo, género, recurrencias, rasgos atípicos, comorbilidad, cronicidad, duración de la enfermedad, gravedad en la línea de base), el diagnóstico de trastorno bipolar I era significativamente más común, y la gravedad de la depresión era significativamente mayor en la depresión psicótica frente a la no psicótica. Los resultados discordantes en las publicaciones pueden estar relacionados con las diferentes muestras estudiadas.
Efectividad de la clozapina en un servicio psiquiátrico en Italia
Authors: Berardi D. , Troia M. , Dell'Atti M. , Bartoletti C. , Cantaroni C. , Ferrari G.
Published: May 2020

Se administró clozapina a 28 esquizofrénicos resistentes al tratamiento en los servicios psiquiátricos en Bolonia. A las 26 semanas, el 62% de los pacientes mostraba respuesta. Los síntomas positivos y negativos mejoraron, pero la disminución de los síntomas negativos dependía en parte de la mejoría de los positivos y los extrapiramidales. No se vieron casos de agranulocitosis. Algunos abandonos estaban relacionados con dificultades con la mejoría psicopatológica.
Trastorno de angustia y memoria: ¿se deriva el trastorno de angustia de una disfunción de la memoria?
Authors: Berksun O. E.
Published: May 2020

Se propone que los pacientes con trastorno de angustia tienen un defecto en la memoria episódica relacionada con el miedo, y sus crisis de angustia se originan en el recuerdo automático del conglomerado emocional-autonómico relacionado con el miedo. El conglomerado en tanto componente de miedo parece haber sido disociado de la estructura cognitiva (la huella de memoria episódica o informativa) o de la “estructura de información”. Se creó un método especial para examinar esta hipótesis en que se pidió a 30 pacientes con trastorno de angustia, 12 controles sanos y 32 pacientes con otros diagnósticos psiquiátricos, que recordaran y describieran una experiencia que le produjera temor. Ninguno de los pacientes en el grupo de trastorno de angustia pudo recordar acontecimiento o episodio alguno en su pasado que le produjera temor. Todos los sujetos menos uno entre los controles sanos y todos los sujetos en el grupo sin angustia pudieron recordar un acontecimiento o episodio o más que le produjera temor. Se analizan las posibles implicaciones teóricas de estos resultados en el contexto de algunos conceptos clásicos.
Estadios de adaptación a un diagnóstico médico de una condición somática grave
Authors: Mękarski J. E.
Published: May 2020

El diagnóstico de una condición somática grave puede precipitar un proceso de afrontamiento de siete estadios: conmoción, negación, postergación, negociación, depresión, ira y adaptación. Se proponen métodos psicométricos y estadísticos para operacionalizar los estadios.
Funciones neuroendocrinas e inmunológicas en pacientes deprimidos: un estudio de seguimiento
Authors: Cervera-Enguix S. , Rodríguez-Rosado Ȧ.
Published: May 2020

El desarrollo, valoración y uso de marcadores biológicos con un propósito diagnóstico en psiquiatría es sumamente importante. Sin embargo, con ciertas excepciones, todavía no han surgido marcadores verdaderamente sensibles y específicos. Para investigar la relación entre el aparato inmune y la actividad hipotalámico-pituitaria por una parte, y el estado psicopatológico de los pacientes por otra, utilizamos un diseño longitudinal y evaluamos parámetros de monocitos (HLA-DR, CD 35, filamentos de vimentín e índice de fagocitosis) y pruebas neuroendocrinas (prueba de supresión con dexametasona [DST] y prueba de estimulación de la hormona liberadora de tirotropina [TRH]) en la admisión y en el seguimiento en 49 pacientes deprimidos. Se compararon parámetros inmunológicos con pruebas neuroendocrinas en ambas fases del estudio. El uso combinado de pruebas inmunológicas y neuroendocrinas no añadió sensibilidad a la identificación inmunológica de los pacientes deprimidos. Los hallazgos nos llevaron a considerar el papel de los parámetros de monocitos como marcadores sensibles del estado depresivo, mientras que el uso combinado de pruebas neuroendocrinas e inmunológicas en la práctica clínica actual sería discutible.
El papel de las beta-carbolinas (harmana/norharmana) en adictos a la heroína
Authors: Stohler R. , Rommelspacher H. , Ladewig D.
Published: May 2020

Las sustancias endógenas derivadas de interacciones entre alcohol y posiblemente metabolitos y neurotransmisores opioides (dopamina, indolaminas) podrían ser mediadores del proceso patoquímico hacia la dependencia. Las beta-carbolinas (harmana/norharmana) están aumentadas en alcohólicos y —según los resultados presentados— en adictos a la heroína. Trastornos psícopatológicos como la ansiedad o la depresión no parecen influir en el nivel de beta-carbolinas.
Disminución de las tasas de incidencia de casos de esquizofrenia en servicios psiquiátricos: una revisión de las publicaciones
Authors: Munk-Jørgensen P.
Published: May 2020

Una revisión de las publicaciones muestra que las tasas de admisión de nuevos casos de esquizofrenia varían en un factor de dos a cinco en los estudios de América del Norte y en los europeos. Además, la tendencia ha disminuido durante los últimos 40-50 años en Europa. Se revisan 18 estudios que analizan específicamente el desarrollo durante los 20 últimos años. Los estudios muestran preponderantemente disminuciones significativas debidas con mucha probabilidad a la reducción del número de camas psiquiátricas disponibles junto a la descentralización de la psiquiatría, y a una disminución de la virulencia de la esquizofrenia. Por otro lado, un intervalo diagnóstico de esquizofrenia difícilmente puede explicar la disminución.
Correlatos clínicos y sociodemográficos de las estrategias de afrontamiento en familiares de pacientes esquizofrénicos
Authors: Magliano L. , Veltro F. , Guarneri M. , Marasco C.
Published: May 2020

El estudio tenía el propósito de describir las estrategias de afrontamiento en una muestra de familiares básicos de pacientes esquizofrénicos y explorar sus relaciones con las variables siguientes: características socio-demográficas de los pacientes y los familiares básicos, condición clínica de los pacientes y los familiares básicos, y carga subjetiva de estos familiares. Se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre las puntuaciones en elementos de coerción y las puntuaciones en los factores “síndrome desorganizado” y “síndrome de pobreza psicomotora” del Examen del Estado Actual (PSE-9). Se encontró que una duración larga de la enfermedad se asociaba con estrategias de los familiares caracterizadas por comunicación positiva y participación social del paciente. Las estrategias de afrontamiento de coerción, evitación y resignación se asociaban significativamente con la aparición de síntomas de ansiedad y depresivos en los familiares básicos de los pacientes.
Evolución comparativa de pacientes de primera admission con ideas delirantes
Authors: Jørgensen P.
Published: May 2020

Se examinó desde la primera admisión hasta el seguimiento a una muestra de estudio de 88 pacientes que sufrían ideas delirantes. Desde el momento de la admisión índice, el funcionamiento global difiere cuando se distribuyen de acuerdo con las categorías de la CIE-10. Los pacientes con diagnóstico de alta de trastorno afectivo y trastorno psicótico agudo y transitorio tienen una perspectiva similar y optimista. Las perspectivas más pesimistas se aplican a los pacientes con esquizofrenia, y una posición intermedia, pero bastante pesimista, se aplica también a los pacientes con trastorno delirante persistente. Según el diagnóstico de alta después de la primera admisión, la puntuación de la Escala de Evaluación Global (GAF) en el seguimiento (8 años) es: esquizofrenia, 37; trastorno afectivo, 73; trastorno delirante persistente, 47; y trastorno psicótico agudo y transitorio, 70. Por lo general, la evolución a corto plazo se parece mucho a la de la observación a medio plazo. Durante el periodo de observación, fallecieron 13 pacientes. Entre los 75 pacientes supervivientes, el diagnóstico en el seguimiento difería en ocho casos, utilizando la CIE-10, del que se dio en el alta de la primera admisión y en diez casos, utilizando el DSM-III-R. Por tanto, el uso de la CIE-10 y del DSMIII- R permite a los clínicos estimar una categoría diagnóstica de estabilidad elevada (89%) con retraso mínimo.