bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Symbolic Landscape in English Civic Pageantry
Authors: Bergeron David M.
Published: April 2006

Professor Erwin Panofsky in Studies in Iconology points to a particular device, ‘common in late-mediaeval and Renaissance painting,’ that ‘of dividing the landscape background into halves of symbolically contrasting character.’ This technique, Panofsky says, was 'frequent in religious pictures where the “Aera sub lege” is contrasted with the “Aera suh gratia,” ’ but it was by no means confined to sacred pictures as Panofsky goes on to illustrate. In particular he discusses the picture, ‘Hercules at the Crossroads,’ generally attributed to Niccolò Soggi, in the light of this symbolic device. The purpose of this paper is to show how this technique common to Renaissance art also found expression in a dramatic form, that of civic pageantry, in late Tudor and early Stuart England.
Bruegel's The Triumph of Death Reconsidered
Authors: Thon Peter
Published: April 2006

'In all his works more is always implied than is depicted.'

—Abraham Ortelius, ‘Epitaph’ for Pieter Bruegel

If, in a sense, all artists comment on their times, only a few do so deliberately. Pieter Bruegel the Elder is the first great example of the latter type, the artist as social observer and critic. His detailed scenes of everyday life, his illustrations of proverbs and moral lessons in contemporary settings are all well known. Recently, however, art historians have become increasingly aware of less obvious social and political overtones in Bruegel's work. Paintings from the last ten years of his life, ranging from the tiny Chained Monkeys to vast scenes like The Suicide of Saul, The Conversion of Saint Paul, and The Massacre of the Innocents, have all been interpreted as veiled but pointed commentaries on conditions and events in the Netherlands during the mid-sixteenth century. The facts of history, it appears, may be highly pertinent to Bruegel's art.
The vocacyon of Johan Bale and Early English Autobiography
Authors: Fairfield Leslie P.
Published: April 2006

Sixteenth-Century Englishmen were not frequently given to self-scrutiny—at least not in writing. This was a disinclination which they shared with their medieval forbears, since autobiography was not a very common form of literary activity in the Middle Ages. Monastic self-analysis, sub specie aeternitatis and guided by the standard categories of virtues and vices—yes. Coherent study of the self, for its own sake and in all its quirks and idiosyncracies—scarcely ever. In the early sixteenth century, the murmur of new ideas from Italy did begin to touch England: a sense of distance and of difference between the present and the past, and an awakened appreciation for the discrete, the singular in human personality.
Erasmus' Biographical Masterpiece: Hieronymi
Stridonensis Vita
Authors: Maguire John B.
Published: April 2006

Erasmus shared with many Renaissance men a more than passing interest in
biographical writing. He recommended Plutarch's Lives on
several occasions, edited and annotated Suetonius' Lives of the
Twelve Caesars, and more importantly, several times tried his
own hand at life-writing. In addition to biographical sketches of his
contemporaries More, Colet, Vitrier, and Warham, Erasmus wrote lives of
Jerome, Ambrose, Augustine, Chrysostom, and other early Church Fathers to
serve as introductions to the Froben editions of their works.
Mutianus Rufus and Natural Religion: A Test Case
Authors: Baumann Fred E.
Published: April 2006

The relationship between classical philosophy and Christian piety in the thought of Renaissance humanists poses certain questions that are answered periodically but which perennially recur. In part, this may be because these questions arise out of issues that go beyond the historian's craft to the most fundamental choices facing the human understanding. In part too, the enormous complexity of humanist expression makes interpretation difficult and allows the currents of historical sensibility to manifest themselves in analysis.

In the text that follows, I will seek to give examples which indicate to me that the currently general understanding of humanist piety may have led to incorrect conclusions about the stature and clarity of thought of one figure in particular, the German humanist Mutianus Rufus. It seems to me unarguable that the greater appreciation of the difficult, ambiguous, and often idiosyncratic character of humanistic writings is a genuine triumph of modern historical scholarship.
‘A noughtye and a false lyeng boke’: William Barlow and theLutheran Factions
Authors: McLean Andrew M.
Published: April 2006

When Thomas Stokesley, Bishop of London, ‘commaunded Barlowes dyaloges to be preached of the curates through out all hys dyocese,’ he was recommending one of the most interesting English accounts of the Reformation in Germany: William Barlow'sA dyaloge descrybyng the orygynall ground of these Lutheran faccyons and many of theyr abusys(1531). The interlocutor William, recently returned from the Continent, names to his friend Nicholas the leading reformers he has met and outlines Luther's controversies with Henry VIII, Carlstadt, and Zwingli. He discusses the quarrel between the Lutheran and Zwinglian factions over the eucharist and their subsequent meeting at Marburg (1529). His account of the ‘third faccyon,’ the Anabaptists, constitutes an early source for England's knowledge of Anabaptist beliefs and many of their startling practices.
Erasmus, Jean Le Clerc, and the Principle of the Harder Reading
Authors: Bentley Jerry H.
Published: April 2006

Scholars of history have finally set to work on the history of scholarship. It is strange to report that they have neglected the history of their own intellectual tradition, but it is so. J. E. Sandys’ three-volume History of Classical Scholarship has of course long been available to serve as the basic source of information on the subject. But Sandys’ work presents chiefly a chronological overview of names, dates, titles, and anecdotes bearing on classical scholars and their work. What has been lacking is a survey of the development of scholarly thought and methods, based on an analysis of the principles employed by past scholars in their work. Synthetic studies are now available which suggest the broad outlines along which scholarship developed.
Seneca's Apocolocyntosis as a Possible Source for Erasmus' Julius Exclusus*
Authors: Colish Marcia L.
Published: April 2006

The Julius exclusus has generated a good deal of attention on the part of twentieth-century scholarship, especially since the publication of Wallace K. Ferguson's critical edition in 1933. Primary interest has centered on the debate concerning the authorship of the dialogue, with the prevailing scholarly opinion assigning the work unequivocally to Erasmus. According to the present consensus, Erasmus composed the Julius at some point between the death of Pope Julius II in February 1513 and his departure from England for Basel in July 1514. The work was known to members of Erasmus’ circle by August 1516 and was first published in 1517. With the issue of authorship and dating settled to their general satisfaction, Erasmian scholars have recently begun to direct their attention to the substance of the Julius, particularly its ecclesiology. On the other hand, the investigation of Erasmus’ possible sources for die work has received comparatively sketchy treatment.
On the Dialogic Impulse in the Genesis of Montaigne's Essais
Authors: Jones Robert F.
Published: April 2006

One of the big problems in Montaigne studies is that the essayist slips away the minute he is pressed too closely. Careful collation of passages, meticulously chosen with a specific end in mind, can ‘prove’ a given thesis: Montaigne the Stoic, Montaigne the Skeptic, or Montaigne the Epicurean. It can be shown—and has been—that these three aspects were all true, simply superseding each other as Montaigne grew older. It has also been shown, however, that Montaigne the Stoic and Montaigne the Epicurean coexisted; and other combinations likewise. So pressing Montaigne too closely is likely to yield a series of pictures which, viewed individually, are true, but taken as a whole appear contradictory.
Du Bellay's Imperial Mistress:Les Antiquitez de Romeas Petrarchist Sonnet Sequence
Authors: Rebhorn Wayne A.
Published: April 2006

Les Antiquitez de Romehas long been praised as the first sonnet sequence in the Renaissance to have abandoned the subject matter of love, which Petrarch established as the almost exclusive concern of sonneteers. To be sure, Italian and French poets had occasionally written sonnets on other subjects—in fact, Petrarch's ownRimeincludes a small number of poems not concerned with love—but no sequence before Du Bellay's so radically departs from tradition as his seems to do.
Cristoforo Landino'sAeneidand the Humanist Critical Tradition*
Authors: Kallendorf Craig
Published: April 2006

There is little question that the Virgil criticism of early Italian humanism reached its zenith in theDisputationes Camaldulensesof Cristoforo Landino. Professor of rhetoric and poetry at the FlorentineStudiumfrom 1457 to 1497, Landino was active in the circle of philosophers, poets, and scholars associated with Marsilio Ficino and often referred to now as the “Platonic Academy of Florence.” The dialogue, written in 1472 and set a few years earlier in the monastery at Camaldoli, begins as an examination of the active and contemplative lives and the nature of thesummum bonum(Books I and II). Since Landino believed that Virgil also described thesummum bonumand the path by which we reach it, Books III and IV of theDisputationesturn to theAeneidas a parallel source of philosophical truth.
The Astrological Cosmos and Rhetorical Culture of Giovanni Gioviano Pontano
Authors: Trinkaus Charles
Published: April 2006

Renaissance humanism, it is generally agreed, emerged in the fourteenth century as an intellectual movement devoted to the study and imitation of ancient poetry and rhetoric. It was also dedicated to using literature to promulgate ethical values derived from a variety of classical schools and blended with Christian teachings in more or less convincing ways. Scholastic philosophy in its three branches of metaphysics, natural philosophy and logic was either avoided by and large by humanists or was subjected to an assortment of criticisms—especially dialectic and physics. Petrarch and Salutati are salient examples. There can thus be little ground today for confusing humanism and scholasticism, a tendency Paul Oskar Kristeller has so valiantly and persistently combatted.
“To hear the rest untold“: Shakespeare's Postponed Endings
Authors: Kay Dennis
Published: April 2006

According to Edmund Spenser, trivial art was merely “painted forgery,” no more than “th'aboundance of an idle braine.” Its antithesis, exemplified by The Faerie Queene, was “matter of just memory” (FQ II.Proem, i). In this distinction, the double sense of “just,” i.e. both “righteous” and “exact,” tellingly suggests the response he desired—demanded even—from readers of his epic. Other works aspiring to the status of high art similarly make demands upon their audience which implicitly continue into the memory of the reader or viewer. It was thus, Ben Jonson argued, that the text of a masque could be elevated above the mere physical spectacle of its performance: it was in the imagination of the audience that the “more removed mysteries,” only shadowed forth in the action of the show, could be fully subjected to the understanding (rather than simply experienced externally by the sense) of the beholders.
Joannes Secundus and His Roman Models: Shapes of Imitation in Renaissance Poetry
Authors: Endres Clifford , Gold Barbara K.
Published: April 2006

The theory and practice of imitation have been explored in both ancient and modern times. Ancient and Renaissance writers focused on theoretical problems; recent studies have tended to examine imitation as practiced by specific authors, including Petrarch, Erasmus, Ben Jonson, and others. Another author who might profitably be studied from the point of view of his relationship to classical models is Joannes Secundus, the Renaissance poet best known for hisBasia—“kiss poems” after Catullus—andElegiae, three books of Latin love elegies. In these elegies, Secundus draws heavily upon the Roman elegiac poets, especially Propertius and Ovid, for themes, figures, and turns of phrase. In his work we find such Propertian and Ovidian topics as the poet's refusal to write epic verse, the intervention of a god to turn the poet from epic to elegy, and the power ofcarminaas both songs and magic charms.
Testaments: A Note on Three Unknown Indices in the Florentine Archives
Authors: Rosenthal Elaine G.
Published: April 2006

The final disposition of one's worldly possessions is the prelude to the ultimate act in the life cycle. It offers a rare view into the mind of the testator as well as insights into his social and cultural milieu. For historians of art and students of social, economic, or political history, the form and content of testaments can often supply important data for research. However, all scholars who have sought specific wills know the difficulties encountered in their search.

In the Florentine archives all notarized acts survive in two basic collections: the Notarile antecosimiano and the Archivio Diplomatico. The former consists of volumes of notarial protocols as written and recorded by individual notaries, while the latter consists of rolls of pergamena. The inventories for both collections are cross-referenced. The Notarile inventories are numbers 38 through 40, with an Appendice (No. 41).
Versions of Imitation in the Renaissance
Authors: Pigman G. W.
Published: April 2006

From Petrarch's sonnets to Milton's epics a major characteristic of Renaissance literature is the imitation of earlier texts, and the Renaissance contains a vast and perplexing array of writings on the theory and practice of imitation. Although these writings often exhaust themselves in vindictive and ferocious ad hominem polemics—one need only recall Julius Caesar Scaliger's Orationes against Erasmus—and dwell at length on what now appears to many a sterile and fruitless debate over whether or not Cicero should be the only model for Latin prose, these treatises on imitation can offer considerable guidance for the interpretation of Renaissance literature. The theories of imitation help structure one's expectations as to the types of relations between text and model which one is likely to find, although they also amount to a strong warning against the difficulties of discovering and analyzing these relations.
Graven Images: Protestant Emblem Books in England
Authors: Diehl Huston
Published: April 2006

‘“they adorned their Citie with all manor of sumptuous and costely buyldings, with all kinds of curious and cunning works, as Theaters, Triumphal Arkes, Pyramedes, Columnes, Spires, and a great number of graven images … All which sumptuousnesse and superfluitie hathe oftentymes … been to their great hinderaunce and damage.”

“I have broughte in here twentie sights or vysions, caused them to be graven, to the ende al men may see that with their eyes, whiche I go aboute to expresse by writing”

Jan Van der Noot, A Theatre for Voluptuous Worldlings
Boccaccio'sTrattatello in laude di Dante,OrDante Resartus
Authors: Boli Todd
Published: April 2006

Boccaccio'sTrattatello in laude di Danteis notoriously unreliable as an historical biography of the poet. Much of what is doubtful in theTrattatellohas been blamed on simple misinformation, the influence of literary convention, the misreading of Dante's works, or pure invention on the part of the author. Especially susceptible to objection has been theTrattatello'srepresentation of Dante's personal character. Leonardo Bruni, the first to offer an assessment, found Boccaccio's portrayal of Dante distorted and inadequate, and Bruni's pronouncement established an interpretative commonplace from which critical opinion has never been entirely free: “It seemed to me that our Boccaccio … described the life and manners of so sublime a poet just as though he were writing theFilocolo, or theFilostrato, or theFiammetta, for he is all full of love and sighs and burning tears, as though the man had been born into this world merely to turn up in those ten days … related in theCentonovelle [Decameron].“
Political Allegory in the Gerusalemme Liberata*
Authors: Quint David
Published: April 2006

In 1553, six years before Tasso first began to sketch the poem that was to become the Gerusalemme liberata, the Catholic monarchs Philip II and Mary Tudor acceded to the throne of England, after the Protestant reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI. The event was celebrated in an encomiastic oration, De restituta in Anglia religione ("On the restoration of religion in England"), by the minor Modenese humanist, Antonio Fiordibello. In one passage Fiordibello searches for a precedent to the achievement of the new English rulers.
A Hitherto Unknown Portrait of a Weil-Known Roman Humanist*
Authors: Poeschel Sabina
Published: April 2006

The Sala delle Arti Liberali of the Vatican Borgia apartment has never been the subject of comprehensive research. The sala is one of the private rooms of Alexander VI Borgia which were decorated between 1492 and 1494 by Bernardino Pinturicchio and his school. The frescoes in this particular room, of the allegories of the Liberal Arts, are not by the master himself but were executed by minor Umbrian painters; they have never, therefore, attracted great art-historical attention.
“Sing Againe Syren“: The Female Musician and Sexual Enchantment in Elizabethan Life and Literature*
Authors: Austern Linda Phyllis
Published: April 2006

To Elizabethan observers in many disciplines, feminine beauty and music offered parallel benefits and dangers that influenced prescriptions for the actual musical behavior of contemporary Englishwomen and also the development of stock literary situations in which female musicians either caused spiritual fulfillment or physical destruction. Conflicting ideologies, based on the most respected ancient authorities and contemporary observers, attributed similarly opposite aspects to women and music, which had both come to be regarded as earthly embodiments of the divine and the damning by the final part of the sixteenth century. Women, who possessed the natures of both Mary and Eve, were regarded as agents alternately of salvation and destruction even as music was perceived as an inspiration to both heavenly rapture and carnal lust.
Hermann von dem Busche'sVallum humanitatis(1518): A German Defense of the RenaissanceStudia Humanitatis*
Authors: Mehl James V.
Published: April 2006

Hermann von dem Busche typifies the younger, more aggressive generation of humanists who became embroiled in the literary feuds and controversies of pre-Reformation Germany.' While Peter Luder and Conrad Celtis had preceded him as "apostles of humanism" in Germany, Busche carried the tradition of the "wandering poet" into the early sixteenth century. His major prose work, theVallum humanitatis, exemplifies an important literary genre of the humanists, the "defense of poetry," usually approached as a defense of humanistic learning against scholastic opponents. Several recent studies need to be taken into account when assessing the literary and historical significance of Busche'sVallum humanitatis. Concetta Greenfield's analysis of Italian "defenses of poetry" between 1250 and 1500 lends further credence to Kristeller's wellknown thesis regarding the simultaneous development of scholasticism and humanism in Renaissance Italy.
Tudor Humanism and the Roman Past: A Background to Shakespeare
Authors: Dean Paul
Published: April 2006

One of the intellectual advances achieved by what has been called “the Renaissance discovery of Time” was the realisation that the most interesting thing about the past is what makes it the past. A secularised historiography—involving recognition of anachronism, historical development and the relativity of truth—marks a decisive break with medieval thought. This paper seeks to explore one limited aspect of a vast topic, namely the effect of this revolution of thought on men's concept of the Roman past, which, I shall argue, was closely bound up with their perception of the English past. One result of the exploration will be to suggest a new perspective from which to consider Shakespeare's creative relationship with Roman, and also with English, history.
Sexuality and Social Standing in Jan van Eyck's Arnolfini Double Portrait*
Authors: Harbison Craig
Published: April 2006

In its Visual Acuity, the Arnolfini double portrait (fig. 1) is so beguiling that few have been able to resist its spell: "a simple corner of the real world has suddenly been fixed on to a panel as by magic." But in what ways can we speak of this portrait as a realistic image? How closely, for instance, does it portray a single moment or specific event in these people's lives? Was it meant to be viewed as a marriage document or contract? The Arnolfini double portrait is unique. It is the only fifteenth–century Northern panel to survive showing presumably identifiable contemporaries engaged in some sort of dialogue in a carefully rendered contemporary interior
A Florentine Friendship: Donato Acciaiuoli and Vespasiano da Bisticci*
Authors: Ganz Margery A.
Published: April 2006

Vespasiano da Bisticci (1421-98), whose busy bookstore brought together most of the great minds of Florence, was a life-long friend of Donato di Neri Acciaiuoli. This essay will examine their relationship. It was in his capacity as merchant that Vespasiano's association with Donato began, but over time it developed into a true friendship. Their correspondence covers the period from 1446 to 1463 with the bulk of the surviving letters dating from the year 1448-49.
Irene di Spilimbergo: The Image of a Creative Woman in Late Renaissance Italy
Authors: Schutte Anne Jacobson
Published: April 2006

What can you say about a twenty-five-year-old girl who died?" The classicist Erich Segal managed to wring 131 pages (and who knows how many millions of dollars) out of the short life of his fictional creation Jennifer Cavilleri, the heroine of Love Story. My subject is a real girl, the painter Irene di Spilimbergo, whose death at the age of twenty-one in 1559 evoked a tribute much more substantial, although probably not so lucrative for its editor, Dionigi Atanagi: a memorial volume containing 279 Italian and 102 Latin poems, a few anonymous but most written by 143 named contributors.
Renaissance Dreams
Authors: Goffen Rona
Published: April 2006

Family, marriage, and sex—although it seems to me that the sequence is uncertain—are naturally interrelated in life but not always so in art or, for that matter, in art history. While family and marriage have been much discussed in recent years by historians, they have received very little attention indeed from art historians. Sex, on the other hand, we have always had with us. And while all of one's work is self-referential to some extent, whether one is an artist or an historian of art, it may be that this psychological truth carries a particular danger when one is dealing with matters that are so intimate as family, marriage, and sex. Moreover, there is another issue involved when one is concerned with works of art, at least in the Renaissance or in any period when art was made for patrons, and that is precisely the presence of another psyche in the mixture, in addition to that of the artist himself and that of the historian-observer.
Exile in Practice: The Alberti Family In and Out of Florence 1401–1428
Authors: Baxendale Susannah Foster
Published: April 2006

Political exile punished an offending individual through public humiliation, deprivation of political rights, separation from family and friends, from business and property. This situation was difficult but manageable for an individual since he and his dependents could turn to members of the extended family for aid and comfort. However, if all the family's men were banished, the situation was potentially catastrophic. The Alberti, a prominent Florentine merchant-banking family, found itself in just such a situation. In January 1401, all Alberti men were exiled from the city of Florence for conspiracy against the state; they were not allowed to return until 1428. This paper will explore the consequences of their long and unusual banishment from Florence.
The Collapse of the Religious Hieroglyph: Typology and Natural Language in Herbert and Bacon
Authors: Cooper Andrew M.
Published: April 2006

Because rationalism and logocentrism have no eternal political essences, … they can be put to different political uses in different historical contexts. This is not to say that epistemological claims (or literary styles, or any other symbolic structures) are ideology-free and impervious to ideological analysis, only that the relation between the epistemological claim or other symbolic structure and the interests it serves is a contextual one that can change as the historical context changes.

Oscar Kenshur, “(Avoidable) Snares and Avoidable Muddles”
Making Pictures Speak: Renaissance Art, Elizabethan Literature, Modern Scholarship
Authors: Barkan Leonard
Published: April 2006

Some Often Quoted Lines from Sidney'sApology for Poetrycan stand both as a piece of literary history in themselves and as a methodological guide for the study of that history: “Poesy therefore is an art of imitation: for so Aristotle termeth it in the wordmimesis,that is to say, a representing, counterfeiting, or figuring forth—to speak metaphorically, a speaking picture.“1 It is one of the most famous of all definitions of poetry, and like many other such definitions—Plato's in theRepublic,Horace's in theArs Poetica2-—it arrives at saliency by drawing an analogy to the visual. More succinctly even than his predecessors, Sidney demonstrates just how difficult it is to unpack the cdncept of mimesis as he ranges through a sequence of functional descriptions﹛representing, counterfeiting, figuring forth),none of which quite does the trick, until he arrives at a metaphor that names itself as such. One might say that a metaphor is itself a speaking picture and therefore Sidney's memorable phrase is a self-confirming artifact. But let us shy away from such metaformulations and content ourselves with a sense of just how felicitous the expression “speaking picture” turns out to be.
Courtiers and Christians: The First Japanese Emissaries to Europe*
Authors: Brown Judith C.
Published: April 2006

On 10 August 1584 Four Japanese emissaries arrived in Lisbon. Strictly speaking, they were not the first Japanese to arrive in Europe, but they were the first official delegates sent by Japanese feudal lords. And they were the first to return to Japan after a European sojourn.’ Some historians have argued that “no Japanese emissaries, before or since, aroused comparable interest or enthusiasm” among Europeans.

Much has been written about this visit, both in the sixteenth century and closer to our own, but while there is no doubt about the warmth of the welcome, judgments about its meaning and importance have differed sharply. In the late nineteenth century, Guglielmo Berchet reluctantly concluded that despite European enthusiasm and the triumph of the travelers over enormous obstacles during the journey, the embassy was of no consequence because by the time it returned to Japan in 1587, it encountered a hardening of attitudes against Europeans.
Elysium: A Prelude to Renaissance Theater
Authors: Licht Meg
Published: April 2006

In late spring of 1473 an elaborate wooden building was constructed in the piazza before the Roman church of Ss. Apostoli. This structure was to provide the setting for entertainments offered in honor of the marriage of Eleonora of Aragon, daughter of Ferrante, king of Naples, to Ercole d'Este, duke of Ferrara. The bride and her Neapolitan retinue, together with the Ferrarese contingent sent to Naples to fetch her, stayed in Rome for five days, from 5 June to 9 June. They were the guests of nephews of Sixtus IV: Pietro Riario, the cardinal of San Sisto, and Giuliano della Rovere, the cardinal of San Pietro in Vincoli.
Milton on Machiavelli: Representations of the State inParadise Lost
Authors: Riebling Barbara
Published: April 2006

In the prologue to Christopher Marlowe'sThe Jew of Malta, Machiavelli appears on stage to announce his arrival in England after a sojourn through the Continent:

Albeit the world thinkeMachevillis dead,

Yet was his soule but flowne beyond theAlpes,

And now theGuizeis dead, is come from France

To view this Land and frolicke with his friends. (Prologue, 1-4)

The impact of Machiavelli on sixteenth-century Europe was profound, and as this passage implies, his reception in England was complicated by an involved process of transmission. Reactions to his works mixed with demonic portrayals of him that had percolated through European political communities.
Humanism and Scholasticism in Sixteenth-Century Academe: Five Student Orations from the University of Salamanca*
Authors: van Liere Katherine Elliot
Published: April 2006

A collection of student orations by the Salamancan jurist Diego de Covarrubias, edited here in the appendix, offers a glimpse of the mental landscape of canon and civil lawyers in this era. The orations combine traditional scholastic forms of argumentation with humanistic themes, most prominently that of “arms and letters”. The article sets the orations in their intellectual and institutional context, and traces the intellectual lineages for this central topos. Although Covarrubias was conversant with the humanist literary tradition, in which “arms and letters” stood for twin achievements of a well-rounded courtier, the main point of these exercises was to assert, following Bartolus, that the legal profession rightfully deserved to inherit the honor and privileges bestowed in ancient times upon men of arms.
As in Ovid, So in Renaissance Art
Authors: Barolsky Paul
Published: April 2006

This essay is a prolegomenon to the general study of Ovid's relations to Renaissance art and art theory. As is well known, theMetamorphosesdetermined the subjects of numerous works of art during the Renaissance. What is not sufficiently appreciated, however, is the extent to which the ancient poet's sense of "metamorphosis" as a figure ofpoesis, making or "poetry," helped shape Renaissance notions of poetic transformation in the visual arts. The emergent taste for thenon finitoin the Renaissance, most notably in the work of Michelangelo, had important roots in Ovidean aesthetics.
Founding the Palazzo Vecchio in 1299: The Corso Donati Parado
Authors: Trachtenberg Marvin
Published: April 2006

The usual origin-story of the Palazzo Vecchio as a security measure for the city's executives taken in response to civic unrest does not hold up under a close analysis of the historical record and the architectural evidence. The original project of 1299, as distinguished from the building as modified 1306-1310, was not heavily fortified; and by contemporary standards the late 1290s was a comparatively peaceful interval. It is proposed that rather than fear, the immediate motivation for the decision to build was a crisis in civic honor. If so, the palace would have been initially an expression less of the core values of the mercantile class, officially at the helm of the republic, than of the excluded nobility, as represented by the arch-enemy of the regime, Corso Donati.
Pastoral Palimpsest: Writing the Laws of Love in L'Astré
Authors: Meding Twyla
Published: April 2006

Mediated by Neoplatonist thought of the Quattrocento, paradox governs both form and content of Honoré d'Urfé's L'Astreé. The prefatory epistles to the work's first three parts establish a Foucaldian notion of “author function“ while simultaneously positing the author's profound distrust of writing and his preference for an oral medium. Within the romance itself, the three episodes featuring the authoritative Laws of Love, their falsification, and finally their complete revision illustrate deconstruction of the “author function” through the force of the Platonic textual “drift” against which d'Urfé cautions his protagonists in his prefaces. At the same time, the revised Laws of Love announce means of collective composition prevalent in the later seventeenth century. The romance's sylvan cabinet thus reflects and resolves the dilemmas of authority and composition conceived in the prefaces' paternal Cabinet.
“il bel sesso, e l'austero Senato“:The Coronation of Dogaressa Morosina Morosini Grimani
Authors: Wilson Bronwen
Published: April 2006

The Venetian printmaker Giacomo Franco produced several engravings for the 1597 coronation of Morosina Morosini, the wife of doge Marin Grimani (1595-1605). Focusing on three of these prints in which a bird's-eye view of the city is framed with illustrations of the festivities, this essay explores relations between space, gender, allegory and costume as they were manifested in this rare female procession. An examination of the pictorial conventions used by Franco and other artists to depict the event suggests that Morosina's coronation functioned both to resist existing codes of gender but also to reassert female patrician status.
Writing Cultural History in Early Modern Europe: Christophe Milieu and his Project
Authors: Kelley Donald R.
Published: April 2006

Christophe Milieu's De Scribenda Vniversitatis rervm historia libri qvinqve (Basel, 1551) interprets the "universe of things" (universitas return) within an evolutionary and historical framework consisting of five connected and progressive "grades" (gradus) of existence accessible to human understanding: nature (natura), the world of God's creation and man's animal aspect; prudence (prudentia), including the arts of survival; government (principatus), the stage of civil society and political history; wisdom (sapientia), equivalent to civilization and including the higher sciences and philosophy; and literature (litetatura), in which knowledge of the preceding phases of "progress" (progressio) is expressed in writing. Milieu's "narrative" constitutes a pioneering and comprehensive history of western culture.
Trade-Environment Negotiations in the Eu, Nafta, and Wto: Regional Trajectories of Rule Development
Authors: Steinber Richard H.
Published: April 2006

In the last decade, many political scientists, economists and lawyers have suggested that national economic and regulatory systems may be converging globally. Economic, ideological and sociological factors, as well as action by the world’s great powers, may be facilitating cross-national convergence of economic systems and the globalization of some sectors. Globalization of the telecommunications industry and cross-national convergence of related national laws may serve as one of the stronger examples of this phenomenon.
International Trade and Protection of the Environment: The Continuing Search for Reconciliation
Authors: Schoenbaum Thomas J.
Published: April 2006

Before 1991, the relationship between the protection of the environment and international trade was an arcane specialty that attracted little attention. In 1971 the GATT Council established a Working Group on Environmental Measures and International Trade. This group did not even meet for over twenty years.

Everything changed with the decision in the Tuna/Dolphin I case, in which a GATT dispute resolution panel declared a United States embargo on tuna caught by fishing methods causing high dolphin mortality to be illegal. The Tuna/Dolphin I decision produced an explosion of rhetoric in both learned journals and the popular press. It was also a very interesting clash of very different “cultures,” trade specialists versus environmentalists. At die outset, neither group knew much about the other. Now, however, the legal and political issues have been identified and ventilated, mutual understanding has increased, and the process has begun to reconcile two values that are absolutely essential to the well-being of mankind: protection of the environment and international free trade.
Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law
Authors: Leich Marian Nash
Published: April 2006

On January 7, 1997, President William J. Clinton transmitted to the Senate for advice and consent to ratification the following Protocols to the 1980 Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects: (A) the amended Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-traps and Other Devices, adopted at Geneva on May 3, 1996 (Protocol II, or amended Mines Protocol); (B) the Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons, adopted at Geneva on October 10, 1980 (Protocol III, or the Incendiary Weapons Protocol) ; and (C) the Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons, adopted at Geneva on May 3, 1996 (Protocol IV).
Confiscation of property in Czechoslovakia in 1945—exclusion of German jurisdiction—Convention on the Settlement of Matters Arising out of the War and the Occupation—nationality in international law—neutrality of Liechtenstein in World War II
Authors: Oxman Bernard H. , Fassbender Bardo
Published: April 2006

Prince of Liechtenstein v. Federal Supreme Court. Case 2 BvR 1981/97. 36 Archiv des Volkerrechts 198 (1998).

German Federal Constitutional Court (3d Chamber, 2d Senate), January 28, 1998.

On January 28, 1998, a chamber of the German Constitutional Court decided that the Court would not deal with a constitutional complaint brought before it by Prince Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein, Head of State of die Principality of Liechtenstein. In effect, the chamber thus upheld the decisions made by the civil courts rejecting the Prince's attempt to recover a family painting confiscated by Czechoslovakia and currently on loan to a German museum.
New International Legal Process
Authors: O’Connell Mary Ellen
Published: April 2006

International legal process (ILP) emphasizes understanding how international law works. It concentrates not so much on the exposition of rules and their content as on how international legal rules are actually used by the makers of foreign policy. It is a more limited methodology than some others discussed in the symposium in that it did not, as originally developed, expose the normative values of the methodology, or how the methodology could be used to achieve those values. Nevertheless, ILP, as a study of international law in its actual operation and the consideration of how international law could work better, has had a significant influence on American international law scholarship.
UN Compensation Commission Panel Sets Precedents on Government Claims
Authors: Heiskanen Veijo , O’Brien Robert
Published: April 2006

While the public’s attention has recently focused on the United Nations Special Commission on Iraq (UNSCOM) and its weapons inspection activities, the United Nations Compensation Commission (UNCC or Commission), another ad hoc UN body created pursuant to Security Council Resolution 687 in the aftermath of the Persian Gulf war, has been making steady progress in resolving the war reparation claims asserted against Iraq. Nonetheless, the UNCC is under increasing pressure to speed up the claims review process and complete its work expeditiously.
The Justiciability of Paraguay’s Claim of Treaty Violation
Authors: Damrosch Lori Fisler
Published: April 2006

The U.S. Government’s position asserting nonjusticiability of the treaty claims raised by Paraguay in the domestic and international lawsuits is disturbing. The Government’s amicus filings at the court of appeals and the Supreme Court denied that Paraguay’s claims belonged in federal court (or indeed in any court at all); at die International Court of Justice, the United States admitted a treaty violation but denied the competence of that tribunal to enter a judicial remedy. At one or another phase of these proceedings, the U.S. Government pressed a variety of arguments that (if accepted) would rule out virtually any judicial consideration of a treaty-based claim. The haste with which the Supreme Court denied a stay in Breard’s case foreclosed adequate consideration of the justiciability of such claims in domestic courts and also effectively barred Paraguay from achieving the relief it sought on the international plane.
Aspects of Patronage in Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-Century Venice*
Authors: Romano Dennis
Published: April 2006

Michael Baxandall's StudyPainting and Experience in Fifteenth-Century Italyopens with the useful reminder that a “painting is the deposit of a social relationship,” that is, a relationship between patron and client. When Baxandall and other historians of Renaissance art use the term patronage, they generally do so in a restricted sense to indicate the relationship that existed when an individual or an institution such as a guild, confraternity, or monastic establishment commissioned a specific work of art from an artist or artisan. Often formalized through a contract, the relationship between patron and client was essentially a legal one in which the artist agreed to render a specific service in return for a preestablished or a negotiable sum of money. With the completion of the commission, the relationship essentially ended, unless succeeded by another commission.
That “Insolent Liberty“: Honor, Rites of Power, and Persuasion in Sixteenth-Century Ireland
Authors: Palmer William
Published: April 2006

On 30 March 1603 at the end of the Nine Years’ War Hugh O'Neill, the vanquished earl of Tyrone, appeared before Sir Charles Bount, Lord Mountjoy, at Mellifont Abbey to surrender. The moment of Tyrone's capitulation was recorded with interest by several English observers. After nearly a decade in dubious battle, an exhausted and subdued Tyrone astonished his conquerers by prostrating himself and grovelling before Mountjoy, who was so shocked by the abjectness of Tyrone's action that he nearly forgot the task of surrender. One observer remarked that “it was one of the deplorablest sights I ever saw: and to look upon such a person, the author of so much trouble, and so formerly glorious, so dejected, would have wrought many changes in the stoughtest heart, and did, no doubt at this instant raise a certain commiseration in his greatest adversary.”
Form and Function in Italian Renaissance Popular Books
Authors: Grendler Paul F.
Published: April 2006

Form and Function are Closely connected in books. The physical appearance of books indicates purpose and intended readership. A combination of size, type, and page layout offers visible signals informing the reader of the content before he begins to read a book. Books that look differentaredifferent. They have different subject matters, purposes, and readerships.

Anyone browsing in a bookstore in the late twentieth century knows this. Today an illustration on the cover provides the most obvious clue concerning the subject matter and purpose of a book. When the cover shows a handsome man with a scowl on his face and a gun in his hand along with a beautiful young woman in distress—and possibly some degree of undress—we know that the book is a “thriller.” When the cover shows a spaceship, we know that the book is science fiction.
When Saints Fall Out: Women and the Savonarolan Reform in Early Sixteenth-Century Florence
Authors: Polizzotto Lorenzo
Published: April 2006

Reformers and Reform Movements can be hard on their adherents. For a variety of reasons—dissent over doctrine, differences over organization, tactics and objectives, even incompatibility between personalities — disagreements arise and with disagreement recrimination, bitterness, and fragmentation. All these elements were present in the quarrel that erupted in 1506 among followers of Savonarola and tore apart the movement of reform he had initiated. On this occasion, however, the additional disruptive and embittering component of gender played a prominent part in the quarrel. There are no villains in the story, only victims, both active and passive, of a traditional system of religious values. Any attempt to alter this system was construed as harmful to the cause by the male leaders of the Savonarolan movement and resisted accordingly.
Margaret Cavendish and the Romance of Contract*
Authors: Kahn Victoria
Published: April 2006

All things by war are in a Chaos hurl'd

But love alone first made,

And still preserves the world.

— Alexander Brome

I have heard [William Cavendish] say several times, that his love to his gracious master King Charles the Second was above the love he bore to his wife, children, and all his posterity, nay, to his own life: and when, since his return into England, I answered him that I observed his gracious master did not love him so well as he loved him; he replied, that he cared not whether his Majesty loved him again or not; for he was resolved to love him.

— The Life of William, Duke of Newcastle
The Moral Dimension of the Prophetic Ideal: Pushkin and His Readers
Authors: Davidson Pamela
Published: April 2006

In this article Pamela Davidson identifies a range of literary strategies that evolved in response to the disparity between the high standard of moral purity, which was a prerequisite for the Hebrew prophet, and the much laxer moral standards of Russian writers who adopted this role model. Strategies designed to reinforce the moral credentials of Aleksandr Pushkin, commonly regarded as the prototype of the poet-prophet, include the substitution of artistic for moral integrity (Nikolai Gogol'), the treatment of literary accounts of purification as evidence of the writer's moral standing (readings of “The Prophet”), the cult of martyrdom as an aspect of the writer's biography, derived from his suffering in life (Mikhail Lermontov) and extended to the interpretation of his death (Vladimir Solov'ev). Although these strategies enabled such later writers as Fedor Dostoevskii to assume the role of prophet, the blurring of the moral dimension of the prophetic ideal had long-term consequences for the development of Russian society and culture.
English Accounts of Captivity in North Africa and the Middle East: 1577-1625
Authors: Matar Nabil
Published: April 2006

Between 1577 and 1625, ten Englishmen wrote or dictated accounts about their captivity among the Muslims. After examining similar accounts of captivity by continental writers, Fernand Braudel argued that European governments encouraged the publication of such accounts for an ideological purpose: to alienate readers from Islam and Muslims. A close reading of the English accounts, however, shows that there was a more personal and selfish goal for the publication of these accounts than the polemical and the ideological.
Travel to Work, Travel to Play: On Russian Tourism, Travel, and Leisure
Authors: Koenker Diane P.
Published: April 2006

In the introduction to this special issue, Diane P. Koenker discusses the interrelated categories of travel, tourism, and leisure, looking at contrasting definitions of the traveler and the tourist and situating Russian and Soviet experience in a broader literature. Among the themes raised in the issue's articles, she enumerates the quest for knowledge and the premium placed on knowledge-producing travel and leisure activities, the tension between normative values and the desire of tourists and travelers to create their own autonomous experiences, and the ways in which the socialist project revalorized the role of the collective touring experience. She also considers the ways in which travel created both national identities and cosmopolitan ones and discusses some of the implications of spatial and gender analysis for studies of travel, touring, and leisure away from home.