bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SLICK — Scoring and Energy Functions for Protein—Carbohydrate Interactions.
Authors: Kerzmann Andreas , Neumann Dirk , Kohlbacher Oliver
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Are Deterministic Expert Systems for Computer‐Assisted Structure Elucidation Obsolete?
Authors: Elyashberg Mikhail E. , Blinov Kirill A. , Williams Antony J. , Molodtsov Sergey G. , Martin Gary E.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Steroids QSAR Approach Based on Approximate Similarity Measurements.
Authors: Cuadrado Manuel Urbano , Ruiz Irene Luque , Gomez‐Nieto Miguel Angel
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Bayesian Model Based Clustering Analysis: Application to a Molecular Dynamics Trajectory of the HIC‐1 Integrase Catalytic Core.
Authors: Li Yan
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Predictive CoMFA and CoMSIA Models for Two Series of Stromelysin‐1 (MMP‐3) Inhibitors Elucidate S1′ and S1—S2′ Binding Modes.
Authors: Amin Elizabeth A. , Welsh William J.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ligand Coordinate Analysis of SC‐558 from the Active Site to the Surface of COX‐2: A Molecular Dynamics Study.
Authors: Ram K. V. V. M. Sai , Rambabu G. , Sarma J. A. R. P. , Desiraju G. R.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Pyrazolyl‐Functionalized 2‐Methylimidazolium‐Based Ionic Liquids and Their Palladium(II) Complexes as Recyclable Catalysts.
Authors: Wang Ruihu , Piekarski Melissa M. , Shreeve Jean'ne M.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Oxide‐ and Zeolite‐Supported Molecular Metal Complexes and Clusters: Physical Characterization and Determination of Structure, Bonding, and Metal Oxidation State
Authors: Fierro‐Gonzalez Juan C. , Kuba Stefan , Hao Yalin , Gates Bruce C.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Directing the Self‐Assembly of Nanocrystals Beyond Colloidal Crystallization
Authors: Zhang Hao , Edwards Erik W. , Wang Dayang , Moehwald Helmuth
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
“Host—Guest” Chemistry in the Synthesis of Ordered Nonsiliceous Mesoporous Materials
Authors: Wan Ying , Yang Haifeng , Zhao Dongyan
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Microemulsion Synthesis of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Silicon Nanocrystals
Authors: Tilley Richard D. , Yamamoto Kenji
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Metallacarboranes: New Synthetic Strategies and Structural Patterns
Authors: Hosmane Narayan S. , Maguire John A.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Organometallic Chemistry of Bi‐ and Polymetallic Complexes
Authors: Low Paul J.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Reactivity of Zirconium—Silene Complex
Authors: Mori Miwako
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hypervalent Iodine Goes Catalytic
Authors: Richardson Robert D. , Wirth Thomas
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Shape‐Persistent Macrocycles: Structures and Synthetic Approaches from Arylene and Ethynylene Building Blocks
Authors: Zhang Wei , Moore Jeffrey S.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Zirconocene Complexes as New Reagents for the Synthesis of Cyclopropanes
Authors: Szymoniak Jan , Bertus Philippe
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Aromaticity of Heterocycles Containing Heavy Elements
Authors: Salcedo Roberto
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Developments on Catalytic Negishi Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Chen Dianjun , Kotti Saibabu , Li Guigen
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Buchwald—Hartwig Amination in Catalytic Organic Synthesis
Authors: Schlummer Bjorn , Scholz Ulrich
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Properties of Cyclopropane‐Derived Peptidomimetics
Authors: Reichelt Andreas , Martin Stephen F.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Design and Synthesis of New Classes of Heterocyclic C‐Glycoconjugates and Carbon‐Linked Sugar and Heterocyclic Amino Acids by Asymmetric Multicomponent Reactions (AMCRs)
Authors: Dondoni Alessandro , Massi Alessandro
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Peptide‐Capped Gold Nanoparticles: Towards Artificial Proteins
Authors: Levy Raphael
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Emerging Technologies Supporting Chemical Process R&D and Their Increasing Impact on Productivity in the Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Rubin A. Erik , Tummala Srinivas , Both Douglas A. , Wang Chenchi , Delaney Edward J.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
α‐Aminoalkyl‐α′‐halomethylketones: Preparation and Application to Pharmaceutically Interesting Compounds
Authors: Reeder Michael R. , Anderson Rebecca M.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Practical Methodologies for the Synthesis of Indoles
Authors: Humphrey Guy R. , Kuethe Jeffrey T.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
High‐Throughput and Parallel Screening Methods in Asymmetric Hydrogenation
Authors: Jaekel Christoph , Paciello Rocco
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Large‐Scale Oxidations in the Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Caron Stephane , Dugger Robert W. , Ruggeri Sally Gut , Ragan John A. , Ripin David H. Brown
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Biomimetic Synthesis of trans,syn,trans‐Fused Polycyclic Ethers
Authors: Valentine Jason C. , McDonald Frank E.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stereochemical Uniformity in Marine Polyether Ladders — Implications for the Biosynthesis and Structure of Maitotoxin
Authors: Gallimore Andrew R. , Spencer Jonathan B.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Petroleum Industry Effluents and Other Oxygen‐Demanding Wastes in Niger Delta, Nigeria
Authors: Osuji Leo C. , Uwakwe Augustine A.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Industrial Syntheses of the Central Core Molecules of HIV Protease Inhibitors
Authors: Izawa Kunisuke , Onishi Tomoyuki
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Development of SIMMER‐III, an Advanced Computer Program for LMFR Safety Analysis, and Its Application to Sodium Experiments
Authors: Tobita Y. , Kondo S. A. , Yamano H. , Morita K. , Maschek W. , Coste P. , Cadiou T.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Molecular Assemblies of Polymethine Dyes
Authors: Shapiro B. I.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Process Chemsitry: The Science, Business, Logic and Logistics
Authors: Zhang Tony Y.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Critical Assessment of Pharmaceutical Processes — A Rationale for Changing the Synthetic Route
Authors: Butters Mike , Catterick David , Craig Andrew , Curzons Alan , Dale David , Gillmore Adam , Green Stuart P. , Marziano Ivan , Sherlock Jon‐Paul , White Wesley
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering in Local Optical Fields of Silver and Gold Fields of Silver and Gold Nanoaggregates — From Single‐Molecule Raman Spectroscopy to Ultrasensitive Probing in Live Cells
Authors: Kneipp Katrin , Kneipp Harald , Kneipp Janina
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structural and Molecular Recognition Studies with Acyclic Anion Receptors
Authors: Gale Philip A.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Crystallization‐Induced Diastereomer Transformations
Authors: Brands Karel M. J. , Davies Antony J.
Published: September 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Survival outcome and predictors of gefitinib antitumor activity in East Asian chemonaive patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer
Authors: Yang Chih‐Hsin , Shih Jin‐Yuan , Chen Kun‐Chieh , Yu Chong‐Jen , Yang Tsung‐Ying , Lin Ching‐Pei , Su Wen‐Pin , Gow Chien‐Hung , Hsu Chiun , Chang Gee‐Chen , Yang Pan‐Chyr
Published: September 2006

BACKGROUND.

Chemonaive patients had higher response rates than chemotherapy‐treated patients in previous analyses of East Asian patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer. The survival outcome and the predictors for antitumor activity in chemonaive patients who received gefitinib as first‐line treatment are unclear.

METHODS.

Clinicopathologic predictive factors, objective tumor responses, and the survival of consecutive patients with advanced, chemonaive nonsmall cell lung cancer who received gefitinib as first‐line treatment were collected and analyzed. Multivariate analysis was conducted to determine independent predictive factors for gefitinib antitumor efficacy.

RESULTS.

One hundred ninety‐six patients (112 males and 84 females) were analyzed. Ninety‐six patients (49%) were never smokers. One hundred forty‐four patients (73%) had adenocarcinoma or bronchioloalveolar carcinoma histology. One hundred twenty patients had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0 to 2. Eighty‐three patients (42%; 95% confidence interval, 36–49%) had an objective tumor response. An additional 35 patients had stable disease (disease control rate, 61%). The tumor response rate was 52% in patients who had a good performance status. Female gender, nonsmoking status, and adenocarcinoma histology all were independent predictors of response or disease control in multivariate analysis. The median survival was 11.1 months, and the 1‐year survival rate of patients who had a good performance status was 47.5%.

CONCLUSIONS.

The response rate to gefitinib was high in East Asian chemonaive patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer. Female gender, adenocarcinoma histology, and nonsmoking status all were independent predictors of gefitinib response. The survival outcome of these patients was similar to that of patients who initially received chemotherapy. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
The Cell‐Penetrating Peptide TAT(48‐60) Induces a Non‐Lamellar Phase in DMPC Membranes
Authors: Afonin Sergii , Frey Alexander , Bayerl Sybille , Fischer Dahlia , Wadhwani Parvesh , Weinkauf Sevil , Ulrich Anne S.
Published: September 2006

Cell‐penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short polycationic sequences that can translocate into cells without disintegrating the plasma membrane. CPPs are useful tools for delivering cargo, but their molecular mechanism of crossing the lipid bilayer remains unclear. Here we study the interaction of the HIV‐derived CPP TAT (48‐60) with model membranes by solid‐state NMR spectroscopy and electron microscopy. The peptide induces a pronounced isotropic31P NMR signal in zwitterionic DMPC, but not in anionic DMPG bilayers. Octaarginine and to a lesser extent octalysine have the same effect, in contrast to other cationic amphiphilic membrane‐active peptides. The observed non‐lamellar lipid morphology is attributed to specific interactions of polycationic peptides with phosphocholine head groups, rather than to electrostatic interactions. Freeze‐fracture electron microscopy indicates that TAT(48‐60) induces the formation of rodlike, presumably inverted micelles in DMPC, which may represent intermediates during the translocation across eukaryotic membranes.
Diastereodifferentiation of Novel Naphthalene Dyads by Fluorescence Quenching and Excimer Formation
Authors: Abad Sergio , Vayá Ignacio , Jiménez M. Consuelo , Pischel Uwe , Miranda Miguel A.
Published: September 2006

Four new bichromophoric naphthalene dyads in form of diastereomeric pairs are synthesized and photophysically characterized. For a closely related group of compounds (NAP‐NAP, MNAP‐NAP, MNAP‐MNAP), systematic variation of the urea linker led to the observation of intramolecular fluorescence quenching for tertiary urea, but not for secondary urea. Chiral information contained in the dyads has an impact on the efficiency of this process. Furthermore, for the case of (R,R)‐MNAP‐MNAP, excimer formation in the pre‐organized dyad was noted, while being absent in the corresponding (R,S) diastereomer. These differences in photophysical behavior are ascribed to the geometry of the linker and to the chiral information contained in the diastereomeric compounds. Other dyads, such as NPX‐NPX, included naproxen as the chromophore. For these compounds strong excimer emission is obtained, however, only very small diastereodifferentiation is observed for the two investigated stereoisomers.
A method for deriving tap polynomials of LFSR generating syndromes by using a matrix‐reduction algorithm
Authors: Fujita Yutaka , Sugimura Tatsuo , Shibata Koki
Published: September 2006

The Berlekamp–Massey method is a method of algebraic error correction in which the key equation, expressing the congruence relation of the received syndrome polynomial, the error locator polynomial, and the error evaluation polynomial, is solved and the error locator polynomial is derived as the shortest LFSR tap polynomial that generates the received syndrome. However, this method is rarely used because of its complex computation process. Consequently, this paper presents a method of deriving the LFSR tap polynomial that generates the received syndrome by the matrix‐reduction method. It is shown that all tap polynomials derived by the matrix‐reduction method have the error locator polynomial as a factor polynomial, and that the factor polynomial is uniquely derived as the error locator polynomial. It is also shown that the matrix‐reduction method is especially useful as a derivation procedure for the error locator polynomial in terms of processing time. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(1): 30–45, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley. com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20234
Synthesis of transmission‐line filters with stubs using genetic algorithms
Authors: Yamamoto Takayuki , Sanada Hirofumi , Takezawa Megumi , Watanabe Kazuhisa
Published: September 2006

This paper discusses the design of transmission‐line filters with stubs by using the genetic algorithm. In many cases, the transmission‐line filter is realized by connecting equal‐length elements by several transform operations starting with the lumped‐element prototype filter. In the proposed method, the determination of the filter configuration is treated as an optimization problem. A structure realizing the desired characteristics is determined by the genetic algorithm (GA). In this case, the characteristic resistance and the section length in a certain section are arbitrary. Therefore, there is no regulation of the distribution of the characteristic resistances. Also, the filter can be constructed by cascade connection of unequally long sections. As a result, it is possible to obtain filters with structures different from the conventional ones. It will be possible to realize small filters of simpler structure and filters with frequency characteristics not easily treated by the filter structure consisting of a cascade connection of equal‐length elements. The actual design of several low‐pass filters is performed and it is demonstrated that the proposed method can be used as a design approach for a transmission‐line filter. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(1): 1–8, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20262
Glycol Methyl Ether and Glycol Amine Substituted Titanocenes as Antitumor Agents
Authors: Strohfeldt Katja , Müller‐Bunz Helge , Pampillón Clara , Sweeney Nigel J. , Tacke Matthias
Published: September 2006

6‐[4‐(2‐Methoxyethoxy)phenyl]fulvene (3a) and 6‐{4‐[2‐(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl}fulvene (3b) were prepared as the starting materials for the synthesis of three different classes of titanocenes, which are ansa‐titanocenes, diarylmethyl‐substituted titanocenes and benzyl‐substituted titanocenes. Because the synthetic possibilities seem to be limited, only ansa‐titanocene {1,2‐bis(cyclopentadienyl)‐1,2‐bis[4‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)phenyl]ethanediyl}titanium dichloride (4a) and benzyl‐substituted titanocene bis‐{[4‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)benzyl]cyclopentadienyl}titanium(IV) dichloride (6a) were obtained and characterised. The change in the substitution pattern of the phenyl moiety from an oxygen atom to a nitrogen atom had such a big influence on the reaction that not one compound of the three titanocene classes could be synthesised, and it was also not possible to obtain diarylmethyl‐substituted titanocenes with the use of either of the fulvenes. When benzyl‐substituted titanocene 6a was tested against pig kidney cells (LLC‐PK), an antiproliferative effect that results in an IC50 value of 43 μM, was observed. This IC50 value is in the lower range of the cytotoxicities evaluated for titanocenes up to now. ansa‐Titanocene 4a surprisingly showed, when tested on the same cell line, a proliferative effect together with a fast rate of hydrolysis. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Pelvic ultrasonography in anorexia nervosa: what the clinician should ask the radiologist and how to use the information provided
Authors: Mason Helen D. , Key Adrienne , Allan Rosemary , Lask Bryan
Published: September 2006

Pelvic ultrasonography is generally regarded as the gold standard for determination of pelvic maturity and hence the need for further weight gain in patients with anorexia nervosa. Many clinicians, however, have limited knowledge of this technique. Here, we describe the use of pelvic ultrasonography in anorexia nervosa and present an algorithm to assist the clinician, both with what questions to ask from the radiologist, and how to use the information provided to determine the morphology and hence maturity of the pelvic organs. We then show how this information can be used to assign the level of pelvic maturity a grade from 1 to 5. Finally, we demonstrate use of this system in two patients who progressively gained weight until pelvic maturity was achieved. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Dynamic market behavior of autonomous network‐based power systems
Authors: Jokic A. , Wittebol E. H. M. , van den Bosch P. P. J.
Published: September 2006

Dynamic models of real‐time markets are important since they lead to additional insights of the behavior and stability of power system markets. The main topic of this paper is the analysis of real‐time market dynamics in a novel power system structure that is based on the concept of autonomous networks. The concept of autonomous networks (AN), also briefly presented in the paper, is an approach that enables large‐scale integration of dispersed generation in a market‐based power system. A realistic, decentralized provision of power imbalance ancillary services is proposed and analyzed. It is based on control of power flow deviations among autonomous networks and is shown to have a stabilizing effect for the real‐time energy market. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Operational and structural optimization of multi‐carrier energy systems
Authors: Geidl Martin , Andersson Göran
Published: September 2006

This paper presents an approach for the combined optimization of energy systems including multiple energy carriers such as electricity, natural gas, and district heat. Power flow and conversion between the different energy infrastructures are described as multi‐input multi‐output coupling, what enables simple analysis and optimization of the flows. While previous work deals with operational optimization (multi‐carrier optimal dispatch and power flow), this paper focuses on optimization of the couplings between the different networks, that is the structure of the system. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contribution of DG units to primary frequency control
Authors: Morren J. , de Haan S. W. H. , Ferreira J. A.
Published: September 2006

The increasing penetration of distributed generation (DG) in the electricity grid will result in a reduction of the number of connected conventional power plants, which are nowadays responsible for control of the electricity network frequency. Currently DG units do not contribute to frequency control. With increasing penetration of DG it will become necessary, however, that they also contribute to frequency control. A significant part of the DG units are connected to the grid by a power electronic converter. It is possible to implement additional control in this converter to let the DG unit contribute to frequency control. In this paper it is investigated how these controllers can be implemented and it is analysed how large the contribution of several types of DG units can be. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methods for estimating stability regions with applications to power systems
Authors: Xin H. , Gan D. , Qiu J. , Qu Z.
Published: September 2006

A specialized method for constructing a hyper‐ellipse that resides inside the stability regions of a class of nonlinear autonomous systems such as electric power systems is provided. This method is further generalized to estimate the stability region of a fairly general class of high dimension nonlinear autonomous systems. Applications of the introduced results to power system transient stability analysis are described, together with numerical examples. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new approach for selecting the switching states of SVPWM algorithm in multilevel inverter
Authors: Tuncer S. , Tatar Y.
Published: September 2006

This paper presents a fast and real‐time space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) algorithm for multilevel inverters. A min.–max. method for selecting switching states is proposed for SVPWM algorithm. With the proposed method, the minimum switching commutation transition of between the triangles on the space vector diagram of the reference voltage vector is provided. The proposed SVPWM algorithm is also rather suitable for all values of linear modulation range and provides simplicity and applicability. Using this SVPWM algorithm, three‐phase voltages have been obtained from a five‐level cascade inverter. These voltages are applied to a three‐phase ac motor. The simulation results are verified by the experimental results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prudent practices for the design and installation of heat‐producing devices near wood materials
Authors: Babrauskas Vytenis , Gray Brian F. , Janssens Marc L.
Published: September 2006

The conditions required to cause ignition of solid wood materials under short‐term heating are examined, and it is found that the appropriate ignition temperature applicable under these conditions is 250°C. It is then shown that ignition requirements are different if long‐term heating is involved and that ignition can occur at exposure temperatures much lower than the ignition temperature pertinent to short‐term heating. It is shown that hot surfaces of 77 °C or higher, if located for a long duration next to a wood member are liable to lead to its ignition in a self‐heating mode. Recommendation is made that prudent practices for design or installation must also involve a suitable safety factor. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast explicit operator splitting method for convection–diffusion equations
Authors: Chertock Alina , Kurganov Alexander , Petrova Guergana
Published: September 2006

Systems of convection–diffusion equations model a variety of physical phenomena which often occur in real life. Computing the solutions of these systems, especially in the convection dominated case, is an important and challenging problem that requires development of fast, reliable and accurate numerical methods. In this paper, we propose a second‐order fast explicit operator splitting (FEOS) method based on the Strang splitting. The main idea of the method is to solve the parabolic problem via a discretization of the formula for the exact solution of the heat equation, which is realized using a conservative and accurate quadrature formula. The hyperbolic problem is solved by a second‐order finite‐volume Godunov‐type scheme.

We provide a theoretical estimate for the convergence rate in the case of one‐dimensional systems of linear convection–diffusion equations with smooth initial data. Numerical convergence studies are performed for one‐dimensional nonlinear problems as well as for linear convection–diffusion equations with both smooth and nonsmooth initial data. We finally apply the FEOS method to the one‐ and two‐dimensional systems of convection–diffusion equations which model the polymer flooding process in enhanced oil recovery. Our results show that the FEOS method is capable to achieve a remarkable resolution and accuracy in a very efficient manner, that is, when only few splitting steps are performed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An unstructured/structured multi‐layer hybrid grid method and its application
Authors: Sang Weimin , Li Fengwei
Published: September 2006

A multi‐layer hybrid grid method is constructed to simulate complex flow field around 2‐D and 3‐D configuration. The method combines Cartesian grids with structured grids and triangular meshes to provide great flexibility in discretizing a domain. We generate the body‐fitted structured grids near the wall surface and the Cartesian grids for the far field. In addition, we regard the triangular meshes as an adhesive to link each grid part. Coupled with a tree data structure, the Cartesian grid is generated automatically through a cell‐cutting algorithm. The grid merging methodology is discussed, which can smooth hybrid grids and improve the quality of the grids. A cell‐centred finite volume flow solver has been developed in combination with a dual‐time stepping scheme. The flow solver supports arbitrary control volume cells. Both inviscid and viscous flows are computed by solving the Euler and Navier–Stokes equations. The above methods and algorithms have been validated on some test cases. Computed results are presented and compared with experimental data. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of the Retardation Rating Scale for detecting depression in geriatric inpatients
Authors: Bonin‐Guillaume Sylvie , Sautel Laeticia , Demattei Christophe , Jouve Elisabeth , Blin Olivier
Published: September 2006

Objectives

Validation in the elderly of the Retardation Rating Scale (RRS), which includes items related to motor and mental retardation but not vegetative items, and may be particularly well‐suited for the diagnosis of depression in the elderly.

Methods

One hundred and sixty‐five geriatric inpatients (105 depressed), aged 65 and over, without dementia, neuroleptic medication and increased risk of slowed mobility, were assessed with the RRS and three validated ‘gold‐standard’ scales for geriatric depression (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale, Geriatric Depression Scale). Factor analysis used varimax rotation, Cronbach's, Spearman's and Ferguson's coefficients and the Mann–Whitney U‐test to evaluate construct and internal consistency. Convergent validity and Receiver Operating Characteristics curves were also analyzed.

Results

Factor analysis retained three interpretable domains: (1) motor items (45% of the variance); (2) mental items and (3) the cognitive items. Internal consistency was high (α = 0.91). Each item was strongly correlated with the total RRS score and associated with depression. The RRS showed good convergent validity and its total score increased with depression severity. A cut‐off score of 10 yielded 79% sensitivity and 80% specificity, with 80% of the patients properly classified, that is 15% more than standard observer scales.

Conclusion

RRS is a valid screening tool for depression and improves recognition of depression in geriatric inpatients. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CYP2A13 expressed in human bladder metabolically activates 4‐aminobiphenyl
Authors: Nakajima Miki , Itoh Masahiro , Sakai Haruko , Fukami Tatsuki , Katoh Miki , Yamazaki Hiroshi , Kadlubar Fred F. , Imaoka Susumu , Funae Yoshihiko , Yokoi Tsuyoshi
Published: September 2006

Cigarette smoking is the predominant risk factor for bladder cancer. Aromatic amines such as 4‐aminobiphenyl (ABP) is the major carcinogens found in tobacco smoke. Although it is generally accepted that ABP is metabolically activatedviaN‐hydroxylation by CYP1A2 in human liver, previous studies using Cyp1a2‐null mice indicated the involvement of other enzyme(s). Here we found that CYP2A13 can metabolically activate ABP to show genotoxicity byUmuassay. TheKmandVmaxvalues for ABPN‐hydroxylation by recombinant CYP2A13 inE. coliwere 38.5 ± 0.6 μM and 7.8 ± 0.0 pmol/min/pmol CYP, respectively. TheKmandVmaxvalues by recombinant CYP1A2 were 9.9 ± 0.9 μM and 39.6 ± 0.9 pmol/min/pmol CYP, respectively, showing 20‐fold higher intrinsic clearance than CYP2A13. In human bladder, CYP2A13 mRNA, but not CYP1A2, is expressed at a relatively high level. Human bladder microsomes showed ABPN‐hydroxylase activity (Km= 34.9 ± 4.7 μM andVmax= 57.5 ± 1.9 pmol/min/mg protein), although the intrinsic clearance was 5‐fold lower than that in human liver microsomes (Km= 33.2 ± 2.0 μM andVmax= 293.9 ± 5.8 pmol/min/mg protein). The activity in human bladder microsomes was prominently inhibited by 8‐methoxypsoralen, but not by fluvoxamine, anti‐CYP1A2 or anti‐CYP2A6 antibodies. CYP2S1, which is expressed in human bladder and has relatively high amino acid identities with CYP2As, did not show detectable ABPN‐hydroxylase activity. In conclusion, although the enzyme responsible for ABPN‐hydroxylation in human bladder microsomes could not be determined, we found that CYP2A13 metabolically activates ABP. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mutational analysis of the HER2 gene in lung tumors from Caucasian patients: Mutations are mainly present in adenocarcinomas with bronchioloalveolar features
Authors: Buttitta Fiamma , Barassi Fabio , Fresu Giuseppina , Felicioni Lara , Chella Antonio , Paolizzi Diego , Lattanzio Giuseppe , Salvatore Simona , Camplese Pier P. , Rosini Sandra , Iarussi Teodorico , Mucilli Felice , Sacco Rocco , Mezzetti Andrea , Marchetti Antonio
Published: September 2006

Activating mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of the HER2 gene have recently been reported in lung adenocarcinomas, mainly in East Asian patients. Our study was devised to evaluate the prevalence and nature of HER2 mutations in lung adenocarcinomas from Caucasian patients. The mutational status of the HER2 gene was evaluated in 403 lung adenocarcinomas by PCR‐single strand conformation polymorphism analysis and direct sequencing of Exons 19 and 20. We found HER2 mutations in 9 (2.2%) cases. Seven (78%) of the mutations were in frame duplications/insertions at codons 776–779 (YVMA), the other 2 were base substitutions resulting in aminoacid changes. The hotspot mutation at bases 776–779 was previously found to be the most frequent HER2 mutation in Asiatic patients. The distribution of mutations was significantly different between conventional lung adenocarcinomas (CLAs) and lung adenocarcinomas with bronchioloalveolar features (ABAFs). Seven (6.2%) of 113 ABAFs and 2 (0.7%) of 290 CLA were mutated (p = 0.0025). In addition, the frequency of HER2 mutations was slightly higher in females (4.1%) than in males (1.8%) and in never smokers (3.1%) than in smokers (1.9%), but differences were not statistically significant. This series of tumors was also investigated for EGFR and K‐ras mutations. EGFR mutations were observed in 43 (10.7%) cases, and K‐ras mutations in 110 (27.3%) cases. EGFR, HER2 and K‐ras mutations were found to be mutually exclusive events. The presence of HER2 mutations in a subset of patients with lung adenocarcinoma raise hope to treat these patients with HER2 specific kinase inhibitors. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanism of apoptosis with the involvement of calpain and caspase cascades in human malignant neuroblastoma SH‐SY5Y cells exposed to flavonoids
Authors: Das Arabinda , Banik Naren L. , Ray Swapan K.
Published: September 2006

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children causing death at pre‐school age, as no cure has yet been developed. We investigated the proteolytic mechanisms for apoptosis in human malignant (N‐type) neuroblastoma SH‐SY5Y cells following exposure to flavonoids such as apigenin (APG), (−)‐epigallocatechin (EGC), (−)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) and genistein (GST). We found decrease in viability of SH‐SY5Y cells with an increase in dose of APG, EGC, EGCG and GST. Predominantly apoptosis occurred following exposure of SH‐SY5Y cells to 50 μM APG, 50 μM EGC, 50 μM EGCG and 100 μM GST for 24 hr. Apoptosis was associated with increases in intracellular free [Ca2+] and Bax:Bcl‐2 ratio, mitochondrial release of cytochromecand activation of caspase‐9, calpain and caspase‐3. Induction of apoptosis with APG and GST showed activation of caspase‐12 as well. Activation of caspase‐3 could cleave the inhibitor‐of‐caspase‐activated DNase (ICAD) to release and translocate caspase‐3‐activated DNase (CAD) to the nucleus. Activation of caspase‐8 cleaved Bid to truncated Bid (tBid) in cells treated with EGC and EGCG. EGC and EGCG induced apoptosis with caspase‐8 activation and mitochondria‐mediated pathway, whereas APG and GST caused apoptosisviaan increase in intracellular free [Ca2+] with calpain activation and mitochondria‐mediated pathway. Activation of different proteases for cell death was confirmed using caspase‐8 inhibitor II, calpeptin (calpain inhibitor), caspase‐9 inhibitor I and caspase‐3 inhibitor IV. Thus, plant‐derived flavonoids cause cell death with activation of proteolytic activities of calpain and caspases in SH‐SY5Y cells, and therefore serve as potential therapeutic agents for controlling the growth of neuroblastoma. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of local infusion of OP‐1 on particle‐induced and NSAID‐induced inhibition of bone ingrowth in vivo
Authors: Ma T. , Nelson E. R. , Mawatari T. , Oh K. J. , Larsen D. M. , Smith R. L. , Goodman S. B.
Published: September 2006

Excessive polyethylene wear particles from joint replacements may lead to periprosthetic osteolysis and loosening. Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) decrease fracture healing and bone ingrowth. We hypothesized that continuous local infusion of OP‐1 (BMP‐7) would increase local bone formation in the presence of two different adverse stimuli, polyethylene particles, and an oral NSAID. The Drug Test Chamber (DTC) was implanted in the proximal tibia of mature rabbits. The tissue growing into the chamber was exposed to OP‐1 solution (110 ng/day), which was infused via an osmotic pump. Infusion of OP‐1 alone for 6 weeks enhanced local bone formation in the chamber by 80% (p < 0.05) over infusion of carrier alone. In the presence of polyethylene particles, infusion of OP‐1 increased local bone formation by 38% (p < 0.05) over treatment with particles and carrier. Oral administration of NSAID reduced local bone formation by 58% (p < 0.05); this suppressive effect caused by NSAIDS was completely reversed by the infusion of OP‐1 (p < 0.05). These findings underline a potential role for local treatment with OP‐1 to increase bone formation in the presence of potentially adverse stimuli such as polyethylene wear particles or NSAID use. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Keynes and development economics: a sixty‐year perspective
Authors: Toye John
Published: September 2006

John Maynard Keynes exercised considerable influence on the formative years of development economics, through his disciples. Key issues were the relevance of disguised unemployment to developing countries and the supply side policies that would have to complement Keynesian demand management. Although Michal Kalecki made a greater contribution to structuralist economics, Keynesian accounting formats still dominate macroeconomic development models. The legend of Keynes—his policy advocacy and intellectual innovation—also inspired emulation by a younger generation of development economists. Ironically, his writings on Soviet development were neglected, and Keynes's modern critics unknowingly used his own arguments to try to discredit his influence. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development economics at a crossroads? Introduction to a policy arena
Authors: Tribe Michael , Sumner Andrew
Published: September 2006

This introduction reviews some of the issues and controversies within development economics over the last half century. Particular attention is given to the status of development economics as a sub‐discipline of economics and to the relationship between theoretical and empirical contributions. There is a focus on the controversies which exist within the economics profession over some very important theoretical and empirical issues relating to the analysis of the economies of developing countries and their interaction with the international economy. A critical discussion of the proposition that ‘development economics’ is actually little more than ‘the economics of developing countries’ raises the questions of the nature of development economics and whether it is at a ‘crossroads’. The introduction concludes with brief overviews of the five articles which follow and some reflections on the future of development economics. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An innovative surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method for the identification of six historical red lakes and dyestuffs
Authors: Whitney Alyson V. , Van Duyne Richard P. , Casadio Francesca
Published: September 2006

Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was used in this work to obtain highly detailed spectra of artists' red lake pigments and colorants. In the past, Raman spectroscopy has been successfully employed to identify many pigments and modern synthetic dyes. Unfortunately, red lake pigments and dyes commonly employed in artistic production from antiquity to the mid‐nineteenth century are often extremely fluorescent, making identification with Raman spectroscopy difficult or impossible. This work presents an innovative SERS technique that quenches fluorescence, significantly enhances the weak Raman scattering effect, and requires very little sample material and minimal sample handling. A silver island film (AgIF), approximately 6–8 nm thick, is deposited on the substrate by electron beam (e‐beam) deposition. The SERS‐active surface is then analyzed with a confocal dispersive Raman microscope, at an excitation wavelength of 632.8 nm. Reference materials including the synthetic dyestuffs alizarin, purpurin, and eosin, high‐purity carminic acid, and historic red lake pigments such as madder lake, cochineal, brazilwood, lac lake, and kermes were studied. The proposed method has great potential for the unambiguous identification of red dyes applied in different media on a variety of substrates, as demonstrated by the highly detailed Raman spectra presented here. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The technique of the mural paintings of the Tournai Cathedral
Authors: Lepot L. , Denoël S. , Gilbert B.
Published: September 2006

Studies on mural paintings from the Tournai Cathedral (Belgium) were carried out by micro‐Raman spectroscopy. The analyses were performed on micro‐samples extracted from the remaining paintings and architectonic decorations, and concerned the pigments, the binders and, in some case, the stratigraphy. The palette was established and various pigments were identified, according to the Romanesque and Gothic periods. Red color was largely made of iron oxides. Lapis lazuli was also found in abundance, mainly on the areas that are assigned by historians to the Romanesque period. The green pigments revealed the use of atacamite and posnjakite. It was also found that some of the paint layers were applied using egg yolk as binding medium. These layers cover the stone above a very thin coating made of gypsum and chalk. The presence of oxalates was often noticed. This can be related to aging due to degradation of chalk by aggressive lichen, but also as result of a degradation of organic substances applied during past restorations. The gypsum is also altered by partial or complete dehydration, thereby damaging the artwork on which the painting is based. In humid conditions, iron oxide could be transformed in its hydrolyzed counterpart, whose Raman spectrum was often observed. Finally, a stratigraphic analysis was carried out on a multilayer fragment from the outside whitewash of the Cathedral, and despite a clear visual difference in morphology, each layer showed surprisingly the same chemical composition. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.