bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Breaking through the false coincidence barrier in electron–ion coincidence experiments
Authors: Osborn David L. , Hayden Carl C. , Hemberger Patrick , Bodi Andras , Voronova Krisztina , Sztáray Bálint
Published: October 2016

Photoelectron Photoion Coincidence (PEPICO) spectroscopy holds the promise of a universal, isomer-selective, and sensitive analytical technique for time-resolved quantitative analysis of bimolecular chemical reactions. Unfortunately, its low dynamic range of ∼103 has largely precluded its use for this purpose, where a dynamic range of at least 105 is generally required. This limitation is due to the false coincidence background common to all coincidence experiments, especially at high count rates. Electron/ion pairs emanating from separate ionization events but arriving within the ion time of flight (TOF) range of interest constitute the false coincidence background. Although this background has uniform intensity at every m/z value, the Poisson scatter in the false coincidence background obscures small signals. In this paper, temporal ion deflection coupled with a position-sensitive ion detector enables suppression of the false coincidence background, increasing the dynamic range in the PEPICO TOF mass spectrum by 2–3 orders of magnitude. The ions experience a time-dependent electric deflection field at a well-defined fraction of their time of flight. This deflection defines an m/z- and ionization-time dependent ion impact position for true coincidences, whereas false coincidences appear randomly outside this region and can be efficiently suppressed. When cold argon clusters are ionized, false coincidence suppression allows us to observe species up to Ar9+, whereas Ar4+ is the largest observable cluster under traditional operation. This advance provides mass-selected photoelectron spectra for fast, high sensitivity quantitative analysis of reacting systems.
A one-way shooting algorithm for transition path sampling of asymmetric barriers
Authors: Brotzakis Z. Faidon , Bolhuis Peter G.
Published: October 2016

We present a novel transition path sampling shooting algorithm for the efficient sampling of complex (biomolecular) activated processes with asymmetric free energy barriers. The method employs a fictitious potential that biases the shooting point toward the transition state. The method is similar in spirit to the aimless shooting technique by Peters and Trout [J. Chem. Phys. 125, 054108 (2006)], but is targeted for use with the one-way shooting approach, which has been shown to be more effective than two-way shooting algorithms in systems dominated by diffusive dynamics. We illustrate the method on a 2D Langevin toy model, the association of two peptides and the initial step in dissociation of a β-lactoglobulin dimer. In all cases we show a significant increase in efficiency.
Diblock-copolymer thin films under shear
Authors: Shagolsem Lenin S. , Kreer Torsten , Galuschko Andre , Sommer Jens-Uwe
Published: October 2016

The behavior of lamellae forming diblock-copolymer melts confined by two non-selective substrates under shear is studied by means of molecular dynamics simulations. Since the substrate/copolymer preferential interaction is absent, the vertically oriented lamellae (L⊥) are formed. The response of L⊥ phase under transverse and perpendicular modes of shear is studied for a wide range of shear rates, γ̇. In particular, shear deformation and reorientation transition, flow behavior, and difference in the macroscopic response under the two modes of shear are discussed. We show that an inclined lamellae state observed for transverse shear below a critical shear rate γ̇* is stabilized by a cyclic motion of chains close to the substrates. The value of γ̇*, at which lamellae dissolve and reorient along the flow field during transverse shear, coincides with the onset of shear-thinning. For γ̇<γ̇*, the shear viscosity for transverse shear is much larger compared to that observed in perpendicular shear, while there is no difference for γ̇>γ̇*.
Analysis of the early stages of the rapid, nickel-assisted crystallization of WS2 films
Authors: Brunken Stephan , Wollgarten Markus , Ellmer Klaus
Published: October 2016

The nickel-sulfide-assisted rapid crystallization process was investigated in detail, and the understanding of the process of crystallization was improved. We found that nickel-sulfide-assisted crystal growth of WS2 films starts at the temperatures already below the eutectic temperature, leading to films with metallic behavior. This metallic behavior is due to a nickel-containing phase at the grain boundaries of the WS2-crystallites. Only annealing temperatures above the Ni-S-eutectic temperature lead to highly (001) textured WS2 films due to recrystallization induced by liquid nickel sulfide droplets. In these films, the WS2 crystallites have lateral sizes of several micrometers. Across the film NiSx crystallites are distributed. They are isolated from each other and generally exhibit a connection to the substrate surface.
Modeling collision energy transfer in APCI/CID mass spectra of PAHs using thermal-like post-collision internal energy distributions
Authors: Solano Eduardo A. , Mohamed Sabria , Mayer Paul M.
Published: October 2016

The internal energy transferred when projectile molecular ions of naphthalene collide with argon gas atoms was extracted from the APCI-CID (atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization collision-induced dissociation) mass spectra acquired as a function of collision energy. Ion abundances were calculated by microcanonical integration of the differential rate equations using the Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus rate constants derived from a UB3LYP/6-311G+(3df,2p)//UB3LYP/6-31G(d) fragmentation mechanism and thermal-like vibrational energy distributions pME,Tchar. The mean vibrational energy excess of the ions was characterized by the parameter Tchar (“characteristic temperature”), determined by fitting the theoretical ion abundances to the experimental breakdown graph (a plot of relative abundances of the ions as a function of kinetic energy) of activated naphthalene ions. According to these results, the APCI ion source produces species below Tchar = 1457 K, corresponding to 3.26 eV above the vibrational ground state. Subsequent collisions heat the ions up further, giving rise to a sigmoid curve of Tchar as a function of Ecom (center-of-mass-frame kinetic energy). The differential internal energy absorption per kinetic energy unit (dEvib/dEcom) changes with Ecom according to a symmetric bell-shaped function with a maximum at 6.38 ± 0.32 eV (corresponding to 6.51 ± 0.27 eV of vibrational energy excess), and a half-height full width of 6.30 ± 1.15 eV. This function imposes restrictions on the amount of energy that can be transferred by collisions, such that a maximum is reached as kinetic energy is increased. This behavior suggests that the collisional energy transfer exhibits a pronounced increase around some specific value of energy. Finally, the model is tested against the CID mass spectra of anthracene and pyrene ions and the corresponding results are discussed.
Obstruction enhances the diffusivity of self-propelled rod-like particles
Authors: Khalilian Hamidreza , Fazli Hossein
Published: October 2016

Diffusion of self-propelled particles in the presence of randomly distributed obstacles is studied in three dimensions (3D) using Langevin dynamics simulations. It is found that depending on the magnitude of the propelling force and the particle aspect ratio, the diffusion coefficient can be a monotonically decreasing or a non-monotonic concave function of the obstructed volume fraction. Counterintuitive enhancement of the particle diffusivity with increasing the obstacle crowd is shown to be resulted from interplay of self-propulsion and anisotropy in the particle shape. On the propelling force-aspect ratio plane, regions that correspond to monotonic and non-monotonic dependence of the diffusivity on obstacle density are specified using the simulation results and the boundary between the two regions is described.
Inverse structure functions in the canonical wind turbine array boundary layer
Authors: Viggiano Bianca , Gion Moira S. , Ali Naseem , Tutkun Murat , Cal Raúl Bayoán
Published: October 2016

Wind tunnel measurements for a 3 × 3 canonical wind turbine array boundary layer are obtained using hot-wire anemometer velocity signals. Two downstream locations are considered, referring to the near- and far-wake, and 21 vertical points are acquired per profile. Velocity increments and exit distances are used to quantify inverse structure functions at both downstream locations. Inverse structure functions in the near-wake show a similar profile for the main vertical locations, but diverge as the moment is increased. In the far-wake, inverse structure functions converge toward a single function for all vertical location and moments. The scaling exponents for inverse structure functions are calculated directly and relatively, using extended self similarity. Scaling exponents show strong dependence on vertical position along the wind turbine profile in the near-wake and remain relatively constant in the far-wake. Intermittency in the near-wake is indicated by the nonlinear behavior of the direct and relative scaling exponents when plotted against their respective moments.
Artificial muscles made of chiral two-way shape memory polymer fibers
Authors: Yang Qianxi , Fan Jizhou , Li Guoqiang
Published: October 2016

In this work, we demonstrate the unusual improvement of the tensile actuation of hierarchically chiral structured artificial muscle made of two-way shape memory polymer (2W-SMP) fiber. Experimental results show that the chemically cross-linked poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) 2W-SMP fibers possess an average negative coefficient of thermal expansion (NCTE) that is at least one order higher than that of the polyethylene fiber used previously. As expected, the increase in axial thermal contraction of the precursor fiber leads to an increase in the recovered torque (4.4 Nmm) of the chiral fiber and eventually in the tensile actuation of the twisted-then-coiled artificial muscle (67.81±1.82%). A mechanical model based on Castigliano's second theorem is proposed, and the calculated result is consistent with the experimental result (64.17% tensile stroke). The model proves the significance of the NCTE and the recovered torque on tensile actuation of the artificial muscle and can be used as a guidance for the future design.
Co/Fe multilayers with ultra-low damping and large negative anisotropy as the free layer for spin torque oscillator
Authors: Chung H. J. , Wong H. S. , He S. K. , Zhang M. S. , Low M. B. H. , Cher K. C. M. , Zhou T. J. , Yang Y. , Ng S. L. G.
Published: October 2016

We have investigated the characteristic properties of Co/Fe multilayers sputtered on Ru underlayer as the field generation layer (FGL) of spin torque oscillator (STO) for microwave assisted magnetic recording. The Co/Fe multilayers exhibit large uniaxial negative anisotropy (up to ∼8.7 × 106 erg/cm3), ultra-low damping constant (∼0.008), and small in plane coercivity Hc (∼5 Oe) that are required for stable STO precession over a wide range of applied magnetic fields and injected spin currents. The importance of Ru underlayer to achieve the above parameters has been addressed. We further show through theoretical calculations that a frequency of 30+ GHz is realistic using Co/Fe multilayers as the field generation layer in a STO comprising a perpendicularly magnetized polarizer and a planar FGL (10-nm Co/Fe multilayers) separated by a metallic spacer.
Toward highly conductive n-type diamond: Incremental phosphorus-donor concentrations assisted by surface migration of admolecules
Authors: Yamamoto Takashi , Janssens Stoffel D. , Ohtani Ryota , Takeuchi Daisuke , Koizumi Satoshi
Published: October 2016

The realization of low-resistance n-type diamond is required to form novel semiconducting devices. However, heavily doping with phosphorous, the most suitable electron donor, remains challenging. Here we demonstrate that the phosphorus incorporation efficiency in deposited diamond can be maximized when using the largest possible terrace width of vicinal {111}-substrates. Given step-flow-predominant crystal growth, the greater surface migration length of phosphorus-containing admolecules compared with those of carbon-containing parent species explain this. With our findings we create a model which provides a complementary perspective to explain large fluctuations in dopant incorporation efficiencies for p-type and n-type diamond. Our model can also explain conflicting models for admolecule motion responsible for diamond crystallization.
Finding equilibrium in the spatiotemporal chaos of the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation
Authors: Ballard Christopher C. , Esty C. Clark , Egolf David A.
Published: October 2016

Equilibrium statistical mechanics allows the prediction of collective behaviors of large numbers of interacting objects from just a few system-wide properties; however, a similar theory does not exist for far-from-equilibrium systems exhibiting complex spatial and temporal behavior. We propose a method for predicting behaviors in a broad class of such systems and apply these ideas to an archetypal example, the spatiotemporal chaotic 1D complex Ginzburg-Landau equation in the defect chaos regime. Building on the ideas of Ruelle and of Cross and Hohenberg that a spatiotemporal chaotic system can be considered a collection of weakly interacting dynamical units of a characteristic size, the chaotic length scale, we identify underlying, mesoscale, chaotic units and effective interaction potentials between them. We find that the resulting equilibrium Takahashi model accurately predicts distributions of particle numbers. These results suggest the intriguing possibility that a class of far-from-equilibrium systems may be well described at coarse-grained scales by the well-established theory of equilibrium statistical mechanics.
Kinetics of intermetallic compound formation in thermally evaporated Ag-In bilayers
Authors: Rossi P. J. , Zotov N. , Mittemeijer E. J.
Published: October 2016

The kinetics of intermetallic compound (IMC) formation in thermally evaporated Ag-In bilayers, with In on top of Ag, was investigated using X-ray diffractometry, applied to the surfaces of the bilayer specimens, as well as scanning electron microscopy, applied to cross-sections of the bilayer specimens, prepared by a focused ion beam instrument. IMC formation was followed at room temperature as well as at elevated temperatures of 50 °C, 60 °C, and 70 °C. Two distinct growth regimes were observed coinciding with the availability of pure In. The AgIn2 IMC nucleated initially, followed by nucleation of the Ag2In IMC. The growth of AgIn2 was found to be controlled by both diffusional processes as well as interfacial reactions. The growth of the Ag2In IMC is dominantly diffusion-controlled. An interdiffusion coefficient of D=1.1±3.9·10−4 cm2 s−1 exp(−60.5±9.2 kJ mol−1R−1T−1) was obtained for the Ag2In IMC. The observations were discussed in terms of the interplay of thermodynamic and kinetic constraints.
Interaction of magnetization and heat dynamics for pulsed domain wall movement with Joule heating
Authors: Lepadatu Serban
Published: October 2016

Pulsed domain wall movement is studied here in Ni80Fe20 nanowires on SiO2, using a fully integrated electrostatic, thermoelectric, and micromagnetics solver based on the Landau-Lifshitz-Bloch equation, including Joule heating, anisotropic magneto-resistance, and Oersted field contributions. During the applied pulse, the anisotropic magneto-resistance of the domain wall generates a dynamic heat gradient, which increases the current-driven velocity by up to 15%. Using a temperature-dependent conductivity, significant differences are found between the constant voltage-pulsed and constant current-pulsed domain wall movement: constant voltage pulses are shown to be more efficient at displacing domain walls whilst minimizing the increase in temperature, with the total domain wall displacement achieved over a fixed pulse duration having a maximum with respect to the driving pulse strength.
Communication: Evidence of halogen bonds in clathrate cages
Authors: Ochoa-Resendiz David , Batista-Romero Fidel A. , Hernández-Lamoneda Ramón
Published: October 2016

We present a theoretical characterization of the interaction of Cl2 and Br2 in the 512 and 51262 clathrate cages, respectively, based on energy partitioning analysis and a study of the electronic shifts associated with transitions to the main valence bands. Our analysis clearly shows that while Br2@51262 does not show halogen bonding interactions in its equilibrium geometry, Cl2@512 presents all the characteristics expected for halogen bonding. This is accomplished by the interaction of the usual sigma-hole with the lone pair of the closest oxygen atom involved in hydrogen bonding within the cage framework, though breaking of the hydrogen bond is not required. This possibility, which had not been considered in previous analyses, opens up a new way of looking at the interactions of dihalogens with the nearest water molecules in the cage.
Earth pressures on modified suction caisson in saturated sand under monotonic lateral loading
Authors: Zhang Yukun , Li Dayong , Gao Yufeng
Published: October 2016

A modified suction caisson (MSC) can be used to support the offshore wind turbine. This paper presents an experimental study and a numerical simulation on the earth pressure distribution along the MSC embedded in saturated marine fine sand. Results show that the yield envelops for the MSC and the corresponding regular suction caisson in the H-M space can be represented by a linear relationship. It was also found that the Prasad and Chari method, which is popular in analyzing the earth pressure distribution along lateral loaded rigid plies, can well predict the maximum net earth pressure on the regular suction caisson. However, for the MSC, since the external skirt can resist a considerable portion of the lateral load, Prasad and Chari method overestimates the maximum net earth pressures acting on the internal compartmental shaft of the MSC. Numerical simulation results indicate that in the ultimate limit state the maximum net earth pressure acting on the external skirt wall in the loading direction is larger than that on the internal compartment wall. However, the maximum net earth pressure along the caisson embedded depth is obtained at the MSC base opposite the loading direction. In addition, the separation between the top lids of the internal compartment and external skirt occurs opposite the loading direction. The lateral load and the resulting overturning moment acting on the MSC are mainly carried by the passive earth pressure zones along the inner and outer shafts of the internal compartment and the external skirt both in the loading and opposite the loading directions and under the external skirt lid in the loading direction. The main reason of the suction caisson failure is that the sand in the lower passive earth pressure zone opposite the loading direction yields completely.
Rational promoter elements and evolutionary engineering approaches for efficient xylose fermentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Sang Yaxin , Xue Qian , Bai Zishang , Wang Jingyu , Cao Limin
Published: October 2016

We screened and identified a set of efficient promoters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that maintained their relatively strong strengths to regulate the heterologous xylose-assimilating pathway genes XYL1 and XYL2, and native XKS1 and pentose phosphate pathway four genes, irrespective of glucose or xylose fermentation medium. In this study, we developed a rapid and efficient xylose-fermenting S. cerevisiae strain 7-1 based on balanced pathway expression levels driven by our proposed strong promoters. Next, 7-1 was used to initialize the evolutionary engineering, through first aerobic and anaerobic sequential batch cultivation. The finally evolved strain of 7-1E1 displayed a high ethanol yield (0.45 g/g) and low xylitol accumulation (0.13 g/g). Moreover, the evolved strain of 7-1E1 displays great potential for ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. This work reveals that efficient xylose assimilation is attributed to the elevated expression levels of xylose utilization genes, which was accomplished through the strong promoter rational regulation in the chromosome of the evolved strain.
High-performance staggered top-gate thin-film transistors with hybrid-phase microstructural ITO-stabilized ZnO channels
Authors: Deng Sunbin , Chen Rongsheng , Li Guijun , Xia Zhihe , Zhang Meng , Zhou Wei , Wong Man , Kwok Hoi-Sing
Published: October 2016

In this paper, the ITO-stabilized ZnO thin films with a hybrid-phase microstructure were introduced, where a number of nanocrystals were embedded in an amorphous matrix. The microstructural and optical properties of thin films were investigated. It was found that the grain boundary and native defect issues in the pristine polycrystalline ZnO could be well suppressed. Meanwhile, such thin films also possessed relatively smooth surface and high transmittance in the visible range. Afterwards, the corresponding staggered top-gate thin-film transistors (TFTs) were fabricated at a temperature of 300 °C and exhibited fairly high electrical characteristics, especially with a field-effect mobility of nearly 20 cm2 V−1 s−1 and a subthreshold swing as low as 0.115 V/decade. In addition, the electrical uniformity and the stability of devices were also examined to be excellent. It is expected that the staggered top-gate TFTs with hybrid-phase microstructural ITO-stabilized ZnO channels are promising in the next-generation active-matrix flat panel displays.
Photoacoustic spectroscopy of absorption edge for GaAsBi/GaAs nanowires grown on Si substrate
Authors: Zelewski Szymon J. , Kopaczek Jan , Linhart Wojciech M. , Ishikawa Fumitaro , Shimomura Satoshi , Kudrawiec Robert
Published: October 2016

GaAsBi/GaAs nanowires (NWs) grown on Si substrate and proper reference samples have been studied by photoacoustic (PA) spectroscopy. It has been shown that PA signal originating from NWs is quite strong and can be easily identified in the PA spectra, as well as distinguished from the signal originating from the Si substrate. The absorption edge of GaAsBi/GaAs and GaAs NWs has been determined from the analysis of amplitude PA spectra to be 1.26 eV and 1.42 eV, respectively. These values are consistent with the band gap reduction resulting from the introduction of ∼2% Bi in bulk GaAsBi alloy. The presented results prove that, despite light scattering, which is typical for NWs, PA spectroscopy is an excellent tool to study the absorption edge in semiconductor NWs.
Resilience to agricultural habitat fragmentation in an arboreal marsupial
Authors: Molloy Shaun W. , Davis Robert A.
Published: October 2016

The impact of habitat fragmentation on arboreal mammals is poorly understood and potentially greater than for ground-dwelling mammals. We investigated the influence of landscape fragmentation on a generalist arboreal marsupial, the koomal (Trichosurus vulpecula hypoleucus), a geographically isolated subspecies of the common brushtail possum endemic to south-western Australia. Since European settlement this taxon has undergone a significant reduction in range and population. We describe a year-long trapping study, incorporating radio-tracking, of a koomal population in a fragmented agricultural landscape to determine how agriculture and habitat fragmentation affect populations. In all, 61 free-ranging individuals were captured. Mark–recapture modelling estimated the population of 28.8 per trapping event with a total population size of 69 individuals having been present in the test landscape during the course of the study. Population demographics were comparable with populations found in relatively continuous landscapes. Mean home-range size was 8.8 ha of remnant vegetation for males and 7.9 ha for females. Home ranges usually incorporated several patches. Utilisation of shrublands, wetlands, and areas infested with Phytophthora dieback was not observed. Individuals required access to a selection of suitable denning trees and distances between patches <100 m did not appear to impair movement, with gaps <400 m regularly crossed.
Relationships between fire severity and recruitment in arid grassland dominated by the obligate-seeding soft spinifex (Triodia pungens)
Authors: Wright Boyd R. , Fensham Roderick J.
Published: October 2016

Fire intensity is recognised as an important driver of regeneration dynamics in forest and shrubland vegetation types, but its effects on recruitment processes in arid grasslands are poorly understood. Here, we used fire severity as a surrogate measure of fire intensity, and compared post-fire seedling recruitment from arid Triodia pungens (soft spinifex) plots burnt by low-severity experimental fires against those burnt by a high-severity wildfire. To explain T. pungens recruitment patterns, we also: (1) conducted a longitudinal depth distribution study of soil seedbank densities, and (2) carried out a lethal-temperature experiment on T. pungens seeds. High-severity burning was associated with reduced T. pungens recruitment compared with low-severity fire, and this relationship was attributed to the low lethal temperature thresholds of seeds and the adverse impacts of elevated soil temperatures during high-severity fire on the shallow soil seedbank. Among other species in the community, there were varied recruitment responses to fire severity. Overall, our results indicate that a strong link exists between fire severity and recruitment in arid spinifex grassland, though the association is variable among species, and dependent on the seedbank attributes, germination biologies and lethal-temperature thresholds of seeds of individual species.
Artificial water ponds and camera trapping of tortoises, and other vertebrates, in a dry Mediterranean landscape
Authors: Ballouard J.-M. , Bonnet X. , Gravier C. , Ausanneau M. , Caron S.
Published: October 2016

Context
Mediterranean areas offer a mosaic of favourable microhabitats to reptiles (e.g. open zones, thorny bushes) and are considered as biodiversity hotspots for these organisms. However, in these dry and hot environments, reptiles remain sheltered most of the time. They generally escape observation, posing difficulties to perform inventories. Trap sampling or rock-turning surveys commonly used to detect reptiles entail important logistical constraints, may perturb fragile microhabitats, and are not appropriate for chelonians. Alternative simple and cost-effective methods are desired.

Aims
We tested the efficiency of camera trapping in a dry Mediterranean landscape, notably to detect threatened Hermann’s tortoises. We tested whether small artificial freshwater ponds could attract animals in the field of view of the cameras to increase detectability. We also tested whether sand tracks survey around ponds could improve the method.

Methods
We used a small number of cameras with ponds (5 in 2011, 7 in 2012), thereby maintaining low logistical costs. We randomly filled three ponds and emptied three ponds every 7 days. We set the time-lapse function of each camera with an interval of 5 min and inspected the sand tracks every 2 or 3 days. We used information from 39 radio-tracked tortoises to better estimate the detectability performances of the camera–pond system.

Key results
This technique was effective to detect tortoises (n = 348 observations) and five other reptiles (among the 11 species present in the study area). Large numbers of birds and mammals were observed (n = 4232, n = 43 species at least), thereby increasing the biodiversity list of the surveyed area. We detected 28% of the radio-tracked tortoises present in the monitored area. Filled ponds were more attractive and sand track survey completed camera monitoring.

Conclusions
Camera trapping associated with small ponds represent a useful tool to perform rapid inventories of the fauna in Mediterranean habitats, especially to detect the emblematic Hermann’s tortoise and other cryptic reptiles (e.g. snakes).

Implications
The low cost–efficiency ratio of this method allows performing multiple counting surveys, and thus may help collect robust data necessary to justify the protection of key habitats that are coveted by property developers.
Vaccination strategies against respiratory syncytial virus
Authors: Yamin Dan , Jones Forrest K. , DeVincenzo John P. , Gertler Shai , Kobiler Oren , Townsend Jeffrey P. , Galvani Alison P.
Published: October 2016

Significance

The WHO estimates that respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccination will be available in the next 5–10 y. To evaluate the population effectiveness of an RSV vaccination program in the United States, we developed a transmission model that integrates data on daily infectious viral load and behavior changes while symptomatic. Our model simulations demonstrate that vaccinating children younger than 5 y of age will be the most efficient and effective way to prevent RSV infection in both children and older adults, a result that is robust across the US states considered. Accordingly, the population burden of RSV would be most effectively reduced if current vaccine candidates were to focus on children.
Influence factors of X80 pipeline steel girth welding with self-shielded flux-cored wire
Authors: Qi L. H. , Jin Z. L. , Zhang J. M. , Wang Y. L. , Hu M. J. , Wang Z. C.
Published: October 2016

For girth weld of high-pressure oil and gas transmission pipeline, there is impact toughness values deviation phenomenon with self-shielded flux-cored semi-automatic welding technology. The macro-images, microstructure and mechanical performance of girth welding joint have been investigated by OM, SEM, TEM. The results show that there are several factors of impact toughness unqualified values of weld joints, such as welding heat input, coarse grain zone and a chain of M–A organisations, Al2O3 and Zr Precipitates particle sizes and distribution et al., which are the main unqualified reasons of welding impact toughness of the semi-automatic self-shielded core butt welding process of X80 pipeline steel.
Effects of Consumption-Oriented versus Trophy-Oriented Fisheries on Muskellunge Population Size Structure in Northern Wisconsin
Authors: Faust Matthew D. , Hansen Michael J.
Published: October 2016

To determine whether a consumption-oriented fishery was compatible with a trophy-oriented fishery for Muskellunge Esox masquinongy, we modeled effects of a spearing fishery and recreational angling fishery on population size structure (i.e., numbers of fish ≥ 102, 114, and 127 cm) in northern Wisconsin. An individual-based simulation model was used to quantify the effect of harvest mortality at currently observed levels of recreational angling and tribal spearing fishery exploitation, along with simulated increases in exploitation, for three typical growth potentials (i.e., low, moderate, and high) of Muskellunge in northern Wisconsin across a variety of minimum length limits (i.e., 71, 102, 114, and 127 cm). Populations with moderate to high growth potential and minimum length limits ≥ 114 cm were predicted to have lower declines in numbers of trophy Muskellunge when subjected to angling-only and mixed fisheries at observed and increased levels of exploitation, which suggested that fisheries with disparate motivations may be able to coexist under certain conditions such as restrictive length limits and low levels of exploitation. However, for most Muskellunge populations in northern Wisconsin regulated by a 102-cm minimum length limit, both angling and spearing fisheries may reduce numbers of trophy Muskellunge as larger declines were predicted across all growth potentials. Our results may be useful if Muskellunge management options in northern Wisconsin are re-examined in the future.

Received January 16, 2016; accepted July 4, 2016 Published online October 28, 2016
Comparison of Three Methods for Sampling Panfish in Iowa Impoundments
Authors: Flammang Mark , Schultz Randall D. , Weber Michael J.
Published: October 2016

Science-based decision making in fisheries management requires the collection of sampling data with the acknowledgment that all gears have inherent sampling biases. Fyke nets are a common tool for sampling panfish. However, recent evaluations suggest hoop nets are more effective for evaluating these populations. We compared panfish relative abundance, size structure, condition, sampling effort to capture 100 individuals, and sampling precision for small (61 × 122-cm frames) and large (91 × 183-cm frames) fyke nets soaked for 24 h and tandem hoop nets soaked for 72 h during spring and fall. Hoop nets and large fyke nets captured more Bluegills Lepomis macrochirus, Black Crappies Pomoxis nigromaculatus, and White Crappies P. annularis than did small fyke nets, but catch rates for Redear Sunfish L. microlophus were similar among gear types. Bluegills captured in hoop nets were generally longer than those captured in small or large fyke nets, but the length of other panfish was similar among gears. Bluegill size structure was generally largest and Black Crappie size structure was generally smallest in hoop nets compared with that in fyke nets. Relative weight was greater for Bluegills captured in small fyke nets and was higher in the spring than fall. Hoop nets generally captured more panfish with fewer net sets and with greater precision than did small or large fyke nets, providing an additional tool for fisheries biologists for population assessments.

Received March 4, 2016; accepted July 13, 2016 Published online October 28, 2016
Faith bias or religious expression: the real religious diversity challenge?
Authors: King James E. , Franke George R.
Published: October 2016

In light of mixed results surrounding religion’s influence on work-related outcomes, we explore theoretical and design alternatives in an effort to better understand and explain outcomes surrounding religious diversity. We integrate theory on social norms into the religious diversity
literature in an effort to explain previous mixed findings and negative reactions toward religious group identity members in a work context. Using an experimental design that allows for the distinct treatment of workplace religious expression and religious identity, our results suggest that
negative reactions are exhibited toward both in-group religious identities (i.e., Christians) and out-group religious identities (i.e., Muslims) when individuals are described as engaging in workplace religious expression. We identify perceived inappropriateness of workplace religious
expression as a significant mechanism through which negative reactions toward workplace religious expressions emerge. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Experience with compound words influences their processing: An eye movement investigation with English compound words
Authors: Juhasz Barbara J
Published: October 2016

Recording eye movements provides information on the time-course of word recognition during reading. Juhasz and Rayner [Juhasz, B. J., & Rayner, K. (2003). Investigating the effects of a set of intercorrelated variables on eye fixation durations in reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 29, 1312–1318] examined the impact of five word recognition variables, including familiarity and age-of-acquisition (AoA), on fixation durations. All variables impacted fixation durations, but the time-course differed. However, the study focused on relatively short, morphologically simple words. Eye movements are also informative for examining the processing of morphologically complex words such as compound words. The present study further examined the time-course of lexical and semantic variables during morphological processing. A total of 120 English compound words that varied in familiarity, AoA, semantic transparency, lexeme meaning dominance, sensory experience rating (SER), and imageability were selected. The impact of these variables on fixation durations was examined when length, word frequency, and lexeme frequencies were controlled in a regression model. The most robust effects were found for familiarity and AoA, indicating that a reader’s experience with compound words significantly impacts compound recognition. These results provide insight into semantic processing of morphologically complex words during reading.
Intracellular TRPA1 mediates Ca2+ release from lysosomes in dorsal root ganglion neurons
Authors: Shang Shujiang , Zhu Feipeng , Liu Bin , Chai Zuying , Wu Qihui , Hu Meiqin , Wang Yuan , Huang Rong , Zhang Xiaoyu , Wu Xi , Sun Lei , Wang Yeshi , Wang Li , Xu Huadong , Teng Sasa , Liu Bing , Zheng Lianghong , Zhang Chen , Zhang Fukang , Feng Xinghua , Zhu Desheng , Wang Changhe , Liu Tao , Zhu Michael X. , Zhou Zhuan
Published: October 2016

Transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1) is a nonselective cation channel implicated in thermosensation and inflammatory pain. In this study, we show that TRPA1 (activated by allyl isothiocyanate, acrolein, and 4-hydroxynonenal) elevates the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in the presence and absence of extracellular Ca2+. Pharmacological and immunocytochemical analyses revealed the presence of TRPA1 channels both on the plasma membrane and in endolysosomes. Confocal line-scan imaging demonstrated Ca2+ signals elicited from individual endolysosomes (“lysosome Ca2+ sparks”) by TRPA1 activation. In physiological solutions, the TRPA1-mediated endolysosomal Ca2+ release contributed to ∼40% of the overall [Ca2+]i rise and directly triggered vesicle exocytosis and calcitonin gene-related peptide release, which greatly enhanced the excitability of DRG neurons. Thus, in addition to working via Ca2+ influx, TRPA1 channels trigger vesicle release in sensory neurons by releasing Ca2+ from lysosome-like organelles.
Five factors can reconstitute all three phases of microtubule polymerization dynamics
Authors: Moriwaki Takashi , Goshima Gohta
Published: October 2016

Cytoplasmic microtubules (MTs) undergo growth, shrinkage, and pausing. However, how MT polymerization cycles are produced and spatiotemporally regulated at a molecular level is unclear, as the entire cycle has not been recapitulated in vitro with defined components. In this study, we reconstituted dynamic MT plus end behavior involving all three phases by mixing tubulin with five Drosophila melanogaster proteins (EB1, XMAP215Msps, Sentin, kinesin-13Klp10A, and CLASPMast/Orbit). When singly mixed with tubulin, CLASPMast/Orbit strongly inhibited MT catastrophe and reduced the growth rate. However, in the presence of the other four factors, CLASPMast/Orbit acted as an inducer of pausing. The mitotic kinase Plk1Polo modulated the activity of CLASPMast/Orbit and kinesin-13Klp10A and increased the dynamic instability of MTs, reminiscent of mitotic cells. These results suggest that five conserved proteins constitute the core factors for creating dynamic MTs in cells and that Plk1-dependent phosphorylation is a crucial event for switching from the interphase to mitotic mode.
Msi RNA-binding proteins control reserve intestinal stem cell quiescence
Authors: Yousefi Maryam , Li Ning , Nakauka-Ddamba Angela , Wang Shan , Davidow Kimberly , Schoenberger Jenna , Yu Zhengquan , Jensen Shane T. , Kharas Michael G. , Lengner Christopher J.
Published: October 2016

Regeneration of the intestinal epithelium is driven by multiple intestinal stem cell (ISC) types, including an active, radiosensitive Wnthigh ISC that fuels turnover during homeostasis and a reserve, radioresistant Wntlow/off ISC capable of generating active Wnthigh ISCs. We examined the role of the Msi family of oncoproteins in the ISC compartment. We demonstrated that Msi proteins are dispensable for normal homeostasis and self-renewal of the active ISC, despite their being highly expressed in these cells. In contrast, Msi proteins are required specifically for activation of reserve ISCs, where Msi activity is both necessary and sufficient to drive exit from quiescence and entry into the cell cycle. Ablation of Msi activity in reserve ISCs rendered the epithelium unable to regenerate in response to injury that ablates the active stem cell compartment. These findings delineate a molecular mechanism governing reserve ISC quiescence and demonstrate a necessity for the activity of this rare stem cell population in intestinal regeneration.
HMGB2 orchestrates the chromatin landscape of senescence-associated secretory phenotype gene loci
Authors: Aird Katherine M. , Iwasaki Osamu , Kossenkov Andrew V. , Tanizawa Hideki , Fatkhutdinov Nail , Bitler Benjamin G. , Le Linh , Alicea Gretchen , Yang Ting-Lin , Johnson F. Brad , Noma Ken-ichi , Zhang Rugang
Published: October 2016

Cellular senescence is a stable cell growth arrest that is characterized by the silencing of proliferation-promoting genes through compaction of chromosomes into senescence-associated heterochromatin foci (SAHF). Paradoxically, senescence is also accompanied by increased transcription of certain genes encoding for secreted factors such as cytokines and chemokines, known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). How SASP genes are excluded from SAHF-mediated global gene silencing remains unclear. In this study, we report that high mobility group box 2 (HMGB2) orchestrates the chromatin landscape of SASP gene loci. HMGB2 preferentially localizes to SASP gene loci during senescence. Loss of HMGB2 during senescence blunts SASP gene expression by allowing for spreading of repressive heterochromatin into SASP gene loci. This correlates with incorporation of SASP gene loci into SAHF. Our results establish HMGB2 as a novel master regulator that orchestrates SASP through prevention of heterochromatin spreading to allow for exclusion of SASP gene loci from a global heterochromatin environment during senescence.
Embryonic ring closure: Actomyosin rings do the two-step
Authors: Martin Adam C.
Published: October 2016

Actomyosin rings drive numerous closure processes, but the mechanisms by which they contract are still poorly understood. In this issue, Xue and Sokac (2016. J. Cell Biol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201608025) show that actomyosin ring closure during Drosophila melanogaster cellularization uses two steps, only one of which involves Myosin-2.
Interferon lambda 4 expression is suppressed by the host during viral infection
Authors: Hong MeeAe , Schwerk Johannes , Lim Chrissie , Kell Alison , Jarret Abigail , Pangallo Joseph , Loo Yueh-Ming , Liu Shuanghu , Hagedorn Curt H. , Gale Michael , Savan Ram
Published: October 2016

Interferon (IFN) lambdas are critical antiviral effectors in hepatic and mucosal infections. Although IFNλ1, IFNλ2, and IFNλ3 act antiviral, genetic association studies have shown that expression of the recently discovered IFNL4 is detrimental to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection through a yet unknown mechanism. Intriguingly, human IFNL4 harbors a genetic variant that introduces a premature stop codon. We performed a molecular and biochemical characterization of IFNλ4 to determine its role and regulation of expression. We found that IFNλ4 exhibits similar antiviral activity to IFNλ3 without negatively affecting antiviral IFN activity or cell survival. We show that humans deploy several mechanisms to limit expression of functional IFNλ4 through noncoding splice variants and nonfunctional protein isoforms. Furthermore, protein-coding IFNL4 mRNA are not loaded onto polyribosomes and lack a strong polyadenylation signal, resulting in poor translation efficiency. This study provides mechanistic evidence that humans suppress IFNλ4 expression, suggesting that immune function is dependent on other IFNL family members.
MAIT cells promote inflammatory monocyte differentiation into dendritic cells during pulmonary intracellular infection
Authors: Meierovics Anda I. , Cowley Siobhán C.
Published: October 2016

Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a unique innate T cell subset that is necessary for rapid recruitment of activated CD4+ T cells to the lungs after pulmonary F. tularensis LVS infection. Here, we investigated the mechanisms behind this effect. We provide evidence to show that MAIT cells promote early differentiation of CCR2-dependent monocytes into monocyte-derived DCs (Mo-DCs) in the lungs after F. tularensis LVS pulmonary infection. Adoptive transfer of Mo-DCs to MAIT cell–deficient mice (MR1−/− mice) rescued their defect in the recruitment of activated CD4+ T cells to the lungs. We further demonstrate that MAIT cell–dependent GM-CSF production stimulated monocyte differentiation in vitro, and that in vivo production of GM-CSF was delayed in the lungs of MR1−/− mice. Finally, GM-CSF–deficient mice exhibited a defect in monocyte differentiation into Mo-DCs that was phenotypically similar to MR1−/− mice. Overall, our data demonstrate that MAIT cells promote early pulmonary GM-CSF production, which drives the differentiation of inflammatory monocytes into Mo-DCs. Further, this delayed differentiation of Mo-DCs in MR1−/− mice was responsible for the delayed recruitment of activated CD4+ T cells to the lungs. These findings establish a novel mechanism by which MAIT cells function to promote both innate and adaptive immune responses.
A microscopic view of the cell
Authors: Huang Bo
Published: October 2016

Light microscopy has long been an indispensable tool for cell biology research. From biological problems to biological knowledge, there are two more critical links in the light microscopy approach: labeling and quantitative analysis. Therefore, an integrative approach is desirable in order to deal with practical challenges in biological light microscopy.
Dear microtubule, I see you
Authors: Nogales Eva
Published: October 2016

This essay summarizes my personal journey toward the atomic visualization of microtubules and a mechanistic understanding of how these amazing polymers work. During this journey, I have been witness and partaker in the blooming of a technique I love—cryo-electron microscopy.
The thrill of scientific discovery and leadership with my group
Authors: Greco Valentina
Published: October 2016

My group and I feel tremendously honored to be recognized with the 2016 Early Career Life Scientist Award from the American Society for Cell Biology. In this essay I share the scientific questions that my lab has been excitedly pursuing since starting in August 2009 and the leadership behaviors we have adopted that enable our collective scientific productivity.
Thinking in three dimensions: discovering reciprocal signaling between the extracellular matrix and nucleus and the wisdom of microenvironment and tissue architecture
Authors: Bissell Mina J.
Published: October 2016

Growing up in Iran, I had a multifaceted and multicultural childhood, memories of which I brought with me to the United States as a young college student. I share here personal and professional experiences gathered over the course my scientific career and my excitement about the process of scientific discovery, as well as some good advice for scientists just embarking on their careers.