bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Biology of Pineus similis (Gill.) (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae) on Spruce.
Authors: Cumming Margaret E. P.
Published: January 2010

Gillette (3) described this species as Chermes similis in 1907. His description was of winged females from galls but he mentioned that wingless females and their egg clusters were also present in some galls, although there was no way to make certain that they were of the same species. The galls were on blue spruce from Colorado, and winged adults from these settled on spruce in cages. Patch (4) reported this species in 1909, on Norway, white, red, and black spruces from Maine. She found that the winged females settled 'on all these spruces but preferred white spruce. Wingless females with egg clusters were present in the galls and she assumed they were Chermes similis Gillette. Annand (1) placed the species in the genus Pineus, along with all species having four abdominal spiracles. He referred to the previous writers, and gave a description of a wingless adult, “probably from a gall”, included with Gillette's type material. He tentatively called this form a fundatrix. He also described a wingless female and a ‘nymph’ which Patch had found associated with galls of P. similis, as Pineus sp.
Outbreaks of the Forest Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hbn., a Periodic Defoliator of Broad-leaved Trees in Ontario
Authors: Sippell W. L.
Published: January 2010

Severe defoliation of aspen stands by the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hbn., became apparent in 1948 in three widely separated regions in Ontario, and by 1949 it was clear that another general outbreak of this defoliator had begun. In 1950 the Forest Insect Survey (cf. McGugan, 1958) initiated an intensive program of observation, collecting, and rearing to record the progress of the outbreak and study the parasite complex of the insect. This paper compares the outbreak in the early ‘fifties’ with earlier ones, and attempts to describe the pattern of build-up and decline of forest tent caterpillar populations within extensive forested areas.
Notes on the Life History of Aleochara bilineata (Gyll.) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), and on Its Potential Value as a Control Agent for the Cabbage Maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)
Authors: Read D. C.
Published: January 2010

The rove beetle, Aleochara bilineata Gyll., is known as a predator and a parasite of the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), in most areas where the latter is an economic pest of cruciferous crops (Wishart, 1957; Wishart et al., 1956, 1957; Hughes, 1959). However, although A. bilineata is an extremely prolific insect (Colhoun, 1953; Wishart et al., 1956), in that the adult beetles destroy root maggot eggs and larvae and the parasite larvae destroy root magpt pupae, little has been reported concerning the economic value of the predator-parasite as a natural control agent. Preliminary studies in Prince Edward Island indicated that the predator destroved large numbers of root maggots but it did not appear to sive economic control (Read, 1960). Details of the biology of this predator have been presented by Colhoun (1953). This is a report of studies conducted to determine the potential value of A. bilineata as a natural control agent, and includes observations on the comparative life histories of host and parasite and notes on predation and parasitism in the greenhouse and on parasitism in the field.
Insect and Mite Infestations in Empty Granaries in the Prairie Provinces
Authors: Liscombe E. A. R. , Waiters F. L.
Published: January 2010

In the Prairie Provinces, newlv harvested grain is seldom infested with stored grain insects and mites when first binned. During the storage period, infestation of grain depends on 1, the proximity and abundance of stored grain pests, 2, the ability of the insects to gain a foothold and cause extensive damage, and 3, the initiai storage condition of the grain. The latter, in turn, is influenced bv temperature, moisture content and the amount of grain dust, chaff and weed seeds present.
A Virus Disease of Swaine's Jack Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Midd. Sprayed from an Aircraft
Authors: Smirnoff W. A. , Fettes J. J. , Haliburton W.
Published: January 2010

Neodiprion swainei Middleton is the most serious defoliator of jack pine, Pinus bamksiana Lambert, in Canada. The damage to stands of this species in northern Quebec has been extensive and has resulted in considerable forest-fire hazard. Virus infected sawflies were found in the Lac Gagnon area in Quebec in 1956, and a study of the disease was begun by the Quebec Laboratory in 1957. Laboratory propagation methods were developed and resulted in the production of a quantity of polyhedral concentrate of a virulent strain. Concentrations of polyhedral bodies needed in a spray formulation to infect and kill larvae of various ages were determined in the laboratory and field tests demonstrated the potentialities of this disease as a biological control agent (Smirnoff 1960b, 1961a). These studies served as a basis for the experiment in the dissemination of the disease by aircraft described in this paper.
The Olfactory Guidance of Flying Insects. III. A Technique for Observing and Recording Flight Paths
Authors: Kellogg F. E. , Wright R. H.
Published: January 2010

It has been suggested (Wright, 1958) that attractants or repellents for insects which normally fly to their destination should be tested against insects that are in flight during the tests. Moreover, the conditions of the flight should be as nearly natural as possible. This requires that the observation chamber should be large (to minimize wall effects), the illumination should be controllable, and the air movement and the odorous or other signals should be presented in a natural way. Finally, the movements of the insects should be recorded in three dimensions, and in as much detail as possible.
The Effect of Aggregation on Egg and Larval Survival in Neodiprion swainei Midd. (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)
Authors: Lyons L. A.
Published: January 2010

Recent laboratory studies have shown that the type of spatial distribution of a host or prey population may affect the degree of natural control exerted by parasites and predators. For example, Burnett (1958) showed that the rate of paratisitism of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporarium (Westw.), by Encarsia formosa Gahan, was considerably greater when the hosts were aggregated than when regularly distributed. In this case, searching parasites were better able to find groups of hosts than isolated ones. Similar results have been obtained by Huffaker (1958) in experiments with a predatory mite, Typhlodroms occidentalis Nesbitt, and a phytophagous mite, Eotetranychus sexmaculatus (Riley). Other important effects of aggregation are evident in the growing literature on this subject, as exemplified by the work of Long (1955), Mizuta (1960), and Morimoto (1960), who showed that the rate of development of some lepidopterous larvae in groups is greater than that of isolated larvae.
A New Species of Dolichopus from North Carolina (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)
Authors: Vockeroth J. R.
Published: January 2010

The species described below is closely related to Dolichopus dorycerus Loew, 1864, but differs in both sexes in the colour of the lower orbital cilia and, in the male, in many details of the secondary sexual characters.

Dolichopus phyllocerus, new species

Male.–Length 6.3 mm.; wing length 6.2 mm. Face long, narrow, slightly broadened above, pale golden-brown, silvery below. Front metallic copper or coppery-green. Antenna (Fig. 1b) with first two segments yellow, the third black with about basal third yelllow; first segment of normal length; second very short, especially on lateral surface where it is scarcely visible; third short, broad, blunt. Arista black, about 21/2 times as long as rest of antenna, very slender, with a broad, blunt apical lamella. Lateral and lower orbital cilia yellow, upper cilia black.
The Sex Ratios in Ips tridens Mannerheim (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Hopping G. R.
Published: January 2010

Species of the genus Ips De Geer are polygamous and the number of females in a gallery map vary from one to five, or occasionally six, to one male. Populations of Ips tridens Mann. going into hibernation in the fall of the year in Alberta, have a sex ratio of approximatclv 3 ♂ ♂: 1 ♀. The assumption has been that the preponderance of fenlales is caused by some mortality factor which is more effective against the males. More recent evidence indicates that the cause is of a genetical nature.
Some Concepts on the Ecological Basis of Biological Control of Weeds
Authors: Huffaker C. B.
Published: January 2010

Contrary to a common conception, employment of biological control of weeds is fundamentally the same as the employment of biological control of insect pests. The goal in each case is not eradication but the reduction of pest populations to non-injurious levels. The ecological relationships which apply in the regulation of any organism by natural enemies in the undisturbed natural scene also apply when we attempt to introduce a natural enemy not already present. While it is true that our work has an economic or applied objective, the pursuit of objectives in biological control in general takes us deeply into fundamental considerations – fundamentals which constitute the broad science of ecology.
Diapause in Eggs of the Pale Western Cutworm Agrotis orthogonia Morr. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Jacobson L. A.
Published: January 2010

The eggs of the pale western cutworm. Agrotis orthogonia Morr., are laid in the soil between about August 15 and September 15, the peak of oviposition usually occurring hetween August 25 and September 5. The eggs commence development as soon as they are laid and in most years the embryos are fully developed by winter (Jacobson and Blakeley, 1958). Hatching occurs in the spring, usually soon after all snow has melted and the soil has thawed.
A Biological Study of a New Leaf Miner on Birch, Nepticula lindquisti Freeman (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae), in Ontario
Authors: Lindquist O. H.
Published: January 2010

A new leaf-mining nepticulid was discovered in Ontario in 1957 during a study of leaf-mining sawflies on birch in the province (Lindquist, 1959). Severe browning of white birch foliage in the Bruce Peninsula in 1958 precipitated an investigation on the identity, biology, and distribution of the species. Adults obtained in the spring of 1959 were tentatively identified as Nepticula sp. by T. N. Freeman, Entomology Research Institute, Ottawa. An introductory note on the life history of the species was published in 1960 (Lindquist, 1960) and distribution data have been recorded since 1958 in the Annual Report of the Forest Insect and Disease Survey of Canada. Freeman (1962) described the adult stage and assigned the name Nepticula lindquisti to this species.
Biology of the Mountain Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus monticolae Hopkins, in the East Kootenay Region of British Columbia I. Life Cycle, Brood Development, and Flight Periods
Authors: Reid R. W.
Published: January 2010

The importance of the mountain pine beetle to the pine forests of North America has been pointed out by several writers (Hopkins, 1909; Swaine, 1918; Evenden et al., 1943; Hopping and Mathers, 1945). Its range covers parts of southern British Columbia and Alberta, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Oregon, Washington, California, Utah, and Nevada. The size of populations and the damage vary from year to year. A study of the biology of the mountain pine beetle was made by the writer from 1955 to 1960 in several small outbreak areas near Invermere, British Columbia. (50°30′ N. lat., 116°00′ W. long., 2740 feet above sea level). The host tree in these areas was lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Douglas var. latifolia Engelmann. The results of the study will be presented in three parts. Part I is presented herein and describes the life cycle, brood development, and flight periods. Part II is a discussion of the behaviour of the adult as affected by physical factors operating under the bark. Part III describes the interaction of the insect and its host, with special reference to mortality and brood survival.
Additional Larvae of the North American Olethreutinae (1) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: MacKay Margaret Rae
Published: January 2010

This work supplements that of MacKay (1959), and includes the descriptions and illustrations of the larvae of ten species, and notes on two genera and the colour variations of two species. The subfamily ‘Olethreutinae’ has been substituted for the ‘Olethreutidae’ of MacKay (1959) in the title of the paper; this conforms with the adult studies of Obraztsov (1945), Diakanoff (1952) and other authors.
Note on the Movements of the Mandibular and Maxillary Stylets of the Aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer)
Authors: Bradley R. H. E. , Sylvester E. S. , Wade C. V.
Published: January 2010

Lately there has been a concerted effort to elucidate the structure and function of the stylet bundle of suctorial insects. Aphids have received special attention because of their importance as vectors of plant viruses. Several workers have described their observations of stylets penetrating translucent tissues or membranes; for example, Bradley (1952), Mittler (1954), and van Hoof (1958).

The movements most easily seen are rapid alternate oscillations at the stylet tips and a back and forth swinging of the entire stylet bundle as it enters a cell or other liquid medium.
A Note on the Longevity and Behaviour of Adult Golden Buprestids, Buprestis aurulenta L. (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) Under Artificial Conditions
Authors: Smith D. N.
Published: January 2010

This note is on the longevity and behaviour of Buprestis aurulenta L. adults maintained in the laboratory after emergence from prolonged development in structural wood. An opportunity to obtain such information arose when adults began to emerge inside a large log house near Victoria. The house was built of logs cut on the site in 1946-7. Adults first began to emerge in 1956.

The adult life span of forest buprestids appears obscure. Burke (1918) knew of no species that overwintered as adults. Pinned specimens of many species may be noted with dates from spring to fall, but nobody seems to have established whether these records represent continuing emergences, or persistence of earlier emergents. The latter is strongly suggested because some Buprestis species are known to overwinter as adults in pupal cells, while other species overwinter as pupae and become adults in the spring (Burke, 1909). All these adults emerge early in the following season (Burke, 1918).
Taxonomic Notes on Some American Bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae; Bombinae)
Authors: Milliron H. E.
Published: January 2010

Pending completion of the writer's current bumblebee work, the following information should be of interest and use to others who are now devoting attention to the taxonomy of this group in the Western Hemisphere and who contemplate publishing. The existing and recognizable types of all the accepted names referred to beyond were studied except the Gribodo types which were well reviewed by Richards (1929), inrhose homotype of volucelloides was examined at the British Museum (N.H.) in London. The condition and where-abouts of most of the type specimens on which are based the various conclusions presented here, have already been discussed by the writer (1960). There are, however, other types of infraspecific taxa that were not treated at that time, and it is emphasized that a reliable knowledge of these is also important for the present synonymies and other taxonomic considerations.
On the Use of the Term “Suture” in Entomology
Authors: DuPorte E. Melville
Published: January 2010

Any continuous or undivided sclerotized plate of the exoskeleton is known as a sclerite and when two sclerites are contiguous the line of junction or demarcation is commonly known as a suture. Sutures in this accepted sense are of three kinds. The most common is a depressed line at the bottom of a shallow furrow or sulcus which marks the position of an internal strengthening ridge. The ridge may be formed in tnro ways.
Field Studies on Attack Flight and Log Selection by the Ambrosia Beetle Trypodendron lineatum (Oliv.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Chapman J. A.
Published: January 2010

Investigations in 1959 (Dyer and Kinghorn, 1961) revealed a large overwintering population of the ambrosia beetle, Trypodendron lineatum (Oliv.), in a level accessible stand of timber. It was decided to use this location for field studies on attack behaviour of this insect, with three general objectives in mind: 1) direct observation of beetles as they searched for and found suitable log material; 2) experimental verification by means of various ‘hidden log’ situations, with controls, of the importance of smell in the beetles' search, and 3) observation and measurement of differences in attractiveness between logs during the flight period.
Taxonomic Studies on the Acleris gloverana-variana Complex, the Black-headed Budworms (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Powell Jerry A.
Published: January 2010

The black-headed budworm has long been known as an endemic resident and occasional epidemic defoliator of coniferous forests in Canada and parts of northern United States. The moth is distributed across the whole of the northern forest area from Cape Breton Island to the west coast of Canada and Alaska. It is a serious and recurrent defoliator particularly in British Columbia and Washington (Silver, 1960). The larvae feed on various conifers of the genera Abies, Larix, Picea, Pseudotsuga, and Tsuga, and different hosts are preferred in different parts of the range. Thus, Schaffner (1950) gives Abies balsamea as the most important host in eastern areas, Raizenne (1952) indicates that species of spruce (Picea) are most often utilized in southern Ontario, while Tsuga heterophylla has been found to be preferred in coastal British Columbia (Leech, 1933; Keen, 1952; Evans and Silver, 1954; Silver, 1960).
Influence of Typhlodromus (T.) pyri Scheuten on the Development of Bryobia arborea M. & A. Populations in the Greenhouse
Authors: Herbert H. J.
Published: January 2010

The brown mite, Bryobia arborea M. and A., is a widely distributed phytophagous pest of apple trees in Nova Scotia. Many predators have been observed feeding on this pest, particularly the predacious mites of the sub-family Phytoseiinae. It is difficult to assess the influence of these predators on brown mite in the field because fungicides, which are necessary in the commercial production of apples in Nova Scotia, often disrupt the relationships. Furthermore, other species of predators and prey usually found in apple orchards obscure the influence of phytoseiids on brown mite.
Loss of Attractiveness to Bessa harveyi (Tns.) (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Host Larvae During Cold Storage
Authors: Monteith L. G.
Published: January 2010

A study of factors that influence host references of the parasitic tachinids Drino bohemica Mesn. and Bessa harveyi (Tns.) (Monteith, 1955, 1958a, 1958b, 1962) included tests with successive generations of the parasites. Large numbers of the sawfly larvae used as hosts were collected each summer and, when they had spun their cocoons, were put into cold storage until required. In some seasons sufficient larvae of a particular species were not available to conduct experiments for a twelve-month period though a supply of larvae of the same species collected in the previous year was in storage. If larvae stored for one year or longer did not change in their attractiveness to the parasites they could be used in tests together with larvae stored for less than one year. This is a report of an investigation to determine if changes occur during cold storage in the attractiveness of sawfly larvae to B. harveyi.
The Olfactory Guidance of Flying Insects. IV. Drosophila
Authors: Kellogg F. E. , Frizel D. E. , Wright R. H.
Published: January 2010

The upwind guidance of flying insects was considered in a previous paper (Wright, 1958) where a homing mechanism was suggested that did not require visual contact with the ground. The response of Drosophila to attractive scents presented in various ways has now been studied. The results show that visual contact with the ground is in fact essential, and other factors of the guidance system have been clarified.
Effects of Temperature on Development of Overwintering Pupae of the Apple Maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh)
Authors: Neilson W. T. A.
Published: January 2010

The apple maggot overwinters as a pupa within a puparium and develops to this stage in the fall five days after the larva enters the ground. It usually undergoes no visible morphological change until late the following spring or early summer (Dean, 1942). The adult emerges from late June to early September. Some pupae, however, remain dormant in the soil and the adults do not emerge until the second or third summer after pupation (Lathrop, 1955). Also, in some areas, a few adults emerge about two months after pupation (Phipps and Dirks, 193 3).
A Circular Punch for Cutting Samples of Bark Infested with Beetles
Authors: Furniss M. M.
Published: January 2010

The sampling of bark beetles and their natural enemies requires that bark be removed for examination of broods contained in the phloem. Counts of populations on bark samples are used to evaluate infestations for purposes of control and for studying population dynamics in the field. Bark samples have been cut from western conifers by chopping, sawing, or a combination of these operations. However, both these methods have disadvantages. Chopping produces ragged samples of varying size, and a saw tends to catch in the bark when cutting boundaries parallel to the trunk. Also, with either chopping or sawins, sample boundaries must be measured and marked as a guide during the cutting.
Identifying Mutations for MYH‐Associated Polyposis
Authors: Prior Thomas W. , Bridgeman Scott J.
Published: January 2010

Polyposis associated with mutations in the gene MYH is an autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by the development of colorectal adenomas and cancer. Two common mutations, p.Tyr165Cys (exon 7) and p.Glu382Asp (exon 13), have been shown to account for the majority of the mutations occurring in individuals of Caucasian ancestry. Other mutations have been found throughout the gene and many have been shown to have very low frequencies. Ethnic differences in the mutation spectrum have also been observed. Thus, in order to achieve the highest clinical sensitivity, it is necessary to perform whole‐gene sequencing of the MYH gene. The sequencing protocol described allows one to identify mutations throughout the MYH gene. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 64:10.13.1‐10.13.14. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Acylcarnitine Analysis by Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Smith Emily H. , Matern Dietrich
Published: January 2010

Carnitine plays an essential role in fatty acid metabolism, as well as modulation of intracellular concentrations of free coenzyme A by esterification of acyl residues. Acylcarnitine analysis of various biological fluids is a sensitive method to detect >20 inborn errors of metabolism that result in abnormal accumulation of acylcarnitine species due to several organic acidemias and most fatty acid β‐oxidation disorders. In addition, acylcarnitine analysis may aid in monitoring treatment of known patients affected with these inborn errors of metabolism. This unit describes protocols that can be used to measure acylcarnitine species of various carbon chain lengths in several biological specimen types including plasma, dried blood and bile spots, and urine, by derivatization to butylesters and flow‐injection electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS). Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 64:17.8.1‐17.8.20. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Atomic Spectrometry and Elemental Analysis
Authors: Welz Bernhard , Borges Daniel L.G.
Published: January 2010

This chapter starts with an introduction to the early history of spectroscopic investigations in the nineteenth century, followed by general considerations about atomic spectra and interferences that might be encountered. This chapter discusses optical atomic spectroscopy with its three main techniques, optical emission spectrometry (OES), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS), as well as X‐Ray spectroscopy, also including X‐ray emission, absorption, and fluorescence. The section on optical atomic spectroscopy begins with the basic principles of this technique, followed by a description of the physics of atomization and excitation, atomic spectra and spectral lines, and the measurement of radiation, calibration, and evaluation. The section on OES covers excitation sources, including arc and spark sources, glow discharges and inductively coupled plasmas, as well as lasers, which are being used increasingly in laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The section on spectrometers deals with mono‐ and polychromators, including the detectors used in this kind of equipment. The section on AAS includes a discussion on the atomizers used for this technique, mainly flames and graphite furnaces, and also on chemical vapor generation techniques, such as cold vapor and hydride generation. Radiation sources and spectrometers for line source AAS as well as those for high‐resolution continuum‐source AAS are described, with a detailed discussion on the new potentialities of the latter technique. The general principles and the instrumentation of AFS are discussed briefly, according to the limited application of this technique, which includes the use of laser‐excited AFS. The section on X‐ray spectroscopy provides the theoretical principles behind the emission and absorption of X‐rays, in particular, X‐ray fluorescence (XRF), using different kind of equipment, that is, wavelength‐dispersive and energy‐dispersive instrumentation. Total‐reflection XRF is discussed as also particle‐induced X‐ray emission (PIXE) and portable instrumentation. The chapter concludes with an outlook on the potential future development in the field of atomic spectroscopy and elemental analysis.
Neutron Spectroscopy
Authors: Anton Heidemann
Published: January 2010

Thermal and cold neutrons have wavelengths of a few angstroms (1 Å =10−10 m) and energies of the order of a few millielectronvolts. They are electrically neutral. Neutron scattering is therefore a powerful tool for the investigation of condensed matter on a microscopic scale. After an introduction to the field of neutron scattering and a short outline of its theoretical foundations, we mention the two main domains in neutron scattering without and with energy analysis. The latter, calledneutron spectroscopy,is presented in more detail. The different types of experimental techniques, such as three‐axis, time‐of‐flight, back‐scattering, and neutron spin echo spectroscopy, are described. An overview of the different types of applications of neutron spectroscopy is given, together with some typical examples.
Linear Laser Spectroscopies
Authors: Ashworth Stephen H.
Published: January 2010

Laser spectroscopies have developed along with the lasers used as light sources and may be applied in diverse situations. Techniques and approaches that generally involve a linear response to laser radiation are covered. These are divided broadly into direct and proxy techniques. The former detects the absorption of radiation directly, whereas the latter detects a side effect of absorption such as fluorescence or heating. A selection of the methods outlined are cavity ring‐down spectroscopy and its variants, laser‐induced fluorescence, photoacoustic spectroscopy, and some double‐resonance techniques. The range of topics covered is not intended to be exhaustive and the selection probably indicates the direct experience of the author.
Ultrafast Spectroscopy
Authors: Kühn Oliver , Lochbrunner Stefan
Published: January 2010

This chapter introduces the concepts, theoretical approaches, and experimental techniques of ultrafast spectroscopy. By pushing the time resolution to a few femtoseconds the observation of atomic and molecular motions in real time becomes possible. This is illustrated by means of applications including molecular dynamics from isolated diatomics via clusters to biomolecules as well as processes in semiconductors and at surfaces. Perspectives are given on the emerging fields of attosecond physics and time‐resolved diffraction techniques.
Raman Scattering for Speciation and Analysis
Authors: Esmonde‐White Karen , Raghavan Mekhala , Morris Michael
Published: January 2010

The article contains sections titled:

Introduction

Raman Spectroscopy Basics

Theory

Enhancement

Subsurface Measurements — Spatially OffsetRaman Spectroscopy (SORS)

Instrumentation

Laser Safety

Basic Instrumentation

Fiber Optic Probes

Microprobes

Data Reduction

Identification and Quantification of Inorganic Materials

Introduction

Minerals

Art, Archaeology, and Architecture

Forensics

Nanoscale Semiconductors

Industrial Process Control

Identification and Quantification of Organic Materials

Pharmaceutical Applications

Polymer Chemistry and Physics

Forensic and Homeland Security Applications

Biological Applications ofRaman Spectroscopy

Subcellular Level

Tissue Level

Epithelial Tissue

Muscular Tissue

Nervous Tissue

Connective Tissue

Microorganisms
Mössbauer Spectroscopy
Authors: Yang De‐Ping
Published: January 2010

Mössbauer spectroscopy is a unique technique based on nuclear resonance via recoil‐free emission, absorption, and scattering of γ‐rays. Because of its extremely high energy resolution and its particular timescale, a Mössbauer spectrum can provide valuable information on structural, chemical, magnetic, and dynamical properties of a variety of solid materials. Mössbauer spectroscopy finds applications in various fields of scientific research, such as physics, metallurgy, materials science, chemistry, mineralogy, biology, medicine, environmental science, archeology, and art.

Mössbauer effect has been observed in about 100 isotopes.57Fe is by far the most important one, followed by119Sn. A typical Mössbauer spectrometer operates in the transmission geometry where the γ‐rays emitted from the source and modulated via Doppler effect are resonantly absorbed in a solid sample. The amount of transmitted γ‐rays is recorded and analyzed as a function of γ‐photon energy, resulting in a Mössbauer spectrum. The shape, location, and intensity of the absorption peaks in a Mössbauer spectrum can reveal hyperfine interactions between the Mössbauer isotope and its surroundings, and therefore provide information on the chemical, magnetic, and structural properties of the material under investigation.

The emission, absorption, and scattering of γ‐rays may also involve the creation or annihilation of phonons. This process is intricately related to lattice dynamics and strongly dependent on temperature. Therefore, Mössbauer spectroscopy can be used for studying lattice vibrations and phonon density of states, as well as their dependence on temperature, pressure, crystallinity, impurity, and so on.

As synchrotron radiation became available, new elastic and inelastic scattering methods have been developed. The emergence of time‐domain Mössbauer spectroscopy has provided not only evidence for the coherent decay of nuclear excitons but also a new methodology for extracting parameters of hyperfine interactions and lattice dynamics.
Ultraviolet and Visible Absorption Spectrometers
Authors: Lipson Robert H.
Published: January 2010

An overview of spectroscopy fundamentals for atoms and molecules is provided as they pertain to the ultraviolet (UV) and visible spectral regions. Topics include state labels, electronic selection rules, the Born–Oppenheimer approximation, and the Franck–Condon principle. The Beer–Lambert law, chemometrics, derivative spectroscopy, and circular dichroism spectroscopy are explained as are the origins of UV/visible transitions in organic and inorganic compounds as well as solids. Relevant experimental methods and instrumentation such as light sources, monochromators, and detectors, which can be used to record UV/visible absorption spectra, are described. A brief discussion on laser‐based techniques, including fluorescence excitation spectroscopy, excitation spectroscopy with mass detection, and cavity ring‐down spectroscopy, is also given.
Molecular Fluorescence
Authors: Valeur Bernard
Published: January 2010

Fluorescence is extensively used as a tool of investigation in physical, chemical, material, biological, and medical sciences. The description of the characteristics of fluorescence emission is followed by a discussion on the effects of intermolecular photophysical processes. The last part of the chapter is devoted to the applications of fluorescence: estimation of local physical parameters, chemical sensing, tracers in biology, clinical diagnostics, fluorescence LIDAR (light detection and ranging), food science, forensics and counterfeit detection.
Surface Second Harmonic and Sum‐Frequency Generation
Authors: Iwamoto Mitsumasa , Manaka Takaaki , Lim Eunju
Published: January 2010

The use of optical second harmonic generation (SHG) measurement of the exploration of dielectric polarization and related surface phenomena is described. Paying attention to the specific nature of material systems on the surface, orientational order parameters are introduced to characterize surface layers, and the SHG enhancement is described in terms of the order parameters. Also the sum‐frequency generation (SFG) and electric‐field‐induced SHG(EFISHG) are described as a tool of probing carrier motions in surface layers. The experimental system is shown with some results.
Antibody, Purification: Monoclonal (MAB) and Polyclonal
Authors: Reilly James J. , Ultee Michiel E.
Published: January 2010

The purification of antibodies relies both on the specialized properties of this class of homologous proteins as well as more typical properties of proteins, in general. Typically, the antibody is isolated from the crude feedstock using an affinity chromatographic step, usually one exploiting the highly specific and potent binding interaction betweenimmunoglobulin G(IgG) antibodies and Protein A or G. Following this initial capture of the antibody, the partially purified antibody is further polished using ion exchange, hydrophobic interaction, or hydroxyapatite chromatographic methods. New specialized methods have recently been developed using mixed‐mode chromatographic methods that combine two modalities of purification in one step. Other advances have come from the development of membrane supports that offer much higher throughput than conventional resin‐based chromatography. This review also addresses purification of IgM antibodies, whose large size and tendency to precipitate present additional challenges. Finally, we note that the structural similarity of IgG antibodies presents an opportunity for platform or generic processes and describe the advantages of such an approach.
Biocers, Industrial Applications
Authors: Coradin Thibaud , Amoura Makhlouf , Roux Cécile , Livage Jacques
Published: January 2010

After 20 years of research, the inorganic sol–gel process can now be considered as a suitable technological alternative for the encapsulation of living cells. Strategies have been developed and optimized that allow the formation of glasses and ceramics in conditions compatible with the preservation of cell membrane integrity and metabolic activity over several weeks. These biocer(amic)s can be prepared as gels, coatings, films, and capsules, which can host a wide variety of organisms including bacteria, protists, yeasts, and plant and animal cells. It was demonstrated that biocers can be used for the design of bioreactors, biosensors, as well as for bioremediation systems, at least at the laboratory scale. Moreover, hybrid materials associating biopolymers and silica were shown to be suitable for the elaboration of bioartificial organs that have been patented and are currently under clinical evaluation. The biocer technology has now reached its maturity, suggesting that industrial developments can now be foreseen in the near future.
Cell Cycle, Importance in Bioprocesses
Authors: Naciri Mariam , Al‐Rubeai Mohamed
Published: January 2010

The cell cycle is the name given to the process by which a cell matures, synthesizes DNA, and divides to form daughter cells. Thus the cell cycle is a fundamental process with analogous mechanisms found in all cells, from the most primitive bacterium to higher animals and plants, from the unicellular to the most complex multicellular organism. It is regulated by several ordered and directional molecular events and controlled by an elaborate system that if altered could result in physiological damage and cell death (1). Here we describe the mammalian cell cycle, highlight its importance in biotechnology, and describe some cell cycle applications in animal cell biotechnology.
Cell Separation: Yeast Flocculation
Authors: Soares Eduardo V.
Published: January 2010

Yeast flocculation is a process wherein cells are gathered together into multicellular masses, calledflocs.

Due to their mass, yeast flocs sediment rapidly from the medium in which they are suspended. Flocculation is an easy, off‐cost and eco‐friendly process of cell separation that reduces the costs of equipment and energy demand associated with cell separation. Yeast flocculation can be seen as a self‐immobilization process; in this way, flocculent yeasts can be used in high cell density reactors and increase the efficiency of the fermentation process. These advantages fit quite well with the idea of “White” Biotechnology, which advises the optimization of the processes and reduction of energy consumption in order to contribute to a more sustainable future. Yeast flocculation is a complex phenomenon, influenced by multiple factors. This review discusses and updates the current knowledge on the flocculation ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae. The expression of several genes (such asFLO1,FLO5,FLO8, andLg‐FLO1), the cell surface characteristics, the chemical characteristics of the medium (such as pH and the presence of bivalent ions) and the fermentation conditions (oxygen, sugars availability, growth temperature, and ethanol concentration) that affect yeast flocculation are outlined. In addition, the present knowledge about the molecular mechanism of flocculation inS. cerevisiae, as well as the different phenotypes [Flo1, NewFlo,mannose insensitive(MI) phenotype and strains that only flocculate in the presence of ethanol] is presented. This review highlights the advantages of yeast flocculation when compared with yeast immobilization and other cell separation processes. In the last part of the work, the advantages and importance of flocculation in many industrial processes (such as in the production of wine, bio‐ethanol, heterologous proteins, and particularly in the brewing industry) and environmental applications is reviewed and critically discussed.
Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Authors: Lee Claudia Y.
Published: January 2010

Fluorescence is an extremely powerful tool in modern biology, physics, and chemistry laboratories. This unit focuses on methods that can be applied to biological studies. Starting with the preparation of fluorescently conjugated antibodies, the first part explains the physical principles of fluorescence and the features in an absorption spectrum, and how these are used to measure the degree of labeling on conjugated antibodies. The protocols describe how to obtain and interpret a fluorescence emission spectrum and utilize this information as a fluorescence indicator for protein detection. Curr. Protoc. Essential Lab. Tech. 2:2.4.1‐2.4.29. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mass Spectrometry: An Outsourcing Guide
Authors: DeSouza Leroi V. , Siu K.W. Michael , Pearlman Ronald E.
Published: January 2010

Proteomics is the study of the proteins expressed from the genome of a cell or organism. Analytical mass spectrometry has recently become a powerful tool to study a cell or organism's proteome and is the focus of this chapter. Mass spectrometry can be used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of proteomes. This chapter will focus on qualitative analysis, addressing questions of what proteins are present in a proteome and what post‐translational modifications may be associated with these proteins. The instrumentation required for mass spectrometric analysis is generally not available in a standard research laboratory or as part of an undergraduate laboratory, being associated in general with a core facility. We will not describe here details of specific operation of the instruments. Here we focus on the common types of analysis presently in routine use and on preparation of samples for routine biological mass spectrometric analysis that will allow most laboratories, including undergraduate and graduate teaching laboratories, to prepare and analyze samples in experiments designed to obtain proteomic information. Curr. Protoc. Essential Lab. Tech. 2:12.2.1‐12.1.18. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
FBN1 mutations in patients with descending thoracic aortic dissections
Authors: Brautbar Ariel , LeMaire Scott A. , Franco Luis M. , Coselli Joseph S. , Milewicz Dianna M. , Belmont John W.
Published: January 2010

Aortic aneurysm and dissection cause significant morbidity and mortality. There are several known single gene disorders that predispose to isolated aortic disease and eventually aneurysm and dissection. FBN1 mutations are associated with multiple clinical phenotypes, including Marfan syndrome (MFS), MASS phenotype, and familial ectopia lentis, but rarely with isolated aortic aneurysm and dissection. In this report, we describe three patients who presented with primary descending thoracic aortic dissection and who were found to have an FBN1 mutation. None of the patients fulfilled clinical criteria for the diagnosis of MFS, and all had few or none of the skeletal features typical of the condition. Two patients had a history of long‐term hypertension, and such a history was suspected in the third patient. These observations suggest that some individuals with FBN1 mutations have significant aortic disease involvement of other systems that is typical of FBN1 mutation‐related syndromes. Superimposed risk factors, such as hypertension, may weaken the aortic wall and eventually lead to aortic dissection. Given that the cost continues to decrease, we suggest that diagnostic DNA sequencing for FBN1 mutations in patients with thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissection may be a practical clinical step in evaluating such patients and at‐risk family members. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Birth incidence and prevalence of tumor‐prone syndromes: Estimates from a UK family genetic register service
Authors: Evans D.G. , Howard E. , Giblin C. , Clancy T. , Spencer H. , Huson S.M. , Lalloo F.
Published: January 2010

Autosomal dominantly inherited tumor‐prone syndromes are a substantial health problem and are amenable to epidemiologic studies by combining cancer surveillance registries with a genetic register (GR)‐based approach. Knowledge of the frequency of the conditions provides a basis for appropriate health‐resources allocations. GRs for five tumor‐prone syndromes were established in the Manchester region of North West England in 1989 and 1990. Mapping birth dates of affected individuals from families onto regional birth rates has allowed an estimate of birth incidence, disease prevalence, and de novo mutation rates. Disease prevalence in order of frequency were for neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1): 1 in 4,560; familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP): 1 in 18,976; nevoid basal cell carcinoma [Gorlin syndrome (GS)]: 1 in 30,827; neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) 1 in 56,161; and von Hippel Lindau (VHL) 1 in 91,111. Best estimates for birth incidence were: 1 in 2,699; 1 in 8,619; 1 in 14,963, 1 in 33,000; and 1 in 42,987, respectively. The proportions due to de novo mutation were: 42% (NF1); 16% (FAP); 26% (GS); 56% (NF2); and 21% (VHL). Estimates for NF1, NF2, FAP, and VHL are in line with previous estimates, and we provide the first estimates of birth incidence and de novo mutation rate for GS. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High frequency of multiexonic deletion of the GCH1 gene in a Taiwanese cohort of dopa‐response dystonia
Authors: Wu‐Chou Yah‐Huei , Yeh Tu‐Hsueh , Wang Chuan‐Yu , Lin Juei‐Jueng , Huang Chin‐Chang , Chang Hsiu‐Chen , Lai Szu‐Chia , Chen Rou‐Shayn , Weng Yi‐Hsin , Huang Chia‐Ling , Lu Chin‐Song
Published: January 2010

Large deletions in the GCH1 gene have been reported in a minority of cases of dopa‐responsive dystonia (DRD). In this study, we performed an extensive clinical and genetic investigation of 22 affected members in eight families. Sequence analysis revealed five different mutations in five families (n = 10); Ser81Pro (novel), Ser76X, Gly203Arg, 249del A, and IVS5 + 3insT. Applying multiple ligation‐dependent probe amplification analysis, we detected a large heterozygous deletion of exons 1–3 in the remaining three families (n = 12), which was verified by quantitative real‐time PCR analysis. Therefore, the large deletion accounted for 37.5% of the total families and 55% of our DRD population. The deletion appeared to have high penetrance and was associated with multifocal dystonia and adult onset in males. Adult‐onset patients were commonly presenting with resting tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia, indistinguishable from those in Parkinson's disease. In conclusion, a high frequency of multiexonic deletion of GCH1 was identified in the Taiwanese DRD population. By dosage analysis, we were able to detect a mutation in all patients. Our study demonstrates that dosage analysis is necessary for molecular diagnostics in DRD patients of Han Chinese ethnicity. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The decoy effect as a covert influence tactic
Authors: Slaughter Jerel E. , Kausel Edgar E. , Quiñones Miguel A.
Published: January 2010

The purpose of this research was to determine whether individuals could use the decoy effect to influence others' choices. In study 1, undergraduates (n = 50) and executive master's of business administration (EMBA) students (n = 24) read an employee selection scenario in which they were randomly assigned to prefer one of two candidates that were equal in overall attractiveness, but that had different strengths and weaknesses. They were then asked to choose one of three inferior candidates to add to the choice set that would make their preferred candidate more likely to be chosen by other decision makers. The “correct” inferior candidate was asymmetrically dominated—dominated by one of the two existing candidates, but not the other. Participants chose the “correct” decoy candidate at better than chance levels. In study 2, undergraduates and EMBA students (total n = 66) completed a set of four decision tasks, in which they were asked to choose from potential decoy alternatives that would highlight their preferred job candidate or the product they preferred to sell to a customer. Participants again chose the correct option at better than chance levels. When participants provided free‐response reasons for their choices, these responses indicated a fairly strong recognition of the influential nature of creating a dominating relationship. Implications for understanding this effect and how it may be used by hiring managers, sales personnel, and others who attempt to influence others people's decisions at work, are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.