bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MRI and flortaucipir relationships in Alzheimer's phenotypes are heterogeneous
Authors: Josephs Keith A. , Tosakulwong Nirubol , Graff‐Radford Jonathan , Weigand Stephen D. , Buciuc Marina , Machulda Mary M. , Jones David T. , Schwarz Christopher G. , Senjem Matthew L. , Ertekin‐Taner Nilufer , Kantarci Kejal , Boeve Bradley F. , Knopman David S. , Jack Clifford R. , Petersen Ronald C. , Lowe Val J. , Whitwell Jennifer L.
Published: April 2020

Objective

To assess the relationships between MRI volumetry and [18F]flortaucipir PET of typical and atypical clinical phenotypes of Alzheimer’s disease, by genarian (age by decade).

Methods

Five‐hundred and sixty‐four participants including those with typical (n = 86) or atypical (n = 80) Alzheimer’s dementia and normal controls (n = 398) underwent apolipoprotein E genotyping, MRI, flortaucipir, and 11C‐PiB; all 166 Alzheimer’s participants were beta‐amyloid positive and all controls were beta‐amyloid negative. Grey matter volume and flortaucipir standard uptake value ratios were calculated for hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and neocortex. Ratios of hippocampal‐to‐neocortical and entorhinal‐to‐neocortical volume and flortaucipir uptake were also calculated. Linear regression models assessed relationships among regional volume, flortaucipir uptake, and ratios and phenotypes, within three genarians (50–59, 60–69, and 70+). Voxel‐level analyses were also performed.

Results

For 50–59 greater medial temporal atrophy and flortaucipir uptake was observed in the typical compared with atypical phenotype. The typical phenotype also showed greater frontal neocortex uptake with the voxel‐level analysis. For 60–69 and 70+ there was greater hippocampal volume loss in the typical compared with atypical phenotype while only the 60–69, but not the 70+ group, showed a difference in hippocampal flortaucipir uptake. We also observed a pattern for higher neocortical flortaucipir uptake to correlate with younger age decade for both phenotypes.

Interpretation

MRI volumetry versus flortaucipir PET relationships differ across Alzheimer’s clinical phenotypes, and also within phenotype across age decades. This suggests that there is potential risk of masked effects by not accounting for genarian in participants with beta‐amyloid and tau‐positive biomarker defined Alzheimer’s disease.
Wearable Energy Generating and Storing Textile Based on Carbon Nanotube Yarns
Authors: Mun Tae Jin , Kim Shi Hyeong , Park Jong Woo , Moon Ji Hwan , Jang Yongwoo , Huynh Chi , Baughman Ray H. , Kim Seon Jeong
Published: April 2020

The challenges of textiles that can generate and store energy simultaneously for wearable devices are to fabricate yarns that generate electrical energy when stretched, yarns that store this electrical energy, and textile geometries that facilitate these functions. To address these challenges, this research incorporates highly stretchable electrochemical yarn harvesters, where available mechanical strains are large and electrochemical energy storing yarns are achieved by weaving. The solid‐state yarn harvester provides a peak power of 5.3 W kg−1 for carbon nanotubes. The solid‐state yarn supercapacitor provides stable performance when dynamically deformed by bending and stretching, for example. A textile configuration that consists of harvesters, supercapacitors, and a Schottky diode is produced and stores as much electrical energy as is needed by a serial or parallel connection of the harvesters or supercapacitors. This textile can be applied as a power source for health care devices or other wearable devices and be self‐powered sensors for detecting human motion.
C(sp3)−C(sp3) Cross‐Coupling of Alkyl Bromides and Ethers Mediated by Metal and Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Santos Marilia S. , Corrêa Arlene G. , Paixão Márcio W. , König Burkhard
Published: April 2020

We report a C(sp3)−C(sp3) cross‐coupling of alkyl bromides and alkyl chlorides with ethers by dual photoredox‐nickel catalysis. The catalytic system comprises of the organic photocatalyst 1,2,3,5‐tetrakis(carbazol‐9‐yl)‐4,6‐dicyanobenzene (4‐CzIPN) and bench stable nickel (II) acetylacetonate in the presence of visible‐light, providing the coupling products in up to 92% yield. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest two catalytic cycles, as well as the photogeneration of bromine or chlorine radicals from halide atoms that are present in the structures of the coupling partners. The halide radical mediates the hydrogen atom transfer event, avoiding the need of an additional HAT catalyst.

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DABCO‐Mediated [4+1] Cycloaddition of β,β‐Dihalo Peroxides with Sodium Azide toward Isoxazoles
Authors: Ma Yangyang , Chen Yuanjin , Lou Chenhao , Li Zhiping
Published: April 2020

The isoxazole skeleton is one of key structural motifs, which displays widespread applications in drugs, agriculture, and synthetic intermediates. Herein, we disclose the DABCO‐mediated [4+1] cycloaddition of β,β‐dihalo peroxides and sodium azide for synthesis of multisubstituted isoxazoles. The cycloaddition proceeds through the formation of N−C and N−O bonds. This method shows excellent regioselectivity and good scalability.
A roadmap to advance delirium research: Recommendations from the NIDUS Scientific Think Tank
Authors: Oh Esther S. , Akeju Oluwaseun , Avidan Michael S. , Cunningham Colm , Hayden Kathleen M. , Jones Richard N. , Khachaturian Ara S. , Khan Babar A. , Marcantonio Edward R. , Needham Dale M. , Neufeld Karin J. , Rose Louise , Spence Jessica , Tieges Zoë , Vlisides Phillip , Inouye Sharon K. ,   NIDUS Writing Group
Published: April 2020

Delirium is an acute disorder of attention and cognition. It occurs across the life span, yet it is particularly common among older adults, and is closely linked with underlying neurocognitive disorders. Evidence is mounting that intervening on delirium may represent an important opportunity for delaying the onset or progression of dementia. To accelerate the current understanding of delirium, the Network for Investigation of Delirium: Unifying Scientists (NIDUS) held a conference “Advancing Delirium Research: A Scientific Think Tank” in June 2019. This White Paper encompasses the major knowledge and research gaps identified at the conference: advancing delirium definition and measurement, understanding delirium pathophysiology, and prevention and treatment of delirium. A roadmap of research priorities is proposed to advance the field in a systematic, interdisciplinary, and coordinated fashion. A call is made for an international consortium and biobank targeted to delirium, as well as a public health campaign to advance the field.
Guidelines for the ethical review of laboratory animal welfare People’s Republic of China National Standard GB/T 35892‐2018 [Issued 6 February 2018 Effective from 1 September 2018]
Authors: MacArthur Clark Judy A. , Sun Deming
Published: April 2020

These Chinese National Guidelines (GB/T 35892‐20181) were issued February 06, 2018 and became effective September 01, 2018. The authors recognized the urgent need for an authentic English translation to inform the international community of the compliance requirements in China. It was appreciated that the final translation must reflect the specialist understanding of those working under the Guideline whilst remaining faithful to the meaning of the original Chinese text. A three‐step translation process was therefore determined.

Step 1: A professional interpretation service (KL Communications, UK) was commissioned to prepare a literal translation of the Chinese text. Supportive documents were provided which explained specialist terminology. This translation was checked by two bilingual experts.

Step 2: A workshop was held in Nanjing in May 2019 to which were invited experts in laboratory animal welfare and ethical use. These included international native English‐speaking and Chinese‐speaking delegates. The delegates worked in multi‐lingual teams to review sections of the literal translation ahead of the workshop, and to agree an authentic interpretation during the workshop.

Step 3: Following the workshop, three bilingual experts (two native Chinese speakers and one native English speaker) reviewed the entire document to ensure consistency of terminology and general accuracy. This document is thus not a “literal translation” but an “accurate interpretation” of the original text. Any challenge of work being performed under these Guidelines should rely on the Chinese text in the first place. However, this translation may be used as mitigating evidence, especially where those performing the work are non‐Chinese speakers.
Reversible Luminescent Switching in an Organic Cocrystal: Multi‐Stimuli‐Induced Crystal‐to‐Crystal Phase Transformation
Authors: Liu Yingjie , Li Aisen , Xu Shuping , Xu Weiqing , Liu Yu , Tian Wenjing , Xu Bin
Published: April 2020

A luminescent cocrystal system is reported to undergo crystal‐to‐crystal phase transformation from yellow‐emitting polymorph I to green‐emitting polymorph II, triggered by THF fuming or heating, and the green emission can recover to the initial yellow emission by grinding. The established spectroscopic and crystallographic analyses demonstrate that the phase transition occurred and benefits from the combined effect of similar molecular arrange sequence and unique alteration of intermolecular interactions from halogen/hydrogen bonds in I to π–π stacking in II. Furthermore, I and II exhibit red‐shift emission under hydrostatic pressure. The emission of I and II shows a red‐shift and recovers towards the initial emission upon acid–base fuming. This is a rare example of reversible luminescent switching of cocrystal based upon crystal‐to‐crystal phase transition, and provides an alternative strategy to develop multi‐stimuli responsive materials.
A Photoinduced Nonadiabatic Decay‐Guided Molecular Motor Triggers Effective Photothermal Conversion for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Ni Jen‐Shyang , Zhang Xun , Yang Guang , Kang Tianyi , Lin Xiangwei , Zha Menglei , Li Yaxi , Wang Lidai , Li Kai
Published: April 2020

It remains highly challenging to identify small molecule‐based photothermal agents with a high photothermal conversion efficiency (PTCE). Herein, we adopt a double bond‐based molecular motor concept to develop a new class of small photothermal agents to break the current design bottleneck. As the double‐bond is twisted by strong twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) upon irradiation, the excited agents can deactivate non‐radiatively through the conical intersection (CI) of internal conversion, which is called photoinduced nonadiabatic decay. Such agents possess a high PTCE of 90.0 %, facilitating low‐temperature photothermal therapy in the presence of a heat shock protein 70 inhibitor. In addition, the behavior and mechanism of NIR laser‐triggered molecular motions for generating heat through the CI pathway have been further understood through theoretical and experimental evidence, providing a design principle for highly efficient photothermal and photoacoustic agents.
L‐lysine‐Pd Complex Supported on Fe3O4MNPs: a novel recoverable magnetic nanocatalyst for Suzuki C‐C Cross‐Coupling reaction
Authors: Ashraf Muhammad Aqeel , Liu Zhenling , Zhang Dangquan , Alimoradi Ashkan
Published: April 2020

In this work, L‐lysine‐Pd Complex, immobilized onto the surface of Fe3O4MNPs, was successfully prepared via simple and inexpensive procedure. The prepared nanocatalyst was considered as a robust and clean nano‐reactor catalyst for the Suzuki and Heck C‐C Cross‐Coupling reactions in water as the green condition. This eco‐friendly heterogeneous catalyst was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), X‐Ray Diffractometer (XRD), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP), X‐ray mapping, BET, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The use of a green medium, easy separation and workup, excellent reusability of the nanocatalyst and short reaction time are some outstanding advantages of this method.
Three‐dimensional visualization of blood supply of the upper lip using micro‐CT and implications for plastic surgery
Authors: Jiang Liya , Yin Ningbei , Wang Yongqian , Song Tao , Wu Di , Li Haidong
Published: April 2020

Introduction

The anatomy of the arterial branches in the upper lip and their relationships to soft tissue are not well described in the literature. The purpose of this study was to explore a method for visualizing the microvessels and soft tissue three‐dimensionally to gain better understanding of the upper lip blood supply.

Materials and Methods

Seventeen stillborn fetuses were injected with lead oxide–gelatin and stained with iodine. Thirty‐four half upper lip specimens were obtained and scanned by micro‐computed tomography. The images were then examined and Inveon analysis software was used for three‐dimensional reconstructions.

Results

The main supplies to the upper lip were from the superior labial and inferior alar arteries. In some cases, the infraorbital and lateral nasal arteries also branched off to the upper lip. The anatomical variations were classified into six types on the basis of the observed vascular composition patterns. The skin was supplied by the subcutaneous vascular network, formed by the superficial ascending branches of the superior labial and inferior alar arteries. The mucosa was supplied by the submucosal vascular network, formed by the deep ascending branches of the superior labial artery and the labial branches of the infraorbital artery. The muscles were supplied by small vertical branches from the subcutaneous and submucosal vascular networks.

Conclusion

This study provides new anatomical insight into the upper lip by describing the microvessels and the relationship between the arteries and the soft tissue involved. This is important information for clinical applications in upper lip plastic surgery.
Tetroxanes as New Agents against Leishmania amazonensis
Authors: Antolínez Isabel V. , Barbosa Luiz C. A. , Borgati Tatiane F. , Baldaia Almodvar , Ferreira Sebastião R. , Almeida Raquel M. , Fujiwara Ricardo T.
Published: April 2020

Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease, caused by a parasite of Leishmania genus and widespread in the tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Currents drugs are limited due to their toxicity and parasite resistance. Therefore, the discovery of new treatment, more effective and less toxic, is urgent. In this study, we report the synthesis of six gem‐dihydroperoxides (2a–2f), with yields ranging from 10 % to 90 %, utilizing a new methodology. The dihydroperoxides were converted into ten tetroxanes (3a–3j), among which six (3b, 3c, 3d, 3g, 3h and 3j) showed activity against intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis. The cytotoxicity of all compounds was also evaluated against canine macrophages (DH82), human hepatoma (HepG2) and monkey renal cells (BGM). Most compounds were more active and less toxic than potassium antimonyl tartrate trihydrate, used as positive control. Amongst all tetroxanes, 3b (IC50=0.64 μm) was the most active, being more selective than positive control in relation to DH82, HepG2 and BGM cells. In summary, the results revealed a hit compound for the development of new drugs to treat leishmaniasis.
Predictors and outcomes of procedural failure of percutaneous coronary intervention of a chronic total occlusion—A subanalysis of the EXPLORE trial
Authors: Kolk Maarten Z. H. , van Veelen Anna , Agostoni Pierfrancesco , van Houwelingen Gert K. , Ouweneel Dagmar M. , Hoebers Loes P. , Råmunddal Truls , Laanmets Peep , Eriksen Erlend , Bax Matthijs , Suttorp Maarten J. , Claessen Bimmer E. P. M. , van der Schaaf René J. , Elias Joëlle , van Dongen Ivo M. , Henriques José P. S.
Published: April 2020

Objective

To evaluate predictors of procedural success of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of chronic total coronary occlusions (CTOs) in a non‐infarct‐related artery following ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), and demonstrate the effect on left ventricular functionality (LVF), infarct size (IS), and pro‐arrhythmic electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters.

Background

Predictors of unsuccessful revascularization of a CTO are numerous, although following STEMI, these are lacking. Besides, effects of failed CTO PCI (FPCI) on the myocardium are unknown.

Methods

This is a subanalysis of the EXPLORE trial, in which 302 STEMI patients with a concurrent CTO were randomized to CTO PCI (n = 147) or no‐CTO PCI (NPCI, n = 154). For the purpose of this subanalysis, we divided patients into successful CTO PCI (SPCI, n = 106), FPCI (n = 41), and NPCI (n = 154) groups. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and angiographic data were derived from the EXPLORE database, combined with ECG parameters. To gain more insight, all outcomes were compared with patients that did not undergo CTO PCI.

Results

In multivariate regression, only CTO lesion length >20 mm was an independent predictor of procedural failure (OR 3.31 [1.49–7.39]). No significant differences in median left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular end‐diastolic volume, IS, and the pro‐arrhythmic ECG parameters such as QT‐dispersion, QTc‐time, and TpTe‐intervals were seen between the SPCI and FPCI groups at 4 months follow‐up.

Conclusion

This subanalysis of the EXPLORE trial has demonstrated that a CTO lesion length >20 mm is an independent predictor of CTO PCI failure, whereas procedural failure did not lead to any adverse effects on LVF nor pro‐arrhythmic ECG parameters.
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, a clinically diverse and challenging disorder
Authors: Chruickshank Therese , Thoresen Hanne , Benjaminsen Espen , Odeh Francis
Published: April 2020

The characterizing features of Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) are broad and diverse, making early recognition and diagnosis challenging tasks. To illustrate the heterogeneous nature of PRES, we present three cases and discuss their clinical and radiological presentation.
Impact of Alkali and Alkali‐Earth Cations on Ni‐Catalyzed Dimerization of Butene
Authors: Ehrmaier Andreas , Löbbert Laura , Sanchez‐Sanchez Maricruz , Bermejo‐Deval Ricardo , Lercher Johannes
Published: April 2020

The presence of alkali (Na+ or Li+) or alkali‐earth (Ca2+ or Mg2+) cations adjusting the acid‐base properties on amorphous silica‐alumina influences markedly the catalytic properties of supported Ni for 1‐butene dimerization. The low concentration of Brønsted acid sites on these catalysts reduces the double bond isomerization of butene and inhibits the formation of dimethylhexene as primary product. While the alkali and alkali‐earth cations act as weak Lewis acid sites, only Ni2+ sites are catalytically active for dimerization of 1‐butene. n‐Octene and methylheptene are formed selectively as primary products; dimethylhexene is a secondary product. The open environment of the Ni2+ sites does not induce different reaction pathways compared to Ni2+ in the pores of zeolites.
Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation and Oxidation in Aqueous Conditions†
Authors: Zhang Peili , Sun Licheng
Published: April 2020

Water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms, making it a potential oxygen and hydrogen source. Electrocatalytic organic reduction and oxidation using water as oxygen and/or hydrogen donors provide an environmentally friendly and sustainable strategy to replace traditional chemical‐driven stoichiometric reactions that use sacrificial reagents. Furthermore, the development of electrochemical synthesis provides a potential application for low tension photoelectricity, which is not cost‐effective during boosted voltage and application. In the last decade, electrocatalytic redox reactions of organic molecules in aqueous media had shown progress owing to the development of electrode materials and water‐splitting technology. This paper highlights several electrocatalytic systems and corresponding mechanisms for both hydrogenation and oxidative transformation of representative compounds. The activation process of protons and water on the working electrode surface has received special focus. Furthermore, paired electrolysis using water as the oxygen and hydrogen source has been demonstrated. This paired system combines hydrogenation and oxidation half‐reactions in one cell using water as the hydrogen and oxygen source, resulting in high atomic and electron utilization rates.
Prognostic indicators of new onset atrial fibrillation in patients with acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Zhang Hengliang , Dong Pingshuan , Yang Xvming , Du Laijing , Wang Ke , Yan Peng , Zhang Huifeng , Wang Tengfei , Zhao Xikun , Guo Tengfei
Published: April 2020

Background

This study aims to estimate prognostic indicators of new onset atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) through 3 to 5 years of follow‐up.

Hypothesis

For patients with ACS, some prognostic indicators can be used to predict new onset AF.

Methods

The Improving Care for Cardiovascular Disease in China‐ACS (CCC‐ACS) program was launched in 2014 by a collaborative initiative of the American Heart Association and Chinese Society of Cardiology. We enrolled 866 patients with ACS in a telephone follow‐up program. We inquired about each patient's general health and invited each patient to our hospital for further consultation. We also performed ambulatory electrocardiography and other relevant examinations.

Results

A total of 743 ACS patients were included in the study. After 3 to 5 years, 50 (0.67%) patients developed AF. In multivariable Cox models adjusting for AF risk factors in ACS patients, we found that NT‐proBNP [hazard ratio (HR) 2.625, 1.654‐4.166, P < .05], creatine kinase‐MB (CK‐MB) (HR 4.279, 1.887‐9.703, P < .05), and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (HR 0.01, 0.001‐0.352, P < .05) were significantly associated with AF receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine a cutoff level for AF screening. NT‐proBNP using a cutoff of 1705 ng/L resulted in a sensitivity of 58% and a specificity of 89.8%. CK‐MB using a cutoff of 142.5 ng/L resulted in a sensitivity of 73.3% and a specificity of 58.3%.

Conclusion

For patients with ACS, NT‐proBNP, CK‐MB, and LVEF have a considerable prognostic value for predicting whether AF would be detected during follow‐up.
Metabolic Labeling for the Visualization and Identification of Potentially O‐GlcNAc‐Modified Proteins
Authors: Pedowitz Nichole J. , Zaro Balyn W. , Pratt Matthew R.
Published: April 2020

O‐GlcNAcylation is a posttranslational modification involving the addition of the single monosaccharide N‐acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) onto serine and threonine residues of intracellular proteins. Though O‐GlcNAc is found on ∼1000 proteins in mammals, its specific function on individual substrates remains largely a mystery. To overcome this shortcoming, work has been put toward developing metabolic chemical reporters (MCRs) to label O‐GlcNAcylated proteins for subsequent biochemical analysis. Typically, these MCRs are GlcNAc or GalNAc analogs functionalized with azide or alkyne handles. These unnatural sugar moieties can be metabolically incorporated directly on to protein substrates. The protocols outlined in this article describe how to use MCRs as tools for visualizing and identifying potentially O‐GlcNAc modified proteins via in‐gel fluorescence, Western blotting, and mass spectrometry. Taken together, MCR labeling provides a powerful tool to discover where and when substrates are O‐GlcNAc modified. © 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Basic Protocol 1: Treatment of cells and CuAAC

Basic Protocol 2: In‐gel fluorescence of labeled cell lysates (1 mg scale)

Basic Protocol 3: Enrichment of labeled proteins, trypsinolysis, and collection of peptides for proteomics

Basic Protocol 4: Proteomic identification of labeled proteins
Opinion leaders' detection in dynamic social networks
Authors: Oueslati Wided , Arrami SeifAllah , Dhouioui Zeineb , Massaabi Marwa
Published: April 2020

Social media networks have revolutionized the way users interact and express their opinion. Obviously, identifying opinion leaders has a widespread applicability. For instance, by detecting leaders, companies can manipulate the public opinion. However, this task is challenging due to the complexity and the ceaseless change of the social networks structure. Yet, existing opinion leaders 'detection methods have essentially focused on static social graphs neglecting the temporal characteristics. Therefore, the necessity of identifying opinion leaders seems to be more and more crucial. In this context, we present a new approach for detecting opinion leaders based on analyzing online community interactions and dealing with the dynamic aspect of social networks. The experiments are performed on real data and the comparison of the proposed approach with commonly used approaches showed a good performance.
Reliable machine prognostic health management in the presence of missing data
Authors: Huang Yu , Tang Yufei , VanZwieten James , Liu Jianxun
Published: April 2020

Prognostics and health management enables the prediction of future degradation and remaining useful life (RUL) for in‐service systems based on historical and contemporary data, showing promise for many practical applications. One major challenge for prognostics is the common occurrence of missing values in time‐series data, often caused by disruptions in sensor communication or hardware/software failures. Another major concern is that the sufficient prior knowledge of critical component degradation with a clear failure threshold is often not readily available in practice. These issues can significantly hinder the application of advanced signal and data analysis methods and consequently degrade the health management performance. In this article, we propose a novel data‐driven framework that is capable of providing accurate and reliable predictions of degradation and RUL. In this approach, one‐hot health state indicators are appended to the historical time series so that the model learns end‐of‐life automatically. A modified gate recurrent unit based variational autoencoder is employed in generative adversarial networks to model the temporal irregularity of the incomplete time series. Experiments on multivariate time‐series datasets collected from real‐world aeroengines verify that significant performance improvement can be achieved using the proposed model for robust long‐term prognostics.
Alkyl‐Alkyl Interactions in the Periphery of Supramolecular Entities: From the Evaluation of Weak Forces to Applications
Authors: Giese Michael , Albrecht Markus
Published: April 2020

Supramolecular chemistry is based on weak intermolecular forces which nevertheless are of importance for chemical processes. In this report the relevance of alkyl‐alkyl interactions in supramolecular assemblies is discussed. We show how hierarchically formed helicates can be used to evaluate weak interactions of alkyl groups based on solvent‐supported London dispersion. In addition, the role of nano‐segregation of alkyl groups in the periphery of supramolecular assemblies is described, as well as how this can be used to improve the properties of liquid‐crystalline materials by controlling the alkyl‐chain‐mediated aggregation process.
Fullerene‐Based Interlayers for Breaking Energy Barriers in Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Gu Ying , Liu Yao , Russell Thomas P.
Published: April 2020

Organic solar cells (OSCs) are lightweight, flexible, and have easy solution processability, thus making them advantageous for large‐area device fabrication. The interlayer materials between the electrodes and organic active layer are vital elements for device fabrication. Recently, solution‐processable fullerene derivatives have been studied intensively as efficient electrode interlayer materials for solar cell applications. In this Minireview, we summarize recent advances using fullerene derivatives as interlayers in OSCs. The examples include fullerene interlayers from small molecules to polymers, and to organic composites or organic/inorganic hybrid materials. We focus on the comprehensive efforts in developing fullerene‐based interlayers and present the understanding of multiple functionalities of these materials as cathode interlayers in bulk hetero‐junction (BHJ) OSCs. Our motivation is to describe our current understanding, recent progress, and outstanding issues of fullerene interlayers in OSCs, and propose future potential directions and opportunities.
Cationic Surfactant‐Modified Covalent Organic Frameworks for Nitrate Removal from Aqueous Solution: Synthesis by Free‐Radical Polymerization
Authors: Ji Shi‐Lei , Qian Hai‐Long , Yang Cheng‐Xiong , Zhao Xu , Yan Xiu‐Ping
Published: April 2020

Development of efficient adsorbents for nitrate removal is vital for tackling increasing nitrate contamination. We report a free‐radical polymerization strategy to prepare a cationic surfactant‐modified covalent organic framework (DhaTab‐S) for removing nitrate ions from aqueous solution. DhaTab‐S was prepared by grafting a cationic surfactant diallyldimethylammonium chloride solution on vinyl‐containing COF (DhaTab‐V). The adsorption capacity for nitrate was pH‐dependent with the maximum at pH 6, and the adsorption process was largely influenced by ionic strength. The adsorption equilibrium for nitrate on DhaTab‐S was reached within 40 minutes and followed pseudo‐second‐order kinetics. DhaTab‐S showed a nitrate adsorption capacity of 108.8 mg g−1, which is about 15 times that of COF before surfactant modification. The large adsorption capacity makes DhaTab‐S a promising candidate for nitrate removal from aqueous media.
Ambivalence in Psychotherapy Questionnaire: Development and validation studies
Authors: Oliveira João Tiago , Ribeiro António P. , Gonçalves Miguel M.
Published: April 2020

Research emphasizes that individuals' engagement with change process is a significant predictor of therapeutic outcomes. Ambivalence is a natural phenomenon in change processes, but when individuals cannot overcome it, their problems may intensify. Ambivalence towards change, a client variable characterized by an intrapersonal conflict between two positions of the self, one in favour of change and another one in favour of the status quo, is shown to play a determinant role in psychotherapy. Despite its importance, few empirical studies have examined this process, and the considerable methodological differences among existing studies make it difficult to generalize results. Therefore, instruments measuring ambivalence in an effective way can help broaden the understanding of the process. First, we performed a content analysis of ambivalence events identified in psychotherapy sessions from previous studies using an observational coding system. The factor structure, reliability and validity of the measure were tested using 91 and confirmed with 223 psychotherapy clients at any time during the therapeutic process. A two‐factor structure was found, suggesting two components of Ambivalence—Demoralization and Wavering. The results indicated that the Ambivalence in Psychotherapy Questionnaire exhibits good psychometric properties, including good convergent and divergent validity. The implications are discussed.
Treatment for internalizing problems up among teens
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: April 2020

A growing number of adolescents are receiving treatment for internalizing mental health problems, placing new demands on specialty outpatient treatment, a recent study has found.
Effect of corporate social responsibility scores on bank efficiency: The moderating role of institutional context
Authors: Forgione Antonio Fabio , Laguir Issam , Staglianò Raffaele
Published: April 2020

This paper examines how corporate social responsibility (CSR) affects bank efficiency in a sample of large commercial banks across 22 countries over the 2013–2017 period. We used a one‐step model of stochastic frontier analysis for panel data to estimate bank profit efficiency and found that the greater the activities in the social and environmental dimensions of CSR, the lower the level of efficiency, whereas activities in the corporate governance dimension are generally not relevant. This result supports the relevance of agent perspectives for these firms. However, we also found that institutional context moderates this baseline result. Specifically, all CSR activities have a positive impact on bank efficiency in common law countries and countries where the effectiveness of stakeholder protection is high. This supports the view that contexts that favor firms' sustainable behavior also increase bank efficiency.
A probabilistic‐based approach for direction‐of‐arrival estimation and localization of multiple sources
Authors: Abdelbari Amr , Bilgehan Bülent
Published: April 2020

This article contributes to science at two points. The first contribution is at a point of introducing a novel direction‐of‐arrival (DOA) estimation method which based on subspaces methods called Probabilistic Estimation of Several Signals (PRESS). The PRESS method provides higher resolution and DOA accuracy than current models. Second contribution of the article is at a point of localizing the unknown signal source. The process of localization achieved by using DOA information for the first time. The importance of localization exists in a large area of engineering applications. The aim is to determine the location of multiple sources by using PRESS with minimum effort of computation. We used the maximum probabilistic process in this study. Initially, all the signals are collected by the array of sensors and accurately identified using the proposed algorithm. The receiver at the best in test estimates the source location using only the knowledge of the geographical latitude and longitude values of the array of sensors. Several test points with an accurately calculated angle of arrival enable us to draw linear lines towards the transmitter. The transmitter location can be accurately identified with the line of interceptions. Simulation and numerical results show the outstanding performance of both the DOA estimation method and transmitter localization approach compared with many classical and new DOA estimation methods. The PRESS localization method first tested at 19°, 26°, and 35° with an signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) value of ‐5 dB. The PRESS method produced results with an extremely low bias of 0 and 0.00080°. The simulation tests are repeated and produced results with zero bias, which give the exact location of the unknown source.
Alpha‐ and beta‐tubulin isotypes are differentially expressed during brain development
Authors: Hausrat Torben J. , Radwitz Jennifer , Lombino Franco L. , Breiden Petra , Kneussel Matthias
Published: April 2020

Alpha‐ and beta‐tubulin dimers polymerize into protofilaments that associate laterally to constitute a hollow tube, the microtubule. A dynamic network of interlinking filaments forms the microtubule cytoskeleton, which maintains the structure of cells and is key to various cellular processes including cell division, cell migration, and intracellular transport. Individual microtubules have an identity that depends on the differential integration of specific alpha‐ and beta‐tubulin isotypes and is further specified by a variety of posttranslational modifications (PTMs). It is barely understood to which extent neighboring microtubules differ in their tubulin composition or whether specific tubulin isotypes cluster along the polymer. Furthermore, our knowledge about the spatio‐temporal expression patterns of tubulin isotypes is limited, not at least due to the lack of antibodies or antibody cross‐reactivities. Here, we asked which alpha‐ and beta‐tubulin mRNAs and proteins are expressed in developing hippocampal neuron cultures and ex vivo brain tissue lysates. Using heterologous expression of GFP‐tubulin fusion proteins, we systematically tested antibody‐specificities against various tubulin isotypes. Our data provide quantitative information about tubulin expression levels in the mouse brain and classify tubulin isotypes during pre‐ and postnatal development.
Similar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and genotoxicity profiles of atmospheric particulate matter from cities on three different continents
Authors: Maselli Bianca S. , Cunha Virginia , Lim Hwanmi , Bergvall Christoffer , Westerholm Roger , Dreij Kristian , Watanabe Tetsushi , Cardoso Arnaldo A. , Pozza Simone A. , Umbuzeiro Gisela A. , Kummrow Fábio
Published: April 2020

The extractable organic material (EOM) from atmospheric total suspended particles (TSP) contains several organic compounds including non‐substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkyl‐PAHs, and nitro‐PAHs. These chemicals seem to be among the key drivers of TSP genotoxicity. We have shown previously that the mutagenic potencies of the EOM from Limeira, Stockholm, and Kyoto, cities with markedly different meteorological conditions and pollution sources are similar. Here we compare the profiles of non‐substituted PAHs (27 congeners), alkyl‐PAHs (15 congeners), and nitro‐PAHs (7 congeners) from the same EOM samples from these cities. We also compared the genotoxicity profiles using comet and micronucleus assays in human bronchial epithelial cells. The profiles of PAHs, as well as the cytotoxic and genotoxic potencies when expressed in EOM, were quite similar among the studied cities. It seems that despite the differences in meteorological conditions and pollution sources of the cities, removal, mixing, and different atmospheric transformation processes may be contributing to the similarity of the PAHs composition and genotoxicity profiles. More studies are required to verify if this would be a general rule applicable to other cities. Although these profiles were similar for all three cities, the EOM concentration in the atmospheres is markedly different. Thus, the population of Limeira (∼10‐fold more EOM/m3 than Stockholm and ∼6‐fold more than Kyoto) is exposed to higher concentrations of genotoxic pollutants, and Kyoto's population is 1.5‐fold more exposed than Stockholm's. Therefore, to reduce the risk of human exposure to TSP genotoxins, the volume of emissions needs to be reduced.
Significance of boulder shape, shoreline configuration and pre‐transport setting for the transport of boulders by tsunamis
Authors: Oetjen Jan , Engel Max , Pudasaini Shiva P. , Schuettrumpf Holger
Published: April 2020

Research on tsunami‐induced coarse‐clast transport is a field of rising interest since such deposits have been identified as useful proxies for extreme‐wave events (tsunamis, storm waves) that provide crucial information for coastal hazard assessment. Physical experiments are, beside in‐situ observations, the foundation of our understanding of how boulders are transported by tsunamis and provide clues to the development of empirical equations and numerical models describing the processes and fundamental mechanics. Nevertheless, investigating tsunami‐induced boulder transport is a comparatively young discipline and only a few experimental studies focusing on this topic have been published so far. To improve the knowledge on nearshore tsunami hydrodynamics, physical experiments utilizing real‐world boulder shapes have been carried out simulating three different shore types in a wave flume. Crucial insights were gained into boulder transport hydrodynamics and data resulting from the experiments were analysed in an empirical, statistical, quantitative and qualitative manner. The regular cuboid boulder – one of the specific shapes used in the experiments – showed the longest transport distances compared to a complex, natural boulder and a flat cuboid boulder, but also significant fluctuations regarding the total transport distance. The experiments indicate a strong influence of the shore shape on boulder transport behaviour. Experimental setups of increased mean transport distances also led to a higher spreading of results. This spreading was further amplified between the idealized‐shaped cuboid and the complex‐shaped boulder, which is associated with a lower drag coefficient. Due to the highly sensitive boulder reaction to divergent experimental setups, the need to recognize boundary conditions overcoming commonly considered parameters (e.g. roughness or Flatness Index) in field studies and numerical models is underlined. Beside the strong influence of initial boulder submergence and alignment, both the boulder shape and shore type influence the boulder transport pattern, increasing the total transport distance by more than 350% in some cases. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Privacy‐preserving multisource transfer learning in intrusion detection system
Authors: Xu Mengfan , Li Xinghua , Wang Yunwei , Luo Bin , Guo Jingjing
Published: April 2020

The increasing scale of the network and the demand for data privacy‐preserving have brought several challenges for existing intrusion detection schemes, which presents three issues: large computational overhead, long training period, and different feature distribution which leads low model performance. The emergence of transfer learning has solved the above problems. However, the existing transfer learning‐based schemes can only operate in plaintext when different domains and clouds are untrusted entities, the privacy during data processing cannot be preserved. Therefore, this paper designs a privacy‐preserving multi‐source transfer learning intrusion detection system (IDS). Firstly, we used the Paillier homomorphic to encrypt models which trained from different source domains and uploaded to the cloud. Then, based on privacy‐preserving scheme, we first proposed a multisource transfer learning IDS based on encrypted XGBoost (E‐XGBoost). The experimental results show that the proposed scheme can successfully transfer the encryption models from multiple source domains to the target domain, and the accuracy rate can reach 93.01% in ciphertext, with no significant decrease in detection performance compared with works in plaintext. The training time of the model is significantly reduced from the traditional hour‐level to the minute‐level.
A proper orthogonal decomposition variational multiscale meshless interpolating element‐free Galerkin method for incompressible magnetohydrodynamics flow
Authors: Abbaszadeh Mostafa , Dehghan Mehdi , Navon Ionel Michael
Published: April 2020

In the recent decade, the meshless methods have been handled for solving most of PDEs due to easiness of the meshless methods. One of the popular meshless methods is the element‐free Galerkin (EFG) method that was first proposed for solving some problems in the solid mechanics. The test and trial functions of the EFG are based on the special basis. Recently, some modifications have been developed to improve the EFG method. One of these improvements is the variational multiscale EFG procedure. In the current article, the shape functions of interpolation moving least squares approximation have been applied to the variational multiscale EFG technique for solving the incompressible magnetohydrodynamics flow. In order to reduce the elapsed CPU time of simulation, we employ a reduced‐order model based on the proper orthogonal decomposition technique. The current combination can be referred to as the reduced‐order variational multiscale EFG technique. To illustrate the reduction in CPU time used as well as the efficiency of the proposed method, we applied it for the two‐dimensional cases.
Nostoc sphaeroids Kütz ameliorates hyperlipidemia and maintains the intestinal barrier and gut microbiota composition of high‐fat diet mice
Authors: Wei Fenfen , Liu Yinlu , Bi Cuicui , Chen Sheng , Wang Yulan , Zhang Bo
Published: April 2020

Hyperlipidemia is associated with chronic inflammation and intestinal dysbiosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of Nostoc sphaeroids Kütz (NO) on diet‐induced hyperlipidemia in mice. Experimental animals received a high‐fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks, then an HFD supplemented with 2.5% or 7.5% NO for 6 weeks. HFD‐fed mice exhibited a significant increase in serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low‐density lipid cholesterol, and a decrease in high‐density lipid cholesterol. NO supplementation was associated with significantly lower dyslipidemia, decreased intestinal inflammation, and inhibition of toll‐like receptor 4 gene repression in HFD‐fed mice. Results suggest that NO treatment protected the integrity of the intestinal barrier. NO treatment was also associated with significant changes in the intestinal microbiota induced by HFD and an increase in the Firmicutes‐to‐Bacteroidetes ratio. Furthermore, NO treatment was also inversely correlated with mice obesity and hyperlipidemia NO and was associated with no significant in fecal short‐chain fatty acids. In conclusion, NO significantly ameliorated hyperlipidemia induced by a HFD in mice, potentially via a decrease intestinal inflammation, increase in intestinal barrier integrity, and amelioration in the gut microbiota.
Changes in the physicochemical components, polyphenol profile, and flavor of persimmon wine during spontaneous and inoculated fermentation
Authors: Lu Yao , Liu Yaqiong , Lv Jiawei , Ma Yanli , Guan Xiaolei
Published: April 2020

Changes in the oenological parameters, total phenols, total flavonoids, and individual phenols of persimmon during spontaneous and inoculated fermentation were investigated. The volatile compounds and sensory character of the persimmon wine were compared and evaluated simultaneously. Results show that at the end of fermentation, spontaneous persimmon wine (SPW) has higher contents of total flavonoids, total phenols yet lower concentrations of alcohol and volatile compounds than inoculated persimmon wine (IPW). Catechin, salicylic acid, quercetin, and vanillic acid were the main phenolic compounds in both types of persimmon wine. There are six volatile components in the IPW with an OAV greater than 1, which are isoamyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate, methyl octanoate, ethyl octanoate, phenethyl acetate, and 2, 4‐di‐tert‐butylphenol, and these compounds contribute to the IPW with brandy and fruity sensory properties, while only three volatile components in SPW have OAV greater than 1, which are isoamyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate, and ethyl octanoate. Spontaneous fermentation increased the proportion of esters and alcohols in the overall volatile compounds. During sensory evaluation, IPW was characterized by “brandy,” “bitterness,” and low “sweetness,” and SPW has a high score of “sweetness,” “balance,” desirable “color,” and “body.”