bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metacommunicative-why fragments as probes into the grammar of the speech act layer
Authors: Woods Rebecca , Vicente Luis
Published: July 2021

The English lexical item why can be used metacommunicatively in response to a previous question act. In these cases, its meaning is similar to “Why are you (the original questioner) asking me (the original addressee) that question?” This is also true of why’s counterparts in a range of other languages. We demonstrate how metacommunicative, or meta, why’s use and meaning is similar to and different from the paraphrase above, proposing a modal-driven ontology for why, and explore how different constructions involving meta-why are derived. We argue that meta-why is derived by eliding a question act, a syntactic object larger than a proposition, and provide support for theoretical frameworks in which discourse management and interlocutor commitment acts are encoded in syntax.
The Difference of Cadre Knowledge Before and After Handwashing Tele-Education in COVID-19 Outbreak at Burangrang Village, Bandung
Authors: Damara Fachreza Aryo
Published: July 2021

Background: Health prevention and promotion are both important in making better public health. In order to actualize both aspects, Posyandu cadre play major role. Cadre have bigger chance and impact to educate the people who are living around them. However, doing a direct education has become more difficult since physical contacts were minimalized during this COVID-19 outbreak. Therefore, an effective tele-education is needed as an effort to prevent COVID-19 transmission. The study aims to evaluate the effect of tele-education through Youtube and Whatsapp to enhance people's understanding on COVID-19 transmission prevention Method: The study was a cross-sectional study with observational descriptive-analytical methods and quantitatively approach. Subject of the study was Posyandu cadre in Burangrang Village, Lengkong District, Bandung with the subject total was 19. Results: After given a tele-education, there was an increase in total score means between pretest and posttest with p=0.000 (p<0.001). Moreover, there were increases in both social media’s impression and engagement on educational video which was uploaded on Youtube. Discussion: In doing tele education to Posyandu cadre, video as a media to deliver the content was more preferred. Sharing the knowledge through video along with evaluating participants' understanding of the given topics could enhance cadre knowledge about handwashing as a prevention in the middle of COVID-19 outbreak. Conclusion: Tele education using video could enhance cadre’s understanding about handwashing. The media that has been used was able to deliver the content based on impression and engagement evaluations.
Perbandingan Hasil Framingham Risk Score (FRS) dan QRISK2 Pada Dewasa Usia Produktif terhadap WHO Chart
Authors: Sabrina Isra
Published: July 2021

Pendahuluan: FRS dan QRISK2 adalah algoritma penilaian risiko penyakit kardiovaskuler (PKV) yang direkomendasikan oleh American Heart Assosiationsebagai pedoman untuk deteksi dini risiko PKV dalm upaya menurunkan angka morbiditas dan mortilitas akibat PKV, sehingga penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana perbandingan hasil penilaian risiko PKV menggunakan FRS dan QRISK2 pada dewasa usia produktif di Jakarta.

Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan studi uji diagnostik dengan desain potong lintang pada 173 responden di kelurahan Wijaya Kusuma, Grogol, Jakarta Barat pada bulan September-November 2018. Data penelitian adalah data primer berupa data diri beserta riwayat penyakit dan hasil pengukuran tekanan darah, kadar kolesterol, dan IMT. Semua data primer dihitung menggunakan kalkulator dalam jaringan FRS dan QRISK2 dan dianalisis menggunakan program SPSS.

Hasil: Didapatkan nilai ROC beruturut-turut FRS dan QRISK2 sebesar 0.60 dan 0.69. Kemudian untuk sensitifitas, spesifitas, nilai prediksi positive, dan nilai prediksi negative FRS sebesar 31%, 90%, 35%, dan 88%. Sementara itu untuk QRISK2 sebesar 58%, 81%, 34%, dan 91%. Sehingga dari hasil analisis dapat disimpulkan bahwa QRISK2 memiliki nilai kepercayaan lebih besar pada populasi dibandingkan FRS.

Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan hasil prediksi risiko PKV menggunakan FRS dan QRISK2. Berdasarkan nilai sensitifitas dan spesifitas, didapatkan QRISK2 lebih baik dibandingkan FRS. Akan tetapi, berdasarkan nilai praduga positif dan negatif, FRS lebih baik dibandingkan  QRISK2. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan pada penelitian ini, pengunaan FRS untuk prediksi risiko PKV pada layanan primer lebih baik dibandingkan QRISK2.
Estimating the effects of restoration on ecosystem services in the Haringvliet: Mapping current and future regulating ecosystem services
Authors:   Institute for Environmental Studies, VU Amsterdam, Kopa-Ovdienko Nikita
Published: July 2021

To improve the state of the ecosystem of the Haringvliet, an estuary in the Southwest Delta of the Netherlands, the dam, which cuts off the estuary from the sea, will be opened a little in 2018. My research aims to quantify plausible changes of the ecosystem services supply following this water management modification and accompanying habitat restoration measures. For this purpose, values of ecosystem services supply for the relevant ecosystems were collected from the literature and GIS mapping was applied. The study shows clearly that the ecosystem services supply is expected to increase in general following the restoration scenarios. The results can be used for the planning of additional restoration measures aiming to provide the highest possible supply of the ecosystem services.
The Role of Sustainable Design in the Current Refugee Crisis
Authors:   Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Apel Sophia
Published: July 2021

This research paper discusses the question to which extent sustainable design by female designers can help mitigate humanitarian hardship caused by a refugee crisis. To examine this question, four sustainable design projects will be analyzed with respect to their ability to meet refugees’ needs and the extent of their sustainability. After the presentation of the designs, several questions will be addressed. Specifically, the economic feasibility and effectiveness of the solutions in targeting issues that arise with a refugee crisis will be evaluated. The paper recognizes limitations of the presented designs in terms of providing structural, macro-level solutions to a refugee crisis. It then concludes by acknowledging the overall potential of sustainable innovation in relieving humanitarian hardship caused by a refugee crisis.
Evaluation of the Directive 2008/50/EC on Ambient Air Quality
Authors:   Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Langkamp Marina , Bayma Vinicius Valente
Published: July 2021

The EU Directive 2008/50/EC on Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe is one of the actions taken at the European Levelto reach sustainable air quality levels that do not threaten the Environment and EU citizens across EU Member States. After over 10 years, it was considered appropriate to evaluate the EU intervention with the aim to comment, on its shortcomings and to provide policy recommendations. According to the EU “better regulation guidelines”, every assessment should use the evaluation criteria framework and investigate five main aspects of the intervention, namely effectiveness, efficiency, coherence, relevance and EU added value. Although this framework must guide every evaluation, the level of investigation implemented for each of the five criteria stills depends on the initiative being assessed, as well as the timing and data reliability. The analysis of the five criteria demonstrated a solid difficulty in implementing EU-wide measures to improve air quality. Although there’s no doubt about the relevance, cohesion and EU-added value aspects of the Directive, its efficiency and effectiveness can be debated.
Her Majesty's Attorney General - v - Akhter & Ors.
Authors: Francis Thomas
Published: July 2021

This brief considers the February 2020 judgment of the Court of Appeal of England & Wales in Akhter - v - Khan, an appeal brought by the Attorney General against the decision at first-instance to grant the petitioner wife, Akhter, a decree nisi, or provisional decree of divorce. The decision of the Court of Appeal was against the backdrop of the Law Commission holding a public consultation into the status at law of certain 'religious-only' marriages (including Islamic weddings) and whether, absent a contemporaneous or succeeding civil marriage, they are to be regarded as void (entitling petitioners to ancillary relief, such as spousal support) or 'non-marriages'.
PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT TERHADAP PEMISAHAN JENIS SAMPAH DI PASAR DESA KOTA BARU
Authors: Maulana Agus , Widyawati Widyawati , Nurfebiola Nurfebiola
Published: July 2021

Sampah sudah menjadi isu dalam rangka pembangunan di daerah, karena sampah belum ditangani secara teratur menurut jenisnya. Saat ini pengelolaan sampah di pasar di Kota Baru Kecamatan Keritang ditangani oleh pemerintah daerah dengan segala keterbatasan dalam sarana dan prasarana, belum digunakannya teknologi yang tepat untuk pengolahan sampah serta mekanime pengelolaan sampah yang masih konvensional membuat pengelolaan sampah belum dapat optimal dilaksanakan. Dengan capaian sampah yang kian bertambah setiap harinya hendaknya masyarakat mampu memilah sampahnya sendiri. Sampah ini jika dibiarkan maka dapat berdampak kepada masalah lingkungan karena pengelolaan sampah yang tidak baik menyebabkan sampah menjadi polutan bagi lingkungan dan untuk mengatasi hal tersebut dibutuhkan optimalisasi pengelolaan sampah tersebut. Sehingga dengan adanya pemilahan sampah ini maka sampah tersebut dapat didaur ulang sesuai dengan jenisnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk pemberdayaan masyarakat terhadap pemisahan jenis sampah agar upaya tersebut dapat mengurangi limbah sampah dan pemanfaatan sampah menjadi lebih efektif dan efisien. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode riset lapangan dengan sistem tabulasi dan identifikasi populasi dan sample. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mayoritas intensitas pembuangan sampah perhari adalah sebanyak 1 kg – 2 kg dengan persentase 79%, 2 kg – 4 kg sebanyak 20% dan sisanya adalah >5kg sebanyak 1%. Masyarakat yang berada di daerah pasar tersebut belum maksimal dalam hal bertanggung jawab atas sampah yang mereka hasilkan setiap harinya, sehingga sampah tersebut hanya menumpuk tanpa adanya pengelolaan lebih lanjut.
ENSINO RELIGIOSO ESCOLAR: UMA PRÁTICA NA EDUCAÇÃO BRASILEIRA
Authors: Santiago Marcus Antônio
Published: July 2021

A construção histórica do Ensino Religioso Escolar nos seus primórdios foi muito tumultuada. A confusão entre Ensino Religioso, Ensino de Religião ou Catequese era forte no passado e ainda perdura em nossos dias, tanto na teoria como na prática. Daí muita contestação sobre essa tão importante disciplina escolar. No entanto, ele tem o seu itinerário e continua percorrendo caminhos tortuosos e complexos, a fim de legitimar a sua identidade e o porquê de estar na grade curricular até nos dias de hoje. É necessária uma convicção: O Ensino Religioso não é um ensino qualquer, vago, impreciso. Ele tem a sua história, o seu conteúdo específico, a sua metodologia e os elementos que o configuram como área de conhecimento nos termos da Resolução CNE/CEB Nº. 7/2010, que visa à formação integral do educando e sua obrigatoriedade na matriz curricular do Ensino Fundamental. É preciso que tenhamos bem claro o que seja um Estado Laico para compreender melhor as suas obrigações, pois, mesmo sendo laico, o Estado deve assegurar a todos os educandos o direito de receber uma formação integral. Inclusive a formação religiosa desejada, visando “o pleno desenvolvimento da pessoa” (Art. 5 da Constituição Federal 1988). No Ensino Fundamental, o Ensino Religioso oportuniza que temas que envolvam o Fenômeno Religioso e a formação integral do ser humano sejam abordados com criticidade, cientificidade num contexto que haja partilha, diálogo, compreensão e superação de preconceitos advindos de questões etnocêntricas, religiosas, culturais ou de gênero. A proposta deste é rememorar a historicidade do Ensino Religioso discutido ao longo da educação no país dentro dos aspectos históricos e constitucionais, possibilitando uma compreensão em nível nacional das principais motivações que levaram grupos, associações, docentes e pesquisadores a não medir esforços para que essa disciplina fosse regulamentada e incluída na constituição maior do país (CF/1988).
Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento (PAC) no Território do Sisal entre 2007 e 2014:
Authors: Maciel Eliane Cruz , Santos Janio
Published: July 2021

Este texto analisa a dimensão do PAC nas pequenas cidades, com base no Território do Sisal entre 2007 e 2014, ao abordar a atuação do Estado e refletir acerca do alcance e limites das políticas públicas no Brasil. Aponta que o Programa causou um duplo impacto: ampliou a oferta de infraestrutura e equipamentos e gerou emprego e renda, sobremodo em municípios sempre ficaram à margem de tais políticas. Todavia, como se trata do Estado capitalista, com suas contradições, também reforçou interesses de grupos políticos e econômicos dominantes que controlam o Estado. Conclui-se que, de imediato e para garantir direitos básicos aos pobres, é essencial alterar a forma de implementação dessas políticas públicas, ao conceder protagonismo às classes populares na proposição e gestão, o que implica, a longo prazo, modificar o próprio Estado.
An Investigation into the Systematic Meaning of Sensuous-Certainty in Hegel
Authors:   University of Oregon, Schatz Timothy
Published: July 2021

The quintessential characterization of Hegel's philosophy is that of a circle. In the context of his Phenomenology of Spirit, this means a kind of unity or semblance thereof between sensuous-certainty and absolute knowing. In this paper, I demonstrate the aforementioned unity through a reading of the section on sensuous- certainty, one which is mediated by the work of Jean Hyppolite and Jay Bernstein. Through this approach, I highlight several issues of metaphysical importance, viz., space, time, object, and subject, at the beginning of Hegel's text, as well as delineating an underlying ethical matter of responsibility vis-à-vis the capacity to remember.
PBIS: Towards a Kinder Form of Discipline
Authors:   University of Oregon, Stalie Pollyanna
Published: July 2021

Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) is a practical theory of discipline that focuses on prevention—rather than punishment,—and affirmation of preferred behavior. PBIS is primarily used in schools, and I have used it extensively in my work as an early childhood educator. In this paper, I argue that there is a clear connection between the psychological theory that makes PBIS effective and the sociopolitical philosophies laid out by John Dewey, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Michel Foucault. These theories and methodologies explain power dynamics between a dominant and non-dominant group, and how best to discipline to correct behavior long-term while instilling a sense of agency in the subjugated group. I ultimately conclude that PBIS works to improve classroom function through the implementation of mutual respect and by validating children’s needs by giving them a sense of agency. Integrating PBIS in societal institutions can serve as the basis for a new kind of discipline that would, I contend, improve these institutions in myriad way.
Inbound marketing em bibliotecas universitárias: novas formas de mediação da informação
Authors: Ferreira Janaina Carla , Santos Neto João Arlindo Dos
Published: July 2021

Introdução: O marketing em bibliotecas vem sendo utilizado ainda de forma incipiente no Brasil. No âmbito das bibliotecas universitárias, além de divulgar os produtos e serviços informacionais, tem como foco agregar valor a eles e fidelizar consumidores/clientes. Objetivo: Discutir como as bibliotecas universitárias podem adotar o inbound marketing para potencializar a mediação da informação. Metodologia: A pesquisa é de natureza básica e tipologia exploratória, emprega a abordagem qualitativa e segue o delineamento bibliográfico a partir da literatura especializada em Ciência da Informação e Marketing, publicada nas principais bases de dados e fontes de informação à saber: Portal de Periódicos da CAPES, Base de Dados em Ciência da Informação (BRAPCI), Scielo e Google Acadêmico. Resultados: As estratégias de inbound marketing subsidiam a interação das bibliotecas com seus usuários de forma mais direta e efetiva e também são importantes para a mediação da informação. Conclusões: Conhecer estratégias contemporâneas de marketing, como o inbound marketing, permitem a prospecção de novas formas de mediação da informação para potencializar os produtos e serviços informacionais das BUs.
The Development of STEP, the CEFR-Based English Proficiency Test
Authors: Sridhanyarat Kietnawin , Pathong Supakarn , Suranakkharin Todsapon , Ammaralikit Amornrat
Published: July 2021

This study aimed at developing the Silpakorn Test of English Proficiency (STEP), in alignment with the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), and in accordance with the theoretical framework established by Alderson et al. (2006). Four major steps were involved in the test construction. First, English language lecturers who served as content specialists were asked to design can-do statements presented in the CEFR. Then the specialists designed the test specification based on the can-do statements. Four skill areas: listening, semi-speaking, reading, and semi-writing were targeted as the test construct. At this juncture, the content specialists were required to write test items in accordance with the test specification. Next, the test items constructed were determined for their validity and reliability. Finally, a standard setting was carried out. The results demonstrated that the framework offered by Alderson et al. (2006) served as an effective reference document for developing the STEP. In terms of validity and reliability, the STEP was of statistical significance, that is, it could be aligned with the CEFR levels and measure test takers’ English proficiency at a specific CEFR level. The current findings provide useful insights for test developers or researchers who wish to design proficiency tests in alignment with the CEFR.
Análisis de la Sentencia nº 16/21, de 15 de enero, de la Sección Segunda de la Audiencia Provincial de Valencia. El corte estético de orejas a los perros y su consideración como delito de maltrato animal en España
Authors: Olmedo de la Calle Eduardo
Published: July 2021

Se analizan en el artículo los requisitos jurisprudenciales que precisa el concepto de menoscabo grave de la salud del animal, en el sentido exigido por la STS 185/20, de 20 de mayo. Dichos requisitos se concretan en la necesidad de un tratamiento veterinario de cierta entidad. Entiende el autor que la sentencia de la A. Provincial de Valencia se aparta de la línea fijada por el alto tribunal, exigiendo además un inexistente elemento subjetivo específico del injusto consistente en “el sufrimiento animal”, que supone una específica carga intencional adicional al dolo.
Epistemologia de Terra-Pátria para uma nova cidadania planetária
Authors: Moraes Maria Cândida , Petraglia Izabel
Published: July 2021

Este artigo tem por objetivo refletir sobre o conceito de Terra-Pátria, a partir do livro homônimo, de Edgar Morin e Anne-Brigitte Kern, considerando a epistemologia da complexidade, que promove a mudança de pensamento – do linear ao complexo – para a reintegração de cultura científica e cultura humanística. Essa perspectiva implica uma nova visão de mundo, um novo pacto ético civilizatório, fundado não apenas na razão ilustrada, mas também na sensibilidade humana e na inteligência emocional que se expressam através do cuidado, da solidariedade, da compreensão e da responsabilidade ecológica e social. Por meio da metodologia de pesquisa bibliográfica, articulamos ainda a obra Terra-Pátria às recomendações da Carta da Terra pela via do desenvolvimento sustentável, que nos leva à construção de uma nova cidadania planetária. Consideramos aqui as seguintes indagações norteadoras: Quais são os fundamentos teóricos presentes nesta obra e que podem ser considerados como bases estruturantes de uma teoria pedagógica capaz de iluminar a educação em direção a essa nova cosmovisão? De que forma a epistemologia presente na obra Terra-Pátria pode inspirar ou orientar a ação pedagógica em direção à reforma do pensamento e das instituições educativas? Concluímos com o reconhecimento de que os operadores cognitivos do pensamento complexo são mecanismos geradores dessa epistemologia e que práticas pedagógicas transdisciplinares são fundamentais à melhor compreensão da realidade.
A Randomized Comparison of Sample Adequacy and Diagnostic Yield of Various Suction Pressures in EBUS-TBNA
Authors: Mohan Anant , Iyer Hariharan , Madan Karan , Hadd Vijay , Mitta Saurabh , Tiwari Pawan , Jain Deepali , Pandey Ravindra , Garg Avneet , Guleria Randeep
Published: July 2021

Introduction: The evidence for using vacuum suction during EBUS is sparse and the optimal suction pressure for obtaining adequate samples has not yet been determined. Our aim was to assess the influence of suction on the adequacy and diagnostic yield of EBUS-TBNA. Material and methods: This single-center, prospective, randomized, non-inferiority trial assessed whether no-suction and 10 mL suction are inferior to 20 mL suction for adequacy and diagnostic yield of EBUS-TBNA aspirates. Results: Three hundred twenty three lymph nodes were sampled using EBUS-TBNA. Baseline characteristics of lymph nodes were comparable in the three suction groups. The overall adequacy of EBUS-TBNA aspirates in the no-suction, 10 mL, and 20 mL suction was 90%, 83.49%, and 77.88%, respectively. The differences in adequacy were 12.1% (95% CI: 3.9–20.3) and 5.6% (95% CI: –3.3–14.5) for no-suction vs. 20 mL, and 10 mL vs. 20 mL suction, respectively. No-suction and 10 mL were not inferior to 20 mL suction in terms of sample adequacy. At a superiority margin of 3.92%, no-suction was superior to 20 mL suction in terms of sample adequacy (p < 0.05). The overall diagnostic yield was comparable (63.6%, 52.3%, and 57.7% in 0, 10 mL, and 20 mL, respectively; p-value was not significant). The proportion of aspirates which were predominantly bloody was similar (no-suction—10.9%, 10 mL—13.8%, 20 mL—15.4%; p = 0.62). Conclusions: EBUS-TBNA with or without the application of vacuum suction does not influence specimen adequacy and diagnostic yield.
Comprehensive Assessment of Respiratory Function, a Step towards Early Weaning from the Ventilator
Authors: del Mar Sánchez Sánchez Camila , Molina-Peña María , Rodriguez-Triviño Claudia
Published: July 2021

Methods for assessing diaphragmatic function can be useful in determining the functional status of the respiratory system and can contribute to determining an individual’s prognosis, depending on their pathology. They can also be a useful tool for making objective decisions regarding mechanical ventilation weaning and extubation. Esophageal and transdiaphragmatic pressure measurement, diaphragm ultrasound, diaphragmatic excursion, surface electromyography (sEMG) and some serum biomarkers are of increasing interest and use in clinical and intensive care settings to offer a more objective process for withdrawing mechanical ventilation; especially in the situation that we are experiencing with the increased demand for mechanical ventilation to treat patients with Covid-19-associated viral pneumonia. In this literature review, we updated the clinical and physiological indicators with more evidence to improve ventilator withdrawal techniques. We concluded that, to ensure successful extubation in a way that is useful, cost-effective, practical for health personnel and non-invasive for the patient, further studies of novel techniques such as surface electromyography should be implemented.
The Effects of Father’s Warm Parenting Behavior on Children’s Academic Achievement and School Adjustment During The Transition to Elementary School: The Mediating Role of Children’s Peer Play Behavior
Authors: Lee Seol Ah , Yun Hee-Jin , Kim Hae Young
Published: July 2021

Objectives: Children’s "Play" plays a central role in their development, and a father’s participation in raising children is as important as a mother's. This study examined the extent to which fathers’ parenting behavior with their preschool children influenced their academic achievement and school adjustment through children’s’ peer play behavior during the period of transition to elementary school.Methods: Using the Panel Study of Korean Children (PSKC), the present study included data on a total of 1,526 children and their father from 2013 (Time 6) to 2015 (Time 8). The hypothesized model was analyzed using structural equation modeling in Mplus 7.31.Results: Findings indicated that warmth of father’s parenting behavior at age five positively influenced children’s peer play behavior at age six, increasing interaction and reducing disconnection. It also influenced children’s school adjustment at age seven. Results indicated that the effects of the role of father’s warm parenting behavior on children’s academic achievement and school adjustment were mediated through peer play behavior. These results suggest the importance of father’s warm parenting behavior and children’s peer play behavior for their academic achievement and school adjustment during the transition to elementary school.Conclusion: These findings support the proposition that fostering a father’s parental warmth and encouraging children’s peer play would be a fruitful avenue to promote academic achievement and school adjustment during the transition to elementary school. In other words, this study explains the continuity of development from infancy to early school age and verifies that fathers’ parental warmth and children’s peer play in infancy are not limited to infancy through a series of long-term developmental pathways. Therefore, to improve school adaptation that affects social and cognitive development after entering elementary school, measures should be presented to support children’s play, and to support fathers’ warm parenting behavior in the future.
Evaluating the Frequency of Resistance to Pyrazinamide Among Drug-resistant Strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Isfahan, Iran
Authors: Nasr-Esfahani Bahram , Moghim Sharareh , Salehi Mahshid , Keikha Masoud
Published: July 2021

Background: Pyrazinamide is one of the most important first-line medications for the treatment of tuberculosis and an alternative intake for MDR-TB and XDR-TB patients. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate resistance to pyrazinamide in the isolates resistant to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug in patients in the city of Isfahan. Methods: In this study, the drug susceptibility test was performed with pyrazinamide using the proportion method and PZA assay on 47 isolates resistant to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Then, the mutations of the pncA and rpsA genes of the isolates resistant to pyrazinamide were evaluated by the sequencing method. Results: According to the proportion method, 19 cases were resistant to pyrazinamide, 16 of which had mutations in their pncA and rpsA genes. Besides, five new mutations were recorded, and three isolates lacked mutations in the mentioned genes. Conclusions: Pyrazinamide resistance is high in MDR-TB and INH mono-resistant isolates. Therefore, evaluating the susceptibility to pyrazinamide in patients with MDR-TB before the initiation of treatment with pyrazinamide is considered essential.
Seeking Compatibility in Preventing Crime with Artificial Intelligence and Ensuring a Fair Trial
Authors: Blount Kelly
Published: July 2021

The justice system is increasingly reliant on new technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI). In the field of criminal law this also extends to the methods utilized by police for preventing crime. Though policing is not explicitly covered by Article 6 of the European Convention of Human Rights, this article will demonstrate that there can be adverse effects of policing on fair trial rights and make the analogy to criminal investigations as a recognized pre-trial process. Specifically, it will argue that policing that relies on AI to predict crime has direct effects on fair trial processes such as the equality of arms, the presumption of innocence, and the right to confront the evidence produced against a defendant. It will conclude by challenging the notion that AI is always an appropriate tool for legal processes.
Data, Their Relevance to Competition and Search Engines
Authors: Funta Rastislav
Published: July 2021

A special feature of digital markets and digital business models is the high importance of (user) data. The control and the ability to analyze large amounts of data (big data) can create competitive advantage. Thus, the importance of data for the economic success of companies should be given more consideration in competition law proceedings. In search services competition, the quality factor plays a decisive role, since the expected quality of the search results determines which search engine will be used by users. Since search engines can influence the retrievability of web pages for users, preference of own search services in the web index may constitute an abusive behavior of a dominant search engine. The purpose of this paper is to provide answers on questions, among other, whether a regulation aimed at preventing abuses is necessary or whether an obligation to publish the search algorithm may be advocated.
Stranded Runners
Authors: Buford Christopher T. ,   Romanian Academy - Iasi Branch
Published: July 2021

Those who endorse a knowledge-first program in epistemology claim that rather than attempting to understand knowledge in terms of more fundamental notions or relations such as belief and justification, we should instead understand knowledge as being in some sense prior to such concepts and/or relations. If we suppose that this is the correct approach to theorizing about knowledge, we are left with a residual question about the nature of those concepts or relations, such as justification, that were thought to be first but are now second. Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa has recently proposed that we understand justification in terms of potential knowledge. Ichikawa combines his view of knowledge and justification with what initially seems to be a natural complement, epistemological disjunctivism. While Ichikawa focuses on hallucination, I shift the focus to illusion. I argue that the combination of justification as potential knowledge and epistemological disjunctivism entails that perceptual beliefs that arise from illusions are not justified.
Reliabilists Should Still Fear the Demon
Authors: Madison B.J.C. ,   Romanian Academy - Iasi Branch
Published: July 2021

In its most basic form, Simple Reliabilism states that: a belief is justified iff it is formed as the result of a reliable belief-forming process. But so-called New Evil Demon (NED) cases have been given as counterexamples. A common response has been to complicate reliabilism from its simplest form to accommodate the basic reliabilist position, while at the same time granting the force of NED intuitions. But what if despite initial appearances, Simple Reliabilism, without qualification, is compatible with the NED intuition? What we can call the Dispositionalist Response to the New Evil Demon problem is fascinating because it contends just that: Simple Reliabilism is fully compatible with the NED intuition. It is claimed that all we need to do to recognize their compatibility is appreciate that reliability is a dispositional property. In this paper I shall critically evaluate the Dispositionalist proposal.
Can Knowledge Really be Non-factive?
Authors: Shaffer Michael J. ,   Romanian Academy - Iasi Branch
Published: July 2021

This paper contains a critical examination of the prospects for analyses of knowledge that weaken the factivity condition so that knowledge implies only approximate truth.
O ‘não lugar’ epistemológico da Filosofia Africana nos livros didáticos de filosofia para o ensino médio aprovados pelo Programa Nacional do Livro e Material Didático – PNLD 2012
Authors: Silva Josadaque Martins
Published: July 2021

O artigo pretende analisar a questão do ‘não lugar’ epistemológico da Filosofia Africana nos livros didáticos de filosofia aprovados pelo Programa Nacional do Livro e Material Didático – PNLD de 2012. Parte-se do pressuposto de que o cerne deste problema é o racismo epistêmico/eurocêntrico, engendrado no período da modernidade e que corrobora o estatuto do nascimento da filosofia na Grécia antiga. O objetivo é apresentar certo viés do pensamento filosófico moderno e contemporâneo, notadamente Kant e Hegel, que caracterizam os africanos como primitivos, não reconhecendo neles a capacidade estética e filosófica; descrever, sucintamente, o processo histórico/legal que estabelece a obrigatoriedade do ensino de História e Cultura Afro-Brasileira no currículo oficial da rede de ensino e a filosofia como disciplina obrigatória nos currículos do ensino médio no Brasil e explicitar a relação entre o conteúdo de Filosofia Africana e o livro didático, tendo como cerne o Guia do PNLD de 2012. Para tanto, a metodologia aplicada pauta-se, fundamentalmente, na pesquisa bibliográfica, tendo como aporte teórico os seguintes pensadores: o filósofo congolês Théophile Obenga, o filósofo sul-africano Mogobe B. Ramose, o filósofo afro-estadunidense Molefi Kete Asante, o filósofo britânico-ganês Kwame Anthony Appiah e os filósofos brasileiros Renato Noguera e Wanderson Flor.
Prognostic value of the right ventricle diameter, pulmonary arterial pressure and biomarkers in patients with acute heart failure
Authors: Petrović Dejan , Deljanin-Ilić Marina , Stojanović Sanja , Simonović Dejan , Stojanović Dijana , Mitić Valentina , Stojanović Milovan
Published: July 2021

The aim of the paper was to examine the echocardiographic parameters of the right ventricle (RV), its diameter and pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP); to determine their relationship to B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), troponin and (TnI) and high-sensititity C-raective protein (hsCRP), and to evaluate their prognostic significance to one-year mortality in patients with acute heart failure (AHF). The study included a total of 225 patients (pts) (70.29 ± 9.74 years) who were admitted to Intensive care unit due to the signs and symptoms of AHF. The values of standard biochemical parameters, BNP, TnI and hsCRP were determined during the first 24 hours after admission. All patients underwent echocardiographic examination. During a one-year follow-up, 78 (34.70%) patients died. As compared with the group of survivors (n = 147), the group of non-survivors had higher values of BNP (853.10 ± 384.92 vs. 1399.68 ± 464.44 pg/mL, p < 0.001), TnI (0.59 ± 2.04 vs. 2.00 ± 8.29 ng/ml, p < 0.05), right ventricular diameter and PAP (p < 0.001). BNP was positively correlated with TnI (r = 0.311), PAP (r = 0.255) and right ventricular diameter (r = 0.304, p < 0.001 for all correlations). The cut-off value of BNP ≥ 1062.04 pg/ml, PAP ≥ 44.5 mmHg and TnI ≥ 0.04 ng/ml were associated with a higher risk of mortality. Our results have shown that BNP, PAP and TnI are strong and independent predictors of one-year mortality in hospitalized patients with acute heart failure.
Facial symmetry in subjects with full dental arches
Authors: Kostić Milena , Nedeljković Andrija , Igić Marko , Gligorijević Nikola , Kocić Katarina
Published: July 2021

The universal notion of beauty does not exists, however, the facial symmetry contributes to a better aesthetic effect. This harmony is primarily determined by the relationship between parts of the face and dental parameters. Tooth loss leads to a decrease in the height of the bite and consecutive oncoming of the tip of the nose and chin and a violation of the vertical and horizontal relationship between the maxilla and mandible. The aim of the study was to determine the interrelationship of facial parts in subjects with a full dentition. The study included 60 dental students of both sexes in whom the presence of a complete dentition was determined by clinical examination. Facial parameters of the subjects' profiles were measured, as well as the ratio of bipupillary distance and intercommissural distance. The obtained results partially confirmed the theory of matching the heights of the profile thirds and halves of the face. The values of the distance between the two pupils and the lip commissure did not differ statistically significantly. The obtained results could be used in the reconstruction of intermaxillary relationships after the loss of some or all teeth.
Application of WASPAS method in the evaluation of efficiency of agricultural enterprises in Serbia
Authors: Lukić Radojko , Vojteski-Kljenak Dragana , Anđelić Slavica , Gavrlilović Milan
Published: July 2021

Recently, as it is known, the evaluation of the efficiency of agricultural enterprises is being more and more performed on the basis of multi-criteria analysis. With this in mind, this paper analyzes the efficiency of agricultural enterprises in Serbia based on the WASPAS method. The goal and purpose of this is to address this issue as thoroughly as possible and propose adequate measures to improve the efficiency of agricultural enterprises in Serbia in the future. The obtained results of empirical research using the given method show that the efficiency of agricultural enterprises in Serbia has recently significantly improved. It was the best in 2018. It was positively influenced by numerous macro and micro factors.
Agricultural advisors' role in the use of ICTs as a tool for a more sustainable Serbian agriculture
Authors: Radović Vesela , Pešić Bratislav , Filipović Jasmina , Ćosić Milivoje
Published: July 2021

The aim of this paper was to show the role and importance of agricultural advisers in the development and implementation of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in a path to the more sustainable agriculture, and achieving the SDG2 Zero Hunger of the UN 2030 Agenda. There are a lot of challenges in the efforts to develop so-called "hi-tech agriculture" and smart farming in the Republic of Serbia. This research is conducted on the territory of the Nisava district in three municipalities: Merošina, Gadžin Han and Niš. The obtained data were statistically processed and presented through tables and charts. Agricultural advisors play an important role in the digital literacy of agricultural producers on their pace to implement in practice principles of hi-tech agriculture. The most important is the funding of permanent education of advisers, as well agricultural producers to acquire the state of art knowledge and experience needed to become more competitive in the EU and global market.
Interaction of the Eurasian Economic Union and its member states in the sphere of agriculture
Authors: Entin Mark , Galushko Dmitriy
Published: July 2021

The aim of the paper is to consider the international experience of delineating spheres of responsibility of national and supranational regulators in the sphere of agriculture on the example of the Eurasian Economic Union. Used philosophical, general scientific and special methods helped to provide an assessment of the process, which shows that, due to the incompleteness of the process of economic integration, the existing institutional structure of the Union cannot be considered as finalized, and therefore the assignment of certain powers to the Union's bodies is situational, which prevents the formulation of final conclusions on the specifics of delimiting the spheres of responsibility of national and supranational regulators and the boundaries of powers of national regulators in the agricultural sector. The authors concluded that Eurasian Economic Commission's powers and competence in the sphere of agriculture should be expanded in order to achieve aims of the integration entity.
Demographics characteristics of consumers as factors in the purchase of cereal products in the Republic of Serbia
Authors: Kovljenić Mina , Raletić-Jotanović Saša , Nestorov-Bizonj Jelena , Vladisavljević Radovan , Živkucin Slobodan
Published: July 2021

Today, there is a trend towards a healthy lifestyle and a healthy diet. Cereals are considered the healthiest food because of their properties. They contain a good ratio of carbohydrates, unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, proteins, minerals and plant fibers that are necessary for human nutrition. Therefore, the production and trade of cereals in the world tend to grow significantly. The aim of the paper is to identify the demographic characteristics of consumers that influence consumer decision when buying cereal products. The empirical research was conducted on a sample of 201 respondents from the territory of the Republic of Serbia through a questionnaire, which was made for research purposes. Through the discovery of consumer preferences, there is an opportunity to help producers of cereal products in Serbia to offer products that will meet the requirements of consumers.
Business operations of entrepreneurial stores in the field of agriculture in the Republic of Serbia in the period 2015-2019
Authors: Fedajev Aleksandra , Milićević Raica , Cvetković Milica , Cogoljević Vladan
Published: July 2021

Entrepreneurship development represents one of the very important factors in the development of economies in transition. Bearing in mind that most of these economies still have a significant share of agricultural products in the structure of production and exports, special attention should be paid to the development of entrepreneurship in the field of agriculture. The research results in this paper indicate that the share of entrepreneurs in this business activity in the total number of entrepreneurs is extremely low, as well as that their share in employment in state subventions is also low, and it can be concluded that entrepreneurship in agriculture is still not sufficiently developed. By using PROMETHEE and the entropy method, a comparative analysis of the performance of entrepreneurs in this sector and entrepreneurs in other business activities within the real sector of the economy was performed and it was concluded that the key limitations in the business operations of these entrepreneurs are inefficient funds management and high indebtedness.
The First World War and the ascension of the phonographic industry in the New World
Authors: Nogueira de
Published: July 2021

The First World War years witnessed a radical and important change in the history of both music and the phonographic industry, gradually putting popular rather than classical music under the spotlight and moving the axis of entertainment music production across the Atlantic into the New World. It is no coincidence that the first jazz, the first samba and also the first tango-canciôn were all recorded and released in the same year, 1917 - in the twilight of the Great War. This article intends to shed light on this process, discussing the cultural and socioeconomic factors that determined it.
The collage-shaped worlds of Gustav Mahler's 'Rückert' symphonies
Authors: Bralović Miloš
Published: July 2021

The main goal of this paper was to reveal the very beginnings of collage technique in Western art. Musical materials taking place in the scherzo movements of Gustav Mahler's Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Symphony are arranged astonishingly similar to arrangement of different materials (i.e. fabric, wallpaper, newspaper fragments etc.) in first collage paintings by Picasso and Braque. Considering the fact that composing of the symphonies occurred significantly earlier than the first collage paintings, we come to a conclusion that collage technique pioneered not in the art of painting but in that of music.
Attitudes of employees about conflicts in the forestry sector
Authors: Poduška Zoran , Čokeša Vlado , Živanović Ivana
Published: July 2021

The paper presents the research results on conflicts in the forestry sector. The theoretical framework of the research is based on the belief that conflicts are a universal phenomenon. The basic constituents of conflicts are elements and aspects. The elements of conflicts are the substance, processes and relations between participants, which affect the social, cultural, institutional and economic aspects. They also include the aspect of natural resources, which is a feature of the forestry sector. Such a theoretical framework gave grounds for the analysis of employees' opinions about the type and significance and the stage in which the observed conflicts were. The opinions of the people employed in enterprises and organizations benefiting from state forests, protected areas and administrative state bodies in the forestry sector were collected through a survey. The data collected were processed using descriptive statistics. A lot of conflicting situations were identified and they were classified into 10 groups. The most serious one is the conflict between regular measures and works in the forest of nature protection. Nine participants were identified in these conflicts. It was found that some conflicts had been resolved, while some were in the latent phase, with the possibility to escalate.
Stent versus Balloon Dilation for the Treatment of Dominant Strictures in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Ferreira Marina Tucci Gammaro Baldavira , Ribeiro Igor Braga , de Moura Diogo Turiani Hourneaux , McCarty Thomas R. , da Ponte Neto Alberto Machado , Farias Galileu Ferreira Ayala , de Miranda Neto Antônio Afonso , de Oliveira Pedro Victor Aniz Gomes , Bernardo Wanderley Marques , de Moura Eduardo Guimarães Hourneaux
Published: July 2021

Background/Aims: The endoscopic management of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)-associated dominant strictures remains challenging. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare balloon dilation and stent placement in the treatment of dominant strictures among PSC patients.Methods: Literature searches on MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL and Lilacs/Bireme were performed for studies published until December 2020. Measured outcomes included clinical efficacy, stricture recurrence, cumulative recurrencefree rate, transplant rate, 5-year survival rate, and adverse events (i.e., pancreatitis, cholangitis, bleeding, perforation and death).Results: A total of 5 studies (n=467) were included. Based on pooled analyses, there were no differences in clinical efficacy (risk difference [RD], -0.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.58 to 0.33; I2=93%) or transplant rates (RD, -0.09; 95% CI, -0.19 to 0.01; I2=0%); however, the risk of occurrence of adverse events was lower with balloon dilatation than with stent placement (RD,-0.34; 95% CI, -0.45 to -0.23; I2=61%). Among the types of adverse events reported, only the rates of cholangitis/bacteremia were significantly lower in balloon dilation patients (RD, -0.19; 95% CI, -0.25 to -0.13; I2=51%).Conclusions: Compared to balloon dilation, stent placement for dominant strictures in PSC appeared to have higher complication rates without significant differences in efficacy.