bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Afterword
Authors: Singha Radhika
Published: January 2021

The book concludes with a tentative exploration of the way in which the labor demand created by the war, both in industry and in the military complex, encouraged discussions about labor efficiency, labor rationalization and labor welfare. In war propaganda the ruling race contended with deficiencies of body and intellect and social outlook in ‘coloured labor’, but succeeded in making it serviceable for empire. By the power of military routine and by the application of science and technology, raw followers were being turned into trained servants, skilled railway labor or motor mechanics, customary skills were being refined, and trade-training programmes for disabled military personnel had not only saved them from beggary, but positioned them in modern sectors of the Indian economy. What was at play was both a racialized discourse of labor efficiency and a conviction that recalibrations were possible. Success in this sphere was also expected to boost the utilization of India’s human and natural resources for the post-war reconstruction of Britain’s commercial standing. The war years therefore shaped the unfolding of a new political agenda, that by which ’ unskilled, shiftless coolies’ were to be transformed into a modern labor force by time -discipline, skilling, public health and sanitation and efforts at cultural ‘uplift’.
Ringleaders of Redemption
Authors: Dickason Kathryn
Published: January 2021

In traditional thought and theology, Christianity tends to oppose dance. Conventional scholarship traces this controversy back to the Middle Ages. Throughout the medieval era, the Latin Church denounced and prohibited dancing in religious and secular realms, often aligning it with demonic intervention, lust, pride, and sacrilege. Historical sources, however, suggest that medieval dance was a complex and ambivalent phenomenon. During the High and Late Middle Ages, Western theologians, liturgists, and mystics not only tolerated dance, they transformed it into a dynamic component of religious thought and practice. This book investigates how dance became a legitimate form of devotion in Christian culture. Sacred dance functioned to gloss scripture, frame spiritual experience, and imagine the afterlife. Invoking numerous manuscript, primary, and visual sources (biblical commentaries, sermons, saints’ lives, ecclesiastical statutes, mystical treatises, vernacular literature, and iconography), this book highlights how medieval dance helped shape religious identity, social stratification, and human intention. Moreover, this book shows the political dimension of dance, which worked in the service of Christendom, conversion, and social cohesion. In sum, Ringleaders of Redemption reveals a long tradition of sacred dance in Christianity, one that the professionalization and secularization of Renaissance dance obscured, and one that the Reformation silenced and suppressed.
Discipline and Redemption
Authors: Dickason Kathryn
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines dance from the perspective of medieval penitence. In a study of sermons, exempla, penitentials, treatises on vice and virtue, and moralizing literature, this chapter demonstrates how lay culture and clerical mentality informed one another. Together, they produced new discourses on dance that pivoted around intention and contrition, thereby opening a window on the medieval moral conscience. The first section examines pastoral sources that forged equations between dance and sin. While these pastoral sources always deemed dance as sinful, this section explains the variety of sins—including lust, pride, gluttony, and anti-sacramentality—that supposedly motivated dancers. The second section shifts to penitential and philosophical sources that reflect a growing sophistication concerning sin and agency. The third section considers how dance could represent or enact penitence. By analyzing Dante’s Purgatorio, it shows how the poet’s imaginative rendering of ritualized movement in purgatory inverted the pastoral paradigm.
Hosting and Being Hosted in Times of Crisis
Authors: Aubin-Boltanski Emma , Vignal Leïla
Published: January 2021

This chapter addresses the dynamics and patterns of the Syrian refuge in Syria’s neighboring countries, and its relations and interactions with the local host communities, in the broader context of the Syrian conflict and the massive exile of Syrians abroad that resulted from it. The chapter is based on in-depth fieldwork in the villages of the Dayr al-Ahmar caza (sub-district) in the muhafaza (district) of Baalbek-Hermel, in the north of the Bekaa plain in Lebanon. Our research focused primarily on the three villages that have the highest concentration of Syrian refugees according to a local census carried out in April 2016 by some of the caza’s municipalities.

To examine the dynamics of hosting and being hosted, as well as contributing to a more nuanced understanding of the relations between Lebanese and Syrian refugees in Lebanon, the authors chose to study the Syrian refuge through a local prism. The authors rooted their inquiry in the host–guest relationship in time—the contemporary history of Syrian–Lebanese relations—and space—the Bekaa plain that combines dense social transborder interactions between Lebanese and Syrians, in particular, through the decades-long Syrian circular labor migrations to Lebanon—with memories of Syria’s political and military domination over Lebanon.
Living with Uncertainty
Authors: Attir Mustafa O. , Jouili Mohamed , Larémont Ricardo René
Published: January 2021

Migration across the Sahara from the Sahel to North Africa is a longstanding practice. Its origins can be traced to 1500 BCE when three routes were established to traffic goods and people: the Ghadames road (from Gao in present Mali to Ghat, Ghadames, and Tripoli); the Garamantean road (from Kano and Lake Chad to Bilma, Murzuk, and then Tripoli); and the Oualata road (from what is now Mali to Sijilmasa in Morocco). Traffic increased significantly from the eighth to the seventeenth century CE when the principal commodities in trade were salt, gold, and slaves.

These trading routes have continued to be used in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, with people and commodities in continuous movement from the south to the north and vice versa. These contemporary patterns of mobility are examined in this chapter. Migrants are arriving in Libya and Tunisia, for the most part, from the neighboring countries of Egypt, Sudan, Chad, Niger, Burkina Faso, Mali, Côte d’Ivoire, and Cameroon. Migrants from these countries frequently settle in Libya or Tunisia, or are engaged in circular migration between Libya and Tunisia and their home countries.
In the Midst of Rubble
Authors: Frühauf Tina
Published: January 2021

The reestablishment of the Jewish community of Berlin, the largest in prewar and postwar Germany, is examined across the city’s four sectors, focusing on the role music played in religious service, social life, and concert. Between 1945 and 1949, musical practices adhered to prewar models that largely relied on cantors, organists, and singers who had been active in the community before 1945, among them Leo Gollanin and Arthur Zepke. At times, the cultural interests and outlets of the community intersected with that of the Displaced Persons and the occupying forces, such as in charity concerts.
Communal Encounters
Authors: Frühauf Tina
Published: January 2021

Music’s meaning in Jewish communal contexts assumed a unique role in Frankfurt am Main, where after 1945 native Jews and Displaced Persons organized separately. The latter formed a committee which built a successful music program tailored to the tastes of Displaced Persons, with a focus on Hebrew and Yiddish repertoires. Native Jews were receptive to some of these programs as well. The events organized by the community tried to adhere to high culture, though it struggled to establish a solid program due to organizational issues. The differences of these two groups also pertained to music in worship. Occasionally the events of the community and the Displaced Persons intersected, especially when common interests were at stake. Hannover, in the British Zone of Occupation serves as another example for a Jewish committee that formed in parallel to the Jewish community. Not only did the functions of the two groups diverge in fundamental ways, but both entities followed different cultural and religious practices.
Remnants in the Soviet and French Zones and Beyond
Authors: Frühauf Tina
Published: January 2021

Jewish communities in the Soviet and French Zones faced distinct situations when reconstituting musical practices. As the Soviets had not established Displaced Persons camps in their zone, only predominantly native Jews populated the communities. This affected worship as the musical practices of the Israelitische Religionsgemeinde zu Leipzig reveal. The community closely adhered to prewar customs. Outside of service, the community’s efforts paralleled those underway in mainstream Germany, specifically in the reinstatement of composers censored by the Nazis due to their Jewish descent or their nonconformist compositional style. The few Jewish communities in the French Occupation Zone faced a dearth of members, thus lacking a crucial foundation for spurring the restoration of musical practices. The musical practices in all zones of occupation share four overarching tendencies: the performance of prayer chants as cantors knew them, the adherence to classical music inside and outside worship, the inclusion of previously censored repertoires, and the fostering of Yiddish music.
Rebuilding with or without Organ
Authors: Frühauf Tina
Published: January 2021

Supported by government funds, many Jewish communities were able to renovate or build new synagogues beginning in the 1950s, a development that peaked around 1960. The organ, however, once a visual and aural symbol of Reform and acculturation could hardly be found in the new sacred spaces and was even removed from existing ones. With regard to the organ in the synagogue, cultural mobility’s obliqueness between change and persistence or continuity does not quite apply in the postwar era. Change had already occurred with the pogroms of November 1938, when the vast majority of instruments were destroyed. As one of the least fixed elements of Jewish musical practice, the organ still left its mark in postwar Germany in different ways: absence, silent presence, and adapted or modified presence. While being a nearly immovable artifact and a constituent of Jewish culture in later modernity, in the postwar era it embodied the near absence of liberal Judaism.
Cantors on the Move
Authors: Frühauf Tina
Published: January 2021

In the 1950s and early 1960s many communities tried to fill the void cantors had left behind when emigrating to Israel or the Americas in the late 1940s. The instability of the office even persisted after return migration ensued. A coherent body of cantors, as implied in the term cantorate, did not come into being. Instead, a heterogenous conglomerate of cantors with different countries of origin, denominations, and skills pervaded the postwar communities. This heterogeneity correlated with the communities’ low or fluctuating membership, demographic, and economics. Select case studies take all this into consideration by investigating the recruitment of personnel, the difficulties of defining the cantorial office, as well as proficiency, repertoire, and recordings that filled the lacuna of cantorial concerts. These reveal the mobility of the cantorial office in the postwar era and its effect on musical practices within a dystopic absence of a cantorate.
Regenerating a Choral Music Culture
Authors: Frühauf Tina
Published: January 2021

In the course of the 1950s and 1960s, different trends emerged with regard to choral music culture in the Jewish communities (and continued thereafter): New synagogue choirs formed and there were several children’s and youth choirs which sang during liturgy and nonritual contexts. If this suggests a lively choral music soundscape in the Jewish communities, the opposite was the case. Choral music held a complicated stance therein. Due to the difficulties of establishing and maintaining synagogue choirs, some communities relied on visiting choirs that operated as independent (concert) choirs and on local secular and even church choirs. The repertoire largely reveals an adherence to prewar aesthetics. As such, choral music culture offered an opportunity to approach and define the communities’ musical identity both in the context of worship and in relation to mainstream society.
Dystopia under Communism
Authors: Frühauf Tina
Published: January 2021

After the initial promising years, Jewish life in the newly founded Democratic Republic took an unforeseen turn that would largely bring its course to a halt. Police raids and persecutions took place between November 1952 and March 1953, and discriminatory and repressive policies were directed toward Jews, who were then labeled by the Ministry for State Security as capitalists and criminals. Subsequently a wave of migration set in, severely affecting the Jewish community. Musical practices hinged on the only cantor resident in the GDR, Werner Sander from Breslau. Sander’s contacts and collaborations with the communities (especially Dresden, Erfurt, Karl-Marx-Stadt, and Leipzig), not merely disseminated his life’s work, but led to their interaction and exchange, and ultimately to their cultural survival. As the communities did not have the resources to fully establish their own cultural programs, they often relied on Sander and his choruses as well as his connections to the secular music world for concerts and other events.
“Making Antifascist Politics Visible”
Authors: Frühauf Tina
Published: January 2021

In the course of the 1970s, membership of the Jewish communities dwindled further, yet Jewish music continued to strive due to the presence of the Leipziger Synagogalchor, which kept prewar repertoires alive and exposed an ever-wider audience to them. As such, Jewish music slowly entered the mainstream and moved “out of the ghetto,” as Werner Sander had expressly called for in his very first programs. But this course was also turning into a Jewish heritage music, a mode of cultural production in the present with recourse to the past, singled out for protection, nourishment, and even enshrinement. Financially supported by the state, the Leipziger Synagogalchor also became a musical embodiment of the “success” of the GDR’s antifascist course. In reality, the choir, which consisted of non-Jewish singers, represented the presence of absence, a substitute for a culturally striving Jewish life.
Jewish Culture in Public Diplomacy, Memory Politics, and the Curious Case of Halle
Authors: Frühauf Tina
Published: January 2021

As East German foreign politics became ever more intertwined with Jewish culture and uniquely tied to East–West relations, Jewish music’s potential as the GDR’s diplomatic agent was being discovered. For these purposes, the Leipziger Synagogalchor transitioned to becoming a respected semi-professional ensemble linked with the Jewish communities. The communities, in turn, faced a dearth, not only of cultural programs, but also of worship music, which had declined. In order to maintain service music, the communities relied largely on lay people; and both Leipzig and Dresden could count on a small female chorus that consisted of non-Jews, which became firmly known as the Dresdner Synagogenchor. The Halle community held high hopes for its own cantor, which turned out to be an unfortunate episode that left the community stranded.
Projecting Utopia
Authors: Frühauf Tina
Published: January 2021

By the mid-1980s, the Leipziger Synagogalchor fulfilled its function as Chor des Verbandes and also traveled abroad as part of GDR’s diplomatic visits strategy. Instrumentalized in foreign politics, in actuality Jewish culture became a metaphor for absence. The Karl-Marx-Stadt community counted no more than a dozen members and it is surprising that services took place at all, even if occasionally. Magdeburg and Halle began to jointly celebrate Passover. To counteract their desolate situation, communities relied on established outsiders for special events. The Leipziger Synagogalchor’s political exploitation became ever more transparent when in January 1987 the Leipzig office of Foreign Information developed a concept for a ten-minute film feature of the choir for export to non-socialist countries.
The Politics of Commemoration and Reorientation
Authors: Frühauf Tina
Published: January 2021

The year 1988 saw the fiftieth anniversary of Kristallnacht and 1989 the fall of the Wall. During these years the Leipziger Synagogalchor’s national and international performances and exposure reached an all-time peak. But these years also marked other turning points. The year 1988 was the last year the choir officially functioned as Chor des Verbandes, though as representative of Jewish culture it continued to cater to the GDR’s increasing fixation with foreign politics. Indeed, the choir traveled westward multiple times, with tours to the other Germany in 1988 and 1989. It thus aided the state’s attempts to transmit the image of an antifascist society with a vibrant Jewish culture. In reality, the choir’s ever more dominant presence paralleled a steep decline of the Jewish communities, a situation the state was fully aware of.
Conclusion
Authors: Tabatabai Ariane M.
Published: January 2021

The Conclusion answers questions first posed in the Introduction pertaining to the drivers shaping Iran’s national security thinking and policies, including its nuclear and missile programs, support for armed militias and terrorist groups, and regional interventions. It argues that the elements of continuity described throughout the book demonstrate that the core assumption held in the scholarship on revolutions—according to which revolutions necessarily mark a total departure from the part—may not capture the complexity of countries’ national security thinking. And Conclusion also discusses the policy implications of this finding and warns that a different regime in Iran may not act fundamentally differently from the current one as many may hope.
A Sonata Theory Handbook
Authors: Hepokoski James
Published: January 2021

A Sonata Theory Handbook is a step-by-step, seminar-like introduction to Sonata Theory, a new approach to the study and interpretation of sonata form. The book updates and advances the outline of the method first presented in Hepokoski and Darcy’s 2006 Elements of Sonata Theory. It blends explanations of the theory’s general principles—dialogic form, expositional action zones, trajectories toward generically normative cadences, rotation theory, the five sonata types, the special case of the minor-mode sonata, and more—with illustrations of them in practice through close, extended analyses of eight individual movements by Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven, Schubert, and Brahms. Central to the method is the merging of historically informed, technical analysis with the concerns of hermeneutic interpretation. The book features an inclusive engagement with recent developments in form theory, schema theory, and other related studies since 2006, including some of the language and insights of cognitive research into music perception and the more generalized concerns of conceptual metaphor theory. It ultimately builds to reflections on sonata form in the romantic era: the flexible applicability of Sonata Theory to mid- and late-nineteenth-century works.
The Type 2 Sonata
Authors: Hepokoski James
Published: January 2021

The Type 2 sonata is a “double-rotational” (or “binary”) sonata: (1) exposition (P TR’ S / C); and (2) developmental space (P and/or TR) plus tonal resolution (S / C). The Type 2 lacks the “double return” of P and the tonic at the onset of other sonata types. For that reason Sonata Theory does not use the term “recapitulation” for Type 2s. This format was widely used in sonatas c. 1740–70, after which its use began to wane sharply, though several examples of it persist throughout the nineteenth century. Because the Type 2 has been the most frequently misunderstood sonata type (sometimes misread through ahistorical claims of a supposed “reversed recapitulation”), this chapter is devoted to building a case for the Type 2 sonata, beginning with the simplest, prototypical examples in early Mozart and then moving through more extended, complex examples from later years, including toward the end, a look at two deformational Type 2s by Mozart: K. 311/i and the Overture to La clemenza di Tito. At its conclusion the chapter lays out an argument on behalf of Sonata Theory’s case for the persistence of the Type 2 and double-rotational sonatas into the nineteenth century (these include both Type 2s and expanded Type 1 sonatas, which under some conditions are almost indistinguishable) and responds to some recent critics of the Type 2 concept for romantic works, along the way presenting an overview of Wagner’s (expanded Type 1) Overture to Tannhäuser, which in this case presents the same structural questions as those of a Type 2 sonata.
Sonic Overload
Authors: Schmelz Peter J.
Published: January 2021

Sonic Overload presents a musically centered cultural history of the late Soviet Union. It focuses on polystylism in music as a response to the information overload swamping listeners in the Soviet Union during its final decades. The central themes are collage, popular music, kitsch, and eschatology. The book traces the ways in which leading composers Alfred Schnittke and Valentin Silvestrov initially embraced and assimilated popular sources before ultimately rejecting them. Polystylism first responded to the utopian impulses of Soviet doctrine with utopian impulses to encompass all musical styles, from “high” to “low.” But these initial all-embracing aspirations were soon followed by retreats to alternate utopias founded on carefully selecting satisfactory borrowings, as familiar hierarchies of culture, taste, and class reasserted themselves. Looking at polystylism in the late USSR tells us about past and present, near and far, as it probes the musical roots of the overloaded, distracted present. Sonic Overload is intended for musicologists and Soviet, Russian, and Ukrainian specialists in history, the arts, film, and literature, but it also targets a wider scholarly audience, including readers interested in twentieth- and twenty-first century music; modernism and postmodernism; quotation and collage; the intersections of “high” and “low” cultures; and politics and the arts. Based on archival research, oral historical interviews, and other overlooked primary materials, as well as close listening and thorough examination of scores and recordings, Sonic Overload presents a multilayered and comprehensive portrait of late-Soviet polystylism and cultural life, and of the music of Silvestrov and Schnittke.
The Soviet Culture of Collage
Authors: Schmelz Peter J.
Published: January 2021

Chapter 1 discusses the precursors for polystylism in the film, visual arts, and musicking of the Soviet 1920s and 1930s. It begins by considering two compositions that encapsulate the initial motivations and method for polystylism: Schnittke’s Violin Sonata no. 2, “Quasi una Sonata,” from 1968, and Silvestrov’s Drama for violin, cello, and piano, composed between 1970 and 1971. Both works juxtapose different techniques and approaches, shifting, often quite radically, from extremely dissonant, sonoristic gestures to quotations or pastiche. This chapter also presents a genealogy of polystylism, looking first at polystylistic antecedents in the music of Dmitriy Shostakovich, Gavriil Popov, Boris Asafyev, and other composers, as well as the general trend toward collage and montage in the Russian visual arts and film from the teens to the 1930s. It concludes by exploring the collage works that took hold in the 1960s in the USSR, starting with Arvo Pärt’s Collage on the Theme B-A-C-H, before spreading more widely, ultimately providing the fuel for Schnittke’s early polystylistic compositions and his theorizing of polystylism by the end of the decade.
Schnittke’s Path to Polystylism
Authors: Schmelz Peter J.
Published: January 2021

Chapter 3 draws on unpublished correspondence and archival documents to offer a fuller accounting of the sources and development of Alfred Schnittke’s evolving concept of polystylism in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It explores the first expressions of polystylism in his film scores for Elem Klimov and Andrey Khrzhanovsky. It also offers a close reading of Schnittke’s seminal 1971 polystylism manifesto, “Polystylistic Tendencies of Modern Music.” This analysis is based on a contextualization and comparison of all known existing sources of the essay. It considers Schnittke’s influences from the contemporary soundscape as well as the essay’s larger implications for understanding his goals for writing music, music that balanced innovation with familiar socialist realist demands for accessibility and “democratization.” It also returns to Schnittke’s Violin Sonata no. 2, “Quasi una Sonata,” further discussing it as an example of his early polystylistic practice.
Silvestrov the Centaur and Polystylism in the 1970s
Authors: Schmelz Peter J.
Published: January 2021

Chapter 4 examines Valentin Silvestrov’s journey from avant-garde enfant terrible to neoromantic. It looks at Silvestrov’s goal of musical “unity” or “oneness” in the late 1960s and early 1970s as it developed as a specific inflection of polystylism, influenced by the theories of both Boris Asafyev and Yakov Druskin. This chapter also begins to distinguish Silvestrov’s polystylism from Schnittke’s. It concludes by positioning Silvestrov’s and Schnittke’s first polystylistic works against the reception of polystylism and collage by Soviet critics, composers, and audiences in the 1970s. Among the most potent examples came from an older composer: Dmitriy Shostakovich’s Symphony no. 15, which critics used as a testing ground for the viability of polystylism in the Soviet Union.
Popular Music, the Devil, and Aerobics
Authors: Schmelz Peter J.
Published: January 2021

This chapter advances the argument of Sonic Overload by turning to the interactions between art and popular music in Schnittke’s Symphony No. 1, Requiem (1975), Concerto Grosso No. 1 (1977), Piano Concerto (1979), Symphony no. 3 (1976–81), and Faust Cantata (Seid nüchtern und wachet, 1983), as well as several of his film scores. It considers for the first time Schnittke’s ongoing negotiations between high and low across his entire career, giving careful scrutiny to his declaration in the late 1980s that “pop culture is a good disguise for any kind of devilry.” Schnittke’s change of heart, from embracing popular music—and specifically jazz and rock—from the late 1960s through the 1970s, to expressing grave concerns about its effects a decade later, mirrored the sentiments of many. In the turbulent final years of the Soviet Union, rock supplanted poetry as the conscience of the nation yet it still inspired deep anxiety among those embracing traditional Soviet conceptions of being “cultured.” Schnittke’s apprehensions about popular music in the 1980s stemmed from its growing presence in the fragmented late-Soviet soundscape and its growing prestige among newly influential tastemakers, chief among them younger intellectuals and other cultural figures. The elevation of pop music in the USSR (as in the West) expanded a growing generational divide. Schnittke’s own rejection of popular music seems to have been instigated in part by his son, Andrey, who in the early 1980s was a member of the noted Moscow rock group Center (Tsentr), a fact overlooked by previous scholars.
Mississippi Valley
Authors: & Cohen
Published: January 2021

The chapter “Mississippi Valley” explains about scientific and technological sites of adult interest in Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee, including Hot Springs National Park, Transylvania Medical Museum, New Orleans Pharmacy Museum, Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Museum, and the American Museum of Science and Energy. The traveler is provided with essential information, including addresses, telephone numbers, hours of entry, handicapped access, dining facilities, dates open and closed, available public transportation, and websites. Nearly every site included here has been visited by the authors. Although written with scientists in mind, this book is for anyone who likes to travel and visit places of historical and scientific interest. Included are photographs of many sites within each state.
New Dynasty, New Empire
Authors: Atwal Priya
Published: January 2021

This chapter breaks with many common biographical narratives about Ranjit Singh’s pivotal role in the making of the Sikh Empire. Instead of focusing solely on the ‘great man’ himself, it looks more closely at the ‘family’ behind the Sukerchakia misl. It considers the key roles played by his maternal and paternal kin, his in-laws, his many wives and his children in the consolidation and representation of the kingdom created out of the territories of the former Sukerchakia strongholds. It is further argued that, in their shift from misl to empire, Ranjit Singh and his family engaged in a form of ‘dynastic colonialism’: using military conquests, marital alliances and patronage of arts and architecture to lay claim to land and power throughout the Punjab, as a newly-constituted royal elite. It considers the strategies employed by the new Maharajah and the diverse members of his family to legitimise and safeguard their power in the face of rival regional powers and the proclaimed egalitarianism of the Khalsa community; in addition to managing internal tensions within the growing royal family.
Introduction
Authors: King Marcus DuBois
Published: January 2021

Recognizing that water has been intrinsic to Middle Eastern civilization since at least the times of Mesopotamian civilization, the chapter frames 7 contemporary case studies by regional experts that shed new light on important political and hydrological trends. Taken as a whole, the case studies illustrate that while regional water conflict has diverse roots, the time is ripe for reconceptualization of how basic assumptions of water’s role are challenged by an essentially new hydropolitics. The chapter argues that policymakers must act promptly to mitigate conflict in the face of political shocks, inequalities and rapidly dwindling water supplies that are explored in greater depth by the volume’s authors.
Community-Based Water Practices in Yemen
Authors: Lackner Helen
Published: January 2021

Based on extensive in-country observations, the premise of this chapter is that the mismanagement of Yemen’s water resources has been a major underlying contributing factor to the social tensions that exploded first in the uprisings of 2011 and later the descent into civil war since 2015. The chapter finds that alongside other neoliberal interventions, water management policies were major elements in the emergence of acute social differentiation between a microscopic group of beneficiaries who enriched themselves massively at the expense of the vast majority of Yemenis and that this has happened thanks to the synergy of political decisions supporting the powerful, combined with modern water extraction technologies. The role of technology is addressed emphasizing that while policymakers, analysts, and citizens still frequently call for the revival of traditional water management mechanisms, these are no longer applicable in their original form due to the technological changes of the past half-century. The conclusion is therefore, that any revitalization of these practices must include significant adjustments, and even fundamental transformation in view of the combination of socioeconomic polarization with technological innovations. If this is not the case, Yemen’s water crisis could cascade into mass environmental migration that could further destabilize the entire region.
Weaponizing Water in the Middle East
Authors: Lossow Tobias von
Published: January 2021

Chapter 7 presents a closed case study on warfare in Syria and Iraq to contextualize the practice of weaponization of water by the so-called Islamic State (IS) discovering that with very few exceptions, the warring parties have used it as a weapon—in various ways, for multiple reasons, and with different impact in scale and scope resulting in severe humanitarian, environmental, and economic consequences. Nonetheless, the assessment of historical and regional records herein contributes to an understanding of IS’s role as a kind of front runner – frequently, systematically and openly weaponizing water to achieve its political and military goals. Ultimately, the chapter frames broader implications for water resources and water infrastructures as applied to future conflicts in the Middle East leading to a better understanding of the risks, threats, and mechanisms that may potentially allow the prevention of such acts –that are indeed orchestrated on a more frequent basis in the Middle East—from encouraging norm construction in the conduct of modern warfare.
Japan: Keeping the Death Toll to the Minimum
Authors: Ono Tomoya , Matsui Shigenori
Published: January 2021

This chapter assesses the Japanese government’s responses to the Covid-19 pandemic. Despite the strong criticisms and deep-rooted concerns with the insufficiency of government response to Covid-19, together with a limited availability of PCR testing, the government’s concentration on the treatment of more serious patients, its focus on prevention of cluster transmission, and its soft lockdown without any legal sanctions might be sufficient to achieve the primary goal of keeping the death toll to the minimum. However, it is not clear whether it could be ultimately successful as the pandemic continues to unfold, nor is it clear whether Japan could respond effectively to the outbreak of a much more deadly disease in the future. The Japanese unique approach against Covid-19 might work out to prevent pandemic outbreaks and medical system collapse, but some problems and challenges remain. Japan surely needs to re-evaluate its response to Covid-19 and reconsider, in a holistic and systematic way, the entire infectious disease prevention system and the possibility of emergency powers during a public health crisis.
India: Federalism, Majoritarian Nationalism, and the Vulnerable and Marginalized
Authors: Tremblay Reeta Chowdhari , George Namitha
Published: January 2021

This chapter traces the history of Covid-19 in India and the government’s response. India has a long and tarnished history of reaching for emergency powers, which stretches back to the colonial period, in times of political crisis. Although India did not declare a formal constitutional emergency after its first reported case of Covid-19, within just under eight weeks, India went from “no health emergency” to a country-wide twenty-one-day lockdown. Despite a daily record jump in the number of deaths and cases each day since mid-March, India’s Ministry of Health, Family, and Welfare has consistently maintained a narrative that the growth rate of the Covid-19 cases in India has remained linear and not exponential; that its strict twenty-one-day lockdown, whose objective was preventive, has successfully slowed the spread of the virus; that India is “on the path of success and will win the war against the pandemic”; and that the two extensions of the lockdown should be considered an exit strategy. The chapter then discusses the policy instruments invoked to respond to the pandemic and examines some of the challenges and consequences resulting from them: the federal jurisdictional management of a pandemic, particularly in the treatment of informal migrant workers; and the reinforcement of Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s populism and Hindutva majoritarian nationalism.
International Health Regulations and Compliance in Asia
Authors: Breau Susan , Nagaveni Preethi Lolaksha
Published: January 2021

This chapter reviews the Covid-19 pandemic through the lens of the international law regime of the International Health Regulations (IHR) of 2005. Although the World Health Organization (WHO) can claim some success in having worked with countries in Asia to build their capacity to respond to a pandemic, some of the countries that have been the most successful in containing the spread of Covid-19 did so despite the WHO’s hesitant response. The difficulty is that cumbersome IHR process of evaluating the threat posed by an outbreak and sounding the general alarm. This process enabled China to control the initial flow of information regarding the outbreak until such time as the WHO was able work through a cumbersome process and belatedly declare a “public health emergency of international concern.” The chapter then argues that a key element of combatting a pandemic is compliance with international law and the need to strengthen its regulatory mechanisms.
Religion amid the Pandemic: A Buddhist Case Study
Authors: Schonthal Benjamin , Jayatilake Tilak
Published: January 2021

This chapter highlights the strategies that religious groups are using to cope with a crisis that has simultaneously damaged the financial, spiritual, and organizational capacities of religion while also making those capacities more important than ever. Following a regional overview, it considers Covid-19’s effects on religion in one relatively small case study: Buddhist communities in Sri Lanka. Sri Lankan Buddhist communities face a variety of challenges which are also faced by other religious groups in Asia. These include avoiding close contact with co-worshippers, addressing economic depression among devotees and institutions, and managing the new legal and administrative restrictions proposed by government. Also, like other religious groups, Sri Lankan Buddhists have proposed their own range of religious solutions to the unfolding crisis. These include special forms of public blessing, social service activities, and alterations to public ceremonies and rituals. Looking at Buddhists’ responses to the Covid-19 pandemic in Sri Lanka illuminates not only the depth and extent of the disease’s impact on societies in Asia, but it also highlights the creative and unprecedented changes to religion that have come from the pandemic.
Myanmar: Pandemic in a Time of Transition
Authors: Ostwald Kai , Myint Tun
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines how Myanmar faced distinct disadvantages in its ability to respond to the Covid-19 pandemic relative to regional neighbours. This is due to its continued grappling with simultaneous political, economic, and conflict-related transitions: Myanmar was a largely closed-off military dictatorship for nearly fifty years prior to its partial opening in 2011. In conjunction with structural factors, the triple transition had several important implications for Myanmar’s response to the pandemic. First, many of the aggressive approaches to countering Covid-19 that were effective in other contexts were infeasible for Myanmar, as the state lacked the capacity to enforce comprehensive population movement controls and large-scale testing and contact tracing. Second, Myanmar’s structural conditions prevented a uniform response to the pandemic. Third, Myanmar has several high-risk subgroups that complicated responses to the pandemic.
Sri Lanka: Pandemic-Catalyzed Democratic Backsliding
Authors: Fonseka Bhavani , Ganeshathasan Luwie , Welikala Asanga
Published: January 2021

This chapter investigates Sri Lanka’s response to the Covid-19 pandemic. Covid-19 has posed for Sri Lanka not only a public health challenge and an economic challenge but also, perhaps most seriously, a crisis of constitutional democracy. Although questions have been raised about the accuracy of government statistics, the scale of testing and contact tracing, and failures in providing protective equipment to front-line workers including military personnel, there is broad public approval of the government’s crisis response. However, much more alarming are the clear signs in the government’s response that the public health emergency has provided the impetus for an aggressive executive takeover of the state, steepening the curve of de-democratization. The chapter then describes the aspects of the governmental crisis response that are the cause of worry, and offers an analysis based on a framework drawn from comparative politics and comparative constitutional law as to the agentic, institutional, and causal dimensions of the democratic backslide underway in Sri Lanka. While the pandemic has undoubtedly boosted the process of executive aggrandizement that had already commenced, this catalysis may in fact also shorten the authoritarian cycle, because the accelerated de-democratization is likely to result in executive actions that cross the threshold of public tolerance sooner in what as yet remains a procedural democracy.
Asian Trade and Supply Chain Linkages
Authors: Ciuriak Dan , Calvert Philip
Published: January 2021

This chapter begins with an overview of the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on economies of Asia generally, before turning to its impact on supply chains specifically, using the medical equipment sector as a case study to illustrate the practical complexities. It then considers the pandemic’s implications for the multilateral trade system and its impact on Asian economic integration and regionalism. The pandemic has motivated attempts to increase robustness of supply chains through diversification away from excessive dependence on China and into Southeast and South Asia, in an incremental rather than revolutionary way; no wholesale departure from manufacturing in China is anticipated. For most countries, the most efficient response is to continue to rely on international trade and global production networks, while addressing the strategic concerns through improved emergency-preparedness stockpiles. The increased pressure for reshoring, however, is part of a larger disaffection with globalization and the erosion of the rules-based international trade system.
A Note on Conditionals and Restrictors
Authors: Rothschild Daniel
Published: January 2021

Within linguistic semantics, it is near orthodoxy that the function of the word ‘if’ (in most cases) is to mark restrictions on quantification. Despite its linguistic prominence, this view of the word ‘if’ has played little role in the philosophical discussion of conditionals. This chapter tries to fill in this gap by systematically discussing the impact of the restrictor view on the competing philosophical views of conditionals. The chapter argues that most philosophical views can and should be understood in a way that is compatible with the restrictor view, but that accepting the restrictor view allows for new responses to some prominent arguments for non-truth-conditional account of conditionals.
Chasing Hook: Quantified Indicative Conditionals
Authors: Kratzer Angelika
Published: January 2021

The chapter looks at indicative conditionals embedded under quantifiers, with a special emphasis on ‘one-case’ conditionals as in No query was answered if it came from a doubtful address. It agrees with earlier assessments that a complete conditional (with antecedent and consequent) is embedded under a quantifier in those constructions, but then proceeds to create a dilemma by showing that we can’t always find the right interpretation for that conditional. Contrary to earlier assessments, Stalnaker’s conditional won’t always do. The chapter concludes that the embedded conditional in the sentence above is a material implication, but the if-clause also plays a pragmatic role in restricting the domain of the embedding quantifier. That an appeal to pragmatics should be necessary at all goes with Edgington’s verdict that ‘we do not have a satisfactory general account of sentences with conditional constituents’.
Counterfactuals to the Rescue
Authors: Condoravdi Cleo
Published: January 2021

A central question for any theory of the interpretation of conditionals is what can be held constant and what must bce given up on the face of a counterfactual supposition. This chapter brings grammatical evidence to bear on the question from polarity reversal, the phenomenon where positive polarity items can exceptionally, albeit systematically, appear in the scope of negation in the antecedent of counterfactual conditionals. Taking polarity sensitive expressions to be associated with alternatives and to give rise to scalar assertions, it shows that polarity reversal can result in scalar assertions because in making a counterfactual assumption any contextual entailments are given up once the information that gives rise to them is revised. The analysis reveals the role that contextual information tied to presuppositions plays in determining a particular type of dependency between facts.
Counterfactuals and Probability
Authors: Stalnaker Robert
Published: January 2021

Dorothy Edgington has been a resolute defender of an NTV account of conditionals, according to which a conditional does not express a proposition that makes a categorical claim about the world, but instead make a qualified claim, or express a conditional belief, qualified by or conditional on the proposition expressed by the antecedent. Unlike some philosophers who defend an NTV view for indicative conditionals, but not for subjunctive or counterfactual conditionals, Edgington argues for the more radical thesis that both kinds of conditionals should be given a non-propositional analysis. This chapter considers Edgington’s NTV account of subjunctive conditionals, the role of objective probability in the account, and its relation to the possible-worlds propositional analysis of subjunctive conditionals.
Edward the Confessor
Authors: Garnett George
Published: January 2021

Chapter 4 shows how during John’s reign the baronial opposition appropriated the figure of the recently canonized Edward the Confessor, and used him as a standard against which to judge the current king. A key part was played by the London Collection of the Leges Anglorum, which compiled and in important respects elaborated and extended the compilations of Old English law codes made during the twelfth century. The Collection informed opposition thinking prior to the crisis which produced Magna Carta. The chapter also subjects to minute analysis two very unusual episodes recorded in thirteenth-century annals of provincial churches. First, the St Augustine’s, Canterbury account of Duke William’s having allowed the men of Kent, uniquely, to continue to use Old English Laws and customs. This episode is supposed to have taken place at Swanscombe Down in 1066. The second is the Burton Abbey account of what purports to be a dialogue between King John and a papal legate, allegedly in 1211. The nub of the dialogue is a disagreement about the role of Edward the Confessor. The chapter then shows how Henry III re-appropriated St Edward for the royal cause, but by emphasizing his saintliness rather than his alleged legislation. Henry focussed on the development of the cult, expressed in liturgical, artistic, and architectural terms, and focussed on the rebuilt Westminster Abbey. The chapter concludes with a brief envoi on the later medieval expression of the cult, especially under Richard II.
Introduction
Authors: West-Harling Veronica
Published: January 2021

The introductory chapter sets out the chronological span and the geographical spread of the book, the questions asked, and the methodology followed. It examines the source material and their cross-referencing with those of both visual and material culture, finishing with a summary of the historiography. The structure of the book is set out as a form of theatrical performance. The Introduction and Chapter 1, the context and the questioning of the sources, provide the overture; Chapters 2 and 3 focus on the people, the actors on the stage; Chapter 4 focuses on how they are involved in the life of the city through props: places of power, manifestations, and instruments through which they are exercised. Chapter 5 follows for the action or plot of the play: how those who control public space exercise it to reflect and promote consensus or to manifest discontent and rebellion