bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE PRIVATE SECTOR IN PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING PROGRAMS
Authors: Ripley Randall B. , Franklin Grace A.
Published: June 2005

Assimilating disadvantaged workers in labor markets has been the focus of national policy initiatives for at least two decades. In recent years, public policies have been formulated which will not only provide incentives for the private sector to employ the disadvantaged, but also afford the private sector a larger responsibility in formulating and implementing targeted employment programs. The Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA) and Target Jobs Tax Credit (TJTC) are two major examples. This paper initially reviews the public and private employment and training efforts between 1962 and 1982. Considerable attention is given to summarizing and evaluating the performance of these efforts, especially in light of recent program initiatives by the Reagan Administration.
THE ROLE OF PUBLIC PROGRAMS AND PRIVATE MARKETS IN REEMPLOYING DISPLACED WORKERS
Authors: Bendick Marc
Published: June 2005

This paper is about the reemployment difficulties of “mainstream” workers dislocated in mid‐career by structural economic change. Contrary to popular assumptions, empirical evidence suggests that most workers in this category do not encounter extraordinary reemployment difficulties.

For those that do, the root problem is not dislocation per se but rather such well‐known failures of the private labor market as geographic immobility, underinvestment in training, and inefficient labor exchange institutions. Public policy should be structured in terms of correcting these market failures, not in terms of dislocated workers as atarget group.
THE ROLE OF STATE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS IN NATIONAL INDUSTRY POLICY
Authors: Rasmussen David W. , Ledebur Larry C.
Published: June 2005

A decade of economic stagnation has produced a plethora of calls for government action to stimulate economic growth in employment. Arguing that activists federal industry policy is likely not to emerge in the United States, Rasmussen and Ledebur examine the potential role of states in a “federalist industry policy.” States presently administer effective programs of financial assistance to business enterprises. These efforts are “rationally parochial” in that their purpose is served equally well by cresting a new job or pirating from other jurisdictions. This paper considers how state programs can be reoriented to serve national growth and development objectives as well as those of specific jurisdictions. It concludes that a subnational industry policy offers a unique opportunity to reallocate existing state resources to achieve a much higher social return.
THE PROBABILITY OF PLACEMENT BY THE PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT SERVICE
Authors: DIRECTOR STEVEN M. , ENGLANDER FRED , MOELLER PATTI V.
Published: June 2005

In a typical year, the United States Employment Service places over 4 million persons from among 16 million applicants. This investigation of which applicants are most likely to be placed shows that placement occurs in two labor market segments, corresponding roughly to the primary and secondary labor markets described in the economic literature. The equity and efficiency implications o f devoting a substantial percentage o f Employment Service resources t o secondary labor market placements are considered. Several states currently use Employment Service data as a source of local labor market information. An argument is made that these states are misusing this data and suggestions for improvements are offered.
NATIONAL PROJECTS IN CIVILIAN TECHNOLOGY
Authors: LAMBRIGHT W. HENRY , CROW MICHAEL , SHANGRAW RALPH
Published: June 2005

National projects in civilian technology initiated and implemented by the federal government generally cost in excess o f $1 billion and often extend beyond the political lifetime of a particular presidential administration. The authors explore the consequences of the U.S. political and administrative system on government‐sponsored technology development by examining four such national projects: the SST, civilian nuclear power, synfuels, and the supercomputer. They relate the absence of planning and often tortuous course that characterizes these cases to the functioning–for better or worse–of American pluralistic politics.
POLITICS, PROFITS AND INNOVATION IN THE DRUG INDUSTRY
Authors: ZENTNER JOSEPH L.
Published: June 2005

Henry G. Grabowski and John M. Vernon. The Regulation of Pharmaceuticals: Balancing the Benefits and Risks

Meir Statman. Competition in the Pharmaceutical Industry: The Declining Profitability of Drug Innovation

Milton Silverman, Philip R. Lee and Mia Lydecker. Prescriptions for Death: The Drugging of the Third World
GOVERNMENTS IN BUSINESS
Authors: Weaver R. Kent
Published: June 2005

Books reviewed in this article

Neil W. Hamilton and Peter R. Hamilton. Governance of Public Enterprise: A Case Study of Urban Mass Transit

R. Joseph Monsen and Kenneth D. Walters. Nationalized Companies: A Threat to American Business

Lloyd Musolf. Uncle Sam's Private, Profitseeking Corporations

W.T. Stanbury and Fred Thompson (Eds.). Managing Public Enterprises
THE CHANGING CONTEXT OF ACADEMIC SCIENCE: UNIVERSITY‐INDUSTRY RELATIONS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY AND THE PUBLIC POLICY IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Rusclo Kenneth P.
Published: June 2005

The issue of university‐industry relations in the field of biotechnology illustrates the changing context of academic science. Research has become an organizational enterprise and no longer can be seen as simply the accumulation of individual efforts. This development complicates the normative context of academic science and in so doing introduces important policy questions, especially regarding interaction between industry and universities. Funding, faculty conflict of Interest, and the ownership of intellectual property resulting from research are policy issues which are analyzed in the context of some of the recent organizational changes in the performance of academic research.
THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY AND WORLD FOOD TRADE
Authors: Butler Nicholas
Published: June 2005

Despite i t s internal differences, the European Economic Community seems to be moving toward an established and permanent position as agricultural exporter. European nations have moved irreversibly from being an import market to bejng a self‐sufficient and large‐scale producer. An established and politically entrenched agriculture in the European Economic Community has widespread support and their general economic needs elevate agriculture to promirience in attacking trade deficits.
AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND: THE ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IN A CLOSER ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIP
Authors: Thakur Ramesh , Gold Hyam
Published: June 2005

An economic trade agreement between Australia and New Zealand has cemented international relations between them and aided their development. A t the center of that trade agreement is agriculture commodities. This study examines the motives to the agreement, i t s difficulties, political and economic considerations, and i t s generally positive impact on both countries.
AN ALTERNATIVE PERSPECTIVE ON DEMOCRATIC DILEMMAS
Authors: Ostrom Ellnor
Published: June 2005

This is a comment stimulated by the article entitled “Scattered Thoughts on a Democratic Dilemma, by Nicholas Henry (PSR, August 1984). A reconstruction of part of the argument made by Henry is presented and an alternative view of the democratic process is sketched. The democratic process is viewed more as a problem solving process than a clout exercising process.
SERVICES: PARASITIC OR DYNAMIC?
Authors: Riddle Dorothy I.
Published: June 2005

Traditional economic theorists have argued that services in general, and public services in particular, are unproductive and parasitic. Data is presented from seven representative countries at varying levels of economic development to show that, in fact, services are productive and play a critical role both in enabling the production of goods and In ensuring quality of life.
PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVMENT IN GOVERNMENT AGENCIES: AN ETHICAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Balk Walter L.
Published: June 2005

The general nature of the productivity ethic is discussed, with i t s limitations i n the public sector being stressed. The economic institutional model upon which the private sector business productivity construct is built is compared with the political institutional model operating in governmental agencies. Value paradoxes and dilemmas of government policymakers and administrators supporting agency productivity improvement efforts are analyzed. The study concludes that a better understanding of the limited nature of the productivity vision as well as i t s unique ethical characteristics would do much to improve governmental performance and the morale of public employees.
EFFICIENCY VERSUS SOCIAL LEARNING: A RECONSIDERATION OF THE IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS
Authors: Stone Clarence N.
Published: June 2005

In a complex society committed to democratic norms a social learning perspective on the implementation process is more useful and appropriate than an efficiency, productivity perspective. The norms and assumptions underlying the efficiency emphasis to the implementation process are not applicable; nor do they exist in reality. An alternative set of assumptions based on a social learning approach to implementation is offered.
Acheiving Full Employment: Four Perspectives
Authors: Schantz Harvey L. , Schmidt Richard H.
Published: June 2005

Books reviewed in this article.

Samuel Bowles, David M. Cordon, and Thomas E. Weisskopf, Beyond the Wasteland: A Democratic Alternative to Economic Decline

Economic Report of the President 1981

Helen Cinsburg, Full Employment and Public Policy: The United States and Sweden

Elliot Jaques, Free Enterprise, Fair Employment
FINANCIAL INCENTIVES TO INDUSTRY AND URBAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Wassail Gregory H. , Hellman Doryl A.
Published: June 2005

This paper examines the use of financial incentives to industry to promote urban economic development. It describes the types of incentives offered and sumniarizes the research on the effects of these incentives on firm location. It then examines and contrasts the costs and benefits of incentives to various political jurisaictions—municipality, state and nation. Finally, it aadresses the question of whether incentives, as currently designed, can solve urban unemployment and income problems. It considers the types and intrastate locational preferences of inciustries typically sttracted by incentives and concludes that current incentives may be of limitea effectiveness in promoting urban development. The discussion is particularly relevant in light of continued federal emphasis on introduction of enterprise zones as the major tool of urban economic development policy.
INTERGOVERNMENTAL IMPLEMENTATION OF BUILDING CODES WITH LATERAL FORCE PROVISIONS
Authors: Mushkatel Alvin H. , Weschler Louis F.
Published: June 2005

Building‐code revisions and land‐use planning are recognized as potential solutions to the threat posed by hazardous structures in seismically active regions. Their implementation, however, is problematic and several Impediments to action on building codes are analyzed. The authors recommend a system of incentives to overcome these barriers including federally subsidized insurance, low interest loans, and joint state‐local policy ventures with technical assistance provided by federal agencies.
THE DISASTER VICTIM COMMUNITY: PART OF THE SOLUTION, NOT THE PROBLEM
Authors: Nilson Linda B.
Published: June 2005

One of the greatest disaster relief resources available to emergency management officials is the disaster victim community. Contrary to a popular image of social and psychological breakdown in the aftermath of a sudden catastrophic event, impacted communities do respond rationally and adaptively. Recommendations are advanced for utilizing community groups in pre‐disaster planning and in relief operations used during the emergency period.
A FRAMEWORK FOR THE ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL REGULATION
Authors: Bolotin Fredric N. , DeSario Jack P.
Published: June 2005

The emphasis of this paper is on the development of a framework for analyzing the impacts of governmerit intervention on issues of public health and safety. Government policies are classified into three general strategies: regulatory, fiscal, and educational. In most issues, governments pursue policies in all three categories. The authors explain how the effects not only of specific policies, but also of these general policy types can be assessed over the range of social issues. The conceptual framework is tested with regard to a particular issue–alcohol‐related traffic accidents–across the American states from 1979‐1 984. The results suggest that fiscal and educational policies had little effect, but certain of the regulatory policies tended to be related to traffic fatalities involving alco‐ hol. The empirical analysis demonstrates the utility of the conceptual framework presented.
DEADLY FORCE AS A POLICY PROBLEM IN LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT: DO ADMINISTRATIVE PRACTICES MAKE A DIFFERENCE?
Authors: Mays G. Larry , Taggart William A.
Published: June 2005

This article examines the impact of six administrative practices on the use of deadly force by police officers in American cities with a population greater than 50,000. Generally, departmental policies demonstrate little association with the frequency of shooting incidents per police officer, or in the number of incidents resulting in fatalities or injuries. It does appear that police departments which issue more traditional sidearms tend to experience fewer incidents than departments which issue heavier firearms. This same lack of association between administrative practices and the use of deadly force is discovered when controlling for city population size arid state legal codes. Notwithstanding that some of the relationships are in the expected direction, their lack of statistical significance suggests that the use of deadly force has its antecedents in sources other than the administrative policies of local police departments.
Policy Studies And Political Science
Authors: Mead Lawrence M.
Published: June 2005

Studies of “policy” and l'policymakingll have proliferated recently. One reason is the serious policymaking difficulties of American and other Western governments. Earlier political science did not address these problems well because of its concentration on political input processes rather than outputs. Most policy studies either evaluate programs 0′ explain cases of policymaking, The approach proposed here, called public policy, does both. Analyses of preferred options are played off against the limitations of process, and vice versa. This conception is illustrated and the problems posed by it are discussed.
INTRODUCTION: WATER RESOURCES AND PUBLIC POLICY
Authors: Godwin R. Kenneth , Ingram Helen M. , Mann Dean E.
Published: June 2005

Research in water resource policy historically has reflected more general trends in public policy analysis. This symposium focuses more narrowly upon a sample of some contemporary issues.
Community Values In Southwest Water Management
Authors: Mumme Stephen P. , Ingram Helen M.
Published: June 2005

This paper challenges the applicability of the policy framework, labeled the new resource economics, to Western water management, particularly as applied to two examples examined in the paper: the Papago Tribe in South Central Arizona, and Hispanic villages along the Upper Rio Grande River. Contrary to the assumptions of new resource cconomics, water is regarded by these communities not just as an economic commodity but as a special resource closely related to community values. The paper concludes that should policy prescriptions of the new resource economics framework be adopted, community control over resources and the maintenance of traditional values would be eroded. The political system for all its shortcomings serves these communities better than pure market allocation of water.
RECENT TRENDS IN FEDERAL WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: ARE THE ‘IRON TRIANGLES’ IN RETREAT?
Authors: Miller Tim R.
Published: June 2005

This paper tests the popular thesis that as a result of various changes over the past decade, the subsystemliron triangle model is no longer the central dynamic in federal water policymaking. A cross section of 30 authorities were interviewed on two aspects of this key dispute: (a) the extent to which iron triangle tenets were either central (traditional viewpoint) or secondary (revisionist viewpoint) to the Carter administrationls 1977 water projects “hit list” 81 defeat, 11 and (b) perceptions of the viability of the leading water alliances in the years since the hit list events. Major findings: (1) Although the two leading water subsystems are portrayed as having been weakened by recent challenges, they are viewed by subsystem insidersll and “outsiders” alike as the most powerful of six alternative explanations for the Carter “defeat.” (2) The alliances are largely pursuing a strategy aimed at adapting (Ripley and Franklinls “adapting subsystems”) to the threatening political climate based on extensive funding for operations and maintenance. (3) The argument is advanced that the traditional‐revisionist dispute is bridged by cyclical policy dynamics, labeled the policy pacing dimension.
AMNESTY FOR ILLEGAL ALIENS: THE AUSTRALIAN EXPERIENCE
Authors: Rhodes Colbert
Published: June 2005

This study indicates that the three amnesties granted by Australia did not remove the presence of illegal aliens nor end the movement of persons into Australia who would become illegal residents. Instead, amnesty encouraged the growth of an illegal alien population. Some persons who were unable to get an immigrant visa decided to come to Australia and remain as an illegal alien living anonymously within an ethnic community. Illegal aliens expected that pressures from the ir ethnic communities would compel the government to grant another amnesty. Amnesty appears only to be a temporary expedient used by the government to appear humane and to relieve pressures from nonethnic Australians who want to end the presence of illegals and from ethnic communities who want their coethnics legalized. Amnesty turns out not to be a long‐term solution to the existence of an illegal alien problem.
PRIVATIZATION AND CORRECTIONS POLICY
Authors: Palumbo Dennis J.
Published: June 2005

Because corrections is a multibillion dollar growth industry it is attractive to profitmaking firms. The issue is not whether private firms should b e involved in corrections, for they already are; the issue i s how much Involvement should there b e and in what areas. The principal argument used in favor of private involvement is that they will be more efficient than public agencies. But, while this may well be true, the problem is, what impact will this have on corrections policy? Will it increase the move toward retribution and away from rehabilitation? Existing private involvement in corrections has been primarily in the direction of finding workable alternatives to prisons. Private profitmaking firms may take us in the opposite direction. A number of other issues and problems of privatization also are discussed.
POLLUTION LIABILITY INSURANCE AND THE INTERNALIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS
Authors: Katzman Martin T.
Published: June 2005

This paper summarizes conceptual and empirical research on the effects of using private insurance as an instrument for regulating the risks of the chemical cycle. The paper reviews the following issues: (1) the institutional choices in regulation activities that may cause latent damage; (2) the insurability of pollution liabilities; and (3) the actual problems with using the pollution liability insurance market as a regulatory tool.
IMPLEMENTING PRIVATE SECTOR STRATEGIES IN EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING PROGRAMS
Authors: Goodman Marshall R.
Published: June 2005

This paper examines efforts to increase the role of the private sector in employment and job training programs mandated by the Private Sector Initiative Program (PSIP) and the Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA). In particular it will examine whether the emphasis on the private sector participation has led to a greater development of and reliance upon private sector strategies for training and placing the unemployed, as well as an exploration o f the relationship between public and private sector officials involved in program implementation.
ATTITUDE MEASURES IN EVALUATION RESEARCH: A RESEARCH NOTE
Authors: Nachmias Chava , Ridgewoy Cecilia
Published: June 2005

The paper focuses on the use of attitude measures in evaluation research. It is suggested that attitude measures can assist evaluators in surmounting the problems of assessing program effectiveness both in process and impact evaluations. Attitude change can be conceptualized as the intended output of programs, as intervening between program variables and behavior or as proxy measures of behavioral target variables that are not readily measurable. Attitude measures can play avital role in evaluation research if an adequate methodology is employed.
EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION; THE CASE OF COMPARABLE WORTH IN SAN JOSE
Authors: Flammang Janet A.
Published: June 2005

This study examines the effective implementation of a 1981 decision by the San Jose City Council to pay its AFSCME‐represented workers $1.45 million iri comparable worth adjustments over the two years. Following a description of expected obstacles, seven reasons for effective implementation are discussed: four beyond the control of implementors–economic health, political climate, collective bargaining context, and scale of the decision–and three within the control of implementors–realism and clarity of policy directive, agency resources and support, and leadership skills.
INITIATING A COMPARABLE WORTH WAGE POLICY IN MINNESOTA: NOTES FROM THE FIELD
Authors: Evans Sara M. , Nelson Barbara J.
Published: June 2005

As of January 1986, Minnesota has progressed farther than any other state in implementing acomparable worth (pay equity) wage policy, with two laws requiring pay equity, one covering state employees and a second covering employees of all types of jurisdictions. This article presents a discussion of Minnesota's importance as a case study, a definition of comparable worth, the history and politics o f pay equity policy in Minnesota, and an analysis of Minnesota's role in a national campaign to change wage policy. The article shows that implementation has been more straight‐forward in state government than for the 1,583 local jurisdictions, many of which had less‐developed personnel systems than did the state. The passage of the local pay equity law ushered in a new stage in this policy, where the issue Is no longer controlled by a small number of legislators, bureaucrats, and lobbyists.
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF COMPARABLE WORTH IN IOWA
Authors: Winebrenner Hugh
Published: June 2005

This research describes and analyzes the implementation of comparable worth legislation in Iowa and focuses on two aspects of the issue: implementatlon of the job evaluation study mandated by the law, and implementation of the classification and compensation systems which resulted from the study. The paper argues that the General Assembly involved itself too directly and too long in the implementation process which led to confrontation with the executive branch and numerous problems in the implementation of comparable worth legislation.
PROBLEMS OF CONTROLLING THE EFFICIENCY OF BUREAUCRATIC BEHAVIOR
Authors: Scioli Frank P.
Published: June 2005

The purpose of this paper is to discuss problems of controlling the efficiency of bureaucratic behavior. There are two broad approaches to the topic: One is a general discussion of systemic complications that mitigate against efficiency; the second centers around the study of productivity and efforts a t instituting program changes which result in more efficient operations. The former, constituting the first part of the paper, is, by nature, a more theoretical and, unfortunately, less positive statement. The latter portion of the paper is a more practical and more optimistic discussion. Taken together, it is hoped that the two approaches will provide a balanced overview of efficiency as it relates to bureaucratic behavior.
SOCIAL PROGRAM INNOVATION AND DISSEMINATION: A STUDY OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE PROCESSES
Authors: Mayer Jeffrey P. , Blakely Craig H. , Davidson William S.
Published: June 2005

The dissemination of social program innovations that have been demonstrated to be effective through rigorous evaluation is an important issue. The classical dissemination framework emphasizes the position that programs implemented with fidelity to the original model are most likely to produce the positive outcomes demonstrated in the model's evaluation phase. However, critics suggest that local programs that are extensively modified are more likely to meet local goals and, therefore, are more likely to be sustained within the organization. The present research examined the implementation, effectiveness, and routinization of seven innovations replicated in a nationwide sample of organizations. The innovations were diverse in both content and implementing context and were located in a variety of sites, including schools, courts, prisons, police departments, and social service agencies. The results suggest that the innovations were replicated with acceptable levels of fidelity to the disseminated program models, and that higher‐fidelity implementations tended to be more effective than those implemented with lower fidelity. The implications of the findings for social program dissemination policy are discussed and the authors propose an expansion of Berman's contingency model of innovation dissemination.
ASSESSING INTERGOVERNMENTAL COORDINATION IN COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT
Authors: Lowry Kem , Eichenberg Tim
Published: June 2005

One of the primary incentives to state governments to participate in the national coastal zone management program is the legal requirement that federal resources use activities as well as federal projects and federally permitted activities that affect state ocean and coastal areas must be consistent with federally‐approved state coastal programs. The “consistency provisions” are among the most innovative attempts to insure intergovernmental coordination in resource management. In assessing the implementation of the consistency provisions, we find that this legal requirement has led to the development of a variety of formal and informal collaborative mechanisms for intergovernmental coordination in ocean and coastal management. While these mechanisms have led to the resolution of the vast majority of federal‐state conflicts in coastal areas some important federal‐state conflicts have not been resolved. This has more to do with the character of these particular conflicts than the general effectiveness of the mechanisms for collaboration that have been established.
TOWARD ANALYSIS‐AIDED MEDIATION OF OCEAN DISPOSAL SITE‐SELECTION CONTROVERSIES: AN APPLICATION OF JUDGMENT ANALYSIS
Authors: Quinn Robert J. , Leschine Thomas M.
Published: June 2005

The field of judgment and decisionmaking research provides a theoretical framework and analytical tools that may be valuable in facilitating the resolution of environmental conflict through mediation. This paper provides an overview of the concepts, tools and findings of this research area, and illustrates how they might be used to build a lvbrieffl for aiding the mediation of a controversy regarding sludge disposal in the New York Bight.
A DESIGN PERSPECTIVE ON POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: THE FALLACIES OF MISPLACED PRESCRIPTION
Authors: Linder Stephen H. , Peters B. Guy
Published: June 2005

Implementation has been used to try to explain too much, particularly that policy formulation should be oriented around implementation. The concentration on implementation has added little to our theoretical understanding of policymaking. Implementation studies have taken either “The Horrors of War” or “The Search for Theory” views. The latter has four major views, none of which is adequate. The best approach is to treat implementation as only one of a number of conditions which must be fulfilled for successful policymaking. The design perspection, explained in the paper, is the best approach for this.
USING LINEAR TREND MODELS TO ANALYZE POLICY IMPACT
Authors: Mandell Marvin B. , Bretschneider Stuart I.
Published: June 2005

Policy researchers have become increasingly familiar with a number of improved techniques for analyzing data obtained from interrupted time‐series designs for evaluating public programs and policies. In this paper we contribute to this trend by presenting two groups of data analysis techniques which are not currently widely used by policy researchers, but are likely to be valuable adjuncts to traditional regression techniques for analyzing data obtained from interrupted time‐series designs. First, aids for model specification are presented that enable the analyst to define an appropriate linear trend model—often one which will reduce the degree of multicollinearity and, therefore, produce more precise estimates of the impacts of a public program or policy. Next we consider approaches for point estimation and joint (simultaneous) interval estimation of a policy intervention's total effect at various points in time.
STATE‐SPONSORED SEED VENTURE CAPITAL PROGRAMS: THE PENNSYLVANIA EXPERIENCE
Authors: Plosila Walter H. , Allen David N.
Published: June 2005

The venture capital industry represents the high growth end of the enterprise development spectrum. To promote this high value activity, states have ventured into new development finance realms. This article reviews various state approaches and concentrates on a diversified strategy adopted by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
MANUFACTURING FIRMS' VIEWS OF GOVERNMENT ACTIVITY AND COMMITMENT TO SITE: IMPLICATIONS FOR BUSINESS RETENTION POLICY
Authors: Bozeman Barry , Bozeman J. Lisle
Published: June 2005

Relationships between a variety of firm characteristics and perceptions of government are investigated. Then views about government are considered in connection with firms' commitment to their present location. One finding that is well supported is that taxes and regulations (at least for this sample and within this region) are a source of considerable dissatisfaction. Satisfaction with government services does not come near “offsetting” the displeasure with taxes and regulations. Larger firms are more likely to have unfavorable perceptions of government constraints, but more likely to have favorable views about government services. There is no evidence from this data that high tech firms differ significantly from other firms in their views about government. In regards to implications for business retention, the findings support the notion that state governments seeking to market their state to businesses located elsewhere might turn a greater proportion of attention to businesses currently residing in the state.
LOCAL INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT GROUPS: PERSPECTIVES AND PROFILES
Authors: Ottensmeyer Edward J. , Humphrey Craig R. , Erickson Rodney A.
Published: June 2005

Local industrial development groups (LIDGs) are often among the most visible organizations involved in community economic development. LIDGs annually spend billions of dollars directly or indirectly in various promotional and community improvement efforts. Yet relatively little is known about their organizational forms, their operating strategies, or their real impact on the economic development of communities. The study reported here was undertaken by researchers from three academic backgrounds in order to capture a rich, comprehensive view of this organizational type. In this paper, we discuss the research perspectives which informed our overall approach to the study, and subsequently, we present and discuss a preliminary profile of LIDGs, based on our recent national survey.
EVALUATING EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING PROGRAMS: SOME THOUGHTS ON THE LESSONS LEARNED
Authors: Peterson Paul
Published: June 2005

Much energy has been devoted to the evaluation of employment and training programs. Both of these evaluations have often been disappointing both to supporters of the programs and the evaluators themselves. At least in part, the reason for this is that many of the evaluations that have been done have not been carried out very effectively. Guidelines which policymakers should keep in mind in the course of initiating evaluations of employment and training programs are presented. Useful insights in this regard can be obtained by examining evaluation activity in other areas of social policy such as education.
DEALING EFFECTIVELY WITH CROWDED JAILS: THE JUDGES' ROLE
Authors: Juszkiewicz Jolanta
Published: June 2005

That there is a jail crowding problem is well documented. The problem of jail crowding must b e acknowledged as one demanding the involvement of all key criminal justice actors. Judges have been identified as key decisionmakers playing a pivotal role in managing case flow and influencing jail population levels. What, then, is or should be the role of judges in dealing specifically with jail crowding? Conventional responses to this question have focused on either the role of the federal judge, who in the course of presiding over a case involving jail conditions is called upon to manage a facility, or the role of a trial judge in making sentencing decisions. Recent research efforts have recognized that a nexus exists between judicial and correctional systems that extends beyond overseeing and sentencing roles. This paper intends to expand the notion o f interdependence to encompass the entire criminal justice system with emphasis on the judge's contribution.

Judges' decisions concerning the issuance of summonses, setting and reviewing bail, continuances and sentencing bear directly on the number of offenders in jail and/or length of the ir confinement. In numerous jurisdictions, judges have been instrumental in instituting changes aimed at dealing with the jail crowding problem and resulting in improvements in case processing.

Judicial system‐wide leadership has resulted in the establishment of guidelines for pretrial services personnel to be used in releasing certain defendants pretrial and in making pretrial release recommendations for others in one jurisdiction and the institution of a policy prohibiting the detention of misdemeanor defendants—a major factor in reducing the jail population–in many other jurisdictions. Increased use of nonfinancial pretrial release options by judicial officers was a key element in achieving a substantial drop in the jail population in several communities. Judges have introduced delay reduction strategies which have served to expedite case processing as well as minimize the number of detainees in jail. Judges have also successfully implemented a full range of sentencing atternatives, including community service, restitution and treatment programs for persons convicted of alcohol or drug‐related offenses.

This paper provides information on specific policies and procedures which have had a demonstrated impact on jail population levels without detracting from the operations of courts and, in most instances, contributing to improvements in judicial administration.
METHODS OF THE SECOND TYPE: COPING WITH THE WILDERNESS OF CONVENTIONAL POLICY ANALYSIS
Authors: Dunn William N.
Published: June 2005

Policy analysts, like allegorical homesteaders, face the seemingly unmanageable task of coping with the wilderness of ill‐structured problems, while concurrently attending to well‐structured problems, which can be addressed with conventional methods of policy analysis. What has appeared thus far as an unmanageable task may become manageable once analysts acknowledge the principle of methodological congruence: The appropriateness of a particular type of method is a function of its congruence with the type of problem under investigation.

To be sure, conventional methods of the first type are appropriate and useful for solving first‐order problems, which are relatively well‐structured. Contexts of practice, however, are pervaded by second‐order problems which, variously described as squishy, messy, or ill‐structured, are the class of all first‐order problems. Just as methods of the first type are congruent with the simple analytic demands of first‐order problems, so are methods of the second type congruent with the complex analytic demands of second‐order problems. When policy analysts fail to observe this principle of methodological congruence they are likely to solve the wrong problem.

Methods of the second type are not limited to general heuristics, but include specific and readily comprehensible procedures for estimating the boundaries and structure of ill‐structured problems. Since these estimation procedures appear to satisfy requirements of inductive estimates in general, policy analysts can assess their own performance in providing approximate answers to the right question, thus coping with the enemies who lurk in the wilderness of conventional policy analysis.
THE ANALYSIS OF DESIGN OR THE DESIGN OF ANALYSIS?
Authors: Linder Stephen H. , Peters B. Guy
Published: June 2005

The policy sciences have advanced in the past by introspection, and there appears to be a need for a return to such self‐conscious examination of the field of inquiry. A design orientation offers a useful framework for such an examination. It requires reconsideration of some of the fundamental premises of policy inquiry. This article explores what impact design might have on the conventional process framework and then proceeds to discuss the development of a design perspective.
RURAL‐URBAN DIFFERENCES IN THE UTILIZATION AND AMELIORATIVE EFFECTS OF WELFARE PROGRAMS
Authors: Jensen Lief
Published: June 2005

At a time when welfare policy analysts are preoccupied with the problem of welfare dependency, this paper refocuses attention on the ability of welfare (AFDC and general assistance) to reduce poverty among families, by highlighting and explaining rural‐urban differences in this ameliorative effect. Descriptive and multivariate methods are used to analyze data from the March 1987 Current Population Survey. Results show that despite comparatively high poverty rates in nonmetro areas, the nonmetro poor were much less likely than their urban counterparts t o receive welfare. Moreover, nonmetro welfare recipients received considerably less welfare income, on average, than metro recipients. Accordingly, the ameliorative effect of welfare was lowest in nonmetro areas and highest in central cities. Logistic regression analysis revealed that nonmetro poor families were less likely to receive welfare than those in metro areas because they were more likely to be working, older, childless, and headed by a married couple.
RURAL POVERTY, WELFARE ELIGIBILITY, FARM PROGRAMS, AND THE NEGATIVE INCOME TAX
Authors: Debertin David L. , Infanger Craig L.
Published: June 2005

This paper develops four models depicting types and causes of rural poverty in the United States. The recent farm financial crisis has exacerbated rural poverty problems, and many farmers who were not in poverty a few years ago are now in poverty. Policy options for dealing with rural poverty among those farmers who only recently became poor, as well as policy options for dealing with the persistently poor subsistence farmers, are discussed. Implications and options for dealing with poverty within the rural nonfarm sector are also stressed.
BOOK REVIEW FORUM
Authors: McClain Paula D.
Published: June 2005

William Julius Wilson, 1987. The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy
IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND POLICY FAILURE: THE NUCLEAR WASTE POLICY ACT OF 1982
Authors: Clary Bruce B. , Kraft Michael E.
Published: June 2005

We examine the role of environmental assessments in the siting process mandated under the ambitious Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982. We analyze the effect of these assessments in both the western and eastern United States using the original documents, critiques of the methodology of the assessments, and public comments on the siting process, including a content analysis of hearings in Wisconsin and Maine. We conclude that the major effect of the assessments on the policy process was to stimulate public and state opposition to the Department of Energy's efforts to implement NWPA, leading to what could be called policy failure and a significant redirection of the act by Congress in late 1987. The paper represents an early report of a more comprehensive and ongoing study of the politics of nuclear waste disposal.
A POLICY OF OUR OWN: LOCAL FEMINIST NETWORKS AND SOCIAL SERVICES FOR WOMEN AND CHILDREN
Authors: Boles Janet K.
Published: June 2005

This article examines the ways in which a feminist family policy agenda has led to significant political action and change within American cities. Feminist groups, during the past fifteen years, became a part of emerging local women's rights policy networks that effected changes in several services for women and children: libraries (programming for women and non‐sexist children's literature acquisitions policies); public education (gender equit under Title IX); social welfare (child care and displaced homemaker services); and criminal justice and health (the treatment of the victims of rape and domestic violence). This policy success stems not only from the workings of traditional interest group politics and policy networks but also from the astute use of political symbols, bureaucratic norms, and the federal system.
LATCHKEY CHILDREN AND AFTER‐SCHOOL CARE: A FEMINIST DILEMMA?
Authors: Flynn Clifton P. , Rodman Hyman
Published: June 2005

Many children of working parents regularly care for themselves after school. Questionable findings about the danger of children's self‐care (latchkey) arrangements are being used in an effort to obtain public funding for after‐school care. The use of this evidence poses a dilemma for feminists and others. Arguing that latchkey children are at risk may improve the chances of receiving funds for child care. But it could also lead to unintended negative consequences for women. Emphasizing the risks of self‐care could result in greater social opposition to working mothers. From a feminist perspective, the best argument for after‐school care would be one that focuses on the special needs and circumstances of working parents, and does not rely on suspect data that suggest negative consequences of self‐care for children's development.
TEACHING METHODS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVISITED
Authors: DeYoung Timothy J. , Perlman Bruce J.
Published: June 2005

Methodology courses in MPA programs tend to be unpopular with students and professors alike. These same courses, however, prove to be among the most valuable when the student is completing the degree program or when the student becomes a practitioner of public administration. In this article, many of the most widely used learning models for methodology are critiqued. In addition, the authors make a case for the use of inquiry training techniques, arguing that they are most appropriate for both students and professor because of their environmental sensitivity.
IMPLICATIONS OF WHISTLEBLOWING FOR PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION EDUCATION
Authors: Truelson Judith A.
Published: June 2005

Whistleblowing, or going public, is an issue which has received a great deal of media attention and scholarly consideration. Public administrators of the future will surely have to confront it. The author of this article divides whistleblowing into individual, organization, and environmental levels of analysis. Each level has its own unique considerations which must be understood separately before they can be understood comprehensively. Moreover, the author asserts that the study of whistleblowing fosters awareness of ethics, provides the skills needed to effectively cope with dissent, and imparts legal knowledge about the discipline of public administration to students.
“I SPEAK FOR THE TREES…”
Authors: Caudle Sharon L.
Published: June 2005

This article concentrates on the need for greater information resources management (IRM) education in public administration programs. The author argues that current management information systems training is much too limited in its approach, concentrating only on the technology of information transfers. A more comprehensive technique, emphasizing all of the issues of data handling from collection to distribution, is put forward. Because policy decisions are affected by critical information, public administrators must be keenly aware of their information resources. In concluding the article, the author offers a possible IRM curriculum that would prepare students of the discipline to be lucid practitioners.
PRACTITIONERS IN THE CLASSROOM: THE VIEW FROM ONE SIDE
Authors: Felts Arthur A.
Published: June 2005

Putting practitioners into the classroom to teach graduate public administration courses is a practice about which surprisingly little has been written. The issues raised in this article are the practitioners role in teaching MPA courses. The author examines three important considerations when practitioners become teachers. First, the method of teaching is explored with special attention being given to case‐study type approaches. Next, the authority worlds of academics and practitioners are compared with several differences being highlighted. Finally, the image world of practitioners is examined with a keen eye being placed on critical analysis.
IMPLEMENTING A PROGRAM OF COOPERATIVE FEDERALISM IN SURFACE MINING POLICY
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: June 2005

This article outlines the legislative history of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 and describes the forces that promoted a federalist arrangement of shared powers and responsibility for implementing the environmental reclamation provisions of the Act. The major components of the Act are reviewed and the Act is examined in terms of its general effectiveness in promoting reclamation as well as its contribution to the practice of American federalism and the capacity of state government to implement complex regulatory programs. The article concludes that SMCRA has had a positive impact in terms of improving state capabilities, expanding public involvement in decision making, and enhancing federal and state cooperation.
THE STATES AND DEREGULATION: THE CASE OF SURFACE MINING
Authors: Scicchitano Michael J. , Hedge David M. , Metz Patricia
Published: June 2005

The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA), passed to correct the abuses of surface mining, assigned key implementation roles to the states. While the federal government originally enforced SMCRA, states could operate the program themselves. Once states decided to run their own program the federal government would oversee them to insure they properly enforce the Act. This research examines the enforcement behavior of states in the 1980s. The results indicate that early in the Reagan administration eastern states enforced the SMCRA less stringently than other states. Eastern states increased their level of enforcement later in the 1980s in response to pressures for increased federal oversight from Congress, interest groups and others.