bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increased Tissue Factor Expression Predicts Development of Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy
Authors: Yen Michael H. , Pilkington Guy , Starling Randall C. , Ratliff Norman B. , McCarthy Patrick M. , Young James B. , Chisolm Guy M. , Penn Marc S.
Published: September 2002

Background—

Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) limits the long-term success of cardiac transplantation. The incidence of CAV is increased in patients with elevated plasma levels of oxidized lipids or fibrin deposition within right heart biopsy (RHB) specimens. The present study investigated whether tissue factor (TF), the expression of which is regulated by oxidized lipids, is upregulated in patients with CAV.

Methods and Results—

A TF score was developed to quantify TF expression in RHB specimens from 63 consecutive patients undergoing routine annual posttransplantation RHB and coronary angiography. In patients >2 years (3.0±0.8 years) posttransplantation (n=35), a high TF score was observed with greater frequency (75% versus 26%,
P
<0.004) in patients with CAV than those without CAV. In patients <2 years (0.87±0.48 years) posttransplantation (n=28) without evidence of CAV, the TF score was determined and patients were followed up prospectively. A high TF score had a positive predictive value of 78.6% for the development of CAV, and a low TF score had a negative predictive value of 100%.

Conclusions—

These data demonstrate that early TF expression predicts subsequent development of CAV. Increased TF expression could link the elevated levels of oxidized LDL and fibrin deposition known to precede CAV. These findings suggest that TF may play a role in the pathophysiology of CAV and could offer a potential prognostic tool and a novel target for the prevention of CAV, possibly with antioxidants or inhibitors of the TF pathway.
Electroanatomic Mapping and Catheter Ablation of Breakthroughs From the Right Atrium to the Superior Vena Cava in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Goya Masahiko , Ouyang Feifan , Ernst Sabine , Volkmer Marius , Antz Matthias , Kuck Karl-Heinz
Published: September 2002

Background—

The superior vena cava (SVC) is one of the sources of ectopies that can initiate atrial fibrillation (AF). We investigated by radiofrequency ablation the electrophysiological characteristics of the junction of the right atrium (RA) and the SVC and the feasibility of electrical disconnection of the SVC from the RA.

Methods and Results—

Sixteen patients with paroxysmal AF after pulmonary vein isolation underwent electroanatomic mapping at the RA–SVC junction during sinus rhythm. Mapping showed sharp potentials (SVC potentials) inside the SVC. Activation spread from the earliest SVC potential (breakthrough) to the rest of the SVC. SVC potentials were found over a large amount of the circumference, suggesting widespread muscle coverage of the SVC. Breakthroughs from the RA to SVC were located anteriorly, laterally, posteriorly, and septally in 3, 4, 10, and 6 patients, respectively. The number of breakthroughs was 1.4±0.5 per patient. Radiofrequency energy was applied with the end point of electrical disconnection. All breakthroughs were eliminated with 3.1±1.7 applications per breakthrough without complications.

Conclusions—

SVC potentials can be recorded inside the SVC. There are specific breakthroughs from the RA to the SVC that can be identified by electroanatomic mapping. The electrical disconnection of the SVC from the RA is feasible.
Periods, Capitalized Words, etc.
Authors: Mikheev Andrei
Published: September 2002

In this article we present an approach for tackling three important aspects of text normalization: sentence boundary disambiguation, disambiguation of capitalized words in positions where capitalization is expected, and identification of abbreviations. As opposed to the two dominant techniques of computing statistics or writing specialized grammars, our document-centered approach works by considering suggestive local contexts and repetitions of individual words within a document. This approach proved to be robust to domain shifts and new lexica and produced performance on the level with the highest reported results. When incorporated into a part-of-speech tagger, it helped reduce the error rate significantly on capitalized words and sentence boundaries. We also investigated the portability to other languages and obtained encouraging results.
Synthesis and Characterization of New Non-aromatic Texaphyrin-type Expanded Porphyrins
Authors: MEYER SYLVIE , HOEHNER MICHAEL C. , LYNCH VINCENT , SESSLER JONATHAN L.
Published: September 2002

The synthesis and X-ray diffraction-based characterization of a texaphyrin-type non-aromatic expanded porphyrin, 13,18,22,27-tetraethyl-14,17,23,26-tetramethyl-20-p-nitrophenyl-3,10,28,29,30,31-hexaazahexacyclo[23.2.1.04,9.112,15.116,19.121,24]untriaconta-2, 4, 5, 7, 10,12,14,16,18,-20,22,24(30),25,27-tetradecaene (1), is reported. This Schiff base macrocycle was prepared in good yield via the 1:1 HCl -catalyzed condensation of a tetrapyrrole dialdehyde precursor, (di(5-formyl-4,4'-diethyl-3,3'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyrrole)-p-nitrophenylmethine), with 1,2-phenylenediamine. Compound 1 was assigned as being a 26 π-electron non-aromatic benzannulene on the basis of both proton NMR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. The latter studies, in particular, revealed a non-planar macrocyclic structure co-crystallized with a molecule of water. By varying either the diamine used in the cyclization step and/or the substituent in the meso-position of the tetrapyrrolic precursor, a range of other systems analogous to 1 could be obtained. The resulting systems were found to present good stability both in the solid state and in solution.
Influence of Electron-withdrawing Substituents on Photoelectrochemical Surface Phenomena at Phthalocyanine Thin Film Electrodes
Authors: OEKERMANN TORSTEN , SCHLETTWEIN DERCK , JAEGER NILS I. , WÖHRLE DIETER
Published: September 2002

The influence of electron-withdrawing substituents on the photoelectrochemical properties of phthalocyanines is shown in a comparison between hexadecafluorophthalocyaninatozinc(II) ( F 16 PcZn ) and the unsubstituted phthalocyaninatozinc(II) ( PcZn ). The role of surface states in the photoelectrochemistry of both materials has been investigated by time-resolved photocurrent measurements in the millisecond range. The charging and discharging of surface states could clearly be seen as spikes at the beginning and the end of illumination. Surface states were filled with photogenerated electrons at PcZn and with photogenerated holes at F 16 PcZn . In the steady state under illumination only cathodic photocurrents were detected at PcZn , while at F 16 PcZn both cathodic and anodic photocurrents were observed. An adsorption step of electroactive species prior to the charge transfer was derived from the dependence of the steady state photocurrents on the electrolyte concentration for both materials. The concentration dependence of the charging and discharging currents, however, showed that charge transfer from surface states to the electrolyte occurs at PcZn , while at F 16 PcZn the surface states only represent recombination centres.
Photobleaching studies on azabenzoporphyrins and related systems: a comparison of the photobleaching of the zinc(II) complexes of the tetrabenzoporphyrin, 5-azadibenzo[b,g]porphyrin and phthalocyanine systems
Authors: BONNETT RAYMOND , MARTINEZ GABRIEL
Published: September 2002

The kinetics of photobleaching of zinc(II) tetra-t-butyltetrabenzoporphyrin 1, zinc(II) 13,17-diethyl-12,18-dimethyl-5-azadibenzo[b,g]porphyrin 2 and zinc(II) tetra-t-butylphthalocyanine 3 are studied. In methanol containing ca 0.1% pyridine, complex 1 undergoes photoaggregation, 2 is relatively photostable, while 3 undergoes a smooth true photobleaching process with loss of intensity across the visible region. Where appropriate, apparent first-order rate constants for the photodiminution of the α band in the spectra are reported, and the effects of solvent variation and of additives are measured. It has not been possible to provide an overall rationalization of the solvent effects, but the effects of additives support the view that the photo-oxidative processes involve singlet oxygen. Experiments with potassium superoxide do not support superoxide involvement. Preparative experiments in methanol have been carried out with 1 and 3. 1 leads to a large recovery of the starting material, indicating that the photoaggregation does not involve the formation of new covalent bonds. 3 gives rise to at least five products (besides the starting material). Two of these, isolated in low yields (<5%), are identified as a fragmentation (depolymerization) product, 4-t-butylphthalonitrile, and the expected oxidative product, 4-t-butylphthalimide. The results are discussed and conclusions drawn.
Synthesis and characterization of sandwich-type gadolinium and ytterbium crown ether-substituted phthalocyanines
Authors: LAPKINA LUDMILA A. , NISKANEN ELINA , RÖNKKÖMÄKI HANNU , LARCHENKO VLADIMIR E. , POPOV KONSTANTIN I. , TSIVADZE ASLAN YU.
Published: September 2002

An original method based on metal-free ligand and lanthanide acetate direct interaction in the presence of a strong organic base (DBU) is used to prepare sandwich-type gadolinium and ytterbium crown-ether substituted phthalocyanines bis[4,5,4′,5′,4″,5″,4‴,5‴-tetrakis(1,4,7,10,13-pentaoxatridecamethylene)phthalocyaninato]gadolinium (ytterbium) and tris[4,5,4′,5′,4″,5″,4‴-,5‴-tetrakis(1,4,7,10,13-pentaoxatridecamethylene)phthalocyaninato]digadolinium (ytterbium) which are characterized by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and UV-vis spectroscopy.
Metalloporphyrin catalytic oxidations of hydrocarbons by H2O2
Authors: ROCHA GONSALVES ANTÓNIO M. d'A. , SERRA ARMÉNIO C.
Published: September 2002

The metalloporphyrin catalytic oxidation of hydrocarbons using dilute hydrogen peroxide as oxygen donor with a two-phase system in the presence of an excess of benzoic acid is studied. Porphyrins derived from meso-tetrakis(2,6-dichlorophenyl)porphyrin and bearing sulfonamide substituents at β or meso positions and halogens at β positions were used. The system allowed for very efficient catalytic epoxidations and hydroxylations of hydrocarbons. It is proved that the excess of benzoic acid is critical to the catalyst efficiency and stability. The role of the lipophilic acid in this system is discussed.
A hedonic price analysis of thoroughbred broodmare characteristics
Authors: Neibergs J. Shannon
Published: September 2002

Thoroughbred broodmares are the primary input in the foal production process. Breeders need to make informed broodmare investment decisions, since substantial financial and genetic risks are associated with overvaluing a broodmare's productive capacity. Each broodmare represents a unique combination of breeding, racing, and genetic characteristics. This study estimates the marginal values of broodmare characteristics. Results identify large price differentials for broodmares that have won or produced graded stakes race winners. The analysis provides information for marketing, accounting and management decisions. [EconLit Citation: Q130]. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Methods for estimation of bone marrow plasma cell involvement in myeloma: Predictive value for response and survival in patients undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation
Authors: Rajkumar S. Vincent , Fonseca Rafael , Dispenzieri Angela , Lacy Martha Q. , Lust John A. , Witzig Thomas E. , Therneau Terry M. , Kyle Robert A. , Greipp Philip R. , Gertz Morie A.
Published: September 2002

In myeloma, the bone marrow plasma cell percentage (BMPC%) is usually estimated independently on the aspirate, core biopsy, and plasma cell labeling index (PCLI) samples. This study was done to determine which of the 3 individual estimates correlates best with complete response (CR) and survival. Seventy‐five consecutive patients who underwent SCT for relapsed myeloma were studied. The median BMPC% on the marrow aspirate, core biopsy, and PCLI studies were 20, 25, and 20, respectively. There was a significant correlation between the three methods, ρ > 0.65,P< 0.001. However, in 8% of patients the BMPC% was different by an absolute value of 50% between methods. No individual method was predictive for CR. However, the highest estimate of the BMPC% among the three methods was a significant predictor of CR (P= 0.02). Survival following SCT was longer among patients with a low BMPC% (≤60) by the PCLI method compared to those with higher values, median survival 23 versus 7 months, respectively,P= 0.02. PFS was also different, with survival times of 11 and 5 months, respectively,P= 0.003. Similar results were obtained when the highest estimate of the BMPC% was used in survival analysis (P= 0.02 and 0.004, respectively). Statistical significance was lower when the BMPC% on the aspirate or biopsy used in survival analysis. Compared to any individual method of estimating BMPC%, the highest estimate of the BMPC% is the best predictor of CR in myeloma. It is also prognostic for poor survival and PFS following SCT for myeloma. We recommend that all three methods of estimating BMPC% be routinely performed and that the highest value be used for prognostic purposes. Am. J. Hematol. 68:269–275, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
DNA content of granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes in the bone marrow smears of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Widell Susanne , Hast Robert , Cox Christopher , Auer Gert , Bennett John M.
Published: September 2002

Recently, we have reported a high incidence of DNA hypodiploidy defined as DNA index (DI) in blasts/promyelocytes from 39 patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) found to be without a relationship to cytogenetics. In the present study the DNA content (DI) in granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes measured in the same bone marrow smears from the above patients are reported. DNA hypodiploidy was found in mature cells, not only in myeloid cells (granulocytes and monocytes) but also in lymphocytes. A lower mean DI in each cell type of patients compared to controls was found. Pairwise comparison of the mean DI (±SE) in 32 patients with normal (n = 22) and abnormal (n = 10) cytogenetics and controls (n = 8) showed a significantly (P < 0.01) lower value for each group of patients, respectively, in all cell types. No difference was found between the two groups of patients. Presence of weak‐Feulgen stained nuclei (DI < 0.40) in granulocytes and monocytes was more pronounced in patients expressing DNA hypodiploid immature cell populations, but only occasionally in lymphocytes, suggesting a link to an apoptotic event and intramedullary cell death. DNA hypodiploidy is shown to be a common feature even in mature cell populations in MDS bone marrows. Clonality, by means of DNA content, appears reasonable as regards the granulocytes and monocytes. DNA hypodiploid lymphocytes, on the other hand, might be small blasts (stem cells) or dying cell populations of unknown origin. Am. J. Hematol. 67:112–118, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Factor IX gene polymorphisms in Indian population
Authors: Chowdhury Madhumita Roy , Kabra Madhulika , Menon P.S.N.
Published: September 2002

Hemophilia B is an X‐linked, recessive disorder of hemostasis, caused by a defect in coagulation factor IX. To date, several restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) have been identified within the gene for human factor IX. The incidence of these RFLPs differs significantly in different populations. In the present study, we analyzed the heterozygosity frequency and the allele frequency of three common intra‐ and extragenic polymorphic sites of the factor IX gene in Indian population. The main objective was to test the informativeness of two intragenic markers Dde I and Xmn I and one extragenic marker Hha I for carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis. The method used was polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and RFLP, which is economical yet simple to perform. In Indian population Dde I marker showed an informativeness of 69.0% followed by 38.0% for Hha I and 23.0% for Xmn I. The cumulative informativeness of these three markers was found to be 80 to 82%. A comparison of the heterozygosity rates of these three markers with the other ethnic groups showed that Indian population had almost similar pattern with the Caucasians and American blacks but differed significantly from the Orientals including Japanese, Chinese and Malays. Am. J. Hematol. 68:246–248, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High levels of habitual physical activity in west african adolescent girls and relationship to maturation, growth, and nutritional status: Results from a 3‐year prospective study
Authors: Bénéfice Eric , Garnier Denis , Ndiaye Gnagna
Published: September 2002

This study examines energy expenditure and physical activity levels for a sample of 40 adolescent girls of the Sereer ethnic group of rural Senegal. The girls were 13.3 ± 0.5 years at the start of the study (June 1997) and were followed annually for the next 2 years during puberty. Data collected during each round included: 1) pubertal status (as assessed by breast development and occurrence of menarche); 2) selected anthropometric dimensions (weight, stature, arm circumference, and six skinfolds); and 3) physical activity levels quantitatively assessed using CSA accelerometers. During rounds 1 and 3, activity was also qualitatively reported by direct minute‐by‐minute observations. A food consumption survey was performed once during the 3rd round, using an individual food weighing method. Girls of this sample had high levels of energy expenditure with daily physical activity levels (PALs) ranging from 1.70 to 1.85 multiples of basal metabolic rate. Energy intakes were, on average, sufficient to meet energy and protein requirements, although micronutrient deficiencies were likely to exist. Activity levels declined with age between the 1st and 3rd rounds. Stepwise regression analyses showed that stature was negatively correlated with both total daily and day‐time activity, whereas the body mass index was positively associated with this measure. Pubertal status and subcutaneous fatness were not significant predictors of activity levels. The contribution of these adolescent girls to the everyday tasks of the household was considerable. They spent more than 3 hours 30 minutes per day in domestic duties. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 13:808–820, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phylogeny of lion tamarins (Leontopithecusspp) based on interphotoreceptor retinol binding protein intron sequences
Authors: Mundy Nicholas I. , Kelly Joanne
Published: September 2002

The evolutionary relationships of the lion tamarins (Leontopithecus) were investigated using nuclear interphotoreceptor retinol binding protein (IRBP) intron sequences. Phylogenetic reconstructions strongly support the monophyly of the genus, and a sister relationship between the golden lion tamarin,Leontopithecus rosalia, and the black lion tamarin,L. chrysopygus, to the exclusion of the golden‐headed lion tamarin,L. chrysomelas. The most parsimonious evolutionary reconstruction suggests that the ancestral lion tamarin and the common ancestor ofL. rosaliaandL. chrysopygushad predominantly black coats. This reconstruction is not consistent with a theory of orthogenetic evolution of coat color that was based on coat color evolution in marmosets and tamarins. An alternative reconstruction that is consistent with metachromism requires that ancestral lion tamarins had agouti hairs. Am. J. Primatol. 54:33–40, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Noninstrumented enzyme‐linked immunosorbant assay for detection of early pregnancy in macaques
Authors: Shimizu Keiko , Lohstroh Peter N. , Laughlin Lisa S. , Gee Nancy A. , Todd Heather , Shideler Susan E. , Lasley Bill L.
Published: September 2002

A practical, noninstrumented enzyme‐linked immunosorbant assay (NELISA) for the measurement of urinary monkey chorionic gonadotropin (mCG) has been developed for the detection of early pregnancy in macaque monkeys for use in both the laboratory and the field. Five rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and six crab‐eating monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were tested for the presence of mCG in urine on gestational days (GDs) 12 to 35. The mCG NELISA detected pregnancy as early as GD 14, with an average earliest detection at GD 16.5 ± 1.4 (n = 11). Out of 90 tests, 27 false‐negative and zero false‐positive tests were obtained, for an accuracy of 70.0%. Without the aid of a spectrophotometer, the presence of mCG in pregnant monkey samples was indicated by a dark green color change. Nonpregnant monkey urine samples, on the other hand, exhibited no color change. These findings suggest that the simple, economical, and reliable urinary mCG NELISA may be useful for diagnosing early pregnancy in these and related species. Because capture and restraint are unnecessary for collecting urine samples, the mCG NELISA has widespread potential for confined and free‐ranging animals. Am. J. Primatol. 54:57–62, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proteomic comparison of human and great ape blood plasma reveals conserved glycosylation and differences in thyroid hormone metabolism
Authors: Gagneux Pascal , Amess Bob , Diaz Sandra , Moore Stephen , Patel Thakor , Dillmann Wolfgang , Parekh Raj , Varki Ajit
Published: September 2002

Most blood plasma proteins are glycosylated. These glycoproteins typically carry sialic acid‐bearing sugar chains, which can modify the observed molecular weights and isoelectric points of those proteins during electrophoretic analyses. To explore changes in protein expression and glycosylation that occurred during great ape and human evolution, we subjected multiple blood plasma samples from all these species to high‐resolution proteomic analysis. We found very few species‐specific differences, indicating a remarkable degree of conservation of plasma protein expression and glycosylation during ∼12 million years of evolution. A few lineage‐specific differences in protein migration were noted among the great apes. The only obvious differences between humans and all great apes were an apparent decrease in transthyretin (prealbumin) and a change in haptoglobin isoforms (the latter was predictable from prior genetic studies). Quantitative studies of transthyretin in samples of blood plasma (synthesized primarily by the liver) and of cerebrospinal fluid (synthesized locally by the choroid plexus of the brain) confirmed ∼2‐fold higher levels in chimpanzees compared to humans. Since transthyretin binds thyroid hormones, we next compared plasma thyroid hormone parameters between humans and chimpanzees. The results indicate significant differences in the status of thyroid hormone metabolism, which represent the first known endocrine difference between these species. Notably, thyroid hormones are known to play major roles in the development, differentiation, and metabolism of many organs and tissues, including the brain and the cranium. Also, transthyretin is known to be the major carrier of thyroid hormone in the cerebrospinal fluid, likely regulating delivery of this hormone to the brain. A potential secondary difference in retinoid (vitamin A) metabolism is also noted. The implications of these findings for explaining unique features of human evolution are discussed. Am J Phys Anthropol 115:99–109, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
DNA diversity and population admixture in Anatolia
Authors: Di Benedetto Giulietta , Ergüven Ayşe , Stenico Michele , Castrfi Loredana , Bertorelle Giorgio , Togan Inci , Barbujani Guido
Published: September 2002

The Turkic language was introduced in Anatolia at the start of this millennium, by nomadic Turkmen groups from Central Asia. Whether that cultural transition also had significant population‐genetics consequences is not fully understood. Three nuclear microsatellite loci, the hypervariable region I of the mitochondrial genome, six microsatellite loci of the Y chromosome, and one Alu insertion (YAP) were amplified and typed in 118 individuals from four populations of Anatolia. For each locus, the number of chromosomes considered varied between 51–200. Genetic variation was large within samples, and much less so between them. The contribution of Central Asian genes to the current Anatolian gene pool was quantified using three different methods, considering for comparison populations of Mediterranean Europe, and Turkic‐speaking populations of Central Asia. The most reliable estimates suggest roughly 30% Central Asian admixture for both mitochondrial and Y‐chromosome loci. That (admittedly approximate) figure is compatible both with a substantial immigration accompanying the arrival of the Turkmen armies (which is not historically documented), and with continuous gene flow from Asia into Anatolia, at a rate of 1% for 40 generations. Because a military invasion is expected to more deeply affect the male gene pool, similar estimates of admixture for female‐ and male‐transmitted traits are easier to reconcile with continuous migratory contacts between Anatolia and its Asian neighbors, perhaps facilitated by the disappearance of a linguistic barrier between them. Am J Phys Anthropol 115:144–156, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of organotin compounds on trout AMP‐deaminases
Authors: Gabbianelli R. , Falcioni G. , Lupidi G.
Published: September 2002

The comparative toxicity of the organotin compounds tributyltin chloride (TBTC), dibutylin dichloride (DBTC) and monobutyltin trichloride (MBTC) was investigated on 5′ adenylic acid deaminase (AMP‐deaminase) purified from trout skeletal muscle and heart. Treatment with TBTC of both enzymatic forms of AMP‐deaminase rapidly decreases the enzyme activity, and the organotin derivatives DBTC and MBTC have a significant minor inhibitory effect. Differences were observed in TBTC inhibition rate between trout muscle and heart purified enzymes that could be related to the different cellular localization of the two AMP‐deaminases. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanisms and molecules in motor neuron specification and axon pathfinding
Authors: Jacob John , Hacker Adam , Guthrie Sarah
Published: September 2002

The vertebrate nervous system performs the most complex functions of any organ system. This feat is mediated by dedicated assemblies of neurons that must be precisely connected to one another and to peripheral tissues during embryonic development. Motor neurons, which innervate muscle and regulate autonomic functions, form an integral part of this neural circuitry. The first part of this review describes the remarkable progress in our understanding of motor neuron differentiation, which is arguably the best understood model of neuronal differentiation to date. During development, the coordinate actions of inductive signals from adjacent non‐neural tissues initiate the differentiation of distinct motor neuron subclasses, with specific projection patterns, at stereotypical locations within the neural tube. Underlying this specialisation is the expression of specific homeodomain proteins, which act combinatorially to confer motor neurons with both their generic and subtype‐specific properties. Ensuring that specific motor neuron subtypes innervate the correct target structure, however, requires precise motor axon guidance mechanisms. The second half of this review focuses on how distinct motor neuron subtypes pursue highly specific projection patterns by responding differentially to spatially discrete attractive and repulsive molecular cues. The tight link between motor neuron specification and axon pathfinding appears to be established by the dominant role of homeodomain proteins in dictating the ways that navigating motor axons interpret the plethora of guidance cues impinging on growth cones. BioEssays 23:582–595, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
FTIR microspectroscopy study of composition fluctuations in extruded amylopectin–gelatin blends
Authors: Mousia Z. , Farhat I. A. , Pearson M. , Chesters M. A. , Mitchell J. R.
Published: September 2002

The spatial variation in the composition of nonexpanded biopolymer blends prepared by extrusion of mixtures of gelatin with either native or pregelatinized waxy maize starch was studied using a 30‐μm aperture FTIR microspectroscopy technique. The ratio of the areas of the “saccharide” bands (953–1180 cm−1) and the amide I and II bands (1483–1750 cm−1) was used to monitor the relative distributions of the two components of the blend. Two calibration methods were used to obtain amylopectin concentration values from the ratios of the IR bands. The results suggested a high degree of heterogeneity in these blends, despite the thorough mixing expected by twin‐screw extrusion processing. The concentration fluctuations were greater for the blends produced by extruding gelatin and native waxy maize starch mixtures. This was in agreement with the reduced degree of conversion of the starch granules when extruded in the presence of gelatin. The FTIR 2‐dimensional maps obtained suggested that in the blends produced from either native or pregelatinized starch at all concentrations studied (25/75, 50/50, and 75/25 amylopectin/gelatin) the gelatin constituted the continuous phase. The effect of the spatial resolution on the FTIR microspectroscopy results was considered and the proposed interpretation was verified by the use of polarized light microscopy and FTIR microspectroscopy acquired at higher spatial resolution (10 μm). © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 62: 208–218, 2001
Determination of terbinafine hydrochloride in cat hair by two chromatographic methods
Authors: Kuz̆ner Jernej , Koz̆uh Erz̆en Nevenka , Drobnic̆‐Kos̆orok Marinka
Published: September 2002

Terbinafine hydrochloride (terbHCl) concentration on the site of infection with Microsporum canis is a very important indicator of drug effectiveness. Several chromatographic methods exist that can be used for the determination of terbHCl concentration in biological samples. A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method and a gas chromatographic (GC) method have been compared and critically evaluated for the determination of a terbHCl levels in cat hair. The sensitivity and the linearity of the previously developed HPLC method were 0.25 ng/mL and 0.25–3000 ng/mL, respectively. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.01 µg/g of terbHCl in cat hair, and reproducibility of 96.6% and recovery of 93.8% were achieved using appropriate sample pre‐treatment and optimal chromatographic conditions. The sensitivity of the GC method, 25 ng/mL (LOQ 625 ppb), was much lower than that of the HPLC method. The GC method still enables determination of terbHCl in a range of concentrations in cat hair. The reproducibility of terbHCl for the cat hair samples was 95.3% and the recovery was only 70.0%. Both methods can be used for the evaluation of drug effectiveness in cats and both of them require only basic chromatographic equipment that can be found in most analytical laboratories. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of amino acid enantiomers in human urine and blood serum by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Authors: Brückner Hans , Schieber Andreas
Published: September 2002

Amino acid (AA) enantiomers were determined as N(O)‐pentafluoropropionyl‐(2)‐propyl esters by chiral gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) in 24 h samples of the urine of three healthy volunteers and in their blood sera. In urine the largest amounts were determined for D‐Ser (64–199 µmol/day) and D‐Ala (24–138 µmol/day). In blood sera, D‐Ala (2.3–4.2 µmol/L) and D‐Ser (1.0–2.9 µmol/L) were most abundant. Varying amounts of the D‐enantiomers of Thr, Pro, Asx, Glx, Phe, Tyr, Orn and Lys were also found, albeit not in all urines and sera. Further, enantiomers were quantified in urine samples of two volunteers fasting for 115 h. Quantities of renally excreted D‐AAs decreased in fasting, although amounts of D‐Ser (69 and 77 µmol/L urine) as well as other D‐AAs were still detectable. Time‐dependent analyses of urine showed that D‐AAs are continuously excreted. Copyright ­© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Not bound by the law: Legal disobedience in Israeli society
Authors: Rattner Arye , Yagil Dana , Pedahzur Ami
Published: September 2002

The issue of whether there is a ‘prima facie obligation to obey the law’ has intrigued human society since the days of Socrates. However, most of the writings in this field have dealt with theoretical aspects of the issue, such as the boundaries of legal obedience and frameworks defining the circumstances under which a citizen is not obliged to obey the law. Very few studies have investigated the phenomenon of legal disobedience empirically. The current study is based on a survey of Israeli citizens belonging to three sectors of the population (Jews in the general population, Israeli Arabs, and orthodox Jewish students enrolled in religious yeshiva seminaries). Respondents' attitudes towards the judicial system, the rule of law, and the duty to obey state laws were examined by means of a questionnaire especially designed for the study. The findings point to gaps between the three groups: Compared to the Arab population and the yeshiva students, support for state laws and the rule of law was stronger among Jews in the general population and, conversely, belief in the supremacy of other laws (i.e. religious laws) over state laws and readiness to take the law into one's own hands were stronger among the Arabs and the yeshiva students, compared to the general Jewish population. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comment on a recently proposed resampling method
Authors: Faber Nicolaas (Klaas) M.
Published: September 2002

A recently introduced resampling method for determining the contribution of measurement errors to the standard error in bilinear and trilinear model estimates is critically examined. Using Monte Carlo simulations, it is shown that this method does not work as intended. A noise addition method is proposed as a generally applicable alternative. The principles involved in applied work are illustrated on real UV‐vis data taken from the literature. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supporting pupils with special health needs in mainstream schools: policy and practice
Authors: Lightfoot Jane , Mukherjee Suzanne , Sloper Patricia
Published: September 2002

Education policy favouring ‘inclusion’, together with medical advances, mean that a growing number of pupils in mainstream schools may have health‐related support needs in respect of a chronic illness or physical disability. Data from an empirical research study investigating these needs and carried out between 1996 and 1998 are used to reflect on the position of this group of pupils within policy guidance on special educational needs (SEN) and medical needs. Evidence of confusion and ambiguity, both in the guidance and its interpretation, suggests that the needs of this group remain somewhat hidden. More recent developments in special needs policy guidance are discussed in terms of the prospect for strengthening support for this group of pupils. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of new pryridyl alcohols and their use as catalysts in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to aldehydes
Authors: Xu Qianyong , Wu Xiaoming , Pan Xinfu , Chan Albert S. C. , Yang Teng‐Kuei
Published: September 2002

Optically active new pyridyl alcohols 1–4, which can be easily synthesized by the reaction of (+)‐camphor or (−)‐menthone with lithiated pyridine derivatives, were applied as chiral ligands in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to aldehydes. Good yields with up to 94.0%enantiomeric excesses were observed in these reactions. Chirality 14:28–31, 2002. ©2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enantiomeric separation of drugs and herbicides on a β‐cyclodextrin‐bonded stationary phase
Authors: Tazerouti Fairouz , Yacine Badjah‐Hadj‐Ahmed Ahmed , Youcef Meklati Brahim , Franco Pilar , Minguillon Cristina
Published: September 2002

A chemically bonded β‐cyclodextrin chiral stationary phase for HPLC was prepared in a “one pot” process by the reaction of a phenylated β‐cyclodextrin with silica gel. Various racemic analytes such as drugs (aminoalcohol adrenergic β‐blockers, benzodiazepine anxiolytics, arylpropionic acid antiinflammatory agents) and herbicides (aryloxypropionic acids and esters) were separated on the prepared material. The column showed good chiral recognition ability for most of the solutes tested when using heptane and either 2‐propanol or chloroform as organic mobile phase modifiers. Chirality 14:59–66, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of absolute configuration of 1,3‐diols by the modified Mosher's method using their di‐MTPA esters
Authors: Konno Katsuhiro , Fujishima Toshie , Liu Zhaopeng , Takayama Hiroaki
Published: September 2002

1,3‐Diols are frequently involved in biologically important compounds and, therefore, determination of the stereochemistry of these structural elements, in particular those in acyclic systems, has been one of the focuses of attention in natural products chemistry. The modified Mosher's method, commonly used for the determination of the absolute configuration of secondary alcohols, was applied to determine the absolute configuration of 1,3‐diols with their di‐MTPA esters. Several epimeric pairs of syn‐ and anti‐1,3‐diols with known absolute configurations were converted to the corresponding di‐MTPA esters and the iDelta;δ values were then calculated. For the acyclic syn‐1,3‐diols, the iDelta;δ values were systematically arranged as predicted from the basic concept of the modified Mosher's method, demonstrating that the method is valid for these compounds. In contrast, the iDelta;δ values were irregularly arranged for the acyclic anti‐1,3‐diols and, accordingly, this method is not valid for these cases. These results are complementary to those of the previously reported CD exciton chirality method and, hence, the combined use of the modified Mosher's method and the CD exciton chirality method can determine the absolute configuration of the acyclic 1,3‐diols. Also, this method is successfully applicable to cyclic 1,3‐diols irrespective of their relative stereochemistry. Chirality: 14:72–80, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Embryonic and paralarval development of the central nervous system of the loliginid squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana
Authors: Shigeno Shuichi , Tsuchiya Kotaro , Segawa Susumu
Published: September 2002

The embryonic development of the central nervous system (CNS) in the oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana is described. It has three distinct phases: (1) The ganglionic accumulation phase: Ganglionic cell clusters develop by ingression, migration, and accumulation of neuroblasts. (2) The lobe differentiation phase: Ganglia differentiate into lobes. The phase is identified by the beginning of an axogenesis. During this phase, neuropils are first formed in the suboesophageal mass, then in the basal lobe system, and finally in the inferior frontal lobes and the superior frontal‐vertical lobe systems. (3) The neuropil increment phase: After the shape of the lobes reached its typical form, neuropil growth occurs, specifically in the vertical lobe. The paralarval central nervous system (CNS) is characterized by neuronal gigantism of the giant fibers and some suboesophageal commissures and connectives. The neuropil formation in the CNS of S. lessoniana occurs somewhat earlier than in Octopus vulgaris, although the principal developmental plan is quite conservative among the other coleoids investigated. Some phylogenetic aspects are discussed based on the similarities in the morphologic organization of their brains. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:449–475, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Connections of higher order visual relays in the thalamus: A study of corticothalamic pathways in cats
Authors: Guillery R.W. , Feig Sherry L. , Van Lieshout David P.
Published: September 2002

Axonal markers injected into layers 5 and 6 of cortical areas 17, 18, or 19 labeled axons going to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), the lateral part of the lateralis posterior nucleus (LPl), and pulvinar (P). Area 19 sends fine axons (type 1, Guillery [1966] J Comp Neurol 128:21–50) to LGN, LPl, and P, and thicker, type 2 axons to LPl and P. Areas 17 and 18 send type 1 axons to LGN, and a few type 1, but mainly type 2 axons to LPl and P. Type 1 and 2 axons from a single small cortical locus distribute to distinct, generally nonoverlapping parts of LP and P; type 1 axons have a broader distribution than type 2 axons. Type 2 axons, putative drivers of thalamic relay cells (Sherman and Guillery [1998] Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:7121–7126; Sherman and Guillery [2001] Exploring the thalamus. San Diego: Academic Press), supply small terminal arbors (100‐ to 200‐μm diameter) in LPl and P, and then continue into the midbrain. Each thalamic type 2 arbor contains two terminal types. One, at the center of the arbor, is complex and multilobulated; the other, with a more peripheral distribution, is simpler and may contribute to adjacent arbors. Type 2 arbors from a single injection are scattered around and along “isocortical columns” in LPl, (i.e., columns that represent cells having connections to a common cortical locus). Evidence is presented that the connections and consequently the functional properties of cells in LP change along these isocortical columns. Type 2 driver afferents from a single cortical locus can, thus, be seen as representing functionally distinct, parallel pathways from cortex to thalamus. J. Comp. Neurol. 438:66–85, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Numerical solution of regularized long wave equation using Petrov–Galerkin method
Authors: Dogan Abdulkadir
Published: September 2002

The regularized long wave (RLW) equation is solved by a Petrov–Galerkin method using quadratic B‐spline finite elements. A linear recurrence relationship for the numerical solution of the resulting system of ordinary differential equations is obtained via a Crank–Nicolson approach involving a product approximation. The motion of solitary waves is studied to assess the properties of the algorithm. The development of an undular bore is modelled. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Color space and its divisions
Authors: Kuehni Rolf G.
Published: September 2002

A synthesis of the author's recent work on color‐order systems and color‐difference evaluation is provided in context of current knowledge and practices. The development of a colorimetric model is demonstrated using Munsell “Celtic crosses” as a model of perceptual space. Issues surrounding color‐matching functions, unique hues, the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect, and lightness and chroma crispening are addressed, as is the difficulty of reconciling a difference‐based hue, chroma, lightness model with an Euclidean model. A new lightness scale and treatment of lightness crispening is proposed. The results indicate that, despite problems, relatively simple modified opponent‐color models provide good accuracy in predicting color‐order system and supra‐threshold small color‐difference data. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, 209–222, 2001
Comparisons between color‐space scales, uniform‐color‐scale atlases, and color‐difference formulae
Authors: Oleari Claudio
Published: September 2002

Color‐space metrics are considered and three main aspects are analyzed: (1) the distinction between small and large color differences; (2) the relation between space metrics and color‐difference formulae; (3) the color‐scale comparison between CIE 1931 and CIE 1964 observers.The analysis, based on daylight adaptation, is made for the 2° visual field on a chromaticity diagram with uniform scales according with the MacAdam ellipses1 and, for the 10° visual field, on the OSA‐UCS.2,3 The conclusions are: (i) the main difference between 2° and 10° observers is a proper dilation of the chromaticity scales; (ii) the chroma scale of the Munsell system is uniform for the 10° visual field; (iii) the scales of the Munsell system are in good agreement with those of OSA‐UCS; (iv) the usual color‐difference formulae (CMC, CIE94) represented on the OSA‐UCS space show a distortion that seems due to their definition in the CIELAB space; the BFD formula shows a lower distortion. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, 351–361, 2001
Investigation of parametric effects using medium colour‐difference pairs
Authors: Xin John H. , Lam Chuen Chuen , Luo M. Ronnier
Published: September 2002

The article investigates five types of parametric effects in assessing colour difference. The visual assessment experiments were conducted in six phases. The viewing parameters studied include the sample separation, sample size, and the background colours. The dataset prepared in this study includes a total of 107 cotton‐dyed pairs belonging to five colour centers. The average colour difference of the sample pairs was about 5.0 CIELAB units. Gray‐scale method was used for colour‐difference assessment with a panel of 10 observers (2 assessments each). The CIELAB colour‐difference formula was found to have the best performance over other formulae using the current dataset. In general, the parametric effects vary from 8–15%. When further analyzing the colour centers, it was found that much larger parametric effects of 42% and 26% were associated, respectively, with green sample pairs assessed on the green background and blue samples pairs assessed on the blue background. The green and blue background colours in these two cases are very close to the green and blue colour centers selected, which clearly indicates the crispening effect. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, 376–383, 2001
‘Seeing the wood from the trees’: a continuum model of psychopathology advocating cognitive behaviour therapy for schizophrenia
Authors: McGovern John , Turkington Douglas
Published: September 2002

The present work examined the question ‘can cognitive behaviour therapy be successfully adapted to treat schizophrenia and become a recognized adjunct CBT treatment approach by frontline services?’ It was proposed that this was possible, and that a significant barrier to this was the ‘mental set’ of the wider clinical community. Prevailing attitudes of (1) believing that symptoms are not amenable to reasoning and may be made worse on enquiry, (2) patients are too severely disturbed to benefit from a psychological intervention, were related to a strict categorical model of psychopathology, where schizophrenia is viewed as a discrete entity. The premise was put forward that, the realistic benefits of categorical models, i.e. the identification of distinguishing features of a disorder, specific treatment approaches, and relatively homogeneous groups for research, have caused undue emphasis to be placed on identifying differences disorders. In consequence considerably less attention has been paid to scientific evidence showing important similarities across disorders. To protect against the error of unable to see the wood from the trees a preliminary descriptive continuum model of psychopathology was proposed to supplement existing categorical models. Analysis of the literature showed considerable support for a continuum model and the legitimacy of adapting traditional cognitive behaviour therapy approaches for use with schizophrenic patients. Reports of successful cognitive behaviour therapy interventions, particularly with positive symptoms suggest that patients can improve with this adapted approach and that the wider clinical community should be encouraged to assist its further development through research and training initiatives. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.