bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preferential Growth of Secondary Recrystallized Goss Grains During Secondary Recrystallization Annealing in Grain Oriented Silicon Steel Sheet
Authors: Inokuti Yukio
Published: April 2008

Computer color mapping of the primary and secondary recrystallized Goss grains which formed during
secondary recrystallization annealing was performed with an image analyzer, using crystallographic
orientation data measured by a Kossel examination.

The preferential growth of secondary recrystallized Goss grains took place in a defined zone at the
1/10 depth beneath the surface of the as‐decarburized and primary recrystallized steel sheet.

With short‐time secondary recrystallization annealing, a secondary recrystallized Goss grain with an
80 × 50 μm elliptical form grew preferentially in its defined zone.

With further secondary recrystallization annealing, four secondary recrystallized Goss grains coalesced
to sizes of 100‐350 μm, and exhibited a zigag morphology due to a difference in the degree of
consumption of primary recrystallized grains by the secondary recrystallized Goss grains. Primary
recrystallized grains with {100}<001>, {100}<0kl>, and {100}<011> orientations were resistant to comsumption by secondary recrystallized Goss grains, but those with {110}<001> and {111}<112> orientations were easily consumed by secondary recrystallized Goss grains.

With long‐time secondary recrystallized annealing, the full thickness of the silicon steel sheet was
occupied by giant secondary recrystallized Goss grains, which ultimately extended to lengths of several
millimeters. The orientation of the secondary recrystallized Goss grains is highly aligned to the [001]
axis rather than the (110) crystallographic plane.

It is considered that the nuclei for preferentially developing secondary recrystallized grains are
inherited by the structure memory from highly oriented (110)[001] areas at the 1/10 depth beneath the
surface of hot‐rolled silicon steel sheet.
On the Influence of the Annealing Heating Rate on the RecrystallizationTexture of a Deformed Single Crystal(110)[001] of 3% Silicon Iron
Authors: Sokolov B. K. , Sbitnev A. K. , Gubernatorov V. V. , Gervasyeva I. V. , Vladimirov L. R.
Published: April 2008

The reasons for changes in the type of the recrystallizatioin texture depending on particular annealing
conditions of a deformed single crystal (110)[001] are discussed. It is shown that recrystallization centers
(210)‐(310)[001] can be formed at structural inhomogeneities of different type, such as transition bands,
kink bands, and twin boundaries. The development of the texture component (210)‐(310)[001] in
deformed single crystals subject to slow heating is due mainly to the orientation dependence of the
critical dimension of nuclei.
Mapping the Grain‐Boundary Character‐(Free) Energy Linkage in Polycrystalline Materials
Authors: Adams Brent L.
Published: April 2008

Relationships between structure‐sensitive macroscopic properties and the grain boundary network are known to depend upon the intrinsic variability of the local physico‐chemical properties of the boundaries and upon how these are distributed and connected in the network. Progress towards acquiring a data base linking the local properties of grain boundaries with their geometrical character (lattice misorientation and inclination) has been hampered by the rate at which grain boundary structure can be experimentally determined, by the opacity of polycrystalline materials, and by the very large number of physically distinctive (geometrical) characteristics of grain boundaries which occur in nature.

Described in this paper is a perspective on modern opportunities to solve the comprehensive inverse problem relating the thermodynamic properties of grain boundaries to their geometrical type over the full (five‐parameter) fundamental zone. The advent of rapid, automated measurements of local lattice orientation (orientation imaging microscopy), when coupled with precision serial sectioning, makes it feasible now to characterize the local crystallographic and geometrical features of very large numbers of grain boundaries and triple junctions. Such data can be analyzed within a classical framework in order to extract the thermodynamic properties mapping. This paper examines the opportunities and challenges associated with the requisite measurements and analysis.

This paper is dedicated to the memory of Professor Hsun Hu, whose kind encouragement and penetrating insight has inspired and lifted a generation of young scientists.
Yield Loci Calculation of Hexagonal Materials Using a Selfconsistent Polycrystalline Model
Authors: Lebensohn R. A. , Tomé C. N.
Published: April 2008

Polycrystalline models are used for the calculation of the yield loci of hcp aggregates with different
crystallographic textures. Predictions are made using both a classical Taylor Full Constraints (FC)
approach and a viscoplastic selfconsistent (VPSC) formulation. Typical deformation modes for low and
high temperature are assumed to be active. The vertex configuration of the Single Crystal Yield Surface
(SCYS) and the relative activity of different deformation modes as a function of the applied stress are
also presented and discussed. For low temperature, when twinning is active, a non centro‐symmetric
behavior is observed in textured polycrystals along the direction of the ‐axis texture component.
Such effect, associated with the directionality of twinning, is well reproduced by the VPSC model. For
high temperature, the predicted yield loci are centro‐symmetrical but also strongly dependent on the
texture of the aggregate.
On the Formation of Preferred Inclusion Shape Orientations in Copper‐Based Composites
Authors: Nikitin A. N. , Ivankina T. I. , Arkhipov I. K.
Published: April 2008

A three‐component model of copper‐based composite loaded by tensile forces is proposed. The effect of a nonhydrostatic stress state and the formation of microplastic zones cause the transition of the composite from an isotropic to an anisotropic state. We calculate the tensor of effective elastoplastic modulii of the model as a function of the applied load and of the microplastic zone concentration.
Secondary Extinction Correction Used in Pole Density Measurements by X‐Ray Diffraction
Authors: Tomov I. , Ivanova K.
Published: April 2008

A new X‐ray diffraction method for a more accurate determination of film pole densities is developed by introducing a secondary extinction correction. To this end an equation based on the kinematic theory of X‐ray diffraction and the mosaic crystal model is derived. Pole densities were computed either by using the two order reflections techniques or by the least‐square method. The discussion of results shows that the correct study of film structure by X‐ray diffraction requires in general the secondary extinction to be taken into account.
A Variant Selection Model for the Prediction of Fcc‐To‐Bcc Transformation Textures
Authors: Viana C. S. Da Costa , Butron-Guillen M. P. , Jonas J. J.
Published: April 2008

In the present work, a simple model is described for the prediction of fcc‐to‐bcc transformation textures.
It employs a discrete distribution of orientations and is based on the Kurdjumov‐Sachs relationship for
the γ‐to‐α transformation. An important feature of the model involves the variant selection rule, which
assumes that nucleation is favoured according to a slip system based variant selection criterion.
Subsequent selective growth involves a transformation work rule based on the Bain strains and the
presence of an internal stress field. The transformation texture predicted from an experimental 95%
cold rolled Ni‐30wt%Co alloy texture is compared to experimental martensite textures for both a Nb‐microalloyed
steel and a Fe‐30%Ni alloy. The predicted texture displays better agreement with the steel
data.
Texture Effect in X‐Ray Analysis of Retained Austenite in Steels
Authors: Järvinen Matti
Published: April 2008

A method is described that can be used for determining the retained austenite concentration in steel samples that have texture. The method is based on symmetrized harmonics expansion for the representation of the orientation distribution of the crystallites in the sample and it presumes the use of specimen spinner on the data collection.

For demonstrating the application of this method integrated intensities of seven reflections from three steel samples with different degree of texture is measured using CuKα radiation and the retained austenite concentration is determined.
Influence of Initial Texture, Temperature and Total Strain on the Texture Development of Polycrystalline Pyrrhotite Ores in Deformation Experiments
Authors: Niederschlag Elke , Siemes Heinrich
Published: April 2008

The development of the crystallographic preferred orientation (texture) of polycrystalline pyrrhotite from
Sullivan mine, Canada, and Cerro de Pasco, Peru was determined by neutron texture analyses before
and after experimental deformation. The pyrrhotite ore from Sullivan has an initial texture with a distinct
c‐axis maximum perpendicular to the foliation whereas the ore from Cerro de Pasco shows a weak
and moreover inhomogeneous texture within the specimen.

The deformation texture and deformation behaviour of samples from Sullivan were investigated as
a function of temperature, total strain and the angle between the compression axis and the initial c‐axis
maximum. The deformation textures show the influence of different activated glide modes as a
function of the compression direction and temperature. Investigations of the deformation texture and
deformation behaviour of samples from Cerro de Pasco were carried out as a function of temperature,
total strain and strain rate. The inhomogeneous texture of the starting material did not allow to draw
conclusions about the texture development as a function of strain rate and temperature. Nevertheless
the preferred orientation of the c‐axes parallel to the compression axis becomes more evident with
increasing total strain.
Some Remarks on Modelling and Simulation of Physical Phenomena
Authors: Bunge H. J.
Published: April 2008

Mathematical modelling and computer simulation of physical phenomena is a rapidly growing field of work in all areas of pure and applied sciences. In principle, mathematical modelling of physical phenomena has been the field of theoretical physics from the very beginning of physics although the computer has increased the potentials of this method by many orders of magnitude. Modelling and simulation are often used as synonyms. It may, however, be meaningfull to distinguish the development of a mathematical model from its use in computer simulation. Also, a mathematical model in this sense must be distinguished from mathematical expressions interpolating experimental data. In the field of textures, models of texture formation, models of materials properties, as well as the combination of the two are being used. In this connection it is important whether a texture formation model is linear or non‐linear. In the first case the texture formation operator can be reduced to the orientation space whereas a non‐linear operator operates in the full texture space.
2 Dimensional Dislocation Dynamics – A New Technique for the Simulation of Deformation Microtextures
Authors: Roters F. , Raabe D.
Published: April 2008

A new technique for the simulation of microtexture evolution during cold deformation which is based
on 2 dimensional (2D) dislocation dynamics is presented. In the simulation all involved dislocations
are regarded as infinite straight line detects which are embedded in an otherwise isotropic linear elastic
medium. As the model is 2D only edge dislocations are considered.

In the first simulation step the net local stresses are derived and used to calculate the resulting
dislocation motion. Dislocation multiplication, annihilation and reactions are taken into account. Thermal
activation is included. In the second step the local misorientations arising from the dislocation
distribution are calculated.

This method shows in microscopic detail how misorientations are generated and distributed within
grains during plastic deformation.
Application of Anisotropic Texture Components
Authors: Eschner Th. , Fundenberger J.-J.
Published: April 2008

The description of textures in terms of texture components is an established conception in quantitative
texture analysis. Recent developments lead to the representation of orientation distribution functions
as a weighted sum of model functions, each corresponding to one anisotropic texture component. As
was shown previously, an adequate texture description is possible with only a very small number of
anisotropic texture components. As a result, textures and texture changes can be described by a small
number of vivid parameters and their variations, namely by volume parts, half widths and ideal
orientations.

The texture of a tensile tested commercial aluminum alloy was investigated by decomposition into
anisotropic components. The texture evolution during tensile testing is represented by the corresponding
changes of the component parameters and compared with results from an iterative series expansion
analysis.
Simulation of the Texture Evolution During Annealing of Cold Rolled Bcc and Fcc Metals Using a Cellular Automation Approach
Authors: Marx V. , Raabe D. , Engler O. , Gottstein G.
Published: April 2008

In this study both primary static recrystallization and static recovery of cold rolled bcc and fcc metals and alloys are numerically simulated using a three‐dimensional model that is based on a modified cellular automaton approach. The model considers the influence of the initial deformation texture and microstructure on both static recovery and primary static recrystallization with a high spatial resolution. The cellular automat technique provides both local and statistical information about the kinetics, the morphology and the texture change during annealing. The influence of nucleation and growth can be studied in detail. The simulations are compared to experimental results obtained on fcc and bcc polycrystals.
Calculation of Linear and Non‐Linear Elastic Properties of Polycrystalline Materials by Use of a Cluster Model
Authors: Kiewel H. , Bunge H. J. , Fritsche L.
Published: April 2008

In the present paper we have put together some results of a cluster method that allows the calculation
of linear and also non‐linear effective elastic constants of polycrystalline materials within an iterative
self‐consistent scheme. The conceptual idea consists in simulating the real material by a suitably chosen
cluster of single grains. One can then determine the elastic properties of the material under study by
examining the elastic behavior of the cluster. The method is capable of resolving the effect of the grain
shape, that is determined by the coordination number of the grains on the effective constants.
The Effects of Strain Annealing on Grain Boundary Distribution and Hardening in Superpure Nickel
Authors: Thomson C. B. , Randle V.
Published: April 2008

Electron backscatter diffraction is applied to the study of texture and mesotexture in superpure nickel. Low level strain annealing is shown to influence the grain boundary population such that greater proportions of special boundaries exist. It is found that variations in the texture of a specimen are not reflected by characteristic changes in the grain boundary population, indicating that texture analysis cannot be applied to the prediction of special boundary densities. Mechanisms active during the evolution of special boundaries are discussed and compared to those involved under similar conditions in commercially pure nickel. It is shown that alnnealing twin formation need not be prevalent for a high level of special boundaries to form. Differences in the hardness of various boundary types are identified, such that low angle boundaries and ∑3 boundaries close to exact misorientation can be categorized separately to other boundaries, in that they show minimal hardening.
Computer‐Oriented Real Spherical Harmonics for Texture and Properties Analyses
Authors: Raymond O. , Fuentes L. , Gómez J. I.
Published: April 2008

An algorithm system to generate symmetric real functional bases for Quantitative Texture Analysis (QTA) is presented. A review of the analytical conditions to be satisfied by the considered functions is given. Suitable two‐ and three‐dimensional bases are proposed. All crystal and sample point groups are analyzed. Computer implementation of the suggested algorithms is straightforward.
Model Calculations of the Accuracy of Structure Factor Determination From Textured Powder Samples
Authors: Hedel R. , Bunge H. J. , Reck G.
Published: April 2008

Crystal structure analysis is based on absolute values of structure factors |Fhkl|. These values can be measured by powder diffraction. In random powder diffraction many superpositions occur in the
diffraction diagram over the Bragg angle θ. If non‐random (textured) samples are used and intensity measurements are done in the three‐dimensional reciprocal space, i.e. over θ and the sample rotation angles αβ then these superpositions can be deconvoluted to a good deal. In order to perform this deconvolution a two‐step procedure was developed and was implemented in a computer code. In the first step the texture is determined from a low number of reflections having no or only two‐fold overlap. In the second step the deconvolution is done for all reflections. This includes the deconvolution of “systematically” overlapped reflections, e.g. those with the same h2 + k2 + l2 in cubic symmetry.

Model calculations were performed in order to test the reliability and resulting accuracy of the deconvolution procedure depending on various experimental as well as modelling parameters. It is concluded that good resolution for superposed |Fhkl| can be reached up to reasonably high lattice parameters.

The decisive accuracy limiting factor is texture determination in the first step of the procedure. It is concluded that it is necessary to employ texture analysis methods with higher angular resolving power and higher statistical accuracy than in conventional routine texture analysis. This is, however, possible with the existing modern texture diffractometers.
Inhomogeneous Distribution of Residual Deformation Effects inTextured Bcc Metals
Authors: Perlovich Yu. , Bunge H. J. , Isaenkova M.
Published: April 2008

The distribution of residual deformation effects in textured metal sheets was studied by
X‐ray diffractometric methods using a position‐sensitive detector (PSD). The elaborated
procedure is based on the geometric principles of texture measurement, while the PSD technique
allows to observe the profile of the X‐ray line simultaneously with registering of
its intensity. The proper treatment of experimental results gives values of line intensity,
half‐width and peak position of each angular position of the studied sample. By analogy
with the texture pole figures (TPF), the half‐width pole figures (WPF) and the peak
position pole figures (PPF) were constructed. The obtained WPFs describe the distribution
of deformation effects in the textured sample depending on grain orientation.
The distinct correlation between TPF and WPF is demonstrated for rolled Nb and β‐Zr:
maxima of WPF fall to minima of TPF, while minima of WPF are located at maxima of
TPF. The PPF exhibits a cross‐wise distribution of elastic strains, providing the mutual
equilibrium of extended and contracted regions. To explain this regularity, texture formation
mechanisms and probable mutual misorientation of neighbouring grains were
considered.
Influence of Sample‐Movement on Particle‐Randomization of Powder Samples in the Parallel‐Beam Geometry
Authors: Burger K. , Ihringer J.
Published: April 2008

Today, from powder X‐ray diffraction the scientists want to obtain high resolution diffraction patterns with reliable Bragg‐reflection intensities. Two well‐known and closely connected obstacles on the way are texture and particle randomization of the sample, which strongly influence the measured intensities. In the work presented here, we examine the second problem.

Especially with high resolution diffractometers, for well crystallized or highly absorbing samples the number of contributing crystals in the powder is too small, thus introducing significant errors in the profiles and measured intensities of Bragg‐reflections. This may be the major source of inaccuracy in data used for structure determination. Calculations of the error of the integrated intensities are presented, for the high resolution, parallel beam geometry at a synchrotron X‐ray source. Results exhibit errors of 40 % in the range of highest resolution for a sample of 3 μm crystals of corundum, with the sample at rest. To enhance randomization, several methods of sample‐movement are considered. A new effective method is proposed, where the rotation axis of the flat sample‐disk is slightly inclined out of the diffraction plane.
Use of Imaging Plates in X‐Ray Analysis
Authors: Ermrich M. , Hahn F. , Wölfel E. R.
Published: April 2008

Two‐dimensional detectors have opened a new area for the investigation of both single crystals and polycrystalline materials. The working principle of Imaging Plates is described. Some characteristics and the advantages of an Imaging Plate are discussed using the STOE Imaging Plate Diffraction System for different kinds of X‐ray analysis: (i) single crystal diffractometry, (ii) powder diffraction and (iii) stress and texture investigations.
Generalization of the Orientation Distribution Function: Determination of Crystalline Orientations in any Section of the Specimen
Authors: Gaspard C. , Messien P. , Mignon J.
Published: April 2008

A generalization of the O.D.F. representation has been proposed in such a way that its calculation is possible in any axes system of a material provided that is known in one particular system. Using an appropriate rotation matrix T(a,b,c) it is possible to compute crystallographic orientations (hkℓ)
[uvw] in any macroscopic plane of the material. This calculation method leads also to a direction distribution function which gives the angular distribution of the crystallographic direction [u1v1w1] in a macroscopic plane of the material.

This analysis has been applied to the representation of texture and of slip directions in planes at 45 degrees from the directions RD, ND and TD of a mild steel deformed in equi‐biaxial expansion.
Plastic Deformation and Crystalline Texture in Equibiaxial Expansion
Authors: Gaspard C. , Messien P. , Mignon J. , Greday T.
Published: April 2008

The classical three‐dimensional analysis (O.D.F.) has been extended in such a manner as to obtain the representation of the texture, and, more precisely, the distribution of the slip systems <111> {hkℓ} in the planes where shear stresses induced in equibiaxial expansion are maximum.

Quantification of the slip systems configuration allows the development of a deformation model which takes into account the factors influencing the degree of stretchability of the steels. From this model it is possible to define true hardening rates and equibiaxiality coefficients characterizing the ability of the steel to distribute the deformation in the macroscopic shear planes.

In association with the resistance to thinning defined by the configuration of the slip systems, the theoretical treatment makes it possible to grade different steels according to their experimental behavior.
Analysis of Orientation Distribution Plots Obtained With the Vector Method for Cubic Polycrystals
Authors: Ruer D. , Vadon A. , Baro R.
Published: April 2008

The choice of the particular angular parameters (Ψ, ω, ζ) used in the vector method of texture analysis is justified and the relstionships for expressing any ideal orientation (Ψ, ω, ζ) in terms of (hkl) [uvw] and vice versa are given. Examples of orientation distribution are presented with constant sections of each of the three angular parameters.
Evaluation by Computer Simulation of Certain Errors in the Three Dimensional Texture Analysis
Authors: Humbert M. , Wagner F. , Baro R.
Published: April 2008

The influence of certain experimental errors
in pole‐figure determination on the accuracy of calculated
coefficients of the orientation distribution function
has been analyzed.
Effect of Dynamic Strain Aging on the Plastic Anisotropy and Mechanical Properties of Low‐Carbon Phosphorus Steels
Authors: Spitzig W. A. , Hu Hsun , Sober R. J.
Published: April 2008

The effects of a dynamic‐strain‐aging treatment,
as compared with a static‐strain‐aging treatment,
on plastic anisotropy and mechanical properties has been
determined for vacuum‐melted low‐carbon phosphorus steels
containing various amounts of silicon. It was found
that prestraining at 185°C, as compared with straining
at 22°C followed by aging for four hours at 100°C, resulted
in about twice the increase in yield strength
(90 versus 48 MPa) on subsequent tension testing at 22°C
and an improvement in rm values from about 1.8 to 2.0.

Analyses of the textures and dislocation structures
of the steels after the two strain‐aging treatments and
after subsequent deformation at 22°C showed that a greater
dislocation density gives rise to the greater strengthening
of dynamic‐strain‐aged specimens, and a finer polyhedral
network of dislocation tangles is believed to be
the reason for their higher rm values.
Crystallographic Texture in Pulse Current Electroforming of Nickel
Authors: Chan K. C. , Qu N. S. , Zhu D.
Published: April 2008

Nickel deposits are rather seldom randomly oriented; they usually exhibit a column‐like
orientation with a definite [hkl]
axis along the electric field direction in the electroforming
process. However, up to present, most of the studies in electroforming nickels are still
using a nickel sulfate bath which is now not commonly used in precise‐electroforming or
micro‐electroforming. In this paper, an experimental investigation on the effect of pulse
current on texture in micro‐electroforming nickel has been carried out using a nickel
sulphamate bath. It was reported that strong and weak [100] texture were formed at
different pulse current conditions. These phenomena were considered to be related to the
change of the amount of inhibiting chemical species at different conditions.
Features of the Phase Transformations in Sheets, Tubes and Welding Seams of the Alloy Zr–2.5%Nb
Authors: Isaenkova M. , Perlovich Yu.
Published: April 2008

By use of X‐ray texture analysis characteristic features of phase transformations in sheets,
tubes and welding seams of the Zr–2.5%Nb alloy were studied. Main attention was given
to inhomogeneity of phase transformation development, connected with inhomogeneous
distribution of strain hardening in grains with different crystallographic orientations. The
typical manifestation of phase transformation inhomogeneity in cold‐rolled sheets is a
shift of the initial texture maximum to the region of increased strain hardening. In
channel tubes in consequence of phase transformations α − β − α
the texture component

gains, testifying that tangential stresses favour corresponding alignment of
basal normals accompanied by absorption of grains with other orientations. Competition
between recrystallization and phase transformation in conditions of heating was considered.
As strain hardening increases, recrystallization prior to phase transformation
becomes more probable, being predominant within α‐grains of some orientations. Parallel
development of recrystallization and phase transformation in the zone of thermal
influence by arc welding of rolled sheets was considered. It was shown that, as the distance
from the melting zone decreases, different combinations of these processes realize.
Texture and Structure Evolution During Indirect Extrusion of an AlSiMgMn Aluminium Alloy
Authors: Vatne Hans Erik , Pedersen Ketill , Lohne Otto , Jenssen Gaute
Published: April 2008

Texture evolution during indirect extrusion of cylindrical profiles of an AlSiMgMn
aluminium alloy was investigated in the present work. The effect of extrusion temperature
on texture development, through‐thickness texture variations and texture variations
along the length of the extruded profiles were investigated. In all cases a combined 〈100〉

and 〈111〉
fibre texture developed. Generally, the 〈111〉
fibre was sharper than the 〈100〉

fibre. The texture evolution was rather similar along the length of the profile, while the
variations through the thickness were considerable. In a region midways between the
centre and the surface of the profiles, the 〈100〉

fibre was weakened, and in the surface
regions the two fibres were significantly rotated. The texture measurements showed a
strong dependence on extrusion temperature, in the sense that the higher the temperature,
the sharper the 〈100〉

fibre texture. The influence of texture variations on formability were
also investigated.
Texture and Hardness in Wire Drawn [001] Copper Single Crystals
Authors: Borbély A. , Tóth L. S. , Bolle B.
Published: April 2008

The crystallographic texture and Vickers hardness which develop
during wire‐drawing of [001] oriented copper single
crystals have been studied experimentally as well by simulations.
The experiments revealed orientation changes producing
cross‐shaped patterns in the {200} pole figures and
important variations in the Vickers hardness across the diameter.
Metallographic investigations showed the presence of deformation
bands perpendicular to the initial 〈100〉 directions. By adopting a model for the velocity field
inside the die, simulations have been carried out by using a
Taylor type rate sensitive crystal plasticity model, including
microscopic hardening. The simulated pole figures show the
features of the experimental ones and the predicted stress levels
correlate well with the measured hardness data.
A Dislocation Reaction Model for Variant Selection During theAustenite‐to‐Martensite Transformation
Authors: Sum M. , Jonas J. J.
Published: April 2008

Variant selection rules are described that predict the
austenite‐to‐martensite transformation textures of an Fe‐30%Ni
alloy. The occurrence of variant selection is explained in detail
using the crystal plasticity model of Bishop and Hill and the
Kurdjumov‐Sachs transformation relationship. A correlation is
established between the slip systems of the former and the
rotation axes of the latter. The selection criteria are based on a
combination of slip activity, that is, active slip systems, and
permissible dislocation reactions. Thus some of the variants
selected are associated with slip systems that are active while
the remainder are accounted for by the in‐plane reaction of active
dislocations to form inactive or unstressed dislocations. The
variant selection criteria are tested against the experimental
findings of Liu and Bunge (Materials Letters, 10(7,8),
336–343, 1991) and found to be in good agreement.
The Rules for the Lattice Rotation Accompanying Slip as DerivedFrom a Self‐Consistent Model
Authors: Lebensohn R. A. , Leffers T.
Published: April 2008

The rules for the lattice rotation during rolling (plane
strain) deformation of fcc polycrystals are studied with a
viscoplastic self‐consistent model. Very high values of the
ratesensitivity exponent are used in order to establish Sachs‐type
conditions with large local deviations from the macroscopic
strain. The lattice rotation depends on the grain shape. For
equiaxed grains the lattice rotation follows the MA rule, which is
the one normally used in solid mechanics. For elongated and flat
grains the lattice rotation follows a different rule, the PSA
rule. In the standard version the model performs a transition from
MA to PSA with increasing strain. There is avery clear difference
between the textures resulting from the two different rules. MA
leads to a copper‐type texture, and PSA leads to a brass‐type
texture.
Volume Texture of a Deformed Quartzite Observed With U‐StageMicroscopy and Neutron Diffractometry
Authors: Ghildiyal H. , Jansen E. , Kirfel A.
Published: April 2008

The volume texture of a naturally deformed quartzite from the
Kaoko belt, North‐West Namibia, has been analysed by both
universal stage microscopy and neutron diffraction. Universal
stage microscopy is restricted to the determination of the base
pinacoid preferred orientation in quartzite. For a more complete
description of the texture, the orientations of additional crystal
planes, such as first and second order prisms as well as positive
and negative rhombs, must be known. Neutron methods allow the
evaluation of pole figures of all Bragg reflecting planes, of
which those of the first order prisms being considered to be the
most active slip planes, are of particular interest. Drawbacks of
neutron diffraction, i.e. the faking of an eventually absent
inversion centre and lack of resolution, can be overcome by pole
figure inversion and subsequent calculation of desired pole
figures. Both, universal stage microscopy and neutron diffraction
yield well comparable results, of course only with respect to the
pole figure of the c‐axis.
Effect of Machining Velocity on the Crystallographic Textures in aDiamond Turned Aluminium Single Crystal
Authors: To S. , Lee W.B. , Chan C.Y.
Published: April 2008

The orientation changes in the crystallographic textures of a
diamond turned aluminium single crystal have been investigated.
The X‐ray pole figures were collected at various locations on the
surfaces turned at high speed. In the central part of the turned
surfaces, the pole figures revealed the presence of a thin
deformed layer. Four sets of slip systems were found to operate to
a very similar extent. However, as the distance from the centre
increased, the operation of these four sets of slip systems varied
and the textural changes were found to be increasingly affected by
the cutting velocity. In a separate grooving experiment, electron
back‐scatter diffraction (EBSD) patterns were collected at various
locations along the bottom part of the groove. These patterns
revealed a lattice rotation on the machined surface which was
induced by shearing along the cutting direction.
Modelling the Effect of Plastic Anisotropy on Springback ofIntegrated Circuit Leadframes
Authors: Chan K. C. , Wang S. H.
Published: April 2008

Recently, some published experimental results have revealed that
springback of some common types of integrated circuit (IC) leadframes in roller forming is highly related to their anisotropic
properties. In this paper, a new plane stress bending model based
on the approach of Crystallographic Mechanics of Textured
Polycrystals (CMTP) has been developed to predict the deformation
behaviour and springback of a copper alloy. Based on the texture
data obtained from the measured orientation distribution function,
springback of the copper alloy in the rolling direction was
determined to be greater than that perpendicular to the rolling
direction. It was also found that the springback increased with
increasing die radius. The predictions were compared to the
experimental findings, and the trends of them were in reasonable
agreement.
Microstructure Evolution During Normal Grain Growth Under HighPressure in 2‐D Aluminium Foils
Authors: Sursaeva V. , Protasova S. , Lojkowski W. , Jun J.
Published: April 2008

We investigated the effect of high hydrostatic pressure on the normal grain growth in 2‐D
aluminium foils. The time dependence of the mean grain area was obtained. It was shown
that normal grain growth takes place both at atmospheric pressure and under high
hydrostatic pressure. The grain growth rate decreases by a factor 1.3 under high pressure.
The activation volume for grain growth was 0.13 of the atomic volume. It was shown that
high pressure strongly influences the ratio oflow angle boundaries and general boundaries
at the early stages of secondary recrystallization.
Grain and Grain Boundary Structure Evolution Without TextureChanges During Normal Grain Growth in 2‐D Al Strips
Authors: Sursaeva V. , Czubayko U. , Touflin A.
Published: April 2008

Changes of the grain boundary character distribution and texture during normal grain
growth have been investigated using the SAC‐SEM based method and a 4 circle X‐ray
texture goniometer on A1 strips with columnar structure. The microstructure of the strips
consists of regions with oriented (clusters) and randomly oriented grains. All changes of
microstructure are outside the clusters during normal grain growth and consequently no
texture change was observed.
Influence of Induced Anisotropy on Magnetic Properties of theFe73.5Cu1Nb3Si13.5B9 Alloy in Amorphous and Nanocrystalline States
Authors: Shulika V. V. , Potapov A. P. , Patrakov A. E.
Published: April 2008

The influence of thermomagnetic treatments (TMT) on static hysteresis loops and magnetic
losses of Fe73.5CulNb3Si13.5B9 in amorphous and nanocrystalline states was
studied. It is established that domain structure destabilization of the nanocrystalline alloy
at TMT in a high frequency magnetic field results in maximum decrease of magnetic losses
and permeability increase, if a high frequency magnetic field is applied to a sample during
the alloy transition from the amorphous to the nanocrystalline state.
Influence of Powder Structure on Texture Formation inSuperconducting Bi(Pb)–Sr–Ca–Cu–O Ceramics in Magnetic Field
Authors: Gundyrev V. M. , Demchuk K. M. , Martemianov A. N. , Taluts G. G.
Published: April 2008

Starting powder of Bi(Pb)–Sr–Ca–Cu–O superconductor consisting mainly of 2223‐
phase was separated into fractions by precipitation in toluene. The high‐oriented stacking
of grains of the monocrystalline fractions with different dispersity has been obtained in
magnetic field of 2 T at room temperature. The size of the powder grains in the range of
2–20 μm has no strong influence on the texture. The best result of grain alignment has
been obtained for the powder grains of 10 μm in size.
Texture and Microstructure Evolution During Superplasticity of theMetal Matrix Composite PM 2014 Al–20% Al2O3
Authors: Kaibyshev R. , Kazyhanov V.
Published: April 2008

The effects of superplastic deformation (SPD) on grain structure and texture evolution of
the Al 2014–20%Al2O3 composite produced via powder metallurgical method were
investigated in conjunction with surface relief observations. Samples were deformed in
tension at different strains in the range of true strain rates 10-4–100 S-1 at temperature
500C. It was found that SPD strains have a large effect on both texture and grain size. At
the initial stage of superplastic flow, deformation bands are formed in the aluminum
matrix along the tension direction. Simultaneously, the initial 〈111〉 fiber texture is broken and formation of 〈110〉 fiber texture takes place. Further strain up to
50% leads to grain structure change from banded structure to
nearly equiaxed. The 〈111〉 fiber
texture is restored and texture intensity decreases with increasing strain. Strain rate
dependence of texture developments showed evidence for dislocation activity in examined
strain range.

The relation between microstructure evolution and texture development during
superplastic deformation of the PM 2014–20% Al2O3 composite is explained from the
viewpoint of cooperative grain boundary sliding (CGBS).
Experiments and Simulations by Self‐Consistent Models of TextureDevelopment in Cu–Fe Powder Composites
Authors: Bolmaro R. E. , Fourty A. , Brokmeier H.-G.
Published: April 2008

Two‐Sites Self‐Consistent (2‐SSC) models have been used for simulation of texture
development of two‐phase materials (Bolmaro and Lebensohn, 1996; Bolmaro et al., 1997). When both phases are plastically deforming the co‐deformation and sharing of spins have
to be taken into account via interaction among phases. One‐Site Self‐Consistent (1‐SSC)
models are able to consider interaction among each grain and the rest of surrounding grains
through a mean field calculated over the “matrix grains”. The next level of complexity, i.e.,
2‐SSC models, is appropriate to capture some interaction features between phases. In the
current paper, starting from well‐defined microstructures and textures of Cu–Fe powder
composites, the textures obtained after wire‐drawing are simulated taking into account codeformation
and sharing of rotations. The results are shown agreeing with experimental
ones provided that, depending on volume fraction and relative strength of both phases,
different ad-hoc strain rate sensitivities are used.
Microstrain Measurement in Plastically Deformed Austenitic Steel
Authors: Hirschi K. , Ceretti M. , Lukás P. , Ji N. , Braham C. , Lodini A.
Published: April 2008

Some results of high‐resolution neutron diffraction experiments resulting in determination of the microstrain in metallic materials are reported. The method of the diffraction line broadening analysis was verified in two materials, investigated earlier by X‐ray diffraction: an austenitic steel prestrained up to 30% and a cold rolled aluminium magnesium alloy. For these materials, the mean‐square microstrain and the dislocation density were determined, a good agreement was reached with the results of X‐ray experiments. As an application of such analysis we investigated the influence of the shot‐peening treatment on an austenitic steel. This treatment is commonly used to introduce compressive stresses in the surface of material, giving improved resistance to fatigue fracture. The microstrain distribution and the size of coherently diffracting blocks for a shot‐peened sample of austenitic steel as a function of depth from the surface are determined by the above analysis and the results are presented.
Residual Stress Measurements in Structural Components by NeutronDiffraction
Authors: Ohms C. , Youtsos A. G.
Published: April 2008

Manufacturing processes can generate high residual stress fields that affect the fatigue resistance of components, especially at discontinuities in those that are thick with complex shapes and where radii are small. Welds present residual stress and distortion problems and tremendous challenges for lifetime predictions in aerospace, aero‐engine and power generating industries. They represent perhaps 50% of the problem studies by neutron diffraction but are some of the most difficult to interpret because the composition and structure can vary across the weld and heat‐affected zone. The HB4 and HB5 neutron diffraction facilities at the High Flux Reactor (HFR) in Petten have been used for the investigation of residual stresses in two structural component cases. The first concerns an austenitic steel piping weld specimen while the second deals with two low alloy steel cast truck motor part specimens. The overall objective in the second case was the evaluation of the post‐production heat treatment process to which one of the two identical specimens was subjected.
Equilibrium of Elastic Microstresses in Textured Metal Materials
Authors: Perlovich Yu. , Bunge H. J. , Isaenkova M. , Fesenko V.
Published: April 2008

In order to study the distribution of lattice elastic microstresses in textured metal materials, pole figures of X‐ray line peak position were constructed on the basis of data, obtained by diffractometric texture measurements using a position sensitive detector. The data treatment involves recalculation of the Bragg angle 2θϕψ into the relative deviation of the
interplanar spacing from the weighted average level Δd/dav. Depending on the texture
character, different modes of microstress equilibrium take place. A common feature of most lattice deformation pole figures is the cross‐wise pattern, consisting in alternation of quadrants with predominance of lattice elastic extension and compression. In cases of simple rolling textures, the microstress equilibrium is attained by some additional ways, among which there are breaking of texture maxima into halves with opposite signs of elastic deformation, predominance of one‐sign elastic deformation within different texture maxima, development of stretched zones with opposite signs of elastic deformation at slopes of texture maxima. In some cases the identical microstress distribution in all quadrants of pole figure is observed.
Acoustic Residual Stress Analysis in Textured Aluminium Alloys
Authors: Serebryany V. N.
Published: April 2008

In biaxial stress state approach distributions of the residual stress in two types of aluminium textured semiproducts with axial and rhombic sample symmetry have been evaluated from the difference in velocities of orthogonally polarized ultrasonic shear bulk waves with account for a texture‐dependent component of the total relative velocity change.
The Evolution of Texture During Annealing of NanocrystallineElectroless Nickel Alloy Deposits
Authors: Lee Dong Nyung , Hur Kang-Heon
Published: April 2008

The electroless Ni–Co–P alloy films containing up to 13.4% Co and 7.6% P were
deposited on a 5086 aluminum alloy sheet using baths consisting of NiSO4, CoSO4,
(NH4)2SO4, NaH2PO2, sodium citrate and thiourea. The deposits were solid solutions
having a grain size of 6–7 nm and strong 〈111〉 texture. When the deposits were annealed
for 2 h, Ni5P2 was precipitated at 325°C and transformed into the stable Ni3P phase at
higher temperatures. During annealing the texture of deposit changed from 〈111〉 to 〈100〉.
The texture change was attributed to preferential growth of 〈100〉 grains at the expense of
〈111〉 grains to decrease the thermal strain energy of the deposits. On the other hand, the
electroless Ni–Cu–P alloy films containing Cu and P deposited on 5086 aluminum alloy
sheet had the microstructures and textures which are similar to these of the Ni–Co–P
alloy films. However, their initial 〈111〉 texture remained relatively stable even after
annealing. The differences in annealing textures of Ni–Co–P and Ni–Cu–P alloy films
have been discussed.
Textures of Sheet in AA3003 Aluminum Alloy Under Biaxial Stretching
Authors: Wen X. Y. , Lee W. B.
Published: April 2008

In this paper, the textures are determined under plane strain tension, nonequi‐biaxial
stretching and equi‐biaxial stretching. The changes of the major texture components in
the sheet are analyzed and discussed. It is found that under plane strain tension, the
strength of the {110}〈112〉 component increases by more than four times followed by the
{110}〈111〉, whereas the fraction of {112}〈111〉 component falls gradually. In the sample
deformed with a strain ratio intermediate between these of plane strain tension and equibiaxial
stretching, the textural change is relatively small. Under equi‐biaxial stretching,
there is a big increase in the {110} rolling plane components with the peak at {110}〈111〉
orientation. The strength of the other components falls rapidly (e.g. {110}〈112〉) or remains
low (e.g. {112}〈111〉).
r‐Dependence in Two‐Point Orientation Coherence Functions
Authors: Morris Peter R.
Published: April 2008

Functions are derived, which are orthonormal on the range r=0, 1, with weight function
corresponding to the distribution of r in a typical experimental procedure for measurement
of the two‐point orientation–coherence (or orientation–correlation) function.
These are obtained by making an appropriate change of variable in spherical Bessel
functions, orthonormal on the range r=0, 1, with unit weight function. The effects of
weight function and change of variable on the functions are considered.
Texture Analysis in LD‐MOCVD Processed Thin Film Giant Magnetoresistant (LaM)MnO3 Materials
Authors: Garmestani H. , Dong X. , Brandao L. , Dahmen K. -H.
Published: April 2008

Thin films of La0.67M0.33MnO3 (M=Sr), LSMO were deposited on three different substrates of LAO, Sapphire, and Y‐ZrO2 (YSZ) using metal–organic chemical vapor deposition methods. The effect of texture and orientation on the resistance (0 and 6T) and magnetoresistance (MR) of (LSMO) thin films on various substrates has been investigated. X‐ray pole figures were measured using Philips X’Pert X‐ray diffractometer equipped with the PopLa analysis package. A direct correlation was observed between the lattice mismatch strain and the structure of the thin film growth. LSMO/LAO seems to be the most perfect system for epitaxial growth due to the negligible lattice‐mismatch (∼2%). The dominant orientation changes for the films deposited on LAO [100] and LAO [110] substrates while the transition temperature from ferromagnetic to paramagnetic state of the film on LAO [100] is 50 K higher than that of the film on LAO [100]. The MR data and TMI temperature were measured using standard 4‐point resistivity devices and SQUID.