bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Faith‐Based Decisions? The Consequences of Heightened Religious Salience in Social Service Referral Decisions
Authors: COLLETT JESSICA L. , GUIDRY TIFFINY E. , MARTIN NANCY J. , SAGER REBECCA
Published: February 2006

Previous research suggests that clergy members are often an initial contact for people seeking advice or social services and clergy often refer such individuals in need to outside agencies. Recent “faith‐based initiatives” seek to engage churches and religious groups more deeply in social service delivery, potentially changing the mix of organizations to which clergy might refer people in need. In addition, public debates about faith‐based social services have drawn attention to religion, often in politically divisive ways. Using semi‐structured interviews and vignettes in which key characteristics of outside agencies are experimentally varied, we explore the implications of this heightened attention to religion on clergy referrals. We find that increasing the salience of religion affects clergy referral choices, with some clergy even willing to sacrifice quality care and resources for an individual in need when religious options are available as referral choices. We argue that this occurs at least in part because making religion salient in policy and referrals makes religious differences salient as well.
Abundance and distribution of the endangered loggerhead turtle in Spanish Mediterranean waters and the conservation implications
Authors: Gómez de Segura A. , Tomás J. , Pedraza S. N. , Crespo E. A. , Raga J. A.
Published: February 2006

During 2 years (2001–2003), we performed seasonal aerial surveys in the central Spanish Mediterranean following the transect line methodology in order to determine the abundance and distribution patterns of loggerhead turtlesCaretta caretta. We surveyed a total of 16 700 km, accounting for 770 turtle sightings. Loggerhead turtles were present with high abundance all year round. No seasonal differences in abundance were found, except in spring 2001, where the density of turtles was higher than in the other seasons. Our results show that the Western Mediterranean is not a ‘summer’ feeding area as proposed previously, as a high number of turtles are present throughout the year. The average surface density of turtles in the whole study area was 0.21 turtles km−2[95% confidence interval (CI): 0.17–0.25], and the mean abundance was 6653 turtles (95% CI: 5514–8027). The data relate to the number of turtles on the surface only, as diving turtles escape observation. Correcting our estimations of diving behaviour data in the area, the absolute abundance was 18 954 turtles (95% CI: 6679–53 786). Bearing in mind that around 25 000 loggerheads are caught per year in the Spanish Mediterranean, our results indicate that accidental captures seem to be a significant threat for this species, and conservation measures have to be implemented to avoid a non‐sustainable situation.
Breeding site selection by bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) and Eurasian griffon (Gyps fulvus) in the Caucasus
Authors: Gavashelishvili A. , McGrady M. J.
Published: February 2006

Occupied and unoccupied sites of bearded vulture Gypaetus barbatus and Eurasian griffon Gyps fulvus were located in the Caucasus (mainly Georgia). Habitat variables related to nest‐site characteristics, climate, terrain, human disturbance and food availability were used to construct predictive models of vulture breeding site selection by using a geographic information system (GIS), logistic regression and Bayesian statistical inference. The probability of bearded vulture occupancy of a cliff ledge that was safe from climatic adversity, human disturbance and predation was positively correlated with the following variables measured within a 20‐km radius of the ledge: mean elevation, mean slope, the percentage of open areas, mean distance to roads, number of globally threatened wild goats Capra cylindricornis, C. caucasica and C. aegargus, and annual biomass of dead livestock. The probability of such a cliff ledge being occupied by Eurasian griffon was negatively correlated with annual rainfall at the ledge and positively correlated with the percentage of open areas and annual biomass of dead livestock within 20 km of the ledge. Provided that GIS coverage of the habitat variables is available, these models can be of help in various areas of the Caucasus and elsewhere to predict possible nest occurrence areas, and highlight sites where vultures may occur in the future if the population grows because of conservation or other activities.
Tracking stimulus processing in Pavlovian pupillary conditioning
Authors: Reinhard Günter , Lachnit Harald , König Stephan
Published: February 2006

The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the anticipatory pupillary dilation response is a useful indicator for the examination of complex differential conditioning problems like patterning. A human fear conditioning procedure with six groups (n=20 each) was used to examine conditioned stimulus (CS) processing when a compound stimulus was reinforced, but not its elements (positive patterning) or when the elements were reinforced, but not the compound (negative patterning), as well as modifications in which the compound was replaced by either a new compound or by a new element. We found evidence for conditioning within 2 s after CS onset. Group differences in differential conditioning indicated systematic differences in CS processing due to different discrimination task difficulties. This study showed that the pupil response is a suitable indicator for human Pavlovian conditioning with high time resolution within and between trials.
Development and polymorphisms of microsatellite markers for hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa)
Authors: MATSUMOTO ASAKO , TANI NAOKI , LI XIN‐GUO , NAKAO YURI , TOMARU NOBUHIRO , TSUMURA YOSHIHIKO
Published: February 2006

Fifteen microsatellite markers were developed from a microsatellite‐enriched library and characterized using 32 Chamaecyparis obtusa individuals. The number of alleles ranged from two to 27 per locus, with observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.281 to 0.906. The polymorphism information content (PIC) was also calculated for each marker and the average was 0.796 ± 0.024. These microsatellite markers will be useful for investigating population genetics, reproductive ecology, tree improvement and constructing linkage maps of the species.
Eight microsatellite markers for sympatric alpine shrubs, Phyllodoce aleutica and P. caerulea (Ericaceae)
Authors: KAMEYAMA Y. , KASAGI T. , KUDO G.
Published: February 2006

Phyllodoce aleutica and Phyllodoce caerulea are sympatric alpine‐snowbed plants in northern Japan. They compete for pollinators (bumblebees) each other and the competitive situation varies depending on snow conditions. We isolated and characterized eight microsatellite loci in these species. Additionally, one of 13 primers developed for Rhododendron metternichii was available in these species. The expected heterozygosity of these nine markers ranged from 0.06 to 0.93 in P. aleutica and from 0.09 to 0.96 in P. caerulea. These markers may be useful to reveal the mating system evolution, patterns of pollen flow and the process of natural hybridization in these Phyllodoce species.
Lack of macrophage migration inhibitory factor protects mice against concanavalin A‐induced liver injury
Authors: Nakajima Hiroaki , Takagi Hitoshi , Horiguchi Norio , Toyoda Mitsuo , Kanda Daisuke , Otsuka Toshiyuki , Emoto Yoshiko , Emoto Masashi , Mori Masatomo
Published: February 2006

Abstract: Background: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is involved in inflammatory and immune‐mediated diseases but the role of MIF in liver injury has not yet been elucidated.

Methods: We investigated biochemically, histologically and immunologically the character of MIF in concanavalin A (Con A)‐induced T‐cell‐mediated liver injury using MIF knockout (KO) mice and wild‐type (WT) mice.

Results: MIF KO mice showed significantly decreased serum alanine aminotransferase values and suppressed histological change with massive necrosis of the hepatic parenchymal cells and infiltration of inflammatory cells compared with their WT counterparts. This protection was not mediated by either tumor necrosis factor‐α or interferon‐γ, which are critical mediators of Con A‐induced liver injury, as their serum concentrations were shown to be similar in MIF KO and WT mice. On the other hand, a flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that the number of activated hepatic leukocytes decreased more in the MIF KO mice than in the WT mice.

Conclusions: A lack of MIF protected the mice from Con A‐induced liver injury. Controlling the MIF activity may be a useful therapeutic strategy for treating such T‐cell activation‐associated liver diseases as autoimmune hepatitis and viral hepatitis.
Adaptive Decision Rules for the Acquisition of Nature Reserves
Authors: TURNER WILL R. , WILCOVE DAVID S.
Published: February 2006

Abstract: Although reserve‐design algorithms have shown promise for increasing the efficiency of conservation planning, recent work casts doubt on the usefulness of some of these approaches in practice. Using three data sets that vary widely in size and complexity, we compared various decision rules for acquiring reserve networks over multiyear periods. We explored three factors that are often important in real‐world conservation efforts: uncertain availability of sites for acquisition, degradation of sites, and overall budget constraints. We evaluated the relative strengths and weaknesses of existing optimal and heuristic decision rules and developed a new set of adaptive decision rules that combine the strengths of existing optimal and heuristic approaches. All three of the new adaptive rules performed better than the existing rules we tested under virtually all scenarios of site availability, site degradation, and budget constraints. Moreover, the adaptive rules required no additional data beyond what was readily available and were relatively easy to compute.
Motivations for the Restoration of Ecosystems
Authors: CLEWELL ANDRE F. , ARONSON JAMES
Published: February 2006

Abstract:  The reasons ecosystems should be restored are numerous, disparate, generally understated, and commonly underappreciated. We offer a typology in which these reasons—or motivations—are ordered among five rationales: technocratic, biotic, heuristic, idealistic, and pragmatic. The technocratic rationale encompasses restoration that is conducted by government agencies or other large organizations to satisfy specific institutional missions and mandates. The biotic rationale for restoration is to recover lost aspects of local biodiversity. The heuristic rationale attempts to elicit or demonstrate ecological principles and biotic expressions. The idealistic rationale consists of personal and cultural expressions of concern or atonement for environmental degradation, reengagement with nature, and/or spiritual fulfillment. The pragmatic rationale seeks to recover or repair ecosystems for their capacity to provide a broad array of natural services and products upon which human economies depend and to counteract extremes in climate caused by ecosystem loss. We propose that technocratic restoration, as currently conceived and practiced, is too narrow in scope and should be broadened to include the pragmatic rationale whose overarching importance is just beginning to be recognized. We suggest that technocratic restoration is too authoritarian, that idealistic restoration is overly restricted by lack of administrative strengths, and that a melding of the two approaches would benefit both. Three recent examples are given of restoration that blends the technocratic, idealistic, and pragmatic rationales and demonstrates the potential for a more unified approach. The biotic and heuristic rationales can be satisfied within the contexts of the other rationales.
Mental State Verb Production in the Oral Narratives of English‐ and Spanish‐Speaking Preadolescents: An Exploratory Study of Lexical Diversity and Depth
Authors: Fusté‐Herrmann Belinda , Silliman Elaine R. , Bahr Ruth H. , Fasnacht Kyna S. , Federico Jeanne E.
Published: February 2006

As a preface to future studies on language impairment in bilingual children, an exploratory analysis of lexical diversity and depth in the production of mental state verbs was conducted on the oral narratives of 9‐ and 11‐year‐old children who differed by language status. English‐only (EO), bilingual (Spanish‐English), and Spanish‐only (SO) preadolescents produced oral narratives based on a wordless video. Prior to narrative elicitation, participants completed a priming task on mental state verbs and were instructed to focus on what the characters were thinking, saying, and feeling as they engaged in their narrative formulation. Colored still frames from the video were also available to reduce the memory load on recall. The resulting narratives were analyzed for mental state verb use by category (motivational, experiential, and belief) and the influence of the language of production. Lexical diversity was determined by number of different words (normalized to type‐token ratio, TTR), and lexical depth was analyzed through a descriptive analysis of variations in the meaning of the belief verb think with respect to the expression of certainty/uncertainty. Results indicated that the EO children used the greatest proportion of experiential and belief mental states, while motivational verb use did not differentiate the language groups. In contrast, the SO group had the greatest TTR. The descriptive analysis of the belief verb think revealed greater lexical depth in the EO participants. Findings are discussed in terms of cross‐language similarities and differences and their applications to the mental state framework for differentiating among bilingual children who may be at enhanced academic risk because of undetected language impairment.
The Role of Slack in Local Government Finances
Authors: HENDRICK REBECCA
Published: February 2006

The research presented here adopts an organizational approach to develop three regression models that examine why local governments accumulate slack in the form of unreserved fund balances, and what is the impact of slack resources on local governments' short‐term fiscal conditions and decisions about spending and revenues. Using data on Chicago suburban municipalities and their governments, the first model estimates the effects of long‐term and short‐term conditions (fiscal and governing) on unreserved fund balances. The second and third models examine the impact of slack resources and other factors on year‐end deficits or surpluses and changes in spending and own‐source revenues. The results show that ending balances, expenditures (size), and long‐term fiscal conditions have the greatest effect on fund balances, and that slack and current fiscal conditions have the greatest effect on ending balances and changes in revenues and spending.
Social Security: Reliance on Cash Flow Accounting and Projections Disguises an Inherent Upside Cash Flow Bias
Authors: MOSSO DAVID
Published: February 2006

The federal unified budget reports social security program results on a cash flow basis. Policy is established through projections of cash flows for 75 years into the future. This paper discusses how reliance on cash flow accounting and projections disguises an inherent upside cash flow bias that makes the program's finances appear better than they actually are and, when combined with the long‐standing pay‐as‐you‐go funding policy, leads to periodic solvency crises. The paper does not propose changing the budgetary accounting basis from cash to accrual but does explore the possible application of accrual accounting to the social security program for reporting purposes.
The Impact of Posture on Cardiac Repolarization: More Than Heart Rate?
Authors: WILLIAMS GREGORY C. , DUNNINGTON KATHERINE M. , HU MING‐YI , ZIMMERMAN THOMAS R. , WANG ZHIMING , HAFNER KERRY B. , STOLTZ MAXINE , HILL EDWARD K. , BARBEY JEAN T.
Published: February 2006

Introduction: The effect of standing on heart rate and QT is well known but its impact on QTc is less clear.

Methods: Serial supine and standing 12‐lead ECGs (seven pairs each day) were recorded from 54 healthy volunteers each day of a three‐day period. ECGs were captured digitally and over‐read by a cardiologist.

Results: A statistically significant shortening of RR (216 ms), QT (40 ms), and decreases in QTc‐F (Fridericia) and QTc‐LR (Framingham) were demonstrated on standing (8.3 and 6.9 ms, respectively). In contrast, QTc‐B (Bazett's) significantly increased by 9.6 ms. Two subject‐individualized correction methods were derived using each subject's supine measurements. Both showed significant decreases in QTc of approximately 13–14 ms upon standing. Using the bin analysis method, comparisons between positions using 25 ms interval RR bins revealed significant QT shortening of up to 15 ms upon standing.

Conclusion: We have demonstrated a postural effect on cardiac repolarization independent of heart rate using two individualized correction methods, as well as QTc‐F and QTc‐LR, and the bin method. Characterization of postural differences in QT/QTc (other than QTc‐B) may provide a safe and inexpensive physiological control to validate the ECG methodology used in clinical trials to assess potential drug‐induced QT interval changes.
The Role of Statins in Reversing Atherosclerosis: What the Latest Regression Studies Show
Authors: GRINES CINDY L.
Published: February 2006

Recent clinical trials confirm that aggressive lipid‐lowering therapy with statins decreases low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol to well below 100 mg/dL in high risk patients, and prevents cardiovascular events. Similarly, aggressive lipid lowering is being explored as a possible means of promoting regression of atherosclerosis and of affording greater protection from atherosclerotic events. A growing body of evidence indicates that intensive statin therapy, particularly in high risk patients, slows the rate of progression of atherosclerosis compared with moderate therapy, and that reductions of ≥40% in LDL cholesterol are necessary to achieve atherosclerosis regression. Questions remain regarding the extent of regression achieved with statin therapy and whether to dose statins to achieve a specific LDL‐cholesterol level or a certain percent reduction; however, ongoing clinical trials may provide insight and guidance.
Update on Coronary Angioscopy: Review of a 20‐Year Experience and Potential Application for Detection of Vulnerable Plaque
Authors: ISHIBASHI FUMIYUKI , AZIZ KUSAI , ABELA GEORGE S. , WAXMAN SERGIO
Published: February 2006

Predicting the occurrence of future acute coronary syndromes remains an important challenge of contemporary cardiology. It is thought that detecting the individual vulnerable plaques in patients can be an important step to preventing myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. Coronary angioscopy can provide detailed information of the luminal surface of plaque, such as color, thrombus, or disruption, and is one of a few possibly useful imaging modalities for identifying vulnerable plaques. During its 20‐year history, coronary angioscopy has been used as a diagnostic tool or to guide coronary angioplasty, and has contributed to our understanding of the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease. Yellow plaques seen during angioscopy seem to have many characteristics of high risk or vulnerable plaques, most consistent with the thin‐cap fibroatheroma. Moreover, differences in yellow color have been reported to reflect differences in the structure or composition of plaques. Development of quantitative methods to assess plaque color and histopathologic correlations in conjunction with prospective natural history studies may lead to advances in vulnerable plaque detection by coronary angioscopy. Although current angioscopic devices are limited by the need to displace the column of blood in order to see the vessel wall, and by the lack of quantitative colorimetric methods, advances in technology may lead to new device versions that could be practical for expanded clinical use.
Interventional Approach to Recurrent Myocardial Infarction in HIV‐1 Infection
Authors: GLAZIER JAMES J. , SPEARS J. RICHARD , MURPHY MELVIN C.
Published: February 2006

We report a case of recurrent myocardial infarction occurring in two different coronary territories in a man with HIV‐1 infection. On each occasion, clinical and angiographic success was obtained by intracoronary stent placement.
Low‐Temperature Synthesis of NaNbO3 Nanopowders and their Thin Films from a Novel Carbon‐Free Precursor
Authors: Cheng Zhenxiang , Ozawa Kiyoshi , Osada Minoru , Miyazaki Akimitsu , Kimura Hideo
Published: February 2006

We have demonstrated a synthetic procedure for nano‐sized NaNbO3 powder and its thin films using a carbon‐free precursor prepared by the reaction of H2O2 with sodium and niobium alkoxides. A combination of X‐ray powder diffraction, Raman spectra, and thermal gravity and differential thermal analysis, carbon analysis, fourier transform infrared spectra, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy was used to characterize the resulting materials and precursor compounds. Results show that this procedure demonstrates the major advantages of low‐temperature synthesis (∼400°C) and low weight loss during transformation into NaNbO3 because of its carbon‐free nature, which also provides the option of preparing nano‐sized particles and dense, crack‐free NaNbO3 thin films.
Reverse Micellar Route to Nanocrystalline Titanates (SrTiO3, Sr2TiO4, and PbTiO3): Structural Aspects and Dielectric Properties
Authors: Ahmad Tokeer , Ganguli Ashok K.
Published: February 2006

Nanoparticles of strontium titanates (SrTiO3, Sr2TiO4) and lead titanate (PbTiO3) have been obtained using reverse micelles as nanoreactors. Powder X‐ray diffraction studies of the powders after calcining at 800°C show monophasic SrTiO3, Sr2TiO4, and PbTiO3. X‐ray line broadening studies and transmission electron microscopic studies show spherical grains of 30–40 nm size for strontium titanates, while PbTiO3 is obtained in the form of nanorods. The dielectric constant of SrTiO3 and Sr2TiO4 is found to be 90 and 30, respectively, (at 100 kHz) for samples sintered at 1000°C. PbTiO3 shows a dielectric constant of 160 (at 100 kHz) after sintering at 900°C. The dielectric constant of Sr2TiO4 (with temperature) is highly stable. The temperature variation studies of the dielectric constant of PbTiO3 show a ferroelectric phase transition at 490°C (1 kHz). The Tc varies with frequency and is found to decrease to 470°C at 100 kHz.
Efficacy and toxicity of gemtuzumab ozogamicin in patients with acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: van der Heiden P. L. J. , Jedema I. , Willemze R. , Barge R. M. Y.
Published: February 2006

Abstract:  Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) is a recently developed antibody‐targeted chemotherapeutic agent and has been expected to be less toxic than conventional chemotherapy. We retrospectively evaluated the use of GO in 38 patients. Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) at diagnosis and relapsed AML were treated with 6 and 9 mg/m2 GO. Efficacy and toxicity of GO were analyzed, as well as several prognostic factors. A complete response (CR) was observed in 12 of 38 patients, including five patients with CR plus incomplete regeneration of platelets. In one patient a partial remission was observed. Twenty‐five patients showed no change or progressive disease. The overall response (OR) in patients with AML at diagnosis was 47%, with the best response in patients with primary AML (OR 60%, compared with 21% OR in non‐primary AML, P = 0.045). The OR in patients with relapsed AML was 22%. Median white blood cell (WBC) before treatment, CD33 expression on leukemic blasts, and kinetics of response were analyzed as prognostic factors. Median WBC was significantly lower in patients who responded to GO, compared with non‐responders (2.1 × 109/L vs. 6.8 × 109/L, P = 0.036). CD33 expression and kinetics of response was not correlated to clinical outcome. Median days to reach 500 × 106/L neutrophils and 100 × 109/L platelets were 36 and 39 d, respectively. Infections and bleedings occurred in 45% and 12%, respectively. This report shows that GO has potent clinical activity and that the OR rate was by far the best in untreated primary AML patients.
Antiangiogenic cancer therapies get their act together: current developments and future prospects of growth factor‐ and growth factor receptor‐targeted approaches
Authors: Gille Jens
Published: February 2006

Abstract:  Targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in combination with standard chemotherapy has recently proved successful in the treatment of different types of advanced cancer. The achievements of combinatorial anti‐VEGF monoclonal antibody bevacizumab (BEV) renewed the confidence in targeted antiangiogenic approaches to constitute a complementary therapeutic modality in addition to surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. While several second‐generation multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors show promise in defined tumor entities, these novel antiangiogenic compounds have yet to meet or exceed the efficacy of combinatorial BEV therapy in ongoing clinical trials. Current developments of targeted antiangiogenic agents include their use in the adjuvant setting and the combination of different antiangiogenesis inhibitors to take a more comprehensive approach in blocking tumor angiogenesis. The identification of surrogate markers that can monitor the activity and efficacy of antiangiogenic drugs in patients belongs to the most critical challenges to exploit the full potential of antiangiogenic therapies. The opportunities and obstacles in further development of growth factor‐ and growth factor receptor‐targeted antiangiogenic approaches for advanced cancer, including malignant melanoma, will be discussed herein with particular reference to selected ongoing clinical trials.
Knowledge of Brazilian general dentists and endodontists about the emergency management of dento‐alveolar trauma
Authors: Hu Li Wen , Prisco Cleide Rosana Duarte , Bombana Antonio Carlos
Published: February 2006

Abstract –  The purpose of this study was to determine Brazilian dentists’ knowledge of emergency management of dento‐alveolar trauma. A two‐part questionnaire containing questions on demographic data and knowledge were mailed to 230 general dental practitioners (GDPs) and 70 endodontists. Questionnaires were returned by 42.6% of the GDPs and 62.8% of the endodontists. The survey data were statistically analyzed using Mann–Whitney U‐test for practitioners’ knowledge and Pearson's correlation coefficient for association between knowledge scores and practitioner age or years since graduation. The mean knowledge score of endodontists was significantly greater than for GDPs (P < 0.0001). Dentists with trauma experience in their practices and those who had attended postgraduate courses on dental trauma had a significant higher mean knowledge score. In contrast, there was a poor correlation between the knowledge score and the ages of the respondents (r = 0.086) or the years since graduation (r = 0.108). In conclusion, this survey showed a poor knowledge of dental trauma management among the surveyed dentists and highlights the need to develop strategies to improve the knowledge base in this area of dentistry for the benefit of the dental trauma patient.
Traumatic intrusion of permanent teeth. Part 3. A clinical study of the effect of treatment variables such as treatment delay, method of repositioning, type of splint, length of splinting and antibiotics on 140 teeth
Authors: Andreasen Jens Ove , Bakland Leif K. , Andreasen Frances Meriam
Published: February 2006

Abstract –  A prospective study of 140 intruded permanent teeth was examined for the following healing complications: pulp necrosis (PN), root resorption (RR; surface, inflammatory and replacement resorption), and defects in marginal periodontal bone healing (MA). The occurrence of these healing complications was related to various treatment factors such as treatment delay, method of repositioning (i.e. expecting re‐eruption, orthodontic reposition and surgical reposition), type of splint (rigid, semirigid and flexible), length of splinting (days) and the use of antibiotics. Treatment delay, i.e. before and after 24 h, had no effect upon healing. Active repositioning in individuals with incomplete root formation (surgical or orthodontic) had a negative effect upon the three healing parameters compared with spontaneous eruption. In teeth with complete root formation and an age of 12–17 no repositioning was still the best treatment in regard to MA. In individuals older than 17 years of age, cases were not anticipated to spontaneously erupt and in these cases, the general choice of treatment was either active orthodontic or surgical repositioning. The former procedure appeared in this treatment scenario to slightly reduce the risk of MA complications. However, this treatment procedure was also found to be more time demanding (an average of 22 consultations for orthodontic repositioning compared with 17 consultations for surgical repositioning). If a surgical repositioning was performed, the type of splint (i.e. flexible, semirigid or rigid) appeared to have no significant effect on the type of healing. The same applied to the length of splinting time (shorter or longer than 6 weeks). No effect of dentin covering procedures for associated crown fractures (enamel–dentin fractures) could be demonstrated. Likewise, antibiotics had no apparent effect upon healing. In conclusion, in patients with intruded teeth with incomplete root formation, spontaneous eruption should be expected. In patients with completed root formation and with an age of 12–17 spontaneous eruption can still occur, but must be monitored very carefully. In older patients (i.e. >17 years) with completed root formation, either surgical or orthodontic extrusion should be attempted. The latter procedure appeared to lead to a slight reduction (not significant) in the risk of MA complications. The extent and direction of the intrusion may however favour surgical repositioning.
INSTRUMENTAL MEASURES OF BITE FORCES ASSOCIATED WITH CRISP PRODUCTS
Authors: DUIZER L.M. , WINGER R.J.
Published: February 2006

The usefulness of a bite force apparatus for measuring bite forces generated while biting extruded crisp snacks was assessed. Snacks were produced using a twin‐screw extruder, and their textural properties were modified by equilibrating to water activities ranging from 0.11 to 0.44. Maximum force to bite, stress, duration and area under the bite force curve were analyzed and compared to perceived sensory crispness, hardness, brittleness and sound duration evaluated by eight individuals. Maximum bite force and stress were significantly related to hardness, brittleness and crispness showing for the first time, and the relationship between sensory crispness of extruded crisp products and hardness was measured intraorally.
SOME TEXTURAL, SENSORY AND NUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES OF EXPANDED SNACK FOOD WAFERS MADE FROM CORN, LENTIL AND OTHER INGREDIENTS
Authors: HARDACRE A.K. , CLARK S.M. , RIVIERE S. , MONRO J.A. , HAWKINS A.J.
Published: February 2006

Crisp expanded wafers were produced from extruded pellets containing specialty starches and flours derived from peas, lentils, corn and blends of lentils and corn. The density, hardness and consumer acceptability of the wafers varied with the different ingredients. The most acceptable products were produced from corn, lentils and blends of these two ingredients. The weight, density, stiffness and hardness of the wafers increased with the proportion of lentil flour used to make them. Sensory analysis suggested that consumer acceptability was optimal for blends containing between 40 and 80% of lentil flour. Stiffness and fracture force measured by texture profile analysis were correlated with the sensory attributes of hardness and toughness. The glycemic potential measured by in vitro digestion of the wafers was lower for the 100% lentil wafers compared with the 100% corn wafers because of the amount of starch in the grain. For combinations of corn and lentils, the carbohydrate digestion rate, and hence the glycemic potential, was lower than for either 100% corn or 100% lentil wafers. Blending of selected cereal flour ingredients should be a useful method for reducing the glycemic impact of cooked starchy snacks.
Housing or property? the dynamics of housing policy and property principles in the right to buy
Authors: Hopkins Nicholas , Laurie Emma
Published: February 2006

This paper examines the interplay and tension between housing law and policy and property law, in the specific context of the right to buy (RTB). It focuses on funding arrangements between the RTB tenant and another party. It first examines how courts determine the parties’ respective entitlements in the home, highlighting the difficulty of categorising, under traditional property law principles, a contribution in the form of the statutory discount conferred on the RTB tenant. Secondly, it considers possible exploitation of the RTB scheme, both at the macro level of exploitation of the policy underpinning the legislation and, at the micro level, of exploitation of the tenant. The measures contained in the Housing Act 2004 intended to curb exploitation of the RTB are analysed to determine what can be considered to be legitimate and illegitimate uses of the scheme. It is argued that, despite the government's implicit approval, certain funding arrangements by non-resident relatives fail to give effect to the spirit of the scheme.
Restoring the sanctity of life and replacing the caricature: a reply to David Price
Authors: Keown John
Published: February 2006

In an earlier paper in this journal I criticised the British Medical Association Guidance on withholding and withdrawing treatment on the ground that it undermines the principle of the sanctity/inviolability of life. Professor David Price responded with a paper criticising the principle. This reply to my learned colleague respectfully contends that his criticisms are based on a caricatured misunderstanding of the principle.
U-Tube Heat-Exchangers: New Common Design Rules for ASME, CODAP, and EN 13445 CODES
Authors: Osweiller F.
Published: February 2006

In the year 2000, ASME Code Section VIII—Div. 1, CODAP (French Code) and EN 13445 (European Standard for Unfired Pressure Vessels) have adopted the same rules for the design of U-tube tubesheet heat exchangers. Three different rules were proposed, based on a different technical basis, to cover: —Tubesheet gasketed with shell and channel; —Tubesheet integral with shell and channel; —Tubesheet integral with shell and gasketed with channel or the reverse. At the initiative of the author, a more refined and uniform technical approach has been developed, to cover all tubesheet configurations. The paper explains the rationale for this new design method which has been incorporated recently in ASME, CODAP, and EN 13445. This is substantiated with comparisons to TEMA Standards and a benchmark of numerical comparisons
Japanese Activities Concerning Nuclear Codes and Standards—Part I
Authors: Asada Yasuhide
Published: February 2006

This series of papers has been issued to give general views on recent Japanese activities related to nuclear codes and standards. Part I of the series includes an overview, a discussion of administrative and design aspects related to new methods of evaluating the integrity of components, that is, piping seismic rules based on ratcheting fatigue, a fracture toughness equation for vessel materials, an extension of the Ke factor based on elastic follow-up, a discussion of high cycle thermal fatigue, and a three-dimensional finite element method elastic-plastic analysis procedure.
Fluidelastic Instability of an Array of Tubes Preferentially Flexible in the Flow Direction Subjected to Two-Phase Cross Flow
Authors: Violette R. , Pettigrew M. J. , Mureithi N. W.
Published: February 2006

Almost all the available data about fluidelastic instability of heat exchanger tube bundles concerns tubes that are axisymmetrically flexible. In those cases, the instability is found to be mostly in the direction transverse to the flow. Thus, the direction parallel to the flow has raised less concern in terms of bundle stability. However, the flat bar supports used in steam generator for preventing U-tube vibration may not be as effective in the in-plane direction than in the out-of-plane direction. The possibility that fluidelastic instability can develop in the flow direction must then be assessed. In the present work, tests were done to study the fluidelastic instability of a cluster of seven tubes much more flexible in the flow direction than in the lift direction. The array configuration is rotated triangular with a pitch to diameter ratio of 1.5. The array was subjected to two-phase (air-water) cross flow. Fluidelastic instability was observed when the flexible tubes were located at the center of the test section and also when the seven flexible tubes were placed over two adjacent columns. No instability was found for a single flexible tube in a rigid array, nor for the case where the seven flexible tubes were placed in a single column. Tests were also done with tubes that are axisymmetrically flexible for comparison purposes. It was found that fluidelastic instability occurs at higher velocities when the tubes are flexible only in the flow direction. These results and additional wind tunnel results are compared to existing data on fluidelastic instability. Two-phase flow damping results are also presented in this paper.
Theoretical Stress Analysis of Intersecting Cylindrical Shells Subjected to External Forces on Nozzle
Authors: Xue Ming-De , Du Qing-Hai , Li Dong-Feng , Hwang Keh-Chih
Published: February 2006

The stress analysis based on thin shell theory is presented for a cylindrical shell with a normally intersecting nozzle subjected to three kinds of branch pipe forces, which are tension and two shear forces. The basic mechanical models for the three load cases are presented in order to obtain the solutions independent of the length of the main shell and branch pipe. The applicable range of the present solution is expanded up to d∕D⩽0.8 and λ=d∕DT⩽12 by means of the accurate cylindrical shell equations and continuity conditions and the improved numerical method. The theoretical results are verified by test and three-dimensional (3D) finite element method (FEM) results. The maximum stress for tension force case are in good agreement with WRC Bulletin No. 297 when λ is small. The comparison between the present results and WRC Bulletin No. 107 shows that the latter needs improvement.
New Weld Joint Strength Reduction Factors in the Creep Regime in ASME B31.3 Piping
Authors: Becht Charles
Published: February 2006

The 2004 edition of ASME B31.3, Process Piping Code, includes strength-reduction factors that apply to welds operating in the creep regime for the material. These factors apply to allowable stresses for sustained loads, such as weight and pressure. This paper describes the background for the rules.
Meaning of Ke in Design-by-Analysis Fatigue Evaluation
Authors: Slagis Gerry C.
Published: February 2006

The ASME Section III Design-by-Analysis rules for pressure-retaining components include a detailed fatigue evaluation based on elastically predicted primary, secondary, and peak stresses. A prerequisite for the fatigue analysis is that the primary-plus-secondary stress range does not exceed 3Sm. If this limit is exceeded, the code provides “Simplified Elastic-Plastic Analysis” rules for the fatigue evaluation. A Ke penalty factor is applied to the elastically predicted alternating stress. The maximum value of Ke (3.3 or 5) is a severe design limitation. Test data indicate that the code specified maximum value of Ke is very conservative. The simplified elastic-plastic rules were originally developed for piping and published in B31.7. When the piping rules were incorporated into Section III in 1971, the B31.7 procedure was replaced by a less complex procedure. The development of the simplified elastic-plastic analysis approach is reviewed to establish the technical basis for the present code rules. The concepts of fatigue, shakedown to elastic action, thermal bending, elastic follow-up, notch factor, and strain redistribution are discussed. Recommendations for changes to the plastic strain correction factor are provided.
Plastic Limit Loads of Pad Reinforced Cylindrical Vessels Under Out-of-Plane Moment of Nozzle
Authors: Sang Z. F. , Wang H. F. , Xue L. P. , Widera G. E. O.
Published: February 2006

The purpose of this work is to study the plastic limit load of pad reinforced cylindrical vessels with different d/D ratios under out-of-plane moment loading on a nozzle. Three full-scale test models were designed and fabricated. A 3-D nonlinear finite element numerical analysis was also performed. Data on plastic limit moment is obtained from load-displacement and load-strain responses. The results indicate that plastic limit loads determined by test (including displacement and strain measurements) and finite element analysis are in agreement.
Mechanics in the Real World
Authors: Smith Donald
Published: February 2006

In the fall semester of 2004, I taught six discussion sections of a large calculus-based introductory mechanics class at the University of Michigan. I therefore interacted with approximately 200 students twice a week. One of my priorities as a discussion instructor was to help students make the connection between the formulae they were required to memorize and the real world with which they interact every day. Near the end of the term, I gave the students an assignment intended to assess how strongly the ideas of introductory mechanics had affected their thought processes. I asked them to write a paragraph describing a real-world event or process for which they now realized they had a better understanding.
Use of the Thermal Concept Evaluation to Focus Instruction
Authors: Luera Gail R. , Otto Charlotte A. , Zitzewitz Paul W.
Published: February 2006

We used the Thermal Concept Evaluation (TCE) published in this journal by Yeo and Zadnik1 in a capstone course for pre-service elementary teachers. The evaluation was given as a pre-test to identify misconceptions that were then addressed by student- and faculty-designed activities. The same instrument was given as a post-test and the normalized gain found to be 33.4%, showing that the pre-test/activity/post-test strategy was successful in improving students' knowledge of thermal concepts. In this paper we argue that the TCE could be improved to help differentiate lack of knowledge from misconceptions and to better identify the misconceptions that students hold.
Stars of the Big Dipper: A 3-D Vector Activity
Authors: Kuo Vince H. , Beichner Robert J.
Published: February 2006

Most teachers of introductory physics will agree that many students have difficulty with vectors, so much so that we frequently spend a week at the beginning of the semester presenting material that students should know from previous mathematics courses. This review is often quite abstract, with little or no connection to familiar contexts, and seldom includes any motivation for students to “see it again.” In this paper we present a vector activity that attempts to address both these issues using the stars of the Big Dipper, in the constellation Ursa Major, as a memorable context.
Incorporating Simulations and Visualizations into Physics Instruction
Authors: Blanton Patricia
Published: February 2006

Last November I attended the education program of the Supercomputing 2005 convention in Seattle. I was in a team consisting of five high school teachers and three university professors. One part of the program dealt with the way science is being done in today's world. Gary Bertoline, associate vice president for visualization computing at Purdue University and chair of the education program for SC/05, presented the idea that science has now entered its third era and that teaching science should reflect this shift. The first era (Observation Era) brought us out of the Dark Ages as the first careful observations of the world were made, along with predictions based on those observations. The second era (Experimentation Era) came with the Industrial Revolution and the development of tools for making careful measurements, thus facilitating experimentation. More recently methods for gathering accurate data have improved, and tools for sophisticated analysis have become available. Now, making predictions based on models, simulations, and visualizations based on data has become the norm for scientists in this current era—the Era of Simulation. Incorporating instructional strategies that help develop models and applying those models to simulate or visualize concepts can and should be a part of the experience of physics students.
Biosynthesis of Plant Volatiles: Nature's Diversity and Ingenuity
Authors: Pichersky Eran , Noel Joseph P. , Dudareva Natalia
Published: February 2006

Plant volatiles (PVs) are lipophilic molecules with high vapor pressure that serve various ecological roles. The synthesis of PVs involves the removal of hydrophilic moieties and oxidation/hydroxylation, reduction, methylation, and acylation reactions. Some PV biosynthetic enzymes produce multiple products from a single substrate or act on multiple substrates. Genes for PV biosynthesis evolve by duplication of genes that direct other aspects of plant metabolism; these duplicated genes then diverge from each other over time. Changes in the preferred substrate or resultant product of PV enzymes may occur through minimal changes of critical residues. Convergent evolution is often responsible for the ability of distally related species to synthesize the same volatile.
The Age of the Sahara Desert
Authors: Schuster Mathieu , Duringer Philippe , Ghienne Jean-François , Vignaud Patrick , Mackaye Hassan Taisso , Likius Andossa , Brunet Michel
Published: February 2006

In the Sahara region, the age of onset of the desert condition has been uncertain until now. Here we report on the discovery of 7,000,000-year-old eolian dune deposits from the northern Chad Basin. This geological archive is the oldest known evidence for desert occurrence in the Sahara.
Comment on "Zircon Thermometer Reveals Minimum Melting Conditions on Earliest Earth" II
Authors: Nutman Allen P.
Published: February 2006

Watson and Harrison (Reports, 6 May 2005, p. 841) interpreted low temperatures (∼700°C) for Hadean zircons as evidence of the existence of wet, minimum-melting conditions within 200 million years of solar system formation. However, high-temperature melts (∼900°C) are zircon-undersaturated and crystallize zircon only after substantial temperature drop during fractional crystallization. Zircon thermometry cannot distinguish between low- and high-temperature Hadean igneous sources.
Neurochemical Modulation of Response Inhibition and Probabilistic Learning in Humans
Authors: Chamberlain Samuel R. , Müller Ulrich , Blackwell Andrew D. , Clark Luke , Robbins Trevor W. , Sahakian Barbara J.
Published: February 2006

Cognitive functions dependent on the prefrontal cortex, such as the ability to suppress behavior (response inhibition) and to learn from complex feedback (probabilistic learning), play critical roles in activities of daily life. To what extent do different neurochemical systems modulate these two cognitive functions? Here, using stop-signal and probabilistic learning tasks, we show a double dissociation for the involvement of noradrenaline and serotonin in human cognition. In healthy volunteers, inhibition of central noradrenaline reuptake improved response inhibition but had no effect on probabilistic learning, whereas inhibition of central serotonin reuptake impaired probabilistic learning with no effect on response inhibition.