bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
About the (un)acceptability of working in the presence of the child: parents’ constructions of the child and corresponding parental responsibilities
Authors: Mikats Jana
Published: July 2024

The work-family literature suggests a contradictory relationship between working parenthood and (good) childhood, with disruptive or neglected children on the one side and absent or overburdened parents on the other. While the child occupies a complicated space in this relation, their position is rarely examined. Against this background, I explore the position of the child by turning to children’s co-presence during parents’ performance of home-based paid work and ask how parents construct the child and their corresponding parental responsibilities. Following a practice-theoretical framework, I approach parents’ accounts as practices of representation in which the boundaries of what was perceived as (not) acceptable ways of doing family and work were sketched out.

For this purpose, I analysed 25 qualitative interviews with and about home-based working parents in the Austrian creative industries with positional maps. The parents had between one and three children in kindergarten or primary school.

Parents’ constructions of the child were complex and ambiguous, as were the corresponding parental responsibilities. Meeting the child’s needs and not harming the child emerged as a common ground, yet the parents’ commitment to paid work was not questioned. Conversely, home-based work was seen as a way to meet both work and care demands. These findings suggest that home-based work may bridge ideas of good childhood and working parenthood. The paper contributes to an understanding of work and family that goes beyond simple dualism and offers new insights into parental home-based work, which remains relevant in the post-pandemic era.
Identification of Potential Biomarkers for Patients with DWI-Negative Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Li Lei , Wang Ying
Published: July 2024

Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of long-term disability in adults, accounting for 80% of stroke cases. Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) examination is the main test for acute ischemic stroke, but in recent years, several studies have shown that some patients show negative DWI examination after the onset of ischemic stroke with symptoms of significant neurological deficits. In this study, we investigated potential biomarkers related to immune metabolism in the peripheral blood of DWI-negative versus DWI-positive patients after ischemic stroke and explored their possible regulatory processes in ischemic stroke. The datasets related to ischemic stroke were downloaded from the GEO database, immune-related genes and metabolism-related genes were obtained from the ImmPort database and MSigDB database, respectively, and immune-related differential genes were obtained based on immune scores using the algorithm of the R software package “GSVA.” Candidate genes were selected based on intersections, hub genes were screened using the algorithm in Cytoscape software, and finally, GeneMANIA analysis, GSEA enrichment analysis, subcellular localization, gene transcription factor and gene-drug interaction networks, and disease correlation analyses were performed for the hub genes. Five hub genes (GART, TYMS, PPAT, CTPS1, and PAICS) were obtained by PPI network analysis and software analysis. Among them, PPAT and PAICS may be the real hub genes with consistent and significantly differentiated results from the discovery and validation sets. The functions of these hub genes may be related to pathways such as nucleotide biosynthetic processes. The constructed hub gene ceRNA network showed that hsa-10a-5p is the key miRNA connecting PAICS and multiple lncRNAs in this study. Differential genes related to immunity and metabolism in DWI-negative and DWI-positive patients after IS were identified using bioinformatics analysis, and their pathways and related TF-RNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs were identified. These genes may be considered effective targets for the diagnosis and treatment of ischemic stroke.
Specific Mode Electroacupuncture Stimulation Mediates the Delivery of NGF Across the Hippocampus Blood–Brain Barrier Through p65-VEGFA-TJs to Improve the Cognitive Function of MCAO/R Convalescent Rats
Authors: Dai Mengyuan , Qian Kecheng , Ye Qinyu , Yang Jinding , Gan Lin , Jia Zhaoxing , Pan Zixing , Cai Qian , Jiang Tianxiang , Ma Congcong , Lin Xianming
Published: July 2024

Cognitive impairment frequently presents as a prevalent consequence following stroke, imposing significant burdens on patients, families, and society. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness and underlying mechanism of nerve growth factor (NGF) in treating post-stroke cognitive dysfunction in rats with cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury (MCAO/R) through delivery into the brain using specific mode electroacupuncture stimulation (SMES). From the 28th day after modeling, the rats were treated with NGF mediated by SMES, and the cognitive function of the rats was observed after treatment. Learning and memory ability were evaluated using behavioral tests. The impact of SMES on blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability, the underlying mechanism of cognitive enhancement in rats with MCAO/R, including transmission electron microscopy, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and TUNEL staining. We reported that SMES demonstrates a safe and efficient ability to open the BBB during the cerebral ischemia repair phase, facilitating the delivery of NGF to the brain by the p65-VEGFA-TJs pathway.

Graphical Abstract

By Figdraw
Firm-level political risk and the firm’s trade credit extension
Authors: Hong Liu , Zhou Tianpeng
Published: July 2024

This paper investigates the influence of firm-level political risk on the firm’s supply of trade credit. Using a novel measure of firm-level political risk developed by Hassan et al. (2019), we find that firm-level political risk has a positive impact on the firm’s trade credit extension. We also demonstrate that our results are not driven by macro financial and political events, firm-level political sentiment and non-political risks, and macro-level economic and political factors. Our result continues to hold after addressing the potential endogeneity concern. Additionally, we find that the positive impact of political risk on trade credit extension is more pronounced for firms selling differentiated goods and services. Furthermore, we demonstrate that extending trade credit enhances firm value when a firm faces higher political risk. This paper highlights the importance of considering firm-level heterogeneity in political risk. It also contributes to the literature on the determinants of trade credit extension and deepens our understanding of the relationship between political risk, trade credit, and corporate performance.
Continuity Dependence of Attractors of Iterated Function Systems with Orbital Condition
Authors: Wardowski Dariusz
Published: July 2024

In the article Secelean and Wardowski (Qual Theory Dyn Syst 21:162, 2022), there were introduced iterated function systems involving certain condition of orbital type. The attractors of such IFSs substantially extend the family of fractal objects investigated so far. In the present work we provide some further properties and give the answer regarding the continuity dependence of this type of attractors with respect to the continuous change of the parameters that describe the maps of the given orbital IFS and the initially chosen compact subset.
Zonal Contrasts of the Tropical Pacific Climate Predicted by a Global Constraint
Authors: Lee Sukyoung , Bannon Peter R. , Park Mingyu , Clark Joseph P.
Published: July 2024

The zonal gradients in sea surface temperature and convective heating across the tropical Pacific play a pivotal role in setting the weather and climate patterns globally. Under global warming, the current generation of climate models predict that the zonal gradients will decrease, but the trajectory of the observed trends is the opposite. Theories supporting either of the two projections exist, but there are many relevant processes whose net effect is unclear. In this study, a global constraint – the maximum material entropy production (maxMEP) hypothesis—is considered to help close the gap. The climate system considered here is comprised of a one-layer atmosphere and surface in six regions that represent the western tropical Pacific, eastern tropical Pacific, northern and southern midlatitudes, and northern and southern polar regions. The model conserves energy but does not explicitly include dynamics. The model input is observation-based radiative parameters. The radiative effect of greenhouse gas (GHG) loading is mimicked by prescribing increases in the longwave absorptivity $$\epsilon$$
ϵ
. The model solutions predict that zonal contrasts in surface temperature, convective heat flux, and surface pressure increase with increasing $$\epsilon$$
ϵ
. While maxMEP solutions in general cannot provide a definite answer to the problem, these model results strengthen the possibility that the trajectory of the observed trend reflects the response to increasing GHG loading in the atmosphere.
MOFs-Derived Strategy and Ternary Alloys Regulation in Flower-Like Magnetic-Carbon Microspheres with Broadband Electromagnetic Wave Absorption
Authors: Huang Mengqiu , Li Bangxin , Qian Yuetong , Wang Lei , Zhang Huibin , Yang Chendi , Rao Longjun , Zhou Gang , Liang Chongyun , Che Renchao
Published: July 2024

Broadband electromagnetic (EM) wave absorption materials play an important role in military stealth and health protection. Herein, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs)-derived magnetic-carbon CoNiM@C (M = Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn) microspheres are fabricated, which exhibit flower-like nano–microstructure with tunable EM response capacity. Based on the MOFs-derived CoNi@C microsphere, the adjacent third element is introduced into magnetic CoNi alloy to enhance EM wave absorption performance. In term of broadband absorption, the order of efficient absorption bandwidth (EAB) value is Mn > Fe = Zn > Cu in the CoNiM@C microspheres. Therefore, MOFs-derived flower-like CoNiMn@C microspheres hold outstanding broadband absorption and the EAB can reach up to 5.8 GHz (covering 12.2–18 GHz at 2.0 mm thickness). Besides, off-axis electron holography and computational simulations are applied to elucidate the inherent dielectric dissipation and magnetic loss. Rich heterointerfaces in CoNiMn@C promote the aggregation of the negative/positive charges at the contacting region, forming interfacial polarization. The graphitized carbon layer catalyzed by the magnetic CoNiMn core offered the electron mobility path, boosting the conductive loss. Equally importantly, magnetic coupling is observed in the CoNiMn@C to strengthen the magnetic responding behaviors. This study provides a new guide to build broadband EM absorption by regulating the ternary magnetic alloy.
Anomaly analytics in data-driven machine learning applications
Authors: Azimi Shelernaz , Pahl Claus
Published: July 2024

Machine learning is used widely to create a range of prediction or classification models. The quality of the machine learning (ML) models depends not only on the model creation process, but also on the input data quality. We investigate here the impact of data quality on the quality of the ML model in a generic way. The aim is to identify a possible data quality problem based on observed anomalies in the ML model over time. This is achieved in the form of a root cause analysis of anomalies detected in the ML model. We develop a generic anomaly detection and analysis framework and demonstrate its application to two prediction scenarios based on sensor data.
Valuing the Economic Impact of River Floods and Early Flood Warning for Households in Bangladesh
Authors: Zayed Stephanie , Morrison Laura T. R. , Lapidus Daniel , Gallaher Michael , Letterman Clark , Allpress Justine L. E. , Cummings Stirling
Published: July 2024

Flood early warning systems have the potential to mitigate damages for vulnerable populations that experience river flooding in Bangladesh. We conducted a 2,247 household survey and series of focus groups to estimate the economic damages from 2016 river floods and the hypothetical savings of a 3- and 8-day warning for households living in the Jamuna River floodplain. Households were identified using geo-sampling, a novel geographic information system (GIS)–based sampling methodology that facilitates probability-based sampling where data are insufficient. Total damages for the entire flood plain in 2016 totaled to $1.3 billion, or 25% of household income and assets. Respondents estimated avoided damages from a hypothetical 3- and 8-day warning to be $73m and $85m, respectively, reflecting diminishing returns to additional days of early warning. With the hypothetical early warning, respondents derived the greatest savings from protecting their land, household/dwelling, and livestock. The greatest savings to households receiving a hypothetical additional 5 days of warning (from a 3- to an 8-day warning) would be realized in protecting agricultural production. Selling assets/livestock and employing protective sandbags were the preventative actions with the highest benefit–cost ratios that households said they would undertake. Importantly, only 11% of households received any early warning at all during the 2016 flood season, suggesting that the greatest benefits moving forward would be achieved by communicating existing or improved warnings more effectively to households in the floodplain.
Self-organization of social hierarchies studied with Monte-Carlo simulations; self-destroying join-believe-fight system as an inevitable outcome
Authors: Stallinga Peter
Published: July 2024

Monte-Carlo simulations were used to describe the interactions between cellular automata, socio-economic ‘agents’, in society. In a first simulation we repeat work in literature of a system of independent agents. We repeat the finding that the strongest agent will confiscate all wealth. In a second simulation we show how agents can prevent against such theft, or steal better, by joining forces. So-called join-believe-fight (joining, believing unquestionably in the narrative of the faction, and fighting other factions). We now take cooperations between factions of joined agents into account. The final outcome is that society obliterates libertarians (those that are reluctant to join forces) and winds up in a situation in which all surviving agents are joined in a single faction. However, it is reasoned that then fights within this single faction will start, since this end situation resembles the starting point of entire society; the single faction has become entire society and the game recommences. It is a snake that bites its own tail and goes around forever attacking.
Gut Microbiota in Primary Osteoporosis: a Systematic Review
Authors: Ji Jiangxun , Cai Feihong , Yuan Chunchun , Huang Chen , Zhang Haitao , Xu Chuanglong , Suo Wendong , Zhu Wenhao , Shi Binhao , Tang Dezhi , Wang Yongjun
Published: July 2024

The link between gut microbiota (GM) and primary osteoporosis has garnered substantial attention. In this study, we conducted a systematic review encompassing 10 studies that employed high-throughput sequencing methodologies. Notably, the taxonomic profiles exhibited pronounced heterogeneity across reviewed studies. A combined analysis of mechanistical studies screened out potential targets for osteoporosis prevention and treatment. We appraised the limitations in previous studies, and proposed suggestions for optimizing sequencing techniques and experimental designs. Larger-size longitudinal cohorts based on multi-omics and extended phenotypes are recommended to comprehensively characterize the involvement of GM in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis.
Etablierung eines multiprofessionellen Primärversorgungszentrums – Erkenntnisse aus einer begleitenden Evaluation
Authors: Wössner Sofie , Westenberger Jasmin , Klenk Katharina , Joos Stefanie , Sturm Heidrun
Published: July 2024

Hintergrund

Als eine Antwort auf die zukünftigen Herausforderungen in der Versorgung werden insbesondere für den ländlichen Raum multiprofessionelle Primärversorgungszentren vorgeschlagen. Ziele dabei sind, die Koordination und Abstimmung zwischen den verschiedenen Versorgern im Sinne einer patientenorientierten Versorgung zu verbessern und gleichzeitig attraktive Arbeitsbedingungen zu schaffen. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde 2019 das „PORT (Patientenorientierte Zentren zur Primär- und Langzeitversorgung)Gesundheitszentrum Schwäbische Alb Hohenstein“ (GZH) etabliert.

Methoden

Es wurde eine gemischt-methodische Begleitevaluation basierend auf den Zielvorstellungen für das Zentrum (PORT-Kriterien) für den Zeitraum 2019–2022 durchgeführt. Zufriedenheit und Erfahrungen mit dem Zentrum wurden im Rahmen einer schriftlichen Befragung von Besuchern in 3 Stichproben erhoben und deskriptiv ausgewertet. Zudem wurden die im Verlauf der Implementierungsphase etablierten Strukturen und Angebote erfasst.

Ergebnisse

In der Implementierungsphase wurden eine allgemeinmedizinische, pädiatrische, physiotherapeutische und chirurgische Praxis vor Ort etabliert, die im weiteren Verlauf durch psychiatrische Sprechstunden sowie eine Hebammensprechstunde erweitert wurden. Eine Lotsin ergänzte das Angebot im Hinblick auf Koordination und niedrigschwellig allgemeine Beratung. Im Verlauf hinzu kamen Beratungsangebote durch den Pflegestützpunkt und frühe Hilfen. Begleitend wurden über das Gesundheitsamt Angebote zu Themen der Gesundheitsförderung etabliert. Interprofessionelle Kooperation fand informell durch Verweise oder kurze Kontakte der Akteure innerhalb des Zentrums statt. Zudem wurden zwischen 01.2020 und 11.2020 Fallkonferenzen (n = 12) durchgeführt. Die Zufriedenheit mit dem Zentrum aus Nutzerperspektive (Score 8–32) war hoch mit Werten zwischen 30,1 (Stichprobe I, SD 2,3; n = 99) und 29,6 (Stichprobe II, SD 2,7; n = 116 bzw. Stichprobe III, SD 2,97; n = 109). Die Kooperation zwischen den Berufsgruppen wurde positiv eingeschätzt.

Diskussion

Das Zentrum konnte mit viel Engagement und finanzieller Unterstützung in einer ländlichen Region nachhaltig etabliert werden. Die Entwicklung im Beobachtungszeitraum zeigt, dass das Zentrum von der Bevölkerung gut angenommen wird und offensichtlich ein attraktives Arbeitsumfeld für das Fachpersonal geschaffen werden konnte. Dazu dürfte neben anderen Faktoren auch die etablierte interprofessionelle Zusammenarbeit im Zentrum beigetragen haben.
Primary splenic angiosarcoma: a rare case of embolization as a bridge to splenectomy
Authors: Greco Sara , Lagrasta Maria Teresa , Giancaspro Mariantonia , Torrente Andrea , Lazzari Paola , Prato Lucrezia , Rescigno Marco , D’Addato Mauro , Pignataro Pasquale , Maggialetti Nicola , Lucarelli Nicola Maria , Ianora Amato Antonio Stabile
Published: July 2024

Primary splenic angiosarcoma is the primary malignant vascular neoplasm of the spleen. This tumor is highly aggressive and extremely rare with a nonspecific clinical presentation. Prognosis is poor and almost all patients die within one year of diagnosis. We present the case of a 69-year-old healthy woman with left-sided abdominal tenderness. An ultrasound examination of the abdomen was performed to evaluate the cause of abdominal pain and showed splenomegaly with inhomogeneous echotexture and the presence of free intraperitoneal fluid. An emergency abdominal contrast-enhanced computed tomography confirmed the splenomegaly and showed hemoperitoneum and a splenic mass with heterogeneous contrast enhancement. Due to the sudden worsening of the patient’s clinical conditions (hemoglobin level of 7 g/dl) and the unavailability of the operating room, embolization of the splenic artery was performed as a bridge to subsequent splenectomy under the suspicion of splenic rupture. Histological examination demonstrated a primary splenic angiosarcoma and the patient was referred to an oncological center. Due to the rarity of this malignancy, the optimal treatment of primary splenic angiosarcoma remains under investigation. Transcatheter splenic artery embolization is not common, but it could be useful for temporarily stabilizing the patient as a bridge to the subsequent splenectomy.
Oxalate and adipate mediated fabrication of CuO nanocrystallites for their electrochemical and supercapacitance studies
Authors: Sawant S. V. , Manolikar T. V. , Babar M. D. , Sakate S. S. , Pardeshi S. K. , Jagtap R. M.
Published: July 2024

Cupric oxide (CuO) has been comprehensively studied in the field of electrochemistry due to its high Tc-Superconducting property. The present work focus on two different CuO materials i.e. CuO-1 and CuO-2 nanocrystallites which are successfully synthesized from their oxalate and adipate precursors respectively. The calcination temperature for the synthesis of CuO from their precursors is ascertained by TGA analysis of the dicarboxylates. Both the CuO materials are thoroughly characterized by SEM–EDS, XRD, IR and XPS spectroscopic techniques. As a candidate for supercapacitor electrode material, CuO-1/C and CuO-2/C showed a specific capacitance of 4.15 F/g and 22.24 F/g using cyclic voltammetry, 10.4 F/g and 46.6 F/g using GCD curves respectively at a current density of 1 A/g. Also, the CuO-1/C and CuO-2/C showed a specific energy density (Es) 1.59 Wh kg−1 and 0.36 Wh kg−1 at a specific power density (Ps) of 0.02 kW kg−1 and 0.025 kW kg−1 respectively. Moreover, the CuO-2/C exhibits ≈ 96.1% coulombic efficiency following 1000 cycles, whereas, CuO-1/C lags in coulombic efficiency with only 51.8%. As a better candidate, CuO-2/C exhibited excellent rate capability with an outstanding cycling stability of 93.7% retention after 1,000 cycles. The factors contributing to the significant specific capacitance of CuO-2/C along with better stability and reproducibility are its low electrolyte resistance Rs (2.47Ω) and charge transfer resistance Rct (1.01 Ω).
Prevalence and Use of Driver Monitoring Systems: A National Survey in the United States
Authors: Ehsani Johnathon P. , Michael Jeffrey , Duren Michelle , Drabo Emmanuel , Sabit Ahmed
Published: July 2024

The purpose of this study was to measure the prevalence of use of driver monitoring systems among U.S. adults, and factors influencing their adoption. One in five U.S. adults has used driver monitoring, primarily to obtain a discount on insurance. Safety benefits and financial incentives are likely to influence adoption.
The Pregnant Workers Fairness Act Leaves Agricultural Workers Behind
Authors: Bhatnagar Prashasti
Published: July 2024

The new federal Pregnant Workers Fairness Act advances important protections for pregnant workers, but leaves behind agricultural workers, who are overrepresented in hazardous occupational environments. This article highlights the connection between workplace pregnancy discrimination and health inequities. It concludes with a discussion of immigrant-led advocacy efforts to eliminate health inequities and advance health justice.
The Phenomenon of Teen Delay in Driving Licensure: Considerations at the Intersection of Mobility and Social Welfare for Emerging Adults
Authors: Vaca Federico E. , Drabo Emmanuel Fulgence , Li Kaigang
Published: July 2024

In 2021, there were 11.7 million licensed young drivers in the U.S. This is 1.5 million fewer young drivers compared to 2007. The phenomenon of delay in driving licensure among teens has notable implications for opportunities positioning them for life success when transitioning into emerging adulthood and in later life.
Climate Change and Health: Public Health and Legal Strategies to Reduce Reliance on Fossil Fuels, Increase Air Quality, and Improve Human Health
Authors: Krueger Jill , Long Jamie , Bikomeye Jean C.
Published: July 2024

Reliance upon fossil fuels and limited greenspace contribute to poor indoor and outdoor air quality and adverse health outcomes, particularly in communities of color. This article describes justice-informed public health and legal interventions to increase access to greenspace and accelerate the transitions to renewable energy and away from gas appliances.
Challenging Pennsylvania’s Firearm Preemption Law as a Public Health Danger: The Case of Philadelphia
Authors: Jarrah Sami , Geffen Benjamin , Babiarz Giselle , Hartung Benjamin , Cook Amy , Todd Megan
Published: July 2024

Firearm violence has soared in American cities, but most states statutorily preempt municipal firearm regulation. This article describes a unique collaboration in Philadelphia among elected officials, public health researchers, and attorneys that has led to litigation based on original quantitative analyses and grounded in innovative constitutional theories and statutory interpretation.
The Association Between State-Level Prenatal Substance Use Policies and Rates of Maternal Mortality in the United States: A Legal Epidemiology Study
Authors: Thomas Kathryn A. , Struble Cara A. , Stenersen Madeline R. , Moore Kelly
Published: July 2024

Little research has explored relationships between prenatal substance use policies and rates of maternal mortality across all 50 states, despite evidence that prenatal substance use elevates risk of maternal death. This study, utilizing publicly available data, revealed that state-level mandated testing laws predicted maternal mortality after controlling for population characteristics.
Recent State Legislative Attempts to Restructure Public Health Authority: The Good, The Bad, and The Way Forward
Authors: Briggs Darlene Huang , Platt Elizabeth , Zellers Leslie
Published: July 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic spurred legal and policy attacks against foundational public health authorities. Act for Public Health — a partnership of public health law organizations — has tracked legislative activity since January 2021. This article describes that activity, highlighting 2023 bills primarily related to vaccine requirements and policy innovations undertaken in the wake of the pandemic. Finally, we preview a legal framework for more equitable and effective public health authority.
Differential forms on universal K3 surfaces
Authors: MA SHOUHEI
Published: July 2024

We give a vanishing and classification result for holomorphic differential forms on smooth projective models of the moduli spaces of pointed K3 surfaces. We prove that there is no nonzero holomorphic k-form for
$0<k<10$
and for even
$k>19$
. In the remaining cases, we give an isomorphism between the space of holomorphic k-forms with that of vector-valued modular forms (
$10\leq k \leq 18$
) or scalar-valued cusp forms (odd
$k\geq 19$
) for the modular group. These results are in fact proved in the generality of lattice-polarisation.
Uncovering the Secret Life of We-Pronouns in the German Parliament
Authors: Bachmann Robin , Gleibs Ilka H.
Published: July 2024

Abstract: In social and political psychology, pronoun use, especially “we”, plays an important role reflecting social identity and predicting leadership success in the political realm and beyond. Previous research focused on top-level political leaders and word-counting methods. We examined We-language and reelection success based on 349,783 speeches from 3,630 members of the German federal parliament from 1949 to 2021. We combined traditional We-counts with new Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools to explore syntactic and semantic contexts. We-language predicted next-term reelections and total number of reelections from the frontbench to the backbench and across many social and political factors. There were differential effects for We-language versus Our-language, We-specification, and We-categories. Our study revealed an upward trend of We-language in the parliament in recent decades. This research illustrates the use of new large-scale speech datasets and NLP-based tools for language and leadership research. We give valuable insights into the subtle language behind successful leadership.
Detonation Soot: A New Class of Ice Nucleating Particle
Authors: Thompson S. A. , Aiken A. C. , Huber R. C. , Dubey M. K. , Brooks S. D.
Published: July 2024

Temperatures and pressures from high explosive detonations far exceed atmospheric conditions in typical combustion reactions, and consequently, detonation soot forms with physiochemical properties distinct from soot formed by combustion. In this study, samples of detonation soot from two high explosives, PBX 9502 and Composition B‐3, were analyzed. Ice nucleation experiments on soot collected after controlled detonations were conducted in the laboratory to probe immersion and contact mode freezing. Samples nucleated ice at temperatures warmer than commercially available nanodiamonds, which has a mean nucleation temperature of −20.7°C. Ice nucleation rate coefficients increase rapidly by two to three orders of magnitude below −20°C for every sample. Size‐selected 137 μm diameter particles produced during detonation in an ambient air atmosphere yield bimodal distributions of freezing temperature with primary and secondary nucleation modes centered at −20°C and −13°C, respectively. The presence of a secondary mode allows for enhanced ice nucleation rate coefficients (one to two orders of magnitude greater than samples without a secondary mode) at temperatures outside the influence of the primary mode (>−17°C). Given the observed onset nucleation temperatures of −9.2°C, our results imply that detonation soot of the type studied here would only need to reach an altitude of approximately 4 km to facilitate ice formation.
Enhanced Sporadic E Layer and Its Perturbations During the 2022 Hunga Volcanic Eruption
Authors: Qiu Lihui , Liu Huixin , Qi Yifan , Poblet Facundo L.
Published: July 2024

Sporadic E (Es) layers are plasma irregularities significantly affecting radio communication and navigation systems. And, their dominant formation mechanism at mid‐latitudes, known as the wind shear theory, suggests that they serve as indicators of the atmosphere‐ionosphere coupling processes in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region. On 15 January 2022, the Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'api submarine volcanic eruption provided a unique opportunity to investigate the Es layer responses to lower atmospheric perturbations. Using the FORMOSAT‐7/COSMIC‐2 radio occultation and ground‐based ionosonde observations, this study reveals the spatial‐temporal behaviors of the Es layers after the Hunga volcanic eruption. The results show that significant Es layer perturbations occurred over the northwest of the epicenter ∼4 hr after the eruption and lasted for approximately ∼22 hr. We also calculated the geographical distribution of the vertical ion convergence (VIC) using neutral winds obtained from the Michelson Interferometer for Global High‐resolution Thermospheric Imaging on the Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) satellite. A comparison of the geographical distribution of positive VIC and Es layer perturbations shows a good agreement, which indicates that the enhanced Es layers are caused by strong VIC associated with the atmospheric perturbations due to the eruption. This study presents observational evidence for coupling between the Es layer and lower atmospheric perturbations, which can be helpful for understanding the occasionality and variability of Es layer occurrence.
The Fragility of Bedform‐Induced Hyporheic Zones: Exploring Impacts of Dynamic Groundwater Table Fluctuations
Authors: Wu L. , Gomez‐Velez J. D. , Li L. , Carroll K. C.
Published: July 2024

Hyporheic zones are commonly regarded as resilient and enduring interfaces between groundwater and surface water in river corridors. In particular, bedform‐induced advective pumping hyporheic exchange (bedform‐induced exchange) is often perceived as a relatively persistent mechanism in natural river systems driving water, solutes, and energy exchanges between the channel and its surrounding streambed sediments. Numerous studies have been based on this presumption. To evaluate the persistence of hyporheic zones under varying hydrologic conditions, we use a multi‐physics framework to model advective pumping bedform‐induced hyporheic exchange in response to a series of seasonal‐ and event‐scale groundwater table fluctuation scenarios, which lead to episodic river‐aquifer disconnections and reconnections. Our results suggest that hyporheic exchange is not as ubiquitous as generally assumed. Instead, the bedform‐induced hyporheic exchange is restricted to a narrow range of conditions characterized by minor river‐groundwater head differences, is intermittent, and can be easily obliterated by minor losing groundwater conditions. These findings shed light on the fragility of bedform‐induced hyporheic exchange and have important implications for biogeochemical transformations along river corridors.
The Tonga Eruption Left Deep-Sea Life Buried in Ash
Authors: Chapman Andrew
Published: July 2024

When Hunga erupted in 2022, ash “decimated” slow-moving species living on the seafloor. More mobile species were able to hoof it out of harm’s way.
Cloud Height Distributions and the Role of Vertical Mixing in the Tropical Cyclone Eye Derived From Compact Raman Lidar Observations
Authors: Murray Ethan J. , Dunion Jason , Karnauskas Kristopher B. , Wang Zhien , Zhang Jun A.
Published: July 2024

The distribution of tropical cyclone (TC) eye cloud heights is documented for the first time using compact Raman lidar (CRL) measurements with high spatial resolution. These cloud heights act as tracers for low‐level vertical mixing in the eye region. Cloud height distributions using all available data from nine Atlantic TCs in 2021 and 2022 show significant vertical variance, dispelling the notion of a flat stratiform eye cloud deck. Eye cloud widths are multiscale, with shallow convective clouds dominating CRL returns. Data from Hurricane Sam (2021) highlight the evolution of shallow convective clouds in the TC eye and their associated temperature inversions. The frequent appearance of convective eye clouds, along with observed vertical wind fluctuations, suggests that vertical mixing from the boundary layer frequently occurs in the TC eye, even beneath strong inversions. This strong vertical mixing should be accurately portrayed by TC simulations and forecasts.
Nutrient Replenishment by Turbulent Mixing in Suspended Macroalgal Farms
Authors: Bo Tong , McWilliams James C. , Frieder Christina A. , Davis Kristen A. , Chamecki Marcelo
Published: July 2024

This study uses large eddy simulations to investigate nutrient transport and uptake in suspended macroalgal farms. Various farm configurations and oceanic forcing conditions are examined, with the farm base located near the nutricline depth. We introduce the Damkohler number Da to quantify the balance between nutrient consumption by macroalgae uptake and supply by farm‐enhanced nutrient transport. Most cases exhibit low Da, indicating that farm‐generated turbulence drives sufficient upward nutrient fluxes, supporting macroalgae growth. High Da and starvation may occur in fully grown farm blocks, a configuration that generates the weakest turbulence, particularly when combined with densely planted macroalgae or weak flow conditions. Flow stagnation within the farm due to macroalgae drag may constrain the uptake efficiency and further increase the starvation risk. Mitigation strategies involve timely harvesting, avoiding dense macroalgae canopies, and selecting farm locations with robust ocean currents and waves. This study provides insights for sustainable macroalgal farm planning.
Measurements of Total Aerosol Concentration in the Stratosphere: A New Balloon‐Borne Instrument and a Report on the Existing Measurement Record
Authors: Norgren M. , Kalnajs L. E. , Deshler T.
Published: July 2024

The Stratospheric Total Aerosol Counter (STAC) is a lightweight balloon‐borne instrument that utilizes condensational growth techniques to measure the total aerosol concentration. STAC is a miniaturized version of the legacy Wyoming condensation particle counter that operated from 1974 through 2020 in the middle latitudes and polar regions, with a few measurements in the tropics. Here we provide a description of the STAC instrument and the total aerosol measurement record, demonstrating that typical total aerosol profiles exhibit a peak in number mixing ratio, with values between 800 and 2,000 particles per mg of air (mg−1), just below the lapse rate tropopause (LRT). In the tropics and middle latitudes, mixing ratios decrease above the LRT likely due to coagulation and scavenging that results in a transfer of mass to the fewer but larger aerosol particles of the Junge layer. Exceptions to this occur in the spring time in the middle latitudes where a new particle layer between 20 and 25 km is frequently observed. In the poles, total aerosol profiles exhibit two distinct features: new particle formation in austral spring, and an increasing mixing ratio above 17 km likely due to the presence of meteoric smoke that has been concentrated within the polar vortex. High observed stratospheric particle mixing ratios, in excess of 2,000 mg−1, are observed in the polar new particle layer and at the top of polar profiles.
Sleep profiles of different psychiatric traits
Authors: Axelsson John , van Someren Eus J. W. , Balter Leonie J. T.
Published: July 2024

Disturbed sleep comes in many forms. While the key role of sleep in mental health is undisputed, our understanding of the type of sleeping problems that manifest in the early stages of psychiatric disorders is limited. A sample without psychiatric diagnoses (N = 440, 341 women, 97 men, 2 non-binaries; Mage = 32.1, SD = 9.4, range 18–77) underwent a comprehensive assessment, evaluating eight sleep features and 13 questionnaires on common psychiatric complaints. Results revealed that traits of affect disorders, generalized anxiety, and ADHD had the worst sleep profiles, while autism disorder, eating disorder, and impulsivity traits showed milder sleep issues. Mania was the only trait associated with an overall better sleep profile. Across traits, insomnia and fatigue dominated and sleep variability was least prominent. These findings provide support for both transdiagnostic and disorder-specific targets for prevention and treatment.
Emerging trends and clinical recommendations for zirconia ceramic crowns: a concise review
Authors: Vijan Karishma
Published: July 2024

Introduction A little over ten years ago, zirconia crowns made their debut in the field of dentistry. Despite early problems with the chipping of veneering porcelain, clinical studies have demonstrated excellent performance. It is essential for a ceramic crown to have good aesthetic qualities, in addition to having good mechanical characteristics. The exceptional mechanical qualities of zirconia crowns and the simplicity with which they may be machined, employing computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing schemes, are primarily responsible for the widespread use of these materials in clinical settings. New ceramic-based materials, including monolithic zirconia, zirconia-containing lithium disilicate ceramics, and graded glass/zirconia/glass, have recently been launched in the field of dentistry. These newly discovered zirconia crown materials stem from varied technological approaches, each likely to lead to additional clinical advancements. At this point, it seems imperative to offer a concentrated report on the newer developments, along with essential clinical recommendations for best clinical outcomes with zirconia crowns.

Types of studies This review article is a consolidation of several case studies, cohort studies and systematic reviews, as well as experimental and observational randomised control trials and other peer-reviewed articles.

Results On reviewing, a concise list of clinical recommendations is generated, demonstrating that monolithic zirconia offers some clinical advantages over veneered zirconia crowns.

Conclusion This review article discloses various clinical revelations and in-office recommendations for favourable usage of zirconia ceramic crowns that can lead to better patient outcomes and long-term clinical success rates.
Introduction and impact of routine whole genome sequencing in the diagnosis and management of sarcoma
Authors: Watkins James A. , Trotman Jamie , Tadross John A. , Harrington Jennifer , Hatcher Helen , Horan Gail , Prewett Sarah , Wong Han H. , McDonald Sarah , Tarpey Patrick , Roberts Thomas , Su Jing , Tischkowitz Marc , Armstrong Ruth , Amary Fernanda , Sosinsky Alona
Published: July 2024

Background

Sarcomas are diverse neoplasms with highly variable histological appearances in which diagnosis is often challenging and management options for metastatic/unresectable disease limited. Many sarcomas have distinctive molecular alterations, but the range of alterations is large, variable in type and rapidly increasing, meaning that testing by limited panels is unable to capture the broad spectrum of clinically pertinent genomic drivers required. Paired whole genome sequencing (WGS) in contrast allows comprehensive assessment of small variants, copy number and structural variants along with mutational signature analysis and germline testing.

Methods

Introduction of WGS as a diagnostic standard for all eligible patients with known or suspected soft tissue sarcoma over a 2-year period at a soft tissue sarcoma treatment centre.

Results

WGS resulted in a refinement in the diagnosis in 37% of cases, identification of a target for personalised therapy in 33% of cases, and a germline alteration in 4% of cases.

Conclusion

Introduction of WGS poses logistical and training challenges, but offers significant benefits to this group of patients.
Genomic predictions of genetic variances and correlations among traits for breeding crosses in soybean
Authors: Wartha Cleiton A. , Lorenz Aaron J.
Published: July 2024

Parental selection is perhaps the most critical decision a breeder makes, establishing the foundation of the entire program for years to come. Cross selection based on predicted mean and genetic variance can be further expanded to multiple-trait improvement by predicting the genetic correlation ($${r}_{G}$$

r

G

) between pairs of traits. Our objective was to empirically assess the ability to predict the family mean, genetic variance, superior progeny mean and genetic correlation through genomic prediction in a soybean population. Data made available through the Soybean Nested Association Mapping project included phenotypic data on seven traits (days to maturity, lodging, oil, plant height, protein, seed size, and seed yield) for 39 families. Training population composition followed a leave-one-family-out cross-validation scheme, with the validation family genetic parameters predicted using the remaining families as the training set. The predictive abilities for family mean and superior progeny mean were significant for all traits while predictive ability of genetic variance was significant for four traits. We were able to validate significant predictive abilities of $${r}_{G}$$

r

G

for 18 out of 21 (86%) pairwise trait combinations (P < 0.05). The findings from this study support the use of genome-wide marker effects for predicting $${r}_{G}$$

r

G

in soybean biparental crosses. If successfully implemented in breeding programs, this methodology could help to increase the rate of genetic gain for multiple correlated traits.
Definitive engineering strength and fracture toughness of graphene through on-chip nanomechanics
Authors: Jaddi Sahar , Malik M. Wasil , Wang Bin , Pugno Nicola M. , Zeng Yun , Coulombier Michael , Raskin Jean-Pierre , Pardoen Thomas
Published: July 2024

Fail-safe design of devices requires robust integrity assessment procedures which are still absent for 2D materials, hence affecting transfer to applications. Here, a combined on-chip tension and cracking method, and associated data reduction scheme have been developed to determine the fracture toughness and strength of monolayer-monodomain-freestanding graphene. Myriads of specimens are generated providing statistical data. The crack arrest tests provide a definitive fracture toughness of 4.4 MPa$$\sqrt{{{{{{\rm{m}}}}}}}$$

m

. Tension on-chip provides Young’s modulus of 950 GPa, fracture strain of 11%, and tensile strength up to 110 GPa, reaching a record of stored elastic energy ~6 GJ m−3 as confirmed by thermodynamics and quantized fracture mechanics. A ~ 1.4 nm crack size is often found responsible for graphene failure, connected to 5-7 pair defects. Micron-sized graphene membranes and smaller can be produced defect-free, and design rules can be based on 110 GPa strength. For larger areas, a fail-safe design should be based on a maximum 57 GPa strength.
Intraspecific diploidization of a halophyte root fungus drives heterosis
Authors: Li Zhongfeng , Zhu Zhiyong , Qian Kun , Tang Boping , Han Baocai , Zhong Zhenhui , Fu Tao , Zhou Peng , Stukenbrock Eva H. , Martin Francis M. , Yuan Zhilin
Published: July 2024

How organisms respond to environmental stress is a key topic in evolutionary biology. This study focused on the genomic evolution of Laburnicola rhizohalophila, a dark-septate endophytic fungus from roots of a halophyte. Chromosome-level assemblies were generated from five representative isolates from structured subpopulations. The data revealed significant genomic plasticity resulting from chromosomal polymorphisms created by fusion and fission events, known as dysploidy. Analyses of genomic features, phylogenomics, and macrosynteny have provided clear evidence for the origin of intraspecific diploid-like hybrids. Notably, one diploid phenotype stood out as an outlier and exhibited a conditional fitness advantage when exposed to a range of abiotic stresses compared with its parents. By comparing the gene expression patterns in each hybrid parent triad under the four growth conditions, the mechanisms underlying growth vigor were corroborated through an analysis of transgressively upregulated genes enriched in membrane glycerolipid biosynthesis and transmembrane transporter activity. In vitro assays suggested increased membrane integrity and lipid accumulation, as well as decreased malondialdehyde production under optimal salt conditions (0.3 M NaCl) in the hybrid. These attributes have been implicated in salinity tolerance. This study supports the notion that hybridization-induced genome doubling leads to the emergence of phenotypic innovations in an extremophilic endophyte.
Exploring the impact of primer length on efficient gene detection via high-throughput sequencing
Authors: Micheel Julia , Safrastyan Aram , Aron Franziska , Wollny Damian
Published: July 2024

Reverse transcription (RT) is a crucial step in most RNA analysis methods. Optimizing protocols for this initial stage is critical for effective target detection, particularly when working with limited input RNA. Several factors, such as the input material quality and reaction conditions, influence RT efficiency. However, the effect of RT primer length on gene detection efficiency remains largely unknown. Thus, we investigate its impact by generating RNA-seq libraries with random RT primers of 6, 12, 18, or 24 nucleotides. To our surprise, the 18mer primer shows superior efficiency in overall transcript detection compared to the commonly used 6mer primer, especially in detecting longer RNA transcripts in complex human tissue samples. This study highlights the critical role of primer length in RT efficiency, which has significant potential to benefit various transcriptomic assays, from basic research to clinical diagnostics, given the central role of RT in RNA-related analyses.