bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glucose impairments and insulin resistance in prostate cancer: the role of obesity, nutrition and exercise
Authors: Di Sebastiano K. M. , Pinthus J. H. , Duivenvoorden W. C. M. , Mourtzakis M.
Published: March 2018

Background

Hyperinsulinemia, obesity and related metabolic diseases are associated with prostate cancer development. Prostate cancer patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) are at increased risk for metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and diabetes, while pre‐existing metabolic conditions may be exacerbated.

Purpose

An integrative approach is used to describe the interactions between insulin, glucose metabolism, obesity and prostate cancer. The potential role of nutrition and exercise will also be examined.

Findings

Hyperinsulinemia is associated with prostate cancer development, progression and aggressiveness. Prostate cancer patients who undergo ADT are at risk of diabetes in survivorship. It is unclear whether this is a direct result of treatment or related to pre‐existing metabolic features (e.g. hyperinsulinemia and obesity). Obesity and metabolic syndrome are also associated with prostate cancer development and poorer outcomes for cancer survivors, which may be driven by hyperinsulinemia, pro‐inflammation, hyperleptinemia and/or hypoadiponectinemia.

Conclusions

Independently evaluating changes in glucose metabolism near the time of prostate cancer diagnosis and during long‐term ADT treatment is important to distinguish their unique contributions to the development of metabolic disturbances. Integrative approaches, including metabolic, clinical and body composition measures, are needed to understand the role of adiposity and insulin resistance in prostate cancer and to develop effective nutrition and exercise interventions to improve secondary diseases in survivorship.
The association between psychological factors and breastfeeding behaviour in women with a body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg m−2: a systematic review
Authors: Lyons S. , Currie S. , Peters S. , Lavender T. , Smith D. M.
Published: March 2018

Breastfeeding can play a key role in the reduction of obesity, but initiation and maintenance rates in women with a body mass index (BMI) of ≥30 kg m−2 are low. Psychological factors influence breastfeeding behaviours in the general population, but their role is not yet understood in women with a BMI ≥30 kg m−2. Therefore, this review aimed to systematically search and synthesize the literature, which has investigated the association between any psychological factor and breastfeeding behaviour in women with a BMI ≥30 kg m−2. The search identified 20 eligible papers, reporting 16 psychological factors. Five psychological factors were associated with breastfeeding behaviours: intentions to breastfeed, belief in breast milk's nutritional adequacy and sufficiency, belief about other's infant feeding preferences, body image and social knowledge. It is therefore recommended that current care should encourage women to plan to breastfeed, provide corrective information for particular beliefs and address their body image and social knowledge. Recommendations for future research include further exploration of several psychological factors (i.e. expecting that breastfeeding will enhance weight loss, depression, anxiety and stress) and evidence and theory‐based intervention development.
Tannerella forsythia‐produced methylglyoxal causes accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts to trigger cytokine secretion in human monocytes
Authors: Settem R.P. , Honma K. , Shankar M. , Li M. , LaMonte M. , Xu D. , Genco R.J. , Browne R.W. , Sharma A.
Published: March 2018

The periodontal pathogen Tannerella forsythia has the unique ability to produce methylglyoxal (MGO), an electrophilic compound which can covalently modify amino acid side chains and generate inflammatory adducts known as advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). In periodontitis, concentrations of MGO in gingival‐crevicular fluid are increased and are correlated with the T. forsythia load. However, the source of MGO and the extent to which MGO may contribute to periodontal inflammation has not been fully explored. In this study we identified a functional homolog of the enzyme methylglyoxal synthase (MgsA) involved in the production of MGO in T. forsythia. While wild‐type T.forsythia produced a significant amount of MGO in the medium, a mutant lacking this homolog produced little to no MGO. Furthermore, compared with the spent medium of the T. forsythia parental strain, the spent medium of the T. forsythia mgsA‐deletion strain induced significantly lower nuclear factor‐kappa B activity as well as proinflammogenic and pro‐osteoclastogenic cytokines from THP‐1 monocytes. The ability of T. forsythia to induce protein glycation endproducts via MGO was confirmed by an electrophoresis‐based collagen chain mobility shift assay. Together these data demonstrated that T. forsythia produces MGO, which may contribute to inflammation via the generation of AGEs and thus act as a potential virulence factor of the bacterium.
Self‐care among older people living with chronic conditions
Authors: LeBlanc Raeann G. , Jacelon Cynthia S.
Published: March 2018

Purpose

The aim of this study was to clarify the concept of self‐care among older people living with chronic health conditions. This concept clarification will assist nurses in addressing self‐care among older people through research, policy and practice in offering an expanded conceptual model.

Background

Several policy influences over the past decade directly relate to the increased importance and economic necessity to require self‐directed care for older people living with chronic health conditions to maintain their care at home in the community.

Method

A selective review of literature on the concept of self‐care included 31 sources. The Norris Concept Clarification method (1982) was used for clarification. The phenomenon is described historically according to its antecedents, attributes and consequences.

Results

A proposed definition is provided based on the clarification of this concept. A conceptual model is presented through an ecological framework. Self‐care among older people living with chronic conditions is multidimensional and has multilevel influences (individual, community, system levels) and is mediated by the contexts and processes of ageing. Self‐care originates along one's life course and is learned. Self‐care responses are based on care needs when living with chronic health conditions.

Conclusion

Self‐care is an individual capacity, disposition and activity older people manifest in living with multiple chronic conditions. These features (capacity, disposition, action) influence one another and are hierarchical and continuous. Research, practice and policies that promote self‐care among older people can focus on these features to improve health outcomes and promote new models of care consistent with personal development and chronic care needs in older age.

Implications for practice

This concept clarification can offer a model to support self‐care among older people living with chronic conditions.
New care home admission following hospitalisation: How do older people, families and professionals make decisions about discharge destination? A case study narrative analysis
Authors: Rhynas Sarah J. , Garrido Azucena Garcia , Burton Jennifer K. , Logan Gemma , MacArthur Juliet
Published: March 2018

Aims and objectives

To gain an in‐depth understanding of the decision‐making processes involved in the discharge of older people admitted to hospital from home and discharged to a care home, as described in the case records.

Background

The decision for an older person to move into a care home is significant and life‐changing. The discharge planning literature for older people highlights the integral role of nurses in supporting and facilitating effective discharge. However, little research has been undertaken to explore the experiences of those discharged from hospital to a care home or the processes involved in decision‐making.

Method

A purposive sample of 10 cases was selected from a cohort of 100 individuals admitted to hospital from home and discharged to a care home. Cases were selected to highlight important personal, relational and structural factors thought to affect the decision‐making process. Narrative case studies were created and were thematically analysed to explore the perspectives of each stakeholder group and the conceptualisations of risk which influenced decision‐making.

Results

Care home discharge decision‐making is a complex process involving stakeholders with a range of expertise, experience and perspectives. Decisions take time and considerable involvement of families and the multidisciplinary team. There were significant deficits in documentation which limit the understanding of the process and the patient's voice is often absent from case records. The experiences of older people, families and multidisciplinary team members making care home decisions in the hospital setting require further exploration to identify and define best practice.

Implications for practice

Nurses have a critical role in the involvement of older people making discharge decisions in hospital, improved documentation of the patient's voice is essential. Health and social care systems must allow older people time to make significant decisions about their living arrangements, adapting to changing medical and social needs.
Empowering education of arthroplasty patients' significant others in three Southern European countries
Authors: Copanitsanou Panagiota , Sourtzi Panayota , Cano Sara , Cabrera Esther , Charalambous Andreas , Katajisto Jouko , Leino‐Kilpi Helena , Papastavrou Evridiki , Valkeapää Kirsi , Zabalegui Adelaida , Lemonidou Chryssoula
Published: March 2018

Aims and objectives

To examine the relationship between significant others' expected and received knowledge and their background characteristics in three Mediterranean countries (Cyprus, Greece, Spain), all of which deal with economic restrictions, have similar social support systems with the family members acting as family caregivers, and cultural similarities.

Background

Significant others' role is a key element in the older patients' postoperative recovery. However, people who take care of persons older than 65 years, as persons undergoing arthroplasty, are usually old themselves and need special support.

Design

Multicentre, descriptive, correlational study.

Methods

Data were collected preoperatively from 189 and postoperatively from 185 significant others using the Knowledge Expectations and the Received Knowledge of Significant Others Scales during 2010‐2012.

Results

Approximately one‐fourth of the significant others were older than 65 years. Their knowledge expectations were not adequately addressed in any of the countries; they expected to be educated more on biophysiological issues and received the lowest knowledge regarding financial issues. The highest difference between expected and received knowledge was found in Greece and the lowest in Cyprus. Significant others may be less prepared for dealing with situations at home due to the knowledge difference between expected and received knowledge.

Conclusions

Significant others receive less education comparing to what they expect; therefore, they are not prepared for dealing with problematic situations during their old relative's recovery. This is especially important in Mediterranean countries, where family members often provide patient care.

Implications for practice

As health care is changing towards active participation of patients and family, it is important that nurses provide the education needed, as lower education may lead to poor patient outcomes and higher education may lead to significant others' anxiety. Nurses may keep in mind that older significant others do not report higher knowledge difference, but may have lower expectations.
High prevalence and familial aggregation of keratoconus in an Iranian rural population: a population‐based study
Authors: Hashemi Hassan , Heydarian Samira , Yekta Abbasali , Ostadimoghaddam Hadi , Aghamirsalim Mohamadreza , Derakhshan Akbar , Khabazkhoob Mehdi
Published: March 2018

Purpose

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of keratoconus and the potential effect of genetic and environmental factors on its prevalence in households living in rural areas of Iran in a large population‐based study.

Methods

The present cross‐sectional study was performed in two Iranian rural populations. Two rural areas were randomly selected in the southwest and north of Iran. All individuals over one year of age were invited to participate in the study. The study population underwent a thorough eye examination, including visual acuity measurement, refraction, slit lamp biomicroscopy, and Scheimpflug imaging. The diagnosis of keratoconus was made based on Pentacam‐specific criteria, tomographic maps, and clinical findings. After detecting keratoconus cases, its prevalence in the study population was reported as a percentage with a 95% confidence interval (CI). For familial aggregation analysis, the odds ratios of keratoconus and its more severe types were calculated in different family relationships (siblings, parents‐offspring, spouses) using second order generalised estimating equation.

Results

Of the 3851 eligible individuals, 3314 subjects participated in the study. After applying the exclusion criteria, data from 2667 subjects was used in the analysis. The prevalence of keratoconus in the present population was 4% (95% CI: 3–4). The odds of keratoconus were significantly higher in males (OR = 2.30, p = 0.032). To investigate the familial aggregation of keratoconus, we only evaluated families from which at least two members participated in the study. So, 403 families (1452 participants) were evaluated. Our results showed a higher odds ratio for the sibling pairs compare to parent–offspring pairs and as reported, the odds ratio of the spouses was less than 1.0.

Conclusion

Our findings showed a relatively high prevalence and familial aggregation of keratoconus in rural areas of Iran, independent of age, sex, and place of residence. This aggregation may be due to heredity or the effect of undetermined shared environmental factors.
Failure to shock: What is the mechanism?
Authors: Torbey Estelle , Love Charles J.
Published: March 2018

Background

The Biotronik DX lead is an attractive option due to its floating atrial bipole and its noninferiority compared to dual‐chamber defibrillators.

Methods

We describe the case of atrial undersensing by the DX lead resulting in failure of the device to appropriately treat a slow ventricular tachycardia.

Conclusion

This case underlies the importance of understanding the limitations to each lead technology as well as the underlying assumptions inherent to detection enhancement algorithms.
Day‐case device implantation—A prospective single‐center experience including patient satisfaction data
Authors: Peplow Jessica , Randall Esther , Campbell‐Cole Carolyn , Kamdar Ravi , Petzer Ed , Dhillon Para , Murgatroyd Francis , Scott Paul A.
Published: March 2018

Purpose

Many centers perform day‐case cardiac rhythm management (CRM) device implantation. However, there is a paucity of prospective data concerning this approach. We performed a prospective single‐center study of day‐case device implantation, including data on patient satisfaction.

Methods

All patients scheduled for a new elective device were considered for a day‐case procedure. Exclusion criteria were living alone or without a suitable carer, advancing age/frailty, a metallic valve, and persistent complete heart block. Following discharge, patients were reviewed in device clinic at 6 weeks with an anonymized questionnaire.

Results

During the study period (May 2014–August 2016), 797 new CRM devices were implanted. Of these, 232 were elective and included in the analysis; 101 were planned to be day‐case and 131 scheduled for overnight stay. Of the 101 day‐case patients, 52 had a pacemaker, 28 an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), 16 a cardiac resynchronization therapy pacemaker/defibrillator, and five a subcutaneous‐ICD. Complications were similar in the day‐case (n  =  12, 12%) and overnight stay (n  =  15, 11%) groups (P  =  0.92). In the day‐case group, 93 (92%) patients went home the same day. An estimated 111 overnight bed days were saved, translating to a cost saving of £61,912 (euro 70,767, $79,211).

Note that 99% (n  =  100) of patients returned the questionnaire. Patient satisfaction was universally high. The majority (n  =  98, 98%) felt ready to go home on discharge; only a minority (n  =  5, 5%) would have preferred an overnight stay.

Conclusions

A significant proportion of elective new CRM device implants can be performed as day‐case procedures. With appropriate selection patient acceptability of same‐day discharge is high.
Postoperative ergometry‐guided programming does not prevent T‐wave oversensing and inappropriate shocks in S‐ICD patients
Authors: Larbig Robert , Motloch Lukas J. , Bettin Markus , Fischer Alicia , Frommeyer Gerrit , Reinke Florian , Loeher Andreas , Eckardt Lars , Köbe Julia
Published: March 2018

Background

T‐wave oversensing (TWOS) is a feared complication after subcutaneous implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (S‐ICD) implantation, potentially leading to inappropriate shocks (IS) with tremendous impact on quality of life.

Hypothesis

Postoperative ergometry facilitates primary and secondary prevention of TWOS or other potential causes of IS and optimizes S‐ICD programming.

Methods

We analyze the impact of ergometry guided‐programming (EMGP) on primary and secondary prevention of TWOS/IS in S‐ICD patients, we screened 146 patients implanted in our center (2010–2016) for the incidence of TWOS/IS during postoperative ergometry. Furthermore, to evaluate the outcome in 123 eligible patients complete follow‐up (FU) of at least 6 months up to 2 years was retrospectively analyzed.

Results

(1) Primary prevention: TWOS could only be provoked postoperatively in 3.7% of patients (n = 3/82). FU analyses did not reveal significant differences compared to our control group (Ctrl: n = 6/61, 9.8% vs EMGP: n = 5/62, 8.1%; P = 0.731). Further subgroup analyses of patients with postoperative ergometry in the close postoperative period (< 7 days; n = 3/45, 6.7%; P = 0.563) did not yield any significant difference.

(2) Secondary prevention: We found various causes of TWOS/IS. In patients who underwent reprogramming due to previous TWOS/IS events we observed a 66.7% (n = 6/9) reduction of TWOS/IS using EMGP.

Conclusion

TWOS/IS has various causes while not all cases are exercise‐associated. Postoperative ergometry does not seem to be useful for primary prevention. Further trials need to investigate the potential benefit of EMGP for secondary prevention of TWOS/IS.
Multiple genetic variations in sodium channel subunits in a case of sudden infant death syndrome
Authors: Denti Federico , Bentzen Bo Hjorth , Wojciak Julianne , Thomsen Nancy Mutsaers , Scheinman Melvin , Schmitt Nicole
Published: March 2018

Background

Dysfunction of NaV1.5 encoded by SCN5A accounts for approximately half of the channelopathic SIDS cases. We investigated the functional effect of two gene variants identified in the same patient, one in SCN5A and one in SCN1Bb. The aim of the study was to risk stratify the proband's family.

Methods

The family was referred for cardiovascular genetic evaluation to assess familial risk of cardiac disease. Functional analysis of the identified variants was performed with patch‐clamp electrophysiology in HEK293 cells.

Results

A 16‐month‐old healthy boy died suddenly in the context of nonspecific illness and possible fever. Postmortem genetic testing revealed variants in the SCN5A and SCN1Bb genes. The proband's father carries the same variants but is asymptomatic. Electrophysiological analysis of the NaV1.5_1281X truncation revealed complete loss‐of‐function of the channel. Coexpression of NaV1.5 with NaVβ1b significantly increased INa density when compared to NaV1.5 alone. The NaVβ1b _V268I variant abolished this INa density increase. Moreover, it shifted the activation curve toward more depolarized potentials.

Conclusions

Genetic variation of both sodium channel and its modifiers may contribute to sudden unexplained death in childhood. However, the asymptomatic father suggests that genetic variation of these genes is not sufficient to cause sudden death or clinically detectable SCN5A phenotypes.
Managing sleep disturbances in children with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Patel Devika , Levoska Melissa , Shwayder Tor
Published: March 2018

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, pruritic inflammatory disease that often disrupts sleep in severely affected children, but there are limited studies to guide clinical management of these sleep problems. Disease control is crucial in improving sleep, but additional sleep aids may sometimes be helpful in decreasing scratching during the night. This review discusses the benefits and limitations of potential therapeutic agents available to manage sleep disturbances in children with atopic dermatitis.
Stevens‐Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis‐like cutaneous presentation of chikungunya fever: A case series
Authors: Garg Taru , Sanke Sarita , Ahmed Riaz , Chander Ram , Basu Srikanta
Published: March 2018

Chikungunya fever is a benign, self‐limiting, acute viral illness. An epidemic occurred in New Delhi, India, in August and September 2016. We observed many cases with atypical cutaneous features mimicking Stevens‐Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis during this epidemic, especially in infants and children. Twenty‐one children (13 [61.9%] boys, 8 [38%] girls) presenting with vesico‐bullous and necrotic lesions were reviewed. Cutaneous presentation included vesicles and bullae with purpuric macules and necrosis, seen in 16 (76%) patients. Skin lesions resolved in 5‐7 days, leaving behind hyperpigmentation in seven (33.3%) patients and hypopigmentation in three (14.2%). Minor oral erosions were observed in three (14.2%) patients, and palmoplantar erythema was seen in four (19.04%). It is essential for dermatologists to understand the Stevens‐Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis‐like presentation of chikungunya and not to misinterpret it as true Stevens‐Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, which will lead to unnecessary intervention and management.
Solitary pigmented lesions in oral mucosa in Latin American children: A case series
Authors: Pennacchiotti Gina , Oviedo Carlos , Ortega‐Pinto Ana
Published: March 2018

Background

A variety of local and systemic processes caused exogenous and endogenous pigmentation of the oral mucosa. Solitary melanotic pigmentation is rare, hence the scarce number of studies in children and adolescents.

Methods

Clinical and histopathologic features of 10 Latin American children with solitary pigmented lesions of the oral mucosa were reviewed.

Results

The area most affected was the gingiva, followed by the palate. All lesions were flat and <1 cm in diameter. A brown color was observed in oral melanocytic macules and nevi. The exogenously pigmented lesion was bluish gray. Histopathology showed that the biopsied lesions corresponded to melanotic macules, junctional nevus, blue nevus, and exogenous pigmentation.

Conclusion

Solitary pigmented lesions on the oral mucosa of children, from melanin pigment or exogenous pigment, may have a similar clinical presentation, but melanotic lesions such as oral melanotic macules and nevi can be differentiated from one another only with histopathologic examination.
Massive hemorrhage: A rare complication of rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma
Authors: Al Malki Aysha , Al Bluwi Shatha , Malloizel‐Delaunay Julie , Mazereeuw‐Hautier Juliette
Published: March 2018

Rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma is a subtype of congenital hemangioma. Ulceration and bleeding are rarely reported in rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma, with only four cases reported in the literature to our knowledge. We describe a case of a newborn girl who presented with rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma complicated by ulceration and severe bleeding and discuss treatment.
Pattern of video game use in children with attention‐deficit–hyperactivity disorder and typical development
Authors: Kietglaiwansiri Tanyawan , Chonchaiya Weerasak
Published: March 2018

Background

Video game playing is a favorite leisure activity among children worldwide. Individuals with attention‐deficit–hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often lack self‐control, making them at risk for substance abuse and game addiction. There are conflicting results, however, between studies on the pattern of video gaming and game addiction between those with ADHD and healthy controls. We therefore compared the pattern of video game use and game addiction between Thai children with ADHD and healthy controls.

Methods

A total of 80 participants with ADHD (median age, 9.5 years) and 102 controls (median age, 10 years) were recruited in this study. ADHD was diagnosed by a developmental pediatrician. Each control subject's teacher completed the ADHD questionnaire to ensure that they did not have the diagnosis of ADHD. Pattern of video game use and Game Addiction Screening Test (GAST) were completed by participants’ parents.

Results

More than half of the children with and without ADHD spent >2 h/day playing video games rather than engaging in other age‐appropriate leisure activities, particularly on weekends. Participants with ADHD, however, had a higher rate of compulsive video game use than controls (37.5% vs 11.8%, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Although video game playing was relatively prevalent in children regardless of ADHD status, those with ADHD had a higher rate of problematic video game use than controls. The pattern of leisure activities including video game use should be assessed during health supervision visits. As such, those at risk for game addiction could be identified early, resulting in appropriate intervention.
Infant colic or early symptom of autism spectrum disorder?
Authors: Bağ Özlem , Alşen Güney Sevay , Cevher Binici Nagihan , Tuncel Tuba , Şahin Aslıhan , Berksoy Emel , Ecevit Çiğdem
Published: March 2018

Background

Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders are common in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Infant colic (IC), the functional GI disorder of infancy, has not been evaluated in this patient group. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the rate of IC in ASD and investigate a possible association between ASD and IC.

Methods

The subjects consisted of 100 ASD patients (mean age, 6.6 ± 3.5 years) and 100 healthy controls (mean age, 5.3 ± 2.8 years). The parents were questioned using the diagnostic criteria for infant colic for clinical research purposes defined in Rome IV to diagnose IC, retrospectively. The sample size was estimated using a maximum type I error probability of 5% (alpha) and a type II error of 20%.

Results

The rate of IC was 16% and 17% in the ASD group and control group, respectively (P ˃ 0.05). Excessive crying with late onset and long duration in infants was defined as persistent crying. The rate of persistent crying was significantly higher in the ASD group than in the control group (32% vs 9%, P < 0.001). The relative risk of persistent crying was 4.40 in ASD. The likelihood of being misdiagnosed with IC in this group was 78%.

Conclusion

The rate of IC is not increased in patients with ASD, but infants with excessive crying should be very thoroughly evaluated before being diagnosed with IC. In particular, persistent crying in infants (i.e. excessive crying with late onset and long duration) may be an early symptom of ASD.
Stuck between a rock and a hard place: Contrasting upward and downward effects of leaders’ ingratiation
Authors: Kim Ji Koung , LePine Jeffery A. , Chun Jae Uk
Published: March 2018

Research indicates that leaders who engage in upward ingratiation, a specific form of impression management, develop positive relationships with their bosses, which in turn enhances leaders’ chances of achieving success at work. However, a more complete understanding of leaders’ ingratiation requires recognition that leaders have multiple audiences and that there may be negative unintended consequences of this behavior to at least one of these audiences. Specifically, upward ingratiation may reduce subordinates’ willingness to contribute to the organization through effective performance because it diminishes relationship quality between leaders and subordinates. To explore this issue, we develop and test a multilevel model that contrasts effects of leaders’ upward ingratiation on leader‐ and subordinate‐level outcomes through the quality of social exchange in the corresponding relationship. We test our predictions by conducting a multiwave, multisource field study with a sample of 91 leaders, 91 bosses, and 215 subordinates in South Korea. Our findings reveal that upward ingratiation is positively associated with indicators of leaders’ intrinsic and extrinsic success because it enhances leader–boss exchange quality (LLX). In contrast, leaders’ upward ingratiation negatively influences subordinates’ job performance because it diminishes leader–subordinate exchange quality (LMX). We also find that subordinates’ perceptions of leaders’ political skill mitigate the negative indirect relationship between upward ingratiation and subordinates’ job performance via LMX quality, and that our hypotheses apply to ingratiation but not to other forms of impression management. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our findings in relation to ingratiation specifically and to impression management more generally.
NP30 stimulates Th17 differentiation through DC in Schistosomiasis Japonicum
Authors: Xu L. , Xue B. , Zhou L. , Qiu Z. , Zhang X. , Xu N. , Tang Q. , Zhu J. , Guan X. , Feng Z.
Published: March 2018

The murine monoclonal anti‐idiotypic antibody, NP30, is a potential vaccine candidate against Schistosoma japonicum. Previous studies have revealed that NP30 has an immunoregulatory effect, but the underlying mechanism for this effect remains unknown. This study shows that NP30 induces dendritic cell (DC) maturation and increases the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. The expression of CD86 and MHC II was upregulated in DCs following stimulation with NP30 in vitro. Moreover, NP30 induced Th17 polarization by increasing the production of IL‐6 and TGF‐β. In vivo, Th17 differentiation was induced by the production of key pro‐inflammatory cytokines, including IL‐6and TGF‐β, from DCs of NP30‐immunized mice. These results indicate that NP30 promotes Th17 polarization through DC activation, preventing serious schistosomiasis.
Designing Risk‐Adjusted Therapy for Patients with Hypertension
Authors: Zargoush Manaf , Gümüş Mehmet , Verter Vedat , Daskalopoulou Stella S.
Published: March 2018

Limited guidance is available for providing patient‐specific care to hypertensive patients, although this chronic condition is the leading risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. To address this issue, we develop an analytical model that takes into account the most relevant risk factors including age, sex, blood pressure, diabetes status, smoking habits, and blood cholesterol. Using the Markov Decision Process framework, we develop a model to maximize expected quality‐adjusted life years, as well as characterize the optimal sequence and combination of antihypertensive medications. Assuming the physician uses the standard medication dose for each drug, and the patient fully adheres to the prescribed treatment regimen, we prove that optimal treatment policies exhibit a threshold structure. Our findings indicate that our recommended thresholds vary by age and other patient characteristics, for example (1) the optimal thresholds for all medication prescription are nonincreasing in age, and (2) the medications need to be prescribed at lower thresholds for males who smoke than for males who have diabetes. The improvements in quality‐adjusted life years associated with our model compare favorably with those obtained by following the British Hypertension Society's guideline, and the gains increase with the severity of risk factors. For instance, in both genders (although at different rates), diabetic patients gain more than non‐diabetic patients. Our sensitivity analysis results indicate that the optimal thresholds decrease if the medications have lower side‐effects and vice versa.
Horizontal Subcontracting From Competitors: When and What?
Authors: Li Li , Jiang Li
Published: March 2018

We investigate horizontal subcontracting between two firms that compete in selling to uncertain markets. Each firm manages resources to make a key component indispensable for final assembly by both firms. A horizontal subcontract stipulates that one of them prepares key component or even produces final product for the other. The subcontract can be signed before or after resource preparation, which we refer to as forward and spot subcontracting, respectively. With the presence of demand uncertainty, the subcontract is signed before (after, resp.) demand realization in forward (spot, resp.) subcontracting, while resources are always prepared in advance. Forward subcontracting enables the firms to achieve the maximum overall cost saving by concentrating all production activities in the more cost‐efficient firm. Spot subcontracting draws the firms to unilateral undertaking to prepare resources and cooperative resource allocation. This gives rise to an efficiency effect by balancing production and market selling between the firms, and a pooling effect that enables them to profit from synergies between markets. The subcontracting subject is crucial to the contribution of total cost saving relative to total revenue gain to the efficiency effect, but is inconsequential on the scale of the pooling effect. We conduct a comparative investigation into forward and spot subcontracting, with the subject playing a differentiating role, and explore the impacts of the means and variances of demand intercepts and the firms’ costs on system performance under various horizontal subcontracting modes differentiated by timing and subject.
Task Variety in Professional Service Work: When It Helps and When It Hurts
Authors: Avgerinos Emmanouil , Gokpinar Bilal
Published: March 2018

In a wide range of professional service firms, individuals perform a variety of tasks which are highly cognitive and knowledge intensive yet repetitive in nature, providing significant opportunities for learning. In addition, individuals in such environments tend to enjoy considerable discretion in managing when and how they perform their tasks. In light of these observations, we investigate task allocation and timing strategies that may enhance or inhibit learning and productivity for professional service workers. Specifically, we focus on the role of task variety. We use a detailed dataset of 3273 coronary artery bypass surgeries in a private European hospital over 7 years to examine the effect of concurrent and non‐concurrent exposure to task variety on learning and productivity on a focal task. We find that while concurrent exposure to variety has a positive impact on focal productivity, non‐concurrent exposure to variety has a negative impact on it. Our results also suggest that short‐term exposure to variety amplifies these relationships.
Plant and algal structure: from cell walls to biomechanical function
Authors: Shtein Ilana , Bar‐On Benny , Popper Zoë A.
Published: March 2018

Plant and algal cell walls are complex biomaterials composed of stiff cellulose microfibrils embedded in a soft matrix of polysaccharides, proteins and phenolic compounds. Cell wall composition differs between taxonomic groups and different tissue types (or even at the sub‐cellular level) within a plant enabling specific biomechanical properties important for cell/tissue function. Moreover, cell wall composition changes may be induced in response to environmental conditions. Plant structure, habit, morphology and internal anatomy are also dependent on the taxonomic group as well as abiotic and biotic factors. This review aims to examine the complex and incompletely understood interactions of cell wall composition, plant form and biomechanical function.
The role of C2H2 zinc finger proteins in plant responses to abiotic stresses
Authors: Wang Ke , Ding Yanfei , Cai Chong , Chen Zhixiang , Zhu Cheng
Published: March 2018

Abiotic stresses are important factors affecting plant growth and development and limiting agricultural production worldwide. Plants have evolved complex regulatory mechanisms to respond and adapt to constantly changing environmental conditions. C2H2 zinc finger proteins form a relatively large family of transcriptional regulators in plants. Recent studies have revealed that C2H2 zinc finger proteins function as key transcriptional regulators in plant responses to a wide spectrum of stress conditions, including extreme temperatures, salinity, drought, oxidative stress, excessive light and silique shattering. Here, we summarize recent functional analysis on C2H2 zinc finger proteins in plant responses to abiotic stresses and discuss their roles as part of a large regulatory network in the perception and responses by plants to different environmental stimuli.
Sucrose transport and carbon fluxes during wood formation
Authors: Mahboubi Amir , Niittylä Totte
Published: March 2018

Wood biosynthesis defines the chemical and structural properties of wood. The metabolic pathways that produce the precursors of wood cell wall polymers have a central role in defining wood properties. To make rational design of wood properties feasible, we need not only to understand the cell wall biosynthetic machinery, but also how sucrose transport and metabolism in developing wood connect to cell wall biosynthesis and how they respond to genetic and environmental cues. Here, we review the current understanding of the sucrose transport and primary metabolism pathways leading to the precursors of cell wall biosynthesis in woody plant tissues. We present both old, persistent questions and new emerging themes with a focus on wood formation in trees and draw upon evidence from the xylem tissues of herbaceous plants when it is relevant.
Genome editing in potato via CRISPR‐Cas9 ribonucleoprotein delivery
Authors: Andersson Mariette , Turesson Helle , Olsson Niklas , Fält Ann‐Sofie , Ohlsson Pia , Gonzalez Matías N. , Samuelsson Mathias , Hofvander Per
Published: March 2018

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR‐associated protein‐9 (CRISPR‐Cas9) can be used as an efficient tool for genome editing in potato (Solanum tuberosum). From both a scientific and a regulatory perspective, it is beneficial if integration of DNA in the potato genome is avoided. We have implemented a DNA‐free genome editing method, using delivery of CRISPR‐Cas9 ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) to potato protoplasts, by targeting the gene encoding a granule bound starch synthase (GBSS, EC 2.4.1.242). The RNP method was directly implemented using previously developed protoplast isolation, transfection and regeneration protocols without further adjustments. Cas9 protein was preassembled with RNA produced either synthetically or by in vitro transcription. RNP with synthetically produced RNA (cr‐RNP) induced mutations, i.e. indels, at a frequency of up to 9%, with all mutated lines being transgene‐free. A mutagenesis frequency of 25% of all regenerated shoots was found when using RNP with in vitro transcriptionally produced RNA (IVT–RNP). However, more than 80% of the shoots with confirmed mutations had unintended inserts in the cut site, which was in the same range as when using DNA delivery. The inserts originated both from DNA template remnants from the in vitro transcription, and from chromosomal potato DNA. In 2–3% of the regenerated shoots from the RNP‐experiments, mutations were induced in all four alleles resulting in a complete knockout of the GBSS enzyme function.
Organic iodine supply affects tomato plants differently than inorganic iodine
Authors: Halka Mariya , Klimek‐Chodacka Magdalena , Smoleń Sylwester , Baranski Rafal , Ledwożyw‐Smoleń Iwona , Sady Włodzimierz
Published: March 2018

Iodine is a beneficial element for humans but very lowly represented in our diet. Iodine‐enriched vegetables could boost the iodine content in the food chain. Despite being a beneficial element for plants, little is known about the effect of different iodine forms on plant growth. This work analyses the effect of uptake of mineral (KI) and organoiodine (5‐iodosalicylic acid, 5‐ISA; 3,5‐diiodosalicylic acid, 3,5‐di‐ISA; 2‐iodobenzoic acid, 2‐IBeA; 4‐iodobenzoic acid, 4‐IBeA) compounds on tomato plants at an early stage of vegetative growth. As many organoiodine compounds are derived from salicylic (SA) and benzoic acids (BeA), treatments with I, SA and BeA in various treatments were realized and the influence of tested compounds on plant growth was analyzed. Iodine content was measured, as well as expression of key genes involved in I and SA metabolism. Organoiodine compounds accumulated mainly in roots whereas iodine accumulated in the upper parts when given as KI. The shoot system had 5, 12 and 25 times higher iodine content after KI treatment than after 4‐IBeA, 5‐ISA and 2‐IBeA, or 3,5‐diISA treatments, respectively. A toxic effect on plants was observed only for 3,5‐diISA and 4‐IBeA. The expression levels of a gene related to iodine metabolism (HMT, halide ion methylotransferase), a gene responsible for SA methylation in leaves (SAMT) and a gene related to SA catabolism (S3H, salicylic acid 3‐hydroxylase) were modified differently depending on the iodine source. Overall, our data point out to a difference in plant uptake, transport of iodine in tomato plants based on the form of iodine compound.
A role for ALF4 during gall and giant cell development in the biotic interaction between Arabidopsis and Meloidogyne spp.
Authors: Olmo Rocio , Cabrera Javier , Fenoll Carmen , Escobar Carolina
Published: March 2018

Root‐knot nematodes (RKNs; Meloidogyne spp.) are a major pest for the agriculture worldwide. RKNs induce specialized feeding cells (giant cells, GCs) inside galls which are de novo formed pseudo‐organs in the roots that share similarities with other developmental processes as lateral root (LR) and callus formation or grafting involving new vascular development or pericycle proliferation. Hence, it is pertinent to study the molecular mechanisms directing the plant‐nematode interaction. In this respect, ALF4 is a key gene during LR formation, vascular vessels reconnection in grafting, hormone‐induced callus formation or de novo root organogenesis from leaf explants. Our results show that ALF4 is also induced in galls at early infection stages in an auxin‐independent way. Furthermore, ALF4 activity is necessary for the formation of proper galls and GCs, as the mutant alf4‐1 presents aberrant galls and GCs with severe structural abnormalities leading to a dramatic reduction in the nematode egg production. However, a low‐reproduction rate is maintained, that might be explained by the local auxin maximum build by the nematodes in galls, partially rescuing alf4‐1 phenotype. This would be similar to the partial rescue described for LR formation with exogenous auxins and also agrees with the LR emergence from alf4‐1 galls but not from uninfected roots. In addition, ALF4 is also induced in syncytia formed by cyst nematodes. All these data support a pivotal role for ALF4 during de novo organogenesis processes induced by endoparasitic nematodes, in addition to its role in LR formation, callus development or vessel reconnection during grafting.
Contribution of adventitious vs initial roots to growth and physiology of black spruce seedlings
Authors: Pernot Clémentine , Thiffault Nelson , DesRochers Annie
Published: March 2018

Black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] BSP) is a boreal tree species characterized by the formation of an adventitious root system. Unlike initial roots from seed germination, adventitious roots gradually appear above the root collar, until they constitute most of mature black spruce root system. Little is known about the physiological role they play and their influence on tree growth relative to initial roots. We hypothesized that adventitious roots present an advantage over initial roots in acquiring water and nutrients. To test this hypothesis, the absorptive capacities of the two root systems were explored in a controlled environment during one growing season. Black spruce seedlings were placed in a double‐pot system allowing irrigation (25 and 100% water container capacity) and fertilization (with or without fertilizer) inputs independent to initial and adventitious roots. After 14 weeks, growth parameters (height, diameter, biomass), physiology (net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, shoot water potential) and nutrient content (N, P, K, Ca and Mg foliar content) were compared. Most measured parameters showed no difference for the same treatment on adventitious or initial roots, except for root biomass. Indeed, fertilized black spruce seedlings invested heavily in adventitious root production, twice as much as initial roots. This was also the case when adventitious roots alone were irrigated, while seedlings with adventitious roots subjected to low irrigation produced initial root biomass equivalent to that of adventitious roots. We conclude that black spruce seedlings perform equally well through adventitious and initial roots, but if resources are abundant, they strongly promote development of adventitious roots.
Guidance of spatial attention during associative learning: Contributions of predictability and intention to learn
Authors: Do Carmo Blanco Noelia , Allen John J. B.
Published: March 2018

Expectations of an event can facilitate its neural processing. One of the ways we build expectations is through associative learning. Interestingly, the learning of contingencies between events can also occur without intention. Here, we study feature‐based attention during associative learning, by asking how a learned association between a cue and a target outcome impacts the attention allocated to this outcome. Moreover, we investigate attention in learning depending on the intention to learn the association. We used an associative learning paradigm where we manipulated outcome predictability and intention to learn an association within streams of cue‐target outcome visual stimuli, while stimulus characteristics and probability were held constant. In order to measure the event‐related component N2pc, widely recognized to reflect allocation of spatial attention, every outcome was embedded among distractors. Importantly, the location of the target outcome could not be anticipated. We found that predictable target outcomes showed an increased spatial attention as indexed by a greater N2pc component. A later component, the P300, was sensitive to the intention to learn the association between the cue and the target outcome. The current study confirms the remarkable ability of the brain to extract and update predictive information, in accordance with a predictive‐coding model of brain function. Associative learning can guide a visual search and shape covert attentional selection in our rich environments.