bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FIGO good practice recommendations on modifiable causes of iatrogenic preterm birth
Authors: Valencia Catalina M. , Mol Ben W. , Jacobsson Bo ,   the FIGO Working Group for Preterm Birth
Published: September 2021

Iatrogenic preterm birth is a planned delivery that occurs before 37 weeks of gestation due to maternal and/or fetal causes. However, in some cases, such deliveries also occur with no apparent medical indication. The increasing numbers of iatrogenic preterm deliveries worldwide have led researchers to identify modifiable causes that allow the formulation of preventive strategies that could impact the overall preterm birth rate. The present document contains the FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) Working Group for Preterm Birth recommendations, aiming to reduce the rates of iatrogenic preterm birth based on four of the most common clinical scenarios and issues related to iatrogenic preterm delivery. The working group supports efforts to identify the contribution of iatrogenic preterm delivery to the overall preterm birth rate and encourages health authorities to establish preventive measures accordingly. We encourage care providers to maintain single embryo transfer policies to prevent multiple pregnancies as a substantial contributor of iatrogenic preterm birth. The working group also recommends that efforts to reduce unnecessary cesarean sections must be warranted, and mechanisms to ensure the appropriate time of delivery and strengthening of education and communication processes must be pursued.
The effects of tumor‐derived exosomes on T‐cell function and efficacy of cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Hao Yuanyuan , Chen Panpan , Zhang Xuzhao , Shao Yanping , Xu Yang , Qian Wenbin
Published: September 2021

Tumor‐derived exosomes (TEXs) are a class of extracellular vesicles which play an important role in the tumor microenvironment. These vesicles have multiple biological functions including promotion of cancer progression and reduction of anti‐tumor immunity. Recently, interaction between TEXs and immune cells are of great interest in cell‐based immunotherapy. Here, we review the effects of TEXs on the survival and functions of T cell subsets, as well as their clinical applications. Unraveling the immunoregulatory function of exosomes allows a better understanding of the molecular and cellular basis for cancer immunotherapy.
A new underlying mechanism for the neuroprotective effect of bosutinib: Reverting toxicity‐induced PARylation in SIN1‐mediated neurotoxicity
Authors: Yilmaz Sinem , Alkan Tolgaç , Ballar Kirmizibayrak Petek
Published: September 2021

Increased levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species play an important role in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The overproduction of these highly reactive chemical species leads to DNA damage and subsequent activation of the poly(ADP‐ribose)polymerase (PARP) enzyme. Several studies have demonstrated the potential use of PARP inhibitors for neuroprotection. We previously reported that the dual Src/Abl kinase inhibitor bosutinib (BOS) decreases PARP activity and acts as a chemosensitizer in cancer cells. In this study, we evaluated the neuroprotective potential of BOS with respect to its inhibitory effect on cellular poly(ADP‐ribos)ylation (PARylation) using a 3‐morpholinosydnonimine (SIN1)‐mediated cellular toxicity model. Our data suggest that pretreatment with BOS, especially at lower doses, significantly decreased the level of SIN1‐induced cellular PARylation. This regulation pattern of PARylation was found to be associated with the protective effect of BOS against SIN1 on the viability of retinoic acid‐differentiated SH‐SY5Y cells. Furthermore, while PARP‐1 expression was decreased, phosphorylation of SAPK/JNK was not reverted at the observed neuroprotective doses of BOS. In conclusion, we suggest a novel mechanism for the neuroprotective effect of BOS involving the inhibition of cellular PARylation.
Evaluation of a new point‐of‐care quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain test for detecting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Authors: Watanabe Yoshiyuki , Oikawa Ritsuko , Suzuki Toshio , Funabashi Hidemitsu , Asai Daisuke , Hatori Yutaka , Takemura Hiromu , Yamamoto Hiroyuki , Itoh Fumio
Published: September 2021

Background

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection is rapidly spreading worldwide, and the resultant disease, coronavirus disease (COVID‐19), has become a global pandemic. Although there are multiple methods for detecting SARS‐CoV‐2, there are some issues with such tests, including long processing time, expense, low sensitivity, complexity, risk of contamination, and user friendly. This study evaluated the reproducibility and usability of a new point‐of‐care test (POCT) using real‐time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) for detecting SARS‐CoV‐2.

Methods

Samples from 96 patients with suspected SARS‐CoV‐2 infection were assessed using the real‐time qRT‐PCR‐based POCT and the conventional real‐time qRT‐PCR method based on the Japanese National Institute of Infectious Diseases guidelines (registration number: jRCT1032200025).

Results

The real‐time qRT‐PCR‐based POCT had a positive agreement rate of 90.0% (18/20), a negative agreement rate of 100% (76/76), and a total agreement rate of 97.9% (94/96), and the significantly high score of questionnaire survey (total score p < 0.0001). In the two cases in which real‐time qRT‐PCR‐based POCT results did not match conventional real‐time qRT‐PCR test results, the SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA copy numbers were 8.0 copies per test in one case and below the detection limit in the other case when quantified using conventional real‐time qRT‐PCR. All patients could be triaged within 1 day using the real‐time qRT‐PCR‐based POCT without invalid reports.

Conclusions

The real‐time qRT‐PCR‐based POCT not only had high reproducibility and useability but also allowed rapid patient triage. Therefore, it may be helpful in clinical settings.
Clinical variability and outcome of succinyl‐CoA:3‐ketoacid CoA transferase deficiency caused by a single OXCT1 mutation: Report of 17 cases
Authors: Alghamdi Malak A. , Tohary Mohammed , Alzaidan Hamad , Imtiaz Faiqa , Al‐Hassnan Zuhair N.
Published: September 2021

Succinyl‐CoA:3‐ketoacid CoA transferase (SCOT) deficiency is an inherited metabolic disease caused by mutated OXCT1 gene resulting in recurrent ketoacidosis. Analysis of longitudinal data in such an ultra‐rare disease is warranted to delineate genotype–phenotype correlations and management outcome. A retrospective analysis of 17 patients, from nine unrelated families, with SCOT deficiency who were followed up in the Medical Genetics Clinic at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre was conducted. All the patients were homozygous for p.R468C in OXCT1 gene. Most of the patients (n = 15, 88.2%) were symptomatic presenting with recurrent ketoacidosis, the onset of which ranged from 6 months to 4 years (median 2 years). A striking inter‐ and intrafamilial variability that ranged from being entirely asymptomatic to death during the first episode. All patients were instructed to avoid fasting, restrict protein in diet, and receive carnitine supplementation. However, there was no correlation between following instructions of chronic management and outcome. Most of the patients had their crises resolved and all of them had normal neurodevelopmental outcome. Our data suggest that SCOT deficiency caused by homozygous p.R468C has variable clinical presentation and incomplete penetrance. The apparent lack of correlation between protein restriction +/− carnitine supplementation and outcome suggests that chronic dietary restriction may not be warranted. However, a longer follow‐up on larger and heterogenous cohort of cases is needed before a clear conclusion on the long‐term management can be reached.
Multiscale modeling and numerical analyses of the electric conductivity of CNT/polymer nanocomposites taking into account the tunneling effect
Authors: Lu Xiaoxin , Pichon Lionel , Bai Jinbo
Published: September 2021

Tunneling effect plays a significant part in the extremely low electric percolation threshold and large conductivity of carbon nanotube (CNT)/polymer nanocomposites, which allows electric conduction between two CNTs separated at nanometric distances. In this work, a numerical model taking into account the nonlinear tunneling effect is proposed to evaluate the effective electric conductivity of CNT nanocomposites. The nonlinear finite element formulation is introduced, as well as the definitions of effective quantities for homogenization. Moreover, the CNTs are modeled by highly conducting line segments in order to avoid meshing the thin cylindrical tubes. With this technique, the percolation behavior of the composites has been simulated, and the effects of barrier height, CNT length distribution, CNT aspect ratio as well as alignment have been estimated. It turns out that the barrier height dominates the maximum electric conductivity, while the CNT aspect ratio determines the percolation threshold value, respectively. In addition, the anisotropic behavior is obtained by aligning the CNTs, which also results in higher percolation threshold compared with randomly distributed CNTs. Finally, the results are validated by available experimental data.
Loss of CX3CR1 augments neutrophil infiltration into cochlear tissues after acoustic overstimulation
Authors: Zhang Celia , Frye Mitchell D. , Riordan Juliana , Sharma Ashu , Manohar Senthilvelan , Salvi Richard , Sun Wei , Hu Bo Hua
Published: September 2021

The cochlea, the sensory organ for hearing, has a protected immune environment, segregated from the systemic immune system by the blood‐labyrinth barrier. Previous studies have revealed that acute acoustic injury causes the infiltration of circulating leukocytes into the cochlea. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling immune cell trafficking are poorly understood. Here, we report the role of CX3CR1 in regulating the entry of neutrophils into the cochlea after acoustic trauma. We employed B6.129P‐Cx3cr1tm1Litt/J mice, a transgenic strain that lacks the gene, Cx3cr1, for coding the fractalkine receptor. Our results demonstrate that lack of Cx3cr1 results in the augmentation of neutrophil infiltration into cochlear tissues after exposure to an intense noise of 120 dB SPL for 1 hr. Neutrophil distribution in the cochlea is site specific, and the infiltration level is positively associated with noise intensity. Moreover, neutrophils are short lived and macrophage phagocytosis plays a role in neutrophil clearance, consistent with typical neutrophil dynamics in inflamed non‐cochlear tissues. Importantly, our study reveals the potentiation of noise‐induced hearing loss and sensory cell loss in Cx3cr1−/− mice. In wild‐type control mice (Cx3cr1+/+) exposed to the same noise, we also found neutrophils. However, neutrophils were present primarily inside the microvessels of the cochlea, with only a few in the cochlear tissues. Collectively, our data implicate CX3CR1‐mediated signaling in controlling neutrophil migration from the circulation into cochlear tissues and provide a better understanding of the impacts of neutrophils on cochlear responses to acoustic injury.
Evaluating the aptitude of global climate models fromCMIP5andCMIP6in capturing the historical observations of monsoon rainfall over Sudan from 1946 to 2005
Authors: Hamadalnel Monzer , Zhu Zhiwei , Lu Rui , Almazroui Mansour , Shahid Shamsuddin
Published: September 2021

Sudan is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change in the African Sahel region. Given the urgent need to understand the potential behaviour of the future climate, this study assessed the skill of 32 global climate models (GCMs) from the fifth (CMIP5) and the sixth (CMIP6) phases of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) in simulating summer monsoon precipitation over Sudan for the period 1946–2005. The models were ranked based on the Skills Score, estimated using three statistical metrics, correlation coefficient, index of agreement, and normalized root mean square error. The best performing models and their ensembles were used for long‐term trend quantification, empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, and assessment of precipitation associations with atmospheric circulation. GISS‐E2‐H, IPSL‐CM5A‐MR, and MPI‐ESM‐LR of CMIP5 and BCC‐CSM2‐MR, INM‐CM4‐8, and MPI‐ESM1‐2‐LR of CMIP6 showed the best performance in Sudan. Instead of August's unimodal peak rainfall, the GCMs, especially the CMIP5 GCMs, showed an unrealistic rainfall peak in May and a shift of the August rainfall peak to September. Only the CMIP6 multi‐model ensemble reliably reproduced the unimodal rainfall property. All models of both phases failed to reconstruct the dominant mode of monsoon precipitation as determined using EOF analysis, particularly in the country's southern parts. The models also failed to reproduce the long‐term rainfall trends in different climate zones. Only MPI‐ESM‐LR (CMIP5) and MPI‐ESM1‐2‐LR (CMIP6) were successful in simulating monsoon rainfall associations with sea surface temperature, El Niño‐Southern Oscillation teleconnection, and winds components at 850 hPa.
Effects of essential oil mixtures on nitrogen metabolism and odor emission via in vitro simulated digestion and in vivo growing pig experiments
Authors: Hsu Jui‐En , Lo Shih‐Hua , Lin Yuan‐Yu , Wang Hang‐Tsung , Chen Ching‐Yi
Published: September 2021

BACKGROUND

Essential oils (EOs) are extensively used in swine production because of their bioactive action in gut health. In addition, some EOs have the potential to reduce waste emission. The present study aimed to find an optimal combination of carvacrol, thymol and cinnamaldehyde to promote nitrogen utilization and reduce waste emission by a model in vitro and an animal study.

RESULTS

In the study in vitro, various dosages of essential oils (EOs) were used to evaluate the effect on nitrogen metabolism through a three‐step model. Compared with other EO combinations, 2EO (10 ppm cinnamaldehyde and 20 ppm thymol), and 3EO (10 ppm cinnamaldehyde, 20 ppm thymol and 200 ppm carvacrol) displayed greater nitrogen digestibility, lesser ammonia production and lower activity of microbial enzymes. In the animal study, growing male Landrace × Yorkshire pigs (initial body weight: 31.8 ± 3.3 kg, n = 18) were randomly divided into three groups and fed the control, 2EO or 3EO diet for 4 weeks. Pigs fed 3EO exhibited the greatest nitrogen digestibility (85.4%, P < 0.05). EO supplementation decreased the emission of ammonia (130–140 vs. 223 mg g−1) and total fecal nitrogen (8.0–9.9 vs. 12.4 g d−1) (P < 0.05). Microbial protease and urease activities were inhibited by EO treatments (P < 0.01). Both 2EO and 3EO reduced the content of indole and 3‐methylindole (P < 0.01), whereas only 2EO caused a decrease in p‐cresol (P < 0.1).

CONCLUSION

2EO was suitable for reducing waste emission and odorous compounds in growing pigs, whereas 3EO was optimal for increasing nitrogen utilization and partially reducing waste odorous compounds. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Effects of curcumin‐mediated photodynamic treatment on lipid degradation of oysters during refrigerated storage
Authors: Zhang Xu , Lu Na , Li Zhaojie , Meng Xianghong , Cao Wanxiu , Xue Yong , Xue Changhu , Tang Qingjuan
Published: September 2021

BACKGROUND

Oyster's lipid degradation leads to a decrease in edible and nutritional value. Curcumin‐mediated photodynamic treatment (PDT) is an innovative non‐thermal technology, although evaluation of the oyster's lipid degradation has been scarce. In the present study, we investigated peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, triacylglycerol and free fatty acids to evaluate the effect of curcumin‐mediated PDT on lipid degradation of oysters during refrigerated storage.

RESULTS

The results showed that curcumin‐mediated PDT could delay oyster's lipid degradation. Next, the activities of enzymes were detected to determine the mechanisms behind the effects of curcumin‐mediated PDT. It was revealed that the activities of lipase, phospholipase A2 (PLA2), phospholipase C (PLC), phospholipase D (PLD) and lipoxygenase (LOX) were significantly inhibited after curcumin‐mediated PDT (P < 0.05). Furthermore, 16 s rRNA analysis established that the relative abundances of Pseudoalteromonas and Psychrilyobacter were reduced by 51.58% and 43.82%, respectively, after curcumin‐mediated PDT.

CONCLUSION

Curcumin‐mediated PDT could delay oyster's lipid degradation by inhibiting the activities of lipase, PLA2, PLC, PLD and LOX, as well as by changing the oyster's microbial composition, reducing the relative abundance of Pseudoalteromonas and Psychrilyobacter. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Heritage hotel experiences in Nizwa, Oman
Authors: Al Riyami Hafidh , Almuhrzi Hamed , Scott Noel
Published: September 2021

Oman is a developing tourism destination providing a range of cultural heritage experiences. The Omani Government has focused on preservation of tangible heritage such as forts, souqs and archaeology sites, where there is a separation between heritage experiences and resident's everyday life. Recently, small entrepreneurs in Nizwa, Oman have begun to reuse traditional houses as heritage accommodation and thus embedding the tourist in the social fabric. This research examines the development of these private sector heritage hotels and their implications for the development of tourism in Nizwa. Data were collected through face‐to‐face interviews with government, entrepreneurs, tourists, and residents. This study contextualises the practices framework of Richards (2018), illustrating the mutually dependent and evolving interrelationships between meanings, resources and competences in a developing destination. The reuse of heritage hotels as a way to provide tourists with intangible cultural heritage and contemporary life experiences has changed the meanings of these resources from valueless to valuable. This supports the further development of intangible cultural heritage tourism experiences, but implies stakeholders need new competencies in experience design and destination management. The study indicates that cultural practices are dynamic and that various stakeholder groups (government, residents, businesses, and tourists) may have different meanings and competences. Further research is required to determine if these dynamic relationships form patterns across destinations.
Enhancement of the corrosion properties of cold sprayed Ti–6Al–4V coatings on mild steel via silica sealer
Authors: Morks Magdi F. , Zahiri Saden , Chen Xiao‐Bo , Gulizia Stefan , Cole Ivan S.
Published: September 2021

The pore formation associated with the cold spray process requires the development of an economical sealer to enhance the corrosion resistance of Ti–6Al–4V coatings on a mild steel substrate. Herein, a sound method is developed to seal pores in the cold sprayed Ti–6Al–4V coatings with silica sealer. Potentiodynamic polarization tests in 3.5 wt% sodium chloride electrolyte were employed to investigate the corrosion resistance of cold sprayed Ti–6Al–4V coatings fabricated at two standoff distances (30 and 70 mm) before and after the sealing process. The polarization resistance of cold sprayed Ti–6Al–4V coatings significantly increased by >80% after the sealing process. The electrochemical responses of cold sprayed Ti–6Al–4V were dependant on sealing the pores with agglomerated silica nanoparticles as observed by scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis. The increase in polarization resistance makes the sealer an effective treatment for cold sprayed Ti–6Al–4V coatings used in marine environments and other engineering applications. This sophisticated sealing process can reduce the deposition cost by reducing the thickness of Ti–6Al–4V coatings and increasing their lifetime on metal components.
Regulatory pressure and consumer environmental awareness in a green supply chain with retailer responsibility: A dynamic analysis
Authors: Cheng Susu , Zhang Fan
Published: September 2021

This paper develops a differential game model to study the effects of regulatory pressure and consumer environmental awareness on the channel members' profits and manufacturer's emissions in a supply chain. The government imposes pollution a tax and consumer green preference is considered. Results show that (i) in the decentralized scenario, the channel efficiency in higher regulatory pressure case is lower than that in the lower regulatory pressure scenario; (ii) whether the retailer responsibility is exogenous or negotiated, higher regulatory pressure or consumer environmental awareness can serve as an effective pollution‐curbing measure; (iii) the retailer responsibility can perfectly coordinate the supply chain.
Novel variants in KAT6B spectrum of disorders expand our knowledge of clinical manifestations and molecular mechanisms
Authors: Yabumoto Megan , Kianmahd Jessica , Singh Meghna , Palafox Maria F. , Wei Angela , Elliott Kathryn , Goodloe Dana H. , Dean S. Joy , Gooch Catherine , Murray Brianna K. , Swartz Erin , Schrier Vergano Samantha A. , Towne Meghan C. , Nugent Kimberly , Roeder Elizabeth R. , Kresge Christina , Pletcher Beth A. , Grand Katheryn , Graham John M. , Gates Ryan , Gomez‐Ospina Natalia , Ramanathan Subhadra , Clark Robin Dawn , Glaser Kimberly , Benke Paul J. , Cohen Julie S. , Fatemi Ali , Mu Weiyi , Baranano Kristin W. , Madden Jill A. , Gubbels Cynthia S. , Yu Timothy W. , Agrawal Pankaj B. , Chambers Mary‐Kathryn , Phornphutkul Chanika , Pugh John A. , Tauber Kate A. , Azova Svetlana , Smith Jessica R. , O’Donnell‐Luria Anne , Medsker Hannah , Srivastava Siddharth , Krakow Deborah , Schweitzer Daniela N. , Arboleda Valerie A.
Published: September 2021

The phenotypic variability associated with pathogenic variants in Lysine Acetyltransferase 6B (KAT6B, a.k.a. MORF, MYST4) results in several interrelated syndromes including Say‐Barber‐Biesecker‐Young‐Simpson Syndrome and Genitopatellar Syndrome. Here we present 20 new cases representing 10 novel KAT6B variants. These patients exhibit a range of clinical phenotypes including intellectual disability, mobility and language difficulties, craniofacial dysmorphology, and skeletal anomalies. Given the range of features previously described for KAT6B‐related syndromes, we have identified additional phenotypes including concern for keratoconus, sensitivity to light or noise, recurring infections, and fractures in greater numbers than previously reported. We surveyed clinicians to qualitatively assess the ways families engage with genetic counselors upon diagnosis. We found that 56% (10/18) of individuals receive diagnoses before the age of 2 years (median age = 1.96 years), making it challenging to address future complications with limited accessible information and vast phenotypic severity. We used CRISPR to introduce truncating variants into the KAT6B gene in model cell lines and performed chromatin accessibility and transcriptome sequencing to identify key dysregulated pathways. This study expands the clinical spectrum and addresses the challenges to management and genetic counseling for patients with KAT6B‐related disorders.
Convergence, stability, and numerical solution of unsteady free convection magnetohydrodynamical flow between two slipping plates
Authors: Arslan Sinem , Tezer‐Sezgin Münevver
Published: September 2021

In this study, the unsteady free convection magnetohydrodynamical flow of a viscous, incompressible, and electrically conducting fluid between two horizontally directed slipping plates is considered. The external magnetic filed is applied uniformly in the y‐direction and the fluid is assumed to be of low conductivity so that the induced magnetic field is negligible. So the relevant variables, that is, the velocity and the temperature, depend only on one coordinate, the y‐axis. The governing equations of velocity and temperature fields are obtained from the continuity, momentum, and energy equations. The boundary conditions for the velocity are taken in the most general form as Robins type which contain slipping parameter. Moreover, the upper plate is heated exponentially and the lower plate is adiabatic. Finite difference method (FDM) is used to simulate the numerical solutions of the problem in which the explicit forward difference in time variable t and central difference in space variable y is used. Hartmann number, Prandtl number, decay factor, and slipping parameter influences on the flow and temperature are shown graphically. It is seen that as the Hartmann number increases, the velocity magnitude drops, which is the well‐known flattening tendency of the MHD flow. Also, the increase in decay factor causes an increase in both the velocity and temperature magnitudes at increasing time levels, but it does not change further close to the steady‐state. Furthermore, the convergence and stability conditions of the considered scheme are obtained in terms of Hartmann number, Prandtl number, and the slip length.
Fully automated noncoplanar radiation therapy treatment planning
Authors: Huang Charles , Yang Yong , Xing Lei
Published: September 2021

Purpose

To perform fully automated noncoplanar (NC) treatment planning, we propose a method called NC‐POPS to produce NC plans using the Pareto optimal projection search (POPS) algorithm.

Methods

NC radiation therapy treatment planning has the potential to improve dosimetric quality as compared to traditional coplanar techniques. Likewise, automated treatment planning algorithms can reduce a planner's active treatment planning time and remove inter‐planner variability. Our NC‐POPS algorithm extends the original POPS algorithm to the NC setting with potential applications to both intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). The proposed algorithm consists of two main parts: (1) NC beam angle optimization (BAO) and (2) fully automated inverse planning using the POPS algorithm.

Results

We evaluate the performance of NC‐POPS by comparing between various NC and coplanar configurations. To evaluate plan quality, we compute the homogeneity index (HI), conformity index (CI), and dose–volume histogram statistics for various organs‐at‐risk (OARs). As compared to the evaluated coplanar baseline methods, the proposed NC‐POPS method achieves significantly better OAR sparing, comparable or better dose conformity, and similar dose homogeneity.

Conclusions

Our proposed NC‐POPS algorithm provides a modular approach for fully automated treatment planning of NC IMRT cases with the potential to substantially improve treatment planning workflow and plan quality.
Technical Note: Effects of rotating gantry on magnetic field and eddy currents in 0.35 T MRI‐guided radiotherapy (MR‐IGRT) system
Authors: Michael Gach H. , Curcuru Austen N. , Kim Taeho , Yang Deshan
Published: September 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to identify the cause of severe image artifacts that occurred during gantry rotation in a 0.35 T MRI‐Linac by comparing measurements of eddy currents, center frequency, and field inhomogeneities made with the gantry in motion and stationary.

Methods

Gradient and B0 eddy currents were calculated from the free induction decays (FIDs) resulting from selective excitation at a temporal resolution of 200 ms/measurement. B0 eddy currents were also calculated from FIDs acquired with nonselective excitation at a temporal resolution of 100 ms/measurement. Center frequencies and B0 inhomogeneities were measured by acquiring FIDs with a repetition time (TR) of 290 ms. Cartesian and radial 2D true fast imaging with steady‐state precession (TrueFISP) pulse sequences used in real‐time MRI‐guided radiation therapy (MR‐IGRT) were acquired. To assess artifact severity, the normalized root mean square error (nRMSE) was calculated between a reference MRI (static gantry) and MRIs acquired during gantry rotation for each serial acquisition. Image artifacts were qualitatively graded as nominal, minor, or severe. Measurements were conducted while the gantry was rotated through its entire range for both clockwise and counterclockwise. Measurements during gantry rotation were compared to measurements with a stationary gantry (every 30°).

Results

Severe image artifacts were observed 22–35% of the time while the gantry was rotating. Short time constant eddy currents were not affected by gantry rotation. The peak to peak center frequency and FWHM rose by factors of 13.2–14.5 and 1.1–1.6, respectively, for the rotating versus stationary gantry. The magnitude of the center frequency offset and field inhomogeneities depended on the direction of the gantry rotation.

Conclusions

Image artifacts during gantry rotation were primarily caused by center frequency variations and field inhomogeneities. Therefore, dynamic B0 compensation techniques should be able to reduce artifacts during gantry rotation.
Applications of metal–organic frameworks for oral delivery systems
Authors: Jiao Wenjuan , Chi Chengdeng
Published: September 2021

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been developed to be intelligent delivery systems recently. However, MOFs as oral systems have been challenging. The purpose of this perspective is to briefly review the current applications of oral MOFs and the present dilemma of oral MOFs for humans. The destiny of MOFs‐based materials within the gastrointestinal tract and the blood are discussed, and the principles that guide the development of oral MOFs‐based materials are summarized. It is expected that this perspective will provide new insights on the design and development of oral MOF‐based materials as smart carriers for keeping human health.
Hydration by colonic enteroclysis: An alternative to parenteral hydration in patients with high‐output double enterostomy
Authors: Layec Sabrina , Seynhaeve Eloi , Dussaulx Laurence , Carsin‐Mahé Marie , Barbottin Elise , Trivin Florence , Picot Denis
Published: September 2021

Background

High‐output double enterostomies (DESs) result in sodium and fluid loss responsible for frequent episodes of dehydration and hospitalizations. Hydration by enteroclysis (HE) is an alternative to parenteral hydration when the small bowel, or the downstream colon, is accessible and functional.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted on all consecutive patients admitted in our institution with high‐output (≥1200 ml per 24 h) DES and access to downstream intestine (including colon), who were treated by enteroclysis between 2015 and 2019. A sodium chloride and bicarbonate solution was instilled through a tube inserted in the colon. The objectives were diuresis >1 L, natriuresis >40 mmol/24 h, and urinary sodium‐to‐potassium ratio >1.

Results

HE was conducted in 52 patients (24 female, 28 male). Initially, 30 patients received intravenous support. Fifteen patients (50%) were weaned from all parenteral support, of whom 11 of 12 (92%) received fluid and electrolyte support and 4 of 18 (22%) received parenteral nutrition (PN). When intravenous fluids were still required, daily volumes decreased from 2714 ± 1424 to 1578 ± 1000 ml per 24 h (P = .001), as did the energetic intake (NS), from 1439 ± 556 to 1230 ± 362 kcal per 24 h (P = .096).

Conclusion

HE through the efferent intestine limits the requirement for parenteral hydration in patients with high‐output DES. For patients with intestinal failure dependent on PN, it reduces daily infused volumes.
COVID‐19 pandemic control and administrative issues in Pakistan: How Pakistan mitigated both pandemic and administration issues?
Authors: Raza Muhammad Ahsan Ali , Yan Chen , Abbas Hafiz Syed Mohsin , Ullah Atta
Published: September 2021

COVID‐19 is wreaking havoc all around the globe, and Pakistan bears no exception. This study explores Pakistan's response toward controlling COVID‐19 Pandemic from the day the 1st case was reported, February 26, 2020, in Pakistan until August 31, 2020. It explores the administrative conflicts among federal and provincial governments and political behaviors of political parties toward the COVID‐19 pandemic by referring Government Response Index. By applying the ARDL model approach, results show that since the administrative harmony had been implemented in Pakistan in July 2020, its positive impact on combating the COVID‐19 situation in Pakistan and substantial improvement in recovered cases and a downward trend new confirmed and fatal cases has observed in Pakistan. The findings demonstrate that administrative efforts scattered due to internal conflicts from February to mid‐July 2020 have ended, and collective aggressive policy enforcement has been mitigating the adverse impact of COVID‐19 in Pakistan since July to date. However, sustainable measures and prudent policy implications are needed to combat the ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic and future calamities.
Pediatric liposarcoma: A case series and literature review
Authors: Baday Yiressy Izaguirre , Navai Shoba A. , Hicks M. John , Venkatramani Rajkumar , Whittle Sarah B.
Published: September 2021

Liposarcoma is arare soft tissue sarcoma in children. While prognosis, clinical behavior, and response to therapy among the various histologic subtypes are well described in adults, data in children are limited. Here, we describe our experience treating 14 children with liposarcoma at a large, academic pediatric center and review the available pediatric literature. This comprehensive report adds treatment, survival, and genomic data to pediatric liposarcoma literature.
Herbicidal activity of fluoroquinolone derivatives
Authors: Wallace Michael D. , Debowski Aleksandra W. , Sukhoverkov Kirill V. , Mylne Joshua S. , Stubbs Keith A.
Published: September 2021

Development of herbicides with novel modes of action is crucial for weed control and to hinder herbicide resistance. An attractive novel herbicidal target is plant DNA gyrase, which has been demonstrated to be effectively inhibited by the known antimicrobial ciprofloxacin. Despite this good herbicidal activity, ciprofloxacin is not suitable as a herbicide due to its antimicrobial activity; therefore, a diverse library of analogues was analyzed to gain insight into the aspects required for herbicidal activity. This analysis revealed that significant structural modifications were tolerated and that the fluoride at C‐6 and a cyclic amino group at C‐7 were not crucial for herbicidal activity. The analysis also revealed that these modifications also affected the antibacterial activity with one compound demonstrating good herbicidal activity and weak antibacterial activity, against both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria.
Uptake of an online psychological therapy program (iCanADAPT‐Early) when implemented within a clinical pathway in cancer care centres
Authors: Davies Fiona , Harris Marnie , Shaw Joanne , Butow Phyllis , Newby Jill , Murphy Michael , Kirsten Laura ,   The ADAPT Program Group, Shepherd Heather L.
Published: September 2021

Key points

Providing access to an online psychological therapy program in cancer care did not result in significant uptake and engagement by patients, or referrals by cancer care professionals

Despite many opportunities for referral by cancer care professionals, only 2% resulted in a referral to the program. None of these referrals were taken up

Twenty five patients self‐referred, however only seven (28%) matched the recommended criteria for the program of mild to moderate psychological distress

Patient engagement in the program was low, with 11/25 (44%) patients completing at least one lesson

Cancer care professionals reported numerous barriers to use including patient barriers such as fatigue, and personal barriers such as forgetting to refer
A case of pulmonary arterial hypertension with V/Q SPECT/CT that showed localized uptake of 99mTc just below the pleura and a unique distribution
Authors: Suzuki Yuri , Sekine Ayumi , Nishiyama Akira , Sugiura Toshihiko , Tanabe Nobuhiro , Isaka Yuri , Hashimoto Yaeko , Okaya Tadasu , Kuriyama Ayaka , Nagata Jun , Shigeta Ayako , Sakao Seiichiro , Tatsumi Koichiro , Suzuki Takuji
Published: September 2021

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a life‐threatening disorder, which originates from various aetiologies. Ventilation–perfusion (V/Q) scanning is commonly used to evaluate the differential diagnosis of PH. Meanwhile, previous studies have shown that single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CT imaging can provide a more detailed analysis for the assessment of pulmonary blood flow. However, there is insufficient evidence supporting the merits of V/Q SPECT/CT image data in detecting pulmonary vascular disease. Here, we report a case of pulmonary arterial hypertension with localized accumulation and peculiar distribution just below the pleura on V/Q SPECT/CT. Our finding is unique, and it suggests that V/Q SPECT/CT image data might be useful to detect blood flow not only in cases of pulmonary embolism, but also in the more commonly encountered PH.
Three‐dimensional reconstruction of testis cords/seminiferous tubules
Authors: Nakata Hiroki , Iseki Shoichi , Mizokami Atsushi
Published: September 2021

Background

Due to the development of novel equipment for the acquisition of two‐dimensional serial images and software capable of displaying three‐dimensional (3D) images from serial images, the accurate 3D reconstruction of organs and tissues has become possible.

Methods

Based on published studies, this review summarizes techniques for the 3D reconstruction of the testis cords/seminiferous tubules, with special reference to our method using serial paraffin sections and 3D visualization software.

Main findings

The testes of mice, rats, and hamsters of various ages were 3D reconstructed and species and age differences in the structures of the testis cords/seminiferous tubules were analyzed. Our method is advantageous because conventional paraffin‐embedded normal and pathological specimens may be utilized for the 3D analysis without the need for complicated and expensive equipment.

Conclusion

By further decreasing the time and labor required for the procedure and adding information on molecular localization, the technique for 3D reconstruction will contribute to the elucidation of not only the structures, but also the functions of various organs, including the testis.
Bilateral teleoperation of stochastic port‐Hamiltonian systems using energy tanks
Authors: Cordoni Francesco , Di Persio Luca , Muradore Riccardo
Published: September 2021

In this article we consider the general problem of how to properly endow a stochastic port‐Hamiltonian system (SPHS) with an energy tank, that is an energy reservoir that allows to guarantee the passivity property. We show that a stochastic bilateral teleoperation system, composed by a master robot and a slave robot modeled as SPHS, can be connected in a power‐preserving manner to energy tanks. The stored energy is continuously monitored to keep the system passive despite time‐varying communication delays and interaction with unknown environment that may destabilize the overall system. We will address latter problem considering a SPHS affected by a noise composed by a linear, multiplicative component in Itô form plus an additive one. We underline that such a scenario requires the introduction of an ad hoc notion of passivity.
Phase IV Postmarketing Surveillance Study Shows Continued Efficacy and Safety of Stempeucel in Patients with Critical Limb Ischemia Due to Buerger's Disease
Authors: Gupta Pawan Kumar , Dutta Santanu , Kala Sanjay , Nekkanti Muralikrishna , Desai Sanjay C. , Mahapatra Subhendu S. , Dhar Anita , Raju Radhakrishnan , M. Rajkumar , Behera Arunanshu , P. Shivashankar , Raviraja N.S. , Viswanathan Pachaiyappan , Chandrashekar Mithun , Thej Charan , K.V. Prasanth , Abraham Jijy , Boggarapu Hema , Udaykumar K.
Published: September 2021

Buerger's disease or thromboangiitis obliterans is a type of obstructive vascular diseases categorized as vasculitis and usually present in 95% of young smoker men. The main pathogenetic mechanism is interplay between immune system and inflammation. Earlier our phase II study has shown that Stempeucel is safe when injected at 2 million cells/kg body weight by virtue of its anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and angiogenetic properties. The present study was conducted to further assess the safety and efficacy of Stempeucel in critical limb ischemia due to Buerger's disease after obtaining approval from Indian FDA based on the data generated in the phase II study. This is an open label, multicenteric phase IV PMS study conducted across India with experienced vascular surgeons. Fifty patients of critical limb ischemia due to Buerger's disease with Rutherford III-5 or III-6 were included in the study and each individual received a dose of 2 million cells/kg body weight of Stempeucel in the calf muscles and around the ulcer. These patients were evaluated over 12 months from drug administration. The present study showed the continued long term efficacy over a period of 12 months follow up in these patients corroborating the result obtained in the previous phase II studies. There was significant improvement in rest pain, ankle systolic pressure, and ankle brachial pressure index with accelerated ulcer healing. In conclusion, the present study shows that the intramuscular administration of Stempeucel continues to be safe, tolerable, and effective alternative treatment in patients with Buerger's disease.
A Carbon‐Based Solid Acid Catalyst Prepared through a One‐Step Hydrothermal Carbonization: Efficient Catalysts for Liquid‐Phase Nitrification
Authors: Wang Hefang , Jiang Hui , Wang Yuanyuan , Qu Shasha , Guo Xiaojun
Published: September 2021

Carbon‐based solid acid catalysts were successfully prepared by hydrothermal carbonization method and one‐pot method using naphthalene crosslinked by formaldehyde and sulfonated by H2SO4 (98 %). The characterization results showed that the catalysts prepared by hydrothermal carbonization method had more amorphous carbon composed of aromatic carbon sheets with functional groups (−SO3H, −COOH and −OH) than the catalyst prepared by one‐pot method. The preparation conditions of hydrothermal carbonization method were optimized. The F−N−SO3H‐h‐2.49 (1 : 11) prepared under optimal conditions showed high conversion of cyclohexane (48.2 %) and selectivity to nitrocyclohexan (98.2 %) at 125 °C for liquid‐phase nitrification, attributed to high acid site density (3.08 mmol/g) and amorphous carbon structure with hydrophilic functional groups. The F−N−SO3H‐h‐2.49 (1 : 11) also showed excellent thermal stability until 460 °C. The thermal stability of the catalyst is due to mutual electron‐withdrawal of aromatic carbon sheets.
Imaging and Characterization of Ni@OLC Synthesized by Microwave‐Assisted Catalytic Methane Decomposition
Authors: Kodera Fumihiro , Inoue Mitsuhiro , Nobuo Saito , Umeda Minoru , Miyakoshi Akihiko
Published: September 2021

Herein, we propose a new microwave synthesis method based on a solid‐gas phase reaction. The internal structure of onion‐like carbon (OLC) containing Ni particle synthesized via the microwave‐assisted catalytic methane decomposition is characterized. Surface morphologies are tested by Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron miscroscope. Internal structural analysis is conducted using (i) scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) and (ii) the cross‐section processing of individual particles using a focused ion beam, followed by the analysis of the cross‐sectioned particles using field‐emission scanning electron microscopy with EDX. Consequently, the components of the synthesized particulate powder are classified into three groups: core‐shell‐structured Ni@OLC, Ni‐dispersed carbon particles, and other components. The core‐shell‐structured Ni@OLC is composed of carbon particles with predominant Ni cores. The Ni‐dispersed carbon particles comprised carbon particles with dispersed Ni and Si. These particles are considered precursors of Ni@OLC.
A Click Reaction Enabled by Phosphorus‐Oxygen Bond for Synthesis of Triazoles
Authors: Bal Ankita , Mal Prasenjit
Published: September 2021

Synthesis of various N−H triazoles via azidyl radical was achieved using diphenyl phosphoryl azide (DPPA) and internal alkynes containing carbonyl group in wet‐DMSO at 90 °C in excellent yield. Mechanistic investigations revealed that an azidyl radical was generated in the reaction medium. The driving force was probably due to the presence of the C=O group of ester or ketone in conjugation with the triple bond of the substrate. This resulted in cleavage of the phosphorus nitrogen (P−N) bond of DPPA by forming an allenic intermediate. The C=O group of the ester or ketone is a determinant factor that results in triazole as the outcome. The formation of the phosphorus oxygen bond resulted in cleavage of a strong P−N bond (617.1±20.9 kJ mol−1) of phosphoryl azidate in an additive free Click reaction of internal alkynes. Overall, good to excellent yield of N1‐H triazole scaffolds were synthesized following the protocol.
Efficient Polysulfide Trapping and Conversion on N‐Doped CoTe2 via Enhanced Dual‐Anchoring Effect
Authors: Song Xueqin , Tian Da , Qiu Yue , Sun Xun , Jiang Bo , Zhao Chenghao , Zhang Yu , Xu Xianzhu , Fan Lishuang , Zhang Naiqing
Published: September 2021

Polysulfide shuttling and sluggish sulfur redox kinetics hinder the cyclability and rate capability of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. The intrinsic redox kinetics of sulfur cathodes strongly depends on the interaction between catalysts and sulfur species. Herein, N‐doped CoTe2 is proposed as an effective dual‐anchoring electrocatalyst, which can simultaneously bind Li and S atoms in lithium polysulfides via ionic Te–Li/N–Li bonding and coordinate covalent Co–S bonding. The incorporated N not only serves as enhanced lithiophilic site, but also an agent to improve the sulfiphilicity of the Co site as revealed by a series of experimental and computational results. Benefiting from these superiorities, the use of N‐doped CoTe2 as a catalytic interlayer enables efficient operation of Li–S batteries in terms of impressive rate capability of 758 mAh g−1 at 4 C and very low capacity decay of 0.021% per cycle over 1000 cycles. The material and strategy demonstrated in this work may open the door toward developing more advanced Li–S electrocatalysts.
LncRNA PSMA3‐AS1 promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in ovarian cancer by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway via the miR‐378a‐3p/GALNT3 axis
Authors: Xu Zhihong , Jin Hui , Duan Xiaoyang , Liu Hong , Zhao Xiwa , Fan Shaoshuang , Wang Yan , Yao Tiezhu
Published: September 2021

The crucial roles of the long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the development of ovarian cancer (OC) have been extensively studied. According to the prediction result from the Kaplan–Meier Plotter database, high expression of lncRNA proteasome subunit α type‐3 antisense RNA1 (PSMA3‐AS1) is associated with the poor prognosis in patients with OC. Thus, the study aimed to investigate the role of lncRNA PSMA3‐AS1 in OC. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that PSMA3‐AS1 expression was significantly upregulated in OC cells and tissues. PSMA3‐AS1 silencing inhibited OC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, as shown by results of cell counting kit‐8, colony formation, wound healing, and Transwell assays, respectively. Additionally, PSMA3‐AS1 deficiency suppressed tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, luciferase reporter and RNA pulldown assays implied that PSMA3‐AS1 served as a competing endogenous RNA for miR‐378a‐3p to upregulate the expression of polypeptide N‐acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 3 (GALNT3). GALNT3 was a target gene of miR‐378a‐3p in OC. Moreover, PSMA3‐AS1 activated the PI3K/Akt pathway by upregulating GALNT3 expression. Overall, PSMA3‐AS1 promotes OC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and xenograft tumor growth by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway via the miR‐378a‐3p/GALNT3 axis.