bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patriotic Gore
Authors: Fried Richard M
Published: October 2023

The Lincoln Sesquicentennial and Civil War Centennial brought both closure to the commemorations of the 1950s and a shift in thematic content. Again, Robert N. Bellah’s distinction is apt. Earlier observances mostly paid homage to discoverers or liberators of the promised land, to America’s Old Testament or Mosaic age, while Lincoln and the Civil War evoked New Testament trials-”death, sacrifice, and rebirth:’ Like the earlier celebrations, these two anniversaries expressed the nation’s sense of its Cold War mission and its appointment with destiny.
The Paradoxes of Productivism
Authors: Nolan Mary
Published: October 2023

The German debate about Americanism and Fordism raged from 1924 and until the early 1930s, but Germany’s intense experiment in industrial restructuring lasted only from 1925 to 1929. German industry, especially those sectors most involved in the war economy, had introduced some organizational and technological changes between 1914 and 1918 and had transformed some products and production processes during the postwar conversion to a peacetime economy.1 But there was no sustained modern, ization then or in the subsequent chaotic years of inflation and hyper, inflation, which erased debts, lowered rents, reduced wages, and aided exports. Inflation thereby permitted full employment and profits without industrial restructuring and encouraged a “flight into real values,” regard, less of how technologically backward they were. Productive efficiency and technological modernity were neither economically rewarded nor socially valued. All that changed in 1924. The stabilization of the mark and the rene, gotiation of reparations made industrial restructuring not only politically possible, but also economically essential. The most precarious firms and ventures had collapsed, unemployment was soaring, and the full extent of Germany’s technological and organizational backwardness was exposed. In these changed economic circumstances employers attacked state social policy as economically intolerable, while workers saw all their postwar economic and social gains threatened.2 Labor and capital, engineers and economists, politicians and journalists all recognized that if Germany was to compete in a shrinking world market and pay reparations, and if industry was to make
The Progressive Attack on Freedom of Contract and Objective Causation
Authors: Horwitz Morton J
Published: October 2023

The decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in Lochner v. New York (1905)1 brought Progressive Legal Thought into being. Lochner, which struck down a maximum hours law for bakers as an unconstitutional interference with freedom of contract, galvanized Progressive opinion and eventually led to a fundamental assault on the legal thought of the old order.
Defining Legal Realism
Authors: Horwitz Morton J
Published: October 2023

From the beginning of the twentieth century, Classical Legal Thought found itself confronted by an increasingly powerful critique of its basic premises. In one legal field after another, Progressive thinkers challenged both the political and moral assumptions of the old order and the structures of legal doctrine and legal reason ing that were designed to represent those assumptions as neutral, natural, and necessary. What is the relationship between Legal Realism and this Progressive critique? Legal Realism was neither a coherent intellectual movement nor a consistent or systematic jurisprudence. It expressed more an intellectual mood than a clear body of tenets, more a set of sometimes contradictory tendencies than a rigorous set of methodologies or propositions about legal theory.
The Corporate Personality in the Courts
Authors: Blumberg Phillip I
Published: October 2023

The corporation is a legal unit with certain legal rights attributed to it upon its recognition by the state; these are its core rights. Questions immediately arise: How does such recognition occur? What is being recognized? What legal rights flow from recognition?
The Increasing Acceptance of Enterprise Principles
Authors: Blumberg Phillip I
Published: October 2023

“Piercing the veil jurisprudence,” however clumsy and unsatisfactory, has become an established feature of American law. It provides a minimum safety valve for the legal system, providing an escape from the rigid confines of entity law. Developed by an extension of established principles of equity jurisprudence in cases involving corporations controlled by individual shareholders, over the years it has been applied to corporate groups as well. The decisions provide a rich source of enterprise law. Such decisions have been joined by an impressive number of statutes, administrative regulations, and judicial decisions in allied areas, which provide a demonstration of the surprisingly wide dimensions that the growing application of enterprise principles is assuming in American law. This experience is occurring across a wide spectrum of American law, reaching far beyond the narrow limitations of traditional “piercing the veil jurisprudence.” It may well be termed the American law of corporate groups, consisting of the following:
European and British Commonwealth Experience with Enterprise Law
Authors: Blumberg Phillip I
Published: October 2023

Reflecting their common Roman origins, the legal systems in Europe, as well as in the United States, are firmly grounded on entity law. The separate existence of the, orporation, with rights and responsibilities distinct from those of its shareholders, is deeply embedded in the legal order on both sides of the Atlantic. Similarly, in Europe as in the United States, the separate legal identity of the corporation is every where accompanied by th1! corollary principle of limited liability.
Legal Rights, Legal Responsibilities, and Recognition of the Legal Unit: Organizations
Authors: Blumberg Phillip I
Published: October 2023

When the focus moves from individuals and physical objects to organizations, the law is confronted by a more complex problem. It must determine the legal distinction between the organization and its members. Of all organizations, it is the corporation that matured earliest and has had the most developed concept of organizational legal existence. Its jurisprudential roots go back to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
Children’s Involvement in Research Participation Decisions: Psychological Considerations
Authors: Weithorn Lois A , Scherer David G
Published: October 2023

The law has traditionally presumed that children are not capable of meaningful participation in important decisions affecting their own welfare. In the past few decades, however, the law’s absolute presumption that children, as a class, are incapable of critical decision making on matters affecting their own welfare has been challenged by policymakers, jurists, scholars, and researchers. At present, legal thinking on the subject is mixed.
Workers and Consolidation
Authors: Bernstein Iver
Published: October 2023

During the draft riots workers pushed aside the middle-and upper-class reformers of the Republican Party and sought to intervene in politics on their own terms. To explain how workers came to behave so assertively we must look for earlier evidences of this politicized style of class relations. Historians have provided scant clues. While many scholars have stressed the leading role played by the Republican middle classes in the national transformation of mid-nineteenth-century America, few have located wage earners within the context of that middle-class initiative. Further, one finds little mention of politicized struggles between workers and reformers in the literature on the 1850s labor movement. Instead the fifties have frequently been characterized as the scedtime of an apolitical and wage-conscious craft unionism. John R. Commons and his associates, Norman Ware, and other students of the mid-century labor movement pointed to the New York City strike wave of 1853-54 as the first expression of a “modern trade union ism” preoccupied with “pure and simple” economic issues and permanent unions. Wages and organization, and not politics, contended Commons and his followers, were the concern of the 1850s labor agitation in New York and other American cities.
and the United States
Authors: Oster Clinton V , Strong Johns , Zorn C Kurt
Published: October 2023

How does aviation safety in the United States compare with safety elsewhere in the world? Canada provides a good starting point for comparison since Canadian aviation is more like U.S. aviation than is any other country. Both countries offer similar flight environments in terms of the mix of flight lengths, equipment, and airports and airways. Both countries use similar methods in maintaining accident investigation and airline operations data, thereby allowing detailed comparisons.
The Margin of Safety
Authors: Oster Clinton V , Strong Johns , Zorn C Kurt
Published: October 2023

As discussed in Chapter 2, the safety record of the U.S. passenger airline industry, as measured by both aircraft accident rates and passenger fatality rates, has continued to improve throughout the post-deregulation period. Even the PATCO strike in 1981, although it put considerable pressure on the air traffic control system, did not appear to have had an adverse impact on safety. Moreover, the safety improvement extends across all segments of the jet carrier industry as well as individual carriers.
Introduction: The Sociology of Architecture in Colonial Charleston
Authors: Coclanis Peter A
Published: October 2023

The Indian, considered an infidel by his Christian interrogators, was not sworn. His name, he said, was Diacan. Yes, he told interpreter Antonio Camunas, he had seen the English settlement of San Jorge. According to the Indian, San Jorge consisted of about thirty small houses on one side of the river and four more on the other side. After adding a few details about his February visit to the settlement, Diacan ended his brief testimony. He did not sign the Spanish translation of his statement, prepared that same day by Juan Moreno y Segovia, because he could not write. Sergeant Major Don Manuel de Cendoya, Governor and Captain General of San Agustin, could write, however, and he signed the document on Diacan’s behalf. It was notarized four days later, on March 26, 1672, and packed up for shipment to Spain. It reached Seville, with a number of other papers from San Agustin, on October 11. With this testimony, the city of Charleston slipped humbly into the historical record. Neither Diacan nor Don Manuel de Cendoya could have foreseen, of course, what the four small houses “on the other side of the river” would later become. Both the leonine roar of the city at its apogee in 1820 and the wistful sighs that were heard there a century later were well beyond them.
Mise en Scène
Authors: Coclanis Peter A
Published: October 2023

To travel through South Carolina’s early history is to endure, in Conrad’s words, “a weary pilgrimage amidst hints for nightmares.” In retrospect it is clear that the monstrous nature of that journey was related in no small way to the climate, the lands, and the waters of the area through which the red, white, and black actors passed. As Africa is said by Iberian historians to end at the Pyrenees, the tropics end only at the fall line. Moreover, if it is indeed true that Faulkner speaks for the South, his is not the only voice heard in South Carolina and he speaks sotto voce in the low country. Here, Fuentes, Roa Bastos, and Garcia Marquez speak more forcefully. For the low country is less Yoknapatawpha than Macondo. Though it is true that the past is never dead there, it is rather death than time that lingers, a vague but oppressive gloom, timeless, encompassing all to come, all that has passed.
Fatal Tradeoffs
Authors: Kip Viscusi W
Published: October 2023

This book is the culmination and synthesis of Viscusi's distinguished work in the social regulation of risk. It covers issues relating to the value of life, empirical estimates of the value of life, the rationality of individual responses to risk, the effect of government risk regulation efforts, and the role of the courts and social insurance in dealing with risk.
Rational Models of Biases in Risk Perception
Authors: Kip Viscusi W
Published: October 2023

For there to be a risk-dollar tradeoff, the individuals exposed to the risk must have some awareness that they are making a tradeoff. Unfortunately, we do not enter the world with perfect information. There are, however, opportunities to learn about risks over time.
Behavioral Anomalies and Paradoxes in Choices under Uncertainty
Authors: Kip Viscusi W
Published: October 2023

Since World War II, expected utility theory has become the dominant economic paradigm for analyzing choices under uncertainty. This prominence in the economics literature has been coupled with an expanding body of research providing empirical tests of different components of the theory. A major theme of the work, much of which has consisted of experimental studies by psychologists, has been that expected utility theory does not provide a reliable predictive guide to behavior. These studies observe that individual choices are often inconsistent, violating one or more of the von Neumann-Morgenstern (1953) axioms. In addition, the Bayesian formulations of the model, such as those of Savage (1972) and Raiffa (1968), have been challenged because individuals’ probabilistic beliefs often do not conform with those hypothesized in the model.1 Some of these perceptional biases were the focus of the previous chapter.
Sources of Inconsistency in Societal Responses to Health Risks
Authors: Kip Viscusi W
Published: October 2023

Society responds in extreme and often inconsistent ways to health risks. In many instances, the pattern observed is one of overreaction. The Tylenol tampering incidents of the early 1980s drastically reduced the national sales of this product even though the seven reported deaths were all in the Chicago area. Isolated terrorist incidents periodically choke off the consumer demand for European travel, and the Food and Drug Administration banned the sale of tens of millions of dollars of Chilean fruit based on evidence of low levels of cyanide that was possibly injected into two grapes. More generally, there is evidence that individuals respond in an alarmist manner to increases in the risks they face even though these increases may be rather small.
Introduction
Authors: Purcell Edward A
Published: October 2023

This is a study of what I call a social litigation system, by which I mean a coherent and dynamic set of patterns of claims-disputing behavior that arises from an identifiable combination of social and legal factors.1 The idea assumes that historical conditions regularly lead certain types of parties to dispute a relatively limited number of issues against one another in certain consistent ways and that most of the legally-related activity in any given period can be broken down into some number of different behavioral patterns that are recognizably “legal “ and at the same time markedly different.2 Social litigation systems are defined by prevailing historical conditions, the social characteristics of the parties, the types of issues that the parties are led regularly to dispute, and the special subsets of legal rules both substantive and procedural-that are particularly relevant and useful to their litigation strategies.
The Battle for Forum Control, II: Joinder and the Limits of the System
Authors: Purcell Edward A
Published: October 2023

Since 1806, when Chief Justice John Marshall wrote the Supreme Court ‘s opinion in Strawbridge v. Curtis,1 the federal courts had held that jurisdiction based on citizenship required “complete “ diversity between the adversary parties. Complete diversity meant that the citizenship of each of the plaintiffs in an action had to be different from the citizenship of each of the defendants; common citizenship between any plaintiff and any defendant destroyed diversity and deprived the federal court of jurisdiction.2 If a plaintiff could sue a resident and a nonresident defendant together, she could destroy complete diversity and thereby prevent removal.3
Removal and the Problems of Local Prejudice: Three Perspectives on the System
Authors: Purcell Edward A
Published: October 2023

Individual plaintiffs and corporate defendants fought persistently and tenaciously over removal for a simple but compelling reason. The nature of the forum helped determine both the likelihood that plaintiffs might win and, if they did, the amounts they would receive. Even more important, in the far broader informal legal process, the nature of the forum substantially raised or lowered the litigation value of plaintiffs ‘ claims and therefore the amounts at which the parties would ultimately agree to settle their disputes. The reasons why forum selection had that impact were many, but two of them operated widely and forcefully. Social and institutional factors made the federal courts particularly burdensome forums for many individual plaintiffs, and in critical areas the federal common law provided corporations with highly favorable substantive law.
The Theory of Compound Individuality
Authors: Crittenden Jack
Published: October 2023

Surprisingly, the increasing interest among communitarians, and among students of political theory in general, in notions of the self, the person, and individuality has not led them into psychology. Part of the explanation may be that psychologists themselves renewed their study of the self only after they had broken free of their preoccupation with and domination by behaviorism. Today, communitarians would find compatible positions in the theories of a new generation of social psychologists, the “social constructivists,”1 and liberals would find support in the “humanistic psychology” movement that emphasizes the importance to individuals of autono¬ mous choice.2
Political Participation: Self-development and Self-interest
Authors: Crittenden Jack
Published: October 2023

In the last chapter I examined the composition of compound individuality and saw that it represents a better way of “being.” It enables the person, for the first time, to be both independent and intimate, to be defined by personal autonomy and con¬ stitutive relationships. We also saw that social institutions play a significant role in fostering development to this new level of self, for the cognitive-linguistic struc¬ tures that are its foundation-formal operational thought-have unfolded widely throughout our cultures. So why in our culture is there a paucity of intimacy, of compound individuality? The principal reason is that our culture emphasizes auton¬ omy at the expense of constitutive relationships. Redressing that imbalance will require establishing conditions that actively foster compound individuality.
Socrates in a Pluralistic Tradition
Authors: Crittenden Jack
Published: October 2023

Contemplating the Hegelian attempt to combine the fullness of moral autonomy with the restoration of constitutive community, Charles Taylor asked, “What is the underlying conception of man and society which can provide a pole of identification for us?” (1979a, p. 133) Individualism provides one pole--differentiation-by conceiving of man as independent and self-sufficient, whose goals and interests are individually conceived and are often thought to be of ultimate concern. In opposing liberal individualism, communitarians offer a time-tested alternative built of con¬ stitutive attachments and ends: One is known only by the communities from which one’s identity is derived. In this counterpoint they seek to bring autonomy into harmony with an orientation that is decidedly social and relational.
The Emergence of Romanticism in England
Authors: Riasanovsky Nicholas V
Published: October 2023

I wandered lonely as a cloud

That floats on high o’er vales and hills,

When all at once I saw a crowd,

A host, of golden daffodils;

Beside the lake, beneath the trees,

Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.

For oft, when on my couch I lie

In vacant or in pensive mood,

They flash upon that inward eye

Which is the bliss of solitude;

And then my heart with pleasure fills,

And dances with the daffodils.
The Members of the Household
Authors: Gottlieb Beatrice
Published: October 2023

One of the most widely held opinions of Europeans and Americans today is that households used to be very different. The traditional household conjures up images of warmth, bustle, shared activities, diversity, and, above all, size. It is a picture that leans heavily on the depictions of households in nineteenth-century literature, a counterimage to the small, parent-child households of restricted activities we believe we are surrounded by today. Historians have come to learn that, for the centuries preceding the nineteenth, this picture is mistaken in a number of ways. It especially needs to be modified by an appreciation of the fact that everyone did not live in the same way.

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Preliminaries to Marriage
Authors: Gottlieb Beatrice
Published: October 2023

Marriage starts a family, but a lot has to happen before there is a marriage. In some ways premarital behavior epitomizes a society’s whole culture. Just think of the services, equipment, institutions, personal energy, and artistic effort that are connected with the modern American search for a mate, the relationship of the courting couple, and the preparations for the moment of their transformation into husband and wife. At least as much was involved in the past. Furthermore, some of the salient features of the preindustrial family-ambivalences and all-are revealed in the preliminaries to marriage. The preliminaries can be seen as a series of choices, which raise issues that continue to resonate in somewhat different ways in the second half of the twentieth century: Should I get married or stay single? Should I marry someone I am in love with or someone who will benefit me and my family? Should I marry someone from my own background and neighborhood? At what age should I marry? Is premarital sexual intimacy acceptable? Should I marry again if my first marriage ends? The questions are familiar, but in the past some answers were arrived at through processes that are less familiar.
Weddings
Authors: Gottlieb Beatrice
Published: October 2023

A wedding, as I will be using the term, is whatever transforms a man and a woman into a married couple. One might think that a history of weddings would be only a description of customs, some of which have disappeared and some of which have lingered on as charming survivals. Historians of law and of religion have long known otherwise. Between 1350 and 1800 important changes in legal and religious institutions had an effect on marriage, which is both a legal condition and one traditionally connected with religion. There was an evolution from complexity to simplicity in weddings, and the confusions that accompanied this process touched the lives of many people. Like so much else about the family that has changed, the confusions and ambivalences about weddings tell us a good deal about modes of thought and feeling, most of which we no longer share but some of which we retain in vestigial form. Most of my married readers, I am sure, had a religious ceremony of some kind, licensed or attested to by a government document. In some parts of the Westem world the government document is the essential instrument and the religious ceremony is optional. In any case, the state regulates and records wed dings, and for all those people for whom a wedding is one of the few occasions on which they go to church there is no conflict between church and state but rather a smooth and self-evident cooperation. It took a long time to get to this point, however.
The Married Couple
Authors: Gottlieb Beatrice
Published: October 2023

Saint Paul’s Epistle to the Ephesians says: “This is a great mystery (5: 32).” Paul is speaking of the relationship between husband and wife, which for him is a metaphor for the relationship between Christ and the church. His words are constantly used in Christian discussions of marriage. “Mystery” is rendered as sacramentum in the Vulgate-one reason that marriage is included among the Catholic sacraments. For historians the relationship between husband and wife is a mystery for a different reason. It is, after all, mainly a private matter. Its most interesting aspects are hidden from us and we must make do with maddeningly contradictory hints. Those who speak to us from the past on this subject either express personal feelings, which we should think twice about before taking them to be representative, or are engaged in polemics and sermonizing. Recent research has thrown some light on the material conditions of marriage and new questions, based on modern psychological and sociological theories, are being applied to familiar texts. Apart from these slight advances, however, we are not much better informed than we ever were. And what a pity, since so many of us today consider the married couple to be the essence of what a family is, and nearly everybody feels that the personal relationship between husband and wife determines the quality of family life.
Conception and Birth
Authors: Gottlieb Beatrice
Published: October 2023

The moment of conception and the process of birth are biological events, which are much the same for all mammals. But bringing children into the world involves more than biology. Birth is a social drama, with a cast of char acters dictated by cultural notions of what is necessary and appropriate. Even before a drama of birth is enacted, impregnation and pregnancy are accompanied by all manner of social expectations and personal attitudes. That is why the subject has a history.
Upbringing
Authors: Gottlieb Beatrice
Published: October 2023

Nowadays we like to think of childhood as a fairly long, pleasant period of dependence, in which adults shield children from danger, take care of their physical needs, and assure their happiness as their minds and bodies develop in accordance with their natural abilities. Although we are accustomed to hearing that lifelong psychological damage can begin in childhood, we persist in believing that it can be a period free from stress. How long the idyll lasts is not clear. Through elementary school? Through high school? Through college? Most of us recognize a difference between childhood and adolescence without being sure of the dividing line. Our culture does not have the benefit of coming-of-age rituals as some other cultures do, and the vestiges of such a ritual in the Jewish bar mitzvah are not terribly convincing today; the thirteen year-old who solemnly announces he is a man continues to lead the life he did before. In any case, the stage after childhood is not thought of as true adult hood in most cultures. In our educational institutions and legal system it is treated as an extension of childhood, childhood in an attenuated form.
Kinship
Authors: Gottlieb Beatrice
Published: October 2023

Kinship in our own lives gets little conscious attention, perhaps because we take it for granted. Anthropologists first noticed how important it was in cultures other than our own; some sociologist and historians in tum became curi ous about kinship in the Westem world. They discovered it was something very complex, with endless local variations and changes over time. Historians are trying to find out how kinship worked in the past and how it differed from what it is now. Many feel that the history of the family is hopelessly distorted and incomplete with kinship left out. One reason I think family history is still in its infancy is that this gap is just beginning to be filled in.
The Linking of Generations
Authors: Gottlieb Beatrice
Published: October 2023

Anyone who has ever been part of a family knows about the extension of families backward to the past, to ancestors, and forward to the future, to posterity. The time frame may be short or long. It is almost never so short as to be limited to a single generation, the link between parents and children; when children become parents themselves, they inevitably become part of a three-generation chain. A four-generation chain (great-grandparents to great-grandchildren) can exist without much record-keeping or institutional underpinning. Longer chains, like wider kinships, take more effort and more resources. They require the cultivation of memory and, with respect to posterity, long-term planning. The links between generations are forged by inheritance. Apart from bio logical matter, which even plants inherit, all manner of things can be inherited by human beings. Laws and customs determine what they are. Some inheritance takes place at birth and remains throughout a person’s life. Things inher ited in this way are usually intangible. Other inheritance takes place later, often when an older person dies and passes a (usually) tangible resource on to someone younger.
Introduction:’ Plutocracy and Mob Rule
Authors: Scitovsky Tibor
Published: October 2023

The middle of the twentieth century may well turn out to have been the high point of our national existence. We saw ourselves in the forefront not only as a nation, but also as individuals. The American consumer was on top of the world, freely spending the world’s highest income on the world’s most copied and coveted life-style. The glory, alas, was short-lived. We started losing our self­confidence while still on the ascendant. With hardly a change in objective circumstances, the American consumer’s picture of himself changed drastically in the short span of hardly more than a decade. Our proud self-image of the sovereign consumer shrank to that of the pitiful character of a Caspar Milquetoast, the helpless consumer who gets oppressed and harassed, cheated and shortchanged, even poisoned, from every side. Why such a great and sudden change in the way in which we see ourselves? Part of the reason, no doubt, is our growing realization that technical and economic progress also has a dark side to it.
Necessities and Com.forts
Authors: Scitovsky Tibor
Published: October 2023

We have made a first step toward closing the gap between the psychologist’s and the economist’s approaches by looking at human satisfactions and their sources as psychologists see them and trying to decide where, when, and how economic ramifications fit into the picture. Now let us reverse the procedure, starting with the economist’s classification of economic goods and services and relating them to the psychologist’s categories. Economists view consumer satisfaction as the goal of all economic activity. They measure economic efficiency by the economy’s success in satisfying consumers’ desires, economic progress by the higher and higher levels of consumers’ satisfaction that progress makes possible. By so doing they tacitly as­ sume either that consumers’ wants are immutable, so that economic performance is measured against an unchanging scale of aspirations, or, if higher achievement raises aspiration, that such a raising of sights will not diminish the consumer’s satis­ faction with what he has already achieved.
ls Our Life Too Good?
Authors: Scitovsky Tibor
Published: October 2023

We now have the framework and elements of a theory of con­ sumer behavior. To build them into a formal, theoretical model would be out of place in this book; I shall try instead to apply them. What better application could there be of the ideas so far presented than to try to explain why our affluence leaves so many of us unsatisfied? The economist’s traditional picture of the economy resembles nothing so much as a Chinese restaurant with its long menu. Customers choose from what is on the menu and are assumed always to have chosen what most pleases them. That assumption is unrealistic, not only of the economy, but of Chinese res­ taurants. Most of us are unfamiliar with nine-tenths of the entrees listed; we seem invariably to order either the wrong dishes or the same old ones. Only on occasions when an expert does the ordering do we realize how badly we do on our own and what good things we miss.
ls It Too Dull?
Authors: Scitovsky Tibor
Published: October 2023

The convention that Europeans are pleasure-loving, frivolous and sophisticated and that Americans are sober, hard-working, and frugal is well known and well established on the anecdotal level. Does that convention stand up today, in the light of hard facts and statistics? We have plenty of data to check on the consumption habits of the United States and Europe. Food is a natural starting point, because most of us spend a large part of our budgets on it.
Our Puritan Ghost
Authors: Scitovsky Tibor
Published: October 2023

We have looked at a few of the more surprising features of our habits of living and patterns of expenditure, and found them the more surprising because not only do they go against what seemed rational or is appropriate to the rich, but they also go against what some psychologists consider, with some justification, to be our national temperament. If that is true, there must be strong influences at work to make us go against rationality and temperament all at the same time. I am thinking of cultural, educational, and economic forces whose cumulative effect might account for the conflict between what we want and what we get, and so explain some of our frustration. Before taking up those influences, however, I should like to dispose of one other influence which many of us might think of first: the influence of advertising.
The Movement and the Sixties Generation
Authors: Anderson Terry H
Published: October 2023

“Last summer I went to Mississippi to join the struggle there for civil rights,” said Berkeley student Mario Savio in 1964. “This fall I am engaged in another phase of the same struggle, this time in Berkeley. In Mississippi an autocratic and powerful minority rules, through organized violence, to suppress the vast, virtually powerless majority. In California, the privileged minority manipulates the university bureaucracy to suppress the students’ political expression.” That expression had been curtailed by the University of California as students arrived on the Berkeley campus for fall semester in September. As was typical for university officials during the cold war era, a dean simply informed all student organizations that from now on they were no longer permitted to set up tables on campus to promote “off-campus” causes such as civil rights, and this ban applied to the traditional area for such endeavors, a small strip of property at the campus’s main entrance where Telegraph Avenue met Bancroft Way.
Countercultrue
Authors: Anderson Terry H
Published: October 2023

Living your lifestyle, doing your own thing, was a significant theme of the movement as it blended with the counterculture during the second wave, the four or five years after Chicago. Some became involved in politics, working for causes that attacked the establishment and transferred power to the people: empowerment. Others felt politics died with Martin Luther King and Bobby Kennedy and they became consumed with personal pursuits that freed them from their past: liberation. All the while, most experienced an individual transformation that made them “Sixties People,” different from the cold war generation. “Remember,” Tuli Kupferberg told the emerging new culture: “The first revolution (but not of course the last) is in yr own head. Dump out their irrational goals, desires, morality.”
Chapter III
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman
Published: October 2023

After this affair had passed over, there was nothing of the kind took place to disturb Dorcasina’s tranquillity for a long period of time. Although the reputed heiress of a thousand pounds a year, which at that time was considered, in America, as a great fortune, she was not troubled with many admirers. Several concurring causes kept her free from solicitations of this kind; one of which was, that the retired manner in which she lived prevented her from being very extensively known; add to this that some of the gentlemen who were fortunate enough to be of her acquaintance, knew how much of her time was dedicated to novels, and how uneasy she was when a new one appeared, till she could make herself mistress of it; reckoning these books her greatest treasures, and perusing them, her supreme felicity. Those, therefore, who were acquainted with this circumstance, notwithstanding the temptation of her money, and her agreeable person, were too prudent to think of seeking her in marriage; wisely foreseeing the inconveniencies which would result from having a wife whose mind was fraught with ideas of life and manners so widely different from what they appear on trial. Others there were, who understood only that she spent much time in books, without any knowledge of the kind which best pleased her. It was sufficient to keep them at a distance, to know that she read at all. Those enemies to female improvement, thought a woman had no business with any book but the bible, or perhaps the art of cookery; believing that everything beyond these served only to disqualify her for the duties of domestic life.
Chapter V
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman
Published: October 2023

The next day appeared much longer to our impatient lovers than usual. They imagined that father Time, with multiplied years, had loaded his wings with an additional weight of lead. At length, the clock sounded four. O’Connor, dressed in the elegance of fashion, tripping along as light as feathered Mercury, soon arrived at the place of destination. Dorcasina, on her side, was uncommonly solicitous about her appearance. Her dress was changed three times, before she thought it sufficiently becoming. When the hour of four arrived, her heart bounded, and her feet would willingly have carried her directly to her favourite haunt; but she checked her inclination, judging it best to heighten her lover’s impatience, by making him wait for her a while. She, therefore, tarried a full quarter of an hour, looking incessantly at her watch, and thinking that the hands never before moved so slowly. At the expiration of the fifteen minutes, her whole stock of patience being exhausted, she called to Betty, desiring her to follow: and took her way towards the place of meeting.
Chapter XI
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman
Published: October 2023

On the third day after forming this resolution, O’Connor was perfectly recovered from his bruises. He, therefore, informed Dorcasina, that having received the long expected letter, he was corning, with joyful haste, to throw himself upon the mercy of her father. He then dressed himself in an elegant manner, and boldly presented himself, for the first time, at the door of Mr. Sheldon, with a forged letter in his hand. It was in the name of Mr. W. of Philadelphia, recommending the bearer to Mr.Sheldon, in the warmest terms. Though Mr.Sheldon did not personally know Mr.W. he was well acquainted with his character; and therefore scrupled not to receive O’Connor in the politest manner. The latter had not, now, to deal with the credulous and lovesick Dorcasina; but with a man of judgment and penetration, and one who knew mankind.
Chapter I
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman
Published: October 2023

The serenity thus restored to the lately agitated family of Mr.Sheldon suffered no material interruption for a number of years. Believing his daughter to be radically cured of her romantic turn of mind, he thanked heaven most fervently for so great a favour; and formed the most agreeable expectations concerning the propriety of her future behaviour. But in this the good man was entirely disappointed. The warmth of Dorcasina’s affections was not extinguished by disappointment, nor abated by age. It only lay dormant for want of a proper object to excite it.
Chapter II
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman
Published: October 2023

“Well, Betty,” said Dorcasina, as soon as she entered the chamber, “have you seen the wounded officer this morning? How is he? Better I hope. And what did he say to the message I sent him?” “Yes, ma’am, I have seen him,” replied Betty, “and he is a gentleman every inch of him; none of your proud upstarts, that think themselves too good to speak to a poor person. He was so gentle, and so kind, and so free! He sent his compliments to you ma’am, and he asked me my name, and praised the coffee I carried him. He said he had fellen into such horse pitiable hands that he could not express his thanks.” “But you have not told me how he is, this morning, Betty.” “Why, ma’am, he said he was dry and feverish; but he hoped to recruit again after he had got over the fatigue of his journey.” “How did he look and speak, when you mentioned my name?” “He look’d pale, and ask’d me who you was; and you may be sure, ma’am, I wasn’t backward in giving you your due.” “Well, what then? What did he say then? Did not love and pleasure sparkle in his fine eyes?” “I didn’t see any sparkles in his eyes, ma’am.
Chapter III
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman
Published: October 2023

We will now, for a while, leave these happy lovers to settle the manner of their escape, and return to other scenes less interesting, but more amusing. Before James conceived the idea of aspiring to the hand of Dorcasina, he had honoured with his particular notice, one of the maids, whose name was Nanny. She was a likely buxom country girl; and as much delighted with the cockade, the uniform, and the attention of James, as Miss Dorcasina was with those of his master. He had made her a number of little presents, and had even gone so far as to talk of marriage. Of late he had strangely neglected her, hardly deigning to speak when he met her. Formerly he used to pass whole evenings in the kitchen; and many a time, by his accounts of ambuscades, battles and defeats of Indians, tomahawks and scalping, he made them contract their circle round the fire. But latterly he was never seen there in the evening, except while eating his supper, and then he was generally silent and stately. Nanny was totally at a loss how to account for this great and sudden change in his conduct, and wished much to come to an explanation; but he avoided her, with so much care, that it was impossible to get an opportunity.
Chapter V
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman
Published: October 2023

The next morning, James, to the infinite satisfaction of his master, informed him that he should visit Dorcasina no more. Being now at ease in his mind he rapidly recovered strength, riding out every day, and passing the chief of his time below. He spoke frequently, before Dorcasina, of the near approach of his departure; and as frequently with tears in his eyes, expressed his gratitude both to her and her father, for the kindness and attention they had shewn him.

Mr. Sheldon observing that his daughter appeared rather pleased than otherwise, when the captain spoke of his departure, was still confounded at the mysteriousness of their conduct. But while he saw her.so cheerful, and observed no impropriety in her behaviour, he felt no uneasiness. Every thing went on smoothly the remainder of the week, and nothing happened to interrupt the harmony of the family. Mr.Sheldon was the only person who experienced any regret; and this was occasioned by his reluctance at parting with so amiable, so modest, and so well informed a companion as captain Barry. The day before the one appointed for his departure, the captain, led by gratitude to Mr.Stanly for the visits paid him in his confinement, and inclination to see again his charming daughter, went, accompanied by Mr. Sheldon, and passed a most agreeable afternoon and evening. The unaffected ease and sprightliness of Miss Stanly were communicated to the company; and it was with regret that, at a late hour, the captain took leave of this amiable family.
Chapter XII
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman
Published: October 2023

Betty, seeing how matters were going on between Dorcasina and John, and that he was more caressed than ever, was quite in despair that Scipio was not likely, with all his stratagems, to prevent this connection, a connection so degrading to her mistress, and so painful to herself; and was resolved to make one effort more to break it off. With this view, a few evenings after the night, on which the events related in the preceding chapter had happened, without communicating her intention to any one, not even to Scipio, she directed her steps to the house of Mr. Stanly. On inquiring for Mrs. Stanly, she was informed that she was in the parlour, with no other company than Miss Harriot. She presented herself before them, they received her with kindness, and after many inquiries about the health of Miss Dorcasina, whom neither of them had seen since the day after Harriot’s return from Philadelphia, on account of Mrs.Stanly’s indisposition, Betty informed them that she had come to entreat their advice and assistance. Shethen opened before them her whole budget of trouble. She told them that Miss Dorcasina had taken John for a gentleman; that she had fallen in love with him; that he slept in her father’s chamber, and dressed in his clothes; that Miss Dorcasina called him Mr. Brown, and made all the servants call him so; that he eat, and passed most of his time with her; and finally, that she was resolved very soon to marry him.
Chapter XIV
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman
Published: October 2023

“‘That Montague,” said John, next morning at breakfast, “is the most impudentest fellor I ever heard of. Why, if you suffer him to go on at this rate, he’ll draw his sord and turn us all out o-doors before long.” Dorcasina, gratified, as was before observed, with the conquest, and greatly amused with her new lover’s vanity, vivacity, and singular manner of making love, replied, “Oh, we must in compliance with my promise, bear with his freaks for a short time. He is young, impetuous, and vain, and I do not think he is worth being seriously offended with.” It now became a matter of curiosity whence he came, and with whom he resided, as they never had seen him except at those two visits, nor ever heard that there was such an officer in the village. It was agreed, therefore, that, at his next visit, Dorcasina should endeavour to find out these particulars; for they had both an equal curiosity to be informed of them.
Chapter XVI
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman
Published: October 2023

The time was now come when Harriot, with the consent of her parents, had agreed to become the wife of captain Barry. He had written to Mr. Stanly to have the banns published, in due form, and arrived at L-­ the very next week after Dorcasina, as before related, had left it. The first evening he was too much taken up with his beloved Harriot, to interest himself about any other person, till she, in her sprightly manner, rallied him upon his ingratitude, and the unsuitable return he made for the affection Dorcasina had formerly lavished upon him. “You do not even inquire,” said she, “whether she be dead or alive.” “I am ungrateful I confess,” replied he, “and ask the lady’s pardon. When did you see her? I hope she is well.” Harriot then gave him a particular account of all her late transactions; informing him how she had visited Dorcasina, in the character of a young officer, in the hope of detaching her from Brown; her ill success in the affair; and, finally, the plan they had concerted, and put in execution for conveying her out of the reach of both Brown and the books that had so wretchedly perverted her understanding.