bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glucagon Is Essential for Adaptive Thermogenesis in Brown Adipose Tissue
Authors: Kinoshita Keita , Ozaki Nobuaki , Takagi Yusuke , Murata Yoshiharu , Oshida Yoshiharu , Hayashi Yoshitaka
Published: June 2014

Glucagon, a counterregulatory hormone to insulin, serves as a regulator of glucose homeostasis and acts in response to hypoglycemia. Earlier studies have shown that glucagon administration induces thermogenesis in experimental animal models. However, it is not known whether endogenous glucagon is involved in the regulation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) function. Here we investigated the role of glucagon in cold-induced thermogenesis in male mice deficient in proglucagon-derived peptides (GCGKO mice). Upon exposure to cold, GCGKO mice exhibited a greater decrease in rectal temperature than control mice. The cold exposure-induced increase in oxygen consumption in GCGKO mice was less than that seen in control mice. Moreover, the increase in oxygen consumption after administration of a β3-adrenergic receptor agonist, CL-316,243, was also lesser in GCGKO than in control mice. Expression of thermogenic genes, including the gene encoding uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1), was reduced in the BAT of GCGKO mice under ambient as well as cold conditions. Administration of glucagon restored the expression of Ucp1 mRNA in the BAT as well as the expression of the fibroblast growth factor 21 gene (Fgf21) in the liver. Supplementation with glucagon for 2 weeks resulted in higher plasma Fgf21 levels and improved responses to CL-316,243 in GCGKO mice. These results indicated that endogenous glucagon is essential for adaptive thermogenesis and that it regulates BAT function, most likely by increasing hepatic Fgf21 production.
Sp8 plays a supplementary role to Pax6 in establishing the pMN/p3 domain boundary in the spinal cord
Authors: Li Xiaosu , Liu Zhidong , Qiu Mengsheng , Yang Zhengang
Published: June 2014

Progenitor cells are segregated into multiple domains along the dorsoventral axis of the vertebrate neural tube, and each progenitor domain generates particular types of neurons. Selective cross-repressive interactions between pairs of class I and class II transcription factors play important roles in patterning neural progenitors into domains with clear boundaries. Here, we provide evidence that the zinc-finger protein Sp8 plays a supplementary role to Pax6 in establishing the pMN/p3 domain boundary through mutually repressive interactions with the class II protein Nkx2-2. The ventral limit of Sp8 expression is complementary to the dorsal limit of Nkx2-2 expression at the pMN/p3 boundary. Sp8 and Nkx2-2 exert cross-repressive interactions, and changing the expression of Sp8 and Nkx2-2 is coupled with pMN and p3 progenitor fate conversion. Sp8 exerts its neural patterning activities by acting as a transcriptional activator. The expression of a repressive form of Sp8 results in the selective inhibition of motor neuron generation and the ectopic induction of Nkx2-2 expression. Sp8 expression is positively regulated by, but not completely dependent on, Pax6. Furthermore, whereas loss of Pax6 function alone results in disruption of the pMN/p3 domain boundary only in the rostral levels of the spinal cord, loss of both Sp8 and Pax6 functions results in disruption of the pMN/p3 domain boundary along the whole rostrocaudal axis of the spinal cord. We conclude that Sp8 plays a supplementary role to Pax6 in specifying the pMN over p3 progenitor fate through cross-repressive interactions with Nkx2-2.
Functional characterization of a short neuropeptide F-related receptor in a Lophotrochozoa, the mollusk Crassostrea gigas
Authors: Bigot Laetitia , Beets Isabel , Dubos Marie-Pierre , Boudry Pierre , Schoofs Liliane , Favrel Pascal
Published: June 2014

Members of the short neuropeptide F (sNPF) family of peptides and their cognate receptors play key roles in a variety of physiological processes in arthropods. In silico screening of GigasDataBase, a specific EST database from the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, resulted in the identification of a receptor (Cg-sNPFR-like) phylogenetically closely related to sNPF receptors (sNPFRs) of insects. A reverse endocrinology approach was undertaken to identify the peptide ligand(s) of this orphan receptor. Though structurally distinct from insect sNPFs, three RFamide peptides derived from the same precursor, i.e. GSLFRFamide, SSLFRFamide and GALFRFamide, specifically activate the receptor in a dose-dependent manner, with respective EC50 values of 1.1 μM, 2.1μM and 4.1 μM. We found that both Cg-sNPFR-like receptor and LFRFamide encoding transcripts are expressed in the oyster central nervous system and in other tissues as well, albeit at lower levels. Mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the wide distribution of LFRFamide mature peptides in several central and peripheral tissues. The Cg-sNPFR-like receptor was more abundantly expressed in ganglia of females than of males, and up-regulated in starved oysters. In the gonad area, highest receptor gene expression occurred at the start of gametogenesis, when storage activity is maximal. Our results suggest that signaling of LFRFamide peptides through the Cg-sNPFR-like receptor might play a role in the coordination of nutrition, energy storage and metabolism in C. gigas, possibly by promoting storage at the expense of reproduction.
Influence of substrate orientation on feeding kinematics and performance of algae grazing Lake Malawi cichlid fishes
Authors: Rupp Maxwell F. , Hulsey C. Darrin
Published: June 2014

Lake Malawi cichlids have been studied extensively in an effort to elucidate the mechanisms underlying their adaptive radiation. Both habitat partitioning and trophic specialization have been suggested to be critical ecological axes underlying the exceptional diversification of these fishes, but the mechanisms facilitating this divergence are often unclear. For instance, in the rock-dwelling mbuna of Lake Malawi, coexistence is likely tightly linked to how and where species feed on the algae coating all the surfaces of the rocky reefs they exclusively inhabit. Yet, although mbuna species often preferentially graze from particular substrate orientations, we understand very little about how substrate orientation influences feeding kinematics or feeding rates in any group of organisms. Therefore, for three species of mbuna, we quantified feeding kinematics and inferred the rates that algae could be ingested on substrates that mimicked the top, sides, and bottoms of the algae covered boulders these species utilize in Lake Malawi. A number of differences in feeding kinematics were found among species, and several of the kinematic variables were found to differ even within species when the fish grazed from different surface orientations. However, despite their preferences for particular microhabitats, we found no evidence for clear tradeoffs in the rates that the three species were inferred to be able to obtain algae from different substrate orientations. Nevertheless, our results indicate microhabitat divergence linked to differences in feeding kinematics could have played a role in the origin and maintenance of the vast diversity of co-occurring Lake Malawi mbuna species.
Age at weaning, immunocompetence and ectoparasite performance in a precocial desert rodent
Authors: Dlugosz Elizabeth M. , Goüy de Bellocq Joelle , Khokhlova Irina S. , Degen Allan , Pinshow Berry , Krasnov Boris R.
Published: June 2014

We studied the effects of early weaning on immunocompetence and parasite resistance in a precocial rodent Acomys cahirinus. We hypothesized that if parasite resistance is energetically expensive and nutritional and immunological support from mothers are necessary for the long-term health of offspring, then early weaned animals would be immunologically weaker and less able to defend themselves against parasites than later weaned animals. We weaned pups at 14, 21, or 28 d after birth and assessed their immunocompetence and resistance against fleas Parapulex chephrenis when they attained adulthood. Immunocompetence was assessed using leukocyte concentrations (LC) and a phytohaemagglutinin injection assay (PHA test). To estimate resistance against fleas, we measured performance of fleas via the number of produced eggs and duration of development and resistance to starvation of the flea offspring. We found a significant positive effect of weaning age on the PHA response but not on LC. The effect of age at weaning on flea egg production was manifested in male but not female hosts, with egg production being higher if a host was weaned at 14 than at 28 d. Weaning age of the host did not affect either duration of development or resistance to starvation of fleas produced by mothers fed on these hosts. We concluded that even in relatively precocial mammals, weaning age is an important indicator of future immunological responses and the ability of an animal to resist parasite infestations. Hosts weaned at an earlier age make easier, less-resistant targets for parasite infestations than hosts weaned later in life.
Leap and Strike kinetics of an acoustically 'hunting' barn owl Tyto alba
Authors: Usherwood James R. , Sparkes Emily L. , Weller Renate
Published: June 2014

Barn owls are effective hunters of small rodents. One hunting technique is a leap from the ground followed by a brief flight and a plummeting ‘strike’ on to an acoustically targeted – potentially entirely hidden – prey. We used forceplate measurements to derive kinetics of the Leap and Strike. Leaping performance was similar to reported values for guinea fowl. This is likely achieved despite the owl's considerably smaller size due to its relatively long legs and use of wing upstroke. Strikes appear deliberately forceful: impulses could have been spread over larger periods during greater deflections of the centre of mass, as observed in leaping and an alighting landing measurement. The Strike, despite forces around 150 times that of a mouse body weight, is not thought to be critical to the kill; rather, forceful Strikes may function primarily to enable rapid penetration of leaf litter or snow cover, allowing grasping of hidden prey.
ROLE OF AGRIBUSINESS STAFFING IN IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF LAND RESOURCES
Authors: Гайнутдинов  , Gaynutdinov Ilgizar
Published: June 2014

As we know, the level of organization and efficiency of agricultural production depends on provision of highly qualified specialists. Nowadays, we oversee a shortage of qualified personnel in the agribusiness of the Republic of Tatarstan. Increasing the agricultural products output, on the one hand, and lack of managerial staff in the agricultural enterprises, on the other hand, cause increasing the loading on industry experts, which drastically reduces their motivation to work and efficiency of industrial process control. All this leads to a decrease in efficiency of agricultural production. Studies show, that agribusiness personnel security system depends on their training and retraining in the higher educational institutions, on focused work of personnel services at various levels, on the level of wages, on satisfaction of specialists in social and economic conditions of labor, on output and load to one specialist. Agricultural enterprises do not use standard method for determining the needs of industry professionals. According to nominally - standard method in 2012, the plant industry needed in 1533 agronomists, but according to the information of personnel department of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic only 634 agronomists worked in the Republic, that was 41.3% of the estimated quantity. This has led to an expansion of the load on a single specialist, which reduced the efficiency of management, timely execution of processes for organizational reasons and low yields. The loss of crop production averaged in thе Republic was 648 863.600 rubles, that is equivalent to 119 276.3 tons of grain. The shortage of highly qualified personnel in rural areas, their low fixability, degradation qualitative and quantitative human capacity can be eliminated by the development and adoption at the federal and regional levels the targeted program of agribusiness staffing and develop guidelines and criteria for personnel policy. Social and economic activities, that promote security personnel include: material incentives increase, improvement of living conditions, the introduction of new forms of work organization, compliance labor intensity, professional and qualitative promotion of workers. The studies have shown that: an objective approach at making appointments to executive positions; use of personnel reserve; introduction of innovative technologies into the production; improvement of specialists remuneration systems; creation of a single automated system of personnel monitoring in agribusiness; improvement living conditions and higher wages of specialists - are the main measures, facilitating to consolidation of professionals in rural areas. All these measures will have maximum impact and benefit only in joint implementation by the owners of agricultural enterprises and government agribusiness agencies.
INSURANCE CONTRIBUTIONS: CALCULATION AND PAYMENT PROCEDURE
Authors: Никифорова  , Nikiforova Olga , Мухаметзянов  , Mukhametzyanov Kamil
Published: June 2014

This article describes the calculation and payment of insurance premiums to the Pension Fund, Compulsory Medical Insurance fund and Social Security in 2014.

In 2014, amendments, relating to the calculation and payment of insurance premiums to extrabudgetary funds took effect: the basis for assessment were indexed, benefits to certain categories of taxpayers were extended. At the same time, though the size of a fixed fee was reduced for entrepreneurs, which is especially beneficial for small businesses, but they were obliged to pay an additional 1% of the income, exceeding 300 000 rubles per year. The general rate of insurance contributions in 2014 is 30%: to the Pension Fund is 22%, to the Compulsory Medical Insurance fund is5.1% and 2.9% to the Social Insurabce fund. We believe that we should not abandon the savings part of the pension , as it forms the future retirement of the employee. When forming savings pension, different approaches to its accrual is liquidated. Pension officials and other employees will depend on the length and size of the salary. Citizens must choose where to invest your savings for future pensions themselves. Amendents in the legislation on compulsory insurance premiums for individual entrepreneurs gives certain benefits to small entrepreneurs in comparison with previous years, as they reduced the size of the fixed payment, but the same time were obliged to pay an additional 1% of the income, exceeding 300 000 rubles per year. This may affect on their business, striving to hide their income and make tax offenses and go to the “shadow”." Considering the average wage in Russia, per capita income of the country, we consider it necessary to increase the size of the standard income up to 500 000 rubles per year or reduce the rate of contribution to the excess amount to 0.5-0.7%.
PROBLEMS OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES DEVELOPMENT IN AGRICULTURAL SECTOR
Authors: Файзрахманов  , Fayzrakhmanov Dzhaudat , Газетдинов  , Gazetdinov Shamil
Published: June 2014

Nowadays the market relations development in the agrarian sector of the Republic of Tatarstan led to changes not only the forms of ownership and management, but also the functioning conditions, mechanisms of management of agrarian formations at all levels of agribusiness. At the same time, it should be noted, that not enough accelerated development of the agrarian sector of the economy is largely due to the weak structure of most agrarian formations, what causes the necessity of improving the forms of economic management, efficient combination of government regulatory and market mechanisms in the organization of production. For further effective development of the agricultural sector requires tothe radical solution of problems, connected with improvement of technical level of production and quality improvement of the manufactured products, with the reorganization of the production structure of the industry, improvement of structure of technological equipment park, increase of efficiency of capital investments and agricultural production, in general. The main causes of existing problems of agriculture development are attempting to explain them, mainly due to an insufficient volume of capital investment, however, at present this explanation can hardly be regarded as satisfactory. Here we can distinguish two groups of factors, that have a direct impact on the final results of the agrarian economics. The first group is the organizational and technical factors, related to the organization of the agricultural production and its technical and technological level. The second group of factors is connected with the current organizational and economic mechanism of management.
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNIQUES INTRODUCTION EXPERIENCE FOR CULTIVATION AND POST-HARVEST HANDLING OF GRAIN AND SEEDS
Authors: Шайдуллин  , Shaydullin Khasan , Шайхов  , Shaykhov Marsel , Еров  , Erov Yuriy , Бабченко  , Babchenko Vasiliy
Published: June 2014

This study discusses a plant breeding and seed system recovery. According to the 2013 information, over 3000 seeders with colters of strip cropping were upgraded, which worked in 64 regions of the country. Simultaneously with the work on the modernization of the seeders for strip cropping, Russian Institute of Mechanization together with LLC “Tekhtsentr Laishevo” and “KhaRaSha” developed a design specification on the universal seeder SUZT 4of strip cropping with 4 meter width and a design specification on unified with it breeding and farming seeder SFS -2 with 2 meter wide. The pilot seeder SUZT-4 was designrd in LLC “KhaRaSha” and in 2012 it was successfully held acceptance tests with the recommendation on production at the Kirov Machine Testing Station. This seeder is designed for strip sowing of cereals, legumes, small-seeded crops and grass with simultaneous application of mineral fertilizers, as well as for early spring narrowband sowing of sparse winter crops and perennial grasses and subsurface mineral fertilizers plant nutrition. In 2013 there have manufactured a pilotmachine of breeding and farming seeder SFS-2 and it was transferred to Machine Testing Station for carrying out acceptance tests. The speeding up the implementing these seeders allow to carry out technological operation of planting crops in a highly effective stripping way with a significant increase of productivity and with high quality seeds. On spring wheat crops, where the seeds were prepared by car SMVO and sowing performed by seeders with ODA colters of strip cropping, the field germination ranged was from 92.5 to 95.6%, which is 4.5-8.1% higher, than seeds, obtained without isolation of their specific weight and drill sowing by double disc coulters. As a result, the higher harvest is formed by 8-10 centner per hectare and more. Additional 1.0 million tons of crops were reaped from improved seeds quality. Thus, the use of universal seeders with single disc - hoe colters and seed-crop cleaning machines SMVO is the most affordable way to increase the crops yield and seed quality for all farms. Key words: selection and seed-farming, Seed-growers association, seed-crop cleaning machine, processing of grain and seed, a seeder with disc-hoe colters, strip cropping .
JUSTIFICATION THE HOPPER OUTLET FORM, WHICH PROVIDES CONSTANT DISCHARGE OF THE GRAIN
Authors: Савенков  , Savenkov Dmitriy
Published: June 2014

The uniformity of air flow in the aspirating channels largely depends on constant supply of grain across the channel. However, most of the feeding aspirators do not provide a constant flow of particulate mater. That’s why one of the areas of industrial development of new technological operations is their preliminary theoretical and experimental research. The uniformity expiration of grain from the hopper to the outlet side occurs through the action of frictional forces. The friction forces are divided into internal and external friction, opposing the grain movement. External friction force, provided by the walls of the hopper, reduce the exhaust velocity of bulk near the walls. Thus, the extensional discharge of the bulk is more in the central parts of the outlet, than in its outer parts. Reducing the extensional discharge in the extreme zones is associated with a decrease in the flow rate of these zones. So that to ensure a constant grain unloading from the hopper, it is proposed to change the outlet profile, enhancing the area of outlet in the areas of its contact with the edges of the side walls. It is shown, that the area of the secondary part depends on the angle of the bottom hopper and the height of the outlet. The results of the data can be used to optimize the geometry of the hopper.
THE USAGE OF AN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCE AT THE SERVICE STATION OF LLC “TATNEFT” IN HIGHWAY M7
Authors: Салахов  , Salakhov Ilnur , Нуруллин  , Nurullin Elmas , Дмитриев  , Dmitriev Andrey
Published: June 2014

Nowadays, when all perspective companies set the goal to reduce process costs, achieve high profitability from invested means, reduce harmful influence on the environment, innovative engineering solutions begin to dominate, the meaning of these solutions is in achievement of the above-stated goals. In this work we examined the reduction of operating costs at the retail establishments (service stations) of LLC “Tatneft”. The reduction of operating costs is examined on the example of reduction of electric power payment, the cost of which is constantly increasing. The engineering solution is the installation at some service stations wind generators for energy production. Wind generator is a device, transforming mechanical energy, received from the blades rotation, into electrical by means of natural wind. The main aim of the work - a reduction of operating costs at service stations and electric power independence of service stations. The object of research in this paper is the factor system, that provides maximum electric power production by the wind generator and the subject of research is the process of interaction of generator elements with the wind. The work presents results of experimental investigations, which prove the possibility of wind generator installation at some service stations. The experimental part was made up, using programme set of National Instruments LabVIEW, that allows to fulfil data collection and processing and also the automation of measurements under different experiments. It was justified by the possible usage of the wind generator at service station №227 along highway M7, Tuyrlema station, Kozlovskiy district, the Chuvash Republic, the Chuvash branch of LLC “Tatneft – AZS Center” and service station №391, highway M7, Andreevo-Bazary village, Kozlovskiy district, the Chuvash Republic, the Chuvash branch of LLC “Tatneft – AZS Center”. The economic calculation part is realized by a concrete example of a possible product application of the National Instruments LABVIEW Company in a body with wind generator EuroWind 20 on the service station №227 on Tuyrlema station, that belongs to Chuvashian branch of LLC “Tatneft – AZS Center”. Wind generator - is part of “green” image of retail establishments of the company, gives the opportunity to increase clients base, as it demonstrates the preference of high innovation techniques with care of ecological safety.
FORMATION OF BEET UTERINE ROOTS, DEPENDING ON CROPPING TIME AND PLANTATION DENSITY
Authors: Абрамов  , Abramov Aleksandr
Published: June 2014

A development of adaptive methods of beet cultivation for seed in Kama region of the Republic of Tatarstan previously didn’t held, that served as the basis for research on assessing the impact of sowing time, the formation plantings density of uterine roots, landing roots with various schemes and planting roots mass on seed production of red beet with good sowing qualities of seeds is relevant. Introduction the technology elements of beet cultivation for seed will ensure demand for rural producers on locally conditioned grain. As the plantings density of red beet roots increased, there was a decrease in available moisture at meter soil layer, and greater use of water for crop formation is not dependent on the sowing, occurred at sowing seed rate 555 thousands per hectare. The maximum consumption of plant nutrients and their defeat by root beetle occurs during early planting and use of higher seeding rates. The maximum yield of uterine roots (33.9 tons per hectare) was obtained, when at sowing in May 20, with a seeding rate of 444 thousands units per hectare.
NUTRITION BACKGROUND EFFECT ON PRODUCTIVITY OF OATS
Authors: Ахметзянов  , Akhmetzyanov Marsel , Таланов  , Talanov Ivan
Published: June 2014

Owing to the agriculture intensification increasing, unreasonably extensive use of chemicals, comprehensive mechanization, intensive tillage, together with an increase in productivity leads to noticeable undesirable results. The contamination grow, the infectiousness of fields by pests and diseases of agricultural crops increases, due to decomposition of humus, the soil fertility gradually decreases, and the quality of the products is deteriorating by the presence of hazardous compounds for health, ecological balance is disturbed environment. In this connection, so that to solve these problems, it is necessary to develop farming biologzation, namely the expansion of perennial grasses, reducing the use of fertilizers, pesticides and other chemicals, the use of intermediate crops for fodder and green manure, the use of crop residues and organic fertilizers, the use of advanced tillage methods. In recent years, the study of some specific biologzation elements are held in Russia too, but without an integrated approach. An intensification of the use of biological means of soil fertility was contributed to: creation an optimum density of the addition of the soil; creation better moisture content of crops; phytosanitary condition of crops. The maximum crop productivity (4.03 tons per hectare) was obtained, when adding straw and stubbly green manure, the cost of 1 ton of grain was decreased, compared with mineral background to 281.4 rubles, the net income was higher to 1593.6 rubles per hectare, the profitability of oat production was 52.8%, against 32.5% on a mineral background.
Value of cabins for reproduction of the coniferous and broad-leaved woods of Central Volga Area
Authors: Глушко  , Glushko Sergey
Published: June 2014

During the formation of forest communities, the competition intensifies, the predominance of the group receives a form of natural selection. Weakening forest stands reflected in the fall of increment volume and degradation. In the study area pines sufficiently balanced and suitable for complex management. Artificial pines, with appropriate care, enriched with the participation of hardwood (birch, linden), and can be quite durable. In pine plantings it is necessary to conduct intensive artificial selection, cutting “according state”, that will keep the pine forests composed in polydominant woods of the region. The proposed cuttings of pine “according state” are necessary to prevent the degradation processes for the successful reproduction of coniferous-deciduous forests in the region.
Influence of level of a nitric food on efficiency and quality of grain of winter wheat in the conditions of Predkamya of RT
Authors: Тагиров  , Tagirov Marsel , Газизов  , Gazizov Ilyas , Фадеева  , Fadeeva Irina
Published: June 2014

Winter wheat productivity and grain quality is largely dependent on the availability of mineral elements of plants throughout the growing season. [2] Early spring fertilization with nitrogen fertilizers contributes to more rapid growth of the root system, further tillering, strengthening of ear shoots development and highest yield increase. Application of fertilizers, containing micronutrients (Akvarin 5), having a complex effect on plants, is perspective in high quality grain production. In this paper, we studied the effect of nitrogen nutrition and trace elements on grain productivity and quality, perspective and zoned species in the Republic of Tatarstan. Spring introduction of nitrogen in the form of ammonium nitrate leads to an increase the density of productive plant stand to 10.0%, crop yield to 20%. Treating the plant by Akvarin5 preparation in tillering period, it increases the density of plant stand of winter wheat on average 2.89%, productivity to 4.3% or 0.21 tons per hectare, compared to one with a nitrogen fertilizing. Akvarin 5 preparation leads to weight rising of 1000 grains more significant at making it in earing - flowering phase, than in the phase of tillering. It also increases the weight of the grain and gluten content. A greater influence on the nature of grain has a nitrogen fertilizer, than treatment by Akvarin 5.
DRONE HOMOGENATE AND LAYING HENS PRODUCTIVITY
Authors: Муравьев  , Muravev Dmitriy , Калачинская  , Kalachinskaya Alla
Published: June 2014

This article discusses one of the most pressing issues in the poultry industry, namely feeding using unconventional feed additives. The author describes the results of studies on the introduction into the diet of laying hens dietary supplement of waste beekeeping. The lyophilized drone homogenate previously not used in the feeding of laying hens, so the aim of our work was to study the influence of additives on the poultry body and its productive quality. After analyzing the productive qualities of the birds, the author pays attention to the positive trends in key indicators in the experimental groups. The additive also positive effected on the ratio of the quality classes of eggs. The feed consumption decreased and the thickness of the shell increased. The analysis of morphological and biochemical blood indices showed compliance. Based on this analysis, the author concludes the positive effect of the lyophilized drone homogenate on productive qualities of laying hens and on further opportunities to continue research on the use of LDH in poultry rations.
MAIN FACTORS OF CROP FORMATION OF FESCUE SEEDS ON GRAY FOREST SOILS OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN
Authors: Трофимов  , Trofimov Nikolay , Сафиоллин  , Safiollin Faik , Миннуллин  , Minnullin Gennadiy
Published: June 2014

The basis of biological farming is expanding the acreage of perennial grasses, which in the coming years should occupy at least 25% of the arable land of our Republic instead of 18-20% currently. To solve this problem annually more than 9 thousands tons of seeds of perennial grasses is reguired, including meadow fescue 0.7 thousands tons. The study revealed that despite the higher production costs of the two-phase method of harvesting and threshing, the profitability of seed production is higher to 7-21%, than the direct harvesting. In traditional two-phase harvesting (mowing in rolls, then threshing rolls), and seed moisture content of 12-14%, the loss of biological crop production reduces by almost twice, comparing with direct harvesting, but it is inferior to in two-phase threshing. The reason is very simple, the fescue panicles on the top reach harvest maturity faster, than the on the bottom. In the case of rainfall, they crumble, which is clearly manifested in the growth of grain dropping after threshing rolls. The each hectare of investigated variants of meadow fescue brings about 10-12 thousand rubles of net profit. Thus, in order to obtain from each hectare of crop 380-400 kg of low-cost uncoated, it is recommended to sow it with row spacing of 30 cm and organize two-phase threshing of harvest.
CHANGE OF GRAY FOREST SOIL AGROCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS FACTORS
Authors: Шарипова  , Sharipova Gulsiya , Тагиров  , Tagirov Marsel
Published: June 2014

Lucerne is a good soil conditioner, due to the strong root system, it protects the soil from water and wind erosion. It leaves an equal amount of organic substance, which contains 60-70 tons of manure. The purpose of research - the study of the dynamics of alfalfa agrocoenosis root system accumulation and the change of agrochemical characteristics of gray forest soils of Tatarstan under the influence of various factors. Experiments were carried out in 2008-2010 on an experimental field of State Scientific University “Tatar Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture”of Russian Agricultural Academy on Sarga variety of alfalfa herbage. In spring before the vegetation on the experimental zone we carried out a double-harrowing BIG-3 and added azophoska at the rate of 4 kg per hectare. The article presents the experimental data, obtained in the fertilizer application on the alfalfa forage on the gray forest soil in Kama region of the Republic of Tatarstan. Mineral fertilizers application gives an increase accumulation of the root system to 12-26%. In so doing, the activity of the decomposition of cellulose, comparing to the background without fertilizers, increased to 15-20%. Also on background of N72P72K72 , the phosphorus content in the soil rised at 54-80, potassium - 64-82, hydrolyzable nitrogen 2,8-6,8%.
Championing the role of the liver nurse
Authors: Clayton Michelle
Published: June 2014

Michelle Clayton, Lecturer in Liver Care at the School of Healthcare, University of Leeds, briefly recounts the aims of the British Liver Nurses' Forum and its vision for the future
An overview of serrated polyposis and Cowden's syndromes
Authors: Samarasinghe Muditha , Cuthill Vicky
Published: June 2014

In this article, the authors provide an overview of serrated polyposis syndrome (SPS) and Cowden's syndrome (CS). The authors describe the natural history of these syndromes and make recommendations for the screening and management of patients with these conditions. SPS is a condition in which multiple hyperplastic or serrated polyps are identified in the large bowel that, if left untreated, leads to a high risk of bowel cancer development. CS was first recognised in 1962; it is one of the few genetic syndromes that have been named after the first patient described with the condition: Rachel Cowden. The diagnosis of CS is characterised by multiple hamartomatous polyps and increased risk of other cancers.
Can't they play – just for the fun of it?
Authors: Hart Karen
Published: June 2014

While campaign groups are divided on the best approaches to early education, Karen Hart questions their heavy emphasis on educational attainment.
CEACAM2-L on Spermatids Interacts with Poliovirus Receptor on Sertoli Cells in Mouse Seminiferous Epithelium
Authors: Salaheldeen Elsaid , Howida Ali , Wakayama Tomohiko , Iida Hiroshi
Published: June 2014

The removal of excess cytoplasm from elongated spermatids by Sertoli cells is the last essential step in spermatogenesis. It requires cell-to-cell recognition between a Sertoli cell and an elongating spermatid through protein-protein interactions. CEACAM2-L, an adhesion molecule of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF), is present at the plasma membrane covering the excess cytoplasm of elongated spermatids, and is possibly involved in the cell-to-cell recognition. In this study, we investigated the interaction between CEACAM2-L and Poliovirus receptor (PVR), which is also from the IgSF and is expressed by Sertoli cells. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that CEACAM2-L expressed on elongated spermatids was in close contact with PVR-positive cell processes of Sertoli cells. Immunoprecipitation experiments both in vivo and in vitro demonstrated a direct heterophilic interaction between CEACAM2-L and PVR. We show that the N-terminal Ig domain of CEACAM2-L was critical for its interaction with PVR. In addition, we found that CEACAM2-L formed heterophilic trans-tetramers with PVR in transfected COS-7 cells. From these data, we propose that Sertoli cells recognize the excess cytoplasm of elongated spermatids through the PVR-CEACAM2-L interaction in mouse testis.
Evidence for a very slow disaggregation of lignosulfonates
Authors: Myrvold Bernt O.
Published: June 2014

There is still a challenging question about how lignosulfonates (LS), such as non-sulfonated lignins, aggregate and disaggregate in solution. In the literature, the reported critical aggregation concentration (CAC) of LS varies by orders of magnitude. In the present work, the aggregation of a purified sodium LS (NaLS) from a softwood has been studied by size exclusion chromatography and capillary viscometry. It was found that intermolecular aggregates form at relatively high concentrations. Disaggregation is an extremely slow process for spray dried samples and proceeds for several weeks. The process can be speeded up by increasing the pH and/or temperature. The very slow disaggregation may explain the strongly varying (and sometimes very low) CAC values reported in the literature. An interaction energy of about 8 kJ mol-1 monomer was calculated.
Home range and shelter preferences of marsupial Didelphis aurita (Wied-Neuwied, 1826) in a fragmented area in southeastern Brazil
Authors: de Oliveira Cleverson Fraga , Rosa Clarissa Alves , Passamani Marcelo
Published: June 2014

(Wied-Neuwied, 1826) is a marsupial common in the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado but understudied. Thus, we estimated the size of the home range and shelter preferences for three individuals (one male and two females) of
Assessment of Exposure to Voices and Noise via Earphones in Manufacturing Industry Workers in Japan
Authors: Nakao Tomo , Kakei Masazumi , Araki Ikuno , Tsutsui Takao , Satoh Noriaki , Inoue Jinro , Horie Seichi
Published: June 2014

Assessment of Exposure to Voices and Noise via Earphones in Manufacturing Industry Workers in Japan: Tomo NAKAO, et al. Department of Health Policy and Management, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan—

Objectives

There is concern that sound via earphones and headphones attached to headsets used in workplaces may be a risk factor for noise‐induced hearing loss (NIHL). Although there are some previous studies investigating exposure to noise from headphones, almost none have assessed the risks to workers who use earphones. We assessed exposure to noise among workers who regularly wear earphones in noisy workplaces.

Methods

The subjects of this study were 21 workers who regularly wear earphones in three manufacturing companies in Japan. The sound pressure output from earphones and personal exposure to occupational noise was measured for each worker. A noise‐dosimeter was used to measure individual exposure to occupational noise. The sound pressure output from the earphones was measured by recording the electric signal with a data recorder attached to the earphones, and the recording was analyzed by playing it back in the laboratory through a sound analyzer via an ear simulator.

Results

The mean scores for personal exposure and earphone output LAeq were 87.9 dB and 87.6 dB, respectively. Earphone output LAeq exceeded 85 dB for two‐thirds of the subjects. Nearly all the subjects lacked hearing protection devices (HPDs) on their earphones.

Conclusions

The results suggest that workers who use earphones in noisy workplaces are exposed to the following NIHL risk factors: (1) they are deprived of the opportunity to fit appropriate HPDs, and (2) the sound pressure output from the earphones themselves exceeds the occupational exposure limit.
Intention to Stay and Intention to Leave: Are They Two Sides of the Same Coin? A Cross‐sectional Structural Equation Modelling Study among Health and Social Care Workers
Authors: Nancarrow Susan , Bradbury Joanne , Pit Sabrina Winona , Ariss Steven
Published: June 2014

Intention to Stay and Intention to Leave: Are They Two Sides of the Same Coin? A Cross‐Sectional Structural Equation Modelling Study among Health and Social Care Workers: Susan NANCARROW, et al. School of Health & Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Australia—

Objectives

“Intention to leave” (ITL) has been used interchangeably with the more positive construct “intention to stay” (ITS). The implicit assumption appears to be that both constructs represent different sides of the same coin. This study challenges this assumption. The objectives were (i) to test whether these constructs were similar measures of the same construct, and (ii) to assess the strength of the relationships between ITL and ITS with work‐related outcomes.

Methods

The Workforce Dynamics Questionnaire (WDQ) was administered to 298 staff. The WDQ included two items on ITL and was supplemented with three items on ITS. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used.

Results

The response rate was 43%. The correlation between the two constructs was negative and quite high (r=−0.84), indicating potential issues with discriminant validity. However, the constructs behaved differently in relation to job satisfaction and job integration. ITS was a strong predictor (0.95, p<0.001), whereas ITL was not significantly related (0.34, p=0.195) to JS. The direct effects of JI on ITS was 0.30 and on ITL was −0.42. The indirect effects of JI were more contrasting, being 0.56 for ITS and −0.30 for ITL, via job satisfaction.

Conclusions

This is the first study amongst British health and social care workers that has demonstrated that ITS and ITL are not measuring the same construct. While there is overlap, care should be taken when using these constructs interchangeably, particularly when measuring these concepts in organizations and when developing retention programs, policies, or activities to modify ITS and ITL.
Pre-School Child’s School Diary from the Lens of a Professional Educator: Case of Preparatory Education in Chouhada Hamoum Public School in Algeria
Authors: Idri Nadia
Published: June 2014

The present work deals with preschool education taking the case of a five-year old child learning in the Chouhadaa Hamoum Primary School, Béjaia. The study questions the new practices used in the primary schools adopted in Algeria right from 2008 vis-à-vis preschool children. Programme and educational practices are also tackled in the analysis of data. The chosen method is qualitative analysis using a dialogical approach adopted from Sullivan (2012). For these, many techniques were used to collect data namely observation, diaries of the child and the mother, and interviews. In the analysis, we focused on dialogue and we considered subjectivity through bureaucratic as well as charisma approaches. Results showed that pre-schooling seems to be beneficial since instruction was facilitated, instructors do sometimes communicate with parents to solve children’s problems, and the programmes as well as the materials should be re-considered by stakeholders as advocated by the interviewed teachers.
Exploring Data Use Among Teachers in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Ryan Marie C.
Published: June 2014

Systematic data use among educators in Ireland has become a significant feature of recent policy documents from the Department of Education and Skills (DES, 2011a; DES, 2013). A comprehensive examination of teachers' data use, their attitudes towards data and their confidence in their skills to use data has yet to be conducted in the Republic of Ireland. This study sought to examine current data use practices among Irish primary teachers, to explore teachers' confidence in relation to their data literacy skills and to examine the extent to which they valued data. Primary school teachers, (n=217) across 18 schools, completed three scales to measure data use, data confidence and data value; Teacher Data Use Scale (TDUS), the Teacher Confidence with Data Scale (TCDS) and the Teacher Data Value Scale (TDVS) respectively. Results indicated a significant predictive relationship between data confidence, data value and data use. High levels of data confidence were found to lead to greater data use. Disparity emerged between confidence levels across data literacy skills with teachers reporting most confidence in relation to key data related terminology and least confidence in relation to basic statistics. Findings are discussed in the context of current and future educational realities in the Republic of Ireland.
Application of Chaining Therapy for Improving Fine Motoric Skills As Self Being Basic Skills in Children with Down Syndrome
Authors: Safitri Jehan , Fauzia Rahmi , Sholihah Qomariyatus
Published: June 2014

Background Every parent want perfection is created for their children. However, if perfection is not obtained, then the only way is to maximize the potential of the child for functioned optimally and can live independently. Aims This study aims to determine the effectiveness of chaining therapy in maximizing fine motor skills that the basis for self-being skills in children with Down syndrome, children are expected can practice maximally motor skills so they can perform many activities of daily life independently. Method The research was conducted by applying the behavior approach chaining therapy in children with Down syndrome to improve their fine motor skills. The subjects in this research 2 people who attend schools for children with special needs in Surabaya. Method of assessment are interview, observation and psychological tests while chaining therapy using chaining technique. Results & Conclusion The chaining technique is effective enough to improve in fine motor skills in children with Down syndrome. In this technique behavior break down the behavior into smaller components and given to the children one by one in a systematic, until children mastered a whole set of behaviors that become intervention target. This makes it easy children with cognitive and physical limitations that occur in children with Down syndrome in order to receive information and training new the behavior gradually. Improvement that appears in the behavior the target activities are the subject doing activities in fine motor skills that more directed, not only do the activity without purpose. Moreover, with this technique becomes more settling the behavior, because each small component the behavior is repeated until the subject doing activities completely mastered before mastered a whole set of behaviors to intervention target. Several factors influence the effectiveness of the application of this therapy in subjects with Down syndrome, i.e. age factor (children's readiness for receive stimulation), cognitive ability, motivation, and support the environment.
Subjects Invite Subjects – Education in Dialogue Between Students and Teachers
Authors: Silius-Ahonen Ellinor , Gustavson Maria
Published: June 2014

Purpose of Study: The purpose of our study is to enable students and teachers to build upon their own subjective stance in order to meet the professional competence requirements set by our diverse society and the demands of Higher Professional Education. Research Methods: Method for collecting data was done by; a) Questioner to 24 students b) Participatory action research c) Focus interview Method for analyzing data was done through an abductive discussion between the theory and the empiric in order to create a narrative, a story. Findings: Pedagogical tools and routines can sometimes be seen as straitjackets rather than helpful alternatives. We have shown alternative practices and tools that foster both students and teachers in the role of a subject. These are for example; artistic expressions, such as drawing and drama, progressive portfolios framed by a problem based learning setting. Conclusions: When teachers are inviting student to become subjects in their own learning processes, the vice versa also happens. Subject positions will nourish subject positions and higher education will create “higher” from the perspective of both broader and deeper education.