bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring academic libraries’ use of Twitter: a content analysis
Authors: Al-Daihani Sultan M. , AlAwadhi Suha A.
Published: December 2015

Purpose

– This research aims to analyze academic libraries’ Twitter content and present a categorization framework for the study of their tweets.

Design/methodology/approach

– The research adopted a statistical descriptive analysis in addition to a content analysis of the tweets. Consequently, many categories and subcategories were created to classify the tweets according to different aspects. A total of 17 academic library accounts were examined.

Findings

– The findings show that academic libraries used Twitter as a multifaceted tool. “News and announcements” received the highest score as the type of information most often posted on Twitter by libraries, followed by “library collections” and “library services”. The subcategories that received the highest scores were “library marketing and news”, “answers and referrals” and “books”. Academic libraries showed a penchant for posting links more often than other content. Other results show different patterns of communication and interaction between libraries and their Twitter followers.

Practical implications

– The categorization of tweets provides a framework for understanding how academic libraries use Twitter.

Originality/value

– As little research can be found in the library and information science literature on Twitter content analysis, this research is expected to contribute significantly. It will also support academic libraries and librarians in using Twitter more efficiently and effectively.
Corporate real estate strategies: the Nigerian experience
Authors: Oladokun Timothy Tunde , Aluko Bioye Tajudeen
Published: December 2015

Purpose

– The paper aims to contribute to the empirically scarce literature on corporate real estate management (CREM) strategies by providing meaningful insights on the different strategies likely to contribute to business performance in a developing country like Nigeria.

Design/methodology/approach

– Primary data collected using questionnaire administered on property managers of the 105 business organisations in the list of registered companies with the Nigerian Stock Exchange were used for the study. The questionnaire elicited information on the real estate holding pattern and the adopted strategies for acquiring and managing real estate assets. The data collected were analysed using percentages, mean and proportion method.

Findings

– The study established that 41 per cent of the organisations were public organisations. Others were private companies (31 per cent), government departments (18 per cent) and multi-nationals (10 per cent). The result indicated that 31.8 per cent had no CREM strategy. Strategies used were: cost reduction (18.75 per cent), facilitate production (20.17 per cent), flexibility (15.5 per cent), promote human resource objectives (10.86 per cent), promote the marketing message (4.33 per cent), promote sales and selling delivery (18.67 per cent), facilitate managerial process and knowledge (7.5 per cent) and capture real estate value (6.5 per cent). The study concluded that CREM is a useful tool that the organisations can make effective use of to improve their performance.

Research limitations/implications

– Limiting the scope of the study to the perception of the respondents could reflect an element of bias and might pose a great challenge to the representativeness. Also, the use of closed question questionnaire may limit the validity of the results.

Practical implications

– The study has major implications on business performance in Nigeria. There is the need for corporations to reappraise their real estate strategy and realign it with their corporate objective. There is also the need for Nigerian Institution of Estate Surveyors and Valuers to train its members for contemporary business requirements.

Originality/value

– The paper is a useful guide to corporate real estate managers in developing countries towards using real estate strategies to minimize the overall cost of their companies.
The perceived value of workplace concepts for organisations
Authors: Petrulaitiene Vitalija , Jylhä Tuuli
Published: December 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to focus on the value of workplace concepts. The aim is twofold. First, the development of expected value into actual perceived value of workplace concept is studied together with the methods adopted to realise such value. After this, the perceived value of concepts is analysed in more detail to supplement the literature.

Design/methodology/approach

– The identified relationship is analysed qualitatively through six Finnish case organisations. The data were collected both through interviews and observations and analysed through coding.

Findings

– The actual perceived value of the workplace concepts was richer than the expected value before the workplace implementation. The direction from cost- to business- workplace strategies was noticed. Active employee involvement and orientation towards their needs, as well as also the activity-based offices with unassigned workspaces and more meeting areas, were the main tools and methods used to perceive the value.

Practical implications

– More organisations develop their own workplace concepts. For practitioners, this paper offers the insight on what was expected, provides the workplace concept development results and practical insights into realizing such value from the organisational perspective.

Originality/value

– The value of this paper lies in the relationship between the expected value from the workplace concept and the actual perceived value of the concept, along with tools and methods to perceive it.
Borrowing theories in humanitarian supply chain management
Authors: Tabaklar Tunca , Halldórsson Árni , Kovács Gyöngyi , Spens Karen
Published: December 2015

Purpose

– Within the emerging research field of humanitarian supply chain management (HSCM) the use of existing theoretical concepts and frameworks to provide explanation and understanding of the phenomena under scrutiny is not yet well understood. There is still a lack of research on which theoretical approaches are used in this field, and to what extent this emerging field “borrows” theories from other disciplines. The purpose of this paper is therefore to deepen the understanding of HSCM from a theoretical point of view by identifying and evaluating the use of theories in HSCM literature.

Design/methodology/approach

– A literature review is conducted based on academic journal articles included in a well-recognised and publicly available bibliography on HSCM articles (Tatham, 2015). A content analysis is applied to the articles in terms of level of theory, research methodology, disaster management stages, disaster types, and disaster name/region.

Findings

– A trend towards using more established, “middle- range” theories, is evident. However, the use of theoretical approaches is not evenly spread between the different phases of disaster relief. A strong emphasis on SCM as a background discipline is also mirrored in the choice of theories used, which indicates the solidification of humanitarian logistics as a primarily supply chain discipline. The lack of use of other theoretical perspectives and grand theories is, however, still evident, which provides an interesting research agenda for future research.

Research limitations/implications

– The use of the bibliography limits the generalisation of the findings although some trends are evident.

Originality/value

– This is a first review of theories used in HSCM. It provides an overview of the state of the art of HSCM research but contributes to the maturation of research in this field. The paper concludes with a research agenda.
Synergistic effect of high‐mobility group box‐1 and lipopolysaccharide on cytokine induction in bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Authors: Appavoo Elamurugan , Hajam Irshad Ahmed , Muneeswaran Narayanan Selvaraj , Kondabattula Ganesh , Bhanuprakash Veerakyathappa , Kishore Subodh
Published: December 2015

High‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is one of the potent endogenous adjuvants released by necrotic and activated innate immune cells. HMGB1 modulates innate and adaptive immune responses in humans and mice by mediating immune cells crosstalk. However, the immuno‐modulatory effects of HMGB1 in the bovine immune system are not clearly known. In this study, the effect of bovine HMGB1 alone or in combination with LPS on the expression kinetics of cytokines upon in vitro stimulation of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was investigated by quantitative PCR assay. The biological activity of bovine HMGB1 expressed in this prokaryotic expression system was confirmed by its ability to induce nitric oxide secretion in RAW 264.7 cells. The present results indicate that HMGB1 induces a more delayed TNF‐α response than does LPS in stimulated PBMCs. However, IFN‐γ, IFN‐β and IL‐12 mRNA transcription peaked at 6 hr post stimulation after both treatments. Further, HMGB1 and LPS heterocomplex up‐regulated TNF‐α, IFN‐γ and IL‐12 mRNA expression significantly than did individual TLR4 agonists. The heterocomplex also enhanced the expression of TLR4 on bovine PBMCs. In conclusion, the data indicate that HMGB1 and LPS act synergistically and enhance proinflammatory cytokines, thereby eliciting Th1 responses in bovine PBMCs. These results suggest that HMGB1 can act as an adjuvant in modulating the bovine immune system and thus lays a foundation for using HMGB1 as an adjuvant in various bovine vaccine preparations.
Do high‐impact invaders have the strongest negative effects on abundant and functionally similar resident species?
Authors: Case Erica J. , Harrison Susan , Cornell Howard V.
Published: December 2015

Although invasive plants may out‐compete and cause local‐scale extirpations of resident species, it is widely observed that they cause few extinctions at larger spatial scales.

One possible explanation is that highly successful invaders tend to be functionally similar to, and therefore compete most strongly with, resident species that are also relatively successful and widespread. High abundance may then protect these functionally similar residents from complete extinction over large areas despite their stronger competition with the invader.

We tested this idea in a native‐rich grassland where a novel invader, Aegilops triuncialis (barb goatgrass), strongly affects community diversity at the local scale. We compared resident species abundances in paired invaded and uninvaded plots with similar soil and community characteristics and invasibility as assayed by experimentally planted Aegilops.

We found that the negative effects of the invader on abundance were strongest on resident species belonging to the same functional group as the invader (annual grasses). Within grasses, multivariate functional similarity to the invader also predicted decline in abundance under invasion.

However, we did not find the predicted general relationship between abundance, functional similarity to the invader, and tendency to decline under invasion.

Additional factors, such as spatial heterogeneity in the invaded community, must contribute to the relative scarcity of large‐scale extinctions under invasion.
The importance of autonomous selfing in preventing hybridization in three closely related plant species
Authors: Brys Rein , van Cauwenberghe Jannick , Jacquemyn Hans
Published: December 2015

In plants that are able to self‐fertilize, autonomous selfing has been hypothesized to function as an effective mechanism that prevents heterospecific mating. However, there have only been few studies that have assessed the relative and absolute contribution of different modes of selfing to total reproductive isolation acting between species. Because selfing can be expected to increase fitness costs when offspring are sired from more outcrossing sister taxa, it can be hypothesized that the contribution of post‐zygotic barriers to total reproductive isolation becomes stronger in selfing than in more outcrossing relatives.

To assess the efficiency of different modes of selfing against heterospecific mating, we conducted mixed‐pollination experiments in three Centaurium species showing strong differences in mating system (i.e. delayed selfing in Centaurium erythraea, competing selfing in C. littorale and prior selfing in C. pulchellum). The contribution of selfing to total reproductive isolation was further examined by quantifying the strength of three pre‐zygotic (flowering phenology, pollinator fidelity and pollen production) and four intrinsic post‐zygotic (seed set and germination, survival and flowering capacity) barriers for each of the six species pair combinations.

Although autonomous selfing as a reproductive barrier was unable to completely impede gene flow, its efficiency as a mechanism to prevents heterospecific pollination strongly depended on the mode of selfing, with prior selfing being by far the most efficient mechanism and delayed selfing only offering a limited protection against hybrid fertilization at the end of a flower's lifetime. Apart from the prevention effect of selfing, differences in pollinator fidelity and pollen production also contributed substantially to total reproductive isolation.

Post‐zygotic hybrid costs were high and most prevalent for seed production and germination success. Reductions in hybrid vigour were significantly associated with the mating system of the maternal species, with the highest reductions in the most selfing C. pulchellum and the lowest reductions in predominant outcrossing C. erythraea.

Synthesis. Our findings indicate that selfing may prevent species from interspecific gene flow and hybridization. The association between the capacity to self‐autonomously and hybrid vigour further suggests that selfing may foster post‐zygotic costs following hybridization.
Translating Health Services Research into Practice in the Safety Net
Authors: Moore Susan L. , Fischer Ilana , Havranek Edward P.
Published: December 2015

Objective

To summarize research relating to health services research translation in the safety net through analysis of the literature and case study of a safety net system.

Data Sources/Study Setting

Literature review and key informant interviews at an integrated safety net hospital.

Study Design

This paper describes the results of a comprehensive literature review of translational science literature as applied to health care paired with qualitative analysis of five key informant interviews conducted with senior‐level management at Denver Health and Hospital Authority.

Principal Findings

Results from the literature suggest that implementing innovation may be more difficult in the safety net due to multiple factors, including financial and organizational constraints. Results from key informant interviews confirmed the reality of financial barriers to innovation implementation but also implied that factors, including institutional respect for data, organizational attitudes, and leadership support, could compensate for disadvantages.

Conclusions

Translating research into practice is of critical importance to safety net providers, which are under increased pressure to improve patient care and satisfaction. Results suggest that translational research done in the safety net can better illuminate the special challenges of this setting; more such research is needed.
Paediatric critical procedures in the emergency department: Incidence, trends and the physician experience
Authors: Nguyen Lucia D , Craig Simon
Published: December 2015

Objectives

To analyse and provide current data surrounding paediatric critical procedures performed in three EDs of a single Victorian health network.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study of every paediatric ED attendance requiring management in a resuscitation cubicle at three Victorian hospitals in 2013. The primary outcome measure was the frequency of each paediatric critical procedure performed in the ED during the 12 month study period. Additional outcome measures included details of the proceduralist and of patient presentations.

Results

Across the three EDs, there were 54 633 paediatric presentations during the study period. 5895 patients were assessed in a resuscitation cubicle and of these, only 37 presentations required one or more critical procedures (7/10 000 presentations). A total of 53 critical procedures were performed. 83% (n = 43) of emergency physicians did not perform a single paediatric critical procedure during the study period.

Endotracheal intubation was the most commonly performed critical procedure with 40 attempts (74% of procedures); however, 83% of the full‐time emergency physicians regularly exposed to paediatric presentations did not attempt or supervise a single paediatric intubation over the 12 months. 49% of patients who received a critical procedure were under 3 years of age and the most common diagnostic categories were seizure, respiratory and trauma.

Conclusion

Critical procedures in children occur infrequently. Clinical exposure in the ED is therefore unreliable as the sole source of experience for critical procedures.
Measuring the immune system of the three‐spined stickleback – investigating natural variation by quantifying immune expression in the laboratory and the wild
Authors: Robertson Shaun , Bradley Janette E. , MacColl Andrew D. C.
Published: December 2015

Current understanding of the immune system comes primarily from laboratory‐based studies. There has been substantial interest in examining how it functions in the wild, but studies have been limited by a lack of appropriate assays and study species. The three‐spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) provides an ideal system in which to advance the study of wild immunology, but requires the development of suitable immune assays. We demonstrate that meaningful variation in the immune response of stickleback can be measured using real‐time PCR to quantify the expression of eight genes, representing the innate response and Th1‐, Th2‐ and Treg‐type adaptive responses. Assays are validated by comparing the immune expression profiles of wild and laboratory‐raised stickleback, and by examining variation across populations on North Uist, Scotland. We also compare the immune response potential of laboratory‐raised individuals from two Icelandic populations by stimulating cells in culture. Immune profiles of wild fish differed from laboratory‐raised fish from the same parental population, with immune expression patterns in the wild converging relative to those in the laboratory. Innate measures differed between wild populations, whilst the adaptive response was associated with variation in age, relative size of fish, reproductive status and S. solidus infection levels. Laboratory‐raised individuals from different populations showed markedly different innate immune response potential. The ability to combine studies in the laboratory and in the wild underlines the potential of this toolkit to advance our understanding of the ecological and evolutionary relevance of immune system variation in a natural setting.
Can public health registry data improve Emergency Medical Dispatch?
Authors: Andersen M S. , Christensen E. F. , Jepsen S. B. , Nørtved J. , Hansen J. B. , Johnsen S. P.
Published: December 2015

Background

Emergency Medical Dispatchers make decisions based on limited information. We aimed to investigate if adding demographic and hospitalization history information to the dispatch process improved precision.

Methods

This 30‐day follow‐up study evaluated time‐critical emergencies in contact with the emergency phone number 112 in Denmark during 18 months. ‘Time‐critical’ was defined as suspected First Hour Quintet (FHQ) (cardiac arrest, chest pain, stroke, difficulty breathing, trauma). The association of age, sex, and hospitalization history with adverse outcomes was examined using logistic regression. The predictive ability was assessed via area under the curve (AUC) and Hosmer–Lemeshow tests.

Results

Of 59,943 patients (median age 63 years, 45% female), 44–45.5% had at least one chronic condition, 3880 (6.47%) died the day or the day after (primary outcome) calling 112. Age 30–59 was associated with increased adjusted odds ratio (OR) of death on day 1 of 3.59 [2.88–4.47]. Male sex was associated with an increased adjusted OR of death on day 1 of 1.37 [1.28–1.47]. Previous hospitalization with nutritional deficiencies (adjusted OR 2.07 [1.47–2.92]) and severe chronic liver disease (adjusted OR 2.02 [1.57–2.59]) was associated with a higher risk of death. For trauma patients, the discriminative ability of the model showed an AUC of 0.74 for death on day 1.

Conclusion

Increasing age, male sex, and hospitalization history was associated with increased risk of death on day 1 for FHQ 112 callers. Additional efforts are warranted to clarify the role for risk prediction tools in emergency medical dispatch.
Long live FOXO: unraveling the role of FOXO proteins in aging and longevity
Authors: Martins Rute , Lithgow Gordon J. , Link Wolfgang
Published: December 2015

Aging constitutes the key risk factor for age‐related diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. Human longevity and healthy aging are complex phenotypes influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. The fact that genetic contribution to lifespan strongly increases with greater age provides basis for research on which “protective genes” are carried by long‐lived individuals. Studies have consistently revealed FOXO (Forkhead box O) transcription factors as important determinants in aging and longevity. FOXO proteins represent a subfamily of transcription factors conserved from Caenorhabditis elegans to mammals that act as key regulators of longevity downstream of insulin and insulin‐like growth factor signaling. Invertebrate genomes have one FOXO gene, while mammals have four FOXO genes: FOXO1, FOXO3, FOXO4, and FOXO6. In mammals, this subfamily is involved in a wide range of crucial cellular processes regulating stress resistance, metabolism, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. Their role in longevity determination is complex and remains to be fully elucidated. Throughout this review, the mechanisms by which FOXO factors contribute to longevity will be discussed in diverse animal models, from Hydra to mammals. Moreover, compelling evidence of FOXOs as contributors for extreme longevity and health span in humans will be addressed.
Effects of Mini‐Volume Priming During Cardiopulmonary Bypass on Clinical Outcomes in Low‐Bodyweight Neonates: Less Transfusion and Postoperative Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support
Authors: Kim Sang Yoon , Cho Sungkyu , Choi Eunseok , Kim Woong‐Han
Published: December 2015

Mixing of autologous blood with priming volume has relatively significant effects on blood composition, especially in low‐bodyweight neonates. In an effort to reduce these effects, mini‐volume priming (MP) has been applied in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The present study was designed to examine the effect of MP on clinical outcomes of low‐bodyweight neonates undergoing open heart surgery.We retrospectively reviewed medical records of low‐bodyweight (2.5 kg or less) neonates who underwent open heart surgery in our center from January 2000 to December 2014. A total of 64 patients were included. MP was introduced in 2007, and became a routine protocol in 2009. Preoperative and intraoperative characteristics included age, bodyweight, RACHS‐1, priming volume, CPB time, and aortic cross‐clamp time, transfusion, and hematocrit during CPB. Clinical outcomes included 30‐day mortality, postoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support, open sternum status, prolonged mechanical ventilation care (>7 days), and acute renal failure. MP was utilized in 39 patients and conventional priming (CP) was used in 25 patients. The priming volume decreased to 126.0 mL in the MP group compared with 321.6 mL in the CP group. Transfusion volume during CPB was 87.3 mL in the MP group versus 226.8 mL in the CP group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Hematocrit at the end of the CPB and maximal decrease of hematocrit during CPB were not significantly different between the two groups. The 30‐day mortality rate was 12.8% in the MP group versus 20.0% in the CP group. Postoperative ECMO support was performed in 5.1% of patients in the MP group versus 17.4% of patients in the CP group. Open sternum status was required in 20.8% of patients in the MP group versus 10.3% of patients in the CP group, and prolonged ventilator care was required in 54.2% of patients in the MP group versus 38.5% of patients in the CP group. However, no statistical significance was measured in any of the clinical outcome measures. Larger priming volume and higher RACHS‐1 were significant risk factors of postoperative ECMO support in univariate and multivariate analysis. The results of the present study suggest that MP may be beneficial in avoiding transfusion without having a significant effect on the hematocrit. Clinical outcomes did not differ between the two groups. However, larger priming volume was a significant risk factor for postoperative ECMO support with RACHS‐1 category.
Characterizing the lacrimal punctal region using anterior segment optical coherence tomography
Authors: Timlin Hannah M. , Keane Pearse A. , Day Alexander C. , Salam Tahrina , Abdullah Mohammed , Rose Geoffrey E. , Ezra Daniel G.
Published: December 2015

Purpose

Abnormalities of lacrimal punctum size and morphology probably contribute to excess tearing, with significant effects on quality‐of‐life for affected individuals. Our current understanding of normal punctal morphology originates from ex vivo studies, which are unlikely to capture the true nature of the living punctum. This study used enhanced depth anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT) to give improved characterization and understanding of lacrimal punctal structure.

Methods

Qualitative and quantitative assessments were performed on spectral domain OCT images collected prospectively from 40 lower puncta of 20 healthy volunteers.

Results

The average external lower lid punctal diameter was 0.646 mm (SD 150 μm) on OCT imaging, measured at the largest diameter, which was in parallel to the mucocutaneous junction. Fifty‐five per cent of puncta appeared closed, whilst the eyelids were open. Fluid menisci were visible within 73% of puncta. A postpunctal ‘ampulla’ was visible within three systems, one of which was imaged through the conjunctival surface. Ampullary dilatation occurred laterally, rather than at the medial wall.

Conclusion

Optical coherence tomography provides quick and non‐invasive assessment of the lacrimal punctum and its neighbouring tissue layers. This assessment of punctal size and morphology has the potential for further investigation of punctal physiology, for aiding diagnosis, and for monitoring the results of treatment. The average external diameter of the punctal opening measured in this study is greater than that recorded in anatomical textbooks.
Discrepancies between plasma procalcitonin and C‐reactive protein levels are common in acute illness
Authors: Ivaska Lauri , Elenius Varpu , Mononen Ilkka , Ruuskanen Olli , Peltola Ville
Published: December 2015

Aim

Procalcitonin (PCT) and C‐reactive protein (CRP) are biomarkers of bacterial infection with distinct clinical qualities. This study aimed to determine the occurrence and significance of discrepancies in plasma PCT and CRP levels in hospitalised children.

Methods

This was a single centre, retrospective analysis of simultaneous PCT and CRP measurements. Clinical characteristics, microbiological findings and diagnoses were compared between cases in which only PCT or CRP levels were elevated.

Results

We studied 635 pairs of PCT and CRP measurements and found discrepancies in 29% of these. In the group with increased PCT and low CRP, there were more children with hypoxia or haemodynamic stress (14 versus 0, p < 0.001) and more bacteraemic patients (eight versus zero, p = 0.001) than in the group with low PCT and increased CRP. The latter group was associated with focal bacterial infections (three versus 18, p = 0.009), inflammatory conditions (one versus 12, p = 0.016) and postoperative setting (one versus 19, p = 0.001). Diabetic ketoacidosis was associated with a marked elevation of PCT.

Conclusion

Discrepancies in plasma PCT and CRP levels occurred in 29% of acutely ill children. Both biomarkers can increase in the absence of bacterial infection, but PCT may offer an advantage over CRP in the diagnosis of bacteraemia.
Emergency Preservation and Resuscitation Trial: A Philosophical Justification for Non‐Voluntary Enrollment
Authors: Tigard Daniel
Published: December 2015

In a current clinical trial for Emergency Preservation and Resuscitation (EPR), Dr. Samuel Tisherman of the University of Maryland aims to induce therapeutic hypothermia in order to ‘buy time’ for operating on victims of severe exsanguination. While recent publicity has framed this controversial procedure as ‘killing a patient to save his life’, the US Army and Acute Care Research appear to support the study on the grounds that such patients already face low chances of survival. Given that enrollment in the trial must be non‐voluntary, the study has received an exemption from federal standards for obtaining informed consent. How exactly, if at all, is non‐voluntary enrollment morally justifiable? In this essay, I appeal to the notable work of Hans Jonas in an effort to defend the EPR trial's use of non‐voluntary enrollment. It is often thought and, as I show, it may appear that Jonas has called for the end of experimental medical practice. Still, I derive from Jonas a principle of double‐effect upon which physicians may be seen as morally permitted to pursue innovations in emergency medicine but only as a byproduct of pursuing therapeutic success. With this position, I argue that the EPR trial can be granted a stronger philosophical justification than simply waiving the requirement of obtaining informed consent. The double‐effect justification would obtain, perhaps regardless of the success of such innovative procedures as therapeutic hypothermia.
Collaborations with Scientific Partners: The Mediating Role of the Social Context in Fostering Innovation Performance
Authors: Lazzarotti Valentina , Manzini Raffaella , Nosella Anna , Pellegrini Luisa
Published: December 2015

The success of collaboration between firms and scientific partners is still debated. Although a firm's social context seems to be crucial to explain the success or failure of such collaboration in terms of innovation performance, a deep analysis of the context role is still lacking. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to analyse whether a firm's internal climate as well as the quality of the relationships with scientific partners can mediate the relationship between collaboration and innovation performance. Results, based on survey research developed in Finland, Italy and Sweden, suggest that collaborations with scientific partners achieve good results in terms of innovation performance, through an explanation path which involves a firm's social context.
The Role of Different Opportunities in the Activation and Use of the Business Opportunity Prototype
Authors: Costa Sílvia F. , Ehrenhard Michel L. , Caetano António , Santos Susana C.
Published: December 2015

This study analyses how the different nature of business opportunities affects the way potential entrepreneurs recognize a business opportunity prototypical features. Although scholars have examined the reasons why some individuals, but not others, identify business opportunities, little is known about how the nature of the business opportunity (i.e., its context) affects the recognition of the business opportunity characteristics. Moreover, most studies on opportunity identification rely either on retrospective data or on entrepreneurs’ prior knowledge and experience. Thus, little is said about how cognitive structures are used by potential entrepreneurs upon opportunity recognition. Participants in this study (70 university students) were presented with one of two scenarios describing two different business opportunities – an independent entrepreneurial opportunity and a business reformulation opportunity – and were asked to describe the business opportunity in their own words. The analysis performed showed that there are significant differences in the way respondents recognized the prototypical characteristics of both business opportunities. Specifically, participants were more risk‐averse in the business reformulation opportunity than in the entrepreneurial opportunity. In the latter case, the participants focused more on customers. No differences were found regarding the identification of prototypical characteristics referring to profit.
Molecular Modeling on Berberine Derivatives toward BuChE: An Integrated Study with Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationships Models, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Fang Jiansong , Pang Xiaocong , Wu Ping , Yan Rong , Gao Li , Li Chao , Lian Wenwen , Wang Qi , Liu Ai‐lin , Du Guan‐hua
Published: December 2015

A dataset of 67 berberine derivatives for the inhibition of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) was studied based on the combination of quantitative structure–activity relationships models, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics methods. First, a series of berberine derivatives were reported, and their inhibitory activities toward butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) were evaluated. By 2D‐ quantitative structure–activity relationships studies, the best model built by partial least‐square had a conventional correlation coefficient of the training set (R2) of 0.883, a cross‐validation correlation coefficient () of 0.777, and a conventional correlation coefficient of the test set () of 0.775. The model was also confirmed by Y‐randomization examination. In addition, the molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation were performed to better elucidate the inhibitory mechanism of three typical berberine derivatives (berberine, C2, and C55) toward BuChE. The predicted binding free energy results were consistent with the experimental data and showed that the van der Waals energy term (ΔEvdw) difference played the most important role in differentiating the activity among the three inhibitors (berberine, C2, and C55). The developed quantitative structure–activity relationships models provide details on the fine relationship linking structure and activity and offer clues for structural modifications, and the molecular simulation helps to understand the inhibitory mechanism of the three typical inhibitors. In conclusion, the results of this study provide useful clues for new drug design and discovery of BuChE inhibitors from berberine derivatives.
Functional advantage of educated KIR2DL1+ natural killer cells for anti-HIV-1 antibody-dependent activation
Authors: Gooneratne S L , Center R J , Kent S J , Parsons M S
Published: December 2015

Evidence from the RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial implicates anti-HIV-1 antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in vaccine-conferred protection from infection. Among effector cells that mediate ADCC are natural killer (NK) cells. The ability of NK cells to be activated in an antibody-dependent manner is reliant upon several factors. In general, NK cell-mediated antibody-dependent activation is most robust in terminally differentiated CD57+ NK cells, as well as NK cells educated through ontological interactions between inhibitory killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) and their major histocompatibility complex class I [MHC-I or human leucocyte antigen (HLA-I)] ligands. With regard to anti-HIV-1 antibody-dependent NK cell activation, previous research has demonstrated that the epidemiologically relevant KIR3DL1/HLA-Bw4 receptor/ligand combination confers enhanced activation potential. In the present study we assessed the ability of the KIR2DL1/HLA–C2 receptor/ligand combination to confer enhanced activation upon direct stimulation with HLA-I-devoid target cells or antibody-dependent stimulation with HIV-1 gp140-pulsed CEM.NKr-CCR5 target cells in the presence of an anti-HIV-1 antibody source. Among donors carrying the HLA-C2 ligand for KIR2DL1, higher interferon (IFN)-γ production was observed within KIR2DL1+ NK cells than in KIR2DL1– NK cells upon both direct and antibody-dependent stimulation. No differences in KIR2DL1+ and KIR2DL1– NK cell activation were observed in HLA-C1 homozygous donors. Additionally, higher activation in KIR2DL1+ than KIR2DL1– NK cells from HLA–C2 carrying donors was observed within less differentiated CD57– NK cells, demonstrating that the observed differences were due to education and not an overabundance of KIR2DL1+ NK cells within differentiated CD57+ NK cells. These observations are relevant for understanding the regulation of anti-HIV-1 antibody-dependent NK cell responses.
Trajectory of problem behaviours of Korean adopted children: using piecewise hierarchical linear growth modelling
Authors: Ahn Jaejin , Byun Mi‐hee , Kwon Ji‐sung
Published: December 2015

This study examined the trajectory of problem behaviours in domestically adopted children in South Korea as they aged. This study used the Panel Study on Korean Adopted Children's longitudinal, three‐wave data (2006, 2008 and 2010). Although data were collected at three time points, our data consisted of six time points, which covered the 5–10 years age range of the adopted children at the time of survey. One hundred sixty‐four children were included in the analysis, 75 of whom contributed to one time point, 74 to two time points and 15 to three time points. The trajectory of the problem behaviours of adopted children was examined using a piecewise hierarchical linear growth model. Because the initial exploration of the data suggested non‐linear changes in behaviour problems over time, we split the growth trajectory into two time periods: Time 1 (5–7 years) and Time 2 (7–10 years). A two‐rate model was used to estimate separate slopes for the two time periods. Results showed that the externalizing and internalizing problems of adopted children have different trajectories. Internalizing problems did not show significant changes after 5 years of age, while externalizing problems increased until 7 years of age and decreased significantly thereafter.
Early growth and development impairments in patients with ganglioside GM3 synthase deficiency
Authors: Wang H. , Wang A. , Wang D. , Bright A. , Sency V. , Zhou A. , Xin B.
Published: December 2015

Ganglioside GM3 synthase is a key enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of gangliosides. GM3 synthase deficiency (GSD) causes a complete absence of GM3 and all downstream biosynthetic derivatives. The individuals affected by this disorder manifest severe irritability, intractable seizures and profound intellectual disability. However, we have found that most newborns seem symptom‐free for a period of time after birth. In order to further understand the onset of the disease, we investigated the early growth and development of patients with this condition through this study. We compared 37 affected individuals with their normal siblings and revealed that all children with GSD had relatively normal intrauterine growth and development, as their weight, length and head circumference were similar to their normal siblings at birth. However, the disease progresses quickly after birth and causes significant constitutional impairments of growth and development by 6 months of age. Neither breastfeeding nor gastrostomy tube placement made significant difference on growth and development as all groups of patients showed the similar pattern. We conclude that GSD causes significant postnatal growth and developmental impairments and the amount of gangliosides in breast milk and general nutritional intervention do not seem to alter these outcomes.
Enhancing the Value and Validity of EIA: Serious Science to Protect Australia's Great Barrier Reef
Authors: Sheaves Marcus , Coles Rob , Dale Pat , Grech Alana , Pressey Robert L. , Waltham Nathan J.
Published: December 2015

The unique values of Australia's Great Barrier Reef (GBR) are under threat from environmental change and the unforeseen, cumulative consequences of coastal development. Development decisions are underpinned by Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) but these are plagued by inconsistent methods and a lack of independent evaluation, leading to perceptions of inadequate scientific rigor. To be credible and effective, EIAs should be subject to independent peer review, the yardstick applied in the normal process of science. Without it, decisions based on EIA are at best contestable and potentially invalid. Peer review should be applied to the whole EIA process from project development to reporting and auditing approval requirements. It should be based on rigorous, standard protocols, and produce standardized and publicly available data. Securing the future of the GBR and other global natural assets requires refocusing EIA so it becomes a tool for strategic environmental protection rather than ad hoc permitting of development.
A Policy‐Driven Knowledge Agenda for Global Forest and Landscape Restoration
Authors: Chazdon Robin L. , Brancalion Pedro H. S. , Lamb David , Laestadius Lars , Calmon Miguel , Kumar Chetan
Published: December 2015

The global restoration movement is gaining momentum. International and national leaders are demonstrating unparalleled political will for achieving ambitious targets. However, the knowledge base for implementing large‐scale forest and landscape restoration (FLR) needs further development. Besides application of scientific and local knowledge, a broad understanding of the social, economic, and environmental context in which this knowledge is being applied is also needed. To address knowledge gaps and guide implementation of FLR at local to global scales we propose a knowledge creation agenda that we derive from emerging policy goals. We present a holistic approach that addresses food security, ecosystem services, and livelihoods, and that supports implementation by a wide array of actors from farmers and municipalities to corporations and state agencies. Our knowledge creation agenda is based on six broad policy goals, with several associated knowledge gaps for each goal. We recognize that this agenda is simply a starting point and will surely evolve and become more locally focused as the concept of FLR gains ground and as multiple groups of stakeholders engage in the long‐term process of restoring functionality and value to ecosystems and landscapes around the world.
Graduate Education for the Future: New Models and Methods for the Clinical and Translational Workforce
Authors: Begg Melissa D. , Bennett L. Michelle , Cicutto Lisa , Gadlin Howard , Moss Marc , Tentler John , Schoenbaum Ellie
Published: December 2015

This paper is the third in a five‐part series on the clinical and translational science educational pipeline, and it focuses on strategies for enhancing graduate research education to improve skills for interdisciplinary team science. Although some of the most cutting edge science takes place at the borders between disciplines, it is widely perceived that advancements in clinical and translational science are hindered by the “siloed” efforts of researchers who are comfortable working in their separate domains, and reluctant to stray from their own discipline when conducting research. Without appropriate preparation for career success as members and leaders of interdisciplinary teams, talented scientists may choose to remain siloed or to leave careers in clinical and translational science all together, weakening the pipeline and depleting the future biomedical research workforce. To address this threat, it is critical to begin at what is perhaps the most formative moment for academics: graduate training. This paper focuses on designs for graduate education, and contrasts the methods and outcomes from traditional educational approaches with those skills perceived as essential for the workforce of the future, including the capacity for research collaboration that crosses disciplinary boundaries.
Growing muscles in children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Barber Lee A , Boyd Roslyn N
Published: December 2015

This commentary is on the original article by Herskind et al. on pages 485–491 of this issue.
Pain hurts worldwide: non‐verbal children and adolescents with cerebral palsy
Authors: Ramstad Kjersti
Published: December 2015

This commentary is on the original article by Jayanath et al. on pages 395–401 of this issue.
Functioning in children and adolescents with Down syndrome on a population level: scientific opportunities and community care
Authors: Msall Michael E
Published: December 2015

This commentary is on the original article by Lin et al. on pages 502–507 of this issue.
On the role of sinigrin (mustard oil) in a tritrophic context: plant–aphid–aphidophagous hoverfly
Authors: AMIRI‐JAMI ALIREZA , SADEGHI‐NAMAGHI HUSSEIN , GILBERT FRANCIS , MORAVVEJ GHOLAMHOSSEIN , ASOODEH AHMAD
Published: December 2015

1. Plant secondary metabolites can govern prey–predator interactions by altering the diet breadth of predators and sometimes provide an ecological refuge to prey. Brassicaceae plants and their specialist pests can be used as a model system for understanding the role of chemically mediated effects restricting the diet breadth of natural enemies, and consequently the occurrence of enemy‐free space for the specialist pest.

2. The objective of the present study was to test the performance of the generalist predatorEpisyrphus balteatusDe Geer(Diptera:Syrphidae) fed on the specialist herbivoreBrevicoryne brassicaeL.(Homoptera:Aphididae), reared on two different brassica species: black mustard (Brassica nigra), a wild species with high levels of sinigrin; and canola (Brassica napus), a cultivated species without sinigrin.

3. The preference and performance of the predator and the performance of the prey were measured. Sinigrin was quantified by high‐performance liquid chromatography in both leaf samples and aphids reared on the two host plants.

4. The cabbage aphid performed better on canola than on black mustard. The performance of the predator on this aphid when reared on canola was clearly better than when reared on black mustard. Females had a higher overall preference for cabbage aphids reared on canola than on black mustard.

5. The ability of aphids reared on plants with high glucosinolate content to reduce the performance of their generalist predators indicates that the presence ofB.nigramay provide enemy‐free space for the cabbage aphid from its predator, a concept that has useful application in the context of biological control for agricultural systems.