bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influences of Different Electrode Positions on the Human Somatosensory Evoked Response
Authors: IKUTA Takumi
Published: March 2008

With the human Somatosensory Evoked Response (SER) evoked by the right median nerve stimulation and recorded on the scalp by an on‐line medical data processing computer, the influences of the different bipolar electrode positions on the SER were investigated. Setting 10 bipolar electrode positions on the parasagittal line on the scalp, 7 cm contralateral to the median nerve stimulated, 10 kinds of SERs with 10 different bipolar electrode positions were recorded. The patterns of these individual SERs were converted into the series of integers representing the pattern of the SER, and were subjected to the mathematical procedures by means of digital off‐line computer according to the schedule including the programs to calculate and plot the Inter‐Individual Averaged SER Pattern (IIA‐SER Pattern), the Pattern of the Fourier Progression a and b of the IIA‐SER Pattern and other trials for some kinds of the Pattern Recognition. Results obtained were as follows:

As the distance between bipolar electrodes increased, the amplitude of IIA‐SER Pattern, represented by the amplitude between the highest positive peak P2 and the deepest negative peak N4 tended to increase, and P3 became recessive as represented by the amplitude between P3‐N3.

The potential forming P2 and N4 ranged on relatively wide areas on the contralateral cerebral cortex, and the potential forming P3 ranged in relatively restricted areas on the contralateral cerebral cortex with major potential grade in the frontal area.

Changes of other items, including latencies of the components of the SER according to the shift of the electrode position, and other trials for the Pattern Recognition were examined.

Consequently, the bipolar electrode setting on the points 4 cm anterior and 2 cm posterior to the midcoronal line, on the parasagittal line 7 cm contralateral to the median neve stimulated, is recommendable for the recording of SER.
n‐Hexane Polyneuropathy†
Authors: YAMAMURA Yasuhiro
Published: March 2008

Ninety‐three cases of intoxication polyneuropathy occured among household workers exposed to excess concentrations of the n‐hexane vapor over several months or more.

The chief manifestation was polyneuropathy of glove‐and‐stocking type. According to the mode of involvement, they were classified into three groups: sensory polyneuropathy 53 cases, sensorimotor polyneuropathy 32 cases and sensorimotor polyneuropathy with amyotrophy 8 cases. Slight optic nerve involvements were observed in 8 cases. No symptoms or signs indicating lesions of the central nervous system and of spinal cord were discovered. In severely affected cases the symptoms progressed for about 2 months even after detachment from noxious environment.

No constant significant abnormalities were revealed in the laboratory examinations including urinalysis, complete blood counts, liver function tests, S T S and cerebrospinal fluid studies.

Biopsies of the peripheral nerve disclosed destruction of the myeline sheath with relatively well preserved axon. Muscle biopsies revealed that muscle tissue was largely replaced by fatty tissue and showed the features of neurogenic atrophy. Electromyography and conduction velocity of the peripheral nerve coincide with denervation and reinnervation processes of the nerve.

Characteristic features of this disease are discussed in comparison with other intoxication polyneuropathies.
Sexual Differences in Human Somatosensory Evoked Responses
Authors: IKUTA Takumi
Published: March 2008

Converting the patterns of the Somatosensory Evoked Response (SER) recorded from 29 schizophrenic adult inpatients, 12 males and 17 females, into the series of integers, the sexual differences in SER were studied by means of off‐line computation.

IIA‐SER Patterns (Inter‐Individual Average Somatosensory Evoked Response Patterns) were shown with 29 subjects in all, with 12 males, and with 17 females.

Marked differences between the IIA‐SER Patterns of males and of females were found. The latencies of P1, N2, P2, Pa and N4 were longer, but that of N3 was shorter in IIA‐SER Pattern of males than in that of females. Most of the amplitudes between the given pairs of the components were higher in the IIA‐SER Pattern of females than in that of males. The vertical difference between both IIA‐SER Patterns attained the maximum at 116 msec in latency.

Studying the heights of each individual SER patterns at 116 msec in latency, the sex of the subjects was discriminated correctly at the rate of 72%.

Adopting the Discriminant Function proposed in the present study, the sex of the subjects was discriminated correctly by their SER patterns at the rate of 90%.
Changes of Human Somatosensory Evoked Response in the Course of Insulin Hypoglycemic Coma
Authors: IKUTA Takumi
Published: March 2008

The changes of human Somatosensory Evoded Response (SER) in the course of insulin hypoglycemic coma were invest gated, referring to the changes of EEG and of clinical manifestations. As the indicators for the analysis of SER pattern, latencies of components and amplitudes between the given pair of components, which were based on the subjective judgement of investigators specifying the components, were used besides visual analysis. Further, SER patterns were converted into the series of numbers, then subjected to off‐line computation according to the formulae, in order to express quantitatively and completely objectively the deviation of the given SER pattern from the primary SER pattern. The results derived from each indicators were compared.

In the primary SER pattern of the subject, components N1, P1, N2, P2, N3, P3, N4, P4 and N5 with the latencies of 16, 23, 31, 40, 59, 112, 196, 310 and 416 msec, respectively, were specified.

At the maximal change, the increase of P1, N3, P3 and N4 was remarkable.

The latencies increased to 106, 104, 135, 160, 190, 204 and 194% of the primary value with N1, P1, N2, P2, N3, P3 and N4, respectively, at the different time, during the period of impaired consciousness. The process of changes of these latencies were different between different components, and not consistent even with the given component.

The change of amplitude between the given pair of components differed markedly between different components, and inconsistent even with the given pair of components. The range of the change was wide, covering – 76–320% of the primary value.

Sum AD was a better indicator rather than latencies and amplitudes, especially with 500 msec analysis time.

Sum (4) was the most relevant with the changes of EEG and of clinical manifestations among the indicators employed in the present study, especially with 250 msec analysis time.

Correlation coefficient was unreliable as the indicator.
The Determination of Ammonia in Arterial and Venous Blood by Immediate Fixation
Authors: TAKAMIZAWA Missa , KOYA Akiko , TORU Michio
Published: March 2008

A method for determination of blood ammonia was devised by fixing the blood with a trichloroacetic acid solution within 1 sec after shedding. The ammonia value using this technique was much lower than using whole blood in the assay of the same sample, while the recovery of the nitrogen added to the whole blood was 100%. The minimum ammonia value was obtained immediately after shedding by our method, and in 30 normal subjects the values for venous blood ammonia were 0.62 ± 0.22 μig ammonia nitrogen per ml and in 12 normal subjects the values for arterial blood ammonia were 0.52 ± 0.28 μg ammonia nitrogen per ml. According to our method, the blood specimens mixed with trichloroacetic acid and standing at 0° did not change its ammonia content after 1 hour, and the value for supernatant of blood extracted with trichloroacetic acid was also unchanged at –20° after more than 24 hours.

Ammonia values of arterial and venous blood were determined in patients with various diseases or liver diseases. The values of patients without liver dysfunction were almost within normal range while those with liver disease showed little higher than normal. Ammonia determination of blood and cerebrospinal fluid was performed in patients with Inose type of the hepatocerebral disease and their values almost always exceeded the normal levels.
“Hitomishiri” as a Japanese Concept of Stranger Anxiety and Anthropophobia
Authors: FUJITA Chihiro
Published: March 2008

We have considered a feeling of “Hito‐mishiri” and anthropophobia as a state of personal relations that is closely related to the special consciousness that one realizes oneself to belong to the inside or the outside circle, postulating that a feeling of shame underlies “Hitomishiri”.

The statistical survey of the images over “Hitomishiri” revealed that double‐structural characteristics is seen in a feeling of personal relations.

In this connection anthropophobia and “Hitomishiri” were also discussed. “Hitomishiri”, however, should be considered in another aspects when it is felt in a certain personal relations; one of the aspects is a response to one's consciousness of others arising from one's awareness of own body. These two kinds of consciousness are two cooperative alternatives for the mental integrity; one's own consciousness corresponds to others‘, and in consequently both interact with each other as two cooperative alternative factors for the mental integrity in which, if one becomes conscious, others respond to it.

Therefore, a feeling of “Hitomishiri” forms a pair with one's awareness of body, normally an unnoticed, neutral background for consciousness, which is obtained through one's sense that feels something from with in a certain physical state, as the relations of one in the inside to others in the outside circle is disclosed by the emotional disturbance in one's environs. It seems to be characteristic of hypochondriac trait, that it is initiated in the proess where one experiences a unpleasant, unstable feeling, and trys to exclude it because one always lives with pleasant, stable feelings with those who are in the same inside circle.

For this reason, we should not ignore the historical background with regard to that a desire for self approval is controlled by the emotional, cultural conditions in Japan. It seems to be somewhat difficult at present to perform detailed analysis of “Hitomishiri,”“shame”, and anthropophobia, because there are few of comparative studies on them available.

If we continue investigation of anthropophobia and orthopsiaphobia in the direction on as so far discussed, it will serve to make deeper analysis of these psychological disturbances that are popular in Japan.
The Somatosensory Evoked Potential in Patients with Cerebrovascular Diseases
Authors: MIYOSHI Seido , LÜDERS Hans , KATO Motohiro , KUROIWA Yoshigoro
Published: March 2008

The somatosensory evoked potential in hand area for contralateral median nerve stimuli was studied by summation method using a digital computer. Thirty‐four recordings were obtained from 27 patients with cerebrovascular diseases. Analysis time were 62.5 msec and 500 msec. Nine components, N1, P1, N2, P2, N3, N1P1, P1N2, N2P2, P2N3 appeared in 62.5 msec and the later component appeared in 500 msec analysis time. Each component was compared with those of 40 normal subjects. It was considered abnormal when it came out of the median ± 2SD of normal control. When all of ten were normal it was classified normal; when seven to nine were normal, as slightly abnormal; when four to six, as moderately abnormal, and when less than three, as severely abnormal. Of 34 recordings, 5 normal, 11 slightly abnormal, 4 moderately abnormal and 14 were severely abnormal. The SEP evoluted well during the course of illness with association to the clinical improvement, and the alteration of SEP correlated well with the severity of neurological state, though there were some exceptional cases. There were nine recordings of which SEPs were abnormal not only in the affected side but also in the unaffected hemisphere. Three attenuated, three enhanced responses and other three showed symmetric small P1N2 pattern. The former six cases appeared in the severely abnormal group. The symmetric small P1N2 pattern seen in three cases was considered to be one of abnormal types.

As to correlation of each component of SEP and neurological state, position, vibration and two‐point discrimination sensations were closely related to the absence of every all the ten components. Pain and temperature were not related to N1 and N1P1, but related to the absence of the remainder components. Touch and electrical sensation were questionably related to the absence of Nl and N1P1 and related significantly to the remainder components. As to delay of the latency and attenuation of the amplitude, there was no relationship between the components and each neurological state except for delayed P2 which was questionably related to impaired vibration sense (P = 0.2). Muscle power was significantly related to the defect of N2P2 and questionably to defect of N1P1, P1N2, P2N3 and the later component and attenuation of N1P1 and N2P2. Spasticity and hyperreflexia were not related to any of SEP components.

In comparison of EEG and SEP, the percentage of abnormality in SEP was higher than that of routine EEG.
“Neuro‐Behçet's syndrome”–Case report with pathological findings–
Authors: ISHINO Hiroshi , HIGASHI Hirofumi , OTSUKI Saburo
Published: March 2008

A case of Neuro‐Behcet's syndrome was reported clinicopathologically.

A man of 37 years old at the time of death, which occurred seven and one‐half years after the first appearance of stomatitis and six and one‐half years after the first neurological manifestations. The illness began with buccal aphthae, erythema of the lower limbs and arthralgia. Thereafter neurological symptoms such as gait disturbance, numbness of the limbs and urinary disorder recurred. Soon afterwards genital ulcers, diplopia, forced crying and laughing succeeded. Neurologically paresis of oculomotor nerve, bulbar palsy, cerebellar signs, pathologic reflex and superficial and deep sensory disturbance below the level of Th4 were noted. Ocular signs were not observed.

Pathologically 1) Gliosed foci of softening with centrally situated cavities 2) Unsharply defined foci of demyelination 3) Perivascular accumulation of fat granule cells. The above mentioned changes were observed in the subcortical white matter, internal capsule, puta‐men, midbrain, pontine basis, medulla oblongata and spinal cord. In the cerebral cortex foci of spongio‐necrosis were noted rarely. Demyelination was noted in the optic nerve. In general inflammatory perivascular lymphocytic infiltrations remained mild. There was also cerebellar cortical degeneration.

The clinical and the anatomical findings were discussed. Comparison with previously reported chronic cases suggests that this combination of a lowd‐grade diffuse encephalitis with severe necrotic focal lesion forms the characteristic pathological pattern in the present case.
Quantitative Pharmaco‐Electroencephalography in Early Evaluation of Psychotropic Drugs*
Authors: ITIL Turan M. , ULETT George A. , FUKUDA Tetsuo
Published: March 2008

Our studies have shown that the method of quantitative pharmaco‐electroencephalo‐graphy, using digital computer period analysis of the EEG and statistical procedures in the evaluation of a new drug can: a) determine the drug's central effectiveness when given the first time in man, b) predict its clinical value, and c) predict its effective single dosage ranges. Although the scalp‐recorded EEG is a less than perfect method of evaluating human behavior, our experimental studies, as well as clinical trials, have demonstrated that it is an extremely useful approach in the very early evaluation of new drugs.
A Clinical and Pathological Study of Myeloneuropathy following Abdominal Disorders
Authors: TATETSU Seijun , MIYAKAWA Taihei , FUJITA Eisuke , TAKAKI Motoaki , HARADA Masazumi
Published: March 2008

A man aged 58, who had suddenly an attack of severe watery diarrhoea, abdominal pain and nausea with febricula, which continued for 5 days. For these symptoms he was administrated with chloramphenicol for 7 days (total does 7000 mg). Following this he began to have paresthesia, hypes‐thesia, and disturbance of motility in the lower limbs. Then he had flaccid paralysis, hypotonus of muscles, decrease of tendon reflexes, positive sign of Babinski in the lower limbs. Although he had period of convalescence for a while, the disease gradually grew worse to die. The period of the disease was 510 days. Histopathologi‐cally, noticeable changes were observed on the peripheral nerve and spinal cord; the degeneration of sciatic nerve and Goll's tract from upper part of cervical spinal cord to lower part of lumber spinal cord. In addition to these changes, degeneration or deletion of the nerve cell in Ammon's horn, central chromatolysis of Betz cells and accumulation of fat granules in the anterior horn cells were observed. These histopatho‐logical changes were very similar to those of nicotinic acid deficiency (Pellagra). On the other hand, he had been treated with many kind of drugs. In this point of view, the etiology of SMON was supposed various factors, such as nicotinic acid deficiency, vitamin deficiency, metabolic disturbance and poisoning. However, disposition of the body site must be attached great importance to this disease.

In addition to this case, other two cases also had not taken chinoform. Considering these facts, it is the authors opinion that the etiology of SMON can not exclusively be attributed to chinoform intoxication.
Course of Endogenous Manic‐Depressive Psychosis, Precipitating Factors and Premorbid Personality– A Statistical Study
Authors: OKUMA Teruo , SHIMOYAMA Naoko
Published: March 2008

One hundred and thirty four endogenous manic‐depressive psychotics were classified into 24 types according to the combination of the age of onset (early, intermediate, middle, late) and length of symptom‐free interval period (continuous, frequent, periodic, periodic to continuous, periodic to frequent, intermittent).

The cases with shorter symptom‐free interval period such as those belonging to continuous and frequent types tended to have earlier onset, and longer interval tended to be combined with later onset.

The incidence of bipolar type was very high in the early onset group and declined as the age of onset became higher. All of the continuous type patients showed bipolar course, whereas the incidence of monopolar type was 4 to 5 times as high as that of bipolar in periodic and intermittent types.

The incidence of episodes with precipitating factors was around 70% in all types except for a very low incidence in the early‐continuous type. However, the number of cases in which more than a half of their episodes were precipitated by external factors, was only about 30% of the cases with precipitating factors. The incidence of such cases was very low in continuous and frequent types and relatively high in periodic and intermittent types.

The incidence of the episode with precipitating factors was highest in the first episode and declined progressively as the episode repeated. That is, the disease tended to recur automatically without discernible precipitating factors supposedly due to a mechanism of channelling.

No definite relationship could be found between the personality types such as immodithymic (immobilithymic, melancholic) and cyclothymic types, the onset‐interval types, and the presence or absence of precipitating factors, except for a low incidence of immodithymic personality in continuous type.

The role of the biological process, premorbid personality and external precipitating factors in the pathogenesis of affective psychosis was discussed.
Deafness and Peripheral Neuropathy following Carbon Monoxide Intoxication–Report of a case–
Authors: GOTO Ikuo , MIYOSHI Tasuku , OOYA Yoshitomo
Published: March 2008

Deafness and peripheral neuropathy are relatively rare complications of carbon monoxide intoxication. A case of carbon monoxide intoxication is presented with bilateral hearing loss and tinnitus, weakness and sensory impairment in the left hand, and weakness and atrophy of the left quadriceps femoris and hamstring muscles.

Audiograms showed hearing loss of the perceptive type followed by partial improvement. Electromyograms revealed a neurogenic pattern and motor nerve conduction velocity was decreased in both legs.

The etiology of the deafness and peripheral neuropathy in this case is not clear but is suspected to be due to combination of toxicity, hypoxia and compression.
Ipsilateral Somatosensory Evoked Responses in Man
Authors: TAMURA Kiyoshi
Published: March 2008

Ipsilateral and contralateral SERs to stimulation of the median nerve have been studied in man. Contralateral responses with distinct peaks were observed constantly in every control subject and ipsilateral responses were also obtained. The latencies of the ipsilateral responses were longer than those of the contralateral ones except initial small positive peak. The amplitudes of the ipsilateral responses were smaller than those of the contralateral ones.

In patients with sensory impairment, the normal ipsilateral and contralateral responses appeared when the non‐affected side was stimulated. When the affected side was stimulated, however, the ipsilateral and contralateral SERs were markedly reduced or abolished. An autopsy case with metastatic tumor of the one thalamus was reported. In this case, there was no apparent response over the ipsilateral and contralateral hemisphere after stimulation of the affected side,

These results are compatible with the idea that ipsilateral SERs are the result of subsequent activation of the ipsilateral hemisphere via an interhemispheric pathway, possibly involving the corpus callosum.
A Case with Atrophy and Diffuse Sclerosis of the Cerebral White Matter
Authors: ISHINO Hiroshi , HIGASHI Susumu , MOTOIKE Mitsuo
Published: March 2008

A 45‐year‐old female at the time of death complained of dysarthria and hand tremor at age 35, followed by intellectual deterioration and gait disturbance. At age 38, disorientation and a progressive rigidity of the type associated with decortication set in. At age 39, loss of volitional movements and a progressive deterioration of speech were noted. She remained apallic during the last two years. Death occurred at 45 years, nine and a half years after the onset of the disease.

The pathological findings were remarkable atrophy and sclerosis of the cerebral white matter together with the lesion of subcortical U‐fibres. The corpus callosum, periventricular areas, corona radiata, internal capsule, basal ganglia and optic nerves were spared. Neither fat granule cells nor lymphocytic perivascular infiltration was found.

The authors are, in all likelihood, dealing with a case of circulatory disturbance and discussed the pathogenesis.
Effects of Psychotropic Drugs on Emotional Behavior in Rats with Limbic Lesions, with Special Reference to Olfactory Bulb Ablations
Authors: UEKI Showa , NURIMOTO Seiichi , OGAWA Nobuya
Published: March 2008

The effects of various psychotropic drugs on emotional behavior of the rats with bilateral ablations of the olfactory bulb (O.B. rat) were compared with those in the intact as well as in the rats with septal or amygdaloid lesions.

1. Chlorpromazine markedly reduced both ambulation and rearing in intact as well as limbic lesioned rats. The hyper‐motional responses to all kinds of stimuli were suppressed by this drug in the O.B. and septal rats.

2. Diazepam also suppressed the hyper‐emotional responses of the O.B. and septal rats, but on the contrary to chlorpromazine, it increased ambulation whereas it decreased rearing in the intact and amygdaloid rats. Diazepam, however, greatly decreased both ambulation and rearing of the O.B. and septal rats.

3. Pentobarbital had no significant effect on the hyperemotionality of the O.B. and septal rats in subhypnotic doses. Pentobarbital, like diazepam, increased ambulation but decreased rearing of the intact rats, although it markedly reduced both ambulation and rearing of the septal rat, and showed less significant effects on ambulation of the O.B. and amygdaloid rats.

4. Imipramine, similarly to chlorpromazine, decreased both ambulation and rearing in each group of the rats. Imipramine selectively blocked mouse‐killing behavior without affecting the other hyperemotional responses to stimuli of the O.B. rats. These properties were shared with amitriptyline and nialamide.

5. It is suggested that the analyses of drug effects on emotional behaviors of the rats with various limbic lesions are helpful to distinguish the mode of action of various psychotropic agents. (This study was supported in part by the grant for the research of science from the Department of Education of the Government of Japan.)
Somatosensory Evoked Responses in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: TAMURA Kiyoshi , KUROIWA Yoshigoro
Published: March 2008

Somatosensory evoked responses were studied in sixteen patients with multiple sclerosis. Eight patients of these demonstrated abnormal form of SERs. The abnormal SERs were characterized by prominent alteration of peak N2. The improvement of the SERs as a patient passed through an attack of multiple sclerosis tended to lag behind the clinical improvement.
α‐Glycerophosphate Dehydrogenase Activity in Buccal Smear from Psychiatric Patients and Normal Controls
Authors: ISHINO Hiroshi , OTSUKI Saburo , TOKUNAGA Iwao
Published: March 2008

α‐glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity in buccal smears from psychiatric patients and normal controls was studied histochemically. In some psychiatric patients, the distribution of the deposited Nitro‐BT formazan was different from that in control group. The authors separated, on the grounds of distribution pattern of formazan, into 1) Type I; Nitro‐BT formazan is deposited in a diffuse fashion in the cytoplasm of cells contained in smear, 2) Type III; Nitro‐BT formazan is deposited densely around the nucleus. When studied transversely only once, the majority of normal controls showed Type I, while many psychotic patients showed Type III.

Longitudinal examination of 137 psychiatric patients at intervals of about 5 to 10 days indicated: 1) In patients with Type III the majority was transient. 2) Type III was observed in about one‐half of schizophrenic patients. Type III was also noted frequently in schizophrenics aged over 21 years, and in schizo‐affective type. 3) About one‐third of the patients with manic‐depressive psychosis showed Type III. 4) The majority of the patients with neuroses and others showed Type I continually. 5) There is no clear relationship between the frequency rate of Type III and the administered drugs.
Central Nervous Actions and Screening Methods of Antidepressants
Authors: OGURA Chikara , KIMISHIMA Kenjiro
Published: March 2008

Mechanism of central actions of antidepressants were studied in experimental animals.

Tests were made on general behavior, anticonvulsant activity in maximal electroshock seizure, antireserpinic action, antagonistic action to methamphetamine‐excitation, anesthesia induced by hexobarbital, hypertension due to noradrenalin, hypotension induced by acetylcholine, anti‐tremorine action and antagonism for physostigmine in unanesthetized mice and rabbits. In these tests, it seemed that the mechanism of antidepressants is related to the changes of biogenic amines in the brain and to the central autonomic functions. Namely, imipramine, amitriptyline and nialamide were related intimately to the changes of biogenic amine and to the inhibitory effects of parasympathetic functions. Diazepam was connected with the tranquilizing effects and the inhibitory effects of parasympathetic functions, and dimethylaminoethanol had no relation to the autonomic functions.
Synaptic Alterations in the Rabbit Hypothalamus Following Long Term Administration of Haloperidol
Authors: KOIZUMI Junzo , SHIRAISHI Hiroyasu
Published: March 2008

The tuberal regions of the hypothalamus of rabbits were examined under the electron microscope following long term administration of haloperidol (a psychotropic drug of the butyrophenone group) with special consideration of synaptic changes in their hypothalamus and were compared with normal materials. After three to five months' intramuscular injections of haloperidol (2 mg/kg/day), in the regions were observed various types of synaptic changes; namely densely accumulated synaptic vesicles in some boutons, a few synaptic vesicles in the clear matrix of some boutons, tubular profiles in some axon terminals and mitochondrial accumulation in some boutons. Those animals showed neuroleptic symptomes and extrapyramidal ones throughout the period. These various types of synaptic alterations are interpreted as the early degenerative changes induced by the long term administration of haloperidol.
Effects of Chlorpromazine and Phenobarbital on Rat Liver and Brain Oxidative N‐Oxidase and N‐Demethylase Activities
Authors: SAKURAI Yukihiko , TAKAHASHI Ryo
Published: March 2008

Effects of acute and chronic treatment of rats with chlorpromazine (CP) and phenobarbital respectively on the N‐oxidase and the N‐demethylase activities of liver and brain were studied. The acute treatment with CP caused a reduction in body weight, but no change in liver weight. The measured enzyme activities of liver homogenates decreased by 12–19 per cent compared with controls. These decreases were not statistically significant in every age group, but tended to be comparatively marked accompanied with aging. Phenobarbital produced no significant change in body weights, but brought about slight enlargement of the liver, and caused induction of the enzyme activities. On daily treatment with CP, the body weights went back their initial whights by seven days, and the activities in liver homogenates were restored to almost the same level as those of controls or slightly higher. Weights of the liver and brain did not change. The enzyme activities of the brain were neglisibly low and showed no change either by treatment with CP or phenobarbital. These data may suggest the possibility that when CP is medicated in patients, its plasma level might increase initially and then decrease gradually during medication, following the changes of its metabolizing enzyme activities.
Experimental Studies on the Effect of Trauma, Infarction and Other Cerebral Lesion upon Conduction of the Nerve Impulse in the Central Nervous System*
Authors: OKA Hiroshi , ISHII Shozo , EVANS Joseph P.
Published: March 2008

1. The antidromic pyramidal response of the cat has been studied under normal control conditions and following cerebral insults simulating various clinical pathological states.

2. Two types of response have been noted. The first type which is associated with early epidural cerebral compression or compression resulting from the intracerebral injection of blood is characterized by an obvious decrease in conduction velocity and less marked immediate changes in amplitude.

The second type of response has been found in acute asphyxia, in cerebral infarction produced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, and in cerebral edema resulting from 24 hours of epidural balloon compression. It is characterized by a marked decline in amplitude of potential and a less obvious delay in conduction time.

3. The electrical response of the pyramidal tract has been found to be highly susceptible to anoxia. This is in striking contrast to the relative resistance to oxygen want seen in peripheral nerves. Cerebral infarction with its more abrupt local deprivation of oxygen and with the sudden reduction in availability of metabolic substrate produces an even more rapid disappearance in electrical response than that seen in general asphyxia.

4. Routine electron microscopic studies and special efforts to determine the ultra‐structural localization of sodium in the axon of the internal capsule have been carried out in brains subjected to various cerebral insults. In mild cerebral compression the axoplasm has shown little alteration and there is to be seen only occasional sodium precipitation inside the axonal membrane. In cerebral infarction the axon showed much more severe changes and may even lose its continuity. Sodium precipitation is widespread. In cerebral edema, in addition to moderate structural alteratons, abundant precipitates of sodium pyroantimonate may be seen inside the axonal membrane.

5. It has been postulated that the changes of the first group depend upon a physical alteration in the axon while those in the second group reflect metabolic disturbances and structural changes occurring in the axonal membrane.
A Study of EEG Abnormalities in Normal Children
Authors: Fukushima Yutaka , Kawaguchi Susumu , Ohsawa Takeshi , Onuma Teiichi
Published: March 2008

Electroencephalograms of 315 children attending a regular primary school were investigated. Using the authors' criteria for normality, the subjects were classified into two groups: 126 normal children and the other 189 children (“questionable” group). At the first examination, the recordings were obtained on all of the subject during awaking and on 281 during sleep. Out of these 315 children the second examinations were done on 81 children. Periods between both examinations varied from six months to three years.

Results:

(1) Localized spikes or spike‐wave complexes (localized seizure discharges): The localized seizure discharges were seen in 27 children (9%). Surprisingly enough, the incidence of the discharges were higher in the normal children (12%) than in the “questionable” group (6%).

(2) 14–6 c/sec positive spikes:

The patterns were found in 57% of the total sleep records: 52% in the normal children and 60% in the “questionable” group. Among the latter, the children with behavioral problems (71%) and with positive past history of head injury (63%) showed the patterns more frequently.

(3) The constancy of these findings: Regarding the constancy of appearance of the localized seizure discharges and of 14–6 c/sec positive spikes, the comparison was done on the first and the second records on the 81 cases. As the results, out of 10 cases with the localized seizure discharges at the first examinations, four did not show them at the second, and therefore the discharges does not seem to be constant in occurrence. On the other hand, 14–6 c/sec positive spikes tended to appear rather constantly not only in the “questionable” group but also in normal children.
Centronuclear Myopathy: A Light and Electron Microscopic Study and a Review of the Literature
Authors: Shirabe Teruo , Matsumura Shigeichi , Terao Akira , Araki Shukuro
Published: March 2008

The clinical and histological features of a nine‐year‐old Japanese boy with a centro‐nuclear myopathy was described, who had been suffering from non‐progressive ble‐pharoptosis and generalized muscular weakness since the first months of life. The muscle biopsy of the patient showed a moderate variation in the diameter and a presence of numerous central nuclei frequently with a surrounding clear zone in 66.8% of the muscle fibers. Electron microscopically the changes of the myofibrils were minimal. There were aggregates of glycogen granules and mitochondria in a clear zone around the central nuclei.

A review of the 31 total cases showed a lack of uniformity in the age of onset, genetics and clinical features, despite of the histological resemblance as the existence of central nuclei in a large proportion of muscle fibers. The question of whether more than one disease entity is included was raised.
Treatment with L‐DOPA in Two Cases of Organic Brain Syndrome
Authors: Kojima Hideki , Yasukochi Goro
Published: March 2008

(1) In both of the two cases associated with organic brain syndrome, which were presumably based on the frontal lobe damages, outstanding clinical improvements were observed by oral administration of L‐DOPA, 200 to 400 mg daily.

(2) Case 1 showed marked depressive symptoms, such as emotional weakness, depressive mood, autistic tendency, apathy and lack of spontaneity due to severe frontal lobe damage by an automobile accident. Treatment with L‐DOPA improved his psychic symptoms. He acknowledged his thanks for the L‐DOPA treatment by his words that he felt he had regained his former self. When the drug was withdrawn, psychotic symptoms reappeared.

(3) Case 2, who was associated with depressive psychic symptoms after carbon monoxide poisoning and whose pneumoen‐cepholographs indicated the presence of frontal lobe atrophy, showed remarkable elevation in his mood and in his activity level following administration of L‐DOPA. Psychic alterations were most outstanding 14 to 15 days after the commencement of L‐DOPA administration and the degree of elation tended to settle down corresponding to the decrease in the dosage.

It can be concluded that L‐DOPA is also potent in some cases of suppressed emotion due to organic brain damages. A decrease in stimulation from damaged frontal lobe projected to noradrenergic system of the hypothalamus may cause hypofunction of the system and subsequently reflect the state of hypotonic affective disturbance. Administration of L‐DOPA may accelerate the synthesis of dopamine function to the normal level.
Growth Hormone Responses to Administration of L‐5‐Hydroxytryptophan (L‐5‐HTP) in Manic‐Depressive Psychoses
Authors: Takahashi Saburo , Kondo Hisao , Yoshimura Manabu , Ochi Yukio , Yoshimi Teruya
Published: March 2008

Fourteen hospitalized patients with manic‐depressive psychoses received L‐5‐hydroxy‐tryptophan (L‐5‐HTP), a serotonin precursor, which has been postulated as a potent antidepressive agent. Plasma human growth hormone (HGH) and glucose levels were measured at 30 minute intervals after oral administration of 200mg of L‐5‐HTP. Plasma cortisol levels prior to L‐5‐HTP administration were also measured.

1. In five manic‐depressive (bipolar) patients, aged 17 to 60, each subject studied in manic state showed an adequate HGH response of more than 5.0ng/ml (maximum levels:17.7±7.1 ng/ml Mean± S.E.M., controls, aged 27 to 41:10.5±1.6 ng/ml), while those in depressive state failed to secrete HGH adequately (maximum levels ranged 1.4‐4.8 ng/ml) (p>0.05).

2. Of five determinations from three endogenous depressive (unipolar) patients, aged 30 to 51, three showed adequate responses (maximum levels ranged 2.6–16.5 ng/ml). Nine out of 10 tests from six patients with protracted depressive symptoms prolonged for 2 to 6 years, aged 45 to 65, had deficient responses of HGH (maxi mum levels: 2.1±k0.5 ng/ml Mean±S.E.M., ranged 0.1–5.6 ng/ml) (p>0.01).

3. Deficiency of pituitary HGH secretion appeared to correlate neither with the score of Hamilton's Depression Scale nor with the global judgement on the severity of the illness. Increments in the blood glucose levels after L‐5‐HTP administration were only mild ones, to which HGH insensitivity may be irrelevant. Morning plasma cortisol levels in depressives, ob served as high as those in manics, also may be unrelated.

4. Treatment with 300 mg of L‐5HTP daily for two weeks proved to have no favorable clinical effects on four depressive patients, who were categorized as non‐responders of HGH.

Because there is evidence suggesting pituitary hormone release related to brain bio‐genic amines, the deficient HGH responses to L‐5‐HTP in depressed patients may be due to a neurochemical defect hypothesized in the manic‐depressive psychoses. The HGH responses were most distinctly diminished in the protracted depressive patients, suggesting an endocrine hypofunction which may cause the fixation of the depressive symptoms.
Effects of L‐DOPA on Natural Night Sleep and on Rebound of REM Sleep
Authors: Nakazawa Yūichi , Tachibana Hisayuki , Kotorii Makoto , Ogata Masamichi
Published: March 2008

To investigate the relationship between REM sleep and the central catecholamine in man, L‐DOPA 1,000 mg was orally ad ministered to five normal young adults and its effects were investigated on their REM sleep. No effect of L‐DOPA 1,000 mg was found on the natural night sleep. Then, the effects of the same dose of L‐DOPA were investigated on the rebound elevation of REM sleep in the recovery night after partial differential REM sleep deprivation, and its rebound was not only in the 1st recovery night but also in the 2nd.

From these results, it is supposed that the central noradrenaline is more easily and rapidly synthesized from exogenous L‐DOPA in the recovery night sleep than in the natural night sleep, and that the rebound elevation of REM sleep disappears as a consequence of rapid restoration of the central noradrenaline. Therefore, one of the functions of REM sleep in man may be sup posed to be participation in the maintenance of the central noradrenaline, and the re bound elevation of REM sleep may be a phenomenon which is caused by a brain mechanism to maintain the central noradre naline.
Reaction Times and Early Negative Components of Evoked Potentials
Authors: Ikeda Terutika
Published: March 2008

The relation of the evoked potentials to the reaction times was studied in three ex‐

perimental situations. Each of the situations contained two different stimulus‐reaction paradigms that were predicted as different reaction times.

First, the reaction times were compared between the visual simple reaction with and without warning signal (click). The reaction times were significantly shortened in the simple reactions with warning signal. In these cases, although the early negative component of the evoked potential to the imperative stimulus was seemingly de creased, the negativity of the evoked potential was compared with the evoked potential without warning signal, because the warning signal preceding the imperative stimulus produced the negative potential shift (CNV).

Second, comparison was made between simple and choice visual reactions. The reaction time was significantly lengthened in the choice reactions, and the augmentations of the early negative components of the evoked potentials were prolonged up to the delayed reactions.

Third, comparison between visual and auditory reactions was made in simple reactions. Mean reaction time of ten subjects was 253.4 msec in visual and 185.5 msec in auditory reactions. These reaction times matched respectively the latencies of their early negative potentials; short reaction times in the auditory reactions matched the short latencies of the negative potential in the auditory evoked potentials, and long reaction times in the visual reactions matched the long latencies of the negative potential in the visual evoked potentials.

In the light of these facts, the significance of the negative potential preceding the re action was discussed with regard to the activation of the perceptual processes.
Physiologisch‐Ontogenetische Untersuchungen des Saugens bei Neugeborenen des Menschen
Authors: Shirataki Sadaaki
Published: March 2008

A Physiological‐Developmental Study of the Sucking Movements in Human Infants The sucking movements of human infants were analyzed by means of a polygraphical recording (sucking movements, swallowing and respiration) in the course of their de velopment. It was particularly aimed at clarifying the properties which control the regulating system of the sucking movements. As a result, it was confirmed that the nutritive and the non‐nutritive sucking movements had quite different developmental character; that is, the nutritive sucking movements are already ripe at birth, showing good adaptability to the change of surrounding conditions, such as the change of the amounts of feeding milk, while the non‐nutritive sucking movements show rapid change in a week after birth and, further more, seem to diminisch about three months after birth.

In consideration of the above, the author believes that until the third month the non‐nutritive sucking movements play an active role in transition from the state of wakeful activity to the state of restfulness and sleep. Then, this non‐nutritive sucking movements phase out into the pre‐verbal communication, thereby establishing the relationship between the subject himself and his surrounding world.

Es wird über die Untersuchung der Saugbewegungen der Neugeborenen des Menschen mittels polygraphischer Registrierung der Saugbeweguneen, Schluckbewegungen und Atembewegungen berichtet. Insbesondere werden die wichtigen Eigenschaften der Saugmodi herausgehoben.

Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daβ die nutritiven und die nicht‐nutritiven Saugbewegungen einen eigentiimlichen ontogenetischen Charakter haben. Besonders wird die Rolle des nicht‐nutritiven Saugens als die Vorstufe der verbalen Kommunikation und auch als Vermittler zwischen dem Kind und der Umgebung diskutiert.
Supervision of Psychotherapy
Authors: Howes Kei Hirano
Published: March 2008

Here, the author wishes to discuss some dynamics observed in psychotherapy supervision of chronic schizophrenic patients.

The supervisory relationship was defined as three‐way, or three‐story relationship involving three persons linked by a middle person who sees both party. A varying degree of emotional involvement was observed in this relationship, although nobody was free from possible entanglement. The degree of emotional involvement was observed to be least in the supervisor, and the most in the patient. The therapist was considered to be in the middle of this relationship.

It was observed that three major emotional reactions, tentatively called “measles syndrome,”“depletion syndrome,” and “squeezed‐in‐the‐middle syndrome” were frequent occurrence in this particular three‐way, or three‐story, relationship.

Definitions and illustrations of these symptoms were described in the case examples given in the article.
The Therapeutic Mechanism of the Double Medication Technique with Cyanamide for Alcoholism
Authors: Arikawa Katsuyoshi , Inanaga Kazutoyo
Published: March 2008

The cyanamide double medication therapy is not only an antialcoholic‐drug therapy but a behavior therapy (conditioned aversion therapy) and dynamic family therapy in a specific therapeutic technique. It seems that these therapeutic mechanisms reinforce other effects. “The Cyanamide Double Medication Technique” which contains these plural therapeutic mechanisms can be carried out without difficulty when the family's cooperation is obtained. It is very significant that these patients can be treated in an outpatient clinic.

The alcoholics who refuse to take the drugs can be treated without their knowledge. We believe this technique is also useful in preventing the progress of alcoholism.
Herpes Simplex Encephalitis: A light and electron microscopic study in a fatal case
Authors: Shirabe Teruo , Nomura Nobuzugu , Terao Akira , Araki Shukuro
Published: March 2008

A fatal case was described of a 41–year‐old woman with a tentative clinical diagnosis of acute viral meningoencephalitis of nine days' duration. The neuropathologic findings by light microscopy resembled those of acute necrotizing encephalitis or herpes simplex encephalitis, including eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies of Cowdry type A. Electron microscopic study of these inclusions demonstrated the presence of herpes‐type virus particles. Though the titer of herpes simplex virus examined on the sixth day of the illness was not elevated and the isolation of the virus was not successful, the case was regarded as herpes simplex encephalitis clinicopatholo‐gically.