bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changing Times
Authors: Gershuny Jonathan
Published: November 2023

Time allocation, whether considered at the level of the individual or of the society, is a major focus of public concern. Are our lives more congested with work than they used to be? Is society polarizing into groups which, on one side, have too much work and too little leisure time to spend their money in, and on the other have no paid work, and hence no money to pay for the goods and services they might wish to use during their leisure? Has the recent convergence in men's and women's labour market roles led to an unfair distribution of the totals of paid plus unpaid work? These issues, and others similar, once the preserve of a few specialist sociologists and economists, now appear daily and prominently across the news and entertainment media. Yet there is surprisingly little substantive evidence of how individuals and societies spend their time, and of how this has changed in the developed world over the recent past. This book brings together, for the first time, data gathered in some forty national scale 'time-diary' studies, from twenty countries, and covering the last third of the twentieth century. It examines the newly emerging political economy of time, in the light of new estimates of how time is actually spent, and of how this has changed, in the developed world.
An Introduction, and a First Summary
Authors: Gershuny Jonathan
Published: November 2023

This book is about what we all do for a living, and for other people’s livings. Our work is more than just what we do in our jobs, it is also what we do without pay, in our households, for our families, and for members of the wider community. And what we do for other people’s livings is, that we use our non-work time, to consume the products of their work.
Symbolic Utility
Authors: Nozick Robert
Published: November 2023

The symbolic meaning of actions enters legitimately into choice among acts. A theory of rational decision should take explicit account of symbolic meaning, rather than subsuming (and losing sight of) it within a more encompassing category. We can begin by considering how principles help to get us past temptations, hurdles, distractions, and diversions; for symbolic meaning plays a role in this.
Aggregation and the Microfoundations of Dynamic Macroeconomics
Authors: Forni Mario , Lippi Marco
Published: November 2023

This book argues that modern macroeconomics has completely overlooked the aggregate nature of the data. Standard models start with intertemporally maximizing agents and obtain dynamic equations linking economic variables like consumption, income, investment interest rate and employment. Such equations exhibit testable properties like cointegration, definite patterns of Granger causality, and restrictions on the parameters. The usual simplification that agents are identical leads to testing these properties directly on aggregate data. Here this simplification is systematically questioned. In Part I the homogeneity assumption is tested using disaggregate data and strongly rejected. As shown in Part II, the consequence of introducing heterogeneity is that, apart from flukes, cointegration unidirectional Granger causality, restrictions on parameters do not survive aggregation: thus the claim that modern macroeconomics has solid microfoundations is unwarranted. However, it is argued in Part III that aggregation is not necessarily bad. Some important theory-based models that do not fit aggregate data well in their representative-agent version can be reconciled with aggregate data by introducing heterogeneity.
Beveridge and his Assumptive Worlds: The Incompatibilities of a Flawed Design1
Authors: Glennerster Howard , Evans Martin
Published: November 2023

No historical document is cited more frequently in postwar social policy debate than the Beveridge Report (Beveridge 1942). The last official review of the UK social security system described itself as the most fundamental ‘since Beveridge’. The most thoroughgoing independent review of taxes and benefits, the Meade Committee (1978), advocated ‘a new Beveridge Scheme’ (pp. 269--94). Critics lay the blame for what they see as the failure of social security in the UK since the Second World War at Beveridge’s door (Dilnot, Kay, and Morris 1984). Feminists (Wilson 1977; Pierce 1980; Land 1976) have attacked the gendered assumptions of women’s dependency built into the resulting system.
Pensions Policy in Poland after 1945: Between ‘Bismarck’ and ‘Beveridge’ Traditions
Authors: żukowski Maciej
Published: November 2023

As a product of specific, national circumstances, postwar development of pensions policy in Poland was affected by various direct and indirect foreign influences; it is considered here against a background of two broad European traditions (‘models’) of pensions systems, as well as of social security generally-see Schmahl (1981: 652) or Alber (1982: 40ff.). The first is called the ‘Bismarck’ tradition here, because it derives from the social insurance system under Bismarck, although the German pension insurance actually created in 1889 differed in some important respects from the plans of the Chancellor (Ritter 1983: 40 ff.).
Social Security and Full Employment in Australia: The Rise and Fall of the Keynesian Welfare State, and the Search for a Post-Keynesian Settlement
Authors: Cass Bettina , Freeland John
Published: November 2023

In 1944 William Beveridge’s Full Employment in A Free Society was published, setting out the broad economic policy and supporting labour market policy on which his plan for a comprehensive social security system for Britain, published in I942, was predicated. He held that ‘full employment’ was essential to the implementation of an adequate and comprehensive system of social protection (see Chapter 2). His definition of ‘full employ ment’, ‘having always more vacant jobs than unemployed men’, and in addition, ‘jobs at fair wages of such a kind and so located that unemployed men can reasonably be expected to take them’, reflected his view that ‘society exists for the individual’ and that the imposition on persons of anything more than short periods of unemployment was one of the greatest social evils. In 1945 the White Paper, Full Employment in Australia, was published, attributable primarily to the work of Dr H. C. Coombs, articulating the economic and labour market policies underpinning the consolidation of the social security system implemented by the wartime Curtin/Chiftey Labor Governments, and continuing to provide the frame work of social and economic policy during the years of the Liberal/Country Party coalition governments until the late 1960s (Macintyre 1985; Smyth 1991).
The United States of America
Authors: Charkham Jonathan P
Published: November 2023

We have already seen in each country studied how corporate governance holds up a mirror to society In general. The USA is no exception. To understand the greatest of the democracies, therefore, we need to remind ourselves of what the relevant laws, assumptions, and attitudes are, so similar to those of others in many ways and yet so different. Societies In market economies have much in common, but who else would offer as two of their guiding principles ‘Sunshine and due process’( Federal and State Laws Ever since Independence the States have fought to limit the role of the Federal government.
The United Kingdom
Authors: Charkham Jonathan P
Published: November 2023

It may seem perverse to cover the United Kingdom last of the five studies, when historically it was the first country in which industrialization on a massive scale made corporate governance important. The reason for doing so is that my years in industry-and much later in PRO NED (Promotion of Non-Executive Directors)-which together afforded opportunities of seeing corporate governance in action (or inaction1), and of interviewing literally hundreds of leading industrialists, brought home to me how difficult it was to be objective about the familiar. The decline of great firms and whole industries made me wish to analyse corporate governance systems abroad so as to shed some light on the UK’s strengths and weaknesses.
Economic Reform and State-Owned Enterprises in China, 1979-1987
Authors: Hay Donald , Morris Derek , Liu Guy , Yao Shujie
Published: November 2023

This book is an investigation into China's reform process during the period 1979 to 1987, with especial reference to the effect of the process on the industries (mostly manufacturing) that are still owned by the state. The data on which this book is based results from a large-scale study in which the authors collaborated with the Institute of Economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in Beijing. This was a survey of the managers of about 380 enterprises, documenting their responses to the new environment created by the reforms. The statistical information gained has been used as the basis for detailed econometric analysis. This book analyses, drawing on the authors' expertise in industrial economics, virtually every aspect of enterprise behaviour - production and costs, employment, profit margins and profitability, finance, investment decisions, and autonomy. It asks whether the reform programme was successful in the state-owned sectors, and concludes that the answer is a qualified `yes', and that in many respects the enterprises began in the eighties to behave like Western firms. Hay and Morris also construct a model of Chinese state-owned enterprise, and use it to simulate the results of further reform programmes. The authors conclude that state-ownership remains a major constraint on market-led behaviour and efficiency. They argue that the next stage of reform must be to transfer these large enterprises to share- rather than state-ownership.
The Behaviour of Chinese Manufacturing Enterprises: A Survey of Managers
Authors: Hay Donald , Morris Derek , Liu, Guy , Yao Shujie
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents findings from the analysis of the Questionnaire for Directors (Managers) of State-Owned Enterprises, which was distributed to a sample of 400 Chinese enterprises in the autumn of 1988. Some 351 questionnaires were returned, a response rate of about 88%. The structure of the questionnaire is shown in Appendix 2.1; it was made up of thirty-two sections, with an average of four responses required for each. Some of the sections were purely factual (e.g. section 31 asked the firm to identify its management system, and sections 1-3 asked questions about the nature of the contract under which it operates), while many others were designed to elicit information about behaviour (thus Section 12 enquires about the basis for production decisions on non-plan outputs, and Section 13 asks about responses to a situation of slack demand).
Ownership Reform Issues
Authors: Hay Donald , Morris Derek , Liu, Guy , Yao Shujie
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters of this book we have looked in some detail at the functioning and performance of Chinese state-owned industrial enterprises. This is of interest in its own right, and throws light on some of the impact and repercussions of the economic reform programme pursued in China in the middle years of the 1980s. But the analysis naturally leads on to the questions of the future of economic reform. How should it evolve from here and at what pace? Is further change necessary or desirable? Indeed, have some of the developments in recent years gone too far? These are controversial and very far-reaching questions which cannot be answered solely by reference to empirical analysis of recent enterprise performance, important though that is. The purpose of this chapter is to examine some of the considerations involved, as a basis for making suggestions for the future. A complementary purpose is to place what has been achieved in the present stage of economic reform in context, the better to see how such suggestions fit with the evolution of reform and of the Chinese economy more generally. This in turn forms a backcloth for examining more specific enterprise reform proposals which have been put forward in recent years.
A View from Psychology
Authors: Heller Frank , Pusić Eugen , Strauss George , Wilpert Bernhard
Published: November 2023

This chapter approaches participation from a psychological perspective. A full-fledged review of the voluminous psychological literature on the subject seems to be impossible. In fact, already by the mid-1970s reviewers began to lament the abundance of the available literature, which ‘is so enormous that to achieve a complete “review” is virtually impossible’ (Locke and Schweiger 1979). Rather, this chapter uses the discipline to raise some questions which have not been discussed sufficiently.

The chapter intends to introduce some conceptual clarifications, to identify some of the main themes, findings, theoretical, and methodological developments, and to address important lacunae in the ongoing psychological discourse on participation.
Collective Bargaining, Unions, and Participation
Authors: Heller Frank , Pusić Eugen , Strauss George , Wilpert Bernhard
Published: November 2023

Collective bargaining and representative participation can be viewed as alternative forms of employee representation. This chapter is concerned with the relationship between the two. Though our primary focus is on tensions between unions and Representative Participative Bodies (RPBs), such as works councils, we will consider two other issues, the attitudes of unions towards participation, and the extent to which either collective bargaining or participation adequately represents employees’ interests.

In view of the great variety of industrial-relations arrangements throughout the world, this chapter makes no pretence at being comprehensive. (It ignores, for example, developments in Asia, Latin America, and Eastern Europe.) Instead it places considerable (but far from exclusive) emphasis on Germany and the USA, both because there has been more relevant research done in these countries and because (as we shall see later) they may represent opposite ends of a continuum.
Conceptual Frameworks and Causal Modelling
Authors: Duchêne Josianne , Wunsch Guillaume
Published: November 2023

Theory purports to explain a set of facts. Without theory facts are not interpretable. As Pierre Duhem has written, interpretation substitutes for the concrete given, gathered by observation, abstract and symbolic representations which correspond to the given by virtue of the theories admitted by the observer. (See R. Ariew (1984) for a major review of Duhem’s views on scientific theories, presently known as the Duhem-Quine theses.) The elaboration of a theory is composed of various stages. Using Blalock’s (1968) terminology, one distinguishes firstly a general theory made up of abstract concepts and relations. As concepts are not observable, they have to be translated into measurable indicators; these indicators, and their inter relations, compose the auxiliary theory. Finally, as one of the present authors has argued (Wunsch, 1984), a third stage in theory-building should be added to Blalock’s two-level approach, namely the statistical model which links, through various assumptions, the auxiliary theory to the ‘concrete given’, to go back to Duhem’s terminology.
Trends in Socio-economic Differentials in Infant Mortality in Selected Latin American Countries
Authors: Guzman Jose Miguel
Published: November 2023

At the beginning of the 1950s, Latin American countries presented very high infant mortality rates, although there were great differences between them. Nevertheless, in the period 1950-80 infant mortality experienced very important reductions, and at the same time expectation of life at birth increased in all Latin American countries. This reduction of infant mortality in Latin America occurred within a context of sustained economic growth. Between 1950 and 1978 the regional gross national product per capita grew by 2.6 per cent a year, producing an increase of social wealth in these countries. Although this economic growth did not contribute directly to improving the distribution of the social product (CEPAL, 1979), there is no doubt that the effect of this maintained economic growth was an improvement in certain aspects of the population’s living conditions, at least in some sectors.
The Inter-war Period: 1914-37, an Overview
Authors: Nakamura Takafusa , Odaka Konosuke
Published: November 2023

The rapid development of manufacturing industries The first 10 years of the twentieth century witnessed a rising trend in investment. The growth rates for real investment in this period, calculated on a seven-year moving average, was astounding, and annual fluctuations in aggregate demand (gross national expenditure (GNE) plus value of imports) can be explained largely by the changes in the levels of private and government investment. In contrast, from the latter part of the nineteenth century to 1905, export growth was sluggish and, if anything, contributed negatively to aggregate demand (Fig. I.la and b).
Wartime Controls
Authors: Hara Akira
Published: November 2023

The Japanese government began to take control of the economy in the wake of the revolt by young military officers on February 26, 1936. After Finance Minister Eiichi Baba of the Hirota Cabinet announced a massively expanded budget for fiscal 1937, imports grew explosively in anticipation of the expansion in munitions. Faced with a crisis in its international balance of payments, the government issued the Ordinance Governing Currency Controls on Imports (Yunyu Kawase Kanri Rei) early in 1937. Controls were thus introduced ahead of the outbreak of full-scale war, but full-scale controls were implemented in earnest after the outbreak of the war against China in July 1937. If one considers the economy at the time of the 1931 Manchurian Incident, in terms of the proportion of military expenditure or from the level of armament production, it was hardly a “wartime economy.” But once Japan entered the war against China, the weight of the military in the economy suddenly expanded. Japan had clearly entered the stage of wartime economy in which the entire resources of the nation were directed towards the military effort.
Postwar Democratization and Economic Reconstruction
Authors: Miwa Ryoichi
Published: November 2023

With the end of the Second World War, the framework for the future direction of the Japanese economy came to be determined by the Occupation policies of the Allies. Upon surrender, Japan agreed to the terms of Article 11 of the Potsdam Declaration, which stipulated the conditions that were to govern the nation’s future economy. Article 11 permitted Japan to ‘‘Maintain such industries as will sustain her economy and permit the exaction of just reparations in kind.
Divergence and Convergence in British and French Business in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Cassis Youssef
Published: November 2023

For generations, the uneasy relationship between Britain and France has captured the popular imagination. From traditional enmity to ultimate alliance in major modern international conflicts, rivalry, in all sorts of matters, has remained its dominant feature.1 Comparative studies between the two countries abound, from political systems to eating habits: they do not really extend to business history. In that particular field, comparisons with America, Germany, or Japan have taken precedence. This derives from the very logic of comparative analyses and their motivation. On the one hand, countries presenting a relative homogeneity offer the best prospects for fruitful comparisons-homogeneity in size, level of development, historical experience, etc. On the other hand, the temptation to compare one ‘s country with the leading power of the day is difficult to resist, in order to measure the gap separating it from assumed best practices.
1900-30
Authors: Bussiere Eric
Published: November 2023

For many years it has been asserted that French industry has beenreluc tant to adopt a high degree of concentration, and has only belatedly followed-often not before the 1960s-the American or even the German model. This has proved to be true for a certain number of industries, for example the steel industry, and the chemical industry, where, as shown by Jean-Pierre Daviet, no merger on the scale of IG Farben in Germany or ICI in Britain took place, despite some advanced negotiations in the mid-1920s. The move towards higher concentration was often encouraged by external influences. The State was certainly active in this field during and after the First World War. However, its ambitions as well as its capacity for intervention were not as effective as in the 1950s and 1960s. Did the banks then, as powerful partners of French industry, assume that role during the inter-war period, and encourage a process of concentration which they undoubtedly favoured? This question is part of the wider debate about the structure of the French banking system and the particular role of the banques d ‘affaires (investment banks). Historians have hesitated for some time between a minimalist view of their role (they were characterized as having neglected industrial investment to the benefit of capital exports) and an opposite, maximalist view, according to which they were at the centre of large industrial groups which tried to exert a monopolistic power upon industry.
Explaining Inter-Organizational Network Formation
Authors: Ebers Mark
Published: November 2023

In recent years, we have witnessed remarkable growth in various forms of co-operation among organizations. There has been a considerable increase in inter-organizational alliances during the 1980s, particularly in high-technology industries (Haagedoorn 1993; 1995; Hergert and Morris 1988; Mowery 1988). Within the US biotechnology industry, for example, firms without any formal co-operative ties to other firms have become increasingly rare, while the connectivity of firms within the industry has increased significantly (Powell et al. 1996). In the hospital systems software industry, inter-firm co-operation was unusual up until 1970, increased slightly in the 1970s, but showed significant growth in the 1980s and 1990s (Mitchell and Singh 1996). A similar pattern can be detected for the car industry. According to Helper (1991), beginning in the 1980s US car manufacturers have been reducing their degree of vertical integration and have increasingly relied on longer-term contracts with a limited number of tightly linked sup¬ pliers. Many European car companies also adopted this strategy at around the same time (Altmann and Sauer 1989; Morris and Imrie 1991; Turnbull et al. 1989). In other industries inter-organizational co-operation has been a more long-standing practice. In construction, for example, consortia and enduring sub-contracting relationships are well-entrenched forms of organizing large projects (Eccles 1981). In the US film industry, after World War II, the major studios progressively outsourced production of feature films while retaining finance and distribution (Robins 1993); therefore, for some time now, persistent patterns of contracting are related less to formal organizations such as the studios, but crystallize out of relatively stable networks of producers, directors, cinematographers, actors, and musicians (Faulkner and Anderson 1987). Regional industrial districts in the Italian textile and clothing (Brusco 1982; Lazerson 1988, 1993; Mariotti and Cainarca 1986), German metals (Grabher 1993b; Sabel 1989; Herrigel 1993), or US electronics industries (Saxenian 1994) represent other often-mentioned examples of long-standing patterns of co-operative inter-organizational relations, as do Japanese Keiretsu (Gerlach 1992) and Korean Chaebol (Steers et al. 1989).
Co-ordinating Multi-Firm Innovative Processes: Entrepreneur as Catalyst in Small-Firm Networks
Authors: Lipparini Andrea , Sobrero Maurizio
Published: November 2023

The relationship between firm size and innovation has traditionally generated a vivid debate in the literature. Earlier studies, primarily rooted in economics, were based on the assumption that the increasing costs and complexity of research activities favoured larger firms at the expense of smaller ones (Comanor 1967; Kamien and Schwartz 1975; Mansfield 1963). However, more recent contributions have challenged this perspective both within (Acs and Audretsch 1990) and outside (Tushman and Anderson 1986) the economic tradition. Small and medium-sized firms not only actively contribute to the innovation process, but they frequently represent the natural source of variation required to challenge the structural inertia of larger firms and to foster economic growth.
The Bank of England: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow
Authors: Pennant-Rea Rupert
Published: November 2023

The Bank’s yesterdays have been covered thoroughly in the other papers. That is one reason why this paper will not dwell on the past. The other is that I have been in the Deputy Governor’s chair for little more than a year, so my first-hand knowledge of the past is inevitably limited. Anyway, most of my work has been concerned with current events, whether they be the stance of monetary policy or the shape of the Bank’s own budget. So this paper will concentrate on today’s Bank, and on how it might evolve tomorrow.
Clusters, Innovation, and Growth: A Survey of the Literature
Authors: Baptista Rui
Published: November 2023

This chapter reviews some of the literature relevant to this study of the dynamics of clustering. This study has taken an economic perspective on the dynamics of clustering, and much of the literature surveyed here comes from that tradition. But while the work of Porter (1990) and Krugman (1991a) has done much to remind economists that geography matters, and to revive interest in the economics of industrial clusters, it must be remembered that work on this theme has a long and distinguished history. Marshall was one of the first economists to write about clusters. Indeed, from observing industrial districts, he developed the concept of external economies.
Clustering Dynamics in the UK Computer Industries: A Comparison with the USA
Authors: Baptista Rui , swann G M Peter
Published: November 2023

This short chapter compares the dynamics of the process by which clusters have emerged in the UK and US computer industries. It summarizes growth and entry models for the computer industries in the two countries. A full technical account of these models is given in Baptiste and Swann (1996). In both countries, clusters of industrial strength in particular sectors attract new entrants to the industry, and incumbent firms located in a cluster that is strong in their own subsector of the industry tend to grow faster than average. While there are some second order differences between the models estimated for the USA and the UK, it appears that the dynamics of clustering are similar. In particular, there is no evidence that clustering effects are weaker in the UK than in the USA. This last conclusion is surprising, perhaps, but it suggests that the more modest clustering effects in the UK are a function of the smaller scale of the market, rather than a weaker clustering dynamic per se.
Managing Costs in The Netherlands Past Theory and Current Practice
Authors: Groot Tom L C M
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers in broad terms aspects of Dutch management accounting theory and practice. Some peculiarities of Dutch accounting have their origins in past academic debates, which are discussed briefly while necessarily omitting extensive details. One especially important debate to Dutch accountants is that surrounding the use of current value versus historical cost accounting. This debate provides a starting-point for considering the extent to which theoretical debates have generally shaped current practices in Dutch management accounting. In dealing with this question, empirical data about Dutch accounting practice provided by surveys conducted during the last 10 years in The Netherlands will be discussed.
Taming International Finance
Authors: Akyüz Yzlmaz
Published: November 2023

The past decade has witnessed many sharp and unpredictable shifts in the major monetary and financial variables, including the prices of financial assets, interest rates, and exchange rates, and flows of capital, both across borders and across markets for financial assets denominated in different currencies. There have also been periods in which these variables have persistently stayed at levels not compatible with their fundamental determinants; instability has thus been latent even when it has not actually occurred. As a result, serious strains have been put on international debtor-creditor relations, the banking system, capital markets, and the international payments and exchange arrangements. Many observers, analysing these developments from the standpoint of both the world economy and individual countries, have concluded that actions to make the monetary and financial system more stable and less susceptible to disruptions and crises should have high priority.
Values, Reasons, and the Theory of Persuasion
Authors: Williams Bernard
Published: November 2023

The distinction that I shall discuss under this title is not, strictly speaking, a distinction between two kinds of reason, but rather a distinction between two kinds of claim that can be made about what an agent A has reason to do. The statement ‘A has reason to X’ receives an internal interpretation if it is taken to mean ‘A could arrive at a decision to X by sound deliberation from his existing S’, where S is A’s existing set of desires, preferences, evaluations, and other psychologica] states in virtue of which he can be motivated to act. An external interpretation does not carry this implication. (Throughout the discussion I adopt the simplifying assumption that A has reason to X’ means ‘A has more reason to X than to do anything else’; additional qualifications would in fact enable one to drop this restriction.) A view that I have expressed elsewhere (Williams 1980; 1989; 1994), and will defend here, is that if ‘A has reason to X’ has a distinctive sense, then it must receive the internal interpretation; in simplified form, the only reasons for action are internal reasons. I do not deny that ‘A has reason to X’ can entirely intelligibly be asserted without this implication. The claim is merely that when it is so asserted, it means something that could be expressed by a different kind of sentence, for instance to the effect that it is desirable that A should do the thing in question, or that we have reason to desire that A should do it. Only the internal interpretation represents the statement as distinctively a statement about A’s reasons. Relatedly, if a statement of this kind is true, and A declines to do the thing in question, what is called in question is A’s capacity in this connection to act rationally or reasonably. It would be too strong, for more than one reason, to say that in such circumstances A acts irrationally, but the line of criticism that will be appropriate in these circumstances will address itself to A’s performance as a rational or reasonable agent rather than to other deficiencies that he may have.
Rational Co-ordination
Authors: Sugden Robert
Published: November 2023

Suppose that two people, who are unable to communicate with one another, are each asked to write down either ‘heads’ or tails’. If they both write down the same word, they will both win a prize; if they write down different words, they will win nothing. This is an example of a tacit co-ordination game-a class of game discovered by Thomas Schelling (1960: 53-8). People often seem to be remarkably successful at co-ordinating their actions in games of this kind, even when they are playing them for the first time. In this paper, I ask how people achieve this success. Is co-ordination the by-product of some kind of non-rational behaviour? Or is it reached by some process of reasoning, and if so, what kind of reasoning is involved? I shall suggest that co-ordination is indeed the product of reasoning, but reasoning of a kind that is not compatible with the conception of rationality that is conventionally used in economics and decision theory. The reasoning involved has some affinity with some familiar forms of moral reasoning. If I am right; then the project of explaining behaviour in tacit co-ordination games may throw light on the relationship between moral reasoning and rational choice.
Remarks on Rationality and Morality
Authors: Aari Menahem E Y
Published: November 2023

Can conflict ever arise between rationality and morality? According to prevailing thinking, it never can. Why? Because morality (so the story goes) has to do with what your goals are, whereas rationality has to do with how effectively you are pursuing your goals, be they what they may. To quote Bertrand Russell (1954: 8): ‘Reason ... signifies the choice of the right means to an end that you wish to achieve. It has nothing whatever to do with the choice of ends.’

In other words, the dictates of rational decision-making can only lead to immoral action when ends, i.e. pay-offs, are inconsistent with moral tenets. When pay-offs are morally correct, how can pay-off maximization be morally incorrect?
The Formation of Families
Authors: Phipps Shelly
Published: November 2023

Canada, like other industrialized countries, has experienced rapid changes in family structure, the labour force, and the economy since the Second World War. Family trends include smaller households, lower rates of legal marriage, dec1ining fertility, more mothers in the labour force, rising divorce rates, an increase in births outside marriage, more one-parent households, and rising life expectancy. Family demography, laws, and values have tended to respond to economic, political, and social trends, but changes in lifestyle have also influenced social policy and public opinion.
Conclusion: Technology Management in the European Union and its Policy Implications
Authors: Cannell William
Published: November 2023

The three components of firms’ technology management capabilities posited in our study—technological competence, entrepreneurial competence, and learning ability—have provided a platform from which to explore the diverse and complex elements involved in the practice of technology management. We have shown that firms’ capabilities in managing technology are indeed a function of their management as well as their technological abilities, and that a fourfold typology of firms provides a good basis for identifying the major types of problems of technology management they confront.
‘The Irremediable Evil’: British Copper Smelters’ Collusion and the Cornish Mining Industry, 1725-1865
Authors: Newell Edmund
Published: November 2023

One common feature of British business activity during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries was the existence of associations between firms to fix prices and, in some cases, to restrict output within industries. Such collusive practices in fact date from at least the sixteenth century, and have been noted in the iron, glass, silk, brewing, paper, salt, shipbuilding, pin, coalmining, and non-ferrous metal industries. In The  First  Industrial  Nation, Peter Mathias argued that, despite their ubiquity, these associations probably had little impact on the national economy, on the grounds that they were mainly expedient, entered into by firms to cope with adverse market conditions during periods of economic depression, and were regional and relatively short-lived. This is in sharp contrast to the powerful and long-lived US trusts and German cartels,
Institutional Changes in the Agricultural Sector
Authors: Chai Joseph C H
Published: November 2023

The discussion in this chapter focuses on the key element in China’s agricultural reform, namely the introduction of the household responsibility system (HRS). It begins with a review of the development of the HRS and then turns to changes in (a) property rights arrangements, (b) the commune system, and (c) agricultural planning. The chapter ends with a discussion of the implications of the HRS for Chinese farm efficiency and the role of the new collectives.
The Open Door Policy II: Foreign Direct Investment
Authors: Chai Joseph C H
Published: November 2023

The liberalization of China’s foreign direct investment (FDI) regime went through three distinct phases. In the first phase (1979-86) FD is were welcome but highly regulated (Chai, 1986: 141-50; World Bank, 1988b: 259-74). The screening and approval of FD is was highly centralized in this period and involved numerous government bureaucracies. Though formally no upper limit was imposed on foreign ownership, joint ventures (JVs) were definitely preferred and wholly owned foreign enterprises (WOFEs) were discouraged. Moreover, both the management and the transactions of FDI ventures were subject to many restrictions during this period. Thus, for instance, Chinese JV legislation required that the chairman of the board of directors, the highest decision-making authority in a JV, was to be a Chinese citizen irrespective of the relative equity contribution of the foreign partner.
Paths to Social Development: Lessons from Case-Studies
Authors: Chen Lincoln C , Desai Meghnad
Published: November 2023

The year 1989 was historic for many reasons. It was the bicentenary of the French Revolution, an event which, more than any other, ushered in the modern era. It was also the year in which the Berlin Wall collapsed and brought to an end the cold war as well as the post-1945 settlement in Europe. Dramatic events inspire much speculation, and it was then thought that the world would enter a new phase in which market-led economic growth and political democracy were going to be the twin tracks on which the future of all countries would move forward.
Globalization at the Heart of Organizational Change: Crisis and Recovery at the Ford Motor Company
Authors: Bordenave Gérard
Published: November 2023

Ford has retained its position as the second largest automobile producer in the world ever since the company lost its status as leading producer to General Motors in the 1920s. The Ford name has long been associated with the idea of ‘mass production’, a form of manufacturing the company developed and then helped to diffuse throughout the world (Wilkins and Hill 1964). While every company has its own particular characteristics, and Ford has certainly not remained unchanged over the decades, Ford’s original industrial model (Bordenave 1992; Boyer and Durand 1993) gradually evolved into a set of organizational canons for the automobile industry. Developments and variations over time have tended to enrich rather than distort the basic Ford industrial model.
Conclusion: The Choices to be made in the Coming Decade
Authors: Freyssenet Michel , Mair Andrew , Shimizu, Koichi , Volpato Giuseppe
Published: November 2023

Many changes can be foreseen in the world automobile industry over the next few years: a geographical shift in the industry’s quantitative centre of gravity, the liberalization and restructuring of international trade, the development of new electronic technologies in automotive products, growing attention to the ecological implications of vehicles, the emergence of new competitors, and the search for greater flexibility in the management of the workforce. In conjunction with these changes, automobile producers will have to modify the manner in which they internationalize their operations, adjust the structures of their supplier networks, change their product range strategies and planning of their products, and lastly, restructure their employment relationships. Synthesizing and schematizing the future evolution of the automobile industry, it is possible to sketch out three scenarios.
Liberalization and Globalization: An Unhealthy Euphoria
Authors: Sing Ajit
Published: November 2023

As we approach the new millennium, there is a remarkable consensus in international economic circles that liberalization and globalization are not only the order of the day but also the wave of the future; that these derive from inexorable technological forces connected with the information and communication technology revolution presently sweeping the globe. More importantly, it is further asserted that liberalization and globalization will promote faster economic growth, both in rich and poor countries. Thus the World Bank (1995) argues that: ‘the increasing integration of developing countries into the global economy represents a major-perhaps the most important-opportunity for raising the welfare of both developing and industrial countries over the long term. But countries will need to rise to the challenge.’
Unemployment, Wage Dispersion, and Labour-Market Flexibility
Authors: Henry Brian , Lee Kevin
Published: November 2023

The question of whether the UK can grow in the future at a high enough rate to give significant increases in employment without the increasing inflation which accompanied previous expansions concerns two separate, but interrelated, issues. On the one hand, it concerns the extent to which the growth in productive potential has improved, or whether the long-run rate of unemployment associated with constant inflation (i.e. the NAIRU) has fallen. And, on the other hand, it concerns the degree to which the process of adjustment to this long-run position has changed, influencing the extent of any trade-off between inflation and unemployment which might exist during transition to the long-run position. These issues, in turn, touch on the vigorous debate-which has been in train for some time-about possible links between macroeconomic performance and the operation of supply-side institutions, including bargaining structures, corporate organization, and institutional intervention in the labour market (loosely ‘corporatism’). The argument is that such institutions determine the extent of labour-market flexibility, and that this provides the key to understanding how some countries have been able to achieve relatively low unemployment rates with moderate inflation. For example, in one strand of this literature, either very decentralized wage bargaining on the one hand, or highly centralized bar gaining between national union and employer organizations on the other, are believed to be a reason for real wage flexibility and the better employment and inflation experiences of countries like Japan and the USA (‘de centralized’) and Sweden, Norway, and Austria (‘centralized’). (See, for example, Calmfors and Driffell 1988).
Is There a Pay Problem?
Authors: Robinson Peter
Published: November 2023

Over the period from Spring 1993 to Winter 1995-6 employment in the British economy rose by over 700,000 and unemployment, as measured by the Labour Force Survey fell by over 600,000. This represented a fall in the ILO unemployment rate from 10.4 per cent to 8.3 per cent. Over the same period the rate of growth in average earnings in the whole economy showed no signs of any acceleration. Contrary to more pessimistic expectations, a steady recovery in Britain in the mid-1990s resulted in no upward pressure on wage inflation.
Paying for Job Creation
Authors: Glyn Andrew
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses how expansionary programmes should be financed. First, the distributional implications of a range of job-creation policies are reviewed and the budgetary cost of these noted. The limitations on increased borrowing are then considered. The relatively low tax burden in the UK, and how it has been kept down since 1979 is reported. Finally it is argued that a higher share of taxation is inevitable if public services are to be improved, the trend towards greater inequality stemmed, and high employment levels restored.
Economic Adjustment and Demographic Responses in Latin America: An Overview
Authors: Bajraj Reynaldo , Bravo, Jorge , Tapinos Georges
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of economic adjustment in Latin America over the last decade and to review the still sparse but growing evidence relating to the demographic responses associated with such changes. First, we present the economic background to the analyses of the demographic fluctuations, which are examined in the second part of the chapter. We use the general term ‘adjustment’ despite the fact that economic crises and adjustment policies are closely interrelated and that it is very difficult or even impossible to disentangle one from the other. Besides, although macroeconomic stabilization efforts can be distinguished conceptually from the more structural changes and reforms , in practice both types of intervention have been undertaken simultaneously during the last decade in the Latin American region. In the 1960s and 1970s, many stabilization programmer were implemented in Latin America and the Caribbean, usually connected with loans provided by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Many of these met with only partial success, and then only for short periods of time. Complaints began to be voiced that structuralconditions impeded the success of conventional stabilization policies. The most common argu ment was that it was difficult or impossible to change the behaviour of the public sector regarding its current deficit, unless its relative size in the economy was changed and its functions were redefined. In the 1980s this vision broadened, generalized, and emerged in the operations. The IMF began to require the approval of structural adjustment programmes, usually financed by the World Bank, in order to carry out the short-term stabilization operations.
The Response of Fertility and Mortality to Economic Crisis and Structural Adjustment Policy during the 1980s: A Review
Authors: Mason Andrew
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to review the demographic experience of the 1980s and to assess the impact of economic crisis and structural adjustment on fertility and mortality. There are two principal concerns. The first is that structural adjustment policies have had adverse and unanticipated effects on mortality or fertility. undermining important social objectives of development. A second possibility is that mortality has increased or fertility decline has slowed because of economic problems which are unrelated to structural adjustment policies. If this is so, certain policies might be justified-for example. increasing expenditures on health care that conflict with prescriptions espoused for adjustment purposes. Despite the importance of this topic, it is not possible to distinguish the impact of deteriorating economic conditions in many developing countries from the impact of structural adjustment policies per se.
The Effect of Stuctural Adjustment on Food Policy and Nutrition
Authors: Behrman Jere
Published: November 2023

Most Latin American economies have been dominated by structural adjustment efforts in the past decade. Such efforts in a sense have a short-term character in that they are attempting to remedy aggregate economic imbalances so that medium and long-term growth can be sustained. But often the efforts themselves have fairly long durations, albeit in some cases with substantial fits and starts. Moreover, successful structural adjustment programmer are likely to change critical relative prices and policies from what they were before structural adjustment. Therefore such structural adjustment efforts may have had important demographic consequences through impacts on income, prices, the social sectors, and human resource investments.