bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soil Salinity and Quality of Sprinkler and Drip Irrigated Warm‐Season Turfgrasses
Authors: Sevostianova Elena , Leinauer Bernd , Sallenave Rossana , Karcher Douglas , Maier Bernd
Published: November 2011

A study was conducted in New Mexico from 2005 to 2007 to investigate the effects of two potable water‐saving strategies, irrigating with saline water and using subsurface systems, on changes in rootzone salinity and quality of nine warm‐season turfgrasses. Plots were irrigated using either sprinklers or subsurface drip with water of 1 of 3 salinity levels (0.6, 2.0, and 3.5 dS m−1). Plots were rated monthly for quality during the growing seasons and bi‐annually for spring and fall color. Soil samples were collected bi‐annually (June and November) and analyzed for electrical conductivity (EC), Na, and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) at depths of 0 to 20 and 50 to 60 cm. Electrical conductivity and Na values in 0 to 20 cm peaked in June of 2005 and 2006 and dropped to lower levels after the summer rainy season. With the exception of moderately saline irrigated plots in 2005, summer EC did not differ between drip and sprinkler irrigated plots for any of the three water qualities. Electrical conductivity, Na, and SAR at a rootzone depth of 0 to 20 cm were highest in June 2006 reaching 4.7 dS m−1, 1024 mg L−1, and 16.1, respectively. For most of the grasses tested, EC, Na, or SAR values showed no significant relationship with turf quality. Drip irrigation resulted in earlier green‐up than sprinkler irrigation but had no effect on summer quality or fall color retention. Most of the warm season grasses included in this study maintained an acceptable quality level when drip‐irrigated with saline water.
Sensor‐Based Nitrogen Applications Out‐Performed Producer‐Chosen Rates for Corn in On‐Farm Demonstrations
Authors: Scharf Peter C. , Shannon D. Kent , Palm Harlan L. , Sudduth Kenneth A. , Drummond Scott T. , Kitchen Newell R. , Mueller Larry J. , Hubbard Victoria C. , Oliveira Luciane F.
Published: November 2011

Optimal N fertilizer rate for corn (Zea mays L.) and other crops can vary substantially within and among fields. Current N management practices do not address this variability. Crop reflectance sensors offer the potential to diagnose crop N need and control N application rates at a fine spatial scale. Our objective was to evaluate the performance of sensor‐based variable‐rate N applications to corn, relative to constant N rates chosen by the producer. Fifty‐five replicated on‐farm demonstrations were conducted from 2004 to 2008. Sensors were installed on the producer's N application equipment and used to direct variable‐rate sidedress N applications to corn at growth stages ranging from V6 to V16. A fixed N rate chosen by the cooperating producer was also applied. Relative to the producer's N rate, sensors increased partial profit by $42 ha−1 (P = 0.0007) and yield by 110 kg ha−1 (P = 0.18) while reducing N use by 16 kg N ha−1 (P = 0.015). This represents a reduction of approximately 25% in the amount of N applied beyond what was removed in the grain, thus reducing unused N that can move to water or air. Our results confirm that sensors can choose N rates for corn that perform better than rates chosen by producers.
Effects of Sulfur Application Rates and Foliar Zinc Fertilization on Cotton Lint Yields and Qualities
Authors: Yin Xinhua , Gwathmey Owen , Main Christopher , Johnson Amy
Published: November 2011

Sulfur deficiencies have increasingly occurred in crops due to declined use of S‐bearing fertilizers and reduced atmospheric S deposition. A field trial was conducted on an S‐ and Zn‐deficient soil at Jackson, TN in 2007–2010, to evaluate cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) yield and fiber quality responses to S and Zn applications. Sulfur treatments of 0, 11, 22, and 34 kg S ha−1 were broadcast before planting. Zinc treatments of 0 and 0.29 kg Zn ha−1 were foliar applied at matchhead square. Soil S levels were increased by applying 34 kg S ha−1 in 3 out of 4 yr. Leaf S concentrations were increased by S applications. Application of 22 or 34 kg S ha−1 increased lint yields by 8 to 9% and micronaire by 4 to 5% averaged over the three normal growing seasons (2008–2010). Foliar Zn treatments had no significant effect on leaf Zn levels or lint yields and quality. A container‐grown cotton trial was also conducted to study effects of S deficiency on yield components. Plants were fed nutrient solutions with high or low S concentrations. The low S treatment reduced leaf S concentration but tended to increase leaf concentrations of other nutrients. Seedcotton per plant was reduced by S deficiency in 3 of 4 yr, with fewer bolls per plant and fewer locules per boll. Results indicate that application of 22 to 34 kg S ha−1 may be beneficial for no‐till cotton on soils testing low for S in Tennessee and similar environments.
Soybean Yield Response to Plant Distribution in Fusarium virguliforme Infested Soils
Authors: Swoboda C. M. , Pedersen P. , Esker P. D. , Munkvold G. P.
Published: November 2011

Sudden death syndrome (SDS), caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium virguliforme, causes significant yield reductions in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in the United States. Appropriate recommendations to manage SDS for growers in Iowa and the Upper Midwest are limited. The research objective was to determine the response of SDS foliar disease incidence, severity, and yield to row spacing and seeding rate. In 2008 and 2009, at two Iowa locations, in fields with histories of SDS, SDS‐susceptible and SDS‐resistant cultivars were planted at 38‐ and 76‐cm row spacing at seeding rates of 185,000, 309,000, and 432,000 seeds ha−1 in plots infested with and without the pathogen. Sudden death syndrome incidence and severity were very low; however, infested plots had greater SDS disease incidence and severity than uninfested plots. A row spacing × infestation interaction indicated 7% greater yield in narrow rows (38 cm) than wide rows (76 cm) in uninfested plots, with no yield advantage to narrow rows in infested plots. Soil infestation reduced soybean seed mass (7%) in narrow rows, explaining the yield reduction for narrow rows with greater SDS. The two highest seeding rates had increased SDS incidence but yielded 9% greater than the lowest seeding rate. The susceptible cultivar had greater SDS incidence and severity and yielded 7% less than the resistant cultivar. This study indicates that in infested plots with greater SDS symptom expression, the yield advantage of narrow rows may be negated; therefore, cultivar selection is crucial when planting in narrow rows to maximize yield.
Mineral Nutrition of Cotton Fertilized with Poultry Litter or Ammonium Nitrate
Authors: Tewolde Haile , Adeli Ardeshir , Sistani Karamat R. , Rowe Dennis E.
Published: November 2011

Poultry litter is a superior fertilizer for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production in some soils, but whether this superiority is related with its ability to supply multiple mineral nutrients has not been well investigated in the field. The objective of this research was to determine if the yield increasing effect of litter relative to inorganic N fertilizers may be related with better mineral nutrition and to compare the nutrient profile of litter‐ and inorganic N‐fertilized cotton. Cotton was fertilized with six broiler litter rates ranging from 2.2 to 13.4 Mg ha−1 or six NH4NO3–N rates ranging from 34 to 168 kg ha−1 plus an unfertilized control (UTC) in northern Mississippi in a silt loam upland soil. Fertilizing with litter resulted in greater concentration of extractable soil P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, and Na than fertilizing with NH4NO3, but these increases did not always result in greater concentrations of these elements in aboveground plant parts. Only concentrations of K, B, and Na were increased by litter in plant parts. The two fertilizers had the same effect on soil Mn concentration, but NH4NO3, relative to litter, elevated Mn concentration in plant parts by as much as twofold, a result that seemed to be related to soil pH decline. The results suggest that the better yield performance of fertilizing cotton with poultry litter than with NH4NO3–N in this soil may have been due to a more ideal soil pH, favorable tissue Mn concentration, and improved K and B nutrition.
Integrating Spring Wheat Sowing Density with Variety Selection to Manage Wheat Stem Sawfly
Authors: Beres Brian L. , Cárcamo Héctor A. , Yang Rong‐Cai , Spaner Dean M.
Published: November 2011

The wheat stem sawfly [Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)] (WSS) has been a serious pest of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) since the late 19th century. Adoption of solid‐stemmed cultivars, which are available only in the spring bread wheat class in Canada, can mitigate damage but the trait that confers resistance tends to be variable. Five other classes of wheat are grown within the geographical range of C. cinctus and are vulnerable to WSS infestation, and the entire production area for durum (T. turgidum L.) in western Canada, Montana, and western North Dakota lies within the geographic range of C. cinctus. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that the response of hollow‐ and solid‐stemmed cultivars to sowing density (150, 250, 350, or 450 seeds m−2) would differ and subsequently affect infestation patterns of WSS and an endemic parasitoids. The lowest rates of infestation occurred in the hollow‐stemmed durum cultivar AC Avonlea and declined with increased sowing density. Wheat pith expression was optimized at the lowest sowing density but the same level produced low and variable grain yield. In the solid‐stemmed cultivar Lillian, pith expression was most stable at 250 or 350 seeds m−2. For all cultivars, grain yield was optimized at the higher seeding rates of 350 and 450 seeds m−2. Solid‐stemmed wheat should be seeded at low to moderate density to maximize resistance to WSS, but hollow‐stemmed cultivars should be seeded at higher seeding rates to optimize yield, lower WSS infestation, and to increase overall crop competitiveness.
Management Strategies for Increasing Soybean Yield on Soils Susceptible to Iron Deficiency
Authors: Liesch A. M. , Diaz D. A. Ruiz , Martin K. L. , Olson B. L. , Mengel D. B. , Roozeboom K. L.
Published: November 2011

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production has increased by more than 55,000 ha in the last 25 yr in the western third of Kansas, a region with soils that can be prone to Fe chlorosis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relative effectiveness of varietal selection, seed‐applied Fe fertilizer, and foliar Fe application to reduce the incidence of Fe chlorosis under irrigated soybean production. Seven locations with a history of Fe deficiency in soybeans were selected. The study consisted of a factorial design with three foliar treatments (two chelated Fe fertilizer forms and no foliar), two seed‐applied Fe fertilizer treatments (with and without chelated Fe fertilizer), and two different varieties (a nontolerant and tolerant commercial variety). Plant population, chlorophyll meter (CM) readings (V3 and V6 growth stage), plant height at maturity, and grain yield were measured. Foliar Fe application did not affect any plant parameter except for CM reading and grain yield at one location. However, the use of seed‐applied chelated Fe fertilizer significantly increased CM readings at the V3 and V6 growth stages, plant height at maturity, and grain yield across all locations. Given soil conditions conducive to the development of severe iron chlorosis, seed‐applied chelated Fe fertilizer increased yields by approximately 55% for both varieties. Chlorosis quantified as CM readings at V3 to V6 growth stage may not be correlated to the yield potential of a variety in all environments. This suggests that producers should choose the best varieties primarily based on yield potential if supplemental seed‐applied Fe fertilizer will be used.
Water and Nitrogen Effects on Active Canopy Sensor Vegetation Indices
Authors: Shiratsuchi Luciano , Ferguson Richard , Shanahan John , Adamchuk Viacheslav , Rundquist Donald , Marx David , Slater Glen
Published: November 2011

Much of the previous evaluation of active crop canopy sensors for in‐season assessment of crop N status has occurred in environments without water stress. The impact of concurrent water and N stress on the use of active crop canopy sensors for in‐season N management is unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of various spectral indices for sensing N status of corn (Zea mays L.), where spectral variability might be confounded by water‐induced variations in crop reflectance. The study was conducted in 2009 and 2010 with experimental treatments of irrigation level (100 and 70% evapotranspiration [ET]), previous crop {corn–corn or soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]–corn} and N fertilizer rate (0, 75, 150, and 225 kg N ha−1). Crop canopy reflectance was measured from V11 to R4 stage using two active sensors–a two band (880 and 590 nm) and a three band (760, 720, and 670 nm). Among the indices, the vegetation index described by near infrared minus red edge divided by near infrared minus red (DATT) and Meris terrestrial chlorophyll index (MTCI) were the least affected by water stress, with good ability to differentiate N rate with both previous crops. The chlorophyll index using amber band (CI), normalized difference vegetation index using red edge band (NDVI_RE) and the normalized vegetationi using the red band (NDVI_Red) showed more variation due to water supply, and had only moderate ability to differentiate N rates.
Estimating Rice Grain Yield Potential Using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
Authors: Harrell D. L. , Tubaña B. S. , Walker T. W. , Phillips S. B.
Published: November 2011

Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) measurements have the potential to improve mid‐season N crop management decisions in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The objectives of this study were to determine the optimum sensing timing and establish a yield prediction model using NDVI measurements acquired with the GreenSeeker sensor. Weekly sensor readings were collected over a 5‐wk period from multi‐rate N fertilization trials established at six different locations from 2008 to 2010. Categorizing sensing timing by growth stage demonstrated that late sensing timings beyond panicle differentiation (PD) were impractical and reduced yield potential estimation as opposed to panicle initiation (PI) and PD timings. Regression analysis produced two viable yield potential prediction equations at PI (r2 = 0.36) and PD (r2 = 0.42). When sensor timings were categorized by cumulative growing degree days (GDD), 1301 to 1500 and >2100 GDD groupings (r2 = 0.28 and 0.37, respectively) were found to be inferior yield predictors as compared with 1501 to 1700 and 1701 to 1900 GDD groupings (r2 = 0.41 for both). In almost all instances, normalization of NDVI data using days from seeding (DFS; NDVI/DFS) or GDD (NDVI/GDD) did not improve yield potential prediction as compared with NDVI alone. Yield potential, response index, and N response to fertilization are the three major components needed to produce a working algorithm capable of predicting mid‐season N fertilization needs in rice. The four yield prediction models gleaned from this study provide the yield potential component for this algorithm. Multiple yield prediction models give crop managers freedom to select a model based on either physical growth stage or by accumulated GDD units.
Investigating the Design Space for Solar Sail Trajectories in the Earth-Moon System
Authors: G. Wawrzyniak Geoffrey , Howell Kathleen C.
Published: November 2011

Solar sailing is an enabling technology for many mission applications. One potential application is the use of a
sail as a communications relay for a base at the lunar south pole. A survey of the design space for a solar sail spacecraft
that orbits in view of the lunar south pole at all times demonstrates that trajectory options are available for sails with
characteristic acceleration values of 1.3 mm/s or higher. Although the current sail technology is presently not at this
level, this survey reveals the minimum acceleration values that are required for sail technology to facilitate the lunar south
pole application. This information is also useful for potential hybrid solar-sail-low-thrust designs. Other critical metrics
for mission design and trajectory selection are also examined, such as body torques that are required to articulate the
vehicle orientation, sail pitch angles throughout the orbit, and trajectory characteristics that would impact the design of the
lunar base. This analysis and the techniques that support it supply an understanding of the design space for solar sails and
their trajectories in the Earth-Moon system.
A Return to the Past: The Vital Importance of Autopsies for Infectious Disease Practice in 2011
Authors: Cainelli Francesca , Setime Mpho
Published: November 2011

Introduction of clinical guidelines and algorithms, and technical advances in laboratory tests and imaging
techniques have apparently improved diagnostic capabilities in infectious diseases substantially in the last three decades,
and autopsies and post-mortem studies are seemingly unwarranted in nowadays infectious disease practice. Is this really
true?
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Spacers for Anterior Cervical Fusion: A Retrospective Comparative Effectiveness Clinical Trial
Authors: Lemcke Johannes , Al-Zain Ferass , Meier Ullrich , Suess Olaf
Published: November 2011

Background:

Anterior cervical decompression and fusion (ACDF) is the standard surgical treatment for radiculopathy and myelopathy. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has an elasticity similar to bone and thus appears well suited for use as the implant in ACDF procedures. The aim of this study is to examine the clinical and radiographic outcome of patients treated with standing alone PEEK spacers without bone morphogenic protein (BMP) or plating and to examine the influence of the different design of the two spacers on the rate of subsidence and dislocation.

Methods:

This retrospective comparative study reviewed 335 patients treated by ACDF in a specialized urban hospital for radiculopathy or myelopathy due to degenerative pathologies. The Intromed PEEK spacer was used in 181 patients from 3/2002 to 11/2004, and the AMT SHELL spacer was implanted in 154 patients from 4/2004 to 12/2007. The follow-up rate was 100% at three months post-op and 82.7% (277 patients) at one year. The patients were assessed with the Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) questionnaire and radiographically.

Results:

At the one-year follow-up there were 118/277 patients with an excellent clinical outcome on the JOA, 112/277 with a good outcome, 20/277 with a fair outcome, and 27/277 with a poor outcome. Subsidence was observed in 13.3% of patients with the Intromed spacer vs 8.4% of the patients with the AMT SHELL. Dislocation of the spacer was observed in 10 of the 181 patients with Intromed spacers but in none of the 154 patients with Shell spacers.

Conclusion:

The study demonstrates that ACDF with standing alone PEEK cages leads to excellent and good clinical outcomes. The differences we observed in the subsidence rate between the two spacers were not significant and cannot be related to a single design feature of the spacers.
Comparative Study of Clinical and Radiological Outcomes of Unconstrained Bicondylar Total Knee Endoprostheses with Anti-allergic Coating
Authors: Bergschmidt Philipp , Bader Rainer , Finze Susanne , Schulze Christoph , Kundt Guenther , Mittelmeier Wolfram
Published: November 2011

Background:

Hypersensitivity reactions to implant materials have become more important in total knee replacement (TKR). The purpose of this retrospective comparative study was to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes of unconstrained bicondylar total knee prostheses with and without anti-allergic titanium(niobium)nitrite (Ti(Nb)N) coating.

Methods:

Twenty-four patients (25 TKRs) underwent a preoperative clinical evaluation and then a postoperative evaluation after 26.2 months in the allergy group treated with coated implants (n=13 implants) and after 24.5 months in the control group treated with uncoated implants but identical geometry (n=12) using HSS, WOMAC and SF-36 scores. Radiological evaluations were performed using standard anterior-posterior (a.p.) and lateral X-rays.

Results:

During follow-up two patients of the allergy group had to undergo revision surgery due to non-implant-related reasons. A comparative analysis of both study groups showed a significant difference in the HSS scores at both evaluation time points (MW test p≤0.050); these findings are remarkable since the control group had a significantly lower score preoperatively (54.0vs65.0 points) and a significantly higher score (82.5vs75.0 points) postoperatively. The preoperative and postoperative WOMAC and SF-36 scores were comparable in both groups (MW test p≥0.052), although the postoperative increase in the score for the allergy group was lower. The radiological results were comparable in both groups and were unlikely to influence the results.

Conclusions:

This clinical study demonstrates the restricted outcome in postoperative function and quality of life in the allergy group compared to the control group.
Two theorems on controllability preserving decomposition of complex symmetry nonlinear systems
Authors: Zhao Jun , Jing Wei , Gugulovska Kolemisevska , Dimirovski Georgi
Published: November 2011

In this paper the problems on isomorphic decomposition and controllability of a class of nonlinear systems possessing symmetries on basis of quotient systems is studied. The isomorphic decomposition formations of these systems are drawn. Finally, it is shown that controllability of the original systems can be determined by that of the subsystems, which are obtained through isomorphic decomposition. Corresponding sufficient and necessary conditions in terms of two new theorems have been derived.
On the impact of antenna diversity in IEEE 802.11b DCF with capture
Authors: Velkov-Hadzi Zoran , Spasenovski Boris
Published: November 2011

In this paper, we examined the influence of capture effect with L-fold antenna diversity at the Access Point over IEEE 802.11b DCF. We obtained an exact closed-form solution for the conditional capture probability in case of ideal selection diversity, and an approximate closed-form solution for the conditional capture probability in case of maximum selection diversity in a Rayleigh-faded channel. Obtained analytical expressions have general significance and can be applied for any other multiple access wireless network. We also analytically evaluated saturation throughput increase of the IEEE 802.11b DCF protocol exposed to capture.
Performance evaluation of an IEEE 802.11b ad-hoc network
Authors: Krco Srdjan , Dupcinov Marina , Murphy Sean
Published: November 2011

The performance of an IEEE 802.11b ad-hoc network that uses the AODV (Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector) routing protocol is evaluated. One significant issue relating to the behavior of WLAN cards that has considerable impact on AODV performance was observed during the initial testing of the system and it is discussed and a solution proposed. Some aspects of the network performance are then assessed for several scenarios with low mobility. Route discovery latency results indicate that it is possible for mobile applications to operate reasonably well over ad-hoc networks in light to moderate traffic. UDP throughput results indicate that such networks could support tens of users using low-bit rate applications or possibly higher bit rates if applications generate data in bursts. Finally, some problems with TCP operating in this context were observed.
Access latency reduction in contemporary dram memories
Authors: Stankovic Vladimir , Milenkovic Nebojsa
Published: November 2011

Performances of DRAM memories are characterized by memory latency and bandwidth. Contemporary DRAM memories more successfully satisfy demands for higher bandwidth than lower latency. In this paper solutions, which may reduce latency of these memories, are investigated. These solutions are two new controller policies called 'Write-miss Only Close-Page' and 'Write-miss Only Close-Page-Open previous Page' as well as several address remapping schemes. 'Write-miss Only Close-Page' policy is basically a combination of the policies 'Open-Page' and 'Close- Page-Autoprecharge'. For all DRAM reads 'Open-Page' policy is used. Also for all DRAM writes that cause row-buffer hits 'Open-Page' policy is used. For all DRAM writes that cause row-buffer misses 'Close- Page-Autoprecharge' policy is used. 'Write-miss Only Close-Page-Open previous Page' policy is the same as 'Writemiss Only Close-Page', except that after the precharge the previously open row is opened again. Simulations show improvements in using these combined policies. Permutation-based Page Interleaving scheme is known as an effective address remapping scheme for reducing row-buffer conflicts, which are consequence of conflict cache memory misses. This scheme is based on using xor circuits for changing bank indices of data blocks that fit into the same cache memory line set. We improve this scheme by proposing five similar schemes, with slightly better effectiveness. Three of the proposed schemes have approximately the same performances, but do not use xor circuits at all. Two of the proposed schemes use xor circuits but have slightly better performances.
An efficient decoupled power flow control method by use of phase shifting transformers
Authors: Popovic Dragan
Published: November 2011

This paper presents an efficient fast decoupled power flow control method e.g. method for automatic adjustment of a phase shifting transformers (PST) for specific line flows. The effects of a PST are represented by injection model and the corresponding extension of conventional load flow equations is made. Furthermore, the load flow control by means of PST is modeled by additional equations. For solution of the power flow control problem defined the special fast decoupled procedure is developed. The high numerical efficiency and simplicity of this procedure has been established on the example of real interconnection formed by the power system of Serbia and Montenegro, Romania, Bulgaria, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Greece and Albania (Second UCTE synchronous zone).
LNTwww: Ein Lerntutorial für die Nachrichtentechnik im World Wide Web
Authors: Soder Gunter , Eichin Klaus , Winkler Martin
Published: November 2011

nema
A visualization environment for super scalar machines
Authors: Bottcher Axel
Published: November 2011

In this paper, we introduce an environment to visualize the internal activities of super scalar processors. This seems currently to be the dominating class of processors on the market. A programmer or a compiler can produce optimized code only with a thorough understanding of the internal structures. This usefulness of this environment is then demonstrated for two aspects of program optimization: loop unrolling in situations with cold or perfectly warmed cache and instruction ordering. We use matrix multiplication as representative example to reflect signal processing code.
Optical narrow band filter without resonance's
Authors: Hruschka Crassen , Barabas Udo , Gohler Lutz
Published: November 2011

This paper introduces an optical wave filter, which uses gratings at 45? or 135? inclined grating lines that avoid any resonance's. Therefore, many more options to form the filter shape exist. In general, the filter design can be traced to that of transversal filters (finite impulse response filter, FIR filter). Such an integrated optical wave filter is characterized by steep filter slopes and a narrow pass band (less then 01nm) combined with a high stop band attenuation (more than 40dB) and a linear phase response in the pass band. Compared to conventional Bragg grating filters, the inclined grating line filters can have a flatter pass band and steeper filter skirts related to the width of the pass band. In general, the filter's realization is possible using any optical material. In view of the excellent optical properties the semiconductor material system InP/InGaAsP is used for manufacturing the filter.
Base band processor for IEEE 802.11a standard with embedded BIST
Authors: Krstic Milos , Maharatna Koushik , Troya Alfonso , Grass Eckhard , Jagdhold Ulrich
Published: November 2011

In this paper results of an IEEE 802.11a compliant low-power base band processor implementation are presented. The detailed structure of the base band processor and its constituent blocks is given. A design for testability strategy based on Built-In Self-Test (BIST) is proposed. Finally, implementation results and power estimation are reported.
The limits of semiconductor technology and oncoming challenges in computer micro architectures and architectures
Authors: Stojcev Mile , Tokic Teufik , Milentijevic Ivan
Published: November 2011

In the last three decades the world of computers and especially that of microprocessors has been advanced at exponential rates in both productivity and performance. The integrated circuit industry has followed a steady path of constantly shrinking devices geometries and increased functionality that larger chips provide. The technology that enabled this exponential growth is a combination of advancements in process technology, micro architecture architecture and design and development tools. Together, these performances and functionality improvements have resulted in a history of new technology generations every two to three years, commonly referred to as-Moore Law. Each new generation has approximately doubled logic circuit density and increased performance by about 40%. This paper overviews some of the micro architectural techniques that are typical for contemporary high-performance microprocessors. The techniques are classified into those that increase the concurrency in instruction processing, while maintaining the appearance of sequential processing (pipelining, super-scalar execution out-of-order execution, etc), and those that exploit program behavior (memories hierarchies, branch predictors, trace caches, etc). In addition the paper also discusses micro architectural techniques likely to be used in the near future such as micro architectures with multiple sequencers and thread-level speculation, and micro architectural techniques intended for minimization of power consumption.
Doppler telemetry system for the evaluation of low speed movements in the atmosphere
Authors: Tanase Mihail , Toma Corneliu , Popa Dan , Lie Ioan
Published: November 2011

This paper is a result of the work done by the authors in the field of movement evaluation at low speed in the atmosphere and low costs of the movement execution. Theoretical and constructive solutions are offered for telemetry of the following features of movement: instant and average speed movement sense and direction, instant position related to a fixed referential. The presented solution, the Doppler radio telemetry system with active fixed referential-described in the paper-was practically realized and experimentally its utility has been demonstrated.
Symmetrical power supply for 42 v automotive applications
Authors: Giral Roberto , Calvente Javier , Leyva Ramon , Aroudi Abdelali , Arsov Goce , Martinez-Salamero Luis
Published: November 2011

The Positive Channel Two Input Two Output (PCTITO) converter is a third Order MIMO DC-to-DC unidirectional and non-isolated switching converter that is derived from the non-inverting buck-boost converter. Negative and Dual Channel TITO converters are also presented. In steady state one of the PCTITO outputs is positive while the other is negative. Although the outputs could be regulated to provide different absolute values, an interesting application of the new converters is to provide symmetrical outputs (i.e. 15 V) to supply balanced loads. Since the absolute value of the outputs could be greater or smaller than the input voltage, the PCTITO converter will be suitable for present 14 V (from 9 to 16 V) or for future 42 V (from 30 to 50 V) automotive voltage distribution buses. To regulate the outputs two in phase equal-switching frequency PWM-based multivariable control loops have been designed. The closed-loop system must provide low audio susceptibility and good line and load regulation at both outputs. In addition, the common mode voltage between the two outputs that could appear in unbalanced load operation has to be minimized. With these general guidelines, several control parameter adjustments have been considered validated using an averaged model of the system, and tested by simulation.
A new speech compression method
Authors: Nafornita Miranda , Isar Alexandru , Isar Dorina
Published: November 2011

In this paper a new speech compression method is presented. The traditional speech compression method is based on linear prediction. The compression method, proposed in this paper, is based on the use of an orthogonal transform, the discrete cosine packets transform. This method is well suited for the speech processing, taking into account the sine model of this kind of signals and because this transform converges asymptotically to the Karhunen-Lofleve transform. After the computation of the discrete cosine packets transform, the coefficients obtained are processed with a threshold detector, who keeps only the coefficients superior to a given threshold. This way the number of non zero coefficients is reduced doing the compression. The next block of the compression system is the quantization system. This is build following the speech psycho-acoustic model. The proposed compression method is transparent, the compression rate obtained is important and the operations number and the memory volume used are not very high.
Polynomial approximation of the transfer function of an analog-to-digital converter
Authors: Belega Daniel , Stoiciu Dan
Published: November 2011

In this paper the polynomial approximation of the transfer function of an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) affected by harmonic distortions is investigated. The theoretical expression of the polynomial approximation of the transfer function of an ADC with harmonic components up to 5th order in the case of a sine wave test signal is derived. Also, a practical method to determine the polynomial approximation of an ADC is proposed. The simulation effected confirmed that the results obtained by this method are very accurate. Moreover, an ADC test system, developed to determine the polynomial approximation of the transfer function of an ADC by the proposed method is presented. Some experimental results obtained with this test system are given.
Computation and measurement of low frequency magnetic field near thin-wire structures
Authors: Filiposka Sonja , Arnautovski-Toseva Vesna , Grcev Leonid
Published: November 2011

Magnetic fields in residential and occupational environments attract attention due to concerns of health risks. This paper describes comparison of two simple numerical procedures for computation of magnetic fields due to sources typical for residential environment which can be also used for teaching purposes. The methods are confirmed with the results obtained by analytical closed form solution and experimental laboratory measurements.
Electrical field modelling at the cable joints
Authors: Raicevic Nebojsa
Published: November 2011

There is a large number of parameters that influence to the way of the producing cable joints, and therefore the greatest attention is paid on the electrical field density shaping. This is done in order to efficiently reduce electrical field density, especially the tangential electrical field component at the insulator surface. The described problem solving presents very important and complex task of high power technology for producing power cables and corresponding accessories. Finite elements method, finite difference method, charge simulation method, boundary relaxation method or boundary elements method can be applied for cable joints calculations, as well as equivalent electrodes method (EEM) [1, 2]. The simplest calculation can be carried out using equivalent electrodes method and it obtains very high accuracy of calculated values. Equivalent electrodes method is applied on non-modeled, as well as on some geometrically modelled cable joints, when they are assumed as deflectors of funnel form, which border lines can have elliptical shape, the shape of polynomial or exponential function, as well as the form generated as the combination of the shapes mentioned above. The results for the distribution of the electrical potential, radial and axial electrical field components are presented in the paper. The equipotential surfaces in the vicinity of cable joints are also presented.
Force and mass measurement in extended measuring range
Authors: Skundric Slobodan , Kovacevic Dragan
Published: November 2011

This study deals with the problem of force and mass measurement in extended measuring range. Described solutions of electrodynamometer with multi range measuring and universal letter-batch mail scale are both concretely used in practice. The solution applied to universal mail scale is the original solution developed by Electrical Engineering Institute "Nikola Tesla".
Iterative successive MMSE multi-user MIMO transmit filtering
Authors: Stankovic Veljko
Published: November 2011

In this paper we introduce a novel linear preceding technique. It was previously reported in the literature that when the user terminals are equipped with one antenna, minimum mean-squared-error (MMSE) in combination with successive interference cancellation is optimum on the uplink, while MMSE preceding in combination with Tomlinson-Harashima preceding (THP) is optimum on the downlink. The linear preceding technique introduced in this paper is based on the modified MSB criterion. It can serve the users that are equipped with arbitrary number of antennas with only limitation that the total number of users in the system has to be less than or equal to the rank of the combined multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel matrix of all users. It was shown in the simulations that it extracts very high diversity gain and at low signal-to-noise ratios, when the total number of antennas at the user terminals is greater than the number of antennas at the base station, it approaches the maximum sum rate capacity of the broadcast channel. The technique introduced in this paper is favorable for practical implementation since it requires by an order of magnitude less operations than the techniques based on the singular value decomposition.
C# solutions for a face detection and recognition system
Authors: Caleanu Catalin-Daniel , Botoca Corina
Published: November 2011

Key issues on using a new programming language - C# - in implementation of a face detection and recognition (FDR) system are presented. Mainly the following aspects are detailed: how to acquire an image, broadcast a video stream, manipulate a database, and finally, the detection/recognition phase all in relation with theirs possible C#/.NET solutions. Emphasis was placed on artificial neural network (ANN) methods for face detection/recognition along with C# object oriented implementation proposal.
Dediscretization of distributions arising in macroevolution models
Authors: Astola Jaakko , Danielian Eduard
Published: November 2011

The standard birth-death process with intensities of moderate growth generates stationary skewed distributions suitable for modeling frequency distributions of events arising in large-scale biomolecular systems. We study a large class of such distributions that can be used to model, for instance frequency distributions of the number of expressed genes in the transcriptome, the number of protein domain occurrences in the proteomes etc. In the present paper a new dediscretization approach is suggested discussed and applied to the chosen class. This approach conserves the qualitative properties of the original class of distributions. The advantages of the approach consist in following: 1. It simplifies the form of distributions; 2. It allows simple mathematical analysis of the properties of the original class by applying the tools mathematical analysis continuous functions 3. It allows to find out the optimal form of stationary distributions, i.e. suggests new classes of distributions for biomolecular applications. The deviations of the dediscretized continuous distribution functions from the original distribution functions is estimated. Several typical examples are considered which illustrate the possibilities of the dediscretization approach. The reverse procedure to dediscretization, i.e. the procedure of discretization, back to discrete distributions is described.
A new and improved model of a lead acid battery
Authors: Mischie Septimiu , Stoiciu Dan
Published: November 2011

This paper presents a new and improved model of a lead acid battery that takes into account if the battery is in discharging state, in charging state or in the rest period. The parameters of the model depend upon the changes in the received or delivered battery current. The method to obtain the model parameters and experimental results are also presented.
The analysis of full-wave wide-band precision rectifier with modified second type current conveyor
Authors: Ðukic Slobodan
Published: November 2011

The full-wave wide-band precision rectifier with modified second type current conveyor (MCCII), realized with the operational amplifier and three current mirrors (CM), is presented in this paper. The model of operational amplifier is adapted in such a way that it is possible to use supply-current sensing in supply rails of operational amplifier with SPICE program. Wilson's realization for current mirrors is used for precise current reproduction in a wide range of the amplitude values as well as frequencies.
Critical curves and 2D coupled maps
Authors: Kilani Brahim , Sahari Lamine , Djellit Ilhem
Published: November 2011

The theory of critical curves for maps of the plane provides powerful tools for locating the chief characteristic features of a discrete dynamical system in two dimensions: the location of its chaotic attractors, its basin boundaries, and the mechanisms of its bifurcations. Nowadays one begins to recognize the role played by critical curves of maps in the analysis, in the understanding and description of the bifurcations, and transition to chaotic behavior in coupled maps. In this paper we consider some properties of such maps, which possess a chaotic attractor. Some examples are considered in this paper in which we can see the effective role played by such curves in bifurcation theory.
Properties of the Reed-Muller spectrum of symmetric functions
Authors: Moraga Claudio , Stankovic Radomir
Published: November 2011

Different forms of symmetry based on cofactors of Boolean functions are characterized in the Reed Muller spectral domain. Furthermore it is shown that if the arguments of the function are reordered, the permutation that is needed on the truth vector applies also on the spectrum of the function.
Teaching Reed-Muller techniques in introductory classes on logic design
Authors: Yanushkevich Svetlana , Shmerko Vladimir
Published: November 2011

Reed-Muller techniques are not traditionally included in the textbooks for introductory one-semester courses on logic design. Two exclusions are the textbooks by D. Green (1986) and T. Sasao (1999). Based on our experience of developing and instructing logic design courses, we introduce our approach to teaching the Reed- Muller techniques for undergraduate students.
BDD-based verification of scalable designs
Authors: Große Daniel , Drechsler Rolf
Published: November 2011

Many formal verification techniques make use of Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs). In most applications the choice of the variable ordering is crucial for the performance of the verification algorithm. Usually BDDs operate on the Boolean level, i.e. BDDs are a bit-level data structure. In this paper we present a method to speed-up BDD-based verification of scalable designs that makes use of a learning process for word-level information. In a pre-processing a scalable ordering is extracted from the RTL that is used as a static ordering for large designs. Experimental results show that significant improvements can be achieved.
Synthesis of sequential circuits by using linearization
Authors: Levin Iliya , Keren Osnat , Ostrovsky Vladimir
Published: November 2011

The paper deals with synthesis of sequential circuits defined by their algorithmic state machine notation. Such circuits have a number of specific properties which enable efficient design of the circuits by utilizing so-called linearization techniques. A typical linearization technique includes calculation of autocorrelation values for a system of logic functions corresponding to the circuit. For the mentioned sequential circuits, the calculations which usually require massive computational recourses may be significantly reduced and thus low-overhead implementations of the circuits can be obtained relatively easy. The paper introduces a novel architecture of so-called linearized sequential circuits, and a piece-wise linearization approach for synthesis of sequential circuits. Results are evaluated both analytically and by using a number of standard benchmarks.
On the restrictive channel thickness estimation
Authors: Karapetyan Iskandar
Published: November 2011

Channel routing is an important phase of physical design of LSI and VLSI chips. The channel routing method was first proposed by Akihiro Hashimoto and James Stevens [1]. The method was extensively studied by many authors and applied to different technologies. At present there are known many effective heuristic algorithms for channel routing. A. LaPaugh [2] proved that the restrictive routing problem is NP-complete. In this paper we prove that for every positive integer k there is a restrictive channel C for which ?(C)>? (HG)+L(VG)+k, where ? (C) is the thickness of the channel, ?(HG) is clique number of the horizontal constraints graph HG and L(VG) is the length of the longest directed path in the vertical constraints graph VG.
Binary multipliers on quantum-dot cellular automata
Authors: Hänninen Ismo , Takala Jarmo
Published: November 2011

This article describes the design of ultra-low-power multipliers on quantum dot cellular automata (QCA) nanotechnology, promising very dense circuits and high operating frequencies, using a single homogeneous layer of the basic cells. We construct structures without the earlier noise problems, verified by the QCA Designer coherence vector simulation. Our results show that the wiring overhead of the arithmetic circuits grows quadratically with the operand word length, and our pipelined array multiplier has linearly better performance-area efficiency than the previously proposed serial-parallel structure. Power analysis at the fundamental Landauer's limit shows, that the operating frequencies will indeed be bound by the energy dissipated in information erasure: under irreversible operation, the limits for the clock rates on molecular QCA are much lower, than the switching speeds of the technology.
Inductive learning of quantum behaviors
Authors: Lukac Martin , Perkowski Marek
Published: November 2011

In this paper studied are new concepts of robotic behaviors - deterministic and quantum probabilistic. In contrast to classical circuits, the quantum circuit can realize both of these behaviors. When applied to a robot, a quantum circuit controller realizes what we call quantum robot behaviors. We use automated methods to synthesize quantum behaviors (circuits) from the examples (examples are cares of the quantum truth table). The don't knows (minterms not given as examples) are then converted not only to deterministic cares as in the classical learning, but also to output values generated with various probabilities. The Occam Razor principle, fundamental to inductive learning, is satisfied in this approach by seeking circuits of reduced complexity. This is illustrated by the synthesis of single output quantum circuits, as we extended the logic synthesis approach to Inductive Machine Learning for the case of learning quantum circuits from behavioral examples.