bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extended endoscopic endonasal approach to the chiasmatic cistern: An anatomical study of the arachnoid
Authors: Jinsheng Qiao , Wenlong Tang , Wenchao Liu , Hui Xu , Changrui Su , Qingguo Liu , Long Wang
Published: May 2023

This paper studied the arachnoid of the chiasmatic cistern (CC) and the methods for increasing the exposure of the CC from an endoscopic perspective. Eight anatomical specimens with vascular injection were used for endoscopic endonasal dissection. The anatomical characteristics of the CC were studied and documented, and anatomical measurements were collected. The CC is an unpaired five‐walled arachnoid cistern located between the optic nerve, optic chiasm, and the diaphragma sellae. The average exposed area of the CC before the anterior intercavernous sinus (AICS) was transected was 66.67 ± 33.76 mm2. After the AICS was transected and the pituitary gland (PG) was mobilized, the average exposed area of the CC was 95.90 ± 45.48 mm2. The CC has five walls and a complex neurovascular structure. It is located in a critical anatomical position. The transection of the AICS and mobilization of the PG or the selective sacrifice of the descending branch of the superior hypophyseal artery can improve the operative field.
A Ukrainian infant with giant coronary aneurysms: A case report and literature review
Authors: Klymyshyn Yuliia , Datsko Oleksii , Stepanovskyy Yuriy , Nagao Yoshiro , Nagayama Yugo , Ueno Satoshi , Sheremet Marta
Published: May 2023

Key Clinical Message

COVID may manifest multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS‐C) which mimics Kawasaki disease (KD). Differentiating KD and MIS‐C is difficult. Immunomodulatory treatment should be initiated promptly without accurate diagnosis.

A febrile Ukrainian infant developed giant aneurysms in coronary arteries. Differentiating between Kawasaki disease and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children was difficult. In both illnesses, coronary aneurysm may develop unless treated promptly. Therefore, guidelines should synthesize these clinical entities so that treatment can be initiated before rigorous diagnosis.
Metal‐Free Carbonaceous Catalytic Materials: Biomass Feedstocks for a Greener Future
Authors: Polidoro Daniele , Perosa Alvise , Selva Maurizio , Rodríguez‐Padrón Daily
Published: May 2023

Metal‐free catalytic systems (MFCS) have emerged as sustainable and cost‐efficient heterogeneous catalysts, particularly in the case of carbonaceous materials with oxygen, nitrogen, boron, sulfur or phosphorus functionalities. This contribution aims to provide a general overview of the recent advances on the design of such materials, with emphasis on those derived from biomass waste and on the relationship between their structure and their activity. The opportunities of using MFCS in different areas of catalysis, including thermo‐, electro‐, and photo‐catalysis, will be addressed for applications towards the upgrading of renewable feedstocks. This analysis will describe sustainable approaches not only with respect to the nature of catalyst but also for the employment of non‐toxic and sustainable precursors, and for the efficiency of the synthetic protocol and its carbon footprint.
Tandem Hydroformylation‐Aldol Condensation Reaction Enabled by Zn‐MOF‐74
Authors: Gäumann Patrick , Rohrbach Thomas , Artiglia Luca , Ongari Daniele , Smit Berend , van Bokhoven Jeroen A. , Ranocchiari Marco
Published: May 2023

The tandem hydroformylation‐aldol condensation (tandem HF‐AC) reaction offers an efficient synthetic route to the synthesis of industrially relevant products. The addition of Zn‐MOF‐74 to the cobalt‐catalyzed hydroformylation of 1‐hexene enables tandem HF‐AC under milder pressure and temperature conditions than the aldox process, where zinc salts are added to cobalt‐catalyzed hydroformylation reactions to promote aldol condensation. The yield of the aldol condensation products increases by up to 17 times compared to that of the homogeneous reaction without MOF and up to 5 times compared to the aldox catalytic system. Both Co2(CO)8 and Zn‐MOF‐74 are required to significantly enhance the activity of the catalytic system. Density functional theory simulations and Fourier‐transform infrared experiments show that heptanal, the product of hydroformylation, adsorbs on the open metal site (OMS) of Zn‐MOF‐74, thereby increasing the electrophilic character of the carbonyl carbon atom and facilitating the condensation.
Bioequivalence Study of Two Formulations of Mifepristone Tablets in Healthy Chinese Subjects Under Fasting Conditions
Authors: Li Mupeng , Yi Xinchu , Fan Lianlian , Yang Luoxi , Xie Shan , Shentu Jianzhong
Published: May 2023

A single‐dose, open‐label, randomized, two‐period crossover‐design study was conducted to evaluate the bioequivalence of the reference and test formulations of mifepristone tablets. Each subject was randomized at the beginning to receive a 25‐mg tablet of the test or the reference mifepristone under fasting conditions during the first period, then received the alternate formulation during the second period following a 2‐week washout period. A validated high performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC‐MS/MS) method was used to determine the plasma concentrations of mifepristone and its two metabolites (RU42633 and RU42698). Fifty‐two healthy subjects were enrolled in this trial, 50 of whom completed the study. The 90% confidence intervals for the log‐transformed Cmax, AUC0‐t, and AUC0‐∞ fell within the accepted 80%–125% range. Throughout the study period, a total of 58 treatment‐emergent adverse events were reported. No serious adverse event was observed. In conclusion, the test and reference mifepristone were bioequivalent and well tolerated under fasting conditions.
Size Evolution of Photoabsorption Spectra of Small Clusters: A Computational Study
Authors: Ćosić Rajko , Vítek Aleš , Ćosićová Martina , Kalus René
Published: May 2023

Photoabsorption spectra of
clusters, N=5–9, have been calculated using a diatomics‐in‐molecules like electronic structure model and a path‐integral Monte Carlo sampling method. A qualitative change in the calculated spectra has been observed at N=9, which has been interpreted in terms of a structural transformation in the clusters consisting in a transition from trimer‐like ionic cores observed for N≤7 to dimer‐like ionic cores prevailing in
through an intermediate state (comparable abundances of both types of ionic cores) observed in
. The calculated spectra have been thoroughly compared with an earlier calculation on
,
, and
reported from our group and data available for the same cluster sizes from an experiment.
The parents aren't alright, either: Commentary on Wilksch (2023)
Authors: Goldschmidt Andrea B. , Tortolani Christina C.
Published: May 2023

Eating disorders (EDs) present high costs to the individual and society, and need for services far surpasses their availability. Caregivers are often on the “front lines” of managing their child's illness yet may have very little support to sustain them in this role. It is well‐established that caregiver burden related to EDs is high, although most research has focused on caregivers of adult patients. Wilksch describes the need for additional attention to caregivers of children and adolescents with EDs, given the elevated psychological, interpersonal, and financial burden incurred on this segment of the population. In this commentary, we describe three major gaps in service delivery and research that may exacerbate caregiver stress: (1) limited exploration of “nontraditional” delivery modalities that could enhance access to care; (2) lack of research into viability of caregiver peer coaching/support models including respite resources; and (3) scarcity of accessible ED training for healthcare providers (particularly physicians) which increases length to receipt of competent care as families search for well‐trained providers and/or languish on waitlists. We propose prioritizing additional research in these areas to help alleviate caregiver burden associated with pediatric EDs, and facilitate delivery of prompt, comprehensive, and competent care to support optimal prognosis.
Effects of subtotal pancreatectomy and long‐term glucose and lipid overload on insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis in minipigs
Authors: Goutchtat Rébecca , Quenon Audrey , Clarisse Manon , Delalleau Nathalie , Coddeville Anaïs , Gobert Mathilde , Gmyr Valéry , Kerr‐Conte Julie , Pattou François , Hubert Thomas
Published: May 2023

Introduction

Nowadays, there are no strong diabetic pig models, yet they are required for various types of diabetes research. Using cutting‐edge techniques, we attempted to develop a type 2 diabetic minipig model in this study by combining a partial pancreatectomy (Px) with an energetic overload administered either orally or parenterally.

Methods

Different groups of minipigs, including Göttingen‐like (GL, n = 17) and Ossabaw (O, n = 4), were developed. Prior to and following each intervention, metabolic assessments were conducted. First, the metabolic responses of the Göttingen‐like (n = 3) and Ossabaw (n = 4) strains to a 2‐month High‐Fat, High‐Sucrose diet (HFHSD) were compared. Then, other groups of GL minipigs were established: with a single Px (n = 10), a Px combined with a 2‐month HFHSD (n = 6), and long‐term intraportal glucose and lipid infusions that were either preceded by a Px (n = 4) or not (n = 4).

Results

After the 2‐month HFHSD, there was no discernible change between the GL and O minipigs. The pancreatectomized group in GL minipigs showed a significantly lower Acute Insulin Response (AIR) (18.3 ± 10.0 IU/mL after Px vs. 34.9 ± 13.7 IU/mL before, p < .0005). In both long‐term intraportal infusion groups, an increase in the Insulinogenic (IGI) and Hepatic Insulin Resistance Indexes (HIRI) was found with a decrease in the AIR, especially in the pancreatectomized group (IGI: 4.2 ± 1.9 after vs. 1.5 ± 0.8 before, p < .05; HIRI (×10−5): 12.6 ± 7.9 after vs. 3.8 ± 4.3 before, p < .05; AIR: 24.4 ± 13.7 µIU/mL after vs. 43.9 ± 14.5 µIU/mL before, p < .005). Regardless of the group, there was no fasting hyperglycemia.

Conclusions

In this study, we used pancreatectomy followed by long‐term intraportal glucose and lipid infusions to develop an original minipig model with metabolic syndrome and early signs of glucose intolerance. We reaffirm the pig's usefulness as a preclinical model for the metabolic syndrome but without the fasting hyperglycemia that characterizes diabetes mellitus.
Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in the central nervous system and other nonlymphoid tissues
Authors: Korn Thomas
Published: May 2023

Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells are indispensable for the maintenance of immunologic self‐tolerance as well as for the confinement of autoimmune inflammation after the breach of self‐tolerance. In order to fulfill these tasks, Treg cells operate in secondary lymphoid tissues and nonlymphoid tissues. The conditions for Treg cell stability and for their modes of action are different according to their compartment of residence. In addition, Treg cells initiate residency programs to inhabit niches in nonlympoid tissues (NLT) in steady state and after re‐establishment of previously deflected homeostasis for extended periods of time. These NLT Treg cells are different from lymphoid tissue residing Treg cells and are functionally specialized to subserve not only immune functions but support intrinsic functions of their tissue of residence. This review will highlight current ideas about the functional specialization of NLT Treg cells in particular in the central nervous system (CNS) and discuss challenges that we are facing in an effort to exploit the power of NLT Treg cells for maintenance of tissue homeostasis and perhaps also tissue regeneration.
Determination of nine bioactive phenolic components usually found in apple juice by simultaneous UPLC‐MS/MS
Authors: Li Qiu‐lin , Chen Fu‐xin , Luo Zi‐teng , Wang Meng‐rang , Han Xiang , Zhu Jun‐feng , Li Juan E. , Liu Jing , Li Kan‐she , Gong Pin
Published: May 2023

The functional food ingredients of apple juice can significantly change during processing, transportation, and storage, thus affecting the quality of the product. A simple and derivation‐free analytical method based on ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS) was developed and optimized for the simultaneous determination of functional food ingredients in apple juice bought in the market. Cleanup steps and chromatographic conditions were optimized to remove interference and decrease the matrix effect. The nine target analytes were separated on an Acquity UPLC system equipped with a BEH C18 column and detected by electrospray ionization source (ESI) operating in positive subsection acquisition mode under multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) conditions. The results showed that p‐hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuate, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, phloridzin, hyperoside, procyanidin B2, and rutin could be sufficiently separated for content determination within 6 min. In the concentration range of 20 μg/L–50 mg/L, nine standard samples exhibited a good linear fit with correlation coefficients above .985.
Estimating the heterogeneous health and well‐being returns to social participation
Authors: Wilding Anna , Munford Luke , Sutton Matt
Published: May 2023

Social participation is defined as an individual's involvement in activities that provide connections with others in society. Past research has demonstrated links between social participation, improved health and well‐being, and reduced social isolation, but has been restricted to older people and has not investigated heterogeneity. Using cross‐sectional data from the UK's Community Life Survey (2013–2019; N = 50,006), we estimated returns to social participation in the adult population. We included availability of community assets as instruments in a marginal treatment effects model, which allows treatment effects to be heterogeneous and examines whether the effects vary by propensity to participate. Social participation was linked to reduced loneliness and improved health (−0.96 and 0.40 points respectively on 1–5 scales) and increased life satisfaction and happiness (2.17 and 2.03 points respectively on 0–10 scales). These effects were larger for those on low income, with lower education attainment, and who live alone or with no children. We also found negative selection, indicating those less likely to participate have higher health and well‐being returns. Future interventions could focus on increasing community asset infrastructure and encouraging social participation for those with lower socio‐economic status.
Delayed in diagnosis of upper aerodigestive tract cancers: A comprehensive review of medical malpractice cases
Authors: Fritz Christian , Rajasekaran Karthik
Published: May 2023

Background

Factors that prompt litigation and influence outcomes for malpractice cases involving cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract are incompletely described.

Methods

Westlaw, a national legal database, was searched for medical malpractice claims related to upper aerodigestive tract cancer for all years available.

Results

Of the 122 cases meeting inclusion criteria, 106 (86.9%) involved allegations of failure to diagnose or delay in diagnosis. Tongue, larynx, and nasopharynx cancers were more frequently litigated than would be expected based on their incidence (tongue, 38.7% of aerodigestive tract litigation vs. 26.9% of aerodigestive tract cancers; larynx, 33.0% vs. 22.3%; nasopharynx, 10.4% vs. 4.6%). Payouts were made in over half of diagnosis failure lawsuits (56.6%), which carried an average award of $2840690 [IQR 850219–2537509].

Conclusions

An awareness of litigation on cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract holds the potential to improve patient care and help otolaryngologists avoid potential risks for litigation.
Improving Migrant's Care in Mexico: A statement by the Mexican Federation of Colleges of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
Authors: Ramirez Negrin Atziri , Iturralde Rosas‐Priego Paola , Gomez‐Pedroso Rea Javier , Meade Treviño Paulo Felipe , Salazar Lopez Ortiz Carlos Gerardo , Ceballos Mendoza Jorge Ivan , Aurioles Lopez Gerardo E. A. , Pedraza Leonel Alfonso , Santana Garcia Hector Rogelio
Published: May 2023

Synopsis

The following is an official statement by the leadership of the Mexican Federation of Colleges of Obstetricians and Gynecologists regarding migrant care in Mexico, given the current context of Central and South America.
Guinea pig nutrition: what do we know?
Authors: Keeble Emma
Published: May 2023

Background: The nutritional requirements of pet guinea pigs are not particularly well understood, with much of the current information based on laboratory animal work and conditions which may not be directly transferable to pets. As such, both owners and veterinarians alike have limited resources available, potentially resulting in adverse effects on welfare caused by incorrect diets.

Aim of the article: This article reviews what is currently known about pet guinea pig nutritional requirements. Wild guinea pig diets are discussed and current pet guinea pig owner feeding habits outlined. The article also looks at the potential adverse effects of an incorrect diet on guinea pigs and their welfare; some of this information is currently unknown, so it is discussed whether extrapolations are possible from other species. This article is a useful overview for all veterinary staff treating pet guinea pigs and giving dietary advice to owners in veterinary practice.
Magic partially filled arrays on abelian groups
Authors: Morini Fiorenza , Pellegrini Marco Antonio
Published: May 2023

In this paper we introduce a special class of partially filled arrays. A magic partially filled array on a subset of an abelian group is a partially filled array of size with entries in such that (i) every appears once in the array; (ii) each row contains filled cells and each column contains filled cells; (iii) there exist (not necessarily distinct) elements such that the sum of the elements in each row is and the sum of the elements in each column is . In particular, if , we have a zero‐sum magic partially filled array . Examples of these objects are magic rectangles, ‐magic rectangles, signed magic arrays, (integer or noninteger) Heffter arrays. Here, we give necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a magic rectangle with empty cells, that is, of an where . We also construct zero‐sum magic partially filled arrays when is the abelian group or the set of its nonzero elements.
Abbreviated MRI Protocols in the Abdomen and Pelvis
Authors: Ringe Kristina I. , Wang Jin , Deng Ying , Pi Shan , Geahchan Amine , Taouli Bachir , Bashir Mustafa R.
Published: May 2023

Abbreviated MRI (AMRI) protocols rely on the acquisition of a limited number of sequences tailored to a specific question. The main objective of AMRI protocols is to reduce exam duration and costs, while maintaining an acceptable diagnostic performance. AMRI is of increasing interest in the radiology community; however, challenges limiting clinical adoption remain. In this review, we will address main abdominal and pelvic applications of AMRI in the liver, pancreas, kidney, and prostate, including diagnostic performance, pitfalls, limitations, and cost effectiveness will also be discussed.

Level of Evidence: 3

Technical Efficacy Stage: 3
Mpox virus Clade IIb detection in the air
Authors: Saied AbdulRahman A.
Published: May 2023

Mpox is a viral zoonotic disease endemic in Central and West Africa that is caused by the Mpox virus, which belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus and Poxviridae family. The clinical manifestations of mpox infection are milder than those of smallpox, and the incubation time of mpox varies from 5 to 21 days. Since May 2022, the mpox outbreak (formerly known as monkeypox) has suddenly and unexpectedly spread in non‐endemic countries, suggesting that there may have been some undetected transmissions. Based on molecular analysis, there are two major genetic clades that represent the mpox virus: Clade I (formerly the Congo Basin clade OR the Central African clade) and Clade II (formerly the West African clade). It is believed that people who are asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic may spread the mpox virus. Infectious viruses cannot be distinguished by PCR testing; therefore, virus culture should be carried out. Recent evidence regarding the detection of the mpox virus (Clade IIb) in air samples collected from the patient's environment during the 2022 mpox outbreak was reviewed. Further studies are needed to evaluate the extent to which the presence of mpox virus DNA in the air could affect immunocompromised patients in healthcare facilities, and further epidemiological studies are crucial, especially in Africa.
Endoprosthetic reconstruction for lower extremity soft tissue sarcomas with bone involvement
Authors: Rowell P. D. , Ferguson P. C. , Tsoi K. M. , Nevin J. L. , Novak R. , Griffin A. M. , Wunder J. S.
Published: May 2023

Background and Objectives

Bone resection and endoprosthetic reconstruction (EPR) in the setting of soft tissue sarcoma (STS) management is rare and incurs unique challenges. We aim to report on the surgical and oncological outcomes of this relatively previously undocumented cohort.

Methods

This is a single‐center retrospective review of prospectively collected data for patients who required EPRs following resection of STSs of the lower extremity. Following inclusion criteria, we assessed 29 cases of EPR for primary STS of the lower limb.

Results

The mean age was 54 years (range 18–84). Of the 29 patients, there were 6 total femur, 11 proximal femur, 4 intercalary, and 8 distal femur EPRs. Fourteen of 29 patients (48%) underwent re‐operations for surgical complications, with 9 relating to infection (31%). When a matched cohort analysis was performed comparing our cohort to STSs that did not necessitate EPR, a reduced rate of overall survival and metastasis‐free survival was found in those requiring EPR.

Conclusion

This series identifies a high rate of complication from EPRs performed for STS. Patients should be cautioned about the high rate of infection, surgical complications, and lower overall survival in this setting.
Determination of ivacaftor by liquid chromatography techniques in pharmaceutical formulation with interlaboratory comparison and characterization of five novel degradation products by high‐performance liquid chromatography ion trap time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Özcan Saniye , Can Nafiz Öncü
Published: May 2023

Cystic fibrosis is a life‐threatening genetic disease that causes damage to the lungs. Ivacaftor, the first drug to target the underlying defect of the disease caused by specific mutations, improves outcomes and reduces hospitalizations. In this study, quantitative determination of ivacaftor was performed by liquid chromatography, while high‐resolution mass spectrometric analyses were performed for qualitative determination. The validation studies of the developed methods were performed according to International Conference on Harmonisation Q2(R1) guideline. Ivacaftor was separated from its degradation product by using Phenomenex Kinetex C18(150 × 3 mm, 2.6 µm) column. The isocratic mobile phase for binary pump configuration was 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in water and 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in acetonitrile (27:63) (v/v), pH = 2.5; the flow rate of 0.25 mL/min was used in all methods. In the degradation studies, five degradation products were identified using high‐performance liquid chromatography ion trap time‐of‐flight mass spectrometric analyses: three of them have never been reported up to date; whereas the other two were existing in the literature and they were having Chemical Abstracts Services registry numbers since they were synthesized before for various other purposes. Also, analysis of an in‐lab prepared chemical equivalent of Kalydeco®and interlaboratory comparison were performed.
Low‐Loss Epsilon‐Near‐Zero Metamaterials
Authors: Yan Wendi , Zhou Ziheng , Li Hao , Sun Wangyu , Lv Qihao , Li Yue
Published: May 2023

Different from the classical periodic‐resonator‐based metamaterials, epsilon‐near‐zero (ENZ) metamaterials provide a unique paradigm to achieve equivalent electromagnetic characteristics in deep subwavelength scales, exhibiting unprecedented impacts on a broad variety of extreme‐small‐volume applications. By doping regular dielectric rods in the ENZ host, the effective permeability µeff of ENZ metamaterials is properly tuned for desired scattering properties and intrinsic impedance. However, losses in ENZ metamaterials severely limit the tuning range of the real part of µeff and result in an undesired imaginary part. Here, to mitigate the loss issue of ENZ metamaterials, a dielectric‐free approach is theoretically studied and experimentally verified by substituting dielectric dopants with metal‐layer dopants to construct a low‐loss resonant cavity. Therefore, the largest tuning range of µeff is achieved, which advances ENZ metamaterials from ideal cases to more extensive and practical applications. In addition to existing photonics and electronics applications of regular ENZ metamaterials, additional examples are studied to demonstrate the low‐loss benefits of layer‐type ENZ metamaterials, including integrated microfluidic switches and high‐sensitivity sensors with a sensitivity of 11.2% and quality factor of 2800. These examples reveal universal significance for wide‐range applications in extreme‐small‐volume devices and systems, such as integrated circuits, chips, and implanted devices.
On the Effective Lifetime of Reversible Bonds in Transient Networks
Authors: Shanbhag Sachin , Ricarte Ralm G.
Published: May 2023

The renormalized bond lifetime model (RBLM) is a popular scaling theory for the effective lifetime of reversible bonds in transient networks. It recognizes that stickers connected by a reversible bond undergo many (J) cycles of dissociation and reassociation. After finally separating, one of these stickers finds a new open partner in time τopen via a subdiffusive process whose mean‐squared displacement is proportional to tα, where t is the time elapsed, and α is the subdiffusion exponent. The RBLM makes convenient mathematical approximations to obtain analytical expressions for J and τopen. The consequences of relaxing these approximations is investigated by performing fractional Brownian motion (FBM) simulations. It is found that the scaling relations developed in the RBLM hold surprisingly well. However, RBLM overestimates both τopen and J, especially at lower values of α. For α = 0.5, corresponding to the Rouse limit, it is found that τopen is overestimated by a factor of approximately 4x, while the approximation for J is nearly exact. The degree of overestimation worsens as α decreases, and increases to 1–2 orders of magnitude at α = 0.25, corresponding to the reptation limit. This has important ramifications for experimental studies that use RBLM to interpret rheology and dielectric spectroscopy observations.
The Parkinson's disease‐associated protein α‐synuclein inhibits hepatoma by exosome delivery
Authors: Hou Tian‐Zhong , Yang Hui‐Min , Cheng Yun‐Zhong , Gu Li , Zhang Jian‐Nan , Zhang Hong
Published: May 2023

Numerous epidemiological studies suggest a link between Parkinson's disease (PD) and cancer. However, their relevant pathogenesis is not clear. In the present study, we investigated the potential role of exosome‐delivered α‐synuclein (α‐syn) in the regulation between PD and liver cancer. We cultured hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells with exosomes derived from conditioned medium of the PD cellular model, and injected exosomes enriched with α‐syn into the striatum of a liver cancer rat model. We found that α‐syn‐contained exosomes from the rotenone‐induced cellular model of PD suppressed the growth, migration, and invasion of HCC cells. Integrin αVβ5 in exosomes from the rotenone‐induced PD model was higher than that in the control, resulting in more α‐syn‐contained exosomes being taken up by HCC cells. Consistently, in vivo experiments with rat models also confirmed exosome‐delivered α‐syn inhibited liver cancer. These findings illustrate the important role of PD‐associated protein α‐syn inhibiting hepatoma by exosome delivery, suggesting a new mechanism underlying the link between these two diseases and therapeutics of liver cancer.
Prevention in two‐period time and its extension health risk model
Authors: Gao Yijin , Deng Peiyun
Published: May 2023

The optimal problem exists in the individual's self‐protection activity. Generally, people consider a two‐period model within the decision equation through some constraints. In this work, we extend the two‐period model in risk decision‐making to a
‐period model with
. Prevention and saving are two main factors discussed in this model. Then we apply the coordinate descent algorithm to find the “optimal” solution of the model equation. To the best knowledge we know, it is the first time to give the approximation of the optimality from a theoretical view. Some substitution results based on the first derivative are also presented. The numerical examples are tested to verify the result.
A case of panic attack developing after THC‐O acetate inhalation using an e‐cigarette device
Authors: Sugawara Norio , Yasui‐Furukori Norio , Shimoda Kazutaka
Published: May 2023

Aim

Tetrahydrocannabinol acetate (THC‐O) is a cannabinoid‐based product, and few medical studies have evaluated the effects of THC‐O on humans. Recently, e‐cigarettes have become popular among teenagers and young adults worldwide. However, there have been reports of people misusing this device as a delivery system for drugs of abuse.

Case Presentation

We herein report a case of panic attack after THC‐O inhalation using an e‐cigarette device in an 18‐year‐old male with no history of psychiatric disorders. Although he started smoking both regular cigarettes and e‐cigarettes in junior high school, he had never vaped delta‐9 THC or THC‐O until the present episode. A total of 20 min after his first inhalation of THC‐O, he experienced a sudden attack that lasted 2 h. After this episode, he did not inhale THC‐O. Throughout the subsequent 6 months of follow‐up, he maintained improvement with no panic attacks.

Conclusion

In this case, we intend to emphasize that THC‐O is not safe, even if the substance is regarded as loophole drug. The use of e‐cigarette devices might accelerate substance abuse.
High intrinsic thermal conductive polymer films by engineered interchain hydrogen bond interactions
Authors: Zheng Haoting , Wu Kun , Zhan Yingjie , Wang Kunxin , Shi Jun
Published: May 2023

A series of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite films containing different hydrogen bond acceptors 4,4′‐dihydroxydiphenyl (BP), 1,1′‐biphenyl‐4,4′‐diyl dihexanoate (DHB) and benzene‐1,3,5‐triyl tribenzoate (TBB) were prepared by casting method. Due to the existence of strong intermolecular interaction, the highest in‐plane thermal conductivity of the above films is 1.298 Wm−1 K−1, which is about 65% higher than pure PVA films. Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WXAD) demonstrated that the TBB acts as a thermal bridge to enhance the internal interaction force and make the internal structure more regular. Strong molecular contact forces were demonstrated by mechanical tensile testing. The thermal expansion rate of the system was explored through molecular dynamics. Thermal expansion experiments proved that hydrogen bond can effectively reduce the free volume. Molecular dynamics simulations were also performed in this work. The number and density of hydrogen bonds inside different polymers were calculated, and the phonon thermal transport was quantitatively analyzed. The thermal bridge and intermolecular contact force were discovered to effectively restrict the molecular chain's activity and reduce its free volume. The results of the experiments and molecular dynamics reveal that strong intermolecular interactions and thermal bridges can significantly improve polymer intrinsic thermal conductivity.
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis presenting as diffuse alveolar hemorrhage at onset: A case series
Authors: Guo Siyuan , Yin Ju , Yao Yao , Chen Lanqin , Wang Hao , Zhao Zhipeng , Xu Baoping , Liu Xiuyun
Published: May 2023

Objective

The etiology of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) in childhood is often unknown, and it may be an early manifestation of rheumatic disease. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is one of the most common rheumatic diseases in children, but DAH as an onset manifestation of JIA is rare. This study summarizes the clinical characteristics of patients with JIA presenting as DAH.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the age of onset, clinical manifestations, imaging features, treatments, and prognosis of five cases of JIA presenting as DAH.

Results

Themedian age at DAH onset was 6 months (range, 2 months–3 years). Pallor was the most common manifestation of onset (5/5). Other symptoms included cough (2/5), tachypnea (2/5), hemoptysis (1/5), cyanosis (1/5), and fatigue (1/5). Imaging showed ground‐glass opacity (GGO) (5/5), subpleural or intrapulmonary honeycombing (4/5), consolidation (3/5), interlobular septal thickening (2/5), and nodules (1/5). Anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) and rheumatoid factor (RF) were positive in five children (5/5), and antinuclear antibody (ANA) was positive in four children (4/5). ANA in three children and ACPA/RF in one child were positive before the onset of joint symptoms. The median age at the onset of joint symptoms was 3 years and 9 months (2 years and 6 months–8 years). Joint symptoms were mainly characterized by joint swelling, pain, and difficulty walking, and the most commonly affected joints were the knees, ankles, and wrists. After the diagnosis of DAH, the five patients were treated with glucocorticoids. Alveolar hemorrhage was effectively controlled in three cases, but the other two patients still had anemia and poor improvements in chest imaging. After joint symptoms, the patients were treated with glucocorticoids combined with diclofenac, disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs, and biological agents. Alveolar hemorrhage was in remission, and joint symptoms were relieved in the five cases.

Conclusion

DAH can be the first clinical manifestation of JIA, and joint involvement occurs 1–5 years later. Children with DAH who are positive for RF, ACPA, and/or ANA and have GGO accompanied by honeycombing on imaging should be concerned about their joint involvement in future.
Crystal structure of reducing‐end xylose‐releasing exoxylanase in subfamily 7 of glycoside hydrolase family 30
Authors: Nakamichi Yusuke , Watanabe Masahiro , Fujii Tatsuya , Inoue Hiroyuki , Morita Tomotake
Published: May 2023

TcXyn30A from Talaromyces cellulolyticus, which belongs to subfamily 7 of the glycoside hydrolase family 30 (GH30‐7), releases xylose from the reducing end of xylan and xylooligosaccharides (XOSs), the so‐called reducing‐end xylose‐releasing exoxylanase (ReX). In this study, the crystal structures of TcXyn30A with and without xylose at subsite +1 (the binding site of the xylose residue at the reducing end) were determined. This is the first report on the structure of ReX in the family GH30‐7. TcXyn30A forms a dimer. The complex structure of TcXyn30A with xylose revealed that subsite +1 is located at the dimer interface. TcXyn30A recognizes xylose at subsite +1 composed of amino acid residues from each monomer and blocks substrate binding to subsite +2 by dimer formation. Thus, the dimeric conformation is responsible for ReX activity. The structural comparison between TcXyn30A and the homologous enzyme indicated that subsite −2 is composed of assembled three stacked Trp residues, Trp49, Trp333, and Trp334, allowing TcXyn30A to accommodate xylan and any branched XOSs decorated with a substitution such as α‐1,2‐linked 4‐O‐methyl‐d‐glucuronic acid or α‐1,2‐ and/or −1,3‐linked L‐arabinofuranose. These findings provide an insight into the structural determinants for ReX activity of TcXyn30A.
An Electroactive and Self‐Assembling Bio‐Ink, based on Protein‐Stabilized Nanoclusters and Graphene, for the Manufacture of Fully Inkjet‐Printed Paper‐Based Analytical Devices
Authors: Silvestri Alessandro , Vázquez‐Díaz Silvia , Misia Giuseppe , Poletti Fabrizio , López‐Domene Rocío , Pavlov Valeri , Zanardi Chiara , Cortajarena Aitziber L. , Prato Maurizio
Published: May 2023

Hundreds of new electrochemical sensors are reported in literature every year. However, only a few of them makes it to the market. Manufacturability, or rather the lack of it, is the parameter that dictates if new sensing technologies will remain forever in the laboratory in which they are conceived. Inkjet printing is a low‐cost and versatile technique that can facilitate the transfer of nanomaterial‐based sensors to the market. Herein, an electroactive and self‐assembling inkjet‐printable ink based on protein‐nanomaterial composites and exfoliated graphene is reported. The consensus tetratricopeptide proteins (CTPRs), used to formulate this ink, are engineered to template and coordinate electroactive metallic nanoclusters (NCs), and to self‐assemble upon drying, forming stable films. The authors demonstrate that, by incorporating graphene in the ink formulation, it is possible to dramatically improve the electrocatalytic properties of the ink, obtaining an efficient hybrid material for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) detection. Using this bio‐ink, the authors manufactured disposable and environmentally sustainable electrochemical paper‐based analytical devices (ePADs) to detect H2O2, outperforming commercial screen‐printed platforms. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that oxidoreductase enzymes can be included in the formulation, to fully inkjet‐print enzymatic amperometric biosensors ready to use.
Consensus genomic regions for grain quality traits in wheat revealed by Meta‐QTL analysis and in silico transcriptome integration
Authors: Li Na , Miao Yongping , Ma Jingfu , Zhang Peipei , Chen Tao , Liu Yuan , Che Zhuo , Shahinnia Fahimeh , Yang Delong
Published: May 2023

Grain quality traits are the key factors that determine the economic value of wheat and are largely influenced by genetics and the environment. In this study, using a meta‐analysis of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and a comprehensive in silico transcriptome assessment, we identified key genomic regions and putative candidate genes for the grain quality traits protein content, gluten content, and test weight. A total of 508 original QTLs were collected from 41 articles on QTL mapping for the three quality traits in wheat published from 2003 to 2021. When these original QTLs were projected onto a high‐density consensus map consisting of 14,548 markers, 313 QTLs resulted in the identification of 64 MQTLs distributed across 17 of the 21 chromosomes. Most of the meta‐QTLs (MQTLs) were distributed on sub‐genomes A and B. Compared with the original QTLs, the confidence interval (CI) of the MQTLs was smaller, with an average CI of 4.47 cM, while the projected QTLs CI was 11.13 cM (2.49‐fold lower). The corresponding physical length of the MQTL ranged from 0.45 to 239.01 Mb. Thirty‐one of these 64 MQTLs were validated in at least one genome‐wide association study. In addition, five of the 64 MQTLs were selected and designated as core MQTLs. The 211 quality‐related genes from rice were used to identify wheat homologs in MQTLs. In combination with transcriptional and omics analyses, 135 putative candidate genes were identified from 64 MQTL regions. The findings should contribute to a better understanding of the molecular genetic mechanisms underlying grain quality and the improvement of these traits in wheat breeding.
Animal origin of Covid‐19 found?
Authors: Gray Arabella
Published: May 2023

Arabella Gray discusses recently unearthed genetic sequences that may point towards an animal origin for the Covid‐19 pandemic.
Anicteric gall bladder rupture secondary to necrotising cholecystitis in a dog
Authors: Travail Victoria , Motta Claudio , Moreno‐Aguado Beatriz , Torres‐Canto Lucia , Juvet Florence
Published: May 2023

A 4‐year‐old, female cocker spaniel was presented for investigation of acute onset of vomiting and lethargy. Pyrexia, abdominal discomfort and marked abdominal distension were detected during clinical examination. Clinicopathological findings revealed mild neutrophilia with band neutrophils. Biochemistry showed a mild hyperalbuminemia (40 g/L; reference: 23–35) and mild elevation of alanine aminotransferase (165 U/L; reference: 0–110). A computed tomography scan of the abdomen raised suspicion of gall bladder wall rupture secondary to necrotising cholecystitis, associated with marked peritoneal effusion and cholangitis with duodenitis. An exploratory laparotomy and cholecystectomy were performed, with intraoperative abdominal lavage. Histopathology revealed a necrotic gall bladder wall, and analysis and culture of the abdominal free fluid confirmed the presence of a septic exudate with growth of Escherichia coli. The dog was treated with potentiated amoxicillin and clinical signs resolved. Cases presenting with biliary tract rupture could occur without suggestive serum biochemistry findings.
A spectrum of explainable and interpretable machine learning approaches for genomic studies
Authors: Conard Ashley Mae , DenAdel Alan , Crawford Lorin
Published: May 2023

The advancement of high‐throughput genomic assays has led to enormous growth in the availability of large‐scale biological datasets. Over the last two decades, these increasingly complex data have required statistical approaches that are more sophisticated than traditional linear models. Machine learning methodologies such as neural networks have yielded state‐of‐the‐art performance for prediction‐based tasks in many biomedical applications. However, a notable downside of these machine learning models is that they typically do not reveal how or why accurate predictions are made. In many areas of biomedicine, this “black box” property can be less than desirable—particularly when there is a need to perform in silico hypothesis testing about a biological system, in addition to justifying model findings for downstream decision‐making, such as determining the best next experiment or treatment strategy. Explainable and interpretable machine learning approaches have emerged to overcome this issue. While explainable methods attempt to derive post hoc understanding of what a model has learned, interpretable models are designed to inherently provide an intelligible definition of their parameters and architecture. Here, we review the model transparency spectrum moving from black box and explainable, to interpretable machine learning methodology. Motivated by applications in genomics, we provide background on the advances across this spectrum, detailing specific approaches in both supervised and unsupervised learning. Importantly, we focus on the promise of incorporating existing biological knowledge when constructing interpretable machine learning methods for biomedical applications. We then close with considerations and opportunities for new development in this space.

This article is categorized under:

Statistical Models > Nonlinear Models

Applications of Computational Statistics > Genomics/Proteomics/Genetics

Applications of Computational Statistics > Computational and Molecular Biology
A Broken National Consensus? EU Issue Voting and the Radical Right in Spain
Authors: Marcos-Marne Hugo
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines the extent to which European Union (EU) politicization exists in diverse media and is fostered by different political parties in Spain. It also delves into the dynamics of EU issue voting in national elections. To deal with the first issue, the chapter considers news published by two main newspapers in Spain, El País and El Mundo, and parliamentary discourses from all political parties with representation. As for the presence of EU issue voting, it utilizes survey data gathered online in May 2019. Results evidence an increase in the salience of EU issues after 2008 that declines again after 2012, and a not-so-clear pattern regarding negative mentions of the EU. However, it is evident that Euroscepticism never dominated public debates in Spain (more salience without more contestation). They also show that preferring less EU integration is associated with having voted for the radical-right VOX both in general and within-ideological-blocks comparisons. Implications and limitations of these results are considered in the conclusion section.
News vs. Opinion Articles on the European Union: The Politicisation of the EU in the Mainstream Press
Authors: Silva Tiago , Kartalis Yani
Published: May 2023

This chapter assesses the politicisation of the EU in six European countries, by looking at the media coverage of 29 legislative elections held between 2002 and 2017. Using a combination of automated and manual methods of content analysis, this chapter goes beyond the existing studies to examine how the Eurozone crises impacted the traditional media coverage of the EU not only in terms of magnitude but also in terms of framing and content. Using a unique dataset of 165,341 news items, from 12 mainstream newspapers, this study answers three questions relevant to the main goal of this book: (1) does EU politicisation vary between left- and right-leaning newspapers; (2) is there a difference between news and opinion articles in terms of EU salience and tone; (3) what dimensions of EU debates are more prevalent in the media. Our analysis shows that, after the crisis, the countries’ politicisation of the EU diverged more in terms of content than magnitude. However, when we only consider opinion articles, the differences within mainstream media, from the left and right, become more salient. These results confirm the role and importance of the media for EU politicisation and its potential impact on national politics.
Parties Acting Strategically: National Parliaments’ Role in Holding the EU Accountable
Authors: Kartalis Yani , Silva Tiago
Published: May 2023

The existing assessments of EU politicization have predominantly focused on the media and in the actors that are reported in that arena. This chapter offers a novel approach to the study of EU politicization by focusing, instead, on the institutional arena of six EU countries. Using the MAPLE dataset of parliamentary debates, with a total of 724,963 speeches covering a period of 20 years, this chapter offers a comparative and longitudinal analysis of EU politicization at the institutional level, assessing the impact that the Eurozone crisis had in the parliamentary debates of the EU. Automated and manual content analysis methods are used to answer three main questions: Has the EU been politicized at the institutional level? Did the Eurozone crisis affect the politicization of the EU in parliaments? What characteristics of political parties have determined the salience and contestation of the EU topic? Our results suggest that the EU has not been, in the past 20 years, a very salient nor contested topic at the institutional level. However, we find that the parties’ contribution to the democratic legitimacy of the European integration varies significantly, with the parties’ position on the EU topic being the strongest determinant of EU politicization.