bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Political democracy, economy, and cancer risk: A comparative analysis of 170 countries
Authors: Patterson Andrew C.
Published: August 2024

Much literature acknowledges the importance of political systems for population health. People living in democratic countries tend to have higher life expectancies and lower rates of infant mortality compared to those in other countries. However, few quantitative comparative studies explore the political origins of chronic disease. To address this gap, this study examines the impact of political democracy on cancer risk. Using data from the Global Cancer Observatory (GLOBOCAN), regression models test differences in age‐adjusted cancer rates across 170 countries. Counter to study hypotheses, overall incidence of cancer is not any lower in democratic countries. This is evident even when removing the confounding influence of economic and several other factors. However, among children and adolescents, cancer mortality rates and leukemia incidence are exceptions since these are lower in democratic countries in some models. Results otherwise do not support the view that political regime type alone prevents cancer. Overall findings appear robust to threats of endogeneity, higher average age in developed countries, comparative differences in the ability to diagnose cases, and several other threats. The broader literature indicates that democratic countries have better health overall. However, findings are that democratic countries have higher cancer incidence on average, which is likely due to having higher levels of economic prosperity compared to more autocratic countries. Economic policy is likely to be an important consideration for preventing cancer. Longitudinal analysis was not possible for these data, which is reason for caution when interpreting these findings.
Rare Presentation of Wide QRS Tachycardia in a Patient in Their 40s
Authors: Li Jing‐Xiu , Wang Jing , Li Xue‐Qi , Gao Min
Published: August 2024

This article describes the case of a 40‐year‐old individual who presented with fulminant myocarditis. Initial ECG displayed sinus tachycardia with a heart rate of 117 bpm, QS complexes in leads V1–V3, ST‐segment depression in leads II, III, aVF, V5–V6, and ST‐segment elevation >0.2 mV in leads V1 through V3. The initial clinical assessment suggested an acute anteroseptal myocardial infarction. However, subsequent diagnostic evaluation through coronary angiography disclosed that the coronary arteries were normal. Therefore, clinicians should carefully consider the differential diagnosis between these conditions, as their management strategies differ markedly. Two hours after admission, the patient unexpectedly developed syncope. The ECG findings were consistent with the typical characteristics of bidirectional ventricular tachycardia. Our report described the appearance and morphology as well as mechanism of bidirectional ventricular tachycardia in detail. Additionally, we delineate differential diagnoses for disease that can cause bidirectional ventricular tachycardia, such as aconite poisoning, digoxin overdose, immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI), myocardial ischemia, and hereditary channelopathies, such as catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) and Andersen–Tawil syndrome. Therefore, clinicians should recognize this ECG finding immediately and initiate appropriate treatment promptly as these measures may be vital in saving the patient's life.
“All that is dark, potential, and quiet”: Riding the hinge in the witch's dance
Authors: Shannon Jacquelyn Marie
Published: August 2024

In this paper, I analyze the witch's dance through the lens of Jahra “Rager” Wasasala's bloo/d/runk (2016) and Liz Lerman's Wicked Bodies (2020) whose invocation of the witch through the moving body, I argue, goes beyond merely metaphorical or esthetic applications, but enacts a certain dramaturgical function as a hinging threshold, a dynamic site of negotiation between material and immaterial forces. In my analysis, I sketch the contours of a hinge‐analytic called “riding the hinge,” seeking suspension in the hinges of performance in order to account for how invisible forces assume presence on stage through the figure of the witch as she dances. “Riding the hinge,” I argue, is a practice performed by choreographers who engage the transformational presencing power of the body of the witch in performance, as well as a critical methodology for analyzing such works.
Anteroposterior cervical spine canal diameter: exploring ethnic variation between European and Polynesian populations
Authors: Goddard‐Hodge Daniel , Boukebous Baptiste , Baker Joseph F.
Published: August 2024

Background

Reduced spinal canal anteroposterior (AP) diameter and AP‐transverse diameter ratio have been linked to the development of spinal cord injury and myelopathy. Previously unpublished data has suggested Maori and Pacifica individuals may have narrower cervical spine canals than their NZ European counterparts.

Purpose

We evaluate the existence of potential differences in dimensions of the sub‐axial cervical spine canal between New Zealand European, Māori and Polynesian individuals.

Study design

A computed tomography (CT) analysis of 645 intact adult sub‐axial cervical vertebrae from 129 patients.

Methods

A total of 645 human sub‐axial (C3–C7) cervical vertebrae were analysed radiographically, using 1 mm resolution CT scans to measure AP diameter, transverse diameter and AP:transverse ratio. CT data were obtained from normal trauma scans demonstrating no acute pathology. CT data was reformatted in digital software allowing multi‐planar reconstruction (MPR) to increase accuracy of measurements. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Results

A total of 245 vertebrae were from Māori individuals, 245 from NZ European and 155 from Polynesians. There were 455 male vertebrae and 215 female vertebrae. Statistically significant differences were found in AP canal diameter between all ethnic groups, at all spinal levels. The average cervical spine canal was around 2.5 mm narrower in Polynesians and around 1.5 mm narrower in Māori than NZ Europeans. No differences in Transverse canal diameter were observed, however statistically significant differences were found in the AP:transverse ratio at all spinal levels.

Conclusions

Our study, utilizing a normal patient cohort, confirms differences in canal dimensions between ethnic groups.

Clinical significance

Ethnic variation in cervical canal dimensions as herein described, must be considered when defining and diagnosing congenital stenosis. Neglecting to account for these differences may lead to misdiagnosis of congenital stenosis in normal individuals in certain ethnic groups.
Global perceptions of state apologies for human rights violations
Authors: Schaafsma Juliette , de Groot Marlies , Sagherian‐Dickey Thia
Published: August 2024

State apologies for human rights violations are often seen as a key mechanism in reconciliation processes. Nevertheless, they are often contested as well and have not been embraced equally by countries around the world. This raises questions about their universal value and potential to address or redress past harmdoing by countries. In a study across 33 countries (n = 11,023), we found that people around the world consider apologies by states for human rights violations to be reasonably important but tend to be less supportive of the idea that their own country should apologize for past harmdoing. We found that this discrepancy was amplified in countries with stronger honour norms and a stronger collective sense of victim– rather than perpetratorhood. Moving beyond the decontextualized approach that has prevailed in previous psychological research on this topic, our findings show that people's attitudes towards apologies by their country do not exist in a cultural and social vacuum but depend on the extent to which the broader context affords a critical reflection on past harmdoing. As such, they help explain why some countries have been reluctant to offer apologies, and why such gestures may also be more controversial in some contexts than in others.
The contribution and impact of shallow water platform as a potential source area on siliceous submarine fans
Authors: Zheng Xiaobo , Zhu Hongtao , Liu Qianghu , Zeng Zhiwei , Sun Zhongheng , Fan Caiwei
Published: August 2024

The shelf‐margin deltas are the primary ‘sources’ of interest in siliceous submarine fan source‐to‐sink systems. However, less has yet to be discovered about the roles and effects of the shallow water platform situated on continental slopes. Using the Miocene sediments of the Ledong‐Lingshui Sag in the western part of the Qiongdongnan Basin (QDNB), this paper studies the YC35 coarse‐grained submarine fan that developed in the Meishan Formation (Fm.). The material sources, depositional characteristics, and developmental mechanisms of this fan were investigated. The restored palaeogeomorphology, based on high‐resolution 3D seismic data, shows that a shallow water platform exists. According to geochemical palaeoenvironmental data, the shallow water platform was ideal for forming carbonate deposits in the Meishan Fm., owing to the warm and humid palaeoclimate and the shifting trend in palaeowater depth. Based on the combined source tracing of heavy minerals, coherence slices, and seismic profiles, the shallow water platform and the Ningyuan River source on Hainan Island contributed to the YC35 coarse‐grained submarine fan. Compared to submarine fans formed during different periods, coarse‐grained fan stands out due to its distinct sedimentary structure, rock composition, and microlithological characteristics. Aside from not following the usual Bowmar sequence, there is an excess of gravel and no clear bedding or lamination. A large number of rock fragments, mostly granite and sedimentary rock (carbonatite), make up the rock composition. According to these results, the shallow water platform significantly affects submarine fan material composition. In addition, the attribute slice based on the root mean square reveals that shallow water platforms moderate peripheral deposition. We attribute the development and proximal supply of the shallow water platform to diapirism and forced regression. Our research provides novel insights and comprehension into the investigation of submarine fan sedimentary systems.
Hyperglycemia‐induced Sirt3 downregulation increases microglial aerobic glycolysis and inflammation in diabetic neuropathic pain pathogenesis
Authors: Li Yongchang , Kong Erliang , Ding Ruifeng , Chu Ruitong , Lu Jinfang , Deng Mengqiu , Hua Tong , Yang Mei , Wang Haowei , Chen Dashuang , Song Honghao , Wei Huawei , Zhang Ping , Han Chaofeng , Yuan Hongbin
Published: August 2024

Background

Hyperglycemia‐induced neuroinflammation significantly contributes to diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

Objective

To investigate the role of Sirt3, a mitochondrial deacetylase, in hyperglycemia‐induced neuroinflammation and DNP and to explore potential therapeutic interventions.

Method and Results

Here, we found that Sirt3 was downregulated in spinal dorsal horn (SDH) of diabetic mice by RNA‐sequencing, which was further confirmed at the mRNA and protein level. Sirt3 deficiency exacerbated hyperglycemia‐induced neuroinflammation and DNP by enhancing microglial aerobic glycolysis in vivo and in vitro. Overexpression of Sirt3 in microglia alleviated inflammation by reducing aerobic glycolysis. Mechanistically, high‐glucose stimulation activated Akt, which phosphorylates and inactivates FoxO1. The inactivation of FoxO1 diminished the transcription of Sirt3. Besides that, we also found that hyperglycemia induced Sirt3 degradation via the mitophagy‐lysosomal pathway. Blocking Akt activation by GSK69093 or metformin rescued the degradation of Sirt3 protein and transcription inhibition of Sirt3 mRNA, which substantially diminished hyperglycemia‐induced inflammation. Metformin in vivo treatment alleviated neuroinflammation and diabetic neuropathic pain by rescuing hyperglycemia‐induced Sirt3 downregulation.

Conclusion

Hyperglycemia induces metabolic reprogramming and inflammatory activation in microglia through the regulation of Sirt3 transcription and degradation. This novel mechanism identifies Sirt3 as a potential drug target for treating DNP.
Evaluation of neuroretina following i.v. or intra‐CSF AAV9 gene replacement in mice with MPS IIIA, a childhood dementia
Authors: Beard Helen , Winner Leanne , Shoubridge Andrew , Parkinson‐Lawrence Emma , Lau Adeline A. , Mubarokah Siti N. , Lance Tabitha‐Rose , King Barbara , Scott William , Snel Marten F. , Trim Paul J. , Hemsley Kim M.
Published: August 2024

Background

Sanfilippo syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA; MPS IIIA) is a childhood dementia caused by inherited mutations in the sulfamidase gene. At present, there is no treatment and children with classical disease generally die in their late teens. Intravenous or intra‐cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) injection of AAV9‐gene replacement is being examined in human clinical trials; evaluation of the impact on brain disease is an intense focus; however, MPS IIIA patients also experience profound, progressive photoreceptor loss, leading to night blindness.

Aim

To compare the relative efficacy of the two therapeutic approaches on retinal degeneration in MPS IIIA mice.

Methods

Neonatal mice received i.v. or intra‐CSF AAV9‐sulfamidase or vehicle and after 20 weeks, biochemical and histological evaluation of neuroretina integrity was carried out.

Results

Both treatments improved central retinal thickness; however, in peripheral retina, outer nuclear layer thickness and photoreceptor cell length were only significantly improved by i.v. gene replacement. Further, normalization of endo‐lysosomal compartment size and microglial morphology was only observed following intravenous gene delivery.

Conclusions

Confirmatory studies are needed in adult mice; however, these data indicate that i.v. AAV9‐sulfamidase infusion leads to superior outcomes in neuroretina, and cerebrospinal fluid‐delivered AAV9 may need to be supplemented with another therapeutic approach for optimal patient quality of life.
Motivating government on threatened species through electoral systems
Authors: Kindler Gareth S. , Kusmanoff Alexander M. , Kearney Stephen , Ward Michelle , Fuller Richard A. , Lloyd Thomas J. , Bekessy Sarah A. , Gregg Emily A. , Stewart Romola , Watson James E. M.
Published: August 2024

Many of the proposed solutions to the global biodiversity crisis rely on national governments to act. The conservation movement needs to motivate governments or face an ongoing extinction crisis. Here we explore how linking biodiversity to electoral systems may assist in motivating government action. Using Australia as a case study, we analyze the intersection of 151 electoral districts and 1651 threatened species. We show all districts contain at least 14 threatened species. Half of the species analyzed (n = 801, 49%) are confined to one district (n = 44), with 1345 (81%) species intersecting with less than five. This geographical information shows that alongside local social and economic issues, the threatened species crisis can be made relevant to all Australian elected representatives. Locally relevant information can encourage integration of species needs into the scope of political representation. As such, linking biodiversity to political geography offers a potential pathway to creating transformative change.
Cutaneous Rosai–Dorfman disease with MAP2K1 mutation, initially mimicking an infection with parasitized histiocytes
Authors: Gillam Joseph , Desai Ruchi , Louie Raphael J. , Turner Scott A. , Wang Grace Y. , Diaz‐Perez Julio A. , Mochel Mark C.
Published: August 2024

Rarely, Rosai–Dorfman disease (RDD) manifests exclusively in the skin, typically as nodules on the trunk and extremities. Recognition of characteristic histopathologic features enables diagnosis of RDD. A 55‐year‐old female presented with a 7‐year history of cutaneous nodules involving the trunk and extremities. A prior skin biopsy specimen at a different institution had demonstrated a dense dermal lymphohistiocytic infiltrate with histiocytes containing GMS+ forms, favored to represent cryptococcal organisms, with a differential diagnosis including other infections with parasitized histiocytes. Despite antibiotic therapy, lesions persisted. After a presentation to our institution, a biopsy specimen showed a diffuse infiltrate, including histiocytes with voluminous pale cytoplasm with focal emperipolesis of inflammatory cells and S100 immunohistochemical positivity. Clinical and radiologic examinations did not identify significant extracutaneous involvement. A genetic study performed on the biopsy specimen identified a K57Q mutation of MAP2K1. The presence of this mutation correlated with prior reports of MAP2K1 mutation in classic RDD, thereby supporting our histopathologic diagnosis of RDD over an infectious process and further illuminating options for targeted therapies. At 3‐year follow‐up, the patient has been managed with a course of systemic corticosteroids and excision of bothersome lesions. Consideration of systemic therapy is ongoing.
Data‐driven inventory forecasting in periodic‐review inventory systems adjusted with a fill rate requirement
Authors: Bruzda Joanna , Abbasi Babak , Urbańczyk Tomasz
Published: August 2024

We propose an integrated forecasting and optimization framework for base stock decisions in periodic‐review inventory systems subject to requirements for these systems' infinite‐horizon fill rates as agreed service levels. We provide a detailed discussion of the conditions necessary for the uniqueness of the required optimal solutions, examine some properties of our data‐driven computational procedure, and address the task of directly modeling base stock levels with the help of chosen semiparametric nonlinear dynamic models. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our strategy, we evaluate it on real data sets, finding that it achieves fill rates close to the target values and low implicit inventory costs. Our empirical assessment also highlights the usefulness of generalized autoregressive score (GAS) models for inventory planning based on medium‐sized historical demand samples. These models can be recommended for applications with nominal fill rates of 90–95%, but also for careful so‐called “focus forecasting” when required service levels are as high as 99–99.9%.
Social framing effects in leadership by example: Preferences or beliefs?
Authors: Cartwright Edward , Drouvelis Michalis
Published: August 2024

We study the impact of framing on leading‐by‐example. Our 2 × 2 design consists of group level frames (Wall Street vs. Community) and individual level frames (First/Second Movers vs. Leader/Followers). We report on two studies where we elicit participants' beliefs allowing us to evaluate whether framing effects are driven by beliefs or preferences. Across both studies, average contributions are significantly lower in the Community—First Mover frame. This is primarily because leaders contribute less, pulling down followers' contributions. We find that contributions are strongly related to first order and second order beliefs but framing effects remain once we control for beliefs.
Morphological classification of radial glia–like cells in the postnatal mouse subventricular zone
Authors: Yoshida Ryota , Mori Tetsuji
Published: August 2024

The subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of the neurogenic regions of the adult mammalian brain. Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the SVZ have certain key features: they express glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), proliferate slowly, have a radial glia–like (RG‐L) morphology, and are in contact with the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). NSCs have been isolated by FACS to analyse them, but their morphology has not been systematically examined. To address this knowledge gap, we sparsely labelled RG‐L cells in the SVZ of neonatal mice by introducing via electroporation a plasmid expressing fluorescent protein under the control of the GFAP promoter. We then classified RG‐L cells into three types (RG‐L1, 2, and 3) based on their morphologies. RG‐L1 cells had a basal process with some branches and numerous fine processes. RG‐L2 cells had a basal process, but fewer branches and fine processes than RG‐L1 cells. RG‐L3 cells had one basal process that was almost free of branches and fine processes. Importantly, regardless of the cell type, about half of their somata resided on the basal side of the SVZ. Based on changes in their proportions during postnatal development and their expression of GFAP and cell proliferation markers at the adult stage, we speculated that NSCs change their morphologies during development/maturation and not all NSCs must always be in the apical SVZ or in contact with the CSF. Our results indicate that in addition to expression of markers for NSCs, the morphology is a critical feature to identify NSCs.
Strategic change: A systematic review, synthesis, and a future research agenda
Authors: Acciarini Chiara , Boccardelli Paolo , Peruffo Enzo
Published: August 2024

Strategic change (SC) is widely addressed in the scholarly domain and continues to gain momentum in the rapidly evolving landscape of today's business world. What are the antecedents, processes, outcomes, and who are the actors in SC? We address this question through a systematic review of SC that suggests new avenues for management research and offers important reflections for practice regarding: (i) the main factors responsible for determining SC; (ii) the principal actions and methods adopted to implement SC; (iii) the main effects associated with SC; and (iv) the actors responsible for directing SC. By synthesizing and integrating the extant research, this review develops a framework of types of antecedents (i.e., internal and external), processes (i.e., initiation, implementation, sensemaking, and sensegiving), outcomes (i.e., adaptive and disruptive), and actors (i.e., chief executive officer [CEO], board of directors, top management team [TMT], and collective leadership) of SC. Our review culminates in the development of a series potential avenues for future research.
Unfolding crowd‐based accountability of a charity fund during the war
Authors: Melnyk Valeriia , Iermolenko Olga , Cordery Carolyn
Published: August 2024

Charity organizations’ accountability is crucial for their work and existence, as these organizations depend on continuous public donations. Meeting the needs of all stakeholders places additional challenges on charities and forces them to use different ways/forms of accountability. Recently, social media (SM) has been extensively used for both charity fundraising and reporting/accountability. With few exceptions, the current literature describes this process as rather one‐sided—where charity organizations pursue their agendas without engaging with or responding to crowds accessing their SM. This research uses netnographic and interview data to investigate how public SM engagement reconfigures a charity's accountability during wartime. We utilize the case of a significant Ukrainian charity fund that gathered over USD 110 million in donations in 2022 via SM to meet the needs of that country's army as well as victims of Russia's War in Ukraine. SM enabled crowds to question and critique the fund's accountability, generating a crowd‐based accountability dialog which required the charity to respond. Consequently, the charity evolved dialogic accountability processes between the crowd, the fund and its celebrity founder, the latter playing a mediating role in the fund's dialog with the crowd. This study adds to the literature on online publics and crowd‐based accountability as dialog. A particularly significant facet of this study concerns the highly sensitized context where, despite the exigencies faced, donors’ expectations of accountability remain high. Charity organizations, other nongovernmental organizations and governments can learn from this use of SM as a crowd‐based accountability tool to enable real dialog during significant crises (in our case, Russia's War in Ukraine).
Fatigue and corrosion‐fatigue behavior of the β‐metastable Ti‐5Al‐5Mo‐5V‐3Cr alloy processed by laser powder bed fusion
Authors: Alcântara Erika Gabriele Alves , Meinke Reinhard , Selve Sören , Kaya Ali Can , Fleck Claudia
Published: August 2024

We performed rotating bending tests and axial (tension‐compression) load‐increase and constant amplitude high‐cycle fatigue tests in air and Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS) on the β‐metastable titanium alloy Ti‐5Al‐5Mo‐5V‐3Cr, processed by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF‐M), solution‐treated and aged, and shot‐peened. Rotating bending loading in air revealed a strong influence of process‐induced flaws on fatigue endurance. Especially in the high‐cycle fatigue range and the transition region, the stochastic distribution of the flaws and flaw sizes led to a high scatter of the number of cycles to failure. The axial load‐increase tests yielded a good fatigue life estimation, with a negligible difference between air and HBSS. The cyclic deformation behavior in HBSS was also strongly influenced by the local microstructure and defect distribution, and, thus, by crack formation and propagation. Plastic deformation and microcrack growth interact, and their relative amount resulted in different progressions of the plastic strain amplitude over the number of cycles for different specimens. Changes in the free corrosion potential and the corrosion current were highly sensitive indicators for fatigue‐induced damage on the rough surfaces, which was correlated to the microscopic examination, fracture surface features, and the fatigue crack development.
Interspecies differences and lake‐specificity in the δ13C and δ18O signatures of charophyte carbonate encrustations
Authors: Pełechaty Mariusz , Pronin Eugeniusz , Pukacz Andrzej , Apolinarska Karina
Published: August 2024

This study identifies the relationships between the δ13C and δ18O signatures of extant charophyte carbonates (δ13CCARB and δ18OCARB) and the δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon and δ18O of water (δ13CDIC and δ18OWATER), respectively, and the structure of charophyte beds and the physico‐chemical properties of the ambient water. Inter‐ and intra‐specific differences and lake‐related variability are assessed.

Four morphologically different charophyte species (Nitellopsis obtusa, Chara tomentosa, Chara rudis, Chara contraria) were studied in four charophyte‐dominated lakes (Chara‐lakes) in Central Europe. A wide distribution of the species in calcium‐rich freshwater lakes, where they form extensive underwater beds and contribute to the deposition of calcareous sediments, makes the study representative of Chara‐lakes. Charophytes and water above them were sampled monthly (June–September 2008) at permanent study sites. Additionally, three comparative macrophyte‐free pelagic sites were sampled in each lake.

For all the charophytes studied, there was a greater variation in the δ13C and δ18O values of the encrustations than of the ambient and pelagic waters. Except for N. obtusa and C. tomentosa, the species differed significantly in the δ13CCARB values. The encrustations were enriched in 13C compared to water DIC. Chara tomentosa encrustations were significantly depleted in 18O compared to N. obtusa and C. contraria. In contrast to Chara species, N. obtusa encrustation was 18O‐enriched compared to surrounding water. The largest isotope differences between carbonate encrustations and surrounding water were found for C. rudis.

Considering the δ13CCARB versus δ13CDIC values, only slender species (i.e. N. obtusa and C. contraria) precipitated encrustations close to isotopic equilibrium with water DIC. Based on theoretical δ18OCALCULATED and measured δ18OCARB values, only C. tomentosa precipitated encrustation in equilibrium with the δ18OWATER.

Using redundancy analysis, the δ13CCARB values positively correlated with the δ13CDIC and δ18OWATER values and the percent volume of water inhabited by plants. The depth of sites, water mineralisation, alkalinity and fertility were inversely correlated with the δ13CCARB. The redundancy analysis revealed a clear division of samples into species and lakes; lakes were especially distinct.

We postulate that the stable C and O isotope compositions of charophyte encrustations are lake‐ rather than species‐specific and that the isotopic signatures of charophyte carbonates are representative of the entire lake epilimnion, not just the vegetated littoral zone. Furthermore, the isotopic signal of bulk sediment can provide environmental information that is as useful as species‐specific isotope values.
Drivers of transnational administrative coordination on super‐wicked policy issues: The role of institutional homophily
Authors: Carelli Daniel
Published: August 2024

In European governance, transnational administrative networks have become crucial for addressing complex cross‐border challenges, supplementing formal harmonization efforts with informal collaborative mechanisms. However, little attention has been given to their role in addressing super‐wicked policy problems, where formal structures and political prioritization are lacking despite pressing temporal deadlines and substantial costs for future generations. This study investigates the drivers of administrative coordination in Europe within such contexts, using the case of antimicrobial resistance as a case study. Employing a mixed‐method approach, including Logistic Regression Quadratic Assignment Procedure and a qualitative analysis based on originally collected expert survey and interview data, the research uncovers a notable trend: countries with similar levels of institutional quality are four times more likely to establish connections. This selective coordination dynamic is shaped by domestic circumstances, politico‐administrative considerations, and the pursuit of pragmatic, implementable policy solutions, with important implications for the ongoing struggle against antibiotic resistance.
The NADPH oxidases DUOX1 and DUOX2 are sorted to the apical plasma membrane in epithelial cells via their respective maturation factors DUOXA1 and DUOXA2
Authors: Kohda Akira , Kamakura Sachiko , Hayase Junya , Sumimoto Hideki
Published: August 2024

The membrane‐integrated NADPH oxidases DUOX1 and DUOX2 are recruited to the apical plasma membrane in epithelial cells to release hydrogen peroxide, thereby playing crucial roles in various functions such as thyroid hormone synthesis and host defense. However, it has remained unknown about the molecular mechanism for apical sorting of DUOX1 and DUOX2. Here we show that DUOX1 and DUOX2 are correctly sorted to the apical membrane via the membrane‐spanning DUOX maturation proteins DUOXA1 and DUOXA2, respectively, when co‐expressed in MDCK epithelial cells. Impairment of N‐glycosylation of DUOXA1 results in mistargeting of DUOX1 to the basolateral membrane. Similar to DUOX1 complexed with the glycosylation‐defective DUOXA1, the naturally non‐glycosylated oxidase NOX5, which forms a homo‐oligomer, is targeted basolaterally. On the other hand, a mutant DUOXA2 deficient in N‐glycosylation is less stable than the wild‐type protein but still capable of recruiting DUOX2 to the apical membrane, whereas DUOX2 is missorted to the basolateral membrane when paired with DUOXA1. These findings indicate that DUOXA2 is crucial but its N‐glycosylation is dispensable for DUOX2 apical recruitment; instead, its C‐terminal region seems to be involved. Thus, apical sorting of DUOX1 and DUOX2 is likely regulated in a distinct manner by their respective partners DUOXA1 and DUOXA2.
Network analysis to prioritize issues for intervention to improve the health‐related quality of life of people with HIV in Spain
Authors: White Trenton M. , Fuster‐RuizdeApodaca María José , Iniesta Carlos , Prats‐Silvestre Carlos , Lazarus Jeffrey V. , Izquierdo Rebeca , Jarrín Inmaculada
Published: August 2024

Objectives

The objective is to assess the interconnectedness of a network of health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) variables among people with HIV (PHIV) to identify key areas for which clinical interventions could improve HRQoL for this population.

Methods

Between 2021 and 2023, we carried out a cross‐sectional study within the Spanish CoRIS cohort. We conducted a weighted and undirected network analysis, which examines complex patterns of relationships and interconnections between variables, to assess a network of eight HRQoL dimensions from the validated Clinic Screening Tool for HIV (CST‐HIV): anticipated stigma, psychological distress, sexuality, social support, material deprivation, sleep and fatigue, cognitive problems and physical symptoms.

Results

A total of 347 participants, predominantly male (93.1%), currently working (79.0%), self‐reported homosexual (72.6%) and college‐educated (53.9%), were included in the study. Psychological distress showed the highest centrality in the network, indicating its strong connections with sleep and fatigue, cognitive problems and social support within the HRQoL network.

Conclusions

Psychological distress, sleep and fatigue, cognitive issues and social support were identified as key factors in an HRQoL network, indicating that interventions focused on these areas could significantly enhance overall well‐being.
Effect of pomegranate solution alone or combined with chlorhexidine against oral multispecies biofilm
Authors: Gallas J. A. , Pelozo L. L. , Corona S. A. M. , Shen Y. , Haapasalo M. , Sousa‐Neto M. D. , Souza‐Gabriel A. E.
Published: August 2024

Aim

Natural bioactive products have been tested as alternative antimicrobial agents. This study evaluated the effect of Punica granatum extract (PGE) on oral multispecies biofilms.

Methodology

Lyophilized extracts from pomegranate peel were prepared, and the punicalagin content was assessed by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). Oral multispecies biofilms from 2 donors were grown on four collagen‐coated hydroxyapatite discs. After incubation for 7 days or 3 weeks, the biofilms were exposed to water (control), 2% CHX, 10% PGE, 20% PGE or 30% PGE for 3 min. The proportions of dead bacteria were assessed by the live/dead staining and confocal microscopy. After the analysis, the best PGE concentration (30%) was combined with CHX. The experimental phases were repeated using water, 2% CHX, 30% PGE and 30% PGE + 2% CHX. Five random areas of the biofilm on each disc were scanned, resulting in 20 scanned areas for each group.

Results

Regarding the biofilm volume, no differences were found amongst solutions (p = .111). The PGE solution killed bacteria effectively in 1‐week, 2‐week and 3‐week‐old‐plaque biofilms, ranging from 37 to 55.3%, depending on the PGE concentration. The 30% PGE (a) (p = .0009) had greater antibiofilm effectiveness than 2% CHX (b), which killed bacteria in the 25.2 to 48.7% range. The 10% and 20% PGE had intermediate values (ab), without significant differences from 30% PGE (p = 1.002). Water (c) had the lowest proportion of dead bacteria (p < .00001) in a range of 5 to 6.7% and lower effectiveness in killing bacteria (p < .05). The PGE alone or mixed with 2% CHX had greater anti‐biofilm effectiveness than CHX (p < .05). The old plaque biofilms were more resistant than the 7‐day‐old plaque (p < .05).

Conclusions

The 30% PGE (alone or combined with CHX) exhibited a greater antibiofilm effect on oral multispecies biofilms grown on hydroxyapatite discs than 2% CHX.
Edwardsiella tarda induces airways inflammation and production of autoantibodies against lung tissues through regulation of the IL‐33‐ST2 axis
Authors: Hu Yue , Feng Zhihong , An Gao , Lv Zhe , Wang Jingjing , Cui Ye , Corrigan Chris J. , Wang Wei , Li Qin , Ying Sun
Published: August 2024

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a highly prevalent chronic respiratory disease characterised by irreversible airways obstruction associated with chronic airways inflammation and remodelling, while the pathogenesis and the mechanistic differences between patients remain to be fully elucidated. We previously reported that alarmin cytokine IL‐33 may contribute to the production of autoantibodies against respiratory epithelial cells. Here we expand the hypothesis that pulmonary autoimmune responses induced by airway microbiota also contribute to the progression of COPD. We focused on Edwardsiella tarda which we detected uniquely in the induced sputum of patients with acute exacerbations of COPD. Pernasal challenge of the airways of WT mice with supernatants of cultured E. tarda induced marked, elevated expression of IL‐33 in the lung tissues. Immunisation of animals with supernatants of cultured E. tarda resulted in significantly elevated airways inflammation, the formation of tertiary lymphatic structures and significantly elevated proportions of T follicular helper T cells in the lung tissue and mediastinal lymph nodes. Interestingly, such challenge also induced production of IgG autoantibodies directed against lung tissue lysate, alveolar epithelial cell proteins and elastin fragment, while putrescine, one of metabolites generated by the bacterium, might play an important role in the autoantibody production. Furthermore, all of these effects were partly but significantly abrogated in mice with deletion of the IL‐33 receptor ST2. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that COPD is progressed at least partly by airways microbiota such as E. tarda initiating autoimmune attack of the airways epithelium mediated at least partly through the IL‐33‐ST2 axis.
Novel use of deep neural networks on photographic identification of epaulette sharks (Hemiscyllium ocellatum) across life stages
Authors: Lonati Martina , Jahanbakht Mohammad , Atkins Danielle , Bierwagen Stacy L. , Chin Andrew , Barnett Adam , Rummer Jodie L.
Published: August 2024

Photographic identification (photo ID) is an established method that is used to count animals and track individuals' movements. This method performs well with some species of elasmobranchs (i.e., sharks, skates, and rays) where individuals have distinctive skin patterns. However, the unique skin patterns used for ID must be stable through time to allow re‐identification of individuals in future sampling events. More recently, artificial intelligence (AI) models have substantially decreased the labor‐intensive process of matching photos in extensive photo ID libraries and increased the reliability of photo ID. Here, photo ID and AI are used for the first time to identify epaulette sharks (Hemiscyllium ocellatum) at different life stages for approximately 2 years. An AI model was developed to assess and compare the reliability of human‐classified ID patterns in juvenile and neonate sharks. The model also tested the persistence of unique patterns in adult sharks. Results indicate that immature life stages are unreliable for pattern identification, using both human and AI approaches, due to the plasticity of these subadult growth forms. Mature sharks maintain their patterns through time and can be identified by AI models with approximately 86% accuracy. The approach outlined in this study has the potential of validating the stability of ID patterns through time; however, testing on wild populations and long‐term datasets is needed. This study's novel deep neural network development strategy offers a streamlined and accessible framework for generating a reliable model from a small data set, without requiring high‐performance computing. Since many photo ID studies commence with limited datasets and resources, this AI model presents practical solutions to such constraints. Overall, this approach has the potential to address challenges associated with long‐term photo ID data sets and the application of AI for shark identification.
Pre‐procedural nursing home length of stay and outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve replacement
Authors: Nicely Preston N. , Yang Laiji , Kim Dae Hyun , Berry Sarah D.
Published: August 2024

Background

Older adults with severe aortic stenosis (AS) may receive care in a nursing home (NH) prior to undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). NH level of care can be used to stabilize medical conditions, to provide rehabilitation services, or for long‐term care services. Our primary objective is to determine whether NH utilization pre‐TAVR can be used to stratify patients at risk for higher mortality and poor disposition outcomes at 30 and 365 days post‐TAVR.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study among Medicare beneficiaries who spent ≥1 day in an NH 6 months before TAVR (2011–2019). The intensity of NH utilization was categorized as low users (1–30 days), medium users (31–89 days), long‐stay NH residents (≥ 100 days, with no more than a 10‐day gap in care), and high post‐acute rehabilitation patients (≥90 days, with more than a 10‐day gap in care). The probabilities of death and disposition were estimated using multinomial logistic regression, adjusting for age, sex, and race.

Results

Among 15,581 patients, 9908 (63.6%) were low users, 4312 (27.7%) were medium users, 663 (4.3%) were high post‐acute care rehab users, and 698 (4.4%) were long‐stay NH residents before TAVR. High post‐acute care rehabilitation patients were more likely to have dementia, weight loss, falls, and extensive dependence of activities of daily living (ADLs) as compared with low NH users. Mortality was the greatest in high post‐acute care rehab users: 5.5% at 30 days, and 36.4% at 365 days. In contrast, low NH users had similar mortality rates compared with long‐stay NH residents: 4.8% versus 4.8% at 30 days, and 24.9% versus 27.0% at 365 days.

Conclusion

Frequent bouts of post‐acute rehabilitation before TAVR were associated with adverse outcomes, yet this metric may be helpful to determine which patients with severe AS could benefit from palliative and geriatric services.
Pathogenicity evaluation of Cytospora species in 13 apple (Malus domestica) varieties and wild apple (Malus sieversii) in Xinjiang, China
Authors: Zhao Ying , Cai Guifang , Yan Meilin , Ma Rong , Zhang Daoyuan
Published: August 2024

Apples are a popular fruit worldwide and are cultivated in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR) in China. Cytospora canker disease is a serious problem in the apple industry in China. Pathogenicity of all historically recorded Cytospora species from Malus hosts was tested on the leaves and breaches of 13 varieties of apple (Malus domestica) and wild apple (Malus sieversii). Cytospora leucosperma and Cytospora pruinopsis were the most aggressive pathogens on apple and wild apple trees in Xinjiang. Meanwhile, Cytospora leucostoma, Cytospora nivea and Cytospora parakantschavelii were the least aggressive. In addition, Fuji and Golden Delicious were the most Cytospora canker disease‐resistant apple varieties and are recommended for future promotion. However, Sitagan and Erzizi were readily infected by Cytospora. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for field disease epidemic monitoring and tailoring disease prevention and control strategies based on the disease resistance of the variety and the aggressiveness of the pathogen.
Infectivity of Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen‐Positive Plasma With Undetectable HBV‐DNA: Can HBsAg Screening Be Discontinued in Egyptian Blood Donors?
Authors: El Ekiaby Magdy , Tanaka Junko , van Drimmelen Harry , Allain Jean‐Pierre , Lelie Nico
Published: August 2024

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infectivity data were reviewed and the 50% infectious dose (ID50) was reassessed in different HBsAg‐positive infection stages enabling modelling of transfusion‐transmitted (TT)‐HBV infection risk if HBsAg donor screening was replaced by individual donation nucleic acid amplification technology (ID‐NAT). Quantitative HBsAg and HBV‐DNA assays were performed against international standards to compare the ratio between potential infectious HBV virions and subviral HBsAg particles in Egyptian HBsAg‐positive blood donors as well as in Japanese chimpanzee samples of known infectivity. HBV‐DNA load below the quantification limit of detection was estimated against a reference standard by replicate NAT testing (n = 25). Infectivity of chimpanzee samples collected during ramp‐up and declining viremic phase were tested in a human liver chimeric mice (HLCM) model and compared with published infectivity data from different HBsAg‐positive infection stages. Lowest estimates of ID50 in HBsAg‐positive plasma were 3–6 HBV virions in chimpanzee studies. Infectivity decreased approximately 10‐100‐fold in the declining viremic phase using HLCM. In acute phase samples, HBV to HBsAg particle ratios varied between 1:102–104 but in HBsAg‐positive blood donors this particle ratio reached 1:106–1012 when viral load was below 100 HBV‐DNA copies/mL. Modelled TT‐HBV risk of an HBsAg‐positive/ID‐NAT nonreactive blood transfusion was estimated at 5.5%–27% for components containing 20–200 mL of plasma when assuming an ID50 of 316 (point estimate between 100 and 1000) virions. It cannot be ensured that discontinuation of HBsAg donor screening and reliance on ID‐NAT alone is safe.
Population prevalence of aspergillus sensitization and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in COPD subjects in North India
Authors: Soundappan Kathirvel , Muthu Valliappan , Dhooria Sahajal , Sehgal Inderpaul Singh , Prasad Kuruswamy Thurai , Rudramurthy Shivaprakash Mandya , Chakrabarti Arunaloke , Aggarwal Ashutosh N. , Agarwal Ritesh
Published: August 2024

Background

Sensitization to Aspergillus fumigatus (AS) has been recently described in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. However, there is no data on the community prevalence of AS in COPD.

Objectives

To assess the prevalence of AS among COPD subjects. The secondary objectives were to (1) assess the prevalence of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) in COPD and (2) compare the lung function in COPD subjects with and without AS.

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional study in rural (29 villages) and urban (20 wards) communities in North India. We identified individuals with respiratory symptoms (IRS) through a house‐to‐house survey using a modified IUATLD questionnaire. We then diagnosed COPD through specialist assessment and spirometry using the GOLD criteria. We assayed A.fumigatus‐specific IgE in COPD subjects. In those with A. fumigatus‐specific IgE ≥0.35 kUA/L (AS), ABPA was diagnosed with raised serum total IgE and raised A.fumigatus‐specific IgG or blood eosinophil count.

Results

We found 1315 (8.2%) IRS among 16,071 participants >40 years and diagnosed COPD in 355 (2.2%) subjects. 291 (82.0%) were men and 259 (73.0%) resided in rural areas. The prevalence of AS and ABPA was 17.7% (95% CI, 13.9–21.8) and 6.6% (95% CI, 4.4–8.8). We found a lower percentage predicted FEV1 in COPD subjects with AS than those without (p =.042).

Conclusions

We found an 18% community prevalence of AS in COPD subjects in a specific area in North India. Studies from different geographical areas are required to confirm our findings. The impact of AS and ABPA on COPD requires further research.
Tricholyophyllum (Agaricales; Lyophyllaceae) an addition to the fungal flora of Pakistan with the description of a new species T. rubrum
Authors: Khan Junaid , Sher Hassan , Ali Haidar
Published: August 2024

Phylogenetic analysis of ITS and LSU sequence data and morphological characters support the recognition of Tricholyophyllum rubrum as a new species. The new species differs from the type species of the genus by its reddish brown pileus surface, the presence of pleurocystidia, and comparatively broader basidiospores. This is the first report of a Tricholyophyllum species from Pakistan and the second in the world.
What Do We Want? To Eliminate Gender! When Do We Want It? Later!
Authors: Weltman Daniel
Published: August 2024

Gender eliminativism, also known as gender abolitionism, is the view that we should get rid of gender. I defend gender eliminativism by suggesting that many arguments that ostensibly call for rejecting it are in fact just arguments for delaying it. Although it may be true that presently gender eliminativism should not occur because of the role gender plays in people's identities, because of the need for gender to remedy oppression, because elimination is not pragmatic, because elimination is utopian, and because we should have more rather than fewer genders, these are all reasons to delay, rather than deny, gender eliminativism.