bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conjugate observations of ENA signals in the high‐altitude cusp and proton auroral spot in the low‐altitude cusp with IMAGE spacecraft
Authors: Suzuki S. , Taguchi S. , Hosokawa K. , Collier M. R. , Moore T. E. , Frey H. U. , Mende S. B.
Published: July 2008

On 28 April 2001, significant enhancements of neutral atom signals were detected in the direction of a high‐altitude cusp by the Low‐Energy Neutral Atom (LENA) imager onboard the Imager for Magnetopause‐to‐Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE). Simultaneously, proton auroral emission was observed in the low‐altitude cusp by the Far‐Ultraviolet Instrument (FUV) on the IMAGE spacecraft. The temporal variations of their intensities showed a good correlation, suggesting they had a common source. During a brief period, the proton auroral spot moved antisunward and dawnward in conjunction with the motion of the ionospheric footprint of the LENA cusp signal. The Tsyganenko‐96 model shows that the possible source location of the LENA cusp signals maps to the FUV spot. Considering the solar wind variations, we have attributed this “moving proton auroral spot” to a moving flux tube that was created by transient reconnection on the dayside magnetopause and contained relatively high proton densities.
The cardiovascular and pharmacokinetic profile of dofetilide in conscious telemetered beagle dogs and cynomolgus monkeys
Authors: Haushalter T M , Friedrichs G S , Reynolds D L , Barecki‐Roach M , Pastino G , Hayes R , Bass A S
Published: July 2008

Background and purpose:

The effects of dofetilide were studied in monkeys and dogs. Pharmacokinetic data were generated together with the monitoring of cardiovascular changes in order to compare effects relative to human exposure.

Experimental approach:

Beagle dogs and cynomolgus monkeys were telemetered to collect arterial blood pressure, heart rate and ECG for 6 h after selected oral doses of dofetilide. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for each dose.

Key results:

Dogs: increases in the QTcinterval reached 56 ms in dogs dosed with 0.3 mg kg−1of dofetilide. Premature ventricular contractions and right bundle branch block were evident at this dose, without changes in cardiovascular parameters. The meanCmaxvalues were 3.35 and 60.15 ng mL−1at doses of 0.03 and 0.3 mg kg−1, respectively.Monkeys: increases in QTcintervals reached 40–50 ms after 0.03 mg kg−1. T‐wave changes were observed after 0.03 mg kg−1without changes in cardiovascular parameters. The meanCmaxvalues following oral doses of 0.01 and 0.03 mg kg−1were 0.919 ng mL−1and 1.85 ng mL−1, respectively.

Conclusions and implications:

Despite dofetilide exposure comparable to that in humans, QTcresponses in dogs were greater than those reported in humans. A comparable human dose used in the monkey achieved only half of the exposure but was associated with twofold greater increases in QTc. Our data support the view that safety risk assessments of new drugs in animal models should ensure that the clinical therapeutic range of exposure is achieved and any untoward effects interpreted accordingly.

British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)154, 1457–1464; doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.275; published online 7 July 2008
Principles of Safety Pharmacology
Authors: Pugsley M K , Authier S , Curtis M J
Published: July 2008

Safety Pharmacology is a rapidly developing discipline that uses the basic principles of pharmacology in a regulatory‐driven process to generate data to inform risk/benefit assessment. The aim of Safety Pharmacology is to characterize the pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinetic (PK/PD) relationship of a drug's adverse effects using continuously evolving methodology. Unlike toxicology, Safety Pharmacology includes within its remit a regulatory requirement to predict the risk of rare lethal events. This gives Safety Pharmacology its unique character. The key issues for Safety Pharmacology are detection of an adverse effect liability, projection of the data into safety margin calculation and finally clinical safety monitoring. This article sets out to explain the drivers for Safety Pharmacology so that the wider pharmacology community is better placed to understand the discipline. It concludes with a summary of principles that may help inform future resolution of unmet needs (especially establishing model validation for accurate risk assessment). Subsequent articles in this issue of the journal address specific aspects of Safety Pharmacology to explore the issues of model choice, the burden of proof and to highlight areas of intensive activity (such as testing for drug‐induced rare event liability, and the challenge of testing the safety of so‐called biologics (antibodies, gene therapy and so on.).

British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 154, 1382–1399; doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.280; published online 7 July 2008
Production of a specific extracellular inhibitor of TRPM3 channels
Authors: Naylor J , Milligan C J , Zeng F , Jones C , Beech D J
Published: July 2008

Background and purpose:

Isoform‐specific ion channel blockers are useful for target validation in drug discovery and can provide the basis for new therapeutic agents and aid in determination of physiological functions of ion channels. The aim of this study was to generate a specific blocker of human TRPM3 channels as a tool to help investigations of this member of the TRP cationic channel family.

Experimental approach:

A polyclonal antibody (TM3E3) was made to a conserved peptide of the third extracellular (E3) loop of TRPM3 and tested for binding and functional effect. Studies of channel activity were made by whole‐cell planar patch‐clamp and fura‐2 intracellular Ca2+ measurement.

Key results:

Ionic current mediated by TRPM3 was inhibited partially by TM3E3 over a period of 5–10 min. Ca2+ entry in TRPM3‐expressing cells was also partially inhibited by TM3E3 in a peptide‐specific manner and independently of the type of agonist used to activate TRPM3. TM3E3 had no effect on TRPC5, TRPV4, TRPM2 or an endogenous ATP response.

Conclusions and implications:

The data show the successful development of a specific TRPM3 inhibitor and give further confidence in E3 targeting as an approach to producing isoform‐specific ion channel blockers.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 155, 567–573; doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.283; published online 7 July 2008
Interaction with the hERG channel and cytotoxicity of amiodarone and amiodarone analogues
Authors: Waldhauser K M , Brecht K , Hebeisen S , Ha H R , Konrad D , Bur D , Krähenbühl S
Published: July 2008

Background and purpose:

Amiodarone (2‐n‐butyl‐3‐[3,5 diiodo‐4‐diethylaminoethoxybenzoyl]‐benzofuran, B2‐O‐CH2CH2‐N‐diethyl) is an effective class III antiarrhythmic drug demonstrating potentially life‐threatening organ toxicity. The principal aim of the study was to find amiodarone analogues that retained human ether‐a‐go‐go‐related protein (hERG) channel inhibition but with reduced cytotoxicity.

Experimental approach:

We synthesized amiodarone analogues with or without a positively ionizable nitrogen in the phenolic side chain. The cytotoxic properties of the compounds were evaluated using HepG2 (a hepatocyte cell line) and A549 cells (a pneumocyte line). Interactions of all compounds with the hERG channel were measured using pharmacological andin silicomethods.

Key results:

Compared with amiodarone, which displayed only a weak cytotoxicity, the mono‐ and bis‐desethylated metabolites, the further degraded alcohol (B2‐O‐CH2‐CH2‐OH), the corresponding acid (B2‐O‐CH2‐COOH) and, finally, the newly synthesized B2‐O‐CH2‐CH2‐N‐pyrrolidine were equally or more toxic. Conversely, structural analogues such as the B2‐O‐CH2‐CH2‐N‐diisopropyl and the B2‐O‐CH2‐CH2‐N‐piperidine were significantly less toxic than amiodarone. Cytotoxicity was associated with a drop in the mitochondrial membrane potential, suggesting mitochondrial involvement. Pharmacological andin silicoinvestigations concerning the interactions of these compounds with the hERG channel revealed that compounds carrying a basic nitrogen in the side chain display a much higher affinity than those lacking such a group. Specifically, B2‐O‐CH2‐CH2‐N‐piperidine and B2‐O‐CH2‐CH2‐N‐pyrrolidine revealed a higher affinity towards hERG channels than amiodarone.

Conclusions and implications:

Amiodarone analogues with better hERG channel inhibition and cytotoxicity profiles than the parent compound have been identified, demonstrating that cytotoxicity and hERG channel interaction are mechanistically distinct and separable properties of the compounds.

British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)155, 585–595; doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.287; published online 7 July 2008
Dopamine‐induced programmed cell death is associated with cytochrome c release and caspase‐3 activation in snail salivary gland cells
Authors: Pirger Zsolt , Rácz Boglárka , Kiss Tibor
Published: July 2008

Background information. PCD (programmed cell death) is a common mechanism to remove unwanted and excessive cells from organisms. In several exocrine cell types, PCD mode of release of secretory products has been reported. The molecular mechanism of the release, however, is largely unknown. Our aim was to study the molecular mechanism of saliva release from cystic cells, the specific cell type of snail SGs (salivary glands).

Results. SG cells in active feeding animals revealed multiple morphological changes characteristic of PCD. Nerve stimulation and DA (dopamine) increased the number of TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick‐end labelling)‐positive cells both in inactive and feeding animals. The DA‐induced PCD was prevented by TEA (tetraethylammonium chloride) and eticlopride, emphasizing the role of K channels and D2 receptors in the PCD of cystic cells. DA enhanced cyto‐c (cytochrome c) translocation into the cytosol and methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin prevented it, suggesting apoptosome formation and ceramide involvement in the PCD linking of the surface DA receptor to mitochondria. Western blot analysis revealed that the release of cyto‐c was under the control of Bcl‐2 and Bad. DA also increased the active caspase‐3 in gland cells while D2 receptor antagonists and TEA attenuated it.

Conclusion. Our results provide evidence for a type of transmitter‐mediated pathway that regulates the PCD of secretory cells in a mitochondrial‐caspase‐dependent manner. The activation of specific molecules, such as K channels, DA receptors, cyto‐c, ceramide, Bcl‐2 proteins and caspase‐3, but not caspase‐8, was demonstrated in cells involved in the DA‐induced PCD, suggesting that PCD is a physiological method for the release of saliva from SG cells.
Probing the interaction of tetraspanin CD151 with integrin α3β1 using a panel of monoclonal antibodies with distinct reactivities toward the CD151–integrin α3β1 complex
Authors: Yamada Masashi , Tamura Yumiko , Sanzen Noriko , Sato-Nishiuchi Ryoko , Hasegawa Hitoshi , Ashman Leonie K. , Rubinstein Eric , Yáñez-Mó María , Sánchez-Madrid Francisco , Sekiguchi Kiyotoshi
Published: July 2008

CD151, a member of the tetraspanin family of proteins, forms a stable complex with integrin α3β1 and regulates integrin-mediated cell-substrate adhesion. However, the molecular basis of the stable association of CD151 with integrin α3β1 remains poorly understood. In the present study, we show that a panel of anti-human CD151 mAbs (monoclonal antibodies) could be divided into three groups on the basis of their abilities to co-immunoprecipitate integrin α3: Group-1 mAbs were devoid of sufficient activities to co-precipitate integrin α3 under both low- and high-stringency detergent conditions; Group-2 mAbs co-precipitated integrin α3 under low-stringency conditions; and Group-3 mAbs exhibited strong co-precipitating activities under both conditions. Group-1 mAbs in particular exhibited increased reactivity toward integrin α3β1-unbound CD151, indicating that the binding sites for Group-1 mAbs are partly blocked by bound integrin α3β1. Epitope mapping using a series of CD151 mutants with substitutions at amino acid residues that are not conserved between human and mouse CD151 revealed that Gly176/Gly177, Leu191 and Gln194 comprise epitopes characteristic of Group-1 mAbs. Replacement of short peptide segments, each containing one of these epitopes, with those of other tetraspanins lacking stable interactions with integrin α3β1 demonstrated that the segment from Cys185 to Cys192, including Leu191, was involved in the stable association of CD151 with integrin α3β1, as was the Gln194-containing QRD peptide. Taken together these results indicate that two consecutive segments including two Group-1 epitopes, Leu191 and Gln194, comprise an interface between CD151 and integrin α3β1, and, along with the epitope including Gly176/Gly177, are concealed by bound integrin.
Asp218 participates with Asp213 to bind a Ca2+ atom into the S1 subsite of aminopeptidase A: a key element for substrate specificity
Authors: Claperon Cédric , Rozenfeld Raphael , Iturrioz Xavier , Inguimbert Nicolas , Okada Mayumi , Roques Bernard , Maigret Bernard , Llorens-Cortes Catherine
Published: July 2008

APA (aminopeptidase A; EC 3.4.11.7) is a membrane-bound zinc metallopeptidase, also activated by Ca2+, involved in the formation of brain angiotensin III, which exerts a tonic stimulatory action on the central control of blood pressure in hypertensive animals. In the present study, in the three-dimensional model of the ectodomain of mouse APA, we docked the specific APA inhibitor glutamate phosphonate, in the presence of Ca2+. The model showed the presence of one Ca2+ atom in an hydrophilic pocket corresponding to the S1 subsite in which the lateral chain of the inhibitor is pointing. In this pocket, the Ca2+ atom was hexaco-ordinated with the acidic side chains of Asp213 and Asp218, the carbonyl group of Glu215 and three water molecules, one of them being engaged in a hydrogen bond with the negatively charged carboxylate side chain of the inhibitor. Mutagenic replacement of Asp213 and Asp218 with a conservative residue maintained the ability of mutated APAs to be activated by Ca2+. However, the replacement by a non-conservative residue abolished this property, demonstrating the crucial role of these residues in Ca2+ binding. We also showed the involvement of these residues in the strict specificity of APA in the presence of Ca2+ for N-terminal acidic residues from substrates or inhibitors, since mutagenic replacement of Asp213 and Asp218 induced a decrease of the inhibitory potencies of inhibitors homologous with acidic residues. Finally, this led to the rational design of a new potent APA inhibitor, NI926 (Ki=70 nM), which allowed us to precisely localize Asp213 at the entrance and Asp218 at the bottom of the S1 subsite. Taken together, these data provide new insight into the organization and functional role of the APA S1 subsite and will allow the design of pharmacophore of the inhibitor, helpful for the development of a new generation of APA inhibitors as central-acting antihypertensive agents.
Positional-scanning fluorigenic substrate libraries reveal unexpected specificity determinants of DUBs (deubiquitinating enzymes)
Authors: Drag Marcin , Mikolajczyk Jowita , Bekes Miklos , Reyes-Turcu Francisca E. , Ellman Jonathan A. , Wilkinson Keith D. , Salvesen Guy S.
Published: July 2008

DUBs (deubiquitinating enzymes) are a family of proteases responsible for the specific removal of ubiquitin attached to target proteins and thus control the free cellular pools of this molecule. DUB activity is usually assayed using full-length ubiquitin, and these enzymes generally show low activity towards small substrates that constitute the P4–P1 LRGG (Lys-Arg-Gly-Gly) C-terminal motif of ubiquitin. To gain insight into the C-terminal recognition region of ubiquitin by DUBs, we synthesized positional scanning libraries of fluorigenic tetrapeptides and tested them on three examples of human DUBs [OTU-1 (ovarian tumour 1), Iso-T (isopeptidase T) and UCH-L3 (ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L3)] and one viral ubiquitin-specific protease, namely PLpro (papain-like protease) from SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) virus. In most cases the results show flexibility in the P4 position, very high specificity for arginine in the P3 position and glycine in the P2 position, in accord with the sequence of the natural substrate, ubiquitin. Surprisingly, screening of the P2 position revealed that UCH-L3, in contrast with all the other tested DUBs, demonstrates substantial tolerance of alanine and valine at P2, and a parallel analysis using the appropriate mutation of the full-length ubiquitin confirms this. We have also used an optimal tetrapeptide substrate, acetyl-Lys-Arg-Gly-Gly-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin, to investigate the activation mechanism of DUBs by ubiquitin and elevated salt concentration. Together, our results reveal the importance of the dual features of (1) substrate specificity and (2) the mechanism of ubiquitin binding in determining deubiquitination by this group of proteases.
Structural and kinetic differences between human and Aspergillus fumigatus
D-glucosamine-6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase
Authors: Hurtado-Guerrero Ramon , Raimi Olawale G. , Min Jinrong , Zeng Hong , Vallius Laura , Shepherd Sharon , Ibrahim Adel F. M. , Wu Hong , Plotnikov Alexander N. , Aalten Daan M. F. van
Published: July 2008

Aspergillus fumigatus is the causative agent of aspergillosis, a frequently invasive colonization of the lungs of immunocompromised patients. GNA1 (D-glucosamine-6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase) catalyses the acetylation of GlcN-6P (glucosamine-6-phosphate) to GlcNAc-6P (N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate), a key intermediate in the UDP-GlcNAc biosynthetic pathway. Gene disruption of gna1 in yeast and Candida albicans has provided genetic validation of the enzyme as a potential target. An understanding of potential active site differences between the human and A. fumigatus enzymes is required to enable further work aimed at identifying selective inhibitors for the fungal enzyme. In the present study, we describe crystal structures of both human and A. fumigatus GNA1, as well as their kinetic characterization. The structures show significant differences in the sugar-binding site with, in particular, several non-conservative substitutions near the phosphate-binding pocket. Mutagenesis targeting these differences revealed drastic effects on steady-state kinetics, suggesting that the differences could be exploitable with small-molecule inhibitors.
A heterogeneity test for fine‐scale genetic structure
Authors: SMOUSE PETER E. , PEAKALL ROD , GONZALES EVA
Published: July 2008

For organisms with limited vagility and/or occupying patchy habitats, we often encounter nonrandom patterns of genetic affinity over relatively small spatial scales, labelled fine‐scale genetic structure. Both the extent and decay rate of that pattern can be expected to depend on numerous interesting demographic, ecological, historical, and mating system factors, and it would be useful to be able to compare different situations. There is, however, no heterogeneity test currently available for fine‐scale genetic structure that would provide us with any guidance on whether the differences we encounter are statistically credible. Here, we develop a general nonparametric heterogeneity test, elaborating on standard autocorrelation methods for pairs of individuals. We first develop a ‘pooled within‐population’ correlogram, where the distance classes (lags) can be defined as functions of distance. Using that pooled correlogram as our null‐hypothesis reference frame, we then develop a heterogeneity test of the autocorrelations among different populations, lag‐by‐lag. From these single‐lag tests, we construct an analogous test of heterogeneity for multilag correlograms. We illustrate with a pair of biological examples, one involving the Australian bush rat, the other involving toadshade trillium. The Australian bush rat has limited vagility, and sometimes occupies patchy habitat. We show that the autocorrelation pattern diverges somewhat between continuous and patchy habitat types. For toadshade trillium, clonal replication in Piedmont populations substantially increases autocorrelation for short lags, but clonal replication is less pronounced in mountain populations. Removal of clonal replicates reduces the autocorrelation for short lags and reverses the sign of the difference between mountain and Piedmont correlograms.
The Coproduction of Moral Discourse in U.S. Community Psychiatry
Authors: Brodwin Paul
Published: July 2008

Anthropologists often criticize the discipline of bioethics because its remote, abstract theories fail to capture how front‐line clinicians experience and resolve moral uncertainty. The critique overlooks, however, the ways that everyday, emergent moral discourse is influenced—over time and through several mediations—by formal ethical notions. High‐order ethical pronouncements become sedimented into the conditions of work, illustrated in this article by a two‐year ethnographic study of Assertive Community Treatment (ACT), a popular mode of outpatient psychiatric services. ACT clinicians' moral unease when they break the confidentiality of patients is connected to high‐order debates, dating back 35 years, about ensuring patients' autonomy without abandoning them. These debates originally spurred the invention of ACT, and they get braided into today's moral discourse through several mediations: regulatory paperwork, the mandates and micropolitics of staff–patient interactions, and the idealized self‐image of front‐line staff. This article shows how everyday moral talk is coproduced by both the immediate contexts of clinical work and the categories of formal bioethics.
EPR AND DSC STUDIES ON MgO–R2O–B2O3–V2O5 ALKALI GLASSES
Authors: RAMADEVUDU G. , SHAREEFUDDIN MD. , CHARY M. NARASIMHA , RAO M. LAKSHMIPATHI
Published: July 2008

EPR and DSC studies were carried out on MgO – R 2 O – B 2 O 3– V 2 O 5 glasses. The electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of V 4+ ion in the ternary glass system x MgO –(30-x) R 2 O –70 B 2 O 3 ( R = Li, Na, K ) were recorded at X-band frequencies at 303 K. The V 4+ ions in the present glass system exists as VO 2+ ions in octahedral coordination with tetragonal compression. The site symmetry of vanadyl is C 4v and the ground state of 3d1 ion is dxy. Tetragonality (Δg‖/Δg⊥) of V 4+ ion sites show a nonlinear variation with MgO content in the glasses. The covalency rates indicate moderate covalency for σ and π-bonds. The optical basicity values were also reported. Glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the glasses were found to increase linearly with increasing MgO content.
NONLINEAR OPTICAL AND OPTICAL LIMITING PROPERTIES OF CHICAGO SKY BLUE 6B DOPED PVA FILM AT 633 NM AND 532 NM STUDIED USING A CONTINUOUS WAVE LASER
Authors: HASSAN QUSAY MOHAMMED ALI
Published: July 2008

We present our results on nonlinear optical (NLO) of chicago sky blue 6B doped polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film. This film was studied at 633 nm and 532 nm using a continuous wave laser. We have evaluated the sign and magnitude of the third-order nonlinearity from the closed aperture Z-scan data while the nonlinear absorption properties were assessed using the open aperture data. The chicago sky blue 6B doped PVA film exhibited nonlinear saturated absorption and strong self-defocusing effect. The limiting effect of the sample was studied and the results indicate that the film possesses good characteristic of optical limiting.
STUDY ON THIRD-ORDER OPTICAL NONLINEARITY OF BIS(TETRABUTYLAMMONIUM)-Hg(dmit)2 BY FEMTOSECOND OPTICAL KERR GATE TECHNIQUE
Authors: YANG HONGLIANG , WANG XINQIANG , REN QUAN , ZHANG FUJUN , ZHANG GUANGHUI , XU DONG , WANG SHUFENG , WANG ZHENWEI
Published: July 2008

Bis(tetrabutylammonium)- Hg(dmit) 2 was synthesized and its sample solution's optical Kerr Effect (OKE) signal was measured by the femtosecond optical Kerr gate technique. With the concentration of 9.27 × 10-4 M, the sample solution's third-order optical susceptibility was obtained to be 2.53 × 10-14 esu by using the CS2 OKE signal as reference signal measured under identical conditions. The second-order hyperpolarizability for the bis(tetrabutylammonium)- Hg(dmit) 2 molecular was estimated to be 1.7 × 10-32 esu. Its response time was about 226 fs, which is believed to be the contribution from the delocalized electrons.
IDENTIFICATION OF COMMUNITY STRUCTURE IN COMPLEX NETWORKS USING AFFINITY PROPAGATION CLUSTERING METHOD
Authors: LAI DARONG , LU HONGTAO
Published: July 2008

Identifying communities in complex networks has recently attracted considerable attention in different fields. The goal of community identification is to cluster vertices of a network into groups, which is the same as clustering in machine learning and data mining domains. A recent proposed clustering method called affinity propagation shows high performance in clustering data sets into groups, and it does not require that the number of clusters be pre-specified. In this paper, based on a new method for calculating similarity between pairs of vertices and a transforming method for a given similarity from likelihood to log-domain, we apply that affinity propagation clustering method to identify communities in complex networks. Extensive simulation results demonstrate that affinity propagation clustering algorithm is very effective for identifying community structures in both computer-generated and real-world network data.
POWER CLONES AND NON-DETERMINISTIC HYPERSUBSTITUTIONS
Authors: Denecke K. , Glubudom P. , Koppitz J.
Published: July 2008

Hypersubstitutions map operation symbols to terms of the corresponding arity. Any hypersubstitution can be extended to a mapping defined on the set Wτ(X) of all terms of type τ. If σ : {fi | i ∈ I} → Wτ(X) is a hypersubstitution and [Formula: see text] its canonical extension, then the set [Formula: see text] is a tree transformation where the original language and the image language are of the same type. Tree transformations of the type Tσ can be produced by tree transducers. Here Tσ is the graph of the function [Formula: see text]. Since the set of all hypersubstitutions of type r forms a semigroup with respect to the multiplication [Formula: see text], semigroup properties influence the properties of tree transformations of the form Tσ. For instance, if σ is idempotent, the relation Tσ is transitive (see [1]). Non-deterministic tree transducers produce tree transformations which are not graphs of some functions. If such tree transformations have the form Tσ, then σ is no longer a function. Therefore, there is some interest to study non-deterministic hypersubstitutions. That means, there are operation symbols which have not only one term of the corresponding arity as image, but a set of such terms. To define the extensions of non-deterministic hypersubstitutions, we have to extent the superposition operations for terms to a superposition defined on sets of terms. Let [Formula: see text] be the power set of the set of all n-ary terms of type τ. Then we define a superposition operation [Formula: see text] and get a heterogeneous algebra [Formula: see text] (ℕ+ is the set of all positive natural numbers), which is called the power clone of type τ. We prove that the algebra [Formula: see text] satisfies the well-known clone axioms (C1), (C2), (C3), where (C1) is the superassociative law (see e.g. [5], [4]). It turns out that the extensions of non-deterministic hypersubstitutions are precisely those endomorphisms of the heterogeneous algebra [Formula: see text] which preserve unions of families of sets. As a consequence, to study tree transformations of the form Tσ, where σ is a non-deterministic hypersubstitution, one can use the structural properties of non-deterministic hypersubstitutions. Sets of terms of type τ are tree languages in the sense of [3] and the operations [Formula: see text] are operations on tree languages. In [3] also another kind of superposition of tree languages is introduced which generalizes the usual complex product of subsets of the universe of a semigroup. We show that the extensions of non-deterministic hypersubstitutions are not endomorphisms with respect to this kind of superposition.
ON THE MAXIMAL SUBSEMIGROUPS OF SOME TRANSFORMATION SEMIGROUPS
Authors: Dimitrova I. , Koppitz J.
Published: July 2008

Let Singn be the semigroup of all singular transformations on an n-element set. We consider two subsemigroups of Singn: the semigroup On of all isotone singular transformations and the semigroup Mn of all monotone singular transformations. We describe the maximal subsemigroups of these two semigroups, and study the connections between them.
INEQUALITIES OF THE CARLEMAN TYPE FOR SCHATTEN-VON NEUMANN OPERATORS
Authors: GIL' M. I.
Published: July 2008

Let Sp be the ideal of the Schatten-von Neumann operators with the norm Np. For an integer p ≥ 3 and an A ∈ Sp, the inequalities of the type [Formula: see text] are proved, where detp(I – A) is the regularized determinant, I is the unit operator and ap, and bp are explicitly pointed constants. Applications of these inequalities to spectrum perturbations of operators, as well as to invertibility and positive invertibility of infinite matrices are also discussed.
A PROBLEM FOR ABELIAN GROUPS
Authors: Katona Gyula O.H. , Makar-Limanov Leonid
Published: July 2008

A problem for Abelian groups is formulated with motivations from the theory of constant weight codes. The problem is solved for the case (ℤ2)r.
THE FREIHEITSSATZ AND THE AUTOMORPHISMS OF FREE RIGHT-SYMMETRIC ALGEBRAS
Authors: Kozybaev Daniyar , Makar-Limanov Leonid , Umirbaev Ualbai
Published: July 2008

We prove the Freiheitssatz for right-symmetric algebras and the decidability of the word problem for right-symmetric algebras with a single defining relation. We also prove that two generated subalgebras of free right-symmetric algebras are free and automorphisms of two generated free right-symmetric algebras are tame.
ON SEMI-MODULAR SUBALGEBRAS OF LIE ALGEBRAS OVER FIELDS OF ARBITRARY CHARACTERISTIC
Authors: TOWERS DAVID A.
Published: July 2008

This paper is a further contribution to the extensive study by a number of authors of the subalgebra lattice of a Lie algebra. It is shown that, in certain circumstances, including for all solvable algebras, for all Lie algebras over algebraically closed fields of characteristic p > 0 that have absolute toral rank ≤ 1 or are restricted, and for all Lie algebras having the one-and-a-half generation property, the conditions of modularity and semi-modularity are equivalent, but that the same is not true for all Lie algebras over a perfect field of characteristic three. Semi-modular subalgebras of dimensions one and two are characterised over (perfect, in the case of two-dimensional subalgebras) fields of characteristic different from 2, 3.
Interannual Variations in Mixed Rossby–Gravity Waves and Their Impacts on Tropical Cyclogenesis over the Western North Pacific
Authors: Chen Guanghua , Huang Ronghui
Published: July 2008

The present study investigates the transition from mixed Rossby–gravity (MRG) waves to tropical depression (TD)-type disturbances and its interannual variations over the western North Pacific (WNP), using ECMWF high-resolution data for the years of 1980–2001. As the equatorially trapped MRG waves propagate westward into the WNP, the MRG waves transit to TD-type disturbances because of background flow change. Interannual variations in the transition of MRG waves are related to monsoon circulation change in response to tropical convective heating over the warm pool (WP) region. When the WP is in a warm state, convective heating is enhanced in the western part of the WNP and the monsoon trough retreats westward, which induces a westward shift of the wave transition zone. In contrast, when the WP is in a relatively cold state, the eastward penetration of convection and monsoon trough shifts the wave transition to the eastern part of the WNP.

The zonal wind convergence and shear in the monsoon trough region provide a favorable condition for MRG waves to asymptote to Rossby waves. The asymmetric basic flow contributes to MRG waves moving off the equator toward the northwest. The northeast–southwest-oriented axis of TD-type disturbances in collaboration with the monsoonal environment is favorable for the conversion of eddy kinetic energy from the mean flow. The intensification of the amplitude and shortening of the wavelength during wave transition, to a certain extent, is associated with tropical cyclogenesis over the WNP. Therefore, interannual variations in the longitudinal location of tropical cyclone formation may be interpreted partly by displacement of the wave transition zone. Moreover, this phenomenon of cyclogenesis induced by the wave transition is more common during the cold years in which the monsoon trough penetrates eastward and equatorward.
Real-Time Precipitation Estimation Based on Index Station Percentiles*
Authors: Tang Qiuhong , Wood Andrew W. , Lettenmaier Dennis P.
Published: July 2008

Operational hydrologic models are typically calibrated using meteorological inputs derived from retrospective station data that are commonly not available in real time. Inconsistencies between the calibration and (generally sparser) real-time station datasets can be a source of bias, which can be addressed by expressing real-time hydrological model forcings (primarily precipitation) as percentiles for a set of index stations that report both in real time and during the retrospective calibration period, and by using the real-time percentiles to create adjusted precipitation forcings. Although hydrological model precipitation forcings typically are required at time steps of one day or shorter, percentiles can be calculated for longer averaging periods to reduce the percentile estimation errors. The authors propose an index station percentile method (ISPM) to estimate precipitation at the models input time step using percentiles, relative to a climatological period, for a set of index stations that report in real time. In general, this approach is most appropriate to situations in which the spatial correlation of precipitation is high, such as cold season rainfall in the western United States. The authors evaluate the ISPM approach, including performance sensitivity to the choice of percentile estimation period length, using the Klamath River basin, Oregon, as a case study. Relative to orographically adjusted interpolation of the real-time index station values, ISPM gives better estimates of precipitation throughout the basin. The authors find that ISPM performs best for percentile estimation periods longer than 10 days, with diminishing returns for averaging periods longer than 30 days. They also evaluate the performance of ISPM for a reduced station scenario and find that performance is relatively stable, relative to the competing methods, as the number of real-time stations diminishes.
Family Caregiving in Bipolar Disorder: Caregiver Consequences, Caregiver Coping Styles, and Caregiver Distress
Authors: Goossens P.J.J. , Van Wijngaarden B. , Knoppert-Van Der Klein E.A.M. , Van Achterberg T.
Published: July 2008

Aims: This study investigated the consequences caregivers of outpatients with bipolar disorder are confronted with, the distress they experience and their coping styles.

Methods: Caregivers ( n = 115) were asked to complete the Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire (IEQ) to measure caregivers' consequences, the Utrecht Coping List (UCL) to measure caregivers' coping styles, and the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) to measure caregiver distress. Scale (sub)scores were calculated and relationships between the results were explored.

Results: Caregiver consequences were found to be limited, although approximately 30% reported distress. Male caregivers used a more avoiding coping style and undertook activities to provide diversion. Female caregivers used a less active approach and sought less social support. Correlations were found between the IEQ overall score and its subscales `tension' and `worrying' and the UCL subscales `palliative reaction pattern' and `passive reaction pattern'. Distress appears to occur more often in caregivers who report more consequences, tend to use a more avoiding coping style, and have a more passive reaction pattern. Conclusions: Clinicians should assess symptoms of caregiver distress. When caregiver distress is noticed, efforts should be undertaken to support the caregiver and teach them skills to cope effectively with the consequences they experience in order to stay well.
The Value of Routine Outcome Measurement for Consumers of Mental Health Services: Master or Servant?
Authors: Happell Brenda
Published: July 2008

Background: Standardized instruments have been introduced for routine use within Victorian mental health services. The aim of routine outcome measurement (ROM) is to ensure the highest standard of service delivery as demonstrated through quality and accountability processes.

Aims: The aim is to determine the extent to which ROM measure against the 12 principles of outcome measurement described by Smith et al. (1997).

Method: The three ROM currently used in Victoria were critiqued according to the 12 principles, with the support of a review of the literature regarding outcome measurement.

Results: Of the 12 principles articulated, nine are not met by ROM currently used in Victoria. Only one is fully met, one partially met and one cannot be conclusively decided either way in light of current knowledge.

Conclusions: ROM currently utilized in Victoria do not reflect the areas considered of most relevance and importance to consumers of mental health services. Priority should therefore be given to developing an alternative consumer-derived approach to determining the effectiveness of mental health services according to those most affected by them.
Stalking Behaviour By Patients Towards Psychiatrists in a Large Mental Health Organization
Authors: Mcivor Ronan J. , Potter Laurence , Davies Lisa
Published: July 2008

Background: Mental health professionals are at greater risk than the general population of being stalked, particularly by patients.

Aims: To assess the prevalence of stalking behaviour by patients towards psychiatrists and ascertain patient characteristics.

Method: Semi-structured questionnaire to all psychiatrists ( n = 324) working in a large mental health organization.

Results: The response rate was 61% ( n = 198). Forty-one doctors (21%) reported having been stalked by patients, the majority being consultants ( n = 31; 76%). No sub-speciality was over-represented. Most stalkers ( n = 24; 59%) were male with a diagnosis of personality disorder (39%) or major mental illness (34%). Duration of stalking ranged from several weeks to 16 years, and most commonly occurred at work. On average, victims experienced two types of inappropriate contact. Physical threats were made against 14 psychiatrists (34%).

Conclusions: Stalking by patients towards psychiatrists is common and represents an important occupational risk. Formal training programmes and policy development within healthcare organizations may help manage risk.
Whose Life Am I Living? Relatives Living in the Shadow of Depression
Authors: Stjernswärd Sigrid , Östman Margareta
Published: July 2008

Background: Families living with mental illness experience added burden and need information and support.

Aim: This aim of this study was to explore the experiences of families living close to a depressed individual.

Methods: Eighteen persons were interviewed individually or in focus groups. Data was analysed using a grounded theory-inspired methodology.

Results: Most participants expressed a feeling of not living their own life, struggling to balance relationships, adapting to and re-evaluating their life circumstances, and struggling to voice their ill relatives' and their own needs.

Conclusions: More can be done to help and sustain hope in the relatives of persons with depression.
The Red Terror in Ethiopia
Authors: Tareke Gebru
Published: July 2008

This article was inspired by Arno Mayer's magisterial work on the French and Russian revolutions. It is Mayer's thesis that two social forces with irreconcilable political views and objectives fought to the finish in both revolutions. Violence and terror were inevitable. In Ethiopia, the deadly conflict that metamorphosed into the Red Terror was not between conservative and radical forces, but between two modern political organizations which shared the same ideology and strategic goals – but used different tactics. Terror, the article argues, was avoidable. The intent is not to test the validity of Mayer's theory, but to show the peculiarity of the Ethiopian experience.
Power Politics
Authors: Tegegn Melakou
Published: July 2008

This article looks at the role of the main opposition party in Ethiopia, Kinijit, during the parliamentary elections of 2005. It shows that the election was unique in that it galvanized the people of Ethiopia to come out and vote en masse. Kinijit was mainly instrumental in mobilizing the people and provided hope for a political change towards democracy. They saw in Kinijit the capacity to lead the country as opposed to the ruling party, trusted it fully and were determined to follow its leadership. The voter turn-out was the highest in the history of the country. Kinijit won the elections but the ruling party rigged the results and declared itself the winner. Controversy arose and dragged on for months. Kinijit then resorted to a protest movement in the form of civil disobedience. The government took this as ‘unconstitutional and as preparation for armed rebellion’ and began a clamp-down. The entire leadership of Kinijit was imprisoned, and some 400 people were massacred as they demonstrated. Close to 17,000 others were thrown in jail and labor camps. This article examines the flaws in Kinijit's decision to resort to civil disobedience, looks at the consequences of the election for the process of democratization and at what that means in the fight against poverty and under-development. It singles out Kinijit's structural problems, such as insufficient institutional preparedness and lack of organizational structure in 2005, and suggests the strategic political course it should have taken.
Human Trafficking in the Heartland
Authors: Wilson Jeremy M. , Dalton Erin
Published: July 2008

This analysis explores the extent and characteristics of human trafficking in Columbus and Toledo, Ohio, including the response to the problem by law enforcement agencies. Through a content analysis of newspaper accounts and interviews with criminal justice officials and social service providers in each city, the authors identified 10 cases of juvenile sex trafficking and forced prostitution in Toledo and 5 cases of trafficking for the forced labor of noncitizens in Columbus. The offenders and victims involved in the sex trafficking cases were largely from the local area, whereas those involved in the labor trafficking cases primarily involved foreign nationals, thereby illustrating at least one role the heartland plays in transnational crime. The authors compare the different responses to human trafficking in the two cities and suggest how to raise awareness about human trafficking and improve the responses of law enforcement agencies to the problem.
PQR Model-based Micromechanical Analysis of Hysteresis Loops for Single Crystal Fatigue: Aspects of Multi-Axial Loading, Geometric Effects and Creep
Authors: Dongdong Wang  , Tung Hua Lin
Published: July 2008

The micromechanical theory of fatigue crack initiation, namely the PQR model with a gating mechanism proposed by Lin (1992), is systematically summarized and further generalized to arbitrary loading conditions which may occur in reality. All possible loading cases and slip mechanisms are considered for a FCC single crystal. The Schmid factors for both primary and secondary slip systems are presented. A 3D boundary element method is adopted to compute the stress influence coefficients for the residual stress field. The hysteresis loops, which are due to a general two phase sequential loading process, i.e., a uni-axial loading followed by a multi-axial loading applied by combined shear and axial loadings, are given to illustrate the fatigue development and demonstrate the proposed methodology. The results show that the two stage loading may increase the magnitudes of intrusion and extrusion. Subsequently the geometry influence for intrusion is studied. The effect of geometry variation caused by intrusion is taken into account through updating the stress influence coefficients as well as the applied resolved stress when intrusion grows. This process is continued until the saturated state of fatigue crack initiation is reached. Comparison of geometry influence on intrusion growth is shown as well. It turns out that the geometric change could become an important factor for the intrusion growth. Finally by replacing the plastic strain with creep strain the present model is easily extended to investigate the steady hysteresis loops for single crystal creep at elevated temperature. The results compare favorably with the available experimental data.
Micromechanical Elastoplastic Damage Modeling of Progressive Interfacial Arc Debonding for Fiber Reinforced Composites
Authors: Ju J.W. , Ko Y.F.
Published: July 2008

This study presents a new micromechanical elastoplastic progressive damage model to predict the effective transverse mechanical behavior and interfacial arc microcrack evolution of fiber-reinforced composites. The partial debonding process at the fiber—matrix interfaces is represented by the growing debonding angles of arc microcracks. Progressive partially debonded cylindrical isotropic fibers are replaced by equivalent orthotropic yet perfectly bonded elastic cylindrical fibers. The equivalent orthotropic elastic moduli are constructed to characterize the reduction of the load-transfer capacity in the debonded directions. The effective elastic moduli of four-phase composites are derived by using a micromechanical formulation. In order to characterize the overall transverse elastoplastic damage behavior, an effective yield criterion is derived on the basis of the ensemble-area averaging procedure and the first-order effects of eigenstrains upon yielding. The proposed effective yield criterion, coupling with the overall plastic flow rule and the hardening law, comprises the analytical framework for the prediction of effective elastoplastic-damage responses of ductile matrix composites containing randomly located yet aligned cylindrical fibers. The Weibull's probabilistic function is utilized to characterize the varying probability of progressive interfacial arc microcracks, governed by the internal stresses of fibers and the interfacial bonding strength. The proposed micromechanical elastoplastic-damage model is then applied to the transverse uniaxial and transverse biaxial tensile loading with varied stress ratios. Comparisons between the present predictions and available experimental data, as well as other numerical simulations, are performed to elucidate the potential of the proposed formulation.
Anomie Theory and Crime in a Transitional China (1978—)
Authors: Zhao Linda Shuo
Published: July 2008

This article examines the testability of Merton's anomie theory with regard to crime problems in the context of contemporary China. An overview of crime trends in China after the onset of economic reform in the early 1980s reveals distinctive crime patterns. The analysis of the criminogenic potential of socioeconomic transition in China suggests that these crime patterns with Chinese characteristics cannot be fully accounted for within the framework of the traditional anomie theory. A newly formulated institutional discrepancy-anomie theory is proposed arguing that the institutional discrepancies generated by coexistence of China's market-oriented economy and authoritarian polity contribute significantly to the dramatic increase in crime rates. The policy implication that the Chinese government should reconsider the undue emphasis on punitive crime control policy is presented.