bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hiking trails as conduits for the spread of non-native species in mountain areas
Authors: Liedtke Rebecca , Barros Agustina , Essl Franz , Lembrechts Jonas J. , Wedegärtner Ronja E. M. , Pauchard Aníbal , Dullinger Stefan
Published: December 2019

Roadsides are major pathways of plant invasions in mountain regions. However, the increasing importance of tourism may also turn hiking trails into conduits of non-native plant spread to remote mountain landscapes. Here, we evaluated the importance of such trails for plant invasion in five protected mountain areas of southern central Chile. We therefore sampled native and non-native species along 17 trails and in the adjacent undisturbed vegetation. We analyzed whether the number and cover of non-native species in local plant assemblages is related to distance to trail and a number of additional variables that characterize the abiotic and biotic environment as well as the usage of the trail. We found that non-native species at higher elevations are a subset of the lowland source pool and that their number and cover decreases with increasing elevation and with distance to trails, although this latter variable only explained 4–8% of the variation in the data. In addition, non-native richness and cover were positively correlated with signs of livestock presence but negatively with the presence of intact forest vegetation. These results suggest that, at least in the region studied, hiking trails have indeed fostered non-native species spread to higher elevations, although less efficiently than roadsides. As a corollary, appropriate planning and management of trails could become increasingly important to control plant invasions into mountains in a world which is warming and where visitation and recreational use of mountainous areas is expected to increase.
The Profiles and Correlates of Psychopathology in Adolescents and Adults with Williams, Fragile X and Prader–Willi Syndromes
Authors: Royston R. , Oliver C. , Howlin P. , Dosse A. , Armitage P. , Moss J. , Waite J.
Published: December 2019

Psychopathology is prevalent in Williams (WS), fragile X (FXS) and Prader–Willi (PWS) syndromes. However, little is known about the potential correlates of psychopathology in these groups. A questionnaire study was completed by 111 caregivers of individuals with WS (n = 35); FXS (n = 50) and PWS (n = 26). Mean age was 26 years (range 12–57 years); 74 (67%) were male. Multiple regression analyses indicated that higher rates of health problems and sensory impairments predicted higher psychopathology in WS (p < .0001). In PWS, poorer adaptive ability predicted higher overall psychiatric disturbance (p = .001), generalised anxiety (p = .006) and hyperactivity (p = .003). There were no significant predictors in FXS. This study highlights dissociations in the potential risk markers of psychopathology between genetic syndromes. Implications for intervention are discussed.
Identifying archaeological evidence of past earthquakes in a contemporary disaster scenario: case studies of damage, resilience and risk reduction from the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake and past seismic events within the Kathmandu Valley UNESCO World Heritage Property (Nepal)
Authors: Davis Christopher , Coningham Robin , Acharya Kosh Prasad , Kunwar Ram Bahadur , Forlin Paolo , Weise Kai , Maskey Prem Nath , Joshi Anie , Simpson Ian , Toll David , Wilkinson Sean , Hughes Paul , Sarhosis Vasilis , Kumar Ashutosh , Schmidt Armin
Published: December 2019

The 2015 Gorkha Earthquake was a humanitarian disaster but also a cultural catastrophe that damaged and destroyed historic monuments across Nepal, including those within the Kathmandu Valley UNESCO World Heritage Property. In the rush to rebuild, traditionally constructed foundations are being removed and replaced with modern materials without assessments of whether these contributed to the collapse of a monument. Generally undertaken without scientific recording, these interventions have led to the irreversible destruction of earlier subsurface phases of cultural activity and the potential loss of evidence for successful traditional seismic adaptations and risk reduction strategies, with no research into whether modern materials, such as concrete and steel, would offer enhanced resilience. In response to this context, multidisciplinary post-disaster investigations were undertaken between 2015 and 2018, including archaeological excavation, geophysical survey, geoarchaeological analysis, linked to architectural and engineering studies, to begin to evaluate and assess the damage to, and seismic adaptations of, historic structures within Nepal’s Kathmandu Valley. Where possible, we draw on archaeoseismological approaches for the identification and classification of Earthquake Archaeological Effects (EAEs) at selected monuments damaged by the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake. Lessons learned from evidence of potential weaknesses, as well as historic ‘risk-sensitive tactics’ of hazard reduction within monuments, are now being incorporated into reconstruction and rehabilitation initiatives alongside the development of methods for the protection of heritage in the face of future earthquakes.
Ongoing, but slowing, habitat loss in a rural landscape over 85 years
Authors: Ridding Lucy E. , Watson Stephen C. L. , Newton Adrian C. , Rowland Clare S. , Bullock James M.
Published: December 2019

Context

Studies evaluating biodiversity loss and altered ecosystem services have tended to examine changes over the last few decades, despite the fact that land use change and its negative impacts have been occurring over a much longer period. Examining past land use change, particularly over the long-term and multiple time periods, is essential for understanding how rates and drivers of change have varied historically.

Objectives

To quantify and assess patterns of change in semi-natural habitats across a rural landscape at five time points between 1930 and 2015.

Methods

We determined the habitat cover at over 3700 sites across the county of Dorset, southern England in 1930, 1950, 1980, 1990 and 2015, using historical vegetation surveys, re-surveys, historical maps and other contemporary spatial data.

Results

Considerable declines in semi-natural habitats occurred across the Dorset landscape between 1930 and 2015. This trend was non-linear for the majority of semi-natural habitats, with the greatest losses occurring between 1950 and 1980. This period coincides with the largest gains to arable and improved grassland, reflecting agricultural expansion after the Second World War. Although the loss of semi-natural habitats declined after this period, largely because there were very few sites left to convert, there were still a number of habitats lost within the last 25 years.

Conclusions

The findings illustrate a long history of habitat loss in the UK, and are important for planning landscape management and ameliorative actions, such as restoration. Our analysis also highlights the role of statutory protection in retaining semi-natural habitats, suggesting the need for continued protection of important habitats.
Using multiple hybrid spatial design network analysis to predict longitudinal effect of a major city centre redevelopment on pedestrian flows
Authors: Cooper Crispin H. V. , Harvey Ian , Orford Scott , Chiaradia Alain J. F.
Published: December 2019

Predicting how changes to the urban environment layout will affect the spatial distribution of pedestrian flows is important for environmental, social and economic sustainability. We present longitudinal evaluation of a model of the effect of urban environmental layout change in a city centre (Cardiff 2007–2010), on pedestrian flows. Our model can be classed as regression based direct demand using Multiple Hybrid Spatial Design Network Analysis (MH-sDNA) assignment, which bridges the gap between direct demand models, facility-based activity estimation and spatial network analysis (which can also be conceived as a pedestrian route assignment based direct demand model). Multiple theoretical flows are computed based on retail floor area: everywhere to shops, shop to shop, railway stations to shops and parking to shops. Route assignment, in contrast to the usual approach of shortest path only, is based on a hybrid of shortest path and least directional change (most direct) with a degree of randomization. The calibration process determines a suitable balance of theoretical flows to best match observed pedestrian flows, using generalized cross-validation to prevent overfit. Validation shows that the model successfully predicts the effect of layout change on flows of up to approx. 8000 pedestrians per hour based on counts spanning a 1 km2city centre, calibrated on 2007 data and validated to 2010 and 2011. This is the first time, to our knowledge, that a pedestrian flow model with assignment has been evaluated for its ability to forecast the effect of urban layout changes over time.
Therapy-Induced Changes in CXCR4 Expression in Tumor Xenografts Can Be Monitored Noninvasively with N-[11C]Methyl-AMD3465 PET
Authors: Hartimath SV , Draghiciu O. , Daemen T , Nijman H.W. , van Waarde A. , Dierckx R.A.J.O. , de Vries E.F.J.
Published: December 2019

Purpose

Chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 are constitutively overexpressed in human cancers. The CXCL12-CXCR4 signaling axis plays an important role in tumor progression and metastasis, but also in treatment-induced recruitment of CXCR4-expressing cytotoxic immune cells. Here, we aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of N-[11C]methyl-AMD3465 positron emission tomography (PET) to monitor changes in CXCR4 density in tumors after single-fraction local radiotherapy or in combination with immunization.

Procedure

TC-1 cells expressing human papillomavirus antigens E6 and E7 were inoculated into the C57BL/6 mice subcutaneously. Two weeks after tumor cell inoculation, mice were irradiated with a single-fraction 14-Gy dose of X-ray. One group of irradiated mice was immunized with an alpha-viral vector vaccine, SFVeE6,7, and another group received daily injections of the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 (3 mg/kg -intraperitoneal (i.p.)). Seven days after irradiation, all animals underwent N-[11C]methyl-AMD3465 PET.

Results

PET imaging showed N-[11C]methyl-AMD3465 uptake in the tumor of single-fraction irradiated mice was nearly 2.5-fold higher than in sham-irradiated tumors (1.07 ± 0.31 %ID/g vs. 0.42 ± 0.05 % ID/g,p< 0.01). The tumor uptake was further increased by 4-fold (1.73 ± 0.17 % ID/g vs 0.42 ± 0.05 % ID/g,p< 0.01) in mice treated with single-fraction radiotherapy in combination with SFVeE6,7 immunization. Administration of AMD3100 caused a 4.5-fold reduction in the tracer uptake in the tumor of irradiated animals (0.24 ± 0.1 % ID/g,p< 0.001), suggesting that tracer uptake is indeed due to CXCR4-mediated chemotaxis.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates the feasibility of N-[11C]methyl-AMD3465 PET imaging to monitor treatment-induced changes in the density of CXCR4 receptors in tumors and justifies further evaluation of CXCR4 as a potential imaging biomarker for evaluation of anti-tumor therapies.
On the Dwell-Fatigue Crack Propagation Behavior of a High-Strength Ni-Base Superalloy Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting
Authors: Deng Dunyong , Eriksson Robert , Peng Ru Lin , Moverare Johan
Published: December 2019

This study focuses on the dwell-fatigue crack propagation behavior of IN718 manufactured via selective laser melting (SLM). The dwell-fatigue test condition is 823 K (550 

$$^{\circ }$$

∘

C) with a long 2160-s dwell-holding period. Effects of heat treatment and loading direction on dwell-fatigue crack propagation rates are studied. A grain boundary

$$\delta $$

δ

precipitate seems to be slightly beneficial to the dwell-fatigue cracking resistance of SLM IN718. A comparison has been made between SLM IN718 and forged counterparts at different temperatures, indicating that a creep damage mechanism is likely dominant for SLM IN718 under the present test condition. A general discussion of the inferior creep resistance of SLM IN718 is also included. The anisotropic dwell-fatigue cracking resistance has also been studied and rationalized with the effective stress intensity factor calculated from finite element modeling.
Sensitivity Experiments of the Local Wildland Fire with WRF-Fire Module
Authors: Lai Shaojun , Chen Haishan , He Fen , Wu Weijie
Published: December 2019

In this paper, it is discussed the performance of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with a wildland fire-behavior module (WRF-Fire model) by the observational data collected in an experiment with a low-intensity prescribed fire (LIPF) conducted in the New Jersey Pine Barrens (NJPB) on March 6, 2012. The sensitivity experiments of the WRF-Fire model are carried out to investigate the interactions between the wildland fire and the atmospheric planetary boundary layer. The two-way WRF-Fire model conofigured with fire and large eddy simulation (LES) mode is used to explore the fire characteristics of perimeter shape, intensity, spread direction and external factors of wind speed, and to discuss how these external parameters affect the fire, and the interactions between the atmosphere and fire. Results show that the sensitive experiments can provide the meteorological elements close to observations, such as the temperatures, winds and turbulent kinetic energy near the surface in the vicinity of the fire. The simulations also can reproduce the fire spread shape and speed, fire intensity, and heat flux released from fire. From the view of energy, the heat flux feed back to the atmospheric model and heat the air near the surface, which will induce strong thermal and dynamic instability causing strong horizontal convergence and updraft, and form the fire-induced convective boundary layer. The updraft will be tilted downstream of the fire area based on the height of the ambient winds. Due to the effect of the this updrafts, the particles and heat from the fuel combustion can be transported to the downwind and lateral regions of the fire area. Meanwhile, there is a downdraft flow with higher momentum nearby the fire line transporting fresh oxygen to the near surface, which will increase winds behind the fire line, accelerate the rate of spread (ROS) and make the fire spread to a larger area. Ultimately, a fire-induced climate is established.
Preparation and characterization of cost-effective AC/CeO2 nanocomposites for the degradation of selected industrial dyes
Authors: Gopi Midhun , Harikaranahalli Puttaiah Shivaraju , Shahmoradi Behzad , Maleki Afshin
Published: December 2019

With an increasing global usage of dyes and colorants in various industries, the increase in dye contamination level in water has frequently reported. Developments of appropriate techniques for the degradation of dyes in industrial wastewater are critical and urgently required. Utilization of low-cost materials for the treatment of various dyes using an alternative driving energy could be promising in near future. In the study, activated carbon (AC) was prepared using agricultural waste (coconut shell) and utilized for designing the CeO2/AC composites using soft chemical route. The effect of AC on the composite was studied by varying the AC and CeO2 weight ratios, and as-prepared photocatalytic composites were characterized using suitable analytical techniques. Characterization results clearly indicated a remarkable impact of AC on porosity and surface area, surface morphology, structural and textural properties and photocatalytic activities of the composites. Complete removal of industrial dyes used in aqueous media was observed and 91.3% of degradation efficiency of organic pollutants in real-time textile industrial wastewater within 5 h under LED light source. Reusability study clearly indicated that CeO2/AC composites could be reused up to three cycles for the removal of organic pollutants and dyes in aqueous media under visible light source as an alternative driving energy.
Unveiling the reaction products in heat treated Si3N4-Ti joined ceramics by transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Tunckan Orkun , Yurdakul Hilmi , Turan Servet
Published: December 2019

Joining is a crucial process for the production of complex-shaped advanced engineering materials. Deep understanding of ceramic-metal interfaces during joining or following heat-treatment steps is therefore of important concern in designing the new systems. Capacitor discharge joining (CDJ) method was firstly carried out to compose the ceramic-metal joint material by silicon nitride (Si3N4)-titanium (Ti) constituents. Afterwards, heat treatment was performed on the Si3N4-Ti joints in air atmosphere at 1000 °C temperature to reveal the interface reactions and phases. Reaction layer that occurred between the Si3N4 and Ti interfaces and new phase formations were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM)-based various imaging and chemical analysis techniques. Electron transparent samples for TEM characterization were prepared by focused ion beam (FIB) milling and lifting method. Based on the detailed TEM results, Si and N diffusion arising from the Si3N4 ceramic was observed towards Ti metal foil side and further interacted with Ti atoms. The upshot of current diffusion was that Ti3N2 reaction layer with 50 nm thickness was formed at the interface while titanium silicon nitride (Ti6Si3N) matrix phase including dendritic-shaped Ti2N grains occurred in the Ti interlayer. It is believed that our TEM-based microscopy results not only provide the knowledge on ceramic-metal joint materials by CDJ method, but also contribute new insights on the development of various new joint systems.
Fabrication and mechanical properties of self-toughening ZrB2–SiC composites from in-situ reaction
Authors: Zhang Zhaofu , Sha Jianjun , Zu Yufei , Dai Jixiang , Liu Yingjun
Published: December 2019

Self-toughening ZrB2–SiC based composites are fabricated by in-situ reactive hot pressing. The effect of sintering additive content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the composites is investigated. Microstructure observation found that the in-situ reactive hot pressing could promote the anisotropic growth of ZrB2 grains and the formation of interlocking microstructure. Such microstructure could improve the mechanical properties, especially, for the fracture toughness. The improved mechanical properties could be attributed to the self-toughening structure related to the ZrB2 platelets and the formed interlocking microstructure, which could trigger various toughening mechanisms such as grain pull-out, crack bridging, crack deflection, and crack branching, providing the main contribution to the high fracture toughness.
Exploring the friction and wear behaviors of Ag-Mo hybrid modified thermosetting polyimide composites at high temperature
Authors: Duan Chunjian , He Ren , Li Song , Shao Mingchao , Yang Rui , Tao Liming , Wang Chao , Yuan Ping , Wang Tingmei , Wang Qihua
Published: December 2019

Polyimide composites have been extensively used as motion components under extreme conditions for their thermal stability and special self-lubricating performance. In the present study, Ag-Mo hybrids as lubricant fillers were incorporated into thermosetting polyimide to prepare a new type of tribo-materials (TPI-1) at high temperature. Comprehensive investigations at different temperatures reveal that the newly developed TPI-1 exhibits a better reduction in friction and wear rate below 100 °C, but all of them increase significantly when the bulk temperature exceeds 250 °C. The wear mechanisms demonstrated that sandwich-like tribofilms with different layers were established at different temperatures, which was further verified by characterization of scanning electron microscope (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Considering the high-performance TPI coupled with Ag-Mo hybrids, we anticipate that further exploration would provide guidance for designing TPI tribo-materials that would be used at high temperatures.
Driving Space for Autonomous Vehicles
Authors: Yang Diange , Jiao Xinyu , Jiang Kun , Cao Zhong
Published: December 2019

Driving space for autonomous vehicles (AVs) is a simplified representation of real driving environments that helps facilitate driving decision processes. Existing literatures present numerous methods for constructing driving spaces, which is a fundamental step in AV development. This study reviews the existing researches to gain a more systematic understanding of driving space and focuses on two questions: how to reconstruct the driving environment, and how to make driving decisions within the constructed driving space. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of different types of driving space are analyzed. The study provides further understanding of the relationship between perception and decision-making and gives insight into direction of future research on driving space of AVs.
Correction to: Analysis of Seasonal Precipitation, Potential Evapotranspiration, Aridity, Future Precipitation Anomaly and Major Crops at District Level of India
Authors: Goparaju Laxmi , Ahmad Firoz
Published: December 2019

The article "Analysis of Seasonal Precipitation, Potential Evapotranspiration, Aridity, Future Precipitation Anomaly and Major Crops at District Level of India", written by Laxmi Goparaju and Firoz Ahmad, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal on 5 June 2019 without open access. With the author(s)’ decision to opt for Open Choice the copyright of the article changed in December 2019 to © The Author(s) 2019 and the article is forthwith distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The original article has been corrected.
Effect of tool pin profile on corrosion behavior of friction stir processed LM25AA 10% SiCp metal matrix composites
Authors: Senthil V. , Balasubramanian E.
Published: December 2019

Friction stir processing (FSP) is a novel technique for microstructure refinement and for the enhancement of surface characteristics of stir casted LM25AA −10% SiCp Metal matrix composite (MMCs) plates. In FSP, a non-consumable tool made-up of harder material plays a critical part in altering the substrate material’s surface. In this present work, the influence of various tool pin profiles (Cylindrical straight, taper threaded, threaded cylindrical, square and plain tapered) on the corrosion behavior of friction stir processed (FSPed) LM25AA – 10% SiCp MMCs has been evaluated. The size and dispersion of silicon carbide particles in FSPed MMC were studied and the microstructure, micro hardness, corrosion rate, and the optimum tool pin design to attain desired particle distribution in FSPed MMCs was established. It was found that the decrease of the grain size of the SiC particulates and matrix leads to enhancement of hardness and reduction in corrosion rate.
Hurricane Dorian and Disaster Response in the Face of Constant Threats
Authors: Louissaint Nicolette A.
Published: December 2019

Hurricane Dorian’s impact on Eastern North Carolina and the Bahamas islands demonstrate the devastation and public health needs that can be left in the wake of a catastrophic event. The hurricane created a range of public health and healthcare challenges, strained further by the damage to infrastructure on which critical services, including the medical supply chain, depend. The recovery process is long, but offers an opportunity to build back better, more resilient communities that can withstand today’s threats.
Are healthcare personnel at higher risk of seasonal influenza than other working adults?
Authors: Coleman Brenda L. , Kuster Stefan P. , Katz Kevin , Loeb Mark , McNeil Shelly A. , Muller Matthew P. , Powis Jeff , Simor Andrew , Coleman Kristy K. L. , Hatchette Todd , McGeer Allison ,   for the Canadian Healthcare Worker Study Group
Published: December 2019

Background: Adults are at risk of being exposed to influenza from many sources. Healthcare personnel (HCP) have the additional risk of being exposed to ill patients.

Objective:

To determine whether HCP were at higher risk than adults working in nonhealthcare roles (non-HCP).

Design:

Prospective cohort study.

Setting:

Acute-care hospitals and other businesses in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Methods:

Adults aged 18–69 years were enrolled for 1 or more of the 2010/2011, 2011/2012, and 2012/2013 influenza seasons. Swabs collected during acute respiratory illnesses were tested for influenza and pre- and postseason blood samples were tested for influenza-specific immune response.

Results:

The adjusted odds of influenza were similar for HCP and non-HCP (odds ratio [OR], 1.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63–2.63). Older adults and those vaccinated against influenza had lower odds, and those who shared their workspace and who used corrective eyewear had higher odds of influenza.

Conclusions:

HCP and other working adults are at similar risk of influenza infection.
Tides modulate crevasse opening prior to a major calving event at Bowdoin Glacier, Northwest Greenland
Authors: van Dongen Eef , Jouvet Guillaume , Walter Andrea , Todd Joe , Zwinger Thomas , Asaji Izumi , Sugiyama Shin , Walter Fabian , Funk Martin
Published: December 2019

Retreat of calving glaciers worldwide has contributed substantially to sea-level rise in recent decades. Mass loss by calving contributes significantly to the uncertainty of sea-level rise projections. At Bowdoin Glacier, Northwest Greenland, most calving occurs by a few large events resulting from kilometre-scale fractures forming parallel to the calving front. High-resolution terrestrial radar interferometry data of such an event reveal that crevasse opening is fastest at low tide and accelerates during the final 36 h before calving. Using the ice flow model Elmer/Ice, we identify the crevasse water level as a key driver of modelled opening rates. Sea water-level variations in the range of local tidal amplitude (1 m) can reproduce observed opening rate fluctuations, provided crevasse water level is at least 4 m above the low-tide sea level. The accelerated opening rates within the final 36 h before calving can be modelled by additional meltwater input into the crevasse, enhanced ice cliff undercutting by submarine melt, ice damage increase due to tidal cyclic fatigue, crevasse deepening or a combination of these processes. Our results highlight the influence of surface meltwater and tides on crevasse opening leading to major calving events at grounded tidewater glaciers such as Bowdoin.
THE SECOND FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF INVARIANT THEORY FOR THE ORTHOSYMPLECTIC SUPERGROUP
Authors: LEHRER G. I. , ZHANG R. B.
Published: December 2019

The first fundamental theorem of invariant theory for the orthosymplectic supergroup scheme $\text{OSp}(m|2n)$ states that there is a full functor from the Brauer category with parameter $m-2n$ to the category of tensor representations of $\text{OSp}(m|2n)$. This has recently been proved using algebraic supergeometry to relate the problem to the invariant theory of the general linear supergroup. In this work, we use the same circle of ideas to prove the second fundamental theorem for the orthosymplectic supergroup. Specifically, we give a linear description of the kernel of the surjective homomorphism from the Brauer algebra to endomorphisms of tensor space, which commute with the orthosymplectic supergroup. The main result has a clear and succinct formulation in terms of Brauer diagrams. Our proof includes, as special cases, new proofs of the corresponding second fundamental theorems for the classical orthogonal and symplectic groups, as well as their quantum analogues, which are independent of the Capelli identities. The results of this paper have led to the result that the map from the Brauer algebra ${\mathcal{B}}_{r}(m-2n)$ to endomorphisms of $V^{\otimes r}$ is an isomorphism if and only if $r<(m+1)(n+1)$.
STRATEGIC ADMISSIBILITY DECISIONS IN THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Authors: Graham Lewis
Published: December 2019

The current relationship between UK and Strasbourg is politically fraught, which presents inevitable challenges for both jurisdictions. This article will analyse how the Strasbourg Court has responded to these challenges when dealing with applications against the UK, particularly when an application is brought following determination by the UK Supreme Court. It will be argued that there is some evidence that the Strasbourg Court has recently been using the admissibility stage as a novel site for effecting strategic behaviour, in order to moderate and influence UK–Strasbourg relations. The effect of this recent inclination, and some possible justifications for it, will then be set out.
Psychological networks in clinical populations: investigating the consequences of Berkson's bias
Authors: de Ron Jill , Fried Eiko I. , Epskamp Sacha
Published: December 2019

Background

In clinical research, populations are often selected on the sum-score of diagnostic criteria such as symptoms. Estimating statistical models where a subset of the data is selected based on a function of the analyzed variables introduces Berkson's bias, which presents a potential threat to the validity of findings in the clinical literature. The aim of the present paper is to investigate the effect of Berkson's bias on the performance of the two most commonly used psychological network models: the Gaussian Graphical Model (GGM) for continuous and ordinal data, and the Ising Model for binary data.

Methods

In two simulation studies, we test how well the two models recover a true network structure when estimation is based on a subset of the data typically seen in clinical studies. The network is based on a dataset of 2807 patients diagnosed with major depression, and nodes in the network are items from the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD). The simulation studies test different scenarios by varying (1) sample size and (2) the cut-off value of the sum-score which governs the selection of participants.

Results

The results of both studies indicate that higher cut-off values are associated with worse recovery of the network structure. As expected from the Berkson's bias literature, selection reduced recovery rates by inducing negative connections between the items.

Conclusion

Our findings provide evidence that Berkson's bias is a considerable and underappreciated problem in the clinical network literature. Furthermore, we discuss potential solutions to circumvent Berkson's bias and their pitfalls.
The impact of religion on language maintenance and shift
Authors: Ding Seong Lin , Goh Kim Leng
Published: December 2019

This article explores religious impact on language maintenance and language shift in two Hakka communities in Malaysia. While research has shown a trend towards language shift in these communities, whether religious institutions can play a role in heritage language maintenance remained unclear. The key findings are as follows: (i) language use patterns differ among various religious groups; (ii) this difference is due mainly to religious practices, that is, whether a heritage language is used as the ‘language of religion’; and (iii) most religious institutions, except Taoist temples and Basel churches, seem to fuel shifting. However, the tendency to move towards the ‘bi-language of religion’ threatens even the efforts of Basel churches. The study indicates interesting possibilities regarding religious impact but also shows, paradoxically, that the priority of Hakka-based religious institutions is to promote their religions, not to sustain the threatened heritage language. (Language maintenance, language shift, religious impact, Hakka Chinese community)*
Predictors of engagement and outcome achievement in a behavioural intervention targeting sugar-sweetened beverage intake among rural adults
Authors: Porter Kathleen J , Thomson Jessica L , Zoellner Jamie M
Published: December 2019

Objective:

To describe relationships among baseline characteristics, engagement indicators and outcomes for rural participants enrolled in SIPsmartER, a behavioural intervention targeting sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake.

Design:

A secondary data analysis. Bivariate analyses determined relationships among baseline characteristics (e.g. age, gender, race, education, income), engagement indicators (completion of 6-month health screening, class attendance, call completion) and SSB outcomes (SSB ounce reduction (i.e. US fluid ounces; 1 US fl. oz = 29·57 ml), reduced ≥12 ounces, achieved ≤8 ounce intake). Generalized linear models tested for significant effects of baseline characteristics on engagement indicators and of baseline characteristics and engagement indicators on SSB outcomes.

Setting:

South-west Virginia, USA, a rural, medically underserved region.

Participants:

Participants’ (n 155) mean age was 41 years; most were female (81 %), White (91 %) and earned ≤$US 20 000 per annum (61 %).

Results:

All final models were significant. Engagement models predicted 12–17 % of variance, with age being a significant predictor in all three models. SSB outcome models explained 5–70 % of variance. Number of classes attended was a significant predictor of SSB ounce reduction (β = −6·12, P < 0·01). Baseline SSB intake significantly predicted SSB ounce reduction (β = −0·90, P < 0·001) and achieved ≤8 ounce intake (β = 0·98, P < 0·05).

Conclusions:

The study identifies several participant baseline characteristics that may impact engagement in and outcomes from a community-based intervention targeting SSB intake. Findings suggest greater attendance of SIPsmartER classes is associated with greater reduction in overall SSB intake; yet engagement variables did not predict other outcomes. Findings will inform the future implementation of SIPsmartER and research studies of similar design and intent.
MEASURABLE -SEMIGROUPS ARE CONTINUOUS
Authors: MURUGAN S. P.
Published: December 2019

Let $G$ be a second countable locally compact Hausdorff topological group and $P$ be a closed subsemigroup of $G$ containing the identity element $e\in G$. Assume that the interior of $P$ is dense in $P$. Let $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}=\{{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{x}\}}_{x\in P}$ be a semigroup of unital normal $\ast$-endomorphisms of a von Neumann algebra $M$ with separable predual satisfying a natural measurability hypothesis. We show that $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$ is an $E_{0}$-semigroup over $P$ on $M$.
The Cambridge Grammar of Classical Greek. A new reference grammar for Classical Greek: aims and principles
Authors: van Emde Boas Evert , Rijksbaron Albert , Huitink Luuk , de Bakker Mathieu
Published: December 2019

We are grateful to the editor of JCT for offering us the opportunity of outlining our views on the need for a new Greek reference grammar, to discuss our methodological principles, and to offer some thoughts on how the book may be useful as a teaching resource.
Looking for Prehistoric Pollen? Check the Floodplains
Authors: Johnson-Groh Mara
Published: December 2019

A new methodology calculates the soil properties most likely to preserve pollen.
PWD: A Petrological Workspace and Database tool
Authors: Schonwalder‐Angel Dayana , Albert Helena , Tuan Lam Ngoc , Phi Nguyen Xuan , Utami Sri Budhi , Li Weiran , Khanh Phung Minh , Widiwijayanti Christina , Costa Fidel
Published: December 2019

The Petrology Workspace and Database (PWD; https://petro.wovodat.org) is a web‐based data repository and interface that allows researchers to access, share, store, and manage petrological, mineralogical, and whole rock data in a contextualized manner. The uniqueness of the PWD is that it links images to different types of images and to compositional data providing a powerful visualization and framework of information at a wide range of scales, from the meter‐sized outcrop to a few micrometers of a thin rock section. The PWD archives various data types and formats, and it includes multilevel data sets with an interactive online interface. The database is linked with other databases for volcanic eruptions (Smithsonian' Global Volcanism Program (GVP)) and for whole rock chemistry (EarthChem). The tool has four main features: (1) storage and management of spatial‐referenced data (e.g., from fieldwork notes to lab geochemical analysis); (2) a hierarchical relationship between different types of data using the Workspace interactive tool; (3) graph plots to visualize the data; and (4) the possibility of data sharing in a database structure that is managed by authorization levels. The PWD is a practical and efficient database management system that facilitates effective contextualized data preservation and sharing among scientists. It also can serve as a Data Management Plan and provide a framework for auditing research integrity both of which are becoming the new standards of most funding agencies and journals.©2019. The Authors.
Impact of Iceberg Calving on the Retreat of Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica Over the Next Century With Different Calving Laws and Ocean Thermal Forcing
Authors: Yu Hongju , Rignot Eric , Seroussi Helene , Morlighem Mathieu , Choi Youngmin
Published: December 2019

Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica, has been a major contributor to global sea level rise over the past decades. Prior studies illustrated the critical role of ice shelf melt and iceberg calving based on cliff height in driving the retreat of Thwaites glacier. Here, we simulate its evolution with various calving laws and rates of frontal melt by the ocean in the absence of a buttressing ice shelf. Over the next century, we find that volume losses increase by 15–160% with a von Mises calving law compared to the case where the initial ice shelf is kept and the ice front is fixed at its current position, 10–20% with a buoyancy‐driven calving law, and 5–50% with frontal melt caused by ocean thermal forcing. Bed topography exerts the ultimate control on the evolution of Thwaites. In all simulations, once Thwaites Glacier retreats past the western subglacial ridge, the retreat becomes rapidly unstoppable.
Amplification of Australian Heatwaves via Local Land‐Atmosphere Coupling
Authors: Hirsch Annette L. , Evans Jason P. , Di Virgilio Giovanni , Perkins‐Kirkpatrick Sarah E. , Argüeso Daniel , Pitman Andrew J. , Carouge Claire C. , Kala Jatin , Andrys Julia , Petrelli Paola , Rockel Burkhardt
Published: December 2019

Key Points

Spatial variability in the land‐atmosphere coupling defines local heatwave sensitivity to antecedent land surface conditions

Land‐driven coupling regions experience a higher heatwave day frequency with temperatures sensitive to prior soil moisture conditions

Antecedent soil moisture anomaly rather than drying rate 2 weeks prior to a heatwave has a longer impact on heatwave temperatures
The Role of Large Woody Debris in Beach‐Dune Interaction
Authors: Grilliot M. J. , Walker I. J. , Bauer B. O.
Published: December 2019

Coastal foredune evolution involves complex processes and controls that result from the interaction of aeolian and nearshore dynamics. No studies to date have quantified and examined the role of large woody debris (LWD) as a modulator of sediment delivery across the backshore and as a control on foredune development and maintenance. Results from a 4‐year research initiative on a high‐energy, macrotidal beach, and foredune system show that storm events lead to wave‐induced erosion of the backshore and consequent reworking of the LWD matrix. The exposed LWD matrix subsequently traps wind‐blown sand on the upper beach, reducing sediment delivery to the foredune by 99% in some cases. In turn, deposition within the LWD matrix leads to rapid burial of the LWD, at least until the next reworking or dune erosion event occurs. Interannual observations at this site indicate that infilling of the accommodation space within the LWD matrix can be rapid, so sediment starvation of the foredune is typically a relatively short‐lived phase. This suggests that that the LWD matrix is a highly effective, yet ephemeral, sand‐trapping reservoir. Critical to these interactions is the frequency and magnitude of nearshore events that erode the beach periodically and reorganize the LWD matrix, which directly impacts the ability of LWD to modulate onshore sand transport to the foredune, store sediment in the backshore, and act as a buffer against erosive events. An empirically derived conceptual model explaining these relationships is presented.
Next‐Generation Biomass Mapping for Regional Emissions and Carbon Inventories: Incorporating Uncertainty in Wildland Fuel Characterization
Authors: Prichard Susan J. , Kennedy Maureen C. , Andreu Anne G. , Eagle Paige C. , French Nancy H. , Billmire Michael
Published: December 2019

Biomass mapping is used in variety of applications including carbon assessments, emission inventories, and wildland fire and fuel planning. Single values are often applied to individual pixels to represent biomass of classified vegetation, but each biomass estimate has associated uncertainty that is generally not acknowledged nor quantified. In this study, we developed a geospatial database of wildland fuel biomass values to characterize the inherent variability within and across major vegetation types of the United States and Canada. For vegetation types that had sufficient quantification of biomass by fuel type (e.g., canopy, shrub, herbaceous, fine downed wood, coarse downed wood, and organic soil layers), we developed empirical distribution estimates. Based on available data, fitted distributions will be useful for informing the first‐generation biomass mapping that incorporates variability in loading by vegetation and fuel type and to evaluate potential errors in point estimates given in current map products. Because combustible biomass is a common input in fire and smoke models, variability estimated for fitted distributions can be used to inform data input uncertainty in predictions of wildland fuel consumption and emissions and to provide stochastic inputs of biomass to ensemble simulation models.
Excess Nitrate Export in Mountaintop Removal Coal Mining Watersheds
Authors: Brooks Alexander C. , Ross Matthew R. V. , Nippgen Fabian , McGlynn Brian L. , Bernhardt Emily S.
Published: December 2019

Throughout the Central Appalachian ecoregion, mountaintop removal coal mining (MTM) is the predominant form of land use change. The streams draining MTM impacted watersheds have been reported to contain high stream nitrate (NO3−) concentrations, yet the source and persistence of elevated NO3−remains unknown. Here we compiled data from multiple sources to conduct a regional evaluation of the impact of mining on stream NO3−, examine NO3−persistence after mining cessation, and identify potential N sources. Using water quality data from six large watersheds, we observe elevated NO3−in watersheds with the highest active mining density. At four small MTM watersheds with repeat sampling, we found that high levels of NO3−concentrations declined after mining cessation but remain elevated above reference after several decades. At MTM watersheds, we found annual mass flux of NO3−was 3.68 to 26.4 kg N ha−1year−1, which is 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than a nearby forested reference watershed. Stream water NO3−isotopic ratios at these sites did not match previously suggested NO3−sources such as explosives used during mining and fertilizer applied during reclamation but were highly enriched in both δ15N and δ18O compared to the reference watershed suggesting high rates of NO3−retention. Explosive residue could account for the bulk of watershed NO3−export during active mining phases but other mining related N sources including fertilizer and rock‐derived N, the construction of valley fills, and alterations in watershed NO3‐cycling likely contribute to the persistence of elevated NO3−export observed in this study.
Correction: Withdrawal from escalated cocaine self-administration impairs reversal learning by disrupting the effects of negative feedback on reward exploitation: a behavioral and computational analysis
Authors: Zhukovsky Peter , Puaud Mickael , Jupp Bianca , Sala-Bayo Júlia , Alsiö Johan , Xia Jing , Searle Lydia , Morris Zoe , Sabir Aryan , Giuliano Chiara , Everitt Barry J. , Belin David , Robbins Trevor W. , Dalley Jeffrey W.
Published: December 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
GABPA is a master regulator of luminal identity and restrains aggressive diseases in bladder cancer
Authors: Guo Yanxia , Yuan Xiaotian , Li Kailin , Dai Mingkai , Zhang Lu , Wu Yujiao , Sun Chao , Chen Yuan , Cheng Guanghui , Liu Cheng , Strååt Klas , Kong Feng , Zhao Shengtian , Bjorkhölm Magnus , Xu Dawei
Published: December 2019

TERT promoter mutations occur in the majority of glioblastoma, bladder cancer (BC), and other malignancies while the ETS family transcription factors GABPA and its partner GABPB1 activate the mutant TERT promoter and telomerase in these tumors. GABPA depletion or the disruption of the GABPA/GABPB1 complex by knocking down GABPB1 was shown to inhibit telomerase, thereby eliminating the tumorigenic potential of glioblastoma cells. GABPA/B1 is thus suggested as a cancer therapeutic target. However, it is unclear about its role in BC. Here we unexpectedly observed that GABPA ablation inhibited TERT expression, but robustly increased proliferation, stem, and invasive phenotypes and cisplatin resistance in BC cells, while its overexpression exhibited opposite effects, and inhibited in vivo metastasizing in a xenograft transplant model. Mechanistically, GABPA directly activates the transcription of FoxA1 and GATA3, key transcription factors driving luminal differentiation of urothelial cells. Consistently, TCGA/GEO dataset analyses show that GABPA expression is correlated positively with luminal while negatively with basal signatures. Luminal tumors express higher GABPA than do basal ones. Lower GABPA expression is associated with the GABPA gene methylation or deletion (especially in basal subtype of BC tumors), and predicted significantly shorter patient survival based on TCGA and our cohort of BC patient analyses. Taken together, GABPA dictates luminal identity of BC cells and inhibits aggressive diseases in BC by promoting cellular differentiation despite its stimulatory effect on telomerase/TERT activation. Given these biological functions and its frequent methylation and/or deletion, GABPA serves as a tumor suppressor rather than oncogenic factor in BC. The GABPA effect on oncogenesis is context-dependent and its targeting for telomerase inhibition in BC may promote disease metastasizing.