bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PMU Phasor Estimation Using Different Techniques
Authors: Bentarzi Hamid , Ouadi Abderrahmane
Published: November 2020

Many models of phasor measurement units (PMU) have been implemented; however, few dynamic models have been developed when the power system parameters change. It is necessary to use a method that can somehow estimate the frequency and correct the phasors. The conventional way to determine frequency is to detect zero crossings per unit time. However, this method has many drawbacks such as high cost and low accuracy. Also, after the frequency determination, the phasor should be corrected by suitably modifying the algorithm without omitting any data. This chapter presents different estimation techniques such as discrete Fourier transform (DFT), smart discrete Fourier transform (SDFT) that may be used to estimate the phasors. These estimated values would be incorrect if the input signals are at an off-nominal frequency and the phase angles would drift away from the true values. To correct this issue, first of all, the off-nominal frequency has been estimated using different techniques such as least error squares and phasor measurement angle changing, and then it is used to correct the phasors.
A Comparative Study of Power Quality Monitoring Using Various Techniques
Authors: Dekhandji Fatma Zohra , Rais Mohamed Cherif
Published: November 2020

In recent years, power quality (PQ) has become an increasingly major concern for both electric utilities and the end users. Accordingly, the electrical engineering community has to deal with the analysis, diagnosis, and solution of PQ issues using system approach rather than handling these issues as individual problems. This chapter describes the analysis of PQ using advanced signal processing tools represented in Hilbert and wavelet transforms (HT-WT) and artificial intelligence tools represented in artificial neural network and support vector machine (ANN-SVM) for detection and classification of power quality disturbances, respectively. These techniques were successfully simulated using LABVIEW software capabilities. The results of simulation indicate that the signal processing techniques are effective mechanisms to detect and classify power quality disturbances. At the end, the combination of WT as a tool of detection and features extraction with SVM as a classifier tool resulted as the best combination for PQ monitoring system.
Development Efforts and Response to the Regional Conflicts in Socially Sensitive Areas of South Provinces, Thailand
Authors: Saqib Shahab E. , Nunbhakdi Chanon , Ahmad Mokbul Morshed
Published: November 2020

The ideological clash between Muslim-Malay is predominant in Thailand, which undoubtedly led to conflicts between the separatist groups and the central government. It is a source of risk to development efforts that might harm the sensitivity of the conflict situation. Hence, this chapter aims to explore the impacts of development efforts in the conflict-affected areas of the Deep South region of Thailand. The data is collected from secondary sources and analyzed through descriptive statistics. Results showed that the development efforts from the central government in the southernmost provinces resulted in significant improvement of basic infrastructure, education, and the healthcare system. Due to a high degree of government intervention, the impact of the NGOs on development is considerably limited. It is suggested that the communities should be strengthened in their capacity to increase their role and share the local political power, reduce the monopolizing of local politicians, and increase the accuracy of the development project to the communities' actual needs.
A Critical Review of Gullah Geechee Midlife Women and Heirs' Property Challenges Along the Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor
Authors: Versey H. Shellae , Throne Robin
Published: November 2020

This critical review explored the current scholarship of the experiences and challenges faced by Gullah Geechee midlife women heirs' property owners along the Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor. Past researchers have noted these women often experience invisibility due to the concurrent burdens of management of jointly owned property along the corridor in addition to legacy experiences of cultural isolation, land dispossession, voice dispossession, and ancestry enslavement. Past researchers have called for ongoing collaborative research by both non-indigenous and indigenous researchers as a gap continues for gendered perspectives for current corridor heirs' property challenges and land dispossession with respect to power, trauma, economic impact, Gullah Geechee ways of knowing, land-based cultural values, heritage tourism, governmental dispossession, and the legacy of enslavement for critical inquiry from the transformative paradigm.
Land Regulations, Tenure, and Land Use of Sri Lanka
Authors: Weerahewa Jeevika , Hemachandra Dilini , Pushpakumara Gamini
Published: November 2020

Present land use and tenure of a country is a result of the social norms and regulations. Land use manifests a country's priorities with implications on the economic development. Land tenure has implications on the investment decisions on land and hence efficient allocations of land. Sri Lanka, a country with a history of king's reign, colonial rule and then an elected government has its unique journey in the evolution of laws and regulations and institutions governing land and the resultant land use. This chapter chronicles the evolution of laws and regulations and institutions governing agricultural land and the resultant land use and tenure arrangements. At present, the governance of agricultural land is complex as it involves many regulations and many competing institutions.
Threats to Arable Land of the World
Authors: Farooqi Zia Ur Rahman , Ahmad Zahoor , Ayub Muhammad Ashar , Umar Wajid , Nadeem Muhammad , Fatima Hina , Shoukat Abbas , Ali Tasawar , Ashraf Muhammad Imran
Published: November 2020

Arable lands are the major source of food production worldwide. Increasing crop cultivation in the response to population pressure and the use of synthetic fertilizers and chemicals are the main reasons for the conversion of arable lands into problematic soils. Increasing food demand requires to increase the per acre yield of agricultural crops resulting in over exploitation of soil resources. This is a major contributor to soil degradation which is the major threat to the food security of the world. Climate change and poor-quality irrigation are the other problems are also affecting crop productivity and the conversion of arable lands into problematic lands. Deforestation and urbanization are the main reasons behind the conversion of agricultural land into infrastructure. Adopting precision agriculture, vertical farming and good agricultural practices are the only ways to conserve arable lands. This chapter provides a keen overview of world arable land issues with the focus on threats to arable land and possible solutions to overcome this issue.
Precision Agriculture to Ensure Sustainable Land Use for the Future
Authors: Farooqi Zia Ur Rahman , Ayub Muhammad Ashar , Nadeem Muhammad , Shabaan Muhammad , Ahmad Zahoor , Umar Wajid , Iftikhar Irfan
Published: November 2020

Global food security is coupled with the preservation and safe use of arable land resources. Land use competition in terms of commercial land use and urbanization has imparted enormous pressure on soil resources. The arable land of the world is already shrinking due to land degradation and desertification while our efforts to ensure commercial land availability is making the current scenario even worse. Soil degradation has put millions of acres of land as devoid of sustainable use over the past few decades and research shows that situation is going to be worse day by day. Precision agriculture can not only ensure the optimal use of available land but also can increase the restoration potential of global agriculture sectors. Integrated nutrient and pest management along with zero tillage, organic farming, and vertical plantation can be visualized as insurance of land and water conservation for the future. This chapter is an effort to contribute comprehensive information regarding the role of precision farming in the restoration and optimal use of global land resources.
Land Use Planning and Management in Tank Cascade Environment of Sri Lanka
Authors: Perera Muditha Prasannajith , Nianthi K. W. G. Rekha
Published: November 2020

The Tank Cascade System is one of the unique and socially accepted land-use practices in the dry zone of Sri Lanka which has evolved since 600 B.C. The small tank builders of the historical period had a profound and unified understanding of the natural resources, regional landscape, landforms, and hydrology. Tanks and irrigation canal systems, environmental zoning, forest reservations, agro-well-based land utilization, land-sharing system (Bethma), traditional soil conservation measures have been still maintaining well in some rural areas in the dry zone. Newly developed agro-well-based agro-forestry systems and some participatory techniques are also counted as few of sustainable land-use practices. This study has provided many valuable lessons of land use planning and management from the ancient hydraulic civilization and proving that the ancient system is still appropriate for the dry zone agricultural community rather than inadequately coordinated modern efforts of land use practices.
Towards Sustainable Land Management
Authors: Shrestha Reshma , Nepali Purna Bhadur , Dahal Tanka Prasad
Published: November 2020

In the global context, land-use policies have been considered as one of the significant aspects to obtain sustainable land management. Although this is a situation, it is not always achievable. Therefore, the critical analysis of land use policies is required. This chapter aims to understand the state of the art in land-related policies in Nepal after 1951 that contribute towards SLM. The methodology applied is the desktop review approach. The analytical framework namely sustainable land management (SLM) consisting of parameters: productivity, security, protection, viability, and acceptability, is developed. Under the basis of the SLM framework, content analysis has been carried out. The results show that although the policies take into account all the components of sustainability, the lack of implementing the integrated land use policy has triggered the questions for sustainable land management. The chapter recommends innovative approaches like parcel-based land use planning to obtain sustainable land management.
SME Re-Internationalization Strategy
Authors: Martins Rui Centeno , Farinha Luis , Ferreira João J.
Published: November 2020

Re-internationalization represents a research challenge for the internationalization process. Many companies withdraw from international operations go through a period of interregnum time, and then reenter in the international arena. Little is known about this process and whether re-internationalizers opt for the same entrepreneurial orientation or behave differently than they began with the first approach, allowing for faster re-entry and take-off. This chapter follows a qualitative methodological approach, based on the case study, using semi-structured interview with the top manager of the wine company. This work is intended to serve as a basis for future studies related to the internationalization of SME, based on the profile of CEO, and as a basis for reflection by company managers. This exploratory study aims to contribute to the emerging literature on entrepreneurial orientation and re-internationalization using the SME case study.
Globalization and Economy
Authors: Torres-Franco Michael
Published: November 2020

Society in general has had a constant concern throughout its history and especially in recent years, where inequality has increased, and many more people live in poverty or in worse situations. Different economists have studied this situation and proposed solutions to it; governments have embarked on a constant fight to improve the economic and development conditions of the population, since this affects other indicators; but it looks like this battle is being lost globally. This chapter sought to analyze the dynamics of development in a series of countries through the analysis of different macroeconomic indicators, which were related to the financial crises of the last 15 years to determine the effect of the globalization of financial markets on nations in developing. The results of this analysis showed that although there is greater financial globalization, the crises have negatively affected the growth and economic development process of developing nations and have increased the social and economic gaps between countries.
Impact of Globalization on Inbound Tourism in Mediterranean Countries
Authors: Bayar Yilmaz , Odabas Hakki , Sakar Emre
Published: November 2020

Tourism sector has become one of the leading economic sectors and export items for the countries in the globalized world after consistent growth during the past six decades. Furthermore, tourism sector is also a significant component of economic growth and an important source of foreign exchange and employment due to its labor intensive structure. Therefore, many countries have designed and implemented various economic and non-economic measures to improve inbound tourism. In this context, this study investigated the impact of economic, social, cultural, and political globalization on inbound tourism in selected Mediterranean countries for the period of 1995-2017 through panel regression analysis considering the limited related literature. The regression analysis revealed that economic globalization, social globalization, cultural globalization, and political globalization positively affected inbound tourism. In this regard, the policies raising economic, social, cultural and political integration with global economy is expected to make a positive contribution to the development of inbound tourism.
The Effects of Globalization on Public Expenditures, Tax Revenues, and Public Debt
Authors: Yıldız Fazlı , Sağdıç Ersin Nail
Published: November 2020

Globalization is a process that transcends national borders, integrates national economies, cultures, technologies, governance and generates complex affairs with interdependence. Considering the emergence of globalization, the way it spreads and its impact areas, economic, financial, political, cultural, technological, geographical, sociological, and ecological aspects are mentioned. In this study, the effect of globalization on public expenditures, tax revenues and public debt in 1995-2017 period for EU countries was investigated within the framework of compensation and efficiency hypotheses. Analysis results indicate that globalization has a negative effect on public expenditures, but a positive effect on tax revenues. Study results analyzing the effects of globalization in EU countries favour the efficiency hypothesis in terms of public expenditures and the compensation hypothesis in terms of tax revenues. In addition, although panel cointegration tests indicate a long-term relationship between globalization and public debt in EU countries, long-term coefficients are not statistically significant.
Development of Environmental Taxes in The European Union in The Globalization Process
Authors: Erdinç Ertürk Arzu , Ertürk Onur
Published: November 2020

Unfortunately, people harm the environment as a result of their economic activities. The deterioration of environmental balance and global climate changes in the world as a result of this destruction give the awareness of environmental protection prominence. Many organizations operate on a global scale to protect the environment and return it to its former natural balance. In this context, the European Union (EU) is one of the communities that care about the environment. There are important operations for environmental protection within this community. Environmental tax is a good example of tools determined for use in protecting the environment. As is known, Croatia is the latest country to join the EU in 2013. To reveal the importance the EU attaches to environmental protection, environmental tax practices, the development of environmental taxes before and after its EU-membership in Croatia are analysed. Besides, the course of environmental taxes in Croatia from 2002 to 2018 is evaluated in the study.
Determinants of Inward Bound Foreign Direct Investment in Afirca and China
Authors: Sunde Tafirenyika
Published: November 2020

The contribution of the chapter is to compare the empirical determinants of inward bound foreign direct investment in China and Africa and also find out what makes China an attractive FDI destination. To achieve this, the chapter analyses 15 empirical studies on China and 15 empirical studies on African countries. First, the chapter finds that the determinants of FDI common to both Africa and China include the market size, economic stability, resource, infrastructure, and efficiency-seeking factors. Second, the chapter establishes that the determinants of FDI specific to African countries include political stability, borrowing costs, country risks, access to land and property registration. Third, the chapter finds that the determinants of FDI that are specific to China include international visibility of regions, internal expenditure on research and development, geographic location and proximity (special economic zones and the opening of coastal cities), total cultural variations and the liberalisation of the Chinese economy.
Adverse Effects and Intangible Costs for American Expatriates in Russia
Authors: Yedgarian Vahick A.
Published: November 2020

Expatriates of U.S.-based multi-national companies (MNCs) on overseas assignments face unique adjustment and job-performance issues that have affected employer operations, resulting in economic and financial loss, and low morale. The poor adjustment of Americans in Russia is generally due to the type of job, type of position, and prior-international experience. This chapter addresses how expatriate adjustments and job-performances remain pivotal elements for success or failure in overseas assignments.
Economics and Financial Implications of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)
Authors: Ben Salem Salha , Mansour Nadia
Published: November 2020

The strong spread of coronavirus (COVID-19) in a very short time has revised the global forecasts and the focus has revolved into economic and financial recovery. During this crisis, the stakes will depend on the combination of health and economic policy, the behavior of people, and the condition of the financial market and industries. This chapter highlights the huge economic and financial impact of Coronavirus, especially in the Eurozone and the USA, and how these governments are responding to this worst crisis. Further, it highlights the different lines of modification of the “Brexit” agreement. Finally, this chapter deals with the important effect of globalization in the context of this health crisis.
Supplier Selection in Food Industry Using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Method
Authors: Ersoy Yusuf
Published: November 2020

The human population has been growing rapidly in recent years. One of the most basic needs of people is food. Many countries around the world invest in the food industry. Climate change, population growth, urbanization, natural disasters, and agricultural efficiency are important factors affecting food production. Companies must constantly control their production, marketing, and supply chain process depending on the rapidly changing competitive conditions. Supply chain management is an important process for companies to be successful and ensure their continuity in the food industry, as in many industries. Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method is widely used in supplier evaluation. In this study, it was aimed to determine the best supplier of food production company using the AHP method. In the study, three different suppliers were evaluated according to five different criteria by taking the opinions of four experts working in the purchasing department. As a result of the study, the best supplier has been selected.
SMEs Internationalization Through Electronic Commerce
Authors: Cook Michael , Duan Sophia , Krivokapic-Skoko Branka
Published: November 2020

This study explores the benefits, disadvantages, and barriers for the internationalization of regional small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) through the adoption of electronic commerce (e-commerce). Interviews were conducted with directors of ten Australian regional SMEs for exploring their use of e-commerce in the internationalization process. This led to the identification and validation of benefits, disadvantages, and barriers for the internationalization of regional SMEs with the use of e-commerce. A better understanding of these benefits, disadvantages, and barriers would help e-commerce stakeholders develop appropriate strategies and policies for driving the adoption of e-commerce for the internationalization of regional SMEs.
Capability Maturity Model for Agricultural Supply Chain Management Software
Authors: Nugawela Saliya , Sedera Darshana
Published: November 2020

Compared to the supply chain management of other business domains, agricultural supply chain management is affected with issues such as diversity of production and demand, the bulkiness of produce, perishability, seasonality, harvest uncertainty, and climate complexity. These issues are more prominent in rural agricultural sector. Availability of mature supply chain management processes and systems can enhance the productivity of rural agricultural communities. This chapter proposes a five-stage capability maturity model for the implementation and maintenance of supply chain management processes in farm management information systems. The capability maturity model is a valuable aid to determine the digitized supply chain process' ability to consistently and continuously achieve improvement and organizational objectives. The model is proposed based on the findings of the analysis of 121 supply chain management software in the farming sector, the Capability Maturity Model by the Software Engineering Institute, and the Supply Chain Process Management Maturity Model.
An Advancement to the Grameen Bank Model
Authors: Bhatt Khushboo Deepakkumar , Vin Manali Pinank
Published: November 2020

This chapter proposes the concept of the Grameen Bank initiated by Muhammad Yunus as a prototype for promoting rural entrepreneurship within the under-developed rural community governed by the digital portal. There are many factors that were considered important for the shift from microfinance to financial inclusion when proposing the model. One of the key factors is what is happening with data in general and our ability through digitization to have a more comprehensive understanding of the needs of the poor community. The Grameen model is considered as an advanced empathetic financial service that is appropriate for the needy poor women located in rural locations. By analyzing prior literature on Grameen model, in this chapter, an advancement to the existing Grameen model is proposed.
Engaging With Stakeholders for Developing an Effective Entrepreneurial Ecosystem in Universities Based in Rural Setup
Authors: Desai Pranav D.
Published: November 2020

This chapter proposes a new model that promotes and develops an entrepreneurial ecosystem in universities based in rural setup. The entrepreneurial universities could accomplish the status as an innovative environment center by collaborating with new businesses. Universities in rural areas can introduce business training, college business hatcheries, and college endeavor government-common society cooperation that enabled entrepreneurial behaviors. The target of a business college filling in as a pioneering entrepreneurial eco-system development center is to animate financial advancement, produce work, and make imaginative innovation-based endeavors or acting as an administration organization. While these services can be provided through a university, a university in a rural set up has an opportunity to act as a center for the economic development in rural areas. Attention is set on the need to create solid coordinated effort among key partners for making progress in building a viable enterprising system.
A “New” Public Sector in the Modern Age
Authors: de Gennaro Davide
Published: November 2020

Public administrations have followed an important process of change over the past few years. Starting from the new public management (NPM) movement, the way of working, the way of interpreting work, the concept of performance, efficiency, and economy, the managerial style have changed. The objective of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive overview of the public sector reform processes of recent years and, consequently, to identify something “new” concerning the public sector. By analysing the bureaucratic model and its fall, the NPM and post-NPM reforms, and by comparing the different perspectives, the aim is to propose new challenges and a new approach for public sector.
Turkey's Ombudsman Institution as a Control Mechanism for the Effectiveness of Public Administration
Authors: Avaner Tekin , Fedai Recep
Published: November 2020

The subject of this study is to investigate how the Ombudsman Institution of Turkey (KDK) establishes itself as a control device regarding the Turkish public administration practices. In the study, the historical development of the ombudsman institution with various country cases will be examined, and the functionality of the Ombudsman Institution of Turkey will be evaluated. The decisions taken by the Ombudsman Institution in Turkey will be evaluated for the orderly functioning of public administration from the aspects of both the administration and citizens perspectives. While evaluating the extent to which the Ombudsman Institution of Turkey differs from other country practices, a methodological comparison will be made within this framework. In this chapter, the effectiveness of the Ombudsman Institution of Turkey will be discussed and the impact of the Ombudsman's decisions on the administration will be evaluated. Moreover, it will be questioned what kind of deficiencies the Ombudsman Institution have in terms of application, and potential policy responses will be investigated.
Citizen Participation in Public Administration
Authors: Linhartova Veronika
Published: November 2020

The aim of the chapter is to evaluate the citizens involvement in contemporary public administration, especially in the Czech Republic. New concepts of governance and management of public sector organizations enable providing new or improved public goods and services that better meet consumer´s needs. These concepts also represent reformed or new approaches to governance with increased citizen participation. Public administration responds to dynamic changes in information and communication technologies and their maturity and uses them in the framework of e-government. Thanks to the implementation of e-government, citizens have become more knowledgeable, able to participate in decision-making processes, thus automatically becoming co-producers of public goods or services. This approach to public good and service delivery describes modern public sector management theories as co-creation. Although co-creation is an entirely new concept in some countries, various forms of public participation are becoming increasingly important worldwide and can be expected to continue in the future.
Critical Antecedents of Trust in E-Government Services in Turkey
Authors: Ateş Vildan
Published: November 2020

Electronic government (e-government) has become the shortcut of the government. In addition to benefits provided, it also has some problems and drawbacks. Trust is one of these drawbacks, making it difficult to adopt and spread e-government. The purpose of the research is to investigate the critical trust antecedents of e-government that affect the trust of university students in Turkey toward e-government. The study group of the research consists of 330 university students in Turkey during 2019-2020 academic year. The e-government trust components scale (E-DMSS) was developed as a data collection tool. The scale was analyzed by exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. As a result, four factors (reduced perception of risk, tendency to trust people, trust in technology, trust in digital government) affect e-government trust, while two factors (information quality and internet experience) do not affect e-government trust. As a result of the study, e-government trust antecedents were discussed.
Public Private Partnership (PPP) as a Mechanism to Improve the Infrastructure Needs of Countries
Authors: Yurdakul Hakan , Kamasak Rifat
Published: November 2020

The public-private partnership (PPP) model has been increasingly popular in recent decades as a mechanism to support infrastructure related investment activity. PPPs creates many advantages for countries such as releasing from financial burden of high cost infrastructure investments, bringing high quality of public service and increasing efficiency of operations through transfer of private sector expertise. However, these benefits are not guaranteed for every PPP project since successful implementations are subject to several factors. This chapter aims to review the different aspects of PPPs in detail and examine the factors which play crucial roles for successful PPP implementation.
Rising Global Challenges in Energy Demand and the Politics of Climate Change in Government Operations
Authors: Njie Sharon Nanyongo , Wogu Ikedinachi Ayodele Power , Ogbuehi Uchenna Kingsley , Misra Sanjay , Udoh Oluwakemi Deborah
Published: November 2020

While most governments subscribe to boosting global energy supplies since it paves the way for improved economies, which translates to better living conditions and gainful employments which in turn boost government operations, the rising global demand for energy from all human endeavors have activated unparalleled consequences on the environment, resulting to harmful repercussions for government operations and processes all over the world. Hence, scholars argue that the rising demand for global energy by industrialized nations have further increased the vulnerability of governments' operations and processes, especially in countries where these energy sources abound. Consequently, governments, multinationals, and various interest groups are divided on how best to address the quandaries resulting from rising global demand for energy and its effect on the environment and government operations. Recommendations that would enhance government operations were proposed.
The Linkage Between Blockchain and the Regulatory Function of Governments
Authors: Dede Dilek
Published: November 2020

The study mainly aims to understand the linkage between “blockchain” and “the regulatory function of governments”. The research questions are 1) How can be identified the blockchain as a concept and assessed the regulatory function of governments with the trust/compliance relationship? and 2) What extend the blockchain has affected the regulatory function of government, and how can be unveiled the relevance between the blockchain and the regulatory function of governments? In methodology, it is a theoretical and exploratory study. This study has constructed in three sections. In the first section, the conceptual aspects of blockchain have assessed. The second section is about the regulatory function of governments in the trust. The studies on “regulatory state” and “state-citizen relationship” have respectively scanned, and the virtues and drawbacks of blockchain have combined in terms of “trustless, privacy sensible organizational, public efficiency social impact.” Discussion and conclusion sections, the linkage between the blockchain and the regulatory function of the State is evaluated.
The Influence of Nongovernmental Organizations on Disability Policies in Ankara
Authors: Babaoğlu Cenay , Leblebici Doğan Nadi
Published: November 2020

The aim of this study is primarily to examine the influence of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) on disability policies. Theoretical discussions have shown that public policies are generated by the participation of various actors within the society. Disability policies are also generated and implemented by these actors including NGOs. In this study, Ankara was selected to evaluate the influence of NGOs which are in the interest of disability issues on the generation and implementation of disability policies. Their involvement into the disability policies were examined within the legal and institutional context of participation mechanisms. In this context, interviews were conducted with urban administrators, and NGOs managers of whom some have disabilities within Ankara. The findings showed that NGOs have certain problems of participation in disability policies. This study proposed a better participation model for NGOs in the generation and implementation of disability policy.
The Contribution of Municipal Administrations to Non-Formal Education in Turkey
Authors: Önez Çetin Zuhal
Published: November 2020

By the effect of the globalization process, the urban citizens have been facing with drastic changes, and non-formal education becomes more significant besides formal education in related to education and training activities provided by various institutions. In that context, the local services of local governments' in the field of non-formal education continue to increase especially in the level of municipal administrations in Turkey. Especially, the metropolitan municipal administrations have been opening vocational education courses to local citizens in different fields with including diverse segments of the society in Turkey. In the study, the concept of non-formal education, its scope, purpose, and tasks have been clarified with the examination of the national legal framework with the key regulations in Turkey. Non-formal education outlook at the international and national scale has been briefly clarified. Besides, the statistics towards non-formal education have been explained, then the municipal administrations' statistics have been pointed out in detail in related to non-formal education in Turkey. Lastly, the case of Gaziantep Metropolitan Municipality Art and Vocational Training Courses (GASMEK) is analysed in detail to put forth the main contribution areas of the metropolitan municipality administration to the local citizens.
Engineering AI Systems
Authors: Bosch Jan , Olsson Helena Holmström , Crnkovic Ivica
Published: November 2020

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are increasingly broadly adopted in industry. However, based on well over a dozen case studies, we have learned that deploying industry-strength, production quality ML models in systems proves to be challenging. Companies experience challenges related to data quality, design methods and processes, performance of models as well as deployment and compliance. We learned that a new, structured engineering approach is required to construct and evolve systems that contain ML/DL components. In this chapter, the authors provide a conceptualization of the typical evolution patterns that companies experience when employing ML as well as an overview of the key problems experienced by the companies that they have studied. The main contribution of the chapter is a research agenda for AI engineering that provides an overview of the key engineering challenges surrounding ML solutions and an overview of open items that need to be addressed by the research community at large.
Social Perspective of Suspicious Activity Detection in Facial Analysis
Authors: Rastogi Rohit , Garg Priyanshi
Published: November 2020

The world is witnessing an unprecedented growth of cyber-physical systems (CPS), which are foreseen to revolutionize our world via creating new services and applications in a variety of sectors such as environmental monitoring, mobile health systems, and intelligent transportation systems and so on. The information and communication technology (ICT) sector is experiencing significant growth in data traffic, driven by the widespread usage of smart phones, tablets, and video streaming, along with the significant growth of sensors deployments that are anticipated soon. This chapter describes suspicious activity detection using facial analysis. Suspicious activity is the actions of an individual or group that is outside the normally acceptable standards for those people or that particular area. In this chapter, the authors propose a novel and cost-effective framework designed for suspicious activity detection using facial expression analysis or emotion detection analysis in law enforcement. This chapter shows a face detection module that is intended to detect faces from a real-time video.
Video-Based Human Authentication System for Access Control
Authors: Bhatt Chintan M. , Patel Kevin R. , Raythatha Yashvi Nileshbhai , Dharaiya Poojan S. , Jethva Chirag , Kathiriya Karan Mehul , Kothadia Vidhya Piyushbhai , Kothadiya Deep , Mewada Vaishali , Popat Mayuri Jamanadas
Published: November 2020

The issue of security is paramount in any organisation. Therefore, the authors intend to aid in the security of such organisations by bringing a video based human authentication system for access control which is a type of cyber physical system (CPS). CPS is an integration of computation and physical processes; here the computation is provided by face detection and recognition algorithm and physical process is the input human face. This system aims to provide a platform that allows any authorized person to enter or leave the premise automatically by using face detection and recognition technology. The system also provides the administrator with the access to the logs, wherein he/she would be able to access the details of the people entering or leaving the organisation along with the live video streaming so that there is no sneaking of any unauthorized person with any other authorized person. The administrator can also do registration on behalf of a new person who requires access to the premises for a restricted amount of time only as specified by the administrator.
Optimizing WSNs for CPS Using Machine Learning Techniques
Authors: Cifci Mehmet Akif
Published: November 2020

Progress in wireless systems has enabled the creation of low-cost, ergonomic, multi-functional, miniature sensing devices. These devices come together in large numbers creating wireless sensor networks (WSNs), which serve for sensing, collecting, analyzing, and sending detected data to a base station. Problems arise, however, due to the limitations of sensor nodes (SNs), incorrect aggregation of data, redundant and similar data problems, data security and reliability, and some others related to WSN topology. This chapter proposes a novel method for solving WSNs problems to improve cyber-physical systems (CPS). As WSN is of increasing interest in CPSs, the authors put forward an approach for reconstructing WSNs. For traditional methods are not able to cope with such problems, this study takes up rendering WSNs more functional through artificial intelligence (AI) techniques which are considered to develop smart SNs through “intelligent computing,” “deep learning,” “self-learning,” and “swarm learning” ability on the network to improve functionality, utility, and survivability of WSNs.
Cyber-Physical System for Smart Grid
Authors: Faroug M. Osman Nagi , A. Elamin Ali Ahmed , Sayed Ali Ahmed Elmustafa , Saeed Rashid A.
Published: November 2020

A smart grid is an advanced utility, stations, meters, and energy systems that comprises a diversity of power processes of smart meters, and various power resources. The cyber-physical systems (CPSs) can play a vital role boosting the realization of the smart power grid. Applied CPS techniques that comprise soft computing methods, communication network, management, and control into a smart physical power grid can greatly boost to realize this industry. The cyber-physical smart power systems (CPSPS) are an effective model system architecture for smart grids. Topics as control policies, resiliency methods for secure utility meters, system stability, and secure end-to-end communications between various sensors/controllers would be quite interested in CPSPS. One of the essential categories in CPSPS applications is the energy management system (EMS). The chapter will spotlight the model and design the relationship between the grid and EMS networks with standardization. The chapter also highlights some necessary standards in the context of CPSPS for the grid infrastructure.
Triple Selves at Work
Authors: Khamush Basak A. , Schultheiss Donna E. , Martincin Kelly , Quinn Keelan , Bransteter Irina
Published: November 2020

Data presented in this chapter are part of a larger qualitative study that explored identity and career experiences of Muslim immigrant women in American context. This chapter focuses on one of the domains that emerged from this larger study. Specifically, this chapter reports on data in the career and education experience domain, which explores career and work-related experiences of first-generation immigrant Muslim women in the United States. Informed by relational approaches to career development and a social identity perspective, this investigation was grounded in social constructivist paradigm, and utilized consensual qualitative research (CQR) methods to analyze the data collected through semi-structured interviews with fifteen women from diverse backgrounds. Results suggest that immigrant Muslim women dynamically craft their selves in contexts defined by instability, pressure, and tension. Despite numerous difficulties encountered upon relocation, their narratives speak to the women's agency and competency to craft their lives and careers effectively.
The COVID-19 Challenges and Opportunities for Immigrant Career Development
Authors: Solis-Cortes Lizette , Rami Falu
Published: November 2020

This chapter focuses on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, it's disproportionate impact on immigrants' careers and employment opportunities, and the dire need to address inequitable career development opportunities. COVID-19 has also highlighted the anti-immigrant sentiment and structural barriers that impact immigrant career experiences and outcomes. A second interrelated obstacle to immigrant career development paths are recent executive orders signed by Donald Trump in the United States against immigrants and refugees as well as global anti-immigrant and refugee policies such as Brexit and the Citizenship Amendment Act. Immigrant workers require advocacy, protection, and avenues to receive continued support during and post-pandemic. Resources for immigrant employers and employees including international resources, avenues for advocacy, and recommendations to service providers are discussed.
Becoming a Canadian Nurse With International Experience
Authors: Ramji Zubeida , Etowa Josephine
Published: November 2020

The inequitable distribution of nurses globally compels high-income countries like Canada to ensure that internationally educated nurses gain professional satisfaction and stay in nursing. To fill a critical gap in nursing literature, the authors conducted a qualitative case study of an inner-city teaching hospital in Canada, to examine workplace integration of IENs beyond the transition phase. They found that workplace integration is a “two-way” process, which has implications for interventions at both the individual IEN and organizational levels. The workplace organizational context requires deliberate “policies promoting equity principles” and when an IEN is integrated, s/he has worked hard to go beyond the transition phase and get recognized as “a Canadian nurse with international experience”. Understanding these individual and organizational factors is essential for how nurses educated in another country especially in the global south, can be successfully integrated in healthcare settings in the global north.
Experiences and Employability of Nigerien Migrants in Algeria and Libya
Authors: Tankari Moussa , Ado-Salifou Arifa Moussa
Published: November 2020

There is a growing number of people from the rural Niger to migrate to some North Africa countries such as Libya and Algeria due to the economic opportunities those countries provide for migrants. In this chapter, the researchers attempts not only to shed light on the real motives behind these young men and women's rush to mainly Algeria and Libya, but also to report on their job searching activities, and the challenges migration candidates face on their way to and from host countries. A three-axis methodological approach (bibliographic research, survey questionnaire, and focus group discussions) was used to find the answers to three coarse questions about this border crossing activity. The results revealed the existence of various causes of migration such as failure of local production systems, poverty, search for better living conditions, and insecurity.
Tradition, Inclusive Innovation, and Development in Rural Territories
Authors: Tartaruga Iván G. Peyré
Published: November 2020

This chapter discusses the relationship between inclusion and technological changes in the context of territorial development in all of its dimensions (social, economic, sustainable, and technological). In this context, the chapter aims to understand innovation processes used in rural territories, mainly those that are less developed. The regional innovation systems (RIS) approach is used to underline the collective nature and importance of learning networks in regions. Inclusiveness is another important element in this discussion in terms of the problems caused by exclusion and the opportunities offered by inclusion. Arguably, less innovative regions can make progress in inclusive innovation by relying on their cultural heritage. Empirically, this study shows an innovative experience in Amiais Village (Portugal), a rural territory, that unites tradition and informatics (internet of things).
Smart Tourism and Local Heritage
Authors: Moreira Claudete Oliveira , Ferreira Rui , Santos Tiago
Published: November 2020

Contemporary society is sustained by a growing digitalization of social processes, with exponential growth in the uses of ICT, which opened up new interaction possibilities with objects and places. In the field of tourism, these technological developments have given rise to the emergence of new concepts: smart tourism, smart destinations, smart experiences, and smart heritage. These concepts and their implications for the success of tourist activities are discussed first, and then the focus of analysis is shifted to the local tourism resources and characteristics. The case study focuses on the municipality of São Pedro do Sul, an area located in the Viseu Dão Lafões subregion, within the Central Region of Portugal. Several low-cost digital strategies are proposed to enrich tourism activities based on endogenous cultural and natural resources and empower route tourism as a relevant strategy for diversifying tourism and support the sustainable development of local communities based on a digital application that aims to integrate storytelling in the territorial context under study.