bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive orthodontic treatment in an adolescent patient with Class II Division 1 malocclusion and ankylosed maxillary central incisors
Authors: Jian Lau Matthew Wen
Published: September 2019

While uncommon in orthodontics, the extraction of central incisors may be indicated when such teeth are of poor prognosis. This report details orthodontic treatment of a 13-year and 5-month-old Chinese female, who presented with Class II/1 malocclusion on a Class II skeletal jaw base relationship. Her maxillary central incisors were ankylosed and had undergone severe external root resorption following a previous traumatic episode. Orthodontic treatment involved removal of the maxillary central incisors and the mandibular first premolars. Pre-adjusted edgewise appliances with MBT prescription were used. To enhance anterior esthetics, prosthetic buildup of the four maxillary anterior teeth was performed before appliance removal. Tight intercuspation of teeth and optimal facial esthetics were achieved at appliance debond and maintained at 2-year follow-up.
Effects of functional appliance treatment on pharyngeal airway passage dimensions in Class II malocclusion subjects with retrognathic mandibles: A systematic review
Authors: V Anusuya , Jena Ashok Kumar , Sharan Jitendra
Published: September 2019

Objective:

The objective of this study was to assess the pharyngeal airway passage (PAP) dimension changes following functional appliance treatment in Class II malocclusion subjects with retrognathic mandibles.

Materials and Methods:

Two authors independently searched various electronic databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Scopus, NCBI, and Google Scholar for the available literature within the period from January 1, 2001, to December 31, 2018. On the basis of population, intervention, comparison, and outcome, “changes in PAP dimensions following functional appliance therapy in skeletal Class II malocclusion subjects associated with mandibular retrusion” was considered as search question of the study. After the selection and removal of duplicate articles, assessment for risk of bias was calculated and the data from the included articles were extracted by two authors independently.

Results:

From six databases and additional hand searching, a total of 5784 articles were extracted. Of 5784 articles, 3754 articles were screened after removal of 2030 duplicates. After going through the title and abstract, 3197 articles were excluded and 40 articles were assessed for full text. From these 40 articles, eight articles fulfilled our inclusion and exclusion criteria for the qualitative synthesis review.

Conclusions:

The correction of mandibular deficiency by functional appliances has minimum effect on the nasopharynx. Functional appliance treatment has a significant effect on the improvement of the oropharyngeal airway. Changes of hypopharyngeal airway passage need to be studied further among Class II malocclusion subjects with retrognathic mandibles.
Immunohistochemical study on the postnatal growth changes of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis and tibial cartilage
Authors: Yoon Tae-Min , Park Sun-Hyung , Kwon Mi-Jeong , Lee Kee-Joon
Published: September 2019

Introduction:

The synchondrosis contributes to the growth of overall skull. The growth plate of the tibia is an analogous structure to the synchondrosis. The fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are known to play an essential role in the proliferation and differentiation of cartilaginous cells.

Methods:

This study was purposed to examine the histological features of spheno-occipital synchondrosis (SOS) and tibial cartilage (TC) and the expression pattern of FGFR-1, -2 and proliferating cell nuclei antigen (PCNA) in SOS and TC of the postnatal mouse using an immunohistochemical method.

Results:

The width of SOS and TC reduced with age. The width of the SOS decreased, and then maintained, while the width of TC decreased gradually. Expression pattern of FGFRs indicated that they were involved in the postnatal bone growth and development. In SOS, FGFR-1 expression increased until the 14th day, and then, it showed a notable decrease. Comparing the level of expression, TC showed a stronger level than SOS at most stages. FGFR-2 showed in the resting and proliferating zones at an earlier stage of differentiation. With age, FGFR-2 expression reduced in previous zone and increased in the hypertrophic zone at both tissues. In PCNA study, cell proliferation was active in the resting and proliferating zone at an early stage. As mouse matured, the PCNA-positive cells usually expressed in the newly formed endosteal bone surface.

Conclusions:

This approach revealed a temporal and spatial change of FGFR-1, -2 expressions. The expression pattern of PCNA indicated that the chondrocytes of TC had more active metabolism than SOS at most of the stages. We can also speculate that FGFR-1 is a negative regulator of chondrogenesis, and FGFR-2 is a positive regulator of chondrogenesis.
Maxillary central incisor gingival papilla and zenith heights with and without periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics
Authors: Alzaabi Mariam , Ferguson Donald J. , Makki Laith , Wilcko M. Thomas
Published: September 2019

Objectives:

The objective of the study is to compare maxillary central incisor gingival papilla and zenith heights photogrammetically in orthodontically treatment patients with and without periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics (PAOOs).

Materials and Methods:

Samples of 29 participants were matched for pre-treatment age and five gingival height dimensions supporting the four maxillary incisors. PAOO active orthodontic treatment time (9.29 vs. 20.47 months) and control post-treatment observation time (10.7 vs. 20.1 months) were significantly shorter (P < 0.05). Linear gingival heights were measured photogrametrically on standardized intraoral frontal photographs perpendicular to a horizontal line constructed parallel to the maxillary central incisal edges.

Results:

(1) The three papillae and two zenith gingival margins moved incisally as a consequence of conventional orthodontic therapy (P < 0.05) but not in PAOO therapy. (2) At least 6-month post-orthodontic treatment, PAOO gingival dimensions were longer for both central incisor zenith heights, and the interdental papilla height between maxillary central incisors was shorter.

Conclusions:

Based on the conditions of the study, orthodontic treatment with and without PAOO results in similar maxillary incisor papilla and zenith heights if viewed from a clinical perspective.
Clinical guidelines to integrate temporary anchorage devices for bone-borne orthodontic appliances in the digital workflow
Authors: Graf Simon , Hansa Ismaeel
Published: September 2019

In this article, we demonstrate different approaches to enhance the integration of temporary anchorage devices in the digital workflow of the daily orthodontic practice. We describe methods of varying complexity which could be used depending on the equipment available in the orthodontic clinic.
Yeni Kırılgan Beşli Ülkelerinde Gelir Eşitsizliğinin Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkileri
Authors: KAMACI Ahmet
Published: September 2019

1 Ağustos 2013’de Morgan Stanley tarafından Kırılgan Beşli olarak anılan (Brezilya, Hindistan, Endonezya, Türkiye ve Güney Afrika) ve daha sonra Kasım 2017’de Standard&Poor’s farklı bir Kırılgan Beşli tanımlamasıyla (Türkiye, Arjantin, Katar, Mısır ve Pakistan) değiştirilen Kırılgan Beşli ülkeleri cari açığı gidermek için yabancı sermaye akımlarına ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Bu ülkelerde yüksek enflasyon, büyük cari hesap açıkları, zorlayıcı sermaye akımı beklentileri, dış güvenlik açığı, istikrarsız büyüme gibi sorunlar mevcuttur. Çalışmada Standard&Poor’s tarafından belirlenen Yeni Kırılgan Beşli ülkelerine yer verilmiştir.
Gelir eşitsizliğini ölçmek için Lorenz eğrisi ya da Lorenz eğrisinden elde edilen Gini katsayısı kullanılmaktadır. Gini katsayısı 0 ile 1 arasındadır. Katsayı 0’a yaklaştıkça gelir eşitsizliği azalmakta, 1’e yaklaştıkça gelir eşitsizliği artmaktadır. Gelir eşitsizliği ile ekonomik büyüme ilişkisinin kökeni Smith’e kadar dayansa da Kuznets’in “ters U hipotezi” ile özdeşleşmiştir. Bu hipoteze göre, gelir eşitsizliği başlangıçta artarken; belli bir noktadan sonra gelir eşitsizliği azalacaktır.
Bu çalışmada, Yeni Kırılgan Beşli ülkelerinde (Türkiye, Arjantin, Katar, Mısır ve Pakistan) 1996-2016 dönemleri için gelir eşitsizliğinin ekonomik büyümeye etkileri panel veri analiziyle test edilmiştir. Bu kapsamda, serilerde yatay kesit bağımlılığı sınanmış ve serilerin farklı derecede durağan olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Daha sonra ARDL modeliyle ilişkinin yönü ve katsayıları belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın sonucuna göre, GINI katsayısındaki 1 birimlik artış uzun dönemde ekonomik büyümeyi -2,644 birim azaltmaktadır.
Güney Kore'nin Ekonomik Elitleri ve Siyasal Sistem İçerisindeki Konumları
Authors: TEZER Özlem
Published: September 2019

Güney Kore, ekonomik kalkınma alanındaki başarısının yanı sıra kendine özgü bir ekonomi aktörü olan chaebollerle beraber literatürde birçok çalışmanın konusu oldu. Bu makale, Güney Kore’nin politik elitleri ile ekonomik elitleri arasındaki ilişkinin tarihsel süreç içerisinde analizini ve ekonomik elitler olan chaebolleri ekonomi politikalarını hem etkileyen hem de etkilenen bir aktör olarak tanımlamayı hedeflemektedir. Güney Kore’de Japon işgalinden sonraki bağımsızlık sürecinde devletleştirilen işletmelerin özelleştirilmesiyle chaeboller önemli oyuncular haline geldi. Kore Savaşı’nın ardından planlamacı stratejiyle ekonomik büyümenin yönlendirilmesi ve ardından ithal ikameci stratejinin yerini hem içsel hem dışsal faktörler nedeniyle ihracata dayalı büyümenin aldığı bu süreçte, ekonomik elitler politik elitlerle önce hiyerarşik sonra da yatay kabul edilebilecek bir ilişki içerisinde yer aldılar. Bu ilişkinin kurumsal mirasları kendini yeniden üreten ve bugün bile Güney Kore’nin iç ve dış siyasetine yön veren bazı özellikler taşımaktadır.
Solar and Wind Energy: An Alternative Solution for the Problem of Jobless Economic Growth in Turkey
Authors: BİLİR Hüsnü
Published: September 2019

Turkish economy has seen unemployment rates almost above 10% (and 20% for youth) between 2006-2017, although it has grown 5,7% on average in this period. The main reason of this “jobless economic growth” is Turkey’s energy import dependency (which was 77,5% in 2015). So Turkey has to reduce this energy dependency, and renewable energy sources could be an alternative solution at this point. Because Turkey has a huge potential for renewables, especially in solar and wind energy. The aim of this paper is to emphasize the importance of solar and wind energy in terms of employment opportunities for Turkey, given that the number of unemployed persons aged 15 years old and over is about 4 million 468 thousand persons in the period of January 2019 and that the total installed capacities are 3,4 GW and 6,5 GW in these sectors.
Türkiye Ekonomisinde 2002 - 2016 Dönemindeki Mali Çarpanın Kova Yaklaşımı ile İncelenmesi
Authors: TOKATLIOĞLU İbrahim , YAVUZ-BAHADIR Nagihan Demet
Published: September 2019

Son dönemlerde ekonomi literatüründe mali genişlemelerin çıktı düzeyinde yarattığı etkinin ülkelere ve ekonomik konjentüre göre değişiklik gösterdiği konusu üzerinde sıklıkla durulmaktadır. Araştırmacılar, mali çarpanı tahmin etmeye çalışırken model tabanlı yaklaşımları veya varyans analizine dayalı istatistiksel metotları sıklıkla kullanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, mevcut metotlara alternatif olarak sunulan Kova Yaklaşımı kullanılarak 2002-2016 yıllarında Türkiye ekonomisindeki mali çarpanın büyüklüğü ölçülmüştür. Çalışma sonucunda elde edilen bulguların Türkiye için yapılan diğer çalışmalarla benzerlik taşıdığı görülmektedir.
What are the Value and Purpose of Social Entrepreneurship? : A Qualitative Approach on Social Entrepreneurs in Indonesia
Authors: IRAWAN Andri , IBRAHIM Muhdi , LABO İrwan
Published: September 2019

This research explores creation of value and purpose of social entrepreneurship using qualitative approach. This research was conducted because up to these days there are contention everywhere in regard to the value and purpose of social entrepreneurship, particularly regarding the reason that drives a person to be a social entrepreneur, the targeted goal to achieve and the condition as well as their existence in performing their activities. In addition, there are growing phenomena in social entrepreneurship activities causing this scientific contention regarding the value and purpose preserved by the social entrepreneurs up to now.
This research utilized an exploratory qualitative method that aims to conduct basic research on the value and purpose of social entrepreneurship as performed by the social entrepreneurs in Indonesia.
The result showed that the value and purpose of social entrepreneurship was not limited to social value and purpose only, but it had long gone beyond normative value and purpose such as social and economic values. Moreover, it is interesting that there was a new finding on the value and purpose of social entrepreneurship, in this research. However, not only as mixing of values, but the value and purpose of entrepreneurship are also meant as an exchange of economic, social and spiritual values that take significant effect and go beyond the desired value and purpose to achieve by these social entrepreneurs.
Light-Activated Rhenium Complexes with Dual Mode of Action against Bacteria
Authors: Frei Angelo , Amado Maite , Cooper Matthew , A. T. Blaskovich Mark
Published: September 2019

New antibiotics and innovative approaches to kill drug-resistant bacteria are urgently needed. Metal-complexes offer access to potential alternative modes of action and have only sparingly been investigated in antibacterial drug discovery. We have developed a light-activated rhenium complex with activity against drug resistant bacteria. The activity profile against mutant strains combined with assessments of cellular uptake and synergy suggest two distinct modes of action.
Nickel-Catalyzed 1,2-Diarylation of Alkenyl Carboxylates: A Gateway to 1,2,3-Trifunctionalized Building Blocks
Authors: Derosa Joseph , Kang Taeho , Tran Van , Wisniewski Steven , Karunananda Malkanthi , Jankins Tanner , Xu Kane , Engle Keary
Published: September 2019

A nickel-catalyzed conjunctive cross-coupling of alkenyl carboxylic acids, aryl iodides, and aryl/alkenyl boronic esters is reported. The reaction delivers the desired 1,2-diarylated and 1,2-arylalkenylated products with excellent regiocontrol. To demonstrate the synthetic utility of the method, a representative product is prepared on gram scale and then diversified to eight 1,2,3-trifunctionalized building blocks using two-electron and one-electron logic. Using this method, three routes toward bioactive molecules are improved in terms of yield and/or step count. This method represents the first example of catalytic 1,2-diarylation of an alkene directed by a native carboxylate functional group.
Mass Spectrometry Reveals the Assembly Pathway of Encapsulated Ferritins and Highlights a Dynamic Ferroxidase Interface
Authors: Ross Jennifer , Lambert Thomas , Piergentili Cecilia , He Didi , Waldron Kevin J. , Mackay C. Logan , Marles-Wright Jon , Clarke David
Published: September 2019

Encapsulated ferritins (EncFtn) are a recently characterised member of the ferritin superfamily. EncFtn proteins are sequestered within encapsulin nanocompartments and form a unique biological iron storage system. Here, we use native mass spectrometry and hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry to elucidate the metal-mediated assembly pathway of EncFtn.
Discontinuous Behavior of the Pauli Potential in Density Functional Theory as a Function of the Electron Number
Authors: Kraisler Eli , Schild Axel
Published: September 2019

The Pauli potential is an essential quantity in orbital-free density-functional theory (DFT) and in the exact electron factorization (EEF) method for many-electron systems. Knowledge of the Pauli potential allows the description of a system relying on the density alone, without the need to calculate the orbitals.In this work we explore the behavior of the exact Pauli potential in finite systems as a function of the number of electrons, employing the ensemble approach in DFT. Assuming the system is in contact with an electron reservoir, we allow the number of electrons to vary continuously and to obtain fractional as well as integer values. We derive an expression for the Pauli potential for a spin-polarized system with a fractional number of electrons and find that when the electron number surpasses an integer, the Pauli potential jumps by a spatially uniform constant, similarly to the Kohn-Sham potential. The magnitude of the jump equals the Kohn-Sham gap. We illustrate our analytical findings by calculating the exact and approximate Pauli potentials for Li and Na atoms with fractional numbers of electrons.
The Power of Mentoring and Digitization as Processes of Strengthening the Human Resource Departments' Activity
Authors: Majid Hamid Hazim
Published: September 2019

Human resources (HR) represent the core of any organization. The way the human resources activities are understood, managed, standardised and mentored is vital for the survival, development and success of any organization in market competitions. In the digitization era HR and HR departments activities contribute to the safety and efficiency of the company, sharing part of assets, investment and profits.The professionals working in the HR department (HRD) are undergoing a profound transformation of mentality and technological change as main challenges of finding specialists and retaining employees.There present research studies the way the coming years will influence the company top management and staffs’ activities so that the profit and market share not to be diminished or lost
The Chief Digital Officer – Savior for the Digitalization in German Banks?
Authors: Giebe Carsten
Published: September 2019

Digitalization is changing processes in the German banking market. This fact means significant challenges for companies. Many German banks could miss the connection in the age of digital transformation. According to a study, the management consultancy McKinsey even expects the return on equity to decline. And if the change that digitalization offers, is not properly implemented. According to the study, German banks are forced to digitalize processes due to low yields, as new players in the market (Fintechs) could shed up to 40 percent of their sales and up to percent of profits. The situation of how to deal with Digitalization correctly is much discussed. Organizationally, a lot was promoted under management aspects, and the industry is talking about the necessity of installing a so called Chief Digital Officer (CDO) next to the Chief Information Officer (CIO) / Head of IT. Is this a valuable solution?
Opinions and Perceptions of Bank Managers on the Quality of Provisions of Internet Banking Services
Authors: Bucur Luiza Emanuela , Manea Natalia , Goldbach Dumitru
Published: September 2019

Following the accession of Romania to the European Union, the services sector has made important progress. Currently, this sector exceeds 50% of Romania's GDP. Banking has an important role in the economy by making financial intermediation, attracting deposits and placing credits. The increase in the number of banks on the Romanian market has led to intensification of competition and especially the awareness of the quality of online banking services offered. Therefore, the bank management has to take into account not only the” quality desired or achieved by the bank”, but also the quality perceived by the customer. In this paper we will start with an introduction of bank sector, then the we will present the methodology of research.The design of interview guide is the next step and in the main part of the paper is the analyses of data obtained and interpretation of results.
Giving a Chance to the Green Energy to Save our Planet Future
Authors: Majid Layth Hazim
Published: September 2019

The present paper focuses on analysing the effects of using green energy on achieving sustainable development.The competitive advantages and emphasised here and sustained to push finding farther ways to transform the world into a green planet as it was at its beginnings.Under smart strategies implemented reasonably the green energy encourages smart investments and builds a better world for people and companies benefit.
Foreword
Authors: Epure Manuela
Published: September 2019

Globalization shapes our lives in a great extent: we work from 9 to 5, having our co-workers located in different countries, we eat food coming from various location all over the world, we use communication devices made  in some Asian countries, and we share happy or sad moments with “friends” that we have never seen before. Internet connectivity becomes more and more an indispensable Is this about global citizenship, the sense of belonging to the global community is more powerful than citizenship itself.Recently, the DHL Global Connectedness Index [1]  reveals that the world ended 2017 more globalized than ever, despite the predictions and the Brexit and Trump shock waves. The year 2018 brought new obstacles, such as tariff tiffs, the global business competition is still on track. The executives must think to build their business in new coordinates that might overcome today’s turbulences. More than ever, successful business decisions should rely on accurate perceptions of the environment, and a clear-eyed view of how globalization measures are trending. The Netherlands is the world’s most globally connected country. Singapore leads on the size of its international flows relative to domestic activity, while the United Kingdom has the most global distribution of flows around the world. Countries that integrate more deeply into international flows tend to enjoy faster economic growth and even the top-ranked countries have untapped opportunities to strengthen their global connectedness.....[1] Altman, S., Ghemawat, P. Bastian Ph. – DHL Global Connectedness Index 2018: The State of Globalization in a Fragile World
Glycine cleavage system determines the fate of pluripotent stem cells via the regulation of senescence and epigenetic modifications
Authors: Tian Shengya , Feng Junru , Cao Yang , Shen Shengqi , Cai Yongping , Yang Dongdong , Yan Ronghui , Wang Lihua , Zhang Huafeng , Zhong Xiuying , Gao Ping
Published: September 2019

Metabolic remodelling has emerged as critical for stem cell pluripotency; however, the underlying mechanisms have yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we found that the glycine cleavage system (GCS) is highly activated to promote stem cell pluripotency and during somatic cell reprogramming. Mechanistically, we revealed that the expression of Gldc, a rate-limiting GCS enzyme regulated by Sox2 and Lin28A, facilitates this activation. We further found that the activated GCS catabolizes glycine to fuel H3K4me3 modification, thus promoting the expression of pluripotency genes. Moreover, the activated GCS helps to cleave excess glycine and prevents methylglyoxal accumulation, which stimulates senescence in stem cells and during reprogramming. Collectively, our results demonstrate a novel mechanism whereby GCS activation controls stem cell pluripotency by promoting H3K4me3 modification and preventing cellular senescence.
CORRECT PATIENT IDENTIFICATION: EXPERIENCE WITH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A PATIENT SAFETY CORE
Authors: Oliveira Honorato Paula Eduarda , Teixeira Tania Monteiro
Published: September 2019

Objective: to report and evaluate the implementation of the Patient Safety Center, with emphasis on the identification of patients in a public hospital in Piauí. Method: experience report, in which the activities were performed from January to April 2019. The information for analysis came from the situations experienced by the authors in the implementation of the NSP and the patient identification process. Results: There was an improvement and facilitation in the work of the multiprofessional team enabling lower risk of patient exchange, and consequent avoidable adverse events. Conclusion: the implementation of the NSP was reported and analyzed, with a significant improvement in the organization of services, suggesting improvement with the team, highlighting the importance of protocols for better health care.
DOES THE LEVEL OF EDUCATION INFLUENCE THE TREATMENT OF TYPE 2 DIABETIC?
Authors: Sousa Matheus Aires de , Araújo Joabe Lima , Corrêa Anderson Araújo
Published: September 2019

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the clinical profile of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and the influence of educational level on treatment. Method: the research was conducted in the city of Colinas - MA using the exploratory-descriptive means and quantitative approach. The data collection period comprised the months of July and August 2017. To perform the population sample calculation, the StatCalc function of the EPI INFO software was used. Results: The evaluation showed that 48% of diabetics are not literate, and 85% of the population cannot describe their disease. The study found that 74% of diabetics undergo treatment, of these 94% know the dose of drug therapy, 24% know about the effects of the drug and 91% reported no difficulties in therapy. Conclusion: it was concluded that the level of education factor was not an influencer in relation to drug therapy.
Blade Lock Ring of 4th Stage Compressor Rotor: Failure Investigation
Authors: Singh Ashok Kumar , Rao Aginaparru Sambasiva
Published: September 2019

Present work describes the failure investigation of blade lock ring of 4th stage compressor rotor. The lock ring is fabricated from martensitic stainless steel. The microstructure of failed lock ring is tempered martensite. It shows non-metallic inclusions with three distinct shapes namely, elongated (MnS), globular (Al2O3) and complex shaped (oxy-sulphide). The corrosion pits and corrosion debris are observed in un-etched microstructure and fracture surface, respectively. The tree like branching cracks has observed at several places near surface. These cracks have initiated from the corrosion pits and then propagated inside the material. The interface of inclusions and matrix has also acted as crack initiator.  The lock ring has initially suffered pitting corrosion in service and then cracks have propagated inside the material by stress corrosion cracking.
Weak Ferromagnetic Property and Electromagnetic Waves Absorption Characteristic of La(1-x)BaxMnO3
Authors: Sukirman Engkir , Sarwanto Yosef , Insani Andon , Adi Wisnu Ari , Buys Yose Fachmi
Published: September 2019

The weak ferromagnetic property and the electromagnetic waves absorption characteristic of La(1-x)BaxMnO3 (LBMO) compounds have been investigated. The samples of LBMO that are LaMnO3 (S0), La0.9Ba0.1MnO3 (S1); La0.8Ba0.2MnO3 (S2); and La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 (S3) were synthesized using high energy milling (HEM) method. Samples were characterized by means of XRD (X-ray diffractometer), HRPD (high-resolution powder neutron diffractometer), EDS (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, VSM (vibrating sample magnetometer), and VNA (vector network analyzer). There is no magnetic ordering of ferromagnetic in S1 and S2 samples due to the Ba occupation factors of both less than 0.2. The Ba content in the S3 sample is greater than 0.2, hence the ferromagnetic property of the compound is not so visible with the VSM as well as the VNA. The absorption characteristics of electromagnetic waves using VNA indicated that there is an absorption of EM waves in the frequency range between 8-12 GHz with almost the same peak frequency for all four samples at 10.8 GHz with the absorption of around 5 dB. The existence of a weak ferromagnetic property can be detected clearly using HRPD. Neutron diffraction as a probe can observe the magnetic structure accurately even in a material having a weak ferromagnetic property.
Experimental Study of the Performance of Base Metal and Welding Line of the Household LPG Cylinder Manufactured in Kurdistan Region
Authors: Ahmed Yassin Mustafa , Lafta Hameed D. , Rahman A. A. Abdul , Salih Barzan Talib
Published: September 2019

Liquefied petroleum gas (propane or butane) is a colourless liquid which readily evaporates into a gas. It has no smell, although it will normally have an odour added to help detect leaks. Liquefied petroleum gas is stored and handled as a liquid when under pressure inside an LPG cylinder. Liquefied petroleum gas cylinders are subjected to various tests to ensure their compliance requirements as per standard. This research studied the durability of welding and performance of base metal of LPG home cylindrical in Kurdistan region. The experiments were carried out on an unformed plate and three types of LPG cylinder designated as A, B, and C and D. In this research standard tests for LPG cylinders were conducted. Three samples were extracted from each of LPG cylinders and unformed plate for each of tensile test, bending test and hardness test according to ISO 6892-2016 and ASME standards to examine the mechanical properties. In addition, chemical compositions also were carried out. These values are compared with standard.
Failure Analysis of Diode Components of Electronic Relay Packages Via Thorough Microstructural Characterization
Authors: Hazra Mrityunjoy , Singh Satyapal
Published: September 2019

Diode components used in the electronic relay packages of avionics of a weapon system had been found corroded. Two sets of the complete assembly of the damaged diode parts consisting of diode body, plain washer, spring washer and mounting nuts were analysed for finding out the root causes of failures. Detailed metallographic characterization of the failed materials was carried out using optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis within SEM and microhardness study. Inadequate electroless nickel (EN) plating along with significant amount of porosity and presence of MnS type of stringers affected the corrosion resistance of the diode body tremendously for both the sets. Inadequate electroplated Zn layer was observed on spring washer, plain washer and nut, wherein both uniform and pitting corrosion were detected. Important recommendations included: (i) thicker (more than 25 µm) EN coating with as-specified porosity level for diode body, (ii) replacement of electroplated zinc layers with galvanized zinc (of higher thickness) layer on all the fasteners, (iii) precaution in minimizing formation of galvanic couplings observed in the present system, like that between EN-coated diode body and zinc coated fasteners, between mild steel and stainless steel fasteners etc.
Phytosanitary condition of spring wheat crops depending on cultivation technology
Authors: Vlasenko N. G. , Kulagin O. V. , Egorycheva M. T. , Ivanova I. A.
Published: September 2019

The paper presents the results of research into the formation of phytosanitary conditions for spring wheat crops grown with No-Till technology, compared to the traditional one, with regard to basic pests and diseases. The long-term stationary experiment was laid down in 2008 on leached сhernozem in the Central forest-steppe Ob agrolandscape district of Novosibirsk region. At the beginning of development of No-Till technology, plant residues decomposed on the soil surface almost completely, but after ﬁ ve years of use, a mulch cover began to form, which did not decompose during the vegetative period. This affected the temperature dynamics of the upper soil layer. With No-Till technology it was 1.1-6.0 °C lower. This inﬂ uenced settling of barley ﬂ ea beetles in crops. On average, over the last 7 years of experiment, their number was 2.4 times lower in wheat crops grown with No-Till technology compared to traditional one. Damage of main shoots by intra-stem pests was 1.5 times, and lateral ones 1.4 times higher in wheat crops with traditional technology compared to No-Till. In contrast, presence of wheat thrips larvae in ears was 1.3 times higher when using No-Till compared to traditional technology. Despite the accumulation of plant residues on the soil surface, there was no signiﬁ cant increase in the damage to plants by common root rot with No-Till technology. On average, when using No-Till technology wheat root system was affected by 1.8% more compared to the traditional one. The problem of root rot can be solved by including phytosanitary crops in the crop rotation, like oats and oil radish. There were no signiﬁ cant differences in the development of leaf infections (Septoria blight, powdery mildew, brown rust) between both technologies. Timely use of fungicides eliminates the problem of leaf diseases. The study showed that problems with pests and diseases are solved by the chemical treatments included in the technology, and that with No-Till technology additional protective measures are not required.
Application of digital technologies in the study of water erosion of soils in Western Siberia
Authors: Savelieva D. A. , Kalichkin V. K.
Published: September 2019

The analysis of the study of water erosion of soils on the territory of the West Siberian Plain using geo-information technologies (GIS) and Earth remote sensing was carried out. It is shown that GIS and Earth remote sensing are not widely used in erosion studies in Western Siberia and are used by a limited number of modern researchers. However, the use of digital technologies in this area is characterized by the coverage of almost the full range of their capabilities and functions: digital mapping, the formation of spatially-distributed thematic databases, monitoring, space-time analysis, modeling, automated mapping. The bulk of such research is concentrated mainly within the Novosibirsk and Omsk regions, in the Altai Territory, and to a lesser extent in the Tomsk and Kemerovo regions. Digital technologies for studying water erosion in Western Siberia are more often used to study the dependence of water erosion on its determining factors (mainly topography), the effect of water erosion on soils and soil cover, in morphometric analysis of the relief, land classiﬁ cation and mapping. The problem of remote monitoring of the temporal dynamics of water erosion and related changes in topography, soil cover, soil properties, etc. is practically not dealt with. The issues of geoinformational modeling of water erosion in terms of elaboration of detail and scale, and coverage of a larger number of areas require further development. When modeling water erosion, the nature of surface runoff is not always taken into account. The approach to the selection of criteria for the assessment of erosional land at different scales of their mapping is not entirely clear. It remains an open question to develop a methodology for the automated calculation of standards for permissible erosional losses of soil. In general, the use of Earth remote sensing and GIS facilities in the study of water erosion in the soils of Western Siberia is not systematic and comprehensive. This is conﬁ rmed by the presence of a number of problems in the study of water erosion in the given area, which requires a digital approach to their solution.
Adaptive changes of the hair coat of the horses of zabaykalsky aborigenous breed
Authors: Shkyratova G. M. , Bazaron B. Z. , Khamiruev T. N. , Dashinimaev S. M.
Published: September 2019

The seasonal changes in the skin thickness and structure of the horses’ coat, as signs of adaptation to environmental factors, were studied. The experiment was carried out with the livestock kept in a herd using winter-grazing technology without additional feedings in the climatic conditions of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The objects of the research were adult mares of Zabaikalsky breed of horses of the same age, class and fatness. The studies were carried out in the middle of each season (May, July, October, February). The length of the coat was measured with a caliper, the coat itself with the determination of the ratio of hair (ﬂ uffy hair, heterotype hair and coarse hair) and the thickness of the skin fold were measured in accordance with the approved methodological recommendations. The minimum skin thickness in winter was detected in mares on the back and shoulder blade – 4.3 and 4.4 mm, the maximum – on the side and thigh – 4.5 4.6 mm. When compared with the summer period, the increase on the side was 0.8 mm, whereas on the back, shoulder blade and thigh – 0.4 mm (p ≤ 0,001). In spring, thickening of the skin was noted within 0.1-0.3 mm in the same topographic areas, compared to autumn. The quantitative indicators of the coat changed depending on the season of the year. In winter, the coat contained more ﬂ uffy hair (23.10%), and less coarse hair (68.24%), in summer there was a lower content of ﬂ uffy hair (4.33%), but more coarse hair (94.01%.) Sharp seasonal changes were noted with regard to the length of the hair. The longest hair was found in winter and spring – 4.96 and 4.26 cm, whereas the shortest – in summer and autumn – 0.94 and 1.90 cm, respectively.
Variability of characteristics valuable for breeding of spring barley
Authors: Lamazhap R. R. , Lipshin A. G.
Published: September 2019

The results of the research (2016–2018) into variability of characteristics of spring barley with the purpose of obtaining the most resistant varieties are presented. The study was conducted in the crop rotation in the breeding nursery of competitive variety testing in the forest-steppe zone of the Republic of Tuva. It was preceded by bare fallow and repeated four times. The soil was dark chestnut, light loamy. The area of the plot registered for the study was 28 m2. Testing, phenological observations, crop records and data processing were carried out in accordance with the approved methodological guidelines. The weather conditions for moisture availability and the average daily temperature regime during the study period varied signiﬁ cantly:  in 2016, 2018, which was excessively wet, HTC (hydrothermal coeffcient) was 1.65, 1.90, in moderately humid 2017 HTC equaled 1.36. This made it possible to reliably identify more adapted biotypes of spring barley. In the Republic of Tuva, the yield of spring barley largely depends on the adaptive properties of cultivated varieties and the implementation of the main parameters of the yield structure: the number of productive stems, pieces/m2 (r = 0.726 ± 0.01 ... 0.960 ± 0.266); the mass of 1000 grains, g (r = 0.648 ± 0.179 ... 0.883 ± 0.245). An increase in the number of grains in an ear negatively affects crop yields (r = 0.212 ± 0.058 ... – 0.457 ± 0.126). From the samples of spring barley of Siberian breeding work that were studied in the research, the following samples were identiﬁ ed for further breeding for productivity (L 19-101, U 50-3808, U 49-3795); a large number of productive stems (Acha, L 19-101, U 49-3795, U 50-3808); high mass of 1000 grains (Acha, L 19-101, U 50-3808, U 49-3795). These varieties should be included in the cross-breeding adaptive program on the territory of the Republic of Tuva.
Inﬂuence of protein and hormone genes on productivity and longevity of Simmentals
Authors: Mager S. N. , Goncharenko G. M. , Grishina N. B. , Khoroshilova T. S. , Gerasimchuk L. D. , Shishkina M. A. , Khalina O. L.
Published: September 2019

The research was conducted in the ﬁ eld of dairy cattle breeding with the use of genetic markers (SNPs) in order to study their relationship with the period of economic use of cows and their productivity. The object of the study was 186 cows of Simmental breed from the farm situated in Novosibirsk region. To study cows’ productivity (milk yield, fat, protein, the number of lactations) the data of zootechnical records was used. Molecular genetic research and statistical processing of experimental results were carried out according to generally accepted methods. The paper presents the results of the herd assessment by polymorphism of CSN3, PRL, BLG, TNF-α-824 genes, whose genotype frequency corresponds to a particular breed. Gene balance is not disturbed (χ2 = 0.147– 2,306). Homo and heterozygosity are approximately in the same ratio, except for the homozygosity of the gene PRL (0,736). Genotypes of cows desirable for productive longevity were identiﬁ ed: BLGBB, PRLAA, PRLAB, TNF-αGG, whose number in the third lactation was over 70% in relation to the ﬁ rst. The highest productive longevity was observed in animals with genotypes BLGBB and PRLAA, where 9.0% and 8.3% of their number, respectively, had a fourth lactation. Genotype BLGAA can be referred to as a desirable genotype for milk productivity. The difference from carriers of genotype BLGBB was 624 kg (p < 0.01). In the gene TNF-α, a higher yield in the second lactation at 787.3 kg was observed in cows with genotype TNFAA, compared to genotype TNF-αGG (p < 0.01). The same animals were found to have an increased content of fat in milk by 0.07% and protein by 0.05% (p < 0.01).
Productivity of ﬁ rst-calf cows of different sire lines
Authors: Kolchev A. G.
Published: September 2019

The results of the study of milk productivity and lactation rates of ﬁ rst-calf cows are presented. The research into ﬁ rst-calf cows of black-andwhite Holstein breed, belonging to sire lines of Wis Ideal 1013415 and Reﬂ ection Sovereign 198998 was conducted in 2018 in Novosibirsk region. The number of cows under study was 64, the period of the study covered 305 days of lactation. Monitoring of milk production, milk ﬂ ow intensity, fat and protein content was carried out monthly. The research materials were analyzed for groups of cows depending on their sire line and productivity for single and daily milk yield, fat and protein content, and dynamics of milk ejection for the ﬁ rst 3 minutes of milking. The highest daily milk yield in both lines was observed in the second month of lactation. In the fourth and ﬁ fth months of lactation, the average daily milk yield of Reﬂ ection Sovereign cows was signiﬁ cantly higher (р < 0.001) than that of their peers of the Vis Ideal line, by 1.3 kg. During the lactation period, the productivity of the Vis Ideal and Reﬂ ection Sovereign cows was almost the same: milk yield – 8296 and 8220 kg, fat content – 4.02 and 4.06%, protein – 3.36 and 3.35% and milk ﬂ ow intensity – 2.70 and 2.78 kg/min, respectively. In the second and third months of lactation, cows of both lines had a decrease in the content of fat, protein and intensity of milk ﬂ ow with a gradual increase in these indices in the fourth and ﬁ fth months of lactation. First-calf cows of the black-and-white breed of Canadian selection of different sire lines showed a high level of milk productivity and proved to be suitable for further breeding work.
Architecture and principles of work of agrarian intelligent system
Authors: Kalichkin V. K. , Koryakin R. A. , Kutsenogiy P. K.
Published: September 2019

The architecture of an agrarian intelligent system is proposed, which forms the basis for a selflearning management decision support system. The system is designed to cover all stages of the preliminary analysis – from the agricultural problem formulation to the provision of an analytical report, forecast or recommendation. Based on the knowledge generated by the system, a person who does not even have a special education in agriculture can make an adequate managerial decision. The system consists of the following set of modules and blocks: the space of agricultural tasks, the space of data sources, data storage, journals, the space of models, the documentation space of decision support, the task (as an element of space), formalization of user data, formation of an input data array for applying the model, the model output data, indicators, models, the access to journals, data selection, the active circuit of the agrarian intelligent system, nodes of the agrarian intelligent system. In the future this system will be able to automate the mаnаgement of agricultural processes within the framework of the approach referred to as “Smart farming”. It is also proposed to use, in addition to the well-known models (imitation, optimization, and others), the concept of agent modeling, on which many modern foreign systems of predictive technologies in agriculture are based. The ﬂ exibility of the system allows one to adapt it in order to solve the widest range of agricultural producer problems depending on the enterprise production specialization, climatic conditions of agricultural activities, the choice of cultivated crops and the level of intensiﬁ cation of agricultural technologies. The system is built as ﬂ exible and wide as possible in order to adapt to various requests, including those that may arise in the future, but have not yet been formulated at present.
Trends and expediency of classiﬁ cation of combine harvesters
Authors: Chepurin G. E.
Published: September 2019

The work presents the results of the analysis of combine harvesters’ classiﬁ cation systems applied in the former USSR, the Russian Federation and the CIS countries, as well as in the USA and Argentina. The expediency of their application is shown depending on the purpose of combines, advertising, organizing their production and operation in various climatic and industrial conditions. Classiﬁ cation by structural and energy parameters is necessary when developing new combines. However, it does not reveal the potential functionality of combines and the efﬁ ciency of their work in speciﬁ c zonal conditions with signiﬁ cant ﬂ uctuations in yield, moisture, straw content and other physical and mechanical properties of harvested crops. In Russia and the CIS countries, combine harvesters are classiﬁ ed according to their nominal throughput speciﬁ ed in the passport. It is characterized by the value of the actual supply of grain bulk in kilograms per second to the combine thresher with a grain loss of 1.5% whereby grain is threshed in the direct way with standard yield and speciﬁ ed moisture and straw content. Previously, the standard in the USSR stipulated that testing should be carried out in areas with the yield of at least 4 t/ha. In some areas, due to a low grain yield, it was not possible to indicate the conditions of comparative tests. The standards of the Russian Federation provide for comparative testing of combines during grain threshing with a yield characteristic of the zone. This contradicts the principles of the identity of comparative test conditions. To solve this urgent scientiﬁ c problem, it is necessary to develop alternative, less laborintensive methods for comparative testing of combines in determining their nominal throughput recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation. At the same time, it is necessary to allow underutilization of the nominal throughput of the harvester of no more than 10%. Overloading the thresher is not allowed, since it leads to signiﬁ cant grain losses during threshing.
Machine Learning as an Efficient Diagnostic Tool for Fault Detection and Localization in Solar Photovoltaic Arrays
Authors: Alajmi Masoud , Aljahdali Sultan , Alsaheel Sultan , Fattah Mohammed , Alshehri Mohammed
Published: September 2019

Solar energy, one of many types of renewable energy, is considered to be an excellent alternative to non-renewable energy sources. Its popularity is increasing rapidly, especially because fuel energy consumes and depletes finite natural resources, polluting the environment, whereas solar energy is low- cost and clean. To produce a reliable supply of energy, however, solar energy must also be consistent. The energy we derive from a photovoltaic (PV) array is dependent on changeable factors such as sunlight, positioning of the array, covered area, and status of the solar cell. Every change adds potential for the creation of error in the array. Therefore, thorough research and a protocol for fast, efficient location and correction of all kinds of errors must be an urgent priority for researchers.

For this project we used machine learning (ML) with voltage and current sensors to detect, localize and classify common faults including open circuit, short circuit, and hot-spot. Using the proposed algorithm, we have improved the accuracy of fault detection, classification and localization to 100%. Further, the proposed method can execute all three tasks (detection, classification, and localization) simultaneously.