bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aktualisierte AWMF Leitlinie zur Diagnostik und Therapie der
Langerhanszell Histiozytose (LCH) im Kindes- und Jugendalter
Authors: Lehrnbecher Thomas , Ahlmann Martina , Albert Michael , Barnbrock Anke Elisabeth , Beutel Karin , Bochennek Konrad , Classen Carl Friedrich , Holzhauer Susanne , Hutter Caroline , Lakatos Karoly , Meisel Roland , Porto Luciana , Vokuhl Christian , Vraetz Thomas , Minkov Milen
Published: September 2023

Die Langerhanszell Histiozytose (LCH) ist eine seltene neoplastische Erkrankung,
die vor allem im Kindes- und Jugendalter auftritt. Die Erkrankung kann
prinzipiell jedes Organ befallen, weswegen sehr unterschiedliche klinische
Erscheinungsbilder möglich sind. Der klinische Verlauf der LCH reicht
von einer Spontanheilung bis hin zu einem rasch progredienten tödlichen
Verlauf. Die Ausbreitungsdiagnostik bestimmt das Vorgehen. Manche Patienten
qualifizieren sich für eine watch-and-wait Strategie, während
andere einer Chemotherapie mit den Standardmedikamenten Vinblastin und Prednison
bedürfen. Durch die Identifizierung von Mutationen im MAPK-Signalweg
wächst das Interesse an zielgerichteten Medikamenten wie den
BRAF-Inhibitoren. Chronisch-rezidivierende Verläufe und
Spätschäden sind ein weiteres Problem der Erkrankung und stehen
im Mittelpunkt derzeitiger Forschungsaktivitäten.
The Intensive Care Unit Bundle Board: A Novel Real-Time Data Visualization Tool to Improve Maintenance Care for Invasive Catheters
Authors: Davis Claire Leilani , Bjoring Margot , Hursh Jordyn , Smith Samuel , Blevins Cheri , Blackstone Kris , Nicholson Evie , Hoke Tracey , Michel Jonathan , Noth Imre , Barros Andrew , Enfield Kyle
Published: September 2023

Background Critically ill patients are at greater risk of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). The use of maintenance bundles helps to reduce this risk but also generates a rapid accumulation of complex data that is difficult to aggregate and subsequently act upon.

Objectives We hypothesized that a digital display summarizing nursing documentation of invasive catheters (including central venous access devices, arterial catheters, and urinary catheters) would improve invasive device maintenance care and documentation. Our secondary objectives were to see if this summary would reduce the duration of problematic conditions, that is, characteristics associated with increased risk of infection.

Methods We developed and implemented a data visualization tool called the “Bundle Board” to display nursing observations on invasive devices. The intervention was studied in a 28-bed medical intensive care unit (MICU). The Bundle Board was piloted for 6 weeks in June 2022 and followed by a comparison phase, where one MICU had Bundle Board access and another MICU at the same center did not. We retrospectively applied tile color coding logic to prior nursing documentation from 2021 until the pilot phase to facilitate comparison pre- and post-Bundle Board release.

Results After adjusting for time, other quality improvement efforts, and nursing shift, multiple linear regression demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in the completion of catheter care and documentation during the pilot phase (p < 0.0001) and comparison phase (p = 0.002). The median duration of documented problematic conditions was significantly reduced during the pilot phase (p < 0.0001) and in the MICU with the Bundle Board (comparison phase, p = 0.027).

Conclusion We successfully developed a data visualization tool that changed ICU provider behavior, resulting in increased completion and documentation of maintenance care and reduced duration of problematic conditions for invasive catheters in MICU patients.
Sulfonated Graphene as a Sustainable Catalyst for Environmentally Benign Preparation of Benzylidene Acetals of Carbohydrates
Authors: Panchadhayee Rajib , Rabha Padmashri , Sharma Anjali
Published: September 2023

A clean and efficient method has been developed for the introduction of benzylidene acetals into carbohydrate derivatives catalyzed by sulfonated graphene at room temperature. Yields were excellent in each case. The catalyst can be reused several times without much decrease in reactivity.
Exploratory Process Development of a Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Clinical Compound via a Late-Stage Pd-Catalyzed Buchwald–Hartwig C–N Coupling
Authors: Liu Yiyang , Monfette Sebastien , Algera Russell F. , Davidson Andrew , Herbert David K. , Lian Yajing , Liu Fangfang , Nematalla Asaad , Piper Jared L. , Magano Javier , Nguyen Bao , Raggon Jeffrey W. , Rainville Joseph P. , Rane Anil , Tao Yong , Wang Ke , Yayla Hatice G.
Published: September 2023

The development of a robust process for a Pd-catalyzed Buchwald–Hartwig C–N coupling reaction to manufacture PF-06842874, a clinical candidate for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension, on kilogram scale is reported. The variability in reaction kinetics initially encountered was resolved via the use of sodium tert-butoxide as a homogeneous base and a careful selection of precatalyst by examination of the catalyst activation mechanism. Extraction with aqueous acid followed by careful pH adjustment allowed us to isolate the product with excellent purge of impurities. The process was successfully implemented in up to 18 kg demonstration.
Conformationally Restricted Carbocyclic γ-Amino Acids: Synthesis of Diastereomeric 3-Amino-5-arylcyclopentane 1-Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Hanessian Stephen , Dumas Adrien , Li Da , Bonert Steven , Aubeelucksing Prashansing , Schaffner Arnaud-Pierre
Published: September 2023

A Trost Pd-catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition between a p-benzyloxy cinnamate bearing an Evans auxiliary and 1-trimethylsilyl-2-acetoxymethylpropene is disclosed leading to, after functional group manipulation, previously unreported diastereoisomeric 3-amino-5-arylcyclopentane 1-carboxylic acids via the corresponding 3-hydroxy and 3-azido precursors. The availability of these conformationally restricted cyclic amino acids may find utility in the context of CNS-active compounds related to GABA, or as peripheral units of bioactive pharmaceuticals. An expedient alternative 4-step synthesis of 3S-amino-5S-p-hydroxyphenyl-1S-cyclopentane carboxylic acid methyl ester was achieved starting with the (–)-Vince lactam and utilizing a regio- and diastereoselective Pd-catalyzed hydroarylation reaction.
Safety and Short-Term Efficacy of Intravascular Lithotripsy for Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Disease: A Systematic Review
Authors: Choksi Eshani J. , Sare Antony , Shukla Pratik A. , Kumar Abhishek
Published: September 2023

Intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) is an emerging treatment for calcifications in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). The objective of this article is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of IVL for PAD management by performing a systematic review of existing literature. A systematic literature search was performed using the PubMed database. A literature search was performed in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Outcomes variables analyzed in each study include preprocedure ankle–brachial index, preprocedure lesion length, preprocedure calcified length, preprocedure diameter stenosis, average number of IVL pulses, success rate, adjunctive treatments given, postprocedure diameter stenosis, acute vessel gain, and specific complications. Three-hundred fifty-seven articles were reviewed on PubMed and 14 studies were ultimately included, comprising 857 patients and 991 lesions. Thirteen of the 14 studies reported a 100% procedural success rate. Mean preprocedure lesion length was 68.94 (20-103.4) mm and mean preprocedure calcified length was 86.5 (50.5–140.9) mm. The average preprocedure diameter stenosis was 77.44% and postprocedure diameter stenosis was 26.14%. All studies reporting both pre- and postprocedure diameter stenosis stated there was a significant reduction in the vessel diameter stenosis and acute gain following IVL therapy alone. About 8.2% of patients had reported dissections and 0.29% had perforations. There was no reported distal embolization, thrombus formation, or abrupt closure of the vessel in any study. IVL appears to be a safe and effective treatment for calcified lesions in patients with PAD, with a low rate of complications and successful luminal gain for most lesions. Further prospective studies are needed to help validate the effectiveness of IVL therapy.
Transorbital Microsurgery: An Anatomical Description of a Minimally Invasive Corridor to the Anterior Cranial Fossa and Paramedian Structures
Authors: Houlihan Lena Mary , Loymak Thanapong , Abramov Irakliy , Labib Mohamed A. , O'Sullivan Michael G. J. , Lawton Michael T. , Preul Mark C.
Published: September 2023

Objectives Transorbital neuroendoscopic surgery (TONES) has ignited interest in the transorbital access corridor, increasing its use for single and multi-portal skull base interventions. However, the crowding of a small corridor and two-dimensional viewing restrict this access portal.

Design Cadaveric qualitative study to assess the feasibility of transorbital microsurgery (TMS).

Setting Anatomical dissection steps and instrumentation were recorded for homogeneous methodology.

Participants Six cadaveric specimens were systematically dissected using TMS to the anterior cranial fossa and paramedian structures.

Main Outcome Measures Anatomical parameters of the TMS craniectomy were established, and the visible and accessible neuroanatomy was highlighted.

Results A superior lid crease incision achieved essential orbital rim exposure and preseptal dissection. The orbital roof craniectomy is defined by three boundaries: (1) frontozygomatic suture to the frontosphenoid suture, (2) frontal sinus and cribriform plate, and (3) frontal sinus and orbital rim. The mean (standard deviation) craniectomy was 440 mm2 (78 mm2). Exposing the ipsilateral optic nerve and internal carotid artery obviated the need for frontal lobe retraction to identify the A1–M1 bifurcation as well as near-complete visualization of the M1 artery.

Conclusion TMS is a feasible corridor for intracranial access. Mobilization of orbital contents is imperative for maximal intracranial access and protection of the globe. TMS enables access to the frontal lobe base, ipsilateral optic nerve, and most of the ipsilateral anterior circulation. This cosmetically satisfactory approach causes minimal destruction of the anterior skull base with satisfactory exposure of the anterior cranial fossa floor without sinus invasion.
Tolerance of Ischemia by Testis of Rats - An Experimental Study
Authors: Chatterjee S.S , Majumdar S , Chowdhury S.R.
Published: September 2023

An experimental study was undertaken by subjecting the testis of rats to total ischemia and studying the biopsy specimens obtained serially upto 135 minutes of ischemia. The specimens were examined under light microscope for histopathological changes. The aim was to obtain a guideline of tolerable ischemia time of the various tissues of the testis with maintenance of structural and functional integrity. It was observed that the first signs of irreversible damage i.e., marginal clumping of chromatin appeared in some of the germinal epithelial cells 60 minutes after induction of ischemia, whereas these changes occurred much later in Sertoli and Leydig cells. It is recommended that ischemia time of testis in clinical situation be restricted to lesser than this period to maintain the structural and functional integrity.
Continuous Passive Mobilisation in the Hand - An Inexpensive Small Unit
Authors: Alexander G , Garude H , Thatte M R , Mokal N J
Published: September 2023

An inexpensive device for continuous passive mobilization of the hand has been fabricated for usage in hand physiotherapy units. It is simple to use, effective and can be fabricated easily. 25 digits in 22 patients who suffered from a variety of hand injuries and consequent restricted joint motion were treated with this device. A high patient compliance, decreased pain and significant improvement in the range of motion were observed. The device is suitable for use in a hospital department. The concept and evolution of continuous pasive motion is also discussed.
Isolated Complex Dorsal Dislocation of the Middle Finger Metacarpophalangeal Joint
Authors: Madhusudan H P , Agarwal Anil Kumar , Sabapathy S Raja
Published: September 2023

Complex dislocations of the metacarpophalangeal joints are rare injuries. When they, occur, they are relatively common in the thumb, index and little fingers. Isolated complex dislocation of the metacarpophalangeal jont of the middle finger is extremely rare because of the inherent anatomical stability in that joint. We are reporting a case of isolated complex dorsal dislocation of the middle finger.
The Latissimus Dorsi Myocutaneous Flap for the Exposed Cardiac Pacemaker in Children
Authors: Nanda V , Khazanchi R K
Published: September 2023

Exposure of a cardiac pacemaker implanted subcutaneously in the infraclavicular region is a difficult problem facing the plastic surgeon. The principles of treatment for salvage are control of sepsis, extensive debridement and tension free closure with locoregional flaps. Management in children is complicated by the fact that the pacing unit is of the same size as in the adult and there is little laxity of tissue in this age group. We have treated 7 children and have utilised the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap for salvage in 4 patients. Local skin flaps were employed in 2 children while a primary closure was possible in 1 child. Six patients have remained healed over a follow up period ranging from 6 months to 60 months. In one case we have had to explant the unit at 3 months due to persisting sepsis. Salvage of pacemakers should be attempted in all patients with pacemaker exposure. The latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap that we have employed is a useful option when faced with this problem in children.
Bi2Te3-intercalated MnBi2Te4: ideal candidate to explore intrinsic Chern insulator and high-temperature quantum anomalous Hall effect
Authors: Zhang Yaling , Zhang Jingjing , Yang Wenjia , Zhang Huisheng , Jia Jianfeng
Published: September 2023

The recently discovered magnetic topological insulator of MnBi2Te4 (MBT), has been demonstrated to realize the quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) effect, while the naturally antiferromagnetic (AFM) interlayer coupling in MBT results in that the QAH effect can only be realized in odd-layered systems and at low temperature. Using first-principles calculations, we find that intercalating Bi2Te3 (BT) layers into MBT by forming MBT/(BT)
n
/MBT (n = 1–6) heterostructures can induce magnetic phase transition from AFM to ferromagnetic (FM) interlayer coupling when n⩾ 3. Specifically, MBT/(BT)3/MBT and MBT/(BT)4/MBT respectively host Curie temperatures T
c of 14 K and 11 K, which fits well the experimentally measured T
c of 12 K. Detailed band structure calculations and topological identification show that the QAH phases are well preserved for all FM heterostructures. And the topological mechanism of MBT/(BT)
n
/MBT as a function of n is revealed by employing continuum model analysis. Most importantly, the FM MBT/(BT)4/MBT has already been experimentally fabricated. Thus, our work provides a practical guideline to explore high-temperature QAH effect in MBT family of materials.
A transient heat flux sensor for PbTe thin films based on transverse Seebeck effect
Authors: Liu Songhan , Zhao Jiaxing , Liu Zhipeng
Published: September 2023

Among thermoelectric materials with thermoelectric effect, lead telluride (PbTe) is widely used because of its high performance and chemical stability in the medium temperature region. In this study, PbTe was creatively employed to develop a transient thin films heat flux sensor (THFS) using magnetron sputtering technique based on the transverse Seebeck effect. After static and dynamic calibration, the rise time of the THFS is 35 μs and the sensitivity is up to 7.9 μV(kW·m−2)−1, it can be measured in transient high heat flux testing environments without the need for a signal amplifier. In the experiment of measuring transient heat flux with explosion driven shock tube, the THFS has the advantages of high resolution and high dynamic response, which provides scientific basis for the study of explosion thermal damage effect and has important significance.
Spatial weighted graph-driven fault diagnosis of complex process industry considering technological process flow
Authors: Zhang Fengyuan , Liu Jie , Lu Xiang , Li Tao , Li Yi , Liu Yingwei , Tang Lei , Wang Hu
Published: September 2023

Each chemical process industry system possesses unique process knowledge, which serves as a representation of the system’s state. As graph-theory based methods are capable of embedding process knowledge, they have become increasingly crucial in the field of process industry diagnosis. The fault representation ability of the diagnosis model is directly associated with the quality of the graph. Unfortunately, simple fully connected graphs fail to strengthen the internal connections within the same process but weaken the interactive connections between different processes. Moreover, each node in the graph is considered equally important, making it impossible to prioritize crucial system monitoring indicators. To address the above shortcomings, this paper presents a spatial weighted graph (SWG)-driven fault diagnosis method of complex process industry considering technological process flow. Initially, the physical space sensor layout of the technological process flow is mapped into the spatial graph structure, where each sensor is regarded as a node and these nodes are connected by the k nearest neighbor algorithm. Subsequently, according to the mechanism knowledge, the sensors in the process are divided into different importance categories and weight coefficients are assigned to their nodes. The similarities between these weighted nodes are calculated, and the resulting edge information are used to construct the SWGs. Finally, the SWGs are input to a graph convolutional network, facilitating fault representation learning for fault diagnosis of complex process industry. Validation experiments are conducted using public industrial datasets, and the results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively integrate the process knowledge to improve the fault diagnosis accuracy of the model.
Flexible rotor unbalance fault location method based on transfer learning from simulation to experiment data
Authors: Han Shuo , Wang Zihuimin , Zhang Hao , Zhang Fanyu , Han Qingkai
Published: September 2023

In the study of the high-speed dynamic balance of flexible rotors, rotor unbalance positioning is a challenging topic. Particularly for slender rotors, the axial position of the unbalance has an important influence on the high-speed dynamic balance. The unbalance at different axial positions is not the same or even opposite in different rotor mode vibration behaviors. If the unbalance position of a rotor can be identified, the actual unbalance of the rotor can be reduced from the root. This balance method has the same effect in each vibration mode of the rotor; hence, low-speed dynamic balance can be realized to replace high-speed dynamic balance, considerably saving on costs. Deep learning based on few labeled samples can achieve good results for the identification of unbalanced positions; however, there are infinite potential positions of unbalance in the actual rotor. It is difficult to collect sufficient labeled samples to train a reliable intelligent diagnostic model. Fortunately, a large number of rotor vibration datasets labeled with different unbalance positions are available using the rotor dynamic model, and the unbalance position data calculated using the dynamic model contain diagnostic knowledge related to the rotor unbalance position data measured in the rig. Hence, inspired by transfer learning, this study proposed a transfer learning method using dynamic model simulation and experiment data for flexible rotor unbalance fault location. Cross-domain deep transfer recognition of rotor unbalance position was realized.
A highlight removal method for autonomous recovery of cable-free seismographs in field environments
Authors: Fan Yiyao , Lin Jun , Liu Yang
Published: September 2023

The cable-free seismograph is an instrument for capturing seismic wave signals, which is popularly employed in underground resource exploration tasks in complex field environments due to its high flexibility. However, the efficiency of exploration operations is low because the arrangement and recovery of instruments are done manually. Therefore, autonomously arranging and recovering cable-free seismographs will hold great significance. Nevertheless, the instrument surface will produce highlight under intense illumination in field environments, which can have a negative impact on the accuracy of segmentation and contour extraction of the instrument. It will significantly reduce the visual positioning accuracy of the instrument and ultimately fail in recovery tasks. To address this problem, we analyze the characteristics of highlight on cable-free seismographs in field environments and develop a method to remove the highlight by weighting the color features of the non-highlight pixels in the neighborhoods of highlight pixels. We realize the detection of highlight pixels based on the classical modified specular-free model and propose an image terrain map model to select the weighted neighborhoods of highlight pixels to ensure that no background pixels are involved in the process of highlight removal. The experimental results show that our method meets the requirements for contour extraction and object segmentation in the autonomous instrument recovery tasks. Furthermore, it outperforms currently existing highlight removal methods in the task of highlight removal for cable-free seismographs in field environments.
An effective source number detection method for single-channel signals based on signal reconstruction and deep learning at low SNR
Authors: Zhang Yunwei , Wei Zixuan , Gao Yong
Published: September 2023

Determining the number of sources under low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and signal interference with the same frequency and modulation presents a significant challenge. To address this challenge, we propose a novel method for detecting the number of signal sources from single-channel that leverages signal reconstruction and deep learning. The method employs subspace projection based on the Hankel matrix to reconstruct the measured single-channel signals, effectively suppressing noise. Furthermore, we incorporate the correlation of information and the integrity of feature in the signal, by fusing the in-phase component, quadrature component, and frequency spectrum feature of the reconstructed complex signal into a one-dimensional feature suitable for convolutional neural network (CNN). To address the source number detection task, we design a one-dimensional CNN based on convolutional block attention module, transforming it into a classification problem. Finally, experimental measurements demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method, with an detection accuracy of 94% even at an SNR of −10 dB.
Fault diagnosis in asynchronous motors based on an optimal deep bidirectional long short-term memory networks
Authors: Xu Bo , Li Huipeng , Liu Yi , Zhou Fengxing , Yan Baokang
Published: September 2023

Fault diagnosis of asynchronous motors has become a pressing need in the metallurgical industry. Due to the complex structure of asynchronous motors, fault types and fault characteristics are diverse, with strong nonlinear relationships between them, which leads to the difficulty of fault diagnosis. To efficiently and accurately diagnose various motor faults, we propose a fault diagnosis method based on an optimal deep bidirectional long short-term memory neural network. First, the three-phase current, multidimensional vibrational signal, and acoustic signal of the asynchronous motor are collected and construct diverse and robust data sample set to enhance the generalization ability of the model. Next, a modified 3D logistics-sine complex chaotic map (3D LSCCM) is constructed to improve the global and local search capabilities of the pigeon swarm optimization algorithm (PIO). Then, we construct a deep bidirectional long short-term memory network (Bid-LSTM) with attention mechanism to mine high-value fault characteristic information. Meanwhile, the optimal hyper-parameters of the deep ABid-LSTM are explored using the modified PIO to improve the training performance of the model. Finally, the fault data samples of asynchronous motor are induced to train and test the proposed framework. By fusing diverse data samples, the proposed method outperforms conventional deep Bid-LSTM and achieves fault diagnosis accuracy of 99.13%. It provides a novel diagnostic strategy for motor fault diagnosis.
Small blind-area, high-accuracy ultrasonic rangefinder using a broadband multi-frequency piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer array
Authors: Luo Guoxi , He Kang , Wang Yongliang , Zhou Wenke , Chen Ke , Zhao Libo , Xu Tingzhong , Li Zhikang , Li Min , Yang Ping , Wang Kaifei , Jiang Zhuangde
Published: September 2023

This paper presents a broadband ultrasonic rangefinder, with merits of a small blind area and high accuracy, based on a multi-frequency piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer (MF-PMUT) array. The coupling bandwidth between six types of resonant cells with adjacent resonant frequencies was studied and optimized, and these cells were then integrated into an array to broaden the bandwidth of the device. The array device showed a wide −6 dB fractional bandwidth of 108% in silicon oil. A wide bandwidth can contribute to obtaining the maximum steady-state with less excitation and reducing its residual ring-down, resulting in a small blind area. Pulse-echo ranging experiments demonstrated that the blind area was effectively reduced to 5 mm due to the multi-frequency array. For short distance measurements (<250 mm), the error was well controlled within ±0.3 mm and the 3σ accuracy was 0.445 mm. Compared with earlier reported PMUTs designed for bandwidth enhancement, the proposed broadband MF-PMUT array is much simpler in design and fabrication, revealing it as a promising candidate for short-distance high-accuracy measurements.
Hydride formation and dynamic phase changes during template-assisted Pd electrodeposition
Authors: Abbondanza Giuseppe , Grespi Andrea , Larsson Alfred , Dzhigaev Dmitry , Glatthaar Lorena , Weber Tim , Blankenburg Malte , Hegedüs Zoltan , Lienert Ulrich , Over Herbert , Harlow Gary S , Lundgren Edvin
Published: September 2023

We investigated the structural evolution of electrochemically fabricated Pd nanowires in situ by means of grazing-incidence transmission small- and wide-angle x-ray scattering (GTSAXS and GTWAXS), x-ray fluorescence (XRF) and two-dimensional surface optical reflectance (2D-SOR). This shows how electrodeposition and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) compete and interact during Pd electrodepositon. During the bottom-up growth of the nanowires, we show that β-phase Pd hydride is formed. Suspending the electrodeposition then leads to a phase transition from β-phase Pd hydride to α-phase Pd. Additionally, we find that grain coalescence later hinders the incorporation of hydrogen in the Pd unit cell. GTSAXS and 2D-SOR provide complementary information on the volume fraction of the pores occupied by Pd, while XRF was used to monitor the amount of Pd electrodeposited.
High-energy quasi-monoenergetic proton beam from micro-tube targets driven by Laguerre–Gaussian lasers
Authors: Jin S , Yao Y L , Lei B F , Chen G Y , Zhou C T , Zhu S P , He X T , Qiao B
Published: September 2023

High-energy proton beams with low energy spread and angular divergence are highly valuable in various applications, such as proton therapy, ultrafast science, and nuclear physics. Laser-driven ion sources are being explored as a more compact and cost-effective alternative to conventional accelerators. However, producing high-quality proton beams using lasers has been a significant challenge. In this study, we propose a novel approach to achieve high-energy quasi-monoenergetic proton beams by utilizing a Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) laser to irradiate a solid hollow tube target. Our three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations demonstrate that the LG laser efficiently pulls out and accelerates electrons. As these electrons exit the rear side of the tube, a charge-separation electric field for proton acceleration is self-established. Meanwhile, a considerable part of the electrons are confined to the laser axis by the ponderomotive force of the LG laser, generating a longitudinal bunching field and transverse focusing field. As a result, protons are accelerated and focused in these fields, producing a high- quality proton beam with high energy (247 MeV) and low energy spread (∼2%) using an LG laser with an intensity of

1.9
×

10

21

W cm−2 and a tube target with an electron density of 40nc
. In comparison to a standard Gaussian laser, the LG laser exhibits superior performance in terms of proton cut-off energy, energy spread, and angular divergence.
An improved multi-state constraint kalman filter based on maximum correntropy criterion
Authors: Liu Xuhang , Guo Yicong
Published: September 2023

In recent years, the multi-state constraint Kalman filter has been widely used in the visual-inertial navigation of unmanned systems. However, in most previous studies, the measurement noise of the navigation system was assumed to be Gaussian noise, but this is not the case in practice. In this paper, the maximum correntropy criterion is introduced into the multi-state constraint Kalman filter to improve the robustness of the visual-inertial system. First, the new maximum correntropy criterion-based Kalman filter is introduced, it uses the maximum correntropy criterion to replace the minimum mean square error criterion to suppress the interference of measurement outliers on the filtering results, and it has no numerical problem in the presence of large measurements outliers. Then, an improved multi-state constraint Kalman filter is designed by applying the new maximum correntropy criterion-based Kalman filter to the multi-state constraint Kalman filter, which improved the robustness of the multi-state constraint Kalman filter. The results of numerical simulation and dataset experiments show that the proposed filter improves the accuracy and robustness of the visual-inertial system.
Investigation of performance enhancement by balanced double-null shaping in KSTAR
Authors: Kim Boseong , Park M.S. , Lee Y.H. , Kim S.K. , Lee C.Y. , Hong S.C. , Seo J. , Lee J.G. , Park S.J. , Kim H.-S. , Na Yong-Su
Published: September 2023

We report experimental observations on the effect of plasma boundary shaping towards balanced double-null (DN) configuration on the plasma performance in KSTAR. The transition from a single-null to a DN configuration resulted in improved plasma performance, manifested through changes in the pedestal region, decreased density, and core MHD activity variation. Specifically, the DN transition led to a wider and higher pedestal structure, accompanied by grassy edge-localized modes (ELMs) characteristics. The density decrease was a prerequisite for performance enhancement during DN shaping, increasing fast ion confinement. Optimizing the plasma near the core region was associated with the suppression of sawtooth instabilities and the occurrence of fishbone modes during the DN transition. Integrated modeling demonstrated that secondary effects of the DN shaping could increase core thermal energy confinement.
Connecting physical and social science datasets: challenges and pathways forward
Authors: Shah Sameer H , O’Lenick Cassandra R , Wan Jessica S , Ramos-Valle Alexandra , Ash Kevin D , Wilhelmi Olga V , Edgeley Catrin M , Molina Maria J , Moulite Jessica , Chunga Pizarro Carlo Andre , Emard Kelsey , Cameron Olivia Z , Done James M , Hazard Cleo Wölfle , Hopson Thomas M , Jones Mikah , Lacey Forrest , Lachaud Michée Arnold , Lombardozzi Danica , Méndez Michael , Morss Rebecca E , Ricke Katharine , Tormos-Aponte Fernando , Wieder William R , Williams Christopher L
Published: September 2023

The integration of physical and social science data can enable novel frameworks, methodologies, and innovative solutions important for addressing complex socio-environmental problems. Unfortunately, many technical, procedural, and institutional challenges hamper effective data integration—detracting from interdisciplinary socio-environmental research and broader public impact. This paper reports on the experiences and challenges of social and physical data integration, as experienced by diverse Early Career Researchers (ECRs), and offers strategies for coping with and addressing these challenges. Through a workshop convened by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Innovator Program, 33 participants from different disciplines, career stages, and institutions across the United States identified four thematic data integration challenges related to complexity and uncertainty, communication, scale, and institutional barriers. They further recommended individual, departmental, and institutional scale responses to cope with and address these integration challenges. These recommendations seek to inform faculty and department support for ECRs, who are often encouraged—and even expected—to engage in integrative, problem-focused, and solutions-oriented research.
Group polarization, influence, and domination in online interaction networks: a case study of the 2022 Brazilian elections
Authors: Interian Ruben , Rodrigues Francisco A
Published: September 2023

The erosion of social cohesion and polarization is one of the topmost societal risks. In this work, we investigated the evolution of polarization, influence, and domination in online interaction networks using a large Twitter dataset collected before and during the 2022 Brazilian elections. From a theoretical perspective, we develop a methodology called d-modularity that allows discovering the contribution of specific groups to network polarization using the well-known modularity measure. While the overall network modularity (somewhat unexpectedly) decreased, the proposed group-oriented approach reveals that the contribution of the right-leaning community to this modularity increased, remaining very high during the analyzed period. Our methodology is general enough to be used in any situation when the contribution of specific groups to overall network modularity and polarization is needed to investigate. Moreover, using the concept of partial domination, we are able to compare the reach of sets of influential profiles from different groups and their ability to accomplish coordinated communication inside their groups and across segments of the entire network. We show that in the whole network, the left-leaning high-influential information spreaders dominated, reaching a substantial fraction of users with fewer spreaders. However, when comparing domination inside the groups, the results are inverse. Right-leaning spreaders dominate their communities using few nodes, showing as the most capable of accomplishing coordinated communication. The results bring evidence of extreme isolation and the ease of accomplishing coordinated communication that characterized right-leaning communities during the 2022 Brazilian elections, which likely influenced the subsequent coup events in Brasilia.
Ibn Sīnā’s legacy
Authors: Adamson Peter
Published: September 2023

The book concludes with an overview of Ibn Sīnā’s dramatic impact on philosophy in both the Islamic world and Latin Christendom. In the former sphere he is directly or indirectly the inspiration for about a millennium: this is shown with examples drawn from figures like al-Ghazālī, al-Suhrawardī, Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī, and Mullā Ṣadrā. It is then pointed out that his influence in Latin Christendom led to parallel developments in scholasticism, with figures like Aquinas and Scotus unwittingly recapitulating philosophical debates that had already occurred in Arabic and Persian. Some attention is also given to Ibn Sīnā’s major impact in Europe as a medical author.
The observable Universe
Authors: Cottrell Geoff
Published: September 2023

This chapter introduces the concept and scope of modern observational astronomy. It describes the use of the first modest telescopes, four centuries ago, and how this gave Galileo the first inkling of big the Universe really is. The chapter introduces the nature of space and time, and how making observations of objects in deep space means they are also viewed in the deep past. Spectroscopy is highlighted as one of the most powerful tools available to astronomers. The most studied of all stars is the Sun, and, when it and other stars were scrutinized this way it revealed the profoundly important fact that the matter in stars is the same type as that found on Earth, only hotter. Stars are the building blocks of galaxies, and deep observations of the cosmos reveal vast numbers of galaxies. How far can we see out into the Universe? Is there a limit to it? Owing of the universal expansion of the Universe, there is a largest distance out to which we can see. The chapter ends by defining how far we can see and what is meant by the observable Universe.
Lawyers
Authors: Wacks Raymond
Published: September 2023

This chapter focuses on lawyers, who are an essential feature of every developed legal system. The common law profession is divided between barristers and solicitors. Barristers are generally instructed by solicitors, rather than directly by the client, whereas clients may go directly to solicitors, although this rule has recently been relaxed in some jurisdictions. Moreover, unlike solicitors, barristers typically operate as sole practitioners. Meanwhile, civil law jurisdictions recognize two categories of legal professionals: the jurist and the private practitioner. The chapter then looks at the regulation of the profession through bar associations, bar councils, and law societies. It also considers the provision of legal aid to persons unable to afford the cost of a lawyer.
Globalization: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Steger Manfred B.
Published: September 2023

Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (6th edition) presents insights into the key aspects of globalization. It elaborates on the notion of globalization, wherein people live in an interconnected world. Ordinary people can become online celebrities, while religious leaders can influence billions of people. This VSI provides an overview of the long history of the phenomenon of globalization and an examination of its major dimensions before tackling the issue of whether globalization is a good or bad thing. It evaluates the unprecedented levels of planetary integration, which also correlates to climate change, pandemics, trade wars, and renewed fears of nuclear conflicts.
Old school ties
Authors: Taub Liba
Published: September 2023

‘Old School Ties’ highlights the importance for ancient philosophers of membership and identification with a particular group or school, including the Garden of Epicurus and the Stoa. Even those individuals who might not be regarded as philosophers made a point of advertising their links to a specific school. This chapter also talks about the significance of personal reputation, noting how ‘heroic’ individuals achieved a sort of celebrity status as mathematicians and philosophers of nature, including Posidonius of Apamea and Archimedes, two figures who achieved great fame in antiquity. Anecdotal evidence from antiquity describes touristic activities linked to particular ‘great men’ of science.
River deep, mountain high
Authors: Taub Liba
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses the estimates of the size of natural objects, including mountain heights, sea depths, the distances to the Sun and Moon, and the sizes of the Earth and the cosmos, that were offered by Greek and Latin authors. Aristotle and Eratosthenes gave various estimates of the circumference of the Earth. ‘River Deep, Mountain High’ highlights some of the issues involved in understanding the length of a ‘stade’, a measure of distance representing the length of a running track. The chapter explores the writings of Pliny the Elder and others that provide access to some of the scientific ideas of earlier thinkers. For example, Pliny reports Posidonius’ views about the height at which winds and clouds occur.
Is there scientific progress?
Authors: Taub Liba
Published: September 2023

Claudius Ptolemy and Galen of Pergamum made contributions to scientific and medical thought and practice that remained foundational for over 1,000 years. Ptolemy and Galen regarded themselves as innovators and as educators who were philosophically astute, building on the work of their predecessors and synthesizing information for the benefit of others. Ptolemy wrote on a wide range of topics, including geography, harmonics, astronomy, astrology, optics, and scientific instruments. Galen stresses the importance of empirical information for physicians, especially emphasizing the crucial nature of anatomical knowledge. This chapter explores their work, which depended on using theoretical and practical knowledge. They emphasized that knowledge cannot always guarantee results, and can sometimes only aim at a result. For this reason, some practices, including medicine, astrology, and navigation, are called ‘stochastic’.
A global challenge
Authors: Lockwood Julie L. , Welbourne Dustin J.
Published: September 2023

This chapter introduces invasive species as a global challenge. Invasive species are found in all oceans and on all continents and are represented by familiar organisms like plants, animals, and fungi. The chapter highlights the extent of damage that invasive species cause with the example of Ceratitis capitata, also known as Mediterranean fruit fly or medfly, which has caused considerable damage to crops globally. The modern-day pattern of greatly accelerated colonization has real and often major consequences for human livelihoods and the ecosystems into which the species establish.
An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure
Authors: Lockwood Julie L. , Welbourne Dustin J.
Published: September 2023

This chapter tackles invasive species management as a response to the undesirable impacts of invasive species. The management strategies employed by most governments roughly follow the stages of the invasion process, and are referred to as prevention and eradication, containment, and resource protection. It is shown that the cost of management action increases as the population size of the invasive species increases and becomes more widespread. The chapter highlights the various methods used to manage biological invasions throughout the invasion process and how goals shift as invasive species become more common.
Terror and the pursuit of happiness
Authors: Dixon Thomas
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores the connected modern histories of happiness and terror, tracing them both back to key political events in the 18th century. Eighteenth-century Europe witnessed the rise of a ‘culture of sensibility’ and English thinker Jeremy Bentham’s idea of numerically measuring happiness emerged in the same era. Happiness was also a key concept for the founders of the United States of America. Meanwhile, historians of the French Revolution have explored how the hope and enthusiasm of the early revolutionaries gave way to terror and vengeance. The chapter then considers ‘emotional labour’, examining the exploitation of the emotions of African American slaves and how patriarchy has imposed expectations of cheerfulness on women.
Symmetry matters
Authors: McKenzie Ross H.
Published: September 2023

‘Symmetry matters’ in condensed matter physics because the mathematics of symmetry is key to characterizing the qualitative difference between distinct states of matter. The concept of symmetry is illustrated by considering how the appearance of specific objects does not change when they undergo transformations such as rotations, reflections, and translations. Crystals are composed of repeat units of atoms. Symmetry limits the number of possible types of different repeat units and crystal structures. The spatial arrangement of the atoms in each repeat unit can be determined by diffraction of a beam of X-rays by the crystal. This method was pioneered by William and Lawrence Bragg and is central to molecular biology. The symmetry of a state of matter constrains what physical properties it can have. Symmetry aids a connection between the macroscopic and microscopic properties of a state of matter, such as explaining why snowflakes have sixfold rotational symmetry. The unexpected discovery of a quasicrystal, a distinct state of matter, revised the definition of a crystal.
An endless frontier
Authors: McKenzie Ross H.
Published: September 2023

‘An endless frontier’ discusses how it is difficult to predict the future of condensed matter physics, but it is likely to be an exciting one as new discoveries of emergent phenomena, such as novel states of matter, are often not anticipated. Grand challenges are identified including understanding glasses, Schrödinger’s cat, and exploring new materials, and new extremes of temperature, pressure, and magnetic field. Condensed matter physics has a rich history of contributing concepts, techniques, and personnel to other fields, including chemistry, biology, computer science, and materials engineering. This interdisciplinarity is likely to continue with investigations of complex systems, soft matter, and the social sciences. New technologies will aid new discoveries in condensed matter physics and vice versa. Threats to the future vitality of the field are like those for other intellectual enterprises embedded in institutions increasingly controlled by financial values: a preoccupation with short-term commercial outcomes, hype, metrics, and managerialism. Advances have historically come from individuals and groups working within contexts and institutions that valued intellectual freedom, creativity, patience, curiosity, and serendipity.
All change…the calculus of Fermat, Newton, and Leibniz
Authors: Earl Richard
Published: September 2023

Calculus is typically credited to the late 17th-century work of Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz, though they built on earlier, pioneering work by many mathematicians, especially Pierre de Fermat. Calculus is usually broken down into differential calculus—the study of change—and integral calculus—the study of accumulated change. These two processes are essentially inverses of one another, something made explicit by the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. ‘All change…the calculus of Fermat, Newton, and Leibniz’ gives a historical take on their work developing calculus, the change in emphasis from Ancient Greek geometric methods, and Newton’s work applying calculus to physics. But it also notes how calculus, in the 17th and 18th centuries, still lacked logically sound foundations: at this time calculus was ‘a collection of ingenious fallacies’.
What’s the problem?
Authors: Macdonald David W.
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines the threats to biodiversity, which is ultimately driven by the demands of a growing human population. This is mainly due to habitat loss and degradation as natural habitats are converted for agriculture and forestry. The cumulative impacts of species extinctions within an ecosystem may eventually lead to failure of ecological function. Extinctions also threaten natural cycles, process, and other products which are considered ‘natural capital’. The chapter then identifies the causes of extinction and biodiversity loss. It also considers the role of Protected Areas and prioritisation in biodiversity conservation, before studying the United Nations’ 2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).