bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Passive Mixing and Convective Heat Transfer Enhancement for Nanofluid Flow across Corrugated Base Microchannels
Authors: Naqvi Ali Ammar , Uddin Emad , Khan Muhammad Zia Ullah
Published: December 2023

Vortex generators and pin fins are conventionally used to deliver fluid mixing and improved convective heat transfer. The increased pressure loss following a fractional increase in heat transfer, as well as the complex manufacturing design, leave room for improvement. The present work proposes a novel diverging–converging base corrugation model coupled with vortex generation using simple geometrical modifications across rectangular microchannels to ensure a superior performance. The Nusselt number, friction factor, and flow phenomenon were numerically studied across a Reynolds number range of 50–1000. The optimum cross-section of the microchannel-generating vortices was determined after thorough study, and base corrugation was further added to improve heat transfer. For the vortex–corrugation modeling, the heat transfer enhancement was verified in two optimized cases: (1) curved corrugated model, (2) interacting corrugated model. In the first case, an optimized curve generating Dean vortices was coupled with base corrugation. An overall increase in the Nusselt number of up to 32.69% and the thermal performance of “1.285 TPF” were observed at a high Reynolds number. The interacting channels with connecting bridges of varying width were found to generate vortices in the counter-flow configuration. The thermal performance of “1.25 TPF” was almost identical to the curved corrugated model; however, a major decrease in pressure, with a loss of 26.88%, was observed for this configuration.
Implications of Growing Wind and Solar Penetration in Retail Electricity Markets with Gradual Demand Response
Authors: Hao Chin Hui , Wesseh Presley K. , Okorie David Iheke , Abudu Hermas
Published: December 2023

Time-of-use pricing in retail electricity markets implies that wholesale market scarcity becomes easily communicated to end consumers. Yet, it is not well-understood if and how the price formation process in retail electricity markets will help to reward the demand for operational flexibility due to growth in intermittent generation. To contribute to this discussion, this paper develops a partial equilibrium model of the retail electricity market calibrated to Chinese data. The paper finds that tariffs in this market may not be significantly suppressed by growth in near-zero costs renewable sources when controlling for flexibility restrictions on thermal generation assets and when a significant curtailment of variable renewable resources exists in the market. In addition, it shows that the price formation process in retail electricity markets which controls for flexibility restrictions on thermal generation while allowing for consumers to respond slowly to price changes is a feasible strategy to reward the demand for operational flexibility. Finally, the paper reveals that while integrating intermittent generation beyond levels which the available storage capacities can accommodate may result in losses to producers, benefits to consumers may offset these losses, leading to overall welfare gains.
Calorific Value Prediction Model Using Structure Composition of Heat-Treated Lignocellulosic Biomass
Authors: Park Sunyong , Kim Seon Yeop , Kim Ha Eun , Oh Kwang Cheol , Kim Seok Jun , Cho La Hoon , Jeon Young Kwang , Kim DaeHyun
Published: December 2023

This study aims to identify an equation for predicting the calorific value for heat-treated biomass using structural analysis. Different models were constructed using 129 samples of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, and calorific values obtained from previous studies. These models were validated using 41 additional datasets, and an optimal model was identified using its results and following performance metrics: the coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE), root-mean-squared error (RMSE), average absolute error (AAE), and average bias error (ABE). Finally, the model was verified using 25 additional data points. For the overall dataset, R2 was ~0.52, and the RMSE range was 1.46–1.77. For woody biomass, the R2 range was 0.78–0.83, and the RMSE range was 0.9626–1.2810. For herbaceous biomass, the R2 range was 0.5251–0.6001, and the RMSE range was 1.1822–1.3957. The validation results showed similar or slightly poorer performances. The optimal model was then tested using the test data. For overall biomass and woody biomass, the performance metrics of the obtained model were superior to those in previous studies, whereas for herbaceous biomass, lower performance metrics were observed. The identified model demonstrated equal or superior performance compared to linear models. Further improvements are required based on a wider range of structural biomass data.
Fully Distributed Optimal Economic Dispatch for Microgrids under Directed Communication Networks Considering Time Delays
Authors: Zhang Yuhang , Ni Ming
Published: December 2023

Distributed generation and demand-side management are expected to play a more prominent role in future power systems. However, the increased number of generations and load demands pose new challenges to optimal energy management in a microgrid. In this paper, an economic dispatch model for microgrids considering Traditional Generators (TGs), energy storage units, wind turbines (WTs), and flexible loads is established. To tackle the Economic Dispatch Problem (EDP) over directed communication networks, a fully distributed algorithm developed by leveraging a two-step state information exchange mechanism is proposed. In addition, by employing a fixed stepsize, the proposed algorithm demonstrates rapid convergence. Furthermore, our algorithm is well-suited for nonquadratic convex cost functions. Subsequently, we extend our algorithm to address imperfect communication scenarios. Even in the presence of arbitrarily large yet bounded time delays, our algorithm exhibits robustness. Finally, several numerical examples are given to verify the correctness and effectiveness of the developed results.
Study on the Effect of Parameter Sensitivity on Engine Optimization Results
Authors: Jiang Kuo , Zeng Hong , Wu Zefan , Sun Jianping , Chen Cai , Han Bing
Published: December 2023

The effects of six control parameters, intake valve opening timing (IVO), exhaust valve opening timing (EVO), compression ratio (CR), engine speed, intake temperature, and intake pressure on engine output power, indicated specific fuel consumption (ISFC), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions, are analyzed through engine simulation. The six parameters were categorized into two groups based on the degree of influence: high influence (EVO, speed and intake pressure) and low influence (CR, IVO and intake temperature). The relationship between these two groups of parameters and power, ISFC and NOx emissions was explored. Optimization was carried out for each of the two groups of parameters, and the optimization of the high impact parameters resulted in a higher diversity and wider distribution of the solution set. On the other hand, the optimization of the low-impact parameters resulted in a more concentrated distribution of the solution set, while better reflecting the trade-off between the optimization objectives. For the optimal solutions for both sets of parameters, the high-impact parameters provided significant optimization performance compared to the standard operating conditions. Although power and ISFC were optimized, the optimal solution for the low-impact parameter performed poorly with a significant increase in NOx emissions. Therefore, the parameters should be evaluated for optimization using high impact parameters to improve engine performance.
Collaborative Optimal Configuration of a Mobile Energy Storage System and a Stationary Energy Storage System to Cope with Regional Grid Blackouts in Extreme Scenarios
Authors: Zhou Weicheng , Zhao Ping , Lu Yifei
Published: December 2023

To address regional blackouts in distribution networks caused by extreme accidents, a collaborative optimization configuration method with both a Mobile Energy Storage System (MESS) and a Stationary Energy Storage System (SESS), which can provide emergency power support in areas of power loss, is proposed. First, a time–space model of MESS with a coupled transportation network and power grids is constructed, as a MESS is more flexible than a SESS. Considering resilience and recovery, a minimization objective function for total cost, encompassing the hybrid energy storage investment cost, the power grid operation cost, and the load shedding penalty cost, is established. Moreover, considering SESS constraints and operational constraints, a hybrid configuration model is established. Then, considering the probability of extreme accidents, the scenario analysis method is used to address randomness, ensuring that the configuration results can be adapted to various scenarios. The proposed method can fully combine the time–space flexibility of MESS and the economic advantages of SESS, which can reduce the total cost and ensure the power system’s reliability. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by the improved IEEE33 system.
Electromagnetic Vibration Analysis of Transverse Flux Permanent Magnet Linear Submersible Motor for Oil Production
Authors: Zhao Mei , Li Yihao , Zuo Sicheng , Tang Pingpeng , Yao Tong , Zhang Huaqiang , Wu Shunjie
Published: December 2023

A transverse flux linear motor is a special type of linear motor with a high thrust force density, and it has broad application prospects in the field of linear direct-drive systems. In the process of oil production, the vibration of the linear motor poses a significant amount of harm to the system due to its special slender structure. This paper focuses on the electromagnetic vibration of a transverse flux permanent magnet linear submersible motor (TFPMLSM). Firstly, the no-load air gap flux density is calculated based on the field modulation principle. Secondly, the radial electromagnetic force (REF) of the TFPMLSM is calculated, and the finite element method (FEM) is used to analyze the time-space and spectral characteristics of the REF. Then, the influence of secondary eccentricity on the frequency spectrum of the REF is further concluded. Finally, the natural frequencies of each vibration mode are calculated using the modal superposition method and the influence of the REF on the motor vibration is obtained through magnetic-structural coupling analysis. The research results found that the motor does not cause resonance at low speeds, and the fundamental frequency of REF has the greatest impact on electromagnetic vibration.
New Energy Commuting Optimization under Low-Carbon Orientation: A Case Study of Xi’an Metropolitan Area
Authors: Dai Xin , Ma Tianshan , Zhou Enyi
Published: December 2023

Low-carbon travel is an important part of low-carbon cities and low-carbon transportation, and low-carbon transportation is an inevitable choice to slow down the growth of carbon emissions in China. All countries in the world are actively promoting new energy vehicles and attach great importance to the application of the new energy industry in urban transportation. Commuting is an important part of urban life, and the choice of travel behavior has an important impact on traffic and environmental protection. Taking the Xi’an metropolitan area as an example, this paper expounds on the integrated development path of the industrial chain of new energy + travel in the metropolitan area and clarifies the energy transformation model of the integrated development of low-carbon transportation and energy. From the perspective of green and low-carbon, 1000 commuters were interviewed using a questionnaire survey, and the cumulative prospect model was used to verify the internal mechanism affecting commuters in metropolitan areas to choose new energy commuting. The results of the study show that new energy transportation modes play an important role in the low-carbon economy, and under different scenarios and assumptions, there are significant differences in the cumulative prospect values of the subway, new energy buses and fuel private cars, and corresponding optimization measures are proposed to increase the proportion of new energy commuting trips. The results will help further promote the development of a low-carbon economy and energy integration in the field of transportation and provide a reference for the sustainable development of public transportation.
Regeneration of Impregnated Activated Carbon after Aging
Authors: Nir Ido , Shepelev Vladislav , Rosh Lilach , Lybman Amir , Aviram Liat , Amitay-Rosen Tal , Rotter Hadar
Published: December 2023

Impregnated activated carbon (IAC) is an efficient adsorbent for the filtration of hazardous gases from the air. However, it tends to lose its efficiency after exposure to high humidity, where it adsorbs water molecules. Water adsorption causes changes in metal impregnation, resulting in a loss of adsorption efficiency for certain toxic gases, particularly gases that are adsorbed via chemisorption. Here, an innovative method was developed for the regeneration and reactivation of aged IAC. The method is based on dripping a regeneration solution composed of ammonium hydroxide and ammonium carbonate onto the aged IAC. The developed regeneration method was applied to ASZMT, a common commercially used IAC, that had undergone accelerated aging for six months. After the regeneration process, the protection capacity of the IAC against cyanogen chloride (CK) and toluene was almost fully restored to its initial value. Elemental analysis by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that after the regeneration procedure, the concentrations of zinc and copper on the external surface of the IAC were decreased. This provides evidence that they were partially incorporated back into the pores. It is reasonable to believe that the developed method can be applied to IACs other than ASZMT impregnated with different kinds of materials. The implementation of this method has economic and environmental consequences. In the future, it may allow the reuse of aged IAC and even the restoration of filters.
Demand-Led Optimization of Urban Park Services
Authors: Tong Anqi , Qian Xiaohu , Xu Lihua , Wu Yaqi , Ma Qiwei , Shi Yijun , Feng Mao , Lu Zhangwei
Published: December 2023

As the demand for cultural and recreational services grows, the mismatch between the supply and demand of park services significantly affects residents’ well-being. Optimizing the spatial layout of park services is a focal point of urban park and green space research. Taking Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, as a case study, this research analyzes the spatial patterns and balance of park service supply and demand. Utilizing the Grey Wolf Optimization Model optimized by the K-Nearest Neighbor Model (GWO-KNN), this study proposes construction objectives for optimizing park services. The results indicate the following: (1) significant differences exist in the park service demands of residents in different residential environments; (2) there is a noticeable spatial disparity in park service supply among various residential areas with an overall positive correlation between park service supply levels and resident demands, yet an imbalance exists; (3) this study categorizes spatial types into low-service coordination, high-service coordination, low-service imbalance, and high-service imbalance; (4) the GWO-KNN Model is applied with optimization objectives being the innovative aspect of this study. Strategies for each park category are proposed: emphasizing suburban park construction by utilizing surrounding green resources and adding diverse facilities; introducing facilities friendly to vulnerable groups to meet the needs of diverse populations; enhancing the complementary advantages between “new” and “old” cities by moderately increasing park sizes and improving cultural and facility development levels; optimizing spatial structure with limited land resources to construct an urban park network system. This study aims to provide theoretical and technical support for optimizing urban park and green space systems.
Electrochemiluminescence Sensor Based on CTS-MoS2 and AB@CTS with Functionalized Luminol for Detection of Malathion Pesticide Residues
Authors: Yu Zhiping , Li Chengqiang , Sun Jiashuai , Sun Xia , Hu Guodong
Published: December 2023

The accumulation of pesticide residues poses a significant threat to the health of people and the surrounding ecological systems. However, traditional methods are not only costly but require expertise in analysis. An electrochemiluminescence (ECL) aptasensor was developed using chitosan and molybdenum disulfide (CTS-MoS2), along with acetylene black (AB@CTS) for the rapid detection of malathion residues. Due to the weak interaction force, simple composite may lead to uneven dispersion; MoS2 and AB were dissolved in CTS solution, respectively, and utilized the biocompatibility of CTS to interact with each other on the electrode. The MoS2 nanosheets provided a large specific surface area, enhancing the utilization rate of catalytic materials, while AB exhibited excellent conductivity. Additionally, the dendritic polylysine (PLL) contained numerous amino groups to load abundant luminol to catalyze hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). The proposed ECL aptasensor obtained a low detection limit of 2.75 × 10−3 ng/mL (S/N = 3) with a good detection range from 1.0 × 10−2 ng/mL to 1.0 × 103 ng/mL, demonstrating excellent specificity, repeatability, and stability. Moreover, the ECL aptasensor was successfully applied for detecting malathion pesticide residues in authentic samples with recovery rates ranging from 94.21% to 99.63% (RSD < 2.52%). This work offers valuable insights for advancing ECL sensor technology in future applications.
Thermal Stability Enhancement of L-Asparaginase from Corynebacterium glutamicum Based on a Semi-Rational Design and Its Effect on Acrylamide Mitigation Capacity in Biscuits
Authors: Chi Huibing , Jiang Qingwei , Feng Yiqian , Zhang Guizheng , Wang Yilian , Zhu Ping , Lu Zhaoxin , Lu Fengxia
Published: December 2023

Acrylamide is present in thermally processed foods, and it possesses toxic and carcinogenic properties. L-asparaginases could effectively regulate the formation of acrylamide at the source. However, current L-asparaginases have drawbacks such as poor thermal stability, low catalytic activity, and poor substrate specificity, thereby restricting their utility in the food industry. To address this issue, this study employed consensus design to predict the crucial residues influencing the thermal stability of Corynebacterium glutamicum L-asparaginase (CgASNase). Subsequently, a combination of site-point saturating mutation and combinatorial mutation techniques was applied to generate the double-mutant enzyme L42T/S213N. Remarkably, L42T/S213N displayed significantly enhanced thermal stability without a substantial impact on its enzymatic activity. Notably, its half-life at 40 °C reached an impressive 13.29 ± 0.91 min, surpassing that of CgASNase (3.24 ± 0.23 min). Moreover, the enhanced thermal stability of L42T/S213N can be attributed to an increased positive surface charge and a more symmetrical positive potential, as revealed by three-dimensional structural simulations and structure comparison analyses. To assess the impact of L42T/S213N on acrylamide removal in biscuits, the optimal treatment conditions for acrylamide removal were determined through a combination of one-way and orthogonal tests, with an enzyme dosage of 300 IU/kg flour, an enzyme reaction temperature of 40 °C, and an enzyme reaction time of 30 min. Under these conditions, compared to the control (464.74 ± 6.68 µg/kg), the acrylamide reduction in double-mutant-enzyme-treated biscuits was 85.31%, while the reduction in wild-type-treated biscuits was 68.78%. These results suggest that L42T/S213N is a promising candidate for industrial applications of L-asparaginase.
Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Yeast from Grains as Starter Cultures for Gluten-Free Sourdough
Authors: Woo Seung-Hye , Park Jiwoon , Sung Jung Min , Choi Eun-Ji , Choi Yun-Sang , Park Jong-Dae
Published: December 2023

With the increasing number of people affected by gluten consumption-related diseases, adhering to a gluten-free (GF) diet is the most effective preventive measure. Herein, we aimed to isolate and characterize the functional properties of autochthonous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast from various GF sourdoughs to determine their suitability in starter cultures for sourdough preparation. Three LAB, Weissella confusa BAQ2, Lactobacillus brevis AQ2, Leuconostoc citreum YC2, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae BW1, were identified. The isolated LAB exhibited greater TTA, faster acidification rates, and higher acid tolerance than commercial LAB. W. confusa BAQ2 exhibited the highest EPS production, W. confusa BAQ2 and L. brevis AQ2 showed high maltose utilization, and S. cerevisiae BW1 exhibited the highest CO2 production rate. Accordingly, all four microbial strains were mixed for the starter culture. The sourdough prepared with starter cultures exhibited differences in gas production depending on fermentation time, which influenced the volume of GF bread dough. GF bread prepared with fermented sourdough exhibited a 16% higher specific volume and enhanced crumb firmness and elasticity than that prepared using non-fermented sourdough. Thus, autochthonous LAB strains isolated from various GF sourdoughs can be used together to improve the quality of sourdough bread, demonstrating their potential for use in starter cultures for GF sourdough production.
A Multidimensional Readiness Index for the Electrification of the Transportation System in China, Norway, and Sweden
Authors: Bhatti Harrison John , Danilovic Mike , Nåbo Arne
Published: December 2023

The main objective of this paper is to develop a readiness index model that can serve as an analytical tool for exploring the achievements of the electrification of transportation systems. We have applied this readiness index model to evaluate the readiness positioning of China, Norway, and Sweden towards transportation electrification. We have chosen these three countries as they represent diversity among countries adopting electric transportation system solutions. Our developed readiness index model has four key dimensions: technological readiness, political readiness, societal readiness, and economic readiness. The embeddedness of all four dimensions in one model provides a multi-perspective way of analyzing and evaluating the readiness levels of countries moving towards transforming their transportation system. Therefore, we named the model a “multidimensional readiness index”. Our main conclusions are that political processes and decisiveness are the most important factors, followed by societal needs and economic ability, with the current technology as the fourth. Without the participation of dedicated and determined political decision makers, the other three factors are challenging to obtain. Political decision makers need to facilitate economic means to support the transformation in society and affected industries to balance the economic disadvantages of the electrically powered vehicle systems until they pass the cost disadvantage turning point. The development of relevant technology is no longer the significant barrier it was at the beginning of this transformation about 20 years ago. The technology for electrically powered transportation systems and devices is widely available now, although it is continuously evolving and being improved. Associated industries cannot be expected to initiate, finance, take risks, and take the lead in this global societal transformation without clear and strong political support.
Peptide-Hydrogel Nanocomposites for Anti-Cancer Drug Delivery
Authors: Hajareh Haghighi Farid , Binaymotlagh Roya , Fratoddi Ilaria , Chronopoulou Laura , Palocci Cleofe
Published: December 2023

Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally, but conventional anticancer drugs have side effects, mainly due to their non-specific distribution in the body in both cancerous and healthy cells. To address this relevant issue and improve the efficiency of anticancer drugs, increasing attention is being devoted to hydrogel drug-delivery systems for different kinds of cancer treatment due to their high biocompatibility and stability, low side effects, and ease of modifications. To improve the therapeutic efficiency and provide multi-functionality, different types of nanoparticles (NPs) can be incorporated within the hydrogels to form smart hydrogel nanocomposites, benefiting the advantages of both counterparts and suitable for advanced anticancer applications. Despite many papers on non-peptide hydrogel nanocomposites, there is limited knowledge about peptide-based nanocomposites, specifically in anti-cancer drug delivery. The aim of this short but comprehensive review is, therefore, to focus attention on the synergies resulting from the combination of NPs with peptide-based hydrogels. This review, which includes a survey of recent advances in this kind of material, does not aim to be an exhaustive review of hydrogel technology, but it instead highlights recent noteworthy publications and discusses novel perspectives to provide valuable insights into the promising synergic combination of peptide hydrogels and NPs for the design of novel anticancer drug delivery systems.
Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Galeruca daurica Reveals Cold Tolerance Mechanisms
Authors: Zhang Hongling , Sun Feilong , Zhang Wenbing , Gao Xia , Du Lei , Yun Xiaopeng , Li Yanyan , Li Ling , Pang Baoping , Tan Yao
Published: December 2023

Galeruca daurica (Joannis) is a pest species with serious outbreaks in the Inner Mongolian grasslands in recent years, and its larvae and eggs are extremely cold-tolerant. To gain a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanism of its cold-tolerant stress response, we performed de novo transcriptome assembly of G. daurica via RNA-Seq and compared the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of first- and second-instar larvae grown and developed indoors and outdoors, respectively. The results show that cold tolerance in G. daurica is associated with changes in gene expression mainly involved in the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway, the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway and the production of heat shock proteins (HSPs). Compared with the control group (indoor), the genes associated with gluconeogenesis, fatty acid biosynthesis and HSP production were up-regulated in the larvae grown and developed outdoors. While the changes in these genes were related to the physiological metabolism and growth of insects, it was hypothesized that the proteins encoded by these genes play an important role in cold tolerance in insects. In addition, we also investigated the expression of genes related to the metabolic pathway of HSPs, and the results show that the HSP-related genes were significantly up-regulated in the larvae of G. daurica grown and developed outdoors compared with the indoor control group. Finally, we chose to induce significant expression differences in the Hsp70 gene (Hsp70A1, Hsp70-2 and Hsp70-3) via RNAi to further illustrate the role of heat stress proteins in cold tolerance on G. daurica larvae. The results show that separate and mixed injections of dsHSP70A1, dsHsp70-2 and dsHsp70-3 significantly reduced expression levels of the target genes in G. daurica larvae. The super-cooling point (SCP) and the body fluid freezing point (FP) of the test larvae were determined after RNAi using the thermocouple method, and it was found that silencing the Hsp70 genes significantly increased the SCP and FP of G. daurica larvae, which validated the role of heat shock proteins in the cold resistance of G. daurica larvae. Our findings provide an important theoretical basis for further excavating the key genes and proteins in response to extremely cold environments and analyzing the molecular mechanism of cold adaptation in insects in harsh environments.
Systematic Quantification and Assessment of Digital Image Correlation Performance for Landslide Monitoring
Authors: Hermle Doris , Keuschnig Markus , Krautblatter Michael , Bickel Valentin Tertius
Published: December 2023

Accurate and reliable analyses of high-alpine landslide displacement magnitudes and rates are key requirements for current and future alpine early warnings. It has been proved that high spatiotemporal-resolution remote sensing data combined with digital image correlation (DIC) algorithms can accurately monitor ground displacements. DIC algorithms still rely on significant amounts of expert input; there is neither a general mathematical description of type and spatiotemporal resolution of input data nor DIC parameters required for successful landslide detection, accurate characterisation of displacement magnitude and rate, and overall error estimation. This work provides generic formulas estimating appropriate DIC input parameters, drastically reducing the time required for manual input parameter optimisation. We employed the open-source code DIC-FFT using optical remote sensing data acquired between 2014 and 2020 for two landslides in Switzerland to qualitatively and quantitatively show which spatial resolution is required to recognise slope displacements, from satellite images to aerial orthophotos, and how the spatial resolution affects the accuracy of the calculated displacement magnitude and rate. We verified our results by manually tracing geomorphic markers in orthophotos. Here, we show a first generic approach for designing and optimising future remote sensing-based landslide monitoring campaigns to support time-critical applications like early warning systems.
Platelet Microvesicles, Inflammation, and Coagulation Markers: A Pilot Study
Authors: Gidaro Antonio , Delitala Alessandro Palmerio , Manetti Roberto , Caccia Sonia , Soloski Mark J. , Lambertenghi Deliliers Giorgio , Castro Dante , Donadoni Mattia , Bartoli Arianna , Sanna Giuseppe , Bergamaschini Luigi , Castelli Roberto
Published: December 2023

Background: Platelet “Microvesicles” (MVs) are studied for their role in blood coagulation and inflammation. The study aimed to establish if MVs are related to age, plasma levels of inflammation, coagulation, and fibrinolysis markers in healthy individuals. Methods: We prospectively enrolled volunteers aged over 18 years. MVs, plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Interleukin 10 (IL-10), Interleukin 17 (IL-17), and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), von Willebrand factor (VWF), homocysteine, factor VII (FVII), thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI), and Protein S were tested. Results: A total of 246 individuals (median age 65 years (“IQR”54–72)) were evaluated. Both univariate analysis and logistic regression models showed that MVs positively correlate with age, CRP, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, TGF-β, fibrinogen, PAI-1, VWF, FVII, and homocysteine, while inversely correlating with TAFI and Protein S. The ROC curve analysis performed to identify a cut off for MV values (700 kMP) showed a good accuracy with over-range cytokines fibrinolysis factor and coagulation markers. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to correlate MVs with an entire panel of cardiovascular risk factors in healthy individuals. A future possible role of MVs in screening exams is suggested.
Vitamin D3 Receptors and Metabolic Enzymes in Hen Reproductive Tissues
Authors: Hrabia Anna , Kamińska Kinga , Socha Magdalena , Grzesiak Małgorzata
Published: December 2023

In recent years, vitamin D3 has been revealed as an important regulator of reproductive processes in humans and livestock; however, its role in the female reproductive system of poultry is poorly known. The aim of this study was to examine vitamin D3 receptor (VDR and PDIA3) and metabolic enzyme (1α-hydroxylase and 24-hydroxylase) mRNA transcript and protein abundances, and protein localization within the hen ovary, oviductal shell gland, pituitary, liver, and kidney. We demonstrated, for the first time, the patterns of the relative mRNA and protein abundances of examined molecules in the ovary, dependent on follicle development and the layer of follicle wall, as well as in other examined organs. Immunohistochemically, PDIA3, 1α-hydroxylase, and 24-hydroxylase are localized in follicular theca and granulosa layers, luminal epithelium and tubular glands of the shell gland, pituitary, liver, and kidney. These results indicate that reproductive tissues have both receptors, VDR, primarily involved in genomic action, and PDIA3, probably participating in the rapid, non-genomic effect of vitamin D3. The finding of 1α-hydroxylase and 24-hydroxylase expression indicates that the reproductive system of chickens has the potential for vitamin D3 synthesis and inactivation, and may suggest that locally produced vitamin D3 can be considered as a significant factor in the orchestration of ovarian and shell gland function in hens. These results provide a new insight into the potential mechanisms of vitamin D3 action and metabolism in the chicken ovary and oviduct.
Host-Cell-Dependent Roles of E-Cadherin in Serratia Invasion
Authors: Tsaplina Olga , Lomert Ekaterina , Berson Yuliya
Published: December 2023

Bacteria use cell surface proteins to mediate host–pathogen interactions. Proteins responsible for cell adhesion, including E-cadherin, serve as receptors for entry into the host cell. We have previously shown that an increase in eukaryotic cell sensitivity to Serratia grimesii correlates with an increase in E-cadherin expression. On the other hand, Serratia proteamaculans invasion involves the EGFR, which can interact with E-cadherin on the surface of host cells. Therefore, we investigated the role of E-cadherin in Serratia invasion into M-HeLa and Caco-2 cells. Bacterial infection increased E-cadherin expression in both cell lines. Moreover, E-cadherin was detected in the Caco-2 cells in a full-length form and in the M-HeLa cells in only a truncated form in response to incubation with bacteria. Transfection with siRNA targeting E-cadherin inhibited S. proteamaculans invasion only into the Caco-2 cells. Thus, only full-length E-cadherin is involved in S. proteamaculans invasion. On the other hand, transfection with siRNA targeting E-cadherin inhibited S. grimesii invasion into both cell lines. Thus, not only may full-length E-cadherin but also truncated E-cadherin be involved in S. grimesii invasion. Truncated E-cadherin can be formed as a result of cleavage by bacterial proteases or the Ca2+-activated cellular protease ADAM10. The rate of Ca2+ accumulation in the host cells depends on the number of bacteria per cell upon infection. During incubation, Ca2+ accumulates only when more than 500 S. grimesii bacteria are infected per eukaryotic cell, and only under these conditions does the ADAM10 inhibitor reduce the sensitivity of the cells to bacteria. An EGFR inhibitor has the same quantitative effect on S. grimesii invasion. Apparently, as a result of infection with S. grimesii, Ca2+ accumulates in the host cells and may activate the ADAM10 sheddase, which can promote invasion by cleaving E-cadherin and, as a result, triggering EGFR signaling. Thus, the invasion of S. proteamaculans can only be promoted by full-length E-cadherin, and S. grimesii invasion can be promoted by both full-length and truncated E-cadherin.
Ligand Recognition by the Macrophage Galactose-Type C-Type Lectin: Self or Non-Self?—A Way to Trick the Host’s Immune System
Authors: Szczykutowicz Justyna
Published: December 2023

The cells and numerous macromolecules of living organisms carry an array of simple and complex carbohydrates on their surface, which may be recognized by many types of proteins, including lectins. Human macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL, also known as hMGL/CLEC10A/CD301) is a C-type lectin receptor expressed on professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) specific to glycans containing terminal GalNAc residue, such as Tn antigen or LacdiNAc but also sialylated Tn antigens. Macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL) exhibits immunosuppressive properties, thus facilitating the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Hence, MGL is exploited by tumors and some pathogens to trick the host immune system and induce an immunosuppressive environment to escape immune control. The aims of this article are to discuss the immunological outcomes of human MGL ligand recognition, provide insights into the molecular aspects of these interactions, and review the MGL ligands discovered so far. Lastly, based on the human fetoembryonic defense system (Hu-FEDS) hypothesis, this paper raises the question as to whether MGL-mediated interactions may be relevant in the development of maternal tolerance toward male gametes and the fetus.
Effects of Low-Load, High-Repetition Resistance Training on Maximum Muscle Strength and Muscle Damage in Elite Weightlifters: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Yeom Dong-Chul , Hwang Dong-Joo , Lee Woong-Bae , Cho Joon-Yong , Koo Jung-Hoon
Published: December 2023

This study aimed to assess the impact of different resistance training (RT) loads and repetition on muscle damage, intramuscular anabolic signaling, and maximal muscle strength (MMS) in weightlifters. Eighteen male weightlifters were randomly assigned to 8 weeks of supervised RT regimes: high-load, low-repetition (HL), low-load, high-repetition (LH), and combination of HL and LH (COMBI). All groups exhibited a significant increase in skeletal muscle mass (SMM) and growth hormone levels, which ultimately contributed to improvement in MMS as indicated by 1-repetition maximum in the back squat and back muscle strength. Notably, while there were no significant changes in the mTOR protein, the phosphorylation of phosphorylation of p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (p70S6K1), eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), and eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2), which are involved in muscle cell growth, was significantly affected by the different training regimens. More importantly, LH-RT led to a significant reduction in muscle damage markers, creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), suggesting reduced recovery time and fatigue. Our results demonstrated that the LH-RT paradigm could be a viable alternative for weightlifters to enhance MMS and muscle hypertrophy similar to HL-RT, while reducing RT-induced muscle damage, ultimately contributing to the enhancement of exercise performance.
Chronic Voluntary Morphine Intake Is Associated with Changes in Brain Structures Involved in Drug Dependence in a Rat Model of Polydrug Use
Authors: Quintanilla María Elena , Morales Paola , Santapau Daniela , Ávila Alba , Ponce Carolina , Berrios-Cárcamo Pablo , Olivares Belén , Gallardo Javiera , Ezquer Marcelo , Herrera-Marschitz Mario , Israel Yedy , Ezquer Fernando
Published: December 2023

Chronic opioid intake leads to several brain changes involved in the development of dependence, whereby an early hedonistic effect (liking) extends to the need to self-administer the drug (wanting), the latter being mostly a prefrontal–striatal function. The development of animal models for voluntary oral opioid intake represents an important tool for identifying the cellular and molecular alterations induced by chronic opioid use. Studies mainly in humans have shown that polydrug use and drug dependence are shared across various substances. We hypothesize that an animal bred for its alcohol preference would develop opioid dependence and further that this would be associated with the overt cortical abnormalities clinically described for opioid addicts. We show that Wistar-derived outbred UChB rats selected for their high alcohol preference additionally develop: (i) a preference for oral ingestion of morphine over water, resulting in morphine intake of 15 mg/kg/day; (ii) marked opioid dependence, as evidenced by the generation of strong withdrawal signs upon naloxone administration; (iii) prefrontal cortex alterations known to be associated with the loss of control over drug intake, namely, demyelination, axonal degeneration, and a reduction in glutamate transporter GLT-1 levels; and (iv) glial striatal neuroinflammation and brain oxidative stress, as previously reported for chronic alcohol and chronic nicotine use. These findings underline the relevance of polydrug animal models and their potential in the study of the wide spectrum of brain alterations induced by chronic morphine intake. This study should be valuable for future evaluations of therapeutic approaches for this devastating condition.
Ubiquitination of Major Histocompatibility Complex II Changes Its Immunological Recognition Structure
Authors: Kozono Yuko , Kuramochi Masahiro , Sasaki Yuji C. , Kozono Haruo
Published: December 2023

Ubiquitination is a process that dictates the lifespan of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II)/peptide complexes on antigen-presenting cells. This process is tightly controlled by the levels of ubiquitin ligases, and disruptions in the turnover of MHC II can lead to the improper development of CD4+ T cells within the thymus and hinder the formation of regulatory T cells in the peripheral tissue. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, we utilized dendritic cells lacking the Membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) I ubiquitin ligase. We discovered that the overexpression of MARCH I decreases the interaction with LAG-3. Moreover, the MHC II molecules tethered with ubiquitin also showed diminished binding to LAG-3. We employed Diffracted X-ray Blinking (DXB), a technique used for single-molecule X-ray imaging, to observe the protein movements on live cells in real time. Our observations indicated that the normal MHC II molecules moved more rapidly across the cell surface compared to those on the MARCH I-deficient dendritic cells or MHC II KR mutants, which is likely a result of ubiquitination. These findings suggest that the signaling from ubiquitinated MHC II to the T cell receptor differs from the non-ubiquitinated forms. It appears that ubiquitinated MHC II might not be quickly internalized, but rather presents antigens to the T cells, leading to a range of significant immunological responses.
Epigenetic Dysregulation in MYCN-Amplified Neuroblastoma
Authors: Epp Soraya , Chuah Shin Mei , Halasz Melinda
Published: December 2023

Neuroblastoma (NB), a childhood cancer arising from the neural crest, poses significant clinical challenges, particularly in cases featuring amplification of the MYCN oncogene. Epigenetic factors play a pivotal role in normal neural crest and NB development, influencing gene expression patterns critical for tumorigenesis. This review delves into the multifaceted interplay between MYCN and known epigenetic modifications during NB genesis, shedding light on the intricate regulatory networks underlying the disease. We provide an extensive survey of known epigenetic mechanisms, encompassing DNA methylation, histone modifications, non-coding RNAs, super-enhancers (SEs), bromodomains (BET), and chromatin modifiers in MYCN-amplified (MNA) NB. These epigenetic changes collectively contribute to the dysregulated gene expression landscape observed in MNA NB. Furthermore, we review emerging therapeutic strategies targeting epigenetic regulators, including histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), histone methyltransferase inhibitors (HMTi), and DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTi). We also discuss and summarize current drugs in preclinical and clinical trials, offering insights into their potential for improving outcomes for MNA NB patients.
PSPC1 Inhibition Synergizes with Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors in a Preclinical Model of BRCA-Mutated Breast/Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Ghosh Mithun , Kang Min Sil , Katuwal Nar Bahadur , Hong Sa Deok , Jeong Yeong Gyu , Park Seong Min , Kim Seul-Gi , Moon Yong Wha
Published: December 2023

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are effective against BRCA1/2-mutated cancers through synthetic lethality. Unfortunately, most cases ultimately develop acquired resistance. Therefore, enhancing PARP inhibitor sensitivity and preventing resistance in those cells are an unmet clinical need. Here, we investigated the ability of paraspeckle component 1 (PSPC1), as an additional synthetic lethal partner with BRCA1/2, to enhance olaparib sensitivity in preclinical models of BRCA1/2-mutated breast and ovarian cancers. In vitro, the combined olaparib and PSPC1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) exhibited synergistic anti-proliferative activity in BRCA1/2-mutated breast and ovarian cancer cells. The combination therapy also demonstrated synergistic tumor inhibition in a xenograft mouse model. Mechanistically, olaparib monotherapy increased the expressions of p-ATM and DNA-PKcs, suggesting the activation of a DNA repair pathway, whereas combining PSPC1 siRNA with olaparib decreased the expressions of p-ATM and DNA-PKcs again. As such, the combination increased the formation of γH2AX foci, indicating stronger DNA double-strand breaks. Subsequently, these DNA-damaged cells escaped G2/M checkpoint activation, as indicated by the suppression of p-cdc25C (Ser216) and p-cdc2 (Tyr15) after combination treatment. Finally, these cells entered mitosis, which induced increased apoptosis. Thus, this proves that PSPC1 inhibition enhances olaparib sensitivity by targeting DNA damage response in our preclinical model. The combination of olaparib and PSPC1 inhibition merits further clinical investigation to enhance PARP inhibitor efficacy.
Pharmacomicrobiomics and Drug–Infection Interactions: The Impact of Commensal, Symbiotic and Pathogenic Microorganisms on a Host Response to Drug Therapy
Authors: Torres-Carrillo Norma , Martínez-López Erika , Torres-Carrillo Nora Magdalena , López-Quintero Andres , Moreno-Ortiz José Miguel , González-Mercado Anahí , Gutiérrez-Hurtado Itzae Adonai
Published: December 2023

Microorganisms have a close relationship with humans, whether it is commensal, symbiotic, or pathogenic. Recently, it has been documented that microorganisms may influence the response to drug therapy. Pharmacomicrobiomics is an emerging field that focuses on the study of how variations in the microbiome affect the disposition, action, and toxicity of drugs. Two additional sciences have been added to complement pharmacomicrobiomics, namely toxicomicrobiomics, which explores how the microbiome influences drug metabolism and toxicity, and pharmacoecology, which refers to modifications in the microbiome as a result of drug administration. In this context, we introduce the concept of “drug-infection interaction” to describe the influence of pathogenic microorganisms on drug response. This review analyzes the current state of knowledge regarding the relevance of microorganisms in the host’s response to drugs. It also highlights promising areas for future research and proposes the term “drug-infection interaction” as an extension of pharmacomicrobiomics.