bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Breeding for lipid composition in corn
Authors: Weber E. J. , Alexander D. E.
Published: May 2007

Large genetic diversity is available in corn (Zea mays L.) for alteration of its lipid composition. Mass selection has produced strains ranging from 0.4–17% oil with genetic variability still existing in the high oil version. High oil hybrids (7–8% oil) with yields equal to those of commercial hybrids (4% oil) have recently been developed. In feeding trials at the University of Minnesota, pigs made more efficient gains on high oil corn. Oleic and linoleic acids usually make up 80–90% of the fatty acids of corn oil. Screening of corn lines has revealed a range for linoleic acid of 25–71% and for oleic acid of 20–60%. Although the genetics of fattya cid synthesis have not been completely elucidated, breeding of corn with selected unsaturation should be possible. Fatty acid placement within the triglyceride molecule also may be subject to genetic modification in corn.
Recent research on safflower, sunflower, and cotton
Authors: Knowles P. F.
Published: May 2007

Research on safflower shows the following: a) levels of greater than 80% oleic acid and linoleic acid will be achieved with few effects by management of genes; b) oil content of 50% will be possible in extreme reduced hull types; c) resistance to several diseases has been identified in introductions of domesticated and wild safflower; and d) improvements can be made in ornamental types of safflower used in dried flower arrangements. In sunflower, major improvements are: a) resistance to all important diseases; b) some resistance to larvae of the sunflower moth through use of types with an armored layer in the hull of the seed; and c) development of superior hybrid varieties. In cotton, oil and meal have been improved by the genetic or mechanical removal of gossypol glands.
Flavor evaluation of copper‐hydrogenated soybean oils
Authors: Cowan J. C. , Evans C. D. , Moser Helen A. , List G. R. , Koritala S. , Moulton K. J. , Dutton H. J.
Published: May 2007

The use of copper catalyst to reduce selectively the linolenate in soybean oil improves its flavor stability. As previously shown, the copper must be removed or properly inactivated to obtain an oil of high initial quality. In oven and heat tests, odor and flavor development in the hydrogenated soybean oil samples correlate surprisingly well with actual levels of linolenate, but there were some differences in overall responses among cottonseed oil, copper‐reduced (0.0% linolenate) and nickel‐reduced (3.0% linolenate) soybean oils. The taste panel generally scored the last three oils in the following order: cottonseed oil, copper‐reduced and nickel‐reduced soybean oil.
Transfer and adsorption steps affecting partial hydrogenation of triglyceride oils
Authors: Albright Lyle F.
Published: May 2007

The numerous transfer, adsorption and true hydrogenation steps which occur during the partial hydrogenation of triglyceride oils are reviewed and discussed. Transfer steps involve the transfer or diffusion of the reactants to the catalyst surface and possibly also into the pores of the catalyst. In addition, the reaction products must then also be transferred back to the main body of the triglyceride oil. Such reaction products include not only the saturated groups (formed by the hydrogenation of the unsaturated groups) but also the geometrical and positional isomers of the original unsaturated groups. Once an unsaturated group reaches the catalyst surface, it is generally assumed that it is adsorbed on the catalyst. Polyunsaturated fatty groups are however preferentially adsorbed relative to monounsaturated fatty groups. The overall kinetics of hydrogenation affects the relative ratio of the adsorption of the polyunsaturated to the monounsaturated groups at the catalyst surface. Transfer and adsorption steps frequently, if not always, are the critical steps in controlling the degree of isomerization and selectivity of reactions in the partial hydrogenation process. Additional information is still needed relative to these steps but the general trends which occur are discussed.
Gas chromatographic analysis for alpha‐olefin sulfonate
Authors: Nagai Toshio , Hashimoto Shigeru , Yamane Izumi , Mori Akira
Published: May 2007

The separation and determination of alkene sulfonate and hydroxyalkane sulfonate, and the carbon chain distribution of the lipophilic groups of long chain alpha‐olefin sulfonates (C14 to C18) were studied by means of gas chromatography. Samples were hydrogenated initially, and converted to sulfonyl chlorides for gas chromatographic analysis. Using a glass column, 4 mm i.d. and 2.5 m long, packed with Silicon SE‐30, 3% on 60 to 80 mesh Chromosorb WAW treated with hexamethyldisilazane, a 0.3 to 0.6 μl sample, as 10% carbon tetrachloride solution, was injected directly on the column, and alkane and monochloroalkane sulfonyl chloride were determined as alkyl chloride and alkyl dichloride, respectively. Minimization of further decomposition, improvement of peak separation and reproducibility were accomplished by this procedure. The method was applied to alpha‐olefin sulfonates produced commercially from C14 to C18 alpha‐olefins.
Hydrogenolysis products of the minor fatty acids fromEuphoria longana seed oil
Authors: Ackman R. G. , Hooper S. N.
Published: May 2007

The behavior of shorter‐chain cyclopropane fatty acid components ofEuphoria longana seed oil and some other minor components during hydrogenolysis has been studied by open‐tubular gas liquid chromatography on butanediolsuccinate polyester and Apiezon L substrates. The retention data and degree of resolution of the pairs of monomethylbranched fatty acids resulting from the hydrogenolysis of cyclopropane rings are used to indicate the positions of the latter in a series of fatty acids as ω9 relative to the terminal methyl group. An instance of possible isomerization of a cyclopropene fatty acid has been detected. The probable positions of monoethylenic unsaturation in fatty acids are discussed.
A new and rapid method for the electron microscopic examination of fats
Authors: Jewell G. G. , Meara M. L.
Published: May 2007

A replica technique was developed to study the crystal structure of fats using the electron microscope. The fats were frozen prior to replicating, and it was shown that differing rates of freezing produce structural differences within the fat. The use of Teepol solutions permitted a degree of separation of the solid and liquid phases, and the differences between crystals of the solid phase were shown.
Some fundamental aspects of bleaching
Authors: Rich A. D.
Published: May 2007

This paper reviews several aspects of bleaching fats and oils. Bleaching is a relatively simple operation from a mechanical standpoint, however the underlying technical background of the reactions occurring in the oil is quite involved and frequently weird, and apparently inconsistent effects result. Specificially, the subjects covered are: (a) effect of bleaching upon the organic peroxides of the oil; (b) nature of the bleaching reaction; (c) variation of bleaching efficiency between clays upon different oils; and (d) filtration factors.
Isomerization during hydrogenation. II. Methyl cis‐10, cis‐12‐octadecadienoate
Authors: Allen R. R.
Published: May 2007

Methylcis‐10,cis‐12‐octadecadienoate was prepared and found to have an ultraviolet absorption peak at 235 mµ, α=95. The infrared spectrum revealed no diagnostic peaks for thecis,cis conjugated system.

The hydrogenation of the ester showed that when one mole of hydrogen was added, 1–2, 1–4, and 3–4 addition took place with equal ease to produce an equimolar mixture ofcis‐10‐,trans‐11‐, andcis‐12‐octadecenoates. An explanation of the reaction is offered on the basis of the structure of the diene system.
Consistency of mixtures of cottonseed and Paraguayan palm kernel oils
Authors: Landmann Werner , Feuge R. O.
Published: May 2007

A palm kernel oil, mbocaya, possessing a relatively high iodine value, approximately 30, is being produced in Paraguay. Production can be expanded. One possible use for the oil is as a component of shortenings.

As expected, consistency measurements showed the oil to be unsuited for conversion to shortening of the all‐hydrogenated type. Blends with hydrogenated cottonseed oil yielded products having acceptable consistency characteristics. However, for a given consistency, the proportion of hydrogenated cottonseed oil needed was greater than that needed for a comparable blend with cottonseed oil. The difference was attributed to the formation of solid solutions or mixed crystals in the latter blend.

A mixture of hydrogenated palm kernel oil and cottonseed oil was prepared and found to possess consistency characteristics better than those of a typical shortening of the all‐hydrogenated type.
The antioxidant properties of some 6‐Hydroxychromans and 5‐Hydroxycoumarans
Authors: Gleim William K. T. , Chenicek Joseph A.
Published: May 2007

The inhibitor activity of some 6‐hydroxychromans and 5‐hydroxycoumarans in gasoline and lard was investigated. The coumarans are the more effective in both substrates. Introduction of a tertiary butyl group ortho to the hydroxyl group increases the activity of 2,2‐dimethyl‐5‐hydroxycoumaran in both substrates, but the activity of the 2,2‐dimethyl‐6‐hydroxychromans is increased only in gasoline.
Improved method for determining gossypol in crude cottonseed oils
Authors: Pons Walter A. , Mitcham Donald , O’Connor Robert T. , Stansbury Mack F.
Published: May 2007

The p‐anisidine method for the determination of gossypol in crude cottonseed oils has been reinvestigated and modified to make it applicable to all crude oils obtained by the newer methods of processing cottonseed. The modifications included a change in the composition of the solvent, a higher reaction temperature, and the use of a more concentrated panisidine reagent. The modified method was found satisfactory where different colorimeters and spectrophotometers were used for measuring the color developed.

Comparison of aniline and p‐anisidine as reagents for the analysis of gossypol pigments showed that the presence of modified gossypol in some crude oils resulted in an over‐correction for background absorption and led to significant errors when aniline was used as the color development agent.
A commercial process for the recovery of deodorizer distillates
Authors: Fiala Richard J.
Published: May 2007

A continuous system for recovering the organic distillates from the deodorization process has been briefly described. The operation of this system essentially eliminates barometric condenser‐water disposal problems since this water is relatively free of organic contaminants.

At a nominal cost, which can be economically justified, all deodorizers could be put on a closed‐circuit water system. The cooling towers in this system would remain clean and would require little maintenance. The organic materials, which were formerly lost as stream contaminants, would be recovered in a dry form which holds a premium over acidulated soapstock.

This system would prove advantageous to the many processors of fatty products who are currently having waste‐water disposal problems or who are operating on closed‐circuit water systems, where periodic shutdown, cleaning, and maintenance of the cooling tower are required. The system is a major step toward solving the problems which have been so important in the past few years.
Esters of hydroxystearic acids as primary low‐temperature plasticizers for a vinyl chloride—Vinyl acetate copolymer
Authors: Knight H. B. , Witnauer Lee P. , Palm W. E. , Koos R. E. , Swern Daniel
Published: May 2007

Thirty‐one acyloxy or aryloxy esters prepared from hydroxystearic acids have been evaluated as plasticizers for a vinyl chloride‐vinyl acetate copolymer (95∶5). Many of them were found to be primary plasticizers, having outstanding low‐temperature performance when employed at the 35% level. Formulations with these compounds compared quite favorably in tensile properties with those containing the di‐2‐ethylhexyl esters of phthalic, sebacic, azelaic, and adipic acids. Volatility losses were similar to those of the four di‐2‐ethylhexyl esters. The loss of plasticizer through migration was equal to or less than that from compositions containing the esters of sebacic, azelaic, and adipic acids but was greater than that of the phthalate ester.

A mechanistic scheme of plasticizer‐polymer interaction has been presented, proposing that the rate of diffusion of plasticizer through the polymer mass is a controlling factor in both good low‐temperature performance and the resulting high migration losses. Methyl esters, some aromatic esters, and esters containing three or more polar centers have improved permanence but show a more rapid change in torsional modulus as the temperature is lowered during the determination of the Clash‐Berg stiffening temperature.
Preparation and properties of methyl arachidonate from pork liver
Authors: Privett O. S. , Weber R. P. , Nickell E. Christense
Published: May 2007

A procedure is described whereby the mixed fatty acids of pork liver lipid are fractionated into groups of acids to facilitate their analysis and isolation. The major acids of pork liver lipid were palmitic 22.9%, stearic 16.8%, oleic 38.5%, linoleic 5.0%, and arachidonic 4.4%. A number of other unsaturated fatty acids were detected in minor amounts, such as isomers of arachidonic, linoleic, and palmitoleic acids. A number of fatty acids of odd‐numbered chain length also were detected.

The isolation of methyl arachidonate in a number of preparations of purity ranging from 87 to more than 99% is described. Yields ranged from 44% for the purest arachidonate to 93% for the less pure concentrates. Alkali‐isomerization analyses of methyl arachidonate from this source, by the 21% KOH‐glycol method, gave appreciably different absorptivities from those previously published.

Various criteria for estimating purity of polyun‐saturated fatty acids are discussed in the light of results of the analysis of methyl arachidonate.
Addition of chlorine to unsaturated fatty acids and esters
Authors: Lyness W. I. , Quackenbush F. W.
Published: May 2007

Methyl oleate, oleic acid, and ethyl linoleate were chlorinated with elemental chlorine at temperatures near −20°C. Approximately quantitative yields of the addition products were obtained, with little or no concurrent substitution. The products prepared in this manner had not previously been reported in the pure state. Two new compounds, ethyl tetrachlorostearate and tetrachlorostearic acid, were prepared.

Methyl dichlorostearate was found to distil with no apparent decomposition at 190–200°C. under pressures below 1 mm. Removal of the chlorine atoms required more drastic conditions that removal of bromine atoms from the same positions and was accompanied by complicating side reactions.
An investigation of the oil of laemonema morosum matsubara
Authors: Komori Saburo , Agawa Toshio
Published: May 2007

It has been shown that the oil ofLaemonema Morosum Matsubara, a deep sea fish, contains a large amount (31–34%) of unsaponifiable matter. The main component (ca. 50%) of which is 11‐docosen‐1‐ol, has an m.p. 31.7–32.3°C. This alcohol has not been previously reported in the literature. From this alcoholtrans‐11‐docosen‐1‐ol having m.p. 52.4–52.8°C. was prepared. The infrared spectra of these two alcohols are given.
Effect of heat on the color of trichloroethylene‐extracted cottonseed oil
Authors: Arnold Lionel K. , Juhl William G.
Published: May 2007

Trichloroethylene cottonseed oil miscellas from prime meats heated during desolventization above 180°F. produced a refined oil darker than prime. When the miscellas were heated above 190°F., the bleached oils produced from them were darker than prime. Extracting prime meats with trichloroethylene above 118°F. produced an oil darker than prime. There is some evidence that heating the meats above about 170°F. also gives a dark oil. Dilute miscellas, when desolventized, produced a darker oil than more concentrated ones probably because of the longer time required for solvent removal. It is believed that the darkening is primarily a function of time and temperature, rather than the solvent used.
Protective films for pilot‐plant deodorizers
Authors: Beal R. E. , Lancaster E. B.
Published: May 2007

With mild agitation, soybean oil is not appreciably contaminated by contact with clean steel surfaces unless the fatty acid content is above 0.1% and the temperature above 150°C.

It has been shown that an oxidized oil film is an effective coating for metals used in the construction of pilot‐plant deodorizers. Such a film, to be most effective, should be washed free of unoxidized, noncoherent oil with a suitable solvent. If the metal is properly coated an oxidation‐stable and flavor‐stable oil can be obtained from the deodorizer, providing the oil has been properly refined and bleached. The oil film is nearly the equivalent of a glass surface in its effect on oil stability, is easily formed on a metallic surface, and can be readily removed when the metal is cleaned with caustic.

A silicone varnish film baked on the metal surface is somewhat less effective than an oil film. Other methods of treating steel or stainless steel, which include coating the metal with a polymeric ether‐linked wax, grit‐polishing, and electropolishing, are fairly effective in reducing corrosion of the metal during deodorization.
The preparation of stearolic acid and methyl dideutero‐oleate, and certain of their derivatives
Authors: Khan N. A. , Deatherage F. E. , Brown J. B.
Published: May 2007

1. Improved methods of synthesizing stearolic acid and 9,10‐diketostearic acid in high yields are described. Dehydrobromination of dibromostearic acid by sodamide in ammonia is shown to be a very smooth and practical reaction.

2. Dibromo‐oleic acid, methyl stearolate, and ethyl stearolate have been prepared and characterized.

3. Stearolamide, dibromo‐oleyl alcohol, and stearolyl alcohol (9‐octadecynol‐1) have been synthesized and their properties described.

4. Selective hydrogenation and low temperature crystallization have been utilized to prepare oleic acid from stearolic acid and methyl oleate and methyl 9,10‐dideutero‐oleate, free of other higher unsaturated substances, from methyl stearolate.

5. Complete reduction of dideutero‐oleate yielded 9,10‐tetradeuterostearate which, on hydrolysis, gave tetradeuterostearic acid.

6. Infra‐red absorption curves for 9,10‐dideuterooleate, tetradeuterostearate, and tetradeuterostearic acid are also reported.
Molecularly distilled monoglycerides. III. Nutritional studies on monoglycerides derived from cottonseed oil
Authors: Ames Stanley R. , O’grady M. Patricia , Embree Norris D. , Harris Philip L.
Published: May 2007

Summary and Conclusions

Monoglycerides, prepared from cottonseed oil, were fed to three generations of rats at a 15% and a 25% level as the sole source of fat in the diet. Refined cottonseed oil was fed to comparable groups of rats at the same levels.

No significant differences were found between the monoglycerides and the cottonseed oil in their nutritive value as measured by growth response, reproduction ability, and lactation performance. Absorption of fatty acids, either as monoglycerides or as the original oil, from the intestinal tract was the same as shown by essentially equal coefficients of absorption for the two types of lipid at a 25% level in the diet.
The determination of rosin in fatty acids
Authors: Herrlinger Richard , Compeau Gerald M.
Published: May 2007

A new method is described for the determination of rosin acids in fatty acids over a range of 0–15%.

The method is based on an acid‐catalyzed selective esterification of a large sample, removal of the acid catalyst, titration of the unesterified rosin acids, and application of an empirical correction factor to the results.

Excellent agreement is obtained between various analysts, and the rosin acids content can be determined to within ±0.1%.

Examination of the McNicoll and Wolff indicator methods showed these methods unreliable in the range of 0–15% rosin acids. The McNicoll method gave values which were from .5–1% low and the Wolff method 2–3% high.

It is anticipated that the new method, which covers a rosin acids range that is becoming more important industrially as the technology of tall oil separation advances, will prove useful to workers in this field and to those interested in the accurate determination of rosin acids in other products.
Fractionation of soybean phosphatides with isopropyl alcohol
Authors: Wik Turid , Scholfield C. R. , Cowan J. C.
Published: May 2007

Isopropyl alcohol has many advantages as a commercial solvent and gives useful separations of soybean phosphatides. When commercial crude phosphatides were extracted five times with a total of 6.5 ml. isopropyl alcohol per gram, 31.5% oil, 12% lecithin, and 5.5% cephalin were issolved. Practically all the inositol‐containing material and about 77% of the sugars remained insoluble. Further extractions with ethyl alcohol removed the remaining lecithin together with additional cephalin.

After removal of the oil from the crude phosphatides with acetone, the extraction of the isopropyl alcohol‐soluble material required twice the amount of isopropyl alcohol used for the direct extraction described above.
Detergency and foaming properties of the system alkylarylsulfonate‐soap‐sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
Authors: Vaughn Thomas H. , Suter H. R. , Kramer M. G.
Published: May 2007

A study has been made of the detergency and foaming characteristics of a ternary system comprising a sodium alkylarylsulfonate, a medium titer soap derived from tallow and coconut oil, and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose under average conditions prevailing in household laundering.

The carbon soil removal and whiteness retention properties of unbuilt soap are equalled or exceeded in compositions containing approximately five parts soap to one part alkylarylsulfonate, with a minor portion of CMC.

Measurements made in a transparent cylindrical washer indicate that the decrease of foam height due to adsorption on fabric and hard water is much greater with soap than with alkylarylsulfonate. This results in greater foam volumes with alkylarylsulfonate than with soap at concentrations less than 0.2%, in water of hardness equivalent to 96–114 ppm. CaCO3.

Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, when used with soap and alkylarylsulfonate in the proportions desirable for improvement of detergency, does not affect foaming properties significantly.

When soap is the major ingredient in mixtures of soap and alkylarylsulfonate, foam height is critically dependent on concentration. When alkylarylsulfonate predominates, high foam levels are obtainable at low concentrations.

The data reported permits selection of compositions from the ternary system for formulation with builders such that excellent detergency characteristics may be obtained under average conditions prevailing in household service, with high foaming characteristics as desired for agitator‐type machines, or with moderate, controllable foaming for cylinder machines.
Selective reduction of the unsaturated compounds
Authors: Khan N. A.
Published: May 2007

Oleic acid and methyl oleate, free of the offending dienoic and trienoic impurities, have been obtained by synthesis and isolation from natural sources. The synthetic method involved selective hydrogenation of stearolic acid and its methyl ester. An isolation method combining the usual crystallization and fractional distillation procedures with a mild and selective hydrogenation step has been developed. These substances exhibited consistent properties. Autoxidation studies showed that the induction period is characteristic of these pure fatty materials and markedly affected by the traces of dienoic and trienoic impurities. An explanation for such induction period has also been offered.
Methods of analysis for tall oil products
Authors: Herrlinger Richard
Published: May 2007

The principal standard methods used by the American industry for the analysis and quality control of tall oil products have been discussed, and some of the work of the A.S.T.M. in developing these methods has been reviewed.

Further growth of the tall oil industry will undoubtedly result in new products of greater refinement and wider utilization. New and improved methods of analysis will be required. These can be worked out by the industry in continued collaborative work under the auspices of the A.S.T.M. and A.O.C.S. Undoubtedly instrumental test methods such as infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopy and gas chromatography will play a role of increasing importance in the analysis of tall oil products.
Continuous acidulation process for tall oil production
Authors: Sullivan Frank E.
Published: May 2007

The conventional batch process for tall oil production was changed to a semicontinuous one by properly sizing tanks to reaction times and adding a screen and a continuous centrifugation step.

As a further improvement an entirely new, continuous acidulation process has been developed which includes proportioning of reagents, controlled mixng, and degasification, followed by tall oil separation in a special form of nozzle type of centrifuge. Both these processes produce higher quality tall oil at lower cost than the original batch process.

The economy of the process has been improved by modifying the centrifuge to remove fibers, which eliminates a costly and troublesome screening step. Lowest costs are produced by a plast specifically designed to use waste acid from a chlorine dioxide bleaching process.
Epoxy resins from fats. I. Epoxidized glycerides cured with phthalic anhydride
Authors: Gelb Leonard L. , Ault Waldo C. , Palm William E. , Witnauer Lee P. , Port William S.
Published: May 2007

Summary and Conclusion

Epoxy resins were made from phthalic anhydride and the following expoxidized fatty glycerides: neats‐foot oil, lard oil, triolein, soybean oil, perilla oil, and trilinolein. Some physical properties of these resins were measured and tabulated.

It has been shown that heat‐distortion temperature, tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity increase with the unsaturation of the glyceride precursor of the epoxy intermediate.
Gas‐liquid chromatography of fatty derivatives. II. Analysis of fatty alcohol mixtures by gas‐liquid chromatography
Authors: Link W. E. , Hickman H. M. , Morrissette R. A.
Published: May 2007

Conclusions

Gas‐liquid chromatography has been shown to be applicable to the analysis of fatty alcohols. Through the use of polyester columns these alcohols have been separated according to chain length and degree of unsaturation. A study has been made of the relationship between peak areas of the chromatograms and the actual weight percentages of the four C18 alcohols found in the fatty alcohols derived from linseed oil. Fatty alcohols, prepared from soybean, linseed, and sperm oil have been prepared and analyzed by the proposed procedure.

Craig and Murty (1) have recently reported that polyesters based on succinic acid are preferable for the liquid phase of the chromatographic column to those made from adipic in that they afford a better separation of methyl stearate from methyl oleate. Conversely adipic columns gave a more effective separation of the esters of linolenic and arachidic acids.

The application of these polyesters to the analysis of fatty alcohol acetates is expected to improve their separation in a similar fashion, but further work is indicated in the search for a liquid phase that will permit both separations in the minimum time.
Kinetic study of gossypol fixation in cottonseed oil
Authors: Pons Walter A. , Berardi Leah C. , Frampton Vernon L.
Published: May 2007

It was shown in experiments carried out under anaerobic conditions that the fixation of gossypol in cottonseed oil is a reaction of the second order with respect to gossypol. In other words, the rate of fixation is proportional to the square of the gossypol concentration in the oil. The rate of fixation is temperature‐dependent and increases 22‐fold with an increase in temperature from 40° to 80°C.
The measurement of the hardness of margarine and fats with cone penetrometers
Authors: Haighton A. J.
Published: May 2007

In order to be able to compare the results of hardness measurements on margarine, fats, shortenings, etc., measured both with cone penetrometers and other rheological instruments, several measurements have been made with various cones and samples. The results obtained showed that the yield value can be calculated from the following formula: C=KW/p1.6 in which C=yield value K=factor dependent on the angle of the cone p=the penetration depth in 0.1 mm. at a penetration during 5 seconds W=the weight of the cone (grams)

This formula appeared to apply for cones with angles between 15 and 90° over a very wide hardness range (between 45 and 8300 g./cm2) for margarine, fat, shortening, and butter.

The advantages of the proposed procedure for determining the yield value are that is is an objective measure instead of a “thumb test;” results obtained with various cones can be compared; and this method is highly suitable for standardizing.
Use of the centrifugal contactor for water‐washing of refined oils
Authors: Podbielniak W. J. , Gavin A. M. , Kaiser H. R.
Published: May 2007

This paper has discussed the early methods of the refining of vegetable oil and present‐day continuous refining equipment. The purpose was to report on the advantages of the centrifugal contactor for water washing of vegetable oil. There are important advantages to be obtained by the use of Podbielniak Rotating Contactor for water washing of alkali‐refined oils. One‐to‐ten tank car capacity with one centrifugal contactor results in space and installation savings. Stainless steel construction permits use of acid treats. Pressure operation prevents oxidation of hot oil and emulsions formed by mixing with air. Installation can be made fully automatic. Periodic cleaning is not required. Countercurrent flow produces higher quality refined oil with 50% lower neutral oil loss in wash water.
Reaction of β‐aminoamides with aromatic aldehydes
Authors: Bistline Raymond G. , Linfield Warner M. , Pfeffer Philip E. , Piotrowski Edwin G. , Sonnet Philip E. , Wise William B.
Published: May 2007

The American Oil Chemists’ Society official methods TF 1b‐64 and TF 2b‐64, “Quantitative Determination of Amines,” fail to correctly analyze fatty diethylenetriamine (DETA)‐diamides and diamides of 3,3′’‐iminobispropylamine (DPTA). Primary amine determination through the formation of Schiff base adducts using salicylaldehyde will, in the case of secondary amines that bear amide carbonyl at either the β or γ position, undergo reactions that consume salicyladehyde despite the absence of primary amine groups. The product of this reaction has been investigated, and a cyclic (2‐arylimidazolidine) structure is advanced as the principal adduct of the reaction of aryl aldehydes with DETA‐diamides.
Aging of tristearin: Comparison of DSC and positron lifetime results
Authors: Walker William W.
Published: May 2007

Physical aging of tristearin that has been solidified from the melt has been investigated by two techniques: differential scanning calorimetry and positron lifetime measurements. In particular, the α‐ to β‐phase transformation was studied as a function of the annealing temperature.
Neutral sugar analysis of polysaccharides from the seed epidermis ofBrassia campestris
Authors: Van Caeseele L. , Kovacs M. I. P. , Glilespie Rosalie
Published: May 2007

A mucilaginous material was extracted from the epidermal cells of seed ofBrassica campestris L. cv. Candle canola. Hydrolysis and gas chromatographic analysis showed that it contained the following neutral sugars: arabinose, rhamnose, glucose, mannose and galactose. Total hydrolysis of the extract was not realized. The residue contained carbohydrate, protein and lipid.
Surface active hydroxamic acids. I. Preparation and properties of long‐chain alkyl[oligo(oxyethylene)] oxymethylenehydroxamic acids
Authors: Masuyama Araki , Akiyama Ko‐ichi , Okahara Mitsuo
Published: May 2007

For the development of surfactants having an ability to interact with metal ions, hydroxamic acids containing a long‐chain alkyl[oligo(oxyethylene)] group were prepared. Any hydroxamic acid with an octyl, decyl or dodecyl group was made readily soluble in water by introducing four oxyethylene units into the molecule. These water‐soluble hydroxamic acids had a micelleforming ability and acted as polyoxyethylene‐type nonionic surfactants under acidic and neutral conditions. Additionally, those compounds were found to form a water‐soluble complex with ferric ion at pH 2, and these complexes also showed surface active properties.
Fat emulsions. Effect of polyoxyethylene and alkyl content of emulsifiers on stability to sterilization
Authors: Singleton W. S. , White J. L. , Benerito Ruth R. , Talluto Katherine F.
Published: May 2007

When a given system of emulsifiers of known compositions and molecular weights was employed, it was found that in order for fat emulsions of 15% oil content to be stable to the heat required for sterilization, the emulsifiers must meet definite requirements. Minimum weight percentage of total lipophilic groups should be 0.29%; minimum weight percentage of total hydrophilic groups should be 0.57%; the polyoxyethylene groups of emulsifiers containing such groups should account for at least 70% of the mole weight of these emulsifiers; the lipophilic/hydrophilic ratio should be about 0.5. The minimum content of lipophilic and hydrophilic groups was found to be an additive total of these groups as provided by the complete emulsifying system whether composed of individual or multiple emulsifying agents and whether of similar or dissimilar functional groups.

With the emulsifiers used, an acyl group greater in length than 12 carbon atoms was found to be necessary to prepare cottonseed oil emulsions which were stable to heat.

Resistance of emulsions to breakage by mechanical shock was imparted by a rather large amount of lipophilic groups, so that the lipophilic/hydrophilic ratio was 1 or over.
Cyclization of linolenic acid by alkali isomerization
Authors: Scholfield C. R. , Cowan J. C.
Published: May 2007

Methyl linolenate was isomerized by heating in an alkaline ethylene glycol solution for 7 hrs. at 200°. Methyl esters of the isomerized acids were treated with urea in methanol, and the nonurea‐adduct‐forming fraction was distilled. The isomerized esters consisted of 81.8% of nonurea‐adduct‐forming monomeric distillate (NAM), 13.7% nonurea‐adduct‐forming polymeric nondistillable material, and 4.5% of urea adduct‐former

The NAM has a maximum absorption in the ultraviolet region at 238 mμ. Ultraviolet absorption extends into the region associated with triene conjugation, but the characteristic structure of triene absorption is absent. Infrared absorption bands in the 10 μ region ordinarily found withtrans,trans orcis,trans are absent. The NAM is shown to contain a cyclic monomer by treatment with N‐bromosuc‐cinimide, followed by dehydrobromination with dimethylaniline. The resultant product was oxidized to phthalic acid with permanganate.

The NAM was separated both by countercurrent distribution and by gas chromatography into fractions having different ultraviolet absorption spectra. However complete fractionation of the mixture into its pure components has not yet been achieved.
A simplified technique for analysis by alkali isomerization
Authors: White Harold B. , Quackenbush F. W.
Published: May 2007

Potassium tertiary butoxide (1.1 M, 15.5%) in t‐butanol readily isomerized linoleic and linolenic acids at 60°C. The absorptivity value for linoleic acid during isomerization rose rapidly, then slowly reached a maximum (88.5) after three days. Maximum absorptivity values for linolenic acid at both 233 mμ (68.5) and at 268 mμ (65.0) were attained at 12 hrs.; thereafter absorptivity at both wavelengths decreased with time.

Glycerol also reacted with potassium‐t‐butoxide under the experimental conditions to produce an absorption maximum at 267 mμ; however this absorbance was easily destroyed by treatment with hydrochloric acid.

A simple procedure has been described for isomerization with the alkoxide in a reagent bottle at 60° for 20 hrs. Analyses for linoleic and linolenic acids in five seed oils isomerized by the “bottle method” agreed well with results obtained by the A.O.C.S. KOH‐glycol method.
Impurity Heat Capacity and its Relation to Entanglement in Dilute Magnetic Alloys
Authors: Maćkowiak J.
Published: May 2007

Using an asymptotic solution of the thermodynamics of a dilute s-d system comprising M magnetic impurities interacting with the electron gas, the impurity energy and impurity heat capacity ΔC(T) are derived for dilute magnetic alloys with spin 1/2 and spin 3/2 impurities. ΔC(T) can be viewed as a measure of entanglement between impurities and electrons in a dilute magnetic alloy. The parameters which enter ΔC are adjusted to fit experimental data on impurity heat capacity of CuCr and ( La 1−x Ce x) Al 2. Agreement is satisfactory for CuCr , at temperatures below 1K, and good for ( La 1−x Ce x) Al 2. The magnitude of theoretical ΔC(T) agrees with experiment and does not require scaling as in previous s-d theories. Nonlinear dependence of ΔC(T) on impurity concentration has been accounted for the first time.
Amino acid residues responsible for the recognition of dichloroacetate by pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2
Authors: Klyuyeva Alla , Tuganova Alina , Popov Kirill M.
Published: May 2007

Dichloroacetate (DCA) is a promising anticancer and antidiabetic compound targeting the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDHK). This study was undertaken in order to map the DCA‐binding site of PDHK2. Here, we present evidence that R114, S83, I157 and, to some extent, H115 are essential for DCA binding. We also show that Y80 and D117 are required for the communication between the DCA‐binding site and active site of PDHK2. These observations provide important insights into the mechanism of DCA action that may be useful for the design of new, more potent therapeutic compounds.
Chimeric phosphofructokinases involving exchange of the N‐ and C‐terminal halves of mammalian isozymes: Implications for ligand binding sites
Authors: Martínez-Costa Oscar H. , Sánchez-Martínez Cristina , Sánchez Valentina , Aragón Juan J.
Published: May 2007

Two phosphofructokinase (PFK) chimeras were constructed by exchanging the N‐ and C‐terminal halves of the mammalian M‐ and C‐type isozymes, to investigate the contribution of each terminus to the catalytic site and the fructose‐2,6‐P2/fructose‐1,6‐P2 allosteric site. The homogeneously‐purified chimeric enzymes organized into tetramers, and exhibited kinetic properties for fructose‐6‐P and MgATP similar to those of the native enzyme that furnished the N‐terminal domain in each case, whereas their fructose‐2,6‐P2 activatory characteristics coincided with those of the isozyme that provided the C‐terminal half. This reflected the role of each domain in the formation of the corresponding binding site. Grafting the N‐terminus of PFK‐M onto the C‐terminus of the fructose‐1,6‐P2 insensitive PFK‐C restored transduction of this signal to the catalytic site, which significance is also discussed.
ORTHOPEDIC NURSING PROCEDURE
Authors: EDWARDS BARBA J.
Published: May 2007

Kerr Avice RN, ORTHOPEDIC NURSING PROCEDURE, ed 2, 1969, Springer Publishing Co., New York, 410
THE FIRST DAY OF LIFE—PRINCIPLES OF NEONATAL NURSING
Authors: KANE DOLORES
Published: May 2007

Helen R. McKilligin MD, THE FIRST DAY OF LIFE—PRINCIPLES OF NEONATAL NURSING, 1970, Springer Publishing, Inc., New York, 110, $3.75.
Checklist of British Lichen-Forming, Lichenicolous And Allied Fungi
Authors: Hawksworth D. L. , James P. W. , Coppins B. J.
Published: May 2007

A new checklist of the lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied fungi occuring in the British Isles (including Ireland) is presented. The total number of species accepted is 1701, distributed through 294 genera. Of these species 1471 are lichen-forming, 183 lichenicolous, and 47 allied fungi. In addition to incorporating the results of investigations published since the last checklishts, the list embodies a great deal of original work by the authors and their collaborators; as a result a considerable number of changes in nomenclature are made here for the first time, including one new genus (Herteliana) and 56 new combinations. Names utilized in previous checklists are cross-referenced and relevant papers cited under generic heads.
The Ascus Apex in Lichenized Fungi II. The Rhizocarpon-Type
Authors: Honegger Rosmarie
Published: May 2007

Ascus structure of eight yellow, two white and two brown Rhizocarpon species has been investigated by light microscopy. Ultrastructure and function in R. atroflavescens subsp. pulverulentum and R. montagnei were studied in TEM.

The Rhizocarpon-type ascus clearly differs from all other ascus types observed in the Lecanorales. It is bitunicate, opening with a slight ‘Jack-in-the-box’-mechanism. Its structure and function are related to patellariacean ascus types, but unlike those the ascus wall cytochemistry shows a certain similarity with Lecanora- and Peltigera-type asci. Rhizocarpon-type asci are embedded in a strongly amyloid hymenial gelatine. The nonamyloid ascus wall is surrounded by the strongly amyloid outer layer. The slightly amyloid expansible inner layer (= endoascus) is apically thickened; it shows the banded and pleated ‘accordion-structure’ characteristic of bitunicate asci. Prior to dehiscence, the ascus wall and its outer layer burst. Thereafter the pleatings of the expansible inner layer are stretched, forming the rather short beak which reaches the hymenial surface. During expansion gliding occurs between the expansible inner layer and an outer part of the endoascus, here described as the ‘inner layer’. In a few sections of aldehyde- fixed material of R. atroflavescens a small laminated plug was observed in the apex of the endoascus.

Rhizocarpon-lype asci are considered to be the most archaic in the Lecanorales. This supports a hypothesis that Rhizocarpon is a phylogenetically basal group, linking the evolved Lecanorineae, and possibly also the Peltigerineae and Teloschistineae with not yet recognized bitunicate ancestral forms similar to those occurring in the Patellariaceae.
On Bryoria Chalybeiformis and Some Related Species
Authors: Krog Hildur
Published: May 2007

Bryoria chalybeiformis, as commonly interpreted, is an almost exclusively saxicolous or terricolous species with a largely arctic-alpine distribution; it produces small amounts of fumarprotocetraric acid in the soralia. The terricolous form of B. fuscescens var. positiva, distributed from sea level to the high mountains, is distinguished by the production of abundant fumarprotocetraric acid accompanied by protocetraric acid. B. intricans appears to be closely related to B. chalybeiformis and may possibly represent an environmentally induced morphotype of it. Attention is drawn to nomenclatural problems connected with B. chalybeiformis.
Epiphytic Macrolichens of the Algarve, Portugal
Authors: Jones M. P.
Published: May 2007

The macrolichen flora on trees in the Algarve is described on the basis of an examination of 105 main sites in the period 1970–76. 103 lichens are reported from the 43 phorophyte species studied, and discussions of the ecology and distributional patterns provided.
A Corticolous Species of Gyalectidium from Costa Rica
Authors: Henssen Aino
Published: May 2007

Gyalectidium corticola sp. nov. is described from Costa Rica. It is the first corticolous lichen to be formally described in this primarily foliicolous genus. The structure of the ascocarps and their pattern of development is similar to the type species of the genus but it also shows some resemblance to other genera in the Asterothyriaceae in different features. Of particular note is the production of conidia within the massive muriform ascospores.
Quantitative Distribution of Lichen Products in Australian Scyphose Cladonia Species
Authors: Archer A. W.
Published: May 2007

The quantitative distribution of five lichen acids, including fumarprotocetraric acid, in seven specimens of Australian scyphose Cladonia species was determined by reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography, using butylated hydroxy-toluene as internal standard. The highest concentrations of lichen acids were found in the scyphi and it is suggested that this localized distribution of lichen acids is due to repeated upward capillary flow, of saturated solutions of the acids, in the podetia followed by evaporation in the upper parts of the podetia.
The Growth of Lichens With Special Reference to the Modelling of Circular Thalli
Authors: Hill D.J.
Published: May 2007

Lichen growth is reviewed in the context of the anatomy of the growth region, thallus morphology of crustose and foliose lichens, photosynthesis, mathematical models and their application. The Aplin & Hill model is suggested as a basis for more detailed investigation of integrated processes of growth including not only the size increase but also the general structure of the thallus and the processes which limit growth.
The Upper Cortex of Parmelia Saxatilis and other Lichen Thalli
Authors: Anglesea D. , Veltkamp C. , Greenhalgh G. N.
Published: May 2007

A method, including treatment with an enzyme/detergent mixture, of revealing features of the cortical hyphal arrangement in lichen thalli is described. The cortex structure of Parmelia saxatilis, Xanthoria parietina, Hypogymnia physodes and Lecanora muralis is illustrated and described.
Lichens from Changbai Shan—Some Additions to the Lichen Flora of North-East China
Authors: Hertel H. , Zhao C.-F.
Published: May 2007

Twenty-five mainly crustose and saxicolous lichens are reported from the subalpine and alpine belts of Mt Changbai (n.-e. China, near the Korean border). All are new records to the lichen flora of the north-eastern provinces of China, 12 of them to the flora of all China, and four to the flora of all Asia. There is some floristic similarity to some other areas with cool humid climates in the Northern Hemisphere, e.g. Iceland.
The Ascus Apex in Lichenized Fungi III. The Pertusaria-Type
Authors: Honegger Rosmarie
Published: May 2007

On the basis of light microscopic (LM), scanning electron microscopic (SEM) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) investigations the Pertusaria-type of ascus is described as a particular functional type. The functionally unitunicate Pertusaria-type is characterized by its structure, staining properties, and by its particular mode of dehiscence. Tripartite ascus walls were observed in LM and TEM. The non-amyloid ascus wall is surrounded by a thin, amyloid outer layer. Both become amorphous at maturity and partly disintegrate. An apically thickened, amyloid inner layer reaches the base of the ascus. In its fine structure this amyloid inner layer resembles the material of the amyloid dome of Lecanora-type asci. It plays an important role during dehiscence and spore discharge. An elongation process was observed prior to dehiscence, at the end of which the ascus tip is situated above the hymenial surface. Dehiscence occurs by bursting or splitting of the whole ascus tip. The Pertusaria-type might represent a side-branch of evolution from bitunicate to unitunicate forms within the Lecanorales.

Pertusaria-type asci are restricted to a small number of genera within the Pertusariaceae. A considerable heterogeneity in ascus structure and staining properties was observed within the Pertusariineae sensu Henssen & Jahns (1973) and Henssen (1976).
The Structure of the Thallus Tip in Usnea Subfloridana
Authors: Anglesea D. , Greenhalgh G. N. , Veltkamp C. J.
Published: May 2007

The cortical structure of Usnea subfloridana and algal cell division within the thallus, is illustrated and described.