bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Korean Wave
Authors: Jin Dal Yong
Published: May 2017

The 2012 smash Gangnam Style by the Seoul-based rapper Psy capped the triumph of Hallyu, the Korean Wave of music, film, and other cultural forms that have become a worldwide sensation. This book analyzes the social and technological trends that transformed South Korean entertainment from a mostly regional interest aimed at families into a global powerhouse geared toward tech-crazy youth. Blending analysis with insights from fans and industry insiders, the book shows how Hallyu exploited a media landscape and dramatically changed with the 2008 emergence of smartphones and social media, designating this new Korean Wave as Hallyu 2.0. Hands-on government support, meanwhile, focused on creative industries as a significant part of the economy and turned intellectual property rights into a significant revenue source. The book also delves into less-studied forms like animation and online games, the significance of social meaning in the development of local Korean popular culture, and the political economy of Korean popular culture and digital technologies in a global context.
Transnational Television Programs
Authors: Jin Dal Yong
Published: May 2017

This chapter documents recent developments characterizing the New Korean Wave in the realm of the broadcasting sector. It discusses television Hallyu as both transnational cultural production and transnational cultural flow. Admitting the continuing importance of dramas in the Korean Wave, it analyzes the growth of global formats, including audience competition shows, in order to understand the major characteristics of local formats in tandem with hybridity. In the realm of drama, it examines the change from ready-made dramas to format dramas in the New Korean Wave era. Then it investigates the ways in which Koreans consume the image of Hallyu and the way it is represented in Korean audition programs. Unlike the case during the early 2000s, the New Korean Wave has been heavily influenced by transnational participation and audiences. By employing a textual analysis of a few television programs within a historical context, the chapter also maps out whether localized global formats guarantee the creation of new cultural spaces.
Cultural Globalization in Korean Cinema
Authors: Jin Dal Yong
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the swift change experienced by the Korean film industry in conjunction with the Korean Wave. It investigates the primary causes of the roller coaster-like shifts within Korean cinema, including government cultural policies due to the significant role of the government in the midst of neoliberal globalization. It then maps out the nature of cultural hybridity in domestic films by comparing hybridized films between the Hallyu 1.0 era and the Hallyu 2.0 era. By textually analyzing film genres and themes of 240 films produced domestically between 1989 and 2012, the chapter explores not only the ways in which Korean cinema develops hybridity in domestic films, but also whether hybridity has generated new possible cultures that are free from Western influence. This eventually leads us to determine the major characteristics of hybrid Korean cinema in the Hallyu 2.0 era and its future direction in the global film market.
Critical Discourse of K-pop within Globalization
Authors: Jin Dal Yong
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the transformation of K-pop in the early twenty-first century in a broader sociocultural context. It maps out whether hybridity has generated new creative cultures, ones that are free from Western dominance, or whether this trend eventually oppresses local music. The aim is therefore to investigate the different cultural stages and transition of popular music in Korea occurring within the unfolding logic of globalization and to interrogate the adequacy of cultural hybridity as a plausible framework to explain cultural phenomena currently under way. In particular, it analyzes the development of English mixed into the lyrics of Korean popular music in order to identify and examine several key factors involved in the rapid growth of K-pop and its influence in the New Korean Wave. From the perspective gained from the combined angles of critical cultural studies and textual analysis, new insights are generated into the emerging discourse of cultural hybridization in Korean popular music.
Between the Pew and the Picket Line
Authors: Cantwell Christopher D. , Carter Heath W. , Drake Janine Giordano
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter gathers a number of local histories and suggests that although many Americans worshipped in churches and worked on shop floors, most lived in the space between the pew and the picket line. This space includes Pentecostal miners who had faith in prosperity and sought miracles at the mine; automobile workers and sympathetic ministers evangelizing one another on the shop floor; and black sharecroppers and white Protestant liberals who saw the creation of a credit union as an investment in a more cooperative capitalism. The chapter covers a vast chronological and geographic scope and draws upon the diverse experiences of the American workforce, arguing that the space between the pew and the picket line is not only where most Americans have lived, but where the contours of both American Christianity and American capitalism have been shaped.
George Lippard, Ignatius Donnelly, and the Esoteric Theology of American Labor
Authors: Mckanan Dan
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the works of two labor novelists, George Lippard (1822–54) and Ignatius Donnelly (1831–1901), focusing specifically on their use of esoteric Christianity as a source of worker empowerment. Esotericism here is defined as that strand of belief and practice that finds hidden significance beneath the surface of religious traditions. Esotericists view all nature as alive and posit elaborate correspondences between heaven and earth, or the self and God. Most esotericists see themselves as bearers of an ancient tradition that has been transmitted through initiations by secret brotherhoods. For some Western esotericists, this secret tradition is outside of and antithetical to Christianity. For others—including Lippard and Donnelly—it is the vital heart of Christianity itself, albeit a heart that has often been suppressed by ecclesiastical institutions.
The Science of Agape
Authors: Leck Ralph M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the second European Renaissance: the reintroduction of Greek sexual philosophy into European cultural life. The pivot of this second Renaissance was the reintroduction of the Agape–Eros binary, particularly, the science of Agape, which revolutionized the study of sexuality. Sex was no longer merely an erotic or physiological matter best understood via natural science. The concept of Agape revealed that the study of sexuality must also be understood as a moral science. As Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison point out, scientific categories of analysis are not morally neutral. They carry within themselves prescriptive civic and moral codes. These codes can reproduce existing laws and dominant social patterns; or, as was the case with the reintroduction of agapeic science, a new lens of analysis can revolutionize science and social morality alike.
Political Repression and Culture War
Authors: Fischer Nick
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how wartime and Red Scare repression expanded into a general cultural war on “Bolshevik” causes, individuals, and organizations targeted by the Anticommunist Spider Web during the 1920s. It considers a combination of federal, state, and local ordinances that effected political repression, suppressed free speech and economic liberty, and promoted Americanization in formal education settings led by the Ku Klux Klan and the American Legion. The chapter demonstrates how this climate of repression also led to the collapse of progressivism and impeded social welfare initiatives, gave rise to an amendment designed to make constitutional change virtually impossible, and resulted in the demise of the Roosevelt administration's Federal Theatre Project (FTP). It shows that the Spider Web members and their supporters created a repressive infrastructure of blacklists, witch hunts, loyalty oaths, and compulsory patriotism. In the process, the Spider Web strengthened its influence not only on the doctrine of anticommunism but also on the nation's political culture.
“For the Colonel’s Lady and Judy O’Grady Are Sisters under Their Skins”
Authors: Dominy Graham
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores how gender relationships were mediated through the prisms of class and race in colonial Natal. More specifically, it asks how Natal's colonial elite aligned the military concepts of hierarchy and deference within the shaping of gender relations that were designed to underpin assumptions of class, caste, and race within the colonial social structure. It explains how gender issues in the Natal context were closely intertwined with class and racial issues in unexpected ways. In particular, it considers the intersections of class, gender, and agency in marriage alliances between officers of the garrison and women of the colonial elite. It also examines issues surrounding prostitution as well as the early development of feminized institutions and their relationship to the garrison of Fort Napier.
Lost Manhood
Authors: Meyer Stephen
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at how the mass-production work regime and the aggressive supervision of work all devalued and undermined an auto worker's sense of dignity and manhood. The brutal technical system established a highly controlled work environment of monotony and degradation. For skilled workers and those who aspired to such positions, the desired autonomy and control so essential for manly independence no longer existed. For others, the vicious speed-up, the endless fatigue, the absence of concern for health and safety, the abusive foremen and supervisors, and an uncivilized work environment all revealed lack of concern for human and manly dignity. Auto workers responded, individually and collectively, positively and negatively, to reframe and to reclaim a sense of their manhood through their sometimes retrograde shop floor behaviors, their efforts to fight back through union representation, and their general devaluation of women at work and in their local communities.
“Rats, Finks, and Stool Pigeons”
Authors: Meyer Stephen
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the industrial spy, who represented the negative case for the auto workers' notions of exemplary manhood, of real union manhood, and of the manhood of the fighter for unionism or the breadwinner of a family. These industrial mercenaries included many individualistic and anti-labor figures—union supporters called them rats, stool pigeons, finks, sluggers, thugs, goons, scabs, and strikebreakers. They were the union movement's negative examples that separated the honorable and respectable manhood of union men from the dishonorable and disreputable spies and thugs. Often violent men from the underside of urban America, these mercenaries of the class war spent several decades battling industrial unionism.
Fighting to Provide
Authors: Meyer Stephen
Published: May 2017

This chapter investigates the auto workers' rough tactic of fighting to redress workplace grievances and to achieve a decent income to provide for their families, which was used throughout the 1930s and into the early 1940s. After the onset of the Great Depression, American workers in the automobile industry and elsewhere had reached the limits of their tolerance and endurance of the horrid conditions of their work lives. The bitter struggle for industrial unionism was a militant and masculine campaign to alleviate the conditions of life and labor in their communities and mass production factories. The struggle to build unions allowed workers to fight so that they could provide for their families.
The Female “Invasion”
Authors: Meyer Stephen
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how female workers rearranged and reconfigured the social contours of the automotive workplace during the onset of World War II. The outbreak of the war had resulted in a huge increase in the volume of defense production as well as the departure of male workers to European and Asian battlefields, leading to severe labor shortages in American plants and factories. As the war progressed, the auto and (later) aircraft industries brought more women into positions formerly reserved for men. These new female workers challenged the privileged position and dominance of men on the shop floor and tested the premises of the densely male shop culture.
Hollywood
Authors: Wierzbicki James
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores one of the ironies that color the history of the American film industry—the fact that its most glorious years, in terms of profitability, were those during which the entire nation struggled desperately to pull itself out of the depths of the Great Depression. Hollywood was as hard hit as any other industry by the stock market crash of 1929. But the captains of the film industry took advantage of several of the “New Deal” offers extended in 1933 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Owing in part to smart business practices and in large part to an audience desperately in need of inexpensive escapist entertainment, the American film industry after 1933 thrived on a circle of economic dependence on attendance, exhibition, and production; only after World War II did the circle reverse itself and turn vicious.
Broadway
Authors: Wierzbicki James
Published: May 2017

This chapter illustrates how veteran Broadway factotum Lehman Engel—in one of the first books that dealt with the substance of American musical theater and its history—delineated the distinguishing traits of what he called “the contemporary musical.” Most of the representative works that Engel discusses fall within the limits of the Fifties, and almost all of the plot-related characteristics he mentions are things that indeed come into focus when regarded through such Fifties-specific lenses as American foreign policy, race relations, the burgeoning youth culture, and sexual politics. Engel's observations on the moral qualities of many of Broadway's principal males are not so sexy, but nonetheless relevant to the profound societal changes that America experienced during the Fifties. Meanwhile, Engel writes that the leading ladies of the contemporary Broadway musical exhibit a lifelike dimension.
Modernists
Authors: Wierzbicki James
Published: May 2017

This chapter demonstrates how when it comes to modernism in postwar America, the most influential European composers were the Frenchman Pierre Boulez, the Italians Luciano Berio and Luigi Nono, and the German Karlheinz Stockhausen. Being born between 1924 and 1928, all of them had seen their homelands torn by the clash of Allied and Axis forces, and they had been personally shaken by the violence that nearly brought the whole of European civilization crashing down around them. The Americans were slower to respond to the perceived need for a drastically new music than were the Europeans, and when their response did come it was not so blatantly confrontational. Although many of the American modernists also had personal wartime experiences as horrific as those of their European contemporaries, the heritage with which they had grown up was never so direly threatened as had been that of Europe.
Landed
Authors: Morrison Simon
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the score created by Porter for a ballet-pantomime premiered by the Ballets suédois in 1923. The archive of the Ballets suédois is kept at the Dance Museum in Stockholm. The museum also houses the orchestral score of the Porter ballet, which was completed by Charles Koechlin under the title Within the Quota. The score can be described as a marvel—a modest one perhaps, but much bolder in its substance than Koechlin's cleaned-up, highly Europeanized orchestration. Porter endorsed that orchestration, and the impulse behind it, which finds Koechlin seeking to abstract and estrange Porter's American idiom, to give it a kind of expat identity. Judging from the reviews, however, Koechlin's scoring did no favors for the Ballets suédois, or for Porter, who turned back to Broadway. Although the score did not survive the organization that commissioned it, Within the Quota became known, even in absentia, as the first “jazz” ballet.
You Never Know
Authors: Eisen Cliff
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the factors behind the failure of the show You Never Know. It suggests that You Never Know fell victim to producer John Shubert's meddling in and mismanagement of the show, as well as his disingenuousness in playing Porter against director Rowland Leigh, Leigh against George Abbott, and all three of them against his own intentions to expand the show beyond what any of the principals, and eventually the critics, thought it could bear. This meddling was itself a result of internal strife within the Shubert Organization. An anonymous reviewer identified show's chief problems in Theatre Arts Monthly: “As an intimate revue it might have passed, but it dies under the weight of musical comedy routine and the size of the theatre.” Porter was not to blame for these problems, but he was either unable or unwilling to do anything about them.
Providing a Place and Time
Authors: Greenland Thomas H.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the role of jazz presenters in connecting artists and audiences in the here and now of improvised performances. It first provides an overview of the business of live jazz performances that take place in concert halls and clubs and in less formal performance spaces, along with the challenges faced by presenters running their venues as for-profit businesses. It then analyzes the attitudes and activities of venue operators and concert producers in the context of their professional endeavors and particularly in their interactions with musicians and fans. It also considers the presenters' relationship with jazz musicians and audiences and shows that they are part of the unseen scene whose role in providing a place and time is vital to collective expressions of music.
The Problem of Making News Popular
Authors: Nadler Anthony M.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter examines various models for popularizing and democratizing news that have been influential in the United States over the past several decades. It argues that the U.S. news industry has undergone a philosophical paradigm shift, moving away from an ideal of professional autonomy and into a “postprofessional” period characterized by an affirmation that consumers' preferences should drive news production. The chapter also describes several attempts made by key groups of news producers to shift control over the news agenda away from professional expertise and put it in the hands of ordinary news consumers: the market-centered newspaper movement epitomized by Gannett's USA Today, the creation of a genre of news amid competition among the major U.S. cable news channels, and the growth of online social news sites tapping into collaborative filtering as a mechanism for democratizing the news agenda.
A View from Somewhere
Authors: Nadler Anthony M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyzes how the ideal of professional autonomy came to prominence in U.S. journalism and why it came up against enormous pressures by the late 1960s and 1970s. Many perceptive journalism scholars have sought to explain the origins of journalistic professionalism and the idealization of objectivity. The chapter offers a synthesis of this scholarship, paying close attention to the kinds of evidence scholars have used to show different factors—cultural, political, economic, and institutional—as prompting the adoption of the objectivity ideal and the related commitment to journalistic professionalism. Sifting through this scholarship suggests that journalistic professionalism served as a strategic response on the part of media owners to new social conditions taking shape largely during the first half of the twentieth century.
The Cable News Wars
Authors: Nadler Anthony M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on cable news. For more than a decade, CNN spread to cable systems across the United States with no major competitors. Yet what is commonly thought of as “cable news” today—as a distinct genre or style of news storytelling—did not start to fully emerge until Fox News and MSNBC launched in 1996, beginning the “cable news wars.” Most of the distinctive characteristics associated with cable news, wherein it started to break away from high-modern conventions, evolved after 1996. The competition led to an atmosphere with each outlet fighting first for ratings, while CNN had initially put at least as much emphasis on fighting for its respectability as a news outlet.
Britain, the Cold War, and the Baor
Authors: Speiser Peter
Published: May 2017

This chapter traces the development of the BAOR in Germany during the Cold War in terms of size and organization, before analyzing its role in British policy toward Germany. When considering British occupation policy and the German reaction to it, both British and German publications cover the period between 1945 and 1949 generally in far more detail than they do the first half of the 1950s. The chapter also examines the broader context of the Cold War, British military strategy, and the BAOR's role. Despite the obvious importance of Anglo-German relations in the context of the making of postwar Europe, the coverage of the bilateral political and cultural cooperation between 1948 and 1957 is relatively sketchy and has only recently begun to attract wider scholarly attention.
Gezi Park Protests, Corruption Investigation, and the Control of the Online Public Sphere
Authors: Yesil Bilge
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the online sphere. Through the prism of two developments in 2013—the Gezi Park protests and the corruption scandal—it discusses the possibilities and limits of online communications and the AKP's authoritarian reflex toward the burgeoning networked public sphere. It shows that the AKP's regulation and control of the online public sphere along the axes of nationalism, statism, and religious conservatism are not new, and that it has used three types of controls. These are first-generation controls that consist of Internet filtering and blocking, second-generation controls that involve passing legal restrictions, content removal requests, the technical shutdown of websites, and computer-network attacks; and third-generation controls that include warrantless surveillance, the creation of “national cyber-zones,” state-sponsored information campaigns, and direct physical action to silence individuals or group.
Events Dwindled in Print Stories
Authors: Barnhurst Kevin G.
Published: May 2017

The rise of the Internet and cellular telecommunications has given reporters access to ever more events. The expanding ways and means—the growing reach—of newsgathering suggest a commonsense assumption: that more news events reach audiences than ever before. This chapter discusses what news insiders refer to as a “glut” they must govern. Although the form and content of the news changed, leaving room for fewer stories, fewer articles and items per page would not imply that fewer events are being reported because those remaining grew notably longer, and longer stories might include more events. Instead of running three reports on three different fires in the city, as newspapers did a century ago, an editor now might manage the information by combining all three events into one package, or a reporter might write one story built around a similarity or a theme the three events share. Did either happen? No, news stories included fewer events through the twentieth century.
News Traded Place for Digital Space
Authors: Barnhurst Kevin G.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses how the cultural transformation that occurred by the early twenty-first century led to a new regime that tends to put less value on concrete place than on something more abstract, space. Several thinkers identified a change in spatial conceptions. The shifts parallel those a century earlier, and both periods of change linked to an emerging mode of production. The new regime contrasts with the old because place is a product of someone's firsthand experience, but space is the product of secondhand information. Walter Lippmann called space “a good clue” for detecting stereotypes, those oversimplified rubrics so handy for picturing inaccessible places. Space also makes less meaningful the place-based distinctions between authentic and inauthentic experience. Because the mind receives physical seeing and seeing pictures in much the same way, the armchair traveler will recognize the sights when arriving as a tourist or may choose not to travel at all. Recent changes in technology allow a “locational indifference” in the manufacture of things, so that economic activity can happen anywhere.
Realism Could Rekindle Hope
Authors: Barnhurst Kevin G.
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the question of whether there is hope for mainstream news. One source of optimism is that news practitioners have managed to hold on through a century of tough transitions, a tenacity that also makes news an apt case study of current transformations. Another is that news organizations have been creative. Despite the usual view that legacy media fail to innovate, concrete evidence shows their contributions to the digital boom. But the main cause for hope may spring from the contradictions of news, which seem to have stymied the lofty strain of twentieth-century modernism without rejecting the down-to-earth strain from nineteenth-century realism. The modernist focus on big-picture explanations from big-name practitioners at big-time media undermines the enduring cultural idea that news provides many small encounters with the human condition. The realist reporting of what happens to the little guy at places nearby has remained an attraction for audiences online and on mobile social media, and a factor pushing government and political action.
Introduction
Authors: Harris LaShawn
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter presents an overview of the less-familiar aspects of informal black women's work during the first three decades of the twentieth century—the labor patterns and economic activities of those that were part of the city's profitable yet illegal sexual economy, gambling enterprise, and supernatural consulting business. In doing so the chapter also tackles the problems of documenting informal labor and maps out a multidisciplinary approach for piecing together the oft-neglected lives of informal black female laborers. Finally, the chapter sets the scope of this study within New York City and describes the city's informal labor sector in order to set the social and economic backdrop within which these workers operate.
Sex Testing
Authors: Pieper Lindsay Parks
Published: May 2017

In 1968, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) implemented sex testing for female athletes at that year's Games. When it became clear that testing regimes failed to delineate a sex divide, the IOC began to test for gender—a shift that allowed the organization to control the very idea of womanhood. This book explores sex testing in sport from the 1930s to the early 2000s. Focusing on assumptions and goals as well as means, the book examines how the IOC in particular insisted on a misguided binary notion of gender that privileged Western norms. Testing evolved into a tool to identify—and eliminate—athletes the IOC deemed too strong, too fast, or too successful. The book shows how this system punished gifted women while hindering the development of women's athletics for decades. It also reveals how the flawed notions behind testing—ideas often sexist, racist, or ridiculous—degraded the very idea of female athleticism.
Introduction
Authors: Pieper Lindsay Parks
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, which is to book explores the history of sex testing from the 1930s to the early 2000s. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) used different tests to both guarantee the authenticity of female athletes and identify male masqueraders in Olympic sport. Although the IOC Medical Commission never discovered a single male imposter—and the various iterations of the exam actually illustrated the impossibility of neatly delineating sex—the IOC nevertheless continued to implement the control. Olympic officials thus authorized a policy of sex/gender conformity, as sex testing/gender verification required that female athletes demonstrate conventional notions of white Western heterofemininity. Through these regulations, the IOC continuously reaffirmed a binary notion of sex, privileged white gender norms, and hampered female athleticism. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
“Because They Have Muscles, Big Ones”
Authors: Pieper Lindsay Parks
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how Cold War tensions heightened the fear of fraudulent competitors in international sport. The Cold War exacerbated earlier sex/gender concerns and resulted in a mandatory examination for all female track and field competitors, especially in the wake of Soviet women's remarkable achievements in athletics. Sport authorities grew increasingly worried that powerful female athletes were either unnaturally inauthentic women, men posing as women, or dopers. Using the USSR women as scapegoats, the International Association of Athletics Federation established tests to eliminate all three categories and delineate “true” womanhood. In 1966, the federation introduced a “nude parade,” the first compulsory sex test of modern sport.
The US vs. USSR
Authors: Pieper Lindsay Parks
Published: May 2017

While the US–USSR rivalry dissipated somewhat in the 1970s, the two countries experienced an escalation of hostilities in the 1980s. Through athletic contests and strategic boycotts, the Olympics again served as a nonmilitary forum for the two superpowers to exert international dominance and demonstrate political views. This chapter evaluates the impact of the heightened animosities on sport and examines the International Olympic Committee's (IOC) response. In line with the increased international resentments between the two global powers, the International Association of Athletics Federation started to disagree with the IOC regarding the ethics of gender verification. The different opinions would eventually help dismantle sex/gender testing.
The Rise of Slapstick Modernism; or, the Birth of the Uncool
Authors: Solomon William
Published: May 2017

This chapter follows the full-fledged rise of slapstick modernism in the late 1950s and 1960s. After surveying this field with help from Jack Kerouac's tribute to the Three Stooges in Visions of Cody, the chapter examines Joseph Heller's Catch-22 for insight into the sociopolitical importance of technically mastering the rhetorical dimensions of language—verbal tropes in particular. Heller's humor made an essential contribution to the development of a countercultural sensibility. In his novel, jokes serve as the means of carving out a space for alternative attitudes toward ideologically coercive notions such as patriotism and sacrifice. The clever deployment of figures of speech thus seeks to generate a skeptical intelligence, as well as to contest the dreadful impact of military officers' demands on their naïve subordinates.
Conclusion
Authors: Coward John M.
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter argues that Indians were portrayed in a number of ways across the last decades of the nineteenth century, most of them following familiar stereotypes and patterns of visual and linguistic representation. In general, the pictorial press represented Indians as racial outsiders and cultural curiosities, usually in an “us versus them” manner where Euro-American standards and values were the norm and Indian standards and values were abnormal and thus deviant. This was a journalistic form of racial simplification and cultural “othering” that almost always separated Indians from whites. This separation, in turn, was the inevitable result of nineteenth-century ideas about race and racial difference and it played out in the pictorial press in Indian images that made Indians nearly always appear “Indian” to one degree or another.
Remembering the Colonial Past
Authors: Jorio Rosa De
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the state memorialization of the colonial past via narratives, practices, and visual culture. First, it briefly describes some of the ways in which French colonization was represented during the period of the one-party state (1960–1991), using them as a benchmark against which to gauge changes in those representations by the democratic and neoliberal state that followed. Second, it examines the state memorialization of French colonization since 1991, focusing on the Koulouba monument complex in Bamako, the largest series of monuments dedicated to Mali's colonial history. It details the emergence of a new narrative of colonization that suggests contacts, hybridity, and cross-feeding—a representation reflecting some of the experiences and narratives of Mali's cosmopolitan political and cultural elites. Third, it analyze Ségouvian citizens' perspectives on the government's memorialization project in light of their experience with state encroachment on their city's patrimony. This final section centers on the confrontation between the state and peripheral urban communities over the management of the colonial heritage and explores some of its political and cultural implications, including the embryonic development of a few private heritage initiatives in Ségou.
The History of Celebrity and the Laws of Reputation and Speech
Authors: Fields Sarah K.
Published: May 2017

This chapter introduces the concept of celebrity and the rise of the sporting celebrity. It explains the evolution of the laws of reputation, specifically defamation, the rights of privacy, and the right of publicity. It also provides the legal and cultural backdrop in order to understand where the cases in the subsequent chapters fit in the history of celebrity and law. It argues that in the twenty-first century, sport celebrities are not known solely for their exploits on the field or court. They are famous every moment, and—because they are celebrities—members of the media stalk them and report on their every step and misstep. The media needs celebrities, and celebrities need the media. But periodically the two conflict over who really controls the image of the celebrity.
Free Spirits
Authors: Lause Mark A
Published: May 2017

Often dismissed as a nineteenth-century curiosity, spiritualism influenced the radical social and political movements of its time. Believers filled the ranks of the Free Democrats, agitated for land and monetary reform, fought for abolition, and held egalitarian leanings that found powerful expression in campaigns for gender and racial equality. This book considers spiritualism as a political and cultural force in Civil War-era America. It reveals the scope, spread, and influence of the movement, both in its links to reformist causes and its ability to amplify previously marginalized voices. Rooting spiritualism's appeal in the crises of the time, the book considers how spiritualist influences, through the distillation of the war, forced reassessments of the question of Radical Republicanism and radicalism in general. It also delves into unexplored areas such as the movement's role in Abraham Lincoln's re-election and the relationship between Native Americans and spiritualists.
Liberty
Authors: Lause Mark A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the spiritualists' belief that emancipation represented a generational landmark for liberty, which they saw as essential for the well-being of the human spirit. Spiritualists generally understood emancipation within a wider, rational, and scientific way of understanding the world and rejected a liberty that did not have its own concrete materializations in that world. The federal adoption of an end to slavery as a war goal generally overwhelmed their reservations about the merits of the conflict. At the same time, they saw liberty as having clear social and economic dimensions. As such, they espoused a liberty that foreshadowed the emergence of postwar radical resistance to the power of capital. The chapter considers spiritualism's views on science and religion, slavery and emancipation, property, and liberty for working women. It also discusses the spiritualist radicalization in the course of the Civil War.
Fraternity
Authors: Lause Mark A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the spiritualists' efforts to rebuild their movement and their communities in a more meaningful way in the course of the Civil War and its immediate aftermath, while also addressing the issues involved in the Reconstruction of the nation. In particular, it considers the movement's formulation of practical steps in hopes of moving into the real world their thoroughly unrealized vision of a fraternity of free and equal peoples. As the nation strove to reconstitute itself, spiritualism achieved a new level of national organization. War not only destroyed existing structures, but also provided new standards for those that would be rebuilt. This chapter shows how the struggle to maintain the mystical idea of the Union transformed the spiritualists' ideal of liberty and strengthened their sense of fraternity, or solidarity, as the safeguard of equality. It also discusses the spiritualists' position on issues such as labor strife and strikes, their responses to social injustice, and their views about social change.
Class Disparities, Market Fundamentalism, and Work–Family Policy
Authors: Milkman Ruth
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines class disparities in existing access to work–family support in the context of market fundamentalism. It begins with a discussion of class disparities in time use and access to employer-provided benefits that facilitate work–family reconciliation, along with an overview of market fundamentalism and business objections to work–family policy. It then analyzes California's 2002 law that created a paid family leave program covering all private-sector employees in the state. It shows that advocates for paid leave built a broad coalition in support of the law and prevailed despite organized business' strong opposition to the measure. However, the longstanding class disparities in access to paid family leave were only partially alleviated. The chapter also highlights the importance of class differences among women in relation to paid family leave.
“Ambassadors in Tracksuits”
Authors: Llewellyn Matthew P. , Gleaves John
Published: May 2017

This chapter details the expanding globalization and commercialization of the Olympics in the 1930s. Emerging from the economic ruins of the Great Depression, authoritarian and totalitarian regimes in Europe, Asia, and Latin America spurred a substantial rise in governmental involvement in international sport. Though the British were among the first to forge the linkage between competitive sport and national interests, their Fascist and militaristic rivals fully exploited the value of physical culture by positioning sport as the centerpiece of their foreign policy. The appropriation of elite, international sport by authoritarian regimes heightened the popularity and legitimacy of the Olympic Games. After successfully defending amateurism against the threat posed by broken-time payments, International Olympic Committee chiefs embraced the support of powerful right-wing governments. However, their initial hope soon turned to despair as it grew apparent that their authoritarian “allies” had transformed the Olympics into a ruthless game of realpolitik.
The Ultimate Move
Authors: Llewellyn Matthew P. , Gleaves John
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the continued decline of amateurism in the late twentieth century. As professional sport grew in popularity, the lines between amateurism and professionalism blurred further. An expanding global media apparatus, in concert with avaricious corporations and shrewd marketing agencies, transformed professional athletes into global sporting icons. The Olympic Movement faced higher competition. Although the fusion of nationalism and Citius, Altius, Fortius made the Olympic Games an attractive commodity, the Internatioal Olympic Commitee's eligibility code—and the forced prohibition of some of the world's leading athletes—dampened the spectacle. Public condemnations and accusations of hypocrisy damaged the Olympic brand. With multimillion dollar television broadcasting deals at stake, Olympic officials displayed an unwillingness to make the necessary sacrifices to preserve amateurism.
Resistance, Critical Agency and Initiatives of Black Post-School Youth, Facilitators and Organisers in a Black Township in South Africa
Authors: Naidoo Devika
Published: May 2017

The Post-school Education and Training (PSET) policy seeks to address the education and training needs ofpost-school youth not in education, employment nor training (NEET). The problem of youth NEET has beenresearched from many perspectives. However, there is a dearth of knowledge about the responses, views and actions ofpost-school youth NEET living in this precarious situation. This paper analyses the resistance, critical agency andinitiatives of youth; organisers; and facilitators at a youth development and organisation centre in a township inGauteng. The study is framed by the notion of ‘critical’ agency (Gramsci: 1971) and Bourdieu’s concept of 'strategies'that mediate structure and agency. These concepts enable a focus on critical agency that emerge withinseverely constraining social conditions. Data were collected through the following sources and methods: from a'youth dialogue' amongst engaged youth; ethnographic interviews with post-school youth themselves; interviews withkey individuals such as organisers, leaders and facilitators of programmes; and observations of literacy classes offeredat the centre. Data analysis revealed resistant counter discourses amongst the youth to school and current PSET;acceptance of education for employment; desire for higher quality education; and clear ideas of alternativepedagogies. In addition to these counter discourses the paper highlights the critical agency of key individuals in theface of debilitating structural constraints. Implications for the post school education and training system are raisedand some recommendations are made.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Energy and Environment Research, Vol. 6, No. 1
Authors: Luo Lesley
Published: May 2017

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Energy and Environment Research, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2016
What Influences Bank Stock Prices in Times of Crisis? An International Survey
Authors: D’Apolito Elisabetta , Pacelli Vincenzo
Published: May 2017

The paper assesses whether the European banks’ stock prices are predicted or affected by changes in balance-sheet indicators and macroeconomic variables. The sample covers the time period from January 2007 to December 2013. Estimates use the multiple regression model based on the weighted least squares (WLS) estimator. Results show that the stock prices of European banks are positively related to asset quality, liquidity and banks’ capital ratios. However, in the same period, inflation rate and public debt exert a negative and significant effect on bank stock prices. Our findings are more significant in times of high market turbulence as have been experienced for almost a decade. These have provoked the investors’ perceptions to be more unstable and volatile. The availability of information remains limited and poor. Therefore, it is necessary to emphasize that identifying the causal determinants of stock prices in the markets could generate important practical and policy implications because of the role played by banks in financing the economic system, and will also attract investors (Note 1).
Get in with a Foreigner: Consumer Trust in Domestic and Foreign Banks
Authors: Bönte Werner , Filipiak Ute , Lombardo Sandro
Published: May 2017

Prior research suggests that trust plays an important role in an individual’s decision to participate in financial markets. This paper focuses on potential customers in retail banking markets and empirically investigates their trust in foreign banks and domestic banks. We argue that differences in customer trust can be related to three factors, namely bank-specific characteristics, individual characteristics of the potential customer and characteristics of the institutional environment. Using a large survey on the savings patterns of Indian households, we find that potential retail banking customers in India are less likely to trust foreign banks with their money than private Indian banks. However, our results also suggest that highly educated Indians using information sources such as the Internet, radio or newspaper, tend to have more confidence in foreign banks than in private Indian banks. Moreover, in regions with either more foreign bank branches or higher corruption levels the likelihood of consumers trusting Indian private banks more than foreign banks is lower than in other regions.
Terapia combinada (ultrassom e eletroterapia) na redução da adiposidade abdominal: relato de casos
Authors: Costa Raíssa Biff , Garcez Valéria Ferreira , Limana Mirieli Denardi
Published: May 2017

Introdução: O acúmulo de gordura na região do abdome, além de estar relacionado à saúde cardiovascular e a problemas metabólicos, tornou-se uma questão estética relevante pelo fato de influenciar a saúde psicossocial de indivíduos. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da Terapia Combinada, através de ultrassom e eletroterapia, na adiposidade abdominal de mulheres. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo de casos no qual 9 mulheres (30,33±8,5 anos) foram submetidas a 10 sessões de terapia, 2 vezes/semana, durante 5 semanas. A avaliação da área tratada foi realizada através de perimetria, plicometria e exames de densitometria de corpo total pré e pós-intervenção. Resultados: Os resultados da densitometria mostraram que a combinação de ultrassom e eletroterapia reduziu o percentual de gordura da região abdominal em média 2,44±2,31. Pela perimetria e plicometria verificouse reduções da circunferência abdominal e das pregas cutâneas supra-ilíaca e abdominal. Conclusão: Neste estudo de casos a intervenção através de terapia combinada mostrou-se eficaz na redução da adiposidade abdominal de mulheres.