bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of decontamination strategies for cyclophosphamide
Authors: Soubieux Annaelle , Palamini Marie , Tanguay Cynthia , Bussières Jean-François
Published: August 2019

Purpose

The main objective was to determine the efficacy of various types of cleaning equipment and products after deliberate contamination with cyclophosphamide. The secondary objective was to test various cleaning scenarios using these equipment and products.

Methods

The study had two phases: testing of cleaning equipment (wipe : woven microfibers – Hygen®, two layers of non-woven microfibres and an inner layer of highly absorbent viscose fibres – MicronSolo®, two layers of non-woven microfibres and an inner layer of highly absorbent viscose fibres – MicroMix®, simili-tissu (low filament production) – Tork® and, mop : woven microfibers – Hygen®, microfibre and viscose – MicroOne®) and products (disinfectant : quaternary ammonium – DR100®, chlorine 0.1% – Zochlor® – Brutab® – PCS® NPH, sodium hypochlorite 2%, cleaner : detergent – Nu- Action 3®, cleaner and disinfectant: sodium hypochlorite 0.6% + detergent – Aliflex® and water) in phase 1 and testing of various cleaning procedures in phase 2. Specific areas of a room with a laminar flow hood (class II/type B2) were contaminated with 10 mcg of cyclophosphamide. Different types of surfaces were cleaned with various scenarios and the remaining cyclophosphamide was measured by the Institut national de santé publique du Québec. All tests were performed in triplicate.

Results

A total of 189 samples were obtained: 42 negative controls and positive controls, 54 during phase 1 and 93 during phase 2. All products were more than 96.5% effective. The 0.1% chlorines were the most effective products. Cleaning procedures with two or three products had average cleaning efficacies of 99.94–99.99%. Efficacy increased with the number of successive cleanings. When two products were used, the average cleaning efficacy varied between 99.78% and 99.98%, depending on the surface.

Conclusion

All cleaning products tested reduced cyclophosphamide contamination by more than 96.58%. Cleaning efficacy increased with successive cleaning. No scenario was effective in removing 100% of traces. Additional studies with larger samples should be conducted to confirm these results.
Evaluation of polymorphisms in inflammatory mediator and cellular adhesion genes as risk factors for feline infectious peritonitis
Authors: Kedward-Dixon Helen , Barker Emi N , Tasker Séverine , Kipar Anja , Helps Christopher R
Published: August 2019

Objectives

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a high mortality infectious disease. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes encoding interferon gamma ( IFNG), tumour necrosis factor alpha ( TNFA) and dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN; CD209) have been associated with increased and decreased risk of developing FIP. This study was designed to determine whether these associations were present in a UK population of pedigree cats using samples from cats euthanased with a confirmed diagnosis (FIP, n = 22; non-FIP, n = 10) or clinically healthy cats over 11 years of age (n = 3).

Methods

DNA was extracted from tissue (n = 32) or blood (n = 3) and PCR performed for regions of IFNG, TNFA and CD209. PCR amplicons were sequenced, each SNP genotype was determined, and genotype/allele frequency for each SNP and FIP status were compared.

Results

No significant association was found between the genotype and FIP status for any SNP analysed. There was a trend for the heterozygous CT genotype at both IFNG g.401 and IFNG g.408 to be associated with FIP ( P = 0.13), but this genotype was also found in a substantial proportion of non-FIP cats. There was also a trend for the heterozygous CT genotype at IFNG g.428 to be associated with FIP ( P = 0.06), although most cats with FIP had the CC genotype at this locus. No associations were found between any allele at TNFA g.-421, CD209 g.1900, CD209 g.2276, CD209 g.2392 and CD209 g.2713 and FIP.

Conclusions and relevance

The use of the IFNG, TNFA and CD209 SNPs described to predict the risk of FIP cannot currently be recommended.
Post-traumatic orbitorrhea: An underestimated life-threatening complication following anterior skull base fractures
Authors: Martel Arnaud , Bougaci Nassim , Lagier Jacques , Almairac Fabien , Dagain Arnaud
Published: August 2019

Orbitorrhea is defined as a leak of cerebrospinal fluid from a cranio-orbital fistula. It is usually related to anterior skull base trauma. Orbitorrhea is an exceptional and life-threatening condition which should be promptly managed. We herein report the case of a right post-traumatic orbitorrhea following anterior skull base trauma. Conservative treatment was initially attempted. At 6 weeks, recurrence was noted, and the patient underwent neurosurgical management. A few months later, a secondary upper lid retraction was diagnosed and treated by full-thickness skin graft with favourable outcome. To our knowledge, fewer than 30 cases have been previously reported. Ophthalmologists should be aware of this life-threatening condition which could be underestimated.
Improvements in the mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication and in the efficiency of hypoid gears
Authors: Simon Vilmos V
Published: August 2019

In this paper, the influence of the manufacturing parameters on the conditions of mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication is investigated. On the basis of the obtained results, recommendations are formulated to improve the mixed EHL and the efficiency of face-milled hypoid gears. A full numerical analysis of the mixed EHL in hypoid gears is applied. The equation system and the numerical procedure are unified for a full coverage of all the lubrication regions, including the full film, mixed, and boundary lubrication. In the hydrodynamically lubricated areas, the calculation method employed is based on the simultaneous solution of the Reynolds, elasticity, energy, and Laplace's equations. In the asperity contact areas, the Reynolds equation is reduced to an expression equivalent to the mathematical description of dry contact problem. The real geometry and kinematics of the gear pair based on the manufacturing procedure are applied; thus, the exact geometrical separation of the mating tooth surfaces is included in the oil film shape, and the real velocities of these surfaces are used in the Reynolds and energy equations. The transient nature of gear tooth mesh is included. The oil viscosity variation with respect to pressure and temperature and the density variation with respect to pressure are included. The non-Newtonian behaviour of the lubricant is considered. Using this model, the pressures, film thickness, temperatures, and power losses in the mixed lubrication regime are predicted. The effectiveness of the presented method is demonstrated by using hypoid gear examples.
Symptom complaints and impact on functioning in youth with hypermobile Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
Authors: Tran Susan T , Jagpal Anjana , Koven Marissa L , Turek Carolyn E , Golden Julia S , Tinkle Brad T
Published: August 2019

Hypermobile Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (hEDS), a genetic connective tissue disorder, involves several body systems which makes symptom management and functioning difficult. The aim of this study was to understand pediatric hEDS patients’ symptoms and primary complaints. Additionally, we examined the cumulative impact of symptoms on physical and psychological functioning. Thirty-four youth with hEDS were recruited from a genetics clinic and reported the hardest thing about having hEDS, their pain, fatigue, physical symptoms, functional disability, anxiety, and depression. Physical symptoms (pain and fatigue) and limitations (keeping up with friends) were reported as the most difficult parts of having hEDS. A higher number of somatic symptoms was the strongest predictor of disability, anxiety, and depression. Physical symptoms are subjectively distressing and significantly related to impairments in physical and psychological functioning. Thus, addressing these varied symptoms in treatment may yield better functioning in youth with hEDS.
A computational model for measuring discourse complexity
Authors: Sun Kun , Xiong Wenxin
Published: August 2019

In past studies, the few quantitative approaches to discourse structure were mostly confined to the presentation of the frequency of discourse relations. However, quantitative approaches should take into account both hierarchical and relational layers in the discourse structure. This study considers these factors and addresses the issue of how discourse relations and discourse units are related. It draws upon the available corpora of discourse structure (rhetorical structure theory-discourse treebank (RST-DT)) from a new perspective. Since an RST tree can be converted into a syntactic dependency tree, the data extracted from the RST-DT can be useful for calculating the discourse distance in much the same way as syntactic dependency distance is calculated. Discourse distance is also applicable to measuring the depth of the human processing of discourse. Furthermore, the data derived from the RST-DT are also easily converted into network data. This study finds that discourse structure has its discourse distance minimum and each type of RST relations has its range of discourse distance. The frequency distribution of discourse data basically follows the power law on several levels, while a network approach reveals how discourse units are arranged spatially in regular patterns. The two methods are mutually complementary in revealing the interaction between discourse relations and discourse units in a comprehensive manner, as well as in revealing how people process and comprehend discourse dynamically. Accordingly, we propose merging the two methods so as to yield a computational model for assessing discourse complexity and comprehension.
The politics of blame: Mass media messages and political violence during peace negotiations
Authors: Armoudian Maria , Milne Barry
Published: August 2019

Using negative binomial regression, we tested the relationships between political violence and media messages of blame across five distinct publications in Northern Ireland, publications that varied by ideology/identity and structure over a period of 4.5 years during the peace process. While controlling for previous violence, we found reciprocal relationships, suggesting that violent acts correlated with a rise in blame in mass media and that blame in some mass media correlated with escalating violence in what appears to be a cycle. Not surprisingly, violent acts also led to subsequent violent acts.
Reading the Fine Print: Issue Advertisements and the Persuasive Effects of Campaign Finance Disclosures
Authors: Lesenyie Matthew
Published: August 2019

There is an expectation among practitioners that advertising disclosures work to inform voters about who is speaking and whether they should trust the information in the advertisement. However, existing research suggests that current disclosure regulations may not perform as reformers expect. These studies indicate that voters may be deceived by strategically chosen interest group names that falsely project knowledge or trustworthiness. In this study, I measure how actual campaign names and interest groups are perceived by individuals in terms of their knowledge and trustworthiness. I then experimentally vary the campaign finance disclosure within a ballot initiative advertisement to see how these disclosures affect respondents’ issue preferences. This study found that in some cases, there was no difference between an advertisement with no disclosure and one with a veiled disclosure message. In other cases, this level of disclosure reduced support for the issue. In most cases, respondents appear to condition their support on the credibility of the campaign donor disclosed. In some cases, respondents are deceived by the perceived credibility of campaign names when less comprehensive disclosure is used.
Linear Accelerator-Based Radiotherapy Simulation Using On-Board Kilovoltage Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for 3-Dimensional Volumetric Planning and Rapid Treatment in the Palliative Setting
Authors: Dyer Brandon A. , Nair Chithra K. , Deardorff Charles E. , Wright Cari L. , Perks Julian R. , Rao Shyam S.
Published: August 2019

Background:

Palliation of advanced disease using radiotherapy can create difficult clinical situations where standard computed tomography simulation and immobilization techniques are not feasible. We developed a linear accelerator-based radiotherapy simulation technique using nonstandard patient positioning for head and neck palliation using on-board kilovoltage cone-beam computed tomography for 3-D volumetric planning and rapid treatment. Material and Methods: We proved cone-beam computed tomography simulation feasibility for semi-upright patient positioning using an anthropomorphic phantom on a clinical Elekta-Synergy linear accelerator. Cone-beam computed tomography imaging parameters were optimized for high-resolution image reconstruction and to ensure mechanical clearance. The patient was simulated using a cone-beam computed tomography–based approach and the cone-beam computed tomography digital imaging and communications in medicine file was imported to the treatment planning software to generate radiotherapy target volumes. Rapid planning was achieved by using a 3-level bulk density correction for air, soft tissue, and bone set at 0, 1.0, and 1.4 g/cm3, respectively.

Results:

Patient volumetric imaging was obtained through cone-beam computed tomography simulation and treatment was delivered as planned without incident. Bulk density corrections were verified against conventionally simulated patients where differences were less than 1%. Conclusion: We successfully developed and employed a semi-upright kilovoltage cone-beam computed tomography–based head and neck simulation and treatment planning method for 3-D conformal radiotherapy delivery. This approach provides 3-D documentation of the radiotherapy plan and allows tabulation of quantitative spatial dose information which is valuable if additional palliative treatments are needed in the future. This is a potentially valuable technique that has broad clinical applicability for benign and palliative treatments across multiple disease sites—particularly where standard supine simulation and immobilization techniques are not possible.
Implicit Bias Is Behavior: A Functional-Cognitive Perspective on Implicit Bias
Authors: De Houwer Jan
Published: August 2019

Implicit bias is often viewed as a hidden force inside people that makes them perform inappropriate actions. This perspective can induce resistance against the idea that people are implicitly biased and complicates research on implicit bias. I put forward an alternative perspective that views implicit bias as a behavioral phenomenon. more specifically, it is seen as behavior that is automatically influenced by cues indicative of the social group to which others belong. This behavioral perspective is less likely to evoke resistance because implicit bias is seen as something that people do rather than possess and because it clearly separates the behavioral phenomenon from its normative implications. Moreover, performance on experimental tasks such as the Implicit Association Test is seen an instance of implicitly biased behavior rather than a proxy of hidden mental biases. Because these tasks allow for experimental control, they provide ideal tools for studying the automatic impact of social cues on behavior, for predicting other instances of biased behavior, and for educating people about implicitly biased behavior. The behavioral perspective not only changes the way we think about implicit bias but also shifts the aims of research on implicit bias and reveals links with other behavioral approaches such as network modeling.
“I am a Responsible Leader” Responsible Corporate Social Responsibility: The Example of Luxembourg
Authors: Schinzel Ursula
Published: August 2019

This article examines the links between responsible leadership and corporate social responsibility (CSR) in one country, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, a linguistically and culturally specific country, and how they are perceived to be enacted or not. The purpose of this study is to combine Hofstede’s cross-cultural research with a research on responsible leadership and CSR in Luxembourg, in order to determine if there are any particularities that apply only in the country. In this qualitative study from Spring/Summer 2017, 64 semi-structured interviews were conducted mainly in four culturally different categories. This study is combined with the results of a 2016 study “What is responsible leadership in Luxembourg.” Findings indicate that language is used as a key identifier, affecting CSR outcomes, and point to high uncertainty avoidance levels in Luxembourg as a possible reason for lack of change and innovation. Finally, the article discusses the various implications of the findings.
Has Cuba exposed the myth of “free” solar power? Energy, space, and justice
Authors: Hornborg Alf , Cederlöf Gustav , Roos Andreas
Published: August 2019

Given the many problems with fossil energy, the fact that solar energy still only constitutes an insignificant fraction of global energy use requires explanation. The most common explanation is that multinational corporations with vested interests in fossil fuels have been actively preventing the development of solar energy technologies. But this explanation is difficult to apply to the case of Cuba. This article takes Cuban energy policy since the 1990s as a starting point to understand the sociometabolic prerequisites of a renewable energy transition. In 2014, Cuba embarked on a new renewable energy strategy while 95% of the island’s electricity was still generated from petroleum products. To explain Cuba’s halting renewable energy transition, we demonstrate that modern energy technologies are always embedded in global flows of resources and processes of capital accumulation. The requisite investments of capital and labor in energy technology represent substantial, indirect land requirements beyond the space occupied by the technological infrastructure itself. The theoretical argument is that energy technologies should be perceived not simply as local, politically neutral accomplishments of engineering but as sociometabolic displacement strategies, appropriating space from elsewhere. From an interdisciplinary perspective, this means that assessments of a technology’s “power density” also need to consider the spatial demands of the global economic context that makes the technology feasible. The Cuban case illustrates how visions of a renewable energy transition in both mainstream and Marxist thought will need to be based on a radically transformed ontology of technology attentive to global political economy and energy justice. Ultimately, the global anticipation of a transition to renewable energy implicates illusory assumptions about “technology” that have been taken for granted since the Industrial Revolution.
On the Interpretation of Parameters in Multivariate Multilevel Models Across Different Combinations of Model Specification and Estimation
Authors: Hoffman Lesa
Published: August 2019

The increasing availability of software with which to estimate multivariate multilevel models (also called multilevel structural equation models) makes it easier than ever before to leverage these powerful techniques to answer research questions at multiple levels of analysis simultaneously. However, interpretation can be tricky given that different choices for centering model predictors can lead to different versions of what appear to be the same parameters; this is especially the case when the predictors are latent variables created through model-estimated variance components. A further complication is a recent change to Mplus (Version 8.1), a popular software program for estimating multivariate multilevel models, in which the selection of Bayesian estimation instead of maximum likelihood results in different lower-level predictors when random slopes are requested. This article provides a detailed explication of how the parameters of multilevel models differ as a function of the analyst’s decisions regarding centering and the form of lower-level predictors (i.e., observed or latent), the method of estimation, and the variant of program syntax used. After explaining how different methods of centering lower-level observed predictor variables result in different higher-level effects within univariate multilevel models, this article uses simulated data to demonstrate how these same concepts apply in specifying multivariate multilevel models with latent lower-level predictor variables. Complete data, input, and output files for all of the example models have been made available online to further aid readers in accurately translating these central tenets of multivariate multilevel modeling into practice.
The reliability of the ankle brachial index: a systematic review
Authors: Casey Sarah , Lanting Sean , Oldmeadow Christopher , Chuter Vivienne
Published: August 2019

Background

The ankle brachial index (ABI) is widely used in clinical practice as a non‐invasive method to detect the presence and severity of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Current guidelines suggest that it should be used to monitor potential progression of PAD in affected individuals. As such, it is important that the test is reliable when used for repeated measurements, by the same or different health practitioners. This systematic review aims to examine the literature to evaluate the inter‐ and intra‐rater reliability of the ABI.

Methods

A systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL Complete was conducted to 20 January 2019. Two authors independently reviewed and selected relevant studies and extracted the data. Methodological quality was determined using the Quality Appraisal of Reliability (QAREL) Checklist.

Results

Fifteen studies of ABI reliability in a range of patient populations were identified as suitable for inclusion in the review: seven considered inter‐rater reliability, four intra‐rater reliability, and four studies evaluated both inter‐ and intra‐rater reliability. Inter‐rater reliability was found to be highly variable, with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC's) ranging from poor to excellent (ICC 0.42–1.00), while intra‐rater also demonstrated considerable variation, with ICCs from 0.42–0.98. Meta‐analysis was not possible due to the lack of statistical information reported.

Conclusions

Results of included studies suggest the inter‐ and intra‐tester reliability of the ABI is acceptable. However, inconsistencies in obtaining systolic pressure measurements, calculating ABI values, and incomplete reporting of methodologies and statistical analysis make it difficult to determine the validity of the results of included studies. Further research, with more consistent reliability methodology, statistical analysis and reporting conducted in populations at risk of PAD is needed to conclusively determine the ABI reliability.
Application of a non-invasive, non-destructive technique to quantify naphthalene emission rates from museum objects
Authors: Portoni Fabiana , Grau-Bové Josep , Strlič Matija
Published: August 2019

For the last 30 years, the cultural heritage sector has undertaken research into pesticide residues in museum objects. However, quantitative studies of volatile residues remain scarce. This research presents an active air sampling methodology to obtain qualitative and quantitative data for naphthalene as the most common pesticide found in the sampled objects. The sampling procedure comprises of placing contaminated objects inside a sampling chamber fitted with a sorbent tube filled with TENAX, then connected via tubing to a calibrated sampling pump. The sample is desorbed and analysed using automated thermal desorption (ATD) paired with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). The obtained information allows the calculation of emission rates and modelling of emissions in common museum situations such as inside a box, cabinet or display case. This information informs decision-making regarding ventilation in storage areas and health and safety implications for museum professionals and other stakeholders coming in contact with objects.
Epsilon-Fe
2
O
3
is a novel intermediate for magnetite biosynthesis in magnetotactic bacteria
Authors: Wen Tong , Zhang Yunpeng , Geng Yuanyuan , Liu Junquan , Basit Abdul , Tian Jiesheng , Li Ying , Li Jilun , Ju Jing , Jiang Wei
Published: August 2019

Background

Natural biological magnetite nanoparticles are widely distributed from microorganisms to humans. It is found to be very important in organisms, especially in navigation. Moreover, purified magnetite nanoparticles also have potential applications in bioengineering and biomedicine. Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) is considered one of the most abundant species around the world which can form intracellular membrane enveloped magnetic nanoparticles, referred to as magnetosomes. To our knowledge, the biomineralization of magnetosome in MTB involves a serious of genes located on a large unstable genomic region named magnetosome island, which specially exists in MTB. The magnetite core of magnetosome formed via a Fe (III) ion intermediates, for instance,
α
-Fe
2
O
3
and ferrihydrite. Though the biosynthesis of magnetosome represents a general biomineralization mechanism of biogenic magnetite, knowledge of magnetosome biosynthesis and biomineralization remains very limited.

Method

Cells used in this study were cultured in a 7.5-L bioreactor, samples for intermediate capture were taken each certain time interval after the generation of magnetosome biosynthesis condition. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy were used to analyze the detailed structure of magnetosomes. The parameters of the crystal structures were obtained by Fast Fourier Transform analyses.

Results

In this study, we identified a novel intermediate phase,
ε
-Fe
2
O
3
, during the magnetite maturation process in MTB via kinetic analysis. Unlike
α
-Fe
2
O
3
, which has been reported as a precursor during magnetosome biosynthesis in MTB before,
ε
-Fe
2
O
3
, due to its thermal instability, is a rare phase with scarce natural abundance. This finding confirmed that
ε
-Fe
2
O
3
is an important novel intermediate during the biomineralization of magnetosome in MTB, and shed new light on the magnetosome biosynthesis pathway.
Women in the Early Years of the American Economic Association
Authors: May Ann Mari , Dimand Robert W.
Published: August 2019

We use the archives of the American Economic Association to examine the participation of women in the association from its foundation in 1885 to the Great Depression. Women participated actively in the formation of the association, contributed several monographs to its early publications, and won some of its early essay competitions. We find that the membership drives of 1900–1902 (aimed at academics and businessmen) and of 1909–13 (aimed at lawyers, bankers, and businessmen) neglected women interested in social causes and home economics as potential members. Together with the abolition of local branches, these first two membership drives diluted the role of women in the association. In contrast, the membership drive of 1922–26 reflected a growing interest in graduate students and young instructors that somewhat increased the proportion of women among members.
Artery-vein specification in the zebrafish trunk is pre-patterned by heterogeneous Notch activity and balanced by flow-mediated fine tuning
Authors: Geudens Ilse , Coxam Baptiste , Alt Silvanus , Gebala Véronique , Vion Anne-Clémence , Meier Katja , Rosa Andre , Gerhardt Holger
Published: August 2019

How developing vascular networks acquire the right balance of arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels to efficiently supply and drain tissues is poorly understood. In zebrafish embryos, the robust and regular 50:50 global balance of intersegmental veins and arteries that form along the trunk, prompts the intriguing question how the organism keeps “count”. Previous studies suggest that the ultimate fate of an intersegmental vessel (ISV) is determined by the identity of the approaching secondary sprout emerging from the posterior cardinal vein (PCV). Here, we show that the formation of a balanced trunk vasculature involves an early heterogeneity in endothelial cell (EC) behavior and Notch signaling activity in the seemingly identical primary ISVs that is independent of secondary sprouting and flow. We show that Notch signaling mediates the local patterning of ISVs, and an adaptive flow-mediated mechanism subsequently fine-tunes the global balance of arteries and veins along the trunk. We propose that this dual mechanism provides the adaptability required to establish a balanced network of arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels.
Triple-negative breast cancer: recent treatment advances
Authors: Bergin Alice R T , Loi Sherene
Published: August 2019

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a breast cancer subtype renowned for its capacity to affect younger women, metastasise early despite optimal adjuvant treatment and carry a poor prognosis. Neoadjuvant therapy has focused on combinations of systemic agents to optimise pathological complete response. Treatment algorithms now guide the management of patients with or without residual disease, but metastatic TNBC continues to harbour a poor prognosis. Innovative, multi-drug combination systemic therapies in the neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings have led to significant improvements in outcomes, particularly over the past decade. Recently published advances in the treatment of metastatic TNBC have shown impressive results with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors and immunotherapy agents. Immunotherapy agents in combination with traditional systemic chemotherapy have been shown to alter the natural history of this devastating condition, particularly in patients whose tumours are positive for programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1).
Whole-genome sequence analysis of Vibrio cholerae from three outbreaks in Uganda, 2014 - 2016
Authors: Aruhomukama Dickson , Sserwadda Ivan , Mboowa Gerald
Published: August 2019

Background: Cholera remains a serious public health problem in Uganda and Africa. The aim of this study was to provide the complete array of antimicrobial resistance genes, integrative and conjugative elements, virulence genes, pathogenicity islands, plasmids, and insertion sequences in the strains. In addition, this study also aimed to provide a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) based phylogenetic analysis of the strains.

Methods: In the analysis, both Linux and web-based bioinformatics approaches were used to analyze the study sequences. Databases used included; FastQC, MultiQC, Snippy, PANTHER, PATRIC, Unicycler, ISFinder, Center for Genomic Epidemiology pipelines (i.e. MLST, PlasmidFinder, MyDbFinder, and ResFinder), MashTree and IcyTree. 

Results: The 10 sequenced strains of Vibrio cholerae were found to carry virulence-associated genes including MakA, ctxA, ctxB, carA, carB, trpB, clpB, ace, toxR, zot, rtxA, ompW, ompR, gmhA, fur, hlyA, and rstR. Also identified were: genes of the Type VI secretion system including vasA-L, vgrG-2, vgrG-3, vipA/mglA, and vipB/mglB; alsD (VC1589), involved in the synthesis of 2,3-butanediol; alsR, involved in the acetate-responsive LysR-type regulation; makA, the flagella-mediated cytotoxin gene; Type VI pilus genes including tcpA-F, tcpH-J, tcpN, tcpP-T, and icmF/vasK; adherence genes acfA-D and IlpA; and quorum sensing system genes luxS and cqsA. Pathogenicity islands identified comprised of VSP-1 and VSP-2, as well as VPI-1 and VPI-2. In addition, strA and B, APH(3'')-I, APH(3'')-Ib, APH(6)-Id, APH(6)-Ic, murA, pare, dfrA1, floR, catB, and catB9 were among the antimicrobial resistance genes found in the sequences. Analysis for SNPs shared among the sequences showed that the sequenced strains shared 218 SNPs and of these, 98 SNPs were missense. Gene enrichment analysis of these SNPs showed enrichment in genes that mediate transmembrane-signaling receptor activity, peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity, and phosphor-relay response regulator activity.

Conclusions: This study applied bioinformatics approaches to provide comprehensive genomic analysis of V. cholerae genomes obtained from Uganda.
A realist review of community engagement with health research
Authors: Adhikari Bipin , Vincent Robin , Wong Geoff , Duddy Claire , Richardson Emma , Lavery James V. , Molyneux Sassy
Published: August 2019

Introduction: Community engagement is increasingly recognized as a critical aspect of global health. Recent years have seen an expansion of community engagement activities linked to health research, but debates and inconsistencies remain about the aims of different types of engagement, mechanisms underpinning their implementation and impact, and influential contextual factors. Greater commitment to and consistency around community engagement by health research programs, implementers and funders requires a more coherent evidence base. This realist review is designed to improve our understanding of how and why community engagement contributes to intended and unintended outcomes (including research and ethical outcomes) in different contexts. Given the breadth and diversity of the literature on community engagement in health research, the review will initially focus on malaria research in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and draw on wider global health literature where needed.

Methods and analysis: Community engagement in practice is often a complex set of interventions. We will conduct a realist review – a theory driven approach to evidence synthesis – to provide explanations for how and why community engagement with health research produces the pattern of outcomes observed across different contexts of application. We will consolidate evidence from a range of documents, including qualitative, quantitative and mixed method studies. The review will follow several stages: devising an initial programme theory, searching evidence, selecting appropriate documents, extracting data, synthesizing and refining the programme theory, and reiteration of these steps as needed.

Ethics and dissemination: A formal ethics review is not required for this literature review.  Findings will be disseminated in a peer reviewed journal, through national and international conferences, and through a set of short briefings tailored for audiences with an interest in community engagement. Outputs and presentations will be informed by and feed into our network of community engagement experts.

PROSPERO registration number: CRD42019125687
The analgesic action of Aussie current in women with non-specific chronic lumbar pain
Authors: Pelegrini Ana Claudia Aparecida , Gasoto Eduardo , Bussolaro Jean Marcos , Segatti Gabriel , de Albuquerque Carlos Eduardo , Bertolini Gladson Ricardo Flor
Published: August 2019

Background/aims

Despite electrostimulation being a common adjuvant therapy for non-specific low back pain, the use of Aussie current for muscle contraction is still underreported in the literature. The present study aimed to assess the use of Aussie current in the treatment of chronic, non-specific lumbar pain.

Methods

Twenty-four young women with chronic non-specific low back pain were randomly assigned to the Aussie current group or control group. Pain (visual analogue scale and McGill Pain Questionnaire), function (Oswestry Disability Index), trunk muscle resistance (the time the participant remained in a predefined static position) and multifidus muscle thickness (ultrasound images) were analysed bilaterally before, at the end of and 30 days after completing the treatment protocol. The treatment group received 12 sessions of Aussie current over a period of 4 weeks. The electrodes were arranged laterally and bilaterally to the spinous processes of the first and fifth lumbar vertebrae.

Results

There was a reduction in the pain profile for the Aussie group, as measured by a visual analogue scale and the McGill Pain Questionnaire. There was an increase in trunk muscle resistance and in muscle thickness in the Aussie group when compared to the control group. There were no changes in the Oswestry Disability Index in either group.

Conclusions

Aussie current resulted in significant improvements in pain, endurance and muscle thickness in women with chronic, non-specific low back pain.
Pain neuroscience education plus exercise compared with exercise in university students with chronic idiopathic neck pain
Authors: Matias Beatriz A , Vieira Isabel , Pereira Artur , Duarte Mário , Silva Anabela G
Published: August 2019

Background/Aims

Neck pain is a common complaint. Its prevalence is particularly high in university students. This study examined the effects of pain neuroscience education plus exercise when compared with exercise only in university students with chronic idiopathic neck pain.

Methods

University students with chronic neck pain were randomly allocated to receive pain neuroscience education plus exercise, or exercise only intervention, and assessed at baseline, after the intervention and at 3-month follow-up. Pain intensity (primary outcome), disability, fear of movement, catastrophising, knowledge of pain neurophysiology, pressure pain thresholds and neck and scapular muscle endurance were measured to determine the impact of the interventions.

Results

It was found that disability (F=17.3, P<0.001; partial eta2=0.48), fear of movement (F=5.3, P=0.009; partial eta2=0.22), catastrophising (F=16.4, P<0.001; partial eta2=0.48) and neck extensor endurance (F=11.0, P=0.002; partial eta2=0.19) changed significantly over time. There was a significant increase in neurophysiology of pain questionnaire score for the group receiving pain neuroscience education plus exercise but not for the group receiving exercise only (group vs time interaction: F=19.8, P<0.001; partial eta2=0.51). No other significant differences were found.

Conclusions

Pain neuroscience education plus exercise has comparable results to exercise only, with the exception of knowledge about pain neurophysiology. The impact of this difference needs to be explored in future studies.
Chris L. Firestone, Nathan A Jacobs, and James H. Joiner, eds. Kant and the Question of Theology
Authors: Rossi Philip J.
Published: August 2019

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Benjamin H. Arbour, ed. Philosophical Essays Against Open Theism
Authors: Mullins R. T.
Published: August 2019

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The Relationship Between Disability Prejudice and Institutionalization of People With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Friedman Carli
Published: August 2019

There are decades of research indicating ableism is extremely prominent. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between disability prejudice and institutionalization of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). This study had two research questions: (1) How does disability prejudice impact the number of people with IDD who are institutionalized in a state? and (2) How does disability prejudice impact spending on institutions? To do so, we utilized secondary data about state utilization of institutions (fiscal year 2015), and disability prejudice data from 325,000 people. Findings revealed, states with higher disability prejudice institutionalize more people, even when controlling for size. Moreover, states with higher disability prejudice also spend more on institutional funding, regardless of size or wealth.
Az egyházi fenntartású iskolák és a szelekció, szegregáció kapcsolata
Authors: Ercse Kriszta
Published: August 2019

2010 óta jelentősen megnőtt mind az egyházi fenntartású iskolák, mind az egyházi fenntartású iskolák tanulóinak aránya, így az egyházi fenntartók iskolapolitikája képes hatást gyakorolni az oktatási rendszer egészére.Ugyanebben az időszakban a kormányzat részéről egyértelműen azonosítható az egyházi fenntartókat preferáló viselkedés (pl. kommunikáció, finanszírozás, diszkrecionális jogosultságok biztosítása). Figyelembe véve e két folyamatot, illetve a magyar oktatási rendszert jellemző szélsőséges, szociokulturális, szocioökonómiai alapú szelektivitást, indokolt az egyháziiskola-hatás vizsgálata. A kutatás azoknak a 2, 3 és 4 iskolás településeknek vizsgálta a szelekciós struktúráját, ahol a legnagyobb hatáspotenciállal rendelkező felekezeteknek (katolikus, református, evangélikus, görögkatolikus) volt 2016-ban iskolájuk. A 2010 és 2016 között az Országos Kompetenciamérés 8. évfolyamos adatbázisainak három mutatója – családiháttér-index (CSHI), halmozottan hátrányos helyzetű (HHH) és roma tanulók aránya – segítségével követhető a tanulók településeken belüli eloszlása és ennek változása. Az elemzés a 2010-es évben is nagymértékű szelekciót talált a vizsgált településeken. Az egyházi iskolák tanulóinak CSHI-átlaga az esetek döntő többségben a települési átlag felett van. A HHH tanulók az egyházi iskoláknak közel feléből teljességgel hiányoznak. A roma tanulók tekintetében 2016-ra a települések egyötödén az egyházi iskolák megvalósították a teljes etnikai szelekciót. Ezzel összefüggésben a gettósodó és gettóintézmények száma és aránya extrém mértékben megnőtt. Külön vizsgálva azokat a településeket, ahol a kiinduló évben nem volt egyházi fenntartó – és azokat, ahol szélsőséges roma tanulói koncentráció sem –, az látható, hogy a települési szelekciós iskolastruktúrákban az egyházi iskolák belépése egyértelműen egy durván polarizált tanulói eloszlást eredményezett a társadalmi hátrányok mentén. A vizsgálatban szereplő felekezeti fenntartók mindegyikéről megállapítható, hogy a beiskolázás szempontjából mindig a relatíve magas státuszú családok gyermekeit (nem HHH, nem roma) részesítik előnyben.
Roma tanulók a református általános iskolák rendszerében
Authors: Neumann Eszter , Berényi Eszter
Published: August 2019

Az egyházi fenntartók aránya az utóbbi évtizedben jelentősen megemelkedett a magyar általános iskolarendszerben.Az egyházi iskolák jellemzően társadalmilag kevésbé heterogének, tanulóik magasabb társadalmi státuszúak, mint az állami fenntartású iskolák diákjai, növekvő számuk pedig szervesen hozzájárul a magyar iskolarendszer társadalmi polarizációjához. Az oktatáskutatások kevésbé foglalkoztak azonban eddig azokkal az egyházi intézményekkel, amelyek a környékbeli iskolákkal összevetve hátrányosabb társadalmi összetételűek, és roma tanulókat is fogadnak. Tanulmányunkban négy olyan református általános iskolával foglalkozunk, amelyek viszonylag magas arányban fogadnak roma tanulókat is. Részletesebben elemezzük a vizsgált általános iskolák egyházi átvételének körülményeit és beiskolázási stratégiáit, valamint a roma és hátrányos helyzetű tanulók kirekesztésének és befogadásának jellegzetes folyamatait. Végül kitérünk a roma integrációval kapcsolatos iskolai narratívákra, arra keresve a választ, hogy az egyházi fenntartás fényében létrejönnek-e az együttnevelés jellegzetes, keresztény keretben megfogalmazott elbeszélései és gyakorlatai.
Szemafor hát!
Authors: Szeteli Anna , Gocsál Ákos , Alberti Gábor
Published: August 2019

Vizsgálatunkban sikerült a szóbeliségben leggyakoribb, szélsőségesen multi­funkcionális magyar diskurzusjelölőnek, a hát-nak öt, páronként szignifikánsan eltérő prozódiai jellemzőkkel bíró változatát elkülöníteni. Egészen pontosan a következő prozódiai jellemzők [l, l', p] hármasáról van szó, ahol l a hát hang­sor kiejtésének hosszát jelöli, p az eközben változó alapfrekvencia-értékekből adódó dallamosságot, l' pedig a hát-ot követő szünet hosszát. Eredményeink nem állnak ellentétben a Dér és Markó szerzőpároséival (Dér–Markó 2017), akik alapvetően fordulópozíciók szerint különítenek el funkciókat, míg a mi legfőbb állításunk az, hogy csak fordulókezdő mondatéli hát-funkcióból szig­nifikánsan elkülöníthető négy-, sőt tulajdonképpen ötféle: a „határozott”, a „bizonytalan”, az „aggodalmas” és kétféle „incselkedő”; tárgyalunk továbbá egy mondatzáró „nyomatékosító” hát-ot is. Az által, hogy Dér és Markó ezeket el nem különítetten értékelte statisztikailag, semlegesíthette a különbségeiket. A mi elsődleges célunk viszont éppen e különbségekkel volt kapcsolatos: azt kívántuk kísérletesen igazolni, hogy a fordulókezdő hát az Alberti (2016) által felvetett szemaforszerű viselkedést mutatja.
MODEL PENELITIAN TOKOH (Dalam Teori dan Aplikasi)
Authors: Mustaqim Abdul
Published: August 2019

The author explores some ways and its importance to biographical study in the Qur’an and Hadith. The purpose of research on biographical studies is to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the thoughts, ideas, concepts, and theories of someone he examined. The considerations in conducting this kind of research, among others, for example, his/her controverciality, influence, popularity, uniqueness, the intensity on the field of study that would scrutinized, relevance and contributions of his/her thinking in the context of the present.
SUNNAH-SUNNAH FITHRAH
Authors: Anshori Muhammad
Published: August 2019

This article discusses about the five of sunna of fithrah namely khitan (to circumcise), to shave the hair of penis (istih}dād), shave the hair of armpit (natf al-ibt}), cutting the nails (taqlīm al-az}āfīr) and cutting the moustache (qas} al-syārib) in six hadith books (al-kutub al-sittah). These five of sunna of fithrah did by Muslim society although they did’nt know the evidence or hadith. This article also explained about the chain of transmitter (sanad/isnad) and content of the hadith (matn) so we know who and where the hadith of sunna of fithrah. Besides that, this article tried to explains briefly about thats depend on the modern sciences. The modern research of sciences found that if we always do this five sunna of fithrah we will free from the disease, especially cancer, etc.
AL-QUR’AN MENURUT PANDANGAN ORIENTALIS (Studi Analisis ‘Teori Pengaruh’ dalam Pemikiran Orientalis)
Authors: Muzayyin M.
Published: August 2019

ewline"> This article tries to discuss the discourse proposed by modern westernscholarship regarding to the study of polemicies about Qur’anic studies,that it is an inflence theory developed in nineteen century. The scholarsused historical criticism as one of biblical method. Shortly, by using thishistorical criticism, they attempted to trace back the inflence of Jewish orChristian ideas toward the Qur’a>n. As a result this paper fids that whenMuhammad came up with some Qur’anic doctrines, such as the history ofprophethood, as well the terminology in the Qur’an; were not simply allegedor adopted from both of Jewish and Christian. This polemecies issue werepopularized mainly by Abraham Geiger, then followed by Teodor Noldeke,William Muir, and John Wansbrough that will be on this article.
Studi Historis Komparatif Tentang Metode Tahfiz al-Qur’an
Authors: Jalil Abdul
Published: August 2019

اهتم المسلمون بحفظ القرآن الكريم منذ عصر النبوة حتى عصرنا الحاضر، إلا أنالمناهج و الطرق اختلفت من عصر لآخر. يلقي هذا البحث نظرة على تعدد مناهجالتحفيظ تبعا لاختلاف الوسائل و شكل القرآن، ففي عصر النبي و الصحابة كانمنهج السماع و التلقي هو المستخدم في حفظ القرآن، و اختلف ذلك بعد عصر تدوينالمصاحف و طباعتها حيث يعتمد الطالب على القرآن المكتوب أو المصحف في حفظهثم يقرأه على الشيخ، و بعد تسجيل القرآن صوتيا استخدمه بعض الأفراد في عمليةالتحفيظ لسهولة حملها و استخدامها و سماعها. و مع تغير الأدوات و الوسائل إلا أنالتسميع و القراءة على الشيخ كعنصر مهم في التلقي و تحفيظ القرآن لازالت متبعة