bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Partitioning of soil CO2 efflux in un-manipulated and experimentally flooded plots of a temperate fen
Authors: Wunderlich S. , Borken W.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. Peatlands store large amounts of organic carbon, but the carbon stock is sensitive to changes in precipitation or water table manipulations. Restoration of drained peatlands by drain blocking and flooding is a common measure to conserve and augment the carbon stock of peatland soils. Here, we report to what extent flooding affected the contribution of heterotrophic and rhizosphere respiration to soil CO2 efflux in a grass-dominated mountain fen, Germany. Soil CO2 efflux was measured in three un-manipulated control plots and three flooded plots in two consecutive years. Flooding was achieved by permanent irrigation during the growing seasons. Radiocarbon signatures of CO2 from different sources including soil CO2 efflux, incubated peat cores and live grass roots were repeatedly analyzed for partitioning of soil CO2 efflux. Additionally, heterotrophic respiration and its radiocarbon signature were determined by eliminating rhizosphere respiration in trenched subplots (only control). In the control plots, rhizosphere respiration determined by 14C signatures contributed between 47 and 61% during the growing season, but was small (4%) immediately before budding. Trenching revealed a smaller rhizosphere contribution of 33% (2009) and 22% (2010) during growing seasons. Flooding reduced annual soil CO2 efflux of the fen by 42% in 2009 and by 30% in 2010. The reduction was smaller in 2010 mainly through naturally elevated water level in the control plots. A 1-week interruption of irrigation caused a strong short-lived increase in soil CO2 efflux, demonstrating the sensitivity of the fen to water table drawdown near the peat surface. The reduction in soil CO2 efflux in the flooded plots diminished the relative proportion of rhizosphere respiration from 56 to 46%, suggesting that rhizosphere respiration was slightly more sensitive to flooding than heterotrophic respiration. We conclude that the moderate decrease in rhizosphere respiration following flooding arises from a gradual change in vegetation in this fen ecosystem.
Morphology of Tigris River within Baghdad City
Authors: Ali A. A. , Al-Ansari N. A. , Knutsson S.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. Changes in the morphology of the River Tigris within Baghdad City are very noticeable in recent years. The number of islands is increasing with time despite the fact that huge amount of sediments are trapped in reservoirs upstream Baghdad City. The debris of destroyed bridges in the wars of 1991 and 2003 had enhanced the development of these islands. As a consequence the ability of the river had been reduced to pass flood waves. This fact caused partial flooding of parts of Baghdad City. Cross sections of the River Tigris were surveyed in three occasions (1976, 1991 and 2008). The last survey conducted in 2008 by Ministry of Water Resources covered 49 km of the river from Al-Muthana Bridge to its confluence with Diyala River at 250 m intervals. The data was used to predict the maximum flood capacity for the river using one-dimensional hydraulic model for steady flow "HEC-RAS". Calibration was carried out for the model using field measurements for water levels along the last 15 km from its reach and the last 10 yr observations at Sarai Baghdad station. The average discharge of the river in Baghdad had been calculated for the past ten years. This value was introduced in the model. Then different scenarios were applied by increasing the discharge in order to find out the critical discharge that can cause inundation. The procedure continued to detect the areas that had been inundated and the water level was recorded. The model showed a significant reduction in the current river capacity in comparison with what the river had used to hold during floods of 1971 and 1988. The three surveys conducted on the same reach of the River Tigris indicated that the capacity of the river to pass water had been decreased. In addition the changes in the morphology of the river cross sections were very clear.
Distributed hydrological modeling in a large-scale watershed of Northern China: multi-site model calibration, validation, and sensitivity analysis
Authors: Wang S. , Zhang Z. , Sun G. , Strauss P. , Guo J. , Tang Y.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. Model calibration is a complex task for large watersheds, especially for those in a heterogeneous mountain environment where multi-objective calibration strategy is essential. That may improve a model's capability to capture the spatial variations of the internal hydrologic variables. This study used the physically-based distributed hydrologic model, MIKESHE, to contrast a lumped calibration protocol that uses data measured at one single outlet to a multi-site calibration method which employed streamflow measurements at three separate stations within the large Chaohe River basin in Northern China. The results showed that, the single-site calibrated model was able to sufficiently simulate the hydrographs for two of the three stations (Nash-sutchliffe coefficient of 0.65–0.75, and correlation coefficient 0.81–0.87 during the testing period), but model performance was poor at the third station (EF only 0.44). By using the multi-site measurements model calibration reached a compromise between the different stations, the model reasonably representing the hydrographs of all three stations with EF ranging from 0.59–0.72. The modeling calibration results suggested that the dominant hydrological processes varied across the large watershed with upstream area dominated by slow groundwater and middle- and down-stream areas dominated by relatively quick interflow. We conclude that to account for the different hydrological process of watershed with large heterogeneity, it is necessary to employ a multi-site calibration protocol to reduce prediction errors.
The problems of overexploitation of aquifers in semi-arid areas: the Murcia Region and the Segura Basin (South-east Spain) case
Authors: Rodríguez-Estrella T.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. A general analysis of the problems arising from aquifer exploitation in semi-arid areas such as the Autonomous Region of Murcia, which belongs to the Segura Basin is presented, with particular reference to the Ascoy-Sopalmo aquifer, which is the most overexploited aquifer in Spain. It has suffered intense overabstraction over the last forty years, given renewable water resources of 2 Mm3 yr−1 and abstractions amounting to as much as 55 Mm3 yr−1. This has resulted in the drying of springs, continuous drawdown of water levels (5 m yr−1); piezometric drops (over 30 m in one year, as a consequence of it being a karstic aquifer); increase in pumping costs (elevating water from more than 320 m depth); abandoning of wells (45 reduced to 20), diminishing groundwater reserves, and deteriorating water quality (progressing from a mixed sodium bicarbonate-chloride facies to a sodium chloride one). This is a prime example of poor management with disastrous consequences. In this sense, a series of internal measures is proposed to alleviate the overexploitation of this aquifer and of the Segura Basin, with the aim of contributing to a sustainable future.
Peak Performance Training Using Prefrontal EEG Biofeedback
Authors: Sokhadze Estate “Tato”
Published: May 2012

The use of biofeedback training to self-regulate EEG patterns with the aim of recovering or optimizing function and behavioral performance is becoming increasingly established. The most reasonable approach is to learn to generate and maintain optimal brain wave patterns and produce associated peak performance states on demand. We report two studies where 12 sessions of prefrontal EEG feedback were used to improve performance in both clinical and nonclinical populations. Neurofeedback using Focus, Alertness, and 40 Hz (Neureka!) measures resulted in improved selective attention and other cognitive functions. We discuss other potential applications of neurofeedback in the areas of “under-pressure” activity, where peak performance state is an essential part of the job, such as in sports or the performing arts, as well as for human operators, such as air traffic dispatchers and military personnel on duty.
Insertion of Permanent Hemodialysis Catheters through the Great Saphenous Vein
Authors: Skandalos Ioannis K. , Samaras Asterios A. , Karakatsanis Anestis I. , Ditsias Theodoros K. , Filippidis Antis A. , Mavromatidis Konstantinos S. , Koutsouflianiotis Nikolaos K.
Published: May 2012

Introduction:

In patients with end stage renal disease when there is inability for the creation of a direct arterio-venous fistula or by using a graft, the insertion of a permanent hemodialysis catheter in a central vein ensures the conduction of hemodialysis. We present a technique of placing a permanent catheter in the inferior vena cava through the great saphenous vein without the use of a guidewire.

Patients and Methods:

Over the study period, 12 hemodialyzed patients, with a mean age of 73 years, were referred for placement of a dialysis catheter through the great saphenous veins. The procedure was performed under local anesthesia, ECG monitoring, and fluoroscopic control. The insertion of the tunneled hemodialysis catheters was accomplished with ease, through surgical exposure of the great saphenous vein, without the need for a guidewire.

Results:

The hemodialysis catheter's function was assessed intraoperatively No intraoperative or immediate post operative complications were noted while during the study period 3 thromboses and an infection were detected (0,95 per 1000 catheter days). The primary catheter patency rates were 92%, 84%, 54% at 30, 90 and 180 days respectively, varying from 28 to 845 days (mean±SD = 294 ± 243,3).

Conclusion:

The introduction of dialysis catheters in the inferior vena cava through the great saphenous vein is technically simple with rare complications and with higher patency rates compared to the traditional femoral approach.
Marginal Sealing Durability of Two Contemporary Self-Etch Adhesives
Authors: Khoroushi Maryam , Mansoori Mahsa
Published: April 2012

Introduction. Sealing abilities of two self-etch adhesives were evaluated after two aging processes: storage in water and thermocycling. Materials and Methods. Cl V cavities were prepared on the buccal and lingual aspects of 48 human premolars, with cervical margins 1 mm below the CEJ. Clearfil Protect Bond (CPB) and BeautiBond (BB) (two-step and one-step self-etch adhesives, resp.) were applied, each to half of the cavities and restored with composite resin. Each group was randomly subdivided into 4 subgroups (n=12) and evaluated for dye penetration after 24 hours, after 3000 thermocycling rounds, after a 6-month water storage, and after 3000 thermocycling rounds plus 6-month water storage, respectively. Data was analyzed using SPSS 11.5 and Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests (α=0.05). Results. There were no significant differences in enamel and dentin microleakage between the adhesives (P=0.683; P=0.154). Furthermore, no significant differences were observed in enamel microleakage of each one of CPB and BB (P=0.061 and P=0.318, resp.). However, significant decrease was observed in subgroups 3 and 4 (P=0.001) for CPB dentinal margins. Conclusion. In this study, limited aging procedures had no influence on marginal integrity of composite resin restorations bonded with self-etch adhesives of CPB and BB. Furthermore, CPB dentinal sealing improved after aging.
Burnout among Nurses in a Nigerian General Hospital: Prevalence and Associated Factors
Authors: Lasebikan Victor Olufolahan , Oyetunde Modupe Olusola
Published: April 2012

Objective. To evaluate the prevalence and associated factors of burnout among nurses in a Nigerian general hospital. Methods. A total sampling method was utilized. Measurements. Burnout was evaluated using the Maslach Burnout Inventory; GHQ-12 was used to determine the presence of psychiatric morbidity. Results. A high level of burnout was identified in 39.1% of the respondents in the area of emotional exhaustion (EE), 29.2% in the area of depersonalization and 40.0% in the area of reduced personal accomplishment. Multivariate analysis showed that doctor/nurse conflict (OR = 3.1, 95% CI: 1.9−6.3), inadequate nursing personnel (OR = 2.6, 95% CI: 1.5–5.1), and too frequent night duties (OR = 3.1, 95% CI: 1.7–5.6) were predictors of burnout in the area of EE, doctor/nurse conflict (OR = 3.4, 95% CI: 2.2–7.6) and too frequent night duties (OR = 2.4, 95% CI 1.5–4.8) in the area of D, high nursing hierarchy (OR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.5–4.8), poor wages (OR = 2.9, 95% CI: 1.6–5,6), and too frequent night duties (OR = 2.3, 95% CI: 2.3–4.5) in the area of RPA. Conclusions. Prevalence of burnout among these nurses was high. The government therefore needs to look into factors that will enhance nurses’ recruitment and retention for effective health care delivery system.
Contribution to the Taxonomy and Distribution of Six Shark Species (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) from the Gulf of Thailand
Authors: Weigmann Simon
Published: April 2012

A collection of nine shark specimens from six different species, obtained in 1993 from the Gulf of Thailand, was examined in this study. The sharks were determined, morphometrically and meristically analyzed, photographically documented, and compared with relevant literature. Additionally, further available material from the fish collections of the Zoological Museum Hamburg, the Senckenberg Naturmuseum Frankfurt, and the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, was examined by way of comparison. Contrary to most references, prominent dorsal ridges were detected in several specimens of Chiloscyllium griseum. Additionally, one of the specimens had a very unusual big ocellar blotch on the head which had not been reported for this genus before. For Paragaleus randalli, it could be proven that the teeth morphologically deviate strongly from those shown in literature due to having much larger cusps. Furthermore, the known distribution area of Paragaleus randalli could be extended considerably eastwards by about 2000 km. For a seventh species, Paragaleus tengi, differences between the actual morphology of upper lateral teeth and those drawn in the original description were detected.
The effect of a visual aid on the comprehension of cataract surgery in a rural, indigent South Indian population
Authors: Karan Abraar M. , Campbell Daniel J. , Mayer Hylton R.
Published: May 2012

PurposeTo determine whether a visual aid improves the understanding and retention of information presented during informed consent for rural, indigent patients presenting for cataract surgery.

Subjects and MethodsThis was a randomized, unmasked, interventional study. We recruited patients who presented to the Hande Surgical Hospital in Chennai, India, for cataract surgery. Patients were randomized into two groups: verbal consent alone (group A) and verbal consent plus a poster (group B). Both groups completed an 11-question true/false quiz immediately before and after informed consent and one day after surgery.

ResultsA total of 60 patients were recruited for the study, with 30 randomly assigned to each group; 23 patients from group A and 17 from group B completed the study. Informed consent improved patient scores in both groups; however, group B had significantly higher mean scores on postoperative day 1 (7.4 vs 8.7, P = 0.005) and significantly greater improvement in mean scores from pre-informed consent to postoperative day 1 (1.3 vs 3.6, P = 0.002).

ConclusionInformed consent improves patient understanding of cataract surgery. Using a visual aid during informed consent for cataract surgery improves understanding and retention of information more than verbal consent alone in a rural South Indian population.
Building Community Resilience: What Can the United States Learn From Experiences in Other Countries?
Authors: Moore Melinda , Chandra Anita , Feeney Kevin C.
Published: May 2012

Objectives

Community resilience (CR) is emerging as a major public policy priority within disaster management and is one of two key pillars of the December 2009 US National Health Security Strategy. However, there is no clear agreement on what key elements constitute CR. We examined exemplary practices from international disaster management to validate the elements of CR, as suggested by Homeland Security Presidential Directive 21 (HSPD-21), to potentially identify new elements and to identify practices that could be emulated or adapted to help build CR.

Methods

We extracted detailed information relevant to CR from unpublished case studies we had developed previously, describing exemplary practices from international natural disasters occurring between 1985 and 2005. We then mapped specific practices against the five elements of CR suggested by HSPD-21.

Results

We identified 49 relevant exemplary practices from 11 natural disasters in 10 countries (earthquakes in Mexico, India, and Iran; volcanic eruption in Philippines; hurricanes in Honduras and Cuba; floods in Bangladesh, Vietnam, and Mozambique; tsunami in Indian Ocean countries; and typhoon in Vietnam). Of these, 35 mapped well against the five elements of CR: community education, community empowerment, practice, social networks, and familiarity with local services; 15 additional practices were related to physical security and economic security. The five HSPD-21 CR elements and two additional ones we identified were closely related to one another; social networks were especially important to CR.

Conclusions

While each disaster is unique, the elements of CR appear to be broadly applicable across countries and disaster settings. Our descriptive study provides retrospective empirical evidence that helps validate, and adds to, the elements of CR suggested by HSPD-21. It also generates hypotheses about factors contributing to CR that can be tested in future analytic or experimental research. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2013;7:292-301)
Inhibition of caspase‐9 by stabilized peptides targeting the dimerization interface
Authors: Huber Kristen L. , Ghosh Sumana , Hardy Jeanne A.
Published: May 2012

Caspases comprise a family of dimeric cysteine proteases that control apoptotic programmed cell death and are therefore critical in both organismal development and disease. Specific inhibition of individual caspases has been repeatedly attempted, but has not yet been attained. Caspase‐9 is an upstream or initiator caspase that is regulated differently from all other caspases, as interaction with natural inhibitor X‐linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP)‐baculovirus inhibitory repeat 3 (BIR3) occurs at the dimer interface maintaining caspase‐9 in an inactive monomeric state. One route to caspase‐9‐specific inhibition is to mimic this interaction, which has been localized to the α5 helix of XIAP‐BIR3. We have developed three types of stabilized peptides derived from the α5 helix, using incorporation of aminoisobutyric acid, the avian pancreatic polypeptide (aPP)‐scaffold or aliphatic staples. The stabilized peptides are helical in solution and achieve up to 32 μM inhibition, indicating that this allosteric site at the caspase‐9 dimerization interface is regulatable with low‐molecular weight synthetic ligands and is thus a druggable site. The most potent peptides against caspase‐9 activity are the aPP‐scaffolded peptides. Other caspases, which are not regulated by dimerization, should not be inactivated by these peptides. Given that all of the peptides attain helical structures but cannot recapitulate the high‐affinity inhibition of the intact BIR3 domain, it has become clear that interactions of caspase‐9 with the BIR3 exosite are essential for high‐affinity binding. These results explain why the full XIAP‐BIR3 domain is required for maximal inhibition and suggest a path forward for achieving allosteric inhibition at the dimerization interface using peptides or small molecules. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 98: 451–465, 2012.
A novel hydroxyproline rich glycopeptide from pericarp of Datura stramonium: Proficiently eradicate the biofilm of antifungals resistant Candida albicans
Authors: Mandal Santi M.
Published: May 2012

The increasing threats of multidrug resistant fungal pathogens, several studies have been focused to identify novel antifungal plant peptides with unique characteristics. Plants have been defending themselves against fungal infection by generating effective antifungal molecules. Here, a novel antifungal peptide with molecular mass of 4.0 kDa was purified from the pericarp of D.stramonium using reversed phase chromatography system after acetic acid extraction. Presence of sugar moieties (‐GlcNAc‐) in the peptide have been confirmed using thin layer chromatographic (TLC), CD polarimeter, and MALDI MS analysis. Complete amino acid sequences of this peptide by PSD MALDI MS analysis revealed to contain hydroxyproline in the centre of two cysteine residues. After sequencing “TFPKCAPTRhyPhy PGPKhyPCDINNFKSKFWHIWRA‐(GlcNAc‐)Asn” peptide named as “datucin.” Antifungal sensitivity of datucin have been performed for both planktonic cells and biofilm phenotype of a multidrug resistant clinical isolates, C. albicans and showed a MIC and MBEC values of 1 μM and 2 μM, respectively. Hence, D. stramonium offers a potential source of novel antifungal peptide datucin with possible utility in antifungal chemotherapy. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 98: 332–337, 2012.
pH, redox potential and local biofilm potential microenvironments within Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilms and their roles in electron transfer
Authors: Babauta Jerome T. , Nguyen Hung Duc , Harrington Timothy D. , Renslow Ryan , Beyenal Haluk
Published: May 2012

The limitation of pH inside electrode‐respiring biofilms is a well‐known concept. However, little is known about how pH and redox potential are affected by increasing current inside biofilms respiring on electrodes. Quantifying the variations in pH and redox potential with increasing current is needed to determine how electron transfer is tied to proton transfer within the biofilm. In this research, we quantified pH and redox potential variations in electrode‐respiring Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilms as a function of respiration rates, measured as current. We also characterized pH and redox potential at the counter electrode. We concluded that (1) pH continued to decrease in the biofilm through different growth phases, showing that the pH is not always a limiting factor in a biofilm and (2) decreasing pH and increasing redox potential at the biofilm electrode were associated only with the biofilm, demonstrating that G. sulfurreducens biofilms respire in a unique internal environment. Redox potential inside the biofilm was also compared to the local biofilm potential measured by a graphite microelectrode, where the tip of the microelectrode was allowed to acclimatize inside the biofilm. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109: 2651–2662. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Caprylic acid precipitation method for impurity reduction: An alternative to conventional chromatography for monoclonal antibody purification
Authors: Brodsky Yan , Zhang Cheng , Yigzaw Yinges , Vedantham Ganesh
Published: May 2012

We report the use of caprylic acid based impurity precipitation as (1) an alternative method to polishing chromatography techniques commonly used for monoclonal antibody purification and (2) an impurity reduction step prior to harvesting the bioreactor. This impurity reduction method was tested with protein A purified antibodies and with cell culture fluid. First, the operational parameters influencing precipitation of host cell proteins and high molecular weight aggregate in protein A pools were investigated. When used as a polishing step, the primary factor affecting purification and yield was determined to be pH. Caprylic acid precipitation was comparable to polishing IEX chromatography in reducing host cell protein and aggregate levels. A virus reduction study showed complete clearance of a model retrovirus during caprylic acid precipitation of protein A purified antibody. Caprylic acid mediated impurity precipitation in cell culture showed that the impurity clearance was generally insensitive to pH and caprylic acid concentration whereas yield was a function of caprylic acid concentration. Protein A purification of caprylic acid precipitated cell culture fluid generated less turbid product pool with reduced levels of host cell proteins and high molecular weight aggregate. The results of this study show caprylic acid precipitation to be an effective purification method that can be incorporated into a production facility with minimal cost as it utilizes existing tanks and process flow. Eliminating flow through chromatography polishing step can provide process intensification by avoiding the process tank volume constraints for high titer processes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109: 2589–2598. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The demonstration of a novel sulfur cycle‐based wastewater treatment process: Sulfate reduction, autotrophic denitrification, and nitrification integrated (SANI®) biological nitrogen removal process
Authors: Lu Hui , Wu Di , Jiang Feng , Ekama George A. , van Loosdrecht Mark C.M. , Chen Guang‐Hao
Published: May 2012

Saline water supply has been successfully practiced for toilet flushing in Hong Kong since 1950s, which saves 22% of freshwater in Hong Kong. In order to extend the benefits of saline water supply into saline sewage management, we have recently developed a novel biological organics and nitrogen removal process: the Sulfate reduction, Autotrophic denitrification, and Nitrification Integrated (SANI®) process. The key features of this novel process include elimination of oxygen demand in organic matter removal and production of minimal sludge. Following the success of a 500‐day lab‐scale trial, this study reports a pilot scale evaluation of this novel process treating 10 m3/day of 6‐mm screened saline sewage in Hong Kong. The SANI® pilot plant consisted of a sulfate reduction up‐flow sludge bed (SRUSB) reactor, an anoxic bioreactor for autotrophic denitrification and an aerobic bioreactor for nitrification. The plant was operated at a steady state for 225 days, during which the average removal efficiencies of both chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) at 87% and no excess sludge was purposefully withdrawn. Furthermore, a tracer test revealed 5% short circuit flow and a 34.6% dead zone in the SRUSB, indicating a good possibility to further optimize the treatment capacity of the process for full‐scale application. Compared with conventional biological nitrogen removal processes, the SANI® process reduces 90% of waste sludge, which saves 35% of the energy and reduces 36% of fossil CO2 emission. The SANI® process not only eliminates the major odor sources originating from primary treatment and subsequent sludge treatment and disposal during secondary saline sewage treatment, but also promotes saline water supply as an economic and sustainable solution for water scarcity and sewage treatment in water‐scarce coastal areas. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109: 2778–2789. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A case study in converting disposable process scouting devices into disposable bioreactors as a future bioprocessing tool
Authors: Vallejos José R. , Uplekar Shaunak , da Silva João F. , Brorson Kurt A. , Moreira Antonio R. , Rao Govind
Published: May 2012

In this study, we perform mass transfer characterization (kLa) on a novel mechanically driven/stirred Process Scouting Device, PSD, (SuperSpinner D 1000®, SSD) and demonstrate that this novel device can be viewed as disposable bioreactor. Using patch‐based optical sensors, we were able to monitor critical cell culture environmental conditions such as dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH in SSD for comparison to a 1 L standard spinner (SS) flask. We also coupled these mass transfer studies with mixing time studies where we observed relative high mixing times (5.2 min) that are typically observed in production scale bioreactors. Decreasing the mixing time 3.5‐fold resulted in 30% increase in kLa (from 2.3 to 3.0 h−1) and minimum DO level increased from 0% to 20% for our model hybridoma cell line. Finally, maximum viable cell density and protein titer stayed within ±20% of historical data, from our standard 5 L stirred bioreactor (Biostat®) operated under active DO control. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109: 2790–2797. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method for the analysis of 1,4‐dimethylpyridinium in rat plasma – application to pharmacokinetic studies
Authors: Szafarz Malgorzata , Szymura‐Oleksiak Joanna , Zakrzewska Agnieszka , Walczak Maria , Kus Kamil , Gonciarz Anna
Published: May 2012

A sensitive and specific liquid chromatography electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry method for determination of 1,4‐dimethylpyridinium (1,4‐DMP) in rat plasma has been developed and validated. Chromatography was performed on an Aquasil C18 analytical column (4.6 × 150 mm, 5 µm, Thermo Scientific, Rockford, IL, USA) with isocratic elution using a mobile phase containing acetonitrile and water with an addition of 0.1% of formic acid. Detection was achieved by an Applied Biosystems MDS Sciex (Concord, Ontario, Canada) API 2000 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Electrospray ionization was used for ion production. The limit of detection in the single ion monitoring mode was found to be 10 ng/mL. The limit of quantification was 50 ng/mL. The precision and accuracy for both within‐day and between‐day determination of 1,4‐dimethylpyridinium was 2.4–7.56 and 90.93–111.48%. The results of this analytical method validation allow pharmacokinetic studies to be carried out in rats. The method was used for the pilot study of the pharmacokinetic behavior of 1,4‐DMP in rats after intravenous administration. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mammary analog secretory carcinoma of salivary gland: Cytologic diagnosis and differential diagnosis of an unreported entity
Authors: Pisharodi Latha
Published: May 2012

Mammary analog secretory carcinoma of salivary gland (MASC) is a recently described salivary gland tumor. Cytologic features of this neoplasm have hitherto not been described in the literature. This report discusses the fine‐needle aspiration findings of MASC and its differential diagnosis. Aspirates were richly cellular and consisted of clusters and singly dispersed cells with mild cytologic atypia. Cytoplasm was abundant and finely vacuolated. Signet ring cells were observed. Surgical resection confirmed the diagnosis of MASC. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Acute myeloid leukemia with leukemic pleural effusion
Authors: Chang Hung
Published: May 2012

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) may be associated with extramedullary tumor growth, which is commonly known as myeloid sarcoma. Although AML with leukemic pleural effusion is considered rare, the true incidence is not clear. We report three cases of AML involving pleural effusion in this study. The cases were encountered in a single institute within two years, suggesting that leukemic effusion is more common than previously reported. Leukemic cells showed evidence of monocytic differentiation in all cases. Two patients presented with advanced AML. Both had concurrent myeloid sarcoma. Both were ineligible for intensive treatment and died soon after diagnosis of myeloid sarcoma. The third patient had pleural effusion upon diagnosis of AML. Remission was achieved and the effusion disappeared after treatment. We conclude leukemic effusion may become more common in an era of improved care and prolonged survival for AML patients. The prognostic impact is unclear and patients should be given standard AML treatment whenever possible. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013;41:909–913. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma—diagnostic challenge in cytology
Authors: Molek Koraljka Rajković , Seili‐Bekafigo Irena , Štemberger Christophe , Jonjić Nives , Đordević Gordana , Duletić‐Načinović Antica
Published: May 2012

Plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma (PUC) is a very rare variant of urothelial carcinoma with an aggressive clinical course. According to small series reported to date, it is a high grade cancer usually diagnosed at an advanced stage, and with poor prognosis. Descriptions of the cytologic features of this type of carcinoma in literature are limited. Plasmacytoid appearance of tumor cells could cause diagnostic dilemma and potential incorrect diagnosis as multiple myeloma (MM). This report describes cerebrospinal fluid, bone marrow, and urine sediment cytomorphologic and immunocytochemical findings in a patient with meningeal carcinomatosis as the first manifestation of a PUC, initially misdiagnosed as MM with a brief review of the literature. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013;41:369–373. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS
Authors: HARRISON J. H.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. A standard cupanemometer hee been modified to produce a record from which the mean wind‐velocity can be determined for any period.
A CENTURY OF CLOUD CLASSIFICATION
Authors: Kington J. A.
Published: May 2012

In order to enable the Meteorologist to apply the key of Analysis to the experience of others, as well as to record his own with brevity and precision, it may perhaps be allowable to introduce a Methodical nomenclature … to the Modifications of Cloud.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Pyle J. A.
Published: May 2012

Book reviewed in this article:

Aeronomy of the Middle Atmosphere by Guy Brasseur and Susan Solomon
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Reynolds Ross
Published: May 2012

Book reviewed in this article:

Weather by Louis J. Battan
Differences in whey protein content between cow's milk collected in late pasture and early indoor feeding season from conventional and organic farms in Poland
Authors: Kuczyńska Beata , Puppel Kamila , Gołȩbiewski Marcin , Metera Ewa , Sakowski Tomasz , Słoniewski Krzysztof
Published: May 2012

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to investigate bioactive whey protein concentrations in cow's milk collected in late pasture (LP) and early indoor feeding (EIF) season from conventional and organic farms in Poland.

RESULTS: Results showed that in the LP somatic cell count (SCC) was higher under organic farming conditions. However, percentages of protein and fat were higher under conventional farming conditions. In EIF, milk from conventional dairy farms had a higher percentage of fat and lactose and a lower concentration of protein and SCC in comparison to milk from organic farms. Organic milk in LP had higher concentrations of beneficial whey proteins than conventional milk, including β‐lactoglobulin (β‐Lg, 4.12 vs. 2.68 g L−1), lactoferrin (Lf, 334.99 vs. 188.02 mg L−1), and lysozyme (Lz, 15.68 vs. 12.56 µg L−1). However, conventional milk in EIF had higher concentrations of bovine serum albumin (146.47 vs. 118.65 mg L−1), Lf (49 vs. 185.27 mg L−1), and Lz (16.63 vs. 13.22 µg L−1).

CONCLUSIONS: The results show significant differences in the investigated parameters between organic milk and milk from conventional system during EIF and LP. Moreover, extending the pasture season during EIF in organic farms decreases concentration of bioactive compounds of milk. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Day‐length effects on protein localisation affect water absorption in barley (Hordeum vulgare) grains
Authors: Holopainen Ulla R M , Wilhelmson Annika , Home Silja , Poutanen Kaisa , Shewry Peter R
Published: May 2012

BACKGROUND:Hordeins are major storage proteins of barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) grains and are considered to influence malting and brewing by forming a matrix surrounding the starch granules which affects the release of fermentable sugars. However, the extent to which environmental factors affect hordein location, and the impact of this on malting performance, have not so far been studied. Therefore the relationship of hordein location to water uptake and malting quality were studied by growing barley cv. Barke under different daylengths (14 h and 18 h of light) in controlled environment conditions.

RESULTS:Differences in the locations of hordein storage proteins were observed, with C hordein being located more deeply within the endosperm of both developing grains at 35 days after anthesis and in mature grains under long‐day conditions. This deeper location of C hordein was correlated positively with water uptake during the steeping phase of malting.

CONCLUSION:An effect of environment (daylength) on the localisation of C hordein was demonstrated. This difference in hordein localisation was also associated with differences in malting quality with water uptake in the steeping phase being associated positively with the deeper location of C hordein. These results indicate that environmental effects on protein location may affect malting performance of barley grains. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Dietary fatty acid intervention of lactating cows simultaneously affects lipid profiles of meat and milk
Authors: Angulo Joaquin , Hiller Beate , Olivera Martha , Mahecha Liliana , Dannenberger Dirk , Nuernberg Gerd , Losand Bernd , Nuernberg Karin
Published: May 2012

BACKGROUND: The present study investigated tissue‐specific responses of muscle and mammary gland to a 10 week intervention of German Holstein cows (n = 18) with three different dietary fat supplements (saturated fat; linseed oil or sunflower oil plus docosahexaenoic acid‐rich algae) by analysing fatty acid profiles and quality parameters of meat and milk.

RESULTS: Plant oil/algae intervention affected neither fat content nor quality parameters of meat but decreased fat content and saturated fatty acid amounts of milk. Linseed oil/algae intervention caused significantly higher concentrations of C18:3n‐3 (meat, 1.0 g per 100 g; milk, 1.2 g per 100 g) and C22:6n‐3 (meat, 0.3 g per 100 g; milk, 0.14 g per 100 g). Sunflower oil/algae intervention increased n‐6 fatty acid contents in milk (4.0 g per 100 g) but not in meat. Elevated amounts of C18:1trans isomers and C18:1trans‐11 were found in meat and especially in milk of plant oil/algae‐fed cows. C18:1cis‐9 amounts were found to be increased in milk but decreased in meat after plant oil/algae intervention.

CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that dietary fatty acid manipulation substantially shifted the fatty acid profiles of milk and to a lesser extent of meat, whereas meat quality traits were not affected. Indications of tissue‐specific responses of mammary gland and muscle were identified. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Modeling of flow‐induced crystallization in blends of isotactic polypropylene and poly(ethylene‐co‐octene)
Authors: Yu Fengyuan , Zhang Zinan , Yu Wei , Zhou Chixing , Zhang Hongbin
Published: May 2012

Poly(ethylene‐co‐octene) (PEOc) has been shown to provide a high toughening contribution to isotactic polypropylene (iPP). The theoretical modeling of flow‐induced crystallization (FIC) of blends of iPP and PEOc is not much reported in the literature. The aim of the present work is to clarify the FIC of iPP upon addition of PEOc in terms of theoretical modeling. The crystallization of iPP and PEOc blends in flow is simulated by a modified FIC model based on the conformation tensor theory. Two kinds of flow fields, shear flow and elongational flow, are considered in the prediction to analyze the influence of flow field on the crystallization kinetics of the polymer. The simulation results show that the elongation flow is much more effective than shear flow in reducing the dimensionless induction time of polymer crystallization. In addition, the induction time of crystallization in the blends is sensitive to the change of shear rate. In comparison with experimental data, the modified model shows its validity for the prediction of the induction time of crystallization of iPP in the blends. Moreover, the simulated relaxation time for the blends becomes longer with increasing percentage of PEOc in the blends. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Unitary truncations and critical gravity: a toy model
Authors: Bergshoeff Eric A. , de Haan Sjoerd , Merbis Wout , Porrati Massimo , Rosseel Jan
Published: May 2012

Abstract

We investigate a higher-derivative scalar field model in a fixed d + 1 dimensional AdS background as a toy model for a gravitational dual to a higher-rank logarithmic CFT. The holographic two-point correlation functions on the boundary agree with higher-rank LCFT correlation functions. For odd rank, the theory allows for a truncation to a nontrivial subspace with non-negative scalar product. We discuss possible implications for higherderivative critical gravity theories.
Higgs boson decay into 2 photons in the type II Seesaw model
Authors: Arhrib A. , Benbrik R. , Chabab M. , Moultaka G. , Rahili L.
Published: May 2012

Abstract

We study the two photon decay channel of the Standard Model-like component of the CP-even Higgs bosons present in the type II Seesaw Model. The corresponding cross-section is found to be significantly enhanced in parts of the parameter space, due to the (doubly-)charged Higgs bosons’ (H
±±)H
± virtual contributions, while all the other Higgs decay channels remain Standard Model(SM)-like. In other parts of the parameter space H
±± (and H
±) interfere destructively, reducing the two photon branching ratio tremendously below the SM prediction. Such properties allow to account for any excess such as the one reported by ATLAS/CMS at ≈ 125 GeV if confirmed by future data; if not, for the fact that a SM-like Higgs exclusion in the diphoton channel around 114-115 GeV as reported by ATLAS, does not contradict a SM-like Higgs at LEP(!), and at any rate, for the fact that ATLAS/CMS exclusion limits put stringent lower bounds on the H
±± mass, particularly in the parameter space regions where the direct limits from same-sign leptonic decays of H
±± do not apply.
Numerical properties of staggered quarks with a taste-dependent mass term
Authors: de Forcrand Philippe , Kurkela Aleksi , Panero Marco
Published: May 2012

Abstract

The numerical properties of staggered Dirac operators with a taste-dependent mass term proposed by Adams [1, 2] and by Hoelbling [3] are compared with those of ordinary staggered and Wilson Dirac operators. In the free limit and on (quenched) interacting configurations, we consider their topological properties, their spectrum, and the resulting pion mass. Although we also consider the spectral structure, topological properties, locality, and computational cost of an overlap operator with a staggered kernel, we call attention to the possibility of using the Adams and Hoelbling operators without the overlap construction. In particular, the Hoelbling operator could be used to simulate two degenerate flavors without additive mass renormalization, and thus without fine-tuning in the chiral limit.
Detection of recurrent prostate cancer with 18F-fluorocholine PET/CT in relation to PSA level at the time of imaging
Authors: Kwee Sandi A. , Coel Marc N. , Lim John
Published: May 2012

Purpose

To evaluate fluorine-18 fluorocholine (FCH) PET/CT for the detection of recurrent prostate cancer in relation to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level.

Methods

FCH PET/CT was performed in 50 patients with rising PSA levels at follow-up of primary treatment of prostate cancer (radical prostatectomy in 28, radiation therapy in 13, and brachytherapy in 9). PET detection rates were determined at various PSA thresholds and examined by receiver operating characteristic analysis.

Results

Findings consistent with recurrent prostate cancer were noted on FCH PET/CT in 31/50 (62 %) patients, with positive findings in 17/18 (94 %), and 11/13 (85 %), 2/7 (29 %), and 1/12 (8 %) patients with PSA >4, >2–4, >0.5–2, and ≤0.5 ng/mL, respectively. These findings were indicative of local/regional recurrence in 23 cases and systemic recurrence in 8 cases, with only a single route of recurrence (i.e., either hematogenous, lymphatic, or intraprostatic) in 84 % of PET scans with positive findings. Abnormal tumor activity was detected in 88 % of patients with a PSA level of 1.1 ng/mL or higher, and in only 6 % of patients with a PSA level below this threshold value.

Conclusion

FCH PET/CT may serve to identify the route of tumor progression in patients with recurrent prostate cancer; however, the likelihood of tumor detection may be related to the PSA level at the time of imaging.
NIRF/UHRF2 occupies a central position in the cell cycle network and allows coupling with the epigenetic landscape
Authors: Mori Tsutomu , Ikeda Daisuke D. , Yamaguchi Yoshiki , Unoki Motoko
Published: May 2012

As predicted by systems biology, a paradigm shift will emerge through the integration of information about different layers of cellular processes. The cell cycle network is at the heart of the cellular computing system, and orchestrates versatile cellular functions. The NIRF/UHRF2 ubiquitin ligase is an “intermodular hub” that occupies a central position in the network, and facilitates coordination among the cell cycle machinery, the ubiquitin–proteasome system, and the epigenetic system. NIRF interacts with cyclins, CDKs, p53, pRB, PCNA, HDAC1, DNMTs, G9a, methylated histone H3 lysine 9, and methylated DNA. NIRF ubiquitinates cyclins D1 and E1, and induces G1 arrest. The NIRF gene is frequently lost in tumors and is a candidate tumor suppressor, while its paralog, the UHRF1 gene, is hardly altered. Thus, investigations of NIRF are essential to understand the entire biological systems. Through integration of the enormous information flows, NIRF may contribute to the coupling between the cell cycle network and the epigenetic landscape. We propose the new paradigm that NIRF produces the extreme diversity in the network wiring that helps the diversity of Waddington's canals.
The influence of pre‐eclampsia on fetal lung maturity
Authors: Štimac Tea , Petrović Oleg , Krajina Robert , Finderle Aleks
Published: May 2012

Objective

To use amniotic fluid (AF) lamellar body count (LBC) to assess the influence of pre‐eclampsia and associated pathologic conditions on fetal lung maturity (FLM).

Methods

A prospective study was conducted to analyze 378 AF samples containing 5 mL of AF from 306 singleton pregnancies at 26–39 weeks. Stratified by gestational age groups, pregnancies were categorized as follows: pre‐eclampsia (n = 25); intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) (n = 74); pre‐eclampsia and IUGR (n = 63); and control (n = 144). Amniotic fluid LBC in each group was estimated and medians were compared for defined gestational age periods. Statistical analyses were performed via non‐parametric tests.

Results

Between 31 and 33 weeks, significantly lower median LBCs were found in the pre‐eclampsia group than in the IUGR group (P = 0.022) and in pregnancies with both entities (P = 0.031). Between 34 and 36 weeks, there were significantly lower median LBCs in the pre‐eclampsia and the pre‐eclampsia/IUGR groups than in the IUGR group (P = 0.026 and P = 0.004, respectively), as well as in the pre‐eclampsia/IUGR group compared with the control group (P = 0.04).

Conclusion

Significantly lower LBCs in pre‐eclamptic pregnancies between 31 and 36 weeks of gestation indicate delayed FLM associated with pre‐eclampsia.