bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Desempenho longitudinal da deglutição orofaríngea na distrofia miotônica tipo 1
Authors: Souza Giovana Aparecida Dias de , Gozzer Marina Mendes , Cola Paula Cristina , Onofri Suely Mayumi Motonaga , Gonçalves da Silva Roberta
Published: November 2019

RESUMO Este estudo teve por objetivo descrever o desempenho longitudinal da deglutição orofaríngea em indivíduo com distrofia miotônica tipo 1. Estudo de caso único de indivíduo de 66 anos, sexo masculino, com diagnóstico neurológico em 2010. Realizou a primeira avaliação clínica e objetiva da deglutição após quatro anos do diagnóstico neurológico. Foram realizadas sete avaliações objetivas da deglutição, por meio de videoendoscopia de deglutição, nas consistências pastosa, líquida espessada e líquida, com 3, 5, 10 ml, durante o processo de diagnóstico e gerenciamento da deglutição, por um ano e dois meses. Foram analisados sensibilidade laríngea, escape oral posterior, resíduos faríngeos, por meio da Yale Pharyngeal Residue Severity Rating Scale, penetração laríngea e/ou aspiração laringotraqueal, com aplicação da Penetration-Aspiration Scale (PAS). Constatou-se, durante o período de estudo, que não houve alteração na sensibilidade laríngea. Escape oral posterior, resíduos faríngeos e penetração laríngea estiveram presentes desde o início das avaliações objetivas. Após quatro meses da primeira avaliação, na consistência pastosa, o nível de resíduos faríngeos passou de vestígio residual para moderado, em recessos piriformes, já em valéculas, e o aumento no índice da gravidade evidenciou-se no último mês. Houve aumento na PAS em todas as consistências de alimento testadas. A presença de aspiração laringotraqueal ocorreu com líquido ralo, no último mês. Durante o período de acompanhamento da deglutição orofaríngea na distrofia miotônica tipo 1, os resíduos faríngeos e a penetração laríngea estiveram presentes desde o início das avaliações, porém, a aspiração laringotraqueal somente ocorreu no último mês do acompanhamento, com líquido ralo.
A methodology to assess vulnerability in small communities drinking water systems
Authors: Debiasi Ronaldo , Benetti Antônio Domingues
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT In many countries, small community systems have an important role as suppliers of drinking water for large part of the population. These systems must be evaluated with respect to their capacity to produce and deliver safe drinking water. As there are thousands of small systems to be evaluated in any given region, it is necessary to develop a procedure for selecting a representative sample, as well as the use of indicators that can provide information about the state of the systems. The objective of this study was to propose and apply a methodology to evaluate the vulnerability of small communities drinking water systems. The methodology includes the application of a statistical method to select a representative sample of systems in a region. It also proposes vulnerability indicators, ratings and an index. As a case study, the methodology was applied to determine the vulnerability of small community drinking water systems in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Data collected with application of the proposed methodology indicated that 67% of the surveyed systems were classified as having intermediate and high levels of vulnerabilities, hence at risk of distributing water that is not safe for drinking.
Growth of Tree Species in Coexistence with Palisade Grass Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf CV. Marandu
Authors: SANTOS T.A. , RESENDE A.S. , SILVA F.F. , MORAES L.F.D. , CHAER G.M.
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT: The effect of palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha) was evaluated on the growth of five tree species from the Atlantic Forest biome in Seropédica, RJ, Brasil. This study consisted of five experiments in a completely randomized design. The effect of grass on the growth of Cedrela fissilis, Guazuma ulmifolia, Schinus terebinthifolius, Sapindus saponaria, and Hymenaea courbaril was tested in pots at each experiment. Height, collar diameter, and plant mortality were measured monthly. Shoot and root dry matter of tree species and grass were evaluated at 180 days. A strong interference of palisade grass was observed on the growth of the five studied species. The reduction of growth in height and collar diameter reached 32 and 29% in S. saponaria and 26 and 44% in G. ulmifolia, respectively. Grass interference was even higher on dry matter accumulation, promoting reductions in the shoot that ranged from 48% in H. courbaril to 90% in G. ulmifolia and S. terebinthifolius. Root dry matter of tree species was reduced between 28 and 84% in relation to the control without the presence of grass. The species C. fissilis had a mortality rate of 83% in coexistence with U. brizantha. The other species, except S. saponaria, presented mortality from 15 to 30% under competition. This study evidences the importance of controlling grasses in reforestation projects aiming higher gains in growth and survival of tree species.
Goosegrass: Morphophysiological Characterization Under Water Excess Conditions
Authors: SCHERER M.B. , GÖERGEN A.B. , PEDROLLO N.T. , RUBERT J. , DORNELLES S.H.B. , LOPES S.J.
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT: Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. (goosegrass) is a grass species that has global prominence as a weed in areas typical of the soybean crop. However, its dispersion in recent years has been reported expressively for areas of poorly drained soil, in which irrigated rice is cultivated (lowlands). Little is known on its behavior and biology in this different ecosystem. This study aimed to evaluate if Eleusine indica can survive and withstand flooding. The experimental design was a completely randomized (two-way), in which two E. indica biotypes, one from the uplands (without flooding) and the other from the lowlands (with flooding), were submitted to three soil water conditions: 50 and 100% water retention capacity and soil under water depth. Photosynthetic and gas exchange parameters (photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, transpiration, water use efficiency, and assimilation rate by Rubisco) were determined. Morphological diversity of biotypes was evaluated through descriptors. The existence of typical lowland biotype could not be characterized. However, both biotypes were able to survive, develop, and generate seeds in a flooded environment in the irrigated rice system.
Fitness Cost and Competitive Ability to Different Ploidy Levels in Ryegrass Genotypes
Authors: SCHMITZ M.F. , CECHIN J. , HENCKES J.R. , PIASECKI C. , AGOSTINETTO D. , VARGAS L.
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT: The intergenotypic competition of tetraploid ryegrass with natural diploid population may be a tool to reduce the frequency of resistant individuals in an area. This study aimed to identify and compare the phenological development, fitness cost, and competitive ability between diploid and tetraploid ryegrass genotypes. Genotypes were grown in pots, and the morphological variables of genotype growth were assessed every 15 days up to 120 days after emergence to evaluate the fitness cost. Phenological development and seed yield components were measured in a single time together with the fitness cost. Competitive ability was determined in a replacement-series experiment with proportions of tetraploid and diploid ryegrass, in which the number of tillers, plant height, leaf area, and shoot dry weight were assessed at 50 days after emergence. The results of fitness cost showed that the number of tillers, leaf area, root dry weight, and the number of seeds were higher for tetraploid ryegrass, which presented a higher competitive ability than the diploid genotype regardless of the tested proportions. Tetraploid ryegrass may be useful for reducing the frequency of herbicide-resistant diploid ryegrass because of its higher competitive potential.
A Geometric Modeling of Tracheal Elements of the Chard (Beta vulgaris) Leaf
Authors: ARSLAN K. , BULCA B. , ÖZDEMIR C. , ÖZDEMIR A. , BOZDAG B.
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT: In this study, we give a geometric description of the tracheal elements of the chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla L.), which is a widespread cultivated plant in Turkey. It is used as an edible plant and its leaves are used as antidiabetic in traditional medicine plant. We have shown that the tracheal elements, which are taxonomic value of the plant, can be considered as a surface of revolution or a tubular shape along a special curve.
Cauliflower Cultivars Associated with Urochloa decumbens Straw Mulch in Integrated Weed Management
Authors: HIRATA A.C.S. , HIRATA E.K. , RÓS A.B. , NARITA N.
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT: In vegetable farming, the reduction in the use of herbicides has been an important factor in the definition of the production system. The objective of this research was to evaluate crop yield of cauliflower cultivars grown on Urochloa decumbens straw mulch, as well as the effect of the association between straw and cultivars on weed management. The treatments were arranged in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme: two managements (with or without U. decumbens straw mulch) and four cauliflower cultivars (Barcelona, Bromus, Júlia and Lisblanc). The experiment used a randomized block design with four replicates. There was no interference of straw mulch on crop yield of cauliflower cultivars. Hybrids Barcelona and Júlia presented yields of 22.0 and 23.9 t ha-1, respectively, and they did not differ from each other. The Bromus and Lisblanc materials did not adapt to the edaphoclimatic conditions of the region, which resulted in reduced cultural control and high weed emergence after weeding. U. decumbens straw had high control of the weed community (581.2 pls m-2 - without straw and 8.3 pls m-2 - with straw). It is concluded that the U. decumbens straw as mulch is an effective tool in integrated management of weeds in cauliflower crops, without interfering with crop yield, and its potential to control weed community density is approximately 98.6%, at 22 days after transplanting. The adaptability of the cauliflower cultivar to the region has a high impact on weed management.
Inhibitory Effects of the Lipophilic Extracts and An Isolated Meroditerpene of Brown Alga in Pasture Weeds in the Eastern Amazon Region
Authors: RAMOS C.J.B. , FONSECA R.R. , SOUZA FILHO A.P.S. , TEIXEIRA V.L.
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT: Two lipophilic extracts and atomaric acid (1), an isolated natural product, were obtained from the marine brown alga Stypopodium zonale (Dictyotaceae) to identify and characterize their potential inhibitory effects on the seed germination, radicle elongation, and hypocotyl development of the weeds Mimosa pudica and Senna obtusifolia. The extracts were prepared with hexane and dichloromethane, and atomaric acid (1) was isolated from hexane extract by way of conventional chromatographic methods. During a 15 days period, germination bioassays were performed at 25 oC with a 12 h photoperiod, whereas radicle elongation and hypocotyl development were assayed at 25 oC with a 24 h photoperiod. After, Petri dishes 9.0 cm in diameter were coated with qualitative filter paper, 25 seeds were placed in a germination chamber, while six pregerminated seeds were placed in the Petri dish for 2-3 days. After 10 days, radicle and hypocotyl extension were measured; and the inhibitory potential of the extracts was assessed at 10 ppm and that of the atomaric acid at 5, 10, 15, and 20 ppm. In both M. pudica and S. obtusifolia, dichloromethane extract achieved the greatest rates of inhibition during seed germination (34% and 22%, respectively), radical germination (38% and 30%, respectively), and hypocotyl development (29% and 22%, respectively). At a concentration of 20 ppm, atomaric acid (1) also demonstrated reduced inhibitory potential, with mean values of 58.67% for M. pudica and 48.67% for S. obtusifolia.
Remoção de contaminantes do esgoto sanitário em sistemas alagados construídos cultivados com Mentha aquatica
Authors: Avelar Fabiana Ferreira , Matos Antonio Teixeira de , Matos Mateus Pimentel de
Published: November 2019

RESUMO Neste trabalho, teve-se como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de Sistemas Alagados Construídos de Escoamento Horizontal Subsuperficial (SAC-EHSS) cultivados com Mentha aquatica, submetidos a diferentes tempos de detenção hidráulica (TDH), na remoção de matéria orgânica, nutrientes e bactérias do grupo coliformes presentes em esgoto sanitário efluente de tanque séptico. Quatro SACs-EHSS de 24,0 × 1,0 × 0,35 m foram construídos e preenchidos com brita #0, como meio suporte, até a altura de 0,20 m. Em dois SAC-EHSS, foi cultivada a espécie Mentha aquatica, permanecendo os outros dois sem vegetação como tratamento controle. O experimento foi realizado em duas etapas: na primeira, de 20 de junho a 24 de agosto de 2011, avaliaram-se os TDH de 6,0 e 4,5 dias; e, na segunda, de 31 de agosto a 09 de novembro de 2011, foram analisados os TDH de 3,0 e 1,5 dias. Para avaliação do desempenho dos sistemas, foram quantificadas as variáveis: demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO5), concentrações totais de nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P), potássio (K) e sódio (Na), coliformes totais e Escherichia coli. As eficiências médias na remoção de DQO variaram entre 71,3 e 91,4% e as de DBO5, entre 75,3 e 91,0%. As remoções médias de nutrientes foram de 29,5 a 77,2% do N total; de 12,8 a 58,3% do P total; de 20,4 a 63,3% do K total; e de 17,5 a 53,4% do Na total. As reduções na contagem de coliformes totais foram de 1,29 a 3,41 unidades logarítmicas e as de E. coli, de 1,13 a 3,46 unidades logarítmicas. Maiores eficiências na remoção de matéria orgânica, nutrientes e bactérias do grupo coliformes foram observadas nos SAC-EHSS cultivados que operaram com maiores TDH.
CHANGES IN PIPE GEOMETRY DURING SEQUENTIAL CREATION OF STRESSES ON THE INNER SURFACE UNDER EXTERNAL THERMOMECHANICAL EFFECTS
Authors: Chumanov I. V. , Kozlov A. V. , Matveeva M. A.
Published: November 2019

In  modern  high-tech  industry,  flexible  pipe  technology  is  widely used. Pipe benders are an integral part of pipeline systems.  The most widely used are methods of pipes cold bending, which are  accompanied by a number of negative phenomena – such as reduction in the crackle of the wall on outer side of the bend, ovalization  of the cross section and formation of bumps. The article presents a  study of influence of deformation technology of pipe billets by rolling with high tension on the structure and properties of the billet’s  material. The method of pipe deformation by rolling with tension  allows obtaining radial bending of the billet without its destruction  and without causing obvious defects of the surface and microstructure. The tests were carried out on the samples from steel of 3sp and  12Kh18N10T grades. Research of the microstructure was performed  in  accordance  with  GOST  5639  –  82,  of  mechanical  properties  –  with GOST  1397  –  84, of microhardness  – with GOST  9450  –  76.  The article examines the effect of changes in geometry of the pipe  billet on its structure and properties. The process of pipe deformation  by rolling leads to changes in the mechanical properties of the tested  materials. The values   of micro hardness and strength increase, while  the grain points decrease. In the process of deformation, it is possible  to change the microstructure of the material as a result of structural  transformations (quenching). In the thermomechanical method of deformation, plastic flow of metal suggests possible change in structure  of pipe walls as a result of recrystallization and heat treatment of material of the bend area. Therefore, it requires further study and more  in-depth analysis of this technology.
A rare case of pediatric medulloblastoma presented with radiographic characteristics of pontine glioma
Authors: . Kartika , Ayusta I. Made Dwijaputra , Asih Made Widhi
Published: November 2019

Medulloblastoma is a common malignant brain tumor of childhood which characterized as an infratentorial mass in the roof of the 4th ventricle, causing mass effect and non-communicating hydrocephalus. A 3 years old boy with history of chronic progressive weakness one-month prior admission, followed by difficulty in walking and ataxia. His MRI examination showed an intraaxial well defined mass, partial irregular border, size 4.2x4.0x4.1 cm at pons, hypointense in T1W1, hyperintense in T2W1, iso-hypointense in flair, and showing inhomogen contras enhancement after gadolinium administration. It pressed the 4th ventricle without dilatation of other ventricles, suggesting a pontine glioma. Patient underwent surgery to remove mass and the pathological examination revealed small round cells, with differential diagnose of medulloblastoma and anaplastic astrocytoma. This case presented as there was a discrepancy in the clinicoradiological diagnosis with the pathological diagnose of medulloblastoma. The mass was located at the pontine without any sign of hydrocephalus suggested a pontine glioma. Both medulloblastoma and pontine glioma are common for infratentorial mass of pediatric population, but difficult to diagnose due to its heterogeneous presentation. Good comprehension of both radiological characteristics is noteworthy.
Determining the musculoskeletal disorders as the most common work-related injuries, especially in the crafts using the OCRA evaluation method
Authors: Halvani Gh , Fallah H , Jafari Nodoushan R , Haji hosseini A , Fallah zadeh H , Anoosheh V
Published: November 2019

Introduction: The condition of work in handloom weaving industries cause musculoskeletal (MSDS) disorders which are the most prevailing professional problem among weavers. The aim of this research was to determine ergonomic risk factors in the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders.
Method: The present study was done through descriptive cross-section method to assess the risk factors of work-related musculoskeletal disorders of the weavers. Our data collection tools were: demographic questionnaire, job Nordic questionnaire and body map prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders to decide the rate of symptoms. Then, we took film from handloom weavers while wearing to know the condition of their bodies. After reviewing the films, the posture marks was assigned to each duty using the Ergo Intelligence software. At the end, data were analyzed via one-way ANOVA and T-test using SPSS ver.20.
Results: The results showed that the most frequent incidence of pain in different organs of the body during last year belonged to neck and shoulder. The average OCRA was 3.65.This indicated that most of the handloom weavers (64.4%) are at high risk.
Conclusion: According to the re According to the results of OCRA indices, weavers are at high risk for musculoskeletal injuries, indicating their poor working environment and working conditions, indicating the need for corrective actions.
Investigation continuous noise exposure and occupational performance of the workers in the pharmaceutical industry: A Case Study in an Ampoule and Vial Production Industry
Authors: Alimohammadi I , Ahmadi Kanrash F , Soltani Gerdefaramarzi R , Nouri N
Published: November 2019

Introduction: Exposure to noise is considered as one of the most important health problems in various industries, especially pharmaceutical industry, which can ultimately lead to significant negative effects on labor force and occupational performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between continuous noise exposure and occupational performance of the workers in the pharmaceutical industry and ampoule production line in Iran.
Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted through a descriptive-analytical method in 2015. The subjects were 100 workers exposed to noise in an ampoule and vial manufacturing factory in Iran. The sound measurement was carried out in accordance with ISO 9612: 2009. The Hersey and Goldsmith questionnaire (ACHIEVE model) was used to investigate the workers’ occupational performance, and the seven dimensions of the questionnaire as well as the final score of occupational performance was determined for each individual.
Results: The results showed that there was a low inverse relationship between noise exposure and occupational performance of the total workers in all the halls which was statistically significant (P-value = 0/01, r2 = 0/256). It was also found that there was an inverse relationship between exposure to noise and the seven dimensions, but the relationship was statistically significant only for the dimensions of ability, clarity, and evaluation (P-value <0.05).
Conclusion: The present study showed that the workers in the pharmaceutical industry and ampoule production line were often exposed to higher-than-permitted sound level, and such exposures had negative effects on their occupational performance.
Study of effectiveness and reliability of education on ergonomic risk factors and musculoskeletal complaints in patient-carrier personnel of Shahid Bahonar Hospital of Kerman
Authors: Eskandari nasab N , Mirmohammadi SJ , Mehrparvar AH , Fallah H
Published: November 2019

Introduction: Lack of awareness of the principles and rules of ergonomics, inappropriate postures and frequent displacement of patients and loads can cause musculoskeletal disorders in medical personnel. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of in-person training and social network education on the ergonomic risk factors and musculoskeletal of patient carrier personnel in the   Shahid Bahonar Hospital of Kerman.
Method: This study is an applied and quasi-experimental study. That was performed on 60 participants in Shahid Bahonar Hospital kerman. The participants were randomly divided into two groups of 30. The first group was trained via in-person training method combined with practical work and questionings and the second group was trained via social networks. The data were collected through a self-made questionnaire measuring awareness, Nordic questionnaire along with the scale of the investment rate and the numerical checklist patient transfer assessment index (PTAI) was collected before training for one week, one month and six months after training. For analyzing the data, SPSS software version 24 was used.
Results: Low back pain is more prevalent among sick carriers than other musculoskeletal disorders. There was a significant difference between the knowledge and PTAI scores in both methods before and six months after training (P <0.05). Also, comparing neck (P = 0.014), shoulder (P = 0.006), waist (P = 0.00), knee (P = 0.006), and foot (P = 0.016) complaints in training method There was a significant difference before and six months after training. There was no significant difference in musculoskeletal complaints at the end of six months in education via social media.
Conclusion: According to the results, it seems that both in-person and via social media training had an impact on reducing ergonomic risk factors and musculoskeletal complaints. And the effect of in-person training was significantly greater than that of via social media training. In addition, the reliability of the training effect was significant only In-person training
Effectiveness Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on Occupational Stress and General Health Train Drivers in Kashan City
Authors: Safarzadeh M , Jahangiri MM
Published: November 2019

Background: Train driver is a job with a high level of occupational stress. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness mindfulness-based stress reduction on occupational stress and general health among train drivers.
Method: This study was a quasi-experimental pretest - posttest with control group. Utilization of voluntary sampling method, 30 people were selected among the train drivers in Kashan City and were assigned into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 8 sessions of mindfulness based stress reduction. General health questionnaire and occupational stress questionnaires (Devis & et al) were also used to collect data.
Results: In terms of occupational stress, the mean scores of the experimental and control groups in the pretest stage were 32.27 and 34.63, respectively. Meanwhile, the mean scores of the experimental and control group in the posttest stage were 24.86 and 34.17, respectively. In terms of general health, the mean scores of the experimental and control groups at the pretest were 26.14 and 28.34, respectively. In the meantime, the mean scores of the mentioned groups in the posttest stage were 19.23 and 27.98. In other words, mindfulness based on stress reduction had effect on increasing the general health and reducing occupational stress.
Conclusion: According to the research findings, mindfulness based stress reduction is an appropriate intervention to reduce occupational stress and it is effective in increasing mental health of train drivers.
Testing The Taylor Rule: The Case of Turkey
Authors: Narta Merve , Çeviş İsmail , Yayla Nihal
Published: November 2019

The aim of this study is to test whether the
TCMB makes interest rate decisions in accordance with Taylor Rule by using ARDL
method with monthly data for 2005: 1-2019: 1 period. The results show that the
Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey has taken policy interest rate decisions
both in terms of the output gap and the inflation gap in the long term, but the
policy interest rate decision is stronger in relation to the inflation gap. In
the short term, there was only a relationship between the inflation gap and the
output gap. As a result, the TCMB has decided on both price stability and
output stability in the long run, while focusing only on price stability in the
short run.
THE TERROR OF THE PERIOD OF THE FIRST RUSSIAN REVOLUTION IN THE ASSESSMENT OF BRITISH DIPLOMATS (ON THE MATERIALS OF THE BRITISH NATIONAL ARCHIVE)
Authors: Aleksandrovna Portnyagina Natalia , Igorevich Portnyagin Dmitry
Published: November 2019

Purpose of the study: To explore in detail the terror of the period of the first Russian revolution in the assessment of British diplomats during the revolution of 1905-1907.

Methodology: The research is based on archival documents, most of which are introduced into scientific discourse for the first time, as well as periodical press materials of that time. The research draws from the documents of the British National Archive and the Russian State Historical Archive (fund: 1276 - Office of the Council of Ministers). The article employs chronological, historical-typological, historical-genetic, comparative and illustrative research methods, as well as systematic analysis and synthesis.

Main Findings: The research suggests that in 1905-1907 terror affected not only Russian but also British citizens. British reaction to terror in Russia slowed down the signing of a foreign policy agreement between the countries.

Applications of this study: The study may be used by historians and everyone interested in the questions of the First Russian Revolution as well as the history of diplomatic relations with Britain. The results of the study can be used in universities to study the history of Russia and the history of international relations at the beginning of the 20th century.

Novelty/Originality of this study: Many historians focus on terror in Russia during the revolution of 1905-1907. However, the reflections on revolutionary terror by British diplomats did not become a subject of research in Russian or foreign historiography.
CONSTITUTIONAL EXPERIMENT: REGULATORY APPROACHES IN FRANCE AND SPAIN
Authors: V. Markhgeym Marina , G. Zagaynova Goar , N. Gutorova Alla , N. Nifanov Aleksej , E. Tonkov Evgeniy
Published: November 2019

Purpose: The article is devoted to the study of the constitutional experiment features in France and Spain. The author analyzes the regulations, including the constitutions and laws of both France and Spain. It also provides the analysis of constitutional regulation methods in these countries.

Methodology: The methodological basis of the study was the set of scientific knowledge leading methods. The methods of analysis and synthesis are widely used among general scientific ones, formal legal and comparative legal methods are among private scientific ones.

Result: The analysis of approaches to the formalization of the constitutional-legal experiment on the example of two European countries - France and Spain - showed the difference in corresponding models and levels. France developed the system of the state constitutional legal experiment regulation at the level of the Constitution and other legal acts (organic law, regulations, etc.), taking into account the corrective law-enforcement practice of constitutional control body - the Constitutional Council. The implementation of constitutional legal experiments in France was associated with the decentralization of power, the activities of public scientific and cultural institutions, criminal justice, social policy, etc.

Applications: This research can be used for universities, teachers, and students.

Novelty/Originality: In this research, the model of Constitutional Experiment: Regulatory Approaches in France and Spain is presented in a comprehensive and complete manner.
REVISITING THE LEGAL NATURE AND CONTENT OF A MARRIAGE CONTRACT IN THE MODERN LAW OF THE PRC
Authors: Naixin Naixin
Published: November 2019

Purpose of the study: This paper deals with problematic issues related to the legal nature of a marriage contract. It also determines the contents of a marriage contract, which is regulated mainly by Article 19 of the PRC Law "On Marriage" of 2001 and the basic principles of civil law inherent in contract law in general. Methodology: A common example is the cases when spouses agreed to transfer immovable property from one spouse to another after marriage, but in practice, the spouses did not register changes on the status of the immovable property. In the event of a divorce, one of the spouses requires to recognize the ownership of the real estate and register the changes, while the other spouse disputes that point. Results: In recent years, marriage contracts have become increasingly popular in China, but special regulations on them in China's Marriage and Family Law are still unavailable. There are a lot of disputes and issues in practice relating to the definition of a marriage contract. In this regard, the question of the legal nature and content of a marriage contract is the subject of debatable research in Chinese legal doctrine. Applications of this study: This research can be used for the universities, teachers, and students. Novelty/Originality of this study: In this research, the model of Revisiting the legal nature and content of a marriage contract in the modern law of the PRC is presented in a comprehensive and complete manner.
Mara’s rising from total submissiveness to absolute emancipation in Beyond The Horizon by Amma Darko
Authors: ALLAMAGBO René-Kinée , HOUNDJO Docteur Théophile
Published: November 2019

Marital life has usually been almost unbearable for women in African fiction. During the last decades, their status has been changing very fast. In Beyond the Horizon by AmmaDarko, Mara, after having undergone maltreatment, carelessness and domination from her husband Akobi in Africa as well as in Europe, has ended up sending him to prison. This article attempts to explore how somefemale characters are endowed with the necessary courage to report the ill-treatment they have undergone to the right person or authority in order to take a revenge and have things changed for themselves. As pointed out by the study, Marahas proved that change must originate from her not from anybody else.

In order to be able to closely explore how Mara, as the embodiment of empowered women in the contemporary African fiction has improved (herself), it has been thoroughly evidenced such aspects as naivety, illiteracy and most importantly economic dependence of the female characters as the main factors working in an adverse way against them both in fiction and society.
The Place of Skills Acquisition in Resolving the Social Problems of Unemployment in Rivers State. A Case Study of Rivers State Ministry of Women Affairs Skills Acquisition Graduates
Authors: Daniel Sw. Uranta , Biola Adele B.N
Published: November 2019

The study investigated the role of skills acquisition in resolving the social problems of unemployment in Rivers State. The population of the study consists of all skills acquisition graduates of Rivers State ministry of women affairs, a sample of 50 skills acquisition graduates in the ministry was sampled using stratified random sampling technique. The questionnaire was structured in the likert scale of four (4) points, ranging from strongly agreed to strongly disagreed. The simple percentage statistical tool was employed for data analysis. The result of the findings showed that majority of the people had a positive opinion towards skills acquisition and it was recommended that government should carry out proper sensitization programmes in order to re-orientate the minds of the youths towards skills acquisition programmes.
Nature and Extent of Inter-Clan Conflicts in the Somali Community in Wajir North Sub-County, Kenya
Authors: Aengwony Robert Kiprop , Iteyo Prof. Crispinuous , Simiyu Dr. Ruth
Published: November 2019

Conflict is a global phenomenon which is being experienced every time and again. In a nut shell, it has got a devastating effect on social, political and economic aspects of life. The study aimed assessing the extent and nature and extent of inter-clan conflicts among the Somali communities in Wajir North Sub-County. The study was based on two theories which are Social Conflict Theory by Karl Max (1818-1883) and Human Needs Theory by John Burton (1932 to date). The findings of the study indicate that the key perpetrators of inter-clan conflicts were youths (97%) and livestock rustlers (97%). The study also revealed that guns were the most used weapons (43%) followed by panga/machetes (31%). The conflicts caused deaths (64%) destruction and loss of property (100%), displacements (98%). The study concludes that socio-economic factors influence the recurrence of inter-clan conflicts in Wajir North Sub-County Kenya. The study recommends continuous public campaigns and public awareness to fight inter-clan conflicts.
Living Conditions of Sub-Saharan Immigrants in Belgium: A Socio-Economic Approach of Eating Habits
Authors: Ségbé Dr BALLE Guy-Romaric
Published: November 2019

The objective of this study is to understand the socio-economic relationships in  habits among sub-Saharan immigrants in Belgium. The interactions between the new living environment and pre-immigration habits were also a focus of the study. The quantitative survey was carried out in seven Belgian cities on a sample of 180 persons. The qualitative part consisted of interviews with twelve sub-Saharan immigrants. The results showed that the main factors explaining the consumption of African food are: the presence of a spouse in the household, children's interest in African products, household size and the availability (supply) of products from the country of origin. Moreover, it appears that the length of stay on Belgian territory does not significantly affect the consumption of African products. Relationships to African food are variously perceived and expressed by sub-Saharan Africans. Basically, their consumption seems to respond to a need to reinvent the socio-emotional microcosm necessary to preserve sacred links with the land of origin. However, in this new and constraining environment, the economic and financial condition of these immigrants does not represent a major factor in the decision-making process for purchasing exotic products.
The Political Symbolism in George Orwell Writings: With Reference to “Animal Farm” and “Nineteen Eighty Four”
Authors: Albloly Amir Mohammed , Nour Dr. Hala Salih Mohammed
Published: November 2019

This research article aims to mirror the political symbolism and its significance in George Orwell writings with reference to “Animal Farm” and “Nineteen Eighty Four”. It is an attempt to depict the political ideologies of Orwell’s writings in the abovementioned novels, his message and legitimate fears and warning for future generations against the scandals of  totalitarianism and finally to uncover the distortion of power when spoiled by ill-mannered politicians as symbolized by room 101 in “1984” and manifested in the seven commandments prescribed by old major and later amended by Napoleon. In their pursuit to achieve the main objectives of this article, the researchers utilized a blend of approaches to find out clear-cut, evident and tangible justifications beyond Orwell’s use of “political symbolism” in both novels. That is, by virtue of adopting the analytical and critical discourse analysis methodologies along with the novels’ books of “Animal Farm” and “Nineteen Ninety Four” as the primary source of data and collected reviews offered by other writers as the secondary source of data; it could be concluded that for Orwell the political symbolism was not only a sword and shield for protection against totalitarian regimes but also was a platform for liberty and freedom of express when democracy is completely absorbed by such dictators and totalitarian governments.
Negotiation, Reciprocity, and Reality: The Experience of Collaboration in a Community-Based Primary Health Care (CBPHC) Program of Research with Eight Manitoba First Nations
Authors: Phillips-Beck Wanda , Kyoon-Achan Grace , Lavoie Josée G. , Krueger Nicholas , Kinew Kathi Avery , Sinclair Stephanie , Ibrahim Naser , Katz Alan
Published: November 2019

This article shares experiences and lessons learned through a collaboration between the University of Manitoba, the First Nation Health and Social Secretariat of Manitoba (FNHSSM), and eight First Nation communities in Manitoba. We employed a participatory approach from planning the research project, to data collection, and to the analysis, interpretation, and implementation of results. We learned that successful collaborations require: a) investing time and resources into developing respectful research relationships; b) strong leadership and governance; c) clearly defined roles and responsibilities; d) meaningful participation of First Nations; e) multiple opportunities for community engagement; and f) commitment to multiple, ongoing, and consistent forms of communication. All factors are integral to creating and maintaining the integrity of the research collaboration.
CONTRIBUTION INDEX OF MADRASAH DINIYAH TO THE CHARACTER EDUCATION
Authors: Ikhrom Ikhrom , Junaedi Mahfud , Ismail Ahmad
Published: November 2019

Madrasah diniyah is acknowledged as the oldest educational institution that pioneered character education in Indonesia. Therefore, should there is a policy in relation to the dissolution of madrasah diniyah, public responses are emerging to reject the policy. This study reveals two pivotal roles of madrasah diniyah in relation to character education. First, the contribution of madrasah diniyah to the character education program in Central Java. Second, the contribution index of madrasah diniyah to the character education program in Central Java. This is a descriptive quantitative research. The data obtained through questionnaires by using random sampling technique and interviews. Index contribution is measured through an average score of the respondent’s answer. The contribution index is divided into five categories, namely, extreme high, high, medium, low, and extreme low. This research found out that madrasah diniyah, in general, contributes significantly to the majority of all the character education. It highlights, however, medium contribution in terms of honest character and low contribution with regards to character of fond.
REVIEWING THE “OASE” (ORGANIZATION OF AHLULBAYT FOR SOCIAL-SUPPORT AND EDUCATION); Its Creeds, Its Activities, and a Different Color within Indonesian Shi’is
Authors: Musadad Asep Nahrul
Published: November 2019

The purpose of this paper is to discuss an Indonesian Shi’i movement called OASE (Organization of Ahlulbayt for Social-support and Education). Coordinated by Emilia Renita Az, OASE marks the unique movement of Shi’i women in Indonesia, along with the existing Shi’i representative organization in the country, such as IJABI (Ikatan Jama’ah Ahlul Bait Indonesia/The All-Indonesian Assembly of Ahlulbayt Associations) and ABI (Ahlul Bait Indonesia/Indonesian Ahlulbayt). Using the perspective of social-movement, this paper seeks to capture the origin of OASE, its basic creeds, and its contribution of social activities in the Indonesian public sphere. The three-fold layers (artifact, sociofact, and mentifact) are used to explore its social works. The researcher’s engagement with the leader of OASE in a depth-interview is the method to collect the data in addition to analyze several artifact including documents, photos, and posters. The research finds several important points, including the founding of OASE as the “child” of reformasi (post-new order Indonesia), the nature of shi’i philanthropic activities as their spirit of social works through the lens of the mentioned three-fold layers, and the position of OASE among the other Indonesian Shi’i groups in the light of the international context of shi’i marja’iyya
THE SPIRITUAL AND CULTURAL SYMBOLS IN A MAHAYANA BUDDHIST TEMPLE ‘VIHARA LOTUS’ SURAKARTA
Authors: Prasetyo Lery
Published: November 2019

The symbols contained in a vihara is intentionally used to remind the people to something that is believed, both cultural and spiritual values. This article aims to analyze the meaning and value of spiritual and cultural symbols in Vihara Lotus Surakarta. This is a qualitative research. This article shows that (1) The meaning and value of spiritual symbols in Vihara Lotus can be found on the category of altar and statue which consist of ancestor altar, Amitabha Buddha Altar, Avalokitesvara Altar, Three Buddhas Alta, Si Mien Fo Altar, Maitreya Buddha, Si Da Tian Wang Statues, And Earth Gods. Then in category of Prayer tools consist of Ching/Gong, Muk Ie, He Che, and Tan Che. Those spiritual symbols have meaning and value in term of the Buddha teaching such as the Sigalovada sutta, sukhavati realm, reflection of Buddhas nature, concept of Tri Kaya, affection state, four nobles qualities, dharma wheel turning, awareness, equanimity concept, introspection, and catumaharajika realm. (2) Meaning and Value of Cultural Symbols in Vihara Lotus can be found on the category of altar and statue consists of Thian Kong Altar, Chinese Generals, Earth gods, and Horse statues. Then in plant and food category consist of soy bean, Candy and Cookie, cigarette, wine, Chinese evergreen, and pineapple. Those cultural symbols have meaning and value in term of Chinese tradition and habit, such as Tradition of Sky Praising, merits appreciation, Chinese mythology, traditional food, hope of better life, special service to idol, and hope of sustenance.
INCLUSIVISM OF RELIGIOUS EDUCATION TEACHERS IN INDONESIA
Authors: Hayadin Hayadin , Mastiyah Iyoh , Muntafa Farhan , Zada Hamami
Published: November 2019

The research aimed to measure the level of inclusiveness of religious education teachers in Indonesia in 2018. The research method was a survey, conducted thorough capital cities in 34 provinces. The respondents were religious education teachers from Moslem, Christian, Catholic, Hinduism, and Buddhism at the secondary school level. The total sample was 3675 from 7976 population in the whole province capitals. They were selected based on Proportional Random Sampling technique and used Yamane formula at the level of confidence at 95 percent. The instrument research was the questionnaire of religious understanding which was constructed from three dimensions of variables, namely religious understanding toward the relation of religion and state, the relation among different religions and the relationship within the same religion. The research data technique analysis used structural equation modeling. The result showed that the inclusiveness level of religious education teachers iwas at 76,55, which was higher than the cut off value which was at 75,0. It means that the religious understanding of religious education teachers was good or generally at an inclusivism level.
EXPOSING THE NATURE OF ARAB ISLAMIC REASONING AND ITS INFLUENCE TOWARD INDONESIA (Experiment of the Approach of M. Abed al-Jabiri’s Post Structuralism)
Authors: Anas Mohamad
Published: November 2019

The post structuralism approach is no longer a conventional approach. The emergence of this new approach was not only to respond to structuralism, but also to answer the bluntness of the old approach which was barely able to read the very complex reality and to break down the so complicatedly cultural lines. What al-Jabiri practises in dismantling the nature of Arabic reasoning is his experiment in examining the Arab community reasoning. Interestingly, in practicing the post-structuralism approach, al-Jabiri does not only immediately practice it, but he reconstructs the post-structuralism approach by borrowing others for sharper analysis. It means that the post-structuralism approach is not the final approach. However, criticism and development are needed to achieve the establishment of theory.The foundation of the first theory of this research stems from Foucault's idea of archeology-genealogy of knowledge. The foundation of the next theory that the author takes from Foucault's thinking is about discourse. This research is entirely library research; therefore, the first step that researchers did is to collect primary data, especially data related to the focus of this research. The data analysis phase was carried out using the following methods: method of interpretation, analysis and historical.The results of the research indicate that the advantages of the post-structuralism approach are the methodological implications of very different readings and producing something else and new. The results are quite astonishing that al-Jabiri is able to examine the logic of Arabic construction and find the character of reasoning that had been thinkable and unthinkable. The post-structuralism approach is ultimately able to distinguish the nature of the Arab community's reasoning which can be distinguished into forming and formed reasoning.