bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Credibly Do CMIP6 Simulations Capture Historical Mean and Extreme Precipitation Changes?
Authors: Donat Markus G. , Delgado‐Torres Carlos , De Luca Paolo , Mahmood Rashed , Ortega Pablo , Doblas‐Reyes Francisco J.
Published: July 2023

Future precipitation changes are typically estimated from climate model simulations, while the credibility of such projections needs to be assessed by their ability to capture observed precipitation changes. Here we evaluate how skillfully historical climate simulations contributing to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) capture observed changes in mean and extreme precipitation. We find that CMIP6 historical simulations skillfully represent observed precipitation changes over large parts of Europe, Asia, northeastern North America, parts of South America and western Australia, whereas a lack of skill is apparent in western North America and parts of Africa. In particular in regions with moderate skill the availability of very large ensembles can be beneficial to improve the simulation accuracy. CMIP6 simulations are regionally skillful where they capture observed (positive or negative) trends, whereas a lack of skill is found in regions characterized by negative observed precipitation trends where CMIP6 simulates increases.
Impacts of Uncontrolled Operator Splitting Methods on Parameter Identification, Prediction Uncertainty, and Subsurface Flux Representation in Conceptual Hydrological Models
Authors: Woldegiorgis Befekadu Taddesse , Baulch Helen , Wheater Howard , Crossman Jill , Clark Martyn , Stadnyk Tricia , Bajracharya Ajay
Published: July 2023

The proper numerical representation of physical processes in mechanistic hydrological models is essential to produce robust predictions. A common problem with numerical schemes in hydrological models is that multiple concurrent fluxes are calculated sequentially. Although the importance of errors introduced by inappropriate numerical schemes is well recognized in the literature, many hydrological models calculate concurrent fluxes sequentially. Here, two versions of the HYPE model are used to investigate the limitations of sequential calculations. A fourth order Gear‐Nordsieck solution of the continuous state‐space formulation of HYPE (I‐HYPE) is developed to provide a robust solution, and a fixed‐step implicit Euler scheme (IE‐HYPE) is implemented to provide a computationally efficient and robust approximation of the I‐HYPE simulations. In contrast to I‐HYPE, results show that the original HYPE and the sequential calculation implemented in the continuous state‐space formulation of HYPE (SQ‐HYPE) typically simulate no interflow when soil moisture levels exceed the field capacity. The discrepancy between SQ‐HYPE and I‐HYPE grows with the size of the computation time step, and this implies a compromised representation of flow paths by sequential schemes. IE‐HYPE provides responses comparable with I‐HYPE for both daily and hourly time steps. IE‐HYPE and SQ‐HYPE are compared in terms of their groundwater representation, parameter identifiability, and predictive skills for two catchments. The sequential models have larger groundwater contributions to flow than IE‐HYPE because the splitting errors in SQ‐HYPE limit the interflow flux. IE‐HYPE estimates of the groundwater flux are more consistent with literature values of groundwater contributions to flow for the basins studied.
DNN‐Based Retrieval of Arctic Sea Ice Concentration From GNSS‐R and Its Effects on the Synoptic‐Scale Forecasting as Supplementary Observation Source
Authors: Yang Lu , Guo Bofeng , Zhang Zhaoyi , Zhang Xuefeng
Published: July 2023

Using delay‐Doppler maps of Global Navigation Satellite Systems Reflectometry (GNSS‐R) from the TechDemoSat‐1 satellite and considering sea ice and ocean interaction, an innovative method for retrieval of Arctic sea ice concentration (SIC) based on a deep neural network is proposed. This retrieval method shows the potential of future GNSS‐R applications for Arctic missions. Compared with SIC products from Hamburg University, the root mean square errors (RMSE) of retrieved results in March and June 2016 are 0.0284 and 0.0415, respectively. When the retrieved GNSS‐R SIC data are added into the assimilation as supplementary passive microwave remote‐sensing data, it has a positive influence on improving the accuracy of the Arctic SIC forecast. Especially in some edge regions of sea ice, when compared to only assimilating the remote‐sensing data, the regional RMSE of joint assimilation has a maximum decrease of approximately 17% in the 24‐hr forecast time, and over 5% in 72‐hr.
Measuring the Emission Changes and Meteorological Dependence of Source‐Specific BC Aerosol Using Factor Analysis Coupled With Machine Learning
Authors: Dai Tianjiao , Dai Qili , Ding Jing , Liu Baoshuang , Bi Xiaohui , Wu Jianhui , Zhang Yufen , Feng Yinchang
Published: July 2023

Reducing ambient black carbon (BC) relies on the targeted control of anthropogenic emissions. Measuring emission changes in source‐specific BC aerosol is essential to assess the effectiveness of regulatory policies but is difficult due to the presence of meteorology and multiple co‐existing emissions. Herein, we propose a data‐driven approach, combining dispersion‐normalized factor analysis (DN‐PMF) with a machine learning weather adjustment (deweathering) technique, to decompose ambient BC into source emissions and meteorological drivers. Six refined BC sources were extracted from the factor analysis of aethalometer multi‐wavelength BC and concurrent observational datasets. In addition to the widely reported dominant sources, such as vehicular emissions (VE) and coal/biomass burning (BB), a discernible port and shipping emission source were identified with potential impacts on coastal air quality. The source‐specific BC showed abrupt changes in response to interventions (e.g., holidays) after separating weather‐related confounders. Significant reductions in deweathered coal and BB, VE, and local dust verified the effectiveness of policies, such as clean winter‐heating and support for the Clean Air Actions. As revealed by a post‐hoc model explanation technique, the evolution of the boundary layer was the predominant meteorological driver exerting the opposite impact on local sources with respect to distant regional‐wide sources, that is, the port and shipping emissions.
Bright Na‐Carbonate Exposures Reveal Recent, Widespread Mobilization of Material in Ceres' Shallow Subsurface
Authors: Stein N. , Ehlmann B. L. , Stevenson D. J. , Castillo‐Rogez J. , Raymond C. A.
Published: July 2023

Striking exposures of Na‐carbonate‐bearing bright materials are found in Ahuna Mons and the central landforms of Occator and other impact craters on Ceres; however, most bright materials on its surface occur as excavated material on the rims and walls of impact craters. The source of the widespread excavated Na‐carbonate is uncertain. We map the distribution and extent of rim/wall Na‐carbonate with Dawn's Visible and Infrared Imaging Spectrometer and Dawn Framing Camera. We find a strong spatial correlation between domes and shallow subsurface Na‐carbonate deposits, suggesting that they form by the same or related processes. Using Monte Carlo impact models, we constrain the timing of emplacement of the shallow subsurface Na‐carbonate to be within the last ∼1 Ga and probably within the last few hundred Ma. We examine the likelihood that the Na‐carbonate was mobilized from Ceres' deep interior and the plausibility of brine upwelling or solid‐state processes. We demonstrate that a combination of processes, including diapirism driven by Rayleigh‐Taylor instabilities and solid‐state deformation due to differential loading, could mobilize Na‐carbonate‐bearing ices to the shallow subsurface without requiring the recent presence of brines.
Implant-to-implant wireless networking with metamaterial textiles
Authors: Tian Xi , Zeng Qihang , Kurt Selman A. , Li Renee R. , Nguyen Dat T. , Xiong Ze , Li Zhipeng , Yang Xin , Xiao Xiao , Wu Changsheng , Tee Benjamin C. K. , Nikolayev Denys , Charles Christopher J. , Ho John S.
Published: July 2023

Implanted bioelectronic devices can form distributed networks capable of sensing health conditions and delivering therapy throughout the body. Current clinically-used approaches for wireless communication, however, do not support direct networking between implants because of signal losses from absorption and reflection by the body. As a result, existing examples of such networks rely on an external relay device that needs to be periodically recharged and constitutes a single point of failure. Here, we demonstrate direct implant-to-implant wireless networking at the scale of the human body using metamaterial textiles. The textiles facilitate non-radiative propagation of radio-frequency signals along the surface of the body, passively amplifying the received signal strength by more than three orders of magnitude (>30 dB) compared to without the textile. Using a porcine model, we demonstrate closed-loop control of the heart rate by wirelessly networking a loop recorder and a vagus nerve stimulator at more than 40 cm distance. Our work establishes a wireless technology to directly network body-integrated devices for precise and adaptive bioelectronic therapies.
Precise in-field molecular diagnostics of crop diseases by smartphone-based mutation-resolved pathogenic RNA analysis
Authors: Zhang Ting , Zeng Qingdong , Ji Fan , Wu Honghong , Ledesma-Amaro Rodrigo , Wei Qingshan , Yang Hao , Xia Xuhan , Ren Yao , Mu Keqing , He Qiang , Kang Zhensheng , Deng Ruijie
Published: July 2023

Molecular diagnostics for crop diseases can guide the precise application of pesticides, thereby reducing pesticide usage while improving crop yield, but tools are lacking. Here, we report an in-field molecular diagnostic tool that uses a cheap colorimetric paper and a smartphone, allowing multiplexed, low-cost, rapid detection of crop pathogens. Rapid nucleic acid amplification-free detection of pathogenic RNA is achieved by combining toehold-mediated strand displacement with a metal ion-mediated urease catalysis reaction. We demonstrate multiplexed detection of six wheat pathogenic fungi and an early detection of wheat stripe rust. When coupled with a microneedle for rapid nucleic acid extraction and a smartphone app for results analysis, the sample-to-result test can be completed in ~10 min in the field. Importantly, by detecting fungal RNA and mutations, the approach allows to distinguish viable and dead pathogens and to sensitively identify mutation-carrying fungicide-resistant isolates, providing fundamental information for precision crop disease management.
Targeting an allosteric site in dynamin-related protein 1 to inhibit Fis1-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction
Authors: Rios Luis , Pokhrel Suman , Li Sin-Jin , Heo Gwangbeom , Haileselassie Bereketeab , Mochly-Rosen Daria
Published: July 2023

The large cytosolic GTPase, dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), mediates both physiological and pathological mitochondrial fission. Cell stress triggers Drp1 binding to mitochondrial Fis1 and subsequently, mitochondrial fragmentation, ROS production, metabolic collapse, and cell death. Because Drp1 also mediates physiological fission by binding to mitochondrial Mff, therapeutics that inhibit pathological fission should spare physiological mitochondrial fission. P110, a peptide inhibitor of Drp1-Fis1 interaction, reduces pathology in numerous models of neurodegeneration, ischemia, and sepsis without blocking the physiological functions of Drp1. Since peptides have pharmacokinetic limitations, we set out to identify small molecules that mimic P110’s benefit. We map the P110-binding site to a switch I-adjacent grove (SWAG) on Drp1. Screening for SWAG-binding small molecules identifies SC9, which mimics P110’s benefits in cells and a mouse model of endotoxemia. We suggest that the SWAG-binding small molecules discovered in this study may reduce the burden of Drp1-mediated pathologies and potentially pathologies associated with other members of the GTPase family.
Dual-color DNA-PAINT single-particle tracking enables extended studies of membrane protein interactions
Authors: Niederauer Christian , Nguyen Chikim , Wang-Henderson Miles , Stein Johannes , Strauss Sebastian , Cumberworth Alexander , Stehr Florian , Jungmann Ralf , Schwille Petra , Ganzinger Kristina A.
Published: July 2023

DNA-PAINT based single-particle tracking (DNA-PAINT-SPT) has recently significantly enhanced observation times in in vitro SPT experiments by overcoming the constraints of fluorophore photobleaching. However, with the reported implementation, only a single target can be imaged and the technique cannot be applied straight to live cell imaging. Here we report on leveraging this technique from a proof-of-principle implementation to a useful tool for the SPT community by introducing simultaneous live cell dual-color DNA-PAINT-SPT for quantifying protein dimerization and tracking proteins in living cell membranes, demonstrating its improved performance over single-dye SPT.
Architecture of the human G-protein-methylmalonyl-CoA mutase nanoassembly for B12 delivery and repair
Authors: Mascarenhas Romila , Ruetz Markus , Gouda Harsha , Heitman Natalie , Yaw Madeline , Banerjee Ruma
Published: July 2023

G-proteins function as molecular switches to power cofactor translocation and confer fidelity in metal trafficking. The G-protein, MMAA, together with MMAB, an adenosyltransferase, orchestrate cofactor delivery and repair of B12-dependent human methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MMUT). The mechanism by which the complex assembles and moves a >1300 Da cargo, or fails in disease, are poorly understood. Herein, we report the crystal structure of the human MMUT-MMAA nano-assembly, which reveals a dramatic 180° rotation of the B12 domain, exposing it to solvent. The complex, stabilized by MMAA wedging between two MMUT domains, leads to ordering of the switch I and III loops, revealing the molecular basis of mutase-dependent GTPase activation. The structure explains the biochemical penalties incurred by methylmalonic aciduria-causing mutations that reside at the MMAA-MMUT interfaces we identify here.
Identify hidden spreaders of pandemic over contact tracing networks
Authors: Huang Shuhong , Sun Jiachen , Feng Ling , Xie Jiarong , Wang Dashun , Hu Yanqing
Published: July 2023

The COVID-19 infection cases have surged globally, causing devastations to both the society and economy. A key factor contributing to the sustained spreading is the presence of a large number of asymptomatic or hidden spreaders, who mix among the susceptible population without being detected or quarantined. Due to the continuous emergence of new virus variants, even if vaccines have been widely used, the detection of asymptomatic infected persons is still important in the epidemic control. Based on the unique characteristics of COVID-19 spreading dynamics, here we propose a theoretical framework capturing the transition probabilities among different infectious states in a network, and extend it to an efficient algorithm to identify asymptotic individuals. We find that using pure physical spreading equations, the hidden spreaders of COVID-19 can be identified with remarkable accuracy, even with incomplete information of the contract-tracing networks. Furthermore, our framework can be useful for other epidemic diseases that also feature asymptomatic spreading.
Design of ion channel blocking, toxin-like Kunitz inhibitor peptides from the tapeworm, Echinococcus granulosus, with potential anti-cancer activity
Authors: Rashno Zahra , Rismani Elham , Ghasemi Jahan B. , Mansouri Mehdi , Shabani Mohammad , Afgar Ali , Dabiri Shahriar , Rezaei Makhouri Farahnaz , Hatami Abbas , Harandi Majid Fasihi
Published: July 2023

Over-expression of K+ channels has been reported in human cancers and is associated with the poor prognosis of several malignancies. EAG1, a particular potassium ion channel, is widely expressed in the brain but poorly expressed in other normal tissues. Kunitz proteins are dominant in metazoan including the dog tapeworm, Echinococcus granulosus. Using computational analyses on one A-type potassium channel, EAG1, and in vitro cellular methods, including major cancer cell biomarkers expression, immunocytochemistry and whole-cell patch clamp, we demonstrated the anti-tumor activity of three synthetic small peptides derived from E. granulosus Kunitz4 protease inhibitors. Experiments showed induced significant apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation in both cancer cell lines via disruption in cell-cycle transition from the G0/G1 to S phase. Western blotting showed that the levels of cell cycle-related proteins including P27 and P53 were altered upon kunitz4-a and kunitz4-c treatment. Patch clamp analysis demonstrated a significant increase in spontaneous firing frequency in Purkinje neurons, and exposure to kunitz4-c was associated with an increase in the number of rebound action potentials after hyperpolarized current. This noteworthy component in nature could act as an ion channel blocker and is a potential candidate for cancer chemotherapy based on potassium channel blockage.
Deep joint learning of pathological region localization and Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis
Authors: Park Changhyun , Jung Wonsik , Suk Heung-Il
Published: July 2023

The identification of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) using structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) has been studied based on the subtle morphological changes in the brain. One of the typical approaches is a deep learning-based patch-level feature representation. For this approach, however, the predetermined patches before learning the diagnostic model can limit classification performance. To mitigate this problem, we propose the BrainBagNet with a position-based gate (PG), which applies position information of brain images represented through the 3D coordinates. Our proposed method represents the patch-level class evidence based on both MR scan and position information for image-level prediction. To validate the effectiveness of our proposed framework, we conducted comprehensive experiments comparing it with state-of-the-art methods, utilizing two publicly available datasets: the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) and the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle (AIBL) dataset. Furthermore, our experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method outperforms the existing competing methods in terms of classification performance for both AD diagnosis and mild cognitive impairment conversion prediction tasks. In addition, we performed various analyses of the results from diverse perspectives to obtain further insights into the underlying mechanisms and strengths of our proposed framework. Based on the results of our experiments, we demonstrate that our proposed framework has the potential to advance deep-learning-based patch-level feature representation studies for AD diagnosis and MCI conversion prediction. In addition, our method provides valuable insights, such as interpretability, and the ability to capture subtle changes, into the underlying pathological processes of AD and MCI, benefiting both researchers and clinicians.
Active learning for prediction of tensile properties for material extrusion additive manufacturing
Authors: Nasrin Tahamina , Pourali Masoumeh , Pourkamali-Anaraki Farhad , Peterson Amy M.
Published: July 2023

Machine learning techniques were used to predict tensile properties of material extrusion-based additively manufactured parts made with Technomelt PA 6910, a hot melt adhesive. An adaptive data generation technique, specifically an active learning process based on the Gaussian process regression algorithm, was employed to enable prediction with limited training data. After three rounds of data collection, machine learning models based on linear regression, ridge regression, Gaussian process regression, and K-nearest neighbors were tasked with predicting properties for the test dataset, which consisted of parts fabricated with five processing parameters chosen using a random number generator. Overall, linear regression and ridge regression successfully predicted output parameters, with < 10% error for 56% of predictions. K-nearest neighbors performed worse than linear regression and ridge regression, with < 10% error for 32% of predictions and 10–20% error for 60% of predictions. While Gaussian process regression performed with the lowest accuracy (< 10% error for 32% of prediction cases and 10–20% error for 40% of predictions), it benefited most from the adaptive data generation technique. This work demonstrates that machine learning models using adaptive data generation techniques can efficiently predict properties of additively manufactured structures with limited training data.
SARS-CoV-2 entry into and evolution within a skilled nursing facility
Authors: Sexton Nicole R. , Cline Parker J. , Gallichotte Emily N. , Fitzmeyer Emily , Young Michael C. , Janich Ashley J. , Pabilonia Kristy L. , Ehrhart Nicole , Ebel Gregory D.
Published: July 2023

SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the family Coronaviridae which includes multiple human pathogens that have an outsized impact on aging populations. As a novel human pathogen, SARS-CoV-2 is undergoing continuous adaptation to this new host species and there is evidence of this throughout the scientific and public literature. However, most investigations of SARS-CoV-2 evolution have focused on large-scale collections of data across diverse populations and/or living environments. Here we investigate SARS-CoV-2 evolution in epidemiologically linked individuals within a single outbreak at a skilled nursing facility beginning with initial introduction of the pathogen. The data demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 was introduced to the facility multiple times without establishing an interfacility transmission chain, followed by a single introduction that infected many individuals within a week. This large-scale introduction by a single genotype then persisted in the facility. SARS-CoV-2 sequences were investigated at both the consensus and intra-host variation levels. Understanding the variability in SARS-CoV-2 during transmission chains will assist in understanding the spread of this disease and can ultimately inform best practices for mitigation strategies.
Using cardiovascular risk indices to predict mortality in Covid-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a cross sectional study
Authors: Rief Martin , Eichinger Michael , West David , Klivinyi Christoph , Bornemann-Cimenti Helmar , Zajic Paul
Published: July 2023

Covid-19 patients who require admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) have a higher risk of mortality. Several risk factors for severe Covid-19 infection have been identified, including cardiovascular risk factors. Therefore, the aim was to investigate the association between cardiovascular (CV) risk and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and mortality of Covid-19 ARDS patients admitted to an ICU. A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in a university hospital in Graz, Austria. Covid-19 patients who were admitted to an ICU with a paO2/fiO2 ratio < 300 were included in this study. Standard lipid profile was measured at ICU admission to determine CV risk. 31 patients with a mean age of 68 years were recruited, CV risk was stratified using Framingham-, Procam- and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score. A total of 10 (32.3%) patients died within 30 days, 8 patients (25.8%) suffered from MACE during ICU stay. CV risk represented by Framingham-, Procam- or CCI score was not associated with higher rates of MACE. Nevertheless, higher CV risk represented by Procam score was significantly associated with 30- day mortality (13.1 vs. 6.8, p = 0.034). These findings suggest that the Procam score might be useful to estimate the prognosis of Covid-19 ARDS patients.
Main drivers of Indian Ocean Dipole asymmetry revealed by a simple IOD model
Authors: An Soon-Il , Park Hyo-Jin , Kim Soong-Ki , Cai Wenju , Santoso Agus , Kim Daehyun , Kug Jong-Seong
Published: July 2023

Indian Ocean Dipole phenomenon (IOD) refers to a dominant zonal contrast pattern of sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) over tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) on interannual time scales. Its positive phase, characterized by anomalously warm western TIO and anomalously cold southeastern TIO, is usually stronger than its negative phase, namely a positively skewed IOD. Here, we investigate causes for the IOD asymmetry using a prototype IOD model, of which physical processes include both linear and nonlinear feedback processes, El Nino’s asymmetric impact, and a state-dependent noise. Parameters for the model were empirically obtained using various reanalysis SST data sets. The results reveal that the leading cause of IOD asymmetry without accounting seasonality is a local nonlinear process, and secondly the state-dependent noise, the direct effect by the positively skewed ENSO and its nonlinear teleconnection; the latter two have almost equal contribution. However, the contributions by each process are season dependent. For boreal summer, both local nonlinear feedback process and the state-dependent noise are major drivers of IOD asymmetry with negligible contribution from ENSO. The ENSO impacts become important in boreal fall, along with the other two processes.
Improved RNA stability estimation indicates that transcriptional interference is frequent in diverse bacteria
Authors: Wanney Walja C. , Youssar Loubna , Kostova Gergana , Georg Jens
Published: July 2023

We used stochastic simulations and experimental data from E. coli, K. aerogenes, Synechococcus PCC 7002 and Synechocystis PCC 6803 to provide evidence that transcriptional interference via the collision mechanism is likely a prevalent mechanism for bacterial gene regulation. Rifampicin time-series data can be used to globally monitor and quantify collision between sense and antisense transcription-complexes. Our findings also highlight that transcriptional events, such as differential RNA decay, partial termination, and internal transcriptional start sites often deviate from gene annotations. Consequently, within a single gene annotation, there exist transcript segments with varying half-lives and transcriptional properties. To address these complexities, we introduce ‘rifi’, an R-package that analyzes transcriptomic data from rifampicin time series. ‘rifi’ employs a dynamic programming-based segmentation approach to identify individual transcripts, enabling accurate assessment of RNA stability and detection of diverse transcriptional events.
The cerebellum contributes to generalized seizures by altering activity in the ventral posteromedial nucleus
Authors: Beckinghausen Jaclyn , Ortiz-Guzman Joshua , Lin Tao , Bachman Benjamin , Salazar Leon Luis E. , Liu Yu , Heck Detlef H. , Arenkiel Benjamin R. , Sillitoe Roy V.
Published: July 2023

Thalamo-cortical networks are central to seizures, yet it is unclear how these circuits initiate seizures. We test whether a facial region of the thalamus, the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM), is a source of generalized, convulsive motor seizures and if convergent VPM input drives the behavior. To address this question, we devise an in vivo optogenetic mouse model to elicit convulsive motor seizures by driving these inputs and perform single-unit recordings during awake, convulsive seizures to define the local activity of thalamic neurons before, during, and after seizure onset. We find dynamic activity with biphasic properties, raising the possibility that heterogenous activity promotes seizures. Virus tracing identifies cerebellar and cerebral cortical afferents as robust contributors to the seizures. Of these inputs, only microinfusion of lidocaine into the cerebellar nuclei blocks seizure initiation. Our data reveal the VPM as a source of generalized convulsive seizures, with cerebellar input providing critical signals.
Inelastic electron scattering at a single-beam structured light wave
Authors: Ebel Sven , Talebi Nahid
Published: July 2023

In free space, electrons undergo inelastic scattering in the presence of ponderomotive potentials generated by light pulses and standing light waves. The resulting modulated electron energy spectrum can exhibit the formation of discrete energy sidebands when multiple light beams are employed. Here, we demonstrate the inelastic scattering of slow-electron wavepackets at a propagating Hermite-Gaussian light beam. The pulsed Hermite-Gaussian beam thus forms a ponderomotive potential for the electron with sufficient momentum components, leading to the inelastic scattering and subsequent formation of discrete energy sidebands. We show that the resulting energy-gain spectra after the interaction are strongly influenced by the self-interference of the electrons in this ponderomotive potential. This effect is observable across various wavelengths, and the energy modulation can be controlled by varying the electron velocity and light intensity. By utilizing the vast landscape of structured electromagnetic fields, this effect introduces an additional platform for manipulating electron wavepackets.
Nobiletin protects against ferroptosis to alleviate sepsis-associated acute liver injury by modulating the gut microbiota
Authors: Huang Wei , Chen Hui , He Qi , Xie Weidang , Peng Zanlin , Ma Qiang , Huang Qiaobing , Chen Zhongqing , Liu Yanan
Published: July 2023

The beneficial effects of NOB administration may partly be dependent on alterations in gut microbiota. Moreover, NOB attenuates hepatic ferroptosis through Nrf2-Gpx4 signalling in septic liver injury by modulating the gut microbiota.
Ultrafast time-resolved carrier dynamics in tellurium nanowires using optical pump terahertz probe spectroscopy
Authors: Mithun K. P. , Tripathi Shalini , Roy Ahin , Ravishankar N. , Sood A. K.
Published: July 2023

We report carrier relaxation dynamics in semiconducting tellurium nanowires (average diameter ∼ 10 nm) using ultrafast time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy.
Multiepitope glycan based laser assisted fluorescent nanocomposite with dual functionality for sensing and ablation ofPseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Garg Priyanka , Priyadarshi Nitesh , Ambule Mayur D. , Kaur Gurmeet , Kaul Sunaina , Gupta Ritika , Sagar Poonam , Bajaj Geetika , Yadav Binduma , Rishi Vikas , Goyal Bhupesh , Srivastava Ajay Kumar , Singhal Nitin Kumar
Published: July 2023

The study utilizes multivalency to achieve high affinity and selectivity towardsPseudomonas aeruginosa viaLecA targeting, while also demonstrating the potential therapeutic applicationviasynergistic photothermal and photodynamic therapy.
Metacognition instruction enhances equity in effective study strategies across demographic groups in the general chemistry I course
Authors: Muteti Caroline Z. , Jacob Brooke I. , Mutambuki Jacinta M.
Published: July 2023

Explicit teaching of metacognition, ‘thinking about one's thinking,’ has been shown to improve achievement scores in the general chemistry tests and facilitate the awareness and adoption of metacognitive strategies. However, very few studies have investigated variations in the reported metacognitive strategies employed by college science majors by gender, race/ethnicity, and first-generation status. Additionally, little is known as to whether metacognition instruction makes any difference in closing the reported existing equity gap in the use of effective study strategies across demographic groups. Using a qualitative approach and open-ended questionnaires completed by 259 general chemistry 1 students, we investigated variations in reported (1) study strategies including metacognitive strategies between demographic groups in the general chemistry I course prior to and immediately after a 50 minute metacognition lesson retrospectively, (2) long-term gains in the study strategies and the adoption across the demographic groups over a semester after the metacognition instruction, and (3) transfer of the reported acquired study strategies to other science courses beyond the general chemistry lecture course. The findings showed evidence of equity gaps in the reported use, gains, or adoption of specific study strategies related to lower-order study strategies (LOSSs) and higher-order study strategies (HOSSs) based on gender, race/ethnicity, and first-generation status prior to and after the metacognition instruction. However, the identified equity gaps in LOSSs and HOSSs prior to the metacognition instruction were narrowed or closed with students’ exposure to the study strategies. Additionally, the findings indicated that over half of the study participants from all the demographic groups, except males and first-generation participants reported transfer of the acquired study strategies from the metacognition instruction to other courses. These findings imply the existence of equity gaps in study strategies across demographic groups in general chemistry I. Additionally, explicit teaching of study strategies, including metacognition, can relinquish the existing equity gaps.
Cosmic-ray electrons and the magnetic field of the North Polar Spur
Authors: Mou Guobin , Wu Jianhao , Sofue Yoshiaki
Published: July 2023

Aims. The recent confirmation of the bipolarity of the eROSITA bubbles suggests that the well-known North Polar Spur (NPS)/Loop I probably is a 10 kpc sized relic in the Galactic halo and not a small local structure near the Sun. By virtue of multiwavelength observations of the NPS, unprecedentedly precise parameter constraints on the cosmic-ray electrons (CRes) and magnetic field in the post-shock halo medium can be provided.

Methods. The parameters of the CRes and the magnetic field can be derived independently by modeling the gamma-ray and the radio data of the NPS via inverse Compton scattering and synchrotron emission, respectively.

Results. Our main results are (1) that the energy density of the CRe is (3–6)×10−14 erg cm−3, and the spectral index below the cooling break energy of about 5 GeV is p ≃ 2.0 ± 0.1; (2) that the magnetic field strength is 3 μG; and (3) that the shock acceleration efficiency of the CRe is (1–2)%. Given the Mach number of 1.5, the high acceleration efficiency and flat spectrum of the CRe suggest that preexisting relativistic electrons may be reaccelerated in the NPS. Alternatively, these CRes could be accelerated by an evolving shock in the early epoch when the Mach number is high, and efficiently diffuse throughout the post-shock halo gas. In addition, the cooling break energy suggests that the cooling timescale is 107 yr, which agrees with the age of the eROSITA bubbles.
Mass-loss and composition of wind ejecta in type I X-ray bursts
Authors: Herrera Y. , Sala G. , José J.
Published: July 2023

Context. X-Ray bursts (XRBs) are powerful thermonuclear events on the surface of accreting neutron stars (NSs) where nucleosynthesis of intermediate-mass elements occurs. The high surface gravity of an NS prevents the ejection of material by the XRB thermonuclear explosion. However, the predicted and observed XRB luminosities sometimes exceed Eddington’s value, and some of the material may escape by means of stellar wind.

Aims. This work aims to determine the mass-loss and chemical composition of the material ejected through radiation-driven winds and its significance for Galactic abundances. It also reports on the evolution of observational quantities during the wind phase, which can help constrain the mass-radius relation in NSs.

Methods. A non-relativistic radiative wind model was implemented, with modern opacity tables and treatment of the critical point, and linked through a new technique to a series of XRB hydrodynamic simulations that include over 300 isotopes. This allowed us to construct a quasi-stationary time evolution of the wind during the XRB.

Results. In the models we studied, the total mass ejected by the wind was about 6 × 1019 g; the average ejected mass per burst represented 2.6% of the accreted mass between bursts, with 0.1% of the envelope mass ejected per burst; and approximately 90% of the ejecta was composed by 60Ni, 64Zn, 68Ge, and 58Ni. The ejected material also contained a small fraction (10−4 − 10−5) of some light p-nuclei, but not enough to account for their Galactic abundances. Additionally, the observable magnitudes during the wind phase showed remarkable correlations, partly due to the fact that photospheric luminosity stays close to the Eddington limit. Some of these correlations involve wind parameters, such as energy and mass outflows, that are determined by the conditions at the base of the wind envelope.

Conclusions. The simulations resulted in the first realistic quantification of mass-loss for each isotope synthesized in the XRB. The photospheric correlations we found could be used to link observable magnitudes to the physics of the innermost parts of the envelope, close to its interface with the NS crust. This is a promising result regarding the issue of NS radius determination.
Rotational radial shear in the low solar photosphere
Authors: Faurobert M. , Corbard T. , Gelly B. , Douet R. , Laforgue D.
Published: July 2023

Context.Radial differential rotation is an important physical ingredient in stellar dynamo theory. In the case of the Sun, heliosismology techniques have revealed the existence of a near-surface shear layer covering 15–20% of the upper convection zone. It was recently shown that the rotation velocity gradient is not uniform in this layer and that it displays a steep increase in a shallow layer near the surface.

Aims.We report the detection of a rotation velocity depth-gradient in the low photosphere that is not accessible to heliosismology techniques.

Methods.We applied differential interferometric methods to spectroscopic data obtained with the solar telescope THEMIS, which is equipped with an efficient adaptative optics system. The detection was based on the measurement of a systematic east-west shift between images of the solar granulation at different depths in the FeI 630.15 nm at the center of the solar disk. The same technique was applied to obtain the depth-difference between the images from their perspective shift when they are observed away from the disk center. Both THEMIS and HINODE/SOT data were used for the height-difference measurement, giving similar results.

Results.At the center of the solar disk, we measured a systematic retrograde shift of the photospheric granular structures on the east-west axis and with no shift in the north-south direction. The retrograde shift increases linearly with height. We interpret these findings as a signature of a steep decrease in the angular velocity in the low photosphere.

Conclusions.The rotational radial shear in the low solar photosphere is likely related to the dynamics of the subsurface shear layer. Its measurement yields a valuable constraint on the numerical simulations of the solar upper convection zone.
z-GAL: A NOEMA spectroscopic redshift survey of brightHerschelgalaxies
Authors: Cox P. , Neri R. , Berta S. , Ismail D. , Stanley F. , Young A. , Jin S. , Bakx T. , Beelen A. , Dannerbauer H. , Krips M. , Lehnert M. , Omont A. , Riechers D. A. , Baker A. J. , Bendo G. , Borsato E. , Buat V. , Butler K. , Chartab N. , Cooray A. , Dye S. , Eales S. , Gavazzi R. , Hughes D. , Ivison R. , Jones B. M. , Marchetti L. , Messias H. , Nanni A. , Negrello M. , Perez-Fournon I. , Serjeant S. , Urquhart S. , Vlahakis C. , Weiß A. , van der Werf P. , Yang C.
Published: July 2023

Using the IRAM NOrthern Extended Millimetre Array (NOEMA), we conducted a Large Programme (z-GAL) to measure redshifts for 126 bright galaxies detected in theHerschelAstrophysical Large Area Survey (H-ATLAS), the HerMES Large Mode Survey (HeLMS), and theHerschelStripe 82 (HerS) Survey. We report reliable spectroscopic redshifts for a total of 124 of theHerschel-selected galaxies. The redshifts are estimated from scans of the 3 and 2-mm bands (and, for one source, the 1-mm band), covering up to 31 GHz in each band, and are based on the detection of at least two emission lines. Together with the Pilot Programme, where 11 sources had their spectroscopic redshifts measured, our survey has derived precise redshifts for 135 brightHerschel-selected galaxies, making it the largest sample of high-zgalaxies with robust redshifts to date. Most emission lines detected are from12CO (mainly fromJ = 2–1 to 5–4), with some sources seen in [CI] and H2O emission lines. The spectroscopic redshifts are in the range 0.8 < z < 6.55 with a median value ofz = 2.56 ± 0.10, centred on the peak epoch of galaxy formation. The linewidths of the sources are large, with a mean value for the full width at half maximum ΔVof 590 ± 25 km s−1and with 35% of the sources having widths of 700 km s−1 < ΔV < 1800 km s−1. Most of the sources are unresolved or barely resolved on scales of ∼2 to 3″ (or linear sizes of ∼15 − 25 kpc, unlensed). Some fields reveal double or multiple sources in line emission and the underlying dust continuum and, in some cases, sources at different redshifts. Taking these sources into account, there are, in total, 165 individual sources with robust spectroscopic redshifts, including lensed galaxies, binary systems, and over-densities. This paper presents an overview of thez-GAL survey and provides the observed properties of the emission lines, the derived spectroscopic redshifts, and a catalogue of the entire sample. The catalogue includes, for each source, the combined continuum and emission lines’ maps together with the spectra for each of the detected emission lines. The data presented here will serve as a foundation for the otherz-GAL papers in this series reporting on the dust emission, the molecular and atomic gas properties, and a detailed analysis of the nature of the sources. Comparisons are made with other spectroscopic surveys of high-zgalaxies and future prospects, including dedicated follow-up observations based on these redshift measurements, are outlined.
Irregular migration is skilled migration: reimagining skill in EU’s migration policies
Authors: Purkayastha Damini , Bircan Tuba , Yar Ahmad Wali Ahmad , Ceylan Duha
Published: July 2023

Irregular migration, the movement of people outside legal regulations, is largely viewed either as a security threat or a moral, humanitarian impetus to help the vulnerable. The lack of data on irregular migration obscures the contribution of migrants without legal residence in the farms and factories of Europe. It also makes invisible their skill levels and labour market potential. A growing body of literature that centres coloniality and racism in contemporary migration policies informs our study on how the category of skill is instrumentalised as an othering tool. Through the lived experiences of 34 non-European migrants who arrived in Belgium through irregular routes, we examine skilled migration and irregular migration as modalities of inclusion and exclusion. What we find is a high degree of heterogeneity of skills among irregular migrants in terms of education levels and aspirations. Skills are dynamic and responsive to migration trajectories as individuals acquire a whole gamut of proficiencies while on the move. At the same time, individuals face a high degree of deskilling when forced into legal limbo, especially those living in camps without pathways to legalisation. Experiences also highlight how the construct of illegality and irregularity leaves migrants vulnerable to labour market exploitation and negative social discourses. The core of our contribution lies in challenging the assumptions of rigid migration categories and their role in reproducing global inequalities and racial hierarchies.
Consensus on community guidelines: an experimental study on the legitimacy of content removal in social media
Authors: Aguerri Jesús C. , Miró-Llinares Fernando , Gómez-Bellvís Ana B.
Published: July 2023

The popularization of social media has led to a considerable increase in the importance of discursive expressions of violence, especially when directed at vulnerable communities. While social media platforms have created rules to regulate such expressions, little information is available on the perception of the legitimacy of these rules in the general population, regardless of the importance of the former for the latter. It is therefore the objective of this study to analyze the perception of the seriousness of such content and the degree to which the population has established a consensus on the withdrawal of restricted discursive behaviour on three major social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram and Twitter). For this purpose, 918 participants were immersed in an experimental paradigm in three different groups (n1 = 302; n2 = 301; n3 = 315). Each was presented with stimuli containing discursive behaviour that is banned by community guidelines. The stimuli were presented differently to each group (i.e., description of the banned behaviour, description and accompanying example, example only). Our experimental data reveals that the degree of consensus on the need to remove content is quite high, regardless of the style of presentation. It furthermore suggests that the behaviour in question is perceived as very serious, due to the harm that our participants presume it to cause. These results have important implications for the debate on freedom of expression on the Internet and its regulation by private actors.
Otherness and suspiciousness: a comparative study of public opinions between the Confucius Institute and Goethe-Institut in developing countries
Authors: Huang Ming
Published: July 2023

This study aims to examine the differences in lexical priming features between Confucius Institutes and Goethe-Instituts in developing countries using lexical priming theory and natural language processing techniques. By collecting news media coverage from 2014 to 2023, this study analyses the corpus through collocation, colligation, semantic association, and semantic prosody. In this study, it was found that the Goethe-Institut has a more stable institutional identity, while the Confucius Institute is still largely recognized for language teaching and cultural dissemination activities. The association of the Confucius Institute with China and its government creates a stronger sense of "otherness" and leads to negative perceptions. Overall, this study contributes to a better understanding of public perception and institutional image in developing countries.
Oblique dust-ion acoustic shock and oscillatory periodic wave excitations in space magnetized complex plasma regimes
Authors: Uddin M. G. , Hafez M. G. , Hossen M. B.
Published: July 2023

The collisionless magnetized complex plasma (MCP) is considered to describe the nonlinear oblique propagation of dust-ion acoustic (DIA) shock wave and oscillatory wave having periodicity due to the impact of plasma parameters. Such plasma is composed of the dynamic ions having viscous influence, (α, q)-velocity distributed electrons, and static positive or negative dust charged particles. By implementing only the expansion of perturb quantities, the Burgers equation (BE) having quadratic nonlinearity (QN), cubic nonlinearity (CN), and composition of QN and CN are derived. Based on the useful exact solutions of these equations, the effect of physical parameters on the propagation of DIA shock wave, DIA oscillatory wave having periodicity and DIA double layer are discussed. It is found that the plasma system supports the shock and periodic wave excitations with both positive and negative polarity described by BE having QN. In addition, BE having CN supports shock and periodic wave excitations with only positive polarity. BE having a composition of QN and CN supports both shock wave excitations and double layer as well as both left to right and right to left propagating oscillatory waves having periodicity. The presented results would be applicable to space MCP regimes and further experimental verification.