bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of Kawabata evaluation system for the tactile properties of woven silk fabrics in textile industry
Authors: Phoophat P , Kumphai P , Suwonsichon S , Boonyarit J , Plangmon C , Chollakup R
Published: March 2020

Thailand is one of well-known countries for the silk fabric production. However, there are just few studies focusing on tactile properties of silk fabrics. This study collected forty-one machined-woven silk fabrics manufactured in Thailand, Japan, China, Korea, Italy, France, India and USA. The fabrics were classified into 4 groups categorized by the fabric weight according to the “silk fabric” industrial product standard of the Thai Industrial Standards Institute (TISI) 176-2540 (≤ 90 g/m2, 91-120 g/m2, 121-160 g/m2, >160 g/m2). Mechanical properties of the silk fabrics were measured by the Kawabata evaluation system for fabric (KES-F). Correlations between fabric weight groups were analyzed to investigate the relationship among properties. The results showed significant effect of the fabric weight (per unit area) on only compression resilience (RC) and thickness. The thickness was also correlated with the compression properties (WC, RC), the bending rigidity (B) of the warp direction and the surface roughness (SMD). Moreover, the air permeability was associated with the coefficient of friction (MIU), the shearing properties (G, 2HG, 2HG5) and the tensile properties of the weft direction (EM, LT, WT). The total hand value (THV) was calculated by using the Kawabata hand evaluations KN-201-LDY for women’s thin dress fabric. The fabrics with the THV scores above 4 showed high quality for women’s dresses. The principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to examine the relationship between the mechanical properties and the fabrics. The results showed that the high-quality fabrics were plotted near each other as a group and related to some properties such as the coefficient of friction (MIU), the extensibility (EM), the tensile energy (WT) of the weft direction and the linearity of compression (LC). Finally, the biplot graph of the fabric distribution can be a guideline for a variety of applications. The fabrics for apparels mainly located in the lower-left quadrant while those located in the upper quadrant were appropriate for home textiles.
Mechanical characteristics of airless tyre by laboratory testing
Authors: Rugsaj R , Suvanjumrat C
Published: March 2020

This paper aimed to study the mechanical characteristics of non-pneumatic tyre (NPT) or airless tyre upon usage and testing. The NPT was recently invented to replace traditional pneumatic tyre subjected to specific applications while eliminate the risk of flatten while using or periodically air pressure maintenance. For that purpose, the NPT must exhibit desired tyre characteristics such as load carrying capacity, vertical stiffness, contact pressure, and rolling. The tyre mechanical characteristics can be observed by mean of experimental tests in laboratory. In this article, the commercial NPT Tweel by Michelin was tested using vertical tyre testing machine and drum testing machine. The vertical stiffness and footprint were obtained from tyre testing machine, which the latter was obtained using the pressure measurement film. The results were then observed and discussed. The vertical stiffness of tested NPT was compared with the estimated value of traditional pneumatic tyre, in which the same size and appropriate inflation pressure were used. The rolling characteristic of NPT was observed from drum testing machine. The rolling resistance at various load and rolling speeds and was recorded. In addition, the high speed video camera was set up to capture NPT spoke deformation during rolling, while the image processing technique was used to collect the coordinate of spoke position at various time. The results were discussed and can be useful in development of NPT tyre in the near future.
Assessment of human health impact based on life cycle assessment: A case study of Thai retread tire
Authors: Ounsaneha W , Buadit T , Rattanapan C
Published: March 2020

The sustainable production of tire supply chain has been recently highlighted to reduce the environmental and human health impacts. The main environment problem of tire supply chain is waste treatment. When the tires reach the end of their working life, they are recycled (obtaining raw materials and other components for certain manufacturing processes) or burned (obtaining energy). During the exploitation, a tire with worn tread can be processed in a certain way to allow its reuse. The retreated tire should be accepted for further treatment. Hence, this study conducted the human health impacts of retread tire using life cycle assessment. The recipe2016 technique and Sigmaoro 9.0 software were used as the method of human health assessment. The result showed that the total value of human health impact assessment for retreated tire production were 4.3007E-06 Daly. The hotspot of human health impact for retreated tire production was tire material and electricity consumption. Form this finding will help designers or managers recommend the installation scenario of retreated tire production by considering human health impacts.
Studies on the effect of purified natural rubber latex and accelerators on rubber allergens in natural rubber dipping product
Authors: Wiriyanantawong J , Havanapan P , Krittanai C , Sakdapipanich J
Published: March 2020

Natural rubber (NR) glove is a worldwide use product of NR latex, which is mainly used for protective purposes. However, allergic reactions to NR gloves causing by the residual proteins in NR latex and chemical used in the manufacturing process, which are called as rubber allergens, are still a significant concern. Thus, the present work is an attempt to minimize such the rubber allergens from NR dipping products, herewith, finger cot is used as a model for this study. Purified NR latices were prepared by an urea treatment and saponification method, called as deproteinized NR (DPNR) and saponified NR (SPNR), respectively. Both of DPNR and SPNR were found to have low nitrogen content. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to identify functional groups as a result of the absence of the amine functional group, which can be referred to proteins. For a compounded NR, the various purified NR latices and rubber accelerators were used in the compounded formula. The existing and residual proteins of each sample were analysed by Bradford’s assay and sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) method, respectively. The DPNR and SPNR were found to contain lower protein profiles. The residual rubber accelerators released into artificial sweat were extracted and analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique.
Thermal and barrier properties of poly(butylene adipate-coterephthalate) incorporated with zeolite doped potassium ion for packaging film
Authors: Threepopnatkul P , Wongsuton K , Jaiaue C , Rakkietwinai N , Kulsetthanchalee C
Published: March 2020

In this research, the works were focused on development of film packaging of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) incorporated with modified zeolite using (3-aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane. PBAT composites were compounded by melt mixing using twin screw extrusion then molded into film by cast film extrusion process. Effects of zeolite 13X at 1 wt% and zeolite doped potassium ion (K+) on thermal properties, permeability of gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapor) and also absorption of ethylene gas of PBAT composites films have been studied. Typically, zeolite would act as a nucleating agent. Therefore, adding zeolite would increase the degree of crystallinity of PBAT. Comparing zeolite with and without cation exchange, the degree of crystallinity in film tended to increase for the one doped with potassium ion. Either zeolite with or without potassium exchange had no impact on thermal stability of composite films. Gas permeation of PBAT/zeolite film possessed lower permeation of oxygen and carbon dioxide whereas the water vapor transmission showed relatively higher rate than the neat PBAT. After cation exchange with zeolite, the permeation of oxygen and carbon dioxide has reduced 21.04% and 21.90% respectively but the effect of K+ exchange had no effect on water vapor transmission compared with PBAT. Film of PBAT and zeolite doped with cation could absorb ethylene gas more than the one with zeolite.
Bio-based thermoplastic vulcanizates from natural rubber (bioplastic/NR)
Authors: Thongpin Chanchai , Buaksuntear Kwanchai , Tanprasert Theraphat , Charoenta Jedtarin
Published: March 2020

Thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPV) is a class of thermoplastic elastomer of which generally consists of polyolefin phase, mainly PP or PE, with dynamically cured elastomer phase such as EPDM. The elastomer should be well dispersed in the polyolefin matrix which facilitates thermoplastic like processing of elastomer. The properties of TPV are mainly governed by properties of thermoplastic matrix and vulcanized rubber phases including curing system used for dynamic vulcanization. As environmental problem has been an important issue, application of bioplastic in thermoplastic elastomer is an interesting issue. The blending of NR with various has been studied in our work and the system should classify as bioplastics/NR. Dynamic vulcanization of NR during melt blending of NR with various bioplastics was also studied. In this report, the melt blending system of PBAT/NR; PCL/NR and PBS/NR were carried out. The batch melt blending in an internal mixer were performed with various NR and bioplastics compositions. Dynamic vulcanization of NR phase, using Luperox® 101 as curing agent, was also occurred in the mixer during melt blending. Except for PBS/NR TPV system where dicumyl peroxide was used as curing agent. This will advantage for foam preparation in further foaming step. The results showed that PBAT/NR TPV with NR content as high as 70% possessed tension set less than 20% and elongation at break under tension was higher than 600%. For PCL/NR system at the same composition, the tension set was also found at 20%, elongation at break under tension was as high as 1000%. The TPV system of PBAT/NR and PCL/NR were also extrudable. Tension set for NR/PBS TPV system was found at about 30% and the elongation at break under tension was about 600%. From the mentioned basic properties of biobased TPV in our researches, it presents that they could propose the promising qualified TPV, in term of reprocess ability and advantage for the sake of biodegradability.

Note: PBAT, PCL and PBS stand for poly(butylene adipate-co-terepthalate, polycarprolactone, and poly(butylene succinate) respectively.
Hydrothermal carbonization synthesis and KOH activation of porous carbons from waste marigold flowers
Authors: Chaiammart N , Eiad-ua A , Panomsuwan G
Published: March 2020

Marigold flower-derived porous carbons were synthesized via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and KOH activation. The effect of HTC and KOH activation on the change in morphology, chemical functional group, and surface area were studied and discussed based on the results of scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and N2sorption analysis, respectively. Both HTC and KOH activation were found to play critical roles in changing morphology and enhancing surface area. Without HTC and KOH activation, carbons had low surface area and lacked porosity. In contrast, with both HTC and KOH activation, a sponge-like morphology with a large specific surface area of 1825 m2/g was obtained. The results serve as a useful guideline for further development and synthesis of porous carbons in certain specific applications.
Effect of Fe doping on the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 hollow fibers under LED light irradiation
Authors: Wongcharoen S , Chokradjaroen C , Panomsuwan G
Published: March 2020

Fe-doped TiO2 hollow fibers (Fe-THF) were prepared using a template replication method with kapok as the template. The Fe concentration was varied by adjusting the amount of iron (III) nitrate from 0 to 5 mol%. The effect of Fe doping on morphology, crystal structure, bandgap energy, and photocatalytic activity was investigated and discussed. Based on the characterization results, it was found that all samples possessed a hollow structure with anatase as the main crystalline phase. The rutile phase began to be observed with high-level doping. Bandgap energy decreased significantly from 3.02 to 2.12 eV as the Fe concentration increased, owing to the formation of intermediate energy level. The photocatalytic activity was probed using the degradation of methylene blue under light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation. We found that the photocatalytic activity of Fe-THF was inferior to undoped THF and decreased with increasing Fe concentration. This result indicated that Fe dopant could act as the recombination centers in the lattice system, thus inhibiting the photocatalytic activity of THF.
Pro-gender Norms in Norwegian Peace Engagement: Balancing Experiences, Values, and Interests
Authors: Skjelsbæk Inger , Tryggestad Torunn Lise
Published: March 2020

The national self-image of Norway is as a gender-equal and peace-promoting nation. Norwegian gender equality policies grew out of a strong social and political civil society engagement from below combined with equal rights laws as well as quota systems implemented from above by the state. In this paper, we explore the intersection of pro-gender norms and peace engagement in Norwegian foreign policy. While gender mainstreaming has been on the agenda of Norwegian development cooperation for decades, the introduction of pro-gender norms in peace engagement is a more recent phenomenon. How are gender equality norms and concerns understood and promoted by Norwegian peace facilitators in practice. And how are pro-gender experiences, values, and norms balanced in Norwegian peace engagement?
Pro-Gender Foreign Policy by Stealth: Navigating Global and Domestic Politics in Australian Foreign Policy Making
Authors: Lee-Koo Katrina
Published: March 2020

As a middle-power nation, Australia promotes its global effectiveness, in part, through the adoption of international norms. Among those that it has more recently embraced has been pro-gender norms. The inclusion—for the first time—of gender equality considerations into overarching strategic doctrines, and the development of stand-alone gender strategies demonstrates this. While this is not without its shortcomings and contradictions, it is evidence that Australia is allowing feminist design to underpin areas of its foreign policy. However, unlike other states, this is not publicly emphasized. In fact, it is as if these policies were developed by stealth. This article examines the depth of Australia's commitment to pro-gender norms in foreign policy. It argues that there is a genuine embrace of pro-gender norms, but the masculinist cultures of Australia's politics limit the capacity for it to be publicly debated and celebrated.
Light-responsive expression atlas reveals the effects of light quality and intensity in Kalanchoë fedtschenkoi, a plant with crassulacean acid metabolism
Authors: Zhang Jin , Hu Rongbin , Sreedasyam Avinash , Garcia Travis M , Lipzen Anna , Wang Mei , Yerramsetty Pradeep , Liu Degao , Ng Vivian , Schmutz Jeremy , Cushman John C , Borland Anne M , Pasha Asher , Provart Nicholas J , Chen Jin-Gui , Muchero Wellington , Tuskan Gerald A , Yang Xiaohan
Published: March 2020

Background

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), a specialized mode of photosynthesis, enables plant adaptation to water-limited environments and improves photosynthetic efficiency via an inorganic carbon-concentrating mechanism. Kalanchoë fedtschenkoi is an obligate CAM model featuring a relatively small genome and easy stable transformation. However, the molecular responses to light quality and intensity in CAM plants remain understudied.

Results

Here we present a genome-wide expression atlas of K. fedtschenkoi plants grown under 12 h/12 h photoperiod with different light quality (blue, red, far-red, white light) and intensity (0, 150, 440, and 1,000 µmo m–2 s–1) based on RNA sequencing performed for mature leaf samples collected at dawn (2 h before the light period) and dusk (2 h before the dark period). An eFP web browser was created for easy access of the gene expression data. Based on the expression atlas, we constructed a light-responsive co-expression network to reveal the potential regulatory relationships in K. fedtschenkoi. Measurements of leaf titratable acidity, soluble sugar, and starch turnover provided metabolic indicators of the magnitude of CAM under the different light treatments and were used to provide biological context for the expression dataset. Furthermore, CAM-related subnetworks were highlighted to showcase genes relevant to CAM pathway, circadian clock, and stomatal movement. In comparison with white light, monochrome blue/red/far-red light treatments repressed the expression of several CAM-related genes at dusk, along with a major reduction in acid accumulation. Increasing light intensity from an intermediate level (440 µmol m−2 s−1) of white light to a high light treatment (1,000 µmol m–2 s–1) increased expression of several genes involved in dark CO2 fixation and malate transport at dawn, along with an increase in organic acid accumulation.

Conclusions

This study provides a useful genomics resource for investigating the molecular mechanism underlying the light regulation of physiology and metabolism in CAM plants. Our results support the hypothesis that both light intensity and light quality can modulate the CAM pathway through regulation of CAM-related genes in K. fedtschenkoi.
Poroelastic property analysis of seismic low-frequency shadows associated with gas reservoirs
Authors: Li Shengjie , Rao Ying
Published: March 2020

Seismic low-frequency amplitude shadows have been widely used as a hydrocarbon indicator. This study investigates the effect of reservoir properties and seismic wave mode conversion on the characteristics of the low-frequency amplitude shadows in gas-bearing reservoirs. The target gas reservoirs are typically related to the lithology of tight sandstone with strong heterogeneity. Pore-fluid distribution within the reservoirs presents patchy saturation in the vertical and horizontal directions, and this patchy saturation easily induces low-frequency shadows beneath gas-bearing reservoirs. These low-frequency shadows are validated by using a poroelastic simulation method. The results of our field case-based study indicate that pore-fluid property, plus the thickness and heterogeneity of reservoirs are the key elements in the generation of low-frequency shadows. The results also indicate that the poroelastic simulation method can be used to effectively predict the spatial distribution of gas-bearing reservoirs, by directly verifying the low-frequency shadow phenomenon existing in the seismic data.
Decoding Dance in Shakespeare’s Much Ado about Nothing and Twelfth Night
Authors: Monahin Nona
Published: March 2020

Many of Shakespeare’s plays contain verbal references to specific dances. Knowledge of early modern dance conventions can be of tremendous value in reading (and staging) these plays: “decoding” the dance references unveils layers of subtext that are relevant to an understanding of thematic issues and of the psychological makeup of characters, and it suggests visual ways in which scenes can be staged. This chapter examines dance references in Much Ado about Nothing and Twelfth Night, focusing on the following dances: measure, cinquepace, galliard, coranto, and passy-measures pavan. Each dance is introduced through a brief review of extant choreographic sources, after which the references are examined in the context of the scene and dramatic situation in which they occur. Finally, approaches to staging the scene are considered, with the aim of making the dance references meaningful to audiences today.
“The Wisdom of Your Feet”
Authors: Hazrat Florence
Published: March 2020

This chapter examines the coincidence of moments of dance with particularly rhetorical language in Shakespeare’s plays, including Much Ado about Nothing, As You Like It, and Romeo and Juliet. It offers a brief cultural background on the conflicting attitudes toward dance and rhetoric located in, among others, their power to persuade through patterned movement and language, a power amplified through an experience of embodied cognition on the multimedia stage. Alternatives for a lack of bibliographical evidence for dance are discussed and illustrated. The endings of Much Ado about Nothing and As You Like It are scrutinized in terms of their use of rhetoric and dance in persuading characters and spectators to agree to the pairing off of lovers, the promised end of a comedy, which jars with the complex final situations of these plays. Romeo and Juliet is discussed in terms of its engagement via dance with lyrical forms like the sonnet, converging language and movement in the cultural moment of the sonnet fashion. Throughout this chapter, discoveries of cognitive science on cognitive dissonance and empathy creation offer new ways of approach to the persuasive maneuvers of both rhetoric and dance, suggesting more inclusive ways of imagining bodies and words at work on the early modern stage.
Shakespeare, Modernism, and Dance
Authors: Jones Susan
Published: March 2020

This chapter explores the intersection of modernist aesthetics and danced adaptations of Shakespeare in the twentieth century. It situates the discussion in a wide spectrum of danced interpretations, but focuses primarily on the attenuated narratives and economic form of three one-act danced versions of the tragedies: Robert Helpmann’s Hamlet (1942), José Limón’s The Moor’s Pavane (1949, based on Othello), and Limón and Pauline Koner’s Barren Sceptre (1960, based on Macbeth). The article explores the way in which all three respond to modernist psychological and skeptical interpretations of the plays that drive not only the presentation of character, but also the spatial design of the choreography. The chapter considers how these pieces also exploit Shakespeare’s individual presentation of nonlinguistic forms of communication.
“The Heaven’s True Figure” or an “Introit to All Kind of Lewdness”?
Authors: Winerock Emily
Published: March 2020

There are no extant English dancing manuals from the Shakespearean period, but there are abundant printed and manuscript sources that mention dancing. However, these sources convey mixed messages. The theoretical conceptions articulated by dance’s opponents and proponents in the “debate on dance” do not always correspond well with the evidence of customary practices. While early modern religious treatises decry dancing for encouraging illicit sexual liaisons, court records reveal a greater concern with irreverence and disorder than with wantonness. This chapter utilizes both qualitative and quantitative methods to examine a variety of primary sources—from conduct manuals and anti-dance treatises to consistory court depositions. Aggregating archival evidence elucidates general trends that can help scholars assess and contextualize isolated dance references, specific moments of dancing, and the dance scenes and stage directions of Shakespeare’s plays and those of his contemporaries.
“A Delightful Measure or a Dance”
Authors: Cavanagh Sheila T.
Published: March 2020

This chapter considers work created by the Synetic Theater Company in the Washington, DC, area. Since its inception in 2002, Synetic has produced an award-winning series of “physical theater.” Under the co-direction of Paata and Irina Tsikurishvili, both of whom were trained professionally in the Republic of Georgia, Synetic has created over a dozen “wordless” Shakespeare performances that have received numerous awards. They recently remounted their original production, Hamlet: The Rest Is Silence, although they have offered a wide range of successful, though surprisingly diverse, Shakespearean adaptations, including Antony and Cleopatra, The Tempest, King Lear, Twelfth Night, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Macbeth, Taming of the Shrew, and Much Ado about Nothing. According to their website, “Synetic” reflects the company’s artistic goal of combining “synthesis,” or the “coming together of distinct elements to form a whole,” and “Kinetic: pertaining to or imparting motion, active, dynamic” to create Synetic: a dynamic synthesis of the arts.” They state their ambition to become “the premier American physical theater . . . fusing dynamic art forms—such as text, drama, movement, acrobatics, dance, and music.” Synetic labels itself as “physical theater,” not as dance, but dance theory provides a relevant framework through which to discuss their creations. This chapter discusses the theoretical and practical implications of presenting Shakespeare through movement and music rather than spoken language.
Incorporating the Text
Authors: McJannet Linda
Published: March 2020

This chapter considers two works, Pericles Redux and The Tempest Replica, created by Not Man Apart (NMA) Physical Theatre Ensemble and Kidd Pivot, respectively. It argues that the cross-over genres of physical theater and dance theater are well suited to Shakespeare adaptations, and that these two works succeed because, in keeping with Shakespeare’s own dramatic art, they mingle comic and tragic, classical and vernacular, and “pivot” among different media, movement styles, and registers of performance. Through humor, movement, and physical risk-taking, they surprise traditional audiences with visceral energy and engage audiences who not might not otherwise seek out Shakespeare. NMA and Kidd Pivot combine dance and storytelling so as to make movement the medium, not the servant, of the story. They demonstrate that movement-based adaptations of Shakespeare can speak to the bodies, minds, and emotions of audiences as profoundly as works of pure theater or pure movement.
Dancing Her Death
Authors: Farrugia-Kriel Kathrina
Published: March 2020

This chapter offers new readings for Shakespeare and dance through a transmodern reading of The Bitter End of Rosemary (2011) and an understanding of the rise of South African choreographer Dada Masilo. A contextualisation of post-apartheid dance (based on Friedman, 2012) and the postcolonial revisions of Shakespearian texts (after Loomba and Orkin, 1998) in South Africa precedes insights into the nascent body of work by Masilo, one of the key women to be recognized both locally and internationally as a choreographer interested in reworking established works. Masilo’s The Bitter End of Rosemary (2011) is analyzed against its exportation across European contexts and the reception of the work within South Africa. The chapter concludes that Masilo’s work is complex across both textual and cultural dimensions, and that the shards of performance histories suggest the nature of a transmodern condition against the thematics of rethinking Shakespearian narratives within the field of dance.
Shakespeare Ballets in Germany
Authors: Bührle Iris Julia
Published: March 2020

William Shakespeare has inspired more ballets than any other writer in the history of dance. This chapter deals with Shakespeare’s reception on the German ballet stage from the eighteenth century to the present day. During this period, choreographers continuously developed the movement vocabulary of dance and found new ways to transpose Shakespeare’s works into ballets. One of the most innovative creators of literature ballets in the twentieth century was John Cranko, whose ballet The Taming of the Shrew (1969) is studied at length in this chapter. Cranko influenced choreographers such as Kenneth MacMillan and John Neumeier; both artists expanded the possibilities of dance and contributed to the evolution of the story-ballet. Two brief case studies of Neumeier’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream (1977) and Othello (1985) demonstrate how he adapted and interpreted Shakespeare’s works.
Introduction to Part II
Authors: Kidnie Margaret Jane
Published: March 2020

This introduction to Part II of The Oxford Handbook of Shakespeare and Dance—“Shakespeare as Dance”—considers the translation of Shakespeare’s plays and poems into dance and the effects that movement has on the meaning of those works. In doing so, it charts the tension between language, movement, and “legitimacy” in danced versions of Shakespeare and asks whether the term “adaptation” is adequate in describing dance works that may be said to capture, rather than simply modify, their literary sources. The chapters in Part II of the Handbook interrogate these issues and introduce readers to the surprising variety of danced Shakespeare; they represent vital projects of recovery and analysis.
The Merchant of Venice’s Missing Masque
Authors: Leopold Lizzie
Published: March 2020

In Act II, Scene V, of Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice, Bassanio, a Venetian lord, prepares to host a masque, but the trade winds change unexpectedly and Bassanio’s ship sets sail that very evening, cancelling the masked ball. Although this masqued scene is never realized, written, or staged, its mention is enough reason to interrogate its possibility. Through a Derridean decentering of presence, bringing together the extensive literature on Elizabethan masques, early modern understandings of touch and dance, and a deep interrogation of religious tensions, as played out throughout The Merchant of Venice, the masque’s textual absence is at once made an important, albeit impossible, presence. These intersecting texts create a web of social ideologies that describe the early modern moment from which this play emerges. What is unwritten proves powerfully choreographic, the absence itself working to organize bodies in space, separated by religious and gendered difference.
Dancing with Perdita
Authors: Swarbrick Steven
Published: March 2020

Shakespeare scholarship has long been interested in the temporal dynamics of The Winter’s Tale, and has often turned to melancholic or traumatic time frames to explain the thematic persistence of lost time in Shakespeare’s romance. In this chapter, the author argues that dance provides a key interpretive framework for understanding the play’s interest in bodily movements that exceed static oppositions between absence and presence, time lost and time regained. Drawing on recent theorizations of “crip time” and the posthuman, the author reads Perdita’s dance as a figuration of bodies, sexualities, and histories without proper figure; in so doing, this chapter sets out to choreograph lost time via the space between movements—where generativity and negativity dance.
Form, Layout, and Specific Potentialities of the Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Script
Authors: Vernus Pascal
Published: March 2020

Egyptian hieroglyphic script is figurative; its signs are images depicting the realia of the pharaonic universe in the same manner as do the figurative arts. To become script signs these images undergo three constraints: calibration, dense and harmonious arrangement, and orientation (i.e. direction of reading). Its figurativity, its flexible manner of engaging with the writing surfaces, and its complex system of encoding the linguistic data provide the hieroglyphic script with important specific potentialities that were carefully exploited in its symbiotic adaptation to objects and monuments and in its enriching the linguistic messages it conveyed with ideological connotations. Egyptian hieroglyphs—but not the very hieroglyphic writing system!—were borrowed in the Meroitic hieroglyphic script and chiefly in the Proto-Sinaitic alphabet. Via this alphabet and its Semitic successors, some hieroglyphs are ultimately the ancestors of European characters.
The Reception of Ancient Egypt and Its Script in Renaissance Europe
Authors: Jirásková Lucie
Published: March 2020

The chapter focuses on the perception of ancient Egypt and its culture through the eyes of Renaissance scholars and humanists. They could have known ancient Egypt from personal experience, including travels to Egypt or visits to Egyptian monuments that had been brought to Italy in the Roman period. The hieroglyphic script engraved into obelisks became a source of inspiration for the emblematics, but in fact never led to any successful attempt to decipher the ancient script. The symbolic approach to hieroglyphs was also supported by the philosophical trend of the time, Hermetism. It was a “construct” of Late Antiquity, resurrected and elaborated by Renaissance humanists, who were able to apply it to various branches of Renaissance science.
The Content of Egyptian Wall Decoration
Authors: Allon Niv
Published: March 2020

Understanding content, what is in a text or an image, is highly subjective and culturally specific. Being so far removed from the culture of ancient Egypt, we are often at a disadvantage when trying to interpret through this culture’s frames of reference. This chapter suggests three lines of inquiry to consider what constitutes content. These lines of inquiry focus on (1) context—the surroundings of the object on which the text or image were found; (2) multimodality—relationships between text and image; and (3) repertoire and variation—locating the image or the inscription in relation to contemporaneous elements like it. Employing sources from different periods, it considers the assumptions of these three paths, their methodologies, their advantages, and their limitations.
Online Publication of Monuments
Authors: Wendrich Willeke
Published: March 2020

This chapter outlines the advantages of digital epigraphy in the context of the original monuments. It analyzes the perception of epigraphic publication of monuments, taking into account new technologies. 3DVR models can be created using architectural drawings and measurements (CAD and 3D modeling), 3D scanning, and Structure for Motion (SfM). These systems present different advantages and challenges, which are discussed. Current options for publication include VSim, 3D GIS, and Unity 3D platforms. The issues of peer review of publications and long-term preservation of data are addressed. The chapter concludes with a consideration of the issue of potentially misleading impressions given by 3DVR representations.
Tradition and Innovation in Digital Epigraphy
Authors: Vértes Krisztián
Published: March 2020

The vast quantity of inscribed remains surviving from ancient Egypt demands a documentation solution that is meticulously accurate but also time efficient. Compared to traditional methods, digital documentation offers faster data processing and a wide range of drawing support, especially when combined with increasingly sophisticated drawing tablets. Today, powerful and compact computers allow us to aim not only for accuracy and efficiency but also for a level of digital enhancement in epigraphic recording that was never possible on paper. Although no individual epigraphic methodology is superior to all, there are some important documentation guidelines to be considered. As the Epigraphic Survey establishes an overall approach to digital documentation, we seek to work along such specific guidelines. This chapter offers an insight into the Survey’s vision of the present and future of digital epigraphy through the introduction of some ongoing projects and the technological and methodological approaches thereto.
3D Scanning, Photogrammetry, and Photo Rectification of Columns in the Karnak Hypostyle Hall
Authors: Revez Jean
Published: March 2020

Using the columns inside the Hypostyle Hall in the temple of Amun-Re at Karnak as a case study, this chapter provides a look at both the advantages and the challenges associated with the use of 3D scanning, photogrammetry, and photo rectification in epigraphic work.
An Assessment of Digital Epigraphy and Related Technologies
Authors: Manuelian Peter Der
Published: March 2020

This chapter reviews some of the historical developments in scientific illustration that influenced our modern-day approach to Egyptological epigraphy and discusses the idea of objectivity in scientific illustration. It then offers a brief assessment of the advantages of digital epigraphy over more traditional methods. A discussion follows regarding working on-screen with drawing layers, creating sun and shadow lines digitally, and reviewing the reasons to choose either raster images (bitmaps) or vectors—in the context of Adobe Photoshop and Adobe Illustrator—to create facsimile line drawings of Egyptian scenes and inscriptions. It briefly summarizes the development of new devices that allow for digital epigraphy in the field and then takes the discussion one step further into 3D modeling and other forms of archaeological visualization, including the Giza Project at Harvard University. Concluding remarks touch on the sustainability of digital workflows, data management plans, and the challenges of keeping pace with new technologies.
Graffiti
Authors: Salvador Chiara
Published: March 2020

This chapter offers an overview of graffiti in ancient Egypt from an epigraphic perspective, highlighting the points of contact and divergence between this and other epigraphic categories. In the introduction graffiti are defined as a distinct, yet fuzzy, category comprising both texts and drawings. The wide range of their quality, formality, visibility, and context accounts for the challenge that finding a terminology suitable for all graffiti presents. After a brief history of graffiti recording, the chapter focuses on some technical aspects of their documentation, which is schematically presented as a four-stage procedure: survey, recording, collation, and post-recording process. Issues of identifying, recording, and publishing graffiti are discussed within the article’s subsections with references to old methods and new technologies.
Practical Issues with the Epigraphic Restoration of a Biographical Inscription in the Tomb of Djehuty (TT 11), Dra Abu el-Naga
Authors: Espinel Andrés Diego
Published: March 2020

This chapter deals with different practical issues related to the restoration of a fragmentary inscription in the Eighteenth Dynasty tomb of Djehuty (TT 11) at Dra Abu el-Naga, Luxor. A previous attempt to restore the stela by Sethe in 1906 turned out to be inaccurate since it was mainly based on the textual contents of the inscription. The current restoration, however, has considered not only the text of the biographical inscription, but above all, the variegated physical features of the fragments (around 150 total) and the remains in situ. Besides its virtual reconstruction, details about the physical restoration of the inscription on its original tomb wall are described. This case study, as with every epigraphic restoration, presents unique problems and solutions that nevertheless may serve as rough guides for similar initiatives.
History of Recording Demotic Epigraphy
Authors: Moje Jan
Published: March 2020

This chapter gives an overview of the history of recording and publishing epigraphic sources in Demotic language and script from the Late Period to Greco-Roman Egypt (seventh century bce to third century ce), for example, on stelae, offering tables, coffins, or votive gifts. The history of editing such texts and objects spans over two hundred years. Here, the important steps and pioneering publications on Demotic epigraphy are examined. They start from the beginning of the nineteenth century, when Napoleon’s expedition to Egypt found the Rosetta stone, until the twenty-first century.
Aspects of the Relationships between the Community of Sheikh Abd al-Qurna and Ancient Egyptian Monuments
Authors: Bednarski Andrew , Tully Gemma
Published: March 2020

Epigraphers and archaeologists working in Egypt must navigate a host of complex relationships both on and off site. This chapter explores the multifaceted nature of local Egyptian peoples’ relationships with nearby monuments through the lens of a single case study: the site of Sheikh Abd al-Qurna and its local population, the Qurnawi. Egyptologists have not traditionally sought to incorporate formally the stories and histories of local populations in their studies of pharaonic sites. An increasing blend of social awareness and the desire for social action on the part of both foreign professionals and local activists, however, is pushing Egyptologists to re-evaluate their practices, which, in turn, is moving the discipline in new and positive directions.
How to Publish an Egyptian Temple?
Authors: Traunecker Claude
Published: March 2020

This chapter aims to draw colleagues’ attention to certain important points about the principles of publishing temples. Mentioned as critical to epigraphic work are, among other things, sequential numbering, separate sheets with key plans, exploded-views of rooms, notes on the condition of the wall, collation, and working in groups. The benefits of “old-fashioned” methods, using lead pencil on graph paper, are extolled. Drawing, even without a sure hand, is above all observing and concentrating—the essence of the epigrapher’s profession. Benefits of working in this way accrue not just in the work, which requires time, concentration, and calm, but also for the worker who experiences that intellectually fertile interval. Technologies, such as reflectance transformation imaging (RTI) and orthophotography, which offer truly dazzling results, are discussed not as “new,” but are contextualized within the history of epigraphic innovation. Regardless of which method a team adopts, the purpose of all epigraphic publication should not be forgotten: to provide an easy-to-understand substitute for the monument. It is, as it were, a way of assuring the monument’s permanence.
Hieroglyphic Palaeography
Authors: Servajean Frédéric
Published: March 2020

Hieroglyphic palaeography has never been systematically studied until very recently. The earlier works considered the hieroglyphic sign from the perspective of the history of art. In the 1970s, new perspectives emerged thanks to H. G. Fischer, who developed an original approach through which the sign is coupled with cultural facts. However, it was not until 2004 that the first hieroglyphic palaeography program was launched by D. Meeks. There is, however, an area that escapes hieroglyphic palaeography: that of the cursive hieroglyphics. This is the reason why U. Verhoeven has just launched an inventory program of hieratic and hieroglyphic cursive signs.Only the analysis of the different stages of execution of a monumental inscription—from the cursive sign to the carved and painted sign—will make it possible to understand the work of scribes. Hieroglyphic palaeography will then be able to make up for lost time.
Methods, Tools, and Perspectives of Hieratic Palaeography
Authors: Polis Stéphane
Published: March 2020

Having provided background information about the hieratic script, especially as regards its relations to other Egyptian scripts in terms of figurativity and spatiality as well as its diachronic development, this chapter focuses on two main questions. First, what paleographic tools are available for studying hieratic texts? The methods and future avenues for research in this area are discussed in relation to the different types of written variation that can be observed at the systemic, normative, and perfomative levels. Second, what are the fields of application of hieratic palaeography? From editing and publishing hieratic texts to dating compositions or recognizing individual scribes at work, hieratic palaeography is at the crossroads of many areas of research that are outlined in the second section of this chapter.
Carved Hybrid Script
Authors: Ali Mohamed Sherif
Published: March 2020

The hybrid script is a specific peculiarity of quarry inscriptions and graffiti. Many texts of this category have either a mixture of hieroglyphic and hieratic signs or the shapes of the signs themselves appear to be a sort of “middle form” between the both scripts. This feature, to which the name “hybrid script” was given, occurred since the Old Kingdom, but it became more frequently used in the Middle Kingdom, specifically during the Twelfth Dynasty. In the Middle Kingdom, such inscriptions make up a high percentage of the total number of texts at many sites. This percentage, however, is considerably lower in the New Kingdom. The relationship of the hybrid script to cursive hieroglyphs is significant and could be explained through analyzing the different ways of writings from the Old Kingdom to the New Kingdom.
Cursive Hieroglyphs in the Book of the Dead
Authors: Lucarelli Rita
Published: March 2020

The script characterizing most scrolls of the ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead is called by scholars Totenbuch-Kursive or “Book of the Dead cursive” and it is characterized by an accentuated level of cursiveness in comparison to monumental hieroglyphs. This script also presents similarities with hieratic, as the latter can be seen as a cursive variant of monumental hieroglyphs. The Book of the Dead cursive occurs on a number of sources, the most popular of which are papyri and linen; however, when tomb walls and coffins are decorated with spells of funerary magic, the latter are written in cursive forms as well. In general, it seems that the Totenbuch-Kursive was employed also for non-Book of the Dead sources, mainly for texts of religious, magical, medico-magical, and ritual texts from the Middle Kingdom on; in that sense, we are dealing with a linear script that is not specific of the Book of the Dead genre of texts only.
Digital Palaeography of Hieratic
Authors: Gülden Svenja A. , Krause Celia , Verhoeven Ursula
Published: March 2020

After a short history of research into hieratic palaeography, the first experiences with digital methods to conduct the study of handwritten documents, in Egyptology as well as in other fields, are presented. The needs and goals of a future digital palaeography are then explained in detail. Such a palaeography is expected to become a modern research tool for ancient Egyptian handwritings that allows the depiction, description, classification, and encoding of cursive signs and that includes information about the entire manuscripts and their materiality. In constructing such a tool, some questions are essential, for instance: How should the signs be represented—as image sections from a scan or as facsimiles? What kind of digital formats should be used—raster or vector graphics? How should the signs be encoded? And how should we prepare the data for digital analysis of hieratic in the future—using XML with new encodings according to TEI standard? The chapter provides a discussion of arguments and propositions in the light of these questions.
Hieratic Palaeography in Literary and Documentary Texts from Deir el-Medina
Authors: Fischer-Elfert Hans-Werner
Published: March 2020

This chapter presents an overview of the range of hieratic palaeography as attested in Ramesside Deir el-Medina. Despite its still incomplete state of publication, the material already allows for the identification of a number of individual hands, displaying idiosyncrasies and personal preferences. Depending on what kind of text was to be written or copied, its literary or nonliterary nature, its age, and its degree of sacredness, the scribe was expected to practice a specific kind of style and palaeography. This choice had its immediate effect on the degree of cursivization. As a rule of thumb, one can observe at least four highly differing styles of hieratic. It seems unlikely that this broad range of hieratic palaeography was a specific feature of Deir el-Medina scribes alone and not represented in the rest of Ramesside Egypt. Unfortunately, there is no comparative and contemporaneous corpus from any other place so far.