bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization of the tribological performance of rectangular seals in automotive transmissions
Authors: Gronitzki M , Poll G. W. G.
Published: May 2007

Rectangular seals - a special type of face seals - are currently used in rotating connections of automatic automotive transmissions (double clutch transmissions, continuously variable transmissions, and 6-automated transmission) for the oil pressure supply of rotating control and actuator elements. Friction losses of several kilowatts can occur in the sealing system, causing a considerable reduction in efficiency. As a result of ongoing progress in power train design, sliding speeds and fluid pressures continue to increase. Therefore, due to friction related temperature rise in the sealing contact, extensive oil carbonization may occur. For both the reasons, developing friction optimized seals is crucial.

For cost and design reasons grey cast iron rings are more and more substituted by modern, high temperature resistant thermoplastics. These materials also exhibit better friction and wear performance which can further be improved by adding polytetrafluorethylen or graphite.

Because of their lower stiffness compared with metallic components, special thoughts have to be given to the design of thermoplastic rectangular seals. This paper describes how an improved geometry with optimized friction and wear performance was achieved by combining experimental investigations and numerical calculations on thermomechanical deflections.
Tribological effects on subsurface interfaces
Authors: Dahm K. L. , Torskaya E , Goryacheva I , Dearnley P. A.
Published: May 2007

The most worrisome failure for coated surfaces in tribological contacts is premature coating detachment (adhesive failure). This article presents, by way of case studies, attempts to understand such failures encountered in tribological testing of coated components. Numerical modelling has been used to help understand what stresses at the coating-substrate interface are most detrimental to long interface lifetimes.
A predictive analysis of long-term friction and wear characteristics of metal-on-metal total hip replacement
Authors: Dowson D , Wang F. C. , Wang W. Z. , Jin Z. M.
Published: May 2007

There has been a major revival of interest in metal-on-metal total hip replacements in recent years, particularly for younger and more active patients [1, 2]. Theoretical and experimental studies have confirmed that wear in both the running-in and steady-state regimes can be reduced considerably through careful design and manufacture. It has been amply demonstrated that large diameter femoral heads are advantageous, primarily because they are tribologically beneficial through improvements in lubrication and hence reduced wear in a mixed lubrication regime. This has permitted major improvements to be introduced and it has also facilitated the introduction of satisfactory surface replacement as well as large diameter monolithic implants with greater resistance to dislocation.

Design guides have been emerging [3] as lubrication and structural analyses have advanced. The main driver has been the need to minimize wear in both running-in and steady-state phases of implant function and hence to reduce as much as possible the total volumetric wear and the number of tiny, nanometre sized wear particles.

The achievable wear rates in well designed metal-on-metal implants are now so low that the tribologically predicted wear lives are exceedingly attractive. Attention is therefore turning to the question of long-term bearing performance and the possibility that gradual extension of the nominal contact patch will result in large frictional torques capable of disrupting the implant fixation. The potential longevity of metal-on-metal hip replacements implies that clinical experience of such effects will take a long time to emerge. Likewise laboratory simulator tests would have to extend over, say, at least 10-50 million cycles. This is expensive and generally limited to simulation of a repetitive walking cycle of operation, rather than a more representative reflection of random daily cycles of function. The alternative, but clearly tentative approach is to attempt a predictive analysis based upon developing tribological analysis and information on the wear performance of implants in simulators over much shorter periods, typically 5 million cycles.

In this paper, a simple, but inevitably tentative predictive analysis of the volumetric wear; diameter of the nominal wear patch; head penetration, and frictional torque are all estimated over timescales of several tens of millions of loading cycles, equivalent to many decades of service in the body. Both boundary and fluid-film lubrication conditions are considered.
Influence of surface structure on wetting of coated offset papers
Authors: Tåg Carl-Mikael , Järn Mikael , Granqvist Björn , Järnström Joakim , Peltonen Jouko , Rosenholm Jarl Björn
Published: May 2007

To obtain more knowledge of the properties affecting print quality and adhesion characteristics in the printing process, attention has been directed to the nature of surface energy. The aim was to compare different surface-energy calculation models and to investigate the influence of surface roughness on wetting of coated offset papers. The wetting process was studied by static contact angle measurements using a series of reference liquids. Topographical characterization was carried out using atomic force microscopy. Surface energy components were determined using different calculation models. The determination can be considerably simplified using a mono-monopolar model, which has been proven in previous studies. The surface energy components were derived from both apparent and topography-corrected contact angles. The surface topography had a significant effect on wetting of the samples studied.
A Tauberian theorem for discrete weighted mean methods
Authors: Watson Bruce
Published: May 2007

A Tauberian theorem of “slowly decreasing” type is proved for discrete weighted mean methods of summability by reduction to the corresponding Tauberian theorem for weighted mean methods.
A priori bounds for surfaces with prescribed mean curvature and partially free boundaries
Authors: Müller Frank
Published: May 2007

Surfaces with prescribed mean curvature in R
Existence and stability of static shells for the Vlasov–Poisson system
Authors: Schulze Achim
Published: May 2007

We prove the existence and stability of stationary solutions to the Vlasov–Poisson System with spherical symmetry, which describe static shells, i.e., the support of their densities is bounded away from the origin. We use a variational approach which was established by Y. Guo and G. Rein.
Hormonal profile and reproductive performance in lactation deficient (OFA hr/hr) and normal (Sprague–Dawley) female rats
Authors: Valdez Susana R , Penissi Alicia B , Deis Ricardo P , Jahn Graciela A
Published: May 2007

Lactation deficiency may have important consequences on infant health, particularly in populations of low socioeconomic status. The OFA hr/hr (OFA) strain of rats, derived from Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats, has deficient lactation and is a good model of lactation failure. We examined the reproductive performance and hormonal profiles in OFA and SD strains to determine the cause(s) of the lactation failure of the OFA strain. We measured hormonal (PRL, GH, gonadotropins, oxytocin, and progesterone) levels by RIA in cycling, pregnant, and lactating rats and in response to suckling. Dopaminergic metabolism was assessed by determination of mediobasal hypothalamic dopamine and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) concentrations by HPLC and tyrosine hydroxylase expression by immunocytochemistry and western blot. OFA rats have normal fertility but 50% of the litters die of malnutrition on early lactation; only 6% of the mothers show normal lactation. The OFA rats showed lower circulating PRL during lactation, increased hypothalamic dopamine and DOPAC, and impaired milk ejection with decreased PRL and oxytocin response to suckling. Before parturition, PRL release and lactogenesis were normal, but dopaminergic metabolism was altered, suggesting activation of the dopaminergic system in OFA but not in SD rats. The number of arcuate and periventricular neurons expressing tyrosine hydroxylase was higher in SD rats, but hypothalamic expression of TH was higher in OFA rats at the end of pregnancy and early lactation. These results suggest that the OFA rats have impaired PRL release linked with an augmented dopaminergic tone which could be partially responsible for the lactational failure.
Regulation of adiponectin and its receptors in rat ovary by human chorionic gonadotrophin treatment and potential involvement of adiponectin in granulosa cell steroidogenesis
Authors: Chabrolle Christine , Tosca Lucie , Dupont Joélle
Published: May 2007

In mammals, adiponectin and its receptors (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) mRNAs are expressed in various tissues. However, the cellular expression and the role of adiponectin system have never been investigated in rat ovary. Here, we report the presence of adiponectin, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 in rat ovaries, and we have investigated its role in granulosa cells. Using RT-PCR and western blot, we show that the mRNAs and proteins for adiponectin, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 are found in the ovaries. Immunohistochemistry localized adiponectin, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 in theca-interstitial T-I cells, corpus luteum, oocyte and less abundantly in granulosa cells. In the KGN human granulosa cell line, adiponectin mRNA and protein were undetectable; AdipoR2 was weakly expressed, whereas AdipoR1 was clearly present. Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) injection (48 h) after pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) injection (24 h) in immature rats increased the level of adiponectin (protein) by about threefold (P < 0.05) and those of AdipoR1 by threefold (mRNA, P < 0.05) and 1.5-fold (protein, P < 0.05) in ovary, whereas the mRNA and protein levels of AdipoR2 were unchanged. Interestingly, hCG injection (48 h) after the PMSG treatment (24 h) decreased plasma adiponectin levels and increased insulin plasma levels. In vitro in primary rat granulosa cells, human adiponectin recombinant (5 μg/ml) in the presence or absence of follicle-stimulating hormone (10−8 M, 48 h) had no effect on the steroidogenesis. However, it increased progesterone secretion (P < 0.05) by about twofold and oestradiol production (P < 0.05) by about 1.6-fold in response to insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) (10−8 M). Furthermore, it improved IGF-I-induced IGF-I receptor-β subunit tyrosine phosphorylation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In basal state, human adiponectin recombinant also increased rapidly but transiently the ERK1/2, p38 and Akt phosphorylations, whereas it increased more lately the adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation. Thus, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 are regulated by hCG treatment in rat ovary and adiponectin enhances IGF-I-induced steroidogenesis in granulosa cells.
Age as a determinant of reproductive success among captive female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Gagliardi Christine , Liukkonen John R , Phillippi-Falkenstein Kathrine M , Harrison Richard M , Kubisch H Michael
Published: May 2007

A retrospective analysis was performed on fertility outcomes among a colony of captive Indian rhesus monkeys. The analysis covered over 30 years and was based on 1443 females with a total of 11 453 pregnancies. Various determinants of fertility were assessed including birth rates, pregnancy loss, infant survival, interbirth intervals, and interval from last birth to death. Binary variables were analyzed with generalized linear models with random intercepts, while linear mixed models were used for analysis of continuous variables. Age of the dam was a significant factor in determining whether a pregnancy resulted in a birth and whether an infant survived the first 30 days with primiparous or older mothers being less likely to produce an infant surviving to that age. In contrast, sex proved to be the only significant factor in determining whether an infant lived to 1 year, with females being more likely to survive. The interval between births proved to be affected primarily by dam age, while the late death of an infant depressed the likelihood of an extended time interval between her last birth and her death. Overall, these results demonstrate that maternal age contributes significantly to a decline in fertility and older females can live relatively long periods following birth of their last infant.
Participation of phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B and ERK1/2 pathways in interleukin-1β stimulation of lactate production in Sertoli cells
Authors: Riera María Fernanda , Galardo María Noel , Pellizzari Eliana Herminia , Meroni Silvina Beatriz , Cigorraga Selva Beatriz
Published: May 2007

Interleukin-1β (IL1β ) belongs to a set of intratesticular regulators that provide the fine-tuning of cellular processes implicated in the maintenance of spermatogenesis. The aim of the present study was to analyze the signaling pathways that may participate in IL1β regulation of Sertoli cell function. Sertoli cell cultures from 20-day-old rat were used. Stimulation of the cultures with IL1β showed increments in phosphorylated protein kinase B (PKB), P70S6K, and ERK1/2 levels. A phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor (wortmannin (W)), a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (rapamycin (R)), and a MEK inhibitor (PD98059 (PD)) were utilized to evaluate the participation of PI3K/PKB, P70S6K, and ERK1/2 pathways in the regulation of lactate production by IL1β . PD and W, but not R, decreased IL1β-stimulated lactate production. The participation of these pathways in the regulation of glucose uptake and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) A mRNA levels by IL1β was also analyzed. It was observed that W decreased IL1β-stimulated glucose uptake, whereas PD and R did not modify it. On the other hand, PD decreased the stimulation of LDH A mRNA levels by IL1β , whereas W and R did not modify it. In summary, results presented herein demonstrate that IL1β stimulates PI3K/PKB-, P70S6K-, and ERK1/2-dependent pathways in rat Sertoli cells. Moreover, these results show that while IL1β utilizes the PI3K/PKB pathway to regulate glucose transport, it utilizes the ERK1/2 pathway to regulate LDH A mRNA levels. This study reveals that IL1β utilizes different signal transduction pathways to modify the biochemical steps that are important to regulate lactate production in rat Sertoli cells.
Cytoplasmic dynein participates in meiotic checkpoint inactivation in mouse oocytes by transporting cytoplasmic mitotic arrest-deficient (Mad) proteins from kinetochores to spindle poles
Authors: Zhang Dong , Yin Shen , Jiang Man-Xi , Ma Wei , Hou Yi , Liang Cheng-Guang , Yu Ling-Zhu , Wang Wei-Hua , Sun Qing-Yuan
Published: May 2007

The present study was designed to investigate the localization and function of cytoplasmic dynein (dynein) during mouse oocyte meiosis and its relationship with two major spindle checkpoint proteins, mitotic arrest-deficient (Mad) 1 and Mad2. Oocytes at various stages during the first meiosis were fixed and immunostained for dynein, Mad1, Mad2, kinetochores, microtubules, and chromosomes. Some oocytes were treated with nocodazole before examination. Anti-dynein antibody was injected into the oocytes at germinal vesicle (GV) stage before the examination of its effects on meiotic progression or Mad1 and Mad2 localization. Results showed that dynein was present in the oocytes at various stages from GV to metaphase II and the locations of Mad1 and Mad2 were associated with dynein’s movement. Both Mad1 and Mad2 had two existing states: one existed in the cytoplasm (cytoplasmic Mad1 or cytoplasmic Mad2), which did not bind to kinetochores, while the other bound to kinetochores (kinetochore Mad1 or kinetochore Mad2). The equilibrium between the two states varied during meiosis and/or in response to the changes of the connection between microtubules and kinetochores. Cytoplasmic Mad1 and Mad2 recruited to chromosomes when the connection between microtubules and chromosomes was destroyed. Inhibition of dynein interferes with cytoplasmic Mad1 and Mad2 transportation from chromosomes to spindle poles, thus inhibits checkpoint silence and delays anaphase onset. These results indicate that dynein may play a role in spindle checkpoint inactivation.
Expression of Wsb2 in the developing and adult mouse testis
Authors: Sarraj M A , McClive P J , Szczepny A , Daggag H , Loveland K L , Sinclair A H
Published: May 2007

We present a detailed study of the expression pattern of WD repeat and SOCS box-containing 2 (Wsb2) in mouse embryonic and adult gonads. Wsb2 was previously identified in a differential screen aimed at identifying the genes involved in male- and female-specific gonadal development. Wsb2 expression was analysed during mouse gonadogenesis by real-time PCR, whole-mount and section in situ hybridisation and immunofluorescence. Wsb2 mRNA expression was initially detected in gonads of both sexes from 11.5 days post coitum (dpc) until 12.0 dpc. By 12.5 dpc and thereafter, Wsb2 expression rapidly decreased in the female, while persisting in the male gonads. In foetal, newborn and juvenile testes, Wsb2 mRNA and protein were readily detected in the seminiferous cords within both Sertoli and germ cells. Wsb2 mRNA was present in spermatogonia, spermatocytes and in Sertoli cells of the adult mouse testis. The differential expression of Wsb2 in male versus female embryonic gonads suggests some male-specific role in gonad development, and its expression in the first wave of spermatogenesis indicates a role in germ cells. Real-time analysis of adult mouse testis tubules cultured in the presence of the Hedgehog signalling inhibitor, cyclopamine, showed a downregulation of Wsb2 mRNA after treatment which suggests that Wsb2 may be a target of Hedgehog signalling.
Modelling Reactions at the Active Sites of Chiral Ruthenium Catalysts Using Density Functional Theory
Authors: French By S. A.
Published: May 2007

Selectivity is a key success factor in the chiral catalyst technologies market. Understanding the fundamental processes that occur when a reagent interacts with a homogeneous single site catalyst, both in its approach and at the active site, is therefore critical to the rational design of new catalysts. Ruthenium-based asymmetric hydrogenation catalysts have been considered as part of a collaborative research project. [(S)-XylBINAP-RuH2-(S,S)-DPEN], first developed by Noyori (–), is studied as the parent or prototype model of a series of efficient hydrogenation catalysts, among them the catalysts based on the P-Phos, PhanePhos and ParaPhos ligand families ().
Platinum Group Metal Perovskite Catalysts
Authors: Screen By Thomas
Published: May 2007

Perovskites are a large class of minerals, both naturally occurring and synthetically produced, with important technological applications. In this article, platinum group metal (pgm) perovskites are introduced as a relatively new catalyst material. Due to their high activity, versatile and stable structure and low pgm content, they can offer advantages over conventional catalysts. Some of the typical applications and preparation methods of pgm perovskites are reviewed, with particular focus on their potential use to address current challenges concerning autocatalysts, and in organic chemistry.
Serum chemistry alterations in Alaskan sled dogs during five successive days of prolonged endurance exercise
Authors: McKenzie Erica C. , Jose-Cunilleras Eduard , Hinchcliff Kenneth W. , Holbrook Todd C. , Royer Christopher , Payton Mark E. , Williamson Kathy , Nelson Stuart , Willard Michael D. , Davis Michael S.
Published: May 2007

Objective—To determine the impact of successive days of endurance exercise on select serum chemistry values in conditioned Alaskan sled dogs.

Design—Prospective cohort study.

Animals—10 conditioned Alaskan sled dogs.

Procedures—All dogs ran 160 km/d for 5 consecutive days. Serum was obtained prior to exercise and immediately after each exercise run; all samples were obtained before dogs were fed. Serum electrolyte, mineral, protein, total bilirubin, urea nitrogen, creatinine, and cardiac troponin-I concentrations and serum alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransfer-ase, creatine kinase, and aspartate aminotransferase activities were measured. Data were analyzed by means of analysis of covariance for a randomized complete block design with dog as a blocking variable, time as a covariate, and distance run as the treatment of interest. Least square mean values were compared with values obtained prior to exercise, and linear and quadratic contrasts were examined.

Results—Serum globulin concentration was low prior to exercise (mean ± SD, 2.2 ± 0.3g/dL) and progressively decreased as exercise continued. Exercise was associated with increases in serum chloride, urea nitrogen, and cardiac troponin-I concentrations and serum alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase, and aspartate aminotransferase activities and with pro-gressive decreases in serum potassium, total protein, and albumin concentrations.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that multiple successive days of endurance exercise resulted in mild aberrations in serum chemistry variables in conditioned sled dogs. Changes likely reflected the metabolic stresses of prolonged endurance exercise as well as dietary composition. Hypoglobulinemia in resting, conditioned sled dogs may reflect the immunosuppressive or catabolic effects of intense endurance training.
Survival rate and short-term fertility rate associated with the use of fetotomy for resolution of dystocia in mares: 72 cases (1991–2005)
Authors: Carluccio Augusto , Contri Alberto , Tosi Umberto , De Amicis Ippolito , De Fanti Claudio
Published: May 2007

Objective—To determine survival rate, complications, and short-term fertility rate after fetotomy in mares.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—72 mares with severe dystocia.

Procedures—Records from 1991 to 2005 were searched for mares with dystocia in which a fetotomy was performed. Data relating to presentation and position of foals; survival rate, complications, and short-term fertility rate in mares; and 45-day pregnancy rate in mares bred 2 to 3 months after fetotomy were recorded.

Results—Anterior fetal presentation was detected for 54 of 72 (75%) mares, posterior presentation was detected for 13 (18.1%), and transverse presentation was detected for 5 (6.9%). One fetus in anterior presentation was hydrocephalic. Survival rate after fetotomy was 95.8%. Complications included retained fetal membranes (5.5%), laminitis (6.9%), vaginal and cervical lacerations (2.8%), and delayed uterine involution (2.8%). Mares bred 2 to 3 months after fetotomy had good short-term fertility, with a mean pregnancy rate of 79.4% at 45 days after breeding.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The survival rate was high, compared with rates reported after cesarean section, and short-term fertility rate was similar to those reported for mares that had a controlled vaginal delivery or cesarean section. Fetotomy performed by a skilled veterinarian on a nonviable fetus should be considered as a means of quick and safe correction of dystocia that does not necessarily impair short-term fertility in affected mares.
Unusual history and initial clinical signs of Mycoplasma bovis mastitis and arthritis in first-lactation cows in a closed commercial dairy herd
Authors: Wilson David J. , Skirpstunas Ramona T. , Trujillo Jessie D. , Cavender Kimberly B. , Bagley Clell V. , Harding Robert L.
Published: May 2007

Case Description—9 first-lactation dairy cows in a closed dairy herd had swelling in the forelimbs and forelimb lameness. Mycoplasmal arthritis and mastitis were diagnosed.

Clinical Findings—Swelling of the carpal joint, diffuse subcutaneous edema from the carpal to metacarpophalangeal joints, and forelimb lameness were evident in 9 first-lactation cows 7 to 21 days after parturition. Diagnostic testing revealed that 3 of 3 bulk-tank milk samples, 3 milk samples from cows with clinical mastitis, 2 fluid samples obtained from arthritic joints, and samples from the lungs and spleen of a cow that had died yielded positive results for Mycoplasma spp. Nucleic acid sequence analysis performed by use of a PCR assay on the joint fluid and lung tissues confirmed infection with Mycoplasma bovis.

Treatment and Outcome—Affected cows were treated by IM administration of flunixin meglumine and dexamethasone for 3 days. All cows were nonresponsive to treatment (3 cows died, and the other 6 were culled). Follow-up culture for Mycoplasma spp of milk samples from the bulk tank and from all lactating cows was recommended to screen for chronic subclinical carriers.

Clinical Relevance—Mycoplasmal infections may cause unusual initial clinical signs or an atypical history. When dairy cattle, including those residing in closed herds, have lameness, swelling of the carpal or metacarpophalangeal joints, edema of the distal portions of the forelimbs, or polyarthritis, infection with Mycoplasma spp should be investigated. Delay in diagnosis of mycoplasmal infections in dairy herds can result in substantial financial loss and the establishment of chronic subclinical carriers.
Quantifying Travel and Air-Quality Benefits of Smart Growth in Maryland’s State Implementation Plan
Authors: Liu Feng
Published: May 2007

Travel and air-quality benefits often are cited as among the many benefits of promoting smart growth. Through a recently released guidance, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency officially acknowledged the role of smart growth in improving air quality and has offered three ways to account for air-quality benefits. The state of Maryland’s effort—the first of its kind—to quantify travel and air-quality benefits in the state implementation plan (SIP) for air quality is presented. As one of the three demonstration projects in the state’s smart growth and innovative SIP, the Digital Harbor is a collection of redevelopment and infill development projects in the areas surrounding Baltimore’s harbor. These areas are historically Baltimore’s base for manufacturing and port trade and are now being renovated and transformed into a hub for high-tech and tech-driven companies. Quantification of travel and air-quality benefits was conducted at two levels: at the macro level, a regional transportation model was used to evaluate travel and air-quality effects of these projects’ central location; and at the micro level, the Smart Growth INDEX model was used to quantify travel effects and air-quality benefits of land use density, diversity, and design. Benefits were estimated through comparison of a smart growth scenario with two alternative growth scenarios. Subsequent model runs were conducted to examine the sensitivity of potential benefits to different combinations of land use density and land use mix. Policy implications are presented for the roles of planning and designing in achieving the goal of air-quality improvement.
Acoustical Acceptance Testing of Portland (Oregon) International Airport Ground Run-Up Enclosure
Authors: Barrett Douglas E.
Published: May 2007

The Port of Portland constructed an aircraft ground run-up enclosure (GRE) at Portland International Airport (PDX) to allow unrestricted daytime and nighttime aircraft maintenance run-ups while complying with Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) standards for community noise levels. To ensure compliance with the DEQ standards, a rigorous acoustical acceptance testing specification was developed and implemented. The PDX specification included measurements of three representative aircraft run-ups conducted at the GRE site (i.e., with GRE) and at a nearby equivalent site (i.e., without GRE). At each test site, measurements were required at six microphone locations at a reference distance of 400 ft (120 m) from the test aircraft, where variability in measured sound levels due to meteorological conditions would be limited. Although not part of the official acceptance test, simultaneous measurements were conducted in representative community locations as the start of ongoing community monitoring to be conducted by the Port of Portland. In April 2001, the GRE met the acoustical acceptance testing specifications and demonstrated compliance with the DEQ community requirements. The multiple-microphone arrays displayed the significant effect of noise shielding provided by aircraft fuselages and suggested that modifications may be appropriate for future applications of the test procedure.
Key Process And Organization Indicators:In the Dietetic Management of Dyslipidemia in Canada
Authors: Hanning Rhona M. , Diaz Ruth , Brauer Paula M.
Published: May 2007

Diet interventions for dyslipidemia can produce clinically relevant changes in lipoprotein levels. To determine whether current nutrition counselling practices are consistent with such interventions, we studied aspects of Canadian dietitians’ practice. Respondents to a self-administered mail survey (n=350) described practice for three groups of clients: those without and those with cardiovascular disease counselled through ambulatory care, and those with cardiovascular disease who were hospitalized. The process-of-care factors assessed were time spent in initial and follow-up sessions, diet, anthropometry, blood lipids, physical activity, and social and genetic factors. Organization factors assessed included availability of medical history and laboratory data, and perceived support for counselling services. Initial individual interview times averaged one hour, with 49% to 57% of respondents offering scheduled follow-up services versus passive or no followup services. Overall, counselling practices were consistent with efficacious interventions, but there was wide variation. This was particularly evident in ambulatory care, where higher percentages of clients received follow-up care when respondents reported multidisciplinary group practice; better access to the medical history, and more frequent assessment of measured body weight, client social support, and laboratory data during follow-up care (all p<0.01). Health care effectiveness may be improved through changes in the process and organization of services.
Tomorrow's Challenges –Today's Realities Making the Leap: 2002 Ryley-Jeffs Memorial Lecture
Authors: Martin Kathleen M.
Published: May 2007

The premise of the presentation is a challenge to health care providers to examine the quality of services currently provided in health care facilities across the country. While the Canadian health care system is under scrutiny with numerous reviews and commissions, the underlying question is: are the structural changes making a difference? We need to consider the recommendations in the latest report from the Institute of Medicine, Crossing the Quality Chasm. The report calls for a sweeping redesign and suggests a set of ten new rules to guide patient/clinician relationships. Dietitians must take the lead on implementation of systematic changes, model the way and get involved in the necessary changes. As the report suggests, the gap between where we are and where we need to go in providing quality health care services is not just a crack; it is in fact a chasm.
Estimated Absorbable Iron IntakesIn Quebec Adults
Authors: Tessier Dominique , O'brien Huguette Turgeon , Zee John , Marin Johanne , Tremblay Karine , Desrosiers Thérèse
Published: May 2007

In the last 30 years, the prevalence of low dietary iron intake has increased, partly because North Americans have been encouraged to choose lower fat foods, including leaner meats. As a result, there has been a decrease in red meat consumption. The objective of this study was to estimate absorbable iron intakes of a representative sample of the Quebec adult population and to compare these results with the new North American recommendations for iron. Dietary intakes were obtained by 24-hour recall and absorbable iron intakes were estimated using Monsen & coworker's model. While 18.9 % and 2.5% of women and men respectively had an iron intake below the estimated average requirement (EAR), 66.2 % and 25.6% had an estimated available iron intake below the recommended level for absorbed iron. Beef consumption had the strongest association with estimated absorbable iron, followed by vegetables. Subjects with a high education level consumed significantly less meat, beef and heme iron than subjects whose education level was low or moderate. These results indicate that there is a need for improving iron intake in the Quebec adult population.
Low Bone Mineral Density in Cystic Fibrosis Patients
Authors: Fok Jenny , Brown Neil E. , Zuberbuhler Peter , Tabak Joan , Tom Mei
Published: May 2007

The goals of this practice-based, observational study were to describe the prevalence of low bone mineral density in patients at the Edmonton Cystic Fibrosis Centre, and to determine if body mass index and previous systemic corticosteroid use of over one month's duration were predictors of low bone mineral density. One hundred and thirteen pediatric and adult patients were studied. Bone mineral density of the lumbar spine region was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. A total of 42.5% of patients had a bone mineral density Z-score of less than –1 standard deviation. Low bone mineral density was apparent at nine to 12 years of age, and was most evident in the 20- to 34-year-old group. All but one patient under age 20 with a Z-score of less than –2.5 also had a body mass index below the fifth percentile. A low Z-score was also associated with previous systemic corticosteroid use of over one month's duration (relative risk 1.81, p=0.003). We conclude that low bone mineral density is common in cystic fibrosis patients. Low body mass index percentiles may be used to identify children and adolescents at risk of low bone mineral density. These patients may benefit from aggressive nutrition therapy. Systemic corticosteroid use should be assessed carefully, as it is a risk factor for low bone mineral density.
The Basic Shelf Experience: A Comprehensive Evaluation
Authors: Dewolfe Judith A. , Greaves Gaye
Published: May 2007

The Basic Shelf Experience is a program designed to assist people living on limited incomes to make better use of their food resources. The purpose of this research was to learn if the Basic Shelf Experience program helps such people to 1. utilize food resources more effectively and 2. cope, through group support, with poverty-associated stressors that influence food security. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to evaluate the program objectives. Participants completed a questionnaire at the beginning and end of the six-week program. The questionnaire asked about their food access, food security, and feelings about themselves. Participants returned for a focus group discussion and completed the questionnaire again three months after the program ended. The focus group was designed to elicit information about perceived changes, if any, attributed to the program. Forty-two people completed the questionnaires pre-program and 20 post-program; 17 participated in the three-month follow-up session. While results from quantitative data analysis indicate that program objectives were not met, qualitative data provide evidence that the program did achieve its stated objectives. Our results suggest such programs as the Basic Shelf Experience can assist people living on limited incomes to achieve food security.
Dietetic Internship Forum –An Opportunity to Inform
Authors: Lordly Daphne
Published: May 2007

Each year in Atlantic Canada, a dietetic internship forum is held to inform potential dietetic interns of internship opportunities. This paper provides information to those planning similar events, and seeks to enhance knowledge of students’ information-seeking strategies in the internship selection process. The objectives of this study were to 1. profile students who attended the 2000 forum, 2. determine their intentions, 3. determine how – and if – the forum influenced internship selection, and 4. determine overall satisfaction with the forum. A 23-item questionnaire was used to collect data from 52 forum participants (100% completion rate). Results indicated overall satisfaction with the forum. Prospective interns seek, use, and value information about potential training choices, particularly when that information concerns programs outside the Atlantic region. Participants indicated that the forum helped confirm or alter pre-forum perceptions of their first and second internship choices. The results suggest that alternative types of presentations, which would include out-of-region internship opportunities, should be explored to meet students’ needs for information better.
Consommation d'un supplément d'acide folique en période périconceptionnelle:évaluation d'une campagne de promotion
Authors: Bélanger Marie-Claude R. , Grégoire Jean
Published: May 2007

Periconceptional folic acid intake: evaluation of a promotional program

This study evaluates the efficacy of a regional program promoting periconceptional folic acid intake. Data were collected through a self-administrated questionnaire among 721 (405 for phase I; 316 for phase II) primiparous women. For phase I, 26.1% (CI [Confidence Interval] 95%: 21.9% – 30.4%) of respondents took an adequate periconceptional folic acid supplement, whereas this proportion was 31.6% (CI 95%: 26.5% – 36.7%) for phase II (p > 0.05). For phase I, 62.0% (CI 95%: 57.3% – 66.7%) of women recognized the role of folic acid. For phase II, this proportion significantly rose to 70.9% (CI 95%: 65.9% – 75.9%). Regional activities promoting periconceptional folic acid intake, if maintained, should be modified to significantly increase the proportion of women taking an adequate amount of folic acid.
Assessment of the Mission Nutrition® Nutrition Education Program
Authors: Ricciuto Laurie , Haresign Helen , Steele Valerie
Published: May 2007

In 1998, Dietitians of Canada and the team of registered dietitians at Kellogg Canada Inc. partnered to develop Mission Nutrition ®, a national bilingual nutrition education program that provides curriculum-based resources to teachers. The main objectives of this study were to measure the awareness and utility of the Mission Nutrition® program among elementary teachers, and to identify opportunities to enhance the Mission Nutrition ® resources to increase use. A ten-minute telephone survey was conducted with a representative sample of 203 elementary school teachers. A sub-sample of 20 teachers then participated in a more in-depth 30-minute telephone survey. A need for increased promotion of the Mission Nutrition® program was identified on the basis of the 22% awareness among teachers participating in the initial interview. All teachers who had used the educator guides and student activity sheets reported that they would use them again. Teachers found that the Mission Nutrition ® materials were wellresearched and contained useful activities relevant to students. The findings indicate that, to be most effective, nutrition education resources should be provided in a ready-to-use format and integrated with core curricula. Teachers also suggested that materials should include fresh ideas to engage students at different grade levels, and ways to involve parents. Dietitians are ideally positioned to work collaboratively with educators to develop these types of nutrition education resources.
Evaluation of theKids’ Shop Smart®Tour
Authors: Smith Shannon C. , Kalina Laura
Published: May 2007

We investigated the impact of the Kids’ Shop Smart®Tour program on participants’ attitudes toward trying new foods and eating a variety of foods, as well as their recognition of Canada’s Food Guide to Healthy Eating. Data were collected from parents/ caregivers, students in kindergarten to grade 3, and teachers; questionnaires, quizzes, and interviews were used. Questionnaires were sent home with 947 students; 52% of parents/caregivers returned completed questionnaires. Many parents/caregivers reported that their children tried and liked unfamiliar foods on the tour. No significant difference was detected in children’s willingness to try new foods or consumption of a greater variety of food before and after the tour. Quiz score differences between participants and a comparison group were not statistically significant. Of the 38 teachers who completed interviews, 97% reported that the program helped them meet curriculum requirements; 95% would recommend the resource to other teachers. Quantitative findings do not indicate that the program increases children’s willingness to try new foods or eat a greater variety of food. However, qualitative data revealed that some parents observed their children trying new foods more willingly and demonstrating greater knowledge of and interest in Canada’s Food Guide to Healthy Eating. Further research with validated measurement tools is recommended to establish the effectiveness of the Kids’ Shop Smart®Tour.
Effects of greens+® A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: Boon Heather , Clitheroe Joyce , Forte Tonia
Published: May 2007

Greens+® is a popular natural health product marketed as energy-enhancing; however, no objective data substantiate this claim. The study objective was to determine if ingestion of greens+® 1. increases vitality, energy, and perception of wellbeing; 2. increases overall mental health and general health, and 3. decreases the incidence of colds and flus in an otherwise healthy female population. A total of 105 women were enrolled in this 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial; 63 (60%) completed the treatment protocol. Both treatment and placebo groups showed a significant time trend effect, scoring better on all outcome measures as the trial progressed. Compared with the placebo group, the greens+® group scored marginally higher on vitality, the primary outcome measure (p=0.055), and significantly higher on energy (a secondary outcome measure, p=0.018). Findings were based on repeated measures analysis of variance; baseline scores were used as covariates. Although a trend toward greater improvement in the greens+® group was noted in the other secondary outcome measures, this trend did not reach statistical significance. Overall, our findings were positive but not conclusive that greens+® increases vitality and energy. These results provide justification for further study of the effects of greens+®.
Evaluation of a Collective Kitchens Program Using the Population Health Promotion
Authors: Fano Tara J. , Tyminski Sheila M. , Flynn Mary A. T.
Published: May 2007

To evaluate the impact of the Calgary Health Region Collective Kitchen Program on various Population Health Promotion Model health determinants, data were collected through mail-in questionnaires that examined the members’ (n=331) and coordinators’ (n=58) perspectives of the program. Seventy-nine members (24%) and 26 coordinators (45%) were included in the study. Three incomplete questionnaires (from prenatal program members) were discarded. Sixty-one percent of members who reported income level and family size (n=61) had incomes below the low-income cut-off. Fifty-eight members (73%) reported improvements in their lives because of the program. Sixty-four members (81%) perceived they learned to feed their families healthier foods. The members reported their fruit and vegetable consumption before and since joining a collective kitchen, and the proportion of those consuming at least five fruit and vegetable servings a day rose from 29% to 47%. The most common reasons for joining this program concerned social interactions and support. Over 90% of the coordinators perceived that they were competent to coordinate a kitchen. The results indicate that the collective kitchens program addresses several health determinants, and may increase members’ capacity to attain food security and to achieve improved nutritional health.
What Do Québec Children Eat During Their First Six Months?
Authors: Lepage Marie-Claire , Moisan Jocelyne , Gaudet Michel
Published: May 2007

Study objectives were to describe the introduction of foods and beverages and the use of vitamin and/or mineral supplements among infants aged six months, and to identify factors associated with following Québec recommendations on introducing foods and beverages. Study subjects were primiparous women interviewed by phone when their infants were approximately six months old. Data were gathered on foods and beverages offered to infants, the age at which these were introduced, and supplements. The use of each food, beverage, and supplement was evaluated according to recommendations. Mean age at which foods were introduced and proportions of women who followed recommendations were calculated. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify the factors associated with following recommendations. Results indicated that among the 1,937 interviewed mothers, 212 (10.9%) exclusively breast-fed their infants before age four months, 1,073 (55.4%) breast-fed their infants at birth but gave them formula or foods before age four months, and 652 (33.7%) formula-fed their infants at birth. Factors associated with adherence to recommendations were breast-feeding exclusively, being older than 30 years, an annual family income of at least $60,000, and being a non-smoker. Few mothers followed all the recommendations.
Nutrition Services inCanadian Neonatal Follow-up Programs
Authors: Fowler Jennifer K. , Anderson Susan A. , Geggie Janet H.
Published: May 2007

The benefits of nutrition assessment and support of the high-risk infant are well established. The premature infant remains vulnerable for poor growth and developmental disabilities, thus requiring consistent monitoring, intervention, and follow-up care. The purpose of this study was to determine the registered dietitian’s role in neonatal/perinatal follow-up programs. A survey was sent to the 26 follow-up programs in Canada. The questionnaire response rate was 81%. Registered dietitians were involved in 67% of these programs. Of these dietitians, 43% were assigned to neonatal/perinatal follow-up programs while 57% were involved only by consult. The average time that assigned registered dietitians devoted to programs was 0.35 full-time equivalents. Over 80% of the dietitians did ongoing development, evaluation, and modification of nutrition care plans; 71% screened new patients for nutritional risk, and 100% instructed patient families and developed teaching materials. The study findings will assist program planners who wish to establish a dietitian position in a neonatal/ perinatal follow-up program. For registered dietitians already working in such programs, the results may provide some guidance on role definition and expansion.
Does eating while watching televisioninfluence children's food-related behaviours?
Authors: Marquis Marie , Filion Yves P. , Dagenais Fannie
Published: May 2007

To assess children's food-related behaviours and their relationships with eating while watching television (TV), data were collected from 534 ten-year-old French-Canadian children. A self-administered questionnaire was used. Almost 18% of girls and over 25% of boys reported eating in front of the TV every day. Although, overall, the boys’ eating pattern was less healthy than the girls’, all of the children's food choices deteriorated with increased frequency of eating in front of the TV. Compared with girls, boys gave more importance to coloured and attractive foods, and to selecting foods similar to those eaten by others. Over 50% of children reported always receiving negative weight-related comments from family members. For boys, significant correlations were found between the frequency of eating in front of the TV, the importance given to a food's appearance, and their requests to parents for advertised foods. Significance was at the p<0.05 level for all findings. These results suggest that gender should be considered in attempts to understand children's food motivations and behaviours. The findings also indicate the need to document children's eating environments, and to inform children and their families about eating behaviours that may be associated with a given environment.