bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of β‐Lactams and β‐Homoprolines by Fragmentative Rearrangement of 5‐Spirocyclopropaneisoxazolidines Mediated by Acids
Authors: Cordero Franca M. , Brandi Alberto
Published: November 2020

Azetidinones and β‐amino acids serve as useful building blocks in synthetic organic chemistry and their structural motifs are often found in biologically active compounds. Due to the importance of these compounds, several synthetic strategies have been developed and availability of new synthetic approaches is highly desirable. In this account, we describe the development of an original method that allows the preparation of β‐lactam and β‐homoproline derivatives not easily accessible through traditional processes. The serendipitous discovery made in our lab in 2000 involved the formation of a β‐lactam by heating a mixture of an alkylidenecyclopropane tethered to a formyl group with N‐methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride. Investigation of the process resulted in disclosing an alternative synthetic method of azetidinones based on an acid induced fragmentative rearrangement of cycloadducts of nitrones with suitable methylenecyclopropane derivatives. Herein, the scope of this process is reviewed. In addition, both experimental and computational studies of the mechanism for this peculiar fragmentative rearrangement are presented.
Targeting abnormal metabolism in Alzheimer's disease: The Drug Repurposing for Effective Alzheimer's Medicines (DREAM) study
Authors: Desai Rishi J. , Varma Vijay R. , Gerhard Tobias , Segal Jodi , Mahesri Mufaddal , Chin Kristyn , Nonnenmacher Edward , Gabbeta Avinash , Mammen Anup M. , Varma Sudhir , Horton Daniel B. , Kim Seoyoung C. , Schneeweiss Sebastian , Thambisetty Madhav
Published: November 2020

Drug discovery for disease‐modifying therapies for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) based on the traditional paradigm of experimental animal models has been disappointing. We describe the rationale and design of the Drug Repurposing for Effective Alzheimer's Medicines (DREAM) study, an innovative multidisciplinary alternative to traditional drug discovery. First, we use a systems biology perspective in the "hypothesis generation" phase to identify metabolic abnormalities that may either precede or interact with the accumulation of ADRD neuropathology, accelerating the expression of clinical symptoms of the disease. Second, in the "hypothesis refinement" phase we propose use of large patient cohorts to test whether drugs approved for other indications that also target metabolic drivers of ADRD pathogenesis might alter the trajectory of the disease. We emphasize key challenges in population‐based pharmacoepidemiologic studies aimed at quantifying the association between medication use and ADRD onset and outline robust causal inference principles to safeguard against common pitfalls. Candidate ADRD treatments emerging from this approach will hold promise as plausible disease‐modifying therapies for evaluation in randomized controlled trials.
POD‐based analysis of a wind turbine wake under the influence of tower and nacelle
Authors: De Cillis Giovanni , Cherubini Stefania , Semeraro Onofrio , Leonardi Stefano , De Palma Pietro
Published: November 2020

The wake produced by a model wind turbine is investigated using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) of numerical data obtained by large eddy simulations at a diameter‐based Reynolds number
. The blades are modeled employing the actuator line method and an immersed boundary method is used to simulate tower and nacelle. Two simulations are performed: one accounts only for the blades effect; the other includes also tower and nacelle. The two simulations are analyzed and compared in terms of mean flow fields and POD modes that mainly characterize the wake dynamics. In the rotor‐only case, the most energetic modes in the near wake are composed of high‐frequency tip and root vortices, whereas in the far wake, low‐frequency modes accounting for mutual inductance instability of tip vortices are found. When tower and nacelle are included, low‐frequency POD modes are present already in the near wake, linked to the von Karman vortices shed by the tower. These modes interact nonlinearly with the tip vortices in the far wake, generating new low‐frequency POD modes, some of them lying in the frequency range of wake meandering. An analysis of the mean kinetic energy (MKE) entrainment of each POD mode shows that tip vortices sustain the wake mean shear, whereas low‐frequency modes contribute to wake recovery. This explains why tower and nacelle induce a faster wake recovery.
Symmetry resolved entanglement in integrable field theories via form factor bootstrap
Authors: Horváth Dávid X. , Calabrese Pasquale
Published: November 2020

Abstract

We consider the form factor bootstrap approach of integrable field theories to derive matrix elements of composite branch-point twist fields associated with symmetry resolved entanglement entropies. The bootstrap equations are determined in an intuitive way and their solution is presented for the massive Ising field theory and for the genuinely interacting sinh-Gordon model, both possessing a ℤ2symmetry. The solutions are carefully cross-checked by performing various limits and by the application of the ∆-theorem. The issue of symmetry resolution for discrete symmetries is also discussed. We show that entanglement equipartition is generically expected and we identify the first subleading term (in the UV cutoff) breaking it. We also present the complete computation of the symmetry resolved von Neumann entropy for an interval in the ground state of the paramagnetic phase of the Ising model. In particular, we compute the universal functions entering in the charged and symmetry resolved entanglement.
Accounting for the Heisenberg and Pauli principles in the kinetic approach to neutrino oscillations
Authors: Kartavtsev A.
Published: November 2020

Abstract

While oscillations of solar neutrinos are usually studied using the single-particle quantum-mechanical approach, flavor conversions of supernovae neutrinos are typically analyzed using the kinetic equation for the matrix of densities due to the necessity of including also the scattering processes. Using the Wigner formulation of quantum mechanics we show the equivalence of the quantum-mechanical and kinetic approaches in the limit of collision-less neutrino propagation (in a background medium). Based on this observation we also argue that solutions of the kinetic equation account for the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and the related effect of wave packet separation (for single neutrinos), as well as the Pauli exclusion principle, if the initial conditions are consistent with these fundamental quantum principles. Such initial conditions can be constructed e.g. by identifying the matrix of densities with the (reduced) single-particle Wigner function computed using initial conditions for the neutrino wave function. Hence the neutrino momentum uncertainty is an integral part of the initial conditions for the matrix of densities, that may have an impact on the phenomenology of supernovae neutrinos via the effect of wave packet separation.
Fully exclusive heavy quark-antiquark pair production from a colourless initial state at NNLO in QCD
Authors: Somogyi Gábor , Tramontano Francesco
Published: November 2020

Abstract

We present a local subtraction scheme for computing next-to-next-to-leading order QCD corrections to the production of a massive quark-antiquark pair from a colourless initial state. The subtraction terms are built following the CoLoRFulNNLO method and refined in such a way that their integration gives rise to compact, fully analytic expressions. All ingredients necessary for a numerical implementation of our subtraction scheme are provided in detail. As an example, we calculate the fully differential decay rate of the Standard Model Higgs boson to massive bottom quarks at next-to-next-to-leading order accuracy in perturbative QCD.
Sequential implementation of DSC-MR perfusion and dynamic [18F]FET PET allows efficient differentiation of glioma progression from treatment-related changes
Authors: Steidl Eike , Langen Karl-Josef , Hmeidan Sarah Abu , Polomac Nenad , Filss Christian P. , Galldiks Norbert , Lohmann Philipp , Keil Fee , Filipski Katharina , Mottaghy Felix M. , Shah Nadim Jon , Steinbach Joachim P. , Hattingen Elke , Maurer Gabriele D.
Published: November 2020

Purpose

Perfusion-weighted MRI (PWI) and O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl-)-l-tyrosine ([18F]FET) PET are both applied to discriminate tumor progression (TP) from treatment-related changes (TRC) in patients with suspected recurrent glioma. While the combination of both methods has been reported to improve the diagnostic accuracy, the performance of a sequential implementation has not been further investigated. Therefore, we retrospectively analyzed the diagnostic value of consecutive PWI and [18F]FET PET.

Methods

We evaluated 104 patients with WHO grade II–IV glioma and suspected TP on conventional MRI using PWI and dynamic [18F]FET PET. Leakage corrected maximum relative cerebral blood volumes (rCBVmax) were obtained from dynamic susceptibility contrast PWI. Furthermore, we calculated static (i.e., maximum tumor to brain ratios; TBRmax) and dynamic [18F]FET PET parameters (i.e., Slope). Definitive diagnoses were based on histopathology (n = 42) or clinico-radiological follow-up (n = 62). The diagnostic performance of PWI and [18F]FET PET parameters to differentiate TP from TRC was evaluated by analyzing receiver operating characteristic and area under the curve (AUC).

Results

Across all patients, the differentiation of TP from TRC using rCBVmax or [18F]FET PET parameters was moderate (AUC = 0.69–0.75; p < 0.01). A rCBVmax cutoff > 2.85 had a positive predictive value for TP of 100%, enabling a correct TP diagnosis in 44 patients. In the remaining 60 patients, combined static and dynamic [18F]FET PET parameters (TBRmax, Slope) correctly discriminated TP and TRC in a significant 78% of patients, increasing the overall accuracy to 87%. A subgroup analysis of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutant tumors indicated a superior performance of PWI to [18F]FET PET (AUC = 0.8/< 0.62, p < 0.01/≥ 0.3).

Conclusion

While marked hyperperfusion on PWI indicated TP, [18F]FET PET proved beneficial to discriminate TP from TRC when PWI remained inconclusive. Thus, our results highlight the clinical value of sequential use of PWI and [18F]FET PET, allowing an economical use of diagnostic methods. The impact of an IDH mutation needs further investigation.
Correction to: Development and validation of a classification algorithm to diagnose and differentiate spontaneous episodic vertigo syndromes: results from the DizzyReg patient registry
Authors: Groezinger Michael , Huppert Doreen , Strobl Ralf , Grill Eva
Published: November 2020

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The given names and family names were interchanged.
Ethnography, CSCW and Ethnomethodology
Authors: Randall David , Rouncefield Mark , Tolmie Peter
Published: November 2020

This paper documents some details and some examples of the influence of ethnomethodological work in the fieldwork tradition associated with European CSCW; in particular what has been termed ‘ethnomethodologically informed ethnography’. In so doing, we do not wish to downplay other perspectival and methodological contributions but to simply suggest that much of the ethnomethodological work that was done in the UK during the early development of CSCW had a distinctive character and made significant contributions to the study of complex organizational environments for design-related purposes that arguably reinvigorated the European fieldwork tradition. The distinctiveness we speak of in ‘ethnomethodologically informed ethnography’ had to do with what it owed to Wittgenstein and Winch as much as Garfinkel and Sacks, was rooted in a contempt for methodological fetishism, and emphasized the centrality of reasoning or rationale in the conduct of working and, more generally, social life. This focus and approach drew heavily on the ethnographic work of the likes of John Hughes in Lancaster, Wes Sharrock in Manchester, Bob Anderson at Xerox in Cambridge, and Christian Heath in King’s, London, where attention was focused on the actual ‘doing’ of work as opposed to work in some idealised form – and it is this that we suggest has become important to design and designers of various kinds and in various domains.
Improved numerical stability for the bounded integer model
Authors: Ueckert Sebastian , Karlsson Mats O.
Published: November 2020

This article highlights some numerical challenges when implementing the bounded integer model for composite score modeling and suggests an improved implementation. The improvement is based on an approximation of the logarithm of the error function. After presenting the derivation of the improved implementation, the article compares the performance of the algorithm to a naive implementation of the log-likelihood using both simulations and a real data example. In the simulation setting, the improved algorithm yielded more precise and less biased parameter estimates when the within-subject variability was small and estimation was performed using the Laplace algorithm. The estimation results did not differ between implementations when the SAEM algorithm was used. For the real data example, bootstrap results differed between implementations with the improved implementation producing identical or better objective function values. Based on the findings in this article, the improved implementation is suggested as the new default log-likelihood implementation for the bounded integer model.
Microstructure and paramagnetic Meissner effect of YBa2Cu3Oy nanowire networks
Authors: Pessoa A. L. , Koblischka-Veneva A. , Carvalho C. L. , Zadorosny R. , Koblischka M. R.
Published: November 2020

The microstructure and magnetic characterizations of non-woven, fabric-like YBa2Cu3Oy (YBCO) nanofiber mats are reported. The samples were produced by solution blow spinning (SBS), starting from a sol-gel solution of the precursor materials in polyvinylpyrrolidone. In the present work, the nanowire network samples were morphologically characterized by scanning electron microscopy, and the superconducting properties were measured by magnetometry. An interesting feature is the appearance of a paramagnetic Meissner effect (PME) when field-cooling, firstly verified in that sort of sample. The PME appears only in very small applied magnetic fields, which is similar to previous observations of the PME on an artificially granular YBCO thin film, but distinctly different from bulk samples investigated in the literature. Thus, we explain the PME by flux trapping within the voids of the nanoporous structure of the nanofiber mats.
Low assimilate partitioning to root biomass is associated with carbon losses at an intensively managed temperate grassland
Authors: Poyda Arne , Reinsch Thorsten , Struck Inger J. , Skinner R. Howard , Kluß Christof , Taube Friedhelm
Published: November 2020

Aims

This study aimed to investigate how efficiently assimilated carbon (C) is incorporated in plant biomass at an intensively managed old permanent grassland, how C is partitioned between shoots and roots and what are the implications for C sequestration.

Methods

Using the eddy covariance technique, the atmosphere-biosphere exchange of CO2 was measured for two years at a sandy grassland site in northern Germany. In addition to aboveground net primary production (ANPP), belowground NPP (BNPP) was observed using the ingrowth core method.

Results

The grassland showed a high productivity in terms of biomass yield (14.8 Mg dry matter ha−1 yr−1) and net CO2 uptake (−2.82 Mg CO2-C ha−1 yr−1). Photosynthetically assimilated C was converted to biomass with a high carbon use efficiency (CUE) of 71% during the growing season. However, a comparably low fraction of 17% of NPP was allocated to roots (fBNPP). Consequently, the main fraction of NPP was removed during harvest, turning the site into a net source of 0.29 Mg C ha−1 yr−1.

Conclusions

Our study showed the flexibility of grass root growth patterns in response to alterations in resource availability. We conclude that highly fertilized grasslands can lose their ability for C sequestration due to low belowground C allocation.
Description of a new marine predatory nematode Latronema dyngi sp. nov. (Nematoda, Chromadorida, Selachinematidae) from the west coast of Sweden and an updated phylogeny of Chromadoria
Authors: Ahmed Mohammed , Holovachov Oleksandr
Published: November 2020

A new nematode species,Latronema dyngisp. nov., is described from Skagerrak off the west coast of Sweden with the type locality near Dyngö island.Latronema dyngisp. nov. is characterized by multispiral amphideal fovea with circular outline, 0.2–0.3 corresponding body diameters wide in males and 0.1–0.2 corresponding body diameters wide in females, 12 cuticular longitudinal ridges and 18–27 precloacal supplements in males.Latronema dyngisp. nov. most closely resemblesL. orcinumin terms of body length; demanian ratios a, b, c and c′; number of amphid turns in males; and the ratio of spicule length to cloacal body diameter. The two species can be differentiated by the number longitudinal ridges on the cuticle (12 forLatronema dyngisp. nov. vs 20–22 forL. orcinum) and spicule length (65–78 μm forL. dyngivs 60 forL. orcinum) and shape (weakly arcuate forL. dyngisp. nov. vs strongly arcuate forL. orcinum). We also performed a maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis on over 250 nematodes of the subclass Chromadoria based on their nearly full-length 18S rDNA sequences. In agreement with previous studies, our analysis supported Selachinematidae as a monophyletic group and placedRichtersiaSteiner, 1916 within Desmodoridae Filipjev, 1922 or just outside of the main Desmodorida clade with the latter placement not well supported.
Heterogeneity, trust and common-pool resource management
Authors: van Klingeren Fijnanda , de Graaf Nan Dirk
Published: November 2020

Increasing migration, leading to more heterogeneous societies, may challenge the successful management of common-pool resources (CPRs) directly due to the lack of shared interests, and indirectly by reducing trust amongst local commons users, speeding up depletion of vital natural and man-made resources. Since little research has been done on this topic, we analyse the relation between economic and sociocultural heterogeneity, trust and successful commons management for fisheries and irrigation systems. Using multiple imputations with chained equations, random forests and predictive mean matching, we adopt an innovative and technically advanced approach to employ Elinor Ostrom’s famous CPR Database. Our approach enables us to include economic and sociocultural heterogeneity, trust and control variables in one model and to investigate both direct and indirect effects of heterogeneity on CPR success, which has not been attempted before. Results show no evidence of the negative relation between heterogeneity and CPR success. However, economic heterogeneity is negatively related to trust, and trust is found to be positively related to CPR success. Evidence is found for an indirect effect of economic heterogeneity through trust on CPR success.
A randomised trial of the effectiveness of instructor versus automated manikin feedback for training junior doctors in life support skills
Authors: Wilson Chris , Furness Erin , Proctor Leah , Sweetman Greg , Hird Kathryn
Published: November 2020

Introduction Australian Standards require that clinicians undergo regular training in skills required to respond to the acute deterioration of a patient. Training focuses on the ability to appropriately respond to cardiac arrest, including delivering cardiac compressions, ventilation and appropriate defibrillation. Providing such training comes at a significant cost to the organisation and impacts on clinician time in direct patient care. If effective, the use of an automated manikin could significantly reduce costs and provide consistent training experiences.

Methods Fifty-six resident medical officers were randomised to two groups to test two skills components of hospital life support training under two feedback conditions. The skills components were cardiac compressions and bag-valve-mask ventilation. The feedback conditions were automated feedback delivered by a simulation manikin and traditional feedback delivered by an instructor. All participants were exposed to both skills components and both feedback conditions in a counterbalanced block design. Participants completed surveys before and after training.

Results The results demonstrated significantly better performance in cardiac compressions under the automated manikin feedback condition compared with the instructor feedback condition. This difference was not observed in bag-valve-mask ventilation. The majority of participants found the automated manikin feedback more useful than the instructor feedback.

Discussion Automated manikin feedback was not inferior to instructor feedback for skill acquisition in cardiac compressions training. The automated feedback condition did not achieve the same level of significance in bag-valve-mask ventilation training. Results suggest training with automated feedback presents a cost-effective opportunity to lessen the training burden, whilst improving skill acquisition.
Soziale Probleme. Wissenssoziologische Überlegungen
Authors: Keller Reiner , Poferl Angelika
Published: November 2020

Der Beitrag widmet sich dem Verhältnis von Wissenssoziologie und Soziologie sozialer Probleme. Er geht von weitreichenden Überlappungen zwischen zentralen wissenssoziologischen Positionen und Forschungsinteressen sowie den im engeren und weiteren Sinne ‚konstruktivistischen‘ Positionen innerhalb der Soziologie sozialer Probleme aus. Die Argumentation greift Konzepte aus der jüngeren deutschsprachigen Wissenssoziologie – „Problematisierungswissen“ und „Relevanzhorizonte“, „Wissenskulturen“ und „Wissensverhältnisse/Wissenspolitiken“ – auf und verdeutlicht deren mögliche Anregungspotentiale für eine Soziologie sozialer Probleme.
Partizipatives Gesundheitsmanagement in der flexiblen Produktion: Entwicklung und Evaluation des teambezogenen Präventionskonzeptes SePIAR
Authors: Gerlmaier Anja
Published: November 2020

Seit kurzem existieren erste arbeitswissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse über gesundheitsbezogene Risiken und Gestaltungspotenziale bei digital vernetzten Produktionssystemen. Allerdings gibt es bisher kaum auf Arbeitsgestaltung abzielende Präventionsansätze, die sich für eine Stärkung der Gesundheitsressourcen in diesen von hohen Veränderungsdruck geprägten Arbeitskontexten als wirksam erwiesen haben.

Im Beitrag wird das Präventionskonzept SePIAR vorgestellt und über Ergebnisse einer Wirksamkeitsanalyse in acht Arbeitsbereichen aus der Produktion bzw. produktionsnahen Wissensarbeit berichtet. Das Verfahren richtet sich an Teams und ihre Führungskräfte und will diese befähigen, Stressursachen in ihrem Arbeitsbereich zu erkennen und kollektive Handlungsressourcen zu mobilisieren. Die Evaluation deutet auf positive Effekte im Hinblick auf Empowerment, Beteiligungserleben, Handlungskompetenz und Erschöpfungserleben hin.

Praktische Relevanz

Die durch das Arbeitsschutzgesetz geforderte Regulation psychischer Belastungen stellt betriebliche Akteure des Arbeits- und Gesundheitsschutzes in vernetzten Produktionssystemen vor besondere Herausforderungen. Dort bestehen erhebliche Präventionshemmnisse aufgrund von geringen Zeit- und Personalkapazitäten und eine sehr hohe Veränderungsdynamik bei der Belastungssituation. Klassische bedingungsbezogene Instrumente wie Gesundheitszirkel sind nicht darauf ausgelegt, zeitnah Ergebnisse zu liefern. Das Präventionskonzept SePIAR setzt hier auf den Aufbau kollektiver Gestaltungskompetenz unter Anwendung weitreichender Mitwirkungsmöglichkeiten von Teams und ihren Führungskräften. Das Verfahren bietet einen fruchtbaren Ansatz, durch den Aufbau lokaler Gestaltungskompetenz Hemmnisse bei der Umsetzung der Gefährdungsbeurteilung Psyche zu überwinden.
Behavior of compressed plasmas in magnetic fields
Authors: Ganguli Gurudas , Crabtree Chris , Fletcher Alex , Amatucci Bill
Published: November 2020

Plasma in the earth’s magnetosphere is subjected to compression during geomagnetically active periods and relaxation in subsequent quiet times. Repeated compression and relaxation is the origin of much of the plasma dynamics and intermittency in the near-earth environment. An observable manifestation of compression is the thinning of the plasma sheet resulting in magnetic reconnection when the solar wind mass, energy, and momentum floods into the magnetosphere culminating in the spectacular auroral display. This phenomenon is rich in physics at all scale sizes, which are causally interconnected. This poses a formidable challenge in accurately modeling the physics. The large-scale processes are fluid-like and are reasonably well captured in the global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) models, but those in the smaller scales responsible for dissipation and relaxation that feed back to the larger scale dynamics are often in the kinetic regime. The self-consistent generation of the small-scale processes and their feedback to the global plasma dynamics remains to be fully explored. Plasma compression can lead to the generation of electromagnetic fields that distort the particle orbits and introduce new features beyond the purview of the MHD framework, such as ambipolar electric fields, unequal plasma drifts and currents among species, strong spatial and velocity gradients in gyroscale layers separating plasmas of different characteristics, etc. These boundary layers are regions of intense activity characterized by emissions that are measurable. We study the behavior of such compressed plasmas and discuss the relaxation mechanisms to understand their measurable signatures as well as their feedback to influence the global scale plasma evolution.
Painting, Poetry, and the Invention of Tenderness in the Early Roman Empire
Authors: Valladares Hérica
Published: November 2020

Tenderness is not a notion commonly associated with the Romans, whose mythical origin was attributed to brutal rape. Yet, as Hérica Valladares argues in this ground-breaking study, in the second half of the first century BCE Roman poets, artists, and their audience became increasingly interested in describing, depicting, and visualizing the more sentimental aspects of amatory experience. During this period, we see two important and simultaneous developments: Latin love elegy crystallizes as a poetic genre, while a new style in Roman wall painting emerges. Valladares' book is the first to correlate these two phenomena properly, showing that they are deeply intertwined. Rather than postulating a direct correspondence between images and texts, she offers a series of mutually reinforcing readings of painting and poetry that ultimately locate the invention of a new romantic ideal within early imperial debates about domesticity and the role of citizens in Roman society.
Kingship, Power, and Legitimacy in Ancient Egypt
Authors: Sabbahy Lisa K.
Published: November 2020

In this book, Lisa Sabbahy presents a history of ancient Egyptian kingship in the Old Kingdom and its re-formation in the early Middle Kingdom. Beginning with an account of Egypt's history before the Old Kingdom, she examines the basis of kingship and its legitimacy. The heart of her study is an exploration of the king's constant emphasis on his relationship to his divine parents, the sun god Ra and his mother, the goddess Hathor, who were two of the most important deities backing the rule of a divine king. Sabbahy focuses on the cardinal importance of this relationship, which is reflected in the king's monuments, particularly his pyramid complexes, several of which are analysed in detail. Sabbahy also offers new insights into the role of queens in the early history of Egypt, notably sibling royal marriages, harem conspiracies, and the possible connotations of royal female titles.
Prevalence of vitamin D status and its association with overweight or obesity in a population of Colombian children and adolescents
Authors: Rojas Lyda Z. , Quintero-Lesmes Doris C. , Gamboa-Delgado Edna M. , Guio Elizabeth , Serrano Norma C.
Published: November 2020

The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of 25-OH-D status (insufficiency and deficiency) in children and adolescents residing in Bucaramanga, Colombia and to determine its association with excess weight. A case–control study was nested in the SIMBA II cohort in children and adolescents between the ages of 11 and 20 years old. Cases were defined as those children and adolescents with overweight or obesity. The control group was composed of children and adolescents from the same population sample with similar sociodemographic and economic characteristics but without overweight or obesity diagnosis. 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) was quantified in serum using a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. Logistic regression models were used to assess the association between vitamin D status and overweight or obesity adjusted for the main confounding variables. A total of 494 children and adolescents cases were 138 (52⋅17% boys and 47⋅83% girls; median age 16⋅0 [Q1 15; Q3 18]). The median BMI S-Score minors age in the cases was 1⋅36 [Q1 1⋅06; Q3 2⋅00] and BMI (kg/m2) 28⋅0 [Q1 26⋅2; Q3 30⋅8]. The prevalence of vitamin D in the cases was deficiency 16⋅67%, insufficiency 57⋅25%, sufficiency 26⋅09. 25-OH-D insufficiency was associated with overweight or obesity after adjusting for the main confounding variables (OR 1⋅73; 95% CI 1⋅05–2⋅84). Our study concludes that the 25-OH-D insufficiency is common in children and adolescents in Bucaramanga, Colombia, and it was associated with overweight or obesity.
Regional Integration and Ceramic Consumption in the Border Region of Bolivia and Argentina (ca. AD 1000–1450)
Authors: Echenique Ester , Nielsen Axel E. , Avila Florencia , Gilstrap William
Published: November 2020

This article investigates the mechanisms by which different communities were articulated during the Late Intermediate period (ca. AD 1000–1450) in the Río Grande de San Juan Basin, also called the Chicha Region, located in the border region of Bolivia and Argentina. Through analyses of systems of pottery production, circulation, and consumption, we examine interaction networks, social integration, and alliance building at a regional level. Yavi-Chicha pottery from two sites in the Chicha Region—Chipihuayco, in the Talina Valley (Bolivia), and Finispatria, in San Juan Mayo (Argentina)—provide key insights into regional integration and constellations of practice through their localized technological style and shared consumption strategies. This study reveals that people of Finispatria incorporated the entire Yavi-Chicha-style household assemblage—partly produced in Chipihuayco, partly in Finispatria, or partly at some unknown location—into their everyday lives. We argue that the entire household ceramic repertoire of the study region played a fundamental and socially integrative role as it circulated across the region.
Patterned Villagescapes and Road Networks in Ancient Southwestern Amazonia
Authors: Saunaluoma Sanna , Moat Justin , Pugliese Francisco , Neves Eduardo G.
Published: November 2020

Our recent data, collected using remotely sensed imagery and unmanned aerial vehicle surveys, reveal the extremely well-defined patterning of archaeological plaza villages in the Brazilian Acre state in terms of size, layout, chronology, and material culture. The villages comprise various earthen mounds arranged around central plazas and roads that radiate outward from, or converge on, the sites. The roads connected the villages situated 2–10 km from each other in eastern Acre. Our study attests to the existence of large, sedentary, interfluvial populations sharing the same sociocultural identities, as well as structured patterns of movement and spatial planning in relation to operative road networks during the late precolonial period. The plaza villages of Acre show similarity with the well-documented communities organized by road networks in the regions of the Upper Xingu and Llanos de Mojos. Taking into consideration ethnohistorical and ethnographic evidence, as well as the presence of comparable archaeological sites and earthwork features along the southern margin of Amazonia, we suggest that the plaza villages of Acre were linked by an interregional road network to other neighboring territories situated along the southern Amazonian rim and that movement along roads was the primary mode of human transport in Amazonian interfluves.
From Nationalism to National Indifference: Binary Logic and Sense of Time
Authors: Lieberman Benjamin
Published: November 2020

The vast body of inquiry into nationalism has traditionally seen Europe as a main center for the emergence of nationalism, but scholars of “national indifference” have countered with the idea that nationalism may not matter much at all as a motive for most people. The concept of national indifference calls into question the power of nationalism as a motive for action and the mass appeal of nationalism. Studies of national indifference have constructed an alternative non-national narrative, but face particular challenges accounting for major themes and episodes of discrimination and violence. At its core, national indifference paradoxically both rejects and accepts binary notions of identity and incorporates binary assumptions about motives. It is tempting to resolve the contest between parallel accounts of pervasive, powerful nationalism and national indifference by choosing a victor, but this contrast between models shows the fluidity and dynamism of nationalism. The debate between the now classic accounts of nationalism and the alternative of national indifference points to the importance of often overlooked variables: frames and sense of time.
Contribution of stressful life events to gambling activity in older age
Authors: Granero Roser , Jiménez-Murcia Susana , Fernández-Aranda Fernando , del Pino-Gutiérrez Amparo , Mena-Moreno Teresa , Mestre-Bach Gemma , Gómez-Peña Mónica , Moragas Laura , Aymamí Neus , Giroux Isabelle , Grall-Bronnec Marie , Sauvaget Anne , Codina Ester , Vintró-Alcaraz Cristina , Lozano-Madrid María , Camozzi Marco , Agüera Zaida , Sánchez-González Jéssica , Casalé-Salayet Gemma , Sánchez Isabel , López-González Hibai , Baenas Isabel , Menchón José M.
Published: November 2020

Older subjects are susceptible to develop gambling problems, and researchers have attempted to assess the mechanisms underlying the gambling profile in later life. The objective of this study was to identify the main stressful life events (SLE) across the lifespan which have discriminative capacity for detecting the presence of gambling disorder (GD) in older adults. Data from two independent samples of individuals aged 50+ were analysed: N = 47 patients seeking treatment at a Pathological Gambling Outpatient Unit and N = 361 participants recruited from the general population. Sexual problems (p< 0.001), exposure to domestic violent behaviour (p< 0.001), severe financial problems (p= 0.002), alcohol or drug-related problems (p= 0.004) and extramarital sex (p< 0.001) were related to a higher risk of GD, while getting married (p= 0.005), moving to a new home (p= 0.003) and moving to a new city (p= 0.006) decreased the likelihood of disordered gambling. The accumulated number of SLE was not a predictor of the presence of GD (p= 0.732), but patients who met clinical criteria for GD reported higher concurrence of SLE in time than control individuals (p< 0.001). Empirical research highlights the need to include older age groups in evidence-based policies for gambling prevention, because these individuals are at high risk of onset and/or progression of behavioural addiction-related problems such as GD. The results of this study may be useful for developing reliable screening/diagnostic tools and for planning effective early intervention programmes aimed to reduce the harm related to the onset and evolution of problem gambling in older adults.
Changes in Suicide Reporting Quality and Deaths in Ontario Following Publication of National Media Guidelines
Authors: Sinyor Mark , Kiss Alex , Williams Marissa , Zaheer Rabia , Pirkis Jane , Heisel Marnin J. , Schaffer Ayal , Redelmeier Donald A. , Cheung Amy H. , Niederkrotenthaler Thomas
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Background: Media guidelines can influence suicide-related reporting quality and may impact suicide rates. Aim: Our study aimed to investigate the quality of suicide-related reporting after the release of the 2009 Canadian Psychiatric Association (CPA) guidelines and their impact on suicides. Method: A random sample of suicide-related articles ( n = 988) were retrieved from 12 major Canadian print/online publications (2002–2015). Articles were coded for quality of content before and after guidelines release. Suicide mortality data were obtained from Ontario coroner records. Time series analyses were used to identify associations between guideline publication and subsequent suicides. Results: The CPA guidelines were associated with improvements in reporting quality with 10 putatively harmful elements being less frequent after their publication. These included less frequent front-page articles, monocausal (simplistic) explanations for suicide, and depictions of suicide methods. Two putatively protective factors, alternatives to suicide and messages of hope, were twice and four times as common, respectively, after the guidelines. The guidelines were not associated with a change in suicide counts. Limitations: This study could not prove exposure to suicide reporting. Conclusion: Publication of Canadian media guidelines was associated with significant, moderate-sized improvements in reporting quality but not with decreased suicides. The latter finding may reflect only modest dissemination and implementation of the guidelines.
Collar Properties and Measurement Time Confer Minimal Bias Overall on Annual Soil Respiration Estimates in a Global Database
Authors: Jian Jinshi , Gough Christopher , Sihi Debjani , Hopple Anya M. , Bond‐Lamberty Ben
Published: November 2020

Measuring the soil‐to‐atmosphere carbon dioxide (CO2) flux (soil respiration, RS) is important to understanding terrestrial carbon balance and to forecasting climate change. Such measurements are frequently made using measurement collars permanently inserted into the soil surface. However, differences in measurement duration and frequency, as well as collar properties, may lead to biases in the estimation of annual RS. Using a newly updated global RS database (SRDB‐V5), we investigated the annual RS bias associated with five methodological factors: collar height, collar coverage area, collar insertion depth, measurement duration, and measurement frequency. We found that annual RS was negatively correlated with collar insertion depth, consistent with the idea that collar insertion cuts roots and thus reduces RS. Annual RS was also negatively related with collar height and collar coverage area, perhaps because uniform head‐space mixing is difficult to achieve in larger volume chambers; however, these effects were quantitatively small (bias of ~2% to 10% of mean RS). We found no correlation of measurement duration or measurement frequency with annual RS. These findings suggest that variation in RS methodology generally introduces minimal bias overall. Therefore, compilations of minimally adjusted annual RS measurements provide a reliable resource for synthesis studies, global annual RS modeling, and investigation of how soil carbon responds to climate change.
Detection of immunogenic cell death and its relevance for cancer therapy
Authors: Fucikova Jitka , Kepp Oliver , Kasikova Lenka , Petroni Giulia , Yamazaki Takahiro , Liu Peng , Zhao Liwei , Spisek Radek , Kroemer Guido , Galluzzi Lorenzo
Published: November 2020

Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, as well as targeted anticancer agents can induce clinically relevant tumor-targeting immune responses, which critically rely on the antigenicity of malignant cells and their capacity to generate adjuvant signals. In particular, immunogenic cell death (ICD) is accompanied by the exposure and release of numerous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which altogether confer a robust adjuvanticity to dying cancer cells, as they favor the recruitment and activation of antigen-presenting cells. ICD-associated DAMPs include surface-exposed calreticulin (CALR) as well as secreted ATP, annexin A1 (ANXA1), type I interferon, and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). Additional hallmarks of ICD encompass the phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit-α (EIF2S1, better known as eIF2α), the activation of autophagy, and a global arrest in transcription and translation. Here, we outline methodological approaches for measuring ICD markers in vitro and ex vivo for the discovery of next-generation antineoplastic agents, the development of personalized anticancer regimens, and the identification of optimal therapeutic combinations for the clinical management of cancer.
The dark exciton ground state promotes photon-pair emission in individual perovskite nanocrystals
Authors: Tamarat Philippe , Hou Lei , Trebbia Jean-Baptiste , Swarnkar Abhishek , Biadala Louis , Louyer Yann , Bodnarchuk Maryna I. , Kovalenko Maksym V. , Even Jacky , Lounis Brahim
Published: November 2020

Cesium lead halide perovskites exhibit outstanding optical and electronic properties for a wide range of applications in optoelectronics and for light-emitting devices. Yet, the physics of the band-edge exciton, whose recombination is at the origin of the photoluminescence, is not elucidated. Here, we unveil the exciton fine structure of individual cesium lead iodide perovskite nanocrystals and demonstrate that it is governed by the electron-hole exchange interaction and nanocrystal shape anisotropy. The lowest-energy exciton state is a long-lived dark singlet state, which promotes the creation of biexcitons at low temperatures and thus correlated photon pairs. These bright quantum emitters in the near-infrared have a photon statistics that can readily be tuned from bunching to antibunching, using magnetic or thermal coupling between dark and bright exciton sublevels.
Essential role of accessory subunit LYRM6 in the mechanism of mitochondrial complex I
Authors: Galemou Yoga Etienne , Parey Kristian , Djurabekova Amina , Haapanen Outi , Siegmund Karin , Zwicker Klaus , Sharma Vivek , Zickermann Volker , Angerer Heike
Published: November 2020

Respiratory complex I catalyzes electron transfer from NADH to ubiquinone (Q) coupled to vectorial proton translocation across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Despite recent progress in structure determination of this very large membrane protein complex, the coupling mechanism is a matter of ongoing debate and the function of accessory subunits surrounding the canonical core subunits is essentially unknown. Concerted rearrangements within a cluster of conserved loops of central subunits NDUFS2 (β1-β2S2 loop), ND1 (TMH5-6ND1 loop) and ND3 (TMH1-2ND3 loop) were suggested to be critical for its proton pumping mechanism. Here, we show that stabilization of the TMH1-2ND3 loop by accessory subunit LYRM6 (NDUFA6) is pivotal for energy conversion by mitochondrial complex I. We determined the high-resolution structure of inactive mutant F89ALYRM6 of eukaryotic complex I from the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica and found long-range structural changes affecting the entire loop cluster. In atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of the mutant, we observed conformational transitions in the loop cluster that disrupted a putative pathway for delivery of substrate protons required in Q redox chemistry. Our results elucidate in detail the essential role of accessory subunit LYRM6 for the function of eukaryotic complex I and offer clues on its redox-linked proton pumping mechanism.
Vitamin D metabolites and the gut microbiome in older men
Authors: Thomas Robert L. , Jiang Lingjing , Adams John S. , Xu Zhenjiang Zech , Shen Jian , Janssen Stefan , Ackermann Gail , Vanderschueren Dirk , Pauwels Steven , Knight Rob , Orwoll Eric S. , Kado Deborah M.
Published: November 2020

The vitamin D receptor is highly expressed in the gastrointestinal tract where it transacts gene expression. With current limited understanding of the interactions between the gut microbiome and vitamin D, we conduct a cross-sectional analysis of 567 older men quantifying serum vitamin D metabolites using LC-MSMS and defining stool sub-Operational Taxonomic Units from16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing data. Faith’s Phylogenetic Diversity and non-redundant covariate analyses reveal that the serum 1,25(OH)2D level explains 5% of variance in α-diversity. In β-diversity analyses using unweighted UniFrac, 1,25(OH)2D is the strongest factor assessed, explaining 2% of variance. Random forest analyses identify 12 taxa, 11 in the phylum Firmicutes, eight of which are positively associated with either 1,25(OH)2D and/or the hormone-to-prohormone [1,25(OH)2D/25(OH)D] “activation ratio.” Men with higher levels of 1,25(OH)2D and higher activation ratios, but not 25(OH)D itself, are more likely to possess butyrate producing bacteria that are associated with better gut microbial health.
The role of mixed vibronic Qy-Qx states in green light absorption of light-harvesting complex II
Authors: Arsenault Eric A. , Yoneda Yusuke , Iwai Masakazu , Niyogi Krishna K. , Fleming Graham R.
Published: November 2020

The importance of green light for driving natural photosynthesis has long been underappreciated, however, under the presence of strong illumination, green light actually drives photosynthesis more efficiently than red light. This green light is absorbed by mixed vibronic Qy-Qx states, arising from chlorophyll (Chl)-Chl interactions, although almost nothing is known about these states. Here, we employ polarization-dependent two-dimensional electronic-vibrational spectroscopy to study the origin and dynamics of the mixed vibronic Qy-Qx states of light-harvesting complex II. We show the states in this region dominantly arise from Chl b and demonstrate how it is possible to distinguish between the degree of vibronic Qy versus Qx character. We find that the dynamics for states of predominately Chl b Qy versus Chl b Qx character are markedly different, as excitation persists for significantly longer in the Qx states and there is an oscillatory component to the Qx dynamics, which is discussed. Our findings demonstrate the central role of electronic-nuclear mixing in efficient light-harvesting and the different functionalities of Chl a and Chl b.
A deep learning diagnostic platform for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with high accuracy across multiple hospitals
Authors: Li Dongguang , Bledsoe Jacob R. , Zeng Yu , Liu Wei , Hu Yiguo , Bi Ke , Liang Aibin , Li Shaoguang
Published: November 2020

Diagnostic histopathology is a gold standard for diagnosing hematopoietic malignancies. Pathologic diagnosis requires labor-intensive reading of a large number of tissue slides with high diagnostic accuracy equal or close to 100 percent to guide treatment options, but this requirement is difficult to meet. Although artificial intelligence (AI) helps to reduce the labor of reading pathologic slides, diagnostic accuracy has not reached a clinically usable level. Establishment of an AI model often demands big datasets and an ability to handle large variations in sample preparation and image collection. Here, we establish a highly accurate deep learning platform, consisting of multiple convolutional neural networks, to classify pathologic images by using smaller datasets. We analyze human diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and non-DLBCL pathologic images from three hospitals separately using AI models, and obtain a diagnostic rate of close to 100 percent (100% for hospital A, 99.71% for hospital B and 100% for hospital C). The technical variability introduced by slide preparation and image collection reduces AI model performance in cross-hospital tests, but the 100% diagnostic accuracy is maintained after its elimination. It is now clinically practical to utilize deep learning models for diagnosis of DLBCL and ultimately other human hematopoietic malignancies.