bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An uncommon type of segmental root development after revitalization
Authors: Jiang X. , Liu H.
Published: August 2020

Aim

To describe four cases of an uncommon type of segmental root development after endodontic revitalization procedures. The formation, development and prognosis of this phenomenon are discussed, along with the causes and preventive measures.

This report describes one immature maxillary anterior tooth with an extensive periapical lesion after partial extrusion caused by trauma and three immature mandibular premolars with extensive periapical lesions after fracture of the dens evaginatus. All four teeth underwent revitalization procedures. During follow‐up, an uncommon type of segmental root development was observed in each case, where the apical segment appeared to detach from the body of the root and developed separately. In all cases, the detached apical root segments continued to develop with a shape and structure similar to that of a normal root tip. However, further development of the root body did not appear to occur. The follow‐up times of the present cases were 11, 60, 41 and 67 months, respectively. All four teeth remain intact and functioned normally without symptoms. Cases 2 and 3 displayed positive reactions to electrical pulp tests during follow‐up.

Key learning points

Trauma and extensive periapical inflammation may result in the detachment of Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath (HERS) and apical papilla from the root, thus creating a separate apical root segment.

Formation of an apical root segment could be regarded as evidence of displacement of the HERS and apical papilla. Once this occurs, there is no chance that the main root of the tooth will develop into a normal‐sized root.

This type of segmental root development is always possible. If the teeth have suffered from severe trauma or have long‐term and large periapical lesions before revitalization, the possibility of segmental root development should be considered.

During the process of revitalization, intracanal bleeding is induced by rotating a pre‐curved K‐file 2 mm past the apical foramen. This procedure should be done gently to protect the apical structures and avoid iatrogenic factors that could lead to abnormal root development.
Influence of post‐core material and cement peculiarities on stress of post‐cores under ultrasonic vibration: a three‐dimensional finite element analysis
Authors: Han T. , Chen K. , Cao R. , Zheng T. , Chen Z. , Zhang X. , Yan X.
Published: August 2020

Aim

To analyse the effect of post‐core, and cement materials and thickness of the cement lute on the stress in post‐core systems under ultrasonic vibration at different frequencies and amplitudes using three‐dimensional finite element analysis.

Methodology

Eight three‐dimensional finite element models of a maxillary central incisor with post‐cores were established. Two post‐core materials (Au and Ni‐Cr alloys), two cements (glass ionomer (GI) and zinc phosphate (ZP)) and two cement layer thicknesses (50 and 150 μm) were considered. Vibration loads were applied near the neck on the buccal side of the core at frequencies of 10–40 kHz and amplitudes of 10–50 μm. The maximum shear stress of the cement layer and maximum principal stress of the roots and their distributions were investigated.

Results

The stresses on cements and roots increased with an increase in the frequency and amplitude of the vibration load and elastic modulus of the cements, and decreased with increasing thickness of the cement layer and elastic modulus of the post‐core. Maximum cement stress was observed on the contralateral upper part of the loading side, whereas the maximum root stress was found on the ferrule where the load was applied.

Conclusions

In this simulated model, the frequency and amplitude of ultrasound needed to remove a post‐core were positively related to the elastic modulus of the post‐core and thickness of the cement layer and negatively related to the elastic modulus of the cements.
Review: Thermal ceramic coatings as energy saving alternatives for high temperature processes
Authors: Sako Eric Y. , Orsolini Heloisa D. , Moreira Murilo , de Meo Carlos E. , Pelissari Pedro I. B. G. B. , Salvini Vania R. , Pandolfelli Victor C.
Published: August 2020

Reductions in energy consumption for high temperature processes are an important research topic, especially due to the ongoing energy crisis scenario. Based on the several possibilities of saving it, thermal coatings are an economical and technical viable possibility of tailoring the optical properties of a material surface. Although many studies have been published on the benefits of high emissivity and high reflectivity ceramic coatings, there is still a lack of a clear understanding on the correlation between thermal radiation heat transfer, solid state physics, and material science technology. This study aims to create a connection between these areas in order to provide basic guidelines for the correct use of thermal ceramic coatings, leading to achieving the maximum decrease in energy consumption by their use.
Is a cover letter still needed? Using LIWC to predict application success
Authors: Brandt Pia Magdalena , Herzberg Philipp Yorck
Published: August 2020

This study investigated whether word categories of LIWC (Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count) are able to predict application success. To this end, 581 cover letters, CVs and complete application documents were analysed. Based on previous research, successful candidates, who receive a job offer, were expected to have used a more categorical, complex, and less self‐centred language. Conversely, rejected applications were expected to have been written in a dynamic style, linguistically simpler, more concerned with hedonistic issues and focused on the day‐to‐day lives. Overall, existing models could only be partially applied. Both the cover letter and the CV were found to contain predictive information regarding application success, which is noteworthy given the distinct standardization of application documents.
Does distance to hospital affect emergency department presentations and hospital length of stay among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients?
Authors: Rana Rezwanul , Gow Jeff , Moloney Clint , King Alex , Keijzers Gerben , Beccaria Gavin , Mullens Amy
Published: August 2020

Background

The primary goal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) management is to optimise a patient's functional status and quality of life. By encouraging effective patient self‐management within primary healthcare, unplanned and potentially avoidable COPD admissions to the emergency department (ED) can be avoided.

Aim

The aim of this study is to examine whether distance to hospital influences the rate of ED presentation, hospital admission and hospital length of stay for COPD patients.

Methods

The 2016 to 2018 resulted in a total of 5253 patient presentations with a primary medical diagnosis code of J44 (COPD). These were at the main hospitals of three Queensland Hospital and Health Services: Toowoomba, Ipswich and Gold Coast. To examine the variations in patient characteristics based on distance, a one‐way ANOVA (analysis of variance) test was conducted. The Kruskal‐Wallis test indicated that there were group differences.

Results

This study identified significant variation in COPD‐related hospital length of stay and distance to hospital among COPD patients within three hospitals in South East Queensland, Australia. These results confirm that distance plays an important role in determining duration of hospital stay (in number of days) among COPD patients, with clear evidence of the distance ‘decay phenomenon’. It appears from the findings of the current study that distance to the hospital is not associated with the greater likelihood of ED presentation but may influence length of stay.

Conclusions

Several distance‐specific studies have concluded that lower utilisation of hospital care is associated with distance to hospital.
Effects of web‐based training on Spanish pre‐service and in‐service teacher knowledge and implicit beliefs on learning to write
Authors: Jiménez Juan E. , Seoane Rocío C. , García Eduardo , de León Sara C.
Published: August 2020

The present study evaluated the effects of web‐based training on Spanish pre‐service and in‐service teacher knowledge and implicit beliefs on learning to write. A sample of pre‐service teachers and in‐service teachers from Mexico, Guatemala, Ecuador, Colombia, and Spain participated in the online course. Findings suggest that teachers may improve their knowledge of transcription skills (i.e., handwriting/typing, spelling), text production, and strategies for composing as necessary components of quality writing instruction. Effects were also found on the teachers' implicit beliefs. Finally, both pre‐service and in‐service teachers positively rated the online course received.
Malaria in pregnancy regulates P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp/Abcb1a) and ABCA1 efflux transporters in the Mouse Visceral Yolk Sac
Authors: Martinelli Lilian M. , Fontes Klaus N. , Reginatto Mila W. , Andrade Cherley B. V. , Monteiro Victoria R. S. , Gomes Hanailly R. , Silva‐Filho Joao L. , Pinheiro Ana A. S. , Vago Annamaria R. , Almeida Fernanda R. C. L. , Bloise Flavia F. , Matthews Stephen G. , Ortiga‐Carvalho Tania M. , Bloise Enrrico
Published: August 2020

Malaria in pregnancy (MiP) induces intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and preterm labour (PTL). However, its effects on yolk sac morphology and function are largely unexplored. We hypothesized that MiP modifies yolk sac morphology and efflux transport potential by modulating ABC efflux transporters. C57BL/6 mice injected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (5 × 105 infected erythrocytes) at gestational day (GD) 13.5 were subjected to yolk sac membrane harvesting at GD 18.5 for histology, qPCR and immunohistochemistry. MiP did not alter the volumetric proportion of the yolk sac's histological components. However, it increased levels of Abcb1a mRNA (encoding P‐glycoprotein) and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (Mif chemokine), while decreasing Abcg1 (P < 0.05); without altering Abca1, Abcb1b, Abcg2, Snat1, Snat2, interleukin (Il)‐1β and C‐C Motif chemokine ligand 2 (Ccl2). Transcripts of Il‐6, chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligand 1 (Cxcl1), Glut1 and Snat4 were not detectible. ABCA1, ABCG1, breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and P‐gp were primarily immunolocalized to the cell membranes and cytoplasm of endodermic epithelium but also in the mesothelium and in the endothelium of mesodermic blood vessels. Intensity of P‐gp labelling was stronger in both endodermic epithelium and mesothelium, whereas ABCA1 labelling increased in the endothelium of the mesodermic blood vessels. The presence of ABC transporters in the yolk sac wall suggests that this fetal membrane acts as an important protective gestational barrier. Changes in ABCA1 and P‐gp in MiP may alter the biodistribution of toxic substances, xenobiotics, nutrients and immunological factors within the fetal compartment and participate in the pathogenesis of malaria‐induced IUGR and PTL.
Genetic variation in ABCB5 associates with risk of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Leung Idy C.‐Y. , Chong Charing C.‐N. , Cheung Tan T. , Yeung Philip C. , Ng Kelvin K.‐C. , Lai Paul B.‐S. , Chan Stephen L. , Chan Anthony W.‐H. , Tang Patrick M.‐K. , Cheung Siu T.
Published: August 2020

Expression of ATP‐binding cassette B5 (ABCB5) has been demonstrated to confer chemoresistance, enhance cancer stem cell properties and associate with poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic variations of ABCB5 in HCC patients with reference to healthy individuals and the clinicopathological significance. A pilot study has examined 20 out of 300 pairs HCC and paralleled blood samples using conventional sequencing method to cover all exons and exon/intron regions to investigate whether there will be novel variant sequence and mutation event. A total of 300 HCC and 300 healthy blood DNA samples were then examined by Sequenom MassARRAY genotyping and pyrosequencing for 38 SNP and 1 INDEL in ABCB5. Five novel SNPs were identified in ABCB5. Comparison of DNA from blood samples of HCC and healthy demonstrated that ABCB5 SNPs rs75494098, rs4721940 and rs10254317 were associated with HCC risk. Specific ABCB5 variants were associated with aggressive HCC features. SNP rs17143212 was significantly associated with ABCB5 expression level. Nonetheless, the paralleled blood and tumour DNA sequences from HCC patients indicated that ABCB5 mutation in tumours was not common and corroborated the TCGA data sets. In conclusion, ABCB5 genetic variants had significant association with HCC risk and aggressive tumour properties.
Research Review: The relationship between social anxiety and social cognition in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Pearcey Samantha , Gordon Kate , Chakrabarti Bhismadev , Dodd Helen , Halldorsson Brynjar , Creswell Cathy
Published: August 2020

Background

Childhood Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is common and impairing. The recommended treatment is a disorder specific form of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) that includes social skills training and, whilst they appear to be more effective than more general treatments, it is not clear whether social skills training is the critical component involved in improved outcomes, particularly given that evidence for the relationship between social anxiety and social skills deficits in children is inconsistent. This may be partly due to an overlap in their observable features, and because the nature of the association may vary in different contexts (e.g. according to child age). An alternative approach is to examine the association between social anxiety and the social cognitive capacities that underpin social skills. This paper aims to examine the association between social anxiety and social cognition in children and adolescents, and examine conceptual and methodological moderators of this relationship.

Methods

Papers published between 1980 and 2019 were screened systematically. Fifty studies were identified from which an effect size could be calculated for the relationship between social anxiety and social cognition, including 15,411 children and adolescents.

Results

An overall significant, but moderate effect (r = −.15) was identified, where increased social anxiety was associated with lower social cognitive ability. Moderation analyses revealed specific associations within studies examining social anxiety among participants with and without ASD who were older than 7 years old, and studies assessing the relationship between social anxiety and specific aspects of Theory of Mind (ToM). No significant association was identified between social anxiety and emotion recognition.

Conclusions

Significant associations between social anxiety and social cognitive abilities appear to be accounted for by elevated social anxiety among children with ASD, and those with difficulties in specific aspects of ToM but not broader social skills, such as emotion recognition. This reinforces the importance of accurately identifying and treating social anxiety within ASD populations. In addition, treatments for social anxiety among neurotypical populations may benefit from targeting particular aspects of ToM rather than emotion recognition and other broad social skills.
Tolerance and efficacy of a new celastrol‐containing balm as adjunct care in psoriasis
Authors: Thouvenin M.D. , Dalmon S. , Theunis J. , Lauze C. , Coubetergues H. , Mengeaud V. , Calvet B.
Published: August 2020

Background

In patients with psoriasis, the non‐lesional skin also presents abnormalities, requiring emollient application on the whole body.

Objectives

To evaluate the tolerance of a new emollient balm containing celastrol, an active ingredient with anti‐Th17 immunomodulatory properties used alone or in association with topical or systemic drug treatments or phototherapy, and its efficacy when used alone.

Methods

Adults with body plaque psoriasis applied the product over the whole body once a day for 4 weeks (balm used alone in 41 patients and with ongoing treatment in 50 patients). At D1, D8 (‘balm alone’ study) or D15 (‘balm in association’ study) and D29, the dermatologist rated physical and functional signs and assessed pruritus and body global lesion score (evaluating erythema, induration/thickness, scaling and dryness) in the ‘balm alone’ study.

Results

No reaction related to the product was reported, and the tolerance was deemed excellent. In the ‘balm alone’ study, mean pruritus intensity score significantly decreased at D8 (−39%, P < 0.001) and D29 (−60%, P < 0.001) compared with D1, together with the body global lesion score (−24% at D8 and −26% at D29, P < 0.001). In parallel, quality of life improved, as evidenced by a patient‐reported outcome questionnaire. Cosmetic acceptability was good.

Conclusion

This new emollient balm was very well tolerated by patients with body plaque psoriasis either alone or in association with drug treatment or phototherapy, which is important to ensure long‐term compliance. Daily application during one month improved pruritus, physical signs and quality of life.
Outcome assessment in dermatology clinical trials and cochrane reviews: call for a dermatology‐specific outcome taxonomy
Authors: Lange T. , Kottner J. , Weberschock T. , Hahnel E. , Apfelbacher C. , Brandstetter S. , Dreher A. , Datzmann T. , Burden‐Teh E. , Rogers N.K. , Spuls P. , Grainge M.J. , Jacobi L. , Williams H.C. , Schmitt J.
Published: August 2020

Background

Standardized outcome reporting is crucial for trial evidence synthesis and translation of findings into clinical decision‐making. The OMERACT 2.0 Filter and COMET outcome domain taxonomy propose frameworks for consistent reporting of outcomes. There is an absence of a uniform dermatology‐specific reporting strategy that uses precise and consistent outcome definitions.

Objectives

Our aim was to map efficacy/effectiveness outcomes assessed in dermatological trials to the OMERACT 2.0 Filter as a starting point for developing an outcome taxonomy in dermatology.

Methods

We critically appraised 10 Cochrane Skin Reviews randomly selected from all 69 Cochrane Skin Reviews published until 01/2015 and the 220 trials included covering a broad spectrum of dermatological conditions and interventions. Efficacy/effectiveness outcomes were mapped to core areas and domains according to the OMERACT 2.0 Filter. The extracted trial outcomes were used for critical appraisal of outcome reporting in dermatology trials and for the preliminary development of a dermatology‐specific outcome taxonomy.

Results

The allocation of 1086 extracted efficacy/effectiveness outcomes to the OMERACT 2.0 Filter resulted in a hierarchically structured dermatology‐specific outcome classification. In 506 outcomes (47%), the outcome concept to be measured was insufficiently described, hindering meaningful evidence synthesis. Although the core areas assessed in different dermatology trials of the same condition overlap considerably, quantitative evidence synthesis usually failed due to imprecise outcome definitions, non‐comparable outcome measurement instruments, metrics and reporting.

Conclusions

We present an efficacy/effectiveness outcome classification as a starting point for a dermatology‐specific taxonomy to provide trialists and reviewers with the opportunity to better synthesize and compare evidence.
Suppression of Helicobacter pylori infection by daily cranberry intake: A double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Li Zhe‐Xuan , Ma Jun‐Ling , Guo Yang , Liu Wei‐Dong , Li Ming , Zhang Lan‐Fu , Zhang Yang , Zhou Tong , Zhang Jing‐Ying , Gao Ha‐Er , Guo Xiao‐Ying , Ye Dong‐Man , Li Wen‐Qing , You Wei‐Cheng , Pan Kai‐Feng
Published: August 2020

Background and aim

Dietary strategies that contribute to reducing incidence of Helicobacter pylori infection without negative side effects are highly desirable owing to worldwide bacterial prevalence and carcinogenesis potential. The aim of this study was to determine dosage effect of daily cranberry consumption on H. pylori suppression over time in infected adults to assess the potential of this complementary management strategy in a region with high gastric cancer risk and high prevalence of H. pylori infection.

Methods

This double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial on 522 H. pylori‐positive adults evaluated dose–response effects of proanthocyanidin‐standardized cranberry juice, cranberry powder, or their placebos on suppression of H. pylori at 2 and 8 weeks by 13C‐urea breath testing and eradication at 45 days post‐intervention.

Results

H. pylori‐negative rates in placebo, low‐proanthocyanidin, medium‐proanthocyanidin, and high‐proanthocyanidin cranberry juice groups at week 2 were 13.24%, 7.58%, 1.49%, and 13.85% and at week 8 were 7.35%, 7.58%, 4.48%, and 20.00%, respectively. Consumption of high‐proanthocyanidin juice twice daily (44 mg proanthocyanidin/240‐mL serving) for 8 weeks resulted in decreased H. pylori infection rate by 20% as compared with other dosages and placebo (P < 0.05). Percentage of H. pylori‐negative participants increased from 2 to 8 weeks in subjects who consumed 44 mg proanthocyanidin/day juice once or twice daily, showing a statistically significant positive trend over time. Encapsulated cranberry powder doses were not significantly effective at either time point. Overall trial compliance was 94.25%. Cranberry juice and powder were well‐tolerated.

Conclusions

Twice‐daily consumption of proanthocyanidin‐standardized cranberry juice may help potentiate suppression of H. pylori infection. Trial registration: ChiCTR1800017522, per WHO ICTRP.
Anxious, Depressed, and Planning for the Future: Advance Care Planning in Diverse Older Adults
Authors: McMahan Ryan D. , Barnes Deborah E. , Ritchie Christine S. , Jin Chengshi , Shi Ying , David Daniel , Walker Evan J. , Tang Victoria L. , Sudore Rebecca L.
Published: August 2020

OBJECTIVES

To determine whether depression and anxiety are associated with advance care planning (ACP) engagement or values concerning future medical care.

DESIGN

Cross‐sectional.

PARTICIPANTS

English‐ and Spanish‐speaking patients, aged 55 years and older, from a San Francisco, CA, county hospital.

MEASURES

Depression was measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire 8‐item scale, and anxiety was measured by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7‐item scale, using standardized cutoffs of 10 or more for moderate‐to‐severe symptoms. ACP engagement was measured using validated surveys of ACP behavior change (e.g., self‐efficacy and readiness; mean five‐point Likert score) and ACP actions (e.g., ask, discuss, and document wishes; 0‐ to 25‐point scale), with higher scores representing higher engagement. In addition, we asked a question about valuing life extension (“some health situations would make life not worth living”). We used adjusted linear and logistic regression.

RESULTS

Mean age of 986 participants was 63 years, 81% were non‐White, 39% had limited health literacy, 45% were Spanish speaking, 13% had depression, and 10% had anxiety. After adjustment for demographic and health status variables, participants who were depressed versus not depressed had higher ACP behavior change scores (0.2 points; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.06–0.38; P = .007), higher ACP action scores (1.5 points; 95% CI = 0.51–2.57; P = .003), and higher odds of not valuing life extension (odds ratio (OR) = 2.5; 95% CI = 1.5–4.3; P < .001). Results were similar in participants with versus without anxiety (ACP behavior change: 0.2 points; 95% CI = 0.05–0.40; P = .01; ACP action scores: 1.2 points; 95% CI = 0.14–2.32; P = .028; odds of not valuing life extension: OR = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.3–3.9; P = .004).

CONCLUSION

Depression and anxiety were associated with greater ACP engagement and not valuing life extension. Although the direction of association between ACP engagement and values with anxiety and depression cannot be determined in this cross‐sectional study, these conditions may influence ACP preferences. Future studies should assess whether changes in anxiety or depression affect ACP preferences over time.
A Timosaponin B‐II containing scalp care solution for improvement of scalp hydration, dandruff reduction, and hair loss prevention: A comparative study on healthy volunteers before and after application
Authors: Xiao Lei , Zhang Xia , Chen Zhiyi , Li Bing , Li Lin
Published: August 2020

Background

The plant species Anemarrhena asphodeloides has commonly been used for health and therapeutic purposes. Timosaponin B‐II, which is present at a high concentration in A asphodeloides, was found to enhance the immune and anti‐inflammatory responses of human bodies.

Aims

To evaluate benefits of a timosaponin B‐II containing scalp care solution on hair loss prevention and scalp healthiness in multiple physiological and biological profiles.

Methods

Prior the study, 90 subjects applied scalp care solution base without timosaponin B‐II for two weeks followed by application of the scalp care solution containing 0.5% timosaponin B‐II for 28 days. The subject's hair follicle hydrocortisone level, hair fall number, hair luster level, dandruff level, sensation score, hydration level, lipid level, redness as well as the pH level of scalps were quantitatively assessed every 7 days.

Results

Multiple parameters on hair and scalp conditions were promoted by application of the timosaponin B‐II containing scalp care solution. Compared to baseline values, significant improvements in hair luster, scalp hydration, hair fall number, and scalp redness level could be observed.

Conclusion

Timosaponin B‐II promotes multiple physiological factors on hair and scalps. The scalp care solution containing A asphodeloides extracts may benefit the scalp healthiness and hair loss prevention.
Nurses’ perceptions in caring for people with dementia in Dutch acute hospitals
Authors: Keuning‐Plantinga Annette , Roodbol Petrie F. , Krijnen Wim P. , Finnema Evelyn J.
Published: August 2020

Aims and objectives

Overall, this study aimed to describe nursing care for patients with dementia in acute hospitals, with the objectives of describing the provided nursing care (a), nurses’ attitudes and perceptions in caring for patients with dementia (b), and exploring how nurses deal with challenging behaviour (c). Additionally, we determined background variables associated with caring for people with dementia.

Background

Due to comorbidities, people with dementia are frequently admitted to acute care hospitals. Here, they are at high risk of complications. Nurses strive for good care but regularly experience insufficient knowledge and skills regarding caring for people with dementia.

Design

A cross‐sectional survey study design.

Methods

Data were collected in seven Dutch acute hospitals and through social media. In total, 229 hospital nurses completed the questionnaire. We used the Geriatric In‐Hospital Nursing Care Questionnaire and two subscales of Hynninen on managing challenging behaviour. This report followed the STROBE checklist.

Results

Nurses express that they often apply general preventive interventions not explicitly related to dementia care. In general, nurses have mixed feelings about the nursing care provided in their department. For challenging behaviour, a variety of approaches, including restrictive measures and medication, is applied. The nurses’ attitudes and perceptions are influenced by the type of hospital where the nurses work, the level of education, the number of hours nurses work, and if the nurses completed a course on dementia in the last year.

Conclusions

Despite a positive attitude, nurses do not have the specific knowledge and skills needed to provide proper care. Nurses who recently completed a course on dementia had more positive attitudes and perceptions towards caring for patients with dementia.

Relevance to clinical practice

The results of this research can be used to improve the quality of nursing care for patients with dementia in acute hospitals.
Judicial Procedural Involvement (JPI): A Metric for Judges’ Role in Civil Litigation, Settlement, and Access to Justice
Authors: Sela Ayelet , Gabay‐Egozi Limor
Published: August 2020

We examine judges’ role in civil litigation by studying empirically the relationship between judicial procedural involvement (JPI) and lawsuits’ mode of disposition (MoD). Furthermore, we propose JPI as a metric for the allocation of judicial attention to litigants. Applying the framework to Israeli trial court data, we find that 60 per cent of cases included JPI (through hearings and rulings on motions) whereas 40 per cent involved only the court's institutional function. By juxtaposing JPI and MoD data, we shed light on the scope of judicial involvement in settlements, the ratio between judges’ normative public‐life function and their problem‐solving function, and other pertinent questions. Since nowadays lawsuits are rarely adjudicated, trial rates are low, and litigants in person (pro se litigants) are common, we argue that access to justice should also be construed in terms of access to judicial attention throughout the proceeding, which is readily measurable through JPI.
THE JUSTICE IN MERCY
Authors: Couenhoven Jesse
Published: August 2020

It is natural to wonder how mercy is related to justice. I focus in this essay on a more limited question: how should we relate mercy and retributive justice? My suggestion is that attending to our situation as moral agents can help us solve this conundrum. I offer a pessimistic reading of our situation. Because of original sin and related forms of bad moral luck, we have limited control over our attitudes and actions. This has a surprisingly hopeful upshot, since our unfortunate condition makes it appropriate to respond to one another mercifully. I suggest that this response can take two forms. Without collapsing justice into mercy, it is right to make our approach to justice and punishment more merciful and to recognize the fittingness of “erring” on the side of mercy when we are uncertain how to apportion blame.
TheZhuangzion Coping with Society
Authors: D’Ambrosio Paul J.
Published: August 2020

Stories in theZhuangzidetailing expert artisans and other extraordinary people are often read as celebrations of “skills” or “knacks.” In this paper, I will argue that they would be more accurately understood as “coping” stories. Taken as a celebration of one’s “skill” or “knack” they transform theZhuangziinto an implicit advocate of conforming to, or even identifying with, one’s social roles. I will argue that the stories of artisans and extraordinarily skilled people are less about cultivating one’s talents so as to “find one’s calling,” better fulfill social expectations, or achieve oneness withDao, than they are concerned with developing strategies for coping with natural and social contingencies. Read in this way, there is much to learn from theZhuangziwhen reflecting on contemporary social and political issues, especially those related to meritocratic hubris.
Breastfeeding in hospitalised preterm infants: A survey from 18 tertiary neonatal intensive care units across mainland China
Authors: Yang Yuanyuan , Lu Hong
Published: August 2020

Aim

To understand the use of breast milk and breastfeeding in preterm infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in mainland China.

Methods

An online questionnaire survey of reported practices was conducted among 18 tertiary NICUs distributed across all seven districts in mainland China. The items of the questionnaire consisted of the following areas: breastfeeding rate of preterm infants (<37 weeks' gestation) at discharge, the standards used for guiding the clinical practice and the use of breast milk and breastfeeding.

Results

On average, across all hospitals, breastfeeding rate for preterm infants at discharge was 65%, with 41% preterm infants being exclusively breastfed during the hospitalisation prior to discharge. Sixteen (89%) NICUs had policies designating breast milk as the preferred first feed for preterm infants. Donor milk was available in 3 of 18 (17%) NICUs. Kangaroo care was provided in 11 of 18 (61%) NICUs, and 14 of 18 (78%) allowed parental access to the hospitalised preterm infants. A large variation was found in clinical practices around the breast milk testing, breast milk storage and transportation and breast milk fortification methods among different NICUs.

Conclusions

The use of breast milk in hospitalised preterm infants has increased greatly but still needs to be further improved. A recommendation is made to conduct high‐quality original trials to find evidence of the controversial problems, develop evidence‐based guidelines, promote the best implementation of the guidelines and provide updated breastfeeding education to health‐care providers in order to standardise the use of breast milk and breastfeeding in hospitalised preterm infants.
Nonfinancial Considerations in Eco‐Innovation Decisions: The Role of Family Ownership and Reputation Concerns
Authors: Bammens Yannick , Hünermund Paul
Published: August 2020

Societal pressures for greater sustainability can encourage firms to target part of their innovation activities at ecological initiatives (i.e., eco‐innovation). Yet, depending on their value function, firms can respond differently to such pressures and exhibit variance in their eco‐innovation activities. In this paper, we investigate the idea that a firm’s ownership structure may play a significant role in determining its engagement in eco‐innovation. Specifically, we propose that ownership by family blockholders increases the value attached to the company’s reputation and that this, in turn, stimulates higher levels of eco‐innovation. In other words, we model the company reputation motive as a key mediator in the relationship between family ownership and firm‐level eco‐innovation. To account for family firm heterogeneity, we also model the moderating role of owners’ intention to pass the business on to the next family generation (transgenerational intentions) and of the extent to which these owners reside in the firm’s local community (local embeddedness). As theoretical backdrop, our study builds on institutional theory and the mixed gamble logic. To test our hypotheses, we use a large sample of German firms and nonlinear moderated mediation regression analysis. Results reveal that family ownership is positively related to the introduction of eco‐innovations by firms, in part because of the stronger emphasis being placed on the company’s reputation. We find that this effect is strongest when the owning‐family has transgenerational intentions. As such, this study advances our understanding of firm‐level drivers of eco‐innovation. In view of the prevalence of family‐owned firms and the mounting importance of ecological sustainability, it is valuable to extend knowledge on the contingent and indirect effect of family ownership on eco‐innovation.
The views and experiences of bisexual people regarding their psychosocial support needs: a qualitative evidence synthesis
Authors: McCann Edward , Brown Michael J. , Taylor Julia
Published: August 2020

Accessible Summary

What is known on the subject?

Bisexual people experience significantly poorer mental health and higher rates of self‐harm and suicidality than their gay, lesbian or heterosexual counterparts.

Although little is understood about why these disparities exist, bisexual people have been found to have unique life experiences that separate them from other sexual minority groups.

Despite these health disparities and unique experiences, in research and in clinical settings, bisexual people are often incorporated under the LGBTQI+ umbrella and their needs are not seen as being different to those of other sub‐groups.

What the paper adds to existing knowledge?

This paper brings together the findings of the small but growing body of literature reporting on the psychosocial support needs of bisexual people.

The findings reported on herein provide novel insights, collated and synthesized that will prove valuable to policy makers, service providers and researchers.

What are the implications for practice?

This paper clearly illustrates that bisexual people experience significant barriers to accessing the support services they need and that current competent service provision for this population is severely limited.

The findings presented in this paper shed light on the unique psychosocial needs of bisexual people and highlight the need for practice change to reduce barriers to service access and ensure inclusive and culturally competent care for this community.

Introduction

Despite consistent evidence of poor mental health among what is a relatively large population group, research examining bisexual mental health remains sparse.

Aim

To identify the psychosocial needs of people who are bisexual and establish factors that may support or inhibit access to appropriate psychosocial interventions and supports.

Method

A qualitative evidence syntheses of the empirical evidence.

Results

A total of 15 papers were included in the review. The PRISMA process was used. Following data analysis, four main themes emerged that were (a) experiences of being bisexual, (b) mental health experiences and concerns, (c) service access and responses and (iv) communities and supports.

Discussion

Bisexual people have unique and specific psychosocial support needs that relate to, but are also different from, the needs of the broader LGBTIQ+ community. This study provides valuable insights into how future policy, practice, education and training and research can better address the needs of this highly vulnerable group.

Implications for Practice

This study highlights the psychosocial complexities associated with bisexuality and provides evidence for the need for improvement in current support services to ensure inclusivity and culturally competent care.
A deletion of IDUA exon 10 in a family of Golden Retriever dogs with an attenuated form of mucopolysaccharidosis type I
Authors: Faller Kiterie M. E. , Ridyard Alison E. , Gutierrez‐Quintana Rodrigo , Rupp Angie , Kun‐Rodrigues Celia , Orme Tatiana , Tylee Karen L. , Church Heather J. , Guerreiro Rita , Bras Jose
Published: August 2020

Background

Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS‐I) is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme α‐l‐iduronidase, leading to accumulation of undegraded dermatan and heparan sulfates in the cells and secondary multiorgan dysfunction. In humans, depending upon the nature of the underlying mutation(s) in the IDUA gene, the condition presents with a spectrum of clinical severity.

Objectives

To characterize the clinical and biochemical phenotypes, and the genotype of a family of Golden Retriever dogs.

Animals

Two affected siblings and 11 related dogs.

Methods

Family study. Urine metabolic screening and leucocyte lysosomal enzyme activity assays were performed for biochemical characterization. Whole genome sequencing was used to identify the causal mutation.

Results

The clinical signs shown by the proband resemble the human attenuated form of the disease, with a dysmorphic appearance, musculoskeletal, ocular and cardiac defects, and survival to adulthood. Urinary metabolic studies identified high levels of dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, and heparin. Lysosomal enzyme activities demonstrated deficiency in α‐l‐iduronidase activity in leucocytes. Genome sequencing revealed a novel homozygous deletion of 287 bp resulting in full deletion of exon 10 of the IDUA gene (NC_006585.3(NM_001313883.1):c.1400‐76_1521+89del). Treatment with pentosan polyphosphate improved the clinical signs until euthanasia at 4.5 years.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

Analysis of the genotype/phenotype correlation in this dog family suggests that dogs with MPS‐I could have a less severe phenotype than humans, even in the presence of severe mutations. Treatment with pentosan polyphosphate should be considered in dogs with MPS‐I.
Reef microhabitats mediate fish feeding intensity and agonistic interactions at Príncipe Island Biosphere Reserve, Tropical Eastern Atlantic
Authors: Canterle Angela Marina , Nunes Lucas Teixeira , Fontoura Luisa , Maia Hugulay Albuquerque , Floeter Sergio Ricardo
Published: August 2020

The benthic assemblage of reefs provides an important resource of food and habitat for reef fishes. However, how benthic composition mediates reef fishes' biotic interactions at isolated environments such as oceanic islands remains largely unknown. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of four different reef microhabitats over biological interactions of fishes in an understudied oceanic island, Príncipe Island. For that, we recorded a total of 46 Underwater Remote Videos (RUVs) to document benthic composition and fishes' trophic and agonistic interactions. We used benthic cover estimates to group the samples into four microhabitats (dominated by epilithic algal matrix [EAM], sand/rock, corals and sponges), then quantified fishes' trophic and agonistic interactions in each microhabitat. All microhabitats presented a different structure of trophic and agonistic interactions of the fish assemblage. Feeding pressure (FP) and agonistic interactions were higher on the EAM microhabitat and lower in coral microhabitat. Herbivores were the main responsible group for the FP in all microhabitats. Territorial damselfishes used microhabitats differently for both trophic and agonistic interactions. We demonstrated that reef fish diversity and intensity of biotic interactions varied according the spatial distribution of benthic resources, which suggests that benthic composition plays an important role on structuring biological interactions at isolated reef systems.
Tunnel condition assessment via cloud model‐based random forests and self‐training approach
Authors: Zhu Mengqi , Zhu Hehua , Guo Feng , Chen Xueqin , Ju J. Woody
Published: August 2020

To proactively assess the losses caused by the deterioration of metro tunnels during the operational period, a new method, the cloud model‐based random forests (CRFs), is proposed to discuss the inconsistencies induced by mapping the monitoring data into the health rate of the metro tunnels. On top of the CRF, a self‐training framework is introduced to improve the predictive accuracy and the stability of the CRF by adding more unlabeled data. The main contribution of this paper is proposing a novel CRF model along with a semisupervised approach to overcome the inapplicability of the random forests algorithm in an inconsistent small database, and to reduce the substantial time and cost for expert annotation. The results indicate that (1) the proposed CRF achieves higher accuracy and stability than random forests in predictions; (2) the CRF outperforms the other state‐of‐the‐art methods even in a small database; (3) the self‐training improved CRF keeps highly precise when the ratio of labeled to unlabeled data is no less than 1:11.4. In this study, the suggested ratio of labeled and unlabeled data is no lower than 1:5.7 to reduce the risk of wrongly forecasting a seriously damaged tunnel section as a slightly damaged tunnel section.
Usefulness of an isoproterenol infusion to differentiate a left atrial appendage thrombus in a patient with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation
Authors: Enomoto Yoshinari , Hara Hidehiko , Makino Kenji , Nakamura Keijiro , Sugi Kaoru , Moroi Masao , Nakamura Masato
Published: August 2020

A 78‐year‐old male with a history of a cardiac embolic stroke due to persistent AF and cerebral bleeding (CHADS2 score 4, HAS‐BLED score 4) was referred to our hospital to implant a left atrial appendage (LAA) closure (LAAC) device. A trans esophageal echocardiography was performed and a high echoic lesion that was difficult to differentiate the spontaneous echo contrast or thrombus was found in the LAA cavity. After isoproterenol infusion, a high echoic lesion disappeared and we confirmed that it was not an LAA thrombus. Successful LAAC device implantation was performed without any thromboembolic events.
Pediatric trichodysplasia spinulosa: A report of 2 cases and review of the literature
Authors: Rusk Amanda M. , Crute Meghan M. , Goebel Jens , Schecter Marc G. , Gupta Anita , Schwentker Ann R. , Sheth Anita P. , Lucky Anne W.
Published: August 2020

Trichodysplasia spinulosa is a rare disorder caused by the ubiquitous trichodysplasia spinulosa‐associated polyomavirus (TSPyV) and characterized clinically by predominately centrofacial, but often generalized, folliculocentric papules with protuberant keratinaceous spines. Although seroprevalence reaches up to 70% in adult populations, TSPyV causes clinical manifestations in a small percentage of patients who are immunosuppressed. Diagnosis can be made using typical clinical and histologic features, SV40T antibody immunostaining, and PCR of various tissues including the keratinaceous spine, skin, serum, urine, and CSF. Various topical and systemic medications have demonstrated variable success. Decreasing or discontinuing immunosuppression has also been shown to improve or alleviate clinical manifestations.
Mendelian randomisation approaches to the study of prenatal exposures: A systematic review
Authors: Diemer Elizabeth W. , Labrecque Jeremy A. , Neumann Alexander , Tiemeier Henning , Swanson Sonja A.
Published: August 2020

Background

Mendelian randomisation (MR) designs apply instrumental variable techniques using genetic variants to study causal effects. MR is increasingly used to evaluate the role of maternal exposures during pregnancy on offspring health.

Objectives

We review the application of MR to prenatal exposures and describe reporting of methodologic challenges in this area.

Data sources

We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Medline Ovid, Cochrane Central, Web of Science, and Google Scholar.

Study selection and data extraction

Eligible studies met the following criteria: (a) a maternal pregnancy exposure; (b) an outcome assessed in offspring of the pregnancy; and (c) a genetic variant or score proposed as an instrument or proxy for an exposure.

Synthesis

We quantified the frequency of reporting of MR conditions stated, techniques used to examine assumption plausibility, and reported limitations.

Results

Forty‐three eligible studies were identified. When discussing challenges or limitations, the most common issues described were known potential biases in the broader MR literature, including population stratification (n = 29), weak instrument bias (n = 18), and certain types of pleiotropy (n = 30). Of 22 studies presenting point estimates for the effect of exposure, four defined their causal estimand. Twenty‐four studies discussed issues unique to prenatal MR, including selection on pregnancy (n = 1) and pleiotropy via postnatal exposure (n = 10) or offspring genotype (n = 20).

Conclusions

Prenatal MR studies frequently discuss issues that affect all MR studies, but rarely discuss problems specific to the prenatal context, including selection on pregnancy and effects of postnatal exposure. Future prenatal MR studies should report and attempt to falsify their assumptions, with particular attention to issues specific to prenatal MR. Further research is needed to evaluate the impacts of biases unique to prenatal MR in practice.