bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence for rapid paraglacial formation of rock glaciers in southern Norway from 10Be surface-exposure dating
Authors: Linge Henriette , Nesje Atle , Matthews John A. , Fabel Derek , Xu Sheng
Published: April 2020

We evaluate the timing and environmental controls on past rock-glacier activity at Øyberget, upper Ottadalen, southern Norway, using in situ 10Be surface-exposure dating on (1) boulders belonging to relict rock-glacier lobes at c. 530 m asl, (2) bedrock and boulder surfaces at the Øyberget summit (c. 1200 m asl), and (3) bedrock at an up-valley site (c. 615 m asl). We find that the rock-glacier lobes became inactive around 11.1 ± 1.2 ka, coeval with the timing of summit deglaciation (11.2 ± 0.7 ka). This is slightly older than previously published Schmidt-hammer surface-exposure ages. The timing does not match known climatic conditions promoting rock-glacier formation in the early Holocene; hence we infer that lobe formation resulted from enhanced debris supply and burial of residual ice during and soon after deglaciation. The results demonstrate that rock glaciers may form over a relatively short period of time (hundreds rather than thousands of years) under non-permafrost conditions and possibly indicate a paraglacial type of process.
ΔΙΑΚΡΙΤΙΚΗ AS A ΠΟΙΗΤΙΚΗ ΤΕΧΝΗ IN THESOPHIST
Authors: Zaks Nicolas
Published: April 2020

The διακριτικὴ τέχνη (the art of separating or discriminating), from which the sixth definition of theSophiststarts (226b1–231b9), is puzzling.Prima faciethe art of separating does not fit the initial division of art between ποιητικὴ τέχνη (production) and κτητικὴ τέχνη (acquisition) at 219a8–c9. Therefore, scholars generally agree that, although mutually exclusive, ποιητική and κτητική are not exhaustive and leave room for a third species of art, διακριτικὴ τέχνη, on a par with ποιητική and κτητική. However, I argue that textual evidence suggests otherwise.
HUMANITARIAN ACCESS THROUGH AGENCY LAW IN NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS
Authors: Matyas David
Published: April 2020

In many conflicts, aid organisations have to navigate the international humanitarian law requirement that parties to the conflict must consent to assistance. In non-international armed conflicts this often frustrates efforts to provide relief, as States refuse to grant consent in order to uphold their claims to sovereignty. Looking at the Syrian Civil War, this article suggests that the law of agency can offer a fresh perspective on the challenges posed by the requirement of consent to humanitarian assistance. It suggests that agency law can provide a legal explanation of seemingly political decisions and ade lege ferendajustification for assistance in instances where consent is either absent or provided by a non-State armed group.
UNDERSTANDING CLAIM PROXIMITY IN THE EU REGIME OF JURISDICTION AGREEMENTS
Authors: Winkler Matteo
Published: April 2020

The Brussels I Recast Regulation entitles business actors to agree on which court(s) will have jurisdiction but restricts the effectiveness of such jurisdiction agreements to disputes ‘which have arisen, or which may arise, in connection with a particular legal relationship’. This article fills a gap in the academic literature by examining the content and implications of this necessary connection (proximity) between the claim and the legal relationship between the parties. First, it characterises claim proximity as a question of party autonomy by distinguishing it from the subject matter of the jurisdiction agreement, which is an issue of contract interpretation. Second, it scrutinises the foreseeability test which has been frequently used by the CJEU in order to determine claim proximity, highlighting its main operational aspects. Building on both theoretical considerations and some cases where the foreseeability test has been used by domestic courts, this article provides clarifications about the scope, the proper functioning and the limits of such a test in order to raise awareness regarding the difficulties that may arise in its use in court to determine claim proximity and therefore assess jurisdiction.
Does the preference for location of childbirth change for successive births? Evidence from the states and regions of India
Authors: Dehury Bidyadhar , Chourase Mithlesh
Published: April 2020

Universal health coverage is central to the development agenda to achieve maternal and neonatal health goals. Although there is evidence of a growing preference for institutional births in India, it is important to understand the pattern of switching location of childbirth and the factors associated with it. This study used data from the fourth round of the National Family and Health Survey (NFHS-4) conducted in India in 2015–16. The study sample comprised 59,629 women who had had at least two births in the five years preceding the survey. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were applied to the data. About 16.4% of the women switched their location of childbirth between successive births; 9.1% switched to a health facility contributing to a net increment of 1.9% in institutional delivery, varying greatly across states and regions. There was at least a 4 percentage point net increment in institutional births in Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana, but the shift was more in favour of home births in Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and West Bengal. Women with high parity and a large birth interval had higher odds of switching their place of childbirth, and this was in favour of a health facility, while women with higher education, from lower social groups, living in urban areas, who had not received four antenatal care visits, and who belonged to a higher wealth quintile had higher odds of switching their place of childbirth to a health facility, despite having lower odds of switching their childbirth location. The study provides evidence of women in India switching their location of childbirth for successive births, and this was more prevalent in areas where the rate of institutional delivery was low. Only a few states showed a higher net increment in favour of a health facility. This suggests that there is a need for action in specific states and regions of India to achieve universal health coverage.
MicroRNA-212 targets SIRT2 to influence lipogenesis in bovine mammary epithelial cell line
Authors: Lu Xubin , Xia Hailei , Jiang Jingyi , Xu Xin , Li Mingxun , Chen Zhi , Sun Yujia , Zhang Huimin , Yang Zhangping
Published: April 2020

In this research paper we filter and verify miRNAs which may target silent information regulator homolog 2 (SIRT2) gene and then describe the mechanism whereby miRNA-212 might regulate lipogenic genes in mammary epithelial cell lines via targeting SIRT2. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the bovine SIRT2 gene is regulated by three miRNAs: miR-212, miR-375 and miR-655. The three miRNAs were verified and screened by qRT-PCR, western blot, and luciferase multiplex verification techniques and only miR-212 was shown to have a targeting relationship with SIRT2. The results of co-transfecting miR-212 and silencing RNA (siRNA) showed that by targeting SIRT2, miR-212 can regulate the expression of fatty acid synthetase (FASN) and sterol regulatory element binding factor 1 (SREBP1) but not peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Measurement of triglyceride (TAG) content showed that miR-212 increased the fat content of mammary epithelial cell lines. The study indicates that miR-212 could target and inhibit the expression of the SIRT2 gene to promote lipogenesis in mammary epithelial cell lines.
The prosody of other-repetition in British and North American English
Authors: Couper-Kuhlen Elizabeth
Published: April 2020

This study explores the link between prosody and other-repetition in a moderately large collection from everyday English talk-in-interaction (n = 200). British English and North American English cases were analysed separately in order to track possible varietal differences. Of initial interest was the question whether focal pitch accents might disambiguate among other-repetition actions, both those related to repair and those that go beyond repair. The results indicate that only two out of six possible other-repetition actions are associated with distinct focal pitch contours in the two varieties. For all other repair and beyond-repair actions speakers use many of the same pitch contours nondistinctively. Overall, falling contours appear more frequently in British other-repetitions, while rising contours are more frequent in North American other-repetitions. In conclusion, it is argued that in addition to pitch contour, prosodic features such as pitch span, loudness, and timing are crucial in distinguishing other-repetition actions, as are nonprosodic factors such as epistemic access (often reflected inoh-prefacing) and visible behavior. (Repair initiation, surprise, challenge, registering, pitch accents,oh-preface, epistemics)*
The filamented electron bunch of the bubble regime
Authors: Reichwein Lars , Thomas Johannes , Pukhov Alexander
Published: April 2020

We present a theory for describing the inner structure of the electron bunch in the bubble regime starting from a random distribution of electrons inside the bubble and subsequently minimizing the system's energy. Consequently, we find a filament-like structure in the direction of propagation that is surrounded by various shells consisting of further electrons. If we specify a two-dimensional (2D) initial structure, we observe a hexagonal structure for a high number of particles, corresponding to the close packing of spheres in two dimensions. The 2D structures are in agreement with the equilibrium slice model.
Land reform in the Second Polish Republic
Authors: Błąd Marta
Published: April 2020

When Poland was re-established as an independent state one hundred years ago, one of its political priorities was to implement a land reform, as the ‘agrarian question’ was an extremely sensitive socio-economic problem. In Poland at that time, two thirds of its inhabitants made their living by working in the agricultural sector. A ‘land craving’ phenomenon was notorious, as was rural poverty, especially among smallholders. On the other hand, almost half of the total area of farmland in the Second Polish Republic was held by huge landowners. The situation led to ever louder political calls for land redistribution to peasant smallholders. The Land Reform Implementation Act of 1920, and its amendment of 1925, laid legal foundations for land redistribution. By the Second World War, 2,654,800 hectares of land had undergone redistribution, as a result of which 734,100 new farms were established. However, this land reform did not achieve its goal, namely the empowering of efficient smaller farms, as quantitative analysis showed a continuing process of agricultural land fragmentation.
‘Scandalus to all us’: presenting an anti-alehouse petition from late Elizabethan Rickmansworth (Hertfordshire)
Authors: Falvey Heather
Published: April 2020

In the early summer of 1588, twenty-seven inhabitants of the large parish of Rickmansworth (Hertfordshire) presented a petition to two local Justices of the Peace complaining about disorder in Mill End, on the outskirts of the main town, caused by those frequenting Richard Heyward’s alehouse. Most recent work on alehouse sociability has considered attitudes towards drinking and its regulation after the early Jacobean legislation; in contrast, this article considers attitudes towards drunkenness in late sixteenth-century England, including the views expressed in the official ‘homily against drunkenness’ and in the Sabbatarian pamphlet published in 1572 by Humfrey Roberts. Similarly, most work on early modern protest considers complaints against the activities of the protestors’ social superiors; in this instance petitioners complained about the conduct of their inferiors. Although, due to archival attrition, it is impossible to determine what action the authorities took against Heyward and his clientele, thanks to the chance survival of a personal letter it is possible to reconstruct the reactions of the JPs to whom the petition was addressed, thus shedding light on how JPs might act outside the Quarter Sessions.
AUTOMATION, STAGNATION, AND THE IMPLICATIONS OF A ROBOT TAX
Authors: Gasteiger Emanuel , Prettner Klaus
Published: April 2020

We assess the long-run growth effects of automation in the overlapping generations framework. Although automation implies constant returns to capital and, thus, an AK production side of the economy, positive long-run growth does not emerge. The reason is that automation suppresses wage income, which is the only source of investment in the overlapping generations model. Our result stands in sharp contrast to the representative agent setting with automation, where sustained long-run growth is possible even without technological progress. Our analysis therefore provides a cautionary tale that the underlying modeling structure of saving/investment decisions matters for the derived economic impact of automation. In addition, we show that a robot tax has the potential to raise per capita output and welfare at the steady state. However, it cannot induce a takeoff toward positive long-run growth.
Emotional and cognitive barriers of bereavement care among clinical staff in hospice palliative care
Authors: Lin Wei-Chun , Fan Sheng-Yu
Published: April 2020

Objective

Bereavement care is one of the major components of hospice palliative care. Previous studies revealed the barriers to the success of the system, including lack of time or support from mental health professionals. Few studies have explored the intrapersonal barriers to bereavement care by clinical staff. The aims of the study were to explore (1) the emotional and cognitive barriers of bereavement care by hospice palliative care staff and (2) the demographic and work characteristics related to these emotional and cognitive barriers.

Method

The participants were clinical staff (n = 301) who were working in hospice palliative care units, including hospice wards, home care, and hospital-based palliative care teams. Their professional backgrounds included physicians (n = 12), nurses (n = 172), social workers (n = 59), psychologists (n = 34), spiritual care specialists (n = 15), and others (n = 9). A cross-sectional design was used and a standardized questionnaire including emotional and cognitive barriers was developed. Information on demographic and work characteristics was also collected. Content validity index, an exploratory factor analysis, and multiple regression analysis were conducted.

Results

One emotional barrier, “negative emotional reactions” (13 items, Cronbach's α = 0.92), and three cognitive barriers, “lack of ability” (7 items, Cronbach's α = 0.85), “belief in avoidance” (5 items, Cronbach's α = 0.86), and “outcome expectancy” (4 items, Cronbach's α = 0.85) were identified. Clinical staff who had higher working stress, lower self-rated ability for bereavement care, and higher negative impact from major life loss tended to have higher emotional and cognitive barriers.

Significance of results

Clinical staff should be aware of intrapersonal barriers to bereavement care. Educational programs should be developed to improve the ability to engage in bereavement care.
Complementary Sierpinski Knopp fractal antenna for emergency management system
Authors: Iyampalam Paulkani , Ganesan Indumathi
Published: April 2020

In this paper, the design and analysis of a complementary Sierpinski Knopp fractal antenna are presented. It is realized by applying the Sierpinski Knopp space-filling curve on the basic square monopole antenna. The performance metrics of the antenna such as S11 (reflection coefficient), voltage standing wave ratio, radiation pattern, gain and current distribution at resonant frequencies are analyzed by using ANSYS Electronic Desktop software package. FR4 dielectric material is used as a substrate in which the radiating element of an antenna is printed. Vector network analyzer and anechoic chamber are used for measuring the fabricated antenna in order to validate the simulated data. The proposed antenna resonates at three frequencies that are 2.08, 4.93, and 6.46 GHz with a reflection coefficient of −20.5, −23.1, and −24.3 dB, respectively. The suggested antenna covers the frequency bands for mobile satellite service, Public Protection and Disaster Relief communication devoted to the emergency management system and INSAT C band applications.
Transnationalization of climate adaptation by regional governments and the RegionsAdapt initiative
Authors: Setzer Joana , Sainz de Murieta Elisa , Galarraga Ibon , Rei Fernando , Pinho Mariângela Mendes Lomba
Published: April 2020

Non-technical summary

Adaptation to climate change has traditionally been framed as a local problem. However, in recent years, adaptation has risen on the global policy agenda. This article contributes to the study of transnational climate adaptation through an investigation of international connectivity on climate adaptation between regional policy-makers. We examine the RegionsAdapt initiative, the first global commitment to promote and track the progress of regional adaptation. While adapting to climate change at the regional level is crucial, we suggest that transnational adaptation governance not only helps to promote adaptation measures, but also improves the process of tracking the progress of such action, its visibility and its aggregation.
Interest in Dementia Testing
Authors: Maxfield Molly , Cui Ruifeng , Roberts Jennifer R. , Fiske Amy
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Increasing awareness of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) may contribute to anxiety about the prospect of a dementia-related diagnosis (dementia-related anxiety). In an online study, we examined variables believed to predict interest in ADRD testing: family ADRD history, self-perceived ADRD risk, dementia-related anxiety, and coping styles. Logistic regression analysis indicated family ADRD history, being in a relationship, and greater tendency toward monitoring style of coping were significantly associated with greater likelihood of interest in ADRD testing. In a second model, a significant interaction suggested that greater tendency toward monitoring coping style and greater self-perceived ADRD risk predict greater interest in ADRD testing. In the second model, dementia-related anxiety predicted interest in ADRD testing. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Prebreakup Arc Intensification due to Short Circuiting of Mesoscale Plasma Flows Over the Plasmapause
Authors: Mishin Evgeny , Streltsov Anatoly
Published: April 2020

The prebreakup arc at the inner edge of the auroral boundary is intensified upon arrival of an auroral streamer—the ionospheric signature of the earthbound mesoscale plasma flows (MPF). Yet the cause of electron precipitation enhancement only in this region remains unclear. We suggest that the intensified precipitation comes from the turbulent plasmasphere boundary layer (TPBL) that forms due to short circuiting of MPFs over the presubstorm plasmapause and overlaps with the plasma sheet (PS) inner boundary. Resonance interaction of the PS electrons with intense low‐frequency plasma waves leads to enhanced precipitation from this narrow region. Indeed, the DMSP spacecraft observations near the substorm onset show intensified electron fluxes in a narrow region near the auroral boundary, which maps into the TPBL. The same pattern observed in conjunction with postonset auroral streamers points to the common mechanism, which is the short‐circuiting process. Therefore, we suggest that the enhanced precipitation into the prebreakup arc is causally related to the MPFs' short circuiting over the plasmapause.
Mechanisms Linked to Recent Ozone Decreases in the Northern Hemisphere Lower Stratosphere
Authors: Orbe Clara , Wargan Krzysztof , Pawson Steven , Oman Luke D.
Published: April 2020

Previous studies have robustly identified a decrease since 1998 in lower stratospheric (LS) ozone in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). While this ozone decrease is qualitatively explained as resulting from changes in the large‐scale circulation, there is not yet a quantitative mechanistic explanation of these changes. Here, we explore the drivers of recent ozone changes using two different configurations of the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) general circulation model. The first configuration of GEOS includes a full chemistry module and is constrained with meteorological fields from the Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA‐2). This configuration (M2GMI) is used to analyze an idealized tracer that covaries closely with ozone on interannual and decadal timescales, revealing that recent ozone decreases in the NH subtropics are associated with a poleward expansion of upwelling in the NH LS, with reduced (enhanced) downwelling over northern subtropics (midlatitudes). The second configuration of GEOS is a free‐running version of the GEOS Chemistry Climate Model (CCM) that is used to perform a 10‐member ensemble of free‐running simulations. Comparisons of the two configurations reveal that, while the free‐running model can produce negative ozone changes in the NH LS, the magnitude of these changes is significantly weaker, relative to both M2GMI and MERRA‐2; moreover, these weaker ozone decreases are consistent with weaker simulated changes in the residual circulation. Finally, we examine the GEOS model results in the broader context of the hindcast simulations performed as part of Phase 1 of the Chemistry Climate Modeling Initiative. We show that the majority of the free‐running simulations considered here also exhibit weaker long‐term residual circulation changes, compared to reanalyses.
Contribution of Atmospheric Rivers to Annual, Seasonal, and Extreme Precipitation Across British Columbia and Southeastern Alaska
Authors: Sharma A. R. , Déry S. J.
Published: April 2020

Lying in the frontline of the prevailing midlatitude westerlies, British Columbia and southeastern Alaska (BCSAK) often receive copious amounts of precipitation through atmospheric rivers (ARs). This study quantifies the contribution of ARs to annual, seasonal, and extreme precipitation across BCSAK from 1979 to 2012 using a recently developed high‐resolution gridded precipitation data set, a regional AR catalog, and integrated vapor transport fields calculated from a reanalysis data set. On average, ARs contribute 13% of total annual precipitation with the higher contribution along the coastal regions (up to 33%), parts of which are one of the wettest locations on Earth, followed by the Columbia and Rocky Mountains (~9%–15%). The highest contributions occur during September (up to 57%) and October (up to 49%). The contribution of ARs to extreme precipitation attains >90% along the western arc of the Coast Mountains and the coastal regions of BCSAK. ARs act as the main synoptic‐scale mechanism that brings rainfall to the Rocky Mountains in winter. The probability of observing AR‐related precipitation increases over the study period; however, no change occurs in the average AR‐related precipitation amount for most of BCSAK during 1979–2012. This work provides insights on the critical role ARs play on the water resources of northwestern North America and has broader implications on community water supply and management, hydropower operations, and flood risk assessment and mitigation.
Increase of High Molecular Weight Organosulfate With Intensifying Urban Air Pollution in the Megacity Beijing
Authors: Xie Qiaorong , Li Ying , Yue Siyao , Su Sihui , Cao Dong , Xu Yisheng , Chen Jing , Tong Haijie , Su Hang , Cheng Yafang , Zhao Wanyu , Hu Wei , Wang Zhe , Yang Ting , Pan Xiaole , Sun Yele , Wang Zifa , Liu Cong‐Qiang , Kawamura Kimitaka , Jiang Guibin , Shiraiwa Manabu , Fu Pingqing
Published: April 2020

Organosulfates (OSs), a key component of secondary organic aerosols (SOA), account for up to one third of organic matter in the atmosphere. However, high molecular weight (HMW, 500–800 Da) OSs in ambient aerosols are poorly characterized at a molecular level, due to experimental difficulties. With Fourier transform‐ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT‐ICRMS), we are able to identify more than 8,000 OSs in wintertime aerosols in Beijing. We found that both the number and signal magnitudes of HMW OSs with low H/C and O/C ratios and degrees of unsaturation were greatly enhanced during hazy days, indicating that most HMW OSs were freshly formed during stagnant air pollution episodes. They are most likely to be the oxidation products of semivolatility to low‐volatility precursors (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and fatty acids) and have showed a strong influence of anthropogenic emissions. The molecular corridor analysis suggests that the high abundance of HMW aromatic‐like and aliphatic OSs considerably decreases the volatility of organic aerosols in the urban atmosphere.
A Mechanistic Analysis of Wetland Biogeochemistry in Response to Temperature, Vegetation, and Nutrient Input Changes
Authors: Pasut Chiara , Tang Fiona H. M. , Maggi Federico
Published: April 2020

Wetlands represent the most significant natural greenhouse gas (GHG) source and their annual emissions tightly depend on climatic and anthropogenic factors. Biogeochemical processes occurring in wetlands are still poorly described by mechanistic models and hence their dynamic response to environmental changes are weakly predicted. We investigated wetland GHG emissions, relevant electron acceptors and donors concentrations, and microbial composition resulting from changes in temperature, CH4 plant uptake efficiency, and SO
deposition using a mechanistic biogeochemical model (here called BAMS3) that integrates the carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and sulfur (S) cycles. Parameters constraining the coupled C‐N‐S cycles were retrieved from controlled experiments and were validated against independent field data of CH4 emissions, and CH4(aq) and SO
concentration profiles in a wetland in southern Michigan, USA (Shannon & White, 1994, http://hdl.handle.net/102.100.100/236252?index=1). We found that +1.75 °C increase in temperature leads to 22% and 30% increment in CH4 and N2O emissions, respectively. A decrease in the CH4 plant uptake efficiency causes the prevalent CH4 emission pathway to become diffusion mediated and resulted in 50% increase in the daily average CH4 emissions. Finally, a decreasing SO
deposition rate can increase CH4 emissions up to 5%. We conclude that the increasing GHG emissions from wetlands is a result of both environmental and anthropogenic causes rather than global warming alone. An increase in model complexity does not necessary improve the estimation of GHG emissions but it aids interpretation of intermediate processes to a greater detail.
Lagrangian Studies of Net Community Production: The Effect of Diel and Multiday Nonsteady State Factors and Vertical Fluxes on O2/Ar in a Dynamic Upwelling Region
Authors: Wang Seaver , Kranz Sven A. , Kelly Thomas B. , Song Hajoon , Stukel Michael R. , Cassar Nicolas
Published: April 2020

The ratio of dissolved oxygen to argon in seawater is frequently employed to estimate rates of net community production (NCP) in the oceanic mixed layer. The in situ O2/Ar‐based method accounts for many physical factors that influence oxygen concentrations, permitting isolation of the biological oxygen signal produced by the balance of photosynthesis and respiration. However, this technique traditionally relies upon several assumptions when calculating the mixed‐layer O2/Ar budget, most notably the absence of vertical fluxes of O2/Ar and the principle that the air‐sea gas exchange of biological oxygen closely approximates net productivity rates. Employing a Lagrangian study design and leveraging data outputs from a regional physical oceanographic model, we conducted in situ measurements of O2/Ar in the California Current Ecosystem in spring 2016 and summer 2017 to evaluate these assumptions within a “worst‐case” field environment. Quantifying vertical fluxes, incorporating nonsteady state changes in O2/Ar, and comparing NCP estimates evaluated over several day versus longer timescales, we find differences in NCP metrics calculated over different time intervals to be considerable, also observing significant potential effects from vertical fluxes, particularly advection. Additionally, we observe strong diel variability in O2/Ar and NCP rates at multiple stations. Our results reemphasize the importance of accounting for vertical fluxes when interpreting O2/Ar‐derived NCP data and the potentially large effect of nonsteady state conditions on NCP evaluated over shorter timescales. In addition, diel cycles in surface O2/Ar can also bias interpretation of NCP data based on local productivity and the time of day when measurements were made.
İzmir‐Ankara Suture as a Triassic to Cretaceous Plate Boundary—Data From Central Anatolia
Authors: Okay Aral I. , Sunal Gürsel , Sherlock Sarah , Kylander‐Clark Andrew R. C. , Özcan Ercan
Published: April 2020

The İzmir‐Ankara suture represents part of the boundary between Laurasia and Gondwana along which a wide Tethyan ocean was subducted. In northwest Turkey, it is associated with distinct oceanic subduction‐accretion complexes of Late Triassic, Jurassic, and Late Cretaceous ages. The Late Triassic and Jurassic accretion complexes consist predominantly of basalt with lesser amounts of shale, limestone, chert, Permian (274 Ma zircon U‐Pb age) metagabbro, and serpentinite, which have undergone greenschist facies metamorphism. Ar‐Ar muscovite ages from the phyllites range from 210 Ma down to 145 Ma with a broad southward younging. The Late Cretaceous subduction‐accretion complex, the ophiolitic mélange, consists of basalt, radiolarian chert, shale, and minor amounts of recrystallized limestone, serpentinite, and greywacke, showing various degrees of blueschist facies metamorphism and penetrative deformation. Ar‐Ar phengite ages from two blueschist metabasites are ca. 80 Ma (Campanian). The ophiolitic mélange includes large Jurassic peridotite‐gabbro bodies with plagiogranites with ca. 180 Ma U‐Pb zircon ages. Geochronological and geological data show that Permian to Cretaceous oceanic lithosphere was subducted north under the Pontides from the Late Triassic to the Late Cretaceous. This period was characterized generally by subduction‐accretion, except in the Early Cretaceous, when subduction‐erosion took place. In the Sakarya segment all the subduction‐accretion complexes, as well as the adjacent continental sequences, are unconformably overlain by Lower Eocene red beds. This, along with the stratigraphy of the Sakarya Zone, indicates that the hard collision between the Sakarya Zone and the Anatolide‐Tauride Block took place in Paleocene.
Global‐Scale Observations of the Limb and Disk Mission Implementation: 1. Instrument Design and Early Flight Performance
Authors: McClintock William E. , Eastes Richard W. , Hoskins Alan C. , Siegmund Oswald H. W. , McPhate Jason B. , Krywonos Andrey , Solomon Stanley C. , Burns Alan G.
Published: April 2020

The Global‐scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) is a National Aeronautics and Space Administration mission of opportunity designed to study how the Earth's ionosphere‐thermosphere system responds to geomagnetic storms, solar radiation, and upward propagating atmospheric tides and waves. GOLD employs an instrument with two identical ultraviolet spectrographs that make observations of the Earth's thermosphere and ionosphere from a commercial communications satellite owned and operated by Société Européenne des Satellites (SES) and located in geostationary orbit at 47.5° west longitude (near the mouth of the Amazon River). They make images of atomic oxygen 135.6 nm and N2 Lyman‐Birge‐Hopfield (LBH) 137–162 nm radiances of the entire disk that is observable from geostationary orbit and on the near‐equatorial limb. They also observe occultations of stars to measure molecular oxygen column densities on the limb. Here, we provide an overview of the instrument and compare its prelaunch and early flight measurement performance. Direct comparison of LBH spectra of an electron lamp taken before launch with spectra on orbit provides evidence that both cascade and direct excitation are important sources of thermospheric LBH emission.
Correction: Gene expression, proteome and calcium signaling alterations in immortalized hippocampal astrocytes from an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model
Authors: Rocchio Francesca , Tapella Laura , Manfredi Marcello , Chisari Mariangela , Ronco Francesca , Ruffinatti Federico Alessandro , Conte Eleonora , Canonico Pier Luigi , Sortino Maria Angela , Grilli Mariagrazia , Marengo Emilio , Genazzani Armando A. , Lim Dmitry
Published: April 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Publisher Correction: The globus pallidus orchestrates abnormal network dynamics in a model of Parkinsonism
Authors: de la Crompe Brice , Aristieta Asier , Leblois Arthur , Elsherbiny Salma , Boraud Thomas , Mallet Nicolas P.
Published: April 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
QuanTI-FRET: a framework for quantitative FRET measurements in living cells
Authors: Coullomb Alexis , Bidan Cécile M. , Qian Chen , Wehnekamp Fabian , Oddou Christiane , Albigès-Rizo Corinne , Lamb Don. C. , Dupont Aurélie
Published: April 2020

Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) allows for the visualization of nanometer-scale distances and distance changes. This sensitivity is regularly achieved in single-molecule experiments in vitro but is still challenging in biological materials. Despite many efforts, quantitative FRET in living samples is either restricted to specific instruments or limited by the complexity of the required analysis. With the recent development and expanding utilization of FRET-based biosensors, it becomes essential to allow biologists to produce quantitative results that can directly be compared. Here, we present a new calibration and analysis method allowing for quantitative FRET imaging in living cells with a simple fluorescence microscope. Aside from the spectral crosstalk corrections, two additional correction factors were defined from photophysical equations, describing the relative differences in excitation and detection efficiencies. The calibration is achieved in a single step, which renders the Quantitative Three-Image FRET (QuanTI-FRET) method extremely robust. The only requirement is a sample of known stoichiometry donor:acceptor, which is naturally the case for intramolecular FRET constructs. We show that QuanTI-FRET gives absolute FRET values, independent of the instrument or the expression level. Through the calculation of the stoichiometry, we assess the quality of the data thus making QuanTI-FRET usable confidently by non-specialists.
Production of mouse androgenetic embryos using spindle perturbation
Authors: Totsuka Takaya , Ohsugi Miho
Published: April 2020

To study the functional differences between maternal and paternal genomes in mammalian development, embryos with only one parental genome are often used. Androgenetic embryos are produced by the removal of maternal chromosomes before or after fertilization by techniques that require specialized skills and are associated with high risk of cellular damage. Here, we developed a novel method for producing androgenetic mouse embryos without the invasive enucleation process. We found that during in vitro fertilization in the presence of low-dose nocodazole, a microtubule destabilizing drug, whole oocyte chromosomes were extruded into the second polar body resulting in the production of androgenetic embryos. We further demonstrated that low-dose nocodazole decreased the spindle size and prevented chromosome segregation but did not compromise oocyte meiotic resumption. This led to the formation of a protrusion around the chromosomes, accumulation of protein regulator of cytokinesis 1 (PRC1) to the microtubules around the chromosomes, and assembly of a contractile ring at the neck region of the protrusion. Our method uses the intrinsic cytokinetic mechanism to exclude maternal chromatin from zygotes and may be applicable to other mammals.
Author Correction: A distinct and active bacterial community in cold oxygenated fluids circulating beneath the western flank of the Mid-Atlantic ridge
Authors: Meyer Julie L. , Jaekel Ulrike , Tully Benjamin J. , Glazer Brian T. , Wheat C. Geoffrey , Lin Huei-Ting , Hsieh Chih-Chiang , Cowen James P. , Hulme Samuel M. , Girguis Peter R. , Huber Julie A.
Published: April 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Imaging evaluation of the cartilage in rheumatoid arthritis patients with an x-ray phase imaging apparatus based on Talbot-Lau interferometry
Authors: Yoshioka Hiroyuki , Kadono Yuho , Kim Yoon Taek , Oda Hiromi , Maruyama Takashi , Akiyama Yuji , Mimura Toshihide , Tanaka Junji , Niitsu Mamoru , Hoshino Yoshihide , Kiyohara Junko , Nishino Satoshi , Makifuchi Chiho , Takahashi Atsushi , Shinden Yuko , Matsusaka Norihiro , Kido Kazuhiro , Momose Atsushi
Published: April 2020

X-ray Talbot-Lau interferometry is one of the x-ray phase imaging methods that has high sensitivity in depicting soft tissues. Unlike earlier x-ray phase imaging methods that required particular types of x-ray sources, such as a synchrotron or a micro-focus x-ray tube, x-ray Talbot-Lau interferometry enables to perform clinical x-ray phase imaging using a conventional x-ray source with a relatively compact configuration. We developed an apparatus to depict cartilage in the metacarpophalangeal joints of the hands. In addition, we examined the apparatus performance by applying it to healthy volunteers and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Cartilage deformation, which is thought to be a precursor of destruction of the joints, was successfully depicted by the apparatus, suggesting a potential early diagnosis of RA.
Edge-subtraction X-ray ptychographic imaging with pink beam synchrotron radiation and a single photon-counting detector
Authors: Brun Francesco , Di Trapani Vittorio , Batey Darren , Cipiccia Silvia , Rau Christoph
Published: April 2020

We present here a new method of performing X-ray edge-subtraction ptychographic imaging by combining multiple harmonics from an undulator synchtrotron source and an energy discriminating photon counting detector. Conventionally, monochromatic far-field X-ray ptychography is used to perform edge subtraction through the use of multiple monochromatic energy scans to obtain spectral information for a variety of applications. Here, we use directly the undulator spectrum from a synchrotron source, selecting two separate harmonics post sample using the Pixirad-1/Pixie-III detector. The result is two monochromatic images, above and below an absorption edge of interest. The proposed method is applied to obtain Au L-edge subtraction imaging of a Au-Ni grid test sample. The Au L-edge subtraction is particularly relevant for the identification of gold nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Switching the energy scan mechanism from a mechanical monochromator to an electronic detector threshold allows for faster spectral data collection with improved stability.
Hybridizing salamanders experience accelerated diversification
Authors: Patton Austin H. , Margres Mark J. , Epstein Brendan , Eastman Jon , Harmon Luke J. , Storfer Andrew
Published: April 2020

Whether hybridization generates or erodes species diversity has long been debated, but to date most studies have been conducted at small taxonomic scales. Salamanders (order Caudata) represent a taxonomic order in which hybridization plays a prevalent ecological and evolutionary role. We employed a recently developed model of trait-dependent diversification to test the hypothesis that hybridization impacts the diversification dynamics of species that are currently hybridizing. We find strong evidence supporting this hypothesis, showing that hybridizing salamander lineages have significantly greater net-diversification rates than non-hybridizing lineages. This pattern is driven by concurrently increased speciation rates and decreased extinction rates in hybridizing lineages. Our results support the hypothesis that hybridization can act as a generative force in macroevolutionary diversification.
Dimethyl disulfide exerts antifungal activity against Sclerotinia minor by damaging its membrane and induces systemic resistance in host plants
Authors: Tyagi Swati , Lee Kui-Jae , Shukla Pratyoosh , Chae Jong-Chan
Published: April 2020

Microbial volatile compounds (MVCs) significantly influence the growth of plants and phytopathogens. However, the practical application of MVCs at the field level is limited by the fact that the concentrations at which these compounds antagonize the pathogens are often toxic for the plants. In this study, we investigated the effect of dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), one of the MVCs produced by microorganisms, on the fitness of tomato plants and its fungicidal potential against a fungal phytopathogen, Sclerotinia minor. DMDS showed strong fungicidal and plant growth promoting activities with regard to the inhibition of mycelial growth, sclerotia formation, and germination, and reduction of disease symptoms in tomato plants infected with S. minor. DMDS exposure significantly upregulated the expression of genes related to growth and defense against the pathogen in tomato. Especially, the overexpression of PR1 and PR5 suggested the involvement of the salicylic acid pathway in the induction of systemic resistance. Several morphological and ultrastructural changes were observed in the cell membrane of S. minor and the expression of ergosterol biosynthesis gene was significantly downregulated, suggesting that DMDS damaged the membrane, thereby affecting the growth and pathogenicity of the fungus. In conclusion, the tripartite interaction studies among pathogenic fungus, DMDS, and tomato revealed that DMDS played roles in antagonizing pathogen as well as improving the growth and disease resistance of tomato. Our findings provide new insights into the potential of volatile DMDS as an effective tool against sclerotial rot disease.
Whole genome sequencing for mutation discovery in a single case of lysosomal storage disease (MPS type 1) in the dog
Authors: Mansour Tamer A. , Woolard Kevin D. , Vernau Karen L. , Ancona Devin M. , Thomasy Sara M. , Sebbag Lionel , Moore Bret A. , Knipe Marguerite F. , Seada Haitham A. , Cowan Tina M. , Aguilar Miriam , Titus Brown C. , Bannasch Danika L.
Published: April 2020

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) is a metabolic storage disorder caused by the deficiency of any lysosomal enzyme required for the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans. A 15-month-old Boston Terrier presented with clinical signs consistent with lysosomal storage disease including corneal opacities, multifocal central nervous system disease and progressively worsening clinical course. Diagnosis was confirmed at necropsy based on histopathologic evaluation of multiple organs demonstrating accumulation of mucopolysaccharides. Whole genome sequencing was used to uncover a frame-shift insertion affecting the alpha-L-iduronidase (IDUA) gene (c.19_20insCGGCCCCC), a mutation confirmed in another Boston Terrier presented 2 years later with a similar clinical picture. Both dogs were homozygous for the IDUA mutation and shared coat colors not recognized as normal for the breed by the American Kennel Club. In contrast, the mutation was not detected in 120 unrelated Boston Terriers as well as 202 dogs from other breeds. Recent inbreeding to select for recessive and unusual coat colors may have concentrated this relatively rare allele in the breed. The identification of the variant enables ante-mortem diagnosis of similar cases and selective breeding to avoid the spread of this disease in the breed. Boston Terriers carrying this variant represent a promising model for MPS I with neurological abnormalities in humans.
Integrative analysis of proteomic and metabonomics data for identification of pathways related to Rhizoma Paridis-induced hepatotoxicity
Authors: Zhao Chongjun , Wang Mingshuang , Huang Jianmei , Jia Zhe , Zhao Xia , Li Erwen , Wei Ziying , Dong Ying , Liu Wenxue , Han Ting , Liu Ying , Li Farong , Lin Ruichao
Published: April 2020

Clinical reports on hepatotoxicity that arise from Rhizoma Paridis have recently received widespread attention. Because the hepatotoxicity mechanism is little understood, this research strived to investigate the hepatotoxicity mechanism of Rhizoma Paridis extracts based on iTRAQ quantitative proteomics and metabonomics. The extraction solutions were administrated to rats for 7 days by gavage, and the hepatotoxicity was assessed through quantification of biochemical indexes and Oil red O staining. Additionally, the mechanism of hepatotoxicity was investigated by metabonomics based upon GC-MS and iTRAQ quantitative proteomics. The biochemical and histopathological analysis stood out that Rhizoma Paridis extract could induce liver injury, which was proved by the formation of fat droplets, the changes of mitochondrial structure, and biochemical parameters. The iTRAQ proteomics and metabonomics revealed that Rhizoma Paridis-induced hepatotoxicity was chiefly connected with the abnormal activity of mitochondrion function, which brought about oxidative stress injuries and inflammation, finally causing cell apoptosis. Collectively, we have provided previously uncharacterized hepatotoxic mechanism induced by Rhizoma Paridis and a reference to ensure its safe use in the future.
Oxaliplatin and [Pt(R,R-DACH)(panobinostat-2H)] show nanomolar cytotoxicity towards diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG)
Authors: Boulet Marie H. C. , Marsh Laura K. , Howarth Alison , Woolman Alice , Farrer Nicola J.
Published: April 2020

Oxaliplatin and the platinum(ii) panobinostat complex (2) demonstrate nanomolar cytotoxicity towards diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma cells (DIPG); with 2 exhibiting improved solubility in comparison to panobinostat.
Study of the alleviation effects of a combination of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and inulin on mice with colitis
Authors: Liu Zhijing , Liu Fei , Wang Wan , Sun Changbao , Gao Da , Ma Jiage , Hussain Muhammad Altaf , Xu Cong , Jiang Zhanmei , Hou Juncai
Published: April 2020

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a common inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that has serious harmful effects on human health.
Self-powered infrared detection using a graphene oxide film
Authors: Wang Zhiying , Shen Qingchen , Zhang Jingyi , Jiang Modi , Chen Wenlong , Tao Peng , Song Chengyi , Fu Benwei , Deng Tao , Shang Wen
Published: April 2020

A self-powered IR detection approach converting infrared (IR) light into electric signals was demonstrated by taking advantage of water desorption stimulated by IR light from a graphene oxide film with a gradient of oxygen-containing groups.
Characterization of an antibacterial dodecapeptide from pig as a potential food preservative and its antibacterial mechanism
Authors: Lyu Yinfeng , Yang Chengyi , Chen Tingting , Shang Lu , Yang Yang , Li Jiawei , Shan Anshan , Xiang Wensheng , Cheng Baojing , Zhang Licong
Published: April 2020

A membrane-active dodecapeptide was generated from porcine antimicrobial peptide with promising antimicrobial activity for application in the food industry as a potential bio-preservative to prevent microbial spoilage.
Chemo- and regioselective click reactions through nickel-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition
Authors: Kim Woo Gyum , Baek Seung-yeol , Jeong Seo Yeong , Nam Dongsik , Jeon Ji Hwan , Choe Wonyoung , Baik Mu-Hyun , Hong Sung You
Published: April 2020

Nickel-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions of unsymmetrical alkynes and organic azides afford substituted 1,2,3-triazoles with high levels of chemo- and regioselectivity.
Synthesis of poly(disulfide)s with narrow molecular weight distributionsvialactone ring-opening polymerization
Authors: Kim Sungwhan , Wittek Kamila I. , Lee Yan
Published: April 2020

We report the first example of controlled polymerization of poly(disulfide)s with narrow molecular weight distributions.