bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protoplanetary Disk Polarization at Multiple Wavelengths: Are Dust Populations Diverse?
Authors: Harrison Rachel E. , Lin Zhe-Yu Daniel , Looney Leslie W. , Li Zhi-Yun , Yang Haifeng , Stephens Ian W. , Fernández-López Manuel
Published: May 2024

Millimeter and submillimeter observations of continuum linear dust polarization provide insight into dust grain growth in protoplanetary disks, which are the progenitors of planetary systems. We present the results of the first survey of dust polarization in protoplanetary disks at 870 μm and 3 mm. We find that protoplanetary disks in the same molecular cloud at similar evolutionary stages can exhibit different correlations between observing wavelength and polarization morphology and fraction. We explore possible origins for these differences in polarization, including differences in dust populations and protostar properties. For RY Tau and MWC 480, which are consistent with scattering at both wavelengths, we present models of the scattering polarization from several dust grain size distributions. These models aim to reproduce two features of the observational results for these disks: (1) both disks have an observable degree of polarization at both wavelengths; and (2) the polarization fraction is higher at 3 mm than at 870 μm in the centers of the disks. For both disks, these features can be reproduced by a power-law distribution of spherical dust grains with a maximum radius of 200 μm and high optical depth. In MWC 480, we can also reproduce features (1) and (2) with a model containing large grains (a
max = 490 μm) near the disk midplane and small grains (a
max = 140 μm) above and below the midplane.
First Detection in Space of the High-energy Isomer of Cyanomethanimine: H2CNCN
Authors: San Andrés David , Rivilla Víctor M. , Colzi Laura , Jiménez-Serra Izaskun , Martín-Pintado Jesús , Megías Andrés , López-Gallifa Álvaro , Martínez-Henares Antonio , Massalkhi Sarah , Zeng Shaoshan , Sanz-Novo Miguel , Tercero Belén , de Vicente Pablo , Martín Sergio , Requena Torres Miguel Angel , Molpeceres Germán , García de la Concepción Juan
Published: May 2024

We report the first detection in the interstellar medium of N-cyanomethanimine (H2CNCN), the stable dimer of HCN of highest energy and the most complex organic molecule identified in space containing the prebiotically relevant NCN backbone. We have identified a plethora of a-type rotational transitions with 3 ≤ J
up ≤ 11 and K
a ≤ 2 that belong to this species toward the Galactic center G+0.693-0.027 molecular cloud, the only interstellar source showing the three cyanomethanimine isomers (including the Z- and E-isomers of C-cyanomethanimine, HNCHCN). We have derived a total column density for H2CNCN of (2.9 ± 0.1) × 1012 cm−2, which translates into a total molecular abundance with respect to H2 of (2.1 ± 0.3) × 10−11. We have also revisited the previous detection of E- and Z-HNCHCN and found a total C/N-cyanomethanimine abundance ratio of 31.8 ± 1.8 and a Z/E-HNCHCN ratio of 4.5 ± 0.2. While the latter can be explained on the basis of thermodynamic equilibrium, chemical kinetics are more likely responsible for the observed C/N-cyanomethanimine abundance ratio, where the gas-phase reaction between methanimine (CH2NH) and the cyanogen radical (CN) arises as the primary formation route.
JWST/NIRCam Detection of the Fomalhaut C Debris Disk in Scattered Light
Authors: Lawson Kellen , Schlieder Joshua E. , Leisenring Jarron M. , Bogat Ell , Beichman Charles A. , Bryden Geoffrey , Gáspár András , Groff Tyler D. , McElwain Michael W. , Meyer Michael R. , Barclay Thomas , Calissendorff Per , De Furio Matthew , Li Yiting , Rieke Marcia J. , Ygouf Marie , Greene Thomas P. , Girard Julien H. , Gennaro Mario , Kammerer Jens , Rest Armin , Roellig Thomas L. , Sunnquist Ben
Published: May 2024

Observations of debris disks offer important insights into the formation and evolution of planetary systems. Though M dwarfs make up approximately 80% of nearby stars, very few M dwarf debris disks have been studied in detail—making it unclear how or if the information gleaned from studying debris disks around more massive stars extends to the more abundant M dwarf systems. We report the first scattered-light detection of the debris disk around the M4 star Fomalhaut C using JWST's Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam; 3.6 and 4.4 μm). This result adds to the prior sample of only four M dwarf debris disks with detections in scattered light and marks the latest spectral type and oldest star among them. The size and orientation of the disk in these data are generally consistent with the prior Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array submillimeter detection. Though no companions are identified, these data provide strong constraints on their presence—with sensitivity sufficient to recover sub-Saturn mass objects in the vicinity of the disk. This result illustrates the unique capability of JWST to uncover elusive M dwarf debris disks in scattered light and lays the groundwork for deeper studies of such objects in the 2–5 μm regime.
PollinERA: Understanding pesticide-Pollinator interactions to support EU Environmental Risk Assessment and policy
Authors: Topping Christopher John , Bednarska Agnieszka , Benfenati Emilio , Chetcuti Jordan , Delso Noa , Duan Xiaodong , Focks Andreas , Laskowski Ryszard , Lombardo Anna , Marcussen Luna , Metodiev Teodor , Rubinigg Michael , Rundlöf Maj , Sgolastra Fabio , Stoyanova Carla , Sušanj Gregor , Williams James , Ziółkowska Elżbieta
Published: May 2024

PollinERA aims to reverse pollinator population declines and reduce the harmful impacts of pesticides. It addresses the call through four objectives: SO1 filling ecotoxicological data gaps to enable realistic prediction of the source and routes of exposure and impact of pesticides on pollinators and their sensitivity to individual pesticides and mixtures. SO2 developing and testing a co-monitoring scheme for pesticides and pollinators across European cropping systems and landscapes, developing risk indicators and mixture exposure information. SO3 developing models for predicting pesticide toxicological effects on pollinators for chemicals and organisms, environmental fate, toxicokinetic/ toxicodynamic, and population models. SO4 developing a population-level systems-based approach to risk and policy assessment considering multiple stressors and long-term spatiotemporal dynamics at the landscape scale and generating an open database for pollinator/pesticide data and tools.

This will be achieved through developing knowledge and protocols for a broad range of toxicological testing, feeding to in silico models (QSARS, toxicokinetic/toxicodynamic, and population). Using a strong stakeholder co-development approach, these models will be combined in a One System framework taking a systems view on risk assessment and policy evaluation, including an international monitoring program.

The One System framework is based on EFSA’s system ERA view, expanding on the tools used for bees to include butterflies, moths and hoverflies. The consortium partners are experts in the field needed for this development and are well-placed to facilitate the uptake of tools by European bodies to guarantee the project's future impact.

Expected impacts target Destination impacts of better understanding and addressing drivers of biodiversity decline, interconnected biodiversity research using digital technologies, and understanding the biodiversity and health nexus at the ecosystem level.
Management and Clinical Outcomes of Eyes With Posterior Segment Intraocular Foreign Bodies Seen at a Tertiary Referral Center
Authors: Isik Puren , Sizmaz Selcuk , Esen Ebru , Aksoy Mustafa , Cam Burcu , Demircan Nihal , Kuhn Ferenc , Binokay Hulya
Published: May 2024

Background and Objective:

This study aimed to identify the prognostic factors regarding the visual and anatomic outcomes of eyes with posterior segment intraocular foreign body (PS-IOFB).

Patients and Methods:

The medical records of 95 patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomy and PS-IOFB removal between 2004 and 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. Data on anatomical and visual outcomes, as well as preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables were statistically analyzed.

Results:

The mean age of the patients was 31.9 ± 12.3 years. The mean follow-up time was 21.9 ± 28.3 months. The median time interval from trauma to IOFB removal was 9 days. In univariate analysis, there was a positive correlation between initial visual acuity (VA) and final VA (
P
< 0.001). A higher ocular trauma score (OTS) was significantly associated with both anatomical and functional success (
P
< 0.001). Linear regression analysis showed that OTS was not superior to initial VA in predicting final VA (
r
= 0.625 vs
r
= −0.601). Anatomic and functional outcomes were not affected by the injury site, nature of PS-IOFB, or timing of PS-IOFB removal (
P
> 0.05 for all). Subretinal IOFB location, the need for silicone oil tamponade, and endophthalmitis (
P
= 0.005,
P
< 0.001,
P
= 0.044, respectively) were risk factors for poor visual outcome.

Conclusions:

The initial VA, the extent of the initial ocular damage, and the presence of endophthalmitis are important prognostic factors for functional success.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
2024;55:434–442.]
Faricimab in Previously Treated Eyes With Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: An Assessment of Durability and Treatment Outcomes
Authors: Shaheen Abdulla , Ashkenazy Noy , Magraner Maria , Patel Nimesh A. , Fortun Jorge , Rosenfeld Philip J. , Schwartz Stephen G. , Haddock Luis J. , Dubovy Sander R. , Sridhar Jayanth , Yehoshua Zohar , Kovach Jaclyn L. , Townsend Justin H. , Smiddy William E. , Flynn Harry W. , Yannuzzi Nicolas A.
Published: May 2024

Background and Objective:

This study evaluated the efficacy and durability of faricimab in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) who were previously treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents.

Patients and Methods:

This retrospective case series was conducted at a single tertiary center in the United States. It focused on nAMD patients who transitioned to faricimab after initial anti-VEGF therapy, with a follow-up period of at least 9 months. “Complete dryness” was defined as the absence of intra- and/or subretinal fluid on optical coherence tomography. Durability was gauged by the extension of treatment intervals relative to the injection frequency of the previous agent.

Results:

Sixty-two eyes from 62 patients were included. Treatment interval ranged from 5 to 10 weeks; 10 (16%) patients were able to be extended by 2 or more weeks compared to their previous regimen. Median (interquartile range [IQR]) central field thickness was 310 μm (254, 376) on initiating faricimab and declined by the ninth month (
P
values at 3, 6, and 9 months were 0.01, 0.02, and 0.07, respectively). Median (IQR) visual acuity at initiation of faricimab was 0.4 (0.20, 0.50) and did not change by the ninth month. Complete anatomical dryness was present in 10 (16%) eyes before switching; 90% remained dry at 9 months. Of 52 (84%) incompletely dry eyes before switching, 15% achieved complete dryness by 9 months on faricimab.

Conclusions:

Faricimab modestly improved the treatment intervals for a small proportion of previously treated patients on anti-VEGF therapy.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
2024;55:504–509.]
Production and postharvest quality of Passiflora edulis Sims under brackish water and potassium doses
Authors: da Silva Paiva Francisco Jean , de Lima Geovani Soares , de Lima Vera Lúcia Antunes , de Souza Weslley Bruno Belo , dos Anjos Soares Lauriane Almeida , Torres Rafaela Aparecida Frazão , Raj Gheyi Hans , de Oliveira Pereira Mariana , de Farias Maria Sallydelândia Sobral , da Silva André Alisson Rodrigues , de Fátima Reynaldo Teodoro , Ferreira Jean Telvio Andrade
Published: May 2024

The aim of this research was to assess the yield and postharvest characteristics of 'BRS Sol do Cerrado' sour passion fruits based on irrigation with varying levels of saline water and potassium fertilization. The study was conducted under field conditions at an experimental farm in São Domingos, Paraíba, Brazil. A randomized block design was implemented in a 5 × 4 factorial arrangement, with five levels of electrical conductivity of water (ECw): 0.3, 1.1, 1.9, 2.7, and 3.5 dS m−1, and four potassium doses (KD): 60, 80,100, and 120% of the recommended amount, with 3 replications. The potassium dose equivalent to 120% of the recommended dose in combination with low-salinity water resulted in the highest fresh mass accumulation in the sour passion fruit. Water electrical conductivity up to 2.7 dS m−1, along with the lowest recommended KD, led to increased levels of soluble solids and ascorbic acid in the sour passion fruit. Irrigation with water of 3.5 dS m−1 and using 80 to 100% of the recommended KD enhanced the total sugar content in the sour passion fruit. On the other hand, irrigation with water of 3.5 dS m−1 combined with 60% of the recommended KD resulted in a higher pulp yield in the 'BRS Sol do Cerrado' sour passion fruit 160 days post-transplantation. Adjustments in potassium fertilization management at different irrigation water salinity levels played a crucial role in maintaining both the production and quality of the sour passion fruit.
Osebni zaimki in nastajajoča slovenska knjižna norma
Authors: Jelovšek Alenka
Published: May 2024

The monograph presents the development of Slovenian personal pronouns from the earliest written sources to the mid-nineteenth century, when the modern literary language system of personal pronouns was mainly established. The main focus is on the Protestant period, while the next three centuries are presented mainly in the light of the preservation or change of tradition, as reflected in the various Slovenian grammars and in the editions of the Catholic lectionary. Pronouns are presented at three linguistic levels: orthographical, morphological and morphosyntactical (the relationship between long and short forms of pronouns, the redundant use of the unemphasized pronominal subject). Their use to express politeness and the impersonal use of the pronoun ono under the influence of German are also described. The developmental tendencies of personal pronouns, which can be traced throughout the whole period under consideration, are particularly highlighted.
A Girlfriend Gaze on Romantic Feelings: Coconstructing Postfeminist Selfhood on Douban
Authors: Chen Jiayi , Peng Altman Yuzhu
Published: May 2024

This article discusses how postfeminism plays into the exchange of romantic relationship advice between young women on the Chinese social media platform Douban. Employing Fairclough’s approach to critical discourse analysis, we elucidate how the process of giving and receiving romantic relationship advice facilitates the construction of a normative, postfeminist selfhood specific to China’s post-socialist transition. Under postfeminist aspirations for independence, self-empowerment, and personal success, this selfhood is constructed in social-mediated communication to offer an instrumentalist assessment of romantic relationships. In doing so, young Chinese women repudiate each other’s lovesickness, pathologizing romantic desires to achieve a false sense of emotional stability and mental strength. This gives rise to a girlfriend gaze on women’s emotional changes, establishing a self-/peer surveillance mechanism that regulates how members of the Douban community engage each other on the platform. While masked with a veneer of female empowerment and sisterly help, this mode of self-/peer surveillance not only perpetuates the stereotypical association of women with emotionality and irrationality but also marginalizes public discussions on structural gender inequalities, undermining collective efforts to challenge the patriarchal status quo. The research findings shed light on the functioning of neoliberal governance in contemporary China in the context of social-mediated communication.
Shifting Paradigms of Multilingual Publishing and Scholarship in India
Authors: Chowdhary Reema
Published: May 2024

The shifting paradigms of multilingual publishing and scholarship in India refer to the evolving trends and approaches in academic publishing and scholarly activities within a multilingual and diverse linguistic context. A growing body of work in digital humanities in the last decade has addressed the problems of lack of geo-linguistic diversity (Galina, 2014) and language sensitivity (Spence and Brandao, 2021) while drawing our attention toward larger geopolitical factors that inform the development of global knowledge infrastructures (Fiormonte 2012). The research paper traces the historiography and offers a comprehensive analysis of the evolving landscape of multilingual publishing and scholarship in India.
As a linguistically diverse nation, India has a rich tapestry of languages, each with its unique cultural and historical significance. This diversity has significantly influenced the paradigms of publishing and scholarship in the country. The study begins by examining the linguistic diversity of India and its impact on publishing. It explores the challenges and opportunities presented by a multitude of languages and scripts, highlighting the need for inclusive and accessible publishing practices. It investigates the role of technology and the internet in reshaping publishing and scholarship. It delves into the accessibility and reach of digital content in various languages, considering how these technological advancements have democratized knowledge dissemination.  The study critically examines how key facets like open access initiatives, digital publishing, community engagement, multilingual scholarship, and cultural preservation integrate the value of multilingualism into a more equitable and epistemically scholarly communication and publishing in India, hence, fostering inclusivity and promoting diverse knowledge systems. It then discusses a series of case studies with a special focus on Sindhi script OCR to investigate the need and importance of such a mechanism in place for language inclusivity within a language-heterogeneous country.
Advancements in Electric Vehicle Management System
Authors: Godwin Immanuel D. , Solaimalai Gautam , Chandrakala B. M. , Bharath V. G. , Singh Mukul Kumar , Boopathi Sampath
Published: May 2024

The chapter discusses the advancement of electric vehicle (EV) management systems, emphasizing the role of machine learning and artificial intelligence in optimizing vehicle dynamics, battery management, charging infrastructure, and user preferences. These technologies can enhance performance, efficiency, and user experience by adapting to dynamic driving conditions, optimizing energy consumption, and providing personalized experiences. The chapter also addresses challenges like data privacy, computational complexity, and interoperability, suggesting solutions and highlighting the need for collaborative research initiatives and regulatory frameworks for responsible ML and AI deployment in the EV industry.
Geospatial Data Visualization With Folium
Authors: Suma K. G. , Sunitha Gurram , Avanija J. , Galety Mohammad Gouse , Varna Chinthapatla Pranay
Published: May 2024

Geospatial data visualization is a powerful tool for understanding and analyzing spatial patterns and relationships. This chapter dives into the world of geospatial data visualization using Folium geospatial Python library. It discloses the significance and versatility of Folium for creating dynamic and accessible maps. This chapter provides hands-on experience of geospatial data visualization using Python geospatial library Folium. This chapter provides practical examples. Readers will gain insights into the power of Folium for creating interactive and visually compelling maps. Thereby, making geospatial data accessible and engaging
Advancements in Public Safety
Authors: Khan Rais Abdul Hamid , Sharma Yogesh Kantilal , Karyakarte Mandar S , Sule Bipin , Agarkar Aarti Amod
Published: May 2024

Facial recognition technology has emerged as a critical tool in public safety, aiding surveillance, law enforcement agencies, identity verification, and even social media platforms. However, traditional facial recognition systems often face challenges related to accuracy and privacy. This chapter explores how Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have revolutionized facial recognition, offering solutions to improve accuracy while addressing privacy concerns. By augmenting datasets, enhancing features, and preserving privacy, GANs represent a significant advancement in public safety applications.
Dynamic Evaluation Service for Safe Cloud Retention With Protection of Privacy and Reduction of Cyber Security Attacks
Authors: Mageshwari M. , Prabakar D. , Anitha S. , Vasim Babu M.
Published: May 2024

The cutting-edge technology that is growing in popularity worldwide is cloud computing. Keeping the data in the cloud via cloud storage because it can be accessed from anywhere at any time. There exist many different privacy-preserving data auditing methods, each of which has benefits and drawbacks of its own. As a result it's essential to create an auditing approach that does away with all of the drawbacks of existing strategies. The cloud, the TPA, and the data owner server comprise its three key components. The owner of the data performs static data operations like introducing, altering, and deleting data as well as dynamic data operations like dividing a file, encoding it in chunks, establishing a each block's hash value, combining them, and signing it. Data validation can either be carried out automatically or at the user's request. The setting up of an audit service with elements like privacy protection, open auditing, data integrity, and privacy is the main objective.
Enabling Safety and Security Through GANs and Cybersecurity Synergy for Robust Protection
Authors: Cherian Aswathy K. , Vinoth  , Vaidhehi M. , Ushasukhanya S. , Naga Malleswari
Published: May 2024

In the realm of cybersecurity, machine learning emerges as an indispensable tool for advanced threat detection and protection against digital vulnerabilities. GANs, positioned as a potent machine learning paradigm, transcend their traditional role in data generation, showcasing their potential to outsmart detection systems. This chapter sheds light on the evolving challenges posed by GANs in cybersecurity, underscoring the imperative for thorough assessments, especially within the context of intrusion detection systems. While numerous successes characterize various GAN applications, this chapter emphasizes the pressing need to investigate GANs' specific impact on cybersecurity enhancements. GANs not only excel in data generation but also serve as catalysts for novel avenues in privacy and security-oriented research. The chapter concludes by accentuating the limited depth of existing assessments on GANs in privacy and security, urging further exploration to unravel the multifaceted influence of GANs in shaping the future of digital security frameworks.
Enhanced Security in Smart City GAN-Based Intrusion Detection Systems in WSNs
Authors: Sirigineedi Manikanta , Manke Alok , Verma Shanti , Baskar K.
Published: May 2024

As intelligent urban centers continue to evolve, the reliance on wireless type sensory networks (WSNs) for data samples collections and message interaction will become paramount. However, the increasingly complexity of the networks may demand robust security measures to safeguarding against potential intrusions. In response, this chapter introduces IntelligentGuard, a novelistic intrusion identification system leverages generative based adversarial networks (GANs) for enhancement in security in WSNs within intelligent urban centers. IntelligentGuard will employs machine learning-driven techniques, including supervises learning algorithms such as support vector supportive machines (SVMs) and decision-based trees, to discern normal network behavior from anomalous patterns, thus fortifying the WSN against various intrusion scenarios. The proposed system's GAN-based architecture not only enhances identification accuracy but also adapts dynamically to evolving threat landscapes.
Exploring the Role of Generative Adversarial Networks in Cybersecurity
Authors: Jaiswal Ambika S. , Bhavsagar Dipak V. , Chavan Sonali Ravindra , Tikekar Priyanka C. , Chaurasia Suhashini
Published: May 2024

To protect the vast amounts of data being stored on computers and transported over networks, cybersecurity is crucial. To prevent increasingly complex assaults in the future, methods for identifying threats must be regularly updated. Experts in security are using GAN to accomplish results in password cracking, anomaly generation, and intrusion detection. The creative use of GANs in cybersecurity is explored in this chapter. An overview of GANs and their importance in strengthening cyber defense mechanisms is presented in the introduction. An extensive literature analysis to clarify the current state of knowledge is provided after a detailed examination of traditional GAN techniques. The chapter clarifies the GAN's architectural subtleties and highlights its applicability to cybersecurity scenarios. Additionally, study of variety of GAN applications in cybersecurity. It classifies different kinds of GANs and frameworks used in their application. It studied the intrusion detection-based GAN model with its parameters results compared with the existing study.
Machine Learning at the Edge
Authors: Sundara Mohan  , Manke Alok , Verma Shanti , Baskar K.
Published: May 2024

In this study, a novel system named “EdgeAnomaly,” is proposed, which leverages generative adversarial networks (GANs) for anomaly detection on wireless sensory networks (WSNs) which are operating at the edge. The proliferation of internet of things (IoT) for devices has led to an exponential increase in data generation by WSNs, necessitating efficient and effective anomaly detection mechanisms. In traditional anomaly detection methods often struggles to cope with the dynamically and diverse nature of WSN data, particularly in resource-constrained edge computing environment. To address these challenges, the employment of GANs, a type of deep learning model capable of generating synthetic data samples resembling the original data distribution. By training the GAN on normal WSN data, EdgeAnomaly will learn to generate representative samples of normal behavior, which enables it to identify deviations indicative of anomalies.
Smart Hand Glove for Enhancing Human Safety
Authors: Thombre Supriya Suresh , Doifode Vaibhaw R. , Kokardekar Sakshi Hemant , Wazalwar Sampada S.
Published: May 2024

Coal mine workers are at a high risk for health and safety problems. A large number of workers suffer from respiratory issues due to a sudden decrease in oxygen level, or are prone to serious injuries because of any obstacles in the dark. This chapter suggests a smart wearable for workers as a solution to this critical problem. This wearable prototype is embedded with infrared (IR) sensors, which can detect obstacles in the dark environment like coal mines. IR sensors are frequently employed in various mining applications due to their ability to operate effectively in low-light or completely dark conditions. The worker's oxygen saturation level will also be detected by this prototype. And with the support of an integrated vibration motor that will provide tactile feedback to the user/worker in the case of an emergency.
The Teaching Mode Design and Effect Evaluation Method of Animation Course From the Perspective of Big Data
Authors: Feng Zhongqiang , Zhang Yi
Published: May 2024

OBE concept is a new teaching mode which emphasizes the improvement of students' subjective initiative and professional practice ability. The teaching of animation course is based on drawing and computer, which requires teachers to understand the OBE mode of animation course, carry out targeted teaching innovation of animation course, and adjust the traditional teaching methods, teaching contents and teaching assessment methods. Based on the MOOC platform from the perspective of big data, this paper analyzes the teaching status and innovation process of animation course, and puts forward a hybrid animation course teaching method. Through the research of 686 primary and secondary school teachers, the results show that the hybrid animation course teaching based on OBE and MOOC from the perspective of big data has a better effect than the traditional teaching method, which improves students' initiative in learning animation courses and greatly enhances students' acceptability in learning animation courses.
Huntington’s disease presenting as adult-onset tourettism
Authors: Chandarana Mitesh , Saraf Udit , Divya Kalikavil Puthanveedu , Krishnan Syam
Published: May 2024

Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant progressive neurodegenerative disease, caused by trinucleotide repeat expansion (CAG) in the Huntingtin gene (HTT) on chromosome 4. It is typically characterized by the combination of chorea with or without other extrapyramidal symptoms, oculomotor abnormalities, cognitive decline, and neuropsychiatric manifestations. However, HD consists of considerable phenotypic variability. Though chorea is the most common extrapyramidal manifestation, it is also associated with other movement disorders such as dystonia, myoclonus, tics, parkinsonism, and ataxia.
Evolution of eye movement abnormalities in Huntington’s disease
Authors: Patel Khushboo , Kamble Nitish , Holla Vikram V. , Pal Pramod K. , Yadav Ravi
Published: May 2024

Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder. Eye movement abnormalities are characteristic manifestations of HD. The clinical manifestations and eye movement disturbances progress with the natural course of illness. Eye movement abnormalities evolve in HD from the premanifest stage to the early-manifest and late-manifest stages. In the premanifest stage, voluntary saccades, i.e., memory-guided saccades and anti-saccades are predominantly affected. There is an increase in latency and error rates of voluntary saccades. Early-manifest stage of HD is characterized by abnormality in reflexive saccades, with decrease in saccadic amplitude and velocity and slow broken pursuits. In the late-manifest stage, initiation of voluntary saccades in all directions is slow, leading to difficulty in initiating voluntary eye movements. The rate of progression of the saccades, pursuits, and other ocular movement correlate with the disease progression; monitoring this helps in early disease evaluation and in evaluating novel therapies to modify the disease. In this article, we systematically review the available literature on the patterns and progression of eye movement abnormalities, from the premanifest, to manifest, and advanced stages of HD.
Myoclonus associated with infections
Authors: Kothiala Apara , Shankar Vijay , Desai Soaham
Published: May 2024

Different movement disorders are reported in association with infectious diseases. In addition, myoclonus can be associated with different types of viral and bacterial infections. We screened three electronic databases for cases of myoclonus as a feature of different infections and collected cases and series describing myoclonus associated with infections. Data regarding study design, sample size, neurological assessment, and diagnostic workup including brain imaging and cerebrospinal fluid analysis were extracted from the identified studies. In this narrative review, we review different infections associated with myoclonus and discuss their salient features. The infections presenting with myoclonus include predominantly subacute sclerosing panencephalitis due to measles. In addition, we describe other viral infections that are reported to associated with myoclonus. Recently, coronavirus disease 2019 infections have been reported to be increasingly associated with myoclonus. The hypothesized mechanisms of infection-related myoclonus are vasculopathy, autoimmune reactions, and inflammation. Although myoclonus is considered to be a result of heredodegenerative, metabolic, or autoimmune disorders, infections may present with myoclonus, especially in tropical and developing countries. In this review, we describe the infections that are associated with myoclonus.
Developmental delay and assessment in an infant with PCWH syndrome: A case report
Authors: Kumar Ashna , Rosario Michelle do , Siddiqui Shahyan , Garg Divyani , Shukla Anju , Sharma Suvasini
Published: May 2024

Peripheral demyelinating polyneuropathy, central dysmyelination, Waardenburg syndrome, and Hirschsprung’s disease is a rare genetic disorder caused by de novo variants in the SOX10 gene. The SOX10 gene is expressed in the neural crest cells during early embryonic development and in the glial cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems during late embryonic development, as well as in adults. Here, we describe our findings in a 9-month-old male infant presenting with failure to thrive, global developmental delay, seizures, hypotonia, heterochromia iridis, hypopigmented skin macules, pendular nystagmus, Hirschsprung’s disease, and hearing impairment. Nerve conduction studies were suggestive of sensorimotor demyelinating polyneuropathy. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed diffuse hypomyelination. Targeted genetic testing revealed a novel stop-loss variant in the SOX10 gene (NM_006941.4). This case highlights the importance of clinical phenotyping that can aid in targeted genetic testing.
Neuroprotective strategies in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Garg Divyani , Desai Soaham
Published: May 2024

Neuroprotection has been a fascinating area of research in Parkinson’s disease (PD). It offers the promise of disease modification, in turn, slowing the disease progression. A vast array of agents has been assessed for its neuroprotective properties. Although many of these agents have achieved varying degrees of efficacy in preclinical models of PD, definitive success has not been observed in clinical trials. The reasons underlying the lack of success lie within the intrinsic heterogeneity of PD. Instead of using a single agent for all patients in a “one-size-fits-all” approach, it is increasingly apparent that a specific study population with a well-defined predominant pathogenic mechanism should be selected for trials, assessing the role of each agent targeting a specific mechanism. Coenzyme Q10 may find use in an enriched cohort of PD patients with PARKIN mutations. The glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogue, exenatide, is currently being assessed in a phase III trial. Other GLP-1 agonists, such as liraglutide, lixisenatide, and semaglutide, are undergoing phase II trials. In addition, coffee has been shown to have a nonlinear relationship with PD risk. With increasing genetic and molecular understanding of PD, the dream of neuroprotection in PD may be realized in the near future. In this review, we summarize the current evidence on neuroprotection in PD.
Faciobrachial dystonic seizure-like events in a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
Authors: Holla Vikram V. , Chaithra Sudhakar Pushpa , Prasad Shweta , Kamble Nitish , Pal Pramod Kumar , Yadav Ravi
Published: May 2024

Faciobrachial dystonic seizure is a distinctive phenomenology that is considered pathognomonic of leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 (LGI1) antibody-associated autoimmune limbic encephalitis. However, similar phenomenology has been described with other neurological disorders as well. Here, we report the case of a 26-year-old man with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis who presented with multiple episodes of involuntary movements resembling faciobrachial dystonic seizure. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid autoimmune encephalitis panel, including leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 antibody, were negative. Classical periodic stereotypical slow wave discharges on the electroencephalogram and raised measles antibody titre in cerebrospinal fluid confirmed the diagnosis of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.
A novel CYP27A1 frameshift mutation causing cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis in an Indian family
Authors: Shukla Shilpi , Chovatiya Harshad , Shamim Uzma , Faruq Mohammed , Desai Soaham
Published: May 2024

Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis is a rare and underreported lipid storage disorder caused by various mutations in theCYP27A1gene. Here, we report a novel homozygous mutation in theCYP27A1gene in an Indian family. A 30-year-old man presented with childhood cataracts in both eyes; recurrent, intractable watery diarrhea; progressive cognitive impairment; bilateral patellar and Achilles tendon xanthomas; and ataxic speech and gait. Out of five siblings, four had similar symptoms. Three of the patient's siblings had the same novel mutation in theCYP27A1gene on the chromosome 2 region with c.301delG (Pro102LeufsTer5 protein change), which was homozygous. To date, the variant status of this mutation has not been reported in the Human Gene Mutation Database, the Exome Aggregation Consortium, and 1000 Genomes Project. Despite the clinical confirmation of the diagnosis and molecular analysis, our patient's symptoms did not improve with treatment for more than a year, because of delayed presentation with irreversible damage. Treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors can reduce or reverse the progression of the disease; however, early diagnosis is key.
Dysphagia in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Aarthi Ravichandran Sumathi , Radhakrishnan Suresh Kumar , Vidhyadharan Sivakumar , Menon Unnikrishnan K. , Arya Chandrababu Jaya , Thankappan Krishnakumar
Published: May 2024

Background:

Dysphagia is a common symptom of Parkinson’s disease (PD), which is often overlooked. Reliable screening methods for definitive radiological investigation need to be developed.

Objectives:

To analyze the objective videofluoroscopic study of swallowing (VFSS) findings in PD patients screened using a validated 11-item swallowing disturbance questionnaire (SDQ) and to check for a correlation between the questionnaire and VFSS scale scores, as well as the sensitivity of SDQ to detect abnormal VFSS findings.

Material and Methods:

PD patients attending a movement disorder clinic were screened using SDQ and underwent VFSS. The findings were recorded and objectively rated by experienced speech and language pathologists using standardized scales. Statistical analysis was performed to check for correlation.

Results:

Twelve patients were enrolled in the study. Their SDQ scores ranged from 2 to 16. Of the 11 questions, six were checked for correlation with VFSS findings. Bolus stuck in the mouth was reported by four patients; all displayed corresponding VFSS findings. Oral residue was reported by nine, of which seven showed VFSS findings. Multiple swallows were reported by eight, and VFSS findings were observed in seven of them. Overall, even at very low scores, abnormalities were observed in corresponding VFSS parameters. However, no statistical significance (P > 0.05) was found between the SDQ scores and VFSS parameters.

Conclusion:

VFSS analysis revealed abnormal oropharyngeal swallowing parameters, which corresponded with the SDQ scores, but without statistical significance. Therefore, our questionnaire is a useful tool to predict VFSS findings in PD patients.
Impact of communication difficulty on the quality of life in individuals with Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Kavya Srinivasaraghavan , Viswanathan Pranav , Perumal Radhakrishnan Chella , Charan Sharon Mizpah Prathana
Published: May 2024

Context:

Communication plays a fundamental role in life as an essential aspect of relationships, personal development, identity, and social interaction. Parkinson’s disease (PD) gradually affects the ability of individuals to effectively communicate, affecting the abovementioned factors; therefore, it severely affects their quality of life.

Aim:

To compare the impact of communication difficulty on quality of life between individuals with PD and neurologically healthy (NH) individuals.

Methods and Material:

A total of 15 individuals with PD and 15 NH individuals, between the ages of 45 and 85 years, participated in this study. Quality of communication life (QoCL) was estimated using the Tamil version of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association–Quality of Communication Life scale.

Results:

The Mann–Whitney U test was performed to verify significant differences in the QoCL scores between PD and NH individuals. The mean QoCL scores were observed to be lower in the PD group than those in the NH group across the following three domains: socialization/activities, confidence/self-concept, and roles and responsibilities. However, the QoCL score was significantly different for only two domains: roles and responsibilities (p = 0.00) and socialization/activities (p = 0.00).

Conclusion:

Identifying the impact of communication difficulty in daily life will help speech–language pathologists in planning communication rehabilitation, prioritization of goals, counselling, structuring client-centered therapeutic strategies, and documenting outcomes to improve the QoCL in individuals with PD.
Spectrum of de novo movement disorders in the setting of COVID-19 infection
Authors: Shah Heli , Chandarana Mitesh , Desai Soaham
Published: May 2024

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been associated with a myriad of potential neurological manifestations, with de novo movement disorders still being reported. There is growing concern about a possible new wave of neurological complications in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of our review is to summarize all available evidence documenting new-onset movement disorders associated with COVID-19, with focus on hypokinetic movement disorders and their pathogenesis. We identified 66 new-onset movement disorder cases from using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Myoclonus was the most frequently reported movement disorder associated with COVID-19 alone or in combination with ataxia and tremor, while parkinsonism was the most notable movement disorder associated with the pandemic. To date, only eight cases of de novo parkinsonism associated with COVID-19 have been reported in the literature. Their exact pathophysiology is not well-understood but can include viral neuroinvasion–neurodegeneration, central nervous system-specific immune activation, vascular damage, systemic inflammation, autoimmune mechanisms, hypoxia, or metabolic disturbances. Although it is difficult to point out the specific relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and movement disorders, in this brief review, we unfold various potential plausible mechanisms responsible for the pathogenesis of movement disorders, with focus on hypokinetic movement disorders. Clinicians should closely monitor patients who have recovered from COVID-19 for the possibility of new-onset COVID-19-associated movement disorders. Longitudinal follow-up studies are necessary to ascertain the long-term neurological and neuropsychological consequences of the disease and the associated evolution of movement disorders.
Unraveling movement disorders in spinocerebellar ataxia
Authors: Radhakrishnan Divya M. , Pillai Kanchana S. , Das Animesh , Rajan Roopa , Srivastava Achal K.
Published: May 2024

Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) is a clinically heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive degeneration of the cerebellum and its associated connections. Genetic defects causing SCA include trinucleotide repeat expansions in the coding and non-coding regions of the genes, gene rearrangements, and conventional mutations. Various non-ataxic manifestations, such as dementia, peripheral neuropathy, and movement disorders (MDs) are described in SCA. MDs are the most common non-ataxic manifestations of SCA, and their prevalence and type vary according to the underlying genetic defects as well as the geographical and ethnic differences. In addition to the size of the repeat expansions, genetic modifiers contribute to the phenotypic pleiotropy of SCA. When present in association with ataxia, MDs may provide an important diagnostic clue for genotyping. However, patients with SCA presenting with MDs can be a diagnostic challenge when cerebellar ataxia is subtle or absent. Certain MDs may be more frequent in particular SCA subtypes compared to others. Similarly, MD may be an infrequent but pertinent manifestation in specific subtypes of SCA. Knowledge about MDs in SCA can help clinicians choose the genetic tests appropriately. Our paper comprehensively reviews the spectrum of MDs in SCA, and attempt to guide clinicians in choosing appropriate genetic tests for SCA in patients presenting with isolated or prominent MDs.
Rehabilitation of Worn Anterior Teeth with Ceramic Veneers
Authors: Sharma Abhishek , Upadhyay Sneha , Yadav Bhupinder , Sawhney Hemant , Ritwal Pankaj
Published: May 2024

The use of porcelain laminate veneers to solve esthetic and functional problems has proven to be a valid management option, especially in the anterior esthetic zone. Veneers are a reliable treatment option to modify the appearance of tooth position and form, to close diastema or cervical embrasures, or to change the tooth shade. Porcelain veneers are one of the best corrective options available considering biological, functional, mechanical, and esthetic points of view.
Study on the potential link between atopic dermatitis and irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Khalid Hesham N. , Seliman Rokia A. , Abdalla Ezzat M.
Published: May 2024

Objective

To study the possible link between atopic dermatitis (AD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

Background

Studies have provided some insight that IBS patients are indeed more likely to suffer from certain skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis compared with the healthy controls. Both atopic dermatitis and IBS are brought about by immune dysregulation in genetically susceptible hosts.

Patients and methods

In all, 140 patients were enrolled in this study and were divided into two groups: group A: 70 IBS patients and group B: 70 healthy controls. IBS patients were diagnosed with IBS by an internal medicine physician. All patients were subjected to complete history taking. Both general and dermatological examinations were performed. Patients with IBS were diagnosed using Roman IV criteria and stool test. The diagnosis of atopic dermatitis is based on the findings of the history and physical examination. Exposure to possible exacerbating factors, such as aeroallergens, irritating chemicals, foods, and emotional stress, has been investigated. Unfortunately, no specific laboratory findings or histologic features define atopic dermatitis. Although elevated IgE levels are found in up to 80% of affected patients, IgE levels are also elevated in patients with other atopic diseases. Determination of atopic dermatitis severity was done using Eczema Area Scoring Index (EASI). SCORAD (SCORing Atopic Dermatitis) is used to assess the extent and severity of eczema. Dermatology Life Quality Index was utilized to measure how much the patient’s skin problem has affected his life over the last week. Pruritus intensity score was utilized to assign a numerical score representing the intensity of patient’s itching on a scale from 0 to 10.

Results

Atopic dermatitis was higher in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: 17(24.3%) versus 6 (8.6%) in controls (P value 0.012). There was a significant positive correlation between scoring atopic dermatitis (SCORAD) and eczema area scoring index (EASI) (P=0.001).

Conclusions

There is a strong link and possible common pathological pathways between both AD and IBS.