bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detection and cartography of the fluorinated antimalarial drug mefloquine in normal and Plasmodium falciparum infected red blood cells by scanning ion microscopy and mass spectrometry
Authors: Adovelande Jacques , Boulard Yves , Berry Jean‐Pierre , Galle Pierre , Slodzian Georges , Schrével Joseph
Published: November 2004

Summary— Due to the presence of fluorine atoms in its molecule, the antimalarial drug mefloquine (MQ) can be easily detected in normal and Plasmodium falciparum infected red blood cells (RBC) by scanning ion microscopy and mass spectrometry. The P falciparum infected RBC exhibited intense distribution of MQ inside the parasite. The main compartments of the parasite which accumulate the drug were the food vacuole and the cytoplasm. The correlation between fluorine (19F−) and phosphorus (31P−) as well as probes for the DNA synthesis (BrdU and IdU) emissions shows that the parasite nucleus is also accessible to the drug. This study demonstrates that SIMS technique on smear preparations is an efficient approach for the direct detection and cartography of fluorinated antimalarial drugs in normal and P falciparum infected RBC, without radioactive labelling.
LIM domains-containing protein 1 (LIMD1), a tumor suppressor encoded at chromosome 3p21.3, binds pRB and represses E2F-driven transcription
Authors: Sharp Tyson V. , Munoz Fernando , Bourboulia Dimitra , Presneau Nadege , Darai Eva , Wang Hsei-Wei , Cannon Mark , Butcher David N. , Nicholson Andrew G. , Klein George , Imreh Stephan , Boshoff Chris
Published: November 2004

LIM domains-containing protein 1 (LIMD1) is encoded at chromosome 3p21.3, a region commonly deleted in many solid malignancies. However, the function of LIMD1 is unknown. Here we show that LIMD1 specifically interacts with retinoblastoma protein (pRB), inhibits E2F-mediated transcription, and suppresses the expression of the majority of genes with E2F1-responsive elements. LIMD1 blocks tumor growth
in vitro
and
in vivo
and is down-regulated in the majority of human lung cancer samples tested. Our data indicate that
LIMD1
is a tumor-suppressor gene, the protein product of which functionally interacts with pRB and the loss of which promotes lung carcinogenesis.
Transient expansion of synaptically connected dendritic spines upon induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation
Authors: Lang Cynthia , Barco Angel , Zablow Leonard , Kandel Eric R. , Siegelbaum Steven A. , Zakharenko Stanislav S.
Published: November 2004

Dendritic spines are small protrusions from dendritic shafts that contain the postsynaptic sites of glutamatergic synapses in the brain. Spines undergo dramatic activity-dependent structural changes that are particularly prominent during neuronal development. Although changes in spine shape or number have been proposed to contribute to forms of synaptic plasticity that underlie learning and memory, the extent to which spines remain plastic in the adult brain is unclear. We find that induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic transmission in acute hippocampal slices of adult mice evokes a reliable, transient expansion in spines that are synaptically activated, as determined with calcium imaging. Similar to LTP, transient spine expansion requires
N
-methyl-
d
-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated Ca
2+
influx and actin polymerization. Moreover, like the early phase of LTP induced by the stimulation protocol, spine expansion does not require Ca
2+
influx through L-type voltage-gated Ca
2+
channels nor does it require protein synthesis. Thus, transient spine expansion is a characteristic feature of the initial phases of plasticity at mature synapses and so may contribute to synapse remodeling important for LTP.
The classification of genusAnopheles(Diptera: Culicidae): a working hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships
Authors: Harbach R.E.
Published: November 2004

The internal classification of genusAnophelesis updated to reflect taxonomic actions published since the classification was last reviewed in 1994. Both formal and informal taxa are included. The classification is intended to aid researchers and students who are interested in analysing species relationships, making group comparisons and testing phylogenetic hypotheses. The genus includes 444 formally named and 40 provisionally designated extant species divided between six subgenera:Anopheles,Cellia,Kerteszia,Lophopodomyia,NyssorhynchusandStethomyia. SubgeneraAnopheles,CelliaandNyssorhynchusare subdivided hierarchically into nested informal groups of morphologically similar species that are believed to represent monophyletic lineages based on morphological similarity. Changes to the classification include additional species, eliminated species and changes to the hierarchical organization and composition of supraspecific groups, some as a result of molecular studies.
Biological control of house flies Musca domestica and stable flies Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) by means of inundative releases of Spalangia cameroni (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)
Authors: Skovgård H. , Nachman G.
Published: November 2004

The efficacy of the pupal parasitoid Spalangia cameroni Perkins as a biological control agent was tested against house flies Musca domestica Linnaeus and stable flies Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus) in one dairy cattle and two pig installations in Denmark. Weekly releases of S. cameroni from April through to September–October 1999 and 2000 resulted in significant suppressions of house fly populations to below nuisance level, whereas no effect on stable flies was found. Parasitism was significantly higher in the release years compared to the control years, but was below 25% averaged over the fly season for each farm. A statistical model based on a functional relationship between the innate capacity of increase of the two fly species and three explanatory variables (air temperature, fly density and parasitism) provided a fairly good fit to data with the abundances of house flies and stable flies explained mostly by temperature, but intra- and interspecific competition, and parasitism had a significant effect as well. Overall, the model was capable of explaining 14% and 6.6% of the total variation in data for house fly and stable fly, respectively. Spalangia cameroni was the predominant parasitoid to emerge from exposed house fly pupae, but from mid summer onwards Muscidifurax raptor Girault & Sanders (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) was also quite common. The study indicated that biological control of house flies can be an efficient alternative to chemical control.
Evaluating legume species as alternative trap crops to chickpea for management of Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in central Queensland cotton cropping systems
Authors: Grundy P.R. , Sequeira R.V. , Short K.S.
Published: November 2004

Mounting levels of insecticide resistance within Australian Helicoverpa spp. populations have resulted in the adoption of non-chemical IPM control practices such as trap cropping with chickpea, Cicer arietinum (L.). However, a new leaf blight disease affecting chickpea in Australia has the potential to limit its use as a trap crop. Therefore this paper evaluates the potential of a variety of winter-active legume crops for use as an alternative spring trap crop to chickpea as part of an effort to improve the area-wide management strategy for Helicoverpa spp. in central Queensland's cotton production region. The densities of Helicoverpa eggs and larvae were compared over three seasons on replicated plantings of chickpea, Cicer arietinum (L.), field pea Pisum sativum (L), vetch, Vicia sativa (L.) and faba bean, Vicia faba from the plants after oviposition. Plantings of field pea as a replacement trap crop for chickpea under commercial conditions confirmed the high level of attractiveness of this crop to ovipositing moths. The use of field pea as a trap crop as part of an area-wide management programme for Helicoverpa spp. is discussed.
Laboratory evaluations of a wild crucifer Barbarea vulgaris as a management tool for the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)
Authors: Lu Jian-hua , Liu Shu-sheng , Shelton A.M.
Published: November 2004

The term ‘dead-end trap cropping’ has recently been proposed to identify a plant that is highly attractive for oviposition by an insect pest, but on which offspring of the pest cannot survive. The potential of the wild crucifer Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. to allure and serve as a dead-end trap crop for the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.), an important pest of cruciferous crops worldwide, was examined in laboratory experiments. When P. xylostella adults were provided with a dual-choice of plants of B. vulgaris, and Chinese cabbage Brassica campestris (L.), in one arena, adult moths laid 2.5–6.8 times more eggs on the former than on the latter. When P. xylostella adults were provided with a dual-choice of plants of B. vulgaris and common cabbage Brassica oleracea L., adult moths laid virtually all their eggs on the former and ignored the latter. Nearly all P. xylostella eggs laid on the three species of plants hatched successfully, but nearly all individuals on plants of B. vulgaris died as neonates or early instar larvae, while 87–100% of the larvae on Chinese cabbage and common cabbage survived to pupation. Dual choice tests with a Y-tube olfactometer showed that volatiles from B. vulgaris were much more attractive to P. xylostella adults than those from common cabbage. The results demonstrate that B. vulgaris has a great potential as a dead-end trap crop for improving management of P. xylostella. Factors that may influence the feasibility of using B. vulgaris as a trap crop in the field are discussed, and ways to utilize this plant are proposed.
Sex ratios of Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae): implications for pest management in wheat (Poaceae)
Authors: Smith M.A.H. , Wise I.L. , Lamb R.J.
Published: November 2004

Sex ratios of populations of the wheat midge Sitodiplosis mosellana Géhin, developing on wheat Triticum aestivum L., were determined at reproduction, adult emergence, and dispersal. The patterns of sex ratio through the life cycle of S. mosellana result from: (i) a genetic mechanism that causes all or nearly all of the progeny of individual females to be a single sex, with an overall sex ratio that is slightly biased at 54–57% females; (ii) a differential mortality during diapause that increases the sex ratio to 60–65% females; (iii) mating which occurs near the emergence site followed by female dispersal which causes the post-dispersal sex ratio to rise to nearly 100% females; and (iv) oviposition which spreads eggs among different plants and assures that the next generation has a local sex ratio close to the population average. These changes in sex ratio through the life cycle have implications for using crop resistance or pheromones to manage S. mosellana, because mating takes place quickly near emergence sites, and because mated females but not males disperse from emergence sites to oviposition sites. Crop refuges used to protect resistance genes against the evolution of virulence by S. mosellana must be interspersed to prevent assortative mating that would occur in separate blocks of resistant and susceptible plants. Monitoring or mating disruption using a pheromone would be ineffective when wheat is grown in rotation with a non-host crop.
Structural Equation Modeling: Strengths, Limitations, and Misconceptions
Authors: Tomarken Andrew J. , Waller Niels G.
Published: November 2004

Because structural equation modeling (SEM) has become a very popular data-analytic technique, it is important for clinical scientists to have a balanced perception of its strengths and limitations. We review several strengths of SEM, with a particular focus on recent innovations (e.g., latent growth modeling, multilevel SEM models, and approaches for dealing with missing data and with violations of normality assumptions) that underscore how SEM has become a broad data-analytic framework with flexible and unique capabilities. We also consider several limitations of SEM and some misconceptions that it tends to elicit. Major themes emphasized are the problem of omitted variables, the importance of lower-order model components, potential limitations of models judged to be well fitting, the inaccuracy of some commonly used rules of thumb, and the importance of study design. Throughout, we offer recommendations for the conduct of SEM analyses and the reporting of results.
PENTRAXINS AT THE CROSSROADS BETWEEN INNATE IMMUNITY, INFLAMMATION, MATRIX DEPOSITION, AND FEMALE FERTILITY
Authors: Garlanda Cecilia , Bottazzi Barbara , Bastone Antonio , Mantovani Alberto
Published: November 2004

▪ Abstract  C reactive protein, the first innate immunity receptor identified, and serum amyloid P component are classic short pentraxins produced in the liver. Long pentraxins, including the prototype PTX3, are expressed in a variety of tissues. Some long pentraxins are expressed in the brain and some are involved in neuronal plasticity and degeneration. PTX3 is produced by a variety of cells and tissues, most notably dendritic cells and macrophages, in response to Toll-like receptor (TLR) engagement and inflammatory cytokines. PTX3 acts as a functional ancestor of antibodies, recognizing microbes, activating complement, and facilitating pathogen recognition by phagocytes, hence playing a nonredundant role in resistance against selected pathogens. In addition, PTX3 is essential in female fertility because it acts as a nodal point for the assembly of the cumulus oophorus hyaluronan-rich extracellular matrix. Thus, the prototypic long pentraxin PTX3 is a multifunctional soluble pattern recognition receptor at the crossroads between innate immunity, inflammation, matrix deposition, and female fertility.
Both cAMP and cGMP are required for maximal ciliary beat stimulation in a cell-free model of bovine ciliary axonemes
Authors: Wyatt Todd A. , Forgèt Mary A. , Adams Jennifer M. , Sisson Joseph H.
Published: November 2004

Previously, we have shown that the ATPase-dependent motion of cilia in bovine bronchial epithelial cells (BBEC) can be regulated through the cyclic nucleotides, cAMP via the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and cGMP via the cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). Both cyclic nucleotides cause an increase in cilia beat frequency (CBF). We hypothesized that cAMP and cGMP may act directly at the level of the ciliary axoneme in BBEC. To examine this, we employed a novel cell-free system utilizing detergent-extracted axonemes. Axoneme movement was whole-field analyzed digitally with the Sisson-Ammons video analysis system. A suspension of extracted axonemes remains motionless until the addition of 1 mM ATP that establishes a baseline CBF similar to that seen when analyzing intact ciliated BBEC. Adding 10 μM cAMP or 10 μM cGMP increases CBF beyond the established ATP baseline. However, the cyclic nucleotides did not stimulate CBF in the absence of ATP. Therefore, the combination of cAMP and cGMP augments ATP-driven CBF increases at the level of isolated axoneme.
Inter- and intrastrain variation in mouse critical running speed
Authors: Billat Veronique L. , Mouisel Etienne , Roblot Natacha , Melki Judith
Published: November 2004

With the generation of mouse models of human cardiovascular or neuromuscular disorders, the development of noninvasive methods to evaluate the physiological responses to exercise presents an important challenge. The possibility for determining critical speed (CS) in the mouse model was examined according to strain (CD1, C57BL/6J, FVB/N) and sex. Sixty mice performed four exhaustive runs on a treadmill to determine their CS. Twenty-one performed an incremental test to determine the velocity at the lactate threshold. CS was significantly different between the strains ( P < 0.0001) but not between sexes. Two measures of heritability showed that CS was partially heritable. CS was not significantly different from lactate threshold velocity. We conclude that CS, which reflects the aerobic capacity, can be determined in mice, as in humans and horses. Considering the intrastrain variability, CS could represent a valuable means for designing an optimal and individualized physical training in mice.
Dexamethasone treatment in the newborn rat: fatty acid profiling of lung, brain, and serum lipids
Authors: Bruder Eric D. , Lee Ping C. , Raff Hershel
Published: November 2004

Dexamethasone is used as treatment for a variety of neonatal syndromes, including respiratory distress. The present study utilized the power of comprehensive lipid profiling to characterize changes in lipid metabolism in the neonatal lung and brain associated with dexamethasone treatment and also determined the interaction of dexamethasone with hypoxia. A 4-day tapering-dose regimen of dexamethasone was administered at 0800 on postnatal days 3 (0.5 mg/kg), 4 (0.25 mg/kg), 5 (0.125 mg/kg), and 6 (0.05 mg/kg). A subgroup of rats was exposed to hypoxia from birth to 7 days of age. Dexamethasone treatment elicited numerous specific changes in the lipid profile of the normoxic lung, such as increased concentrations of saturated fatty acids in the phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol ester classes. These increases were more profound in the lungs of hypoxic pups. Additional increases in cardiolipin concentrations were also measured in lungs of hypoxic pups treated with dexamethasone. We measured widespread increases in serum lipids after dexamethasone treatment, but the effects were not equivalent between normoxic and hypoxic pups. Dexamethasone treatment in hypoxic pups increased 20:4n6 and 22:6n3 concentrations in the free fatty acid class of the brain. Our results suggest that dexamethasone treatment in neonates elicits specific changes in lung lipid metabolism associated with surfactant production, independent of changes in serum lipids. These findings illustrate the benefits of dexamethasone on lung function but also raise the potential for negative effects due to hyperlipidemia and subtle changes in brain lipid metabolism.
Treatment of acquired hemophilia by the Bonn-Malmö Protocol: documentation of an in vivo immunomodulating concept
Authors: Zeitler Heike , Ulrich-Merzenich Gudrun , Hess Lothar , Konsek Eligius , Unkrig Christoph , Walger Peter , Vetter Hans , Brackmann Hans-Hermann
Published: November 2004

Acquired hemophilia (AH) is an extremely rare condition in which autoantibodies (inhibitors) against clotting factor VIII induce acute and life-threatening hemorrhagic diathesis because of abnormal blood clotting. The mortality rate of AH is as high as 16%, and current treatment options are associated with adverse side effects. We investigated a therapeutic approach for AH called the modified Bonn-Malmö Protocol (MBMP). The aims of MBMP include suppression of bleeding, permanent elimination of inhibitors, and development of immune tolerance, thereby avoiding long-term reliance on coagulation products. The protocol included immunoadsorption for inhibitor elimination, factor VIII substitution, intravenous immunoglobulin, and immunosuppression. Thirty-five high-titer patients with critical bleeding who underwent MBMP were evaluated. Bleeding was rapidly controlled during 1 or 2 apheresis sessions, and no subsequent bleeding episodes occurred. Inhibitor levels decreased to undetectable levels within a median of 3 days (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 2-4 days), factor substitution was stopped within a median of 12 days (95% CI, 11-17 days), and treatment was completed within a median of 14 days (95% CI, 12-17 days). Long-term follow-up (7 months-7 years) showed an overall response rate of 88% for complete remission (CR). When cancer patients were excluded, the CR rate was 97%.
Treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with Epstein-Barr virus–specific T lymphocytes
Authors: Straathof Karin C. M. , Bollard Catherine M. , Popat Uday , Huls M. Helen , Lopez Teresita , Morriss M. Craig , Gresik Mary V. , Gee Adrian P. , Russell Heidi V. , Brenner Malcolm K. , Rooney Cliona M. , Heslop Helen E.
Published: November 2004

Conventional treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) frequently fails and is accompanied by severe long-term side effects. Since virtually all undifferentiated NPCs are associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), this tumor is an attractive candidate for cellular immunotherapy targeted against tumor-associated viral antigens. We now demonstrate that EBV-specific cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) lines can readily be generated from individuals with NPC, notwithstanding the patients' prior exposure to chemotherapy/radiation. A total of 10 patients diagnosed with advanced NPC were treated with autologous CTLs. All patients tolerated the CTLs, although one developed increased swelling at the site of pre-existing disease. At 19 to 27 months after infusion, 4 patients treated in remission from locally advanced disease remain disease free. Of 6 patients with refractory disease prior to treatment, 2 had complete responses, and remain in remission over 11 to 23 months after treatment; 1 had a partial remission that persisted for 12 months; 1 has had stable disease for more than 14 months; and 2 had no response. These results demonstrate that administration of EBV-specific CTLs to patients with advanced NPC is feasible, appears to be safe, and can be associated with significant antitumor activity.
Early and long-term outcome of elective stenting of the infarct-related artery in patients with viability in the infarct-area: Rationale and design of the Viability-guided Angioplasty after acute Myocardial Infarction-trial (The VIAMI-trial)
Authors: van Loon Ramon B , Veen Gerrit , Kamp Otto , Bronzwaer Jean GF , Visser Cees A , Visser Frans C
Published: November 2004

Background

Although percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is becoming the standard therapy in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), to date most patients, even in developed countries, are reperfused with intravenous thrombolysis or do not receive a reperfusion therapy at all. In the post-lysis period these patients are at high risk for recurrent ischemic events. Early identification of these patients is mandatory as this subgroup could possibly benefit from an angioplasty of the infarct-related artery.

Since viability seems to be related to ischemic adverse events, we initiated a clinical trial to investigate the benefits of PCI with stenting of the infarct-related artery in patients with viability detected early after acute myocardial infarction.

Methods

The VIAMI-study is designed as a prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Patients who are hospitalized with an acute myocardial infarction and who did not have primary or rescue PCI, undergo viability testing by low-dose dobutamine echocardiography (LDDE) within 3 days of admission. Consequently, patients with demonstrated viability are randomized to an invasive or conservative strategy. In the invasive strategy patients undergo coronary angiography with the intention to perform PCI with stenting of the infarct-related coronary artery and concomitant use of abciximab. In the conservative group an ischemia-guided approach is adopted (standard optimal care).

The primary end point is the composite of death from any cause, reinfarction and unstable angina during a follow-up period of three years.

Conclusion

The primary objective of the VIAMI-trial is to demonstrate that angioplasty of the infarct-related coronary artery with stenting and concomitant use of abciximab results in a clinically important risk reduction of future cardiac events in patients with viability in the infarct-area, detected early after myocardial infarction.
Bi-directional modulation of AMPA receptor unitary conductance by synaptic activity
Authors: Lüthi Andreas , Wikström Martin A , Palmer Mary J , Matthews Paul , Benke Tim A , Isaac John TR , Collingridge Graham L
Published: November 2004

Background

Knowledge of how synapses alter their efficiency of communication is central to the understanding of learning and memory. The most extensively studied forms of synaptic plasticity are long-term potentiation (LTP) and its counterpart long-term depression (LTD) of AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission. In the CA1 region of the hippocampus, it has been shown that LTP often involves a rapid increase in the unitary conductance of AMPA receptor channels. However, LTP can also occur in the absence of any alteration in AMPA receptor unitary conductance. In the present study we have used whole-cell dendritic recording, failures analysis and non-stationary fluctuation analysis to investigate the mechanism of depotentiation of LTP.

Results

We find that when LTP involves an increase in unitary conductance, subsequent depotentiation invariably involves the return of unitary conductance to pre-LTP values. In contrast, when LTP does not involve a change in unitary conductance then depotentiation also occurs in the absence of any change in unitary conductance, indicating a reduction in the number of activated receptors as the most likely mechanism.

Conclusions

These data show that unitary conductance can be bi-directionally modified by synaptic activity. Furthermore, there are at least two distinct mechanisms to restore synaptic strength from a potentiated state, which depend upon the mechanism of the previous potentiation.
Conservative treatment in patients with an acute lumbosacral radicular syndrome: design of a randomised clinical trial [ISRCTN68857256]
Authors: Luijsterburg Pim AJ , Verhagen Arianne P , Ostelo Raymond WJG , van den Hoogen Hans JMM , Peul Wilco C , Avezaat Cees JJ , Koes Bart W
Published: November 2004

Background

The objective is to present the design of randomised clinical trial (RCT) on the effectiveness of physical therapy added to general practitioners management compared to general practitioners management only in patients with an acute lumbosacral radicular syndrome (also called sciatica).

Methods/Design

Patients in general practice diagnosed with an acute (less than 6 weeks) lumbosacral radicular syndrome and an age above 18 years are eligible for participation. The general practitioners treatment follows their clinical guideline. The physical therapy treatment will consist of patient education and exercise therapy. The primary outcome measure is patients reported global perceived effect. Secondary outcome measures are severity of complaints, functional status, health status, fear of movement, medical consumption, sickness absence, costs and treatment preference. The follow-up is 52 weeks.

Discussion

Treatment by general practitioners and physical therapists in this study will be transparent and not a complete "black box". The results of this trial will contribute to the decision of the general practitioner regarding referral to physical therapy in patients with an acute lumbosacral radicular syndrome.
Increasing response to a postal survey of sedentary patients – a randomised controlled trial [ISRCTN45665423]
Authors: Harrison Roger A , Cock Don
Published: November 2004

Background

A systematic review identified a range of methods, which can influence response rates. However, analysis specific to a healthcare setting, and in particular, involving people expected to be poor responders, was missing, We examined the effect of pre-warning letters on response rates to a postal survey of sedentary patients whom we expected a low rate of response.

Methods

Participants were randomised to receive a pre-warning letter or no pre-warning letter, seven days before sending the main questionnaire. The main questionnaire included a covering letter and pre-paid return envelope. After seven days, non-responders were sent a reminder letter and seven days later, another reminder letter with a further copy of the questionnaire and return envelope.

Results

627 adults, with a mean age of 48 years (SD 13, range 18 to 78) of whom 69.2% (434/627) were women, were randomised. 49.0% (307/627) of patients were allocated to receive a pre-warning letter and 51.0% (320/627) no pre-warning letter, seven days in advance of posting the main questionnaire. The final response rate to the main questionnaire was 30.0% (92/307) amongst those sent a pre-warning letter and 20.9% (67/320) not sent a pre-warning letter, with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.60 (95% CI 1.1, 2.30).

Conclusions

The relatively low cost method of sending a pre-warning letter had a modest impact on increasing response rates to a postal questionnaire sent to a group of patients for whom a low response rate was anticipated. Investigators should consider incorporating this simple intervention when conducting postal surveys, to reduce the potential for nonresponse bias and to increase the study power. Methods other than postal surveys may be needed however when a low response rate to postal surveys is likely.
Burn injury induces a change in T cell homeostasis affecting preferentially CD4+ T cells
Authors: Patenaude Julie , D'Elia Michele , Hamelin Claudine , Garrel Dominique , Bernier Jacques
Published: November 2004

Burn injuries are known to be associated with altered immune functions, resulting in decreased resistance to subsequent infection. In the present study, we determined the in vivo changes in T cell homeostasis following burn injury. Two groups of mice were used: a sham-burn group receiving buprenorphine as an analgesic and a burn group receiving buprenorphine and subjected to burn injury on 20% of the total body surface area. Results showed an important decrease in splenocytes following burn injury. This decrease persisted for 5 days and was followed, at day 10, by a 63% increase in number of cells. In vivo cell proliferation, as determined by the incorporation of 5-bromo-2′-dexoxyuridine, showed a significant increase of cycling splenocytes between days 2 and 10 after burn injury. The percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the spleen was altered for 10 days after thermal injury. Analysis of naive (CD62Lhigh CD44low) and effector/memory (CD62Llow CD44high) T cells showed a percent decrease, independent of the expression of CD4 or CD8 molecules. However, early activation markers, such as CD69+, were expressed only on CD4+ T cells after a number of days following injury. Even with an activated phenotype, 10 days post-burn injury, CD4+ naive T cells significantly increased spontaneous apoptosis, detected by using a fluorescent DNA-binding agent 7-amino-actinomycin D. CD8+ T lymphocytes did not express early activation markers and were more resistant to apoptosis. Using purified T cells, we have shown unresponsiveness at day 10. Overall, these results demonstrate that mechanisms of T cell homeostasis were perturbed following burn injury. However, after 10 days, this perturbation persisted only in CD4+ T cells.
Alexia without agraphia in multiple sclerosis: case report with magnetic resonance imaging localization
Authors: Mao-Draayer Yang , Panitch Hillel
Published: November 2004

The syndrome of alexia without agraphia occurs rarely in multiple sclerosis (MS). We report a patient with right homonymous hemianopsia and alexia without agraphia as his initial manifestations of relapsing-remitting MS. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a hyperintense lesion in the left occipital subcortical white matter (WM) and an enhancing lesion in the splenium of the corpus callosum. The clinical presentation and MRI findings were consistent with disconnection of the functional right occipital visual cortex from structures responsible for language comprehension in the left hemisphere. The diagnosis of MS was confirmed by subsequent development of additional periventricular WM lesions.
Resistance training improves strength and functional capacity in persons with multiple sclerosis
Authors: White L J , McCoy S C , Castellano V , Gutierrez G , Stevens J E , Walter G A , Vandenborne K
Published: November 2004

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of an eight-week progressive resistance training programme on lower extremity strength, ambulatory function, fatigue and self-reported disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients (mean disability score 3.79-0.8). Eight MS subjects volunteered for twice weekly training sessions. During the first two weeks, subjects completed one set of 8 -10 reps at 50% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of knee flexion, knee extension and plantarflexion exercises. In subsequent sessions, the subjects completed one set of 10 -15 repetitions at 70% of MVC. The resistance was increased by 2 -5% when subjects completed 15 repetitions in consecutive sessions. Isometric strength of the quadriceps, hamstring, plantarflexor and dorsiflexor muscle groups was assessed before and after the training programme using an isokinetic dynamometer. Magnetic resonance images of the thigh were acquired before and after the exercise programme as were walking speed (25-ft), number of steps in 3 min, and self-reported fatigue and disability. Knee extension (7.4%), plantarflexion (52%) and stepping performance (8.7%) increased significantly (PB-0.05). Self-reported fatigue decreased (PB-0.05) and disability tended to decrease (P -0.07) following the training programme. MS patients are capable of making positive adaptations to resistance training that are associated with improved ambulation and decreased fatigue.
The unique impact of changes in normal appearing brain tissue on cognitive dysfunction in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis patients
Authors: Cox Darcy , Pelletier Daniel , Genain Claude , Majumdar Sharmila , Lu Ying , Nelson Sarah , Mohr David C
Published: November 2004

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between cognitive functioning, whole brain magnetic transfer ratio (MTR) imaging, supratentorial 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging (1HMRSI), and conventional T1 and T2 imaging in a homogenous sample of SPMS patients. Methods: Nineteen patients underwent a single 90-min imaging session that obtained T1-and T2-weighted images and MTR. 1HMRSI was obtained on 14 of these patients. Patients underwent a neuropsychological battery, which was used to create an integrated measure of cognitive impairment. Cognitive impairment was the dependent variable in two hierarchical multiple regression analyses in which T2 lesion load, T1 lesion load, and MTR or NAA/Cr were entered sequentially. Results: MTR was significantly related to cognitive functioning (ΔR2= 0.22, P= 0.02) after accounting for T2 lesion load (ΔR2=0.33, P= 0.01) and T1 lesion load (ΔR2= 0.00, P=0.98). NAA/Cr was not significantly related to cognitive functioning. Conclusions: Cognitive dysfunction may act as a clinical marker of normal appearing brain tissue pathology in multiple sclerosis.
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by suppressing the functions of antigen presenting cells
Authors: Kato Hideki , Ito Atsushi , Kawanokuchi Jun , Jin Shijie , Mizuno Tetsuya , Ojika Kosei , Ueda Ryuzou , Suzumura Akio
Published: November 2004

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a 38-amino acid neuropeptide belonging to the secretin-glucagon-vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) family, performs a variety of functions in both the nervous and immune systems. In this study, we examined the effects of PACAP on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL/6 mice. When administrated intraperitoneally every other day after immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide 35 -55, PACAP ameliorated both the clinical and pathological manifestations of EAE. Ex vivo examination revealed a significant inhibition of MOG35 55-specific Th1 response in mice treated with PACAP.In vitro analysis revealed that PACAP suppressed the production of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-a, IL-1b, and IL-12, and expression of the costimulatory factor B7-2 on macrophage and microglia, which may function as antigen presenting cells (APC) in the CNS. While PACAP suppressed the differentiation of MOG35 55-specific T cells into Th1 effectors upon restimulation with MOG35 55-expressing APC, it did not affect interferon (IFN)-g production by MOG35 55-specific T cells stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28. These observations suggested that PACAP suppressed induction of EAE primarily via suppression of APC function and inflammatory cytokine production. PACAP may be useful in the future treatment of Th1-mediated autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis.
Multiple sclerosis in women having children by multiple partners. A population-based study in Denmark
Authors: Basso Olga , Campi Rita , Frydenberg Morten , Koch-Henriksen Nils , Brønnum-Hansen Henrik , Olsen Jørn
Published: November 2004

We investigated whether having children with multiple men is a risk factor for being diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS). We studied a cohort of 151 328 women, of whom 64 704 had different men fathering their children and 86 624 the same partner for all births. Women were included if they had a second or higher parity child between 1973 and 1996. The follow-up for MS ended in 1997. There were a total of 213 cases of MS diagnosed during the study period. We analysed data through Poisson regression models. Women having children with different men were not at higher risk of being diagnosed with MS, with the possible exception of a short period after having a baby with a new partner. Women having children with more than one man may have a higher risk of a pregnancy accelerating the diagnosis of MS but are probably not at an overall higher risk of MS.
Improvement of upper limb ataxia and intention tremor allowing cessation of thalamic electrostimulation after four years
Authors: Moringlane Jean Richard , Spiegel Jörg , Fuss Gerhard , Dillmann Ulrich , Pützer Manfred , Sittinger Helmut
Published: November 2004

A 34-year-old female patient suffering from multiple sclerosis was treated with thalamic electrostimulation for right dominant brachial ataxia and intention tremor. At the end of the fourth year, the energy of the battery of the impulse generator was depleted. However, the patient was able to use her hands without major impairment with the stimulator OFF, due to a stable reduction of the degree of ataxia and intention tremor. The opposite thalamus received an electrode that was never activated because of a permanent thalamotomy effect. Thus, it can be concluded that restoration of function by means of deep brain stimulation might have been beneficial towards achieving a reorganization and stabilization of subcortico-cortical and cerebellar circuitry, supporting the process of self-repair in this patient with a less aggressive course of multiple sclerosis. However, scientific proof has yet to be found. This exceptional observation emphasizes the need for longterm studies.
Decisional role preferences, risk knowledge and information interests in patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Heesen Christoph , Kasper Jürgen , Segal Julia , Köpke Sascha , Mühlhauser Ingrid
Published: November 2004

Objective: Shared decision making is increasingly recognized as the ideal model of patient-physician communication especially in chronic diseases with partially effective treatments as multiple sclerosis (MS). To evaluate prerequisite factors for this kind of decision making we studied patients’ decisional role preferences in medical decision making, knowledge on risks, information interests and the relations between these factors in MS. Methods: After conducting focus groups to generate hypotheses, 219 randomly selected patients from the MS Outpatient Clinic register (n=1374) of the University Hospital Hamburg received mailed questionnaires on their knowledge of risks in MS, their perception of their own level of knowledge, information interests and role preferences. Results: Most patients (79%) indicated that they preferred an active role in treatment decisions giving the shared decision and the informed choice model the highest priority. MS risk knowledge was low but questionnaire results depended on disease course, disease duration and ongoing immune therapy. Measured knowledge as well as perceived knowledge was only weakly correlated with preferences of active roles. Major information interests were related to symptom alleviation, diagnostic procedures and prognosis. Conclusion: Patients with MS claimed autonomous roles in their health care decisions. The weak correlation between knowledge and preferences for active roles implicates that other factors largely influence role preferences.
Further delineation of Frank–ter Haar syndrome
Authors: Maas Saskia M. , Kayserili Hulya , Lam Jan , Apak Memnune Y. , Hennekam Raoul C.M.
Published: November 2004

The combination of the symptoms megalocornea, multiple skeletal anomalies, and developmental delay was first recognized as a separate entity by Frank et al. [1973] and subsequently confirmed by ter Haar et al. [1982]. The main characteristics are brachycephaly, wide fontanels, prominent forehead, hypertelorism, prominent eyes, macrocornea with or without glaucoma, full cheeks, small chin, bowing of the long bones, and flexion deformity of the fingers. Protruding, simple ears, and prominent coccyx bone can be also regarded as important diagnostic signs. Inheritance most likely is autosomal recessive. Several manifestations such as progressive “coarsening” of the face, hirsutism, gallstones, lingual papillomatosis, and cardiac valve anomalies all point to a possible metabolic basis of the disorder. Here we describe four patients, including three sibs of Turkish descent, with this entity. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cyclodextrins and Oligonucleotide Delivery to Solid Tumors
Authors: Dass Crispin R.
Published: November 2004

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Critical Period Regulation
Authors: Hensch Takao K.
Published: November 2004

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Wood Chemistry in Relation to Quality
Authors: Pereira Helena , Graca Jose , Rodrigues Jose C.
Published: November 2004

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Structure of Rubidium—Ammonium Hexachlorotellurate [Rb0.8(NH4)0.2]2TeCl6 at Room and Low Temperatures.
Authors: Karray R. , Kabadou A. , Cisarova I. , Ben Hassen R. , Ben Salah A.
Published: November 2004

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Crystal Growth of New Strontium Iron Rhodium Oxides: Sr4Fe0.73Rh2.27O9 and SrFe0.71Rh0.29O3.
Authors: Mwamuka Judith N. , Gemmill William R. , Stitzer Katharine E. , Smith Mark D. , zur Loye Hans‐Conrad
Published: November 2004

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Synthesis and Structure of the New Fluoride Bromide Ba6.668(2)Ca0.332(2)F12Br2 and Solid Solutions with Composition Ba7‐xCaxF12 (ClyBr1‐y)2 with x = ≈0.5, 0 < y < 1.
Authors: Fruehmann B. , Kubel F. , Hagemann H. , Bill H.
Published: November 2004

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Thermoelectric Properties of (Zn1‐xCdx)4Sb3 Below Room Temperature.
Authors: Nakamoto Go , Souma Takeshi , Yamaba Masasuke , Kurisu Makio
Published: November 2004

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In situ Resistivity Measurements of Cu—In Thin Films During Their Selenization.
Authors: Kurdesau F. , Kaelin M. , Zalesski V. B. , Kovalewsky V. I.
Published: November 2004

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Solid State Electrochemical Cell for the Measurement of Gibbs Free Energy of Formation: System Ba—U—O.
Authors: Banerjee Aparna , Dash S. , Prasad R. , Venugopal V.
Published: November 2004

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A High‐Performance Cathode for the Next Generation of Solid‐Oxide Fuel Cells.
Authors: Shao Zongping , Haile Sossina M.
Published: November 2004

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[{[Pt(en)2][PtX2(en)2]}3] [{(MX5)X3}2]×12H2O: Quasi‐One‐Dimensional Halogen‐Bridged Pt(II)‐Pt(IV) Mixed‐Valence Compounds with Magnetic Counteranions.
Authors: Yamashita Masahiro , et al. et al.
Published: November 2004

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Asymmetric Protonation of Ketone Enolates Using Chiral β‐Hydroxyethers: Acidity‐Tuned Enantioselectivity.
Authors: Kim B. Moon , Kim Hyunwoo , Kim Woosung , Im Keun Young , Park Jin Kyoon
Published: November 2004

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Synthesis of a New Chiral Cyclic o‐Hydroxynaphthylphosphonodiamide and Its Application as Ligand Catalyst in Asymmetric Silylcyanation of Aromatic Aldehydes.
Authors: He Ke , Zhou Zhenghong , Wang Lixin , Li Kangying , Zhao Guofeng , Zhou Qilin , Tang Chuchi
Published: November 2004

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Vaulted Biaryls: Efficient Ligands for the Aluminum‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Baeyer—Villiger Reaction.
Authors: Bolm Carsten , Frison Jean‐Cedric , Zhang Yu , Wulff William D.
Published: November 2004

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Catalytic Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of Carbamates.
Authors: Palomo Claudio , Oiarbide Mikel , Halder Rajkumar , Kelso Michael , Gomez‐Bengoa Enrique , Garcia Jesus M.
Published: November 2004

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Efficient Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Arylimines Using Aminophosphine‐oxazoline Iridium Catalysts.
Authors: Blanc Catherine , Agbossou‐Niedercorn Francine , Nowogrocki Guy
Published: November 2004

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Intramolecular Asymmetric Amidations of Sulfonamides and Sulfamates Catalyzed by Chiral Dirhodium(II) Complexes.
Authors: Fruit Corinne , Mueller Paul
Published: November 2004

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Diastereoselective Protonation on Radical Anions of Electron‐Deficient Alkenes via Photoinduced Electron Transfer.
Authors: Hayamizu Tomoo , Maeda Hajime , Mizuno Kazuhiko
Published: November 2004

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The First Series of Chiral 2,2′:6′,2′′‐Terpyridine Tri‐N‐Oxide Ligands for Lewis Base Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylation of Aldehydes.
Authors: Wong Wing‐Leung , Lee Chi‐Sing , Leung Hon‐Kit , Kwong Hoi‐Lun
Published: November 2004

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Nitro‐Substituted Hoveyda—Grubbs Ruthenium Carbenes: Enhancement of Catalyst Activity Through Electronic Activation.
Authors: Michrowska Anna , Bujok Robert , Harutyunyan Syuzanna , Sashuk Volodymyr , Dolgonos Grigory , Grela Karol
Published: November 2004

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Novel Polymer‐Supported Coupling/Dehydrating Reagents for Use in Organic Synthesis.
Authors: Fairfull‐Smith Kathryn E. , Jenkins Ian D. , Loughlin Wendy A.
Published: November 2004

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Montmorillonite K‐10 Clay as an Efficient Solid Catalyst for Chemoselective Protection of Carbonyl Compounds as Oxathiolanes with 2‐Mercaptoethanol.
Authors: Gogoi Siddhartha , Borah Jagat C. , Barua Nabin C.
Published: November 2004

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Entirely Solvent‐Free Procedure for the Synthesis of Distillable 1,3‐Dithianes Using Lithium Tetrafluoroborate as a Reusable Catalyst.
Authors: Kazahaya Kiyoshi , Tsuji Shinya , Sato Tsuneo
Published: November 2004

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Solvent‐Modulated Pd/C‐Catalyzed Deprotection of Silyl Ethers and Chemoselective Hydrogenation.
Authors: Ikawa Takashi , Hattori Kazuyuki , Sajiki Hironao , Hirota Kosaku
Published: November 2004

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A Highly Diastereoselective Tandem Radical Reaction. Facile Three‐Component Routes to Protected (E)‐Polysubstituted Homoallylic Alcohols.
Authors: Jang Yeong‐Jiunn , Wu Jhenyi , Lin Yung‐Feng , Yao Ching‐Fa
Published: November 2004

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Efficient Synthesis of Polyethylene Glycol Mono‐Carboxylate via Michael Conjugate Addition.
Authors: Chen Qingqi , Gabathuler Reinhard
Published: November 2004

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Coupling of Vinylic Tellurides with Alkynes Catalyzed by Palladium Dichloride: Evaluation of Synthetic and Mechanistic Details.
Authors: Raminelli Cristiano , Prechtl Martin H. G. , Santos Leonardo S. , Eberlin Marcos N. , Comasseto Joao V.
Published: November 2004

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Nitration of Aromatic Compounds with Nitric Acid Catalyzed by Ionic Liquids.
Authors: Qiao Kun , Yokoyama Chiaki
Published: November 2004

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