bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A decision rule to minimize daily capital charges in forecasting value‐at‐risk
Authors: McAleer Michael , Jimenez‐Martin Juan‐Angel , Pérez‐Amaral Teodosio
Published: November 2009

Under the Basel II Accord, banks and other authorized deposit‐taking institutions (ADIs) have to communicate their daily risk estimates to the monetary authorities at the beginning of the trading day, using a variety of value‐at‐risk (VaR) models to measure risk. Sometimes the risk estimates communicated using these models are too high, thereby leading to large capital requirements and high capital costs. At other times, the risk estimates are too low, leading to excessive violations, so that realized losses are above the estimated risk. In this paper we analyze the profit‐maximizing problem of an ADI subject to capital requirements under the Basel II Accord as ADIs have to choose an optimal VaR reporting strategy that minimizes daily capital charges. Accordingly, we suggest a dynamic communication and forecasting strategy that responds to violations in a discrete and instantaneous manner, while adapting more slowly in periods of no violations. We apply the proposed strategy to Standard & Poor's 500 Index and show there can be substantial savings in daily capital charges, while restricting the number of violations to within the Basel II penalty limits. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current awareness in geriatric psychiatry
Authors:   John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Published: November 2009

In order to keep subscribers up‐to‐date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of geriatric psychiatry. Each bibliography is divided into 9 sections: 1 Reviews; 2 General; 3 Assessment; 4 Epidemiology; 5 Therapy; 6 Care; 7 Dementia; 8 Depression; 9 Psychology. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted
Spatial–temporal variability and hydrologic connectivity of runoff generation areas in a North Alabama pasture—implications for phosphorus transport
Authors: Sen Sumit , Srivastava Puneet , Dane Jacob H. , Yoo Kyung H. , Shaw Joey N.
Published: November 2009

This study delineated spatially and temporally variable runoff generation areas in the Sand Mountain region pasture of North Alabama under natural rainfall conditions, and demonstrated that hydrologic connectivity is important for generating hillslope response when infiltration‐excess (IE) runoff mechanism dominates. Data from six rainfall events (13·7–32·3 mm) on an intensively instrumented pasture hillslope (0·12 ha) were analysed. Analysis of data from surface runoff sensors, tipping bucket rain gauge and HS‐flume demonstrated spatial and temporal variability in runoff generation areas. Results showed that the maximum runoff generation area, which contributed to runoff at the outlet of the hillslope, varied between 67 and 100%. Furthermore, because IE was the main runoff generation mechanism on the hillslope, the data showed that as the rainfall intensity changed during a rainfall event, the runoff generation areas expanded or contracted. During rainfall events with high‐intensity short‐ to medium‐duration, 4–8% of total rainfall was converted to runoff at the outlet. Rainfall events with medium‐ to low‐intensity, medium‐duration were found less likely to generate runoff at the outlet. In situ soil hydraulic conductivity (k) was measured across the hillslope, which confirmed its effect on hydrologic connectivity of runoff generation areas. Combined surface runoff sensor and k‐interpolated data clearly showed that during a rainfall event, lower k areas generate runoff first, and then, depending on rainfall intensity, runoff at the outlet is generated by hydrologically connected areas. It was concluded that in IE‐runoff‐dominated areas, rainfall intensity and k can explain hydrologic response. The study demonstrated that only connected areas of low k values generate surface runoff during high‐intensity rainfall events. Identification of these areas would serve as an important foundation for controlling nonpoint source pollutant transport, especially phosphorus. The best management practices can be developed and implemented to reduce transport of phosphorus from these hydrologically connected areas. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influences of information processing and disengagement in infants' looking behaviour
Authors: Domsch Holger , Lohaus Arnold , Thomas Hoben
Published: November 2009

The present study considers the joint influences of information processing and disengagement in looking behaviour within a habituation paradigm. Six‐month‐old infants were habituated, during which their heart rate (HR) was measured. A parametric model of habituation yielded for each infant parameter estimates of their habituation performance. These parameters were interpreted as assessing information processing and disengagement. Corresponding measures were obtained from the HR data. The HR measures and habituation model parameter estimates were significantly correlated, as predicted. In addition, an attention getter, presented prior to each habituation trial, influenced indicators of information processing, but not of disengagement. Results confirmed the advantages of a modelling approach. In addition, and more importantly, findings led to the conclusion that both information processing as well as disengagement are involved in infants' looking behaviour in visual habituation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrasound for evaluation of fetal neurobehavioural development: from 2‐D to 4‐D ultrasound
Authors: Hata Toshiyuki , Dai Shu‐Yan , Marumo Genzo
Published: November 2009

With respect to the assessment of fetal behaviour, there have been numerous reports on the conventional two‐dimensional (2‐D) ultrasonographic evaluation of fetal movements. However, there are some limitations regarding the assessment of fetal movements using 2‐D ultrasound. Because of the 2‐D character of real‐time scanning, fetal movements outside the scanning plane cannot be displayed on the monitor. The advent of three‐dimensional (3‐D) ultrasound significantly advanced fetal and placental evaluation in normal and abnormal pregnancies. The introduction of four‐dimensional (4‐D) ultrasound techniques would allow the assessment of fetal behavioural assessment in three dimensions in real time during pregnancy. We present the latest 4‐D sonographic techniques and recent 4‐D sonographic studies on fetal behaviour, especially fetal whole‐body movements and facial expressions in all three trimesters of pregnancy, and the continuation of behaviour from the fetal to neonatal period. 2‐D does not appear capable or comparable to 4‐D ultrasound in terms of evaluating early fetal facial expressions. Moreover, we describe the safety of 3‐D/4‐D ultrasound during pregnancy. This novel technique may assist in the evaluation of fetal behaviour, and offer potential advantages relative to conventional 2‐D ultrasound. 4‐D ultrasound may be an important modality in future research on fetal neurobehavioural development, although some limitations regarding the assessment of fetal behaviour by means of 4‐D ultrasonography still remain unresolved. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and antitumor properties of selenocoxib‐1 against rat prostate adenocarcinoma cells
Authors: Desai Dhimant , Sinha Indu , Null Kevin , Wolter William , Suckow Mark A. , King Tonya , Amin Shantu , Sinha Raghu
Published: November 2009

Hormone refractory prostate cancer poses a huge problem and standard of care chemotherapy has not been very successful. We used a novel strategy to combine properties of 2 well‐studied class of compounds (selenium and COX‐2 inhibitor) and examined the resulting effectiveness against prostate cancer. Bearing in mind that sulfonamide moiety and pyrazole ring is important for the proapoptotic activity of Celecoxib, we synthesized a selenium derivative, Selenocoxib‐1, by modifying Celecoxib at position 3 of the pyrazole ring. The PAIII cells derived from a metastatic prostate tumor that arose spontaneously in a Lobund‐Wistar (LW) rat were used to examine the efficacy of Selenocoxib‐1 in vitro. In addition, human metastatic prostate cancer cells, PC‐3M, were tested for antitumor effect of Selenocoxib‐1 in vitro. The IC50 in PAIII and PC‐3M cells for Selenocoxib‐1 was about 5 μM, while for Celecoxib it was more than 20 μM. Selenocoxib‐1 induced apoptosis in a dose‐dependent manner in the PAIII cells. COX‐2 expression in PAIII cells was downregulated by Celecoxib and Selenocoxib‐1 at 20 and 5 μM, respectively; the COX‐2 activity was, however, not affected by Selenocoxib‐1. Following treatment with Selenocoxib‐1, PAIII cells resulted in dose‐dependent decrease in HIF‐1α, p‐AKT and Bcl‐2 levels. A reduction in weights was observed in subcutaneous tumors produced by PAIII cells pretreated with Selenocoxib‐1 as compared to Celecoxib in LW rats. Further, following 1 week Selenocoxib‐1 treatment of PAIII tumors resulted in significant reduction of tumor weights. This study demonstrates that Selenocoxib‐1 is more effective against prostate cancer than Celecoxib.
Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization tissue profiling of secretoneurin in the nucleus accumbens shell from cocaine‐sensitized rats
Authors: Uys Joachim D. , Grey Angus C. , Wiggins Armina , Schwacke John H. , Schey Kevin L. , Kalivas Peter W.
Published: November 2009

Proteins in the nucleus accumbens mediate many cocaine‐induced behaviors. In an effort to measure changes in nucleus accumbens protein expression as potential biomarkers for addiction, coronal tissue sections were obtained from rats that developed behavioral sensitization after daily administration of cocaine, or from daily saline‐treated controls. The tissue sections were subjected to matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) profiling and tissue imaging. For profiling experiments, brain sections were manually spotted with matrix over the nucleus accumbens, a brain region known to regulate cocaine sensitization. Summed mass spectra (10 000 laser shots, grid) were acquired and spectra were aligned to reference peaks. Using bioinformatics tools, eight spectral features were found to be altered by cocaine treatment. Based on additional sequencing experiments with MALDI tandem MS and database searches of measured masses, secretoneurin (m/z 3653) was identified as having an increased expression. In addition, the distribution of m/z 3653 in the nucleus accumbens was determined by MALDI tissue imaging, and the increased expression of its precursor protein, secretogranin II, was verified by immunoblotting. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical characteristics and antioxidant activities of polysaccharide purified from the seeds of Plantago asiatica L.
Authors: Yin Jun‐Yi , Nie Shao‐Ping , Zhou Chao , Wan Yin , Xie Ming‐Yong
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND: A water‐soluble polysaccharide from the seeds of Plantago asiatica L. (P. asiatica L. polysaccharide, PLP) was extracted with hot water and purified by gel filtration chromatography. The chemical characteristics of PLP were determined by high‐performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. In addition, the antioxidant activities of PLP in vitro were evaluated using various test systems, including scavenging of 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryl‐hydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, scavenging of superoxide radicals generated by 1,2,3‐phentriol autoxidation, scavenging of hydroxyl radicals and inhibition of lipid peroxidation.

RESULTS: The molecular weight of PLP was determined by HPGPC to be about 1894 kDa. PLP contained 29.2 g kg−1 protein and 145.8 g kg−1 uronic acid. The FTIR spectrum of PLP also revealed typical characteristics of a polysaccharide containing protein and uronic acid. Moreover, the results showed that PLP possessed antioxidant activities, but lower than those of ascorbic acid.

CONCLUSION: PLP is an acid protein‐bound polysaccharide of high molecular weight, but its structure needs further study. The present results suggest that PLP could potentially be used as a natural antioxidant. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Critical social marketing – The impact of alcohol marketing on youth drinking: Qualitative findings
Authors: Gordon Ross , Moodie Crawford , Eadie Douglas , Hastings Gerard
Published: November 2009

This paper presents findings from exploratory qualitative research as part of a critical social marketing study examining the impact of alcohol marketing communications on youth drinking. The findings from stakeholder interviews (regulators and marketers) suggest that some alcohol marketing might target young people, and that marketers are cognisant of growing concern at alcohol issues, including control of alcohol marketing. Focus groups with young people (aged 13–15 years) revealed a sophisticated level of awareness of, and involvement in, alcohol marketing across several channels. It was found that some marketing activities featured content that could appeal to young people and appeared to influence their, well‐developed, brand attitudes. The research demonstrates the utility of taking a critical social marketing approach when examining the impact of alcohol marketing. The implications of these findings for research, regulation and policy around alcohol marketing are also examined. The contribution that studies such as this make to the debate around marketing principles and practice, and to social marketing, is also discussed.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing the role of placental trisomy in preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction
Authors: Robinson Wendy P. , Peñaherrera Maria S. , Jiang Ruby , Avila Luana , Sloan Jennifer , McFadden Deborah E. , Langlois Sylvie , von Dadelszen Peter
Published: November 2009

Objective

Prenatally diagnosed confined placental trisomy is associated with increased risk for intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and preeclampsia. However, it is unclear how often this might underlie pregnancy complications. Our objective was to evaluate the frequency and distribution of trisomic cells in placentae ascertained for IUGR and/or preeclampsia.

Method

Comparative genomic hybridization was applied to two uncultured biopsies from each of 61 placentae referred with maternal preeclampsia and/or IUGR, 11 cases with elevated maternal serum hCG and/or AFP but no IUGR or preeclampsia, and 85 control placentae.

Results

Trisomy was observed in four placentae among the IUGR group (N = 43) but in no case of preeclampsia in the absence of IUGR (N = 18). Trisomy was observed in 1 of the 11 cases ascertained for abnormal maternal serum screen. Each of these five cases was mosaic and not all sampled sites showed the presence of trisomy. None of the 84 control placentas showed mosaic trisomy, although 1 case of nonmosaic 47,XXX was identified in this group.

Conclusion

In cases in which diagnosis of the cause of IUGR may provide some benefit, testing should be performed using uncultured cells from multiple placental biopsies for the accurate diagnosis of trisomy mosaicism. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of methylphenidate on fatigue in women with recurrent gynecologic cancer
Authors: Johnson Rhonda L. , Block Ingrid , Gold Michael A. , Markwell Stephen , Zupancic Melanie
Published: November 2009

Objective: Fatigue is the most common and often the most bothersome complaint of individuals who are treated for cancer. One intervention now commonly suggested to treat fatigue is the use of psychostimulant medication. Early studies indicate some success in individuals with a mixed cancer diagnoses. This study evaluates the effect of methylphenidate on fatigue in women with recurrent gynecologic cancer.

Method: Thirty‐two women treated for recurrent gynecologic cancer were prescribed methylphenidate at morning and noon over a 8‐week period. Participants completed the Fatigue Symptom Inventory (FSI) along with assessments of quality of life and mood at baseline, week 2, 4 and 8 to determine changes in levels of fatigue experienced.

Results: Patients reported significant declines in fatigue (p=0.0001), and improvement in both mood (p=0.0020) and quality of life (p=0.0351) when comparing baseline scores to study end.

Conclusions: This study provides support for the use of a psychostimulant to treat fatigue in women who have recurrent gynecologic cancer. It is particularly relevant for these patients with incurable disease who are facing the end of life. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of the Fertility and Cancer Project (FCP) among young breast cancer survivors
Authors: Meneses Karen , McNees Patrick , Azuero Andres , Jukkala Angela
Published: November 2009

Objective: Fertility and childbearing issues are the major quality of life concerns among young breast cancer survivors. Practical approaches are needed to convey reproductive health information. The Fertility and Cancer Project (FCP) is a dedicated research project that provides online reproductive health and fertility education. We report FCP participants' (a) changes in mood and functioning and (b) changes in knowledge of fertility and cancer from baseline to 6‐month follow‐up.

Methods: Participants completed five self‐report baseline measures, accessed FCP content and participated in online discussions. At 6 months post FCP study entry, participants were asked to complete follow‐up self‐reports.

Results: One hundred and six breast cancer survivors from 8 countries participated in the FCP. Mean age at diagnosis was 34.3 years; mean time since diagnosis was 22 months. Significant change was detected in improved physical functioning (p=0.019) and social functioning (p=0.02). Significant changes were also noted in improved fertility knowledge (p=0.011).

Conclusion: Preliminary evidence shows that young breast cancer survivors derive improved mood and knowledge benefit from FCP participation. Internet‐based approach may be a viable format for engaging this population of cancer survivors. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural investigation and elucidation of new communesins from a marine‐derived Penicillium expansum Link by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Kerzaon Isabelle , Pouchus Yves F. , Monteau Fabrice , Le Bizec Bruno , Nourrisson Marie‐Renée , Biard Jean‐François , Grovel Olivier
Published: November 2009

Penicillium expansum is a ubiquitous species for which there are only few reports for chemical investigation in marine environments. Among the numerous secondary metabolites produced by this species, communesins represent a new class of cytotoxic and insecticidal indole alkaloids. In this study, we investigated a marine P. expansum strain exhibiting neuroactivity on a Diptera larvae bioassay. Bio‐guided purification led to the isolation and the identification of communesin B as the main active compound by HRMS and 1H and 13C NMR. Liquid chromatography analyses with detection by electrospray ionization coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MS/MS) and high‐resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC/HRMS/MS) allowed the identification and characterization of four other known communesins (A, D, E and F) in the crude extract. A fragmentation model for dimethyl epoxide communesins was proposed after detailed interpretation of their MS/MS spectra. Further analyses of the extract using the modelled fragmentations led to the detection of seven new communesins found as minor compounds. Chemical structural elucidation of these new derivatives is discussed based on their fragmentation characteristics. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Online deposition of nano‐aerosol for matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Gao Yuqian , Johnston Murray V.
Published: November 2009

An online nano‐aerosol sample deposition method for matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry is described in which matrix and analyte particles between 50 and 500 nm are aerodynamically focused onto a tight spot, ca. 200 µm in diameter, on the target plate under vacuum. MALDI analysis of the target is performed without additional sample preparation. The method is evaluated with insulin as the analyte and alpha‐cyano‐4‐hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) as the matrix. Two preparation modes are compared with conventional dried‐droplet deposition: mixture deposition where a single layer is deposited consisting of particles that contain both matrix and analyte, and layered deposition where an underlayer of matrix particles and an overlayer of analyte particles are deposited separately. Desalting is performed by adding ammonium sulfate to the solution used to generate the matrix aerosol. With mixture deposition, the optimum matrix‐to‐analyte mole ratio is about 500:1 compared with 5000:1 for the conventional dried‐droplet method. With layered deposition, the thicknesses of the matrix and analyte layers are more important determinants of the analyte signal intensity than the matrix‐to‐analyte mole ratio. Analyte signal intensities are independent of matrix layer thickness above 200 nm, and the optimum analyte signal is obtained with an analyte layer thickness of about 100 nm. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid separation and identification of major constituents in Pseudolarix kaempferi by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray and quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Ye Xia , Tang Minghai , Chen Lijuan , Peng Aihua , Ma Liang , Ye Haoyu
Published: November 2009

A rapid and reliable method based on ultra‐performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with photodiode‐array detection (PDA) and electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐Q‐TOF‐MS/MS) has been developed for separation and identification of major constituents in extracts of root bark of Pseudolarix kaempferi Gordon (PKG). Identification of the constituents was carried out by interpretation of their retention times, UV absorption spectra, MS and MS/MS spectra, as well as the data provided by authentic standards and literatures. A total of 20 components were separated in only 8.0 min on a small particle size C18 column (1.7 µm). These components included nine diterpene acids, seven glycosides and four triterpenoids, among which pseudolaric acid C‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside and pseudolaric acid C2‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside were separated and identified for the first time in this study. Furthermore, the fragmentation patterns of the three types of compounds were elucidated for the first time. This established UPLC‐PDA/Q‐TOF‐MS/MS method is reliable and effective for the separation and identification of the 20 compounds and will be useful for quality control of the crude materials of Pseudolarix kaempferi Gordon and their related preparations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry to detect and quantify polyamines in headspace gas and oral air
Authors: Ross Brian M. , Babay Slim , Ladouceur Chelsea
Published: November 2009

Polyamines are a class of aliphatic compounds which include putrescine, cadaverine, spermine and spermidine. They are involved in a variety of cellular processes and have been implicated in a number of different pathophysiological mechanisms. Polyamines are volatile compounds having a distinctive odour normally perceived as being unpleasant. The measurement of their abundance has, however, been restricted to compounds present in the aqueous phase. Using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT‐MS) we have shown that the polyamines react with the ions H3O+, NO+ and O to form distinctive product ions allowing their levels to be quantified in the vapour phase. The low volatility of spermine did not allow extensive analysis of this compound by SIFT‐MS while the adherent properties of cadaverine and putrescine required the use of PTFE transfer lines and couplers. Our data suggested the presence of cadaverine and putrescine in both oral air and the headspace of putrefying bovine muscle, while product ions corresponding to putrescine and spermidine were found in the headspace of human semen. SIFT‐MS therefore appears to be a practical means of measuring vapour‐phase polyamine levels, having applications in biology, medicine and dentistry, and food science. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolite identification in rat brain microdialysates by direct infusion nanoelectrospray ionization after desalting on a ZipTip and LTQ/Orbitrap mass spectrometry
Authors: Erve John C. L. , Beyer Chad E. , Manzino Lawrence , Talaat Rasmy E.
Published: November 2009

Analyzing brain microdialysate samples by mass spectrometry is challenging due to the high salt content of the artificial cerebral spinal fluid (aCSF), low analyte concentrations and small sample volumes collected. A drug and its major metabolites can be examined in brain microdialysates by targeted approaches such as selected reaction monitoring (SRM) which provides selectivity and high sensitivity. However, this approach is not well suited for metabolite profiling in the brain which aims to determine biotransformation pathways. Identifying minor metabolites, or metabolites that arise from brain metabolism, remains a challenge and, for a drug in early discovery, identification of metabolites present in the brain can provide useful information for understanding the pharmacological activity and potential toxicological liabilities of the drug. A method is described here for rapid metabolite profiling in brain microdialysates that involves sample clean‐up using C18 ZipTips to remove salts followed by direct infusion nanoelectrospray with an LTQ/Orbitrap mass spectrometer using real‐time internal recalibration. Full scan mass spectra acquired at high resolving power (100 K atm/z400) were examined manually and with mass defect filtering. Metabolite identification was aided by sub‐parts‐per‐million mass accuracy and structural characterization was accomplished by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) experiments in the Orbitrap or LTQ depending on the abundance of the metabolite. Using this approach, brain microdialysate samples from rats dosed with one of four CNS drugs (imipramine, reboxetine, citalopram or trazodone) were examined for metabolites. For each drug investigated, metabolites, some of which not previously reported in rat brain, were identified and characterized. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic evidence for a role of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mph1 in recombinational DNA repair under replicative stress
Authors: Panico Evandro Rocco , Ede Christopher , Schildmann Michael , Schürer Kirsten Anke , Kramer Wilfried
Published: November 2009

In yeast as in human, DNA helicases play critical roles in assisting replication fork progression. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae MPH1 gene, homologue of human FANCM, has been involved in homologous recombination and DNA repair. We describe a synthetic growth defect of an mph1 deletion if combined with an srs2 deletion that can result—depending on the genetic background—in synthetic lethality. The lethality is suppressed by mutations in homologous recombination (rad51, rad52, rad55, rad57) and in the DNA damage checkpoint (rad9, rad24, rad17). Importantly, rad54 and mph1, epistatic for damage sensitivity, are subadditive for spontaneous mutator phenotype. Therefore, Mph1 could be placed at the Rad51‐mediated strand invasion process, with a function distinct from Rad54. Moreover, siz1 mutation is viable with mph1 and additive for DNA damage sensitivity. mph1 srs2 double mutants, isolated in a background where they are viable, are synergistically sensitive to DNA damage. Moderate overexpression of SGS1 partially suppresses this sensitivity. Finally, we observe an epistatic relationship in terms of sensitivity to camptothecin of mms4 or mus81 to mph1. Overall, our results support a role of Mph1 in assisting replication progression. We propose two models for the resumption of DNA synthesis under replicative stress where Mph1 is placed at the sister chromatid interaction step. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An elementary and unified approach to program correctness
Authors: Bohórquez V Jaime A.
Published: November 2009

We present through the algorithmic language
DHL
(Dijkstra-Hehner language), a practical approach to a simple first order theory based on calculational logic, unifying Hoare and Dijkstra’s iterative style of programming with Hehner’s recursive
predicative programming
theory, getting the “best of the two worlds” and without having to recur in any way to higher-order approaches such as predicate transformers, Hoare logic, fixed-point or relational theory.
On the purpose of Event-B proof obligations
Authors: Hallerstede Stefan
Published: November 2009

Event-B is a formal modelling method which is claimed to be suitable for diverse modelling domains, such as reactive systems and sequential program development. This claim hinges on the fact that any particular model has an appropriate semantics. In Event-B, this semantics is provided implicitly by proof obligations associated with a model. There is no fixed semantics though. In this article we argue that this approach is beneficial to modelling because we can use similar proof obligations across a variety of modelling domains. By way of two examples we show how similar proof obligations are linked to different semantics. A small set of proof obligations is thus suitable for a whole range of modelling problems in diverse modelling domains.
Synthesis, Characterization and Surface Activity of Hexadecyl o‐Xylene Sulfonate Isomers
Authors: Qu Guang‐miao , Ding Wei , Yu Tao , Cheng Jie‐cheng
Published: November 2009

This paper deals with the synthesis of a series of hexadecyl o‐xylene sulfonate isomers (with the o‐xylene ring located at different positions along the n‐hexadecyl chain) by a Friedel–Crafts reaction, and the Grignard reaction followed by a hydrogenation. The structure was confirmed by 1H NMR. All analytical methods indicated high levels of purities of the isomers with the orthoxylene ring located at the first, third, fifth and seventh carbon atom on the n‐hexadecane chain. The critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface tension and maximum surface excess concentration at CMC and area per molecule at the interface were determined. As the o‐xylene sulfonate group is shifted toward the center of the hexadecyl chain, the branching degree is enhanced and the surfactant molecule tends to produce a much looser packing at the gas–liquid interface. Accordingly, at CMC, the adsorption density decreases, the CMC increases and the tension reduction is weakened.
Red Palm Olein: Characterization and Utilization in Formulating Novel Functional Biscuits
Authors: El‐Hadad Nesma , Abou‐Gharbia Hany Aly , Abd El‐Aal Mohammed Hamadi , Youssef Mohammed Mohamoud
Published: November 2009

Functional biscuits were formulated by replacing white shortening (WS) by red palm olein (RPOL) at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%. Sensory evaluation of fresh biscuits indicated that all RPOL levels were significantly as acceptable as or superior to the control. Consequently, two superior RPOL levels (40 and 60%) were chosen for further investigation along with the control. Biscuits made from 40% WS + 60% RPOL exhibited significantly the lowest values regarding water loss during baking, volume before baking, specific volume, specific lightness, water activity and shearing force. Triacylglycerol and fatty acid composition of formulated biscuits resembled their counterparts for RPOL. These biscuits contained 1.8 times more tocopherols and tocotrienols and 10.4–14.8 times more carotenes than the control. Meanwhile, packaged biscuits were able to be stored at room temperature in the light for not less than 6 months without any deterioration in their quality.
Augsburg, Zurich, and the Transfer of Preachers during the Schmalkaldic War
Authors: Close Christopher W.
Published: November 2009

In summer 1546, armed conflict erupted in the Holy Roman Empire. The war pitted the Catholic Emperor Charles V against the Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Protestant imperial estates led by Landgrave Philip of Hesse and Prince-Elector John Frederick of Saxony. While the conflict's most famous and final battle took place in Thuringia at Mühlberg, the Schmalkaldic War's first military action occurred in southern Germany in the Danube River basin. This area housed numerous evangelical imperial cities, several of which sat south of the Danube in eastern Swabia. When hostilities began in July 1546, magistrates throughout the region ordered their forces to occupy the local countryside. With their soldiers came the Reformation, as city councils sent preachers to reform the seized parishes. For councilors in Augsburg, Ulm, and elsewhere, evangelization complemented the general war effort, since true believers must “first and foremost consider God's word and honor … and let God's word be preached. … Such a thing should not be delayed until after the war, for if one undertakes the Christian work of improving the corrupted churches of these poor subjects now, God will grant us victory more quickly and allow the newly won Christians to remain with us.” Closely tied to the religious goals of this wartime program of reform, therefore, was the concrete political objective of spreading urban jurisdiction to areas formerly controlled by Catholic lords.
Wake-mediated synchronization and drafting in coupled flags
Authors: ALBEN SILAS
Published: November 2009

A recent experiment has shown ‘inverted drafting’ in flags: the drag force on one flag is increased by excitation from the wake of another. Here we use vortex sheet simulations to show that inverted drafting occurs when the flag wakes add coherently to form strong vortices. By contrast, normal drafting occurs for higher frequency oscillations, when the vortex wake becomes more complex and mixed on the scale of the flag. The types of drafting and dynamics (synchronization and erratic flapping) depend on the separation distance between the flags. For both tandem and side-by-side flags in synchronized flapping, the phase difference depends nearly monotonically on separation distance.
Compliance with self-regulation of television food and beverage advertising aimed at children in Spain
Authors: Romero-Fernández Mª Mar , Royo-Bordonada Miguel Ángel , Rodríguez-Artalejo Fernando
Published: November 2009

Objective

To evaluate the level of compliance with the PAOS Code (Publicidad, Actividad, Obesidad y Salud), which establishes standards for the self-regulation of food marketing aimed at minors, in television advertising by food and beverage companies that have agreed to abide by the Code.

Design

The study sample consisted of food and beverage advertisements targeting children during 80 h of programming by four Spanish television networks. The level of compliance with each standard of the PAOS Code was classified into three categories: ‘compliance’, ‘non-compliance’ and ‘uncertain compliance’. Overall, an advertisement was considered compliant with the PAOS Code if it met all the standards; non-compliant if it contravened one or more standards; and uncertain in all other cases.

Results

Of a total of 203 television advertisements from companies that agreed to the PAOS Code, the overall prevalence of non-compliance was 49·3 % (v. 50·8 % among those that did not agree to the code), with 20·7 % of advertisements considered of uncertain compliance. Non-compliance was more frequent on Saturdays, in longer advertisements, in advertisements containing promotions or dairy products, and for advertisements from companies of French or US origin.

Conclusions

Non-compliance with the PAOS Code was very high and was similar for companies that did and did not agree to the Code, casting doubt on the Code’s effectiveness and oversight system. It seems the time has come to commit to statutory regulations that reduce the negative impact of advertising on children’s diets, as demanded by public health experts and consumer associations.
High-dose-rate brachytherapy with external beam radiotherapy in the treatment of carcinoma of cervix: dosimetric and radiobiologic analysis
Authors: Passi Kamlesh , Kehwar Than S. , Vashistha Rajesh , Singh Bikramjit , Jain Veena , Gupta Sureshchandra J.
Published: November 2009

Purpose: The aim of this study was to find out equivalency between two high-dose-rate (HDR) fractionation schemes, relevance to the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements report-38 (ICRU-38) reference volume with respect to point A dose and other ICRU reference points in two-dimensional (2D) planning.

Methods and Materials: Forty-nine patients having carcinoma of cervix of stages II–IIIB treated with external beam radiotherapy plus HDR brachytherapy (BT) were analysed. The external beam radiotherapy dose of 45 Gy/25 fractions delivered in 5 weeks followed by HDR BT delivered either in two fractions with 9.5 Gy per fraction (Group-1) or in three fractions with 7.5 Gy per fraction (Group-2) to point A. ICRU-38 recommendations were followed to determine reference volume with respect to Manchester dose point A, and biologically effective dose (BED) at different points.

Results: BED10 at bladder and rectum reference points were 17.11 ± 12.36 Gy and 13.92 ± 5.71 Gy in Group-1, and 15.69 ± 11.43 Gy and 16.24 ± 5.45 Gy in Group-2, respectively; and BED3 were 33.03 ± 29.67 Gy and 25.01 ± 12.35Gy in Group-1, and 27.00 ± 26.85 Gy and 27.44 ± 11.00 Gy in Group-2, respectively. The HDR BT reference volumes were 233.47 ± 27.30 cm3 and 227.83 ± 32.35 cm3 and corresponding CBED10 at point A with proliferation correction were 76.59 ± 2.31 Gy, and 76.41 ± 2.15 Gy for Group-1 and Group-2, respectively. The CBED10 and CBED3 at point B were 46.38 ± 2.26 Gy and 82.23 ± 0.72 Gy, respectively, for Group-1; and 45.03 ± 2.11 Gy and 82.89 ± 0.44 Gy, respectively, for Group-2.

Conclusion: No significant differences were found in the results of two HDR fractionation schemes. ICRU reference volume with respect to point A dose correlates with tumour control and is a good pre-treatment predictor in 2D planning. Neither ICRU bladder and rectum reference points nor trapezoid points showed correlation with complications. The trapezoid points did not also show any correlation with loco-regional control.
Reducing the skin dose from secondary electrons in kilovoltage radiotherapy: a pliable coating for custom lead cut-outs
Authors: Thomas D.W. , Clark J.A.
Published: November 2009

Lead cut-outs used to shape fields in kilovoltage radiotherapy can increase the surface dose on the patient. The physical processes leading to increased surface doses are summarised, and an empirical investigation of the efficacy of various coatings in reducing the skin dose generated by secondary electrons released in the lead during irradiation is presented, based on measurements using a thin window parallel plate ionisation chamber in 135 kVp and 225 kVp beams from a Pantak DXT-300 kilovoltage therapy unit. A new flexible coating for lead cut-outs has been formulated and tested. This coating, which is a combination of Copydex and emulsion paint, has been shown to be effective in reducing the skin dose generated by secondary electrons released in the lead during irradiation. The coating is easy to clean, and its inherent elasticity prevents cracking of the coating in clinical use. Its only disadvantage is that rough handling, or contact with sharp objects, can peel the coating at the point of contact.
A nationwide survey of radiation oncologists' management practices of radiation-induced skin reaction (RISK)
Authors: Swamy Uma , Ashamalla Hani , Guirguis Adel
Published: November 2009

Purpose:A questionnaire was developed to explore variations among radiation oncologists in managing early-stage breast cancer, specifically radiation-induced skin reaction (RISK).

Materials and methods:A survey was designed to target a database of 962 radiation oncologists, self-identified as ‘interested in treatment of breast cancer’. This database was obtained from the American Society of Therapeutic Radiology & Oncology (ASTRO). Participants submitted the survey online or by mail. Overall response to the survey was 282 out of 962 (29.3%). Data were handled as rates.

Results:Out of 282 respondents, 275 (97.5%) agreed on delivering 4500–5040 cGy. The most frequently employed dose was 5040/180 cGy. Three-dimensional-conformal (3DCRT) treatment was used by 55.4%, intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) by 24.5%, and conventional by 20.1%. Almost all (92.5%) agreed on using boost in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Image-guided boost placement (IGBP) was used by 87.3%. Boost dose included variations: 50.2, 7.3, and 18% used 1000, 1200, and 1400 cGy, respectively; the remaining used higher doses. In management of RISK, Aquaphor was the most popular agent (72.1%). Other agents were utilized either alone or in combination. Almost all (99%) agreed that large breast size increases RISK.

Conclusion:This survey offers a glimpse of management practices in early-stage breast cancer amongst a cross-section of radiation oncologists in the United States. Although there appears to be an overall congruence on the doses and techniques of radiation delivery, the management of RISK is varied. Additional efforts are warranted to standardize practices in order to practice evidence based medicine in a cost-effective manner.
Evaluation on lung cancer patients’ adaptive planning of TomoTherapy utilising radiobiological measures and Planned Adaptive module
Authors: Su Fan-Chi , Shi Chengyu , Mavroidis Panayiotis , Rassiah-Szegedi Prema , Papanikolaou Niko
Published: November 2009

Adaptive radiation therapy is a promising concept that allows individualised, dynamic treatment planning based on feedback of measurements. The TomoTherapy Planned Adaptive application, integrated to the helical TomoTherapy planning system, enables calculation of actual dose delivered to the patient for each treatment fraction according to the pretreatment megavoltage computed tomography (MVCT) scan and image registration. As a result, new fractionation treatment plans are available if correction is necessary. In order to evaluate the real clinical effect, biological dose is preferred to physical dose. A biological parameter, biologically effective uniform dose ($\overline{\overline D}$), has the advantages of not only reporting delivered dose but also facilitating the analysis of dose–response relations, which link radiation dose to the clinical effect. Therefore, in this study, four lung patients’ adaptive plans were evaluated using the $\overline{\overline D}$ in addition to physical doses estimated from the TomoTherapy Planned Adaptive module. Higher complication-free tumour control probability (P+) (of about 8%) was observed in patients treated with larger dose-per-fraction by using the $\overline{\overline D}$ in addition to the physical dose. Moreover, a significant increase of 13.2% in the P+ for the adaptive TomoTherapy plan in one of the lung cancer patients was also observed, which indicates the clinical benefit of adaptive TomoTherapy.
Changes in diversity and biomass of bacteria along a shallow snow pit from Kuytun 51 Glacier, Tianshan Mountains, China
Authors: Xiang Shu‐Rong , Shang Tian‐Cui , Chen Yong , Jing Z.‐F. , Yao Tandong
Published: November 2009

Microorganisms vary in both biomass and diversity composition along glacial depth profiles. However, it is not well known about the major processes controlling the structure diversity shift of microorganisms in a glacier, although, aeolian deposition has been widely accepted as one mechanism regulating the distribution of microorganisms in snow. To better understand the distribution of microorganisms in a glacier, variations in bacterial diversity and biomass along a pit profile from the Kuytun 51 Glacier in the Tianshan Mountains in China were investigated by using 16S rRNA gene library sequencing and flow cytometric analysis with cell sorting markers. Four clone libraries were established from each of the different sampling depths from the snow pit. A total of 311 insert clones were preliminarily screened by HaeIII‐based amplified rRNA restriction analysis (ARDRA), and 83 representatives of the unique ARDRA patterns were sequenced. Sequence analysis showed that the bacteria in the snow pit were affiliated with 23 known subphyla within the members of the Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Cyanobacteria phyla. To examine diversity shifts in snow, the diversity structures from the snow pit were also compared with those previously recovered from the different habitats along the Kuytun 51 Glacier surface and from the deep Malan Glacier. The results showed structure shift patterns in bacterial diversity among the surface, deep snow, and deep ice. Sequence analysis displayed a dramatic diversity shift from a mixture of Cyanobacteria and other eubacteria across the glacial surface to other eubacteria without Cyanobacteria in the deep snow. However, the biogeochemical analyses showed great variability in the measured abiotic and biotic components along the pit profile, which reinforced the idea of aeolian deposition being a dominant mechanism controlling the size and diversity of microorganisms in snow. Overall, the findings indicated a significant bacterial diversity shift between the surface and deep snow, confirming our hypothesis of a postdeposition influence on the microbial diversity structures in the glacier.
McNutt confirmed to head U.S. Geological Survey
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: November 2009

The U.S. Senate confirmed Marcia McNutt as director of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) on 21 October. McNutt served as AGU president from 2000 to 2002 and is the 2007 recipient of the AGU Maurice Ewing Medal. Since 1997, McNutt has been president and chief executive officer of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, Calif.
Geosciences call to action
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: November 2009

The U.S. National Science Foundation's (NSF) Advisory Committee for Geosciences has issued a call to action to the geosciences community. “Over the next decade, the geosciences community commits to developing a framework to understand and predict responses of the Earth as a system—from the space‐atmosphere boundary to the core, including the influences of humans and ecosystems,” states a report, “GEO Vision: Unraveling Earth's Complexities Through the Geosciences,” issued by the committee on 15 October.
Hidden environment and health costs of energy
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: November 2009

The hidden costs of energy production and use in the United States amounted to an estimated $120 billion in 2005, according to a 19 October report by the U.S. National Research Council. The report, “Hidden Costs of Energy: Unpriced Consequences of Energy Production and Use,” examines hidden costs, including the cost of air pollution damage to human health, which are not reflected in market prices of energy sources, electricity, or gasoline.
Science Organizations Remind Senators of Consensus on Climate Change
Authors: Chell Kaitlin
Published: November 2009

AGU and 17 other scientific organizations sent an open letter to the U.S. Senate on 21 October reminding senators of the scientific consensus on anthropogenic climate change. The letter was sent 1 week before the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works began a series of hearings on climate change legislation, the Clean Energy Jobs and American Power Act (Senate bill 1733).

The letter states, “Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver. These conclusions are based on multiple independent lines of evidence, and contrary assertions are inconsistent with an objective assessment of the vast body of peer‐reviewed science.”