bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Defending Qualitative Change: The View From Dynamical Systems Theory
Authors: Spencer John P. , Perone Sammy
Published: November 2008

A central controversy in developmental science, enflamed by nativist accounts, is whether development is best viewed as a series of qualitative or continuous changes. This article defends the notion of qualitative change from the perspective of dynamical systems theory (DST). Qualitative change within DST refers to the shift that occurs when a system goes from one attractor state through an instability into a different attractor state. Such changes occur on the second‐to‐second timescale of behavior. Thus, developmental analysis must always stay local, grounded in the real‐time attractor states around which behavior is organized. This article also demonstrates that qualitative and continuous change should not be cast in opposition. They are aligned concepts that work together across multiple timescales.
Effects of Aggression on Achievement: Does Conflict With the Teacher Make It Worse?
Authors: Stipek Deborah , Miles Sarah
Published: November 2008

This longitudinal study examined different explanations for negative associations between aggression and academic achievement using data collected from 403 children from low‐income families followed from kindergarten or first grade (ages 6 and 7 years) through fifth grade (ages 10–11 years). Most results of growth curve analyses examining change over time and path analyses examining associations among the variables within grades were consistent with the hypothesis that the effect of aggression on achievement was partially mediated by the conflictual relationships relatively more aggressive children tended to develop with their teachers and concomitant reductions in engagement in academic tasks. The evidence suggested, however, that the relationship between aggression and achievement is complex and reciprocal. Gender differences were also observed.
Fetal Substance Exposure and Cumulative Environmental Risk in an African American Cohort
Authors: Yumoto Chie , Jacobson Sandra W. , Jacobson Joseph L.
Published: November 2008

Two models of vulnerability to socioenvironmental risk were examined in 337 African American children (M = 7.8 years) recruited to overrepresent prenatal alcohol or cocaine exposure: The cumulative risk model predicted synergistic effects from exposure to multiple risk factors, and the fetal patterning of disease model predicted that prenatal insult will increase vulnerability to environmental risk. Four or more risks emerged as a threshold for poorer cognitive and behavioral outcome among the non‐substance‐exposed children, whereas substance‐exposed children showed greater vulnerability to lower levels of environmental risk. Cumulative risk was associated with increased delinquent and internalizing behaviors only for the substance‐exposed group. Results support the cumulative risk model for non‐substance‐exposed children and increased vulnerability to environmental risk among the substance‐exposed group.
The Social Ecology of Adolescent Alcohol Misuse
Authors: Ennett Susan T. , Foshee Vangie A. , Bauman Karl E. , Hussong Andrea , Cai Li , Reyes Heathe Luz McNaughton , Faris Robert , Hipp John , DuRant Robert
Published: November 2008

A conceptual framework based on social ecology, social learning, and social control theories guided identification of social contexts, contextual attributes, and joint effects that contribute to development of adolescent alcohol misuse. Modeling of alcohol use, suggested by social learning theory, and indicators of the social bond, suggested by social control theory, were examined in the family, peer, school, and neighborhood contexts. Interactions between alcohol modeling and social bond indicators were tested within and between contexts. Data were from a longitudinal study of 6,544 students, 1,663 of their parents, and the U.S. Census. All contexts were uniquely implicated in development of alcohol misuse from ages 11 through 17 years, and most alcohol modeling effects were contingent on attributes of social bonds.
Longitudinal Effects of Student Mobility on Three Dimensions of Elementary School Engagement
Authors: Gruman Diana H. , Harachi Tracy W. , Abbott Robert D. , Catalano Richard F. , Fleming Charles B.
Published: November 2008

Working within the developmental science research framework, this study sought to capture a dynamic and complex view of student mobility. Second‐ through fifth‐grade data (N = 1,003, predominantly Caucasian) were drawn from a longitudinal study, and growth curve analyses allowed for the examination of mobility effects within the context of other factors that put children at risk, including behavior problems and family stress. School changes predicted declines in academic performance and classroom participation but not positive attitude toward school. Time‐varying factors such as peer acceptance and teacher support had a positive influence on the growth trajectories of child outcomes. Additionally, teacher support had a particularly strong influence on positive attitudes toward school among children who had more school changes.
Investigating Preschoolers’ Categorical Thinking About Gender Through Imitation, Attention, and the Use of Self‐Categories
Authors: Grace Diana M. , David Barbara J. , Ryan Michelle K.
Published: November 2008

Whereas traditional theories of gender development have focused on individualistic paths, recent analyses have argued for a more social categorical approach to children’s understanding of gender. Using a modeling paradigm based on K. Bussey and A. Bandura (1984), 3 experiments (N = 62, N = 32, and N = 64) examined preschoolers’ (M age = 52.9 months) imitation of, and memory for, behaviors of same‐sex and opposite‐sex children and adults. In all experiments, children’s imitation of models varied according to the emphasis given to the particular category of models, despite equal attention being paid to both categories. It is suggested that the categorical nature of gender, or age, informs children’s choice of imitative behaviors.
Primary angiitis of the central nervous system: report of eight cases from Southern China
Authors: Yin Zhao , Li Xianliang , Fang Yannan , Luo Baining , Zhang Aiwu
Published: November 2008

Background and purpose:  This study is to report the clinical, neuroimaging and pathological characteristics of patients with primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) from Southern China.

Methods:  Eight patients with PACNS admitted between August 1995 and April 2006 were retrospectively studied. Records of clinical features, neuroimaging, brain biopsy and therapy were analyzed.

Results:  Primary angiitis of the central nervous system occurred predominantly in youth and middle‐aged adults. Headache, hemiplegia and speech disturbance were the most predominant manifestations. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was slightly abnormal in only one case, MRI was abnormal in seven, magnetic resonance angiography in seven, diffusion‐weighted imaging in five and digital subtraction angiography in four. Brain biopsy in four cases revealed lymphocytic angiitis. All cases had good outcome with the treatment of single corticoid or cyclophosphamide.

Conclusion:  We report eight cases of PACNS from Southern China associated with neurological and neuroimaging abnormalities; these patients presented a mild to moderate inflammatory disease that was correlated with few CSF abnormalities and good response to single steroid or cyclophosphamide treatment without relapses. Although brain biopsy represents the gold standard for diagnosis of PACNS, considering the difficulty and challenge of identification of this disease, combination with other examinations might be necessary to arrive at an early and definitive diagnosis.
Factors influencing the acceptance of web‐based training in Malaysia: applying the technology acceptance model
Authors: Hashim Junaidah
Published: November 2008

Companies in Malaysia are beginning to use web‐based training to reduce the cost of training and to provide employees with greater access to instruction. However, some people are uncomfortable with technology and prefer person‐to‐person methods of training. This study examines the acceptance of web‐based training among a convenience sample of 261 employees in Malaysia using the technology acceptance model. The research uses a self‐developed questionnaire with a five‐point Likert scale. The findings reveal that Malaysian employees accept web‐based training to some extent, despite their weak use of the Internet. Perceived ease‐of‐use, perceived comfortableness and perceived usefulness are found to be positively related to the respondents’ attitude towards adopting web‐based training. These findings mirror Western studies and suggest that the technology acceptance model, developed in the West, is also applicable in Malaysia. The implications of the study and future research directions are discussed.
Bibliotherapy for mental health service users Part 1: a systematic review
Authors: Fanner Deborah , Urquhart Christine
Published: November 2008

Aims and objectives:  UK health policy advocates a patient‐centred approach to patient care. Library services could serve the rehabilitation needs of mental health service users through bibliotherapy (the use of written, audio, or e‐learning materials to provide therapeutic support). Part 1 of a two part article describes a systematic review of the evidence for the effectiveness of bibliotherapy in mental health services.

Methods:  The systematic review of the literature used Cochrane guidelines, together with an overview of evaluations of bibliotherapy initiatives, and assessments of the needs of adult mental health service users for rehabilitation support.

Results:  The evidence strongly suggests that library‐based interventions and the provision of information could be beneficial for service users and economical for the health service in assisting treatment of a range of conditions. At present, public libraries in the UK are developing basic bibliotherapy services.

Conclusions:  Librarians, including librarians working for the health service, might provide more sophisticated bibliotherapy services, but the evidence to guide delivery is limited.
DNA perseverance of microorganisms exposed to silica: an experimental study
Authors: SCHELBLE R. T. , HALL J. A. , NEALSON K. H. , STEELE A.
Published: November 2008

The persistence of DNA from microorganisms exposed to various concentrations of SiO2 (ranging from 0 to 3000 p.p.m.) was monitored over time. The impact of silica mineralization or silicification on the longevity of 16S rRNA and 16 s rDNA genes from whole cells of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli K12 was quantified using real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), and cells were visualized using optical microscopy. For B. subtilis, DNA longevity decreased in experiments with higher levels of SiO2 (1000 and 3000 p.p.m.), in comparison to zero or low (100 p.p.m.) levels. For B. subtilis, cell viability was greatest in the absence of silica, and markedly decreased in the presence of any concentration of silica. Survival of Escherichia coli cells, on the other hand, was not sensitive to silica in the solution. All cells died at similar rates over the 180 days they were monitored, decreasing to about 1% survival. DNA longevity for E. coli did appear to be enhanced to some degree by the presence of 1000 p.p.m. silica, but higher or lower concentrations showed no increased longevity in comparison to the no‐silica control. Overall, findings of this study do not support the hypothesis that siliceous environments provide enhanced protection and preservation of DNA over time. However, results of this study do provide guidelines on the persistence of DNA that might be expected in modern silica‐rich environments, which may be an important factor for proper characterization of present‐day microbial communities.
Adaptive Quality Guided Phase Unwrapping Algorithm for Whole‐Field Digital Photoelastic Parameter Estimation of Complex Models
Authors: Ramji M. , Ramesh K.
Published: November 2008

Abstract:  With advancements in digital image processing and data acquisition, a separate branch of photoelasticity namely digital photoelasticity came into existence. Here, intensity information of the acquired image is used for the evaluation of whole‐field photoelastic parameters. Digital photoelasticity provides only wrapped phasemaps of isoclinics and isochromatics and they have to be unwrapped in different ways for getting the continuous‐phase values. In the case of the isochromatic phasemap, ambiguity removal prior to unwrapping is essential. In this paper, a 10‐step phase‐shifting methodology is proposed and a new strategy for obtaining the isochromatic phasemap free of ambiguity is demonstrated. Isoclinic unwrapping is performed by a new adaptive quality guided algorithm. Adaptive in the sense that isoclinic phase unwrapping is done autonomously even in the presence of isotropic points/π jumps occurring in the isoclinic phasemap. The isochromatic phasemap is also unwrapped using the quality guided path follower. The methodology is validated for the problem of a ring under diametral compression and later shown for three other models which have complex stress fields. Wherever possible, the parameters obtained by the new methodology are compared with analytical or numerical methods and the comparison is quite good.
A Comparison Between the EN 383 and ASTM D5764 Test Methods for Dowel‐Bearing Strength Assessment of Wood: Experimental and Numerical Investigations
Authors: Santos C. L. , De Jesus A. M. P. , Morais J. J. L. , Lousada J. L. P. C.
Published: November 2008

Abstract:  The purpose of this paper is to provide a comparison between embedding tests covered by the EN383 and ASTM D5764 standards, highlighting some difficulties regarding the application of the referred standards. These embedding tests are essential to evaluate the embedding strength of wood, which is required for the assessment of joints strength. The proposed comparison is based either on experimental data and numerical simulations through the finite element (FE) method. Tests were performed on maritime pine wood (Pinus pinaster Ait. species) according to the longitudinal and radial directions, allowing the comparison of the embedding strength and elastic foundation modulus. Three dimensional FE models of the tests were built using contact elements technology and assuming the steel dowel and wood as linear elastic isotropic and orthotropic materials, respectively. The contact modelling is a challenging topic for which this paper also proposes some guidance. The test configuration proposed in the EN383 standard for assessment of the embedment strength in compression is more susceptible to the dowel bending than the half‐hole test configuration proposed in the ASTM D5764 standard. The numerical simulation of the EN383 embedding test raises some additional difficulties regarding the dowel boundary conditions.
Effect of Strain Rate, Adiabatic Heating and Phase Transformation Phenomena on the Mechanical Behaviour of Stainless Steel
Authors: Andrade‐Campos A. , Teixeira‐Dias F. , Krupp U. , Barlat F. , Rauch E. F. , Grácio J. J.
Published: November 2008

Abstract:  The influence of strain rate on the stress–strain behaviour of an AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel sample was investigated. For this purpose, uniaxial tensile tests were performed at room temperature for different strain rates. Microstructural measurements of transformed martensitic phase as a function of plastic strain, and thermal analyses of the specimens were carried out as well. It was found that increasing the strain rate from 10−4 to 10−1 s−1 leads to a 25% improvement in uniform elongation. Moreover, a ‘curve‐crossing’ phenomenon was observed for the hardening behaviour measured at different strain rates. These results were rationalized in terms of martensitic phase transformation suppressed by a temperature increase in the specimens deformed with high strain rates.
ANALYST REPUTATION, DEALER AFFILIATION, AND MARKET MAKING
Authors: Li Mingsheng , Zhao Xin
Published: November 2008

We investigate the effects of analysts' affiliation and reputation on dealers' market making activities. We find that for a given stock, dealers who have affiliated analysts covering the stock quote and trade more aggressively than those who do not have any affiliated analysts. More important, the reputation of affiliated analysts plays an additional role in the affiliated dealer's quote and trade behavior. Dealers with affiliated star analysts post more aggressive quotes and have larger market shares than dealers with affiliated nonstar analysts. Although dealers who post more aggressive quotes also induce affiliated star analysts to cover the stocks, the positive effect of analyst reputation on the affiliated dealers' quote aggressiveness remains significant and robust after controlling for potential endogenous and simultaneous problems.
CLUSTERED SYNERGIES IN THE TAKEOVER MARKET
Authors: Madura Jeff , Ngo Thanh
Published: November 2008

In a competitive market for takeover bids, the takeover premium serves as an effective proxy for the expected synergy. We find that the expected synergy is primarily related to the premiums paid in other recent takeovers in the same industry. This relation is even stronger when considering previous takeovers (especially over the previous three‐month horizon) in the same industry that have the same payment method (cash versus stock) or form of takeover (tender offer versus merger). More of the variation in expected synergies among takeovers can be explained by the premiums derived from recent takeovers in the same industry than by all bidder‐ and target‐specific characteristics combined. We also find that the bidder valuation effects are inversely related to the premium paid for targets, implying that abnormally high premiums may reflect overpayment rather than abnormally high synergies.
Complementary Roles of Home Gardens and Exotic Tree Plantations as Alternative Habitats for Plants of the Ethiopian Montane Rainforest
Authors: HYLANDER KRISTOFFER , NEMOMISSA SILESHI
Published: November 2008

Abstract:  Many tropical forests have been converted for agri‐ or silviculture or a combination of both (agroforestry). Conservation at a landscape scale requires an understanding of the distribution and abundance of native biodiversity in these converted natural ecosystems, of which the knowledge is especially poor for African agroecosystems. We compared species density and species composition of four plant groups (trees and shrubs, epiphytic vascular plants, mosses, and liverworts) among three arboreal land‐use types in southwestern Ethiopia (montane rainforest fragments, shade‐tree coffee home gardens, and exotic tree plantations). Species density was significantly higher in forests than in coffee home gardens for all plant groups and in exotic tree plantations for all groups except mosses. Home gardens had more vascular epiphytic species than plantations, whereas the reverse was true for mosses and liverworts. The species composition of the forest plots was sometimes more similar to home‐garden plots than plantation plots and sometimes vice versa. Fifteen forest plots had, however, cumulatively more species than a random selection of 15 nonforest (coffee home garden and plantation) plots, even if the 2 plot types complemented each other in terms of habitats for forest plants. Tree plantations dominated by Eucalyptus had many small trees and shrubs in common with forests, whereas plantations with Cupressus were important substrates for forests mosses and liverworts. Our results illustrate the importance of undisturbed forests habitats for conservation of species at a landscape scale and that different human‐made land‐use types may complement each other in their capacity as additional habitats for forest species.
Value of Small Patches in the Conservation of Plant‐Species Diversity in Highly Fragmented Rainforest
Authors: ARROYO‐RODRÍGUEZ VÍCTOR , PINEDA EDUARDO , ESCOBAR FEDERICO , BENÍTEZ‐MALVIDO JULIETA
Published: November 2008

Abstract: We evaluated the importance of small (<5 ha) forest patches for the conservation of regional plant diversity in the tropical rainforest of Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. We analyzed the density of plant species (number of species per 0.1 ha) in 45 forest patches of different sizes (1–700 ha) in 3 landscapes with different deforestation levels (4, 11, and 24% forest cover). Most of the 364 species sampled (360 species, 99%) were native to the region, and only 4 (1%) were human‐introduced species. Species density in the smallest patches was high and variable; the highest (84 species) and lowest (23 species) number of species were recorded in patches of up to 1.8 ha. Despite the small size of these patches, they contained diverse communities of native plants, including endangered and economically important species. The relationship between species density and area was significantly different among the landscapes, with a significant positive slope only in the landscape with the highest deforestation level. This indicates that species density in a patch of a given size may vary among landscapes that have different deforestation levels. Therefore, the conservation value of a patch depends on the total forest cover remaining in the landscape. Our findings revealed, however, that a great portion of regional plant diversity was located in very small forest patches (<5 ha), most of the species were restricted to only a few patches (41% of the species sampled were distributed in only 1–2 patches, and almost 70% were distributed in 5 patches) and each landscape conserved a unique plant assemblage. The conservation and restoration of small patches is therefore necessary to effectively preserve the plant diversity of this strongly deforested and unique Neotropical region.
Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy for Plaque Characterization
Authors: WAXMAN SERGIO
Published: November 2008

A near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy catheter‐based system has been developed for intracoronary detection of lipid‐rich plaques, capable of scanning an artery through blood and during cardiac motion. The lipid‐rich plaque chemometric algorithm was validated in an ex vivo study using coronary artery specimens from autopsy hearts. A parallel clinical study was performed to demonstrate safety of the system in patients and the similarity of spectra acquired in vivo to data from the ex vivo study. Proof of spectral similarity between data obtained in patients and data from autopsy specimens is required to demonstrate the applicability of the algorithm to patients, in whom tissue for analysis is not available. A preliminary analysis in an unblinded cohort of patients from the clinical study reported promising results. The final results of the clinical study will be submitted for publication. The potential clinical value of this NIR spectroscopy device is discussed.
Percutaneous Mechanical Thrombectomy for Massive Pulmonary Embolism Using a Conservative Treatment Strategy
Authors: SPIES CHRISTIAN , KHANDELWAL ABHA , SMITH TIMOTHY H. , JOLLY NEERAJ , KAVINSKY CLIFFORD J.
Published: November 2008

Introduction: Percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy (PMT) for treatment of massive pulmonary embolism (PE) has been shown to be technically feasible, although the complication rate of the procedure appears relatively high. Whether a conservative treatment approach defined by an early termination of the PMT procedure once hemodynamic and clinical parameters of the patient have improved is associated with lower complication rates is unknown. We report our experience of PMT in patients with massive PE using the Angiojet system following a conservative treatment strategy.

Methods: From April 2003 until November 2007, 13 patients underwent PMT with the Angiojet system. Indications for PMT were massive PE and either failed thrombolysis or contraindications to thrombolytic therapy. All patients were deemed high risk for surgical thrombectomy.

Results: Technical success was achieved in 12 patients (92%). Mean systemic arterial pressure increased from 87 to 106 mmHg following PMT (P = 0.011), while the heart rate decreased from 119 to 97 beats per minute (P = 0.041). In‐hospital mortality was 15% (2 of 13 patients). No complications occurred which were attributable to the PMT procedure. Right ventricular size and function improved in the majority of patients following the PMT procedure.

Conclusion: Using a conservative treatment approach of PMT for the treatment of massive PE carries a low periprocedural complication rate. The low morbidity was achieved without compromising clinical outcome, documented by an in‐hospital mortality of 15%. PMT using a conservative treatment approach may result in comparable mortality, but lower morbidity than PMT using more aggressive, angiographically guided treatment strategies.
Vascular Brachytherapy for Patients with Drug‐Eluting Stent Restenosis
Authors: BONELLO LAURENT , KANESHIGE KIMBERLY , DE LABRIOLLE AXEL , ROY PROBAL , LEMESLE GILLES , TORGUSON REBECCA , SATLER LOWELL F. , PICHARD AUGUSTO D. , LINDSAY JOSEPH , WAKSMAN RON
Published: November 2008

Background: The rate of drug‐eluting stent (DES) in‐stent restenosis (ISR) exceeds 10% in complex subsets of patients and lesions. The optimal management of DES ISR remains undetermined. Vascular brachytherapy (VBT) is proven to be effective for the treatment of bare metal stent ISR but its outcome for DES ISR has not been established.

Methods: Ninety‐nine consecutive patients who presented with ISR following DES implantation in 122 lesions were subjected to conventional percutaneous coronary intervention with adjunct VBT using either beta radiation (Beta Rail in 74 patients [82.2%] and the Galileo system in 13 patients [14.4%]) or gamma radiation (Checkmate system in 3 patients [3.3%]). Patients were followed clinically for major adverse cardiac events (MACE) during 1‐year follow‐up.

Results: A high proportion of patients in this cohort presented with complex ISR; 31.1% had recurrences of ISR to the same site, 55% had diffuse or proliferate pattern of restenosis, and 23 lesions (18.9%) were located in a saphenous vein graft. Procedural success and uneventful in‐hospital course were documented in all patients post VBT. At 12 months' follow‐up, the target lesion revascularization (TLR) rate was 11% and the overall MACE rate was 26%. Patients with multiple episodes of ISR to the same site had a TLR of 16% and MACE rate of 35.5%.

Conclusions: VBT for the treatment of DES ISR was found to be effective and safe and should be considered for the treatment of DES ISR, in particular in complex patients with multiple recurrences.
Development of an Ionic‐Conductive Skeletal Structure for an Electrode‐Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
Authors: Jono Kaori , Suda Seiichi , Hattori Masatoshi
Published: November 2008

A novel ionic‐conductive skeletal structure was developed for an electrode‐supported solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The skeletal structure was formed as an ionic‐conductive frame that accumulated two thick porous layers and one dense thin layer. Two types of green sheets were used to form the frame. Thin green sheets (thickness: 15–30 μm) for the dense layers were fabricated with a well‐dispersed Gd0.2Ce0.8Ox (GDC) slurry and thick sheets (thickness: 150–300 μm) were fabricated with a GDC/pore‐former slurry by the tape casting method. Sintering laminated sheets at 1450°C for 8 h in air resulted in an ionic‐conductive frame that was suitable for electrode‐supported SOFC. The relative density of the inner thin layer, which works as an electrolyte, was higher than 98%, and the outer thick layers remained porous after the sintering. The porous structure of the outer layers was controlled using agglomerated slurries instead of well‐dispersed slurries. Electrochemical measurements of the ionic‐conductive frame attached with platinum electrodes exhibited potential as high‐performance cells.
Optimization of a Nanoporous Silicon Layer for Solar Cell Application
Authors: An Guk‐Hwan , Lee Don Hee , Kim Sun Hee , Kim Bum Sung , Yun Ju Hwan , Choa Yong‐Ho
Published: November 2008

A pyramidal structure and an n/p junction‐formed wafer were used for the porous silicon (PS) layer formation. The pyramidal structure was adopted to maximize the light confinement with the PS layer. Also, in order to apply the PS layer to the solar cell directly, the n/p junction was adopted. To optimize the PS layer on this new type of surface, three kinds of solutions, ethanol, N,N‐dimethylformamide, and formamide (FA), were used with hydrofluoric acid as a base of electrolyte. Various current densities were applied for PS layer formation with various anodizing durations. The reflectance and the microstructure were used as criteria for the selection of the most suitable PS layer. Consequently, an effective reflectance of 2.4% was obtained with 50 mA/cm2 and 10 s under the FA‐based electrolyte condition. The result was expected to be used as an antireflection coating for solar cell applications.
Effect of B2O3 on the Sintering Condition and Microwave Dielectric Properties of Bi4(SiO4)3 Ceramics
Authors: Joung Mi‐Ri , Kim Jin‐Seong , Song Myung‐Eun , Paik Dong‐Su , Nahm Sahn , Paik Jong‐Hoo , Choi Byung‐Hyun
Published: November 2008

B2O3 was added to Bi4(SiO4)3 ceramics to aid the densification process at low temperatures (≤900°C). When the B2O3 content was <3.0 mol%, a porous microstructure developed for the specimens sintered at 875°C. However, when the amount of B2O3 exceeded 3.0 mol%, the Bi4(SiO4)3 ceramics were well sintered even at 875°C for 0.5 h, due to the formation of a liquid phase containing B2O3. The microwave dielectric properties were influenced by the amount of B2O3, and the 3.0 mol% B2O3‐added Bi4(SiO4)3 ceramic sintered at 875°C for 1 h showed good microwave dielectric properties of ɛr=15.6, Q×f=36 281 GHz, and τf=−22 ppm/°C.
Covalent linkage of heparin provides a stable anti‐coagulation surface of decellularized porcine arteries
Authors: Liao Dan , Wang Xinwen , Lin Peter H. , Yao Qizhi , Chen Changyi
Published: November 2008

Establishing thrombosis‐resistant surface is crucial to develop tissue‐engineered small diameter vascular grafts for arterial reconstructive procedures. The objective of this study was to evaluate the stability and anti‐coagulation properties of heparin covalently linked to decellularized porcine carotid arteries. Cellular components of porcine carotid arteries were completely removed with chemical and physical means. Heparin was covalently linked to the decellularized vessels by a chemical reaction of the carboxyl end of amino acids with hydroxylamine sulphate salt and heparin‐EDC. Bound heparin contents were measured by quantitative colorimetric assay of toluidine blue staining. The average content of heparin in treated vessels was 35.6 ± 11.6 mg/cm2 tissue, which represented 6.21 ± 2.03 UPS heparin/cm2 tissue. The stability of heparin linkage was tested by incubating the heparin‐linked vessels either in PBS at 37°C or in 70% alcohol at room temperature up to 21 days, showing no significant reduction of heparin content. Anti‐coagulation property of bound heparin was determined with a clotting time assay using fresh dog blood. Standardized small pieces of non‐heparin‐bound vessels were clotted in fresh dog blood within 10 min., whereas all heparin‐bound vessels did not form clot during 1‐hr observation. In vivo platelet deposition of the vessel was determined with a baboon model of the femoral arteriovenous external shunt and 111Indium labelling of platelets. There were 1.38 ± 0.07 × 109 and 0.64 ± 0.11×109 baboon platelets deposited on the control and heparin‐linked vessels, respectively, at 60 min. These data demonstrate that covalent linkage of heparin provides an effective and stable anti‐coagulation surface of decellularized porcine carotid arteries. This study may suggest a new strategy to develop tissue‐engineered biological vascular grafts, which could be used for human coronary or low extremity artery bypasses.
Non‐viral VEGF165 gene therapy – magnetofection of acoustically active magnetic lipospheres (‘magnetobubbles’) increases tissue survival in an oversized skin flap model
Authors: Holzbach Thomas , Vlaskou Dialekti , Neshkova Iva , Konerding Moritz A. , Wörtler Klaus , Mykhaylyk Olga , Gänsbacher Bernd , Machens H.‐G. , Plank Christian , Giunta Riccardo E.
Published: November 2008

Adenoviral transduction of the VEGF gene in an oversized skin flap increases flap survival and perfusion. In this study, we investigated the potential of magnetofection of magnetic lipospheres containing VEGF165‐cDNA on survival and perfusion of ischemic skin flaps and evaluated the method with respect to the significance of applied magnetic field and ultrasound. We prepared perfluoropropane‐filled magnetic lipospheres (‘magnetobubbles’) from Tween60‐coated magnetic nanoparticles, Metafectene, soybean‐oil and cDNA and studied the effect in an oversized random‐pattern‐flap model in the rats (n= 46). VEGF‐cDNA‐magnetobubbles were administered under a magnetic field with simultaneously applied ultrasound, under magnetic field alone and with applied ultrasound alone. Therapy was conducted 7 days pre‐operative. Flap survival and necrosis were measured 7 days post‐operatively. Flap perfusion, VEGF‐protein concentration in target and surrounding tissue, formation and appearance of new vessels were analysed additionally. Magnetofection with VEGF‐cDNA‐magnetobubbles presented an increased flap survival of 50% and increased flap perfusion (P < 0.05). Without ultrasound and without magnetic field, the effect is weakened. VEGF concentration in target tissue was elevated (P < 0.05), while underlying muscle was not affected. Our results demonstrate the successful VEGF gene therapy by means of magnetobubble magnetofection. Here, the method of magnetofection of magnetic lipospheres is equally efficient as adenoviral transduction, but has a presumable superior safety profile.
Gebannte Virtuosität
Authors: Borchert Angela C.
Published: November 2008

Die Studie versucht Heinrich Heines Doppelargument zu klären: sein Tanzpoem, Der Doktor Faust, werde erstens der historischen Sage gerechter und zweitens sei es der Moderne angemessener als Goethes Faustprojekt. Heine stützt seine These mit dem Hinweis auf die wachsende Bedeutung der im Klassizismus noch beargwöhnten Kunst des Tanzes im gegenwärtigen 19. Jahrhundert. Der Tanz sei das Medium, um die anhaltende Modernität des Faustthemas, die Geschichte des Begehrens und Verführens in angemessen performativer Form vorzustellen. An diesem Aufstieg des Tanzes zu einer der Leitkünste im 19. Jahrhundert thematisiert Heine exemplarisch Chance und Problematik von Virtuosität. In seinen Kritiken notiert Heine, dass ohne Poesie und geschichtliche Tiefendimension Künste wie der Tanz zu bloßem Effekt verkommen. Diese Einsicht setzt er produktionsästhetisch in seinem Tanzpoem um. Er zeigt wie es möglich ist, eine welthistorische Gesamtschau verschiedenster ästhetischer Manieren und unterschiedlichster Weltentwürfe virtuos zu inszenieren, und gleichwohl in kritischer Distanz zu einer bloß auf Effekt zielenden Virtuosität zu bleiben.
Microscopic evaluation of the effect of different storage media on the periodontal ligament of surgically extracted human teeth
Authors: De Sousa Hugo Alexandre , De Alencar Ana Helena G. , Bruno Kely Firmino , Batista Aline Carvalho , De Carvalho Antônio César Perri
Published: November 2008

Abstract –  The objective of this study was to microscopically evaluate the human periodontal ligament adhered to extracted teeth, after extra‐alveolar period of 1 h using, as storage media, pasteurized milk (group I), chicken egg white (group II) and artificial saliva (group III). Forty intact premolars were selected, with indication of tooth extraction for orthodontic reasons. After the extraction of 30 teeth, they were maintained dried on a gauze at room temperature for 10 min, and then immersed in the selected storage media. After the established time, the teeth were washed with saline solution and placed in 10.0% buffered formalin. Ten teeth were extracted and immediately immersed in 10.0% neutral formalin (group IV). Thereafter, they were submitted to histological processing. After fixation and decalcification, the specimens were cut at the cervical, medium and apical thirds, inserted in paraffin and serially sectioned, with 6‐μm thickness. They were stained by hematoxylin–eosin and analyzed under light microscopy. According to the results of quantitative analysis, there was no statistically significant difference in the number of cells per mm2 between groups I, II and III. The qualitative analysis showed similar results in relation to the organization of collagen fibers and the number of cells in groups I and II, but group III displayed a higher disorganization of the collagen fibers and also a higher reduction in the number of cells. Based on these results, it was concluded that the quality of periodontal ligament was affected by the storage media, when compared with the control group. There was a statistically significant difference in the number of cells per mm2 between the control group and groups I, II and III. There was no significant statistical difference in the number of cells per mm2 between groups I, II and III.
Occurrence of tooth injuries in patients treated in hospital environment in the region of Araçatuba, Brazil during a 6‐year period
Authors: Gulinelli Jéssica Lemos , Saito Célia Tomiko Matida Hamata , Garcia‐Júnior Idelmo Rangel , Panzarini Sônia Regina , Poi Wilson Roberto , Sonoda Celso Koogi , Jardim Èllen Cristina Gaetti , Faverani Leonardo Perez
Published: November 2008

Abstract –  Dental trauma has been considered as a public health problem that affects mainly children and youngsters and due to its impact on the patient’s quality of life. This study presents the results of a 6‐year survey of the occurrence and characteristics of dental trauma in patients admitted to the Service of Surgery and Oral and Maxillofacial Traumatology of the School of Dentistry of Araçatuba (UNESP, Brazil) after emergency care in hospital facilities in the region of Araçatuba, SP, Brazil. For such purpose, the clinical files of patients treated at the Service between 1999 and 2005 were reviewed. Information regarding gender, age, number of traumatized teeth, etiology and diagnosis of the trauma was collected from the files of patients with tooth injuries and recorded in case report forms specifically designed for this purpose. The results showed that from a total of 4112 patients admitted to the Service within the surveyed period, 266 (6.5%) had tooth injuries (172 males – 64.7%; 94 females – 35.3%). The total number of traumatized teeth was 496. Most patients belonged to the 16–20 year‐old age group (20.3%) and the most frequent causes of tooth injuries were bicycle accidents (28.6%), motorcycle accidents (19.2%) and falls (18.8%). Injuries to the periodontal tissues were the most frequent type of tooth injuries (408 teeth; 82.26%), occurring in 118 primary and 290 permanent teeth. Among the injuries to the periodontal tissues, avulsion was the most common (32.86%) (29.41% for primary and 34.0% for permanent teeth), followed by extrusive luxation (19.15%) (25.21% for primary and 17.24% for permanent teeth). In conclusion, in the surveyed population, cases of tooth injuries were more frequent in males aged 16–20 years old due to cyclist accidents with predominance of injuries to the periodontal tissues, in particular, avulsions.
Orthodontic extrusion of a traumatically intruded permanent incisor: a case report with a 5‐year follow up
Authors: Sönmez Hayriye , Tunç Emine Şen , Dalcı Öykü Nebioğlu , Şaroglu Işıl
Published: November 2008

Abstract –  This report presents a case of intrusive luxation of the immature left maxillary central incisor in an 8‐year‐old girl. Initially, it was decided to allow the intruded tooth to spontaneous re‐erupt because it had open apices. After 12 weeks of monitoring for spontaneous re‐eruption, there was no clinical evidence of its occurrence. Therefore, orthodontic extrusion was initiated. The intruded tooth was repositioned with a fixed multibracketed appliance. Twenty weeks after the beginning of orthodontic extrusion, the position of the intruded maxillary central incisor was restored to its original position before its displacement occurred. After 5 years, no clinical or radiographic pathology was detected and obliteration of the pulp canal of the intruded tooth was observed radiographically.
Factors affecting the timing of pulp extirpation in a sample of 66 replanted avulsed teeth in children and adolescents
Authors: Stewart Christopher J. , Elledge Ross O. , Kinirons Martin J. , Welbury Richard R.
Published: November 2008

Abstract –  The management of 66 replanted avulsed permanent teeth in 46 patients over a 4‐year period was studied. Treatment was compared with the recommendations in published guidelines for the management of avulsed permanent teeth. For total extra‐alveolar times longer than 45 min, the pulps were extirpated in 96% of teeth. Extra‐alveolar times longer than 45 min were associated with earlier pulp extirpation (median 16 days) compared with teeth with shorter extra‐alveolar times (median 25 days). Endodontic treatment was postponed in teeth with open apices (median 27 days) compared with closed apices (median 15 days). Teeth in which pulps were removed within 10 days post‐trauma had a lower prevalence of inflammatory root resorption compared with teeth in which pulps were removed later. Where inflammatory root resorption did occur, onset was significantly delayed when the pulp had been removed within the first 10 days. This study indicates that clinicians are following the guidelines in key areas of endodontic management of traumatized incisors resulting in more favourable outcomes.
Epidemiology of traumatic dental injuries – a 12 year review of the literature
Authors: Glendor Ulf
Published: November 2008

Abstract –  Background/Aim:  A traumatic dental injury (TDI) is a public dental health problem because of its frequency, occurrence at a young age, costs and that treatment may continue for the rest of the patient’s life. The aim of this paper is to present a12‐year, international review of the prevalence and incidence of TDIs including some background factors and a quick, easy method in registering TDIs to receive a primary understanding of the extent and severity of dental trauma.

Material and method:  The databases of Medline, Cochrane, SSCI, SCI and CINAHL from 1995 to the present were used.

Result:  The results indicate a high prevalence of TDIs in primary and permanent teeth and that TDIs exists throughout the world. The prevalence show that one third of all preschool children have suffered a TDI involving the primary dentition, one fourth of all school children and almost one third of adults have suffered a trauma to the permanent dentition, but variations exist both between and within countries. Activities of a person and the environment are probably more determining factors of TDIs than gender and age. A risk profile why some patients sustain multiple dental trauma episodes (MDTE) is necessary to present. All dental clinics should have a prospective ongoing registration of TDIs. The NUC method (N = no TDI, U = uncomplicated TDI, C = complicated TDI) presents if there has been any TDI and the severity of that trauma.

Conclusion:  The trend of TDIs seems to be stable on a high level with variations largely reflecting local differences. Because of the complexity of TDIs, every dental clinic should have a prospective ongoing registration of number and severity of TDIs.
Improving Emotion Regulation and Sibling Relationship Quality: The More Fun With Sisters and Brothers Program*
Authors: Kennedy Denise E. , Kramer Laurie
Published: November 2008

Abstract: We examined the role of emotion regulation (ER) in improving sibling relationship quality (SRQ) by evaluating the More Fun With Sisters and Brothers Program where 4‐ to 8‐year‐old siblings from 95 families were taught emotional and social competencies. Parents reported on SRQ and ER, and sibling interactions were observed in homes. SRQ and ER improved for program participants (n = 55) in comparison to those in a wait list condition (n = 40). Children participating in the program needed less parental direction to control negative emotions and refrain from directing negative actions toward others following the program. Higher levels of ER were linked with more positive SRQ at posttest. Results highlight the value of strengthening children’s emotion regulation processes as a mechanism for promoting prosocial sibling relationships.
Neighborhood, Parenting, and Adolescent Factors and Academic Achievement in Latino Adolescents From Immigrant Families
Authors: Henry Carolyn S. , Merten Michael J. , Plunkett Scott W. , Sands Tovah
Published: November 2008

Abstract:Self‐report questionnaire, school records, and census block group data for 502 Latino adolescents in immigrant families were examined using multilevel modeling to test how structural neighborhood adversity, in addition to perceived neighborhood, parental, and adolescent factors, explained grade point average (GPA). The results showed perceived neighborhood risk, mothers’ education aspirations for youth, and gender were directly related to GPA. Academic motivation mediated the relationship between fathers’ and mothers’ monitoring and GPA. Implications for prevention, intervention, and policy are presented.
Guilt Trips and Love Withdrawal: Does Mothers’ Use of Psychological Control Predict Depressive Symptoms Among African American Adolescents?*
Authors: Mandara Jelani , Pikes Crysta L.
Published: November 2008

Abstract: This study examined the effects of maternal psychological control on the depressive symptoms of 152 lower socioeconomic status African American adolescents. After controlling for the effects of other parenting practices, psychological control had a strong positive relationship with girls’ depressive symptoms, but none for boys, even though the 2 groups reported the same levels of psychological control. As predicted, girls’ sense of control and agency completely mediated the effects of psychological control. Those who reported higher levels of psychological control reported lower self‐control and higher depressive symptoms. It was concluded that girls are probably more aware of the covert messages and more concerned for their mother’s feelings than are boys. Thus, girls may be more willing than boys to sacrifice their own identity; however, there may be psychological consequences for their sacrifice.
Health of Immigrants in European Countries
Authors: Solé-Auró Aïda , Crimmins Eileen M.
Published: November 2008

The health of older immigrants can have important consequences for needed social support and demands placed on health systems. This paper examines health differences between immigrants and the native-born populations aged 50 years and older in 11 European countries. We examine differences in functional ability, disability, disease presence, and behavioral risk factors for immigrants and nonimmigrants using data from the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) database. Among the 11 European countries, migrants generally have worse health than the native population. In these countries, there is a little evidence of the “healthy migrant” at ages 50 years and over. In general, it appears that growing numbers of immigrants may portend more health problems in the population in subsequent years.