bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Host preference and offspring performance are linked in three congeneric hyperparasitoid species
Authors: HARVEY JEFFREY A. , GOLS RIETA , SNAAS HELEN , MALCICKA MIRIAMA , VISSER BERTANNE
Published: November 2014

1. The optimisation theory predicts that insect mothers should oviposit on resources on which they attain the highest exclusive fitness. The development of parasitoid wasps is dependent on limited host resources that are often not much larger than the adult parasitoid.

2. In the present study preference and development in three congeneric species of secondary hyperparasitoids attacking cocoons of two congeneric primary parasitoids that differ significantly in size were compared. Gelis agilis (Fabricius) and G. acarorum (L.) are wingless hyperparasitoids that forage in grassy habitats, whereas G. areator (Panzer) is fully winged and forages higher in the canopy of forbs.

3. The three species were reared on cocoons containing pupae of a small gregarious endoparasitoid, Cotesia glomerata (L.), and a larger solitary species, C. rubecula (Marshall), both of which develop in the caterpillars of pierid butterflies.

4. Adult mass was correlated with initial cocoon mass in all three species, whereas development time was unaffected. Wasps were larger when developing in C. rubecula. However, for a given host mass, wasps were larger when developing on the smaller host, C. glomerata. This suggests that there is a physiological limit to hyperparasitoid size that was exceeded when C. rubecula served as host.

5. All three hyperparasitoids strongly preferred to attack cocoons of the larger species, C. rubecula, often avoiding cocoons of C. glomerata entirely.

6. Preference and performance are correlated in the three Gelis species. However, owing to variation in the distribution and thus abundance of their hosts, it is argued that cumulative fitness may be still higher in the smaller host species.
Evidence‐based endodontics
Authors: Bergenholtz Gunnar , Kvist Thomas
Published: November 2014

This review defines evidence‐based practice and discusses how the concept has been applied to endodontics. The focus is on treatment procedures in endodontics. The means used in the process and how far our knowledge base has reached are addressed. Aspects are also conveyed as to what future research in clinical endodontics should take into account.
Restoration of endodontically treated teeth: contemporary concepts and future perspectives
Authors: Baba Nadim Z. , Goodacre Charles J.
Published: November 2014

The concept of using a root for the restoration of a missing crown is not new. Through continuous research, our understanding of the causes of failure has improved. Recent research on endodontically treated teeth has changed contemporary views concerning some principles while consolidating others. Clinical success in restoring endodontically treated teeth depends on our ability to use the latest materials available in conjunction with sound clinical methods. A number of articles have discussed the major factors that play a key role in the long‐term survival of endodontically treated teeth and associated restorations. The purpose of this article is to identify key principles that affect tooth and restoration survival and to present expectations regarding optimal future solutions for the long‐term retention of endodontically treated teeth.
Dental imaging—2D to 3D: a historic, current, and future view of projection radiography
Authors: Todd Randolph
Published: November 2014

Projection radiography, developed over 100 years ago, has helped transform Dentistry into a sophisticated evidence‐based healthcare profession. It has been an international collaboration of research that created the technology we now use. The following essay reviews the history behind the technology and provides examples of its current endodontic applications. The dangers of ionizing radiation have pushed the science of imaging into new frontiers. New imaging processes that use magnetic resonance, ultrasound, and infrared technology may supersede the need to use x‐rays. Change is a constant in imaging. Future applications will go beyond the imagination of the inventors.
Validation of the Brazilian‐Portuguese version of the Modified Telephone Interview for cognitive status among stroke patients
Authors: Baccaro Alessandra , Segre Adriana , Wang Yuan‐Pang , Brunoni André R , Santos Itamar S , Lotufo Paulo A , Benseñor Isabela M , Goulart Alessandra C
Published: November 2014

Aims

To examine the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS‐M) for cognitive impairment in post‐stroke patients from the Stroke Mortality and Morbidity Study.

Methods

The original version of the TICS‐M was translated and adapted into Brazilian‐Portuguese language in 30 non‐clinical subjects. After that, two trained researchers applied the TICS‐M in 73 stroke participants from the Stroke Mortality and Morbidity Study; however, 12 carried out only the first evaluation and 61 participants completed the follow up: (i) personal interview 6 months after stroke; (ii) telephone interview 1 week after the first evaluation; and (iii) telephone interview 2 weeks after the first evaluation. The reliability of the TICS‐M was calculated by test–retest Pearson's correlation, intraclass correlation and Cronbach's alpha coefficient in 61 participants. Also, using data from the same participants, we carried out the analysis of the receiver operating characteristics curve using the Mini‐Mental State Examination as a comparison. The structural validity of the TICS‐M was assessed through principal components analysis in 103 individuals (30 non‐clinical and 73 stroke patients).

Results

Test–retest reliability and intraclass correlation ranged from 0.87 to 0.97 across the evaluations. The Cronbach's alpha was 0.96. Principal components analysis extracted three meaningful domains: working memory, recall memory and orientation. The best cut‐off point to screen cognitive impairment was 14 out of 15 (91.5% sensitivity, 71.4% specificity). The area under the curve was 0.89.

Conclusions

The Brazilian version of the TICS‐M has been found to be a reliable, stable and homogeneous instrument to screen cognitive impairment in stroke patients. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 15: 1118–1126.
Effect of two physical exercise protocols on cognition and depressive symptoms in oldest‐old people: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Ansai Juliana Hotta , Rebelatto José Rubens
Published: November 2014

Aim

To compare the effect of multicomponent and resistance training and detraining on cognition and depressive symptoms in oldest‐old community‐dwelling people.

Methods

A total of 69 sedentary older adults aged older than 80 years were assessed and randomized into three groups (control, multicomponent and resistance training). The multicomponent group performed protocol consisting of aerobic, strength and balance exercises. The resistance group participated in strength exercises using six machines. The control group did not perform any intervention. The training sessions had progressive intensity, lasted 16 weeks and included three sessions per week. The volunteers were assessed at baseline, at the end of the 16‐week training sessions and after the 6‐week detraining period. The assessment consisted of anamneses, Geriatric Depression Scale and cognition (Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Clock Drawing Test, verbal fluency and dual task).

Results

There were no significant differences between groups and times in any of variables; however, the adherence to training was low, mainly in the multicomponent group.

Conclusions

Randomized controlled trials using adherence strategies and longer times comparing training variations are required to verify which training protocols are more effective and consistent on cognition and depression in oldest‐old people. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 15: 1127–1134.
Oral health‐related quality of life among institutionalized patients after dental rehabilitation
Authors: İlhan Betül , Çal Ebru , Dündar Nesrin , Güneri Pelin , Dağhan Şafak
Published: November 2014

Aim

The aim of the present study was to determine the changes in oral health‐related quality of life before and 3 months after dental rehabilitation among geriatric patients residing in a state‐owned nursing home, using the General Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI).

Methods

Data from 40 patients were collected through the administration of a structured questionnaire, as well as from medical records and intraoral examinations. Sociodemographic and behavioral variables, and denture use/length of use were recorded. The GOHAI questionnaire was completed before and 3 months after dental rehabilitation by the same examiner. Normality of the GOHAI scores was examined with the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t‐tests, one‐way ancova and ancova (P < 0.05).

Results

The study sample included 32 men (80%) and eight women (20%) with a mean age of 72.75 years. Mean GOHAI scores increased from 41.275 (low) to 53.100 (moderate) 3 months after dental rehabilitation (t = 1.42, P < 0.001, r = 0.86). Patients with poor oral hygiene (P = 0.000), those who had been using dentures (P = 0.000) and patients younger than 70 years‐of‐age (P = 0.03) provided higher GOHAI scores after dental rehabilitation. GOHAI scores before and after dental rehabilitation were not influenced by sociodemographic and behavioral variables (P > 0.05). The after treatment GOHAI scores, which were corrected according to gender and age, showed no significant differences regarding the education level, income, behavioral variables, use of dentures, oral hygiene status and presence of systemic diseases (F = 0.62, P = 0.69).

Conclusions

Dental rehabilitation of institutionalized geriatric patients resulted in a significant improvement in GOHAI scores, indicating an improvement in oral health‐related quality of life after receiving proper dental care. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 15: 1151–1157.
Coronary artery disease in primary biliary cirrhosis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies
Authors: Ungprasert Patompong , Wijarnpreecha Karn , Ahuja Wasin , Spanuchart Ittikorn , Thongprayoon Charat
Published: November 2014

Aim

To investigate the association between primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and risk of coronary artery disease (CAD).

Methods

We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of published observational studies that reported relative risks, odd ratios, hazard ratios or standardized incidence ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CI) comparing CAD risk in patients with PBC versus non‐PBC controls. Pooled risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals were combined using a random‐effect model and generic inverse variance of DerSimonian and Laird methods.

Result

Four studies with 3362 patients with PBC were identified and included in our data analysis. The pooled risk ratio of CAD in patients with PBC was 1.57 (95% CI, 1.21–2.06). The statistical heterogeneity was low with an I2 of 38%.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrated a statistically significant increased risk of CAD among patients with PBC.
Return Migration and Transnationalism: How Are the Two Connected?
Authors: Carling Jørgen , Erdal Marta Bivand
Published: November 2014

Return migration and migrant transnationalism are key phenomena in research on international migration. Here we examine how the two are connected. The article introduces a special section and draws partly upon this selection of papers and partly upon the broader literature. First, we argue that there is often a blurred boundary between mobility as a transnational practice, for instance in the form of return visits, and purportedly permanent or long‐term return migration. Second, we examine the effects of transnationalism on return migration intentions and experiences. Third, we explore how migration trajectories, involving various forms of ‘return’ moves, create different forms of transnationalism. Examples include the ‘reverse transnational’ practices of returnees and the ‘residual transnationalism’ of migrants who have had an unsuccessful return experience and decided to settle permanently abroad. We end by considering how both return migration and transnationalism exist in the interplay between the personal and the social.
Between One‐Nation Toryism and Neoliberalism: The Dilemmas of British Conservatism and Britain's Evolving Place in Europe
Authors: Vail Mark I.
Published: November 2014

Prime Minister David Cameron's ambivalence about Britain's role in the European Union stems from dilemmas within his Conservative Party. Since the nineteenth century, British Conservatism had represented a comfortable synthesis of a soft Burkean traditionalism and class‐based paternalism with an effort to expand the party's appeal to the working class. Thatcher's aggressive neoliberal challenge to this tradition never truly displaced the older paternalistic sense of noblesse oblige or the preference for societal consensus and incremental change. Instead, the two elements came into an uneasy coexistence that has informed Tory ambivalence about the EU. This article argues that Cameron's gradual distancing of Britain from the EU has paralleled his championing of economic austerity at home. It argues further that Cameron's policy‐making response to the post‐2007 economic downturn and European debt crisis can best be understood as a reflection of unresolved tensions within British Conservative thought.
LACK OF MOTIVATION: A NEW MODIFIABLE RISK FACTOR FOR PERITONITIS IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING PERITONEAL DIALYSIS?
Authors: Paudel Klara , Namagondlu Girish , Samad Nasreen , McKitty Khadija , Fan Stanley L.
Published: November 2014

Aim

Can we identify modifiable risk factors for peritonitis in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD)? We aimed to determine whether housing standard, PD exchange technique or patient motivation might be modifiable risks for peritonitis. We also explored the relationship between lack of motivation and depression.

Methods

Nurse home visits assessed PD exchange technique, environment and patient motivation. Motivation scores were correlated separately with an Apathy Evaluation Score and a depression score using PHQ‐9 questionnaires.

Results

Home hygiene, exchange technique and motivation were above average in 53%, 56% and 60%, respectively in 104 patients undergoing PD. After 15 months, 25.9% patients developed peritonitis but nurses' ratings of homes and exchange techniques were not predictive. Low patient motivation was predictive. Patients rated to have above or below median motivation had significantly different Apathy Scores (p = 0.0002). Unmotivated depressed patients were significantly more likely to develop peritonitis compared to motivated depressed patients.

Conclusion

Lack of motivation predicted peritonitis particularly if associated with depression. Further studies are required focusing on specific motivation scoring schemes and the psychosocial support that might lead to better outcomes.
The Position Value for Partition Function Form Network Games
Authors: VAN DEN NOUWELAND ANNE , SLIKKER MARCO
Published: November 2014

We use the axiomatization of the position value for network situations in van den Nouweland and Slikker (2012) to define a position value for partition function form network situations. We do this by generalizing the axioms to the partition function form value function setting as studied in Navarro (2007) and then showing that there exists a unique allocation rule satisfying these axioms. We call this allocation rule the position value for partition function form network situations.
An association network analysis among microeukaryotes and bacterioplankton reveals algal bloom dynamics
Authors: Tan Shangjin , Zhou Jin , Zhu Xiaoshan , Yu Shichen , Zhan Wugen , Wang Bo , Cai Zhonghua
Published: November 2014

Algal blooms are a worldwide phenomenon and the biological interactions that underlie their regulation are only just beginning to be understood. It is established that algal microorganisms associate with many other ubiquitous, oceanic organisms, but the interactions that lead to the dynamics of bloom formation are currently unknown. To address this gap, we used network approaches to investigate the association patterns among microeukaryotes and bacterioplankton in response to a natural Scrippsiella trochoidea bloom. This is the first study to apply network approaches to bloom dynamics. To this end, terminal restriction fragment (T‐RF) length polymorphism analysis showed dramatic changes in community compositions of microeukaryotes and bacterioplankton over the blooming period. A variance ratio test revealed significant positive overall associations both within and between microeukaryotic and bacterioplankton communities. An association network generated from significant correlations between T‐RFs revealed that S. trochoidea had few connections to other microeukaryotes and bacterioplankton and was placed on the edge. This lack of connectivity allowed for the S. trochoidea sub‐network to break off from the overall network. These results allowed us to propose a conceptual model for explaining how changes in microbial associations regulate the dynamics of an algal bloom. In addition, key T‐RFs were screened by principal components analysis, correlation coefficients, and network analysis. Dominant T‐RFs were then identified through 18S and 16S rRNA gene clone libraries. Results showed that microeukaryotes clustered predominantly with Dinophyceae and Perkinsea while the majority of bacterioplankton identified were Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. The ecologi‐cal roles of both were discussed in the context of these findings.
Low‐Field MRI and Multislice CT for the Detection of Cerebellar (Foramen Magnum) Herniation in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels
Authors: Kromhout K. , van Bree H. , Broeckx B.J.G. , Bhatti S. , Van Ham L. , Polis I. , Gielen I.
Published: November 2014

Background

Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) have a high prevalence of Chiari‐like malformation (CM). Herniation of the cerebellum into the foramen magnum is a key diagnostic feature for CM. Midsagittal MR images are the preferred technique for visualizing cerebellar herniation (CH).

Objective

To investigate whether CT can be used to diagnose CH.

Animals

Fifteen client‐owned CKCS dogs referred for investigation of the brain and cranial cervical spine on MRI and CT.

Methods

Two reviewers retrospectively analyzed midsagittal T1WSE and T2WSE MR images and midsagittal pre‐ and postcontrast 2D multiplanar reformatted CT images from each dog for the presence of CH. And, if present, the length (mm, CHL) of the herniation was measured. The results were analyzed statistically.

Results

There was no significant difference between the different observers and techniques for the detection of CH and measurement of CHL. Overall, the CHL was longer on the CT images.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

Both techniques are useful for detecting CH and measuring CHL. Because CHL does not have a known direct impact on the clinical presentation of CM, CT can be used as a diagnostic tool in a routine clinical practice for CM in CKCS when MRI is not available. We emphasize that MRI is the standard screening technique in CKCS for breeding purposes to detect the presence of CM and SM and, at the current time, CT cannot replace MRI.
Outcome of Adult Horses with Botulism Treated at a Veterinary Hospital: 92 Cases (1989–2013)
Authors: Johnson A.L. , McAdams‐Gallagher S.C. , Aceto H.
Published: November 2014

Background

There are no studies evaluating a large population of adult horses treated for botulism. Reported survival rates in outbreak situations are low; however, many horses in outbreaks do not receive treatment.

Hypothesis/Objectives

That adult horses treated at a veterinary hospital would have improved survival compared to outbreak situations. Additional aims included identification of predictors of nonsurvival.

Animals

All horses greater than 6 months of age with a final diagnosis of botulism admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital between 1989 and 2013 were included.

Methods

Retrospective study. Historical, admission, and hospitalization data were retrieved from medical records and associations between variables and nonsurvival were identified using logistic regression. Two multivariable models were developed pertaining to (1) information available at admission and (2) clinical findings during hospitalization.

Results

Ninety‐two records met inclusion criteria. Retained variables for the two models indicated that higher rectal temperature (OR, 1.94; CI, 1.19–3.17) and dysphagia (OR, 4.04; CI, 1.01–16.17) observed at admission increased the odds of survival, as did treatment with antitoxin (OR, 121.30; CI, 9.94–1,480.65). Horses with abnormal respiratory effort or inability to stand had decreased odds of survival. Overall survival was 48% but was significantly higher (67%,P = .011) for horses that arrived standing, and even higher (95%,P < .001) for horses that remained able to stand throughout hospitalization. Complications occurred in 62% of horses but were not associated with nonsurvival.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Horses that lose the ability to stand have a poor chance of survival. Complications are common in treated horses but do not reduce survival.
Association between Estrus and Onset of Seizures in Dogs with Idiopathic Epilepsy
Authors: Van Meervenne S.A.E. , Volk H.A. , Van Ham L.M.L.
Published: November 2014

Background

Catamenial epilepsy in humans is defined as changes in seizure frequency over the course of the menstrual cycle. Three hormonally based patterns of seizure exacerbation have been determined.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether there is an association between onset of seizures and the estrous cycle in intact bitches with presumptive idiopathic epilepsy and whether a pattern to the onset of seizures could be recognized.

Animals

Forty‐five intact female dogs from a hospital population with a presumptive diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy.

Methods

In a retrospective study, the database of a small animal hospital in Sweden was searched for medical records of intact female dogs diagnosed with epilepsy or seizures. The stage of the estrous cycle as reported either by the owner or the veterinarian at the time of the first seizure was noted.

Results

Of the 45 dogs with idiopathic epilepsy, 17 (38%) had their first seizure when in heat and six dogs (13%) had their first seizure 1–3 months after heat. Nine dogs (20%) had seizures reoccurring in relation to their estrous cycle.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

These findings suggest an association between estrus and onset of seizures in intact bitches with presumptive idiopathic epilepsy. Two hormonally based patterns could be recognized: one during heat and one during a specific time point at the end of diestrus. This could be explained by the proconvulsive effects of estrogen or loss of protective effect against seizures of progesterone, respectively.
Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and subcutaneous cefovecin in alpacas
Authors: Cox S. , Sommardahl C. , Seddighi R. , Videla R. , Hayes J. , Pistole N. , Hamill M. , Doherty T.
Published: November 2014

The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of cefovecin after intravenous and subcutaneous dose of 8 mg/kg to alpacas. Bacterial infections requiring long‐term antibiotic therapy such as neonatal bacteremia, pneumonia, peritonitis, dental, and uterine infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in this species. However, few antimicrobials have been evaluated and proven to have favorable pharmacokinetics for therapeutic use. Most antimicrobials that are currently used require daily injections for many days. Cefovecin is a long‐acting cephalosporin that is formulated for subcutaneous administration, and its long‐elimination half‐life allows for 14‐day dosing intervals in dogs and cats. The properties of cefovecin may be advantageous for medical treatment of camelids due to its broad spectrum, route of administration, and long duration of activity. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of antimicrobial drugs in camelids is essential for the proper treatment and prevention of bacterial disease, and to minimize development of antibiotic resistant bacterial strains due to inadequate antibiotic concentrations. Cefovecin mean half‐life, volume of distribution at steady‐state, and clearance after intravenous administration were 10.3 h, 86 mL/kg, and 7.07 mL·h/kg. The bioavailability was 143%, while half‐life, Cmax, and Tmaxwere 16.9 h, 108 μg/mL, and 2.8 h following subcutaneous administration. In the absence of additional microbial susceptibility data for alpaca pathogens, the current cefovecin dosage regimen prescribed for dogs (8 mg/kg SC every 14 days) may need to be optimized for the treatment of infections in this species.
Crystal chemistry of merrillite from Martian meteorites: Mineralogical recorders of magmatic processes and planetary differentiation
Authors: Shearer C. K. , Burger P. V. , Papike J. J. , McCubbin F. M. , Bell A. S.
Published: November 2014

Merrillite is a ubiquitous accessory phase in a variety of Martian meteorite lithologies. The Martian merrillites exhibit a positive correlation between Mg# and Na and a negative correlation between Mg# and both Mn and vacancies in the octahedral Na‐site. Their REE patterns are varied and range from LREE‐depleted to LREE‐enriched. The dominant cation substitutions in the Martian merrillites are Fe2+VI Mg‐site⇔Mg2+VI Mg‐site and Ca2+VI Na‐site +  □VI Na‐site⇔2Na+VI Na‐site. The REE substitution into the 8‐fold coordinated Ca‐site is accommodated by the coupled substitution CaVIII Ca‐site + (Na)VI Na‐site ⇔(Y3+ + REE3+)VIII Ca‐site + □VI Na‐site. The REE substitution is significantly more prevalent in lunar merrillite and can be used as a “fingerprint” to distinguish lunar from Martian meteorites. The substitution of OH− (whitlockite) and/or F− (bobdownsite) for O2− on one of the phosphate tetrahedrons appears to be rather insignificant. The correlations among Na, Mg#, Mn, and Na‐site vacancies are linked to the premerrillite crystallization history of the melt and the crystal chemical behavior of the Mg‐ and Na‐sites. The former reflects the sequence and extent of plagioclase and pyroxene crystallization. The differences in REE pattern shapes among the merrillites reflect source regions for the Martian basalts and the shapes are not greatly perturbed by the crystallization history. The occurrence of merrillite does not imply low‐volatile component in the Martian magmas. However, the low whitlockite and bobdownsite contents suggest that these samples were not altered by hydrothermal fluids and therefore not reset owing to aqueous fluid interactions. Consequently, the young ages of the shergottites are probably true igneous crystallization ages.
Revisiting the Rochechouart impact structure, France
Authors: Sapers Haley M. , Osinski Gordon R. , Banerjee Neil R. , Ferrière Ludovic , Lambert Philippe , Izawa Matthew R. M.
Published: November 2014

The Rochechouart impact structure, south‐central France (45o50′N, 0o46′E), is a partly eroded, approximately 200 Myr, complex impact structure. The impactite suite at Rochechouart provides an excellent example of gradational boundaries and transitional lithologies that have been historically difficult to classify with standard impactite nomenclature. Here, we present the first detailed scanning electron microscopy‐based description of the Rochechouart impactites integrated with hand‐sample and petrographic observations with the goal of understanding the clast‐matrix relationships of transitional lithologies. Three main impact‐generated hydrothermal alteration assemblages are also recognized: (1) argillic‐like, (2) carbonate, and (3) oxide. Our results support the existence of a continuum between clast‐rich impact melt rocks and glass‐rich clastic breccias (suevites) that must be represented in universal classification schemes. This suite of impactites from the Rochechouart impact structure is used as a test case for a recently published classification scheme based on the nature of the groundmass setting a precedent for classification of impactites with limited to no geological context such as deeply eroded terrestrial impact structures and future sample return missions. The re‐evaluation of the melt‐bearing Rochechouart impactites questions the currently accepted size of the crater, suggesting a much larger original crater diameter.
Obstetrics in a Time of Violence: Mexican Midwives Critique Routine Hospital Practices
Authors: Zacher Dixon Lydia
Published: November 2014

Mexican midwives have long taken part in a broader Latin American trend to promote “humanized birth” as an alternative to medicalized interventions in hospital obstetrics. As midwives begin to regain authority in reproductive health and work within hospital units, they come to see the issue not as one of mere medicalization but of violence and violation. Based on ethnographic fieldwork with midwives from across Mexico during a time of widespread social violence, my research examines an emergent critique of hospital birth as a site of what is being called violencia obstétrica (obstetric violence). In this critique, women are discussed as victims of explicit abuse by hospital staff and by the broader health care infrastructures. By reframing obstetric practices as violent—as opposed to medicalized—these midwives seek to situate their concerns about women's health care in Mexico within broader regional discussions about violence, gender, and inequality.
US evidence‐based dietary guidelines: The history and the process
Authors: Rowe S.
Published: November 2014

Since 1980, the US Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of Agriculture have published the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) for the purpose of promoting the health of the American public. Based on the scientific findings from a select group of scientists known as the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (DGAC), as well as public input, the DGA are the cornerstone of federal food and nutrition policy and education in the United States. The DGAC is formed and their work is governed by a transparent, consistent, systematic process. Topic formation influences expertise solicited for the DGAC, and the DGAC expertise and perspectives influence the interpretation of the best available evidence. The evidence considered by the DGAC can be submitted by the public, but must be published in peer‐reviewed journals, and is systematically reviewed for quality before inclusion in the Nutrition Evidence Library. The DGAC report informs the formation of the DGA, which is the US nutrition policy document. The 2010 DGA influence remains apparent through high‐profile initiatives such as ‘Let's Move!’ and ‘MyPlate’. The effects of the DGA are pervasive in American life, even if not well recognised, through both federal and non‐profit food and nutrition programmes, as well as a broad range of nutrition education initiatives.
Karyotypes of some species of the genus Lessingianthus (Vernonieae, Asteraceae) and taxonomic implications
Authors: Angulo María Betiana , Dematteis Massimilano
Published: November 2014

We determined the karyotypes of nine species of Lessingianthus, eight of which are here analyzed for the first time. The results include the first chromosome count for L. plantaginoides, which is tetraploid with 2n = 64. All species showed a high proportion of metacentric chromosomes combined with a lower proportion of submetacentric pairs. Only L. coriaceus had a subtelocentric chromosome pair. B chromosomes were observed in L. coriaceus and L. varroniifolius, which were subtelocentric. Differences among the karyotypes of the studied species were small, suggesting that karyotype diversity in the genus evolved by small changes in the structure of chromosomes. Karyotype features appear useful to distinguish Lessingianthus from the closely related genera Chrysolaena and Lepidaploa.
Wnt5A promotes an adaptive, senescent‐like stress response, while continuing to drive invasion in melanoma cells
Authors: Webster Marie R. , Xu Mai , Kinzler Kathryn A. , Kaur Amanpreet , Appleton Jessica , O'Connell Michael P. , Marchbank Katie , Valiga Alexander , Dang Vanessa M. , Perego Michela , Zhang Gao , Slipicevic Ana , Keeney Frederick , Lehrmann Elin , Wood William , Becker Kevin G. , Kossenkov Andrew V. , Frederick Dennie T. , Flaherty Keith T. , Xu Xiaowei , Herlyn Meenhard , Murphy Maureen E. , Weeraratna Ashani T.
Published: November 2014

We have previously shown that Wnt5A drives invasion in melanoma. We have also shown that Wnt5A promotes resistance to therapy designed to target the BRAFV600E mutation in melanoma. Here, we show that melanomas characterized by high levels of Wnt5A respond to therapeutic stress by increasing p21 and expressing classical markers of senescence, including positivity for senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase (SA‐β‐gal), senescence‐associated heterochromatic foci (SAHF), H3K9Me chromatin marks, and PML bodies. We find that despite this, these cells retain their ability to migrate and invade. Further, despite the expression of classic markers of senescence such as SA‐β‐gal and SAHF, these Wnt5A‐high cells are able to colonize the lungs in in vivo tail vein colony‐forming assays. This clearly underscores the fact that these markers do not indicate true senescence in these cells, but instead an adaptive stress response that allows the cells to evade therapy and invade. Notably, silencing Wnt5A reduces expression of these markers and decreases invasiveness. The combined data point to Wnt5A as a master regulator of an adaptive stress response in melanoma, which may contribute to therapy resistance.
Tick salivary cystatin sialostatin L2 suppresses IFN responses in mouse dendritic cells
Authors: Lieskovská J. , Páleníková J. , Širmarová J. , Elsterová J. , Kotsyfakis M. , Campos Chagas A. , Calvo E. , Růžek D. , Kopecký J.
Published: November 2014

Type I interferon (IFN), mainly produced by dendritic cells (DCs), is critical in the host defence against tick‐transmitted pathogens. Here, we report that salivary cysteine protease inhibitor from the hard tick Ixodes scapularis, sialostatin L2, affects IFN‐β mediated immune reactions in mouse dendritic cells. Following IFN receptor ligation, the Janus activated kinases/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway is activated. We show that sialostatin L2 attenuates phosphorylation of STATs in spleen dendritic cells upon addition of recombinant IFN‐β. LPS‐stimulated dendritic cells release IFN‐β which in turn leads to the induction of IFN‐stimulated genes (ISG) through JAK/STAT pathway activation. The induction of two ISG, interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF‐7) and IP‐10, was suppressed by sialostatin L2 in LPS‐stimulated dendritic cells. Finally, the interference of sialostatin L2 with IFN action led to the enhanced replication of tick‐borne encephalitis virus in DC. In summary, we present here that tick salivary cystatin negatively affects IFN‐β responses which may consequently increase the pathogen load after transmission via tick saliva.
Silencing of OPR3 in tomato reveals the role of OPDA in callose deposition during the activation of defense responses against Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Scalschi Loredana , Sanmartín Maite , Camañes Gemma , Troncho Pilar , Sánchez‐Serrano José J. , García‐Agustín Pilar , Vicedo Begonya
Published: November 2014

Cis‐(+)‐12‐oxo‐phytodienoic acid (OPDA) is likely to play signaling roles in plant defense that do not depend on its further conversion to the phytohormone jasmonic acid. To elucidate the role of OPDA in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) plant defense, we have silenced the 12‐oxophytodienoate reductase 3 (OPR3) gene. Two independent transgenic tomato lines (SiOPR3‐1 and SiOPR3‐2) showed significantly reduced OPR3 expression upon infection with the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Moreover, SiOPR3 plants are more susceptible to this pathogen, and this susceptibility is accompanied by a significant decrease in OPDA levels and by the production of JA‐Ile being almost abolished. OPR3 silencing also leads to a major reduction in the expression of other genes of the jasmonic acid (JA) synthesis and signaling pathways after infection. These results confirm that in tomato plants, as in Arabidopsis, OPR3 determines OPDA availability for JA biosynthesis. In addition, we show that an intact JA biosynthetic pathway is required for proper callose deposition, as its pathogen‐induced accumulation is reduced in SiOPR3 plants. Interestingly, OPDA, but not JA, treatment restored basal resistance to B. cinerea and induced callose deposition in SiOPR3‐1 and SiOPR3‐2 transgenic plants. These results provide clear evidence that OPDA by itself plays a major role in the basal defense of tomato plants against this necrotrophic pathogen.
p115–SNARE Interactions: A Dynamic Cycle of p115 Binding Monomeric SNARE Motifs and Releasing Assembled Bundles
Authors: Wang Ting , Grabski Robert , Sztul Elizabeth , Hay Jesse C.
Published: November 2014

Tethering factors regulate the targeting of membrane‐enclosed vesicles under the control of Rab GTPases. p115, a golgin family tether, has been shown to participate in multiple stages of ER/Golgi transport. Despite extensive study, the mechanism of action of p115 is poorly understood. SNARE proteins make up the machinery for membrane fusion, and strong evidence shows that function of p115 is directly linked to its interaction with SNAREs. Using a gel filtration binding assay, we have demonstrated that in solution p115 stably interacts with ER/Golgi SNAREs rbet1 and sec22b, but not membrin and syntaxin 5. These binding preferences stemmed from selectivity of p115 for monomeric SNARE motifs as opposed to SNARE oligomers. Soluble monomeric rbet1 can compete off p115 from coat protein II (COPII) vesicles. Furthermore, excess p115 inhibits p115 function in trafficking. We conclude that monomeric SNAREs are a major binding site for p115 on COPII vesicles, and that p115 dissociates from its SNARE partners upon SNAREpin assembly. Our results suggest a model in which p115 forms a mixed p115/SNARE helix bundle with a monomeric SNARE, facilitates the binding activity and/or concentration of the SNARE at prefusion sites and is subsequently ejected as SNARE complex formation and fusion proceed.
Stability Analysis of a Pilot Operated Counterbalance Valve for a Big Flow Rate
Authors: Yao Yeming , Zhou Hua , Chen Yinglong , Yang Huayong
Published: November 2014

Counterbalance valves are widely used in hydraulic deck machinery to balance the overrunning loads. However, as is well known, counterbalance circuit designed with poor choice of counterbalance valve tends to introduce instability to the system. This paper investigates the dynamic behavior of a pilot operated counterbalance valve which can operate at a flow rate about 2000L/min. A linearized stability analysis of such a hydraulic circuit which consists of a slip in cartridge, a pilot counterbalance valve and a hydraulic winch is presented. Pole-zero plots are employed to reveal the effect of the volume of control cavity, the hydraulic resistance on pilot line and counterbalance valve pilot area ratio on the stability of the system. The analysis results indicate that such a system will be unstable within the normal range of each parameter. An alternative approach that guarantees system stability by adding an accumulator on the pilot line is put forward. The approach stabilizes the pilot pressure by reducing the hydro-stiffness of pilot control cavity, thus the system can reach its stability condition. Finally, a numerical optimization method is putted forward, with the optimized parameters, the dynamic performance of considered system become better.
Aspects of the Energy Consumption of a Digital Hydraulic Power Management System Supplying a Digital and Proportional Valve Controlled Multi Actuator System
Authors: Karvonen Matti , Heikkilä Mikko , Tikkanen Seppo , Linjama Matti , Huhtala Kalevi
Published: November 2014

Hydraulic motion control is traditionally done with servo or proportional valves. A digital hydraulic valve is based on arrays of simple on/off valves. Independent metering control is possible with digital valves since control notches are not linked together. With commonly used commercial proportional valves constant opening ratios are used. In this paper, a small mobile boom is studied. The lift and tilt cylinders can be controlled with proportional or digital valves. Closed loop control system is based on a robust control method of a multi actuator boom and also inverse kinematic equations are required in coordinate drive. The supply system consists of a Digital Hydraulic Power Management System (DHPMS) which is capable of supplying separate supply pressures for both actuator supply lines. Measurements are done, and one vs. two supply pressures and digital vs. proportional valves are compared. Two different test trajectories and two different load masses are used. Analysis focuses on the energy consumption of different test cases and sources of losses are inspected. Results show that energy consumption can be reduced up to 44%.
Parallel Pump-Controlled Multi-Chamber Cylinder
Authors: Niemi-Pynttäri Olli , Linjama Matti , Laamanen Arto , Huhtala Kalevi
Published: November 2014

This study focused on the use of fixed displacement pumps in parallel connection to control the velocity of a multi-chamber cylinder piston. The system’s basic principle was to combine the discrete flow supply control of parallel pumps with the discrete effective area control of a multi-chamber cylinder to produce a speed control resolution high enough for accurate velocity tracking and positioning. Some throttling was used in the return line to control the system with overrunning loads.

The properties of the system were tested with a 1-DOF boom mockup mimicking a medium-sized mobile machine boom. The test system revealed a feature that caused load acceleration to drop when the effective cylinder area was reduced during movement. Additionally, some delay was observed in accelerating the piston against the load force. These two system properties along with the discrete control method resulted in mediocre speed and position tracking in the system when movement was directed against the load force. The system was able to control restricting and overrunning loads as well as a large inertia mass with a low load force. The system’s energy losses were low considering that no pressure accumulators were used, but the throttling losses in the return line and the lack of energy recuperation leave room for improvement.
Energy Efficiency of Water Hydraulic FST, PMT, and Servo Motor System
Authors: Pham Pha N. , Ito Kazuhisa , Ikeo Shigeru
Published: November 2014

Low energy efficiency and high installed cost are the two main problems that prevent water hydraulics to be popular in application. This research introduces two novel systems: water hydraulic fluid switching transmission (FST) and pump motor transmission (PMT) that only use cheap ON/OFF valves for lessening the initial cost and reducing the energy consumption; beside, this paper also introduces a conventional servo motor system (SMS) for comparison. Moreover, both FST and PMT systems can recover the kinetic energy of a flywheel in a deceleration process and store it into an accumulator for using in the next working cycle. The experimental results show that the FST system only need from 33.2 to 47.3% of total energy consumption of the SMS to complete a full cycle and even much reducing in PMT system with the reduction from 76.0 to 86.0%. A method to estimate the saved energy stored in the accumulator will be introduced in this study as well and found out that from 8.2 to 11.6% and from 8.7 to 13.7% of the total energy consumption of the FST and PMT systems were recovered. The SMS shows advantage in transient response with the shortest rise time and smallest overshoot while the steady state error is only slightly smaller than the PMT system. The steady state error of FST system is quite large, but it keeps almost same value for all reference velocity; thus, such system is appropriate for applying in high velocity systems. With acceptable velocity response and extremely improving in energy efficiency, the PMT system is promising to replace conventional water hydraulic system in many applications.
Experimentally Validated Models of O-Ring Seals for Tiny Hydraulic Cylinders
Authors: Xia Jicheng , Durfee William K.
Published: November 2014

To enable simulation of tiny hydraulic systems, including predicting system efficiency, it is necessary to determine the effect of the hydraulic cylinder piston seal. For tiny cylinders whose bore is less than 10 mm, O-ring seals are convenient. Simplified models for the O-ring were used to describe piston leakage and friction and based on the models, the force and volumetric efficiencies for tiny cylinders were predicted for a range of steady state operating conditions. To validate the models, a test stand was constructed to collect experimental data for 4, 6 and 9 mm bore cylinders, which were in the form of a vertical ram with a single O-ring seal. The ram was fully extended and put under load. A needle valve was then cracked to cause the ram to descend at different speeds. Pressure, load and velocity were recorded and the data used to calculate cylinder efficiencies, which were then compared to model predictions. The model and the experiment showed essentially zero leakage. The experimental force efficiency had good agreement with the model over a range of operating conditions. The study showed that simple O-ring models for tiny hydraulic cylinders suffice for building system level simulation models.
The Impact of Peak-and-Hold and Reverse Current Driving Strategies on the Dynamic Performance of Commercial Cartridge Valves
Authors: Breidi Farid , Helmus Tyler , Holland Michael , Lumkes John
Published: November 2014

High speed valves have an important role in many existing fluid power systems and are an enabler for many proposed digital hydraulic systems. One method commonly used to improve the dynamic performance of on-off valves involves modifying the electrical input signal to the solenoids to reduce the inductive lag and eddy current decay. This research examined two commercially available direct actuated and pilot-stage actuated cartridge poppet valves and the role of peak-and-hold voltage and reverse current input profiles on opening and closing switching times. A test stand was built to characterize the performance of these valves. The valves were placed between two high frequency pressure transducers and the pressure differential across the valves was recorded, allowing the calculation of transition and delay time. The peak and reverse voltage duration was tested over a range of zero to ten milliseconds and an optimum response was found at a peak duration of six to eight milliseconds. Peak voltages ranged from 50 to 55 volts, followed by a holding voltage of 12 volts. Reverse current profiles were used to turn off the valves with a maximum peak current of three amps. The reverse current was used to increase the decay rate of eddy currents thus improving the turning off performance of the valves. Commercial valves that had a range of 33 to 55 millisecond turn-on response without input signal modification; these same valves had response times reduced to a range of seven to nine milliseconds after applying the peak and hold method. The turn-off time was reduced from 130 milliseconds to a range of 16 to 50 milliseconds after adding reverse current inputs. This improvement in valve performance can lead to siginificant energy savings due to reduction of transition losses and can widen the useful application of the valves.