bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous symmetry breaking in tensor theories
Authors: Diaz P. , Rosabal J. A.
Published: January 2019

Abstract

In this work we study spontaneous symmetry breaking patterns in tensor models. We focus on the patterns which lead to effective matrix theories transforming in the adjoint of U(N). We find the explicit form of the Goldstone bosons which are organized as matrix multiplets in the effective theory. The choice of these symmetry breaking patterns is motivated by the fact that, in some contexts, matrix theories are dual to gravity theories. Based on this, we aim to build a bridge between tensor theories, quantum gravity and holography.
Social and Demographic Predictors of Gender Inequality Among Heterosexual Couples Expecting a Child in Central Kenya
Authors: Vrana-Diaz Caroline J. , Korte Jeffrey E. , Gebregziabher Mulugeta , Richey Lauren , Selassie Anbesaw , Sweat Michael , Gichangi Anthony
Published: January 2019

Imbalance of power and equality in sexual relationships is linked to health in various ways, including (1) reduced ability to get information or take action, (2) increased violence between partners, and (3) influence on the reduced use of health services. While there has been research assessing multiple social and economic variables related to gender inequality, studies have used many different definitions of gender inequality, and there is a lack of this research within a pregnancy context. Here, we attempt to identify social and economic predictors of gender inequality (measured by decision-making power and acceptance of intimate partner violence) within heterosexual couples expecting a child in central Kenya. We ran a secondary data analysis using data from a three-arm individually randomized controlled HIV self-testing intervention trial conducted in 14 antenatal clinics in central and eastern Kenya among 1410 women and their male partners. The analysis included Cochran Mantel-Haenszel, logistic regression, proportional odds models, and generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) framework to account for site-level clustering. Overall, we show that there are significant social and economic variables associated with acceptance of intimate partner violence including higher age, being married, “other” religion, lower partner education, higher wealth status, and variables associated with decision-making power including lower partner education and lack of equality in earnings. This study contributes to the literature on the influence of social and economic factors on gender inequality, especially in Kenya which has a high burden of HIV/AIDS. Our results show some areas to improve these specific factors (including education and employment opportunities) or create interventions for targeted populations to potentially improve gender equality in heterosexual pregnant couples in Kenya.
The role of diversity in organizational resilience: a theoretical framework
Authors: Duchek Stephanie , Raetze Sebastian , Scheuch Ianina
Published: January 2019

Organizations today operate in an increasingly complex and turbulent world in which unexpected events are omnipresent. Thus, they need to develop resilience capabilities to manage unexpected disruptions, maintain high performance, and even thrive and grow. In research, there are preliminary indications that diversity could play an important role in the development of resilience in organizations. However, although there are numerous studies on both resilience and diversity, the connection between the two constructs remains largely unexplored. Our paper aims to narrow this research gap by answering the following questions: What role does diversity play in the development of organizational resilience? What does this mean for resilience-enhancing diversity management? To answer these questions, we link existing research on elements of organizational resilience and outcomes of diversity in organizations. By developing a theoretical framework, formulating propositions, and discussing implications for further research, this paper provides a foundation for future empirical research. Moreover, it offers useful insights into the successful management of organizational resilience.
Measuring longitudinal cognition: Individual tests versus composites
Authors: Jonaitis Erin M. , Koscik Rebecca L. , Clark Lindsay R. , Ma Yue , Betthauser Tobey J. , Berman Sara E. , Allison Samantha L. , Mueller Kimberly D. , Hermann Bruce P. , Van Hulle Carol A. , Christian Bradley T. , Bendlin Barbara B. , Blennow Kaj , Zetterberg Henrik , Carlsson Cynthia M. , Asthana Sanjay , Johnson Sterling C.
Published: January 2019

Introduction

Longitudinal cohort studies of cognitive aging must confront several sources of within‐person variability in scores. In this article, we compare several neuropsychological measures in terms of longitudinal error variance and relationships with biomarker‐assessed brain amyloidosis (Aβ).

Methods

Analyses used data from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention. We quantified within‐person longitudinal variability and age‐related trajectories for several global and domain‐specific composites and their constituent scores. For a subset with cerebrospinal fluid or amyloid positron emission tomography measures, we examined how Aβ modified cognitive trajectories.

Results

Global and theoretically derived composites exhibited lower intraindividual variability and stronger age × Aβ interactions than did empirically derived composites or raw scores from single tests. For example, the theoretical executive function outperformed other executive function scores on both metrics.

Discussion

These results reinforce the need for careful selection of cognitive outcomes in study design, and support the emerging consensus favoring composites over single‐test measures.
Integration of A Deep Learning Classifier with A Random Forest Approach for Predicting Malonylation Sites
Authors: Chen Zhen , He Ningning , Huang Yu , Qin Wen Tao , Liu Xuhan , Li Lei
Published: January 2019

As a newly-identified protein post-translational modification, malonylation is involved in a variety of biological functions. Recognizing malonylation sites in substrates represents an initial but crucial step in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying protein malonylation. In this study, we constructed a deep learning (DL) network classifier based on long short-term memory (LSTM) with word embedding (LSTMWE) for the prediction of mammalian malonylation sites. LSTMWE performs better than traditional classifiers developed with common pre-defined feature encodings or a DL classifier based on LSTM with a one-hot vector. The performance of LSTMWE is sensitive to the size of the training set, but this limitation can be overcome by integration with a traditional machine learning (ML) classifier. Accordingly, an integrated approach called LEMP was developed, which includes LSTMWE and the random forest classifier with a novel encoding of enhanced amino acid content. LEMP performs not only better than the individual classifiers but also superior to the currently-available malonylation predictors. Additionally, it demonstrates a promising performance with a low false positive rate, which is highly useful in the prediction application. Overall, LEMP is a useful tool for easily identifying malonylation sites with high confidence. LEMP is available at http://www.bioinfogo.org/lemp.
Outer hair cells isolation from postnatal Sprague–Dawley rats
Authors: Qi Mei‐Hao , Qiu Yang , Tian Ke‐Yong , Liang Kun , Chang Hui‐Min , Wang Ren‐Feng , Chen Er‐Fang , Wang Wei‐Long , Zha Ding‐Jun , Qiu Jian‐Hua
Published: January 2019

Outer hair cells (OHCs) damage is a general phenomenon in clinical disorders such as noise‐induced hearing loss and drug‐induced hearing loss. In order to elucidate the mechanism underlying these disorders, OHCs – its diseased region needs to be deeply investigated. However, OHCs array on the basilar membrane which contains massive cells with different types. Therefore, to isolate OHCs from this huge population is significant for revealing its pathological and molecular changes during disease processing. In the present study, we tried to isolate OHCs from the commonly used animal model –Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats. By separating outer hair cells from SD rats with different day ages, we found that 9 days after birth was a suitable time for the separation of the OHCs. At this time, the number of OHCs isolated from rats was large, and the cell morphology was typical of cylindrical shape. OHCs isolated using this method are histologically suitable and quantitatively adequate for molecular biological and electrophysiological analyses.
The effect of treatment package time in head and neck cancer patients treated with adjuvant radiotherapy and concurrent systemic therapy
Authors: Ghanem Ahmed I. , Schymick Matthew , Bachiri Souheyla , Mannari Aniruddh , Sheqwara Jawad , Burmeister Charlotte , Chang Steven , Ghanem Tamer , Siddiqui Farzan
Published: January 2019

Objectives

In patients with head and neck carcinoma, “treatment package time” (TPT) was proven to impact outcomes in cases receiving adjuvant radiotherapy alone. Its impact in patients receiving radiotherapy with concurrent systemic therapy has not been studied previously. The TPT influence on survival endpoints for patients treated with surgery followed by radiation and concurrent systemic therapy was analyzed.

Methods

Institutional database to identify head and neck carcinoma cases treated with definitive surgery followed by concomitant chemo(bio) radiotherapy (CRT) was used. TPT was the number of days elapsed between surgery and the last day of radiation. %FINDCUT SAS macro tool was used to search for the cutoff TPT that was associated with significant survival benefit. Kaplan–Meier curves, log‐rank tests as well as univariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess overall survival (OS) and recurrence free survival (RFS).

Results

One hundred and three cases with a median follow up of 37 months were included in the study. Oropharyngeal tumors were 43%, oral cavity 40% and laryngeal 17% of cases. Concurrent systemic therapy included platinum and cetuximab in 72% and 28%, respectively. Optimal TPT was found to be < 100 days with significantly better OS (P = 0.002) and RFS (P = 0.043) compared to TPT ≥100 days. On multivariate analysis; TPT<100 days, extracapsular nodal extension, high‐risk score, lymphovascular space and perineural invasion were independent predictors for worse OS (P < 0.05). T4, extracapsular nodal extension and high‐risk score were all significantly detrimental to RFS (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Addition of concomitant systemic therapy to adjuvant radiotherapy did not compensate for longer TPT in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Multidisciplinary coordinated care must be provided to ensure the early start of CRT with minimal treatment breaks.
Nonlinear aspects of focusing internal waves
Authors: Shmakova Natalia D. , Flór Jan-Bert
Published: January 2019

When a torus oscillates horizontally in a linearly stratified fluid, the wave rays form a double cone, one upward and one downward, with two focal points where the wave amplitude has a maximum due to wave focusing. Following a former study on linear aspects of wave focusing (Ermanyuk et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 813, 2017, pp. 695–715), we here consider experimental results on the nonlinear aspects that occur in the focal region below the torus for higher-amplitude forcing. A new non-dimensional number that is based on heuristic arguments for the wave amplitude in the focal area is presented. This focusing number is defined as $Fo=(A/a)\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}^{-1/2}f(\unicode[STIX]{x1D703})$, with oscillation amplitude $A$, $f(\unicode[STIX]{x1D703})$ a function for the variation of the wave amplitude with wave angle $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$, and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}^{1/2}=\sqrt{b/a}$ the increase in amplitude due to the focusing, with $a$ and $b$, respectively, the minor and major radius of the torus. Nonlinear effects occur for $Fo\geqslant 0.1$, with the shear stress giving rise to a mean flow which results in the focal region in a central upward motion partially surrounded by a downward motion. With increasing $Fo$, the Richardson number $Ri$ measured from the wave steepness monotonically decreases. Wave breaking occurs at $Fo\approx 0.23$, corresponding to $Ri=0.25$. In this regime, the focal region is unstable due to triadic wave resonance. For the different tori sizes under consideration, the triadic resonant instability in these three-dimensional flows resembles closely the resonance observed by Bourget et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 723, 2013, pp. 1–20) for a two-dimensional flow, with only minor differences. Application to internal tidal waves in the ocean are discussed.
Jumping Ship or Jumping on the Bandwagon: When Do Local Politicians Support National Candidates?
Authors: Rosas Guillermo , Lucardi Adrián
Published: January 2019

Local politicians are often expected to mobilize voters on behalf of copartisan candidates for national office. Yet this requirement is difficult to enforce because the effort of local politicians cannot be easily monitored and the promise of rewards in exchange for help is not fully credible. Using a formal model, we show that the incentives of local politicians to mobilize voters on behalf of their party depend on the proportion of copartisan officials in a district. Having many copartisan officials means that the party is more likely to capture the district, but the effort of each local politician is less likely either to be noticed by higher-level officials or to make a difference on the election outcome, thus discouraging lower-level officials from exerting effort. We validate these claims with data from federal elections in Mexico between 2000 and 2012. In line with the argument, the results show that political parties fail to draw great mobilization advantages from simultaneously controlling multiple offices.
A 7300-yr-old environmental history of seabird, human, and volcano impacts on Carlisle Island (the Islands of Four Mountains, eastern Aleutians, Alaska)
Authors: Kuzmicheva Evgeniya A. , Smyshlyaeva Olesya I. , Vasyukov Dmitry D. , Khasanov Bulat F. , Krylovich Olga A. , Okuno Mitsuru , West Dixie L. , Hatfield Virginia L. , Savinetsky Arkady B.
Published: January 2019

We present the results of multiproxy study of a peat deposit from Carlisle Island (the Islands of Four Mountains, Aleutians). Vegetation on the initial stage of the peat is characterized by heath vegetation dominated by Ericales indicating cold conditions at 7300–6100 cal yr BP. The appearance of Betula and Alnus is the result of long-distance transportation attributable to strong winds at this time. Sedge-grass (Cyperaceae and Poaceae) communities began replacing heath vegetation at 6100 cal yr BP because of the climatic amelioration. C/N ratios and pollen spectra remain relatively stable at 6100–2450 cal yr BP. For the CR-03 peatland, volcanic tephra contributed significantly to the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectral data. Volcanic input created overlap of an aluminosilicate signal with carbohydrate vibrations. Significant changes occurred at approximately 2450 cal yr BP when there is the some evidence of cooler and wetter conditions of the Neoglacial. High values of δ15N observed at 7100–7000 cal yr BP reflect the fertilizing effect of seabird nesting colonies. A decrease in δ15N ca. 6900 cal yr BP may indicate initial settlement on Carlisle Island corresponding with harvesting seabirds. Human predation continued until a series of volcanic eruptions, which deposited Okmok II and CR-02 tephra layers at ca. 2000 and 1050 cal yr BP, respectively.
On Structure Groups of Set-Theoretic Solutions to the Yang–Baxter Equation
Authors: Lebed Victoria , Vendramin Leandro
Published: January 2019

This paper explores the structure groupsG(X,r)of finite non-degenerate set-theoretic solutions (X,r) to the Yang–Baxter equation. Namely, we construct a finite quotient$\overline {G}_{(X,r)}$ofG(X,r), generalizing the Coxeter-like groups introduced by Dehornoy for involutive solutions. This yields a finitary setting for testing injectivity: ifXinjects intoG(X,r), then it also injects into$\overline {G}_{(X,r)}$. We shrink every solution to an injective one with the same structure group, and compute the rank of the abelianization ofG(X,r). We show that multipermutation solutions are the only involutive solutions with diffuse structure groups; that only free abelian structure groups are bi-orderable; and that for the structure group of a self-distributive solution, the following conditions are equivalent: bi-orderable, left-orderable, abelian, free abelian and torsion free.
Stable Rationality of Cyclic Covers of Projective Spaces
Authors: Okada Takuzo
Published: January 2019

The main aim of this paper is to show that a cyclic cover of ℙn branched along a very general divisor of degree d is not stably rational, provided that n ≥ 3 and d ≥ n + 1. This generalizes the result of Colliot-Thélène and Pirutka. Generalizations for cyclic covers over complete intersections and applications to suitable Fano manifolds are also discussed.
Chinese Asianism in the Early Republic: Guomindang intellectuals and the brief internationalist turn
Authors: SMITH CRAIG A.
Published: January 2019

Until recent decades, historians of modern East Asia generally considered Asianism to be an imperialistic ideology of militant Japan. Although Japanese expansionists certainly used the term and its concept in this way in the 1930s and 1940s, earlier proponents of Asianism looked upon it as a very real strategy of uniting Asian nations to defend against Western imperialism. Showing that Chinese intellectuals considered different forms of Asianism as viable alternatives in the early days of the Republic of China, this article examines a number of discussions of Asianism immediately following the 1911 Revolution. Concentrating on newspaper articles and speeches by intellectuals Ye Chucang and Sun Yat-sen, I show the international aspirations of the Guomindang elite at this crucial point in the construction of the Chinese nation. Despite the dominance of discourse on the nation state, these intellectuals advocated different Asianist programmes for strategic purposes within the first two years of the Republic, dependent on their very different relationships with Japan.
The syntactic and semantic features of two-year-olds’ verb vocabularies: a comparison of typically developing children and late talkers
Authors: HORVATH Sabrina , RESCORLA Leslie , ARUNACHALAM Sudha
Published: January 2019

Children with language disorders have particular difficulty with verbs, but when this difficulty emerges is unknown. We examined syntactic (transitive, intransitive, ditransitive) and semantic (manner, result) features of two-year-olds’ verb vocabularies, contrasting late talkers and typically developing children to look for early differences in verb vocabulary. We conducted a retrospective analysis of parent-reported expressive vocabulary from the Language Development Survey (N = 564, N(LT) = 62) (Rescorla, 1989). Verbs were coded for the presence or absence of each syntactic and semantic feature. Binomial mixed-effects regressions revealed the effect of feature on children's knowledge and whether feature interacted with group classification. Our results revealed mostly similarities between late talkers and typically developing children. All children's vocabularies showed a bias against verbs that occur in ditransitive frames. One feature showed a difference between groups: late talkers showed a bias against manner verbs that typically developing children did not.
Vocal production and novel word learning in the first year
Authors: MAJORANO Marinella , BASTIANELLO Tamara , MORELLI Marika , LAVELLI Manuela , VIHMAN Marilyn M.
Published: January 2019

Previous studies have demonstrated an effect of early vocal production on infants’ speech processing and later vocabulary. This study focuses on the relationship between vocal production and new word learning. Thirty monolingual Italian-learning infants were recorded at about 11 months, to establish the extent of their consonant production. In parallel, the infants were trained on novel word–object pairs, two consisting of early learned consonants (ELC), two consisting of late learned consonants (LLC). Word learning was assessed through Preferential Looking. The results suggest that vocal production supports word learning: Only children with higher, consistent consonant production attended more to the trained ELC images.
Extended Kalman Filter with Input Detection and Estimation for Tracking Manoeuvring Satellites
Authors: Jiang Yuzi , Yang Hongwei , Baoyin Hexi , Ma Pengbin
Published: January 2019

The technique of tracking a non-cooperative manoeuvring satellite is important for Space Situation Awareness (SSA). However, the classical extended Kalman filter cannot work successfully in this situation. Motivated by this problem, a novel Extended Kalman Filter with Input Detection and Estimation (EKF/IDE) method is proposed in this paper for tracking a non-cooperative satellite with impulsive manoeuvres. The impulsive manoeuvre is modelled as an unknown acceleration without any prior information. An unbiased minimum-variance input and state estimation method is introduced to estimate the manoeuvre acceleration. An approach based on the Mahalanobis distance of the manoeuvre estimate error is proposed for manoeuvre detection. With the impulsive manoeuvre being detected and estimated accurately, an adaptive extended Kalman filter is proposed to estimate the state of the target. An approach of covariance inflation is proposed to deal with the manoeuvre during the unobserved period. Simulations and Monte Carlo experiments are implemented to demonstrate the feasibility and validity of the proposed method. The results of simulations show that the proposed method can accurately detect and estimate unknown impulsive manoeuvres of a non-cooperative satellite. Through the compensation of the estimated manoeuvre, the estimation of position and velocity after the manoeuvre maintains the accuracy of the pre-manoeuvre period, demonstrating the robustness of the proposed method against unknown manoeuvres.
‘That just breaks my heart’: Moral Concerns of Direct Care Workers Providing Palliative Care in LTC Homes
Authors: Wiersma Elaine , Marcella Jill , McAnulty Jessica , Kelley Mary Lou
Published: January 2019

Les publications traitant de l’éthique dans les soins de santé et des préoccupations morales des prestataires de soins sont le plus souvent centrées sur les professionnels de la santé et les dilemmes éthiques associés aux soins aigus et aux soins de santé de première ligne. Peu d’attention a été portée aux environnements de soins de longue durée (SLD) et au personnel non réglementé offrant des soins directs. Afin de combler cette lacune, cette recherche a examiné les préoccupations morales des préposés aux services de soutien à la personne qui apportent des soins directs aux résidents. Les données ont été recueillies dans le cadre d’un projet de recherche-action participative de cinq ans visant à formaliser les programmes de soins palliatifs dans les centres de SLD. Onze groupes de discussion se sont penchés sur les expériences des préposés fournissant des soins palliatifs dans les centres de SLD, leurs défis et leurs besoins de formation (n=45). Une analyse secondaire approfondie des préoccupations morales ressenties par ces préposés a été réalisée. L’identité des préposés a été marquée par la construction de relations étroites avec les résidents, à tel point qu’ils se décrivent souvent comme des membres de leur famille élargie. Les dilemmes moraux des préposés concernent principalement deux aspects : éviter que les résidents ne meurent pas dans la solitude et la prestation de soins adéquats et respectueux des volontés du résident. Les contraintes organisationnelles s’articulaient autour de quatre domaines spécifiques : les politiques, la hiérarchie, le temps et l’équilibre entre les besoins des résidents. Les préposés ont réagi de deux manières à leur détresse morale : par la négociation des contraintes ou par l’acceptation des contraintes. Ces résultats démontrent l’importance d’explorer davantage ces concepts chez le personnel de soins directs dans les centres de SLD.
Global View of Current Sheet Thinning: Plasma Pressure Gradients and Large‐Scale Currents
Authors: Artemyev A. V. , Angelopoulos V. , Runov A. , Petrukovich A. A.
Published: January 2019

The formation of a thin magnetotail current sheet is a key process in magnetic energy accumulation before magnetic reconnection during substorms. Although the 3‐D configuration of a thinning current sheet has been well reproduced in many numerical simulations, observational details of this configuration have been less thoroughly studied. To investigate the global and local 3‐D structure of a thinning current sheet, we use a data set collected by three spacecraft of the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms mission, two spacecraft of the Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence and Electrodynamics of Moon's Interaction with the Sun mission, and the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 15. We demonstrate that near‐Earth current sheet thinning is accompanied by the formation of equatorial plasma pressure gradients directed from the flanks toward midnight. These gradients are associated with an intensification of the dawn‐dusk current (during current sheet thinning) and field‐aligned currents of opposite polarity at the dawn and dusk flanks. Simultaneous Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms and Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence and Electrodynamics of Moon's Interaction with the Sun observations show that current sheet thinning occupies a large portion of the tail, from the near‐Earth region to lunar orbit. An increase in the equatorial plasma pressure (and the lobe magnetic field pressure) is provided by a cold plasma density increase in the near‐Earth tail and likely by a plasma temperature increase in the distant tail. We discuss plasma convection patterns that are consistent with observed properties of the current sheet thinning.
Flux Tube Entropy and Specific Entropy in Saturn's Magnetosphere
Authors: Ma Xuanye , Delamere Peter A. , Thomsen Michelle F. , Otto Antonius , Neupane Bishwa , Burkholder Brandon , Nykyri Katariina
Published: January 2019

The motivation of this paper is to discuss the dynamical processes in Saturn's magnetosphere from the plasma entropy perspective. Saturn's magnetosphere is stabilized by a radially increasing profile of flux tube entropy and destabilized by a radially decreasing profile of flux tube content. The traditional radial transport scenario suggested that the magnetic flux with heavy flux tube content moves from the inner magnetosphere to the outer magnetosphere, stretching the magnetic field into a magnetodisc configuration. Subsequently, magnetic flux with low flux tube entropy generated by magnetodisc reconnection circulates back to the inner magnetosphere. However, the low‐specific entropy plasma with a narrow distribution in Saturn's inner magnetosphere suggests a significant nonadiabatic cooling process during the inward motion. The flux tube entropy analysis suggests that energetic particles dominate the total flux tube entropy in the magnetodisc region, and newly closed field lines generated by magnetodisc reconnection are likely to be transported into the inner magnetosphere. Based on the flux tube entropy constraint, this study demonstrates that the radial transport process in Saturn's magnetosphere can also be achieved via middle‐latitude double reconnection, driven by a low‐latitude interchange instability. This process does not involve significant latitudinal convection of magnetic flux in the ionosphere nor does it significantly modify the radial flux tube entropy profile.
Correlation Between Graben Orientation, Channel Direction Change, and Tectonic Loading: The Elysium Province, Mars
Authors: Kneller B. D. , Roberts G. P. , Grindrod P. M.
Published: January 2019

We have investigated the links between regional stress fields, the volcanic centers, rifts, graben, and channels in the NW region of the Elysium Province (Figures a and b) to determine whether the sequence of stress events occurring during province development can be derived from the morphologies of these features, and thus provide a sequence of development events, which is independent of surface dating techniques. Rift and graben geomorphology was mapped, and the neighboring relationships and orientation of individual graben were assessed to determine any spatial clustering or preferred orientation with regional or surface features capable of creating lithospheric flexure or tectonic stress within the study area. Crosscutting analysis determined a time ordered sequence of graben formation and these were related to volcanic centers or regional sources of stress. In addition, mapping showed that different channels share sections with similar shape and orientation, prompting our study of whether these channels, in tandem with the graben, were tectonically influenced during their development. The channel central axes were mapped and compared to identify common sequences of channel direction change. The time sequence of channel direction changes and the time‐ordered sequence of graben development were then compared. We have demonstrated a correlation between rift and graben direction with channel orientation suggesting a regional stress control from evolving volcanic centers. Overall we derive, for the first time, the temporal pattern of tectonic, volcanic, and channel evolution for the northwestern region of this major magmatic province on Mars.
A Variational Method for Sea Ice Ridging in Earth System Models
Authors: Roberts Andrew F. , Hunke Elizabeth C. , Kamal Samy M. , Lipscomb William H. , Horvat Christopher , Maslowski Wieslaw
Published: January 2019

We have derived an analytic form of the thickness redistribution function, Ψ, and compressive strength of sea ice using variational principles. By using the technique of coarse‐graining vertical sea ice deformation, or ridging, in the momentum equation of the pack, we isolate frictional energy loss from potential energy gain in the collision of floes. The method accounts for macroporosity of ridge rubble, ϕR, and by including this in the state space of the pack, we expand the sea ice thickness distribution, g(h), to a bivariate distribution, g(h,ϕR). The effect of macroporosity is for the first time included in the large‐scale mass conservation and momentum equations of frozen oceans. We make assumptions that have simplified the problem, such as treating sea ice as a granular material in ridges, and assuming that bending moments associated with ridging are perturbations around an isostatic state. Regardless of these simplifications, the coarse‐grained ridge model is highly predictive of macroporosity and ridge shape. By ensuring that vertical sea ice deformation observes a variational principle both at the scale of individual ridges and over the pack as a whole, we can predict distributions of ridge shapes using equations that can be solved in Earth system models. Our method also offers the possibility of more accurate derivations of sea ice thickness from ice freeboard measured by space‐borne altimeters over polar oceans.
Optimization of the Eddy‐Diffusivity/Mass‐Flux Shallow Cumulus and Boundary‐Layer Parameterization Using Surrogate Models
Authors: Langhans W. , Mueller J. , Collins W. D.
Published: January 2019

Physical parameterizations in global atmospheric and ocean models typically include free parameters that are not theoretically or empirically constrained. New methods are required to determine the optimal parameter combinations for such models in an objective, exhaustive, yet computationally feasible manner. Here we propose to apply computationally inexpensive radial basis function (RBF) surrogate models to minimize a “cost,” or error, function of an atmospheric model or a physical parameterization. The RBF is iteratively updated as more input‐output pairs are obtained during the optimization. The approach is used to optimize the eddy‐diffusivity/mass‐flux boundary‐layer parameterization of the convective boundary‐layer in a single‐column model framework. The optimization based on surrogate models is able to identify parameter combinations that reduce the error of the untuned default setting by 41%. The probability to detect a low‐error solution increases rapidly especially over the first tens of single‐column model evaluations. In comparison, a quadratic polynomial model only yields an error reduction of 17% since (a) high‐order parameter interactions are not accounted for and (b) the construction of the polynomial is not based on an iterative sampling approach. The RBF surrogate models achieve this 17% error reduction for 40% of the polynomial model's cost. Interestingly, one of the emerging optimal settings describes a pure mass flux parameterization without eddy‐diffusivity component. A second optimal solution is characterized by a plume fractional area of 20–30% and an eddy‐mixing time scale of ∼700 s.
Introduction to “Orogenic Cycles: From Field Observations to Global Geodynamics”
Authors: Toy Virginia , Manatschal Gianreto , Rosenbaum Gideon , Miller Meghan , Carosi Rodolfo
Published: January 2019

This Special Section of Tectonics, entitled “Orogenic Cycles: From Field Observations to Global Geodynamics,” has been compiled in commemoration of our friend and colleague Dr. Marco Beltrando, who tragically passed away in a mountain accident on 8 December 2015.
Author Correction: Characterization of Nigerian breast cancer reveals prevalent homologous recombination deficiency and aggressive molecular features
Authors: Pitt Jason J. , Riester Markus , Zheng Yonglan , Yoshimatsu Toshio F. , Sanni Ayodele , Oluwasola Olayiwola , Veloso Artur , Labrot Emma , Wang Shengfeng , Odetunde Abayomi , Ademola Adeyinka , Okedere Babajide , Mahan Scott , Leary Rebecca , Macomber Maura , Ajani Mustapha , Johnson Ryan S. , Fitzgerald Dominic , Grundstad A. Jason , Tuteja Jigyasa H. , Khramtsova Galina , Zhang Jing , Sveen Elisabeth , Hwang Bryce , Clayton Wendy , Nkwodimmah Chibuzor , Famooto Bisola , Obasi Esther , Aderoju Victor , Oludara Mobolaji , Omodele Folusho , Akinyele Odunayo , Adeoye Adewunmi , Ogundiran Temidayo , Babalola Chinedum , MacIsaac Kenzie , Popoola Abiodun , Morrissey Michael P. , Chen Lin S. , Wang Jiebiao , Olopade Christopher O. , Falusi Adeyinka G. , Winckler Wendy , Haase Kerstin , Van Loo Peter , Obafunwa John , Papoutsakis Dimitris , Ojengbede Oladosu , Weber Barbara , Ibrahim Nasiru , White Kevin P. , Huo Dezheng , Olopade Olufunmilayo I. , Barretina Jordi
Published: January 2019

The original version of this Article contained an error in the author affiliations. The affiliation of Kevin P. White with Tempus Labs, Inc. Chicago, IL, USA was inadvertently omitted. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
A minimal biochemical route towards de novo formation of synthetic phospholipid membranes
Authors: Bhattacharya Ahanjit , Brea Roberto J. , Niederholtmeyer Henrike , Devaraj Neal K.
Published: January 2019

All living cells consist of membrane compartments, which are mainly composed of phospholipids. Phospholipid synthesis is catalyzed by membrane-bound enzymes, which themselves require pre-existing membranes for function. Thus, the principle of membrane continuity creates a paradox when considering how the first biochemical membrane-synthesis machinery arose and has hampered efforts to develop simplified pathways for membrane generation in synthetic cells. Here, we develop a high-yielding strategy for de novo formation and growth of phospholipid membranes by repurposing a soluble enzyme FadD10 to form fatty acyl adenylates that react with amine-functionalized lysolipids to form phospholipids. Continuous supply of fresh precursors needed for lipid synthesis enables the growth of vesicles encapsulating FadD10. Using a minimal transcription/translation system, phospholipid vesicles are generated de novo in the presence of DNA encoding FadD10. Our findings suggest that alternate chemistries can produce and maintain synthetic phospholipid membranes and provides a strategy for generating membrane-based materials.
tACS motor system effects can be caused by transcutaneous stimulation of peripheral nerves
Authors: Asamoah Boateng , Khatoun Ahmad , Mc Laughlin Myles
Published: January 2019

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a noninvasive neuromodulation method which has been shown to modulate hearing, motor, cognitive and memory function. However, the mechanisms underpinning these findings are controversial, as studies show that the current reaching the cortex may not be strong enough to entrain neural activity. Here, we propose a new hypothesis to reconcile these opposing results: tACS effects are caused by transcutaneous stimulation of peripheral nerves in the skin and not transcranial stimulation of cortical neurons. Rhythmic activity from peripheral nerves then entrains cortical neurons. A series of experiments in rats and humans isolated the transcranial and transcutaneous mechanisms and showed that the reported effects of tACS on the motor system can be caused by transcutaneous stimulation of peripheral nerves. Whether or not the transcutaneous mechanism will generalize to tACS effects on other systems is debatable but should be investigated.
Discovery of TaFeSb-based half-Heuslers with high thermoelectric performance
Authors: Zhu Hangtian , Mao Jun , Li Yuwei , Sun Jifeng , Wang Yumei , Zhu Qing , Li Guannan , Song Qichen , Zhou Jiawei , Fu Yuhao , He Ran , Tong Tian , Liu Zihang , Ren Wuyang , You Li , Wang Zhiming , Luo Jun , Sotnikov Andrei , Bao Jiming , Nielsch Kornelius , Chen Gang , Singh David J. , Ren Zhifeng
Published: January 2019

Discovery of thermoelectric materials has long been realized by the Edisonian trial and error approach. However, recent progress in theoretical calculations, including the ability to predict structures of unknown phases along with their thermodynamic stability and functional properties, has enabled the so-called inverse design approach. Compared to the traditional materials discovery, the inverse design approach has the potential to substantially reduce the experimental efforts needed to identify promising compounds with target functionalities. By adopting this approach, here we have discovered several unreported half-Heusler compounds. Among them, the p-type TaFeSb-based half-Heusler demonstrates a record high ZT of ~1.52 at 973 K. Additionally, an ultrahigh average ZT of ~0.93 between 300 and 973 K is achieved. Such an extraordinary thermoelectric performance is further verified by the heat-to-electricity conversion efficiency measurement and a high efficiency of ~11.4% is obtained. Our work demonstrates that the TaFeSb-based half-Heuslers are highly promising for thermoelectric power generation.
Use of trifluoroacetaldehyde N-tfsylhydrazone as a trifluorodiazoethane surrogate and its synthetic applications
Authors: Zhang Xinyu , Liu Zhaohong , Yang Xiangyu , Dong Yuanqing , Virelli Matteo , Zanoni Giuseppe , Anderson Edward A. , Bi Xihe
Published: January 2019

Trifluorodiazoethane (CF3CHN2), a highly reactive fluoroalkylating reagent, offers a useful means to introduce trifluoromethyl groups into organic molecules. At present, CF3CHN2 can only be generated by oxidation of trifluoroethylamine hydrochloride under acidic conditions; due to its toxic and explosive nature, its safe generation and use remains a prominent concern, hampering wider synthetic exploitation. Here we report the development of trifluoroacetaldehyde N-tfsylhydrazone (TFHZ-Tfs) as a CF3CHN2 surrogate, which is capable of generating CF3CHN2 in situ under basic conditions. The reaction conditions employed in this chemistry enabled a difluoroalkenylation of X–H bonds (X = N, O, S, Se), affording a wide range of heteroatom-substituted gem-difluoroalkenes, along with Doyle-Kirmse rearrangements and trifluoromethylcyclopropanation reactions, with superior outcomes to approaches using pre-formed CF3CHN2. Given the importance of generally applicable fluorination methodologies, the use of TFHZ-Tfs thus creates opportunities across organic and medicinal chemistry, by enabling the wider exploration of the reactivity of trifluorodiazoethane.
Coupled ocean-atmosphere dynamics of the 2017 extreme coastal El Niño
Authors: Peng Qihua , Xie Shang-Ping , Wang Dongxiao , Zheng Xiao-Tong , Zhang Hong
Published: January 2019

In March 2017, sea surface temperatures off Peru rose above 28 °C, causing torrential rains that affected the lives of millions of people. This coastal warming is highly unusual in that it took place with a weak La Niña state. Observations and ocean model experiments show that the downwelling Kelvin waves caused by strong westerly wind events over the equatorial Pacific, together with anomalous northerly coastal winds, are important. Atmospheric model experiments further show the anomalous coastal winds are forced by the coastal warming. Taken together, these results indicate a positive feedback off Peru between the coastal warming, atmospheric deep convection, and the coastal winds. These coupled processes provide predictability. Indeed, initialized on as early as 1 February 2017, seasonal prediction models captured the extreme rainfall event. Climate model projections indicate that the frequency of extreme coastal El Niño will increase under global warming.
Author Correction: “Tossing a coin:” defining the excessive use of short-acting beta2-agonists in asthma—the views of general practitioners and asthma experts in primary and secondary care
Authors: McKibben Shauna , Bush Andy , Thomas Mike , Griffiths Chris
Published: January 2019

In the PDF and HTML versions of this Brief Communication a couple of words are not shown in a sentence in the penultimate sentence of the first paragraph of the Results, changing the meaning. This sentence should have been “The setting of a SABA use threshold was likened to “tossing a coin” (Expert 3, primary care).”
Novel non-phosphorylative pathway of pentose metabolism from bacteria
Authors: Watanabe Seiya , Fukumori Fumiyasu , Nishiwaki Hisashi , Sakurai Yasuhiro , Tajima Kunihiko , Watanabe Yasuo
Published: January 2019

Pentoses, including D-xylose, L-arabinose, and D-arabinose, are generally phosphorylated to D-xylulose 5-phosphate in bacteria and fungi. However, in non-phosphorylative pathways analogous to the Entner-Dodoroff pathway in bacteria and archaea, such pentoses can be converted to pyruvate and glycolaldehyde (Route I) or α-ketoglutarate (Route II) via a 2-keto-3-deoxypentonate (KDP) intermediate. Putative gene clusters related to these metabolic pathways were identified on the genome of Herbaspirillum huttiense IAM 15032 using a bioinformatic analysis. The biochemical characterization of C785_RS13685, one of the components encoded to D-arabinonate dehydratase, differed from the known acid-sugar dehydratases. The biochemical characterization of the remaining components and a genetic expression analysis revealed that D- and L-KDP were converted not only to α-ketoglutarate, but also pyruvate and glycolate through the participation of dehydrogenase and hydrolase (Route III). Further analyses revealed that the Route II pathway of D-arabinose metabolism was not evolutionally related to the analogous pathway from archaea.
Facile in situ synthesis of a carbon quantum dot/graphene heterostructure as an efficient metal-free electrocatalyst for overall water splitting
Authors: Zhao Man , Zhang Jingjuan , Xiao He , Hu Tianjun , Jia Jianfeng , Wu Haishun
Published: January 2019

A CQD/graphene hybrid used as an efficient metal-free electrocatalyst for water splitting was in situ synthesized by a facile two-step procedure.
Shape-control of CeF3 nanocrystals by doping polyoxometalates: syntheses, characterization and tunable photoluminescence
Authors: Wang Guan , Meng Ruru , Yang Jing , He Xiaomei , Chen Jingjing , Zhang Dongdi , Xu Xiangxing , Niu Jingyang
Published: January 2019

A series of CeF3 nanocrystals with uniform morphologies have been synthesized by introducing various polyoxometalates as dopants and shape modifiers.
Transition-metal-free regioselective cross-coupling of BODIPYs with thiols
Authors: Lv Fan , Tang Bing , Hao Erhong , Liu Qingyun , Wang Hua , Jiao Lijuan
Published: January 2019

Transition-metal-free, regioselective C–H/S–H cross-couplings of BODIPYs with thiols provides structurally diverse thiolated BODIPYs via a radical pathway.
Approaching the maximum capacity of nickel-rich LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathodes by charging to high-voltage in a non-flammable electrolyte of propylene carbonate and fluorinated linear carbonates
Authors: Pham Hieu Quang , Hwang Eui-Hyung , Kwon Young-Gil , Song Seung-Wan
Published: January 2019

We report for the first time a promising approach to achieve the maximum capacity of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathodes in a non-flammable electrolyte for safe and high-energy density lithium-ion and lithium metal batteries.
The use of biocompatible crystalline substrates for the heterogeneous nucleation and polymorphic selection of indomethacin
Authors: Wijethunga Tharanga K. , Chen Xingyu , Myerson Allan S. , Trout Bernhardt L.
Published: January 2019

A heteroepitaxial nucleation approach was used to control the phase selective nucleation of indomethacin using biocompatible, organic crystalline substrates.
Progress in fabrication of long transparent YAG:Ce and YAG:Ce,Mg single crystalline fibers for HEP applications
Authors: Sidletskiy O. , Lebbou K. , Kofanov D. , Kononets V. , Gerasymov Ia. , Bouaita R. , Jary V. , Kucerkova R. , Nikl M. , Polesel A. , Pauwels K. , Auffray E.
Published: January 2019

A significant enhancement in the light attenuation length in 22–55 cm long YAG:Ce and YAG:Ce,Mg fibers grown by the micro-pulling-down method has been reported.
Organic molecular tessellations and intertwined double helices assembled by halogen bonding
Authors: Ng Chun-Fai , Chow Hak-Fun , Mak Thomas C. W.
Published: January 2019

Crystalline polymorphs featuring halogen-bonded single-component supramolecular polygonal tessellations, a network of 41- and 43-double helices, and intertwined 31 and 32meso-helices.
First-principles dynamics of collisional intersystem crossing: resonance enhanced quenching of C(1D) by N2
Authors: An Feng , Han Shanyu , Hu Xixi , Xie Daiqian , Guo Hua
Published: January 2019

Intersystem crossing is a common and important nonadiabatic process in molecular systems. Revealed with a first-principles investigation, the quenching of C(1D) by N2 is efficient due to multiple passages via long-lived collisional resonances, despite relatively small spin–orbit couplings.
Hydroxyl-functionalized triazolylidene-based PEPPSI complexes: metallacycle formation effect on the Suzuki coupling reaction
Authors: Rendón-Nava David , Álvarez-Hernández Alejandro , Rheingold Arnold L. , Suárez-Castillo Oscar R. , Mendoza-Espinosa Daniel
Published: January 2019

A series of hydroxyl functionalized PEPPSI complexes have been used as highly active catalyts for the Suzuki coupling of aryl chlorides/amides with boronic acids.
Metallomics: Emerging Investigators 2019
Authors: Franz Katherine J.
Published: January 2019

Welcome to this Metallomics themed issue highlighting the work of emerging investigators in metallomics, Guest Edited by Metallomics Editorial Board member Katherine Franz (Duke University, USA).
Enhanced selectivity for photodegrading ciprofloxacin by a magnetic photocatalyst modified with a POPD–CdS heterojunction embedded imprinted layer
Authors: Peng Jiayi , Lu Ziyang , Lu Jing , Ma Zhongfei , Song Minshan , Liu Xinlin , Huo Pengwei , Dong Hongjun , Qiu Xuchun , Han Song
Published: January 2019

A POPD–CdS heterojunction embedded magnetic imprinted photocatalyst achieves the purpose of selective photodegradation of ciprofloxacin and effectively suppresses the secondary pollution caused by CdS photocorrosion.