bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Student Leagues on Medical Training in Neurosurgery and Residency Choice
Authors: Moraes Daniela , Braga Vinícius , Riechelmann Guilherme , Cavalheiro Sérgio
Published: April 2018

Introduction Neurological and neurosurgical disorders are highly prevalent in Brazil. The initial management is performed by general practitioners, showing the importance of theoretical and practical studies of neurology and neurosurgery during undergraduate medical courses.

Objective Describe the choices of medical specialty by members of a neurosurgery student league and investigate the existence and composition of neurology and/or neurosurgery courses and neuro-leagues in medical schools in Brazil.

Methods We surveyed, in person or through social networks, all medical students who were members of the Neurosurgery Student League of Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM) from 2007 to 2015 on the completion of their course and residency chosen. An online form was also submitted to all the medical schools registered with the Federal Council of Medicine (Conselho Federal de Medicina [CFM])

Results and Discussion Fifty-seven medical graduates had participated in the Neurosurgery Student League of EPM. Out of these, 45 have completed their undergraduate courses; 6 have undergone neurosurgery and 5 neurology. We obtained responses from 128 out of the 173 medical schools affiliated with the CFM. A total of 91% of the schools responded that they have a structured neurology course. These courses are divided as into: 32 exclusively theoretical, with 12 addressing neurosurgery and 84 are theoretical-practical, with 51 addressing neurosurgery. Structured neurosurgery courses were only present in 19% of the faculties, half of which are theoretical only. Neurosciences leagues were present in 66% of the universities.

Conclusions It was noted that neurology and neurosurgery student leagues in 66% of the medical schools in Brazil is, many times, used to supplement theoretical-practical content that should have been addressed at undergraduate level. Unfortunately, only 9.5% of the medical schools include a theoretical-practical neurosurgery course in their curriculum, a fact that is concerning due to the high prevalence of neurologic diseases in the Brazilian population.
Asymptotics of the evolution semigroup associated with a scalar field in the presence of a non-linear electromagnetic field
Authors: Albeverio Sergio , Tamura Hiroshi
Published: April 2018

We consider a model describing the coupling of a vector-valued and a scalar homogeneous Markovian random field over R4, interpreted as expressing the interaction between a charged scalar quantum field coupled with a nonlinear quantized electromagnetic field. Expectations of functionals of the random fields are expressed by Brownian bridges. Using this, together with Feynman-Kac-Itô type formulae and estimates on the small time and large time behaviour of Brownian functionals, we prove asymptotic upper and lower bounds on the kernel of the transition semigroup for our model. The upper bound gives faster than exponential decay for large distances of the corresponding resolvent (propagator).
Combination of large and small basis sets in electronic structure calculations on large systems
Authors: Røeggen Inge , Gao Bin
Published: April 2018

Two basis sets—a large and a small one—are associated with each nucleus of the system. Each atom has its own separate one-electron basis comprising the large basis set of the atom in question and the small basis sets for the partner atoms in the complex. The perturbed atoms in molecules and solids model is at core of the approach since it allows for the definition of perturbed atoms in a system. It is argued that this basis set approach should be particularly useful for periodic systems. Test calculations are performed on one-dimensional arrays of H and Li atoms. The ground-state energy per atom in the linear H array is determined versus bond length.
Plausible carrier transport model in organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite resistive memory devices
Authors: Park Nayoung , Kwon Yongwoo , Choi Jaeho , Jang Ho Won , Cha Pil-Ryung
Published: April 2018

We demonstrate thermally assisted hopping (TAH) as an appropriate carrier transport model for CH3NH3PbI3 resistive memories. Organic semiconductors, including organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites, have been previously speculated to follow the space-charge-limited conduction (SCLC) model. However, the SCLC model cannot reproduce the temperature dependence of experimental current-voltage curves. Instead, the TAH model with temperature-dependent trap densities and a constant trap level are demonstrated to well reproduce the experimental results.
Towards the use of phonological markedness and extraprosodicity in
accounting for morphological errors in Specific Language
Impairment
Authors: Özçelik Öner
Published: April 2018

Certain grammatical morphemes are variably produced in the speech of children
with Specific Language Impairment (SLI). Previous research tends to view this as
a consequence of either a deficit in linguistic knowledge or a limitation in
processing capacity; however, both approaches raise problems. For example,
linguistic accounts are unable to explain why these children’s problems are
mostly with production rather than comprehension. Processing accounts, on the
other hand, have difficulty explaining why affected children have differing
levels of problems with grammatical morphemes that are similar on the surface
(e.g. English plural -s vs. third person singular
-s). In this paper, a new, phonological account is proposed
which avoids these problems, and better captures the wide array of data
presented in the literature. It is proposed that children with SLI have problems
with organizing segmental data into prosodic structures that are linguistically
highly marked, in particular those that involve various forms of
extraprosodicity.
On the direction of cross-linguistic influence in the acquisition of
object clitics in French and Italian
Authors: Bernardini Petra , van de Weijer Joost
Published: April 2018

Placement errors of object clitics (OCL) in French have been documented in 2L1
and L2 but not in L1 acquisition (Granfeldt,
2012; Hamann & Belletti,
2006). In the present study, we investigate whether placement errors
of third person singular OCLs may be due to cross-linguistic influence. We
exposed bilingual children (successive L1 French/L2 Italian and L1 Italian/L2 French and
simultaneous 2L1 Italian/French) to an OCL elicitation task.
The results showed significant differences between the 2L1 and L2 groups in
comparison with the L1 groups, and between the languages, thus corroborating the
findings of previous studies. Production accuracy of OCLs in general was highest
in L1, and higher in Italian than in French. However, OCL placement errors were
found in 2L1 French and L2 Italian as well as in the L1 French of children who
had Italian as L2. These findings suggest that cross-linguistic influence is
bidirectional (Foroodi-Nejad & Paradis,
2009; Chenjie Gu, 2010;
Nicoladis, 1999). We discuss
these results in relation to the proposal that cross-linguistic influence should
occur only in one direction, i.e. only in one language, and only under certain
conditions (Hulk & Müller, 2000;
Müller & Hulk, 2001).
Sprachverlust und Halbsprecher einer sterbenden Sprache
Authors: Versloot Arjen P.
Published: April 2018

Dying languages are often characterised by attrition of structural features and large scale borrowing from competing dominant languages. However, these characteristics are difficult to interpret when the variety is only scarcely attested (Trümmersprache) and documented by non-native speakers, who learned the language from native speakers who were themselves, potentially, only imperfect learners. The East Frisian Harlingerland dialect is a case in point. It is attested only in a booklet from the late 17th century (1691) by the local vicar Johannes Cadovius-Müller, who was not a native speaker of Frisian. He uses the two infinitive markers of Frisian in an unhistorical way. This study seeks to understand how this usage arose. It is hypothesised that the last generation of dialect speakers developed a synchronic phonological rule for the distribution of the two infinitive markers based on vowel harmony, which was then partly misrepresented due to Cadovius-Müller's imperfect learning.
The profile of conceptual comprehension of pre-service teacher in the mathematical problem solving with low emotional intelligence
Authors: Prayitno S H , Suwarsono St , Siswono T Y E
Published: April 2018

Conceptual comprehension in this research is the ability to use the procedures that are owned by pre-service teachers to solve problems by finding the relation of the concept to another, or can be done by identifying the type of problem and associating it with a troubleshooting procedures, or connect the mathematical symbols with mathematical ideas and incorporate them into a series of logical reasoning, or by using prior knowledge that occurred directly, through its conceptual knowledge. The goal of this research is to describe the profile of conceptual comprehensin of pre-service teachers with low emotional intelligence in mathematical problems solving. Through observation and in-depth interview with the research subject the conclusion was that: pre-service teachers with low emotional intelligence pertained to the level of formal understanding in understanding the issues, relatively to the level of intuitive understanding in planning problem solving, to the level of relational understanding in implementing the relational problem solving plan, and pertained to the level of formal understanding in looking back to solve the problem.
Averaging one-point hyperbolic-type metrics
Authors: Aksoy Asuman , Ibragimov Zair , Whiting Wesley
Published: April 2018

It is known that the

ȷ
~

\tilde \jmath

-metric, the half-Apollonian metric, and the scale-invariant Cassinian metric are not Gromov hyperbolic. These metrics are defined as a supremum of one-point metrics (i.e., metrics constructed using one boundary point), and the supremum is taken over all boundary points. The aim of this paper is to show that taking the average instead of the supremum yields a metric that is Gromov hyperbolic. Moreover, we show that the Gromov hyperbolicity constant of the resulting metric does not depend on the number of boundary points used in taking the average. We also provide an example to show that the average of Gromov hyperbolic metrics is not, in general, Gromov hyperbolic.
Isotropic measures and maximizing ellipsoids: Between John and Loewner
Authors: Artstein-Avidan Shiri , Katzin David
Published: April 2018

We define a one-parametric family of positions of a centrally symmetric convex body

K
K

which interpolates between the John position and the Loewner position: for

r
>
0

r>0

, we say that

K
K

is in maximal intersection position of radius

r
r

if
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="Vol Subscript n Baseline left-parenthesis upper K intersection r upper B 2 Superscript n Baseline right-parenthesis greater-than-or-equal-to Vol Subscript n Baseline left-parenthesis upper K intersection r upper T upper B 2 Superscript n Baseline right-parenthesis">

Vol

n

(
K
∩
r

B

2

n

)
≥

Vol

n

(
K
∩
r
T

B

2

n

)

\textrm {Vol}_{n}(K\cap rB_{2}^{n})\geq \textrm {Vol}_{n}(K\cap rTB_{2}^{n})

for all

T
∈

S
L

n

T\in \rm {SL}_{n}

. We show that under mild conditions on

K
K

, each such position induces a corresponding isotropic measure on the sphere, which is simply the normalized Lebesgue measure on

r

−
1

K
∩

S

n
−
1

r^{-1}K\cap S^{n-1}

. In particular, for

r

M

r_{M}

satisfying

r

M

n

κ

n

=

Vol

n

(
K
)

r_{M}^{n}\kappa _{n}=\textrm {Vol}_{n}(K)

, the maximal intersection position of radius

r

M

r_{M}

is an

M
M

-position, so we get an

M
M

-position with an associated isotropic measure. Lastly, we give an interpretation of John’s theorem on contact points as a limit case of the measures induced from the maximal intersection positions.
The Second Great Debate Revisited: Exploring the Impact of the Qualitative-Quantitative Divide in International Relations
Authors: Li Quan
Published: April 2018

Half a century after the “Second Great Debate” in international relations (IR) started, scholars still perceive the qualitative versus quantitative division as their principal divide, and yet we do not have a good grasp of the impact of this divide. My research explores how the divide shaped the incentives and behaviors of scholars and influenced the organization of our academic communities and knowledge production. The impact of the divide expressed itself in the distribution of research among methodologies in terms of relative quantity and impact. Less obviously, and yet more importantly, the divide influenced the distribution of quantitative research among different institution types, across fields and journals, and with respect to policy engagement. Using the TRIP database of 7,792 IR articles in twelve top journals from 1980 to 2014, I classify journal articles into three categories—quantitative-only, qualitative-only, and mixed-methods—and categorize author institutions into similar types—publishing quantitative research only, producing nonquantitative work only, and publishing various proportions of quantitative research. Notably, qualitative and quantitative works switched positions over time in terms of relative quantity and impact, with quantitative research more likely published but only slightly more cited in the recent decade. More importantly, the divide produced other less obvious but more serious outcomes. Among 1,111 institutions that ever published IR research in twelve top journals over thirty-five years, two-thirds published nonquantitative research only; fifty-three institutions published more than half of all quantitative articles; institutions publishing quantitative-only or nonquantitative-only research constituted two modal categories. Political science journals published more quantitative research, persistently and with growing convergence; IR journals also evolved toward publishing more quantitative research though with persistent divergence and forming two clusters. Quantitative articles and political science journals were significantly less engaged in providing policy prescriptions than qualitative articles and IR journals. To overcome this lasting and self-perpetuating divide, we must better understand its impact, learn to appreciate alternative approaches, and change the way we train future scholars.
Innovations in Psychosocial Interventions and Their Delivery
Authors: Kazdin Alan E.
Published: April 2018

Mental illness is an enormous burden worldwide, as reflected in the number of individuals who suffer from a mental disorder, the personal pain and suffering they and their families experience, the exorbitant costs of providing but also of failing to provide services, and the spillover of mental health problems into physical health (e.g., many physical maladies and earlier-than-expected deaths associated with mental illness) and functioning in everyday life (e.g., in social relations, employment, happiness, and quality of life). We have many interventions that can help, but they are not brought to the many people in need of psychological services. There are many novel models of delivering these interventions that could be scaled to reach people in need and surmount the many barriers to providing and receiving services. Promising models of delivery are drawn from physical health care, public health, business, social policy, and other disciplines and can serve to illustrate what can be done now. This book conveys new ways of delivering treatment as well as new ways of developing and investigating treatments so that they are much more likely to reach people in need. The overall goal is, or ought to be, reducing the burdens of mental illness. This book conveys novel ways of providing treatment if we adopt that goal more explicitly and draw on the best science available to achieve that.
Evidence-Based Psychosocial Interventions
Authors: Kazdin Alan E.
Published: April 2018

This chapter discusses the development of psychosocial interventions with supportive evidence in their behalf. The goals of these evidence-based psychosocial interventions are to reduce psychological dysfunction related to affect, cognition, and behavior and psychiatric disorders that can impair everyday functioning. The range of treatments with an evidence base is vast and includes multiple cognitive and behavioral treatments, traditional therapies, and many “treatments as usual.” This chapter provides a description of the current status of treatment, as well as the challenges related to interpretation of findings and the generality of findings from research to practice.
Current Trends in Treatment Research and Practice
Authors: Kazdin Alan E.
Published: April 2018

This chapter discusses current trends in psychosocial treatment research and clinical practice. The chapter highlights four active areas in which intervention research and practice are changing: efforts to disseminate evidence-based psychosocial interventions, to integrate physical and mental health care services, to develop treatments (transtreatments) that can be used to treat multiple disorders, and to exploit the range of new technologies available (e.g., Internet, apps) as a way of providing interventions. These areas of research are among those most relevant to the goals of this book, namely, providing interventions in ways that can reduce the burdens of mental illness.
Case Studies Using Program Evaluation to Drive Evidence-Based Practices
Authors: Morrison Julie Q. , Harms Anna L.
Published: April 2018

This chapter consists of three case studies that illustrate how the evaluation approaches, methods, techniques, and tools presented in Chapters 1 to 5 can be translated into practice. The first case study describes an evaluation of the Dyslexia Pilot Project, a statewide multi-tier system of supports (MTSS) initiative targeting early literacy. In this evaluation, special attention was paid to the evaluating the cost-effectiveness of serving students in kindergarten to grade 2 proactively. The second case study features the use of single-case designs and corresponding summary statistics to evaluate the collective impact of more than 500 academic and behavioral interventions provided within an MTSS framework as part of the annual statewide evaluation of the Ohio Internship Program in School Psychology. The third case study focuses on efforts to evaluate the fidelity of implementation for teacher teams’ use of a five-step process for data-based decision making and instructional planning.
Helping School Refusing Children and Their Parents
Authors: Kearney Christopher A.
Published: April 2018

The overall purpose of this book is to provide a highly practical guide for school professionals to efficiently address cases of youth with school refusal behavior at different levels of severity and complexity. School refusal behavior can consist of full or part-day absences, tardiness, skipped classes, morning misbehaviors in an attempt to miss school, and school attendance under considerable duress. School refusal behavior is a pervasive and difficult problem faced by many types of mental health professionals (e.g., psychologists, psychiatrists, marriage and family therapists), school officials (e.g., administrators, guidance counselors, school-based social workers, school psychologists), and others (e.g., pediatricians, probation officers). School refusal behavior, even in mild forms, has been shown to be a significant risk factor for social, behavioral, and academic problems in middle childhood and adolescence as well as psychiatric, economic, and occupational difficulties in adulthood. This book provides assessment and intervention strategies along a multi-tiered model that includes systemic approaches to prevent school absenteeism (Tier 1), clinical techniques for emerging or moderate cases of absenteeism (Tier 2), and educational and other procedures for chronic and severe cases of absenteeism (Tier 3).
Eyewitness Testimony
Authors: Loftus Elizabeth F.
Published: April 2018

This chapter describes the author’s studies of human memory and eyewitness testimony that drew her into a long involvement with the legal system. The history describes efforts on the part of lawyers and eyewitness scientists to introduce expert testimony about witness memory into legal cases. The author discusses the contamination of accurate memories due to misinformation after the fact, such as witnesses talking to one another or erroneous media, and the role of repressed memories in court cases. The chapter includes a brief description of the rocky path from early resistance to ultimate appreciation of the science and its usefulness in legal cases.
Jury Research
Authors: Diamond Shari Seidman
Published: April 2018

This chapter traces the development of empirical research on the jury, a subject that has attracted psychologists since the early 1970s. The author describes her early fascination with juries and their behavior, beginning with jury size and expanding to encompass the full trial process from jury selection to legal instructions and capital sentencing. The chapter examines the sustained scholarly interest in jurors and juries that has made the jury a dominant focus for research in psychology and law. Researchers have shown that the jury is an active decision maker, whose beliefs and expectations mold responses to the evidence. Empirical studies have revealed the strengths and weaknesses of this lay decision maker against the backdrop of its alternative, the professional judge.
Mental Health Law and the Seeds of Therapeutic Jurisprudence
Authors: Wexler David B.
Published: April 2018

This chapter summarizes the author’s work during the decade of the 1970s, where he began teaching a Law and Psychiatry seminar that soon became a newly named course Mental Health Law. His writings were in the areas of civil commitment, criminal commitment, behavior modification and token economies, and confidentiality. While the author was working generally in the field of mental health law, many “seeds” of the perspective of therapeutic jurisprudence grew out of that work. The chapter illustrates how the main concepts of therapeutic jurisprudence were developed during the 1970s, even though therapeutic jurisprudence itself was not “born” until an essay written for a law/psychology conference in 1987.
Philosophical, conceptual, and ethical perspectives on working with goals in therapy
Authors: McLeod John , Mackrill Thomas
Published: April 2018

This chapter explores the underlying assumptions that inform goal-oriented therapy, with the aim of examining the relevance of different critical perspectives on contemporary theory and research into therapeutic goals. An appreciation of what it means to talk about goals requires thinking about some of the basic questions around human experience and existence, including the nature of free will, time, causality, and explanation; and the ways in which realities are constructed through language and conversation. The chapter also discusses important ethical and moral dilemmas associated with processes through which goals are co-created within relationships characterized by differences in power and authority, and the forms of research and inquiry that might yield practical knowledge of relevance to clinical practice in this area.
Scandinavian Multicenter Acute Subdural Hematoma (SMASH) Study: Study Protocol for a Multinational Population-Based Consecutive Cohort
Authors: Bartek Jiri , Laugesen Christian , Mirza Sadia , Forsse Axel , Petersen Michael Anders , Corell Alba , Dyhrfort Philip Wilhelm , Redebrandt Henrietta Nittby , Reen Linus , Zolfaghari Shaian , Tobieson Lovisa , Carlsvärd Björn , Bergholt Bo , Bashir Asma , Soerensen Preben , Bilgin Arzu , Johansson Conny , Lindvall Peter , Förander Petter , Bellander Bo-Michael , Springborg Jacob B , Jakola Asgeir S
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND

Traumatic acute subdural hematomas (ASDHs) are associated with high rate of morbidity and mortality, especially in elderly individuals. However, recent reports indicate that the morbidity and mortality rates might have improved.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate postoperative (30-d) mortality in younger vs elderly (≥70 yr) patients with ASDH. Comparing younger and elderly patients, the secondary objectives are morbidity patterns of care and 6 mo outcome according to Glasgow outcome scale (GOS). Finally, in patients with traumatic ASDH, we aim to provide prognostic variables.

METHODS

This is a large-scale population-based Scandinavian study including all neurosurgical departments in Denmark and Sweden. All adult (≥18 yr) patients surgically treated between 2010 and 2014 for a traumatic ASDH in Denmark and Sweden will be included. Identification at clinicaltrials.gov is NCT03284190.

EXPECTED OUTCOMES

We expect to provide data on potential differences between younger vs elderly patients in terms of mortality and morbidity. We hypothesize that elderly patients selected for surgery have a similar pattern of care as compared with younger patients. We will provide functional outcome in terms of GOS at 6 mo in younger vs elderly patients undergoing ASDH evacuation. Finally, clinical useful prognostic factors for favorable (GOS 4-5) vs unfavorable (GOS 1-3) will be identified.

DISCUSSION

An improved understanding of the clinical outcome, treatment and resource allocation, clinical course, and the prognostic factors of traumatic ASDH will allow neurosurgeons to make better treatment decisions.
Inca Political Organization, Economic Institutions, and Infrastructure
Authors: D'Altroy Terence N.
Published: April 2018

This chapter describes Inca political and economic organization and the infrastructure established to support imperial administration. Inca conceptualizations of politics and economics differed from those of the West, and the organization of power in the imperial capital relied heavily on the ruler’s person. Provincial areas were conceived as four distinct regions bound to the ruler by a hierarchy of Inca governors, record-keepers, and local officials. Inca rule modified local labor practices to increase economic production, using resettlement and special labor statuses to ensure the production of specific products across their diverse empire. Royal estates sustained royal households in the Cuzco region, and in the provinces, a road network connected administrative centers and storage facilities to the capital.
Inca Sacred Landscapes in the Titicaca Basin
Authors: Yaeger Jason , López José María
Published: April 2018

Sacred landscapes are networks of meaningful places that are often woven together in mythic frameworks. Frequently they are understood as narratives, which are re-enacted through rituals and processions. We present archaeological data from the Copacabana Peninsula and Tiwanaku to show how the Inca appropriated pre-existing places and transformed the sacred landscape of the Titicaca Basin to inscribe the politically powerful Viracocha creation narrative, which held that Viracocha emerged on the Island of the Sun and travelled to Tiwanaku, where he created the sun, the moon, and the ancestral couples of all people, beginning with the Inca. We argue that this creation narrative was a key element in the Inca Empire’s ideology of legitimation. Consequently, the Inca appropriated and modified ritual places so that this narrative could be inscribed, re-enacted, commemorated, and remembered, and they developed an infrastructure to support these rituals and related processions.
Cultivating Empire
Authors: Kosiba Steve
Published: April 2018

The Inca Empire extended across myriad Andean environments where indigenous peoples had previously developed diverse, locally sustainable practices of agricultural intensification and land modification. Inca expansion disrupted these indigenous landscapes by introducing new laborers, tribute obligations, and land divisions. Many Inca agricultural facilities, such as state farms and estates, were primarily designed to satisfy the demands of the imperial nobility and military, and introduced social contradictions between state officials and commoners that reshaped Andean landscapes. Some subject populations withstood or even resisted Inca domination by continuing traditional farming practices despite the development and implementation of state agrarian infrastructure.
Vilcabamba
Authors: Lee Vincent
Published: April 2018

Peru’s Zona de Vilcabamba was the scene of the post-Conquest 35-year struggle by the Inca to remain free of Spanish domination, and the base from which they fought to regain their empire. This chapter discusses that conflict and the physical and historical setting in which it occurred, including Pachacuti’s 1440 conquest of the region, his royal estate at Vitcos, Manco Inca’s retreat there from Spanish pursuit in 1537, and his withdrawal to Vilcabamba, in the jungles of Espíritu Pampa in 1539. Also discussed are the burning of the sun temple at Ñusta Ispanan in 1570, the death of Titu Cusi and martyrdom of Padre Diego Ortiz in 1571, Viceroy Francisco de Toledo’s conquest of the province, and the capture and execution of Tupac Amaru Inca in 1572. Finally, the modern explorations of Hiram Bingham, Gene Savoy, and the Lees and the scholarly work of John Hemming are noted.
Andean Statecraft before the Incas
Authors: Moore Jerry
Published: April 2018

This chapter presents an overview of pre-Inca states in the Andes, describing patterns of statecraft that came before the Inca Empire. The earliest evidence for Andean urbanism and statecraft appeared on the north coast of Peru, where Mochica polities built on earlier processes. A period of local development followed the disintegration of Mochica states, and the Chimú Empire spread across parts of the region in the centuries before Inca incorporation. In the Andean highlands, the Wari and Tiwanaku empires developed their own urban centers and extended administrative centers and enclaves into other highland areas. As archaeologists explore the pre-Inca Andean states more intensively, focusing more attention on peripheral and non-elite contexts, it is clear that these societies used distinct strategies to integrate their core regions and to extend their power more widely.
Chinchaysuyu and the Northern Inca Territory
Authors: Ogburn Dennis
Published: April 2018

Based on available archaeological and ethnohistorical data, this chapter examines the nature of Inca presence in the norther portion of the empire. Located in present-day Ecuador, this region had a singular importance in the last phases of Inca imperial expansion. This contribution provides an overview of the Inca occupation and the different forms of integration that the populations dwelling in the sierra, coast, and tropical oriente experienced. The discussion also highlights the importance of the Inca centers of Tomebamba and Quito in the imperial politics, and the system of defensive fortifications along the imperial frontiers. It also discusses the complex relations that the Inca established with competing polities like the Caranqui and Cañari among many others. Altogether, this illustrates the complexity of the complexity of the Inca conquest in the Northern region, and the remaining work to be done in the future.
Inca Imperial Colonization in Northern Chile
Authors: Santoro Calogero , Uribe Mauricio
Published: April 2018

In this chapter, the authors argue that the rapid, extensive, and efficient expansion of the Inca into northern Chile was not the consequence of random decisions. On the contrary, the cases studies presented show strategic geopolitical decision-making aimed to reduce conflict for resources and land between local leaders and foreign polities. These indigenous leaders and foreign imperial representatives became active agents in the promotion and implementation of the state programs. The case studies explored comprise Zapahuira, Tarapacá Viejo, and Catarpe. By transforming the economic, political, and ideological systems, the authors also argue that the Inca integrated northern Chile into a broader socioeconomic network through the Capac Ñan.
Reinventing the Incas in Contemporary Cuzco
Authors: Burger Richard , Salazar Lucy
Published: April 2018

This chapter addresses some of the factors leading to the “reinvention” of the Inti Raymi and Machu Picchu almost 500 years after the collapse of Tahuantinsuyu. It also highlights the way in which these two phenomena have been transformed since their reappearance as the result of tourism, globalization and the growth of Incanism. Although both played an important role in the construction of Peruvian’s national identity, their different trajectories reveal competing forces of authentication and reinvention in the national and international arenas. Whereas the resurgence of the Inti Raymi in Cuzco was the product of mestizo intellectuals committed to reinforcing nationalism and local identity, the discovery and rise to prominence of Machu Picchu was the result of broader efforts to integrate the Peruvian highlands into the national and global economies.
Royal Estates and Imperial Centers in the Cuzco Region
Authors: Quave Kylie
Published: April 2018

This multiscalar view of royal estates and imperial centers in the Cuzco region looks to survey data, ethnohistory, and site-based archaeology to illuminate the growth of the Inca Empire from its heartland. Monumental centers in Cuzco are just a fraction of the settlements and resources that make up its estate systems and imperial facilities. By casting a wide net beyond the palace walls of sites such as Machu Picchu, the chapter models in new ways the role played by these centers that dominated the heartland landscape outside urban Cuzco. Recent results from the estate economic installation at Cheqoq (Maras), including retainer laborer households, a pottery workshop, and storage facilities, demonstrate (1) the impacts of Inca development on local communities, (2) how retainers contributed to factional interests and the greater imperial project, and (3) how retainers enjoyed an elevated status as a result of attachment to the nobles who developed royal estates.
Inca Landscapes of Domination
Authors: Troncoso Andrés
Published: April 2018

In many provinces of the Tahuantinsuyu, the understanding of Inca domination has been focused on the political strategies implemented by the state. However, the political landscape developed during this time required an engagement with dynamic local communities. By studying the visual and spatial distribution of rock art in North-Central Chile, we discuss how traditional community practices were transformed during the Inca era. We propose that in the Late Intermediate Period rock art was key in the production of a corporate community, whereas in the Inca period it promoted the construction of hierarchy and social differences within the communities. This change was promoted by the local leaders, who took advantage of ancestral places and traditional community practices. Simultaneously, the Inca political strategy made concerted efforts to invisibilize such places and practices.
Transformations
Authors: Wernke Steven
Published: April 2018

Spanish rule in the Andes claimed legitimacy based on the missionary project to convert indigenous peoples to Christianity. This chapter details the early years of Catholic evangelization, when priests began to learn indigenous languages and to explain religious concepts in terms familiar to Inca and other Andean religious practices. In the face of indigenous heterodoxy and resistance, the missionary project took more intrusive forms, intervening in indigenous settlement and burial practices. Recent archaeological and ethnohistoric advances offer case studies for understanding religious actions to turn the people of the Inca world away from their pre-contact sacred landscapes and community rituals.
The Iconography and Use of Inca and Colonial Drinking Vessels
Authors: Ziólkowski Mariusz
Published: April 2018

Ceremonial drinking bound Inca elites to each other and to their subjects, and vessels made of precious metal, wood, and pottery communicated status differences in Inca times. These vessels are mentioned in early colonial dictionaries and chronicles because some forms, particularly the wooden quero cup, continued to be important for indigenous elite social actions after the European invasion. Colonial queros often have painted decorations, some of which carry iconographic messages that could be shared by drinking partners. These tocapu designs constitute a symbol system that articulates the changing status of Andean elites as Spanish colonial rule spread through the Andes.
Inca Mining and Metal Production
Authors: Zori Colleen
Published: April 2018

The Inca Empire directed significant resources and labor toward the extraction of metals from the provinces. Using the case studies of Porco (silver), Viña del Cerro (copper), and the Tarapacá Valley (copper and silver), this chapter explores some of the strategies used by the Inca in obtaining metallurgical wealth. These case studies show that, as suggested by ethnohistoric sources, silver mining and subsequent purification were directly overseen by the state. In contrast to models of more indirect state involvement typically proposed for copper production, these case studies demonstrate that the Inca actively invested in expanding production of this metal, despite the fact that it was not necessarily destined for use in the imperial heartland. I propose several ways that the production of silver and copper enmeshed local people in relations of hierarchy, obligation, and reciprocity as they became subjects of the Inca Empire.
Conclusions: Inca Imperial Identities
Authors: Alconini Sonia , Covey Alan
Published: April 2018

This chapter provides commentary on the central themes emerging in the chapters in Part 4, which emphasize the bottom-up reconstruction of imperial negotiations in the Inca Empire. Scholars approach such analysis in different ways, depending on theoretical orientations, archaeological methodologies, and the available evidence from colonial ethnohistory and archaeology. A consistent theme across several diverse local cases is the symbolic management of local landscapes, which served as a source of local identity and power during Inca imperial interventions. Local elites influenced the spread of imperial power on provincial landscapes, and many of them appropriated elements of Inca aesthetics as they produced new hybrid craft goods and architecture. Frontier regions were particularly dynamic spaces for evolving local and imperial identities, and the Incas widely resettled populations to contested landscapes to transform frontiers into provincial spaces.
Conclusions
Authors: Covey Alan , Alconini Sonia
Published: April 2018

This chapter is an editorial conclusion to Part 7, developing important concepts that appear in the chapters on different aspects of continuity and change in the early colonial Andes. As modern scholars developed their interpretations of the meaning and impact of Spanish colonization, they confronted different facets of the colonial documentary record that grew up around questions of Inca sovereignty and Spanish imperial legitimacy. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the conquest of the Inca took on many different meanings, and authors have presented key themes in distinct ways. Most sources discuss the transfer of sovereignty from the Inca to the Habsburgs, the use of Spanish military force in the conquest of the Andes, the European belief that indigenous peoples were of a weak disposition, and the role of Catholic missionary work in establishing colonial rule.
Conclusions: Appropriating the Inca
Authors: Alconini Sonia , Covey Alan
Published: April 2018

This chapter addresses the key concepts discussed in Part 8, which focused on the persistence of Inca identity and associated politics of performance, indigeneity, and “Incanism.” The ruptures of natural disasters and political upheaval have allowed Cuzco to be rebuilt in new cycles that invoke Inca identity in distinct ways, the most recent of these as a center of world heritage. At a broader level, the colonial-era broadening of Inca identity helped to sustain indigenous rebellions against Spanish colonial rule, and this persisted after independence, as the Incas became a national Peruvian symbol. The globalization of Inca heritage sites has occurred alongside Inca-inspired representations of indigenous identity elsewhere, making the Incas the aspirational ancestors for different scales of identity-building. Inca sites like Machu Picchu serve as rich places for the intersections of different performances of what it means to be Inca.
Inca “Antiquities” in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Gänger Stefanie
Published: April 2018

This chapter discusses different ways of engaging with the Inca as an ancient past and their material culture as “antiquities” over the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It holds that Inca “antiquities” had assumed principally three distinct functions by the early nineteenth century, which they were to retain into the recent era: primarily, that of “epistemic things,” objects of intellectual curiosity to antiquaries and archaeologists in Europe and across the Americas; second, that of political, predominantly “national,” symbols, available for the wider imagined collectivities of, initially at least, several South American republics; and third, that of commodities, as collectibles and museum exhibits traded on an ever-expanding trans-Atlantic antiquities market.
Introduction
Authors: Alconini Sonia , Covey Alan
Published: April 2018

The Inca Empire was not only the largest state of the pre-Columbian Americas; it was also a complex political organization that swiftly conquered most of the Andes in less than a century. The Oxford Handbook of the Incas is a comprehensive volume dedicated to bringing together a broad array of new work that presents the Inca from multidisciplinary perspectives at different geographic and temporal scales. It has three main goals: (1) to weave together the complex tapestry of interpretations, methodologies, and approaches in order to reconstruct the nuanced political relations and cultural practices developed across this multiethnic empire; (2) to outline central debates on Inca studies in order to highlight major theoretical trends, emerging research paradigms, and challenges, and (3) to provide a longue-dureé perspective of the rise, development, and demise of this empire, along with the ways in which colonial and contemporary Andeans have used, interpreted, and reappropriated the past.
Situational Strength Theory
Authors: Meyer Rustin D. , Kelly Elnora D. , Bowling Nathan A.
Published: April 2018

The notion that individual differences (e.g., personality traits) predict behavior and relevant outcomes in “weak” situations (i.e., when people are left to their own devices to determine what to do) but not in “strong” situations (i.e., when situations provide people with unmistakable cues about what to do) is often treated as a truism among psychologists (Cooper & Withey, 2009). Although many studies support this general idea, its intuitive appeal may have dissuaded researchers from treating situational strength as a meaningful construct in its own right. This chapter attempts to remedy this state of affairs by (a) proposing a formalized theory of situational strength that outlines this construct’s functional mechanisms, (b) demonstrating how this knowledge can be used to develop testable hypotheses (e.g., pertaining to the criterion-oriented validity of individual differences), and (c) exploring several theoretical and practical implications of this theory for both science and practice.
Learning in Virtual Teams
Authors: Ren Yuqing
Published: April 2018

This chapter reviews and integrates the latest research on team learning and virtual teams to understand the challenges associated with how team members learn and improve performance when working across distance. Team learning is defined as changes in a team’s knowledge and performance as a function of members gaining experiences of working with one another. This chapter presents an integrative framework that links challenges in virtual teams (lack of informal, spontaneous communication, lack of social presence, lack of common ground, reduced team cohesion and identification, lack of trust, lack of shared knowledge and understanding) to four key team learning processes (knowledge acquisition, sharing, storage, and retrieval). Three remedies are proposed to overcome the challenges through a strong shared identity, the choice of effective collaboration technologies, and timely teamwork interventions.
Mode
Authors: McClary Susan
Published: April 2018

This essay traces the development of “mode” in Western music from the early Greeks, through the transmission of Greek theory by Roman writers, the adaptation in the Middle Ages of aspects of this system for purposes of organizing liturgical chant, the changes made by Renaissance theorists to accommodate polyphonic composition, and the seventeenth-century transformation of modal practices into tonal procedures, to various uses of church modes in Bach, Beethoven, Grieg, Debussy, Vaughan Williams, the folk revival, jazz, and heavy metal. The author distinguishes modes from scales and psalm tones, explains differences between pairs such as Dorian and Aeolian, and argues for a practice-based approach to the concept.
Levinas and Heidegger
Authors: Fagenblat Michael
Published: April 2018

This chapter offers a comprehensive account of Levinas’s relation to Heidegger’s thought during the formative years of his philosophical development through to Totality and Infinity (1961). Heidegger’s thought informed the central problem that preoccupied Levinas during these years, namely, the rise of Nazism, Hitlerism, and the prospect of a radical collapse of civilization into barbarism and evil. It afforded Levinas a way of understanding these historical events as deep philosophical problems rather than cognitive or historical aberrations. The chapter pinpoints two very different critiques Levinas makes, a critique of Heidegger’s account of facticity and the more famous ethical critique of Heidegger’s thought. The critique of Heidegger’s account of facticity structures Levinas’s alternative account of the phenomenology of being-riveted that shapes his thinking from 1934 to Totality and Infinity and gives the ethical critique of being its philosophical traction.
Microdream Neurophenomenology
Authors: Nielsen Tore
Published: April 2018

The fleeting dream images of sleep onset afford a rare glimpse at how experience is transformed from the perceptually grounded consciousness of wakefulness to the hallucinatory simulations of dreaming. These images, or microdreams, are briefer, simpler, and more accessible to phenomenological scrutiny than are the long REM dreams traditionally recorded in the sleep lab. This chapter shows that a focus on microdream phenomenology has thus far contributed to (1) developing a classification system for dreaming’s core phenomenology (Windt`s oneiragogic spectrum), (2) establishing a structure for assessing dreaming’s multiple memory inputs (multi-temporal memory sources), (3) furthering Silberer’s project for sleep onset imagery by uncovering two new types of imagery (autosensory imagery, exosensory imagery), and (4) providing a larger framework for explaining some microdreaming processes (multisensory integration approach). A continued focus on microdream neurophenomenology may help resolve outstanding questions about dreaming’s core features, neurophysiological correlates, and memory sources.