bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eye Movements as a Paradigm of Approach and Avoidance Behavior
Authors: Webb Warren W. , Matheny Adam , Larson Glenn
Published: September 2011

Eye movements were recorded while Ss looked at items consisting of four horizontally arranged pictures. The pictures were small line-drawings of ordinary objects and scenes. Three of the pictures were affectively neutral, while the picture on either the right or left end was presumed to be affectively important. It was anticipated that the gradients of time-spent-looking would approximate Miller's approach and avoidance gradients. In three exploratory sub-studies, the results were interpreted as confirmatory.
Effects of Prolonged Isolation of the Skin on Cutaneous Sensitivity
Authors: Aftanas Marion , Zubek John P.
Published: September 2011

Isolation of a circumscribed area of the skin on the forearm for a week resulted in an increase in tactual acuity. Application of constant pressure to the same area resulted in decreased tactual acuity. These changes were still evident two days after the experiment. It is believed that central rather than peripheral factors are responsible for these changes. Temperature and pain sensitivity were not affected.
Signal and Channel Load in Vigilance Tasks
Authors: Roby T. B. , Roazen H.
Published: September 2011

In a complex vigilance task, probability of error was greater with greater load of signals assigned, greater with greater load of locations (channels) assigned, and less with practice. The effect of signal load on errors was greater than that of channel load, and was more strongly influenced by practice. The methodology and results are seen as relevant to sub-task assignment in group vigilance tasks.
Comments and Findings about Rotations
Authors: Fuller G. B. , Laird J. T.
Published: September 2011

While many studies have dealt with the phenomenon of rotation, there has been a lack of agreement as to its clinical significance. Failure to control for paper rotations, card rotations, and perceptual rotation may have been responsible for the diversity of findings. Whereas there has been general agreement that a rotation per se is significant, there has been disagreement as to how many degrees a design must be rotated before it attains significance. These problems, as well as those of rationale, are discussed. Recent findings, which controlled for the various types of rotation and used a progressive empirical index of the degrees of rotation for psychiatric and psychological diagnostic groups, are presented.
Values of Future Scientists
Authors: Kennedy Wallace A. , Smith Alvin H.
Published: September 2011

A comparison of scores on the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values was made for 130 mathematically-gifted adolescents (WAIS Verbal IQ = 138 ± 8.3, Performance IQ = 125 ± 10.7) and the normative medical school freshmen. The former group are more concerned with theoretical values than with religious and social values.
Some Personality Correlates of the Page Fantasy Scale
Authors: Reiter Henry H.
Published: September 2011

The Page Fantasy Scale designed to assess daydreaming behavior was correlated with variables of anxiety, achievement motivation, and academic achievement. The most significant finding was that total daydreaming behavior was highly related to general and test-taking anxiety.
A Comparison of Schizophrenics and Nonschizophrenics on Two Methods of Administration of the Bender-Gestalt Test
Authors: Bernstein Ira H.
Published: September 2011

Thirty schizophrenic and 30 nonschizophrenic neuropsychiatric inpatients were matched on the basis of age, sex, education, and a measure of intelligence. They were individually administered the Bender-Gestalt test under two successive conditions. First, Ss were shown each figure in turn for 5 sec. and required to reproduce it from memory. Then they copied the figures under the standard conditions. Using the Pascal-Suttell scoring system, measures of performance were derived based upon the performance under the two conditions. A third measure used was the arithmetic difference between performance in these conditions. The mean findings were that schizophrenics did more poorly under both exposure conditions than nonschizophrenic controls. An hypothesis based upon a general theory of psychological deficit that the difference score would be higher for schizophrenics was not statistically verified although a confirming trend was noted. Another finding was greater variability among schizophrenics.
A Comparison of the Personality Structures of a Group of Young, Married and a Group of Middle Aged, Married Women
Authors: Gilbert Jeanne G. , Levee Raymond F.
Published: September 2011

This has been a comparative study, by means of the IES test, of the relative strengths of impulses, ego, and superego in a group of young, married women (average age 26 yr.) and a group of middle aged, married women (average age 50), the latter group being in the menopausal age range. Both groups were well educated, the majority of individuals being college graduates. Results showed no statistically reliable differences between the two groups on any of the four tests measuring the strength of impulses, ego, and superego. Both of the groups studied showed strong, reality oriented egos, and were objective, conventional, and able to plan realistically. Both groups perceived the world in a reality setting, although the older group may have shown somewhat greater sensitivity to the impulse aspects of their environment than did the younger group. Both were aware of impulse needs within them, perhaps the younger somewhat more so than the older who tended to have more conscious feelings of guilt and unworthiness. The failure to find statistically significant differences in personality structures between these groups of younger and older women raises the question as to whether the psychic apparatus in normal women of menopausal age necessarily undergoes the changes proposed in the literature, or if the changes accompanying the aging process become evident at a somewhat later age than has been thought. If the psychic apparatus is altered, it may be that this particular test is not appropriate to women or perhaps sufficiently sensitive to pick up the subtleties of these changes. It is also plausible to consider the possibility that the IES test does not measure those independent aspects of impulse, ego, or superego which might undergo such changes.
A Factor Analysis of Readiness Tests
Authors: Leton Donald A.
Published: September 2011

Scores on the Metropolitan Readiness Tests and the Rutgers Drawing Test were submitted to factor analyses. Two factors, Verbal Comprehension, and Visual-Motor Capacity were identified. The number readiness factor which is presumed in the Numbers subtests of the Metropolitan failed to appear as a distinct factor but was subsumed under the second factor in this study. Assessment of number readiness is recommended for the possible isolation of this factor. The hypothesis that the number factor evolves from earlier perceptual and verbal abstract factors should also be tested in further research.
Adding, Sleep Loss, and Body Temperature
Authors: Loveland Nathene Turk , Williams Harold L.
Published: September 2011

At 8:00 A.M. and 8:00 P.M. during a 3-day baseline period, 3 days of sleep loss, and 2 days of recovery, 20 experimental and 20 control Ss added pairs of one-digit numbers for 3 min. The most marked effect of sleep loss was to lower the speed of addition. The correlation of speed of addition and oral temperature was considerably higher than the correlation of adding speed with sleep loss. The speed during P.M. was higher than A.M. speed during the baseline period, and this difference tended to increase with sleep loss. However, the trend was not statistically significant. Accuracy of addition was very high throughout all test sessions, although there was a very slight decline during sleep loss. Accuracy was not affected by the diurnal cycle, and there was no independent correlation between accuracy and oral temperature. The findings support the hypothesis that the specific effect of sleep loss on performance varies with the nature of the task, and depends on measurement of the sensitive aspect of performance.
Rorschach Percepts and Personal Concepts as Semantically Equivalent Members
Authors: Pope Benjamin , Bare Carole E.
Published: September 2011

In this study, the semantic clustering of 10 popular and near-popular Rorschach percepts and four personal concepts was determined, for a patient group as a whole ( N = 20) and for the first 10 individual patients within the group. Ss scaled the percepts and concepts on an adaptation of Osgood's semantic differential. It was found that the percepts and concepts formed clusters of semantically equivalent members. While the total group did not demonstrate semantic overlap between personal concepts and selected Rorschach percepts, the individual patients did so to varying degress and along varying lines. In this respect, as well as in the general organization of percept and concept clusters, there was much individual variability. This study emphasized the Rorschach percept as an idiosyncratic expression of personal meaning rather than of invariant symbolism. Other implications of this study for content analysis of the Rorschach were considered.
Computer Systems Control of Delayed Auditory Feedback
Authors: Smith Karl U. , Mysziewski Mathew , Mergen Mark , Koehler Jim
Published: September 2011

This research has achieved a new type of systems design for experimental analysis of different levels of both behavioral organization and physiological interaction related to environmental adaptation. A digital computer system with suitable animal-machine, input-output interface instrumentation has been arranged to provide systematic experimental programming of output feedback data, recording of behavioral and physiological performance related to time, space, and kinetic displacement of feedback, and computation of critical systems parameters. The present study constitutes a preliminary evaluation of the system's design and application to analysis of delayed sensory feedback in speech. The general method extends and refines the analysis of behavioral and physiological organization by means of study of delayed and space-displaced sensory effects of response. Delayed speech feedback was chosen for study because it represents a limiting sector for computer sampling of analog psychophysiological variation. The question has been whether speech of acceptable fidelity could be sampled, stored, and transmitted as conventionalized speech signals. Results show that acceptable computer-sampled and delayed speech feedback can be obtained. Blocking of syllables and slowing of speech with delay intervals of .1 to .2 sec. have been observed in seven Ss. In addition, it has been found that the computer can be used for numerous other special time displacements of speech feedback. Selected time samples of speaking can be inverted. “Computer stuttering” simulating syllable repetition in real stuttering can be produced. The evidence is that the system's concepts and method are valid and that it has unlimited capability for a new type of systems study of all levels and properties of biological and behavioral organization.
Induced Colors and Colors Produced by Chromatic Illumination May Have Similar Physiological Bases
Authors: King William L. , Wertheimer Michael
Published: September 2011

Thirteen Os obtained afterimages of each of two targets. The “induced” target was a green ring surrounding an achromatic (but phenomenally magenta) disk; the “neutralized” target was the same as the induced one, except that chromatic green illumination was added to the disk so as to make it phenomenally achromatic. Two findings support the conjecture that the retinal process underlying perception of induced colors is similar to that underlying perception of colors produced by chromatic illumination: (1) an induced magenta can be mixed with a green produced by chromatic illumination so as to yield a phenomenally neutral color, and (2) the green in the afterimage of the disk in the induced target was more saturated than the green in the afterimage of the disk in the neutralized target.
An Attempt to Find a Locus of Temporary Work Decrement in Pursuit Rotor Performance
Authors: Humphries M. , McIntyre J.
Published: September 2011

Three groups were engaged in one of three types of activity interpolated between two sessions of massed practice on the pursuit rotor. The interpolated tasks were visual pursuit reaction time, blindfolded rotary arm movement, and rest. The interpolated tasks were selected to determine whether the recovery from temporary work decrement could be blocked by continued visual or motor activity. Since all groups recovered equally from work decrement, it was concluded that the locus can not be in the peripheral motor or visual systems.
A Picture Story Test for Use in Physical Disability
Authors: Moed George , Wight Byron , Feshbach Seymour , Sandry Martin
Published: September 2011

The Children's Seashore House Picture Story Test was developed as a tool for investigating psychological effects of physical disability and institutionalization. The test requires S to make up a story about each of the pictures shown to him. Disabled figures are included in the pictures and accessibility of the activities depicted is systematically varied. The test consists of 19 pictures, seven of which were administered to groups of inpatients, former patients, and healthy school children to investigate applicability of the test, to demonstrate its usefulness, to illustrate the kinds of data to be expected from it, and to see whether the stimulus dimension “accessibility” influenced test scores. High interscorer reliability was obtained. Inpatients were found to be similar to the other groups in regard to frequency of themes of success, and different from the controls in references to recognition of disability, sympathy, self pity, need for achievement, and failure or frustration. Differences between the groups varied in a meaningful way with the accessibility of the activity depicted and with characteristics of Ss themselves.
Two Attempts to Demonstrate Tonal Suppression of Non-Nutritive Sucking in Neonates
Authors: Kaye Herbert , Levin Gerald R.
Published: September 2011

Seventy newborn children were studied to examine the effects of tone presentation on sucking rates. A time-contingent and response-contingent procedure were employed respectively in two separate studies. No differences were found between the experimental groups and control groups receiving no tone. Methodological implications are briefly mentioned.
Reinforcing Properties of Selected Rorschach Cards: A Methodological Study
Authors: Weingold Harold P. , Webster Ronald L. , Dawson Joseph G.
Published: September 2011

The experimental definition of the stimulus properties of Rorschach cards and their effects upon behavior was undertaken by using operant response measures to differentiate the reinforcing properties of 3 Rorschach cards. Each population of 30 normal females and 30 schizophrenic females was divided into 3 groups. By pressing a button Ss in each group could occasionally view a Rorschach card which had been placed in a box. Statistically, there were no significant differences between cards or populations due to response variability generated by experimental conditions. Revisions in procedure were suggested to improve the stability of response measures.
Perception of Lower Limb Position and Extension in Physically Disabled Children
Authors: Wight Byron W. , Moed George
Published: September 2011

Physically disabled children judged the direction of position and the length of their legs (self object) and a standard stick (non-self object) as these were shifted through certain positions under a table. Legs were judged to be longer than they actually were, while the length of the stick was underestimated. The angles of displacement of the legs from the midline orientation of the body were overestimated both in positions of adduction and abduction. On the other hand, the stick was judged to be closer to the middle of the table than it actually was. As the degree of abduction increased, children had more difficulty judging the position of their legs and were less accurate in judging length of extension for the left leg only. An explanation of these results is proposed in terms of sensory-tonic field theory of perception.
Detection and Cognition without Awareness
Authors: Betke James E. , Lighthall Frederick F.
Published: September 2011

Three groups were tachistoscopically presented with incomplete series of digits, e.g., 1, 2, —, 4, at one of 3 levels, at detection threshold or at 1 SD above or below the threshold. Ss' “task” was to interpolate (or extrapolate) each series with the correct digit. The first-digit responses of the Above Threshold group showed a significant tendency to match the stimulus digit. When the stimulus was a blank, the responses were of a random nature, i.e., no significant interpolative or extrapolative response tendencies were found. No significant effects were found in Threshold or Below Threshold groups. Thus, stimuli presented at levels up to and including a detection threshold did not convey sufficient information to influence measurably responses to this type of cognitive task.
Effect of Pre-Known Stimulus-Reversals on Apparent Cerebral Dominance in Word Recognition
Authors: Harcum E. Rae , Smith Nelson F.
Published: September 2011

In two experiments Os reproduced eight-letter words or nonsense-words tachistoscopically exposed across fixation. For some words the meaningful sequence of letters, or the orientation of the letters, or both, were reversed with respect to the normal left-right arrangement in English. O always knew prior to exposure which stimulus-condition was to appear. Relative errors to the left or right of fixation varied depending upon both stimulus-condition and individual O. The sequence of letters exerted the greater effect. Results are interpreted as suggesting a temporal-spatial perceptual mechanism, analyzing the traces of the visual pattern from left to right, or from right to left, with the direction determined by the responsiveness of O to letter-orientation and letter-sequence. This interpretation is offered as an alternative to a simple notion of cerebral hemispheric dominance.
Effects of Temporal Order of Stimulus Presentation on the Direction of Figural Aftereffects
Authors: Pollack Robert H.
Published: September 2011

An investigation into the aftereffects of simultaneously presented parallel contours was carried out to demonstrate the attraction of these contours. These attraction effects contrasted significantly with the repulsion effects obtained in the orthodox figural-aftereffect situation. An interpretation was offered in terms of the interaction of separate processes of primary adaptation and in terms of more complex processes of temporal comparison.
Conditioning of Attention as a Factor in Perceptual Learning
Authors: Fisch R. I. , McNamara H. J.
Published: September 2011

Three experiments were done to assess the role of attention in perceptual learning. In Exp. I, utilizing some theoretical ideas proposed by Piaget in centration theory, it was proposed that the centration effect would reveal the influence of value on attentional behavior. The results suggested a general increase in attentional activity directly related to the total value in the field. In a depth perception situation, error decreased as the value of the stimuli increased, however, this was not related to centration. It was proposed that since no specific behaviors had been reinforced, pre-existing attentional preferences remained intact in the situation. Exp. II was designed to measure individual preferences and to reinforce specific scanning behavior. The predicted centration effect was observed. In the depth perception task the object falling in the conditioned area of the field showed a significant centration effect. Exp. III was designed to demonstrate that scanning behavior, as related to the perception of objects in the visual field, was a part function of preconditioned attentional behavior. The results indicated that objects in the conditioned area of the field were found faster than objects in an area of the field to which attention (scanning) had not been conditioned. Guesses about the location of non-existing stimuli were more likely to designate the conditioned area of the field. The relevance of these results to studies in perceptual learning was discussed.
Piaget and the Role of Guided Experiences in Human Development
Authors: Ojemann Ralph H. , Pritchett Karen
Published: September 2011

Considerable confusion has appeared in the literature relative to the nature and significance of experience, as it pertains to such investigations as those of Piaget. A planned program for developing the concept of specific gravity was tested using experimental and control groups at the kindergarten and first grade levels. Stage of concept development was measured in individual interviews with the 39 Ss before and after administration of the learning program, which consisted of a 1-hr. period on each of three successive days. Results indicated that (a) planned learning programs can affect significantly the development of the concept of specific gravity at this age level and (b) the age levels for the development of the stages suggested by Piaget do not hold for a significant proportion of Ss when a planned learning program is applied.
Relationship of Critical Flicker-Fusion Thresholds to Reading Readiness in Six-Year-Old Children
Authors: Leton Donald A. , Dayton Glenn O.
Published: September 2011

Critical flicker-fusion thresholds were determined for two groups of 6-yr.-old children, differentiated on the basis of their readiness for reading instruction. There was no significant difference between the mean cff scores for the high and low readiness groups. Their off scores were slightly higher than those reported by Howe (1963) for the same age level. There appeared to be a tendency for these Ss to cross thresholds on succeeding ascending and descending trials. This may have been due to a response-delay, or to administration procedures. There was no significant correlation between off thresholds and scores on reading readiness, intelligence, and reading achievement. There were no significant relationships between off scores and results of visual screening examinations. It was concluded that off procedures ate not of practical value for the identification of children with low reading readiness.
Estimation and Reproduction of Angles from a Given Line of Reference
Authors: Logan O.
Published: September 2011

Variability of 6 Ss in accuracy of reproducing angles from 15° to 90° relative to a horizontal or vertical reference was significantly related to angles, Ss, and references.
An Addendum to a Report of the Appearance in Three Generations of an Atypical Pattern of the Sneezing Reflex
Authors: Erickson Milton H.
Published: September 2011

This is an addendum to a previous report of an atypical sneeze pattern, primarily double sneezing, in a grandmother, her daughter and her granddaughter. Experimental efforts to alter sneeze reflex patterns by hypnosis and other methods failed. This addendum now reports the same atypical sneeze pattern in the granddaughter's first-born, a son, indicating that the pattern may be inherited but is not sex-linked. Also, another mother and her daughter with a double sneeze pattern are reported, this double sneeze pattern not being present in either the mother's parents or siblings or in her only grandchild.
Anticipatory Rehearsal in Reversed Printing
Authors: Saufley William H. , Bilodeau Ina McD.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were performed in an attempt to control the slope of the initial segment of the prerest curve of reversed alphabet printing under continuous practice. In Exp. 1, Ss began printing with A, I, or P, but in all cases knew in advance what the starting letter was to be. Since all three groups showed a negative slope over the first two 15-sec. scoring periods, Es rejected the hypothesis that an initital decrement in printing rate stemmed from an underlying alphabetical serial position function. In Exp. 2, Ss began printing with either A, F, K, or R, but the data sheet on which the starting letter was printed was kept face-down until the trial began. With opportunity for rehearsing from the correct starting letter thus reduced, only Group A showed the initial dip in prerest performance.
Selective Stimulation and Electrophysiological Responses of the Olfactory Bulb of the Opossum
Authors: Phillips D. S. , Michels K. M.
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to compare electrophysiological data with the results obtained from human Ss who were asked qualitatively to scale odors. To achieve this end, recordings from the area of the mitral cells in the opossum's olfactory bulb were carried out with tungsten microelectrodes. The stimuli used were odorants from the extreme ends of the five oblique factors obtained in the human study. The results indicate that chemicals with large positive factor loadings have a facilitative effect on the activity in the anterior olfactory bulb and that chemicals with large negative factor loadings have a facilitative effect on the activity in the posterior olfactory bulb. Further investigation of the four chemicals comprising the extreme positive poles of the factors led to the conclusion that chemicals with large positive factor weights exert an inhibitory effect on the activity in the posterior olfactory bulb. It was also found that the magnitude of the physiological response to a chemical is significantly correlated with the chemical's factor loading.
Can Animals Talk?
Authors: Irwin R. J.
Published: September 2011

Speech is defined as operant vocal behavior reinforced through the mediation of other organisms. Attempts to control animal vocalizations by operant conditioning are therefore reviewed. Both laboratory studies and informal attempts are examined. Some evidence of successful control is found, and this evidence affords examples of genuine, if rudimentary, speech in animals. It is, therefore, concluded that man's capacity to talk is not a unique ability that demarcates him from the rest of the animal kingdom.
The Perky Effect: Incorporation of an External Stimulus into an Imagery Experience under Placebo and Control Conditions
Authors: Segal Sydney J. , Nathan Shifra
Published: September 2011

Seventeen Ss were told to imagine six colored objects, successively, while facsimiles of the objects were flashed on a screen at increasing levels of intensity. Ten Ss received a placebo which was described as a relaxant. Ss' reported experiences were rated as perceptions of reality or as imagery. Control Ss had an increasing number of reality experiences as the intensity of the stimuli increased. Placebo Ss were relatively unaffected by the level of intensity of the stimulus. Instead the placebo seemed to polarize their reactions into reactors who tended to experience most of the stimuli as part of their imagery and the non-reactors, who tended to identify all six stimuli as perceptions.
Eye Fixation and the Contents of Recall and Images as a Function of Heart Rate
Authors: Luborsky Lester , Blinder Barton , Mackworth Norman
Published: September 2011

Our aim was to illustrate an eye-fixation photographic method of studying cognition both with and without awareness. We focused upon (a) the time of inspection of a part of the visual field in relation to (b) the recall of that part of the stimulus and (c) the relationships of (a) and (b) as a function of heart rate. Recall was defined in two ways: direct and unintentional, i.e., recovery in the content of waking images of picture content which had not appeared in direct recall. Eighteen Ss were overloaded with information by a 6-sec. exposure of a card containing four complex pictures. Waking images were followed by recall. Recovery via images was significantly related to inspection time of the picture quadrant; direct recall was not. The more the person was accelerated in his response via heart rate or fixation rate, the greater his recovery in images.
Effects of a Depressant Drug as Modified by Experimentally-Induced Expectation
Authors: Frankenhaeuser Marianne , Post Birgitta , Hagdahl Ragnar , Wrangsjoe Bjoern
Published: September 2011

Objective and subjective reactions to drug and placebo treatments were studied in 15 healthy Ss under three conditions: (1) 200 mg. Pentobarbitone introduced as a depressant drug, (2) 200 mg. Pentobarbitone introduced as a drug the actions of which were not known to E, and (3) a placebo introduced as a depressant drug. Mean time-response curves showed that pulse rate, objective and subjective reaction speed, and subjective wakefulness were decreased by all treatments. The greatest effects were produced by Pentobarbitone introduced as a depressant while Pentobarbitone alone was, on the whole, less effective than the placebo introduced as a depressant drug.
Effects of Early Environmental Complexity on the following Response in Chicks
Authors: Haywood H. Carl , Zimmerman Donald W.
Published: September 2011

Six groups, each consisting of 7 Vantress Broiler chicks, were reared in a complex environment, rich in sensory stimulation, from hatching until imprinting 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, or 18 hr. later. Another six groups of 7 each were reared in a restricted environment and imprinted at the same times. The strength of the following response was tested for all animals between 36 and 48 hr. after imprinting. The response of the chicks reared in the complex environment was distinctly stronger over the entire range. In addition, the “critical period” for these animals occurred earlier.
Reaction Times to Regularly Recurring Visual Stimuli
Authors: Aiken Lewis R. , Lichtenstein Malcolm
Published: September 2011

In this experiment, which was concerned with reaction times to regularly recurring visual stimuli, four experienced Ss made 21 serial responses at eight interstimulus intervals with eight replications each. The experiment was designed to provide answers to the following questions. With regularly recurring visual stimuli, (a) what is the relationship between foreperiod length and mean reaction time to light at the asymptote of the reaction time practice curve, and (b) what are the differences, for various foreperiod lengths, in the effects of practice on mean reaction time to light? The predicted answers to both questions (a) and (b) were confirmed. First, the relationship between interstimulus time interval and reaction time to regularly recurring visual stimuli is best depicted as an increasing function which reaches an asymptote at a different time interval for each S. In addition, practice results in a greater decrease in reaction time for the 1- and 2-sec. interstimulus intervals, and especially for the former, than for longer intervals; this effect is most pronounced after one experience with the given interstimulus interval.
Personality Differences in Preferences for Skill- or Chance-Determined Outcomes
Authors: Bortner Rayman W.
Published: September 2011

James and Rotter suggested that Ss may bring personality-determined sets to the choice situation which would lead them to prefer outcomes determined by skill or by chance. Further, the work of Child and of Witkin suggests that those individuals who prefer skill-determined outcomes would: show greater ego strength and be more field independent than Ss who prefer chance-derermined outcomes. Preferences were determined using the Skill-Chance Preference (SC) Scale. The relative strengths of impulse, ego, and superego were measured with the IES Test. A single figure drawing and the Thurstone Figures were used as indices of field dependence. Using two groups of institutionalized male Ss, six significant differences in IES Test performance were found between the two groups using one-tailed tests. These differences suggested that chance-oriented Ss avoided situations in which their capacities might be tested. Since there was an age difference between the two groups, this avoidance might be interpreted as a continuation of a life style or as evidence of a disengagement concomitant with age. Of the measures of field dependence only the figure drawing yielded a significant difference, suggesting that personality rather than perceptual-cognitive aspects of field dependence were most important. These results seemed to be relevant to investigations in decision theory and in social behavior.
Reaction Time and Serial Response Efficiency on Arousal from Sleep
Authors: Webb Wilse B. , Agnew Harman
Published: September 2011

Ss aroused from afternoon sleep show a significant decrement in discrimination reaction time task and a serial response task immediately on arousal.
The Time Variable in Stimulus Generalization
Authors: Foulke Emerson
Published: September 2011

An experiment was performed to determine the effect of varying the time elapsing between learning and testing for stimulus generalization. The learning task made use of a modified verbal learning technique in which tones served as stimuli and spoken letters as responses. The stimuli used to test for generalization were tones and the generalization value of each test tone was indicated by the proportion of observed expected responses to total possible responses elicited by that tone. The results of the experiment suggested that change in the extent of stimulus generalization was a negatively accelerated decreasing function of the time elapsing between learning and testing for generalization. A curve was developed that expressed this change and the similarity between it and the typical curve of retention was noted. A relationship between retention as a function of time and change in the extent of stimulus generalization as a function of time, based upon an analysis in terms of stimulus differentiation, was proposed.
Effect of Three Kinds of Knowledge-Of-Results Information on Three Measures of Vigilance Performance
Authors: Chinn Ralph McC. , Alluisi Earl A.
Published: September 2011

Tea Ss in each of 8 groups individually performed a watchkeeping task of 1 hr. duration. Each group was presented one of the 8 factorial combinations of the presence (or absence) of 3 different kinds of knowledge of results (KR), i.e., KR regarding missed signals, correctly detected signals, and false responses. The results indicated that KR regarding missed signals produced a significant decrease in the total number of false responses, and that KR regarding correct detections produced a significant decrease in the proportion of missed signals. When KR regarding false responses was given, there was both a significant increase in reaction time to correct detections and a significant decrease in the number of false responses. In short, the effect of providing a specific type of information in a watchkeeping task appears to be specific to the measure of performance efficiency employed. A discussion is included of the interpretation of these results.
Further Analysis of Intersensory Facilitation of Learning Sets in Monkeys
Authors: Wilson Martha
Published: September 2011

Thirty visual and 30 tactual object discrimination problems were given to normal and parietally and temporally lesioned monkeys. Half of each group received the visual problems first and half the tactual problems first. Performance was facilitated or retarded depending upon experience and type of lesion.
Rorschach Signs of Brain Damage in Cerebral Thrombosis
Authors: Evans Ray B. , Marmorston Jessie
Published: September 2011

A study was made of 275 atherosclerotic patients between 40 and 80 yr. of age, 139 with brain damage (cerebral thrombosis) and 136 without known brain damage (myocardial infarction). The brain-damaged patients were found to have higher scores on a checklist of 46 Rorschach signs associated with disrupted cerebral functioning. The checklist was refined to include only 10 relatively independent items which had singly differentiated the two groups. The revised checklist discriminated the groups at approximately the same level of significance, and with the scores divided at the optimum point, 71% of the patients were correctly classified. Among the cerebral thrombosis patients only, an association was noted between race and Rorschach impairment scores (Negroes higher than whites); but with scores adjused for race, the checklist still significantly discriminated the brain-damaged from the non-damaged. The 139 cerebral patients had significantly higher scores than 20 patients without known atherosclerosis or neurological involvement, but they did not differ from 12 patients with transient cerebral symptoms. Conversely, the 136 cardiac patients had significantly lower scores than patients with transient cerebral symptons, but they did not differ from patients without known atherosclerosis or neurological defect. The perfection of psychological test signs of brain damage continues to be limited by the absence of an infallible criterion for selecting Ss for study. Despite that limitation, certain aspects of Rorschach responses were shown to distinguish between patients with presumed brain damage and those without known damage.
Frequency of Occurrence and Identification of Ambiguous Perceptual Forms
Authors: Brown James H.
Published: September 2011

Differential frequency of stimulus presentation was manipulated in a training session during which 144 Ss identified nonsense form prototypes. Knowledge of results was given. In a test session Ss attempted to identify variations of the eight prototypes seen during training. The test task was to decide as to which of two prototypes a given variation was most similar, under some conditions a neither response being allowed. The results showed that the manipulation of differential frequency during a training session can lead to low-frequency responding to one type of test stimulus and high-frequency responding to another. These results were interpreted as supporting a perceptual set rather than a response bias explanation of the influence of frequency of stimulus occurrence.
Hypnotic Control of a Compensatory Tracking Task
Authors: Ehrlich Nathaniel J.
Published: September 2011

In the course of this experiment, a simple hypnotic manipulation of cognitive set was observed to vitiate the effect of a prevalent population stereotype. This, then, raises doubts as to the validity of the hypothesis of population stereotypes as sources of proactive inhibition. It seems unlikely that, after a generation of practice in the buildup of habit, performance should fall so readily under cognitive control, without shift in motivation.
Interstimulus and Inter-Response Time Variables in Reaction Times to Regularly Recurring Visual Stimuli
Authors: Aiken Lewis R. , Lichtenstein Malcolm
Published: September 2011

As an addendum to a previous study, it is demonstrated that having Ss react to either every fourth, every second, or every stimulus in a series of regularly recurring flashes of light results in three nearly identical positive linear relationships between reaction time and interstimulus time interval. This similarity of functions is interpreted as being due to covert reacting by S to the stimulus flashes to which no overt reaction is required. As a consequence of such covert responding, readiness to react becomes synchronized with the interstimulus time interval and does not vary appreciably with the inter-response time interval.
Non-Verbal Representation of Verbal Referents
Authors: Langer Jonas , Rosenberg B. G.
Published: September 2011

The degree to which non-verbal sound symbols are consistently matched with five classes of referents was assessed. It was found that listener Ss tended to match the sounds with the particular referents which initially guided the speaker Ss to produce the symbols. High incidence of consistent matching obtained among the listener Ss for all referent classes. Highest agreement obtained for simple spatial referents and least for color and evaluative referents.
Adult Perception of the Horizontal
Authors: Rebelsky Freda
Published: September 2011

The conceptualization of the horizontal was tested by having 128 university students draw the water surface on pictures of tilted glasses, as if the glasses were half-filled with water. Most Ss made errors of more than 5°, which suggests that adults have difficulty, much as children do, with the concept of horizontality as tested by this task.
Effect of Time-Sharing on Monitoring Performance: Simple Mental Arithmetic as a Loading Task
Authors: Wiener Earl L. , Poock Gary K. , Steele Matthew
Published: September 2011

A three-group experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of a secondary task of simple mental arithmetic on visual monitoring performance. The primary task was detection of a slightly larger excursion of a voltmeter needle making 50 uniform excursions per minute. The length of the vigil was 48 min., during which 32 signals were presented. The time-sharing group (T) performed, in addition to the monitoring task, a secondary task of adding two one-digit numbers presented auditorally 3 times a minute. Two control groups, one with the numbers presented (N) and one with only random noise (C), performed only the monitoring task. Results showed no difference in detection rate between groups, but a significant time decrement ( p < .001) and no group-by-time periods interaction. Commissive errors were significantly higher in the time-sharing group than the control groups. The results are seen as contrary to the arousal theory of vigilance.
Effect of Pre-Recognition Exposures on Tachistoscopic Word Perception
Authors: Harcum E. Rae
Published: September 2011

This experiment tests the hypothesis that partial information about a word from a pre-recognition tachistoscopic exposure affects subsequent recognition accuracy for that word. Word recognition under modified Methods of Limits and Single Stimuli was compared, with the only procedural difference being that O saw five different words on five successive ascending exposures (Single Stimuli), or the same word on five successive ascending exposures (Limits). It was predicted that the pre-recognition exposures would facilitate recognition of “Predictable” words, i.e., words which could be correctly guessed after only some letters had been perceived, but hinder perception of “Non-predictable” words. Since words of predictable and non-predictable categories were recognized equally often, the procedure for differentiating between these words was not effective. Perceptual accuracy was greater under the Method of Limits for both classifications of words.
Perceptual Delays and Speed of Reading and Tapping
Authors: Dinnerstein Albert J. , Blitz Bernard
Published: September 2011

Simultaneous presentation of two stimuli from different modalities often produces an experience of apparent sequence. There are stable individual differences in the direction and degree of this temporal displacement. Comparing the relative latency of perception of visual and tactile stimuli by the above procedure, it was hypothesized that intermodal differences in perceptual latencies will produce a corresponding hierarchy in speeds of reading and tapping. The results were in accord with this hypothesis. The relationship between perceptual latency and behavior was most evident, however, only among the older and less educated Ss.
Conceptual Structure and Subjective Stress in Sensory Deprivation
Authors: Suedfeld Peter
Published: September 2011

Conceptually complex Ss rated sensory deprivation as more unpleasant than did conceptually simple Ss. This datum has implications both for the original theory of conceptual structure and for various areas of research.
Amount of Dreaming: Effect of Incentive, Adaptation to Laboratory, and Individual Differences
Authors: Rechtschaffen Allan , Verdone Paul
Published: September 2011

The relationships between several variables and amount of dreaming, defined as time spent in the rapid eye movement stage of sleep, were investigated. Twenty Ss slept in the laboratory for four nights each in accord with a counterbalanced design. Monetary incentive to control amount of dreaming had a small but significant effect on amount of dreaming. On the first experimental night, Ss dreamed less than on succeeding nights; this decrease in dreaming was associated with more spontaneous awakenings on the first night than on succeeding nights. There were stable individual differences in amount of dreaming. The longer the sleep period prior to the first dream of the night, the longer was the first dream.
An Essay on Romantic Genius, Rorschach Movement, and the Definition of Creativity
Authors: Stark Stanley
Published: September 2011

I have interpreted a recent Saturday Review article (1) most specifically, as a new variation on the theme of anti-psychometrics, (2) less specifically, as a new manifestation of humanistic dissatisfaction with scientific psychology, and (3) generally, as a protest from Snow's “traditional culture” regarding who in our society shall be called intellectually great. The variation involves attacking aptitude tests of creativity for their failure to measure aptitude for artistic creativity. I have suggested that the movement dimension of the Rorschach test does precisely this—although it does not measure what the Guilford originality tests measure, namely, aptitude for unusual, remote, and/or clever response. This aptitude is relatively independent of Rorschach's “capacity for ‘inner creation’,” a capacity which must be well above-average to qualify as a genius in Romantic terms. Because this independence has long been recognized by Romanticism, it is to be expected that an abundance of the Guilford aptitude will not much impress the Romantically-oriented critic, even if the aptitude is coupled with lofty IQ, and the two are confirmed by achievement of the order of a Nobel Prize. The Romantically-oriented critic will call “genius” only someone rich in Rorschach's capacity, i.e., in capacity for “artistic inspiration, religious experience, etc.” Only someone, I add (in the phrase of the article's title), who is something more than a “useful genius.”
Right-Handedness as a Function of Maternal Heartbeat
Authors: Margoshes Adam , Collins Glenn
Published: September 2011

An hypothesis is suggested to explain the predominance of right-handedness. Salk has experimentally demonstrated that the sound of the mother's heartbeat is nurturant to the neonate, who has been prenatally conditioned to her heartbeat. He observed that the tendency to hold an infant on the left side was somewhat stronger in right-handed mothers than in left-handed ones. It is argued that this difference may confer an evolutionary advantage on the progeny of right-handed mothers.
Retrograde Amnesic Effect of Audiogenic Seizure on the Reversal of a Maze Response
Authors: Essman Walter B.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of mice were given acquisition trials followed by reversal training in a water maze. Experimental Ss were convulsed with a single audiogenic seizure immediately following the last reversal trial. 50% of the latter Ss showed retention of the initial response, but retrograde amnesia for the reversed maze habit. Control Ss all showed retention of the reversed response. The data tend to support the conclusion that audiogenic seizure is partially effective in disrupting the consolidation of the memory trace.