bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increased age of transformed mouse neural progenitor/stem cells recapitulates age‐dependent clinical features of human glioma malignancy
Authors: Mikheev Andrei M. , Ramakrishna Rohan , Stoll Elizabeth A. , Mikheeva Svetlana A. , Beyer Richard P. , Plotnik David A. , Schwartz Jeffrey L. , Rockhill Jason K. , Silber John R. , Born Donald E. , Kosai Yoshito , Horner Philip J. , Rostomily Robert C.
Published: September 2012

Increasing age is the most robust predictor of greater malignancy and treatment resistance in human gliomas. However, the adverse association of clinical course with aging is rarely considered in animal glioma models, impeding delineation of the relative importance of organismal versus progenitor cell aging in the genesis of glioma malignancy. To address this limitation, we implanted transformed neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs), the presumed cells of glioma origin, from 3‐ and 18‐month‐old mice into 3‐ and 20‐month host animals. Transplantation with progenitors from older animals resulted in significantly shorter (P ≤ 0.0001) median survival in both 3‐month (37.5 vs. 83 days) and 20‐month (38 vs. 67 days) hosts, indicating that age‐dependent changes intrinsic to NSPCs rather than host animal age accounted for greater malignancy. Subsequent analyses revealed that increased invasiveness, genomic instability, resistance to therapeutic agents, and tolerance to hypoxic stress accompanied aging in transformed NSPCs. Greater tolerance to hypoxia in older progenitor cells, as evidenced by elevated HIF‐1 promoter reporter activity and hypoxia response gene (HRG) expression, mirrors the upregulation of HRGs in cohorts of older vs. younger glioma patients revealed by analysis of gene expression databases, suggesting that differential response to hypoxic stress may underlie age‐dependent differences in invasion, genomic instability, and treatment resistance. Our study provides strong evidence that progenitor cell aging is responsible for promoting the hallmarks of age‐dependent glioma malignancy and that consideration of progenitor aging will facilitate development of physiologically and clinically relevant animal models of human gliomas.
Geophagy by African ungulates: the case of the critically endangered giant sable antelope of Angola (Hippotragus niger variani)
Authors: Baptista Sendi Lara , Pinto Pedro Vaz , Freitas Maria da Conceição , Cruz Cristina , Palmeirim Jorge M.
Published: September 2012

The giant sable antelope (Hippotragus niger variani) is a critically endangered subspecies with a range restricted to a small area in the Angolan plateau. It is known to display geophagic behaviour, eating the soil of some Macrotermes termitaria. The aim of this study was to understand the importance of this behaviour for the giant sable and other ungulates sharing its range. We identified termite mounds used for geophagy based on local information confirmed by self‐triggering cameras. We collected and analysed soil samples of seven termitaria consumed by ungulates, the adjacent topsoil 50 m away from each, and seven control nonconsumed termitaria. Consumed termite mounds were richer in minerals than control mounds, and both were richer than the surrounding topsoil. Sodium levels showed the greatest contrasts and were about 20 times more abundant in consumed termitaria than in controls. The amount of sodium in background soil was extremely low (9.3 ppm), suggesting that this mineral is a limiting nutrient in the range of the giant sable. These results indicate that the observed geophagic habits may be driven by a need to compensate for a sodium deficiency. This situation should be considered in the planning of the species' conservation.
Child development at 5 years of age predicted mathematics ability and schooling outcomes in Malawian adolescents
Authors: Gandhi Mihir , Teivaanmaki Tiina , Maleta Kenneth , Duan Xiaolian , Ashorn Per , Cheung Yin Bun
Published: September 2012

Aim:  This study aimed to examine the association between child development at 5 years of age and mathematics ability and schooling outcomes at 12 years of age in Malawian children.

Methods:  A prospective cohort study looking at 609 rural Malawian children. Outcome measures were percentage of correctly answered mathematics questions, highest school grade completed and number of times repeating school grades at 12 years of age. A child development summary score obtained at 5 years of age was the main exposure variable. Regression analyses were used to estimate the association and adjust for confounders. Sensitivity analysis was performed by handling losses to follow‐up with multiple imputation (MI) method.

Results:  The summary score was positively associated with percentage of correctly answered mathematics questions (p = 0.057; p = 0.031 MI) and with highest school grade completed (p = 0.096; p = 0.070 MI), and negatively associated with number of times repeating school grades (p = 0.834; p = 0.339 MI). Fine motor score at 5 years was independently associated with the mathematic score (p = 0.032; p = 0.011 MI). The association between child development and mathematics ability did not depend on school attendance.

Conclusion:  Child development at 5 years of age showed signs of positive association with mathematics ability and possibly with highest school grade completed at 12 years of age.
Potent Melanin Production Enhancement of Human Tyrosinase Gene by Tat and an Entrapment in Elastic Cationic Niosomes: Potential Application in Vitiligo Gene Therapy
Authors: Manosroi Jiradej , Khositsuntiwong Narinthorn , Götz Friedrich , Werner Rolf G. , Manosroi Worapaka , Manosroi Aranya
Published: September 2012

Potent melanin production enhancement of human tyrosinase plasmid (pAH7/Tyr, P) in mouse melanoma cells (B16F10) by Tat peptide (T) and an entrapment in elastic cationic niosomes (E) was described. The E composed of Tween 61/cholesterol/dodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide at 1:1:0.5 molar ratio was prepared by freeze‐dried emptying liposomes method. PE at P/E ratio of 1:160 w/w and TPE at T/P/E ratio of 0.125:1:160, 0.25:1:160, and 0.5:1:160 w/w/w were prepared. The final concentration of the plasmid in the study was 4 ng/μL. By sulforhodamine B assay, PE and TPE complexes showed slight or no cytotoxic effect. The cells transfected with TPE (0.5:1:160) exhibited the highest enhancement of tyrosinase enzyme activity of 11.82‐, 7.67‐, 5.07‐, and 6.29‐folds of control, P, PE, and TP (0.5:1) and melanin production of 13.03‐, 8.46‐, 5.36‐, and 6.58‐folds of control, P, PE, and TP (0.5:1), respectively. The elastic cationic niosomes demonstrated an increase in thermal stability of P at 4 ± 2, 25 ± 2, and 45 ± 2 °C. The vesicular size and the zeta potential values of PE and TPE complexes were slightly increased but still in the range of stable dispersion (out of ±30 mV). These results indicated the high potential application of the TPE complexes for further investigation for vitiligo gene therapy.
Parents' perceptions of contact with the Norwegian Child Welfare Services
Authors: Studsrød Ingunn , Willumsen Elisabeth , Ellingsen Ingunn T.
Published: September 2012

Listening to the opinions of service users is important in research. This study explored how parents cognitively and emotionally perceive contact with the Norwegian Child Welfare Services (CWS). It also compared the reports of parents recently referred to the CWS with reports of more experienced users. A content analysis was conducted on open‐ended survey responses from parents (n = 697). This study fills a gap in the literature on how parents perceive contact with the CWS and what they see as important factors when judging this contact. The findings showed that 40.6% of the parents reported exclusively positive experiences, 30.7% of the parents reported solely negative experiences, while 24% of the parents described both positive and negative experiences. The content of the positive and negative experiences were related to characteristics of the child welfare workers, the quality of the relationship, the help offered and the parent's feelings of insecurity and fear. New CWS users tended to view the contact as more positive than the more experienced ones. Practical implications are presented.
Prognostic significance of thymidylate synthase polymorphisms in rectal cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Arrazubi V. , Suárez J. , Guerrero D. , Gómez M. , Viúdez A. , Arias F. , Balén E. , Vera R.
Published: September 2012

Aim  There is a lack of prognostic factors of preoperative chemoradiation for locally advanced rectal cancer. Thymidylate synthase (TS) is the most important target of 5‐fluorouracil; three main genetic polymorphisms of TS have been described. We analysed the prognostic value of these in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer treated with fluoropyrimidine‐based chemoradiation.

Method  Ninety‐nine patients treated between November 2001 and March 2009 were included. All were treated by radiotherapy (5040 cGy) and concomitant fluoropyrimidine‐based chemotherapy. Three polymorphisms were analysed: (i) a double (2R) or triple (3R) repeat of a 28 base pair (bp) tandem sequence upstream of the ATG codon initiation site in the 5′‐terminal regulatory region, (ii) a functional G > C single nucleotide polymorphism present in the second repeat of the 3R alleles and (iii) a 6 bp deletion at nucleotide 1494 in the 3′‐untranslated region. DNA was extracted from paraffin‐embedded core biopsies taken from the tumour and the genotype was analysed using polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism.

Results  The 6 bp polymorphism was significantly associated with disease‐free survival (+ 6 bp/+ 6 bp vs−6 bp/−6 bp, P = 0.032 logistic regression). No differences were found in disease‐free survival according to the other polymorphisms studied. No relationship was observed between the different TS genotypes and pathological regression.

Conclusion  The study suggests that the TS 6 bp polymorphism may be a predictor of disease‐free survival in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer treated with fluoropyrimidine‐based chemoradiation.
A systematic review of peripheral nerve injury following laparoscopic colorectal surgery
Authors: Codd R. J. , Evans M. D. , Sagar P. M. , Williams G. L.
Published: September 2012

Aim  The risk of peripheral nerve injury associated with laparoscopic colorectal surgery has not been well established. We aimed to identify the number and type of peripheral nerve injuries associated with patient positioning in laparoscopic surgery.

Method  A systematic review of MEDLINE and Embase was undertaken of English and non‐English language articles. Search terms included the key words: laparoscopic, colorectal, nerve injury, nerve damage, brachial plexus, peripheral neuropathy, peripheral nerve injury, nerve and colonic injury. Articles were included where at least one peripheral nerve injury had been documented related to patient positioning at laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Data extraction for articles was conducted by two authors, using predefined data fields.

Results  Ten cases have been reported in the literature. All injuries involved the brachial plexus. They were associated with a lengthy procedure and abduction of the arm.

Conclusion  Although rare, the surgeon and theatre team must be aware of the risk of peripheral nerve injury when positioning patients for laparoscopic colorectal procedures.
Result of the implementation of multidisciplinary teams in rectal cancer
Authors: Wille‐Jørgensen P. , Sparre P. , Glenthøj A. , Holck S. , Nørgaard Petersen L. , Harling H. , Stub Højen H. , Bülow S.
Published: September 2012

Aim  In 2003 colorectal multidisciplinary teams (MDTs) were established in all major Danish hospitals treating colorectal cancer. The aim was to improve the prognosis by multidisciplinary evaluation and decision about surgical and oncological treatment, based on medical history, clinical examination, imaging, histology and comorbidity. The present study evaluates the effect of the introduction of colorectal MDTs on 1 August 2004 in two Danish hospitals.

Method  A retrospective cohort study was conducted comparing the outcome during the last 3 years before introduction of MDTs with the first 2 years after (the MDT cohort). The national colorectal cancer database, with follow‐up recorded by the National Patient Registry in September 2010 was used. The end‐points included the incidence of preoperative radiochemotherapy offered according to the national guidelines, R0/R1/R2 resection, postoperative mortality, local recurrence, distant recurrence and over‐all and disease‐free survival.

Results  Eight hundred and eleven patients were diagnosed with primary rectal cancer in Hvidovre and Bispebjerg hospitals between 1 May 2001 and 31 August 2006. The frequency of preoperative MRI scans increased in the MDT cohort and perioperative mortality decreased. More metachronous distant metastases were found in the MDT cohort but there was no difference in overall survival.

Conclusion  There was an improved postoperative mortality but no other potential benefits for the patients were seen after the implementation of colorectal MDTs.
Effects of ezetimibe on visceral fat in the metabolic syndrome: a randomised controlled study
Authors: Takase Hiroyuki , Dohi Yasuaki , Okado Tateo , Hashimoto Tomomi , Goto Yoshie , Kimura Genjiro
Published: September 2012

Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42 (12): 1287–1294

Background  Although visceral obesity, a key abnormality in the metabolic syndrome, is an important risk for cardiovascular diseases, reduction in visceral fat is hard to achieve despite intensive efforts directed at lifestyle modification. The present study was designed to investigate whether ezetimibe, an inhibitor of intestinal cholesterol absorption through its binding to Niemann‐Pick C1‐like 1, reduces visceral fat in patients with metabolic syndrome.

Materials and Methods  Seventy‐eight outpatients (63·7 ± 10·4 years old) with metabolic syndrome were enroled and randomly assigned to receive either ezetimibe (10 mg/day) or nothing for 6 months. Changes in visceral fat were assessed by computed tomography.

Results  Treatment with ezetimibe significantly improved lipid profiles. Visceral fat was decreased 7·2%, from 161·3 ± 58·6 cm2 to 148·4 ± 52·7 cm2 (P < 0·05), and adiponectin was increased 7·7%, from 3·61 ± 3·10 μg/mL to 3·86 ± 3·62 μg/mL (P < 0·05), after ezetimibe therapy; these beneficial effects were not observed in the control group. The increase in the adiponectin level was correlated with the reduction in visceral fat after ezetimibe treatment. Furthermore, ezetimibe reduced fasting insulin levels (P < 0·05) and improved the homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) (P < 0·05).

Conclusions  Ezetimibe reduces visceral fat with beneficial effects on adiponectin and insulin resistance in patients with metabolic syndrome, suggesting a new therapeutic approach in such patients.
Cystatin M/E knockdown by lentiviral delivery of shRNA impairs epidermal morphogenesis of human skin equivalents
Authors: Jansen Patrick A. M. , van den Bogaard Ellen H. , Kersten Ferry F. J. , Oostendorp Corien , van Vlijmen‐Willems Ivonne M. J. J. , Oji Vinzenz , Traupe Heiko , Hennies Hans C. , Schalkwijk Joost , Zeeuwen Patrick L. J. M.
Published: September 2012

The protease inhibitor cystatin M/E (CST6) regulates a biochemical pathway involved in stratum corneum homeostasis, and its deficiency in mice causes ichthyosis and neonatal lethality. Cystatin M/E deficiency has not been described in humans so far, and we did not detect disease‐causing mutations in the CST6 gene in a large number of patients with autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis, who were negative for mutations in known ichthyosis‐associated genes. To investigate the phenotype of CST6 deficiency in human epidermis, we used lentiviral delivery of short hairpin RNAs that target CST6 in a 3D reconstructed skin model. Surprisingly, CST6 deficiency did not cause an ichthyosis‐like phenotype, but prevented the development of a multilayered epidermis. From this study, we conclude that CST6 deficiency may be incompatible with normal human foetal development.
GATA‐3 regulates differentiation‐specific loricrin gene expression in keratinocytes
Authors: Kawachi Yasuhiro , Ishitsuka Yosuke , Maruyama Hiroshi , Fujisawa Yasuhiro , Furuta Junichi , Nakamura Yasuhiro , Otsuka Fujio
Published: September 2012

Loricrin is a major component of the epidermal cornified cell envelope and is expressed only in terminally differentiated keratinocytes. This cell differentiation‐specific expression pattern suggests specific regulatory mechanisms for activation of loricrin gene transcription in differentiated keratinocytes. Here, we identified a positive regulatory element in the proximal promoter region of the loricrin gene involved in activation of its expression in differentiated keratinocytes. A database search indicated that this sequence contained a GATA‐3 binding motif. Constructs with point mutations in the GATA‐3 binding motif showed decreased reporter activity, indicating that GATA‐3 positively regulates loricrin gene transcription. Western blotting analysis indicated that GATA‐3 is more abundant in differentiated than in undifferentiated keratinocytes. Cotransfection experiments indicated that GATA‐3 activates transcription of the loricrin gene in a cooperative manner with c‐Fos and Sp1. These findings indicate that GATA‐3 contributes to keratinocyte differentiation‐specific activation of loricrin gene transcription via interaction with c‐Fos and Sp1.
Escherichia coli cold‐shock gene profiles in response to over‐expression/deletion of CsdA, RNase R and PNPase  and relevance to low‐temperature RNA metabolism
Authors: Phadtare Sangita
Published: September 2012

Cold‐shock response is elicited by the transfer of exponentially growing cells from their optimum temperature to a significantly lower growth temperature and is characterized by the induction of several cold‐shock proteins. These proteins, which presumably possess a variety of different activities, are critical for survival and continued growth at low temperature. One of the main consequences of cold shock is stabilization of the secondary structures in nucleic acids leading to hindrance of RNA degradation. Cold‐shock proteins, such as RNA helicase CsdA, and 3′‐5′ processing exoribonucleases, such as PNPase and RNase R, are presumably involved in facilitating the RNA metabolism at low temperature. As a step toward elucidating the individual contributions of these proteins to low‐temperature RNA metabolism, the global transcript profiles of cells lacking CsdA, RNase R and PNPase proteins as well as cells individually over‐expressing these proteins as compared to the wild‐type cells were analyzed at 15 °C. The analysis showed distinct sets of genes, which are possible targets of each of these proteins. This analysis will help further our understanding of the low‐temperature RNA metabolism.
Efficacy and safety during formulation switch of a pasteurized VWF/FVIII concentrate: results from an Italian prospective observational study in patients with von Willebrand disease
Authors: Castaman G. , Coppola A. , Zanon E. , Boeri E. , Musso M. , Siragusa S. , Federici A. B. , Mancuso G. , Barillari G. , Biasoli C. , Feola G. , Franchini M. , Moratelli S. , Gamba G. , Schinco P. , Valdrè L. , Dragani A. , Mazzucconi G. , Tagliaferri A. , Morfini M.
Published: September 2012

Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is an inherited bleeding disorder caused by the quantitative or qualitative deficiency of von Willebrand factor (VWF). Replacement therapy with plasma‐derived VWF/factor VIII (FVIII) concentrates is required in patients unresponsive to desmopressin. To assess the efficacy, safety and ease of use of a new, volume‐reduced (VR) formulation of VWF/FVIII concentrate Haemate® P in patients requiring treatment for bleeding or prophylaxis for recurrent bleeding or for invasive procedures. Pharmacoeconomic variables were also recorded. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. This was a multicentre, prospective, observational study. Consecutively enrolled patients received Haemate® P VR according to their needs, and were followed for 24 months. Of the 121 patients enrolled, 25.6% had type 3 VWD and more than 40% had severe disease. All patients were followed for 2 years, for a total of 521 visits. On‐demand treatment was given to 61.9% of patients, secondary long‐term prophylaxis to 25.6% and prophylaxis for surgery, dental or invasive procedures to 45.5%. The response to treatment was rated as good to excellent in >93–99% of interventions. The new formulation was well tolerated by all patients with no report of drug‐related adverse events. The switch to volume‐reduced Haemate® P was easy to perform and infusion duration was decreased twofold compared with the previous formulation. Volume‐reduced Haemate® P was at least as effective and well‐tolerated as the previous formulation.
Seasonal and ontogenetic diet shift in juvenile stone flounder Platichthys bicoloratus
Authors: Tomiyama T.
Published: September 2012

The diet of juvenile (0 year old) stone flounder Platichthys bicoloratus after settlement was investigated in an estuarine habitat. The principal prey items included harpacticoids and palps of polychaetes in February and March and thereafter shifted to siphons of the bivalve Nuttallia olivacea from April to June. This seasonal change in diet occurred irrespective of body size, suggesting that other factors, such as morphological development of the predator or vulnerability of prey, induced the diet shift.
Reproductive biology of alfonsinoBeryx splendens
Authors: Flores A. , Wiff R. , Gálvez P. , Díaz E.
Published: September 2012

The main aim of this work is to provide a detailed analysis of the reproductive cycle ofBeryx splendensin the Juan Fernández Archipelago. The gonadosomatic index (IG) and maturity ogives in both sexes were estimated using an extensive database collected by onboard scientific observers between January 2006 and October 2009. A histological analysis of maturation was also completed for females collected between May and December 2001. Variations in bothIGand proportion of mature individuals were observed in fish with a fork length (LF) >37 cm for females and >33 cm for males. The main reproductive season was in the austral winter and spring (June to November). Fork length at 50% maturity (L50) was estimated as 39·67 cm for females (95%c.i.=39·34, 40·02 cm) and 36·88 cm for males (95%c.i.=36·45, 37·36 cm) using macroscopic analysis of gonads. Estimates for females using histological data varied slightly with an estimatedL50of 43·67 cm (95%c.i.=42·82, 44·91 cm). Changes inIGand maturity were modelled as a function of month andLFwithin a generalized additive model framework. A high porportion of immature individuals were found throughout the year. The results of this study are compared with reproductive traits reported forB. splendensin other areas of its distribution and are discussed with reference to exploitation, vulnerability and conservation of theB. splendensstock in Juan Fernández Archipelago.
Asteriscus v. lapillus: comparing the chemistry of two otolith types and their ability to delineate riverine populations of common carp Cyprinus carpio
Authors: Macdonald J. I. , McNeil D. G. , Crook D. A.
Published: September 2012

The chemical composition of common carp Cyprinus carpio asteriscus (vaterite) and lapillus (aragonite) otoliths from the same individual and reflecting the same growth period was measured to (1) determine whether there are differences in the uptake of trace metals (Mg:Ca, Mn:Ca, Sr:Ca and Ba:Ca ) and Sr isotope ratios (87Sr:86Sr) in co‐precipitating lapilli and asterisci and (2) compare the ability of multi‐element and isotopic signatures from lapilli, asterisci and both otolith types combined to discriminate C. carpio populations over a large spatial scale within a river basin. Depth profile analyses at the otolith edge using laser‐ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry showed that asterisci were enriched in Mg and Mn and depleted in Sr and Ba relative to lapilli, whilst 87Sr:86Sr values were nearly identical in both otolith types. Significant spatial differences among capture locations were found when all trace element and Sr isotope ratio data were aggregated into a multi‐element and isotopic signature, regardless of which otolith type was used or if they were used in combination. Discriminatory power was enhanced, however, when data for both otolith types were combined, suggesting that analysis of multiple otolith types may be useful for studies attempting to delineate C. carpio populations at finer spatial or temporal scales.
Neuropsychometric correlates of efavirenz pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics following a single oral dose
Authors: Johnson Daniel H. , Gebretsadik Tebeb , Shintani Ayumi , Mayo Gail , Acosta Edward P. , Stein C. Michael , Haas David W.
Published: September 2012

Aims

To determine pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenomic correlates of efavirenz central nervous system (CNS) side effects following a single dose.

Methods

Thirty‐four healthy HIV‐negative African Americans were administered a 600 mg dose of efavirenz. Blood samples for pharmacokinetics were drawn serially from 0 to 12 h post‐dose. Neuropsychometric testing with drowsiness visual analogue scale, grooved pegboard and letter digit substitution tests was done the day prior to dosing and at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 h post‐dose. Subjective CNS symptoms were assessed at 6 h post‐dose. Composite CYP2B6 516/983 genotype was determined.

Results

Pharmacokinetic indices reflecting increased plasma efavirenz exposure were associated with slower non‐dominant hand grooved pegboard task completion (Cmax, P1 h = 0.01, P2 h = 0.05, P3 h = 0.03, P4 h = 0.01; AUC, P1 h = 0.04; clearance P1 h = 0.05, P2 h = 0.02, P6 h = 0.01). In a repeated measures model analysis that adjusted timing of neuropsychometric testing for timing of peak drug concentration, clearance (P < 0.001), AUC(0.312 h) (P = 0.001) and Cmax (P = 0.008) were associated with non‐dominant grooved pegboard test performance. CYP2B6 genotype trended to correlate with non‐dominant hand grooved pegboard at 4 and 6 h (P = 0.07 and 0.06). Decreased drowsiness at 6 h was associated with higher Cmax (P = 0.02).

Conclusions

Following a single dose of efavirenz, an association between pharmacokinetics and neuropsychometric performance was discernable. A weaker association between genotype and neurocognitive test performance is likely mediated by effect of genotype on plasma clearance. Strategies that lower Cmax during initial dosing may decrease CNS side effects.
The parasite–host interface in the zonetail butterfly ray, Gymnura zonura (Bleeker), infected with Hexacanalis folifer (Cestoda: Lecanicephalidea)
Authors: Borucinska J D , Cielocha J J , Jensen K
Published: September 2012

A wild‐caught specimen of the zonetail butterfly ray, Gymnura zonura (Bleeker), harboured numerous specimens of Hexacanalis folifer Cielocha & Jensen, 2011 (Systematic Parasitology, 79, 1–16; Cestoda: Lecanicephalidea) within its spiral intestine. The cestodes were primarily attached in single rows along the base of mucosal folds, each associated with a nodular mucosal thickening. Microscopically, the scolex was embedded within the submucosa and muscularis; the attachment sites were marked by ulceration and necro‐proliferative inflammation demarcating the parasite from normal host tissues. Physical attachment of the cestode was restricted to the anterior portion of its scolex where presumed tegumental secretions from the apical organ contributed to a cementing intermediate layer blending with necrotic host cells. The presence of tegumental differentiation between the apical organ and the scolex proper, associated with presumed different roles in attachment, correlated with ultrastructural observations of the surface modifications on the scolex. Despite the locally severe pathological change, insignificant morbidity owing to this particular host–parasite relationship is suggested.
Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Flavobacterium columnare isolates collected worldwide from 17 fish species
Authors: Declercq A M , Boyen F , Van den Broeck W , Bossier P , Karsi A , Haesebrouck F , Decostere A
Published: September 2012

Flavobacterium columnare is the causative agent of columnaris disease in diverse fish species worldwide. Although columnaris is an important disease, the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of F. columnare is not well studied. Thus, the purpose of this study was to test the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of 97 F. columnare isolates collected worldwide between 1987 and 2011 from 17 fish species. The broth microdilution technique was utilized for reliable testing of these fastidious organisms. None of the isolates displayed acquired resistance to florfenicol, gentamicin, ormetoprim‐sulfadimethoxine and trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole. Acquired resistance to chloramphenicol was detected in 1%, to nitrofuran in 5%, to oxytetracycline in 11% and to enrofloxacin, flumequine and oxolinic acid in 10%, 16% and 16% of the isolates, respectively, as reflected by a bimodal or trimodal distribution of their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). One isolate showed acquired resistance towards several antimicrobial agents including erythromycin. Another isolate revealed acquired resistance towards – amongst others – ampicillin. The isolates displaying acquired resistance originated from ornamental fish species or Vietnamese catfish, except for two isolates coming from wild channel catfish in which acquired resistance was encountered towards oxytetracycline only. Fifty per cent of the resistant isolates from ornamental fish were shown to have acquired resistance against three classes of antimicrobial agents, assigning these isolates as multiple resistant. These data might indicate less prudent use of antimicrobials especially in ornamental fish species.
Automated quantification of zebrafish somites based on PDE method
Authors: LU J. , WU T. , LIU T. , CHEN C. , ZHAO C. , YANG J.
Published: September 2012

With the availability of high‐throughput imaging machines and a large number of zebrafish embryos, zebrafish are clearly among the most cost‐effective vertebrate systems for high‐throughput or high‐content screens with applications in drug discovery and biological pathway analysis. With the tremendous volume of images generated from large numbers of zebrafish screens, computerized image analysis for accurate and efficient data interpretation becomes essential. This paper presents an automated algorithm for a high‐throughput screening pipeline for quantification of zebrafish somite. First, the main body is segmented using the level set method; then the head is removed; after that, the body is aligned and a coherence‐enhancing filter is carried out so as to facilitate the somite detection. Finally, the somites can be easily extracted. Preliminary evaluation results are reported to demonstrate the good performance of the algorithm.
Central NUCB2/Nesfatin‐1‐Expressing Neurones Belong to the Hypothalamic‐Brainstem Circuitry Activated by Hypoglycaemia
Authors: Bonnet M. S. , Djelloul M. , Tillement V. , Tardivel C. , Mounien L. , Trouslard J. , Troadec J‐D. , Dallaporta M.
Published: September 2012

Nesfatin‐1 is a recently identified 82 amino acid peptide shown to have an anorexigenic effect on rodents when administrered centrally and peripherally. Nesfatin‐1 is expressed not only in neurones of various brain areas, including the hypothalamic and brainstem nuclei, but also in peripheral organs, such as the stomach and the pancreas. Nesfatinergic neurones were reported to participate in the regulation of satiety signals and in the responses to other stimuli, including restraint stress, abdominal surgery, and lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammation. The present study aimed to investigate whether NUCB2/nesfatin‐1 expressing neurones also take part in the central signalling activated in response to hypoglycaemia and therefore are involved in central glucose sensing. Using immunolabelling methods based on the detection of the neuronal activation marker c‐Fos and of nesfatin‐1, we showed that peripheral injection of insulin induced a strong activation of nesfatin‐1‐expressing neurones in the brain vagal‐regulatory nuclei, including the arcuate nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNX) and nucleus of the tractus solitarius. In response to intracellular glucopaenia induced by i.p. or i.c.v. 2‐deoxyglucose injection, the c‐Fos/nesfatin‐1 colocalisations observed at the hypothalamic and brainstem levels were similar to those observed after insulin‐induced hypoglycaemia. Moreover, using Fluorogold as a retrograde tracer, we showed that nesfatinergic preganglionic DMNX neurones activated by hypoglycaemia target the stomach and the pancreas. Taken together, these results suggest that a subpopulation of nesfatinergic neurones belongs to the central network activated by hypoglycaemia, and that nesfatin‐1 participates in the triggering of physiological and hormonal counter‐regulations observed in response to hypoglycaemia.
What is the evidence for sexual reproduction of Phytophthora infestans in Europe?
Authors: Yuen J. E. , Andersson B.
Published: September 2012

The biology of late blight of potato and tomato, caused by Phytophthora infestans, changed when sexual reproduction by the pathogen became possible in many parts of the world, including Europe. In northern Europe, especially Scandinavia, there is increasing evidence that the pathogen is reproducing sexually on a regular basis, although in other regions further south or to the west it appears to reproduce primarily in a clonal manner. The presence of both mating types, the production of viable oospores, and observations of fields with soilborne sources of inoculum are consistent with sexual reproduction. Studies with different marker systems have revealed a population structure without any dominating clonal lineages in Scandinavia, and that is most easily explained by sexual reproduction. Phytophthora infestans recovered from the soil can also be linked to parental genotypes using likelihood‐based methods when codominant markers are used. A synthesis of all the available data points to a second centre of sexual reproduction in northern Europe.
Leaf litter of the invasive Casuarina equisetifolia decomposes at the same rate as that of native woody species on oceanic islands but releases more nitrogen
Authors: HATA K , KATO H , KACHI N
Published: September 2012

Hata K, Kato H & Kachi N (2012). Leaf litter of the invasive Casuarina equisetifolia decomposes at the same rate as that of native woody species on oceanic islands but releases more nitrogen. Weed Research52, 542–550.

We tested whether the decomposition rates and N loss of leaf litter of an alien invasive tree, Casuarina equisetifolia, are affected by litter traits and environmental conditions in the Ogasawara Islands in the north‐western Pacific Ocean. In a field experiment, we compared mass loss and N loss of leaf litter among four treatments in a 2 × 2 design of forest type (native and C. equisetifolia) × litter type (native and C. equisetifolia). The dry weight of C. equisetifolia litter remaining at the end of the experiment was significantly less than that of the litter of native species in both forest types. The dry weight of decomposing litter at the C. equisetifolia sites was significantly less than that at native forest sites, regardless of litter type. The dry weight of C. equisetifolia litter at the C. equisetifolia sites was similar to that of the litter of native species at the native forest sites. The C. equisetifolia leaf litter was significantly greater in N content and rate of N loss than the litter of native species. Our results demonstrate that the decomposition rate of C. equisetifolia litter is affected by both litter type and the forest type of the invaded sites and suggest that litter decomposition of C. equisetifolia may alter the total N and N cycling in invaded forest ecosystems.
Pou‐V factor Oct25 regulates early morphogenesis in Xenopus laevis
Authors: Julier Alexandra , Goll Claudio , Korte Brigitte , Knöchel Walter , Wacker Stephan A.
Published: September 2012

POU‐V class proteins like Oct4 are crucial for keeping cells in an undifferentiated state. An Oct4 homologue in Xenopus laevis, Oct25, peaks in expression during early gastrulation, when many cells are still uncommitted. Nevertheless, extensive morphogenesis is taking place in all germ layers at that time. Phenotypical analysis of embryos with Oct25 overexpression revealed morphogenesis defects, beginning during early gastrulation and resulting in spina‐bifida‐like axial defects. Analysis of marker genes and different morphogenesis assays show inhibitory effects on convergence and extension and on mesoderm internalization. On a cellular level, cell–cell adhesion is reduced. On a molecular level, Oct25 overexpression activates expression of PAPC, a functional inhibitor of the cell adhesion molecule EP/C‐cadherin. Intriguingly, Oct25 effects on cell–cell adhesion can be restored by overexpression of EP/C‐cadherin or by inhibition of the PAPC function. Thus, Oct25 affects morphogenesis via activation of PAPC expression and subsequent functional inhibition of EP/C‐cadherin.
Ecological and genetic differentiation in Persea boninensis (Lauraceae) endemic to the Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands
Authors: Tsuneki Shizuka , Kato Hidetoshi , Murakami Noriaki
Published: September 2012

Persea boninensis (Lauraceae) is an endemic tree species distributed throughout the Bonin Islands. It grows in a wide range of environments from dry to mesic forests, and has multiple flowering peaks that may correspond to different habitats on Chichijima Island of the Bonin Islands. We predicted that P. boninensis is differentiated into two groups with different habitats on these islands. We examined and compared the flowering phenology, morphology, and genetics of populations of species growing in dry and mesic forests. We also performed preliminary artificial crossing experiments. Based on our results, P. boninensis on the Chichijima Islands can be clearly divided into two genetic groups with different habitats and flowering times. Although the flowering time difference could act as an effective pre‐zygotic isolation mechanism between the two groups, there was still a 1‐month overlap in flowering time. Furthermore, our artificial crossing experiments between the two groups resulted in plants that set seeds. Therefore, there was no evidence of reproductive isolation after fertilization. Differences in flowering time as well as in growth habitat will have to occur to maintain genetic differentiation between the two groups of P. boninensis.
Dry eye syndrome in aromatase inhibitor users
Authors: Turaka Kiran , Nottage Jennifer M , Hammersmith Kristin M , Nagra Parveen K , Rapuano Christopher J
Published: September 2012

Background

Aromatase inhibitors are frequently used as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of breast cancer. We observed that several patients taking aromatase inhibitors presented with severe dry eye symptoms, and we investigated whether there is a relationship between aromatase inhibitors and dry eyes in these patients.

Design

Retrospective chart review.

Participants

Forty‐one women.

Methods

A computerized search of health records was performed to identify patients using anastrazole, letrozole and exemestane seen by the Cornea Service from August 2008 to March 2011. The results were compared with age‐matched controls.

Main Outcome Measures

Ocular surface changes among aromatase inhibitors users.

Results

Of the 41 women, 39 were Caucasians. Thirty‐nine patients had breast cancer (95%), one patient had ovarian cancer (2.5%) and one had an unknown primary cancer. Mean age was 68 ± 11.3 years (range 47–95). Most common presenting symptoms were blurred vision in 28 (68%) patients, irritation/foreign body sensation in 12 (29%) patients, redness in 9 (22%) patients, tearing in 6 (22%) patients and photosensitivity in 2 (5%) patients. Mean Schirmer's test measurement was 11 ± 5.8 mm (range 0.5–20 mm). Blepharitis was noted in 68 of 82 eyes (73%), decreased or poor tear function in 24 eyes (29%), conjunctival injection in 18 eyes (22%) and superficial punctate keratitis in 12 eyes (29%). Among an age‐matched population (45–95 years), dry eye syndrome was found in only 9.5% of patients.

Conclusions

Because the prevalence of ocular surface disease signs and symptoms appears to be higher in study group than control patients, aromatase inhibitors might be a contributing factor to the dry eye symptoms.
Phacoemulsification versus manual small‐incision cataract surgery for age‐related cataract: meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Zhang Jia‐yu , Feng Yi‐fan , Cai Jian‐qiu
Published: September 2012

Background

To compare outcomes of phacoemulsification (PE) with manual small‐incision cataract surgery (MSICS) for age‐related cataract.

Design

Meta‐analysis.

Participants

Patients from previously reported randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of PE and MSICS with clinical outcomes.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search of Cochrane Library, PubMed and EMBASE to identify relevant RCTs comparing PE and MSICS. A meta‐analysis was performed on the results and a RevMan 5.0 software (version 5.0; Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, UK) was used for data analysis.

Main Outcome Measures

Primary outcome measures included best corrected vision acuity (BCVA), uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA). Secondary outcome measures included surgically induced astigmatism (SIA), percentage of endothelial cell count (ECC) loss and complications.

Results

Six RCTs describing a total of 1315 eyes were identified. There were no significant differences between the techniques regarding the BCVA 6/9 or better (P = 0.69) and less than 6/18 (P = 0.68), percent of ECC loss (P = 0.45), intraoperative or postoperative complications (P = 0.44 and P = 0.87, respectively). However, a greater proportion of patients in the PE group had final UCVA ≥ 6/9 (P = 0.03), whereas a greater proportion of patients in the MSICS group had final UCVA < 6/18 (P = 0.03). Moreover, PE group induced less SIA (P < 0.00001).

Conclusions

PE is superior to MSICS in UCVA and causes less SIA, but there were no significant differences in visual rehabilitation, ECC loss and complication rates between the two techniques.
Perspective on ophthalmic support in countries of the developing world
Authors: Muecke James , Sia David IT , Newland Henry , Casson Robert J , Selva Dinesh
Published: September 2012

There are over 300 million people living in the world today who are visually impaired and a further 45 million who are blind. The large majority (90%) of these people live in developing countries, and up to 75% of blindness are avoidable. With cataracts being the major cause of blindness and visual impairment, many ophthalmic aid programmes are aimed at alleviating the enormous burden caused by this readily treatable disease. Having said that, caution should be exercised that short surgical visits to remote rural areas that are not coordinated with local national eye care managers should be discouraged because they do little for the development of sustainable eye care programmes. With this in view, it has become imperative to design blindness prevention and ophthalmic support programmes that are workable, comprehensive, economical and sustainable.
Longitudinal effect of topical antiglaucoma medications on central corneal thickness
Authors: Viswanathan Deepa , Goldberg Ivan , Graham Stuart L
Published: September 2012

Background

To determine the change in central corneal thickness over time and whether the use of long‐term topical antiglaucoma medications influences central corneal thickness.

Design

Case control study with retrospective and prospective data collection.

Participants

One hundred eighty‐seven eyes of 187 glaucoma patients (mean follow up 6.92 ± 1.67 years) being treated with topical antiglaucoma medications (at least 3 years) with no history of surgery or laser were included and compared with 100 eyes of 100 age–matched, untreated control subjects (mean follow up 6.58 ± 1.93 years) who were glaucoma suspects with normal intraocular pressure not on any treatment.

Methods

Demographic data, central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure were collected at initial glaucoma diagnosis and at most recent visit, and findings were compared between two groups.

Main Outcome Measures

Mean change in central corneal thickness in microns (μm).

Results

Central corneal thickness fell significantly (P < 0.0001) in treated eyes but not in control eyes (P = 0.18); mean central corneal thickness reduction was 12.29 ± 13.65 μm in treated eyes and 1.17 ± 8.75 μm in controls. Among treated eyes, central corneal thickness reduction was significant (P < 0.0001) in those treated with either prostaglandins or a combination of prostaglandin and beta‐blockers, while no significant reduction occurred in eyes treated with only beta‐blockers (P = 0.15) when compared with control eyes.

Conclusions

Prostaglandins appear to be associated with a small but significant central corneal thickness reduction over time. Serial central corneal thickness measurements might be helpful in glaucoma patients, particularly those on prostaglandins.
ABO blood group is a predictor of survival in patients undergoing surgery for renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Kaffenberger Samuel D. , Morgan Todd M. , Stratton Kelly L. , Boachie Adu M. , Barocas Daniel A. , Chang Sam S. , Cookson Michael S. , Herrell S. Duke , Smith Joseph A. , Clark Peter E.
Published: September 2012

Study Type – Prognosis (cohort series)

Level of Evidence 3a

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Some evidence suggests that ABO blood type may be a risk factor for cancer incidence and prognosis. For example, a large study recently discovered an increased incidence of pancreatic cancer in patients with non‐O blood type; however, it is not known whether blood group correlates with outcomes in patients with RCC.

We found a significant and independent association between ABO blood group and overall survival in patients undergoing surgery for locoregional RCC. Specifically, we identified non‐O blood type as a predictor of mortality.

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether ABO blood group is associated with survival after nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma (RCC).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 900 patients who underwent surgery for locoregional RCC between 1997 and 2008 at a single institution.

Covariates included age, gender, race, American Society of Anesthesiology Physical Status, preoperative anaemia and hypoalbuminemia, tumour characteristics, lymph node status, procedure performed, transfusion status and ABO blood group.

Primary outcomes were overall (OS) and disease‐specific survival (DSS).

Univariable survival analyses were performed using the Kaplan–Meier and log‐rank methods. Multivariable analysis was performed using a Cox proportional hazards model.

RESULTS

The 3‐year OS estimate was 75% (95%CI 70–79%) for O blood group and 68% (95% CI 63–73%) for non‐O blood group (P= 0.072). The 3‐year DSS was 81% (95% CI 76–85%) for O blood group and 76% (95%CI 71–80%) for non‐O blood group (P= 0.053).

In the multivariable analysis for OS, non‐O blood type was significantly associated with decreased OS (HR 1.68, 95%CI 1.18–2.39; P= 0.004) but not DSS (HR 1.53, 95%CI 0.97–2.41; P= 0.065).

CONCLUSION

These data suggest that ABO blood group is independently associated with OS in patients undergoing surgery for locoregional RCC. ABO blood group has not been previously recognized as a predictor of survival in RCC.