bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calibration and data processing in gas chromatography combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhang Ying , Tobias Herbert J. , Sacks Gavin L. , Thomas Brenna J.
Published: February 2012

Compound‐specific isotope analysis (CSIA) by gas chromatography combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GCC‐IRMS) is a powerful technique for the sourcing of substances, such as determination of the geographic or chemical origin of drugs and food adulteration, and it is especially invaluable as a confirmatory tool for detection of the use of synthetic steroids in competitive sport. We review here principles and practices for data processing and calibration of GCC‐IRMS data with consideration to anti‐doping analyses, with a focus on carbon isotopic analysis (13 C/12 C). After a brief review of peak definition, the isotopologue signal reduction methods of summation, curve‐fitting, and linear regression are described and reviewed. Principles for isotopic calibration are considered in the context of the Δ13C = δ13CM – δ13CE difference measurements required for establishing adverse analytical findings for metabolites (M) relative to endogenous (E) reference compounds. Considerations for the anti‐doping analyst are reviewed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cannabis ‐ from cultivar to chemovar
Authors: Hazekamp A. , Fischedick J. T.
Published: February 2012

The medicinal use of Cannabis is increasing as countries worldwide are setting up official programs to provide patients with access to safe sources of medicinal‐grade Cannabis. An important question that remains to be answered is which of the many varieties of Cannabis should be made available for medicinal use. Drug varieties of Cannabis are commonly distinguished through the use of popular names, with a major distinction being made between Indica and Sativa types. Although more than 700 different cultivars have already been described, it is unclear whether such classification reflects any relevant differences in chemical composition. Some attempts have been made to classify Cannabis varieties based on chemical composition, but they have mainly been useful for forensic applications, distinguishing drug varieties, with high THC content, from the non‐drug hemp varieties. The biologically active terpenoids have not been included in these approaches. For a clearer understanding of the medicinal properties of the Cannabis plant, a better classification system, based on a range of potentially active constituents, is needed. The cannabinoids and terpenoids, present in high concentrations in Cannabis flowers, are the main candidates. In this study, we compared cultivars obtained from multiple sources. Based on the analysis of 28 major compounds present in these samples, followed by principal component analysis (PCA) of the quantitative data, we were able to identify the Cannabis constituents that defined the samples into distinct chemovar groups. The study indicates the usefulness of a PCA approach for chemotaxonomic classification of Cannabis varieties. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Competition radioligand binding assays for the investigation of bispyridinium compound affinities to the human muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype 5 (hM5)
Authors: Niessen K. V. , Tattersall J. E. H. , Timperley C. M. , Bird M. , Green C. , Thiermann H. , Worek F.
Published: February 2012

Standard treatment of poisoning by organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents with atropine and oximes lacks efficacy with some nerve agents. Promising in vitro and in vivo results were obtained with the bispyridinium compound SAD‐128 which was partly attributed to its interaction with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Previous studies indicate that bispyridinium compounds interact with muscarinic acetylcholine receptors as well. The muscarinic M5 receptor is not well investigated compared to other subtypes, but could be important in the search for new drugs for treating nerve agent poisoning. A set of bispyridinium compounds structurally related to SAD‐128 were tested in competition binding experiments with recombinant human M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Five of the six investigated bispyridinium compounds interacted with the orthosteric binding site, with affinities in the low micromolar range. These data indicate that interaction of bispyridinium compounds with muscarinic receptors may contribute to their therapeutic efficacy. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selection on plasticity of seasonal life‐history traits using random regression mixed model analysis
Authors: Brommer Jon E. , Kontiainen Pekka , Pietiäinen Hannu
Published: February 2012

Theory considers the covariation of seasonal life‐history traits as an optimal reaction norm, implying that deviating from this reaction norm reduces fitness. However, the estimation of reaction‐norm properties (i.e., elevation, linear slope, and higher order slope terms) and the selection on these is statistically challenging. We here advocate the use of random regression mixed models to estimate reaction‐norm properties and the use of bivariate random regression to estimate selection on these properties within a single model. We illustrate the approach by random regression mixed models on 1115 observations of clutch sizes and laying dates of 361 female Ural owl Strix uralensis collected over 31 years to show that (1) there is variation across individuals in the slope of their clutch size–laying date relationship, and that (2) there is selection on the slope of the reaction norm between these two traits. Hence, natural selection potentially drives the negative covariance in clutch size and laying date in this species. The random‐regression approach is hampered by inability to estimate nonlinear selection, but avoids a number of disadvantages (stats‐on‐stats, connecting reaction‐norm properties to fitness). The approach is of value in describing and studying selection on behavioral reaction norms (behavioral syndromes) or life‐history reaction norms. The approach can also be extended to consider the genetic underpinning of reaction‐norm properties.
Computing Electronic Spin Relaxation for Gd3+‐Based Contrast Agents – Practical Implementation
Authors: Fries Pascal H.
Published: February 2012

In a molecular frame rigidly bound to the contrast agent, the instantaneous zero‐field splitting (ZFS) Hamiltonian acting on the Gd3+ electronic spin, S, has a constant mean value, named static ZFS (Hamiltonian). Expressed in the laboratory frame, the static ZFS has a random variation with time, which stems from the Brownian rotation of the complex and can be the source of a fast electronic spin relaxation that significantly quenches the relaxivity at low field. Except in a few cases, the static ZFS is too large and the Brownian rotation is too slow for the electronic relaxation to be described by Redfield analytical equations. Here, we present a formalism for simulating the quantum time correlation functions (TCFs) of the electronic spin operators, which properly account for relaxivity quenching by electronic relaxation. Though the formalism can be used at all field values, the interpretation of the high‐field relaxivity with the help of simple justified analytical equations is recommended. The simulation procedure is illustrated by the case study of a model of the complex Gddtpa {[Gd3+(dtpa)(H2O)]2– (dtpa5– = diethylenetriamine pentaacetate)}. The numerical implementation of the simulation at several levels of parallel computing is examined.
Supracricoid partial laryngectomy with cricothyroidopexy: A treatment for anterior vocal commissure laryngeal squamous carcinoma
Authors: Wen Wei‐ping , Su Zhen‐zhong , Zhu Xiao‐lin , Jiang Ai‐yun , Chai Li‐ping , Wang Zhang‐feng , Wen Yi‐hui , Lei Wen‐bin
Published: February 2012

Background

The clinical efficiency and functional outcomes of supracricoid partial laryngectomy (SCPL) with cricothyroidopexy (CTP) were compared with those of the traditional SCPL with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy (CHEP) in treating laryngeal squamous carcinoma involving anterior vocal commissure (AVC).

Methods

From January 2000 to June 2009, 50 patients diagnosed with early‐ or intermediate‐stage (T1b–T3 classification) glottic cancer involving AVC were treated with SCPL‐CHEP or SCPL‐CTP. Postoperative complications, local recurrence, survival rate, and speech performance were compared between these 2 surgical procedures.

Results

Patients undergoing SCPL‐CHEP or SCPL‐CTP manifested similar levels of postoperative complications, tumor recurrence, and survival rates. However, the SCPL‐CTP group showed significantly lower Voice Handicap Index (VHI) scores, higher maximum phonation time, and improved glottic reconstruction and closure than the SCPL‐CHEP group.

Conclusion

The SCPL‐CTP procedure better preserves postoperative speech performance than the SCPL‐CHEP procedure, underscoring the moderate effectiveness of SCPL‐CTP as a treatment for laryngeal squamous carcinoma involving AVC. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Objective and subjective changes in voice quality after radiotherapy for early (T1 or T2, N0) laryngeal cancer: A pilot prospective cohort study
Authors: Adams Gerard , Burnett Robyn , Mills Ellen , Penniment Michael
Published: February 2012

Background

Limited data exist on long‐term voice quality after treatment for early laryngeal cancer. We report on the feasibility of establishing a dedicated service to assess changes after radiotherapy.

Methods

From June 1999 to December 2005, all patients referred for radical radiotherapy for early laryngeal cancers were invited to join a prospective cohort study. Subjective and objective voice quality tests were performed before and after treatment and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after treatment.

Results

Twenty‐seven patients were screened for the study. Sufficient data were available for 15 (56%) patients. Both subjective and objective assessments improved significantly.

Conclusions

This pilot study shows that it is possible to collect prospective voice quality data. There are both subjective and objective improvements in voice that persist to at least 2 years after radiotherapy. We propose the use of the methods described here to study voice outcomes in a lager cohort of patients treated with both surgery and radiotherapy. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Cervical osteomyelitis after placement of a self‐expanding plastic stent for palliation of dysphagia associated with chemoradiation‐induced esophageal strictures
Authors: Mullen Thomas D. , Sharma Anand K. , Varma Abhay K.
Published: February 2012

Background

Esophageal strictures are a common sequela of chemoradiation and/or surgery to the head and neck cancers and can lead to stenosis and significant dysphagia. Endoscopic dilation endoscopic and placement of self‐expanding stents are often to used relieve dysphagia symptoms. However, these stents are not without risks and complications.

Methods

We present a case of a 58‐year‐old man who had the rare complication of cervical osteomyelitis as a result of plastic esophageal stent placement for palliation of chemoradiation‐induced strictures.

Results

The patient was successfully managed with immobilization of the cervical spine in a halo vest and appropriate antibiotics.

Conclusion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of cervical spine osteomyelitis after self‐expanding plastic stent (SEPS) placement for esophageal stricture. It was successfully treated with immobilization and antibiotic therapy. The treating physician should be aware of this rare complication to make an early diagnosis. Literature on esophageal stent‐induced cervical osteomyelitis is reviewed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Robotic facelift thyroidectomy: Facilitating remote access surgery
Authors: Terris David J. , Singer Michael C.
Published: February 2012

Background

A novel remote access robotic thyroidectomy technique has been described that uses as its portal a postauricular and occipital hairline (facelift) incision. Experimental investigation and clinical validation have been completed. A detailed technical description is provided.

Methods and Materials

A young woman with a thyroid nodule was referred for surgery. Because of her concerns about a visible neck scar, she opted for remote access thyroidectomy.

Results

A left robotic facelift thyroidectomy was performed in less than 2 hours as a drainless, outpatient procedure. Videographic demonstration of the robotic resection is included.

Conclusions

A number of remote access thyroidectomy techniques have proliferated. We developed and described an intuitive approach that uses familiar dissection planes and avoids the need for breast incisions and crossing the clavicle. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Liver phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) expression with a PLTP-null background promotes very low-density lipoprotein production in mice
Authors: Yazdanyar Amirfarbod , Jiang Xian-Cheng
Published: February 2012

It is known that plasma phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) activity influences lipoprotein metabolism. The liver is one of the major sites of lipoprotein production and degradation, as well as of PLTP expression. To address the impact of liver-expressed PLTP on lipoprotein metabolism, we created a mouse model that expresses PLTP in the liver acutely and specifically, with a PLTP-null background. This approach in mouse model preparations can also be used universally for evaluating the function of many other genes in the liver. We found that liver PLTP expression dramatically increases plasma levels of non–high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (2.7-fold,

P

< 0.0001), non-HDL phospholipid (2.5-fold,

P

< 0.001), and triglyceride (51%,

P

< 0.01), but has no significant influence on plasma HDL lipids compared with controls. Plasma apolipoprotein (apo)B levels were also significantly increased in PLTP-expressing mice (2.2-fold,

P

< 0.001), but those of apoA-I were not. To explore the mechanism involved, we examined the lipidation and secretion of nascent very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), finding that liver PLTP expression significantly increases VLDL lipidation in hepatocyte microsomal lumina, and also VLDL secretion into the plasma.

Conclusion

: It is possible to prepare a mouse model that expresses the gene of interest only in the liver, but not in other tissues. Our results suggest, for the first time, that the major function of liver PLTP is to drive VLDL production and makes a small contribution to plasma PLTP activity. (HEPATOLOGY 2012)
Learning‐dependent plasticity of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neuron postburst afterhyperpolarizations and increased excitability after inhibitory avoidance learning depend upon basolateral amygdala inputs
Authors: Farmer George E. , Thompson Lucien T.
Published: February 2012

Hippocampal pyramidal neurons in vitro exhibit transient learning‐dependent reductions in the amplitude and duration of calcium‐dependent postburst afterhyperpolarizations (AHPs), accompanied by other increases in excitability (i.e., increased firing rate, or reduced spike‐frequency accommodation) after trace eyeblink conditioning or spatial learning, with a time‐course appropriate to support consolidation of the learned tasks. Both these tasks require multiple days of training for acquisition. The hippocampus also plays a role in acquisition of single trial inhibitory avoidance learning. The current study assessed AHP plasticity in this single‐trial learning task using in vitro tissue slices prepared at varying intervals posttrial using intracellular current‐clamp recordings. Reduced AHPs and reduced accommodation were seen in ventral CA1 pyramidal neurons within 1 h posttraining, plasticity which persisted 24 h but was extinguished >72 h posttrial. There was also a reduction in ventral CA1 AHPs and accommodation 1 h following simple exposure to the IA apparatus (a novel context) but this change was extinguished by 24 h postexposure. Reductions in AHPs and accommodation were also seen in dorsal CA1 pyramidal neurons, but were delayed until 24 h posttrial and extinguished at >72 h posttrial. Finally, transient inactivation of the basolateral complex of the amygdala (with the local anesthetics lidocaine or bupivacaine) either immediately before or immediately posttrial blocked both learning and learning‐dependent changes in excitability in the hippocampus assessed 24 h posttrial. CA3 pyramidal neurons showed no reductions in AHP peak amplitude or accommodation following IA training or context exposure. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of a Classroom Guidance Unit on Sixth Graders' Examination Performance
Authors: WILSON NATALIE SUSAN
Published: February 2012

Forty‐seven failing sixth graders participated in a classroom guidance unit on preparation for examinations. Experimental students had significantly higher examination averages than did control students.
Dynamics of Client‐Counselor Differences
Authors: Schlossberg Nancy K. , Vontress Clemmont E. , Sinick Daniel
Published: February 2012

Sex, age, race, social class, and other variables as sources of counselor biases and stereotypes are discussed in a dialogue between Nancy K. Schlossberg, Visiting Professor, Department of Counseling and Personnel Services, University of Maryland, and Clemmont E. Vontress, Professor of Education, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. moderated by Daniel Sinick, Professor of Education, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., and editor of The Vocational Guidance Quurterly.
Whose Job Is Job Placement?
Authors: Odell Charles E. , Pritchard David H. , Sinick Daniel
Published: February 2012

Thh locus of responsibility, the role of societal agencies, and placement as part of career development are among dimensions discussed in a dialogue between Charles E. Odell, Assistant to Executive Director, Bureau of Employment Security, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and David H. Pritchard, Education Program Specialist (Research), U.S. Office of

Education, Washington, D.C., moderated by Daniel Sinick, Professor of Education, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., and editor of The Vocational Guidance Quarterly. (Note: The views expressed herein are those of the authors and not necessarily those of their employing institutions.)
How to Organize and Conduct Career Conferences
Authors: DUNSMOOR CLARENCE C.
Published: February 2012

If your school sponsors a Career Day you will want to read this summary of methods that have been successfully used. The chief point to remember is that any such effort is only one feature of a vocational guidance program. Much individual and group work should be carried on in addition.
Characterization of broadband fiber optic line detectors for photoacoustic tomography
Authors: Berer Thomas , Veres Istvan A. , Grün Hubert , Bauer‐Marschallinger Johannes , Felbermayer Karoline , Burgholzer Peter
Published: February 2012

The frequency response of fiber optic line detectors is investigated in the presented paper. An analytical model based on oblique scattering of elastic waves is used to calculate the frequency dependent acousto‐optical transfer functions of bare glass optical and polymer optical fibers. From the transfer functions the transient response of fibers detectors to photoacoustically excited spherical sources is derived. Photoacoustic tomography is simulated by calculating the temporal response of arrays of fiber optic line detectors and subsequent image reconstruction. The results show that the choice of the fiber material is of significant importance and influences the quality of imaging. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Plasma phosphatidylcholine concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids are differentially associated with hip bone mineral density and hip fracture in older adults: The framingham osteoporosis study
Authors: Farina Emily K , Kiel Douglas P , Roubenoff Ronenn , Schaefer Ernst J , Cupples L Adrienne , Tucker Katherine L
Published: February 2012

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may influence bone health. The objective of this work was to examine associations between plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC) PUFA concentrations and hip measures: (1) femoral neck bone mineral density (FN-BMD) (n = 765); (2) 4-year change in FN-BMD (n = 556); and (3) hip fracture risk (n = 765) over 17-year follow-up among older adults in the Framingham Osteoporosis Study. BMD measures were regressed on quintile of plasma PC PUFAs (docosahexaenoic acid [DHA], linoleic acid [LA], and arachidonic acid [AA]), adjusted for covariates. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for hip fracture were estimated by quintile of plasma PC PUFAs, adjusted for covariates. Higher concentrations of PC DHA were associated with loss of FN-BMD over 4 years in women (p-trend = 0.04), but was protective in men in the uppermost quintile compared to men grouped in the lower four quintiles, in post hoc analysis (p = 0.01). PC LA concentrations were inversely associated with baseline FN-BMD in women (p-trend = 0.02), and increased hip fracture risk in women and men (p-trend = 0.05), but body mass index (BMI) adjustment attenuated these associations (p-trend = 0.12 and p-trend = 0.14, respectively). A trend toward a protective association was observed between PC AA and baseline FN-BMD in men (p-trend = 0.06). Women and men with the highest PC AA concentrations had 51% lower hip fracture risk than those with the lowest (HR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.24–1.00). Opposing effects of PC DHA on FN-BMD loss observed in women and men need further clarification. Bone loss associated with PC LA may be confounded by BMI. High PC AA concentrations may be associated with reduced hip fracture risk. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Anaerobic treatment of wastewater from used industrial oil recovery
Authors: Garcia‐Mancha Nuria , Puyol Daniel , Monsalvo Victor M. , Rajhi Hayfa , Mohedano Angel F. , Rodriguez Juan J.
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND: This work is focused on the anaerobic biodegradation of wastewater from used industrial oils (UIO) recovery using a bench‐scale expanded granular sludge bed reactor (EGSB) at room temperature.

RESULTS: Biodegradability tests showed that this wastewater can be partially biodegraded under anaerobic conditions at mesophilic temperature. Low concentrations of wastewater caused an incremented specific activity of the acetoclastic and the hydrogenotrophic methanogens. Anaerobic biodegradation at room temperature is feasible at organic loading rates (OLR) lower than 5.5 g COD L−1 d−1. A further increase of the OLR to around 10 g COD L−1 d−1 had a detrimental effect on the system performance, making it necessary to work at mesophilic conditions.

CONCLUSION: Anaerobic treatment using an EGSB reactor is a feasible option for treating UIO wastewater. Long‐term treatment caused a specialization of the granular sludge, modifying substantially its microbial composition. Methane production was even stimulated by the addition of UIO wastewater at low concentrations. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P. Beauv. A native grass species for phytoremediation of hydrocarbon‐contaminated soil in Assam, India
Authors: Bordoloi Sabitry , Basumatary Budhadev , Saikia Rubul , Das Hamendra Chandra
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the suitability of Axonopus compressus for the removal of petroleum hydrocarbons from contaminated soil. An experiment was conducted with crude oil contaminated soil to evaluate the degradation of this crude oil in pots in the presence of A. compressus for 360 days. Study of the degradation of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), its accumulation in roots and shoots, plant growth and biomass production and most probable number (MPN) was conducted at 60 day intervals.

RESULT: In the presence of contaminants, plant biomass and height were significantly reduced. TPH was reduced by 70% in TA (fertilized soil) and 40% in TC (unfertilized soil). In the unvegetated pots, the reduction of TPH was 11% in TB (fertilized soil) and 9% in TD (unfertilized soil), which was attributed to microbial action and natural attenuation. Degradation was significantly greater in vegetated pots than in unvegetated pots (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION: A. compressus enhanced biodegradation of crude oil in soil under the conditions of this experiment. The addition of fertilizer further enhanced the degradation process. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Exploring the linkage between the home domain and absence from work: Health, motivation, or both?
Authors: ten Brummelhuis Lieke L. , ter Hoeven Claartje L. , de Jong Menno D. T. , Peper Bram
Published: February 2012

The aim of this study was twofold. First, we examined depleting and enriching effects of employees' home domain (home demands and quality time spent at home) on unscheduled absence from work. Second, we tested the assumption of the medical and withdrawal models that absence duration and frequency are uniquely predicted by respectively health condition and job motivation. We used longitudinal, different‐source data from 1014 employees. The results showed that home quality time was negatively related to absence frequency and duration in the following year through a physical pathway (less physical stress symptoms and health complaints) and through a psychological pathway (less psychological stress symptoms, increased job motivation). Employees with heavy home demands reported more physical and psychological stress symptoms, more health complaints, and lower job motivation. Accordingly, they had longer and more frequent sick leaves in the consecutive year. We conclude that the home domain adds to our understanding of absence from work. In addition, the model including cross pathways between health complaints and job motivation on the one hand, and absence frequency and duration on the other, best fitted the data. Thus, a clear distinction between volitional absence (frequency) and absence due to illness (duration) seems hard to justify. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface‐enhanced Raman measurements and DFT calculations for l‐tryptophan of varying pH in silver sol
Authors: Bhattacharya Susmita , Vyas Nidhi , Ojha Animesh K. , Dasgupta Swagata , Roy Anushree
Published: February 2012

The interaction of l‐tryptophan (Trp) with silver colloids was investigated at between pH values of 6.11 and 10.6 of the sol. The measurements of surface‐enhanced Raman bands of Trp in the colloidal solution indicate the evolution of interaction between the metal particles and the molecules with increasing pH values for the sol. The experimental observations were explained using the estimated atomic charge distribution in the zwitterionic and anionic forms of the residue, obtained by density functional theory calculations. The variation in the ratio of the spectral intensities of the Fermi resonance bands with the pH reflects the effect of the colloidal environment on Trp. The results obtained can be used as a marker for describing the nature of the interaction of silver colloids with the specific terminus of the residue, at varying pH environments. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tribological properties of grey cast iron lubricated using organic compounds containing Mo and ZnDTP additives
Authors: Feng Xin , Xia Yanqiu , Sasaki Shinya , Murakami Takashi
Published: February 2012

The lubricating effectiveness of organic compounds containing Mo and ZnDTP in different ratios in poly‐alpha‐olefin (PAO) was investigated using an Optimol SRV‐IV (Optimol Instruments, Munich, Germany) reciprocating friction and wear tester. The morphologies of the worn surfaces were observed using a scanning electron microscope with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. The chemical states of several typical elements on the worn surfaces of grey cast iron discs were examined by means of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicated that the grey cast iron discs exhibited different friction‐reducing and wear‐resistance capabilities when lubricated with PAO containing MoDTP and ZnDTP additives in different ratios. The lowest frication coefficient is only 0.072. XPS analyses indicated that ZnDTP + MoDTP and ZnDTP + MoDTC formed different chemical products. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of polyol from the seed oil of Lonchocarpus cyanescens as potential lubricant
Authors: Adewuyi Adewale , Oderinde Rotimi A. , Rao B.V.S.K. , Prasad R.B.N.
Published: February 2012

Polyol was synthesised from the seed oil of Lonchocarpus cyanescens by epoxy ring opening reaction with 2‐ethylhexanol. The structural characterization was confirmed using Fourier Transform Infrared and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1HNMR). Linolenic (C18:3) and oleic (C18:1) acids are the dominant fatty acids in the seed oil of L cyanescens with an iodine value of 170.46 ± 1.00 g 100 g−1. The finding of this study showed that the seed oil of L cyanescens can be used to synthesise polyol, which can be used as a starting material for lubricant. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early detection of lung inflammation: Exploiting T1‐effects of iron oxide particles using UTE MRI
Authors: Strobel Klaus , Hoerr Verena , Schmid Florian , Wachsmuth Lydia , Löffler Bettina , Faber Cornelius
Published: February 2012

At high magnetic fields diagnostic proton MRI of the lung is problematic, because of fast T relaxation. The application of superparamagnetic contrast agents and the exploitation of the corresponding T effect is inefficient with conventional MRI methods, which limits the early detection of lung diseases. However, a simple theoretical treatment shows that in the lung, by the use of ultra‐short echo time sequences, T effects can be neglected while T1 shortening effects can be used for signal detection. In our study, we have applied a theoretically and experimentally optimized 3D ultra‐short echo time sequence to lung phantoms and to a mouse model of lung inflammation, which was induced by systemic bacterial infection. Following the systemic application of very small superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, a significant signal increase in the lung of infected animals was detected already at 24 h postinfection, compared to control mice (17%, P < 0.001). Iron accumulation in the lung parenchyma as consequence of the host immune response was histologically confirmed. By conventional T‐ and T2‐weighted imaging, neither structural changes nor formation of substantial edema were observed. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Estimating electromyographic and heart rate fatigue thresholds from a single treadmill test
Authors: Guffey Darren R. , Gervasi Bruno J. , Maes Alex A. , Malek Moh H.
Published: February 2012

Introduction: The purposes of this study were to (1) develop a fatigue threshold based on electromyography (EMG) and heart rate (HR) responses for treadmill running from a single incremental test; and (2) propose a new fatigue threshold called the RVEMGFT and RVHRFT. Methods: Eleven men performed incremental treadmill exercise to exhaustion on a single occasion. The RVEMGFT and RVHRFT were defined as the average of the highest velocity that resulted in a nonsignificant slope coefficient for the EMG amplitude versus time relationship and the lowest velocity that resulted in a significant positive slope coefficient. Results: There was a significant (P < 0.05) difference between the 2 thresholds [RVEMGFT = 11.7 ± 0.6 km/h and RVHRFT = 8.3 ± 0.8 km/h]. Conclusions: The fatigue threshold for EMG amplitude and heart rate can be determined from a single incremental treadmill test, but there are differences between cardiac and neuromuscular factors of fatigue. Muscle Nerve 46: 577–581, 2012
Foot drop splints improve proximal as well as distal leg control during gait in Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth Disease
Authors: Ramdharry Gita M. , Day Brian L. , Reilly Mary M. , Marsden Jonathan F.
Published: February 2012

Introduction: During walking, people with Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth (CMT) disease may compensate for distal weakness by using proximal muscles. We investigated the effect of different AFOs on distal leg control and proximal compensatory actions. Methods: Fourteen people with CMT were tested while wearing 3 types of ankle‐foot orthosis (AFO) bilaterally compared with shoes alone. Walking was assessed using three‐dimensional gait analysis. Stiffness of the splints was measured by applying controlled 5‐degree ankle stretches using a motor. Results: The results showed that each AFO significantly stiffened the ankle and increased ankle dorsiflexion at foot clearance compared with shoes alone. At push off, peak ankle power generation was reduced, but only with 1 type of AFO. A significant decrease in hip flexion amplitude during the swing phase was observed with all 3 AFOs. Conclusions: These results indicate that AFOs reduce foot drop and remove the need for some proximal compensatory action. Muscle Nerve 46: 512–519, 2012
Novel FLNC mutation in a patient with myofibrillar myopathy in combination with late‐onset cerebellar ataxia
Authors: Tasca Giorgio , Odgerel Zagaa , Monforte Mauro , Aurino Stefania , Clarke Nigel F. , Waddell Leigh B. , Udd Bjarne , Ricci Enzo , Goldfarb Lev G.
Published: February 2012

Introduction: Mutations in the gene that encodes filamin C, FLNC, represent a rare cause of a distinctive type of myofibrillar myopathy (MFM). Methods: We investigated an Italian patient by means of muscle biopsy, muscle and brain imaging and molecular analysis of MFM genes. Results: The patient harbored a novel 7256C>T, p.Thr2419Met mutation in exon 44 of FLNC. Clinical, pathological and muscle MRI findings were similar to the previously described filaminopathy cases. This patient had, in addition, cerebellar ataxia with atrophy of cerebellum and vermis evident on brain MRI scan. Extensive screening failed to establish a cause of cerebellar atrophy. Conclusions: We report an Italian filaminopathy patient, with a novel mutation in a highly conserved region. This case raises the possibility that the disease spectrum caused by FLNC may include cerebellar dysfunction. Muscle Nerve 275–282, 2012
Quadriceps and ankle dorsiflexor strength in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Seymour John M. , Ward Katie , Raffique Abrar , Steier Joerg S. , Sidhu Paul S. , Polkey Michael I. , Moxham John , Rafferty Gerrard F.
Published: February 2012

Introduction: Quadriceps strength and size are commonly reduced in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We wished to assess volitional and nonvolitional ankle dorsiflexor strength in COPD. Methods: Quadriceps and ankle dorsiflexor strength were measured by maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) and by twitch responses to supramaximal femoral and fibular nerve stimulation. Cross‐sectional areas of the tibialis anterior (TACSA) and rectus femoris muscles (RFCSA) were measured by ultrasound. Results: Eighteen elderly subjects and 20 COPD patients [mean(SD) %predictedFEV1 50(20)%] participated. No significant difference in fat‐free mass index, ankle dorsiflexor strength, or TACSA were observed in the presence of reduced quadriceps strength and size in COPD [mean MVC difference: −10.9 kg (95% confidence interval {CI}: −17.1 kg to −4.8 kg, P < 0.01; mean RFCSA difference −119 mm2, 95% CI: −180 mm2 to −58 mm2, P < 0.01)]. Conclusions: Ankle dorsiflexor strength is less attenuated than quadriceps strength in COPD patients with moderate airflow obstruction. Direct quadriceps assessment may be more relevant than measurement of lower limb fat‐free mass. Muscle Nerve 46: 548–554, 2012
Focal and other unusual presentations of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
Authors: Hassan Anhar , Jones Lyell K , Milone Margherita , Kumar Neeraj
Published: February 2012

Introduction:

Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) presents classically with facial and shoulder‐girdle weakness. We report focal atypical presentations of FSHD. Our aim was to identify focal/unusual phenotypes in genetically confirmed FSHD cases.

Methods:

We undertook a retrospective review of an academic center database of the period from 1996 to 2011. Of 139 FSHD cases, 7 had atypical genetically confirmed disease. Clinical data were abstracted.

Results:

Seven cases (4 men) had a mean age of 37 years at onset (range 18–63 years) and mean 43 years at diagnosis (range 20–74 years). Presenting symptoms were monomelic lower limb (n = 3) or upper limb (n = 2) atrophy, or axial weakness (n = 2). Five patients had focal weakness on examination. CK was normal to borderline high. Two patients had a relative with FSHD. Coexistent unusual features included dyspnea (n = 1), S1 radicular pain with calf atrophy (n = 2), and peripheral neuropathy (n = 1). Almost all patients had myopathic EMG changes. DNA analysis showed a D4Z4 EcoRI fragment size ranging from 20 to 37 kilobases.

Conclusions:

FSHD may present with focal weakness, dyspnea and myopathic EMG changes. These findings should raise the possibility of FSHD. Muscle Nerve 46: 421–425, 2012
The electrodiagnostic sensitivity of proximal lower extremity muscles in the diagnosis of L5 radiculopathy
Authors: Burakgazi Ahmet Z. , Kelly John J. , Richardson Perry
Published: February 2012

The aim of this study was to assess the electrodiagnostic (EDx) sensitivity of proximal lower extremity muscles, including tensor fascia lata (TFL) and gluteus medius (GMED), in the diagnosis of L5 radiculopathy.Eleven EDx recordings with L5 radiculopathy were collected. The motor unit action potentials were assessed for morphology, stability, and firing characteristics. A descriptive analysis was performed. In proximal L5‐supplied muscles, 4 of 11 recordings were abnormal in TFL only, with normal GMED; 4 of 11 recordings had similar findings in both muscles; 2 of 11 had abnormal findings in both muscles, but TFL had more noticeable findings; and 1 had abnormal findings in both muscles, but GMED findings were more noticeable. No patient had abnormalities limited to GMED. TFL was more sensitive than GMED in detecting L5 radiculopathy. Knowing which muscles are more likely to show abnormalities can improve the efficiency of EMG and reduce patient discomfort. Muscle Nerve 45: 891–893, 2012
Did giant mitochondria delay muscle maturation? An uncommon congenital myopathy
Authors: Fidziańska Anna , Glinka Zofia
Published: February 2012

Introduction: Mitochondria are semi‐autonomous organelles that are able to change their shape, size, location, and number inside the living cell. Mitochondrial division is an extremely important process, because cell survival depends on there being an adequate number of mitochondria in each cell. The dynamics of these organelles are particularly important for normal embryonic cell development. We studied morphological and ultrastructural features of muscle‐cell immaturity, with the appearance of abnormal giant mitochondria, in a child with an unusual congenital myopathy. Methods: The biceps brachii and quadriceps femoris muscles were analyzed at the light and electron microscopy levels. Results: Ultrastructural features of muscle‐cell immaturity were manifested in the presence of primary and mature myotubes coexisting with abnormal giant mitochondria. Conclusions: Failure of mitochondrial fusion/fission machinery at an early stage of development may lead to delayed muscle‐cell maturation. Muscle Nerve 46: 125–129, 2012
Neuromuscular function after muscle fatigue in Charcot–Marie–Tooth type 1A patients
Authors: Menotti Federica , Bazzucchi Ilenia , Felici Francesco , Damiani Antonello , Gori Maria Cristina , Macaluso Andrea
Published: February 2012

Introduction:

The effect of recovery time on neuromuscular function after a fatiguing task was compared in both the upper and lower limbs between patients with Charcot–Marie–Tooth type 1A (CMT1A) and healthy individuals.

Methods:

Torque of elbow flexors and knee extensors and surface electromyography (sEMG) data of biceps brachii and vastus lateralis were recorded from 8 CMT1A patients and 8 matched, healthy individuals during maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) before (pre‐fatigue MVC), 10 s after (10‐s post‐fatigue MVC), and 10 min after (10‐min post‐fatigue MVC) a fatiguing task at 80% MVC until exhaustion.

Results:

Only in the lower limb, torque and root mean square of sEMG (RMS) during pre‐fatigue MVC were lower (P < 0.05) in patients (91.93 ± 45.95 Nm, 0.11 ± 0.07 mV) than in controls (161.06 ± 75.5 Nm, 0.24 ± 0.16 mV). In the 10‐min post‐fatigue MVC, muscle‐fiber conduction velocity (MFCV) and RMS, expressed as a percentage of pre‐fatigue MVC, were lower (P < 0.05) in patients (MFCV 90.3 ± 6.91%, RMS 84.50 ± 9.89%) than in controls (MFCV 100.87 ± 5.1%, RMS 92.71 ± 11.84%).

Conclusions:

CMT1A patients are not only weaker than healthy individuals in the knee extensors, but they also have impaired neuromuscular recovery after fatigue. Muscle Nerve 46: 434–439, 2012
Torsional wave propagation in non‐homogeneous layer between non‐homogeneous half‐spaces
Authors: Chattopadhyay A. , Gupta S. , Kumari Pato , Sharma V. K.
Published: February 2012

The study of surface wave in a layered medium has their possible application in geophysical prospecting. In the present work, dispersion equation for torsional wave in an inhomogeneous isotropic layer between inhomogeneous isotropic half‐spaces has been derived. Two cases are discussed separately for torsional wave propagation in inhomogeneous layer between homogeneous and non‐homogeneous half‐spaces, respectively. Further, two possible modes for torsional wave propagation are obtained in case of inhomogeneous layer sandwiched between non‐homogeneous half‐spaces. Closed form solutions for displacement in the layer and half‐spaces are obtained in each case. The study reveals that the layer width, layer inhomogeneity, frequency of inhomogeneity, as well as inhomogeneity in the half‐space has significant effect on the propagation of torsional surface waves. Displacement and implicit dispersion equation for torsional wave velocities are expressed in terms of Heun functions and their derivatives. Effects of inhomogeneity on torsional wave velocity are also discussed graphically by plotting the dimensionless phase velocity against dimensionless and scaled wave number for different values of inhomogeneity parameter. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy‐optimal trajectory planning for the Pendubot and the Acrobot
Authors: Gregory John , Olivares Alberto , Staffetti Ernesto
Published: February 2012

In this paper, we study the trajectory‐planning problem for planar underactuated robot manipulators with two revolute joints in the presence of gravity. This problem is studied as an optimal control problem. We consider both possible models of planar underactuated robot manipulators, namely with the elbow joint not actuated, called Pendubot, and with the shoulder joint not actuated, called Acrobot. Our method consists of a numerical resolution of a reformulation of the optimal control problem, as an unconstrained calculus of variations problem, in which the dynamic equations of the mechanical system are regarded as constraints and treated by means of special derivative multipliers. We solve the resulting calculus of variations problem by using a numerical approach based on the Euler–Lagrange necessary condition in integral form. In which, time is discretized, and admissible variations for each variable are approximated using a linear combination of the piecewise continuous basis functions of time. In this way, a general method for the solution of optimal control problems with constraints is obtained, which, in particular, can deal with nonintegrable differential constraints arising from the dynamic models of underactuated planar robot manipulators with two revolute joints in the presence of gravity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A whole‐genome massively parallel sequencing analysis of BRCA1 mutant oestrogen receptor‐negative and ‐positive breast cancers
Authors: Natrajan Rachael , Mackay Alan , Lambros Maryou B , Weigelt Britta , Wilkerson Paul M , Manie Elodie , Grigoriadis Anita , A'Hern Roger , van der Groep Petra , Kozarewa Iwanka , Popova Tatiana , Mariani Odette , Turajlic Samra , Furney Simon J , Marais Richard , Rodruigues Daniel‐Nava , Flora Adriana C , Wai Patty , Pawar Vidya , McDade Simon , Carroll Jason , Stoppa‐Lyonnet Dominique , Green Andrew R , Ellis Ian O , Swanton Charles , van Diest Paul , Delattre Olivier , Lord Christopher J , Foulkes William D , Vincent‐Salomon Anne , Ashworth Alan , Stern Marc Henri , Reis‐Filho Jorge S
Published: February 2012

BRCA1 encodes a tumour suppressor protein that plays pivotal roles in homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair, cell‐cycle checkpoints, and transcriptional regulation. BRCA1 germline mutations confer a high risk of early‐onset breast and ovarian cancer. In more than 80% of cases, tumours arising in BRCA1 germline mutation carriers are oestrogen receptor (ER)‐negative; however, up to 15% are ER‐positive. It has been suggested that BRCA1 ER‐positive breast cancers constitute sporadic cancers arising in the context of a BRCA1 germline mutation rather than being causally related to BRCA1 loss‐of‐function. Whole‐genome massively parallel sequencing of ER‐positive and ER‐negative BRCA1 breast cancers, and their respective germline DNAs, was used to characterize the genetic landscape of BRCA1 cancers at base‐pair resolution. Only BRCA1 germline mutations, somatic loss of the wild‐type allele, and TP53 somatic mutations were recurrently found in the index cases. BRCA1 breast cancers displayed a mutational signature consistent with that caused by lack of HR DNA repair in both ER‐positive and ER‐negative cases. Sequencing analysis of independent cohorts of hereditary BRCA1 and sporadic non‐BRCA1 breast cancers for the presence of recurrent pathogenic mutations and/or homozygous deletions found in the index cases revealed that DAPK3, TMEM135, KIAA1797, PDE4D, and GATA4 are potential additional drivers of breast cancers. This study demonstrates that BRCA1 pathogenic germline mutations coupled with somatic loss of the wild‐type allele are not sufficient for hereditary breast cancers to display an ER‐negative phenotype, and has led to the identification of three potential novel breast cancer genes (ie DAPK3, TMEM135, and GATA4). Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A qualitative investigation of the decision‐making process of couples considering prenatal screening for Down syndrome
Authors: Carroll Fran E. , Owen‐Smith Amanda , Shaw Alison , Montgomery Alan A.
Published: February 2012

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate how couples regard screening information and how they make subsequent decisions about undergoing prenatal screening for Down syndrome.

Methods

Twenty semi‐structured interviews were conducted to explore aspects of the decision‐making process. Interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim, and data were analysed using the framework approach.

Results

Couples reported a strong desire for a joint but ultimately private decision‐making process and saw the main role of their midwife as an information provider. Considerable confusion existed over which screening tests were available via the National Health Service and which were offered privately. Provision of experiential information regarding both subsequent diagnostic tests and the experience of living with Down syndrome would have been beneficial.

Conclusion

This study shows that couples would benefit from receiving experiential information when they are deciding about Down syndrome screening. Future research should be conducted to establish what form such information should take, the most helpful means to provide such information, and whether such information would also be useful in other contexts where people need to make decisions whether to undergo screening. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.