bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic control of acquired resistance toHeligmosomoides polygyrus:overcoming genetically determined weak responder status by strategic immunization with ivermectin-abbreviated infections
Authors: Wahid F.N. , Behnke J.M.
Published: June 2009

The induction of acquired resistance toH. polygyrus, following treatment of mice by a 6 day immunizing infection abbreviated with the anthelmintic drug ivermectin (6d I-AI), was investigated. Four worms were sufficient to elicit >80% protection against challenge and immunizing infections >50 worms generated >95% protection in female NIH mice. A few worms were recovered during the second week from immunized challenged mice but these were rapidly expelled from the gut lumen. Treatment with hydrocortisone from day 10 postinfection, permitted worm burdens to accumulate over the following 2 weeks. The 6d I-AI protocol enabled females of strains previously designated as weak responders to develop potent acquired resistance to challenge (CBA mice showed >90% protection), although weak responder strain male mice were not significantly protected. Delaying treatment with ivermectin by as little as 24 h resulted in poorer expression of acquired resistance. A positive correlation between the increasing interval from infection to treatment with ivermectin and worm burdens after challenge, and the negative correlation with IgGl antibody responses after challenge indicated that the immunodepressive activities of 7 day and older worms down-regulated local intestinal immune responses. Mice characterized by weak responder phenotype were significantly more sensitive to downregulation than mouse strains showing strong responder phenotype. In consequence, optimal timing of treatment with anthelmintics during exposure to the immunizing infection, intending to minimize exposure to the immunodepressive stages of the parasite, is sufficient to overcome reported genetic constraints on the development of resistance in this system.
Role of T cell subpopulations in mice infected withAngiostrongylus cantonensis
Authors: Lee J.D. , Wang J.J. , Chang J.H. , Chung L.Y. , Chen E.R. , Yen C.M.
Published: June 2009

When C57BL/6 mice were infected withAngiostrongylus cantonensis, the percentage of T helper (CD4+) cells and T supressor (CD8+) cells in peripheral blood increased weekly until the third and seventh week respectively, and then gradually decreased. C57BL/6 mice were depleted of CD4+and CD8+T cells byin vivoinjection of anti-CD4and anti-CD8monoclonal antibodies, respectively, and then infected withA. cantonensis. There were significantly more and less worms recovered in the mice depleted of CD4+and CD8+T cells respectively than in undepleted mice. Discrete subpopulations of T cells from mice exposed toA. cantonensisfor 3 weeks or 7 weeks were adoptively transferred to syngeneic recipients which were then given a challenge infection. Protection was mediated by a CD4+T cell population present in mice after 3 weeks of infection but was not demonstrable with cells taken 7 weeks after infection. When CD4+T cells obtained from 3-week infected mice were mixed with 5% CD8+T cells obtained from mice infected for 7 weeks, no significant transfer of resistance was observed. Thus, immune responses toA. cantonensisin mice were regulated by discrete subpopulations of T lymphocytes.
Human infection with Dirofilaria repens in Malaysia
Authors: Shekhar K.C. , Pathmanathan R. , Krishnan R.
Published: June 2009

Human dirofilariasis is a rare infection in Malaysia. Thus far, only two human cases have been reported viz. Dirofilaria immitis and D. (Nochtiella) repens and in both instances, adult worms were recovered from infected patients. The two cases reported in the present study, one from Melaka and the other from Penang, were diagnosed histologically. Based on the diagnostic criteria for identifying Dirofilaria in tissue sections, the parasites were identified as D. (Nochtiella) repens.
Schistosomiasis in the Senegal River Basin: before and after the construction of the dams at Diama, Senegal and Manantali, Mali and future prospects
Authors: Southgate V.R.
Published: June 2009

Ecological changes in the Senegal River Basin (SRB) resulting from the construction of a barrage at Diama, Senegal on the Senegal River to prevent the intrusion of sea water into the river, and a dam at Manantali, Mali on the Bafing River to control the flow of water and to generate electricity, have been responsible for changes in the epidemiology of human schistosomiasis. The introduction of Schistosoma mansoni into the Lower and Middle Valleys of the SRB and subsequent spread of the parasite in the human population is recorded with regard to prevalence and intensity. New foci of S. haematobium are described. The reduction in salinity and change from an acidic to an alkaline environment in the water are beneficial to both the fecundity and growth of freshwater snails and transmission of the parasite. The creation of new irrigation canals and expansion of the rice fields have provided new habitats for intermediate hosts to colonize. The evidence for praziquantel resistance/tolerance by populations of S. mansoni and the possibilities of the development, production and testing of a vaccine against human schistosomiasis are discussed. Future studies will monitor the spread of human urinary and mesenteric schistosomiasis in the SRB, will evaluate further the presence of praziquantel resistance/tolerance in S. mansoni, will examine the heavily infected human population for pathological symptoms and determine the most appropriate methods to control this severe outbreak of human schistosomiasis.
Development ofNeostrongylus linearisinCernuella (Cernuella) virgataexperimentally infected and maintained in the subhumid climate of Galicia in northwest Spain
Authors: López C. , Panadero R. , Díez P. , Morrondo P.
Published: June 2009

Twelve batches of the molluscCernuella (Cernuella) virgata(Mollusca: Helicidae) were deposited monthly directly on faeces containing first-stage larvae ofNeostrongylus linearis, so that they were naturally infected. Every two weeks the molluscs were examined to study the larval development ofN. linearis. No correlation was found between the number of first-stage larvae ofN. linearison the faeces and the number of total larvae and third-stage larvae which developed in the snails. However, a negative correlation was found between temperature and the days needed to reach the different larval stages. Thus, the molluscs harboured third-stage larvae from mid-spring to mid-autumn, the period of time which carries the greatest risk of infection for the definitive hosts.
Biosystematics of entomopathogenic nematodes: current status, protocols and definitions
Authors: Hominick W.M. , Briscoe B.R. , del Pino F.G. , Heng Jian , Hunt D.J. , Kozodoy E. , Mracek Z. , Nguyen K.B. , Reid A.P. , Spiridonov S. , Stock P. , Sturhan D. , Waturu C. , Yoshida M.
Published: June 2009

COST Action 819:Entomopathogenic nematodes, supercedes Action 812:Cold active lines of insect parasitic nematodes in Agriculture and Biotechnology. It functions in the field of Agriculture and Biotechnology and began in July 1994 and will end in May, 1999. The main objective is to combine interrelated European expertise to increase the use of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in integrated pest management and to reduce the need for chemical control. Coordination of the Action is the responsibility of a management committee in accordance with a Memorandum of Understanding, which has been signed by representatives of 17 countries: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. A research institute in Israel is also participating. Over 40 research institutions and 10 commercial companies participate in Action 819. The EU funding meets the costs related to coordination including the scientific secretariat, workshops, management committee and working group meetings, publications, short term scientific missions and evaluations.
Quantitative characterization of texture used for identification of eggs of bovine parasitic nematodes
Authors: Sommer C.
Published: June 2009

This study investigates the use of texture, i.e. the grey level variation in digital images, as a basis for identification of strongylid eggs. Texture features were defined by algorithms applied to digital images of eggs from the bovine parasitic nematodes, Ostertagia ostertagi, Cooperia oncophora, and Oesophagostotnum radiatum. The resulting data served to establish classification criteria by linear discrimination analysis, and the criteria were subsequently evaluated by crossvalidations. From 25 texture features, ten features were selected by their significant discriminatory powers. Using a classification criterion based on these ten texture features, an average of 91.2% of eggs from the three species were correctly classified. All O. radiatum eggs were correctly classified, 11.8% of O. ostertagi and C. oncophora were reciprocally misclassified, and 2.9% of O. ostertagi were identified as O. radiatum. When the ten texture features were used singly an average of 51.2 to 37.9% of the species could be classified correctly. When texture was used together with the shape and size features, a higher percentage of eggs were correctly classified compared with the classification based on either texture, or shape and size. Hence, all O. radiatum were correctly classified as well as 88.3% of O. ostertagi and 91.2% of C. oncophora, resulting in an average of 93.1% correctly classified eggs. The rapid and accurate measurements of texture features may serve as a basis for identification or enhance performance of classification criteria based on egg shape/size.
An erratic parasitism found in the lungs of sheep during experimental infection with Fasciola gigantica (Japanese strain)
Authors: Yoshihara S. , Hung N.H. , Hung N.P. , Goto N.
Published: June 2009

An erratic parasitism was observed in the lungs of sheep experimentally infected with Fasciola gigantica at autopsy 14 weeks after inoculation. Macro-scopically, several hyperaemia of 7.5–12.5 mm in diameter were found on the surface of the lungs. Juvenile flukes detected in the lungs were much smaller than those in the liver of the same sheep. A slight inflammatory reaction was observed in the lungs and it is likely that the flukes had migrated in the pleural cavity for some time. Occasionally, a mixed thrombus with many eosinophils was found in the blood vessels adjacent to the bronchia, although no cough was observed clinically. This suggests that diagnosis of juvenile fluke is difficult not only by parasitological but also serological methods.
Plagiorchis muris: recovery, growth and development in albino rats
Authors: Hong S.J. , Ahn J.H. , Woo H.C.
Published: June 2009

Metacercariae of Plagiorchis muris, obtained from naturally infected dragonflies, Sympetrum eroticum, successfully established in 4-week-old albino rats up to 14 days post-infection (p.i.) but by day 28 p.i. the recovery rate had significantly decreased. The genital primordia in excysted metacercariae were differentiated into those of metraterm, Mehlis' gland, ovary and cirrus pouch, with the primordial testes appearing on day 1 p.i. The vitellaria and eggs in the uterus were present in flukes on days 2 and 4 p.i., respectively. Mature flukes were established in the lower part of the small intestine on day 5 p.i., with the peak of egg production occurring on day 14 p.i. Growth of the flukes continued up to day 28 p.i.
Morphological variability inFasciola hepaticaeggs in ruminants, rodents and lagomorphs
Authors: Abrous M. , Comes A.M. , Gasnier N. , Rondelaud D. , Dreyfuss G. , Chauvin A. , Ménard A. , Agoulon A. , Cabaret J.
Published: June 2009

The length and width of 1297Fasciola hepaticaeggs shed in cattle hosts, 337 in sheep and 199 in nutria, were measured from several parts of France. The data were compared with those obtained from other studies in Spain, France (where rats were also investigated), Germany and the Netherlands. One way analysis of variance and discriminant analysis were used to assess differences between host origins. The distribution of length and width of eggs were analysed using skewness and kurtosis Fisher coefficients. The eggs recovered from sheep, cattle, rodents and lagomorphs were different in size: the eggs found in rodents (length L × width W in μm: 8592) and lagomorphs (L × W in μm: 9100) were smaller than those found in sheep and cattle (L×W in μm: 10,000). These morphological differences inF. hepaticaeggs were host-induced in rats (L×W in μm: 9709 in cattle to 8949 in rats) and rabbits (L×W in μm: 9709 in cattle to 8432 in rabbits). These differences in size of eggs might correspond to their being less able to develop into miracidia in less frequent hosts such as rodents and rabbits.
Biological control of Haemonchus contortus infective larvae in ovine faeces by administering an oral suspension of Duddingtonia flagrans chlamydospores to sheep
Authors: Mendoza de Gives P. , Flores Crespo J. , Herrera Rodriguez D. , Vazquez Prats V. , Liebano Hernandez E. , Ontiveros Fernandez G.E.
Published: June 2009

A single oral dose of an aqueous suspension containing 11,350,000 chlamydospores of a Mexican isolate of Duddingtonia flagrans (FTHO-8) given to sheep, resulted in a maximum reduction of 88% (range 86.7–90.4%) of the population of Haemonchus contortus infective larvae in the faeces. The effect of this treatment continued for 4–5 days after administration of the suspension. The possible use of this treatment as a method of control of ovine haemonchosis is discussed.
On the Morphology and Life History ofFasciola nyanzaeLeiper, 1910 from the Hippopotamus
Authors: Dinnik J. A. , Dinnik N. N.
Published: June 2009

A half a century ago, R. T. Leiper described a new species belonging to the genusFasciolafrom specimens which he collected from hippopotami at the Murchison Falls, on the Victoria Nile in Uganda, in the summer of 1907. This species,Fasciola nyanzae, was found in the bile ducts of the liver, and in most instances the specimens were somewhat macerated owing to the length of time that had elapsed before the animal could be recovered from the water. Nevertheless, the characteristic shape of these liver flukes and the restriction of the branched testes to the anterior third of the body made it possible to recognise them as being different from all other species of the genus known at that time.
Estimation of Field Populations of Cyst forming Nematodes of the GenusHeterodera
Authors: Fenwick D. W.
Published: June 2009

Despite many recent advances in the study of nematicides and in the breeding of resistant strains of plants, control of cyst forming nematodes is still best accomplished by crop rotation; to be fully effective, it is also desirable that a field in which it is proposed to grow a susceptible crop should be sampled and an estimate made of the population of nematodes present: such an estimate is susceptible to different sources of error and although it is possible to decrease the magnitude of these errors a compromise has to be reached between the conflicting claims of precision on the one hand and the expenditure of man-power on the other; it is desirable that this compromise be based on factual data rather than guesswork; good estimates of the order of magnitude of the different types of error are therefore desirable.
On Three New Species ofOpistholebes(Opistholebetidae Fukui, 1929) from the Globe fish,Tetraodon viridipunctatus(Gunther) from India
Authors: Gupta Amar Nath
Published: June 2009

Three new species of the genusOpistholebes(Opistholebetidae Fukui, 1929) are described from the small intestine of the globefish,Tetraodon viridipunctatus(Gunther) in India.

A key to the species of the genusOpistholebesNicoll, 1915 is given.
A Cryptic Infection of an Appendix with the Whipworm, Trichuris trichiura in Britain
Authors: Haines D. O. , Buckley J. J. C. , Pester F. R. N.
Published: June 2009

A case of infection of an appendix with a whipworm, Trichuris trichiura is described. Only the thin pharyngeal part of the worm imbedded in the mucosa was observed in the sections, and whipworm eggs were not found in the patient's stools or appendiceal faeces.
Cephalic and Pharyngeal Structures in Microfilariae Revealed by Staining
Authors: Laurence B. R. , Simpson M. G.
Published: June 2009

(1) Staining methods using paraldehyde-fuchsin, chrome-haematoxylin, and alcian blue or astra blue following oxidation, have demonstrated the shape of the hook and other structures on the cephalic space of microfilariae. These structures are described for three species of the genus Brugia, B. malayi, B. pahangi and B. patei, and are compared with the related structures found in the genera Wuchereria, Loa, Cardiofilaria, Onchocerca, Mansonella, Dipetalonema and Litomosoides.

(2) In Brugia the hook of the microfilaria is V-shaped and is supported basally by a pair of transverse basal pieces which are closely associated with an oral ring. Similar structures are found in the microfilariae of Wuchereria and Loa except that in Loa the hook is supported below by a semi-circular arch. In Brugia there is a row of three spines transversely on the cephalic space opposite the hook complex, the spines being markedly shorter in B. patei than in the other two species; in Wuchereria there is a single transverse row of four spines, and in Loa there are two or three transverse rows of spines, No spines arranged opposite the hook complex were observed in the other genera. The hook and associated structures in Cardiofilaria are similar in arrangement to those of Loa, and the small structures in Mansonella can possibly be derived from a similar arrangement. In Onchocerca the hook has the appearance of a broad plate and in Dipetalonema perstans part of the surface of the cephalic space appears to be involved with the small pointed “hook”. In Litomosoides the tip of the cephalic space is covered by a helmet-like structure carrying a pointed beak-like projection.

(3) It is suggested, from their staining reactions, that the cephalic structures of microfilariae are particularly rich in disulphide bonds, suggesting the presence of cystine.

(4) The staining methods also demonstrate an internal thread of tissue in microfilariae which extends in Brugia from the tip of the cephalic space back to the innen korper. A similar thread is present in the microfilaria of Wuchereria, Loa, Cardiofilaria and Mansonella but was not observed in the other genera, although a short thread of tissue was stained in the cephalic space in Onchocerca and Litomosoides. In Brugia, the buccal capsule, the pharynx and the pharyngo-intestinal valve develop around the pharyngeal thread of the microfilaria. The extreme end of the thread, around which the pharyngo-intestinal valve develops, differs in its staining reactions from the rest of the thread.

(5) The staining reactions of the pharyngeal thread in the microfilaria of Brugia show resemblances to those of “elastic” fibres in other invertebrates and oxytalan fibres of vertebrates. The pharyngeal thread appears to contain an acid mucopolysaccharide component.

(6) The possible functions of the cephalic and pharyngeal structures in the microfilariae are discussed briefly.

(7) A staining routine for demonstrating the structures described in this paper is given in an appendix.
A Distomid Larva infesting the Egyptian Mullet
Authors: Kobayashi Harujiro
Published: June 2009

From the researches of Onchi and Nishio it is known that the encysted larva of Heterophyes nocens Onchi et Nishio is found in the Japanese mullet. H. nocens is closely allied to H. heterophyes v. Siebold, which is found commonly in. man, dog and cat in Egypt. It may be assumed that the larva of the Egyptian Heterophyes will be found likewise in certain fishes allied to the mullet. On the homeward voyage from my tour in Europe I examined some specimens of mullet in Port Said, for the purpose of finding the young larva in them, and was fortunate enough to discover encysted larva. I carried back with me some of these fishes fixed by formalin. After returning to Chosen (Korea) I examined the parasite, and found that it certainly belongs to a species of Heterophyes. Its morphological description is given in the present short communication.
On Kiluluma Skriabin, a genus of Strongylid nematodes parasitic in the African Rhinoceros
Authors: Thapar Gobind Singh
Published: June 2009

The earliest account of the Strongylid parasites of the rhinoceros is given by von Linstow (1907) where he describes the only form under the name Deletrocephalus stylosus. His description of this type is brief and now inadequate and the illustrations are very few. This form, however, does not show any generic characters in common with the type species, Deletrocephalus dimidiatus, Diesing, of the genus. It was, hence, removed by Skriabin (1916) into a new genus, Kiluluma, created by him for its reception. Thus the form, D. stylosus, von Linstow, was transferred to the genus under the title K. stylosa. It may, however, be mentioned that Skriabin in his account suggests that von Linstow's Deletrocephalus brachylaimus from rock-rabbit is the probable, second species of this new genus, Kiluluma.
Some Observations on the Nematode Hexatylus viviparus Goodey, 1926
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: June 2009

Hexatylus viviparus, a spear-bearing nematode superficially resembling Aiiguillulina dipsaci, was originally described by the writer (1926) from a diseased potato tuber. In a second note published the same year (1926a), further details of its structure were given; the organisms in this case being obtained from a gladiolus corm affected with an internal soft rot.

Since the appearance of these papers the writer has encountered this species on several occasions both in potato tubers and gladiolus corms. The receipt of a gladiolus corm in February, 1937, the brown rotten centre of which contained numerous specimens of the worm, provided further material for detailed observations on the structure of the worms. Some of the decayed central tissues of the corm also served as an inoculum for the cultivation of the nematode, along with a fungus, on slope cultures of a malt extract agar. Subcultures from the original slopes have been made from time to time and on these the worms have been successfully maintained for more than twelve months.
On the Occurrence of Heterodera Cysts in Various Soils and on the Roots of Agrostis stolonifera L.
Authors: Franklin Mary T.
Published: June 2009

During the microscopical examination of the debris collected by flotation from soil infected with the potato eelwormHeterodera schachtii Schmidt, the presence of small numbers of cysts unlike those typical of the potato strain has frequently been observed. The distinguishing characters of these cysts are their dark colour and their lemon-like shape. Similar cysts were seen by chance during observations on “clean” soil which was being used as a control to pot experiments with eelworm-infected soil. This “clean” soil had been obtained from a heap of top-spit material which had been removed from a field on Winches Farm known to have been under grass for at least twenty years, and probably longer.
Cylindrogaster coprophaga gen. et sp. nov. A Nematode found in a Culture of Fæces from a Wild Brown Rat
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: June 2009

Free-living nematodes commonly occur in cultures of fæces, and as Looss (1911) showed years ago they have frequently been mistaken for the developmental stages of parasitic nematodes. For this reason it is important that detailed knowledge of the morphology of such free-living forms should be available. With this end in view the following illustrated account of what appears to be a new genus of nematode has' been prepared. The worms occurred originally in a culture of the fæces of a brown rat, Rattus norvegicus, made for the study of the free-living stages of the Strongyloides of the rat; and as after detailed study it has been found impossible to find any existing description of nematodes which agree with the structural appearances shown by the worms, it has been decided to create a new genus for their reception.
Observations on the Life History of Ælurostrongylus abstrusus (Railliet), the Lungworm of the Cat
Authors: Cameron Thomas W. M.
Published: June 2009

A Preliminary outline of the life history of the lungworm of the cat and its confusion with that of Ollulanus tricuspis, has been given in a previous paper. Since that paper was published, the name of the family of lungworms has been changed to Protostrongylidæ by Professor Leiper; and an examination of adults of the lungworm from the cat, shewed that it belonged to a different genus from the type of the old genus Synthetocaulus. To this new genus, the name ælurostrongylus has been given.
On the larval migration of some parasitic nematodes in the body of the host and its biological significance
Authors: Fülleborn F.
Published: June 2009

As Looss has shown, the larvæ of Ancylostoma can infect a suitable host by penetrating the healthy skin. If we place the infective material on the surface of the skin, after a short time we find the larvæ in the subcutaneous tissue. The same behaviour is shown by the filariform larvæ of Strongyloides siercoralis, which provide more convenient material for examination, because they can be collected very easily in pure culture and free from fluid by the special culture-method described by me (1924), the principle of which depends on the well-known fact that the filariform larvæ of Strongyloides and other nematode larvæ, accumulate in the form of white filaments of several millimetres in length (fig. 3), each consisting of thousands of individual larvæ, on little prominences in their vicinity, all being guided to similar places by the same sets of “tropisms” (Fülleborn, 1924).
Further Observations on the Morphology of Heterodera schachtii, with Remarks on the Bionomics of a strain attacking Mangolds in Britain
Authors: Triffitt Marjorie J.
Published: June 2009

In a previous publication the morphological characters of a strain of H. schachtii specialised on the potato in Lincolnshire were discussed. The size and shape of the brown cysts, size of the eggs and first stage larvæ and the general characters of the adult males of this strain were compared with those of a strain attacking potatoes in Rostock, Mecklenburg, for which the specific name H. rostochiensis was suggested by Wollenweber 1923.

Considerable dimensional variations were found to exist in the Lincolnshire strain, and a study of the literature on the morphological characters of H. schachtii specialised on sugar-beet and oats, showed equally wide divergencies between the findings of different workers. A certain amount of preserved material of infected roots of beet and oats being available to the writer, as many developmental stages as possible were extracted from these, on which similar morphological studies were carried out. Thus a fairly complete comparative survey of H. schachtii specialised on beet, oats and potatoes was completed, and the morphological variations between the strains were found to be insufficient to justify the separation of the strain specialised on potato from those on beet and oats. The name H. rostochicnsis was, therefore, deemed a synonym for H. schachtii.
On the Possibility of Panagrellus silusiae Parasitizing the Mouse under Experimental Conditions.
Authors: Lees E.
Published: June 2009

1. Panagrellus silusiae was cultured in various media to determine the possibility of establishing it as a facultative parasite in the mammalian body. It was found to tolerate pH values of its environment between 1.0–8.5.

2. It survived for 24 hours in gastric juice but was rapidly killed by pancreatic juice. In both preparations larval mortality was higher than that of adults.

3. P. silusiae withstood environmental temperatures up to 87°C. At 40°C. death did not occur within 24 hours.

4. P. silusiae could survive without oxygen for at least 24 hours provided that the carbon-dioxide produced by its own respiration was not allowed to accumulate.
Keratitis in Pheasants following Treatment with Phenothiazine
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: June 2009

During the course of some anthelmintic tests carried out during June, 1949, it was necessary continuously to feed 4 per cent, phenothiazine to pheasant poults in the daily mash, which they ate without any obvious distaste and grew reasonably well. The birds were a mixture of several varieties of Phasianus colchicus, including some Formosan and Korean hybrids. These latter birds have a light coloured plumage and it was soon noticed that the feathers were darkening. The change was obvious less than 86 hours after the first experimental feeding. All the birds were therefore examined and it was found that all were similarly affected though it was less obvious among the melanistics and blacknecks, which have a darker plumage. The leg scales too had taken on a distinct dark green hue, and this became more intense as the tests proceeded; the pigmented feathers assumed a fiat brownish colour, while the filoplumes are distinctly red.
On Some Trematode Parasites from the Jackdaw, Corvus monedula in Britain
Authors: Davies J. B.
Published: June 2009

Of a total of sixteen Jackdaws examined, four were found to be infected with Trematodes. These yielded a total of five species, two of which are new to the British fauna, namely Urotocus thalonetensis and Tamerlania zarudnyi. The other parasites found were Platynosomum petiolaium, Lyperosomum longicauda and Prosthogonimus ovatus. With the exception of P. ovatus all the species are described in the text.
Helminth Parasites of Hertfordshire Birds I.—Trematoda
Authors: Mettrick D. F.
Published: June 2009

Re-descriptions are given of the following species :—

1.Lyperosomum longicauda(Rudolphi, 1809) Looss, 1899.

2.Lutztrema monenteron(Price and Mclntosh, 1935) Travassos, 1941.

3.Dicrocoelioides petiolatum(Railliet, 1900) Dollfus, 1954.

4.Brachylaemus fuscatus(Rudolphi, 1819) var.nicolli(Witenberg 1925).

Previous host records for these trematodes are given.

A list is given of the host records made during the survey.
Studies on Some Helminths of the Domestic Pig(Sus scrofa domestica)in Western Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Ahluwalia S. S.
Published: June 2009

Systematic studies on the helminth parasites of pigs in India have appeared in papers by Maplestone (1930), Maplestone and Bhaduri (1937, 1942), Bhalerao (1924, 1931, 1935), Baylis (1939), Mudaliar and Gopalakrishnan (1938), Buckley (1939), Chatterjee (1939), Mukerjee (1945, 194G, 1948), Wolfgang (1953), Peter (1954). Srivastava and Peter (1954), Varma (1954), Ramanujachari and Alwar (1954), Sinha and Srivastava (1956), Thapar (1956), Sinha (1957), Alwar (1958) and Ahluwalia (1959, a, b; 1960, a, b, c). These studies are mostly in regard to the infestations encountered among pigs from scattered areas in India. Maplestone, Bhalerao and Baylis in their work have, however, compiled all the then available reports and also given brief descriptions of the species known to parasitise Indian pigs.
On a New Cestode,Anthobothrium taeniurin.sp., (Tetraphyllidea) from the Red Sea Sting Ray and the Relationship betweenAnthobothriumvan Beneden, 1850,RhodobothriumLinton, 1889 andInermiphyllidiumRiser, 1955
Authors: Saoud M. F. A.
Published: June 2009

1. A new species,Anthobothrium taeniurin.sp., has been described from the spiral intestine of the sting ray,Taeniura lymmafrom the Red Sea and compared with related species.

2. The two generaRhodobothriumLinton, 1889 andInermipyllidiumRiser, 1955 are considered to be synonyms ofAnthobothriumvan. Beneden, 1850.
Comparative Studies on the Characteristics of Some Geographical Strains of Schistosoma mansoni in Mice and Hamsters
Authors: Saoud M. F. A.
Published: June 2009

In the First Report of the W. H. O. Expert Committee on Bilharziasis (1953) it was stated: “Infection with Schistosoma is often well tolerated and without clinical signs, however this relative benignity appears to vary considerably from country to country, without the cause of these variations being as yet thoroughly understood”. This statement refers to the relative absence of serious manifestations of schistosomiasis as has been reported by various investigators working in Africa, e.g. Ramsay (1934) working in Nigeria, Dixon (1934) and Fisher (1934) in the Congo, Gelfand (1950) in Southern Rhodesia, Mackey (1953) in Tanganyika, Manson-Bahr (1958) in Kenya and Nelson (1959) in Uganda as compared with the situation reported in Egypt and South America.
The Extent to which Self-Augmentation of Nematode Parasitism Occurs in Lambs
Authors: Tetley J. H.
Published: June 2009

Sheep reared worm free were used as indicators of the availability of sheep nematode infective larvae during the summer on pasture grazed by ordinary flock ewes and their lambs.

Data were collected in terms of worms found in the test sheep at post mortem examination after periods of three weeks' exposure in the field.
On a New Nematode, Nilonema gvmnarchi gen. et sp. nov., (Dracunculidae), from a Freshwater Fish in the Sudan
Authors: Khalil L. F.
Published: June 2009

1. The females of a new nematode Nilonema gymnarchi gen. et sp. nov. are described from the lung-like air bladder of the Nile fish Gymnarchus niloticus in the Sudan.

2. Nilonema gymnarchi is made the genotype of a new genus Nilonema on the basis of the presence and position of cone-like cuticular protuberances.
The Occurrence of Diphyllobothrium in Trout, with Special Reference to an Outbreak in the West of England
Authors: Fraser Phyllis G.
Published: June 2009

(1) The occurrence of outbreaks of Diphyllobothrium in trout and related forms is reviewed.

(2) A survey of the occurrence of Diphyllobothrium in Great Britain has been made. Plerocercoids of Diphyllobothrium have been found in approximately half of the areas from which trout have been examined. Three species of Diphyllobothrium at least have been found to infect trout and related species of freshwater fish in this country.
On Two New Species of Procamallannuss Baylis, 1923 from India, with a Key to the Species
Authors: Ali S. M.
Published: June 2009

In 1956 the author described five new species of Procamallanus from India and also gave an amended key to the species, originally described by Annereaux (1946). Meanwhile a few more species were reported from India and elsewhere, but as the author had no access to the publications, these species were not included in the key. To clarify certain points the following review is given.
On Some Species of the Genus Oxyspirura (Nematoda, Thelaziidae) from Birds in Czechoslovakia
Authors: Barus V.
Published: June 2009

The paper describes findings of three species of nematodes of the genus Oxyspirura parasites of birds in Czechoslovakia: O. (S.) petrowi (Skrjabin, 1929) from Lanius collurio L., O. (S.) rysavyi Baruŝ, 1963 from Oriolus oriolus oriolus and O. (O.) chabaudi n.sp. from Motacilla alba alba L.
Ostertagiaspp. in Lambs and Pregnant Ewes
Authors: Dunsmore John D.
Published: June 2009

It was confirmed that lambs born in the Central Tabelands area of New South Wales became infested withOstertagiaspp. to a potentially pathogenic level very early in their lives. By studying the faecal egg output of ewes in this area it was shown that a markedOstertagiaspp. egg count rise occurred in all lambing ewes at or closely associated with parturition. It was also shown that it was not likely that these ewes had themselves picked up manyOstertagiaspp. larvae during the latter part of their pregnancy and that the parturient egg count rise mainly resulted from larvae ingested prior to, or early in, pregnancy.
A New Species of the Genus Pseudophvsaloptera Baylis, 1934 from Sorex murinus in India
Authors: Farooqui Nasrullah , Ali S. Mehdi
Published: June 2009

Baylis (1934) erected the genus Pscudophysaloptera for the worm he recovered from Crocidura sp. from Africa. In 1937 Chen reported the same species, P. soricina from China. In 1948 Lincicome transferred Physaloptera formosana (Yokogawa, 1922) to Pseudophysaloptera. In the same year Lincicome and McConnaughey reported another species, P. riukiuana from Suncus murinus in Okinawa. In 1953 Kobulej and Vershenyi described a worm as Physaloptera kotlani, but Schad (1903) rightly transferred it to Pseudophysaloptera. Kobulej 1955 doubted the validity of the genus Pseudophysaloptera, but the labial dentition and the sessile caudal papillae are characters good enough to regard it as an independent genus.
A Note on the Identification of Skrjabinema ovis (Skrjabin, 1915) and Trichostrongylus spp. in Sheep and Goats in Iran
Authors: Shahlapoor A. A.
Published: June 2009

This paper reports the occurrence of Skrjabinema ovis and Trichostrongylus spp. not previously identified in sheep and goats in Iran. A complete list of the helminth parasites now known to exist in sheep and goats in Iran is included in the discussion.
Variation and Criteria for Generic and Specific Determination of Diphyllobothriid Cestodes
Authors: Stunkard Horace W.
Published: June 2009

In a recent publication, Vik (1964) p. 6, observed, “Although the genus Diphyllobolhrium Cobbold, 1858, has been revised several times (Liihe, 1910, Cohn, 1912, Stunkard, 1949, Wardle and McLeod, 1952, and Yamaguti, 1959) since the type species was described by Cobbold in 1858, the systematics of the group are still in a state of confusion and identification is made difficult by discrepancies in original and subsequent descriptions. However, the significant facts here are that Diphyllobothrium species from land mammals and fish-eating birds, those about whose life cycle we know most, do not seem to be especially host specific; and that in tapeworm specimens of the same species—factors such as the age of the worm, age and nutrition of the host, degree of crowding in the intestines, etc., as well as the species of host used, may result in marked differences in appearance.” This appraisal of the situation is modest and conservative.
Two Diplostomulum Larvae (Strigeida, Trematoda) in the Eyes of Sticklebacks (Gasterostens aculeatus L.)
Authors: Berrie A. D.
Published: June 2009

Two distinct Diplostomulum metacercariae were shown to inhabit the eyes of sticklebacks. Both these species could complete their life cycles in the same three host species. Observations at different seasons indicated that under cold winter conditions no transmission occurred from snails to fish in the field.
Cathaemasia variabilis n.sp. (Trematoda: Cathaemasiidae) from the Oesophagus of Sphenorhynchus abdimii
Authors: Van Den Broek Elisabeth
Published: June 2009

Four samples of trematode parasites were collected from imported Abdim's storks at the Zoological gardens “Artis”, Amsterdam. The first collection was made during autopsy of a bird that had been in “Artis” for several years; some months later, the parasites were discovered in the oesophagus and mouth cavity of birds that were imported from Africa only recently. Ultimately, a number of trematodes belonging to the same species have been scraped out of the mouth cavities of 5 living Abdim's storks. My thanks are due to Mr. P. Zwart, veterinary surgeon, Utrecht, and to Dr. E. Jacobi, manager of “Artis”, Amsterdam, for collecting the parasites and making them available for taxonomic studies.
On Polystoma prudhoei sp. nov. (Trematoda: Monogenea) from Rana (Ptychadena) oxyrhynchus in the Cameroons
Authors: Saoud M. F. A.
Published: June 2009

The material of this study consists of three monogenetic trematodes which were collected in mid August, I960 from the urinary bladder of Rana (Ptychadena) oxyrhynchus caught in Kumba, the Cameroons (West Africa). Mr. F. R. N. Pester, F.I.S.T., of the Department of Parasitology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine kindly forwarded the material to the writer for identification.

The specimens are all identical, belonging to a new species of the genus Polystoma Zeder, 1800 which is described herein as Polystoma Prudhoei sp. nov. in honour of Mr. S. Prudhoe of the Department of Zoology, the British Museum (Natural History) for his unfailing help and advice.
Experiments on the Control of Parasitic Gastroenteritis in Calves
Authors: Michel J. F. , Lancaster M. B.
Published: June 2009

In three successive years trials were made of measures for the control of parasitic gastro-enteritis in calves, based on the knowledge that the second generation of the worms is the cause of disease and that it becomes available on the herbage in July. A comparison was made between calves which remained on the same pasture throughout the season, calves which were moved in the middle of July to pasture which had not been contaminated since the previous autumn and calves which were given a dose of anthelmintic when moved to such clean pasture. A fourth group consisted of calves which received anthelmintic treatment every week while remaining on infected ground.
Adaptation of a Filarial Worm, Brugia patei, to a New Mosquito Host, Aedes togoi
Authors: Laurence B. R. , Pester F. R. N.
Published: June 2009

1. The filarial worm Brugia patei was brought to London from East Africa in the larval stage developing in Mansonia mosquitoes. Subsequent transmission to domestic cats was possible in London through a laboratory colony of Mansonia uniformis and the worm was very infective to this species of mosquito. The worm was much less infective to Aedes togoi and Anopheles gambiae.

2. Subsequent passage of the worm through Aedes togoi has increased its infectivity to this species of mosquito. The infection rate has risen from 43·6% in females of A. togoi fed on the cat original- ly infected by larvae from Mansonia mosquitoes, to 59·2% in females fed on a cat containing the first generation of worms to pass through A. togoi, to 79·1% in females fed on cats containing the second generation of worms to pass through A. togoi, to 86·7% in females fed on cats containing the third generation of worms to pass through A. togoi, to 89·8% in females fed on cats containing the fourth generation of worms to pass through A. togoi.

3. The distributions of infective stage larvae in female mosquitoes were negative binomial distributions. These were related to the distributions of microfilarial intake immediately after infection which were also negative binomial. From one generation of worms passed through the new mosquito host to the next the mean and the k value of the negative binomial of the infective stage larvae approached the same parameters for the distribution of microfilarial intake. By the fourth generation of worms passed through A. togoi the distributions of microfilarial intake and infective stage larvae developing in A. togoi were similar, suggesting close adaptation to the new mosquito host. A similar relation between these distributions was found originally in Mansonia. There were however considerable differences in these distributions between the two species of mosquito.

4. The experiment extended over a period of 6 years. The change in infectivity did not appear to be related to the microfilarial density, age of infection, or sex, in the mammalian host. Neither could it be related to the genetics of susceptibility in the mosquito, nor to mosquito culture techniques, nor to mosquito mortality.

5. It is concluded that the observed change in infectivity is best explained by a change in adaptation of the worm to the new intermediate host by selection within the mosquito of those microfilariae adapted to it. No major change in infectivity to the original intermediate host, Mansonia, was found during the experiment.

6. These findings are examined with reference to changes in adaptation to mosquito hosts in the history of Bancroftian filariasis.
Parabronetna roundi n.sp. (Spiruridae: Nematoda) from Rhinoceros bicornis in Kenya
Authors: Fitzsimmons W. M.
Published: June 2009

This new species is described from material consisting of four males and six females said to have been recovered from the intestine of Rhinoceros bicornis in Kenya and sent to the writer through the courtesy of Mr. M. C. Round, B.Sc, of Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Services, Kabete, Kenya.
Metastrongylus spp. infections of village pigs in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Copland J. W.
Published: June 2009

A high incidence of lungworm infection occurs in young village pigs, 5 and 11 months old. The mean count was 215 and 315 adult lungwqrms for eleven 5 month and ten 11 month village pigs respectively. All infections were mixed infections comprising M. pudendodectis (69 %), M. apri (18 %) and M. salmi (13 %). No seasonal variation was observed in the rate of infection. A partial immunity to Iungworms is evident in the 11 month old pigs.
Acquired resistance to experimental Heterakis gallinarum infections in pheasants: Relative immunity conferred by exposure to heterakids of different ages
Authors: Chute Anne M. , Lund Everett E.
Published: June 2009

Ring-necked pheasants were exposed to artificially limited 10-day infections with heterakids either from 0-10 or 10–20 days old. The number and length of worms developing from a subsequent challenge dose were compared with those in nonimmunized control birds and with those in birds that had been exposed to a continuous immunizing infection for a total of 49 days: 28 days before challenge and 21 days during the challenge infection.
Autoradiographic studies on the uptake of [14C]-Glucose by Bithynia tentaculata (Mollusca: Gastropoda) and its larval digeneans
Authors: Reader Trevor A. J.
Published: June 2009

Autoradiographs revealed that sporocysts of Cercaria helvetica XII and rediae of Sphaeridiotrema globulus, incubated in a medium containing [14C]-glucose, exhibited slight radioactivity in their body wall after only 30 seconds incubation. Activity in sporocysts and rcdiae gradually increased as the incubation period was extended until after 4 minutes, a heavy reaction was observed in the parasite body wall as well as in the germ balls and developing cercariae within the parasite brood chambers. The redial caecum appeared to incorporate the labelled compound much more intensely than did the redial body wall.

When uninfected Bithynia tentaculata, as well as B. tentaculata infected with either S. globulus or C. helvetica XII, were maintained in pond water containing [14C]-glucose, activity could be detected in the gills of both infected and uninfected snails after 5 hours incubation. After 12 hours a much heavier labelling was apparent in the gills, together with moderate activity in the haemocoelic spaces, foot musculature, stomach wall, and gut contents. After 20 hours a more intense labelling was apparent in these regions of the snail body and, in addition, some activity could be detected in the digestive gjand tubules of the host and, in infected snails, in the bodies of developing parasites. After 30 hours incubation the labelled compound had become incorporated into most of the host tissues but was most intense in the digestive gland tubules. Heavy activity was also evident in the parasites at this stage although certain cystogenous gland cells of the cercariae of both parasite species did not incorporate the labelled compound.
A note on the occurrence of an immature parafilariid worm in the anterior chamber of eye of a buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Chauhan P. P. S. , Arora G. S. , Ahluwalia S. S.
Published: June 2009

An immature parafilarial worm recovered from the anterior chamber of the eye of a buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is described. On the basis of characteristic cuticular ornamentation at the anterior extremity, an undivided short oesophagus and unequal spicules, the specimen has been identified tentatively as a male juvenile of Parafilaria bovicola. This is the first record for P. bovicola as an accidental infection of the eye of a buffalo.