bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Presidential Operational Codes and Foreign Policy Conflicts in the Post-Cold War World
Authors: Walker Stephen G. , Schafer Mark , Young Michael D.
Published: March 2007

The authors investigate the linkage between presidential operational codes and the management of foreign policy conflicts during the period of strategic adjustment in American foreign policy following the cold war. Beliefs expressed in public speeches by Presidents George Bush and Bill Clinton are coded for self and other attributions that represent different forms of the exercise of political power. Bush's beliefs reveal a less cooperative, relatively inflexible approach to conflict management in the foreign policy domain, whereas Clinton's beliefs indicate a more flexible and cooperative approach. Their orientations interacted with contextual variables and the opponents' behavior to shape the selection of U.S. behavior in four post-cold war conflicts: Panama, Haiti, the Persian Gulf, and Bosnia. A favorable power position and the absence of vital or strategic U.S. interests enhanced the effect of presidential operational codes.
The Nonverbal Assessment of Personality in Five Cultures
Authors: Paunonen Sampo V. , Zeidner Moshe , Engvik Harald A. , Oosterveld Paul , Maliphant Rodney
Published: March 2007

The Nonverbal Personality Questionnaire, a structured nonverbal measure of Murray’s needs, and the Personality Research Form, a standard verbal measure of the same traits, were administered to respondents in five countries: Canada, England, the Netherlands, Norway, and Israel. Analysis of the nonverbal scales showed generally good levels of internal consistency, reliability, and convergent validity when compared against their verbal counterparts. Furthermore, meta-analyses of factor structure of both the nonverbal and verbal inventories showed a very clear organization to the personality traits assessed. The factors, based on data combined across cultures, resembled the Big Five factors of personality.
Value Consensus and Importance
Authors: Schwartz Shalom H. , Sagie Galit
Published: March 2007

Societal value consensus has been widely discussed but rarely studied empirically. The authors developed a definition and an operational index for value consensus suitable for cross-national comparisons. They then generated and tested hypotheses concerning causal impacts of socioeconomic development and political democratization on both value importance and value consensus in a society. Data are from matched samples of teachers from 42 nations ( N = 7,856) who completed a survey that measures 10 distinct types of values. Both development and democratization correlate positively with the importance of openness and self-transcendence values, and negatively with the importance of conservation and self-enhancement values. Development and democratization have opposite relations to value consensus, suppressing one another’s effects. Development increases overall value consensus, whereas democratization decreases it. Differences between effects on specific value types are discussed.
How a Language Gender System Creeps into Perception
Authors: Flaherty Mary
Published: March 2007

The influence of a gender system in a language on perception was examined in a cross-cultural study. Participants were from two language groups, one with a gender system, Spanish, and the other with a limited gender system, English. In each language group, participants were from three age groups: 5-7 years old, 8-10 years old, and adult. In one experiment, participants were asked to put a typical male or female name to 20 objects. In another experiment, participants were asked to assign attributes to the objects. Language gender tags influenced the Spanish adults and the 8- to 10-year-olds in their choice of gender assignment, whereas perceived attributes influenced the younger Spanish children and English speakers (both adults and children). It appears that in a language with a grammatical gender system, such as Spanish, the gender system creeps into perception after the gender tags have been acquired.
Cultural Variation and Similarity in Moral Rhetorics
Authors: Vasquez Kristin , Keltner Dacher , Ebenbach David H. , Banaszynski Tracy L.
Published: March 2007

Past research on morality has emphasized a single justice-based moral ethic. Expanding this conception of morality, Shweder has proposed a universal taxonomy of three moral rhetorics related to justice, interdependence, and purity. Five studies tested the hypothesis that American morality emphasizes the justice-based rhetoric, whereas Filipino morality is represented by all three rhetorics. In the first three studies, American examples were modally justice based, whereas Filipinos generated examples in approximately equal proportions from each rhetoric. In Study 4, Americans rated justice-based rules higher on criteria of morality than rules from other rhetorics; Filipinos rated rules from all three rhetorics as moral. In Study 5, the association between anger and moral violations was stronger for Americans than for Filipinos, consistent with American emphasis on the moral stature of justice. Discussion focused on the origins and consequences of the American emphasis on rights and the balanced representation of morality observed in Filipinos.
Relationship-Specific Closeness of Intergenerational Family Ties
Authors: Euler Harald A. , Hoier Sabine , Rohde Percy A.
Published: March 2007

Cross-generational cultural transmission is facilitated by affectional ties between cultural model and recipient. A theory of cultural transmission must therefore account for how and why affectional ties vary between different dyadic relationships. Findings on the tie strengths of several intergenerational kin dyads (grandparent- grandchild, grandparent-parent, aunt/uncle-niece/nephew) as rated by recipients of kin investment (adult grandchildren or nieces/nephews) are presented, based on several studies with altogether more than 3,000 participants between 16 and 80 years old. The relationship structures were dyad specific; asymmetrical with a tilt to the maternal side; robust; and predictable from reproductively relevant variables of the kinpersons involved, namely, sex-specific reproductive strategy, paternity uncertainty, and genetic closeness. Implications for the study of intrafamilial cultural transmission are discussed, with an emphasis on the importance of evolutionary theory for this research field.
Intranational Cultural Variation
Authors: Conway Lucian Gideon , Ryder Andrew G. , Tweed Roger G. , Sokol Bryan W.
Published: March 2007

Within-nation cultural variation across regions provides a largely untapped resource for examining cross- cultural relations usually studied at the international level. The current study examines the relations of collectivism, helping behavior with strangers, and pace of life across regions of the United States. The study shows that within-nation cultural variation can be used both to (a) cross-validate findings generated at the international level, findings that are otherwise exceedingly difficult to cross-validate, and to (b) generate new findings. The current study provides cross-validation for the previously reported negative relation at the international level between collectivism and a faster pace of life. The study also provides evidence that in the context of helping strangers, collectivism is negatively associated with certain types of helping behavior. In particular collectivism was negatively associated with the “planned” (as opposed to “spontaneous”) and “giving” (as opposed to “doing”) types of helping.
“Unpackaging” Acculturation
Authors: Phinney Jean S. , Flores Juana
Published: March 2007

In order to “unpackage” acculturation and gain a more nuanced understanding of the process, we examined separate aspects of acculturation as predictors of traditional sex role attitudes. Participants were 170 Hispanic adults (83 females and 87 males), including first-, second-, and third-generation immigrants with varying levels of education. Participants completed measures of each dimension of acculturation—ethnic retention (e.g., Spanish language, Hispanic friendships) and mainstream involvement (English language, non-Hispanic friendships)—and of traditional sex role attitudes. English language and non-Hispanic friendships were significant negative correlates of traditional sex role attitudes, but Spanish language and Hispanic friendships were unrelated to such attitudes. Being male, less educated, and of an earlier generation predicted traditional sex role attitudes, but gender differences in attitudes varied by generation and education levels. Results demonstrate that the acculturation process can be better understood by examining distinct aspects rather than combining the separate components into a single variable.
Socialization Values in West African, Negro and East Indian Cultures: A Cross-Cultural Comparison
Authors: Green Helen Bagenstose
Published: March 2007

Three groups (51 each) of lower-class maternity cases--West African, Negro, and East Indian--were given an interview schedule about their intentions for behavior toward their children and preferences for behavior by their children. The responses were divided into indexes considered to reflect socialization values in modelling or training children toward Social Breadth, Autonomy and Expressionism. Results showed the three groups to differ significantly from each other on each index with the exception of the West African and Negro samples on Autonomy. Means of cumulative individual scores indicated the Negro mothers to rank highest in Social Breadth, and the West African mothers to rank highest in Autonomy and Expressionism. The East Indian mothers were lowest in support of each index.
Nonstandard English and Free Recall
Authors: Ciborowski Tom , Choy Stephen
Published: March 2007

Two groups of schoolchildren were presented stories which contained embedded items that were later tested for recall. One group of children was judged to possess competent verbal skills in standard English and extremely marginal (if any) verbal skills in Hawaiian Islands dialect. A second group of children was judged to possess competent verbal skills in Hawaiian Islands dialect but with only marginal verbal skills in standard English. An unusual feature of the study was that the dialect speakers were not economically disadvantaged. The pattern of performance showed that the dialect speakers, despite schoolroom ratings, were in fact bidialectal, demonstrating verbal skills both in standard English and in Hawaiian Islands dialect.
Emic and Unfamiliar Category Sorting of Mano Farmers and U.S. Undergraduates
Authors: Irwin Marc H. , Schafer Gary N. , Feiden Cynthia P.
Published: March 2007

Mano farmers of Liberia, West Africa, and U.S. undergraduate men were tested on a rice-sorting task appropriate to the Mano cultural setting and an analogous card-sorting task appropriate to the U.S. cultural setting. U.S. Ss performed more card sorts than Mano Ss, while Mano Ss performed more rice sorts than U.S. Ss. A larger drop in performance level was associated with the use of an unfamiliar, as compared to an emic-or culturally appropriate-sorting task for the U.S. college students than for nonliterate Mano farmers. Both U.S. and Mano Ss most readily sorted by perceptually salient and unidimensional stimulus features and had difficulty shifting sorting dimensions, when tested with an unfamiliar task. U.S. men differed from Mano men in sorting more rapidly on both tasks, and in being more often able to describe verbally the basis for unfamiliar task sorts they had performed.
A Comparison of Vividness of Mental Imagery across Different Sensory Modalities in Filipinos and Caucasian-Americans
Authors: Marsella Anthcny J. , Quijano Walter Y.
Published: March 2007

Vividness of imagery across different sensory modalities in Filipinos and Caucasian Americans was investigated. Based upon previous theory and research, three hypotheses were advanced: (1) Filipinos would manifest greater vividness of imagery than Caucasian Americans in all sensory modalities; (2) groups would differ with respect to the rank order of scores for vividness of imagery for different sensory modalities; (3) groups would differ in the interrelationships of vividness of imagery scores among various sensory modalities examined. The first two hypotheses were partially supported but not the third. Results were interpreted in terms of variations in socialization practices between the two groups and the implications these practices may have for conditioning personality configurations and linguistic functions that mediate imagery abilities and use.
Racial Characteristics and Experimental Performance
Authors: Davidson Graham R.
Published: March 2007

The effect of racial characteristics of a model on modeling behaviour was measured by Aboriginal and white Australian boys' responses to three visual recognition tasks performed by Aboriginal and white models. Analysis of variance of data derived from the choice theory of Luce (1963) indicated that Ss changed their response bias to the test stimuli depending on the race of the model. Task differences were also culturally specified by bias scores. Race of model and type of task did not affect Ss' accuracy of responding. The use of choice theory is considered later in relation to experimenter effects in cross-cultural research.
Directional Scanning of Visual Stimuli
Authors: Nachshon Israel
Published: March 2007

Effect of directional set of horizontal scanning tendencies of visual stimuli was studied on male and female subjects with opposite left-right reading habits. Forty English readers and 40 Hebrew readers (in each group 20 males and 20 females) were presented with horizontal arrays of letter stimuli (either English or Hebrew letters) and of nonletter stimuli (circle and bar patterns) for scanning. Half of the subjects were presented with the letter stimuli first (set condition), and the other half were presented with the nonletter stimuli first (no-set condition). The results showed that experimental set affected the direction of scanning of nonletter as well as of letter stimuli. This effect was usually stronger for males than for females. Differential directional effects were found for English and for Hebrew letters. Reading habits affected performance on the nonletter tests, and interacted with the directional stimulus effects on the letter tests.
Perception of Personal Control and Academic Achievement in Sri Lanka
Authors: Faustman William O. , Mathews Walter M.
Published: March 2007

Several American studies have reported a correlation between superior academic achievement and internal locus of control. This internality-achievement relationship has been interpreted in light of contemporary changes in American education. In this study, the internality-achievement relationship is examined in the highly traditional educational system of Sri Lanka. Results demonstrated that the American findings generalize to the classroom environment in Sri Lanka. It is suggested that the American results may be unrelated to modern educational changes-that, instead, they are a consequence of an attribution process which may possess cross-cultural generality.
Allocation of Time to Leisure Activities
Authors: Arndt Johan , Gronmo Sigmund , Hawes Douglass K.
Published: March 2007

A comparative study of the time use behavior of samples of American and Norwegian consumers uncovered significant relationships within and between countries in time expenditures. Females were found to specialize in home-oriented and males in career-oriented activities; the home orientation of females also affected the nature of their leisure. Furthermore, there were important differences between the two countries in leisure behavior.
Knowledge of Sex-Trait Stereotypes
Authors: Tarrier Nicholas , Gomes Lygia F.
Published: March 2007

The knowledge of sex-associated characteristics was investigated in children of northeast Brazil using 32 short stories representing stereotyped sex traits. Children of 5, 8, and 11 years from both upper and lower social classes acted as subjects. There was a general increase in knowledge of stereotypes with age, although the level of knowledge was less than found in previous investigations of children from the United States, England, and Ireland. Lower-class children demonstrated a much later learning of sex traits and female traits were much better known than male traits. It was concluded that, due to low contact with male society, the rigid roles of a traditional society retard knowledge of conventional male associated traits in young children.
Fear of Personal Death and Positive Life Regard
Authors: Florian Victor , Snowden Lonnie R.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the present study was to investigate differences among college students from diverse ethnic and religious backgrounds in their fear of personal death and positive life regard. A total of 280 American subjects from six ethnic groups (Chinese, Mexican, Vietnamese, Black, White/Christian, White/Jewish), filled out the Fear of Personal Death Scale (Florian & Kravitz, 1983) and the Life Regard Index (Battista & Almond, 1973). Results indicated that compared to other ethnic groups. Vietnamese Americans received higher scores on certain aspects of the fear of personal death and lower scores on the Life Regard Index. Compared to other religious groups, Asian-Americans of the Buddhist faith expressed higher concern over the consequences of death to family and friends and fear of punishment in the hereafter, and lower positive life regard. An expected relationship was found between fear of death and positive life regard, but only among White/Caucasian and Black participants, This and other findings are discussed in the context of the applicability of previous research findings to diverse ethnic and religious-affiliated groups.
Perceiving the Causes of Success and Failure
Authors: Schuster Beate , Forsterlung Friedrich , Weiner Bernard
Published: March 2007

The present study examines cross-cultural perceptions of causal attributions pertinent to success and failure in achievement-related contexts. Two groups of participants(taxi drivers and civil servants) from five nations (Belgium, West Germany, India, South Korea, and England) rated 22 causal ascriptions (including ability, effort, task difficulty, and luck) on four causal properties (locus, stability, controllability, and globality). There was high agreement among the two social class groups as well as among four of the nations regarding the ratings of specific causes on the causal dimensions. However, Indian respondents rated all causes as more external, variable, and uncontrollable than did participants from the other cultures. With the exception of the Indian data, the results suggest that a priori classifications of causal attributions have cross-cultural validity and that causal dimensions suggested by attribution theorists capture basic aspects of the meanings of causes that are shared in different cultures.
Japanese and American Children's Styles of Processing Figural Matrices
Authors: Foorman Barbara R. , Yoshida Hajime , Swank Paul R. , Garson James
Published: March 2007

This investigation examined Japanese and American children's styles of processing computerized geometric matrices with a true/false and 1-3 elements and 0-2 transformations. Effectiveness of training in visual animation/construction or in verbal labeling was also considered. Prior to training, the 209 Japanese and American 7-, 10-, and 13-year-olds completed the Raven's Progressive Matrices and tests of perceptual reasoning and spatial relations. No outstanding differences were apparent. However, on the test of 108 figural matrices, speed/accuracy trade-off decisions differed for the two cultures. In contrast to American children, Japanese children's error decrease was accompanied by relatively little latency increase between the ages of 7and 10. This finding is attributed to Japanese children's expeditious style of considering task-related information. Moreover, this Japanese style appears to temper traditional gender differences in effectiveness of visual versus verbal training and in encoding spatial rotations.
Individualism-Collectivism
Authors: Schwartz Shalom H.
Published: March 2007

Three criticisms of the individualism-collectivism dichotomy are explicated. The dichotomy leads one to overlook values that inherently serve both individual and collective interests (e.g., wisdom), it ignores values that foster the goals of collectivities other than the ingroup (e.g., universal values, such as social justice), and it promotes the mistaken assumption that individualistic and collective values each form coherent syndromes that are in polar opposition. These problems are illustrated by applying a more fine-tuned analysis of ten types of values postulated to be present in all cultures (Schwartz, 1987) to data from four empirical studies. This analysis reveals meaningful group differences that are obscured by the individualism-collectivism dichotomy. As an impetus to future research, hypotheses are offered about the types of values likely to differ in importance between societies with a more collectivist (communal) social structure and those with a more individualistic (contractual) structure.
Cross-Cultural Variations of Adolescents' Future Orientation
Authors: Seginer Rachel , Halabi Hoda
Published: March 2007

This study addresses sociocultural variations of adolescents' subjective image of the future, or future orientation. Analysis of the responses-bf Israeli Druze, Arab and Jewish male adolescents (N = 152) to an open-ended, future orientation questionnaire partly supports the hypotheses that Druze adolescents will express fewer concerns regarding the future (salience), describe their concerns with less detail and concreteness (specificity) and that the importance of each future orientation domain relative to the other domains (density) will be different for Druze than for Arab and Jewish adolescents. Results are interpreted in terms of modernity (Jews) versus early and advanced stages of transition to modernity (Druzes and Arabs, respectively) and suggest that the intervening intrapersonal process explaining Druze future orientation involves alignment with powerful agents and related secondary control beliefs.
Are the Rules of Address Universal?
Authors: Kroger Rolf O. , Wood Linda A.
Published: March 2007

The authors' basic questions were: Does the alleged universality of R. Brown's Invariant Norm of Address extend to German usage and is the structure of address exchange cross-culturally similar for Chinese, Korean, Greek, and German speakers? Reports were obtained from two age samples of 91 female and male German speakers residing in West Germany of actual address usage received from and sent to 27 categories of interactants. The results supported Brown's description of address exchange such that German may be added to the languages that support the claim for the universality of the rules of address. The authors then compared German and previously reported Chinese, Korean, and Greek usage to reveal substantial cross-cultural consistency. The article discusses briefly the emerging connection of studies of address exchange with P. Brown and Levinson's theory of politeness.
Locus of Control in Relation to Sex and Nationality
Authors: Lee Victoria K. , Dengerink Harold A.
Published: March 2007

Locus of control was compared in American college students and Swedish gymnasium students. Swedish women were more externally oriented than Swedish men or Americans of either sex; Swedish men did not differ from Americans. Differences in locus of control were only modestly related to perception of government versus individual locus of responsibility. Locus of control orientation was not significantly related to sex-role attitude.
Translation Fidelity of Psychological Scales
Authors: Bontempo Robert
Published: March 2007

The increase in cross-national research has led to a need for assessing the translation fidelity of psychological scales. Problems with the translation process, including drawbacks of relying on bilingual translators and statistical methods based on classical test theory, are discussed. A method for assessing the quality of translations based on item response theory (IRT) is described. IRT analysis was applied to French and Chinese translations of a scale designed to measure individualism-collectivism. Results show how IRT identified several items as biased due to translation, and discussion emphasizes how this should be interpreted.
Power Distance, Individualism/Collectivism, and Job-Related Attitudes in a Culturally Diverse Work Group
Authors: Bochner Stephen , Hesketh Beryl
Published: March 2007

Hofstede's power distance (PD) and individualism (IDV) constructs were validated in the context of a single multicultural work setting. Two hundred sixty-three workers from 28 different countries employed in the information services branch of a large Australian bank completed a questionnaire the items of which measured some implications of the constructs, namely: superior-subordinate relationships, decision-making styles, the work ethic, task orientation, the psychological contract, and individual versus group achievement. On the basis of their Hofstede country index, the subjects were divided into high and low PD and IDV groups, respectively, and differences in their scores on theoretically relevant items provided support for both constructs. The questionnaire also included items stenming from the model about the nature and incidence of inteethnic work-related friction. As predicted, the out-group non-Anglo-Celt respondents reported a greater incidence of discrimination, regarded cultural diversity in the workplace more favorably, and engaged in more behaviors that the host culture would regard as countemormative.
Individual Genius within Cultural Configurations
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith
Published: March 2007

A classic controversy in the study of outstanding achievement concerns the importance of the cultural milieu in the emergence of genius. The current inquiry addresses this debate by investigating the correlation between an individual's eminence and his or her location within a cultural growth pattern or "configuration." In particular, the posthumous reputation of 611 Japanese creators and leaders was examined with respect to the shape of the configuration defined by 1,631 lesser figures active in the same domains of activity. The local configuration was classified as a peak, a trough, an ascent, or a descent using both domain-specific and systemwide definitions. The most eminent individuals were more likely to emerge during systemwide ascents and were less likely to appear during domain-specific descents.
The Cultural Psychology of Personality
Authors: Markus Hazel Rose , Kitayama Shinobu
Published: March 2007

Research in cultural psychology suggests that person is a social and collective construction made possible through an individual's participation in the practices and meanings of a given cultural context. This perspective can make a contribution to some contemporary controversies in personality. In the current article, it is argued that although most conceptions of personality in academic psychology are rooted in a model of the person as independent, in many Asian cultures, personality is constructed on the basis of an alternative model of the person as interdependent. In these cultures, then, personality is experienced and understood as behavior that is characteristic of the person in relationship with others in particular social contexts. Some initial evidence is reviewed and questions for future research are suggested.
Mental Rotation in Children from Ivory Coast and Switzerland
Authors: Nunez Rafael , Corti Diego , Retschitzki Jean
Published: March 2007

This research studies mental rotation in different cultural groups. An experiment is described in which 72 pupils from Abidjan (Ivory Coast) and 79 from Matran (Switzerland) responded to a computerized mental rotation task. When compared to classical studies, results show, for both groups, similar patterns of reaction times (RTs) across degrees of rotation. RTs, however, are significantly longer in Ivorean children, and for the Swiss (only) they decrease with age. Results do not entirely match the postulated linearity of the relationship between reaction time and degree of rotation, in particular at 30 and 330 degrees, for which RTs are longer than expected. Data also show that incorrect answers do not occur randomly, suggesting that the widely used criterion of RT based on correct responses only should be reconsidered. No gender differences were found.
Nondirectivity in the Person-Centered Approach: Critique of Kahn’s Critique
Authors: Bozarth Jerold D.
Published: March 2007

This article responds to a critique of nondirectivity in the person-centered approach by Edwin Kahn. Kahn contended (a) that it is impossible for a therapist to be consistently nondirective because theoretical and personal biases are unavoidable, (b) that the focus on the “psychology of the client” in person-centered therapy implies “a one-person rather than a two-person psychology,” and (c) that “fallible directivity may be useful.” The author considers Kahn’s arguments to be specious and a rehash of typical misunderstandings of the person-centered approach. Nondirectivity is not only a viable stance for the person-centered therapist but is also a direct result of adhering to the principles of the approach.
Creativity and Psychopathology: a Theoretical Model
Authors: Klein Robert H.
Published: March 2007

The view advanced here differs from traditional psychoanalytic notions. Distinctions are drawn between creativity and psychopathology. Different capacities and processes are postulated for each by virtue of a three-factor model which considers: (1) levels of primary and secondary process thinking, (2) the role of the preconscious, and (3) the nature of the synthetic ego operations. Furthermore, this view diverges from the traditional conceptions of primary and secondary processes which are based upon a hydraulic model wherein a reciprocal relationship between the two processes has been postulated. The present model is more consistent with the views advanced in psychoanalytic ego psychology. Emphasis is placed here not only on the significance of the role of the preconscious and the active posture of the ego during the creative process, but more specifically upon the crucial role of synthetic ego operations, that is, the integrating and organizing capacity itself. An attempt is made to draw attention to the fact that the creative process involves a synthesis of both developmentally primitive and developmentally advanced levels of psychological functioning throughout the entire process, and that the latter phases of the creative process are not merely equivalent to conventional work.
Emotion in Groups1
Authors: Kiesler Sara
Published: March 2007

High levels of emotion are characteristic of many laboratory training groups. The causes of group emotionality can be understood within the framework of recent psychological research on emotion and Schachter's theory of emotion. Schachter and others have demonstrated that emotion springs from two sources: physiological arousal and cognitive labeling (the latter influenced by the situation). This paper argues that training groups characteristically produce the high arousal necessary for experiencing intense emotion, and further, provide conditions under which arousal will be labeled as emotion and directed at either group members or activities. The implications of this process for both beneficial and harmful learning are explored. Intragroup examination of emotionality on a cognitive level is urged.
Naming the Cultural Forces That Push Us Toward War
Authors: Spretnak Charlene
Published: March 2007

Anthropology and archaeology have demonstrated that human societies can pass hundreds and even thousands of years in peace. Patriarchal cultures, however, go to war rather regularly. Militarism and warfare are continual features of a patriarchal society because they reflect and instill patriarchal values and fulfill essential needs of such a system. Men under patriarchy must prove dominance and control, must distance their character from that of "lowly" women, must survive the toughest violent initiation to enter full manhood, must shed the sacred blood of the hero, and must collaborate with death in order to hold it at bay. Such patriarchal pressures on men have traditionally reached resolution in ritual fashion on the battle-field. Unless peace efforts address the cultural pressures as well as the economic and political factors pushing us toward war, we will be unable to build a lasting peace.
Dreams in the Nuclear Age
Authors: Sargent Larry
Published: March 2007

When we examine a culture's attitude toward dreaming and vision experiences, we bring to light the archetypal force fields that inform the basic shape of the collective consciousness. Dreams are of the natural world, events of nature, and follow ancient, mythic patterns of influence. Shamanic cultures understand the power of dreaming, and in such cultures dreams are ritually cried for, or quested after because of their power to align people and communities with sacred intentionality. In the attempt to overpower and displace the native cultures of this country, our "patriarchal, urban culture of conquest" has damaged much of our dream grounding and inhibited our desire and capacity for tending the natural world (inner and outer) in sacred, mythically meaningful ways. In this essay, I sketch the nature of dream reality in this country prior to, and following European colonization, and explore how a culture's relationship with dreaming reflects and influences people's impulses toward war and peace, destruction, and preservation.
Special Characteristics of the Rust Workshop and Their Influence on My Facilitation Process
Authors: Bowen Maria Villas-Boas
Published: March 2007

The author describes her impressions of the Carl Rogers Peace Project workshop in Rust, Austria, in November 1985. Four ways in which this workshop differed from others are described: (a) focus on a theme rather than on process alone; (b) focus on social rather than personal issues; (c) participation by invitation rather than through self-selection; and (d) sense of urgency. These differences gave an atypical character to this workshop, which required special skills from the facilitators. The internal workings of the staff are discussed as the author gives her personal reactions during the workshop. She relates through illustrations how the group process developed, and ends by hypothesizing on the distinctive role that facilitators played in this unique workshop.
The Healing Dialogue in Psychotherapy
Authors: Friedman Maurice
Published: March 2007

This article is a distillation of Maurice Friedman's book The Healing Dialogue in Psychotherapy (1985). With almost no reference to the first, historical part of the book, the article brings together the second, topical part into a compact whole, which isn't done in the book itself. The first section of the article makes explicit the link between philosophy and psychotherapy through a section on "Philosophical Anthropology and the Ontology of the Between." The ontology of the between is the groundwork for that "healing through meeting" (second section) that arises when the meeting between therapist and client is seen as central rather than ancillary. In the third section ("The Unconscious and Dreams"), the unconscious is seen as that personal wholeness that underlies the ever-new elaboration into physical and psychic, outer and inner. Dreams, in consequence, are not raw material of the unconscious but a product of the mixture of unconscious and conscious and of the meeting of the therapist and patient. Existential or real guilt (fourth section), similarly, is a reality of relationship that must be addressed within healing through meeting, and confirmation (fifth section) becomes the decisive key to the development of the person, the origin of psychopathology, and such healing as therapy makes possible. Confirmation in therapy is made possible through what Martin Buber calls "inclusion," or imagining the real, and "making the other present," which induces the inmost growth of the self. Inclusion is different from both empathy and identification in that it is bipolar, remaining on one's own ground while swinging toward the other. The last section of the article expands confirmation into that "dialogue of touchstones" in which the therapist helps the client overcome the impossible choice between alienating everyone through expressing his touchstones of reality and pseudo belonging to the community through suppressing his touchstones. This can be accomplished only in an atmosphere of trust, which includes the confirmation of the otherness and uniqueness of the client.
The Humanistic Ethics of Rollo May
Authors: Decarvalho Roy Jose
Published: March 2007

This article examines the essential role that Rollo May ascribes to values in giving people ("the ethical animal") their "sense of being" or ontology. Values, he argues, result from a courageous process of commitment to self-chosen centers of valuation. This process requires self-consciousness, responsibility, confrontation with anxiety, and presupposes freedom. Although the product of subjective valuation, values are embedded in the collective levels of human civilization and symbolically represented in myths.
Gender, War, and Peace
Authors: Johnson Melissa , Newcomb Michael D.
Published: March 2007

The relationships between gender and war are complex. Ways of thinking about gender and war influence the questions asked, the knowledge sought, and the meaning given to evidence. In psychological research, sex role theory is the standard explanation for findings of difference between women and men in attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors related to war. Feminist inquiry suggests several viable alternatives to sex role theory: feminist psychoanalysis, feminist moral theory, and social constructionism. This article examines these four epistemological positions and their potential claims about women's and men's psychological and moral responses to war, peace, and the nuclear threat. Each theory is examined for its utility and limits. We argue that a social constructionist orientation provides a particularly useful way of thinking about and researching both the intersections of gender and war and possible solutions to the human problems posed by war and the nuclear threat.
Beliefs, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and Mysticism
Authors: Decker Larry R.
Published: March 2007

This article examines three related approaches to understanding Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The idea that trauma disrupts belief systems is a current widely accepted theoretical perspective on PTSD. However, it may be that beliefs founded on the inner realizations are less disrupted by trauma than are beliefs formed from interaction with the environment. Some of the psychological attempts to interweave spiritual understanding with psychological thought are examined in relationship to traumatic experience. Finally, the mystical perspective is recommended not only as a way of understanding internally based beliefs but as an important process for all therapists working with the traumatized.

"Since you are properly a clod, you will not rise into the air; you will rise into the air if you break and become dust."

"I was snow and I melted, so that the earth drank me, till I became a mist of soul that I might climb to the sky."

-Unknown Turkish dervish Hazrat Mevlana Jellal Ud Din Rumi's Urs Marin, California, 1989
Surrender, Healing, and the Mythic Journey
Authors: Branscomb Louisa Porter
Published: March 2007

Surrender is described as the voluntary giving up of defenses in service of the healing process in psychotherapy. Two forms of surrender are described. Cathartic surrender involves the client's allowing the therapist to have relational power and relinquishing the protective defenses that "encapsulate" trauma, thus permitting release of associated memories, feelings, and impulses. Primary surrender consists of reclaiming a basic life position of trust and the possibility of goodness in self and others. Surrender in psychotherapy and the healing that it promotes are compared to the sacred "wounding" and transformation that occur in the universal myth of the hero's journey. Elements that promote surrender in psychotherapy are discussed.
Openness, Optimal Functioning, and Final Causes
Authors: Mittelman Willard
Published: March 2007

This is a reply to Jerome Ibbacyk's recent article "Self-Reflective Consciousness and Optimal Psychological Functioning" (JHP, Winter 1993), which criticizes my proposal to replace Maslow's idea of self-actualization with the idea of openness. I argue first that Tbbacyk is incorrect in supposing that our debate is about the proper metaphor or model for "optimal psychological functioning." My concern is not with optimal functioning in Tbacyk's sense but with the distinctive qualities of those individuals whom Maslow called "self-actualizing" and with the question of how best to characterize these individuals. I point out next that my idea of openness does acknowledge the importance of self-reflective consciousness, and I criticize TIbacyk's view that consciousness is central to the development of human character. Finally, I note that Tbbacyk presents no evidence to support the view that Maslovian self-actualization is a final cause even though he objects to my criticism of this view.
Finding a Life's Calling
Authors: Bogart Greg
Published: March 2007

This study investigates the experience of discovering a sense of vocation, the initiation into a sense of calling or a central life task. After some personal reflections, a provisional description of vocation is presented and the historical development of the concept in Eastern and Western religions is traced. The essay examines Jungian perspectives on vocation, the views of Ira Progoff and Roberto Assagioli, and Dane Rudhyar's concept of "transpersonal activity." Attention is given to a variety of ways that vocation may be discerned, its centrality in both traditional and contemporary religious experience, the relationship between vocation and inflation or grandiosity, and the ethical dimension of vocation. Another central concern is to demonstrate the complexity of contemporary psychotherapy as a process that is often expected to encompass three levels of initiation that traditionally have been separated: enculturation, individualization, and transpersonalization.
The Birth of Client-Centered Therapy
Authors: Kramer Robert
Published: March 2007

Carl Rogers is one of the most influential figures in humanistic psychology. Surprisingly, however, almost no one knows the full story of how he came to develop client-centered therapy. Yet Rogers always acknowledged that a personal encounter with Otto Rank in 1936 revolutionized the way he thought about psychotherapy. "I became infected with Rankian ideas," he told his biographer. Like Rank, whose last book was entitled Beyond Psychology, Rogers concluded by the end of his life that there is a realm "beyond" scientific psychology, a realm he came to prize as "the transcendent, the indescribable, the spiritual." Ironically, the spiritual had always been there, hidden in what was closest and most familiar to Rogers: the empathic relationship between therapist and client. The spirit of Otto Rank, from whom client-centered therapy originated, lived on in the mind, heart, and soul of Carl Rogers.
Psychophysiologic Self-Awareness Training: Integration of Scientific and Humanistic Principles
Authors: Parks Peter
Published: March 2007

The U.S. medical and scientific communities are undergoing dramatic change, including a reevaluation of positivistic values and assumptions. The integration of scientific and humanistic principles is one objective of humanistic psychology. Development of conscious awareness of normally unconscious mind-body reactivity patterns can allow access to profound existential insights. A humanistic approach to psychophysiologic self-regulation integrates values of humanistic psychology with tools and methodologies of the mechanistically oriented scientific community. Through collaborative clinical, educational, and research efforts, humanistic psychologists and applied psychophysiologists are developing a model system of crossdisciplinary resource sharing that embraces the strengths of the humanistic and the materialistic scientific communities. A single case descriptive analysis with journal entries, imagery reports, and physiologic records is included. It is through such collaborative efforts that humanistic psychology can best contribute to the ongoing reconceptualization of scientific values and assumptions.
Creative Defiance in a Death-Camp
Authors: Kramer Aaron
Published: March 2007

This article clarifies the history and role of Terezin, unique among Hitler's death-camps. Without gas chambers or mass execution sites, a huge portion of its inmates nevertheless perished; the rest were systematically shipped to Auschwitz. But Red Cross representatives were repeatedly shown a "model town" in which cultural activity flourished. The author shows how the creative and performing artists and their extraordinarily sophisticated audiences made the most of every opportunity. He offers examples of ambitious projects undertaken and triumphantly executed in the teeth of annihilation, with messages of defiance transmitted in seemingly innocuous works. Terezin's glory culminated in mid-1944 with the creation and rehearsal of a brilliant metaphoric opera, The Emperor of Atlantis, a thinly disguised assault on Hitler, which-decades later-emerged to awe international audiences and critics. Translator of the German libretto, the author explores this astounding achievement, ranking Atlantis high among history's instances of spiritual survival through artistic expression.
Self Beyond Ego: a New Perspective
Authors: Steele Springs
Published: March 2007

The existential-transpersonal debate on development of self beyond ego has reached an apparent impasse. An approach that focuses more on attitude toward self than nature of self may allow the conversation to continue.
My Encounter with Carl Rogers: A Retrospective View from the Ukraine
Authors: Bondarenko Alexander F.
Published: March 2007

In his 1987 Journal of Humanistic Psychology article, Francis Macy stated that Carl Rogers’s influence in the former Soviet Union would last long after his death. This article presents evidence in support of that claim. It is a kind of retrospective feedback about Carl Rogers’s 1986 visit and workshop in Moscow from one of the participants in those events. The author’s personal experience—his feelings, cognitions, presuppositions, insights, discoveries, and his further personal and professional evolution—are described by one of the well-known figures in post-Soviet Ukranian psychology.
The Loss of the Romantic: Gain for the Science
Authors: Salzinger Kurt
Published: March 2007

This article rejects the idea that the crisis in psychology (if crisis there be) is to be explained by the loss of the romantic, by our failing to take advantage of the kind of literary descriptions of personality that our great writers and other artists provide us. Science gains understanding by reducing information to essentials, not by reproducing the complexity of the phenomena it seeks to explain. In defense of the “objective” approach to psychology, it is also necessary to point out that the study of individuals in all their glorious individuality can be accomplished by objective study, particularly by behavior analysis but also by psychologists following other models. Finally, a cold empirical look at the data shows that our intuition is often quite wrong and very rarely to be preferred to objective data when the latter are available.