bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Equatorial Plasma Bubbles Developing Around Sunrise Observed by an All-Sky Imager and GNSS Network during the Storm Time
Authors: Wu Kun , Xu Jiyao , Yue Xinan , Xiong Chao , Wang Wenbin , Yuan Wei , Wang Chi , Zhu Yajun , Luo Ji
Published: August 2019

Abstract. A large number of studies have shown that equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) occur mainly after sunset, and they usually drift eastward. However, in this paper, an unusual EPB event was simultaneously observed by an all-sky imager and the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) network in southern China, during the recovery phase of geomagnetic storm happened on 6–8 November 2015. Observations from both techniques show that the EPBs appeared near dawn. Interestingly, the observational results show that the EPBs continued to develop after sunrise, and disappeared about one hour after sunrise. The development stage of EPBs lasted for at least about 3 hours. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the evolution of EPBs developing around sunrise was observed by an all-sky imager and the GNSS network. Our observation showed that the EPBs drifted westward, which was different from the usually eastward drifts of post-sunset EPBs. The simulation from TIE-GCM model suggest that the westward drift of EPBs should be related to the enhanced westward winds at storm time. Besides, break and recombination processes of EPBs were observed by the all-sky imager in the event. Associated with the development of EPBs, increasing in the ionospheric F region peak height was also observed near sunrise, and we suggest the enhance upward vertical plasma drift during geomagnetic storm plays a major role in triggering the EPBs near sunrise.
Inferring the timing of abandonment of aggraded alluvial surfaces dated with cosmogenic nuclides
Authors: D'Arcy Mitch K. , Schildgen Taylor F. , Turowski Jens M. , DiNezio Pedro
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Information about past climate, tectonics, and landscape
evolution is often obtained by dating geomorphic surfaces comprising
deposited or aggraded material, e.g. fluvial fill terraces, alluvial fans,
volcanic flows, or glacial till. Although surface ages can provide valuable
information about these landforms, they can only constrain the period of
active deposition of surface material, which may span a significant period
of time in the case of alluvial landforms. In contrast, surface abandonment
often occurs abruptly and coincides with important events like drainage
reorganization, climate change, or landscape uplift. However, abandonment
cannot be directly dated because it represents a cessation in the deposition
of dateable material. In this study, we present a new approach to inferring
when a surface was likely abandoned using exposure ages derived from in situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides. We use artificial data to measure the
discrepancy between the youngest age randomly obtained from a surface and
the true timing of surface abandonment. Our analyses simulate surface dating
scenarios with variable durations of surface formation and variable numbers
of exposure ages from sampled boulders. From our artificial data, we derive
a set of probabilistic equations and a MATLAB tool that can be applied to a
set of real sampled surface ages to estimate the probable period of time
within which abandonment is likely to have occurred. Our new approach to
constraining surface abandonment has applications for geomorphological
studies that relate surface ages to tectonic deformation, past climate, or
the rates of surface processes.
Evapotranspiration feedbacks shift annual precipitation-runoff relationships during multi-year droughts in a Mediterranean mixed rain-snow climate
Authors: Avanzi Francesco , Rungee Joseph , Maurer Tessa , Bales Roger , Ma Qin , Glaser Steven , Conklin Martha
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Focusing on the headwaters of the California's Feather River, we investigated how multi-year droughts affect the water balance of Mediterranean mixed rain-snow catchments. Droughts in these catchments saw a lower fraction of precipitation allocated to runoff compared to non-drought years. This shift in precipitation-runoff relationship was larger in a surface-runoff-dominated than in a subsurface-flow-dominated catchment – 39 % and 18 % less runoff, respectively, for a representative precipitation amount. The performance of the PRMS hydrologic model in these catchments decreased during droughts, particularly those causing larger shifts in the annual precipitation-runoff relationship. Evapotranspiration (ET) was the only water-balance component for which predictive accuracy during drought vs. non-drought years was consistently different. Besides a systematic bias during all years, the model tended to relatively overestimate drought ET and to underestimate non-drought ET. Modeling errors for ET during droughts were somewhat correlated with maximum and minimum annual temperature as well as changes in sub-surface storage (r = −0.45, −0.57, and 0.23, respectively). These correlations point to the interannual response of ET to climate, or climate elasticity of ET, as the likely driver of the observed shifts in precipitation-runoff relationship during droughts in Mediterranean mixed rain-snow regions; underestimation of this response caused increased modeling inaccuracy during droughts. Improved predictions of interannual variability of ET are necessary to support water-supply management in a warming climate and could be achieved by explicitly parametrizing feedback mechanisms across atmospheric demand for moisture, ET, and multi-year carryover of subsurface storage.
Modeling boreal forest evapotranspiration and water balance at stand and catchment scales: a spatial approach
Authors: Launiainen Samuli , Guan Mingfu , Salmivaara Aura , Kieloaho Antti-Jussi
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Vegetation is known to have strong influence on evapotranspiration (ET), a major component of terrestrial water balance. Yet hydrological models often describe ET by methods unable to include the variability of vegetation characteristics in their predictions. To take advantage of the increasing availability of high-resolution open GIS data on land use, vegetation and soil characteristics in the boreal zone, a modular, spatially distributed model for predicting ET and other hydrological processes from grid cell to catchment level is presented and validated. An improved approach to upscale stomatal conductance to canopy scale using information on plant type (conifer/deciduous) and stand leaf-area index (LAI) is proposed by coupling a common leaf-scale stomatal conductance model with a simple canopy radiation transfer scheme. Further, a generic parametrization for vegetation-related hydrological processes for Nordic boreal forests is derived based on literature and data from a boreal FluxNet site. With the generic parametrization, the model was shown to reproduce daily ET measured using an eddy-covariance technique well at 10 conifer-dominated Nordic forests whose LAI ranged from 0.2 to 6.8 m2 m−2. Topography, soil and vegetation properties at 21 small boreal headwater catchments in Finland were derived from open GIS data at 16 m × 16 m grid size to upscale water balance from stand to catchment level. The predictions of annual ET and specific discharge were successful in all catchments, located from 60 to 68∘ N, and daily discharge was also reasonably well predicted by calibrating only one parameter against discharge measurements. The role of vegetation heterogeneity in soil moisture and partitioning of ET was demonstrated. The proposed framework can support, for example, forest trafficability forecasting and predicting impacts of climate change and forest management on stand and catchment water balance. With appropriate parametrization it can be generalized outside the boreal coniferous forests.
OPTIMIZING THE POTENTIAL OF RESEARCH DATA THROUGH AN INTEGRATED DATA MANAGEMENT
APPROACH: CONSIDERING RESEARCH METHOD, DATA LIFE CYCLE, BIG DATA AND LINKED DATA IN AN ERESEARCH EXAMPLE IN AUSTRALIAN ROCK ART
Authors: Haubt R. A. , Jalandoni A.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. This paper looks at the current state of e-research strategies in rock art on the example of the Global Rock Art Database, global and Australian e-research communities. It examines current practice, attitudes and requirements for discipline specific research methods in an integrated data management cycle approach. Analysing qualitative and quantitative data collected between 2012 and 2018 through conversations, consultations, a cross-sectional questionnaire and a longitudinal study of the Rock Art Database, the paper compares it’s findings to previous interdisciplinary studies within e-research environments. The resulting data illustrates current practice and trends in rock art within an e-research context and aims to inform future best practice towards integrated data models digitally connecting international research data.
MACRO PHOTOGRAMMETRY FOR THE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT OF ARTWORK PAINTED SURFACES
Authors: Angheluță L. M. , Rădvan R.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. In this paper we are presenting our approach and workflow for macro photogrammetry as a complementary method for 3D digitization of polychromies on wood support. Macro photogrammetry can be used for detailed documentation of physical damages in painting layers, underlayers or support. For a better presentation of the context, a selection of typical physical damages, relevant to this study, are explained. Two case studies are presented. Two wooden icons realized with different techniques and presenting different types of physical deterioration. The experiments detailed within this paper represent the first epoch of long-term monitoring of the restoration interventions for each of these icons. All the stage of our workflow is thoroughly detailed with acquisition parameters and processing settings in order to better understand the results and where things can be improved. For each icon a full body photogrammetry process is described, followed by macro photogrammetry on smaller selected areas on the icons' surfaces. Macro magnifications of 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 are obtained by using a dedicated macro lens and extension rings. Lighting setups and focus stacking process are also described for a better understanding of the parameters and settings used.
REGISTRATION OF 2D DRAWINGS ON A 3D POINT CLOUD AS A SUPPORT FOR THE
MODELING OF COMPLEX ARCHITECTURES
Authors: Semler Q. , Suwardhi D. , Alby E. , Murtiyoso A. , Macher H.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Laser scanning and photogrammetry methods have seen immense development in the last years. From bulky inaccessible systems, these two 3D recording systems has become more or less ubiquitous, which is also the case in the heritage domain. However, automation in point cloud classification and semantic annotation remains a much studied topic. In this paper, an approach to help the classification of point cloud is presented using the help of existing 2D drawings. The 2D drawings are registered unto the 3D data, to then be used as a support in the 3D modeling step. The developed approach includes the computation of the point cloud cross section and detection of feature points. This is then used in a 3D transformation followed by ICP refinement to properly register the vectorized 2D drawing on the 3D point cloud. Results show that the developed algorithm manages to register the 2D drawing automatically and with promising results. The automatically registered 2D drawing, which often times already includes semantic information, was then used to help classify the point cloud into several architectural classes.
EQUAL PROPORTION REPRODUCTION METHOD OF GROTTO BASED ON POINT CLOUD
Authors: Wei P. , Li A. , Hou M. , Zhu L. , Xu D. , Ning B.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The rapid development of 3D laser scanning and 3D printing technology provides new technologies and ideas for cultural relic protection and reproduction. Aiming at the requirement of equal proportional reproduction of large-scale grottoes, this paper takes the point cloud data of the 18th Cave of Yungang Grottoes obtained by 3D laser scanning as an example, and proposes a data processing and reproduction block partitioning method for equal proportion reproduction. The Cyclone, Geomagic and AutoCAD software were used to construct the 3D model of the grotto, and the 3D printing technology was used to realize the secondary design and model print. Among them, the research focuses on the modeling of massive point clouds and the method of model partitioning based on voxels. It can meet the requirements of movable and assembly while realizing the equal proportional reproduction of the whole grotto. The research results and application can be a good reference for the future grotto reproduction work.
THE COMBINATION OF THE IMAGE AND RANGE-BASED 3D ACQUISITION IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH IN THE ROYAL CASTLE IN WARSAW
Authors: Bocheńska A. , Markiewicz J. , Łapiński S.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The paper presents archaeological and architectural research in the Royal Castle in Warsaw where a combination of image- and range-based 3D acquisition was applied. The area examined included excavations situated inside the Tower and near its outer western wall. The work was carried out at various periods and in different weather conditions. As part of the measurements, laser scanning was performed (with a Z+F 5006h scanner) and a series of close-range images were taken. It was important to integrate the data acquired to create a comprehensive documentation of archaeological excavations. When data was acquired from TLS together with photogrammetric data (in different measurement periods), the points' displacements were controlled and analysed. The process of orienting and processing the terrestrial images included photographs taken during the inventory of the tower (Canon 5D Mark II) and photographs provided by the Castle's employees (Canon PowerShot G5 X). Agisoft PhotoScan software was used to orient and process the terrestrial images, and LupoScan for the TLS data. In order to integrate the TLS data and the clouds of points from the photographs from the various stages, they were processed into a raster form; our own software (based on the OpenCV library and the Structure-from-Motion method) and LupoScan software were used to interconnect the multi-temporal and multi-sensor data sets. As a result of processing photographs and TLS data, point clouds in an external reference system were obtained. This data was then used to study the thickness of the walls of the Justice Court Tower, to analyse the course of the retaining wall, and to generate the orthoimages necessary for chronological analysis.
LASER-VISUAL-INERTIAL ODOMETRY BASED SOLUTION FOR 3D HERITAGE MODELING: THE SANCTUARY OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN OF TROMPONE
Authors: Bronzino G. P. C. , Grasso N. , Matrone F. , Osello A. , Piras M.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The advent of new mobile mapping systems that integrate different sensors has made it easier to acquire multiple 3D information with high speed. Today, technological development has allowed the creation of portable systems particularly suitable for indoor surveys, which mainly integrating LiDAR devices, chambers and inertial platforms, make it possible to create in a fast and easy way, full 3D model of the environment. However, the performance of these instruments differs depending on the acquisition context (indoor and outdoor), the characteristics of the scene (for example lighting, the presence of objects and people, reflecting surfaces, textures) and, above all, the mapping and localization algorithms implemented in devices. The purpose of this study is to analyse the results, and their accuracy, deriving from a survey conducted with the KAARTA Stencil 2 handheld system. This instrument, composed of a 3D LiDAR Velodyne VLP-16, a MEMS inertial platform and a feature tracker camera, it is able to realize the temporal 3D map of the environment. Specifically, the acquisition tests were carried out in a context of metrical documentation of an architectural heritage, in order extract architectural detail for the future reconstruction of virtual and augmented reality environments and for Historical Building Information Modeling purposes. The achieved results were analysed and the discrepancies from some reference LiDAR data are computed for a final evaluation. The system was tested in the church and cloister of the Sanctuary of the Beata Vergine del Trompone in Moncrivello (VC) (Italy).
3D DATA INTERPRETATION USING TREATISES GEOMETRIC RULES TO BUILT COFFERED DOMES
Authors: Capone M. , Lanzara E.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The contribution is part of a research that aims to address the problems of knowledge, interpretation and documentation of coffered domes geometry. The main question is to define the relationships between the coffer shape, the layout used for coffers distribution on dome surface and different kind of surfaces. With regard to coffered domes we have analyzed the methods illustrated by Francesco Milizia, Giuseppe Vannini and some historical surveys. We have grouped coffered domes in relation to grid geometry and to coffer shape. We have defined three different ways to distribute the coffers in relation to different grid layout: grid composed by 2D lines (meridians and parallels), grid composed by 3D lines on surface (lattice of rhumb lines) or coffers distribution between ribs. We have analyzed each of them and we have defined algorithmic models in relation to spherical domes. The main goal of our research is to study what's different in not spherical domes, such as policentrical domes, ellipsoidal domes or ovoidal domes, generated using curves network. We have compared computational models based on treatises rules with particular case studies. This comparison allows us to do a critical analysis based on geometric rules. From a methodological point of view we have built a parametric model able to connect the different processes, using the same parameters. By comparing this model with point clouds, it is possible to evaluate analogies or identify new rules that will be used to develop a more complex parametric model based on surveys.
RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION FOR THE KNOWLEDGE, CONSERVATION AND VALORIZATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN SICILY
Authors: Cardaci A. , Versaci A.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. In our time, new technologies are progressively more and more approaching the cultural heritage's world. The opportunity to obtain – quickly and in a non-invasive way – virtual models of ancient sites, monuments and objects, using data taken by photo-modelling, digital photogrammetry or laser scanning techniques, offers new possibilities for their proper documentation, monitoring, physical conservation, restoration, archiving and valorization. Moreover, reverse engineering techniques allow a deeper understanding of architectural artefacts and collections by increasing their communication, display and interpretation. By showing a number of experiences related to the rich and famous archaeological heritage of Sicily Island, this paper intends to highlight how the use of new digital equipment and methodologies can be of great benefit for its safeguarding, representation, promotion and enjoyment.
THE 3D SURVEY OF THE ROMAN BRIDGE OF SAN LORENZO IN PADOVA (ITALY): A COMPARISON BETWEEN SFM AND TLS METHODOLOGIES APPLIED TO THE ARCH STRUCTURE
Authors: Carraro F. , Monego M. , Callegaro C. , Mazzariol A. , Perticarini M. , Menin A. , Achilli V. , Bonetto J. , Giordano A.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. 3D survey methodologies are widely applied to the Cultural Heritage, employing both TLS and close-range photogrammetry with SfM techniques. Laser scanning produces models with high metric reliability and accuracy, whereas the main quality of the 3D photogrammetry is the result in term of photorealistic representation. Many studies have been conducted about the comparison and the integration of these different approaches and the aim of this paper is to contribute with a peculiar case study: the underground Roman bridge of San Lorenzo in Padova (Italy). The investigation regards the resulting point clouds of the intrados (or inner curve) of the central arch, comparing them and providing graphical and analytical outputs. The proposed workflow has the purpose to be a simple but valid tool to detect and evaluate geometrical differences, their significativity and the reliability of the 3D models.
UAV PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND HBIM FOR THE VIRTUAL RECONSTRUCTION OF HERITAGE
Authors: Carvajal-Ramírez F. , Martínez-Carridondo P. , Yero-Paneque L. , Agüera-Vega F.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Three-dimensional (3D) models have become a great source of data for the conservation, reconstruction, and documentation of emblematic buildings of cultural heritage. In this study, photogrammetry based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) was applied to perform a photogrammetric survey of a dilapidated cultural heritage building. On the basis of this survey and the historical information gathered from the building, its virtual reconstruction has been carried out using a Historic Building Information Modeling (HBIM); applying realistic materials and textures in order to document it.
MANAGEMENT PLANS AND WEB-GIS SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS AS ACTIVE AND DYNAMIC TOOLS
TO CONSERVE AND VALORIZE HISTORIC PUBLIC GARDENS
Authors: Cazzani A. , Zerbi C. M. , Brumana R.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Historic gardens are artefacts that evolve in a continuous and unavoidable way, and, at the same time, they are heritage and cultural sites that need to be conserved: the recognition of this dual nature motivates us to seek for new approaches to their management issues. Whilst it is necessary to follow site mutations and valorize its features while dynamically changes the appearance of the garden and the needs of the society, at the same time it is fundamental that an appropriate strategic plan sets a target for the garden, a midmid-long term vision, in order to preserve botanic and documentary value and maintain historic and artistic significance. The paper analyzes historical sources, surveys, thematic maps and interpretations to study historic public gardens, considering complexity and vulnerability of the components an d issues involved in historic gardens and consequent multidisciplinary approach. In order to identify conservation and management criteria it underlines analysis and evaluation of the environmental, architectural, land scape and perceptive features of the historic garden and its surroundings, demonstrating the importance to study the site historic stratification and the site context in order to define preservation goals to prevent decay, to mitigate impacts, to set up maintenance programs and management plans. The aim of this essay is also to highlight the role of GIS and WebGIS applications – targeted at public administrations – that integrate the spatial component (topographic map, ortophoto, physical plans, cadastral maps) and databases about botanic inventories and conservation and valorization treatments of historic public of public gardens.
RESEARCH PROGRESS ON THE FOUR-IN-ONE METHOD SYSTEM FOR SUSTAINABLE PROTECTION OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE
Authors: Chi Y. , Li A. , Hou M. , Deng Y. , Wang C.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. With the development of social economy, the definition, scope and connotation of architectural heritage have also evolved. However, the architectural heritage is facing the threat of destruction and destruction. The sustainable protection of architectural heritage has become a major strategic need of the country to enhance cultural self-confidence. In the past century, the concept of architectural heritage protection has evolved many times. At present, preventive protection and research protection have become the consensus in the field of architectural heritage protection. The idea of preventive protection is to delay the destruction or extinction of architectural heritage by controlling the main factors that cause the changes in the ontology. Preventive protection is different from emergency protection after the destruction of architectural heritage. It mainly discovers and eliminates hidden dangers through scientific records, periodic inspection, systematic monitoring and routine maintenance. It emphasizes the analysis of damage evolution law through risk assessment and scientific monitoring and takes effective protection measures. Based on the concept of preventive protection and research protection, combining the accumulation of prior art development and protection practices, this paper proposes a four-in-one sustainable preservation method system for architectural heritage. It mainly includes four aspects: architectural heritage value and protection demand cognition, all-round information access technology, architectural heritage monitoring and evaluation, architectural heritage performance improvement and value continuation.
GIS OR BIM? A COMPARISON APPLIED TO THE CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PLAN OF A 20th CENTURY ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE
Authors: Del Curto D. , Garzulino A. , Allegretti F. , Mazza S.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. This paper discusses the impact of the advanced systems of architectural survey and modelling to the research on the Conservation Management Plan (CMP) for architectural heritage, particularly when such a tool is applied to the 20th century architectural heritage. The authors focus on a comparison between the Building Information Modelling (BIM) technology and the Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The Conservation Management Plan for the National Art Schools of Havana in Cuba is used as case study. Given the plurality of buildings and various levels of interest in such a context, conservation and management needs, the need to share the results with non-specialized stakeholders, the need to combine different scales of analysis and different typologies of materials, the results point out the advantages of a GIS platform. The conclusions open to further possibilities of integrating GIS and BIM to the specific task of effectively conserving and managing the 20th century architectural heritage.
CLOSE-RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY PRACTICE: GRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION OF THE INTERIOR OF THE WALLS OF AVILA (SPAIN)
Authors: Aliberti L. , Iglesias Picazo P.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. This work presents the results of the photogrammetric survey of the inner side of the walls of Avila. The graphical restitution realized is part of the studies for the Master Plan of the walls of Avila promoted by the Cultural Heritage Institute (IPCE), under the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport in 2017. The monument has been extensively drawn throughout history, but there isn’t a complete and detailed planimetric documentation of its whole extent. The huge dimensions of the walls and the different conditions of the visible sectors of the interior side were difficult conditions to overcome. The versatility and great accuracy of photogrammetric method allowed the reconstruction of the interior of the walls in a short time and with accurate results . Moreover the possibility of integrating the results with previous surveys made it possible to present a complete and coherent documentation of the walls. This is an important point and in the research a continuity is sought between restitutions carried out with tools and at different times. In addition, a series of considerations are advanced about the transformation of traditional methods of representation of architectural heritage.
3D SURVEYING AND MODELLING OF ROMAN MONUMENT WITH ARCH
Authors: Giannaris I. , Gerotziafa M. , Prantsidi M. , Karachaliou E. , Stylianidis E.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Preventive actions of cultural heritage could be carried out using photogrammetry and computer vision techniques. Structure from Motion (SfM) techniques have been proved to be one of the best solutions for the cultural heritage field in terms of cost, time, accuracy and quality. The current work uses a commercial SfM – based software to generate orthoimages of the Arch of Galerius in Thessaloniki, Greece. This is part of students' project in the framework of an undergraduate course in the School of Spatial Planning and Development, Thessaloniki, Greece, to investigate the status of the Roman monument.
BIM-ORIENTED ALGORITHMIC RECONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING COMPONENTS FOR EXISTING HERITAGE
Authors: Giannattasio C. , Papa L. M. , D'Agostino P.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. This study is part of a more complex research aimed at establishing guidelines to simplify the digitalization process used to manage existing building heritage. Working in a BIM environment, this paper will present two different algorithms: a modelling algorithm, a data analysis algorithm, and relative applications in the digitalization of a contemporary building. All the archival data required for the digitalization process was collected and those in two-dimensional digital vector format have aroused particular interest because they enabled initiation of the reconstruction process of the BIM model. One of the two algorithms allowed us to identify recurrent elements in a CAD drawing, based on geometric 2D primitives. The final outcome of the first phase involves quadrilateral or circular surfaces and can be viewed in algorithmic environment. The next phase involves applying a unique coloured sign to the identified sections and then export them all in a BIM software. This tool produced unexpected positive results: the presence of a small coloured grid emphasized the discrepancies created between the two-dimensional drawings and the vertical elements. We were thus able to identify the objects with these inconsistencies: they were verified using accurate surveys and then corrected.
3D MODELING OF A COMPLEX BUILDING: FROM MULTI-VIEW IMAGE FUSION TO GOOGLE EARTH PUBLICATION
Authors: Inzerillo L. , Leto Barone F. , Roberts R.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. This paper presents a pipeline that aims at illustrating the procedure to realize a 3D model of a complex building integrating the UAV and terrestrial images and modifying the 3D model in order to publish to Google Earth in an interactive modality so as to provide better available models for visualization and use. The main steps of the procedure are the optimization of the UAV flight, the integration of the different UAV and ground floor images and the optimization of the model to be published to GE. The case study has been identified in a building, The Eremo di Santa Rosalia Convent in Sicily which hash more staggered elevations and located in the hills of the hinterland and of which, the online platform only indicate the position on Google Maps (GM) and Google Earth (GE) with a photo from above and a non-urban road whose GM path is not corresponding with the GE photo. The process highlights the integration of the models and showcases a workflow for the publication of the combined 3D model to the GE platform.
AUTOMATIC DAMAGE DETECTION OF STONE CULTURAL PROPERTY BASED ON DEEP LEARNING ALGORITHM
Authors: Kwon D. , Yu J.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Outdoor stone cultural properties are continuously affected by the external environment such as wind, rain, and earthquakes. These cause damage to the cultural properties by not only threatening structural stability but also damaging the aesthetic value. Quick detection of these damages is important to enable appropriate preservation treatment in terms of cultural property conservation management. Even though conventional manual damage detection methods are widely used, they are limited by manpower, cost, and other external conditions. In this paper, we propose a system that automatically detects and classifies damage occurring in cultural properties using deep-learning technique to settle these drawbacks. In detail, the damages are classified into four types (i.e., crack, loss, detachment, biological colonization) based on Faster region-based convolutional neural network (R-CNN) algorithm. In addition, we construct an image dataset of stone damage, which is collected by the regular report of the National Designated Cultural Property in 2017 conducted by the Cultural Heritage Administration of S. Korea, and augment its dataset to enhance damage detection performance. From the experiment conducted, we achieved an average confidence score of 94.6 % or more on the 20 test images.
MONITORING OF DEFORMATION OF THE FOGUANG TEMPLE’S EAST MAIN
HALL UNDER THE CONCEPT OF PREVENTIVE CONSERVATION
Authors: Li Y. , Zhang R.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The East Main Hall of Foguang Temple is an immensely precious Tang Dynasty wooden building in China. Therefore, great caution must be exercised in the timely restoration and disease prevention of the heritage building. High-precision monitoring is carried out for timely detection of abnormalities and analysis of causes, so that reasonable measures are adopted to reduce or eliminate the risks faced by the hall in a timely manner and achieve preventive protection. Based on the description and purpose of preventive protection, this paper introduces in detail the technical route of monitoring of the East Main Hall and the analysis results of some monitoring data under the concept of preventive protection.
INFRARED THERMAL IMAGING AS A NON-DESTRUCTIVE INVESTIGATION METHOD FOR BUILDING ARCHAEOLOGICAL PURPOSES
Authors: Luib A.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The presented research approach evaluates the applicability of IRT as a non-destructive testing method for Building Archaeological scientific purposes. Within a qualitative thermographic analysis, focusing on the examination of thermal patterns and anomalies, the evidence of Building Archaeological phenomena is demonstrated. Several radiometric assessments display how hitherto unknown subsurface structures and constructive interrelations are detected and simultaneously evaluated in order to both describe the historic fabric’s quality and integrate them into the comprehensive Building Archaeological stratigraphic analysis. With IRT providing a standardised mapping of material features, structural configurations and thermal anomalies, the procedure presented enables more detailed estimations of both condition and constructive contiguity of historic fabric in a comprehensive assessment.
COMBINATION OF THERMAL AND GEOMETRIC INFORMATION FOR BIM ENRICHMENT
Authors: Macher H. , Boudhaim M. , Grussenmeyer P. , Siroux M. , Landes T.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. In the context of building renovation, infrared (IR) cameras are widely used to perform the energy audit of buildings. They allow analysing precisely the energetic performances of existing buildings and thermal analyses represent a key step for the reduction of energy consumption. They are also used to assess the thermal comfort of people living or working in a building. Building Information Models (BIM) are widespread to plan the rehabilitation of existing buildings and laser scanning is now commonly used to capture the geometry of buildings for as-built BIM creation. The combination of thermographic and geometric data presents a high number and variety of applications (Lagüela and Díaz-Vilariño, 2016). However, geometric and thermal information are generally acquired separately by different building stakeholders and thermal analyses are performed with independence of geometry. In this paper, the combination of thermal and geometric information is investigated for indoor of buildings. The aim of the project is to create 3D thermographic point clouds based on data acquired by a laser scanner and a thermal camera. Based on these point clouds, BIM models might be enriched with thermal information through the scan-to-BIM process.
HBIM FOR THE SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
OF TRADITIONAL BELL TOWERS
Authors: Mondello A. , Garozzo R. , Salemi A. , Santagati C.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The research proposes a novel and expeditious approach starting from direct and SfM (Structure from Motion) surveying up to H-BIM to provide a supporting tool to the knowledge of traditional bell towers, also useful for the seismic vulnerability assessment. The research draws on the possibility to enrich the H-BIM model with a semantic layer that takes into account the vulnerability indicators as defined in 2011 Italian Guidelines for the assessment and reduction of seismic risk of cultural heritage. Starting from 3D data survey, passing through the historical and constructive analysis, and the semantic classification of parts, the workflow foresaw the setting up of a semantic layer creating parameters to be assigned to each architectural component of the building and according an expeditious check-list which focuses on empirical knowledge of bell towers. This kind of information stored in the model could be very useful in situations that require particularly timely decision-making, such as in the case of calamitous events.
ROCK ART RECORDING IN KHATM AL MELAHA (UNITED ARAB EMIRATES): MULTIRANGE DATA SCANNING AND WEB MAPPING TECHNOLOGIES
Authors: Angás J. , Jasim S. A. , Bea M. , Farjas M. , Uribe P. , Lanau P. , Otero X.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The application of geometric recording data and representation of open-air rock art is intrinsically so heterogeneous that new online web platforms are required for a more efficient analysis to link all the geo-referenced information and facilitate its scientific study. From 2015 to 2018, three geometric documentation campaigns led by the Departamento de Ingeniería Topográfica y Cartografía of the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (Spain) were completed in the area of Khatm al Melaha (Emirate of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates) along the Gulf of Oman. More than 370 rock art engraved motifs were documented in this area close to the southwest border with the Sultanate of Oman. All those figures were picked in 149 stone blocks with different dimensions and morphologies, distributed along the slope of an isolated 58-meter-high elevation. The aim of this project was to establish a protocol for the recording, analysis, preservation and prevention of this set of open-air rock art engravings with the following actions: developing an aerial and terrestrial recording data documentation, creating and developing a web platform called threeDcloud for visualizing three-dimensional models and web mapping, and integrating a data base by means of different JavaScript open-source libraries.
3D VIRTUALIZATION OF AN UNDERGROUND SEMI-SUBMERGED CAVE SYSTEM
Authors: Nocerino E. , Menna F. , Farella E. , Remondino F.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Underwater caves represent the most challenging scenario for exploration, mapping and 3D modelling. In such complex environment, unsuitable to humans, highly specialized skills and expensive equipment are normally required. Technological progress and scientific innovation attempt, nowadays, to develop safer and more automatic approaches for the virtualization of these complex and not easily accessible environments, which constitute a unique natural, biological and cultural heritage. This paper presents a pilot study realised for the virtualization of 'Grotta Giusti' (Fig. 1), an underground semi-submerged cave system in central Italy. After an introduction on the virtualization process in the cultural heritage domain and a review of techniques and experiences for the virtualization of underground and submerged environments, the paper will focus on the employed virtualization techniques. In particular, the developed approach to simultaneously survey the semi-submersed areas of the cave relying on a stereo camera system and the virtualization of the virtual cave will be discussed.
DEEP CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORKS FOR SENTIMENT ANALYSIS OF
CULTURAL HERITAGE
Authors: Paolanti M. , Pierdicca R. , Martini M. , Felicetti A. , Malinverni E. S. , Frontoni E. , Zingaretti P.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The promotion of Cultural Heritage (CH) goods has become a major challenges over the last years. CH goods promote economic development, notably through cultural and creative industries and tourism. Thus, an effective planning of archaeological, cultural, artistic and architectural sites within the territory make CH goods easily accessible. A way of adding value to these services is making them capable of providing, using new technologies, a more immersive and stimulating fruition of information. In this light, an effective contribution can be provided by sentiment analysis. The sentiment related to a monument can be used for its evaluation considering that if it is positive, it influences its public image by increasing its value. This work introduces an approach to estimate the sentiment of Social Media pictures CH related. The sentiment of a picture is identified by an especially trained Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN); aftewards, we compared the performance of three DCNNs: VGG16, ResNet and InceptionResNet. It is interesting to observe how these three different architectures are able to correctly evaluate the sentiment of an image referred to a ancient monument, historical buildings, archaeological sites, museum objects, and more. Our approach has been applied to a newly collected dataset of pictures from Instagram, which shows CH goods included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage properties.
MAKING VIRTUAL ARCHEOLOGY GREAT AGAIN
(WITHOUT SCIENTIFIC COMPROMISE)
Authors: Paradis M.-A. , Nicolas T. , Gaugne R. , Barreau J.-B. , Auger R. , Gouranton V.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. In the past two decades or so, digital tools have been slowly integrated as part of the archaeological process of information acquisition, analysis, and dissemination. We are now entering a new era, adding the missing piece to the puzzle in order to complete this digital revolution and take archaeology one step further into virtual reality (VR). The main focus of this article is the methodology of digital archaeology that fully integrates virtual reality, from beta testing to interdisciplinary teamwork. We briefly discuss data acquisition and processing necessary to construct the 3D model, the analysis that can be conducted during and after the making or creation of the 3D environment and the dissemination of knowledge. We explain the relevance of this methodology through the case study on the intendant’s palace, an 18th century archaeological site in Quebec City, Canada. With this experience, we believe that VR can prompt new questions that would never have occurred otherwise and can provide technical advantages in terms of gathering data in the same virtual space. We conclude that multidisciplinary input in archaeological research is once again proven essential in this new, inclusive and vast digital structure of possibilities.
TOWARDS AN ADVANCED CONSERVATION STRATEGY: A STRUCTURED DATABASE FOR SHARING 3D DOCUMENTATION BETWEEN EXPERT USERS
Authors: Achille C. , Tommasi C. , Rechichi F. , Fassi F. , De Filippis E.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Nowadays, the researchers in Cultural Heritage fields investigate more and more about advanced conservation strategies that comprehend the possibility to share and use 3D models and structured information related to them. One of the modern method adopted to achieve this goal is to use structured web-platform. These are online systems that can handle data, created to contain and support precise information. They simultaneously respond to the need for a common ground for different expert users and of a unique tool where to store several kinds of data, coming from heterogeneous sources. The article aims to show how it is possible to build a valid tool for the conservation and monitoring activities of CH, following the national and international legislation and the specific needs of the application field. In particular, it will deepen the criteria to build a 3D model that has to link a database of information, specifying the logic behind it. In the same way, it will show how to structure a database collaborating with the local institutions and experts, following the real needs of the site. The benefit is that this kind of tools gives to the multi-disciplinary works and projects a shared environment for storing and view a different type of data. They can help both the access intended to the conservation activities and both they can open to the public. The application field is the Sacri Monti circuit, which is part of the UNESCO World Heritage List since 2003.
FROM TLS TO FE ANALYSIS: POINTS CLOUD EXPLOITATION FOR STRUCTURAL
BEHAVIOUR DEFINITION. THE SAN CIRIACO’S BELL TOWER
Authors: Quattrini R. , Clementi F. , Lucidi A. , Giannetti S. , Santoni A.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. In the last few years, the evolution of acquisition techniques allowed to acquire reality-based models increasing accurate and rich of information. On the contrary, the ability to exploit the acquired data in the most efficient, economic (in terms of invested time), and impartial way (in terms of arbitrary choices of the operator) represents the most significant gap. Interoperability theme between points cloud and informative systems becomes relevant. Excellent results were achieved in 3D data exploitation in HBIM and GIS environments, as well as in VR and AR applications, whereas the structural analysis with the Finite Element Method (FEM) still lacks robust workflows based on point clouds. The present paper proposes a methodology allowing to transform the TLS point cloud obtained from the survey directly into a 3D FEM, in a semi-automatic way and, therefore, proposes a hybrid reverse engineering approach that aims to: (i) maximizing the correspondence between the model for structural analysis and the real object; (ii) minimizing the time and the operator’s decision. The strategy is validated on the belfry of the Metropolitan Cathedral-Basilica of Saint Cyriacus in Ancona, Central Italy. The reliability of the proposed model is assessed through a comparison between the model obtained from the Boolean modelling within a FEM software and the model obtained directly from points cloud processing. The comparison between the two numerical models highlights the enormous potential of the exposed method. The proposed case study shows how it is possible to develop high-quality 3D models, able to connect geometrical-historical survey with thematic analysis about structural behavior.
3D INSPECTION OF THE RESTORATION AND CONSERVATION OF STAINED GLASS WINDOWS USING HIGH RESOLUTION STRUCTURED LIGHT SCANNING
Authors: Rahrig M. , Torge M.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The initial focus of this research was on the development of a general workflow for the documentation and monitoring of historical stained glass windows using structured light scanning. Therefore windows from different churches, time periods and with different corrosion and damage phenomena were scanned before and after conservation measures. To evaluate the execution of the restoration measures the data was compared using 3D inspection software to examine the differences in geometry between the two scans. Various problems had to be solved, for example, how to deal with heavily reflective surfaces and the extreme contrast between light and dark surfaces, as seen in the borders between ‘Schwarzlot’ painting and plain glass. The application of materials for matting the surfaces, such as Cyclododecane spray, was impossible due to the high accuracy of the surface measurement required for 3D inspection. Regarding the contrast differences of the surfaces, the creation of exposure fusions and the use of polarization filters to reduce reflections were tested. In addition to the general problems encountered when recording translucent surfaces, the historical glasses caused additional problems in calculating surface comparisons. For example, the windows have to be moved and turned around several times, both during the conservation process and while scanning, causing deformations of the geometry due to the flexible lead rods allowing a certain degree of movement.