bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The human embryo: a disposable “mass of cells” or a “human being”?
Authors: Serra Angelo
Published: November 2020

Nel 1986, a seguito dell’ingannevole introduzione dello stadio di “preembrione” nello sviluppo umano, il “neoconcepito” si vedeva negata la dignità di “essere umano” fino al 14° giorno dopo l’avvenuto concepimento e degradato a un “cumulo di cellule”. Anche la legge, sotto la pressione di una scienza senza valori e di una tecnologia imperante, in molte nazioni si adeguò, degradando l’embrione umano precoce a “oggetto disponibile” fino ad ammetterne la distruzione a scopo di ricerca, col pretesto di un suo minor valore di fronte a sperabili successi terapeutici. Un esame accurato e completo del processo di sviluppo dell’embrione umano in particolare, accompagnato da un’analisi di logica induttiva dello stesso processo, porta ad affermare con certezza che alla fusione dei due gameti un “reale individuo umano” inizia la propria esistenza o ciclo vitale, durante il quale - date tutte le condizioni necessarie e sufficienti - realizzerà autonomamente tutte le potenzialità di cui è intrinsecamente dotato. In realtà, sulla base di una buona scienza e di una corretta logica induttiva, l’embrione umano nei primi 14 giorni dal concepimento non è un mero “cumulo di cellule”, ma un reale “individuo umano”, e dell’individuo umano ha, perciò, la stessa dignità e gli stessi diritti.
Transnational Dimensions of Iranian Cinema: “accented films” by Mohsen Makhmalbaf
Authors: Wiącek Elżbieta
Published: November 2020

Iranian film director Mohsen Makhmalbaf left Iran in 2005 shortly after the election of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. The artist underwent a multiphase evolution away from the supporter of Islamic regime in the early 1980s to cosmopolitan internationally acclaimed auteur. Finally, he became not only a dissident filmmaker but also a political dissident in the aftermath of 2009 presidential election. As exile wears on, Makhmalbaf became postnational filmmaker, making a variety of “accented films”. Not all the consequences of internationalization are positive – to be successful in transnational environment he has to face much larger competition and the capitalist market. Having in mind the categories of displaced Iranian directors distinguished by Hamid Naficy – exilic, diasporic, émigré, ethnic, cosmopolitan – I would like to find out which one of them applies to Mohsen Makhmalbaf’s life and work. I also will focus on the following questions: To what extent the censorship of Makhmalbaf’s artistic activity was a reason for his migration? how are migratory experiences expressed in his movies? What features of “the accented cinema” his movies are manifesting? I would argue that the experience of migration and the transnationality was the characteristic feature of Makhmalbaf’s his work long before leaving the home country. It can be said that regardless this stylistic diversity, all of Makhmalbaf’s movies made abroad can be described as the example of “accented cinema” which comprises different types of cinema made by exilic and diasporic filmmakers who live and work in countries other than their country of origin.
Çift Ağlı Hidrojellerin Basma Yükü Altında Gerilme Gevşemesi Davranışı
Authors: DÜŞÜNCELİ Necmi
Published: November 2020

Akrilamid (AAM) zayıf mekanik özellikleri dolayı, biyodoku iskeleleri ve yumuşak doku aktüatörleri gibi biyomedikal uygulamalarda istenilen özellikleri sergileyememektedir. Bu nedenle Aljinat (ALG) kullanılarak çift ağa sahip hidrojel şeklinde kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada AAM-ALG hidrojelindeki kovalent çapraz bağlayıcı (BIS) ve iyonik çapraz bağlayıcı (CaCl2) miktarının mekanik özellikler etkisini araştırmak üzere beş farklı hidrojel üretilmiştir. Silindirik basma numuneleri %20 gerinim seviyesine kadar yüklenmiş, daha sonra 300 saniye süre ile gevşeme testi yapılmıştır. Sonuçlar iyonik çarpaz bağlayıcı miktarının mekanik özelliklere etkisinin çok güçlü olduğunu göstermiştir. Kovalent çapraz bağlayıcı miktarının ise belli bir kritik seviyenin üzerinde etkili olduğu gözlemlenmiştir.
Kajian Teologis dan Yuridis Sistem Pendidikan menurut Struktur Teks Kejadian 1:1-31
Authors: Karlau Sensius Amon
Published: November 2020

Pelaksanaan pendidikan yang merujuk pada landasan yuridis yang ditetapkan oleh pemerintah berdampak pada keberlangsungan perguruan tinggi teologi dan agama Kristen dalam komunitariannya karena pertimbangan kajian teologis sesuai learning outcome keilmuannya.Persoalan mendasar untuk diteliti yaitu bagaimana kisah penciptaan pada awal Kitab Suci memberikan perspektif mengenai sistem pendidikan yang dipahami sebagai kajian teologis. Penelitian ini bertujuan sebagai upaya memperkaya pemahaman mengenai sistem pendidikan berdasarkan kajian teologis dan yuridis sebagai acuan edukasi bagi realisasi mutual antarakeduanya. Penulis menggunakan metode analisis narasi dan strukturaldengan pendekatan observasi leksikal terhadap struktur dan narasi teksKejadian 1:1-31 untuk menyumpulkan bahwa kajian teologis dan yuridistidak saling bertentangan melainkan saling melengkapi dalam aktualisasipendidikan oleh manusia dengan sikap mengasihi dengan lev?vk? atau “hati”, n?fšek? atau “jiwa” dan me’?d?k? atau kekuatannya untuk mengasihi Pencipta-Nya.
Teologi Multikultural sebagai Respon terhadap Meningkatnya Eskalasi Politik Identitas di Indonesia
Authors: Nego Obet
Published: November 2020

Tulisan ini membahas tentang munculnya ancaman yang serius dari praktik Politik Identitas di Indonesia. Sebagai bangsa yang besar, Indonesia adalah bangsa yang heterogen secara agama dan etnisitas, sehingga munculnya Politik Identitas tidak bisa dihindari. Demokrasi yang dibangun berdasarkan semangat persatuan dan kesatuan bangsa, terancam rusak dan hancur oleh karena nafsu politik yang jahat. Ancaman tersebut kemudian direspon dengan Teologi Multikultural, berupa formula teologis untuk mendasari sikap Kristen dalam relasinya dengan sesama yang berbeda religi dan etnik. Pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif digunakan di dalam artikel ini. Metode studi literatur dipakai dalam mengumpulkan data-data yang terkait dengan tren Politik Identitas dan Teologi Multikultural. Hadirnya Teologi Multikultural di dalam dunia politik di Indonesia, akan menciptakan proses berpolitik yang sehat dan bermartabat, dengan saling menghargai sesama apapun latar belakangnya.
Pemahaman Soteriologi Alkitabiah Mahasiswa Kristen UNS Surakarta
Authors: T. Haryono  , Yemima Kezia
Published: November 2020

Mahasiswa Kristen belum mengerti secara penuh soteriologi alkitabiah.Kondisi buruk ini diperparah dengan belum diketahuinya sumbanganpengajaran mata kuliah PAK terhadap pemahaman mahasiswa Kristen diperguruan tinggi tentang soteriologi alkitabiah. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan mengetahui sumbangan pembelajaran mata kuliah PAK terhadap pemahaman mahasiswa Kristen, tentang soteriologi alkitabiah. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dan metode one group pretest postest. Populasipenelitian ini adalah 41 mahasiswa Kristen angkatan 2019 yang mengambil Mata Kuliah Pendidikan Agama Kristen di Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Sebelas Maret (UNS) program Sarjana (S1). Temuan penelitian: (1) Pengajaran mata kuliah PAK menyumbangkan 13,5% pemahaman mahasiswa Kristententang soteriokogi alkitabiah; (2) Pengajaran mata kuliah PAK sangatdiperngaruhi intensitas dan variasi metode penyampaian serta materi yang disampaikan.
The son of man: “Is it constructive theology and history of Jesus for the New Testament writing?”
Authors: Wiryadinata Halim
Published: November 2020

Many scholars and lay people try to figure out the reasons why the Lord JesusChrist uses the title of the son of man to designate Himself. He uses the title ofthe son of man throughout the Gospels, but there are some incidents only appear outside of the Gospels. This appearance is impressing to find out the reasons why the term occurrences in the Gospel. However, the term also appears in few passages outside the Gospels. Therefore, using the method of critical analysis through the library research as the qualitative methodology in order to seek the development of the argument from beginning up today and to see how the New Testament scholars clear up the message of Jesus in using that title. Few scholars comment that term has significant for the Christological development of the New Testament due to the messianic proclamation as thesaviour of the world. Furthermore, the idea of representative between man andGod apparently introduces the idea of the high priest in the New Testamentwriting for Jesus’ Christology. This idea will bring the consumption for BiblicalTheology when scholars seek this terminology in the New Testament writing.
Problematika Moralitas Seksual Postmodern menurut Perspektif 1 Korintus 6:12-20
Authors: Tampenawas Alfons
Published: November 2020

Artikel ini menggunakan metode studi literatur yang membahas tentangproblematika moralitas seksual postmodern dalam perspektif 1 Korintus 6:12-20. Kebobrokan moralitas seksual dari kehidupan jemaat Korintus yang amoralitas dan sembarang, masih terjadi sampai era postmodern ini, seperti pelacuran, inses (hubungan seksual dengan saudara kandung), dan homoseksual. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk melihat sejauhmana moralitas menjadi acuan atau nilai dalam kehidupan masyarakat di era postmodern. Hermeneutik menjadi suatu metode dalam pengkajian 1 Korintus 6:12-20.Pemilihan teks 1 Korintus 6:12-20, dikarenakan teks tersebut membahassecara prinsip bagaimana moralitas seksual secara alkitabiah. Hasil daripenelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa moralitas menjadi acuan atau nilaikehidupan bagi masyarkat tak terkecuali orang-orang percaya, maka kajian ini diharapkan menjadi sebuah landasan moralitas yang baru di erapostmodern.
“Yo soy mi propia musa. Pintoras latinoamericanas de entreguerras (1919-1939)”
Authors: Comisarenco Mirkin Dina
Published: November 2020

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An Analysis of Medical Informatics and Application of Computer-Aided Decision Support Framework
Authors: Chen Yun , Ginell Ernst
Published: November 2020

Due to the advent of technology in the medical sector, the future of the Computer-Aided Decision (CAD) is promising as a support system for the processing of images. Since there is significant results reported due to the application of diagnostic radiology in the healthcare facility, radiologists are looking forward to enhancing medical and bioinformatics using CAD. Medical evaluations and trials have been done over the past few decades to aid in the optimization of accurate programs and evaluate the real contributions of CAD in the medical informatics interpretation procedures. Health experts and radiologists utilizing patient outputs from fundamental application of CAD are placed in the best position to focus on the final decisions concerning the performance of patients and diagnosis. However, researches have shown that the computer outputs require not projecting significant general accuracy compared to a certain radiologist to enhance patients’ performance. The volume and measure of the present patient data including their complexity to enhance the process of making proper healthcare decisions while making it problematic for healthcare practitioners and physicians to facilitate the management of patients. This condition calls for the usage of biomedical informatics methodologies to effectively process information, create biomedical implementations and informatics frameworks for CAD support systems. With that regard, this paper evaluates the medical and bioinformatics based on the application of CAD systems. It further projects on the applications of the systems, their application guidelines and techniques. The paper ends with the analysis of the future problems and directions of the CAD support framework.
Application of Sensors, Actuators and devices in Cardiovascular Treatment
Authors: Weller Mike , Critchley Saunders
Published: November 2020

This research paper presents a scholastic analysis, including a technological overview of the most recently done research evaluations and technological accomplishment in the treatment and diagnosis of cardiovascular treatment. The main purpose of this paper is to provide future developers and researchers with critical highlight concerning the achievements and efforts related to devices, actuators and sensors which are essential for the treatment, diagnosis, imaging, mapping and monitoring of the cardiovascular treatment. This scholastic analysis ends by showing the segments of significance and potential areas that require further analysis.
The Dress of Evangelization: Jesuit Garments, Liturgical Textiles, and the Senses in Early Modern Japan
Authors: Zampol D'Ortia Linda
Published: November 2020

The present article analyses the use of clothing in the Jesuit sixteenth-century mission in Japan by applying dress theory. It investigates Jesuit garments and other perceptible elements of dress by understanding them as nonverbal communication. Texts by missionaries such as Francis Xavier (1506–52), Francisco Cabral (1533–1609), Luís Fróis (1532–1597), and Alessandro Valignano (1539–1606) are scrutinised to establish the content of the messages they meant to convey through Jesuit dress. The range of modifications that dress imposed on the bodies of the missionaries is examined to determine the limits within which the missionaries operated and how these boundaries came to be. Through an historical overview, the missionaries’ strategies are examined to show how such messages were fine-tuned through the manipulation of dress, and to what extent they represented responses to the specific context of Japan. Anti-Christian polemical texts supply information on the Japanese’s reception of these messages. The article explores Jesuit assumptions about the dress policies’ impact on their souls through the senses and on their work of evangelization as well.
From the Faith of Lamas to Global Buddhism: The Construction of Buddhist Tradition in Russian Trans-Baikal from the Eighteenth to the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Tsyrempilov Nikolay
Published: November 2020

The article invites readers to reconsider the history of Buddhism in Russian Trans-Baikal as a gradual process of negotiation and redefinition that involved different actors: lamas, Russian imperial officials of various levels, Orthodox missionaries, Buriat national activists, Saint Petersburg Orientologists, modern Buddhist reformers and conservatives. The process involved the construction of the centralized and subordinated confessional group out of scattered communities of lamas in the course of the nineteenth century, Irkutsk Orthodox Diocese’s attempts first to downgrade the faith of lamas to idol-worship and then to normalize ‘corrupted Buddhism’, and the 'discovery' of the larger Buddhist world by some Buriat lamas and their attempts to bring it back to ‘authentic forms’. The article shows what exactly had brought Russian officials and then Buriat Buddhists themselves to the idea that their religious tradition, which historically was labeled merely as Lamaistvo, is a part of the emerging conception of global Buddhism.
Michael G. Brennan: George Orwell and Religion
Authors: Crump Jeremy
Published: November 2020

This contribution offers a review of:Michael G. Brennan: George Orwell and Religion. Bloomsbury Academic: London/Oxford/New York/New Delhi/Sydney, 2016. 208 pages, $94.00/£70.00, ISBN (hardback) 9781472531940.
Elias Muhanna (ed.): The Digital Humanities and Islamic & Middle East Studies
Authors: Roeder Torsten
Published: November 2020

This contribution offers a review of:Elias Muhanna (ed.): The Digital Humanities and Islamic & Middle East Studies. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter, 2016. VIII + 271 pages, € [D] 99.95/US$ 140.00/GBP 74.99,ISBN (hardback): 978-3-11-037454-4.
Christine Caldwell Ames: Medieval Heresies. Christianity, Judaism, and Islam
Authors: Makrides Vasilios N.
Published: November 2020

This contribution offers a review of:Christine Caldwell Ames: Medieval Heresies. Christianity, Judaism, and Islam.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. 368 pages, GBP 19.99/US$29.99, ISBN (paperback) 9781107607019.
Aaron J. Ghiloni (ed.): World Religions and Their Missions
Authors: Roggema Barbara
Published: November 2020

This contribution offers a review ofAaron J. Ghiloni (ed.): World Religions and Their Missions.New York: Peter Lang, 2015. 349 pages, €80.60, ISBN 978-1-4331-2284-2 (hardcover)/ISBN 978-1-4539-1419-9 (e-book)
Dynamics and Stability in the Encounters between Asian Buddhists and European Christians
Authors: Berkwitz Stephen C.
Published: November 2020

The aim of this paper is to theorize broadly about how cultural encounters between Asian Buddhists and European Christians spurred various efforts to demarcate, systematize, and stabilize religious traditions. It focuses on the dynamics seen in Buddhist responses to contact situations from the sixteenth century onwards in Sri Lanka, Cambodia, and Japan in order to map out some patterns of interaction among these communities. Theories of cultural imitation and independence do not suffice to theorize interreligious encounters in these cases. Using select examples, this paper will contend that Asian Buddhists often responded to various kinds of European interventions by redefining and reimagining the Buddhist tradition in new ways in order to argue for its continued validity and to secure its stability in the face of external encounters and pressures.
Representation of Transcendence. The Armenian Letter “On the Image-Fighters” from the Seventh Century CE
Authors: Jurczyk Thomas
Published: November 2020

The major aim of this article is to study the Armenian Letter “On the Image-Fighters” by Vrt’anes K’ert’oł (approx. seventh century CE) from a religious studies’ perspective by examining the use and the role of representation (through images) in the Letter. The topic of representation is important both for the study of religion as well as for the history of iconoclasm and closely connected to the analytical concept of immanence/transcendence. The peculiarities of the use of representation in the Letter demonstrate that some aspects of the broader notion of representation must be adjusted when talking about religious representation. The approach of this article combines an in-depth investigation of the Letter (including an English translation in the appendix) with comparisons to different semantic layers of the modern notion of representation and the use of representation in Greek (pre-)iconoclastic sources from the same period.
Historical Engagements and Interreligious Encounters - Jews and Christians in Premodern and Early Modern Asia and Africa
Authors: Cuffel Alexandra , Gamliel Ophira
Published: November 2020

The essays in this special issue are based on the proceedings of the workshop Eastern Jews and Christians in Interaction and Exchange in the Islamic World and Beyond: A Comparative View held in Jerusalem and Raʿanana in June 2016. Accordingly, the essays address interreligious encounters in the Islamic world and beyond, examining social and religious attitudes towards religious Others in a wide range of disciplinary approaches. What binds these essays together is an attempt to shed light on a little-known history of Jewish-Christian relations in premodern Asia and Africa, a subject that stands at the heart of the research project Jews and Christians in the East: Strategies and Interactions between the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean.
Aśu the Convert: A Slave Girl or a Nāyar Land Owner?
Authors: Gamliel Ophira
Published: November 2020

Aśu was a twelfth-century woman from the West Coast of South India. She is mentioned as a Tuḷuva “slave girl” (šifḥa) in a deed of manumission authored by Abraham Ben Yijū, a Jewish merchant who lived with her for nearly eighteen years and had children with her. It is thus accepted that Aśu was a manumitted slave. However, there is evidence to the contrary suggesting that Aśu was a member of a matrilineal household of the Nāyar caste of landlords, and that by allying with her, Ben Yijū was establishing a transregional network in collaboration with hinterland Indian merchants. In what follows, I examine the textual evidence from the Cairo Geniza related to the couple and reevaluate it against the anthropological history of Nāyars, especially in relation to their matrilineal inheritance customs and intercaste matrimonial alliances. Arguably, familial alliances such as those of Aśu and Ben Yijū matured into full-fledged communities of Jews, Christians, and Muslims in the region. A better understanding of the relations between these two individuals, Aśu and Ben Yijū, can shed light on the history of the transregional maritime networks and, consequently, on the history of interreligious relations in the Malayalam-speaking region.
Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana - Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015
Authors: Kribus Bar , Krebs Verena
Published: November 2020

This paper presents results of the first field trip aimed at locating and studying the remains of Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) monasteries, as part of an ongoing research project aimed at shedding light on Beta Israel monasticism. Prior to this field trip, no Beta Israel monastery had ever been mapped, and no study focused on these monasteries has ever been conducted. On the trip, two former Beta Israel villages north of Lake Tana were examined: Amba Gwalit and Aṭeyä. At Amba Gwalit, the remains of a Beta Israel holy site, which may have been a monastery containing a synagogue and surrounded by an enclosure wall, were documented. In a nearby Beta Israel cemetery, the tomb of a well-known Beta Israel monk was found. At Aṭeyä, remains of well-preserved Beta Israel dwellings were examined. Both sites demonstrated that Beta Israel material culture in Ethiopia is sufficiently preserved to enable further research aimed at locating and examining Beta Israel monasteries.
The Lutheran Church in Rodowo as a Place of the Spiritual Meeting of Three Social Strata
Authors: Birecki Piotr
Published: November 2020

The article presents the hitherto unknown decoration of the furnishing of a little Protestant church in Rodowo in Ducal Prussia, founded by the local aristocratic family ofthe Schack von Wittenaus. After firstly providing an overview of the complicated confessional history of the region, the church, and its patrons, the second part of this article presents the emblematic decoration of church benches based on the “Four Elements,” with models for tapestries designed by Charles Le Brun and published in Paris in 1668 (and later in Germany). The original emblems, with descriptions by Charles Perrault, refer to King Louis XVI as the ideal ruler, but in Rodowo they emphasize the position of the Prussian nobility as the most important social group in the country. The second part of the article presents four unknown easel paintings on the church walls, with a symbolic presentation of Lutheran piety connected with Pietism in Ducal Prussia. The entire artistic ensemble in the church refers to the role of noblemen as leaders in the social and religious life of Ducal Prussia.
The Changing Landscapes of Cross-Faith Places and Practices
Authors: Sing Manfred
Published: November 2020

The present special issue of Entangled Religions has emerged from a conference about “Shared Sacred Places and Multi-Religious Space” that took place at the Leibniz Institute of European History (IEG) in Mainz in September 2016. As the title of the conference indicates, a main interest was to re-think the relation between place and space and between different religions. The conference took place in the framework of the IEG focus topic “Europe from the Margins,” which also included a lecture series on processes of marginalization and exclusion with regard to social and religious minorities within and beyond Europe. This background explains the range of topics in this special issue to a certain degree, because the conference had the aim to de-centre established notions of Europe and religion and understand them in their multi-dimensionality. While cross-faith practices are a worldwide phenomenon, the main geographical focus of the following articles is on southeastern Europe and the Mediterranean with their spatial extensions to Asia. Proceeding from here, the contributions in this volume understand multi-faith practices as embedded in local arrangements as well as in larger multi-religious landscapes, thus taking account of the interconnection between the local and the global and paying attention to the micro and macro levels of analysis.
Mixing Additive and Multiplicative Masking for Probing Secure Polynomial Evaluation Methods
Authors: Mathieu-Mahias Axel , Quisquater Michaël
Published: November 2020

Masking is a sound countermeasure to protect implementations of block- cipher algorithms against Side Channel Analysis (SCA). Currently, the most efficient masking schemes use Lagrange’s Interpolation Theorem in order to represent any S- box by a polynomial function over a binary finite field. Masking the processing of an S-box is then achieved by masking every operation involved in the evaluation of its polynomial representation. While the common approach requires to use the well- known Ishai-Sahai-Wagner (ISW) scheme in order to secure this processing, there exist alternatives. In the particular case of power functions, Genelle, Prouff and Quisquater proposed an efficient masking scheme (GPQ). However, no generalization has been suggested for polynomial functions so far. In this paper, we solve the open problem of extending GPQ for polynomials, and we also solve the open problem of proving that both the original scheme and its variants for polynomials satisfy the t-SNI security definition. Our approach to extend GPQ is based on the cyclotomic method and results in an alternate cyclotomic method which is three times faster in practice than the original proposal in almost all scenarios we address. The best- known method for polynomial evaluation is currently CRV which requires to use the cyclotomic method for one of its step. We also show how to plug our alternate cyclo- tomic approach into CRV and again provide an alternate approach that outperforms the original in almost all scenarios. We consider the masking of n-bit S-boxes for n ∈ [4;8] and we get in practice 35% improvement of efficiency for S-boxes with dimension n ∈ {5,7,8} and 25% for 6-bit S-boxes.
Dismantling the AUT64 Automotive Cipher
Authors: Hicks Christopher , Garcia Flavio D. , Oswald David
Published: November 2020

AUT64 is a 64-bit automotive block cipher with a 120-bit secret key used in a number of security sensitive applications such as vehicle immobilization and remote keyless entry systems. In this paper, we present for the first time full details of AUT64 including a complete specification and analysis of the block cipher, the associated authentication protocol, and its implementation in a widely-used vehicle immobiliser system that we have reverse engineered. Secondly, we reveal a number of cryptographic weaknesses in the block cipher design. Finally, we study the concrete use of AUT64 in a real immobiliser system, and pinpoint severe weaknesses in the key diversification scheme employed by the vehicle manufacturer. We present two key-recovery attacks based on the cryptographic weaknesses that, combined with the implementation flaws, break both the 8 and 24 round configurations of AUT64. Our attack on eight rounds requires only 512 plaintext-ciphertext pairs and, in the worst case, just 237.3 offline encryptions. In most cases, the attack can be executed within milliseconds on a standard laptop. Our attack on 24 rounds requires 2 plaintext-ciphertext pairs and 248.3 encryptions to recover the 120-bit secret key in the worst case. We have strong indications that a large part of the key is kept constant across vehicles, which would enable an attack using a single communication with the transponder and negligible offline computation.
SIFA: Exploiting Ineffective Fault Inductions on Symmetric Cryptography
Authors: Dobraunig Christoph , Eichlseder Maria , Korak Thomas , Mangard Stefan , Mendel Florian , Primas Robert
Published: November 2020

Since the seminal work of Boneh et al., the threat of fault attacks has been widely known and techniques for fault attacks and countermeasures have been studied extensively. The vast majority of the literature on fault attacks focuses on the ability of fault attacks to change an intermediate value to a faulty one, such as differential fault analysis (DFA), collision fault analysis, statistical fault attack (SFA), fault sensitivity analysis, or differential fault intensity analysis (DFIA). The other aspect of faults—that faults can be induced and do not change a value—has been researched far less. In case of symmetric ciphers, ineffective fault attacks (IFA) exploit this aspect. However, IFA relies on the ability of an attacker to reliably induce reproducible deterministic faults like stuck-at faults on parts of small values (e.g., one bit or byte), which is often considered to be impracticable.As a consequence, most countermeasures against fault attacks do not focus on such attacks, but on attacks exploiting changes of intermediate values and usually try to detect such a change (detection-based), or to destroy the exploitable information if a fault happens (infective countermeasures). Such countermeasures implicitly assume that the release of “fault-free” ciphertexts in the presence of a fault-inducing attacker does not reveal any exploitable information. In this work, we show that this assumption is not valid and we present novel fault attacks that work in the presence of detection-based and infective countermeasures. The attacks exploit the fact that intermediate values leading to “fault-free” ciphertexts show a non-uniform distribution, while they should be distributed uniformly. The presented attacks are entirely practical and are demonstrated to work for software implementations of AES and for a hardware co-processor. These practical attacks rely on fault induction by means of clock glitches and hence, are achieved using only low-cost equipment. This is feasible because our attack is very robust under noisy fault induction attempts and does not require the attacker to model or profile the exact fault effect. We target two types of countermeasures as examples: simple time redundancy with comparison and several infective countermeasures. However, our attacks can be applied to a wider range of countermeasures and are not restricted to these two countermeasures.
Data Flow Oriented Hardware Design of RNS-based Polynomial Multiplication for SHE Acceleration
Authors: Cathébras Joël , Carbon Alexandre , Milder Peter , Sirdey Renaud , Ventroux Nicolas
Published: November 2020

This paper presents a hardware implementation of a Residue Polynomial Multiplier (RPM), designed to accelerate the full Residue Number System (RNS) variant of the Fan-Vercauteren scheme proposed by Bajard et al. [BEHZ16]. Our design speeds up polynomial multiplication via a Negative Wrapped Convolution (NWC) which locally computes the required RNS channel dependent twiddle factors. Compared to related works, this design is more versatile regarding the addressable parameter sets for the BFV scheme. This is mainly brought by our proposed twiddle factor generator that makes the design BRAM utilization independent of the RNS basis size, with a negligible communication bandwidth usage for non-payload data. Furthermore, the generalization of a DFT hardware generator is explored in order to generate RNS friendly NTT architectures. This approach helps us to validate our RPM design over parameter sets from the work of Halevi et al. [HPS18]. For the depth-20 setting, we achieve an estimated speed up for the residue polynomial multiplications greater than 76 during ciphertexts multiplication, and greater than 16 during relinearization. It thus results in a single-threaded Mult&Relin ciphertext operation in 109.4 ms (×3.19 faster than [HPS18]) with RPM counting for less than 15% of the new computation time. Our RPM design scales up with reasonable use of hardware resources and realistic bandwidth requirements. It can also be exploited for other RNS based implementations of RLWE cryptosystems.
Analysis and Improvement of Differential Computation Attacks against Internally-Encoded White-Box Implementations
Authors: Rivain Matthieu , Wang Junwei
Published: November 2020

White-box cryptography is the last security barrier for a cryptographic software implementation deployed in an untrusted environment. The principle of internal encodings is a commonly used white-box technique to protect block cipher implementations. It consists in representing an implementation as a network of look-up tables which are then encoded using randomly generated bijections (the internal encodings). When this approach is implemented based on nibble (i.e. 4-bit wide) encodings, the protected implementation has been shown to be vulnerable to differential computation analysis (DCA). The latter is essentially an adaptation of differential power analysis techniques to computation traces consisting of runtime information, e.g., memory accesses, of the target software. In order to thwart DCA, it has then been suggested to use wider encodings, and in particular byte encodings, at least to protect the outer rounds of the block cipher which are the prime targets of DCA.In this work, we provide an in-depth analysis of when and why DCA works. We pinpoint the properties of the target variables and the encodings that make the attack (in)feasible. In particular, we show that DCA can break encodings wider than 4-bit, such as byte encodings. Additionally, we propose new DCA-like attacks inspired from side-channel analysis techniques. Specifically, we describe a collision attack particularly effective against the internal encoding countermeasure. We also investigate mutual information analysis (MIA) which naturally applies in this context. Compared to the original DCA, these attacks are also passive and they require very limited knowledge of the attacked implementation, but they achieve significant improvements in terms of trace complexity. All the analyses of our work are experimentally backed up with various attack simulation results. We also verified the practicability of our analyses and attack techniques against a publicly available white-box AES implementation protected with byte encodings –which DCA has failed to break before– and against a “masked” white-box AES implementation –which intends to resist DCA.
Rotational Cryptanalysis in the Presence of Constants
Authors: Ashur Tomer , Liu Yunwen
Published: November 2020

Rotational cryptanalysis is a statistical method for attacking ARX constructions. It was previously shown that ARX-C, i.e., ARX with the injection of constants can be used to implement any function. In this paper we investigate how rotational cryptanalysis is affected when constants are injected into the state. We introduce the notion of an RX-difference, generalizing the idea of a rotational difference. We show how RX-differences behave around modular addition, and give a formula to calculate their transition probability. We experimentally verify the formula using Speck32/64, and present a 7-round distinguisher based on RX-differences. We then discuss two types of constants: round constants, and constants which are the result of using a fixed key, and provide recommendations to designers for optimal choice of parameters.
Multi-key Analysis of Tweakable Even-Mansour with Applications to Minalpher and OPP
Authors: Guo Zhiyuan , Wu Wenling , Liu Renzhang , Zhang Liting
Published: November 2020

The tweakable Even-Mansour construction generalizes the conventional Even-Mansour scheme through replacing round keys by strings derived from a master key and a tweak. Besides providing plenty of inherent variability, such a design builds a tweakable block cipher from some lower level primitive. In the present paper, we evaluate the multi-key security of TEM-1, one of the most commonly used one-round tweakable Even-Mansour schemes (formally introduced at CRYPTO 2015), which is constructed from a single n-bit permutation P and a function f(k, t) linear in k from some tweak space to {0, 1} n. Based on giant component theorem in random graph theory, we propose a collision-based multi-key attack on TEM-1 in the known-plaintext setting. Furthermore, inspired by the methodology of Fouque et al. presented at ASIACRYPT 2014, we devise a novel way of detecting collisions and eventually obtain a memory-efficient multi-key attack in the adaptive chosen-plaintext setting. As important applications, we utilize our techniques to analyze the authenticated encryption algorithms Minalpher (a second-round candidate of CAESAR) and OPP (proposed at EUROCRYPT 2016) in the multi-key setting. We describe knownplaintext attacks on Minalpher and OPP without nonce misuse, which enable us to recover almost all O(2n/3) independent masks by making O(2n/3) queries per key and costing O(22n/3) memory overall. After defining appropriate iterated functions and accordingly changing the mode of creating chains, we improve the basic blockwiseadaptive chosen-plaintext attack to make it also applicable for the nonce-respecting setting. While our attacks do not contradict the security proofs of Minalpher and OPP in the classical setting, nor pose an immediate threat to their uses, our results demonstrate their security margins in the multi-user setting should be carefully considered. We emphasize this is the very first third-party analysis on Minalpher and OPP.
Conditional Cube Attack on Round-Reduced ASCON
Authors: Li Zheng , Dong Xiaoyang , Wang Xiaoyun
Published: November 2020

This paper evaluates the secure level of authenticated encryption Ascon against cube-like method. Ascon submitted by Dobraunig et al. is one of 16 survivors of the 3rd round CAESAR competition. The cube-like method is first used by Dinur et al. to analyze Keccak keyed modes. At CT-RSA 2015, Dobraunig et al. applied this method to 5/6-round reduced Ascon, whose structure is similar to Keccak keyed modes. However, for Ascon the non-linear layer is more complex and state is much smaller, which make it hard for the attackers to select enough cube variables that do not multiply with each other after the first round. This seems to be the reason why the best previous key-recovery attack is on 6-round Ascon, while for Keccak keyed modes (Keccak-MAC and Keyak) the attacked round is no less than 7-round. In this paper, we generalize the conditional cube attack proposed by Huang et al., and find new cubes depending on some key bit conditions for 5/6-round reduced Ascon, and translate the previous theoretic 6-round attack with 266 time complexity to a practical one with 240 time complexity. Moreover, we propose the first 7-round key-recovery attack on Ascon. By introducing the cube-like key-subset technique, we divide the full key space into many subsets according to different key conditions. For each key subset, we launch the cube tester to determine if the key falls into it. Finally, we recover the full key space by testing all the key subsets. The total time complexity is about 2103.9. In addition, for a weak-key subset, whose size is 2117, the attack is more efficient and costs only 277 time complexity. Those attacks do not threaten the full round (12 rounds) Ascon.
The Approximate k-List Problem
Authors: Both Leif , May Alexander
Published: November 2020

We study a generalization of the k-list problem, also known as the Generalized Birthday problem. In the k-list problem, one starts with k lists of binary vectors and has to find a set of vectors – one from each list – that sum to the all-zero target vector. In our generalized Approximate k-list problem, one has to find a set of vectors that sum to a vector of small Hamming weight ω. Thus, we relax the condition on the target vector and allow for some error positions. This in turn helps us to significantly reduce the size of the starting lists, which determines the memory consumption, and the running time as a function of ω. For ω = 0, our algorithm achieves the original k-list run-time/memory consumption, whereas for ω = n/2 it has polynomial complexity. As in the k-list case, our Approximate k-list algorithm is defined for all k = 2m,m > 1. Surprisingly, we also find an Approximate 3-list algorithm that improves in the runtime exponent compared to its 2-list counterpart for all 0 < ω < n/2. To the best of our knowledge this is the first such improvement of some variant of the notoriously hard 3-list problem. As an application of our algorithm we compute small weight multiples of a given polynomial with more flexible degree than with Wagner’s algorithm from Crypto 2002 and with smaller time/memory consumption than with Minder and Sinclair’s algorithm from SODA 2009.
Practical Evaluation of FSE 2016 Customized Encoding Countermeasure
Authors: Bhasin Shivam , Jap Dirmanto , Peyrin Thomas
Published: November 2020

To protect against side-channel attacks, many countermeasures have been proposed. A novel customized encoding countermeasure was published in FSE 2016. Customized encoding exploits knowledge of the profiled leakage of the device to construct an optimal encoding and minimize the overall side-channel leakage. This technique was originally applied on a basic table look-up. In this paper, we implement a full block cipher with customized encoding countermeasure and investigate its security under simulated and practical setting for a general purpose microcontroller. Under simulated setting, we can verify that customized encoding shows strong security properties under proper assumption of leakage estimation and noise variance. However, in practical setting, our general observation is that the side-channel leakage will mostly be present even if the encoding scheme is applied, highlighting some limitation of the approach. The results are supported by experiments on 8-bit AVR and 32-bit ARM microcontroller.
Rotational-XOR Cryptanalysis of Reduced-round SPECK
Authors: Liu Yunwen , De Witte Glenn , Ranea Adrián , Ashur Tomer
Published: November 2020

In this paper we formulate a SAT/SMT model for Rotational-XOR (RX) cryptanalysis in ARX primitives for the first time. The model is successfully applied to the block cipher family Speck, and distinguishers covering more rounds than previously are found, as well as RX-characteristics requiring less data to detect. In particular, we present distinguishers for 10, 11 and 12 rounds for Speck32/64 which have better probabilities than the previously known 9-round differential characteristic, for a certain weak key class. For versions of Speck48, we present several distinguishers, among which the longest one covering 15 rounds, while the previously best differential characteristic only covered 11.
Preface to Volume 2018, Issue 1
Authors: Mendel Florian , Naya-Plasencia María
Published: November 2020

Preface
On Efficient Constructions of Lightweight MDS Matrices
Authors: Zhou Lijing , Wang Licheng , Sun Yiru
Published: November 2020

The paper investigates the maximum distance separable (MDS) matrix over the matrix polynomial residue ring. Firstly, by analyzing the minimal polynomials of binary matrices with 1 XOR count and element-matrices with few XOR counts, we present an efficient method for constructing MDS matrices with as few XOR counts as possible. Comparing with previous constructions, our corresponding constructions only cost 1 minute 27 seconds to 7 minutes, while previous constructions cost 3 days to 4 weeks. Secondly, we discuss the existence of several types of involutory MDS matrices and propose an efficient necessary-and-sufficient condition for identifying a Hadamard matrix being involutory. According to the condition, each involutory Hadamard matrix over a polynomial residue ring can be accurately and efficiently searched. Furthermore, we devise an efficient algorithm for constructing involutory Hadamard MDS matrices with as few XOR counts as possible. We obtain many new involutory Hadamard MDS matrices with much fewer XOR counts than optimal results reported before.
Towards Low Energy Stream Ciphers
Authors: Banik Subhadeep , Mikhalev Vasily , Armknecht Frederik , Isobe Takanori , Meier Willi , Bogdanov Andrey , Watanabe Yuhei , Regazzoni Francesco
Published: November 2020

Energy optimization is an important design aspect of lightweight cryptography. Since low energy ciphers drain less battery, they are invaluable components of devices that operate on a tight energy budget such as handheld devices or RFID tags. At Asiacrypt 2015, Banik et al. presented the block cipher family Midori which was designed to optimize the energy consumed per encryption and which reduces the energy consumption by more than 30% compared to previous block ciphers. However, if one has to encrypt/decrypt longer streams of data, i.e. for bulk data encryption/decryption, it is expected that a stream cipher should perform even better than block ciphers in terms of energy required to encrypt. In this paper, we address the question of designing low energy stream ciphers. To this end, we analyze for common stream cipher design components their impact on the energy consumption. Based on this, we give arguments why indeed stream ciphers allow for encrypting long data streams with less energy than block ciphers and validate our findings by implementations. Afterwards, we use the analysis results to identify energy minimizing design principles for stream ciphers.
Cryptanalysis of Low-Data Instances of Full LowMCv2
Authors: Rechberger Christian , Soleimany Hadi , Tiessen Tyge
Published: November 2020

LowMC is a family of block ciphers designed for a low multiplicative complexity. The specification allows a large variety of instantiations, differing in block size, key size, number of S-boxes applied per round and allowed data complexity. The number of rounds deemed secure is determined by evaluating a number of attack vectors and taking the number of rounds still secure against the best of these. In this paper, we demonstrate that the attacks considered by the designers of LowMC in the version 2 of the round-formular were not sufficient to fend off all possible attacks. In the case of instantiations of LowMC with one of the most useful settings, namely with few applied S-boxes per round and only low allowable data complexities, efficient attacks based on difference enumeration techniques can be constructed. We show that it is most effective to consider tuples of differences instead of simple differences, both to increase the range of the distinguishers and to enable key recovery attacks. All applications for LowMC we are aware of, including signature schemes like Picnic and more recent (ring/group) signature schemes have used version 3 of the roundformular for LowMC, which takes our attack already into account.