bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modulation of Biotransformation Systems and ABC Transporters by Benznidazole in Rats
Authors: Perdomo Virginia G. , Rigalli Juan P. , Villanueva Silvina S. M. , Ruiz María L. , Luquita Marcelo G. , Echenique Claudia G. , Catania Viviana A.
Published: July 2013

The effect of antichagasic benznidazole (BZL; 100 mg/kg body weight/day, 3 consecutive days, intraperitoneally) on biotransformation systems and ABC transporters was evaluated in rats. Expression of cytochrome P-450 (CYP3A), UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT1A), glutathione
S
-transferases (alpha glutathione
S
-transferase [GST-α], GST-μ, and GST-π), multidrug-resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2), and P glycoprotein (P-gp) in liver, small intestine, and kidney was estimated by Western blotting. Increases in hepatic CYP3A (30%) and GST-μ (40%) and in intestinal GST-α (72% in jejunum and 136% in ileum) were detected. Significant increases in Mrp2 (300%) and P-gp (500%) proteins in liver from BZL-treated rats were observed without changes in kidney. P-gp and Mrp2 were also increased by BZL in jejunum (170% and 120%, respectively). In ileum, only P-gp was increased by BZL (50%). The activities of GST, P-gp, and Mrp2 correlated well with the upregulation of proteins in liver and jejunum. Plasma decay of a test dose of BZL (5 mg/kg body weight) administered intraduodenally was faster (295%) and the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) was lower (41%) for BZL-pretreated rats than for controls. The biliary excretion of BZL was higher (60%) in the BZL group, and urinary excretion of BZL did not show differences between groups. The amount of absorbed BZL in intestinal sacs was lower (25%) in pretreated rats than in controls. In conclusion, induction of biotransformation enzymes and/or transporters by BZL could increase the clearance and/or decrease the intestinal absorption of coadministered drugs that are substrates of these systems, including BZL itself.
Genome Sequence of Thermus thermophilus ATCC 33923, a Thermostable Trehalose-Producing Strain
Authors: Jiang Ling , Lin Ming , Li Xiaotong , Cui Huaiyan , Xu Xian , Li Shuang , Huang He
Published: July 2013

Thermus thermophilus
ATCC 33923 contains a thermostable enzyme that can efficiently catalyze the conversion of maltose into trehalose. Here we report a 2.15-Mb assembly of its genome sequence and other useful information, including the coding sequences (CDS) responsible for biological processes such as DNA replication, DNA repair, and RNA maturation.
Surface Association of Pht Proteins of Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Plumptre Charles D. , Ogunniyi Abiodun D. , Paton James C.
Published: July 2013

Streptococcus pneumoniae
is a major human pathogen responsible for massive global morbidity and mortality. The pneumococcus attaches a variety of proteins to its cell surface, many of which contribute to virulence; one such family are the polyhistidine triad (Pht) proteins PhtA, PhtB, PhtD, and PhtE. In this study, we have examined the mechanism of Pht surface attachment using PhtD as a model. Analysis of deletion and point mutants identified a three-amino-acid region of PhtD (Q27-H28-R29) that is critical for the process. The analogous region in PhtE was also necessary for its attachment to the cell surface. Furthermore, we show that a large proportion of the total amount of each Pht protein is released into bacterial culture supernatants. Other surface proteins were also released, albeit to lesser extents, and this was not due to pneumococcal autolysis. The extent of release of surface proteins was strain dependent and was not affected by the capsule. Lastly, we compared the fitness of wild-type and Δ
phtABDE
pneumococci
in vivo
in a mouse coinfection model. Release of Pht proteins by the wild type did not complement the mutant strain, consistent with surface-attached rather than soluble forms of the Pht proteins playing the major role in virulence. The significant degree of release of Pht proteins from intact bacteria may have implications for the use of these proteins in novel vaccines.
DC-LAMP
+
Dendritic Cells Are Recruited to Gastric Lymphoid Follicles in Helicobacter pylori-Infected Individuals
Authors: Hansson Malin , Sundquist Malin , Hering Susanne , Lundin B. Samuel , Hermansson Michael , Quiding-Järbrink Marianne
Published: July 2013

Infection with
Helicobacter pylori
is associated with development of ulcer disease and gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma. The infection leads to a large infiltration of immune cells and the formation of organized lymphoid follicles in the human gastric mucosa. Still, the immune system fails to eradicate the bacteria, and the substantial regulatory T cell (Treg) response elicited is probably a major factor permitting bacterial persistence. Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that can activate naive T cells, and maturation of DCs is crucial for the initiation of primary immune responses. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and localization of mature human DCs in
H. pylori
-infected gastric mucosa. Gastric antral biopsy specimens were collected from patients with
H. pylori
-associated gastritis and healthy volunteers, and antrum tissue was collected from patients undergoing gastric resection. Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry showed that DCs expressing the maturation marker dendritic cell lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein (DC-LAMP; CD208) are enriched in the
H. pylori
-infected gastric mucosa and that these DCs are specifically localized within or close to lymphoid follicles. Gastric DC-LAMP-positive (DC-LAMP
+
) DCs express CD11c and high levels of HLA-DR but little CD80, CD83, and CD86. Furthermore, immunofluorescence analyses demonstrated that DC-LAMP
+
DCs are in the same location as FoxP3-positive putative Tregs in the follicles. In conclusion, we show that DC-LAMP
+
DCs with low costimulatory capacity accumulate in the lymphoid follicles in human
H. pylori
-infected gastric tissue, and our results suggest that Treg-DC interactions may promote chronic infection by rendering gastric DCs tolerogenic.
The Mucin Muc2 Limits Pathogen Burdens and Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction during Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Colitis
Authors: Zarepour Maryam , Bhullar Kirandeep , Montero Marinieve , Ma Caixia , Huang Tina , Velcich Anna , Xia Lijun , Vallance Bruce A.
Published: July 2013

Salmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium is a model organism used to explore the virulence strategies underlyingSalmonellapathogenesis. Although intestinal mucus is the first line of defense in the intestine, its role in protection againstSalmonellais still unclear. The intestinal mucus layer is composed primarily of the Muc2 mucin, a heavily O-glycosylated glycoprotein. The core 3-derived O-glycans of Muc2 are synthesized by core 3 β1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (C3GnT). Mice lacking these glycans still produce Muc2 but display a thinner intestinal mucus barrier. We began our investigations by comparingSalmonella-induced colitis and mucus dynamics inMuc2-deficient (Muc2−/−) mice,C3GnT−/−mice, and wild-type C57BL/6 (WT) mice.Salmonellainfection led to increases in luminal Muc2 secretion in WT andC3GnT−/−mice. WhenMuc2−/−mice were infected withSalmonella, they showed dramatic susceptibility to infection, carrying significantly higher cecal and liver pathogen burdens, and developing significantly higher barrier disruption and higher mortality rates, than WT mice. We found that the exaggerated barrier disruption in infectedMuc2−/−mice wasinvAdependent. We also tested the susceptibility ofC3GnT−/−mice and found that they carried pathogen burdens similar to those of WT mice but developed exaggerated barrier disruption. Moreover, we found thatMuc2−/−mice were impaired in intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) expression and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) detoxification activity in their ceca, potentially explaining their high mortality rates during infection. Our data suggest that the intestinal mucus layer (Muc2) and core 3 O-glycosylation play critical roles in controllingSalmonellaintestinal burdens and intestinal epithelial barrier function, respectively.
Spontaneous triple coronary artery dissection in a 78-year-old woman resolved angiographically with anticoagulation and medical management
Authors: Backman Warren David , Bakhai Ameet
Published: July 2013

A 78-year-old woman who presented with chest pain, on a background of hypertension and varicose veins, was found to have a non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction with coronary angiography demonstrating dissections of all three major arteries distally. She was treated medically, with anticoagulation and risk factor management as the primary therapies. This is the first reported case of triple spontaneous coronary artery dissection treated medically, along with angiographic follow-up demonstrating complete resolution.
A rapid increase in the normal white cell counts without blasts as the initial presentation of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: Inoue Susumu , Sah Jitendra , Onwuzurike Nkechi
Published: July 2013

A 5-year-old girl with multiple enlarged cervical lymph nodes consistent with Epstein-Barr virus infection showed a rapid increase in the white blood cell counts (myeloid cells and lymphocytes) without blasts over a week period. Bone marrow evaluation performed after a week's observation unexpectedly showed replacement of the marrow with T lymphoblasts. A presentation of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) in this fashion is very unusual. We postulate that the T-lymphoblasts may have been secreting granulocyte colony stimulating factor like substance. We are unable to find a similar case report in the literature, and thus we wish to report this case. The patient has been treated with Children's Oncology Group T-ALL protocol, and has been in continuous remission.
The effectiveness of schemes that refine referrals between primary and secondary care—the UK experience with glaucoma referrals: the Health Innovation & Education Cluster (HIEC) Glaucoma Pathways Project
Authors: Ratnarajan Gokulan , Newsom Wendy , Vernon Stephen A , Fenerty Cecilia , Henson David , Spencer Fiona , Wang Yanfang , Harper Robert , McNaught Andrew , Collins Lisa , Parker Mike , Lawrenson John , Hudson Robyn , Khaw Peng Tee , Wormald Richard , Garway-Heath David , Bourne Rupert
Published: July 2013

Objectives

A comparison of glaucoma referral refinement schemes (GRRS) in the UK during a time period of considerable change in national policy and guidance.

Design

Retrospective multisite review.

Setting

The outcomes of clinical examinations by optometrists with a specialist interest in glaucoma (OSIs) were compared with optometrists with no specialist interest in glaucoma (non-OSIs). Data from Huntingdon and Nottingham assessed non-OSI findings, while Manchester and Gloucestershire reviewed OSI findings.

Participants

1086 patients. 434 patients were from Huntingdon, 179 from Manchester, 204 from Gloucestershire and 269 from Nottingham.

Results

The first-visit discharge rate (FVDR) for all time periods for OSIs was 14.1% compared with 36.1% from non-OSIs (difference 22%, CI 16.9% to 26.7%; p<0.001). The FVDR increased after the April 2009 National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) glaucoma guidelines compared with pre-NICE, which was particularly evident when pre-NICE was compared with the current practice time period (OSIs 6.2–17.2%, difference 11%, CI −24.7% to 4.3%; p=0.18, non-OSIs 29.2–43.9%, difference 14.7%, CI −27.8% to −0.30%; p=0.03). Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) was the commonest reason for referral for OSIs and non-OSIs, 28.7% and 36.1%, respectively, of total referrals. The proportion of referrals for elevated IOP increased from 10.9% pre-NICE to 28.0% post-NICE for OSIs, and from 19% to 45.1% for non-OSIs.

Conclusions

In terms of ‘demand management’, OSIs can reduce FVDR of patients reviewed in secondary care; however, in terms of ‘patient safety’ this study also shows that overemphasis on IOP as a criterion for referral is having an adverse effect on both the non-OSIs and indeed the OSIs ability to detect glaucomatous optic nerve features. It is recommended that referral letters from non-OSIs be stratified for risk, directing high-risk patients straight to secondary care, and low-risk patients to OSIs.
Methods used to conduct and report Bayesian mixed treatment comparisons published in the medical literature: a systematic review
Authors: Sobieraj Diana M , Cappelleri Joseph C , Baker William L , Phung Olivia J , White C Michael , Coleman Craig I
Published: July 2013

Objectives

To identify published closed-loop Bayesian mixed treatment comparisons (MTCs) and to summarise characteristics regarding their conduct and reporting.

Design

Systematic review.

Methods

We searched multiple bibliographic databases (January 2006–31 July 2011) for full-text, English language publications of Bayesian MTCs comparing the effectiveness or safety of ≥3 interventions based on randomised controlled trials and having at least one closed loop. Methodological and reporting characteristics of MTCs were extracted in duplicate and summarised descriptively.

Results

We identified 34 Bayesian MTCs spanning 13 clinical areas. Publication of MTCs increased over the 5-year period; with 76.5% published during or after 2009. MTCs included a mean (±SD) of 35.9±30.1 trials (n=33 459±71 233 participants) and 8.5±4.3 interventions (85.7% pharmacological). Non-informative and informative prior distributions were reported to be used in 44.1% and 8.8% of MTCs, respectively, with the remainder failing to specify the prior used. A random-effects model was used to analyse the networks of trials in 58.5% of MTCs, all using WinBUGS; however, code was infrequently provided (20.6%). More than two-thirds of MTCs (76.5%) also conducted traditional meta-analysis. Methods used to evaluate convergence, heterogeneity and inconsistency were infrequently reported, but from those providing detail, methods appeared varied. MTCs most often used a binary effect measure (85.3%) and ranking of interventions based on probability was common (61.8%), although rarely displayed in a figure (8.8% of MTCs). MTCs were published in 24 different journals with a mean impact factor of 9.20±8.71. While 70.8% of journals imposed limits on word counts and 45.8% limits on the number of tables/figures, online supplements/appendices were allowed in 79.2% of journals. Publication of closed-loop Bayesian MTCs is increasing in frequency, but details regarding their methodology are often poorly described. Efforts in clarifying the appropriate methods and reporting of Bayesian MTCs should be of priority.
Introduction effects of the Australian plain packaging policy on adult smokers: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Wakefield Melanie A , Hayes Linda , Durkin Sarah , Borland Ron
Published: July 2013

Objective

To determine whether smokers smoking from packs required under Australia's plain packaging law had different smoking beliefs and quitting thoughts, compared with those still smoking from branded packs.

Design

Cross-sectional survey during the roll-out phase of the law, analysed by timing of survey.

Setting

Australian state of Victoria, November 2012.

Participants

536 cigarette smokers with a usual brand, of whom 72.3% were smoking from a plain pack and 27.7% were smoking from a branded pack.

Primary outcome measures

Perceived quality and satisfaction of cigarettes compared with 1 year ago, frequency of thoughts of smoking harm, perceived exaggeration of harms, frequency of thoughts of quitting, quitting priority in life, intention to quit, approval of large graphic health warnings and plain packaging.

Results

Compared with branded pack smokers, those smoking from plain packs perceived their cigarettes to be lower in quality (adjusted OR (AdjOR)=1.66, p=0.045), tended to perceive their cigarettes as less satisfying than a year ago (AdjOR=1.70,p=0.052), were more likely to have thought about quitting at least once a day in the past week (AdjOR=1.81, p=0.013) and to rate quitting as a higher priority in their lives (F=13.11, df=1, p<0.001). Plain pack smokers were more likely to support the policy than branded pack smokers (AdjOR=1.51, p=0.049). Branded and plain pack smokers did not differ on measures of less immediate smoking intentions, frequency of thoughts about harms or perceived exaggeration of harms. Appeal outcomes, but not other outcomes, were sensitive to the extent of roll-out, with responses from branded pack smokers approaching those of plain pack smokers, once 80% of survey respondents were smoking from plain packs 1–2 weeks before the December implementation date.

Conclusions

The early indication is that plain packaging is associated with lower smoking appeal, more support for the policy and more urgency to quit among adult smokers.
New Early Triassic coelacanth in the family Laugiidae (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia) from the Sulphur Mountain Formation near Wapiti Lake, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Wendruff Andrew J. , Wilson Mark V.H.
Published: July 2013

A new Early Triassic coelacanth, Belemnocerca prolata, gen. et sp. nov., is described as a new member of the family Laugiidae. Although only one incomplete specimen is known, much can be deduced about its evolutionary relationships. In particular, the new coelacanth is most similar to one member of its family, Laugia groenlandica, in the asymmetry (dorsal lobe longer than ventral) and the gradually tapering shape of its caudal fin, though it differs in caudal fin ray count and anal fin position as well as in the size and shape of the supplementary lobe. Belemnocerca prolata is the westernmost occurrence of the family Laugiidae and only member of this family known to inhabit Panthalassa, west of the supercontinent Pangaea. The family Laugiidae has a temporal range from the Early Triassic to the Late Jurassic, and its members have been described from both Greenland and Germany.
Antifungal susceptibility of emerging opportunistic yeasts and yeast-like fungi from Rhea americana
Authors: de Aguiar Cordeiro Rossana , Pereira de Alencar Lucas , Nogueira Brilhante Raimunda Sâmia , de Souza Collares Maia Castelo-Bran Débora , Cordeiro Teixeira Carlos Eduardo , de Brito Macedo Ramila , Teixeira Lima Daniel , Paiva de Araújo Neto Manoel , Jalles Monteiro André , Dutra Alves Nilza , Franco de Oliveira Moacir , Costa Sidrim José Júlio , Rocha Gadelha Marcos Fábio
Published: July 2013

Opportunistic yeasts and yeast-like fungi have been recognized as important pathogens in high-risk patients. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of these microorganisms in the microbiota of captive rheas and to investigate the antifungal susceptibility of the isolated strains. Isolates representing Magnusiomyces capitatus (Geotrichum capitatum, n = 11), Trichosporon mucoides (n = 11), Trichosporon asteroides (n = 5), Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (n = 4), Trichosporon asahii (n = 3), Trichosporon cutaneum (n = 3), and Trichosporon ovoides (n = 3) were obtained from the oropharynx, cloaca, and feces of 58 animals. Most of the isolates were susceptible to antifungals in vitro; however, resistance against fluconazole (n = 1) and itraconazole (n = 2) was detected among T. mucoides. This study indicates that healthy rheas can be reservoirs of opportunistic pathogens. Primary resistance to azoles in T. mucoides obtained from these animals demonstrates the potential risk to humans.
THE RENORMALIZATION GROUP ACCORDING TO BALABAN, I. SMALL FIELDS
Authors: DIMOCK J.
Published: July 2013

This is an expository account of Balaban's approach to the renormalization group. The method is illustrated with a treatment of the ultraviolet problem for the scalar ϕ4 model on toroidal lattice in dimension d = 3. This yields another proof of the stability bound. In this first paper we analyze the small field contribution to the partition function.
FAST INTEGRATION OF ONE-DIMENSIONAL BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS
Authors: CAMPOS RAFAEL G. , RUIZ RAFAEL GARCÍA
Published: July 2013

Two-point nonlinear boundary value problems (BVPs) in both unbounded and bounded domains are solved in this paper using fast numerical antiderivatives and derivatives of functions of L2(-∞, ∞). This differintegral scheme uses a new algorithm to compute the Fourier transform. As examples we solve a fourth-order two-point boundary value problem (BVP) and compute the shape of the soliton solutions of a one-dimensional generalized Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation.
EXPERIMENTAL REVIEW OF STRUCTURES IN THE J/ψϕ MASS SPECTRUM
Authors: YI KAI
Published: July 2013

The discovery of numerous new charmonium-like structures since 2003 have revitalized interest in exotic meson spectroscopy. These structures do not fit easily into the conventional charmonium model, and proposals like four-quark states, hybrids and rescattering effects have been suggested as explanations. Since 2009, several new structures were reported in the J/ψϕ mass spectrum with the following characteristics: they are the first ones reported decaying into two heavy mesons which contain both a [Formula: see text] pair and a [Formula: see text] pair; and their masses are well beyond the open charm pair threshold. Conventional [Formula: see text] states with a mass beyond the J/ψϕ threshold are not expected to decay into this channel and the width is expected to be large, thus they are good candidates for exotic mesons. The focus of this paper is to review the recent developments on the structures in the J/ψϕ mass spectrum from CDF, Belle and LHCb.
SYMMETRY PROPERTIES OF THE EXACT EM RADIATION-REACTION EQUATION FOR CLASSICAL EXTENDED PARTICLES AND ANTIPARTICLES
Authors: CREMASCHINI CLAUDIO , TESSAROTTO MASSIMO
Published: July 2013

Based on recent theoretical developments (Cremaschini and Tessarotto, 2011–2013), in this paper the issue is addressed of the first-principle construction of the nonlocal relativistic radiation-reaction (RR) equation for classical spherical-shell, finite-size particles and antiparticles. This is achieved invoking the axioms of Classical Electrodynamics by means of the Hamilton variational principle. In connection with this, the Lagrangian conservation laws, together with the possible existence of adiabatic invariants, and the transformation laws of the RR equation with respect to CPT and time-reversal transformations are investigated. The latter properties make possible the parametrization of the RR equations, holding respectively for particles and antiparticles of this type, in terms of the same coordinate time t and the investigation of the qualitative properties of their solutions. In particular, in both cases the RR self-force is found to have the same signature, which implies that the dynamics of classical finite-size antiparticles is equivalent to that of classical extended particles of opposite charge. Therefore, in the framework of Classical Mechanics, a distinction between particles and antiparticles cannot be made based solely on the electromagnetic interactions associated with electromagnetic RR phenomena. As a basic application of the theory, the Lagrangian conservation laws and symmetry properties for the Hamiltonian asymptotic approximations of the exact RR equation are also addressed.
PROTON SCATTERING ON AN ELECTRON GAS
Authors: MANSOURI FARES , POLONYI JANOS , ZAZOUA KARIMA , ZEKRI NOUREDIN
Published: July 2013

It is shown in the case of proton scattering on an electron gas target that the Closed Time Path formalism can handle final state interactions of the target in equilibrium in a simple and natural manner. The leading-order cross-section is proportional to the photon density of states. The scattering needs a partial resummation of the perturbation series when the electron gas forms long living quasi-particles with high density of state during the collision. A strong cancellation between real and virtual electron-hole pairs is found in this case.
THE RELAXATION OF TWISTED CHIRAL NEMATIC LIQUID CRYSTALS WITH SIDE-CHAIN POLYMERIC LAYER
Authors: ZHOU XUAN , ZHANG ZHIDONG
Published: July 2013

A generalized form of surface dissipation function, for the description of the relative motion of the nematic director with respect to the polymer side chains in twisted chiral nematic samples is proposed, and the relaxation time of such samples are investigated, using the perturbation analysis method proposed by Alexe-Ionescu et al. Our results show that the presence of both the surface dissipation and the polymer side chains increase the relaxation time.
IDEAL COSET INVARIANTS FOR SURFACE-LINKS IN ℝ4
Authors: JOUNG YEWON , KIM JIEON , LEE SANG YOUL
Published: July 2013

In [Towards invariants of surfaces in 4-space via classical link invariants, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc.361 (2009) 237–265], Lee defined a polynomial [[D]] for marked graph diagrams D of surface-links in 4-space by using a state-sum model involving a given classical link invariant. In this paper, we deal with some obstructions to obtain an invariant for surface-links represented by marked graph diagrams D by using the polynomial [[D]] and introduce an ideal coset invariant for surface-links, which is defined to be the coset of the polynomial [[D]] in a quotient ring of a certain polynomial ring modulo some ideal and represented by a unique normal form, i.e. a unique representative for the coset of [[D]] that can be calculated from [[D]] with the help of a Gröbner basis package on computer.
A VISION-BASED LOCATION POSITIONING SYSTEM VIA AUGMENTED REALITY: AN APPLICATION IN HUMANOID ROBOT NAVIGATION
Authors: MOHARERI OMID , RAD AHMAD B.
Published: July 2013

In this paper, we present a vision-based localization system using mobile augmented reality (MAR) and mobile audio augmented reality (MAAR) techniques, applicable to both humans and humanoid robots navigation in indoor environments. In the first stage, we propose a system that recognizes the location of a user from the image sequence of an indoor environment using its onboard camera. The location information is added to the user's view in the form of 3D objects and audio sounds with location information and navigation instruction content via augmented reality (AR). The location is recognized by using the prior knowledge about the layout of the environment and the location of the AR markers. The image sequence can be obtained using a smart phone's camera and the marker detection, 3D object placement and audio augmentation will be performed by the phone's operating processor and graphical/audio modules. Using this system will majorly reduce the hardware complexity of such navigation systems, as it replaces a system consisting of a mobile PC, wireless camera, head-mounted displays (HMD) and a remote PC with a smart phone with camera. In the second stage, the same algorithm is employed as a novel vision-based autonomous humanoid robot localization and navigation approach. The proposed technique is implemented on a humanoid robot NAO and improves the robot's navigation and localization performance previously done using an extended Kalman filter (EKF) by presenting location-based information to the robot through different AR markers placed in the robot environment.
Water-soluble manganese phthalocyanines
Authors: Dolotova Olga , Yuzhakova Olga , Solovyova Ludmila , Shevchenko Ekaterina , Negrimovsky Vladimir , Lukyanets Evgeny , Kaliya Oleg
Published: July 2013

Three new substituted manganese phthalocyanines (PcMns), wich are water-soluble, have been synthesized with good yields (70–80%) and high purity. Pyridiniummethyl- and cholinylsubstituted phthalocyanines have been obtained from the chloromethylsubstituted PcMns , while octacarboxysubstituted complex has been synthesized from metal-free octacarboxyphthalocyanine tetraanhydride. Compounds were characterized by elemental analysis and mass, IR and UV-vis spectroscopy. In general, coordination chemistry of the compounds studied is similar to this one of liposoluble PcMns but some new findings have been obtained. Three coordination forms — PcMn ( II ), PcMn ( III ) X ( X = Cl -, OAc -, …) and [ LPcMn ( III )]2 O ( L = Py , Et 3 N , …) have been obtained for all the new compounds. The equilibrium between three electronic isomers — Pc+• Mn ( I ) × L , PcMn ( II ) × nL , (n = 1, 2) and Pc-• Mn ( III ) × 2 L has been observed in PcMn aqueous solutions upon the addition of organic bases L ( Py , Et 3 N , …).
Detection of fatty acids in the lateral extent of the cadaver decomposition island
Authors: Larizza Melina , Forbes Shari L.
Published: July 2013

Identifying biomarkers of decomposition may prove to be an important area of environmental and criminal forensics research. Biomarkers released during the decomposition process can be detected in soil as a means of confirming the presence of a decomposition site in the case of relocated or scavenged remains. This study was conducted to characterize the fatty acid profile in soil containing decomposition fluid and to determine the lateral extent of fatty acid release in the cadaver decomposition island (CDI). Owing to practical and ethical restrictions, the study utilized pig carcasses as human analogues to investigate postmortem decomposition on a soil surface. Soil samples were collected from directly beneath the carcasses and at increasing distances from the carcasses within the CDI. Fatty acids were extracted with chloroform, derivatized with a silylating agent and analysed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were detected including myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), palmitoleic (C16:1), stearic (C18:0) and oleic (C18:1) acids. Fatty acids were detected up to 50 cm in the lateral extent of the CDI at significantly higher levels in decomposition soil than in the control soil. The results indicate that fatty acid analysis of decomposition soil could be used to confirm the location of a decomposition site.
The long Pleistocene record from the Pego-Oliva marshland (Alicante-Valencia, Spain)
Authors: Torres Trinidad , Ortiz José E. , Martín-Sánchez Domingo , Arribas Isabel , Moreno Laura , Ballesteros Bruno , Blázquez Ana , Domínguez José Antonio , Rodríguez Estrella Tomás
Published: July 2013

Seven borehole cores were analysed to reconstruct the Pleistocene evolution of the Pego-Oliva Basin (Mediterranean coast, Iberian Peninsula). A total of 295 samples were recovered for amino acid racemization (AAR) dating, and 77 samples for sedimentological, palaeontological and biomarker determination, with two objectives: (1) to establish a chronological framework (especially for Middle Pleistocene); and (2) to obtain data on the palaeoenvironment.

AAR proved that the record covers approximately 650 ka in which no important hiatuses occurred, although minor ones cannot be discarded. AAR provided valuable information on differential subsidence rates, and Marine Isotope Stages (MISs) 15–1 were identified.

Litho- and biofacies allowed the identification of distinct palaeoenvironments through time, with the constant presence of a marsh/lagoonal environment with brackish or saline water with continental or marine influence. Remains of marine molluscs allowed the determination of periods of highstand sea level. Biomarkers indicated a constant input from terrestrial plants, and allowed definitions of periods with variable water mass and environmental moisture. As in other Mediterranean littoral areas, facies with a marine influence occurred mainly during odd MISs, indicating periods of highstand sea level. In contrast, alluvial-fan progradation and continental brackish wetlands developed during even MISs.
Sedimentology, ichnology, ecology and anthropogenic modification of muddy tidal flats in a cold-temperate environment: Chignecto Bay, Canada
Authors: Dashtgard Shahin E. , Pearson Nadine J. , Gingras Murray K.
Published: July 2013

In Chignecto Bay, upper Bay of Fundy, Canada, the muddy tidal flats exhibit distinctive sedimentological and ichnological characteristics indicative of winter conditions and the development of ice. From late spring to autumn (May–October: mean temperature +13.6 °C), the mud flats sustain a high infaunal biomass and sediment deposition is dominated by tidal processes. Neap–spring tidal rhythmites, fluid-mud deposition and high levels of bioturbation are all characteristic of summer deposits. During the winter, temperatures remain below zero (December–March: mean temperature −6.3 °C), and ice forms in the bay and periodically on the mud flats. Ice rafts and blocks are common on the tidal-flat surface, and these blocks deform the muddy sediment, cut deep scours and deposit allochthonous sediment (including gravel) across the flats. Intermittent storms in the autumn and winter also contribute to sediment scouring and erosion. Annual die-offs of infauna are reflected by reduced bioturbation in winter deposits. Each spring, renewed larval recruitment and opportunistic colonization results in increasing levels of bioturbation, and the trace suite is dominated by a low-diversity assemblage of diminutive, vertical burrows. The summer–winter cyclicity in infaunal colonization manifests, ichnologically, as a distinctive bioturbated–non-bioturbated bedset character.

Infaunal populations in Chignecto Bay peak in the late spring and in the late summer–early autumn. Both population peaks are exploited by vertebrates, including migrating Atlantic sturgeon (late spring) and migratory shorebirds (late summer–early autumn). In particular, the upper Bay of Fundy, including Chignecto Bay, is a staging ground for approximately 42–74% of the world’s Semipalmated sandpipers (
Calidris pusilla
) on their annual migration from the Arctic to South America. Fortunately, anthropogenic modification of Chignecto Bay, and its associated bays and rivers (e.g. construction and dismantling of a causeway over the Petitcodiac River), has not had a significant effect, to date, on the mud-flat habitat or the infaunal biomass.
Interferon-α Suppresses cAMP to Disarm Human Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Bacher Nicole , Raker Verena , Hofmann Claudia , Graulich Edith , Schwenk Melanie , Baumgrass Ria , Bopp Tobias , Zechner Ulrich , Merten Luzie , Becker Christian , Steinbrink Kerstin
Published: July 2013

IFN-α is an antineoplastic agent in the treatment of several solid and hematologic malignancies that exerts strong immune- and autoimmune-stimulating activity. However, the mechanisms of immune activation by IFN-α remain incompletely understood, particularly with regard to CD4+CD25highFoxp+ regulatory T cells (Treg). Here, we show that IFN-α deactivates the suppressive function of human Treg by downregulating their intracellular cAMP level. IFN-α–mediated Treg inactivation increased CD4+ effector T-cell activation and natural killer cell tumor cytotoxicity. Mechanistically, repression of cAMP in Treg was caused by IFN-α–induced MAP–ERK kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)–mediated phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) activation and accompanied by downregulation of IFN receptor (IFNAR)-2 and negative regulation of T-cell receptor signaling. IFN-α did not affect the anergic state, cytokine production, Foxp3 expression, or methylation state of the Treg-specific demethylated region (TSDR) within the FOXP3 locus associated with a stable imprinted phenotype of human Treg. Abrogated protection by IFN-α–treated Treg in a humanized mouse model of xenogeneic graft-versus-host disease confirmed IFN-α–dependent regulation of Treg activity in vivo. Collectively, the present study unravels Treg inactivation as a novel IFN-α activity that provides a conceivable explanation for the immune-promoting effect and induction of autoimmunity by IFN-α treatment in patients with cancer and suggests IFN-α for concomitant Treg blockade in the context of therapeutic vaccination against tumor antigens. Cancer Res; 73(18); 5647–56. ©2013 AACR.
Redox Imbalance and Biochemical Changes in Cancer
Authors: Jorgenson Tonia C. , Zhong Weixiong , Oberley Terry D.
Published: July 2013

For this article, we explore a hypothesis involving the possible role of reduction/oxidation (redox) state in cancer. We hypothesize that many modifications in cellular macromolecules, observed in cancer progression, may be caused by redox imbalance. Recent biochemical data suggest that human prostate cancer cell lines show a redox imbalance (oxidizing) compared with benign primary prostate epithelial cells; the degree of oxidation varied with aggressive behavior of each cell line. Our recent data suggest that human breast cancer tissues show a redox imbalance (reducing) compared with benign adjacent breast tissues. Accumulating data summarized in this article suggest that redox imbalance may regulate gene expression and alter protein stability by posttranslational modifications, in turn modulating existing cellular programs. Despite significant improvements in cancer therapeutics, resistance occurs, and redox imbalance may play a role in this process. Studies show that some cancer therapeutic agents increase generation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species and antioxidant enzymes, which may alter total antioxidant capacity, cause cellular adaptation, and result in reduced effectiveness of treatment modalities. Approaches involving modulations of intra- and extracellular redox states, in combination with other therapies, may lead to new treatment options, especially for patients who are resistant to standard treatments. Cancer Res; 73(20); 6118–23. ©2013 AACR.
Laparoendoscopic Single-Site Urethrovesical Anastomosis Training in an Economical Porcine Model
Authors: Ni Dong , Ma Xin , Li HongZhao , Wang BaoJun , Zheng Tao , Ai Qing , Zhang Peng , Song ErLin , Huang QingBo , Gao Yu , Zhang Xu
Published: July 2013

Purpose: To develop an economical animal model for laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) urethrovesical anastomosis (UVA) training. Materials and Methods: A homemade single-port device was used and the uterus cervix and the ileum were chosen to simulate UVA to reduce costs. Ten trainees were randomly divided into two groups: the conventional LESS UVA (CLUVA) group and the transurethral assistant LESS UVA (TALUVA) group. In TALUVA, a laparoscopic forceps was inserted through the urethra to assist operation after the bladder neck was disconnected, whereas CLUVA followed the conventional steps. Anastomosis time and knotting time were recorded, and the learning curves of both groups were analyzed. After training, questionnaires were given to the trainees to assess the difficulties and the satisfaction of the training. Results: The final mean operating time significantly declined in both groups. Except for the first lesson, the trainees in the TALUVA group operated faster than those in the other group. The results from the questionnaires show that all trainees were satisfied with the training, and LESS UVA was considered more difficult in the CLUVA group than in the TALUVA group. Conclusions: The female porcine model for LESS UVA was feasible and cost-effective. TALVUA could effectively reduce the difficulties involved in LESS UVA.
Hepatitis B Virus Genotype D Predominates HBsAg-Positive Egyptian Blood Donors and Is Mainly Associated with a Negative HBeAg Serostatus
Authors: Habil Febee E. , Mahdi Wafaa K.M. , Abdelwahab Sayed F. , Abdel-Hamid Mohamed
Published: July 2013

Objectives: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global health burden. In this regard, Egypt has an intermediate HBV seroprevalence. HBV is classified into ten different genotypes (A-J) with different geographic distributions. Genotype D is the most prevalent in the Middle East. Limited data are available about HBV genotyping among Egyptian blood donors, particularly in Upper Egypt. We examined the seroprevalence of HBV among 12,000 blood donors attending the blood transfusion services center in Minia Governorate, Upper Egypt. Methods: HBsAg and HBeAg were examined by ELISA while HBV-DNA was examined by PCR. HBV genotyping was conducted by restriction fragment length polymorphism. Results: HBsAg was detected in 237 donors (1.98%). The HBV-DNA of 50 donors with the highest HBsAg OD was examined for the HBV genotype. All 50 DNA-positive samples were of genotype D. 82% of the DNA-positive donors were males, coinciding with their representation in the cohort. ALT levels were normal in 88% of genotyped subjects, while 84% of them were HBeAg negative. Conclusion: Taken together, these data indicate that HBV genotype D is the predominant genotype among HBsAg-positive blood donors in Upper Egypt and was in >80% of the subjects associated with a negative HBeAg serostatus.
Embryonic Transcription Factors CDX2 and Oct4 Are Overexpressed in Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Ileum: A Pilot Study
Authors: Heverhagen A.E. , Geis C. , Fendrich V. , Ramaswamy A. , Montalbano R. , Di Fazio P. , Bartsch D.K. , Ocker M. , Quint K.
Published: July 2013

Background: Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of the ileum are rare submucosal tumors that are often diagnosed at advanced stages with metastatic spread to the liver causing a carcinoid syndrome. They present as solitary or multiple tumors. In NETs, loss of sequences on chromosomes 11, 16, 18 and 22 or gain of sequences on chromosomes 17 and 19 has been described. In this study we explored the expression of two novel candidate genes, CDX2 and Oct4, in NETs of the ileum and analyzed whether the molecular expression pattern correlates with the clinical phenotype (solitary/multiple tumors). Methods: Data from all patients who underwent surgery for a NET of the ileum between 2000 and 2010 were retrieved from a prospective database. For each patient, frozen normal and tumor tissue was used for the comparison of gene expression levels of two putative cancer stem cell markers, CDX2 and Oct4, using real-time PCR (rtPCR). Serial slides from paraffin blocks were used for immunohistochemistry. Gene expression was compared between normal and tumor tissue as well as between solitary and multiple tumors. Results: 78 patients were identified. In rtPCR, a statistically significant higher expression of CDX2 in tumor tissue (p < 0.001) compared to normal tissue was found. The expression of Oct4 was elevated in the tumors, but did not reach the level of significance (p = 0.155). The expression of both candidate genes was confirmed immunohistochemically and showed a nuclear expression pattern. There was no difference in expression between solitary and multiple tumors or between tumors that had already spread to the liver. Conclusion: CDX2 is overexpressed in ileum NETs, thus playing a role in the tumorigenesis of these rare tumors. Since expression does not correlate with clinical stage or phenotype, it might be an early event in tumor development.
Chronic Kidney Disease Causes Disruption of Gastric and Small Intestinal Epithelial Tight Junction
Authors: Vaziri Nosratola D. , Yuan Jun , Nazertehrani Sohrab , Ni Zhenmin , Liu Shuman
Published: July 2013

Background: Integrity of the tight junction (TJ) which seals the gap between the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract is critical in preventing the entry of the microbial toxins, antigens, and other harmful products in the subepithelial tissues and the internal milieu. By enabling the absorption of these products, impairment of the intestinal epithelial barrier leads to local and systemic inflammation. We have recently found depletion of the key protein constituents of colonic epithelial TJ in animals with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Postmortem studies have revealed the presence of inflammation throughout the gastrointestinal tract in uremic humans. This observation suggests that uremia may cause disruption of the epithelial barrier in all segments of the gastrointestinal tract including the stomach, jejunum, and ileum. The present study was undertaken to explore this possibility. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to CKD or control groups. The CKD group was subjected to 5/6 nephrectomy while the control group underwent a sham operation. The animals were observed for 10 weeks at which time they were euthanized and their stomachs, jejunums, and ileums were removed and processed for measurement of TJ proteins. Results: The CKD rats showed marked azotemia, systemic oxidative stress, and marked depletion of the key protein constituents of the epithelial TJ (claudin-1, occludin, and ZO1) in the stomach, jejunum, and ileum. Conclusions: The present study extends the earlier finding of uremia-induced disruption of colonic epithelial TJ by documenting the involvement of the stomach, jejunum, and ileum as well.
Severe Acute Pancreatitis with Complicating Colonic Fistula Successfully Closed Using the Over-the-Scope Clip System
Authors: Ito Ken , Igarashi Yoshinori , Mimura Takahiko , Kishimoto Yui , Kamata Itaru , Kobayashi Shunsuke , Yoshimoto Kensuke , Okano Naoki
Published: July 2013

A 44-year-old man presenting to our hospital emergency room with abdominal pain was hospitalized for hyperlipidemic acute pancreatitis. A pig-tail catheter was placed percutaneously to drain an abscess on day 22. Although the abscess improved gradually and good clinical progress was seen, pancreatic duct disruption was strongly suspected and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was performed on day 90. An endoscopic nasopancreatic drainage tube was placed, but even with concurrent use of a somatostatin analogue, treatment was ineffective. Surgical treatment was elected, but was subsequently postponed as the abscess culture was positive for extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Drainage tubography showed a small fistula of the colon at the splenic flexure on day 140. Colonoscopy was performed on day 148. After indigo carmine had been injected, a fistula into the splenic flexure of the colon showed blue staining. The over-the-scope clip (OTSC) system was used to seal the fistula and complete closure was shown. A liquid diet was started on day 159 and was smoothly upgraded to a full diet. Following removal of the pancreatic stent on day 180, drainage volume immediately decreased and the percutaneous drain was removed. On day 189, computed tomography showed no exacerbation of the abscess and the patient was discharged on day 194. This case of colonic fistula caused by severe acute pancreatitis was successfully treated using the OTSC system, avoiding the need for an open procedure.
Genetic
ACE
I/D Polymorphism and Recurrence of Atrial Fibrillation After Catheter Ablation
Authors: Ueberham Laura , Bollmann Andreas , Shoemaker Moore Benjamin , Arya Arash , Adams Volker , Hindricks Gerhard , Husser Daniela
Published: July 2013

Background—

The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) deletion allele,
ACE
D, is associated with increased cardiac ACE activity, cardiac fibrosis, and adverse outcomes in cardiovascular disease and has been linked with failure of antiatrial fibrillation (anti-AF) drug treatment. This study tested the hypothesis that the
ACE
gene insertion/deletion polymorphism associates with AF recurrence after catheter ablation.

Methods and Results—

In 238 consecutive patients (69% male; mean age, 58±11 years) undergoing catheter ablation of paroxysmal (59%) or persistent (41%) AF, the
ACE
insertion/deletion polymorphism was genotyped using polymerase chain reaction. After a blanking period of 3 months, AF recurrence (defined as any atrial arrhythmia lasting ≥30 s) was detected using serial 7-day Holter ECG recordings after 3, 6, and 12 months. AF recurrence was observed in 39% and was associated with persistent AF, longer history of AF, previous antiarrhythmic drug use, previous use of diuretics, increased left atrial diameter, increased left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, additional linear ablation lesions, and
ACE
DD polymorphism. In multivariable analysis, left atrial diameter (odds ratio, 1.111; 95% confidence interval, 1.040–1.187;
P
=0.002) and
ACE
DD genotype (odds ratio, 2.251; 95% confidence interval, 1.056–4.798;
P
=0.036) remained predictors for AF recurrence.

Conclusions—

Left atrial enlargement and the
ACE
DD polymorphism are predictors for AF recurrence after catheter ablation. The association between the
ACE
DD polymorphism and AF recidivism supports the use of genetic data for predicting response to AF therapies and highlights the role of fibrosis in AF development.