bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differences in the urocortin 1 system between long‐sleep and short‐sleep mice
Authors: Turek Victoria F. , Bennett Beth , Ryabinin Andrey E.
Published: June 2007

There is evidence that the peptide urocortin 1 (Ucn1) may be involved in mediating some of the effects of ethanol. The purpose of the present study was to characterize Ucn1 immunoreactivity in mice selectively bred for either high or low sensitivity to ethanol‐induced sedation, with additional differences in their response to ethanol‐induced hypothermia. The brains of naïve male mice of the inbred long sleep/short sleep (ILS/ISS) selected lines were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Significant differences were found between lines in the number of Ucn1‐containing cells in the non‐preganglionic Edinger–Westphal nucleus (npEW, the main source of Ucn1 in the brain); with the ISS mice having more cells. However, significant differences in the optical density of Ucn1 immunoreactivity in individual npEW cells and differences in cell area were also found between lines, with ILS mice having a greater density of Ucn1 per cell and having larger cells in the npEW. Importantly, the ILS mice also had a significantly greater number of Ucn1‐positive terminal fibers than ISS mice in the lateral septum and the dorsal raphe nucleus, projection areas of Ucn1‐containing neurons. These results suggest that the greater sensitivity of ILS than ISS mice to the hypothermic effects of ethanol could be mediated by stronger innervation of the dorsal raphe by Ucn1‐containing fibers. In addition, these results lend further support to previous findings implicating Ucn1‐containing projections from npEW to the dorsal raphe in ethanol‐induced hypothermia.
Health education about occupational allergies and dermatoses for adolescents
Authors: Radulescu Magdalena , Bock Michael , Bruckner Thomas , Ellsäßer Gabriele , Fels Horst , Diepgen Thomas L.
Published: June 2007

Background: Occupational dermatoses and allergies are frequent and often affect individuals with atopic dermatitis. Our aim was to inform adolescents about potentially dangerous occupations, risk groups and preventive measures before they started apprenticeships in order to minimize the risk of occupational allergies or skin diseases.

Methods: 1015 high‐school students were instructed by two dermatologists/ allergists (Heidelberg) and a teacher (Potsdam) in a 90‐minute instructional unit.This included the exemplification of occupational skin hazards and allergies, the identification of at‐risk persons, and application of preventive measures. A questionnaire was filled in by the students prior to and at least two weeks after the training.

Results: In both regions, the students showed an increase in knowledge after the training, which was statistically significant higher in the Heidelberg region (6.6 points on average vs.4.4 points). 76% of students termed the subject matter as “important”, and 67% rated the teaching unit as “very good” or “good”.

Conclusions: We demonstrate that students who have not yet chosen a career are highly interested in this subject, that the developed instructional unit is widely accepted, and that it leads to an increase in knowledge. Therefore we suggest nation‐wide implementation of this primary prevention measure in high‐schools.
VERTEBRAL HEART SIZE IN RETIRED RACING GREYHOUNDS
Authors: MARIN LILIANA M. , BROWN JAMIE , McBRIEN CHAS , BAUMWART RYAN , SAMII VALERIE F. , COUTO C. GUILLERMO
Published: June 2007

The vertebral heart size (VHS) is used to objectively assess cardiac dimensions on thoracic radiographs. A high VHS suggest the presence of cardiac pathology, such as dilated cardiomyopathy, degenerative atrioventricular valvular disease, pericardial effusion, pericardioperitoneal diaphragmatic hernia, tricuspid dysplasia, ventricular septal defect, or patent ductus arteriosus, among others. However, breed or body conformation can influence the VHS. Because Greyhounds have a high prevalence of physiologic systolic murmurs associated with high aortic velocity, and large cardiac dimensions when compared with dogs of similar size, they are frequently suspected of having heart disease. The purpose of this study was to compare the VHS in normal Greyhounds with those in Rottweilers, and a group of dogs from various other breeds using both analog and digital radiology. The VHS was significantly higher in Greyhounds (P<0.0001), when compared with Rottweilers and to other dog breeds. The mean VHS on lateral radiographs for Greyhounds was 10.5±0.1, for Rottweilers it was 9.8±0.1, and for mixed breed dogs it was 10.1±0.2. This study confirms that the relative cardiomegaly reported in necropsy and echocardiographic studies in Greyhounds is easily detected using plain radiography and the VHS.
ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND OF THE CANINE ABDOMEN
Authors: GASCHEN LORRIE , KIRCHER PATRICK , WOLFRAM KATHRIN
Published: June 2007

The aim of this study was to develop a standardized procedure for examination of the canine abdomen using endoscopic ultrasound and to describe the organs and structures that could be identified transgastrically. The abdomen of four healthy dogs and two cadavers were examined with endoscopic ultrasound. Five anatomic landmarks were used for standardized imaging of the cranial abdomen. These were the portal vein, splenic head and body, duodenum, left kidney, and aorta. High‐resolution images of the following organs and structures could be made: distal esophagus, gastric wall from the cardia to the pylorus, liver, caudal vena cava, hepatic lymph nodes, liver hilus, and associated vessels, trifurcation of the celiac artery as well as the path of its branches and the left pancreatic limb and body. Structures that were more difficult to image were the distal duodenum and right pancreatic limb, the entire jejunum, ileum, and cecum as well as the tail of the spleen. Endoscopic ultrasound allowed excellent visualization of the gastric wall and regional structures without interference with gas artefacts. Centrally located organs such as the pancreas could be well examined transgastrically with endoscopic ultrasound without interference by overlying intestinal segments as is common with transabdominal ultrasound.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURE HEALING AFTER PLATE OSTEOSYNTHESIS
Authors: RISSELADA M. , VAN BREE H. , KRAMER M. , DUCHATEAU L. , VERLEYEN P. , SAUNDERS J. H.
Published: June 2007

The goals of this study were to assess the ability of ultrasonography (US) to assess uncomplicated fracture healing and to establish normal images. Twenty‐two dogs, ranging in age from 6 to 180 months were studied. Body weight ranged from 2.2 to 60 kg. All fractures were treated by plate osteosynthesis. US (B‐mode and power Doppler) and radiography were performed until both were consistent with complete healing. B‐mode US was performed in all dogs, and power Doppler US in 14. Fracture healing was judged to be complete based on US earlier than when based on radiography. The tissue immediately adjacent to the plate appeared vascularized on power Doppler images at a time when the tissue at the fracture site had a negative power Doppler exam. US appears useful for assessment of primary fracture healing and power Doppler was useful for detecting vascularization at the fracture site in nonhealed fractures. Power Doppler interrogation should be performed away from any metal implant, as a result from an interrogation adjacent to an implant will not reflect actual vascularization at the fracture site.
SCINTIGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE STIFLE IN NORMAL HORSES AND HORSES WITH FORELIMB LAMENESS
Authors: DYSON SUE , McNIE KRISTEN , WEEKES JO , MURRAY RACHEL
Published: June 2007

We tested the hypotheses that mature horses without lameness have a repeatable radiopharmaceutical uptake pattern in the stifle, which is bilaterally symmetric; immature horses have a different radiopharmaceutical uptake pattern; and forelimb lameness alters the radiopharmaceutical uptake pattern in the stifle. The objectives of the study were to describe the normal radiopharmaceutical uptake patterns using region of interest (ROI) analysis; to compare uptake patterns between left and right stifles of the same horse and between mature and immature horses; to compare radiopharmaceutical uptake in mature normal horses with those with forelimb lameness. Lateral scintigraphic images of the stifle from 51 horses aged 2–16 years were evaluated using seven ROIs and a reference site (midfemur). After subtraction of a background count, ratios between the mean counts per pixel for each ROI to the reference site were calculated. There was a repeatable radiopharmaceutical uptake pattern in mature normal horses that was bilaterally symmetrical. The caudoproximal aspect of the tibia and the patella had the highest ratios. Radiopharmaceutical uptake patterns in horses with forelimb lameness were not significantly different. Immature normal horses had a different symmetric pattern, with greatest radiopharmaceutical uptake ratios in the caudoproximal aspect of the tibia and the tibial crest. It was concluded that there are symmetric, repeatable radiopharmaceutical uptake patterns in both immature and mature horses, which are not altered by forelimb lameness.
INVESTIGATION OF TWO METHODS FOR ASSESSING THYROID‐LOBE ASYMMETRY DURING PERTECHNETATE SCINTIGRAPHY IN SUSPECTED HYPERTHYROID CATS
Authors: SCRIVANI PETER V. , DYKES NATHAN L. , PAGE RICHARD B. , ERB HOLLIS N.
Published: June 2007

Our aim was to investigate thyroid:thyroid (T:T) ratio and visual inspection for assessing thyroid‐lobe asymmetry in suspected hyperthyroid cats. Although thyroid–salivary asymmetry is a preferred test, inherent thyroid symmetry may assist image interpretation. Association was determined using a scatter plot and Spearman's rank correlation. Agreement was assessed using the kappa (κ) statistic. Accuracy was assessed by sensitivity and specificity. Hyperthyroidism was diagnosed in 33/48 (69%) cats based on elevated serum total thyroxine level. Using two Wilcoxan rank‐sum tests, a significant difference (P<0.0001) was detected between cats with and without hyperthyroidism for both methods of assessing thyroid symmetry. For the 18 cats with T:T ratios ≤1.5, there was poor correlation between the two methods (rs=0.39). Using a cut‐point of 1.5 for the T:T ratio, the test accurately predicted hyperthyroidism in 28/33 cats (sensitivity, 85%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 71–99%) and correctly predicted that hyperthyroidism was absent in 14/15 cats (specificity, 93%; CI, 77–100%). For visual inspection, agreement for diagnosing hyperthyroidism was excellent between methods (κ=0.82), within the same examiner (weighted κ=0.85) and between examiners (weighted κ=0.89). Considering cats with only definitely asymmetric thyroid lobes as positive, visual inspection accurately predicted hyperthyroidism in 28/33 cats (sensitivity, 85%; CI, 71–99%) and correctly predicted that hyperthyroidism was absent in 11/15 cats (specificity, 73%; CI, 48–99%). Thyroid‐lobe asymmetry occurs more frequently in hyperthyroid than in euthyroid cats but caution should be exercised because some euthyroid cats have asymmetric thyroid glands.
A model of the effect of fungicides on disease‐induced yield loss, for use in wheat disease management decision support systems
Authors: Milne A. , Paveley N. , Audsley E. , Parsons D.
Published: June 2007

A model of the effect of foliar‐applied fungicides on disease‐induced yield loss is described, parameterised and tested. The effects of fungicides on epidemics of Septoria tritici (leaf blotch), Puccinia striiformis (yellow rust), Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici (powdery mildew) and Puccinia triticina (brown rust) on winter wheat were simulated using dose–response curve parameters. Where two or more active substances were applied together, their joint action was estimated using an additive dose model where the active substances had the same mode of action or a multiplicative survival model where the modes of action differed. By coupling the model with models of wheat canopy growth and foliar disease published previously, it was possible to estimate disease‐induced yield loss for a prescribed fungicide programme. The difference in green canopy area and, hence, interception of photosynthetically active radiation between simulated undiseased and diseased (but treated) crop canopies was used to estimate yield loss. The model was tested against data from field experiments across a range of sites, seasons and wheat cultivars and was shown to predict the observed disease‐induced yield loss with sufficient accuracy to support fungicide treatment decisions. A simple method of accounting for uncertainty in the predictions of yield loss is described. Fungicide product, dose and spray timing combinations selected using the coupled models responded appropriately to disease pressure and cultivar disease resistance.
Duplex gall bladder associated with choledocholithiasis, cholecystitis, gall bladder rupture and septic peritonitis in a cat
Authors: Moores A. L. , Gregory S. P.
Published: June 2007

A 10‐year‐old cat was presented with a history of inappetence, pyrexia and weight loss. Clinical investigations showed anaemia, hyperbilirubinaemia, septic peritonitis and a double gall bladder with choleliths in an extrahepatic duct. Initial medical stabilisation was performed. At laparotomy, a duplex gall bladder with two separate cystic ducts was identified. The left gall bladder was thickened and had ruptured at the apex. Multiple choleliths were identified in the left cystic duct. The right gall bladder and cystic duct were grossly normal. The ruptured gall bladder was repaired, the gallstones were removed via a choledochotomy of the left cystic duct and a choledochoduodenostomy was created from the dilated left cystic duct. The cat remained depressed and anorexic, and it was euthanased 72 hours postoperatively at the owners’ request. This is the first ante‐mortem investigation of extrahepatic biliary disease associated with gall bladder duplication in the cat.
Empty sella syndrome, hyperadrenocorticism and megaoesophagus in a dachshund
Authors: Burgener I. A. , Gerold A. , Tomek A. , Konar M.
Published: June 2007

A five‐year‐old, entire, male dachshund was presented with a five day history of hypersalivation and regurgitation as well as polyuria and polydipsia for several months. Chest radiographs demonstrated megaoesophagus and aspiration pneumonia. Furthermore, hyperadrenocorticism was demonstrated by means of elevations in levels of serum alkaline phosphatase and cholesterol, decreased urinary specific gravity, increased response to adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation, insufficient suppression of the post‐dexamethasone plasma cortisol levels, an increased endogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone concentration and bilaterally enlarged adrenal glands on abdominal ultrasound. The dog became severely dyspnoeic and was euthanased after magnetic resonance imaging was performed. The magnetic resonance imaging and necropsy revealed the sellar region mainly filled with fluid, with only small tissue remnants, a condition defined as empty sella syndrome in human medicine. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first dog described with empty sella syndrome and only the second dog described with hyperadrenocorticism secondary to ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone production. However, the association between empty sella syndrome and hyperadrenocorticism may be no more than incidental.
Frequencies of feline blood types at a referral hospital in the south east of England
Authors: Forcada Y. , Guitian J. , Gibson G.
Published: June 2007

Objectives:To determine the prevalence of blood types in the feline patients and blood donors of the Queen Mother Hospital for Animals (The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK), that were typed between 2000 and 2004.

Methods:A retrospective study was performed using files of patients and blood donors of the Queen Mother Hospital for Animals seen between January 2000 and November 2004. Commercial blood typing cards were used to determine the blood type.

Results:One hundred and fifty‐six cats were included in the study; 51 (32·7 per cent) were pedigree and 105 (67·3 per cent) non‐pedigree. Of the 51 pedigree cats, the prevalence of blood types was as follows: type A, 42 (82·4 per cent); type B, seven (13·7 per cent) and type AB, two (3·9 per cent). Of the 105 non‐pedigree cats, the prevalence of blood types was as follows: type A, 71 (67·6 per cent); type B 32 (30·5 per cent) and type AB two (1·9 per cent).

ClinicalSignificance:The prevalence of type B blood in non‐pedigree cats is higher than previously suggested and shows high variability within the UK; because of this, blood typing all feline patients, not only the ones of a breed typically known to have higher prevalence of type B blood before transfusion, is absolutely necessary to avoid a fatal transfusion reaction.
Ulnocarpal arthrodesis and limb lengthening for the management of radial agenesis in a dog
Authors: McKee W. M , Reynolds J.
Published: June 2007

Radial agenesis was diagnosed in a nine‐week‐old boxer. An ulnocarpal arthrodesis was performed when six months of age to improve limb alignment and enable weight bearing. When the dog was 10 months old, a hinged circular fixator was applied to the limb to gradually lengthen the ulna and correct angular and rotational deformity. The fixator was removed at 16 months of age. At this time, there was 1·7 cm (6 per cent) shortening of the affected antebrachium‐metacarpus and 2·6 cm (15 per cent) compensatory overgrowth of the humerus compared with the contralateral limb. Inability to extend the digits was a complication that improved with physiotherapy. Follow‐up at 23 months of age showed good limb use when walking and running. Radiographs of the elbow showed periarticular osteophytes and subcoronoid sclerosis of the ulna.
Evaluation of disease activity markers in dogs with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: McCann T. M. , Ridyard A. E. , Else R. W. , Simpson J. W.
Published: June 2007

Objectives:To evaluate the clinical utility of serum tumour necrosis factor‐α, C‐reactive protein and microalbuminuria as disease activity markers in canine idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease.

Methods:Dogs with chronic gastrointestinal disease for which no underlying cause could be identified were considered to have idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease and were included in the study. Serum tumour necrosis factor‐α was assessed using a canine‐specific ELISA, C‐reactive protein by immunoturbidometric assay and quantitative microalbuminuria was analysed using a monoclonal antibody directed against canine albumin. The canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index and histopathologic grade were used to assess disease severity; biologic markers were then compared with the canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index and histopathologic grade.

Results:Sixteen dogs were included in the study. C‐reactive protein level was mildly elevated in 15 dogs. Microalbuminuria was elevated in two of 15 dogs, and tumour necrosis factor‐α was not detected in any dog tested. No correlation was found between the canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index and C‐reactive protein or microalbuminuria or between histopathologic grade and C‐reactive protein or microalbuminuria. There was no correlation between histopathologic grade and the canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index.

ClinicalSignificance:Although only a small number of dogs were evaluated, this study does not support the use of serum tumour necrosis factor‐α measured by canine‐specific ELISA or microalbuminuria in the evaluation of disease activity in dogs with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. Although mildly elevated in most dogs, C‐reactive protein did not reflect disease severity as assessed by the canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index or histopathologic grade.
Traumatic diaphragmatic rupture in a cat with partial kidney displacement into the thorax
Authors: Katic N. , Bartolomaeus E. , Böhler A. , Dupré G.
Published: June 2007

A two‐year‐old, male, neutered, domestic shorthair cat was presented after suspected trauma. Diaphragmatic rupture with concomitant displacement of the right kidney into the thorax was diagnosed using ultrasound and intravenous urography. Avulsion of the renal pedicle and diaphragmatic rupture were confirmed and treated surgically with excellent outcome.
Penile self‐mutilation as an unusual sign of a separation‐related problem in a crossbreed dog
Authors: Ghaffari M. Selk , Khorami N. , Marjani M. , Aldavood S. J.
Published: June 2007

A two‐year‐old, male, crossbreed dog was presented for evaluation of licking, biting and severe self‐mutilation of its penis, which resulted in ulcers and haemorrhagic preputial discharge. History revealed signs of separation anxiety such as active greeting behaviour, excessive vocalisation and intermittent episodes of licking of the penis when the dog was left alone. The owner reported that he had been hospitalised after a car accident, and he had no chance of seeing the dog. During that time, the behaviour progressed to frequent episodes of licking and biting of the penis. Three weeks of treatment with clomipramine in addition to the presence of the dog’s brother, who was brought into the dog’s living environment, appeared to produce a considerable degree of improvement. The purpose of this report is to contribute to an increased awareness within veterinary practice of unusual signs of separation anxiety such as penile self‐mutilation.
Stabilisation of medial shoulder instability by imbrication of the subscapularis muscle tendon of insertion
Authors: Pettitt R. A. , Clements D. N. , Guilliard M. J.
Published: June 2007

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of subscapularis muscle tendon of insertion imbrication as a treatment for medial shoulder instability.

Methods: Medial shoulder instability was diagnosed in five dogs. Initial management with medical or arthroscopic treatment failed to fully resolve lameness in four of the cases. Each case was treated by subscapularis muscle tendon of insertion imbrication. An anatomical model of medial shoulder instability was used to assess the effect of subscapularis muscle tendon of insertion imbrication on the angle of abduction of the shoulder.

Results: In clinical study, subscapularis muscle tendon of insertion imbrication was performed in five cases. Lameness resolved fully in three cases and partially in two cases. In cadaver study, transection of either the subscapularis muscle tendon of insertion or the subscapularis muscle tendon of insertion and medial glenohumeral ligament significantly increased the angle of abduction. Imbrication of the subscapularis muscle tendon of insertion significantly reduced the angle of abduction. No significant differences were noted between the angle of abduction of normal shoulder and the shoulder with medial shoulder instability treated by subscapularis muscle tendon of insertion imbrication.

Clinical Significance: Subscapularis muscle tendon of insertion imbrication is a moderately effective procedure for the management of medial shoulder instability unresponsive to medical and/or arthroscopic management. The angle of abduction of the shoulder was returned to normal in model of medial shoulder instability, following subscapularis muscle tendon of insertion. Subscapularis muscle tendon of insertion imbrication provides a relatively simple method of treating medial shoulder instability in dogs.
Pericardial lipoma in a geriatric dog with an incidentally discovered thoracic mass
Authors: Ben‐Amotz R. , Ellison G. W. , Thompson M. S. , Sheppard B. J. , Estrada A. H. , Levy J. K.
Published: June 2007

An intrathoracic mass was discovered as an incidental finding in a 14‐year‐old, spayed, female Rottweiler cross during evaluation of urinary incontinence. Computed tomography suggested a pericardial or pleural location and high adipose content of the mass. The mass was removed via lateral thoracotomy with partial pericardectomy and was diagnosed as a pericardial lipoma. The dog recovered well, and there was no evidence of recurrence approximately one year later. Adipose tumours of the heart and its associated structures are rare in dogs and have been associated with both successful and fatal outcomes.
Tumor Selectivity at Short Times Following Systemic Administration of a Liposomal Temoporfin Formulation in a Murine Tumor Model
Authors: Svensson Jenny , Johansson Ann , Gräfe Susanna , Gitter Burkhard , Trebst Tilmann , Bendsoe Niels , Andersson‐Engels Stefan , Svanberg Katarina
Published: June 2007

Meso‐tetra(hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (mTHPC) (INN: Temoporfin) is one of the most potent photodynamically active substances in clinical use. Treatment protocols for Temoporfin‐mediated photodynamic therapy often rely on drug‐light intervals of several days in order for the photosensitizer to accumulate within the target tissue, though tumor selectivity is limited. Here, the mTHPC localization was studied at 2–8 h following systemic administration of a liposomal Temoporfin formulation (0.15 mg kg−1 b.w.) in HT29 human colon adenocarcinoma in NMRI nu/nu mice. Photosensitizer distribution within tumor and internal organs was investigated by means of high performance liquid chromatography following chemical extraction, as well as in situ fluorescence imaging and point‐monitoring fluorescence spectroscopy. For tumor tissue, the Temoporfin concentrations at 4 h (0.16 ± 0.024 ng mg−1) and 8 h (0.18 ± 0.064 ng mg−1) were significantly higher than at 2 h (0.08 ± 0.026 ng mg−1). The average tumor‐to‐muscle and the tumor‐to‐skin selectivity were 6.6 and 2, respectively, and did not vary significantly with time after photosensitizer injection. In plasma, the Temoporfin concentration was low (0.07 ± 0.07 ng mg−1) and showed no significant variation with time. Our results indicate a rapid biodistribution and clearance from the bloodstream. Within the same type of organ, data from both fluorescence methods generally exhibited a significant correlation with the extraction results.
UVA Self‐Photosensitized Oxygenation of β‐Ionone
Authors: Borsarelli Claudio D. , Mischne Mirta , Venia Agustina La , Vieyra Faustino E. Morán
Published: June 2007

The steady‐state UVA (350 nm) photolysis of (E)‐β‐ionone (1) in aerated toluene solutions was studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The formation of the 1,2,4‐trioxane (2) and 5,8‐endoperoxide (5) derivatives in the ratio of 4:1 was observed. Time‐resolved laser induced experiments at 355 nm, such as laser‐flash photolysis, photoacoustic and singlet oxygen 1O2 phosphorescence detection, confirmed the formation of the excited triplet state of 1 with a quantum yield ΦT = 0.50 as the precursor for the generation of singlet oxygen 1O2 (ΦΔ = 0.16) and the isomeric α‐pyran derivative (3), which was a reaction intermediate detected by NMR. In turn, the reaction of 1O2 with 1 and 3 occurred with rate constants of 1.0 × 106 and 2.5 × 108 m−1s−1 to yield the oxygenated products 5 and 2, respectively, indicating the relevance of the fixed s‐cis configuration in the α‐pyran ring in the concerted [2+4] cycloaddition of 1O2.
Effects of Substituents on Synthetic Analogs of Chlorophylls. Part 2: Redox Properties, Optical Spectra and Electronic Structure
Authors: Kee Hooi Ling , Kirmaier Christine , Tang Qun , Diers James R. , Muthiah Chinnasamy , Taniguchi Masahiko , Laha Joydev K. , Ptaszek Marcin , Lindsey Jonathan S. , Bocian David F. , Holten Dewey
Published: June 2007

The optical absorption spectra and redox properties are presented for 24 synthetic zinc chlorins and 18 free base analogs bearing a variety of 3,13 (β) and 5,10,15 (meso) substituents. Results are also given for a zinc and free base oxophorbine, which contain the keto‐bearing isocyclic ring present in the natural photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll a. Density functional theory calculations were carried out to probe the effects of the types and positions of substituents on the characteristics (energies, electron distributions) of the frontier molecular orbitals. A general finding is that the 3,13 positions are more sensitive to the effects of auxochromes than the 5,10,15 positions. The auxochromes investigated (acetyl > ethynyl > vinyl > aryl) cause a significant redshift and intensification of the Qy band upon placement at the 3,13 positions, whereas groups at the 5,10,15 positions result in much smaller redshifts that are accompanied by a decrease in relative Qy intensity. In addition, the substituent‐induced shifts in first oxidation and reduction potentials faithfully track the energies of the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (HOMO and LUMO), respectively. The calculations show that the LUMO is shifted more by substituents than the HOMO, which derives from the differences in the electron densities of the two orbitals at the substituent sites. The trends in the substituent‐induced effects on the wavelengths and relative intensities of the major features (By, Bx, Qx, Qy) in the near‐UV to near‐IR absorption bands are well accounted for using Gouterman’s four‐orbital model, which incorporates the effects of the substituents on the HOMO−1 and LUMO+1 in addition to the HOMO and LUMO. Collectively, the results and analysis presented herein and in the companion paper provide insights into the effects of substituents on the optical absorption, redox and other photophysical properties of the chlorins. These insights form a framework that underpins the rational design of chlorins for applications encompassing photomedicine and solar‐energy conversion.
FTIR Spectroscopic and Theoretical Study of the Photochemistry of Matrix‐isolated Coumarin
Authors: Kuş Nihal , Breda Susana , Reva Igor , Tasal Erol , Ogretir Cemil , Fausto Rui
Published: June 2007

The infrared spectrum of monomeric unsubstituted coumarin (C9H6O2; 2H‐1‐benzopyran‐2‐one), isolated in solid argon at 10 K is presented and assigned. The UV‐induced (λ > 200 nm) unimolecular photochemistry of the matrix‐isolated compound was studied experimentally. Three main photoreactions were observed: (a) decarboxylation of the compound and formation of benzocyclobutadiene and CO2, with the Dewar form of coumarin as intermediate; (b) isomerization of the compound, leading to production of a conjugated ketene; and (c) decarbonylation, leading to formation of CO and benzofuran complex. Further decomposition of benzofuran to produce ethynol is suggested. Photochannels (a) and (b) correspond to those previously observed for matrix‐isolated α‐pyrone and its sulfur analogs (Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2004, 6, 929; J. Phys. Chem. A 2006, 110, 6415), while route (c) is similar to the UV‐induced photochemistry of coumarin in the gaseous phase (J. Phys. Chem. A 2000, 104, 1095). Interpretation of the experimental data is supported by extensive calculations performed at the B3LYP/6‐311++G(d,p), MP2/6‐31G(d,p) and MP2/6‐311++G(d,p) levels.
Photodynamic Therapy Treatment of Early Oral and Laryngeal Cancers†
Authors: Biel Merrill A.
Published: June 2007

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a nonsurgical, minimally invasive treatment that uses a light source to activate light‐sensitive drugs or photosensitizers in the treatment of cancer and other diseases. PDT has been successfully employed to treat early carcinomas of the oral cavity and larynx preserving normal tissue and vital functions of speech and swallowing. Two hundred seventy‐six patients with early carcinomas of the oral cavity and larynx were treated from 1990 to 2006. Cure rates with a single treatment for early laryngeal and oral cancers were 91% and 94%, respectively. PDT is an effective primary and alternative treatment modality for early oral cavity and laryngeal cancers.
Sequence‐dependent Interactions of Cationic Naphthalimides and Polynucleotides
Authors: McMasters Sun , Kelly Lisa A.
Published: June 2007

The binding interactions of three naphthalimide derivatives with heteropoly nucleic acids have been evaluated using fluorescence, absorption and circular dichroism spectroscopies. Mono‐ and bifunctionalized naphthalimides exhibit sequence‐dependent variations in their affinity toward DNA. The heteropoly nucleic acids, [Poly(dA‐dT)]2 and [Poly(dG‐dC)]2, as well as calf thymus (CT) DNA, were used to understand the factors that govern binding strength and selectivity. Sequence selectivity was addressed by determining the binding constants as a function of polynucleotide composition according to the noncooperative McGhee–von Hippel binding model. Binding affinities toward [poly(dA‐dT)]2 were the largest for spermine‐substituted naphthalimides (Kb = 2−6 × 106 m−1). The association constants for complex formation between the cationic naphthalmides and [poly(dG‐dC)]2 or CT DNA (58% A‐T content) were 2–500 times smaller, depending on the naphthalmide–polynucleotide pair. The binding modes were also assessed using a combination of induced circular dichroism and salt effects to determine whether the naphthalimides associate with DNA through intercalative, electrostatic or groove‐binding. The results show that the monofunctionalized spermine and pyridinium‐substituted naphthalimides associate with DNA through electrostatic interactions. In contrast, intercalative interactions are predominant in the complex formed between the bifunctionalized spermine compound and all of the polynucleotides.
Inhibition of UVB‐mediated Oxidative Stress and Markers of Photoaging in Immortalized HaCaT Keratinocytes by Pomegranate Polyphenol Extract POMx
Authors: Zaid Mohammad Abu , Afaq Farrukh , Syed Deeba N. , Dreher Mark , Mukhtar Hasan
Published: June 2007

In recent years there has been an increase in use of botanicals with antioxidant properties as skin photoprotective agents. Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit possesses strong antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties. Recently, we have shown that pomegranate‐derived products rich in anthocyanidins and ellagitannins inhibit UVB‐mediated activation of nuclear factor kappa B and modulate UVA‐mediated cell proliferation pathways in normal human epidermal keratinocytes. In this study, we evaluated the effect of polyphenol‐rich pomegranate fruit extract (POMx) on UVB‐induced oxidative stress and photoaging in human immortalized HaCaT keratinocytes. Our data show that pretreatment of HaCaT cells with POMx (10–40 μg mL−1) inhibited UVB (15–30 mJ cm−2)‐mediated (1) decrease in cell viability, (2) decrease in intracellular glutathione content and (3) increase in lipid peroxidation. Employing immunoblot analysis we found that pretreatment of HaCaT cells with POMx inhibited UVB‐induced (1) upregulation of MMP‐1, ‐2, ‐7 and ‐9, (2) decrease in TIMP‐1, (3) phosphorylation of MAPKs and (iv) phosphorylation of c‐jun, whereas no effect was observed on UVB‐induced c‐fos protein levels. These results suggest that POMx protects HaCaT cells against UVB‐induced oxidative stress and markers of photoaging and could be a useful supplement in skin care products.
Light‐Driven Horseradish Peroxidase Cycle by Using Photo‐activated Methylene Blue as the Reducing Agent
Authors: Soares Vanessa A. , Severino Divinomar , Junqueira Helena C. , Tersariol Ivarne L. S. , Shida Cláudio S. , Baptista Maurício S. , Nascimento Otaciro R. , Nantes Iseli L.
Published: June 2007

In this work, the regeneration of native horseradish peroxidase (HRP), following the consecutive reduction of oxo‐ferryl π‐cation (compound I) and oxo‐ferryl (compound II) forms, was observed by UV–visible spectrometry and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) in the presence of methylene (MB+), in the dark and under irradiation. In the dark, MB+ did not affect the rate of HRP compound I and II reduction, compatible with hydrogen peroxide as the solely reducing species. Under irradiation, the dye promoted a significant increase in the native HRP regeneration rate in a pH‐dependent manner. Flash photolysis measurements revealed significant redshift of the MB+ triplet absorbance spectrum in the presence of native HRP. This result is compatible with the dye binding on the enzyme structure leading to the increase in the photogenerated MB˙ yield. In the presence of HRP compound II, the lifetime of the dye at 520 nm decreased ∼75% relative to the presence of native HRP that suggests MB˙ as the heme iron photochemical reducing agent. In argon and in air‐saturated media, photoactivated MB+ led to native HRP regeneration in a time‐ and concentration‐dependent manner. The apparent rate constant for photoactivated MB+‐promoted native HRP regeneration, in argon and in air‐saturated medium and measured as a function of MB+ concentration, exhibited saturation that is suggestive of dye binding on the HRP structure. The dissociation constant (KMB) observed for the binding of dye to HRP was 5.4 ± 0.6 μm and 0.57 ± 0.05 μm in argon and air‐saturated media, respectively. In argon‐saturated medium, the rate of the conversion of HRP compound II to native HRP was significantly higher, k2argon = (2.1 ± 0.1) × 10−2s−1, than that obtained in air‐equilibrated medium, k2air = (0.73 ± 0.02) × 10−2s−1. Under these conditions the efficiency of photoactivated MB+‐promoted native HRP regeneration was determined in argon and air‐equilibrated media as being, respectively: k2/KMB = 3.9 × 103 and 12.8 × 103 m−1 s−1.
The Death of Human Cancer Cells Following Photodynamic Therapy: Apoptosis Competence is Necessary for Bcl‐2 Protection but not for Induction of Autophagy†
Authors: Xue Liang‐yan , Chiu Song‐mao , Azizuddin Kashif , Joseph Sheeba , Oleinick Nancy L.
Published: June 2007

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an efficient inducer of apoptosis in many types of cells, except in cells deficient in one or more of the factors that mediate apoptosis. Recent reports have identified autophagy as a potential alternative cell death process following PDT. Here we investigated the occurrence of autophagy after PDT with the photosensitizer Pc 4 in human cancer cells that are deficient in the pro‐apoptotic factor Bax (human prostate cancer DU145 cells) or the apoptosis mediator caspase‐3 (human breast cancer MCF‐7v cells) and in apoptosis‐competent cells (MCF‐7c3 cells that stably overexpress human pro‐caspase‐3 and Chinese hamster ovary CHO 5A100 cells). Further, each of the cell lines was also studied with and without stably overexpressed Bcl‐2. Autophagy was identified by electron microscopic observation of the presence of double‐membrane‐delineated autophagosomal vesicles in the cytosol and by immunoblot observation of the Pc 4‐PDT dose‐ and time‐dependent increase in the level of LC3‐II, a component of the autophagosomal membrane. Autophagy was observed in all of the cell lines studied, whether or not they were capable of typical apoptosis and whether or not they overexpressed Bcl‐2. The presence of stably overexpressed Bcl‐2 in the cells protected against PDT‐induced apoptosis and loss of clonogenicity in apoptosis‐competent cells (MCF‐7c3 and CHO 5A100 cells). In contrast, Bcl‐2 overexpression did not protect against the development of autophagy in any of the cell lines or against loss of clonogenicity in apoptosis‐deficient cells (MCF‐7v and DU145 cells). Furthermore, 3‐methyladenine and wortmannin, inhibitors of autophagy, provided greater protection against loss of viability to apoptosis‐deficient than to apoptosis‐competent cells. The results show that autophagy occurs during cell death following PDT in human cancer cells competent or not for normal apoptosis. Only the apoptosis‐competent cells are protected by Bcl‐2 against cell death.
Advantages of Using Microbial Technology over Traditional Chemical Technology in Removal of Black Crusts from Stone Surfaces of Historical Monuments
Authors: Cappitelli Francesca , Toniolo Lucia , Sansonetti Antonio , Gulotta Davide , Ranalli Giancarlo , Zanardini Elisabetta , Sorlini Claudia
Published: June 2007

This study compares two cleaning methods, one involving an ammonium carbonate-EDTA mixture and the other involving the sulfate-reducing bacterium
Desulfovibrio vulgaris
subsp.
vulgaris
ATCC 29579, for the removal of black crust (containing gypsum) on marble of the Milan Cathedral (Italy). In contrast to the chemical cleaning method, the biological procedure resulted in more homogeneous removal of the surface deposits and preserved the patina noble under the black crust. Whereas both of the treatments converted gypsum to calcite, allowing consolidation, the chemical treatment also formed undesirable sodium sulfate.
Effects of Different Animal Waste Treatment Technologies on Detection and Viability of Porcine Enteric Viruses
Authors: Costantini Verónica P. , Azevedo Ana C. , Li Xin , Williams Mike C. , Michel Frederick C. , Saif Linda J.
Published: June 2007

Enteric pathogens in animal waste that is not properly processed can contaminate the environment and food. The persistence of pathogens in animal waste depends upon the waste treatment technology, but little is known about persistence of porcine viruses. Our objectives were to characterize the porcine enteric viruses (porcine noroviruses [PoNoVs], porcine sapoviruses [PoSaVs], rotavirus A [RV-A], RV-B, and RV-C) in fresh feces or manure and to evaluate the effects of different candidate environmentally superior technologies (ESTs) for animal waste treatment on the detection of these viruses. Untreated manure and samples collected at different stages during and after treatment were obtained from swine farms that used conventional waste management (CWM) and five different candidate ESTs. The RNA from porcine enteric viruses was detected by reverse transcription-PCR and/or seminested PCR; PoSaV and RV-A were also detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cell culture immunofluorescence (CCIF) and experimental inoculation of gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs were used to determine RV-A/C infectivity in posttreatment samples. The PoSaV and RV-A were detected in pretreatment samples from each farm, whereas PoNoV and RV-C were detected in pretreatment feces from three of five and four of five farms using the candidate ESTs, respectively. After treatment, PoSaV RNA was detected only in the samples from the farm using CWM and not from the farms using the candidate ESTs. RV-A and RV-C RNAs were detected in four of five and three of four candidate ESTs, respectively, after treatment, but infectious particles were not detected by CCIF, nor were clinical signs or seroconversion detected in inoculated Gn pigs. These results indicate that only RV-A/C RNA, but no viral infectivity, was detected after treatment. Our findings address a public health concern regarding environmental quality surrounding swine production units.
Labeling of
Bifidobacterium longum
Cells with
13
C-Substituted Leucine for Quantitative Proteomic Analyses
Authors: Couté Yohann , Hernandez Céline , Appel Ron D. , Sanchez Jean-Charles , Margolles Abelardo
Published: June 2007

Stable isotope labeling of amino acids in cell culture was used for
Bifidobacterium longum
. A comprehensive proteomic strategy was developed and validated by designing an appropriate semidefined medium that allows stable replacement of natural leucine by [
13
C
6
]leucine. Using this strategy, proteins having variations of at least 50% in their expression rates can be quantified with great confidence.
Regulation of Phosphoinositide Levels by the Phospholipid Transfer Protein Sec14p Controls Cdc42p/p21-Activated Kinase-Mediated Cell Cycle Progression at Cytokinesis
Authors: Howe Alicia G. , Fairn Gregory D. , MacDonald Kendra , Bankaitis Vytas A. , McMaster Christopher R.
Published: June 2007

Sec14p is an essential phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylinositol transfer protein with a well-described role in the regulation of Golgi apparatus-derived vesicular transport in yeast. Inactivation of the CDP-choline pathway for phosphatidylcholine synthesis allows cells to survive in the absence of Sec14p function through restoration of Golgi vesicular transport capability. In this study,
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
cells containing a
SEC14
temperature-sensitive allele along with an inactivated CDP-choline pathway were transformed with a high-copy-number yeast genomic library. Genes whose increased expression inhibited cell growth in the absence of Sec14p function were identified. Increasing levels of the Rho GTPase Cdc42p and its direct effector kinases Cla4p and Ste20p prevented the growth of cells lacking Sec14p and CDP-choline pathway function. Growth suppression was accompanied by an increase in large and multiply budded cells. This effect on polarized cell growth did not appear to be due to an inability to establish cell polarity, since both the actin cytoskeleton and localization of the septin Cdc12p were unaffected by increased expression of Cdc42p, Cla4p, or Ste20p. Nuclei were present in both the mother cell and the emerging bud, consistent with Sec14p regulation of the cell cycle subsequent to anaphase but prior to cytokinesis/septum breakdown. Increased expression of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase prevented growth arrest by
CDC42
,
CLA4
, or
STE20
upon inactivation of Sec14p function. Sec14p regulation of phosphoinositide levels affects cytokinesis at the level of the Cdc42p/Cla4p/Ste20p signaling cascade.
Evolutionarily Divergent Type II Protein Arginine Methyltransferase in
Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Pasternack Deborah A. , Sayegh Joyce , Clarke Steven , Read Laurie K.
Published: June 2007

Protein arginine methylation is a posttranslational modification that impacts cellular functions, such as RNA processing, transcription, DNA repair, and signal transduction. The majority of our knowledge regarding arginine methylation derives from studies of yeast and mammals. Here, we describe a protein arginine
N
-methyltransferase (PRMT), TbPRMT5, from the early-branching eukaryote
Trypanosoma brucei
. TbPRMT5 shares the greatest sequence similarity with PRMT5 and Skb1 type II enzymes from humans and
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
, respectively, although it is significantly divergent at the amino acid level from its mammalian and yeast counterparts. Recombinant TbPRMT5 displays broad substrate specificity in vitro, including methylation of a mitochondrial-gene-regulatory protein, RBP16. TbPRMT5 catalyzes the formation of ω-
N

G

-monomethylarginine and symmetric ω-
N

G

,
N

G
′

-dimethylarginine and does not require trypanosome cofactors for this activity. These data establish that type II PRMTs evolved early in the eukaryotic lineage. In vivo, TbPRMT5 is constitutively expressed in the bloodstream form and procyclic-form (insect host) life stages of the parasite and localizes to the cytoplasm. Genetic disruption via RNA interference in procyclic-form trypanosomes indicates that TbPRMT5 is not essential for growth in this life cycle stage. TbPRMT5-TAP ectopically expressed in procyclic-form trypanosomes is present in high-molecular-weight complexes and associates with an RG domain-containing DEAD box protein related to yeast Ded1 and two kinetoplastid-specific proteins. Thus, TbPRMT5 is likely to be involved in novel methylation-regulated functions in trypanosomes, some of which may include RNA processing and/or translation.