bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From small to large—The application of in situ polymerization within tumor cells
Authors: Jia Mingjie , Liu Yonghang , Wei Peng , Yi Tao
Published: March 2024

The “laboratory” of cells has the capacity to polymerize monosaccharides, amino acids, and nucleotides. Tumor cells, characterized by the overexpression of multiple enzymes and existing in a slightly acidic and highly redox‐potent environment, have attracted the attention of chemists aiming to transfer chemical reactions from the traditional laboratory flask to this “cellular laboratory”. Polymers, resulting from the repetitive linkage of monomers, have garnered extensive utility in the biomedical field due to their diverse structural and physicochemical properties. When the polymerization reaction proceeds in situ within the tumor cells, this in situ transformation from small‐to‐large combines the rapid uptake of monomeric molecules with the strong retention ability of polymers, exerting a profound impact on drug delivery within tumors. Moreover, it shows promising applications in the regulation of cell behavior, imaging, therapy, and theranostics. Given the diverse functions of in situ polymerization in relation to tumor cells, this review focuses on a comprehensive examination of various strategies for in situ polymerization within tumor cells, categorizing these strategies based on the formation mechanisms of polymers. The applications in this domain concerning in situ polymerization within tumor cells are also explored. Moreover, a discussion of specific limitations in current research and insights into potential future directions from the authors' perspective are provided.
Unraveling a history of overlap: A phenotypic comparison of RBCK1‐related disease and glycogen storage disease type IV
Authors: Crane Haley M. , Asher Stephanie , Conway Laura , Drivas Theodore G. , Kallish Staci
Published: March 2024

RBCK1‐related disease is a rare, multisystemic disorder for which our current understanding of the natural history is limited. A number of individuals initially carried clinical diagnoses of glycogen storage disease IV (GSD IV), but were later found to harbor RBCK1 pathogenic variants, demonstrating challenges of correctly diagnosing RBCK1‐related disease. This study carried out a phenotypic comparison between RBCK1‐related disease and GSD IV to identify features that clinically differentiate these diagnoses. Literature review and retrospective chart review identified 25 individuals with RBCK1‐related disease and 36 with the neuromuscular subtype of GSD IV. Clinical features were evaluated to assess for statistically significant differences between the conditions. At a system level, any cardiac, autoinflammation, immunodeficiency, growth, or dermatologic involvement were suggestive of RBCK1, whereas any respiratory involvement suggested GSD IV. Several features warrant further exploration as predictors of RBCK1, such as generalized weakness, heart transplant, and recurrent infections, among others. Distinguishing RBCK1‐related disease will facilitate correct diagnoses and pave the way for accurately identifying affected individuals, as well as for developing management recommendations, treatment, and an enhanced understanding of the natural history. This knowledge may also inform which individuals thought to have GSD IV should undergo reevaluation for RBCK1.
Linear enamel hypoplasia inHomonaledireappraised in light of new Retzius periodicities
Authors: Skinner Mark Fretson , Delezene Lucas Kyle , Skinner Matthew M. , Mahoney Patrick
Published: March 2024

Objectives

Among low‐latitude apes, developmental defects of enamel often recur twice yearly, linkable to environmental cycles. Surprisingly, teeth ofHomonaledifrom Rising Star in South Africa (241–335 kya), a higher latitude site with today a single rainy season, also exhibit bimodally distributed hypoplastic enamel defects, but with uncertain timing and etiology. Newly determined Retzius periodicities for enamel formation in this taxon enable a reconstruction of the temporal patterning of childhood stress.

Methods

Using high resolution casts of 31 isolated anterior teeth fromH.naledi, 82 enamel defects (linear enamel hypoplasia [LEH]) were identified. Seventeen teeth are assigned to three individuals. Perikymata in the occlusal wall of enamel furrows and between the onsets of successive LEH were visualized with scanning electron microscopy and counted. Defects were measured with an optical scanner. Conversion of perikymata counts to estimates of LEH duration and inter‐LEH interval draws upon Retzius periodicities of 9 and 11 days.

Results

Anterior teeth record more than a year of developmental distress, expressed as two asymmetric intervals centered on 4.5 and 7.5 months bounded by three LEH. Durations, also, show bimodal distributions, lasting 3 or 12 weeks. Short duration LEH are more severe than long duration. Relative incisor/canine rates of formation are indistinguishable from modern humans.

Discussion

We invoke a disease and dearth model, with short episodes of distress reflecting onset of disease in young infants, lasting about 3 weeks, followed by a season of undernutrition, possibly intensified by secondary plant compounds, spanning about 12 weeks, inferably coincident with austral winter.
Fairness perceptions of income‐based educational inequality: The impact of social class and ideological orientations
Authors: Lee Jung‐Sook , Stacey Meghan
Published: March 2024

Income‐based educational inequality is a global issue. In Australia, schools in the relatively large private sector charge a range of fees, with public schools also exhibiting considerable income differences. Using a nationally representative sample in the Australian Survey of Social Attitudes, we examined the public's fairness perceptions of income‐based educational inequality and how their fairness perceptions are related to self‐interest (particularly regarding social class) and ideological orientations. We found that people hold diverse views about the fairness of income‐based educational inequality and that the number of people who perceived it as unfair was almost double the number of those who perceived it as fair. Respondents categorised as upper/upper‐middle‐class were, however, more likely to perceive income‐based educational inequality as fair, while agreement with government responsibility for economic well‐being was associated with a negative view of income‐based educational inequality. Implications of these findings for the promotion of socially just and equitable education are discussed.
Chloride and Hydride Transfer as Keys to Catalytic Upcycling of Polyethylene into Liquid Alkanes
Authors: Zhang Wei , Yao Hai , Khare Rachit , Zhang Peiran , Yang Boda , Hu Wenda , Ray Debmalya , Hu Jianzhi , Camaioni Donald M. , Wang Huamin , Kim Sungmin , Lee Mal‐Soon , Sarazen Michele L. , Chen Jingguang G. , Lercher Johannes A.
Published: March 2024

Transforming polyolefin waste into liquid alkanes through tandem cracking‐alkylation reactions catalyzed by Lewis‐acid chlorides offers an efficient route for single‐step plastic upcycling. Lewis acids in dichloromethane establish a polar environment that stabilizes carbenium ion intermediates and catalyzes hydride transfer, enabling breaking of polyethylene C−C bonds and forming C−C bonds in alkylation. Here, we show that efficient and selective deconstruction of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) to liquid alkanes is achieved with anhydrous aluminum chloride (AlCl3) and gallium chloride (GaCl3). Already at 60 °C, complete LDPE conversion was achieved, while maintaining the selectivity for gasoline‐range liquid alkanes over 70 %. AlCl3 showed an exceptional conversion rate of 5000
, surpassing other Lewis acid catalysts by two orders of magnitude. Through kinetic and mechanistic studies, we show that the rates of LDPE conversion do not correlate directly with the intrinsic strength of the Lewis acids or steric constraints that may limit the polymer to access the Lewis acid sites. Instead, the rates for the tandem processes of cracking and alkylation are primarily governed by the rates of initiation of carbenium ions and the subsequent intermolecular hydride transfer. Both jointly control the relative rates of cracking and alkylation, thereby determining the overall conversion and selectivity.
Water‐Doped Brønsted Acidic Protic Ionic Liquids for Enhanced Tributyl Citrate Synthesis in a Two‐Phase Esterification System
Authors: Więcławik Justyna , Brzęczek‐Szafran Alina , Barteczko Natalia , Chrobok Anna
Published: March 2024

Tributyl citrate (TBC) plays a crucial role as a plasticizer, enhancing the flexibility of polymers such as polyvinyl chloride. Its biodegradability and non‐toxic nature contribute to eco‐friendly appeal, making it a preferred additive in diverse industries, including food packaging, medical devices, toys, and consumer goods. Herein, a method for the synthesis of TBC using inexpensive Brønsted acidic protic ionic liquids (ILs) in a two‐phase reaction system is presented. The esterification process is carried out with high yield (>99 %), selectivity (up to 98 %) and short reaction time of 2 h. The catalyst in the form of IL shows excellent performance and stability, desirable for industrial applications.
Recent Advances of Aminopeptidases‐Responsive Small‐Molecular Probes for Bioimaging
Authors: Xu Chengyan , Cui Kaixi , Ye Zhifei , Feng Yurong , Wang Huabin , Liu Hong‐wen
Published: March 2024

Aminopeptidases, enzymes with critical roles in human body, are emerging as vital biomarkers for metabolic processes and diseases. Aberrant aminopeptidase levels are often associated with diseases, particularly cancer. Small‐molecule probes, such as fluorescent, fluorescent/photoacoustics, bioluminescent, and chemiluminescent probes, are essential tools in the study of aminopeptidases‐related diseases. The fluorescent probes provide real‐time insights into protein activities, offering high sensitivity in specific locations, and precise spatiotemporal results. Additionally, photoacoustic probes offer signals that are able to penetrate deeper tissues. Bioluminescent and chemiluminescent probes can enhance in vivo imaging abilities by reducing the background. This comprehensive review is focused on small‐molecule probes that respond to four key aminopeptidases: aminopeptidase N, leucine aminopeptidase, Pyroglutamate aminopeptidase 1, and Prolyl Aminopeptidase, and their utilization in imaging tumors and afflicted regions. In this review, the design strategy of small‐molecule probes, the variety of designs from previous studies, and the opportunities of future bioimaging applications are discussed, serving as a roadmap for future research, sparking innovations in aminopeptidase‐responsive probe development, and enhancing our understanding of these enzymes in disease diagnostics and treatment.
Sanierung von Bruchsteinmauerwerk an Staumauern des Ruhrverbands
Authors: Klahn Stefan
Published: March 2024

Die Staumauern des Ruhrverbands, hergestellt aus örtlichem Bruchstein des Sauerlands, sind über 100 Jahre alt und bedürfen einer ständigen Pflege und Instandhaltung, um die Standsicherheit und Gebrauchstauglichkeit zukunftsorientiert sicherzustellen. Hierzu sind Schäden durch Bewuchs und Frostwechselreaktionen zu beseitigen und neue Schäden möglichst lange zu verhindern. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt den Ablauf solcher Sanierungsmaßnahmen, angefangen von der Bestandsaufnahme über Instandsetzungsmaßnahmen bis hin zur Pflege. Außerdem gibt er einen Überblick über die notwendigen Randbedingungen.
Bending a Cumulene with Electrons: Stepwise Chemical Reduction and Structural Study of a Tetraaryl[4]Cumulene
Authors: Zhou Zheng , Johnson Matthew A. , Wei Zheng , Bühringer Martina U. , Garner Marc H. , Tykwinski Rik , Petrukhina Marina A.
Published: March 2024

Chemical reduction of a [4]cumulene with cesium metal was explored, and the structural changes stemming from electron acquisition are detailed using X‐ray crystallography. It is found that the [4]cumulene undergoes dramatic geometric changes upon stepwise reduction, including bending of the cumulenic core and twisting of the endgroups from orthogonal to planar. The structural deformation is consistent with early theoretical reports that suggest that the twisting should occur upon reduction of both even and odd [n]cumulenes. The current results, on the other hand, are inconsistent with a previous experimental study of a [3]cumulene in which the predicted twisting is not observed upon reduction. DFT calculations reveal that the barrier to deformation is an order of magnitude lower in a [3]cumulene than a [4]cumulene, allowing the barrier to be overcome in the solid‐state.
Three‐Dimensional Self‐Supported Ge Anode for Advanced Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Fang Xiang Xiang , Jiang Chaoyan , Yue Chuang , Hu Fang
Published: March 2024

Three‐dimensional (3D) self‐supported Ge anode is one of the promising candidates to replace the traditional graphite anode material for high‐performance binder‐free lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). The enlarged surface area and the shortened ions/electrons transporting distance of the 3D electrode would greatly facilitate the rapid transfer of abundant lithium ions during cycling, thus achieve enhanced energy and power density during cycling. Cycle stability of the 3D self‐supported Ge electrode would be improved due to the obtained enough space could effectively accommodate the large volume expansion of the Ge anode. In this review, we first describe the electrochemical properties and Li ions storage mechanism of Ge anode. Moreover, the recent advances in the 3D self‐supported Ge anode architectures design are majorly illustrated and discussed. Challenges and prospects of the 3D self‐supported Ge electrode are finally provided, which shed light on ways to design more reliable 3D Ge‐based electrodes in energy storage systems.
A Study on Auto‐Catalysis and Product Inhibition: A Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution Reaction Catalysed within the Cavity of an Octanuclear Coordination Cage
Authors: Dorrat Jack C. , Taylor Christopher G. P. , Young Rosemary J. , Solea Atena B. , Turner David R. , Dennison Genevieve H. , Ward Michael D. , Tuck Kellie L.
Published: March 2024

The ability of an octanuclear cubic coordination cage to catalyse a nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction on a cavity‐bound guest was studied with 2,4‐dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) as the guest/substrate. It was found that DNFB undergoes a catalysed reaction with hydroxide ions within the cavity of the cubic cage (in aqueous buffer solution, pH 8.6). The rate enhancement of kcat/kuncat was determined to be 22, with cavity binding of the guest being required for catalysis to occur. The product, 2,4‐dinitrophenolate (DNP), remained bound within the cavity due to electrostatic stabilisation and exerts two apparently contradictory effects: it initially auto‐catalyses the reaction when present at low concentrations, but at higher concentrations inhibits catalysis when a pair of DNP guests block the cavity. When encapsulated, the UV/Vis absorption spectrum of DNP is red‐shifted when compared to the spectrum of free DNP in aqueous solution. Further investigations using other aromatic guests determined that a similar red‐shift on cavity binding also occurred for 4‐nitrophenolate (4NP) at pH 8.6. The red‐shift was used to determine the stoichiometry of guest binding of DNP and 4NP within the cage cavity, which was confirmed by structural analysis with X‐ray crystallography; and was also used to perform catalytic kinetic studies in the solution‐state.
Cavity Catalysis of an Enantioselective Reaction under Vibrational Strong Coupling
Authors: Singh Jaibir , Garg Pallavi , Anand Ramasamy Vijaya , George Jino
Published: March 2024

Strong light‐matter interaction is emerging as an exciting tool for controlling chemical reactions. Here, we demonstrate an L‐proline‐catalyzed direct asymmetric Aldol reaction under vibrational strong coupling. Both the reactants (4‐nitrobenzaldehyde and acetone) carbonyl bands are coupled to an infrared photon and react in the presence of L‐proline. The reaction mixture is eluted from the cavity, and the conversion yields and enantiomeric excess are quantified using NMR and chiral HPLC. The conversion yields increase by up to 90 % in ON‐resonance conditions. Interestingly, a large increase in the conversion yield does not affect the enantiomeric excess. Further control experiments were carried out by varying the temperature, and we propose that the rate‐limiting step may not be the deciding factor in enantioselectivity. Whereas the formation of the enamine intermediate is modified by cavity coupling experiments. For this class of enantioselective reactions, strong coupling does not change the enantiomeric excess, possibly due to the large energy difference in chiral transition states. Strong coupling can boost the formation of enamine intermediate, thereby favouring the product yield. This gives more hope to test polaritonic chemistry based on enantioselective reactions in which the branching ratios can be controlled.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Analogues of Wittig Hydrocarbon
Authors: Steffenfauseweh Henric , Vishnevskiy Yury V. , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans‐Georg , de Bruin Bas , Ghadwal Rajendra S.
Published: March 2024

N‐Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) analogues of Wittig hydrocarbon, [(NHC)(Stil)(NHC)] (3a‐c) (NHC = SIPr (1a) = C[N(Dipp)CH2]2, Dipp = 2,6‐iPr2C6H3; IPr (1b) = C[N(Dipp)CH]2; Me‐IPr (1c) = C[N(Dipp)CMe]2 and Stil = C6H4CHCHC6H4) have been reported as crystalline solids. 3a‐c are prepared by two‐electron reductions of the corresponding bis‐1,3‐imidazoli(ni)um bromides [(NHC)(Stil)NHC)](Br)2 (2a‐c) with KC8 in >94 % yields. 2a‐c are accessible by the nickel catalyzed direct C−C coupling of NHCs (1a‐c) with (E)‐4,4'‐dibromostilbene. One‐electron oxidation of 3a,b yields the corresponding radical cations [(NHC)(Stil)NHC)]B(C6F5)4 4a,b. All compounds have been characterized by UV‐Vis/NMR/EPR spectroscopy as well as 2a, 3a, and 3b by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. The electronic structures of representative systems have been analyzed by quantum chemical calculations.
LSB‐XOR technique for securing captured images from disaster by UAVs in B5G networks
Authors: Syed Farheen , Alsamhi Saeed Hamood , Gupta Sachin Kumar , Saif Abdu
Published: March 2024

Recently, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) technology has been utilized to monitor and capture images from disasters to analyze, process, and take action in real‐time for a speedy recovery. UAVs represent one of the critical technologies used beyond the fifth generation (B5G) of heterogeneous networks. Due to the sensitive data captured from disaster areas by UAVs, security has become a significant concern. Therefore, effective methods are needed to defend collected data against hackers and fictional activity by untrusted users. Audio encryption technologies can be applied to military communication, multimedia, medical, telemedical, and the internet. The present work introduces a novel Steganographic technique of converting an image to audio using LSB coding with XOR operation, ensuring the audio signal is protected using a key and maintains the excellent quality of the signal regenerated. Python3 is used for the implementation of the proposed technique. The findings show significant improvement in MSE and SSIM contexts.
Gallium Hydride‐Catalyzed Selective Hydroboration of Unsaturated Organic Substrates
Authors: Rajput Sagrika , Sahoo Rajata Kumar , Sarkar Nabin , Nembenna Sharanappa
Published: March 2024

The first examples of tetrasubstituted conjugated bis‐guanidinate (CBG) supported monomeric and thermally stable gallium dihalides [LGaX2], (X=Cl (Ga−Cl), I (Ga−I)) and dihydride (Ga−H) [LGaH2] (where L={(ArHN)(ArN)−C=N−C=(NAr)(NHAr)}; Ar=2,6‐Et2−C6H3) compounds are reported. The reaction ofin situgenerated LLi with 1.0 equiv. GaX3(X=Cl, I) afforded compoundsGa−ClandGa−I. The reaction betweenGa−Cland Li[HBEt3] in benzene yielded the dihydride compoundGa−H. All reported compounds (Ga−Cl,Ga−I, andGa−H) were characterized by NMR, HRMS, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies.Ga−Hwas probed for the hydroboration of carbodiimides (CDI), isocyanates, and isothiocyanates with HBpin. CompoundGa−Hwas also found effective for the catalytic hydroboration of imines, nitriles, alkynes, esters, and formates, affording the corresponding products in quantitative yields. Stoichiometric reactions with a CDI were performed to establish the catalytic cycle.
Enhanced Intersystem Crossing in a Thiohelicene
Authors: Bergwinkl Sebastian , Nuernberger Patrick , Dick Bernhard , Kutta Roger Jan
Published: March 2024

The photophysics of a helicene derivative in which two benzene units are replaced by thiophene units (thiohelicene, 6H) was studied by steady state and transient absorption and emission spectroscopies covering time ranges from femtoseconds to minutes. Efficient intersystem crossing (ISC) to the triplet state was observed, by far exceeding that of the parent helicene and the corresponding oxo‐helicene. Quantum chemical calculations indicate that the helical distortion and the heavy atom effect of sulfur cooperate in promoting spin‐orbit coupling, and that the most efficient decay channel involved the T2 or even the T3 state. These insights can help in the design of more efficient triplet sensitizers for many applications.
Clinical performance of custom‐milled polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) posts and cores: A 12‐month follow‐up randomized controlled pilot study
Authors: Ghanem Naif , Ali Hasan , Bahrli Nasser , Hassan Hazem
Published: March 2024

Objectives

Comparing the survival rate and the cumulative success rates of custom‐milled polyetherketone ketone posts and cores (MPP) with prefabricated fiber posts (PFP) in restoring compromised endodontically treated premolars.

Material and Methods

This was a randomized, double‐blind, parallel, two‐arm controlled pilot study. A total of 24 patients (12 males, 12 females), each had a compromised lower premolar, needed a root canal treatment and to be restored with post and core. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups, MPP‐group: restored with MPP, and PFP‐group: restored with PFP and composite cores. After that, premolars were restored with single porcelain fused to metal (PFM) crowns. Clinical and radiographic follow‐ups were conducted after 3, 6, and 12 months. The Kaplan–Meier, log‐Rank, and χ2 tests were used to investigate differences between the two groups at the 0.05 significance level.

Results

The survival rate after 12 months in the MPP and PFP groups was 66.7% and 100%, respectively. Meanwhile, the cumulative success rates were 63.6% and 100% in the same order. The log‐rank test showed a significant difference between the two groups (p = .031). The difference in cumulative success rates was also significant, as the χ2 test revealed (p = .011).

Conclusion

The PFP group showed a higher success rate than the MPP group and according to the failure types, PEKK posts seem to be inferior to PFP in terms of the mechanical properties and bonding to resin mechanism. Trial registration: ISRCTN, ISRCTN13456471. October, 14, 2019. (https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN13456471ISRCTN13456471).
Accuracy of maxillary full‐arch digital impressions of tooth and implant models made by two intraoral scanners
Authors: Siadat Hakimeh , Chitsaz Foujan , Zeighami Somayeh , Esmaeilzadeh Alireza
Published: March 2024

Objectives

Limited studies are available on the accuracy of intraoral scanners (IOSs) for full‐arch implant and tooth models. This study aimed to assess the accuracy of maxillary full‐arch digital impressions of tooth and implant models made by two IOSs.

Materials and Methods

This in vitro, experimental study was conducted on two maxillary dentiform models: one with six prepared natural teeth and the other with six implants at the site of canine, first premolar, and first molar teeth, bilaterally. A highly accurate industrial scanner was used for actual measurements on the models that served as the reference scan. TS (Trios3) and CO (CEREC Omnicam) IOSs were then used to scan each model 10 times according to the manufacturer's instructions. All scans were saved in STL format. The GOM Inspect software was used according to the best‐fit algorithm to compare the accuracy of measurements in the groups with the reference scan. The trueness and precision were calculated. Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS by one‐way analysis of variance and t‐test (α = .05).

Results

TS showed a significantly higher trueness than CO for both tooth and implant models (p < .05). TS also revealed significantly higher precision than CO for the tooth model; however, the difference in precision for the implant model was not significant between the two IOSs (p > .05).

Conclusions

TS showed higher accuracy than CO in both tooth and implant models.
Clinical and radiographic periodontal status in hypertensive patients with or without obstructive sleep apnea 10 years after diagnosis and CPAP initiation
Authors: Kvarnvik Christine , Ahonen Hanna , Jansson Henrik , Broström Anders , Stensson Malin , Sayardoust Shariel
Published: March 2024

Objectives

Through inflammation and hyposalivation, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is suggested to affect periodontal status over time. Our aim was to compare the clinical and radiographic periodontal status of hypertensive patients with or without long‐term presence of OSA, treated or untreated with continuous positive airway pressure treatment (CPAP).

Materials and Methods

In 2007–2009, a screening for OSA was conducted among 394 hypertensive primary care patients. Polygraphy was used to create three groups: no OSA, non‐CPAP, or adherent CPAP based on the apnea hypopnea index (AHI). After 10 years, a cross‐sectional sleep and periodontal examination including a clinical and radiographic examination, a questionnaire, and a matrix metalloproteinase‐8 (MMP‐8) chair‐side test was conducted. Based on levels of alveolar bone, bleeding on probing (BoP), and probing pocket depth (PPD), patients were categorized into four periodontal stages: periodontal health/gingivitis and three periodontal disease stages. Periodontal status and periodontal stages were compared between the OSA (n = 49), non‐CPAP (n = 38), or adherent CPAP (n = 34) groups.

Results

The 121 patients (53% women) had a median age of 71 years. No differences were seen between the OSA groups regarding median number of teeth (p = .061), teeth/implants, (p = .107), plaque index (p = .245), BoP (p = .848), PPD ≥ 4 mm (p = .561), PPD ≥ 6 mm (p = .630), presence of MMP‐8 (p = .693) except for bone loss (p = .011). Among patients with stage periodontal health/gingivitis a significant difference was seen, as 70% of those were categorized as no OSA, 20% as non‐CPAP, and 10% as adherent CPAP (p = .029). Differences were not seen in periodontal disease stages.

Conclusions

Hypertensive patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) did not have an adverse clinical periodontal status compared to patients without OSA. However, when combining radiographic and clinical status into periodontal stages, patients without OSA more frequently exhibited periodontal health or gingivitis compared to patients without OSA, regardless of CPAP treatment.
Intracanal microbiome profiles of two apical periodontitis cases in one patient: A comparison with saliva and plaque profiles
Authors: Yamaki Keiko , Tamahara Toru , Washio Jumpei , Sato Takuichi , Shimizu Ritsuko , Yamada Satoru
Published: March 2024

Objectives

To determine the characteristics of the endodontic microbiome.

Material and Methods

Saliva, plaque, and infected root canal wall dentin of two teeth suffering from apical periodontitis were harvested from a 58‐year‐old man. Bacterial DNA was extracted from each sample, and 16S rRNA gene analysis targeting the V3–V4 region was conducted on the Illumina MiSeq platform using QIIME2. The functional potential of the microbiomes was inferred using PICRUSt2.

Results

The four microbiomes were different in structure and membership, yet the nine most abundant metabolic pathways were common among them. The two endodontic microbiomes were more anaerobic, rich in Firmicutes, and scarce in Actinobacteriota and Proteobacteria, compared with saliva and plaque microbiomes. Their profiles were dissimilar despite their clinical and radiographic similarities.

Conclusions

The endodontic microbiomes were anaerobic, rich in Firmicutes, scarce in Actinobacteriota and Proteobacteria, and considerably varied within an individual.
Antibacterial coating of orthodontic elastomeric ligatures with silver and bismuth nanofilms by magnetron sputtering: A feasibility study
Authors: Schubert Andrea , Griesmüller Carolin , Gersdorff Nikolaus , Bürgers Ralf , Wiechens Bernhard , Wassmann Torsten
Published: March 2024

Objectives

Magnetron sputtering was evaluated to equip surfaces of orthodontic elastomeric ligatures with silver and bismuth nanofilms.

Material and Methods

Antibacterial properties were evaluated by the adhesion of Streptococcus mutans. Polyurethane‐based elastomeric ligatures were coated with silver and bismuth nanofilms via direct current magnetron sputtering. Surface roughness (Ra) and surface‐free energy (SFE) were assessed. Coated specimens were incubated with S. mutans for 2 h. Adhering bacteria were visualized by Hoechst staining and quantified by an ATP‐based luminescence assay. One‐way analysis of variance with Tukey post hoc testing and Pearson correlation analysis were performed (p < .05) to relate bacterial adhesion to surface roughness and surface‐free energy.

Results

Elastomeric ligatures were successfully coated with silver and bismuth nanofilms. Ra was significantly reduced by silver coating. Silver and bismuth coatings showed significantly higher SFE than controls. Adhesion of S. mutans was significantly decreased by silver coating. No correlation between bacterial adhesion and SFE was found. Correlation between bacterial adhesion and Ra was positive but not statistically significant.

Conclusions

Magnetron sputtering proved to be a feasible method to equip orthodontic elastomeric ligatures with silver and bismuth nanofilms. Silver coatings of elastomeric ligatures may reduce white spots and carious lesions in orthodontic patients. Future research is required to stabilize coatings.
Unveiling the epigenetic landscape of plants using flow cytometry approach
Authors: Jyoti Thakur Prava , Chandel Shivani , Singh Rajveer
Published: March 2024

Plants are sessile creatures that have to adapt constantly changing environmental circumstances. Plants are subjected to a range of abiotic stressors as a result of unpredictable climate change. Understanding how stress‐responsive genes are regulated can help us better understand how plants can adapt to changing environmental conditions. Epigenetic markers that dynamically change in response to stimuli, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications are known to regulate gene expression. Individual cells or particles' physical and/or chemical properties can be measured using the method known as flow cytometry. It may therefore be used to evaluate changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications, and other epigenetic markers, making it a potent tool for researching epigenetics in plants. We explore the use of flow cytometry as a technique for examining epigenetic traits in this thorough discussion. The separation of cell nuclei and their subsequent labeling with fluorescent antibodies, offering information on the epigenetic mechanisms in plants when utilizing flow cytometry. We also go through the use of high‐throughput data analysis methods to unravel the complex epigenetic processes occurring inside plant systems.
Associations between disordered eating, internalizing symptoms, and behavioral and neural correlates of response inhibition in preadolescence
Authors: Thomas Kai S. , Jones Catherine R. G. , Williams Marc O. , Vanderwert Ross E.
Published: March 2024

Response inhibition difficulties are reported in individuals with eating disorders (EDs), anxiety, and depression. Although ED symptoms and internalizing symptoms co‐occur in preadolescence, there is limited research examining associations between these symptoms and response inhibition in this age group. This study is the first to investigate the associations between behavioral and neural markers of response inhibition, disordered eating (DE), and internalizing symptoms in a community sample of preadolescents. Forty‐eight children (M age = 10.95 years, 56.3% male) completed a Go/NoGo task, whereas electroencephalography was recorded. Self‐report measures of DE and internalizing symptoms were collected. Higher levels of anxiety and depression were associated with neural markers of suboptimal response inhibition (attenuated P3NoGo amplitudes) in preadolescence. In contrast, higher levels of depression were associated with greater response inhibition at a behavioral level. These findings suggest internalizing symptoms in preadolescence are associated with P3‐indexed difficulties in evaluation and monitoring, but these are not sufficient to disrupt behavioral performance on a response inhibition task. This pattern may reflect engagement of compensatory processes to support task performance. DE was not significantly associated with response inhibition, suggesting that difficulties in response inhibition may only be reliably observed in more chronic and severe DE and ED presentations.
Severe hypoglycemia and hypoglycemia awareness are associated with preclinical atherosclerosis in patients with type 1 diabetes without an estimated high cardiovascular risk
Authors: Mesa Alex , Giménez Marga , Perea Verónica , Serés‐Noriega Tonet , Boswell Laura , Blanco Jesús , Milad Camila , Pané Adriana , Esmatjes Enric , Vinagre Irene , Conget Ignacio , Viñals Clara , Amor Antonio J.
Published: March 2024

Aims

To explore the relationship between severe hypoglycemia (SH) and hypoglycemia awareness with preclinical atherosclerosis in type 1 diabetes (T1D).

Materials and Methods

Cross‐sectional study in patients with T1D without cardiovascular disease (CVD), and with ≥1 of the following: ≥40 years, diabetic kidney disease, or ≥10 years of T1D duration with another risk factor. CVD risk was estimated with the Steno T1 Risk Engine (Steno‐Risk). Carotid plaque was evaluated using standardised ultrasonography protocol. Logistic regression models adjusted for CVD risk factors were constructed to test the independent associations with SH or hypoglycemia awareness assessed by the Clarke questionnaire (Clarke). The inclusion of SH and Clarke in Steno‐Risk was further evaluated.

Results

We included 634 patients (52.4% men, age 48.3 ± 10.8 years, T1D duration 27.4 ± 11.1 years, 39.9% harbouring plaque). A stepped increase in the presence of plaque according to Steno‐Risk was observed (13.5%, 37.7%, and 68.7%, for low, moderate, and high risk, respectively; p < 0.001). SH history (OR 4.4 [1.3–14.6]) and Clarke score (OR 1.7 [1.2–2.2]) were associated with plaque in low‐risk patients (n = 192). Clarke score was also associated with plaque burden in low‐moderate‐risk participants (n = 436; ≥2 plaques: OR 1.2 [1.0–1.5], p = 0.031; ≥3 plaques: OR 1.4 [1.1–2.0], p = 0.025). The inclusion of SH and Clarke scores in Steno‐Risk significantly improved the identification of low‐risk individuals with atherosclerosis (area under the curve: 0.658 vs. 0.576; p = 0.036).

Conclusions

In patients with T1D without an estimated high CVD risk, SH and hypoglycemia awareness assessment score were independently associated with preclinical atherosclerosis and improved identification of patients who would benefit from an intensive approach.
Self‐referential processing in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Gu Serena J. , Aimufua Ivieosa , Pagliaccio David , Shankman Stewart A. , Steinglass Joanna E. , Auerbach Randy P. , Walsh B. Timothy , Ranzenhofer Lisa M.
Published: March 2024

Objective

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious psychiatric illness associated with significant medical and psychiatric comorbidity and impairment. Theoretical models of AN and self‐report studies suggest that negative self‐evaluation (i.e., low self‐esteem) is related to the development and maintenance of AN. The goal of this study was to extend findings from self‐report methodology using a neurocognitive task that probes self‐evaluation implicitly and explicitly.

Method

We compared female adolescent and adult patients with AN (n = 35) and healthy controls (HC, n = 38) on explicit (i.e., endorsement of words as self‐relevant), implicit (recall, recognition, reaction time), and composite (i.e., valence index, bias score, drift rates) indices of self‐evaluation. We applied a drift‐diffusion model to compute the drift rates, reflecting participants' decision‐making process as to whether words were self‐relevant. The association between self‐evaluation indices and eating disorder severity was examined.

Results

There were significant Group × Condition interaction effects for all explicit and implicit measures (all p's ≤ .01), where the AN group endorsed, recalled, and recognized more negative relative to positive words than HC. The AN group had more negative valence index and bias scores, and slower drift rate away from negative words, reflecting more negative self‐evaluation. The finding for recall was attenuated when individuals with depression were excluded. Measures of self‐evaluation bias were not related to eating disorder severity.

Discussion

Using a neurocognitive approach that includes explicit and implicit indices of bias, results suggest that patients with AN have more negative self‐evaluation. Due to the cross‐sectional design, additional studies are needed to further evaluate directionality.

Public Significance

Negative self‐evaluation/low self‐esteem is thought to contribute to eating disorder symptoms. Findings of this study using a neurocognitive task to probe self‐evaluation suggested that individuals with anorexia nervosa have more negative self‐evaluation, reflected by endorsing and remembering more negative (than positive) words compared to healthy controls, and doing so faster. Targeting the construct of negative self‐evaluation in treatment of AN may be warranted.
High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells with Zwitterion‐Capped‐ZnO Quantum Dots as Electron Transport Layer and NH4X (X = F, Cl, Br) Assisted Interfacial Engineering
Authors: Runjhun Rashmi , Alharbi Essa A. , Drużyński Zygmunt , Krishna Anurag , Wolska‐Pietkiewicz Małgorzata , Škorjanc Viktor , Baumeler Thomas P. , Kakavelakis George , Eickemeyer Felix , Mensi Mounir , Zakeeruddin Shaik M. , Graetzel Michael , Lewiński Janusz
Published: March 2024

The systematic advances in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been driven by the developments of perovskite materials, electron transport layer (ETL) materials, and interfacial passivation between the relevant layers. While zinc oxide (ZnO) is a promising ETL in thin film photovoltaics, it is still highly desirable to develop novel synthetic methods that allow both fine‐tuning the versatility of ZnO nanomaterials and improving the ZnO/perovskite interface. Among various inorganic and organic additives, zwitterions have been effectively utilized to passivate the perovskite films. In this vein, we develop novel, well‐characterized betaine‐coated ZnO QDs and use them as an ETL in the planar n‐i‐p PSC architecture, combining the ZnO QDs‐based ETL with the ZnO/perovskite interface passivation by a series of ammonium halides (NH4X, where X = F, Cl, Br). The champion device with the NH4F passivation achieves one of the highest performances reported for ZnO‐based PSCs, exhibiting a maximum PCE of ~22% with a high fill factor of 80.3% and competitive stability, retaining ~78% of its initial PCE under 1 Sun illumination with maximum power tracking for 250 h.
Game‐based distributed energy‐sharing model for prosumers in microgrids considering carbon emissions and its fast equilibrium‐finding method
Authors: Zheng Xinze , Li Qiang , Yuan Juzhong
Published: March 2024

In recent years, energy sharing has attracted a lot of attention. However, the intermediate platforms in centralized energy‐sharing methods cause the rapid growth of communication complexity and the risk of privacy leakage. Unlike complex energy‐sharing market mechanisms, in this paper, a simple and efficient distributed energy sharing for microgrids (MGs) is proposed, where game theory is employed to form flexible prices for prosumers and only local information is used to improve the privacy protection of prosumers. First, prosumers located in different areas are characterized more precisely and a two‐tier carbon emission cost model is built. Next, a game‐theory‐based distributed energy‐sharing model is proposed, where a flexible pricing mechanism is developed to enable prosumers to independently reach price agreements and achieve supply–demand balance within MGs. In the process, optimization models for obtaining equilibrium are formed and only local information is needed. However, solving these optimization models is generally time‐consuming. So, a distributed optimization method based on weighted subgradients is proposed to accelerate the equilibrium‐finding process. Finally, four cases are designed, and simulation results demonstrate that the prosumers' costs of our method are reduced by 7.5%–22.5% compared to the costs obtained by feed‐in tariff. Moreover, in the case of solving the distributed trading model for an MG at a 24‐h time scale, the iteration numbers of our method are only 38.9% and 49.3% of the two traditional solving methods.
Environmental impact and damage assessment of oil trunkline transportation by life cycle assessment method
Authors: Saedi Amir hosein , Aliabadi Yeganeh , Ahmadi Abolfazl , Mirzavand Hamed
Published: March 2024

As climate issues gradually attract public attention worldwide, the operation of crude oil pipelines has been attached with new emission‐reduction targets. Though previous studies concerning life cycle assessment (LCA) of oil and gas pipelines have estimated the carbon footprint to some extent, there is a lack of research on life cycle carbon emissions that take the process of crude oil pipelines transportation. the main objective of this study is to build a comprehensive LCA model of carbon footprint for crude oil pipeline systems. A gate‐to‐gate analysis is provided for the LCA model, which means that the entire pipeline's life cycle from the extraction to disposal is considered. The LCA approach used both midpoint and endpoint impact assessment methods to evaluate the environmental impacts of crude oil pipeline transportation in Iran. The study analyzed the major environmental impact categories, such as greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption, water usage, and solid waste generation. The results showed that the crude oil pipelines transportation has significant environmental impacts in Iran. The three highest impacts on the midpoint scale are marine ecotoxicity by 61.54 kg 1,4‐DCB, terrestrial ecotoxicity by 52.26 kg 1,4‐DCB and fossil resource scarcity by 40.22 kg oil eq. The endpoint impacts of three stations were also compared. The Chamran, Abadan and Zanganeh stations have 95.44%, 94.22%, and 6% impacts on human health, respectively. Also, Abadan station has the largest amount of damage to ecosystems and resources with 96.65% and 80.02%, respectively. The findings of this study could be used by policymakers, oil companies, and other stakeholders to make informed decisions and implement strategies to reduce the environmental impact of oil transportation in Iran.
Flying High: The Role of Drones in Enhancing Utility Services
Authors: Spadoro Joseph , Vombergar Katherine , Hoempler Mark
Published: March 2024

In the dynamic and technology dependent energy industry, Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs), colloquially referred to as drones, have had a revolutionary impact with their multiple high‐value applications and advantages.1 As technological advancements redefine traditional practices, the integration of drones into routine operations has become a game‐changer for power companies, utilities, and energy providers worldwide. From inspecting power infrastructure to optimizing maintenance processes, monitoring remote sites, and enhancing safety protocols, drones are ushering in a new era in the way the industry operates. UASs brings diverse applications and tangible benefits to the energy and utilities sector, showcasing how these unmanned systems are not only streamlining operations, but also elevating efficiency, safety, and environmental sustainability.
The Hottest Year in Record and What Sea Sponge Tells Us About Climate Change
Authors: Cartwright Echo D.
Published: March 2024

Across the globe, we are witnessing the impact of a changing climate. More frequent and intense hurricanes, devastating atmospheric rivers and winter storms, wildfires, heat waves and droughts, are taking their toll on our daily lives and economic well‐being. The goal of the Paris Accord adopted in 2015, was to limit the increase in average global temperature—the combined average of surface ocean and land warming—to 1.5 degrees Celsius (C) (or 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit) above preindustrial levels. However, a new peer‐reviewed scientific study released in the Natural Climate Change Journal reveals some startling data. The world passed the 1.5 degree benchmark in 2020, meaning we are two decades ahead of the pace of global warming projected by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).1 The findings raise significant questions out our ability to meet the Accord's goals, or whether the average global temperature has or will exceed the Accord's goal of keeping global warming to below 2 degrees. Research evidence of the extent of warming came from studying an unlikely specimen; centuries‐old sponges living in the Caribbean Sea.
Launched 20 Years Ago, Environment, Social and Governance Principles and Market Value Remain Unchanged Despite Recent Challenges
Authors: South David W.
Published: March 2024

ESG—environment, social and governance—was first introduced in a 2004 report by the United Nations' Global Compact. The institutions1 that participated in the Financial Sector Initiative and endorsed the report believed that:
Adaptive multipole models of optically pumped magnetometer data
Authors: Tierney Tim M. , Seedat Zelekha , St Pier Kelly , Mellor Stephanie , Barnes Gareth R.
Published: March 2024

Multipole expansions have been used extensively in the Magnetoencephalography (MEG) literature for mitigating environmental interference and modelling brain signal. However, their application to Optically Pumped Magnetometer (OPM) data is challenging due to the wide variety of existing OPM sensor and array designs. We therefore explore how such multipole models can be adapted to provide stable models of brain signal and interference across OPM systems. Firstly, we demonstrate how prolate spheroidal (rather than spherical) harmonics can provide a compact representation of brain signal when sampling on the scalp surface with as few as 100 channels. We then introduce a type of orthogonal projection incorporating this basis set. The Adaptive Multipole Models (AMM), which provides robust interference rejection across systems, even in the presence of spatially structured nonlinearity errors (shielding factor is the reciprocal of the maximum fractional nonlinearity error). Furthermore, this projection is always stable, as it is an orthogonal projection, and will only ever decrease the white noise in the data. However, for array designs that are suboptimal for spatially separating brain signal and interference, this method can remove brain signal components. We contrast these properties with the more typically used multipole expansion, Signal Space Separation (SSS), which never reduces brain signal amplitude but is less robust to the effect of sensor nonlinearity errors on interference rejection and can increase noise in the data if the system is sub‐optimally designed (as it is an oblique projection). We conclude with an empirical example utilizing AMM to maximize signal to noise ratio (SNR) for the stimulus locked neuronal response to a flickering visual checkerboard in a 128‐channel OPM system and demonstrate up to 40 dB software shielding in real data.