bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improvement of Surface Wettability and Hydrophilization of Poly‐paraphenylene benzobisoxazole Fiber with Fibrillation Combined Oxygen Plasma Treatment
Authors: Wang Xiwen , Hu Jian , Liang Yun
Published: April 2012

A new surface modification method fibrillation combined with oxygen plasma treatment to improve the wettability and hydrophily of PBO fiber was studied in this paper. The surface chemical structure and morphology of PBO fiber were characterized by the methods of FTIR, XPS and SEM. The wettability and hydrophlic characters changes on the surface were evaluated by the dynamic contact angle system and image analysis. The results show that the increase surface roughness by fibrillation could improve the wettability. Fibrillation combined oxygen plasma treatment has a better effect than oxygen plasma treatment to improve the wettability and hdyrophlization of PBO fiber. The specific area of PBO fiber increased to 10.7 m2/g from 0.7 m2/g, contact angle decreased to 43.2° from 84.4° and WRV increased to 208.4% from 13.7%. The modified fibers have a good dispersion in water for hydrophilization improvement.
Stability‐Indicating RP‐HPLC Method for Analysis of Paracetamol and Tramadol in a Pharmaceutical Dosage Form
Authors: Kamble Rajesh M. , Singh Shrawan G.
Published: April 2012

A simple, isocratic, rapid and accurate reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography method was developed for the quantitative determination of paracetamol and tramadol in commercial medicinal tablets. The chromatographic separation was achieved on an Intersil C18 (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5μm) column using water pH 3.4 with orthophosphoric acid: methanol (60:40, v/v) as a mobile phase, and UV detection at 228 nm. The chromatographic resolutions between paracetamol and tramadol were found greater than five. The linear range for paracetamol and tramadol were 20.8–39.0 μg/ml and 2.4–4.5 μg/ ml was obtained with correlation coefficients ≥0.999 for each analyte. The retention time were found to be 2.1 and 3.9 min for tramadol and paracetamol respectively. Paracetamol and tramadol was subjected to stress conditions (hydrolysis (acid, base) oxidation, photolysis and thermal degradation) and the stressed samples were analyzed by use of the method. The major degradation was observed in acid and minor in base, thermal, oxidation and photolysis. The forced degradation studies prove the stability indicating power of the method.
Marginal Distributions of Random Vectors Generated by Affine Transformations of Independent Two-Piece Normal Variables
Authors: Pinheiro Maximiano
Published: April 2012

Marginal probability density and cumulative distribution functions are presented for multidimensional variables defined by nonsingular affine transformations of vectors of independent two-piece normal variables, the most important subclass of Ferreira and Steel's general multivariate skewed distributions. The marginal functions are obtained by first expressing the joint density as a mixture of Arellano-Valle and Azzalini's unified skew-normal densities and then using the property of closure under marginalization of the latter class.
Alkali Activation of Oil Shale Ash Based Ceramics
Authors: Hamadi A. , Nabih K.
Published: April 2012

Timahdit oil shale was subjected to firing transformation via ceramics processing followed by alkali activation to synthesis a materials combining the mechanical properties of ceramics and Zeolites. The mineralogical transformations during firing oil shale have been studied. The main crystalline phases found in oil shale ash (OSA) were wollastonite, gehlenite and augite. Modified oil shale ash (MOSA) was obtained with HNO3 acid‐leaching in the aim to diminish Ca content. Our experimental approach required a NaOH alkaline activating solution with different concentrations (0.5; 1; 2; 4; 6 and 8M). In our study, X‐ray diffraction (XDR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and SEM/EDS analysis were used to evaluate the effect of alkali activation on the structural arrangement of the starting materials (OSA and MOSA) in our study. The quantity and the type of the produced zeolites depended critically on the starting materials and on the NaOH concentration.
Studies on Removal of Cr (VI) from Aqueous Solutions Using Powder of Mosambi Fruit Peelings (PMFP) As a Low Cost Sorbent
Authors: Krishna R. Hema , Swamy A. V. V. S.
Published: April 2012

The powder of mosambi fruit peelings (PMFP) was used as an adsorbent for the removal of heavy metal like Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions was studied using batch tests. The influence of physico‐chemical key parameters such as the initial metal ion concentration, pH, agitation time, adsorbent dosage, and the particle size of adsorbent has been considered in batch tests. Sorbent ability to adsorb Cr (VI) ions was examined and the mechanism involved in the process investigated. The optimum results were determined at an initial metal ion concentration was 10 mg/lit, pH=2, agitation time – 60 min, an adsorbent dose (150 mg/50 ml) and the particle size (0.6 mm). The % adsorption, Langmuir constants [Q0=7.51(mg/g) and b=1.69(mg/lit)] Freundlich constant(Kf=2.94), Lagergren rate constants (Kad (min-1)=5.75 x 10-2) for [Cr(VI)] 10 mg/lit were determined for the adsorption system as a function of sorbate concentration. The equilibrium data obtained were tested using Langmuir, Freundlich adsorption isotherm models, and the kinetic data obtained were fitted to pseudo first order model.
Simultaneous Estimation and Validation of Atorvastatin Calcium and Aspirin in Combined Capsule Dosage Form by RP HPLC Method
Authors: Suma B. V. , Kannan K. , Madhavan V. , Nayar Chandini R.
Published: April 2012

A new simple, specific, precise and accurate revere phase liquid chromatography method has been developed for estimation of atorvastatin calcium (AST) and ASPIRIN (ASP) simultaneously in a combined capsule dosage forms. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a 5 – micron C 18 column (250x 4.6mm) using a mobile phase consisting of a mixture of Acetonitrile: Ammonium Acetate buffer 0.02M (68:32) pH 4.5. The flow rate was maintained at 0.8 ml/min. The detection of the constituents was done using UV detector at 245 nm for AST and ASP. The retention time of AST and ASP were found be 4.5915 ± 0.0031 min and 3.282 ±0.0024 min respectively. The developed method was validated for accuracy, linearity, precision, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) and robustness as per the ICH guidelines.
Molecular Characterization of a Fully Human Chimeric T-Cell Antigen Receptor for Tumor-Associated Antigen EpCAM
Authors: Shirasu Naoto , Yamada Hiromi , Shibaguchi Hirotomo , Kuroki Motomu , Kuroki Masahide
Published: April 2012

The transduction of T cells to express chimeric T-cell antigen receptor (CAR) is an attractive strategy for adaptive immunotherapy for cancer, because the CAR can redirect the recognition specificity of T cells to tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) on the surface of target cells, thereby avoiding the limitations of HLA restriction. However, there are considerable problems with the clinical application of CAR, mostly due to its xenogeneic components, which could be immunogenic in humans. Moreover, while extensive studies on the CARs have been performed, the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying the activation of CAR-grafted T cells remain unclear. In order to eliminate potential immunogenicity and investigate the molecular basis of the CAR-mediated T-cell activation, we constructed a novel CAR (CAR57-28ζ) specific for one of the most important TAAs, epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), using only human-derived genes. We revealed that in Jurkat T cells, lentivirally expressed CAR57-28ζ can transmit the T-cell-activating signals sufficient to induce IL-2 production upon EpCAM stimulation. An immunofluorescent analysis clearly showed that the CAR57-28ζ induces the formation of signaling clusters containing endogenous CD3ζ at the CAR/EpCAM interaction interface. These results suggest that this CAR gene may be safely and effectively applied for adaptive T-cell immunotherapy.
Durable Antibacterial Finishing on Organic Cotton by Inclusion of Thymol into Cyclodextrin Derivative
Authors: Sundrarajan M. , Rukmani A.
Published: April 2012

Antibacterial finish was done on organic cotton by incorporation of thymol into monochlorotriazinyl‐β‐cyclodextrin. Fabric was modified with cyclodextrin derivative in alkaline condition. UV‐Visible and FT‐IR studies confirmed the presence of cyclodextrin derivative and thymol on modified fabric. The level of thymol entrapped into the fabric was determined quantitatively by HPLC analysis. Agar diffusion test was carried for unwashed and washed fabric against gram positive (S. aureus) and gram negative (E. coli) bacteria. The investigation revealed that modification of fabric with monochlorotriazinyl‐β‐cyclodextrin retained the antibacterial property even after 10 washing process.
Synthesis, Characterization and Spectroscopic Studies of A Novel 2‐[(E)‐[(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)imino]methyl]phenol Schiff Base and Its Metal Complexes
Authors: Shamkhy Eman Turky , Al-Karkhi Isam Hussain T.
Published: April 2012

A novel Schiff base 2‐{(E)‐[(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)imino]methyl}phenol (LB) was synthesized from the condensation reaction of 2,4‐dichloroaniline with salicyladehyde in [1:1] ratio in the presence of glacial acetic acid as catalyst. Complexation reaction of this Schiff base with copper (II), cobalt (II) as nitrate salts and with Rhodium (III) as chloride salt to produce three coordinate metal complexes, with a Schiff base: Metal ion ratio of 2:1. These compounds have been characterized by a variety of physico‐chemical and spectroscopic techniques. The ligand and its metal complexes were expected to show an interesting bioactivity and cytotoxicity.
A Simple Application Program Interface for Saving Java Program Data on a Wiki
Authors: Yamanoue Takashi , Oda Kentaro , Shimozono Koichi
Published: April 2012

A simple application program interface (API) for Java programs running on a wiki is implemented experimentally. A Java program with the API can be running on a wiki, and the Java program can save its data on the wiki. The Java program consists of PukiWiki, which is a popular wiki in Japan, and a plug-in, which starts up Java programs and classes of Java. A Java applet with default access privilege cannot save its data at a local host. We have constructed an API of applets for easy and unified data input and output at a remote host. We also combined the proposed API and the wiki system by introducing a wiki tag for starting Java applets. It is easy to introduce new types of applications using the proposed API. We have embedded programs such as a simple text editor, a simple music editor, a simple drawing program, and programming environments in a PukiWiki system using this API.
The value of the CHA2DS2-VASc score for refining stroke risk stratification in patients with atrial fibrillation with a CHADS2 score 0–1: A nationwide cohort study
Authors: Olesen Jonas , Torp-Pedersen Christian , Hansen Morten , Lip Gregory
Published: April 2012

North American and European guidelines on atrial fibrillation (AF) are conflicting regarding the classification of patients at low/intermediate risk of stroke. We aimed to investigate if the CHA2DS2-VASc score improved risk stratification of AF patients with a CHADS2 score of 0–1. Using individual-level-linkage of nationwide Danish registries 1997–2008, we identified patients discharged with AF having a CHADS2 score of 0–1 and not treated with vitamin K antagonist or heparin. In patients with a CHADS2 score of 0, 1, and 0–1, rates of stroke/ thromboembolism were determined according to CHA2DS2-VASc score, and the risk associated with increasing CHA2DS2-VASc score was estimated in Cox regression models adjusted for year of inclusion and anti-platelet therapy. The value of adding the extra CHA2DS2-VASc risk factors to the CHADS2 score was evaluated by c-statistics, Net Reclassification Improvement (NRI) and Integrated Discrimination Improvement (IDI). We included 47,576 patients with a CHADS2 score of 0–1, from these 7,536 (15.8%) were CHA2DS2-VASc score=0, 10,062 (21.2%) were CHA2DS2-VASc score=1, 14,310 (30.1%) were CHA2DS2-VASc score=2, 14,188 (29.8%) were CHA2DS2-VASc score=3, and 1,480 (3.1%) were CHA2DS2-VASc score=4. Of the cohort with a CHADS2 score of 0–1, the stroke/thromboembolism rate per 100 person-years increased with increasing CHA2DS2-VASc score (95% confidence interval): 0.84 (0.65–1.08), 1.79 (1.53–2.09), 3.67 (3.34–4.03), 5.75 (5.33–6.21), and 8.18 (6.68–10.02) at one year follow-up with CHA2DS2-VASc scores of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Patients with a CHADS2 score=0 were not all ‘low risk’, with one-year event rates ranging from 0.84 (CHA2DS2-VASc score=0) to 3.2 (CHA2DS2-VASc score=3). Results from Cox regression analyses, NRI, and IDI confirmed the improved predictive ability of the CHA2DS2-VASc score in the AF patients who have a CHADS2 score of 0–1. In conclusion, the CHA2DS2-VASc provides critical information on risk of stroke in AF patients with a CHADS2 score of 0–1 that can aid a decision of using anti-coagulation. Even in patients categorised as ‘low risk’ using a CHADS2 score=0, the CHA2DS2-VASc score significantly improved the predictive value of the CHADS2 score alone and a CHA2DS2-VASc score=0 could clearly identify ‘truly low risk’ subjects. Use of the CHA2DS2-VASc score would significantly improve classification of AF patients at low and intermediate risk of stroke, compared to the commonly used CHADS2 score.

Note: The editorial process for this article was fully handled by Prof. Christian Weber, Editor-in-Chief.
A Diet Rich in Unsaturated Fatty Acids Prevents Progression Toward Heart Failure in a Rabbit Model of Pressure and Volume Overload
Authors: Den Ruijter Hester M. , Verkerk Arie O. , Schumacher Cees A. , Houten Sander M. , Belterman Charly N.W. , Baartscheer Antonius , Brouwer Ingeborg A. , van Bilsen Marc , de Roos Baukje , Coronel Ruben
Published: April 2012

Background—

During heart failure (HF), cardiac metabolic substrate preference changes from fatty acid (FA) toward glucose oxidation. This change may cause progression toward heart failure. We hypothesize that a diet rich in FAs may prevent this process, and that dietary ω3-FAs have an added antiarrhythmic effect based on action potential (AP) shortening in animals with HF.

Methods and Results—

Rabbits were fed a diet containing 1.25% (w/w) high oleic sunflower oil (HF-ω9, N=11), 1.25% fish oil (HF-ω3, N=11), or no supplement (HF-control, N=8). Subsequently, HF was induced by volume and pressure overload. After 4 months, HF-parameters were assessed, electrocardiograms were recorded, and blood and ventricular tissue were collected. Myocytes were isolated for patch clamp or intracellular Ca
2+
- recordings to study electrophysiologic remodeling and arrhythmogenesis. Both the HF-ω9 and the HF-ω3 groups had larger myocardial FA oxidation capacity than HF control. The HF-ω3 group had significantly lower mean (± SEM) relative heart and lung weight (3.3±0.13 and 3.2±0.12 g kg
−1
, respectively) than HF control (4.8±0.30 and 4.5±0.23), and shorter QTc intervals (167±2.6 versus 182±6.4). The HF-ω9 also displayed a significantly reduced relative heart weight (3.6±0.26), but had similar QTc (179±4.3) compared with HF control. AP duration in the HF-ω3 group was ≈20% shorter due to increased I
to1
and I
K1
and triggered activity, and Ca
2+
-aftertransients were less than in the HF-ω9 group.

Conclusions—

Dietary unsaturated FAs started prior to induction of HF prevent hypertrophy and HF. In addition, fish oil FAs prevent HF-induced electrophysiologic remodeling and arrhythmias.
Real Participation or the Tyranny of Participatory Practice? Public Art and Community Involvement in the Regeneration of the Raploch, Scotland
Authors: Pollock Venda Louise , Sharp Joanne
Published: April 2012

The language of participation and empowerment has become a convention in urban redevelopment practice. While on first glance there is little to disagree with, a critical literature has emerged around the notion that participation has become a new ‘tyranny’ that, despite its claims, is little more than tokenism. However, it is the contention of this paper that the impacts of participation in community-based urban regeneration projects are complex, usually contested and often contradictory. While an uncritical vocabulary of ‘participation’ has proliferated in both cultural and regeneration policy, the actual practice on the ground reveals significant difficulties which have implications for policy goals of community participation and empowerment, and for the community itself. Rather than seeing it as a problem, or something to be removed as soon as possible from the process, contestation and conflict should be recognised as appropriate reflections of community.
Depletion of OLFM4 gene inhibits cell growth and increases sensitization to hydrogen peroxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha induced-apoptosis in gastric cancer cells
Authors: Liu Rui-hua , Yang Mei-hua , Xiang Hua , Bao Li-ming , Yang Hua-an , Yue Li-wen , Jiang Xue , Ang Na , Wu Li-ya , Huang Yi
Published: April 2012

Background

Human olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4) gene is a secreted glycoprotein more commonly known as the anti-apoptotic molecule GW112. OLFM4 is found to be frequently up-regulated in many types of human tumors including gastric cancer and it was believed to play significant role in the progression of gastric cancer. Although the function of OLFM4 has been indicated in many studies, recent evidence strongly suggests a cell or tissue type-dependent role of OLFM4 in cell growth and apoptosis. The aim of this study is to examine the role of gastric cancer-specific expression of OLFM4 in cell growth and apoptosis resistance.

Methods

OLFM4 expression was eliminated by RNA interference in SGC-7901 and MKN45 cells. Cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, cell cycle and apoptosis were characterized in vitro. Tumorigenicity was analyzed in vivo. The apoptosis and caspase-3 activation in response to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF α) were assessed in the presence or absence of caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk.

Results

The elimination of OLFM4 protein by RNA interference in SGC-7901 and MKN45 cells significantly inhibits tumorigenicity both in vitro and in vivo by induction of cell G1 arrest (all P < 0.01). OLFM4 knockdown did not trigger obvious cell apoptosis but increased H2O2 or TNF α-induced apoptosis and caspase-3 activity (all P < 0.01). Treatment of Z-VAD-fmk attenuated caspase-3 activity and significantly reversed the H2O2 or TNF α-induced apoptosis in OLFM4 knockdown cells (all P < 0.01).

Conclusion

Our study suggests that depletion of OLFM4 significantly inhibits tumorigenicity of the gastric cancer SGC-7901 and MKN45 cells. Blocking OLFM4 expression can sensitize gastric cancer cells to H2O2 or TNF α treatment by increasing caspase-3 dependent apoptosis. A combination strategy based on OLFM4 inhibition and anticancer drugs treatment may provide therapeutic potential in gastric cancer intervention.
The Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus-1 enhances hepatitis C virus replication through interferon gamma-inducible protein-10
Authors: Qu Jing , Zhang Qi , Li Youxing , Liu Weiyong , Chen Lvxiao , Zhu Ying , Wu Jianguo
Published: April 2012

Background

Co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with faster progression of liver disease and an increase in HCV persistence. However, the mechanism by which HIV-1 accelerates the progression of HCV liver disease remains unknown.

Results

HIV-1/HCV co-infection is associated with increased expression of interferon gamma-induced protein-10 (IP-10) mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). HCV RNA levels were higher in PBMCs of patients with HIV-1/HCV co-infection than in patients with HCV mono-infection. HIV-1 Tat and IP-10 activated HCV replication in a time-dependent manner, and HIV-1 Tat induced IP-10 production. In addition, the effect of HIV-1 Tat on HCV replication was blocked by anti-IP-10 monoclonal antibody, demonstrating that the effect of HIV-1 Tat on HCV replication depends on IP-10. Taken together, these results suggest that HIV-1 Tat protein activates HCV replication by upregulating IP-10 production.

Conclusions

HIV-1/HCV co-infection is associated with increased expression of IP-10 mRNA and replication of HCV RNA. Furthermore, both HIV-1 Tat and IP-10 activate HCV replication. HIV-1 Tat activates HCV replication by upregulating IP-10 production. These results expand our understanding of HIV-1 in HCV replication and the mechanism involved in the regulation of HCV replication mediated by HIV-1 during co-infection.
Effects of pistachios on body weight in Chinese subjects with metabolic syndrome
Authors: Wang Xin , Li Zhaoping , Liu Yanjun , Lv Xiaofeng , Yang Wenying
Published: April 2012

Background

Studies have shown that pistachios can improve blood lipid profiles in subjects with moderate hypercholesterolemia which could reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, there is also a widely perceived view that eating nuts can lead to body weight gain due to their high fat content.

Purpose

To investigate the impact of different dosages of pistachios on body weight, blood pressure, blood lipids, blood glucose and insulin in subjects with metabolic syndrome.

Methods

Ninety subjects with metabolic syndrome (consistent with 2005 International Diabetes Federation metabolic syndrome standard without diabetes) were enrolled in three endocrinology outpatient clinics in Beijing. All subjects received dietary counseling according to the guidelines of the American Heart Association Step I diet. After a 4 week run-in, subjects were randomized to consume either the recommended daily serving of 42 g pistachios (RSG), a higher daily serving of 70 g pistachio (HSG) or no pistachios (DCG) for 12 weeks.

Results

Subjects in all three groups were matched at baseline for BMI: DCG 28.03 ± 4.3; RSG 28.12 ± 3.22; and HSG 28.01 ± 4.51 kg/m2. There were no significant changes in body weight or BMI in any groups during the study nor any change from baseline at any time point in any group. During the entire study, there were no significant differences in waist-to-hip ratio among the groups or any change from baseline in any group (DCG -0.00 ± 0.03, RSG -0.01 ± 0.02 and HSG 0.01 ± 0.04). There were no significant differences detected among groups in triglycerides, fasting glucose and 2 hour postprandial glucose following a 75 gram glucose challenge. Exploratory analyses demonstrated that glucose values 2 h after a 75 gm glucose challenge were significantly lower at week 12 compared with baseline values in the HSG group (-1.13 ± 2.58 mmol/L, p = 0.02), and a similar trend was noted in the RSG group (-0.77 ± 2.07 mmol/L, p = 0.06), while no significant change was seen in the DCG group (-0.15 ± 2.27 mmol/L, p = 0.530). At the end of study, serum triglyceride levels were significantly lower compared with baseline in the RSG group (-0.38 ± 0.79 mmol/L, p = 0.018), but no significant changes were observed in the HSG or DCG groups.

Conclusion

Despite concerns that pistachio nut consumption may promote weight gain, the daily ingestion of either 42 g or 70 g of pistachios for 12 weeks did not lead to weight gain or an increase in waist-to-hip ratio in Chinese subjects with metabolic syndrome. In addition, pistachio consumption may improve the risk factor associated with the metabolic syndrome.
On the equivalence between some kinds of implicit and explicit iterations with applications
Authors: Chang Shih-sen , Kim Jong Kyu , Lee HW Joseph , Chan Chi Kin
Published: April 2012

The purpose of this article is to study the equivalence between some kinds of implicit and explicit iterative approximations. As applications, we utilize our results to study the approximation problems arising in nonexpansive semigroup, variational inclusions and equilibrium problem.
The mechanism of pleural inflammation by long carbon nanotubes: interaction of long fibres with macrophages stimulates them to amplify pro-inflammatory responses in mesothelial cells
Authors: Murphy Fiona A , Schinwald Anja , Poland Craig A , Donaldson Ken
Published: April 2012

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are high aspect ratio nanoparticles with diameters in the nanometre range but lengths extending up to hundreds of microns. The structural similarities between CNT and asbestos have raised concern that they may pose a similar inhalation hazard. Recently CNT have been shown to elicit a length-dependent, asbestos-like inflammatory response in the pleural cavity of mice, where long fibres caused inflammation but short fibres did not. However the cellular mechanisms governing this response have yet to be elucidated. This study examined the in vitro effects of a range of CNT for their ability to stimulate the release of the acute phase cytokines; IL-1β, TNFα, IL-6 and the chemokine, IL-8 from both Met5a mesothelial cells and THP-1 macrophages. Results showed that direct exposure to CNT resulted in significant cytokine release from the macrophages but not mesothelial cells. This pro-inflammatory response was length dependent but modest and was shown to be a result of frustrated phagocytosis. Furthermore the indirect actions of the CNT were examined by treating the mesothelial cells with conditioned media from CNT-treated macrophages. This resulted in a dramatic amplification of the cytokine release from the mesothelial cells, a response which could be attenuated by inhibition of phagocytosis during the initial macrophage CNT treatments. We therefore hypothesise that long fibres elicit an inflammatory response in the pleural cavity via frustrated phagocytosis in pleural macrophages. The activated macrophages then stimulate an amplified pro-inflammatory cytokine response from the adjacent pleural mesothelial cells. This mechanism for producing a pro-inflammatory environment in the pleural space exposed to long CNT has implications for the general understanding of fibre-related pleural disease and design of safe nanofibres.
Recurrent urethrovesical anastomotic strictures following artificial urinary sphincter implantation: a case report
Authors: Adamakis Ioannis , Tyritzis Stavros I , Vasileiou Ioanna , Katafigiotis Ioannis , Leotsakos Ioannis , Fergadaki Sotiria , Stravodimos Konstantinos G , Constantinides Constantinos A
Published: April 2012

Introduction

The management of an anastomotic stricture after a radical prostatectomy can become a complex and difficult situation when an artificial urinary sphincter precedes the formation of the stricture. The urethral narrowing does not allow the passage of the routinely used urological instruments and no previous reports have suggested alternate approaches.

Case presentation

We present the case of a 68-year-old Greek man diagnosed as having a recurrent anastomotic stricture approximately two years after a radical prostatectomy and three years after the implantation of an artificial urinary sphincter, and propose novel alternate methods of treatment. Our patient was first subjected to stricture incision with the use of a rigid ureteroscope with a holmium:yttrium-aluminium-garnet laser fiber, which was followed by a second successful attempt with the use of a pediatric resectoscope. After a one-year follow-up, our patient is doing well, with no evidence of recurrence.

Conclusions

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the management of recurrent urethral strictures following an artificial urinary sphincter implantation. Minimal invasive techniques with the use of small caliber instruments may offer efficient treatment options, diminishing the danger of urethral corrosion.
High Risk of Symptomatic Cardiac Events in Childhood Cancer Survivors
Authors: van der Pal Helena J. , van Dalen Elvira C. , van Delden Evelien , van Dijk Irma W. , Kok Wouter E. , Geskus Ronald B. , Sieswerda Elske , Oldenburger Foppe , Koning Caro C. , van Leeuwen Flora E. , Caron Huib N. , Kremer Leontien C.
Published: April 2012

Purpose

To evaluate the long-term risk for validated symptomatic cardiac events (CEs) and associated risk factors in childhood cancer survivors (CCSs).

Patients and Methods

We determined CEs grade 3 or higher: congestive heart failure (CHF), cardiac ischemia, valvular disease, arrhythmia and/or pericarditis (according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [CTCAE], version 3.0) in a hospital-based cohort of 1,362 5-year CCSs diagnosed between 1966 and 1996. We calculated both marginal and cause-specific cumulative incidence of CEs and cause-specific cumulative incidence of separate events. We analyzed different risk factors in multivariable Cox regression models.

Results

Overall, 50 CEs, including 27 cases of CHF, were observed in 42 survivors (at a median attained age of 27.1 years). The 30-year cause-specific cumulative incidence of CEs was significantly increased after treatment with both anthracyclines and cardiac irradiation (12.6%; 95% CI, 4.3% to 20.3%), after anthracyclines (7.3%; 95% CI, 3.8% to 10.7%), and after cardiac irradiation (4.0%; 95% CI, 0.5% to 7.4%) compared with other treatments. In the proportional hazards analyses, anthracycline (dose), cardiac irradiation (dose), combination of these treatments, and congenital heart disease were significantly associated with developing a CE. We demonstrated an exponential relationship between the cumulative anthracycline dose, cardiac irradiation dose, and risk of CE.

Conclusion

CCSs have a high risk of developing symptomatic CEs at an early age. The most common CE was CHF. Survivors treated with both anthracyclines and radiotherapy have the highest risk; after 30 years, one in eight will develop severe heart disease. The use of potentially cardiotoxic treatments should be reconsidered for high-risk groups, and frequent follow-up for high-risk survivors is needed.
Prognostic Index for Acute- and Lymphoma-Type Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma
Authors: Katsuya Hiroo , Yamanaka Takeharu , Ishitsuka Kenji , Utsunomiya Atae , Sasaki Hidenori , Hanada Shuichi , Eto Tetsuya , Moriuchi Yukiyoshi , Saburi Yoshio , Miyahara Masaharu , Sueoka Eisaburo , Uike Naokuni , Yoshida Shinichiro , Yamashita Kiyoshi , Tsukasaki Kunihiro , Suzushima Hitoshi , Ohno Yuju , Matsuoka Hitoshi , Jo Tatsuro , Suzumiya Junji , Tamura Kazuo
Published: April 2012

Purpose

The prognosis of acute- and lymphoma-type adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is poor, but there is marked diversity in survival outcomes. The aim of this study was to develop a prognostic index (PI) for acute- and lymphoma-type ATL (ATL-PI).

Patients and Methods

In a retrospective review, data from 807 patients newly diagnosed with acute- and lymphoma-type ATL between January 2000 and May 2009 were evaluated. We randomly divided subjects into training (n = 404) and validation (n = 403) samples, and developed a PI using a multivariable fractional polynomial model.

Results

Median overall survival time (MST) for the 807 patients was 7.7 months. The Ann Arbor stage (I and II v III and IV), performance status (0 to 1 v 2 to 4), and three continuous variables (age, serum albumin, and soluble interleukin-2 receptor [sIL-2R]) were identified as independent prognostic factors in the training sample. Using these variables, a prognostic model was devised to identify different levels of risk. In the validation sample, MSTs were 3.6, 7.3, and 16.2 months for patients at high, intermediate, and low risk, respectively (P < .001; χ2 = 89.7, 2 df; log-rank test). We also simplified the original ATL-PI according to dichotomizing age at 70 years, serum albumin at 3.5 g/dL, and sIL-2R at 20,000 U/mL and developed an easily calculable PI with prognostic discrimination power (P < .001; χ2 = 74.2, 2 df; log-rank test).

Conclusion

The ATL-PI is a promising new tool for identifying patients with acute- and lymphoma-type ATL at different risks.
Multicenter Randomized Phase II Clinical Trial Comparing Neoadjuvant Oxaliplatin, Capecitabine, and Preoperative Radiotherapy With or Without Cetuximab Followed by Total Mesorectal Excision in Patients With High-Risk Rectal Cancer (EXPERT-C)
Authors: Dewdney Alice , Cunningham David , Tabernero Josep , Capdevila Jaume , Glimelius Bengt , Cervantes Andres , Tait Diana , Brown Gina , Wotherspoon Andrew , Gonzalez de Castro David , Chua Yu Jo , Wong Rachel , Barbachano Yolanda , Oates Jacqueline , Chau Ian
Published: April 2012

Purpose

To evaluate the addition of cetuximab to neoadjuvant chemotherapy before chemoradiotherapy in high-risk rectal cancer.

Patients and Methods

Patients with operable magnetic resonance imaging–defined high-risk rectal cancer received four cycles of capecitabine/oxaliplatin (CAPOX) followed by capecitabine chemoradiotherapy, surgery, and adjuvant CAPOX (four cycles) or the same regimen plus weekly cetuximab (CAPOX+C). The primary end point was complete response (CR; pathologic CR or, in patients not undergoing surgery, radiologic CR) in patients with KRAS/BRAF wild-type tumors. Secondary end points were radiologic response (RR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and safety in the wild-type and overall populations and a molecular biomarker analysis.

Results

One hundred sixty-five eligible patients were randomly assigned. Ninety (60%) of 149 assessable tumors were KRAS or BRAF wild type (CAPOX, n = 44; CAPOX+C, n = 46), and in these patients, the addition of cetuximab did not improve the primary end point of CR (9% v 11%, respectively; P = 1.0; odds ratio, 1.22) or PFS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.65; P = .363). Cetuximab significantly improved RR (CAPOX v CAPOX+C: after chemotherapy, 51% v 71%, respectively; P = .038; after chemoradiation, 75% v 93%, respectively; P = .028) and OS (HR, 0.27; P = .034). Skin toxicity and diarrhea were more frequent in the CAPOX+C arm.

Conclusion

Cetuximab led to a significant increase in RR and OS in patients with KRAS/BRAF wild-type rectal cancer, but the primary end point of improved CR was not met.
Conditional Deletion of β-Catenin in Mammary Epithelial Cells of Ron Receptor, Mst1r, Overexpressing Mice Alters Mammary Tumorigenesis
Authors: Wagh Purnima K. , Zinser Glendon M. , Gray Jerilyn K. , Shrestha Archana , Waltz Susan E.
Published: April 2012

The Ron receptor tyrosine kinase (macrophage stimulating 1 receptor) is overexpressed in approximately 50% of human breast cancers. Transgenic mice overexpressing Ron in the mammary epithelium [mouse mammary tumor virus driven (MMTV)-Ron expressing mice] develop mammary tumors that exhibit up-regulation of β-catenin and β-catenin target genes. β-Catenin has been shown to be a mediator of mammary tumorigenesis in various breast cancer models, including downstream of Ron. However, the in vivo impact of a conditional loss of β-catenin downstream of Ron receptor overexpression on the onset, growth, turnover, and metastasis of mammary tumors has not been addressed. To determine the significance of β-catenin in the context of Ron overexpression, we conditionally deleted β-catenin in mammary epithelial cells of MMTV-Ron mice. Conditional deletion of β-catenin in the mammary epithelium, through the use of whey acidic protein (WAP)-Cre transgenic mice, significantly delayed the onset of mammary hyperplastic nodules, the presence of palpable mammary tumors, and ultimately decreased liver metastasis. β-Catenin loss in this model was also associated with decreased expression of cyclin D1. In total, these studies support an important role for β-catenin downstream of Ron receptor signaling during the development of mammary tumorigenesis.
TeachingQuerellein the Composition Classroom
Authors: Faunce Rob
Published: April 2012

Ruminating on the work of Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick around failed pedagogy and a confused cat, I consider ways to provoke new streams of critical thought in my composition students around issues of gender and sexuality without “pointing.” Thinking about Jean Genet's novel Querelle and Rainer Werner Fassbinder's film of the same name, I delineate the specifics of how I teach these two difficult, often incomprehensible texts in an introductory class. In reviewing the confusion these works can provoke in student discourse upon reading and viewing the texts, I emphasize the role of disorientation and dislocation in the mapping of student thinking and writing, ultimately reemphasizing the importance of nondemagogic, malleable pedagogy in the teaching of sexuality and gender, particularly with composition students who are exploring and amplifying their voices. Teaching Querelle is like unleashing a virus of confusion and intrigue on student writers, but the incoherence it creates also creates opportunities to explore new ideas and horizons in these developing thinkers/writers.
The Performed Self in College Writing
Authors: George Sheldon
Published: April 2012

This article describes how contemporary psychoanalytic and poststructuralist theories inform my teaching of writing. It suggests that the psychological and academic challenges confronting freshmen recently placed in a new social/academic environment may be abated by a pedagogy that highlights a poststructuralist understanding of identity as multiple and performative.
Dynamic in vivo binding of transcription factors to cis-regulatory modules ofcerandgscin the stepwise formation of the Spemann–Mangold organizer
Authors: Sudou Norihiro , Yamamoto Shinji , Ogino Hajime , Taira Masanori
Published: April 2012

How multiple developmental cues are integrated on cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) for cell fate decisions remains uncertain. The Spemann–Mangold organizer in Xenopus embryos expresses the transcription factors Lim1/Lhx1, Otx2, Mix1, Siamois (Sia) and VegT. Reporter analyses using sperm nuclear transplantation and DNA injection showed that cerberus (cer) and goosecoid (gsc) are activated by the aforementioned transcription factors through CRMs conserved between X. laevis and X. tropicalis. ChIP-qPCR analysis for the five transcription factors revealed that cer and gsc CRMs are initially bound by both Sia and VegT at the late blastula stage, and subsequently bound by all five factors at the gastrula stage. At the neurula stage, only binding of Lim1 and Otx2 to the gsc CRM, among others, persists, which corresponds to their co-expression in the prechordal plate. Based on these data, together with detailed expression pattern analysis, we propose a new model of stepwise formation of the organizer, in which (1) maternal VegT and Wnt-induced Sia first bind to CRMs at the blastula stage; then (2) Nodal-inducible Lim1, Otx2, Mix1 and zygotic VegT are bound to CRMs in the dorsal endodermal and mesodermal regions where all these genes are co-expressed; and (3) these two regions are combined at the gastrula stage to form the organizer. Thus, the in vivo dynamics of multiple transcription factors highlight their roles in the initiation and maintenance of gene expression, and also reveal the stepwise integration of maternal, Nodal and Wnt signaling on CRMs of organizer genes to generate the organizer.
Barriers to Contraception and Interest In Over‐the‐Counter Access Among Low‐Income Women: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Dennis Amanda , Grossman Daniel
Published: April 2012

CONTEXT:
Barriers to contraceptive access encourage nonuse and gaps in use, which contribute to the high prevalence of unintended pregnancy in the United States. One strategy to improve access to oral contraceptives is to make them available without a prescription.

METHODS:
From March 2007 to January 2009, focus group discussions and in‐depth interviews were conducted with 45 low‐income women in the Boston area to explore how they obtain contraceptives and their opinions about making oral contraceptives available over the counter. Transcripts of the discussions and interviews were deductively and inductively coded. Data were analyzed thematically, and illustrative quotes were extracted.

RESULTS:
Overall, participants reported ease in obtaining contraceptives, which were available at multiple accessible locations throughout Boston. However, various barriers—unaffordable copays and clinic visits, the time required for clinic visits, restrictions on the number of packs of prescription contraceptives (e.g., the ring, the pill) purchased monthly and the limited time frame in which to purchase them—deterred consistent use of preferred methods. Most participants supported over‐the‐counter access to oral contraceptives; however, they raised concerns about cost, as well as the safety of such access for minors, first‐time users and women with medical conditions.

CONCLUSION:
Women’s concerns about over‐the‐counter access to contraceptives must be addressed if this approach is to improve use and potentially help reduce the unintended pregnancy rate.
DFT Study of NBO, NICS and 14N NQR Parameters of Guanine Tautomers in the Gas Phase
Authors: Zahedi Ehsan , Zare K. , Aghaie H. , Emamian S. R. , Shiroudi A. , Aghaie M.
Published: April 2012

The NBO (natural bond orbital analysis), NICS (nucleus independent chemical shift) and 14N NQR (nuclear quadrupole resonance) parameters of the most stable tautomers of guanine in the gas phase were predicted using density functional theory (DFT) method. The NBO analysis indicated the π clouds in the both considered heterocyclic ring contained six electrons, and these tautomers have the aromatic character. The NICS study utilizing the gauge-invariant atomic orbital (GIAO) method showed that there are diatropic currents in the heterocyclic rings of the tautomers, so we determined the order of overall aromaticity of these tautomers. The results of NQR parameter calculations showed that the p character value of lone pair electrons of nitrogens, the related occupancies and degree of participation of lone pair electrons of nitrogens in the diatropic currents of ring or intramolecular interactions are effective on nuclear quadrupole coupling constant.
The Effect of the School Environment on the Emotional Health of Adolescents: A Systematic Review
Authors: Kidger Judi , Araya Ricardo , Donovan Jenny , Gunnell David
Published: April 2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

The evidence base for the importance of the school environment for adolescent emotional health has never been systematically reviewed. We aimed to synthesize the evidence for the effect on adolescent emotional health of (1) interventions targeting the school environment and (2) the school environment in cohort studies.

METHODS:

Searches of Medline, Embase, PsychINFO, CINAHL, ERIC, the Social Citation Index, and the gray literature were conducted. Criteria for inclusion were (1) cohort or controlled trial designs, (2) participants aged 11 to 18 years, (3) emotional health outcomes, and (4) school environment exposure or intervention. Relevant studies were retrieved and data extracted by 2 independent reviewers.

RESULTS:

Nine papers reporting 5 controlled trials were reviewed, along with 30 cohort papers reporting 23 studies. Two nonrandomized trials found some evidence that a supportive school environment improved student emotional health, but 3 randomized controlled trials did not. Six (20%) cohort papers examined school-level factors but found no effect. There was some evidence that individual perceptions of school connectedness and teacher support predict future emotional health. Multilevel studies showed school effects were smaller than individual-level effects. Methodological shortcomings were common.

CONCLUSIONS:

There is limited evidence that the school environment has a major influence on adolescent mental health, although student perceptions of teacher support and school connectedness are associated with better emotional health. More studies measuring school-level factors are needed. Randomized controlled trials evaluating 1 or 2 environmental components may have more success in establishing effective and feasible interventions compared with complex whole-school programs.
High Blood Pressure in 2.5-Year-Old Children Born Extremely Preterm
Authors: Bonamy Anna-Karin Edstedt , Källén Karin , Norman Mikael
Published: April 2012

OBJECTIVE:

Adolescents and young adults born preterm have elevated blood pressure (BP). The objective of this study was to investigate if BP is elevated at 2.5 years of age after an extremely preterm birth (EXPT).

METHODS:

In a regional subset of the national population-based cohort Extremely Preterm Infants in Sweden Study, BP at 2.5 years of age was studied in 68 survivors of EXPT (gestational age: 23.6–26.9 weeks; mean ± SD birth weight: 810 ± 164 g), and 65 matched controls born at term.

RESULTS:

At follow-up at 2.5 years of corrected age, EXPT children had significantly higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) z scores than controls born at term, according to pediatric BP nomograms by age, gender, and height. The proportion of SBP ≥90th percentile was 44% (30 of 68) in EXPT children and 23% (15 of 65) in controls (P = .01). In logistic regression analyses stratified according to gender, EXPT was associated with an odds ratio for a SBP ≥90th percentile of 3.32 (95% confidence interval: 1.25–8.81) among boys. The corresponding odds ratio among EXPT girls was 2.18 (95% confidence interval: 0.62–7.61). In EXPT children, SBP and DBP z scores were inversely correlated to catch-up growth from 36 weeks’ postmenstrual age to follow-up at 2.5 years of age.

CONCLUSIONS:

Children born extremely preterm have elevated office SBP and DBP at a corrected age of 2.5 years. This finding might have implications for their cardiovascular health later in life.
Measles-Containing Vaccines and Febrile Seizures in Children Age 4 to 6 Years
Authors: Klein Nicola P. , Lewis Edwin , Baxter Roger , Weintraub Eric , Glanz Jason , Naleway Allison , Jackson Lisa A. , Nordin James , Lieu Tracy , Belongia Edward A. , Fireman Bruce
Published: April 2012

BACKGROUND:

In the United States, children receive 2 doses of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR) and varicella vaccine (V), the first between ages 1 to 2 years and the second between ages 4 to 6 years. Among 1- to 2-year-olds, the risk of febrile seizures 7 to 10 days after MMRV is double that after separate MMR + V. Whether MMRV or MMR + V affects risk for febrile seizure risk among 4- to 6-year-olds has not been reported.

METHODS:

Among 4- to 6-year-old Vaccine Safety Datalink members, we identified seizures in the emergency department and hospital from 2000 to 2008 and outpatient visits for fever from 2006 to 2008 during days 7 to 10 and 0 to 42 after MMRV and MMR + V. Incorporating medical record reviews, we assessed seizure risk after MMRV and MMR + V.

RESULTS:

From 2006 through 2008, 86 750 children received MMRV; from 2000 through 2008, 67 438 received same-day MMR + V. Seizures were rare throughout days 0 to 42 without peaking during days 7 to 10. There was 1 febrile seizure 7 to 10 days after MMRV and 0 after MMR + V. Febrile seizure risk was 1 per 86 750 MMRV doses (95% confidence interval, 1 per 3 426 441, 1 per 15 570) and 0 per 67 438 MMR + V doses (1 per 18 282).

CONCLUSIONS:

This study provides reassurance that MMRV and MMR + V were not associated with increased risk of febrile seizures among 4- to 6-year-olds. We can rule out with 95% confidence a risk greater than 1 febrile seizure per 15 500 MMRV doses and 1 per 18 000 MMR + V doses.