bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antennal sensilla of Eucryptorrhynchus chinensis (Olivier) and Eucryptorrhynchus brandti (Harold) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Yu Qian‐Qian , Liu Zhen‐Kai , Chen Chong , Wen Junbao
Published: July 2013

Eucryptorrhynchus chinensis (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and E. brandti (Harold) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) are the two most important pests of tree‐of‐heaven, Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle and its variety Ailanthus altissima var. Qiantouchun in China. They are also considered potential biological control agents for tree‐of‐heaven in North America. In this study, the external morphologies and antennal sensilla of both species were examined using scanning electron microscopy to better understand their host‐finding mechanisms. Eleven morphological sensilla types were recorded, that is, Böhm bristles, six types of sensilla chaetica (Sch. 1–6), two types of sensilla basiconica (Sb. 1–2), and two types of sensilla trichodea (St. 1–2). Sch. 5 were absent from the antennae of E. chinensis, while Sch. 2 were absent from the antennae of E. brandti. Abundant cuticular pores were present on the antennae of both species. Three types of sensilla on the antennae of E. chinensis that were not found in a previous study, and ten different types of sensilla on the antennae of E. brandti were identified for the first time. The possible functions of the sensilla types are discussed based on a comparison with previous studies. Four types of sensilla (Sb. 1, Sb. 2, St. 2, and Sch. 6) on the antennae of both species indicate chemoreception may play a significant role in host location. Microsc. Res. Tech. 76:968–978, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Coping With Extreme: Highland Eurasian Tree Sparrows With Molt‐Breeding Overlap Express Higher Levels of Corticoserone‐Binding Globulin Than Lowland Sparrows
Authors: Li Dongming , Zhang Ji , Liu Dan , Zhang Li , Hu Yonghong , Duan Xianglin , Wu Yuefeng
Published: July 2013

In birds, suppressed expression of stress‐induced corticosterone (CORT) during pre‐basic molt is generally thought to reflect a physiological trade‐off in self‐maintenance. And reduced CORT during breeding in extreme environments may maximize reproductive success and optimize their fitness. Highland Eurasian tree sparrows (Passer montanus) are known to express significantly higher stress‐induced CORT levels during the pre‐basic molt stage. Here, we show that these highland sparrows are characterized by a life history strategy of molt‐breeding overlap, with higher corticosterone‐binding globulin (CBG) levels favoring molt and breeding consistent with fitness optimization on the Tibetan Plateau. These unique behavioral and physiological strategies reflect natural selection under strong evolutionary pressures in extreme high‐altitude environments. J. Exp. Zool. 319A: 482–486, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bimodal fluxes of near‐relativistic electrons during the onset of solar particle events
Authors: Kartavykh Y. Y. , Dröge W. , Klecker B.
Published: July 2013

We report for several solar energetic particle events (SEPs) intensity and anisotropy measurements of energetic electrons in the energy range ∼27 to ∼500 keV as observed with the Wind and ACE spacecraft in June 2000. The observations onboard Wind show bimodal pitch angle distributions (PADs), whereas ACE shows PADs with one peak, as usually observed for impulsive injection of electrons at the Sun. During the time of observation Wind was located upstream of the Earth's bow shock, in the dawn‐noon sector, at distances of ∼40 to ∼70REfrom the Earth, and magnetically well connected to the quasi‐parallel bow shock, whereas ACE, located at the libration point L1, was not connected to the bow shock. The electron intensity‐time profiles and energy spectra show that the backstreaming electrons observed at Wind are not of magnetospheric origin. The observations rather suggest that the bimodal electron PADs are due to reflection or scattering at an obstacle located at a distance of less than ∼150RE in the antisunward direction, compatible with the bow shock or magnetosheath of the magnetosphere of the Earth. For a modeling of the observations, we have performed transport simulations which include the effects of pitch angle diffusion, adiabatic focusing, and reflection at a boundary close to the point of observation. The results of the simulations demonstrate that the bimodal PADs are compatible with the reflection of electrons at a nearby boundary, at distances of ∼70RE. This finding is supported by the orbital configuration and the magnetic field direction: Whereas ACE is not connected, Wind is well connected to the magnetosphere of the Earth.
Ground deformation cycles in a magma‐effusive stage, and sub‐Plinian and Vulcanian eruptions at Kirishima volcanoes, Japan
Authors: Takeo M. , Maehara Y. , Ichihara M. , Ohminato T. , Kamata R. , Oikawa J.
Published: July 2013

The dynamics of explosive eruptions, such as Plinian, sub‐Plinian, Vulcanian, and Strombolian ones, is one of the most fascinating subjects in volcano physics. During the early period of volcanic activity at the Shinmoe‐dake Volcano in 2011, various kinds of activities, such as sub‐Plinian eruptions, a magma effusion, and Vulcanian eruptions, occurred sequentially. A different kind of tilt motion accompanied each activity. Here we clarify the characteristics of the tilt motions and their time sequences, presenting a new explanation of the triggering mechanism of a Vulcanian eruption. The sub‐Plinian and the Vulcanian eruptions at the Shinmoe‐dake Volcano were preceded by inflations at shallow depths near the summit. The inflation‐deflation cycles were also recorded during the magma‐effusive stage, with a typical period of 1 h, synchronized with volcanic tremors or long‐period events. Almost all Vulcanian eruptions were preceded by trapezoidal inflations, whose durations systematically lengthened as time progressed, and were followed by various time sequences of tilt motions, which became increasingly more complicated throughout the frequent Vulcanian eruptions. We have found clear linearity with a constant gradient of 0.45 between the logarithm of the preceding duration versus elapsed time for each substage. These observations can be consistently explained based on the assumption that a Vulcanian eruption is induced by a catastrophic rupture of the strongest closed, solid magma frame due to magma degassing overpressure, and the degassing from magma declines exponentially with time.
Influence of mineral fraction on the rheological properties of forsterite + enstatite during grain‐size‐sensitive creep: 1. Grain size and grain growth laws
Authors: Tasaka Miki , Hiraga Takehiko
Published: July 2013

We conducted grain growth and creep experiments on forsterite (Fo) plus enstatite (En) aggregates at 1 atmosphere pressure and temperatures of 1260 – 1360°C, with variable volumetric fractions of the two minerals, forsterite and enstatite (Fo1.00 to Fo0.03 En0.97). The grain size ratios of forsterite and enstatite in annealed (reference) and deformed samples follow the Zener relationship of dI/dII = β/fIIz, where d is the grain size, and the subscripts I and II indicate the primary and secondary phases, respectively. When fEn < 0.5, I is forsterite, II is enstatite, then β = 0.67, and z = 0.52; for samples where fEn > 0.5, I is enstatite, II is forsterite, then β = 0.73, and z = 0.53. Grain growth in reference samples conforms to the relationship ds4 − d04 = kt, where ds is the grain size under static conditions, d0 is the initial grain size, k is the grain growth coefficient, and t is time. The observed growth coefficient for the primary phase (kI) becomes smaller with increasing fII, which is consistent with the theoretical prediction. Overall, our results are consistent with previously proposed grain growth models for static conditions that use mineral physical parameters such as diffusivity (DiGB) and interfacial energy (γ). We discuss grain size variations in the mantle, with compositions ranging from dunite to pyroxenite, and we go on to present a method that predicts the grain sizes of different mantle lithologies, provided that the diffusivity and interfacial energy of the constituent minerals are known.
Trends in the deep Southern Ocean (1958–2010): Implications for Antarctic Bottom Water properties and volume export
Authors: Azaneu Marina , Kerr Rodrigo , Mata Mauricio M. , Garcia Carlos A. E.
Published: July 2013

Regional formation of deep and bottom water masses around the Antarctic continental shelf is one of the most important processes contributing to variability of the global meridional overturning circulation deep cell. Southern Ocean hydrographic data collected during the years 1958–2010 indicate that dense shelf waters cooled and freshened during that period. In the surrounding open ocean, Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) warmed, with no evidence of salinity change. As a result of source‐water property changes, AABW exported from the Southern Ocean to the deep world ocean became lighter over the period analyzed. The average rate of density change within the areas that experienced statistically significant change was −0.0019 kg m−3 yr−1. For the last 20 years of the analysis, a negative AABW volume anomaly (relative to the half‐century average, 1958–2010) was indicated, possibly due to production of a lighter AABW variety or to changes in formation rates. Over the entire five decades, the upper isopycnal of the AABW layer deepened at a rate of −8.1 m yr−1. Changes in fundamental hydrographic properties such as these can have important implications for long‐term global ocean circulation and climate.
The lower thermosphere during the northern hemisphere winter of 2009: A modeling study using high‐altitude data assimilation products in WACCM‐X
Authors: Sassi Fabrizio , Liu Han‐Li , Ma J. , Garcia Rolando R.
Published: July 2013

We present numerical simulations using the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model, extended version, constrained below 90 km by a combination of NASA's Modern Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications and the U.S. Navy's Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System ‐ Advanced Level Physics High Altitude assimilation products. The period examined is January and February 2009, when a large stratospheric warming occurred on 24 January 2009, with anomalous circulation persisting for several weeks after the event. In this study, we focus on the dynamical response of the lower thermosphere up to 200 km. We find evidence of migrating and nonmigrating tides, Rossby and Rossby‐gravity modes, and Kelvin waves, whose amplitudes appear to be modulated at the times leading and following the stratospheric warming. While the Rossby, Rossby‐gravity, and Kelvin modes are rapidly dissipated in the lower thermosphere (above 110 km), the tides maintain substantial amplitude throughout the thermosphere, but their vertical structure becomes external above about 120–150 km. Most waves identified in the simulations decrease in amplitude in the thermosphere, indicating remote forcing from below and strong dissipation by molecular diffusion at high altitudes; however, the amplitude of the migrating DW1 tide increases in the thermosphere suggesting in situ forcing. We show that the amplitude of the tides (such as the DW1) changes as the background wind alters the vorticity in the tropics, which broadens or narrows the tropical waveguide. Our results also suggest that fast Rossby normal modes (periods ≤ 10 days) are excited by instability of the zonal‐mean wind distribution following the stratospheric warming.
Impacts of woody plant encroachment on regional climate in the southern Great Plains of the United States
Authors: Ge Jianjun , Zou Chris
Published: July 2013

Vegetation change can influence climate by altering the fluxes of mass and energy between ecosystems and the atmosphere. In the past century or so, rapid conversion of grasslands to woodland by woody species encroachment is one of the most important vegetation changes in the semiarid and arid regions of the world. The objective of this study is to investigate potential impacts of this widespread phenomenon on climate system in the southern Great Plains of the United States. The Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) is used for this study. Grassland on the surface in RAMS is gradually replaced by woody species and RAMS is run a set of times, each with a different amount of encroachment. RAMS‐simulated precipitation and air temperature are then analyzed. This study finds tha t over a 1 year period woody plant encroachment leads to increase in rainfall and the increase is statistically significant at many locations. Woody encroachment also has an overall warming effect, but increase in temperature is not statistically significant. Temperature and precipitation increase almost linearly with increasing encroachment on the surface. When grassland is completely replaced, annual accumulated precipitation increases by 23.6 mm and maximum air temperature rises by 0.13°C averaged over the entire study area. In areas where encroachment occurs, averaged increases in accumulated precipitation and temperature are 58.2 mm and 0.27°C, respectively. The largest increase in precipitation and strongest warming tend to be located in dry and encroached areas including central and northern Texas, and they reach as high as 213.6 mm and 0.68°C, respectively. Decrease in surface albedo is found to be the most important factor that causes these changes.
Horizontal water vapor transport in the lower stratosphere from subtropics to high latitudes during boreal summer
Authors: Ploeger F. , Günther G. , Konopka P. , Fueglistaler S. , Müller R. , Hoppe C. , Kunz A. , Spang R. , Grooß J.‐U. , Riese M.
Published: July 2013

We compare global water vapor observations from Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) and simulations with the Lagrangian chemical transport model CLaMS (Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere) to investigate the pathways of water vapor into the lower stratosphere during Northern Hemisphere (NH) summer. We find good agreement between the simulation and observations, with an effect of the satellite averaging kernel especially at high latitudes. The Asian and American monsoons emerge as regions of particularly high water vapor mixing ratios in the lower stratosphere during boreal summer. In NH midlatitudes and high latitudes, a clear anticorrelation between water vapor and ozone daily tendencies reveals a large region influenced by frequent horizontal transport from low latitudes, extending up to about 450K during summer and fall. Analysis of the zonal mean tracer continuity equation shows that close to the subtropics, this horizontal transport is mainly caused by the residual circulation. In contrast, at higher latitudes, poleward of about 50°N, eddy mixing dominates the horizontal water vapor transport. Model simulations with transport barriers confirm that almost the entire annual cycle of water vapor in NH midlatitudes above about 360K, with maximum mixing ratios during summer and fall, is caused by horizontal transport from low latitudes. In the model, highest water vapor mixing ratios in this region are clearly linked to horizontal transport from the subtropics.
Circular polarization ratio characteristics of impact craters from Mini‐RF observations and implications for ice detection at the polar regions of the Moon
Authors: Fa Wenzhe , Cai Yuzhen
Published: July 2013

In an attempt to reduce the ambiguity on radar detection of water ice at the permanently shadowed regions near the lunar poles, radar echo strength and circular polarization ratio (CPR) of impact craters are analyzed using the Miniature Radio Frequency (Mini‐RF) radar data from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter mission. Eight typical craters, among over 70 craters, are selected and classified into four categories based on their locations and CPR characteristics: polar anomalous, polar fresh, nonpolar anomalous, and nonpolar fresh. The influences on CPR caused by surface slope, rocks, and dielectric constant are analyzed quantitatively using high‐resolution topography data and optical images. A two‐component mixed model for CPR that consists of a normal surface and a rocky surface is developed to study the effect of rocks that are perched on lunar surface and buried in regolith. Our analyses show that inner wall of a typical bowl‐shaped crater can give rise to a change of about 30° in local incidence angle of radar wave, which can further result in a CPR difference of about 0.2. There is a strong correlation between Mini‐RF CPR and rock abundance that is obtained from high‐resolution optical images, and predictions from the two‐component mixed model match well with the observed CPRs and the estimated rock abundances. Statistical results show that there is almost no apparent difference in CPR characteristics between the polar and nonpolar anomalous craters, or between the polar and nonpolar fresh craters. The enhanced CPR in the interior of anomalous craters is most probably caused by rocks that are perched on lunar surface or buried in regolith, instead of ice deposits as suggested in previous studies.
Effect of rainfall seasonality on carbon storage in tropical dry ecosystems
Authors: Rohr Tyler , Manzoni Stefano , Feng Xue , Menezes Rômulo S. C. , Porporato Amilcare
Published: July 2013

While seasonally dry conditions are typical of large areas of the tropics, their biogeochemical responses to seasonal rainfall and soil carbon (C) sequestration potential are not well characterized. Seasonal moisture availability positively affects both productivity and soil respiration, resulting in a delicate balance between C deposition as litterfall and C loss through heterotrophic respiration. To understand how rainfall seasonality (i.e., duration of the wet season and rainfall distribution) affects this balance and to provide estimates of long‐term C sequestration, we develop a minimal model linking the seasonal behavior of the ensemble soil moisture, plant productivity, related C inputs through litterfall, and soil C dynamics. A drought‐deciduous caatinga ecosystem in northeastern Brazil is used as a case study to parameterize the model. When extended to different patterns of rainfall seasonality, the results indicate that for fixed annual rainfall, both plant productivity and soil C sequestration potential are largely, and nonlinearly, dependent on wet season duration. Moreover, total annual rainfall is a critical driver of this relationship, leading at times to distinct optima in both production and C storage. These theoretical predictions are discussed in the context of parameter uncertainties and possible changes in rainfall regimes in tropical dry ecosystems.
Total Vertex Irregularity Strength of Dense Graphs
Authors: Majerski P. , Przybyło J.
Published: July 2013

Consider a graph of minimum degree δ and order n. Its total vertex irregularity strength is the smallest integer k for which one can find a weighting such that for every pair of vertices of G. We prove that the total vertex irregularity strength of graphs with is bounded from above by . One of the cornerstones of the proof is a random ordering of the vertices generated by order statistics.
Keggin‐Type Polyoxometalate ([PMo12O40]3−) in Radical Initiating Systems: Application to Radical and Cationic Photopolymerization Reactions
Authors: Xiao Pu , Dumur Frédéric , Tehfe Mohamad‐Ali , Graff Bernadette , Fouassier Jean Pierre , Gigmes Didier , Lalevée Jacques
Published: July 2013

New photoinitiating systems based on a polyoxometalate (POM) are proposed: phosphomolybdic acid in combination with silane, germane, or iodonium salt can be used to generate silyl, germyl, or phenyl radicals as well as silylium cations. The photochemical mechanisms are studied by steady‐state photolysis and electron spin resonance. The phosphomolybdic acid/silane/iodonium salt system can initiate either the radical photopolymerization of acrylates or the cationic photopolymerization of epoxides. The synthesis of interpenetrated polymer networks can also be carried out. The mechanical properties of the synthesized polymers are affected by the presence of POM in the matrix, as shown by their dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA).

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Rivastigmine is associated with restoration of left frontal brain activity in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Possin Katherine L. , Kang Gail A. , Guo Christine , Fine Eric M. , Trujillo Andrew J. , Racine Caroline A. , Wilheim Reva , Johnson Erica T. , Witt Jennifer L. , Seeley William W. , Miller Bruce L. , Kramer Joel H.
Published: July 2013

The objective of this study was to investigate how acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (ChEI) treatment affects brain function in Parkinson's disease (PD). Twelve patients with PD and either dementia or mild cognitive impairment underwent task‐free functional magnetic resonance imaging before and after 3 months of ChEI treatment and were compared with 15 age‐ and sex‐matched neurologically healthy controls. Regional spontaneous brain activity was measured using the fractional amplitude of low‐frequency fluctuations. At baseline, patients showed reduced spontaneous brain activity in regions important for motor control (eg, caudate, supplementary motor area, precentral gyrus, thalamus), attention and executive functions (eg, lateral prefrontal cortex), and episodic memory (eg, precuneus, angular gyrus, hippocampus). After treatment, the patients showed a similar but less extensive pattern of reduced spontaneous brain activity relative to controls. Spontaneous brain activity deficits in the left premotor cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, and supplementary motor area were restored such that the activity was increased posttreatment compared with baseline and was no longer different from controls. Treatment‐related increases in left premotor and inferior frontal cortex spontaneous brain activity correlated with parallel reaction time improvement on a test of controlled attention. PD patients with cognitive impairment show numerous regions of decreased spontaneous brain function compared with controls, and rivastigmine is associated with performance‐related normalization in the left frontal cortex function. © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Short sleep duration heralds essential tremor: A prospective, population‐based study
Authors: Benito‐León Julián , Louis Elan D. , Bermejo‐Pareja Félix
Published: July 2013

Lewy bodies have been described in the locus coeruleus of some patients with essential tremor (ET), and this brainstem nucleus plays an important role in sleep cycle regulation. Despite this, no studies have investigated the relationship between daily sleep duration and the risk of ET. We determined whether baseline daily sleep duration was associated with an increased risk of incident ET. In this prospective, population‐based study of individuals > 65 years of age (the Neurological Disorders in Central Spain [NEDICES] cohort), participants were evaluated at baseline and 3 years later. At baseline, participants indicated their daily sleep duration as the sum of nighttime sleep and daytime napping. The average daily total sleep duration was grouped into four categories: ≤ 5 hours (short sleepers), 6 hours, 7 to 8 hours (reference), and ≥ 9 hours (long sleepers) hours. In total, 3,303 participants had a median duration of follow‐up of 3.3 years. There were 76 incident ET cases at follow‐up. The relative risks for short sleepers and for long sleepers were 2.25 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21‐4.16; P = 0.01) and 0.74 (95% CI, 0.41‐1.32; P = 0.31), respectively. After adjustment for potential confounders, including age, sex, educational level, current smoker, current drinker, and depressive symptoms or antidepressant use, the risk remained significantly increased for short sleepers (relative risk, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.03‐3.70; P = 0.04]). The results indicated that short daily sleep duration may be a pre‐motor marker for ET. Additional prospective studies are needed to confirm these results, and the biological basis for this association merits additional investigation. © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Free deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap for reconstruction of soft‐tissue defects in extremities of children
Authors: Tang Juyu , Fang Taolin , Song Dajiang , Liang Jieyu , Yu Fang , Wang Congyang
Published: July 2013

The deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flap has been a valuable tool in breast reconstruction, but seldom in extremity reconstruction. The aim of this report is to present our experience on the use of the DIEP flap for reconstruction of soft‐tissue defects in the extremities of pediatric patients. From January 2007 to February 2011, 22 consecutive free DIEP flap transfers were performed for reconstruction of complex soft‐tissue defects in the extremities of children with a mean age of 5.7 years old (ranging 2–10 years old). The flap design included transverse, oblique, and irregular DIEP flaps, containing one to three perforators in the flap. The flap size ranged from 7 × 4 cm to 18 × 17 cm. Primary donor‐site closure was accomplished in all of patients. The postoperative course was uneventfully in most of cases. The venous congestion was observed in two cases. One case of venous congestion was caused by flap inset with tension. The other case with venous thrombosis ended with partial loss of the flap after salvage procedure. There was one total flap loss due to the arterial thrombosis. The flap survival rate was 95.5%. The mean follow‐up was 12 months (ranging 6–36 months). All reconstructed extremities had satisfactory aesthetic and functional outcomes except two cases undergoing the secondary debulking procedures. The donor sites healed well in all cases without complications. Our experience showed that the free DIEP flap could be an alternative for reconstruction of soft‐tissue defects in the extremities of children. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 33:612–619, 2013.
Free flap salvage with subcutaneous injection of tissue plasminogen activator in head and neck patients
Authors: Ihler Friedrich , Matthias Christoph , Canis Martin
Published: July 2013

In this report, we present our experience with subcutaneous rt‐PA injection for salvage of free radial forearm flaps with vascular compromise. Three patients underwent reconstruction of defects of the soft palate or the lateral tongue with a free radial forearm flap. Patients underwent on average two attempted operative revisions with thrombectomy and intravenous heparin injections. After recurrent venous thrombosis 3–6 days after surgery, rt‐PA (Alteplase 2 mg; 1,160,000 IE) was injected subcutaneously at multiple sites into the compromised flap as final attempt. In all three patients, successful thrombolysis with no or only partial soft tissue loss was achieved after subcutaneous injection of rt‐PA. We therefore suggest subcutaneous rt‐PA injection as an additional tool in managing difficult and recurrent cases of venous thrombosis in free flap head and neck reconstruction. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 33:478–481, 2013.
Speaking (Un–)Truth to Power: Conspiracy Mentality as A Generalised Political Attitude
Authors: Imhoff Roland , Bruder Martin
Published: July 2013

Conspiracy theories explain complex world events with reference to secret plots hatched by powerful groups. Belief in such theories is largely determined by a general propensity towards conspirational thinking. Such a conspiracy mentality can be understood as a generalised political attitude, distinct from established generalised political attitudes such as right–wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO) (Study 1a, N = 497) that is temporally relatively stable (Study 1b and 1c, total N = 196). Three further studies (combined N = 854) show that in contrast to RWA and SDO, conspiracy mentality is related to prejudice against high–power groups that are perceived as less likeable and more threatening than low–power groups, whereas SDO and RWA are associated with an opposite reaction to perceptions of power. Study 5 (N = 1852) investigates the relationship of conspiracy mentality with political behavioural intentions in a specific catastrophic scenario (i.e. the damage to the Fukushima nuclear reactor after the 2011 tsunami in Japan) revealing a hitherto neglected role of conspiracy mentality in motivating social action aimed at changing the status quo. Copyright © 2013 European Association of Personality Psychology.
Are Actual and Perceived Intellectual Self–enhancers Evaluated Differently by Social Perceivers?
Authors: Dufner Michael , Denissen Jaap , Sedikides Constantine , Van Zalk Maarten , Meeus Wim H. J. , van Aken Marcel
Published: July 2013

Do actual and perceived self–enhancement entail differing social impressions (i.e. interpersonal evaluations)? Actual self–enhancement represents unduly positive self–views, as gauged by an objective criterion (in this case, IQ scores), whereas perceived self–enhancement involves the extent to which an individual is seen by informants (i.e. peers or observers) as self–enhancing. In an online survey (N = 337), a laboratory experiment (N = 75), and a round–robin study (N = 183), we tested the effects of actual and perceived intellectual self–enhancement on (informant–rated) emotional stability, social attractiveness, and social influence. Actual self–enhancers were rated as emotionally stable, socially attractive, and socially influential. High perceived self–enhancers were judged as socially influential, whereas low–to–moderate perceived self–enhancers were deemed emotionally stable and socially attractive. Privately entertained, illusory positive (even extreme) self–beliefs confer social benefits, whereas being perceived as self–enhancing buys social influence at the cost of being despised. Copyright © 2013 European Association of Personality Psychology
Insights into the elimination mechanisms employed for the degradation of different hexachlorocyclohexane isomers using kinetic isotope effects and docking studies
Authors: Manna Rabindra Nath , Dybala‐Defratyka Agnieszka
Published: July 2013

Modern DFT functional as well as the continuum solvation model have been applied in order to theoretically predict carbon, chlorine and hydrogen kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) during aerobic degradation of four hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (α, β, δ and γ). A small model of the hexachlorocyclohexane dehydrochlorinase (LinA) active site comprising its catalytic dyad has been constructed based on the receptor–ligand complexes suggested by docking studies and compared to the respective reaction modeled in aqueous solution. In‐depth analysis of chlorine and hydrogen KIEs patterns clearly indicates different transition states in aqueous solution and in the model mimicking the protein active site. Although all isomers seem to undergo a concerted E2 mechanism, the contribution of proton transfer and carbon–chlorine leaving group bond stretch in the transition states differs for the different isomers giving rise to totally different magnitudes of predicted isotope effects. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strain state of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) in polystyrene‐b‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) block copolymers and binary blends with polystyrene
Authors: Rosales‐Guzmán Miguel , Alexander‐Katz Roberto , Castillo‐Ocampo Patricia , Vega‐Ríos Alejandro , Licea‐Claveríe Angel
Published: July 2013

Three diblock copolymers of polystyrene‐b‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PS‐b‐PNIPAM) were prepared by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer technique (RAFT) with compositions fPS = 0.84, fPS = 0.29, and fPS = 0.33. Block copolymers rich in PNIPAM were blended with polystyrene and its morphological effects were studied. The morphology of thin films was induced by acetone vapor and determined in the dried state by means of TEM. Copolymers with fPS = 0.84 and fPS = 0.29 form hexagonally packed cylinder (HPC) morphologies while that with fPS = 0.33 corresponds to a lamellar structure. In almost all cases where PNIPAM constitutes the continuous phase, a contraction of the PNIPAM blocks with respect to their average unperturbed dimension was observed, contrary to what one expects from the physics of self‐assembly of block copolymers. In contrast, for HPC morphology where PNIPAM is confined in a PS matrix, both blocks are highly extended. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1368–1376
Process simulation of hydrogen intercalation in epitaxial graphene on SiC(0001)
Authors: Deretzis Ioannis , Magna Antonino La
Published: July 2013

We study the intercalation steps for epitaxial graphene exposed to a hydrogen‐rich gaseous ambient with the aid of event‐driven kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations. We appropriately formulate an ab initio calibrated KMC algorithm that generates the evolvement of the system dynamics. We discuss the kinetic stages leading to the formation of the intercalated layer and the stability of the resulting structure against the process parameters. We moreover investigate the dependence of the process timeline with respect to the concentration of defects at the surface prior to intercalation. Results complement the experiment and could serve as guidelines for future works on the intercalation of epitaxial graphene on SiC..

Schematic representation showing the early‐stage intercalation of H atoms at the interface between buffer layer and SiC(0001).
The impact of the temporal spacing of observations on analysis errors in an idealised data assimilation system
Authors: Eyre J. R. , Weston P. P.
Published: July 2013

This article presents a theoretical study of the impact of the temporal spacing of observations on average analysis errors in a simple system analogous to a numerical weather prediction data assimilation system. The results are relevant to questions concerning the optimal distribution of polar‐orbiting satellites, and particularly to the question of how available satellite assets might be deployed in the three orbital planes recommended by the World Meteorological Organisation in its ‘Vision for the Global Observing System in 2025’.

The results of this study show that the sensitivity of analysis error to temporal spacing of observations depends on the metric used. The mean analysis error variance is sensitive to temporal spacing, but the mean analysis ‘accuracy’ (defined here as the inverse of error variance) is not sensitive in the limit of zero model error. Moreover, although the sensitivity of mean analysis error variance is small when forecast error variances double at their average rate (∼12 h), it is much greater when doubling times are shorter (6 or 3 h), as might be expected in some high‐impact weather events. The results support the case for deploying satellites in orbits that are approximately equally spaced where possible.

In initial experiments, it is assumed that observations from satellites deployed in different orbits have equal information content. In subsequent experiments, information content is simulated for a range of systems corresponding to present and future satellite observing systems. In addition to satellites operational in the period 2010–2011, the potential has been assessed of data from the satellites Suomi‐NPP, Metop‐B and FY‐3C, and also from proposed future systems—hyperspectral infrared sounders on a ring of geostationary satellites, and an enhanced constellation of radio occultation instruments. In each case, the impact of these observations on mean analysis‐error variance is assessed.
Analysis of the current state in website certificate validation
Authors: Gruschka Nils , Iacono Luigi Lo , Sorge Christoph
Published: July 2013

This paper presents an in‐depth analysis of the certificate validation process employed in current web browsers. It discusses the shortcomings especially arising from the inappropriate management of the certificate status. Various improvements proposed so far are presented and analyzed with the aid of a threat model. The results are further enriched by some empirical studies. Finally, the outcomes of the aforementioned analysis are used to sketch an extended website certificate validation process with the aim of allowing for a better protection. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient privacy‐preserved data query over ciphertext in cloud computing
Authors: Song Wei , Peng Zhiyong , Wang Qian , Cheng Fangquan , Wu Xiaoxin , Cui Yihui
Published: July 2013

As cloud computing becomes prevalent, more and more sensitive information are being centralized into the cloud. A basic methodology that may address cloud data privacy issue is to encrypt the data before outsourcing. However, this makes effective data utilization, for example, searching a very challenging task. Although some searchable encryption schemes have been proposed to allow a user to search over encrypted data, these techniques are extremely difficult to provide efficient encrypted data query with various service patterns such as nonuniform data distribution, nonuniform query workload, and attributes join query. In this paper, we research efficient privacy‐preserved data query methodologies for querying cipher‐text numeric relational data in cloud computing. To provide efficient relational data query service just as DBMS does through SQL, we propose a service‐oriented query (SOQ) algorithm that adaptively adjusts the encrypted data buckets based on sensitive data distribution and query workload. Moreover, we propose a two‐stage index to address the issue of join query between encrypted attributes that has not been well solved to our knowledge. We design experiments to evaluate performances of our schemes and algorithms, which show that our methods achieve satisfactory encrypted data query performances. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid and Low‐Cost Prototyping of 3D Nanostructures with Multi‐Layer Hydrogen Silsesquioxane Scaffolds
Authors: Varghese Leo T. , Fan Li , Wang Jian , Xuan Yi , Qi Minghao
Published: July 2013

A layer‐by‐layer (LBL) method can generate or approximate any three‐dimensional (3D) structure, and has been the approach for the manufacturing of complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS) devices. However, its high cost precludes the fabrication of anything other than CMOS‐compatible devices, and general 3D nanostructures have been difficult to prototype in academia and small businesses, due to the lack of expensive facility and state‐of‐the‐art tools. It is proposed and demonstrated that a novel process that can rapidly fabricate high‐resolution three‐dimensional (3D) nanostructures at low cost, without requiring specialized equipment. An individual layer is realized through electron‐beam lithography patterning of hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) resist, followed by planarization via spinning SU‐8 resist and etch‐back. A 4‐layer silicon inverse woodpile photonic crystal with a period of 650 nm and a 7‐layer HSQ scaffold with a period of 300 nm are demonstrated. This process provides a versatile and accessible solution to the fabrication of highly complex 3D nanostructures.
Concise Review: Engineering Myocardial Tissue: The Convergence of Stem Cells Biology and Tissue Engineering Technology
Authors: Buikema Jan Willem , Meer Peter , Sluijter Joost P.G. , Domian Ibrahim J.
Published: July 2013

Advanced heart failure represents a leading public health problem in the developed world. The clinical syndrome results from the loss of viable and/or fully functional myocardial tissue. Designing new approaches to augment the number of functioning human cardiac muscle cells in the failing heart serve as the foundation of modern regenerative cardiovascular medicine. A number of clinical trials have been performed in an attempt to increase the number of functional myocardial cells by the transplantation of a diverse group of stem or progenitor cells. Although there are some encouraging suggestions of a small early therapeutic benefit, to date, no evidence for robust cell or tissue engraftment has been shown, emphasizing the need for new approaches. Clinically meaningful cardiac regeneration requires the identification of the optimum cardiogenic cell types and their assembly into mature myocardial tissue that is functionally and electrically coupled to the native myocardium. We here review recent advances in stem cell biology and tissue engineering and describe how the convergence of these two fields may yield novel approaches for cardiac regeneration. Stem Cells  2013;31:2587–2598
Bone morphogenetic proteins and secreted frizzled related protein 2 maintain the quiescence of adult mammalian retinal stem cells
Authors: Balenci Laurent , Wonders Carl , Coles Brenda L.K. , Clarke Laura , Kooy Derek
Published: July 2013

Rare retinal stem cells (RSCs) within the ciliary epithelium at the retinal margin of the adult mouse and human eyes can divide in vitro in the absence of growth factors to generate clonal, self-renewing spheres which can generate all the retinal cell types. Since no regenerative properties are seen in situ in the adult mammalian eye, we sought to determine the factors that are involved in the repression of endogenous RSCs. We discovered that factors secreted by the adult lens and cornea block the proliferation of adult RSCs in vitro. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)2, BMP4, and secreted frizzled related protein 2 were identified as principal effectors of the anti-proliferative effects on RSCs. As a similar induced quiescence was observed in vitro on both mouse and human RSCs, targeting these molecules in vivo may reactivate RSCs directly in situ in the eyes of the blind.
Thrombospondin-2 secreted by human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells promotes chondrogenic differentiation
Authors: Jeong Sang Young , Kim Dong Hyun , Ha Jueun , Jin Hye Jin , Kwon Soon-Jae , Chang Jong Wook , Choi Soo Jin , Oh Wonil , Yang Yoon Sun , Kim Gonhyung , Kim Jae Sung , Yoon Jung-Ro , Cho Dong Hyung , Jeon Hong Bae
Published: July 2013

Increasing evidence indicates that the secretome of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has therapeutic potential for the treatment of various diseases, including cartilage disorders. However, the paracrine mechanisms underlying cartilage repair by MSCs are poorly understood. Here, we show that human umbilical cord blood-derived MSCs (hUCB-MSCs) promoted differentiation of chondroprogenitor cells by paracrine action. This paracrine effect of hUCB-MSCs on chondroprogenitor cells was increased by treatment with synovial fluid (SF) obtained from osteoarthritis (OA) patients but was decreased by SF of fracture patients, compared to that of an untreated group. To identify paracrine factors underlying the chondrogenic effect of hUCB-MSCs, the secretomes of hUCB-MSCs stimulated by OA SF or fracture SF were analyzed using a biotin label-based antibody array. Among the proteins increased in response to these two kinds of SF, thrombospondin-2 (TSP-2) was specifically increased in only OA SF-treated hUCB-MSCs. In order to determine the role of TSP-2, exogenous TSP-2 was added to a micromass culture of chondroprogenitor cells. We found that TSP-2 had chondrogenic effects on chondroprogenitor cells via PKCα, ERK, p38/MAPK, and Notch signaling pathways. Knockdown of TSP-2 expression on hUCB-MSCs using small interfering RNA abolished the chondrogenic effects of hUCB-MSCs on chondroprogenitor cells. In parallel with in vitro analysis, the cartilage regenerating effect of hUCB-MSCs and TSP-2 was also demonstrated using a rabbit full-thickness osteochondral-defect model. Our findings suggested that hUCB-MSCs can stimulate the differentiation of locally presented endogenous chondroprogenitor cells by TSP-2, which finally leads to cartilage regeneration.
Balancing Time‐to‐Market and Quality in Embedded Systems
Authors: van der Spek Pieter , Verhoef Chris
Published: July 2013

Finding a balance between the time‐to‐market and quality of a delivered product is a daunting task. The optimal release moment is not easily found. We propose to use historical project data to monitor the progress of running projects. From the data we inferred a formula providing a rough indication of the number of defects given the effort spent thus far (effort‐to‐defect formula). Furthermore, we provide a worst case bound to the allowed number of residual defects at the end of a project in order to achieve the required level of quality. For this purpose we slightly modified a well‐known reliability growth model by Bishop and Bloomfield. It turned out that the software in Philips’MRIscanners has a defect rate of 1 per 1175 device‐years of observation. This coincides with the second highest safety integrity level (SIL3) as defined in theIEC61508 standard. The highest level (SIL4) is only attainable by applying redundancy. Finally, we combine the effort‐to‐defect formula with the reliability growth model to monitor the progress of a project and to determine when the required level of quality will be reached. We show that a common fault distribution, the Rayleigh model, is not necessarily the best model for predicting the number of residual defects in the system. Using a well‐known data analysis approach calledexploratory data analysis(EDA) we obtained an alternative model based on the Normal curve. We have evaluated the Rayleigh model and our model based on the Normal curve at Philips HealthcareMRI. The Normal curve predicts defects over time better than the Rayleigh model in the case of Philips HealthcareMRI. Furthermore, time series models (ARIMA) are also useful for accurately describing the defect trend, but are not suitable for long‐term predictions. Finally, cost estimation models (COCOMO) lack the predictive capabilities of models fitted on the data usingEDA. Their capabilities are limited compared to a model derived from data which reflects the constitutional knowledge of the actual realization of systems within a specific company. However, they can still be used to advantage when there is limited or no data available to use as a basis for lifting from gut feel to order of magnitude. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 17
Self‐regulated learning study strategies and academic performance in undergraduate organic chemistry: An investigation examining ethnically diverse students
Authors: Lopez Enrique J. , Nandagopal Kiruthiga , Shavelson Richard J. , Szu Evan , Penn John
Published: July 2013

This study sought to identify ethnically diverse students' study strategies in organic chemistry and their relationships to course outcomes. Study diaries, concept maps, and problem sets were used to assess study outcomes. Findings show that students engage in four commonly used reviewing‐type strategies, regardless of ethnic group affiliation. However, these common strategies were rarely associated with students' problem solving, concept mapping, or course performance. In addition, students seldom engaged in metacognitive and peer learning strategies despite their reported benefits in the literature. Implications for research and practice are discussed in light of these findings. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach
Subcellular localization and interaction network of the mRNA decay activator Pat1 upon UV stress
Authors: Bahassou‐Benamri Rachida , Davin Anne‐Hélène , Gaillard Jean‐Charles , Alonso Beatrice , Odorico Michael , Pible Olivier , Armengaud Jean , Godon Christian
Published: July 2013

To identify nucleo‐cytoplasmic shuttle proteins that relocate to the nucleus upon UV stress, we selected 18 targets on the basis of their conservation amongst eukaryotes and their relatively poor functional description. Their relocation was assayed using quantitative nuclear relocation assay (QNR). We focused on Pat1, a component of the cytoplasmic foci called processing bodies (p‐bodies), because it had the strongest response to the stress. We verified that Pat1 accumulates in the nucleus after GFP tagging and fluorescence microscopy. Using tandem affinity purification coupled to a mass spectrometry shotgun detection and quantitation approach, we explored the dynamics of Pat1 protein–protein interaction network after UV stress. We have shown that Pat1 co‐purifies with Dhh1 specifically upon UV stress. We observed that the nuclear accumulation of Pat1 upon UV stress is abolished in a dhh1∆ strain. These data provide the first evidence that Dhh1 is required for Pat1 nuclear relocation after UV stress. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.