bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Traveling Ionosphere Disturbance Signatures on Ground‐Based Observations of the O(1D) Nightglow Inferred From 1‐D Modeling
Authors: Vargas Fabio
Published: November 2019

This paper reports our simulations of the volume emission rate of the O(1D) redline nightglow perturbed by waves traveling across the thermosphere at around 250 km altitude. Waves perturb the electronic and neutral background densities and temperatures in the region and modify the O(1D) layer intensity as it is captured by ground‐based nightglow instruments. The changes in the integrated volume emission rate are calculated for various vertical wavelengths of the perturbations. We demonstrate that, as the solar activity intensifies, the vertical scales of most likely observable TID waves become larger. For high solar activity, we demonstrate that only waves presenting vertical wavelengths larger than 360 km are likely to be observed. The variation of the range of likely observable vertical wavelengths with the solar cycle offers a plausible explanation for the low occurrence rate of TID in measurements of the redline nightglow during high solar activity periods. We have compared our results with those of Negale et al. (2018; https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JA024876) and Paulino et al (2018; https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-265-2018) to verify that observed vertical wavelengths distribute around 140–210 km, in good correspondence with our predicted threshold wavelength
160 km for very low solar cycle period.
Relationships Between Eclogite‐Facies Mineral Assemblages, Deformation Microstructures, and Seismic Properties in the Yuka Terrane, North Qaidam Ultrahigh‐Pressure Metamorphic Belt, NW China
Authors: Park Munjae , Jung Haemyeong
Published: November 2019

To understand the relationships between eclogite‐facies mineral assemblages, deformation microstructures, and the seismic properties of subducting oceanic crust, eclogites from the Yuka terrane, North Qaidam ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic belt, NW China, were studied. Observations of mineral textures, deformation microstructures, and petrofabrics in the eclogites indicate that garnet, omphacite, and phengite were deformed by intracrystalline deformation (i.e., dislocation creep) during prograde metamorphism. In contrast, amphibole, which was formed by the topotactic replacement of omphacite at fluid‐present conditions, is considered to have been deformed by diffusional flow (dissolution‐precipitation creep) during amphibolite‐facies retrogression associated with exhumation. Based on the petrofabrics in the samples, the seismic properties of the eclogites were calculated depending on eclogite‐facies mineral assemblages such as garnet + omphacite, garnet + omphacite + phengite, garnet + omphacite + phengite + lawsonite, garnet + omphacite + phengite + amphibole, and garnet + omphacite + amphibole. We found that the seismic signatures of each of the eclogite‐facies mineral assemblages were different. In particular, phengite‐bearing eclogites (the garnet + omphacite + phengite/garnet + omphacite + phengite + amphibole assemblages), depending on phengite content, produced the strongest seismic anisotropy (AVp and AVs), with a strong polarization anisotropy, that was at least three times higher than bimineralic (phengite‐absent) eclogites (garnet + omphacite assemblage). Our results indicate that phengite, as a stable phase at high‐pressure and high‐temperature conditions, can play an important role in the creation of trench‐parallel seismic anisotropy in the eclogite‐facies mineral assemblages found in subduction zones.
Style and Distribution of Slip at the Margin of a Pull‐Apart Structure: Geodetic Investigation of the Southern Dead Sea Basin
Authors: Hamiel Yariv , Piatibratova Oksana
Published: November 2019

We present a new analysis of crustal deformation along the southern Dead Sea pull‐apart basin, located at the southern part of the Dead Sea Fault (DSF). Using geodetic measurements of new and dense Global Positioning System network, we obtain the station velocities across the margin of this structure. We run a set of 2‐D and 3‐D models and find that the total left‐lateral strike‐slip rate of ~4.8 mm/yr is divided between the western (Sedom Fault) and eastern main boundary faults of the pull‐apart basin. Different locking depths of the western and eastern boundary faults suggest asymmetrical basin. General extension of the southern Dead Sea basin of ~0.4 mm/yr and additional shallow extension of ~0.5 mm/yr of the Sedom Fault is observed. The southern fault boundary, the Amazyahu transverse Fault, is obliquely deformed in the general direction of the DSF, transferring ~2.5 mm/yr of slip rate from southeast to northwest. The Sedom and Amazyahu faults are also found to be creeping at shallow depths and at steady rates. The depth of shallow creep correlates with the depth of thick rock salt layers deposited within the basin. The rock salt probably serves as lubricant material on the fault with a relatively low friction coefficient. This unique situation allows the fault to creep at almost constant velocity. Our observations suggest that shallow creep may also occur along additional segments of the DSF where thick rock salt layers are relatively shallow.
The Role of the Intertropical Discontinuity Region and the Heat Low in Dust Emission and Transport Over the Thar Desert, India: A Premonsoon Case Study
Authors: Dumka U. C. , Kaskaoutis D. G. , Francis D. , Chaboureau J.‐P. , Rashki A. , Tiwari Suresh , Singh Sachchidanand , Liakakou E. , Mihalopoulos N.
Published: November 2019

Key Points

Satellite observations and Meso‐NH model simulations are used to investigate an intense dust storm over north India in June 2018

Dust is mostly confined below 2 km in the monsoon flow over the Thar desert, northwest India and at ~3 km along the Ganges Valley

The dust was accumulated in an arc‐shaped cloud in the convergence zone between the southwesterlies and the northwesterlies: the ITD
Assessment of Atmospheric Reanalyses With Independent Observations in the Weddell Sea, the Antarctic
Authors: Jonassen M. O. , Välisuo I. , Vihma T. , Uotila P. , Makshtas A. P. , Launiainen J.
Published: November 2019

Surface layer and upper‐air in situ observations from two research vessel cruises and an ice station in the Weddell Sea from 1992 and 1996 are used to validate four current atmospheric reanalysis products: ERA‐Interim, CFSR, JRA‐55, and MERRA‐2. Three of the observation data sets were not available for assimilation, providing a rare opportunity to validate the reanalyses in the otherwise datasparse region of the Antarctic against independent data. All four reanalyses produce 2 m temperatures warmer than the observations, and the biases vary from +2.0 K in CFSR to +2.8 K in MERRA‐2. All four reanalyses are generally too warm also higher up in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), with biases up to +1.4 K (ERA‐Interim). Cloud fractions are relatively poorly reproduced by the reanalyses, MERRA‐2 and JRA‐55 having the strongest positive and negative biases of about +30 % and −17 %, respectively. Skill scores of the error statistics reveal that ERA‐Interim compares generally the most favorably against both the surface layer and the upper‐air observations. CFSR compares the second best and JRA‐55 and MERRA‐2 have the least favorable scores. The ABL warm bias is consistent with previous evaluation studies in high latitudes, where more recent observations have been applied. As the amount of observations has varied depending on the decade, season, and region, the consistency of the warm bias suggests a need to improve the modeling systems, including data assimilation as well as ABL and surface parameterizations.
A Bayesian‐Like Approach to Describe the Regional Variation of High‐Flash Rate Thunderstorms From Thermodynamic and Kinematic Environment Variables
Authors: Liu Nana , Liu Chuntao , Tissot Philippe E.
Published: November 2019

A 16‐year Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission convective feature (CF) data set and ERA‐Interim reanalysis data are used to examine the nonlinear relationships between thermodynamic environments and the probability of high‐flash rate thunderstorms. First, Bayesian‐like probability functions are established between preselected ERA‐Interim thermodynamic variables and the high‐flash rate CFs. Then, the global geographical distribution of high‐flash rate thunderstorms is validated by applying these functions to the reanalysis data. The results suggest that a sole environmental factor has limited skill to estimate the probability of these events. The combination of four variables, including Convective Available Potential Energy, convection inhibition, low‐level shear, and warm cloud depth, may be used to derive a geographical distribution of high‐flash rate events that is close to the observations. The strong land‐ocean contrast in the frequency of high‐flash rate thunderstorms and some hot spot regions can be closely reproduced based only on these four variables from the reanalysis data. This indicates that the land‐ocean contrast in the occurrence of high‐flash rate thunderstorms can be largely interpreted by the fundamental differences between the thermodynamic conditions over land and ocean.
A Statistical Description of Particle Motion and Rest Regimes in Open‐Channel Flows Under Low Bedload Transport
Authors: Liu M. X. , Pelosi A. , Guala M.
Published: November 2019

In the last decade several efforts were devoted to model sediment‐particle transport in rivers as a stochastic process. Experimental observations are therefore needed to validate these models and to provide the correct probability distribution of selected stochastic variables. The kinematics of sand particles is investigated here using nonintrusive imaging to provide a statistical description of bedload transport under incipient motion conditions. In particular, we focus on the alternation between motion (particle steps) and rest regimes to quantify the probabilistic distribution of the particles waiting time, which is suggested by many studies to be responsible for anomalous diffusion. The probability distributions of the particle step time and step length, streamwise and spanwise velocities, acceleration, and waiting time are quantified experimentally. Results suggest that variables describing the particle motion regime are thin‐tailed distributed, whereas the waiting times exhibit a power law distribution. A specific class of waiting times during which the grain is observed to oscillate without a net displacement is classified as active and is analyzed separately from the other, so‐called deep waiting times. The experimental results, obtained under five different transport conditions, describe grain‐scale kinematics and dynamics at different wall shear stress. They provide both a benchmark data set for validating particle‐transport numerical simulation and critical input parameters for the stochastic modeling of bedload transport.
Soil Respiration Variability and Correlation Across a Wide Range of Temporal Scales
Authors: Bond‐Lamberty Ben , Pennington Stephanie C. , Jian Jinshi , Megonigal J. Patrick , Sengupta Aditi , Ward Nicholas
Published: November 2019

The high temporal variability of the soil‐to‐atmosphere CO2 flux (soil respiration, RS) has been studied at hourly to multiannual time scales but remains less well understood than RS spatial variability. How RS fluxes vary and are autocorrelated at various time lags has practical implications for sampling and more fundamentally for our understanding of its abiotic and biotic underlying mechanisms. We examined the variability, correlation, and sampling requirements of RS over a wide range of temporal scales in a temperate deciduous forest in eastern Maryland, USA, using both automated (temporally continuous, N = 30,036 over 10 months) and survey (spatially diverse, temporally sparse, N = 1,912 over 17 months) data. Data from a global RS database were also used to examine interannual variability in comparable forests. The coefficient of variability of successive measurements generally varied from the minute (median coefficient of variation 16%) to hourly and daily (11–12%) time scales. Successive RS values measured at a given collar exhibited a strong hour‐to‐hour correlation (r = 0.931) and a moderate correlation at a 2‐hr lag (0.289); day‐to‐day (i.e., 24 hr lag) hourly observations were uncorrelated. Daily RS means were well correlated at a 1‐day lag (r = 0.856) but not at any further time lag. In a linear mixed‐effects model predicting RS, soil temperature and moisture exerted consistently strong effects regardless of time scale, and model coefficient of variability was generally high (>80%). These results provide new opportunities to explore the drivers and variability of RS fluxes, quantify sampling requirements, and improve error propagation.
Formulating an Elasticity Approach to Quantify the Effects of Climate Variability and Ecological Restoration on Sediment Discharge Change in the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Zhang Jianjun , Gao Guangyao , Fu Bojie , Gupta Hoshin V.
Published: November 2019

Suspended sediment yields (SSY) respond strongly to ecological restoration (ER) efforts, and significant improvements in SSY control have been achieved in the Loess Plateau of China. However, it remains challenging to quantify the net impacts of ER on SSY. Here, we formulate the notion of elasticity of sediment discharge, by associating SSY change to climate variability and ER over the period 1950s to 2014. All ten of the subcatchments studied experienced significant decreases in annual SSY, streamflow, and suspended sediment concentration. Our results strongly support the hypothesis that changes to both streamflow volumes and to the suspended sediment concentration versus water discharge (C‐Q) relationships result in reduced SSY, so that streamflow is reduced but runs clearer. We find that two of the ER strategies resulted in weaker relative impacts of climate variability, largely by reducing streamflow (by 55% to 75%). Meanwhile, ER predominantly decreased SSY (by 63% to 81%). Regarding ER practices, (i) the predominant measure acting to reduce SSY changed, over time, from engineering to reforestation; (ii) check dams preferentially act to regulate the C‐Q relationships, whereas reforestation preferentially acts to moderate streamflow. Overall, our results suggest that a combination of engineering and vegetation measures is critical to achieving high‐efficiency ER. While change to the ER strategy increased the efficiency of streamflow for SSY control, the lost water discharge per unit SSY reduction increased from 5.2 to 6.4 m3·t−1. Conflicting demands for water necessitate that further ER should target precision management by revegetation of targeted areas in the Loess Plateau.
Microbial Community Composition in Deep‐Subsurface Reservoir Fluids Reveals Natural Interwell Connectivity
Authors: Zhang Yuran , Dekas Anne E. , Hawkins Adam J. , Parada Alma E. , Gorbatenko Oxana , Li Kewen , Horne Roland N.
Published: November 2019

The identification of natural fractures and the wells they connect is crucial for the development of geological reservoirs because it may have an important impact on reservoir model construction and hydraulic fracture propagation. In this study we investigated the use of a novel data source, the microbial community composition in the reservoir formation fluids, for identification of interwell connectivity caused by natural fractures. We verified this concept at a newly developed mesoscale enhanced geothermal system (EGS) field testbed located 4,850 ft (1,478 m) beneath ground surface at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, SD. Fluids produced at or near the EGS testbed were sampled and subjected to high‐throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to analyze the microbial community profile therein. Despite the typically substantial heterogeneity across the community profiles of samples spatially distributed (10 m to 1.9 km apart) throughout the site, samples from two wells at the EGS testbed showed highly similar microbial community composition, suggesting the two wells intersected the same natural fracture. This evidence of natural connectivity between the two wells at the EGS testbed was later corroborated by core log analysis and sewer camera surveys into the boreholes. Besides the field case described in this study, microbial community composition as a reservoir diagnostic tool would be applicable in a much broader context such as unconventional hydrocarbon exploitation, groundwater reservoir characterization, and environmental remediation, adding valuable “hard” data capable of pinpointing the origins of fluids unambiguously.
Altered expression of microRNA-223 in the plasma of patients with first-episode schizophrenia and its possible relation to neuronal migration-related genes
Authors: Zhao Zhilei , Jinde Seiichiro , Koike Shinsuke , Tada Mariko , Satomura Yoshihiro , Yoshikawa Akane , Nishimura Yukika , Takizawa Ryu , Kinoshita Akihide , Sakakibara Eisuke , Sakurada Hanako , Yamagishi Mika , Nishimura Fumichika , Inai Aya , Nishioka Masaki , Eriguchi Yosuke , Araki Tsuyoshi , Takaya Atsuhiko , Kan Chiemi , Umeda Maki , Shimazu Akihito , Hashimoto Hideki , Bundo Miki , Iwamoto Kazuya , Kakiuchi Chihiro , Kasai Kiyoto
Published: November 2019

Recent studies have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) play a role as regulators of neurodevelopment by modulating gene expression. Altered miRNA expression has been reported in various psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. However, the changes in the miRNA expression profile that occur during the initial stage of schizophrenia have not been fully investigated. To explore the global alterations in miRNA expression profiles that may be associated with the onset of schizophrenia, we first profiled miRNA expression in plasma from 17 patients with first-episode schizophrenia and 17 healthy controls using microarray analysis. Among the miRNAs that showed robust changes, the elevated expression of has-miR-223-3p (miR-223) was validated via quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) using another independent sample set of 21 schizophrenia patients and 21 controls. To identify the putative targets of miR-223, we conducted a genome-wide gene expression analysis in neuronally differentiated SK-N-SH cells with stable miR-223 overexpression and an in silico analysis. We found that the mRNA expression levels of four genes related to the cytoskeleton or cell migration were significantly downregulated in miR-223-overexpressing cells, possibly due to interactions with miR-223. The in silico analysis suggested the presence of miR-223 target sites in these four genes. Lastly, a luciferase assay confirmed that miR-223 directly interacted with the 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs) of all four genes. Our results reveal an increase in miR-223 in plasma during both the first episode and the later stage of schizophrenia, which may affect the expression of cell migration-related genes targeted by miR-223.
A large-scale genomic investigation of susceptibility to infection and its association with mental disorders in the Danish population
Authors: Nudel Ron , Wang Yunpeng , Appadurai Vivek , Schork Andrew J. , Buil Alfonso , Agerbo Esben , Bybjerg-Grauholm Jonas , Børglum Anders D. , Daly Mark J. , Mors Ole , Hougaard David M. , Mortensen Preben B. , Werge Thomas , Nordentoft Merete , Thompson Wesley K. , Benros Michael E.
Published: November 2019

Infections and mental disorders are two of the major global disease burdens. While correlations between mental disorders and infections have been reported, the possible genetic links between them have not been assessed in large-scale studies. Moreover, the genetic basis of susceptibility to infection is largely unknown, as large-scale genome-wide association studies of susceptibility to infection have been lacking. We utilized a large Danish population-based sample (N = 65,534) linked to nationwide population-based registers to investigate the genetic architecture of susceptibility to infection (heritability estimation, polygenic risk analysis, and a genome-wide association study (GWAS)) and examined its association with mental disorders (comorbidity analysis and genetic correlation). We found strong links between having at least one psychiatric diagnosis and the occurrence of infection (P = 2.16 × 10−208, OR = 1.72). The SNP heritability of susceptibility to infection ranged from ~2 to ~7% in samples of differing psychiatric diagnosis statuses (suggesting the environment as a major contributor to susceptibility), and polygenic risk scores moderately but significantly explained infection status in an independent sample. We observed a genetic correlation of 0.496 (P = 2.17 × 10−17) between a diagnosis of infection and a psychiatric diagnosis. While our GWAS did not identify genome-wide significant associations, we found 90 suggestive (P ≤ 10−5) associations for susceptibility to infection. Our findings suggest a genetic component in susceptibility to infection and indicate that the occurrence of infections in individuals with mental illness may be in part genetically driven.
The rising crisis of illicit fentanyl use, overdose, and potential therapeutic strategies
Authors: Han Ying , Yan Wei , Zheng Yongbo , Khan Muhammad Zahid , Yuan Kai , Lu Lin
Published: November 2019

Fentanyl is a powerful opioid anesthetic and analgesic, the use of which has caused an increasing public health threat in the United States and elsewhere. Fentanyl was initially approved and used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, especially cancer pain. However, recent years have seen a growing concern that fentanyl and its analogs are widely synthesized in laboratories and adulterated with illicit supplies of heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, and counterfeit pills, contributing to the exponential growth in the number of drug-related overdose deaths. This review summarizes the recent epidemic and evolution of illicit fentanyl use, its pharmacological mechanisms and side effects, and the potential clinical management and prevention of fentanyl-related overdoses. Because social, economic, and health problems that are related to the use of fentanyl and its analogs are growing, there is an urgent need to implement large-scale safe and effective harm reduction strategies to prevent fentanyl-related overdoses.
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D modulates L-type voltage-gated calcium channels in a subset of neurons in the developing mouse prefrontal cortex
Authors: Gooch Helen , Cui Xiaoying , Anggono Victor , Trzaskowski Maciej , Tan Men Chee , Eyles Darryl W. , Burne Thomas H. J. , Jang Se Eun , Mattheisen Manuel , Hougaard David M. , Pedersen Bent Nørgaard , Cohen Arieh , Mortensen Preben B. , Sah Pankaj , McGrath John J.
Published: November 2019

Schizophrenia has been associated with a range of genetic and environmental risk factors. Here we explored a link between two risk factors that converge on a shared neurobiological pathway. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified risk variants in genes that code for L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (L-VGCCs), while epidemiological studies have found an increased risk of schizophrenia in those with neonatal vitamin D deficiency. The active form of vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) is a secosteroid that rapidly modulates L-VGCCs via non-genomic mechanisms in a range of peripheral tissues, though its non-genomic effects within the brain remain largely unexplored. Here we used calcium imaging, electrophysiology and molecular biology to determine whether 1,25(OH)2D non-genomically modulated L-VGCCs in the developing prefrontal cortex, a region widely implicated in schizophrenia pathophysiology. Wide-field Ca2+ imaging revealed that physiological concentrations of 1,25(OH)2D rapidly enhanced activity-dependent somatic Ca2+ levels in a small subset of neurons in the developing PFC, termed vitamin D-responsive neurons (VDRNs). Somatic nucleated patch recordings revealed a rapid, 1,25(OH)2D-evoked increase in high-voltage-activated (HVA) Ca2+ currents. Enhanced activity-dependent Ca2+ levels were mediated by L-VGCC but not associated with any changes to Cacna1c (L-VGCC pore-forming subunit) mRNA expression. Since L-VGCC activity is critical to healthy neurodevelopment, these data suggest that suboptimal concentrations of 1,25(OH)2D could alter brain maturation through modulation of L-VGCC signalling and as such may provide a parsimonious link between epidemiologic and genetic risk factors for schizophrenia.
Vulnerability to bipolar disorder is linked to sleep and sleepiness
Authors: Hensch Tilman , Wozniak David , Spada Janek , Sander Christian , Ulke Christine , Wittekind Dirk Alexander , Thiery Joachim , Löffler Markus , Jawinski Philippe , Hegerl Ulrich
Published: November 2019

Sleep impairments are a hallmark of acute bipolar disorder (BD) episodes and are present even in the euthymic state. Studying healthy subjects who are vulnerable to BD can improve our understanding of whether sleep impairment is a predisposing factor. Therefore, we investigated whether vulnerability to BD, dimensionally assessed by the hypomanic personality scale (HPS), is associated with sleep disturbances in healthy subjects. We analyzed participants from a population-based cohort who had completed the HPS and had either a 7-day actigraphy recording or a Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) assessment. In addition, subjects had to be free of confounding diseases or medications. This resulted in 771 subjects for actigraphy and 1766 for PSQI analyses. We found strong evidence that higher HPS scores are associated with greater intraindividual sleep variability, more disturbed sleep and more daytime sleepiness. In addition, factor analyses revealed that core hypomanic features were especially associated with self-reported sleep impairments. Results support the assumption of disturbed sleep as a possibly predisposing factor for BD and suggest sleep improvement as a potential early prevention target.
Modulation of brain activation during executive functioning in autism with citalopram
Authors: Wichers Robert H. , Findon James L. , Jelsma Auke , Giampietro Vincent , Stoencheva Vladimira , Robertson Dene M. , Murphy Clodagh M. , McAlonan Grainne , Ecker Christine , Rubia Katya , Murphy Declan G. M. , Daly Eileen M.
Published: November 2019

Adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are frequently prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). However, there is limited evidence to support this practice. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the impact of SSRIs on brain function abnormalities in ASD. It has been suggested that some core symptoms in ASD are underpinned by deficits in executive functioning (EF). Hence, we investigated the role of the SSRI citalopram on EF networks in 19 right-handed adult males with ASD and 19 controls who did not differ in gender, age, IQ or handedness. We performed pharmacological functional magnetic resonance imaging to compare brain activity during two EF tasks (of response inhibition and sustained attention) after an acute dose of 20 mg citalopram or placebo using a randomised, double-blind, crossover design. Under placebo condition, individuals with ASD had abnormal brain activation in response inhibition regions, including inferior frontal, precentral and postcentral cortices and cerebellum. During sustained attention, individuals with ASD had abnormal brain activation in middle temporal cortex and (pre)cuneus. After citalopram administration, abnormal brain activation in inferior frontal cortex was ‘normalised’ and most of the other brain functional differences were ‘abolished’. Also, within ASD, the degree of responsivity in inferior frontal and postcentral cortices to SSRI challenge was related to plasma serotonin levels. These findings suggest that citalopram can ‘normalise’ atypical brain activation during EF in ASD. Future trials should investigate whether this shift in the biology of ASD is maintained after prolonged citalopram treatment, and if peripheral measures of serotonin predict treatment response.
Meta-analysis of reward processing in major depressive disorder reveals distinct abnormalities within the reward circuit
Authors: Ng Tommy H. , Alloy Lauren B. , Smith David V.
Published: November 2019

Many neuroimaging studies have investigated reward processing dysfunction in major depressive disorder. These studies have led to the common idea that major depressive disorder is associated with blunted responses within the reward circuit, particularly in the ventral striatum. Yet, the link between major depressive disorder and reward-related responses in other regions remains inconclusive, thus limiting our understanding of the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder. To address this issue, we performed a coordinate-based meta-analysis of 41 whole-brain neuroimaging studies encompassing reward-related responses from a total of 794 patients with major depressive disorder and 803 healthy controls. Our findings argue against the common idea that major depressive disorder is primarily linked to deficits within the reward system. Instead, our results demonstrate that major depressive disorder is associated with opposing abnormalities in the reward circuit: hypo-responses in the ventral striatum and hyper-responses in the orbitofrontal cortex. The current findings suggest that dysregulated corticostriatal connectivity may underlie reward-processing abnormalities in major depressive disorder, providing an empirical foundation for a more refined understanding of abnormalities in the reward circuitry in major depressive disorder.
Long noncoding RNA LINC00518 acts as a competing endogenous RNA to promote the metastasis of malignant melanoma via miR-204-5p/AP1S2 axis
Authors: Luan Wenkang , Ding Yuting , Ma Shaojun , Ruan Hongru , Wang Jinlong , Lu Feng
Published: November 2019

Long intergenic nonprotein coding RNA 518 (LINC00518) has been shown to promote cancer cell growth and metastasis in some human tumors. Although it has been reported that LINC00518 is dysregulated in melanoma, its exact role and molecular mechanism in melanoma remain unclear. RNA-seq analysis and qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of LINC00518 in melanoma tissues. Melanoma cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), GEO#GSE15605 and GEO#GSE24469 were included in this study. 3D migration, transwell and scratch wound assay were used to explore the role of LINC00518 in melanoma cells. Bioinformatics, luciferase reporter assays, MS2-RIP assay, RNA pull-down assay and RNA-ChIP assay were used to demonstrate the mechanism of LINC00518 in melanoma. We found that LICN00518 was significantly upregulated in melanoma tissue, and high LICN00518 level was an independent risk factor for melanoma patients. LICN00518 promoted the invasion and migration of melanoma cells. LICN00518 exerted its role by decoying miR-204-5p to upregulate Adaptor Related Protein Complex 1 Sigma 2 Subunit (AP1S2) expression. We also demonstrated that LICN00518 promoted melanoma metastasis in vivo through pulmonary metastasis assay. This result elucidates a new mechanism for LICN00518 in the metastasis of melanoma. LICN00518 may serve as a survival indicator and potential therapeutic target in melanoma patients.
Cation-induced chirality in a bifunctional metal-organic framework for quantitative enantioselective recognition
Authors: Han Zongsu , Wang Kunyu , Guo Yifan , Chen Wenjie , Zhang Jiale , Zhang Xinran , Siligardi Giuliano , Yang Sihai , Zhou Zhen , Sun Pingchuan , Shi Wei , Cheng Peng
Published: November 2019

The integration of luminescence and chirality in easy-scalable metal-organic frameworks gives rise to the development of advanced luminescent sensors. To date, the synthesis of chiral metal-organic frameworks is poorly predictable and their chirality primarily originates from components that constitute the frameworks. By contrast, the introduction of chirality into the pores of metal-organic frameworks has not been explored to the best of our knowledge. Here, we demonstrate that chirality can be introduced into an anionic Zn-based metal-organic framework via simple cation exchange, yielding dual luminescent centers comprised of the ligand and Tb3+ ions, accompanied by a chiral center in the pores. This bifunctional material shows enantioselectivity luminescent sensing for a mixture of stereoisomers, demonstrated for Cinchonine and Cinchonidine epimers and amino alcohol enantiomers, from which the quantitative determination of the stereoisomeric excess has been obtained. This study paves a pathway for the design of multifunctional metal-organic framework systems as a useful method for rapid sensing of chiral molecules.
Proteomic analysis of eleven tissues in the Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus)
Authors: Geng Xiaofang , Guo Jianlin , Zang Xiayan , Chang Cuifang , Shang Haitao , Wei Hong , Xu Cunshuan
Published: November 2019

The Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus, CGS) is the largest extant amphibian species in the world. Global quantitative proteome analysis of multiple tissues would indicate tissue-specific physiological processes and clarify the function of each protein from a whole-organism perspective. This study performed proteome analysis of eleven tissues collected from adult CGSs using iTRAQ coupled with LC-MS/MS technology. Based on the predicted protein database from previously obtained CGS transcriptome data, 2153 proteins were identified for subsequent analysis. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) clustered 2153 proteins into 17 co-expressed modules, which will be useful for predicting the functions of unannotated proteins. The protein levels of molecular complexes with housekeeping functions, such as ribosomes, spliceosomes and mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes, were tightly regulated in different tissues of the CGS, as they are in mammalian tissues. Transcription regulator, pathway and bio-functional analysis of tissue-specific proteins showed that highly expressed proteins largely reflected the physiological functions of specific tissues. Our data, as an initial atlas of protein expression of an amphibian species, will be useful for further molecular biology research on CGS.
Effects of the duration of postresuscitation hyperoxic ventilation on neurological outcome and survival in an asphyxial cardiac arrest rat model
Authors: Hu Tongyi , Wang Jianjie , Wang Shuangwei , Li Jingru , Chen Bihua , Zuo Feng , Zhang Lei , Huang Yuanyuan , Li Yongqin
Published: November 2019

Cardiac arrest leads to sudden cessation of oxygen supply and cerebral hypoxia occurs when there is not sufficient oxygen supplied to the brain. Current Guidelines for adult cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and emergency cardiovascular care recommend the use of 100% oxygen during resuscitative efforts to maximize the probability of achieving the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). However, the optimal strategy for oxygen management after ROSC is still debatable. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the duration of post-resuscitation hyperoxic ventilation on neurological outcomes in asphyxial cardiac arrest rats treated with targeted temperature management (TTM). Asphyxia was induced by blocking the endotracheal tube in 80 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. CPR begun after 7 min of untreated cardiac arrest. Animals were randomized to either the normoxic control under normothermia (NNC) group or to one of the 4 experimental groups (n = 16 each) immediately after ROSC: ventilated with 100% oxygen for 0 (O2_0h), 1 (O2_1h), 3 (O2_3h), or 5 (O2_5h) h and ventilated with room air thereafter under TTM. Physiological variables were recorded at baseline and during the 6 h postresuscitation monitoring period. Animals were closely observed for 96 h to assess neurologic recovery and survival. There were no significant differences in baseline measurements between groups, and all animals were successfully resuscitated. There were significant interactions between the duration of 100% oxygen administration and hemodynamics as well as, myocardial and cerebral injuries. Among all the durations of hyperoxic ventilation investigated, significantly lower neurological deficit scores and higher survival rates were observed in the O2_3h group than in the NNC group. In conclusion, postresuscitation hyperoxic ventilation leads to improved PaO2, PaCO2, hemodynamic, myocardial and cerebral recovery in asphyxial cardiac arrest rats treated with TTM. However, the beneficial effects of high concentration-oxygen are duration dependent and ventilation with 100% oxygen during induced hypothermia contributes to improved neurological recovery and survival after 96 h.
Chronic Exposure to High Altitude: Synaptic, Astroglial and Memory Changes
Authors: Sharma Rupali , Cramer Nathan P. , Perry Bayley , Adahman Zahra , Murphy Erin K. , Xu Xiufen , Dardzinski Bernard J. , Galdzicki Zygmunt , Perl Daniel P. , Dickstein Dara L. , Iacono Diego
Published: November 2019

Long-term operations carried out at high altitude (HA) by military personnel, pilots, and astronauts may trigger health complications. In particular, chronic exposure to high altitude (CEHA) has been associated with deficits in cognitive function. In this study, we found that mice exposed to chronic HA (5000 m for 12 weeks) exhibited deficits in learning and memory associated with hippocampal function and were linked with changes in the expression of synaptic proteins across various regions of the brain. Specifically, we found decreased levels of synaptophysin (SYP) (p < 0.05) and spinophilin (SPH) (p < 0.05) in the olfactory cortex, post synaptic density−95 (PSD-95) (p < 0.05), growth associated protein 43 (GAP43) (p < 0.05), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (p < 0.05) in the cerebellum, and SYP (p < 0.05) and PSD-95 (p < 0.05) in the brainstem. Ultrastructural analyses of synaptic density and morphology in the hippocampus did not reveal any differences in CEHA mice compared to SL mice. Our data are novel and suggest that CEHA exposure leads to cognitive impairment in conjunction with neuroanatomically-based molecular changes in synaptic protein levels and astroglial cell marker in a region specific manner. We hypothesize that these new findings are part of highly complex molecular and neuroplasticity mechanisms underlying neuroadaptation response that occurs in brains when chronically exposed to HA.
Draft genome assembly of Tenualosa ilisha, Hilsa shad, provides resource for osmoregulation studies
Authors: Mohindra Vindhya , Dangi Tanushree , Tripathi Ratnesh K. , Kumar Rajesh , Singh Rajeev K. , Jena J. K. , Mohapatra T.
Published: November 2019

This study provides the first high-quality draft genome assembly (762.5 Mb) of Tenualosa ilisha that is highly contiguous and nearly complete. We observed a total of 2,864 contigs, with 96.4% completeness with N50 of 2.65 Mbp and the largest contig length of 17.4 Mbp, along with a complete mitochondrial genome of 16,745 bases. A total number of 33,042 protein coding genes were predicted, among these, 512 genes were classified under 61 Gene Ontology (GO) terms, associated with various homeostasis processes. Highest number of genes belongs to cellular calcium ion homeostasis, followed by tissue homeostasis. A total of 97 genes were identified, with 16 GO terms related to water homeostasis. Claudins, Aquaporins, Connexins/Gap junctions, Adenylate cyclase, Solute carriers and Voltage gated potassium channel genes were observed to be higher in number in T. ilisha, as compared to that in other teleost species. Seven novel gene variants, in addition to claudin gene (CLDZ), were found in T. ilisha. The present study also identified two putative novel genes, NKAIN3 and L4AM1, for the first time in fish, for which further studies are required for pinpointing their functions in fish. In addition, 1.6 million simple sequence repeats were mined from draft genome assembly. The study provides a valuable genomic resource for the anadromous Hilsa. It will form a basis for future studies, pertaining to its adaptation mechanisms to different salinity levels during migration, which in turn would facilitate in its domestication.
Serum CXCL13 reflects local B-cell mediated inflammatory demyelinating peripheral neuropathy
Authors: Kim Young Hee , Jang So Young , Shin Yoon Kyung , Jo Young Rae , Yoon Byeol-A. , Nam Soo Hyun , Choi Byung-Ok , Shin Ha Young , Kim Seung Woo , Kim Se Hoon , Kim Jong Kuk , Park Hwan Tae
Published: November 2019

Immune damages on the peripheral myelin sheath under pro-inflammatory milieu result in primary demyelination in inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy. Inflammatory cytokines implicating in the pathogenesis of inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy have been used for the development of potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of the diseases. In this study, we have found that macrophages, which induce demyelination, expressed a B-cell-recruiting factor CXC chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13) in mouse and human inflammatory demyelinating nerves. The serum levels of CXCL13 were also higher in inflammatory demyelinating neuropathic patients but not in acute motor axonal neuropathy or a hereditary demyelinating neuropathy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1a. In addition, CXCL13-expressing macrophages were not observed in the sciatic nerves after axonal injury, which causes the activation of innate immunity and Wallerian demyelination. Our findings indicate that the detection of serum CXCL13 will be useful to specifically recognize inflammatory demyelinating neuropathies in human.
Suppression of BCL6 function by HDAC inhibitor mediated acetylation and chromatin modification enhances BET inhibitor effects in B-cell lymphoma cells
Authors: Cortiguera María G. , García-Gaipo Lorena , Wagner Simon D. , León Javier , Batlle-López Ana , Delgado M. Dolores
Published: November 2019

Multiple genetic aberrations in the regulation of BCL6, including in acetyltransferase genes, occur in clinically aggressive B-cell lymphomas and lead to higher expression levels and activity of this transcriptional repressor. BCL6 is, therefore, an attractive target for therapy in aggressive lymphomas. In this study romidepsin, a potent histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in Burkitt and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cell lines, which are model cells for studying the mechanism of action of BCL6. Romidepsin caused BCL6 acetylation at early timepoints inhibiting its function, while at later timepoints BCL6 expression was reduced and target gene expression increased due to chromatin modification. MYC contributes to poor prognosis in aggressive lymphoma. MYC function is reduced by inhibition of chromatin readers of the bromodomain and extra-terminal repeat (BET) family, which includes BRD4. The novel combination of romidepsin and JQ1, a BRD4 inhibitor was investigated and showed synergy. Collectively we suggest that the combination of HDACi and BRD4i should be pursued in further pre-clinical testing.
A feedback loop of conditionally stable circuits drives the cell cycle from checkpoint to checkpoint
Authors: Deritei Dávid , Rozum Jordan , Ravasz Regan Erzsébet , Albert Réka
Published: November 2019

We perform logic-based network analysis on a model of the mammalian cell cycle. This model is composed of a Restriction Switch driving cell cycle commitment and a Phase Switch driving mitotic entry and exit. By generalizing the concept of stable motif, i.e., a self-sustaining positive feedback loop that maintains an associated state, we introduce the concept of a conditionally stable motif, the stability of which is contingent on external conditions. We show that the stable motifs of the Phase Switch are contingent on the state of three nodes through which it receives input from the rest of the network. Biologically, these conditions correspond to cell cycle checkpoints. Holding these nodes locked (akin to a checkpoint-free cell) transforms the Phase Switch into an autonomous oscillator that robustly toggles through the cell cycle phases G1, G2 and mitosis. The conditionally stable motifs of the Phase Switch Oscillator are organized into an ordered sequence, such that they serially stabilize each other but also cause their own destabilization. Along the way they channel the dynamics of the module onto a narrow path in state space, lending robustness to the oscillation. Self-destabilizing conditionally stable motifs suggest a general negative feedback mechanism leading to sustained oscillations.
Auditory motion perception emerges from successive sound localizations integrated over time
Authors: Roggerone Vincent , Vacher Jonathan , Tarlao Cynthia , Guastavino Catherine
Published: November 2019

Humans rely on auditory information to estimate the path of moving sound sources. But unlike in vision, the existence of motion-sensitive mechanisms in audition is still open to debate. Psychophysical studies indicate that auditory motion perception emerges from successive localization, but existing models fail to predict experimental results. However, these models do not account for any temporal integration. We propose a new model tracking motion using successive localization snapshots but integrated over time. This model is derived from psychophysical experiments on the upper limit for circular auditory motion perception (UL), defined as the speed above which humans no longer identify the direction of sounds spinning around them. Our model predicts ULs measured with different stimuli using solely static localization cues. The temporal integration blurs these localization cues rendering them unreliable at high speeds, which results in the UL. Our findings indicate that auditory motion perception does not require motion-sensitive mechanisms.
Seasonal variations in group leaf characteristics in species with red young leaves
Authors: Zhang Tai-Jie , Tian Xing-Shan , Liu Xiao-Tao , Huang Xuan-Dong , Peng Chang-Lian
Published: November 2019

The leaves of many plants are red during particular stages of their lives, but the adaptive significance of leaf colouration is not yet clearly understood. In order to reveal whether anthocyanins play a similar role (i.e. antioxidants) in different seasonal contexts, this study investigated species with red young leaves in the subtropical forest of Dinghushan biosphere reserve (South China) during summer and winter and compared group leaf characteristics between the two seasons. Of 62 total species, 33 exhibited red young leaves in summer only, 6 in winter only, and 23 in both seasons. The anthocyanins extracted from most of these species had an absorption peak at ~530 nm. Frequency distribution analysis showed that the species containing anthocyanins at levels ranging from 0.02 to 0.04 μmol cm−2 occurred most frequently in summer or winter. Based on conditional grouping of the species, no significant variation was observed in the average anthocyanin contents and antioxidant abilities between summer and winter; the flavonoid content in summer was 2-fold that in winter, whereas the anthocyanin:flavonoid ratio in summer was only half that in winter. Moreover, a positive correlation between anthocyanins and flavonoids was found in summer. Therefore, it is less likely for anthocyanins to serve as antioxidants in summer than winter, because such a function in summer leaves is readily replaced by other flavonoids.
Stability of cytoplasmic nanoviscosity during cell cycle of HeLa cells synchronized with Aphidicolin
Authors: Szczepański Krzysztof , Kwapiszewska Karina , Hołyst Robert
Published: November 2019

Nanoviscosity of the cytoplasm is a key factor affecting diffusion of biomolecules and – as a consequence – rates of biochemical reactions in a cell. Nanoviscosity is an outcome of variable chemical and structural factors, which can temporarily change with cell-cycle associated changes of intracellular architecture. Thus, the question arises, whether rates of biochemical reactions depend on the point of cell cycle. In this paper we address this topic by constant observation of nanoviscosity of HeLa cells cytoplasm during S, G2 and G1 phases after Aphidicolin synchronization. For this purpose we measured diffusion rates of EGFP molecules using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). To our surprise, a counter-intuitive stability of cytoplasmic viscosity was observed during the cell cycle. Our results hint at possible existence of robust mechanism maintaining stable physiological viscosity of the cytoplasm, despite huge structural changes during cell cycle.