bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expositionsverfahren in der Behandlung der Bulimia nervosa
Authors: Baltruschat Nicole , Geissner Edgar , Bents Hinrich
Published: January 2006

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: In der Behandlung von Bulimia nervosa erwiesen sich kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutische Verfahren als besonders wirksam. Expositions- bzw. Konfrontationsverfahren gewannen dabei in den letzten Jahren zunehmend an Bedeutung. Fragestellung: Untersuchung der Wirksamkeit eines spezifischen kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutischen Intensivansatzes in der stationären Behandlung von Bulimia nervosa. Methode: Schwerpunkte dieses Ansatzes waren cue-exposure, Ernährungs- und Figur- bzw. Videokonfrontationen. Einer stationären Intensivphase (3-4 Wochen) schloss sich eine ambulante 6-wöchige Selbstmanagementphase an (40 Therapieeinheiten pro Person für beide Phasen zusammen). Eine Vorstudie an 13 Patientinnen gab Hinweise auf die Wirksamkeit des Verfahrens (Vergleich: Vor Aufnahme und ein Jahr nach Abschuss der Behandlung). Die Hauptstudie (73 Patientinnen) wurde ohne wesentliche Änderung der Behandlungsmethode in einem 3-Messzeitpunkte-Design (Aufnahme, 6 Wochen nach Behandlungsende und 1-Jahres-Follow-Up) durchgeführt. Messvariablen waren Anzahl der Essanfälle, Body Mass Index sowie Essstörungssymptomatik (Eating Disorder Inventory - EDI, Fragebogen zum Essverhalten - FEV) und allgemeine Psychopathologie (Symptom-Check-List-90-R; Beck Depression Inventory). Ergebnisse: Bedeutsame Verbesserungen ergaben sich sowohl 6 Wochen nach Ende der Therapie als auch zum 1-Jahres-Follow-Up. Patientinnen der Hauptstudie reduzierten ihre wöchentlichen Essanfälle von 12.27 auf 2.45 (post) und 4.27 (1-Jahres-Follow-Up). Auch in sämtlichen Merkmalen der Essstörungssymptomatik (EDI, FEV) sowie in den SCL-90-Skalen und dem BDI fanden sich signifikante Verbesserungen. 48% hatten nach einem Jahr weniger als zwei Essanfälle pro Woche, was mit den Patientenratings einer “(sehr) guten Besserung“ (49.3%) korrespondierte. Schlussfolgerung: Der untersuchte Therapieansatz an stationären Patientinnen erwies sich einem zuvor erfolgreich getesteten Ansatz an weniger stark beeinträchtigten ambulanten Patientinnen als gut vergleichbar. Auf Grund der sehr guten Erfolge bei einem hohen Anteil der Patientinnen wird diskutiert, ob Ansätze wie der hier untersuchte eine Alternative zu langdauernden ambulanten Therapien und stationären Breitbandprogrammen darstellen.
Stress und Coping bei Paaren mit einem verhaltensauffälligen Kind
Authors: Gabriel Barbara , Bodenmann Guy
Published: January 2006

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund und Fragestellung: Obgleich einige Forschungsbefunde vorliegen, welche ein erhöhtes Stressniveau in verschiedenen Lebensbereichen bei Eltern mit einem verhaltensauffälligen Kind belegen, sind Vergleichsuntersuchungen zur elterlichen Stressbewältigung eher selten. Methode: Es wurden drei Elterngruppen (N = 83) von Kindern im Alter von 6 bis 14 Jahren (Elternpaare von Kindern mit externalisierenden Verhaltensausauffälligkeiten und Aufmerksamkeitsproblemen, Eltern von Kindern mit nur externalisierenden Verhaltensauffälligkeiten und Kontrollgruppeneltern) mit multivariaten Varianzanalysen bezüglich Stress, individuellen und dyadischen Copings miteinander verglichen. Ergebnisse: Neben einem erhöhten Stressniveau berichteten Eltern von Kindern mit Aufmerksamkeitsproblemen und externalisierenden Verhaltensauffälligkeiten über ein ungünstigeres dyadisches Coping. Schlussfolgerung: Die Befunde sprechen dafür, dass bei dieser Elterngruppe eine Förderung der partnerschaftlichen Stressbewältigung dazu beitragen könnte, die hohen Anforderungen, welche diese Problemkonstellation an die Familie stellt, gemeinsam angehen zu können.
Lightweight dew-/frost-point hygrometer based on a surface-acoustic-wave sensor for balloon-borne atmospheric water vapor profile sounding
Authors: Hansford Graeme M. , Freshwater Ray A. , Eden Louise , Turnbull Katharine F. V. , Hadaway David E. , Ostanin Victor P. , Jones Roderic L.
Published: January 2006

The design of a very lightweight dew-/frost-point hygrometer for balloon-borne atmospheric water vapor profiling is described. The instrument is based on a surface-acoustic-wave sensor. The low instrument weight is a key feature, allowing flights on meteorological balloons which brings many more flight opportunities. The hygrometer shows consistently good performance in the troposphere and while water vapor measurements near the tropopause and in the stratosphere are possible with the current instrument, the long-time response in these regions hampers realistic measurements. The excellent intrinsic sensitivity of the surface-acoustic-wave sensor should permit considerable improvement in the hygrometer performance in the very dry regions of the atmosphere.
Investigations of time delays in microwave breakdown initiation
Authors: Dorozhkina D. , Semenov V. , Olsson T. , Anderson D. , Jordan U. , Puech J. , Lapierre L. , Lisak M.
Published: January 2006

A detailed theoretical as well as experimental investigation has been made of the statistical properties of rf corona breakdown thresholds, relevant to situations where no artificial electron seeding is used and the electron breakdown avalanche is initiated from the weak naturally occurring electron seeding, primarily due to cosmic radiation. Good qualitative as well as quantitative understanding has been obtained concerning the statistical properties of the breakdown initiation process and its consequences for the observed breakdown threshold. Comparisons between theoretical predictions and experimental results show a good agreement.
Excited-state dynamics of acetylene excited to individual rotational level of the V4K1 subband
Authors: Makarov Vladimir I. , Kochubei Sergei A. , Khmelinskii Igor V.
Published: January 2006

Dynamics of the IR emission induced by excitation of the acetylene molecule using the (32Ka0,1,2,ÃAu1←41la1,X̃Σg+1) transition was investigated. The observed IR emission was assigned to transitions between the ground-state vibrational levels. Acetylene fluorescence quenching induced by external electric and magnetic fields acting upon the system prepared using the (34Ka1,ÃAu1←00la0,X̃Σg+1) excitation was also studied. External electric field creates an additional radiationless pathway to the ground-state levels, coupling levels of the ÃAu1 excited state to the quasiresonant levels of the X̃Σg+1 ground state. The level density of the ground state in the vicinity of the excited state is very high, thus the electric-field-induced transition is irreversible, with the rate constant described by the Fermi rule. Magnetic field alters the decay profile without changing the fluorescence quantum yield in collisionless conditions. IR emission from the CCH transient was detected, and was also affected by the external electric and magnetic fields. Acetylene predissociation was demonstrated to proceed by the direct S1→S0 mechanism. The results were explained using the previously developed theoretical approach, yielding values of the relevant model parameters.
Standard and nonstandard extensions of Lie algebras
Authors: Forte L. A. , Sciarrino A.
Published: January 2006

We study the problem of quadruple extensions of simple Lie algebras. We find that, adding a new simple root α+4, it is not possible to have an extended Kac-Moody algebra described by a Dynkin-Kac diagram with simple links and no loops between the dots, while it is possible if α+4 is a Borcherds imaginary simple root. We also comment on the root lattices of these new algebras. The folding procedure is applied to the simply laced triple extended Lie algebras, obtaining all the nonsimply laced ones. Nonstandard extension procedures for a class of Lie algebras are proposed. It is shown that the two-extensions of E8, with a dot simply linked to the Dynkin-Kac diagram of E9, are rank 10 subalgebras of E10. Finally the simple root systems of a set of rank 11 subalgebras of E11, containing as sub-algebra E10, are explicitly written.
Magnetic monopole in the loop representation
Authors: Leal Lorenzo , López Alexander
Published: January 2006

We quantize, within the Loop Representation formalism, the electromagnetic field in the presence of a static magnetic pole. It is found that the loop-dependent physical wave functionals of the quantum Maxwell theory become multivalued, through a topological phase factor depending on the solid angle subtended at the monopole by a surface bounded by the loop. It is discussed how this fact generalizes what occurs in ordinary quantum mechanics in multiply connected spaces.
Crystal and electronic structures of LiNH2
Authors: Yang J. B. , Zhou X. D. , Cai Q. , James W. J. , Yelon W. B.
Published: January 2006

The crystal structure of LiNH2 was reinvestigated using powder neutron diffraction with high sensitivity. The compound crystallizes in the tetragonal space group I4¯ with lattice parameters a=b=5.03442(24)Å,c=10.25558(52)Å. It is found that H atoms occupy 8g1(0.2429, 0.1285, 0.1910) and 8g2 (0.3840, 0.3512, 0.1278) sites. The bond lengths between the nearest nitrogen and hydrogen atoms are 0.986 and 0.942 Å, respectively. The bond angle between H–N–H is about 99.97°. These results are significantly different from those of previous experiments. The electronic structure was calculated according to the revised structural data. The calculated density of states and charge density distribution show strong ionic characteristics between the ionic Li+ cation and the covalent bonded [NH2]− anion.
Equation of state for the “electrostatic pressure” in dusty plasmas
Authors: Avinash K.
Published: January 2006

The “electrostatic pressure” is caused by the repulsion between shielded dust particles and arises due to an inhomogeneous distribution of dust within the plasma background. An equation of state, which relates this pressure to the dust density, is obtained and some properties of this equation are discussed. Furthermore, it is shown that for typical experimental parameters, this pressure could be significant and a good fraction of the background plasma pressure. Using this equation of state, the dispersion relation of the sound wave is obtained which shows that it slows down with increasing dust density.
Femtosecond time-resolved optical pump-probe spectroscopy at kilohertz-scan-rates over nanosecond-time-delays without mechanical delay line
Authors: Bartels A. , Hudert F. , Janke C. , Dekorsy T. , Köhler K.
Published: January 2006

We demonstrate a technique for femtosecond time-resolved optical pump-probe spectroscopy that allows to scan over a nanosecond time delay at a kilohertz scan rate without mechanical delay line. Two mode-locked femtosecond lasers with approximately 1 GHz repetition rate are linked at a fixed difference frequency of ΔfR=11kHz. One laser delivers the pump pulses, the other provides the probe pulses. The relative time delay is linearly ramped between zero and the inverse laser repetition frequency at a rate ΔfR, enabling high-speed scanning over a 1 ns time delay. The advantages of this method for all-optical pump-probe experiments become evident in an observation of coherent acoustic phonons in a semiconductor superlattice via transient reflectivity changes. A detection shot-noise limited signal resolution of 7×10−8 is obtained with a total measurement time of 250 s. The time resolution is 230 fs.
Luminescence from colloidal 3C-SiC nanocrystals in different solvents
Authors: Fan J. Y. , Wu X. L. , Li H. X. , Liu H. W. , Siu G. G. , Chu Paul K.
Published: January 2006

We have investigated the role of the solvents in the luminescence from colloidal 3C-SiC suspensions. By dispersing electrochemically etched polycrystalline 3C-SiC wafers in water, ethanol, or toluene, we have fabricated suspensions of 3C-SiC nanocrystals that exhibit intense photoluminescence. By taking into account the quantum confinement effect and observed size distributions of the 3C-SiC crystallites, a simple model is formulated to explain the photoluminescence spectra. Our results show that the colloidal 3C-SiC nanocrystals are robust and intense emitters that have good chemical stability and biocompatibility. They are thus useful in biotechnology and nano-optoelectronics applications.
A comprehensive description of the transcriptome of the hypothalamoneurohypophyseal system in euhydrated and dehydrated rats
Authors: Hindmarch Charles , Yao Song , Beighton Gemma , Paton Julian , Murphy David
Published: January 2006

The hypothalamoneurohypophyseal system (HNS) consists of the large peptidergic magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic hypo thalamic nucleus (SON) and the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), the axons of which course through the internal zone of the median eminence and terminate at blood capillaries of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The HNS is a specialized brain neurosecretory apparatus responsible for the production of the antidiuretic peptide hormone vasopressin (VP). VP maintains water balance by promoting water conservation at the level of the kidney. Dehydration evokes a massive increase in the regulated release of VP from magnocellular neuron axon terminals in the posterior pituitary, which is accompanied by a plethora of changes in the morphology, electrophysiological properties, and biosynthetic and secretory activity of the HNS. We wish to understand this functional plasticity in terms of the differential expression of genes. We have therefore used microarrays to comprehensively catalog the genes expressed in the PVN, the SON and the neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary gland of control and dehydrated rats. Comparison of these gene lists has enabled us to identify transcripts that are regulated as a consequence of dehydration as well as RNAs that are enriched in the PVN or the SON. We suggest that these differentially expressed genes represent candidate regulators and effectors of HNS activity and remodeling.
Generalized multidimensional scaling: A framework for isometry-invariant partial surface matching
Authors: Bronstein Alexander M. , Bronstein Michael M. , Kimmel Ron
Published: January 2006

An efficient algorithm for isometry-invariant matching of surfaces is presented. The key idea is computing the minimum-distortion mapping between two surfaces. For this purpose, we introduce the generalized multidimensional scaling, a computationally efficient continuous optimization algorithm for finding the least distortion embedding of one surface into another. The generalized multidimensional scaling algorithm allows for both full and partial surface matching. As an example, it is applied to the problem of expression-invariant three-dimensional face recognition.
Genomic fossils as a snapshot of the human transcriptome
Authors: Shemesh Ronen , Novik Amit , Edelheit Sarit , Sorek Rotem
Published: January 2006

Processed pseudogenes (PPGs) are cDNA sequences that were generated through reverse transcription of mature, spliced mRNAs and have subsequently been reinserted at a new genomic location. These cDNA sequences are usually no longer transcribed and are considered “dead on arrival.” Here we show that PPGs can be used to generate a map of the transcriptome. By analyzing thousands of human PPGs, we were able to discover hundreds of transcript variants so far unidentified. An experimental verification of a subset of these variants by RT-PCR indicates that most of them are still active in the human transcriptome. Furthermore, we demonstrate that PPGs can enable the identification of ancient splice variants that were expressed ancestrally but are now extinct. Our results show that the genome itself carries a “virtual cDNA library” that can readily be used to analyze both present and ancestral transcripts. Our approach can be applied to sequenced metazoan genomes to computationally annotate splicing variation even when expressed sequences are unavailable.
An early specific cell-cell interaction occurs in the production of β-amyloid in cell cultures
Authors: Dewji Nazneen N. , Mukhopadhyay Debashis , Singer S. Jonathan
Published: January 2006

We have earlier proposed that a cell-cell interaction, mediated by the specific binding of molecules of the β-amyloid precursor protein (β-APP) on one cell surface with molecules of presenilin (PS) on the other cell surface, is a required initial step in the ultimate production of β-amyloid (Aβ) from β-APP. Aβ is widely believed to be the neurotoxic agent in Alzheimer's disease. In this paper, we test this proposal by modifying cells to express surface β-APP but no PS, and other cells to express surface PS but no β-APP. Coculturing these two cell populations at appropriate cell densities produces substantial amounts of Aβ that appear both in cell extracts and culture media. Such Aβ production could occur only if the two cell types interacted with one another to provide the β-APP and the PS required for the generation of Aβ. The addition to the coculture, from the start, of the soluble specific N-terminal domain of the appropriate PS significantly reduces the amount of Aβ produced. These and related experiments, therefore, suggest a very different mechanism for Aβ production than the one that is currently widely accepted.
The central region of HDM2 provides a second binding site for p53
Authors: Yu Grace W. , Rudiger Stefan , Veprintsev Dmitry , Freund Stefan , Fernandez-Fernandez M. Rosario , Fersht Alan R.
Published: January 2006

HDM2 is a negative regulator of p53 that inhibits its transcriptional activity and subjects it to degradation by an E3 ligase activity. The primary binding site for HDM2 on p53 is located in its N-terminal domain. A second site on the p53 core domain (p53C) binds to an unidentified site in HDM2. We found that this site is in its acidic domain and part of the zinc finger domain by examining the interaction of full-length and domain constructs of p53 with the N-terminal region of HDM2 and peptide arrays derived from the full-length protein. NMR spectroscopy showed that peptides derived from this region of HDM2 bound to residues in the specific DNA-binding site of p53C. The peptides were displaced from the site by
gadd45
sequence-specific DNA. Phosphorylation of single amino acids in the central domain of HDM2 did not abolish the interaction between the HDM2-derived peptides and p53C. We speculate that this second binding site helps in stabilizing the interaction between HDM2 and p53 during p53 degradation.
The effects of host physiology on the attraction of tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae) andStomoxys(Diptera: Muscidae) to cattle
Authors: Torr S.J. , Mangwiro T.N.C. , Hall D.R.
Published: January 2006

In Zimbabwe, studies were made of the numbers of tsetse (Glossinaspp.) and stable flies (Stomoxysspp.) attracted to cattle of different nutritional status, age and sex. Host odours were analysed to determine the physiological basis of these differences and improved methods are described for measuring rates of production of kairomones. Seasonal fluctuations in host weight, related to changes in pasture quality, had no significant effect on attraction of tsetse orStomoxys. However, both attraction to different individuals and carbon dioxide production by these individuals were strongly correlated with weight, suggesting a possible link. Attraction to the odour from different types of cattle decreased in the order ox > cow > heifer > calf, and oxen were twice as attractive as calves of less than 12 months old. Lactation did not alter the relative attractiveness of cows. Calves less than six months old produced lower levels of carbon dioxide, acetone, octenol and phenols than oxen, but for older calves and cows, levels of production of known kairomones and repellents were similar to those of an ox. Carbon dioxide produced by cattle varied according to time of day and the animal's weight; cattle weighing 500 kg produced carbon dioxide at a mean rate of 2.0 l min−1in the morning and 2.8 l min−1in the afternoon compared to respective rates of 1.1 and 1.9 l min−1for cattle weighing 250 kg. Artificially adjusting the doses of carbon dioxide produced by individual cattle to make them equivalent did not remove significant differences in attractiveness for tsetse but did forStomoxys. Increasing the dose of carbon dioxide from 1 to 4 l min−1in a synthetic blend of identified kairomones simulating those produced by a single ox, increased attractiveness to tsetse but not to the level of an ox. The results suggest that the main sources of differences in the attractiveness of individual cattle are likely to be variation in the production of carbon dioxide and, for tsetse, other unidentified kairomone(s). The biological and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
The ancestral human diet: what was it and should it be a paradigm for contemporary nutrition?
Authors: Eaton S. Boyd
Published: January 2006

Awareness of the ancestral human diet might advance traditional nutrition science. The human genome has hardly changed since the emergence of behaviourally-modern humans in East Africa 100–50×103 years ago; genetically, man remains adapted for the foods consumed then. The best available estimates suggest that those ancestors obtained about 35% of their dietary energy from fats, 35% from carbohydrates and 30% from protein. Saturated fats contributed approximately 7·5% total energy and harmful trans-fatty acids contributed negligible amounts. Polyunsaturated fat intake was high, with n−6:n−3 approaching 2:1 (v. 10:1 today). Cholesterol consumption was substantial, perhaps 480 mg/d. Carbohydrate came from uncultivated fruits and vegetables, approximately 50% energy intake as compared with the present level of 16% energy intake for Americans. High fruit and vegetable intake and minimal grain and dairy consumption made ancestral diets base-yielding, unlike today's acid-producing pattern. Honey comprised 2–3% energy intake as compared with the 15% added sugars contribute currently. Fibre consumption was high, perhaps 100 g/d, but phytate content was minimal. Vitamin, mineral and (probably) phytochemical intake was typically 1·5 to eight times that of today except for that of Na, generally <1000 mg/d, i.e. much less than that of K. The field of nutrition science suffers from the absence of a unifying hypothesis on which to build a dietary strategy for prevention; there is no Kuhnian paradigm, which some researchers believe to be a prerequisite for progress in any scientific discipline. An understanding of human evolutionary experience and its relevance to contemporary nutritional requirements may address this critical deficiency.
Is there a role for dietary salicylates in health?
Authors: Paterson John , Baxter Gwen , Lawrence James , Duthie Garry
Published: January 2006

Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirinTM; 2-acetoxybenzoic acid) has been used for >100 years for pain relief and to treat inflammatory conditions and fevers. More recently, regular intake has been associated with decreased incidence of certain cancers, particularly colon cancer. After absorption aspirin is very rapidly hydrolysed to salicylic acid (2-hydroxybenzoic acid). The anti-cancer effects of aspirin may be a result of salicylic acid reducing the transcription of prostaglandin H2-synthase and thereby the synthesis of pro-inflammatory and potentially-neoplastic prostaglandins. Salicylic acid is widely present in plants and functions as a hormonal mediator of the systemic acquired resistance response to pathogen attack and environmental stress. Thus, it is present in a large range of fruit, vegetables, herbs and spices of dietary relevance. Consequently, the recognised effect of consuming fruit and vegetables on lowering risk of colon cancer may be partly attributable to salicylates in plant-based foods. The present review discusses which types of fruit and vegetables are the richest source of salicylates and whether they are sufficiently released from the food matrix to modify the key cellular events associated with the pathogenesis of colon cancer.
Glycaemic index and metabolic disease risk
Authors: Aston Louise M.
Published: January 2006

There is growing evidence that the type of carbohydrate consumed is important in relation to metabolic disease risk, and there is currently particular interest in the role of low-glycaemic-index (GI) foods. Observational studies have associated low-GI diets with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes and CHD, and improvements in various metabolic risk factors have been seen in some intervention studies. However, findings have been mixed and inconsistent. There are a number of plausible mechanisms for the effects of these foods on disease risk, which arise from the differing metabolic responses to low- and high-GI foods, with low-GI foods resulting in reductions in hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia and late postprandial circulating NEFA levels. Low-GI foods may also increase satiety and delay the return of hunger compared with high-GI foods, which could translate into reduced energy intake at later time points. However, the impact of a low-GI diet on body weight is controversial, with many studies confounded by dietary manipulations that differ in aspects other than GI. There is currently much interest in GI from scientists, health professionals and the public, but more research is needed before clear conclusions can be drawn about relationships with metabolic disease risk.
KIF14 and citron kinase act together to promote efficient cytokinesis
Authors: Gruneberg Ulrike , Neef Rüdiger , Li Xiuling , Chan Eunice H.Y. , Chalamalasetty Ravindra B. , Nigg Erich A. , Barr Francis A.
Published: January 2006

Multiple mitotic kinesins and microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) act in concert to direct cytokinesis (Glotzer, M. 2005. Science. 307:1735–1739). In anaphase cells, many of these proteins associate with an antiparallel array of microtubules termed the central spindle. The MAP and microtubule-bundling protein PRC1 (protein-regulating cytokinesis 1) is one of the key molecules required for the integrity of this structure (Jiang, W., G. Jimenez, N.J. Wells, T.J. Hope, G.M. Wahl, T. Hunter, and R. Fukunaga. 1998. Mol. Cell. 2:877–885; Mollinari, C., J.P. Kleman, W. Jiang, G. Schoehn, T. Hunter, and R.L. Margolis. 2002. J. Cell Biol. 157:1175–1186). In this study, we identify an interaction between endogenous PRC1 and the previously uncharacterized kinesin KIF14 as well as other mitotic kinesins (MKlp1/CHO1, MKlp2, and KIF4) with known functions in cytokinesis (Hill, E., M. Clarke, and F.A. Barr. 2000. EMBO J. 19:5711–5719; Matuliene, J., and R. Kuriyama. 2002. Mol. Biol. Cell. 13:1832–1845; Kurasawa, Y., W.C. Earnshaw, Y. Mochizuki, N. Dohmae, and K. Todokoro. 2004. EMBO J. 23:3237–3248). We find that KIF14 targets to the central spindle via its interaction with PRC1 and has an essential function in cytokinesis. In KIF14-depleted cells, citron kinase but not other components of the central spindle and cleavage furrow fail to localize. Furthermore, the localization of KIF14 and citron kinase to the central spindle and midbody is codependent, and they form a complex depending on the activation state of citron kinase. Contrary to a previous study (Di Cunto, F., S. Imarisio, E. Hirsch, V. Broccoli, A. Bulfone, A. Migheli, C. Atzori, E. Turco, R. Triolo, G.P. Dotto, et al. 2000. Neuron. 28:115–127), we find a general requirement for citron kinase in human cell division. Together, these findings identify a novel pathway required for efficient cytokinesis.
A bound for ratios of eigenvalues of Schrödinger operators with single-well potentials
Authors: Horváth Miklós , Kiss Márton
Published: January 2006

For Schrödinger operators with nonnegative single-well potentials ratios of eigenvalues are extremal only in the case of zero potential. To prove this, we investigate some monotonicity properties of Prüfer-type variables.
Avoiding the projective hierarchy in expansions of the real field by sequences
Authors: Miller Chris
Published: January 2006

Some necessary conditions are given on infinitely oscillating real functions and infinite discrete sets of real numbers so that first-order expansions of the field of real numbers by such functions or sets do not define

N

\mathbb N

. In particular, let

f
:

R

→

R

f\colon \mathbb R\to \mathbb R

be such that

lim

x
→
+
∞

f
(
x
)
=
+
∞

\lim _{x\to +\infty }f(x)=+\infty

,

f
(
x
)
=
O
(

e

x
N

)

f(x)=O(e^{x^N})

as

x
→
+
∞

x\to +\infty

for some

N
∈

N

N\in \mathbb N

,

(

R

,
+
,
⋅
,
f
)

(\mathbb R, +,\cdot ,f)

is o-minimal, and the expansion of

(

R

,
+
,
⋅
)

(\mathbb R,+,\cdot )

by the set

{

f
(
k
)
:
k
∈

N

}

\{\,f(k):k\in \mathbb {N}\,\}

does not define 

N

\mathbb N

. Then there exist

r
>
0

r>0

and

P
∈

R

[
x
]

P\in \mathbb R[x]

such that

f
(
x
)
=

e

P
(
x
)

(
1
+
O
(

e

−
r
x

)
)

f(x)=e^{P(x)}(1+O(e^{-rx}))

as

x
→
+
∞

x\to +\infty

.
Characterization of modules of finite projective dimension over complete intersections
Authors: Li Jinjia
Published: January 2006

Let

M
M

be a finitely generated module over a local complete intersection

R
R

of characteristic

p
>
0

p>0

. The property that

M
M

has finite projective dimension can be characterized by the vanishing of

ext
R
i

⁡
(

f
n

R
,
M
)

\operatorname {ext}_R^i({}^{f^n}\!\! R,M)

for some

i
>
0

i>0

and for some

n
>
0

n>0

.
A note on periodic points of order preserving subhomogeneous maps
Authors: Lemmens Bas , Sparrow Colin
Published: January 2006

Let

R

+
n

\mathbb {R}_+^n

be the standard closed positive cone in

R

n

\mathbb {R}^n

and let

Γ
(

R

+
n

)

\Gamma (\mathbb {R}_+^n)

be the set of integers

p
≥
1

p\geq 1

for which there exists a continuous, order preserving, subhomogeneous map

f
:

R

+
n

→

R

+
n

f\colon \mathbb {R}_+^n\to \mathbb {R}_+^n

, which has a periodic point with period

p
p

. It has been shown by Akian, Gaubert, Lemmens, and Nussbaum that

Γ
(

R

+
n

)

\Gamma (\mathbb {R}_+^n)

is contained in the set

B
(
n
)

B(n)

consisting of those

p
≥
1

p\geq 1

for which there exist integers

q
1

q_1

and

q
2

q_2

such that

p
=

q
1

q
2

p=q_1q_2

,

1
≤

q
1

≤

(

n
m

)

1\leq q_1\leq {n\choose m}

, and

1
≤

q
2

≤

(

m

⌊
m

/

2
⌋

)

1\leq q_2\leq {m\choose \lfloor m/2\rfloor }

for some

1
≤
m
≤
n

1\leq m\leq n

. This note shows that

Γ
(

R

+
n

)
=
B
(
n
)

\Gamma (\mathbb {R}_+^n)=B(n)

for all

n
≥
1

n\geq 1

.
Separate continuity, joint continuity and the Lindelöf property
Authors: Kenderov Petar , Moors Warren
Published: January 2006

In this paper we prove a theorem more general than the following. Suppose that

X
X

is Lindelöf and

α
\alpha

-favourable and

Y
Y

is Lindelöf and Čech-complete. Then for each separately continuous function

f
:
X
×
Y
→

R

f:X\times Y \rightarrow \mathbb {R}

there exists a residual set

R
R

in

X
X

such that

f
f

is jointly continuous at each point of

R
×
Y

R\times Y

.
ent-Epiafzelechin-(4α→8)-epiafzelechin extracted from Cassia javanica inhibits herpes simplex virus type 2 replication
Authors: Cheng Hua-Yew , Yang Chien-Min , Lin Ta-Chen , Shieh Den-En , Lin Chun-Ching
Published: January 2006

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a ubiquitous organism that causes infections in human populations throughout the world. It causes a variety of diseases ranging in severity from mild to life-threatening. In this study,ent-epiafzelechin-(4α→8)-epiafzelechin (EEE) extracted from the fresh leaves ofCassia javanicaL.agnesde Wit (Leguminosae) was investigated for itsin vitroanti-HSV-2 activity using XTT and plaque reduction assays. Results showed that EEE inhibited HSV-2 replication in a dose-dependent manner. The IC50value was 83·8±10·9 and 166·8±12·9 μM for XTT and plaque reduction assays, respectively. EEE did not affect the viability and the proliferation of cells at antiviral concentrations. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that EEE prevented HSV-2 from penetrating the cell and also interfered with HSV-2 replication at the late stage of its life cycle. It also disturbed virus attachment but the inhibitory effect was minor. In summary, the conclusion of this study was that EEE exhibits various modes of action in suppressing HSV-2 multiplication.
Efficient resolution of Pneumocystis murina infection in surfactant protein A-deficient mice following withdrawal of corticosteroid-induced immunosuppression
Authors: Linke Michael , Ashbaugh Alan , Koch Judith , Tanaka Reiko , Walzer Peter
Published: January 2006

Following withdrawal of immunosuppression, surfactant protein A (SP-A)-deficient and wild-type mice clearedPneumocystis murinainfection in a similar manner, but exhibited significant differences in lymphocyte populations, interleukin (IL)-6 levels and chemokine expression levels. A higher percentage of lymphocytes were detected in lung lavage fluid from SP-A-deficient mice, but more CD4+ T cells were isolated from lung tissue of wild-type mice. Higher concentrations of IL-6 were detected in lavage fluid and enhanced expression of lymphotactin and RANTES were detected in the lungs of wild-type mice. Equal levels of surfactant protein D were detected in SP-A-deficient and wild-type mice and no differences were detected in markers of lung injury between the two strains of mice. Thus, SP-A does not enhance organism clearance, but does modulate the host immune response during resolution ofP. murinainfection.
Collective consumption and welfare
Authors: Donni Olivier
Published: January 2006

Abstract.  In this paper, we present a collective model of household demand based on Pareto‐efficiency. In addition, we suppose that (a) each household member is egoistic and consumption is purely private, (b) there is a set of distribution factors and (c) there is one exclusive good. Then we derive the testable restrictions that are implied by this theoretical setting and show how welfare comparisons at the individual level can be performed. JEL classification: D11
The seasonality of banking failures during the late National Banking Era
Authors: Gomis‐Porqueras Pere , Smith Bruce
Published: January 2006

Abstract.  In this paper, we expand previous models with banks and money and explore the consequences of seasonals in the banking system. We find that, when bank failures occur, not all of them have associated large output losses and currency premiums exist. We show that the most important sources of seasonal fluctuations for the banking system are those related to the return on farming activities and the scrapping value of the initial investment. Finally, this model is consistent with the notion that the Treasury is more likely to accommodate the money market in periods where the liquidity needs are higher. JEL classification: E50, F41
Neoplasia in Fish—A Bibliography
Authors: Mawdesley‐Thomas Lionel E.
Published: January 2006

Knowledge is of two kinds. We know a subject ourselves or we know where we can find information upon it.

Samuel Johnson (1775)
Some factors affecting the catching power of unbaited fish traps†
Authors: Stott Brian
Published: January 2006

Perch Perca fluviatilis L. newly introduced into waters were markedly vulnerable to traps for up to four or five days. Thereafter catches tended to be positively correlated with water temperature up to about 10.5°C and negatively correlated at higher temperatures. The catching power of traps is low; at a density of one per 354 m2 water surface, traps caught from 0.9 to 6.8 % and 0.3 to 1.4% of a perch and roach Rutilus rutilus (L.) population per day. Perch did not become ‘trap‐shy’ and fin clipping did not affect their vulnerability. Applications of 0.1 to 0.5 ppm copper sulphate resulted in up to an 11‐fold increase in catches.
The fatty acids of some marine teleosts
Authors: Culkin F. , Morris R. J.
Published: January 2006

The lipids of five mesopelagic species of myctophid, two mesopelagic species of stomia‐toid, and one epipelagic species of Macrorhamphosidae from the eastern‐North Atlantic have been examined by thin‐layer chromatography and their fatty acid compositions have been determined by gas‐liquid chromatography.
A study of salmonid populations of the River Teify and tributaries near Tregaron
Authors: Jones A. Neville
Published: January 2006

Population estimates of Salmo sular L. and Salmo trutta L. were made by electrofishing at 39 stations spaced along the main river and tributaries. Within the tributaries there was a tendency for the standing crop, the average weight of individual fish and the proportion of juvenile salmon to trout to decline in an upstream direction The survey included an ayessnient of a salmon alevin restocking project.
The acute lethal toxicity to rainbow trout of mixtures of copper, phenol, zinc and nickel†
Authors: Brown V. M. , Dalton R. A.
Published: January 2006

The acute lethal toxicities to rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, of mixtures of copper and phenol, of copper, zinc and phenol, and of copper, zinc and nickel, over an exposure period of 48 h were determined. The concentrations selected for testing were such that each poison theoretically contributed equally to the toxicity of the mixture. It was found that the toxicities of these mixtures could be adequately predicted by summation of the fractional toxicities of the particular poisons which were present.
The status of the burbot Lota lota (L.) (Gadidae) in Britain
Authors: Marlborough D.
Published: January 2006

Records of burbot Lota lota (L.) captures from the early nineteenth century to the present have been gathered and arranged watershed by watershed in chronological order. Most are from eastward‐flowing river systems from Durham southwards to the Great Ouse, but a few records from westward‐flowing systems are considered. In many areas the records imply a decline of burbot numbers and distribution during the present century, though burbot may never have been more than locally abundant. Local over‐fishing, pollution and habitat changes are considered the most likely causes of decline. Conservation measures seem desirable.
Biology of the emerald shiner Notropis atherinoides Rafinesque in Lake Simcoe, Canada
Authors: Campbell J. S. , MacCrimmon H. R.
Published: January 2006

The study of the emerald shiner Notropis atherinoides Rafinesque was conducted in 1967 and 1968 in Lake Simcoe, a eutrophic inland lake with an area of 725 km2 situated in the Province of Ontario, Canada. On the basis of meristic characters, the emerald shiner of Lake Simcoe conforms to the classical description of the species and is not distinct from the form inhabiting the Great Lakes. Annulus formation occurred in early June on age I fish but second and third annuli were not formed on older fish until late July through August.Young‐of‐the‐year emerald shiners reached a total length of 45 mm by October; age I were 81 mm and age II measured 92 mm by the same month. By September, age I female emerald shiners attained a size superiority of 5 mm over males of that age group and by the end of the third summer age II females exceeded age II males by 8 mm. Spawning occurred offshore in the latter part of July when surface water temperatures approximated 20°C. Of the three age groups, age II specimens were the most prevalent on the spawning grounds. Average absolute fecundity was 3410 eggs in fish of all age classes combined. Differences in water temperature seem to strongly influence the seasonal distribution pattern of the emerald shiner. The final temperature preferendum of the species, as determined in a vertical temperature gradient tank, was 25°C. The emerald shiner is extensively utilized as a bait fish by anglers and appears to be an important forage fish. The plasticity of the species to adapt to a variety of ecological conditions and the species potential for high production favour its introduction to waters requiring a good converter in the food chain.
Observations on the biology of the giant goby Gobius Cobitis Pallas
Authors: Gibson R. N.
Published: January 2006

The biology of the giant goby,Gobius cobitisPallas, from a rocky shore in Brittany is described. The fish inhabits tidepools on the upper part of the shore and feeds mainly on algae and Crustacea. It attains an age of at least 10 years and grows to about 230 mm in total length. Breeding occurs in spring and early summer and females spawn twice each season. Fecundity varies from approximately 2 to 12,000 and is dependent upon size. The food and growth is briefly compared with that of a Mediterranean population.
On the life history of the nematode Raphidascaris acus (Bloch, 1779) in the natural environment of the River Bystřice, Czechoslovakia
Authors: Moravec F.
Published: January 2006

From April 1967 until July 1968 the life history of the nematode Rughiduscuris acus was followed in the natural environment of the River Bystfice. The incidence, intensity of infec‐tion, and also the maturation of the nematode in the definitive host (Saimo truttu m. fario) indicate that the life history of this parasite exhibits an obvious annual cycle, when adult egg‐producing female nematodes are present only from May until the beginning of July. This seasonal rhythm is largely due to changes in the food composition of the definitive host, although the effects of other factors cannot be excluded. In the River BystHce the main intermediate hosts of R. ucus are the bullhead (Cottus gobio) and the Siberian sculpin (Cottuspoecilopus) in the trout zone of the river and the stone Ioach (Noernacheilus barbutulus) in the lowland reaches. Larvae of the species Prodiamesa olivacca (Diptera: Chironomidue) were found to act as reservoir hosts for the second‐stage larvae of Raphiduscuris acus.
Bothriocephalus scorpii (Müller) (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) in turbot Scophthalmus maximus (L.) and brill S. rhombus (L.) from the southern North Sea
Authors: de Groot S. J.
Published: January 2006

Turbot (11–70 cm long) and brill (21–70 cm long) were collected in the summer of 1968 north of the Brown Bank, Texel Hole and were infected by Bothriocephalus scorpii. Infections occurred even in the first year of life of the fish. In turbot, with increasing length, the average weight of tapeworm rose from 0–6 to 14‐9 g/flsh. Brill were less commonly infected and then only slightly. The intermediate host of the tapeworm seems to be Gobius species, upon which juvenile turbot and brill prey most.
The food of the grayling Thymallus thymallus (L.) of the River Lugg, Herefordshire
Authors: Hellawell J. M.
Published: January 2006

The examination of the stomach contents of 253 grayling from the River Lugg has provided some evidence of a possible depression of feeding activity during the summer months. The diet was varied but bottom food predominated, especially insect larvae, Crustacea and molluscs. Some surface foods were taken but plant material was rarely eaten. Substrate material, detritus and debris and even large pebbles were eaten, mainly in summer. Most seasonal variations in the diet could be related to variations in availability. Fish were not eaten but cyprinid and salmonid eggs were eaten at the appropriate season. In general, increasing amounts of larger food items were eaten by the older grayling.
The interrelation of the size of fish eggs, the date of spawning and the production cycle
Authors: Bagenal T. B.
Published: January 2006

The variability in size of pelagic and demersal marine and freshwater fish eggs is examined. The difference between the smallest and largest volumes, based on published figures for the diameters, is large in many species. In marine species with planktonic eggs, the median percentage difference is just over 100%, and this is similar in species with demersal eggs and in freshwater fish.

The available evidence suggests that geographical differences in egg size are small, but in marine fish there is a well‐known seasonal decline in egg size. In herring it has previously been shown that egg size in different spawning groups can be correlated with the timing of the production cycle. A similar correlation can be seen in the seasonal shift in time and locality of spawning, and egg size, of the plaice. Sufficient data on seasonal freshwater fish egg variations are not available, but the time of spawning does appear to be linked with the availability of food for the larvae in both lake and stream species.
A readily recognizable tag for marking bream Abramis brama (L.)
Authors: Goldspink C. R. , Banks J. W.
Published: January 2006

The paper describes the use of chicken wing tags as a rapid method of marking bream, Abramis bvurnu. Experiments on captive fish suggest that mortality due to the tags is minimal, although the results of co‐variance analysis show that the tags effect the condition of the fish. An analysis of the recapture data is given.
Further note on the salmonid populations of the Lough Erne tributaries in Northern Ireland
Authors: Cragg‐Hine D.
Published: January 2006

Confirmatory evidence has been obtained that pre‐spawning losses from ulcerative dermal necrosis (UDN) may have affected recruitment of salmonid stocks in the Lough Erne spawning streams during 1967/68.
The occurrence of vibrio disease in wild Norwegian fish
Authors: Haastein T. , Holt G.
Published: January 2006

The occurrence of vibrio disease in coalfish, cod, dab, flounders, plaice and salmon from Norwegian waters is described. A description of the pathological findings and of the bacteriological examinations carried out is given. The causative agent was found to be Vibrio anguillarum, and the reactions of these Norwegian isolates in relation to previously described biotypes of V. anguillarum are discussed.
A small sonic tag for measurement of locomotor behaviour in fish
Authors: Young A. H. , Tytler P. , Holliday F. G. T. , MacFarlane A.
Published: January 2006

A technique for measuring the patterns and levels of swimming activity of unrestrained fish in their natural environment during a period of 24 h is described. The fish were marked with small tags which emitted continuous ultrasonic signals by which they could be located and tracked using submerged, remotely controlled, directional hydrophones. Preliminary results obtained from 2 brown trout (Sahno trutta) showed a pronounced diurnal activity pattern and remarkably low swimming activity levels.
Karyotypic analysis of 2 sympatric species of fish, Fundulus heteroclitus L. and F. majalis
Authors: Fisher Paul B. , Rachlin Joseph W.
Published: January 2006

A chromosome study was performed on 2 sympatric species of marine fish, Fundulus heteroclitus L. and F. majalis. A modification of techniques which included the combination of the procedures of McPhail & Jones (1966) with those more recently developed by Ohnuki (1968), for demonstrating the spiral structure of cultured human leukocytes, resulted in clear and distinct chromosome spreads from gill epithelial cells of these 2 species. Optimum chromosome spreading and accumulation of metaphase figures resulted when specimens of F. heteroclitus received either a 0·28 ml or a 0·4 ml injection of a 0·1 % colcemid solution for 45 h and 48 h respectively. Best results in F. majalis occurred when specimens received a 0·1 ml dose of the 0·1 % colcemid solution for 22 1/2 h. Studies of the karyotypes of 18 specimens of F. heteroclitus and 9 specimens of F. majalis indicated that the 2N chromosome number for each species was 48.
Some observations upon the relationship of microhaematocrit values to haemoglobin concentrations and erythrocyte numbers in the carp Cyprinus carpio L. and brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill)*
Authors: Houston Arthur H. , DeWilde Mary Anne
Published: January 2006

Simultaneous determinations of microhaematocrit, erythrocyte numbers and haemoglobin concentrations have been obtained for samples of carp and trout of both sexes acclimated to various temperature regimes, and varying seasonal and nutritional states. Because haematological parameters have been used as indices of physiological condition in fishes correlational and multivariant regression analyses were carried out in an effort to determine whether valid correlations existed between the readily‐determined parameter, microhaematocrit, and the other 2 variables. Results obtained indicate that microhaematocrit can be used as a general index of haematological status in the carp but not the brook trout.