bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and Evaluation of Competitive Intelligence Based on Export Market Orientation
Authors: Mohammadi Mohammad Sadeq , Ghasemi Behrooz , Sarmadsaeedi Soheil
Published: May 2024

Objective: This research aims to develop and evaluate competitive intelligence based on export market orientation in exemplary exporting companies. Methodology: The current study is qualitative and has been conducted using grounded theory. In this study, 15 managers, professors, and researchers in the field of exports were interviewed through semi-structured deep interviews. Subsequently, the data obtained were analyzed through open, axial, and selective coding. Utilizing the results from the theoretical foundations review and the research background and content analysis of the interviews conducted, indicators were identified to enhance export market orientation and competitive intelligence. Findings: The development model for enhancing export market orientation includes three stages of open, axial, and selective coding, comprising six main categories: causal conditions, central phenomenon, strategies, intervening conditions, and consequences of enhancing export market orientation based on the development of competitive intelligence in exemplary exporting companies. Conclusion: The final model shows that a holistic approach and attention to various aspects of export market orientation based on competitive intelligence, considering causal, contextual, and intervening conditions, are essential.
Presenting a Model for Developing Employee Commitment in Iranian Government Organizations
Authors: Ghaffarian Samad , Memarzadeh Tehrani Gholamreza , Mohammadi Nabiollah , Farahmandian Arshad
Published: May 2024

Objective: Employee commitment [participation and role performance] typically encompasses mechanisms or methods that allow employees and their representatives to intervene in organizational decision-making within the company and to implement joint decisions regarding company management, thereby supporting the employees' viewpoint. Intervention and participation can be either direct or indirect. Methodology: The current research aimed to present a model for developing employee commitment in Iranian government organizations. This study is of mixed-methods research type (qualitative and quantitative). In the qualitative phase, the Delphi method and research literature were used to identify concepts, dimensions, and components. In the quantitative phase, the model presented in the qualitative part was tested using a questionnaire tool and the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method with a Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach. The statistical population in the qualitative phase for Delphi analysis included managers and heads (10 individuals) and academic professors (10 individuals), all of whom were selected as the sample population. The statistical population in the quantitative phase comprised all employees of government organizations under the Deputy for Human Resource Development of the Presidency, with the Agricultural Bank considered as one of the government organizations and banks for the quantitative section's population. A multi-stage random sampling method was used to select an appropriate research sample. The population size was 16,130 individuals, with a sample size of 376 based on Morgan's table. Findings: According to Delphi results, a total of 39 components were ultimately approved, and the quantitative phase questionnaire was designed based on 42 components. Considering the quantitative section's results, the dimensions of selection and employment, employee communications, empowerment, performance management, and compensation management had impact coefficients of 0.852, 0.798, 0.778, 0.88, and 0.773, respectively, in relation to processes. Furthermore, the dimensions of organizational culture, organizational structure, the country's ICT infrastructure, strategy and organizational goals, and the level of acceptance and development of EHRM had impact coefficients of 0.683, 0.796, 0.831, 0.923, and 0.822, respectively. The impact coefficients for processes and infrastructures were 0.954 and 0.895, respectively, in relation to the development of employee commitment. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that the research model has a high capability in measuring the main variables of the research. Given the standard nature of the model, the software findings are reliable.
Designing an Effective Marketing Policy Package in Free Trade Zones
Authors: Abbaspour Ehsan , Albonaiemi Ebrahim , Haghighi Mohammad
Published: May 2024

Objective: Corporate marketing policy is an important topic among policymakers and is considered a tool for achieving desirable economic growth and sustainable development. Accordingly, the purpose of this research was to design an effective marketing policy package in free trade zones. Methodology: The present study used a meta-synthesis approach and was applied in purpose. The sample consisted of 47 articles on marketing policies, and the same number of articles were selected as the sample size. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, and the Delphi method with 15 experts from academia and members of the Free Trade Zones Organization was used for data analysis. Findings: The findings indicated that the effective marketing policy package in free trade zones consists of 4 policies and 11 main components. The primary policies are as follows: foundational policies - main actions include (institutional framework and economic management aspects), supportive policies overcoming barriers and inhibitors include (political aspects and governmental policymaking), and facilitative-supportive policies include (social and cultural aspects and the creation of strategic marketing capabilities) and facilitative-supportive policies include (creation of practical marketing capabilities, internal capabilities, external capabilities, operational capabilities, and geographical aspects). Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be said that designing an effective marketing policy package in free trade zones, as it encompasses various policies and components, can assist economic system planners in devising the best strategies for these markets.
Explaining the Structural Model of Factors Influencing the Retention and Maintenance of Human Capital Based on Organizational Productivity
Authors: Salajeghe Sanjar , Mollaie Hamid Reza , Sayadi Saeed , Shokoh Zahra , Moradpoori Morad , Sepehri Saam
Published: May 2024

Objective: An organization demands its employees to possess the maximum potential benefits and expects them to meet organizational needs. Therefore, in a new perspective, the creation of an appropriate environment for the retention and maintenance of human capital and its connection to increased organizational productivity has been introduced as an important step towards the realization and achievement of objectives, including organizational productivity. The aim of this paper is to explain the structural model of factors effective in retaining and maintaining human capital based on organizational productivity in the National Iranian Oil Company. Methodology: The research method was descriptive-survey, and the statistical population consisted of senior managers and deputies in the human resources domain from the National Iranian Oil Company in headquarters and field staff (582 individuals), of whom 235 were selected as the sample using Cochran's formula. Interviews and questionnaires were used as data collection tools, validated through content and construct validity, and reliability was established using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. For data analysis, statistical methods and tests such as Pearson correlation coefficient, single variable t-test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used, employing SPSS and LISREL software. Findings: The results indicate that the investigation into creating an appropriate environment for retaining and maintaining human capital and increasing organizational productivity involves individual factors, organizational factors, and group factors, each including components that significantly impact the productivity of the organization at the National Iranian Oil Company. The research also showed that retaining and maintaining human capital is key to improving and increasing organizational productivity, with the most influential components on productivity in the National Iranian Oil Company being organizational factors—performance management (efficiency and effectiveness) with an impact of 0.85, merit selection with an impact of 0.83, intellectual capital smartization with an impact of 0.80, talent management with an impact of 0.80, and individual factors—ability and knowledge with an impact of 0.79. Conclusion: A comprehensive human resource retention program can play a vital role both in attracting and retaining key employees and in financial turnover and other human resource costs. These factors significantly aid organizational productivity and overall business performance. It is far more efficient to retain a competent employee than to hire, train, and guide a replacement with similar capabilities.
Social Structures and Family Systems: An Analysis of Cultural Influences
Authors: Yang Jiantang , McDonnell Maura
Published: May 2024

Objective: This narrative review aims to dissect the complex interplay between cultural influences, social structures, and family systems, highlighting how cultural contexts shape and are shaped by social dynamics and family relationships. Methods and Materials: Utilizing a descriptive narrative review methodology, this article synthesizes a wide range of peer-reviewed literature from 2000 to 2023. It employs a comprehensive search strategy across multiple databases, focusing on works that explore the nexus of culture, social structures, and family systems. Findings: The review uncovers significant evidence of the profound impact of cultural norms and values on the formation and functioning of family systems within various social structures. It identifies key patterns of cultural influence across different societal contexts, emphasizing the diversity of family dynamics and social interactions shaped by cultural backgrounds. Conclusion: Recognizing and understanding the cultural underpinnings of social structures and family systems is crucial for developing culturally sensitive theoretical frameworks, effective practices, and inclusive policies. This review underscores the importance of interdisciplinary approaches and cultural competence in addressing the complexities of social and family dynamics in a globalized world.
Quantum Computing: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Tamrakar Abha , Sharma Rishabh
Published: May 2024

Quantum computing has emerged as a revolutionary paradigm that promises to solve computational problems beyond the capabilities of classical computers. This comprehensive review paper explores the fundamentals, models, algorithms, technologies, challenges, and practical applications of quantum computing. The paper begins with an introduction to quantum computing, highlighting its defining features and significance. It then discusses the fundamentals of quantum computing, including qubits, quantum gates, quantum entanglement, and quantum parallelism. The paper also examines different quantum computing models, such as the circuit model, adiabatic model, quantum annealing, and topological quantum computing. It further explores quantum algorithms, including Shor's algorithm, Grover's algorithm, the quantum phase estimation algorithm, and the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA). Additionally, the paper delves into quantum error correction, fault-tolerant quantum computation, and error detection and correction methods. It discusses the challenges faced in quantum computing, such as decoherence, scalability, qubit connectivity, quantum software development, and quantum supremacy. The paper also reviews current quantum computing platforms, applications in cryptography, optimization, and machine learning, and future prospects and challenges in the field.
Advances in Discrete Mathematics: From Combinatorics to Cryptography
Authors: Bala Romi , Pandey Hemant
Published: May 2024

Discrete mathematics forms the foundation for various fields, including computer science and cryptography, by providing essential tools for problem-solving in discrete structures. This paper explores the advancements in discrete mathematics, focusing on combinatorics and cryptography. It discusses the basic concepts of combinatorics, such as permutations, combinations, and graph theory, along with their applications in modern cryptography. The paper also examines symmetric and public key cryptography algorithms, including DES, AES, RSA, and ECC, highlighting their key features and security mechanisms. Furthermore, it explores the role of discrete structures, such as sets, relations, functions, and lattices, in cryptography, emphasizing their importance in designing secure cryptographic systems. Overall, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the advancements in discrete mathematics and their applications in modern cryptography.
Monetary Policy in a Changing Economic Landscape: A Review
Authors: Kashyap Vandana
Published: May 2024

Monetary policy plays a critical role in shaping economic outcomes, influencing inflation, employment,and economic growth. This paper provides a comprehensive review of monetary policy, focusing on its historical evolution, tools and instruments, impact on changing economic landscapes, critiques, challenges, and future directions. The historical evolution section traces the development of monetary policy from pre-20th century barter systems to modern digital currencies. The tools and instruments section examines key tools such as interest rates,open market operations, and forward guidance. The impact section discusses how globalization, technological advancements, demographic shifts, and financial innovation affect monetary policy. Critiques and challenges highlight issues such as the effectiveness of monetary policy, central bank independence, the zero lower bound, and political challenges. Future directions consider potential changes in policy frameworks, the role of central banks in addressing economic challenges, and the importance of international cooperation. Case studies analyze monetary policy responses to the 2008 financial crisis, the Eurozone crisis, and the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for flexible, innovative, and internationally coordinated monetary policy frameworks to address evolving economic challenges.
Mathematical Methods in Image Processing: A Survey
Authors: Rao P. Hema , Padamwar Badri Vishal
Published: May 2024

Image processing is a fundamental field that plays a crucial role in various applications such as medical imaging, remote sensing, and computer vision. Mathematical methods form the foundation of image processing algorithms, providing the framework for understanding image properties and designing efficient processing techniques. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of the mathematical methods used in image processing, including digital image representation, image enhancement, restoration, and segmentation. Advanced mathematical methods such as sparse representations, variational methods, Markov random fields, and deep learning techniques are also discussed, highlighting their significance in advancing the field of image processing. The applications of mathematical methods in various domains, including medical imaging, satellite image analysis, forensic image analysis, and industrial image processing, are explored. Finally, the survey discusses the challenges faced by researchers in image processing, such as computational complexity, big data management, interdisciplinary research trends, and emerging technologies, and suggests future directions for research in this area.
Digital Twin Technology: Concepts and Applications
Authors: Tripathi Diwakar R. , Nishad Dipesh Kumar
Published: May 2024

Digital twin technology has emerged as a powerful tool for modeling and simulating complex systems in various industries. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of digital twin technology, including its definition, historical background, key concepts, and components. The paper also explores the different types of digital twins, such as product twins, process twins, system twins, and enterprise twins, and discusses their applications in the manufacturing, healthcare, and smart cities sectors. Furthermore, the paper examines the challenges facing digital twin technology, such as data privacy and security, integration with the Internet of Things (IoT), and the need for enhanced realism and interactivity. The paper concludes by highlighting the potential for artificial intelligence (AI) integration to further enhance the capabilities of digital twin technology and drive innovation in various industries.
Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: A Review
Authors: Sharma Rishabh
Published: May 2024

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technology in healthcare, promising to revolutionize various aspects of patient care, diagnosis, and treatment. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the applications, benefits, challenges, and future directions of AI in healthcare. The paper discusses the history of AI in healthcare, highlighting key milestones and advancements. It examines the current state of AI in healthcare, focusing on its applications in disease diagnosis and prediction, treatment personalization, medical imaging, and drug discovery. The review also addresses the challenges and limitations of AI in healthcare, including data privacy and security, integration with existing systems, ethical considerations, and patient acceptance. Finally, the paper explores potential advancements in AI healthcare, the integration of AI with other technologies, implications for healthcare professionals, and strategies for addressing challenges and limitations. Overall, the review emphasizes the transformative potential of AI in healthcare and the need for continued research and development to fully realize its benefits.
Mathematical Approaches to Network Science: Modeling and Analysis
Authors: Pandey Hemant , Bala Romi
Published: May 2024

Network science, a multidisciplinary field, employs mathematical approaches to model and analyze complex systems as networks or graphs. This paper provides an overview of the fundamental concepts, mathematical modeling techniques, analysis methods, and applications of network science. It emphasizes the importance of mathematical approaches in understanding the structure and dynamics of networks in various domains, including social, biological, and technological networks. The paper also discusses challenges such as scalability and incorporating dynamics, along with future research directions. Overall, mathematical approaches are essential for advancing network science and unlocking new insights into complex systems.
Wireless Sensor Networks: Technologies and Applications
Authors: Nishad Dipesh Kumar , Tripathi Diwakar R.
Published: May 2024

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have emerged as a key technology in various fields due to their ability to monitor and collect data in real-time. This paper provides a comprehensive review of WSNs, covering their fundamentals, technologies, applications, challenges, and future trends. The paper begins with an introduction to WSNs, discussing their basic architecture and components, communication protocols, and network topologies. It then explores the various applications of WSNs, including environmental monitoring, industrial automation, and smart agriculture, highlighting their importance and relevance in each field. The paper also addresses the challenges faced by WSNs, such as security, energy efficiency, and integration with Internet of Things (IoT) technologies and discusses future trends and advancements in the field. Overall, this paper aims to provide a thorough understanding of WSNs and their potential impact on society.
TRAVMA BİLGİLİ KORUYUCU AİLE SİSTEMİ
Authors: Şimşek Zeynep
Published: May 2024

ÖZ
İhmal, istismar, ergen gebelikleri ve artan afetler gibi nedenlerle korunma gereksinimi olan çocukların sayısı artmaya devam etmektedir. Yaşanılan travmatik deneyimlere bağlı olarak çocuklarda çoklu travmaların görülme sıklığı artmakta ve travmatik stres tepkilerinin normalleşmesi için fiziksel ve psikososyal açıdan güvenli ortamlarda bakımın önemi bilinmektedir. Her ülke sosyo-ekonomik ve kültürel koşullarına uygun bakım modellerini geliştirmektedir. Ancak çocukların 18 yaşına kadar bedensel, zihinsel, ruhsal ve sosyal gelişimleri tamamlanmadığı için, ihtiyaçlarına duyarlı, birebir, sürekli ve tutarlı ilişkinin olduğu bakım modellerinde büyümeleri sağlanarak iyilik halleri korunmalı ve geliştirilmelidir. Bu nedenle yaklaşık 20 yıldır sosyal hizmet alanında travma bilgili yaklaşımlar kullanılmaya başlamıştır. Travma bilgili yaklaşım; travmanın yaygın etkisinin farkına varıldığı ve iyileşme yollarının anlaşıldığı, travma yaşayan çocuk, aile ve çalışanlarda travmanın belirti ve semptomlarının tanındığı, sistemin yeniden travmaya neden olmayan kanıta dayalı politikalar, prosedürler ve uygulamalarla şekillendirildiği hizmet sunumunu ifade etmektedir. Bilimsel çalışmalar koruyucu aile sisteminin travma bilgili bakımın ilkelerine uygun yapılandırılmasının çocukların üstün yararı açısından kabul gören bir yaklaşım olduğunu göstermektedir.
ÇOCUK YAŞTA EVLİLİKLERİN YAZILI BASINDA YER ALIŞ ŞEKLİNİN İNCELENMESİ
Authors: Bingöl Ebru , Paslı Figen
Published: May 2024

Çocuk yaşta evlilik olarak tanımlanan birliktelikler çocuk ihmal ve istismarının bir formu ve aynı zamanda toplumsal hayatı etkileyen önemli sorunlar biridir. Yazılı basın aracılığıyla kitlelere ulaşabilen haberlerde kullanılan sözcükler toplumsal algı üzerinde etki bırakmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı yazılı basında yer alan çocuk yaşta evlilik haberlerinin veriliş şeklini incelemek ve bu konuda öneriler sunmaktır. Araştırma kapsamında Türkiye’de ulusal düzeyde yayın yapan, tirajı yüksek gazeteler seçilmiştir. Milliyet, Sabah, Sözcü, Vatan, Yeni Şafak, Hürriyet, Yeni Akit gazetelerinin internet sitelerinde bulunan çocuk yaşta evlilik haberleri incelenmiştir. Araştırma kapsamında elde edilen veriler içerik analizi yöntemiyle çözümlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak; çocuk yaşta evlilik algısının haberlerde ele alınış şeklinin toplumsal cinsiyet algısından etkilendiği ve haberlerde çocuk haklarının ihlal edildiği görülmüştür. Çocuk yaşta evlilik haberleriyle bir çocuk istismarı olduğuna yönelik toplumsal algının geliştirilmesinde farkındalık yaratmak ve verilen haberlerde hak temelli yaklaşıma özen gösterilmesi konularında sosyal hizmet müdahalelerine gereksinim vardır.
Prevalence and Comparison of Dental Caries of 6 to 12 Years Age in Government and Private School Children of Peshawar City, Pakistan
Authors: Khan Zeeshan Ahmad , Salma  , Aqsa  , Omar Kay Enat
Published: May 2024

Background: Dental caries remains a significant public health issue globally, affecting both developed and developing nations. Studies have shown varying prevalence rates based on geographic, socioeconomic, and cultural factors, particularly among school-aged children. The city of Peshawar, with its diverse population, provides a unique setting to study these variables in relation to oral health outcomes among children.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of dental caries among school children aged 6 to 12 years in Peshawar, Pakistan, and to compare the rates between students from government and private schools. Additionally, the study sought to explore the association of dental caries with dietary habits, particularly the consumption of sweets, chocolates, and candies.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 376 school children from both government and private schools in Peshawar. Participants underwent detailed oral examinations to assess for dental caries, and data on their dietary habits were collected through questionnaires. Informed consent was obtained from parents or guardians according to the Declaration of Helsinki. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 22 was used for data analysis, employing descriptive statistics to calculate frequencies, percentages, and mean values.
Results: The overall prevalence of dental caries among the participants was 55.05%. Boys exhibited a slightly higher prevalence (53.2% in males compared to 62.7% in females). The consumption of sugary snacks was significantly associated with the presence of caries; 95.6% of carious children regularly consumed sweets, chocolates, or candies. There was no significant difference in caries prevalence between children from government (53.2%) and private schools (57.5%).
Conclusion: The study highlights a high prevalence of dental caries among school-aged children in Peshawar, which correlates strongly with sugar consumption but not with the type of school attended. These findings underscore the need for targeted public health interventions to reduce sugar intake and improve oral hygiene among children.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Lower Limb Injuries in Football Players in Peshawar: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Ayub Aliya , Shafiq Rabia , Khan Arooba , Khan Arif Ullah , Naqvi Syed Muhammad Shabbir Ali , Rehman Mujeeb
Published: May 2024

Background: Sport-related ankle and lower limb injuries are notably prevalent among football players. This study investigates the extent and determinants of these injuries among club-affiliated football players in Peshawar, focusing on various playing conditions and personal health metrics.
Objective: To ascertain the prevalence and identify key risk factors associated with lower limb injuries in football players in Peshawar.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 240 male football players aged 10-40 years from five sports clubs in Peshawar using convenience sampling. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 28.
Results: The overall prevalence of injuries was 53.3%, with 128 players reporting injuries. The ankle was the most commonly injured site, accounting for 56.3% of injuries (n=72/128). Muscle injuries were reported by 43.8% of the injured participants (n=56/128). The majority of injuries (72.7%) occurred at Islamia University Peshawar. The role most associated with injuries was goalkeepers, with a 57.9% injury rate, and the most common context for injuries was during tackling (24.2%).
Conclusion: The study highlights a high prevalence of lower limb injuries among football players, with the ankle being the most affected area. Significant risk factors include inadequate hydration during and outside of training sessions and inappropriate footwear.
Frequency of Erectile Dysfunction in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Presenting with Peripheral Neuropathy at a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Ali Sarmad , Riaz Musarrat , Basit Abdul
Published: May 2024

Background: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is notably prevalent among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), especially those suffering from peripheral neuropathy. The condition significantly impacts the quality of life and is often exacerbated by diabetes-related complications.
Objective: This study aims to ascertain the frequency and severity of ED among patients with T2DM and peripheral neuropathy, and to examine the association between ED and variables such as age, duration of diabetes, and glycemic control.
Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted at the Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Karachi, from July 2021 to September 2022. We included 115 male patients aged 35-65 years with T2DM and diagnosed peripheral neuropathy. ED was assessed using the Urdu version of the International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5) questionnaire. Demographic details, medical history, and laboratory results were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Statistical tests included chi-squared and one-way ANOVA, with a significance level set at p<0.05.
Results: The mean age of the participants was 50.97 ± 7.21 years, and the average duration of diabetes was 9.37 ± 6.56 years. The mean IIEF-5 score was 14.33 ± 6.0, indicating moderate ED. Severe ED was observed in 20% of the participants, moderate ED in 19.1%, and mild to moderate ED in 28.7%. The study found a significant association between the duration of diabetes and ED severity (p < 0.001), while age and HbA1c levels did not show a significant correlation with ED status.
Conclusion: ED is highly prevalent and severe among patients with T2DM and peripheral neuropathy, with disease duration being a significant predictor of ED severity. These findings underscore the need for early screening and targeted interventions in this population.
A Comparative Study of Filter Water and Bore Water Samples for Assessment of Fecal Contamination of Total Coliform and Fecal Coliform
Authors: Habib Muhammad Bilal , Ashraf Ayesha , Tahir Ayoun , Qaiser Amaila , Jabeen Shaista , Akbar Noreen Sher , Raza Aamer , Kamran Muhammad
Published: May 2024

Background: Despite comprising a large portion of the Earth's surface, accessible fresh water is limited, and its quality is critical to human health. In many regions, particularly in developing countries, the availability of uncontaminated drinking water remains a significant concern. Previous studies have highlighted the prevalence of waterborne pathogens in such water supplies, leading to a considerable public health burden.
Objective: This study aimed to assess fecal contamination in bore and filter water samples by quantifying total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and total viable counts, and to compare these findings with established health standards.
Methods: A total of 50 water samples were collected from rural and urban settings in Islamabad, with 25 samples each from bore wells and filter water plants. Samples were collected, processed, and analyzed using Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) to ensure the integrity of results. Bacteriological analyses were conducted using Most Probable Number (MPN) tests, along with Peptone water tests for Enterobacteriaceae analysis. Physical analysis included evaluation of appearance, color, and odor. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 25.
Results: Analysis revealed that 54% of water samples were satisfactory, with filter water (76%) exhibiting better quality than bore water (32%). Unsanitary samples accounted for 46%, with bore water constituting the majority of this group (68%). Bore water samples showed a 68% prevalence of total coliforms and 44% for fecal coliforms. Filter water samples were lower, with 24% for total coliforms and 20% for fecal coliforms. The total viable count was 68% in bore water and 24% in filter water.
Conclusion: The study highlighted a critical public health issue with a substantial portion of bore water samples being contaminated, underscoring the need for urgent improvements in water treatment and public health infrastructure to prevent waterborne diseases.
Association between Plantar Fasciitis and Hamstring Tightness among Runners
Authors: Tariq Hamza , Mazhar Fatima , Ghaffar Erum , Arif Tooba , Irshad Uzma , Aqdas Aneeqa
Published: May 2024

Background: Plantar fasciitis is a prevalent condition among athletes, especially runners, characterized by heel pain and potentially influenced by biomechanical factors such as hamstring tightness. However, the specific relationship between hamstring tightness and plantar fasciitis in athletes has not been extensively studied.
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association between hamstring tightness and plantar fasciitis among runners, to determine whether hamstring tightness contributes to the severity or incidence of plantar fasciitis.
Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 30 athletes diagnosed with plantar fasciitis from sports clubs in Lahore. The study included both male (86.6%) and female (13.4%) runners aged 20 to 45 years. Hamstring tightness was assessed using the Active Knee Extension test. Data were analyzed using Pearson Chi-Square tests in SPSS version 25, with a significance threshold set at p<0.05.
Results: The prevalence of hamstring tightness among the athletes was 30%. Statistical analysis revealed no significant association between hamstring tightness and plantar fasciitis (p=0.068), with a Pearson correlation coefficient (r) of -0.48, suggesting a moderate negative correlation.
Conclusion: The study concluded that while hamstring tightness is common among runners with plantar fasciitis, it does not significantly influence the occurrence or severity of the condition. Further research is recommended to explore other biomechanical factors that may impact plantar fasciitis in athletic populations.
Cross-Linking Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Biochemistry Insights: Investigating Medicinal Potential in Azadirachta Indica, Swietenia Mahagoni and Melia Azedarach
Authors: Fatima Gulzar , Moqaddas Aleza , Lateef Madiha
Published: May 2024

Background: The increasing resistance to synthetic drugs and their side effects has prompted renewed interest in the medicinal potential of natural products. Azadirachta indica, Swietenia mahagoni, and Melia azedarach, members of the Meliaceae family, have been traditionally used for their diverse therapeutic properties. Their efficacy stems from a range of bioactive compounds known for antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities.
Objective: This study aims to explore and quantify the bioactive compounds in Azadirachta indica, Swietenia mahagoni, and Melia azedarach, assess their therapeutic potentials, and discuss their implications for drug development and human healthcare.
Methods: Plant materials were collected, and extracts were prepared using ethanol, methanol, or water as solvents. Following maceration and filtration, the extracts were concentrated and analyzed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). HPLC conditions were optimized for each plant, focusing on key compounds such as azadirachtin, nimbin, swietenine, meliacarpinin, and azedarachin. Method validation was performed to ensure precision, accuracy, and reproducibility.
Results: The study identified high concentrations of bioactive compounds in each plant: Azadirachta indica contained azadirachtin (450 mg/g), nimbin (120 mg/g), and salannin (50 mg/g); Swietenia mahagoni had concentrations of swietenine (200 mg/g) and limonoids (180 mg/g total); Melia azedarach demonstrated high levels of meliacarpinin (300 mg/g) and azedarachin (220 mg/g).
Conclusion: The confirmation of high levels of specific bioactive compounds in these plants supports their traditional uses and highlights their potential in developing new therapeutic agents that are environmentally sustainable and potentially more effective than current synthetic options. This research underscores the importance of integrating traditional knowledge with modern scientific approaches in drug discovery.
Knowledge and Practice Regarding Breast Self-Examination (BSE) among Nursing Students Working in A Tertiary Care Hospital Lahore, Pakistan: An Observational Descriptive Cross Sectional Study
Authors: Shahid Surrya , Anjum Shahid , Umbreen Gulshan , Jabeen Chanda
Published: May 2024

Background: Breast self-examination (BSE) is a simple, quick, and cost-free method crucial for the early detection of breast cancer, which significantly reduces morbidity and mortality. Health Sciences students, particularly those in nursing, are ideally positioned to serve as role models and educators on this practice.
Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge and practice of BSE among nursing students at a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, with a view to identifying gaps that could be addressed through targeted educational programs.
Methods: This observational descriptive cross-sectional study engaged nursing students from various academic levels at a tertiary care hospital in Lahore. Participants were selected through convenience sampling. Adherence to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement was ensured. Data were collected via a self-administered structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS software version 26, focusing on frequencies and percentages of categorical variables.
Results: Of the participants, 63.76% demonstrated a high level of knowledge about BSE, scoring ≥75%. In contrast, 36.23% scored below 75%, indicating a low level of knowledge. Practice of BSE was limited, with only 47% (n=65) of the participants engaging in the practice, and the majority, 53% (n=73), not practicing at all.
Conclusion: Although nursing students show a good understanding of BSE, a significant gap exists between their knowledge and actual practice. This discrepancy highlights the need for enhanced educational interventions to encourage regular BSE practice, which is essential for the effectiveness of breast cancer screening and early detection efforts.
Impact of Total Ischemic Time on No Reflow Phenomenon
Authors: Khan Irfan Ali , Akhtar Syed Ahsan , Hassan Muhammad Fahim Ul , Khan Owais , Tayyaba
Published: May 2024

Background: Ischemic heart disease, particularly ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Despite advancements in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI), the no-reflow phenomenon, characterized by inadequate myocardial reperfusion despite successful vessel recanalization, continues to pose significant challenges, affecting clinical outcomes adversely.
Objective: This study aims to investigate the relationship between total ischemic time and the incidence of the no-reflow phenomenon in STEMI patients undergoing PPCI, to identify potential strategies for improving therapeutic outcomes.
Methods: Conducted at Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, this retrospective cohort study included 160 STEMI patients treated over eight months (February to October 2022). We collected data on demographic characteristics, clinical presentation, and outcomes. Inclusion criteria were patients over 18 years, undergoing PPCI within 12 hours of symptom onset, without prior MI, severe bleeding disorders, or previous significant revascularization. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 25.0, considering P ≤0.05 as statistically significant.
Results: The average total ischemic time was significantly longer in patients experiencing no-reflow (Group I, 7.91 hours) compared to those with normal reperfusion (Group II, 3.41 hours) (P=0.001). Group I also showed higher rates of cardiogenic shock (17.6% vs. 6.8%, P=0.012) and reinfarction (11.8% vs. 2.9%, P=0.010). Mortality was significantly higher in Group I (5.8% vs. 1.9%, P=0.020).
Conclusion: Longer total ischemic time is associated with an increased risk of the no-reflow phenomenon and poorer clinical outcomes in STEMI patients. Reducing ischemic time could be crucial in improving reperfusion success and reducing complications post-PPCI.
To Determine how the Severity of Pain Relates to the Quality of Sleep Following Tube Thoracostomy
Authors: Ahmed Tehreem , Ansari Mehreen , Masoom Sidrah , Ahmed Saeed , Shaikh Rafia Haleem , Qureshi Sajida
Published: May 2024

Background: Tube thoracostomy (TT) is a prevalent procedure in the management of various thoracic conditions, including pneumothorax, pleural effusion, and chest trauma. Despite its widespread use, TT is associated with significant complications such as pain and impaired sleep quality, which can affect patient recovery and overall health outcomes.
Objective: This study aims to explore the relationship between pain severity and sleep quality following tube thoracostomy and to assess the impact of pain management on postoperative recovery.
Methods: A descriptive, prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted at Dr. Ruth K. M. Pfau Civil Hospital Karachi and Dow University of Health Sciences from September 28, 2022, to March 27, 2023. The study included adults aged 18 to 70 who underwent TT for any indication. Patients were excluded if they withheld consent, had a history of substance use, psychological disorders, or were victims of poly-trauma. Pain severity was assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and sleep quality was evaluated using the Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire (RCSQ). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25, employing descriptive statistics and Spearman correlation tests.
Results: The study involved 77 participants with a mean age of 28.33 ± 10.50 years. The mean pain scores on postoperative days 1, 2, and 3 were 8.08 ± 0.66, 6.92 ± 0.99, and 4.92 ± 1.37, respectively. Corresponding sleep quality scores were 17.50 ± 7.53, 36.67 ± 9.84, and 57.50 ± 10.55. A significant negative correlation was found between pain scores and sleep quality scores on day 3 (r = -0.744, p < 0.001).
Conclusion: The findings suggest a significant association between lower pain scores and improved sleep quality among patients undergoing tube thoracostomy. Effective pain management may enhance sleep quality and facilitate recovery, highlighting the need for comprehensive postoperative care strategies in these patients.
The Assessment of Knowledge Regarding Hypertension and Treatment Adherence
Authors: Daniel Aroma , Saddique Humaira , Tasneem Syeda Sidra
Published: May 2024

Background: Hypertension is a leading global health challenge due to its substantial role in increasing the risk of cardiovascular and renal diseases. Despite its prevalence, there remains a significant gap in the general population's knowledge about hypertension management and the adherence to treatment protocols.
Objective: This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge regarding hypertension and the adherence to treatment among patients diagnosed with the condition in a tertiary care setting in Lahore, Pakistan.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Jinnah Hospital, Lahore. The study utilized convenient sampling to recruit 135 patients diagnosed with hypertension. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire adapted from Morisky et al. (2008), which included sections on demographic data, knowledge about hypertension, and treatment adherence. The reliability of the scales was confirmed with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.997 for the knowledge scale and 0.983 for the adherence scale. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and frequency distributions in SPSS version 25.
Results: The majority of participants were aged between 31-40 years (75.8%), with a balanced gender distribution (53.3% male, 46.7% female). Educational levels varied, with the majority holding matric qualifications (46.7%). Knowledge about hypertension was moderate, with 45.9% correctly identifying the implications of high diastolic or systolic blood pressure. However, substantial misconceptions persisted regarding the necessity of lifestyle changes alongside medication. Treatment adherence was moderately low, with 45.9% of participants frequently forgetting to take their medication, and a significant portion deliberately skipping doses.
Conclusion: The study highlighted a moderate understanding of hypertension and a corresponding moderate to low adherence to treatment protocols among patients. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted educational interventions to enhance knowledge and improve adherence, ultimately aiming to reduce the burden of hypertension-related complications.
Examining the Impacts of Corporal Punishment in Secondary Schools: Unraveling Psychological Repercussions on Students
Authors: Bangash Mahin , Nayab Tayyaba , Zubair Muhammad , Nawaz Hazrat , Ullah Irfan , Ullah Sibghat
Published: May 2024

Background: Corporal punishment in educational settings is a controversial issue that has been shown to impact student mental health adversely. Despite global movements against its use, physical disciplinary methods are still prevalent in many parts of the world, including the Kohat District of KPK, Pakistan. Understanding the psychological repercussions of these practices is crucial for fostering healthier learning environments.
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the psychological effects of corporal punishment on male students in government secondary schools in the Kohat District of KPK, Pakistan, focusing on its impact on fear, self-confidence, anxiety, aggression, and suicidal thoughts.
Methods: A quantitative research design was employed using a purposive non-probability sample of 120 male students from grades 9 and 10 who had experienced corporal punishment three to five times within an academic year. Data collection was conducted through structured face-to-face interviews utilizing closed-ended questions. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 25 was used for data analysis, with the Chi-square test applied to examine associations between exposure to corporal punishment and various psychological impacts.
Results: The study revealed significant findings, with 68.3% of participants reporting increased fear, 70% decreased self-confidence, 45% heightened anxiety, 59.2% increased aggression, and 67.5% experiencing suicidal thoughts due to corporal punishment. The statistical significance of these associations was confirmed with p-values less than 0.05.
Conclusion: The data indicate that corporal punishment is associated with several adverse psychological outcomes in students. These findings highlight the need for policy changes and the adoption of alternative disciplinary methods that promote mental health and well-being in educational settings.
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices Regarding Epilepsy among Nurses in Tertiary Care Hospitals
Authors: Elahi Karam , Saddique Humaira , Tasneem Syeda Sidra
Published: May 2024

Background: Epilepsy is a prevalent neurological disorder marked by recurrent seizures, which can significantly impact quality of life. Understanding how epilepsy is managed in healthcare settings, particularly by nurses who play a critical role in direct patient care, is essential. However, knowledge gaps and varied practices exist among nurses, influencing their efficacy in managing epilepsy patients.
Objective: This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding epilepsy among nurses in a tertiary care setting, with a focus on identifying areas of strength and those needing improvement.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Jinnah Hospital, Lahore. The sample comprised 138 registered and diploma nurses working in medical, surgical, and emergency units, excluding head nurses, student nurses, and those in outpatient departments. An adapted questionnaire was employed to evaluate knowledge about epilepsy, attitudes towards patients, and practical care approaches. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics in SPSS version 25, with checks for data normality and distribution.
Results: The age distribution of participants showed 50.0% (69 nurses) within the 31-35 age group, 73.2% (101 nurses) were females, and experience levels varied with 53.6% (74 nurses) having 1-5 years of experience. Knowledge assessments revealed that 60.9% correctly identified epilepsy as non-contagious, yet misconceptions about epilepsy being a mental disorder were evident in 29.7% of responses. Practice-related responses indicated proper seizure management actions were inconsistently recognized, with only 29.0% knowing to avoid inserting objects in the patient's mouth during a seizure.
Conclusion: The study identified critical gaps in the knowledge and practices of nurses regarding epilepsy care, emphasizing the need for targeted educational programs to enhance nursing competence in epilepsy management. Effective training could lead to better patient outcomes and reduce misconceptions associated with the condition.