bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Materials
Authors: Wrona Olga , Rafińska Katarzyna , Możeński Cezary , Buszewski Bogusław
Published: July 2017

There has been growing interest in the application of supercritical solvents over the last several years, many of the applications industrial in nature. The purpose of plant material extraction is to obtain large amounts of extract rich in the desired active compounds in a time-sensitive and cost-effective manner. The productivity and profitability of a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) process largely depends on the selection of process parameters, which are elaborated upon in this paper. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most desirable solvent for the supercritical extraction of natural products. Its near-ambient critical temperature makes it suitable for the extraction of thermolabile components without degradation. A new approach has been adopted for SFE in which the solubility of nonpolar supercritical CO2 can be enhanced by the addition of small amounts of cosolvent.
Análise da Capacitação “Caminhos do Cuidado”: potenciais e desafios da formação de agentes comunitários de saúde e auxiliares e técnicos de enfermagem no campo de álcool e outras drogas
Authors: Queiroz Isabela Saraiva de , Ferreira Nathália Lopes Gomes Pinto
Published: July 2017

Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar de que modo a capacitação “Caminhos do Cuidado- Formação em Saúde Mental (crack, álcool e outras drogas)”, para agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS), auxiliares e técnicos de Enfermagem (ATEnf) das Equipes de Saúde da Família, pode contribuir na assistência ao usuáriode álcool e outras drogas. Analisou-se o material do curso com o objetivo de identificar potencialidades e limitações da proposta, considerando a formação e o trabalho dos profissionais. Verificou-se que o uso da metodologia ativa é um instrumento potente para o aprendizado dos ACS e ATEnf, por fomentar o papel ativo do aluno em sua aprendizagem e propiciar análise e reflexão sobre o tema do cuidado aos usuários de álcool e outras drogas.Entretanto, é necessário que a temática trabalhada na capacitação seja tratada de modo continuado, devido à sua complexidade, à existência de valores morais que impactam no trabalho e ao fato doparadigma da redução de danos ser relativamente recente no campo de trabalho com usuários de álcool e outras drogas.
Responsabilidade civil do médico-cirurgião plástico e seus reflexos processuais
Authors: Silveira Diego Prado da , Oliveira Wagner Vinicius de
Published: July 2017

O presente artigo investiga a responsabilidade civil médica nas cirurgias plásticas, tendo em vista a divergência quanto à sua natureza jurídica, se de meio ou de resultado. Com o objetivo de construir esclarecimentos acerca da obrigação de meio (posicionamento ao qual se filia), pertinente ao ônus probatório quanto ao cumprimento obrigacional e seus reflexos na responsabilização civil. Analisam-se as formas de dano que poderão ocorrer no ato cirúrgico; a promessa expressa e inequívoca realizada ao paciente, conditio sine qua non, para ensejar obrigação de resultado; causas endógenas; entendimentos jurisprudenciais, bem como a aplicabilidade do Código de Defesa do Consumidor nas relações médico e paciente. Estabelecendo firme conexão com a realidade fática de modo a consubstanciar as razões que conduzem a classificar a obrigação médica como obrigação de meio.
Por que não escutar as mulheres? O que elas têm a dizer sobre seus abortos?
Authors: Curi Paula Land
Published: July 2017

O aborto é um tema complexo que se apresenta como um fenômeno atravessado por inúmeras controvérsias, que tende a nos capturar, ensurdecer, assim como dificultar a proposição de políticas públicas para lidar com o problema. Assim sendo, este trabalho pretende discutir a questão do aborto em nosso país, ratificando que se trata de um problema de saúde pública e, por isso, demanda a implementação de políticas públicas mais específicas no campo da saúde sexual e reprodutiva das mulheres, capazes de proteger as mulheres de tornarem-se mais vulneráveis ao se submeterem ao aborto inseguro. Contudo, este também convoca a algumas reflexões para além daquelas que advém do campo político. Tenta dar lugar a alguns achados que se apresentaram, a partir da escuta clínica de mulheres em situação de abortamento. A clínica nos convocou a indagar porque essas mulheres não são escutadas para que elas nos digam o que têm a dizer sobre seus abortos. Ao dar-lhes voz, desloca-se das antigas versões proferidas sobre o aborto e evidencia-se que não é um processo que se dá sem conflitos, pois, as mulheres nos mostraram que se sentiam compelidas a se submeterem ao aborto, mesmo quando diziam que desejavam ser mães.
Considerações sobre a educação esclarecida e autônoma no pensamento de Theodor Adorno: implicações para o enfrentamento da violência escolar
Authors: Almeida Ronaldo De Sousa , Freire Ludmila De Almeida
Published: July 2017

Este artigo discute o relevante papel da educação no enfrentamento da violência na sociedade e, sobretudo, nas escolas. Encarada como uma das questões mais perturbadoras no âmbito escolar, a violência manifestada entre os estudantes tem sido amplamente discutida, na mediada em que se reconhece que os seus reflexos incidem negativamente na qualidade da educação, no rendimento dos alunos e na construção de uma cultura de paz. Uma vez que a escola não está separada do todo social, investigar a dimensão conflituosa e contraditória entre as relações sociais e educacionais, na forma como vêm se apresentando, é de fundamental importância para aprofundarmos nossa compreensão do fenômeno da violência na sociedade e seus reflexos na escola, bem como repensar o papel da educação. Nesse texto optamos por resgatar elementos de análise nos postulados de Theodor Adorno, sobretudo pelo fato de o filósofo destinar à educação um papel crucial diante desse desafio. Concluímos que a educação para a aquisição da autonomia e para a emancipação humana é um importante instrumento de mediação contra a violência e contra a barbárie, pois é capaz de proporcionar uma instigante reflexão nos indivíduos, sendo apropriada para fomentar processos de prevenção e/ou superação das condições internas e externas que operam a favor da violência.
Effects of Antrodia Camphorata Mycelia Extract Containing Antroquinonol on Lowering Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: A Randomized Double-Blind Study
Authors: Miles Chih-Ming Chena  , Pei-Ni Chena  , Howard Hao-Yu Chenga  , Wayne Ching-Cheng Weia  , Ryuji Takedab  , Mitsuko Moric  , Kiichiro Mochidad
Published: July 2017

Objective: Antrodia camphorata is a type of true fungus that grows only on Cinnamomum camphora trees, also known as Cinnamomum kanehirae (“kashi”) in Taiwan. Antroquinonol is a characteristic component of A. camphorata mycelia extract and was previously shown to exhibit antitumor action and lower blood cholesterol (total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol) in cellular and animal models. So, This study examined the ability of A. camphorata mycelia extract to reduce LDL cholesterol in humans.
Methods: We conducted a randomized double-blind trial in 26 subjects with either borderline LDL cholesterol (120–139 mg/dL; n = 11) or mildly elevated LDL cholesterol (140–159 mg/dL; n = 15). Participants ingested tablets containing either 25 mg of A. camphorata mycelia extract (antroquinonol: 0.68 mg; n = 14) or a placebo (n = 12) for 12 weeks.
Results: The test group showed a significant reduction in LDL cholesterol when compared with the placebo group after 12 weeks of tablet ingestion (p < 0.05), demonstrating the effects of A. camphorata mycelia extract on LDL cholesterol. A. camphorata mycelia extract also tended to reduce total cholesterol when compared with the placebo (p < 0.10). The borderline LDL cholesterol and mildly elevated LDL cholesterol subgroups showed a significant reduction in LDL cholesterol in subjects who ingested A. camphorata mycelia extract compared with those who ingested the placebo, again demonstrating the LDL cholesterol-lowering effect of the extract.
Conclusion: A. camphorata mycelia extract lowers LDL cholesterol in individuals with somewhat high LDL cholesterol levels.
This clinical trial was registered with the University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN no. # 000019670).
Normativitet: utfordring i psykoterapeutisk og pedagogisk arbeid. Den profesjonelle mellom tvang og frihet
Authors: Kristiansen Aslaug , Knutson Harald Victor
Published: July 2017

In this article we wish to discuss different normative dilemmas that teachers and psychotherapists meet in their work with the student and the patient. We argue that crucial for a good practice is not the actual choice between normativity and freedom, between generalized or authorized standards and individual dialogue. Rather it is the professional’s continuous reflection on the form and quality of the interactions with the pupil and the patient, and the preservation of the balance between personal ethos and professional responsibilities that best safeguard respect for the other's autonomy and self-determination. By illustrating psychotherapeutic malpractice and systematic mistreatment of children in the name of education, we wish to remind the reader that official governmental authorization of the professions pedagogy and psychology/psychotherapy is not automatically a guarantee for high professional standards or for the best possible teaching and psychotherapy.
Where does a diagnosis come from: Questions about the local context in diagnostic reasoning
Authors: Risør Torsten
Published: July 2017

Medical anthropologists have studied a great variety of phenomena in medicine and health care across the globe. However, the field of acute medical conditions have received less attention from social sciences. In medicine, this is the field that provides the key inspiration for studies on clinical decision-making. It is the acute and dangerous diseases that receive the greatest attention and it is the medical specialities dealing with these conditions that receive the highest acclaim within the profession. In the article two cases from departments of internal medicine and surgery are presented that demonstrate that the diagnostic process is not free from influence from the clinical setting and social context more generally, but is rather dependent on it. Doctors are seen to use in their diagnostic work a combination of what is here called a local spectrum of normality, a search for available fast-track action pathways and a locally negotiated hierarchy of different sources of information. The implication of the findings is discussed against prevailing notions of diagnostic reasoning in medicine. The article is a preliminary exploration of issues that warrant more attention in future studies.
Reliability and Correlation of Static and Dynamic Foot Arch Measurement in a Healthy Pediatric Population
Authors: Scholz Timo , Zech Astrid , Wegscheider Karl , Lezius Susanne , Braumann Klaus-Michael , Sehner Susanne , Hollander Karsten
Published: July 2017

Background:

Measurement of the medial longitudinal foot arch in children is a controversial topic, as there are many different methods without a definite standard procedure. The purpose of this study was to 1) investigate intraday and interrater reliability regarding dynamic arch index and static arch height, 2) explore the correlation between both arch indices, and 3) examine the variation of the medial longitudinal arch at two different times of the day.

Methods:

Eighty-six children (mean ± SD age, 8.9 ± 1.9 years) participated in the study. Dynamic footprint data were captured with a pedobarographic platform. For static arch measurements, a specially constructed caliper was used to assess heel-to-toe length and dorsum height. A mixed model was established to determine reliability and variation.

Results:

Reliability was found to be excellent for the static arch height index in sitting (intraday, 0.90; interrater, 0.80) and standing positions (0.88 and 0.85) and for the dynamic arch index (both 1.00). There was poor correlation between static and dynamic assessment of the medial longitudinal arch (standing dynamic arch index, r = –0.138; sitting dynamic arch index, r = –0.070). Static measurements were found to be significantly influenced by the time of day (P < .001), whereas the dynamic arch index was unchanged (P = .845). This study revealed some further important findings. The static arch height index is influenced by gender (P = .004), whereas dynamic arch index is influenced by side (P = .011) and body mass index (P < .001).

Conclusions:

Dynamic and static foot measurements are reliable for medial longitudinal foot arch assessment in children. The variation of static arch measurements during the day has to be kept in mind. For clinical purposes, static and dynamic arch data should be interpreted separately.
Nectar-living yeasts of a tropical host plant community: diversity and effects on community-wide floral nectar traits
Authors: Canto Azucena , Herrera Carlos M. , Rodriguez Rosalina
Published: July 2017

We characterize the diversity of nectar-living yeasts of a tropical host plant community at different hierarchical sampling levels, measure the associations between yeasts and nectariferous plants, and measure the effect of yeasts on nectar traits. Using a series of hierarchically nested sampling units, we extracted nectar from an assemblage of host plants that were representative of the diversity of life forms, flower shapes, and pollinator types in the tropical area of Yucatan, Mexico. Yeasts were isolated from single nectar samples; their DNA was identified, the yeast cell density was estimated, and the sugar composition and concentration of nectar were quantified using HPLC. In contrast to previous studies from temperate regions, the diversity of nectar-living yeasts in the plant community was characterized by a relatively high number of equally common species with low dominance. Analyses predict highly diverse nectar yeast communities in a relatively narrow range of tropical vegetation, suggesting that the diversity of yeasts will increase as the number of sampling units increases at the level of the species, genera, and botanical families of the hosts. Significant associations between specific yeast species and host plants were also detected; the interaction between yeasts and host plants impacted the effect of yeast cell density on nectar sugars. This study provides an overall picture of the diversity of nectar-living yeasts in tropical host plants and suggests that the key factor that affects the community-wide patterns of nectar traits is not nectar chemistry, but rather the type of yeasts interacting with host plants.
Implementation of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay for tuberculosis in Mongolia: a qualitative exploration of barriers and enablers
Authors: Rendell Nicole L. , Bekhbat Solongo , Ganbaatar Gantungalag , Dorjravdan Munkhjargal , Pai Madhukar , Dobler Claudia C.
Published: July 2017

Objective

The aim of our study was to identify barriers and enablers to implementation of the Xpert MTB/RIF test within Mongolia’s National Tuberculosis Program.

Methods

Twenty-foursemi-structured interviews were conducted between June and September 2015 with laboratory staff and tuberculosis physicians in Mongolia’s capital Ulaanbaatar and regional towns where Xpert MTB/RIF testing had been implemented. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, translated and analysed thematically using NVIVO qualitative analysis software.

Results

Eight laboratory staff (five from the National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory in Ulaanbaatar and three from provincial laboratories) and sixteen tuberculosis physicians (five from the Mongolian National Center for Communicable Diseases in Ulaanbaatar, four from district tuberculosis clinics in Ulaanbaatar and seven from provincial tuberculosis clinics) were interviewed. Major barriers to Xpert MTB/RIF implementation identified were: lack of awareness of program guidelines; inadequate staffing arrangements; problems with cartridge supply management; lack of local repair options for the Xpert machines; lack of regular formal training; paper based system; delayed treatment initiation due to consensus meeting and poor sample quality. Enablers to Xpert MTB/RIF implementation included availability of guidelines in the local language; provision of extra laboratory staff, shift working arrangements and additional modules; capacity for troubleshooting internally; access to experts; opportunities for peer learning; common understanding of diagnostic algorithms and decentralised testing.

Conclusion

Our study identified a number of barriers and enablers to implementation of Xpert MTB/RIF in the Mongolian National Tuberculosis Program. Lessons learned from this study can help to facilitate implementation of Xpert MTB/RIF in other Mongolian locations as well as other low-and middle-income countries.
A Case of Obstructive Malignant Peritoneal Mesothelioma Treated With Postoperative Concomitant Cisplatin and Pemetrexed Chemotherapy
Authors: Yoshida Rintaro , Koga Tadashi , Kajiyama Kiyoshi
Published: July 2017

Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma is a rare disease with no established therapeutic method. A 79-year-old man underwent partial resection of the small intestine and right hemicolectomy for a bowel obstruction due to a mass in the small intestine and a submucosal tumor in the transverse colon. Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma was diagnosed from the excised specimen. After surgery, the patient received cisplatin and pemetrexed therapy, the standard treatment for malignant pleural mesothelioma. The progression of the remaining disseminated lesions was controlled for a year, and the patient led a satisfactory life without adverse events. He had a bowel obstruction 12 months after the surgery, and showed increased fluorodeoxyglucose uptake and new sites of high fluorodeoxyglucose uptake. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography was useful as the index of disease progression. Despite a second resection, the patient died 14 months after the first surgery.
Generation of shock lamellae and melting in rocks by lightning‐induced shock waves and electrical heating
Authors: Chen Jiangzhi , Elmi Chiara , Goldsby David , Gieré Reto
Published: July 2017

The very rapid energy release from impact events, such as those resulting from lightning strikes or meteorites, can drive a variety of physical and chemical processes which alter rocks and result in the formation of natural glasses (i.e., fulgurites and tektites). Fulgurite is the vitrified soil, sand, or rock resulting from lightning strikes. A thunderbolt is associated with air temperatures of up to 105 K, which can heat rocks to >2000 K within tens of microseconds. The rapid fusing and subsequent quenching of the surface of the rock leaves a distinctive, thin, garbled coating composed of a glassy to fine‐grained porous material. Previous studies on rock fulgurites found planar deformation features in quartz crystals within the target rock substrate, evidence of strong shock waves during fulgurite formation. In this paper, we simulated the shock pressure and temperature caused by an idealized lightning impact on rocks and compared the model results with observations on rock fulgurites from the literature. Our model results indicate that a lightning strike can cause >7 GPa pressure on the rock surface, generate a layer of fulgurite (of radius ∼9 cm), and leave a burned region (of radius ∼11 cm). The fulgurites found on rock surfaces share many features with sand fulgurites, but their spatial distribution is completely different, as sand fulgurites are hollow tube structures. Our study on rock fulgurites provides an indirect constraint on the energy of a lightning event and also demonstrates that the presence of shock features in rocks cannot be taken as unequivocal evidence for impact events.
Data‐derived optimization of sensitivity requirements for upcoming auroral imaging missions
Authors: Donovan Eric , Uritsky Vadim M. , Unick Craig , Troyan Vladimir
Published: July 2017

Using an extensive database of ultraviolet images of the nighttime sector of the northern auroral oval obtained from the POLAR spacecraft and data analysis tools adopted from statistical mechanics of turbulent flows, we identify scaling relations describing substorm time variability of the auroral intensity as a function of spatial scale and auroral intensity level. By extrapolating these relations to scales smaller than those resolved by previously flown auroral missions, we derive contrast and sensitivity constraints for a next‐generation global auroral imager. The outcomes of this analysis, combined with the results reported by Uritsky et al. (2010), make it possible to optimize sensitivity and resolution requirements for future auroral imaging missions intended to observe auroral structure and dynamics across wide ranges of spatial and temporal scales.
Partnerships form the basis for implementing a National Space Weather Plan
Authors: Spann James F. , Giles Barbara L.
Published: July 2017

The 2017 Space Weather Enterprise Forum, held June 27, focused on the vital role of partnerships in order to establish an effective and successful national space weather program. Experts and users from the many government agencies, industry, academia, and policy makers gathered to discuss space weather impacts and mitigation strategies, the relevant services and supporting infrastructure, and the vital role cross‐cutting partnerships must play for successful implementation of the National Space Weather Action Plan.
C
lare,
J
ohn, Prose
Authors: Harrison Gary
Published: July 2017

While admired and critically acclaimed for his poetry, John Clare (1793–1864) is increasingly being recognized for his prose writings as well. Clare wrote in a variety of prose genres, including letters and journals, autobiographical sketches, critical essays on poetry and culture, natural history letters and notes, and even fiction. Margaret Grainger classifies his prose into the three categories of autobiography, natural history, and criticism, rightly cautioning that any such divisions, while convenient for editors, are ‘untidy’ and collapse under scrutiny (1983: lix). Nearly all of Clare's prose writings invoke autobiography and nature in one way or another, for the land, flora, and fauna in and around Helpston grounded his sense of being in the world. Clare's letters and autobiographical writings are dotted with detailed observations and sometimes reflective digressions on local flowers, trees, birds, insects, and animals, as well as on folk traditions and rustic lore. In Clare's prose, as in his poetry, autobiography and natural history are bound together in a rich textual alloy that conveys Clare's profound sense of place and displays the lyric sensibility that he brought to his understanding of his life and his world.
‘Dacre’King,Charlotte
Authors: Scrivener Michael
Published: July 2017

Although Charlotte King's (1781?–1825) novelZofloya(1806) has been reprinted many times in the twentieth century and is still in print in paperback, and although her two pseudonyms, Rosa Matilda and Charlotte Dacre, were demystified long ago in Lord Byron'sEnglish Bards and Scotch Reviewers(2nd edn., Oct. 1809), more than a few contemporary specialists in the Gothic novel still refer toZofloya'sauthor as Charlotte Dacre as though that were her real name. Charlotte and her younger sister Sophia produced innovative poetical and fictional work that represents, according to Jerome McGann, an alternative Romantic tradition to the more canonical Romanticism of Wordsworth and Scott. For McGann the key features of this Romanticism are sensibility, sensation, and experiential temporality, the triumph of uncensored embodied imagination over idealized, sublimated, and Bowdlerized creativity (McGann 1996: 1–9). Charlotte published three books of poetry, numerous poems in newspapers and periodicals, and four novels, while Sophia published five novels and two books of poetry. They both married wealthy Christians, Charlotte marrying Nicholas Byrne (1760/1–1833), editor of theMorning Post, and Sophia marrying Charles Fortnum (1770–1860), related to but not the son of the famous Charles (1738–1815) of Fortnum and Mason. Both sisters also died young, Sophia in her twenties and Charlotte in her early forties. Although both also took after their father in their ambition, their leaving the Jewish community, and their literary accomplishments, their written work also suggests a painful ambivalence towards their father who left them as infants when he divorced their mother and married (or perhaps not) Lady Lanesborough (1737–1828), and who as a political radical and moneylender known as ‘Jew’ King (1750–1823) did not enhance their chances to enter respectable Christian society.
Elegy
Authors: Rovee Christopher
Published: July 2017

Elegy, conventionally understood as a poetry of mourning, is a bedrock genre of British Romanticism. Hundreds of poems published between the 1780s and 1830s announce themselves, in their titles, as elegies or as elegiac; scores of others go by names such as monody, effusion, and epitaph; and innumerable lyrics set graveside, meanwhile, claim no formal classification at all. But stepping back from the strictures of genre, one might understand the very idea of poetry in this period as conditioned by some notion of
the elegiac
. Elegy undergoes a profound revaluation by Romantic writers, many of whose greatest works address a profound sense of loss that is only occasionally associated with the death of another person. Coleridge (1833/1990) defined elegy broadly as'a form of poetry natural to the reflective mind’, and Schiller (1795/1975) characterized ‘the elegiac’ as a longing for the ideal, distinguishing
‘elegy
in the narrower sense’ as a poem in which either ‘nature … is treated as lost’ or ‘the ideal… as unattained’. With the rise of
an elegiac mood
as an alternative to the strict form (Schor 1994), a concept of elegy was produced that, as Pfau (2010) puts it, served as the ‘formal and affective signature of lyricism in romanticism’.
L
ee,
R
ichard
Authors: Ripley Wayne C.
Published: July 2017

Richard ‘Citizen’ Lee (ca. 1774–98?) served as printer for the London Corresponding Society (LCS). His origins were obscure, but according to the government spy James Powell, Lee worked as a clerk at Pechards and subsequently at Daniel Eaton's bookshop (Mee 2002b). Reportedly a Methodist, Lee employed a devotional language in his early poetry that was politically ambiguous. Between August 1793 and January 1794, Lee published a series of poems in the first two volumes of the
Evangelical Magazine
under the pseudonym Ebeneezer (Mee 2002b). His first volume of poetry was
Flowers from Sharon; or Original Poems on Divine Subjects
(1794), a collection of devotional poetry that the
Evangelical Magazine
reviewed favourably. The work remained popular enough that Lee was referenced in E.F. Hatfield's
The Poets of the Church
(1884) (Mee 2002b), which claimed that Lee's ‘Song of Praise to the Trinity’ was ‘extensively used as a Doxology’ (Hatfield 1884). Lee's preface struck an antinomian tone with regard to free grace and the limits of human reason, and it was sold by radicals like J.S. Jordan, the original printer of Thomas Paine's
Rights of Man
, and Garnet Terry, who had republished a seventeenth‐century Ranter tract with Jordan the year before (Mee 2002b). Although Powell suggests that Lee became involved in radical circles through his work on behalf of Hardy and other LCS members who were arrested for high treason in May 1794, his poetry had appeared in Thomas Spence's radical journal,
Pig's Meat
, before that date (Mee 2002b). Lee published accounts of the trials, and after Hardy's wife died in childbirth in August 1794, Lee wrote
The Death of Mrs Hardy
(1794), which he signed, ‘a friend to the distressed patriots’ (Mee 2002a). The profits of the poem went to support the families of those imprisoned by the suspension of habeas corpus, and it advertised the LCS's
Reformers No Rioters
.
L
oudon,
J
ohn
C
laudius
Authors: Page Michael R.
Published: July 2017

John Claudius Loudon (1783–1843) was the leading authority on horticulture and landscape gardening during the Romantic period. His contributions to the fields of agriculture, architecture, urban planning, educational reform, furniture design, and natural history were also of significance. Just as his contemporaries the Romantic poets were revolutionizing English literature, Loudon revolutionized horticulture through his advocacy and employment of modern agricultural techniques and his recognition of the social implications of landscape, architecture, urban planning, and public space.
S
outhey,
R
obert, Poetry
Authors: Pratt Lynda
Published: July 2017

Robert Southey was born in Bristol in 1774 and died in Keswick in 1843. He was one of the most controversial writers of the age, whose high public profile was confirmed, for both good and ill, by his appointment as Poet Laureate in 1813. Southey's output was prodigious, conservatively estimated by a near contemporary as comprising some 170 volumes – a total that excluded his letters. It was also extremely diverse. Southey was, in Byron's characteristically ambiguous phrase, the ‘entire man of letters’. He tried his hand at an extraordinary variety of literary forms: epic, annotated romance, sonnet, monodrama, eclogue, elegy, ode, inscription, biography, drama, review, travel book, translation, and history, to name but a few. Southey is currently undergoing a major revival, with new editions of his poetry and letters underway and an upsurge of critical interest in his writings. As a result, understanding of his importance for Romanticism is being transformed. This entry will engage with this ongoing reclamation by concentrating on the field in which Southey first made his name: poetry.
Stage Adaptation
Authors: Cox Philip
Published: July 2017

The theatre of the Romantic period demonstrated a sustained and wide‐ranging interest in the adaptation of novels and verse narratives for the stage: to ignore this is to misrepresent the drama of the period and to miss the complex generic relationships highlighted by the act of adaptation. The numerous stage versions of the novels and poems of Sir Walter Scott provide the most obvious example of the contemporary popularity of such plays – but other adaptations worthy of note include dramatizations of narrative poems by Scott, Robert Southey, and Lord Byron, of the rambling and episodic narratives of Pierce Egan'sLife in London, or of contemporary Gothic novels (Mary Shelley'sFrankensteinoffering just one prominent example). A discussion of adaptation in the Romantic period allows for an exploration of the interaction of different genres within a historically specific context. It raises questions about the reception of literary texts within the period and, particularly, the relationship between readers and theatre audiences. Furthermore, particularly in terms of well‐known contemporary writers such as Scott and Shelley, it points to the existence of an important and pervasive ‘second life’ in which the original texts take on meanings and significance that are both related to and separate from the work of their authors.
T
helwall,
J
ohn, Prose
Authors: Thompson Judith
Published: July 2017

John Thelwall typifies the spirit of the age in Romantic‐era prose. As a popular radical orator and political philosopher, a prolific but eccentric poet, novelist, journalist, and literary critic, and an inventive elocutionary professional and pedagogue, Thelwall was as versatile as the genre itself. Long marginalized by the ‘Big Six’ poets, have come into their own with the resurgence of scholarly interest in popular culture, Romantic sociability, and the public sphere. During a remarkably diverse career that spanned the entire Romantic period (1787–1834), Thelwall published in most of the prose genres that we think of as ‘Romantic’ (Gothic and sentimental novel, travel journal, autobiography, familiar essay), all that we consider ‘radical ‘(Jacobin novel, vindication, polemical pamphlet, satirical allegory), and several professional genres that have until recently fallen below the radar of Romantic studies (lecture, case study, elocutionary exercise). His style, too, captures the heterogeneity and excess of his revolutionary age; simultaneously acclaimed as ‘powerful’ and ‘electrical’ and unfairly dismissed as ‘tame and trite and tedious’ (Hazlitt 1821, vol. 7: 264–265), it is above all performative, constantly shifting from sincerity to satire, eloquence to slapstick, and commonplace to commonsense, in a way that guaranteed its disparagement in an age that valued writing over speech.
W
alpole,
H
orace
Authors: Junod Karen
Published: July 2017

Horace Walpole (1717–97), son of England's first Whig prime minister Robert Walpole, is often described as one of the most noteworthy and opinionated observers and commentators of the eighteenth century. His reputation as a major informant of his era rests on a profuse and highly diverse literary output, which includes a novel, a tragedy, tales, several memoirs and pamphlets, a treatise on gardening, a life‐long correspondence, as well as many other works on history, politics, painting, and architecture. Walpole's disposition towards and inclination for authorship were greatly stimulated by the establishment of England's first private press in 1757 at Strawberry Hill in Twickenham (Hazen 1942; Merrit 1907; Snodin 2009), which Walpole dubbed his ‘little Gothic castle’ (Lewis et al. 1937–83, vol. 20: 111). Walpole's press certainly allowed him to experiment with new and different literary genres; it also enabled him to test the market, to control and limit his exposure to criticism, and to refine and celebrate friendship. Walpole used the press to publish his own work and print the occasional pieces of his friends. The first publications to emerge from the press were the
Odes by Mr. Gray
in 1757. Many other publications would follow over the years, including Walpole's own
Catalogue of the Royal and Noble Authors of England, Scotland, and Ireland: with Lists of their Works
(1758), the
Anecdotes of Painting in England
(1762–80), his play
The Mysterious Mother
(1768), and his
Descriptions of Strawberry Hill
(1774), to mention but a few. Interestingly, there were also important works by Walpole that were not printed at Strawberry Hill, including a catalogue of his father's pictures at Houghton Hall, in Norfolk, entitled
Aedes Walpolianae
(1747) – which also contained
A Sermon on Painting
(1742) – probably printed by John Hughs, and the
Historic Doubts on the Life and Reign of King Richard III
(1768), published in London by James Dodsley. Although advertised as ‘Printed for Tho. [mas] Lownds in Fleet Street’, 500 copies of the first edition of Walpole's
Castle of Otranto
were printed at the Strawberry Hill Press on 24 December 1764; a second edition, published on the same site, followed in April 1765 (Frank, F.S. 2003: 44). In total, Walpole's press produced some 34 full‐length books as well as various miscellaneous works entitled ‘detached pieces’. A.T. Hazen's 1942
Bibliography of the Strawberry Hill Press
remains one of the most detailed catalogues of the works published at Walpole's Strawberry Hill press. It was complemented a few years later by Hazen's equally exhaustive
Bibliography of Walpole
(1948). Together, these two books provide a comprehensive view of Walpole's formidable career as a writer and publisher.
W
illiams,
H
elen
M
aria, Poetry
Authors: Billone Amy
Published: July 2017

Helen Maria Williams (1762?–1827) was one of the most successful women writers of the Romantic age. She was born in London to Charles and Helen Williams. This was a second marriage for her Welsh father, a widower with one daughter. Williams's mother, Helen Hay, was Scottish. Her parents were married on 1 June 1758 at St Martin‐in‐the‐Fields, Westminster. Charles Williams died while his daughters Cecilia and Helen Maria were still babies. The amount of money he left behind through his estate and his pension would support Williams and her family for several decades. Although she was born in London, Helen Maria Williams was raised in Berwick ‐on‐Tweed and moved back to the capital when she began to establish a reputation as a poet.
Selective Reduction of Azines to Benzyl Hydrazones with Sodium Borohydride Catalyzed by Mesoporous Silica‐Supported Silver Nanoparticles: A Catalytic Route towards Pyrazole Synthesis
Authors: Charistoudi Evangelia , Kallitsakis Michael G. , Charisteidis Ioannis , Triantafyllidis Kostas S. , Lykakis Ioannis N.
Published: July 2017

The catalytic activity of supported silver nanoparticles on mesoporous silica was studied, for the selective reduction of azines into benzyl hydrazones using sodium borohydride as mild reducing agent. Different sizes of silver nanoparticles supported on mesoporous silica (Ag/HMS) were successfully prepared by two methods, i.e., wet impregnation followed by reduction with hydrogen at 350 °C and in situ deposition/reduction with a mixture of amines (ethanolamine and ethylenediamine). The Ag/HMS (amines) catalyst was found to promote the selective 1,2‐reduction of aryl‐substituted azines, compared to the corresponding 1,4‐reduction that occurs in general reduction processes. This catalytic transfer hydrogenation process found to be clean, fast and quantitative (>99% yields and selectivity) towards benzyl hydrazone synthesis under mild conditions. Of great importance is that under the present catalytic conditions reducible functional groups remain intact. Formal kinetics, support the in situ formation of silver hydride species being responsible for the reduction process. The presence of protic polar methanol enhanced the catalytic activity of Ag/HMS. Based on the recycling studies the catalytic system Ag/HMS‐NaBH4 was found to catalyze the selective reduction of azines nine times without significant loss of its activity. Finally, a one‐pot reaction between the in situ produced benzyl hydrazones and a series of nitrostyrenes readily provided the regioselective synthesis of 1,3,5‐subtituted pyrazoles, highlighting a useful synthetic application of the catalytic protocol.

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All‐In‐One Perovskite Catalyst: Smart Controls of Architecture and Composition toward Enhanced Oxygen/Hydrogen Evolution Reactions
Authors: Hua Bin , Li Meng , Zhang Ya‐Qian , Sun Yi‐Fei , Luo Jing‐Li
Published: July 2017

A conventional water electrolyzer consists of two electrodes, each of which is embedded with a costly and rare electrocatalyst, typically IrO2/C for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and Pt/C for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), respectively. HER and OER electrocatalysts usually require very different pH values to keep them stable and active. Thus, the development of earth‐abundant nonprecious metal catalysts for both HER and OER is of great importance to practical applications. This work reports the results of integrated water electrolysis using the hybrids of electrospun La0.5(Ba0.4Sr0.4Ca0.2)0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3–δ (L‐0.5) perovskite nanorods attached to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets as bifunctional electrodes. Via rationalizing the composition and morphology of L‐0.5/rGO nanohybrids, excellent catalytic performance and stability toward OER and HER are achieved in alkaline media. The operating voltage of integrated L‐0.5/rGO electrolyzer is tested to be 1.76 V at 50 mA cm–2, which is close to that of the commercially available IrO2/C‐Pt/C couple (1.76 V @ 50 mA cm–2). Such a bifunctional electrocatalyst could be extended toward practical electrolysis use with low expanse and high efficiency. More generally, the protocol described here broadens our horizons in terms of the designs and the diverse functionalities of catalysts for use in various applications.
A review of the history of the origin of triage from a disaster medicine perspective
Authors: Nakao Hiroyuki , Ukai Isao , Kotani Joji
Published: July 2017

We usually associate triage with the Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment method, but much of its origin is still unknown. Therefore, French studies and the origin of triage shown in domestic and foreign published works have been investigated and its significance reaffirmed. The etymology of the word “triage” means “to break into three pieces.” It was suggested by a literature review that the rise of Napoleon led to military tactical changes, and that the prototype of triage arose from the experience gained in the difficult campaign in Egypt and Syria. Subsequently, triage was refined by Napoleon's military surgeon, D. J. Larrey, who created the ambulance transport system. Although there is a clash between the ruthless and philanthropic aspects of triage, triage is in accordance with the primary purpose of evacuation or treatment. We should choose the triage method that is consistent with the purpose of each disaster situation.
Influence of polymer swelling and dissolution into food simulants on the release of graphene nanoplates and carbon nanotubes from poly(lactic) acid and polypropylene composite films
Authors: Velichkova Hristiana , Petrova Ivanka , Kotsilkov Stanislav , Ivanov Evgeni , Vitanov Nikolay K. , Kotsilkova Rumiana
Published: July 2017

The study compared the effects of swelling and dissolution of a matrix polymer by food simulants on the release of graphene nanoplates (GNPs) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) from poly(lactic) acid (PLA) and polypropylene (PP) composite films. The total migration was determined gravimetrically in the ethanol and acetic acid food simulants at different time and temperature conditions, while migrants were detected by laser diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy. Swelling, thermal analysis, and scanning electron microscopy were applied to characterize the degradation of polymer films at the migration conditions. The release of nanoparticles was found in a high‐temperature migration test of 4 h at 90 °C. The hydrolytic dissolution of the PLA polymer in the food simulants caused a migration of GNPs (>100 nm) from the PLA/GNP/MWCNT films into the simulant solvents, while the entangled MWCNTs formed a network on the film surface, preventing their migration from the PLA composite films. In contrast, the PP polymer slightly swells in ethanol solvents, allowing some short carbon nanotubes to be released from the surface and cut edges of the PP/MWCNT film into food simulants. Mathematical modeling of diffusion was applied that accounts for type of polymer, time–temperature conditions, and solvent concentration; model parameters were validated with experimental results. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45469.
Distinguishing middens and cheniers: a case study from the southern Kimberley, W.A.
Authors: O'CONNOR SUE , SULLIVAN MARJORIE
Published: July 2017

A common phenomenon in northern Australia is the geographically overlapping occurrence of Aboriginal shell mounds or middens, and cheniers. Cheniers are tropical coastal landforms comprising shell or shelly‐sand ridges, developed on wetlands which are referred to as chenier plains. Chenier plains are widely distributed along the low wave energy coastline of northern Australia. The record of prehistoric human occupation of chenier plains in Australia, although incomplete, is better than records from elsewhere in the tropical world. The association of cheniers with shell middens has been described from several localities in northern Australia. Discriminating between the different types of shell deposit is difficult and misunderstandings have occurred. These have resulted in Aboriginal middens mis‐identified as cheniers having been mined for shell grit, and natural shell deposits having been assigned cultural origins.

Recent surveys of a section of the Kimberley coastline at Roebuck Bay south of Broome identified a series of shell mounds between 2 and 5km from the coastline, but their status was equivocal. Field investigation, sampling of a range of shell deposits, and excavation indicated three types of deposit were present: chenier mounds, shell middens and middens overlying cheniers. Initial interpretations of the landscape history and discussion of the problem of separating middens from cheniers are presented. The area provides an interesting comparative study for similar sites in prograding landscapes in other parts of northern Australia, such as the Alligator Rivers area, where chenier and midden deposits occur in association.
Quantifying absolute glutamate concentrations in nucleus accumbens of prescription opioid addicts by using 1H MRS
Authors: Liu Xi‐Long , Li Long , Li Jian‐Neng , Tang Ji‐Hua , Rong Jia‐Hui , Liu Bo , Hu Ze‐Xuan
Published: July 2017

Introduction

The diagnosis of psychoactive substance use disorders has been based primarily on descriptive, symptomatic checklist criteria. In opioid addiction, there are no objective biological indicators specific enough to guide diagnosis, monitor disease status, and evaluate efficacy of therapeutic interventions. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) of the brain has potential to identify and quantify biomarkers for the diagnosis of opioid dependence. The purpose of this study was to detect the absolute glutamate concentration in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of patients with prescription opioid dependence using 1H MRS, and to analyze its clinical associations.

Methods

Twenty patients with clinically diagnosed definitive prescription opioid dependent (mean age = 26.5 ± 4.3 years) and 20 matched healthy controls (mean age = 26.1 ± 3.8 years) participated in this study. Patients were evaluated with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS‐11), the Self‐Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and the opiate Addiction Severity Inventory (ASI). We used point‐resolved spectroscopy to quantify the absolute concentrations of metabolites (glutamate, choline, N‐acetylaspartate, glutamine, creatine) within the NAc. The difference between metabolite levels of groups and Pearson's correlation between glutamate levels and psychometric scores in patients were analyzed statistically.

Results

Glutamate concentrations in the NAc were significantly higher in prescription opiate addicts than in controls (t = 3.84, p = .001). None of the other metabolites differed significantly between the two groups (all ps > .05). The glutamate concentrations correlated positively with BIS‐11 scores in prescription opiate addicts (r = .671, p = .001), but not with SAS score and ASI index.

Conclusions

Glutamate levels in the NAc measured quantitatively with in vivo 1H MRS could be used as a biomarker to evaluate disease condition in opioid‐dependent patients.