bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical characteristics and NaCl content of urine white male rat (Rattus norvegicus L.) after orally intakes of cogon grass rhizome (Imperata cylindrica L.) extract
Authors: SURATMAN SURATMAN , LISTYAWATI SHANTI , SUTARNO SUTARNO
Published: July 2018

The aims of this research were to find out the effects of orally intakes of cogon grass rhizome (Imperata cylindrica L.) extract on physical characteristics and NaCl content of urine, and the dosage of the extract that able to significantly change the physical characteristics and the content of NaCl on the urine white males rat (Rattus norvegicus L.). Complete Randomized Design with six groups and five replications to each group was used in this study. The treatment applied for those groups were: aquadest 2 ml/200 g BW, HCT 0,32 mg/200 g BW, CMC 2% 2 ml/200 g BW, the cogon grass rhizome extract 5 mg/200 g BW, the cogon grass rhizome extract 10 mg/200 g BW and the cogon grass rhizome extract 20 mg/200 g BW for groups I to VI respectively. The parameters used for the physical characteristics of the urine were volume, color, clearness, pH, density and urine sediments. Analysis of NaCl content was done by Fantus method. Data collected were then analyzed using ANOVA and continued with DMRT test at the level of 5% significance. The result showed that orally intakes of cogon grass rhizome extract at all level dosages (5 mg/200 g BW, 10 mg/200 g BW and 20 mg/200 g BW) were significantly increased the volume of urine and reduced of NaCl content, but no effect on pH and density of the urine. Orally intakes of cogon grass rhizome extract have also resulted in changing of color, clearness and amount of urine sediment components.
REVIEW: Organosulphure compound of garlic (Allium sativum L.) and its biological activities
Authors: HERNAWAN UDHI EKO , SETYAWAN AHMAD DWI
Published: July 2018

Garlic has been used a long time ago as traditional medicines. The valuable bulb is used to treat hypertension, respiratory infection, headache, hemorrhoids, constipation, bruised injury or slice, insomnia, cholesterol, influenza, urinary infection, etc. Garlic bulbs can be used as anti-diabetic, anti-hypertension, anti-cholesterol, anti-atheroschlerosis, anti-oxidant, anti-cell platelet aggregation, fibrinolyse spur, anti-viral, anti-microbial, and anti-cancer. The ultimate bioactive compound of garlic is organo-sulphure components, i.e. alliin, allicin, ajoene, allyl sulphide groups, and allyl cystein. There was not any report of any side effects or toxicity of garlic.
Growth, content of chrorophyll-carotenoid, saponins, and activity of nitrate reductase of Acalypha (Acalypha indica L.) under teh different concentrations of gibberelic acid (GA3)
Authors: PENI DWI KARSIWI , SOLICHATUN SOLICHATUN , ANGGARWULAN ENDANG
Published: July 2018

The aims of this research were to find out the influence of gibberellic acid supply on growth, content of chlorophyll-carotenoid, saponins, and nitrate reductase activity of acalypha (Acalypha indica L.). The framework of this research was that the supply of gibberellic acid will influence cell division and cell enlargement. The effect of gibberellic acid at cell division occurred in the cell cycle by means of shortening G1 phase of cell cycle. Gibberellic acid will force the cell enlargement by the possibility of increasing cell osmotic pressure and membrane permeability that in turn cause water osmotic, so that the cell enlargement has taken place. The role of gibberellic acid is to support cell elongation, cambium activity and RNA synthesis and also protein synthesis. The method used in this research was completely randomized design with one factor, the treatment of GA3 supply in five level concentrations, 0 ppm, 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 75 ppm and 100 ppm, each given twice a week for a month. The result of the research indicated that the spray of GA3 with concentration of 50 ppm could increase the growth, saponin, and nitrate reductase activity of acalypha, while the spray of higher concentration of GA3 (more than 50 ppm) tend to decrease of those three parameters.
Growth and saponin production of Talinum paniculatum Gaertn. callus culture on various addition with 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and kinetin
Authors: WARDANI DIAN PRAMITA , SOLICHATUN SOLICHATUN , SETYAWAN AHMAD DWI
Published: July 2018

The objectives of the research were to study the effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxiacetic acid (2,4-D) and kinetin on callus growth and saponin production from Talinum paniculatum Gaertn. callus. The outline of the research was T. paniculatum as a medicinal plant potentially to be developed with in vitro culture method. The addition of 2,4-D and kinetin in cultureâ€™s medium would induce protein synthesis, further more it would influence cell proliferation and cell metabolism with regulation enzyme action, so that both of induced callus growth and secondary metabolism production from the cell that be cultured. The research used factorial completely randomized design with two factors (2,4-D concentration: 0 mgl-1, 0.5 mgl-1, 1 mgl-1, 1.5 mgl-1 and kinetin concentration: 0 mgl-1, 0.5 mgl-1, 1 mgl-1, 1.5 mgl-1) with three replicates. Data that be collected were qualitative data (callus morphology included textur and colour of callus) and quantitative data (callus growth rate, callus wet weight, callus dry weight and saponin content). Data were analyzed by using anova and followed by DMRT 5% confidence level and corelation regresion. The result of the research indicated that the treatment with addition plant regulation (2,4-D and kinetin) on MS medium have significant effect on callus growth and saponin production. Addition 2,4-D 1.5 mgl-1 and kinetin 1.5 mgl-1 as anoptimum combination concentration to induce callus growth and saponin production.
The phytochemical screenings and thin layer chromatography analysis of chemical compounds in ethanol extract of labu siam fruit (Sechium edule Jacq. Swartz.)
Authors: MARLIANA SOERYA DEWI , SURYANTI VENTY , SUYONO SUYONO
Published: July 2018

The phytochemical screenings and analysis of chemical compounds in ethanol extract of labu siam fruit (Sechium edule Jacq. Swartz.) with Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) has been carried out. Isolation was done by Soxhlet extraction for 6 hours with petroleum ether and the residue was extracted by maceration during 24 hours with ethanol.The isolated compounds in ethanol extract were identified by phytochemical screenings method and TLC. The result showed the presence of alkaloid, saponin, cardenolin/bufadienol and flavonoid.
The adsorption of Remazol Yellow FG in the textile wastes by cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeush)
Authors: KUSUMANINGSIH TRIANA , MASYKUR ABU , SUPRIYANTO RONI
Published: July 2018

Research of application of cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeush) for adsorption of Remazol Yellow FG dye was carried out. This experiment was done to get the optimal condition of adsorption of Remazol Yellow FG dye by cogon grass. Adsorption process was performed by variety soaking activation times of cogon grass in NaOH solution were in 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 48 hours. The pH variation was 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13. The variation of contact times at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 minutes. The interactions between Remazol Yellow FG dye in solution and cogon grass were conducted in batch method. The surface area characteristic of cogon grass was analyzed by methylene blue method and the functional groups in the cogon grass were analyzed by infra red spectroscopy. The analysis of adsorption of textile dye was by Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy. The results showed that the optimum condition from adsorption process of Remazol Yellow FG dye by cogon grass was reached at 24 hours of activation times, pH 10, and 60 minutes of contact time. Adsorptive capacity of active cogon grass to the textile dye was 5.165 mg/g while to the textile dye waste was 7.851 mg/g.
The antipyretic effect of basil leaf extract (Ocimi sancti folium) in rats
Authors: WIDIASTUTI ANDINA , MARIYAH YUL , SUHARSONO SUHARSONO
Published: July 2018

Basil leaves are believed by community to reduce the fever. This study aimed to determine the effect of antipyretic and the effectiveness of basil leaf extract (Ocimi sancti folium) in rats. This research was a laboratory experimental research by using a random sampling technique. The experimental animal used was Wistar rats aged less than 2 months, as much as 20 rats divided into 4 groups. Group 1 as a negative control group was given aquadest of 2.5 ml, while groups 2, 3 and 4 as test groups were each given basil extract by 3.15 mg/100 gr BB, 6.30 mg mg/100 gr BB and 12.60 mg/100 gr BB, respectively, dissolved in 2.5 ml of aquadest. To increase the temperature, it was injected vaccine DPT 0.2 cc intra-muscular. The temperature measurement is conducted by using a digital thermometer. The data obtained were analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences 11.5 (SPSS 11.5) with Univariate Analysis of Variance method followed by Post Hoc test. The result of one factor analysis from Univariate Analysis of Variance test showed that the average of rats rectal temperature was significantly different for each test group and for each time range of temperature measurement, each of them was 0.034 and 0.005 with a significant level (Î±) = 0.05. From the result of analysis by using Post Hoc Test, there was a significant difference between dose group of 3.15 mg/100 gr BB with a dose group of 12.60 mg/100 gr BB and between the time of temperature measurements of 120 minutes and 180 minutes. At first dose and 180th minute, it was obtained a lowest rectal rats temperature. The results showed that the basil leaf extract had an antipyretic effect on rats. The optimal effectiveness evidenced by a lowest average rectal temperature was achieved by a dose of 3.15 mg/100 gr BB at 180th minute.
Processing soy sauce from golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) by koji fermentation and addition of pineapple extract (Ananas comosus)
Authors: BADRIAH ELA LAILATUL , SURANTO SURANTO , PURWOKO TJAHJADI
Published: July 2018

Badriah EL, Suranto, Purwoko T. 2008. Processing soy sauce from golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) by koji fermentation and addition of pineapple extract (Ananas comosus). Biofarmasi 6: 1-7. Pomacea canaliculata had high protein content. Pomacea canaliculata could be used as a raw material in the production of soy sauce. Soy sauce is a liquid product made by fermentation or enzymatic. The addition of enzyme in the production of soy sauce can shorten the moromi fermentation process and increase nutrition improve. Bromelain was one of enzyme used in the production of soy sauce. This enzyme can be found in pineapple. The aims of the research were to determine the nutrition value of Pomacea soy sauce including carbohydrate, proteins and lipids contents and to determine the optimal pineapple extract rate in the production of Pomacea soy sauce by koji fermentation. The research was conducted through two phases, which were koji fermentation and continued hydrolysis by using the pineapple extract concentration variation [3:1, 3:2 and 3:3 (koji: pineapple extract)]. Pomacea canaliculata was fermented with Aspergillus oryzae for 7 days until producing koji. Koji was soaked in a salt solution of 20% (1:4, b/v) and added pineapple extract with concentration variation of (3:1, 3:2 and 3:3) for 3 days until it produced moromi. Moromi filtrate with extract pineapple variation (3:1, 3:2 and 3:3) was analyzed for the value of carbohydrate (sugar and starch), protein and lipids. Moromi filtrate was added by the spices and would produce Pomacea sauce. Finally, Pomacea sauce was tested preferably including the flavor, aroma, and color. Preferable test was analyzed by non-parametric statistic with Friedman Test and followed with Wilcoxon Ranking Method. The results of research showed that the value of sugar reduction on Pomace canaliculata sauce with pineapple extract variation of 3:1, 3:2 and 3:3 were 94.0849 mg/g, 132.5846 mg/g and 172.7485 mg/g, respectively. The starch value of Pomacea sauce with pineapple extract variation of 3:1, 3:2 and 3:3 were 35.8643 mg/g, 48.7123 mg/g and 52.5068 mg/g, respectively. The value of proteins content which dissolved on Pomacea sauce with pineapple extract variation of 3:1, 3:2 and 3:3 were 1230.196 mg/g, 1365.891 mg/g and 1475.016 mg/g, respectively. The value of lipids on Pomacea sauce with pineapple extract variation of 3:1, 3:2 and 3:3 were 4.1333 mg/g, 6.9333 mg/g and 7.1333 mg/g, respectively. The data preferable test, aroma and color on Pomacea sauce with pineapple extract variation of 3:3 were preferred than pineapple extract variation of 3:1 and 3:2. If the comparison with commercial sauce, Pomacea sauce was still less be taken a fancy to taste, flavor, and color.
The effect of heating technique to phytic acid content and antioxidant activity of velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens), butter bean (Phaseolus lunatus) and jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis)
Authors: PRAMITA DIAN SRI , HANDAJANI SRIiii , RACHMAWANTI DIAN
Published: July 2018

Pramita DS, Handajani S, Rachmawanti D. 2008. The effect of heating technique to phytic acid content and antioxidant activity of velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens), butter bean (Phaseolus lunatus) and jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). Biofarmasi 6: 36-44. Koro is a kind of local bean which has many varieties. The nutrition of koro is not different with soy, especially carbohydrate and protein which high enough, and has a low-fat content. However, koro also contains some harmful compounds, HCN which poisoned and phytic acid which an antinutritional compound. Besides as antinutritional compound, phytic acid has a positive role, i.e. as an antioxidant. Besides phytic acid, legume also contains the compounds of phenol and vitamin E that have antioxidant activity. The aims of this research were to determine the contents of phytic acid and antioxidant activity, and to determine the effect of heating technique on phytic acid and antioxidant activity of velvet bean, butter bean, and jack bean. The materials used were velvet bean, butter bean and jack bean obtained from Batuwarno, Wonogiri, Central Java. This research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five kinds of treatment, each treatment consisted of three replications. The treatments given were soaking by 3 days (P1), steaming (P2), boiling (P3) and pressure cooker (P4), which compared to a raw bean without heating treatment (P0). The investigated factors were phytic acid and antioxidant activity (DPPH Radical Scavenging Ability method). The results of this research showed the phytic acid content of velvet bean, butter bean and jack bean from the treatment of P0, P1, P2, P3 and P4 were degraded. The phytic acid of velvet bean of P0, P1, P2, P3 and P4 treatment were 10.87, 8.94, 4.56 and 1.72 and 1.46 mg/db, respectively; on butter bean were 11.78, 8.75, 4.77, 1.73 and 1.61 mg/db, respectively; while on jack bean were 9.04, 1.99, 1.39, 1.42 and 1.21 mg/db. The result of variance analysis showed the phytic acid content was significantly different (p<0.05). Antioxidant activity showed the increase from P0 to P1, then the degradation process at P2, P3, and P4. Antioxidant activity at velvet bean were 74.10%, 86.49%, 84.73%, 83.59% and 79.51%, respectively; at butter bean were 4.5%, 7.19%, 6.07%, 6.30% and 6.28%, respectively; at jack bean were 14.64%, 8.55%, 5.84%, 5.17% and 3.58%. The result of variance analysis showed antioxidant activity at velvet bean and jack bean was significant, while at butter bean for P1, P2, P3, and P4 were not significant. The conclusion that could be taken away from this research were heating techniques had an effect on the degradation of phytic acid at all kind of bean used, and also had an effect on the antioxidant activity at velvet bean and jack bean.
The effect of ethanol extract of pegagan (Centella asiatica) on the performance of Wistar rats after restraint stress
Authors: HAMIDI BAARID LUQMAN , SAMIGUN SAMIGUN , LESTARI ANIK
Published: July 2018

Hamidi BL, Samigun, Lestari A. 2010. The effect of extract ethanol of pegagan (Centella asiatica) on the performance of Wistar rats after restraint stress. Biofarmasi 8: 11-16. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of extract ethanol of pegagan (Centella asiatica) after treated with restraint stress by measuring the eight arms radial maze performance of rats. Pre-test and post-test controlled groups design was applied in this research. Male Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus) with the mean age of 8 weeks and the body weight of 150-200 grams which used for sample were divided randomly into 4 groups, each group consisted of 6 rats, i.e. (i) control group (without any treatment), (ii) stress group (it was given by restraint stress for 2 hours/day for each rat), (iii) pegagan group (it was given by 0.3 mg/g BW/day/rat extract ethanol of pegagan), and (iv) pegagan and stress group (it was given by 0.3 mg/g BW/day/rat extract ethanol of pegagan and restraint stress for 2 hours/day for each rat). The treatments were given for 21 days. Within 12 days for each pre-treatment and post-treatment, a test on the eight arm radial maze was conducted on individual rat to observe its performance. The assessment of rat performance in the eight arms radial maze test was conducted based on error type B. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests with SPSS for Windows 16 version were applied to analyze statistically the difference between four groups. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to show the significant performance level difference between four groups of rats with p=0.001, while Mann-Whitney test was used to determine the significant difference between stress group and pegagan group (p=0.001), also stress group and pegagan and stress group (p=0.001). The result of research showed that there was no significant difference between control group and stress group (p=0.051), control group and pegagan group (p=0.143), control group and pegagan and stress group (p=0.143), also pegagan group and pegagan and stress group (p=0.952). It was concluded that extract ethanol of pegagan improved the performances of rats on the eight arms radial maze after treated with restraint stress.
The effect of red pomegranate (Punica ganatum) peel extract on leukocyte number and type in rats exposed with mobile phone electromagnetic radiation
Authors: RAKHMAWATI MULKI , QADRIYATI ISNA , WIJAYANTI LILIK
Published: July 2018

Rakhmawati M, Qadriyati I, Wijayanti L. 2011. The effect of red pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel extract on leukocyte number and type in rats exposed with mobile phone electromagnetic radiation. Biofarmasi 9: 55-61. This research aimed to examine the effect of red pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel extract on leukocyte number and type in rats exposed with mobile phone electromagnetic radiation. This study was a laboratory experimental post-test only control group design. The subjects used were 32 male rats, divided into 4 groups: (i) control group, (ii) mobile phone electromagnetic radiation-exposed group for 4 hour/day for 14 days, (iii) mobile phone electromagnetic radiation-exposed group for 4 hour/ day for 14 days with red pomegranate peel extract 50 mg/kg weight body in pre and during exposed, and (iv) mobile phone electromagnetic radiation-exposed group for 4 hour/day for 14 days with red pomegranate peel extract 50 mg/kg body weight pre, during and post-exposed. After 41 days, blood was collected in a clean tube with EDTA from orbital sinus of rats. Blood was used for leukocyte number and type in Pathology Clinic Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University. The data obtained were statistically analyzed with independent t-test by using SPSS Program for Microsoft Windows release 16.0 with a significance level at p<0.05. The results showed that red pomegranate peel extract decrease the leukocyte number than only exposed to mobile phone electromagnetic radiation group. The treatment of red pomegranate peel extract decreased for eosinophil, lymphocyte and monocyte, while for neutrophil, the treatment of red pomegranate peel extract showed increase than only exposed with mobile phone electromagnetic radiation group. Statistical analysis with independent t-test showed that the result was significant between group 1 and 3, and between group 2 and 3 of leukocyte number, but no significant for other groups. Meanwhile, the result of independent t-test showed no significant between all groups of the type of leukocyte. The experiment result showed that red pomegranate peel extract can significantly decrease the leukocyte number in rats exposed with mobile phone electromagnetic radiation (p<0.05), but no significant for different count (p>0.05).
Anthelmintic effects of pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) seed extract on Ascaris suum in vitro
Authors: GANESTYA SHITA , DJUMARGA SUTARMIADJI , UTARI CR. SITI
Published: July 2018

Ganestya S, Djumarga S, Utari CRS. 2012. Anthelmintic effects of pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) seed extract on Ascaris suum in vitro. Biofarmasi 10: 1-6. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of pumpkin seed extract towards the Lethal Death Time of Ascaris suum Goeze in vitro. The type of this research was an quasi-experiment using a post-test only controlled group design. The subject of this research was the actively motile adult Ascaris suum Goeze. A purposive sampling technique was used to collect the samples by considering the length of each worm without noticing the sex of worm. The subjects were divided into four groups, each group consisted of 10 worms, with 5 times replication. Physiological saline solution and pyrantel pamoate 0.236% were used as the negative and positive control groups, respectively, while the pumpkin seed extracts used for the treatment groups were at the concentrations of 54.5% and 70.5%. The observation and checking towards the dead worm were performed once an hour. The data obtained were analyzed by using a Kruskal-Wallis test, continued with Mann-Whitney and Spearman Correlation tests. The Lethal Death Time of A. suum by pumpkin seed extracts at a concentration of 54.5% was 11 hour 48 minutes, while at a concentration of 70.5%, the Lethal Death Time was 7 hours 48 minutes. The result of Kruskal-Wallis test showed a significant difference among all of the groups (p<0.05). A significant difference was also shown at every group by Mann-Whitney test (p<0.05). Meanwhile, the result of Spearman correlation test showed a significant negative correlation between the concentration of pumpkin seed extract and the Lethal Death Time as p<0.05 and coefficient correlation was -0.950. Pumpkin seed extract showed an anthelmintic effect against A. suum in vitro.
The effect of curcumin extract (Curcuma longa) on liver cell damage necrosis of mice after alcohol induction
Authors: PRASETYO YUDHI , SUYATMI SUYATMI , HANIM DIFFAH
Published: July 2018

Prasetyo Y, Suyatmi, Hanim D. 2012. The effect of turmeric extract (Curcuma longa) in preventing liver cell damage of mice by alcohol induction. Biofarmasi 10: 28-33. Turmeric extract (Curcuma longa) has an antioxidant activity to protect liver cell damage resulted by free radicals activity produced by alcohol metabolism. The objective of this research was to investigate the hepatoprotection activity of turmeric extract on liver cell damage induced by alcohol. This study was a laboratory experimental research with the post-test only controlled group design. The samples in this research were twenty-eight male mice (Mus musculus), Swiss Webster type, in age of 2-3 months old and Â±20 g of body weight. The samples were divided into four groups, each group consisted of seven mice. Control group (K) was only given by aquadest 1 mL/20 g body weight of mice for 9 days in a row. The first treatment group (PI) was treated and given by alcohol with an increment form by 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% with a dose of 0.028 mL/20 g body weight of mice. The second treatment group (PII) was given like PI and given by turmeric extract in dose I by 0.14 mg/20 g body weight of mice for 9 days in a row. The third treatment group (PIII) was given like PI and given by turmeric extract in dose II by 0.28 mg/20 g body weight of mice. Finally on 9th day, mice were sacrificed with a vertebra cervical dislocation, then the liver was taken and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE). Histologic preparation was observed and scored based on the hepatocyte nuclear appearance (pyknosis, karyorrhexis and karyolysis). Each of them was given with score 1. Data were analyzed by One-Way ANOVA test (Î±=0.05) and before that, the data of control and P1 groups were analyzed by t-test independent. The analysis was continued by Post-Hoc Multiple Comparisons (LSD) test (Î±=0.05). The result of One-Way ANOVA showed that there was a significant difference among four groups. The result of Post-Hoc Multiple Comparisons (LSD) method showed that there was a significant difference between K-PI, K-PII, K-PIII, PI-PII, PII-PIII and PI-PIII (p<0.05). According to the results of this research, it was concluded that the turmeric extract was able to decrease the liver cell damage of mice, but the increase of turmeric extract dose, twice of first dose was not followed by the increase of protection effect to the liver cell damage of mice which induced by alcohol (p<0.05).
Toxicity test of active fraction from ethanol extract of ginje (Thevetia peruviana) leaves by Brine Shrimp Test method and chemistry compound profile of most active fraction
Authors: NINGSIH VIANA , NUGRAHENI ESTU RETNANINGTYAS , ASTIRIN OKID PARAMA
Published: July 2018

Ningsih V, Nugraheni ER, Astirin OP. 2013. Toxicity test of active fraction from ethanol extract of ginje (Thevetia peruviana) leaves by Brine Shrimp Test method and chemistry compound profile of most active fraction. Biofarmasi 11: 48-57. Cancer is a major threat to human health. The treatment that been made such as dissection, radiation, and chemotherapy, did not give satisfactory results, even gave the considerable adverse side effects. Other alternative that selected is utilizing the natural materials from plant that expected to be companion chemotherapy. One of the plants as source of new drug potentially is ginje (Thevetia peruviana Merr). Previous studies reported that ethanol extract of ginje leaves have toxic effects below 1000 Âµg/mL. Therefore, it needs to be tested further to determine its potential as anticancer. This study aimed to determine the toxic effects of the active fractions of ethanol extract of ginje leaves by Brine Shrimp Test (BST) method and to determine the profile of active fraction of chemical constituents. Toxicity test was performed with Brine Shrimp Test (BST) method against Artemia salina Leach. Shrimp larva with a series concentrations extract of 62.5 Âµg/mL, 125 Âµg/mL, 250 Âµg/mL, 500 Âµg/mL and 1000 Âµg/mL of each concentration were tested in 5 flacons. Each flacon contained 10 shrimp larva. The percentage of shrimp larva mortality was calculated after 24 hours of test and the data were analyzed by calculating the value of LC50. The profile of the chemical contents of the most active fraction were identified by TLC and analyzed qualitatively. The results showed that the most active fraction in killing the larva of shrimp Artemia is the fraction I with the values of LC50-24 hours was 44.67 Âµg/mL. The contents of chemical compounds contained in fraction I of leaf ethanol extract of ginje were terpenoid and phenolic groups.
In vitro testing of antibacterial activity of extracts of seed cardamom (Amomum compactum) against by Aeromonas hydrophila
Authors: PUTRI SISKA DYAH KUSUMA , SUSILOWATI ARI , SETYANINGSIH RATNA
Published: July 2018

Putri SDK, Susilowati A, Setyaningsih R. 2016. In vitro testing of antibacterial activity of extracts of seed cardamom (Amomum compactum) against by Aeromonas hydrophila. Biofarmasi 14: 10-18. One of the obstacles that hinder the cultivation of common freshwater fish is the presence of pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila. These bacteria cause Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS). One effort against MAS on freshwater fish is the use of cardamom seed (Amomum compactum). The purpose of this study was to know the antibacterial activity and get the minimum concentration of cardamom seed extract that was able to inhibit A. hydrophila in vitro. Cardamom seed extraction was done by stratified maceration using three solvent, i.e., n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Antibacterial activity was conducted using disc diffusion method with 100% concentration for each extract, solvents, only bacteria culture without the extract as negative control and positive control for chloramphenicol 3,4%. Minimum Concentration Inhibitory test (MIC) performed using extracts of the most widespread inhibitory zone. The extract concentrations tested 5,71%, 2,70%, 1,35%, 0,68%, 0,34%, 0,17%(b/v),and 0% as a negative control, while the antibiotic chloramphenicol as a positive control. Data analyzed using Analysis of Variance test (ANOVA) and Duncans Multiple Range test (DMRT) level of 5%. Cardamom seed extracted with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol as a solvent were 11,1 g, 10 g, and 15,1 g extract respectively. Inhibition zone of 100% cardamom seed extract with the solvent n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol were 5,25 mm, 6,25 mm and 5,75 mm respectively. MIC values in the ethyl acetate extract of A. hydrophila were 2,70%.
Antibacterial activity of the sambiloto leaf extracts (Andrographis paniculata) to Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: MARDIANA RUTH NOVA , HANDAYANI NESTRI
Published: July 2018

Mardiana RN, Handayani N. 2016. Antibacterial activity of the sambiloto leaf extracts (Andrographis paniculata) to Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biofarmasi 14: 19-24. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of sambiloto ( Andrographis paniculata Nees. ) extract against bacterial Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Some research had proven sambiloto leaf extract evident had antibacterial activity to bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The sample of sambiloto leaf was macerated using 70% ethanol, and the extract was concentrated using rotary evaporator. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by diffusion method. Antibacterial potency of the extract was compared with by Amoxicillin made default curve among logarithm concentrates to constraining diameter (mm), then accounted by its equivalence point. Ethanol extract of sambiloto leaf had antibacterial activity to B. cereus and P. aeruginosa. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 12,5% against B. cereus and P. aeruginosa. The potential antibacterial activity of sambiloto leaf extract was 0,2% for B. cereus and 0.3% for P. aeruginosa; as compared with Amoxicillin. This, potential antibacterial activity of sambiloto leaf extract to the two tested bacteria was much smaller than that of Amoxicillin synthetic antibiotic.
Investigating the degrading properties of three different strains of fungi on commonly used pesticides in Guyana
Authors: FAREED REHANA , ANSARI ABDULLAH , SEECHARRAN DIANA , MUNROE LESLIE
Published: July 2018

Fareed R, Ansari A, Seecharran D, Munroe L. 2017. Investigating the degrading properties of three different strains of fungi on commonly used pesticides in Guyana. Biofarmasi (Rumphius J Nat Prod Biochem) 15: 5-14. Bioremediation is the use of microbes to remove various contaminants from the environment. The present research work was carried out during 2014-15. Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium spp. were employed for biodegradation of pesticides commonly used in Guyana. Initially, the fungi were screened for ligninolytic potential by observing decolorization/degradation of a synthetic dye (Remazol Brilliant blue) in PDA agar. The degradation of dyes was noted by the change in original colour of the dye and visual disappearance of colour from the fungustreated Petri plates. In addition, accumulation of the dye by the fungal mycelium was also noticed. The fungi were then tested for their tolerance to the pesticides Diuron, Malathion and Diazinon respectively. This was done on solid media using PDA agar with amoxillin to prevent bacterial growth. The pesticides were introduced to the fungi by way of disc diffusion. Discs of a known diameter were infused with the respective pesticides at different concentrations and placed at strategic points around the inoculated fungal mycelium. The extent of inhibition was measured by comparing the growth diameter in the sample verses growth in the control. The pesticide diazinon was found to have inhibited the fungi more when compared to Malathion and Diuron. Finally, the fungi were used to degrade the pesticides in a liquid culture-Peptone Broth. The pesticide Diuron was selected because the fungi thrived best in all concentrations of this pesticide. A concentration of the pesticide Diuron was place in flasks containing the peptone broth with mycelia discs of the respective fungal strain. The final concentration of the pesticide was determined by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The concentration of the pesticide in each strain of fungi was decreased. Aspergillus niger was found to have the highest rate of pesticide degradation followed by Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium.
Extraction and characterization of gelatin from Lates niloticus and potential industrial applications
Authors: KIPLAGAT CHEBON SAMMY , ONYARI JOHN MMARI , MULAA FRANCIS , WABOMBA JOHN
Published: July 2018

Kiplagat CS, Onyari JM, Mulaa F, Wabomba J. 2018. Extraction and characterization of gelatin from Lates niloticus and potential industrial applications. Biofarmasi J Nat Prod Biochem 16: 53-64. This research aims to extract and characterize gelatin from Lates niloticus (Nile perch) scales, then blend it with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Hydrolysis of the scales was done using a crude alkaline protease harvested from a bacterium, Bacillus cereus strain wwcp 1, obtained from Lake Bogoria. The lyophilized solution yielded 16.3% of gelatin powder calculated from the dry weight of the scales. The sample was characterized using infrared spectroscopy and showed peaks at 3442 cm-1, 1653 cm-1 and ~ 1590 cm-1 corresponding to Amide A, Amide I and Amide II bands respectively. The amino acid analysis shows that glycine was the most abundant amino acid (21.7%), followed by proline (14.6%) and alanine (11.8%). Isoleucine, Histidine, and Tyrosine were the least abundant (1.8, 1.4 and 0.9% respectively). Polyvinyl alcohol-gelatin blend films of various compositions ranging from 10% to 90% PVA were prepared by solution casting method. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermo-gravimetric Analysis (TGA) tests showed the films had glass transition, melting and thermal decomposition onset temperatures intermediate between those of the respective individual polymers ( PVA and gelatin). The thermal stability of the films reduced with the increase in the amount of the less thermally stable constituent. Lastly, potential applications of the prepared blend films were investigated. Batch experiments to assess the potential of the polymer blend films as an adsorbent material was done using Methylene Blue dye. The films were found to adsorb up to 64% of the dye and the percentage of dye removal varied with the initial concentration of the dye and contact time.
Determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloids levels in Symphytum asperum
Authors: ONDUSO SHYLOCK O. , NGâ€˜ANGâ€˜A MARGARET M. , WANJOHI WACEKE , HASSANALI AHMED
Published: July 2018

Onduso SO, Ngâ€˜angâ€˜a MM, Wanjohi W, Hassanali A. 2017. Determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloids levels in Symphytum asperum. Biofarmasi J Nat Prod Biochem 15: 65-78. The levels of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in the roots and leaves of comfrey (Symphytum asperum Lepech) from two agro-ecological zones in Kenya, Kiambu and Kisii counties during wet (April 2012) and the dry (September 2012) seasons were determined in the present study. The samples were dried beneath the shade for four weeks, continued with ground and extraction of the PAs by applying different solvent systems. The result displayed no significant difference in the percentage of dry weights for the leaves and the roots samples collected from Kisii and Kiambu counties during the wet and dry seasons (p>0.05 at 95 % confidence limit). Gas Chromatography (GC) combined with a Mass spectrometer (MS) was used in the analyses of the samples, characterization, and quantification of major components. Among four PAs identified in the root samples (echimidine (7), 7- acetyllycopsamine (17), 3â€˜-acetyllycopsamine (18), triangularine (19) and heliosupine (24)), a significant amount of 7- Acetyllycopsamine (17) was evident during the wet season as compared to the dry season (p=0.033, Î±=0.05, t-test). The other pyrrolizidine alkaloids measured between two seasons did not vary significantly (p>0.05, Î±=0.05, t-test). All the compounds reported in the root samples are associated with toxicity, and their values exceed the tolerable levels as recommended by relevant regulatory bodies in various countries. One of the most toxic PAs, echimidine (7), was found in all the root samples. The leaf samples, however, showed PAs level below detectable limits using GC-MS. Further study is needed to examine whether PAs is produced from the leaves collected at different levels of maturation and from a broader profile of the plant. Furthermore, it necessary to know the levels of a particular PA and related analogs in a larger profile of the plants cultivated in other agro-ecological zones in Kenya. Study on the toxicity of heliosupine (24) is of future interest, since it is existed in significant amounts, yet such studies have not been done on this constituent. Also, preparative isolation of the PAs should be performed to provide reference standards in other quantification facilities that utilize Gas Chromatography because GC-MS is a rather expensive method.
Anti-bacterial properties and GC-MS analysis of extracts and essential oils of selected plant product
Authors: NYAITONDI OMBUNA DINAH , WANJAU RUTH NDUTA , NYAMBAKA HUDSON , HASSANALI AHMED
Published: July 2018

Nyaitondi OD, Wanjau R, Nyambaka H, Hassanali A. 2018. Anti-bacterial properties and GC-MS analysis of extracts and essential oils of selected plant product. Biofarmasi J Nat Prod Biochem 16: 44-58. Plants are traditionally used for the treatment of bacterial infections though they are not clinically regulated due to lack of awareness and sufficient data to support the reported therapeutic claims. Some plants used as food and vegetables are hardly considered in such studies. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial properties associated with garlic, ginger, turmeric, lemon, and onion in the form of juices, methanol extracts, and essential oils. These materials were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi. Identification of suspected antibacterial compounds was made by comparison of retention indices and the mass spectra with those in National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) libraries using GC-MS analyses. Garlic juice was bactericidal against all tested strains. Lemon/garlic juice exhibited significantly higher activity against E. coli and S. typhi. Turmeric/lemon/garlic methanol extracts blend was most active against S. aureus. Preliminary screening of the essential oils indicated significant antibacterial activity of lemon/garlic essential oil blend against P. aeruginosa. GC-MS analysis of the active samples confirmed the presence of compounds containing-OOH,-OH,-N,-Cl,-F,-NH2 and-S groups which are associated with bacterial inhibition in conventional antibiotics. The 10 major constituents obtained from samples suspected to contain antibacterial activity, include limonene; 3-vinyl-1,2-dithiacyclohex-4- ene; α-zingiberene; diallyl disulphide; 2-butanone,4-(-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl); 3-chlorothiophene; methanehydrazonic acid,N-[3- (methylthio)-1,-2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl]-,ethyl ester; n-hexadecanoic acid; γ-sitosterol and propanamide,2-amino-3-phenyl. Juices of garlic, lemon and lemon/garlic blend were found to be active against one or more of the bacteria tested unlike methanol extracts and essential oils, and they should be used in raw form as heating and drying is likely to render them inactive. Further studies on methanol extract and fresh juice of lemon/garlic blend need to be undertaken to elucidate the active principles in these extracts and may lead to the discovery of novel antimicrobial agents and models for the new generation of synthetic antibiotics.
Ubijanje neodvisne scene ali zakaj potrebujemo center sodobnih scenskih umetnosti
Authors: Jablanovec Bojan
Published: July 2018

Pobuda in poziv k ustanovitvi Centra sodobnih scenskih umetnosti je bila prvič javno predstavljena 7. junija 2017 na tiskovni konferenci ob podaljšanju pogodbe med Ministrstvom za kulturo, Elektrom Ljubljana in zavodom Bunker za upravljanje prizorišča Stara mestna elektrarna Elektro Ljubljana, potem pa še 26. junija v intervjuju za časopis Dnevnik (Elektrika in kurjava ne zadostujeta več, (www.dnevnik.si/1042776235/kultura/oder/bojan-jablanovec-gledaliski-reziser-elektrika-inkurjava-ne-zadostujeta-vec) in 7. novembra na spletni strani Asociacija (www.asociacija.si/si/2017/11/07/kulturna-premisljevanja-bojan-jablanovec/).
Puertos atlánticos y mediterráneos en tiempos de Trajano
Authors: Bermejo Meléndez Javier , Campos Carrasco Juan M.
Published: July 2018

Resumen. Con el ascenso de Trajano al poder en las postrimerías del s. I d. C. el estado conocerá un profundo proceso de reformas tendentes a mejorar la delicada situación administrativa, y especialmente financiera, heredadas del último emperador flavio. En este contexto las medidas puestas en marcha por el emperador hispano tendentes a reforzar el aparato de suministros estatales, la annona, hacia los mercados urbanos y el limes del imperio supondrá el desarrollo de una importante provincialización económica, así como un aumento del intervencionismo estatal. En línea con esta argumentación recogemos en el siguiente trabajo una docena de enclaves portuarios que jalonaron las principales rutas de abastecimiento y en los que se aprecia un importante desarrollo de su topografía, con nuevos espacios de almacenamientos, aumento del volumen de mercancías, etc. al socaire de esta nueva etapa comercial.  Palabras clave: puertos, stationes, Ostia, portus Traiani, annona.
Plotina Augusta: luces y sombras sobre una mujer de estado
Authors: Pavón Torrejón Pilar
Published: July 2018

En este trabajo, a través de un recorrido por las diferentes etapas de su vida, se reivindica el papel de Plotina Augusta como mujer de estado y no solo como esposa imperial. Para ello se realiza una comparación, desde los distintos puntos de vista de la bibliografía tradicional y reciente, de los datos acerca de su figura procedentes de las fuentes literarias y los documentos epigráficos, numismáticos y papirológicos.The aim of this paper is to analyze, through a biographical tour at different stages of her life, the role of Plotina Augusta as a woman of state and not only as imperial wife. In order to show the different views on her from the traditional and the most recent literature it will be carried out a comparison of the data collected from literary, epigraphic, numismatic and papyrological sources.
Engaging Primary School Children in Computational Thinking: Designing and Developing Videogames
Authors: Chiazzese Giuseppe , Fulantelli Giovanni , Pipitone Vito , Taibi Davide
Published: July 2018

This paper presents the results of a project on Computational Thinking education for primary school pupils. During the project – called Computational Thinking for children education – 81 students from a primary school in Italy have been guided to the design and development of computer games through the Microsoft Kodu game development platform. Different activities have been proposed to the pupils with the aim of promoting Computational Thinking abilities and skills. A narrative approach has been adopted throughout the project. Preliminary results of the educational experience highlight as the adoption of narrative learning and physical reproduction of manipulative programming objects provide an affordance for the development of Computational Thinking abilities. Furthermore, constancy during the learning process affects the acquisition of game development skills; finally, the design and implementation of computer games using Kodu have had a significant positive influence on the perception of computer programming.
European economies suffer a crisis of combination
Authors: Veggeland Noralv
Published: July 2018

In Europe, where the financial crisis was transformed into national debt crises in several countries, the current phase of the denial cycle marked by an official policy approach predicated on the assumption that normal restored through a mix of austerity, privatization and less state involvement came through (anti-Keynes). The other view is this. Governmental investments – and financial decision-making to regulate the effective demand in national economies is based on the basic principles introduced by John Maynard Keynes in his ‘General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936). The solution of the temporary crisis of the democratic capitalism might be linked to Keynes by his successors the neo-Keynesians. However, the representative democracy has become weak and fragmented, and under control of international powerful multinationals. The citizens not any longer look upon their national government as their representatives but as representatives for interest of foreign states and international organizations. Poor public politics and policy of austerity generating a crisis of combination are what come out of it.
Din Eğitimi ve Öğretiminde Atasözleri ve Deyimlerin Kullanılmasının ‎Önemi Üzerine Bir Araştırma
Authors: AYBEY Salih
Published: July 2018

Eğitim;
doğumla başlayan, ailede temellenen, okulda şekillenen ve hayat boyu devam eden
bir süreçtir. Bu süreçte aktarılacak temel mirasın en belirleyici unsurları
“dil ve din”dir. Ortak paydası insan olan, “din” ve “eğitim” kavramlarının bir
arada kullanılmasıyla oluşan din eğitiminde, atasözleri ve deyimlerin
kullanılması önemlidir. Çünkü atasözleri ve deyimler, ait oldukları kültürün
doğal ifadeleridir. Bu çalışmada, kültürün en önemli unsurlarından olan
atasözleri ve deyimlerin din eğitimi ve öğretiminde eğitici nitelikte kullanılmasının
önemi ele alınacaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda öncelikle keşfedici yaklaşım
yöntemiyle belli başlı atasözleri ve deyimlerden oluşan kaynaklar taranmış,
betimleyici yaklaşım yöntemiyle de din eğitimi ve öğretiminde kullanılabilecek
atasözleri ve deyimler tespit edilmiştir. Daha sonra bunlar iman, ibadet ve
ahlak ana konularına göre tasnif edilerek değerlendirilmiştir. Buna göre, ahlak
konularına dair atasözleri ve deyimlerin sayıca diğerlerinden daha fazla
olduğu, din eğitimi ve öğretiminde kullanılabilecek pek çok atasözü ve deyim
olduğu, bunların eğitimsel özellikleri itibariyle çocuğun gelişim çağları
dikkate alınarak verilmesi halinde, din eğitiminde kullanılması gereken önemli
bir materyal olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.
On the moving plane method for boundary blow-up solutions to semilinear elliptic equations
Authors: Canino Annamaria , Sciunzi Berardino , Trombetta Alessandro
Published: July 2018

We consider weak solutions to

-

Δ
⁢
u

=

f
⁢

(
u
)

{-\Delta u=f(u)}

on

Ω
1

∖

Ω
0

{\Omega_{1}\setminus\Omega_{0}}

, with

u
=
c
≥
0

{u=c\geq 0}

in

∂
⁡

Ω
1

{\partial\Omega_{1}}

and

u
=

+
∞

{u=+\infty}

on

∂
⁡

Ω
0

{\partial\Omega_{0}}

, and we prove monotonicity properties of the solutions via the moving plane method.
We also prove the radial symmetry of the solutions in the case of annular domains.