bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isoprene emissions in Africa inferred from OMI observations of formaldehyde columns
Authors: Marais E. A. , Jacob D. J. , Kurosu T. P. , Chance K. , Murphy J. G. , Reeves C. , Mills G. , Casadio S. , Millet D. B. , Barkley M. P. , Paulot F. , Mao J.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. We use 2005–2009 satellite observations of formaldehyde (HCHO) columns from OMI to infer biogenic isoprene emissions at monthly 1 × 1° resolution over the African continent. Our work includes new approaches to remove biomass burning influences using OMI absorbing aerosol optical depth data (to account for transport of fire plumes) and anthropogenic influences using AATSR satellite data for persistent small-flame fires (gas flaring). The resulting biogenic HCHO columns (ΩHCHO) follow closely the distribution of vegetation patterns in Africa. We infer isoprene emission (EISOP) from the local sensitivity S=ΔΩHCHO/ΔEISOP derived with the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model using two alternate isoprene oxidation mechanisms, and verify the validity of this approach using AMMA aircraft observations over West Africa and a longitudinal transect across central Africa. Displacement error (smearing) is diagnosed by anomalously high values of S and the corresponding data are removed. We find significant sensitivity of S to NOx under low-NOx conditions that we fit to a linear function of tropospheric column NO2 from OMI. We estimate a 40% error in our inferred isoprene emissions under high-NOx conditions and 40–90% under low-NOx conditions. Comparison to the state-of-science MEGAN inventory indicates a large overestimate of central African rainforest emissions in that inventory.
Assessing variable speed pump efficiency in water distribution systems
Authors: Marchi A. , Simpson A. R. , Ertugrul N.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. Energy savings and greenhouse gas emission reductions are increasingly becoming important design targets in many industrial systems where fossil fuel based electrical energy is heavily utilised. In water distribution systems (WDSs) a significant portion of operational cost is related to pumping. Recent studies have considered variable speed pumps (VSPs) which aim to vary the operating point of the pump to match demand to pumping rate. Depending on the system characteristics, this approach can lead to considerable savings in operational costs. In particular, cost reductions can take advantage of the demand variability and can decrease energy consumption significantly. One of the issues in using variable speed pumping systems, however, is the total efficiency of the electric motor/pump arrangement under a given operating condition. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive discussion about the components of WDS that incorporate variable speed pumps (including electric motors, inverters and the pumps themselves) to provide an insight of ways of increasing the system efficiency and hence to reduce energy consumption. In addition, specific attention is given to selection of motor types, sizing, duty cycle of pump (ratio of on-time and time period), losses due to installation and motor faults. All these factors affect the efficiency of motor drive/pump system.
Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Differentiation into Dopaminergic nNeurons
Authors: Malchenko Sergey , Bonaldo Maria de Fatima , Vanin Elio F. , Galat Vasily , Crispino John , Soares Marcelo B.
Published: March 2012

In vitro neural differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESC), or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is a powerful system to study early neural development, instrumental for cell replacement therapy and neuropharmacological studies. Here we report the derivation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive cells from human iPSCs, indicating the differentiation into dopaminergic neurons.
Research of the Localization of Restaurant Service Robot
Authors: Qing-xiao Yu , Can Yuan , Zhuang Fu , Yan-zheng Zhao
Published: March 2012

This paper designs a restaurant service robot which could be applicable to providing basic service, such as ordering, fetching and sending food, settlement and so on, for the customers in the robot restaurant. In this study, both three landmarks positioning and landmark-based localization algorithms are proposed to localize the mobile robot with rough precision in the restaurant. And Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technology is used to distinguish the unique table number of different landmarks. When the high localization precision must be granted around the pantry table, the RFID-based localization algorithm is proposed to localize the mobile robot. Various experiments show that the proposed algorithms could estimate the robot pose reasonably well and could accurately evaluate the localization performance. Finally, the proposed service robot could realize real-time self-localization in the restaurant.
Overdose, Behavioral Health Services, and Medications for Opioid Use Disorder After a Nonfatal Overdose
Authors: Jones Christopher M. , Shoff Carla , Blanco Carlos , Losby Jan L. , Ling Shari M. , Compton Wilson M.
Published: June 2024

Importance

Recognizing and providing services to individuals at highest risk for drug overdose are paramount to addressing the drug overdose crisis.

Objective

To examine receipt of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD), naloxone, and behavioral health services in the 12 months after an index nonfatal drug overdose and the association between receipt of these interventions and fatal drug overdose.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study was conducted in the US from January 2020 to December 2021 using claims, demographic, mortality, and other data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and other sources. The cohort comprised Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries aged 18 years or older with International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification codes for a nonfatal drug overdose. Data analysis was performed from February to November 2023.

Exposures

Demographic and clinical characteristics, substance use disorder, and psychiatric comorbidities.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Receipt of MOUD, naloxone, and behavioral health services as well as subsequent nonfatal and fatal drug overdoses.

Results

The cohort consisted of 136 762 Medicare beneficiaries (80 140 females [58.6%]; mean (SD) age of 68.2 [15.0] years) who experienced an index nonfatal drug overdose in 2020. The majority of individuals had Hispanic (5.8%), non-Hispanic Black (10.9%), and non-Hispanic White (78.8%) race and ethnicity and lived in metropolitan areas (78.9%). In the 12 months after their index nonfatal drug overdose, 23 815 beneficiaries (17.4%) experienced at least 1 subsequent nonfatal drug overdose and 1323 (1.0%) died of a fatal drug overdose. Opioids were involved in 72.2% of fatal drug overdoses. Among the cohort, 5556 (4.1%) received any MOUD and 8530 (6.2%) filled a naloxone prescription in the 12 months after the index nonfatal drug overdose. Filling a naloxone prescription (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.70; 95% CI, 0.56-0.89), each percentage of days receiving methadone (AOR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.98-0.99) or buprenorphine (AOR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.98-0.99), and receiving behavioral health assessment or crisis services (AOR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.22-0.28) were all associated with reduced adjusted odds of fatal drug overdose in the 12 months after the index nonfatal drug overdose.

Conclusions and Relevance

This cohort study found that, despite their known association with reduced risk of a fatal drug overdose, only a small percentage of Medicare beneficiaries received MOUD or filled a naloxone prescription in the 12 months after a nonfatal drug overdose. Efforts to improve access to behavioral health services; MOUD; and overdose-prevention strategies, such as prescribing naloxone and linking individuals to community-based health care settings for ongoing care, are needed.
Tuning Spatially Resolved Shape Memory Effects of Stimuli‐Responsive Macroporous Photonic Crystals
Authors: Leverant Calen J. , Zhang Yifan , Gao Fan , Batwa Belal A. , Taylor Curtis , Jiang Peng
Published: June 2024

Stimuli‐responsive photonic crystals with patterned microstructures are of great interest in developing reconfigurable nano‐optical devices. Leveraging unconventional all‐room‐temperature shape memory efforts and spatially resolved photopolymerization, herein, a facile method for micropatterning stimuli‐responsive photonic crystals is reported. Macroporous shape memory polymer (SMP) photonic crystals fabricated by colloidal templating can be deformed by cold programming, triggering the disappearance of their original structural colors. Exposure of the deformed samples to UV light through a photomask selectively disables the shape memory capabilities in the UV‐exposed regions. Hidden micropatterns defined by the photomask can be revealed by exposing the colorless SMP films to ethanol vapor, which triggers the shape memory recovery of the “memorized” ordered microstructures and the corresponding structural colors. Extensive nanoindentation experiments indicate that the exposure to UV light increases the crosslinking density and enhances the elastic modulus and toughness of the exposed regions by a factor of ≈2.0 and ≈5.2, respectively. Due to the formation of these extra crosslinks in the deformed configuration, they prevent normal shape memory behavior where the strained polymer chains rearrange from the temporary to permanent configuration when triggered by an external stimulus. This simple micropatterning technology can enable multistimuli‐responsive reconfigurable nanophotonic devices and chromogenic anticounterfeiting labels.
Implantable MicroLED‐Mediated Chemo‐Photodynamic Combination Therapy for Glioma Treatment
Authors: Kim Jeongrae , Lee Hin Kiu , Park Junwon , Jeon Seong Ik , Lee Il Seong , Yun Wan Su , Moon Yujeong , Choi Jiwoong , Shim Man Kyu , Kim Jinseong , Cho Hanhee , Shim Nayeon , Hwang Namcheol , Koirala Gyan Raj , Gwak Minjun , Han Sangheon , Kim Dong‐Hwee , Chang Won Seok , Kim Tae‐il , Kim Kwangmeyung
Published: June 2024

Photodynamic therapy shows promise for glioma treatment with powerful efficacy and low resistance, however, its effectiveness is significantly lowered by inadequate light delivery through the skull. Herein, a needle‐type implantable microLED device and cathepsin B‐responsive prodrug nanoparticles (PNPs) are newly exploited for glioma's chemo‐photodynamic combination therapy. The microLED containing four small LEDs on the tip of its guide needle can be implanted into the center of glioma tissues without large area opening of skull, uniformly irradiating light to deep glioma tissues. PNPs are formulated via self‐assembly of heterobifunctional prodrug composed of doxorubicin, verteporfin, and cathepsin B‐cleavable peptide linker, wherein they stably maintain inactive nanoparticle structures in normal physiological conditions and specifically deliver therapeutic age to cathepsin B‐overexpressed glioma tissues. In vitro cellular assays, PNPs irradiated with showed the synergistic cytotoxicity of DOX and VFP only in cathepsin B‐overexpressed cancer cells rather than normal cells. In tumor‐bearing mice, PNPs showed high tumor accumulation via the nanoparticle‐driven enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect and they also exhibited remarkable therapeutic efficacy against glioma under microLED‐mediated light irradiation via chemo‐photodynamic combination therapy. Accordingly, applying microLED with PNPs is an outstanding strategy to defeat glioma with cooperative chemo‐photodynamic effects, minimal invasiveness, and desirable systemic/local safety.
A Triple‐Role Nano‐Therapy by NADH@HMONs‐AAL for Precision Treatment of Cognitive Dysfunction Induced by Neuroinflammation through the Nose‐Brain Pathway
Authors: Du Xiyu , Zhao Gang , Zhou Yushan , Yang Li , Jiang Zhaoshun , Liu Songbin , Zhang Xixue , Lu Min , Lu Han , Gu Weidong
Published: June 2024

Sepsis‐associated encephalopathy (SAE) occurs in 70% of severely infected patients and the incidence rate of 17.7%. Previous studies have shown that Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) may treat nerve damage, but its inability to directly penetrate cell membranes limits its application. In this study, a nanoparticle (NADH@HMONs‐AAL) with one modification of triple‐role nano‐therapy is creatively prepared to treat SAE, and it is delivered to the brain through intranasal administration. There are three‐fold to introduce aleuria aurantia lectin (AAL) to modify the surface of NADH@HMONs. First, AAL adhered to HMONs as a mesoporous blocker to prevent drug leakage. Then, AAL increases the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of the nanoparticles, making NADH@HMONs more easily enter cells. Third, AAL allowed NADH@HMONs to bind to L‐fucose residues expressed on the olfactory epithelium, reducing clearance by cilia and effectively transporting NADH@HMONs‐AAL to the brain. This research indicates that NADH@HMONs‐AAL can directly enter the brain through intranasal administration and rapidly release NADH within cells. It repairs neuronal damage in the hippocampus and improves cognitive dysfunction in SAE‐induced cognitive neuroinflammatory mice. In conclusion, the nanoparticle prepared in this study using precision can alleviate the cognitive dysfunction caused by SAE, and provide a promising delivery route and method for treating neurological diseases.
Bioinspired Wearable Pulse Sensors for Ambulant Cardiovascular Monitoring and Biometric Authentication
Authors: Meng Keyu , Liu Zixiao , Xiao Xiao , Manshaii Farid , Li Pei , Yin Junyi , Wang Haiyan , Mei Haixia , Sun Yubo , He Ximin , Yang Jun , Chen Jun
Published: June 2024

The measurement accuracy of current wearable pulse sensors is grandly challenged by motion artifacts caused by body biomechanical activities. In this study, a honeycomb‐structure‐inspired wearable pulse sensor is reported which not only performs ambulant cardiovascular monitoring but also realizes biometric authentication utilizing the acquired individual pulse wave profiles. The sensor showcases an impressive sensitivity of 46.2 mV Pa−1, a swift response time of 21 ms, and exceptional durability (minimal degradation after 6000 cycles). For practical application in clinical settings, the sensor is able to record pulse signals continuously and accurately from individuals aged between 27 and 57 years, especially including a 29‐year‐old pregnant woman. Leveraging deep learning algorithms, the sensor further utilizes individual pulse wave profiles for biometric authentication, reaching a classification accuracy of up to 99.4%. The honeycomb‐structure‐inspired wearable pulse sensor marks a significant advancement in the field of practical cardiovascular monitoring and biometric authentication.
Marine‐Derived Nanozyme‐Crosslinked Self‐Adaptive Hydrogels for Programmed Regulating the Regeneration Process
Authors: Wang Tianyi , Wen Mengyao , Li Na , Zhang Lianbing , Xue Yumeng , Shang Li
Published: June 2024

Self‐adaptive hydrogels that can specifically respond to pathological cues and match the highly ordered tissue regeneration process are significantly on‐demand for effective wound management. Herein, multifunctional marine‐derived gold clusterzyme (AuNCs)‐based self‐adaptive hydrogels with microenvironment triggered release behavior are elaborately fabricated for on‐demand antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory and immunoregulation. The marine mussel‐derived catechol ligands (L‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine) endow AuNCs with enhanced superoxide dismutase‐mimic activity due to their high affinity to superoxide anion free radical (O2−•) and unique electron transfer mechanism, leading to 100% inhibition of O2−•. Upon uniformly crosslinking with phenylboronic acid‐modified marine‐derived sodium alginate (PBA‐Sa), the obtained AuNCs@PBA‐Sa hydrogels exhibit outstanding self‐healing property, tunable degradation and good removability. Meanwhile, AuNCs can greatly enhance the mechanical property and confer the hydrogel with favorable tissue adhesion for rapid hemostasis. Furthermore, injectable AuNCs@PBA‐Sa hydrogels can not only adapt their shape to the irregular wound, but also smartly adapt their microstructure to the physiological microenvironment of diabetic wound, leading to the responsive release of AuNCs upon the break of boronate ester bonds. The released gold clusterzymes can actively induce the generation of M2‐macrophage, demonstrating an outstanding anti‐inflammatory and pro‐regeneration effect. Therefore, the present multifunctional clusterzyme‐based self‐adaptive hydrogels hold great potential for remolding the dynamic tissue regeneration microenvironment and smart wound management.
Coordination Microenvironment Regulation in Carbon−Based Atomically Dispersed Metal Catalysts for Clean Energy−Conversion
Authors: Cui Junjie , Yao Zhenjie , Zhu Boyuan , Tang Jiahao , Sun Jingwen , Xiong Pan , Fu Yongsheng , Zhang Wenyao , Zhu Junwu
Published: June 2024

Emerging atomically dispersed metal catalysts (ADCs), especially carbon−based ADCs have arguably received enormous attention in diverse electrochemical energy conversion processes. Such catalysts have well−defined active centers, and their geometric and electronic structures depend greatly on their coordination microenvironments, which, in turn, govern the performances in the realm of electrocatalysis. In this review, it is focused on the state−of−the−art synthesis strategies for carbon−based ADCs, with particular emphasis on their microenvironment modulations. The advances in characterizing the microenvironment alongside understanding the synthetic pathway are outlined, and exemplified in electrochemical applications, including electrocatalytic H2 evolution, O2 evolution/reduction, CO2 reduction, and Li polysulfides conversion reactions. Rather than focusing on the catalysis metrics, this review delved deeply into the underly science and the associated reaction mechanisms of these catalysts in diverse electrochemical systems. The fundamental impacts of the microenvironments of the catalysts on electrocatalytic activities, selectivities, and stabilities are discussed. In the end, it is concluded by highlighting the current issues of the microenvironment engineering of these carbon−based ADCs and propose the prospects for future opportunities and challenges.
A Spherical Superhydrophobic Activated Carbon Catalyst for Biodiesel Production ‐Exploring Process Efficiency, Kinetics, Thermodynamics and Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Authors: Das Arpita , Guchhait Chandrakanta , Adhikari Bimalendu , Saikia Kankana , Shi Da , Li Hu , Rokhum Samuel Lalthazuala
Published: June 2024

Engineering the wettability of functional materials holds significant interest, focusing on the need for superhydrophobic catalysts, crucial for their ability to prevent the poisoning of active sites by water, produced in situ or as a by‐product. Herein, for the first time, a superhydrophobic spherical activated carbon (SSAC@PhSO3H) is engineered as a catalyst via a novel synthetic approach and tailored in Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) biodiesel synthesis. With a large surface area (1461 m2 g−1), high acid density (6.26 mmol g−1), and water contact angle (163.4°), the catalyst demonstrates superior performance and remarkable water repellency, firmly establishing its superhydrophobic characteristics. Response Surface Methodology based on the Central Composite Design (RSM‐CCD) approach predicted a maximal biodiesel yield of 98.8% (80 °C, 5 wt%, 15:1 methanol to oil molar ratio (MOMR), and 40 min). Life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) estimates biodiesel production cost of 0.37 USD ($) per kg emphasizing high commercial viability. Compared with H2SO4‐sulfonated biochar, SSAC@PhSO3H retains its inherent activity (86.8 ± 0.4% yield in 10th run) and spherical morphology even after nine successive reaction cycles indicating high stability. Nevertheless, JCO biodiesel's fuel properties met European Norm, EN 14 212 and American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM D6757 standards, highlighting its potential for industrial biodiesel production.
Polarized Photodetectors Based on 2D 2H‐MoTe2/1T'‐MoTe2/MoSe2 Van Der Waals Heterojunction
Authors: Pan Yuting , Zhu Lianqing , Lu Lidan , Ou Jianzhen , Zhou Jianhong , An Chunhua , Dong Mingli
Published: June 2024

The van der Waals heterojunction based on transition metal dichalcogenides has broad research value and application prospects as the basic material for advanced near‐infrared polarized photodetectors. a type II heterojunction based on the 2H‐MoTe2/1T′‐MoTe2/MoSe2 structure is reported for photovoltaic photodetectors. Notably, this device generates a self‐powered photocurrent, eliminating the need for an external bias or gate voltage. This device has the ability to detect polarized light, and its photocurrent anisotropy ratio is 55. The device performance is significantly amplified due to the proficient facilitation of electron‐hole separation through the type II band structure of MoSe2 at the bottom and 2H‐MoTe2 at the top, as well as enhanced exciton splitting by 1T′‐MoTe2 situated in the middle. Consequently, the device demonstrates exceptional proficiency, presenting a noteworthy response rate of 0.76 A W−1, a high detection rate of 3 × 109 Jones, an elevated EQE of 71%, and rapid rising and falling response speeds of 13 ms/10 ms respectively. Moreover, the device's anisotropy ratio of photocurrent highlights its sensitivity to polarized light, making it a promising candidate for applications in polarized photodetection. Overall, this innovative heterostructure opens new avenues for exploring and developing advanced optoelectronic devices based on 2D van der Waals materials.
Nano‐Titanium Oxide‐Coated Carbon Nanotubes for Photothermal Therapy in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Xie Jun , Li Da , Niu Sen , Sheng Yufan , Shen Renhui , He Yiding , Xu Chenhao , Zhang Ye , Wang Tong , Xue Yuzheng
Published: June 2024

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) display good potential in tumor photothermal therapy (PTT). In this study, it is aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of nano‐titanium oxide‐coated multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MCNTs) against colorectal cancer (CRC). First, TiO2 nanosheets are modified on the surface of MCNTs to obtain nano‐TiO2‐coated MCNTs. Next, cell compatibility validation is conducted on nano‐TiO2‐coated MCNTs, and it is found that nano‐TiO2‐coated MCNTs are safe within a certain concentration range (0–200 µg mL⁻1). Interestingly, nano‐TiO2‐coated MCNTs display a good killing effect in CRC cells under near‐infrared (NIR) laser irradiation. Subsequently, nano‐TiO2‐coated MCNTs markedly promote the proapoptotic effects of NIR laser irradiation and significantly inhibit the expression of cell cycle proteins CCNA1 and CCND1 in CRC cells under NIR laser irradiation, which indicates that nano‐TiO2‐coated MCNTs exert anti‐CRC effects under NIR laser irradiation by regulating cell apoptosis and cell cycle. Furthermore, nano‐TiO2‐coated MCNTs accelerate inhibitory effects on the AKT signaling pathway under NIR laser irradiation. Finally, a cell line‐derived xenograft model is established, and the results showed that nano‐TiO2‐coated MCNTs significantly exhibit superior tumor‐killing ability under NIR laser irradiation in vivo. Collectively, these results demonstrate that nano‐TiO2‐coated MCNTs with NIR laser irradiation may serve as an effective strategy for the treatment of CRC.
Nitric Oxide‐Activated Bioorthogonal Codelivery Nanoassembly for In Situ Synthesis of Photothermal Agent for Precise and Safe Anticancer Treatment
Authors: Li Bowen , Tian Jianwu , Wu Chongzhi , Li Zhiyao , Qiao Li , Xie Zongliang , Song Bo , Shan Yi , Chen Siqin , Tang Yufu , Ping Yuan , Liu Bin
Published: June 2024

The development of bioorthogonal activation in drug release represents a promising avenue for precise and safe anticancer treatment. However, two significant limitations currently hinder their clinical application: i) the necessity for separate administration of the drug precursor and its corresponding activator, leading to poor drug accumulation and potential side effects; ii) the reliance on exogenous metal or organic activators for triggering bioorthogonal activation, which often exhibit low efficiency and systemic toxicity when extending to living animals. To overcome these limitations, a nitric oxide (NO)‐mediated bioorthogonal codelivery nanoassembly, termed TTB‐NH2@PArg, which comprises a precursor molecular (TTB‐NH2) and amphipathic polyarginine (PArg) is developed. In TTB‐NH2@PArg, PArg serves as both self‐assembled nanocarrier for TTB‐NH2 and a NO generator. In tumor microenvironment (TME), the TME‐specific generation of NO acts as a gas activator, triggering in situ bioorthogonal bond formation that transforms TTB‐NH2 into TTB‐AZO. This tumor‐specific generation of TTB‐AZO not only serves as a potential photothermal agent for effective tumor inhibition but also induces fluorescence change that enables real‐time monitoring of bioorthogonal activation. This study presents a drug codelivery approach that enables precise and safe control of bioorthogonal activation for anticancer treatment, improving cancer therapy efficacy while minimizing side effects.
Self‐Powered Graphene/Black‐Ge Photodetectors Enhanced by Simultaneous Nanotexturing and Self‐Passivation
Authors: Park HyunJung , Mariyappan Thambidurai , Nguyen Hung Dinh , Rusli  , Dang Cuong , Kim Munho
Published: June 2024

Black germanium (Ge) exhibits exceptional light absorption, holding significant promise for optoelectronic applications. However, achieving self‐powered photodetection performance in black Ge is challenging due to its high surface recombination rate. Herein, this challenge is addressed by demonstrating self‐powered Graphene (Gr)/black‐Ge Schottky photodiodes, achieved through simultaneous nanotexturing and high‐quality self‐passivation. This approach involves utilizing reactive ion etching with Cl2 and BCl3 to achieve Cl‐passivated black Ge. Optical analysis reveals excellent optical characteristics in both Cl2‐treated and BCl3‐treated samples, including a high aspect ratio of 1.9 and a low reflectance of 1.5%. Notably, the Cl2‐treated black Ge exhibits a higher carrier lifetime of 20.4 µs compared to the 11.7 µs lifetime of the BCl3‐treated black Ge, attributed to the self‐passivation induced by Cl2 plasma, effectively mitigating defects. Surface composition analysis further confirms the substantial role of Cl in passivation. Significantly, these improved properties translate into notable advancements in device performance, including an enhancement in responsivity from 21 to 276 mA W−1 when compared to planar Gr/Ge devices. These findings underscore the potential of Cl2 RIE for developing high‐performance Ge‐based optoelectronic devices.
A Simple Risk Assesment Method for Continental Waters, Based on Screening Contaminants of Emerging Concern
Authors: Voznakova Alena , Marín Zenydia , Santaballa Juan Arturo , Canle Moisés
Published: June 2024

With the aim to build a simple alert system that may be of extended use, a screening for contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) is carried out in the Mero‐Barcés hydrographic watershed, in Cecebre, A Coruña, NW Spain, which feeds the reservoir that supplies drinking water to ≈400 000 inhabitants in the area. Water samples are collected for five years (2015–2019) at six different sampling points, to assess the presence and potential risk of CECs, including some widely used drugs: clofibric acid, paracetamol carbamazepine, diclofenac, ibuprofen, ofloxacin, ketoprofen, and sotalol; an alkaloid: caffeine; synthetic flavourings: galaxolide and tonalide; and a plasticiser: bisphenol A. The most abundant CECs occurring are ibuprofen (>2µg L−1), diclofenac, caffeine, and galaxolide. Samples of treated drinking water show a certain degree of CECs abatement. The presence of nonpolar substances, banned in the EU nowadays, is confirmed. A snapshot of sediments is sampled in 2018–2019, and PAHs and PCBs are quantified, the former being mainly of pyrogenic origin. Based on known properties of quantifiable substances, a traffic‐light system is developed for risk assessment of the state of continental waters, a strategy that may be useful for decission‐makers to implement environmental remediation policies
Urine Liquid Biopsies via Highly Integrated Digital PCR System for Accurate Detection of Bladder Cancer
Authors: Zhang Yue , Xu Ming , Wu Zhihong , Yang Fan , Zhang Lu , Liu Yiquan , Lv Jiahao , Xiang Shuyue , Fan Beiyuan , Zhao Zijian , Li Yanzhao , Yu Yang
Published: June 2024

Bladder cancer (BC) is a prevalent urological tumor with high recurrence rates, requiring long‐term monitoring. Although cystoscopy is the primary diagnostic method, its invasiveness and cost hinder routine screening and follow‐up. This study aimed to develop a novel diagnostic tool utilizing newly developed on‐chip heating dPCR platform, which features integrated and rapid temperature control capabilities, for non‐invasive BC detection. The dPCR platform is improved by integrating a multi‐color detection system, enabling precise quantification of mutant allelic fraction (MAF) of TERT promoter mutations with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.29%. Diagnostic performance is enhanced by integrating the NRN1 methylation biomarker and employing machine learning to optimize biomarker weighting. Testing the model on urine samples from controls (n = 35) and BC patients (n = 41) yielded a sensitivity of 0.92, specificity of 0.94, and an AUC of 0.98, surpassing conventional cytology in sensitivity while maintaining comparable specificity. Furthermore, the model effectively differentiated between normal controls and different stages, achieving accuracies of 0.92, 0.71, and 0.79 for NC, stage I, and stage II+ respectively. These findings suggest the proposed dPCR assays could serve as a sensitive and non‐invasive approach for BC detection in clinical practice.
A Novel AMPK Inhibitor Sensitizes Pancreatic Cancer Cells to Ferroptosis Induction
Authors: Schneider Carolin , Hilbert Jorina , Genevaux Franziska , Höfer Stefanie , Krauß Lukas , Schicktanz Felix , Contreras Constanza Tapia , Jansari Shaishavi , Papargyriou Aristeidis , Richter Thorsten , Alfayomy Abdallah M. , Falcomatà Chiara , Schneeweis Christian , Orben Felix , Öllinger Ruppert , Wegwitz Florian , Boshnakovska Angela , Rehling Peter , Müller Denise , Ströbel Philipp , Ellenrieder Volker , Conradi Lena , Hessmann Elisabeth , Ghadimi Michael , Grade Marian , Wirth Matthias , Steiger Katja , Rad Roland , Kuster Bernhard , Sippl Wolfgang , Reichert Maximilian , Saur Dieter , Schneider Günter
Published: June 2024

Cancer cells must develop strategies to adapt to the dynamically changing stresses caused by intrinsic or extrinsic processes, or therapeutic agents. Metabolic adaptability is crucial to mitigate such challenges. Considering metabolism as a central node of adaptability, it is focused on an energy sensor, the AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK). In a subtype of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) elevated AMPK expression and phosphorylation is identified. Using drug repurposing that combined screening experiments and chemoproteomic affinity profiling, it is identified and characterized PF‐3758309, initially developed as an inhibitor of PAK4, as an AMPK inhibitor. PF‐3758309 shows activity in pre‐clinical PDAC models, including primary patient‐derived organoids. Genetic loss‐of‐function experiments showed that AMPK limits the induction of ferroptosis, and consequently, PF‐3758309 treatment restores the sensitivity toward ferroptosis inducers. The work established a chemical scaffold for the development of specific AMPK‐targeting compounds and deciphered the framework for the development of AMPK inhibitor‐based combination therapies tailored for PDAC.
β‐Galactosidase‐Triggered Photodynamic Elimination of Senescent Cells with a Boron Dipyrromethene‐Based Photosensitizer
Authors: Chu Jacky C. H. , Escriche‐Navarro Blanca , Xiong Junlong , García‐Fernández Alba , Martínez‐Máñez Ramón , Ng Dennis K. P.
Published: June 2024

Senescence is a cellular response having physiological and reparative functions to preserve tissue homeostasis and suppress tumor growth. However, the accumulation of senescent cells would cause deleterious effects that lead to age‐related dysfunctions and cancer progression. Hence, selective detection and elimination of senescent cells are crucial yet remain a challenge. A β‐galactosidase (β‐gal)‐activated boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY)‐based photosensitizer (compound 1) is reported here that can selectively detect and eradicate senescent cells. It contains a galactose moiety connected to a pyridinium BODIPY via a self‐immolative nitrophenylene linker, of which the photoactivity is effectively quenched. Upon interactions with the senescence‐associated β‐gal, it undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis followed by self‐immolation, leading to the release of an activated BODIPY moiety by which the fluorescence emission and singlet oxygen generation are restored. The ability of 1 to detect and eliminate senescent cells is demonstrated in vitro and in vivo, using SK‐Mel‐103 tumor‐bearing mice treated with senescence‐inducing therapy. The results demonstrate that 1 can be selectively activated in senescent cells to trigger a robust senolytic effect upon irradiation. This study breaks new ground in the design and application of new senolytic agents based on photodynamic therapy.
Synergistic Copper‐Aminocatalysis for Direct Tertiary α‐Alkylation of Ketones with Electron‐Deficient Alkanes
Authors: Shan Qi‐Chao , Wu You‐Wei , Chen Mu‐Xiang , Zhao Xuefei , Loh Teck‐Peng , Hu Xu‐Hong
Published: June 2024

In this study, a novel approach for the tertiary α‐alkylation of ketones using alkanes with electron‐deficient C─H bonds is presented, employing a synergistic catalytic system combining inexpensive copper salts with aminocatalysis. This methodology addresses the limitations of traditional alkylation methods, such as the need for strong metallic bases, regioselectivity issues, and the risk of over alkylation, by providing a high reactivity and chemoselectivity without the necessity for pre‐functionalized substrates. The dual catalytic strategy enables the direct functionalization of C(sp3)─H bonds, demonstrating remarkable selectivity in the presence of conventional C(sp3)─H bonds that are adjacent to heteroatoms or π systems, which are typically susceptible to single‐electron transfer processes. The findings contribute to the advancement of alkylation techniques, offering a practical and efficient route for the construction of C(sp3)─C(sp3) bonds, and paving the way for further developments in the synthesis of complex organic molecules.
Negative Differential Resistance in Single‐Molecule Junctions Based on Heteroepitaxial Spherical Au/Pt Nanogap Electrodes
Authors: Yin Dongbao , Furushima Miku , Tsuchihata Eiji , Izawa Seiichiro , Ono Tomoya , Shintani Ryo , Majima Yutaka
Published: June 2024

Single‐molecule junctions exploit the internal structure of molecular orbitals to construct a new class of functional quantum devices. The demonstration of negative differential resistance (NDR) in single‐molecule junctions is direct evidence of quantum mechanical tunneling through a molecular orbital. Here, a pronounced NDR effect is reported with a peak‐to‐valley ratio of 30.1 on a single‐molecule junction of π‐conjugated quinoidal‐fused oligosilole derivatives, Si2 × 2, embedded between the unique electroless gold‐plated heteroepitaxial spherical Au/Pt nanogap electrodes. This NDR feature persists in a consecutive endurance test of 180 current traces. the thermally stable NDR effects in the Si2 × 2 single‐molecule junctions between 9 and 300 K are demonstrated. The density functional theory calculations under electric fields indicate that the NDR effect can be ascribed to the bias‐dependent resonant tunneling transport via the polarized HOMO, which has asymmetrically changed electrode coupling with increased bias voltages. The results confirm a promising electrical platform for constructing functional quantum devices at the single‐molecule level.
Carrier Separation Boosts Thermoelectric Performance of Flexible n‐Type Ag2Se‐Based Films
Authors: Hu Qin‐Xue , Liu Wei‐Di , Zhang Li , Gao Han , Wang De‐Zhuang , Wu Ting , Shi Xiao‐Lei , Li Meng , Liu Qing‐Feng , Yang Yan‐Ling , Chen Zhi‐Gang
Published: June 2024

Owing to promising room‐temperature thermoelectric properties, n‐type Ag2Se has been considered as an alternative for Bi2Te3. Herein, a carrier separation strategy is realized by compositing an insulating electron donor, polyethyleneimine (PEI), with the n‐type Ag2Se. Inhomogeneous distribution of PEI can attract the minority carriers (holes) in the n‐type Ag2Se matrix, while the separated minority carriers can avoid significant scattering of the main carriers based on coulomb repulsion, leading to record‐high carrier mobility of 1551.99 cm2 V−1 s−1 and an improved S2σ of 22.39 µW m−1 K−2 at 300 K for 6 mol% PEI/Ag2Se composite film. Moreover, with PEI acting as a binder, the resistance of 6 mol% PEI/Ag2Se composite film only increases by 6.5% after bending 1000 cycles at the radius of 6 mm, showing high stability. The assembled flexible device based on 6 mol% PEI/Ag2Se composite films exhibits an excellent power density of 73.93 W m−2 at a temperature difference of 50 K, showing potential applications in powering generation for wearable electronics.
Dual‐Carbon‐Coated Na2FeP2O7 Cathode Materials for Na‐Ion Batteries with Superior High‐Rate and Cycling Stability
Authors: Zhou Linlin , Yu Haifeng , Zhou Bin , Yu Jinxun , Chen Ling , Jiang Hao
Published: June 2024

The iron‐based pyrophosphate Na2FeP2O7 (NFP) is considered as one of the most promising cathodes for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) due to its low‐cost and superior structure stability, yet it usually suffers from poor intrinsic electronic conductivity. Herein, a two‐step carbon‐coating technique has been developed to synthesize high‐performance NFP@C cathode materials by controlling the NFP particle size and the coating layer uniformity. The first step of in‐situ carbon coating greatly restrains the excessive growth of NFP crystals with a shortened Na‐ion diffusion path. Meantime, the extra secondary carbon‐coating is adopted to repair some exposed areas, guaranteeing the full coverage of NFP particles for rapid electronic transfer. As a consequence, the as‐obtained NFP@C cathode delivers a high discharge capacity of 95.2 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C (theoretical value: 97 mAh g−1) and with high‐rate capability (75.2 mAh g−1 at 5 C) within 2.0–4.0 V. A capacity retention of 95.3% can be achieved even after 500 cycles at 5 C in coin‐type cells. Such superior electrochemical performances are expected to quickly promote the applications of NFP in SIBs.
Roxadustat versus placebo for patients with lower‐risk myelodysplastic syndrome: MATTERHORN phase 3, double‐blind, randomized controlled trial
Authors: Mittelman Moshe , Henry David H. , Glaspy John A. , Tombak Anil , Harrup Rosemary , Kim Inho , Mądry Krzysztof , Grabowska Barbara , Lee Tyson , Modelska Katharina
Published: June 2024

In patients with lower‐risk myelodysplastic syndromes/neoplasms (MDS), response to first‐line therapy is limited and transient. The MATTERHORN randomized, double‐blind, phase 3 trial evaluated roxadustat versus placebo for patients with transfusion‐dependent, lower‐risk MDS. Eligible patients had very low‐, low‐, or intermediate‐risk MDS with or without prior erythropoiesis‐stimulating agent treatment, and a transfusion burden of 1–4 packed red blood cell (pRBC) units every 8 weeks (Q8W). Patients were randomized (3:2) to oral roxadustat (2.5 mg/kg) or placebo, both three times weekly, with best supportive care. Primary efficacy endpoint was transfusion independence (TI) for ≥56 days within 28 weeks (TI responders). MATTERHORN was terminated due to interim analysis outcomes not meeting statistical significance. In total, 272 patients were screened, and 140 patients were enrolled (82, roxadustat, and 58, placebo). At final analysis, 38/80 (47.5%) patients and 19/57 (33.3%) in the roxadustat and placebo arms, respectively, were TI responders (p = .217). A greater percentage of patients in the roxadustat arm with a transfusion burden of ≥2 pRBC units Q4W were TI responders (36.1%; 13/36) compared with the placebo arm (11.5%; 3/26; p‐nominal = .047). The seven on‐study deaths (4, roxadustat, and 3, placebo) were considered unrelated to treatment. Three roxadustat patients progressed to acute myeloid leukemia. Despite MATTERHORN not meeting its primary endpoint, a numerically higher TI rate was achieved with roxadustat treatment compared with placebo. Further analyses are needed to confirm the MDS patient subgroups deriving clinical benefit from this novel treatment.
Phase 3 randomized COMMODORE 2 trial: Crovalimab versus eculizumab in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria naive to complement inhibition
Authors: Röth Alexander , He Guangsheng , Tong Hongyan , Lin Zenghua , Wang Xiaoqin , Chai‐Adisaksopha Chatree , Lee Je‐Hwan , Brodsky Andres , Hantaweepant Chattree , Dumagay Teresita E. , Demichelis‐Gómez Roberta , Rojnuckarin Ponlapat , Sun Jing , Höglund Martin , Jang Jun Ho , Gaya Anna , Silva Fernando , Obara Naoshi , Kelly Richard J. , Beveridge Leigh , Buatois Simon , Chebon Sammy , Gentile Brittany , Lundberg Pontus , Sreckovic Sasha , Nishimura Jun‐ichi , Risitano Antonio , Han Bing
Published: June 2024

Crovalimab is a novel C5 complement inhibitor that enables rapid and sustained C5 inhibition with subcutaneous, low‐volume self‐administration every 4 weeks. COMMODORE 2 (NCT04434092) is a global, randomized, open‐label, multicenter, phase 3 trial evaluating the non‐inferiority of crovalimab versus eculizumab in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria not previously treated with C5 inhibition. C5 inhibitor‐naive patients with lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) ≥2 × upper limit of normal (ULN) were randomized 2:1 to crovalimab or eculizumab. Co‐primary efficacy endpoints were proportion of patients with hemolysis control (centrally assessed LDH ≤1.5 × ULN) and proportion with transfusion avoidance. Secondary efficacy endpoints were proportions of patients with breakthrough hemolysis, stabilized hemoglobin, and change in FACIT‐Fatigue score. The primary treatment period was 24 weeks. Two hundred and four patients were randomized (135 crovalimab; 69 eculizumab). Crovalimab was non‐inferior to eculizumab in the co‐primary endpoints of hemolysis control (79.3% vs. 79.0%; odds ratio, 1.0 [95% CI, 0.6, 1.8]) and transfusion avoidance (65.7% vs. 68.1%; weighted difference, −2.8 [−15.7, 11.1]), and in the secondary efficacy endpoints of breakthrough hemolysis (10.4% vs. 14.5%; weighted difference, −3.9 [−14.8, 5.3]) and hemoglobin stabilization (63.4% vs. 60.9%; weighted difference, 2.2 [−11.4, 16.3]). A clinically meaningful improvement in FACIT‐Fatigue score occurred in both arms. Complete terminal complement activity inhibition was generally maintained with crovalimab. The safety profiles of crovalimab and eculizumab were similar with no meningococcal infections. Most patients who switched from eculizumab to crovalimab after the primary treatment period preferred crovalimab. These data demonstrate the positive benefit–risk profile of crovalimab.
Blepharophimosis with intellectual disability and Helsmoortel‐Van Der Aa Syndrome share episignature and phenotype
Authors: Sarli Camilla , van der Laan Liselot , Reilly Jack , Trajkova Slavica , Carli Diana , Brusco Alfredo , Levy Michael A. , Relator Raissa , Kerkhof Jennifer , McConkey Haley , Tedder Matthew L. , Skinner Cindy , Alders Mariëlle , Henneman Peter , Hennekam Raoul C. M. , Ciaccio Claudia , D'Arrigo Stefano , Vitobello Antonio , Faivre Laurence , Weber Sacha , Vincent‐Devulder Aline , Perrin Laurence , Bourgois Alexia , Yamamoto Toshiyuki , Metcalfe Kay , Zollino Marcella , Kini Usha , Oliveira Daniela , Sousa Sergio B. , Williams Denise , Cappuccio Gerarda , Sadikovic Bekim , Brunetti‐Pierri Nicola
Published: June 2024

Blepharophimosis with intellectual disability (BIS) is a recently recognized disorder distinct from Nicolaides‐Baraister syndrome that presents with distinct facial features of blepharophimosis, developmental delay, and intellectual disability. BIS is caused by pathogenic variants in SMARCA2, that encodes the catalytic subunit of the superfamily II helicase group of the BRG1 and BRM‐associated factors (BAF) forming the BAF complex, a chromatin remodeling complex involved in transcriptional regulation. Individuals bearing variants within the bipartite nuclear localization (BNL) signal domain of ADNP present with the neurodevelopmental disorder known as Helsmoortel‐Van Der Aa Syndrome (HVDAS). Distinct DNA methylation profiles referred to as episignatures have been reported in HVDAS and BAF complex disorders. Due to molecular interactions between ADNP and BAF complex, and an overlapping craniofacial phenotype with narrowing of the palpebral fissures in a subset of patients with HVDAS and BIS, we hypothesized the possibility of a common phenotype‐specific episignature. A distinct episignature was shared by 15 individuals with BIS‐causing SMARCA2 pathogenic variants and 12 individuals with class II HVDAS caused by truncating pathogenic ADNP variants. This represents first evidence of a sensitive phenotype‐specific episignature biomarker shared across distinct genetic conditions that also exhibit unique gene‐specific episignatures.
Aerodynamically Levitated Droplets as Small‐Scale Chemical Reactors and Liquid Microprinters
Authors: Jia Yankai , Sobolev Yaroslav I. , Cybulski Olgierd , Klucznik Tomasz , Quintana Cristóbal , Ahumada Juan Carlos , Grzybowski Bartosz A.
Published: June 2024

A thin liquid film spread over the inner surface of a rapidly rotating vial creates an aerodynamic cushion on which one or multiple droplets of various liquids can levitate stably for days or even weeks. These levitating droplets can serve as wall‐less (“airware”) chemical reactors that can be merged without touching—by remote impulses—to initiate reactions or sequences of reactions at scales down to hundreds of nanomoles. Moreover, under external electric fields, the droplets can act as the world's smallest chemical printers, shedding regular trains of pL or even fL microdrops. In one modality, the levitating droplets operate as completely wireless aliquoting/titrating systems delivering pg quantities of reagents into the liquid in the rotating vial; in another modality, they print microdroplet arrays onto target surfaces. The “airware”, levitated reactors are inexpensive to set up, remarkably stable to external disturbances and, for printing applications, require operating voltages much lower than in electrospray, electrowetting, or ink jet systems.
Revolutionizing electrospinning: Sustainable solutions through deep eutectic solvents in biopolymer processing
Authors: Frąckowiak Patrycja , Jędrzejczak Eryk , Kaspryszyn Filip , Jesionowski Teofil , Wysokowski Marcin
Published: June 2024

Electrospinning is currently one of the most used techniques for obtaining various types of nanofibers. In the era of sustainable development, it is essential to utilize environmentally friendly raw materials and solvents. This review summarizes the current state of the art in biopolymer electrospinning using deep eutectic solvents. To date, there have not been too many studies on the simultaneous application of these mixtures and biopolymers in the electrospinning process. Nevertheless, the use of natural origin raw materials and the replacement of conventional organic solvents with deep eutectic solvents appear promising in this technique due to many attractive properties of both the mixtures and biopolymers. This article aims to inspire scientists to further research in this direction, related to the development of electrospinning techniques aimed at reducing the negative environmental impact.