bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biology of the Mountain Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus monticolae Hopkins, in the East Kootenay Region of British Columbia II. Behaviour in the Host, Fecundity, and Internal Changes in the Female
Authors: Reid R. W.
Published: January 2010

This paper deals with the influence of bark moisture and temperature on the hehaviour of the egg-laying female within the host. Fecundity of the insect will he discussed, as well as internal changes associated with the behavioural pattern. The life-cycle, brood development, and time of flight was described in Part I of the present series. The behaviour during mating, egg laying, and gallery construction were described earlier (Reid 1958b).
An Annotated List of the Hippodamiini of Northern America, with a Key to the Genera (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Authors: Brown W. J. , de Ruette R.
Published: January 2010

This paper is based almost entirely on material in the Canadian National Collection. It proposes several taxonomic changes, which are detailed in the summary that concludes the paper. It outlines the Canadian and Alaskan distribution of the forms considered and is, perhaps, justified by the paucity of published records of distribution in the more northern regions. The records for Hippodamia are based on more than 2,000 specimens that were identified by de Ruette; these records supplement those of Chapin (1946, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 106(11): 1-39), who revised the New World forms of the genus and mapped their distribution in the United States.
Comparative Susceptibility of Four Forest Insects to a Commercial Preparation of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner)
Authors: Morris O. N.
Published: January 2010

In recent years, Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) and other entomogenous spore-formers have received increased interest in view of their great potential for insect control. These insect pathogens are generally known as “microbial insecticides” and are so-called because of a spore-associated protein crystalline inclusion which have been shown to be toxic for some insects (Angus 1956). Krieg (1961) lists some one hundred insects, mainly Lepidoptera, which are susceptible to Bacillus thuringiensis and closely related bacteria.
Response of the Aphid Myzus persicae (Sulz.) to Some Fluids Applied to the Mouthparts
Authors: Bradley R. H. E.
Published: January 2010

Many insects ingest food through needlelike mouthparts adapted for piercing. The piercing organ itself usuallv consists of four or more chitinous stylets and is thought to be nonliving. It was therefore unexpected to find that amputating the end of a single stylet had two marked effects on aphids; it prevented feeding, and adults produced far more young than usual while starving (Bradley, 1960). Later I found that these effects can also be caused by inserting the intact stylet tips briefly into various solutions such as nitric acid, formalin, or procaine. An account of this work and of that which followed on how solutions initiated these effects is the scope of this paper.
Tolerance of Adult Drosophila melanogaster to Sub-Freezing Temperatures
Authors: Chiang H. C. , Benoit Duane , Maki Jon
Published: January 2010

The effects of exposure to sub-freezing temperatures on the survival of insects have been studied experimentally mainly in three types of insect. One is the beetles associated with stored products, including Bruchus obtectus (Carter, 1925), and Tribolium confusum (Nagel and Shepard, 1934, and Salt, 1936). A leaf feeding beetle, Popillia japonica (Payne, 1928) has also been studied. The emphasis of these studies has been on the possibility of physical control of these pests. The second type includes the hitch-hikers on aircraft. Knippling and Sullivan (1957) studied the survival of six species of insects and a tick which were exposured to 0, −5, −10, −15, −20, and −30°C. for one hour, and that of one of the insects, the house fly, to −20° for different durations up to 60 minutes. Their objective was to determine the possibility of these arthropods being transported alive by aircraft. Thus, the conditions which they tested were those which may be encountered by the arthropods in the unheated parts of jet aircraft during flights in the stratosphere. The third type of insects is Drosophila, mainly D. melanogaster. Since the present paper deals also with this insect, pertinent facts reported by earlier authors are summarized in Table I.
Notes on a Collection of Bird Fleas from Grand Manah, New Brunswick
Authors: Benton Allen H. , Shatrau Vaughnda
Published: January 2010

Near Grand Manan Island, in the Ray of Fundy and about 20 miles from the coast of Maine and 30 miles from Nova Scotia, lie Kent Island and Hay Island. During the summer of 1961, we secured collections of bird nests from these islands so as to study the flea fauna. Nests of the following species were collected:Larus argentatus, herring gull;Somateria mollissima, common eider;Corvus brachyrhynchos, crow;Oceanodroma leucorhoa, Leach's petrel;Riparia r. riparia, bank swallow;Hirundo rustica erythrogaster, barn swallow;Petrochelidon pyrrhonota albifrons, cliff swallow;Iridoprocne bicolor, tree swallow; andPasserculus sondwichensis, savannah sparrow. The nests of herring gulls, eiders, crows, and Leach's petrels proved to be without fleas, but from the other nests 797 fleas were collected.
A Note on the Attraction of Stenaspis solitaria (Say) and other Insects to Senecio longilobus, a Range Plant Highly Toxic to Livestock
Authors: Linsley E. G. , Cazier M. A.
Published: January 2010

Senecio longilobus Benth. (thread-leaf groundsel) is considered to be one of the most poisonous of the groundsels, especially to cattle and horses, although it has been used extensively in the domestic medicine of the Indians (Kearney and Peebles, 1951). Apparently the leaves of new growth are most toxic and the primary effect is to produce lesions in the liver. Other species in the genus are less poisonous but are capable of developing cumulative effects when ingested by livestock in small doses over extended periods of time. The alkaloids present in several of the toxic species have been isolated, but not all of the Senecio species contain alkaloids, nor are all of the alkaloids toxic to livestock. Manske (1931) has reviewed some of the literature on the subject and proposed the generic name necine for the basic hydrolytic product and necic acid for the acid fragment.
Effect of Temperature on Fecundity and Survival of Chrysolina quadrigemina (Suffr.) and C. hyperici (Forst.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Harris P.
Published: January 2010

Four colonies of Chrysolina quadrigemina (Suffr.) and two of C. hyperici (Forst.) were released in 1951 and 1952 in the souvhern interior of British Columbia (Fig. 1) in the hope of duplicating the successful biological control of Hypericum perforatum L. in California. In 1956, Smith (1958) showed that though the colonies were still present, the weed had increased in all areas. By 1960, however, C. hyperici had greatly reduced the abundance of H. perforatum at Fruitvale (Fig. 2) while at Edgewood the beetle had disappeared. A colony of C. padrigmina at Edgewood had also disappeared and the three other C. quadrigemina colonies persisted at a low density without controlling the weed. For example, at Christina Lake (Fig. 3) a few beetles were found every year since release, though they had not always appeared in the sample plots. The annual fluctuations of the weed as indicated in the figure were probably of climatic origin as they were similar to those for the other areas. The most promising of the C. quadrigemina colonies was at Fife where, though there were few beetles in the release meadow itself, they were common on the slope below.
A Revision of the Forms ofCoccinellaL. Occurring in America North of Mexico (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Authors: Brown W. J.
Published: January 2010

This paper offers a taxonomic arrangement of the forms ofCoccinellaL. that occur in the United States. Canada, and Greenland. Eighteen forms, which are arranged as 12 species, are considered to merit names. The forms of the United States and Canada were reviewed last by Dobzhansky in 1931. The arrangement proposed below differs from his as detailed in the summary that follows the taxonomic treatment. The principal difference is in the subspecies concept that is applied.
Design of a Sampling Plan for Studies on the Population Dynamics of the Imported Cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)
Authors: Harcourt D. G.
Published: January 2010

In 1958, intensive studies on the population dynamics of the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.), on cabbage were initiated in long-term study plots at Merivale, Ontario. The object was to construct ecological life tables for successive generations of the species, and ultimately, to develop mathematical models describing survival of field populations. This paper reports on the variation between samples of immature stages of the insect, and between some of the mortality factors affecting its abundance; it further illustrates the use of these data in designing a sampling plan with acceptable limits of precision.
Relation of Temperature for Hatching to Elimination of Diapause in Eggs of the Pale Western Cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morrison (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Jacobson L. A.
Published: January 2010

A weak diapause occurs in eggs of thc pale western cutworm, Axrotis orthogonia Morrison. It does not occur nor is it manifested equally in all eggs. As the eggs are laid in thc fall and hatch the following spring, the diapause 1s sufficient to ensure that they will not hatcll readily upon development to maturity in the fall and that hatchinig is delayed until food is available for the newly hatched larvae (Jacobson, 1962). The rate of hatch of eggs in which diapause has been eliminated varies directly with temperature and hatching may occur at temperatures slightly above freezing (Jacobson and Blakeley, 1958).
A Description of the Immature Stages ofPhyllocnistis populiellaChambers (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)
Authors: Condrashoff S. F.
Published: January 2010

The adult ofPhyllocnistis populiellawas described by Chambers in 1875. No detailed descriptions of the immature forms of this species have appeared in publication, although descriptions of other species in the genus have been published. Sich (1902), in his paper onP. suffusellaZell., presents a critical discussion of earlier works on the genus and gives a comprehensive account of the general features of the immature forms, although he omits details on setation and some other features of taxonomic interest. Certain aspects of larval and pupal morphology have been treated by Grandi (1932), Kozlovsky (1955) and Trägårdh (1913), while Hering (1951) and Needham (1928) have discussed structure as related to habit.
Insects and Other Invertebrates from Nests of the Cardinal,Richmondena cardinalis(L.), at London, Ontario
Authors: Judd W. W.
Published: January 2010

During the year 1955 Dr. D. M. Scott and Mr. R. E. Lemon conducted a study of the nesting habits of the cardinal,Richmondena cardinalis(L.), on the campus of the University of Western Ontario and in areas adjacent to the campus in London, Ontario. After the study of the breeding cycle at each nest was completed, some of the nests mere removed from their sites and put in brown paper bags and given to the writer for examination for their content of insects and other invertebrates. Each nest was torn apart over a white porcelain tray and the creatures falling on the tray were collected and preserved. The specimens so collected were distributed to the following taxonomists for identification (USNM refers to the United States National Museum): P. D. Ashlock, USNM (Miridae), E. W. Baker, USNM (Acarina), W. J. Brown, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa (Coleoptera), N. B. Causey, Fayetteville, Arkansas (Diplopoda), K. Christiansen, Grinnell College, Iowa (Collembola), C. D. Dondale, Canada Department of Agriculture, Kentville, N.S. (Araneida, Phalangida), E. L. Mockford, USNM (Corrodentia), K. O'Neill, USNM (Thysanoptera), M. R. Smith, USNM (Formicidae), R. W. Strandtmann, Texas Technological College, Lubbock, Texas (Orinthonyssus), W. W. Wirth, USNM (Culicoides).
Tetranychus sinhai, a New Species of Mite from Grasses (Acarina: Tetranychidae)
Authors: Baker Edward W.
Published: January 2010

Recently Dr. R. N. Sinha, of the Canadian Department of Agriculture, sent in for determination some spider mites causing serious damage to barley in Manitoba. Previously this same mite had been collected in North Dakota and Oregon. The mites proved to be an undescribed species of Tetranychus, a genus not usually associated with grasses.
Insects Reared from the Many-spined Twig Gall of Rose Caused by Diplolepis multispinosa (Gillette) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)
Authors: Judd W. W.
Published: January 2010

During the Tears 1959 and 1960 galls on rose bushes were collected in Westminster Township south of London, Ontario. Thc bushes grew along fencerows at the sides of roads surrounding the comniunity of Pond Mills. This community, is centred around tw ponds, North Pond (Fig. 1-A) and South Pond (B) which are joined by a narrow, shallow stretch of water. Nearby roads are Pond Mills Road leading south from London, Commissioners Road leading east from London and the road separating Concessions 1 and 1 of the Township of Westminster. The dates of collection of the galls and the location of the bushes from which they were taken are shown in Figure 1.
Observations on the Development ofNeodiprion sertifer(Geoff.) within the Cocoon (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)
Authors: Lyons L. A. , Griffiths K. J.
Published: January 2010

InNeodiprionsawflies the cocoon stage, which extends from the completion of larval feeding until the appearance of the adult, is of considerable ecological interest. On the basis of voltinism and the seasonal occurrence of the cocoon stage, the genus as a whole may be divided into two distinct groups, which, however, do not correspond to the two major taxonomic categories of Ross (1955). On the one hand are species that overwinter only within the cocoon (e.g.swainei, lecontei, virginianus, excitans, and others); these may or may not have more than one generation per year. On the other hand are species that overwinter primarily in the egg stage (e.g.sertifer, pratti, abietis, taedae, and others); all of these are univoltine and may remain within the cocoon for an extended period in the summer, when conditions are still favourable for further generations. The European pine sawfly,Neodiprion sertifer(Geoff.), is typical in this respect. Despite its wide distribution in Eurasia and North America, and the variety of climates that it encounters, the length of the cocoon stage is so adjusted that adults do not emerge until late summer or early autumn, regardless of when larval feeding and cocoon spinning occurred.
Chromatography
Authors: Miller James M.
Published: January 2010

An introduction to the principles and operating parameters of chromatography, including, gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), thin‐layer chromatography (TLC), ion chromatography (IC), ion‐exchange chromatography (IEC), supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), and capillary electrochromatography (CEC). Emphasis on detectors, many of which are spectroscopic, including especially mass spectroscopy, MS.
Electromagnetic Radiation
Authors: Hill Wendell T.
Published: January 2010

A concise review of fundamental aspects of electromagnetic radiation, light, seasoned with references to historical developments is presented. Starting with basic definitions, this chapter gives an overview of the spectrum of light from radio waves to gamma rays, details key equations describing light propagation in vacuum, polarization, radiometric parameters, diffraction, interference, and superposition. The chapter includes a discussion of photons, the close connection between Fermat's principle for light and Maupertuis's principle for matter and concludes with a brief outline of how the wave equation for light motives Schrödinger's equation for matter waves.
F
ourier and Other Mathematical Transforms
Authors: Bracewell Ronald N.
Published: January 2010

The article contains sections titled:

Introduction

The Fourier Transform

Continuous versus Discrete Transforms

Some Common Transforms

The Laplace Transform

Convergence Conditions

Why Transforms are Useful

Fields of Application

The
H
artley Transform

The Fast Fourier Transform

The Fast
H
artley Algorithm

The
M
ellin Transform

The
H
ilbert Transform

Multidimensional Transforms

The
H
ankel Transform

The
A
bel Transform

Tomography and the Radon Transform

The
W
alsh Transform

The

Z

Transform

Convolution
Laser Sources
Authors: Andrews David L. , Lipson Robert H.
Published: January 2010

The article contains sections titled:

Introduction

Optically Pumped Solid‐State Lasers

Ruby Laser

Neodymium Lasers

Widely Tunable Lasers

Color‐Center Lasers

Fiber Lasers

Diode Lasers

Vertical Cavity Surface Emitter Lasers

Visible Laser Diodes

Quantum Dot Lasers

Quantum Cascade Lasers

Quantum Microcavity Lasers

Atomic and Ionic Gas Lasers

Helium–Neon Laser

Argon and Krypton Lasers

Molecular Gas Lasers

Carbon Dioxide Laser

Nitrogen Laser

Iodine Laser

Excimer Lasers

Dye Lasers

Pulsing Techniques

Cavity Dumping

Q‐Switching

Mode‐Locking

Ultrafast Pulse Compression

Continuum Generation

Short Wavelength Coherent Radiation

Frequency Conversion

Frequency Doubling

Optical Parametric Oscillators

Frequency Tripling and Four‐Wave Mixing

Higher Order Harmonic Generation

Free‐Electron Laser

Tabletop X‐ray Lasers
Ultraviolet and Visible Light Spectrometers
Authors: Hardwick John L.
Published: January 2010

A wide variety of instruments exist for recording the intensity of light as a function of wavelength. In the visible and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum, these include dispersive spectrometers (based on gratings and prisms) and nondispersive spectrometers (usually interferometric in nature). A discussion of the main kinds of visible and ultraviolet spectrometers is given along with their advantages and drawbacks in terms of resolution, accuracy, efficiency, and ease of use. Considerations for choosing the design of an optical spectrometer are outlined, and the main aberrations associated with common optical designs are discussed.
Resonance Energy Transfer
Authors: Andrews David L. , Bradshaw David S.
Published: January 2010

The article contains sections titled:

Introduction

History of
RET

The First Experiments

Early Developments of Theory

Förster Theory

The Photophysics of
RET

Primary Excitation Processes

Coupling of Electronic Transitions

Dissipation and Line‐Broadening

The Förster Equation

Orientation Dependence

Förster Radius

Polarization Features

Diffusion Effects

Long‐Range Transfer

Dexter Transfer

Applications of
RET
to Molecular Biology

Spectroscopic Ruler

Conformational Change

Intensity‐Based Imaging

Lifetime‐Based Imaging

Other Applications

Acknowledgments
Chemometrics and Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Brereton Richard G.
Published: January 2010

A historic introduction to chemometrics is presented. Notation and matrix operations are also presented. Multivariate curve resolution is described, including the use of principal components analysis and the determination of the number of components in a series of mixture spectra. Both noniterative and iterative approaches to resolving out the characteristics (spectra and concentration profiles) of components are outlined. Calibration is covered, including univariate calibration, multiple linear regression, principal components regression, partial least squares, and model validation and assessment. Exploratory data analysis discusses principal components analysis as a method for data visualization and cluster analysis. Supervised methods include ways of developing and assessing classification models, and descriptions of class discriminant analysis, discriminant partial least squares, and K‐nearest neighbor method. Finally, multivariate statistical process control is introduced.
Agricultural Biotechnology and Socioeconomic Effects
Authors: Lacy William B. , Glenna Leland , Biscotti Dina , Welsh Rick
Published: January 2010

Transgenic crops, an early product of agricultural biotechnology, have experienced one of the fastest adoptions of crop technologies in history. Global acreage planted with transgenic crops increased 67‐fold between 1996 and 2007 for a total of 284 million acres in 23 countries. Herbicide‐tolerant (HT) soybeans and insect‐resistant Bt maize constitute over 80% of this acreage. Proponents of transgenic crops see a very positive future with the number of farmers adopting transgenic crops increasing 10‐fold up to 100 million or more between 2006 and 2015. However, numerous scholars and policy makers have raised questions about these optimistic outlooks. Much of the debate is focused on health and environmental safety issues. Increasingly, a fourth criterion that addresses the social and economic effects of a product or technology has been proposed for product approval and regulation. These concerns have become part of policy and regulatory processes, even though the significance of the fourth criterion may vary according to the ideological and organizational factors in different countries. This article discusses a number of both positive and negative social and economic impacts agricultural biotechnology may have on (i) farmers, rural communities, and the food system; (ii) the structure and organization of agribusiness and industry; (iii) consumers; (iv) science and technology transfer; and (v) developing countries and the global economy. The article concludes with a review of a number of alternatives that have emerged for incorporating socioeconomic issues into broader public discussion and eventually into informed decision making.
Cell Differentiation,In vitroMammalian
Authors: Parenteau Nancy L.
Published: January 2010

There has been a significant increase in activity in the growth and manipulation of differentiating cell populations brought on by the interest in embryonic and adult stem cells. New methods of analysis have assisted in making important connections betweenin vivobiology and what one observes in a culture dish. Despite the many technical and interpretive challenges faced in the cultivation of differentiating mammalian cell populations, great strides have been made in understanding the constituents of differentiating cell populations and their behavior through the use ofin vitrocultivation. This article reviews some of the important insights that have been gained in the last several years through work with a variety of culture systems and their comparison with what is observedin vivo. Continued comparison and benchmarking between organ systems and cell types should continue to improve our ability to effectively work with embryonic and adult cell populations with an appreciation for the need to distinguish between modulation and differentiation, growth and neogenesis, and fact from artifact.
DNA Sequencing: An Outsourcing Guide
Authors: Touchman Jeffrey W.
Published: January 2010

DNA sequencing, the process of determining the precise order of nucleotides in a DNA strand, is a fundamental and ubiquitous method in molecular biology. Examples of its many uses include characterization of unknown DNA, mutation detection, allele identification, and clone construct confirmation. Advances in sequencing technology, motivated by the successful International Human Genome Project, have resulted in unprecedented access to high‐quality and cost‐effective automated analysis. It is increasingly common for researchers to delegate routine DNA sequencing needs to dedicated laboratories or companies specializing in this technology. In this unit, we discuss key protocols for maximizing the success of DNA sequencing when working with such service providers and describe detailed troubleshooting advice for analyzing anomalous results. Curr. Protoc. Essential Lab. Tech. 2:12.1.1‐12.1.19. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The elements of morphology: Ear—An initial approach for the incisura
Authors: Hunter Alasdair G.
Published: January 2010

The recent series of articles describing human surface anatomy included an article on the ear by Hunter et al. [Hunter et al. (2009); Am J Med Genet Part A 149A: 40–60]. That publication did not include the incisura. This article provides an approach to assessing the incisura in the hope that others may find it useful and/or modify it as appropriate. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MTHFR,TGFB3, andTGFApolymorphisms and their association with the risk of non‐syndromic cleft lip and cleft palate in China
Authors: Zhu JiangHui , Hao Ling , Li Song , Bailey Lynn B. , Tian YiHua , Li Zhu
Published: January 2010

Our previous results indicated a moderate association between the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene 677C‐T variant and an increased risk of non‐syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (nsCL/P) among the northern but not southern population in China, suggesting possible genetic heterogeneity in the etiology of nsCL/P between these two populations. It remains unknown whether the transforming growth factor alpha (TGFA) gene TaqI polymorphism and transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGFB3) gene CA repeats influence the risk of nsCL/P differently between the northern and southern Chinese populations. In this study of 188 Chinese case‐parent triads, we found an independent association between theTGFB3variant and risk of nsCL/P (OR = 2.10, 95% CI: 1.25–3.54 for heterozygotes; OR = 1.78, 95% CI: 0.83–3.83 for homozygotes). TheMTHFRvariant was associated with an increased risk of nsCL/P among children in the north (OR = 3.11, 95% CI: 1.18–8.23 for heterozygotes; OR = 3.36, 95%CI: 1.14–9.93 for homozygotes) and appear to interact marginally with theTGFB3variant in the occurrence of nsCL/P among southern subjects (OR = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.06–1.07). No association was found between theTGFAvariant and risk of nsCL/P in our data. Our results suggest that theTGFB3gene variant may be an important genetic risk factor for nsCL/P occurrence in Chinese children, and we found no evidence of heterogeneity between northern and southern Chinese populations in the associations betweenTGFB3andTGFAvariants and risk of nsCL/P, but these results warrant further investigation. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Four unrelated patients with lubs X‐linked mental retardation syndrome and different Xq28 duplications
Authors: Bartsch Oliver , Gebauer Konstanze , Lechno Stanislav , van Esch Hilde , Froyen Guy , Bonin Michael , Seidel Jörg , Thamm‐Mücke Barbara , Horn Denise , Klopocki Eva , Hertzberg Christoph , Zechner Ulrich , Haaf Thomas
Published: January 2010

The Lubs X‐linked mental retardation syndrome (MRXSL) is caused by small interstitial duplications at distal Xq28 including the MECP2 gene. Here we report on four novel male patients with MRXSL and different Xq28 duplications delineated by microarray‐based chromosome analysis. All mothers were healthy carriers of the duplications. Consistent with an earlier report [Bauters et al. (2008); Genome Res 18: 847–858], the distal breakpoints of all four Xq28 duplications were located in regions containing low‐copy repeats (LCRs; J, K, and L groups), which may facilitate chromosome breakage and reunion events. The proximal breakpoint regions did not contain known LCRs. Interestingly, we identified apparent recurrent breakage sites in the proximal and distal breakpoint regions. Two of the four patients displayed more complex rearrangements. Patient 2 was endowed with a quadruplicated segment and a small triplication within the duplication, whereas patient 3 displayed two triplicated segments within the duplication, supporting that the Fork Stalling and Template Switching (FoSTeS) model may explain a subset of the structural rearrangements in Xq28. Clinically, muscular hypertonia and contractures of large joints may present a major problem in children with MRXSL. Because injection of botulinum toxin (BT‐A; Botox) proved to be extremely helpful for patient 1, we recommend consideration of Botox treatment in other patients with MRXSL and severe joint contractures. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Haploinsufficiency of the gene Quaking (QKI) is associated with the 6q terminal deletion syndrome
Authors: Backx Liesbeth , Fryns Jean‐Pierre , Marcelis Carlo , Devriendt Koen , Vermeesch Joris , Van Esch Hilde
Published: January 2010

Subtelomeric rearrangements involving chromosome 6q have been reported in a limited number of studies. Although the sizes are very variable, ranging from cytogenetically visible deletions to small submicroscopic deletions, a common recognizable phenotype associated with a 6q deletion could be distilled. The main characteristics are intellectual disabilities, hypotonia, seizures, brain anomalies, and specific dysmorphic features including short neck, broad nose with bulbous tip, large and low‐set ears and downturned corners of the mouth. In this article we report on a female patient, carrying a reciprocal balanced translocation t(5;6)(q23.1;q26), presenting with a clinical phenotype highly similar to the common 6q‐ phenotype. Breakpoint analysis using array painting revealed that the Quaking (QKI) gene that maps in 6q26 is disrupted, suggesting that haploinsufficiency of this gene plays a role in the 6q‐ clinical phenotype. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Methylation profiling in individuals with Russell–Silver syndrome
Authors: Peñaherrera Maria S. , Weindler Susanne , Van Allen Margot I. , Yong Siu‐Li , Metzger Daniel L. , McGillivray Barbara , Boerkoel Cornelius , Langlois Sylvie , Robinson Wendy P.
Published: January 2010

Russell–Silver syndrome (RSS) is a heterogeneous disorder associated with pre‐ and post‐natal growth restriction and relative macrocephaly. Involvement of imprinted genes on both chromosome 7 and 11p15.5 has been reported. To further characterize the role of epimutations in RSS we evaluated the methylation status at both 11p15.5 imprinting control regions (ICRs): ICR1 associated with H19/IGF2 expression and ICR2 (KvDMR1) associated with CDKN1C expression in a series of 35 patients with RSS. We also evaluated methylation at the promoter regions of other imprinted genes involved in growth such as PLAGL1 (6q24), GCE (7q21), and PEG10 (7q21) in this series of 35 patients with RSS. Thirteen of the 35 patient samples, but none of 22 controls, showed methylation levels at ICR1 that were more than 2 SD below the mean for controls. Three RSS patients were highly methylated at the SCGE promoter, all of which were diagnosed with upd(7)mat. To identify further potential global methylation changes in RSS patients, a subset of 22 patients were evaluated at 1505 CpG sites by the Illumina GoldenGate methylation array. Among the few CpG sites displaying a significant difference between RSS patients and controls, was a CpG associated with the H19 promoter. No other sites associated with known imprinted genes were identified as abnormally methylated in RSS patients by this approach. While the association of hypomethylation of the H19/IGF2 ICR1 is clear, the continuous distribution of methylation values among the patients and controls complicates the establishment of clear cut‐offs for clinical diagnosis. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Holoprosencephaly: A mythologic and teratologic distillate
Authors: Cohen Jr. M. Michael
Published: January 2010

This review of holoprosencephaly provides a mythologic and teratologic distillate of the subject under the following headings: Babylonian tablets; Greek mythology; pictures from the 16th through the 20th Centuries; 19th Century teratology; history of more modern concepts and their terminologies; and ocean‐going ships named “Cyclops.” © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Using behavior to determine immature life‐stages in captive western gorillas
Authors: Hutchinson J.E. , Fletcher A.W.
Published: January 2010

Ontogenic development is divided into infant, juvenile, adolescent and adult life‐stages. Although the developmental trajectory of an individual is a flexible entity, which differs within species, environment and sex, life‐stage classifications are generally structured, age‐based systems. This invariably leads to rigidity within a dynamic system and consequently hampers our understanding of primate life history strategies. We propose that life‐stage classifications should be quantitative, flexible entities, which use a reliable measurement of development. Here, we provide a methodological example where placement into a life‐stage is based upon behavioral variance between other similar‐aged individuals. Behavioral data were collected from 12 male (3–11 years old) and 9 female (3–8 years old) captive immature western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) housed in five family groups, using continuous focal sampling; 900 hr of data were collected over 131 days. Data were applied to four published life‐stage classifications for mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei), which showed variable ability to determine life‐stage in western gorillas. A new life‐stage classification (Hutchinson & Fletcher) was proposed specifically for western gorillas, whereby multiple co‐varying behavior provided a robust measure of linear development across immaturity. Each life‐stage was found to be a distinct ontogenic phase and the classification discriminated life‐stage with a high level of accuracy. Using the Hutchinson & Fletcher classification we provide evidence for disparity in developmental trajectories between the sexes from the juvenile period onwards. To expand the understanding of primate life histories, we propose that flexible classifications should be used to enable comparison of allometric life history traits within and between species, from birth onwards. Am. J. Primatol. 72:492–501, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glossar zu Begriffen der Pharmazeutik
Authors: Seydel Joachim , Roy, Langenfeld Kathrin‐Maria
Published: January 2010

Dieses Glossar zu pharmazeutischen Begriffen wendet sich an Praktiker auf dem Gebiet der Pharmazeutik, und die in ihm enthaltenen Definitionen beziehen sich auf 1) die physikalisch‐chemische Charakterisierung von pharmazeutischen Präparaten und ihren wirksamen Inhaltsstoffen, 2) in der pharmazeutischen Praxis verwendete Grundverfahren, 3) Begriffe mit Bezug zu den verschiedenen Darreichungsformen, 4) Begriffe im Zusammenhang mit den verschiedenen Möglichkeiten der Arzneimittel‐Freisetzung, 5) Begriffe, die allgemein in der Pharmakokinetik und Biopharmazeutik verwendet werden, sowie Begriffe, die keinem dieser Aspekte zugeordnet werden können. Das Gebiet der Pharmazeutik selbst ist interdisziplinär und wird von Chemikern wie Biowissenschaftlern bearbeitet, die alle von einem Glossar mit zuverlässigen Definitionen profitieren sollten. Die in der Pharmazeutik verwendeten Begriffe werden durch vorhandene Glossare nur selten abgedeckt, und wenn es der Fall ist, sind die gegebenen Definitionen für das Gebiet der Pharmazeutik oft unpassend, was neue oder modifizierte Definitionen erforderlich macht. Im Text kursiv gesetzte Begriffe sind auch als Stichwörter zu finden.
Information search and mental representation in risky decision making: The advantages first principle
Authors: Huber Oswald , Huber Odilo W. , Bär Arlette S.
Published: January 2010

In three experiments the problem is investigated how people identify early in the decision process those alternatives that are worthwhile to be examined in more detail. We assume that decision makers employ the Advantages first Principle: They first search for information about positive outcomes and then focus their information search (e.g., for negative consequences or for risk defusing operators) on those alternatives that appear attractive after this initial evaluation. In Experiment 1 (120 participants), initial information about consequences was varied for eight alternatives (no information, positive consequences, negative, or mixed for four alternatives). In all conditions, the great majority of participants followed both aspects of the Advantages first Principle. In Experiment 2, 60 participants decided in two quasi‐realistic scenarios with two alternatives each. Initial information was presented so that one alternative had better positive consequences, worse negative consequences, or both. In all conditions, more information was searched for in the initially better alternative. In Experiment 3 (20 participants) the Advantages first Principle was not only confirmed for a scenario but also for choices in traditional gambling tasks with two and eight alternatives, respectively. Participants could win or lose real money. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radio frequency magnetic field effects on molecular dynamics and iron uptake in cage proteins
Authors: Céspedes Oscar , Inomoto Osamu , Kai Shoichi , Nibu Yoshinori , Yamaguchi Toshio , Sakamoto Nobuyoshi , Akune Tadahiro , Inoue Masayoshi , Kiss Takanobu , Ueno Shoogo
Published: January 2010

The protein ferritin has a natural ferrihydrite nanoparticle that is superparamagnetic at room temperature. For native horse spleen ferritin, we measure the low field magnetic susceptibility of the nanoparticle as 2.2 × 10−6 m3 kg−1 and its Néel relaxation time at about 10−10 s. Superparamagnetic nanoparticles increase their internal energy when exposed to radio frequency magnetic fields due to the lag between magnetization and applied field. The energy is dissipated to the surrounding peptidic cage, altering the molecular dynamics and functioning of the protein. This leads to an increased population of low energy vibrational states under a magnetic field of 30 µT at 1 MHz, as measured via Raman spectroscopy. After 2 h of exposure, the proteins have a reduced iron intake rate of about 20%. Our results open a new path for the study of non‐thermal bioeffects of radio frequency magnetic fields at the molecular scale. Bioelectromagnetics 31:311–317, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simultaneous determination of organophosphorus pesticides in Chinese herbal medicines by microwave‐assisted extraction coupled with dispersive‐solid phase extraction and gas chromatography
Authors: Wan Yi‐Qun , Mao Xue‐Jin , Yan Ai‐Ping , Shen Ming‐Yue , Wu Yu‐Mei
Published: January 2010

A reliable, rapid and nontoxic analytical method was proposed for the simultaneous determination of 16 organophosphorus pesticides in Chinese herbal medicines. The pesticides were extracted by ethanol and the experimental variables, such as temperature, extraction time and volume of ethanol, were optimized through orthogonal array experimental design. Cleanup of extracts was performed with dispersive‐solid phase extraction using primary secondary amine as the sorbent. The determination of pesticides in the final extracts was carried out by gas chromatography–flame photometric detection. Under optimized conditions the obtained recoveries, except for isocarbophos, were in the range 73.8–123%, with relative standard deviations equal to or lower than 15.2% and limits of detection ranging from 0.001 to 0.009 mg/kg. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification and Characterization of a Peptidic Ligand for Ras
Authors: Gareiss Peter C. , Schneekloth Ashley R. , Salcius Michael J. , Seo Seung‐Yong , Crews Craig M.
Published: January 2010

The development of new ligands for the oncoprotein Ras can provide tools for the study of this important signaling component or potentially serve as therapeutic agents for the treatment of Ras‐associated diseases. Herein, we report a peptidic Ras ligand identified through naïve phage display. Panning a phage library with a diversity of 109 transormants successfully identified a peptide dodecamer that contains two internal consensus motifs and binds Ras in both the active GTP‐ and inactive GDP‐bound conformations with low micromolar dissociation constants. The dodecamer does not alter the intrinsic GTPase activity of Ras, does not compete for Ras binding to the Ras binding domain of Raf, and does not alter cell viability. This novel Ras ligand has the potential to serve in the development of higher‐affinity ligands and chemical tools targeting Ras.
Domino Rhodium/Palladium‐Catalyzed Dehydrogenation Reactions of Alcohols to Acids by Hydrogen Transfer to Inactivated Alkenes
Authors: Trincado Mónica , Grützmacher Hansjörg , Vizza Francesco , Bianchini Claudio
Published: January 2010

The combination of the d8 RhI diolefin amide [Rh(trop2N)(PPh3)] (trop2N=bis(5‐H‐dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten‐5‐yl)amide) and a palladium heterogeneous catalyst results in the formation of a superior catalyst system for the dehydrogenative coupling of alcohols. The overall process represents a mild and direct method for the synthesis of aromatic and heteroaromatic carboxylic acids for which inactivated olefins can be used as hydrogen acceptors. Allyl alcohols are also applicable to this coupling reaction and provide the corresponding saturated aliphatic carboxylic acids. This transformation has been found to be very efficient in the presence of silica‐supported palladium nanoparticles. The dehydrogenation of benzyl alcohol by the rhodium amide, [Rh]N, follows the well established mechanism of metal–ligand bifunctional catalysis. The resulting amino hydride complex, [RhH]NH, transfers a H2 molecule to the Pd nanoparticles, which, in turn, deliver hydrogen to the inactivated alkene. Thus a domino catalytic reaction is developed which promotes the reaction R‐CH2‐OH+NaOH+2 alkene→R‐COONa+2 alkane.
Asymmetric microtubule arrays organize the endoplasmic reticulum during polarity establishment in the brown alga Silvetia compressa
Authors: Peters Nick T. , Kropf Darryl L.
Published: January 2010

Polarity is a fundamental characteristic of most cell types, and is crucial to early development of the brown alga Silvetia compressa. In eukaryotes the cytoskeleton plays an important role in generating cellular asymmetries. While it is known that F‐actin is required for polarization and growth in most tip‐growing cells, the roles of microtubules are less clear. We examined the distribution and function of microtubules in S. compressa zygotes as they polarized and initiated tip growth. Microtubules formed asymmetric arrays oriented toward the rhizoid hemisphere early in the polarization process. These arrays were spatially coupled with polar adhesive deposition, a marker of the rhizoid pole. Reorientation of the light vector during polarization led to sequential redistribution of polar axis components, with the microtubules and the polar axis reorienting nearly simultaneously, followed by cell wall loosening and then deposition of new polar adhesive. These findings suggested that microtubules may organize and target endomembrane arrays. We therefore examined the distribution of the endoplasmic reticulum during polarization and found it colocalized with microtubules and became targeted toward the rhizoid pole as microtubule asymmetry was generated. Endoplasmic reticulum association with microtubules remained fully intact following pharmacological disruption of F‐actin, whereas microtubule disruption led to aggregation of the endoplasmic reticulum around the nucleus. We propose that brown algae utilize microtubules for organization of the endoplasmic reticulum and migration of exocytotic components to the rhizoid cortex, and present a model for polarity establishment to account for these new findings. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phase 2 study of irinotecan and paclitaxel in patients with recurrent or refractory small cell lung cancer
Authors: Ramalingam Suresh S. , Foster Judy , Gooding William , Evans Terry , Sulecki Matthew , Belani Chandra P.
Published: January 2010

BACKGROUND:

Patients with extensive stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC) who develop disease progression with standard cisplatin‐based therapy are reported to have a poor overall prognosis. Irinotecan and paclitaxel are active as single agents and exhibit preclinical synergy in SCLC cell lines. A phase 2 study was conducted to evaluate this combination in patients with recurrent or refractory SCLC.

METHODS:

Patients with SCLC who progressed with 1 prior chemotherapy regimen and had measurable disease present; an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) of 0 to 2; and adequate bone marrow, hepatic, and renal function were included in the study. Paclitaxel (at a dose of 75 mg/m2) and irinotecan (at a dose of 50 mg/m2) were administered intravenously on Days 1 and 8 of each 3‐week treatment cycle. Therapy was continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The target response rate of interest was ≥30%.

RESULTS:

A total of 55 patients were enrolled, 51 of whom received at least 1 dose of therapy. The majority of the patients had an ECOG PS of 0 or 1 (96%). A median of 3 cycles of treatment was administered, and 15 patients received ≥6 cycles. Seventeen patients experienced toxicity of grade 3 or higher (neutropenia in 8 patients and fatigue in 5 patients). The overall response rate was 21%. The median survival was 25.4 weeks, and the 1‐year survival rate was 22%.

CONCLUSIONS:

The regimen of irinotecan and paclitaxel was found to be tolerated well in patients with recurrent or refractory SCLC. Although modest anticancer activity was noted, the efficacy failed to meet the primary endpoint of interest. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Tumor suppressor XIAP‐Associated factor 1 (XAF1) cooperates with tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand to suppress colon cancer growth and trigger tumor regression
Authors: Tu Shui Ping , Sun Yun Wei , Cui Jian Tao , Zou Bing , Lin Marie C. M. , Gu Qing , Jiang Shi Hu , Kung Hsiang Fu , Korneluk Robert G. , Wong Benjamin C. Y.
Published: January 2010

BACKGROUND:

XIAP‐associated factor 1 (XAF1) antagonizes the anticaspase activity of XIAP (X‐linked inhibitor of apoptosis) and functions as a tumor suppressor in colon cancer. The tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) is known as a potential anticancer agent. In this study, the synergistic effect of XAF1 and TRAIL on colon cancer growth was investigated.

METHODS:

Adeno‐XAF1 virus was generated and purified. Cell apoptosis was detected by flow‐cytometry and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick‐end labeling assay. Protein expression of the different genes was determined by Western blot analysis. Tumorigenesis and tumor growth were assessed in subcutaneous nude mouse xenograft experiments.

RESULTS:

Stable overexpression of XAF1‐sensitized colon cancer cells to TRAIL‐induced apoptosis significantly increased the activity of caspase 3, 7, 8, and 9; released cytochrome c; and down‐regulated XIAP, survivin, and c‐IAP‐2. The restoration of XAF1 expression mediated by adenovirus (adeno‐XAF1) directly induced apoptosis, and synergized TRAIL‐induced apoptosis in colon cancer cells. Ex vivo transduction of adeno‐XAF1 suppressed colon cancer formation in vivo. Furthermore, adeno‐XAF1 treatment of mice significantly inhibited tumor growth, strongly enhanced TRAIL‐induced apoptosis and antitumor activity in colon cancer xenograft models in vivo, and markedly prolonged the survival. Notably, the combined treatment with adeno‐XAF1 and TRAIL completely eradicated the established tumors without detectable toxicity in normal tissue.

CONCLUSIONS:

The combined restoration of XAF1 expression and TRAIL treatment may be a potent strategy for colon cancer therapy. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.