bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beta-lactam antibiotics as a probable cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Skipskiy I M , Efimov N V
Published: November 2019

Described was a case of massive (right upper and middle lobe and basal segments of the left lower lobe) clinically atypical pneumonia, «rapidly» resolving during treatment with beta-lactam antibiotics, but complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute respiratory failure, infectious and toxic shock, cerebral and pulmonary edema that led to a lethal outcome. No macroscopic pathological signs of pneumonia were found, histologically in one of the sections of the lower lobe of right lung in the alveoli some serous-leukocyte exudate was found. The paradox of the situation (pneumonia almost resolved, but the patient died) became the reason to conduct a retrospective analysis, which showed that over the preceding 10 years, there were 27 cases of progressive pneumonia (3.1% of 873 cases of pneumonia), usually atypical during treatment with beta-lactam antibiotics, four of which, including the described one, had a fatal outcome caused by acute respiratory distress syndrome. The remaining patients in whom beta-lactam antibiotics were changed to macrolides, recovered. This suggests the ability of beta-lactam antibiotics to participate in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome, or even be its cause.
Differential treatment strategy in patients with different clinical phenotypes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Lapteva E A
Published: November 2019

Aim. To optimize the treatment in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care. Methods. The effectiveness of different strategies of long-term control treatment in 245 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease depending on clinical phenotypes of the disease was evaluated. Three groups of patients were formed: patients from the 1 st group (70 patients, 33 - with predominant emphysema phenotype, 37 - with predominant bronchitis phenotype) were using long-acting anticholinergics, patients from the 2 nd group (110 patients, 52 - with predominant emphysema phenotype, 58 - with predominant bronchitis phenotype) - long-acting anticholinergics and inhaled corticosteroids, and patients from the 3 rd group (65 patients, 28 - with predominant emphysema phenotype, 37 - with predominant bronchitis phenotype) - long-acting anticholinergics together with inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta 2-agonists. The respiratory function, diffusing lung capacity and gas exchange parameters were assessed after 12 months of long-term control treatment. Results. The 2nd treatment strategy was more effective in patients with bronchitis phenotype, confirmed by the increase of forced expiratory volume at 1st second (FEV 1) value from 1.12±1.04 to 1.90±1.05 (р 0.05), and partial oxygen pressure (р аО 2) increase from 53.72±6.28 to 69.56±6.83 mmHg, as well as partial carbon dioxide pressure (р аCО 2) decrease from 55.71±8.34 to 52.34±8.16 mmHg. No significant changes in patients with emphysema phenotype were observed. The treatment strategy 3 was the most effective in patients with emphysema phenotype which was demonstrated by the increase of FEV 1 from 1.18±0.03 to 1.47±0.03, р аО 2 from 66.43±3.79 to 78.48±5.78 mmHg (р 0.05), diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide to alveolar volume ratio (DLCO/Va) increase from 35.32±11.34 to 44.12±12.2 (р 0.05) and decrease of р аО 2 from 50.21±3.68 to 43.43±5.47 mmHg. No significant improvement of gas exchange parameters in patients with bronchitis phenotype was registered. The treatment strategy 1 had no significant effect on respiratory function parameters. Conclusion. The differential strategies of long-term control treatment should be used depending on clinical phenotypes to optimize the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Hepatoprotective activity of a new germanium-organic biologically active substance (medgerm) in experimental hepatitis
Authors: Tymchyshin O L
Published: November 2019

Aim. To study of the influence of new germanium-organic biologically active substance (medgerm) on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system in rats with galactosamin-induced acute hepatitis. Methods. The experiments were carried out on Wistar male rats. Acute toxic hepatitis in rats was induced by intraperitoneal injection of D-galactosamine. Experimental animals were divided into 4 groups: first group (n=10) - intact animals that received 0.9% sodium chloride solution intraperitoneal injections throughout the observation period (control group); second group (n=40) - animals that received only D-galactosamine; third group (n=40) - rats that received medgerm intraperitoneal injections 7 days before and 7 days after the administration of D-galactosamine. The dose and administration regimen of medgerm were pre-defined. The fourth group (n=40) included rats that received Essentiale® N in the same mode as a comparator drug. Determination of thiobarbituric acid reactants, reduced glutathione levels in serum and liver homogenate supernatant, as well as superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were carried out in 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after the administration of liver toxins. Results. Medgerm has a significant effect on pro- and antioxidant homeostasis in acute toxic galactosamine-induced hepatitis. It effectively prevented the generation and accumulation of lipid peroxidation end products and preserved the activity of nonenzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant system parts. In animals treated with medgerm, studied parameters restored to reach the baseline level faster than in rats with galactosamine-induced hepatitis that were not treated with medgerm. Conclusion. The findings suggest that medgerm has the antioxidant activity and a membrane-mediated action in acute toxic hepatitis.
Efficiency of tactivin and tocopherol for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid amine salt hepatotoxicity correction
Authors: Akhmetchenko Z A , Mufazalova N A , Mufazalova L F , Remezova A D , Mukhametzyanova A Ya
Published: November 2019

Aim. To study the efficiency of individual and combined use of thymus extract (tactivin) and vitamine E (tocopherol) for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid amine salt hepatotoxicity correction. Methods. Experiments were carried out on 75 white non-imbred mature rats. Animals were distributed to 5 groups 15 animals each: controls, receiving 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid amine salt, receiving 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid amine salt and tactivin, receiving 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid amine salt and tocopherol, receiving 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid amine salt and both tactivin and tocopherol. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid amine salt (42 mg/kg) was introduced into the stomach during 28 days. Tocopherol (50 mg/ kg) and Tactivin (0,25 mg/kg) were injected from day 1 to day 6 after the discontinuation of toxin administration. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, total and direct bilirubin were examined. The liver morphological state was assessed by microscopy of the liver tissue slices stained with hematoxylin and eosin, electron microscopy was also performed.The results were registered on the 7th day after the toxin discontinuation. Results. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid amine salt led to alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, total and direct bilirubin levels increase. Hemodynamic alterations, reduced number of mitoses, increased number of necrotic hepatocytes, fiber tissue scarring were observed morphologically. The use of tactivin reduced the severity of morphological changes, and decreased, but did not normalized the level of transaminases and bilirubin. The use of tocopherol normalized the level of transaminases, bilirubin, there were morphological signs of the regeneration processes and hepatocyte mitotic activity intensification. The combined use of tactivin and tocopherol normalized alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase bilirubin levels. Morphologically, signs of regenerative processes and protein synthesis activation were observed in hepatocytes. Conclusion. Tocopherol and Tactivin effectively compensate the hepatotoxic effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid amine salt, the best result was obtained when both of the drugs used in combination.
Diagnostic value of vascular endothelial growth factor determination in chronic pyelonephritis in children
Authors: Bazarny V V , Averchenko M V
Published: November 2019

Aim. This paper is devoted to the evaluation of clinical and diagnostic value of vascular endothelial growth factor detection in chronic pyelonephritis in children. Methods. The study included 62 patients with different compensation degrees of the disease. Patients were divided into 2 groups - subcompensation (37 patients), and decompensation (25 patients). Renal function was assessed by glomerular filtration rate. Vascular endothelial growth factor concentration was determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. To assess the renal vasculature, triplex ultrasonography using pulsed Doppler was performed. The endothelial dysfunction was examined by postocclusion test with reactive hyperemia. Results. Vascular endothelial growth factor level had been significantly increasing in patients according to the severity of the disease. The vascular endothelial growth factor concentration exceeded 600 pg/ml all patients who has later developed chronic renal failure. The sensitivity of this indicator at the abovementioned critical point was assessed as 80%. The change of resistance index reflected renal vascularization disorders. The endothelial dysfunction in postocclusion test was also revealed in patients with pyelonephritis. The vascular endothelial growth factor level highly correlated with the glomerular filtration rate and resistance index. Conclusion. Detecting the vascular endothelial growth factor serum level is one of the tools for endothelial dysfunction laboratory monitoring and renal function assessment in in children with chronic pyelonephritis.
Key parameters of carbohydrate metabolism in healthy people with different AB0 blood groups
Authors: Gilmiyarova F N , Kolotyeva N A , Gusyakova O A , Nefedova N S , Shahnovich E A , Gergel N I
Published: November 2019

Aim. To study the particularities of metabolism associated with AB0 system blood groups by examination of carbohydrate exchange serum parameters. Methods. 446 healthy subjects with different blood groups were examined: 0 (I) blood group - 29.6%, A (II) - 31.8%, B (III) - 24.3%, AB (IV) - 14.3%. The blood group was defined by direct agglutination test in all subjects, piruvate, lactate, glucose, cortisol and insulin serum levels, lactatdehydrogenase and α-аmylase activity was defined using an automatic biochemical analyzer. Results. Group specific features of carbohydrate metabolism in subjects with different blood groups were revealed. In subjects with 0 (I) blood group the lowest glucose and insulin serum levels, the highest amylase activity and piruvate and lactate blood levels were characteristic; in subjects with A (II) blood group - highest level of insulin and cortisol, low lactate levels; in subjects with B (III) blood group - maximal lactatdehydrogenase and minimal amylase activity, high piruvate and lactate blood levels; in subjects with AB (IV) blood group - highest level of glucose, low lactatdehydrogenase and amylase activity, lowest lactate and piruvate blood levels were revealed. Conclusion. The particularities of molecular processes might be associated with blood group and predispose to different health conditions. The features of the metabolic profile of patients with different blood groups are the rationale for individualization of personal standards for each person that might reasonably be considered in clinical practice.
Pathogenetic approach to venous thrombosis markers examination
Authors: Zubairova L D , Mustafin I G , Nabiullina R M
Published: November 2019

The review summarizes experimental and clinical findings decrypting the mechanisms that initiate venous thrombosis. It is still relevant to consider the pathogenesis of venous thrombosis within the frames of the classic Virchow’s triad, and the mechanisms of interrelation of its separate mechanisms - changes in blood composition, blood flow, or alterations of the blood vessel wall - becomes more clear. Changes in the blood constituents include the amount and functional state of proteins and hemostasis system cells. Among the important changes in blood flow are blood flow rate, affecting the cells and coagulation proteins transport to the site and from the site of thrombosis, and the local shear stress, modulating adhesion and procoagulant activity of endothelium and platelets. Vascular wall provides tissue factor, which is the initiator of blood coagulation; phospholipid surface of cell membranes and microvesicles for assembling coagulation enzyme complexes, as well as adhesion proteins for the blood platelets and leukocytes «capturing». Decreased venous blood outflow and stasis, causing the local hypoxia, are associated with procoagulant changes in blood cells: the expression of P-selectin on endothelium increases, leading to the accumulation of leukocytes and cell microvesicles containing the initiator of blood coagulation - tissue factor. The local concentration of activated clotting factors increases, which along with anticoagulant activity alterations initiates progressing fibrin formation and thrombogenesis. Marking out the key mechanisms allows using them as the potential markers for diagnosing venous thrombosis risk. Among them are cell derived microparticles, cytokines, P-selectin that are investigated as possible indicators of deep vein, pulmonary, cancer associated thrombosis.
Neurotrophic factors concentration in rat brain at the experimental coma
Authors: Kashuro V A , Batotsyrenova E G , Elaeva N L , Savenko U N , Lapina N V , Aksyonov V V
Published: November 2019

Aim. To study the changes of neurotrophic factors concentrations depending on stage of intoxication with deprivation substances (ethanol or sodium oxybutirate) in rats. Methods. Experiments were performed on male white laboratory rats. Control and experimental groups included 10 animals each. Half-lethal doses of a deprivation substance (ethanol or sodium oxybutirate) were introduced intraperitoneally 3, 6, 12, 24 and 72 hours before blood specimen collection. Neuron-specific enolase, S-100 protein, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, pigment epithelium-derived factor, glial fibrillary acidic protein serum levels were measured by enzyme immunoassay. Results. At single infusion of mean lethal dose of sodium oxybutyrate S-100 protein serum level significantly increased after 6 hours compared to control and stayed elevated during the first 24 hours. The levels of neurotrophic and neuroprotective factors also significantly increased 3 and 6 hours after the drug administration. The toxic dose of ethanol have significantly increased (over than 1.8 times compared to the controls) the concentration of protein S-100 in rats after 3 hours. The maximum increase in the protein S-100 level (by 2.6 times and over) was noted 12 hours after the toxicant administration. Glial fibrillar acidic protein concentration was 2.9 times higher compared to controls 3 hours after and 1.9 times higher 6 hours after higher the ethanol administration (р 0.05). The concentration of brain - derived neurotrophic factor has also increased from 3 to 12 hours after the toxicant administration, and was 2.1 to 2.4 times higher compared to intact animals. Conclusion. Studying of neurotrophic factors brain in plasma showed that the development of hypoxia, accompanying coma, leads to higher serum levels of S-100 protein, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial fibrillar acidic protein. The increase in the concentration of S-100 is a marker for the presence of brain damage. The observed increase of glial fibrillar acidic protein in experiments with ethanol may indicate its more severe brain tissue damage compared to sodium oxybutyrate.
Calciuria intensity and bone mineral density in chemical industry employees
Authors: Menshikova I A , Kamilov F H , Mufazalova L F , Ivanova G V
Published: November 2019

Aim. To determine the severity of calciuria and bone mineral density strength in a soda-producing chemical plant employees. Methods. The study included 267 workers of OJSC «Soda» (Sterlitamak, Republic of Bashkortostan), aged 18 to 60 years. The bone metabolism, bone mineral density by quantitative ultrasonography were assessed, 10-year risk of fractures due to osteoporosis was calculated. Results. Low mineral density (osteopenia) was found in 87 (32.6%) female employees of the manufacturing department. Osteoporosis with moderate risk of fractures due to osteoporosis (the probability of 8.7%) was diagnosed in 13 (4.9%) female employees aged over 50 years. The main industrial factors, negatively influencing the bone metabolism, were exposure to certain chemicals (hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide, benzene, sulphuric, hydrochloric, nitric acids, formaldehyde, alkali). Laboratory staff was the most frequently exposed to these chemicals. So, osteopenia was diagnosed in 14 out of 36 (38.9%) laboratory analysts, osteoporosis was diagnosed in 3 laboratory employees (8.3%) aged over 50 years, with work experience more than 10 years. Increased total alkaline phosphatase (an enzyme that indirectly reflects the activity of bone resorption) activity was found in employees with osteoporosis and osteopenia. Significant changes were observed in urine calcium levels, with the daily excretion higher than normal. The study of one of the available bone resorption markers - a calcium and creatinine molar ratio - showed increased values in 17 employees. Conclusion. Chemical compounds that employees may contact during the entire day shift may negatively influence the bone metabolism, activating bone resorption, decreasing bone mineral density and increasing the risk for fractures. Calciuria degree reflects the intensity of osteopenia and osteoporosis.
Oxidative stress modeling in the blood lymphocytes in vitro to examine the Jurkat line tumor cells apoptosis
Authors: Ryazantseva N V , Stepovaya E A , Konovalova E V , Nosareva O L , Naumova A I , Orlov D S , Vesnina O N , Novitsky V V
Published: November 2019

Aim. To experimentally select the optimum concentration of hydrogen peroxide capable of efficiently induce oxidative stress and launch the programmed death of the maximum number of lymphocytes, but not induce the necrosis. Methods. Jurkat tumor cell line (human T-lymphoblastic leukemia) lymphocytes isolated from the blood of healthy donors (15 males, 18 females) aged 18 to 25 years were the objects of the study. To confirm the object of study, blood cells typing for CD5 using flow cytometry was performed. To model the oxidative stress in vitro, blood lymphocytes were incubated in the presence of hydrogen peroxide at a final concentration of 0.3, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mM. Reduced and oxidized glutathione levels estimation, the ratio between the fractions, and the level of reactive oxygen forms in lymphocytes for a relative assessment of the oxidative stress degree in cancer cells, were used. Results. An optimal final concentration of hydrogen peroxide - 0.5 mM - was established, causing an increase of active oxygen forms concentration in cells, comparable to levels in tumor cells, the formation of a maximum number of annexin positive cells and minimum number propidium-positive cells and the comparable ratio of the reduced and oxidized glutatione levels. Conclusion. The optimum concentration of hydrogen peroxide (0.5 mM) was selected for the oxidative stress formation in the peripheral blood lymphocytes to study the apoptosis dysregulation in oxidative stress in Jurkat line tumor cells (human T-lymphoblastic leukemia).
Hormonal imbalance in prenatally alcoholized rat offspring
Authors: Samuseva N L , Kurch N M , Vysokogorskiy V E
Published: November 2019

Aim. To identify the role of hormonal imbalance in the development of hypoglycemia in rats exposed to prenatal alcohol intoxication. Methods. Effects of prenatal alcohol intoxication on carbohydrate metabolism regulation in rat youngs aged 15, 30 and 60 days were studied. For this purpose, intragastral injections of 40% ethanol (4 g/kg) were performed in female white random rats during the gestation period. Glucose, insulin, glucagon, cortisol, thyroid hormones serum concentrations were determined. Results. In offspring of rats exposed to alcohol during the prenatal period, increased blood insulin concentration at the age of 30, 60 days, reduced glucagon concentration at the age of 60 days were found. These changes were accompanied by persistent hypoglycemia. Plasma cortisol concentration in rats exposed to alcohol during the prenatal period had no any statistically significant differences compared to a control group. Statistically significant reduction of triiodothyronine in the age of 60 days accompanied by an increased blood thyroxin level was also observed. Conclusion. The gained results suggest the essential influence of prenatal alcohol intoxication on carbohydrate metabolism regulation in the remote terms of postnatal period. Prenatal alcohol exposure leads to the development of differently directed changes in offspring blood insulin, glucagon and thyroid hormones remaining in remote periods of postnatal ontogenesis, that may play a significant role in the development of hypoglycemia, and define the high level of the still birth and early postnatal mortality.
Association of missed miscarriage and fetal chromosomal disorders
Authors: Spiridonova N V , Kalinkina O B , Gilmiyariova F N , Meleshkina O I
Published: November 2019

Aim. To study the frequency of chromosomal disorders as a cause of missed miscarriage. Methods. 328 women aged 30,34±0,34 years with missed miscarriage at 3 to 22 weeks of gestation were examined. the missed miscarriage was diagnosed by ultrasonography and human chorionic gonadotropin blood level. Endometrectomy with further scrape cytogenic examination were preformed. The preparations for cytogenic examination were obtained by unified direct express-method, karyotyping was performed after the routine and differentiated staining. Results. Fetal karyotype was defined in 88 women. In 54 (61.4%) women, chorionic villi and placenta of miscarried fetuses had chromosome pathologies, in 34 (63%) women - at 1 st trimester, in 20 (37%) - at 2 nd trimester. High frequency of pathological karyotypes identification was observed in 29 (65,9%) women with first pregnancy, compared to 26 (59.1%) women with second and subsequent pregnancies. The following pathologies were found: autosomal trisomy - in 32 (59.3%) women, triploidy - in 8 (14.8%) women, X-chromosome monosomy - in 6 (11.1%) women, polyploidy - in 6 (11.1%), tetraploidy - in 2 (3.7%) women. It was the first missed miscarriage in 268 women (81.7% of cases), with 23 genetic anomalies found in 23 (52.3%) of such cases. In women with repeated missed miscarriage, fetal genetic disorders were revealed in 34 (77.1%) of cases. Female karyotype was found by 7,4% more frequent compared to male karyotype: 29 (53.7%) versus 25 (46.3%) cases. Fetuses with polysomy (double and triple trisomy) and triplody were eliminated at 5-6 weeks of gestation, fetuses with 22 chromosome trisomy at 6-7 weeks of gestation, with 18 chromosome trisomy - at 7-8 weeks of gestation, with X monosomy - at 8-9 weeks of gestation, with 16 chromosome trisomy - at 10-11 weeks of gestation. No relations of fetal karyotype mutations to maternal body mass index were revealed. Conclusion. High frequency of trisomy, as well as in the case of X-chromosome monosomy, points at high incidence and high percentage of autoelimination of the fetuses having this pathology. The presence of pathological karyotype is the reason for earlier pregnancy termination.
The development of the blood clotting initiation conceptions: from A.A. Schmidt to D.M Zubairov
Authors: Timerbaev V N , Kiselev S V
Published: November 2019

The objective of the review is to cover the formation of modern understanding of molecular mechanisms of blood coagulation initiation. It was provided mainly by the research of Professor D.M. Zubairov and his colleagues. Since 1963, he has established that blood coagulation initiation is not connected to the phenomenon of vascular wall moistening and contact complex factors activation. Research of the thromboplastic activity distribution in tissue cells, blood and in the serum phospholipid microparticles allowed to conclude that blood coagulation is initiated by long-term expression of tissue factor and rapid massive alterations in cellular membranes. This was confirmed by the detection of the turned phospholipids mesophases in tissue thromboplastin preparations and heterogeneity of vitamin К-depending factors binding. Based on the results of the research, a functional conception of blood coagulation initiation by phase alteration of bilayer structure of cellular membranes to a mesomorphic structure was developed. It is caused by different agonists through receptor dependant Са 2+-mobilizing cell signal systems or by massive migration of calcium ions into the cell at its damage. An initial bioimitating non-enzymatic proteolysis vitamin of К-dependant factors and their massive enzymatic activating in the ensembles of enzymatic complexes takes place on heterophase phospholipids surface. Clotting is limited by blood and tissue macrophages, removing cells and phospholipids particles with heterophase surface from cell circulation, and also by anticoagulant factors action. Based on this conception, the researches revealed the pathogenetic of role thrombogenic micro vesicles originating form the cellular membranes transformation in the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome, myocardial infarction, leucosis, autoimmune and infectious diseases. Finding out the basic concepts of blood coagulation initiation mechanism puts D.M. Zubairov in one row with scientists, pawning the bases of modern biology and medicine.
Influence of iron sulfate on adipose tissue endocrine dysfunction in Wistar rats
Authors: Tinkov A A , Popova E V , Nikonorov A A
Published: November 2019

Aim. To study the adipose tissue endocrine function at adipogenic effect development in Wistar rats on high-fat diet and increased iron intake with drinking water. Methods. Animals on standard and high-fat diets were administered 3 mg/l of iron sulfate with drinking water during 3 months. Levels of circulating proinflammatory cytokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, tumor necrosis factor alpha), leptin, adiponectin, serum glucose and insulin, as well as morphometric parameters and iron content in hair and adipose tissue were evaluated. Results. A significant increase in morphometric parameters, hair iron levels was observed in rats taking iron salts compared to the controls, with highest adipose tissue iron level in rats on high-fat diet. At the same time, serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, tumor necrosis factor alpha) and leptin was also higher in rats obtaining iron with drinking water compared to controls. Increased serum insulin level together with slightly elevated serum glucose level indicated insulin resistance development in rats on high-fat diet, fed with iron. Conclusion. The research shows that, on the one side, iron intake potentiates the adipogenic effect of high-fat diet, and on the other side, acting as a trigger for endocrine dysfunction formation (so called endocrine disruptor).
The rationale for the post-transfusion reactions prevention program in rh-positive patients
Authors: Turaev R G , Bel’skaya E E
Published: November 2019

A case of a patient with А 2В (IV) Rh 0(D) + blood group, CcDEeK - phenotype, in whom anti-erythrocyte antibodies (+) were found and specified as anti-D antibodies, is presented. The Rh compatibility tests were positive with 28% Rh 0(D) +-donors (incompatibility) and negative with all Rh 0(D) --donors (compatibility) as well as with own erythrocytes (compatibility). The case indicates that a timely extensive examination of a patient’s blood (antigen profile examination with anti-erythrocyte antibodies detection) before blood transfusion guarantees the blood transfusion safety and reduces the rate of negative consequences of erythrocyte-containing blood components, including hemolytic reactions.
The features of mucosal immunity and microbiota at different forms of allergic rhinitis
Authors: Tyurin Yu A , Shapkina E I , Mustafin I G , Fassakhov R S
Published: November 2019

Aim. To assess the parameters of local immune response in patients with different forms of allergic rhinitis, associated with nasal bacterial infection. Methods. Nasal swabs and nasal epithelium samples obtained from 10 patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis aged 12 to 32 years and from 15 patients with persistent allergic rhinitis aged 18 to 45 years, as well as form the 20 healthy subjects aged 18 to 45 years without signs of allergy who were age and gender-comparable, were examined. Swabs were prepared from cell suspension, stained with 0.04% trypan blue solution, and a microscopy with the count of non-stained cells was performed. Epitheliocytes expressing toll-like receptors-2, were determined by flow cytometry. Interleukin-10 concentration in swabs was assessed by ELISA. Results. The number of epitheliocytes expressing toll-like receptors-2 was by 1.9 times lower in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and by 1.7 times lower in patients with persistent allergic rhinitis compared to control group. There was a reverse correlation found between the number of epitheliocytes expressing toll-like receptors-2 and interleukin-10 level in nasal swabs of healthy controls, while in patients with allergic rhinitis a it was a direct correlation. In patients with persistent allergic rhinitis S. aureus was a part of microbiota in 100% of cases and was associated with other bacteria (Str. pyogenes - 33.3%, Neisseria spp. - 66.7%). In patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis the association of S. aureus and S. hemolyticus (70.0%) was the most frequent one. In the control group, S. epidermidis (50.0%), Str. viridians (25.0%), S. hominis (25.0%) were among the nasal microbiota. There were no differences revealed between the mean levels of interleukin-10 in patients with allergic rhinitis and healthy controls. Conclusion. The number of epitheliocytes expressing toll-like receptors-2 was significantly reduced by almost 2 times in patients with persistent allergic rhinitis compared to control group. Colonization of nasal mucosa by S. aureus in patients with allergic rhinitis leads to an increase of epithelial cells expressing toll-like receptors-2.
Pilot cross-sectional study for potential fibrogenic risk assessment in real multiwalled carbon nanotube aerosol exposure at the workplaces
Authors: Fatkhutdinova L M , Khaliullin T O , Vasilyeva O L , Zalyalov R R , Valeeva I Kh , Mustafin I G , Shvedova A A
Published: November 2019

Aim. To assess the potential fibrogenic risk of real occupational exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). Methods. The study was conducted at 2 MWCNT-producing enterprises with the same reactor type. 11 employees who had more than 1 year-long contact with MWCNT aerosol were included in the exposure group, the control group consisted of 14 people. Elemental carbon level and MWCNT presence were evaluated in workplace air samples by transmission electron microscopy. Blood and induced sputum samples were obtained from employees, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ 1), KL-6 glycoprotein and osteopontin levels were evaluated. To assess the relationship between MWCNT exposure and biomarker levels (age, gender, smoking were chosen as cofounders), generalized linear models including main effects and paired interactions were created. The regression coefficients confidence intervals were refined by bootstrap analysis. Results. Time-weighted average respirable MWCNT fraction was up to 6.11 mg/m 3. Transmission electron microscopy showed the presence of MWCNT agglomerates sized 0.5-10 μm in all air samples. The levels of TGFβ 1 in serum were significantly dependent on exposure to MWCNTs (b=10.47, 95% BCa=1.18-51.75), the KL-6 glycoprotein levels in induced sputum was significantly higher in exposure group (b=235.9, 95% BCa=21.2-482) compared to control group. Osteopontin did not prove itself as an informative indicator. Conclusion. Gained data suggest that MWCNT aerosol exposure at workplace may lead to fibrogenic biomarkers level changes in serum and induced sputum samples. Control measures for MWCNT aerosol levels and medical surveillance for employees should be introduced in MWCNT-producing and applying facilities.
Lymphocyte apoptosis in newborns with neonatal sepsis
Authors: Khaertynov Kh S , Boychuk S V , Anokhin V A , Dunaev P D , Ramazanov B R , Satrutdinov M A , Agafonova E A
Published: November 2019

Aim. To assess the lymphocyte apoptosis intensity in children with neonatal sepsis. Methods. Lymphocyte apoptosis was assessed in 20 children [of them 16 (80%) prematurely born] with late neonatal sepsis. Bacteriology tests allowed to identify the causetive agent for sepsis in 9 (45%) cases - Staphylococcus haemolyticus in 3 cases, Klebsiella - in 4 cases, Candida - in 2 cases. The control group consisted of 10 healthy newborns. Lymphocyte apoptosis was assessed by determining the amount of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm). Lymphocytes were stained with fluorochrome DiOC 6. Results were obtained by flow cytometry. A decrease in mitochondrial potential value was defined as the reduction of fluorochrome DiOC 6 fluorescence . This parameter is one of the earliest signs of apoptosis. Results. An increased apoptosis was revealed, which was manifested by an increase in the number of cells with reduced membrane potential (DiOC-negative cells) in all children with neonatal sepsis. In 50% of sepsis cases (10 newborns) the number of lymphocytes in which apoptosis was triggered was higher by 3,4 times compared to control, in 25% of cases (5 newborns) - by 6 times, in another 25% (5 newborns) - by 13.4 times. Meanwhile, an absolute lymphopenia was observed only in 65% of cases. The most extensive apoptosis was observed in patients with minimal intensity of severe acute inflammatory reaction. Recovery period was characterized by a decrease in apoptosis intensity, seen as the reduction of the number of cells with reduced membrane potential by mean of 1.9 times. Reduced intensity of lymphocyte apoptosis at recovery was associated with lymphocyte count increase in peripheral blood. Conclusion. Acute phase of neonatal sepsis occurs on the background of the increased intensity of lymphocyte apoptosis.
Complex assessment of clinical features and role of interleukin-10 g-1082a gene polymorphism in the development of slowly resolving clinical course of community-acquired pneumonia
Authors: Sovalkin V I , Pomorgaylo E G , Sabitova O N , Podgurskaya E P
Published: November 2019

Aim. To perform a complex assessment of clinical, molecular and genetic factors in the development of slowly resolving pneumonia and to assess their diagnostic values. Methods. 95 patients with community-acquired pneumonia, of which 37 people had a prolonged clinical course of the disease, were examined. Interleukin-10 G-1082A gene polymorphism was evaluated in all patients by polymerase chain reaction. Logistic regression analysis was used for prognostic model construction. Results. Factors predisposing to the slowly resolving pneumonia were: concomitant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, polymicrobial etiology, multilobar lung involvement, destructive lung lesions and presence of pleural effusion detected by X-Ray. The distribution of interleukin-10 G-1082A genotypes was consistent with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (χ2=3.62, p=0.057). There was a significant difference found in the symptoms and laboratory changes severity associated with interleukin-10 G-1082A gene polymorphism: patients carrying GA and AA genotypes had a milder clinical and laboratory changes and a milder course of the disease with fewer complications. Interleukin-10 -1082 GG genotype prevailed among patients with slowly resolving pneumonia. The complex use of clinical data, X-Ray findings and results of molecular and genetic typing allowed to reliably predict the course of the disease. Conclusion. The complex approach considering clinical and genetic features was the most successful for prognosis of slowly resolving pneumonia. The gained data can be used to predict the duration of community-acquired pneumonia course.
Results of endoscopic treatment in patients with obstructive jaundice
Authors: Sayfutdinov I M , Slavin L E
Published: November 2019

Aim. To evaluate the results of endoscopic treatment in patients with obstructive jaundice. Methods. 136 patients with obstructive jaundice aged 27 to 88 years were referred for endoscopic transpapillary interventions from 2007 to 2012. 24 (17.6%) patients had biliary obstruction due to malignancies, most frequently - pancreatic cancer in the head of the pancreas (12 out of 24 patients, 50% of cancer cases). Among 112 (82.4%) patients with benign obstructive jaundice choledocholithiasis was diagnosed 67 (59.8%). Results. In 4 out of the 24 (16.7%) patients with malignancies and in 1 out of 112 (0.9%) patients with benign obstructive jaundice an endoscopic transpapillary intervention has failed. Single endoscopic transpapillary drainage was needed in 66 (48.5% of cases) patients, two endoscopic transpapillary decompressions - in 56 (41.2%) patients, three or more - in 14 (10.3%) patients. Papillosphincterotomy was the most frequent procedure performed, used in 136 out of 225 (60.4%) of cases. Serious complications occurred in 3.1% (7 out of 225) of completed surgeries. 1 (0.7%) patient has died of the heart failure. Endoscopic transpapillary stenting, which was performed in 19.6% of cases (44 out of 225 procedures) was the most secure treatment method with complication rate of 0%. Conclusion. The effectiveness of endoscopic transpapillary drainage in patients with obstructive jaundice of various genesis has reached 96.3%.
Immune and cytokine disorders in patients with chronic foot osteomyelitis
Authors: Tevs D S , Kalutsky P V , Lazarenko V A
Published: November 2019

Aim. To study the cell and humoral immunity and cytokine status in patients with chronic foot osteomyelitis associated with diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. Methods. Immune and cytokine status was assessed in 20 patients with chronic foot osteomyelitis. Results were compared to control group of 20 healthy blood donors. Patients underwent clinical examination, lymphocyte populations phenotypes, phagocytes, immunoglobulins and interleukins concentration were studied. Statistical analysis was performed using «Excel» and «Statistica 10» software. To compare immunological parameters, Newman-Keuls test was used. Results. Development of foot osteomyelitis was associated with decreasing of phagocytic activity, absolute and relative number of T-helpers, NK-cells, increasing of T-cytotoxic cells number, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines levels. Conclusion. A marked suppression of cell-mediated immunity and increased blood levels of pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines were found in patients with chronic foot osteomyelitis. Standard treatment decreased, but did not normalize the immune and cytokine imbalance.
Efficacy of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and their effect on quality of life in anemic patients with lymphoproliferative diseases
Authors: Romanenko N A , Bessmeltsev S S , Karmatskaya I I , Potikhonova N A , Abdulkadyrov K M
Published: November 2019

Aim. To study the effect of different erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and to assess their influence on quality of life in anemic patients with lymphoproliferative diseases. Methods. The study included 137 patients with lymphoproliferative diseases (Burkitt’s lymphoma, B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma) and anemia, who were distributed to 2 groups. The first group consisted of 90 patients who received chemotherapy and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents [epoetinum alpha 40 000 IU once a week (n=41) or epoetinum beta 30 000 IU once a week (n=27) or darbaepoetinum alpha 500 μg once every third week (n=22)]. The treatment duration varied from 4 to 20 weeks (mean 9.3±4.1 weeks). The second (control) group included 47 patients with comparable baseline clinical and hematological characteristics receiving only chemotherapy. Patients were estimated as treatment responders if there was an increase of hemoglobin level by 20 g/L or hemoglobin level reached at least 110 g/L. All patients were administered FACT-An (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy, Anemia scale) questionnaire to assess quality of life. Results. In patients receiving erythropoiesis-stimulating agents the positive treatment response was more frequent compared to the control group (68.9 и 29.8% correspondingly). The number of patients requiring erythrocytes transfusion decreased from 29 to 10 (34.5%) in the first group and from 14 to 8 (57.1%) in the control group. There was no significant differences found in comparing different erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. The positive response was observed in 68.3% of patients treated with epoetinum alpha, 70.1% - epoetinum beta, 68.2% - darbaepoetinum alpha. The significant increase in quality of life measured by FACT-An was observed in erythropoiesis-stimulating agents responders. Conclusion. The administration of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in patients with lymphoproliferative diseases and anemia is an effective way of controlling anemia, significantly reducing the need for erythrocytes transfusion and improving quality of life.
Intracranial hypertension syndrome and hemoglobin level in infants who had suffered cerebral ischemia in neonatal period
Authors: Gainetdinova D D , Musina D F
Published: November 2019

Aim. To study the relationship between the clinical and neurosonographic indicators of the hypertensive syndrome and blood hemoglobin level in infants with perinatal disorders of the central nervous system. Methods. A total of 58 children with a diagnosis of «Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in the form of hypertensive syndrome» were examined at the age of 12 months and younger. Clinical, neurological examination, neuroimaging, laboratory tests and statistical analysis were performed. Results. The majority of infants who had suffered a hypoxia during labor and had clinical and neurosonographic signs of intracranial hypertension also had different stages of blood hemoglobin level decrease. Comparing the neurosonography data and hemoglobin levels, it was found that children with anemia dominated among children with primary accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the interhemispheric fissure. Neurosonography revealed interhemispheric fissure widening in 30 (51.7%) of infants, ventricular system widening - in 28 (48.3%) of infants. The anemia rate was high in infants with interhemispheric fissure widening - in 19 (63.3%) out of 30 infants. Anemia was more frequent in the full-term infants with interhemispheric fissure widening - 4 (87.5%) out of 16 infants, whereas prematurely born infants with interhemispheric fissure widening had relevantly higher rate of normal hemoglobin level - 9 (64.3%) out of 14 infants. In 28 infants with ventriculomegaly 23 (82.1%) had widened anterior horns of the lateral ventricles. In 14 (59.3%) of infants with dilatation of the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles hemoglobin level was within the age-appropriate normal limits. Conclusion. Reduced hemoglobin level aggravates the symptoms of intracranial hypertension, and the continuing anemia leads to tissue edema, which leads to a rapid increase of degenerative changes in the brain, causing mental and physical retardation.
Results of adding metformin and orlistat to complex treatment of stable angina associated with metabolic syndrome
Authors: Dashdamirov R L
Published: November 2019

Aim. To evaluate the complex therapy with the addition of metformin and orlistat in treatment of II-III functional class stable angina associated with metabolic syndrome. Methods. The study included 143 patients with stable angina at the age of 36 to 70 years (mean age 54.2±3.6). Of these, 59 patients (control group) received standard treatment (isosorbide 5-mononitrate 40 mg/day, amlodipine 5 mg/day, acetylsalicylic acid 100 mg/day, carvedilol 25 mg/day, atorvastatin 20 mg/day, eprosartan 600 mg/day), and 84 patients (study group) were additionally administered metformin 1000 mg/day and orlistat 360 mg/day. Clinical and laboratory examinations (serum glucose and lipid level measurements) as well as instrumental examinations (electrocardiography, Doppler echocardiography, 24-hour electrocardiography and blood pressure monitoring) were performed before the treatment, 3, 6 and 12 months after the treatment start. Results. After 12 months of treatment mean systolic blood pressure in patients of the main group reduced by 24.5%, diastolic - by 18.8%, fasting serum glucose level - by 14.3% compared to the baseline level. Cholesterol level reduced by 13.8%, triglycerides - by 14.7%, low density lipoproteins - by 14.0%, blood level of high density lipoproteins increased by 11.6%. Body weight index reduced by 10.3%. Conclusion. Adding of 1000 mg of metformin and 360 mg of orlistat daily decreased the fasting serum glucose level by 14.3%, body weight index by 10.3%, and reduced the number of angina episodes by 19.6%, of painless myocardial ischemia by 36.3%, as well as increased physical ability tolerance by 26.5%.
Chronic mesenteric ischemia: clinical features and diagnostic challenges
Authors: Barkhatov I V
Published: November 2019

Up-to-date data on the prevalence of chronic mesenteric ischemia syndrome with unpaired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta involvement in asymptomatic, subcompensation and decompensation stages are presented. The frequency of acute mesenteric thrombosis in the background of steno-occlusive disease is analyzed. The data on the mortality rate, determining the need for early diagnosis and timely chronic mesenteric ischemia treatment, are presented. Modern challenges in clinical, instrumental and radiographic diagnosis of chronic mesenteric ischemia due to clinical presentations variability and low specificity as well as lack of targeted approach for chronic mesenteric ischemia diagnosis in routine practice, are reviewed. Most rationale approaches for timely chronic mesenteric ischemia diagnosis and treatment are outlined. Studying of different clinical subtypes of chronic mesenteric ischemia, as well as elaboration of new diagnostic approaches and methods, contemporary diagnosis and treatment algorithms development on all stages of in- and out-patient service is needed.