bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Importance of abiotic stress as a range‐limit determinant for European plants: insights from species responses to climatic gradients
Authors: Normand Signe , Treier Urs A. , Randin Christophe , Vittoz Pascal , Guisan Antoine , Svenning Jens‐Christian
Published: April 2009

Aim  We examined whether species occurrences are primarily limited by physiological tolerance in the abiotically more stressful end of climatic gradients (the asymmetric abiotic stress limitation (AASL) hypothesis) and the geographical predictions of this hypothesis: abiotic stress mainly determines upper‐latitudinal and upper‐altitudinal species range limits, and the importance of abiotic stress for these range limits increases the further northwards and upwards a species occurs.

Location  Europe and the Swiss Alps.

Methods  The AASL hypothesis predicts that species have skewed responses to climatic gradients, with a steep decline towards the more stressful conditions. Based on presence–absence data we examined the shape of plant species responses (measured as probability of occurrence) along three climatic gradients across latitudes in Europe (1577 species) and altitudes in the Swiss Alps (284 species) using Huisman–Olff–Fresco, generalized linear and generalized additive models.

Results  We found that almost half of the species from Europe and one‐third from the Swiss Alps showed responses consistent with the predictions of the AASL hypothesis. Cold temperatures and a short growing season seemed to determine the upper‐latitudinal and upper‐altitudinal range limits of up to one‐third of the species, while drought provided an important constraint at lower‐latitudinal range limits for up to one‐fifth of the species. We found a biome‐dependent influence of abiotic stress and no clear support for abiotic stress as a stronger upper range‐limit determinant for species with higher latitudinal and altitudinal distributions. However, the overall influence of climate as a range‐limit determinant increased with latitude.

Main conclusions  Our results support the AASL hypothesis for almost half of the studied species, and suggest that temperature‐related stress controls the upper‐latitudinal and upper‐altitudinal range limits of a large proportion of these species, while other factors including drought stress may be important at the lower range limits.
Family‐based treatment for adolescent substance abuse: controlled trials and new horizons in services research
Authors: Hogue Aaron , Liddle Howard A.
Published: April 2009

This article provides an overview of controlled trials research on treatment processes and outcomes in family‐based approaches for adolescent substance abuse. Outcome research on engagement and retention in therapy, clinical impacts in multiple domains of adolescent and family functioning, and durability and moderators of treatment effects is reviewed. Treatment process research on therapeutic alliance, treatment fidelity and core family therapy techniques, and change in family processes is described. Several important research issues are presented for the next generation of family‐based treatment studies focusing on delivery of evidence‐based treatments in routine practice settings.
Drugs, hopes and dreams: appreciative inquiry with marginalized young people using drugs and alcohol
Authors: McAdam Elspeth , Mirza K. A. H.
Published: April 2009

Drugs and alcohol misuse in young people is a major public health problem with substantial levels of morbidity and mortality. Social, economic and cultural factors play a major part in the initiation and maintenance of substance misuse in young people. Many young people who misuse drugs have multiple antecedent and co‐occurring mental health problems, unrecognized learning difficulties, family difficulties and deeply entrenched social problems. Given the heterogeneity of the patterns of substance misuse in these young people, and the potential for persistence of serious problems into their adult lives, a range of interventions should be developed to address the risk factors across biological, psychological and social domains. Family/systemic interventions provide the best outcomes for young people with substance misuse, though even the most intensive forms of systemic therapies may fall short of producing enduring changes, especially for marginalized young people and communities. Appreciative inquiry (AI) is one of the most significant innovations in action research in the past decade and a method of producing long‐lasting changes to the larger social system. AI is an attempt to generate a collective image of a new and better future by exploring the best of what is and has been. We describe an anecdotal experience of using AI in producing long‐lasting changes in a group of marginalized young people in South Africa, who were engaged in drug and alcohol misuse and antisocial behaviour. The principles and practice of AI are described in detail, followed by a discussion of the implications of these findings for a UK population.
Developing evidence‐based guidance – implications for systemic interventions
Authors: Pilling Stephen
Published: April 2009

This article provides a brief review of the history and current approaches to the development of clinical guidelines, particularly as applied to systemic and more generally psychological therapies. Some commonly identified problems associated with guideline development in mental health are reviewed and their implications for guideline development considered. The challenges this work presents for systemic therapies are considered, along with likely future development in clinical guidelines.
Tacit knowledge of caring and embodied selfhood
Authors: Kontos Pia C. , Naglie Gary
Published: April 2009

The tacit knowledge paradigm is gaining recognition as an important source of knowledge that informs clinical decision‐making. It is, however, limited by an exclusive focus on knowledge acquired through clinical practice, and a consequent neglect of the primordial and socio‐cultural significance of embodied selfhood, precisely what provides the foundational structure of tacit knowledge of caring and facilitates its manifestation. Drawing on findings from a qualitative study of 43 dementia care practitioners in Ontario, Canada that utilised research‐based drama and focus group methodology, we argue that embodied selfhood is fundamental to tacit knowledge of caring. Results are analysed drawing upon the theoretical precepts of embodied selfhood that are rooted in Merleau‐Ponty's (1962) reconceptualisation of perception and Bourdieu's (1977, 1990) notion of habitus. We conclude with a call for further exploration of the body as a site of the production of tacit knowledge.
Survival and its discontents: the case of British psychiatry
Authors: Pilgrim David , Rogers Anne
Published: April 2009

Sub‐divisions of labour in health settings are common and medical dominance and encroachment from competitors are well known. This article considers this general picture but in specific relation to mental health work in Britain and its particular features of recent contestation. British psychiatric orthodoxy has faced challenges to its legitimacy for over a century. However, since the 1980s, in the wake of de‐institutionalisation and a new shared service commitment to ‘recovery’, these challenges have taken new shape. They are explored by considering: the current ambit of mental health care; the sub‐division of labour in specialist mental services; recent governmental expectations of the mental health workforce; and the contested legacy of theory and practice in mental health work. The conclusion is that the profession is not under immediate threat of collapse but that its fate may now rest on whether a biomedical or a biopsychosocial model of practice predominates in routine service delivery.
The significance of the Carolingian advocate
Authors: West Charles
Published: April 2009

This article argues that ninth‐century advocates in the Frankish world deserve more attention than they have received. Exploring some of the wealth of relevant evidence, it reviews and critiques both current historiographical approaches to the issue. Instead of considering Carolingian advocates as largely a by‐product of the ecclesiastical immunity, or viewing advocacy as a Trojan horse for a subsequent establishment of lordship over monasteries, the article proposes a reading of ninth‐century advocacy as intimately linked with wider Carolingian reform, particularly an interest in promoting formal judicial procedure.
‘I Can't Put a Smiley Face On’: Working‐Class Masculinity, Emotional Labour and Service Work in the ‘New Economy’
Authors: Nixon Darren
Published: April 2009

The growth of the ‘service economy’ has coincided with the large‐scale detachment from the labour market of low‐skilled men. Yet little research has explored exactly what it is about service work that is leading such men to drop out of the labour market during periods of sustained service sector employment growth. Based on interviews with 35 unemployed low‐skilled men, this article explores the men's attitudes to entry‐level service work and suggests that such work requires skills, dispositions and demeanours that are antithetical to the masculine working‐class habitus. This antipathy is manifest in a reluctance to engage in emotional labour and appear deferential in the service encounter and in the rejection of many forms of low‐skilled service work as a future source of employment.
Inside the Locker Room: Male Homosociability in the Advertising Industry
Authors: Gregory Michele Rene
Published: April 2009

The use of the term homosociability by male employers and employees has been a key issue in the construction and maintenance of the gendered labour market, especially in senior‐level jobs. Male homosociability encompasses the formal old boys' networks and informal clubs or meetings, as well as humour and banter, referred to metaphorically in this article as the locker room. This article examines the locker room and its resulting forms of socializing, socialization, communication and rituals found in the advertising industry. To gain a clearer understanding of how the locker room constructs workplace opportunities, this article draws upon qualitative research and analysis and examines major service occupations in the advertising industry and the executives who inhabit them. Studying the relationship between the locker room and the production process provides additional perspectives on service work in the corporate sector, occupations and gender inequality.
‘Who's Got the Look?’ Emotional, Aesthetic and Sexualized Labour in Interactive Services
Authors: Warhurst Chris , Nickson Dennis
Published: April 2009

This article examines sexualized work and, more particularly, how and why, at the organizational level in interactive services, employees become sexualized labour. In doing so it assesses the thin line between selling a service and selling sexuality. The analysis revisits existing literature on emotional labour, organizational aesthetics and workplace sexuality, noting the common concern in this literature with employee's appearance or looks. The article argues that the current conceptualization of interactive services and sexualized work is partial and blunt; either because it does not adequately incorporate employee corporeality or because it fails to distinguish between the different forms of sexualized work. A better conceptualization is achieved by incorporating aesthetic labour into the analysis, demonstrating how it is extended to sexualized labour employees to have a particular corporate look. From this analysis it is argued that a conceptual double shift is to be needed to understand sexualised labour, firstly, from emotional to aesthetic and sexualized labour and secondly, from an employee sexuality that is sanctioned and subscribed to by management to that which management strategically prescribes.
A comparative view on mechanisms and functions of skeletal remodelling in teleost fish, with special emphasis on osteoclasts and their function
Authors: Witten P. Eckhard , Huysseune Ann
Published: April 2009

Resorption and remodelling of skeletal tissues is required for development and growth, mechanical adaptation, repair, and mineral homeostasis of the vertebrate skeleton. Here we review for the first time the current knowledge about resorption and remodelling of the skeleton in teleost fish, the largest and most diverse group of extant vertebrates. Teleost species are increasingly used in aquaculture and as models in biomedical skeletal research. Thus, detailed knowledge is required to establish the differences and similarities between mammalian and teleost skeletal remodelling, and between distantly related species such as zebrafish (Danio rerio) and medaka (Oryzias latipes).

The cellular mechanisms of differentiation and activation of osteoclasts and the functions of teleost skeletal remodelling are described. Several characteristics, related to skeletal remodelling, distinguish teleosts from mammals. These characteristics include (a) the absence of osteocytes in most species; (b) the absence of haematopoietic bone marrow tissue; (c) the abundance of small mononucleated osteoclasts performing non‐lacunar (smooth) bone resorption, in addition to or instead of multinucleated osteoclasts; and (d) a phosphorus‐ rather than calcium‐driven mineral homeostasis (mainly affecting the postcranial dermal skeleton). Furthermore, (e) skeletal resorption is often absent from particular sites, due to sparse or lacking endochondral ossification.

Based on the mode of skeletal remodelling in early ontogeny of all teleosts and in later stages of development of teleosts with acellular bone we suggest a link between acellular bone and the predominance of mononucleated osteoclasts, on the one hand, and cellular bone and multinucleated osteoclasts on the other. The evolutionary origin of skeletal remodelling is discussed and whether mononucleated osteoclasts represent an ancestral type of resorbing cells. Revealing the differentiation and activation of teleost skeletal resorbing cells, in the absence of several factors that trigger mammalian osteoclast differentiation, is a current challenge. Understanding which characters of teleost bone remodelling are derived and which characters are conserved should enhance our understanding of the process in fish and may provide insights into alternative pathways of bone remodelling in mammals.
Relationships between the diets and characteristics of the dentition, buccal glands and velar tentacles of the adults of the parasitic species of lamprey
Authors: Renaud C. B. , Gill H. S. , Potter I. C.
Published: April 2009

The intestinal contents of adults of 12 of the 18 species of parasitic lampreys were examined microscopically and tested for blood to determine whether a species fed mainly on blood, flesh or blood and flesh. The diets of each species are shown to be related to characteristics of their dentition, buccal glands and velar tentacles. The trends exhibited by those relationships were used to hypothesize as to the diets of those six species for which there were anatomical but not dietary data. The dentition aids the suctorial disc in attaching the lamprey to its host and removing host material, while velar tentacles prevent material entering the branchial cavity and buccal glands produce lamphredin that has anticoagulant and lytic properties. In blood feeders, such asPetromyzon marinusandMordaciaspecies, the w‐shaped transverse lingual lamina and hook‐shaped longitudinal laminae bear numerous, fine cusps, which are ideal for rasping a hole in the host. In contrast, in flesh feeders, such asLampetra fluviatilisandGeotria australis, the transverse lingual lamina is u shaped and the longitudinal laminae are straighter and possess at least one stout cusp, thereby facilitating the removal of host flesh through gouging. The buccal glands are generally larger in blood feeders than flesh feeders, presumably reflecting a need to produce anticoagulant continuously. Each velar tentacle contains a central cartilaginous rod, surrounded by a space which, during feeding, becomes engorged with blood and thus more rigid. They are small (≤1 mm long) and few (2–6) in blood feeders and large (typically ≥2 mm long) and numerous (3–42) in flesh feeders, which, in particular, require a mechanism for preventing solid material entering the branchial pouches and thus potentially clogging the gills. On the basis of recent cladistic analysis, blood feeding is ancestral to flesh feeding in Northern Hemisphere lampreys (Petromyzontidae).
Effects of supplemental food on the social organization of Mongolian gerbils during the breeding season
Authors: Liu W. , Wang G. , Wan X. R. , Zhong W. Q.
Published: April 2009

Social groups occur in many rodents and vary in size and complexity under varying environments. Food availability is often limited in northern temperate regions and alters the life history and behavior of rodents. Increased food availability is hypothesized to increase the size and complexity of rodent social groups by enhancing individual survival and philopatry. We tested this hypothesis in Mongolian gerbilsMeriones unguiculatusunder semi‐natural conditions in Inner Mongolia, China. The Mongolian gerbil is a cooperative breeder living in groups year‐round. Gerbil colonies in 10 m × 10 m chambers were the experimental units, with four replicate chambers each for food supplementation and food unsupplemented controls in 2004 and six replicate chambers for each treatment in 2005. At 2‐day intervals wheat grain supplemented the normal food in experimental chambers throughout the breeding season (May through August). We estimated founder mortality, cumulative recruitment, proportion of philopatric juveniles, ages at sexual maturity and social group size in each colony from May through August. Rates of change in group size were inversely related to social group size. The social organization of Mongolian gerbils did not differ in any of the measured parameters between food‐supplemented and ‐unsupplemented chambers. Therefore, additional food does not influence the social organization of Mongolian gerbils during the breeding season.
Environmental sensor networks in ecological research
Authors: Rundel Philip W. , Graham Eric A. , Allen Michael F. , Fisher Jason C. , Harmon Thomas C.
Published: April 2009

Environmental sensor networks offer a powerful combination of distributed sensing capacity, real‐time data visualization and analysis, and integration with adjacent networks and remote sensing data streams. These advances have become a reality as a combined result of the continuing miniaturization of electronics, the availability of large data storage and computational capacity, and the pervasive connectivity of the Internet. Environmental sensor networks have been established and large new networks are planned for monitoring multiple habitats at many different scales. Projects range in spatial scale from continental systems designed to measure global change and environmental stability to those involved with the monitoring of only a few meters of forest edge in fragmented landscapes. Temporal measurements have ranged from the evaluation of sunfleck dynamics at scales of seconds, to daily CO2 fluxes, to decadal shifts in temperatures. Above‐ground sensor systems are partnered with subsurface soil measurement networks for physical and biological activity, together with aquatic and riparian sensor networks to measure groundwater fluxes and nutrient dynamics. More recently, complex sensors, such as networked digital cameras and microphones, as well as newly emerging sensors, are being integrated into sensor networks for hierarchical methods of sensing that promise a further understanding of our ecological systems by revealing previously unobservable phenomena.

Contents

Summary
589

I.
Introduction
590

II.
Terrestrial sensor networks
591

III.
Soil sensor networks
594

IV.
Aquatic sensor networks
597

V.
Challenges for sensor network development
601

 
Acknowledgements
1063

 
References
1063
Regulation of the intracellular distribution, cell surface expression, and protein levels of AMPA receptor GluR2 subunits by the monocarboxylate transporter MCT2 in neuronal cells
Authors: Maekawa Fumihiko , Tsuboi Takashi , Pellerin Luc
Published: April 2009

The neuronal monocarboxylate transporter, MCT2, is not only an energy substrate carrier but it is also purported to be a binding partner for the α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor GluR2 subunit. To unravel a putative role of MCT2 in the regulation of GluR2 subcellular distribution, Neuro2A cells and primary cultures of mouse cortical neurons were co‐transfected with plasmids containing sequences to express the fluorescent proteins mStrawberry (mStb)‐fused MCT2 and Venus‐fused GluR2. Subsequently, their subcellular distribution was visualized by fluorescence microscopy. GluR2 was led to form perinuclear and dendritic clusters together with MCT2 when co‐transfected in Neuro2A cells or in neurons, following the original distribution of MCT2. MCT2 co‐transfection had no effect on the intracellular distribution of several other post‐synaptic proteins, although it partially affected the intracellular distribution of GluR1 similarly to GluR2. Both cell surface and total protein expression levels of GluR2 were significantly reduced by co‐expression with MCT2. Finally, partial perinuclear and dendritic co‐localization between MCT2 and Rab8, a member of the small GTPase family involved in membrane trafficking of AMPA receptors, was also observed in co‐transfected neurons. These results suggest that MCT2 could influence AMPA receptor trafficking within neurons by modulating GluR2 sorting between different subcellular compartments.
Regulation of the postnatal development of dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra in vivo by Akt/protein kinase B
Authors: Ries Vincent , Cheng Hsiao‐Chun , Baohan Amy , Kareva Tatyana , Oo Tinmarla F. , Rzhetskaya Margarita , Bland Ross J. , During Matthew J. , Kholodilov Nikolai , Burke Robert E.
Published: April 2009

Following mitosis, specification and migration during embryogenesis, dopamine neurons of the mesencephalon undergo a postnatal naturally occurring cell death event that determines their final adult number, and a period of axonal growth that determines pattern and extent of target contacts. While a number of neurotrophic factors have been suggested to regulate these developmental events, little is known, especially in vivo, of the cell signaling pathways that mediate these effects. We have examined the possible role of Akt/Protein Kinase B by transduction of these neurons in vivo with adeno‐associated viral vectors to express either a constitutively active or a dominant negative form of Akt/protein kinase B. We find that Akt regulates multiple features of the postnatal development of these neurons, including the magnitude of the apoptotic developmental cell death event, neuron size, and the extent of target innervation of the striatum. Given the diversity and magnitude of its effects, the regulation of the development of these neurons by Akt may have implications for the many psychiatric and neurologic diseases in which these neurons may play a role.
Tau – an inhibitor of deacetylase HDAC6 function
Authors: Perez Mar , Santa‐Maria Ismael , De Barreda Elena Gomez , Zhu Xiongwei , Cuadros Raquel , Cabrero Jose Roman , Sanchez‐Madrid Francisco , Dawson Hana N. , Vitek Michael P. , Perry George , Smith Mark A. , Avila Jesus
Published: April 2009

Analysis of brain microtubule protein from patients with Alzheimer’s disease showed decreased alpha tubulin levels along with increased acetylation of the alpha tubulin subunit, mainly in those microtubules from neurons containing neurofibrillary tau pathology. To determine the relationship of tau protein and increased tubulin acetylation, we studied the effect of tau on the acetylation‐deacetylation of tubulin. Our results indicate that tau binds to the tubulin‐deacetylase, histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), decreasing its activity with a consequent increase in tubulin acetylation. As expected, increased acetylation was also found in tubulin from wild‐type mice compared with tubulin from mice lacking tau because of the tau‐mediated inhibition of the deacetylase. In addition, we found that an excess of tau protein, as a HDAC6 inhibitor, prevents induction of autophagy by inhibiting proteasome function.
The Economics of a Reduction in VAT*
Authors: Barrell Ray , Weale Martin
Published: April 2009

We explore the effects of a temporary cut in VAT, identifying three possible effects: an income effect as people benefit from a lower cost of living during the period of the reduction, a substitution effect as people bring their consumption forward and an arbitrage effect as people buy non‐perishable goods before the end of the period of low VAT for consumption after the VAT rate has been raised. International evidence suggests a clear overall impact on consumption, although the nature of the pattern depends on the way in which the data are analysed. However, the key policy issue is the impact of the VAT change on output and, to examine that, a simulation model of the whole economy is needed. Evidence from the National Institute's Global Economic Model suggests that the impact of the recent VAT reduction is likely to build up during the course of 2009. The reduction in VAT from 17½ per cent to 15 per cent is likely to result in consumption being augmented by less than 1 per cent by the fourth quarter of 2009. However, GDP is likely to be raised by less than half a per cent relative to what would have happened without the VAT increase. After the temporary reduction is over, both consumption and GDP are depressed as a result of the policy.
The Cyclical Reaction of Fiscal Policies in the Euro Area: The Role of Modelling Choices and Data Vintages*
Authors: Golinelli Roberto , Momigliano Sandro
Published: April 2009

We survey the recent empirical literature concerning the cyclical response of fiscal policies in the euro area, finding large differences in results. We show that these differences are heavily influenced by the choices made in modelling fiscal behaviour. We make a case for the use, in assessing policies and in the EMU context, of the standard modelling choice where the discretionary reaction of fiscal policy is directly estimated. Models where the overall reaction to the cycle – which includes the effects of both discretionary actions and automatic stabilisers – is directly estimated tend to suggest either strong pro‐cyclical or strong counter‐cyclical discretionary reactions, depending on how this component is identified. Within the standard model and for the years 1994 to 2008, we show that results are significantly affected by the data vintage (ex post or real‐time). With ex post data, we find an unambiguous indication of a‐cyclicality. Using real‐time data, we find that the output gap matters. However, depending on whether we assess policy intentions or actual policies, euro‐area governments' behaviour radically changes. A plausible interpretation is that in the implementation phase, governments loosen their fiscal stance, giving in to political pressures that are proportional to the scale of the economic difficulties in bad times and the size of the ‘growth dividend’ in good times.
Measuring the Quality of Medication Use in Older Adults
Authors: Roth Mary T. , Weinberger Morris , Campbell William H.
Published: April 2009

The quality of health care in the United States continues to fall short of expectations. A contributing factor is the suboptimal use of medications, a problem that is causing significant morbidity and mortality and costing the healthcare industry billions of dollars each year. Older adults are especially vulnerable to suboptimal quality medication use because of their concurrent medical conditions, multiple medications, and the physiological effects of aging on the use of drug therapy. In addition, older adults and their caregivers are often responsible for managing complex medication regimens. Efforts to measure the quality of medication use in older adults have traditionally focused on inappropriate medications and doses, select indicators of medication appropriateness, or diseases rather than the unique medication needs of individual patients. The goal is to move toward a measure that can account for the complexities of an individual's medication regimen and that is responsive to individual patient values and needs. The purpose of this article is to discuss the benefits and limitations of current strategies to measure the quality of medication use in older adults and, using a case study, illustrate the variations in quality measurement using existing measures. The article concludes with recommendations for moving toward a more‐comprehensive approach to measuring the quality of medication use in older adults.
Privatizing the private in rural Paraguay: Precarious lots and the materiality of rights
Authors: Hetherington KREGG
Published: April 2009

In this article, I look at the apparent contradiction of Paraguayan peasants who live on privately titled homesteads but who oppose the “privatization” of their land. The changes against which they are fighting are massive upheavals in the peasant landscape and subtle legal shifts that undermine the basis for land redistribution. I argue that the problem with privatizing the private reveals an underlying tension in liberal theories of property between a conception of a right as an abstract relation between people and one in which a right is a relation between people that is mediated, and troubled, by the frailty of material things. [Paraguay, property law, land reform, peasant movement, liberalism, privatization, agrarian transition]
A heritage of ambiguity: The historical substrate of vernacular multiculturalism in Yucatán, Mexico
Authors: ARMSTRONG‐FUMERO FERNANDO
Published: April 2009

Forms of official multiculturalism that many recent scholars have characterized as a reflection of post–Cold War social movements and emergent forms of neoliberal governmentality can be experienced locally in ways that reflect a greater degree of continuity with older institutions and styles of politics. In Yucatán, ambiguities in the meaning of officially sanctioned categories such as “Maya” and “indigenous” have persisted even as local people and representatives of the state collaborate in the consolidation of official cultural institutions. The collective experience of several generations of Maya speakers in negotiating this ambiguous discursive space creates strong parallels between contemporary multiculturalism and older indigenist policies. [Maya, Mexico, Yucatán, multiculturalism, indigenous policy, ambiguity]
Savage bodies, civilized pleasures: M. V. Portman and the Andamanese
Authors: SEN SATADRU
Published: April 2009

In this article, I examine the deployment of ethnographic and photographic techniques in British colonialism in the Andaman Islands. Focusing on the work of Maurice Portman, who was “officer in charge of the Andamanese” between 1879 and 1900, I examine the mechanisms by which savagery was constructed in a marginal and newly pacified colony where the indigenous population was assumed by Britons to be dying but not quite dead. I argue that in this ideological and political setting, the colonizer's assertions of control and delinquent fantasies of losing control came together in the aesthetics and measurements of the eroticized aboriginal body. [Andaman Islands, South Asia, M. V. Portman, photography, anthropometry, colonialism, savagery]
Ultrasonography as predictor of permanent renal damage in infants  with urinary tract infection
Authors: Müller Lennart , Preda Iulian , Jacobsson Bo , Sixt Rune , Jodal Ulf , Hansson Sverker , Hellström Mikael
Published: April 2009

Aim:  To evaluate the ability of ultrasound (US) in infants (<1 year) with acute urinary tract infection (UTI), to identify those with permanent renal damage (PRD) at scintigraphy 1 year later.

Methods:  US, dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphy and voiding cystourethrography were performed in 191 infants.

Results:  US was abnormal in 46 infants (24%). PRD was found in 46 infants (24%); 19 of these had abnormal US (sensitivity 41%). In 145 infants without PRD, 27 had abnormal US (specificity 81%). Dilating reflux or verified obstruction occurred in 21 (11%) infants, of whom 18 (86%) had PRD while 28 of 170 (16%) without such diagnoses had PRD. Of 16 infants with dilating reflux, 9 (sensitivity 56%) had abnormal US and 14 (88%) PRD. Dilatation at US was seen in 27 children; 7 of these had dilating reflux and 5 verified obstruction.

Conclusion:  US performed in association with acute UTI had limited ability to identify children with PRD at 99mTc‐dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) 1 year later, although abnormal renal size was a strong indicator of renal damage. The ability of US to identify children with dilating reflux was also limited. However, once detected at US, dilatation of the urinary tract was associated with dilating reflux or obstruction in half of the cases. Our study confirms that dilating reflux and obstruction are strong indicators of PRD but only half of those who developed PRD had such diagnoses.
Necrotizing enterocolitis following the use of intravenous immunoglobulin for haemolytic disease of the newborn
Authors: Navarro Mariel , Negre Sergio , Matoses María Luisa , Golombek Sergio G , Vento Maximo
Published: April 2009

Aim:  To describe a series of patients who received intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) for the treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia and developed necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) shortly thereafter.

Population and Results:  We describe three healthy breastfed newly born infants with isoimmunization‐derived hyperbilirubinaemia refractory to phototherapy who were treated with IVIg. Shortly after the perfusion finished they developed clinical and radiological signs compatible with NEC and needed antibiotic therapy, prolonged parenteral nutrition and even surgery in one case. Other conditions such as septicaemia or coagulopathy were ruled out. Microscopic examination of the resected intestine revealed the presence of disseminated thrombi obstructing multiple minor vessels of the mesenteric circulation.

Conclusion:  IVIg in the newborn period should be cautiously employed and always administered under strict medical control.
Cardiorespiratory measures before and after feeding challenge in term infants are related to birth weight
Authors: Cohen M , Brown DR , Myers MM
Published: April 2009

Aim:  This study tested the hypothesis that, within a few hours of delivery, cardiorespiratory measure taken during feeding provides markers of group differences related to birth weight. A secondary hypothesis was that high‐frequency heart period variability would be related to underlying differences in autonomic control associated with birth weight.

Methods and Subjects:  One hundred four term infants in the lowest, middle, and highest birth weight quintiles were enrolled. Exclusion criteria were evidence of drug abuse, congenital anomalies, Apgar scores less than 7 or admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. Within 96 h of delivery, heart and respiratory rates, blood pressures and heart period variability were measured before, during and after feeding.

Results:  Term babies in the lowest quintile of birth weights have lower heart rates prior to feeding but greater increases in heart rate during the early postprandial period. Assessments of high‐frequency heart period variability suggest that small term infants have greater parasympathetic tone before feeding and more sustained parasympathetic withdrawal following feeding.

Conclusion:  Measurements of cardiorespiratory functions before and after feeding are related to birth weight and may provide markers that can help identify the most vulnerable of infants with small size at birth.
Epizoochorous seed dispersal in relation to seed availability – an experiment with a red fox dummy
Authors: Hovstad Knut Anders , Borvik Silje , Ohlson Mikael
Published: April 2009

Questions: Is the red fox a potential vector for epizoochorous seed dispersal? Can seed attachment and retention be predicted from plant and seed traits?

Location: Grasslands in southern Norway.

Methods: Epizoochorous seed attachment on the red fox was studied by walking a dummy fox through the vegetation and comparing seeds found on the dummy with the estimated seed availability in the vegetation. Seed retention, i.e. the ability of different seeds to stay on the fox, was estimated in a separate experiment. Seed attachment and retention were related to plant and seed traits using statistical models that account for heteroscedasticity and zero‐inflated data.

Results: The majority of seeds attached to the fox originated from a few species, but also species without specific seed traits that are supposed to enhance epizoochory attached at least some seeds to the fox. The probability of seed attachment was positively related to plant height, bristle and hooked seed appendages, and negatively related to winged appendages, seed mass, and seed sphericity. Seed retention was positively related to the seed traits bristles, hooks and pappus. For several species, the results indicate a high potential for dispersal over long distances.

Conclusions: In modern agricultural landscapes, large herbivores are often restricted in their mobility or are found at low densities, and other animal vectors may therefore be important for seed dispersal. In our study, a range of plant species were able to disperse by attaching seeds to, and having their seeds retained in, the fox fur some distance. We suggest that the red fox may be an important vector for epizoochorous seed dispersal in the agricultural landscape.
Histological Findings Following the Use of a Space‐Making Device for Bone Reformation and Implant Integration in the Maxillary Sinus of Primates
Authors: Cricchio Giovanni , Palma Vinícius Canavarros , Faria Paulo E.P. , De Oliveira José Américo , Lundgren Stefan , Sennerby Lars , Salata Luiz A.
Published: April 2009

Background: Previous studies have shown that membrane elevation results in predictable bone formation in the maxillary sinus provided that implants can be placed as tent poles. In situations with an extremely thin residual crest which impairs implant placement, it is possible that a space‐making device can be used under the sinus membrane to promote bone formation prior to placement of implants.

Purpose: The present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that the use of a space‐making device for elevation of the sinus membrane will result in predictable bone formation at the maxillary sinus floor to allow placement of dental implants.

Materials and Methods: Eight tufted capuchin primates underwent bilateral sinus membrane elevation surgery, and a bioresorbable space‐making device, about 6 mm wide and 6 mm in height, was placed below the elevated membrane on the sinus floor. An oxidized implant (Nobel Biocare AB, Gothenburg, Sweden) was installed in the residual bone protruding into the created space at one side while the other side was left without an implant. Four animals were sacrificed after 6 months of healing. The remaining four animals received a second implant in the side with a space‐making device only and followed for another 3 months before sacrifice. Implant stability was assessed through resonance frequency analysis (RFA) using the Osstell™ (Osstell AB, Gothenburg, Sweden) at installation, 6 months and 9 months after the first surgery. The bone‐implant contact (BIC) and bone area inside the threads (BA) were histometrically evaluated in ground sections.

Results: Histologically there were only minor or no signs of bone formation in the sites with a space‐making device only. Sites with simultaneous implant placement showed bone formation along the implant surface. Sites with delayed implant placement showed minor or no bone formation and/or formation of a dense fibrous tissue along the apical part of the implant surface. In the latter group the apical part of the implant was not covered with the membrane but protruded into the sinus cavity.

Conclusions: The use of a space‐making device, with the design used in the present study, does not result in bone formation at the sinus floor. However, membrane elevation and simultaneous placement of the device and an implant does result in bone formation at the implant surface while sites with implants placed 6 months after membrane elevation show only small amounts of bone formation. It is suggested that lack of stabilization of the device and/or a too extensive elevation of the membrane may explain the results.
Reduced glutathione decreases energy expenditure in chicks exposed to separation stress
Authors: YAMANE Haruka , TOMONAGA Shozo , TSUNEYOSHI Yousuke , DENBOW D. Michael , FURUSE Mitsuhiro
Published: April 2009

Recently, we reported that intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of reduced glutathione (GSH) induces hypnotic and sedative effects under an acute stressful condition in chicks. However, no information is available on the effects of GSH on energy expenditure (EE) under stressful conditions. The purpose of the present study was to clarify whether i.c.v. injection of GSH affects EE of neonatal chicks, and whether EE is correlated with behavioral changes after isolation‐induced stress. The EE was rapidly decreased by i.c.v. injection of GSH, but was increased 27 min after injection. This change in EE was correlated with behavioral changes in which GSH induced hypnotic and sedative effects shortly after injection, followed by a period in which activity increased. The present study demonstrates that central GSH initially causes lowered EE through hypnotic and sedative effects under an acute stressful condition in chicks.
Effects of ‘Five freedoms’ environmental enrichment on the welfare of calves reared indoors
Authors: NINOMIYA Shigeru , SATO Shusuke
Published: April 2009

We provided comfortable resting areas in pens and tools for self‐grooming and suppressing aggressive behavior for environmental enrichment in Japanese black and Japanese Shorthorn calves. At the start of the experiment, the black calves (n = 10) were 164 days old and 138 kg in weight, and the Japanese Shorthorn calves (n = 10) were 176 days old and 164 kg in weight. Calves of each breed were divided into two groups (the enrichment group and the non‐treatment group), and each group was housed in a 4 m × 7.2 m pen. The effect of enrichment on calf welfare was estimated on the basis of daily weight gain and behavior. The brush stimulated the grooming behavior in calves although the mean time of using the brush decreased during the experiment. The partition of the feed trough and the wooden wall in the pen decreased the agonistic behavior in Japanese Shorthorn calves (P < 0.01) and increased the affiliative behavior in Japanese black calves (P = 0.08). The cleanliness of the bedding increased sternum lying and lying with the head touching the flank or ground in Japanese black calves and decreased the standing resting behavior in both breeds (P < 0.05 in all the cases). However, the treatments did not have an effect on daily weight gain. We concluded that the treatments would improve the welfare of calves and function as environmental enrichments.
Red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) as a model for studying the molecular mechanism of seasonal reproduction
Authors: ONO Hiroko , NAKAO Nobuhiro , YAMAMURA Takashi , KINOSHITA Keiji , MIZUTANI Makoto , NAMIKAWA Takao , IIGO Masayuki , EBIHARA Shizufumi , YOSHIMURA Takashi
Published: April 2009

Photoperiodism is an adaptation mechanism that enables animals to predict seasonal changes in the environment. Japanese quail is the best model organism for studying photoperiodism. Although the recent availability of chicken genome sequences has permitted the expansion from single gene to genome‐wide transcriptional analysis in this organism, the photoperiodic response of the domestic chicken is less robust than that of the quail. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the photoperiodic response of the red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus), a predecessor of the domestic chicken, to test whether this animal could be developed as an ideal model for studying the molecular mechanisms of seasonal reproduction. When red jungle fowls were transferred from short‐day‐ to long‐day conditions, gonadal development and an increase in plasma LH concentration were observed. Furthermore, rapid induction of thyrotropin beta subunit, a master regulator of photoperiodism, was observed at 16 h after dawn on the first long day. In addition, the long‐day condition induced the expression of type 2 deiodinase, the key output gene of photoperiodism. These results were consistent with the results obtained in quail and suggest that the red jungle fowl could be an ideal model animal for the genome‐wide transcriptional analysis of photoperiodism.
Water‐soluble phosphorus excretion in pigs fed diets supplemented with microbial phytase
Authors: JENDZA Joshua A. , ADEOLA Olayiwola
Published: April 2009

Three experiments were conducted to compare the excretion of water‐soluble phosphorus (P) of starter, grower, and finisher pigs fed corn‐soybean meal‐based P‐deficient basal diet containing no added inorganic P (B), P‐adequate diet (the basal diet with added dicalcium phosphate; B + P), the basal diet plus 500 units of microbial phytase/kg (B + 500), or the basal diet plus 1000 units of microbial phytase/kg (B + 1000). There were 6 barrows per diet, in a randomized complete block design, with an average initial body weight of 10.4, 20.0, or 51.1 kg for each of starter, grower, and finisher pigs in the three phosphorus balance experiments, respectively. In the experiments, the addition of dicalcium phosphate or phytase to the basal diet increased (P < 0.05) the digestibility and retention of P, and there were linear reductions (P < 0.05) in water‐soluble P excretion as a result of supplementing the basal diet with phytase. In the starter pig experiment, phytase addition at 500 or 1000 units/kg reduced (P < 0.05) water‐soluble P excretion by 28 or 42%, respectively when compared with the B + P diet. In the grower pig experiment, adding phytase at 500 or 1000 units/kg reduced (P < 0.05) water‐soluble P excretion by 24 or 34%, respectively when compared with the B + P diet. The use of phytase at 500 or 1000 units/kg reduced (P < 0.05) water‐soluble P excretion by 11 or 30%, respectively in the finisher pig experiment. The proportion of water‐soluble phosphorus in total phosphorus was not affected by dietary treatment in any of the three experiments. In conclusion, adding phytase at 1000 units/kg to a corn‐soybean meal‐based P‐deficient diet basal diet containing no added inorganic P compared with B + P diet reduced the daily excretion of water‐soluble P in starter, grower, and finisher pigs by 42, 34, and 30%, respectively.
A study on feeding hazelnut kernel oil meal as a protein source for broiler chickens
Authors: ERENER Guray , BURAK AK F. , OCAK Nuh
Published: April 2009

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of substituting different levels of hazelnut kernel oil meal (HKM) for soybean meal (SBM) in diets for broiler. A total of 450 one‐day‐old female Ross 308 broiler chicks were allocated randomly to three treatment groups of 150 birds each in a randomized design. Each treatment group consisted of five replicates each of 30 chicks. All diets (in mash form) were formulated to meet nutrient concentrations recommended for broilers. The experiment lasted for six weeks. In the experiment, an SBM control (SBM) diet was compared to two HKM diets, replacing 50 (50HKM) and 100% (HKM) of SBM protein, respectively. Body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of broilers were adversely affected (P < 0.05) by the HKM diets at 42 days of age. Broilers fed 50HKM and HKM had growth performances similar (P > 0.05). The carcass yield and abdominal fat pads of birds fed diets with SBM were higher (P < 0.05) than those of chicks fed the 50HKM and HKM diets. The edible inner organ weight of chicks fed diets with HKM was the heaviest (P < 0.05). It is concluded that SBM cannot be replaced even up to 50% with HKM in commercial broiler diet.