bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zebrafish Mnx proteins specify one motoneuron subtype and suppress acquisition of interneuron characteristics
Authors: Seredick Steve D , Van Ryswyk Liesl , Hutchinson Sarah A , Eisen Judith S
Published: November 2012

Background

Precise matching between motoneuron subtypes and the muscles they innervate is a prerequisite for normal behavior. Motoneuron subtype identity is specified by the combination of transcription factors expressed by the cell during its differentiation. Here we investigate the roles of Mnx family transcription factors in specifying the subtypes of individually identified zebrafish primary motoneurons.

Results

Zebrafish has three Mnx family members. We show that each of them has a distinct and temporally dynamic expression pattern in each primary motoneuron subtype. We also show that two Mnx family members are expressed in identified VeLD interneurons derived from the same progenitor domain that generates primary motoneurons. Surprisingly, we found that Mnx proteins appear unnecessary for differentiation of VeLD interneurons or the CaP motoneuron subtype. Mnx proteins are, however, required for differentiation of the MiP motoneuron subtype. We previously showed that MiPs require two temporally-distinct phases of Islet1 expression for normal development. Here we show that in the absence of Mnx proteins, the later phase of Islet1 expression is initiated but not sustained, and MiPs become hybrids that co-express morphological and molecular features of motoneurons and V2a interneurons. Unexpectedly, these hybrid MiPs often extend CaP-like axons, and some MiPs appear to be entirely transformed to a CaP morphology.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that Mnx proteins promote MiP subtype identity by suppressing both interneuron development and CaP axon pathfinding. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of transcription factors that act to distinguish CaP and MiP subtype identities. Our results also suggest that MiP motoneurons are more similar to V2 interneurons than are CaP motoneurons.
An antimicrobial stewardship program improves antimicrobial treatment by culture site and the quality of antimicrobial prescribing in critically ill patients
Authors: Katsios Christina M , Burry Lisa , Nelson Sandra , Jivraj Tanaz , Lapinsky Stephen E , Wax Randy S , Christian Michael , Mehta Sangeeta , Bell Chaim M , Morris Andrew M
Published: November 2012

Introduction

Increasing antimicrobial costs, reduced development of novel antimicrobials, and growing antimicrobial resistance necessitate judicious use of available agents. Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) may improve antimicrobial use in intensive care units (ICUs). Our objective was to determine whether the introduction of an ASP in an ICU altered the decision to treat cultures from sterile sites compared with nonsterile sites (which may represent colonization or contamination). We also sought to determine whether ASP education improved documentation of antimicrobial use, including an explicit statement of antimicrobial regimen, indication, duration, and de-escalation.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed consecutive patients with positive bacterial cultures admitted to a 16-bed medical-surgical ICU over 2-month periods before and after ASP introduction (April through May 2008 and 2009, respectively). We evaluated the antimicrobial treatment of positive sterile- versus nonsterile-site cultures, specified a priori. We reviewed patient charts for clinician documentation of three specific details regarding antimicrobials: an explicit statement of antimicrobial regimen/indication, duration, and de-escalation. We also analyzed cost and defined daily doses (DDDs) (a World Health Organization (WHO) standardized metric of use) before and after ASP.

Results

Patient demographic data between the pre-ASP (n = 139) and post-ASP (n = 130) periods were similar. No difference was found in the percentage of positive cultures from sterile sites between the pre-ASP period and post-ASP period (44.9% versus 40.2%; P = 0.401). A significant increase was noted in the treatment of sterile-site cultures after ASP (64% versus 83%; P = 0.01) and a reduction in the treatment of nonsterile-site cultures (71% versus 46%; P = 0.0002). These differences were statistically significant when treatment decisions were analyzed both at an individual patient level and at an individual culture level. Increased explicit antimicrobial regimen documentation was observed after ASP (26% versus 71%; P < 0.0001). Also observed were increases in formally documented stop dates (53% versus 71%; P < 0.0001), regimen de-escalation (15% versus 23%; P = 0.026), and an overall reduction in cost and mean DDDs after ASP implementation.

Conclusions

Introduction of an ASP in the ICU was associated with improved microbiologically targeted therapy based on sterile or nonsterile cultures and improved documentation of antimicrobial use in the medical record.
Prolonged Zona Glomerulosa Insufficiency Causing Hyperkalemia in Primary Aldosteronism after Adrenalectomy
Authors: Fischer Evelyn , Hanslik Gregor , Pallauf Anna , Degenhart Christoph , Linsenmaier Ulrich , Beuschlein Felix , Bidlingmaier Martin , Mussack Thomas , Ladurner Roland , Hallfeldt Klaus , Quinkler Marcus , Reincke Martin
Published: November 2012

Context:

Unilateral adrenalectomy is the therapy of choice in aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA). Zona glomerulosa (ZG) insufficiency causing hyperkalemia after adrenalectomy has been described in case reports.

Objective:

Our aim was to analyze the clinical relevance of ZG insufficiency causing hyperkalemia after adrenalectomy in a large series of patients with APA.

Design:

This was a retrospective chart review.

Setting:

The study was conducted at two tertiary university referral centers in Germany.

Patients:

Data from 110 patients with confirmed APA adrenalectomized at the centers in Munich and Berlin between 2004 and 2012 were analyzed.

Main Outcome Measures:

The primary outcome was the incidence of ZG insufficiency causing hyperkalemia after adrenalectomy; the secondary outcome was the identification of risk factors predisposing for hyperkalemia.

Results:

Eighteen of 110 patients (16%) developed postoperative hyperkalemia. The majority of these patients (n = 14) had undetectable plasma aldosterone levels after adrenalectomy; four had low aldosterone levels. In 12 of these patients, hyperkalemia was documented only once and resumed spontaneously. Prolonged hypoaldosteronism accompanied by hyperkalemia was observed in six patients (5% of total cohort). These patients needed continuous mineralocorticoid replacement therapy for 11–46 months. Mineralocorticoid antagonist treatment for 4 wk prior to surgery did not prevent hyperkalemia. In multivariate analysis, preoperatively decreased glomerular filtration rate and increased serum creatinine as well as increased postoperative creatinine and microalbuminuria remained significant predictors of hyperkalemia.

Conclusion:

Persistent postoperative hypoaldosteronism with hyperkalemia occurs in 5% of adrenalectomized PA patients through prolonged ZG insufficiency, requiring long-term fludrocortisone treatment. Potassium levels after adrenalectomy must be monitored to avoid life-threatening hyperkalemia.
Adjoint pluricanonical systems on varieties of general type
Authors: Di Biagio Lorenzo
Published: November 2012

We study non-vanishing and birationality of big pluricanonical adjoint linear systems on a variety of general type X. In particular given L big and with sufficiently large volume, if X is a surface we prove that h0(2KX + L) 6= 0 and that j3KX + 2Lj gives a birational map; if X is a threefold we prove that h0(6KX + 5L) 6= 0 and that j8KX + 7Lj gives a birational map. We find analogous explicit results also for fourfolds of general type.
Duality of patterning: Absolute universal or statistical tendency?
Authors: Blevins Juliette
Published: November 2012

As more of the world's languages are described and compared, more absolute universals have joined the class of statistical tendencies. However, few have questioned the universality of the duality of patterning. Following Hockett, most linguists assume that in all human languages, discrete meaningless parts combine to form meaningful units that, themselves, recombine. However, an alternative interpretation, explored in this article, is that duality, like other proposed linguistic universals, is a statistical tendency reflecting a complex set of factors, and most centrally, the need for some minimal number of basic units that can recombine to yield a potentially infinite set of form-meaning correspondences. If this is the essence of duality, then we expect: languages where duality is not a central component of grammar; languages where most, but not all, utterances are decomposable into meaningless phonological units; and different types of phonological building blocks in different languages. These expectations appear to be confirmed by natural language data.
Effect of new dietary supplement on sperm quality
Authors: Horváth Mária , Czeizel Endre
Published: November 2012

Introduction: There is a decline in male fertility thus new treatments are needed. Aims: To test the efficacy of a new dietary supplement developed in the USA and registered as a curing drug in Hungary (OGYI). Methods: In a clinical trial 100 men with low sperm quality (spermium count 5–20 M/ml, good motility 10–40%, and adverse shape 30–50%) were examined. Results: Sperm parameters were measured before and after a 3-month treatment and after another 3-month without treatment. This dietary supplement statistically and clinically significantly improved sperm count and motility. In 74 cases this dietary supplement demonstrated a beneficial effect on sperm quality (more than 10% increase in sperm count, or quality of motility, or shape); in 16 cases the improvement exceeded 30%. No adverse effect could be accounted for this treatment. Conclusions: This new dietary supplement may contribute to the treatment of male infertility. Orv. Hetil., 2012, 153, 1787–1792.
Current Perspectives on the Therapeutic Utility of VR1 Antagonists
Authors: Valenzano K. J. , Sun Q.
Published: November 2012

This review gives a brief overview of the expression patterns, molecular pharmacology and physiological roles of the vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1). Particular emphasis is given to the therapeutic utility of VR1 modulators. Small molecule agonists of VR1, including capsaicin and RTX, are currently utilized for a number of clinical syndromes, including intractable neuropathic pain, spinal detrusor hyperreflexia, and bladder hypersensitivity; however, antagonists of VR1 have yet to reach the clinic. While the classic VR1 antagonist, capsazepine has proven a useful tool for unraveling the molecular pharmacology of VR1, in vivo studies with this compound have had limited success due to poor pharmacokinetic properties and species selectivity issues. With the cloning of VR1 in 1997, the pharmaceutical community has been provided a molecular target for high throughput screening and small molecule lead discovery and optimization. As a result, resurgence in the interest of VR1 antagonists has given way to many new pharmacological agents that may provide better tools to probe VR1 physiology, and ultimately yield promising therapeutic agents.
Sequence Variants of the Ligand-Binding Domain of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene and their Functional Consequences on the Three- Dimensional Protein Structure
Authors: Liko Istvan , Igaz Peter , Patocs Attila , Toth Szilvia , Pazmany Tamas , Toth Miklos , Racz Karoly
Published: November 2012

In recent years several mutations and sequence polymorphisms of the glucocorticoid receptor gene have been described. The majority of mutations have been found in patients with a rare endocrinological abnormality, the glucocorticoid resistance syndrome. In addition, some sequence polymorphisms have been considered to contribute to various diseases, but unambiguous correlations have not been established yet. Here we present the results of an in silico study, which revealed previously undescribed sequence variants of the glucocorticoid receptor gene. Although the three-dimensional structure of the DNA-binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor has been known for several years, the crystal structure of the ligand-binding domain of the receptor has been published only recently. Using a comparative protein modelling, we analysed the structural relevance of known mutations as well as novel sequence variants discovered by our in silico approach in the ligand-binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor. We conclude that comparative protein modelling of these mutant receptor variants offers a useful means to predict the functional consequences of amino acid replacements and to correlate structural abnormalities with clinical findings.
Recent Advances in Chemical Genomics
Authors: Darvas F. , Dorman G. , Krajcsi P. , Puskas L. G. , Kovari Z. , Lorincz Z. , Urge L.
Published: November 2012

Chemical genomics, which utilizes specially designed small chemical compounds early in the discovery phase of new drugs to explore the life science at various levels, can address biological questions that are not amenable to genetic manipulation or functional genomics / proteomics approaches. Following the development of HT phenotypic assays and DNA expression analysis, the integration of cell-based assays with activity / affinity-based approaches allows us to interrogate the cells by analyzing phenotypic alterations, changes of transcript signature or detecting the differences in protein expression levels. Furthermore, activity / affinity-based techniques directly provide a druggable subset of gene products, which interact with small molecules, greatly reducing the complexity of analyzing the proteome. In this paper, we give an account of the recent advances (approaches and strategies) in the field of chemical genomics, and discuss how these approaches enable the investigator to obtain a novel therapeutically relevant target as well as drug candidates acting on them in a target-specific manner. This novel post-genomic discovery strategy, where target identification / validation is carried out by interactions with small molecules, could significantly reduce the time-scale for early drug discovery, and increase the success rate of finding novel, druggable targets, as well as more specific drug candidates.
Ziconotide: Neuronal Calcium Channel Blocker for Treating Severe Chronic Pain
Authors: Miljanich G. P.
Published: November 2012

Ziconotide (PRIALT®) is a neuroactive peptide in the final stages of clinical development as a novel non-opioid treatment for severe chronic pain. It is the synthetic equivalent of ω-MVIIA, a component of the venom of the marine snail, Conus magus. The mechanism of action underlying ziconotides therapeutic profile derives from its potent and selective blockade of neuronal N-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels (NVSCCs). Direct blockade of N-VSCCs inhibits the activity of a subset of neurons, including pain-sensing primary nociceptors. This mechanism of action distinguishes ziconotide from all other analgesics, including opioid analgesics. In fact, ziconotide is potently anti-nociceptive in animal models of pain in which morphine exhibits poor anti-nociceptive activity. Moreover, in contrast to opiates, tolerance to ziconotide is not observed. Clinical studies of ziconotide in more than 2,000 patients reveal important correlations to ziconotides non-clinical pharmacology. For example, ziconotide provides significant pain relief to severe chronic pain sufferers who have failed to obtain relief from opiate therapy and no evidence of tolerance to ziconotide is seen in these patients. Contingent on regulatory approval, ziconotide will be the first in a new class of neurological drugs: the N-type calcium channel blockers, or NCCBs. Its novel mechanism of action as a non-opioid analgesic suggests ziconotide has the potential to play a valuable role in treatment regimens for severe chronic pain. If approved for clinical use, ziconotide will further validate the neuroactive venom peptides as a source of new and useful medicines.
Free Energy of Ligand Binding to Protein: Evaluation of the Contribution of Water Molecules by Computational Methods
Authors: Cozzini Pietro , Fornabaio Micaela , Marabotti Anna , Abraham Donald J. , Kellogg Glen E. , Mozzarelli Andrea
Published: November 2012

One of the more challenging issues in medicinal chemistry is the computation of the free energy of ligand binding to macromolecular targets. This allows for the screening of libraries of chemicals for fast and inexpensive identification of lead compounds. Many attempts have been made and several algorithms have been developed for this purpose. Whereas enthalpic contributions are evaluated using methods and equations for which there is a reasonable consensus among researchers, the entropic contribution is evaluated using very different, and, in some cases, very approximate methods, or it is entirely ignored. Entropic contributions are of primary importance in the formation of many ligand-protein complexes, as well as in protein folding. The hydrophobic interaction, associated with the release of water molecules from the protein active site and the ligand, plays a significant role in complex formation, predominantly contributing to the total entropy change and, in some cases, to the total free energy of binding. There are distinct approaches for the evaluation of the contribution of water molecules to the free energy of binding based on Newtonian mechanics force fields, multi-parameter empirical scoring functions and experimental force fields. This review describes these methods - discussing both their advantages and limitations. Particular emphasis will be placed on HINT (Hydropatic INTeractions), a “natural” force field that takes into account in a unified way enthalpic and entropic contributions of all interacting atoms in protein-ligand complexes, including released and structured water molecules. As a case-study, the contribution of water molecules to the binding free energy of HIV-1 protease inhibitors is evaluated.
-definability at uncountable regular cardinals
Authors: Lücke Philipp
Published: November 2012

Let κ be an infinite cardinal. A subset of (κκ)n is a -subset if it is the projection p[T] of all cofinal branches through a subtree T of (>κκ)n+1 of height κ. We define and -subsets of (κκ)n as usual.

Given an uncountable regular cardinal κ with κ = κ<κ and an arbitrary subset A of κκ, we show that there is a <κ-closed forcing ℙ that satisfies the κ+-chain condition and forces A to be a -subset of κκ in every ℙ-generic extension of V. We give some applications of this result and the methods used in its proof.

(i) Given any set x, we produce a partial order with the above properties that forces x to be an element of L.

(ii) We show that there is a partial order with the above properties forcing the existence of a well-ordering of κκ whose graph is a -subset of κκ × κκ.

(iii) We provide a short proof of a result due to Mekler and Väänänen by using the above forcing to add a tree T of cardinality and height κ such that T has no cofinal branches and every tree from the ground model of cardinality and height κ without a cofinal branch quasi-order embeds into T.

(iv) We will show that generic absoluteness for -formulae (i.e., formulae with parameters which define -subsets of κκ) under <κ-closed forcings that satisfy the κ+-chain condition is inconsistent.

In another direction, we use methods from the proofs of the above results to show that - and -subsets have some useful structural properties in certain ZFC-models.
On ω-categorical, generically stable groups
Authors: Dobrowolski Jan , Krupiński Krzysztof
Published: November 2012

We prove that each ω-categorical, generically stable group is solvable-by-finite.
Which treatment for anal fistula? Cut or cover, plug or paste, loop or lift
Authors: Gupta Pravin , Shalini Gupta , Heda P.S.
Published: November 2012

Anorectal fistulas are common maladies. The challenge in therapy of perianal
fistulas balances between the best possible cure and the preservation of
continence. Complex fistulous disease challenges even the most experienced
surgical specialists. The management options in these groups of patients are
inadequate, with treatment often requiring multiple procedures, causing a
risk for continued symptoms and fecal incontinence. This has lead to a
serious search for newer and safer treatment options. Use of different types
of setons and advancement flaps have their own advantages and pitfalls.
Invasive methods with high rates of incontinence have given way to
sphincter-sparing methods that have a much lower associated morbidity.
Treatment with fibrin glue is an attractive option whenever continence might
be endangered by operative procedures. Initial results with fistula plugs are
promising but need further critical observations. Recently, the ligation of
fistula tract had shown few promising results though it will be too early to
comment on its long-term efficacy.
Colorectal carcinoma under microscopy: Patohistology or much more?
Authors: Knezevic-Usaj Slavica , Ivkovic-Kapicl Tatjana , Panjkovic Milana , Klem Istvan , Eri Zivka
Published: November 2012

Today the role of pathologists is increasingly focused on finding more
accurate prognostic and predictive parameters that will be necessary for
targeted treatment of patients. Improving understanding of colorectal
carcinogenesis allow us to consider incorporation of these new knowledges in
molecular classification of colorectal cancer. There are different ways of
molecular classification, but most of them are based on: 1. type of genetic
instability; 2. methylator phenotype and 3. single molecular events such are
KRAS and BRAF mutations. This review considers a new molecular classification
of colorectal carcinoma proposed by J. Jass in 2007 which is based on the
correlation of molecular and morphological features. We would also like to
point out to the new role of pathologists in the era of personalized medicine
in diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal carcinomas as well as in selection
of patients for some modalities of targeted therapy.
Laparoscopic restorative proctocolectomy technical notes and postoperative results
Authors: Bugra Dursun
Published: November 2012

Laparoscopic colon surgery has become a proved method for the resection of
both benign and malignant disease. With the advance of technological
innovations and surgical experience, more complex laparoscopic procedures
including restorative proctocolectomy have become increasingly used in the
treatment of ulcerative colitis with safe and feasible results. When these
operations are realized in a stepwise fashion, the complexity of the
procedure becomes simplified. The technical aspects of laparoscopic
restorative proctocolectomy in patients with ulcerative colitis are reviewed
in this article. A J-pouch with a stapled anastomosis has been the preferred
technique because it is quicker and safer. In all patients diverting loop
ileostomy is regularly created at the time of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis.
In this review the postoperative results are also revised. Postoperative
fasting time, postoperative hospital stay, and overall complication rate are
in favor of laparoscopic technique when compared to open approach. However,
clinical value of laparoscopic surgery for ulcerative colitis needs further
evaluation with more well-designed randomized controlled trials along with
long-term follow-up.
Surgical treatment of clostridium colitides
Authors: Mitas Ladislav , Svaton Roman , Skricka Tomas , Kala Zdenek , Penka Igor , Hanslianov Markéta , Grolich Tomas , Polak Pavel , Hlavsa Jan
Published: November 2012

Introduction: Infection with Clostridium difficile (CDI) is the most frequent
cause of nosocomial diarrhoeas. Most cases are successfully treated by
antibiotic therapy, but nearly 10% may progress to the fulminative form of
this condition. The objective of the work is retrospective evaluation of the
results of surgical treatment in patients with the fulminative form of
Clostridium colitis with revealing of risk factors leading to serious
post-operative morbidity and mortality. Patients and methodology:
Retrospective evaluation of the results of surgical treatment in patients
with the fulminative form of Clostridium colitis between 2008 and 4/2012.
Results: Between 2008 and 4/2012 Clostridium toxins were positively detected
in 1,088 patients in total, 21 of whom underwent operations due to the
fulminative form of Clostridium colitis. The operations included 4 total
colectomies with terminal ileostomy, 15 subtotal colectomies with terminal
ileostomy, 1 caecostomy and 1 axial ileostomy. The 30-day mortality was
23.8%, and morbidity reached 66.6%. High leukocytosis is a statistically
significant predictor of post-operative mortality and morbidity (p= 0.008).
Conclusion: Early indication for a colectomy operation with terminal
ileostomy in patients with the fulminative form of Clostridium colitis leads
to lower morbidity and mortality.
Surgical treatment of chronic hidradenitis suppurativa in the gluteal and perianal regions
Authors: Bilali Sokol , Todi Vangjel , Lila Ali , Bilali Valbona , Habibaj Julian
Published: November 2012

Introduction: Verneuil disease, or perianal hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), is
a chronic suppurative disease with a tendency to develop sinus formation,
fibrosis, and sclerosis, having a great impact on quality of life. HS affect
the apocrine sweat glands or sebaceous glands and may arise in each of the
regions where the apocrine glands are prominent: the axilla, breast aureole,
umbilicus, perineum, groin, and buttocks. We present here moderate and
extensive HS cases, with their respective treatment methods and outcomes.
Methods: A retrospective re-view of 6 patients? medical records from January
2001 to December 2010. Results: The 6 patients underwent treatment for HS in
the gluteal and perianal regions with surgical excision. Five of the patients
were male (83%). The median age was 42.5 years. We performed a total of 8
operations on these patients. In 3 patients, the wound was left open for
secondary healing, and the mean time for complete wound healing was 11.3
weeks (range: 9.5-19 weeks). Delayed skin grafting was used for 2 patients in
whom the wounds had been left open after the first operation. In this group,
complete wound healing took 2 months in total. One patient underwent primary
wound closure using rotation flaps, with a complete healing time of 2 weeks.
Successful treatment without recurrence was accomplished in 5 (83.3%) of the
patients. Conclusion: The conservative treatment methods had little effect,
particularly on gluteal and perianal/perineal HS. The only successful
treatment was wide surgical excision. Management of the wound after wide
excision should be tailored to the individual patient.
Consumption of meet during adolescent period as a predictor for colorectal cancer
Authors: Sokolova-Djokic Liljana , Djukic-Dejanovic S. , Djokic N. , Prijic Z. , Jovicic R.
Published: November 2012

Red meat and processed meat may increase the risk of developing colon cancer.
A small amount of red meat, not more than 50 gr. week and avoid processed
meats completely, significantly reducing the risk of this disease. The aim of
this study was to investigate the frequency of consumption of red meat, meat
products and eggs, and chicken meat and fish in high school and college
students in Sombor and assume the risk of colon cancer. A survey was
conducted on the incidence of these foods alone during their weekly food and
on the basis of the obtained data on height and weight, calculated body mass
index (BMI). Surveyed a total of 225 adolescents, of which 145 high school
students, 115 girls and 32 men and 78 students, 43 girls and 35 men from
different places in Vojvodina. 84% of high school students were normally
nourished, 46% male and 98% of female students. More than 50% of the male
student population is over-nourished. Half of the surveyed male population of
red meat daily, while the girls eat more fish and chicken. Male population
has higher risk for the development of colon cancer.
Coupling effect in substation ground measurements
Authors: Farber Alex , Katz Boris
Published: November 2012

A method to measure ground impedance in various soil structures is described,
which takes into account inductive coupling between current and potential
wires. For this purpose, a family of coupling effect curves versus the
potential wire length was calculated. It was found that these curves are not
dependent on the current wire length and are practically identical to the
same soil resistivity. The true resistance of the substation grounding is
determined using received coupling effect curves, and a simple formula which
subtracts the coupling effect from the measured substation grounding
resistance. Practical comparative measurements were performed to validate the
method.
Constant-coefficient FIR filters based on residue number system arithmetic
Authors: Stamenkovic Negovan , Stojanovic Vladica
Published: November 2012

In this paper, the design of a Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter based on
the residue number system (RNS) is presented. We chose to implement it in the
(RNS), because the RNS offers high speed and low power dissipation. This
architecture is based on the single RNS multiplier-accumulator (MAC) unit.
The three moduli set {2n+1,2n,2n-1}, which avoids 2n+1 modulus, is used to
design FIR filter. A numerical example illustrates the principles of residue
encoding, residue arithmetic, and residue decoding for FIR filters.
Study on a standard for grounding systems realization
Authors: Vuckovic Dragan , Cvetkovic Nenad , Stojanovic Miodrag
Published: November 2012

Grounding systems of objects inside power facilities are very often realized
as structures consisting of protective electrodes? system placed in the
object foundation, and neutral electrodes? system placed at a specified
distance from the object. Official standards and publications recommend a
minimal value for the distance between the protective and the neutral part of
grounding structures, so that the influence of one on another can be
neglected. We analyze several practical implementations of grounding
structures and demonstrate that the minimal distance is actually much smaller
than that recommended by the standards.
Influenza A (H1N1): Past season’s wonder flu in Vojvodina
Authors: Joves-Sevic Biljana , Obradovic Dusanka , Batranovic Uros , Stojanovic Milos , Sovilj-Gmizic Stanislava , Boskovic Tatjana
Published: November 2012

Background/Aim. Influenza A (H1N1) re-emerged in the human population during
2009. The aim of this study was to describe characteristics, laboratory
findings, clinical presentation and treatment outcome among patients with
influenza A (H1N1) infection. Methods. The study was performed at the
Institute for Pulmonary Diseases of Vojvodina including all the patients
hospitalized at the Intensive Care Unit or High Dependency Unit with
confirmed, probable or suspected Influenza A (H1N1) infection between
November 6th, 2009 and April 13th, 2010. Results. Among 64 patients Influenza
A (H1N1) infection was confirmed by rt-PCR in 50, defined as probable in 7
and as suspected in 6 patients. There was an equal number of male and female
patients. Their mean age was 46 years (SD ? 12.1). None of the patients were
vaccinated against influenza. Comorbidities were present in 37 (58%)
patients. There were 29 (45%) obese patients. Three patients were pregnant.
The median time from symptom onset to hospital admission was 5 days (IQR
4-7). At admission, the median Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS) was 4 (IQR
3-6). The most common presenting symptoms were cough (100%) and fever (89%).
The mean oxygen saturation at admission was 85.3% (SD 9.0). Auscultatory
finding of wheesing in the absence of a chronic lung disease was found in 10
(15.6%) patients. Leukopenia was noted in 23 (35.9%) patients, and
thrombocytopenia in 14 (21.9%) patients. Aspartate aminotransferase values
were elevated in 41 (64.1%) patients, alanine aminotransferase in 32 (50%)
patients, and creatine kinase in 36 (56.2%) patients. Opacities on an initial
chest radiograph were predominantly patchy and the median number of the lung
fields involved was 1 (IQR = 0-3). The non-survivors had statistically
significantly higher MEWS at admission (p = 0.0001), lower oxygen saturation
(p = 0.001), more lung fields involved on an initial chest radiograph (p =
0.006), wheezing in the absence of chronic lung disease (p = 0.02) and
elevated aspartat aminotransferase (p = 0.02) and creatine kinase (p = 0.03).
Acute respiratory disstress developed in 21 (32.9%) patients, and mechanical
ventilation was required in 23 (36.1%) patients. Septic shock developed in 12
(18.7%) patients, and 19 (29.7%) patients had a multi-organ dysfunction. The
overall hospital mortality was high - 20.3% (95% CI, 11.3%-32.2%; n = 13),
and especially so among the patients who required mechanical ventilation -
56.5% (95% CI, 36.8%-74.4%). Conclusion. Timely initiation of antiviral
therapy and early recognition of critically ill are important factors for
reducing mortality.
Evaluation of lipid parameters and bioindices in patients with different stages of chronic renal failure
Authors: Cabarkapa Velibor , Djeric Mirjana , Stosic Zoran , Sakac Vladimir , Lozanov-Crvenkovic Zagorka , Vuckovic Biljana
Published: November 2012

Background/Aim. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are markedly increased
in chronic renal failure (CRF). The aim of this study was to evaluate lipid
parameters and bioindices in patients with different stages of CRF. Methods.
In 46 hemodialysed (HD), 50 CRF patients with II, III and IV stage of CRF
(non-HD) and 48 control subjects triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (C),
HDL-C, urea, creatinine, creatinuria (standard biochemical methods),
apolipoprotein (apo) AI, apo B, lipoprotein(a), cystatin C
(immunoturbidimetric method) were evaluated, and LDL-C, non-HDL-C, LDLC/
HDL-C, non-HDL-/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, and new bioindices, LTI (lipid tetrad
index), logLTI, LPI (lipid pentad index), logLPI, AIP (atherogenic index of
plasma), and creatinine clearance were calculated. Results. There were
significant differences in the levels of TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, non- HDL-C, total
C and apo A-I between the HD and non-HD patients, and the HD patients and the
controls. LTI and LPI were significantly higher in the HD and non-HD patients
compared to the controls (p < 0.05), without a good separation by the
Box-Whisker plots. The values of TG/HDL-C ratio and AIP were significantly
higher in the HD and non- HD-patients compared to the controls (p < 0.05),
and significantly higher in the HD compared to non-HD patients (p < 0.05).
AIP > 0.11 was found in 71.7% of the HD, 56% of non-HD and 31.3% of the
controls. Conclusion. Among lipid parameters and indices, AIP and TG/HDL-C
ratio are most suitable for evaluation of lipid disturbances in different
stages of CRF. In addition to, non-HDL-/HDL-C, and apoB/A-I ratios, apo A-I,
HDL-C and TG are important markers in HD patients. Non-HDL-C is not a
suitable marker. LTI and LPI need to be further investigated.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization in hematology
Authors: Milosevic Ivana , Popovic Stevan , Urosevic Ivana
Published: November 2012

nema
Molecular genetic studies on morphologically indistinguishable Myxobolus spp. infecting cyprinid fishes, with the description of three new species, M. alvarezae sp. nov., M. sitjae sp. nov. and M. eirasianus sp. nov.
Authors: Cech Gábor , Molnár Kálmán , Székely Csaba
Published: November 2012

While studying Myxobolus gill infections of cyprinid fishes, the authors found large, segmented plasmodia in three species: ide (Leuciscus idus), asp (Aspius aspius) and white bream (Blicca bjoerkna). As regards their size and morphology, the spores from these plasmodia corresponded to those of M. dujardini described from chub (Leuciscus cephalus). However, the 18S rDNA sequences of spores from the three cyprinids differed from those of M. dujardini. Based on molecular differences, this paper describes two new species: M. alvarezae sp. nov. from ide and asp, and M. sitjae sp. nov. from white bream. The two new species and M. dujardini had a similar tissue tropism, and infected the multilayered epithelium of the gill filaments. Histological examination of the infected filaments demonstrated that the large plasmodia with multiple buddings were formed from amalgamating small plasmodia. Besides carrying infection in the filamental epithelium, the three above fish species were infected by small intralamellar plasmodia as well. These plasmodia were filled by spores that resembled the roach parasite M. intimus both in morphology and seasonal development. The 18S rDNA sequences of ‘intimus-like’ spores from ide and asp differed only in some base pairs from spores found in the type host roach, and were identified as belonging to M. intimus. The spores found in white bream, however, showed 3.6-5.0% difference in DNA sequence from those of M. intimus; therefore, they have been described as M. eirasianus sp. nov. The aim of this paper was to demonstrate the importance of using molecular methods for separating and identifying morphologically corresponding or closely similar Myxobolus spp.
Reproductive biology of the mediterranean green crab Carcinus aestuarii Nardo, 1847 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Portunidae) in Homa Lagoon, Aegean Sea, Turkey
Authors: Özbek Murat , Koçak Cengiz , Acarlı Deniz
Published: November 2012

The Mediterranean green crab Carcinus aestuarii Nardo, 1847 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Portunidae) is a common inhabitant of the shallow waters of Homa Lagoon in Izmir Bay, Turkey, in the eastern Mediterranean. Monthly samples were collected in Homa Lagoon from June 2006 to May 2007 using trammel nets, fyke nets, beach seines and fence traps. In total, 608 males and 559 females of C. aestuarii were collected. The highest sex ratio (81–86% females) was recorded between October and December, and in August (58% females). Ovigerous females were obtained only from November to February with the highest ratio of ovigerous females (55%) observed in January 2007. The maturation curve presenting the carapace width showed that 50% of female crabs with the carapace width of 26.84 ±1.58 mm (r= 0.72) were physiologically mature. Regression analyses indicated that the number of eggs was positively correlated with carapace width and wet weight (P < 0.05, in both cases).
Sustainability in the Water Sector: Enabling Lasting Change through Leadership and Cultural Transformation
Authors: Herrick Charles , Pratt Joanna
Published: November 2012

There is great interest within the water sector regarding the prospect of sustainable operations. Water utilities tend to be conservative entities characterized by organizational inertia, making achievement of sustainable operations a challenge of cultural transformation. We suggest that the construct of "wicked" problems provides a useful heuristic for leaders and other champions attempting to transform water utility culture to achieve sustainable operations. We observe that the cultural transformation toward sustainable water operations seems to be facilitated through the exercise of particular leadership traits, including the ability to craft and communicate a sustainability narrative, willingness and ability to diffuse authority, and an adaptive or learning-oriented outlook. Based on literature review and case research with US water utilities, we identify factors that can act either to enable or constrain efforts to transform utility culture so as to be more amenable to sustainable operations. We explain how each of these factors pertains to the circumstances of water utilities and provide a matrix with which utility leaders and sustainability champions can enact a plan of organizational transformation. We conclude by outlining research topics that flow from our arguments and observations.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Studies of Some 4-(Substituted)-Ethanoylamino-3-Mercapto-5- (4-Substituted) Phenyl-1,2,4-Triazoles
Authors: Upmanyu Neeraj , Kumar Sanjay , Shah Kamal , Mishra Pradeep
Published: November 2012

Triazoles and triazoles with different substituent groups are found to possess diverse application in the  field of medicine and industry. A series of 4-(substituted) ethanoylamino-3-mercapto-5-(4-substituted) phenyl-1,2,4-  triazoles were synthesized as novel antimicrobial agents starting from different 4-substituted benzoic acids. The  chemical structures of these newly synthesized compounds were elucidated by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FAB+-mass  spectral data and elemental analyses. The antimicrobial activity of title compounds were examined against two gram  positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis), two gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli,  Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and three fungi (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Fusarium oxysporum) using disc  diffusion method. Some of the compounds bearing methoxy group exhibited moderate to good antibacterial and  antifungal activities. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v11i1.12481 Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 11(1): 7-18, 2012 (June)
Hypoglycemic effect of Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lacomate Ex. Ororke), Baill in Type 2 Diabetic Long-Evans Rats
Authors: Hossain M S , Sokeng S , Shoeb M , Hasan K , Mosihuzzaman M , Nahar N , Ali L , Rokeya B
Published: November 2012

Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lacomate Ex. Ororke), Baill (African wild mango/bush mango) seeds are   widely used in cooking as a sauce in Cameroon and in most parts of tropical Africa for the treatment of a number of ailments. In this study normal rat food was incorporated with I. gabonensis seed powder (10%) and oil free seed powder (5%) and their chronic effects on streptozotocin induced Type 2 diabetic rats were studied. Oral consumption of food incorporated with seed powder significantly reduced serum glucose level on the 28th day (p<0.01) which was   comparable with glibenclamide treated group. Food with oil free seed powder showed 24% fall in glucose level on the 28th day. Fasting serum insulin increased significantly (p<0.001) in glibenclamide and oil free seed powder treated (p<0.008) groups. No effect was observed in the seed powder treated group. Liver glycogen content increased in the glibenclamide treated group but no significant change was observed in both powder and oil free seed powder   treated groups. On the 28th day seed powder treated group significantly lowered serum TG level (p<0.033) and 48% was lowered by oil free seed powder. It is concluded that seed powder as well as oil free seed powder lowered blood glucose level in Type 2 diabetic model rats. It seems to act as an insulinomimetic and/or insulin sensitizing agent. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v11i1.12482 Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 11(1): 19-24, 2012 (June)
Leaf Extract of Syzygium cumini Shows Anti-Vibrio Activity Involving DNA Damage
Authors: Ahsan Nazmul , Paul Nilanjana , Islam Nazrul , Akhand Anwarul A
Published: November 2012

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of an ethanol extract of leaf (EEL) of Syzygium  cumini against Vibrio cholerae serogroups Ogawa and Inaba. The antimicrobial activity of EEL was evaluated by the disc diffusion method against multi-drug resistant Ogawa and Inaba. The EEL effectively inhibited the growth of  both serogroups. This growth inhibition was accompanied by fragmentation of genomic DNA as revealed by agarose gel electrophoresis. This result suggested that the EEL might inhibit bacterial growth involving DNA damage either through activation of signal transduction pathways or through direct interaction of the metabolites present in the EEL with DNA. Therefore, EEL of S. cumini has potential growth inhibitory activity against multi drug resistant Vibrios. This inhibitory effect of EEL might be explored to develop effective candidate(s) to combat cholera. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v11i1.12483 Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 11(1): 25-28, 2012 (June)
Formulation and Evaluation of Floating Alginate Beads of Diclofenac Sodium
Authors: Rasel Mohammad Abu Taher , Hasan Moynul
Published: November 2012

The objective of this present investigation is to develop gastroretentive sustained release alginate beads of Diclofenac sodium by the ionotropic gelation method. The floating beads were prepared by dispersing Diclofenac sodium together with CaCO3 (as gas forming agent) into a solution of sodium alginate. The resulting solution was then extruded through a 22 gauge syringe needle into 100 ml cross-linking solution containing calcium chloride (1% w/v) plus acetic acid (10% v/v). Prepared beads were evaluated for their encapsulation efficiency, buoyancy test, FT-IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and release behaviour. In vivo floating behaviour was studied by sonography. The drug entrapment efficiency was increased with the increment of polymer ratio. All of the formulations (F1 to F5) floated immediately or with a very short lag time and remained floating upto 24 hours. Rough and porous surface was observed in case of surface SEM and many large hollow pores or multiple small hollow pockets were observed in case of cross-sectional SEM of beads. In vivo floating behaviour of the beads was confirmed by ultrasonographic examination of a healthy male volunteer after ingestion of capsule containing floating beads. In vitro dissolution studies were performed for eleven hours into 900 ml 0.1N HCl (pH 1.2) using USP Apparatus II (paddle type) maintained at a temperature of 37ºC and stirred at a speed of 50 rpm. The dissolution study revealed that, after eleven hours the percent of drug release for five formulations were 76.7% (F1), 73.5 % (F2), 72.2 % (F3), 70.56% (F4), and 69.1 % (F5) and all of the formulations followed zero order and Higuchi model. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v11i1.12484 Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 11(1): 29-35, 2012 (June)