bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
König Georgios I. der Hellenen und die Anwendung der griechischen Verfassung von 1864 in praxi
Authors: Parashu Dimitrios
Published: June 2020

Nach Absetzung der Wittelsbacher-Dynastie wählte die Hellenische Nationalversammlung 1863 Prinz Vilhelm von Dänemark unter dem Namen Georgios I. zum nächsten griechischen Monarchen. Dieselbe Nationalversammlung verabschiedete 1864 eine neue Verfassung, welche das Leben Griechenlands über mehrere Dekaden beeinflussen sollte. Das vorliegende Werk beschäftigt sich mit der praktischen Anwendung der den Monarchen betreffenden Verfassungsbestimmungen und bietet Einblicke in die insgesamt als positiv zu rezipierende Regierungszeit Georgios I.
Digitalisierung der Selbsthilfe
Authors: Schulz-Nieswandt Frank
Published: June 2020

The digital revolution is changing the future of the health-related self-help movement on different levels between self-help groups, regional institutions that promote self-help activities and political self-help organisations. This study discusses the effects of, the risks posed by and the opportunities offered by public promotion of digital self-help dynamics in the context of § 20h of the German Civil Code, Book V. With reference to critical theory, the analysis explains the possible character of the self-help movement as a moral economy of mutual solidarity on the transformational pathway to digital social services, which is related to the passive patterns of utilisation by consumers not involved in real activities connected with the solidarity of mutual caring according to the logic of reciprocity.
Regulierte Eisenbahnentgelte und Kartellrecht
Authors: Körber Torsten
Published: June 2020

Der EuGH hat 2017 in seiner Entscheidung „CTL Logistics“ eine eigenständige zivilgerichtlichen Billigkeitskontrolle neben der behördlichen Regulierung von Eisenbahnnutzungsentgelten für unzulässig erklärt. Der Band spürt der Frage nach, welche Konsequenzen diese Entscheidung für das Kartellrecht hat. Insbesondere wird der Frage nachgespürt, ob Art. 102 AEUV im Lichte der EuGH-Entscheidungen „Deutsche Telekom“ und „Crehan/Courage“ auch weiterhin in Stand alone-Verfahren durch die Zivilgerichte für eine Entgeltkontrolle angewendet werden kann, wie der BGH 2019 in der Entscheidung „Trassenentgelte“ vertreten hat. Der Band enthält ein Gutachten im Auftrag der DB Netz AG.
Usefulness of dermoscopy in the diagnosis and monitoring treatment of demodicidosis
Authors: Friedman Paula , Cohen Sabban Emilia , Cabo Horacio
Published: June 2020

Demodicidosis is a common infestation and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of recurrent or recalcitrant perioral dermatitis or rosacea-like eruptions of the face. We report on a 34-year-old male, who presented with facial erythema and desquamation accompanied by a pruritic sensation. Dermoscopic examination revealed Demodex tails and Demodex follicular openings, both specific features of this entity. Microscopically, standardized skin surface biopsy test was pathogenic and the patient had positive response to anti-demodectic drugs.

To our knowledge, a few reports of the dermatoscopic features of demodicidosis have been published in the literature. Dermoscopy offers a potential new option for a real-time validation of Demodex infestation and a useful tool for monitoring treatment.
Arborizing vessels in a targetoid hemosiderotic hemangioma: mistaken dermoscopic diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma
Authors: Enei Maria Leonor , Paschoal Francisco , Valdes Rodrigo
Published: June 2020

Targetoid hemosiderotic hemangioma (THH) or hobnail hemangioma (HH) is a benign vascular lesion that presents with the classical clinical presentation of a ring-shaped tumor having a targetoid appearance, with a central purple-brown papule surrounded by a thin pale area and an ecchymotic ring on the outside. Dermoscopic features and patterns of HH have been documented and have proven to be sufficient to establish a clinical diagnosis in many cases.

We present a facial lesion in which both the clinical presentation and dermoscopy were atypical. The presence of arborizing vessels in the dermoscopic pattern, never before described for this lesion, led us to the diagnosis of basocellular carcinoma (BCC). We also report the changes in this pattern experienced over 12 months of progression and their correlation with the histopathologic findings.
Serum Total 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels in Patients With Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma: A Case-Control Study in a Low-Risk Southern European Population
Authors: Befon Angeliki , Katoulis Alexander C. , Georgala Sofia , Katsampas Andreas , Chardalia Vasiliki , Melpidou Aggeliki , Tzanetakou Vasiliki , Chasapi Vasiliki , Polydorou Dorothea , Desinioti Clio , Plaka Micaela , Rigopoulos Dimitris , Stratigos Alexandros J.
Published: June 2020

Background: Recent data have shown an inverse association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and incidence of several cancers, including cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM). In addition, lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels have been associated with thicker or higher stage melanomas and worse survival in observational studies.

Materials and Methods: Ninety-nine patients diagnosed with primary CMM and 97 matched healthy controls entered the study. Demographic characteristics, risk factors for CMM, and clinical and histological characteristics were recorded for patients with primary CMM. Total serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels of melanoma patients measured by fully automated chemiluminescent vitamin D total immunoassay (Elecsys vitamin D total, Roche) at the time of diagnosis were compared with those of healthy controls. In addition, we tested the association of serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels at melanoma diagnosis with known risk and prognostic factors for CMM.

Results: Of the melanoma patients, 49 (49.49%) had deficient serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (<20 ng/mL), 23 (23.23%) had insufficient levels (21-29 ng/mL), and 27 (27.27%) had adequate levels (>30 ng/mL). The median serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were significantly lower in melanoma patients (20.62 ng/mL) compared with healthy controls (24.71 ng/mL), but statistical significance was not reached (chi-square test, P = 0.051) No statistically significant association was found between serum total 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and demographic characteristics; risk factors for CMM; prognostic factors, such as Breslow thickness and ulceration; as well as clinical characteristics, such as melanoma stage, clinical type, and location.

Conclusions: Lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were found in our Greek cohort of melanoma patients compared with healthy controls, without reaching, however, statistical significance; these levels were not statistically associated with established risk and prognostic factors for CMM.
Immunohistochemical Evaluation and Clinicopathological Correlation of Mer and Axl Tyrosine Kinase TAM Receptors in Cutaneous Melanoma
Authors: Pontara Andrea , Paolino Giovanni , Gregorc Vanesa , Mercuri Santo Raffaele , Bulotta Alessandra , Bearzi Pietro , Doglioni Claudio , Rizzo Nathalie
Published: June 2020

Background: Malignant melanoma (MM) is potentially the most dangerous form of skin tumor. In the last few years, the so-called TAM receptors, a unique family of tyrosine kinase (TK) receptors, have become increasingly important.

Objectives: To evaluate Mer and Axl TAM receptor expression to find clinicopathological features that could explain the biological behavior of MM.

Patients and Methods: Clinicopathological data were obtained from an MM electronic database at our Institute. We reviewed 24 cutaneous MM specimens. TAM receptor expression was assayed using immunohistochemistry. Combinative semiquantitative scoring was used for the evaluation of TAM receptor expression (MerTK and AxlTK). Appropriate statistical methods were used to evaluate a possible correlation between TAM receptor expression and the clinicopathological variables of the MM samples (univariate analysis and multivariate analysis).

Results: MerTK and AxlTK were expressed differently in the MM samples, with a major expression of the first receptor. The cells of the tumor microenvironment contributed to the majority of the total score. A significant association was found between AxlScore and the site of the tumor and between AxlScore and the variable ulceration; another correlation was found between MerScore and the following characteristics: pathological stage of the tumor (pT), sex, ulceration, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes.

Conclusions: All correlations between the expression of MerTK and AxlTK with the clinical and histological variables of MM should be validated in a large group of people in order to increase the validity and the impact of our observations, with subsequently therapeutic implications in the era of the “targeted therapy.”
In Vivo Reflectance Confocal Microscopy in General Dermatology: How to Choose the Right Indication
Authors: Franceschini Chiara , Persechino Flavia , Ardigò Marco
Published: June 2020

Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a high-resolution, noninvasive imaging technique being increasingly used as an aid to diagnosis in the dermatology setting. RCM is applied in the diagnosis of both melanoma and nonmelanoma skin tumors, but also in the interpretation and management of inflammatory skin diseases. Two different devices with different designs for specific indications are available in the market: a static and a handheld probe. Several clinical presentations of the lesion could affect the examination, such as the presence of ulceration or hyperkeratosis; moreover, the anatomical site can drive the probe selection as well as the effective indication to RCM examination. In this review article, indications for the use of RCM are described in detail with a schematic approach for practical purposes.
Efficacy of Topical Finasteride 0.5% vs 17α-Estradiol 0.05% in the Treatment of Postmenopausal Female Pattern Hair Loss: A Retrospective, Single-Blind Study of 119 Patients
Authors: Rossi Alfredo , Magri Francesca , D'Arino Andrea , Pigliacelli Flavia , Muscianese Marta , Leoncini Pierpaolo , Caro Gemma , Federico Alessandro , Fortuna Maria Caterina , Carlesimo Marta
Published: June 2020

Background and Objectives: Female pattern hair loss (FPHL) is a common form of scalp hair loss that occurs in 38% of females. Currently, minoxidil solution is the only therapy approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, but many other treatments are used, including cyproterone acetate, spironolactone, topical 17α-estradiol, and prostaglandin analogs. Systemic finasteride has been considered a treatment option in women even though its teratogenic effects tend to limit its prescription. Recently, topical finasteride has been evaluated to limit the side effect profile of the drug. The objective of the present study is to compare retrospectively the efficacy of topical 0.05% 17α-estradiol solution and a 0.5% finasteride lotion in the treatment of FPHL.

Patients and Methods: We enrolled 119 postmenopausal female patients. The first group comprised 69 women treated with finasteride 0.5% and minoxidil 2%. The second group included 50 women treated with 17α-estradiol 0.05% and minoxidil 2%. At baseline and at 6- and 12- to 18-month follow-up, global photographs were systematically taken. Three operators blind to the prescribed treatment evaluated photographs using a 7-point scale. One-way analysis of variance and unpaired Student t tests were performed to analyze 7-point scale scores.

Results: The improvement was statistically significant from 6 months to 12-18 months, both for finasteride (P < 0.005) and 17α-estradiol (P < 0.05). The efficacy of topical finasteride was significantly greater than that of 17α-estradiol solution, both at the 6-month (P < 0.05) and at the 12- to 18-month follow-up (P < 0.005). In general, the highest improvement was observed after 12-18 months of treatment with topical finasteride therapy.

Conclusions: Topical finasteride 0.5% in combination with minoxidil 2% could represent a valid therapeutic option for the treatment of postmenopausal FPHL, showing higher efficacy than topical 17α-estradiol with minoxidil 2% both at 6-month and 12- to 18-month follow-up.
Revisitando responsabilidades e violência através de agentes religiosos, na África do Sul e no País Basco.
Authors: Villalón Adriana Maria
Published: June 2020

Este texto trata de aspectos novos e desconfortáveis que enfatizam processos de gestão da violência interna e reconstrução nacional. Especificamente, analiso mobilizado por agentes religiosos que questionam esses esforços, mostrando outras figuras de responsabilidade e de sofrimento que normalmente são minimizados para colocar todos os olhos e dispositivos no atividades vítima-agressor essencializada par. Discuto isso a partir de exemplos de dois contextos diferentes: o pós-apartheid da África do Sul e o processo de paz basco (Espanha). O material etnográfico aborda os efeitos e várias facetas que envolvem pedidos de "restituição" mobilizada pela entidade sul-Africana Restitution Center que, sem abandonar a categoria de reconciliação que dominava o CVR, visa sensibilizar a comunidade branca sobre sua dívida, a sua responsabilidade durante o apartheid.  O segundo é xm registro etnográfico de um mobilizados pela Diocese de Bilbao (País Basco) "BAKE topaketa, Encontro para a Paz", que visa sensibilizar o público em geral sobre casos de evento vítimas menos conhecidas, que por sua vez têm relacionamento com os vitimadores do ETA (organização ETA). É interessante pensar na complexidade das dimensões que englobam processos de violência interna que, com o passar dos anos, mostram novas facetas e novos protagonistas. A dimensão religiosa aqui funciona como uma força motriz para outros movimentos, através de especialistas ativistas religiosos, com sua retórica e recursos específicos.
¿Ciencia y tecnología para la democracia? La cooperación científico-técnica hispano-alemana, 1970-1986 = Science and Technology for Democracy? The Spanish-German Scientific and Technological Cooperation, 1970-1986
Authors: Sanz Díaz Carlos
Published: June 2020

Este artículo reconstruye la cooperación científica y técnica entre España y la República Federal de Alemania entre 1970 y 1986. Con ello pretende enriquecer el conocimiento sobre la influencia alemana en el proceso de cambio sociopolítico español entre el final del franquismo y la consolidación democrática. Para ello, el trabajo observa las relaciones bilaterales desde el ángulo de los vínculos, programas e intereses compartidos en el ámbito de la I+D. La investigación se basa en fuentes diplomáticas y gubernamentales alemanas y españolas, y en especial en la documentación de la Comisión Mixta Hispano-Alemana para la Cooperación Científica e Industrial. El examen de estas fuentes permite concluir que la cooperación bilateral contribuyó a incrementar el entramado de intereses científicos, económicos y políticos entre España y la RFA y que, de forma más amplia, ayudó a la integración de España en Europa Occidental, coadyuvando desde un ángulo poco explorado al cambio político español.AbstractThis article analyzes the scientific and technical cooperation between Spain and the Federal Republic of Germany between 1970 and 1986. In this way, it aims to enrich knowledge about the German influence on the process of Spanish socio-political change between the end of the Franco dictatorship and democratic consolidation. To do this, this article looks at bilateral relations from the angle of the links, programs and shared interests in the field of R&D. The research is based on German and Spanish diplomatic and governmental sources, and especially on the documentation of the Spanish-German Joint Commission for Scientific and Industrial Cooperation. The examination of these sources allows us to conclude that bilateral cooperation increased the network of scientific, economic and political interests between Spain and the FRG and that, more broadly, improved the integration of Spain into Western Europe, contributing from a little explored angle to Spanish political change.
La política al margen de la política (Julián Besteiro, 1936 – 1938) = Politics Outside Politics (Julian Besteiro, 1936 – 1938)
Authors: Medina Rojo Óscar
Published: June 2020

Julián Besteiro es un político clave para entender la España que transita desde la crisis de 1917 hasta la Guerra Civil, y como tal ha sido ampliamente estudiado por la historiografía. Sin embargo, su figura se nos presenta algo desdibujada desde finales de 1935, cuando deja de publicarse Democracia (principal órgano de expresión de su corriente socialista), hasta su participación en el golpe de estado contra Negrín de marzo de 1939. El presente artículo intenta mostrar que este periodo de su vida no fue de total inactividad política, ya que aun desde fuera de los puestos de responsabilidad, intentó ejercer su influencia dentro del socialismo español; en concreto se analiza su actuación en dos momentos clave: el semestre anterior al estallido de la Guerra Civil, y la crisis socialista de 1938. Para algunos de sus contemporáneos, la opción Besteiro existió en diferentes momentos y para diferentes puestos, tales como presidente de la República en 1936, o presidente del PSOE y miembro de un Gobierno de la paz en 1938.AbstractJulián Besteiro is a key politician to understand Spain from the crisis of 1917 until the Civil War, and as such he has been widely studied by the historiography. But there is a period less known in Besteiro’s life: the years running from the closure of Democracia (the main publication of his wing of Spanish socialism) at the end of 1935, to his involvement in the coup d’etat that would overthrow Negrin’s government in March 1939. This article attempts to show that this period in Besteiro’s life was not of total political inactivity: even from outside the positions of responsibility, he tried to exert his influence within Spanish socialism; in particular, this article analyses Besteiro’s stand in two key moments: the semester prior to the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, and the crisis of the socialist party in 1938. For some of his contemporaries, the Besteiro option existed at different moments and for different roles, namely as President of the Republic in 1936, President of PSOE and member of a government to negotiate peace in 1938.
Relação solo-vegetação em duas áreas de cerrado sentido restrito na Serra Dourada, Goiás
Authors: Miranda Sabrina do Couto de , Silva Júnior Manoel Cláudio da , Vasconcelos Weuler Alves , Carvalho Plauto Simão de
Published: June 2020

O estudo foi conduzido em duas áreas de cerrado sentido restrito sobre dois tipos de substratos, Neossolos Litólicos e Cambissolos, na Serra Dourada em Mossâmedes-Goiás. Este trabalho teve por objetivos comparar a composição florística e a estrutura das comunidades vegetais estudadas, bem como, relacionar as características do solo com as parcelas amostradas. Foram locadas 20 parcelas permanentes de 20 m x 50 m cada, 10 em cada área. Nos dois cerrados, amostrou-se todos os indivíduos lenhosos com Db30cm ≥ 5 cm, inclusive mortos em pé. Os dois cerrados estudados apresentaram, em conjunto, elevada riqueza florística (101 espécies). As espécies Andira vermifuga, Byrsonima coccolobifolia e Heteropterys byrsonimifolia foram comuns às duas áreas e se destacaram em densidade. As áreas diferiram em relação à densidade e área basal de indivíduos vivos, o cerrado rupestre se apresentou mais denso, enquanto o cerrado típico maior área basal. A classificação pelo método TWINSPAN separou as duas áreas, resultado corroborado pela ordenação através do método DCA. As áreas apresentaram solos arenosos, distróficos, álicos e com baixa capacidade de troca catiônica. A ordenação das variáveis químicas do solo por PCA mostrou que as parcelas do cerrado típico sobre Cambissolo foram fortemente influenciadas pelos teores de cobre, ferro e saturação por alumínio, e no cerrado rupestre as parcelas cinco parcelas (1, 2, 4, 5 e 7) foram influenciadas por cálcio, magnésio, fósforo e sódio, enquanto as demais (3, 6, 8, 9 e 10) foram influenciadas por alumínio, H+Al, potássio, matéria orgânica, zinco, manganês e pH.
Le Canada et la crise financière : un retour critique sur la thèse de l’exception canadienne
Authors: Dostie Claude
Published: June 2020

Les arguments avancés pour expliquer l’exception canadienne par rapport à la crise financière de 2007-2009 sont critiqués pour dégager un portrait plus nuancé du phénomène. L’article conclut que les différences objectives entre les systèmes bancaires canadien et américain ne peuvent plausiblement expliquer leur expérience différente de la crise. Celle-ci s’explique davantage par des facteurs impondérables qui ne sauraient servir de fondements à un modèle de réglementation optimale.
"Writing to Learn or Learning to Write". A Critical Review of "English as a Foreign Language" (EFL) Teaching Practices in Writing in Saudi Universities
Authors: Alshammari Sahal
Published: June 2020

Developing proficiency in English writing has always been a challenge for L2 learners in general and Saudi learners in particular. Despite the widespread presence of English departments as a result of the sharp rise of Saudi universities in the previous decade, the numbers of outcomes or achievements in terms of skills are very discouraging. This paper aims to study this issue closely by investigating the most crucial elements that are likely to explain this weakness by reviewing the related empirical and theoretical studies in the Saudi context. This paper also aims to present to researchers a quick reference as to how English writing skills have evolved in Saudi Arabia in the recent past, and specifies the challenges faced not only by Saudi L2 learners but also professionals involved in English language teaching. Moreover, this paper provides the professional with an overview of all the pedagogical improvisations carried out so far in the Saudi teaching context and suggests a path for moving forward.
Impacto de la implementación de un modelo ecoformativo a través de proyectos estratégicos: el caso de la Universidad Castro Carazo (Costa Rica)
Authors: Ocampo-Hernández Stefany , Arrieta Ávila Luis Alonso , Aguilar Barquero Virginia
Published: June 2020

La Universidad Castro Carazo ha adoptado un modelo educativo de ecoformación desde el año 2016. Para esto, ha sido necesaria la incorporación de buenas prácticas y estrategias de innovación pedagógica y curricular, como parte integral de sus procesos educativos y administrativos. En este artículo se detallan las prácticas y estrategias más relevantes: el diseño e implementación de un programa de especialización en docencia universitaria, la inauguración de un laboratorio de aprendizaje para el fomento del aprendizaje mediante la fabricación digital, los multientornos, y los mapas conceptuales, así como el fortalecimiento de un equipo de innovación curricular. Estos procesos disruptivos han cambiado la dinámica docentes-discentes, al promover un diálogo de saberes a través de espacios físicos y virtuales, donde el error es parte del aprendizaje, y donde la ecología de saberes se vuelve la base del conocimiento.
Los procesos de revisión textual en entornos virtuales de aprendizaje. Evaluar para aprender en la universidad
Authors: Gómez Devis María Begoña , Saneleuterio Elia
Published: June 2020

Este trabajo presenta los resultados de una investigación vinculada al desarrollo de competencias en evaluación de la expresión escrita —revisión y reescritura— en colaboración y en línea. En ella han participado 167 estudiantes matriculados durante 2018-2019 en primer y cuarto curso de los títulos de grado de Maestro/a en Educación Primaria (EP) y en Educación Infantil (EI) de la Universitat de València. Los datos analizados provienen de la experimentación de una serie de prácticas pedagógicas encaminadas al desarrollo y mejora de las competencias comunicativas académico-profesionales de ambas titulaciones y a todas luces convergentes con los principios del marco metodológico del EEES: (1) la centralidad de las competencias como objeto del aprendizaje universitario; (2) un modelo de aprendizaje orientado a la acción; y (3) un enfoque de la formación universitaria como proceso de acercamiento, incorporación e integración progresivos en la comunidad de expertos y profesionales del área. Para ello, se ha diseñado un procedimiento de evaluación que comprende una serie de tareas focalizadas en la educación lingüística de los futuros maestros, de cuyo análisis emerge el convencimiento del potencial del aprendizaje colaborativo, la eficacia de los entornos virtuales de aprendizaje y de la evaluación orientada al aprendizaje. Como conclusiones más relevantes, se confirma la capacidad del enfoque para generar dinámicas de colaboración entre iguales y su conveniencia para optimizar el aprendizaje de la escritura académica, así como el conocimiento pedagógico de la evaluación.
The "Film and Creative Engagement Project": Audiovisual Accessibility and Telecollaboration
Authors: Herrero Carmen , Valverde Karina , Costal Tomás , Sánchez-Requena Alicia
Published: June 2020

Globalisation and the advancement of ICTs invite the development of learners’ strategies and communication skills in higher education to participate fully in digitally networked societies. This paper analyses the results of a pilot study which is part of Film and Creative Engagement (FaCE), a collaborative research project between Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU), UK, and Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM), Campus Laguna in Torreón, Mexico. There were two main aims: (1) to create a short project that was inspiring, stimulating and enjoyable that could be transferable to other high education institutions; and (2) to provide a training that could help students shape their future, fulfill their academic potential and develop strong, social, international and professional relationships. Secondary goals included bringing Mexican and British university learners into contact via telecommunication to create contexts for interactivity and task-based collaboration. In the context of foreign language learning, the tasks were intended to develop participants’ skills on film analysis (such as cultural and intercultural awareness), and also, audiovisual accessibility (subtitles for the deaf and hard of hearing and audio description). This is a mixed study with 44 participants and the data was collected through pre- and post-questionnaires, student self-reflection reports and task evaluations. Particularly, the FaCE project helped students, regardless of their career path or specialisation, to enhance their language competence, collaborative work, critical thinking, innovation and creativity, management of information and communication technologies, and international collaboration in virtual environments.
Fatigue Flexural Performance of Short-Span Reinforced Concrete T-Beams Considering Overloading Effect
Authors: Zhuang Chenxu , Zhang Jinquan , Jiang Ruinian
Published: June 2020

Traffic volume increase and higher proportion of heavier trucks have raised the potential risk of fatigue failure of short-span reinforced concrete beams. To investigate the fatigue behavior of short-span reinforced concrete beams with and without the overload effect, nine 5 m reinforced concrete T-beams were cast and tested. Two beams were tested under static loading to determine the ultimate strength; the remaining seven beams were subjected to cyclic loading with constant-amplitude load ranges. In addition, two of the seven beams were subjected to instant overloading. It was observed that the typical failure mode under cyclic loading was the fatigue fracture of tensile reinforcing bars. The introduction of instant overloading resulted in a remarkable reduction of fatigue life. Among all the parameters, the stress range of the reinforcing bars showed the highest effect on the fatigue life. In the end, the fatigue safety provisions in the current reinforced concrete beam design codes were evaluated based on the fatigue limits and S-N curves.
Excise duties on alcohol and alcohol-containing products: fiscal importance, problems of taxation and ways for their solution
Authors: Kirillova Evgeniya Vladislavovna
Published: June 2020

The subject of this research is the excise taxation of alcohol and alcohol-containing products. The author examines the fiscal role of excise alcohol and alcohol-containing products and carries out its assessment in the relative value. Special attention is given to the analysis of existing problems with regards to taxation of these products, as well as the measures aimed at improvement of taxation mechanism. The author notes that the key problems lie in misconduct of taxpayers due to application of illegal schemes and concealment of the actual production output, which leads to negative consequences in part of tax revenue. Having analyzed different views of the economists pertaining to the vectors of improvement of taxation mechanism, the author present the original conclusions and recommendations of the possible ways of addressing the problems. It is underlined that only the implementation of effective measures can help to active stable increase in tax revenue and decrease in the number of offences by participants of the market.
Verification of constitutionality of tax breaks: Russian and U.S. approaches
Authors: Bratko Tatiana Dmitrievna
Published: June 2020

  Ensuring compliance with the generally accepted principles of law, protection of human and civil constitutional right and freedoms are attributed to a number of fundamental problems of the Russian and foreign law. Special place among them belongs to the problem of protection of constitutional rights of tax payers, particularly the contest of constitutionality of tax breaks. The essentially different approaches towards verification of constitutionality of tax breaks have established in the Russian Federation and the United States. Unlike the Supreme Court of the United States, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation refuses to verify the constitutionality of tax breaks based on compliances of the taxpayers, and thus in the author’s opinion, neglects the violation of constitutional norms. The goal of this article consists in examination of the problem of contest of constitutionality of tax breaks by the Russian taxpayers, and finding a possible way for its solution that would ensure compliance with the constitutional requirements in terms of tax incentivization. For achieving the set goal, the author resorts to comparative analysis of the practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Court of the United States on the questions of verification of constitutionality of tax breaks. The author believes that the Supreme Court of the United States leans on the presumption of constitutionality of tax breaks, while the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation – on the fiction of constitutionality of tax breaks. The conclusion is made in the need for implementation of the U.S. experience in the Russian Federation due to positive assessment of the developed by the Supreme Court of the United States algorithm of verification of constitutionality of tax breaks and presumption of constitutionality of tax breaks.  
A microscopy-based kinetic analysis of yeast vacuolar protein sorting
Authors: Casler Jason C , Glick Benjamin S
Published: June 2020

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is amenable to studying membrane traffic by live-cell fluorescence microscopy. We used this system to explore two aspects of cargo protein traffic through prevacuolar endosome (PVE) compartments to the vacuole. First, at what point during Golgi maturation does a biosynthetic vacuolar cargo depart from the maturing cisternae? To address this question, we modified a regulatable fluorescent secretory cargo by adding a vacuolar targeting signal. Traffic of the vacuolar cargo requires the GGA clathrin adaptors, which arrive during the early-to-late Golgi transition. Accordingly, the vacuolar cargo begins to exit the Golgi near the midpoint of maturation, significantly before exit of a secretory cargo. Second, how are cargoes delivered from PVE compartments to the vacuole? To address this question, we tracked biosynthetic and endocytic cargoes after they had accumulated in PVE compartments. The results suggest that stable PVE compartments repeatedly deliver material to the vacuole by a kiss-and-run mechanism.
Specific labeling of synaptic schwann cells reveals unique cellular and molecular features
Authors: Castro Ryan , Taetzsch Thomas , Vaughan Sydney K , Godbe Kerilyn , Chappell John , Settlage Robert E , Valdez Gregorio
Published: June 2020

Perisynaptic Schwann cells (PSCs) are specialized, non-myelinating, synaptic glia of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), that participate in synapse development, function, maintenance, and repair. The study of PSCs has relied on an anatomy-based approach, as the identities of cell-specific PSC molecular markers have remained elusive. This limited approach has precluded our ability to isolate and genetically manipulate PSCs in a cell specific manner. We have identified neuron-glia antigen 2 (NG2) as a unique molecular marker of S100β+ PSCs in skeletal muscle. NG2 is expressed in Schwann cells already associated with the NMJ, indicating that it is a marker of differentiated PSCs. Using a newly generated transgenic mouse in which PSCs are specifically labeled, we show that PSCs have a unique molecular signature that includes genes known to play critical roles in PSCs and synapses. These findings will serve as a springboard for revealing drivers of PSC differentiation and function.
Alternative polyadenylation mediates genetic regulation of gene expression
Authors: Mittleman Briana E , Pott Sebastian , Warland Shane , Zeng Tony , Mu Zepeng , Kaur Mayher , Gilad Yoav , Li Yang
Published: June 2020

Little is known about co-transcriptional or post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms linking noncoding variation to variation in organismal traits. To begin addressing this gap, we used 3’ Seq to study the impact of genetic variation on alternative polyadenylation (APA) in the nuclear and total mRNA fractions of 52 HapMap Yoruba human lymphoblastoid cell lines. We mapped 602 APA quantitative trait loci (apaQTLs) at 10% FDR, of which 152 were nuclear specific. Effect sizes at intronic apaQTLs are negatively correlated with eQTL effect sizes. These observations suggest genetic variants can decrease mRNA expression levels by increasing usage of intronic PAS. We also identified 24 apaQTLs associated with protein levels, but not mRNA expression. Finally, we found that 19% of apaQTLs can be associated with disease. Thus, our work demonstrates that APA links genetic variation to variation in gene expression, protein expression, and disease risk, and reveals uncharted modes of genetic regulation.
Obligatory Movement Operations for Verbal Roots in Najdi Arabic
Authors: Khulud Al Qahtani , Mohammad Al Zahrani
Published: June 2020

This paper focuses on the obligatory movement operations that Najdi Arabic (NA) verb forms must undergo to satisfy the morphosyntactic requirements within the minimalist program (MP). Recall that the practice of the MP syntactic theory, including its further advancements, proposed by Chomsky (1995, 2000, 2001) springs from the fact that the grammar of a language starts basically from the lexicon from which suitable words are selected to form clauses. The selected words undergo some syntactic operations such as Merge, by which larger constituents are formed, and Move, by which the formed constituents move to higher positions in the hierarchy to fulfil some specific syntactic purposes. When the elements have undergone the operations of Merge and Move they are spelled out into phonetic forms (PF) and logical forms (LF). In light of this, we argue that NA verbs start out as roots in the head of VP before merging with the vocalic affixes in the head of Tax-AspP to satisfy the subjectverb agreement requirements and mark the aspect features. Perfective verb forms must then continue to move to T to merge with the past tense abstract features while imperfective forms stay in Tax-AspP. The thematic subject is generated in Spec,VP; it may stay there to derive the VSO order, or move higher to derive the SVO order. The findings show that obligatory movements indicate interactions between the functional categories of TP, Tax-AspP and VP: NA verbal roots obligatorily move to Tax-Asp to derive (im)perfective forms; perfectives obligatorily move to T.
Phonopragmatic Manifestations in Iraqi Husseini Preachers’ Discourse: A Qualitative Auto-segmental Metrical Analysis
Authors: Hameed Al-Hindawi Fareed , Jubair Kadhim Basim , Abdul Raheem Saeed Mahdi
Published: June 2020

This study is concerned with phonopragmatics, as a phenomenon that is based on phonological factors to convey the speaker’s intentions in Husseini discourse. Husseini discourse is a genre which is mainly characterized by the use of eloquent religious styles. Specifically, the study aims to investigate the Husseini preachers’ use of prosodic patterns under the approach of phonopragmatics; that is, the pragmatic treatment of modifying the preachers’ intonation contours in their speeches. A workable model is designed for the analysis of the data, based on the exploitation of prosodic features. Twenty Husseini sermons are analyzed by means of the model. The most important findings of the analysis indicate that certain prosodic contours are pragmatically used by Husseini preachers in order to convey significant illocutionary forces and to highly affect their audience.
A SUBSTITUIÇÃO DAS OCLUSIVAS ALVEOLARES PELO TEPE ALVEOLAR: UMA ABORDAGEM TEÓRICA
Authors: Mendes Wellington Araujo
Published: June 2020

Considerando que a substituição das oclusivas alveolares /t/ e /d/ pelo tepe alveolar /ɾ/ seja um fenômeno opcional na língua inglesa, este estudo busca descrever as características fonológicas do /ɾ/ e sua incidência entre falantes brasileiros de inglês como segunda língua. Ainda que a ocorrência do tepe seja frequente no inglês americano e o segmento tenha recebido atenção em recentes estudos fonológicos do dialeto, há poucos fatos definidos sobre ele. Verificamos que por vezes a sua realização é falha e algumas regras de aplicação nem sempre podem ser atribuídas. Por último, a partir de uma análise comparativa com os registros de Silva (2012), Kreidler (2004) e Mendes (2013), verificamos que, aparentemente, os falantes brasileiros de inglês utilizam o tepe alveolar em ambientes de produção semelhantes aos observados em falantes nativos.
Журавль-красавка - индикатор экологического благополучия в степях России, "Природа"
Authors: Белик Виктор Павлович , Ильяшенко Валентин Юрьевич , Ильяшенко Елена Ивановна
Published: June 2020

В связи с критическим состоянием журавлей во всем мире 2020 год объявлен международным годом журавлей. Почему же такие большие и сильные птицы, практически не имеющие врагов вприроде, оказались в списках красных книг как уязвимые и находящиеся под угрозой исчезновения виды Основная причина кроется в деградации и исчезновении место обитаний этих птиц. Особенно это коснулось журавля-красавки (Anthropoides virgo)- единственного вида из всех обитающих в России журавлей, жизнь которого связана с сухими открытыми ландшафтами. К концу прошлого века численность красавки удалось частично восстановить, однако в последнее десятилетие она вновь начала сокращаться в некоторых популяциях (в Причерноморье, в Крыму, на Дону и в Поволжье). Для выяснения причин и разработки новых рекомендаций по охране красавки были организованы комплексные исследования на юге России, частично поддержанные грантом Русского географического общества «Дистанционный мониторинг южнорусских популяций журавля красавки - “флагового” вида для сохранения биоразнообразия степей России».
Лаборатории, где рождаются ледоколы, "Природа"
Authors: Сазонов Кирилл Евгеньевич
Published: June 2020

Создание современной техники, предназначенной для эксплуатации в суровых арктических условиях, - сложный и длительный процесс, его важнейшим этапом считается определение уровня ледовых нагрузок, которые могут подействовать на создаваемый технический объект. Наиболее эффективное решение этой задачи осуществляется в специальных научных лабораториях - ледовых бассейнах. В статье описаны основные этапы создания ледовых бассейнов, особенности их работы и основные виды экспериментов, проводимых в них.
Как создается флорентийская мозаика, "Природа"
Authors: Беляков Андрей Юрьевич , Прыгов Вадим Игнатьевич
Published: June 2020

Этапы создания флорентийской мозаики с момента изобретения этой техники в середине XVI в. и до наших дней остаются неизменными: выполнение эскиза, выделение фрагментов, изготовление деталей, сборка их в картину и финишная обработка. Технический прогресс дал немыслимые ранее возможности в изготовлении фрагментов картины, соединении их между собой, окончательной обработке. Это позволило значительно ускорить создание мозаик, расширить минеральную палитру и, главное, сосредоточить основное внимание на художественном и эстетическом содержании произведения.
Между верой и разумом: великий бактериолог Владимир Хавкин, "Природа"
Authors: Сорокина М.Ю.
Published: June 2020

В контексте современной борьбы с новым инфекционным заболеванием, вызванным коронавирусом и охватившим весь мир, важно обратиться к опыту людей, спасших в свое время мир от чумы и холеры. Особенно вдохновляет исторический пример бактериолога Владимира Хавкина, у которого в 2020 г. сразу две памятные даты -160 лет со дня рождения и 90 лет со дня ухода. Выросший в России, ученик и коллега великих ученых- И.И.Мечникова, Л.Пастера и РКоха, Хавкин приехал в Индию в 1893 г. при поддержке британской колониальной администрации, чтобы проверить эффективность вакцины против холеры, которую создал, работая в лаборатории Пастера в Париже, и провел в Индии более 20 лет (с перерывами). «Он спас жизнь миллионам» - так обычно пишут о Владимире Хавкине. И это правда, хотя он был не медиком, а зоологом, ставшим бактериологом. Хавкин верил в профилактику и сосредоточил свои исследования на разработке и производстве вакцин против чумы и холеры, которые тестировал прежде всего на себе. Статья, основанная на документах, хранящихся в личном архиве В.Хавкина в библиотеке Еврейского университета в Иерусалиме, посвящена неизвестным страницам жизни выдающегося бактериолога и филантропа, который имел много врагов и недоброжелателей и которому пришлось выдержать немало жизненных испытаний.
Восстановление изображений подводных объектов, искаженных неровной морской поверхностью, "Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика"
Authors: Гардашов Р. Г. , Гардашов Е.Р. , Гардашова Т.Г.
Published: June 2020

Предлагается метод аппроксимации мгновенной формы взволнованной поверхности как суперпозиции гармонических волн с неизвестными амплитудами, волновыми векторами и фазами. Эти неизвестные параметры определяются с использованием характеристик бликов, таких как их координаты и площади. Показывается, что при определённом соотношении числа гармоник и бликов эти неизвестные могут быть определены как решение выведенной системы нелинейных уравнений. Далее решена задача восстановления мгновенного изображения подводного объекта, искажённого поверхностным волнением. Разработан алгоритм восстановления искажённого волнением исходного изображения, основанный на аппроксимации мгновенной формы взволнованной поверхности. Проведён натурный эксперимент, результаты которого показали работоспособность метода. Отмечаются причины, затрудняющие достаточно хорошее восстановление, и пути устранения этих затруднений. Показывается, что при априори известной форме объекта глубину его нахождения можно определить по критерии: «как глубина наилучшего восстановления формы объекта». Добавление к разработанному алгоритму модулей, учитывающих рассеяние и поглощение света в атмосфере и в морской воде, позволит применить его для коррекций изображений подводных объектов, снятых с летательных аппаратов.
Всемирная глобальная научная программа «Будущее Земли»: Мировой океан и радиационный фактор, "Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика"
Authors: Сушкевич Т.А.
Published: June 2020

В интересах Всемирной Глобальной Научной Программы «Будущее Земли» проблемы эволюции, климата, экологии, глобального мониторинга и дистанционного зондирования Земли рассматриваются как радиационный фактор и исследуются на основе теории переноса излучения как сопряженные с учетом рассеяния и поглощения солнечного и собственного излучения. В теоретических и прикладных исследованиях в науках о Земле внедрился термин «Глобальная система», введенный Н.Н. Моисеевым: необходимы анализ и синтез знаний о развитии планетарной цивилизации. Особую значимость приобретает проблема адекватной оценки роли и веса моделируемых подсистем в долгосрочной эволюции всей «Глобальной системы», связанных в том числе с радиационным полем Земли. Радиационное поле Земли - единое физическое поле (электромагнитное излучение) и объединяющий фактор динамической системы Земля. Разработаны модели учета обмена и разделения вкладов излучения атмосферы и океана. По оценке экспертов радиационный фактор влияния на климатическую систему Земли составляет от 40 % до 60 %. Р.И. Нигматулин выдвинул гипотезу: «Океан - диктатор климата». Н20 и С02 облачность и океан - главные конкурирующие факторы радиационного форсинга. Для исследований радиационного фактора влияния Мирового океана на изменение климата и эволюцию Земли необходимо международное сотрудничество с привлечением комплексных систем наблюдений радиационных процессов под водой, на воде и из космоса при поддержке суперкомпьютерного моделирования и big data.
КОМПЛЕКСНЫЙ ПОДХОД К ЛЕЧЕНИЮ ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗА ЛЕГКИХ У РЕБЕНКА ИЗ СЕМЕЙНОГО ОЧАГА ИНФЕКЦИИ С МНОЖЕСТВЕННОЙ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННОЙ УСТОЙЧИВОСТЬЮ ВОЗБУДИТЕЛЯ И ПОЗДНИМ ВЫЯВЛЕНИЕМ, "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберкулеза"
Authors: Губкина Марина Федоровна , Стерликова Светлана Сергеевна , Петракова Ирина Юрьевна , Хохлова Юлия Юрьевна , Юхименко Наталья Валентиновна
Published: June 2020

Представленное клиническое наблюдение демонстрирует позднее выявление туберкулеза (ТБ) у ребенка из семейного очага инфекции с множественной лекарственной устойчивостью (МЛУ) микобактерий туберкулеза (МБТ), связанное как с недостатками диспансерного наблюдения по контакту с больными ТБ родителями, так и низкой приверженностью к лечению источников инфекции. Проведение химиотерапии в соответствии с сохраненной лекарственной чувствительностью МБТ и переносимостью противотуберкулезных препаратов (ПТП) в сочетании с хирургическим лечением позволили достичь клинического излечения от ТБ с минимальными остаточными изменениями.
Identification of BLNK and BTK as mediators of rituximab‐induced programmed cell death by CRISPR screens in GCB‐subtype diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Thomsen Emil Aagaard , Rovsing Anne Bruun , Anderson Mads Valdemar , Due Hanne , Huang Jinrong , Luo Yonglun , Dybkær Karen , Mikkelsen Jacob Giehm
Published: June 2020

Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is characterized by extensive genetic heterogeneity, and this results in unpredictable responses to the current treatment, R‐CHOP, which consists of a cancer drug combination supplemented with the humanized CD20‐targeting monoclonal antibody rituximab. Despite improvements in the patient response rate through rituximab addition to the treatment plan, up to 40% of DLBCL patients end in a relapsed or refractory state due to inherent or acquired resistance to the regimen. Here, we employ a lentiviral genome‐wide clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats library screening approach to identify genes involved in facilitating the rituximab response in cancerous B cells. Along with the CD20‐encoding MS4A1 gene, we identify genes related to B‐cell receptor (BCR) signaling as mediators of the intracellular signaling response to rituximab. More specifically, the B‐cell linker protein (BLNK) and Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) genes stand out as pivotal genes in facilitating direct rituximab‐induced apoptosis through mechanisms that occur alongside complement‐dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Our findings demonstrate that rituximab triggers BCR signaling in a BLNK‐ and BTK‐dependent manner and support the existing notion that intertwined CD20 and BCR signaling pathways in germinal center B‐cell‐like‐subtype DLBCL lead to programmed cell death.