bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paleoceanographic changes and calcium carbonate dissolution in the central Fram Strait during the last 20 ka
Authors: Zamelczyk Katarzyna , Rasmussen Tine L. , Husum Katrine , Haflidason Haflidi , de Vernal Anne , Ravna Erling Krogh , Hald Morten , Hillaire-Marcel Claude
Published: August 2012

A deep-sea sediment core covering the last 20 ka and located between the Polar and the Arctic fronts in the marginal ice zone (MIZ) of the central Fram Strait has been investigated for changes in paleoceanography and calcium carbonate preservation. The reconstruction is based on the distribution patterns of planktic foraminifera, mean shell weight and the degree of fragmentation of their shells, stable isotopes and other geochemical and sedimentological data. The results show that the planktic foraminifera shells are poorly preserved throughout most of the record. Only the intervals comprising the early Holocene from 10.8 to ~ 8 cal ka BP and the last 800 yr show improved preservation of CaCO3. The dissolution correlated with the extent of Arctic water and the associated marginal ice zone (MIZ) and high organic productivity. Dissolution of planktic foraminifera is generally high during the late deglaciation, mid and late Holocene prior to ~ 800 cal yr BP. The abundance of small subpolar species increases in the surface sediments dating from the last century, which could be interpreted as a large and significant surface water warming. However, this apparent high-magnitude warming seems to be overestimated due to preservation changes in the youngest sediments.
The Body of the Conquistador
Authors: Earle Rebecca
Published: August 2012

This fascinating history explores the dynamic relationship between overseas colonisation and the bodily experience of eating. It reveals the importance of food to the colonial project in Spanish America and reconceptualises the role of European colonial expansion in shaping the emergence of ideas of race during the Age of Discovery. Rebecca Earle shows that anxieties about food were fundamental to Spanish understandings of the new environment they inhabited and their interactions with the native populations of the New World. Settlers wondered whether Europeans could eat New World food, whether Indians could eat European food and what would happen to each if they did. By taking seriously their ideas about food we gain a richer understanding of how settlers understood the physical experience of colonialism and of how they thought about one of the central features of the colonial project. The result is simultaneously a history of food, colonialism and race.
Risk Modelling in General Insurance
Authors: Gray Roger J. , Pitts Susan M.
Published: August 2012

Knowledge of risk models and the assessment of risk is a fundamental part of the training of actuaries and all who are involved in financial, pensions and insurance mathematics. This book provides students and others with a firm foundation in a wide range of statistical and probabilistic methods for the modelling of risk, including short-term risk modelling, model-based pricing, risk-sharing, ruin theory and credibility. It covers much of the international syllabuses for professional actuarial examinations in risk models, but goes into further depth, with worked examples, exercises and detailed case studies. The authors also use the statistical package R to demonstrate how simple code and functions can be used profitably in an actuarial context. The authors' engaging and pragmatic approach, balancing rigour and intuition and developed over many years of teaching the subject, makes this book ideal for self-study or for students taking courses in risk modelling.
The Foundations of Deliberative Democracy
Authors: Steiner Jürg
Published: August 2012

Deliberative democracy is now an influential approach to the study of democracy and political behaviour. Its key proposition is that, in politics, it is not only power that counts, but good discussions and arguments too. This book examines the interplay between the normative and empirical aspects of the deliberative model of democracy. Jürg Steiner presents the main normative controversies in the literature on deliberation, including self-interest, civility and truthfulness. He then summarizes the empirical literature on deliberation and proposes methods by which the level of deliberation can be measured rather than just assumed. Steiner's empirical research is based in the work of various research groups, including experiments with ordinary citizens in the deeply divided societies of Colombia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Belgium, as well as Finland and the European Union. Steiner draws normative implications from a combination of both normative controversies and empirical findings.
The Art of Biography in Antiquity
Authors: Hägg Tomas , Harrison Stephen
Published: August 2012

Greek and Roman biography embraces much more than Plutarch, Suetonius and their lost Hellenistic antecedents. In this book Professor Hägg explores the whole range and diversity of ancient biography, from its Socratic beginnings to the Christian acquisition of the form in late antiquity. He shows how creative writers developed the lives of popular heroes like Homer, Aesop and Alexander and how the Christian gospels grew from bare sayings to full lives. In imperial Rome biography flourished in the works of Greek writers: Lucian's satire, Philostratus' full sophistic orchestration, Porphyry's intellectual portrait of Plotinus. Perhaps surprisingly, it is not political biography or the lives of poets that provide the main artery of ancient biography, but various kinds of philosophical, spiritual and ethical lives. Applying a consistent biographical reading to a representative set of surviving texts, this book opens up the manifold but often neglected art of biography in classical antiquity.
France under Fire
Authors: Dombrowski Risser Nicole
Published: August 2012

'We request an immediate favour of you, to build a shelter for us women and small children, because we have absolutely no place to take refuge and we are terrified!' This French mother's petition sent to her mayor on the eve of Germany's 1940 invasion of France reveals civilians' security concerns unleashed by the Blitzkrieg fighting tactics of World War II. Unprepared for air warfare's assault on civilian psyches, French planners were among the first in history to respond to civilian security challenges posed by aerial bombardment. France under Fire offers a social, political and military examination of the origins of the French refugee crisis of 1940, a mass displacement of eight million civilians fleeing German combatants. Scattered throughout a divided France, refugees turned to German Occupation officials and Vichy administrators for relief and repatriation. Their solutions raised questions about occupying powers' obligations to civilians and elicited new definitions of refugees' rights.
Thinking about Practice in Integrated Children's Services: Considering Transdisciplinarity
Authors: Nolan Andrea , Cartmel Jennifer , Macfarlane Kym
Published: August 2012

Integrated service delivery in the early childhood education and care sector is burgeoning as a direct result of government agendas in Australia that privilege services for young children and families, especially those considered most vulnerable and at risk. In many cases this means reviewing and revising current practice to work more collaboratively with other professionals. This paper reports the findings of one aspect of a larger Australian study entitled: ‘Developing and sustaining pedagogical leadership in early childhood education and care professionals’. The focus of this paper is the understandings and practices of professionals in both Queensland and Victoria working in integrated Children's Services across the education, care, community and health sectors. The notion of transdisciplinary practice is also explored as a way to sustain practice. Qualitative data collection methods, including the ‘Circles of Change’ process, the ‘Significant Change’ method and semi-structured interviews were used. The findings indicate concerns around professional identity, feeling valued, role confusion and the boundaries imposed by funding regulations. Working in a transdisciplinary way was generally considered a useful way to move practice forward in these settings, although the ramifications for leadership that this approach brings requires further consideration.
Disk Position Nonlinearity Effects on the Chaotic Behavior of Rotating Flexible Shaft-Disk Systems
Authors: Khanlo H. M. , Ghayour M. , Ziaei-Rad S.
Published: August 2012

This study investigates the effects of disk position nonlinearities on the nonlinear dynamic behavior of a rotating flexible shaft-disk system. Displacement of the disk on the shaft causes certain nonlinear terms which appears in the equations of motion, which can in turn affect the dynamic behavior of the system. The system is modeled as a continuous shaft with a rigid disk in different locations. Also, the disk gyroscopic moment is considered. The partial differential equations of motion are extracted under the Rayleigh beam theory. The assumed modes method is used to discretize partial differential equations and the resulting equations are solved via numerical methods. The analytical methods used in this work are inclusive of time series, phase plane portrait, power spectrum, Poincaré map, bifurcation diagrams, and Lyapunov exponents. The effect of disk nonlinearities is studied for some disk positions. The results confirm that when the disk is located at mid-span of the shaft, only the regular motion (period one) is observed. However, periodic, sub-harmonic, quasi-periodic, and chaotic states can be observed for situations in which the disk is located at places other than the middle of the shaft. The results show nonlinear effects are negligible in some cases.
Umbilical cord PUFA are determined by maternal and child fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genetic variants in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)
Authors: Lattka Eva , Koletzko Berthold , Zeilinger Sonja , Hibbeln Joseph R. , Klopp Norman , Ring Susan M. , Steer Colin D.
Published: August 2012

Fetal supply with long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) during pregnancy is important for brain growth and visual and cognitive development and is provided by materno–fetal placental transfer. We recently showed that maternal fatty acid desaturase (FADS)genotypes modulate the amounts of LC-PUFA in maternal blood. WhetherFADSgenotypes influence the amounts of umbilical cord fatty acids has not been investigated until now. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of maternal and childFADSgenotypes on the amounts of LC-PUFA in umbilical cord venous plasma as an indicator of fetal fatty acid supply during pregnancy. A total of eleven cord plasman-6 andn-3 fatty acids were analysed for association with seventeenFADSgene cluster SNP in over 2000 mothers and children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. In a multivariable analysis, the maternal genotype effect was adjusted for the child genotype and vice versa to estimate which of the two has the stronger influence on cord plasma fatty acids. Both maternal and childFADSgenotypes and haplotypes influenced amounts of cord plasma LC-PUFA and fatty acid ratios. Specifically, most analysed maternal SNP were associated with cord plasma levels of the precursorn-6 PUFA, whereas the child genotypes were mainly associated with more highly desaturatedn-6 LC-PUFA. This first study onFADSgenotypes and cord fatty acids suggests that fetal LC-PUFA status is determined to some extent by fetal fatty acid conversion. Associations of particular haplotypes suggest specific effects of SNP rs498793 and rs968567 on fatty acid metabolism.
Polymorphic organization in a planktonic graptoloid (Hemichordata: Pterobranchia) colony of Late Ordovician age
Authors: ZALASIEWICZ JAN A. , PAGE ALEX , RICKARDS R. BARRIE , WILLIAMS MARK , WILBY PHILIP R. , HOWE MICHAEL P. A. , SNELLING ANDREA M.
Published: August 2012

Graptolites are common fossils in Early Palaeozoic strata, but little is known of their soft-part anatomy. However, we report a long-overlooked specimen ofDicranograptusaff.ramosusfrom Late Ordovician strata of southern Scotland that preserves a strongly polymorphic, recalcitrant, organic-walled network hitherto unseen in graptoloid graptolites. This network displays three morphologies: proximally, a strap-like pattern, likely of flattened tubes; these transform distally into isolated, hourglass-shaped structures; then, yet more distally, revert to a (simpler) strap-like pattern. The network most likely represents a stolon-like system, hitherto unknown in graptoloids, that connected individual zooids. Its alternative interpretation, as colonial xenobionts that infested a graptoloid colony and mimicked its architecture, is considered less likely on taphonomic and palaeobiological grounds. Such polymorphism is not known in non-graptolite pterobranchs, which are less diverse and morphologically more conservative: a division of labour between graptoloid zooids for such functions as feeding, breeding and rhabdosome construction may have been the key to their remarkable evolutionary success.
Modulating reproduction of Penaeidae shrimps: ecological responses of two sympatric species (Decapoda: Dendrobranchiata) on south-eastern Brazilian coast
Authors: Gomes Ana Paula Pereira , Keunecke Karina Annes , da Silva Demarques Ribeiro , Vianna Marcelo
Published: August 2012

The present study investigated the reproductive biology of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis and Farfantepenaeus paulensis captured offshore and at two important fishing grounds, Guanabara Bay and Araruama Lagoon both on the south-eastern Brazil coast. The females’ size at first maturation was 37.90 mm of carapace length (CL) for F. brasiliensis and 41.95 mm of CL for F. paulensis. Both species presented continuous reproduction with two spawning peaks. For F. brasiliensis these peaks occurred during summer and winter and for F. paulensis during summer and autumn. The sex-ratio of the pink shrimp was favourable to the number of females which can be a strategy to guarantee the reproduction.
Genetic population structure ofLiza haematocheilusin north-western Pacific detected by amplified fragment length polymorphism markers
Authors: Han Zhi-Qiang , Han Gang , Gao Tian-Xiang , Wang Zhi-Yong , Shui Bo-Nian
Published: August 2012

Several divergent sympatry mtDNA lineages have been described in redlip mulletLiza haematocheilus, and this high inter-lineage divergence raises questions about the taxonomic status ofL. haematocheiluslineages in the north-western Pacific. In this study, the amplified fragment length polymorphism technique was employed to examine genetic structure ofL. haematocheilusand estimate the level of independence of the different mtDNA lineages in the north-western Pacific. A total of 186 bands were amplified from 91 individuals among 8 populations by 4 primer combinations and the percentage of polymorphic bands was 91.74%. The Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean tree based on Nei genetic distance revealed two clusters (North Clade and South Clade). Molecular variance analysis and pairwise FSTsupported the separation of north and south populations ofL. haematocheilusin the north-western Pacific. The incongruence between nuclear groups and mitochondrial lineages suggests the three distinct lineages do not represent cryptic species and the presence of divergent mitochondrial lineages in the same sample is a result of secondary contact after an extended period of isolation. The Pleistocene isolation and biological characteristics of species may be responsible for the genetic differentiation ofL. haematocheilus.
A Mix of Bulk and Ready-to-Use Modified-Texture Food: Impact on Older Adults Requiring Dysphagic Food
Authors: Keller Heather H. , Chambers Larry W. , Fergusson Dean A. , Niezgoda Helen , Parent Maxim , Caissie Danielle , Lemire Nicole
Published: August 2012

Les aliments à texture modifiée prêts à servir (ATMp) sont offerts commercialement et peuvent être plus attrayant que les produits conventionnels maison ou commerciaux en vrac. Une étude prospective de neuf mois utilisant l’approche de séries temporelles interrompues, où les participants (n= 42) agissaient comme leur propre témoin, a examiné l’impact des ATMp sur le poids, les objectifs de poids, l’apport alimentaire et les comorbidités. Soixante-quatorze pour cent des participants ont atteint leurs objectifs de poids à la fin d’une période de six mois où ils consommaient les ATMp. Il était plus probable, mais pas statistiquement significatif, que les participants ont eu un gain de poids pendant l’intervention (6 mois) comparé à la période de contrôle (3 mois) offrant la diète d’aliments conventionnels (ATMc) (RC 3.5,p= .16). L’apport alimentaire (en g) n’a pas différé de façon significative à travers l’étude. Cependant, la pente légèrement négative pourrait être expliquée par une consommation significativement supérieure de gras pendant l’intervention (p= .01), ce qui a aidé à maintenir le poids des participants. L'augementation des comorbidités et une réduction de la consommation alimentaire sont communs chez les personnes âgées atteintes de dysphagie. Des aliments fortifiés en nutriments sont nécessaires pour combler leurs besoins nutritionnels. Les questions méthodologiques rencontrées dans la conduite de cette étude peuvent orienter les travaux futurs.
Molecular epidemiology and clinical manifestations of human cryptosporidiosis in Sweden
Authors: INSULANDER M. , SILVERLÅS C. , LEBBAD M. , KARLSSON L. , MATTSSON J. G. , SVENUNGSSON B.
Published: August 2012

This study describes the epidemiology and symptoms in 271 cryptosporidiosis patients in Stockholm County, Sweden. Species/genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment-length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) of theCryptosporidiumoocyst wall protein (COWP) and 18S rRNA genes. Species wereC. parvum(n=111),C. hominis(n=65),C. meleagridis(n=11),C. felis(n=2),Cryptosporidiumchipmunk genotype 1 (n=2), and a recently described species,C. viatorum(n=2). Analysis of the Gp60 gene revealed fiveC. hominisallele families (Ia, Ib, Id, Ie, If), and fourC. parvumallele families (IIa, IIc, IId, IIe). MostC. parvumcases (51%) were infected in Sweden, as opposed toC. hominiscases (26%). Clinical manifestations differed slightly by species. Diarrhoea lasted longer inC. parvumcases compared toC. hominisandC. meleagridiscases. At follow-up 25–36 months after disease onset, 15% of the patients still reported intermittent diarrhoea. In four outbreaks and 13 family clusters, a single subtype was identified, indicating a common infection source, which emphasizes the value of genotyping for epidemiological investigations.
The epidemiology of meningococcal disease in Latin America 1945–2010: an unpredictable and changing landscape
Authors: SÁFADI M. A. P. , GONZÁLEZ-AYALA S. , JÄKEL A. , WIEFFER H. , MORENO C. , VYSE A.
Published: August 2012

Meningococcal disease is mostly endemic in Latin America, with periodic occurrences of outbreaks and epidemics over the last few decades. This literature review summarizes the available epidemiological data for this region between 1945 and 2010. Incidence rates and serogroup distribution differ from country to country and over time. Serogroups A, B, and C have all been major causes of meningococcal disease since the 1970s. In the last decade serogroups W135 and Y may now be emerging in certain countries, with serogroup A virtually disappearing. Although progress has been made in improving and coordinating the surveillance of invasive disease, the uniformity and quality of reported data reflect the fact that the current surveillance systems focus on passive rather than active reporting, hence the reliability of data may vary between countries. Consideration of vaccination policies to control meningococcal disease can only be made with a sufficient understanding of the changing epidemiology in the region.
Zebrafish inner retina: Local signals for spatial position, luminance, and color contrast
Authors: BURKHARDT DWIGHT A.
Published: August 2012

The retina of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) provides an unusually favorable preparation for genetic and developmental studies of the retina. Although the retina has been studied extensively for two decades, the neuronal response of the inner retina is largely unknown. This report describes a prominent local field potential of the inner retina, the Proximal Negative Response (PNR). It is best evoked by small (100 μm) precisely positioned spots of light and is exceedingly sensitive to negative luminance contrast. The polarity, waveform, and other properties of the PNR suggest that it arises primarily from ON-OFF neurons of the proximal retina. The dominant response to negative contrast and its enhancement by light adaptation is believed due to a dominant presynaptic input from OFF bipolar cells. Color contrast was investigated by analyzing responses to a green bar moving on green versus red backgrounds. Over an intermediate range of irradiance, the response to green on red was larger than the response to green on green, thereby providing evidence for the encoding of color contrast. The present findings complement the classic principle of color contrast for human vision known as Kirschmann’s third law and bring to mind the view of Walls that color contrast may have been the driving force for the evolution of color vision in lower vertebrates. In sum, the PNR of zebrafish provides clear evidence for the encoding of color and luminance contrast in the inner retina. It exhibits the defining properties common to many other vertebrates, reinforcing the view that the zebrafish may further serve as a model for retinal function and that the PNR may provide a new approach for studies of development, genetics, and retinal degeneration in zebrafish.
Importance of dead wood resources for woodpeckers in coniferous stands of the Białowieża Forest
Authors: CZESZCZEWIK DOROTA , WALANKIEWICZ WIESŁAW , MITRUS CEZARY , TUMIEL TOMASZ , STAŃSKI TOMASZ , SAHEL MUSTAPHA , BEDNARCZYK GRZEGORZ
Published: August 2012

Many woodpecker species are known to be sensitive to the removal of dead wood. In 1999–2001 and 2007–2009 woodpeckers and dead wood abundance were studied in coniferous stands of the Białowieża Forest, Poland. Transects (3.9–6 km long) were established in three zones of different types of management: 1) primeval, unmanaged stands (BNP); 2) partially managed nature reserve (RES); 3) heavily managed stands (MAN). Woodpeckers were counted along transects three times per season, and tree stand measurements (number of standing and fallen trees, diameter at breast height, volume of fallen logs) were made once every three years. Woodpecker indices were highest in BNP and lowest in RES in both three-year study periods. The highest number of species (seven) was recorded in RES. Indices of four woodpeckers including two focal species (Three-toed WoodpeckerPicoides tridactylusand White-backed WoodpeckerDendrocopos leucotos) were dependent on the basal area of dead standing trees. The same relation was found for the whole woodpecker assemblage. The highest indices were recorded in BNP, where the highest density of dead standing trees was recorded, and the lowest in the MAN transect with the lowest density of dead trees. However in the RES plot the amount of dead wood was much lower than in the national park. We recommend that the management regulations in Polish nature reserves be changed. In coniferous reserves, it would be best to leave at least 2 m2ha-1(basal area) of freshly killed sprucePiceasp. after each bark beetle outbreak.
A breeding colony of the Near Threatened Lesser FlamingoPhoeniconaias minorin western Africa: a conservation story of threats and land management
Authors: MORENO-OPO R. , OULD SIDATY Z. E. , BALDÒ J. M. , GARCÌA F. , OULD SEHLA DAF D. , GONZÀLEZ L. M.
Published: August 2012

The 2011 breeding results of the Lesser FlamingoPhoeniconaias minorat its only West African colony, in Aftout es Saheli, south-west Mauritania, are presented. Several breeding attempts have been documented since the second half of the 19thcentury although no successful breeding, in terms of fledged juveniles, was recorded until 2010. Adverse hydrological dynamics, easy access to the colony by predators, and disturbance and direct mortality caused by poachers led to the failure of all previous breeding attempts. In 2011 the breeding colony was monitored and a number of major threats were identified and averted. Management interventions consisted of deterring and trapping predators (jackalsCanis adustusandC. aureusand warthogPhacochoerus africanus) around the colony and preventing the killing of flamingos by poachers. As a result, 4,800 Lesser Flamingos and 10,200 Greater FlamingosPhoenicopterus roseusincubating individuals, as well as about 14,000 chicks of both species, were recorded. It was not possible to prevent the death by predation or other natural causes of 4,672 juveniles of both species after the wetland dried up, so the final estimated number of fledged juveniles was 10,000. The field work allowed us to collect information on hydrological dynamics and to propose conservation measures matching Lesser Flamingo ecological requirements. Similarly, we identified the most sustainable measures for deterring predators, with the aim of including them in the management of the wetland.
Abdullah Ahmad Badawi: A Malaysian Neo-Conservative?
Authors: HAMID AHMAD FAUZI ABDUL , ISMAIL MUHAMAD TAKIYUDDIN
Published: August 2012

This article proposes an analysis of changes implemented during Malaysia's Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi's administration (2003–09), using the theoretical framework commonplace in studies on conservatism. Based on the premise that transformations in conservative polities are prone to producing conflict, the dynamics of conflict situations during Abdullah's checkered Premiership is foregrounded. As we apply the main criteria defining conservatism to regime behaviour in Malaysia, it becomes clear that such criteria are stoutly held by the regime's elites in their quest for social harmony and political stability. Regime maintenance then finds justifications in such seemingly sublime ends, thereby self-perpetuating Malaysian conservatism. Such despondency prevailed during Mahathir Mohamad's administration (1981–2003), which displayed bias against changes and introduced schemes to justify the systems it upheld. Transmutations wrought during Abdullah's tenure may have been neither substantial nor totalizing, but within the conservative paradigm which had long gripped national politics, Abdullah's deviations were significant nevertheless.
Fiji: What Kind Of Militocracy?
Authors: LANE JAN-ERIK
Published: August 2012

The Republic of Fiji Islands has been under military rule since December 2006. Yet, the regime of Frank Bainimarama is not really like any other military regime in the world, nor does the 2006 coup resemble the earlier military interventions in the country. It is attempting development without freedom, but can it succeed? It is important to recognize that dictatorships can be of very different kinds. What happens with the Bainimarama regime will have a major impact upon the Pacific scene, not only for the Fiji Islands but also for the Pacific Forum and the role of China in regional integration. And the course of future events will depend much upon what strategy Fiji's strongman chooses and what kind of constitution is put in place.
Weight Growth of Triplet Infants From Birth to Twelve Years of Age
Authors: Yokoyama Yoshie , Pitkäniemi Janne , Kaprio Jaakko , Silventoinen Karri
Published: August 2012

We analyzed the characteristics associated with the growth in weight of Japanese triplets from birth to 12 years of age. The study included 376 mothers and their 1,128 triplet children, who were born between 1978 and 2006. Data were collected through a mailed questionnaire sent to the mothers asking for information recorded in medical records. For these births, data on triplets’ weight growth, gestational age, sex, parity, maternal age at delivery, maternal height, and maternal body mass index were obtained from records in the Maternal and Child Health Handbooks and records in the school where children receive health check-ups. The weight deficit of the triplets compared to the general population of Japan remained between 10% and 17% until 12 years of age. Moreover, at 12 years of age, the differences of weight between the general population and triplets were approximately –4.75 kg for boys and –6.00 kg for girls. Very low birth weight had the strongest contribution to body weight until 8 years of age. After 8 years of age, maternal body mass index was a significant factor affecting the weight of triplets until 12 years of age.
A Population-Based Study of Familial and Individual-Specific Environmental Contributions to Traumatic Event Exposure and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in a Norwegian Twin Sample
Authors: Amstadter Ananda B. , Aggen Steven H. , Knudsen Gun Peggy , Reichborn-Kjennerud Ted , Kendler Kenneth S.
Published: August 2012

Objective: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the only disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders that requires an environmental exposure. The relationship between liability factors for trauma exposure and those for PTSD symptoms following exposure are unclear. Methods: Exposure to a trauma and resulting PTSD symptoms were assessed in a sample of 2,794 members of the Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel. Results: In the full sample, 737 twins experienced a trauma. A modified causal, contingent, common pathway model was used to examine trauma exposure and liability for PTSD. Genetic and common environmental factors could not be distinguished, so a model that included only familial and individual specific components was fit. The best-fitting model suggested that familial factors played an important role in liability for trauma exposure and for resulting PTSD symptoms, and that there was a modest transmission between trauma exposure and subsequent PTSD symptoms. Conclusions: One third of the variance in liability of PTSD symptoms is due to familial factors, and of this, approximately one fifth overlaps with the familial liability for trauma exposure while the other four fifths of the variance is specific to the risk of PTSD symptoms following exposure. The hypothesis that PTSD is etiologically similar to exposures to a traumatic event is not supported, suggesting that the factors that confer risk for trauma do not overlap completely with those that confer risk for PTSD.
Small change, big difference: Sea surface temperature distributions for tropical coral reef ecosystems, 1950–2011
Authors: Lough J. M.
Published: August 2012

Changes in tropical sea surface temperature (SST) are examined over the period 1950–2011 during which global average temperature warmed by 0.4°C. Average tropical SST is warming about 70% of the global average rate. Spatially, significant warming between the two time periods, 1950–1980 and 1981–2011, has occurred across 65% of the tropical oceans. Coral reef ecosystems occupy 10% of the tropical oceans, typically in regions of warmer (+1.8°C) and less variable SST (80% of months within 3.3°C range) compared to non‐reef areas (80% of months within 7.0°C range). SST is a primary controlling factor of coral reef distribution and coral reef organisms have already shown their sensitivity to the relatively small amount of warming observed so far through, for example, more frequent coral bleaching events and outbreaks of coral disease. Experimental evidence is also emerging of possible thermal thresholds in the range 30°C–32°C for some physiological processes of coral reef organisms. Relatively small changes in SST have already resulted in quite large differences in SST distribution with a maximum ‘hot spot’ of change in the near‐equatorial Indo‐Pacific which encompasses both the Indo‐Pacific warm pools and the center of coral reef biodiversity. Identification of this hot spot of SST change is not new but this study highlights its significance with respect to tropical coral reef ecosystems. Given the modest amount of warming to date, changes in SST distribution are of particular concern for coral reefs given additional local anthropogenic stresses on many reefs and ongoing ocean acidification likely to increasingly compromise coral reef processes.
Impact of assimilating airborne Doppler radar velocity data using the ARPS 3DVAR on the analysis and prediction of Hurricane Ike (2008)
Authors: Du Ningzhu , Xue Ming , Zhao Kun , Min Jinzhong
Published: August 2012

The ARPS 3DVAR data assimilation system is enhanced and used for the first time to assimilate airborne Doppler radar wind observations. It is applied to Hurricane Ike (2008), where radar observations taken along four flight legs through the hurricane vortex 14 to 18 h before it made landfall are assimilated. An optimal horizontal de‐correlation scale for the background error is determined through sensitivity experiments. A comparison is made between assimilating retrieved winds and assimilating radial velocity data directly. The effect of the number of assimilation cycles, each analyzing data from one flight leg, is also examined. The assimilation of retrieved wind data and of radial velocity data produces similar results. However, direct assimilation of radial velocity data is recommended for both theoretical and practical reasons. In both cases, velocity data assimilation improves the analyzed hurricane structure and intensity as well as leads to better prediction of the intensity. Improvement to the track forecasting is also found. The assimilation of radial velocity observations from all four flight legs through intermittent assimilation cycles produces the best analyses and forecasts. The first analysis in the first cycle tends to produce the largest analysis increment. It is through the mutual adjustments among model variables during the forecast periods that a balanced vortex with lowered central pressure is established. The wind speeds extracted from the assimilated model state agree very well with independent surface wind measurements by the stepped‐frequency microwave radiometer onboard the aircraft, and with independent flight‐level wind speeds detected by the NOAA P‐3 aircraft in‐flight measurements. Twenty‐four hour accumulated precipitation is noticeably improved over the case without radar data assimilation.
Isolation of an aerobic sulfur oxidizer from the SUP05/Arctic96BD-19 clade
Authors: Marshall Katharine T , Morris Robert M
Published: August 2012

Bacteria from the uncultured SUP05/Arctic96BD-19 clade of gamma proteobacterial sulfur oxidizers (GSOs) have the genetic potential to oxidize reduced sulfur and fix carbon in the tissues of clams and mussels, in oxygen minimum zones and throughout the deep ocean (>200 m). Here, we report isolation of the first cultured representative from this GSO clade. Closely related cultures were obtained from surface waters in Puget Sound and from the deep chlorophyll maximum in the North Pacific gyre. Pure cultures grow aerobically on natural seawater media, oxidize sulfur, and reach higher final cell densities when glucose and thiosulfate are added to the media. This suggests that aerobic sulfur oxidation enhances organic carbon utilization in the oceans. The first isolate from the SUP05/Arctic96BD-19 clade was given the provisional taxonomic assignment ‘Candidatus: Thioglobus singularis’, alluding to the clade’s known role in sulfur oxidation and the isolate’s planktonic lifestyle.
McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods
Authors:   Public Health England
Published: August 2012

McCance and Widdowsons's The Composition of Foods, Seventh Summary Edition provides a timely, authoritative and comprehensive update of the nutrient data for the most commonly consumed foods in the UK. Foods that are less commonly consumed but are important in the diets of sub-groups of the population are also included.

This Seventh Summary Edition contains data which has been reviewed and updated since the last edition was published in 2002 and incorporates data from previously published supplements plus new analytical data and additional data from manufacturers. New data includes updates on key foods in the UK diet including flours and grains, bread, pasta, breakfast cereals, biscuits, cakes, eggs, fat spreads, fruits, vegetables, fish and fish products. Values for a wide range of nutrients (e.g. proximates, inorganics, vitamins, fibre and fatty acids) are provided and additional tables provide data for carotenoid fractions, vitamin E fractions and vitamin K for selected foods. Values for specific nutrients, including sodium, sugars, saturated and trans fatty acids in processed foods have been updated to reflect changes resulting from health policy and recent industry initiatives on reformulations. AOAC fibre values have been included for a wide range of foods to enable energy calculations, including fibre for food labelling purposes. 

Aimed at students and professionals in all food and health disciplines, this essential handbook should be on the bookshelf of everyone who needs to know the nutritional value of foods consumed in the UK.
Phase transition and chemical decomposition of shocked CO–N2 mixture
Authors: Chen GuanYu , Jiang XiaoXu , Cheng XinLu , Zhang Hong
Published: August 2012

Using quantum molecular dynamics simulations based on density functional theory including dispersion corrections (DFT-D), we have studied the thermophysical properties of liquid carbon monoxide and nitrogen (CO-N2) mixture under extreme conditions. Density functional theory (DFT) method significantly overestimates the pressure as compared to DFT-D. It is demonstrated that the van der Waals (vdW) interaction has a negative contribution to the pressure and tends to reduce the overestimation of the equilibrium volume. We also demonstrate that a negative slope of Hugoniot curve could possibly be caused by both the absorption of dissociation energy and the uncertainties in composition. As density and temperature increase along the Hoguniot curve, the system appears to undergo a continuous transition and provides for a much richer set of dissociation products. The influence of dissociated carbon and oxygen atoms on nitrogen molecules is also discussed.
A Lagrangian subgrid-scale model with dynamic estimation of Lagrangian time scale for large eddy simulation of complex flows
Authors: Verma Aman , Mahesh Krishnan
Published: August 2012

The dynamic Lagrangian averaging approach for the dynamic Smagorinsky model for large eddy simulation is extended to an unstructured grid framework and applied to complex flows. The Lagrangian time scale is dynamically computed from the solution and does not need any adjustable parameter. The time scale used in the standard Lagrangian model contains an adjustable parameter θ. The dynamic time scale is computed based on a “surrogate-correlation” of the Germano-identity error (GIE). Also, a simple material derivative relation is used to approximate GIE at different events along a pathline instead of Lagrangian tracking or multi-linear interpolation. Previously, the time scale for homogeneous flows was computed by averaging along directions of homogeneity. The present work proposes modifications for inhomogeneous flows. This development allows the Lagrangian averaged dynamic model to be applied to inhomogeneous flows without any adjustable parameter. The proposed model is applied to LES of turbulent channel flow on unstructured zonal grids at various Reynolds numbers. Improvement is observed when compared to other averaging procedures for the dynamic Smagorinsky model, especially at coarse resolutions. The model is also applied to flow over a cylinder at two Reynolds numbers and good agreement with previous computations and experiments is obtained. Noticeable improvement is obtained using the proposed model over the standard Lagrangian model. The improvement is attributed to a physically consistent Lagrangian time scale. The model also shows good performance when applied to flow past a marine propeller in an off-design condition; it regularizes the eddy viscosity and adjusts locally to the dominant flow features.
Quinaldine: Accessing two crystalline polymorphs via the supercooled liquid
Authors: Kahlau Robert , Gnutzmann Tanja , Emmerling Franziska , Rademann Klaus , Rössler Ernst A.
Published: August 2012

Quinaldine (2-methyl quinoline) is a liquid at room temperature, which can be supercooled to reach finally the glassy state. By heating the glass above the glass transition temperature Tg = 180 K the sample performs two subsequent transitions into, likewise, dielectrically active phases. Thus, the reorientational relaxations of these phases as well as the kinetics of the phase transitions can be tracked in a highly resolved way by dielectric spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction analysis clearly shows two structurally different crystalline phases in addition to the supercooled liquid. Calorimetric measurements support the notion of first order phase transitions, occurring irreversibly in the supercooled regime, and suggest that the intermediate crystalline phase is metastable, too. Analyzing the quite distinct dielectric relaxation strengths, we discuss the possible nature of the two crystalline phases. Additionally, a very similar behavior to quinaldine is observed for 3-methyl quinoline, indicating a broad field of polymorphism among the quinoline derivatives.
Dissociative electron attachment to C2F5 radicals
Authors: Haughey Sean A. , Field Thomas A. , Langer Judith , Shuman Nicholas S. , Miller Thomas M. , Friedman Jeffrey F. , Viggiano A. A.
Published: August 2012

Dissociative electron attachment to the reactive C2F5 molecular radical has been investigated with two complimentary experimental methods; a single collision beam experiment and a new flowing afterglow Langmuir probe technique. The beam results show that F− is formed close to zero electron energy in dissociative electron attachment to C2F5. The afterglow measurements also show that F− is formed in collisions between electrons and C2F5 molecules with rate constants of 3.7 × 10−9 cm3 s−1 to 4.7 × 10−9 cm3 s−1 at temperatures of 300–600 K. The rate constant increases slowly with increasing temperature, but the rise observed is smaller than the experimental uncertainty of 35%.
Solid effect in magic angle spinning dynamic nuclear polarization
Authors: Corzilius Björn , Smith Albert A. , Griffin Robert G.
Published: August 2012

For over five decades, the solid effect (SE) has been heavily utilized as a mechanism for performing dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP). Nevertheless, it has not found widespread application in contemporary, high magnetic field DNP experiments because SE enhancements display an $\omega _0 ^{ - 2}$ω0−2 field dependence. In particular, for nominally forbidden zero and double quantum SE transitions to be partially allowed, it is necessary for mixing of adjacent nuclear spin states to occur, and this leads to the observed field dependence. However, recently we have improved our instrumentation and report here an enhancement of ɛ = 91 obtained with the organic radical trityl (OX063) in magic angle spinning experiments performed at 5 T and 80 K. This is a factor of 6-7 higher than previous values in the literature under similar conditions. Because the solid effect depends strongly on the microwave field strength, we attribute this large enhancement to larger microwave field strengths inside the sample volume, achieved with more efficient coupling of the gyrotron to the sample chamber. In addition, we develop a theoretical model to explain the dependence of the buildup rate of enhanced nuclear polarization and the steady-state enhancement on the microwave power. Buildup times and enhancements were measured as a function of 1H concentration for both trityl and Gd-DOTA. Comparison of the results indicates that for trityl the initial polarization step is the slower, rate-determining step. However, for Gd-DOTA the spread of nuclear polarization via homonuclear 1H spin diffusion is rate-limiting. Finally, we discuss the applicability of the solid effect at fields > 5 T and the requirements to address the unfavorable field dependence of the solid effect.
High-resolution observation and analysis of the ${\rm I}^{+}_2$I2+ A2Π3/2,u–X 2Π3/2,g system
Authors: Deng Lun-hua , Zhu Yuan-yue , Li Chuan-liang , Chen Yang-qin
Published: August 2012

Rotationally resolved absorption spectra of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\rm I}^{+}_2$\end{document}I2+ were recorded in 12 065–13 062 cm−1 region by employing optical heterodyne velocity modulation absorption spectroscopy. In total, 4054 lines were assigned to 24 bands in the A2Π3/2,u–X2Π3/2,g system spanning the vibrational levels υ′′ = 1−4 and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\upsilon ^{\prime }_n$\end{document}υn′ = 11−19. The assigned lines were globally fitted and an error of 0.003 cm−1 was obtained. Rotational constants, Bυ, were used to derive equilibrium parameters Be′′ = 0.03977725(77) cm−1, ae′′ = 1.1819(24)×10−4 cm−1, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\emph {r}_e{^{\prime \prime }}$\end{document}re′′ = 2.584386(25) Å of the X2Π3/2,g state, and Be′ = 0.0305787(37) cm−1, ae′ = 1.2353(23)×10−4 cm−1, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\emph {r}_e{^{\prime }}$\end{document}re′ = 2.94758(18) Å of the A2Π3/2,u state. Vibrational energies were used to derive ωe′′ = 239.0397(55) cm−1, ωexe′′ = 0.64951(87) cm−1 of the X2Π3/2,g state and ωe′ = 138.103(11) cm−1, ωexe′ = 0.45027(34) cm−1 of the A2Π3/2,u state. The A2Π3/2,u (υn = 13) state was found to be rotationally perturbed by the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$a^4\Sigma ^{-}_{1/2,u}$\end{document}a4Σ1/2,u− (υn = 17) state through second-order spin-orbit coupling.
Multiple barriers in forced rupture of protein complexes
Authors: Hyeon Changbong , Thirumalai D.
Published: August 2012

Curvatures in the most probable rupture force (f*) versus log-loading rate (log rf) observed in dynamic force spectroscopy (DFS) on biomolecular complexes are interpreted using a one-dimensional free energy profile with multiple barriers or a single barrier with force-dependent transition state. Here, we provide a criterion to select one scenario over another. If the rupture dynamics occurs by crossing a single barrier in a physical free energy profile describing unbinding, the exponent ν, from (1 − f*/fc)1/ν ∼ (log rf) with fc being a critical force in the absence of force, is restricted to 0.5 ⩽ ν ⩽ 1. For biotin-ligand complexes and leukocyte-associated antigen-1 bound to intercellular adhesion molecules, which display large curvature in the DFS data, fits to experimental data yield ν < 0.5, suggesting that if ligand unbinding is assumed to proceed along one-dimensional pulling coordinate, the dynamics should occur in a energy landscape with multiple-barriers.
Modification of ultrananocrystalline diamond film microstructure via Fe-coating and annealing for enhancement of electron field emission properties
Authors: Teng Kuang-Yau , Shih Wen-Ching , Huang Pin-Chang , Chen Huang-Chin , Tang Chen-Yau , Lin I-Nan
Published: August 2012

The interaction between Fe-coatings and ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) films during annealing was investigated in detail using transmission electron microscopy. The thin Fe-coating first formed nanosized Fe-clusters and then catalytically dissociated the diamond, re-precipitating carbon to form nanosized graphite clusters. These clusters formed conducting networks that facilitated electron transport and greatly improved the electron field emission (EFE) properties of the UNCD films. The extent of enhancement varied markedly with annealing temperature and atmosphere. For H2-annealed films, EFE behavior was optimized by annealing at 900 °C. EFE was turned on at (E0)H2 = 1.2 V/μm, attaining EFE current density of (Je)H2 = 772.0 μA/cm2 at an applied field of 8.8 V/mm. These characteristics were superior to those of UNCD films NH3-annealed at 850 °C. The inferior EFE properties for the NH3-annealed samples were attributed to reaction of NH3 with the hydrocarbon phase that encapsulated the nanosized diamond grains, hindering Fe–diamond interaction.