bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ENZYME DISTRIBUTION IN MEMBRANE, CYTOPLASM, AND NUCLEAR FRACTIONS FROM
PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS
Authors: Burrous S. E. , Wood W. A.
Published: January 2020

Burrous
, S. E. (University of Illinois, Urbana)
and W. A. Wood
. Enzyme distribution in membrane, cytoplasm, and nuclear fractions from
Pseudomonas fluorescens
. J. Bacteriol.
84:
364–369. 1962.—A procedure is described for fractionation of
Pseudomonas fluorescens
A3.12 by controlled rupture of spheroplasts and fractional centrifugations to yield cytoplasm, membrane, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fractions with low cross contamination and little loss of enzymatic activity. Assays for the content of a number of oxidative and nonoxidative enzymes revealed that: (i) little activity is present in the DNA fraction; (ii) only reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide oxidase is found exclusively in the membranes; (iii) phosphohexosisomerase and probably transketolase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase are found exclusively in the cytoplasm; and (iv) the remaining five enzymes studied were found in both fractions. In contrast to earlier reports of gluconic dehydrogenase being membrane-bound and 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase being soluble in sonic extracts, this procedure produced partly soluble gluconic dehydrogenase and partly membrane-associated 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase.
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY OF
MYXOCOCCUS
Authors: McVittie Anne , Messik Frances , Zahler Stanley A.
Published: January 2020

McVittie, Anne
(Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.),
Frances Messik, and Stanley A. Zahler
. Developmental biology of
Myxococcus
. J. Bacteriol.
84:
546–551. 1962.—Methods for the growth and enumeration of strain FB of
Myxococcus xanthus
were investigated. Several mutants unable to form fruiting bodies were isolated. These fell into at least two classes. Members of each class acted synergistically with members of other classes to form fruiting bodies; intraclass synergism did not occur. Mechanisms for the loss of ability to form fruiting bodies, and for synergistic interaction, were studied.
IN VIVO AND IN VITRO OBSERVATIONS OF
LEPTOSPIRA POMONA
BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Authors: Miller Norman G. , Wilson Richard B.
Published: January 2020

Miller, Norman
G. (University of Nebraska College of Medicine, Omaha)
and Richard B. Wilson
. In vivo and in vitro observations of
Leptospira pomona
by electron microscopy. J. Bacteriol.
84:
569–576. 1962.—
Leptospira pomona
3341 was observed by electron microscopy, after the preparation of thin sections from culture material and from infected hamster tissue. The external membrane of low electron density envelops the entire leptospire and appears to be quite flexible, as suggested by its many folds. The spiral protoplasmic body is tubular in structure with a relatively dense wall and a central area of low electron density. Occasionally, very dark circumscribed bodies were seen imbedded in the protoplasmic wall. Detailed morphology is presented of a knoblike structure located at the end of the axial filament. Bifurcation of the axial filament could be demonstrated in leptospires from cultures. Leptospires were observed free or enclosed in vesicles within the cytoplasm of liver parenchymal and renal tubule cells. Erythrocytes located in kidney tissue also contained leptospires within the cytoplasm. The appearance of intracellular leptospires is much the same as those seen extracellularly or from culture.
STUDIES ON
COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS
I. A
Authors: Northey W. T. , Brooks L. D.
Published: January 2020

Northey
, W. T. (Arizona State University, Tempe)
and L. D. Brooks
. Studies on
Coccidioides immitis
. I. A simple medium for in vitro spherulation. J. Bacteriol.
84:
742–746. 1962.—A simple medium is suggested which markedly enhances the in vitro conversion of the dimorphic fungus
Coccidioides immitis
. The principal component of this medium is Edamine, an enzymatic digest of lactalbumin. The arthrospore-spherule conversion was accomplished in as little as 12 hr when this medium was used. Maturation of the spherules with subsequent release of endospores was completed within 72 hr. The value of various supplements to the basal Edamine medium was investigated.
ACETYLMETHYLCARBINOL PRODUCTION AND THE CLASSIFICATION OF AEROMONADS ASSOCIATED WITH ULCERATIVE DISEASES OF ECTOTHERMIC VERTEBRATES
Authors: Page L. A.
Published: January 2020

Page
, L. A. (Biological Research Institute, San Diego, and University of California, Davis). Acetylmethylcarbinol production and the classification of aeromonads associated with ulcerative diseases of ectothermic vertebrates. J. Bacteriol.
84:
772–777. 1962.—Quantitative colorimetric tests were made for acetylmethylcarbinol (AMC) production by 14
Aeromonas
isolates from ulcerous lesions of snakes, lizards, frogs, and other animals, and by 27 cultures of “identified” aeromonads. The tests revealed that: (i) some strains failed to produce AMC, while the other strains produced AMC in amounts of 5 to > 100 μg/ml of culture; (ii) the reagents employed in the standard method of Barritt failed to detect AMC in concentrations below 35 μg/ml; and (iii) certain strains reported as producing AMC at 23 C and not at 37 C (or vice versa) produced AMC at both temperatures, but at one temperature produced AMC at a level below the sensitivity of the qualitative test. The strains representing the two biotypes could not be distinguished on the basis of their morphology, habitat, pathogenicity for mice or snakes, or serological specificity. Therefore, the
Aeromonas
classification proposed by Ewing, Hugh, and Johnson, who incorporated the two biotypes into one species, was followed, and the new isolates were designated
A. hydrophila
.
RIBONUCLEIC ACID IN A “MEMBRANE” FRACTION OF
ESCHERICHIA COLI
AND ITS RELATION TO CELL-WALL SYNTHESIS
Authors: Suit Joan C.
Published: January 2020

Suit, Joan
C. (The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston). Ribonucleic acid in a “membrane” fraction of
Escherichia coli
and its relation to cell-wall synthesis. J. Bacteriol.
84:
1061–1070. 1962.—A small amount of ribonucleic acid (RNA) was found in a “membrane” fraction prepared from osmotically sensitized
Escherichia coli
. It exhibited an elevated metabolic activity in that it attained the highest specific activity of any RNA in subcellular fractions of logarithmic-phase cells or spheroplasts prepared from logarithmic-phase cells which had been allowed to incorporate P
32
briefly. The metabolic activity of this RNA, in terms of P
32
incorporation, was found to be independent of cell-wall synthesis in the diaminopimelic acid (DAP)-less mutant,
E. coli
W 173-25, but was inhibited by penicillin in both this strain and in
E. coli
B. The latter effect is considered to be a result of other complex inhibitions of cellular metabolism by the antibiotic. The development of sensitivity to osmotic shock, capability of recovery, and synthesis of macromolecules in penicillin-treated and DAP-starved cultures, under these conditions, is described.
STAPHYLOCOCCAL TRANSDUCING PARTICLE
Authors: Dowell C. E. , Rosenblum E. D.
Published: January 2020

Dowell
, C. E. (The University of Texas, Dallas)
and E. D. Rosenblum
. Staphylococcal transducing particle. J. Bacteriol.
84:
1076–1079. 1962.—When novobiocin-resistant transductants were isolated under conditions that permitted superinfection, almost all the clones were lysogenic for the transducing phage. If superinfection was prevented, then the transductants isolated were nonlysogenic, suggesting the defective nature of the transducing particle. It was noted that the transducing and plaque-forming particles showed no appreciable difference in buoyant density. No difference was found in transduction rates when either sensitive or lysogenic cells were used as recipients. Transduction rates as high as one transductant per 7 × 10
4
phage particles were obtained for novobiocin resistance.
IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES OF A HETEROGENETIC ENTEROBACTERIAL ANTIGEN (KUNIN)
Authors: Whang H. Y. , Neter E.
Published: January 2020

Whang
, H. Y. (Children's Hospital, Buffalo, N.Y.)
and E. Neter
. Immunological studies of a heterogenetic enterobacterial antigen (Kunin). J. Bacteriol.
84:
1245–1250. 1962.—Study of the heterogenetic antigen revealed that it is present in relatively large amounts in supernatant fluids of heat-killed, agar-grown enterobacterial suspensions. The antigen modifies erythrocytes for agglutination by heterogenetic antibodies in
Escherichia coli
O14 antiserum. Of the highly purified lipopolysaccharides (10 μg/ml) tested, only a
Shigella sonnei
preparation had significant activity. In the hemagglutination-inhibition test, minimal activity was detected also in lipopoly-saccharides from
E. coli
O111 and various salmonellase. There was no parallelism in capacity of these lipopolysaccharides to neutralize heterogenetic and homologous O antibodies. The hemolytic modification of the hemagglutination test proved to be from two to eight times more sensitive than the hemagglutination method. Supernatant fluids of unheated agar-grown suspensions contained small amounts of antigen, and boiling of the bacterial suspensions resulted in the release of additional and substantial quantities. Heterogenetic antibodies did not cause agglutination of latex particles treated with heterogenetic antigen, but
E. coli
O14 antibodies agglutinated latex particles treated with the corresponding O antigen.
SUGAR TRANSPORT BY
SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
PROTOPLASTS
Authors: Cirillo Vincent P.
Published: January 2020

Cirillo, Vincent
P. (Seton Hall College of Medicine and Dentistry, Jersey City, N.J.). Sugar transport by
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
protoplasts. J. Bacteriol.
84:
1251–1253. 1962.—By the use of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
protoplasts, the
l
-sorbose transport mechanism has been associated with the protoplast membrane rather than the cell wall. The osmotic fragility of protoplasts in
l
-sorbose solutions shows that the transported sugar remains osmotically active.
ADSORPTION AND FLUORESCENCE OF FAT-SOLUBLE FLUORESCENT DYES ON CLASS I AND CLASS III
SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
Authors: Lycette R. M. , Hedrick L. R.
Published: January 2020

Lycette
, R. M. (Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago)
and L. R. Hedrick
. Adsorption and fluorescence of fat-soluble fluorescent dyes on class I and class III
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1–6. 1963.—Class III cells of the brewery yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
flocculate, but class I cells do not, when cultured in an organic YM medium. Class III cells adsorb the fat-soluble stilbyl-triazole fluorescent dye (STC) more readily and produce more fluorescence than do class I cells. This suggests that cells of the class III yeasts have more lipids or more phospholipids on their surface than do cells of class I yeasts. Fluorescence of STC in the absence of cells is pH-independent, but adsorption of the compound on the surface of cells, with the associated fluorescence, is pH-dependent. As the pH level was decreased within the range of pH 9 to 0, and as the temperature was elevated within the range of 0 to 40 C, there was an increase in adsorption and a corresponding increase in fluorescence. Maximal adsorption was attained in less than 15 min when the cells and dye were shaken at 26 C. Cells of class III adsorbed 2.5 μg of STC per 3.25 mg (dry wt) of cells. The kinetics of adsorption follow the Langmuir monomolecular model.
IDENTIFICATION OFMYCOPLASMATACEAEBY THE FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY METHOD
Authors: Clark Harold W. , Bailey Jack S. , Fowler Richard C. , Brown Thomas McP.
Published: January 2020

Clark, HaroldW. (The George Washington University, Washington, D.C.),Jack S. Bailey, Richard C. Fowler, and Thomas McP. Brown. Identification ofMycoplasmataceaeby the fluorescent antibody method. J. Bacteriol.85:111–118. 1963.—The conditions of the fluorescent antibody reactions were studied in relation to their application toMycoplasmataceaeor pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLO).Mycoplasma hoministype 1 and 2 antigens and their homologous antisera were used to determine the activity and specificity of these and other strains. Fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated antiserum globulin preparations were used in both the direct and indirect fluorescent antibody methods. A direct tube technique was used for the detection and measurement of growth in broth cultures by the addition of conjugated antiserum. The specific fluorescent staining and recognition of hot water fixedM. hominiscolonies was presented as a suitable identification standard. The antigenic activity was found to remain in the insoluble residue after exposure ofM. hominisstrains to sonic vibration (9 kc) for 30 min and centrifugation. Brief 2-min exposures of tissue cells to vibration (9 kc) caused the disruption of tissues, with the release of viable and “bound” nonwashable strains that reacted specifically with fluorescent antibody. It is proposed to apply both the sonic vibration and the fluorescent antibody techniques for the identification ofMycoplasmataceaein human tissues.
INFLUENCE OF PHENYLALANINE ANALOGUES UPON BACTERIAL ACCUMULATION AND INCORPORATION OF PHENYLALANINE
Authors: Conway Thomas W. , Lansford Edwin M. , Shive William
Published: January 2020

Conway
, T. W. (The University of Texas, Austin), E. M.
Lansford, Jr., and W. Shive
. Influence of phenylalanine analogues upon bacterial accumulation and incorporation of phenylalanine. J. Bacteriol.
85:
141–149. 1963.—Phenylalanine accumulation and its relation to phenylalanine incorporation into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material in
Escherichia coli
9723 were studied with a variety of structural analogues of phenylalanine. Inhibition of phenylalanine-C
14
incorporation was exerted by analogues only when their concentration was sufficient to prevent the formation of 85 to 90% of the accumulated intracellular phenylalanine “pool,” indicating that less than about 15% of the “free amino acid pool” of phenylalanine is essential for maintaining a normal rate of incorporation of phenylalanine into protein. Although certain analogues having high activity in inhibiting accumulation of phenylalanine showed low activity in preventing incorporation, no analogue was found that solely prevented accumulation.
ROLE OF OXYGEN IN THE HIGH CELL YIELDS OF PSYCHROPHILES AND MESOPHILES AT LOW TEMPERATURES
Authors: Sinclair N. A. , Stokes J. L.
Published: January 2020

Sinclair
, N. A. (Washington State University, Pullman)
and J. L. Stokes
. Role of oxygen in the high cell yields of psychrophiles and mesophiles at low temperatures. J. Bacteriol.
85:
164–167. 1963.—Psychrophilic and mesophilic bacteria produce maximal cell crops in stationary cultures at temperatures 10 to 20 C below those at which growth is most rapid. Our data indicate that O
2
is rapidly depleted to growth-limiting levels in stationary cultures, and that the higher cell yields at the lower temperatures are due simply to the increased solubility and, therefore, availability of O
2
. This conclusion is supported by the observation that equal cell crops are produced at high and low temperatures when cultures are vigorously aerated so that O
2
is not limiting, and also when facultative bacteria are grown anaerobically so that there is no O
2
to exert an effect.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS IN THE HEMIN-REQUIRING
HAEMOPHILUS
SPECIES
Authors: White David C.
Published: January 2020

White
, D. C. (Rockefeller Institute, New York, N.Y.). Respiratory systems in hemin-requiring
Haemophilus
species. J. Bacteriol.
85:
84–96. 1963.—If grown in Levinthal's medium or in proteose peptone medium with excess hemin,
Haemophilus influenzae, H. aegyptius
, and
H. canis
(
H. haemoglobinophilus
) form an electron-transport system consisting of six cytochromes and two respiratory flavoproteins. In proteose peptone, these species can greatly modify the composition of their electron-transport complex. With anaerobic incubation in the presence of nitrate, they produce increased amounts of cytochrome
c
1
and the cytochrome oxidases
a
1
and
o
. This anaerobic pattern is greatly exaggerated by growth under carbon monoxide, in which case large concentrations of cytochrome oxidase are produced. In the presence of the inhibitor secobarbital or of growth-limiting amounts of hemin, intermediate amounts of cytochromes and respiratory flavoproteins are formed. When only small amounts of hemin are present, these species grow but form no detectable cytochrome system. Catalase is the only hemoprotein found. Under these conditions, the addition of glucose induces the formation of a lactate oxidase flavoprotein if the system is incubated aerobically. This cytochromeless state also occurs when these species are grown in KCN or anaerobically without nitrate and with excess hemin. The ability of these species to modify the composition of the electron-transport system strongly suggests that this function unit is formed from individual components. Hemin-requiring
Haemophilus
species have a hemin-sparing compensatory mechanism that allows growth under conditions under which hemin-independent
Haemophilus
species will not grow.
PROPERTIES OF F′ STRAINS OFESCHERICHIA COLISUPERINFECTED WITH F-LACTOSE AND F-GALATOSE EPISOMES
Authors: Echols Harrison
Published: January 2020

Echols, Harrison(University of Wisconsin, Madison). Properties of F′ strains ofEscherichia colisuperinfected with F-lactose and F-galactose episomes. J. Bacteriol.85:262–268. 1963.—A study of F′ superinfection of F′ strains ofEscherichia coliby F Lac P and F Gal indicates that superinfecting F Lac P may achieve a stable existence along with native F Lac P in approximately 1% of the recipient F′ population. The stable presence of F Gal, on the other hand, leads to a displacement or suppression of F Lac P when F Gal is used as a superinfecting agent or as the native episome. The majority of F′ bacteria used as recipients neither acquire in stable form the superinfecting F-linked genes nor demonstrate gene activity immediately after attempted transfer, as judged by alkaline phosphatase synthesis directed by an F-transferred P+gene. This failure to show gene activity suggests that the F′ bacteria which are sterile as recipients exclude transfer rather than inhibit subsequent multiplication.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LETHAL PHOTOSENSITIZATION OF
SARCINA LUTEA
BY 8-METHOXYPSORALEN AND BY TOLUIDINE BLUE
Authors: Mathews Micheline M.
Published: January 2020

Mathews, Micheline
M. (Department of Bacteriology, University of California, Berkeley). Comparative study of lethal photosensitization of
Sarcina lutea
by 8-methoxypsoralen and by toluidine blue. J. Bacteriol.
85:
322–328. 1963.—A comparative study has been made of the photo-killing of
Sarcina lutea
by 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and by toluidine blue. It has been found that photosensitization by 8-MOP differs from photosensitization by toluidine blue, in that it has a temperature coefficient of less than one, and that the presence of oxygen is not necessary for, and even is deleterious to, the photosensitization, the psoralen being destroyed by its presence. It has previously been shown that the presence of carotenoid pigments protects the cells of
S. lutea
from lethal photosensitization by toluidine blue; it was found that the presence of these pigments has no protective effect in photosensitization with 8-MOP. Studies on the lethal photosensitization of
S. lutea
with toluidine blue suggested that the primary sensitive site of the photokilling was the protein of the cell membrane, as manifested by the destruction of membrane enzyme activity and the regulation of permeability. It has been found that photokilling by 8-MOP has no effect on these functions. A study was made on the effect of photokilling by 8-MOP on the production of penicillin-resistant mutants as an indication of an alteration in the cellular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by the psoralen. Psoralen photosensitization resulted in the development of many penicillin-resistant mutants. On the basis of the findings reported in this paper, it is suggested that photosensitization of
S. lutea
by 8-MOP does not reflect damage to cellular protein, as does toluidine blue, but rather damage to cellular DNA.
DEGRADATION OF PYRUVATE BY
MICROCOCCUS LACTILYTICUS
III
Authors: Whiteley H. R. , McCormick N. G.
Published: January 2020

Whiteley
, H. R. (University of Washington, Seattle)
and N. G. McCormick
. Degradation of pyruvate by
Micrococcus lactilyticus
. III. Properties and cofactor requirements of the carbon dioxide-exchange reaction. J. Bacteriol.
85:
382–393. 1963.—At an acid pH, extracts of
Micrococcus lactilyticus
(
Veillonella alcalescens
) catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and acetyl phosphate, and the rapid exchange of carbon dioxide into the carboxyl group of pyruvate. These reactions take place only under anaerobic conditions and require phosphate (or arsenate), a reducing agent, diphosphothiamine, coenzyme A, an electron acceptor (ferredoxin, flavins, dyes, or certain inorganic anions), and a divalent cation (Co
++
> Mn
++
> Mg
++
> Fe
++
). High concentrations of coenzyme A and electron acceptors stimulate pyruvate breakdown but inhibit CO
2
exchange. Exchange is also inhibited by
p
-chloromercuribenzoate but not by arsenite. Extracts rapidly lose the ability to mediate the exchange reaction after passage through diethylaminoethyl- or triethylaminoethyl-cellulose or Dowex-1; this loss in activity may be prevented by adding a reducing agent and the above cofactors. The exchange of CO
2
and formate by
M. lactilyticus
is compared.
ULTRAVIOLET MICROSCOPY OF PURINE COMPOUNDS IN THE YEAST VACUOLE
Authors: Svihla G. , Dainko J. L. , Schlenk F.
Published: January 2020

Svihla, G. (Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Ill.), J. L.Dainko, and F. Schlenk. Ultraviolet microscopy of purine compounds in the yeast vacuole. J. Bacteriol.85:399–409. 1962.—Yeast cells (Candida utilisandSaccharomyces cerevisiae) suspended in nitrogen-free medium were exposed to various ultraviolet-absorbing biological compounds, particularly nucleic acid constituents. Ultraviolet photomicrography was used to locate these substances in the cells. Purines were taken up readily and concentrated in the vacuoles ofC. utilisbut not ofS. cerevisiae. Crystallization occurred, as observed earlier by other techniques. Neither organism assimilated pyrimidine bases, or purine or pyrimidine nucleosides, at a detectable rate. From the selective uptake and release of some purine derivatives, it can be concluded that the properties of the vacuolar membrane and the cytoplasmic membrane differ in several respects.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF PLASMOLYSIS IN
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Cota-Robles Eugene H.
Published: January 2020

Cota-Robles, Eugene
H. (University of California, Riverside). Electron microscopy of plasmolysis in
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
499–503. 1963.—
Escherichia coli
cells plasmolyzed in 0.35
m
sucrose reveal plasmolysis at one tip of a cell or in the center of dividing cells in which protoplast partition has been complete. Central plasmolysis reveals that protoplast separation can be completed before the invagination of the cell wall is complete. These studies support the concept that these cells divide by constriction. The strength of the union between cell wall and cytoplasm is not uniform around the entire cell. It is strongest along the sides of these rod-shaped cells and weakest at one tip of the single cell. Thus, a single cell generally forms one cup-shaped vacuole in which the cytoplasm has collapsed away from one tip of the cell.
RESPIRATORY INHIBITOR FROM
SERRATIA MARCESCENS
Authors: Neufeld Harold A. , Coleman Ronald L. , Zannucci Joseph S.
Published: January 2020

Neufeld, Harold
A. (U.S. Army Biological Laboratories, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.),
Ronald L. Coleman, and Joseph S. Zannucci
. Respiratory inhibitor from
Serratia marcescens
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
614–618. 1963.—A substance was obtained from
Serratia marcescens
in conjunction with lipopolysaccharide that is a potent inhibitor of mammalian succinoxidase activity. It was determined that the purified lipopolysaccharide is not an in vitro inhibitor of the succinoxidase system. The inhibitor has no effect on succinic dehydrogenase or cytochrome oxidase but apparently exerts its effect on some portion of the electron-transport chain between the dehydrogenase and cytochrome
c
.
ULTRAVIOLET AND PHASE MICROSCOPY OF SPORULATINGSACCHAROMYCES
Authors: Miller Glendon R. , McClary Dan O. , Bowers Wilbert D.
Published: January 2020

Miller, GlendonR. (Southern Illinois University, Carbondale),Dan O. McClary, and Wilbert D. Bowers, Jr.Ultraviolet and phase microscopy of sporulatingSaccharomyces. J. Bacteriol.85:725–731. 1963.—During active growth, the cytoplasm of yeast cells is densely absorbent to ultraviolet light at 260 mμ, whereas the nucleus is only faintly so, and the vacuole is nonabsorbent. After 24 hr on presporulation medium (about the age of transfer to acetate sporulation medium), the cells manifest many characteristics of starvation. The cytoplasm is weakly absorbent to ultraviolet light except for a dense zone immediately surrounding the vacuole and one or two groups of highly refractile granules clustered on one or both sides of the juncture of the nucleus and the vacuole. After several hours on the acetate sporulation medium, the cells undergo a progressive vacuolation until four or more large vacuoles appear, separated by granular cytoplasm. The nucleus is obscured to ultraviolet light during the vacuolation stage, at which time previous studies have shown its division to occur, and remains so during the rest of the cycle. Photographs of densely granulated cells, at various wavelengths of ultraviolet and visible light, indicated several different types of granules with respect to their absorption spectra. With continued development of the ascus, the granules increase in number until they fill the entire cell and obscure the vacuoles, after which they condense into a compact mass, leaving much of the cell empty. Spores emerge from the granular mass as separate, ultraviolet-absorbent regions without distinguishable cell walls, which seem to be the last structures formed. The rudimentary spores contain a central cluster of dense granules and are separated within the ascus by optically dense, granular partitions which diminish as spore walls are laid down. With the maturing of the ascus, the granules and epiplasm disappear, and the ascus wall is drawn tightly around the more or less homogeneously absorbent spores.
SMALL-CELL SEGREGANTS FROM A POSSIBLY HOMOZYGOUS DIPLOID STRAIN OF
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Ogg James E. , Humphrey Ronald D.
Published: January 2020

Ogg, James
E. (Colorado State University, Fort Collins)
and Ronald D. Humphrey
. Small-cell segregants from a possibly homozygous diploid strain of
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
801–807. 1963.—Evidence was presented to show that a homozygous possibly diploid strain of
Escherichia coli
, when grown in a chemically defined medium under the conditions described in this report, will yield small-cell segregants that have haploid characteristics. The segregants have one-half as much deoxyribonucleic acid per cell as the diploid, give exponential survival curves when exposed to X rays, and have fermentative characteristics similar to the original haploid parent strain of the homozygous diploid strain. No detectable changes in surface antigens were associated with the segregation phenomenon. The haploidlike segregants can be converted to the diploid radiation-resistant state by growing them in the presence of camphor vapors.
ROLE OF FERREDOXIN IN THE METABOLISM OF MOLECULAR HYDROGEN
Authors: Valentine R. C. , Wolfe R. S.
Published: January 2020

Valentine, R. C. (University of Illinois, Urbana)and R. S. Wolfe. Role of ferredoxin in the metabolism of molecular hydrogen. J. Bacteriol.85:1114–1120. 1963.—The metabolism of molecular hydrogen byClostridium pasteurianum, Micrococcus lactilyticus(Veillonella alcalescens), and several other anaerobic bacteria was studied. Oxidation of hydrogen, using several electron-accepting substrates including triphosphopyridine nucleotide, uric acid, xanthine, nitrite, and hydroxylamine, required ferredoxin in conjunction with hydrogenase. Evolution of hydrogen from pyruvate, α-ketoglutarate, hypoxanthine, and dithionite was mediated by ferredoxin. On the basis of these findings, a unitary hypothesis for biological hydrogen evolution is proposed in which ferredoxin plays a key role.
INHIBITION OF YEASTS BY A MARINE BACTERIUM
Authors: Buck John D. , Ahearn Donald G. , Roth Frank J. , Meyers Samuel P.
Published: January 2020

Buck, John
D. (University of Miami, Miami, Fla.),
Donald G. Ahearn, Frank J. Roth, Jr., and Samuel P. Meyers
. Inhibition of yeasts by a marine bacterium. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1132–1135. 1963.—Although investigations have shown the widespread occurrence of yeasts in the marine environment, notably members of the genus
Rhodotorula
, studies of a marine amphipod community revealed few, if any, pink yeasts. A gram-negative bacterium (designated AEB, a member of the genus
Pseudomonas
) isolated from the amphipod habitat showed marked selective ability to inhibit yeasts of both terrestrial and marine origin. Activity was demonstrated with both live cultures of the bacterium and untreated cell-free filtrates. Variously extracted and treated filtrates of the isolate have shown divergent patterns and spectra of inhibition of species of the genus
Rhodotorula
and of other genera.
STAPHYLOCOCCAL SENSITIZATION: SPECIFIC BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF PHAGE K ON THE BACTERIAL CELL WALL IN LYSIS-FROM-WITHOUT
Authors: Ralston Doris J.
Published: January 2020

Ralston, Doris
J. (University of California, Berkeley). Staphylococcal sensitization: specific biological effects of phage K on the bacterial cell wall in lysis-from-without. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1185–1193. 1963.—Phage K, shown previously to sensitize staphylococcal-wall mucopeptide to the action of a phage-induced enzyme, virolysin, was found to act in a specific manner in that its sensitizing effects were restricted to chemical linkages affected by three staphylococcal lysins. These caused an immediate lysis, whereas egg-white lysozyme, which could also digest the wall mucopeptide, exerted variable effects, even when in the absence of phage it produced some lysis. Evidence was presented that the K
1
normal cell autolysin and the K phage virolysin could act synergistically with lysozyme on phage-sensitized cells, and that any effects observed with lysozyme were due to the simultaneous presence of trace amounts of these staphylococcal lysins. None of a series of lysozymelike agents from sea urchins, marine sepunculids, and from rabbit peritoneal histiocytes caused accelerated lysis of phage-sensitized cells, although like lysozyme they showed a slow lysis of phage-free living cells. Other enzymes which did not reduce the turbidity of sensitized cells included agents specific for intracellular components (proteins, lipids, nucleic acids), and enzymes, as decarboxylase, alkaline phosphatase,
d
-amino oxidase, and hyaluronidase. These results suggested that the main effects of the phage in sensitization were limited to areas of the cell wall involved in protection against the action of the staphylococcal lysins.
MUTANT OF LAMBDA BACTERIOPHAGE PRODUCING A THERMOLABILE ENDOLYSIN
Authors: Campbell Allan , Del Campillo-Campbell Alice
Published: January 2020

Campbell, Allan
(University of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y.)
and Alice del Campillo-Campbell
. Mutant of lambda bacteriophage producing a thermolabile endolysin. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1202–1207. 1963.—Endolysin from lambda bacteriophage and a temperature-sensitive mutant thereof was partially purified. The mutant enzyme was distinguishable from the wild type by its greater rate of inactivation by high temperature and by urea. Lysogenic cells carrying the mutant phage did not lyse after induction if kept at 43 C, but, at times around 70 min after induction, rapid lysis occurred following transfer to lower temperatures. This lysis was not inhibited by cyanide or chloramphenicol and therefore probably resulted from enzyme already synthesized at the high temperature. Addition of these inhibitors to the culture at 43 C rapidly destroyed the ability to lyse after a subsequent temperature shift.
RESISTANCE AND CROSS RESISTANCE OF
ESCHERICHIA COLI
S MUTANTS TO THE RADIOMIMETIC AGENT NITROFURAZONE
Authors: Woody-Karrer Pearl , Greenberg Joseph
Published: January 2020

Woody-Karrer, Pearl
(Palo Alto Medical Research Foundation, Palo Alto, Calif.)
and Joseph Greenberg
. Resistance and cross resistance of
Escherichia coli
S mutants to the radiomimetic agent nitrofurazone. J. Bacteriol.
85:
1208–1216. 1963.—Cross-resistance relationships are described for 73 mutants of
Escherichia coli
strain S selected in one step for resistance to nitrofurazone. The test agents included ultraviolet radiation, five radiomimetic compounds, and penicillin; 12 different types of mutants could be selected. Two of these were chemoresistant, three were identical to radioresistant types previously isolated by use of other radiomimetic agents, and seven represented previously unobserved radioresistant types. The majority of radioresistant strains did not respond to plating-medium reactivation after ultraviolet radiation, despite the ultraviolet radiation responses of several minority representative strains. The data presented indicate that radioresistance in
E. coli
S does not involve resistance to most toxic agents; on the other hand, cross resistance to radiomimetic compounds is not restricted to alkylating agents.
PRODUCTION AND NATURE OF
LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES
HEMOLYSINS
Authors: Njoku-Obi Augustine N. , Jenkins Edward M. , Njoku-Obi Jessie C. , Adams Joanne , Covington Verdell
Published: January 2020

Njoku-Obi, Augustine
N. (School of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee Institute, Ala.),
Edward M. Jenkins, Jessie C. Njoku-Obi, Joanne Adams, and Verdell Covington
. Production and nature of
Listeria monocytogenes
hemolysins. J. Bacteriol.
86:
1–8. 1963.—Hemolysin produced by various strains of
Listeria monocytogenes
varied in quality and quantity, depending on medium, incubation temperature and time, and biological variations in the organisms. The hemolysin was inactivated by filtration (through Seitz, Selas, or sintered-glass filters), heat, oxygen, and formalin. Sodium thiosulfate reactivated hemolysin inactivated by filtration and oxygen. The hemolysin was protein in nature, migrating electrophoretically as a gamma-globulin, and highly antigenic in the rabbit. Although no toxicity was observed in intact mice injected with hemolysin, a possible leukocytolysis was noted with isolated mice peritoneal exudate cells. Due to the high antihemolytic activity of normal sera from various species, the possible use of an antilisteriolysin test in serological diagnosis is questioned.
ROLE OF BUTYRYL PHOSPHATE IN THE ENERGY METABOLISM OF
CLOSTRIDIUM TETANOMORPHUM
Authors: Twarog R. , Wolfe R. S.
Published: January 2020

Twarog
, R. (University of Illinois, Urbana)
and R. S. Wolfe
. Role of butyryl phosphate in the energy metabolism of
Clostridium tetanomorphum
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
112–117. 1963.—A partially purified butyrokinase from
Clostridium tetanomorphum
has been found to phosphorylate valerate, butyrate, isobutyrate, and propionate. The divalent cation requirement is satisfied with magnesium. The pH optimum lies between 7.4 and 8.3. Growth of the organism was followed using glutamate or histidine as substrate, butyrokinase being formed in each instance. The average dry weight of cells formed per mmole of substrate utilized was 6.8 mg for glutamate and 11.1 mg for histidine. Since both phosphotransbutyrylase and butyrokinase are present in the cells, it is proposed that a significant portion of energy derived from glutamate oxidation by this organism is obtained from butyryl phosphate.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF INFECTION THREADS AND BACTERIA IN YOUNG ROOT NODULES OF
MEDICAGO SATIVA
Authors: Jordan D. C. , Grinyer I. , Coulter W. H.
Published: January 2020

Jordan
, D. C. (Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Canada), I.
Grinyer, and W. H. Coulter
. Electron microscopy of infection threads and bacteria in young root nodules of
Medicago sativa
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
125–137. 1963.—Ultrathin sections of alfalfa nodules (
Medicago sativa
L.) revealed that initially the infection thread consisted of a naked mucoid strand, containing imbedded bacteria, migrating between the walls of the cortical cells of the host plant. At certain locations, the plant cell walls were forced into a funnel-shaped structure which elongated to form a tubular sheath containing bacterial cells and gum. Lateral and terminal vesicles formed on the ensheathed infection thread, and these burst to liberate the bacteria into the host cell cytoplasm, the process being similar to that proposed by certain of the earlier workers. In some cases, the ensheathed thread migrated entirely across a host cell without rupturing, and, in this case, the tip of the thread fused into the host cell wall opposite the point of entry. The bacteria, after their release from the thread, became bacteroidal, and ultimately each bacterial cell became surrounded by a double-layered membrane. It is suggested that this enclosing membrane may be derived from the tubules of the endoplasmic reticulum, although the possibility of the formation of these membranes
de novo
as a protective mechanism of the host plant cannot entirely be disregarded.
GROWTH INHIBITORY PROPERTIES OF
MYCOPLASMA
ANTIBODY
Authors: Bailey Jack S. , Clark Harold W. , Felts William R. , Brown Thomas McP.
Published: January 2020

Bailey, Jack
S. (The George Washington University, Washington, D.C.),
Harold W. Clark, William R. Felts, and Thomas McP. Brown
. Growth inhibitory properties of
Mycoplasma
antibody. J. Bacteriol.
86:
147–150. 1963.—A substance in antiserum responsible for growth inhibition of
Mycoplasma
was found to be associated with the water-insoluble globulin fraction. This fraction and the agglutinins removed from agglutinated antigen inhibited the growth of
Mycoplasma
in a similar manner. Sonic oscillation of antiserum broth cultures partially relieved the growth inhibition. The results of this study suggest the existence of neutralized
Mycoplasma
in a latent phase, which could explain their infrequent detection in tissues and fluids. The application of such techniques as sonic oscillation may improve the recovery and identification of
Mycoplasma
from these sources.
PRODUCTION OF LIPASE BY
PSEUDOMONAS FRAGI
IN A SYNTHETIC MEDIUM
Authors: Alford John A. , Pierce David A.
Published: January 2020

Alford, John
A. (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Md.)
and David A. Pierce
. Production of lipase by
Pseudomonas fragi
in a synthetic medium. J. Bacteriol.
86:
24–29. 1963.—The growth and production of lipase by
Pseudomonas fragi
in 41 dehydrated media were determined. From a chemical analysis of the peptone medium which gave the maximal lipase production, numerous synthetic media were prepared. Good cell growth, but no lipase production, was obtained on a buffered ammonium sulfate-glucose medium. The addition of arginine, lysine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid to this medium gave lipase production approaching that obtained in the peptone medium. Omission of the glucose had little effect on growth, but no lipase were produced. Sterilization of the glucose with either the amino acids or phosphate buffer had no effect on growth, but sharply reduced lipase production. Gas chromatographic analysis of the fatty acids liberated from lard, corn oil, and coconut oil indicated that medium composition had no effect on enzyme specificity.
P. fluorescens
produced very little lipase in any of the synthetic media examined.
ELECTROKINETICS AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY II
Authors: Jensen Roy A. , Haas Felix L.
Published: January 2020

Jensen, Roy
A. (The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston)
and Felix L. Haas
. Electrokinetics and cell physiology. II. Relationship of surface charge to onset of bacterial competence for genetic transformation. J. Bacteriol.
86:
79–86. 1963.—A reliable cell fractionation scheme, which is sensitive to the electrokinetic properties of
Bacillus subtilis
cells, has been described in detail. Recipient cell populations, characterized by a wide range of competency for transformation to independence of nutritional markers, were subjected to electrokinetic fractionation. Results indicated that (i) physiological competency is directly related to the electrical charge on the cell surface, (ii) newly competent cells carry a maximal negative charge, (iii) the newly competent cell appears with spontaneous abruptness, (iv) a kinetic flow of competent cells from the highly charged fractions to the lower charged fractions indicates the progressive loss of the surface charge maintained by a competent cell, and (v), by token of the latter statement, cells competent to undergo transformation do so within a range of surface-charge values.
ARGININE METABOLISM IN PLEUROPNEUMONIA-LIKE ORGANISMS ISOLATED FROM MAMMALIAN CELL CULTURE
Authors: Schimke Robert T. , Barile Michael F.
Published: January 2020

Schimke, Robert
T. (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.)
and Michael F. Barile
. Arginine metabolism in pleuropneumonia-like organisms isolated from mammalian cell culture. J. Bacteriol.
86:
195–206. 1963.—Arginine degradation is a significant metabolic process for pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLO;
Mycoplasma
) isolated from cell culture. The conversion of arginine to ornithine in PPLO-contaminated cell culture was rapid, and occurred by the arginine dihydrolase pathway involving arginine deiminase, ornithine transcarbamylase, and carbamyl phosphokinase. In the absence of PPLO contamination, arginine conversion to ornithine was minimal and took place by an arginase activity present in the cell culture, but not in the PPLO. All five PPLO strains isolated from cell culture accomplished the conversion of arginine to ornithine, and contained the requisite enzyme of the arginine dihydrolase system, whereas PPLO-free cell cultures did not. Supplementation of PPLO culture broth with arginine increased the extent of PPLO growth. When the arginine content of the culture limited growth, arginine was completely converted to ornithine. When growth was limited in the presence of excess arginine, citrulline was the major breakdown product. It is suggested that the conversion of arginine to ornithing constitutes a significant, and possibly major, source of adenosine triphosphate for this class of organisms.
GROWTH AND SPORULATION CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ORGANIC SULFUR-REQUIRING AUXOTROPH OF
BACILLUS CEREUS
Authors: Lundgren D. G. , Bott K. F.
Published: January 2020

Lundgren
, D. G. (Syracuse University, Syracuse, N.Y.)
and K. F. Bott
. Growth and sporulation characteristics of an organic sulfur-requiring auxotroph of
Bacillus cereus
. J. Bacteriol.
86:
462–472. 1963.—This paper reports investigations of several aspects of growth and sporulation of an organic sulfur-requiring auxotroph of
Bacillus cereus
ATCC 4342. The wild type and
B. cereus
T were also studied for comparative purposes. Growth of the mutant on minimal medium plus methionine was normal, but sporulation was completely inhibited. Some reaction involved in vegetative-cell maturity was probably blocked at a point just prior to the “triggering” of sporulation, since abnormally large amounts of poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) were formed. Growth of the mutant in the presence of cystine or cysteine was also accompanied by the build-up of large amounts of PHB, but some endospores were formed (approximately 5% by 72 hr). Results of dipicolinic acid (DPA), calcium, and heat-resistance studies revealed that the few spores formed by the auxotrophic mutant when grown on cysteine were somewhat below wild-type strains in their development of heat resistance, and considerably lower in content of Ca and DPA. This was not the case with spores formed in cells grown on cystine; heat resistance compared favorably with wild-type spores, but the Ca and DPA levels were lower.
EFFECTS OF SODIUM CAPRYLATE ONCANDIDA ALBICANSI
Authors: Adams J. N. , Painter Barbara G. , Payne W. J.
Published: January 2020

Adams, J. N. (University of Georgia, Athens),Barbara G. Painter, and W. J. Payne. Effects of sodium caprylate onCandida albicans. I. Influence of concentration on ultrastructure. J. Bacteriol.86:548–557. 1963.—Morphological effects of exposure to various concentrations of sodium caprylate were studied in living cells and ultrathin sections ofCandida albicans. Budding was inhibited when cells were cultured in 0.0025msodium caprylate. Cells relieved from treatment at this concentration initiated reproductive processes at a much-stimulated rate. Momentary or 30-min exposures to 0.1mcaprylate affected cells in much the same manner as those treated at the lower concentration. Alteration of ultrastructure was brought about by treating with 0.0025 and 0.005mconcentrations prior to embedding and sectioning. Condensation of vacuolar material, change in size and number of mitochondria, loss of mitochondrial cristae, and increased electron density of the cytoplasm were observed. Cellular integrity was progressively lost as a result of treatment at levels up to 0.1m. The highly electron-dense cytoplasm of cells cultured in media containing 0.025mor higher inhibitor appeared to break into irregular masses, but the nucleus and vacuole sometimes could be identified. Cells treated at the 0.1mlevel contained a condensed mass of opaque and unidentifiable cytoplasmic constituents within the skeletal cell wall. Cytological observations were correlated with physiological studies.
PRESERVATION OF ANTIGEN-COATED SHEEP ERYTHROCYTES BY FREEZING FOR USE IN INDIRECT HEMAGGLUTINATION PROCEDURE
Authors: Hubert Earl G. , Kalmanson George M. , Guze Lucien B.
Published: January 2020

Hubert, Earl
G. (Veterans Administration Center, Los Angeles, Calif.),
George M. Kalmanson, and Lucien B. Guze
. Preservation of antigen-coated sheep erythrocytes by freezing for use in indirect hemagglutination procedure. J. Bacteriol.
86:
569–572. 1963.—Preservation of sheep erythrocytes, coated with various protein and lipopolysaccharide antigens, was accomplished by rapid freezing and storage at −70 C in a dextrose-lactose solution. The stored cells were tested at intervals in an indirect hemagglutination procedure. Sensitivity of these cells was maintained, and antibody titers were consistently reproducible throughout the period of testing. These observations suggest that sheep erythrocytes may be coated with a variety of antigens and may be employed satisfactorily in an indirect hemagglutination test, even after storage at −70 C for a period up to 6 months.
CHIMPANZEE KIDNEY TISSUE CULTURES FOR GROWTH AND ISOLATION OF VIRUSES
Authors: Dick Elliot C.
Published: January 2020

Dick, Elliot
C. (University of Wisconsin, Madison). Chimpanzee kidney tissue cultures for growth and isolation of viruses. J. Bacteriol.
86:
573–576. 1963.—Chimpanzee kidney tissue cultures were employed for propagation of several laboratory strains of viruses that commonly inhabit the respiratory and intestinal tracts, or both, and for isolation of viruses from throat washings of persons with common colds and tonsillitis-pharyngitis. This tissue culture host was found to support the growth of approximately the same viruses as do Rhesus monkey kidney tissue cultures, with two exceptions: (i) chimpanzee kidney tissue culture was much more susceptible to herpes simplex infection, and (ii) cytopathic effects were not produced by either “M” or “H” strains of muriviruses (common cold viruses). The presence of adventitious viruses in some uninoculated chimpanzee kidney tissue cultures is suspected.