bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Household chaos – links with parenting and child behaviour
Authors: Coldwell Joanne , Pike Alison , Dunn Judy
Published: August 2006

Background:  The study aimed to confirm previous findings showing links between household chaos and parenting in addition to examining whether household chaos was predictive of children's behaviour over and above parenting. In addition, we investigated whether household chaos acts as a moderator between parenting and children's behaviour.

Method:  The sample consisted of 118 working‐ and middle‐class two‐parent English families with two children aged 4–8. Parents provided reports of the parent–child relationship, the level of chaos in their home and the children's problematic behaviour. The children also provided reports of parent–child relationships via a puppet interview.

Results:  The results confirmed the links between household chaos and parenting, and indicated that household chaos is predictive of children's problem behaviour over and above parenting. In addition, in a minority of cases, household chaos played a moderating role between parenting and children's behaviour in that it exacerbated the effect of poorer quality parenting on children's behaviour.

Conclusions:  Household chaos is able to work in an additive way and predict children's problem behaviour over and above parenting, and is particularly potent when in combination with less positive/more negative parenting.
A rapid exocytosis mode in chromaffin cells with a neuronal phenotype
Authors: Ardiles Alvaro O. , Maripillán Jaime , Lagos Verónica L. , Toro Rodrigo , Mora Italo G. , Villarroel Lorena , Alés Eva , Borges Ricardo , Cárdenas Ana M.
Published: August 2006

We have used astrocyte‐conditioned medium (ACM) to promote the transdifferentiation of bovine chromaffin cells and study modifications in the exocytotic process when these cells acquire a neuronal phenotype. In the ACM‐promoted neuronal phenotype, secretory vesicles and intracellular Ca2+ rise were preferentially distributed in the neurite terminals. Using amperometry, we observed that the exocytotic events also occurred mainly in the neurite terminals, wherein the individual exocytotic events had smaller quantal size than in undifferentiated cells. Additionally, duration of pre‐spike current was significantly shorter, suggesting that ACM also modifies the fusion pore stability. After long exposure (7–9 days) to ACM, the kinetics of catecholamine release from individual vesicles was markedly accelerated. The morphometric analysis of vesicle diameters suggests that the rapid exocytotic events observed in neurites of ACM‐treated cells correspond to the exocytosis of large dense‐core vesicles (LDCV). On the other hand, experiments performed in EGTA‐loaded cells suggest that ACM treatment promotes a better coupling between voltage‐gated calcium channels (VGCC) and LDCV. Thus, our findings reveal that ACM promotes a neuronal phenotype in chromaffin cells, wherein the exocytotic kinetics is accelerated. Such rapid exocytosis mode could be caused at least in part by a better coupling between secretory vesicles and VGCC.
Causal Attributions for Achievement Outcomes: Sex-Role Identity, Sex and Outcome Comparisons
Authors: Pasquella Mary J. , Mednick Martha T. S. , Murray Saundra Rice
Published: August 2006

White male and female subjects completed a digit guessing task, an instrument assessing perceived outcome and causal attributions, and the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ), a measure of sex-identity. Men generally used more ability attributions than women, though women stressed ability for failure more than men did. Those who saw themselves as successful on the task reported using more ability, effort, and luck ascriptions than those with lower subjective outcome. While sex identity was related to the kinds of attributions made for ability and effort, it was only in relation to subjective outcome for effort that it added information over and above that of sex of subject.
Effects of transfusion on human erythrovirus B19‐susceptible or ‐infected pediatric recipients in a genotype 3–endemic area
Authors: Parsyan Armen , Addo‐Yobo Emmanuel , Owusu‐Ofori Shirley , Akpene Henrietta , Sarkodie Francis , Allain Jean‐Pierre
Published: August 2006

BACKGROUND: Human erythrovirus (parvovirus) B19 is transmitted by transfusion of blood, blood components, and plasma derivatives and is resistant to most viral inactivation methods. B19 genotype 3 is prevalent in Ghana, and no related clinical information is available.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This study assessed the transmission of B19 genotype 3 by transfusion and the potential effect of transfused B19 antibodies in viremic recipients. Immunological aspects of B19 genotype 3 infection in children mainly transfused for acute malarial anemia were examined. Molecular and serologic methods adapted to genotype 3 were developed and used.

RESULTS: Among 114 donor‐recipient pairs from Ghana, two donations contained B19 DNA and specific antibodies, and no evidence of transmission was found. B19 immunoglobulin G (IgG)–containing whole blood was transfused to 14 B19 DNA–positive recipients. Three recipients with detectable levels of IgG to B19 failed to clear viremia 1 to 2.3 months after transfusion. Ten recipients without IgG to VP2 before transfusion cleared the virus but failed to develop an immune response to B19 within 1 to 2 months after transfusion. Only 1 patient who received little specific IgG by transfusion produced detectable antibodies.

CONCLUSION: Low levels of B19 genotype 3 DNA associated with specific IgG are not infectious by transfusion. Viral clearance and apparent down regulation of immune response to B19 may be related to removal of the viral antigens by transfused antibodies and/or immunomodulatory effect of transfusion.
Dynamics and Cardiac Arrhythmias
Authors: QU ZHILIN , WEISS JAMES N.
Published: August 2006

Cardiac arrhythmias, characterized by single or multiple reentrant circuits, represent a dynamic phenomenon in an excitable medium. In this review, we provide a brief overview of how cardiac action potential duration restitution, conduction velocity restitution, and intracellular calcium cycling regulate the dynamics of action potential excitation and wave propagation in relation to the genesis and maintenance of cardiac arrhythmias.
New Technique for Fenestration of the Interatrial Septum
Authors: SIVAPRAKASAM MUTHUKUMARAN , KIESEWETTER CHRISTOPH , VELDTMAN GRUSCHEN R. , SALMON ANTHONY P. , VETTUKATTIL JOSEPH
Published: August 2006

Achieving controlled flow between the systemic and pulmonary venous circulations is desirable in many complex congenital heart diseases. This includes the Fontan circulation, primary pulmonary hypertension, double inlet ventricles, or hypoplastic left heart with obstruction to the atrioventricular valve. As no specific device is available for this purpose, we developed a balloon‐mounted stent technique to achieve a predetermined‐sized fenestration of an atrial baffle in a patient with Fontan circulation. The details of the technique are described.
IVUS Makes Important Strides in 2005
Authors: CARLIER STEPHANE G. , TANAKA KAORU
Published: August 2006

Researchers utilized intravascular ultrasound in unique ways in 2005, from assessing transplant vasculopathy to evaluating long‐term drug‐eluting stent outcomes to identifying predictors of stent thrombosis. These and other applications signify key developments in the field of intravascular imaging.
The Effect of Crowding on Human Task Performance1
Authors: Freedman Jonathan L. , Klevansky Simon , Ehrlich Paul R.
Published: August 2006

In a series of three experiments, groups of people performed tasks under varying conditions of density. The tasks ranged from very simple to complex, from rote memory to a test of creativity. Subjects worked on the tasks for 4 hours at a time for two or three successive days. There were no significant effects of density on performance, nor any consistent trends.
The Anatomy of Revolutionists
Authors: Gold Alice R. , Friedman Lucy N. , Christie Richard
Published: August 2006

A questionnaire containing 62 items relating to the New Left and 28 items measuring anomia, authoritarianism, and Machiavellianism was given to 153 entering freshmen at Columbia in the fall of 1968. The five factors emerging from a factor analysis of responses to the items were labeled: New Left Philosophy, Revolutionary Tactics, Machiavellian Tactics, Machiavellian Cynicism, and Traditional Moralism. Students who had been politically active prior to coming to college scored higher than the rest of the group on New Left Philosophy, Revolutionary Tactics, and Machiavellian Cynicism, but scored lower on Machiavellian‘Tactics and Traditional Moralism. In the spring of 1969, a revised set of items was given to students in introductory psychology classes at Columbia University and New York University. While the findings from these subjects replicated those found with the Columbia freshmen, they showed subtle differences which led to speculations about the radicalization process. Also discussed are the relationships between the nature of political participation and all of the factors, with special emphasis on the discrepancy between Machiavellian Tactics and Cynicism.
Behavioral Consequences of Exposure to Uncontrollable and Unpredictable Noise1
Authors: Reim Bruce , Glass David C. , Singer Jerome E.
Published: August 2006

A laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate behavioral consequences of exposure to high‐intensity predictable and unpredictable noise, under conditions where subjects believed or did not believe they had control over noise termination. Subjects were a group of men and women, averaging 50 years of age, who had lived in an urban environment for most of their lives. Results showed that the work of adapting to uncontrollable, in contrast to controllable noise, produced greater performance impairments following termination of the noise. Predictable noise had minimal effects on postadaptive performance, even though subjects could not control its offset. Comparisons of these data with previous findings reported by the authors indicated that people living in urban settings for long periods of time show essentially the same negative consequences of noise adaptation as those living in cities for shorter durations.
Early Election Returns and the Voting Behavior of Adolescent Voters1
Authors: Mann Leon , Rosenthal Robert , Abeles Ronald P.
Published: August 2006

High school students participated in a field experiment that tested the effects of exposure to early election returns in a nonpartisan referendum. On a pretest of attitudes, students stated their preferences on the issue of the school's grading policy. One week later, just before voting, subjects in the experimental condition received information announcing the probable outcome of the election. There was a significant relationship between class achievement level and (a) likelihood of changing vote, and (b) the direction of change. Students in the brighter classes changed their votes less frequently, but when they changed their preferences they showed a greater bandwagon effect. Students in the classes of lower academic achievement changed their votes more frequently, but when they changed their preferences they showed a greater underdog effect. Differences between the more typical political election in which bandwagon and underdog effects are seldom reported and the experimental election were discussed.
Behavioral Indicators of Interpersonal Attraction1
Authors: Baskett Glen Dale , Byrne Donn , Hodges Louis
Published: August 2006

The laboratory study of attraction is based almost exclusively on verbal measures of the dependent variable. Various findings suggest that the physical distance separating two individuals indicates the degree of attraction between them. In two experiments, attitude similarity between a subject and two stooges was manipulated. Females were more attracted to and sat more closely beside a similar than a dissimilar stranger (p < .01); males were more attracted to and sat directly across from a similar rather than a dissimilar stranger (p < .02).
Material Aid and Social Attraction1
Authors: Morse Stanley J. , Gergen Kenneth J.
Published: August 2006

Aid programs can be used as an antidote to social conflict. Under certain conditions, however, they may create hostility. In this experiment subjects representing six hypothetical countries (1) either received or did not receive material aid from a seventh nation and (2) had a high or low level of material need. Attraction for the aid‐giver decreased markedly when aid was denied, but increased very little when it was granted. When subjects were high in material needs, the denial of aid produced maximal antagonism. However, when aid was received, high need did not enhance attraction to the donor. The implications of these findings for an exchange theory of attraction and for aid giving are discussed.
An Experimental Study of Black‐White Negotiations1
Authors: Davis Earl E. , Triandis Harry C.
Published: August 2006

One hundred and forty variables tapping aspects of the subjective culture (characteristic way or perceiving the social environment) of 300 white male students were subjected to two‐mode factor analysis. Five subject types emerged from the similarities in the responses of the students to these variables. In the next phase of the study, 88 representatives of these subject types participated in experimental negotiations. Before the negotiations, caucus groups, consisting of six students homogeneous in their pretest scores, decided what positions should be upheld during the negotiations. Following the caucuses, three two‐member teams were formed, from each caucus group. The teams negotiated with two‐member black teams of confederates of the experimenters. Negotiations focused on three issues, each of which was represented by 10 Thurstone successive‐interval method scaled positions. Negotiation outcomes were predicted from the subjective culture measures (r= .42; p < .005). The negotiation outcomes tended to be more predictable from the reference group (caucuses) preferred positions (r= .65) than from individual preferences (r= .36). Negotiators tended to overconform to caucus positions. Behavioral differential scale ratings of black negotiators predicted the outcomes better than semantic differential ratings of these stimuli. The more specific the attitude measured the more predictive it was of negotiation outcomes. Discussion focused on implications for understanding the relationship between attitudes and behavior and the process of black/white negotiations.
Similarity, Sex, and Requests for Small Favors1
Authors: Emswiller Tim , Deaux Kay , Willits Jerry E.
Published: August 2006

To determine whether correspondence in appearance between helper and helped will increase the rate of helping behavior, two types (Hippie and Straight) and two sexes of experimenters approached each of the four corresponding types of subjects and asked to borrow a dime for a telephone call. As predicted, a significantly greater number of persons were willing to lend money to someone who resembled them in appearance. Furthermore, as predicted, his tendency to match on the basis of appearance was stronger for male subjects than for female subjects. It was hypothesized that dress styles, like race, provide a basis for assumptions about other areas of similarity and create a greater willingness to help a similar other.
Who Speaks for the Community?1
Authors: Fiedler Fred E. , Fiedler Judith , Campf Steven
Published: August 2006

A survey in an unincorporated urban area compared the major community problems of concern to two groups: (a) a randomly selected sample of listed telephone subscribers, and (b) community leaders identified through nominations and reputational methods. In addition to asking about the major problems of the community, the randomly selected telephone subscribers were also asked to indicate for each problem (a) the persons or organizations to whom they looked for information and advice, (b) whom they considered qualified to speak for them, and (c) whom they expected to act in their behalf in the solution of these problems. The results of these surveys showed a large divergence of concerns expressed by the random samples and the reputed community leaders, as well as a striking number of respondents who felt themselves to be without spokesmen.
Bargaining Strategies with Asymmetric Initiation and Termination
Authors: Starbuck William H. , Grant Dorothy F.
Published: August 2006

Two experimental studies of bilateral bargaining were conducted, and this paper reports findings related to differences in the conditions under which bargaining began and ended. Asymmetric initiation affected the way the subjects bargained, but not, on the average, the deals they struck. Asymmetric termination affected both bargaining behavior and deals. One surprising conclusion was that following a relatively simple configuration of bargaining strategies increased both one's probability of making a deal and one's benefits from the deal itself.
A Laboratory Test of the Mirror Image Hypothesis1
Authors: Streufert Siegfried , Sandler Sandra Ishibashi
Published: August 2006

Chinese and American nationals participated in an experimental internation simulation as a test of Bronfenbrenner's mirror image hypothesis. Perceptions of own and opposing nations were measured for (1) a rebel movement, and (2) a large power fighting a rebel movement in a foreign nation. The effects of information availability (relevance), and of increasing threat from a third power were also investigated. It was found that evaluative mirror image perceptions of the opposing nation as “bad” and one's own as “good” were easily established. Mirror image perceptions of “they are the aggressors” were found for Chinese, but not for Americans. Information relevance had only limited effects. Threat from a third power produced, in general, decreased mirror image perceptions for subjects representing the large power, but did not affect subjects representing the rebel movement.
A Test of Gamson's Theory of Political Trust Orientation1
Authors: MICHENER H. ANDREW , ZELLER RICHARD A.
Published: August 2006

Two issues derived from Gamson's theory of political trust are examined and tested. Essentially, this theory hypothesizes that prior probability of success and type of available influence technique determine the extent to which political partisans will attempt to influence decisions made by authorities. Further, the theory suggests that prior probability of success, type of influence technique, and the partisans' success or failure in getting preferred outcomes will determine the level of political trust toward the authorities. The present study reports data relevant to these predictions. These data show that type of influence technique strongly determines the extent of influence usage, while prior probability of success is a significant, hut weaker determinant. Although all three independent variables affect political trust orientation, the effect of success‐failure is particularly strong, while that of type of influence technique is weak. There are no significant interactions among these three independent variables. In general, the findings support some aspects of Gamson's theory, while disconfirming others.
Testimony Validity as a Function of Question Form, Atmosphere, and Item Difficulty
Authors: MARQUIS KENT H. , MARSHALL JAMES , OSKAMP STUART
Published: August 2006

The effects of five kinds of questioning, two interpersonal atmospheres of interviewing, and five levels of item difficulty on the accuracy and completeness of testimony about a short film were tested in a legal interrogation setting. Subjects enjoyed the supportive style of interviewing more than the challenging style, but atmosphere had no important effect on recall performance.

The type of questioning produced almost no differences in affective or cognitive reactions. However, as the specificity of questions increased, so did the completeness of testimony. Accuracy of testimony showed slight decreases for more specific questions. The trade‐off between accuracy and completeness was mediated by item difficulty. It was very pronounced for items of high difficulty and not apparent for items of low difficulty.

Leading questions by themselves or in interaction with atmosphere did not produce special distortions in accuracy.
Feedback of Information About the Values and Attitudes of Self and Others as Determinants of Long‐Term Cognitive and Behavioral Change1
Authors: Rokeach Milton , McLellan D. Daniel
Published: August 2006

Previous experiments designed to modify persons' values and subsequent attitudes and behavior have used direct self‐confrontation procedures to arouse self‐dissatisfaction in subjects. The present study compared the effects on values and behavior of the previously used self‐confrontation procedure with a modified value‐change procedure which did not confront subjects with information about their own values. Both procedures resulted in college students significantly increasing their ranking of the values equality and freedom. These changes were evident 4 weeks after the experimental procedures. Four months after the experimental treatments subjects were solicited to behaviorally support various activities of the Committee to End Racism, and subjects in both experimental groups showed a significantly greater behavioral effect than did control subjects. Thus, significant long‐term value and behavioral change may be experimentally induced even when subjects are not provided objective information about their own value‐attitude system.
The Validity of Construction Workers' and Students' Perceptions of Each Other: A Research Note
Authors: Bozzone Vincent , Meyers Judith Ann , York Arthur
Published: August 2006

Following the spring 1970 confrontations between undergraduate college students and construction workers in lower Manhattan, a study of attitudes of a sample of undergraduates and construction workers was conducted. One hunderd Columbia University undergraduates and 100 apprentice construction workers were asked to indicate their level of agreement with 10 statements which were intended to embody “basic American tenets”. The respondents within each group were also asked to predict the attitude that a member of the other group would hold. A “liberal/conservative” dichotomy was developed for the instrument by having independent judges categorize each of the 10 items as representing a “liberal” or a “conservative” attitude.

The expectations that student responses would be more liberal than construction worker responses and that each group would perceive this difference were tested and supported. The expectation that students perceive construction workers to be even more conservative than the workers report themselves to be was also supported. But the construction workers did not demonstrate the expected exaggeration of the students' liberalism.
Property, Possession and Permanence: A Field Study in Human Territoriality1
Authors: Edney Julian J.
Published: August 2006

The relationship between the “permanence” of a person's occupancy of a place and his territorial behavior were tested in a field setting. The permanence (past residence and anticipated future residence) of suburban residents who displayed territory defenses was compared to that of control residents who had no such displays. It was found that people who had visible territorial displays on the property showed greater permanence in attachment to the property and responded more rapidly to the presence of an outsider on their property. Results were discussed with reference to the functional implications of territoriality in communities.
Self‐Confrontation and Confrontation With Another as Determinants of Long‐Term Value Change1
Authors: Rokeach Milton , Cochkane Ray
Published: August 2006

An experiment was carried out to determine whether attempts to change values would be less successful under conditions of confrontation with a significant other than under conditions of private self‐confrontation. Rokeach's value change procedure was used to induce self‐dissatisfaction in two experimcntal groups, one under anonymous conditions and the other under non‐anonymous, face‐to‐face interaction with the experimenter. The rcsults confirm previously reported findings that significant long‐term changes in values can be brought about by inducing feelings of self‐dissatisfaction about contradictions within one's value‐attitude system. The findings also showed that changes in equality and freedom 8 to 9 weeks after the experiment were equally great under both anonymous and non‐anonymous conditions compared with a control condition. The results are discussed especially in relation to their practical implications for psychotherapy.
Internal‐External Control and Reaction to the My Lai Courts‐Martial
Authors: Hochreich Dorothy J.
Published: August 2006

This study sought to investigate the relationship between a personality variable, internal‐external control of reinforcement, and reactions of college students to the My Lai courts‐martial. It was hypothesized that externak would bc more likely than internals to underplay the individual responsibility of Calley and his men, projecting most of the blamc for what happcncd at My Lai onto the US. government and military establishment. Strong support for the hypothesized relationship between I‐E and assibmment of responsibility for the My Lai events was found for University of Connccticut males, but not for females.
Reinforcement and Helping Behavior1
Authors: Moss Martin K , Page Richard A
Published: August 2006

A study was conducted to determine the effects of reinforcement following helping in one situation on subsequent helping behavior. It was predicted that helping behavior would increase following positive reinforcement and decrease following negative reinforcement. It was also predicted that the attractiveness of the dispenser of reinforcement would affect subsequent helping. The study was conducted using a 3 × 2 × 2 design with the variables bemg nature of reinforcement, attractivcness of the confederate, and sex of S. The data indicated that subsequent to negative reinforcement, helping responses decrease. There were no differences between the positive, neutral or control conditions. Sex of S interacted with reinforcemcnt condition, with mcn helping more than women following negative reinforcement. Malcs and females also differcd in quality of help given, with men offering more physical help than women, particularly following neutral reinforcement.
Effects of Job Redesign: A Field Experiment1
Authors: Lawler Edward E. , Hackman J. Richard , Kaufman Stanley
Published: August 2006

A telephone company project to redesign the job of directory assistance operator was: studied in order to determine the effects on workers of “job enrichment” programs. The change increased the amount of variety and the decisionmaking autonomy in the operator's job. However, no change in work motivation, job involvement, or growth need satisfaction occurred as a result of the changes; instead, the changes had a significant negative impact on interpersonal relationships. After the changes, the older employees reported less satisfaction with the quality of their interpersonal relationships, and those supervisors whose jobs were affected by the changes reported less job security and reduced interpersonal satisfaction. Implications of these findings for the theory of job redesign proposed by Hackman and Lawler (1971) are discussed.
Effects of inadmissible Evidence on the Decisions of Simulated Jurors: A Moral Dilemma
Authors: Sue Stanley , Smith Ronald E. , Caldwell Cathy
Published: August 2006

In a 2 × 3 design, simulated jurors received either weak or strong evidence against a defendant in a murder case. Within each evidence condition, subjects were given either additional evidence ruled admissible, additional evidence ruled inadmissible, or no additional evidence. Results indicated that (a) jurors were biased by inadmissible evidcnce in the weak‐evidence but not in the strong‐evidence condition, (b) strong evidence resulted in more guilty verdicts than did weak evidence, (c) confidence in verdict was influenced by strength of evidence, and (d) confidence of guilt was positively correlated with severity of punishment. Implications of the results are discussed within the context of the judicial process.
Helping on the Highway: The Effects of Dependency and Sex1
Authors: Pomazal Richard J. , Clore Gerald L.
Published: August 2006

A series of three naturalistic field experiments are reported which investigated the norm of social responsibility by examining the effects of dependency and sex on helping. Experiment I examined the effect of physical disability on the likelihood of passing motorists helping with a flat tire. Females were helped significantly more than males, but the dependency manipulation was only minimally effective. In Experiment II the same disability cues were used in a hitchhiking context. Again females were helped significantly more than males, but surprisingly the dependency cues significantly reduced the number of ride offers. Experiment III used hitchhiking as the behavior of interest, but this time the dependency cues involved a disabled vehicle. This dependency manipulation significantly increased help offers. In addition, females were again helped significantly more than males. In all three experiments, almost all help offers were made by males. Other variables that appeared to influence helping rates were the perceived cost of helping, the attractiveness of the solicitors, and whether they were seen as responsible for their state of dependency. The present field results complemented previous laboratory work on the Same variables.
Correlates of Leadership Behavior at Two Managerial Levels in a Mental Institution1
Authors: Hunt J. G. , Hill J. W. , Reaser J. M.
Published: August 2006

Relationships between leadership behavior for first‐ and second‐level managers and several measures of employee performance and satisfaction were investigated in a state school for the mentally retarded. Four leadership dimensions and a modified fifth dimension, all from the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire‐Form XII were used. Three of these measures were highly intercorrelated and were combined into a “Considerate Influence” dimension. This dimension was significantly related to a number of employee criteria at the first managerial level and about one‐fifth as many criteria at the second level. The other two leadership dimensions had very few significant relationships. Second‐level leadership in combination with first‐level leadership in a number of cases significantly increased relationships for Considerate Influence beyond separate treatment of first‐ and second‐level leadership, while such was not generally true for the other leadership dimensions.
Decisionmaking by Third Parties in Settling Disputes1
Authors: Shaw Jerry I. , Fischer Claude S. , Kelley Harold H.
Published: August 2006

This study concerns decisionmaking by men who serve as third parties in disputes between two other individuals. A study was made of hearings at which a government official (O) attempted to judge the merits of a wage claim brought by a worker (C) against his former employer (D). O's attitudes before and after the hearing were assessed, and a content analysis was made of a script of the hearing process. O was the most active participant in the interaction. O developed more attitudinal structure about the case than he had had initially, and showed an increase in the degree of his evaluative differentiation between the contending parties. Unexpectedly, the consistency of O's attitudes about each party decreased somewhat in cases where he announced a decision. A striking pattern of evidence occurred concerning the special relation that usually developed between O and the “loser” of the case (the party less preferred by O at the end.) He reacted more negatively to the loser than he did positively to the winner. It was suggested that a postdecision contention between O and the loser was triggered by O's revelation of his judgment and that the subsequent interchange resulted in O's having a clear and negative view of the loser at the conclusion of the hearing.
A Three‐Factor Experimental Analysis of Promises and Threats
Authors: Rubin Jeffrey Z. , Lewicki Roy J.
Published: August 2006

A questionnaire study was conducted to examine the extent to which variations in the language of promises and threats differentially affect compliance as well as perceptions of the transmitters of these influence attempts. Subjects were asked to imagine that they had been assigned a partner for collaborative work on a project, for which the topic had not yet been decided. In an attempt to persuade them of the value of his topic, the partner (experimenter) sent subjects one of eight promises and threats, which varied along three dimensions: orientation to the consequences of compliance (reward or nonpunishment) vs. noncompliance (punishment or nonreward); transmitter versus recipient orientation of the statement's premise; and transmitter versus recipient orientation of the statement's conclusion. The results indicate that recipient‐oriented premise statements and statements of contingent reward or nonpunishment are seen as both more attractive and more likely to gain compliance than those that have a transmitter‐oriented premise or that express contingent punishment or nonreward. In addition, compliance was found to be strongly related to a transmitter's attractiveness, but to neither his perceived power nor his activity. The implications of these findings for future research and the resolution of a variety of conflicts were discussed.
Basis for Decision: An Attitudinal Analysis of Voting Behavior1
Authors: Fishbein Martin , Coombs Fred S.
Published: August 2006

A psychological theory which suggests that a person's attitude toward any object is a function of his beliefs about the object and the evaluative aspects of those beliefs is presented. Thus, in the political arena, a person should like or dislike a given candidate because (a) he believes the candidate has certain personal characteristics, is affiliated with certain reference groups, or is for or against various issues; and (b) evaluated these characteristics, groups, and issues positively or negatively. Evidence from a local survey in the 1964 presidential election supports this theory and its application to voting behavior. In addition, the data clearly indicate that voters do take partisan stands on some issues, do clearly discriminate between the candidates vis‐a‐vis certain issues, and do change their beliefs during the course of a campaign. These data suggest that a new protrait of the American voter is overdue.
Time Urgency and the Type A Coronary‐Prone Behavior Pattern1
Authors: Glass David C. , Snyder Melvin L. , Hollis Jack F.
Published: August 2006

Two experiments were conducted to examine behavioral consequences of a sense of time urgency, which presumably characterizes individuals classified as manifesting a so‐called “Type A” coronary‐prone behavior pattern. Experiment I indicated that time‐urgent Type A Ss were reliably less successful than noncoronary‐prone “Type Bs” in performing a task requiring a low rate of response for reinforcement (DRL). Type As were not only unable to delay their responses; they also showed greater evidence of tension and hyperactivity than Type Bs during DRL performance. Experiment II extended these results to the interpersonal domain. Time‐urgent Ss became more impatient and irritated than less urgent Ss when both types were systematically slowed down in their efforts to reach a solution on a joint decision‐making task. The results were discussed in terms of a conceptualization of the A‐B dimension as reflecting differential expectations of and needs for environmental control. Additional evidence was presented in support of this approach. Consideration was also given to possible physiologic mechanisms mediating the relationship between psychological variables such as the Type A pattern and actual occurrence of coronary heart disease.
The Social Power of a Uniform1
Authors: Bickman Leonard
Published: August 2006

The degree and basis of social power of uniformed figures was investigated in two field experiments. In the first experiment, subjects were stopped in the street by an experimenter dressed in one of three ways: a civilian, a milkman, or a guard. They were asked to pick up a paper bag, or to give a dime to a stranger, or to move away from a bus stop. The results indicated that the subjects complied more with the guard than with the civilian or milkman. In the second field experiment, designed to examine the basis of the guard's power, subjects were asked to give a dime to a stranger under conditions of either surveillance or nonsurveillance. The guard's power was not affected by the surveillance manipulation. A logical analysis of social power indicated that the guard's power was most likely based on legitimacy. Two questionnaire studies indicated, however, that college students did not perceive the guard as having either more. power or more legitimacy than the milkman or civilian. The nature and importance of understanding legitimacy was discussed.
Acceptance of Help as a Function of Similarity of the Potential Helper and Opportunity To Repay1
Authors: Clark Margaret S. , Gotay Carolyn C. , Mills Judson
Published: August 2006

College students were given the task of making an object from balloons while being observed by someone who they were told had highly similar values (similar conditions) or highly dissimilar values (dissimilar conditions). Later they were to observe while the other made an object from wire coat hangers that were already unwound (no opportunity to repay conditions) or were not unwound (opportunity to repay conditions). In preparation for the subject's task, the balloons had to be blown up and the other offered to help. The number of balloons the subject gave the other was the measure of acceptance of help. An interaction between similarity and opportunity to repay was found. As hypothesized, acceptance of help was greater when the potential helper was similar than when he was dissimilar only when the opportunity to repay was anticipated; when no opportunity to repay was expected, the reverse was found.
The Effect of Similarity Between Donor and Recipient on Recipient's Reactions to Aid1
Authors: Fisher Jeffrey David , Nadler Arie
Published: August 2006

This study explored the effect of similarity‐dissimilarity between the donor and the recipient on the recipient's self‐perception and his perception of the donor. A 2 x 2 between‐subjects design was employed in which aid versus no aid and similarity versus dissimilarity were the experimental factors. The results indicate that receiving aid from a similar other had a negative effect on the recipient's situational self‐esteem and self‐confidence, while aid from a dissimilar other had a positive effect on situational self‐esteem and self‐confidence. Social comparison theory (Festinger, 1954) was suggested as a means of explaining this finding. In addition, it was found that a donor of aid was more favorably rated than a nondonor.
The Donor's Dilemma: Recipient's Reactions to Aid from Friend or Foe1
Authors: Nadler Arie , Fisher Jeffrey David , Streufert Siegfried
Published: August 2006

Subjects participating as decision‐makers in the Tactical and Negotiations Game experimental simulation encountered a programed emergency and then received an offer of aid from either an ally or an enemy donor. Findings indicate that recipients of aid from an ally donor perceived the donor to be more positively motivated and perceived the aid to reflect greater effort and to be of greater value than recipients of an equal amount of aid from an enemy donor. In addition, aid from an ally precipitated a positive shift in recipient perceptions of the donor and a negative shift in recipient perceptions of the enemy nondonor, while aid from an enemy had essentially no effects. The applied implications of these findings are discussed.
Nonverbal indicators of Affect and Deception in an Interview Setting1
Authors: McClintock Charles C. , Hunt Raymond G.
Published: August 2006

A study was conducted to identify codes of nonverbal behavior which could be used by interviewers in a standard field interview to systematically assess deception and emotional states of respondents. Ten male and 10 female subjects were interviewed on topics that had been pretested to arouse in them pleasant involvement, passivity, and unpleasant involvement. Subjects were also instructed to lie to the interviewer on issues of importance to them. Eye contact was measured by observation through a one‐way mirror. Smiles, gestures, self‐manipulations and postural shifts were scored from videotapes of the interview. The most distinctive patterns of nonverbal cues occurred with unpleasant‐involvement and deception questions. The former state was characterized by increases in smiling, self‐manipulations, and postural shifts. Deception responses were marked by decreases in smiling and increases in self‐manipulations and postural shifts. Results also suggested that eye contact functioned as an intensifier of affect.
Some Effects of Crowding in a Prison Environment1
Authors: Paulus Paul , Cox Verne , McCain Garvin , Chandler Jane
Published: August 2006

Inmates at a federal correctional institution were examined for their criterion of what constitutes overcrowding. In general, inmates who were housed under highly crowded conditions exhibited less tolerance of overcrowding than did those who were housed under relatively less crowded conditions. Higher crowding also yielded more negative affective responses to the physical environment. This relationship existed only with respect to a social‐density measure of crowding and not for a spatial‐density measure.
Beyond Sowing and Growing: The Relationship of Sex Typing To Socialization, Family Plans, and Future Orientation1
Authors: Allgeier Elizabeth Rice
Published: August 2006

The speculation, appearing frequently in the birth‐planning and population literature, that family‐size desires are associated with sex‐role norms, was empirically investigated with the Bem (1974) Sex Role Inventory. Forty college students in a 2 (sex‐typed vs. androgynous) × 2 (male or female) design responded to a demographic and future‐plans inventory. Results indicated that androgynous females, as compared with sex‐typed females, (a) moved frequently during childhood (p < .02); (b) were raised in larger communities (p < .02); (c) had fathers (p < .03) and mothers (p < .003) of higher occupational status; (d) tended toward higher educational aspiration (p < .09); (e) desired fewer children (p < .05); and (f) placed more importance on competence at work (p < .004). Male responses were not generally related to the sex‐typing variable. Results were discussed in terms of implications of sex‐role socialization for the problem of overpopulation.
The Effects of Censorship on Attitude Change: The Influence of Censor and Communication Characteristics1
Authors: Worchel Stephen , Arnold Susan , Baker Michael
Published: August 2006

The effects of censor characteristics and audiences' initial agreement with a censored communication on attitude change and desire to hear a communication were investigated. Subjects were informed that a communication taking a position with which they had originally agreed or disagreed had been censored. The censor was either an attractive or unattractive agent and his expertise on the topic of the speech was either high or low. The results indicated that in all cases except one, censorship led to an increased desire to hear the communication and attitude change toward the position of the communication. In the one exceptional case, when an attractive expert censor forbade a communication with which the audience disagreed, the subjects decreased their desire to hear the speech and did not change their attitudes on the topic of the communication. The results were interpreted as indicating that censorship arouses both reactance and balancing attempts but that balancing will be observed only in limited situations.
Group Decision as a Technique for Obtaining Compliance: Some Added Considerations Concerning How Altruism Leads to Callousness
Authors: Baron Robert Steven , Sanders Glenn
Published: August 2006

Bennett (1955) reported that a critical condition for producing Lewin's (1958) classic group discussion‐decision effect (is., high compliance with a request from an authority figure) was a group consensus strongly favoring compliance. This finding prompted investigation of variables potentially affecting such a consensus. A first study found that group consensus is significantly less likely to favor compliance if subjects are allowed to make a majority rather than an individual decision. Group size had no significant effects on decision‐making. A second study replicated this effect and investigated several explanations for it. These results suggest that, at least when compliance is not in the subjects' best interest, the Lewinian group discussion‐decision effect will be less likely to be found if a majority decision role is followed as opposed to an individual decision rule. The implication of these data for social engineering is discussed.
Bystander intervention in a Crime: The Effect of a Mass‐media Campaign1
Authors: Bickman Leonard
Published: August 2006

Two field studies investigated bystander intervention by witnesses to a staged shoplifting in a University bookstore. In the first study, a mass‐media campaign was successful in communicating information and altering behavioral intentions, but not in increasing actual intervention behavior. A second study attempted to determine whether the low report rate and the relative ineffectiveness of the campaign to alter this rate was due to in‐group loyalty between students. The results indicated that although students differentially perceived a nonstudent shoplifter, there was no increase in intervention.
Faith Without Works: Jesus People, Resistance to Temptation, and Altruism
Authors: Smith Ronald E. , Wheeler Gregory , Diener Edward
Published: August 2006

Students in a large introductory psychology class were given an opportunity to cheat on a class examination. Some time later, they were asked to volunteer to participate in a project designed to help mentally retarded children. On the basis of attitudinal and behavioral self‐report measures, the subjects were divided into four groups according to religious belief: Jesus people, religious, nonreligious, and atheists. The four groups did not differ in frequency or magnitude of cheating, nor did they differ in committing themselves to performing the altruistic act. Females showed a significantly higher frequency of altruistic behavior than did males. Resistance to temptation and altruism were essentially unrelated to one another, and level of religiousness did not appreciably affect the magnitude of the relationship.
A Field Study of Sex‐role Attitude Change in College Women
Authors: Ruble Diane N. , Croke Julie A. , Frieze Irene , Parsons Jacquelynne E.
Published: August 2006

Two field studies are presented which examine to what extent women's studies courses are effective in changing sex‐role attitudes in college women. Factor analyses were performed on the questionnaire data to produce summary variables for the change analysis and to examine the structure of sex‐role ideology. The results, consistent in both studies, showed the women's sex‐role beliefs are comprised of definable areas and that awareness of sex discrimination and traditional beliefs regarding the proper roles for men and women are more susceptible to influence than are other types of variables.