bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ambulatory urodynamics monitoring – a video demonstration
Authors: Rantell Angie , Shakir Fevzi , Cardozo Linda
Published: September 2018

Aims

To present a narrated video designed to demonstrate the steps involved in performing and interpreting ambulatory urodynamics monitoring (AUM).

Methods

This video provides an overview of the role of AUM in clinical practice and describes the process of performing AUM using solid state microtip transducers and the MMS / Laborie Luna ambulatory recorder. Line placement, calibration and the urodynamic protocol are discussed along with descriptions of provocation tests that can be used during AUM. Examples of AUM traces are reviewed demonstrating common findings eg detrusor overactivity, urodynamic stress incontinence and voiding difficulties. Good urodynamic practice in relation to the interpretation of AUM is presented. Its application in clinical practice is often limited due to the cost of equipment (particularly the microtip transducers which range from £1200‐£2500) and appropriate decontamination of the transducers (in this unit an anti‐sporacidal 3 stage wipe system is employed (Tristel) however, many hospital infection control teams do not consider this sufficient so disposable water or air filled lines are used). Other limitations include the requirement for additional training and the time necessary to perform the test.

Results

This video will educate and inform health care professionals regarding AUM so that they may consider its use in their armamentarium of investigations of lower urinary tract function and be able to counsel patients appropriately should they choose to refer them to an alternative provider for further investigation if they do not have direct access in their service.

Conclusion

AUM is a second line investigation of lower urinary tract dysfunction used in patients where conventional urodynamics have failed to make a diagnosis or replicate their symptoms. They allow for a more physiological assessment of bladder function. Protocols may vary from 1 h to 24 h but are dependent on re‐creation of patient's symptoms.
Interest groups and public affairs in the contemporary Balkans: Project overview and preliminary explanations
Authors: Fink‐Hafner Danica , Thomas Clive S.
Published: September 2018

This comprehensive coverage of public affairs and interest group activity in the Balkans has 2 objectives. One is to produce the first study focusing solely on interest groups in each of the 7 countries of the former socialist Yugoslavia. The second is to compare developments across the region to assess the extent to which this study reflects existing research and what it can add to this knowledge. To achieve these objectives, this article explains several aspects of the methodology used by all contributors. These include common use of terms, an explanation of the topics covered, and the survey instrument.
Obesity causes PGC‐1α deficiency in the pancreas leading to marked IL‐6 upregulation via NF‐κB in acute pancreatitis
Authors: Pérez Salvador , Rius‐Pérez Sergio , Finamor Isabela , Martí‐Andrés Pablo , Prieto Ignacio , García Raquel , Monsalve María , Sastre Juan
Published: September 2018

Obesity is associated with local and systemic complications in acute pancreatitis. PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC‐1α) is a transcriptional coactivator and master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis that exhibits dysregulation in obese subjects. Our aims were: (1) to study PGC‐1α levels in pancreas from lean or obese rats and mice with acute pancreatitis; and (2) to determine the role of PGC‐1α in the inflammatory response during acute pancreatitis elucidating the signaling pathways regulated by PGC‐1α. Lean and obese Zucker rats and lean and obese C57BL6 mice were used first; subsequently, wild‐type and PGC‐1α knockout (KO) mice with cerulein‐induced pancreatitis were used to assess the inflammatory response and expression of target genes. Ppargc1a mRNA and protein levels were markedly downregulated in pancreas of obese rats and mice versus lean animals. PGC‐1α protein levels increased in pancreas of lean mice with acute pancreatitis, but not in obese mice with pancreatitis. Interleukin‐6 (Il6) mRNA levels were dramatically upregulated in pancreas of PGC‐1α KO mice after cerulein‐induced pancreatitis in comparison with wild‐type mice with pancreatitis. Edema and the inflammatory infiltrate were more intense in pancreas from PGC‐1α KO mice than in wild‐type mice. The lack of PGC‐1α markedly enhanced nuclear translocation of phospho‐p65 and recruitment of p65 to Il6 promoter. PGC‐1α bound phospho‐p65 in pancreas during pancreatitis in wild‐type mice. Glutathione depletion in cerulein‐induced pancreatitis was more severe in KO mice than in wild‐type mice. PGC‐1α KO mice with pancreatitis, but not wild‐type mice, exhibited increased myeloperoxidase activity in the lungs, together with alveolar wall thickening and collapse, which were abrogated by blockade of the IL‐6 receptor glycoprotein 130 with LMT‐28. In conclusion, obese rodents exhibit PGC‐1α deficiency in the pancreas. PGC‐1α acts as selective repressor of nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) towards IL‐6 in pancreas. PGC‐1α deficiency markedly enhanced NF‐κB‐mediated upregulation of Il6 in pancreas in pancreatitis, leading to a severe inflammatory response. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laser Fluence Dependence of the Electrical Properties of MoO2 Formed by High Repetition Femtosecond Laser Pulses
Authors: Camacho‐Lopez Santiago , Perez‐Lopez Israel O. , Cano‐Lara Miroslava , Esparza‐Garcia Alejandro , Maya‐Sanchez M. Carmen , Reynoso‐Hernandez J. Apolinar , Camacho‐Lopez Marco
Published: September 2018

Molybdenum oxides have gained attention in the last few years due to their vast variety of polymorphs. These materials relate to technological applications in several devices to exploit their chromic and electrical features, among others. Molybdenum oxide (MoO2 and Mo4O11) tracks are obtained in molybdenum thin films, deposited on glass substrates, by a previously reported (by our research group) optical technique based on femtosecond pulses from a Ti:sapphire laser oscillator. The present work reports on both the electrical resistance and resistivity of MoO2 tracks as a function of the per pulse laser fluence (Fp) used for the oxide synthesis. It is found that the electrical resistance, as well as the resistivity, of the MoO2 tracks drops as the delivered laser fluence is increased. The resistivity was determined to drop from 1.7 × 10−3 Ω cm to 5 × 10−4 Ω cm. This result agrees well with resistivity measurements reported in the literature for MoO2 nanosheets and films, respectively. This is explained by the fact that at low laser fluence the MoO2 forms a very thin surface layer, while for high laser fluences the MoO2 will get thick.
Application of Bayesian analyses to doubly randomized delayed start, matched control designs to demonstrate disease modification
Authors: Turkoz Ibrahim , Sobel Marc , Alphs Larry
Published: September 2018

Disease modification is a primary therapeutic aim when developing treatments for most chronic progressive diseases. The best treatments do not simply affect disease symptoms but fundamentally improve disease course by slowing, halting, or reversing disease progression. One of many challenges for establishing disease modification relates to the identification of adequate analytic tools to show differences in a disease course following intervention. Traditional approaches rely on the comparisons of slopes or noninferiority margins. However, it has proven difficult to conclusively demonstrate disease modification using such approaches.

To address these challenges, we propose a novel adaptation of the delayed start study design that incorporates posterior probabilities identified by hierarchical Bayesian inference approaches to establish evidence for disease modification. Our models compare the size of treatment differences at the end of the delayed start period with those at the end of the early start period. Simulations that compare several models are provided. These include general linear models, repeated measures models, spline models, and model averaging. Our work supports the superiority of model averaging for accurately characterizing complex data that arise in real world applications.

This novel approach has been applied to the design of an ongoing, doubly randomized, matched control study that aims to show disease modification in young persons with schizophrenia (the Disease Recovery Evaluation and Modification (DREaM) study). The application of this Bayesian methodology to the DREaM study highlights the value of this approach and demonstrates many practical challenges that must be addressed when implementing this methodology in a real world trial.
Review, Analysis, and Modeling of Continuous Casting Tundish Systems
Authors: Mazumdar Dipak
Published: September 2018

Computational studies of steelmaking tundish systems date back to early eighties. Two independent overviews, published, respectively, in 1999 and 2010, summarize a large number of research work reported by various groups of investigators. These indicate that modeling of tundish metallurgy is primarily restricted to the steady operating period, and phenomena such as, fluid flow, turbulence, thermal and material mixing, inclusion floatation, and removal etc. are given wide attention. Toward this, homogeneous, turbulent flow modeling is relatively more frequent. Since 2008 or so, transient and multi‐phase modeling of tundish metallurgy are popular and reported by some groups of investigators. This paper presents a brief summary and a critical assessment of such efforts vis a vis industrial tundish metallurgy practices. Despite advancements in theory and powerful computational procedures, it is brought out that progress in mathematical modeling of tundish metallurgy, particularly during the last decade, is somewhat sluggish. In the final section of the manuscript, an account of continuing efforts of the author and his associates are presented, wherein, modeling of two phase flows in ladle shroud and latter's attendant influences on the metallurgical performance of steelmaking tundish is discussed.
The SPAR Ontologies
Authors: Peroni Silvio , Shotton David
Published: September 2018

Over the past eight years, we have been involved in the development of a set of complementary and orthogonal ontologies that can be used for the description of the main areas of the scholarly publishing domain, known as the SPAR (Semantic Publishing and Referencing) Ontologies. In this paper, we introduce this suite of ontologies, discuss the basic principles we have followed for their development, and describe their uptake and usage within the academic, institutional and publishing communities.
Towards Solving the Impossible Problems
Authors: Raami Asta
Published: September 2018

How can we make better decisions to solve complex problems? How can we reach for unseen ideas and inventions? A sustainable and coherent future is embedded in coherent decision making, successful problem solving and radical innovating. Solving the seemingly impossible and creating something outside of our current imagination cannot be reached just with novel combinations of existing components. We must exceed the known. Often, we do not realize that current problem scoping narrows down possible future solutions. We ignore the potentials we consider impossible. However, there is a vast untapped potential of the human mind. Studies made with creative and highly intuitive individuals show that the boundaries of the mind can be surpassed for example through intentional intuiting. Intentional intuiting opens new ways to acquire information, recognize meaningful outliers and enhance creativity. People who can leverage intuiting and resilient thinking create a head start compared with analytical thinkers. These types of skills are trainable and can work as drivers for the sustainable wellbeing of future societies.
Ramsey and Joyce on deliberation and prediction
Authors: Liu Yang , Price Huw
Published: September 2018

Can an agent deliberating about an actionAhold a meaningful credence that she will doA? ‘No’, say some authors, for ‘deliberation crowds out prediction’ (DCOP). Others disagree, but we argue here that such disagreements are often terminological. We explain why DCOP holds in a Ramseyian operationalist model of credence, but show that it is trivial to extend this model so that DCOP fails. We then discuss a model due to Joyce, and show that Joyce’s rejection of DCOP rests on terminological choices about terms such as ‘intention’, ‘prediction’, and ‘belief’. Once these choices are in view, they reveal underlying agreement between Joyce and the DCOP-favouring tradition that descends from Ramsey. Joyce’s Evidential Autonomy Thesis is effectively DCOP, in different terminological clothing. Both principles rest on the so-called ‘transparency’ of first-person present-tensed reflection on one’s own mental states.
In vivo coupling of tau pathology and cortical thinning in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Mak Elijah , Bethlehem Richard A.I. , Romero‐Garcia Rafael , Cervenka Simon , Rittman Timothy , Gabel Silvy , Surendranathan Ajenthan , Bevan‐Jones Richard W. , Passamonti Luca , Vázquez Rodríguez Patricia , Su Li , Arnold Robert , Williams Guy B. , Hong Young T. , Fryer Tim D. , Aigbirhio Franklin I. , Rowe James B. , O'Brien John T.
Published: September 2018

Introduction

The deposition of neurofibrillary tangles in neurodegenerative disorders is associated with neuronal loss on autopsy; however, their in vivo associations with atrophy across the continuum of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain unclear.

Methods

We estimated cortical thickness, tau ([18F]‐AV‐1451), and amyloid β (Aβ) status ([11C]‐PiB) in 47 subjects who were stratified into Aβ− (14 healthy controls and six mild cognitive impairment–Aβ−) and Aβ+ (14 mild cognitive impairment–Aβ+ and 13 AD) groups.

Results

Compared with the Aβ− group, tau was increased in widespread regions whereas cortical thinning was restricted to the temporal cortices. Increased tau binding was associated with cortical thinning in each Aβ group. Locally, regional tau was associated with temporoparietal atrophy.

Discussion

These findings position tau as a promising therapeutic target. Further studies are needed to elucidate the casual relationships between tau pathology and trajectories of atrophy in AD.
A novel C‐terminal truncated mutation in hCDKL5 protein causing a severe West syndrome: Comparison with previous truncated mutations and genotype/phenotype correlation
Authors: Jdila Marwa Ben , Triki Chahnez , Rhouma Bochra Ben , Jomaa Rihab Ben , Issa Abir Ben , Ammar‐Keskes Leila , Kamoun Fatma , Fakhfakh Faiza
Published: September 2018

Introduction

West Syndrome is a severe epileptic encephalopathy characterized by epileptic spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and regression of psychomotor acquisitions beginning in the first year of life.ARXandCDKL5genes were identified as linked to the most frequent genetic causes of West Syndrome.

Methods

The present study reports the clinical, molecular and bioinformatic investigation of the patient with severe West syndrome.

Results

Molecular analysis of the two candidate genes, i.e.ARXandCDKL5showed the presence of a novel insertion c.2788insG in exon 19 ofCDKL5gene. This mutation causes changes in cis regulation elements of exon 19 splicing and in secondary pre‐mRNA structure leading probably to inclusion of alternative exon 19 in hCDKL5_5 isoform for which foetal brain expression was recently confirmed.

This insertion led also to a frameshift mutation and generated a premature stop codon (p.E930Gfs9X) in the C‐ terminal domain and causing the lack of a part of the signal recognized by proteasome as well as the lack of peptidase I serine active site. Moreover, we review previously described, truncated mutations occurring in different regions of the C‐ terminal domain, and we compared the subcellular mutated protein localization and their resulting patients’ phenotypes.

Conclusions

The impairment of alternative splicing of exon 19 and the lack of a part of the proteasome signal due to c.2788insG mutation could disrupt the dynamic regulation of isoform levels especially hCDKL5_5 and hCDKL5_1 during pre and postnatal neurodevelopment and then could cause pathogenic phenotype. Signal peptidase I serine active site seems to modulate hCDKL5_5 movements between nucleus and cytoplasm. We noticed that the resulting phenotypes from truncated mutations among the C‐terminal domain of hCDKL5 are almost similar and are always severe.
The Constitutional Practice of Ethno-Religious Violence in Sri Lanka
Authors: GUNATILLEKE Gehan
Published: September 2018

Ethno-religious violence in Sri Lanka is a chronic problem, and it can be sustained even without the active support of a particular government. This understanding of violence prompts further reflection – both on the factors that drive such violence and the complex relationship between ethnicity, religion, and the Sri Lankan constitution. This article delves into the post-war context in Sri Lanka and examines how and why ethno-religious violence has persisted regardless of the government in power. It is presented in three sections. The first analyzes the current state of ethno-religious violence in Sri Lanka. The second offers a hypothesis on why such violence has persisted despite the democratic transition of January 2015. It argues that democratic transitions alone cannot prevent chronic ethno-religious violence due to certain factors that serve to entrench violence within the country’s constitutional practice. The final section discusses the relationship between ethno-religious relations, the nature of the Sri Lankan constitution, and the space for meaningful constitutional reform. It concludes that the Sri Lankan state – informed by Sri Lanka’s ‘political constitution’ – embodies a certain structural dispensation towards ethno-religious violence. Until this fundamental dispensation is in some way transformed, meaningful religious freedom and power sharing will remain elusive aims.
Implicit Theories of Relationships and Conflict Communication Patterns in Romantic Relationships: A Dyadic Perspective
Authors: Dovala Taylor , Hawrilenko Matt , Cordova James V.
Published: September 2018

The present study examined the relationship between dyadic interaction patterns and implicit theories of relationships (ITRs; deeply held beliefs about the nature of relationships) using a sample of N = 104 couples. We hypothesised that destiny beliefs would predict greater avoidance in conflict interactions, while growth beliefs would predict more constructive communication. Surprisingly, the results of the current study challenge the existing literature by indicating that neither destiny nor growth beliefs predict constructive communication or mutual avoidance for the couple. Further, while destiny beliefs were related to increased withdrawal in a demand-withdraw pattern, growth beliefs related to both demand and withdraw in a demand-withdraw pattern. These findings suggest that assessing the relationship between ITRs and communication patterns at the couple level introduces complexity that is underexplored in the current literature on implicit theories of relationships.
THE FIRST TRIUMVIRATE AT HOME AND ABROAD IN CICERO'SPRO FLACCO
Authors: DiLuzio Joseph
Published: September 2018

In 59bc, in the second half of Caesar's tumultuous year as consul, a certain Decimus Laelius brought a charge of extortion against the former praetor and ally of Cicero – L. Valerius Flaccus. Flaccus had proven instrumental in the suppression of the Catilinarian conspiracy four years earlier. From the beginning of his speechpro Flacco, the orator frames the case in terms of contemporary politics. Though ostensibly about the defendant's alleged misconduct as Governor of Asia, Cicero makes the contest a ‘trial of character’ and argues that the impetus for the prosecution was actually Flaccus’ role in foiling the Catilinarian plot. In contrast with his own heroism as consul and that of his client in preserving the Republic, Cicero portrays the prosecution and its backers as in league with the remnants of Catiline's ill-fated putsch.
Roman History
Authors: Corke-Webster James
Published: September 2018

Identity studies live. This latest batch of publications explores what made not just the Romans but the Italians, Christians, and Etruscans who they were. We begin with both age and beauty, the fruits of a special exhibition at the Badischen Landesmuseum Karlsruhe in the first half of 2018 into the most famous of Roman predecessors, the Etruscans. Most of the exhibits on display come from Italian museums, but the interpretative essays that break up the catalogue – which are also richly illustrated – are by both Italian and German scholars. These are split between five overarching sections covering introductory affairs, the ages of the princes and of the city-states, the Etruscans’ relationship with Rome, and modern reception. The first contains essays treating Etruscan origins, history, identity, and settlement area. The second begins with the early Iron Age Villanova site, before turning to early Etruscan aristocratic culture, including banqueting, burials, language, writing, and seafaring. The third and longest section considers the heyday of Etruscan civilization and covers engineering and infrastructure, crafts and production, munitions, women's roles, daily life, dance, sport, funerary culture, wall painting, religious culture, and art. The fourth section treats both the confrontation between Etruscan and Roman culture and the persistence of the former after ‘conquest’ by the latter. The fifth section contains one essay on the modern inheritance of the Etruscan ‘myth’ and one on the history of scholarship on the Etruscans. Three aspects to this volume deserve particular praise. First, it includes not only a huge range of material artefacts but also individual essays on Etruscan production in gold, ceramic, ivory, terracotta, and bronze. Second, there is a recurring interest in the interconnections between the Etruscans and other cultures, not just Romans but Greeks, Iberians, Celts, Carthaginians, and other Italian peoples. Third, it includes the history of the reception of Etruscan culture. Amid the just-shy-of-200 objects included (almost every one with description and high-quality colour image), the reader can find everything from a mid-seventh-century pitcher made from an Egyptian ostrich egg painted with birds, flowers, and dancers (147), through the well-known third- or second-century bcTabula Cortonensis – a lengthy and only partially deciphered Etruscan inscription that documents either a legal transaction or a funerary ceremony (311) – to the 2017 kit of the Etruschi Livorno American Football team (364). Since we have no extant Etruscan literature, a volume such as this is all the more valuable in trying to get a sense of these people and their culture, and the exceptionally high production value provides quality exposure to material otherwise scattered throughout Italy.
Genetic influences on eight psychiatric disorders based on family data of 4 408 646 full and half-siblings, and genetic data of 333 748 cases and controls
Authors: Pettersson E. , Lichtenstein P. , Larsson H. , Song J. ,   Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Working Group of the iPSYCH-Broad-PGC Consortium, Autism Spectrum Disorder Working Group of the iPSYCH-Broad-PGC Consortium, Bipolar Disorder Working Group of the PGC, Eating Disorder Working Group of the PGC, Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the PGC, Obsessive Compulsive Disorders and Tourette Syndrome Working Group of the PGC, Schizophrenia CLOZUK, Substance Use Disorder Working Group of the PGC, Agrawal A. , Børglum A. D. , Bulik C. M. , Daly M. J. , Davis L. K. , Demontis D. , Edenberg H. J. , Grove J. , Gelernter J. , Neale B. M. , Pardiñas A. F. , Stahl E. , Walters J. T. R. , Walters R. , Sullivan P. F. , Posthuma D. , Polderman T. J. C.
Published: September 2018

Background

Most studies underline the contribution of heritable factors for psychiatric disorders. However, heritability estimates depend on the population under study, diagnostic instruments, and study designs that each has its inherent assumptions, strengths, and biases. We aim to test the homogeneity in heritability estimates between two powerful, and state of the art study designs for eight psychiatric disorders.

Methods

We assessed heritability based on data of Swedish siblings (N = 4 408 646 full and maternal half-siblings), and based on summary data of eight samples with measured genotypes (N = 125 533 cases and 208 215 controls). All data were based on standard diagnostic criteria. Eight psychiatric disorders were studied: (1) alcohol dependence (AD), (2) anorexia nervosa, (3) attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), (4) autism spectrum disorder, (5) bipolar disorder, (6) major depressive disorder, (7) obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and (8) schizophrenia.

Results

Heritability estimates from sibling data varied from 0.30 for Major Depression to 0.80 for ADHD. The estimates based on the measured genotypes were lower, ranging from 0.10 for AD to 0.28 for OCD, but were significant, and correlated positively (0.19) with national sibling-based estimates. When removing OCD from the data the correlation increased to 0.50.

Conclusions

Given the unique character of each study design, the convergent findings for these eight psychiatric conditions suggest that heritability estimates are robust across different methods. The findings also highlight large differences in genetic and environmental influences between psychiatric disorders, providing future directions for etiological psychiatric research.
Experiment in Poland
Authors: Moore Arthur
Published: September 2018

Newspapers in the United States recently carried comparatively brief items about a ceremony held in Warsaw on April 19 to mark the fifteenth anniversary of the Battle of the Warsaw Ghetto. For most readers, these items must have caused a brief moment of shock—shock at remembering the details of that struggle and a further uneasy sensation at the realization that they had so nearly completely forgotten the episode in what already begins to seem an ancient war.
The Real Cold War
Authors: Harrington Michael
Published: September 2018

It is a dangerous, current cliche to say America is in the midst of a deep crisis. For suddenly, with the success of Sputnik, our mood of righteous selfcongratulation has given way to the.mood of the crash program. And our new sense of urgency develops simply as a reaction to Russia's technological achievement. Thus it is that so many can argue that the crisis will be resolved if only the United States can close the gap in military research, if only the old nuclear supremacy can be restored.
Russia and the West
Authors: Mosely Philip E.
Published: September 2018

The Soviet Union is a powerful military state today and it is continually growing stronger. Estimates vary widely as to whether it is one year, two years or five years ahead of the West in the development of the intercontinental missile, but there is almost general agreement that it is substantially ahead of us in a timetable in which the development from one stage to the next depends upon first achieving certain scientific and engineering break-throughs and then advancing from those. In other words, this is not the kind of developmental time lag which can be made up easily, if at all.
The Revolution in Cuba
Authors: Finn James
Published: September 2018

The exchange of criticism that swept back and forth between Cuba and the United States early this year caught many people in both countries largely by surprise. The victorious rebel leaders and the Cuban people were disconcerted when even Americans who welcomed the overthrow of General Fulgencio Batista criticized harshly the rapid trials and executions of those who had been imprisoned as war criminals. And Americans were taken aback at the resentment with which their criticism was met, and often slightly bewildered to find that the resentment has been building up for years.

This mutual criticism, it becomes increasingly clear, marks a watershed between two views of Cuba: the definite but distorted picture presented to the United States when Batista was dictator, and the shape of present Cuba which is only gradually emerging Out of the successful revolution and which is yet to be sharply defined.
Africa in Transition
Authors: Persen William
Published: September 2018

In the past decade Africa has exploded. Where the next explosion will occur no one knows. It might be riots in Nyasaland or Dahomey, demonstrations in Brazzaville or Khartoum, assassination in Constantine. The dead African past of tribal discipline and subsistence-ignorance has been challenged by a civilization immeasurably more productive in satisfying the material and esthetic wants of its populace. The answer to the challenge is diffuse and uncontrolled. Like the expanding galaxies, the ideas that result from the bomb that the West has triggered in Africa are moving with tremendous speed in every direction.

Ten years ago, it appeared that Africa, except perhaps for its northern Arab tier, was still deeply immersed in its ancient ways, that it would be many years before the African peoples reacted to Western nationalism with their own nationalism.
War as a Moral Problem
Authors: Millis Walter
Published: September 2018

As one of a non-religious (some of my friends might consider it an anti-religious) bent, it has always seemed to me impossibly difficult to deal with questions of war and statecraft as moral problems. If we are thinking of “war” in the abstract, we are thinking of one of the ugly facts of life—an institution which has characterized human society from time immemorial, and which, like many other ugly facts of life, is in itself morally neutral. Like pain, pestilence or natural disaster, it presents a problem to the moralist; but the moralist can say nothing to those involved in war's agonies and cruel decisions.
The Pacifist's Choice
Authors: Cary Stephen G.
Published: September 2018

Ever since the time of Constantine, Christian theologians have been trying to find a way to wrap up the gospel of Christ and the institution of war in the same package. Sometimes they have enjoyed moderate success. When war was the private monopoly of various princes and was conducted according to welldefined rules with limited objectives, it was possible to rationalize it. But as the institution has grown in scope and ferocity, and its weapons in destructive power, the task has become more difficult. The ethic of love and the ICBM are simply not compatible, regardless of the theological garb in which they are presented.
New Uses for the UN
Authors: Bloomfield Lincoln P.
Published: September 2018

The immediate day-to-day foreign policy decisions which are facing us are on issues that are largely of other people's making. Beyond them there is another level where we might move ahead and try to give greater force to our ideas and to our ideals. It is here that we should be looking for action that will connect with our long-range objectives. The path here, as I see it, is to try to develop certain common interests, which may start out on a limited basis but can ultimately develop into worldwide interests.
Religion and Responsibility
Authors: Miller William Lee
Published: September 2018

We Americans, collectively, have suddenly been burdened with a world responsibility for which neither our past experience nor our present values equip us very well. Less than two centuries after our, country was but a collection of remote colonies it has become a superpower upon whom all the old colonial powers depend. Less than twenty years after perhaps a majority of Americans supported the isolationist position against involvement in World War II, the United States is the center of history's most far-reaching peacetime alliance.

This alliance which America leads includes both colonial powers and recently-freed colonies, bitter enemies and close allies from the last war, dictatorships and democracies. It comprises nations upon whose loyalty we know we can depend and others about whose intentions we feel nervous. And since the alliance itself is both complex and ambiguous, America's role in it must be complex and ambiguous too.
Containment–and After
Authors: Pfaff William
Published: September 2018

We Americans of all people have been most aware of ourselves, most alive to our special character, our revolutionary tradition, our hospitality to human aspiration, our creation of a constitution and a manner of political life which, if it was not without precedent, is nonetheless unique in scope and in ambition. What we did in 1778 changed human affairs, and that will not be forgotten.

But let us consider what we have become. Powerful, to be sure. But important? That is something else. To be important—important not for the moment but important to human history—is not an inevitable result of power or size.
The Just War Doctrine
Authors: Lefever Ernest W.
Published: September 2018

President Kennedy has it within his power to end the Cold War. Two equally dramatic and effective paths are open to him to accomplish this purpose. He can end the Cold War by capitulating to Communist demands in Berlin, in Laos and in the disarmament dialogue, or he can end it by starting a hot war.

As long as Mr. Kennedy and the American people regard these alternatives as morally wrong and politically unwise, which I hope will be a long time, we will have to adjust to the perils and pitfalls of a notso- peaceful-coexistence. In this protracted conflict involving nuclear weapons (in being), unconventional warfare, diplomatic negotiations, trade, ideas and loyalties—in this novel twilight zone between war and peace—has the traditional doctrine of the just war any relevance? I believe it has. attempt to support the thesis that the traditional doctrine is relevant in principle to the nuclear-missile age, first by suggesting six necessary elements present in all moral-political decisions and then by sketching a brief outline for a “responsible” just war theory.
The Problem of Means
Authors: Thompson Kenneth W.
Published: September 2018

In “Morality and Foreign Policy” a distinguished Catholic theologian has raised a series of important issues that trouble him in the writings of political realists. Father John Courtney Murray should realize, however, that those he attacks are deeply troubled by many of the same issues. Unhappily, he falls prey early in his analysis to the very polemics he attributes to authors of “the new morality.“

Thus Father Murray concentrates his attack on what he calls “an intramural argument going on within the Protestant community.” This ignores a rich body of contemporary Catholic writing which is central to the tradition he is criticizing. The editors of The Review of Politics, for example, stand in the forefront of fulltime Catholic writers on international morality and they have their European counterparts.
The Demands of Prudence
Authors: Morgenthau Hans J.
Published: September 2018

An unbridgeable gulf separates the demands of Christian ethics from the way man is compelled by his natural aspirations to act. That conflict is foreordained by the nature of Christian ethics and the nature of man. Christian ethics demands love, humility, the abnegation of self; man as a natural creature seeks the aggrandizement of self through pride and power. It is the tragedy of man that he is incapable, by dint of his nature, to do what Christian ethics demands of him.
The Moral Problem of Force
Authors: O'Brien William V.
Published: September 2018

The problem of force in international society comes to life most dramatically in connection with planning for national security. International law and organization have attempted to diminish and control recourse to force by individual states on behalf of their pretended national interests. But these efforts have been, on the whole, rather unsuccessful except when they rested solidly on mutual advantage and fear of retaliation.

International law and organization have been especially unsuccessful in replacing national systems of security with an effective international security system in an age characterized by nuclear weapons and the comparatively permanent threat of Communist aggression. The resultant “fearful choice” may be expressed in the language of international ethics in the following way: The basic national interests of the states of the free world must be defended against Communism which would destroy those interests.
Dulles in the Suez Crisis
Authors: Halpern Manfred
Published: September 2018

Professor Herman Finer, author of fourteen books on world politics, and political institutions and philosophy, has now written a morality tale abounding with italics, capital letters, and searing words. The burden of his tale is this: In July 1956, John Foster Dulles thoughtlessly provoked a ruthless dictator into nationalizing the Universal Suez Canal Company which controls the lifeline of the West. Then Dulles compounded his sins. He failed to support our closest Western allies by holding the rest of the world at bay while our friends rightfully resorted to force against a Nasser who had rejected an international management board for the Canal.
Judaism and Culture
Authors: Cohen Arthur A.
Published: September 2018

Actually there can be no constructive thinking respecting history apart from culture, Since history is always the history of a people, it is reasonable that the historical event-a political movement, a style of art, a technological innovation, a scientific discovery -should be prepared by the ambience of culture. It is only possible to speak, therefore, with generality of the contours of culture, but not to fix them with finality, for culture is the latency of history, the actuality given and the possibilities implicit but unrealized.
The Transkei: International Decolonization
Authors: Molnar Thomas
Published: September 2018

In Sponono, Alan Paton's recent play, a message spelled out somewhat clumsily in the last act leaves the spectator breathless. The message is addressed by the African black man to the African white man: “You are responsible for us,” it tells him; “you are, whether you like it or not, your brother's keeper. You must help and admonish us, but you must also endlessly forgive because we are bound together for better or for worse.” This may be defective logic but it is realistic psychology. Those of us in the Western world who imagined that tomorrow or next year the Union of South Africa may break up in the fire of a revolution, or change radically its raciallegal structure know little about the real situation and its extraordinary complexity.
A Perspective on Foreign Affairs
Authors: Hordern William E.
Published: September 2018

Perhaps I should begin with the open acknowledgement that a theologian does not have any particular competence in the field of foreign policy. In a day when foreign policy is of imperative concern to every citizen the theologian, of course, will have his interest and his convictions in this field, but there is no reason to suppose that in making decisions of policy the theologian will exhibit superior political wisdom.

But if this is recognized, why should a theologian's comments on political matters be of any interest? I think that the answer can be seen if we take a moment to look at the nature, not of foreign policy, but of ethics. When we deal with ethical decisions we are close to a man's ultimate world view, we are dealing with his religion. If, with Paul Tillich, we define a man's god as that with which he is ultimately concerned, it is obvious that a man's ethics and a man's religion are intertwined. A man is ultimately concerned with that which he deems to be of greatest value.
Thermonuclear War and the Christian
Authors: Mohan Robert P.
Published: September 2018

The very title of this article seems to suggest a fundamental and irrevocable contradiction that exists between the harsh realities of contemporary warfare and the Christian way of life, built upon the primacy of love. Contemporary warfare has been determined by military necessity and weapons technology, and political policy and theory have had to a large degree to accommodate themselves to the harsh exigencies of twentieth-century survival.

There are two sentences which seem to suggest themselves in this discussion. One is from the first chapter of the gospel of Saint John: “In the beginning was the logos.” The second is from Goethe: “In the beginning was the deed.”
Turn Toward Just War
Authors: Ramsey Paul
Published: September 2018

The story of the Tower of Babel can teach us a great deal about man's political life. It begins at a time before time when “the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.” Then men said to one another “Go to, let us build us a city, and a tower whose top may reach unto heaven; and let us make its a name, lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth.” It is sad to report what happened to that first United Nations, at a time (if we are to believe the tale) far more auspicious for the union of mankind and for the ability of peoples to understand one another. The Lord (so the report reads) confounded their language, that they might not understand one another's speech—“and they left off to build the city” (Genesis ll;l-9).
Wars of National Liberation
Authors: Quade Quentin
Published: September 2018

What are the ethical confines of a just policy for Wars of National Liberation? I would respond that no possible policy which this country might adopt is a priori wrong or unacceptable. Stated baldly in this fashion, this position may conjure up visions of a Leninist ethic, in which the identified end justifies any means. But I submit that such horrors are not intrinsic to the position, and that my position is eminently Christian.

For to say there are no a priori limits on what this nation can do is not to say we are free to do anything. I am not free to support any policy, but only those policies which meet the criteria of a Christinformed prudence.
Assessment of Respiratory Function In the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Bolton Charles F.
Published: September 2018

Disorders of both the central and peripheral nervous systems are important causes of respiratory insufficiency. However, simple clinical observations and pulmonary function measurements may fail to identify the location and type of disorder. This can often be accomplished by the newly-developed technique of phrenic nerve conduction and needle electromyography of the diaphragm which delineate the various disturbances of central drive, axonal or demyelinating neuropathies of the phrenic nerves and certain myopathies. These studies have been preformed safely and with little discomfort on adults, children or infants, and in out-patient and general ward settings. We have found they are of particular value in the intensive care unit.
Political Problems and the Religious Man
Authors: Thompson Hugo W.
Published: September 2018

The problem of international relations today involves both practical and theoretical aspects for the religious man. The center of the practical problem is that in a bi-polarized world the possibilities of ABC warfare are a complete threat to survival. The theoretical problem is to explain the impotence of man in the face of this danger. More particularly, for the religious person it is to explain how religion can be so impotent when it is supposed to be so powerful.
Nationalism and Freedom
Authors: Shepherd George
Published: September 2018

The flower of human freedom blooms seldom and precariously in world history. One such occasion was the period of the Enlightenment when philosophers from Rousseau to John Locke and Jefferson proclaimed new conceptions of natural rights. Inspired by these new ideas of freedom, revolutions spread from America, France and England through Europe. New nations arose throughout Europe of the nineteenth century as a wave of new nationalism spilled across the Continent. The right of nationhood and self-determination was one of the new doctrines of freedom.
The Christian Conscience and Modern War
Authors: Buzzard Anthony
Published: September 2018

In the light of that Commandment which states, “Thou shalt not kill,” and Our Lord's subsequent teaching in the New Testament, what should be our attitude to killing and war, in the precise situation in which we Christians now find ourselves in the nuclear age?

Unfortunately there is at the moment a most distressing and dangerous disunity on this in the Church, in Parliament, in the country, and in the Western Alliance. Three quite different attitudes are being adopted—three different positions which are causing this tragic disunity amongst us.
Berlin and American Foreign Policy?
Authors: Molnar Thomas
Published: September 2018

Even at such a relative side-show as the Communist-sponsored youth festival in Helsinki last July, the American delegation was able to note that two countries were the chosen targets of all propaganda: the United States and West Germany. The very consistency and crudity or the Soviet design is impressive: the old adage of divide et impera is practised with every available means, at times through brutal attack, at other times through the basest flattery. The goal at all times is to isolate the United States from Europe and isolate Germany within Europe.
Catholic Social Doctrine and World Peace
Authors: Dunne George H.
Published: September 2018

The proposition which I should like to offer is that by being excessively preoccupied with a war which, should it materialize, we must certainly lose, we are in serious danger of losing another war in which we are already engaged. The war which we fear and for which we feverishly prepare to the tune of 50 billion dollars a year is thermonuclear war with the Soviet Union.
Protect the United Nations from its Friends
Authors: Moran William E.
Published: September 2018

People and organizations that strongly support the United Nations have, in recent weeks and months offered proposals and suggestions which cause concern. It has been suggested, for example, that the United Nations should involve itself in the Vietnam controversy with a peace-keeping force, that United States forces should be withdrawn as quickly as possible and be replaced by a United Nations force. Since the unilateral declaration of independence by Rhodesia, there have been suggestions in America and abroad that the United Nations should take action in that controversy. Suggestions of this sort bring to mind the old saw, “Oh, Lord, protect me from my friends, I can take care of my enemies myself.”
Wars of National Liberation IV
Authors: O'Brien William V.
Published: September 2018

I favor U.S. intervention in Vietnam. Nevertheless I bring to my subject the attitude of a native-born Washingtonian who remembers that the last time the Senators won the pennant was in 1933, and who is inclined to believe that if you're not wining, there's something wrong. There's something wrong with your theory, there's something wrong with your practice, something wrong someplaee if year after year you end up in tenth, ninth or eighth place. There's little comparable in terms of winning or losing wars of national liberation; obviously one of the things that is most upsetting is that they are not apparently amenable to “winning or losing.” Winning has to be redefined and that redefinition is part of my present task.
Instruments of International Politics
Authors: O'Brien William V.
Published: September 2018

The starting point for any serious attempt to relate ethics to foreign policy is the examination of the phenomena of international politics. Once a few very general principles and concepts have been set out by the theologian or ethicist it becomes necessary to turn to the subject matter to which international ethics addresses itself, international politics, in order to make normative goals concrete and meaningful and in order to identify at least the more prominent obstacles to the infusion of ethical values into the conduct of international relations.