bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On The Allocative Effects of Rent Seeking
Authors: Corchón Luis C.
Published: March 2003

We consider the effects of rent‐seeking activities on resource allocation. Before rent‐seeking activities take place, there are prior probabilities that an object will be given to one of several agents. The posterior probability depends on prior probabilities and the expenses incurred by all agents. In the case of two agents who equally value the object, prior and posterior probabilities coincide, and thus rent seeking has no effect on resource allocation. If there are two agents with different valuations of the object or we have more than two agents, rent seeking matters and posterior probabilities reflect the valuations of the agents.
Economic Mismeasurement and the Bias in Policy Choice
Authors: Myles Gareth D.
Published: March 2003

The level of economic activity is never measured perfectly because of problems of definition, inaccuracies in data collection, and the existence of the hidden economy. Such mismeasurement implies that government policies based on official statistics can be optimal only by chance. The analysis formalizes this observation in a two‐sector economy and attempts to quantify the direction and extent of the bias introduced into policy by the failure to account for the true size of the economy. It is shown that short‐term reform (which need not balance the government budget) can be detrimental. When a budget constraint is imposed, this ensures that reforms will be beneficial no matter how bad is the mismeasurement.
Games of Status
Authors: Quint Thomas , Shubik Martin
Published: March 2003

A status game is a cooperative game in which the outcomes are rank orderings of the players. They are a good model for certain situations in which players care about how their “status” compares with that of other players.

We present several formal models within this class. Included are authoritarian status games (where coalitions may assign positions in the rank ordering to nonmembers) and oligarchic status games (where they are unableto do so). We consider the issues of a value concept for authoritarian games and that of core existence for oligarchic games. We then add a transferable resource to the models, obtaining “games of wealth and status.”

Finally, we consider an interesting variant, called a “secession game,” where coalitions have the right to secede from the grand coalition and form their own smaller “subsocieties,” each with its own hierarchy.
A Cooperative Game Theory of Noncontiguous Allies
Authors: Arce M. Daniel G. , Sandler Todd
Published: March 2003

This paper develops a cooperative game‐theoretic representation of alliances with noncontiguous members that is based on cost savings from reducing overlapping responsibilities and sequestering borders. For various scenarios, three solutions (the Shapley value, nucleolus, and core's centroid) are found and compared. Even though their underlying ethical norm varies, the solutions are often identical for cases involving contiguous allies and for rectangular arrays of noncontiguous allies. When transaction costs and/or alternative spatial configurations are investigated, they may then differ. In all cases the cooperative approach leads to a distribution of alliance costs that need not necessarily coincide with the traditional emphasis on gross domestic product size as a proxy for deterrence value (the exploitation hypothesis). Instead, burdens can now be defined based upon a country's spatial and strategic location within the alliance.
Lindahl Pricing, Nonrival Infrastructure, and Endogenous Growth
Authors: Dasgupta Dipankar
Published: March 2003

The paper constructs a model of endogenous growth where infrastructure is an accumulable stock generating a nonrival input service. A typical market economy cannot attain the socially optimum steady state path, since nonrivalry precludes competitive pricing of infrastructure. However, there exist agent specific prices for the infrastructural service, a price for the infrastructural stock, a rate of interest, and a subsidy for the representative household that can sustain the optimal path as a dynamic Lindahl equilibrium. The rates of return from physical and infrastructural capital equal the rate of interest. Investment programs are socially optimum. The government's budget is balanced.
Composition of Government Budget, Non‐Single Peakedness, and Majority Voting
Authors: Bearse Peter , Glomm Gerhard , Janeba Eckhard
Published: March 2003

In this paper we study whether majority voting equilibria exist when preferences over public policies are not single peaked. The government levies a proportional income tax. Tax revenue is used to finance a uniform lump‐sum transfer and public education. Individuals vote on the composition of the government budget. We show that the single‐crossing property cannot be invoked to establish existence of a majority voting equilibrium. In a simple parametric example we find that cycles are pervasive.
Efficient Bayesian Mechanisms for Collective Goods: Is a Deficit Inevitable?
Authors: Kosmopoulou Georgia
Published: March 2003

This paper considers efficient Bayesian mechanisms for the provision of collective goods. We study the impact of excludability and the nature of externalities exhibited by collective goods upon incentives. We demonstrate that if a good is rivalrous only excludability of benefits allows a designer to restrict each agent's payoff enough to achieve efficiency in the limit. The more exclusive a rivalrous good, the smaller is the financial deficit in the mechanism relative to the size of the surplus of the economic activity. In contrast, if a good exhibits positive externalities, excludability is no longer necessary to achieve efficiency in provision.
A Simple Axiomatization of the Foster, Greer and Thorbecke Poverty Orderings
Authors: Ebert Udo , Moyes Patrick
Published: March 2003

The paper presents a simple characterization of the poverty orderings which are represented by a poverty measure belonging to the Foster, Greer, and Thorbecke class. All properties introduced are formulated within an ordinal framework. Furthermore, a new concept is proposed: the equivalent societal income which—if given to each individual in society—yields the same level of poverty as the actual income distribution. It is a specific indicator of the underlying poverty ordering, has attractive properties and allows us to prove the main result in a direct way.
Growth Effects of Capital Income Taxes: How Much Does Endogenous Innovation Matter?
Authors: Lin Hwan C. , Russo Benjamin
Published: March 2003

The paper compares the way economies with exogenous and endogenous innovation respond to capital income taxes. If innovation is exogenous, tax cuts increase saving. If innovation is endogenous, tax cuts increase innovation as well. Faster innovation raises capital productivity and calls forth still more saving. A larger capital stock lowers the discount rate, increases the present value of monopoly profit and calls for faster innovation. How large a difference endogenous innovation might make is an open question. We calculate numerical solutions of a model including features of the U.S. tax code that affect incentives to innovate. The results suggest that models with exogenous innovation substantially underestimate long–run effects of capital income taxes.
Luther and Kierkegaard: Theologians of the Cross
Authors: Hinkson Craig
Published: March 2003

The theologies of Kierkegaard and Luther begin with hiddenness as a necessary qualification of deity. Because God is transcendent and human reason is fallen, he cannot be directly known. To reveal himself, God must wrap himself in sensuous media that veil his deity while manifesting it. The indirect character of revelation implies a negative principle of cognition: God's nature is not recognizable in its transcendent glory, but rather in the lowliness and suffering of the cross. This epistemological principle yields virtually identical results for Kierkegaard and Luther alike, such that the term ‘theologian of the cross’ aptly describes each.
Theology and Allegory: Origen and Gregory of Nyssa on the Unity and Diversity of Scripture
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna
Published: March 2003

Origen and Gregory of Nyssa use allegorical exegesis to derive a unified meaning from the diversity of the scriptural text. However, they have different answers to the question of where, or in what, scripture’s unity lies, which lead to different styles of interpretation and which reveal their broader theological concerns. The question of the unity and diversity of scripture is thus not just a textual or hermeneutical one but is related to central theological issues. Furthermore, allegorical interpretation does not obfuscate the text, but aims to relate the salvation‐history recounted in it to the history of its reader.
Getting real in analysis
Authors: Renik Owen
Published: March 2003

The author uses a detailed clinical example to illustrate how reality testing can create rather than foreclose opportunities for analytic investigation. He proposes that authentic analysis of transference within the treatment relationship requires close and explicit attention to be paid to considerations of reality, but in a way that does not require the patient to defer to the analyst's view. The author reconsiders certain conceptions of a special psychoanalytic reality, of regression in clinical analysis, and of the nature of free association, suggesting that they tend to discourage the realism necessary to effective psychoanalytic work. In this context, he underlines the importance of ongoing reference to therapeutic outcome as an aspect of reality, and reflects upon the impact of the reality of the analytic treatment setting and the question of termination.
The familiar stranger
Authors: Agnel Aimé
Published: March 2003

To classify the contents of the collective unconsciousness which he had just discovered, Jung made use of typology. Later, beginning in the 1940s, he adopted the concept of archetypal field (relational and energetic), emphasizing the dynamic of opposites. Drawing inspiration from the field concept, the author shows the active role taken in the transference relationship by the opposites ‘strange’ and ‘familiar’– defined as antinomic values – and studies the therapeutic conditions for a transition from one pole to the other, in neurotic and borderline cases. The clinical examples are drawn from Théodore Flournoy's book, Des Indes à la planète Mars (From India to the Planet Mars), and two films, Theorem by Pasolini and Hiroshima mon amour by Alain Renais and Marguerite Duras.
The lost steps of infancy: symbolization, analytic process and the growth of the self
Authors: Feldman Brian
Published: March 2003

In ‘The Lost Steps’ the Latin American novelist Alejo Carpentier describes the search by the protagonist for the origins of music among native peoples in the Amazon jungle. This metaphor can be utilized as a way of understanding the search for the pre‐verbal origins of the self in analysis. The infant's experience of the tempo and rhythmicity of the mother/infant interaction and the bathing in words and sounds of the infant by the mother are at the core of the infant's development of the self. The infant observation method (Tavistock model) will be looked at as a way of developing empathy in the analyst to better understand infantile, pre‐verbal states of mind. A case vignette from an adult analysis will be utilized to illustrate the theoretical concepts.
Time Consistent Collection of Optimal Seigniorage: A Unifying Framework
Authors: Herrendorf Berthold
Published: March 2003

This paper reviews the existing literature on the time consistency problem of seigniorage collection when monetary policy is determined by optimal taxation considerations. It develops a unifying accounting framework and suggests a general measure for seigniorage, which encompasses the standard measures employed in the literature. In addition, the ex ante optimal solution to the optimal taxation problem is derived and interpreted in relation to the Ramsey principle. We show that the different recommendations of the public finance literature, i.e. the Friedman rule of optimal deflation, [moderately] positive inflation, and seigniorage maximizing inflation, are specific solutions to the optimal taxation problem. The paper continues with a formal illustration of the time consistency problem of the ex ante optimal policy and the characterization of the time consistent solution under discretion. As possible solutions to the time consistency problem, we consider reputational forces, institutional reforms that establish central bank independence, and specific ways of asset and debt management. In particular, it is formally shown that a modified version of the asset and debt management scheme suggested by Persson, Persson, and Svensson is not only necessary but also sufficient for optimality, although this did not hold in their model.
Issues in the Design and Reform of Commodity Taxes: Analytical Results and Empirical Evidence
Authors: Ray Ranjan
Published: March 2003

The motivation of this paper is two fold: (a) review the literature on design and reform of commodity taxes, (b) describe attempts at extending the traditional framework. The paper states the principal results in optimal commodity taxation with attention paid to assumptions made in their derivation. Empirical evidence on the structure of optimal commodity taxes is presented with special reference to the issue of uniformity versus selectivity, and the redistributive potential of commodity taxes. The paper, then, provides analytical and empirical evidence on the following extensions to the traditional framework: (i) presence of child subsidy and demographic effects on demand, (ii) fiscal federalism, (iii) tax evasion.
APPROXIMATIONS TO THE ASYMPTOTIC DISTRIBUTIONS OF COINTEGRATION TESTS
Authors: Doornik Jurgen A.
Published: March 2003

The asymptotic distributions of cointegration tests are approximated using the Gamma distribution. The tests considered are for the I(1), the conditional I(1), as well as the I(2) model. Formulae for the parameters of the Gamma distributions are derived from response surfaces. The resulting approximation is flexible, easy to implement and more accurate than the standard tables previously published.
An Econometric Analysis of I(2) Variables
Authors: Haldrup Niels
Published: March 2003

This paper provides a selective survey of the recent literature dealing with I(2) variables in economic time series, that is, processes that require to be differenced twice in order to become stationary. With reference to particular economic models intuition is provided of why I(2)‐and polynomial cointegration are features likely to occur in economics. The properties of I(2) series are discussed and I review topics such as: Testing for double unit roots, representations of I(2) cointegrated systems, and hypothesis testing in single equations as well as in systems of equations. Different data sets are used to illustrate the various econometric and statistical techniques.
Recent Books on Evolutionary Game Theory
Authors: Börgers Tilman
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article

Fudenberg and David Levine, The Theory of Learning in Games

Josef Hofbauer and Karl Sigmund, Evolutionary Games and Population Dynamics

Larry Samuelson, Evolutionary Games and Equilibrium Selection

Fernando Vega‐Redondo Evolution, Games, and Economic Behavior

Peyton Young, Individual Strategy and Social Structure, an Evolutionary Theory of Institutions
The Built‐in Flexibility of Income and Consumption Taxes
Authors: Creedy John , Gemmell Norman
Published: March 2003

This paper reviews, and synthesises within a uniform framework, a number of analytical results on the built‐in flexibility of taxation. Established results for income taxes are reviewed and integrated with recent results for consumption taxes. These help to provide a better understanding of the determinants of the revenue responsiveness properties of different taxes. They also provide convenient expressions for the calculation of tax revenue elasticities in practice. It is shown that the magnitude of revenue elasticities can be expected to differ substantially for alternative taxes, for different forms of the same tax, and for the same tax over time as incomes change relative to tax thresholds and as consumption patterns change. These results are especially relevant for the many industrialised countries which have undertaken major fiscal reforms in recent years with, often unintended, consequences for revenue elasticities.
‘Strangers in a Familiar Place’: The Evolution of a Family Therapy Clinic Within an In‐Patient Adolescent Unit
Authors: Rivett Mark , Tomsett Jean , Holmes Pat , Lumsdon Paul
Published: March 2003

This paper describes the evolution of a family therapy clinic within an inpatient adolescent unit. The dilemmas of such an enterprise are described in terms of the roles of its participants in relation to the ‘host’ unit. The authors propose that in order to maintain an appropriate boundary around the clinic, awareness of the ‘membership roles’ of the participants is essential. This concept, drawn from ethnographic research, refers to the differing perspectives that members of the multi‐disciplinary team bring into the family therapy clinic from their roles within the unit. The internal dynamics of the team are also described by reference to team members’ family of origin scripts which reflect their membership roles. The authors believe that adding a membership role perspective to family therapy clinics which operate within institutions may enable such teams to contain difference and thus achieve creativity.
If Wittgenstein and Lyotard could talk with Jack and Jill: towards postmodern family therapy
Authors: Shawver Lois
Published: March 2003

This essay uses a literary device to create a transcript of an imagined conversation between postmodern philosophers Ludwig Wittgenstein and Jean‐François Lyotard with two family therapy trainees, Jack and Jill, in order to explain key postmodern concepts as they might relate to family therapy. These include Lyotard's concepts of a differend, paralogy, metanarrative, and Wittgenstein's concepts of a language game, language game confusions and family resemblance. Other postmodern theorists and therapists make cameo appearances in the conversation, tying their own ideas to the topics under discussion. The essay also addresses the criticism of postmodernism raised by Barbara Held.
Multiple family therapy: an overview
Authors: Asen Eia
Published: March 2003

In recent years there has been increased interest in working with groups of families systemically. Multiple family therapy is applied in different settings and to a whole range of different presentations. These include work with multi‐problem families; with schools, parents and pupils; with adult mentally ill individuals and their families; and with eating‐disordered teenagers and their families. Principles and aims of multiple family therapy are presented, specific projects described and trends for future work outlined.
Multi‐family groups in the treatment of young adults with eating disorders
Authors: Colahan Mireille , Robinson Paul H.
Published: March 2003

Multi‐family group therapy is a variant of family therapy in which members are able to gain insight and learn from each other, provide support and encouragement, alleviate their sense of isolation and improve communication and social functioning. This study describes a series of multi‐family groups conducted within the eating disorder service of a large London NHS Hospital. Ratings made by participants indicated that families viewed the treatment favourably.
Fighting for Freedom: A Collaborative Success Story
Authors: Bergmark Anna‐Karin , Söderquist Martin
Published: March 2003

This article is co‐authored by the client and the therapist. The occasion is created by the desire to explain and understand a success story: a success for the client that was a surprise for the therapist. A dialogue is presented in which the therapist using a solution focus/narrative frame interweaves comments on the process. Final reflections are also offered.
Building ‘Europe’: Culture, History and Politics
Authors: Wood Stephen
Published: March 2003

This article explores historically grounded connections between cultural and political identities, and how they persist in contemporary Europe within its multilateral or ‘supranational’ frameworks. It argues that nations remain the starting point (and for many the end point) for conceptions of belonging and of political legitimacy. While economic prosperity is an essential ingredient, the European project cannot be built or sustained by perceived common economic interests alone. In recent years this has been realised by élites in favour of integration and has resulted in an increased concentration on the cultural dimension. Creating and psychologically implanting a formula which activates a resolute belief in a ‘common cultural heritage’ has proven difficult however. By comparison historiographic influences and contemporary social referents are still overwhelmingly national in character.
“A Strike of Girls”: Gender and Class in the British Metal Trades, 1913
Authors: Staples Clifford L. , Staples William G.
Published: March 2003

Our intent is to investigate the nature of capitalist patriarchy by writing women workers back into the story of the Black Country Strike. Conventional accounts of this important conflict in the British midlands have depicted the outcome as a “victory for the workpeople,” but such claims have failed to capture how gender hierarchies and cross‐class allegiances produced this “victory.” Specifically, we argue that unquestioned assumptions about the subordinate status of women provided the point of agreement around which working‐class men, their union, and their employers worked out their (class) differences, resulting in both the preservation of capitalism and the reassertion of male superiority and authority.
Modernism and the Machine Farmer
Authors: Bantjes Rod
Published: March 2003

In this paper I apply recent theoretical discussions of the spatial character of modernity to a ‘rural’ context. I argue that neither modernity nor ‘modernism’ has been an exclusively ‘urban’ phenomenon in the twentieth century, and that attention to modernism in the countryside yields insights into the modernist project. From the beginning of the twentieth century, the apparently ‘rural’ spaces of the prairie west were already integrated into modern trans‐local structures. Wheat farmers were ahead of their contemporaries in their appreciation of the nature and scale of modern distanciated relationships. They were ‘modernist’ in embracing and celebrating the technologies, particularly organizational technologies, for dominating space and time. They were also innovators in modern organizational design, seeking creatively to control the modern “machine” and to bridge the local and the ‘global.’ Their progressive experimentation culminated in a surprising proposal for ‘co‐operative farms’ not unlike Soviet collective farms.
Reported Speech and Other Kinds of Testimony
Authors: Vaughan Megan
Published: March 2003

This paper addresses the politics and practices of history and memory through an examination of the historiography of Malawi with reference to the literature on slavery. In the late 1970s, an oral historical research project in Malawi set out to ‘uncover’ the pre‐colonial history of part of the Southern Region. Informed by new methods for oral historical research and by the post‐colonial context, the testimonies collected were framed by a number of preconceptions and assumptions, particularly those related to the nature of ethnic identity. The paper analyses this framing and the nature of the texts produced. It goes on to examine briefly other forms of historical memory, and the question of ‘forgetting’.
In the Enchanted Grove: Financial Conversations and the Marketplace in England and France in the 18th Century
Authors: Preda Alex
Published: March 2003

The paper examines conversations in the 18th‐century London and Paris financial marketplaces. The aim is to highlight the place of conversations as the key form of interaction in the marketplace, and to evaluate financial conversations against the broader cultural background of literary and scientific dialogues of the time. The relevance of this enterprise is that it leads to a better understanding of how the verbal interactions of the marketplace shape transaction outcomes and contribute to forms of rationality specific for financial markets. Grounded in the analysis of empirical material, the paper distinguishes between conversations‐qua‐transactions and conversations‐about‐the‐world. It shows how they produce and require specific forms of knowledge from the participants; at the same time, they shape the transactions' outcomes. On this basis, the paper argues that the phenomenon of sudden mood swings in the marketplace cannot be entirely explained in irrational, psychological terms, but must be seen as the outcome of a particular conversational system.
Corporate Lobbying of the International Accounting Standards Committee
Authors: Larson Robert K.
Published: March 2003

The paper investigates corporate lobbyists of the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC). This exploratory study was done in order to better understand the characteristics of corporations that lobby the IASC and to empirically test the applicability of U.S.‐based lobbying theories in this international context. Corporations that submitted comment letters about 17 Exposure Drafts and three Draft Statements of Position from 1989 to 1994 were analyzed. Overall, the 100 lobbying corporations were quite large. In the U.S. and in 10 of the 12 other countries examined, lobbying corporations were larger than nonlobbying firms in terms of revenue, income, and assets. Eighty‐four percent of all lobbying corporations were listed on at least one foreign stock exchange, and 78% of non‐U.S. lobbying corporations had equity securities traded in the U.S. Finally, in 10 of the 12 non‐U.S. countries, a higher percentage of lobbying firms than nonlobbying firms had their stock traded in the U.S. Overall, corporations lobbying the IASC tend to be very large both globally and in terms of their country of domicile, listed on at least one foreign exchange, and traded in the U.S. Support is found in this international context for ideas originating in the U.S.‐based lobbying literature.
The Foreign Exchange Exposure Management Practices of Finnish Industrial Firms
Authors: Hakkarainen Antti , Joseph Nathan , Kasanen Eero , Puttonen Vesa
Published: March 2003

This study employs questionnaire survey and financial accounting data to extend earlier empirical work on the foreign exchange (FX) exposure management practices of Finnish industrial firms. The paper concentrates on: (i) the form that FX corporate hedging policy takes; (ii) the control of FX procedures and trading; and, (iii) our respondents' perceptions about their ability to predict FX rate changes for hedging decisions. Our results indicate that the extent to which firms hedge FX exposure depends on the type of exposure and the form that FX hedging policy takes. Also, a significant number of the firms pursue FX hedging strategies on the expectation of attaining trading profits and this strategy appears to be accommodated within their FX policies. This feature is not explicitly demonstrated in previous studies. Finnish firms hedge a much higher proportion of both transaction and translation exposures compared to economic exposure. We partly attribute this emphasis to the requirements of the Finnish Accounting Act, which came into effect in 1993. The organisational, historical and financial settings of the firms also have significant impacts on exposure management practices. The overall implication of those results is that firms respond to changes in the financial, economic and regulatory environments in which they operate.
Bankruptcy Prediction: Evidence from Korean Listed Companies during the IMF Crisis
Authors: Nam Joo‐Ha , Jinn Taehong
Published: March 2003

This paper empirically studies the predictive model of business failure using the sample of listed companies that went bankrupt during the period from 1997 to 1998 when deep recession driven by the IMF crisis started in Korea. Logit maximum likelihood estimator is employed as the statistical technique. The model demonstrated decent prediction accuracy and robustness. The type I accuracy is 80.4 per cent and the Type II accuracy is 73.9 per cent. The accuracy remains almost at the same level when the model is applied to an independent holdout sample. In addition to building a bankruptcy prediction model this paper finds that most of firms that went bankrupt during the Korean economic crisis from 1997 to 1998 had shown signs of financial distress long before the crisis. Bankruptcy probabilities of the sample are consistently high during the period from 1991 to 1996. The evidence of this paper can be seen as complementary to the perspective that traces Asian economic crisis to the vulnerabilities of corporate governance of Asian countries.
Integrating Management Systems and Occupational Health and Safety Regulation
Authors: Gunningham Neil
Published: March 2003

‘Best practice’ in occupational health and safety (OHS) performance needs to recognize the declining emphasis that is being placed on the capacity of the regulatory state. This article argues that there are more appropriate forms of OHS regulation than direct command and control. The development of a systems‐based approach acknowledges the importance of continuous improvement, benchmarking, and internal self‐regulation. In order to encourage a systems‐based approach, it is suggested that some form of persuasion by coercion by means of law remains a necessary condition for the establishment of an incentive‐based ‘voluntary’ regime.
‘A Stranger to its Laws’: Sovereign Bodies, Global Sexualities, and Transnational Citizens
Authors: Stychin Carl F.
Published: March 2003

This article examines the importance of mobility in the historical and ongoing constitution of lesbian and gay subjectivities. While the state in the past frequently sought to restrict the movement of sexual dissidents across national borders, current developments in an array of jurisdictions suggest a more permissive attitude, particularly in the case of the ‘unification’ of same‐sex couples. These legal and political developments are interrogated with respect to the construction of ‘acceptable’ homosexualities and, more broadly, in terms of cosmopolitan and communitarian visions of sexual citizenship.
Between Hermes and Themis: An Empirical Study of the Contemporary Judiciary in Singapore
Authors: Worthington Ross
Published: March 2003

Drawing upon interviews in 1995 and 1998 and analyses of judicial appointments from 1975–1998, the article offers a new explanation of judicial‐executive relations in Singapore. It attempts to explain how the judiciary in Singapore actually functions, partly by using the concept of the core executive to locate the judiciary more accurately within its political context. The study demonstrates that the judicial system has been hegenomized by a number of political and bureaucratic strategies, and interprets its role in terms of the overall goals of the political executive. The lower judiciary is an amateur judiciary and forms part of the executive government. Despite this, the contemporary superior judiciary is not wholly a creature of the political executive, as is often postulated, but rather the result of a compromise which balances the need for a reputable judiciary with the requirement by the political executive for the judicial system to assist with the control of political opposition. This negotiated balance is qualitatively different from the relationship that characterized that between the Lee Kuan Yew governments and their Supreme Courts until 1991 and reflects the maturing of hegemonic control strategies under Goh Chok Tong. The analysis was completed in 1999.
Technical Cooperation and the International Coordination of Patentability of Biotechnological Inventions
Authors: Davies Louise
Published: March 2003

Within the formal international framework, the coordination and harmonization of substantive patentability is currently of a limited nature, confined to the level of general principles, in contrast to the greater degree of procedural coordination. This involves increased costs and a lack of legal certainty for those seeking patents in multiple jurisdictions, mainly transnational corporations in some research‐based industries such as pharmaceuticals. The problems encountered in achieving even a basic level of international consensus have encouraged informal cooperation through what could be conceptualized as ‘global patent networks’. Furthermore, the interrelationship between procedural and substantive patent law issues has led the Trilateral Patent Offices, an informal, transgovernmental regulatory network of technical specialists, to undertake projects relating to the harmonization of procedural and substantive patent law issues primarily in contentious areas of patentability such as biotechnology. This raises the possibility of developing convergent interpretations of the patentability rules, although with implications for accountability and legitimacy.
Subverting Orthodoxy, Making Law Central: A View of Sociolegal Studies
Authors: Cotterrell Roger
Published: March 2003

The promise of sociolegal research varies for different constituencies. For some legal scholars it has been a promise of sustained commitment to moral and political critique of law and to theoretical and empirical analysis of law's social consequences and origins. To continue to deliver on that promise today, sociolegal studies should develop theory in new forms emphasizing the variety of forms of regulation and the moral foundations on which that regulation ultimately depends. It should demonstrate and explore law's roles in the routine structuring of all aspects of social life and its changing character as it faces the challenge of regulating relations of community not bounded solely by the jurisdictional reach of nation states.
Teams and their Context: Moving the Team Discussion Beyond Existing Dichotomies
Authors: Benders Jos , Van Hootegem Geert
Published: March 2003

The dichotomies which have been proposed to distinguish between what can be labelled ‘sociotechnical’ and ‘Japanese’ teams oversimplify the ‘team discussion’. They combine team characteristics and contextual factors which should be separated, contain biases, and have an infirm basis. As an alternative we propose an analytical framework to improve our theoretical understanding of how relevant contextual factors impact the design of jobs and organizations
What a Mess! Participation as a Simple Managerial Rule to ‘Complexify’ Organizations
Authors: Ashmos Donde P. , Duchon Dennis , McDaniel, Jr Reuben R. , Huonker John W.
Published: March 2003

This paper adopts a view of organizations as complex adaptive systems and makes a case for making organizations more complex internally through the use of a fairly simple managerial rule – using participative decision making. Participation in decision making enhances connectivity in organizations, which in turn, gives the organization the opportunity to self‐organize and co‐evolve in more effective ways than when there is minimal connectivity (i.e., autocracy). The paper uses a specific body of research to support the arguments about why participation can benefit the practice of management in modern organizations.
Threat to Gender Representation: Identity and Identification
Authors: Cramer Phebe
Published: March 2003

To investigate the effect of a threat to gender identity on the use of defense mechanisms, college students were given false feedback regarding their sex‐role identity. Male and female students who were given gender‐contrary feedback showed a marked increase in the use of the defense of identification, as compared to students who were given gender‐consistent feedback. Further, both affect change and the use of identification was a function of the degree of discrepancy between feedback condition and conscious gender identity.
Defenses, Personality Structure, and Development: Integrating Psychodynamic Theory Into a Typological Approach to Personality
Authors: Weinberger Daniel A.
Published: March 2003

Psychodynamic theory does not conceptualize motivated unconscious defenses primarily in terms of individual traits. Rather, a person's mechanisms of defense are understood in terms of his or her personality structure and level of psychological development. This paper outlines the way in which this perspective has been integrated into a configural approach to personality assessment. The six‐group typology based on the Weinberger Adjustment Inventory (WAI) identifies higher‐order personality organization through the intersection of self‐reported high/low distress and high/moderate/low self‐restraint. The framework incorporates a developmental perspective by assessing affect regulation in conjunction with the internalization of self‐regulatory controls. The primary defenses of prototypic members of each of the six groups are highlighted, and hypothesized links to personality traits, stages of ego development, attachment styles, and proneness to specific personality disorders are discussed.
Susceptibility to Affect: A Comparison of Three Personality Taxonomies
Authors: Zelenski John M. , Larsen Randy J.
Published: March 2003

This study had three major goals: to clarify the relationships between Eysenck’s, Gray’s, and Cloninger’s personality taxonomies, to show that traits from these taxonomies predict differential sensitivities to emotional states, and to explore the relationship between sensitivity to an emotional state and how much that state is actually experienced. A factor analysis of traits from Eysenck’s, Gray’s, and Cloninger’s personality taxonomies resulted in three factors that were named reward sensitivity, impulsivity‐thrill seeking, and punishment sensitivity. These factors predicted a global measure of affect, emotional reactions to a laboratory mood induction, and self‐reported affect in daily life. Generally, reward sensitivity predicted positive, but not negative emotions, whereas punishment sensitivity predicted negative, but not positive emotions. Impulsivity‐thrill seeking predicted few emotions in either context. Coherence among the relationships found across methodological contexts suggests that the traits that predict emotion susceptibilities in the laboratory similarly predict emotional experience in ongoing daily life.
Personal Goals in Social Roles: Divergences and Convergences Across Roles and Levels of Analysis
Authors: Sheldon Kennon M. , Elliot Andrew J.
Published: March 2003

Most contemporary personal goal research aggregates across goals, perhaps masking important differences between goals. We assessed this risk by examining both similarities and differences between the goals that participants pursued in five important social roles. Previous relevant findings (Cantor, Norem, Niedenthal, Langston, & Brower, 1987) and self‐determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985) were used to predict between‐role differences in goal appraisal dimensions. Although theoretically meaningful differences were found across child, employee, romantic, friendship, and student goals, and also across within‐ and between‐subject levels of analysis, all goals were essentially the same in one important way: Making longitudinal progress in them predicted positive change in accompanying role‐circumstances and role‐satisfaction (excepting friendship goals). This indicates that researchers do not necessarily lose information by aggregating, and affirms that goal‐attainment is generally desirable.
The Riverside Behavioral Q‐sort: A Tool for the Description of Social Behavior
Authors: Funder David C. , Furr R. Michael , Colvin C. Randall
Published: March 2003

The Riverside Behavioral Q‐sort (RBQ) is a flexible technique for gathering a wide‐ranging description of the behavior of individuals in dyadic social interaction. Ratings of RBQ items can attain adequate reliability to reflect behavioral effects of experimental manipulations and to manifest meaningful correlations with a variety of personality characteristics. The RBQ’s flexibility, validity, and relative ease of use may facilitate the more frequent inclusion of behavioral data in personality and social psychology.
Crime, Criminals, and Cures: Medical Model Revisited
Authors: Sampson Robert J.
Published: March 2003

David Lykken’s target article assesses the causes of crime and advocates a controversial ‘cure’—parental licensure. Although Lykken gets many of the facts about criminals right, ultimately the disease metaphor breaks down. Crime requires three things—motivated offenders (‘criminals’), suitable targets or victims, and the absence of capable guardians to prevent the act. Typical of medical model approaches, failure to consider the convergence in time and space of the three necessary elements for crime results in a misdiagnosis. In this invited commentary, I briefly note three reasons why Lykken’s cure, along with the medical model in general, is unlikely to bear fruit.
Interpersonal Variability in Dependent Personality
Authors: Pincus Aaron L. , Wilson Kelly R.
Published: March 2003

The interpersonal circumplex (IPC) was recommended as a personality trait dimensional model with good potential to identify the phenomenological scope of personality disorders whose core dysfunction involves maladaptive expression of interpersonal traits. The IPC was then applied to the reconceptualization of dependent personality and dependent personality disorder. In Study 1, Pincus and Gurtman’s (1995) three interpersonal vectors of dependency were validated via factor analyses conducted on two large samples (N = 921; N = 472) and a reliable self‐report measure, the 3 Vector Dependency Inventory (3VDI) was constructed. In Study 2, two samples (N = 103; N = 122) of individuals identified as predominantly endorsing submissive dependence, exploitable dependence, love dependence, or who were low in aspects of dependency were compared via ANOVA and chi‐square analyses on parental representations, adult attachment styles, loneliness, and pathological attachment. Submissive dependence was associated with higher scores on maladaptive constructs (fearful attachment, pathological attachment, and loneliness) and was also associated with lower parental affiliation and higher maternal control. Love dependence was associated with lower scores on maladaptive constructs and higher scores on secure attachment and parental affiliation. Variability in dependent phenomenology was related to its three component traits. Multiple perspectives on integrating love dependence, exploitable dependence, and submissive dependence into a reconceptualization of dependent personality disorder were articulated.
Whose Life Task Is It Anyway? Social Appraisal and Life Task Pursuit
Authors: Morgan Sean P. , Berg Cynthia A.
Published: March 2003

The study uses a social contextual framework to examine how others are represented in individuals’ life task appraisals and how such appraisals are related to strategies to pursue those life tasks. The extent to which life tasks nominated by 81 college students (45 females) were appraised as shared with others and pursued collaboratively was examined through a questionnaire. Participants listed five life tasks, indicated if each life task was theirs alone, indirectly shared (others were impacted by their life task pursuit), or directly shared (another person might also nominate the life task as theirs) with others in their lives, described three activities used to pursue their life task, and coded how others were involved in these activities. Results indicated that the majority of college students’ life tasks were appraised as involving others, that directly shared appraisals were found more frequently in the relationship domain, and that directly shared appraisals were associated with collaborative life task pursuit strategies. In addition, appraising life tasks as directly shared did not appear to reflect aspects of anxiety or compensation. A content analysis of the strategies coded as involving other individuals revealed diverse ways in which others are involved in life task pursuit ranging from active engagement of others to cognitive strategies where others are implied. The findings have implications for research on life tasks and other goal structures in that structures may involve the social context in adaptive ways.
Re‐Examining the General Positivity Model of Subjective Well‐Being: The Discrepancy Between Specific and Global Domain Satisfaction
Authors: Oishi Shigehiro , Diener Ed
Published: March 2003

Three studies were conducted to examine the role of global life satisfaction in the discrepancy between specific and global domain satisfaction. Participants rated both global (e.g., education) and the corresponding, specific domain (e.g., professors, textbooks) satisfactions. In three studies, we found that individuals with higher life satisfaction evaluated global domain as a whole as more satisfying than those with lower life satisfaction, given the same level of satisfaction with specific domains. In Study 3, we also found that, given the same level of satisfaction during the previous two weeks, individuals with higher life satisfaction rated the global domains in general as more satisfying than those with lower life satisfaction. Overall, the association between global life satisfaction and evaluative enhancement of global domains was most consistent in “self” and “social relationships.” Finally, the effect of global life satisfaction on evaluative enhancement remained significant, controlling for extraversion and neuroticism.
Analyses of Digman’s Child‐Personality Data: Derivation of Big‐Five Factor Scores From Each of Six Samples
Authors: Goldberg Lewis R.
Published: March 2003

One of the world’s richest collections of teacher descriptions of elementary‐school children was obtained by John M. Digman from 1959 to 1967 in schools on two Hawaiian islands. In six phases of data collection, 88 teachers described 2,572 of their students, using one of five different sets of personality variables. The present report provides findings from new analyses of these important data, which have never before been analyzed in a comprehensive manner. When factors developed from carefully selected markers of the Big‐Five factor structure were compared to those based on the total set of variables in each sample, the congruence between both types of factors was quite high. Attempts to extend the structure to 6 and 7 factors revealed no other broad factors beyond the Big Five in any of the 6 samples. These robust findings provide significant new evidence for the structure of teacher‐based assessments of child personality attributes.
Consistency‐Based Problem Solving for Environmental Decision Support
Authors: Heller Ulrich , Struss Peter
Published: March 2003

Complex systems do not always behave as we would like them to. With the complexity of the system, be it a water treatment plant, an ecological system or a technical device, the tasks of situation assessment (finding out what is the actual state of the system) and therapy recognition (finding out what can be done to influence it in a desirable direction again) require more and more complex reasoning. This paper proposes a general approach to computational support for these tasks, namely consistency‐based problem solving. Building upon research in model‐based systems and, more specifically, consistency‐based diagnosis, we have developed a revision and generalization of traditional (component‐oriented) theories and techniques of diagnosis from first principles. Our approach is both more general in terms of the class of problems to be addressed and more specific by proposing and exploiting a structured representation of system and domain knowledge. A motivating example from the domain of water treatment will facilitate the presentation of the theory of consistency‐based problem solving and the description of an implemented reasoning system, the Generalized Diagnosis Engine, G+ DE, that performs this kind of reasoning for a wide range of problem domains.