bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Bondi Surfer: An Underdeveloped History
Authors: Booth Douglas
Published: October 2016

History is an empirical-analytical and a narrative-linguistic interpretation of the past. By-and-large, historians of sport ignore the relationship between these two strands, which is critical to understanding historical practice. In this article, I draw on the work of the philosopher of history Hayden White to expound the empirical-analytical and narrative dimensions of surfing (boardriding) and surfers (boardriders) at Bondi, Australia’s world-renowned surf beach in Sydney. Volumes of evidence refer to Bondi surfers who appear in the water, on the sand, in community art, in the surrounding streets, and in general social histories of Australian beaches. While this evidence appears in numerous empirically grounded explanations about surfing at Bondi, historians have yet to narrativize surfing at Bondi and the Bondi surfer as a clearly identifiable and distinctive subject. Thus, I advance the notion that the Bondi surfer remains in a historically underdeveloped state as those with an interest in the subject decide how to configure a coherent, convincing, and enduring narrative explanation.
Got Athletes? The Use of Male Athlete Celebrity Endorsers in Early Twentieth-Century Dairy-Industry Promotions
Authors: Veri Maria J.
Published: October 2016

The now-ubiquitous “Got Milk?” mustache campaign of the late twentieth century features a number of celebrity athlete endorsers in its print advertisements. As innovative as this campaign was, the use of athletes to promote dairy consumption among Americans was not a new marketing trend; the dairy industry has, in fact, sought out athlete endorsers and associations with sport and physical culture since the 1920s. In this paper, I examine the dairy industry’s use of celebrity male athletic endorsers in milk-drinking promotions of the first half of the twentieth century. Through an analysis of photographs, posters, and print advertisements, I argue that the dairy industry’s association with sport was intended to boost milk sales and ultimately shape a masculine discourse of health, fitness, and vitality around milk consumption.
Napoleon’s Last Allies: The Poles in 1814
Authors: Stanley John D.
Published: October 2016

After the death of the Polish Army’s commander-in-chief, Prince Józef Poniatowski, at the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813, Polish troops were leaderless. Although Gen. Sokolnicki and Prince Sułkowski assumed successive command, neither proved capable of fulfilling the contradictory demands of their subordinates and Napoleon’s direction. At Schlüchtern, on the retreat to France, Napoleon spoke to the Polish officers, appealing to their sense of honor and assuming direct command of the Polish troops. The Poles accepted the French emperor’s appeal and fought well for him in the 1814 campaign. However, in agreeing to Napoleon’s terms, the Polish military placed its professional role above its patriotic roots. This shift was demonstrated when Napoleon abdicated: the Polish military sought aid from the most likely source in order to maintain its position. The Russian emperor, Alexander I, eagerly accepted the Polish offer, despite Poniatowski’s longstanding opposition to collaboration with the Russians. This episode in its history transformed the Polish military; it abandoned its role as nation builder to become a professional force that relied on and accepted orders from whomever commanded it.
The Nazi Racial War: Concentration Camps in the New Order
Authors: II Henry J. Gwiazda
Published: October 2016

This article recounts in specific detail what five Polish individuals, Christians and Jews, men and women, experienced in the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camps. In addition, the origin and evolution of the concentration camps as a Nazi institution is discussed showing their relationship to German business, the war effort, the Wehrmacht, and to the future plans to build a New German Empire in the East. On the broadest level the article outlines a new chapter in human slavery and racism.
Post-Communist Poland and the European Union: Energy Policy and Relations with Russia
Authors: Brown Heather
Published: October 2016

In the past two decades Europe as a whole has undergone a transformation, and Poland has been an integral part of these changes. Poland has transitioned from a communist nation to a democratic European Union (EU) member. This transition was not without trials, but through this history Poland has established itself as a significant international actor. This article aims to analyze post-communist Poland, within its membership in both the EU and the Visegrád Group, and the effects these relationships have on Polish and EU energy policy, as well as Russian-EU energy policy.
A Study on the Efficiency in the Children Suffering from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Farokhzadeh Mehri , Khashouei Masoumeh Mohammadi , Ansari Shaghayegh Jaberzadeh
Published: October 2016

The present study aims at investigating the efficiency of the children suffering from hyperactivity disorder in the continuous function test of auditory and visual stimuli (IVA) in order to improve and promote the mental health of these kinds of people. This is of descriptive-comparative type of study. The 30 participants of the present study are the students of Tehran schools which have been chosen through cluster sampling among two groups of hyperactive and normal boys and girls who aged from 12 to 18. The Connors questionnaires and IVA+AE test were used to achieve the goal. The data were analyzed using SPSS-20 and multivariable statistical analyses method. The findings showed that there is a significant correlation among the focused attention, attention distraction, divided attention and selective attention of auditory aspect of normal and hyperactive students and the scores of the focused attention, attention distraction, divided attention and selective attention of the auditory aspect of normal students are higher than the hyperactive students (P<0.05). Furthermore, the same correlation exists in the visual aspect of the normal and hyperactive students and the scores of the focused attention, attention distraction, divided attention and selective attention of the visual aspect of normal students are higher than the hyperactive students (P<0.05).
Geopolitical position of Poland - from time of partitions to the independence
Authors: Brudnicka Jowita
Published: October 2016

To understand contemporary geopolitics, especially Polish geopolitics you have to refer to the history. Polish geopolitical philosophy has flourished in a crucial period in the history of the country - the To understand contemporary geopolitics, especially Polish geopolitics you have to refer to the history. Polish geopolitical philosophy has flourished in a crucial period in the history of the country - the time of the fall of the First Republic and partitions. Sketch of Polish geopolitics is well composed into the broader plan of European thought. This is not just a simpple analitycal exercise. Article contains the suggestion, that the events, experiences and geopolitical configurations may exhibit amazing repeatability.
Effective Population Size and the Effects of Demography on Cultural Diversity and Technological Complexity
Authors: Premo L. S.
Published: October 2016

A central tenet of the so-called demographic hypothesis is that larger populations ought to be associated with more diverse and complex toolkits. Recent empirical tests of this expectation have yielded mixed results, leading some to question to what extent changes in population size might explain interesting changes in the prehistoric archaeological record. Here, I employ computer simulation as a heuristic tool to address whether these mixed results reflect deficiencies in the formal models borrowed from population genetics or problems with the generalizations archaeologists have derived from them. I show that two previously published and highly influential models highlight two different effects of demography. My results illustrate how natural selection and cultural selection weaken the relationship between census population size, cultural diversity, and mean skill level, suggesting that one should not expect population size to predict the diversity or complexity of a cultural trait under all conditions. The concept of effective population size is central to understanding why the effects of population size can vary among traits that are passed by different mechanisms of cultural transmission within the same population. In light of these findings, I suggest ways to strengthen (rather than abandon) empirical tests of the demographic hypothesis.
The Logic of Ceramic Technology in Marginal Environments: Implications for Mobile Life
Authors: Sturm Camilla , Clark Julia K. , Barton Loukas
Published: October 2016

Explanations for the use of pots as practical domestic tools permeate the literature of technological adoption and change. While many arguments focus on the economic merits of pots, few have attempted to trace the conditions that promote or deter the adoption of pottery. This is especially true for the use of pottery by mobile peoples. We adapt an established model of technological investment to draw attention to three key variables affecting pottery adoption: manufacturing time, utility, and use time. We use the logic of this model to examine how social and environmental contexts, specifically residential mobility in marginal environments, impacts use of and investment in ceramic technology. We further illustrate how the model can be used to reveal seasonal patterns of behavior from the spatial distribution of pottery discarded by mobile foragers and herders.
Animals as Raw Material in Beringia: Insights from the Site of Swan Point CZ4B, Alaska
Authors: Lanoë François B. , Holmes Charles E.
Published: October 2016

We document the use of organic raw material in late Pleistocene eastern Beringia through the study of the site of Swan Point CZ4b, in central Alaska. CZ4b is attributed to the Dyuktai culture and dates to about 14,000 cal B.P. We interpret the occupation as a specialized workshop dedicated to the production and maintenance of organic-based tools following three lines of evidence: (1) limited on-site consumption of megafauna, (2) diversity of organic raw materials and techniques used in processing them, and (3) spatial demarcation of specialized activity areas. Specialized workshops are located in the vicinity of naturally occurring accumulations of mammoth bones in both western and eastern Beringia and suggest similarities in animal resource use across Beringia for the Dyuktai culture. Organic technology was a major portion of Dyuktai technology in eastern Beringia, and its lack of visibility in archaeological assemblages is probably due to taphonomic reasons. Changes in the availability of organic raw material throughout the Late Pleistocene offer some implications for the evolution of lithic technology and material culture.
PrEP in Europe – expectations, opportunities and barriers
Authors: McCormack Sheena Mary , Noseda Veronica , Molina Jean‐Michel
Published: October 2016

Introduction

In contrast to the global trend showing a decline in new HIV infections, the number reported in the World Health Organization (WHO) region of Europe is increasing. Health systems are disparate, but even countries with free access to screening and treatment observe continuing high rates of new infections in key populations, notably men who have sex with men (MSM). Pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is only available in France. This commentary describes the European epidemics and healthcare settings where PrEP could be delivered, how need might be estimated for MSM and the residual barriers to access.

Discussion

Health systems and government commitment to HIV prevention and care, both financial and political, differ considerably between the countries that make up Europe. A common feature is that funds for prevention are a small fraction of funds for care. Although care is generally good, access is limited in the middle‐income countries of Eastern Europe and central Asia, and only 19% of people living with HIV received antiretroviral therapy in 2014. It is challenging to motivate governments or civil society to implement PrEP in the context of this unmet treatment need, which is driven by limited national health budgets and diminishing assistance from foreign aid. The high‐income countries of Western Europe have hesitated to embrace PrEP for different reasons, initially due to key gaps in the evidence. Now that PrEP has been shown to be highly effective in European MSM in two randomized controlled trials, it is clear that the major barrier is the cost of the drug which is still on patent, although inadequate health systems and diminishing investment in civil society are also key challenges to overcome.

Conclusions

The momentum to implement PrEP in European countries is increasing and provides a welcome opportunity to expand and improve clinical services and civil society support focused on HIV and related infections including other sexually transmitted and blood‐borne infections.
PrEP: controversy, agency and ownership
Authors: Cairns Gus P , Race Kane , Goicochea Pedro
Published: October 2016

Pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been and continues to be an intervention that causes controversy and debate between stakeholders involved in providing or advocating for it, and within communities in need of it. These controversies extend beyond the intrinsically complex issues of making it available. In this commentary, some of the possible roots of the air of dissent and drama that accompanies PrEP are explored. The similarities between the controversies that dogged the earliest human trials of PrEP and the ones we see today in the era of licensing and implementation are explored. We outline five mediating principles or cultural norms that may influence arguments about PrEP differently. Three areas of specific concern are identified: medical risk versus benefit, distrust and fear of healthcare interventions, and fears for individual responsibility and community cohesion. The fear that PrEP may somehow represent a loss of control over one or more of these domains is suggested as an underlying factor. The development of countervailing measures, to institute greater community “ownership” of PrEP, and concomitant improvements in the sense of individual agency over sexual risk are outlined and recommended.
Ubiquitin-dependent folding of the Wnt signaling coreceptor LRP6
Authors: Perrody Elsa , Abrami Laurence , Feldman Michal , Kunz Beatrice , Urbé Sylvie , van der Goot F Gisou
Published: October 2016

Many membrane proteins fold inefficiently and require the help of enzymes and chaperones. Here we reveal a novel folding assistance system that operates on membrane proteins from the cytosolic side of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We show that folding of the Wnt signaling coreceptor LRP6 is promoted by ubiquitination of a specific lysine, retaining it in the ER while avoiding degradation. Subsequent ER exit requires removal of ubiquitin from this lysine by the deubiquitinating enzyme USP19. This ubiquitination-deubiquitination is conceptually reminiscent of the glucosylation-deglucosylation occurring in the ER lumen during the calnexin/calreticulin folding cycle. To avoid infinite futile cycles, folded LRP6 molecules undergo palmitoylation and ER export, while unsuccessfully folded proteins are, with time, polyubiquitinated on other lysines and targeted to degradation. This ubiquitin-dependent folding system also controls the proteostasis of other membrane proteins as CFTR and anthrax toxin receptor 2, two poor folders involved in severe human diseases.
Enhancements of photoluminescence intensity in high-quality floating-zone Si by thermal annealing in vacuum
Authors: Kataoka Keita , Hattori Ken , Yamamoto Aishi , Hattori Azusa Nakamoto , Hatayama Tomoaki , Kimoto Yasuji , Endo Katsuyoshi , Fuyuki Takashi , Daimon Hiroshi
Published: October 2016

Inactivation of non-radiative defects by hydrogen and their thermal stabilities in a high-quality floating-zone Si wafer depending on annealing conditions have been studied using in-situ photoluminescence (PL) and thermal desorption under an ultra-high vacuum. The PL intensity increased to ∼400% of its initial value after annealing at 450 °C and decreased to ∼6% of its initial value after annealing at 600 °C due to inactivation and activation of non-radiative defects, respectively. Based on the annealing temperature- and duration-dependence of the PL intensity, we propose two types of hydrogenated defects with different thermal stabilities.
Effect of organic moieties on the scintillation properties of organic–inorganic layered perovskite-type compounds
Authors: Kawano Naoki , Koshimizu Masanori , Horiai Akiyoshi , Nishikido Fumihiko , Haruki Rie , Kishimoto Shunji , Shibuya Kengo , Fujimoto Yutaka , Yanagida Takayuki , Asai Keisuke
Published: October 2016

The effects of organic moieties on the scintillation properties of organic–inorganic layered perovskite-type compounds have been investigated. Three kinds of single crystals were fabricated, namely, (C4H9NH3)2PbBr4 (C4), (C6H5CH2NH3)2PbBr4 (Ben), and (C6H5C2H4NH3)2PbBr4 (Phe). Among the single crystals, the light output of Phe was found to have the greatest value when exposed to X-ray radiation (67.4 keV). The light output of Phe was 0.62 times that of YAP:Ce. The relative values of the light outputs among the fabricated single crystals under X-ray radiation correlated well with those of the quantum efficiencies and the luminescence intensity under ultraviolet radiation.
Divergent relationship of circulating CTRP3 levels between obesity and gender: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Wagner Roy Marshal , Sivagnanam Kamesh , Clark William Andrew , Peterson Jonathan M.
Published: October 2016

C1q TNF Related Protein 3 (CTRP3) is a novel adipose tissue derived secreted factor, or adipokine, which has been linked to a number of beneficial biological effects on metabolism, inflammation, and survival signaling in a variety of tissues. However, very little is known about CTRP3 in regards to human health. The purpose of this project was to examine circulating CTRP3 levels in a clinical population, patients with symptoms requiring heart catheterization in order to identify the presence of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). It was hypothesized that serum CTRP3 levels would be decreased in the presence of CAD.

Methods

Body mass index (BMI), diabetes status, and plasma samples were collected from 100 patients who were >30 years of age and presented at the East Tennessee State University Heart Clinic with symptoms requiring heart catheterization in order to identify the presence of cardiovascular blockages (n = 52 male, n = 48 female). Circulating CTRP3 levels were quantified using commercially available ELISA.

Results

Circulating CTRP3 levels had no relationship to the presence of CAD regardless of gender. However, circulating concentrations of CTRP3 were significantly higher in normal weight (BMI < 30) females (0.88 ± 0.12 µg/ml) compared with males (0.54 ± 0.06 µg/ml). Further, obesity (BMI > 30) resulted in an increase in circulating CTRP3 levels in male subjects (0.74 ± 0.08 µg/ml) but showed a significant decrease in female subjects (0.58 ± 0.07 µg/ml). Additionally, there was a significant reduction in circulating CTRP3 levels in female subjects who were diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes compared with patients without (0.79 ± 0.08 vs. 0.42 ± 0.10 µg/ml). There was no relationship between diabetes status and circulating CTRP3 levels in male subjects.

Conclusion

Circulating CTRP3 levels had a different relationship with diabetes and obesity status between male and female patients. It is possible that circulating CTRP3 levels are controlled by hormonal status, however more research is needed to explore this relationship. Nevertheless, future studies examining the relationship between CTRP3 levels and disease status should treat gender as an independent variable.
North American paleoclimate reconstructions for the Last Glacial Maximum using an inverse modeling through iterative forward modeling approach applied to pollen data
Authors: Izumi Kenji , Bartlein Patrick J.
Published: October 2016

The inverse modeling through iterative forward modeling (IMIFM) approach was used to reconstruct Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) climates from North American fossil pollen data. The approach was validated using modern pollen data and observed climate data. While the large‐scale LGM temperature IMIFM reconstructions are similar to those calculated using conventional statistical approaches, the reconstructions of moisture variables differ between the two approaches. We used two vegetation models, BIOME4 and BIOME5‐beta, with the IMIFM approach to evaluate the effects on the LGM climate reconstruction of differences in water use efficiency, carbon use efficiency, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Although lower atmospheric CO2 concentrations influence pollen‐based LGM moisture reconstructions, they do not significantly affect temperature reconstructions over most of North America. This study implies that the LGM climate was very cold but not very much drier than present over North America, which is inconsistent with previous studies.
Origin of low proton‐to‐electron temperature ratio in the Earth's plasma sheet
Authors: Grigorenko E. E. , Kronberg E. A. , Daly P. W. , Ganushkina N. Yu. , Lavraud B. , Sauvaud J.‐A. , Zelenyi L. M.
Published: October 2016

We study the proton‐to‐electron temperature ratio (Tp/Te) in the plasma sheet (PS) of the Earth's magnetotail using 5 years of Cluster observations (2001–2005). The PS intervals are searched within a region defined with −19 < X ≤ −7 RE and |Y| < 15 RE (GSM) under the condition |BX| ≤ 10 nT. One hundred sixty PS crossings are identified. We find an average value of  ~ 6.0. However, in many PS intervals Tp/Te varies over a wide range from a few units to several tens of units. In 86 PS intervals the Tp/Te decreases below 3.5. Generally, the decreases of Tp/Te are due to some increase of Te while Tp either decreases or remains unchanged. In the majority of these intervals the Tp/Te drops are observed during magnetotail dipolarizations. A superposed epoch analysis applied to these events shows that the minimum value of Tp/Te is observed after the dipolarization onset during the “turbulent phase” of dipolarization, when a number of transient BZ pulses are reduced, but the value of BZ is still large and an intensification of wave activity is observed. The Tp/Te drops, and associated increases of Te often coincide either with bursts of broadband electrostatic emissions, which may include electron cyclotron harmonics, or with broadband electromagnetic emission in a frequency range from proton plasma frequency (fpp) up to the electron gyrofrequency (fce). These findings show that the wave activity developing in the current sheet after dipolarization onset may play a role in the additional electron heating and the associated Tp/Te decrease.
Inverting OII 83.4 nm dayglow profiles using Markov chain radiative transfer
Authors: Geddes George , Douglas Ewan , Finn Susanna C. , Cook Timothy , Chakrabarti Supriya
Published: October 2016

Emission profiles of the resonantly scattered OII 83.4 nm triplet can in principle be used to estimate O+ density profiles in the F2 region of the ionosphere. Given the emission source profile, solution of this inverse problem is possible but requires significant computation. The traditional Feautrier solution to the radiative transfer problem requires many iterations to converge, making it time consuming to compute. A Markov chain approach to the problem produces similar results by directly constructing a matrix that maps the source emission rate to an effective emission rate which includes scattering to all orders. The Markov chain approach presented here yields faster results and therefore can be used to perform the O+ density retrieval with higher resolution than would otherwise be possible.
Scale interactions in sustaining persistent torrential rainfall events during the Mei‐yu season
Authors: Fu Shen‐Ming , Sun Jian‐Hua , Ling Jian , Wang Hui‐Jie , Zhang Yuan‐Chun
Published: October 2016

Energy budgets based on the temporal scale separation were used to investigate two persistent torrential rainfall events over the Yangtze River Basin during the 2010 Mei‐yu season. Interactions between the precipitation‐related eddy flows and their background circulations were analyzed quantitatively to show the corresponding physical scenario. During the persistent precipitation, the precipitation‐related eddy flows and their background circulations sustained their respective energy through different mechanisms. For background circulations, the baroclinic energy conversion and the energy transport dominated their maintenance. In contrast, for precipitation‐related eddy flows, the upper, middle, and lower troposphere showed significantly different energy paths: in the upper troposphere, a remarkable downscaled energy cascade process (ECP) of available potential energy occurred, which favored the maintenance of upper level wind perturbations through the baroclinic energy conversion; in the middle troposphere, the energy transport controlled the evolution of eddy flows; in the lower troposphere, a significant downscaled ECP of kinetic energy maintained its intensity, which directly favored the sustainment of the Mei‐yu front and the lower level jet. These downscaled ECPs, which reflected the direct effects of background circulations on the eddy flows, dominated the evolution of precipitation‐related eddy flows. In contrast, although upscaled ECPs that indicated the feedback effects of eddy flows on their background circulations were also obvious, they were negligible in the variation of background circulations. The further analysis indicates that whether the background circulations could transfer their energy to the precipitation‐related eddy flows was determined by their configurations relative to the eddy flows.
Orogen‐parallel deformation of the Himalayan midcrust: Insights from structural and magnetic fabric analyses of the Greater Himalayan Sequence, Annapurna‐Dhaulagiri Himalaya, central Nepal
Authors: Parsons A. J. , Ferré E. C. , Law R. D. , Lloyd G. E. , Phillips R. J. , Searle M. P.
Published: October 2016

The metamorphic core of the Himalaya (Greater Himalayan Sequence, GHS), in the Annapurna‐Dhaulagiri region, central Nepal, recorded orogen‐parallel stretching during midcrustal evolution. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility and field‐based structural analyses suggest that midcrustal deformation of the amphibolite facies core of the GHS occurred under an oblate/suboblate strain regime with associated formation of low‐angle northward dipping foliation. Magnetic and mineral stretching lineations lying within this foliation from the top of the GHS record right‐lateral orogen‐parallel stretching. We propose that oblate strain within a midcrustal flow accommodated oblique convergence between India and the arcuate orogenic front without the need for strain partitioning in the upper crust. Oblate flattening may have also promoted orogen‐parallel melt migration and development of melt‐depleted regions between km3 scale leucogranite culminations at ~50–100 km intervals along orogen strike. Following the cessation of flow, continued oblique convergence led to upper crustal strain partitioning between orogen‐perpendicular convergence on thrust faults and orogen‐parallel extension on normal and strike‐slip faults. In the Annapurna‐Dhaulagiri Himalaya, orogen‐parallel stretching lineations are interpreted as a record of transition from midcrustal orogen‐perpendicular extrusion to upper crustal orogen‐parallel stretching. Our findings suggest that midcrustal flow and upper crustal extension could not be maintained simultaneously and support other studies from across the Himalaya, which propose an orogen‐wide transition from midcrustal orogen‐perpendicular extrusion to upper crustal orogen‐parallel extension during the mid‐Miocene. The 3‐D nature of oblate strain and orogen‐parallel stretching cannot be replicated by 2‐D numerical simulations of the Himalayan orogen.
Magnitude of rift‐related burial and orogenic contraction in the Marrakech High Atlas revealed by zircon (U‐Th)/He thermochronology and thermal modeling
Authors: Domènech Mireia , Teixell Antonio , Stockli Daniel F.
Published: October 2016

The Atlas of Morocco is a continental rift developed during the Triassic‐Jurassic and moderately inverted during the Cenozoic. The High Atlas south of Marrakech, with exposures of basement and Triassic early synrift deposits, has been viewed as a high during the Mesozoic rifting. First zircon (U‐Th)/He ages and thermal models obtained from 42 samples in the Marrakech High Atlas following two NNW‐SSE transects across the mountain belt reveal that in contrast to previous models, the Triassic‐Jurassic rift was well developed in the Marrakech High Atlas (with more than 4.5–6 km of rift‐related deposits). Middle Jurassic‐Early Cretaceous zHe cooling ages obtained indicate that rift‐related subsidence in the Marrakech High Atlas finished in the Middle Jurassic and was followed by a period of exhumation where 2–3 km of rock were eroded. Thermal models from zHe data provide the first thermochronologic clue for a Late Cretaceous initiation of the Atlas compression‐driven exhumation in the inner parts of the Marrakech High Atlas. The Triassic‐Jurassic basin reconstruction assisted by thermochronology highlights a key role of inherited basement anisotropy in rift orientation and evolution, and on its subsequent inversion. Comparison of present‐day and restored sections to the rifting stage aided by thermochronology suggests minimum values of total orogenic shortening in the Marrakech High Atlas of 13 to 14 km (21 to 17%), with exhumation of 1 to more than 5 km of rocks. Similar zHe ages on both sides of the Tizi n'Test fault evince minor vertical movements along the fault during the Atlas orogeny.
Solvent‐Polarity‐Engineered Controllable Synthesis of Highly Fluorescent Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Quantum Dots and Their Use in White Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Li Guopeng , Wang Hui , Zhang Ting , Mi Longfei , Zhang Yugang , Zhang Zhongping , Zhang Wenjun , Jiang Yang
Published: October 2016

Cesium lead halide quantum dots (QDs) have tunable photoluminescence that is capable of covering the entire visible spectrum and have high quantum yields, which make them a new fluorescent materials for various applications. Here, the synthesis of CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I, or mixed Cl/Br and Br/I) QDs by direct ion reactions in ether solvents is reported, and for the first time the synergetic effects of solvent polarity and reaction temperature on the nucleation and growth of QDs are demonstrated. The use of solvent with a low polarity enables controlled growth of QDs, which facilitates the synthesis of high‐quality CsPbX3 QDs with broadly tunable luminescence, narrow emission width, and high quantum yield. A QD white LED (WLED) is demonstrated by coating the highly fluorescent green‐emissive CsPbBr3 QDs together with red phosphors on a blue InGaN chip, which presents excellent warm white light emission with a high rendering index of 93.2 and color temperature of 5447 K, suggesting the potential applications of highly fluorescent cesium lead halide perovskite QDs as an alternative color converter in the fabrication of WLEDs.
Inorganic and Hybrid Organo‐Metal Perovskite Nanostructures: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications
Authors: Amgar Daniel , Aharon Sigalit , Etgar Lioz
Published: October 2016

Hybrid perovskite and all‐inorganic perovskite have attracted much attention in recent years owing to their successful use in the photovoltaic field. Usually the perovskite is used in its bulk form, although recently, perovskites' nanocrystalline form has received increased attention. Recent developments in the evolving research field of nanomaterial‐based perovskite are reviewed. Both hybrid organic‐inorganic and all‐inorganic perovskite nanostructures are discussed, as well as approaches to tune the optical properties by controlling the size and shape of perovskite nanostructures. In addition, chemical modifications can change the perovskite nanostructures' band‐gap, similar to their bulk counterpart. Several applications, including light‐emitting diodes, lasers, and detectors, demonstrate the latent potential of perovskite nanostructures.
The View from Inside the System: How Police Explain Their Response to Sexual Assault
Authors: Shaw Jessica , Campbell Rebecca , Cain Debi
Published: October 2016

Prior research has documented the problematic community response to sexual assault: the majority of sexual assaults reported to police are never prosecuted. Social dominance theory suggests that this response is a form of institutional discrimination, intended to maintain existing social structures, and that police personnel likely draw upon shared ideologies to justify their decision‐making in sexual assault case investigations. This study drew upon social dominance theory to examine how police justified their investigatory decisions to identify potential leverage points for change. The study revealed that the likelihood of a case referral to the prosecutor increased with each additional investigative step completed; of the different types of justifications provided by police for a less‐than‐thorough investigative response and stalled case, blaming the victim for the poor police investigation proved to be the most damaging to case progression; and the type of explanation provided by police was impacted by specific case variables. As suggested by social dominance theory, the study demonstrates that police rely on several different mechanisms to justify their response to sexual assault; implementing criminal justice system policies that target and interrupt these mechanisms has the potential to improve this response, regardless of specific case factors.
The vanishing Black Indian: Revisiting craniometry and historic collections
Authors: Geller Pamela L. , Stojanowksi Christopher M.
Published: October 2016

Objectives

This article uses craniometric allocation as a platform for discussing the legacy of Samuel G. Morton's collection of crania, the process of racialization, and the value of contextualized biohistoric research perspectives in biological anthropology.

Materials and Methods

Standard craniometric measurements were recorded for seven Seminoles in the Samuel G. Morton Crania Collection and 10 European soldiers from the Fort St. Marks Military Cemetery; all individuals were men and died in Florida during the 19th century. Fordisc 3.1 was used to assess craniometric affinity with respect to three samples: the Forensic Data Bank, Howells data set, and an archival sample that best fits the target populations collected from 19th century Florida. Discriminant function analyses were used to evaluate how allocations change across the three comparative databases, which roughly reflect a temporal sequence.

Results

Most Seminoles allocated as Native American, while most soldiers allocated as Euro‐American. Allocation of Seminole crania, however, was unstable across analysis runs with more individuals identifying as African Americans when compared to the Howells and Forensic Data Bank. To the contrary, most of the soldiers produced consistent allocations across analyses. Repeatability for the St. Marks sample was lower when using the archival sample database, contrary to expectations. For the Seminole crania, Cohen's κ indicates significantly lower repeatability. A possible Black Seminole individual was identified in the Morton Collection.

Discussion

Recent articles discussing the merits and weaknesses of comparative craniometry focus on methodological issues. In our biohistoric approach, we use the patterning of craniometric allocations across databases as a platform for discussing social race and its development during the 19th century, a process known as racialization. Here we propose that differences in repeatability for the Seminoles and Euro‐American soldiers reflect this process and transformation of racialized identities during 19th century U.S. nation‐building. In particular, notions of whiteness were and remain tightly controlled, while other racial categorizations were affected by legal, social, and political contexts that resulted in hybridity in lieu of boundedness.
Educational utility of advanced three‐dimensional virtual imaging in evaluating the anatomical configuration of the frontal recess
Authors: Agbetoba Abib , Luong Amber , Siow Jin Keat , Senior Brent , Callejas Claudio , Szczygielski Kornel , Citardi Martin J.
Published: October 2016

Background

Endoscopic sinus surgery represents a cornerstone in the professional development of otorhinolaryngology trainees. Mastery of these surgical skills requires an understanding of paranasal sinus and skull‐base anatomy. The frontal sinus is associated with a wide range of variation and complex anatomical configuration, and thus represents an important challenge for all trainees performing endoscopic sinus surgery.

Methods

Forty‐five otorhinolaryngology trainees and 20 medical school students from 5 academic institutions were enrolled and randomized into 1 of 2 groups. Each subject underwent learning of frontal recess anatomy with both traditional 2‐dimensional (2D) learning methods using a standard Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) viewing software (RadiAnt Dicom Viewer Version 1.9.16) and 3‐dimensional (3D) learning utilizing a novel preoperative virtual planning software (Scopis Building Blocks), with one half learning with the 2D method first and the other half learning with the 3D method first. Four questionnaires that included a total of 20 items were scored for subjects’ self‐assessment on knowledge of frontal recess and frontal sinus drainage pathway anatomy following each learned modality. A 2‐sample Wilcoxon rank‐sum test was used in the statistical analysis comparing the 2 groups.

Results

Most trainees (89%) believed that the virtual 3D planning software significantly improved their understanding of the spatial orientation of the frontal sinus drainage pathway.

Conclusion

Incorporation of virtual 3D planning surgical software may help augment trainees’ understanding and spatial orientation of the frontal recess and sinus anatomy. The potential increase in trainee proficiency and comprehension theoretically may translate to improved surgical skill and patient outcomes and in reduced surgical time.
Breather‐to‐soliton transitions and nonlinear wave interactions for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with the sextic operators in optical fibers
Authors: Sun Wen‐Rong
Published: October 2016

We find that the sextic nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation admits breather‐to‐soliton transitions. With the Darboux transformation, analytic breather solutions with imaginary eigenvalues up to the second order are explicitly presented. The condition for breather‐to‐soliton transitions is explicitly presented and several examples of transitions are shown. Interestingly, we show that the sextic NLS equation admits not only the breather‐to‐bright‐soliton transitions but also the breather‐to‐dark‐soliton transitions. We also show the interactions between two solitons on the constant backgrounds, as well as between breather and soliton.
Tailoring Transition‐Metal Hydroxides and Oxides by Photon‐Induced Reactions
Authors: Niu Kai‐Yang , Fang Liang , Ye Rong , Nordlund Dennis , Doeff Marca M. , Lin Feng , Zheng Haimei
Published: October 2016

Controlled synthesis of transition‐metal hydroxides and oxides with earth‐abundant elements have attracted significant interest because of their wide applications, for example as battery electrode materials or electrocatalysts for fuel generation. Here, we report the tuning of the structure of transition‐metal hydroxides and oxides by controlling chemical reactions using an unfocused laser to irradiate the precursor solution. A Nd:YAG laser with wavelengths of 532 nm or 1064 nm was used. The Ni2+, Mn2+, and Co2+ ion‐containing aqueous solution undergoes photo‐induced reactions and produces hollow metal‐oxide nanospheres (Ni0.18Mn0.45Co0.37Ox) or core–shell metal hydroxide nanoflowers ([Ni0.15Mn0.15Co0.7(OH)2](NO3)0.2⋅H2O), depending on the laser wavelengths. We propose two reaction pathways, either by photo‐induced redox reaction or hydrolysis reaction, which are responsible for the formation of distinct nanostructures. The study of photon‐induced materials growth shines light on the rational design of complex nanostructures with advanced functionalities.
Ein‐Topf‐Reaktionskaskaden durch Kombination einer eingekapselten Decarboxylase mit Metathese zur Synthese biobasierter Antioxidantien
Authors: Gómez Baraibar Álvaro , Reichert Dennis , Mügge Carolin , Seger Svenja , Gröger Harald , Kourist Robert
Published: October 2016

Die Kombination von Enzymen mit herkömmlichen Katalysatoren ermöglicht die Verbindung hoher Selektivität ersterer mit der Vielseitigkeit letzterer. Eine große Herausforderung dieses Ansatzes besteht in den sehr unterschiedlichen optimalen Reaktionsbedingungen beider Katalysatortypen. Hier kombinieren wir eine Cofaktor‐freie Decarboxylase mit einem [Ru]‐Metathesekatalysator zur Herstellung hochwertiger Antioxidantien aus biobasierten Vorstufen. Da geeignete [Ru]‐Komplexe keine zufriedenstellende Aktivität unter wässrigen Bedingungen zeigten, erforderte die Reaktion ein organisches Lösungsmittel, das seinerseits die enzymatische Aktivität erheblich senkte. Durch das Einkapseln des Enzyms in einer Gelmatrix konnte die Decarboxylierung in reinem organischem Lösungsmittel durchgeführt werden, und nach einem intermediären Trocknungsschritt war die Metathese leicht möglich. Eine sequenzielle Ein‐Topf‐Reaktionskaskade nach diesem Muster lieferte das Antioxidans 4,4′‐Dihydroxystilben in 90 % Gesamtausbeute.
Demineralization of asphaltite using free jet flotation
Authors: Güney Ali , Burat Fırat , Kayaduman Mehmet , Kangal Olgaç
Published: October 2016

The mineral matter and sulfur, which are present in varying amounts in asphaltites, are a major problem in the utilization of asphaltites as a fuel. Demineralization studies were carried out on an asphaltite sample containing 43.69% ash, 35.9% volatile matter, 19.7% fixed carbon, and 4.64% total sulfur. Laboratory scale free jet flotation cell with a volume of 30 L and a capacity of 2 m3/h was used, and all flotation tests were performed as collectorless. About 100 g/t isooctanol was used as a frother. The effects of particle size, the height of the nozzle pipe, turbulence zone, and laminar zone thickness were investigated during the tests. The flotation results indicated that a clean asphaltite having 19.66% ash content was produced with 66.4% combustible recovery. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of montmorillonite clay addition on the morphological and physical properties of Jatropha curcas L. and Glycine max L. protein concentrate films
Authors: Osorio‐Ruiz Alex , Solorza‐Feria Javier , Chiou Bor‐Sen , Wood Delilah F. , Williams Tina G. , Avena‐Bustillos Roberto J. , Martínez‐Ayala Alma‐Leticia
Published: October 2016

Protein concentrates from jatropha (JPC) and soy seeds (SPC) were obtained by solubilization and acid precipitation of proteins. JPC and SPC films were prepared by the casting method, using two different montmorillonite (MMT) clay concentrations and plasticized with glycerol. Film properties were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, tensile properties, water retention, and water vapor transmission rate (WVRT). Typical tactoid microcomposite structures were found to be heterogeneously dispersed in the films containing MMT. A small XRD peak was found in films with MMT. Slight improvements in thermal stability and tensile strength were observed in the films with MMT. Reductions in water retention and WVRT were obtained when MMT was added into the films. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44459.
Synthesis and device performance of an oxygen‐interrupted bipolar polymer host with carbazole and triphenylphosphine oxide in the main chain
Authors: Fan Zhu‐Xin , Bai Yu , Chu Zhi‐Wei , Zhang Xin‐Wen , Zhao Qing‐Hua
Published: October 2016

A novel bipolar polymer host PC10CzPO, carrying hole‐transporting carbazole and electron‐transporting triphenylphosphine oxide units in the oxygen‐interrupted main chain, was synthesized and characterized. In addition to its excellent thermal stability and miscibility with phosphors, PC10CzPO is also reported to have a triplet energy (ET) as high as 2.83 eV due to oxygen‐interrupted π‐conjugation, ensuring that PC10CzPO can be used as a suitable host material. The PC10CzPO‐based phosphorescent devices were investigated and compared, while doping with typical blue phosphor {iridium(III)[bis(4,6‐difluorophenyl)pyridinato‐N, C2]picolinate, FIrpic)}, green phosphor {tris[2‐(p‐tolyl)pyridine]iridium(III), Ir(mppy)3}, and red phosphor [bis(1‐phenyl‐isoquinoline‐C2,N)(acetylacetonato)iridium(III), Ir(piq)2acac]. As a result, the FIrpic‐based blue devices showed better device performances than those of red and green devices, which was ascribed to more effective energy transfer. This indicates that the choice of proper host and dopant emitters to fabricate phosphorescent polymer light emitting diodes (PhPLED) is a simple and effective approach to optimize device performances. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44461.
Investigations on porous PLA composite scaffolds with amphiphilic block PLA‐b‐PEG to enhance the carrying property for hydrophilic drugs of excess dose
Authors: Zhong Tian , Jiao Yang , Guo Lingling , Ding Jiamin , Nie Zhuping , Tan Lianjiang , Huang Ran
Published: October 2016

To address concern of the dispersion property of hydrophilic drugs of excess dose loaded in a hydrophobic poly(lactic acid) (PLA) matrix, this work developed a PLA and PLA‐b‐polyethylene glycol (PEG) composite scaffold (
) and studied its carrier properties for aspirin as a model hydrophilic drug. The porous functional scaffolds were prepared from PLA and PLA‐b‐PEG solutions with the dose of 5, 10, and 15 wt % aspirin preloaded. The products and control samples of pure PLA with the same loading amount for comparison were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction to examine the miscibility and porous structure. Rapid degradations in a strongly basic solution were performed to determine the actual loading amount and the encapsulation ratio. The in vitro release in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) at 37.5 °C indicated that the addition of amphiphilic block polymer may efficiently enhance the dispersion property and stabilize the release of hydrophilic drugs, especially with a high loading dose. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44489.
Crack growth behavior of natural rubber influenced by functionalized carbon nanotubes
Authors: Ding Yaxuan , Cao Xijuan , Weng Gengsheng , Yin Qiyan , Wang Liting , Chen Zhongren
Published: October 2016

In this work, the silane coupling agentbis‐(triethoxysilylpropyl) ‐tetrasulfide (TESPT) is used to modify the carbon nanotubes. After modification, carbon nanotubes can be well dispersed in the natural rubber (NR) matrix and form a strong and flexible network. Based on the original real‐time crack tip morphology monitoring, crack propagation and scanning electronic microscopy tests, it is revealed that modified carbon nanotubes filled NR samples (NR/F‐CNTs) have better crack resistance. It is found that modified carbon nanotubes can resist the cavitation process during cyclic loading. Crack tip morphology monitoring tests indicate that the crack tip of NR/F‐CNTs is rougher and the ligaments are thinner and densely distributed. A crack branching phenomenon is also observed. It proves that F‐CNTs increase the energy consumption of NR during cyclic loading. It is concluded that the F‐CNTs used in this work improve the crack resistance of NR in two ways: the one is cavitation resistance and the other is the increase of energy consumption for crack propagation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2017,134, 44527.