bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Demokrasi Di Ruang Debat : Isonomia Menuju Masyarakat Demokratis
Authors: Trisno Aji Wahyu , Dedi Putrawan Agus
Published: June 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan mengenai isonomia politik dan pluralisme liberal dalam membentuk dasar demokrasi modern. Demokrasi diakui karena kemampuannya mengatasi kompleksitas hubungan sosial dan politik, terutama di negara-negara yang sebelumnya terpapar konflik atau ketidakstabilan politik. Fokus pada isonomia politik, atau persamaan hak, menjadi krusial dalam konteks demokrasi, dengan pluralisme liberal memainkan peran penting sebagai pondasi bagi kemajuan demokrasi modern. Konsep ini mencakup persamaan hak politik, pengakuan terhadap pluralitas, dan penerimaan terhadap perbedaan sebagai nilai-nilai fundamental. Melalui pemilihan berkala dan mekanisme legitimasi kekuasaan, demokrasi modern membentuk sistem dinamis yang responsif dan progresif terhadap perbedaan, membuka jalan bagi masyarakat inklusif dan netral terhadap berbagai doktrin komprehensif. Penerimaan terhadap pluralisme, bersama dengan pentingnya pemilihan berkala dan mekanisme legitimasi kekuasaan, membentuk fondasi demokrasi yang responsif, progresif, dan sesuai dengan tuntutan etika dan politik dalam masyarakat kontemporer.
Kata kunci : isonomia, demokrasi, politik
Analisis Penerapan Kecerdasan Majemuk (Multiple Intelligences) dalam Pembelajaran di Madrasah
Authors: Rizka Amalia  , Nabilla
Published: June 2024

This research aims to analyze the multiple intelligence approach in teaching and education in madrasas. Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences provides a significant contrast to the models of mind that have traditionally been used to make a good teaching and learning. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with the type of library research. The results of this study indicate that the learning approach in madrasas that utilizes multiple intelligences can combine various aspects of intelligence, such as linguistic, intrapersonal, interpersonal and kinesthetic. Multiple intelligence-based learning strategies in madrasas involve several learning aspects aimed at fostering critical thinking skills through various learning methods that are adapted to the material presented.
Determination of Chemical Contaminants of Groundwater in District 17 of Kabul City
Authors: Aziz Abdul Mohammad , Rahmatzai Asadullah
Published: June 2024

Water quality assessment is crucial for identifying and mitigating potential contamination sources that impact human health, ecosystems, and industries. This study investigates groundwater quality in District 17 of Kabul City, Afghanistan, by analyzing various chemical parameters. The district, established in 2003 due to rural-urban migration, covers 70 square kilometers with approximately 400,000 inhabitants and 42,000 residential homes. Four groundwater samples were collected from wells across District 17 and analyzed in laboratories following standard methods adhering to WHO guidelines and Afghan National Standards. The study examined fluoride, sulfate, nitrate, iron, pH, and electrical conductivity. Findings revealed an average fluoride concentration of 0.76 mg/L within the acceptable range. Sulfate levels were normal, with the lowest reading at 297.5 ppm. However, the average nitrate content of 12.425 ppm exceeded the 10-ppm standard, indicating potential contamination. The average iron content of 0.24 ppm was acceptable, and the water pH of 7.65 was suitable. Notably, the electrical conductivity measured 1258 μS/cm, surpassing expected standards and suggesting groundwater quality issues. The findings serve as a baseline for future research and developing strategies to address water pollution and quality concerns in Kabul City. Comprehensive assessments of groundwater resources are vital for maintaining public health, environmental sustainability, and industrial operations.
Enhancing Literary Comprehension Through Interactive Reading Assignment via Kahoot!
Authors: Gonzales Leo Albert
Published: June 2024

This experimental study examined the effectiveness of using Kahoot! game-based interactive reading assignments to enhance literary comprehension achievement among Grade 9 students studying Anglo-American literature. The study compared the experimental group with the control group using the conventional lecture method. Both groups analyzed two short stories - "The Tell-Tale Heart" by Edgar Allan Poe and "The Country of the Blind" by H.G. Wells and took a post-test after four weeks. Results showed that the control group achieved relatively high levels of literary comprehension, but the experimental group using interactive reading assignments had higher percentages of very high-level achievements and lower percentages of low-level achievements. The conventional lecture method seemed less effective in promoting skills like making inferences, and predictions, and identifying unfamiliar vocabulary. On the other hand, the experimental group using Kahoot! showed positive outcomes, with a significant percentage of students achieving high or very high levels of comprehension across all assessed skills. A t-test analysis (t-2.12; p=0.03) revealed a significant difference between the control and experimental groups' literary comprehension achievements, supporting the effectiveness of incorporating interactive reading assignments through Kahoot! The distinct differences in literary comprehension achievements between the control and experimental groups emphasize the effectiveness of Kahoot! platform in enhancing student comprehension compared to traditional methods. Using platforms like Kahoot! for interactive reading assignments can create an engaging learning environment that improves students' literary comprehension abilities.
E-Library for Blankspot Areas at SMP Negeri Satap 1 Kolaka Utara
Authors: Sumihar Yoel Pieter , Adinda Adinda , Bantun Suharsono , Jum'ah Muhammad Na'im Al Jum'ah
Published: June 2024

Digital libraries (digital libraries) or also known as electronic libraries (e-libraries) are introduced with the advantage of providing collections in electronic form that can be accessed by users without limitations of place and time by using electronic media such as computers, laptops or gadgets connected to computers. The E-Library information system for areas without a signal at SMPN Satap 1 Kolaka Utara is a data processing system that is enabled to process new member registration data, visit data processing, transaction data processing, book data processing, and fine processing. The research method uses the method of literature study, observation, interviews, and the system development method uses the waterfall. The analysis and design tools used are data flow diagrams (DFD) and database design using Entity Relationship Diagrams (ERD), the programming language used is hypertext preprocessor (PHP), and the database uses MySQL. The test method uses Blackbox and UAT testing. From the results of the discussion in the previous chapters, it can be concluded that the E-Library information system for areas without a signal at SMPN Satap 1 Kolaka makes it easy for members to read books offline and makes it easier to manage book data and borrow books.
Existence of solutions for second-order differential inclusions associated with highly non-semicontinuous multifunctions
Authors: CUBIOTTI PAOLO , YAO JEN-CHIH
Published: June 2024

In this paper we deal with the existence of generalized solutions for the Cauchy problem associated with a second-order differential inclusion, both in explicit and in implicit form. We firstly prove an existence result for an inclusion of the type $u^{\prime\prime}\in F(t,u, u^\prime)$, where $F:[0,T]\times{\bf R}^n\times {\bf R}^n \to2^{{\bf R}^n}$ is a given closed-valued multifunction. The main peculiarity of this latter result is as follows: our assumptions do not imply any kind of semicontinuity for the multifunction $F(t,\cdot\,,\cdot\,)$. That is, a multifunction $F$ can satisfy all the assumptions and, at the same time, for every $t\in[0,T]$ the multifunction $F(t,\cdot\,,\cdot\,)$ can be neither upper nor lower semicontinuous even at each point $(x,z)\in{\bf R}^n\times{\bf R}^n$. A viable version of this result is also proved. Furtherly, as an application, an analogous result is proved for an inclusion of the type $u^{\prime\prime}\in Q(t,u, u^\prime)+S(t,u, u^\prime) $, where $Q:[0,T]\times{\bf R}^n\times {\bf R}^n \to{\bf R}^n$ has convex values, and $S:[0,T]\times{\bf R}^n\times {\bf R}^n \to{\bf R}^n$ has closed values. Again, our assumptions do not imply any kind of semicontinuity for the multifunctions $Q(t,\cdot\,,\cdot\,)$ and $S(t,\cdot\,,\cdot\,)$. Then we consider an application to the implicit differential inclusion $\psi(u^{\prime\prime})\in F(t,u, u^\prime)+G(t,u, u^\prime)$, where $F$ is convex-valued and $G$ is closed-valued. As regards the function $\psi$, we only assume that it is continuous and locally nonconstant. Finally, we present a further application to the Cauchy problem associated with a Sturm-Liouville type differential inclusion.
Overlapping grid multidomian spectral quasilinearization method for Williamson nanofluid with gyrotactic microorganisms flow past a radially stretching sheet
Authors: KHUMALO THOKOZANI N. , AYANO MEKONNEN S. , MAGAGULA VUSI M.
Published: June 2024

In this paper, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) heat and mass transfer of bioconvective Williamson nanofluid flow over a radially stretching sheet is studied. Microorganisms are used to stabilize the suspended nanoparticles through bioconvection. The nanoparticles are accounted for using the Brownian motion and thermophoretic phenomena. By establishing suitable similarity variables, the governing nonlinear partial differential equations modeling the flow are transformed into nonlinear systems of ordinary differential equations (ODE’s), which are then solved numerically using the recently developed overlapping grid multidomian spectral quasilinearization method (OGMDSQLM) on MATLAB. The effect of various physical parameters on the flow profiles is investigated graphically and in tables. Amongst other findings, it is found that increasing the radiation parameter augments the temperature profile, while the concentration of microorganisms profiles decline with a rise in the value of the chemical reaction parameter.
PROBLEMATIKA LEMBAGA PENDIDIKAN ISLAM SEBAGAI TANTANGAN DALAM MENINGKATKAN MUTU PENDIDIKAN DI ERA MILENIAL
Authors: Nur Taufiq , Nur Makmur Jaya , P Sudirman , Salsanabila Zhilla , Mustamir Mustamir
Published: June 2024

This research aims to analyze the problems faced by Islamic institutions in efforts to improve the quality of education in the millennial era. This research uses a qualitative approach with a variety of library research or literature searches. The references in question are references obtained from books, journals, research report articles and various sites on the internet, research methods that are appropriate to the research objectives and available resources. The combination of several research methods can also provide a more complete picture of the problems of Islamic educational institutions in improving the quality of education in the millennial era. The purpose of research is to strengthen the problems found as a theoretical basis for conducting studies. This research is educational which highlights the main challenges faced by Islamic educational institutions and seeks possible solutions to overcome these problems. This research can be concluded that Islamic education needs to overcome challenges such as curriculum adjustments, the use of technology in learning, developing teacher competencies, and challenges in facing complex social developments in the millennial era. This research is recommended regarding strategies for improving the quality of Islamic education in the millennial era
IMPLEMENTASI TEKNOLOGI PEMBELAJARAN SMART SHCOOL DAN PENGUATAN KARAKTER RELIGIUS SISWA DI SMAN 12 SINJAI
Authors: Umar Umar , Wulan Sry , Fahmi Nuril
Published: June 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengungkap bagaimana implementasi teknologi pembelajaran Smart School dalam mendukung penguatan karakter religius siswa SMA pasca kebijakan kurikulum merdeka di Indonesia. Permasalahan praktis penguatan karakter utama religius mempengaruhi banyak kalangan sebab belum dioptimalkan bahkan menuai perdebatan tentang implementasinya ditingkat sekolah terlebih jika dikaitkan dengan dukungan teknologi pembelajaran inovatif sehingga perlu diperhatikan meskipun ada sejumlah usulan tentang hal itu. Desain penelitian kualitatif digunakan yakni dengan cara mengumpulkan data observasi dan wawancara dengan informan terpilih di SMAN 12 Sinjai serta dukungan dokumentasi. Selanjutnya data dianalisis untuk memberikan gambaran sesuai fokus permasalah. Temuan menunjukkan teknologi pembelajaran Smart School yang dicanangkan pemerintah Propinsi Sulawesi Selatan cukup terimplementasi secara efektif sebab mendukung keyamanan belajar dan kebutuhan informasi bagi guru dan siswa. Smart School dan media non digital lainnya dimanfaatkan dalam pembelajaran serta internalisasi nilai budaya sekolah secara positi berdampak pada karakter religius dan literasi Al-Qur’an siswa. Pemanfaatannya Smart School perlu memperhatikan aspek tantangan yang menyertainya.
معايير مقترحة لضمان جودة الكادر التدريبي في مدارس التعليم المهني بالمحافظات الجنوبية لفلسطين
Authors: الزعيم محمد , أبو رحمة محمد
Published: June 2024

هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف إلى معايير مقترحة لضمان جودة الكادر التدريبي في مدارس التعليم المهني بالمحافظات الجنوبية لفلسطين، استخدم الباحثان المنهج الوصفي التحليلي ، استخدم الباحثان استبانة ومقابلة شخصية في دراستهما ، تكونت عينة الدراسة من من (60) طالب من طلبة مدرسة هاني نعيم الزراعية ومدرسة دير البلح الصناعية ، ومن أهم نتائج الدراسة أن درجة أهمية المعايير المقترحة لضمان جودة الكادر التدريبي كانت كبيرة بوزن نسبي 77.3 وحصلت المعايير الشخصية على المتوسط الأعلى تلتها المعايير المهنية ، وأظهرت النتائج أن من معوقات تطبيق معايير ضمان جودة الكادر التدريبي في مدارس التعليم المهني قلة التمويل اللازم لعملية تدريب المعلمين وعدم تقاضي الموظفين لرواتبهم،  الانقسام السياسي وعدم وجود قوانين موحدة بين شطري الوطن،  الحصار الصهيوني المفروض على غزة ومنع ابتعاث وسفر الخبراء من وإلى القطاع،  الروتين اليومي للمعلم الذي من الصعب تغييره،  قلة إشراك المعلمين في التخطيط ومن أهم توصيات الدراسة ضرورة تحييد قطاع التعليم المهني عن أي تجاذبات سياسية لأنه يؤثر بشكل مباشر على جودة المخرجات من الطلبة. والتراجع عن قرارات إحالة المدربين ذوي الخبرة إلى التقاعد الإجباري كما أوصت بتوفير التدريب المكثف لمدربي التعليم المهني بواسطة خبراء من الدول العربية والأجنبية وتوفير التمويل اللازم للتدريب من قبل الوزارات المعنية.
Awareness of potential oral and systemic risk factors for COVID-19 among dentists
Authors: Karakış Akcan Serap , Mamaklıoğlu Dilek , Meşeli Süleyman Emre
Published: June 2024

Aim: Although the pathophysiological pathways have not been fully elucidated, it is assumpted that the systemic comorbidity variables described for periodontal disease may also apply to COVID-19. It was aimed to assess dentists' knowledge in the triangle of systemic comorbidities, oral-periodontal health, and COVID-19 and to contribute to patient care.
Methods: A questionnaire containing 17 statements obtained from hypotheses in the current literature was sent to dentists via email. The first part of the survey contains demographic questions, including age, gender, speciality, years in work experience, and institutional affiliation, while the second part contains statements assessing dentists' knowledge about oral and systemic candidate risk factors related to COVID-19. Responses were set up as "agree", "disagree", and "undecided". Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was calculated for each item. An ICC value of 0.80 or higher was considered satisfactory.
Results: 68.8% (n=353) of 513 dentists were female, 66.7% (n=342) were between the ages of 24-40, 67.3% (n=345) had a professional history of 10 years or more, and 49.9% (n=256) were specialists. 56.5% of participants agree that there may be common risk factors for periodontal disease and COVID-19. 74.1% of participants agree that improving oral care levels could reduce complications arising from COVID-19. The systemic diseases/conditions for severe COVID-19 that received the highest "agree" responses in the presence of periodontal disease were Diabetes (90.1%), Tuberculosis (87.7%), and AIDS (86.7%). The highest "undecided" responses were for independent statements created for relationships with necrotizing oral manifestations with fever upon COVID-19 diagnosis (42.3%), vesiculobullous lesions/ulcers (41.7%), atherosclerotic diseases (42.1%), and liver diseases (40.2%). The highest "disagree" response was for the presence of vesiculobullous lesions/ulcers with a COVID-19 diagnosis (17%). Compared to men, women used the "agree" statement more for independent statements given for AIDS, presence of common risk factors, pregnancy, and atherosclerosis (p
Color adjustment potential of two single shade resin-based composites before and after staining
Authors: Karadağ Gökhan , Haberal Merve , İren Ahmet Yasin , Bayraktar Yusuf
Published: June 2024

Objective: This in vitro study aims to evaluate the visual color adjustment potential (CAP-V) of two single shade resin-based composite before and after coffee staining.
Materials and Methods: Class 3 cavities were prepared on the mesiobuccal surfaces of a total of 60 acrylic maxillary central denture, 30 in A2 shade and 30 in B1 shade. For the restoration of cavities, two different single-shade resin based composites (Omnichroma and Charisma Diamond One) and a nanohybrid composite (Filtek Ultimate, A2 and B1 Body shades) were used. After the restoration process, the samples were polished. The visual color adjustment potential (CAP-V) of all samples was evaluated 3 times respectively: before the staining process, after the staining process and after the re-polishing process. Data were analyzed with One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey tests (p=0.05).
Results: The Omnichroma B1 groups showed better CAP-V values for initial and re-polished groups. In the groups after staining, the best CAP-V values were in the Charisma Diamond One A2 group and the worst values were in the Filtek B1 group (p
Automated intelligent device for managing electronic meter tests for calibration using artificial intelligence techniques
Authors: Nascimento Marcelo Maia do , Gomes Marivan Silva , Paula Railma Lima de , Corrêa Henrique Mark dos Santos , Leite Jandecy Cabral , Chavez Diego Brandão , Parente Ricardo Silva , Siqueira Junior Paulo Oliveira
Published: June 2024

This article deals with the development of an intelligent calibration device for three-phase electricity meters (semi-automatic) that complies with INMETRO and ANNEL calibration standards. The aim of the article was to reduce the measurement error to a certain range. This error is due to the tolerances and uncertainties of the electronic components that make up the printed circuit board of the three-phase electronic meter. The materials and methods used were: HMI Software, Electronic Equipment: Alternating Current (AC) Generator, Alternating Voltage (Vrms) Generator and Voltage and Current Analyser; Pneumatic Actuators, Meters under Test, Control System, using a Proportional, Integral and Derivative (PID) controller. The results achieved were: Test 1: Voltage Signal Quality, Test 2: Current Signal Quality, Test 3: Phase Angle Verification, Test 4: DHT (Total Harmonic Distortion) Verification, Validation and verification of the post-calibration error, finally the results were expressive, since it really validated the automated intelligent device capable of managing the testing of electronic meters for calibration using artificial intelligence techniques on the shop floor.
Starch Hydrolyzing Enzyme Production from Fruit Peels using Aspergillus Niger
Authors: Srivastav Yash , Thakur Gourav , Srivastav Aditya
Published: June 2024

Amylase is one of the important industrial enzymes due to its application in detergents, food and textile industries. In the present study, the production of amylase, a starch hydrolysing enzyme, was optimized using Aspergillus niger under various conditions i.e., incubation time, carbon source, pH and temperature. Amylase production by Aspergillus niger using submerged fermentation of mixed fruit peel waste such as sweet lime, banana, cucumber, orange, pomegranate, pineapple, and watermelon was used. The cultural and nutrient requirements of Aspergillus niger for the production of amylase in production media containing different pH, temperature, incubation period, metal ion concentrations, surfactants, carbon sources and nitrogen sources were quantified in the present study. The optimum temperature and incubation period for enzyme production was 37°C and 5th day, respectively. The main objectives of the present study were to use a suitable fungal strain for the production of extracellular alpha-amylase and to determine the time course for the production of alpha-amylase. Thus, this enzyme can be produced cost-effectively using low-cost fruit peel waste and could be utilized in the detergent or textile industry.
Conversion of Isopropanol to Diisopropyl Ether over Cobalt Phosphate Modified Natural Zeolite Catalyst
Authors: Hasanudin Hasanudin , Asri Wan Ryan , Rahmawati Rahmawati , Riyanti Fahma , Maryana Roni , Al Muttaqii Muhammad , Rinaldi Nino , Hadiah Fitri , Novia Novia
Published: June 2024

This study aims to produce diisopropyl ether (DIPE) via isopropanol dehydration using cobalt-phosphate-supported natural zeolite catalysts. The catalytic activities of the zeolite/CoO and zeolite/Co(H2PO4)2 were compared. The as-prepared catalysts were assessed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and N2 adsorption-desorption. Surface acidity was determined using the gravimetric method with pyridine as the probe. The results of this study showed that natural zeolite was favorably impregnated by CoO and Co(H2PO4)2 species. The impregnation process affected the textural and acidic features of the catalysts. The zeolite/Co(H2PO4)2 catalyst with a loading of 8 mEq.g-1 exhibited the highest surface acidity of 1.827 mmol.g-1. This catalyst also promoted the highest catalytic activity towards isopropanol dehydration, with an isopropanol conversion of 66.19%, DIPE selectivity, and yield of 46.72% and 34.99%, respectively. The cobalt phosphate species promoted higher catalytic activity for isopropanol dehydration than the CoO species. This study demonstrated the potential of cobalt phosphate-supported natural zeolite catalysts for DIPE production with adequate performance. Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Primacy Effect in Credibility Judgements: The Vulnerability of Verbal Cues to Biased Interpretations
Authors: Nahari Galit , Ben‐Shakhar Gershon
Published: January 2013

We explored the vulnerability of credibility judgements of written accounts (mediated by their richness in details) to primacy effect. Specifically, we examined whether the order by which two texts were presented affected their credibility judgements. In Experiment 1, participants read two life stories of the same narrator, one rich and the other poor in details, while their presentation order was manipulated. Results showed that participants tended to believe the narrator more when the rich story preceded the poor story than when the presentation order was reversed. In Experiment 2, the richness‐order was manipulated within a single story, and its results revealed that, although participants read stories of equal length, they perceived a story that began in a rich manner as richer than a story that began in a poor manner. Together, results point to the vulnerability of the ‘richness in detail’ indicator to judgemental biases. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Materiomics: An ‐omics Approach to Biomaterials Research
Authors: Cranford Steven W. , de Boer Jan , van Blitterswijk Clemens , Buehler Markus J.
Published: January 2013

The past fifty years have seen a surge in the use of materials for clinical application, but in order to understand and exploit their full potential, the scientific complexity at both sides of the interface—the material on the one hand and the living organism on the other hand—needs to be considered. Technologies such as combinatorial chemistry, recombinant DNA as well as computational multi‐scale methods can generate libraries with a very large number of material properties whereas on the other side, the body will respond to them depending on the biological context. Typically, biological systems are investigated using both holistic and reductionist approaches such as whole genome expression profiling, systems biology and high throughput genetic or compound screening, as already seen, for example, in pharmacology and genetics. The field of biomaterials research is only beginning to develop and adopt these approaches, an effort which we refer to as “materiomics”. In this review, we describe the current status of the field, and its past and future impact on the biomedical sciences. We outline how materiomics sets the stage for a transformative change in the approach to biomaterials research to enable the design of tailored and functional materials for a variety of properties in fields as diverse as tissue engineering, disease diagnosis and de novo materials design, by combining powerful computational modelling and screening with advanced experimental techniques.
Green and Scalable Aldehyde‐Catalyzed Transition Metal‐Free Dehydrative N‐Alkylation of Amides and Amines with Alcohols
Authors: Xu Qing , Li Qiang , Zhu Xiaogang , Chen Jianhui
Published: January 2013

In contrast to the borrowing hydrogen‐type N‐alkylation reactions, in which alcohols were activated by transition metal‐catalyzed anaerobic dehydrogenation, the addition of external aldehydes was accidentally found to be a simple and effective protocol for alcohol activation. This interesting finding subsequently led to an efficient and green, practical and scalable aldehyde‐catalyzed transition metal‐free dehydrative N‐alkylation method for a variety of amides, amines, and alcohols. Mechanistic studies revealed that this reaction most possibly proceeds via a simple but interesting transition metal‐free relay race mechanism.
Entwicklung zielgerichteter niedermolekularer zytotoxischer Wirkstoffverbindungen mit DNA‐codierten chemischen Bibliotheken
Authors: Krall Nikolaus , Scheuermann Jörg , Neri Dario
Published: January 2013

Der zielgerichtete Transport von hochwirksamen zytotoxischen Substanzen in kranke Gewebe ist ein vielversprechender Ansatz zur Therapie von Krebs und anderen schweren Erkrankungen. In der Vergangenheit wurden vor allem Antikörper gegen krankheitsspezifische Marker als Trägersubstanzen eingesetzt. Seit einiger Zeit werden aber auch niedermolekulare organische Verbindungen für diese Aufgabe in Betracht gezogen. Entscheidend für die Entwicklung dieses Gebiets sind effiziente Methoden zur Identifikation hochaffiner Liganden für Proteine von pharmazeutischem Interesse. DNA‐codierte Bibliothekstechnologien ermöglichen das Screening von Substanzbibliotheken enormer Größe. In diesem Aufsatz behandeln wir die Entwicklung von Wirkstofftransportsystemen auf Basis niedermolekularer Liganden und analysieren, wie innovative DNA‐basierte Bibliothekstechnologien dieses Feld nachhaltig beeinflussen werden.
Effects of the amount of fillers and of the crosslink density on the mechanical behavior of carbon‐black filled styrene butadiene rubbers
Authors: Merckel Yannick , Diani Julie , Brieu Mathias , Caillard Julien
Published: January 2013

Several carbon‐black filled styrene‐butadiene rubbers are subjected to monotonic uniaxial tension tests in order to investigate the effects of the amount of fillers and of the crosslink density on their mechanical properties. The Young modulus, the volume changes associated with material damage and the stretch to failure are extracted and discussed. Results compare well to the literature results when exist and quantitative analysis are proposed when possible. Results show that filled rubbers are not incompressible when submitted to uniaxial tension tests and their volume changes are strongly dependent of the amount of fillers but are unaffected by the crosslink density. The latter shows strong impact on the filled rubbers stretch to failure but more interestingly this impact is comparable to what is encountered in unfilled rubbers. The stretch to failure is improved by the addition of fillers with an optimum for material filled around 30 phr. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Polysaccharides derived from tragacanth as biocompatible polymers and Gels
Authors: Fattahi Ali , Petrini Paola , Munarin Fabiola , Shokoohinia Yalda , Golozar Mohammad Ali , Varshosaz Jaleh , Tanzi Maria Cristina
Published: January 2013

Tragacanth gum (TG) is a natural gum whose biomedical applications are limited because of the low water solubility and the possibility to form only weak water‐insoluble gels. An innovative method to produce water‐soluble tragacanth (WST) is assessed in this work. WST structural characterization indicates a high‐molecular weight polyuronic acid, which can undergo gelling by ionotropic complexation. Biological characterization shows no cytotoxicity on Hela, HepG2, and L929 cell lines. Furthermore, TG‐based and WST‐based gel beads prepared by ionic crosslinking with ferric and zinc ions are studied. Ferric WST gels exerted better cell adhesion with L929 cells than ferric alginate gels. These characteristics make WST a promising candidate for tissue engineering and drug delivery applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Changes in anatomy instruction and USMLE performance: Empirical evidence on the absence of a relationship
Authors: Cuddy Monica M. , Swanson David B. , Drake Richard L. , Pawlina Wojciech
Published: January 2013

Anatomy instruction has evolved over the past two decades as many medical schools have undergone various types of curricular reform. To provide empirical evidence about whether or not curricular changes impact the acquisition and retention of anatomy knowledge, this study investigated the effect of variation in gross anatomy course hours, curricular approach (stand‐alone versus integrated), and laboratory experience (dissection versus dissection and prosection) on USMLE Steps 1 and 2 Clinical Knowledge (CK) scores. Gross anatomy course directors at 54 United States schools provided information about their gross anatomy courses via an online survey (response rate of 42%). Survey responses were matched with USMLE scores for 6,411 examinees entering LCME‐accredited schools in 2007 and taking Step 1 for the first time in 2009. Regression analyses were conducted to examine relationships between gross anatomy instructional characteristics and USMLE performance. Step 1 total scores, Step 1 gross anatomy sub‐scores, and Step 2 CK scores were unrelated to instructional hours, controlling for MCAT scores. Examinees from schools with integrated curricula scored slightly lower on Steps 1 and 2 CK than those from stand‐alone courses (effect sizes of 2.1 and 1.9 on score scales with SDs of 22 and 20, respectively). Examinees with dissection and prosection experience performed slightly better on Step 2 CK than examinees in courses with dissection only laboratories (effect size of 1.2). Results suggest variation in course hours is unrelated to performance on Steps 1 and 2 CK. Although differences were observed in relation to curricular approach and laboratory experience, effect sizes were small. Anat Sci Educ 6: 3–10. © 2012 American Association of Anatomists.
The Oxidative Mechanism in Electrophilic CH Activation: The Case of CH2F2 and CH2Cl2
Authors: de Petris Giulia , Rosi Marzio , Ursini Ornella , Troiani Anna
Published: January 2013

The H.‐atom transfer (HAT) reaction is investigated in the gas phase, starting from two different entrance channels, O2.+/CH2X2 and CH2X2.+/O2 (X=F, Cl), that correspond to a step of hydride transfer and to HAT, respectively. Analysis of the spin and charge along the reaction pathway shows that HAT occurs through the same reacting configuration, irrespective of whether the reactants are formed within the complex or are free isolated species.
Simulations of Guest Transport in Clathrates of Dianin’s Compound and Hydroquinone
Authors: Nemkevich Alexandra , Spackman Mark A. , Corry Ben
Published: January 2013

Clathrates have been proposed for use in a variety of applications including gas storage, mixture separation and catalysis due to the potential for controlled guest diffusion through their porous lattices. Here molecular dynamics simulations are employed to study guest transport in clathrates of hydroquinone (HQ) and Dianin’s compound (DC). Systems investigated were HQ with methanol and acetonitrile, and DC with methanol and ethanol. Simulations were set up with one guest in the pore, two guests in the pore and one vacancy in the pore and a filled pore, and free‐energy barriers for movement between cavities of the pore were estimated for all cases. Comparison between these simulations indicates that guest transport most likely proceeds by molecules moving from full to empty cavities consecutively, one by one, rather than in a concerted manner. Thus, the presence of empty cavities is very important for guest transport, which becomes more energetically demanding in fully loaded systems. Flexibility of the host can assist guest transport. In the studied DC clathrates transport occurs via an intermediate conformation in which the hydroxyl group of the alcohol guest molecule participates in the hydrogen‐bonded ring of the host. We also address the issue of the number of methanol guest molecules that DC accommodates, for which conflicting information exists. We found that this is likely to be temperature dependent and suggest that under some conditions the system is most likely non‐stoichiometric.
The Hydride‐Ion Affinity of Borenium Cations and Their Propensity to Activate H2 in Frustrated Lewis Pairs
Authors: Clark Ewan R. , Del Grosso Alessandro , Ingleson Michael J.
Published: January 2013

A range of frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) containing borenium cations have been synthesised. The catechol (Cat)‐ligated borenium cation [CatB(PtBu3)]+ has a lower hydride‐ion affinity (HIA) than B(C6F5)3. This resulted in H2 activation being energetically unfavourable in a FLP with the strong base PtBu3. However, ligand disproportionation of CatBH(PtBu3) at 100 °C enabled trapping of H2 activation products. DFT calculations at the M06‐2X/6‐311G(d,p)/PCM (CH2Cl2) level revealed that replacing catechol with chlorides significantly increases the chloride‐ion affinity (CIA) and HIA. Dichloro–borenium cations, [Cl2B(amine)]+, were calculated to have considerably greater HIA than B(C6F5)3. Control reactions confirmed that the HIA calculations can be used to successfully predict hydride‐transfer reactivity between borenium cations and neutral boranes. The borenium cations [Y(Cl)B(2,6‐lutidine)]+ (Y=Cl or Ph) form FLPs with P(mesityl)3 that undergo slow deprotonation of an ortho‐methyl of lutidine at 20 °C to form the four‐membered boracycles [(CH2{NC5H3Me})B(Cl)Y] and [HPMes3]+. When equimolar [Y(Cl)B(2,6‐lutidine)]+/P(mesityl)3 was heated under H2 (4 atm), heterolytic cleavage of dihydrogen was competitive with boracycle formation.
Coordination‐Driven Switching of a Preorganized and Cooperative Calix[4]pyrrole Receptor
Authors: Bähring Steffen , Olsen Gunnar , Stein Paul C. , Kongsted Jacob , Nielsen Kent A.
Published: January 2013

The study of preorganization in receptors, particularly in cooperative receptors, and their reversible control by external stimuli is important for elucidating design strategies that can lead to increased sensitivity and external control of molecular recognition. In this work we present the design, synthesis, and operation of an asymmetric tetrathiafulvalene (TTF)–calix[4]pyrrole receptor appended with a pyridine moiety. 1H NMR spectroscopy was employed to demonstrate that intramolecular complexation between the receptor and the pyridine moiety leads to a preorganized receptor. Absorption and 1H NMR spectroscopy along with a computational investigation were used to demonstrate the ability of the receptor to complex the substrate 1,3,5‐trinitrobenzene (TNB) and that the receptor can be reversibly modulated between negative and positive cooperativity by employing external stimuli in the form of ZnII. Fitting procedures incorporating multiple datasets and fitting to multiple equilibria simultaneously have been employed to quantitatively determine the preorganization effects.
Quantum Chemical Insight of the Dimetallic Sulfide Endohedral Fullerene Sc2S@C70: Does It Possess the Conventional D5h Cage?
Authors: Yang Tao , Zhao Xiang , Nagase Shigeru
Published: January 2013

Like C60, C70 is one of the most representative fullerenes in fullerene science. Even though there are 8149 C70 isomers, only two of them have been found before: the conventional D5h and an isolated pentagon rule (IPR)‐violating C2v(7854). Through the use of quantum chemical methods, we report a new unconventional C70 isomer, C2(7892), which survives in the form of dimetallic sulfide endohedral fullerene Sc2S@C70. Compared with the IPR‐obeying C70 and the C2v(7854) fullerene with three pairs of pentagon adjacencies, the C2(7892) cage violates the isolated pentagon rule and has two pairs of pentagon adjacencies. In Sc2S@C2(7892)‐C70, two scandium atoms coordinate with two pentalene motifs, respectively, presenting two equivalent ScS bonds. The strong coordination interaction, along with the electron transfer from the Sc2S cluster to the fullerene cage, results in the stabilization of the non‐IPR endohedral fullerene. The electronic structure of Sc2S@C70 can be formally described as [Sc2S]4+@[C70]4−; however, a substantial overlap between the metallic orbitals and cage orbitals has also been found. Electrochemical properties and electronic absorption, infrared, and 13C NMR spectra of Sc2S@C70 have been calculated theoretically.
Facile Synthesis and Thermoelectric Properties of Self‐assembled Bi2Te3 One‐Dimensional Nanorod Bundles
Authors: Song Shuyan , Fu Jipeng , Li Xiyan , Gao Wei , Zhang Hongjie
Published: January 2013

Self‐assembled Bi2Te3 one‐dimensional nanorod bundles have been fabricated by a low‐cost and facile solvothermal method with ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid as an additive. The phase structures and morphologies of the samples were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared spectrometry, and transmission electron microscope measurements. The growth mechanisms have been proposed based on the experimental results. The full thermoelectric properties of the nanorod bundles have been characterized and show a large improvement in the thermal conductivity attributed to phonon scattering of the nanostructures and then enhance the thermoelectric figure of merit. This work is promising for the realization of new types of highly efficient thermoelectric semiconductors by this method.
Gold(I) and Silver(I) Complexes of Diphosphacyclobutadiene Cobaltate Sandwich Anions
Authors: Malberg Jennifer , Wiegand Thomas , Eckert Hellmut , Bodensteiner Michael , Wolf Robert
Published: January 2013

The synthesis and structural characterization of the first coordination compounds of bis(diphosphacyclobutadiene) cobaltate anions [M(P2C2R2)2]− is described. Reactions of the new potassium salts [K(thf)3{Co(η4‐P2C2tPent2)2}] (1) and [K(thf)4{Co(η4‐P2C2Ad2)2}] (2) with [AuCl(tht)] (tht=tetrahydrothiophene), [AuCl(PPh3)] and Ag[SbF6] afforded the complexes [Au{Co(P2C2tPent2)2}(PMe3)2] (3), [Au{Co(P2C2Ad2)2}]x (4), [Ag{Co(P2C2Ad2)2}]x (5), [Au(PMe3)4][Au{Co(P2C2Ad2)2}2] (6), [K([18]crown‐6)(thf)2][Au{Co(P2C2Ad2)2}2] (7), and [K([18]crown‐6)(thf)2][M{Co(P2C2Ad2)2}2] (8: M=Au 9: M=Ag) in moderate yields. The molecular structures of 2 and 3, and 6–9 were elucidated by X‐ray crystallography. Complexes 4–9 were thoroughly characterized by 31P and 13C solid state NMR spectroscopy. The complexes [Au{Co(P2C2Ad2)2}]x (4) and [Ag{Co(P2C2Ad2)2}]x (5) exist as coordination polymers in the solid state. The linking mode between the monomeric units in the polymers is deduced. The soluble complexes 1–3, 6, and 7 were studied by multinuclear 1H‐, 31P{1H}‐, and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy in solution. Variable temperature NMR measurements of 3 and 6 in deuterated THF reveal the formation of equilibria between the ionic species [Au(PMe3)4]+, [Au(PMe3)2]+, [Co(P2C2R2)2]−, and [Au{Co(P2C2R2)2}2]− (R=tPent and Ad).
An Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Indolo[3,2‐c]quinoline Derivatives Catalyzed by Iodine
Authors: Zhou Yujing , Zhang Meimei , Yin Mingyue , Wang Xiangshan
Published: January 2013

The reaction of Schiff base and indole catalyzed by iodine in DMA, subsequently treated with DDQ, gave indolo[3,2‐c]quinoline derivatives in good yields. The structure of 3e was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction analysis.
Four New Indole Alkaloids from Neolamarckia cadamba
Authors: Liu Lingli , Li Shifei , Zhang Qiang , Zhu Feng , Yang Wei , He Hongping , Hao Xiaojiang
Published: January 2013

Phytochemical investigation on the leaves of Neolamarckia cadamba led to the isolation of four new indole alkaloids, spirocadambine (1), dehydraisodihydrocadambine (2), nitrocadambines A and B (3 and 4). The structures and relative configurations were established by 1D and 2D NMR spectra. Spirocadambine (1) represents a new type of screw ring containing indole glucoalkaloids.
One‐pot Synthesis of Aromatic Fused 2,3‐Dihydroindanone by Tandem Pauson‐Khand/Michael/Henry Reaction
Authors: Li Mingming , Xing Ping , Huang Zuogang , Jiang Biao
Published: January 2013

The intermolecular Pauson‐Khand reaction between 2‐ethynylbenzaldehyde and ethylene promoted by dimethyl sulfide can be utilized to synthesize 2‐(2‐formylphenyl)cyclopentenone efficiently. This compound and its derivatives undergo a cascade process of Michael addition reaction followed by Henry reaction with nitromethane to construct substituted aromatic fused 2,3‐dihydroindanones. Furthermore, direct one‐pot synthesis of aromatic fused 2,3‐dihydroindanones from 2‐ethynylbenzaldehyde is achieved.
An Efficient Semi‐Synthetic Method to Construct Docetaxel via Sterically Crowded Linear Side Chain Esterification
Authors: Shen Xin , Yang Jidong , Zhan Huaxing , Wang Hu , Wu Shaohong , Chen Zili
Published: January 2013

An efficient semi‐synthetic method was developed to construct docetaxel 1 by using N,N‐di‐Boc protected linear isoserine derivative 5 as the side chain source, in which, bulky protecting group on the nitrogen atom blocked C‐2′ position and prohibited unavoidable racemization in previous studies.
Immunohistochemical distribution of calretinin and calbindin (D‐28k) in the brain of the cladistian Polypterus senegalus
Authors: Graña Patricia , Folgueira Mónica , Huesa Gema , Anadón Ramón , Yáñez Julián
Published: January 2013

Polypteriform fishes are believed to be basal to other living ray‐finned bony fishes, and they may be useful for providing information of the neural organization that existed in the brain of the earliest ray‐finned fishes. The calcium‐binding proteins calretinin (CR) and calbindin‐D28k (CB) have been widely used to characterize neuronal populations in vertebrate brains. Here, the distribution of the immunoreactivity against CR and CB was investigated in the olfactory organ and brain of Polypterus senegalus and compared to the distribution of these molecules in other ray‐finned fishes. In general, CB‐immunoreactive (ir) neurons were less abundant than CR‐ir cells. CR immunohistochemistry revealed segregation of CR‐ir olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory mucosa and their bulbar projections. Our results confirmed important differences between pallial regions in terms of CR immunoreactivity of cell populations and afferent fibers. In the habenula, these calcium‐binding proteins revealed right‐left asymmetry of habenular subpopulations and segregation of their interpeduncular projections. CR immunohistochemistry distinguished among some thalamic, pretectal, and posterior tubercle‐derived populations. Abundant CR‐ir populations were observed in the midbrain, including the tectum. CR immunoreactivity was also useful for characterizing a putative secondary gustatory/visceral nucleus in the isthmus, and for distinguishing territories in the primary viscerosensory column and octavolateral region. Comparison of the data obtained within a segmental neuromeric context indicates that some CB‐ir and CR‐ir populations in polypteriform fishes are shared with other ray‐finned fishes, but other positive structures appear to have evolved following the separation between polypterids and other ray‐finned fishes. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:2454–2485, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Expression of voltage‐gated calcium channel α2δ4 subunits in the mouse and rat retina
Authors: De Sevilla Müller Luis Pérez , Liu Janelle , Solomon Alexander , Rodriguez Allen , Brecha Nicholas C.
Published: January 2013

High‐voltage activated Ca channels participate in multiple cellular functions, including transmitter release, excitation, and gene transcription. Ca channels are heteromeric proteins consisting of a pore‐forming α1 subunit and auxiliary α2δ and β subunits. Although there are reports of α2δ4 subunit mRNA in the mouse retina and localization of the α2δ4 subunit immunoreactivity to salamander photoreceptor terminals, there is a limited overall understanding of its expression and localization in the retina. α2δ4 subunit expression and distribution in the mouse and rat retina were evaluated by using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and immunohistochemistry with specific primers and a well‐characterized antibody to the α2δ4 subunit. α2δ4 subunit mRNA and protein are present in mouse and rat retina, brain, and liver homogenates. Immunostaining for the α2δ4 subunit is mainly localized to Müller cell processes and endfeet, photoreceptor terminals, and photoreceptor outer segments. This subunit is also expressed in a few displaced ganglion cells and bipolar cell dendrites. These findings suggest that the α2δ4 subunit participates in the modulation of L‐type Ca2+ current regulating neurotransmitter release from photoreceptor terminals and Ca2+‐dependent signaling pathways in bipolar and Müller cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:2486–2501, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.