bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
David Lewis and His Place in the History of Formal Semantics
Authors: Kratzer Angelika
Published: August 2022

The chapter looks at an aspect of David Lewis’s work on language that has been important for the foundation and history of formal semantics as a discipline practiced by both linguists and philosophers of language: a referential semantics over possible worlds that is connected to linguistically plausible syntactic structures. Lewis’s original contributions are placed within their historical context: Church’s typed lambda calculus, Carnapian intensions, the categorial grammars of Ajdukiewicz, and Chomsky’s theories of the relation between syntax and semantics. Relying on Lewis’s letters, the chapter identifies the works of Stenius, Davidson, and Katz as triggering Lewis’s interest in formal theories of natural language semantics and clarifies the relation between his and Montague’s contributions to the foundation of the discipline.
Faustina
Authors: Niederhuber Christian
Published: August 2022

Chapter 3 offers a complete reassessment of the prevailing typology of the sculptured portraits of Faustina the Younger, based on the adjusted typology of coin portraits established in Chapter 2. Most importantly, four out of ten portrait types of Faustina identified on the numismatic material are not represented in sculpture, as can be shown. To put the portrait types into context, the relation of the imperial image to aristocratic female ‘private’ portraiture is also investigated.
Riding in Taxi with a Mosque-phobic Driver from Manila: Otherings and Conflicts in the Philippines
Authors: Magcamit Michael
Published: August 2022

“I don’t even like seeing mosques. I don’t like the sight of it… . That mosque, in particular, is cursed … that mosque curses the Catholics,” warned the taxi driver from Manila. The state-led cultivation of “Filipino Catholic” nationalism, as Chapter 4 highlights, is a unifying instrument that binds the majority of the country’s highly diverse population. Employing the ethnoreligious othering framework, the chapter examines the conflicts involving Catholic and Muslim groups in the Philippines by interrogating the emotive, symbolic, and perceptual mechanisms underpinning these incidents. It starts with a discussion of how competing ethnoreligious nationalisms breed hostile emotions that prepare members to physically and cognitively satisfy their security concerns. It then explores how the zero-sum securitization of the out-group induce a security dilemma spiral. The chapter concludes by assessing how the sacralization of “Filipino Catholic” identity, homeland, and nation-state makes the prevailing order seem natural despite the othered Muslims’ continued marginalization.
The Divine Tragedy of Securing the Sacred
Authors: Magcamit Michael
Published: August 2022

How does a once familiar and benign ethnoreligious community become a stranger and a threat? Thematically consolidating the main findings and insights from the theoretical and empirical analyses presented, Chapter 6 stresses the importance of explicitly recognizing the emotive, symbolic, and perceptual mechanisms and elements propelling ethnoreligious otherings and passionate conflicts. Given the enormous material and ontological violence and insecurity that characterize these events, the chapter explains why conflict resolution and peacebuilding strategies that deliberately ignore them often fail. To escape from the resulting vicious cycle of mass hostility, security dilemma, and chauvinist political mobilization, the chapter explores available reconciliation and regulatory strategies designed to undertake the difficult but necessary task of addressing these deep-seated hostile emotions, symbolic predispositions, and perceptions. The chapter concludes with a reflection on the enduring security value and function of religion and nationalism amid the supposed universal modernization and secularization of contemporary politics.
Fake News Comes Home
Authors: Jeffreys-Jones Rhodri
Published: August 2022

This chapter discusses Vladimir Putin’s instruction to his country’s disinformation services to increase the chances that Donald Trump would be elected president in 2016. It details how CIA director John Brennan warned that the Russian deployment of interference against the United States would be counterproductive for Moscow. The chapter discusses how the knowledge of Putin’s handiwork dawned on America because of revelations made possible by CIA counterintelligence work. It points out how President Trump turned on the CIA, portraying it as having been at the hub of an elitist conspiracy to frustrate the will of the people. The chapter mentions the CIA’s role in North Korean backdoor diplomacy, Trump’s attempted collusion with the president of Ukraine, the failure of impeachment proceedings, and the alleged non-prediction of the spread of Covid-19.
Conclusion
Authors: Jeffreys-Jones Rhodri
Published: August 2022

This chapter reviews the purpose of the CIA in all its seventy-five years of history, which has been to inform the US president about events, developments, and threats. It points out how the CIA has the further duty of making sense of what it can observe and foresee, which enables it to present cogent interpretations of the data. It also discusses the general acknowledgment that the CIA’s success has varied according to the abilities of its leaders and staff. The chapter emphasizes how the CIA must have the support of Congress and particularly of public opinion, which is often less explicitly acknowledged. It unravels the threads that gave the CIA its mission, as well as those that affected its standing.
If Not Conflict, Then What?
Authors: Attebery Brian
Published: August 2022

Conventional wisdom says that conflict in fiction is essential to maintaining readers’ interest. Yet fantasy often finds different ways to involve us in the action from what Ursula K. Le Guin called the “gladiatorial view of fiction.” Most uses of the word “conflict” to describe the dynamics of story are metaphorical, as when the supposed conflict is between human beings and a supremely indifferent noncombatant such as nature. The narrative interest in much fantasy is better described through alternative metaphors, such as friction, dissonance, and occultation. By selecting these metaphors, we can transform fantasy narratives into less destructive cognitive scripts for cultural interaction.
A Mitochondrial Theory of Literature
Authors: Attebery Brian
Published: August 2022

Critical theory has long struggled with describing interactions between texts. This chapter offers a metaphoric use of a biological category, mitochondria, to describe the way one text inhabits another, energizing and enriching it without losing its own integrity. Tracking the mitochondrial DNA of a modern organism reveals its maternal heritage; just so, acknowledging the mitochondrial lineage of literary texts, and especially fantasy, can counteract critical dismissals of categories such as women’s fiction and fantasy. In this chapter, Karen Joy Fowler and Alice Sheldon are used as nodal points in tracing the animation passing from one text to another through years and through linked, but evolving themes.
Gender and Fantasy
Authors: Attebery Brian
Published: August 2022

Fairy tales have been associated for the past half century with women writers and women’s development, even being used therapeutically for female patients. Men are not invited into the process, and yet a number of male writers testify to their own engagement with particular tales. This chapter explores the uses of fairy tale by men to challenge and redefine models of masculinity. It outlines three versions of the masculine in such stories, associated with fairy tales about the “little man,” the monstrous bridegroom, and the eroticized swan. Rumpelstiltskin, Bluebeard in several manifestations, and Cocteau’s La Belle et la Bête provide keys to potential redefinitions of manliness and maleness, opening the door to queer journeys.
Timor mortis conturbat me
Authors: Attebery Brian
Published: August 2022

Fear of death and the unknown can overwhelm us: sending us into a state that Søren Kierkegaard called dread. One place to look for more positive counter-narratives is the genre of fantasy. Fantasy frequently invokes fear, yet it also offers ways of incorporating and managing fear so that it doesn’t become paralyzing or an excuse for violence. Fantasy borrows from fairy tale what Tolkien called eucatastrophe, the “sudden and miraculous grace” that takes us from despair to joy. This chapter explores some of the ways fantasy handles great fear, with examples ranging from the folk tale about “The Boy Who Went Forth to Learn Fear” to Ursula K. Le Guin’s Earthsea stories. The most successful strategies are those that show us how to name and face our fears by giving them our own names and faces.
Lodge’s Rosalind
Authors: Hecht Paul J.
Published: August 2022

This chapter contextualizes Lodge’s Rosalynde as an engagement in Elizabethan polemic about art, sexuality, and the morality of the nation, including analysis of Lodge’s response to Stephen Gosson’s School of Abuse, as well as two figures that stand behind Gosson: Calvin and Augustine. The chapter then explores Rosalind’s emergence as a response to arguments against sexuality, aesthetics, and femininity, and develops a notion of virtuous lightness as well as exploring Rosalind’s place in a queer mythography that also exerts considerable pressure on Christian sacraments. Through Rosalind, Lodge finally looks to the feminine, the erotic, and the aesthetic to find “concord” for divisions at the family, religious, and political levels.
Cold War Ends, Privatization Matters, and “Good Governance” Arrives (November 1989 to September 1996)
Authors: Moloney Kim
Published: August 2022

The Cold War’s end led to rapid sector-specific policy change. This change was assisted by the by the 1987 organizational reform, new questions about the limits of neoclassical economics, and an inkling that new institutional economics may also matter. After briefly discussing the Washington Consensus, this chapter relays an untold story about whether the new sector phrase du jour would be “development management” or today’s ubiquitous “good governance”. This story is about more than a name. It is also about who held power and which version of this sector’s policy agenda would be articulated. Attention is given to the contentiousness of a “good governance” addition to the Bank’s sector agenda. This includes a discussion of a highly unusual memo from the Bank’s President in the pages preceding the 1991 Managing Development: The Governance Dimension report. The resulting rapid expansion in public sector management and public sector governance projects and sub-sector topics during the first-half of the 1990s is traced. This chapter also highlights how the key influencers over sector policy change had shifted since the 1980s. External actors no longer drove this sector’s agenda. Internal actors were in charge. Internal actor power over this sector’s policy change continued unabated until 2012 (this book’s end) and again, via the book’s PostScript, until at least 2020.
Miraculous Magnets
Authors: Speller Susannah
Published: August 2022

This chapter explores the use of superconducting materials for magnet applications. It focuses on magnets for Magnetic Resonance Imaging because this is the largest commercial use of superconductors, but touches upon other magnet applications like Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage. It introduces why it is important that the joints between different lengths of wire superconduct as well for MRI applications and discusses how superconducting joints could be made in practice. The “Under the Lens” sections give simple calculations to estimate the current rating of a normal copper wire and the tensile force generated in the magnet wire.
Levitation Magic
Authors: Speller Susannah
Published: August 2022

This chapter starts by outlining magnetic levitation and why superconductors are so much more practical than normal magnets for this application. The concept of flux pinning - which is arguably the most important aspect of applied superconductivity for all applications including levitation - is explained. The materials science of how we design superconductors to optimise flux pinning is introduced, and this becomes a recurring theme through the rest of the book. The chapter ends by showing how superconductors with good flux pinning can be made into permanent magnets. In the “Under the Lens” sections, back of the envelope calculations for estimating the strength of the levitation force and the strength of permanent magnets that can be created from superconducting pellets are given. A “Wider View” section explores how the same kind of crystal defects that are used for flux pinning can also affect mechanical properties of materials by solid solution strengthening.
NbTi: The Wonderful Workhorse
Authors: Speller Susannah
Published: August 2022

This chapter focuses on niobium-titanium, which is often referred to as the workhorse superconductor because it is much simpler and cheaper to make into wires than any other superconducting material. That being said, there is still a great deal of materials engineering that goes into making high performance wires of niobium titanium that can carry high currents and are stable enough to be used in applications like the Large Hadron Collider magnets. Binary phase diagrams, which are key tools used in the design of materials, are introduced along with wire processing techniques. In the “Under the Lens” section, the Lever rule method for estimating the fractions of different constituents in a complex alloy like NbTi is shown. The “Wider View” section discusses how similar tricks for engineering the NbTi on the nanoscale are used in precipitation hardening of structural materials.
Grain Boundaries: the Good, the Bad and the Ugly
Authors: Speller Susannah
Published: August 2022

Grain boundaries turn out to be really important defects in superconductors, so they are given their own chapter. In low temperature superconductors, grain boundaries are good for properties because they are brilliant at flux pinning. However, in high temperature superconductor they are an absolute disaster. The reason for this harks back to Josephson junctions in the previous chapter and is explored in detail in this chapter. The “Under the Lens” section looks in more detail at the structure of low angle grain boundaries, and in the “Wider View” sections some benefits and drawbacks of grain boundaries in other materials systems, such as grain boundary strengthening and intergranular corrosion. are discussed.
A Super Future?
Authors: Speller Susannah
Published: August 2022

This final chapter explores what is needed in the future to realise the superconducting revolution that was promised with the discovery of high temperature superconductors. The holy grail has always been regarded as room temperature superconductivity, and this has recently been achieved in superhydride materials. The problem is that they only work at incredibly high pressures so they are by no means engineering materials. However, having a high critical temperature is not necessarily the most important property for a superconductor to be useful in real applications. How much current it can carry, how much magnetic field it can withstand and how easy it is to manufacture tend to be more important in practice. Applications where superconductors will be crucial in the future are also discussed, including compact nuclear fusion reactors, electric aircraft and quantum computers.
Non-domination
Authors: Lovett Frank
Published: August 2022

Republicans maintain that people are not free when others dominate their choices, even when those others happen to be benevolent or indifferent. Both individual persons and proper group agents can dominate others, but teams can dominate only when the members of those teams have actually solved or are immanently poised to solve any relevant collective action problems. Domination is most often structurally constituted, but structures as such do not dominate anyone. Choices are dominated whenever other agents have an insufficiently controlled ability to frustrate those choices. Controls are suitable when those controls render ignorable the prospect that a given agent might frustrate a choice: when suitably controlled, the ability of an agent to frustrate a choice will not dominate that choice. The republican thesis that a choice cannot be free if it is dominated is compatible with a variety of views about what further conditions, if any, must be met before that choice should be regarded as free in the politically relevant sense.
Law and Policy
Authors: Lovett Frank
Published: August 2022

Republicans argue that in designing public laws, policies, and institutions, priority should be given to reducing domination. Every person’s freedom from domination should count equally, but while respecting that condition, republicans have not settled on the best principle of aggregation. Domination should be minimized because it presents an obstacle to human flourishing, even when people consent to be dominated. Reducing domination will certainly require instituting an empire of law, since only effective public law can provide robust security against the prospect of being subject to coercive force. The participants in a properly ordered market will not dominate one another in virtue of their abilities to buy or sell from one another. However, an unconditional basic income will be necessary to ensure that markets are ordered properly in the long run. Republican disagree whether and when workers are dominated by their employers; some argue that workplace democracy may be necessary to prevent such domination. Socially-constructed identities often facilitate domination by solving collective action problems. Present generations do not dominate future generations, but present generations can increase or decrease the domination future generations will experience.
Global Republicanism
Authors: Lovett Frank
Published: August 2022

While some contemporary republicans advocate moving toward global institutional unification, most maintain that, at least for the foreseeable future, the optimal organization of the global basic structure will necessarily involve more local systems of law and popular control. Republicans have strong reasons, however, to support an effective international empire of law that restrains the abilities of states and other global actors to intervene in the affairs of other states. Properly designed border policies need not themselves domination potential migrants, though restrictive border policies may indirectly exacerbate domination by making it harder for people to escape unfavorable circumstances. Republicans properly regard everyone’s freedom from domination as counting the same, regardless of where in the world they happen to live, but they disagree whether this commitment entails cosmopolitan principles of global economic justice. Republics should support cooperative multilateral security policies with other republics. There are several justification strategies available to republicans, but the strategy most have adopted is a form of coherentism that regards justification as the conclusion of argument rather than its starting point.
Reasonable Hopes
Authors: Loader Ian , Sparks Richard
Published: August 2022

This chapter argues that one abiding weakness of many attempts by criminologists to come to grips with distinctive and often alarming aspects of contemporary realities is a limited understanding of politics, and in particular of political theory. The increasing institutionalisation of criminology as a ‘discipline’ often serves to exacerbate this tendency. The chapter refers to themes in the work of Tony Bottoms as exemplifying benefits of seeking out a wider range of conceptual resources, including those provided by normative theoretical work. The work of Bottoms and colleagues on problems of legitimacy is a case in point that illuminates central aspects of criminal justice and their relations to problems of contemporary democracies. The chapter goes on to argue that the pragmatist tradition in democratic theory has much to offer students of crime and justice, especially with regard to the complex relations between expert knowledge and programmatic social change. It discusses these claims in light of Dewey’s conception of ‘inquiry’ and Unger’s arguments for ‘empowered democracy’.
Conclusion
Authors: Siatitsa Ilia
Published: August 2022

The conclusion summarises the key components that support the existence of a new special regime around serious violations of human rights—the substantive component, the monitoring component, the enforcement component, and the remedial component—and provides an overview of their principal elements. It further identifies other areas of international law that provide parts of potential additional components to the regime—such as arms trade or business and human rights frameworks. Lastly, it reflects on the use of the expression ‘serious violations of human rights’ as a standard in international practice, and on the possible alternative developments—become synonym to international crimes or remain just a standard in treaty provisions—that may determine the use of the expression in the international legal order.
More than the Sum of the Parts
Authors: Satz Helmut
Published: August 2022

Systems consisting of many interacting constituents often show a collective behavior not predictable from the interaction of the individual constituents—such as the freezing or evaporation of a liquid. The book addresses different forms of such complex behavior, which has only been thoroughly investigated in the past few decades. Although these studies originate in physics, we show that the behavior is found to be very universal, ranging from the structure of the early universe to turbulence, Brownian motion and to the frequency of words in literary texts. Thus complexity is seen to become a most promising interdisciplinary research field for future science.
The Flow of Time
Authors: Satz Helmut
Published: August 2022

We explain entropy conservation and time evolution. Attempts to define the unique direction of time are discussed and illustrated with the help the Joule’s experiment. The underlying reasons for the deviation between present and maximal entropy and for the onset of order are explained, and it is shown how this applies to the evolution of the early universe and on to present time. The role of David Layzer in the development of the entropy scenario is underlined.
Intermittency
Authors: Satz Helmut
Published: August 2022

Intermittency arises in the random distribution of possible product systems. We discuss intermittency as irregular distribution of random variables in general. Such intermittent behavior is widely observed as sudden outbursts in otherwise regular behavior.
Milton and the Resources of the Line
Authors: Creaser John
Published: August 2022

Whereas prose is written in sentences, poetry is written in lines, lines that may or may not coincide with the syntax of the sentence. Lines add an aural and visual mode of punctuation through bringing some degree of pause and sense of weight at the line-turn. So lineation, the division of poetry into lines, opens a repertoire of possibilities to the poet. Notably, it encourages an enhanced concentration on meaning, rhythm, and sound. It makes metrical patterns possible, with interactions between regularity and deviation; or the presence or absence of structural rhyme; or the multiple variations of the line-turn, whether in harmony with syntax or overflowing in ways either more or less conspicuous. This book develops ways for exploring the expressive resources of the verse line through concentration on the greatest of English poets, John Milton. Topics examined include: the interaction of strictness and freedom in the rhythms of Milton’s line and paragraph; the interfusion of diverse prosodies in a single poem; approaches to free verse; rhyme in the earlier lyric verse and modes of near-rhyme in the later blank verse; the diverse modes of onomatopoeia; and the complex interweavings of prosody and ideology in this very political poet. The great themes and issues and characters of Milton’s innovative and always controversial poetry are perceived afresh, being approached intimately through the rich possibilities of the line. The insights of the approach will illuminate the reading of any poetry.
‘Service is Perfect Freedom’
Authors: Creaser John
Published: August 2022

This chapter considers how to analyse and respond to verse rhythm in Milton, especially in Paradise Lost. Traditional foot prosody is shown unable to do justice to such rhythm, and an approach based on the theories of Derek Attridge is presented. Through comparison with excerpts from early narrative blank verse and more generally with the verse of Shakespeare’s later plays, Milton’s verse is shown as a deliberate fresh start, characterised by a paradoxical combination of austerity and liberty. The appeal to freedom in Milton’s note on the verse is shown to be justified by the flexibility and expressive aptness found within prosodic norms, and by the unprecedented freedom of his enjambment. The treatment of the fall in Paradise Lost grows out of great traditional paradoxes where subservience and liberation interact, and the epic brings alive the central paradox of freedom through service in the very detail of its rhythms.
‘Variously Drawn Out’
Authors: Creaser John
Published: August 2022

This chapter extends the analysis beyond the individual line into the energies uniquely communicated by Milton’s long periods. The incomparable energies of the epic are generated above all by the sustained vigour of the poetry. The chapter considers the various advantages gained by verse lineation, and in particular examines Milton’s mastery of the line-turn and of how to run verse on for line after line, since mastery of the line-turn is the key to poetic art, a mastery than in Milton is enhanced by his mastery of delayed resolution. The chapter also examines the interplay of periodic and loose syntax in the verse, and analyses the multiple levels of rhythmic energy commanded by Milton through both lineation and his varied and sustained syntax, showing how he develops his fluid lines into paragraphs of unmatched vigour and dynamism.
Introduction
Authors: Menin Marco
Published: August 2022

The Introduction considers the privileged status of tears in the imaginary of the long eighteenth century in France before outlining the book’s central contribution to an already rich and fulsome field. First, it summarizes the most significant contributions to thinking about crying in the French early modern period, work stemming from the history of emotion but also adjacent and intersecting fields. Second, it underlines how the study of the phenomenon of crying represents a significant stage in the decisive process of ‘creating’ the modern notion of emotion, both conceptually and lexically. Finally, it presents the method and innovations this study introduces in relation to the current state of the art. The main methodological advancement is emphasizing the crucial role that the history of ideas in general, and the history of philosophy more specifically, can play in the field of emotions history. This specific point of view allows us to (1) investigate in further depth the role that emotion may play in the foundations of morality, (2) better understand the workings of sensibility, a faculty the description of which inevitably lies at the intersection of philosophy, literature, and science, (3) reveal the synergy between medical and philosophical thought so typical of the eighteenth century, and (4) gain new insight into the thought of foundational early-modern thinkers by looking at their understanding of emotional tears.
From the Man Without Passions to the Crying Hero
Authors: Menin Marco
Published: August 2022

This chapter focuses on the contrast between two anthropological models characterizing seventeenth-century French literature and philosophy: the ‘man without passions’ so central to Stoic philosophy, and the ‘crying hero’ based on the idea that emotion is linked to virtue. The Stoic anthropological model was characterized by apathy, that is, a condition of inner freedom understood as independence from and indifference and imperturbability with respect to human emotions. As part of this model, tears were judged particularly harshly, as confirmed by the reflection of both the ancient Stoics and the seventeenth-century Neostoics. The chapter argues that critics of Stoicism set up the notion of apathy in opposition to that of metropatheia, according to which the passions can be conceived as an opportunity for exercising virtue even though they do not themselves constitute a virtue. This idea represented a diametrical shift in views on emotionality: rather than pathological, evil elements opposed to virtue, the passions were neutral elements the goodness or wickedness of which were not inherent but rather varied depending on how they were used. The Stoic idea of incompatibility between passions and virtues was definitively rejected in favour of the idea that the most proper exercise of virtue consisted of the ability to ‘guide’ the passions, bringing them out of the condition of neutrality. By allowing the crying subject to transcend his or her own individuality and identify with humanity in general, tears in this perspective have the potential to become the highest expression of human morality.
The Strategy of Crying
Authors: Menin Marco
Published: August 2022

This chapter shows how the progressive process of ‘de-moralizing’ crying—typical of the first decades of the nineteenth century—resulted in a new morality, one based on controlling emotions and only using tears in ways that were strategic and, as such, perfectly rational. In this period, ‘virtuous’ and spontaneous tears were increasingly opposed to the image of ‘insincere’ tears and the tactical use of crying, mostly associated with libertine novels. This framing can be seen quite clearly in the analysis of the novel unanimously considered the manifesto of this genre, Les liaisons dangereuses published by Pierre-Ambroise-François Choderlos de Laclos in 1782. The idea Laclos presents, of incorporating tears into an ethic of emotional control, became one of the central conceptual foci of Sade’s work as well. Indeed, this latter corpus can be considered the most effective ‘insider’ critique of the rhetoric of empathy. The chapter assumes that, even while drawing on some of the premises typical of sentimentalist philosophy mainly attributable to Rousseau, Sade reached a wholly different set of conclusions, so different in fact that he ended up outlining an explicitly positive view of a deliberate form of immoralism. Stendhal represents an equally ambivalent attitude towards Rousseau when he constantly, but unsuccessfully, tries to free himself from sentimentalism. This effort is reflected in his masterpiece Le rouge et le noir (1830) whose protagonist Julien Sorel is the emblem of a generation that had become aware of the inadequacy of sensibility but was nevertheless unable to move away from it.
Conclusion
Authors: Menin Marco
Published: August 2022

The book concludes with a consideration of how deeply embedded thinking about tears was in long eighteenth-century philosophical, medical, and literary conceptions of selfhood while also pointing out the relevance of such issues today. In considering the first aspect, it suggests that tears embody and exemplify all the salient characteristics of the emotional knowledge typical of modernity: the confluence of both physical and psychic dimensions in the idea of emotion; the ability of feelings to stand halfway between the individual and social spheres, thus acting as a fundamental aid for communication between these two spheres; the tension between particularism and universalism; and, above all, the morality of emotion. As for the contemporary relevance of the issue of crying, this chapter underlines that it is precisely the debate on the intrinsically normative nature of emotions, a debate that enabled authors of early modernity to outline a true ‘philosophy of tears’ and which fuels (albeit with inevitable differences) contemporary philosophical reflection. More specifically, the eighteenth-century analysis of crying can still offer interesting food for thought in relation to two questions central to contemporary philosophical debate: namely, the possible sentimental foundations of moral judgement, and the potential intrinsic intelligence of the emotional dimension.
Contact and Continuity: What Happens At the Boundaries?
Authors: Katz Emily
Published: August 2022

This paper is a discussion of C. Pfeiffer, Aristotle’s Theory of Bodies (Oxford University Press, 2017). It engages critically with one of this excellent book’s significant contributions: the treatment of boundaries. While it is sympathetic to many of Pfeiffer’s claims about the ontology of boundaries, it argues that two in particular should not be endorsed: (A) that the n-dimensional boundaries of objects in contact occupy a shared n-dimensional region and (B) that continuity requires that the boundaries of adjacent internal parts become one in number. These claims stand in the way of an account that is sensitive to the full complexity of Aristotle’s views about what happens at the boundaries in cases of contact or continuity. The paper argues that the boundaries of objects in contact have only the same relative position and that there are two kinds of continuity for Aristotle, only one of which involves the numerical oneness of internal boundaries.
From Religious Revival to Health Policy
Authors: Winiger Fabian
Published: August 2022

This chapter shows how the discussions of the ‘spiritual dimension’ of health were continued in the Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office (EMRO). Drawing on records of the WHO’s Executive Board and World Health Assembly meetings, and internal policy discussions and official documents produced in the subsequent 25 years, the authors suggest that the ‘spiritual dimension’ was initially presented within the WHO as an aspirational ideal beyond the rampant spread of materialism and the geopolitical world order dominated by Washington and Moscow. In the decades following its introduction, EMRO Member States translated the ‘spiritual dimension’ into concrete public health policies. However, as shown in this chapter, many of these seemed at odds with the egalitarian, emancipatory moral imaginary which appeared to have been on the minds of many of its initial supporters.
Spiritual Care in the Context of Palliative Care and HIV/AIDS
Authors: Rauch Raphael , Peng-Keller Simon
Published: August 2022

This chapter looks at an area in which ‘spirituality’ has become widely accepted as an integral part of healthcare policy: palliative care. The rather casual way in which the topic is often mentioned in this context has facilitated its dissemination in national guidelines; as a constitutive element of palliative care, spiritual care has become established as a field of interprofessional cooperation in this field. This chapter first outlines the emergence of palliative care and its introduction within the WHO in the 1980s, and then analyses the most important WHO documents in this field with regard to spiritual care. Finally, it turns to the relationship between palliative care and HIV/AIDS. Coincidentally, the WHO began to deal with palliative care as part of its cancer programme just as the spread of HIV was accelerating globally. To the extent that the new palliative approach was recognized as appropriate for HIV/AIDS programmes, the global epidemic of the autoimmune disorder made it plausible that the WHO also had to contain a palliative component—which included spiritual care.
Spirituality, Religiousness, and Personal Beliefs in the WHO’s Quality of Life Measurement Instrument (WHOQOL-SRPB)
Authors: Winiger Fabian
Published: August 2022

This chapter turns to the mid-1990s, when the WHO’s Division of Mental Health developed a scale for the assessment of quality of life (WHOQOL) which departed radically from most such instruments at the time: it applied to both well and unwell populations, it was developed through a broad, systematic consultation process across various cultural settings, and it measured subjective well-being rather than the functional normality of a person. This chapter shows how throughout the 1990s, the Division developed a module for the WHOQOL to assess a hitherto overlooked aspect of well-being, which it termed ‘spirituality, religiousness and personal beliefs’ (SRPB). In its development, the researchers applied the same rigorous cross-cultural consultation that marked the WHOQOL methodology; but rather than identifying conventional biopsychosocial facets of quality of life, they brought together a group of medical and religious experts who sought to find commonalities across complex theological questions.
Equational Consequence
Authors: Citkin Alex , Muravitsky Alexei
Published: August 2022

This chapter develops a theory of the consequence relation for a schematic language of terms with equality. This consequence relation, called the equational consequence, is determined in a semantic way by means of E-matrices, as well as syntactically by inference rules, and their equivalence is established as a completeness theorem. We also define the concept of the Lindenbaum-Tarski matrix and the concept of the Mal'cev matrix for the equational consequence. Further, we prove an analog of the Mal'cev first and second theorems, as well as analogs of the Dick and Tietze theorems for the equational consequence. The equational consequence based on implication logic is illustrated by two examples: the class of Boolean algebras with equality and the class of Heyting algebras with equality.
Decidability
Authors: Citkin Alex , Muravitsky Alexei
Published: August 2022

This chapter discusses the effective decidability of problems related to finite logical matrices and finite atlases. Among these questions is the problem of the triviality of the logic of a given finite matrix, the problem of weak equivalence of two given finite matrices, and also the question of whether two given finite atlases determine the same consequence relation.
Do children trust what they are told?
Authors: Harris Paul L.
Published: August 2022

Granted that children learn about many phenomena that they cannot observe for themselves, they often take claims on trust. For example, despite appearances to the contrary, they come to accept that the earth is round; and depending on what they are told, they believe that dinosaurs were brought into existence by a creator or by the course of evolution. Similarly, children trust what they are told about the existence of other hard-to-observe entities: scientific entities (e.g., oxygen) as well as religious entities (e.g., the soul). Yet children do not have indiscriminate trust in what they are told: rather, they display selective trust. For example, they are more receptive to claims made by informants who are familiar to them, apparently knowledgeable, and members of the same cultural group as themselves. Nevertheless, presented with surprising or counter-intuitive claims, young children rarely engage in empirical testing—even when such testing would be practicable.
Shadow Banking Entities
Authors: Quaglia Lucia
Published: August 2022

This chapter discusses the international governance of shadow banking entities, notably, money market funds (MMFs), hedge funds, and other investment funds. Post-crisis international standards for all these funds lacked precision, stringency, and consistency. Three factors account for this outcome. First, interstate conflict was the main hindrance to stricter rules on hedge funds and MMFs. Second, there was epistemic disagreement and bureaucratic turf fighting between prudential regulators and securities regulators concerning the risks posed by investment funds involved in asset management, and how to tackle these risks. Prudential regulators took the lead in the policy debate, especially on Globally Systemically Important Institutions (G-SIFIs), with very limited success. Third, there was lobbying cum venue shopping by the financial industry, which skilfully played sectoral regulators against each other at the domestic and international levels.
Part 2: Cross-Channel Memorialisation
Authors: Seth Catriona
Published: August 2022

This two-part chapter considers the case of Edward Young (1683–1765), poet and Fellow of All Souls. Young entered All Souls in 1708 and left twenty-two years later when he secured a Church living in the College’s gift. He divided his time between Oxford and literary London, writing poetry and plays with an eye to securing potential political and ecclesiastical patrons. He achieved international fame with his Night Thoughts (1742–5), a long blank-verse poem mourning three bereavements and arguing for the consolation of immortal life after death. In the second part of the chapter Catriona Seth considers the fortune of the Night Thoughts in French translation and the importance granted to the scene of Narcissa’s burial. She shows how the question of memorialisation became a hot topic in Montpellier where, possibly because of an erroneous footnote, many a literary pilgrimage was undertaken to pay respect to ‘Young’s daughter’.
Concert Life in Georgian Oxford
Authors: Wollenberg Susan
Published: August 2022

Musical life in eighteenth-century Oxford is noted for the visits of George Frideric Handel in 1733, and Joseph Haydn in 1791. The music of both composers was enthusiastically cultivated in Georgian Oxford. Another event of lasting significance was the opening of the Holywell Music Room in Oxford in 1748, considered to be the earliest purpose-built concert room in Europe (and still used for concerts in the present century). Oxford in the second half of the eighteenth century was in the forefront of the new concert culture, as reflected in the structures and content of the subscription series at Holywell, with the forming of a regular orchestral band, its repertoire displaying the new mixture of taste for both ‘ancient’ and modern music. The local newspaper, Jackson’s Oxford Journal, together with archival sources, provide valuable documentation of the musical events and the musicians involved in this visionary project.
Oxford and Cambridge Colleges as Patrons of Religious Art in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Horden Peregrine
Published: August 2022

The focus of this chapter is the commissioning, in 1769, by the Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford, of an altarpiece for its chapel from Anton Raphael Mengs, widely regarded in his day as the greatest living painter in Europe. How did that extraordinary act compare with the patronage of religious art, altarpieces especially, in the College earlier, from the later seventeenth century onwards? How did it compare with patronage of this type in other colleges, in both Oxford and Cambridge? And what was its wider significance? The chapter traces the commissioning of religious art across the eighteenth century, showing the extent to which All Souls set a trend for other colleges, and ending by suggesting that the commission conformed to a new attitude to the political role of the arts in the early years of George III’s reign.
Commonplace Books of History
Authors: Hess Jillian M.
Published: August 2022

This chapter focuses on three writers who collected antiquarian fragments to support historical narratives—Walter Scott, George Eliot, and the Shakespearean scholar James Orchard Halliwell. Each writer engaged with antiquarianism, archeology, and geology, and each found a different balance between historical artifacts and narration. Scott kept heaps of documents that undergird and interrupt his historical novels (especially in the Magnum Opus). By contrast, Eliot kept orderly handwritten commonplace books filled with historical information that she subsumes within her narratives. Halliwell, who kept hundreds of scrapbooks and scrap-boxes filled with antiquarian gems (including a page cut from Shakespeare’s second folio), would have liked to eschew narration altogether in favor of printing facsimiles of historical scraps. Amidst a backdrop of famous forgeries (Ossian’s Fingal and Ireland’s Vortigern), questions of historical authenticity took on special importance.
Outlook
Authors: Strasberg Philipp
Published: August 2022

The final chapter concludes the book by briefly discussing various topics we haven’t touched upon (e.g. simulating non-Markovian open quantum systems, quantum advantages in thermodynamics, resource theories) and lists some prospects for exciting future research avenues (e.g. practical applications in thermoelectrics and beyond, finding accurate reduced system descriptions, finite-bath effects).
Champagne and algorithms
Authors: Coulmas Florian
Published: August 2022

Using as point of departure two common terms, ‘champagne’ and ‘algorithm’, which, as loanwords, have found their way into the vocabularies of languages around the world, this chapter lays the groundwork for a sociology of language grounded in mobility. As argued in this chapter, such an approach not only does justice to the processual nature of language and society, but in view of current concerns with migration in Western countries is also expedient. The focus on mobility has three aspects, speakers, languages and words. Peoples, races, cultures, and languages are often conceptualized as pure, authentic, and uncontaminated. As the study of language contact reveals, this is an indefensible vision of language.
Half-breed, mulatto, creole
Authors: Coulmas Florian
Published: August 2022

Expounding the historical contingency of concepts of amalgamation and hybridization, this chapter investigates the relationship of race and language and that of racism and linguistic purism in lay perspective as well as linguistic theory formation. How do these ideologies differ from each other and what do they have in common? The chapter presents two cases of language contact brought about by intercontinental population movements that shed light on popular assumptions about language and race. It also looks at the role of writing as an undesirable but inescapable template of conceptualizing language; and it addresses the temporal dimension of hybridization, that is, after how many years/generations—half-breeds and creoles cease to be half-breeds and creoles. On the ideological side it looks at the reliability of categories and discusses parallels between racism and purism.
Implicit Learning of Emotional Structures
Authors: Jurchiș Răzvan , Costea Andrei , Opre Adrian
Published: August 2022

The present chapter focuses on unconscious emotional structures and on their implications for cognitive-behavior psychotherapies. It first overviews the fields of evaluative conditioning, fear conditioning, and reward learning, and concludes that some of the recent studies from these fields provide evidence for the possibility of acquiring unconscious knowledge structures with emotional relevance. It then summarizes the properties of unconscious structures, as they emerge from the past decades of research on implicit learning and conditioning: These structures result from direct experiences often abstracted over multiple similar situations, can produce conscious thoughts, and can be counteracted by creating alternative structures. It further analyzes the implications of these properties for cognitive-behavior psychotherapies. Finally, it provides theoretical and methodological suggestions that could increase the relevance of implicit learning research for CBTs.