bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Partial Set 11 Verbal System (Ergative/Nominative)
Authors: Gildea Spike
Published: November 2023

The only clear case of a partial Set II verbal system is attested in Panare, where it gives rise to some of the most frequently used inflections. The Partial Set II system is similar to the Full Set II system in having preverbal free absolutive nouns in complementary distribution with absolutive prefixes on the verb. Similarly, auxiliaries are allowed, and word order is securely OVA. The two systems differ in that the Partial Set II system has more nominative properties: the A does not bear the ergative case marker, the auxiliary agrees with A/S, and free NS nominals nearly always occur postverbally (see Gildea 1993a; D. Payne 1994a).
The De-ergative Verbal System (Nominative)
Authors: Gildea Spike
Published: November 2023

The De-ergative verbal system is clearly reanalyzed only in Kuikuru, Kalapalo, and Panare. In this system, a transitive verb bears a nasal prefix in addition to a TAM suffix, and the etymological possessive prefixes refer to the A instead of to the0. When juxtaposed to the dominant ergative verbal systems found in these languages, the De-ergative system looks like an apparent reversal of grammatical relations, with the absolutive prefixes suddenly referencing A and the O occurring post verbally (although not bearing the ergative case marker that normally identifies A). The system in Kuikuru and Kalapalo is not classically nominative, however, in that the de-ergative prefix does not occur on intransitive verbs; Franchetto (1990b) nonetheless considers the De-ergative to be nominative in that the prefixes on any intransitive verb in the same TAM paradigm (even without the n- prefix) cross reference the S, thereby creating a nominative category.
The *t-V-ce-m+ Verbal System (Nominative)
Authors: Gildea Spike
Published: November 2023

While morphologically closely related to the *t-V-ce verbal system, in source construction and resultant morphosyntax the *t-V-ce-mi verbal system is more akin to the Partial Set II system or the Progressive system. The A/S occur postverbally with no case marking; the optional auxiliary agrees with the A/S; and the O occurs either pre- or postverbally, also with no case marking. Although there is no personal prefixation in the majority of clauses, two instances of apparent O prefixation are attested in Panare. One of the interesting facets of this reanalysis in Panare is that the orientation of the nominalized transitive participle seems to have reversed prior to reanalysis; that is, the noun derived from a transitive verb does not refer to the notional O but rather to the notional A of the verb (see section 8.3).
Crime, Criminal Justice, and Public Opinion
Authors: Roberts Julian V , Stalans Loretta J
Published: November 2023

Public opinion plays a vital, at times determinant, role in the evolution of criminal justice policy and practice. This is true for most Western nations, but particularly for the United States. Politicians frequently cite (not always accurately) the views of the public in support of various policies. This has been true in the areas of gun control, parole, drugs, and above all sentencing reform. Sentencing commissions at the state and federal levels acknowledge the importance of developing guidelines consistent with community sentiment. Sometimes this is acknowledged by commission staff; occasionally it is explicitly stated within a formal commission publication. Specific sentencing laws such as the “three-strikes” laws mandating long periods of imprisonment for offenders convicted of a felony for the third time were passed in large measure in the name of growing public concern about recidivist, violent offenders.
Street Gangs
Authors: Klein Malcolm W
Published: November 2023

Gangs are informal social groups. As such, most of them have no membership rosters, no organizational charts, no constitutions and bylaws, no written criteria for membership or for acceptable and unacceptable behavior. Thus it can be difficult to distinguish gangs from other groups, or gang members from nonmembers.
White-Collar Crime
Authors: Shover Neal
Published: November 2023

Nearly six decades have passed since Edwin Sutherland (1940) introduced the concept of white-collar crime. In his 1939 presidential address to the American Sociological Society, Sutherland outlined the case for its importance, criticized academic social scientists for the class bias in their near-exclusive focus on crimes of the disadvantaged, and called for more attention to respectable crime. He was not the first to point a finger at upperworld crime, but his efforts gave initial direction to investigations of it and its perpetrators. He also bequeathed a muckraking animus that is shared by many who find their way to studies of white-collar crime. Despite Sutherland’s efforts to move it into the criminological mainstream and the efforts of his successors, theoretical and empirical investigations of white-collar crime remain marginal to and largely unaffected by paradigmatic debates and core developments in criminology. They are the principal focus of research for proportionately few academics. One possible reason is the fact that few areas of criminological investigation are plagued with the intractable controversies that envelop this one. The conceptual ambiguities, distinctions, and taxonomies characteristic of the study of white-collar crime cause many to look elsewhere for their subject matter.
Organized Crime
Authors: Jacobs James B , Panarella Christopher
Published: November 2023

In the United States, the term organized crime is frequently associated with an Italian-American crime syndicate called the Mafia, La Casa Nostra, or Casa Nostra. With roots in Sicilian society and culture and in diverse gangs in the United States in the first third of the century, this syndicate emerged in something like its current form in the 1930s and reached the zenith of its power in illicit rackets, legitimate industry, labor unions, and politics in the 1960s and 1970s. Since the late 1970s, Casa Nostra crime families throughout the country have been the target of a relentless federal law enforcement effort that has sent most of Casa Nostra’s top leaders to prison and has challenged its control of unions and industries. At the same time, and perhaps because of the law enforcement attack, there are many signs of internal disarray and disintegration. While it is premature to declare Casa Nostra dead or even mortally wounded, its survival into the twenty-first century is not assured. So far no other organized crime group has the strength and sophistication to take the place of Casa Nostra.
Drug Control
Authors: Maccoun Robert , Reuter Peter
Published: November 2023

The effort to control illicit drugs seems to have become a permanent element of American social policy in the last third of the twentieth century. A very large fraction of adolescents experiment with illicit drugs, primarily marijuana. Most do no more than experiment, but enough go on to consume them frequently that drug use and selling, as well as drug control itself, have become a major source of harms to the nation. These harms, particularly the ones related to crime, are heavily concentrated in urban minority communities.
Private Prisons
Authors: Harding Richard W
Published: November 2023

Bankrupt, the states of the old Confederacy had all, within a decade or so of the end of the Civil War, adopted some variant of the system of leasing out inmate labor. Control of the state’s inmates, prisons, and equipment would be sold to the highest bidder. The successful entrepreneur’s profit lay in selling inmate labor or its fruits and in charging prisoners themselves or their families for subsistence and accommodation (Etheridge and Marquart 1993).
Capital Punishment
Authors: Hood Roger
Published: November 2023

When Cesare Beccaria published his celebrated essay On Crimes and Punishments in 1764, he raised both moral and utilitarian objections to capital punishment. It not only was an unacceptably cruel weapon for an enlightened state to employ but also was less effective than imprisonment as a deterrent, and counterproductive in the moral message it conveyed, for it legitimized the very behaviorkilling-which the law sought to repress (Bowers 1984, pp. 6-7). Those who have continued to support the use of capital punishment for murder have taken the opposite view, namely, that it expresses and reinforces the moral indignation that citizens rightly feel when another citizen is killed, that those who have killed have forfeited their own right to life, and that no other penalty can have such a strong deterrent effect.
The “P” Phenomenon
Authors: O’Dowd Elizabeth M
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents the “problem of P” from a syntactic standpoint. It will show why attempts to define P as a lexical category by means of syntactic tests can only produce indeterminate results. The most useful of these tests draw on semantic and pragmatic criteria, which indicates that we cannot analyze syntactic patterns without looking at the meaning and use of the elements involved.
Introduction
Authors: Kawashima Samuel David Epstein Erich M Groat Ruriko , Kitahara Hisatsugu
Published: November 2023

The theoretical construct “transformational rule,” a binary relation mapping one phrase-marker into another, has long played a central role in generative syntactic theory. Our research explores the following question: What exactly is the empirical content of transformational rules as formulated in contemporary transformational theories of universal syntax? Essentially, we will advance the hypothesis that the structure-building rules Merge and Move (Chomsky 1994) naturally express all syntactically significant relations; that is, if X and Y are concatenated, then X and Y naturally enter into syntactically significant relations. If correct, this theory will allow us to dispense with stipulated and hence unexplained definitions of syntactic relations defined on phrasestructure representations.
The Derivation of Syntactic Relations
Authors: Kawashima Samuel David Epstein Erich M Groat Ruriko , Kitahara Hisatsugu
Published: November 2023

Alongside explicit specifications of “syntactic feature” and “permissible syntactic feature bundle” (i.e., a possible syntactic category), perhaps the most fundamental construct postulated within syntactic theory is that of a “syntactic relation.” For example, the following are each considered to be core syntactic relations. a. (Subject-Verb 3sg.) Agreement: (Object-Verb) Theta Relation: (Accusative) Case Relation: (Reflexive) Binding Relation: (Passive) Movement Relation: The “is a” Relation:

The dog kicks_ walls. The dog kicks walls. The dog kicks them. The dog kicks herself.
Foundations of Effective Self-Regulation
Authors: Mccaffrey David P , Hart David W
Published: November 2023

The preceding chapter discussed how legal and compliance offices depend on being seen as adding value to the firm as knowledgeable, reasonable, and politically important insiders. Individuals’ skills obviously influence how successful they are in this. More than any other factor, however, top management’s priorities and signals determine firms’ legal cultures because they govern the firm’s rules and internal politics. Regulatory pressures, private litigation, and arbitration generally did produce stronger internal controls; major breakdowns are less likely to occur in any large firm now than ten years ago. Still, firms’ legal cultures differ enough to get the notice of regulators and the individuals we interviewed. At this point we want to ask how these conclusions about regulation in the securities industry fit those regarding other industries and what this suggests about the advantages and limits of self-regulation generally.
What Are Honorifics?
Authors: Keating Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

Honorifics” are systems of marking relative social status through grammatical choices. In languages with honorifics, expressions of differential status marking are actually part of the grammatical rules of the language. These contrasting expressions are isosemantic (Irvine l 992:252); that is, they are different ways of saying the same thing in terms of reference1 or truth2 values but offer speakers choices in terms of pragmatic3 values.
Paths And Regions In Honorific Speech
Authors: Keating Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

Perhaps the most frequent site of Pohnpeian honorifics is in expressing common place verbs of motion and stasis (i.e., a person’s relative position or path to a goal position in space). Grammar constitutes at least two status levels or planes of movement and location, one high and one low. These verbally constructed levels complement a nonverbal, visual structuring of space, in which the concepts of high and low (vertical) are imposed or mapped onto a horizontal plane (the floor or ground). This chapter, along with chapter 5, examines the relationship between the verbal and nonverbal spatial organizational schemes-how relationships between discourse organization and spatial organization create a collaboratively achieved, cognitively shared world. In addition, I discuss an important construction in which any common verb can be made honorific through the use of an additional verb. This construction appears to be highly context sensitive and in the humiliative form to have interactional significance beyond lowering the status of participants’ activities (e.g., conflict avoidance or mitigation). I also examine inclusive and exclusive strategies in honorific speech through choice of verbs and the implications for constraining access to power. Although verbs denoting speech and knowledge states have an identical morphology to transitive humiliative movement verbs, these domains are discussed in chapter 6. For the present, I concentrate on the paths and regions constituted for people in honorific speech by honorific verbs and the use of the special status raising verbs used with common speech verbs.
William Randolph Hearst
Authors: Procter Ben
Published: November 2023

William Randolph Hearst was one of the most colourful and important figures of turn-of-the-century America, a man who changed the face of American journalism and whose influence extends to the present day. Now, in Original Edition, Ben Procter gives us the most authoritative account of Hearst's extraordinary career in newspapers and politics. Born to great wealth -- his father was a partial owner of four fabulously rich mines -- Hearst began his career in his early twenties by revitalizing a rundown newspaper, the San Franciso Examiner. Hearst took what had been a relatively sedate form of communicating information and essentially created the modern tabloid, complete with outrageous headlines, human interest stories, star columnists, comic strips, wide photo coverage, and crusading zeal. His papers fairly bristled with life. By 1910 he had built a newspaper empire -- eight papers and two magazines read by nearly three million people. Hearst did much to create "yellow journalism" -- with the emphasis on sensationalism and the lowering of journalistic standards. But Procter shows that Hearst's papers were also challenging and innovative and powerful: They exposed corruption, advocated progressive reforms, strongly supported recent immigrants, became a force in the Democratic Party, and helped ignite the Spanish-American War. Procter vividly depicts Hearst's own political career from his 1902 election to Congress to his presidential campaign in 1904 and his bitter defeats in New York's Mayoral and Gubernatorial races. Written with a broad narrative sweep and based on previously unavailable letters and manuscripts, William Randoph Hearst illuminates the character and era of the man whose life inspired Citizen Kane and left an indelible mark on American journalism.
The Rebel from California
Authors: Procter Ben
Published: November 2023

In 1863 Phebe Hearst was a young bride and new mother who, over the past year, had experienced an extended honeymoon to San Francisco via New York City and Panama. Yet, once in California, life was far from idyl lie for her, at least at first. Although previous biographers have written that George Hearst ensconced her at San Francisco in “a handsome brick dwelling on fashionable Rincon Hill” and then showered her with silks and laces and jewels, such was not the case. Early in June, 1863, fewer than six weeks after her son’s birth, she accompanied her husband, George, to Nevada City, enduring a 160 mile stagecoach ride over dusty roads and rugged terrain. Upon arrival, conditions did not improve appreciably. The weather was insufferable, the temperature rising to more than one hundred degrees during June and July, the town fathers continually dousing the planked streets and sidewalks with water to prevent the possibility of fire. Even though housed at the National Exchange Hotel, which was easily the best accommodation in town, and having a personal maid to help with young Willie (as they called him), Phebe was alone much of the time, far from family and friends. And what did she do to occupy her time? The answer was dismally rhetorical. George was away for extended periods, overseeing his business interests across the mountains in Virginia City. So in this remote mining community on the side of a forested slope, she felt completely isolated, unable to cultivate, much less replenish, her cultural and intellectual needs.
The Newspaperman
Authors: Procter Ben
Published: November 2023

San Francisco in the 1880s was the ‘queen of the Pacific;• the golden gate through which the hardy Argonauts of 1849 had funneled en route to the goldfields at Sutter’s Fort and the American River. Already the ninth largest city in the United States and recognized as the most important trading center west of Chicago-increasing in population from 34,780 in 1850 to almost 234,000 in 1880-San Francisco was “envied” by most Californians, historian R. Hal Williams observed, but “admired” by only a few. Like most cities of the post Civil War era, it had a plethora of problems that needed to be solved. While city leaders in the 1870s had wisely expanded the school system, doubled the size of law enforcement, created public parks, provided electric fire and police alarms for emergencies, and, most importantly, established a street railway system (including a cable car route), the city government, as established in the 1850s, was resistant to change. And why? It was boss riddled, with corruption and graft seemingly a fixed way of life. Because of its size and wealth, San Francisco dominated state politics for the benefit of its citizens and to the detriment of the rural areas. Hence a system of favors, of “spoils”for the victors, was a natural progression, of which Chris Buckley, “the blind boss of San Fran cisco;’ was the embodiment in the 1880s.
Judges’ Ideologies of Courtroom Control
Authors: Philips Susan U
Published: November 2023

In chapter 4, I described how judges enact different ideological stances in the way they hear guilty pleas, realizing different interpretations of the written procedural law as they do so. Judges conceptualize their judicial behavior in hearing guilty pleas as their individual interpretations of the written law concerned with protecting defendants’ due process rights. Thus, it is appropriate to characterize their conscious ideology as legal. However, although judges represent their thinking as consciously legal, their practices also realize political ideologies because different interpretations of the procedural law governing the procedure enact liberal and conservative positions regarding the role of the judge and therefore the state in relation to individual citizens. Judges in fact repudiate the enactment of political ideology in their court room behavior, expressing the belief and hope that it does not affect the way they hear guilty pleas. Their denial of the political disconnects it from the legal; thus, political and legal ideologies are not consciously or explicitly connected to one another in the judges’ discourse with me and are in practice compartmentalized.
Five Models of Behavior
Authors: Pfeffer Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Answering the question of how we are to understand behavior in organizations requires not only locating the causality for that behavior-in persons, situations, or their interaction -but also developing basic assumptions or premises about behavior that guide theory building and direct empirical testing. Simon noted, “Nothing is more fundamental in setting our research agenda and informing our research methods than our view of the nature of the human beings whose behavior we are studying” (1985, p. 303).
Developing and Exercising Power and Influence
Authors: Pfeffer Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Social control is often, although not invariably, embedded in a hierarchical process. Certainly leadership, the use of rewards and sanctions, and the development of an organizational culture all convey the implication of some central authority that is setting up the reward system, appointing the leaders, and establishing the corporate culture. For those living and working in organizations but not necessarily in the most senior positions, social control takes on another connotation -how to develop informal influence and power to achieve what one wants and needs for task accomplishment as well as for individual benefit.
New Directions for Organization Theory
Authors: Pfeffer Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Three major themes recur in this overview of the field of organization studies and the concepts and controversies that characterize attempts to understand these ubiquitous social entities. First, there are subjects given comparatively short shrift by the field even though they are important in the environment and pose some interesting challenges for some strands of organization theory.
Predicates and Predicaments
Authors: Fernald Theodore B
Published: November 2023

The distinction between individual-level and stage-level predicates has interested grammarians for a number of reasons. In English, this distinction interacts with a variety of apparently unrelated syntactic constructions. In some constructions the different sorts of predicates show a contrast in interpretation, and in others they show a contrast in grammaticality. This is particularly interesting because the distinction is not a matter of traditional syntactic category like noun or verb phrase. It seems to be a semantic classification, although delineating it precisely in terms of meaning has proven difficult, at least outside a particular theoretical viewpoint.
The Distinction and Its Slipperiness
Authors: Fernald Theodore B
Published: November 2023

Now that we have considered the traditional accounts of the ILP/SLP distinction, I would like to consider two leading views of what the distinction is really all about. I have complaints to make against both of them.
Of Time and Predicates
Authors: Fernald Theodore B
Published: November 2023

In chapter 5 we saw two reasons to accept part of the Diesing/Kratzer analysis that there is a type-theoretic difference between ILPs and SLPs: SLPs have some sort of argument that ILPs lack. One reason was that SLPs delimit cases for quantification independent of whether their arguments do, and ILPs do not; the other reason was that SLPs are anaphoric and ILPs are not. Of course, this does not necessitate a type-theoretic distinction, but once we need one independently, we can put it to work to take care of the donkey sentences. From this discussion, we concluded that a dynamic account is called for.
Markedness and Styleswitching in Performances by AfricanAmerican Drag Queens
Authors: Barrett Rusty
Published: November 2023

THIS CHAPTER CONSIDERS the ways in which African American drag queens (AADQs) use language style in their performances, particularly the ways in which they use choices that would be considered “marked” under the markedness model (Myers-Scotton [Scotton] 1988; 1993; chapter 2, this volume). After discussing drag queen as a social category, I consider the concept of style,and some of the confusion surrounding the terminology used for linguistic varieties. I argue that the Markedness Model provides a useful tool for examining differences related to the notions of dialect, register, and genre.
Styleswitching in Southern English
Authors: Mishoe Margaret
Published: November 2023

What Motivates the same speaker to sometimes remark on heavy rain by saying I ain’t never seen nothing to beat all this rain and, at other times, to say something more like I’ve never seen a rain like this? In this chapter, I argue that speakers switch between the styles in their linguistic repertoire to project different dimensions of themselves. The subjects studied here are a close-knit group of rural southern whites who have relatively little education and little exposure to how others negotiate the fast track of modern life. Yet, their language use patterns demonstrate that their tacit knowl-edge of the intentional messages in contrasting style choices serves them as well as it does any urban high-flyer.
On the Relative Order of Adverb Phrases
Authors: Cinque Guglielmo
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I try to establish the relative order of the main classes of AdvPs in Italian and French—an order that turns out to hold more generally in Romance languages (see chapter 2; Zanuttini, 1997, chap. 3; Paoli 1997, §3.1), and, from what we can gather from the limited evidence available (see§1.7), even cross-linguistically (a result of some interest, in itself, as it is not logically necessary).
On the Order of Clausal Functional Heads
Authors: Cinque Guglielmo
Published: November 2023

This chapter tries to determine the order of clausal functional heads independently of any considerations involving AdvPs and their relative order. I look at different types of evidence bearing on this question-namely, the order of “nonclosing” (agglutinating) suffixes, the order of “closing” (inflectional) suffixes and auxiliaries, the order of functional particles, and the order of various combinations of these elements in mixed cases. The picture that emerges is the following.
Processing the Contract
Authors: Windlesham Lord
Published: November 2023

With the main legislative controversies settled, for a time at least, relatively meager public attention was directed toward the postenactment outcomes of the 1994 law on violent crime and law enforcement. The attention span of the mass media, matching the hectic pace of political life in Washington, is usually short. There is a rhythm to national politics and its reporting. Specific legislative issues get lifted up by waves generated by the interaction of the administration’s objectives and tactics, the ambitions of elected representatives, the pressures of lobbyists on Congress, and the value judgments made by the media. Sooner or later the moment comes when interest switches to other targets and the waves subside. Although the almost universal public concern at the prevalence of crime showed no signs of abating, the sense of relief that a massive 355-page act on crime control at last had reached the safe haven of the Statutes at Large seemed to have stifled any disposition on the part of legislators to scrutinize what happened to its provisions in the very different political environment of the 104th Congress.
Roosevelt’s Shadow
Authors: Cushman Barry
Published: November 2023

The Court-Packing Thesis On February 5, 1937, President Roosevelt sent Congress a proposal to “reorganize” the federal judiciary. Buried in the text of the bill was a provision that would have permitted the president to appoint to the Supreme Court an additional justice for each sitting justice who had not retired within six months of his seventieth birthday. Because six of the Justices then sitting were over seventy, this provision would have permitted the president to appoint six additional justices immediately.
The Minimum Wage Cases Revisited
Authors: Cushman Barry
Published: November 2023

West Coast Hotel v. Parrish In 1937, a Washington minimum wage statute virtually identical to the statute struck down in Adkins came before the Court in West Coast Hotel v. Parrish. Like the 1918 District of Columbia statute, the Washington statute was grounded in the police power. Section 1 of the statute declared that “The welfare of the State of Washington demands that women and minors be protected from conditions of labor which have a pernicious effect on their health and morals,” and that “inadequate wages and unsanitary conditions of labor exert such pernicious effect.” Section 2 made it unlawful to employ women or minors “under conditions of labor detrimental to their health or morals,” and to employ women “at wages which are not adequate for their maintenance.” Section 3 created a commission, which was to establish “such standards of wages and conditions of labor for women and minors ... as shall be held hereunder to be reasonable and not detrimental to health and morals, and which shall be sufficient for the decent maintenance of women.” Elsie Parrish, a chambermaid employed by the West Coast Hotel Company, had been paid less than the wage prescribed by the state commission. When she sued to recover the difference due her under state law, the hotel company contended that the Washington statute violated the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
A Stream of Legal Consciousness
Authors: Cushman Barry
Published: November 2023

Categories and Images In 1869, Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase used the opportunity presented by Texas v. White to adumbrate the contours of the postbellum constitutional order. “[T]he perpetuity and indissolubility of the Union,” Chase declared, “by no means implies the loss of distinct and individual existence, or the right of self-government by the States.” Each of the several state governments were, like the federal government, “endowed with all of the functions essential to separate and independent existence.” “The preservation of the States,” Chase concluded, and the maintenance of their governments, are as much within the design and care of the Constitution as the preservation of the Union and the maintenance of the National Government. The Constitution, in all its provisions, looks to an indestructible Union, composed of indestructible States.
Rights Talk: What Does It Mean? And Is It Problematic?
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

In this brief chapter, I want to pause to focus on the language or vocabulary of “rights”, on talk about “rights”. The language of rights is the principal language in which, in this century, claims about what ought not to be done to any human being and claims about what ought to be done for every human being have come to be expressed. Yet, as I later explain, the language of rights “rights talk”-has recently been quite controversial.
Are Human Rights Absolute? The Incommensurability Thesis and Related Matters
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

Now we come to the final of our four inquiries. Let us pause to survey the ground we have covered thus far. Again, the idea of human rights consists of two parts: the premise or claim that every human being is sacred (inviolable, etc.), and the further claim that because every human being is sacred (and given all other relevant information), certain choices should be made and certain other choices rejected; in particular, certain things ought not to be done to any human being and certain other things ought to be done for every human being.
The Irrelevant Court: The Supreme Court’s Inability to Influence Popular Beliefs about Equality ( or Anything Else)
Authors: Rosenberg Gerald N
Published: November 2023

American citizens are riveted to certain events. Championship games in sports, for example, are talked about endlessly. Professional football’s Super Bowl, played every January, draws enormous television-viewing audiences. Real-life dramas, like 0. J. Simpson’s 1995 criminal trial or the 1994 California highway chase leading to his arrest, create endless conversations. Autumn debates between the major presidential candidates can catch the attention of large percentages of Americans. When Americans care about an event and the media give it extensive coverage, it can become an important part of the political, social, and cultural life of the United States.
The Judicial Role in Equality Decisionmaking
Authors: Devins Neal
Published: November 2023

More than forty years after Brown v. Board of Education, the quest for equality remains elusive. Conservatives and liberals both complain bitterly about court imposed solutions to racial isolation. For conservatives, judicial intervention in the name of equality is counterproductive. Jeremy Rabkin, for example, speaks of courts “working with the whimsical imagery of the 1960s, “ making it”impossible for [inner-city] neighborhoods to cope with the daily assault on their basic security.” In sharp contrast, the battle cry from the left attacks the courts for being too weak-kneed. Gary Orfield, for example, laments “the development of case law permitting both the abandonment of desegregation plans and return to segregated neighborhoods schools.”2 The consequence of this supposed judicial abdication, according to Erwin Chemerinsky, is that “American schools are socially segregated and grossly unequal.”
Management Innovators
Authors: Wren Daniel A , Greenwood Ronald G
Published: November 2023

Here is a who’s who of business, thirty-one profiles of inventors, financiers, organizers, motivators, and gurus--a vivid, informative look at the history of management as seen through the lives of its most influential figures. We meet Eli Whitney, creator of the cotton gin and father of the machine tool industry, who failed to profit from his genius; Thomas Edison, who once vowed he would never invent anything he couldn’t sell; and Andrew Carnegie, who applied the railroad management system to the steel industry, with spectacular results. There are profiles of such railroad giants as James J. Hill and Edward H. Harriman, and colorful portraits of Samuel Morse and Graham Bell, the two men who launched the communications industry in the U.S. The great innovators of management and organization are here as well, including the founders of systematic management, Frederick W. Taylor and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. There’s an intriguing side-by-side look at William C. Durant, builder of General Motors, a visionary but a weak manager and organizer, and Alfred P. Sloan, who gave GM the structure it needed, and provided the model for all large, multiproduct firms to come. And there are thought-provoking profiles of motivational experts Elton Mayo and Abraham Maslow; quality advocates W. Edwards Deming and Joseph Moses Juran; Taiichi Ohno, inventor of just-in-time manufacturing; and finally, Peter Drucker, the most influential management thinker of our time. This is the distilled essence of management genius, a stimulating and, at times, inspiring look at the pioneers who shaped how we do business today.
The “Embedded Broker” State, Social Networks and Political Organization in Japan
Authors: Broadbent Jeffrey , Ishio Yoshito
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Businesses and other organizations operate under conditions strongly influenced by politics and government-the state. In all the industrialized capitalist democratic societies, the state allocates major resources, both financial and regulatory. Its “interference” in markets and business operations, especially in the form of regulations, has long been a source of complaint among business leaders. In East Asia, the state exercises much weaker formal regulatory control over business, but it en­ gages and “guides” business in more subtle ways. Just as relational networks act to coordinate markets in East Asia, so too do they work to coordinate political organization and control. This chapter empirically demonstrates the web of political networks that stretch between and within state and society in Japan.
Rethinking Business Ethics
Authors: Rosenthal Sandra B , Buchholz Rogene A
Published: November 2023

Using classical American pragmatism, the authors provide a philosophical framework for rethinking the nature of the corporation--how it is embedded in its natural, technological, cultural, and international environments, emphasizing throughout its pervasive relational and moral dimensions. They explore the relationship of this framework to other contemporary business ethics perspectives, as well as its implications for moral leadership in business and business education.
The Framers’ Fatal Flaw
Authors: Smith Steven D
Published: November 2023

The framers used reason in constructing the Constitution, and when they had finished that job they turned to reason again in order to convince their fellow citizens to accept the Constitution. To be sure, the supposition that the general citizenry would be governed in the matter by reasoned argument may have been in tension with the framers’ “special dispensation” notions about reason and the convention. And indeed, the Federalists were well aware of the near impossibility of the ratification decision being determined by dispassionate reason. Still, given the advisory and probably ultra vires nature of their proceedings, there was little other than reasoned argument that they could turn to.
Rhetorical Figures in Science
Authors: Fahnestock Jeanne
Published: November 2023

Rhetorical Figures in Science breaks new ground in the rhetorical study of scientific argument as the first book to demonstrate how figures of speech other than metaphor have been used to accomplish key conceptual moves in scientific texts. Examples, both verbal and visual, range across disciplines and centuries to reaffirm the positive value of these once widely-taught devices.
The Figures as Epitomes
Authors: Fahnestock Jeanne
Published: November 2023

The English scientist John Dalton is credited today with bringing the elegance of whole number proportions to the understanding of chemical combination. If elements combine into compounds in simple ratios, Dalton realized, then the ancient atomic theory proposing indivisible units of matter was vindicated. But his ground breaking insight appears only briefly and toward the end of a work preoccupied with a more pressing issue in late eighteenth-century chemical theory: the nature of heat or caloric. Dalton’s 1808 treatise, A New System of Chemical Philosophy, opens with the current definition of this force become a substance. “The most probable opinion concerning the nature of caloric is, that of its being an elastic fluid of great subtilty[sic], the particles of which repel one another, but are attracted by all other bodies” (Dalton 1808, 1).
Bringing Japanese Management Systems to the United States: Transplantation or Transformation?
Authors: Liker Jeffrey K , Fruin W Mark , Adler Paul S
Published: November 2023

Over the past two decades, Japanese firms have challenged U.S. dominance in many manufacturing industries. At first the challenge appeared in the form of imports, and early analyses often attributed Japanese success to an undervalued yen, low labor costs, and unfair trade practices. However, Japanese firms have increasingly brought their competitive challenge to the United States in the form of transplant operations, and recognition has spread that their success owes much to superior manufacturing management. Despite the ups and downs of the business cycle in Japan, there remains a core of worldclass companies in Japan that have evolved manufacturing management systems that companies throughout the world have been striving to emulate.
Creating Lean Suppliers: Diffusing Lean Production through the Supply Chain
Authors: MacDuffie John Paul , Helper Susan
Published: November 2023

The existence of supplier-customer relationships, particularly among Japanese companies, that fit neither “market” nor “hierarchy” categories has drawn sustained attention in recent years (Cusumano and Takeishi, 1995; Dyer and Ouchi, 1993; Helper, 1991, 1992; Nishiguchi, 1994; Smitka, 1992). Such arrangements are integral to the structure of Japanese business networks (Gerlach, 1993), and they have also been a companion to Japanese direct investment in overseas manufacturing facilities. In the auto industry, Japanese companies initially used parts from Japan in the new assembly plants built in North America in the 1980s. But, since then, they have steadily increased the percentage of parts purchased from U.S.-located suppliers of both U.S. and Japanese ownership (Kenney and Florida, 1993; Mair, 1993). In the process, some of these Japanese companies have taken the unusual step of working extensively with their suppliers to teach them “lean production”often by sending their own employees into supplier plants for weeks or months to redesign work stations, reorganize process flow, modify equipment, and establish problem-solving groups.
Site-Specific Organization Learning in International Technology Transfer: Example from Toshiba
Authors: Fruin W Mark
Published: November 2023

Japanese management systems (JMS) are diffusing rapidly around the world; witness the success of the Toyota Production System (TPS) and the worldwide renown of “lean production.” JMS, we argue, are systems that incorporate more than just leanness or operational efficiency as seen in a number of techniques and tools, such as flexible automation, zero defects, and small batch manufacturing. (See Porter, 1996, for another view.) These additional factors are related to larger issues of organizational design and strategy and to their close links, embeddedness, really, in management systems.
The Negative Marker
Authors: Rowlett Paul
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I consider the element pas, which, in contrast to ne, is inherently negative. Indeed, I have already observed that pas is one of the elements that can occupy SpecNegP and license ne by transmitting its [+NEG] feature to Neg°. The central idea behind the analysis proposed here is that, in the context of sentential negation, SpecNegP is in fact the derived position of pas, which does not occupy the same position at both D-structure and S-structure. It is argued that, underlyingly, the position of pas is determined by its scope as a lexical negator: typically, pas is adjoined to VP, which, given the VP-internal subject hypothesis of, for example, Kitagawa (1986), is the minimal domain containing the verb and all its arguments; a VP-adjoined adverb therefore takes scope over all verbal arguments. This is explored in section 2.1. Alternatively, pas can function as a quantifier similar to beaucoup ‘lots’ and can, consequently, be generated within an indefinite nominal expression. This is explored in section 2.2.
Other Negative Adverbs
Authors: Rowlett Paul
Published: November 2023

Having dealt with ne (chapter 1) and the core negative marker pas (chapter 2) and having concluded that Modem French is a non-NC language (chapter 3), I turn, in chapters 4 and 5, to what might be termed the periphery, or the “negative” elements other than pas, which Muller (1991) labels semi-négations. After establishing an inventory of the relevant lexical items, I subdivide the group into two, considering here just the adverbs (plus ‘no/any more/longer’, jamais ‘(n)ever’, and guère ‘hardly (ever)’), leaving the arguments for chapter 5 (rien ‘anything/nothing’ and personne ‘anyone/no-one’).

In section 4.1, I distinguish between negative adverbs and arguments. After initial discussion of the distribution and interpretation of the adverbs, one feature of the data becomes clear, namely the far-reaching parallels between the distribution of these elements and that of pas. With this observation in mind, I consider some possible conclusions about the syntactic properties of negative adverbs, drawing heavily on those made in chapter 2 for pas. In particular, given that I analyzed [XP pas ] in terms of Move-α, I assume, a priori, that it is probably best to approach the syntax of the negative adverbs in terms of XP movement as well. In section 4.2, I reconsider the data. Although it seemed, at first glance, warranted to throw negative adverbs into the same bag as pas, it becomes apparent that the distributional parallels are not total. First, the negative adverbs differ from pas in terms of their co-occurrence possibilities (section 4.2.1); negative adverbs can readily co-occur with each other but not–in the standard language, at least–with pas (with the relevant NC reading). Second, they differ in terms of the positions they can occupy with respect to infinitives (section 4.2.2); negative adverbs have a freer distribution than pas.
Radical Historical Discontinuity: Explaining the Holocaust
Authors: Katz Steven T
Published: November 2023

The question posed for this symposium by the editors of this volume is a very complex and difficult one to answer. There is no doubt that considerable continuity exists between Christian, modem and Nazi antisemitism. Despite the official and real decline of the role and power of the church in Western Europe, the residue of millennia of theological antisemitism remained firmly embedded in European life. Had Christianity not transformed Jews into mythical, alien creatures, Nazism would not have chosen to do likewise. In this fundamental sense, there is a high degree of commonality between premodern, modem and Hitlerian Judeophobia.
Forced Emigration, War, Deportation and Holocaust
Authors: Aly Gotz , Heim Susanne
Published: November 2023

For a brief moment, it seemed that the many events taking place in 1995 to mark the end of the Second World War would make it possible, as so many Germans hoped, finally to close the book on the painful chapter of Nazism. But this expectation soon proved to be illusory. Steven Spielberg’s film “Schindler’s List,” the publication of Victor Klemperer’s diaries and finally Daniel J. Goldhagen’s book Hitler’s Willing Executioners (to name only the most notable examples) caused the issue to flare up time and again. In Germany, any attempt to “overcome” the past engenders new controversies; and the vehemence of the debate makes clear how little National Socialism is “history.”
Memory and Method: Variance in Holocaust Narrations
Authors: Diner Dan
Published: November 2023

It is common knowledge that history and memory are viewed as antithetical. Historical research is rightly skeptical about evidence recycled, as a purported reflection of reality, by memory. After all, historical sciences base their claims to verity on time-tested instruments of knowing and proof, a gamut ranging from source criticism to the densely aggregated fields of discourse and debate on method and epistemology. Nonetheless, historiography cannot escape the confrontation with memory, which represents a world that relativizes, and hence undermines, the claims to universal validity made by historical scholarship. This essay, then, explores the interrelationship of historiography and memory as related to an event still in search of its proper locus in historical research: the Holocaust.
Translation And Interpretation
Authors: Roy Cynthia B
Published: November 2023

Eugene Nida has suggested that the “significance of translation as an act of communication has been overlooked or underestimated” and has called for translation to be studied as a communicative event (1964: xx). With the publication of Brislin’s (1976) edited collection Translation, many authors began to call for studying translation (which is text-centered) and its related field, interpreting (which is speech-centered), as communicative processes. In the introduction, Brislin notes: “There is a recent study area in the social and behavioral sciences that is devoted to just these aspects of communication in social settings. It is called sociolinguistics, and it has been described in a number of places (ErvinTripp 1969; Gumperz and Hymes 1972)” (1976: 77).