bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: A post hoc subgroup analysis of the PIONEER 1, 3, 4 and 8 trials
Authors: Araki Eiichi , Terauchi Yasuo , Watada Hirotaka , Deenadayalan Srikanth , Christiansen Erik , Horio Hiroshi , Kadowaki Takashi
Published: September 2021

Aims

To evaluate, through exploratory post hoc subgroup analyses, the efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide versus comparators in Japanese patients enrolled in the global PIONEER 1, 3, 4 and 8 clinical trials.

Materials and Methods

Patients were randomized to once‐daily oral semaglutide 3, 7 or 14 mg or comparator (placebo, sitagliptin 100 mg or liraglutide 1.8 mg). Change from baseline in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and body weight, and proportions of patients attaining HbA1c <7.0% (53 mmol/mol) and body weight loss ≥5%, were analysed at week 26 for all Japanese patients in each trial separately using the treatment policy estimand (regardless of treatment discontinuation or rescue medication use). Adverse events (AEs) were analysed descriptively.

Results

Reductions in HbA1c from baseline in Japanese patients were 1.0% to 1.2% (11.3 mmol/mol to 13.3 mmol/mol) and 1.4% to 1.7% (15.7 mmol/mol to 18.3 mmol/mol) for oral semaglutide 7 mg and 14 mg, respectively. HbA1c reductions were similar or greater than with comparators. Body weight reductions were 1.0% to 2.7% and 3.7% to 4.7% for oral semaglutide 7 mg and 14 mg, respectively, and were generally greater with oral semaglutide than comparators. As expected, the main class of AEs was gastrointestinal, and these AEs comprised most commonly mild‐to‐moderate constipation, nausea and diarrhoea.

Conclusions

Oral semaglutide appears efficacious and well tolerated in Japanese patients across the type 2 diabetes spectrum.
Navigating fish passage decisions during regulatory dam relicensing in Maine
Authors: Vogel Sarah , Jansujwicz Jessica
Published: September 2021

The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) regulates most hydropower dams in the United States and grants operational licenses that include conditions for the conservation of sea‐run fish. FERC is the primary authority in relicensing, but the process invites input from other federal and state resource agencies. As a result, relicensing decisions often reflect trade‐offs among competing authorities, values and objectives. FERC relicensing decisions in the Kennebec and Penobscot Rivers in Maine were assessed to characterise agency engagement and identify factors that influence fish passage decisions. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of FERC project documents from 1984 to 2019 showed that conservation measures are focused almost exclusively on Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and American eel, Anguilla rostrate Leseur. Incorporation of fish passage mitigation requirements has increased coincident with increased agency engagement and the use of regulatory authority. Strong fish passage prescriptions are found at coastal projects (where sea‐run fish exist) likely resulting from both state and federal agency input. Despite wide interest in basin‐scale and interagency fish passage planning, implementation of collaborative processes has been slow, with most dams being considered and licensed individually. As a result, there are opportunities to spatially integrate the FERC process in the future and support effective stakeholder engagement.
Young Europeans in Brexit Britain: Unsettling identities
Authors: Moskal Marta , Sime Daniela
Published: September 2021

Since the 2016 European Union referendum, young European migrants living in Britain have faced growing exposure to social exclusion and insecurities over their future. The Brexit process has not only changed their rights, but has also increased their experiences of xenophobia and discrimination. In this context, we consider it timely to focus on young EU nationals’ processes of identification and (re)constructions of their identities while they negotiate the multiple challenges posed by geopolitical transformations. The social constructionist research with young migrants shows that they increasingly experience their identities as fluid, with relationships that move between proximity and distance. Our findings from focus groups with 108 young people aged 12–18 years born in Central and Eastern European countries and case studies of 20 families support this perspective. The analysis documents young people's agency and efforts to negotiate identity as a process of becoming in the context of change and uncertainty. To understand how young people from a migrant background navigate individual and collective identities, the article offers an explanatory framework that highlights their need for familiarity, continuity, and control over their lives, necessary to maintain a sense of home and belonging.
‘A life I can cope with’. An alternative model of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for CFS/ME
Authors: Clark Catherine , Holttum Sue
Published: September 2021

Objectives

This study aimed to explore the experience of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) aimed at better management of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME), rather than increasing activity.

Design

This was a qualitative study using grounded theory analysis.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 13 adults who had engaged in CBT at a specialist CFS/ME service in which CBT is aimed at improved management of the condition.

Results

A model was produced in which participants felt more able to cope with CFS/ME. Reduced fatigue did not seem to be a necessary precondition to managing. This has implications for CBT for CFS/ME.

Conclusions

Specialist CBT for CFS/ME may result in improved coping and reduced distress, independently of changes in fatigue.

Patient or Public Contribution

The researcher met with a representative from the university's service user advisory group (SAGE), who had lived experience of CFS/ME. They commented on possible questions for the interview topic guide and provided advice on ways in which ethical issues specific to CFS/ME could be considered, for example, prevention of harm during interviews. Second, for quality assurance as part of respondent validation, a proposed draft of the grounded theory was discussed with participants.
Limited impact of warm ischemic threshold for partial nephrectomy in the robotic surgery era: A propensity score matching study
Authors: Ishiyama Yudai , Kondo Tsunenori , Tachibana Hidekazu , Yoshida Kazuhiko , Takagi Toshio , Iizuka Junpei , Tanabe Kazunari
Published: September 2021

Objectives

To evaluate the association between extended (≥30 min) warm ischemic time and renal function in patients undergoing robot‐assisted partial nephrectomy.

Methods

This multi‐institutional study retrospectively recruited 1131 patients who underwent robot‐assisted partial nephrectomy. Patients were classified into shorter (<30 min; n = 1038) and longer (≥30 min; n = 92) groups based on the ischemic time required, and 1:2 propensity score matching was used to minimize selection bias. The perioperative outcomes, including acute kidney injury and trifecta attainment, and mid/long‐term renal function were assessed before and after matching.

Results

Patients in the longer group had tumors with a significantly larger diameter and RENAL nephrometry score. The decline in the nadir of the estimated glomerular filtration rate was significantly greater in the longer than the shorter group in the unmatched and matched cohorts (−16.2 vs −5.5%, P < 0.001; 15.5 vs −9.5%, P = 0.003, respectively). A higher incidence of acute kidney injury (9.8 vs 2.6%, P = 0.002) was observed in the longer group before matching, whereas the difference was comparable after matching. Before matching, the decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate at 6 months postoperatively was greater (−8.2 vs −5.1%, P = 0.005) and trifecta attainment was lower (50.0 vs 63.5%, P < 0.001) in the longer group. However, the differences were comparable for both the parameters between the groups in the matched cohort.

Conclusions

While extended warm ischemia during robot‐assisted partial nephrectomy can be demanded in case of large and complex tumors, its impact on postoperative renal function is limited.
Preferencias de las mujeres en cuanto al tiempo de trabajo: cuestionando los supuestos sobre subempleo, centralidad del trabajo y conciliación entre vida laboral y personal
Authors: LAMOLLA Laura , FOLGUERA‐I‐BELLMUNT Conxita , FERNÁNDEZ‐I‐MARÍN Xavier
Published: September 2021

Se examinan las preferencias en cuanto al tiempo de trabajo de mujeres que trabajan en las manufacturas 20 horas semanales, en diferentes horarios estables, sobre la base de una investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa para identificar perfiles en función de dichas preferencias, y las razones de las mismas. Las conclusiones matizan investigaciones precedentes al poner de relieve que: 1) no todas estas empleadas pueden considerarse subempleadas; 2) trabajar 20 horas semanales no equivale a una baja centralidad del trabajo y es compatible con que las horas de trabajo se experimenten como significativas, y 3) algunas trabajadoras a tiempo parcial quieren conservar tiempo para actividades no domésticas y no laborales a pesar de ganar un salario bajo.
Comparative assessment of reported symptoms of influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and human metapneumovirus infection during hospitalization and post‐discharge assessed by Respiratory Intensity and Impact Questionnaire
Authors: Falsey Ann R. , Walsh Edward E. , Osborne Richard H. , Vandendijck Yannick , Ren Xiaohui , Witek James , Kang Diye , Chan Eric , Scott Jane , Ispas Gabriela
Published: September 2021

Background

The hospitalized acute respiratory tract infection (HARTI) study used the Respiratory Intensity and Impact Questionnaire (RiiQ™) Symptom Scale, derived from FluiiQ™, to assess and compare the burden of respiratory infection symptoms for patients with influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infection, with or without core risk factors (CRF) (age ≥65; chronic heart, renal, obstructive pulmonary disease; asthma).

Methods

This was a prospective cohort study in adult patients hospitalized with acute respiratory tract infection (40 centers, 12 countries) during two consecutive influenza/RSV/hMPV seasons (2017–2019). The RiiQ™ Symptom Scale and EuroQol 5‐Dimensions 5‐Levels (EQ‐5D‐5L) were assessed by interview at two timepoints during hospitalization and at 1, 2, and 3 months post‐discharge.

Results

Mean lower respiratory tract (LRT) symptom scores were higher for RSV and hMPV participants compared to influenza at 48 h after enrollment/early discharge (p = 0.001) and 3 months post‐discharge (p = 0.007). This was driven by LRT symptoms, including shortness of breath (SOB) (p < 0.01) and wheezing (p < 0.01) during hospitalization, and SOB (p < 0.05) and cough (p < 0.05) post‐discharge. Participants with CRF reported more moderate‐to‐severe SOB (p < 0.05) and wheezing (p < 0.05) compared to CRF(−) participants post‐discharge. EQ‐5D‐5L scores were moderately associated with RiiQ™ LRT and systemic symptoms domains.

Conclusions

Results from the HARTI study suggest that in the study population, LRT symptoms were more severe for RSV and hMPV groups and for patients with CRF. RiiQ™ Symptom Scale scores shows a moderate association with EQ‐5D‐5L indicating that the RiiQ™ may provide useful insights and offer advantages over other measures for use in interventional RSV adult clinical studies.
Mathematical models for the minimization of open stacks problem
Authors: Martin Mateus , Yanasse Horacio Hideki , Pinto Maria José
Published: September 2021

In this paper, we address the minimization of open stacks problem (MOSP). This problem often appears during production planning of manufacturing industries, such as in the cutting of objects to comply with space constraints around the cutting machine in the glass, furniture, and metallurgical industries. During the processing of the cutting patterns, all the copies of a demanded item are stored in a stack usually placed near the cutting machine. One stack for each type of demanded item, that is, different items do not share the same stack. In this sense, the MOSP consists of finding an optimal sequence of a given set of cutting patterns, while minimizing the maximum number of simultaneously open stacks. To effectively model and solve the problem, we present a novel integer linear programming (ILP) formulation based on a graph representation of the problem. We derive an ILP formulation from the modeling approach of Faggioli and Bentivoglio for the MOSP. Then we develop a simple constraint programming model based on interval variables and renewable resources. We performed computational experiments to evaluate the proposed approaches in comparison with other ILP formulations from the literature. Using a general‐purpose solver, the proposed approaches perform well in terms of solution quality and computational time in comparison to the benchmark models for small and moderate‐sized problem instances.
An injectable metal nanoparticle containing cellulose derivative‐based hydrogels: Evaluation of antibacterial and in vitro‐vivo wound healing activity in children with burn injuries
Authors: Qiu Yuming , Sun Xiuxiang , Lin Xiaoli , Yi Wenying , Jiang Jianye
Published: September 2021

The preparation of hydrogels for wound healing properties with high antibacterial activities and good biosafety concurrently can be relatively challenging. For addressing these issues, we report on the synthesis and characterisation of a nanocomposite hydrogel dressing by introducing the silver nanoparticles in hydroxypropyl methylcellulose‐hydroxyapatite scaffold hydrogel (HMC‐HA/AgNPs). The different concentrations of AgNPs in HMC‐HA/AgNPs hydrogels were confirmed by swelling ratio, degradation, and gelatin time. The synthesised HMC‐HA/AgNPs hydrogels were further characterised using the UV‐visible, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrum, and X‐ray diffraction. The results showed that the novel HMC‐HA/AgNPs hydrogel exhibited a porous 3D network and high mechanical properties because of the inter‐molecular and intra‐molecular interactions. The AgNPs give the HMC‐HA hydrogels excellent antibacterial activities against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, without any chemical reductant and cross‐linking agent required endows the hydrogel high biocompatibility. More importantly, HMC‐HA/AgNPs effectively repaired wound defects in mice models, and wound healing reached 94.5 ± 1.4% within 16 days. The HMC‐HA hydrogel with AgNPs showed excellent antimicrobial activity and burn wound healing. Therefore, these HMC‐HA/AgNPs hydrogels have great potential as an injectable hydrogel for wound healing activity in children with burn injuries.
Pyroligneous acid and antibacterial activity: criticism of a paper by Araújo et al. (2018)
Authors: Medeiros Lúcio C. D. , Gasparotto Luiz H. S.
Published: September 2021

Aims

A paper by Araújo et al. (2018) claims that a variety of compounds present in pyroligneous acid (guaiacol, phenols and furfural) are responsible for the observed antimicrobial activity. We show, on the other hand, that the low pH due to acetic acid present in pyroligneous acid is the real cause of the activity.

Methods and Results

Pyroligneous acid (PA) was synthesized according to a previous method (Medeiros et al. 2019) with its inhibition activity tested on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus via the agar diffusion method. The activity of acetic acid at different concentrations was also evaluated for comparison. As expected, crude PA (pH 3.0) and acetic acid produced inhibition halos whose diameters varied according to their employed concentration. However, any PA inhibitory activity completely vanished upon neutralization (pH 7.0), a behaviour also observed for neutralized acetic acid.

Conclusions

The claim that guaiacol, phenols and furfural are responsible for any inhibitory activity is unsubstantiated. The authors should have neutralized the pyroligneous acid if any activity was to be discovered.

Significance and Impact of Study

To increase awareness that interfering species may play a detrimental role on the interpretation of results. In this case, the action of acetic acid is vastly more important for the inhibitory activity than any other compound present in PA.
Getting credit for proactivity? The effects of gender
Authors: Hernandez Bark Alina S. , Seliverstova Kseniya , Ohly Sandra
Published: September 2021

With our research, we contribute to the research on proactive work behavior in two ways. First, we examine a person's gender as a boundary condition for proactive behavior at work. Based on social role theory, we argue that women are less likely to receive credit for showing personal initiative (PI) than men. Second, we examine agency and communion as underlying mechanisms that translate PI into a person's evaluation and drive backlash effects. The hypotheses were tested in two complementary experimental studies (Study 1; N = 114, Study 2: N = 163) using simulated job interviews. Our results show that PI relates to better evaluations (likeability, perceived competence, performance evaluations, expected success and hireability) of the job applicant and that these effects are mediated by agency and communion. Further, we find backlash effects for women high in agency and men high in communion on likeability (Study 2). The implications of these results for organizations and future research are discussed.
New insights into cell–cell communications during seed development in flowering plants
Authors: Wang Wei , Xiong Hanxian , Sun Kaiting , Zhang Bo , Sun Meng‐Xiang
Published: September 2021

The evolution of seeds is a major reason why flowering plants are a dominant life form on Earth. The developing seed is composed of two fertilization products, the embryo and endosperm, which are surrounded by a maternally derived seed coat. Accumulating evidence indicates that efficient communication among all three seed components is required to ensure coordinated seed development. Cell communication within plant seeds has drawn much attention in recent years. In this study, we review current knowledge of cross‐talk among the endosperm, embryo, and seed coat during seed development, and highlight recent advances in this field.
Bone mineral density and fractures in institutionalised children with epilepsy and intellectual disability
Authors: Berkvens J. J. L. , Mergler S. , Beerhorst K. , Verschuure P. , Tan I. Y. , Majoie H. J. M. , van den Bergh J. P. W.
Published: September 2021

Background

Long‐term use of antiseizure drugs is associated with a low bone mineral density (BMD) and an increased fracture risk. The literature regarding institutionalised children on chronic antiseizure drugs is limited. Therefore, the aim of this cross‐sectional study is to evaluate the prevalence of low BMD and the history of fractures in institutionalised children with epilepsy and intellectual disability (ID).

Methods

A dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry of lumbar spine (L1–L4) and hip was performed in 24 children, residing in a long‐stay care facility in the Netherlands. Additionally, serum concentrations of albumin, calcium and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D were determined. Data on fractures were retrospectively extracted from the medical files.

Results

Ages of the children (14 male and 10 female) ranged from 5 to 17 years with a mean age of 13.0 (±3.2). The criteria of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) were used for classification of bone mineral disorders. Eight (33.3%) children had a normal BMD (Z‐score > − 2.0). Of the 16 children with a low BMD (Z‐score ≤ − 2.0), three were diagnosed as osteoporotic, based on their fracture history. Ten children (41.7%) were reported to have at least one fracture in their medical history. Serum concentrations of albumin‐corrected calcium (2.28–2.50 mmol/L) and (supplemented) vitamin D (16–137 nmol/L) were within the normal range.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that 67% of institutionalised children with epilepsy and ID had low BMD and 42% had a history of at least one fracture, despite supplementation of calcium and vitamin D in accordance with the Dutch guidelines.
Autonomy as a third mode of ordering: Agriculture and the Kurdish movement in Rojava and North and East Syria
Authors: Jongerden Joost
Published: September 2021

While the fight of the Kurdish movement against Islamic State (IS) received much coverage, almost no attention was or has been given to the reconstruction efforts of Rojava after its liberation from the Ba′ath regime and the defeat of the caliphate, let alone the political principles underlying the reconstruction of the agrarian economy. This contribution discusses the agricultural policy in Rojava from the perspective of autonomy. It focuses on the ways in which autonomy as a mode of ordering interrupts the ordering by state and capital. Moreover, the article will show how this third mode of ordering, autonomy, produces alternatives for a political economy in Syria in which the state's organization of production and markets had become vehicles of de‐development and dispossession, demographic engineering, and cultural homogenization.
Prognostic value of a brief loneliness questionnaire for patients with coronary heart disease: Proposal for a prediction model
Authors: Blakoe Mitti , Christensen Anne Vinggaard , Palm Pernille , Højskov Ida Elisabeth , Thrysoee Lars , Thorup Charlotte Brun , Borregaard Britt , Mols Rikke Elmose , Rasmussen Trine Bernholdt , Berg Selina Kikkenborg
Published: September 2021

Background

In patients with coronary heart disease (CHD), loneliness is associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality. No predictive tool is available to detect patients who are influenced by loneliness to a degree that impacts mortality.

Aim

To: (i) propose a prediction model that detects patients influenced by loneliness to a degree that increases one‐year all‐cause mortality, (ii) evaluate model classification performance of the prediction model, and (iii) investigate potential questionnaire response errors.

Method

A cohort of patients with CHD (n = 7169) responded to a national cross‐sectional survey, including two questions on loneliness. Information on cohabitation and follow‐up information on one‐year all‐cause mortality were obtained from national registers. Prediction model development was based on the prognostic values of item responses in the questionnaire on loneliness and of cohabitation, evaluated with Cox‐proportional Hazards Ratio (HR). Item responses which significantly predicted one‐year mortality were included in the high‐risk loneliness (HiRL) prediction model. Sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratio were calculated to evaluate model classification performance. Sources of response errors were evaluated using verbal probing technique in an additional cohort (n = 7). The TRIPOD checklist has been used to ensure transparent reporting.

Results

Two item responses significantly predicted one‐year mortality HR = 2.24 (95%CI = 1.24–4.03) and HR = 2.65 (95%CI = 1.32–5.32) and were thus included in the model. Model classification performance showed a likelihood ratio of 1.89. Response error was evaluated as low.

Conclusion

Based on the prognostic value in a loneliness questionnaire, a prediction model suitable to screen patients with CHD for high‐risk loneliness was suggested.

Relevance to clinical practice

The HiRL prediction model is a short and easy‐to‐use screening tool that offers clinical staff to identify patients with CHD who are influenced by loneliness to a degree that impacts mortality. However, further evaluation of model performance and questionnaire validation is recommended before integrating the model into clinical practice.
Hard and Soft Integration: Towards a Dynamic Model of Post‐Acquisition Integration
Authors: Kroon David P. , Noorderhaven Niels G. , Corley Kevin G. , Vaara Eero
Published: September 2021

Successful post‐acquisition integration hinges on combining hard and soft integration, but insights into how this can be done are scarce. We develop a dynamic model of post‐acquisition integration through an in‐depth inductive study of a cross‐border acquisition. Our model illustrates that the combination of hard and soft integration decisions sets in motion intergroup interaction processes that influence both the realization of synergies and collaborative intentions. Our study advances the M&A literature by elucidating how hard and soft integration dynamically interact in their effects on post‐acquisition integration outcomes. In doing so, we respond to the call for more research on the temporal nature of integration processes. Finally, we reveal that a singular or monolithic approach to post‐acquisition integration is unlikely given that different units are likely to have different integration needs depending on their degrees of interdependence and autonomy.
It’s Not What You Say, But How You Sound: CEO Vocal Masculinity and the Board's Early‐Stage CEO Compensation Decisions
Authors: Nair Krishnan , Haque Waqas , Sauerwald Steve
Published: September 2021

Growing research in evolutionary psychology suggests that having a deep, masculine voice is beneficial to males in leadership positions because it signals physical strength. However, how this phenomenon plays out at the top of the modern organization is not clearly understood. We posit that CEO vocal masculinity positively influences early‐stage CEO compensation for male CEOs by biasing directors’ perceptions of CEO quality. Challenging the pervasive notion that evolved biases are deterministic, we also examine how environmental conditions (i.e., industry competitiveness) and audience characteristics (i.e., female representation on the compensation committee) moderate the effect of CEO vocal masculinity. Longitudinal analyses on a unique dataset consisting of interviews and speeches of male CEOs from publicly listed UK firms provide support for our hypothesized predictions.
Factors in children with a history of neonatal abstinence syndrome at 10 years of age: Evidence from the maternal lifestyle study
Authors: Miller Jennifer Shearer , Anderson Joel G.
Published: September 2021

Purpose

Few studies have addressed the impact of prior prenatal substance exposure and current household environment on neurodevelopmental health in children with a history of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). This study aimed to describe the prenatal exposures, household environment, and neurodevelopmental health at 10 years of age among children with a history of NAS.

Design and Methods

This study was a retrospective, descriptive design using data from the Maternal Lifestyle Study. Descriptive analyses were conducted. A total of 234 children with a history of NAS were included in this study. Variables selected based on the socio‐ecological model included prenatal exposures, household environment, and neurodevelopmental health outcomes.

Results

In this sample, most children were male (63%) with prenatal polysubstance exposure (80%). The majority lived in a home where substance use occurred (68%). Children experienced abnormal cognitive development (26%), language disorders (24%), learning disorders (23%), and abnormal behavioral development (16%).

Implications

This study extends the description of children with a history of NAS beyond 5 years of age. Pediatric nurses can ensure that children with a history of NAS receive neurodevelopmental screening up to and beyond 10 years of age.
Tracing the earliest stages of hydrothermal alteration on the CM chondrite parent body
Authors: King A. J. , Mason E. , Bates H. C. , Schofield P. F. , Donaldson Hanna K. L. , Bowles N. E. , Russell S. S.
Published: September 2021

The CM carbonaceous chondrites are an important resource in our efforts to understand the role of volatiles in the formation of planetary systems. We report the bulk mineralogy, water abundance, and infrared (IR) reflectance spectra of the CM chondrites LaPaz Icefield (LAP) 04514, LAP 04796, LAP 04565, and LAP 02333. They contain abundant Fe‐ and Mg‐rich serpentines (~70–80 vol%), and based on their phyllosilicate fractions, we classify LAP 04514, LAP 04796, and LAP 04565 as petrologic subtype 1.6 and LAP 02333 as 1.4. This is consistent with estimated water abundances of 9.9 (±1.1) wt% for LAP 04796, 10.4 (±0.1) wt% for LAP 04565, and 11.5 (±0.5) wt% for LAP 02333. However, LAP 04514 contains less water (8.8 ± 0.3 wt%), has a shallower 3 µm band depth, and lacks tochilinite having experienced posthydration temperatures of ~300–400 °C. We conclude that LAP 04514, LAP 04796, and LAP 04565 are among the least altered CM chondrites, which retain primitive features from the initial building blocks of the CM parent body. Finally, we use the IR spectral features of LAP 04514, LAP 04796, and LAP 04565 to identify C‐complex asteroid surfaces that record mild levels of hydration.
Gender‐focused training improves leadership of female medical students: A randomised trial
Authors: Hochstrasser Seraina Rahel , Amacher Simon Adrian , Tschan Franziska , Semmer Norbert Karl , Becker Christoph , Metzger Kerstin , Hunziker Sabina , Marsch Stephan
Published: September 2021

Objectives

Recent research suggests that the gender of health care providers may affect their medical performance. This trial investigated (1) the effects of the gender composition of resuscitation teams on leadership behaviour of first responders and (2) the effects of a brief gender‐specific instruction on leadership behaviour of female first responders.

Methods

This prospective randomised single‐blinded trial, carried out between 2008 and 2016, included 364 fourth‐year medical students of two Swiss universities. One hundred and eighty‐two teams of two students each were confronted with a simulated cardiac arrest, occurring in the presence of a first responder while a second responder is summoned to help. The effect of gender composition was assessed by comparing all possible gender‐combinations of first and second responders. The gender‐specific instruction focused on the importance of leadership, gender differences in self‐esteem and leadership, acknowledgement of unease while leading, professional role, and mission statement to lead was delivered orally for 10 min by a staff physician and tested by randomising female first responders to the intervention group or the control group. The primary outcome, based on ratings of video‐recorded performance, was the first responders' percentage contribution to their teams' leadership statements and critical treatment decision making.

Results

Female first responders contributed significantly less to leadership statements (53% vs. 76%; P = 0.001) and critical decisions (57% vs. 76%; P = 0.018) than male first responders. For critical treatment decisions, this effect was more pronounced (P = 0.007) when the second responder was male. The gender‐specific intervention significantly increased female first responder's contribution to leadership statements (P = 0.024) and critical treatment decisions (P = 0.034).

Conclusions

Female first responders contributed less to their rescue teams' leadership and critical decision making than their male colleagues. A brief gender‐specific leadership instruction was effective in improving female medical students' leadership behaviours.
A centenary for bacterial spot of tomato and pepper
Authors: Osdaghi Ebrahim , Jones Jeffrey B. , Sharma Anuj , Goss Erica M. , Abrahamian Peter , Newberry Eric A. , Potnis Neha , Carvalho Renato , Choudhary Manoj , Paret Mathews L. , Timilsina Sujan , Vallad Gary E.
Published: September 2021

Disease symptoms

Symptoms include water‐soaked areas surrounded by chlorosis turning into necrotic spots on all aerial parts of plants. On tomato fruits, small, water‐soaked, or slightly raised pale‐green spots with greenish‐white halos are formed, ultimately becoming dark brown and slightly sunken with a scabby or wart‐like surface.

Host range

Main and economically important hosts include different types of tomatoes and peppers. Alternative solanaceous and nonsolanaceous hosts include Datura spp., Hyoscyamus spp., Lycium spp., Nicotiana rustica, Physalis spp., Solanum spp., Amaranthus lividus, Emilia fosbergii, Euphorbia heterophylla, Nicandra physaloides, Physalis pubescens, Sida glomerata, and Solanum americanum.

Taxonomic status of the pathogen

Domain, Bacteria; phylum, Proteobacteria; class, Gammaproteobacteria; order, Xanthomonadales; family, Xanthomonadaceae; genus, Xanthomonas; species, X. euvesicatoria, X. hortorum, X. vesicatoria.

Synonyms (nonpreferred scientific names)

Bacterium exitiosum, Bacterium vesicatorium, Phytomonas exitiosa, Phytomonas vesicatoria, Pseudomonas exitiosa, Pseudomonas gardneri, Pseudomonas vesicatoria, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, Xanthomonas cynarae pv. gardneri, Xanthomonas gardneri, Xanthomonas perforans.

Microbiological properties

Colonies are gram‐negative, oxidase‐negative, and catalase‐positive and have oxidative metabolism. Pale‐yellow domed circular colonies of 1–2 mm in diameter grow on general culture media.

Distribution

The bacteria are widespread in Africa, Brazil, Canada and the USA, Australia, eastern Europe, and south‐east Asia. Occurrence in western Europe is restricted.

Phytosanitary categorization

A2 no. 157, EU Annex designation II/A2.

EPPO codes

XANTEU, XANTGA, XANTPF, XANTVE.
Effects of the short‐ and long‐term accumulation of detritus in larval habitats on life history traits ofAedes aegyptiin temperate Argentina
Authors: Montini P. , Fischer S.
Published: September 2021

Aedes aegyptilarvae that develop in containers largely depend on plant detritus as a source of nutritional resources. However, few studies have evaluated the performance of immature individuals under natural amounts and quality of this food source. Here, we aimed to assess the effect of the variation in the accumulation time and amount of detritus on life history traits ofAe.aegyptiunder semi‐field conditions.Ae.aegyptilarvae were raised with detritus collected in different sites to represent natural variability in its amount, simulating short (28 days) and long (70 days) accumulation. A control with optimal food conditions (yeast) was included. Survival, development time and wing length of adults were compared among treatments. Survival was relatively high in all treatments. Development time was similar among treatments but significantly longer and more variable in containers with the lowest detritus amounts. Wing lengths were smaller in the treatments with detritus than in the control, especially in females. The results support the hypothesis that, in a temperate region,Ae.aegyptilarvae may have a nutritional limitation, at least in some containers, and emphasize the importance of performing experiments that simulate the environmental conditions to which individuals are exposed in nature.
Prevalence and impact of Rome IV versus Rome III irritable bowel syndrome in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Fairbrass Keeley M. , Selinger Christian P. , Gracie David J. , Ford Alexander C.
Published: September 2021

Background

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)‐type symptoms are common in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but few studies have examined the prevalence and impact of IBS‐type symptoms in IBD according to Rome IV criteria.

Methods

We collected demographic, symptom (Rome III, Rome IV, and clinical disease activity indices), psychological (anxiety, depression, and somatization), and quality of life data from 973 IBD patients. Medical records were reviewed to document disease type, extent/location, behavior, medical therapy, and antidepressant or opioid use. We compared characteristics of individuals with no IBS‐type symptoms, Rome III IBS‐type symptoms, and Rome IV IBS‐type symptoms.

Key Results

In total, 302 (31.0%) patients met the Rome III criteria for IBS, and 172 (17.7%) met Rome IV criteria. Those with IBS‐type symptoms were younger, more likely to be female, and had higher rates of antidepressant (p = 0.006) or opioid use (p = 0.001). Rome IV IBS‐type symptoms were associated with symptoms of mood disorders, flare of disease activity, and lower quality of life scores (p < 0.001 for all analyses). Compared with Rome III criteria, those with Rome IV IBS‐type symptoms had significantly higher rates of anxiety (p < 0.001), depression (p = 0.002), and somatization (p < 0.001), lower quality of life scores (p < 0.001) and were more likely to have CD (p = 0.011), with ileal distribution (p = 0.006).

Conclusions and Inferences

Rome IV IBS‐type symptoms are associated with increased psychological co‐morbidity, lower quality of life scores, and higher rates of antidepressant or opioid use. This is a cohort potentially at risk of adverse clinical outcomes and should be a focus for future research.
Integrating genomics and multiplatform metabolomics enables metabolite quantitative trait loci detection in breeding‐relevant apple germplasm
Authors: Bilbrey Emma A. , Williamson Kathryn , Hatzakis Emmanuel , Miller Diane Doud , Fresnedo‐Ramírez Jonathan , Cooperstone Jessica L.
Published: September 2021

Apple (Malus × domestica) has commercial and nutritional value, but breeding constraints of tree crops limit varietal improvement. Marker‐assisted selection minimises these drawbacks, but breeders lack applications for targeting fruit phytochemicals. To understand genotype–phytochemical associations in apples, we have developed a high‐throughput integration strategy for genomic and multiplatform metabolomics data.

Here, 124 apple genotypes, including members of three pedigree‐connected breeding families alongside diverse cultivars and wild selections, were genotyped and phenotyped. Metabolite genome‐wide association studies (mGWAS) were conducted with c. 10 000 single nucleotide polymorphisms and phenotypic data acquired via LC–MS and 1H NMR untargeted metabolomics. Putative metabolite quantitative trait loci (mQTL) were then validated via pedigree‐based analyses (PBA).

Using our developed method, 519, 726 and 177 putative mQTL were detected in LC–MS positive and negative ionisation modes, and NMR, respectively. mQTL were indicated on each chromosome, with hotspots on linkage groups 16 and 17. A chlorogenic acid mQTL was discovered on chromosome 17 via mGWAS and validated with a two‐step PBA, enabling discovery of novel candidate gene–metabolite relationships.

Complementary data from three metabolomics approaches and dual genomics analyses increased confidence in validity of compound annotation and mQTL detection. Our platform demonstrates the utility of multiomic integration to advance data‐driven, phytochemical‐based plant breeding.
The first case of methotrexate‐associated lymphoproliferative disorder presenting as follicular T‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Muto Reiji , Kawakita Toshiro , Miyoshi Hiroaki , Arakawa Fumiko , Nakashima Kazutaka , Ohshima Koichi , Murayama Toshihiko
Published: September 2021

This is the first case of follicular T‐cell lymphoma (FTCL) presenting as methotrexate‐associated lymphoproliferative disorders (MTX‐LPDs). A 69‐year‐old man treated rheumatoid arthritis with methotrexate presented with cervical swelling, hoarseness and fever. Imaging studies revealed multiple lymphadenopathy and lymphoma was suspected. Lymph node biopsy was performed to confirm the diagnosis. Pathologically, the lymph node was composed of atypical lymphocytes with a follicular growth pattern and area of necrosis. Immunohistochemical examination showed the atypical lymphocytes were positive for CD3, CD4, programmed cell death protein 1, and inducible T‐cell co‐stimulator. These findings are consistent with FTCL. During hospitalization, the patient's fever subsided and cervical lymphadenopathy improved, probably due to discontinuation of MTX. Here we presented the first case of FTCL presenting as MTX‐LPDs. The T‐cell phenotype MTX‐LPDs are relatively rare and accounts for only 3.4%–6.3% of all MTX‐LPD cases. Therefore, detailed clinicopathological features have not been clarified sufficiently. It is hoped that similar cases should be accumulated and studied to better understand the clinical and pathological features of this condition.
A case of an atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor with distinctive histology in the pineal region in an adult patient
Authors: Doi Masatomo , Koike Junki , Yoshida Yasuyuki , Nakamura Hisao , Chosokabe Motohiro , Naruki Saeko , Tajima Shinya , Endo Akira , Matsumori Takashi , Tanaka Yuichiro
Published: September 2021

A 31‐year‐old man suffered from headaches and presented at a hospital after the symptom worsened. Obstructive hydrocephalus and a pineal tumor were identified, and he was transferred to our hospital for further investigation and treatment. Cranial computed tomography revealed a hypodense mass lesion on the right of the pineal region, and calcifications and enlargement of the lateral and third cerebral ventricles were also evident. Blood tests were negative for all tumor markers. Laparoscopic biopsy and third‐ventricle fenestration were performed that day as an emergency surgery to treat the obstructive hydrocephalus. Postoperative cranial magnetic resonance imaging revealed a solid tumor that was hypointense on T1‐weighted imaging, hyperintense on T2‐weighted imaging, and heterogeneously enhanced by Gd. Subsequently, the tumor increased in size, and craniotomy and tumorectomy were performed. Histologically, the tumor proliferated as round or short spindle‐shaped cells in a myxoid matrix, forming arrays that surrounded the blood vessels. As a few cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm were also present and immunostaining for INI‐1 was negative, the patient was diagnosed with atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT). AT/RT of the pineal region in adults is rare, and herein, we report the morphological characteristics of this case and reviewed the relevant literature.
Admission Control Game with Capacity Borrowing
Authors: Wang Tianxiang , Yu Peiwen , Hu Jianqiang
Published: September 2021

We study a decentralized admission control problem with capacity borrowing. In this problem, the admission decision is made by each server who is assigned dedicated capacity. However, a server can borrow capacity from other servers if his dedicated capacity is exhausted. The borrower compensates the lender by a payment equal to the “borrowing cost.” Hence, the servers share their capacities via borrowing, but they also compete against each other for their pooled capacities. We formulate this problem as a stochastic dynamic game and characterize the equilibrium strategic admission behavior of servers. We show that the critical factors that affect the equilibrium behavior and the system revenue are the magnitude of the borrowing cost, the arrival rate of customers and the revenue difference between different classes of customers. We have identified conditions under which servers maximizing their own payoffs end up making decisions that benefit the system. Our study highlights the important roles that the borrowing cost plays in shaping servers’ behavior in service systems and provides concrete guidance for practitioners to design a decentralized admission control system.
Measuring the social changes from river restoration and dam removal
Authors: Leisher Craig , Hess Sebastiaan , Dempsey Kate , Payne Wynne Molly L. , Royte Joshua
Published: September 2021

The number of dam removals in the United States is expected to increase in the coming years, yet we know little about the social effects of dam removal on local people. Here we assess how two dam removals on a large river in the U.S. state of Maine changed local people's recreational use and perceptions of the river. We used focus groups and key informant interviews to define stakeholders' social areas of interest, conducted randomized phone surveys 5 years apart to measure changes in these areas of interest, and utilized a difference‐in‐differences technique corroborated by key informant interviews to analyze the results. Five years after dam removal, perceptions of water quality, swimming, paddling, fishing, and wildlife viewing increased, and the percentage of people saying the river was part of their family's life increased. Participation in walking/hiking also increased, but participation in boat fishing decreased, and the frequency of canoeing/kayaking declined. The observed effects were confirmed by ex‐post key informant interviews. Additional studies are needed to understand the full range of social effects from dam removals and river restoration activities and to improve our general understanding of the social aspects of ecological restoration activities.
Analysis of SARS‐CoV‐2 haplotypes and genomic sequences during 2020 in Victoria, Australia, in the context of putative deficits in innate immune deaminase anti‐viral responses
Authors: Lindley Robyn A. , Steele Edward J.
Published: September 2021

The SARS‐CoV‐2 epidemic infections in Australia during 2020 were small in number in epidemiological terms and are well described. The SARS‐CoV‐2 genomic sequence data of many infected patients have been largely curated in a number of publicly available databases, including the corresponding epidemiological data made available by the Victorian Department of Health and Human Services. We have critically analysed the available SARS‐CoV‐2 haplotypes and genomic sequences in the context of putative deficits in innate immune APOBEC and ADAR deaminase anti‐viral responses. It is now known that immune impaired elderly co‐morbid patients display clear deficits in interferon type 1 (α/β) and III (λ) stimulated innate immune gene cascades, of which APOBEC and ADAR induced expression are part. These deficiencies may help explain some of the clear genetic patterns in SARS‐CoV‐2 genomes isolated in Victoria, Australia, during the 2nd Wave (June–September, 2020). We tested the hypothesis that predicted lowered innate immune APOBEC and ADAR anti‐viral deaminase responses in a significant proportion of elderly patients would be consistent with/reflected in a low level of observed mutagenesis in many isolated SARS‐CoV‐2 genomes. Our findings are consistent with this expectation. The analysis also supports the conclusions of the Victorian government's Department of Health that essentially one variant or haplotype infected Victorian aged care facilities where the great majority (79%) of all 820 SARS‐CoV‐2 associated deaths occurred. The implications of our data analysis for other localized epidemics and efficient coronavirus vaccine design and delivery are discussed.
Morphological study on the origin of the semitendinosus muscle in the long head of biceps femoris
Authors: Farfán Emilio , Rojas Santiago , Olivé‐Vilás Ramón , Rodríguez‐Baeza Alfonso
Published: September 2021

Hamstring muscle injuries are the most prevalent among athletes who engage in sprinting activities. Their most frequent location is where the long head of the biceps femoris joins with the semitendinosus muscle to form the conjoint hamstring tendon. Just distal to this area, an additional group of fibers of the semitendinosus originate from medial aspect of biceps femoris. The objective of this study was to analyze the morphological characteristics of this union and to discuss its potential role in hamstring tears.

Anatomical dissection was performed on 35 thighs. Samples obtained from this region were sectioned and stained with Masson's trichrome for further histological evaluation.

A group of fibers from the semitendinosus muscle originating from the long head of the biceps femoris were observed in all 35 specimens. This origin was located 67 ± 12 mm from the ischial tuberosity and was 32 ± 14 mm in length. This group of muscle fibers had a width of 10.9 ± 5.3 mm and a thickness in the anteroposterior axis of 3.2 ± 1.4 mm. Its pennation angle was 9.2 ± 1.5 degrees. Microscopic examination showed muscle cells from both muscles contacting interposed tendinous tissue.

In conclusion, fibers of the semitendinosus muscle consistently arise from the proximal aspect of the long head of biceps femoris. The morphological characteristics of this junction have functional implications. The horizontal component of the semitendinosus vector could pull the long head of the biceps femoris medially during its shortening—lengthening cycle, rendering it an intrinsic risk factor for hamstring injuries.