bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalencia de síndrome de burnout en alumnos del séptimo año de medicina de una universidad privada de Lima, Perú.
Authors: Estela-Villa Luis M. , Jiménez-Román Carlos R. , Landeo-Gutiérrez Jeremy S. , Tomateo-Torvisco Jorge David , Vega-Dienstmaier Johann Martín
Published: March 2016

El síndrome de burnout (SBO) se ha descrito como una entidad patológica común entre los médicos y que podríaoriginarse durante su formación académica. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia y los factores asociados al SBO enalumnos de medicina del séptimo año de la Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH). Material y Métodos: Serealizó un estudio transversal con los estudiantes de medicina del séptimo año de la UPCH (n=117) durante diciembre del 2010. Se empleó dos encuestas autoadministradas anónimas, una sobre características sociodemográficas y laborales y otra, la escala Maslach Burnout Inventory en su versión Human Services Survey validada en español. Resultados: Se encontró una prevalencia de SBO de 57,2% (n=59). Más de la mitad de la población presentó niveles medio  o  alto  en  despersonalización  (DP)  (68,9%  [n=71])  y  agotamiento  emocional  (AE)  (67%  [n  =69])  y aproximadamente un tercio de los estudiantes tuvieron baja realización personal (RP) (35% [n=36]). No se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre las variables sociodemográficas y laborales estudiadas y la presenciade SBO. La presencia de enfermedad mental se asoció a niveles altos de DP y AE,  mientras la ausencia de actividadesextracurriculares se asoció a elevados puntajes en AE. Conclusiones: El SBO estuvo presente en más de la mitad delos internos de medicina de la UPCH. La presencia de enfermedad mental y ausencia de actividades extracurriculares se asociaron a las dimensiones del SBO. (Rev Neuropsiquiatr 2010;73:147-156).
Seguín y la psicoterapia: Aspectos de su vida y obra
Authors: Peña K. Saúl
Published: March 2016

Este trabajo es expresión de mi gratitud hacia mi maestro, profesor Carlos Alberto Seguín, auténtico precursor delpsicoanálisis en el Perú, así como de nuestra relación significativa y trascendente, su Weltanschauung sigue viva yestimula mi interioridad en una mutualidad creativa, consciente e inconsciente; de estar juntos, diferenciados,individualizados y separados; en un Eros y un Tánatos psicopedagógicos, psicoterapéuticos, humanos, libres yéticos. Seguín no solo sabía sino que sabía enseñar, en la integridad, la plenitud y la belleza. El amor para él es unelemento fundamental en su ser y hacer (Eros psicoterapéutico). Hay que ser capaces de dar y de darse, de amar y de pensar despertando vida interior. Comprender es mantener el espíritu abierto sin prejuicios ni rigideces, con ansia de descubrir, con una pasión lúcida, con el intento de encontrar respuesta a interrogantes, enigmas y misterios para aliviar el sufrimiento del hombre, integrando pasado y presente, favoreciendo el futuro.  Para Carlos Alberto Seguínes tremendamente importante la relación con el paciente. Su orientación es de una medicina humanista, de ver alpaciente como una totalidad de alma y cuerpo frente a problemas de vida y muerte, reales y simbólicos, restaurandoel equilibrio perdido. Puente que une la terapia con la cultura.  Concluye este trabajo el poema “El crimen y el castigo del crimen” del libro El Profeta de Khalil Gibran, que el doctor Seguín tradujo con sensibilidad y empatía. (RevNeuropsiquiatr 2010;73:164-169).
Síndrome de Townes-Brocks, depresión y adicción a inhalantes: a propósito de un caso.
Authors: Lozano-Vargas Antonio , Luna-León Fernando
Published: March 2016

El síndrome de Townes-Brocks (TBS) es un trastorno autosómico dominante con múltiples malformaciones y deexpresión variable. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 22 años de edad con malformaciones en el oído externo,ano imperforado, riñones en herradura,  desviación cubital del pulgar, sindactilia en los dedos de ambos pies,estrabismo, útero bicorne y retardo mental; quien desarrolló distimia, depresión mayor y adicción a inhalantes. (RevNeuropsiquiatr 2010;73:170-175).
Depresión y creatividad literaria: A cien años del nacimiento de José María Arguedas.
Authors: Stucchi-Portocarrero Santiago
Published: March 2016

A propósito del centenario del natalicio del escritor y etnólogo peruano José María Arguedas, se describe la influenciade la sintomatología depresiva que padeció a lo largo de su vida -y que lo llevó finalmente al suicidio-, sobre su obraliteraria, caracterizada por la nostalgia, la injusticia, la marginalidad y una visión tormentosa de la sexualidad. (RevNeuropsiquiatr 2011;73:209-212).
Association between altered proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) findings and clinical symptoms of schizophrenia.
Authors: Ambros Senair Alberto , Abreu Paulo Belmonte , Ferreira Eloísa Elena , Ferreira Pdro Eugenio , Ambros Luciana Estacia
Published: March 2016

Objective: To assess the metabolic alterations of the thalamus in subjects with schizophrenia compared to healthysubjects and to investigate whether specific schizophrenic symptoms are associated with metabolic alterationsmeasured by 1H MRS. Methods: This is a case-control study including patients with schizophrenia diagnosed usingthe Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Fourth Edition, DMS-IV and the Operational CriteriaChecklist for Psychotic Illness (OPCRIT). Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) was used to assessmetabolite concentrations (N-acetylaspartate, choline, creatinine, myoionositol and lactacte) in the left and rightthalamus of 13 patients with schizophrenia and 13 healthy controls. Results: In this study, concentrations ofspecific metabolites in the thalamus, determined by 1H MRS, were similar for individuals with schizophrenia andcontrols. It was observed that cases with family history of schizophrenia and disorganized speech demonstrated areduction in the ratio of the metabolites NAA /Cho in the thalamic nuclei on the right side. However, those withorganized delusions, hallucinations and non-affective auditory hallucinations had an increase of metabolites on theright side compared to the left thalamus. Decreased thalamic metabolic activity in patients with positive symptomswas observed in contrast with those who had well-organized delusions and auditory non-affective hallucinations,core symptoms of schizophrenia. Conclusion: A lateralized thalamic involvement was verified, suggesting thatorganic and genetic factors compromise the right thalamus and that the disorganization associated with delusionsand hallucinations compromises the left thalamic nuclei. Further studies to investigate the correlation betweensymptoms and thalamic dysfunction are warranted. (Rev Neuropsiquiatr 2011;74:183-190)
Conocimientos respecto a la identificación y manejo del trastorno depresivo mayor en internos y residentes de medicina de la Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia en el año 2011.
Authors: Inurritegui-Cattaneo María José , Juárez-Chávez Elisa , Vega-Dienstmaier Johann
Published: March 2016

Objetivos: Explorar los conocimientos de los internos de medicina y residentes de especialidades médicas de laUniversidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia acerca del diagnóstico y tratamiento del trastorno depresivo mayor.Metodología: Se realizó un estudio transversal durante enero y febrero de 2011. Se elaboró un cuestionario paraevaluar conocimientos acerca del diagnóstico y manejo de depresión mayor, el cual fue validado mediante revisiónde jueces y luego se hizo un piloto con ex-alumnos de medicina egresados el año 2010. Posteriormente se aplicaronlos cuestionarios a 36 médicos residentes de medicina y 82 internos. Resultados: El 91,5% de los participantesrealizó una correcta impresión diagnóstica de depresión mayor, el 97% consideró que sí debía darse tratamientofarmacológico, pero sólo el 48,8% de internos y 33,3% de residentes prescribió una terapéutica correcta. Losantidepresivos mencionados como primera línea fueron los inhibidores selectivos de la recaptación de serotonina(91,2%), siendo el de mayor preferencia, la sertralina (65,4%), seguida de la fluoxetina (24%). Más del 90% de losparticipantes sugirió adicionar un tratamiento no farmacológico y una interconsulta a otro servicio. En relación alconocimiento sobre cómo elegir el antidepresivo, vemos que el promedio de respuestas acertadas por los internosfue de 3,8 (DE=1,99) mientras que entre los residentes, el promedio de respuestas correctas fue de 3,08 (DE=1,56).Conclusiones: No hay mayor dificultad para realizar un correcto diagnóstico de depresión mayor, tanto en internoscomo en residentes, sin embargo hay deficiencias para la prescripción de un tratamiento completo adecuado. (RevNeuropsiquiatr 2011;74:200-208).
Carlat D. Unhinged: The Trouble with Psychiatry - A Doctor’s Revelations about a Profession in Crisis. New York: Free Press; 2010. p. 272.
Authors: Cruzado Lizardo
Published: March 2016

Revisión de libro
Diagnóstico de depresión por médicos generales.
Authors: Castillo Aitor
Published: March 2016

CArta
Adicción a biperideno y síndrome anticolinérgico: A propósito de un caso.
Authors: Fiestas Luis , Tomateo-Torvisco Jorge , Masías-Arias Lubeth , Masías-Arias Lubeth
Published: March 2016

Se reporta el caso de un paciente de 46 años de edad, con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia, en tratamiento desde los 26 años, con trifluoperazina y decanoato de flufenazina y uso concomitante de biperideno por los efectos adversos, que desarrolló dependencia al biperideno llegando a tomar, en la última semana antes de su hospitalización 14 mg diarios. El día de su ingreso tomó 20 mg, desarrollando un cuadro compatible con síndrome anticolinérgico, que se complicó con hiponatremia severa, acidosis metabólica con alcalosis respiratoria, leucocitosis, fiebre y elevación de la creatinfosfoquinasa, por lo que la impresión diagnóstica inicial fue de síndrome neuroléptico maligno. Su evolución fue favorable, saliendo de alta a la semana.
Manifestaciones neuro-psiquiátricas en una paciente con traumatismo encéfalo-craneano.
Authors: Chirinos-Montes Nataly , Contreras-Toledo Débora , Lozano-Vargas Antonio
Published: March 2016

Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 18 años de edad quien luego de sufrir un traumatismo encéfalo-craneanosevero exacerba sus rasgos impulsivos de personalidad y desarrolla desinhibición sexual, agresividad, perseveración,delusiones, amnesia, síndrome depresivo y maniforme.
Duración del sueño en estudiantes de medicina durante las evaluaciones semestrales finales: Un estudio piloto.
Authors: Loyola-Sosa Steev , Osada Jorge
Published: March 2016

Objetivo: Describir la duración del sueño en estudiantes de medicina durante días académicos regulares y días previosa las evaluaciones semestrales finales. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio piloto descriptivo transversal.Participaron 40 estudiantes de la facultad de medicina de una universidad privada peruana. Se desarrolló, estandarizóy aplicó una encuesta estructurada enfocada en evaluar horas de sueño y estudio. Resultados: Se observó una altafrecuencia (58,97%, 23/39) de estudiantes que presentaban regularmente una cantidad de horas de sueño alterada.Se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p<0,01) entre las horas de sueño durante un periodo de48 horas en un ciclo académico regular (media=12,90; IC95% 11,95-13,85) y las correspondientes a las 48 horasprevias a una evaluación final semestral (media=10,39; IC95% 8,98-11,79). Conclusiones: La alteración del sueñoes común en estudiantes de medicina y podría afectar de manera importante su salud física y mental. Debido a ello,es necesario realizar estudios que evalúen su origen e impacto sobre el rendimiento académico y la salud estudiantil.
Síntomas físicos en pacientes con trastornos de ansiedad y depresión que acuden a la consulta externa de psiquiatría del Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia.
Authors: Fiestas-Teque Luis , Vega-Dienstmaier Johann
Published: March 2016

Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de síntomas somáticos y comorbilidades físicas en los pacientes con trastornosde ansiedad y depresión que acuden a la consulta externa de psiquiatría del Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia.Métodos: A 100 pacientes con estos diagnósticos se les aplicó el Cuestionario de Salud del Paciente-15 (PHQ-15) yun cuestionario de evaluación de síntomas físicos por entrevista directa. Resultados: El 67% de participantes fueronmujeres. Según la entrevista directa, los principales síntomas fueron los dolorosos: cefalea (74,9%), dorsalgia(61,2%) y cervicalgia (59,6%). Otros síntomas importantes fueron: indigestión o gases (75,3%), boca seca (55%),disminución de la libido (51,3%), polaquiuria (50%), parestesias (49%), vértigos o mareos (47,5%) y bochornos(47,4%). La principal comorbilidad física fue gastritis crónica (8%). El puntaje del PHQ-15 de los pacientes concomorbilidad entre trastornos ansiosos y depresivos (13,65 ± 4,97) fue significativamente mayor que el de lospacientes con sólo trastornos depresivos (10,28 ± 4,64; p=0,01) y que el de los pacientes con sólo trastornosansiosos (10,57 ± 5,66; p=0,026). Conclusiones: Se encontró síntomas somáticos en la mayoría de los casos, conpredominio de los síntomas dolorosos y generales, tal como lo reporta la literatura. La comorbilidad entre trastornosde ansiedad y depresión se relaciona con un mayor nivel de síntomas físicos.
Epilepsia post ictus.
Authors: Toro-Pérez Juan E. , Villafuerte Mirla V. , Burneo Jorge G.
Published: March 2016

En las personas mayores de 60 años, el ictus es la causa más frecuente de epilepsia. La tasa global de epilepsia postictus varía del 2% al 4%. La localización cortical y el tamaño de la isquemia son los factores que están asociadoscon crisis epilépticas post ictus. Las crisis epilépticas de inicio tardío se asocian frecuentemente con el desarrollode epilepsia post ictus, siendo su principal manifestación clínica las convulsiones parciales con generalizaciónsecundaria. Además de los estudios de imagen, el electroencefalograma es de considerable ayuda durante el inicio de crisis, así como durante el seguimiento, donde el patrón más frecuente son ondas lentas focales. El tratamiento con drogas antiepilépticas debe iniciarse con bajas dosis, y lentamente incrementarlas hasta alcanzar la dosis efectiva.Los nuevos fármacos son los preferidos, debido a su baja tasa de efectos colaterales.
A 60 años de la clorpromazina
Authors: Cruzado L.
Published: March 2016

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Algunos factores relacionados con el trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad en niños en edad escolar del distrito de Trujillo, Perú.
Authors: Tirado-Hurtado B.C. , Salirrosas-Alegría C. , Armas-Fava L. , Asenjo-Pérez C.
Published: March 2016

Objetivo: Determinar los factores familiares y biológicos relacionados con el trastorno por déficit de atención conhiperactividad (TDAH) en escolares del distrito de Trujillo. Material y métodos:Se realizó un estudio transversal,con una población de escolares entre 6 y 12 años. El muestreo se realizó por medio de la estimación de proporciones;el diseño fue combinado entre el estratificado, el conglomerado y el aleatorio simple, con una muestra de 390niños. Se aplicó un test diagnóstico a padres y maestros, además de investigarse los factores familiares y biológicos.Se utilizó la prueba no paramétrica Chi cuadrado con nivel de significancia de 0,05 para determinar la relaciónentre los factores y el trastorno. Resultados: La frecuencia del TDAH fue del 9,74%, con predominio en el sexomasculino (63,2%) y en el grupo etario entre 8 y 10 años (39,5%). El TDAH tipo mixto fue el más frecuente. Losantecedentes psiquiátricos en la familia relacionados fueron hiperactividad, trastorno bipolar y esquizofrenia. Losfactores biológicos relacionados fueron: amenaza de aborto (23%), tabaquismo (7,8%), prematuridad (13,2%), bajopeso al nacer (18,4%) y asfixia (23,6%). Conclusiones: Los factores familiares relacionados con el TDAH fueronlos antecedentes psiquiátricos, y los biológicos fueron amenaza de aborto, tabaquismo, prematuridad, bajo peso alnacer y asfixia.
Value of an Insecticide Added to a Fungicide for Soybean during Drought
Authors: Nelson K. A. , Tindall K. V. , Wrather J. A. , Stevens W. E. , Dudenhoeffer C. J.
Published: March 2016

Due to pesticide application costs, many farmers will commonly tank mix a low‐cost pyrethroid insecticide with a fungicide to save an application cost. Research was conducted at Novelty and Portageville, MO, in 2011 and 2012 to evaluate the impact of an insecticide (lambda‐cyhalothrin at 0.025 lb a.i./acre) plus fungicide (pyraclostrobin at 0.098 lb a.i./acre) application at the R3 and R5 stages of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] development compared with insecticide applications made at threshold insect populations. Insect pest populations included 21 different types, while beneficial insects totaled 13 groups over the R3 to R7 insect monitoring period. At both locations, rainfall was below normal and none of the threshold monitored treatments reached insect pest populations that warranted an insecticide application during the 2 years of this research. An insecticide application at R3 decreased pest and beneficial insect populations compared with the nontreated control, while the R5 insecticide application decreased insect pest populations, but had no significant effect on beneficial insects (P = 0.13). There was no significant difference (P = 0.3) in grain yields for the insecticide and/or fungicide treatments at the four moderate‐yielding (38.4–40.2 bu/acre) site‐years. Scouting for insect pests was extremely important to avoid unnecessary crop production expenses especially in drought years where crop yields may be lower than normal.
Global Access to Maize Germplasm Provided by the US National Plant Germplasm System and by US Plant Breeders
Authors: Kurtz Bradley , Gardner Candice A. C. , Millard Mark J. , Nickson Thomas , Smith J. Stephen C.
Published: March 2016

Access to high‐yielding germplasm increases agricultural productivity. Plant Variety Protection (PVP) is the most globally used form of Intellectual Property Protection. Commercially available varieties protected solely by PVP can be accessed for further breeding within the country or region of protection. Unlike the practice in most other countries, the USDA has a policy of providing parental inbred lines of hybrids into the public domain following expiration of their protection by PVP. Parental lines and varieties protected by utility patents are also available in the public domain following expiration of protection. These distributions represent fresh opportunities for researchers, hybrid seed producers and plant breeders, nationally and internationally. As a contribution to the continuing debate over ownership and access to plant germplasm we report distributions of maize (Zea mays L.) by the US National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS). During 1988–2015 the NPGS distributed 251,926 packets to 7,582 requestors, fulfilling 10,432 orders. Distributions were primarily to US entities (87%), with 32,520 (13%) to a total of 79 foreign countries. Of the total NPGS maize distributions reported here, 45,968 (18%) were expired or off‐PVP germplasm. We hope that access provided to this germplasm will act as a reminder that the primary benefit of the Multilateral System under the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) is indeed that of having facilitated global access to germplasm and that this concept will remain an important guiding principle during further implementation of the Treaty.
Genotype and Nitrogen Effects over Maize Kernel Hardness and Endosperm Zein Profiles
Authors: Gerde José A. , Tamagno Santiago , Di Paola Juan C. , Borrás Lucas
Published: March 2016

Maize (Zea mays L.) kernel hardness is of utmost importance for dry‐milling processors. Zeins, maize prolamins, are known to be key proteins affecting this trait. We investigated the response of kernel zein profiles to N fertilization in maize hybrids with contrasting kernel hardness (measured as test weight, vitreousness, kernel density, and floaters percentage). A field experiment was done during two seasons, with three N fertilization treatments and four commercial hybrids with different hardness (two flint and two dent kernel types). We also measured yield, kernel protein concentration, and zein profiles (Z2, or γ and β, and Z1, or α and δ). Flint kernel type always yielded less and showed higher kernel hardness indicators when compared with dents (P < 0.01). N fertilization helped increase yield and kernel hardness in both kernel types. Flint kernel type had consistently more Z2 than dents, while only in 1 yr Z1 was higher in flints. Dent kernel type had a Z1/Z2 ratio similar to or higher than flints. Increasing N resulted in increased concentration of both zein types, but the effect was more pronounced on Z1. Significant correlations were observed between the different zein types (Z1 and Z2) and hardness indicators and total protein concentration, but Z2 showed the highest correlations with all kernel hardness traits. Our results expand previous knowledge on genotype and N fertilization effects over zein profiles and their involvement in kernel physical characteristics relevant for dry milling.
Cambodia’s Political Economy of Violence: Space, Time, and Genocide Under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–79
Authors: Tyner James
Published: March 2016

Between 1975 and 1979, approximately two million Cambodians died from exposure, disease, starvation, and execution under the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK), also known as the Khmer Rouge. The standard narrative interprets these murders as the brutal acts of a cadre of radical communist ideologues, bent on establishing a pure, despotic, and autarkic state. Using a Marxist approach to political economy, this paper challenges the standard narrative, finding that these killings were a consequence of the CPK’s attempt to establish a system of state capitalism that exploited workers through the production of increasing surpluses. This analysis reveals the particular and deliberate structural arrangements that made the deaths of millions a justifiable consequence. In so doing, we seek to highlight the broader benefits of a Marxist analysis of political economy in the study of genocide; notably its emphasis on the materiality of violence and its ability to expose the forms of social organization that produce mass violence.
How Does One Address the 100th Anniversary of the Armenian Genocide and Modern Denial?
Authors: Smith Roger W.
Published: March 2016

How does one commemorate a genocide that has been denied for a hundred years, and continues to be officially denied by the government of Turkey? The Republic of Armenia, and the foreign ministry in particular, chose to organize a Global Forum Against the Crime of Genocide in Yerevan on 22–23 April 2015. It involved several panels featuring the most prominent genocide scholars and included an in-depth discussion of denial. This exchange raised some interesting questions. Are we talking about new forms of denial or new tactics to advance denial? And if, as I argue, all modern regimes deny genocide, then where does that leave us: is genocide denial multiplying?
Between universalism and relativism: Reflections on the evolution of law and development studies
Authors: Trebilcock Michael
Published: March 2016

This paper traces the evolution in thinking among scholars and development agencies with respect to the relationship between law and development in the post-war period, in the context of the rise and fall of universal themes of development. For much of this period, universal theories of development prevailed, beginning with various versions of modernization, state-led theories of development that prevailed in the first three post-war decades and that often yielded disappointing outcomes. These were supplanted by in many respects the converse policy prescriptions: neo-liberal (‘Washington consensus’) policies that emphasized the role of markets and the limited capacity of governments in developing countries. These policies also often yielded disappointing outcomes. This perspective in turn was largely displaced in the 1990s by an emphasis on the role and quality of institutions in developing countries as a major determinant of their development prospects but, like prior universal theories of development, came to recognize, in the light of the mixed to poor record of donor-supported institutional reforms in many developing countries, that there is no general blueprint for the design of political, bureaucratic, and legal institutions in developing countries. The paper goes on to argue that while rejection of universal theories of development is generally to be welcomed, there are dangers in succumbing to an extreme form of relativism where each country ‘must write its own history.’ These dangers are illustrated by reference to the evolving and sometimes inconsistent views of two prominent law and development scholars – David Trubek and Brian Tamanaha – with respect to the role of the rule of law in development.
Effect of inbreeding on pollen tube growth in diploid and tetraploid Chamerion angustifolium: Do polyploids mask mutational load in pollen?
Authors: Husband Brian C.
Published: March 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:

Deleterious recessive mutations are an important determinant of fitness (mutational load) in the sporophytic phase of plants and a major cause of inbreeding depression; however, their role in gametophyte function is less well documented but may account for variation in pollen tube growth and siring ability, especially between diploid and polyploid plants, which can mask the load.

METHODS:

We investigated the role of mutational load in pollen performance using the perennial polyploid Chamerion angustifolium by comparing tube growth of pollen, in styles and in growth medium, from inbred (selfed) and outbred diploids to that of inbred and outbred tetraploids. Pollen from tetraploids is expected to mask deleterious mutations more effectively in the outbred condition but reveal them after inbreeding. In contrast, gametophytes from diploids should express the same genetic load in inbred or outbred plants.

KEY RESULTS:

Pollen tube growth measured in growth medium was highest in outbred tetraploids and generally lower in inbred than outbred plants. The effect of selfing was significant in pollen from tetraploids but not diploids. The differential effect of selfing was also evident in the proportion of pollen reaching the base of styles, but the ploidy × pollination interaction was not significant. Selfing also had a negative effect on sporophyte fitness but was greater in diploids than tetraploids.

CONCLUSIONS:

Pollen performance is influenced by the expression of mutational load, which is masked in polyploids. This effect may partly explain strong siring success of tetraploids in this species.
Pollen structure and function in caesalpinioid legumes
Authors: Banks Hannah , Rudall Paula J.
Published: March 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:

A diverse range of pollen morphologies occurs within the large, paraphyletic legume subfamily Caesalpinioideae, especially among early‐branching lineages. Previous studies have hypothesized an association between surface ornamentation and pollination syndrome or other aspects of pollen function such as desiccation tolerance and adaptations to accommodate volume changes.

METHODS:

We reviewed caesalpinioid pollen morphology using light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, in combination with a literature survey of pollination vectors.

KEY RESULTS:

Pollen structural diversity is greatest in the early‐branching tribes Cercideae and Detarieae, whereas Cassieae and Caesalpinieae are relatively low in pollen diversity. Functional structures to counter desiccation include opercula (lids) covering apertures and reduced aperture size. Structures preventing wall rupture during dehydration and rehydration include different forms of colpi (syncolpi, parasyncolpi, pseudocolpi), striate supratectal ornamentation, and columellate or granular wall structures that resist tensile or compressive forces respectively. Specialized aperture structures (Zwischenkörper) may be advantageous for efficient germination of the pollen tube.

CONCLUSIONS:

In Detarieae and Cercideae in particular, there is potential to utilize pollen characters to estimate pollination systems where these are unknown. Supratectal verrucae and gemmae have apparently evolved iteratively in Cercideae and Detarieae. At the species level, there is a potential correlation between striate/verrucate patterns and vertebrate pollination.
Studying activity in manual work: a framework for analysis and training
Authors: Le Bellu Sophie , Lahlou Saadi , Nosulenko Valery , Samoylenko Elena
Published: March 2016

Cet article présente une méthode d’étude des savoir-faire incorporés dans les activités de travail manuel, à des fins de transmission pédagogique en situation de formation professionnelle. Cette méthode s’adresse donc à une catégorie spécifique d’activité humaine, celle des gestes professionnels. Son développement est le fruit d’une recherche empirique menée au sein d’un grand groupe énergétique français, pour sa branche formation, afin de répondre au double besoin généré par le contexte organisationnel de renouvellement intergénérationnel ; à savoir, capitaliser les connaissances rares et critiques des experts, et être en capacité de les transmettre aux nouveaux arrivants par le biais de solutions de formation numériques innovantes. Le cadre d’analyse se veut avant tout centré sur la perspective de l’expert. Il propose une chaîne opérationnelle assurant le recueil, l’analyse, la formalisation et la transmission effective du savoir-faire tacite et/ou explicite sous-jacent à la réalisation d’un geste professionnel. S’appuyant sur les récents développements de l’ethnographie numérique subjective, le protocole de recueil imbrique des observations vidéo situées de l’activité, en première et troisième personne, avec plusieurs protocoles de verbalisations, dont un simultané à la réalisation du geste et orienté-but. La mise en lien des données « objectives » (observations vidéo) et « subjectives » (ce que l’expert pense et dit) est assurée sur la base : des cadres d’analyse proposés par les théories de l’activité, afin de structurer l’activité ; et d’une approche dite de « qualité perçue ». Cette dernière vise à dégager les dimensions naturelles issues de la perception des affordances du contexte par les participants dont on étudie l’activité. L’application de cette méthode globale permet à l’analyste de construire un modèle cognitif du geste à transmettre. Ce dernier, assorti du matériel vidéo et verbal recueilli, sert de structure de base à la réalisation d’un support didactique véhiculant l’expérience réelle de l’expert.
Achieving Potent Autologous Neutralizing Antibody Responses against Tier 2 HIV-1 Viruses by Strategic Selection of Envelope Immunogens
Authors: Hessell Ann J. , Malherbe Delphine C. , Pissani Franco , McBurney Sean , Krebs Shelly J. , Gomes Michelle , Pandey Shilpi , Sutton William F. , Burwitz Benjamin J. , Gray Matthew , Robins Harlan , Park Byung S. , Sacha Jonah B. , LaBranche Celia C. , Fuller Deborah H. , Montefiori David C. , Stamatatos Leonidas , Sather D. Noah , Haigwood Nancy L.
Published: March 2016

Advancement in immunogen selection and vaccine design that will rapidly elicit a protective Ab response is considered critical for HIV vaccine protective efficacy. Vaccine-elicited Ab responses must therefore have the capacity to prevent infection by neutralization-resistant phenotypes of transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses that establish infection in humans. Most vaccine candidates to date have been ineffective at generating Abs that neutralize T/F or early variants. In this study, we report that coimmunizing rhesus macaques with HIV-1 gp160 DNA and gp140 trimeric protein selected from native envelope gene sequences (envs) induced neutralizing Abs against Tier 2 autologous viruses expressing cognate envelope (Env). The Env immunogens were selected from envs emerging during the earliest stages of neutralization breadth developing within the first 2 years of infection in two clade B–infected human subjects. Moreover, the IgG responses in macaques emulated the targeting to specific regions of Env known to be associated with autologous and heterologous neutralizing Abs developed within the human subjects. Furthermore, we measured increasing affinity of macaque polyclonal IgG responses over the course of the immunization regimen that correlated with Tier 1 neutralization. In addition, we report firm correlations between Tier 2 autologous neutralization and Tier 1 heterologous neutralization, as well as overall TZM-bl breadth scores. Additionally, the activation of Env-specific follicular helper CD4 T cells in lymphocytes isolated from inguinal lymph nodes of vaccinated macaques correlated with Tier 2 autologous neutralization. These results demonstrate the potential for native Env derived from subjects at the time of neutralization broadening as effective HIV vaccine elements.
Modification of Antigen Impacts on Memory Quality after Adenovirus Vaccination
Authors: Colston Julia M. , Bolinger Beatrice , Cottingham Matthew G. , Gilbert Sarah , Klenerman Paul
Published: March 2016

The establishment of robust T cell memory is critical for the development of novel vaccines for infections and cancers. Classical memory generated by CD8+ T cells is characterized by contracted populations homing to lymphoid organs. T cell memory inflation, as seen for example after CMV infection, is the maintenance of expanded, functional, tissue-associated effector memory cell pools. Such memory pools may also be induced after adenovirus vaccination, and we recently defined common transcriptional and phenotypic features of these populations in mice and humans. However, the rules that govern which epitopes drive memory inflation compared with classical memory are not fully defined, and thus it is not currently possible to direct this process. We used our adenoviral model of memory inflation to first investigate the role of the promoter and then the role of the epitope context in determining memory formation. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that conventional memory could be converted to inflationary memory by simple presentation of the Ag in the form of minigene vectors. When epitopes from LacZ and murine CMV that normally induce classical memory responses were presented as minigenes, they induced clear memory inflation. These data demonstrate that, regardless of the transgene promoter, the polypeptide context of a CD8+ T cell epitope may determine whether classical or inflating memory responses are induced. The ability to direct this process by the use of minigenes is relevant to the design of vaccines and understanding of immune responses to pathogens.
Cognitive Theory of Markedness and Native Language Transfer
Authors: Deng Liang
Published: March 2016

In the process of second language acquisition (SLA), such phenomena as some linguistic knowledge in the target language is much easier to acquire than others in SLA and some linguistic knowledge in native language is apt to be transferred are prevailing. To account for these phenomena, markedness theory is introduced and attempts to provide a plausible explanation. In particular, cognitive theory of markedness, or rather, prototypicality has proven to be effective and powerful in predicting the transferability of native language. This paper tries to offer a brief introduction of markedness theory and its recent development, prototypicality and conduct a review on related achievements gained in the studies of native language transfer in SLA. At the same time, shortcomings of current researches as well as prospect of future researches in this field will be pointed out.
Towards Building an Early Warning Model to Predict the Financial Crises of Jordanian Islamic Banks
Authors: AL- Huneiti Hana , ABD AL-GHANI YOUSEF HANI
Published: March 2016

This study aimed to build an early warning model to predict financial crisis at the Jordanian Islamic banks during (2000-2013). So, the study included thirteen independent variables, and four dependent variables.

Among the most important findings of the study there is no significant Effect of the economic indicators and indicators of the financial performance of the financial crisis, as measured by the real exchange rate due to growing confidence in the dinar, achievements of monetary stability reflected positively on the Jordanian economy, and the international reserves due to the central bank's policy to keep a basket of foreign currencies as reflected positively on the Jordanian economy. While total bank deposits is due to the adoption of central bank control policy and legislative prudent on the banking system, an increasing demand for Islamic banks in light of the crisis, which was reflected positively on the increased size deposits in particular. Finally, total bank reserves is due to the retention of Islamic banks with capital and high reserves, protected from exposure to any financial crisis. The most important, as recommended by the study, is that Islamic banks are advised to use these four models as an early warning system protects them from exposure to any risks arising from the financial crisis.
Stochastic Food Deprivation has no Effect on Cellular Immunity in the Striped Field Mouse (Apodemus agrarius)
Authors: Xu De-Li , Bi Shi-Jia , Hu Xiao-Kai , Zhang Kai-Yue , Lu Ying-Jie , Li Dan , Wang Liu-Hong , Yao Cong-Min , Wang Shan-Shan , Guo Qi
Published: March 2016

Immune system protects animals from the attack of pathogens, which is crucial to their survival and fitness. Small mammals in the temperate area are confronted with unpredictable food shortage frequently due to the fluctuation of food resources seasonally. Our previous research has shown that stochastic food deprivation (FD) increases T cell-mediated immunity in Kunming mice. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that stochastic food deprivation would also increase T cell-mediated immunity in the striped field mouse. Nine female striped field mouse were randomly divided into the Fed (n = 5) and FD (n = 4) groups, in which the latter were subjected to stochastic FD regime. Contrary to our expectation, stochastic food deprivation had no significant effect on phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) response indicative of T cell-mediated immunity in striped field mouse compared with the fed controls. Moreover, body mass, body fat mass, wet thymus and spleen mass, white blood cells and blood glucose levels did not differ between the Fed and FD groups. Taken together, the striped field mouse could maintain stable cellular immunity in face of unpredictable food shortage.
Synthesis of 4,4‐Dimethoxybut‐1‐Yne
Authors: Deng James , Wang Yu‐Pu , Danheiser* Rick L.
Published: March 2016

4,4‐Dimethoxybut‐1‐yne is a valuable difunctional synthetic building block which incorporates a masked aldehyde carbonyl group and terminal alkyne within a four‐carbon chain. To date this versatile synthon has found application as a key intermediate in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds, functionalized alkenes, and several classes of biomolecules including carbohydrates, polyketides, and lipids. This article reports an efficient route to the formation of 4,4‐dimethoxybut‐1‐yne, which was employed as a key building block in the tandem benzannulation/cyclization strategy for the synthesis of highly substituted indoles developed.
Preparation of Crystalline (Diisopinocampheyl)Borane
Authors: Abbott Jason R. , Allais Christophe , Roush* William R.
Published: March 2016

(Diisopinocampheyl)borane ((Ipc)
2
BH) is a useful chiral organoborane reagent for asymmetric synthesis. (Ipc)
2
BH has been widely used in hydroboration reactions with alkenes leading, after oxidation of the resulting B–C, bond to enantioenriched secondary alcohols. This article describes the significant enhancement of enantiomeric purity of (Ipc)
2
BH, to 97% ee, in comparison to the considerably lower enantiomeric purity of the commercially available, inexpensive (α)‐pinene starting materials.
Palladium‐Catalyzed β‐Selective

C(sp
3
)–H

Arylation of
N
‐Boc‐Piperidines
Authors: Millet Anthony , Baudoin*1 Olivier
Published: March 2016

3‐Arylpiperidines are important building blocks in pharmaceutical research. They are usually synthesized through the construction of the piperidine ring or the reduction of a 3‐arylpyridine precursor, because the inert character of the C–H bonds in β‐position to the nitrogen atom is commonly thought to preclude direct β‐functionalization. Palladium‐catalyzed migrative Negishi coupling was developed to directly access 3‐aryl‐
N
‐Boc‐piperidines in good to excellent selectivity, and with yields between 43 and 76%. The design of a new flexible phenylpyrrole‐based phosphine ligand proved to be a key element to induce both efficiency and β‐selectivity.
Preparation of Mono‐Cbz Protected Guanidines
Authors: Kwon Kihyeok , Haussener Travis J. , Looper* Ryan E.
Published: March 2016

The article discusses the synthesis of mono‐N‐acylguanidines, via acylation with acid chlorides or anhydrides is often complicated by over acylation due to the increased acidity of the initially formed mono‐N‐acylguanidine. Alternatively they can be accessed by the controlled hydrolysis of diacyl‐protected guanidines. Several methods have also been developed for their synthesis fromN‐acyl‐thioureas orN‐acyl‐pseudothioureas. The use of the monoprotected versions of the pyrazole transfer reagent have also been reported, but are unreactive or poorly reactive toward amines because of their decreased electrophilicity. The differentially protected pyrazole transfer reagent can be employed followed by removal of the Boc or Cbz protecting group.
Copper(
II
) Triflate as Additive in Low Loading
Au(I)
‐Catalyzed Hydroalkylation of Unactivated Alkenes
Authors: Fang Weizhen , Presset Marc , Guérinot Amandine , Bour Christophe , Bezzenine‐Lafollée* Sophie , Gandon* Vincent
Published: March 2016

The use of copper salts as additives in Au(I)‐catalyzed reactions allows the gradual delivery of [LAu]
+
from a reservoir of stable LAuX. With the Au/Cu catalytic system, it becomes possible to carry out gram‐scale reactions in a small amount of solvent, even at elevated temperature, without observing the formation of Au(0). Since then, we have worked on the scope of this Au/Cu catalytic system. The practical features of this method, including its operational simplicity, make it an expedient alternative to traditional methods.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Direct Oxidative Alkenylation of Arenes Through Twofold CH Bond Functionalization in Water: Synthesis of Ethyl (E)‐3‐(2‐Acetamido‐4‐Methylphenyl)Acrylate
Authors: Wang Lianhui , Rauch Karsten , Lygin Alexander V. , Kozhushkov Sergei I. , Ackermann* Lutz
Published: March 2016

The article discusses the synthesis of ethyl (E)‐3‐(2‐acetamido‐4‐methylphenyl)acrylate. Tremendous development in direct olefinations through twofold C–H bond functionalization of arenes and heteroarenes with readily accessible, selective, and rather inexpensive ruthenium catalysts have witnessed. Ruthenium(II)‐catalyzed oxidative alkenylations (a) of benzanilides and benzoic acids, (b) with electron‐withdrawing/ donating coordinating substituents, (c) with heterocyclic directing groups and (d) with heteroarenes have discussed.
Synthesis of Phosphoryl Ynamides by Copper‐Catalyzed Alkynylation of Phosphoramidates. Preparation of Diethyl Benzyl(oct‐1‐yn‐1‐yl)phosphoramidate
Authors: Read John M. , Wang Yu‐Pu , Danheiser* Rick L.
Published: March 2016

The article has focused on the application of
N
‐phosphoryl ynamides in [2 + 2] cycloadditions with ketenes where we have observed their reaction to occur at a rate as much as an order of magnitude faster than that of the corresponding
N
‐carbomethoxy ynamides. Synthesis of phosphoramidate by reaction of benzylamine with an iodophosphate generated in situ via the modified Todd‐Atherton procedure introduced by Mielniczak and Łopusinski. Synthesis of ynamides via copper‐promoted coupling of haloalkynes with several classes of amide derivatives. The extension of this chemistry to the
N
‐alkynylation of phosphoramidates was introduced by Hsung and coworkers in 2011 and provides a convenient and efficient method for the preparation of this class of ynamides.
Synthesis of 2‐Azido‐1,3‐Dimethylimidazolinium Hexafluorophosphate (
ADMP
)
Authors: Kitamura* Mitsuru , Murakami Kento
Published: March 2016

2‐Azido‐1,3‐dimethylimidazolinium hexafluorophosphate (ADMP) is safe and stable crystalline solid, and show efficient diazo‐transfer ability to primary amines. ADMP is not very hygroscopic and can be stored in a freezer (at –10 °C) for at least two months. Impact sensitivity tests and friction sensitivity tests showed that ADMP is not explosive in the test ranges. The exothermic decomposition of ADMP was observed through differential scanning calorimetry experiments from approximately 200 °C. These results suggest that ADMP can be safely used below its decomposition temperature, preferably below 100 °C in order to allow an appropriate safety margin.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Buchwald‐Hartwig Amination and Suzuki‐MiyauraCross‐Coupling Reaction of Aryl Mesylates
Authors: Wong Shun Man , Choy Pui Ying , Yuen On Ying , So* Chau Ming , Kwong* Fuk Yee
Published: March 2016

This report discusses the synthesis and applications of CM‐phos, which showed excellent catalytic activities towards the first palladium‐catalyzed amination and Suzuki coupling reaction of aryl mesylates. Aryl mesylates can be easily accessed from phenols, owing to their lower molecular mass, and cross‐coupling reactions utilizing these reagents have the advantage of higher atom economy than those employing the corresponding aryl tosylates. However, their relatively inert leaving‐group activity, with respect to tosylates, has limited their applications in coupling reactions. Thus, this area remains highly challenging as mesylates are regarded as the least active sulfonate leaving group.
Zirconium (
IV
) Chloride Catalyzed Amide Formation From Carboxylic Acid and Amine: (
S
)‐
tert
‐Butyl 2‐(Benzylcarbamoyl)Pyrrolidine‐1‐Carboxylate
Authors: Tinnis1 Fredrik , Lundberg1 Helena , Kivijärvi1 Tove , Adolfsson1* Hans
Published: March 2016

The procedure described herein is a direct amide coupling of nonactivated carboxylic acids and amines catalyzed by zirconium (IV) chloride. The amide functionality is of major importance in many scientific areas, for example in material science, chemistry, and biology. The amide functionality is one of the most synthesized within the pharmaceutical industry, and it has been estimated that 25% of the pharmaceutical compounds available on the market contain at least one amide bond. The importance of the amide bond is further emphasized by the fact that 2/3 of 128 drug candidates covered in a survey from Process Chemistry R&D departments of GlaxoSmithKline, AstraZeneca and Pfizer in 2006 made use of amide couplings. This method described is a mild and selective metal‐catalyzed protocol, giving rise to high yields of the desired products at moderate reaction temperatures, and without racemizing chiral amino acids. The method stems from our recent work where we have shown that early transition metal complexes such as ZrCl
4
or Ti(OPr

i

)
4
are excellent catalysts for a range of substrates, including the formation of both secondary and tertiary amides, as well as chiral amides.
Aminocarbonylation Using Electron‐Rich Di‐
tert
‐Butyl‐Phosphinoferrocene
Authors: Busacca Carl A. , Eriksson1* Magnus C. , Qu1* Bo , Lee Heewon , Li Zhibin , Senanayake Chris H.
Published: March 2016

The direct palladium‐catalyzed carbonylation of aryl halides in the presence of alcohols or amines is an efficient way to synthesize esters and amides, respectively. The synthesis of esters is relatively well precedented, whereas the amino carbonylation, which is of great importance for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, remains a bigger challenge. We demonstrated the amino carbonylation of hetero aryl bromides and iodides using the electron‐rich ligand di‐
tert
‐butyl‐phosphinoferrocene. To our knowledge, this is the first example of gram scale aminocarbonylation that employs base hydrolysis of an imide by‐product to increase the isolated yield.