bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHROMATOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES FOR SEPARATION AND ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES: ENHANCING CHARACTERIZATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF COMPLEX MIXTURES
Authors: Ekbbal Shamim Anshu Rustam
Published: June 2024

Chromatography techniques play a pivotal role in the separation and analysis of biological samples, enabling the characterization and quantification of complex mixtures. This abstract provides an overview of the various chromatographic methods employed in the separation of biological samples, including gel chromatography, affinity chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, etc. Separation of biological samples through such techniques based on their differential partitioning between a stationary phase and a mobile phase due to their enhanced detection and identification capabilities, enabling the analysis of complex biological matrices. These methods are widely employed for the separation of compounds such as proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and small molecules and acknowledged for versatility, efficiency, and compatibility with various detectors, including UV/Vis, fluorescence, and mass spectrometry. It has gained significant attention in analyzing biomolecules and opened several ways to discover and develop novel components. Moreover, advancements in chromatographic technology have led to the development of hybrid techniques, such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and their combinations offer complementary separation and detection capabilities, enhancing the identification and quantification of analytes in complex biological samples. In conclusion, chromatography techniques are indispensable for separating and analyzing biological samples. The diverse range of chromatographic methods available and their compatibility with various detection techniques enables the comprehensive investigation of complex mixtures, leading to significant advancements in biochemistry, pharmaceuticals, clinical diagnostics, and environmental analysis.
INFECTION CONTROL AND STANDARD SAFETY MEASURES IN OBG UNIT
Authors: Devi Ms. Louriyam Suchitra
Published: June 2024

Infection control refers to policies and procedures used to minimise the risk of spreading infections, especially in hospitals and human and health care facilities. In obstetrics and gynaecological unit, health care providers must maintain proper hand hygiene. Cleaning, disinfection and sterilization must be done as a routine work in all the obstetrics and gynaecological unit. Hand hygiene stands as the cornerstone of infection prevention, emphasizing the significance of proper handwashing and hand sanitization. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) safeguards both patients and staff during procedures and interactions. Aseptic techniques minimize the risk of introducing infections during medical interventions, and thorough environmental cleaning maintains a clean and safe space.
MICROFLUIDICS: AN EMERGING TECHNIQUE
Authors: Anuprabha Ms. , Kumari Anamika
Published: June 2024

Microfluidics, an innovative field that blends fluid dynamics, engineering, and biology, has revolutionized the manipulation and control of tiny liquid volumes within microscale channels. This abstract investigates recent progress in microfluidics and its profound impact on analytical and biomedical applications. Compared to traditional large-scale systems, microfluidic devices offer numerous benefits, such as reduced sample and reagent usage, heightened sensitivity, and improved control over fluid behavior. These devices consist of microchannels, chambers, valves, and pumps created using microfabrication techniques, allowing precise manipulation of fluids at the microliter or even nanoliter scale. In the realms of analytical and biomedical fields, microfluidics has proven to be a versatile and potent tool, enabling precise manipulation and analysis of small-scale fluids. The integration of microfluidics with other disciplines and technologies holds great potential for advancing diagnostics, drug development, personalized medicine, and more. Continuous research and collaboration in this field are poised to drive transformative breakthroughs in the near future
MICRONEEDLE PATCH (MNP): A GAME CHANGER AND NEW EMERGING APPROACH TO VACCINATION
Authors: Saini Isha , Kushwaha Vikas , Kaur Sukhbir
Published: June 2024

In medical history, vaccination has been one of the most successful interventions, reducing mortality and morbidity from a variety of infectious diseases to almost zero. Many vaccines are typically administered through subcutaneously or intramuscularly injections, which can cause pain, discomfort, and fear in individuals with a fear of needles. However, the skin offers a promising alternative for vaccine delivery due to its accessibility and abundance of immune cells. Microneedles leverage skin-based immunization while addressing the issues associated with traditional needle-based vaccination, such as needle injuries, pain, and the risk of needle reuse. Microneedle patches are currently under extensive investigation as a vaccination delivery system, aiming to replace traditional injections and syringes. Their potential for self-administration, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness is being closely examined. This chapter seeks to provide an overview of the benefits and the potential transformative influence of microneedle patches in the context of vaccine delivery.
IMPACT OF MICROPOLLUTANTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND DETECTION BY BIOMARKER-BASED APPROACH
Authors: Madhesh Jeevitha Chithra , Mohamed Shaibi
Published: June 2024

Pollutants in many forms have an influence on the environment, particularly micro pollutants generated by industry and human consumables, which have a crucial impact on the ecosystem's water and soil. Micro pollutants are a wide range of categories involving organic and inorganic pollutants causing harm to the environment even at very low concentrations. The most significant barrier that stands in the way of accurately determining the degree to which the water is safe for human consumption is the challenge posed by the difficulty of identifying micro pollutants. Recent advances in detecting micro pollutants have been made thanks to multiple distinctive methodologies, including biomarkers for a specific target in the detection of micro pollutants in an ecosystem. Biomarkers are the essential agents used to identify the presence of causative substances in a sample, and the amount of impact that it is capable of causing may be investigated in more detail. Both the degree of infection that was produced and the quantity of chemical that were entrapped may be determined. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of the various biomarkers used to detect micro pollutant populations in the environment has been carried out. Additionally, the process that is followed to detect these populations, as well as the results of the research has been investigated in great detail
AN EVALUATION OF THE BIOACTIVITIES OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIZED FROM RED MARINE MACROALGAE
Authors: Pothiaraj Govindan , Manoranjani Murugan , Pitchaikani Sasikumar , Venkatachalam Premavathi , Saravanan Konda Mani , Shakila Harshavardhan
Published: June 2024

Nanobiotechnology is emerging as a swiftly expanding field, encompassing a range of scientific and technological applications to generate innovative materials at the nanoscale, typically ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers. In recent times, the utilization of seaweed extracts for producing silver nanoparticles has gained prominence. Additionally, these extracts possess a significant abundance of bioactive compounds. In this study, we present a comprehensive account of the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using an aqueous extract of Chondrococcushornemannii seaweed. The resulting nanoparticles were subjected to characterization using standard procedures. Additionally, the antibacterial properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated. The antimicrobial activity of an aqueous extract derived from C.hornemannii seaweed was investigated. The AgNPs synthesized through biosynthesis demonstrated a significant antioxidant activity of 94% at a concentration of 100μg/mL. The antimicrobial efficacy of the AgNPs was evaluated against various bacterial pathogens, demonstrating significant activity.The AgNPs demonstrated noteworthy antibacterial and antioxidantactivities.
EMERGING TRENDS OF EXTREMOZYMES IN INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
Authors: Thangadurai Dr. Prabhu , Sharma Dr. Rachana D
Published: June 2024

Biocatalysis plays a pivotal role in achieving a green, sustainable, biobased economy, and extremozymes offer enhanced activity and stability under extreme conditions, making them valuable biocatalysts. These extremozymes possess distinctive adjustments to thrive in challenging surroundings, encompassing conditions like elevated and reduced temperatures, acidic or alkaline pH levels, substantial salinity, and notable metal concentrations. Extremozymes are capable of catalysing reactions under harsh conditions, making them valuable alternatives for industrial processes previously thought unsuitable for enzymatic activity. Extremophiles, organisms thriving in extreme conditions, offer sustainable, efficient, and cost-effective alternatives to conventional methods in various industries. They produce extremolytes, extremozymes, biosurfactants, etc., which have applications in sustainable agriculture, food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, bioremediation, biofuels, biorefinery, and astrobiology. These organisms help us understand the boundaries of life, the origin and evolution of life on Earth, and research in astrobiology and space exploration. However, further investigation is needed to explore their structural and biochemical properties and long-term effects of their applications. Despite their potential, the availability of extremozymes is limited, partially due to challenges in cultivating extremophiles in the lab. This review provides an overview of extremozymes, their applications in various industrial markets, explores future prospects and trends for their biotechnological applications. Extremozymes can contribute to the research and development of safe, healthy, and sustainable food products while minimizing waste generation.
CURRENT TRENDS IN FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGY
Authors: S Dr. Latha.
Published: June 2024

Fermentation technology have the wide application in production of various enzymes, compounds, energy production, material production, pharmaceutical, chemical, and food industries. Through this technology the products of short chain alcohols, diols, acids, diamines, hydroxyamines, triglycerides and polymers are produced. Moreover, using fermentation technology, the indigenous food products of kimchi, chongkukjang, doenjang, and gochujang were prepared and consumed by different kind of people in different countries. Edible cement, antifungal agents are the other important products in civil industry produced by fermentation technology from fruit and vegetable waste. The available atmospheric and lithospheric nutrients in waste based fermented products were highly utilized as manure for soil in agricultural fields.
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
Authors: D Dr. Ramesh , D. S Dr. Kumara Wodeyar , L. R Dr. Ananth Krishna. , H. M Dr. Yathish. , Gattani Dr. Anil
Published: June 2024

The process of examining or merging segments of DNA from one or more organisms is known as recombinant DNA technology. This involves inserting the desired rDNA into a target cell's genome or introducing it into a host cell for replication. Together with advances in animal biotechnology, recombinant DNA techniques have revolutionized the agricultural industry. With the use of rDNA technology, genes can be controlled to learn new tasks and be translated into interested plant and animal cells. As part of rDNA technology, the target gene or DNA fragment is isolated from the organism, ligated into an appropriate cloning vector, and then the recombinant vector is introduced into the proliferating host cells. Finally, the cloned gene or DNA fragment is isolated and characterized. The food business, agriculture, environment, medical research, and both plant and animal biotechnology are among the major application areas of rDNA technology. Every rDNA project must adhere to the strict regulations and criteria established by the nation's many regulatory bodies. The ethical concerns around genetic information, human genome editing, and genetically engineered species persist despite safety concerns.
THE ROLE OF MI (MICRO) RNAS AS BIOMARKER OF DIFFERENT HEALTH CONDITIONS
Authors: Barik Sasmita , Ambattipudi Kiran. S , Gattani Anil
Published: June 2024

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are the intron transcribed small non-coding oligoribonucleotidesthat regulates the process of gene expression at both transcriptional and translational level. The regulatory role of miRNAs is associated with most of the cellular, biological and physiological processes of a cell and an organism. Any alteration in the process of regulation is reflected as altered health conditions including cancer. Intracellular, extracellular (circulating/ exosomal) miRNAs in the developed disease condition have both predictive and diagnostic value as biomarkers. Evaluation of miRNA as biomarker is helpful in assessment of clinical conditions like cancer, diabetes, viral infections, alcoholism, obesity, neuronal disorder, renal and cardiovascular disorders. Further miRNA can also serve as therapeutics in the diseased state reversing the altered clinical conditions. In this chapter association of different miRNAs as biomarker in different health conditions has been summarised and the general prospect of use of miRNAs as diagnostics and therapeutics has been discussed. Further evaluation and validation of nano based miRNA molecular or lateral flow techniques can enhance its dual role as both diagnostics and therapeutics.
BIOREMEDIATION: A POTENTIAL ROLE OF HEAVY METAL RESISTANT PLANTS AND MICROORGANISMS
Authors: Chudasama Tarla , Gadhvi Kamlesh , Sojitra Rashik , Dangar Kiran , Raigar Bindu , Vyas Suhas
Published: June 2024

Environmental pollution and its prevention are one of the major problems worldwide and a wide variety of pollutants affect the environment but heavy metals are a major toxin, which are mainly responsible for pollution. The present review article briefly outlines the occurrence of heavy metals in the environment and shows strategies to use plants and microorganisms for biological remediation processes as published in the scientific articles. The toxicity of heavy metals in plants is avoided or resisted through avoidance and tolerance mechanism; however, the endo microorganism of such plants provides a resistance mechanism to plant resist toxicity. The current review focuses on enhancing the remediation capacity of heavy metals in contaminated soils and water by plants and microorganisms; as well as studying the source of heavy metals to affect the environmental condition. Also, this paper is a survey of recent developments concerning to apprehension of physiological as well as fundamental mechanisms to resist heavy metals by plants and microorganisms
ADVANCEMENTS SHAPING THE FUTURE
Authors: PK Lingeshwaran , Thirumalaivasan Ramachandran , Manikandan BN , Balaji Govindaswamy
Published: June 2024

Biotechnology has made significant advancements in recent decades, transforming various industries and understanding life sciences. Future trends include precision medicine, gene editing technologies, artificial intelligence (AI), synthetic biology, agriculture, and bioinformatics. Precision medicine involves personalized treatment strategies tailored to individual genetic makeup, lifestyle, and environmental factors, enabling clinicians to predict disease risks, improve diagnoses, and develop targeted therapies. Gene editing technologies, like CRISPR-Cas9, revolutionize genetic manipulation, while AI-driven algorithms analyse vast biological datasets and optimize bio production processes. Synthetic biology focuses on designing and constructing novel biological systems, paving the way for bioengineered materials, biofuels, and environmental remediation solutions. Agriculture is also growing, with genetically modified crops, precision farming, and bio pesticides promising increased yields, food security, and sustainable practices. Collaboration between researchers, policymakers, and society is essential for responsible and ethical implementation, harnessing the full potential of biotechnology for the greater good. The manuscript aims to provide insights into the exciting possibilities and challenges of these emerging trends, highlighting the transformative power of biotechnology in the years to come. The chapter tries to offer insights into the fascinating potentials and difficulties of these new trends, underlining the potential revolutionary power of biotechnology.
DEVELOPING A MITIGATION STRATEGY FOR DELAYS IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS AMONG THE CONSTRUCTION STAKEHOLDERS
Authors: M Lokeshwaran , A Aswin Bharath
Published: June 2024

This study examines the causes and mitigation strategies of delays in construction projects, with a focus on the gaps between owners and contractors in successful and unsuccessful projects. The research methodology involved a comprehensive literature review, case studies, and a survey of owners and contractors in the construction industry. The results showed that the major causes of delays in construction projects include poor planning, design changes, insufficient resources, and poor communication between the parties involved. The study also revealed that successful projects were characterized by better communication, a focus on risk management, and a collaborative approach between owners and contractors. On the other hand, unsuccessful projects were associated with poor communication, a lack of coordination, and a confrontational approach between owners and contractors. Mitigation strategies identified in the study included better planning and risk management, effective communication, and a collaborative approach between owners and contractors. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for construction industry stakeholders on how to address delays in construction projects and improve project outcomes.
ANALYSIS OF VARIATION OF RAINFALL TRENDS AND PATTERNS OVER THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT
Authors: Mishra S. Sangita , B.K Shruthi , Maralapalle Vedprakash
Published: June 2024

Rainfall plays a pivotal role in anyregion's agricultural productivity, water resources management, and overall socio-economic development. Hence an understanding of the changing patterns and trends of rainfall is crucial for effective planning, resource allocation, and climate change adaptation strategies. To conduct this study, long-term monthly rainfall for a period of 121 years (1901-2021) from India meteorological department across the Indian subcontinent were collected and analyzed. A detailed analysis of monthly, annual, seasonal and non-seasonal rainfall was carried out. The findings reveal significant changes in rainfall trends and patterns over the Indian subcontinent. Both inter-annual and intra-seasonal variability were observed, highlighting the complex nature of rainfall dynamics in the country. The study also examined the impact of climate phenomena such as El Niño (dry) and La Niña (wet) on the rainfall patterns, emphasizing their influence on the interannual variability using the SPI as an indicator.The yearly SPI analysis revealed that 61 years were wet where the rainfall was more than the normal rainfall out of which 17 years were very wet leading to flood like situations. A more detailed analysis of dry and wet months in the monsoon season was done in order to have an idea regarding the availability of rainfall during the monsoon months for crop planning and irrigation scheduling. All the monsoon months witnessed water scarcity conditions in 50%-60% of the total 121 years’ time period. The results of this research contribute to a better understanding of rainfall dynamics in the Indian subcontinent, aiding scientists, water resource managers, and climate scientists in making informed decisions. Moreover, the findings highlight the need for further research and the development of potent climate models to accurately predict future rainfall trends in the face of climate change.
A REVIEW ON TEXTILE DYE WASTEWATER TREATMENT USING SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS
Authors: Sidiqua M Dr. Ayisha , Farid Mr. A. Sheik
Published: June 2024

Dyes constitute prominent pollutants within our environment. The unregulated discharge of textile effluents into surroundings poses grave threats to both water bodies and ecosystems. Consequently, there is a growing need for cost-effective and efficient dye treatment methodologies. For this concept an effective approach is utilizing the sustainable materials. Natural materials, industrial by-products, or synthetically modified substances, which offer economical options as adsorbents, are generally referred to as low-cost adsorbents (LCAs). LCAs have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in removing textile dyes. In many developing countries, the exploration of natural adsorbents such as rice husk, saw dust, fruit peels, clay, fly ash etc. has been extensively as it a sustainable material. This chapter focuses on two affordable natural materials: clay (including Safiot clay, bentonite clay, and natural clay) and fly ash (in forms such as mixtures with sandy clay loam soil, raw fly ash, and bottom ash) as potential adsorbents. Through batch experiments, parameters such as initial dye concentration, solution pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time were calculated to establish optimal operating conditions. Among various clay types, natural Sofiot Clay exhibited a dye removal efficiency of approximately 97.03% for Methylene Blue dye. Among different fly ash proportions, mixtures with sandy clay loam soil demonstrated remarkable dye removal, achieving up to 99.2% for direct yellow 28.
PERFECT EDGE ROMAN DOMINATION IN FUZZY SIMPLE GRAPHS
Authors: Vijayalakshmi S , Sangeetha S , Malliga P , Ramani R
Published: June 2024

A perfect edge Roman dominating function (PERDF) of a graph G=(V,E) is a function f:E(G) →{0,1,2} which satisfies the rule that every edge x with f(x)=0 is adjacent to exactly one edge y with f(y)=2 so that ∑_(e∈N(x))▒〖f(e)〗=2. The weight of a PERDF is ∑_( x "" E(G))▒〖f(x)〗. The minimum ∑_( x "" E(G))▒〖f(x)〗 is the perfect edge Roman domination number (PERDN). The symbol γ_R^'P (G) is used to denote PERDN. In this paper, we introduce and investigate perfect edge Roman domination in graphs. We obtain strict bounds for PERDN and determine PERDN for some standard graphs.
A STUDY OF NEUTROSOPHIC Rg – CLOSED SETS
Authors: Poornima R , Girija S , Gayathri C , Gayathri P
Published: June 2024

This paper introduces the idea of neutrosophic R_g closed (Regular Generalised Closed) sets, which are new neutrosophic closed sets in topological spaces. Additionally, some of its connections to other neutrosophic closed sets that already exist have been analysed, and some of their characteristics have been examined.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF SUCCESSIVE OVER-RELAXATION METHOD
Authors: Dastur Arshan Homi , Chakraborty Soubhik
Published: June 2024

In numerical analysis, the successive over-relaxation method, an iterative technique that is a variation of the Gauss-Seidel technique, is applied to determine the solutions of systems of linear equations Ax=b. The main purpose of this study is to statistically analyze this method by filling the coefficient matrix A and the vector b with random numbers from different probability distributions- uniform inputs - both discrete uniform U[1, 2, 3,…,k] and continuous uniform U[0, θ] inputs are considered and non-uniform inputs, random numbers simulated from the binomial B(n, p) distribution. The values of the parameters are gradually varied during the course of the study. We also changed the size of the matrix as well to see if that has any effect on the overall outcome. There is nothing in the data to suggest that the number of iterations depends upon the parameter in case of uniform inputs, whether discrete or continuous. However, in the case of binomial distribution, a definite trend is observed when the value of parameter p is fixed and n is varied, and also when n is fixed and p is varied. Regression analysis further shows that the number of iterations can be estimated by a third degree polynomial in p for fixed n and another third degree polynomial in n when p is fixed.
THE CURRENT CHALLENGES IN NURSING - ADDRESSING PRESSING ISSUES FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE
Authors: Rajkumar Dr. Rajamanickam , A S Nizamudeen
Published: June 2024

Nursing plays a critical role in the healthcare system, encompassing a diverse range of responsibilities, from direct patient care to promoting health and disease prevention. As we progress through the 21st century, nursing faces numerous challenges that demand attention and innovative solutions. This paper aims to delve deeper into the key challenges confronting nursing in the modern era and explore potential strategies to address them. By acknowledging and addressing these challenges, we can pave the way for a sustainable and effective nursing workforce that can meet the evolving healthcare needs of society.
QUANTUM DOTS FOR DRUG DELIVERY IN CANCER RESEARCH
Authors: Antil Anita , Singh Sandeep , Kaur Rajwinder , Sardana Satish , Verma Inderjeet
Published: June 2024

The fields of biological science, developing formulations, medical imaging, the field of nanotechnology, and oncology nanotechnology in medicine have all made significant improvements to the field of cancer nanomedicines. One of the main causes of death worldwide in the modern era is cancer, which represents a severe danger to the health of the public. Cancer encroachment cancer progression and all three are not known to occur via any known pathways. To discover the fundamental biological mechanisms of the illness, continuous surveillance is crucial as well as developing a unique way for detecting cancer. Even though several techniques have been created to reduce mortality, and chronic pain, and improve quality of life, there is still a gap in the efficacy of these cancer medications. These medications for cancer are currently lacking in several areas. Quantum dots (QDs) are among the constituents of the toolset for nanotechnology in medicine that have the highest likelihood. These nanocrystal fluorophores can be used for a range of medical applications, including photodynamic treatment, targeted drug delivery, and nano clinical imaging. Quantum dot (QD)-based nanotechnology is useful in developing a therapeutic imaging technology for studying the pathology of cancer because of the optical and chemical benefits of QDs. Quantum dots (QDs) made of nanocrystals of silicon have shown possibilities for in-situ and cellular imaging of molecules due to their exceptional photophysical characteristics. These intriguing findings have also been shown using QD-based probes. According to research, QD-based technologies may be helpful in the battle against cancer. Specifically focuses on the implementation of QD-based technology in the tumor setting research and cancer cell monitoring in situ and the laboratory, as well as the remaining obstacles and potential applications in the future. The importance of QDs for cancer metastasis research will increase as QD synthesis and modification technology develops.
POTENTIALS OF NURSES, WHO PLAY A LEAD ROLE, IN REDUCING THE BURDEN OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, IN TAMIL NADU - AN ANALYSIS
Authors: D Dr. Suganya , Rajkumar Rajamanickam
Published: June 2024

Introduction: The prevention and control of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) is of highest priority as these contribute to majority of deaths in India. The incidence and projected rise of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a significant global public health threat. Nurses as health educators are well positioned to support health promotion and prevention efforts. Aim: To present the nurses potential as a lead role in reducing the burden of the non -communicable diseases in Tamil Nadu. Methods: A simple random survey of 52 nurses in Kancheepuram district was conducted to better understand how nurses perceive their role in addressing risk factors associated with NCDs, as well as the types of supports required inorder to facilitate this work. The study also explores nurses' changing views of the profession and their practice environment. The survey was administered via telephone and face-to-face interviews. Conclusion: Research has demonstrated that nurses are effective at supporting individuals to make behaviour change, administering disease management programs and enabling self-care as well as self-management. Practice environment issues that prevent nurses from fully reaching their potential in addressing the NCD crisis need to be addressed.
CONTROLLABLE SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CU-COZNFE2O4 NANO FERRITES BY AUTO-COMBUSTION ROUTE
Authors: Chandrasekhar Thalari , Naik Ravi , Chapi Sharanappa , R Dr. Madhukumar
Published: June 2024

The methods employed to prepare nano crystalline mixed ferrite materials during experimentation significantly affect the resulting particle size. The quality of ferrite materials greatly influences the performance of devices. The chemical composition and microstructure of ferrites, which determine their properties, are both determined by the preparation process. TheCoCuZnFe2O4 ferrite nanoferites were prepared by sol-gel method. The prepared samples were calcinated at 750oC shows sharper X-ray diffraction peaks, indicating increased crystallinity of the materials. Average crystallite sizes were obtained in the ranges 30.4-42.1 nm for the samples calcinated at 450 ℃ and 750 ℃, respectively. Images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed clumps of particles. The overall acidity was reduced for the samples that were calcinated at higher temperatures. The findings highlight how the preparation circumstances affect nano ferrites’ crystallite size, shape, and magnetic characteristics.
THE ROLE OF SEMICONDUCTORS IN OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES
Authors: Shukla Kena Jayesh , Singh Arun Kumar
Published: June 2024

Optoelectronic devices have revolutionized modern technology by enabling the seamless integration of electronic and optical phenomena, leveraging the unique properties of semiconductors. This abstract provides a comprehensive overview of optoelectronic devices, focusing on the role of semiconductors in shaping their functionality and exploring the emerging trends in this rapidly advancing field. The Introduction introduces the concept of optoelectronic devices and highlights their significance in various technological applications. It elucidates how these devices effectively combine electronic and optical functionalities through the utilization of semiconductors as a key enabling component. The section on Basics of Semiconductor Optics delves into the fundamental principles governing the optical properties of semiconductors. It elucidates the concept of bandgap and energy levels in semiconductors, which plays a pivotal role in determining their interaction with light. Additionally, it explores the intricate processes of absorption, emission, and recombination of photons within semiconductors, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms that underpin the operation of optoelectronic devices. A specific optoelectronic device, the Semiconductor Optical Amplifier, is discussed in detail. This device harnesses the unique characteristics of semiconductors to amplify optical signals directly on the chip. The section elucidates the role of semiconductor optical amplifiers in enhancing signal quality and transmission distances, making them indispensable components in optical communication systems. The final section, Emerging Trends in Optoelectronics, offers a glimpse into the current state of research and development in semiconductor-based optoelectronic devices. It provides an overview of the latest advancements and innovations in this field, showcasing the rapid progress being made in the domain of optoelectronics. Furthermore, the abstract explores the future prospects and potential applications of optoelectronic devices in various fields, including telecommunications, medicine, environmental monitoring, and beyond. In conclusion, this abstract serves as a comprehensive snapshot of the intricate interplay between semiconductors and optoelectronic devices. It emphasizes the pivotal role of semiconductors in enabling the seamless integration of electronic and optical functionalities, leading to transformative technological advancements. The abstract also offers insights into the promising future of optoelectronics, where continuous research and innovation are paving the way for even more groundbreaking applications and discoveries.
ASTRONOMICAL IMAGE PROCESSING USING LINUX
Authors: Arun Shashikant , Singh Kumar
Published: June 2024

Astronomical image processing plays a crucial role in extracting valuable information from the vast amount of data collected by modern telescopes and observatories. This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive guide to astronomical image processing techniques in the Linux environment. The chapter begins with an introduction to the significance of image processing in astronomy, highlighting its role in enhancing image quality, removing noise, and revealing hidden details. It further discusses the advantages of using Linux as a platform for astronomical image processing due to its flexibility, open-source nature, and availability of powerful tools and libraries. Next, the chapter delves into the fundamentals of astronomical image processing, covering key concepts such as image calibration, alignment, stacking, and post-processing. It explores various techniques for pre-processing raw astronomical images, including bias, dark, and flat field correction, along with methods for aligning and combining multiple exposures. Subsequently, the chapter provides an in-depth exploration of Linux-based tools and software packages commonly used in astronomical image processing. It covers popular software such as IRAF (Image Reduction and Analysis Facility), DS9 (SAO Image DS9), and Astropy, elucidating their functionalities, command-line usage, and integration with Linux. Furthermore, the chapter discusses advanced image processing techniques specific to astronomy, such as image deconvolution, noise reduction, photometric calibration, and astrometry. It highlights the utilization of Linux tools and libraries, including GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP), Image Magick, and Open CV, for implementing these techniques. To provide practical insights, the chapter includes illustrative examples, step-by-step tutorials, and code snippets demonstrating the application of Linux-based image processing techniques to real astronomical data. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of scripting and automation using tools like Bash and Python to streamline image processing workflows. This chapter serves as a valuable resource for astronomers, astro photographers, and researchers interested in leveraging the power of Linux for processing astronomical images. It equips readers with a comprehensive understanding of Linux-based tools, techniques, and best practices for extracting and analyzing meaningful information from astronomical imagery.
RELATIVISTIC ENERGY CALCULATIONS FOR MODIFIED HULTHEN POTENTIAL
Authors: Joshi Rachna
Published: June 2024

Under the Modified Hulthén Potential, relativistic corrections are found in the energy eigenvalues of the hydrogen atom. In the context of time independent perturbation theory, the relativistic correction to the kinetic energy, spin orbit term, and Darwin term is determined. The sum of these three gives the total relativistic energy corrections for a particular state of the atom. The variation of the relativistic energy levels with potential parameters is investigated. The Schrodinger problem is numerically solved using the very efficient Numerov technique, which is frequently used to solve second-order ordinary differential equations without a first-order component.
PSYCHOLOGY
Authors: Sharma Mr. Ravikant , Sharma Mr. Dinesh Kumar , Shreenivas Mr.
Published: June 2024

Aggression refers to a range of behaviour that can result in both physical and psychological harm to yourself, others, or objects in the environment. Aggression centre’s on hurting another person either physically or mentally. Aggression is also affected by society. The social factors that affect aggressive behaviour are society, social reinforcement, social media, mass media, crime, direct provocation. The risk management of aggressive behaviour is culture sensitivity, to enhance positive attitude, deterrent punishment, empathy, elimination of negative impact, avoid power struggle, lack of flexibility and rigorous training.
DÉTERMINANTS DU TABAGISME CHEZ LES FEMMES AU BENIN
Authors: Codjia Alexandre , Nguendo-Yongsi H. Blaise
Published: June 2024

Au Bénin, le tabagisme féminin est plus remarquable en Afrique subsaharienne, avec une prévalence de 2,8% en 2017. Cette étude a essayé de mettre en évidence les déterminants de ce phénomène. Elle part de l'hypothèse que le contexte macrostructural influence directement le tabagisme chez les femmes, à travers les caractéristiques du ménage et d'outre ménage, qui agissent ensuite sur les caractéristiques individuelles. Au niveau descriptif, les résultats indiquent que huit variables explicatives sur neuf ont une influence significative sur le tabagisme des femmes, avec un seuil de 5%. Les variables explicatives les plus importantes pour expliquer le tabagisme chez les femmes au Bénin sont la zone géographique, le groupe d'âge, la religion, l'occupation, le niveau d'instruction, le milieu de résidence et l'exposition aux médias. Par ailleurs, l'analyse descriptive multivariée, notamment l'Analyse Factorielle de Correspondance Multiple (AFCM), a permis de catégoriser ...
Olimpiyatlar ve Etik
Authors: Soyer Ali , Kaçay Zülbiye
Published: June 2024

Sporun temeli antik dönemlere kadar dayanmaktadır. Avlanmak, yabani hayvanlardan korunmak gibi ihtiyaçlardan kaynaklı olarak çeşitli spor dallarının temelinin atıldığı ifade edilebilir. Olimpiyatların temeli ise, ilk olarak Yunanistan'ın Olimpia bölgesinde tanrılar tanrısı Zeus adına yapılan dinsel törenlere dahil edilen toprak saha koşularının yapılmasına dayanmaktadır. Yunan site devletleri arasındaki savaşları kısa süreliğine de olsa sonlandıran bu şenlikler giderek büyüyerek yarış ve rekabetin üst düzeyde yaşandığı çok büyük etkinlikler haline gelmiştir. Olimpiyatlar bir spor etkinliği olmanın ötesinde sosyal, ahlaki, etik, kültürel ve diplomatik platform olarak da görülmeye başlanmıştır. Bununla birlikte oyunlar amacından uzaklaşmış, kazanma hırsı ile yapılan şike olayları ve Roma’nın  işgali ile oyunlara dahil edilen Gladyatör dövüşleri ve sonunda ise Hristiyanlığın kabulü ile oyunların varlığına son verilmiştir. Modern Olimpiyatlar, Baron Pierre de Coubertin tarafından tekrar canlandırılmış ve Antik Olimpiyatlarda olduğu gibi temel amaç eşit şartlarda yarışmak ve bir üstünlük elde ederken etik kuralların ön planda tutulmasıdır. Etik, kişinin bulunduğu işte, kurumda veya ortamda yapması veya yapmaması gereken davranışlar olarak ifade edilmektedir. Sporda ve olimpiyatlarda etik ise, yaptığı branşın gerekliliklerini yerine getirirken kurallar dahilinde adil olanı yapmak anlamına gelmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı, bazı olimpiyatlarda meydana gelen bazı etik dışı davranışların irdelenerek çeşitli önerilerde bulunmaktır.
Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Öğretiminde Mobil Öğrenme Yaklaşımı
Authors: Şentürk Halil Evren
Published: June 2024

Beden eğitimi ve spor öğretimi alanına mobil öğrenme teknolojileri açısından bakarak alanın öğretim içeren tüm disiplinlerinde mobil öğrenmenin kullanılabilirliğinin değerlendirildiği bu çalışmanın temel amacı alana farklı bir yaklaşım kazandırmaktır. Bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin 2000’li yıllardan sonra gözlenen hızlı yükselişi birçok bilim alanını olduğu gibi eğitim alanını da olumlu yönde etkilemiştir. Bu yıllarla birlikte teknoloji mobil cihazlarda hayat bulmuş, 2007 yılından itibaren de global teknoloji firmalarının işletim sistemlerinin piyasaya sürülmesiyle “akıllı” hale gelen telefonlara dönüşmüşler ve kullanımlarını daha da popüler hale getirmişlerdir. Bazı çalışmalar, mobil cihazların kullanımının, akademik büyümeyi ve güçlendirmeyi destekleyerek veya öğrencilerin öğrenme tutumlarını ve öğrenme başarılarını geliştirerek eğitim kalitesinin iyileştirilmesine yardımcı olabileceğini öne sürmekte iken bazı araştırmalar ise mobil cihazların bazen eğitim başarısını engelleyebileceğini bildirmektedir. Bu nedenle mobil cihazların eğitim ortamına entegrasyonundan en iyi şekilde yararlanmak için senaryonun nasıl olacağının belirlenmesi gerekmektedir. Mobil cihazların eğitim ortamındaki rolü ne olursa olsun, bir okulun öğrencilerinin mobil cihazlarını okula getirmelerini ve kullanmalarını yasaklaması gibi kısıtlayıcı politikalar yerine, uygun bir düzenleme ile mobil cihazın öğrenme sistemine entegrasyonundan fayda sağlanabilecektir. Bu entegrasyon ile mobil cihazlar yoluyla öğrenmenin, öğrencilerin öğrenme performansları, öğrenme süreçleri ve öğrenme deneyimleri üzerine olumlu etkileri olacağı öngörülmektedir. Mobil öğrenme alanının bir diğer çalışma konusu ise yapay zekâ ve bilişsel psikoloji alanları ile desteklenen akıllı öğretim sistemleridir. Günümüzün akıllı öğretim sistemleri tipik olarak bir öğretmenin veya öğretim asistanının rolünü kopyalamaya ve problem oluşturma, problem seçme ve geri bildirim oluşturma gibi pedagojik işlevleri giderek daha fazla otomatikleştirmeye çalışır.
Sonuç olarak mobil öğrenme uygulamaları, beden eğitimi ve spor alanında büyük bir potansiyele sahiptir. Hem sporcuların hem de eğitmenlerin eğitim ve antrenman süreçlerini destekleyerek, daha verimli, etkili ve motive edici bir öğrenme deneyimi sunabilirler. Teknolojinin gelişimiyle birlikte, bu uygulamaların sunduğu imkanlar da artmakta ve spor eğitimine olan katkıları giderek daha fazla önem kazanmaktadır. Akıllı öğretim sistemlerinin ise beden eğitimi ve spor alanında kullanımı, eğitim süreçlerini daha etkili, verimli ve motive edici hale getirebilir. Teknolojinin ilerlemesiyle birlikte, bu sistemlerin sunduğu imkanlar da artmakta ve spor eğitimine olan katkıları giderek daha fazla önem kazanmaktadır.
Dijital Dönemde Psikososyal Gelişim ve Rekreasyon
Authors: Yaylı Hakan , Medeni Mehmet Bilgi
Published: June 2024

Dijital Dönemde Psikososyal Gelişim ve Rekreasyon modern teknolojinin yaygın kullanımıyla birlikte psikososyal gelişim ve rekreasyon alanlarında yaşanan değişimleri ele almaktadır. Çalışmamız, dijital çağın rekreasyon deneyimlerini nasıl etkilediğini ve bu etkilerin bireylerin psikososyal gelişimine nasıl yansıdığını açıklamaktadır. Özellikle, insanların dijital platformlarda nasıl etkileşimde bulundukları, sanal ortamlardaki rekreasyonel aktivitelerin sağlık ve refah üzerindeki etkileri, teknolojinin sosyal bağlantılar ve toplumsal ilişkiler üzerindeki etkisi gibi konular detaylı bir şekilde incelenmektedir. Makale, dijital dönemin rekreasyon ve psikososyal gelişim üzerindeki karmaşık etkileşimlerini anlamak ve bu alandaki araştırmalara yol göstermek amacıyla yazılmıştır. Ayrıca, dijital çağın getirdiği fırsatlar ve zorluklar ele alınarak, rekreasyonun psikososyal gelişime olan katkısının nasıl optimize edilebileceği üzerinde durulmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, makale, dijital dönemin rekreasyon ve psikososyal gelişim üzerindeki etkilerini anlamak isteyen araştırmacılar, eğitimciler ve uygulayıcılar için önemli bir kaynak olmayı hedeflemektedir.
Response Surface Optimization of Car Support Jack Bar on Design Parameter via Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Azhar Muhammad Azzie Fitriamalikhwan
Published: June 2024

The optimized design parameter of the car support jack bar is crucial in ensuring the safety of maintenance activity. Improper design of the bar and pinhole could induce the jack bar's failure when enduring the high loading of the car. This paper presents the response surface optimization on the design parameter of the car jack bar using finite element analysis. Three factors: outer diameter (A), pinhole diameter (B), and bar thickness (C), and two responses which are Von Mises stress (Y1) and displacement (Y2) of the jack bar, were considered in the optimization study. The design of the numerical experiment was constructed using the central composite design (CCD). The results revealed that outer and pinhole diameters are the two most significant factors in the responses. The changes in outer and pinhole diameters crucially affected the Von Mises stress and displacement of the jack bar. The optimized factors suggested in the optimization software are 49.79 mm outer diameter, 21.70 mm pinhole diameter, and 5.85 mm bar thickness. The application of optimized factors yielded the minimum responses that are 45.23 MPa Von Mises stress and 0.022 mm of displacement for the car jack bar. The optimization findings are expected to be useful for the engineer in designing the high-reliability car jack bar.
Growth Responses of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) to Selected Plant Growth Regulators
Authors: F. Abdullah  , M. F. Zamzuri  , S.R. Syd Kamaruzaman  , M.N.A. Uda  , Z.A. Arsat  , M. Firdaus A. Muttalib  , M.K.R Hashim
Published: June 2024

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of two types of plant growth regulators (PGRs) which are gibberellins (GA3) and Paclobutrazol (PBZ) on the growth and photosynthetic pigment (chlorophyll) of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) plants. Exogenous applications of GA3 and PBZ with different concentrations (i.e. 20, 40, 80 and 100 mg/L) were sprayed on two-week-old Okra plants under the nursery stage. The control plants were only treated with distilled water. The stem diameter (mm) of treated and control plants was measured weekly. At the end of the experimental period, data on growth characteristics such as plant height (cm), leaf area (cm2) and number of leaves were recorded. The estimation of chlorophyll was measured using the SPAD-502 Chlorophyll Meter. Results showed that the plant morphological characteristics of Okra plants were significantly affected by the application of GA3 and PBZ (P<0.0001). In addition, stem growth (expressed as stem cross-sectional area- mm2) of Okra plants was significantly increased with increasing GA3 concentrations. In contrast, applying PBZ reduced Okra plants' stem growth. This study highlighted the major effects of GA3 and PBZ on the growth of Okra plants when planted under tropical climate conditions.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis on the Road Bike Using Different Flow Models under Extreme Inlet Velocity
Authors: Keat Ming Tan
Published: June 2024

At high velocities, the aerodynamic forces acting on the road bike and rider become more pronounced, potentially affecting stability and control. Riders might experience increased resistance, requiring more effort to maintain balance and direction. This research employs Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to thoroughly examine the external aerodynamics of road bikes, focusing on pre-processing techniques and their impact on overall aerodynamic performance. The research applies CFD methods for geometry preparation, meshing, and material property definition within a structured workflow using a road bike model representative of the cycling industry via SimFlow software. Through systematic variations in extreme inlet velocities (40, 70, and 100 m/s) and the utilization of diverse turbulent models, k-ω Shear-Stress Transport (SST) and Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) with k-ε and k-ω, the study reveals intricate airflow patterns around the road bike. The results explain the complicated connection between turbulent models and inlet velocities and provide new information on critical aerodynamic parameters, such as pressure and maximum velocity of the road bike model.