bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Outfit as a Complex Organization
Authors: Lombardo Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the Chicago Outfit as a complex criminal organization, with particular emphasis on its hierarchical structure, chain of command, and division of labor. After describing the formal structure of the Chicago Outfit and its criminal activities, the chapter shows that people who are connected to organized crime are, in fact, part of the organizational structure. It then considers the people with whom the Outfit is regularly in contact and suggest that they, too, are an integral part of the organization. It also looks at the positions within the criminal organization and the public that the Outfit serves. Accounts of the activities of the Outfit suggest that positions exist for bosses, members, and associates, who are said to be “connected.” The chapter argues that the Chicago Outfit has an organized public, made up of gamblers, thieves, and “wannabes” (people who want to be associated with the Outfit), that has provided a ready source of participants for organized criminal activities as well as recruits for the group itself.
Marga Richter
Authors: Mirchandani Sharon
Published: May 2017

This is the first full-length introduction to the life and works of American composer Marga Richter (born 1926), who has written more than a hundred works for orchestra, chamber ensemble, dance, opera, voice, chorus, piano, organ, and harpsichord. Still actively composing in her eighties, Richter is particularly known for her large-scale pieces performed by ensembles such as the London Philharmonic Orchestra and the Civic Orchestra of Chicago and for other pieces performed by prominent artists including pianist Menahem Pressler, conductor Izler Solomon, and violinist Daniel Heifetz. Interspersing consideration of Richter's musical works with discussion of her life, her musical style, and the origins and performances of her works, the book documents a successful composer's professional and private life throughout the twentieth century. The book covers Richter's formative years, her influences, and the phases of her career from the 1950s to the present. Drawing extensively on interviews with Richter herself, the book also provides detailed descriptions of Richter's scores and uses reviews and other secondary sources to provide contexts for her compositions, including their relationship to modern dance, to other musical styles, and to 1970s feminism.
Modern Dance and the MGM Recordings
Authors: Mirchandani Sharon
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Marga Richter's success with her modern dance scores and MGM music recordings during the period 1951–1960. After graduating from Julliard Graduate School, Richter moved to an apartment on 308 West 107th Street. In New York City, she was able to attend fine traditional and new music concerts, visit museums, and partake in the cultural life of the city. However, earning a living was a significant concern. Fortunately, Richter's music had drawn the attention of choreographer James Waring. This chapter first considers Richter's studies in New York and her marriage to Alan Skelly before turning to her early modern dance, piano, and orchestral works as well as compositions for children. It also examines Richter's beliefs and views on women's roles, along with her teaching pieces. Finally, it looks at Richter's concert music compositions commissioned by Edward Cole for recording by MGM, including Sonata for Piano (1954), Lament for string orchestra (1956), and Aria and Toccata for viola and string orchestra (1957).
Fragments
Authors: Mirchandani Sharon
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Marga Richter's shorter, more fragmented works that had little or no development and were not as expansive as her earlier (and later) pieces. Unlike other U.S. composers in the 1960s such as Edgard Varèse and Milton Babbitt, Richter did not gravitate toward total serialism, electronic music, or chance music, although she reluctantly responded to the trend of composing sparse, economical, and atonal works. An encounter with composer William Sydeman at the Bennington Composers Conference was influential in steering Richter toward the prevailing attitudes of the day. This chapter discusses some of Richter's more concise compositions during the 1960s, including short solo and chamber music scores such as Fragments for solo piano; choral works like Psalm 91 for mixed chorus for mixed chorus; and the modern ballet score, Abyss for the Harkness Ballet. It also considers Richter's compositional retreat at a family residence in Shrewsbury, Vermont, and her self-admitted tendency to suffer from a letdown following elation from a performance or completion of a major work.
Landscapes
Authors: Mirchandani Sharon
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Marga Richter's compositions during the 1970s, including orchestral, chamber music, and piano pieces. Richter's music in the 1970s is her response to the beauty she found in nature, as well as intimacy. She also became increasingly aware of the need to promote her own music. Her orchestral works drew the interest of prominent conductors such as Stanislaw Skrowaczewski, Gregory Millar, Kenneth Schermerhorn, Harold Farberman, and Sheldon Morgenstern. The backdrop to these performances and more was the second-wave feminism that had swept the nation. This chapter first discusses Richter's relationship to the feminist movement of the period and how feminism contributed to the growth of support for women composers, and particularly to Richter's success. It then examines Richter's Landscapes series—Landscapes of the Mind I, Landscapes of the Mind II, and Landscapes of the Mind III—as well as her shorter works and piano works. It also analyzes Richter's thirteen-minute symphonic poem Blackberry Vines and Winter Fruit, which reflects a touch of American transcendentalism, and concludes with an assessment of her musical aesthetics.
“Like a Scab over an Infected Sore”
Authors: Phillips Lisa
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the challenges Local 65 faced during World War II and in the immediate postwar months. The union lost thousands of members as well as its catch-all focus during the war. Jack Paley, Esther Letz, and the “65ers” who led the union in their absence gained valuable experience working with the National War Labor Board (NWLB) and campaigning for pro-labor legislation, but freely admitted that they failed to continue to organize as effectively. Furthermore, because of the “pro-Soviet” positions it had taken during the war, the union had begun to lose credibility with other New York City locals and the national Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO).
Epilogue
Authors: Wallace Aurora
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter shows how the recent building programs of the New York Times, the Hearst Corporation, and Time Warner demonstrate the importance of corporate image-making through architecture that was established in the news business in the 1870s. These buildings stress transparency and an abiding faith in new technology, and invite the audience once again to participate in the spectacle of media production and consumption. Demographic shifts in readership and the digitization of news have led these large corporations to meet an uncertain future with consolidated real estate holdings in buildings designed to adapt to new media, convergence, and user-created content using a century-old template.
Nikkei Baseball
Authors: Regalado Samuel O.
Published: May 2017

Nikkei Baseball examines baseball's evolving importance to the Japanese American community and the construction of Japanese American identity. Originally introduced in Japan in the late 1800s, baseball was played in the United States by Japanese immigrants first in Hawaii, then San Francisco and northern California, then in amateur leagues up and down the Pacific Coast. For Japanese American players, baseball was seen as a sport that encouraged healthy competition by imposing rules and standards of ethical behavior for both players and fans. The value of baseball as exercise and amusement quickly expanded into something even more important, a means for strengthening social ties within Japanese American communities and for linking their aspirations to America's pastimes and America's promise. Drawing from archival research, prior scholarship, and personal interviews, this book explores key historical factors such as Meiji-era modernization policies in Japan, American anti-Asian sentiments, internment during World War II, the postwar transition, economic and educational opportunities in the 1960s, the developing concept of a distinct “Asian American” identity, and Japanese Americans' rise to the major leagues with star players including Lenn Sakata and Kurt Suzuki and even managers such as the Seattle Mariners' Don Wakamatsu.
In the Lions’ Den
Authors: Welsh Mary Sue
Published: May 2017

This chapter details Edna Phillips' appointment as a member of the Philadelphia Orchestra. Phillips entered the Philadelphia Orchestra as its only woman in 1930. Having chosen the harp, an instrument that women played in drawing rooms in the Victorian era and one that was associated with ethereal, feminine attributes, she was more easily accepted into an orchestra than a player of another instrument might have been, but that did not mean her colleagues or the orchestra's audiences accepted and welcomed her arrival. As a woman invading a male bastion, she was just that, an invader, a pioneer in uncharted territory, and her arrival was met with curiosity at best and hostility at worst. Phillips understood that her life in an all-male orchestra would be full of challenges, but that was not her primary concern when she entered the Philadelphia Orchestra. Her biggest fear was that she wouldn't be able to hold her own as a musician among the orchestra's superb players, not because she was a woman, but because her training had been cut short. In a move that shocked and surprised both Phillips and her teacher, conductor Leopold Stokowski had appointed her to the first-chair position in his orchestra rather than choosing her for the second harp position she thought she was auditioning for.
Friday Night Fighter
Authors: Rondinone Troy
Published: May 2017

This book relives a lost moment in American postwar history, when boxing ruled as one of the nation's most widely televised sports. During the 1950s and 1960s, viewers tuned in weekly, sometimes even daily, to watch widely recognized fighters engage in primordial battle; the Gillette Cavalcade of Sports Friday Night Fights was the most popular fight show. This book follows the dual narratives of the Friday Night Fights show and the individual story of Gaspar “Indio” Ortega, a boxer who appeared on prime-time network television more than almost any other boxer in history. From humble beginnings growing up poor in Tijuana, Mexico, Ortega personified the phenomenon of postwar boxing at its greatest, appearing before audiences of millions to battle the biggest names of the time, such as Carmen Basilio, Tony DeMarco, Chico Vejar, Benny “Kid” Paret, Emile Griffith, Kid Gavilan, Florentino Fernández, and Luis Manuel Rodriguez. The book explores the factors contributing to the success of televised boxing, including the rise of television entertainment, the role of a “reality” blood sport, Cold War masculinity, changing attitudes toward race in America, and the influence of organized crime. At times evoking the drama and spectacle of the Friday Night Fights themselves, this book is a lively examination of a time in history when Americans crowded around their sets to watch the main event.
Four Elvises
Authors: Comentale Edward P.
Published: May 2017

This chapter shows how the very deadliness of the commodity form—its radical detachment from any traditional context—ultimately extends the affective range and reach of popular music. It argues that the rock counterculture was founded not against, but through technological manipulation, commercial standardization, and consumer desire, and thus provided fans with new, more thrilling ways of inhabiting a national scene defined by market identities and taste cultures. Somewhere between Marcel Duchamp's arty toss-off and Elvis Presley's tossed-off art, a certain indifference comes to infect popular culture at large. In the end, this chapter focuses on the experiences and emergent sites of fandom, arguing that, with each cut, the King presented his body as an affectively charged and fully mediated public body and that, with records, radio, television, and film, his revolt extended—from one savvy fan to the next—across the body politic at large.
Introduction
Authors: Davé Shilpa S.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter first sets out the book's purpose, which is to examine the representations and stereotypes of South Asian Americans in relation to immigrant narratives of assimilation in American film and television. It theorizes the performance of accent as a means of representing race and particularly national origin beyond visual identification. For South Asians, accent simultaneously connotes difference and privilege. To focus on an Indian vocal accent is to reconsider racialization predicated on visual recognition. The remainder of the chapter discusses vocal accents and racial hierarchies; South Asian American and Indian American identities; popular Culture, Orientalism, and racial performance; and comedy and racial performance. It concludes with an overview of the subsequent chapters.
Apu’s Brown Voice
Authors: Davé Shilpa S.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the character Apu, exploring how his appearance on the television show The Simpsons in the 1990s was a departure from previous Hollywood and television representations of South Asians in the United States. Whereas South Asians were previously depicted as brief visitors or exotic foreigners, Apu symbolizes a permanent Indian immigrant presence in the United States. Yet, his brown-voice performance racializes and differentiates him from other Americans. The chapter theorizes the use of brown voice and discusses how animated characters, in particular, become a significant subject to study vocal accents and voiceovers. Animated characters are unique because one of their most important defining features is their voice, and, thus, animation emphasizes the voice as a site of interest in thinking about racial performance.
The (Asian) American Dream
Authors: Davé Shilpa S.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the film comedy Harold and Kumar Go to White Castle (2004), an alternative to the immigrant journey often seen in Hollywood films where the old country is full of hardships, but the new country of America offers freedom and opportunity. Because the film is a stoner comedy, it is not readily recognizable as an Asian American story. However, within the genre of the stoner comedy, these films create a new narrative that normalizes Asian Americans and South Asian Americans as a central part of American culture and in the process redefines the boundaries of American regional, cultural, and national identities.
“Running from the Joint”
Authors: Davé Shilpa S.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how the sequel film Harold and Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay (2008) establishes Harold and Kumar as patriotic, racialized American citizens who are able to question American federal policy towards outsiders and regional stereotypes in the south in a post-9/11 heightened-security era. Harold and Kumar become the characters that the audience roots for. As in the first film, an Indian accent is not a performative characteristic or object. What is notable is that Harold and Kumar are “accent-less,” so their racial position does not define them. They do not act as cultural objects. In the world of the second film, however, government officials focus on what they look like—they are made hypervisible and seen only as a potential threat to the nation. In contrast to narrative of the paranoid security officials, the rest of the film minimizes their racial threat by having everyone else misrecognize them or surrounds them with exaggerated stereotypes that make Harold and Kumar normative and patriotic. The film allows Kumar, the victim of racial profiling, to protest his treatment and through humor diffuse some of the tension about issues related to detainment and racial profiling.
The Great Orchestrator
Authors: Doering James M.
Published: May 2017

This biography charts the career and legacy of the pioneering American music manager Arthur Judson (1881–1975), who rose to prominence in Philadelphia and New York at the beginning of the twentieth century. A violinist by training, Judson became manager of the Philadelphia Orchestra in 1915 under the iconic conductor Leopold Stokowski. Within a few years, Judson took on management of the New York Philharmonic as well as several individual artists and most of the important conductors working in America. In addition to his colorful career behind the scenes at two preeminent American orchestras, Judson founded a nationwide network of local managers and later became involved in the relatively unexplored medium of radio, working first with WEAF in New York City and then forming his own national radio network in 1927. Providing valuable insight into the workings of these orchestras and the formative years of arts management, this book is a portrait of one of the most powerful managers in American musical history.
New Alliances, New Media, New York
Authors: Doering James M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter talks about how Judson had transformed his professional life in less than five years. No longer a musical jack-of-all-trades, he was now a professional music manager, solidly established in the Philadelphia community. Judson's meteoric rise in the 1920s mirrored the United States' own economic prosperity during this era. But his success was more than a product of good economic times. Judson weighed his risks carefully, always kept a diverse management portfolio, and most importantly avoided pitting his various interests against each other. He had the ability to assure patrons of all types that their investments were not being wasted, and he had a similar effect on artists he managed. By the end of the 1920s, Judson wielded immense power, yet did so with the trust of the musical community.
“Light Is Bursting upon the World!”
Authors: Campney Brent M. S.
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyzes the emergence of antiblack violence in Kansas in the 1860s and 1870s. It argues that a dominant “Free State narrative” that has traditionally interpreted Kansas as a locale of historically benign race relations has failed to reflect the intensity of Reconstruction-Era racism in a Southern Plains state that was born amid antebellum sectional agitation over the slavery question. In the aftermath of the war, white Kansas made a mockery of the Smoky Hill and Republican Union's optimism, unleashing a campaign of violence aimed at enforcing their supremacy over blacks in the young state. The dichotomy between the Union's wartime optimism and its assessment of reality thereafter finds its parallel in the historiography of Kansas.
Making Utah History
Authors: Mangun Kimberley , Gerlach Larry R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Utah, another Mountain state, using a case study of press coverage of the 1925 lynching of African American Robert Marshall. It analyzes early-twentieth-century race relations and a recent contentious debate over the public memory of racial lynching in a state historically dominated by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (the Mormons). Memphis journalist Ida B. Wells was the first to identify the underlying causes of lynching. In three long investigative pamphlets published between 1892 and 1900, she discussed how allegations of rape obscured the real reason behind the killings of black men: white rage over economic advances among a rising black middle class. Lynching has received considerable scholarly and popular attention since Wells' groundbreaking work.
No Votes for Women
Authors: Goodier Susan
Published: May 2017

This book explores the complicated history of the suffrage movement in New York State by delving into the stories of women who opposed the expansion of voting rights to women. The book makes the case that, contrary to popular thought, women who opposed suffrage were not against women's rights. Instead, conservative women who fought against suffrage encouraged women to retain their distinctive feminine identities as protectors of their homes and families, a role they felt was threatened by the imposition of masculine political responsibilities. The book details the victories and defeats on both sides of the movement from its start in the 1890s to its end in the 1930s, analyzing not only how local and state suffrage and anti-suffrage campaigns impacted the national suffrage movement, but also how both sides refined their appeals to the public based on their counterparts' arguments. Rather than condemning the women of the anti-suffragist movement for accepting or even trying to preserve the status quo, the book acknowledges the powerful activism of this often overlooked and misunderstood political force in the history of women's equality.
Introduction
Authors: Goodier Susan
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter sets out the book's primary goal, which is to understand the movement for women's rights from the point of view of the women who opposed their enfranchisement in New York State. Recovering a clearer understanding of attitudes regarding women's power, as well as the meaning of the vote to women of the time, more accurately illuminates any study of women's rights movements of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The book analyzes activities at the local and state levels, and those that connected New York State to the national perspective, in an effort to clarify the importance of anti-suffragism for the suffrage movement, as well as for the movement for women's rights. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
Using Enfranchisement to Fight Woman Suffrage, 1917–1932
Authors: Goodier Susan
Published: May 2017

This chapter tells of the expected end of the anti-suffrage movement, highlighting much of the public and residual animosity toward women's enfranchisement. The women antis restructured the New York State Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage as the Women Voters' Anti-Suffrage Party and worked against a federal amendment. The Woman Patriot Publishing Company absorbed the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage. Although New York State anti-suffragists had always been influential in national level work, in 1917, with a change in leadership, they moved the national headquarters to Washington, D.C., and continued their efforts to prevent the passage of the federal amendment. Men increasingly dominated the movement, and the anti-suffrage tone became desperate-sounding and even venomous. The national movement operated in a far different mode from the previous women's anti-suffrage movement under its second president, Alice Hay Wadsworth, and her successor, Mary G. Kilbreth.
Charles Ives in the Mirror
Authors: Paul David C.
Published: May 2017

This book, a sweeping survey of intellectual and musical history, tells the new story of how the music of American composer Charles E. Ives (1874–1954) was shaped by shifting conceptions of American identity within and outside of musical culture. The book focuses on the critics, composers, performers, and scholars whose contributions were most influential in shaping the critical discourse on Ives, many of them marquee names of American musical culture themselves, including Henry Cowell, Aaron Copland, Elliott Carter, and Leonard Bernstein. The book explores both how Ives positioned his music amid changing philosophical and aesthetic currents and how others interpreted his contributions to American music. Although Ives's initial efforts to find a public in the early 1920s attracted a few devotees, the resurgence of interest in the American literary past during the 1930s made a concert staple of his “Concord” Sonata, a work dedicated to nineteenth-century transcendentalist writers. The book shows how Ives was subsequently deployed as an icon of American freedom during the early Cold War period and how he came to be instigated at the head of a line of “American maverick” composers. It also examines why a recent cadre of scholars has beset the composer with Gilded Age social anxieties.
Setting Up the Stage
Authors: Rahier Jean Muteba
Published: May 2017

This chapter provides additional and required contextual information that should facilitate the reading of the analyses of the Festival of the Kings. It begins by revisiting briefly the theoretical discussion begun in this introduction about the importance “place” should have in festivity studies. It then goes on with the presentation of a brief history of the celebrations of the Catholic Epiphany, which leads to a historical explanation of how it became a festivity with which African slaves associated. The chapter concludes with historical accounts of the black presence in the province of Esmeraldas, which come infused with bits of provincial, national, and transnational economic history.
Evidence
Authors: Jockers Matthew L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses new approaches and new methodologies in literary evidence gathering. Science derives conclusions based on evidence, and ideally, is open to new methodologies. Furthermore, science attempts to be exhaustive in the gathering of evidence as much as possible and must therefore welcome new modes of exploration, discovery, and analysis. This chapter emphasizes literary criticism's heavy reliance on associations as evidence and explains how literary studies differs from scientific experimentation. It also considers the advantages of “close reading,” the primary methodology used in the study of literature, and proceeds by looking at the ways that big data—the equivalent to digital libraries in literary studies—is changing the way data sampling is being undertaken. Finally, it describes how new methods of analysis allow us to extract new forms of evidence from the digital library.
Macroanalysis
Authors: Jockers Matthew L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the potentials of a computer-based macroanalytic approach to the study of literature. It first compares macroanalysis to macroeconomics as opposed to microeconomics, which can be seen as analogous to the study of individual texts via “close readings” whereas macroeconomics is about the study of the entire economy. It then proposes a blended approach that combines the macro and micro scales and promises a new, enhanced, and better understanding of the literary record. It also explains how macroanalysis yields specific insights into some important literary historical questions and considers the distinct advantages of a macroanalytic approach over the more traditional practice of studying literary periods and genres. The chapter concludes with an overview of the book's exploration of macroanalysis and its argument that literary studies should be approached not simply as an examination of seminal works but as an examination of an aggregated ecosystem or “economy” of texts.
Metadata
Authors: Jockers Matthew L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents a first example of how the macroanalytic approach brings new knowledge to our understanding of literary history. It also begins the larger discussion of influence that forms a unifying thread in this book. The evidence presented here is primarily quantitative; it was gathered from a large literary bibliography using ad hoc computational tools. The chapter first takes a look at searchable bibliographies containing a wealth of information in the form of metadata and how, in the absence of full text, this bibliographical metadata can reveal useful information about literary trends. It then describes the author's project involving a bibliographic database of Irish American literature spanning 250 years. It also explains the results of the metadata analysis conducted by the author in relation to Charles Fanning's arguments and especially with respect to trends in literary productivity. The chapter concludes by highlighting the potential for analysis of impact of geography on literary style.
Theme
Authors: Jockers Matthew L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter demonstrates how big data and computation can be used to identify and track recurrent themes as the products of external influence. It first considers the limitations of the Google Ngram Viewer as a tool for tracing thematic trends over time before turning to Douglas Biber's Corpus Linguistics: Investigating Language Structure and Use, a primer on various factors complicating word-focused text analysis and the subsequent conclusions one might draw regarding word meanings. It then discusses the results of the author's application of latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) to a corpus of 3,346 nineteenth-century novels using the open-source MALLET (MAchine Learning for LanguagE Toolkit), a software package for topic modeling. It also explains the different types of analyses performed by the author, including text segmentation, word chunking, and author nationality, gender and time-themes relationship analyses. The thematic data from the LDA model reveal the degree to which author nationality, author gender, and date of publication could be predicted by the thematic signals expressed in the nineteenth-century novels corpus.
Chicago Skyscrapers, 1871-1934
Authors: Leslie Thomas
Published: May 2017

For more than a century, Chicago's skyline has included some of the world's most distinctive and inspiring buildings. This history of the Windy City's skyscrapers begins in the key period of reconstruction after the Great Fire of 1871 and concludes in 1934 with the onset of the Great Depression, which brought architectural progress to a standstill. During this time, such iconic landmarks as the Chicago Tribune Tower, the Wrigley Building, the Marshall Field and Company Building, the Chicago Stock Exchange, the Palmolive Building, the Masonic Temple, the City Opera, Merchandise Mart, and many others rose to impressive new heights, thanks to innovations in building methods and materials. Solid, earthbound edifices of iron, brick, and stone made way for towers of steel and plate glass, imparting a striking new look to Chicago's growing urban landscape. This book reveals the daily struggles, technical breakthroughs, and negotiations that produced these magnificent buildings. It also considers how the city's infamous political climate contributed to its architecture, as building and zoning codes were often disputed by shifting networks of rivals, labor unions, professional organizations, and municipal bodies. Featuring more than a hundred photographs and illustrations of the city's physically impressive and beautifully diverse architecture, the book highlights an exceptionally dynamic, energetic period of architectural progress in Chicago.
Steel, Clay, and Glass: The Expressed Frame, 1897–1910
Authors: Leslie Thomas
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes major structures built from 1897 to 1910, many of which used heavier fireproof jackets around steel frames, mandated by new codes. The 1893 Chicago Building Ordinance ended the laissez-faire attitude that had dominated the city's approach to building in the 1870s and 1880s. It featured an intensive focus on building safety, producing regulations that were progressive in their prescriptions for building envelopes but onerous in their limits on height. Collectively, these rules discouraged further experimentation with bay windows like those of the Reliance, instead favoring large, flat windows set into brick-jacketed steel frames. Curtain walls were further limited by Section 135, which stipulated walls of increasing thickness for higher buildings whether load-bearing or not. By 1903, window frames were also required to be of incombustible construction, eliminating wood in favor of cast iron or steel.
Steel, Light, and Style: The Concealed Frame, 1905–1918
Authors: Leslie Thomas
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes major structures built from 1905 to 1918, many of which used more solid curtain walls that reflected the ability of electric lighting and mechanical ventilation to replace thermally inefficient (and increasingly expensive) plate glass windows. Tenants gradually abandoned older buildings with slower elevators, smaller offices, and darker corridors for newer, more efficient buildings. “Old Chicago is being torn down,” one journalist reported in 1910, “and new Chicago erected in its place.” The Calumet, first Insurance Exchange (at LaSalle and Adams), Rand–McNally, and the Opera House—all major achievements in the 1880s—were demolished between 1910 and 1913. They were replaced by buildings aimed at tenants seeking greater efficiency, comfort, and pretense. The combined push of material conditions and pull of aesthetic desire influenced the symmetrical compositions, massive solid appearances, and antique ornamental choices for buildings, eventually precipitating a dominant design formula that would inform skyscrapers for a generation.
Chicago, 1934
Authors: Leslie Thomas
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes the impact of the Great Depression on the Chicago real estate market. The gravity of the Depression can be understood by what was not built. For instance, Walter Ahlschlager had planned a massive complex of office towers, showrooms, lodging, and leisure facilities known variously as Crane Tower, Chicago tower, and the Apparel Mart. Announced by a group of apparel executives in June 1928, the scheme proposed a seventy-five-story setback tower atop a base that was to span railyards between the extended Randolph Street and Wacker Drive. However, nothing more was heard of the project after the October crash. The idea of a city rising above the Illinois Central yards attracted other schemes but no serious investment until after 1950.
Coming Home
Authors: Lorence James J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at how the ASARCO (Globe Smelter Division of the American Smelting and Refining Company) job provided Jencks with a new lease on life. Although the work initially involved hard and dirty labor in a low-wage position, it connected him again to the world of social action through the union. Although he worried about the corrosive impact of the fumes that caused his clothes to disintegrate in a day's time, his morale was boosted by the camaraderie he found among workers in the mill. Furthermore, Jencks' renewal of party ties in 1946 was perfectly consistent with the deep Socialist belief system he had developed since his high school years. Driven by the spirit of communalism, he embraced political, economic, and social forms and expressions that sought to empower and mutually benefit all.
Telling the Story
Authors: Lorence James J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how Jencks' reassignment in 1951 to service Clifton-Morenci from his Silver City base resulted in a substantial disruption of their home life and normal work routines. For Virginia, this change threatened an especially devastating blow, since it became clear that she was expected to follow her husband wherever his duties took him. Although Virginia was fully aware of union spouses' acceptance of subordinate roles, she considered Mine-Mill's relegation of her work to the status of helpmate altogether “unpalatable.” Furthermore, one major challenge Jencks and Local 890 faced in the early 1950s involved continued Red-baiting in loose coordination with ongoing steelworkers' raiding of Mine-Mill jurisdictions.
Confronting Domestic Anti-Communism
Authors: Lorence James J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter illustrates how, after relocating in Denver, Jencks immediately became engaged in the preparation of a national campaign from the International office, designed to familiarize Mine-Mill members and the wider labor audience with the attack on the union and its leaders. The International concurred in Local 890's widely publicized judgment that there had been “nothing subversive” about Mine-Mill's making a movie to tell the story of the strike. The International called for concerted action to ensure the “protection of our members,” starting with a demand that the false charges against Jencks be dismissed. The International's action, which stressed the danger to civil liberties and the threat of further legislative restrictions on labor, marked the beginning of a long and perilous road for the Jenckses.
Todd Haynes
Authors: White Rob
Published: May 2017

Todd Haynes' films are intricate and purposeful, combining the intellectual impact of art cinema with the emotional accessibility of popular genres. They are also underpinned by a serious commitment to feminism and queer theory. From his 1985 student film about Arthur Rimbaud to his shapeshifting portrait of Bob Dylan in I'm Not There (2007) and the riveting HBO miniseries Mildred Pierce (2011), Haynes has made films whose complex weave of stories and characters reveals dark, painful intensities. His taste for narrative experimentation and pastiche is haunted by anguish. This book, which includes a major new interview with Todd Haynes, is the first comprehensive study of the director's work. Special attention is paid to the fascination with music culture (from the Carpenters to glam rock) and to the rich pattern of allusions to, or affinity with, predecessor filmmakers (Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Max Ophuls, Douglas Sirk, and many more). But the book's chief concern is the persistence of a queer impulse to explore social coercion and the possibility that there may be some way of escaping its cruelty.
Introduction
Authors: Toro-Morn Maura , Guevarra Anna Romina , Flores-González Nilda
Published: May 2017

This book explores the labor experiences of immigrant women, primarily Asians and Latinas, engaged in low-wage work in the era of neoliberal globalization. It assesses the impact of neoliberal globalization on the economic, political, and social lives of immigrant women both at home and abroad, as well as the strategies used by these women to deal with labor disruptions—interruptions in immigrant women's labor patterns due to the social and political processes resulting from neoliberal globalization. Labor disruptions encompass both “for-pay” labor and gendered labor within the family and occur in ethnic enclaves and within the informal economy. The book seeks to elucidate how Asian and Latina immigrant women, with the assistance of community-based organizations, organize and mobilize against disruptions caused by neoliberal globalization and the neoliberal state. This introduction reflects on the challenges facing future scholars of labor and migration processes.
FLOResiste
Authors: Flores-González Nilda , Gomberg-Muñoz Ruth
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the intersections of gendered and transnational labor, class, race, migration, and political activism in Flor Crisóstomo's life as a transnational worker, mother, and activist. Crisóstomo is an immigrant worker and mother from Mexico who turned into an activist after she was apprehended in a worksite immigration raid in 2006. She created a blog called FLOResiste to denounce neoliberal policies that have led to the migration of women and indigenous people and resulted in the separation of families. This chapter first situates Crisóstomo's experiences within theoretical understandings of transnational motherhood before discussing the circumstances that led her to migrate to the United States and expand on her experiences as a transnational worker until the raid. It also analyzes Crisóstomo's politicization through the immigrant rights movement, her defiance of a deportation order, and her activism and concludes by assessing how these events have transformed her perceptions and practices regarding parenting and placing those ideas in a transnational and neoliberal context.
Fighting from a Distance
Authors: Fuentecilla Jose V.
Published: May 2017

This book describes how Filipino exiles and immigrants in the United States played a crucial role in the grassroots revolution that overthrew the fourteen-year dictatorship of former president Ferdinand Marcos in the Philippines in 1986. A member of one of the major U.S.-based anti-Marcos movements, the author tells the story of how small groups of Filipino exiles—short on resources and shunned by some of their compatriots—overcame fear, apathy, and personal differences to form opposition organizations after Marcos's imposition of martial law and learned to lobby the U.S. government during the Cold War. In the process, the author draws from multiple hours of interviews with the principal activists, personal files of resistance leaders, and U.S. government records revealing the surveillance of the resistance by pro-Marcos White House administrations. The first full-length book to detail the history of U.S.-based opposition to the Marcos regime, it provides valuable lessons on how to persevere against a well-entrenched opponent.
Martial Law and Beyond
Authors: Fuentecilla Jose V.
Published: May 2017

This chapter details the series of political events from the proclamation of Ferdinand Marcos as the sixth president of the Philippines to his usurpation of power in 1972. Marcos' dream of a march to greatness started well. Expansive public works projects as well as intensified tax collection led to a measure of prosperity in the 1970s. He was reelected in 1969, becoming the first president to win a second term. However, during this second term, militancy also increased among student groups. On July 7, 1972, the constitutional convention voted to change the form of government from presidential rule to a parliamentary system. This allowed Marcos, whose last and second term would have ended in December 1973, to seek a third term. On September 22, Marcos signed the martial law decree, which was dated September 21. As justification, he claimed that an “armed insurrection and rebellion” was being waged against the government by “lawless elements” and “terroristic organizations.”5He would wield absolute power for the next fourteen years and eight months.
Alec Wilder
Authors: Lambert Philip
Published: May 2017

The music of Alec Wilder (1907–1980) blends several American musical traditions, such as jazz and the American popular song, with classical European forms and techniques. Stylish and accessible, Wilder's musical oeuvre ranged from sonatas, suites, concertos, operas, ballets, and art songs to woodwind quintets, brass quintets, jazz suites, and hundreds of popular songs. Wilder enjoyed a close musical kinship with a wide variety of musicians, including classical conductors such as Erich Leinsdorf, Frederick Fennell, and Gunther Schuller; jazz musicians Marian McPartland, Stan Getz, and Zoot Sims; and popular singers including Frank Sinatra, Mabel Mercer, Peggy Lee, and Tony Bennett. In this biography and critical investigation of Wilder's music, Wilder's early work as a part-time student at the Eastman School of Music, his ascent through the ranks of the commercial recording industry in New York City in the 1930s and 1940s, his turn toward concert music from the 1950s onward, and his devotion late in his life to the study of American popular songs of the first half of the twentieth century are chronicled. The book discusses some of his best-known music, such as the revolutionary octets and songs such as I'll Be Around, While We're Young, and Blackberry Winter, and explains the unique blend of cultivated and vernacular traditions in his singular musical language.
Evolutions
Authors: Lambert Philip
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Wilder's compositional maturity in the 1950s. From the late 1940s through the 1950s, Wilder pursued a long-held goal with growing confidence and perseverance. Having made his name as a songwriter-arranger, he now aspired to become more of a “composer.” He never abandoned the popular song but he found himself drawn more and more to the sounds and artistic sensibilities of the theater, opera house, and concert hall. Wilder's turn toward concert music was inspired, in his mind, by his association and friendship with his Eastman confrère John Barrows. Barrows took on a role for Wilder's concert music that Mitch Miller had once played for Wilder's experience in the popular realm: promoting him, helping him find opportunities, and offering boundless encouragement. Over the decades of their friendship, Wilder would write not only because of Barrows but also for him, as a soloist and in chamber groups.
Loyalties
Authors: Lambert Philip
Published: May 2017

This chapter studies Wilder's music in the 1960s. Continuing to follow trends he had begun at the end of the preceding decade, he wrote volumes of concert music for groups of all sizes in the 1960s, for wind ensembles and chamber orchestras and small groups and soloists with piano. He also wrote piano music, dramatic music of diverse kinds, and a handful of new songs, following traditional popular or art-song models. Also extending earlier trends, Wilder's loyalties to his artistic and ideological roots found musical expression through the efforts of loyal friends. As his travels and residencies and friendships multiplied, so did his catalog of original compositions perfectly suited for a faculty ensemble or senior recital or informal gathering in a college practice room or dormitory basement.
Chicago’s Game
Authors: Lamberti Christopher
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines 16-inch, no-glove softball, described by one enthusiast as “Chicago's game,” and suggests that it is an “important part of the city's heritage.” Throughout the 1930s and1940s, softball provided Chicago with sports heroes and some of its most colorful sports moments before television. Following the 1933 World's Fair, softball became a professional sport in Chicago. Virtually unknown outside the city's greater metropolitan area, Chicago-style softball is played with a larger, softer ball called the “Clincher” fielded by ten position players (the tenth usually stationed behind second base) with their bare hands. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, 16-inch softball in the city proper remains strongest with African Americans. This chapter traces the history of 16-inch softball in Chicago and argues that the sport was not only an expression of traditional class and gender identities and relations, but also instilled a distinct sense of community among those who played and followed it.
The Voice of Los Angeles
Authors: Gorn Elliott J. , Lauterbach Allison
Published: May 2017

This chapter pays homage to Los Angeles Dodgers broadcaster Vin Scully, who has provided the team's play-by-play for more than six decades years, with “elegance and ease and seeming effortlessness.” Born in 1927, Vincent Edward Scully grew up in the Bronx listening to sportscasters on the radio. He took up broadcasting while a student at Fordham University. Scully joined the Dodgers at spring training in Vero Beach, Florida, in March 1950. More than sixty years later, he is still with the team, the longest tenured announcer in American sports history. With a strong sense of perspective—of history—Scully emphasizes to listeners that baseball is a special little world, fascinating to be sure, but not to be overvalued. This chapter first provides a background on Scully's career in radio broadcasting before considering him from different generational perspectives. It argues that Scully “is more than just a well-loved sportscaster. He is the voice of L.A.” Angelenos' sense of civic identity resonates with that voice.