bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Self‐adaptive Bald Eagle Search optimization algorithm with dynamic opposition‐based learning for global optimization problems
Authors: Sharma Suvita Rani , Kaur Manpreet , Singh Birmohan
Published: October 2022

Bald Eagle Search optimization (BES) is introduced recently, which mimics the bald eagles' hunting and food searching behaviour. The capability of a BES algorithm is enhanced in this paper by avoiding local optima stagnation and premature convergence problems. The BES algorithm is modified to enhance the performance of the algorithm and the modified algorithm is called the Self Adaptive Bald Eagle Search (SABES) algorithm. Dynamic‐opposite Learning (DOL) method is invoked in the initialization phase to increase the population diversity and convergence speed. To find better global solutions, the exploitation capability of the SBES algorithm is enhanced by considering the dynamic‐opposite solutions. In addition, the algorithmic parameter values of the BES algorithm have been determined using the linear and non‐linear time‐varying adaption strategy to create a balance between the search abilities which promotes the overall performance of the algorithm. The performance of the SABES algorithm is validated by comparing the results of 50 benchmark functions and CEC2017 functions with different erstwhile algorithms. The proposed algorithm achieves the best results in 80% of the benchmark functions, whereas the BES only gets the best results in 56% of functions. For the CEC2017, the SABES algorithm achieves optimal results for 20 functions which are highest in comparison to state‐of‐the‐art algorithms. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm are checked using the 15 CEC2020 competition real‐world single‐objective constrained optimization problems. The SABES achieves a 100% success rate and 100% feasibility rate in comparison to other well‐regarded algorithms. The statistical significance of the algorithm has been proved using Friedman's mean rank and Wilcoxon sign rank test.
A novel allosteric site employs a conserved inhibition mechanism in human kidney‐type glutaminase
Authors: Shankar Srihari , Ramachandran Sarath , Tulsian Nikhil , Radhakrishnan Sridhar , Jobichen Chacko , Sivaraman J.
Published: October 2022

Glutaminase catalyses the metabolic process called glutaminolysis. Cancer cells harness glutaminolysis to increase energy reserves under stressful conditions for rapid proliferation. Glutaminases are upregulated in many tumours. In humans, the kidney‐type glutaminase (KGA) isoform is highly expressed in the kidney, brain, intestine, foetal liver, lymphocytes and in many tumours. Glutaminase inhibition is shown to be effective in controlling cancers. Previously, we and others reported the inhibition mechanism of KGA using various inhibitors that target the active and allosteric sites of the enzyme. Here, we report the identification of a novel allosteric site in KGA using the compound DDP through its complex crystal structure combined with mutational and hydrogen‐deuterium exchange mass spectrometry studies. This allosteric site is located at the dimer interface, situated ~ 31 Å away from the previously identified allosteric site and ~ 32 Å away from the active site. Remarkably, the mechanism of inhibition is conserved, irrespective of which allosteric pocket is targeted, causing the same conformational changes in the key loop near the active site (Glu312‐Pro329) and subsequent enzyme inactivation. Contrary to the previously identified allosteric site, the identified new allosteric site is primarily hydrophilic. This site could be effectively targeted for the synthesis of specific and potent water‐soluble inhibitors of glutaminase, which will lead to the development of anticancer drugs.
Maize CDKA2;1a and CDKB1;1 kinases have different requirements for their activation and participate in substrate recognition
Authors: López‐Hernández Mingyar N. , Vázquez‐Ramos Jorge M.
Published: October 2022

Cyclin‐dependent kinases (CDKs), in association with cyclins, control cell cycle progression by phosphorylating a large number of substrates. In animals, activation of CDKs regularly requires both the association with a cyclin and then phosphorylation of a highly conserved threonine residue in the CDK activation loop (the classical mechanism), mediated by a CDK‐activating kinase (CAK). In addition to this typical mechanism of activation, some CDKs can also be activated by the association of a cyclin to a monomeric CDK previously phosphorylated by CAK although not all CDKs can be activated by this mechanism. In animals and yeast, cyclin, in addition to being required for CDK activation, provides substrate specificity to the cyclin/CDK complex; however, in plants both the mechanisms of CDKs activation and the relevance of the CDK‐associated cyclin for substrate targeting have been poorly studied. In this work, by co‐expressing proteins in E. coli, we studied maize CDKA2;1a and CDKB1;1, two of the main types of CDKs that control the cell cycle in plants. These kinases could be activated by the classical mechanism and by the association of CycD2;2a to a phosphorylated intermediate in its activation loop, a previously unproven mechanism for the activation of plant CDKs. Unlike CDKA2;1a, CDKB1;1 did not require CAK for its activation, since it autophosphorylated in its activation loop. Phosphorylation of CDKB1;1 and association of CycD2;2 was not enough for its full activation as association of maize CKS, a scaffolding protein, differentially stimulated substrate phosphorylation. Our results suggest that both CDKs participate in substrate recognition.
Niche width predicts extinction from climate change and vulnerability of tropical species
Authors: Grinder Rollie M. , Wiens John J.
Published: October 2022

Climate change may be a major threat to global biodiversity, especially to tropical species. Yet, why tropical species are more vulnerable to climate change remains unclear. Tropical species are thought to have narrower physiological tolerances to temperature, and they have already experienced a higher estimated frequency of climate‐related local extinctions. These two patterns suggest that tropical species are more vulnerable to climate change because they have narrower thermal niche widths. However, no studies have tested whether species with narrower climatic niche widths for temperature have experienced more local extinctions, and if these narrower niche widths can explain the higher frequency of tropical local extinctions. Here, we test these ideas using resurvey data from 538 plant and animal species from 10 studies. We found that mean niche widths among species and the extent of climate change (increase in maximum annual temperatures) together explained most variation (>75%) in the frequency of local extinction among studies. Surprisingly, neither latitude nor occurrence in the tropics alone significantly predicted local extinction among studies, but latitude and niche widths were strongly inversely related. Niche width also significantly predicted local extinction among species, as well as among and (sometimes) within studies. Overall, niche width may offer a relatively simple and accessible predictor of the vulnerability of populations to climate change. Intriguingly, niche width has the best predictive power to explain extinction from global warming when it incorporates coldest yearly temperatures.
Modeling activity spaces using big geo‐data: Progress and challenges
Authors: Yuan Yihong , Xu Yang
Published: October 2022

The growing availability of big geo‐data, such as mobile phone data and location‐based social media (LBSM), provides new opportunities and challenges for modeling human activity spaces in the big data era. These datasets often cover a large sample size and can be used to model activity spaces more efficiently than traditional travel surveys. However, these data also have inherent limitations, such as the lack of reliable demographic information of individuals and a low sampling rate. This paper first reviews the strengths and weaknesses of various internal and external activity space indicators. We then discuss the pros and cons of using various new data sources (e.g., georeferenced mobile phone data and LBSM data) for activity space modeling. We believe this review paper is a valuable reference not only for researchers who are interested in activity space modeling based on big geo‐data, but also for planners and policy makers who are looking to incorporate new data sources into their future workflow.
Women's inclusion and neoliberal governmentality in the Swedish digital game industry: An analysis of discursive positions and recruitment strategies
Authors: Szczepanska Anna Maria
Published: October 2022

Many companies within the creative industries present themselves as open and egalitarian while they are, at the same time, marked by vertical and horizontal sex‐segregation. The paper illustrates how this is particularly salient in the digital games industry and further examines how the presence of a neoliberal postfeminist discourse contributes to the neglectance of structured inequality. The analysis is based on qualitative interviews with actors in the Swedish games industry. Drawing on the theoretical perception that neoliberal logic reframes contemporary notions of gender and equality through a postfeminist discursive framework, this paper identifies and critically discusses different approaches to understand and tackle the gender divide in the Swedish games industry. While postfeminism has been characterized as apolitical or even anti‐feminist, this paper discusses how such postfeminist expressions could also be understood as connecting to the feminist project of de‐gendering. By way of conclusion, this study shows how a postfeminist discourse obscures the reality of gendered inequalities and poses limits to organizational change.
Severe hypertriglyceridemia in an infant on chronic hemodialysis
Authors: Aly Rasha , Acharya Ratna , Upadhyay Kiran K.
Published: October 2022

Severe hyperlipidemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Children with chronic kidney disease and end stage renal disease are at risk for development of hyperlipidemia. In this report, we describe a 7‐month‐old male infant with Denys–Drash syndrome who was found to have a “milky‐layer” floating on the deaerator of the hemodialysis machine. Investigations showed severe hypertriglyceridemia of >1000 mg/dl. The patient had been on chronic continuous manual peritoneal dialysis until 6 months of age and recently had been switched to hemodialysis. Management included lowering of caloric intake and addition of medium chain triglyceride with reduction of the serum triglyceride levels to 300–400 mg/dl. Close monitoring of serum lipids and timely intervention is important to prevent serious complications associated with dyslipidemia. Observation of the “milky layer” in the deaerator of the hemodialysis machine may be an interesting visual clue of underlying severe hypertriglyceridemia.
Recent trends of advanced ceramics industry and Fine Ceramics Roadmap 2050
Authors: Takemura Hirofumi , Fukushima Hideko
Published: October 2022

Japan's fine ceramics (advanced ceramics) industry, which reached US$30 billion of production in 2018 (an annual growth rate of 6.3%), accounts for 40% of the global market. The mission of the Japan Fine Ceramics Association (JFCA), which consists of 116 corporate members related to fine ceramics, is to further promote the development of this industry. In this paper, we describe the recent trends of fine ceramics industry and the latest JFCA's activities, including the publication of the FC Roadmap 2050 (2021 edition). This roadmap addresses fine ceramics technologies and products that will meet increasingly diverse needs of society, market, and industry in the year 2050.
The adaptation of the Nurse Turnover Intention Scale into Turkish: A validity and reliability study
Authors: Zeyrek Arife Şanlıalp , Fidan Özlem , Köktaş Nesrin Çunkuş
Published: October 2022

Aim

The aim of this study was to adapt the Nurse Turnover Intention Scale to Turkish and test its validity and reliability.

Methods

This methodological study was conducted with 200 nurses. The Personal Information Form and the Nurse Turnover Intention Scale were used for data collection between November and December 2021. Language and content validity, explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis, criterion validity, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, item–total score correlation and test–retest reliability methods were used for the validity and reliability analysis of the scale.

Results

Exploratory factor analysis showed that the Nurse Turnover Intention Scale had a single factor. Its single factor structure was confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the scale was 0.902, and factor loading was between 0.60 and 0.78. Statistical analyses indicated that each item in the Turkish version of the scale had a high internal consistency. The test–retest correlation value was found as p < 0.05.

Conclusion

The Nurse Turnover Intention Scale has been confirmed to be a suitable, valid and reliable measurement tool for Turkish society. Nurse turnover intention is the most powerful predictor of actual turnover within the nursing profession. This scale will help to easily attain valid and reliable outcomes.
Low‐temperature synthesis of six‐principal‐component high‐entropy transition‐metal carbide aerogel thermal insulator
Authors: Han Lei , Chen Yu , Zhang Haijun , Li Guangqiang , Jia Quanli , Zhang Shaowei
Published: October 2022

High‐entropy transition‐metal (IVB–VIB) carbide (HETMC) ceramics consisting of multiple principal components generally correspond to higher configuration entropy, and exhibit better overall performance. However, they also present certain synthesis challenges, for example, in the synthesis of a three‐dimensional six‐principal‐component HETMC aerogel. In the present work, as an example a novel (Ti0.167Cr0.167V0.167Mo0.167Nb0.167Ta0.167)C aerogel was prepared at a relatively low temperature of 1773 K by an in‐situ carbothermal reduction/partial sintering technique following the successful preparation of (Ti0.2V0.2Mo0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C and (Ti0.2Cr0.2Mo0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C five‐principal‐component HETMC aerogels. The synthesized 6‐HETMC aerogel exhibited a homogeneous microstructure with grain phases and pores of 100–300 nm and 0.2–10 μm, respectively, a density of 0.45 g cm−3, a high porosity and compressive strength of 94.5% and 0.8 MPa, respectively, a low thermal conductivity of 0.128 W (m K)−1 at 298 K, and a good high‐temperature stability at least up to 1673 K in Ar. This research provided a novel strategy for future development of HETMC ceramic aerogels for high‐temperature applications.
Heat treatment to regulate bismuth valence toward enhanced radiation resistance in barium gallo‐germanate glass
Authors: Yan Na , Xiong Puxian , Liu Bingjun , Tian Shuhang , Song Xiangyang , Shi Zhenguo , Xiao Yao , Sun Yongsheng , Wu Minbo , Wei Ben , Tang Guowu , Qian Qi , Yang Zhongmin
Published: October 2022

Due to the excellent infrared transparency, low phonon energy, and high rare‐earth solubility, germanate laser glass has attracted much attention in mid‐infrared fiber lasers for potential coherent laser radar systems, optical detection, remote sensing, and laser surgery. However, radiation‐induce darkening often occurs in fiber lasers that operate in radiation environment. Here, we report a useful strategy to improve the radiation resistance by adding multivalence Bi ions and discuss its radiation resistance mechanism. In order to study the effect of valence states on the radiation resistance of barium gallo‐germanate glass, we adjust the valence states of Bi ions by heat treatment, the potential mechanism of which is discussed in detail based on the absorption, photoluminescence (PL), and Raman spectra. The absorption, electron paramagnetic resonance, and photoluminescence spectra have proved the interconversion of Bi ions between low and high valence, which inhibits the formation of Ge‐related electron center (GEC) and non‐bridging oxygen hole center defects in the irradiation process. In addition, the Bi3+ content increased by heat treatment is beneficial to serve as electron‐trapping centers in γ‐ray irradiation, thus further reducing the formation of GEC. This study provides a simple method to achieve Bi valence regulation, so as to improve the radiation resistance.
Safety of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in Asian type 2 diabetes populations
Authors: Davidson Jaime A , Sukor Norlela , Hew Fen‐Lee , Mohamed Mafauzy , Hussein Zanariah
Published: October 2022

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus continues to increase in many Asian countries, with possible contributing factors, such as younger‐onset disease, diabetes development at lower body mass index, higher visceral fat accumulation and poorer β‐cell function, among Asian populations. Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors have been shown to confer favorable effects in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, such as improved glycemic control, weight and blood pressure reduction, and importantly, cardiorenal benefits. Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors are generally well‐tolerated, and have a well‐defined safety profile based on evidence from numerous clinical trials and post‐marketing pharmacovigilance reporting. To our knowledge, this review is the first to provide a comprehensive coverage of the adverse events of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, as well as their management and counseling aspects for Asian type 2 diabetes mellitus populations.
Updating new invasions: The Australian tortoise beetle Trachymela sloanei (Blackburn, 1897) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Pérez‐Gómez Álvaro , Robla Jairo , Barreda José Manuel , Rodríguez Ginés , Amarillo José Manuel
Published: October 2022

Trachymela sloanei (Blackburn, 1897) is a non‐indigenous beetle of the Iberian Peninsula herbivorous of several species of Eucalyptus trees. Since its first detection in Europe in 2014, little information is available about the populations of this beetle in this distribution range. Therefore, a complete chorological update of the Australian tortoise beetle in the Iberian Peninsula is carried out. The ecology, phenology and potential distribution are discussed. Certain features of its morphology are fully illustrated to increase knowledge of this species. Finally, other remarks of interest that could be useful for the future management perspectives of this plague of Eucalyptus in the European continent are commented on briefly.
Applying a Foucauldian lens to the Canadian code of ethics for registered nurses as a discursive mechanism for nurses professional identity
Authors: Purvis Janet K.
Published: October 2022

This study examines the Canadian Code of Ethics for Registered Nurses as a discursive mechanism for shaping nurses' professional identity using a Foucauldian lens. Nurses are considered essential in healthcare, yet the nursing profession has struggled to be recognized for its discipline‐specific knowledge and expertise and, as such, has remained the subject of and subject to the dominant discourses within healthcare and society generally. Developing a professional identity in nursing begins after the necessary education and training are achieved and embodies the profession's history, values, code of ethics, and expectations of the profession that distinguish it from other professions. Since nurses' professional identity is shaped through discourse, it raises the question of whether there are spaces to reconceptualize nurses' subject position within health care. Since professional identity is considered the embodiment of knowledge and practice, the code of ethics bears examination both for its effect on nurses' professional identity and as a potential site from which to challenge hegemonic assumptions. This article discusses the concept of professional identity in nursing and its development through the discursive formations in the code of ethics. The sources of power/knowledge are examined as both mechanisms of control and as spaces for change.
Treatment of Delayed Acetabular Fractures by Periacetabular Osteotomy through the Lateral‐Rectus Approach
Authors: Xiang Haibo , Yang Xiaodong , Huang Zhuobin , Xu Wenquan , Chen Yuhui , Li Tao , Huang Hai , Fan Shicai
Published: October 2022

Objective

There has been a controversy in the surgical approach for delayed acetabular fracture. The objective of the present study is to investigate the feasibility, surgical techniques, safety, and efficacy of periacetabular osteotomy using the single lateral‐rectus approach (LRA) for the surgical treatment of delayed acetabular fracture.

Methods

The retrospective study included 22 patients (16 males and six females, with an average age of 45 years) with delayed acetabular fractures from June 2012 to June 2019. For all cases, periacetabular osteotomy was performed through the single LRA. Fracture classification, mechanism of injury, associated injury, time to surgery, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, and complications were recorded and analyzed. The quality of the reduction was assessed based on Matta radiographic criteria. Potential impact factors affecting the quality of reduction were analyzed. Functional outcome was evaluated at the final follow‐up according to a modified Mere D'Aubigne‐Postel scoring system for each patient.

Results

All patients were followed up for at least 12 months. The duration of surgery was 140 min on average (110–205 min) and the mean intraoperative blood loss was 1250 ml (500–2100 ml). According to Matta radiographic criteria, the accuracy of reduction was “anatomical” in seven patients, “imperfect” in 11 patients, and “poor” in four patients, with an excellent and good rate of 81.8%. The time to surgery in poor reduction group was significantly longer than anatomical or imperfect reduction group (p < 0.05). All the acetabular fractures united after 8–12 weeks. The average modified Merle D'Aubigne‐Postel score evaluated at the final follow‐up was 14.6 (6–18), and the clinical outcomes were rated as excellent in six patients, good in 10 patients, fair in four patients, and poor in two patients, with an excellent and good rate of 72.7%. There were two cases of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (9%). No other complication was found for all cases.

Conclusion

The LRA is an effective and minimally invasive approach in the treatment of delayed acetabular fractures excluding posterior wall fracture and posterior dislocation.
Molecular and phenotypic characterization of Chinese wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars for resistance to Fusarium head blight
Authors: Zhang Genyuan , Hu Runyu , Chen Xiangguo , Zhang Fangfang , Li Yujia , Xu Hao , Yu Shinan , Wang Shan , Gao Yan , Li Qiaoyun , Tang Jianwei , Yin Guihong
Published: October 2022

To identify excellent cultivars resistant to Fusarium head blight (FHB), 104 wheat cultivars were tested by single‐flower inoculation using two prevalent pathogens from 2018 to 2020. Agronomic traits were also investigated. Six FHB‐resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL), Fhb1, Fhb2, Fhb4, Fhb5, Fhb7 and Qfhb.crc‐2D, have been assessed using previously reported DNA markers. A diagnostic marker has been used for Fhb1, and indicative markers linked to the other QTL were used. Results showed that (i) 12 (11.5%) cultivars were resistant to two pathogens in 3 years; among them, ‘Shengxuan 6’, ‘Wanhongbian 759’, ‘Yunong 903’ and ‘Yunong 901’ had good agronomic traits. (ii) Among cultivars with one resistance QTL, the severities of cultivars carrying Fhb1 and Qfhb.crc‐2D were 2.2 and 2.8, respectively, whereas those of cultivars with Fhb2 or Fhb7 were 3.6. Among cultivars with two resistance QTL, the severities of cultivars with Fhb1 + Fhb4, Fhb1 + Fhb7 and Fhb4 + Fhb5 were 2.2, 3.0 and 3.6, respectively. The severity of five cultivars possessing three or four resistance QTL was below 2.5. Fhb1 and Qfhb.crc‐2D showed better resistance effects than other resistance QTL.
Regulatory intermediaries and value conflicts in policy implementation: Religious organizations and life‐and‐death policies in Belgium
Authors: Ciornei Irina , Euchner Eva‐Maria , Preisner Michalina , Yesil Ilay
Published: October 2022

This article makes important contributions to governance research by studying the implementation of policies with high potential for goal incongruence between intermediaries and regulators. Building on a regulatory intermediation framework and prevailing theories from organizational institutionalism, we propose an original typology that classifies intermediaries' strategies for coping with challenging regulations. Furthermore, we explain the choice of these strategies based on intermediaries' value systems, the degree of interdependency with the regulator, and policy ambiguity. The empirical strategy is based on the case of Catholic, Protestant, and Muslim religious organizations engaged in the implementation of abortion and euthanasia policies in Belgium. These latter constitute a typical case of policy implementation that prompts value conflicts between permissive official regulations and intermediaries' conservative values on life‐and‐death issues.
Procedural fairness facilitates cooperative behavior by enhancing cooperative expectations
Authors: Sun Qian , Molenmaker Welmer E. , Zhang Yikang , Liu Yongfang , van Dijk Eric
Published: October 2022

Two experiments were conducted to explore whether and why procedural fairness may promote cooperation. In both experiments, participants first took part in a task in which they were connected to an allocator who then either selected a fair or an unfair procedure for allocating outcomes between them. After this manipulation of procedural fairness, participants performed a second task in which we studied their cooperation in a chicken game. In Experiment 1, participants were informed that their opponent in the chicken game was the same person who had previously selected the fair (vs. unfair) procedure. In Experiment 2, participants learned that their opponent in the chicken game had not been involved in the selection of the prior procedure. Both studies showed that having experienced a fair (vs. unfair) procedure facilitated subsequent cooperation in the chicken game. Mediation analyses suggest that this positive effect was explained by the finding that the prior experience of procedural fairness induced participants to expect higher levels of cooperation from their opponent, even when this opponent was not involved in the prior experience of procedural fairness.
An initial framework for the study of internalized racism and health: Internalized racism as a racism‐induced identity threat response
Authors: James Drexler
Published: October 2022

Internalized racism (IR) is sometimes conceptualized as a form of racism, a psychological response to experiencing racism, and/or an external sociocultural process. However, while a growing body of work shows that IR is associated with adverse health among racial minorities, this work is limited in explaining this association. I present an integrated framework using the Stigma‐induced Identity Threat Model and the Minority Stress Theory Model to help better understand the mechanisms through which IR gets both “under the skin” and “into the mind” to impact health. With this integrated framework, I suggest IR is both a source of race‐ and racism‐related stress and a consequence of experiencing racism that increases risk of adverse health directly, and indirectly via psychological, biophysiological, and behavioral stress responses. Primarily, I argue IR is a racism‐induced identity threat response that triggers stress‐related psychological (e.g., hopelessness) and biophysiological (e.g., autonomic nervous system activation) responses, and increases engagement in maladaptive coping behaviors (e.g., drug use). These stress responses then operate as mechanisms through which IR is associated with adverse health. I discuss limitations of this initial framework and IR scholarship, along with directions for future research.
Population designations in biomedical research: Limitations and perspectives
Authors: Gombault Caroline , Grenet Guillaume , Segurel Laure , Duret Laurent , Gueyffier François , Cathébras Pascal , Pontier Dominique , Mainbourg Sabine , Sanchez‐Mazas Alicia , Lega Jean‐Christophe
Published: October 2022

In biomedical research, population differences are of central interest. Variations in the frequency and severity of diseases and in treatment effects among human subpopulation groups are common in many medical conditions. Unfortunately, the practices in terms of subpopulation labeling do not exhibit the level of rigor one would expect in biomedical research, especially when studying multifactorial diseases such as cancer or atherosclerosis. The reporting of population differences in clinical research is characterized by large disparities in practices, and fraught with methodological issues and inconsistencies. The actual designations such as “Black” or “Asian” refer to broad and heterogeneous groups, with a great discrepancy among countries. Moreover, the use of obsolete concepts such as “Caucasian” is unfortunate and imprecise. The use of adequate labeling to reflect the scientific hypothesis needs to be promoted. Furthermore, the use of “race/ethnicity” as a unique cause of human heterogeneity may distract from investigating other factors related to a medical condition, particularly if this label is employed as a proxy for cultural habits, diet, or environmental exposure. In addition, the wide range of opinions among researchers does not facilitate the attempts made for resolving this heterogeneity in labeling. “Race,” “ethnicity,” “ancestry,” “geographical origin,” and other similar concepts are saturated with meanings. Even if the feasibility of a global consensus on labeling seems difficult, geneticists, sociologists, anthropologists, and ethicists should help develop policies and practices for the biomedical field.
Activity of a direct VTA to ventral pallidum GABA pathway encodes unconditioned reward value and sustains motivation for reward
Authors: Zhou Wen-Liang , Kim Kristen , Ali Farhan , Pittenger Steven T. , Calarco Cali A. , Mineur Yann S. , Ramakrishnan Charu , Deisseroth Karl , Kwan Alex C. , Picciotto Marina R.
Published: October 2022

Dopamine signaling from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) plays critical roles in reward-related behaviors, but less is known about the functions of neighboring VTA GABAergic neurons. We show here that a primary target of VTA GABA projection neurons is the ventral pallidum (VP). Activity of VTA-to-VP–projecting GABA neurons correlates consistently with size and palatability of the reward and does not change following cue learning, providing a direct measure of reward value. Chemogenetic stimulation of this GABA projection increased activity of a subset of VP neurons that were active while mice were seeking reward. Optogenetic stimulation of this pathway improved performance in a cue-reward task and maintained motivation to work for reward over days. This VTA GABA projection provides information about reward value directly to the VP, likely distinct from the prediction error signal carried by VTA dopamine neurons.
A Transcriptomic Analysis of Higher-Order Ecological Interactions in a Eukaryotic Model Microbial Ecosystem
Authors: Conacher C. G. , Naidoo-Blassoples R. K. , Rossouw D. , Bauer F. F.
Published: October 2022

Higher-order interactions are one of the major blind spots in our understanding of microbial ecosystems. These systems remain largely unpredictable and are characterized by nonlinear dynamics, in particular when the system is comprised of more than two entities.
Late Cenozoic deepening of Yosemite Valley, USA
Authors: Cuffey Kurt M. , Tripathy-Lang Alka , Fox Matthew , Stock Greg M. , Shuster David L.
Published: October 2022

Although Yosemite Valley, USA, catalyzed the modern environmental movement and fueled foundational debates in geomorphology, a century of investigation has failed to definitively determine when it formed. The non-depositional nature of the landscape and homogeneous bedrock have prevented direct geological assessments. Indirect assumptions about the age of downcutting have ranged from pre-Eocene to Pleistocene. Clarity on this issue would not only satisfy public interest but also provide a new constraint for contentious debates about the Cenozoic tectonic and geomorphologic history of the Sierra Nevada in California. Here we use thermochronometric analysis of radiogenic helium in apatite crystals, coupled with numerical models of crustal temperatures beneath evolving topography, to demonstrate significant late Cenozoic deepening of Tenaya Canyon, Yosemite’s northeastern branch. Approximately 40%−90% of the current relief has developed since 10 Ma and most likely since 5 Ma. This coincides with renewed regional tectonism, which is a long-hypothesized but much debated driver of Sierran canyon development. Pleistocene glaciation caused spatially variable incision and valley widening in Yosemite Valley, whereas little contemporaneous erosion occurred in the adjacent upper Tuolumne watershed. Such variations probably arise from glacial erosion’s dependence on opographic focusing of ice discharge into zones of rapid flow, and on the abundance of pre-existing fractures in the substrate. All available data, including those from our study, are consistent with a moderately high and slowly eroding mid-Cenozoic Sierra Nevada followed by significant late Cenozoic incision of some, but not all, west-side canyons. A likely driver of this event was range-crest uplift accompanied by fault-induced beheading of some major drainages, although other mechanisms such as drainage reorganization following volcanic deposition are plausible.
Supplemental Material: Implications of an integrated late Ediacaran to early Cambrian stratigraphy of the Siberian Platform, Russia
Authors: Bowyer Fred T. , al. et
Published: October 2022

Supplemental text, Table S1, and Figures S1–S7.
Tuberculosis diagnosis and management in the public versus private sector: a standardised patients study in Mumbai, India
Authors: Daniels Benjamin , Shah Daksha , Kwan Ada T , Das Ranendra , Das Veena , Puri Varsha , Tipre Pranita , Waghmare Upalimitra , Gomare Mangala , Keskar Padmaja , Das Jishnu , Pai Madhukar
Published: October 2022

Background

There are few rigorous studies comparing quality of tuberculosis (TB) care in public versus private sectors.

Methods

We used standardised patients (SPs) to measure technical quality and patient experience in a sample of private and public facilities in Mumbai.

Results

SPs presented a ‘classic, suspected TB’ scenario and a ‘recurrence or drug-resistance’ scenario. In the private sector, SPs completed 643 interactions. In the public sector, 164 interactions. Outcomes included indicators of correct management, medication use and client experience. Public providers used microbiological testing (typically, microscopy) more frequently, in 123 of 164 (75%; 95% CI 68% to 81%) vs 223 of 644 interactions (35%; 95% CI 31% to 38%) in the private sector. Private providers were more likely to order chest X-rays, in 556 of 639 interactions (86%; 95% CI 84% to 89%). According to national TB guidelines, we found higher proportions of correct management in the public sector (75% vs 35%; (adjusted) difference 35 percentage points (pp); 95% CI 25 to 46). If X-rays were considered acceptable for the first case but drug-susceptibility testing was required for the second case, the private sector correctly managed a slightly higher proportion of interactions (67% vs 51%; adjusted difference 16 pp; 95% CI 7 to 25). Broad-spectrum antibiotics were used in 76% (95% CI 66% to 84%) of the interactions in public hospitals, and 61% (95% CI 58% to 65%) in private facilities. Costs in the private clinics averaged rupees INR 512 (95% CI 485 to 539); public facilities charged INR 10. Private providers spent more time with patients (4.4 min vs 2.4 min; adjusted difference 2.0 min; 95% CI 1.2 to 2.9) and asked a greater share of relevant questions (29% vs 43%; adjusted difference 13.7 pp; 95% CI 8.2 to 19.3).

Conclusions

While the public providers did a better job of adhering to national TB guidelines (especially microbiological testing) and offered less expensive care, private sector providers did better on client experience.
Relationship between job satisfaction, burnout syndrome and depressive symptoms in physicians: a cross-sectional study based on the employment demand–control model using structural equation modelling
Authors: Villarreal-Zegarra David , Lázaro-Illatopa Wilder Iván , Castillo-Blanco Ronald , Cabieses Baltica , Blukacz Alice , Bellido-Boza Luciana , Mezones-Holguin Edward
Published: October 2022

Objective

To evaluate the relationship between job satisfaction, burnout syndrome (BS) and depressive symptoms (DS) based on the job demand–control framework model on a nationally representative sample of physicians working in the Peruvian Health System.

Setting

We carried out a secondary data analysis of the National Survey of Satisfaction of Users in Health 2016 in Peru.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

Our study assessed the development of the predictive model and had two parts: (1) to evaluate the association among the variables based on the job demand–control framework, and (2) to assess the proposed model acceptability using the structural equation modelling approach to estimate goodness-of-fit indices (GOFIs).

Participants

We excluded physicians older than 65 years, who did not report income levels or who had missing data related to the workplace. Thus, we analysed 2100 participants.

Results

The prevalence of DS was 3.3%. Physicians’ work-related illnesses had more probability to result in DS (prevalence ratio=2.23). DS was moderately related to BS dimensions (r>0.50); nevertheless, the relationships between DS and the three job satisfaction scales were weak (r<0.30). The first predictive model based on the variables, DS, BS and job satisfaction, had low GOFIs (comparative fit index (CFI)=0.883; root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)=0.125). In a second evaluation, we used models with correlated errors obtaining optimal GOFIs (CFI=0.974; RMSEA=0.060).

Conclusions

Our study identified a stable model to explain the relationship between job satisfaction, BS and DS among physicians. The results are consistent with the job demand–control framework. They could be applied to decision-making in occupational contexts in Latin American low/middle-income countries.
Predictive value of tachycardia for mortality in trauma-related haemorrhagic shock: a systematic review and meta-regression
Authors: Jávor Péter , Hanák Lilla , Hegyi Péter , Csonka Endre , Butt Edina , Horváth Tamara , Góg István , Lukacs Anita , Soós Alexandra , Rumbus Zoltán , Pákai Eszter , Toldi János , Hartmann Petra
Published: October 2022

Objectives

Heart rate (HR) is one of the physiological variables in the early assessment of trauma-related haemorrhagic shock, according to Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS). However, its efficiency as predictor of mortality is contradicted by several studies. Furthermore, the linear association between HR and the severity of shock and blood loss presented by ATLS is doubtful. This systematic review aims to update current knowledge on the role of HR in the initial haemodynamic assessment of patients who had a trauma.

Design

This study is a systematic review and meta-regression that follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses recommendations.

Data sources

EMBASE, MEDLINE, CENTRAL and Web of Science databases were systematically searched through on 1 September 2020.

Eligibility criteria

Papers providing early HR and mortality data on bleeding patients who had a trauma were included. Patient cohorts were considered haemorrhagic if the inclusion criteria of the studies contained transfusion and/or positive focused assessment with sonography for trauma and/or postinjury haemodynamical instability and/or abdominal gunshot injury. Studies on burns, traumatic spinal or brain injuries were excluded. Papers published before January 2010 were not considered.

Data extraction and synthesis

Data extraction and risk of bias were assessed by two independent investigators. The association between HR and mortality of patients who had a trauma was assessed using meta-regression analysis. As subgroup analysis, meta-regression was performed on patients who received blood products.

Results

From a total of 2017 papers, 19 studies met our eligibility criteria. Our primary meta-regression did not find a significant relation (p=0.847) between HR and mortality in patients who had a trauma with haemorrhage. Our subgroup analysis included 10 studies, and it could not reveal a linear association between HR and mortality rate.

Conclusions

In accordance with the literature demonstrating the multiphasic response of HR to bleeding, our study presents the lack of linear association between postinjury HR and mortality. Modifying the pattern of HR derangements in the ATLS shock classification may result in a more precise teaching tool for young clinicians.
Characterising methamphetamine use to inform health and social policies in Manitoba, Canada: a protocol for a retrospective cohort study using linked administrative data
Authors: Nickel Nathan C , Enns Jennifer E , Freier Amy , McCulloch Scott C , Chartier Mariette , Casidsid Hera J M , Balogun Oludolapo Deborah , Mulhall Drew , Dragan Roxana , Sarkar Joykrishna , Bolton James , Konrad Geoffrey , Phillips-Beck Wanda , Sanguins Julianne , Shimmin Carolyn , McDonald Neil , Mignone Javier , Hinds Aynslie
Published: October 2022

Introduction

Rising use of methamphetamine is causing significant public health concern in Canada. The biological and behavioural effects of methamphetamine range from wakefulness, vigour and euphoria to adverse physical health outcomes like myocardial infarction, haemorrhagic stroke, arrhythmia and seizure. It can also cause severe psychological complications such as psychosis. National survey data point to increasing rates of methamphetamine use, as well as increasing ease of access and serious methamphetamine-related harms. There is an urgent need for evidence to address knowledge gaps, provide direction to harm reduction and treatment efforts and inform health and social policies for people using methamphetamine. This protocol describes a study that aims to address this need for evidence.

Methods

The study will use linked, whole population, de-identified administrative data from the Manitoba Population Research Data Repository. The cohort will include individuals in the city of Winnipeg, Manitoba, who came into contact with the health system for reasons related to methamphetamine use from 2013 to 2021 and a comparison group matched on age, sex and geography. We will describe the cohort’s sociodemographic characteristics, calculate incidence and prevalence of mental disorders associated with methamphetamine use and examine rates of health and social service use. We will evaluate the use of olanzapine pharmacotherapy in reducing adverse emergency department outcomes. In partnership with Indigenous co-investigators, outcomes will be stratified by First Nations and Métis identity.

Ethics and dissemination

The study was approved by the University of Manitoba Health Research Ethics Board, and access datasets have been granted by all data providers. We also received approval from the First Nations Health and Social Secretariat of Manitoba’s Health Information Research Governance Committee and the Manitoba Métis Federation. Dissemination will be guided by an ‘Evidence 2 Action’ group of public rightsholders, service providers and knowledge users who will ensure that the analyses address the critical issues.
Status of patient safety in selected Ghanaian hospitals: a national cross-sectional study
Authors: Ashinyo Mary Eyram , Amegah Kingsley E , Kariyo Pierre Claver , Ackon Angela , Asrat Sofonias , Dubik Stephen Dajaan
Published: October 2022

Background

Safety is one of the dimensions of healthcare quality and is core to achieving universal health coverage and healthcare delivery worldwide. In Ghana, the status of patient safety in the last 7 years has remained unknown. Therefore, this study aims to assess the patient safety status in selected hospitals in Ghana.

Methods

Using the WHO Patient Safety Long Form, a mixed methodology was used to assess the patient safety status in 27 hospitals in Ghana. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and axial codes for thematic analysis.

Results

The average national patient safety score was high (85%). However, there were variations in the performance of the hospitals across the WHO patient safety action areas. Knowledge and learning in patient safety (97%) was the highest-rated patient safety action area. Patient safety surveillance, patient safety funding, patient safety partnerships and national patient safety policy had mean scores lower than the national average score (85%). Less than half (42%) of the hospitals had a dedicated budget for patient safety activities. The means of continuous education for health professionals include clinical sessions, and in-service training, while the system of clinical audits in the hospitals were maternal mortality, perinatal mortality, stillbirth and general mortality audits. The hospitals use posters, leaflets, public address systems and health education sessions to inform patients about their rights. Patient safety issues are reported through suggestion boxes, designated desks and the use of contacts of core management staff.

Conclusion

The current patient safety status in the hospitals was generally good, with the highest score in the knowledge and learning in the patient safety domain. Patient safety surveillance was identified as the weakest action area. The findings of this study will form the scientific basis for initiating the development of a national patient safety policy in Ghana. This is crucial for ensuring resilient and sustainable health systems that guarantee safer care to all patients in Ghana.
Type of intracranial hemorrhage after endovascular stroke treatment: association with functional outcome
Authors: van der Steen Wouter , van der Ende Nadinda A M , Luijten Sven P R , Rinkel Leon A , van Kranendonk Katinka R , van Voorst Henk , Roosendaal Stefan D , Beenen Ludo F M , Coutinho Jonathan M , Emmer Bart J , van Oostenbrugge Robert J , Majoie Charles B L.M , Lingsma Hester F , van der Lugt Aad , Dippel Diederik W J , Roozenbeek Bob
Published: October 2022

Background

Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a frequent complication after endovascular stroke treatment.

Objective

To assess the association of the occurrence and type of ICH after endovascular treatment (EVT) with functional outcome.

Methods

We analyzed data from the MR CLEAN-NO IV and MR CLEAN-MED trials. Both trials included adult patients with ischemic stroke with a large vessel occlusion in the anterior circulation, who were eligible for EVT. ICH was classified (1) as asymptomatic or symptomatic (concomitant neurological deterioration of ≥4 points on the NIHSS, or ≥2 points on 1 NIHSS item), and (2) according to the Heidelberg Bleeding Classification. We used multivariable ordinal logistic regression analyses to assess the association of the occurrence and type of ICH with the modified Rankin Scale score at 90 days.

Results

Of 1017 included patients, 331 (33%) had an asymptomatic ICH, and 90 (9%) had a symptomatic ICH. Compared with no ICH, both asymptomatic (adjusted common OR (acOR)=0.76; 95% CI 0.58 to 0.98) and symptomatic (acOR=0.07; 95% CI 0.04 to 0.14) ICH were associated with worse functional outcome. In particular, isolated parenchymal hematoma type 2 (acOR=0.37; 95% CI 0.14 to 0.95), combined parenchymal hematoma with hemorrhage outside infarcted brain tissue (acOR=0.17; 95% CI 0.10 to 0.30), and combined hemorrhages outside infarcted brain tissue (acOR=0.14; 95% CI 0.03 to 0.74) were associated with worse functional outcome than no ICH.

Strength of the association of ICH with functional outcome depends on the type of ICH. Although the association is stronger for symptomatic ICH, asymptomatic ICH after EVT is also associated with worse functional outcome.