bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optical Properties of Cu2ZnSnSe4 Nanocrystalline Thin Films for Photovoltaic Devices
Authors: Dussan Anderson , Quiroz Heiddy P. , Calderón Jorge A. , López Sandra M.
Published: September 2015

Presents a study of optical properties from transmittance measurements as a function of wavelength to CZTSe thin films (Cu2ZnSnSe4) using Bhattacharyya model and basic elements from the Swanepoel theory. The optical constants such as the absorption coefficient (α), the refractive index (n), the extinction coefficient (k) and physical properties such as gap (Eg), the real and imaginary part of the dielectric function (ε1 and ε2) and the film thickness (d), were determined. Gap values between 1.2 and 1.7 eV were obtained for compound when the mass (MX) of ZnSe was varied during the deposition stage. Inhomogeneity and high surface roughness were observed by SEM measurements for all samples. Size grain varying between 458.16 and 630.28 nm were obtained while the ZnSe binary mass varied from 0.171 to 0.153 g. Refractive index and extinction coefficient of Cu2ZnSnSe4 films were obtained for λ = 800 nm. A decrease of ε1 and ε2 was observed as the wavelength increases; it is associated with the presence of binary phases in the XRD patterns.
A Study on Influence of System Parameters on Servo Pneumatic System and Multi-Response Optimization Using Taguchi – Grey Methodology
Authors: Saravanakumar D. , Mohan B. , Muthuramalingam Thangaraj
Published: September 2015

Servo pneumatics is a mechatronic approach that enables accurate position control of pneumatic drives with high speed. Simulation model of the servo pneumatic system with fuzzy PD controller has been created in Matlab-Simulink software using nonlinear mathematical model of the system. The influence of supply pressure and size of the cylinder on the positioning accuracy and speed has been studied. It is observed that the supply pressure is the most influencing factor in positioning accuracy and speed compared to the size parameters of the cylinders. Further a multi-response optimization of the system parameters minimize settling time, overshoot and ITAE (Integral of time-weighed absolute error) values has been carried out using Taguchi based Grey relational analysis methodology. The optimal system characteristics have been observed when supply pressure is 0.2 MPa, diameter of the cylinder is 0.05 m and length of the cylinder is 0.15 m.
A Study on Slip Controller for Safety Improvement of Running Flat Road for Motorized Wheelchair
Authors: Kim Bo Min , Lee Won Yung , Lee Eung Hyuk
Published: September 2015

A slip controller that can move against the off-track and control excursion caused by slips while driving a motorized wheelchair is proposed. Detecting slips in a motorized wheelchair is to detect states of the motorized wheelchair and its motors in a traveling condition. For carrying it, slip ratios are calculated using a slip detection algorithm based on the information obtained from the six-axis IMU sensor and the encoders, which are connected to both left and right motors. The calculated slip ratios are used as control variables for improving the safety in a motorized wheelchair. In the experiment of the slip controller proposed in this study, slips are verified in a proposed track. Also, it is verified that the maximum slip ratio section is determined while turning left or right.
Optimal State Feedback Controller Design for Vibration Attenuation in a Class of Image Transfer Belt
Authors: Yu Jie , Yamaura Hiroshi
Published: September 2015

An optimal state feedback controller based on H2 norm is proposed for attenuating the belt vibration caused by loading disturbance in a class of image transfer belt which is widely applied in multi-color printers. Based on the simplified mechanical model of the image transfer belt unit, the presented controller acts on the actuating torque generated by a direct-current motor and optimizes the defined variables related to the quality of the original image formation. Simulation results responding to a periodic loading disturbance ascertain its efficacy with comparisons of the conventional speed control. It is certified that the image transfer belt unit is successfully maintained in a satisfying condition with effective vibration attenuation under the proposed control architecture.
Proportional Derivative Controller Using Discrete Kalman Filter Estimation Method for Spacecraft Attitude Control
Authors: Mehrjardi Mohamad Fakhari , Sanusi Hilmi , Mohd Ali Mohd Alauddin , Taher Montadar Abas
Published: September 2015

This paper deals with the objective of controlling a satellite by driving a six-state discrete Kalman Filter to estimate angular rates of satellite base on control sensor noisy data. A typical satellite is assumed in a special orbit and orbital angular velocity and orbital angular acceleration are established. For completion of simulation linear dynamics model of satellites and environment disturbances model such as solar pressure and gravity gradient torque is derived as well. The simulation is progressed at discrete ten second which assumed as data updating rate from sensor. The noisy measurements are produced by sensor and these data is sent to the discrete Kalman Filter part to estimate the attitude and attitude rate. A right balance for Plant noise covariance matrix is determined and also results show that the rate estimates are appropriate for space missions.
Skid Control of Small Electric Vehicles with In-Wheel Motors (Effect of ABS and Regenerative Brake Timing Control on Emergency Braking)
Authors: bin Peeie Mohamad Heerwan , Ogino Hirohiko , Yamamoto Yoshio
Published: September 2015

This paper presents an active safety device for skid control of small electric vehicles with in-wheel motors. Due to the space limitation on the driving tire, a mechanical brake system was installed rather than hydraulic brake system. For the same reason, anti-lock brake system (ABS) that is a basic skid control method cannot be installed on the driving tire. During braking on icy road or emergency braking, the tire will be locked and the vehicle is skidding. To prevent tire lock-up and vehicle from skidding, we proposed the combination of ABS and regenerative brake timing control. The hydraulic unit of ABS is installed on the non-driving tire while the in-wheel motors on the driving tire will be an actuator of ABS to control the regenerative braking force. The performance of the ABS and regenerative brake timing control on the emergency braking situation is measured by the simulation. The simulation result shows that the combination of ABS and regenerative brake timing control can prevent tire lock-up and vehicle from skidding.
Adaptive Fuzzy Sliding-Mode Position Control of a Shape Memory Alloy Actuated System
Authors: Kuntanapreeda Suwat
Published: September 2015

Shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators are promising for miniature applications. They accomplish the shape memorization via a temperature dependent phase transformation process. Control of SMA actuators is challenging because the actuators exhibit highly hysteresis behavior. This paper presents a fuzzy-based position control scheme for a SMA actuated mass system. The control system consists of an outer-and an inner-control loop. The inner loop controls the temperature of the SMA actuators using a PI controller, whereas the outer loop, which is affected by the hysteresis of the SMA actuators, controls the position. To deal with the hysteresis in the position control loop, an adaptive fuzzy sliding-mode control method is adopted. Experimental results illustrate the success of the proposed control scheme.
Computational Simulation and Experimental Validation on Safe-Flight Control for a Six-Rotor Craft
Authors: Simada Takahiro , Okamoto Shingo , Lee Jae Hoon
Published: September 2015

A vertical takeoff and landing aircraft (VTOL) like a helicopter has come to be used in environmental investigations and inspections at dangerous places. However, there is a possibility that the VTOL like a helicopter crash if the rotor stopped. Then, computational simulation in the case that a six-rotor craft can safely continue to fly even though one of six rotors stop was carried out. Then the experimental six-rotor craft was developed and the validity of our control method was examined by the flying experiment.
Predictive Functional Control of a Table Drive System Using Disturbance Observer and Preview Feedforward Controller
Authors: Satoh Toshiyuki , Hara Hiroki , Sogawa Taishi , Saito Naoki , Nagase Jun Ya , Saga Norihiko
Published: September 2015

This paper addresses a two-degree-of-freedom control system design for positioning de-vices such as table drive systems based on the predictive functional control (PFC). The aim of the paper is to improve the tracking performance of the previously developed disturbance observer-based predictive functional control (DOB-PFC) system. To this end, we derive a transfer function representation of the PFC controller. On the basis of the representation, we apply the zero phase error tracking controller (ZPETC) as a feedforward preview controller. Experiments using a real table drive system are conducted to compare the proposed control system with DOB-PFC. The experimental results show that the tracking error is greatly reduced compared to DOB-PFC.
Study on Anti-Adhesion Layers Using AFM for Nanoimprint Process
Authors: Pan C.T. , Yang T.L. , Chao C.H. , Wang Z.K. , Ni P.R.
Published: September 2015

This study investigates how to improve the anti-adhesion issues between Silicon mold and nanostructures of hard polydimethylsiloxane (H-PDMS). A Silicon mold with different depths and widths was made using a focused ion beam (FIB). During the soft-lithography molding process, anti-adhesion layers were needed between the Silicon mold and H-PDMS samples to prevent the de-molding failure caused by the adhesion issues between the interfaces. This study adopts three methods to deposit anti-adhesion layers, such as liquid immersion, vapor deposition, and fluorine-doped diamond-like carbon (F-DLC) film. Perfluorooctyl-trichlorosilane (PFOTCS) was used as a mold-releasing agent for the liquid immersion and vapor deposition methods. The contact angles between each film were measured to determine the effect of anti-adhesion on the molding process. In addition, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to measure the adhesion force between the H-PDMS and anti-adhesion layers. The results show that the coatings of anti-adhesion layers are an effective approach to improve the formability of molding.
Deposition of Boron Nitride Films by Filament-Assisted CVD Using Tris(Bimethylamino)Borane Precursor
Authors: Jin Yong , Yasuhara Shigeo , Shimizu Tetsuhide , Yang Ming
Published: September 2015

Boron nitride films were deposited on silicon substrate by a hot filament assisted chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) system. The tris (dimethylamino) borane (B[N(CH3)2]3) was used as the single source precursor which has both the boron and nitrogen source, ammonia gas was used as the assisted gas to increase the nitrogen concentration in the films. The films deposited by different ratios of precursor to ammonia gas flow rate and filament temperatures were investigated. The boron-carbon-nitrogen (BCN) compound films were deposited under lower filament temperature. With increasing the ammonia gas flow rate, the carbon concentration in the films decreased. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image reveal that hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) films were deposited at the higher filament temperature of 2000°C. Moreover, the crystallization degree of the films became better with the filament temperature increased.
Effects of heating of dietary rice bran on growth performance and serum cholesterol levels of broiler chicken
Authors: Atapattu N. S. B. M. , Madushanka K. P. K.
Published: September 2015

Rice bran (RB) is a valuable feed resource for poultry. However, inclusion of high levels of RB in broiler diets reduces growth performance while increasing the excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus. Objective of this study was to determine whether adverse effects of high dietary RB levels on growth performance of broiler chicken could be mitigated by heating. Giving completely randomized design, in 2 x 4 factorial arrangement, 144 broiler chicks in 48 floor pens received one of the eight experimental diets ad libitum from day 27-47. Experimental factors were two types (heated and non heated) and four levels (0, 10, 20 or 30%) of dietary RB. RB was heated at 800 C for three hours. All diets were isocaloric and isoprotein. Serum cholesterol contents and latency-to-lie (LTL) of eight randomly selected birds from each treatment were determined on day 44 and 46, respectively. Internal organ weights and tibia ash contents of eight randomly selected birds from each treatment were determined on day 47. Heating of RB had no significant (P>0.05) effect on any of the parameters measured. Growth performance parameters such as live weight on day 47, weight gain from day 27-47, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and the performance index of the birds fed RB free control diet were significantly better than those fed 20 or 30% RB. Internal organ weights, serum cholesterol contents, tibia ash contents and LTL were not affected either by the type or the level of rice bran or their interactions. It was concluded that heating of RB at 800 C for three hours does not mitigate the negative effects of high dietary RB inclusion levels on growth performance of broiler chicken. The Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol.10, No 3, September 2015, pp.151-157
Potentials for early detection of red palm weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)-infested date palm (Arecaceae) using temperature differentials
Authors: El-Faki Mohammed Salih , El-Shafie Hamadttu Abdel Farag , Al-Hajhoj Mohammed Bin Refdan
Published: September 2015

This study investigated thermal aspect potentials of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera(Linnaeus) (Arecaceae)) infested by red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus(Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)) in early detection. Palms were forced infested,i.e., fertile females and males were introduced inside the palms to initiate infestation. Effects of three infestation intensities on date palm were examined throughout a 24-day period. Temperature gradients inside infested and healthy palms of the commercial cultivar (Khalas) were determined using data loggers. Adult weevils and loggers were introduced inside holes drilled in palm trunks for measuring temperatures at 15-minute intervals during 24 consecutive days. These 24 days after infestation is the larval stage where most of the damage occurs and the infested palms can still be rescued through remedial control measures. A repeated measures analysis showed that the temperature of infested palms during the two seasons of the study were 33.22 °C and 30.08 °C, while for the healthy palms were 31.83 °C and 27.56 °C. Differences were significant during the first (F=6.14, df=3,P=0.009) and the second (F=3.89, df=3,P=0.038) season. The corresponding ambient atmosphere temperatures were 31.83 °C and 28.03 °C, respectively. This study provides valuable baseline information for developing a real-time sensor fusion system for a nondestructive early detection of insect infestation.
Evaluation of methods for gravity wave extraction from middle atmospheric lidar temperature measurements
Authors: Ehard B. , Kaifler B. , Kaifler N. , Rapp M.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. This study evaluates commonly used methods of extracting gravity wave induced temperature perturbations from lidar measurements. The spectral response of these methods is characterized with the help of a synthetic dataset with known temperature perturbations added to a realistic background temperature profile. The simulations are carried out with the background temperature being either constant or varying in time to evaluate the sensitivity to temperature perturbations not caused by gravity waves. The different methods are applied to lidar measurements over new Zealand and the performance of the algorithms is evaluated. We find that the Butterworth filter performs best if gravity waves over a wide range of periods are to be extracted from lidar temperature measurements. The running mean method gives good results if only gravity waves with short periods are to be analyzed.
Adaptive cycles of floodplain vegetation response to flooding and drying
Authors: Thapa R. , Thoms M. C. , Parsons M. , Reid M.
Published: September 2015

Abstract. Flooding is a key driver of floodplain vegetation productivity. Adaptive cycles provide a model for examining the productivity of semi-arid floodplain vegetation in response to hydrology. We examined the response of vegetation productivity (measured as NDVI) through a hypothesized adaptive cycle to determine if the cycle repeats over time and how it is affected by different sized flood events. The area of floodplain inundation was associated with an adaptive cycle that repeated in four flood events through phases of wetting (exploitation phase), wet (conservation phase), drying (release phase) and dry (reorganisation phase). Vegetation productivity responses corresponded to these phases. The area and quality of floodplain vegetation productivity followed the hypothesised pattern of higher quality vegetation vigour in the wetting and wet phases, lower vigour in the drying phase and lowest vigour in the dry phase. There were more transitions between NDVI classes in the wet phase, which was dominated by two-way transitions. Overall, the wetting, wet and drying phases were dominated by smaller probability class changes, whereas in the dry phase higher probability class changes were more prominent. Although the four flood events exhibited an adaptive cycle the duration of the adaptive cycle phases, and the nature of vegetation productivity response, differed with the character of the flood event. Vegetation response in two of the adaptive cycle phases – the release and reorganisation phases – were as hypothesised, but in the exploitation and conservation phases changes in vegetation productivity were more dynamic. The character of vegetation response through the adaptive cycle also indicates that semi-arid floodplain vegetation productivity is more vulnerable to changing state during the conservation and release phases and not during the exploitation and reorganisation phases as resilience theory suggests. Overall, the adaptive cycle represents a new model to improve our understanding of the complexity of change in semi-arid floodplain vegetation productivity through cycles of flooding and drying.
RESTRUCTURING MARKETS, REORGANIZING NATURE: AN EXAMINATION OF JAPANESE STRATEGIES FOR ACCESS TO RAW MATERIALS
Authors: Bunker Stephen , Ciccantell Paul S.
Published: September 2015

Theorists of hegemony combine a concern with the causes of war and peace with questions of dominant trade regimes. While this combination addresses issues of central importance for studies of international relations, it may somewhat confound the role of hegemony studies within a world systems perspective. The power of the world systems perspective lies in the consideration of entire worlds, not simply as the appropriate unit of analysis, but as integrated units of production and exchange. Hierarchy within this system reflects not simply politically enforced relations of unequal exchange, but the subordination of production in different parts of the world to regimes constructed and manipulated by core powers to their own economic and political advantage. The processes that create the power of the core and the processes by which the core subordinates the periphery constitute the critical questions within this perspective. Part, but only part, of the answer lies in the superior productive capacity and efficiency of the core, and resulting ability to dominate trade. Another part, and we believe this is primary, lies in the ways that, in order to become so productive and so efficient, economies rising to core status must organize other economies and international transport systems to assure the increasing, secure, cheap supplies of the raw materials that support productive efficiency and economic growth.
Germany, the United States, and Future Core Conflict
Authors: Schulz Brigitte
Published: September 2015

With the end of the Cold War, much attention has been paid to the nature of the emerging new world order. By what criteria will power and influence be measured in this new era? Who will be the winners and losers? What types of allegiances will develop? Or is Francis Fukuyama's argument correct that, with the collapse of communism, we have reached the "...endpoint of man's ideological evolution" and thus "the end of history". Unlike Marx, who saw socialism at the end of humanity's arduous journey, Fukuyama tells us that the search is off because we have already arrived at our evolutionary destination: liberal capitalism...Other analysts envision less optimistic scenarios...One of the most popular scenarios over the past few years has been to anticipate growing tensions between the three main core powers: the US, Germany, and Japan... The first task of this paper, then, is to look at Germany within the context of the radically altered post-Cold War period... We argue that Germany, based on a multitude of factors which will be outlined below, is not now, nor will it ever become in the foreseeable future, a global hegemon... Indeed, as will be asserted in the second part of this paper, Germany will enter into a close alliance with the United States to form a reinvigorated trans-Atlantic marriage in which the common bonds of "culture and civilization" will replace a virulent anti-communism as the common vow.
Introduction to the Journal of World Systems Research
Authors: Chase-Dunn Christopher
Published: September 2015

Welcome to the Journal of World-Systems Research. This is our first "batch" of articles and book reviews. Electronic journals do not have issues as print journals do. Rather articles will usually be added to the journal individually as they become ready for publication. Volume 1 will be composed of all those articles that will be published in 1995. Each article has its own unique Number. Future articles will be added to the Volume as they become available, though we may again produce more "batches" in connection
UNIVERSALISM AND AMBIGUOSNESS: COMMENTS ON WAGAR ' S PRAXIS OF WORLD INTEGRATION
Authors: Teivainen Teivo
Published: September 2015

Theoretical discourses that emphasize difference, fragmentation and contingency have presented various challenges to the social sciences of today. The political implications of these discourses have generally been expressed in rather vague terms and often simply left unspecified. In this context, W. Warren Wagar's bold and provocative defence of the universalist values of the European Enlightenment is a most welcome contribution.
THE RISE OF EAST ASIA AND THE WITHERING AWAY OF THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM
Authors: Arrighi Giovanni
Published: September 2015

History continually messes up the neat conceptual frameworks and the more or less elegant theoretical speculations with which we endeavor to understand the past and forecast the future of the world we live in. In recent years, two events stand out as eminently subversive of the intellectual landscape: the sudden demise of the USSR as one of the two main loci of world power and the gradual rise of East Asia to epicenter of world -scale processes of capital accumulation. Although each event has received more than its due of scholarly attention, it is their joint occurrence that has the most significant conceptual and theoretical implications.
THE FUTURE OF W. WARREN WAGAR
Authors: Sanderson Stephen  K.
Published: September 2015

In his fascinat ing book "A Short History of the Future," published in 1992, W. Warren Wagar lays out a futuristic vision of the world over the next two hundred years that draws extensively on Inunanuel Wallerstein' s world-system theory. In the year 2001 began the last of the great Kondratieff upswings of the capitalist world-economy. That economy had come to be increasingly dominated by a few giant corporations, so that by 2015 12 "megacorps" had assumed control of the world-economy and thegovernments of the major capitalist powers. The Kondratieff upswing ran its course by the early 2030s and then a devastating worldwide depression set in, the lowest point of which was reached in 2043.
On the Devolution of State Power: Comment on Wagar's "Praxis"
Authors: Babones Salvatore
Published: September 2015

When we examine Wagar 's proposition that a universal world-state might, ultimately, devolve the world-state's sovereignty upon its constituent communities,two questions come to mind. First, it seems natural to ask whether or not a particularist nation-statemight not do the same; that is to say, is a world-statea prerequisite for the devolution of state power? Second, and more basically, one may question whether it is likely or even possible that a state would devolve its sovereignty upon its constituents; we know that states have given up sovereignty in order to gain the advantages of membership in larger entities, but have the rulers of a state ever given up state power in favor of lower levels of organization?
Introduction to the Volume's Two Thematic Sections
Authors: Chase-Dunn Christopher
Published: September 2015

The first batch contains an article by Political Scientist Daniel Whitcncck on epistemic communities and global leadership and a special thematic section focussing around the ideas ofW. Warren Wagar regarding the future of the world-system and global politics. The second batch of papers in Volume 2 has been edited by P. Nick Kardulias of the Department of Anthropology and Sociology at Kenyon College. This special thematic section focusses on anthropological and archaeological approaches to the study of world systems.
Communication and Globalization: A Longitudinal Analysis of the InternationalTelecommunication Nctwork
Authors: Barnett George A. , Salisbury Joseph G.T.
Published: September 2015

This paper extends the theoretical arguments of the world-systems perspective to the emerging post-industrial society. Using survey data gathered by AT&T and published in the World's Telephones (1978-1990) and data gathered by the International Institute of Communication and published in TeleGeography (1991-1992), this paper describes the process of globalization by examining the changes in the international telecommunications network from 1978 to 1992. Based on network analysis, the results indicate that the system was relatively stable over this time period. In the late 1970s, the system was composed of a number of sub-groups. By 1980, it had coalesced into a single group with the United States and the other western economic powers at the center and the Eastern block and less developed countries in the periphery. Over time, the network slowly became denser, more centralized and more highly integrated. During the 1980s, the newly industrialized countries (NICs) of East Asia and the wealthier Latin American countries moved from the periphery of the network toward the center. Beginning in 1989, the former members of the Soviet block also moved from the periphery toward the center of the system, supplanting the wealthier countries from Latin America. The Asian NICs, however, retained their semiperipheral position.
THE CHANGING STRUCTURE OF MACROREGIONAL MESOAMERICA: WITH FOCUS ON THE CLASSIC-POSTCLASSIC TRANSITION IN THE VALLEY OF OAXACA
Authors: Feinman Gary M.
Published: September 2015

To date, macro-scale analyses of ancient Mesoamcrica principally have debated whether or not Mesoamerica was a world-system and have described macroregional processes at the eve of the Spanish Conquest. This paper defines two alternative organizational modes (corporate-based/network-based) that serve to conceptualize diversity in strategics of leadership, production, and exchange. Collective mechanisms of integration arc central to corporate strategics, while network-based organization is heavily rooted in the personal connections and material accumulations of individuals. Consideration of these modes helps to define patterns of temporal and spatial diversity in the structure of the prehispanic Mesoamerican world.
Production Within and Beyond Imperial Boundaries: Goods, Exchange, and Power in Roman Europe
Authors: Wells Peter S.
Published: September 2015

After Rome had conquered much of temperate Europe, the administration directed the establishment of industries important to the maintenance of military and economic control of the new provinces. These included stone quarries, pottery manufactures, and metal industries. Recent research shows that much production was not as centralized as has been believed; diverse industrial sites throughout the provincial landscapes indicate a variety of arrangements for supplying the needs of the empire. In many instances, Roman production systems relied upon indigenous traditions of manufacturing. The provincial economies depended also upon materials collected and processed beyond the imperial frontiers. Analysis of Roman imports in Germany, Scandinavia, and eastern Europe, and of the contexts in which they occur, suggesta that goods produced outside of the empire played a major role in the imperial economy. These commercial links, over which Roman authorities had no effective control, contributed to substantial changes in economics and in social and political configurations in societies beyond the Roman frontier.
Negotiated Peripherality in Iron Age Greece: Accepting and Resisting the East
Authors: Morris Ian
Published: September 2015

Most archaeologists argue that the Aegean was cut off from the Near East in the tenth century B.C., but a new position is winning favor, seeing Iron Age Greece as a periphery to a Lcvantinc core. In this paper, I argue for a more complex model of negotiated peripherality. I try to understand how Greeks made sense of the East. For this, variations in local leadership were crucial Political changes in the Near East c. 1050 B.C. reduced contacts, and in the central Aegean, a new mythology emerged, stressing isolation in time and space and making sense of these shrinking horizons. People deliberately emphasized isolation in ritual, with one exception, a remarkable burial at Lefkandi c. 975 B.C. This inverted normal symbolic practices, using Orientalizing antiques and burial customs which throughout the first millennium were linked to the idea of a vanished race of semidivine heroes. This opposition between an inward-turned present and an expansionist past remained central to ancient Greek social structure..The tenth-century world-view explained isolation and decline; but I concentrate on the ninth century, in which contacts revived. I argue that some leaders struggled to preserve the model of isolation, while others embraced the East, or sought compromise. I trace these style wars at five sites, showing how the use of orientalia generally declined after 850 B.C., although Greek contact with Syria intensified. By 800 B.C. Greeks had negotiated among themselves a new relationship to the Near East, making it less threatening to the traditional order.
Legitimation Crises in Premodern Worlds
Authors: Peregrine Peter N.
Published: September 2015

Scholars employing world-system theory have tended to examine how world-systemsdevelop and expand, while few have addressed the fragmentation or collapse of world-systems. This paper explores the conditions of world-system collapse using Habermas's concept of legitimation crisis as a starting point. The paper posits that legitimation crises are a recurring problem in world-systems and have led to collapse in a number of cases. Prehistoric North American and Pacific world-systems are used as examples.
Introduction to the Thematic Section
Authors: Kardulias Nick
Published: September 2015

The papers in this thematic section were originally presented in two venues. Approximately half of the contributions were delivered first in a session at the Annual Meeting of the Central States Anthropological Society in Indianapolis, Indiana in March, 1995. The full complement of presentations took place at the 94th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association in Washington, D.C., in November, 1995. Two participants in the Washington symposium chose not to include their papers in this section. A number of the papers have thus benefitted from several stages of discussion and criticism. While anthropologists (and especially archaeologists) dominated both panels, the disciplinary breadth represented by the various members contributed to an invigorating discussion which we now bring to the pages of this journal. In this attempt to reach a broad audience, however, we realize there is the problem of disciplinary specificity, i.e., the particular approaches and data with which scholars deal may not be easily comprehensible to those in other fields. For the current collection, this issue is especially acute for prehistorians, whose focus on the material record and a specialized archaeological terminology may confound some readers. The archaeologists have made efforts to minimize the use of esoteric jargon. In addition, chronological periods are clearly defined in order to fix the temporal setting. While some readers may already be very familiar with the periods in question, we thought it best to err on the side of caution.
Ideological Hegemony and Global Governance
Authors: Brown Thomas Ford
Published: September 2015

In this paper, I analyze libertarian discourse from the perspective of regulation theory, a~ a hegemonic ideology that underlies the emergence of a new mode of regulation. Within this general theoretical approach, I will also employ frames from regime theory as developed by international relations scholars, as well as the "epistemic community" approach from the same discipline. I want to suggest that free-market ideology could engender the emergence of rationalized global governance in order to maintain free trade, property rights, and other regulatory concerns of the emerging mode of accumulation, and that such a world state could conceivably extend liberalism's life by carrying liberalism to its extreme.
Divergent Development: The Pursuit of Liberty, Equality, and Growth in Argentina and the Republic of Korea*
Authors: Alschuler Lawrence R.
Published: September 2015

In addressing these issues I propose to account for the divergence between the NICs of these two regions through a comparative analysis of a member state from each region, Argentina and the Republic of Korea. By accounting for, that is explaining and predicting, the divergent development of these two nations, we will have a basis for asserting which theoretical approach (nco-dcpcndcncy or nco-lib cralism) is more valid. And once their divergent development is explained, we will be able to identify the conditions responsible for the success of the East Asian model and to say whether these same conditions may be found elsewhere allowing for the successful export of that model.
World-system Studies of the Environment
Authors: Bartley Tim , Bergesen Albert
Published: September 2015

The world-system idea has been used to explain a great deal about national institutional life, from rates of economic growth to changing patterns of schooling. One of the newer areas of interest is the environment. In the following review we examine scholarship that deals with environmental problems from a distinctly world systemic perspective.
Creating British Global Leadership: The Liberal Trading Community from 1750 to 1792
Authors: Whiteneck Daniel J.
Published: September 2015

This paper explores the process by which Great Britain rose to a position of global leadership in the 1800s. It examines the critical period from 1750 to 1792 when Great Britain moved from global leadership based on colonial/mercantile power to leadership based on industrial/commercial power. I hypothesize that the roots of the Pax Britannica of 1815-1873 have their source in the emerging liberal trading community created by the British in the fifty years before the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. This coalition of states was created around a dominant new idea (economic liberalism) based in the distribution of positive benefits from inclusion in the community, and intended to provide an innovative solution to the problems of international political economy created by the burgeoning industrial revolution. The community was created through the actions of successive British governments throughout the period, and served as the basis for the British-led coalitions which emerged victorious from the global wars of 1792 to 1815. This case study helps answer important questions about how Great Britain was able to move from one period of global leadership to another, and on a more general level provides some insights into the role coalition-building plays in attaining and exercising global power.
International Labor Organizations, 1864-1997: The Weight of History and the Challenges of the Present
Authors: Stevis Dimitris
Published: September 2015

Deepening neoliberal integration, the end of the Cold War, and the decline or compromise of communist and socialist parties, offer a window of opportunity for international labor politics. Why is it, then, that the comprehensive network of global and regional labor organizations continues to play a marginal role, even though they are clearly conscious of these developments, and have sought to respond to them? The answer to this question has important practical and theoretical implications. My general goal, therefore, is to situate the contemporary predicament of international labor organizations within its historical context. Activists would like to know whether labor organizations are basically sound but need to be reformed or fundamentally unsuitable for a vital international labor politics. Theoretically, international labor organizations provide us with a rich record through which to investigate cross-border relations at the level of society and state-society relations.
Cross-Border Labor Organizing in the Garment and Automobile Industries: The Phillips Van-Heusen and Ford Cuautitlan Cases
Authors: Armbruster Ralph
Published: September 2015

The globalization of the world economy has created new opportunities for cross-border labor organizing. In this paper I examine two case studies of cross -border labor organizing. One case involves Phillips Van-Hernen (PVH) workers in Guatemala City, and the other Ford automobile workers in Cuautitlan, Mexico. The PVH case illustrates the potential for cross-border labor organizing in the highly mobile garment industry. The PVH workers' union and their cross-border allies adopted a "strategic cross-border organizing model" that included consumer and trade pressure, an active international trade secretariat, and several other strategies, to achieve an amazing victory. However, the Ford Cuautitlan case demonstrates that corporatist state-labor relations and internal union conflicts have limited cross-border organizing in the automobile industry. These two case studies and their different outcomes have many important lessons for academics and activists interested in cross-border labor organizing.
Contradictions of Labor Solidarity
Authors: Clawson Dan
Published: September 2015

The articles above bring welcome attention to a key issue - possibly the key issue facing us today: left political responses to "globalization." Bonacich, Armbruster, and Nash each advance our understanding and indicate directions for future work. What strikes me, however, is how far we have to go, both as a movement and as theorists. In material terms capital is eons ahead of labor in establishing international ties. As a Marxist I believe that theory develops in symbiosis with practice; predictably, therefore, our limited material practice is associated with underdeveloped theory . As these pieces demonstrate, we have specific sharp insights, case studies, and examples of ideas that need to be part of a general theory, but such a theory doesn't exist even for us, academic members of a section that provides the most promising theoretical base for developing a theory of international labor solidarity. It certainly does not exist in the consciousness of rank and file workers.
THE SOUTHERN AEGEAN SYSTEM
Authors: Berg Ina
Published: September 2015

Although world-systems theory was originally formulated with our modern economic system in mind (Wallerstein 1974), it was not long before archaeologists began to apply it to ancient societies. Archaeologists and world-system theorists alike both argued that Wallerstein had disregarded evidence of interconnected, hierarchical systems in prehistoric times (Schneider 1977; Chase-Dunn & Hall 1991, 1997; Kardulias 1999a). Pailes and Whitecotton (1979) were among the first to modify world-systems theory for use in pre-capitalist settings. Since then many archaeologists have looked at data and regions with a world-systems perspective in mind (e.g. Champion 1989; Bilde et al. 1993; Rowlands & Larsen 1987; Kardulias 1999a). Some have attempted to map Wallerstein's theory directly onto prehistory (Kohl 1979; Whitecotton & Pailes 1986; Ekholm & Friedman 1982). Others have found the world systems model heuristically useful but lacking the analytical power needed for their prehistoric cases (Blanton et al. 1981; Upham 1982; Plog 1983; Alcock 1993). Building on the assumption that ancient societies were not qualitatively, but only quantitatively, different from modern capitalist ones (Schneider 1977; Sherratt & Sherratt 1991), this study applies world systems theory to the Southern Aegean during the Middle and Late Bronze Age (ca. 2000-1550 BC).
INTER NATIONAL DIVISION OF LA BOR AND GLOBAL ECONOMIC PROCESSES;AN ANALYSIS OF THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN AUTOMOBILES
Authors: Krempel Lothar , Plumper Thomas
Published: September 2015

Many political discussions share a common understanding of a rapidly changing world. A global market economy is seen to pose new demands for national markets and is expected to increase the international competition concerning locational factors. Globalization is the keyword of this debate. It describes an economic process that results from changes in the investment, production and distribution decisions made by individual firms and households. Unfortunately, the term globalization can mean different things to different people. Some observers define globalization as market integration (Frieden/ Rogowski 1997); others refer to the internationalization of production processes (Pauly/ Reich 1997; Archibugi / Michie 1998). Though the two concepts arc not mutually exclusive, they neither share a common definition nor do they examine the same processes. Whereas from the macroeconomic perspective ofJeff Frieden and Ronald Rogowski (1997), evidence for a globalizing or even a globalizcd world economy is to be found in the convergence of prices for goods, capital and services, the approach of Daniele Archibugi and Jonathan Michie (1998) regards globalization as a consequence of the growing number of transnational companies. In this paper we concentrate exclusively on the latter perspective and analyze globalization on a sectoral and systemic level. The information that allows us to trace globalization involves sector-specific trade flows, which are available for a period of fourteen years. Network visualizations, a technique that we illustrate more closely in the following section, also help to describe the structural change to the world trade in automobiles on the systemic level.
THE CIVILIZATIONAL PROJECT AND lTS DISCONTENTS: TOWARD A VIABLE GLOBAL MARKET SOCIETY?
Authors: Bornschier Volker
Published: September 2015

I agree with the point of an anonymous reviewer arguing that a pro-found discussion on the prerequisites of a viable global market society has too many facets to be contained within the bounds of a single journal article. Yet, in order to enter the debate now we should not wait until book length treatments become available-often only after years. This is, therfore, an essay attempting to overview various conflicts and contradictions within the global social system. It sythesizes arguments developed in more detail else-where.
GLOBALIZATION AND THE FUTURE OF DEMOCRACY
Authors: Markoff John
Published: September 2015

Writing on the eve of the democratic breakthrough of the late eighteenth century, Jean-Jacques Rousseau gave vivid voice to a critique of the political institutions across the Channel that were admired by so many French reformers of the day. Commenting scornfully on British electoral practice, he observed in 1762 that:"The people of England regards itself as free, but it is gravely mistaken. It is free only during the election of Parliament. As soon as they are elected, slavery overtakes it, and it is nothing. The use it makes of the short moments of liberty it enjoys merits losing them." Rousseau's contention about the limitations of electoral institutions was in no way superseded by the age of democratic revolution that followed. From the 1790s to the present, there have been recurrent complaints about the depth of popular involvement in political life, the reality of popular control over powerholders, and the possibility that the existence of some form of institutional channel for participation could blind publics to the inadequacy of that participation. Rousseau's critique has repeatedly reappeared in one form or another and has informed movements for a more genuine democratization.
GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS: A VIEW FROM SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Bond Patrick
Published: September 2015

Any analysis of the erratic unfolding of global economic crisis is bound to be hotly contested. This is particularly so in mid-1999, amid claims from Washington that the past two years' dangers of financial meltdown and deflation were averted and finally extinguished through a combination of policy measures and good fortune: slightly looser Federal Reserve monetary policy adopted in September 1998, in the immediate wake of the successful public-private bailout of the Long Term Capital Management hedge fund; a new $90 billion International Monetary Fund (IMF) insurance scheme announced the following month; the convening of key countries in a Forum on Financial Stability; the lack of financial contagion (contrary to expectations) in the wake of Brazil's January 1999 currency meltdown; the long-awaited revival (however infirm) of the Japanese economy; new plans for somewhat more transparent budgetary and exchange rate systems in emerging markets; and a decision at the G-8 Cologne meeting in June 1999 to sell 10% of the IMF's gold to fund partial debt relief for the poorest Third World countries. Indeed many observers were surprised at IMF Managing Director Michel Camdessus's success at turning the debt relief strategy into a vehicle for tougher "Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility" conditions, just months after the IMF was criticised to the point of ridicule for its East Asian, Russian and Brazilian mishaps (effectively, granting $200 billion in bad loans over 15 months, in exchange for the application of inappropriate austerity measures).