bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preservation of bioactive compounds of a green vegetable smoothie using short time–high temperature mild thermal treatment
Authors: Castillejo Noelia , Martínez-Hernández Ginés Benito , Monaco Kamila , Gómez Perla A , Aguayo Encarna , Artés Francisco , Artés-Hernández Francisco
Published: June 2016

Smoothies represent an excellent and convenient alternative to promote the daily consumption of fruit and vegetables in order to obtain their health-promoting benefits. Accordingly, a green fresh vegetables smoothie (77.2% cucumber, 12% broccoli and 6% spinach) rich in health-promoting compounds was developed. Soluble solids content, pH and titratable acidity of the smoothie were 4.3 ± 0.4°Bx, 4.49 ± 0.01 and 0.22 ± 0.02 mg citric acid 100−1 g fw, respectively. Two thermal treatments to reduce microbial loads and preserve quality were assayed: T1 (3 min at 80 ℃) and T2 (45 s at 90 ℃). Fresh blended unheated samples were used as control (CTRL). The smoothie presented a viscoelastic behaviour. T1 and T2 treatments reduced initial microbial loads by 1.3–2.4 and 1.4–3.1 log units, respectively. Samples were stored in darkness at 5 and 15 ℃. Colour and physicochemical changes were reduced in thermal-treated samples throughout storage, which were better preserved at 5 ℃ rather than at 15 ℃. Vitamin C changes during storage were fitted with a Weibullian distribution. Total vitamin C losses of T1 and T2 samples during storage at 15 ℃ were greatly reduced when they were stored at 5 ℃. Initial total phenolic content (151.1 ± 4.04 mg kg−1 fw) was 44 and 36% increased after T1 and T2 treatments, respectively. The 3- p-coumaroyl quinic and chlorogenic acids accounted the 84.7 and 7.1% relative abundance, respectively. Total antioxidant capacity (234.2 ± 20.3 mg Trolox equivalent kg−1 fw) remained constant after the thermal treatments and was better maintained during storage in thermal-treated samples. Glucobrassicin accounted the 81% of the initial total glucosinolates content (117.8 ± 22.2 mg kg−1 fw) of the smoothie. No glucosinolates losses were observed after T2 treatment being better preserved in thermal-treated samples. Conclusively, a short time–high temperature mild thermal treatment (T2) showed better quality and bioactive compounds retention in a green fresh vegetable smoothie during low temperature storage.
Gesture in Experimental Studies
Authors: Congdon Eliza L. , Novack Miriam A. , Goldin-Meadow Susan
Published: June 2016

Video recording technology allows for the discovery of psychological phenomena that might otherwise go unnoticed. We focus here on gesture as an example of such a phenomenon. Gestures are movements of the hands or body that people spontaneously produce while speaking or thinking through a difficult problem. Despite their ubiquity, speakers are not always aware that they are gesturing, and listeners are not always aware that they are observing gesture. We review how video technology has facilitated major insights within the field of gesture research by allowing researchers to capture, quantify, and better understand these transient movements. We propose that gesture, which can be easily missed if it is not a researcher’s focus, has the potential to affect thinking and learning in the people who produce it, as well as in the people who observe it, and that it can alter the communicative context of an experiment or social interaction. Finally, we discuss the challenges of using video technology to capture gesture in psychological studies, and we discuss opportunities and suggestions for making use of this rich source of information both within the field of developmental psychology and within the field of organizational psychology.
Grey matter atrophy is associated with disability increase in natalizumab-treated patients
Authors: Ciampi Ethel , Pareto Deborah , Sastre-Garriga Jaume , Vidal-Jordana Angela , Tur Carmen , Río Jordi , Tintoré Mar , Auger Cristina , Rovira Alex , Montalban Xavier
Published: June 2016

Background:

Brain volume loss (BVL) is a key outcome in multiple sclerosis (MS) trials. Natalizumab is highly effective on inflammation with moderate impact on atrophy.

Objective:

To explore BVL in patients receiving natalizumab with an emphasis on grey matter (GM).

Methods:

We performed a retrospective post hoc analysis of BVL in 38 patients receiving natalizumab for 3 years using longitudinal voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and FreeSurfer.

Results:

Significant BVL was observed during first year: brain parenchymal fraction (BPF): −1.12% ( p < 0.001); white matter fraction (WMF): −0.9% ( p = 0.001); grey matter fraction (GMF): −1.28% ( p = 0.002). GM loss was found using VBM in bilateral cerebellum, cingulum, left > right fronto-parietal cortex, right > left hippocampus and left caudate. FreeSurfer showed significant volume losses in subcortical GM, brainstem and cerebellum, and cortical thinning in the left insula. In the second year, only WMF decrease (−0.6%; p = 0.015) was observed with no VBM changes, although FreeSurfer detected significant volume loss in thalamus, hippocampus and cerebellum. Baseline gadolinium enhancement influenced WMF and BPF changes during the first year, but not GMF. Patients with confirmed Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) worsening at 3 years had lower baseline GMF and left thalamus volume and greater BVL over follow-up.

Conclusion:

BVL develops mainly during the first year of natalizumab therapy. GM changes are independent of baseline inflammation and correlate with disability.
Working memory network dysfunction in relapse-onset multiple sclerosis phenotypes: A clinical-imaging evaluation
Authors: Vacchi Laura , Rocca Maria A , Meani Alessandro , Rodegher Mariaemma , Martinelli Vittorio , Comi Giancarlo , Falini Andrea , Filippi Massimo
Published: June 2016

Objectives:

We investigated clinical, behavioural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) correlates of working memory load in relapse-onset multiple sclerosis (MS) patients.

Methods:

In total, 12 clinically isolated syndromes (CIS) patients at risk of MS, 38 relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), 22 secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) and 24 healthy controls (HC) performed an N-back fMRI task. Correlations between fMRI abnormalities and clinico-behavioural and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures were assessed.

Results:

Participants activated brain regions of the working memory network, especially in fronto-parietal lobes and cerebellum, and deactivated areas of the default mode network (DMN). During the N-back load contrast, compared to HC, the three groups of MS patients had a common pattern of decreased activation of the right superior parietal lobule, left inferior parietal lobule and left middle frontal gyrus. Areas specifically more active in CIS patients compared to the other study groups were found in the left medial superior frontal gyrus and right anterior cingulate cortex, whereas SPMS patients selectively activated the left parahippocampal gyrus and left superior temporal pole (STP). Worse accuracy and global cognitive scores correlated with increased STP activation.

Conclusion:

Load-dependent alterations of working memory network recruitment occur in MS. Frontal hyperactivation is maintained in CIS and lost in SPMS. Abnormal recruitment of DMN areas is related to worse cognitive and behavioural outcomes.
The developmental trajectory of parent-report and objective sleep profiles in autism spectrum disorder: Associations with anxiety and bedtime routines
Authors: Fletcher Fay E , Foster-Owens Mistral D , Conduit Russell , Rinehart Nicole J , Riby Deborah M , Cornish Kim M
Published: June 2016

The present study compared the course of parent-report and actigraphy-derived sleep profiles over a 1-year period, in school-age children with autism spectrum disorder and typically developing children. The Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire and 14 nights of actigraphy were used to assess sleep profiles. Parents also completed the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale, the Social Worries Questionnaire and the Bedtime Routines Questionnaire. Between-group differences in parent-reported sleep problems were less pronounced at follow-up compared to baseline. The course of objective sleep was comparable between groups, with a significant reduction in sleep duration over time in both groups. Children with autism spectrum disorder were further characterised by significantly more night-to-night variability in sleep quality, across both time points. Reductions over time in parent-reported sleep problems were significantly associated with reduced anxiety. Reductions in actigraphy-derived sleep efficiency were associated with an increased frequency of maladaptive activities in the hour before bedtime, in both children with and without autism spectrum disorder.
Mediated sense of place: Effects of mediation and mobility on the place perception of German professionals in Singapore
Authors: Bork-Hüffer Tabea
Published: June 2016

This article examines the differences that digital media (Internet and mobile communications) and mobility create for sense of place. Based on in-depth interviews with 30 German professionals in Singapore, it analyses digital media choices and use during the relocation and settlement process in the destination of migration and the effect of these practices on migrants’ perception of place. It demonstrates how the primary reason to use digital media conversed from individual interests and needs in relation to the relocation and/or initial exploration of the city to the social and emotional ramifications of their use the longer the interviewees stayed in Singapore. It makes a theoretical contribution to the understanding of how digital and offline places combine in the construction of sense of place, how the digital sphere affects engagements with place, attachment to it and sensuous experiences of it.
Discourse trajectories in a nexus of genres
Authors: Lassen Inger
Published: June 2016

Departing from the view that genres are regulative as well as constitutive of social action, this article explores the interconnectedness of genres and Discourses that transit generic boundaries. Situating the study in a local energy transition project in Denmark and exploring what happens in a series of citizen meetings without a narrowly defined agenda, I argue that the meetings may be seen as a nexus of genres constituted by a tissue of interwoven Discourses with a lifespan that extends beyond the specific communicative moment. I understand a nexus of genres as a point where genres in a wider sense meet and interact. Relating the Discourses initiated by the participating citizens to the ideational, the interpersonal and the textual metafunctions in systemic functional linguistics, I analyse topics made salient by actors participating in the citizen meetings. By following these topics intertextually across generic boundaries, I identify Discourses that are mutually entangled and genres that are taken up in the process. These include anticipatory Discourse, Discourse of legitimation, Discourse of motivation, Discourse about technology and Discourse about energy saving initiatives or in other words Discourses that exceed the boundaries of the specific genre in which they are realized.
Unified framework to evaluate non-visual spectral effectiveness of light for human health
Authors: Amundadottir ML , Lockley SW , Andersen M
Published: June 2016

The discovery of a novel non-rod, non-cone photoreceptor in the mammalian eye that mediates a range of ‘non-visual’ responses to light has required reexamination of how lighting needs for human health are characterised and evaluated. Existing literature provides useful information about how to quantify non-visual spectral sensitivities to light but the optimal approach is far from decided. As more is learned about the underlying biology, new approaches will continue to be published. What is currently lacking is a flexible framework to describe the non-visual spectral effectiveness of light using a common language. Without a unified description of quantities and units, much of the value of scientific publications can be lost. In this paper, we review the existing approaches by categorising the proposed quantities depending on their application. Based on this review, a unified framework is provided for use in evaluating and reporting the spectral effectiveness of light for human health. The unified framework will provide greater flexibility to model the non-visual responses to light and is adaptable to a wide range of lighting solutions of interest to researchers, designers and developers. A new visualisation tool, the SpeKtro dashboard, is available to explore the unified framework online at spektro.epfl.ch.
Intellectual productivity under task ambient lighting
Authors: Ishii H , Kanagawa H , Shimamura Y , Uchiyama K , Miyagi K , Obayashi F , Shimoda H
Published: June 2016

An experiment was conducted to evaluate intellectual productivity in three lighting conditions: (a) conventional ambient lighting, (b) task ambient lighting with normal colour temperature (5000 K) and (c) task ambient lighting with high colour temperature (6200 K). In the experiment, cognitive tasks were given to 24 participants. The concentration time ratio, which is a quantitative and objective evaluation index of the degree of concentration, was measured. The results showed that the average concentration time ratio under the task ambient lighting with high colour temperature was 72.5%, which was 5.0% points higher than that under the conventional ambient lighting. It is believed that intellectual work can be performed better when the concentration time ratio is high.
Rethinking Race, Calculation, Quantification, and Measure
Authors: Clough Patricia Ticineto
Published: June 2016

Focusing on “new regimes of calculation” and the limits and possibilities of mobilizing critical theory to make sense of such shifts, the author uses Roderick Ferguson’s Foucauldian call for a reordering of things to rethink of quantitative inquiry. The author is especially interested in race and the twists and turns of how the institutionalizing of the interdisciplines of area studies in higher education functioned to manage difference. The author pays particular attention to parallels between the institutionalization of the interdisciplines of area studies with the emerging interdisciplines– those forming between the humanities, the arts, and the social sciences and the mathematical sciences, computer sciences, digital studies, and the natural sciences. By elaborating both sociological and media studies disciplinary perspectives, something “beyond biopolitics and neoliberalism” becomes thinkable.
Innominate Artery Stenosis Presenting With Migratory Digital Ischemia
Authors: Juo Yen-Yi , Ramirez Lisbi Rivas , Ruben Garry
Published: June 2016

Background:

Atherosclerotic lesions of the supra-aortic trunk vessels, including the innominate artery, subclavian artery, or the common carotid artery, tend to present either as low-flow state distal to the lesion or as embolic events. The risk of embolic cerebrovascular event complicates the management of this condition via a pure endovascular approach. A combined operative–endovascular intervention may be a valuable approach in order to reduce the risk of intraoperative stroke and prevent future embolic events.

Case Presentation:

An 84-year-old female presented at the emergency department (ED) with a 4-month history of migratory digital cyanotic lesions across various fingers on her right hand. The lesion eventually progressed into dry gangrene on her right middle finger. Selective angiography of the aortic arch vessels demonstrated significant atherosclerotic plaque burden throughout her supra-aortic vessels and a segmental stenosis at the proximal innominate artery. A right carotid cut down was performed to allow clamping of the carotid artery so as to minimize the risk of intraoperative stroke from plaque manipulation. Retrograde balloon angioplasty was performed, and stent was placed across the stenotic segment. The patient tolerated the procedure well and had an uneventful postoperative course. She was discharged on postoperative day 3. At 2-week follow-up, she has had no progression of her digital ischemia nor other focal cranial nerve deficits.

Conclusion:

Migratory digital ischemia is a rare presentation of atherosclerotic disease of the supra-aortic vessels. It represents a challenging situation for endovascular intervention due to concern about plaque dislodgment during the procedure. A retrograde balloon-stent angioplasty following distal carotid control with an open approach may be safe and effective in selected patients.
Agent-based simulation of improvised explosive device fragment damage on individual components
Authors: Gabrovsek Stanislas , Colwill Ian , Stipidis Elias
Published: June 2016

With the development of asymmetrical warfare, improvised explosive devices (IEDs) have become the most significant threat to military land platforms. Among other IED effects, fragments cause severe damage, limiting platform capabilities and subsequent mission performance at a significant distance from the explosion. Existing simulation tools operate at a closely defined level of abstraction and scope. For example, finite element analysis tools describe the problem at a fine level of detail but are only viable for the simulation of small components or structures. In contrast, common turn-based battlefield tools simulate the movements of entire battle groups, but at a high level of abstraction whereby damage is estimated as a probabilistic function. In order to address this disconnect, we present a method of fragment damage simulation based on agent modeling techniques; as a component of a common approach to platform survivability, estimation considers the problem from the individual structure damage up to the fleet-level capabilities. The results obtained prove the validity of the approach for low-level fragment damage modeling. Extensions, to include blast threat and platform-level survivability assessment, are proposed.
Faith, Work, and Reciprocity: Listening to Mexican Men Caregivers of Elderly Family Members
Authors: Nance Douglas C. , Rivero May Maria Isabel , Flores Padilla Luis , Moreno Nava Mario , Deyta Pantoja Alma Laura
Published: June 2016

The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine the role of Mexican men caregivers of older adults. Studies investigating male caregiving practice in Mexico are lacking. Listening events for older adults and family caregivers were held in six cities, obtaining an ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample of 121 participants—81 older adults and 57 primary caregivers (including 17 older adults). Focus groups discussed end-of-life issues and challenges of care. Discussions were audio recorded and field notes were made. Framework Analysis was used to analyze data. Nationally, 37% of the caregivers were men. In the metropolitan area of Mexico City, 57% of caregivers were men. The men caregivers discussed their roles and experiences. The results were categorized into three themes: (a) reciprocity in family caregiving, (b) a practical work-oriented attitude toward caregiving, and (c) strong religious faith. Caregiving formed an important part of their masculine role. Stereotypes related to gender and care should be reexamined. Further research is needed to explore gender variations in caregiving, evolving gender roles, and needs for support and services.
Waving the flag for development communication: Why there is still hope for communication research
Authors: Baú Valentina
Published: June 2016

From the debated Modernisation paradigm all the way to the participatory and inclusive approaches for social change, development communication research has given rise to a stimulating scholarly discussion that has introduced both theoretical and evidence-based claims, which are contributing constructively to the evolvement of this discipline. By addressing a number of points that have been raised as evidence of a decline in communication research, this article discusses how development communication research has followed a parallel but different path from other areas of communication research and has slowly but successfully made an important contribution to the field of communication.
The place of ‘race’ in understanding immigration control and the detention of foreign nationals
Authors: Bhui Hindpal Singh
Published: June 2016

This article develops thinking about ethnicity and difference and its relationship to contemporary immigration control and detention. I argue that current detention practices and debates about migration and border control can best be informed by a broader historical conception of ‘racism’, which reflects connections of power, subjugation and exploitations articulated through racism, to those associated with class, gender and religion. The influence on current immigration control policies of colonialism is not sufficiently reflected in the literature on race and immigration. I argue that the detention of foreign nationals can be explained to an extent by historical processes that encourage use of criminalization and racism to embed marginalization, the purest expression of which is physical removal through deportation. The article also seeks to better connect debates about race and marginalization within and between borders, which can in turn help to understand why prisons and detention centres are disproportionately filled with poorer, often non-white foreign nationals.
Critical review of bariatric surgery, medically supervised diets, and behavioural interventions for weight management in adults
Authors: Beaulac Julie , Sandre Daniella
Published: June 2016

Aims:

Patient selection of weight management treatment option is often guided by a variety of factors. Currently, there is no comprehensive tool to facilitate informed decision-making for patients and clinicians. This article aims to synthesise evidence on the treatment effectiveness, health benefits, risks, and patient experiences of treatment options presently available at the Weight Management Clinic at The Ottawa Hospital (TOH), as a first step towards developing a decision aid.

Methods:

Narrative and systematic reviews published in English between 1999 and 2014 were included that focused on one or more of the following weight management treatments in adults aged 18 years and over: roux-en-y gastric bypass (RYGB), sleeve gastrectomy (SG), medically supervised meal replacement, and behavioural or lifestyle intervention.

Results:

Overall, bariatric surgeries have received the greatest research attention and have been associated not only with greater weight loss and health benefit but also with greater risks, complications, and financial cost. Dietary programmes demonstrated weight loss and health benefits to a lesser extent than with surgery but were associated with lower and shorter-term risks and complications. Behavioural and lifestyle interventions have been studied less yet have shown significant, albeit small, weight loss outcomes alone and in combination with dietary or surgical options; they also appear to be the lowest risk interventions. Patient experiences of weight management options are mixed and not well understood.

Conclusion:

Further research is needed; however, this review identified some general trends related to weight loss outcomes, benefits, risks, and barriers for weight management options that have implications for shared treatment decision-making.
Clinicians’ Adherence to Guidelines on Evaluation of Hypertension in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Hartz Jacob , Li Jennifer S. , Akintoye Ololade O. , Hornik Christoph P.
Published: June 2016

Background:

Hypertension is increasingly prevalent among children. We sought to review provider adherence to the National High Blood Pressure Education Program (NHBPEP) recommendations at a single academic medical center.

Methods:

We identified children 3-18 years of age with hypertension based on outpatient visit International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition, Clinical Modification codes from 2006 to 2012. We calculated the odds of individual tests administration for ten recommended tests, adjusting for demographic characteristics.

Results:

We identified 3,588 (1.7%) of 216,855 children diagnosed with hypertension at a median age of 14 years (25th and 75th percentile 10 and 16, respectively). No child received all ten recommended tests. The median number of tests administered was 2 (1, 4) but varied significantly by race and age. Urine drug screen (<1%) and renin levels (1%) were the least common, whereas serum creatinine (49%) and echocardiogram (40%) were the most common tests. Male children were more likely to receive an echocardiogram (odds ratio 1.43; 95% confidence interval: 1.24-1.64), and black children and those ≥11 years old were less likely to have their serum creatinine checked. Adherence to the guidelines did not improve over time ( P = .24).

Conclusion:

Children evaluated for hypertension in the outpatient setting infrequently receive the diagnostic tests recommended in the NHBPEP’s report. Test administration frequency varies by patient demographics but has not improved significantly over time.
Antidiabetic Mechanisms of Rosa canina Fruits
Authors: Fattahi Ali , Niyazi Fatemeh , Shahbazi Behzad , Farzaei Mohammad Hosein , Bahrami Gholamreza
Published: June 2016

Rosa canina fruits have been used traditionally for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications. The aim of current study was to evaluate the in vitro mechanism of action of R canina in managing diabetes mellitus. Cell proliferation and cytotoxicity assay were performed on pancreatic β-cells, βTC6. The protective activity of the extract on streptozotocin-induced death in βTC6 cells was studied. The effect of R canina on the metabolism of glucose in HepG2, a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, was evaluated. The effect of the extract on glucose diffusion across the dialysis membrane, which is a comfortable model for assessing cellular glucose absorption, was evaluated. The results obtained from current study confirmed that R canina extract can act as a growth factor for pancreatic β-cell line providing a novel mechanism for the observed antidiabetic effect of this natural agent. Further preclinical studies are necessary to evaluate the perfect mechanism of action of R canina in diabetes mellitus.
Association Among Sociodemograhic Factors, Work Ability, Health Behavior, and Mental Health Status for Young People After Prolonged Unemployment
Authors: Lappalainen Kirsi , Manninen Pirjo , Räsänen Kimmo
Published: June 2016

The purpose of this study was to explore the associations of prolonged unemployment, health, and work ability among young workers using data from the 2008-2010 Occupational Health Counselling project in Kuopio, Eastern Finland. The total sample for this study was 190 young unemployed adults. The questionnaire included the Work Ability Index (WAI), the Beck Depression Inventory, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, and the Occupational Health Counselling Survey. Multivariate analyses revealed that men had a higher prevalence of prolonged unemployment than women. Using drugs for purposes other than treatment was associated independently with an increased prevalence of prolonged unemployment. Low WAI scores were associated with a higher prevalence of prolonged unemployment. This study showed that attention should be paid to male workers, those who have poor or moderate work ability and workers who use drugs. Young unemployed workers should be recognized at an early stage. A comprehensive, flexible network of community resources is essential to support young unemployed adults.
Disparities in Emergency Department Pain Treatment for Toothache
Authors: Lee H.H. , Lewis C.W. , McKinney C.M.
Published: June 2016

Racial disparities in how pain is treated in the emergency department (ED) for toothache have not been reported. Due to increasing reliance on EDs for dental care, the authors investigated whether race/ethnicity and insurance type are associated with treatment for toothache pain. The authors conducted a nationally representative cross-sectional study of ED toothache visits by adults (19 to 64 y old), using the 2008–2010 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Multinomial regression models accounted for the complex survey design. Outcomes were pain medicines received: none, nonopioid only, or opioids. After adjusting for sociodemographic factors, black patients had 1.99 greater odds ( P < 0.005) than white patients of receiving only a nonopioid pain medicine for toothache. Visits made by patients on Medicare, Medicaid, uninsured, or “other” insurance status had greater odds than the privately insured of receiving only a nonopioid pain medicine rather than an opioid (odds ratios, respectively: 4.8, P < 0.001; 2.1, P ≤ 0.001; 2.3, P < 0.01; and 4.1, P < 0.001). Blacks are less likely than whites to receive opioids in the ED for a toothache, even with similar levels of pain. Nonprivately insured patients have lower odds than the privately insured to receive opioids for toothache pain. A better understanding of the etiology of these disparities could lead to directed interventions.

Knowledge Transfer Statement: This study presents findings novel to the body of pain and oral health care literature. Because there is an increasing reliance on the emergency department to address dental pain, disparities in how toothache pain is treated will be of great interest to a growing number of Americans, clinicians, and policy makers.
WRITTEN DISCUSSION, SYMPOSIUM ON MINING GEOPHYSICS
Authors: CALLAHAN WILLIAM H.
Published: June 2016

New York, N. Y.-Commonly oil and ore are associated with planar geologic features, the dip of which is slight for oil and steep for ore. Thus did Dr. Heiland in his introductory remarks aptly generalize the difference in geometry of occurrence of oil and ore which is critical in the design of exploration for them.
A Scrutiny of the Abstract
Authors: Landes Kenneth K.
Published: June 2016

The behavior of editors is discussed. What should be covered by an abstract is considered. The importance of the abstract is described. Dictionary definitions of “abstract” are quoted. At the conclusion a revised abstract is presented.
Letter to the Editor
Authors: Hurley Patrick M.
Published: June 2016

also provides further insight into the nature of seismic responses and the dynamical properties of theearth. A Geophysical Analysis Research Project has now been instituted to carry on and increase the small program whichformerly was supported by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
FOREWORD
Authors: Bates Charles C.
Published: June 2016

A decade ago, it would have been the rare geophysicist indeed who would have predicted that his specialty was destined to become a major topic of discussion between such world political leaders as Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy, Prime Minister Macmillan of Great Britain, and Chairman Khrushchev of the USSR. Yet this has come to pass during the past six years, for in 1958 there started the continuing round of international negotiations directed towards the creation of an effective underground test-ban treaty. During the conduct of these negotiations, it has been repeatedly necessary to assess the current state-of-the-art in seismology and its sister geophysical sciences, for the only detectable signals known to propagate for several hundreds to thousands of miles from underground nuclear tests are seismic in nature. With the United States policy being only to seek an underground-test-ban agreement incorporating strong safeguards against acts of bad faith, it is important that the political safe-guards be backed up by those of a geophysical nature.
EDITORIAL NOTE
Authors: Van Melle F. A.
Published: June 2016

The history of this special issue goes back to the previous editor, Mr. R. B. Rice, who upon a suggestion from one of his associate editors-canvassed a number of institutions and individual scientists on their interest in helping to bring out an issue of GEoPII1sIcs entirely devoted to VELA UNIFORM sponsored research. Ile received a good response. However, the original deadline of September 1, 1963, could not be met by the vast majority of prospective contributors and Mr. Rice saw himself forced to change the deadline to November 1. This put the VELA issue in the term of office of the 1964-1965 editorial team, whose first effort is the April 1964 number. The response to Mr. Rice's invitation has been so good that more papers were submitted than are normally published in one issue. Therefore, a second issue of GEOPHYSICS is planned later in the year which will contain, first, those papers that could not be reviewed and prepared for publication in the rather short span of six weeks between the editor's deadline of November 1 and the SEG publication manager's deadline of December 15, and second, papers from authors who did not even begin to write because they were not prepared to meet the November 1 deadline.
BURTON MCCOLLUM(1880-1964)
Authors: SEGAL J.J.
Published: June 2016

BURTON McCOLLUM was born June 1, 1880, in Redfield, Kansas. He received a BSc. degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Kansas, where he was elected to Sigma Xi, and was an instructor for sometime. In 1958, his Alma Mater honored him with a citation equivalent to an honorary degree.
Foreword
Authors: Affleck James
Published: June 2016

This special issue on magnetics is in some degree a sequel to that of August, 1964. The growing interest in magnetics is shown by the large number of papers offered for publication.
Discussion on “Dipole Method for Deep Resis-tivity Studies” by G. V. Keller (GEOPHYSICS, December 1966, p. 1088-1104)
Authors: Doicin D.
Published: June 2016

Mr. Keller's remarks and conclusions concerning the peculiarities and efficiency of the dipole method are in keeping with the practical results obtained when using this working system in other countries, Romania inclu-sive. It is especially worthwhile to recall that dipole soundings of large spacing usually applied in presence of an intermediate layer in the subsurface characterized by an important transverse resistance underwent in a more or less extent the effect of lateral earth nonhomogeneity.
Intellectual property
Authors: Sriram K. P. , Gilbreth Mark
Published: June 2016

In our last two articles, we discussed various aspects of patents, This article discussed the related issue of copyrights: requirements for obtaining them, infringement, and remedies. The purpose of this article is to provide a basic understanding of the nature of copyright protection and then discuss the availability of patent and copyright protection, it is less clear on the general availability of patent protection fir computer programs. This is a very contentious matter. There are some who advocate strengthening of protection for computer software while there are others who would like to see computer software shorn of any protection under both the patent and the copyright laws.
Humility and nonlinearity
Authors: Scales John A. , Snieder Roel
Published: June 2016

In seismic experiments, waves that bounce back and forth between layers are called multiple reflections. Since these waves interact repeatedly with the heterogeneities in the earth, the relation between the multiple reflections and the earth structure is nonlinear. Present-day seismic processing is geared toward suppressing these multiples rather than extracting the information that is contained in this part of the wavefield. The main motivation for this is that the retrieval of earth structure from multiply-scattered waves is assumed to be an inherently unstable process so that random noise or unwarranted assumptions magnify under the nonlinear inversion steps needed to map the multiple reflected waves onto a model for the earth's interior. It is for these reasons that Claerbout (1985, 363) notes that: “Multiple reflections is a good subject for nuclear physicists, astrophysicists, and mathematicians who enter our field. Those who are willing to take up the challenge of trying to carry theory through to industrial practice are rewarded by some humility.”
Discussion: On “On Talwani's Errors in the total Bouguer reduction” (T. R. LaFehr, Geophysics, 63, 4, 1131-1136)
Authors: Talwani Manik
Published: June 2016

I welcome LaFehr's interest in my short note (LaFehr, 1998). However, I believe that some of the points that he has raised may be confusing to some readers, and a clarification may be in order.
Discussion on “Line Spacing Effect and Determination of Optimum Spacing Illustrated by Marmora, Ontario, Magnetic Anomaly,” by W. B. Agocs, 1955, Geophysics, v. XX, p. 871- 855.
Authors: Boisard P.
Published: June 2016

Recently we took a great interest in reading the paper: “Line Spacing Effect and determination of optimum Spacing illustrated by Marmora, Ontario, Magnetic Anomaly” by W. B. AGOCS, no. 4, vol. XX of Geophysics (October 1955), p. 871-885, 10 fig.
Ectopic Adrenocorticotropic Hormone–Secreting Pituitary Adenomas: An Underestimated Entity
Authors: Knappe Ulrich J. , Jaspers Christian , Buschsieweke Desirée , Reinbold Wolf-Dieter , Alomari Ali , Saeger Wolfgang , Ehlenz Klaus , Mann W. Alexander , Kann Peter Herbert , Feldkamp Joachim
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of Cushing disease is based on endocrinological pa-rameters, with no single test being specific. In some patients, dynamic thin-slice sellar magnetic resonance imaging fails to detect a pituitary tumor.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of ectopic pituitary adenoma in this situation.

METHODS: In a retrospective chart review, 5 patients (6%) with ectopic adenomas were identified in 83 consecutive patients undergoing transsphenoidal surgery for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary adenomas by 1 surgeon.

RESULTS: In all 5 patients (all female, 32-41 years of age), an exclusively extrasellar ACTH-secreting adenoma was excised. Three adenomas were located in the cavernous sinus, 1 in the sphenoid sinus, and 1 in the ethmoidal cells. Histologically, none of the tumors showed signs of aggressiveness. Three of the 5 adenomas specifically expressed somatostatin receptor 5. In 4 patients with Cushing disease, postoperative remission was obtained, with 1 recurrence after 14 months. In the patient with Nelson syndrome, ACTH decreased from >800 to <80 pg/mL. Three patients underwent previous surgery elsewhere, including 1 hypophysectomy. In this case, the ectopic adenoma (positive for somatostatin receptor 5) in the ethmoidal cells turned out to be positive on gallium 68 DOTATATE positron emission tomography/computed tomography.

CONCLUSION: The incidence of primarily ectopic ACTH-secreting adenomas in this series was 6%. In cases of negative MRI findings, an ectopic ACTH-secreting adenoma should be taken into account. 68Ga DOTATATE positron emission tomography/computed tomography may identify ectopic pituitary adenomas. Hypophysectomy should always be avoided in primary surgery for CD.
Η υποστήριξη από τους καθηγητές-συμβούλους και τους συμφοιτητές στην εξ αποστάσεως εκπαίδευση. Οι απόψεις των αποφοίτων του μεταπτυχιακού προγράμματος «Σπουδές στην Εκπαίδευση» του Ελληνικού Ανοικτού Πανεπιστημίου
Authors: ΒΑΣΑΛΑ Παρασκευή , ΑΝΔΡΕΑΔΟΥ Δέσποινα
Published: June 2016

Στην εργασία αυτή διερευνήθηκαν οι απόψεις των αποφοίτων του μεταπτυχιακού προγράμματος «Σπουδές στην Εκπαίδευση» για την υποστήριξη που δέχτηκαν από τους καθηγητές-συμβούλους και τους συμφοιτητές κατά τη διάρκεια της φοίτησής τους στο Ελληνικό Ανοικτό Πανεπιστήμιο. Η έρευνα ήταν αιτιώδης επισκόπηση και το μεθοδολογικό εργαλείο ήταν ερωτηματολόγιο με κλειστές και ανοικτές ερωτήσεις. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι οι απόφοιτοι ήταν ικανοποιημένοι από την υποστήριξη που τους πρόσφεραν οι καθηγητές-σύμβουλοι και επισήμαναν παραμέτρους στις οποίες ο ρόλος τους μπορεί να βελτιωθεί. Βρέθηκε επίσης ότι υπήρξε αλληλοϋποστήριξη μεταξύ των συμφοιτητών κυρίως με τη δημιουργία κλίματος συνεργασίας και εργασίας σε ομάδα και σε ορισμένες περιπτώσεις με την ανάπτυξη φιλικών και κοινωνικών σχέσεων.
Εκπαιδευτικά ιστολόγια: Η δυνατότητα χρήσης τους ως αποτελεσματικά εργαλεία επίτευξης μη τυπικής μάθησης.
Authors: ΑΝΤΩΝΙΟΥ Παναγιώτης , ΜΑΧΑΙΡΙΔΟΥ Μαρία
Published: June 2016

Στην παρούσα εργασία διερευνάται η εκπαιδευτική χρήση των ιστολογίων, με στόχο την κατάθεση του προβληματισμού σχετικά με την αποτελεσματικότητά τους ως εκπαιδευτικά εργαλεία, στα πλαίσια της μη τυπικής εκπαίδευσης των συμμετεχόντων σε αυτά. Επίσης, αξιολογείται το περιεχόμενο κάποιων υπαρχόντων εκπαιδευτικών ιστολογίων στο διεθνή και τον ελληνικό χώρο. 
Η μαθησιακή αυτονομία κατά την εκπόνηση γραπτών εργασιών
Authors: ΦΑΝΑΡΙΤΗ Μαρία , ΣΠΑΝΑΚΑ Αδαμαντία
Published: June 2016

Σκοπός της παρούσας έρευνας είναι η διερεύνηση του συσχετισμού ανάμεσα στην εκπόνηση γραπτών εργασιών, την εξάσκηση της μεταγνωστικής σκέψης και δράσης και την εξάσκηση της μαθησιακής αυτονομίας. Πιο αναλυτικά, διερευνήθηκαν οι αντιλήψεις μεταπτυχιακών φοιτητών στο ΕΑΠ ως προς το ρόλο τους κατά την εκπόνηση γραπτών εργασιών, καθώς και τις μεταγνωστικές στρατηγικές σχεδιασμού, παρακολούθησης και ελέγχου που εφαρμόζουν κατά την εκπόνηση γραπτών εργασιών. Μέσα από την ανταπόκριση έξι μεταπτυχιακών φοιτητών σε συνέντευξη διαπιστώθηκε ότι υπάρχουν περιθώρια διεύρυνσης και επέκτασης των ορίων της μεταγνωστικής τους δράσης στο μαθησιακό περιβάλλον της εξ αποστάσεως εκπαίδευσης.  Καθοριστική ως προς αυτό είναι η συμβολή του καθηγητή-συμβούλου ως προς την κατεύθυνση της εξοικείωσης  και εμπλοκής των φοιτητών σε δραστηριότητες που αναπτύσσουν το μεταγνωστικό προβληματισμό και στοχασμό.

 
Ανιχνεύοντας την πορεία του E-learning στα «Χρονικά της Εκπαίδευσης» και εφαρμόζοντας το σε μια πρόταση για την επιμόρφωση στη Μουσειακή Εκπαίδευση
Authors: ΓΚΙΡΤΖΗ Μαρία
Published: June 2016

Το e-learning εισβάλει δυναμικά στη ζωή μας κατακλύζοντας όλο και περισσότερο εκπαιδευτικές και επιμορφωτικές δράσεις. Στην παρούσα εισήγηση δίνεται καταρχήν συνοπτικά το ιστορικό της εμφάνισης του e-learning και οι προϋποθέσεις για την δημιουργία τέτοιων περιβαλλόντων μάθησης. Στη συνέχεια αναλύονται οι σημαντικότερες μορφές e-learning (ασύγχρονη και σύγχρονη τηλεκπαίδευση) και το σε ποιους τομείς χρησιμοποιούνται οι εφαρμογές τους σήμερα (πρωτοβάθμια, δευτεροβάθμια, τριτοβάθμια εκπαίδευση και επιμόρφωση-κατάρτιση). Τέλος κατατίθεται μια πρόταση επιμόρφωσης στη Μουσειακή Εκπαίδευση με το μοντέλο της υβριδικής μάθησης (blended learning), για την οποία κατασκευάστηκε πλατφόρμα ασύγχρονης τηλεκπαίδευσης. 
Εφαρμογές των τεχνολογιών της τηλεδιάσκεψης στην παιδαγωγική διαδικασία της εκμάθησης γλωσσών
Authors: ΓΚΟΥΣΙΟΣ Χαράλαμπος , ΤΖΑΝΑΒΑΡΗ Μυρσίνη
Published: June 2016

Η τηλεδιάσκεψη είναι στις μέρες μας πια διαθέσιμη με τη βοήθεια ενόςμικροϋπολογιστή και μιας δικτυακής κάμερας. Η εν λόγω τεχνολογία διευκολύνει την επικοινωνία από απόσταση, αλλά τι γίνεται με τη χρήση της στην εκπαίδευση, κυρίως στο ιδιαίτερα ευαίσθητο πεδίο της διδασκαλίας των γλωσσών για ακαδημαϊκούς σκοπούς; Η εξ΄ αποστάσεως εκπαίδευση έχει αναγνωρίσει τα οφέλη αυτής της τεχνολογίας για να υπερβεί την απόσταση, αλλά τι μπορεί να προσφέρει η τηλεδιάσκεψη στη διδασκαλία; Βασιζόμενοι σε μια μελέτη περίπτωσης για τη χρήση της τηλεδιάσκεψης, η οποία προσεγγίζει τις επιτυχίες αλλά και τις ελλείψεις της, το παρόν άρθρο προτείνει διάφορες δυνατότητες εφαρμογής μιας τεχνολογίας η οποία δεν θα πρέπει να αντιμετωπιστεί μόνο σαν ένα απλό υποκατάστατο για την διδασκαλία στην τάξη. Παρά την ανάπτυξη της τεχνολογίας της τηλεδιάσκεψης, η οποία από υλική άποψη διευκόλυνε την πρόσβασή της, η παιδαγωγική ένταξη αυτού του μαθησιακού εργαλείου πρέπει να αναπτυχθεί έτσι ώστε να πετύχουμε την πλήρη πρόσβαση σε ένα εκπαιδευτικό δυναμικό ατελώς ακόμα ενταγμένο στην εκπαιδευτική διαδικασία.
H Βελτιωτική Αξιολόγηση στην Εξ Αποστάσεως Εκπαίδευση
Authors: ΛΙΟΝΑΡΑΚΗΣ Αντώνης , ΣΠΑΝΑΚΑ Αδαμαντία
Published: June 2016

Σκοπός αυτής της εισήγησης είναι να αναδειχθεί η αναγκαιότητα για βελτιωτική αξιολόγηση στα τριτοβάθμια ιδρύματα εξ αποστάσεως εκπαίδευσης, μεταξύ των οποίων και το Ελληνικό Ανοικτό Πανεπιστήμιο (Ε.Α.Π.). Για το σκοπό αυτό περιγράφεται το πλαίσιο διασφάλισης ποιότητας κι αξιολόγησης μέσα από τη διεθνή βιβλιογραφία, καταλήγοντας σε προτάσεις για την αξιολόγηση όπως θα έπρεπε να γίνεται στο Ε.Α.Π.
Επίδραση της τηλεδιάσκεψης στη μαθησιακή διαδικασία του Ε.Α.Π. Απόψεις φοιτητών και ΣΕΠ των ΘΕ ΕΚΠ 65 –ΕΚΕ 50
Authors: ΜΗΛΙΩΡΙΤΣΑΣ Ευάγγελος , ΓΕΩΡΓΙΑΔΗ Ειρήνη
Published: June 2016

Στην εισήγηση αυτή επιχειρείται να σκιαγραφηθεί η αξιοποίηση της τηλεδιάσκεψης στην εξ αποστάσεως εκπαιδευτική διαδικασία. Η διερεύνηση των απόψεων των φοιτητών και των ΣΕΠ του ΕΑΠ, υλοποιήθηκε ποιοτικά και σχεδιάστηκε να απαντήσει στο καίριο ερώτημα: «πώς η τηλεδιάσκεψη μπορεί, ως εργαλείο επικοινωνίας και μάθησης, να προσθέσει αξία στην εκπαιδευτική διαδικασία του ΕΑΠ;» Για το σκοπό της έρευνας πραγματοποιήθηκαν 14 συνεντεύξεις 7 από φοιτητές/φοιτήτριες  και 7 από καθηγητές /καθηγήτριες Συμβούλους (ΣΕΠ) των ΘΕ ΕΚΠ 65 & ΕΚΕ 50 και η στοχευμένη επιλογή της ποιοτικής διερεύνησης αποσκοπούσε μέσα από την αμεσότητα της επικοινωνίας του συνεντευκτή με τα ερωτώμενα πρόσωπα. Η τηλεδιάσκεψη ως δυναμικό και ευέλικτο μαθησιακό σύστημα  μπορεί να τοποθετηθεί παράλληλα με τα υπάρχοντα και είναι δυνατόν να αξιοποιηθεί μεταξύ φοιτητών, ανάμεσα σε φοιτητές-καθηγητές και για συνεργασίες  ΣΕΠ. Επιπλέον η συμπληρωματική της χρήση δρα ενισχυτικά στη λειτουργία των ομαδικών συμβουλευτικών συναντήσεων. Από την έρευνα και σύμφωνα με τις απόψεις του δείγματος που συμμετέχει σε αυτή, προκύπτει, ότι για τους εμπλεκόμενους στη διδακτική πράξη και τη μαθησιακή πορεία, η τηλεδιάσκεψη ως μορφή αμφίδρομης επικοινωνίας, μπορεί να ενισχύει την επικοινωνία και τη μάθηση προς όφελος του διδασκομένου και να υποστηρίξει το καθοδηγητικό έργο του διδάσκοντα. Ο ρόλος του καθηγητή-συμβούλου γίνεται πιο απαιτητικός και είναι ο ρυθμιστής του μέσου με τις προϋποθέσεις οι οποίες απαιτούνται. Η τηλεδιάσκεψη έρχεται να λειτουργήσει συμπληρωματικά με τις ΟΣΣ και προς όφελος των απόντων αυτής.
Δημιουργική χρήση των ΤΠΕ στην Πρωτοβάθμια και Δευτεροβάθμια Εκπαίδευση. Το πρόγραμμα eTwinning για Διεθνείς Συνεργασίες και Ανάπτυξη.
Authors: ΠΑΠΑΔΑΚΗΣ Σταμάτιος , ΚΑΛΟΓΙΑΝΝΑΚΗΣ Μιχαήλ
Published: June 2016

Στις μέρες μας, η ενίσχυση της ευρωπαϊκής διάστασης της εκπαίδευσης και οι προσπάθειες για διεθνείς συνεργασίες και ανάπτυξη αποτελούν βασικά στοιχεία της σύγχρονης ελληνικής εκπαιδευτικής πραγματικότητας. Η ανάπτυξη των δυνατοτήτων του διαδικτύου για τη βελτίωση αφενός της πρόσβασης στην εκπαίδευση και κατάρτιση και αφετέρου της ποιότητας της μάθησης είναι καθοριστικής σημασίας για την οικοδόμηση της ευρωπαϊκής κοινωνίας της γνώσης. Στα πλαίσια του παρόντος άρθρου παρουσιάζεται το πρόγραμμα eTwininng που αποτελεί μια από τις βασικές δράσεις του προγράμματος eLearning της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης. Το eTwinning ορίζεται ως αδελφοποίηση δύο ή περισσότερων σχολείων από διαφορετικές ευρωπαϊκές χώρες μέσω του διαδικτύου και αφορά στη μεταξύ τους συνεργασία για την από κοινού ολοκλήρωση μιας παιδαγωγικής δραστηριότητας, με αξιοποίηση των Τεχνολογιών της Πληροφορίας και της Επικοινωνίας (ΤΠΕ). Το eTwinning δημιουργήθηκε για να δώσει στους μαθητές της Ευρώπης την ευκαιρία να μάθουν συνεργατικά, να μοιραστούν τις απόψεις τους και να κάνουν καινούριους φίλους. Στην παρούσα έρευνα παρουσιάζονται μέσα από ημικατευθυνόμενες συνεντεύξεις με Έλληνες εκπαιδευτικούς πρεσβευτές του eTwinning η υπάρχουσα κατάσταση, οι προτάσεις τους για τη βελτίωση του προγράμματος καθώς και οι προοπτικές για το άμεσο μέλλον για τη σύγχρονη ελληνική εκπαιδευτική πραγματικότητα.