bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sous la loupe d’Hyperbase : les combattants russes dans l’oeil de la presse illustrée française de 1914 à 1919
Authors: Blanchard Raymond
Published: March 2017

En nous appuyant sur un échantillon de la presse illustrée française, nous examinons les représentations des combattants russes, alliés et ennemis, entre 1914 et 1919. Précisément, nous tenterons de retracer l’évolution, d’un point de vue à la fois historique et linguistique, des dénominations et des qualifications employées dans la presse française à l’égard des combattants russes, dans le contexte du discours de propagande durant la Grande Guerre. Nous analyserons ainsi les permanences et les transformations de ces représentations. Pour ce faire, nous avons constitué notre corpus en dépouillant systématiquement trois magazines français entre 1914 et 1919, soit L’Illustration, Je sais tout et le supplément illustré du Petit Journal. Les analyses documentaires et statistiques de ce corpus à l’aide du logiciel Hyperbase nous ont permis de dresser un portrait détaillé des représentations des combattants russes telles que véhiculées par ces journaux.
Du dévoilement de certaines images mentales liées à la France dans les Conventions
Nationales Acadiennes de 1881 à 1937 : une analyse rendue possible par Hyperbase
Authors: Laparra-Villemonte de la Clergerie Manon
Published: March 2017

Le présent article vise à rendre compte d’une recherche mythocritique effectuée à
l’aide du logiciel de traitement de données Hyperbase sur une partie du vaste
corpus des conventions nationales acadiennes, de 1881 à 1937, corpus double, à la fois
discours politique et discours littéraire. Il s’agit de déterminer comment est représentée
la France à l’intérieur des discours et pourquoi ces images sont-elles si présentes au sein
des Conventions. Quel rôle jouent les références à la France à l’intérieur des grands
discours nationalistes ? En quoi participent-elles de la construction de l’identité
nationale acadienne ? Les hypothèses de travail ainsi que leurs vérifications ont été
accomplies grâce aux possibilités du logiciel, en exploitant les fonctions documentaires et
statistiques.
Formes et fonctions des alternances de langues dans les romans contemporains hétérolingues au Canada : analyse assistée par Sphinx
Authors: Richard Chantal , Kasparian Sylvia
Published: March 2017

Cet article analyse dix romans contemporains hétérolingues dans le but de comprendre le fonctionnement et les motivations de l’hétérolinguisme littéraire par une microanalyse, suivie d’une typologie plus générale. Des milliers d’alternances de langues sont codées selon des variables de la forme et des fonctions dans le texte, et ce, à l’aide d’une grille d’analyse créée dans le logiciel Sphinx-Eurêka. Le croisement des variables de formes et fonctions permet ensuite de dégager les traits saillants de chaque roman, ce qui mène à une typologie de l’écriture hétérolingue à la fin du 20e siècle. Cette écriture peut être représentée sous forme d’une pyramide en trois sections, partant d’une approche mimétique, pour aller vers la parodie et se terminer par une approche créatrice.
Analyse statistique des évangiles synoptiques : une étude de la paternité des textes par l’analyse des correspondances du taxi
Authors: Choulakian Vartan , Kasparian Sylvia , Miyake Maki , Akama Hiroyuki , Nakagawa Masanori
Published: March 2017

La généalogie des textes des évangiles synoptiques reste un sujet d’actualité. Différentes hypothèses existent quant à l’explication des similitudes ou des reprises de textes entiers d’un évangile à l’autre, dans les trois évangiles selon Matthieu, Marc et Luc. Une équipe de chercheurs japonais a réussi à identifier tous les segments communs entre les différents auteurs des évangiles de Marc, Luc et Matthieu et a construit un tableau de contingence qui décrit ces similitudes. Le tableau de contingence obtenu par le calcul des similarités dans les textes des évangiles synoptiques a été soumis à l’analyse des correspondances du taxi (ACT). L’ACT nous a permis d’obtenir des résultats interprétables et stables permettant de déduire une variante de l’hypothèse des deux évangiles.
Le concept de citoyenneté chez des immigrants et des membres de la société d’accueil en
milieu minoritaire francophone : une analyse lexicale
Authors: Benimmas Aïcha , Kasparian Sylvia
Published: March 2017

Étant donné les changements et les mutations constantes que connaissent les
sociétés sur différents plans (social, politique, économique, technologique, etc.), le
concept de citoyenneté nécessite une redéfinition d’une manière continue. Si les citoyens
francophones, immigrants et membres de la société d’accueil, peuvent se rejoindre grâce à la
langue française, ils peuvent différer à cause de leurs autres caractéristiques identitaires
à savoir, la culture, l’ethnie, la religion et l’histoire. C’est dans ce sens qu’il importe
d’explorer le sens que ces différents groupes donnent aux concepts de citoyen et de
participation citoyenne. L’utilisation des outils informatisés et statistiques nous a permis
de relever, par un aller-retour constant entre les analyses qualitatives et quantitatives,
les ressemblances et les divergences dans le discours de quatre groupes de participants à
notre étude : jeunes immigrants, parents immigrants, jeunes de la société d’accueil et
parents de la société d’accueil.
Analyse comparée de la dynamique d’évolution du français standard parlé dans les trois régions de Moncton, Bathurst et Edmundston, au Nouveau-Brunswick
Authors: Kasparian Sylvia , Péronnet Louise
Published: March 2017

Toute langue est soumise à la dynamique que crée la tension entre deux tendances opposées : la tendance à la diversification et la tendance à la standardisation. La tension résultant de ces deux mouvements tendanciels constitue le moteur de l’évolution d’une langue (Schogt, 1968, Breton, 1996 et Calvet, 1981). Le français parlé en Acadie du Nouveau-Brunswick est de plus en plus tiraillé par ces deux forces contradictoires de standardisation et de régionalisation. Aussi, nous nous sommes intéressées au point d’équilibre entre ces deux tendances, c’est-à-dire la description de l’état actuel de l’évolution du français parlé en Acadie du Nouveau-Brunswick, notamment à la description du français parlé en situation formelle, que nous appelons ici le « français standard acadien ». À partir d’entrevues réalisées lors d’une enquête auprès de jeunes cadres d’entreprises francophones de niveau universitaire dans trois centres urbains du Nouveau-Brunswick (Moncton, Bathurst, Edmundston), nous avons relevé les traits de variation que nous avons catégorisés selon des seuils et analysés en fonction des trois régions.
La danse pour tout un chacun : pratiques différenciées d’un loisir commercial à Montréal pendant l’entre-deux-guerres
Authors: Roquigny Peggy
Published: March 2017

Pendant l’entre-deux-guerres, Montréal connaît un contexte favorable à l’épanouissement du marché du divertissement. La commercialisation du loisir, déjà enclenchée à la fin du xixe siècle, s’amplifie malgré un contexte économique instable. Sur fond de musique jazz, la danse récréative n’échappe pas à ce mouvement de commercialisation. Les commerces proposant de s’adonner aux dernières danses à la mode se multiplient dans le centre-ville et rendent plus manifeste la popularité de l’activité dansante chez les citadins. Dans cet article, nous verrons que la commercialisation de la danse se décline en une variété de formules qui permettent des pratiques hétérogènes, associées à des formes de sociabilité variées, ce qui révèle des compréhensions différentes de la respectabilité.
À l’assaut de Montréal : les chanteurs country-western dans les studios de la métropole, 1942-1958
Authors: Lefrançois Catherine
Published: March 2017

L’imaginaire campagnard associé à la chanson country-western masque une réalité méconnue. Entre 1942, année du premier enregistrement sur disque de Roland Lebrun, et 1958, année de la fondation de la première maison de disques indépendante spécialisée dans la production d’enregistrements country-western, le genre se structure en partie autour de pratiques artistiques et de réseaux urbains. Cet article propose une histoire culturelle de la chanson country-western par l’intermédiaire, notamment, de ses pratiques médiatiques. Au premier plan de cette analyse se trouve la radio, qui, en faisant une place inédite aux amateurs, permet aux premiers chanteurs country-western non seulement de se faire connaître et de se professionnaliser, mais aussi de développer une relation de grande proximité avec le public. Un bref portrait du rôle du studio d’enregistrement et des maisons de disques, qui offrent un revenu stable à ces artistes, révèle un genre largement apprécié. D’un studio à l’autre, Montréal, aux côtés de villes industrielles importantes (Drummondville et Trois-Rivières, par exemple), joue un rôle prédominant.
Ovarian follicular growth in Morada Nova sheep supplemented with crude glycerin before mating
Authors: Bezerra de Oliveira Felipe Brener , Pessoa da Silva Caroline , Carneiro Linhares Fernandes César , De Sousa Francisco Carlos , Maia Silva Aline , Nunes Pinheiro Diana Célia , De Souza Rodrigues Luiz Fernando , Rondina Davide
Published: March 2017

This study was aimed to investigate the follicular growth of Morada Nova sheep supplemented with crude glycerin before mating. Eighteen ewes were subjected to follicular wave and estrus synchronization with three injections of D-cloprostenol administered via IM, on days -14, -7 and -1 before mating. Animals were randomized into two groups, the control (n = 9), which received an oral drench of solution of 200 mL of saline solution, and the glycerin group (n = 9), which was supplied with 200 mL glycerol (n = 9), administered as an oral drench of crude glycerin in saline solution (9:1), 1h after morning feeding. Glycerin was supplied for 6 days, beginning 7 days from the mate. Growth follicular pattern was monitored daily by transrectal ultrasonography during the period of glycerin supplementation. Blood samples were taken during glycerin administration for progesterone and glucose analysis. There was a significant increase (P < 0.001) in blood glucose after supplementation with glycerin (mean of 66.2 ± 1.3 vs 56.5 ± 0.8 mg/dL). The greater availability of energy near to ovulation was beneficial to Morada Nova ewes, leading to a significant increase (P < 0.001) of large follicles (> 3 mm). At diagnosis of pregnancy, it was observed that approximately 87% (13/15) (87.5% control group vs. 85.7% glycerin group) of the ewes were pregnant. The group treated with glycerin presented an increase of more than 40% of prolificacy (1.7 ± 0.3 vs. 1.2 ± 0.2; P=0.21). In conclusion, the monitoring of follicular growth reveals that crude glycerin increases the follicular population of Morada Nova ewes, when applied before mating.
Diaspora
Authors: Ho Elaine Lynn‐Ee
Published: March 2017

Diasporas are formed when people move from one part of the world to settle elsewhere but retain a deeply felt sense of belonging to their place of origin, often referred to as the homeland. But, over time, “diaspora” has also been used to describe other types of emigration. There are different opinions on how the study of diasporas should be approached and how the imagery of nation and homeland are invoked in framings of diaspora. Geographical concepts concerning territory and extraterritoriality are useful to the study of diasporas. Two areas of geographical inquiry on diasporas concern diaspora strategies by migrant‐sending countries and the impact of proliferating migration trends on diasporic identities and belonging.
Modifiable Areal Unit Problem
Authors: Longley Paul A.
Published: March 2017

The modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) describes the interrelated effects of scale and aggregation upon the results of geographical analysis. It was brought to the attention of geographers in an influential series of papers written by geographer Stan Openshaw in the 1980s and 1990s. Geocomputational methods can be used to demonstrate the nature and potential extent of this problem, in particular empirical settings, and the results of experiments and simulations have focused interest on the effects of within‐area spatial distributions upon analysis. Understanding of MAUP makes an important contribution to balanced assessment of the quality of secondary datasets. MAUP is best thought of not as an empirical problem but as a theoretical requirement to hone statistics to the geographic context in which they are applied. The problem should not be considered in isolation, but rather as part of an overall research design.
Soil Taxonomy and Soil Classification
Authors: Ditzler Craig A. , Hempel Jon
Published: March 2017

Soil taxonomy is the system of soil classification used for mapping and classifying soils by the National Cooperative Soil Survey in the United States; it is used in many other countries as well. Soil taxonomy is a hierarchical soil classification system with six categories, or levels: order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family, and series. Soil taxonomy is a morphogenetic soil classification system using diagnostic horizons and features to infer pathways of soil genesis and formation. It employs a unique mnemonic system based on Greek, Latin, or other root words for assigning names to taxonomic classes. Soil orders and suborders are well suited to small‐scale maps, illustrating patterns of soil geography for continents or nations. The lower soil classification categories are suited to more detailed soil‐mapping efforts, which depict regional and local soil patterns.
User‐Centered Design
Authors: Lanter David , Essinger Rupert
Published: March 2017

User‐centered design is a design methodology and philosophy in which the needs, goals, and success of the end user are considered. A key tenet of user‐centered design is that to be intuitive the user interface of a product, system or software application should match the user's mental model of the task they are performing. The user‐centered design process often includes analysis of the user's typical tasks, identifying different groups of users based on their needs, rapid prototyping using mock‐ups and storyboards, and usability testing.
Cumulative Causation, Endogenous Growth, and Regional Development
Authors: Martin Ron
Published: March 2017

According to the notion of circular and cumulative causation, which dates back to the work of economists in the 1950s, economic growth is essentially a self‐reinforcing geographically uneven process. Once initiated, for whatever reason, regional differences in economic growth tend to become self‐reinforcing and cumulative rather than self‐correcting, as a result of various increasing returns and local externality effects. As such, cumulative causation has close links with the ideas of endogenous growth and path dependence. But, since regional growth disparities do not increase without limit, cumulative causation also has its limits, including checks that derive from the spatial concentration of growth itself. Theorizing these latent countervailing forces and checks remains one of the least developed aspects of the notion of cumulative causation.
Feminist Methodologies
Authors: Peake Linda J.
Published: March 2017

Feminist methodologies refer to the theoretical underpinning of the practices, procedures, and rules used by feminists to conduct research. The particular contributions made by feminist geographers to debates on feminist methodologies relate to the intersections of space, power, and knowledge. These contributions are fourfold: spatializing existing feminist approaches to knowledge production; new spatialized contributions to feminist methodologies; engagements with methodological practices that speak to the valorizing of epistemology over praxis; and debates on methods, particularly quantitative versus qualitative approaches.
Purely Organic Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials for Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Wong Michael Y. , Zysman‐Colman Eli
Published: March 2017

The design of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials both as emitters and as hosts is an exploding area of research. The replacement of phosphorescent metal complexes with inexpensive organic compounds in electroluminescent (EL) devices that demonstrate comparable performance metrics is paradigm shifting, as these new materials offer the possibility of developing low‐cost lighting and displays. Here, a comprehensive review of TADF materials is presented, with a focus on linking their optoelectronic behavior with the performance of the organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) and related EL devices. TADF emitters are cross‐compared within specific color ranges, with a focus on blue, green–yellow, orange–red, and white OLEDs. Organic small‐molecule, dendrimer, polymer, and exciplex emitters are all discussed within this review, as is their use as host materials. Correlations are provided between the structure of the TADF materials and their optoelectronic properties. The success of TADF materials has ushered in the next generation of OLEDs.
Two‐Dimensional Materials for Halide Perovskite‐Based Optoelectronic Devices
Authors: Chen Shan , Shi Gaoquan
Published: March 2017

Halide perovskites have high light absorption coefficients, long charge carrier diffusion lengths, intense photoluminescence, and slow rates of non‐radiative charge recombination. Thus, they are attractive photoactive materials for developing high‐performance optoelectronic devices. These devices are also cheap and easy to be fabricated. To realize the optimal performances of halide perovskite‐based optoelectronic devices (HPODs), perovskite photoactive layers should work effectively with other functional materials such as electrodes, interfacial layers and encapsulating films. Conventional two‐dimensional (2D) materials are promising candidates for this purpose because of their unique structures and/or interesting optoelectronic properties. Here, we comprehensively summarize the recent advancements in the applications of conventional 2D materials for halide perovskite‐based photodetectors, solar cells and light‐emitting diodes. The examples of these 2D materials are graphene and its derivatives, mono‐ and few‐layer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), graphdiyne and metal nanosheets, etc. The research related to 2D nanostructured perovskites and 2D Ruddlesden–Popper perovskites as efficient and stable photoactive layers is also outlined. The syntheses, functions and working mechanisms of relevant 2D materials are introduced, and the challenges to achieving practical applications of HPODs using 2D materials are also discussed.
Superior Stable and Long Life Sodium Metal Anodes Achieved by Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Zhao Yang , Goncharova Lyudmila V. , Lushington Andrew , Sun Qian , Yadegari Hossein , Wang Biqiong , Xiao Wei , Li Ruying , Sun Xueliang
Published: March 2017

Na‐metal batteries are considered as the promising alternative candidate for Li‐ion battery beneficial from the wide availability and low cost of sodium, high theoretical specific capacity, and high energy density based on the plating/stripping processes and lowest electrochemical potential. For Na‐metal batteries, the crucial problem on metallic Na is one of the biggest challenges. Mossy or dendritic growth of Na occurs in the repetitive Na stripping/plating process with an unstable solid electrolyte interphase layer of nonuniform ionic flux, which can not only lead to the low Coulombic efficiency, but also can create short circuit risks, resulting in possible burning or explosion. In this communication, the atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 coating is first demonstrated for the protection of metallic Na anode for Na‐metal batteries. By protecting Na foil with ultrathin Al2O3 layer, the dendrites and mossy Na formation have been effectively suppressed and lifetime has been significantly improved. Furthermore, the thickness of protective layer has been further optimized with 25 cycles of Al2O3 layer presenting the best performance over 500 cycles. The novel design of atomic layer deposition protected metal Na anode may bring in new opportunities to the realization of the next‐generation high energy‐density Na metal batteries.
Magnetic Nanoplatelet‐Based Spin Memory Device Operating at Ambient Temperatures
Authors: Koplovitz Guy , Primc Darinka , Ben Dor Oren , Yochelis Shira , Rotem Dvir , Porath Danny , Paltiel Yossi
Published: March 2017

There is an increasing demand for realizing a simple Si based universal memory device working at ambient temperatures. In principle, nonvolatile magnetic memory can operate at low power consumption and high frequencies. However, in order to compete with existing memory technology, size reduction and simplification of the used material systems are essential. In this work, the chiral‐induced spin selectivity effect is used along with 30–50 nm ferromagnetic nanoplatelets in order to realize a simple magnetic memory device. The vertical memory is Si compatible, easy to fabricate, and in principle can be scaled down to a single nanoparticle size. Results show clear dual magnetization behavior with threefold enhancement between the one and zero states. The magnetization of the device is accompanied with large avalanche like noise that is ascribed to the redistribution of current densities due to spin accumulation inducing coupling effects between the different nanoplatelets.
Photoluminescence Intermittency and Photo‐Bleaching of Single Colloidal Quantum Dot
Authors: Qin Haiyan , Meng Renyang , Wang Na , Peng Xiaogang
Published: March 2017

Photoluminescence (PL) blinking of single colloidal quantum dot (QD)—PL intensity switching between different brightness states under constant excitation—and photo‐bleaching are roadblocks for most applications of QDs. This progress report shall treat PL blinking and photo‐bleaching both as photochemical events, namely, PL blinking as reversible and photo‐bleaching being irreversible ones. Most studies on single‐molecule spectroscopy of QDs in literature are related to PL blinking, which invites us to concentrate our discussions on the PL blinking, including its brief history in 20 years, analysis methods, competitive mechanisms and different strategies to battle it. In terms of suppression of the PL blinking, wavefunction confinement—confining photo‐generated electron and hole within the core and inner portion of the shell of a core/shell QD—demonstrates significant advantages. This strategy yields nearly non‐blinking QDs with their emission peaks covering most part of the visible window. As expected, the resulting QDs from this new strategy also show substantially improved anti‐bleaching features.
Coupled Exfoliation and Surface Functionalization of Titanate Monolayer for Bandgap Engineering
Authors: Yamamoto Yuna , Oaki Yuya , Imai Hiroaki
Published: March 2017

Exfoliation of layered compounds generates nanosheets, such as monolayers and few‐layers. In general, it is not easy to control surface chemistry of the exfoliated nanosheets. Here, a new approach for surface functionalization of titanate monolayer coupled with exfoliation is reported. The precursor layered composite is prepared by intercalation of long‐chain alkyl‐ammonium ion, such as stearylammonium ion (C18NH3+), in the interlayer space of layered titanate. The layered composite of titanate and C18NH3+ (C18TiO2) is dispersed in the toluene solution containing dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) for the coupled exfoliation and surface modification. The surface molecule is partially exchanged from the original C18NH3+ to the guest DHN. The resultant hydrophobic titanate monolayer with surface modification by the C18NH3+ and DHN (DHN/C18TiO2) shows the visible‐light absorption based on the charge‐transfer excitation from the highest occupied molecular orbital of the adsorbed DHN to the conduction band of the titanate. The present synthetic approach can be applied to synthesis of a variety of surface‐functionalized monolayers and their bandgap engineering.
Charge Transfer Processes in OPV Materials as Revealed by EPR Spectroscopy
Authors: Niklas Jens , Poluektov Oleg G.
Published: March 2017

Understanding charge separation and charge transport at a molecular level is crucial for improving the efficiency of organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. Under illumination of Bulk Heterojunction (BHJ) blends of polymers and fullerenes, various paramagnetic species are formed including polymer and fullerene radicals, radical pairs, and photoexcited triplet states. Light‐induced Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is ideally suited to study these states in BHJ due to its selectivity in probing the paramagnetic intermediates. Advanced techniques like pulsed EPR and ENDOR spectroscopy allow the determination of hyperfine coupling tensors, while high‐frequency EPR allows the EPR signals of the individual species to be resolved and their g‐tensors to be determined. The magnetic resonance parameters of the various polymer donors reveal details about the delocalization of the positive polaron which is important for the efficient charge separation in BHJ systems. Time‐resolved EPR can contribute to the study of the dynamics of charge separation, charge transfer and recombination in BHJ by probing the unique spectral signatures of charge transfer and triplet states. EPR also has the potential to allow characterization of intermediates and products of BHJ degradation.
Perovskite Solar Cells on the Way to Their Radiative Efficiency Limit – Insights Into a Success Story of High Open‐Circuit Voltage and Low Recombination
Authors: Tress Wolfgang
Published: March 2017

Inorganic‐organic lead‐halide perovskite solar cells have reached efficiencies above 22% within a few years of research. Achieved photovoltages of >1.2 V are outstanding for a material with a bandgap of 1.6 eV – in particular considering that it is solution processed. Such values demand for low non‐radiative recombination rates and come along with high luminescence yields when the solar cell is operated as a light emitting diode. This progress report summarizes the developments on material composition and device architecture, which allowed for such high photovoltages. It critically assesses the term “lifetime”, the theories and experiments behind it, and the different recombination mechanisms present. It attempts to condense reported explanations for the extraordinary optoelectronic properties of the material. Amongst those are an outstanding defect tolerance due to antibonding valence states and the capability of bandgap tuning, which might make the dream of low‐cost highly efficient solution‐processed thin film solar cells come true. Beyond that, the presence of photon recycling will open new opportunities for photonic device design.
Preparation and properties of antibacterial, biocompatible core–shell fibers produced by coaxial electrospinning
Authors: Khodkar Fatemeh , Golshan Ebrahimi Nadereh
Published: March 2017

Coaxial electrospinning is a method for producing fibrous mats with optional features, such as antibacterial properties, controllable release, and hydrophobicity based on shell materials. Because these features are important in biomedical applications, in this study, biocompatible hydrophobic polymer (polycaprolactone) and hydrophilic polymer [poly(vinyl alcohol)] with silver nanoparticles loaded in the core solution were coaxially electrospun. The effect of silver addition on the conductivity and viscosity of the solutions, chemical structure of the fiber mats, mechanical properties, porosity, hydrophobicity, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), silver release, and antibacterial properties were investigated. Fibers with silver exhibited less porosity and a lower WVTR and a greater contact angle than the fibers without silver. Furthermore, the core–shell fibers reduced the burst release of silver and successfully prevented the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Therefore, it seems that these fibers are suitable for providing electrospun mats with long‐term antibacterial properties. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44979.
Structural Insights Into 9‐Styrylanthracene‐Based Luminophores: Geometry Control Versus Mechanofluorochromism and Sensing Properties
Authors: Zhang Xu , Wang Yi‐Xuan , Zhao Jing , Duan Pengfei , Chen Yulan , Chen Long
Published: March 2017

Organic luminophores have been increasingly applied in various fields and the corresponding structural studies are emerging as hot topics, which supply essential information on the relationships between molecular structures and photophysical properties. Herein, a series of 9‐styrylanthracene‐based luminophores with different geometries (symmetrical DTVA, asymmetrical TVA and CPVA) were facilely synthesized for a systematical photophysical invesitigation. The targets display reversible and diverse mechanofluorochromism in the solid state. In particular, DTVA and TVA exhibit an obviously higher solid‐state fluorescence quantum efficiency and distinctive AIE‐active behavior, with contrary emission shifts under external force. Moreover, DTVA and TVA showed high sensitivity for detection of picric acid (PA) in aggregated states. This study may be helpful to reveal the structural essence of luminesecent materials and pave the way to the development of novel functional luminophores.
„The singular state of the ice“. Das kartografische Wissen des Walfängers William Scoresby
Authors: Holtorf Christian
Published: March 2017

“The singular state of the ice”. The Cartographic Knowledge of the Whaler William Scoresby. The English whaler William Scoresby, Jr. (1790–1857) made use of his annual voyages to the Greenland Sea for distinguished scientific work, detailed records and the production of amazing maps. Due to his intensive contacts to scientists as Robert Jameson and politicians as Joseph Banks and John Barrow his research achieved a great deal of attention and set a benchmark for at least half a century. Scoresby combined the adventurous world of Arctic fishery with academic sciences. He attained the northernmost point anybody reached in his time, he extended the cartographic knowledge and forced the conquest and utilisation of the oceans for commercial fishing. But his biography enquires also about who got an opportunity for research and for what. Especially it demonstrates the strong impact practical knowledge of a whaler could have on geographic research and Arctic cartography.
Prospects and challenges for the recovery of 2‐butanol produced by vacuum fermentation – a techno‐economic analysis
Authors: Pereira Joana P. C. , Lopez‐Gomez Gustavo , Reyes Noelia G. , van der Wielen Luuk A. M. , Straathof Adrie J. J.
Published: March 2017

The conceptual design of a bio‐based process for 2‐butanol production is presented for the first time. Considering a hypothetical efficient producing strain, a vacuum fermentation is proposed to alleviate product toxicity, but the main challenge is the energy‐efficient product recovery from the vapor. Three downstream scenarios were examined for this purpose: 1) multi‐stage vapor recompression; 2) temperature swing adsorption; and 3) vapor absorption. The processes were simulated using Aspen Plus, considering a production capacity of 101 kton/yr. Process optimization was performed targeting the minimum selling price of 2‐butanol. The feasibility of the different configurations was analyzed based on the global energy requirements and capital expenditure. The use of integrated adsorption and absorption minimized the energy duty required for azeotrope purification, which represents 11% of the total operational expenditure in Scenario 1. The minimum selling price of 2‐butanol as commodity chemical was estimated as 1.05 $/kg, 1.21 $/kg, and 1.03 $/kg regarding the fermentation integrated with downstream scenarios 1), 2), and 3), respectively. Significant savings in 2‐butanol production could be achieved in the suggested integrated configurations if more efficient microbial strains were engineered, and more selective adsorption and absorption materials were found for product recovery.
Palladium(0) Nanoparticles Embedded in Core–shell Nanogels as Recoverable Catalysts for the Mizoroki–Heck Reaction
Authors: Pontes da Costa André , Nunes Danilo Rosa , Tharaud Mickaël , Oble Julie , Poli Giovanni , Rieger Jutta
Published: March 2017

Core–shell nanogels are attractive stabilizers and supports for catalytically active metallic nanoparticles. Herein, we present the synthesis and the characterization of a nanostructured well‐defined core–shell nanogel with the ability to stabilize Pd0 nanoparticles in its core. This hybrid nanogel displays a remarkable stability in both the solid state and in solution. This feature allowed its successful application as a catalyst for the Mizoroki–Heck reaction between n‐butyl acrylate and a series of bromo‐ and iodoarenes. The yields spanned from good to excellent, and catalyst recycling could be achieved up to three times without a significant activity loss. Three‐phase tests indicated that the hybrid nanogel acts as a Pd0 nanoreservoir. The catalysis proceeds in a quasihomogeneous fashion as part of the catalytic activity occurs outside the nanogel, which explains the observed limited recyclability.
Supercritical CO2 Assisted Preparation of Supported Molybdenum Phosphide for Hydrotreating Catalysis
Authors: Motos‐Pérez Blanca , Quilfen Cyril , Uzio Denis , Aymonier Cyril
Published: March 2017

Many studies in literature have reported supported metal phosphides as promising hydrotreating catalysts. The synthesis of highly dispersed metal phosphide nanoparticles is usually achieved tuning various parameters such as the nature of the phosphorous precursor or the reduction protocol. In this study, the alumina supported molybdenum phosphides were prepared following a newly developed method using supercritical fluids (SCFs) technology including several elementary steps: incipient wetness impregnation and ageing, supercritical CO2 flash‐drying, followed by hydrogen reduction. Experimental parameters allowed us modulating main characteristics of catalysts: crystallinity, reducibility, nanoparticles (NPs) mean size and size distribution. High temperature treatments (400 °C) in scCO2 media lead to the presence of heteropolyanions unlike what is observed in conventional treatment under air. Catalytic performances in selective hydrodesulfurization of methyl‐3‐thiophene, in presence of 2,3‐dimethylbut‐2‐ene, have been assessed and were improved in terms of activity or selectivity compared to MoP and CoMoS reference catalysts, respectively.
MBSA: a lightweight and flexible storage architecture for virtual machines
Authors: Chen Xian , Chen Wenzhi , Lu Zhongyong , Zhang Yu , Chang Rui , Hassan Mohammad Mehedi , Alelaiwi Abdulhameed , Xiang Yang
Published: March 2017

With the advantages of extremely high access speed, low energy consumption, nonvolatility, and byte addressability, nonvolatile memory (NVM) device has already been setting off a revolution in storage field. Conventional storage architecture needs to be optimized or even redesigned from scratch to fully explore the performance potential of NVM device. However, most previous NVM‐related works only explore its low access latency and low energy consumption. Few works have been done to explore the appropriate way to use NVM device for improving virtual machine's storage performance. In this paper, we comprehensively evaluate and analyze conventional virtual machine's storage architecture. We find that, even with cutting‐edge optimization technologies, virtual machine can only achieve 30% of NVM device's original performance. Based on this observation, we propose a memory bus–based storage architecture, which we named MBSA. Memory bus–based storage architecture can greatly shorten the length of virtual machine's storage input/output stack and improve NVM device's use flexibility. In addition, an efficient wear‐leveling algorithm is proposed to prolong NVM device's lifespan. To evaluate the new architecture, we implement it as well as the wear‐leveling algorithm on real hardware and software platform. Experimental results show that MBSA can provide a big performance improvement, about 2.55X, and the wear‐leveling algorithm can efficiently balance write operations on NVM device with a negligible performance overhead (no more than 3%).
Integrated Computational Protocol for the Analysis of Quadrupolar Splittings from Natural‐Abundance Deuterium NMR Spectra in (Chiral) Oriented Media
Authors: Navarro‐Vázquez Armando , Berdagué Philippe , Lesot Philippe
Published: March 2017

Despite its low natural abundance, deuterium NMR spectroscopy in weakly oriented (chiral) solvents gives easy access to deuterium residual quadrupolar couplings (2H‐RQCs). These are formally equivalent to one‐bond residual dipolar couplings ((13C–1H)‐RDCs) for calculation of the Saupe tensor, and provide similar information for the study of molecular structure and orientational behavior. Because the quadrupolar interaction is one order of magnitude larger than the dipolar one, 2H‐RQC analysis is a much more sensitive tool for the detection of subtle structural differences and also tiny differences in molecular alignment, such as those observed for different enantiomers in chirally aligned media. To promote the analytical advantages of anisotropic, natural‐abundance deuterium NMR (NAD NMR) spectroscopy in the organic chemistry community, we describe a 2H‐RQC/DFT‐based integrated computational protocol for the evaluation of the order parameters of aligned solutes by using singular‐value decomposition. Several examples of 2H‐RQC‐assisted analysis of chiral and prochiral molecules dissolved in various polypeptide lyotropic chiral liquid crystals are reported. The role of the molecular shape in the ordering mechanism was investigated through the determination of intertensor angles between alignment tensors and inertia tensors by using the proposed protocol.
Whole‐Plant Manual and Image‐Based Phenotyping in Controlled Environments
Authors: Agnew Erica , Bray Adam , Floro Eric , Ellis Nate , Gierer John , Lizárraga César , O'Brien Darren , Wiechert Madeline , Mockler Todd C. , Shakoor Nadia , Topp Christopher N.
Published: March 2017

Phenotypic measurements and images of crops grown under controlled‐environment conditions can be analyzed to compare plant growth and other phenotypes from diverse varieties. Those demonstrating the most favorable phenotypic traits can then be used for crop improvement strategies. This article details a protocol for image‐based root and shoot phenotyping of plants grown in the greenhouse to compare traits among different varieties. Diverse maize lines were grown in the greenhouse in large 8‐gallon treepots in a clay granule substrate. Replicates of each line were harvested at 4 weeks, 6 weeks, and 8 weeks after planting to capture developmental information. Whole‐plant phenotypes include biomass accumulation, ontogeny, architecture, and photosynthetic efficiency of leaves. Image analysis was used to measure leaf surface area and tassel size and to extract shape variance information from complex 3D root architectures. Notably, this framework is extensible to any number of above‐ or below‐ground phenotypes, both morphological and physiological. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rapid mixing with high‐throughput in a semi‐active semi‐passive micromixer
Authors: Kunti Golak , Bhattacharya Anandaroop , Chakraborty Suman
Published: March 2017

In this paper, we investigate a novel alternating current electrothermal (ACET) micromixer driven by a high efficiency ACET micropump. The micromixer consists of thin film asymmetric pairs of electrodes on the microgrooved channel floor and array of electrode pairs fabricated on the top wall. By connecting electrodes with AC voltage, ACET forces are induced. Asymmetric microgrooved electrodes force the fluids along the channel, while lateral vortex pairs are generated by symmetric electrode pairs located on the top wall. Waviness of the floor increases contact area between two confluent streams within a narrow confinement. An active mixer operates as a semi active semi passive mixer. Effects of various parameters are investigated in details in order to arrive at an optimal configuration that provides for efficient mixing as well as appreciable transport. It is found that using a specific design, uniform and homogeneous mixing quality with mixing efficiency of 97.25% and flow rate of per unit width of the channel can be achieved.
Plasticity in algal stoichiometry: Experimental evidence of a temperature‐induced shift in optimal supply N:P ratio
Authors: Thrane Jan‐Erik , Hessen Dag O. , Andersen Tom
Published: March 2017

There is growing empirical and theoretical evidence for a positive relationship between the nitrogen (N)‐to‐phosphorus (P) ratio of phytoplankton and temperature. However, few have tested how the optimal supply N:P ratio; the dissolved N:P ratio at which nutrient limitation switches from one element to the other, responds to temperature. In this study, we conducted a factorial experiment crossing 12 temperature levels with 8 supply N:P ratios to determine the effect of temperature acclimation on the optimal supply N:P ratio of the microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We found that the optimal supply N:P increased in a sigmoidal manner from 26.5 to 36.5 (atomic ratio) over a temperature gradient spanning from ∼10 to 18°C, with the steepest change around 15°C. This result is in accordance with trends observed for cellular and seston N:P ratios, and indicates that phytoplankton populations may be shifted toward N‐limitation in a scenario of warmer waters.
Striatal D1 medium spiny neuron activation induces dyskinesias in parkinsonian mice
Authors: Perez Xiomara A. , Zhang Danhui , Bordia Tanuja , Quik Maryka
Published: March 2017

Background

Dyskinesias are a disabling motor complication that arises with prolonged l‐dopa treatment. Studies using D1 receptor drugs and genetically modified mice suggest that medium spiny neurons expressing D1 receptors play a primary role in l‐dopa–induced dyskinesias. However, the specific role of these neurons in dyskinesias is not fully understood.

Methods

We used optogenetics, which allows for precise modulation of select neurons in vivo, to investigate whether striatal D1‐expressing medium spiny neuron activity regulates abnormal involuntary movements or dyskinesia in parkinsonian mice. D1‐cre mice unilaterally lesioned with 6‐hydroxydopamine received striatal injections of cre‐dependent channelrhodopsin2 virus or control virus. After stable virus expression, the effect of optical stimulation on dyskinesia was tested in l‐dopa–naïve and l‐dopa–primed mice.

Results

Single‐pulse and burst‐optical stimulation of D1‐expressing medium spiny neurons induced dyskinesias in l‐dopa–naïve channelrhodopsin2 mice. In stably dyskinetic mice, l‐dopa injection induced dyskinesia to a similar or somewhat greater extent than optical stimulation. Combined l‐dopa administration and stimulation resulted in an additive increase in dyskinesias, indicating that other mechanisms also contribute. Molecular studies indicate that changes in extracellular signal‐regulated kinase phosphorylation in D1‐expressing medium spiny neurons are involved. Optical stimulation did not ameliorate parkinsonism in l‐dopa–naïve mice. However, it improved parkinsonism in l‐dopa–primed mice to a similar extent as l‐dopa administration. None of the stimulation paradigms enhanced dyskinesia or modified parkinsonism in l‐dopa–naïve or l‐dopa–primed control virus mice.

Conclusion

The data provide direct evidence that striatal D1‐expressing medium spiny neuron stimulation is sufficient to induce dyskinesias and contributes to the regulation of motor control. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Prodromal spinocerebellar ataxia type 2: Prospects for early interventions and ethical challenges
Authors: Velázquez‐Pérez Luis , Rodríguez‐Labrada Roberto , Laffita‐Mesa José Miguel
Published: March 2017

The characterization of prodromal stages in neurodegenerative disorders is becoming increasingly important because of the need for early neuroprotective therapies. Research during the past 3 decades in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 has revealed a large body of evidence suggesting that many disease features precede the manifest cerebellar syndrome, which delineates the prodromal stage of this disorder. This stage is defined by clinical, imaging, and functional criteria, which are supported by early molecular events demonstrated in animal models. Knowledge regarding prodromal spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 provides insight into the mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration from the early stages, which enables the design of promising disease‐modifying clinical trials through the identification of the optimum moment to begin the therapies, the appropriate selection of individuals, and the identification of sensitive outcome measures. The management of patients in prodromal spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 may raise ethical dilemmas related to predictive diagnosis and early interventions, which impose new challenges to clinical and therapeutic research. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Rheological behavior of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene/low‐density polyethylene blending gels with high solid content
Authors: Yang Wenxiao , He Yingyuan , Yang Junyu , Wang Hai , Bin Yuezhen
Published: March 2017

For developing polyethylene (PE) fibers with relatively high mechanical properties but low cost, the rheological behaviors of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UPE) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) blending gels (UL blending gels) were investigated in terms of the shear‐induced chain interactions and the sol–gel transitions. UL blending gels with a fixed blend ratio 1/1 of UPE and LDPE but different solid contents (SCs) ranging from 2 wt% (UL‐2) to 10 wt% (UL‐10) were prepared using paraffin oil as solvent. The UL‐10 showed a more significant shear thinning behavior than others, and exhibited a little bit lower apparent viscosity than UPE gel with 5% SC (UPE‐5) at elevated temperature even though the SC of UL‐10 is double of that of UPE‐5. UL blending gel with low apparent viscosity and high SC could ensure smoothly and high‐efficient spinning. Rheological measurements confirmed no significant solid‐liquid phase separation of the system of UPE and LDPE in paraffin oil. At the same time, the macromolecular orientation under shear and structural viscosity also assured the blending gel UL‐10 an excellent spinning performance. UL blending fibers were prepared. The tensile strength of UL‐10 fiber reached 1.2 GPa which would satisfy industrial applications demanding relative high mechanical properties. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 58:22–27, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers