bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Notes on the variance of a pseudo-weighted estimator for selection bias correction
Authors: Scholtus Sander , Liu An-Chiao , de Waal Ton
Published: November 2024

This paper proposes analytical variance estimation formulas for the estimated population mean from an extended pseudo weighting method developed by [1] (LSdW). LSdW is meant to correct selection bias in a nonprobability sample, also when the nonprobability sample or the reference probability sample has a large inclusion fraction. Since samples with large inclusion fractions often require massive computation resources, having an analytical expression for the variance will be more time-efficient compared to resampling methods. In addition, we show that LSdW is a consistent estimator of the population mean under certain assumptions. To deal with different designs of the probability sample, probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling and simple random sampling (SRS) are considered, and the variance estimator formulas are given accordingly. The proposed formulas are evaluated by a simulation study and it shows that the proposed formulas give reasonable estimates in terms of relative bias and coverage of the confidence interval.
Unsupervised machine learning-based multi-attributes analysis for enhancing gas channel detection and facies classification in the serpent field, offshore Nile Delta, Egypt
Authors: El-Dabaa Shaimaa A. , Metwalli Farouk I. , Maher Ali , Ismail Amir
Published: November 2024

The prediction of highly heterogeneous reservoir parameters from seismic amplitude data is a major challenge. Seismic attribute analysis can enhance the tracking of subtle stratigraphic features. It is challenging to investigate these subtle features, including channel systems, with conventional-amplitude seismic data. Over the past few years, the use of machine learning (ML) to analyze multiple seismic attributes has enhanced the facies analysis by mapping patterns in seismic data. The purpose of this research was to assess the efficiency of an unsupervised self-organizing map (SOM) approach supported by multi-attribute analysis that could improve gas channel detection and seismic facies classification in Serpent Field, offshore Nile Delta, Egypt. As well as evaluates the importance of several available seismic attributes in reservoir characterization rather than analyzing individual attribute volumes. In this study, the single attribute (spectral decomposition attribute) highlighted the gas channel spatial distribution using three distinct frequency magnitude values. Subsequently, we employ principal component analysis (PCA) as an attribute selection method, discovering that combining seismic attributes such as sweetness, envelope, spectral magnitude, and spectral voice as input for SOM reflects an effective method to determine facies. The clustering results distinguish between shale, shaly sand, wet sand, and gas-saturated sand and identify gas–water contact on a 2D topological map (SOM), where each pattern indicates certain facies. This is achieved by associating the SOM outputs with lithofacies determined from petrophysical logs. Reducing exploration and development risk and empowering the geoscientist to generate a more precise interpretation are the ultimate objectives of this multi-attribute analysis.
Review of anaerobic digestion models for organic solid waste treatment with a focus on the fates of C, N, and P
Authors: Yang Zheng , Larsen Oliver Christopher , Muhayodin Furqan , Hu Jiawei , Xue Bing , Rotter Vera Susanne
Published: November 2024

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a widely applied technology for renewable energy generation, environmental impact mitigation, and nutrient recycling. Despite its potential, critical gaps exist in modeling AD processes, particularly in understanding and predicting the fates of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P)—essential elements for advancing circular nutrient management. This review addresses two key questions: What are the limitations of current AD models in simulating nutrient fates, and how can future models improve these predictions? Our findings indicate that most AD models emphasize methane production, while models addressing nutrient transformations remain limited due to the complex biochemical interactions in AD systems. Mechanistic models, such as the Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1), provide a foundational framework but are constrained by their complexity and the need for precise calibration, which limits scalability in larger applications. Emerging advances in artificial intelligence, particularly machine learning, offer promising solutions by enhancing model accuracy and predictive capabilities. AI-driven models enable real-time optimization and adaptive decision-making, which can expand AD applications at industrial scales. Future research should focus on integrating nutrient fate predictions with AI-driven methods to address these challenges, enhancing the role of AD in sustainable waste treatment systems.
Religiosität und heterodoxe Wirklichkeitskonstruktionen innerhalb digitaler muslimischer Communities im Kontext der Corona-Pandemie. Eine explorative Analyse von Facebook-Diskussionen
Authors: Weinmann Katharina
Published: November 2024

Die vergangenen Jahre waren weltweit von der Corona-Pandemie geprägt, welche von erheblichen gesellschaftlichen Transformationsprozessen begleitet wurde. Die plötzlich und unvorhergesehen eingetretene pandemische Lage leistete der Entstehung von heterodoxen Deutungen Vorschub, welche mit alternativen Erklärungsansätzen für die außergewöhnliche Situation aufwarteten. Besonders kontrovers wurde die Corona-Schutzimpfung diskutiert, deren (Nicht)Inanspruchnahme häufig mit widerstreitenden Wirklichkeitskonstruktionen begründet wurde. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Untersuchung sind 50 Diskussionsbeiträge aus muslimischen Facebook-Gruppen entlang der Grounded-Theory-Methodologie ausgewertet worden. Im Fokus der Analyse standen die zentralen Deutungs- und Erklärungsmuster von Menschen muslimischen Glaubens, welche diese im Kontext der Corona-Schutzimpfung im Speziellen und der Corona-Pandemie im Allgemeinen zum Ausdruck brachten. Auf diese Weise kann nachvollzogen werden, wie Muslim:innen heterodoxe ‚profane‘ Deutungen aufgreifen, diese mit religiösen Wissensbeständen verbinden und ferner, welche Nihilierungsstrategien sie zur Abwehr heterodoxer Deutungen einsetzen. Auf Basis dieser Untersuchung konnten schließlich drei Idealtypen differenziert werden, welche sich substanziell in der Art und Weise der Deutung und Erklärung gesellschaftlicher Phänomene unterscheiden. Im Einklang mit vorhandener Forschung zeigt sich ein ambivalenter Einfluss von Religiosität auf die Offenheit für heterodoxe Wirklichkeitsbestimmungen.
The Relation Between Cardinal Axes, Spatial Cells and Navigation Performance
Authors: Korte Annika , Keil Julian , Dickmann Frank
Published: November 2024

Obtaining unbiased spatial information is a prerequisite for accurate spatial orientation, navigation, and spatial memory. Common sources for obtaining such spatial information are 2D maps and 3D visualizations of space. However, the exact way external spatial representations are integrated into a cognitive map is still not fully understood. Currently, there is much research on the cells forming the spatial map in the hippocampal and parahippocampal cortices. In interaction with other cell types, grid cells appear to play a dominant role in the formation of the cognitive spatial map. Grid cells are characterized by repeated firing fields arranged in a sixfold rotational symmetry. Using a path integration task, we investigated whether artificial spatial elements mirroring the sixfold rotational symmetry can improve navigation performance. This would be an indication that grid cells respond to these artificial elements. In the reported study, we investigated the influence of artificial cardinal axes arranged with 60° (matched to grid cell symmetry) and 30° (mismatched to grid cell symmetry) angles in a reduced 3D spatial environment. Although, the results are not conclusive, they do indicate a trend that participants benefit from a 60° angle in trials with moderate difficulty. Thus, we found the first evidence that mirroring their sixfold rotational symmetry with artificial cardinal axes may trigger grid cells. Future studies should investigate this connection in more detail and a virtual 3D environment shown by head-mounted displays. This might lead to a more detailed insight into the neuropsychological mechanisms underlying the transfer from maps and 3D environments in the cognitive map and how this can be optimized.
Pediatric palliative care in Brazil: reflections on end of life based on geographic mapping
Authors: Ferreira Esther Angélica Luiz , Saito Leandro , Sarracini Maycon Rodrigo , Bruno Cristina Helena , Mattos Augustus Relo , Valete Cristina Ortiz Sobrinho , Reiff Rodrigo Bezerra de Menezes
Published: November 2024

Introduction

In Brazil, a country of continental dimensions, the lack of services in the different regions is a major barrier that prevents patients from accessing Pediatric Palliative Care (PPC). If accessing PPC is already challenging, end-of-life care for these patients may also be difficult. Therefore, this study is based on a recent mapping effort, aimed at reflecting on the end-of-life care for children in Palliative Care in Brazil.

Method

Descriptive, cross-sectional study, and online survey research, based on a larger study of Palliative Care Network.

Results

The final sample comprised 90 Pediatric Palliative Care services, which proved to be unevenly distributed across the country. Many services lack a minimum team, 40% face difficulties accessing opioids, and one-third do not provide bereavement care.

Discussion

There should be more services with better distribution across the country, and a minimum team should be required to provide adequate care for children and adolescents. Strategies to improve symptom control and grief support should be introduced.

Conclusions

It is concluded that continuing education and the inclusion of relevant topics in health courses are necessary. Additionally, health service managers must expand their focus to address these issues effectively.
Topical 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy versus loop electrosurgical excision procedure in the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
Authors: Liu Yidi , Li Yi , Wu Huan , Wang Ying , Zeng Jing , Li Hui , Qiu Haixia , Gu Ying
Published: November 2024

Objective

To compare effectiveness of topical 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy (5-ALA PDT) and loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) among patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).

Methods

We retrospectively identified patients who underwent either 5-ALA PDT or LEEP from Sep. 2012 to Dec. 2019 in Chinese PLA general hospital. Patients’ outcomes were compared according to the HPV genotyping, cytological tests within 3–6-month follow-up post-treatment, the pathological examination would be performed if the cytological results indicated the risk of CIN. Propensity score matching (PSM) was adapted to pair the baseline. Complete remission (CR), partial remission (PR) and the remission rate of HPV infections were used to evaluate the efficacy of 5-ALA PDT versus LEEP.

Results

In total, 30 pairs were matched as the matching tolerance was set as 0.03. There was no significant difference about the CR and PR between 5-ALA PDT and LEEP group (73.33% vs 84.00%, P = 0.340; 3.33% vs 4.00%, P = 1.000). Among different CIN group, there was no statistic difference between 5-ALA PDT and LEEP. Moreover, in terms of HPV remission rate, 5-ALA PDT showed the same efficacy as LEEP (59.26% vs 53.85%, P = 0.691).

Conclusions

In essence, topical 5-ALA PDT emerges as a non-invasive, repeatable procedure with minimal side effects for cervical lesions, preserving cervical structure. Overall, the efficacy of 5-ALA PDT is comparable to LEEP in achieving successful outcomes.
Characterization of cellular heterogeneity in milk from healthy bovine mammary glands
Authors: Perez-Hernandez Gabriela , Lengi Andrea J. , Makris Melissa , Corl Benjamin A.
Published: November 2024

Somatic cells (SCs) in milk are a heterogeneous population composed of several subsets of cells. However, a complete understanding of this heterogeneity in cow’s milk remains elusive. This study aimed to characterize heterogeneity within mammary epithelial (MEC) and immune cell subpopulations from healthy Holstein cows. An initial cell characterization of SC populations was completed using a single milk collection (3.8 L) from a base population of 25 multiparous Holstein cows to identify MEC and immune cells using flow cytometry with Butyrophilin 1A1 (BTN) and CD45 as cell surface markers. From the base population, 5 multiparous cows (≥300 days in milk (DIM), ≤162 × 103 SC/mL, and milk yield (MY) ≥ 25 kg/d) were selected for fluorescence activated cell sorting and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis. A single-cell-suspension of approximately 1,000 sorted cells was prepared from each cow for characterization using scRNA-seq. Gel beads and barcodes were generated, cDNA amplified, cDNA sequencing libraries constructed and sequenced. After data normalization, scaling, and filtering control, two CD45+ databases were generated. The CD45+ databases contained 923 and 851 single cells, each comprising 17,771 and 12,156 features, respectively. Principal component analysis revealed seven and eight distinguishing clusters. Based on marker expression, most immune cells present in the samples were T cells (CD3E and PTPRC). Three different T cell subpopulations were revealed: helpers (CD4), cytotoxic (CD8A and CD8B), and regulatory T cells (IL2RA). The remaining four clusters were composed of granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils; TLR4 and CXCL8), macrophages (PTPRC, CD14, CD68, TL2, IL1B), and a small population of B cells (CD19, CD22, and MS4A1). The study and characterization of immune cell subpopulations present in milk provide a basis for developing greater insights into mammary gland immune function, offering potential avenues for enhancing animal health and milk production in the future.
Exchange flows and plug cementing
Authors: Charabin S.S. , Frigaard I.A.
Published: November 2024

We present the results of an experimental study of buoyancy-driven exchange flows in a vertical pipe, where the lower fluid is Newtonian of low viscosity and the upper fluid has a yield stress. The fluids are initially separated by a gate valve, opened at time

$\hat {t}=0$

. The fluids are miscible, but away from the diffusive limit. For a sufficiently large ratio

$Y$

, of the yield stress to the buoyancy stress, no sustained fluid motions arise: the flow is stable. For smaller

$Y$

numbers an exchange flow results. Commonly, the less dense fluid penetrates upwards in a central finger, displacing the upper fluid downwards around the walls of the pipe. Three regimes are classified: helical finger, disconnected finger and slug flow. The transition between regimes is governed by increasing relevance of inertial to viscous stresses, in balancing buoyancy. The disconnected finger and slug flow regimes are associated with yielded fluid at the interface and early growth of instabilities. Helical fingers are viscous dominated and evolve slowly until late in the experiments. The scenarios studied represent an idealised set-up for the industrial process of plug cementing. The regimes identified are helpful for industrial process design.
Modelling high-Reynolds-number effects in fully developed channel flows using a two-scale Reynolds stress model
Authors: Chedevergne François , Coroama Stefan , Gleize Vincent , Bézard Hervé
Published: November 2024

Reynolds-averaged models for solving the Navier–Stokes equations are implicitly based on Kolmogorov's theory for describing energy transfers between the different turbulent scales, which means that all the energy produced at large scales is transferred at a constant rate to the smallest turbulent scales where it is dissipated. As a result, these models use a single scale to describe the turbulence spectrum, which in cases of non-equilibrium turbulence does not provide an adequate description of the transfers actually observed. This is particularly the case for wall-bounded flows at high Reynolds numbers, such as turbulent channel flows. Taking up an approach developed by Schiestel (2007 Modeling and Simulation of Turbulent Flows, ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons), which aims to define a Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes model transporting several scales of turbulence, a two-scale Reynolds stress model (RSM) was developed in order to take into account the interactions between the inner and outer regions of wall-bounded flows. The results obtained with the model are compared with the direct numerical simulations (DNS) of Lee & Moser (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 860, 2019, pp. 886–938) in a turbulent channel for several friction Reynolds numbers up to

$Re_{\tau }=5200$

, for which partial integrations in spectral space were carried out, highlighting distinct behaviours between small and large scales of turbulence. The model developed provides an accurate description of the contributions at small and large scales and thus reproduces the high-Reynolds-number effects observed in DNS data. In addition, comparisons with the DNS data served to validate a large part of the closure relations used for the various terms in the two-scale RSM.
Analysis and optimization design of motion characteristics for a 3-

P

UU/

R

parallel ankle joint rehabilitation mechanism
Authors: Chen Xuechan , Liu Jianxin , Dong Jin an , Zhang Zhouhao , Guo Yu , Xiao Bo , Chen Ziming
Published: November 2024

The large number of patients with ankle injuries and the high incidence make ankle rehabilitation an urgent health problem. However, there is a certain degree of difference between the motion of most ankle rehabilitation robots and the actual axis of the human ankle. To achieve more precise ankle joint rehabilitation training, this paper proposes a novel 3-PUU/R parallel ankle rehabilitation mechanism that integrates with the human ankle joint axis. Moreover, it provides comprehensive ankle joint motion necessary for effective rehabilitation. The mechanism has four degrees of freedom (DOFs), enabling plantarflexion/dorsiflexion, eversion/inversion, internal rotation/external rotation, and dorsal extension of the ankle joint. First, based on the DOFs of the human ankle joint and the variation pattern of the joint axes, a 3-PUU/R parallel ankle joint rehabilitation mechanism is designed. Based on the screw theory, the inverse kinematics inverse, complete Jacobian matrix, singular characteristics, and workspace analysis of the mechanism are conducted. Subsequently, the motion performance of the mechanism is analyzed based on the motion/force transmission indices and the constraint indices. Then, the performance of the mechanism is optimized according to human physiological characteristics, with the motion/force transmission ratio and workspace range as optimization objectives. Finally, a physical prototype of the proposed robot was developed, and experimental tests were performed to evaluate the above performance of the proposed robot. This study provides a good prospect for improving the comfort and safety of ankle joint rehabilitation from the perspective of human-machine axis matching.
Assessing the utility of atrial fibrillation induction to risk stratify children with Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome
Authors: Apfel Gabriel , Choi Nak Hyun , Silver Eric S. , Liberman Leonardo
Published: November 2024

Background:

Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome is associated with sudden cardiac death from rapid conduction through the accessory pathway in atrial fibrillation. Adult patients are at higher risk for sudden cardiac death if the shortest-pre-excited-RR-interval in atrial fibrillation (SPERRI) is ≤250 milliseconds (msec) during electrophysiologic study. Exclusive conduction through the atrioventricular node in atrial fibrillation is presumed to convey lower risk. The shortest-pre-excited-paced-cycle-length with atrial pacing has also served as a marker for risk stratification.

Objective:

To determine accessory pathway characteristic of patients undergoing induction of atrial fibrillation during electrophysiologic study.

Methods:

We reviewed 321 pediatric patients that underwent electrophysiologic study between 2010 and 2019. Induction of atrial fibrillation was attempted on patients while on isoproterenol and SPERRI was measured if atrial fibrillation was induced. Shortest-pre-excited-paced-cycle-length (SPPCL) was determined while on isoproterenol.

Results:

Atrial fibrillation was induced in 233 (73%) patients. Of those, 104 (45%) patients conducted exclusively through the atrioventricular node during atrial fibrillation (Group A). The remaining 129 (55%) patients had some conduction through the accessory pathway (Group B). In Group A, SPPCL was 260 msec with 48 (46%) conducting through the accessory pathway at ≤250 msec. In Group B, SPPCL was 240 msec with 92 patients (71%) conducting at ≤250 msec (p < 0.05). In Group B, SPERRI was 250 msec and had a positive correlation with SPPCL (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.28). Almost half (46%) of those with exclusive conduction through the atrioventricular node in atrial fibrillation had rapid accessory pathway conduction with atrial pacing.

Conclusion:

Conduction in atrial fibrillation during electrophysiologic study on isoproterenol via the atrioventricular node may not exclude high-risk accessory pathways in pediatric patients.
The paradox of effective altruism
Authors: Kopczewski Tomasz , Okhrimenko Iana
Published: November 2024

Normative reasoning within the mainstream economic framework has been largely shaped by utilitarian ethics. The growing popularity of effective altruism indicates that the utilitarian spirit has also permeated the sphere of social sentiment, evaluating our pro-social behaviour and charitable giving in terms of efficiency. The present study assesses the appropriateness of judging social outcomes through the prism of allocative efficiency by questioning to what extent the society of effective altruists is robust, sustainable, and resilient. Using computer simulations based on the dictator game, we demonstrate that a society of welfare-maximising effective altruists can achieve an optimal outcome alongside equality under extremely restrictive assumptions, such as the uniformity of giving strategies (i.e. interacting with other effective altruists exclusively) and initial equality of wealth distribution. Yet, in the world of unequal opportunities, utilitarian giving tends to increase wealth disparity. In addition, in polymorphic societies, effective altruists underperform compared to deontological (or unconditional) altruists. Consequently, we demonstrate that striving for allocative efficiency might undermine the equality and resilience objectives and question whether the former should remain the dominant economic normative principle.
A 28-nm E-band low noise amplifier with minimum 3.8 dB noise figure
Authors: Huang Tian-Wei , Chung Chuan-Li , Liang You-Jen , Bai Wei-Ting , Li Yung-Pei , Tsai Jeng-Han
Published: November 2024

This paper presents a three-stage E-band low-noise amplifier (LNA) fabricated in a 28-nm Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor High-Performance Compact Plus process. The proposed E-band LNA achieves a peak gain of 16.8 dB, exhibiting a gain variation of less than ±0.5 dB across the frequency range of 67.8–90.4 GHz. The measured 3-dB gain bandwidth spans from 64 to 93.8 GHz, and the minimum measured noise figure (NF) is 3.8 dB. By employing a one-stage common-source with a two-stage cascode topology, the proposed E-band LNA demonstrates competitiveness in terms of gain flatness and NF when compared to recently published E-band CMOS LNAs.
Competency-Based Peer Support in Aviation
Authors: Forbes Andrew , Bor Robert , Bekker Aedrian
Published: November 2024

Abstract: In July 2018, the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (2018) issued Regulation (EU) 2018/1042, now (EU) 2020/745, which required all commercial air transport operators to implement a support program by February 14, 2021. This was initially aimed at pilots and formed part of the recommendations made after the pilot murder-suicide crash of Germanwings flight 9525 in March 2015. Pilot peer support is now considered vital in supporting crew well-being and in promoting aviation safety, alongside other initiatives (Federal Aviation Administration, 2024). To date, there has been scant published literature on the provision of pilot peer support beyond the rationale for its inception. This In Practice paper offers guidance for a competency-based framework for training and benchmarking pilot peers and draws on the familiar framework to pilots of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) pilot competencies (ICAO, 2013). This conceptualization of peer competencies offers a framework for pilot peers in the acquisition of core peer support skills, and for those training pilot peers, a yardstick by which skills acquisition can be assessed.
Juno Observations Set New Constraints on the Electrodynamic Interaction Between Io and Jupiter
Authors: Kotsiaros S. , Connerney J. E. P. , Saur J. , Kokkalis A. , Herceg M. , Martos Y. M. , Schlegel S. , Jørgensen J. L. , Bolton S. J.
Published: November 2024

Juno's highly elliptical polar orbits provide unprecedented in‐situ observations of the electrodynamic interaction between Jupiter and its volcanic moon Io. These observations occur in regions never sampled before both near Io's orbit and near Jupiter's ionosphere and at distances between the two. Magnetic field data obtained during multiple traversals of magnetic field lines mapping to Io's orbit reveal remarkably rich and complex magnetic signatures near flux tubes connected to Io's orbital position. Here we present a methodology to model the distribution of currents along Io's flux tube (IFT) and Alfvén wings in such a way as to match the magnetic field signature observed during Juno's traversals of the IFT and Alfvén wings downstream of Io. We obtain the location, size and morphology of the current‐carrying region as well as the distribution of currents within the IFT and Alfvén wings. The observed field‐aligned currents exhibit strong filamentation, with upward and downward currents splitting into secondary cells rather than forming uniform structures. Additionally, there is a strong correlation between total field‐aligned current intensity, particle energy flux, and Poynting flux, indicating efficient energy transfer and coupling in the Jupiter‐Io system. Using all of Juno's traversals up to perijove (PJ) pass 42, we estimate the strength of the interaction with regards to distance along Io's extended tail, Io's position in the plasma torus and the magnetic field intensity at the footprint in Jupiter's ionosphere, illuminating the interaction of Jovian magnetospheric plasma with Io and setting important constraints in the Io‐Jupiter interaction.
Impacts of Thunderstorm‐Generated Gravity Waves on the Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Using TIEGCM‐NG/MAGIC Simulations and Comparisons With GNSS TEC, ICON, and COSMIC‐2 Observations
Authors: Lu Xian , Wu Haonan , Heale Chris , England Scott , Zhang Shunrong
Published: November 2024

We use the TIEGCM‐NG nudged by MAGIC gravity waves to study the impacts of a severe thunderstorm system, with a hundred tornado touchdowns, on the ionospheric and thermospheric disturbances. The generated waves induce a distinct concentric ring pattern on GNSS TIDs with horizontal scales of 150–400 km and phase speeds of 150–300 m/s, which is well simulated by the model. The waves show substantial vertical evolution in period, initially dominated by 0.5 hr at 200 km, shifting to 0.25 hr and with more higher‐frequency waves appearing at higher altitudes (∼400 km). The TADs reach amplitudes of 100 m/s, 60 m/s, 80 K, and 10% in horizontal winds, vertical wind, temperature, and relative neutral density, respectively. Significantly perturbations in electron density cause dramatic changes in its nighttime structure around 200 km and near the EIA crest. The concentric TIDs are also simulated in ion drifts and mapped from the Tornado region to the conjugate hemisphere likely due to neutral wind‐induced electric field perturbations. The waves manage to impact the ionosphere at altitudes of ICON and COSMIC‐2, which pass through the region of interest on a total of 8 separate orbits. In situ ion density observations from these spacecrafts reveal periodic fluctuations that frequently show good agreement with the TIEGCM‐NG simulation. The O+ fraction observations from ICON indicate that the density fluctuations are the result of vertical transport of the ions in this region, which could result from either direct forcing by neutral winds or electrodynamic coupling.
Vertical Structural Evolution of Ionospheric Holes Triggered by Rocket Launches Observed by the Sanya Incoherent Scatter Radar
Authors: Zhao Linxuan , Ding Feng , Yue Xinan , Xu Su , Wang Junyi , Cai Yihui , Li Mingyuan , Zhang Ning , Zhou Xu , Wang Yonghui , Li Jianyong , Mao Tian , Song Qian , Xiong Bo , Li Xiaolin , Luo Junhao
Published: November 2024

This article presents observational results of the vertical structural evolution of ionospheric holes during two rocket launches. A combination of observations from the newly built Sanya incoherent scatter radar (SYISR) and Global Navigation Satellite System networks was employed. The vertical structural evolution of two rocket‐induced ionospheric holes over the SYISR could be divided into three stages. Firstly, 10–11 min after launch, the holes initially appeared in the topside ionosphere. Then, the holes expanded rapidly toward higher and lower altitudes. At ∼30 min after launch, the holes extended to an altitudinal range of ∼200 km to over 700 km. The maximum depletion altitude was 425 km for the afternoon event and 283 km for the midnight event. Finally, the holes recovered slowly, with faster recovery at higher altitudes. Our work contributes to further understanding the vertical structural evolutionary mechanisms of the ionospheric holes and relevant ionospheric processes.
Scaling Simulations of Local Wind‐Waves Amid Sea Ice Floes
Authors: Brenner Samuel , Horvat Christopher
Published: November 2024

Wave‐ice interactions are critical for correctly modeling air‐sea exchanges and ocean surface processes in polar regions. While the role of sea ice in damping open‐water swell waves has received considerable research interest, the impact of sea ice on locally generated wind‐waves in partial ice cover remains uncertain. The current approach in spectral wave models is to scale the wind input term by the open‐water fraction, , for the sea ice concentration (SIC), but this neglects the impact of subgrid‐scale patterns of sea ice coverage in limiting fetch for wind‐wave growth. Here, we use the spectral wave model SWAN to simulate local waves in realistic, synthetic fields of explicitly resolved sea ice floes over a range of SICs and floe size distributions (FSDs). We consider cases with floe sizes much larger than the wavelengths, and absent of interstitial frazil or pancake ice. Through geometric arguments, we show that the fetch available for wind‐wave growth, and thus the resulting wave statistics, depends on a combination of the SIC and the FSD. The combination of geometric scaling and empirical wave laws allows the prediction of bulk wave statistics as a function of SIC, a characteristic floe size, and wind speed. We show that due to the difference in spectral character from attenuated propagating open‐ocean swell, these waves may have an outsized impact on ocean mixing regimes.
High level of circulating cell-free tumor DNA at diagnosis correlates with disease spreading and defines multiple myeloma patients with poor prognosis
Authors: Martello Marina , Solli Vincenza , Mazzocchetti Gaia , Solimando Antonio Giovanni , Bezzi Davide , Taurisano Barbara , Kanapari Ajsi , Poletti Andrea , Borsi Enrica , Armuzzi Silvia , Vigliotta Ilaria , Pistis Ignazia , Desantis Vanessa , Marzocchi Giulia , Rizzello Ilaria , Pantani Lucia , Mancuso Katia , Tacchetti Paola , Testoni Nicoletta , Nanni Cristina , Zamagni Elena , Cavo Michele , Terragna Carolina
Published: November 2024

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell (PC) disorder characterized by skeletal involvement at the time of diagnosis. Recently, cell-free DNA (cfDNA) has been proven to recapitulate the heterogeneity of bone marrow (BM) disease. Our aim was to evaluate the prognostic role of cfDNA at diagnosis according to disease distribution, and to investigate the role of the MM microenvironment inflammatory state in supplying the release of cfDNA. A total of 162 newly diagnosed MM patients were screened using 18F-FDG PET/CT and assessed by ultra low-pass whole genome sequencing (ULP-WGS). High cfDNA tumor fraction (ctDNA) levels were correlated with different tumor mass markers, and patients with high ctDNA levels at diagnosis were more likely to present with metabolically active paraskeletal (PS) and extramedullary (EM) lesions. Moreover, we demonstrated that microenvironment cancer-associated fibroblast (CAFs)-mediated inflammation might correlate with high ctDNA levels. Indeed, a high cfDNA TF level at diagnosis predicted a poorer prognosis, independent of R-ISS III and 1q amplification; the inclusion of >12% ctDNA in the current R-ISS risk score enables a better identification of high-risk patients. ctDNA can be a reliable and less invasive marker for disease characterization, and can refine patient risk.
Blood matters: the hematological signatures of Coronavirus infection
Authors: Toro Ayelen , Arévalo Ana P. , Pereira-Gómez Marianoel , Sabater Agustina , Zizzi Eric A. , Perbolianachis Paula , Pascual Gaston , Lage-Vickers Sofia , Pórfido Jorge L. , Achinelli Ines , Seniuk Rocio , Bizzotto Juan , Sanchis Pablo , Olivera Alvaro , Leyva Alejandro , Moreno Pilar , Costábile Alicia , Fajardo Alvaro , Carrión Federico , Fló Martín , Olivero-Deibe Natalia , Rodriguez Fernando , Nin Nicolas , Anselmino Nicolas , Labanca Estefania , Vazquez Elba , Cotignola Javier , Alonso Daniel F. , Valacco Maria P. , Marti Marcelo , Gentile Francesco , Cherkasov Artem , Crispo Martina , Moratorio Gonzalo , Gueron Geraldine
Published: November 2024

Recent developments have broadened our perception of SARS-CoV-2, indicating its capability to affect the body systemically beyond its initial recognition as a mere respiratory pathogen. However, the pathways of its widespread are not well understood. Employing a dual-modality approach, we integrated findings from a Murine Hepatitis Virus (MHV) infection model with corroborative clinical data to investigate the pervasive reach of Coronaviruses. The novel presence of viral particles within red blood cells (RBCs) was demonstrated via high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, with computational modeling elucidating a potential heme-mediated viral entry mechanism via Spike protein affinity. Our data affirm viral localization in RBCs, suggesting heme moieties as facilitators for cellular invasion. Exacerbation of MHV pathology upon hemin administration, contrasted with chloroquine-mediated amelioration, underscoring a heme-centric pathway in disease progression. These observations extend the paradigm of Coronavirus pathogenicity to include hemoprotein interactions. This study casts new light on the systemic invasion capabilities of Coronaviruses, linking RBC hemoproteins with viral virulence. The modulation of disease severity through heme-interacting agents heralds a promising avenue for COVID-19 therapeutics. Our findings propose a paradigm shift in the treatment approach, leveraging the virus-heme interplay as a strategic hinge for intervention.
Non-invasive in vivo sensing of bacterial implant infection using catalytically-optimised gold nanocluster-loaded liposomes for urinary readout
Authors: Chen Kaili , Najer Adrian , Charchar Patrick , Saunders Catherine , Thanapongpibul Chalaisorn , Klöckner Anna , Chami Mohamed , Peeler David J. , Silva Inês , Panariello Luca , Karu Kersti , Loynachan Colleen N. , Frenette Leah C. , Potter Michael , Tregoning John S. , Parkin Ivan P. , Edwards Andrew M. , Clarke Thomas B. , Yarovsky Irene , Stevens Molly M.
Published: November 2024

Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of nosocomial implant-associated infections, causing significant morbidity and mortality, underscoring the need for rapid, non-invasive, and cost-effective diagnostics. Here, we optimise the synthesis of renal-clearable gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) for enhanced catalytic activity with the aim of developing a sensitive colourimetric diagnostic for bacterial infection. All-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations confirm the stability of glutathione-coated AuNCs and surface access for peroxidase-like activity in complex physiological environments. We subsequently develop a biosensor by encapsulating these optimised AuNCs in bacterial toxin-responsive liposomes, which is extensively studied by various single-particle techniques. Upon exposure to S. aureus toxins, the liposomes rupture, releasing AuNCs that generate a colourimetric signal after kidney-mimetic filtration. The biosensor is further validated in vitro and in vivo using a hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel implant infection model. Urine samples collected from mice with bacteria-infected HA hydrogel implants turn blue upon substrate addition, confirming the suitability of the sensor for non-invasive detection of implant-associated infections. This platform has significant potential as a versatile, cost-effective diagnostic tool.
Iron sulfide-catalyzed gaseous CO2 reduction and prebiotic carbon fixation in terrestrial hot springs
Authors: Nan Jingbo , Luo Shunqin , Tran Quoc Phuong , Fahrenbach Albert C. , Lu Wen-Ning , Hu Yingjie , Yin Zongjun , Ye Jinhua , Van Kranendonk Martin J.
Published: November 2024

Understanding abiotic carbon fixation provides insights into early Earth’s carbon cycles and life’s emergence in terrestrial hot springs, where iron sulfide (FeS), similar to cofactors in metabolic enzymes, may catalyze prebiotic synthesis. However, the role of FeS-mediated carbon fixation in such conditions remains underexplored. Here, we investigate the catalytic behaviors of FeS (pure and doped with Ti, Ni, Mn, and Co), which are capable of H2-driven CO2 reduction to methanol under simulated hot spring vapor-zone conditions, using an anaerobic flow chamber connected to a gas chromatograph. Specifically, Mn-doped FeS increases methanol production five-fold at 120 °C, with UV−visible light (300–720 nm) and UV-enhanced light (200–600 nm) further increasing this activity. Operando and theoretical investigations indicate the mechanism involves a reverse water-gas shift with CO as an intermediate. These findings highlight the potential of FeS-catalyzed carbon fixation in early Earth’s terrestrial hot springs, effective with or without UV light.
Bactericidal antibiotic treatment induces damaging inflammation via TLR9 sensing of bacterial DNA
Authors: Gross Julia L. , Basu Rahul , Bradfield Clinton J. , Sun Jing , John Sinu P. , Das Sanchita , Dekker John P. , Weiss David S. , Fraser Iain D. C.
Published: November 2024

The immunologic consequences of using bactericidal versus bacteriostatic antibiotic treatments are unclear. We observed a bacteriostatic (growth halting) treatment was more protective than a bactericidal (bacteria killing) treatment in a murine peritonitis model. To understand this unexpected difference, we compared macrophage responses to bactericidal treated bacteria or bacteriostatic treated bacteria. We found that Gram-negative bacteria treated with bactericidal drugs induced more proinflammatory cytokines than those treated with bacteriostatic agents. Bacterial DNA – released only by bactericidal treatments – exacerbated inflammatory signaling through TLR9. Without TLR9 signaling, the in vivo efficacy of bactericidal drug treatment was rescued. This demonstrates that antibiotics can act in important ways distinct from bacterial inhibition: like causing treatment failure by releasing DNA that induces excessive inflammation. These data establish a novel link between how an antibiotic affects bacterial physiology and subsequent immune system engagement, which may be relevant for optimizing treatments to simultaneously clear bacteria and modulate inflammation.
Weakening of the AMOC and strengthening of Labrador Sea deep convection in response to external freshwater forcing
Authors: Wei Xinyue , Zhang Rong
Published: November 2024

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a key player in climate. Here, we employ an ensemble of water hosing experiments to examine mechanisms of AMOC weakening and its subsequent impact on the Labrador Sea open-ocean deep convection. The subpolar AMOC decline in response to the external freshwater flux released over the southern Nordic Sea is dominated by that across the eastern subpolar North Atlantic, and the largest subpolar AMOC decline is at the relatively dense level around $${\sigma }_{0}=27.84\,{{{\rm{kg}}}}\,{{{\rm{m}}}}^{-3}$$

σ

0

=
27.84

kg

m

−
3

. The AMOC decline is associated with subsurface cooling in the subpolar North Atlantic and the decline in the deep ocean west–east density contrast across the subpolar basin. Contrary to previous studies showing that the AMOC decline is caused by subsurface warming through the shutdown of the Labrador Sea open-ocean deep convection, our results reveal a different response, i.e., a strengthening of the Labrador Sea open-ocean deep convection, which is not a cause of the AMOC decline. The strengthening of the Labrador Sea open-ocean deep convection is mainly due to the relatively stronger freshening in the deep Labrador Sea associated with the freshening/weakening of the Iceland-Scotland Overflow, and thus reduced vertical stratification in the central Labrador Sea.
Safer and efficient base editing and prime editing via ribonucleoproteins delivered through optimized lipid-nanoparticle formulations
Authors: Hołubowicz Rafał , Du Samuel W. , Felgner Jiin , Smidak Roman , Choi Elliot H. , Palczewska Grazyna , Menezes Carolline Rodrigues , Dong Zhiqian , Gao Fangyuan , Medani Omar , Yan Alexander L. , Hołubowicz Maria W. , Chen Paul Z. , Bassetto Marco , Risaliti Eleonora , Salom David , Workman J. Noah , Kiser Philip D. , Foik Andrzej T. , Lyon David C. , Newby Gregory A. , Liu David R. , Felgner Philip L. , Palczewski Krzysztof
Published: November 2024

Delivering ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) for in vivo genome editing is safer than using viruses encoding for Cas9 and its respective guide RNA. However, transient RNP activity does not typically lead to optimal editing outcomes. Here we show that the efficiency of delivering RNPs can be enhanced by cell-penetrating peptides (covalently fused to the protein or as excipients) and that lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) encapsulating RNPs can be optimized for enhanced RNP stability, delivery efficiency and editing potency. Specifically, after screening for suitable ionizable cationic lipids and by optimizing the concentration of the synthetic lipid DMG-PEG 2000, we show that the encapsulation, via microfluidic mixing, of adenine base editor and prime editor RNPs within LNPs using the ionizable lipid SM102 can result in in vivo editing-efficiency enhancements larger than 300-fold (with respect to the delivery of the naked RNP) without detectable off-target edits. We believe that chemically defined LNP formulations optimized for RNP-encapsulation stability and delivery efficiency will lead to safer genome editing.
Inefficient transfer of diatoms through the subpolar Southern Ocean twilight zone
Authors: Williams J. R. , Giering S. L. C. , Baker C. A. , Pabortsava K. , Briggs N. , East H. , Espinola B. , Blackbird S. , Le Moigne F. A. C. , Villa-Alfageme M. , Poulton A. J. , Carvalho F. , Pebody C. , Saw K. , Moore C. M. , Henson S. A. , Sanders R. , Martin A. P.
Published: November 2024

The Southern Ocean, a region highly vulnerable to climate change, plays a vital role in regulating global nutrient cycles and atmospheric CO2 via the biological carbon pump. Diatoms, photosynthetically active plankton with dense opal skeletons, are key to this process as their exoskeletons are thought to enhance the transfer of particulate organic carbon to depth, positioning them as major vectors of carbon storage. Yet conflicting observations obscure the mechanistic link between diatoms, opal and particulate organic carbon fluxes, especially in the twilight zone where greatest flux losses occur. Here we present direct springtime flux measurements from different sectors of the subpolar Southern Ocean, demonstrating that across large areas of the subpolar twilight zone, carbon is efficiently transferred to depth, albeit not by diatoms. Rather, opal is retained near the surface ocean, indicating that processes such as diatom buoyancy regulation and grazer repackaging can negate ballast effects of diatoms’ skeletons. Our results highlight that the presence of diatoms in surface waters of the Southern Ocean’s largest biome does not guarantee their importance as vectors for efficient carbon transfer through the subpolar twilight zone. Climate change-driven shifts in phytoplankton community composition may affect biologically sequestered carbon pools less than currently predicted.
In-vivo non-contact multispectral oral disease image dataset with segmentation
Authors: Chand Sneha , Namasivayam Karthik , Dave Janak , Preejith S. P. , Jayachandran Sadaksharam , Sivaprakasam Mohanasankar
Published: November 2024

In imaging spectroscopy, gathering oral tissue spectral data from resected samples may not accurately represent tissue signatures due to time-dependent changes, blood loss, protein degeneration, and preservation chemicals. In-vivo spectral imaging is employed to address these limitations, but it poses challenges like device dimensions, tissue accessibility, and motion artifacts, impacting data quality and reliability. Our study publishes a dataset of spectral images focusing on oral diseases, addressing these challenges. We used a state-of-the-art multispectral camera, capturing images at 270*510 pixels resolution in 16 spectral bands (460 nm to 600 nm). The dataset includes 91 participants (15 healthy and 76 diseased), with multiple images per patient, totalling 243 spectral images. The dataset encompasses three oral health conditions: Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF), Leukoplakia, and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC). Detailed patient history records accompany each case. This publicly available oral health multispectral dataset has the potential to advance spectroscopy diagnosis. Integrating artificial intelligence with a comprehensive spectral signature repository holds promise for accurate disease analysis.