bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring three-dimensional coupled fire–atmosphere interactions downwind of wind-driven surface fires and their influence on backfires using the HIGRAD-FIRETEC model
Authors: Dupuy J.-L. , Linn R. R. , Konovalov V. , Pimont F. , Vega J. A. , Jiménez E.
Published: September 2011

The obstruction of ambient winds and the possible existence of indrafts downwind of a wildfire are aspects of coupled fire–atmosphere interaction influencing the effectiveness of a backfiring operation. The fire-influenced winds behind a headfire as well as their influences on backfire spread are explored using the three-dimensional HIGRAD-FIRETEC model. Fires are simulated under weak to strong wind speeds and in shrubland and grassland fuel types. The importance of three-dimensionality in the simulation of such phenomena is demonstrated. Results suggest that when fire–atmosphere interaction is constrained to two-dimensions, the limitations of air moving through the head fire could lead to overestimation of downwind indrafts and effectiveness of backfiring. Three-dimensional simulations in surface fuels suggest that backfires benefit from the obstruction of ambient winds and potentially the existence of an indraft flow in only a limited range of environmental conditions. Simulations show that flows are most favourable when the wildfire is driven downslope by a weak wind and the backfire is ignited at bottom of the slope. Model simulations are compared with backfiring experiments conducted in a dense shrubland. Although this exercise encountered significant difficulties linked to the ambient winds data and their incorporation into the simulation, predictions and observations are in reasonable agreement.
Face of the Seven Spheres: Urban Morphology and Architecture in Nineteenth‐Century Isfahan
Authors: Walcher Heidi
Published: September 2011

This essay on Qajar architecture in Isfahan is part of a more general investigation of urbanism, politics, and the shape, iconography, and meaning of the city in the nineteenth century. Aspects of architecture and the phenomenology of urban construction will be discussed within a broader thematic inquiry on Qajar Isfahan in two parts. The first discusses the various historical images of the city while the second will focus on the major trends of Qajar architecture in Isfahan within this context.

Research on Qajar art and architecture in Isfahan has been largely guided by an inquest on the former Safavid capital as a center of high politics and culture. This narrow focus accounts for historiographies and interpretational lacunae in the study of Qajar architecture in Isfahan. The following discussion hence is a first exploration of the city's architectural structures and one that frequently raises more questions than answers.
Hidden from History? Women Workers in Modern Iran
Authors: Moghadam Valentine M.
Published: September 2011

A generation ago, British feminist historian Sheila Rowbotham (1974) asked why women were “hidden from history“—and helped to found the field of women's history. Years later, Gayatri Spivak (1988) asked, “Can the subaltern speak?“—and added a new dimension to the field of subaltern studies. Throughout, Marxists have inquired into the relationship between the sexual division of labor and the mode of production, although Engels’ cogent commentary about the state, the family and reproduction (and the “world-historical defeat of the female sex“) was subsequently eclipsed by analyses that focused on capital and (the male working-) class. These questions are used to frame my paper, which examines the history and historiography of working-class women in Iran.

The field of Iranian historical studies is growing, but one is struck by the paucity of studies on working-class women, the dearth of data on women workers, and the absence of working women's voices in the major English-language studies of social, economic, and political history (e.g., works by Lambton, Issawi, Bharier, Keddie, Abrahamian, Ladjevardi, Bayat).
Choice and Interpretation of Theme in Child Drama
Authors: Prendergast Fay
Published: September 2011

Themes treated in children's improvised drama vary according to the age and gender of the child. Interest in the family, machines, lies and deceit and music vary according to age. Family and machines are also treated differently by boys and girls, as are violence (but not aggression) and death. There is little reference to popular culture in these scenes.
Dramatherapy in Britain and North America: A Comparative Study Tour
Authors: Smyth Genevieve
Published: September 2011

This article is designed to offer an international perspective on dramatherapy, ranging from Dundee to San Francisco, Montreal and New York City.
Dramatherapy: Taking in the Broader Picture
Authors: Townsend Mo S.
Published: September 2011

“The psyche is not only a personal but a world problem, and the psychiatrist has to deal with an entire world.”
Colonialism and Dramatherapy in FIJI
Authors: Miller Caroline
Published: September 2011

Fiji is a small independent republic comprising a number of islands in the South Pacific. The country gained independence in 1974, after being a British Colony. Fiji has a subsistence economy, which is supplemented by aid from other countries, and by tourism. Fiji's early history dates from before 1500BC, with colonial history dating from the 19th century.

The author worked as a volunteer dramatherapist in Special Schools in Fiji on three occasions. Education for those with special needs is provided through nongovernment organisations and the Ministry of Education in Fiji. This article reflects on that work, and raises some of the issues of the colonial legacy as well as issues of being a member of an ex-colonial power working within a formerly colonised country.

The dramatherapist worked for one week in a special school in Fiji in 2007, and for two weeks in two special schools in 2009. Students in the school represented two ethnic groups of Fijians. These were Fijian and Fijian Indian. There were three major religious groups represented, which were Christian (of various denominations), Hindu, and Muslim. Most ethnic Fijians belong to a variety of Christian denominations, and school assemblies were conducted within a Christian framework. The students were aged between five and nineteen, and all had been identified as having special educational needs within the moderate to mild range. Some students were profoundly deaf. Most of the children came from poorer families within a largely subsistence economy. The author is a white New Zealander. This article raises some issues of introducing dramatherapy within this context.
Coming to an end: A case study of an ambiguous process of ending psychotherapy
Authors: Råbu Marit , Haavind Hanne
Published: September 2011

Aim: When the duration of therapy is not preset and the outcome is a matter for negotiation, the decision to end psychotherapy will be an experiential concern for the two participants. This case study draws attention to how ambiguities may be settled in a process where ending is initiated by the therapist and resisted by the client. Method and analysis: The actual case was strategically selected as exceptional owing to a combination of circumstances. The client and the therapist had developed a ‘good enough’ alliance (WAI) and reached a ‘good enough’ outcome (OQ‐45), and still the client felt she was far from finished. A close inspection of interactional data in sessions together with both clients' and therapists' reflections in post‐therapy interviews elicited information about both substantial content and structural aspects of this complicated process of ending. Findings and discussion: The discrepancy between therapist and client was not addressed, but rather postponed and revisited again later. Structural elements like preparations for a break for vacations and reducing the frequency of sessions were used to test experiential qualities, such as how the client managed life without therapy. Carefully preserving a ‘good enough’ emotional bond through the negotiations seemed important to both parties. Significantly, the client's autonomy was interpreted as the final proof of improvement and the client came to a point where she could affirm that she had got better only by accepting that treatment was coming to an end.
Prosody and Parsing in Coordination Structures
Authors: Schepman Astrid , Rodway Paul
Published: September 2011

The effect of prosodic boundary cues on the off-line disambiguation and on-line parsing of coordination structures was examined. It was found that relative clauses were attached to coordinated object noun phrases in preference to second conjuncts in sentences like: The lawyer greeted the powerful barrister and the wise judge who was/were walking to the courtroom. Naive speakers signalled the syntactic contrast between the two structures by a prosodic break between the conjuncts when the relative clause was attached to the second conjunct. Listeners were able to use this prosodic information in both off-line syntactic disambiguation and on-line syntactic parsing. The findings are compatible with a model in which prosody has a strong immediate effect on parsing. It is argued that the current experimental design has avoided confounds present in earlier studies on the on-line integration of prosodic and syntactic information.
An Examination of Hypervigilance for External Threat in Individuals with Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Individuals with Persecutory Delusions Using Visual Scan Paths
Authors: Freeman Daniel , Garety Philippa A. , Phillips Mary L.
Published: September 2011

One account of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is that it results from hypervigilance, manifest as excessive scanning of the external environment and preferential attention to threat. However, for individuals with GAD, there has been no direct study of scanning, and evidence for preferential attention to threat has only been found for threat-words. We therefore devised a new measure of hypervigilance. Visual scan paths were recorded of individuals with GAD ( N = 12) and people without a psychiatric illness ( N = 12) viewing complex pictures that varied in threat content. People with persecutory beliefs ( N = 11) also participated in the study to test the hypothesis that anxiety, via such hypervigilant cognitive processes, may contribute to the maintenance of delusions. Compared with the control group, the anxious individuals were not found either to scan excessively for or to look at threat. The anxiety group was therefore not hypervigilant for external threat, which is inconsistent with the hypervigilance model. As a consequence, the hypothesis that anxiety maintains delusions was not tested. However, additional support was found for the hypothesis that people with delusions form rapid judgements on the basis of less data-gathering than control groups who are either anxious or have no psychiatric illness.
Are Conjunctive Inferences Easier than Disjunctive Inferences? A Comparison of Rules and Models
Authors: García-Madruga J. A. , Moreno S. , Carriedo N. , Gutiérrez F. , Johnson-Laird P. N.
Published: September 2011

We report four experiments investigating conjunctive inferences (from a conjunction and two conditional premises) and disjunctive inferences (from a disjunction and the same two conditionals). The mental model theory predicts that the conjunctive inferences, which require one model, should be easier than the disjunctive inferences, which require multiple models. Formal rule theories predict either the opposite result or no difference between the inferences. The experiments showed that the inferences were equally easy when the participants evaluated given conclusions, but that the conjunctive inferences were easier than the disjunctive inferences (1) when the participants drew their own conclusions, (2) when the conjunction and disjunction came last in the premises, (3) in the time the participants spent reading the premises and in responding to given conclusions, and (4) in their ratings of the difficulty of the inferences. The results support the model theory and demonstrate the importance of reasoners’ inferential strategies.
Synthetic molecular mimics of naturally occurring cyclopentenones exhibit antifungal activity towards pathogenic fungi
Authors: Zhou Yi , Behrendt Jonathan , Sutherland Andrew J. , Griffiths Gareth
Published: September 2011

The naturally occurring reactive electrophilic species 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (12-oxo-PDA) is a potent antifungal agent, whereas the plant growth regulator jasmonic acid, which is synthesized from 12-oxo-PDA, is ineffective. To address what structural features of the molecule endow it with antifungal activity, we synthesized a series of molecular mimics of 12-oxo-PDA varying in the length of the alkyl chain at its C-4 ring position. The octyl analogue (4-octyl cyclopentenone) was the most effective at suppressing spore germination and subsequent mycelial growth of a range of fungal pathogens and was particularly effective against Cladosporium herbarum and Botrytis cinerea, with minimum fungicidal concentrations in the range 100–200 µM. Introduction of a carboxyl group to the end of the chain, mimicking natural fatty acids, markedly reduced antifungal efficacy. Electrolyte leakage, indicative of membrane perturbation, was evident in both C. herbarum and B. cinerea exposed to 4-octyl cyclopentenone. Lipid composition analysis of the fungal spores revealed that those species with a high oil content, namely Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria brassicicola, were less sensitive to 4-octyl cyclopentenone. The comparable hydrophobicity of 4-octyl cyclopentenone and 12-oxo-PDA accounts for the similar spore suppression activity of these two compounds. The relative ease of synthesis of 4-octyl cyclopentenone makes it an attractive compound for potential use as an antifungal agent.
A Deficiency in the Flavoprotein of Arabidopsis Mitochondrial Complex II Results in Elevated Photosynthesis and Better Growth in Nitrogen-Limiting Conditions
Authors: Fuentes Daniela , Meneses Marco , Nunes-Nesi Adriano , Araújo Wagner L. , Tapia Rodrigo , Gómez Isabel , Holuigue Loreto , Gutiérrez Rodrigo A. , Fernie Alisdair R. , Jordana Xavier
Published: September 2011

Mitochondrial complex II (succinate dehydrogenase [SDH]) plays roles both in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the respiratory electron transport chain. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), its flavoprotein subunit is encoded by two nuclear genes, SDH1-1 and SDH1-2. Here, we characterize heterozygous SDH1-1/sdh1-1 mutant plants displaying a 30% reduction in SDH activity as well as partially silenced plants obtained by RNA interference. We found that these plants displayed significantly higher CO2 assimilation rates and enhanced growth than wild-type plants. There was a strong correlation between CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance, and both mutant and silenced plants displayed increased stomatal aperture and density. By contrast, no significant differences were found for dark respiration, chloroplastic electron transport rate, CO2 uptake at saturating concentrations of CO2, or biochemical parameters such as the maximum rates of carboxylation by Rubisco and of photosynthetic electron transport. Thus, photosynthesis is enhanced in SDH-deficient plants by a mechanism involving a specific effect on stomatal function that results in improved CO2 uptake. Metabolic and transcript profiling revealed that mild deficiency in SDH results in limited effects on metabolism and gene expression, and data suggest that decreases observed in the levels of some amino acids were due to a higher flux to proteins and other nitrogen-containing compounds to support increased growth. Strikingly, SDH1-1/sdh1-1 seedlings grew considerably better in nitrogen-limiting conditions. Thus, a subtle metabolic alteration may lead to changes in important functions such as stomatal function and nitrogen assimilation.
Role of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and TNFRSF1A R92Q mutation in the pathogenesis of TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome and multiple sclerosis
Authors: Caminero A , Comabella M , Montalban X
Published: September 2011

It has long been known that tumour necrosis factor (TNF)/TNFRSF1A signalling is involved in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). Different genetic and clinical findings over the last few years have generated renewed interest in this relationship. This paper provides an update on these recent findings. Genome-wide association studies have identified the R92Q mutation in the TNFRSF1A gene as a genetic risk factor for MS (odds ratio 1·6). This allele, which is also common in the general population and in other inflammatory conditions, therefore only implies a modest risk for MS and provides yet another piece of the puzzle that defines the multiple genetic risk factors for this disease. TNFRSF1A mutations have been associated with an autoinflammatory disease known as TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS). Clinical observations have identified a group of MS patients carrying the R92Q mutation who have additional TRAPS symptoms. Hypothetically, the co-existence of MS and TRAPS or a co-morbidity relationship between the two could be mediated by this mutation. The TNFRSF1A R92Q mutation behaves as a genetic risk factor for MS and other inflammatory diseases, including TRAPS. Nevertheless, this mutation does not appear to be a severity marker of the disease, neither modifying the clinical progression of MS nor its therapeutic response. An alteration in TNF/TNFRS1A signalling may increase proinflammatory signals; the final clinical phenotype may possibly be determined by other genetic or environmental modifying factors that have not yet been identified.
Characterization of five CYP4 genes from Asian citrus psyllid and their expression levels in Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus‐infected and uninfected psyllids
Authors: Tiwari S. , Gondhalekar A. D. , Mann R. S. , Scharf M. E. , Stelinski L. L.
Published: September 2011

Previously, we reported that Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las)‐infected Diaphorina citri are characterized by lower levels of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases than uninfected counterparts. In the present study, we investigated expression levels of family 4 cytochrome P450 (CYP4) genes in Las‐infected and uninfected D. citri adults. Five novel CYP4 genes (CYP4C67, CYP4DA1, CYP4C68, CYP4DB1 and CYP4G70) were identified. Four of the five CYP4 genes were expressed at significantly higher levels in uninfected than Las‐infected males, whereas only one was expressed at significantly higher levels in uninfected than Las‐infected females. These results suggest that levels of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in D. citri may be linked to expression levels of these CYP4 genes. Expression of all five CYP4 genes was induced by exposure of D. citri to imidacloprid, suggesting their possible involvement in metabolism of this toxin. Higher expression of the five CYP4 genes was found in nymphs than adults, which is congruent with previous results indicating higher levels of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in nymphs than adults. These five CYP4 genes may be promising candidates for RNA‐interference to silence overexpression of genes associated with insecticide resistance in D. citri. These newly identified genes may also serve as DNA‐based screening markers for cytochrome P450‐mediated insecticide resistance in field populations of D. citri.
Physician‐related facilitators and barriers to patient involvement in treatment decision making in early stage breast cancer: perspectives of physicians and patients
Authors: O’Brien Mary Ann , Ellis Peter M. , Whelan Timothy J. , Charles Cathy , Gafni Amiram , Lovrics Peter , Mukherjee Som D. , Hodgson Nicole
Published: September 2011

Objective  To identify patients’ and physicians’ perceptions of physician‐related verbal and nonverbal facilitators and barriers to patient involvement in treatment decision making (TDM) occurring during clinical encounters for women with early stage breast cancer (ESBC).

Methods  Eligible women were offered treatment options including surgery and adjuvant therapy. Eligible physicians provided care for women with ESBC in either a teaching hospital or an academic cancer centre. In Phase 1, women were interviewed 1–2 weeks after their initial consultation. In Phase 2, women and their physicians were interviewed separately while watching their own consultation on a digital video disk. All interviews were audiotaped, transcribed and analysed.

Results  Forty women with ESBC and six physicians participated. Patients and physicians identified thirteen categories of physician facilitators of women’s involvement. Of these, seven categories were frequently identified by women: conveyed a rationale for patient involvement in TDM; explained the risk of cancer recurrence; explained treatment options; enhanced patient understanding of information; gave time for TDM; offered a treatment recommendation; and made women feel comfortable. Physicians described similar information‐giving facilitators but less often mentioned other facilitators. Few physician barriers to women’s involvement in TDM were identified.

Conclusions  Women with ESBC and cancer physicians shared some views of how physicians involve patients in TDM, although there were important differences. Physicians may underestimate the importance that women’s place on understanding the rationale for their involvement in TDM and on feeling comfortable during the consultation.
Non‐cryopreserved hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma, a single center experience
Authors: Ramzi Mani , Zakerinia Maryam , Nourani Habib , Dehghani Mehdi , Vojdani Reza , Haghighinejad Hourvash
Published: September 2011

Ramzi M, Zakerinia M, Nourani H, Dehghani M, Vojdani R, Haghighinejad H. Non‐cryopreserved hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma, a single center experience.  Clin Transplant 2012: 26: 117–122.  © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Several clinical trials have shown the superiority of high‐dose therapy (HDT) and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) over conventional dose therapy for patients with multiple myeloma. There is limited experience with non‐cryopreserved autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Between January 2004 and February 2010, we treated 38 patients with myeloma (mean age = 50.6) with a preparative regimen of Melphalan 140–200 mg/m2 and non‐cryopreserved ASCT. All the apheresis products were kept in a conventional blood bank refrigerator at 4°C for 2 d before infusion. The median time to platelet count of >20 × 109/L was 13 d (range 10–31). Also, the median time to absolute neutrophil count >0.5 × 109/L was 11 d (range 9–21). All the 38 patients were engrafted and there was not graft failure in this study group. Twenty‐nine of 38 (76.3%) patients are alive and without disease activity after a median follow‐up of 31 months (range 6–77). Responses (complete and partial response) were seen in all the 38 patients. The median progression‐free survival was 27 months with 95% confidence interval 23.52–30.48, whereas the median overall survival was 30 months. One hundred days transplant‐related mortality was 0%. HDT and autologous transplantation without cryopreservation is an effective and safe method which simplifies the procedure and is feasible and cost saving in our patients.
Bartonellosis in cats: a role in uveitis?
Authors: Stiles Jean
Published: September 2011

Bartonellosis has been widely studied in human and veterinary medicine over the past two decades. Despite this fact, it remains an enigmatic disease in many ways. The causative bacteria,Bartonellaspp, are transmitted to cats by fleas and thus the prevalence in cat populations, particularly in temperate climates, is high. Most cats, whether infected naturally or experimentally, remain asymptomatic. Thus, correlating the presence of the organism to clinical disease, including uveitis, in cats has been difficult. This review summarizes what is known of the transmission and pathogenesis ofBartonellaspp in cats, the possible role of the organism in feline ocular disease, as well methods of diagnosis and treatment.
Effects of unilateral topical administration of 0.5% tropicamide on anterior segment morphology and intraocular pressure in normal cats and cats with primary congenital glaucoma
Authors: Espinheira Gomes Filipe , Bentley Ellison , Lin Ting‐Li , McLellan Gillian J.
Published: September 2011

Objective  To determine the effects of topical 0.5% tropicamide on anterior segment morphology (ASM) and intraocular pressure (IOP) in normal and glaucomatous cats.

Animals used  Normal cats and cats with inherited primary congenital glaucoma (PCG).

Procedures  Control IOP curves were performed in untreated normal and PCG cats. In the first experiment, tropicamide was applied OD in eight normal and nine PCG cats. IOP and pupillary diameter (PD) were measured at 0, 30, and 60 min, then hourly until 8 h post‐treatment. In a second experiment, six normal and seven PCG cats received tropicamide OD. High‐resolution ultrasound images were obtained at 0, 1, 5, and 10 h post‐treatment to measure ASM changes. IOP and PD were measured OD at 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 9 h.

Results  In untreated normal cats IOP OU decreased throughout the day. In PCG cats IOP OU had wide fluctuations over time. In normal cats IOP response varied in the treated eye but did not change significantly in untreated eyes. IOP significantly increased from baseline in both eyes of all treated PCG cats. Increases in IOP were associated with some ASM changes. Cats with PCG had a significantly smaller angle recess areas, diminished ciliary clefts and decreased iris‐lens contact. ASM changes were not strongly correlated with IOP in all cats.

Conclusions  The ASM of PCG cats is markedly different from normal cats, and clinically significant increases in IOP OU occur in cats with PCG after tropicamide treatment. The mechanism for this increase remains unclear.
Pills and pints: Risky drinking and alcohol‐related harms among regular ecstasy users in Australia
Authors: KINNER STUART A. , GEORGE JESSICA , JOHNSTON JENNIFER , DUNN MATTHEW , DEGENHARDT LOUISA
Published: September 2011

Introduction and Aims. A significant proportion of young Australians engage in risky alcohol consumption, and an increasing minority are regular ecstasy (3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine) users. Risky alcohol use, alone or in combination with ecstasy, is associated with a range of acute and chronic health risks. The aim of this study was to document the incidence and some health‐related correlates of alcohol use, and concurrent alcohol and ecstasy use, among a large, national sample of regular ecstasy users (REU) in Australia.

Design and Methods. National, cross‐sectional surveys of REU in Australia 2003–2008. Among REU in 2008 (n = 678) usual alcohol use, psychological distress and health‐related quality of life were measured using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale and Short Form‐8 Survey respectively.

Results. Among REU in 2008, 36% reported high‐risk patterns of usual alcohol consumption, 62% reported usually consuming more than five standard drinks with ecstasy, and 24% reported currently experiencing high or very high levels of psychological distress. Controlling for age and education, high‐risk drinking among REU was associated with higher levels of psychological distress and poorer health‐related functioning; however, the associations between concurrent alcohol and ecstasy use, and health outcomes, were not significant (P > 0.05).

Discussion and Conclusions. A large and increasing proportion of REU in Australia engage in high‐risk patterns of alcohol consumption, including in combination with ecstasy. High‐risk alcohol consumption among this group is associated with adverse health‐related outcomes. Prevention and harm reduction interventions for REU should incorporate messages about the risks associated with alcohol use. There is an ongoing need for youth‐specific, coordinated alcohol and other drug and mental health services.[Kinner SA, George J, Johnston J, Dunn M, Degenhardt L. Pills and pints: Risky drinking and alcohol‐related harms among regular ecstasy users in Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:273–280]
Social Value Orientation and Climate Strength as Moderators of the Impact of Work Group Cooperative Climate on Affective Commitment
Authors: Bogaert Sandy , Boone Christophe , van Witteloostuijn Arjen
Published: September 2011

abstract

We investigate the moderating role of an individual's social value orientation (which refers to self‐ versus other‐regarding preferences) and of climate strength (which refers to the extent of agreement among group members on group norms and values) on the relationship between work group cooperative climate and affective commitment among professional employees. We develop two plausible but opposite hypotheses on the moderation effect of social value orientation, one based on the behavioural assimilation assumption and the other on goal transformation theory. We argue that the work group's climate strength is an important contingency factor that affects which of both contradictory predictions holds. In a sample of 209 academic employees of a Belgian university, we find support for our arguments. Specifically, a cooperative climate enhances the affective commitment of employees with a prosocial value orientation (as predicted by the behavioural assimilation argument) but only when there is strong consensus among group members about the group's climate (high climate strength). Conversely, for those whose social value orientation is towards the self rather than others, a cooperative climate enhances affective commitment (consistent with goal transformation theory), especially when the climate is not agreed upon (low climate strength). These findings underscore recent claims that the predictive power of different theories in organizational behaviour depends on an individual's motives and values. We discuss the implications of our findings for the management of work groups consisting of employees with different social value orientations.
The Mother Benefactress and the Sacred Battalion: Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna, the Editing Commission, and the Emancipation of the Serfs
Authors: O'ROURKE SHANE
Published: September 2011

This article argues that Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna made a decisive contribution to the Emancipation of the Serfs through the political battles she waged from 1855 to 1861. Using her position as a Grand Duchess, her salon and her relationship with her nephew Alexander II, Elena was able to provide support and guidance for Alexander's desire for emancipation and for those who wished for real as a opposed to a nominal emancipation of the serfs. Elena's contribution has gone largely unnoticed because the gendered conception of politics in imperial Russia had no place for a woman. That ideology, however, did not reflect the complete reality of politics in imperial Russia which revolved around the person of the emperor both in his capacity as an autocrat and as a man in the centre of a network of personal relationships of which royal women were an important, but unacknowledged, part. Elena's position close to the throne, her exception skills and abilities, and her desire to help the process of emancipation allowed her to take an active part in that fight. She provided an organizing centre for all those on the Editing Commission who shared her view, was able to arrange access for them to the emperor in a context in which he willingly engaged with them on the emancipation, and finally she used her own growing influence over Alexander to ensure his continued support for the Commission and its work. This article in reconstructing Elena's role in the political sphere gives due recognition to her unjustly neglected contribution to the emancipation and broadens our understanding of politics in imperial Russia.
Clinical applicability of Quantiferon‐TB‐Gold testing in psoriasis patients during long‐term anti‐TNF‐alpha treatment: a prospective, observational study
Authors: Garcovich S. , Ruggeri A. , D’Agostino M. , Ardito F. , De Simone C. , Delogu G. , Fadda G.
Published: September 2011

Background  Psoriasis patients who are treated with tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐alpha antagonists are at increased risk of reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and should be adequately screened and monitored during active treatment.

Objectives  To evaluate in a prospective study, the performance of Quantiferon‐TB‐Gold in tube (QFT) in vitro assay compared to the conventional tuberculin skin test (TST) in detecting LTBI among a cohort of non‐BCG‐vaccinated patients with moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis during long‐term treatment (12 months) with TNF‐alpha antagonists.

Methods  A total of 50 patients underwent QFT and TST testing at baseline and after 6 and 12 months of continuous anti‐TNF‐alpha treatment. Diagnosis of LTBI was made on the basis of a positive QFT result and negative chest‐radiographic and microbiological assays. Patients with LTBI were subjected to standard isoniazid chemoprophylaxis and after 1 month, they resumed anti‐TNF‐alpha treatment with subsequent QFT and TST testing after 6 months. In all the cases, a follow‐up period of 12 months was observed.

Results  During the 12‐month‐study period, 14% of patients presented a QFT conversion. During active anti‐TNF‐alpha treatment, a QFT conversion was observed in 10% of patients (five cases). Agreement between QFT and TST was moderate (κ = 0.408) at screening, good (κ = 0.734) after 6 months and fair (κ = 0.328) after 12 months of treatment. A total of 18% of patients presented a positive, discordant TST during the study period.

Conclusions  A single‐test QFT‐based screening strategy for LTBI in psoriasis patients receiving long‐term anti‐TNF‐alpha treatment could reduce the incidence of false‐positive LTBI cases, preventing unnecessary TB chemoprophylaxis.
Separation anxiety disorder in children: disorder‐specific responses to experimental separation from the mother
Authors: Kossowsky Joe , Wilhelm Frank H. , Roth Walton T. , Schneider Silvia
Published: September 2011

Background:  Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is one of the most common anxiety disorders in childhood and is predictive of adult anxiety disorders, especially panic disorder. However, the disorder has seldom been studied and the attempt to distinguish SAD from other anxiety disorders with regard to psychophysiology has not been made. We expected exaggerated anxiety as well as sympathetic and respiratory reactivity in SAD during separation from the mother.

Method:  Participants were 49 children with a principal diagnosis of SAD, 21 clinical controls (CC) with a principal diagnosis of anxiety disorder other than SAD, and 39 healthy controls (HC) not meeting criteria for any current diagnosis. Analyses of covariance controlling for age were used to assess sympathetic and parasympathetic activation (preejection period and respiratory sinus arrhythmia) as well as cardiovascular (heart rate, mean arterial pressure, total peripheral resistance), respiratory (total breath time, minute ventilation, tidal volume, end‐tidal CO2, respiratory variability), electrodermal, and self‐report (anxiety, cognitions, symptoms) variables during baseline, 4‐min separation from, and reunion with the mother.

Results:  Children with a diagnosis of SAD were characterized by elevated self‐reported anxiety responses to separation and increased sympathetic reactivity compared with CC and HC groups. The SAD group also displayed greater vagal withdrawal and higher reactivity in multiple cardiovascular, respiratory, and electrodermal measures compared with the HC group, while corresponding responses were less in the CC group and not significantly different from the other groups.

Conclusions:  Separation from the mother elicits greater autonomic, respiratory, and experiential responses in children with SAD. Our findings based on brief experimental separation demonstrate differential subjective and physiological manifestations of specific anxiety diagnoses, thus supporting the validity of the diagnostic category of SAD.
Pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) stimulates the expression and the release of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in neuronal cells: involvement of tPA in the neuroprotective effect of PACAP
Authors: Raoult Emilie , Roussel Benoît Denis , Bénard Magalie , Lefebvre Thomas , Ravni Aurélia , Ali Carine , Vivien Denis , Komuro Hitoshi , Fournier Alain , Vaudry Hubert , Vaudry David , Galas Ludovic
Published: September 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 119, 920–931.

Pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) play important roles in neuronal migration and survival. However, a direct link between the neurotrophic effects of PACAP and tPA has never been investigated. In this study, we show that, in PC12 cells, PACAP induced a 9.85‐fold increase in tPA gene expression through activation of the protein kinase A‐ and protein kinase C‐dependent signaling pathways. In immature cerebellar granule neurons (CGN), PACAP stimulated tPA mRNA expression and release of proteolytically active tPA. Immunocytochemical labeling revealed the presence of tPA in the cytoplasm and processes of cultured CGN. The inhibitory effect of PACAP on CGN motility was not affected by the tPA substrate plasminogen or the tPA inhibitor plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1. In contrast, plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 significantly reduced the stimulatory effect of PACAP on CGN survival. Altogether, these data indicate that tPA gene expression is activated by PACAP in both tumoral and normal neuronal cells. The present study also demonstrates that PACAP stimulates the release of tPA which promotes CGN survival by a mechanism dependent of its proteolytic activity.
Observational Study of Need for Thrombolytic Therapy and Incidence of Bacteremia using Taurolidine‐Citrate‐Heparin, Taurolidine‐Citrate and Heparin Catheter Locks in Patients Treated with Hemodialysis
Authors: Solomon Laurie R. , Cheesbrough John S. , Bhargava Ramya , Mitsides Nicos , Heap Michael , Green Gerwyn , Diggle Peter
Published: September 2011

Catheter‐related blood stream infections may be reduced by interdialytic locking with Taurolidine, a nontoxic antimicrobial agent. A formulation of 1.35% Taurolidine in 4% citrate (TC) is associated with a greater need for thrombolysis to maintain catheter patency than 5000 U/ml heparin. Our aim was to determine whether addition of 500 Units/ml of heparin to TC reduces the need for thrombolysis. TCH (1.35% taurolidine, 4% citrate and 500 U/ml heparin) was compared to TC and Heparin 5000 U/ml using retrospective data. Hundred and six adult hemodialysis patients with internal jugular tunnelled intravascular catheters using TCH were compared with 34 patients using TC and 34 patients using heparin 5000 U/ml respectively. Outcomes were time to first use of thrombolysis and bacteremia rates.TCH reduced the need for thrombolysis compared to TC (hazard ratio, 0.2; 95%CI: 0.06, 0.5; p < 0.001) and was not significantly different from heparin 5000 U/ml (hazard ratio, 1.4; 95%CI: 0.5, 3.9; p = 0.5). The bacteremia rates from all causes were 1.33, 1.22 and 3.25 per 1000 catheter‐ days (p < 0.001) in the TCH, TC and heparin groups respectively. Addition of 500 U/ml heparin to TC reduces the need for thrombolysis without increasing bacteremia and may achieve patency comparable to heparin 5000 U/ml.
Feminist Engagement with Evolutionary Psychology
Authors: Fehr Carla
Published: September 2011

In this paper, I ask feminist philosophers and science studies scholars to consider the goals of developing critical analyses of evolutionary psychology. These goals can include development of scholarship in feminist philosophy and science studies, mediation of the uptake of evolutionary psychology by other academic and lay communities, and improvement of the practices and products of evolutionary psychology itself. I evaluate ways that some practices of feminist philosophy and science studies facilitate or hinder meeting these goals, and consider the merits of critical engagement with some of the scientists themselves. Finally, I describe a community of feminist evolutionary psychologists with whom it might be both fruitful and interesting to engage, and identify ways that these interactions may benefit the science and the study of the science.
Comparison of the Effects of Two Screw Insertion Patterns on Bone Fragment Translocation in a 3.5 mm Dynamic Compression Plate and a 3.5 mm Limited‐Contact Dynamic Compression Plate
Authors: Csiszer Amie B. , Daly Curt M. , Dyce Jonathan , Litsky Alan S. , Olmstead Marvin L.
Published: September 2011

Objective

To compare the effects of screw insertion pattern, plate type, application of bone reduction forceps, and additional load screw insertion in an 8‐hole 3.5 mm dynamic compression plate (DCP) and limited‐contact dynamic compression plate (LC‐DCP) on bone fragment translocation (BFT) in a fracture gap model.

Study Design

In vitro mechanical study.

Methods

Two screw insertion patterns were tested in the DCP and newly redesigned LC‐DCP using gap model synthetic bone constructs. In Pattern 1, screws were first inserted into the holes at each end of the plate, then screws were inserted into the holes adjacent to the fracture gap. In Pattern 2, screws were only inserted into the holes adjacent to the fracture gap. The effects of tight or loose bone forceps securing the plate, loosening a neutral screw in Pattern 1, and inserting up to 4 additional load screws with each pattern were tested. Changes in the fracture gap were measured after insertion of all neutral screws and after each load screw.

Results

Pattern 2 BFT was significantly greater than Pattern 1 BFT when bone forceps were loose with both plates (P < .001). In the DCP, the BFT was significantly increased by loosening the bone forceps with Pattern 2 (P < .001) and by loosening 1 neutral screw in Pattern 1 (P < .001). The BFT for each additional load screw inserted was significantly less than 1.0 mm.

Conclusions

A tight neutral screw in the same bone fragment as the load screw or bone clamps that tightly secure the plate to the bone can limit BFT.
Surface Energy of Sol Gel‐Derived Silicon Oxycarbide Glasses
Authors: Tamayo Aitana , Peña‐Alonso Raquel , Rubio Juan , Raj Rishi , Sorarù Gian D. , Oteo Jose L.
Published: September 2011

The surface properties of differentSiOCglasses before and afterHFetching have been analyzed by means of nitrogen adsorption and inverse gas chromatography (IGC) at infinite dilution.Raman andDrift spectroscopies have been also used for structural characterization. The dispersive surface energy (γsd), acid–base (kA/kB) character and nanorugosity index (IM) have been compared with those found for vitreous silica (VS) glass. The γsdvalue of theSiOCglass is higher thanVS(γsd = 58.8 mJ·m−2) and decreases from 151.02 to 104.39 mJ·m−2with the increase of the carbon content.Raman spectroscopy corroborates the previous results in which the higher ordered graphite is attributed to the higher dispersive surface energy. AfterHFetching the γsdvalues of theSiOCglasses increase up to 200 mJ·m−2, being these results in accordance with the elimination of silica phase and therefore the presence of a high concentration of carbon mainly as ordered graphite.Raman andDrift spectroscopies suggest thatHFetching not only removes silica but poorly ordered graphite and probablyβ‐SiCnanocrystals as well. The acid–base properties, i.e., thekA/kBratio, of the analyzedSiOCglasses are very close to those ofVSor natural graphites, depending on their free carbon content. In general the acid constant is higher than the base even afterHFetching, indicating that the free carbon phase contains surface active acidic groups. Finally, the surface nanorugosity of theSiOCglasses has been found to be dependent also on the graphite order. ForVSthe surface is completely smooth (IM = −0.76), and for theSiOCglasses having highly ordered graphite the nanorugosity is similar to graphite‐like materials (IMvalues between −11 and −13), reaching an average value close toIM = −6.35 in the case of poorly ordered graphite carbon.
Bite Marks: Physical Properties of Ring Adhesion to Skin—Phase 2*
Authors: Desranleau Sylvain , Dorion Robert B. J.
Published: September 2011

Abstract:  Bite Marks: This study demonstrated that surface wetness was the most influential factor affecting ring adhesion to skin. Also, chemical depilatories and shaving creams were to be avoided when cleaning the skin. The second phase of this research examines the tensile stress needed to rupture the bond between TAK® hydroplastic, three new cyanoacrylates, and pigskin with particular consideration for temperature variations. This study also considers solubility issues of different cyanoacrylates in 10% formalin. Finally, the Dorion Type V bitemark excision technique could significantly reduce the risks of tissue distortion when used in conjunction with the following methods and materials. The skin should be devoid of moisture, razor shaved, and cleaned with dishwashing detergent and 98.9% ethanol while avoiding the use of shaving creams and/or chemical depilatories where ring placement is anticipated. The use of unopened cyanoacrylate is encouraged with Permabond® as the cyanoacrylate of choice.
Longitudinal MRI study of cortical thickness, perfusion, and metabolite levels in major depressive disorder
Authors: Järnum Hanna , Eskildsen Simon F. , Steffensen Elena G. , Lundbye‐Christensen Søren , Simonsen Carsten W. , Thomsen Ib S. , Fründ Ernst‐Torben , Théberge Jean , Larsson Elna‐Marie
Published: September 2011

Järnum H, Eskildsen SF, Steffensen EG, Lundbye‐Christensen S, Simonsen CW, Thomsen IS, Fründ E‐T, Théberge J, Larsson E‐M. Longitudinal MRI study of cortical thickness, perfusion, and metabolite levels in major depressive disorder.

Objective:  To determine whether patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) display morphologic, functional, and metabolic brain abnormalities in limbic‐cortical regions at a baseline magnetic resonance (MR) scan and whether these changes are normalized in MDD patients in remission at a follow‐up scan.

Method:  A longitudinal 3.0‐Tesla (T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study was carried out with cortical thickness measurements with a surface‐based approach, perfusion measurements with three‐dimensional (3D) pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL), and spectroscopy (1H‐MRS) measurements in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) with water as an internal reference adjusted for cerebrospinal fluid content. We examined 23 MDD patients and 26 healthy controls. MDD patients underwent a baseline MRI at inclusion and were invited to a follow‐up scan when they were in remission or after a 6‐month follow‐up period.

Results:  Major findings were a significantly thinner posterior cingulate cortex in non‐remitters than in remitters, a significant decrease in perfusion in the frontal lobes and the ACC in non‐remitters compared with healthy controls at baseline and significantly reduced N‐acetylaspartate, myo‐inositol, and glutamate levels in MDD patients compared with healthy controls at baseline.

Conclusion:  Using novel MRI techniques, we have found abnormalities in cerebral regions related to cortical‐limbic pathways in MDD patients.