bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
α‐synuclein pathology accumulates in sacral spinal visceral sensory pathways
Authors: VanderHorst Veronique G. , Samardzic Tamara , Saper Clifford B. , Anderson Matthew P. , Nag Sukriti , Schneider Julie A. , Bennett David A. , Buchman Aron S.
Published: April 2015

Urinary urgency and frequency are common in α‐synucleinopathies such as Parkinson disease, Lewy body dementia, and multiple system atrophy. These symptoms cannot be managed with dopamine therapy, and their underlying pathophysiology is unclear. We show that in individuals with Parkinson disease, Lewy body dementia, or multiple system atrophy, α‐synuclein pathology accumulates in the lateral collateral pathway, a region of the sacral spinal dorsal horn important for the relay of pelvic visceral afferents. Deposition of α‐synuclein in this region may contribute to impaired micturition and/or constipation in Parkinson disease and other α‐synucleinopathies. Ann Neurol 2015;78:142–149
Non‐Brownian Particle‐Based Materials with Microscale and Nanoscale Hierarchy
Authors: Lash Melissa H. , Jordan Jahnelle C. , Blevins Laura C. , Fedorchak Morgan V. , Little Steven R. , McCarthy Joseph J.
Published: April 2015

Colloidal crystals are interesting materials owing to their customizable photonic properties, high surface area, and analogy to chemical structures. The flexibility of these materials has been greatly enhanced through mixing particles with varying sizes, compositions, and surface charges. In this way, distinctive patterns or analogies to chemical stoichiometries are produced; however, to date, this body of research is limited to particles with nanoscale dimensions. A simple method is now presented for bottom‐up assembly of non‐Brownian particle mixtures to create a new class of hierarchically‐ordered materials that mimic those found in nature (both in pore distribution as well as stoichiometry). Additionally, these crystals serve as a template to create particle‐based inverted crystalline structures with customizable properties.
Star/Linear Polymer Topology Transformation Facilitated by Mechanical Linking of Polymer Chains
Authors: Aoki Daisuke , Uchida Satoshi , Takata Toshikazu
Published: April 2015

Topology transformation of a star polymer to a linear polymer is demonstrated for the first time. A three‐armed star polymer possessing a mechanical linking of two polymer chains was synthesized by the living ring‐opening polymerization of δ‐valerolactone initiated by a pseudo[2]rotaxane having three hydroxy groups as the initiator sites on the wheel component and at both axle termini. The polymerization was followed by the propagation end‐capping reaction with a bulky isocyanate not only to prevent the wheel component deslippage but also to introduce the urethane moiety at the axle terminal. The resulting rotaxane‐linked star polymer with a fixed rotaxane linkage based on the ammonium/crown ether interaction was subjected to N‐acetylation of the ammonium moiety, which liberated the components from the interaction to move the wheel component to the urethane terminal as the interaction site, eventually affording the linear polymer. The physical property change caused by the present topology transformation was confirmed by the hydrodynamic volume and viscosity.
Hydroxy‐Directed, Fluoride‐Catalyzed Epoxide Hydrosilylation for the Synthesis of 1,4‐Diols
Authors: Zhang Yong‐Qiang , Funken Nico , Winterscheid Peter , Gansäuer Andreas
Published: April 2015

A novel highly regioselective, fluoride‐catalyzed hydrosilylation of β‐hydroxy epoxides has been developed. The reaction is modular and applicable to the synthesis of a broad range of 1,4‐diols. Fluoride is crucial for two reasons: First, it promotes the formation of a silyl ether (which contains a Si‐H bond) and, second, it enables ring opening by an intramolecular SN2 reaction through activation of the silane. The reaction can be performed under air.
Terminal rise velocity, size distribution and stability of microbubble suspension
Authors: Parmar Rajeev , Majumder Subrata Kumar
Published: April 2015

Dispersed bubbly flow plays an imperative role in the chemical, biochemical and food industries. In the present work, the physics of liquid and gas properties on motion of microbubble in various liquid media was enunciated. The size of microbubble and the distribution of microbubbles generated by the pressurised dissolution method in different liquid media is also examined. Experimental result shows that the terminal rise velocity of microbubble is significantly affected by liquid and gas properties. The stability of microbubble dispersion is analysed by the drainage mechanism. The stability of microbubble dispersions is also examined by using its electrical properties. Correlations are also developed to interpret the bubble size, half‐life and drainage mechanism of microbubble. The present study may be useful for further understanding microbubble aided processes and developing them for industrial applications. © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How does model development affect climate projections?
Authors: Ylhäisi Jussi S. , Räisänen Jouni , Masson David , Räty Olle , Järvinen Heikki
Published: April 2015

We apply analysis of variance to assess the effect of climate model development on temperature, precipitation and sea level pressure projections using three consecutive climate model generations provided by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. The introduction of a new model version mostly randomly affects individual model projections, but models also show some generation‐independent characteristics which can potentially serve a basis for model weighting. Mean values of temperature and pressure change differ significantly between the model generations only over limited regions, mainly near the sea‐ice edge. If multi‐model ensembles are uniformly weighted, the efforts of model development are not completely exploited.
Comparisons in the mean residual life order of coherent systems with identically distributed components
Authors: Navarro Jorge , Gomis M. Carmen
Published: April 2015

The comparisons of the performance of coherent systems (under different stochastic criteria) is an important task in the reliability theory. Several results have been obtained in the literature for the stochastic, hazard rate and likelihood ratio orders. In this paper, we obtain comparison results for the mean residual life order of coherent systems with identically distributed (ID) component lifetimes. These results can be applied not only to the usual case of systems with independent and identically distributed components but also to the case of systems with exchangeable components and to the more general case of just ID components. The results obtained are based on the representation of the system distribution as a distorted distribution of the common components' distribution. Some specific comparison results are given to illustrate the theoretical results. The comparison results for distorted distributions given here can also be applied to other statistical concepts such as order statistics, generalized order statistics or record values. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study of the kinematics of unusually H I‐rich galaxies
Authors: den Heijer M. , Jözsa G. I. G. , Kerp J. , Serra P. , van der Hulst Th. , Kauffmann G. , Wang J. , Bigiel F. , Brinchmann J. , Carton D. , Cormier D. , Huang M.‐L.
Published: April 2015

We examine the H I kinematics of the “Bluedisk” ensemble of 48 galaxies selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and observed in H I with the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope. The sample consists of 25 galaxies with a high H I mass fraction and a comparatively large control sample comprising 23 galaxies of comparable stellar mass, stellar mass surface density, redshift, and inclination. By studying the H I velocity fields of these galaxies, we investigate whether there are signatures of ongoing gas accretion: i.e. global asymmetries and indications for warping and kinematical lopsidedness. We find no enhanced kinematical asymmetries between the H I‐rich sample and the control sample galaxies, indicating no significant difference in kinematical signatures such as warping and lopsidedness. Furthermore, we find no difference in position angle and systemic velocity offset with respect to the optical between both sub‐samples. We therefore do not find compelling evidence for enhanced global asymmetry of the H I‐excess galaxies ensemble properties in comparison to the control sample galaxies. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Micellar effect on the photophysics of heteroleptic ruthenium(II)–phenanthrolinedisulfonato complexes
Authors: Sangiliapillai Ramanathan , Arumugam Ramdass , Eswaran Rajkumar , Seenivasan Rajagopal
Published: April 2015

Luminescent heteroleptic ruthenium(II) complexes of type RuLnX3–n [L = 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen), X = 4,7 diphenyl phenanthroline disulfonate, (dpsphen) n = 0,1,2,3] were synthesized and their photophysical properties investigated in homogeneous and cationic (CTAB), anionic (SDS) and nonionic (Triton X‐100) micelles. The luminescent quantum yield and lifetime of the complexes were found to increase in the presence of micellar media and on the introduction of a disulfonate ligand into the coordination sphere. Both electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions play an important role in the micellar media. Thus, by changing the nature of the ligands and the medium, we were able to tune the photophysical properties of Ru(II) complexes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recognition and Excision Properties of 8‐Halogenated‐7‐Deaza‐2′‐Deoxyguanosine as 8‐Oxo‐2′‐Deoxyguanosine Analogues and Fpg and hOGG1 Inhibitors
Authors: Yin Yizhen , Sasaki Shigeki , Taniguchi Yosuke
Published: April 2015

Cellular DNA continuously suffers various types of damage, and unrepaired damage increases disease progression risk. 8‐Oxo‐2′‐deoxyguanine (8‐oxo‐dG) is excised by repair enzymes, and their analogues are of interest as inhibitors and as bioprobes for study of these enzymes. We have developed 8‐halogenated‐7‐deaza‐2′‐deoxyguanosine derivatives that resemble 8‐oxo‐dG in that they adopt the syn conformation. In this study, we investigated their effects on Fpg (formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase) and hOGG1 (human 8‐oxoguanine DNA N‐glycosylase 1). Relative to 8‐oxo‐dG, Cl‐ and Br‐deaza‐dG were good substrates for Fpg, whereas they were less efficient substrates for hOGG1. Kinetics and binding experiments indicated that, although hOGG1 effectively binds Cl‐ and Br‐deaza‐dG analogues with low Km values, their lower kcat values result in low glycosylase activities. The benefits of the high binding affinities and low reactivities of 8‐oxo‐dG analogues with hOGG1 have been successfully applied to the competitive inhibition of the excision of 8‐oxoguanine from duplex DNA by hOGG1.
Glucose Electrooxidation in Bimetallic Suspensions of Nanoparticles in Alkaline Media
Authors: Dolinska Joanna , Kannan Palanisamy , Sobczak Janusz W. , Opallo Marcin
Published: April 2015

Glucose electrooxidation at a glassy carbon rotating disk electrode in an alkaline bimetallic suspension of Au and Pt nanoparticles is studied. The voltammetric current density is approximately fourfold larger than measured for Pt nanoparticles in suspension and three orders of magnitude larger than observed for a suspension of Au nanoparticles. The features of these voltammograms are classically different from voltammograms obtained for suspensions of Au or Pt nanoparticles under the same conditions. The most significant voltammetric signal arises mainly from the electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose at nanoparticles adsorbed on the glassy carbon electrode.
Reversible Lysine Modification on Proteins by Using Functionalized Boronic Acids
Authors: Cal Pedro M. S. D. , Frade Raquel F. M. , Cordeiro Carlos , Gois Pedro M. P.
Published: April 2015

Iminoboronates have been utilized to successfully install azide and alkyne bioorthogonal functions on proteins, which may then be further reacted with their bioorthogonal counterparts. These constructs were also used to add polyethylene glycol (PEG) to insulin, a modification which has been shown to be reversible in the presence of fructose. Finally, iminoboronates were used to assemble a folic acid/paclitaxel small‐molecule/drug conjugate in situ with an IC50 value of 20.7 nM against NCI‐H460 cancer cells and negligible cytotoxicity against the CRL‐1502 noncancer cells.
Sensing of Double‐Stranded DNA/RNA Secondary Structures by Water Soluble Homochiral Perylene Bisimide Dyes
Authors: Gershberg Jana , Radić Stojković Marijana , Škugor Marko , Tomić Sanja , Rehm Thomas H. , Rehm Stefanie , Saha‐Möller Chantu R. , Piantanida Ivo , Würthner Frank
Published: April 2015

A broad series of homochiral perylene bisimide (PBI) dyes were synthesized that are appended with amino acids and cationic side chains at the imide positions. Self‐assembly behavior of these ionic PBIs has been studied in aqueous media by UV/Vis spectroscopy, revealing formation of excitonically coupled H‐type aggregates. The interactions of these ionic PBIs with different ds‐DNA and ds‐RNA have been explored by thermal denaturation, fluorimetric titration and circular dichroism (CD) experiments. These PBIs strongly stabilized ds‐DNA/RNA against thermal denaturation as revealed by high melting temperatures of the formed PBI/polynucleotide complexes. Fluorimetric titrations showed that these PBIs bind to ds‐DNA/RNA with high binding constants depending on the number of the positive charges in the side chains. Thus, spermine‐containing PBIs with six positive charges each showed higher binding constants (logKs=9.2–9.8) than their dioxa analogues (logKs=6.5–7.9) having two positive charges each. Induced circular dichroism (ICD) of PBI assemblies created within DNA/RNA grooves was observed. These ICD profiles are strongly dependent on the steric demand of the chiral substituents of the amino acid units and the secondary structure of the DNA or RNA. The observed ICD effects can be explained by non‐covalent binding of excitonically coupled PBI dimer aggregates into the minor groove of DNA and major groove of RNA which is further supported by molecular modeling studies.
Explosive Decomposition of a Melamine–Cyanuric Acid Supramolecular Assembly for Fabricating Defect‐Rich Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Nanotubes with Significantly Promoted Catalysis
Authors: Zhao Zhongkui , Dai Yitao , Ge Guifang , Wang Guiru
Published: April 2015

A facile and scalable approach for fabricating structural defect‐rich nitrogen‐doped carbon nanotubes (MCSA‐CNTs) through explosive decomposition of melamine–cyanuric acid supramolecular assembly is presented. In comparison to pristine carbon nanotubes, MCSA‐CNT exhibits significantly enhanced catalytic performance in oxidant‐ and steam‐free direct dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene, demonstrating the potential for metal‐free clean and energy‐saving styrene production. This finding also opens a new horizon for preparing highly‐efficient carbocatalysts rich in structural defect sites for diverse transformations.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Domino CH/NH Functionalization: An Efficient Approach to Nitrogen‐Bridged Heteroacenes
Authors: Kamimoto Natsuyo , Schollmeyer Dieter , Mitsudo Koichi , Suga Seiji , Waldvogel Siegfried R.
Published: April 2015

Palladium‐catalyzed domino CH/NH functionalization for the synthesis of novel nitrogen‐bridged thienoacenes and 10H‐benzo[4,5]thieno[3,2‐b]indole derivatives from dihaloarene is reported. This domino sequence consists of initial CH functionalization of the benzo[b]thiophene moiety, followed by Buchwald–Hartwig coupling. This transformation is also useful for the synthesis of highly π‐extended compounds.
Polymorphism in New Thienothiophene–Thiazolothiazole Organic Semiconductors
Authors: Schneider Julia A. , Black Hayden T. , Lin Hua‐Ping , Perepichka Dmitrii F.
Published: April 2015

The front cover artwork is provided by J. A. Schneider from D. Perepichka’s group (McGill University). The image shows two packing motifs of the same organic semiconductor, which either hinder or facilitate charge transport. In the foreground the crystal polymorphs and a single crystal field‐effect transistor are pictured. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/cphc.201500066.
5‐day program helps students with disabilities transition to college more smoothly
Authors: Gomez Cynthia
Published: April 2015

In addition to living away from their parents or guardians for the first time, having to make new friends, and navigating an unfamiliar institution and processes, new college students with disabilities also must seek out the support services they need to succeed, even if they've never before had to advocate for themselves. It can be a frustrating and isolating experience that sets students up for failure.
Use social media to widen your office's reach
Authors: Gomez Cynthia
Published: April 2015

Emily Shryock, the assistant director of services for students with disabilities at the University of Texas at Austin, has used social media extensively to conduct outreach for her office and create greater awareness on campus about how it helps students with disabilities.
Evaluate mandatory medical leave policies in light of Quinnipiac settlement
Authors: Gomez Cynthia
Published: April 2015

A recent settlement between Quinnipiac University and a former student who was forced to take medical leave after seeking treatment for her depression offers critical lessons for colleges and universities with mandatory leave policies. Evaluating your own medical leave policies in light of this settlement could keep your own institution out of court.
Trends in the incidence of diabetes, its clinical sequelae, and associated costs in pregnancy
Authors: Jovanovič Lois , Liang Yuanjie , Weng Wayne , Hamilton Marianthe , Chen Lisa , Wintfeld Neil
Published: April 2015

Background

Increasing diabetes prevalence affects a substantial number of pregnant women in the United States. Our aims were to evaluate health outcomes, medical costs, risks and types of complications associated with diabetes in pregnancy for mothers and newborns.

Methods

In this retrospective claims analysis, patients were identified from the Truven Health MarketScan® database (2004–2011 inclusive). Participants were aged 18–45 years, with ascertainable diabetes status [Yes/No], date of birth event >2005 and continuous health plan enrolment ≥21 months before and 3 months after the birth.

Results

In total, 839 792 pregnancies were identified, and 66 041 (7.86%) were associated with diabetes mellitus [type 1 (T1DM), 0.13%; type 2 (T2DM), 1.21%; gestational (GDM), 6.29%; and GDM progressing to T2DM (patients without prior diabetes who had a T2DM diagnosis after the birth event), 0.23%]. Relative risk (RR) of stillbirth (2.51), miscarriage (1.28) and Caesarean section (C‐section) (1.77) was significantly greater with T2DM versus non‐diabetes. Risk of C‐section was also significantly greater for other diabetes types [RR 1.92 (T1DM); 1.37 (GDM); 1.63 (GDM progressing to T2DM)]. Risk of overall major congenital (RR ≥ 1.17), major congenital circulatory (RR ≥ 1.19) or major congenital heart (RR ≥ 1.18) complications was greater in newborns of mothers with diabetes versus without. Mothers with T2DM had significantly higher risk (RR ≥ 1.36) of anaemia, depression, hypertension, infection, migraine, or cardiac, obstetrical or respiratory complications than non‐diabetes patients. Mean medical costs were higher with all diabetes types, particularly T1DM ($27 531), than non‐diabetes ($14 355).

Conclusions

Complications and costs of healthcare were greater with diabetes, highlighting the need to optimize diabetes management in pregnancy. © 2015 The Authors. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrogen Bond Controlled Anti‐Aza‐Michael Addition: Diastereoselective Synthesis of Cyclobutene‐Containing Amino Acid Derivatives
Authors: Tejedor David , Méndez‐Abt Gabriela , González‐Platas Javier , Fernández Israel , García‐Tellado Fernando
Published: April 2015

The chemical reactivity encoded in a highly substituted cyclobutane platform, which contains the (E,E)‐dimethyl 2,2′‐(cyclobutane‐1,2‐diylidene)diacetate structural motif, has been explored. The cyclobutane platform features a C2 axis of symmetry as well as a dense and interconnected ring functionalization pattern that is defined by two allylic/benzylic stereogenic oxygen‐containing quaternary centers with a 1,2‐trans configuration and two exocyclic acrylate chains. The reactivity profile of the cyclobutane platform is defined by two important kinetic barriers (steric strain and antiaromaticity) and two structure‐biased chemical processes: (1) the thermally‐driven [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement between one of the two equivalent aryloates and the corresponding allylic acrylate chain and (2) the allylic nucleophilic substitution (SN2′ reaction) that involves a tertiary aryloate and its exocyclic double bond (anti‐Michael addition). The reaction of platform 3a with secondary amines delivered the corresponding cyclobutene amino acid derivatives 15a–15f in excellent yields (up to ≥95 %) and high diastereoselectivities (up to 99:1). Computational studies are described to rationalize the observed diastereoselectivity.
Preparation and Crystal Structure of the 1,3‐alternate Atropisomer of a Calix[4]radialene
Authors: Itzhak Norbert , Biali Silvio E.
Published: April 2015

Alkylation of the tetrahydroxy‐tetraoxocalix[4]arene 5 with n‐butyl bromide proceeds in a stereoselective fashion and affords exclusively a single atropisomer of the tetraoxocalix[4]arene tetrabutyl ether derivative. Reaction with MeLi followed by fourfold acid‐catalyzed elimination of water affords the rigid calix[4]radialene 8. The crystal structure of 8 corroborated the proposed calixradialene structure and indicated an 1,3‐alternate arrangement of the rings.
Separators for Lithium‐Ion Batteries: A Review on the Production Processes and Recent Developments
Authors: Deimede Valadoula , Elmasides Costas
Published: April 2015

Recently, much effort has been devoted to the development of battery separators for lithium‐ion batteries for high‐power, high‐energy applications ranging from portable electronics to large‐scale energy storage for power grids. The separator plays a key role in battery construction because it functions as the physical barrier to prevent electronic contact between the two electrodes and at the same time serves as an electrolyte reservoir, facilitating the ionic conduction. The purpose of this Review is to describe the requirements and properties of membrane separators for lithium‐ion batteries, the recent progress on the different types of separators developed, and the manufacturing methods used for their production. Specifically the large‐scale manufacturing processes are highlighted along with the processing parameters that affect their properties. The outlook and future directions regarding the development of advanced separator technologies are also discussed.
Assessment of driving factors for yield and productivity developments in crop and cattle production as key to increasing sustainable biomass potentials
Authors: Gerssen‐Gondelach Sarah , Wicke Birka , Faaij Andre
Published: April 2015

The sustainable production potential of biomass for energy and material purposes largely depends on the future availability of surplus agricultural lands made available through yield improvements in crop and livestock production. However, the rates at which yields may develop, and the influence of technological, economic and institutional factors on these growth rates are key uncertainties in assessing the potentials and impacts of biomass production. This study analyzes the pace and direction of historical yield developments (1961–2010) of five major crops, beef and cow milk in Australia, Brazil, China, India, USA, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, and examines the driving factors behind these developments. In addition, it explores how future yields are modeled and how modeling efforts may be improved. Average yield growth rates over the investigated period ranged in most cases between 0.7–1.6% year−1 for crops, 1.0–1.5% year−1 for milk, and 0.4–0.8% year−1 for beef (relative to 2010). The role of different drivers is region specific. Yet, supporting agricultural policies have played an important role in increasing yields in all countries, especially for crops. In cattle production, a key factor was the importance of commercial beef and milk production for the national or export market. Based on regional differences in drivers and yield developments, models that assess biomass potentials and impacts should take into account regional drivers, yield gaps, and potential policy pathways.
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the Sultanate of Oman
Authors: Abdul‐Wahab Sabah Ahmed , Charabi Yassine , Al‐Rawas Ghazi A. , Al‐Maamari Rashid , Gastli Adel , Chan Keziah
Published: April 2015

Worldwide, many countries are being affected by greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The Sultanate of Oman is no exception. In Oman, both oil‐ and natural‐gas‐related activities have the most important shares of the nation's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Hence, they are expected to be the primary cause of GHG emissions within the country. In this study, the greenhouse carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) released from the fossil fuels (i.e., oil and natural gas) used in the country for energy production purposes was computed by using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reference approach for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. The objective was to develop the CO2 emissions for Oman over the last 40 years starting from year 1972. The obtained results indicated that Oman has a growth in its CO2 GHG emissions. This study is very important and essential, as it will assist Oman to monitor its progress in reducing CO2 emissions. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Clinical significance of melanoma‐associated antigen A1–6 expression in sputum of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and hypopharynx
Authors: Lee Kang Dae , Lee Hyoung Shin , Kim Sung Won , Park Taejung , Hong Jong Chul , Chang Hee Kyung , Jung Sang Bong , Jeon Chang‐Ho , Park Jong Wook
Published: April 2015

Background

Several studies have reported the expression of the melanoma‐associated antigen (MAGE) gene in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In this study, we evaluated the correlations between MAGE expression in sputum and the clinical features and oncologic outcomes of SCC of the larynx and hypopharynx.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of 119 patients treated for SCC of the larynx and hypopharynx and analysis of their induced sputum by nested reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) to detect the MAGE‐A1–6 gene. The associations between MAGE expression and clinical characteristics were analyzed.

Results

Expression of MAGE‐A1–6 in sputum was identified in 57 of 119 patients (47.9%), and was independently correlated to double primary cancer (p = .024; odds ratio [OR] = 4.135). Expression of MAGE‐A1–6 in sputum was correlated to poor survival.

Conclusion

Expression of MAGE‐A1–6 in sputum predicts poor oncologic outcome in patients with SCC of the larynx and hypopharynx. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E736–E740, 2016
Prognostic value of continued smoking on survival and recurrence rates in patients with head and neck cancer: A systematic review
Authors: van Imhoff Lieke C.R. , Kranenburg Gabriëlle G.J. , Macco Sven , Nijman Nicoline L. , van Overbeeke Elisabeth J. , Wegner Inge , Grolman Wilko , Pothen Ajit J.
Published: April 2015

Background

The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the prognostic value of continued smoking after diagnosis on survival and recurrence rates in head and neck cancer.

Methods

A systematic search was performed and predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to screen and select the articles. The remaining articles were critically appraised.

Results

Six articles were used for data extraction. The survival rate of patients who continued to smoke was 21% to 35% lower compared with patients who quit smoking. The recurrence rate for continued smoking was 23% and 30% higher. In 1 study, there was no difference between continuation and cessation of smoking, and 1 study showed a higher recurrence rate for patients who continued to smoke, which was not statistically significant.

Conclusion

There is consistent evidence that survival rates are lower and recurrence rates are higher for patients who continue to smoke after being diagnosed with head and neck cancer. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E2214–E2220, 2016
Immunohistochemical predictors in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and floor of the mouth
Authors: Gontarz Michał , Wyszyńska–Pawelec Grażyna , Zapała Jan , Czopek Jacek , Lazar Agata , Tomaszewska Romana
Published: April 2015

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical usefulness of the immunoexpression of Ki‐67, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2, MMP‐9, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐C, and VEGF‐D in predicting follow‐up treatment in patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the tongue and floor of the mouth (FOM).

Methods

Marker expression was evaluated in surgical specimens taken from 60 patients who underwent surgery because of primary SCC without prior therapy.

Results

Strong MMP‐2 expression was positively correlated with a higher risk of nodal recurrence (p = .047). Strong VEGF‐C expression was found in patients with distant metastases (p = .008). Cox's regression model showed high Ki‐67, MMP‐2, and VEGF‐C expression, which were independent predictors of disease‐specific survival (p = .001, p = .002, and p < .001, respectively).

Conclusion

It seems that targeting MMP‐2 and VEGF‐C may improve local control, thereby reducing the risk of distant metastasis in patients with SCC of the tongue and FOM. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E747–E753, 2016
Cost‐effectiveness of digital mammography screening before the age of 50 in The Netherlands
Authors: Sankatsing Valérie D.V. , Heijnsdijk Eveline A.M. , van Luijt Paula A. , van Ravesteyn Nicolien T. , Fracheboud Jacques , de Koning Harry J.
Published: April 2015

In the Netherlands, routine mammography screening starts at age 50. This starting age may have to be reconsidered because of the increasing breast cancer incidence among women aged 40 to 49 and the recent implementation of digital mammography. We assessed the cost‐effectiveness of digital mammography screening that starts between age 40 and 49, using a microsimulation model. Women were screened before age 50, in addition to the current programme (biennial 50–74). Screening strategies varied in starting age (between 40 and 50) and frequency (annual or biennial). The numbers of breast cancers diagnosed, life‐years gained (LYG) and breast cancer deaths averted were predicted and incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated to compare screening scenarios. Biennial screening from age 50 to 74 (current strategy) was estimated to gain 157 life years per 1,000 women with lifelong follow‐up, compared to a situation without screening, and cost €3,376/LYG (3.5% discounted). Additional screening increased the number of LYG, compared to no screening, ranging from 168 to 242. The costs to generate one additional LYG (i.e., ICER), comparing a screening strategy to the less intensive alternative, were estimated at €5,329 (biennial 48–74 vs. current strategy), €7,628 (biennial 45–74 vs. biennial 48–74), €10,826 (biennial 40–74 vs. biennial 45–74) and €18,759 (annual 40–49 + biennial 50–74 vs. biennial 40–74). Other strategies (49 + biennial 50–74 and annual 45–49 + biennial 50–74) resulted in less favourable ICERs. These findings show that extending the Dutch screening programme by screening between age 40 and 49 is cost‐effective, particularly for biennial strategies.
Investigation of nanostructural changes following acute injury using atomic force microscopy in rabbit vocal folds
Authors: Lee Young Chan , Kim Ho Jung , Kim Kyung Sook , Choi Samjin , Kim Sung Wan , Park Hun‐Kuk , Eun Young Gyu
Published: April 2015

There continues to be a paucity of data regarding the nanostructural changes of vocal fold (VF) collagen after injury. The aim of this study is to investigate the nanostructural and morphological changes in the rabbit VF lamina propria following acute injury using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Unilateral VF injury was performed on 9 New Zealand breeder rabbits. Sacrifice and laryngeal harvest were performed at three time points: 1 day, 3 days, and 7 days after injury. Histology and immunohistochemistry data were collected to confirm extracellular matrix (ECM) changes in rabbit VF. The progressive changes in thickness and D‐spacing of VF collagen fibrils were investigated over a 7‐day postinjury period using AFM. At post‐injury day 1, a fibrin clot and inflammatory cell infiltration were observed at the injured VF. The inflammatory score at postinjury day 1 was highest in injured VF tissue, with a significant decrease at postinjury day 7. The immunoreactivity of inflammatory proteins (COX‐2, TNF‐α) was observed in VF up to day 7 after injury. AFM investigation showed clustered and disorganized collagen fibrils at the nanoscale resolution at post‐injury day 7. Collagen fibrils in injured VF at postinjury day 7 were significantly thicker than control and postinjury days 1 and 3 (P < 0.001). D‐spacing of collagen at postinjury day 7 was not studied due to loss of distinct edges resulting from immature collagen deposition. AFM investigation of VF could add valuable information to understanding micromechanical changes in VF scar tissue. Microsc. Res. Tech. 78:569–576, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Free water elimination diffusion tractography: A comparison with conventional and fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery, diffusion tensor imaging acquisitions
Authors: Hoy Andrew R. , Kecskemeti Steven R. , Alexander Andrew L.
Published: April 2015

Purpose

White matter tractography reconstructions using conventional diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) near cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) spaces are often adversely affected by CSF partial volume effects (PVEs). This study evaluates the ability of free water elimination (FWE) DTI methods to minimize the PVE of CSF for deterministic tractography applications.

Materials and Methods

Ten healthy individuals were scanned with "traditional," FLAIR (fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery), and FWE DTI scans. The fornix, corpus callosum, and cingulum bundles were reconstructed using deterministic tractography. The FWE DTI scan was performed twice to separately match total acquisition time (long FWE) and number of measurements (encoding directions, short FWE) to the FLAIR and "traditional" DTI scans. PVE resolution was determined based on reconstructed tract volume. All reconstructions underwent blinded review for anatomical correctness, symmetry, and completeness.

Results

Reconstructions of the fornix demonstrated that the FWE and FLAIR scans produce more complete, anatomically plausible reconstructions than "traditional" DTI. Additionally, the tract reconstructions using FWE‐DTI were significantly larger than when FLAIR was used with DTI (P < 0.0005). FLAIR and the FWE methods led to signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) reductions of 33% and 11%, respectively, compared with conventional DTI. The long and short FWE acquisitions did not significantly (P ≥ 0.31) differ from one another for any of the reconstructed tracts.

Conclusion

The FWE diffusion model overcomes CSF PVE without the time, SNR, and volumetric coverage penalties inherent to FLAIR DTI. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2015;42:1572–1581.
Asymmetric modelling and control of an electronic throttle
Authors: Pujol Gisela , Vidal Yolanda , Acho Leonardo , Vargas Alessandro N.
Published: April 2015

This paper presents an improved model for an automotive electronic throttle inspired on the behaviour observed in real‐time experiments. Due to a number of issues, particularly the return‐spring, the performance of the throttle valve depends on whether it is opening or closing. This asymmetric behaviour was taken into account to design a mathematical model of the throttle body and to derive a nonlinear asymmetric Proportional Integral controller. The experimental demonstration suggests that considering an asymmetric term dramatically improves the performance of the controller. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct determination of acrylamide in food by gas chromatography with nitrogen chemiluminescence detection
Authors: Weijun Yao
Published: April 2015

A method of gas chromatography with nitrogen chemiluminescence detection and using standard addition is described for the determination of acrylamide in heat‐processed foods. Using a modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) sample preparation method removes the acrylamide precursors completely, and the risk of overestimating acrylamide concentration due to additional analyte formation in the hot gas chromatograph inlet is also avoided. Sample preparation is rapid and inexpensive. A Deans switch device is utilized to heart‐cut acrylamide and to prevent interferences from the solvent and matrix from reaching the detector. The pre‐column is backflushed at high temperature to maintain a clean baseline and shorten the cycle time compared to baking out the column. Quantitation using standard addition is employed for compensation of potential variability in the acrylamide extraction efficiency in acetonitrile. The limit of detection and the limit of the quantification obtained for this method are 27 and 81 μg/kg, respectively, in food samples (equivalent to 3.5 and 10.6 μg/L in acetonitrile, respectively), and the linear range is 76–9697 μg/kg in food samples (equivalent to 10–1280 μg/L in acetonitrile) with an R2 value of 0.9999.
The Kinetic Rate Law for the Autocatalytic Growth of Citrate‐Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Kytsya Andriy , Bazylyak Liliya , Hrynda Yuriy , Horechyy Andriy , Medvedevdkikh Yuriy
Published: April 2015

The formation of sodium citrate stabilized spherical silver nanoparticles synthesized by homogeneous nucleation in aqua solutions was monitored by the method of direct potentiometry. It was observed that the kinetic curve of Ag+ ions reduction can be described by the Finke–Watzky (FW) autocatalytic two–step mechanism in the case of a large excess of hydrazine and NaOH. To expand the FW minimalistic model, the impact of the starting concentrations of the reagents on the kinetics of Ag nanoparticles synthesis was studied. It was determined that the nucleation stage is limited by the homogeneous process of ions Ag+ reduction, and the reaction orders for the all reagents are calculated. A surface–dependent model of Ag nanoparticle growth is proposed, which takes into account the change in the hydrazine and alkali concentrations; the rate constants of the pseudoelementary reactions are also calculated.
Corrosion protection of carbon steel by special phosphonic acid nano‐layers
Authors: Abohalkuma T. , Telegdi J.
Published: April 2015

Preparation, characterization and application of self assembled monolayers (SAM) formed by fluorophosphonic and undecenyl phosphonic acids on carbon steel surfaces as anticorrosive nanocoatings are demonstrated. The corrosion inhibiting efficiency of these layers were determined by electrochemical potentiodynamic polarization and cyclic voltammetry. Results proved that both chemicals in self assembled nanofilms presented good protection against corrosion as anodic inhibitors but the efficiency depended on the layer formation time: short time did not result in compact layers. The stability and efficiency of nanocoatings formed in longer time did not decrease significantly in time due to the proper molecular packing on the solid surface. The metal dissolution as well as the surface roughening caused by the aggressive ions were inhibited by the compact layers. There were differences in efficacy of coatings formed either by fluoro or undecenyl phosphonic acids. When the metal surfaces with and without nanolayers were visualized before and after corrosive attack, atomic force microscopic measurements confirmed the electrochemical results.
Human cytomegalovirus TRS1 protein associates with the 7‐methylguanosine mRNA cap and facilitates translation
Authors: Ziehr Benjamin , Lenarcic Erik , Vincent Heather A. , Cecil Chad , Garcia Benjamin , Shenk Thomas , Moorman Nathaniel J.
Published: April 2015

Viruses rely on the host translation machinery for the synthesis of viral proteins. Human cells have evolved sensors that recognize viral RNAs and inhibit mRNA translation in order to limit virus replication. Understanding how viruses manipulate the host translation machinery to gain access to ribosomes and disable the antiviral response is therefore a critical aspect of the host/pathogen interface. In this study, we used a proteomics approach to identify human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) proteins that might contribute to viral mRNA translation. The HCMV TRS1 protein (pTRS1) associated with the 7‐methylguanosine mRNA cap, increased the total level of protein synthesis, and colocalized with mRNAs undergoing translation initiation during infection. pTRS1 stimulated translation of a nonviral reporter gene and increased the translation of a reporter containing an HCMV 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR) to a greater extent. The preferential effect of pTRS1 on translation of an mRNA containing a viral 5′UTR required the pTRS1 RNA and double‐stranded RNA‐dependent protein kinase (PKR)‐binding domains, and was likely the result of PKR inhibition. However, pTRS1 also stimulated the total level of protein synthesis and translation directed by an HCMV 5′UTR in cells lacking PKR. Thus our results demonstrate that pTRS1 stimulates translation through both PKR‐dependent and PKR‐independent mechanisms.
Proteomic profiling identifies the SIM‐associated complex of KSHV‐encoded LANA
Authors: Gan Jin , Wang Chong , Jin Yanling , Guo Yi , Xu Feng , Zhu Qing , Ding Ling , Shang Hong , Wang Junwen , Wei Fang , Cai Qiliang , Robertson Erle S.
Published: April 2015

The Kaposi's sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus (KSHV) encoded latent nuclear antigen latency‐associated nuclear antigen (LANA) plays an essential role in viral episome maintenance. LANA also contributes to DNA replication and tumorigenesis during latency. Recent studies suggested that LANA was involved in regulation of SUMOylation, which results in chromatin silencing. To examine the pleiotropic effects of LANA protein on host cell gene expression, we utilized MS analysis to identify cellular proteins associated with the small ubiquitin related modifier (SUMO) interacting motif of LANA (LANASIM). In addition to the six bands identified as substantially associated with LANASIM, 151 proteins were positively identified by MS/MS analysis. Compared with previous proteomic analysis of the N‐ and C‐truncated mutants of LANA (LANANC), our results revealed that a complex of specific proteins with relatively high SUMOylation and SIM motifs is associated with LANASIM. Intriguingly, consistent with our previous report that identified KAP1 as a key component, the in vitro SUMO‐2‐modified isoform has a substantially higher affinity with LANASIM than the SUMO‐1‐modified isoform. Moreover, via cluster and pathway analysis, we proposed a hypothetical model for the LANASIM regulatory circuit involving aberrant SUMOylation of cell cycle (particular mitotic), DNA unwinding and replication, and pre‐mRNA/mRNA processing related proteins. This study provides a SUMOylated and non‐SUMOylated proteome profile of LANASIM‐associated complex and facilitates our understanding that viral‐mediated gene regulation through SUMOylation is important for Kaposi's sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus persistence and pathogenesis.
Inside the Black Box of Internet Adoption: The Role of Migration and Networking in Internet Penetration in West Africa
Authors: Taylor Linnet
Published: April 2015

Research on the role of international networking and mobility in technology transfer to developing countries has focused on the firm level, looking at either spillovers from clusters of foreign firms or international trade. However this leaves micro‐level processes of adoption in more marginal areas a “black box”—a knowledge gap that is problematic for policymakers because technological inequalities between rich and poor within developing countries suggest that new technologies often fail to spread as hoped. This article offers empirical evidence on processes of Internet access provision and adoption at the micro‐level in Ghana, with particular attention to the importance of international mobility as a way for small‐scale entrepreneurs, so far a neglected resource in Internet penetration policy, to access technological resources and knowledge. Using a mixed methods approach combining fuzzy‐set Qualitative Comparative Analysis and social network analysis, this article argues that international mobility and networking are an important but neglected factor in technology access and adoption, contributing to Internet penetration into marginalized areas where usership was previously rare or nonexistent.
Echo Chambers and Online Radicalism: Assessing the Internet's Complicity in Violent Extremism
Authors: O'Hara Kieron , Stevens David
Published: April 2015

This article considers claims made by various authors that the use of filtering and recommendation technology on the Internet can deprive certain communities of feedback, and instead amplify groups' viewpoints, leading to polarization of opinion across communities, and increases in extremism. The ‘echo chamber’ arguments of Cass Sunstein are taken as representative of this point of view, and examined in detail in the context of a range of research, theoretical and empirical, quantitative and qualitative, in political science and the sociology of religion, from the last quarter century. The conclusion is that the case has not been made either (a) that echo chambers are necessarily harmful, or (b) that the Internet is complicit in their formation.