bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IPM of Occasional Urban Invader Pest Species1
Authors: Appel Arthur G.
Published: September 2017

Occasional invader species include a variety of arthropods such as amphipods, centipedes, insects, millipedes, pill and sowbugs, scorpions, and spiders as well as nonarthropod mollusks and worms. These species present unique challenges for development of effective IPM programs. Most occasional invaders are susceptible to desiccation and temperature extremes or are in a wandering or migration phase of their life cycle. Environmental factors such as weather and the condition of homes and home landscapes affect occasional invader infestations. Successful IPM programs have been developed for the garden millipede, Oxidus gracilis Koch, and the smokybrown cockroach, Periplaneta fuliginosa (Serville). Both programs rely primarily on habitat modification based on pest biology. Results indicate that these occasional invaders can be managed without resorting to broadcast application of nonspecific insecticides.
Integrated Pest Management of Subterranean Termites (Isoptera)1
Authors: Kard Bradford M.
Published: September 2017

IPM strategies and tactics to reduce insecticide use while protecting structures from attack and infestation by subterranean termites are reviewed. Standard termiticide and product testing methods are presented. Results of USDA Forest Service field tests generally demonstrate that currently registered termiticides provide five or more years of termite control. Stainless steel mesh has been a 100% effective termite barrier for more than 6 yrs in continuing field tests.
Rickettsia felis Infection in the Cat Flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)
Authors: Wedincamp Jimmy , Foil Lane D.
Published: September 2017

We compared fecundity and eclosion rates of two cat flea Ctenocephalides felis (Bouché) lines, one infected with Rickettsia felis and the other not infected. Egg and feces production were compared between the two flea lines fed on cats; statistical differences were found in feces production (P= .0057) but not egg production (P= 0.1081). Cross-mating studies also were performed; no reduction in fecundity was found when males infected with R. felis were mated with uninfected females. Additionally, the infected flea line had a statistically higher eclosion rate (P = 0.0030) than the non-infected flea line.
Effects of Trap Color and Bait Type on Collection of Coleoptera in Pyramid Traps in Commercial Nurseries
Authors: Braman S. K. , Sparks B. L. , Tedders W. L. , Mizell R. F. , Hudson W. G.
Published: September 2017

Pyramid-shaped traps were evaluated in Georgia for capturing potentially harmful coleopterans in ornamental plant nurseries. Beetle response to two colors and four bait types was compared. Four species of Buprestidae, 22 species of Cerambycidae, and three species of Curculionidae were captured in sufficient numbers for analysis during the 2-yr study. Coccinellidae, Carabidae, Trogositidae, Cleridae, and Chrysomelidae were also captured with frequency. Trap color did not have a significant effect on capture of pine-infesting weevils, although these weevil species were as much as five times more abundant in traps containing turpentine alone or a 1:1 mixture of turpentine: ethanol than ethanol alone or unbaited traps. Odontopus calceatus (Say), however, a weevil that attacks the foliage of tuliptree, sassafras and magnolia, was captured five times more frequently in yellow than in gray traps, although no influence of bait was observed for this species. Cerambycidae in general were not affected by trap color or bait. However, the banded hickory borer, Knulliana cincta (Drury), a cerambycid, was captured more frequently in gray traps as were buprestids in the genus Chrysobothris. Buprestis lineata was more commonly captured in traps baited with turpentine or ethanol/turpentine mixture. Chrysomelids (Altica sp.) were not affected by trap color or bait type. Timing of occurrence of adult beetles of 23 species of beetles are presented. The beneficial Coleoptera captured in the traps were either not affected by color or bait type (Carabidae) or were primarily attracted by yellow traps (Coccinellidae). Traps of the type used in this study can be easily constructed or may be purchased commercially and offer the nursery grower a practical monitoring tool for a variety of Coleoptera that attack woody plants.
Spider Prey of Trypoxylon lactitarse Saussure (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)
Authors: Culin Joseph D. , Robertson Marianne W.
Published: September 2017

Surveys of prey use by Trypoxylon lactitarse Saussure (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) were conducted in Clemson, SC, by placing trap-nests in four habitat types: a planted loblolly pine stand, a naturally-occurring mixed hardwood forest, an area of mowed grass containing scattered mature oaks, and a mowed pasture. Trypoxylon lactitarse only provisioned trap-nests in the planted pine and mixed hardwood habitats. All recovered trap-nests were found between 1 and 19 July 1991. In the pine habitat, two fully provisioned trap-nests were recovered that contained a total of 91 spiders in the families Araneidae (93.4%), Mimetidae (5.5%), and Tetragnathidae (1.1%). In the mixed hardwood forest, eight fully provisioned trap-nests were recovered, containing a total of 721 spiders in the families Araneidae (97.2%), Philodromidae (2.6%), and Mimetidae (0.1%). In the pine habitat, spiders consisted predominantly of Araneus spp. juveniles (58.2%) and the araneid Eustala cepina (Walckenaer) (28.6%); whereas, in the hardwood habitat E. cepina (81.8%) was the most abundant prey. Although prey use varied between the two habitats, within each habitat contents of individual trap-nests suggests that T. lactitarse exhibits a relatively high degree of prey constancy.
Parasitoid Density and Arena Size Effects on Progeny Production of Anaphes iole Girault (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae)
Authors: Riddick E. W.
Published: September 2017

Anaphes iole Girault is a native, solitary egg parasitoid of Lygus bugs in North America. Ongoing research is considering factors that may lead to efficient mass rearing of A. iole for augmentative biological control. This study examined the effects of A. iole female density and arena size on progeny production. Production increased by a factor of 2.1 as parasitoid density increased from 5 to 10 and from 10 to 20 females per 8 Larena (rearing cage) with a host patch containing from 1,500 to 2,000 eggs of Lygus hesperus Knight (Heteroptera: Miridae). Sex ratios of mature progeny did not differ significantly between parasitoid densities of 10 versus 20 females. Arena size (≈1, 2, 4, or 8 L cages) had no effect on progeny production when 20 females were confined to the same cage. This research suggests that little or no measurable interference will occur between ovipositing A. iole females on shared host patches and cage size can be varied to increase rearing capacity.
Baseline Susceptibility of the Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to CrylAb Toxin: 1998–2000
Authors: Lynch R. E. , Hamm J. J. , Myers R. E. , Guyer D. , Stein J.
Published: September 2017

‘Attribute’ sweet corn containing a crylAb gene (Bt11 Event) from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner was registered for commercial use in 1998. A requirement of registration was to conduct baseline susceptibility studies to CrylAb toxin in fall armyworm populations collected from sweet corn growing areas in south Texas and south Florida. In addition, fall armyworm populations collected in sweet corn growing areas must be annually monitored for changes in susceptibility to the CrylAb protein. Fall armyworm larvae were collected near Belle Glade, FL, Homestead, FL, Weslaco, TX, and Corpus Christi, TX, in 1998 through 2000 and evaluated for susceptibility to CrylAb toxin. The Tifton Laboratory colony of fall armyworm that has been in culture for more than 10 yrs was used as the susceptible control. Comparison of the calculated LC50S for the various colonies did not indicate an appreciable change in susceptibility during the period 1998–2000. These data provide baseline information as to the susceptibility of the fall armyworm to CrylAb protein produced in insect-resistant transgenic corn.
Impact of True Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Feeding on Wheat Yields in Arkansas
Authors: Steinkraus Donald C. , Mueller Arthur J.
Published: September 2017

Wheat leaf consumption by the true armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta Haworth, was determined in the laboratory in 1993, 1994, and 1995. Total mean wheat leaf area consumed per larva from eclosion to pupation varied significantly from year to year (77.4–135.4 cm2) with an overall mean leaf area consumed of 103.2 cm2. Wheat field plots were infested with third-instar armyworms and allowed to consume wheat foliage at boot and anthesis stages until preset defoliation levels were met (0, 10, 25, and 50% defoliation in 1993, and 0, 35, 50, 65, and 75% defoliation in 1994, and 0, 35, 50, 65, and 75% defoliation in 1995, and 1996). Overall, no significant differences were seen between treatments in number of heads or mean weight of seeds per head in any year suggesting that at boot and anthesis stages Arkansas wheat can sustain up to 75% defoliation by armyworms with little loss in yield. Even at population levels that resulted in 75% defoliation head cutting was negligible.
New Source of Southern Chinch Bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) Resistance in a Diploid Selection of St. Augustinegrass
Authors: Nagata Russell , Cherry Ron
Published: September 2017

Over 400,000 ha of St. Augustinegrass, Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze, are managed as a turfgrass in the southern United States, and the southern chinch bug, Blissus insularis Barber, is its most important insect pest. New sources of host plant resistance to southern chinch bugs became necessary due to the development of virulent populations of chinch bugs which were able to feed on the only acceptable resistant cultivar, Floratam. Initial testing evaluated 14 lines for chinch bug resistance using insects collected from five locations from Palm Beach Co., FL. Host plant resistance was determined by mortality of adult chinch bugs held on a turfgrass for 14 d. A second study was conducted with five lines from the first test with southern chinch bugs collected from nine locations throughout Florida. Tests showed a high level of southern chinch bug resistance in NUF 76, NUF 216 and FX-10. Leaf blades of NUF-76 are significantly shorter and narrower than other tested St. Augustinegrass lines when evaluated 2 wks after mowing. NUF-76 is unique because for the first time, resistance to the southern chinch bug has been identified within a diploid line of St. Augustinegrass. Prior to this, southern chinch bug resistance was only associated with polyploid lines which generally have large leaves and reduced or no seed set due to sterility problems. This discovery will allow chinch bug resistance to be more easily bred into other St. Augustinegrass lines.
Winter and Early-Spring Survey of Thrips Vectors and Host Plants of Tomato Spotted Wilt Tospovirus in and near a Flue-Cured Tobacco Farmscape
Authors: McPherson R. M. , Beshear R. J. , Johnson W. C. , Martinez-Ochoa N. , Wells M. L.
Published: September 2017

The tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), is an economic pest of flue-cured tobacco because it vectors tomato spotted wilt tospovirus. Other species of thrips are also vectors of spotted wilt in tobacco, including the western flower thrips, F. occidentalis (Pergande). This study examined the presence of thrips species on alternate plant hosts associated with the tobacco farmscape and surrounding area. Weed hosts were sampled from December through April from 1998 through 2001 to assess which plants provide suitable refuge and nutrients for thrips survival, reproduction, and spotted wilt infection. Thrips were identified to species and confirmed as potential vectors of spotted wilt by using ELISA to test for the presence of a non-structural tomato spotted wilt virus protein. Wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.), broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus L.), and narrowleaf vetch (Vicia sativa L. subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh.) are common late-winter weeds in the farmscape that harbor spotted wilt vectors. Cutleaf evening primrose, Oenethera laciniata Hill, and volunteer soybean, Glycine max(L.) Merrill, also were hosts of spotted wilt vectors in the tobacco farmscape. Numerous other weed hosts were present in the tobacco farmscape but either had no thrips collected from them or thrips were not confirmed as potential spotted wilt vectors from these host plants. Several other plants near the tobacco farmscape also were infected with spotted wilt, and three of these host plants, common chickweed (Stellaria media (L.) Cyrillo), carrot (Daucus carota L.), and flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.) had confirmed vectors (ELISA) collected from them. Henbit (Lamium amplexicaule L.), wild radish, cutleaf evening primrose, narrowleaf vetch, carrot, curly dock (Rumex crispus L.), red sorrel (Rumex acetosella L.), and common chickweed were confirmed as positive plant hosts in this study for spotted wilt using ELISA. Frankliniella fusca appears to be the most abundant thrips vector on these alternate plant hosts and is the predominate thrips species collected on the flue-cured tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L. However, F. occidentalis, Haplothrips graminis Hood, and Chirothrips spp. also were confirmed in this study to be potential vectors in the tobacco farmscape. Weed hosts in the farmscape appear to be influential as refuge and nutrients for vectors and an innoculant source of tomato spotted wilt virus in the flue-cured tobacco farmscape.
Molecular Differentiation of Two Strains of the Parasitoid Anisopteromalus calandrae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) Using Specific PCR Primers
Authors: Zhu Yu Cheng , Dowdy Alan K. , Baker James E.
Published: September 2017

Two strains (Sav and Bam) of the parasitoid Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) showed different sensitivity to organophosphate insecticides. By using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing, we demonstrated clear molecular difference between these two strains. DNA markers that are specific for the Bam strain were developed, and PCR-generated DNA fragments were cloned and sequenced. Two DNA fragments unique to the Bam strain contained 365 and 584 nucleotides. A pair of specific primers was designed from each fragment. PCR-amplification of the DNA from individual wasps generated fragments of the expected sizes only in the Bam strain. Studies conducted on F1 and F2 hybrids produced from crossing and backcrossing between resistant and susceptible strains indicated that these DNA markers are located on mitochondria and inherited exclusively maternally. Probes developed from these fragments may be used in assessing genetic information of natural populations and in studies on physiological or biochemical differences between the strains of this beneficial insect.
Fluorescent Brighteners Can Enhance or Inhibit the Nucleopolyhedrovirus of the Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)2
Authors: Farrar Robert R. , Shapiro Martin , McIntosh A. H.
Published: September 2017

The nucleopolyhedrovirus of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), (PxMNPV) was the most potent of three viruses tested against this insect. The potency of PxMNPV could be increased by the addition of certain diaminostilbene disulfonic acid-derived fluorescent brighteners, including Blankophor P167® at a concentration of 1%. Other fluorescent brighteners, including Blankophor HRS® at 1%, reduced the activity of PxMNPV, though lower concentrations of Blankophor HRS (0.25 to 0.5%) enhanced activity. In contrast, Blankophor HRS at 1% enhanced the nucleopolyhedrovirus of the celery looper, Anagrapha falcifera (Kirby), (AfMNPV) against the diamondback moth. Similar results were found in the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), which are also susceptible to both PxMNPV and AfMNPV. Consumption of foliage treated with Blankophor HRS (0.5 to 1.0%) did not differ from that of foliage treated with similar concentrations of Blankophor P167. These results indicate a negative effect of higher concentrations of Blankophor HRS on PxMNPV, rather than on the host insect.
Influence of Roundup Ready Soybean Production Systems and Glyphosate Application on Pest and Beneficial Insects in Narrow-Row Soybean
Authors: Jackson Ryan E. , Pitre Henry N.
Published: September 2017

Roundup Ready® soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, in narrow-row planting systems were investigated in 1998 in Mississippi to evaluate the effects of the transgenic crop and glyphosate herbicide on pest and beneficial insects. Insects found in sufficient numbers for meaningful analysis included adult bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster); adult three-cornered alfalfa hopper, Spissistilus festinus (Say); adult big-eyed bug, Geocoris punctipes (Say), and; larvae of green cloverworm, Plathypena scabra (F.), and velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner). Populations of C. trifurcata, S. festinus, P. scabra and A. gemmatalis were not reduced in genetically altered Roundup Ready soybean, or by recommended (by label) or delayed applications of glyphosate. Numbers of G. punctipes also were not reduced in Roundup Ready soybean, but were reduced by recommended applications of glyphosate during weeks three and four following the second recommended herbicide application. Geocoris punctipes densities also were reduced at 1 and 2 wks after the first glyphosate application in plots in which the second application of glyphosate was delayed. Numbers of G. punctipes may have been indirectly reduced by glyphosate within sample weeks two and three because of variations in weed densities after treatment with the herbicide.
Effects of Cypermethrin Selection on Expression of Insecticide Resistance Mechanisms in the German Cockroach (Blattaria: Blattellidae)
Authors: Valles Steven M.
Published: September 2017

A cross-resistant strain of German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), (Marietta) expressing multiple resistance mechanisms was subjected to selection pressure with cypermethrin. Resistance to cypermethrin increased incrementally from 3.6-fold in the parental strain to 35-fold after 4 rounds of selection. No significant changes were observed in cytochrome P450 content, aldrin epoxidase activity, α-naphthyl acetate hydrolysis (cytosolic fraction), or glutathione S-transferase (CDNB conjugation) activities. Although no significant differences were observed in cypermethrin metabolism, a trend toward greater detoxification among each successive generation was observed. Furthermore, methoxyresorufin O-demethylase activity (often associated with pyrethroid resistance) increased incrementally with each successive selection iteration. The average knockdown time increased incrementally from 37 min (parental strain) to 177 min, and there was a corresponding increase in the kdr allele frequency from 19% to 99% after 4 rounds of selection. The data indicated that kdr-type nerve insensitivity and enhanced metabolism by cytochromes P450 and hydrolases were the principle mechanisms of resistance after selection with cypermethrin.
Age-Specific Host Utilization in the Eastern Tent Caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)
Authors: Rieske L. K.
Published: September 2017

Larval growth and survival of the eastern tent caterpillar, Malacosoma americana F., was assessed on its preferred host, black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrhart), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), hackberry (Celtis occidentalis L.), white oak (Quercus alba L.), and white pine (Pinus strobus L.), and on the herbaceous biennial poison hemlock (Conium maculatum L.). Larvae grew largest and had the greatest pupation and survival rates when fed black cherry and white oak. They did not grow well on black locust or white pine, but survival rates were relatively high, suggesting that both plant species could potentially serve to sustain tent caterpillar populations. Growth and survival was so low on hackberry and poison hemlock that they pose little chance of sustaining outbreaking caterpillar populations.
Five-Year Soil Concentrations of Seven Termiticides in Two Mississippi Soil Types
Authors: Jarratt James H. , Haskins Jim , Ingram Reba
Published: September 2017

Two Mississippi soil types were treated with seven termiticides representing six active ingredients. Soil locations and types were Gulfport, MS (Poarch fine sandy loam) and Mississippi State University (Faulkner silt loam). Active ingredients used in the study are cypermethrin-D, permethrin-Dr, chlorpyrifos, isofenphos, fenvalerate, cypermethrin-Pr, and bifenthrin. The lowest registered label concentration was used for the treatments. Treatments were applied to the outside and inside walls of test foundations. Test foundations were covered after treatment to provide a simulated crawl space area and the areas were sampled independently of each other. Treated soils were sampled on day of treatment and at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 60 months post treatment, with the exception of isofenphos. This treatment was not sampled at 24 and 36 months. Soil samples were extracted with acetone and analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. Initial soil residue concentrations for all products were high and related to the dilution rate at which the compounds were mixed. Dilutions varied from a low of 0.06% (bifenthrin) to a high of 1.0% (chlorpyrifos). The products showed a gradual decline over time, with the exception of isofenphos. Most of the isofenphos degraded within the first 9 months.
Red Imported Fire Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Control in Nursery Pots Treated with Beauveria bassiana and Bifenthrin
Authors: Brinkman Mark A. , Gardner Wayne A.
Published: September 2017

Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin GHA strain was tested alone and in combination with different rates of bifenthrin for control of red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, in potted nursery medium. The fungus killed fire ant workers in the potting medium, but was not effective at eliminating infestations in all containers. Bifenthrin at a rate of 1.18 kg Talstar™ (nursery granular, 0.2% Al) per m3 soil alone performed better than B. bassiana alone; however, bifenthrin was also inconsistent in eliminating fire ants from all pots over the 4 yrs of the study. When B. bassiana was combined with reduced rates (1/4 and 1/2) of bifenthrin in 2001, infestations were eliminated from treated pots within 96 h each time workers were added to the pots for the 7-wk test period. The number of infested bifenthrin + B. bassiana-treated pots was significantly lower than the number of infested untreated pots on all 19 sampling dates in 2001. Use of bifenthrin + B. bassiana was as effective or more effective than use of bifenthrin alone and could save growers as much as 15 to 40%.
Effects of Temperature and Water Source on Development of Deraeocoris nebulosus (Uhler) (Hemiptera: Miridae), a Predacious Plant Bug1
Authors: Boyd David W. , Alverson David R.
Published: September 2017

The development of Deraeocoris nebulosus (Uhler) was studied in relation to temperature and to water sources additional to food. Development time for D. nebulosus was linear between 20° and 30°C, allowing the use of a linear equation to calculate degree days. The eggs of D. nebulosus required 111.1 degree days over a threshold of 13.9°C to complete development. Nymphal development for males and females of D. nebulosus was about 1.5 times faster at 25°C than at 20°C, 1.5 times faster at 30°C than at 25°C, and almost 2.5 times faster at 30°C than at 20°C. Males developed 2 d faster than females (protandry) at 20°C, but did not develop faster at the other temperatures. This study provides the first record of temperature-regulated protandry in insects. Nymphs of D. nebulosus required 166.7 degree days over a threshold of 12.7°C for males and 15.2°C for females. Preoviposition period was almost 12 d at 20°C and about 6 d at 25° and 30°C. Water source (free water, sugar water, or sweet potato leaf) did not affect the development of D. nebulosus when fed moth eggs.
Selective Feeding of Soybean Looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Meridic Diet with Different Concentrations of the Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac Protein
Authors: Gore Jeffrey , Adamczyk John J.
Published: September 2017

The ability of soybean loopers, Pseudoplusia includens, (Walker), to selectively feed on meridic diet with different concentrations of Cry1Ac was investigated in a choice assay. Neonates selected non-treated meridic diet and diet with concentrations of Cry1Ac ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 μg/mL for feeding compared to diet with Cry1Ac concentrations of 5.0 and 10.0 μg/mL. Averaged across rating periods, means of 11.9 to 17.6% of larvae were observed feeding on diet with Cry1Ac concentrations ranging from 0.0 to 1.0 μg/ml, compared to 3.4% on diet with Cry1Ac concentrations of 5 μg/mL and 4.3% at 10 μg/mL. In a no-choice study, concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 μg/mL produced 4.3 to 40.8% mortality in soybean looper; while, concentrations of 5.0 μg/mL produced 58.5% mortality and 10.0 μg/mL produced 90.8% mortality. Also, diet with Cry1Ac concentrations of 5.0 and 10.0 μg/mL delayed the development of soybean looper larvae compared to diet with the other concentrations of Cry1Ac. Based on results of this study, soybean loopers can select diet with concentrations of Cry1Ac that result in low (<50%) levels of mortality.
Reproductive Potential of Florida Populations of Diaprepes abbreviates (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Nigg Herbert N. , Simpson Sam E. , Stuart Robin J. , Yang Likui K. , Adair R. C , Bas Berna , UR-Rehman Sami , Cuyler Nadine W. , Barnes Jeanette I.
Published: September 2017

We examined the reproductive potential of field populations from five Florida geographical locations and one laboratory population of Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.). The life span for female weevils taken from field populations ranged from 116 to 300 d compared to 268 to 330 d for the laboratory population. Field-collected females oviposited a maximum of 11,414 eggs in 181 egg masses. The laboratory population produced a maximum of 20,048 eggs in 265 egg masses and may have been selected for egg production. The mean number of eggs, egg masses, and eggs/mass declined with female age for the laboratory-reared population. Compared to previous studies, our data increased the estimate of the maximum egg laying potential of individual females in field populations of D. abbreviatus from 7,000 to about 11,000 eggs. However, over a 6-wk period, the estimated life span for adults in the field, there was no difference in mean egg production between populations, and the overall mean ± S.E. was only 1954 ± 102 eggs (n = 184). Our data confirmed previous reports that females require fertilization by a male for egg development into a first-instar larva.
First Discovery of the Family Tanaostigmatidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from China with a Description of a New Gall-Making Species Utilizing Kudzu Leaves
Authors: Zhong-qi Yang , Jiang-hua Sun , Pitts James P.
Published: September 2017

A new species of Tanaostigmodes (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea, Tanaostigmatidae) is described from China—Tanaostigmodes puerariae sp. nov. This is the first record of this family in China. This new species has potential as a biological control agent for control of kudzu, Pueraria lobate, in the U. S., because its preference for making leaf galls on kudzu. It was determined that the wasp has two generations per year, with the second generation overwintering as mature larvae in the gall on leaves that have dropped to the ground. Normally, only one wasp was found per gall, and a single kudzu leaf could have as many as 20 to 50 galls on its surface.
Efficacy of Codling Moth Granulovirus: Effect of Adjuvants on Persistence of Activity and Comparison With Other Larvicides in a Pacific Northwest Apple Orchard
Authors: Lacey Lawrence A. , Arthurs Steven , Knight Alan , Becker Kimberly , Headrick Heather
Published: September 2017

Control of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L), in conventional orchards has relied heavily on broad spectrum insecticides such as azinphos-methyl (Guthion®, Bayer CropScience, Research Triangle Park, NC). Alternative control options are needed for a variety of reasons, including environmental impact and worker and food safety concerns. Microbial control agents such as the codling moth granulovirus (CpGV) offer alternatives to conventional insecticides for the control of codling moth. Six weekly applications of the label rate (1 L/ha) of the Carpovirusine® formulation of CpGV in an experimental orchard naturally infested with codling moth provided control of first generation codling moth that was comparable to that of larvicidal oil and azinphos-methyl. Although the number of codling moth entries in fruit that were treated with virus alone was similar to that of control trees, the number of deep entries and the number of living codling moth larvae were significantly reduced on CpGV treated fruit. Despite blemishing, virus-treated fruit with minute entries were suitable for consumption or for processing. Studies on the residual activity of Carpovirusine revealed a steady decline in virus activity 1 to 3 d following application. The use of two adjuvants, Nu-Film-17® and Raynox®, did not protect virus from solar inactivation. Among the biological control options available for codling moth, CpGV provides effective and selective control of neonate larvae. Its use in lieu of broad spectrum insecticides will contribute significantly to the conservation of other natural enemies in the orchard agroecosystem.
Cry 1Ab and Cry 9C Transgenic Corn Hybrid Effects on Laboratory Populations of Indianmeal Moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Angoumois Grain Moth (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Authors: Hanley Anthony M. , Wilkins Tonja M. , Sedlacek John D.
Published: September 2017

Several Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) Cry proteins including Cry 1Ab, Cry 1Ac, and Cry 9C, have been observed at relatively high levels in Bt corn grain using the CaMV 35S promoter. Thus, a laboratory experiment was conducted to quantify the impact of DeKalb 679 BTY Cry 1 Ab (MON 810) and Garst 8600 BLT Cry 9C (CBH 351) transgenic grain on Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), and Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier), survival, development and fecundity. Eggs of Indianmeal moth or Angoumois grain moth were added to cracked or whole kernel corn. Emergence and fecundity were recorded for 5 wks. Emergence and fecundity of both moth species was reduced on both Cry 1Ab and Cry 9C-transformed corn, but only Cry 1 Ab-transformed corn delayed development of Indianmeal moth. Results indicate that populations of these moths may be negatively impacted in grain bins by Bt corn hybrids and that lepidopteran populations should be monitored in field-scale assays to examine the effects of the presence of Bt corn hybrids on insects in storage environments.
Influence of Dietary Lipids on Survival of Phyciodes phaon Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Authors: Genc Hanife , Nation James L.
Published: September 2017

The Phaon crescent butterfly, Phyciodes phaon (Edwards), can be reared by placing newly-eclosed larvae on a pinto bean-based artificial diet; however, the adults fail to reproduce. Addition of 10% (w/w) of freeze-dried leaves of the host plant, Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene, to the artificial diet approximately doubled the number of adults produced, and females oviposited viable eggs. Addition of wheat germ oil, linseed oil, or olive oil to the artificial diet without host plant tissue also increased survival to the adult stage, but adult females failed to oviposit. Larvae and adults reared from the artificial diet with addition of any one of the oils contained a higher quantity of linolenic acid in their body lipids than those reared on the artificial diet without additional oil. Leaves of the larval host plant are especially rich in the polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid and linolenic acid; whereas, the pinto bean diet is relatively low in these fatty acids, especially linolenic acid. Addition of synthetic β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol, the sterols identified in the host plant leaves, to the artificial diet improved neither larval nor adult survival, and adult females did not oviposit. The factor (or factors) present in host plant leaves and acquired during larval feeding that enables reproduction of adults remains to be identified.
Seasonal Polymorphism in Elytral Coloration Pattern of Anomala flavipennis Burmeister (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Mexico
Authors: Rodríguez-del-Bosque Luis A.
Published: September 2017

Elytral polychromatism in Anomala flavipennis Burmeister was detected in both spring and fall generations in northeastern Mexico from 2000 to 2002. Four distinctive coloration patterns were observed: (a) immaculated, (b) one-spotted, (c) two-spotted, and (d) striped. These categories were represented by 0, 1.4, 7.8, and 28.0% respective levels of melanization of elytral area. A significant interaction was detected between elytral pattern and generation, with melanized forms occurring more commonly during the spring and clearer forms during the fall. Weighted mean of elytral melanized area in the population ranged from 1.46% for fall to 7.80% for spring generations. Linear regression models suggested (R2 ≥ 0.93) an inverse association between temperature during pupation-adult ecdysis and elytral melanized area. The rationale and advantage for A. flavipennis responding to temperature by elytral melanization remain unknown, particularly because of the crepuscular-nocturnal habits of adults.
Variation in Developmental Synchrony of the Nantucket Pine Tip Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with Implications for Chemical Control
Authors: McCravy Kenneth W. , Cameron R. Scott , Berisford C. Wayne
Published: September 2017

Regional variation in developmental phenology of the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock), was studied at four locations in southeastern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina. A companion study assessed the effects of developmental asynchronony on insecticide spray timing efficacy. Substantial variation in developmental synchrony was found within a relatively small area, with more synchronous development at Greensville and Isle of Wight Co., VA sites, and high levels of asynchrony at Sussex Co., VA, and Hertford Co., NC, sites. The Greensville Co. site showed a typical three generation developmental phenology, while the Isle of Wight Co. site had a more atypical two generation phenology. The Sussex and Hertford Co. sites appeared to have phenologies that were a combination of the other two sites. Spray timing evaluations with permethrin at the Sussex Co. site suggested that mid-April to early May and early to mid-July periods offer opportunities for effective chemical control of tip moths. These dates corresponded to the presence of high proportions of eggs and early-instar larvae in the field. Later season sprays were largely ineffective due to high developmental asynchrony, which resulted in the presence of high proportions of late-stage tip moths on virtually all collection and spray dates. Results suggest that multiple late-season treatments likely would be more effective. Overall, optimal spray dates at the Greensville Co. site, which had a typical three-generation tip moth developmental pattern, agreed most closely with published optimal spray period predictions which are based on historical temperature data.
Integrated Effects of Host Resistance and Insecticide Concentration on Survival of and Turfgrass Damage by the Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Braman S. K. , Duncan R. R. , Hanna W. W. , Engelke M. C.
Published: September 2017

The residual activity of six concentrations of chlorpyrifos, spinosad, and halofenozide on fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), as mediated by five warm-season turfgrass cultivars expressing varying levels of genetic resistance was evaluated in greenhouse trials. Similarly, varying concentrations of halofenozide were applied to six turfgrass cultivars in the field; mortality of neonate and third-instar fall armyworms was assessed. Reduced rates of chlorpyrifos resulted in lower fall armyworm survival on resistant zoysiagrass cultivars relative to that on bermudagrass or paspalum. In a separate trial when treated with spinosad, survival on the same zoysiagrasses was equal to or greater than that on more susceptible bermuda or paspalum. Reduced rates of halofenozide in another greenhouse trial resulted in lower survival on resistant zoysiagrasses at some concentrations at 7, but not at 14, days exposure compared to more susceptible grasses. In the field, at the full labeled rate of halofenozide, 100% mortality was observed regardless of turfgrass cultivar. Larval survival on the most susceptible turf, “TifEagle”, was higher than that on the remaining turf cultivars at the intermediate rate applied. Larvae exposed to treated turf as third instars displayed a trend toward greater survival at intermediate rates on the two paspalums, “Sea Isle 1” and 561-79, while a trend toward lower survival was observed on “Palisades” and “Cavalier” zoysiagrasses. Factors potentially contributing to the variation in responses observed in the present study include different modes of action of insecticides, host plant resistance mechanisms, differential foliar consumption rates and insecticide dose in relation to body weight. Development of management guidelines for pest management practitioners must address the complexity of potential interactions and may require “case by case” evaluation.
Toxicity of Pesticides to Adult Diaprepes abbreviatus L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Nigg H. N. , Simpson S. E. , Schumann R. A. , Fraser S.
Published: September 2017

The purpose of this study was to determine the toxicity of selected pesticides to adult Diaprepes abbreviatus L. Because pesticides applied directly to this weevil were generally ineffective, they were exposed to field rates of pesticide-treated bouquets of fully-expanded, mature citrus leaves. Of the 28 compounds tested at field rates, 14 were effective with 85% or greater mortality within 72 h for male and female Diaprepes beetles. With field rates, 100% mortality was achieved within 72 h with Avaunt™, Baythroid™, Furadan™, Fury™, Lannate™, and Supracide™ for males and females. At a field rate, only Supracide was effective producing 100% mortality within 24 h after exposure. Field rates of Avaunt, Baythroid, Capture, Furdan, Fury, Lannate, and Supracide produced 100% mortality of males and females in 72 h. The field rates of Sevin™ and Carzol™, currently used for D. abbreviatus, produced mortality levels of about 95% after 72 h. Comparative LC50 showed that toxicity was in the order Baythroid = Fury = Capture = Pounce = Asana > Avaunt = Furadan > Lannate > Supracide > Danitol > Vydate = Sevin = Carzol = Guthion > Imidan = Lorsban.
Impact of Platysoma parallelum and Plegaderus transversus (Coleoptera: Histeridae) Predation on Developing Ips calligraphus and Ips grandicollis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Brood
Authors: Shepherd William P. , Goyer Richard A.
Published: September 2017

As a group, arthropod natural enemies have been shown to substantially reduce within-tree pine bark beetle populations. However, little is known about the impacts of individual species on bark beetle mortality. In a controlled laboratory study, we measured the effects of two predaceous histerid species, Platysoma parallelum (Say) and Plegaderus transversus (Say), on Ips calligraphus (Germar) and Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff) brood mortality. Platysoma parallelum was found to have a greater impact on I. grandicollis mortality than Ple. transversus when only one histerid and prey species were present. No significant differences in I. calligraphus mortality were observed for either of the two histerid species. More I. grandicollis brood was killed per introduced Pla. parallelum adult than per introduced Ple. transversus adult likely as a result of the larger size and biomass requirements of Pla. parallelum. The results of this experiment indicate that histerids, by themselves, have the ability to lower within-tree bark beetle populations and could have potential use in a bark beetle biological control program.
Seasonal Distributions of Eggs and Larvae of Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Cherries
Authors: Yee Wee L.
Published: September 2017

The seasonal distributions of eggs and first-, second-, and third-instar larvae of the western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae), in sweet cherries were determined at three sites in central Washington in 2002 and 2003. The egg was the major stage during early, mid and late season. The distributions of eggs (i.e., the percentages of total immature stages that were eggs) were similar all season, but those of first, second and third instars were greatest in late season. First, second and third instars occurred in similar numbers in 2002, but third instars were the most abundant in 2003. Tree quadrant had no effect on egg and larval densities and distributions. The majority of infested fruit had only one egg or larva, but there were significant increases in percentages of fruit with two or ≥ three eggs or larvae as percentages of fruit that were infested increased during the season. When there were two larvae in a fruit, one was larger than the other in 90.8% of cases. Results indicate time of season but not location within trees (1.5 to 2 m above ground) has differential effects on egg and larval distributions in fruit and on female oviposition behaviors that may result in multiple infestations and larval interactions. Seasonal effects on immature stages are probably related to developmental times and stage-specific mortality; whereas, effects on adults may be related to reduced availability of unoccupied fruit for oviposition.
Effect of Partially Purified Protease of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strain AC-3 on Antheraea assama Westwood Larvae
Authors: Choudhury Arundhati , Yadav Archana , Unni Bala G. , Devi Dipali
Published: September 2017

The protease released by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain AC-3, a causal organism of flacherie disease in Antheraea assama Westwood silkworms, was characterized and its activity against muga silkworm larvae was assessed in laboratory studies. When grown in casein broth maximum protease production occurred when the strain was cultivated for 60 h. This protease was partially purified by acetone precipitation and subjected to SDS-PAGE. Its molecular weight was approximately 35,000 da. The partially purified protease reduced larval survivability in vivo. The hemolymph protein profile revealed an apparent detrimental effect of the protease on biologically important proteins of silkworm larvae.
Polymerase Chain Reaction Detection of the Modified cry1Ac Gene in Transgenic Bt (Bollgard®) Cotton
Authors: Zhu Yu Cheng , Adamczyk John J.
Published: September 2017

Transgenic cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) containing a modified cry1Ac gene from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner has been widely adopted for suppression of lepidopterous pests. As of 2004, over 90% of the cotton acreage in the mid-southern United States contained this modified cry1Ac gene. We developed a technique using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for routine detection of the cry1Ac gene in transgenic cotton plants. A total of eight cry1Ac genes were aligned for the PCR primer design. A DNA fragment was amplified from transgenic cotton, sequenced, and confirmed to be a portion of the cry1Ac gene. A total of 150 cotton plants representing four cultivars were examined for the presence of the cry1Ac gene. Results demonstrated that all of these cotton plants harbored the cry1Ac gene (i.e., 100% purity). This PCR technique can be used for future studies involving the expression of cry1Ac gene as well as corresponding protein expression.
Control of the Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) on Collard by a Nucleopolyhedrovirus with a Stilbene-based Enhancer and an Ultraviolet Light Protectant2
Authors: Farrar Robert R. , Shapiro Martin
Published: September 2017

When we evaluated the nucleopolyhedrovirus of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (PxMNPV), in small plots of collard, Brassica oleracea L., artificially infested with this insect, numbers of larvae were reduced in all tests. Further reductions were obtained with the addition of a fluorescent brightener (Blankophor P167®) in both tests in which it was included. Addition of an ultraviolet light protectant (photostabilized titanium dioxide) to PxMNPV also improved control, but only when the test was conducted in May and June. Titanium dioxide had no effect when the test was conducted in September. Addition of both materials together did not improve results compared with addition of Blankophor P167 alone. No virus treatment, however, was as effective as the insecticide spinosad.
Foraging Behavior of Field Populations of Diadegma Spp. (Hymenoptera: lchneumonidae):Testing for Density-Dependence at Two Spatial Scales
Authors: Legaspi Benjamin C. , Legaspi Jesusa Crisostomo
Published: September 2017

The foraging behavior of populations of Diadegma spp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) attacking the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), was studied in the field. The effect of host density on percentage parasitism was investigated at two spatial scales: that of the individual plant, as well as a “cluster of plants” at low, medium and high densities. Using binoculars, parasitoid searching was observed on host plants at different host densities over an 8-h period. Behavior was compared to that predicted under the Patch Selection Theory. Percentage parasitism was independent of host density at both spatial scales. However, the behavioral studies showed parasitoid aggregation behavior at higher host densities. The population displayed an imperfect preference for higher host densities in the first 4 h of foraging. In the second 4-h period, no preference was observed.
Interrelationship of Big-Eyed Bugs (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) and Southern Chinch Bugs (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) in Florida Lawns2
Authors: Cherry Ron
Published: September 2017

The southern chinch bug, Blissus insularis Barber, is the most important insect pest of St. Augustinegrass, Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze. Fifteen chinch bug infestations in St. Augustinegrass lawns in Florida were sampled by vacuuming. Additional vacuum samples were taken in 15 randomly selected St. Augustinegrass lawns. The big-eyed bug, Geocoris uliginosus Say, was the most frequent and abundant big-eyed bug found at the infestations. Data showed that big-eyed bugs (Geocoris spp.) were highly aggregated at chinch bug infestations. Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between numbers of chinch bugs and big-eyed bugs at chinch bug infestations showing that big-eyed bugs had a numerical predator response to increasing chinch bug populations.