bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The cellular and proteomic response of primary and immortalized murine Kupffer cells following immune stimulation diverges from that of monocyte‐derived macrophages
Authors: Tweedell Rebecca , Tao Dingyin , Dinglasan Rhoel R.
Published: September 2014

Kupffer cells (KCs) are the first line of defense in the liver against pathogens, yet several microbes successfully target the liver, bypass immune surveillance, and effectively develop in this tissue. Our current, albeit poor, understanding of KC–pathogen interactions has been largely achieved through the study of primary cells, requiring isolation from large numbers of animals. To facilitate the study of KC biology, an immortalized rat KC line 1, RKC1, was developed. We performed a comparative global proteomic analysis of RKC1 and primary rat KCs (PRKC) to characterize their respective responses to lipopolysaccharide‐mediated immune stimulation. We identified patent differences in the proteomic response profile of RKC1 and PRKC to lipopolysaccharide. We observed that PRKC upregulated more immune function pathways and exhibited marked changes in cellular morphology following stimulation. We consequently analyzed the cytoskeletal signaling pathways of these cells in light of the fact that macrophages are known to induce cytoskeletal changes in response to pathogens. Our findings suggest that KCs respond differently to inflammatory stimulus than do monocyte‐derived macrophages, and such data may provide insight into how pathogens, such as the malaria parasite, may have evolved mechanisms of liver entry through KCs without detection.
Effects of POSS nanoparticles on glass transition temperatures of ultrathin poly(t‐butyl acrylate) films and bulk blends
Authors: Karabiyik Ufuk , Paul Rituparna , Swift Michael C. , Satija Sushil K. , Esker Alan R.
Published: September 2014

As a model system, thin films of trisilanolphenyl‐POSS (TPP) and two different number average molar mass (5 and 23 kg mol−1) poly(t‐butyl acrylate) (PtBA) were prepared as blends by Langmuir–Blodgett film deposition. Films were characterized by ellipsometry. For comparison, bulk blends are prepared by solution casting and the samples are characterized via differential scanning calorimetry. The increase in Tg as a function of TPP content for bulk high and low molar mass samples are in the order of ∼10 °C. Whereas bulk Tg shows comparable increases for both molar masses (∼10 °C), the increase in surface Tg for higher molar mass PtBA is greater than for low molar mass (∼22 °C vs. ∼10 °C). Nonetheless, the total enhancement of Tg is complete by the time 20 wt % TPP is added without further benefit at higher nanofiller loads. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015, 53, 175–182
Professionals' View of Consumers' Packaging Interactions – A Narrative Analysis
Authors: Ryynänen Toni , Rusko Elina
Published: September 2014

The consumer's role in the packaging value chain thinking has increased. This paper identifies the basic functions of packaging as well as the importance of the visual and structural elements from the consumer's view. However, it is unclear what packaging experts associate with consumers' packaging interactions. Professionals working in the field are still in the key position of defining directions in the packaging industry. The paper investigates how professionals perceive consumer interactions with packaging, and identifies challenges in consumer‐centred packaging development. The research materials were collected from 14 theme interviews with representatives of higher education, packaging research and packaging design agencies. As a result, five narratives and five challenges for consumer‐centred packaging development were constructed. The narratives describe the following: (a) the symbiotic product–packaging relationship; (b) the everyday context highlighted in purchase and use situations; (c) how consumers become aware of packages; (d) a fashion system of packaging; and (e) everyday routines and rituals involving packaging. The aims of the paper are to raise the awareness of how professionals perceive consumer interaction with packaging, to provide insight into factors relevant for consumer‐centred packaging development in industry and to identify the potential challenges, from the professionals' view, for adopting a consumer‐centred model. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Revisiting the formulations for the longitudinal velocity variance in the unstable atmospheric surface layer
Authors: Banerjee T. , Katul G. G. , Salesky S. T. , Chamecki M.
Published: September 2014

Because of its non‐conformity to Monin–Obukhov Similarity Theory (MOST), the effects of thermal stratification on scaling laws describing the streamwise turbulent intensity σu normalized by the turbulent friction velocity (u∗) continue to draw research attention. A spectral budget method has been developed to assess the variability of σu/u∗ under unstable atmospheric stratification. At least three different length‐scales—the distance from the ground (z), the height of the atmospheric boundary layer (δ) and the Obukhov length (L)–are all found to be controlling parameters in the variation of σu/u∗. Analytical models have been developed and supported by experiments for two limiting conditions: z/δ < 0.02, −z/L < 0.5 and 0.02 ≪ z/δ < 0.1, −z/L > 0.5. Under the first constraint, the turbulent kinetic energy spectrum is predicted to follow three regimes: k0, k−1 and k−5/3, divided in the last two regimes by a break‐point at kz = 1, where k denotes the wave number. The quantity σu/u∗ is shown to follow the much discussed logarithmic scaling, reconciled to Townsend's attached eddy hypothesis , where the coefficients B1 and A1 are modified by MOST for mildly unstable stratification. Under the second constraint, the turbulent energy spectrum tends to become quasi‐inertial, displaying k0 and k−5/3 with a break‐point predicted to occur at 0.3 < kz < 1. The work here brings together well‐established but seemingly unrelated theories of turbulence such as Kolmogorov's hypothesis, Townsend's attached eddy hypothesis, MOST and Heisenberg's eddy viscosity under a common framework.
Robust adaptive finite‐time parameter estimation and control for robotic systems
Authors: Na Jing , Mahyuddin Muhammad Nasiruddin , Herrmann Guido , Ren Xuemei , Barber Phil
Published: September 2014

This paper studies adaptive parameter estimation and control for nonlinear robotic systems based on parameter estimation errors. A framework to obtain an expression of the parameter estimation error is proposed first by introducing a set of auxiliary filtered variables. Then three novel adaptive laws driven by the estimation error are presented, where exponential error convergence is proved under the conventional persistent excitation (PE) condition; the direct measurement of the time derivatives of the system states are avoided. The adaptive laws are modified via a sliding mode technique to achieve finite‐time convergence, and an online verification of the alternative PE condition is introduced. Leakage terms, functions of the estimation error, are incorporated into the adaptation laws to avoid windup of the adaptation algorithms. The adaptive algorithm applied to robotic systems permits that tracking control and exact parameter estimation are achieved simultaneously in finite time using a terminal sliding mode (TSM) control law. In this case, the PE condition can be replaced with a sufficient richness requirement of the command signals and thus is verifiable a priori. The potential singularity problem encountered in TSM controls is remedied by introducing a two‐phase control procedure. The robustness of the proposed methods against disturbances is investigated. Simulations based on the ‘Bristol‐Elumotion‐Robotic‐Torso II’ (BERT II) are provided to validate the efficacy of the introduced methods. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Big Data with Cloud Computing: an insight on the computing environment, MapReduce, and programming frameworks
Authors: Fernández Alberto , del Río Sara , López Victoria , Bawakid Abdullah , del Jesus María J. , Benítez José M. , Herrera Francisco
Published: September 2014

The term ‘Big Data’ has spread rapidly in the framework of Data Mining and Business Intelligence. This new scenario can be defined by means of those problems that cannot be effectively or efficiently addressed using the standard computing resources that we currently have. We must emphasize that Big Data does not just imply large volumes of data but also the necessity for scalability, i.e., to ensure a response in an acceptable elapsed time. When the scalability term is considered, usually traditional parallel‐type solutions are contemplated, such as the Message Passing Interface or high performance and distributed Database Management Systems. Nowadays there is a new paradigm that has gained popularity over the latter due to the number of benefits it offers. This model is Cloud Computing, and among its main features we has to stress its elasticity in the use of computing resources and space, less management effort, and flexible costs. In this article, we provide an overview on the topic of Big Data, and how the current problem can be addressed from the perspective of Cloud Computing and its programming frameworks. In particular, we focus on those systems for large‐scale analytics based on the MapReduce scheme and Hadoop, its open‐source implementation. We identify several libraries and software projects that have been developed for aiding practitioners to address this new programming model. We also analyze the advantages and disadvantages of MapReduce, in contrast to the classical solutions in this field. Finally, we present a number of programming frameworks that have been proposed as an alternative to MapReduce, developed under the premise of solving the shortcomings of this model in certain scenarios and platforms. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2014, 4:380–409. doi: 10.1002/widm.1134

This article is categorized under:

Technologies > Classification

Technologies > Computer Architectures for Data Mining
Lymph node staging using dedicated magnetic resonance contrast agents—the accumulation mechanism revisited
Authors: Schütz Gunnar , Lohrke Jessica , Pietsch Hubertus
Published: September 2014

When diagnosing cancer, assessing the nodal stage is tremendously important in determining the patient's prognosis. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (MRI) assessments of the regional lymph node (LN) size and shape are currently used for the initial nodal staging in clinical settings, although this approach has a rather low sensitivity, and biopsy often leads to restaging of the LNs. Acknowledging the great medical need to accurately stage LNs, scientists and clinicians have been working since the late 1980s on MR contrast agents that provide more reliable staging results. Different types of molecules (i.e., iron oxide nanoparticles and Gd‐based contrast agent) have shown promising LN accumulation and imaging results, but no clinically approved, dedicated LN staging contrast agent is currently available. The literature describes a mechanism of contrast agent accumulation in the LNs that considers some but not all published experimental evidence. However, confidence in the mechanism of LN accumulation is a prerequisite for the directed synthesis of compounds for accurate and sensitive LN staging. To improve our understanding of the LN contrast agent accumulation mechanism, we reviewed the published data on the enrichment of colloidal MR contrast agent candidates in LNs, and we suggest an extended mechanism for contrast agent enrichment in LNs. For further clarification, physiology and results from drug targeting studies are considered where applicable. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2015, 7:238–249. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1290

This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Synthesis and X‐ray Structural Characterization of Di‐p‐aminobenzenediselenide [p‐H2NC6H4Se]2 and its Mercury(II) Derivatives
Authors: Bublitz Fabrício , de Azevedo Mello Melina , Cocco Durigon Daniele , Tirloni Bárbara , Schulz Lang Ernesto
Published: September 2014

A synthetic route to obtain [p‐H2NC6H4Se]2 (1) in good yield was developed, and the crystal structure of the product was characterized for the first time. The synthesis and structure of the mercury(II) derivative [Hg(SeC6H4NH2)2] (2) was also investigated and is reported herein. The versatile coordination chemistry of [Hg(SeC6H4NH2)2] with halides of the same metal and PCy3 allows the synthesis of [Hg(X)(SeC6H4NH2)(PCy3)] (X = Cl, Br, I) (3–5). The products 1, 3–5 were isolated in crystalline form and characterized by X‐ray structure analysis.
Reappraisal of Evidence of Microscopic Portal Vein Involvement by Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells with Stratification of Tumor Size
Authors: Zhong Yuesi , Deng Meihai , Xu Ruiyun
Published: September 2014

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer‐related death internationally, it is necessary to reappraise evidences of HCC cells involving the portal vein, especially considering tumor size.

Materials and methods

Histopathological evidence and dynamic evidences of radiology and cytology from publication were collected and analyzed.

Results

Frequencies of microscopic portal vein involvement (MPVI) and microscopic intrahepatic metastasis (MIM) in resected specimens with single nodule HCC were lower than that of multi nodule HCC, although not significantly. Early HCC (≤1.5 cm) was with extremely low to 0 frequencies of MPVI and MIM. HCC >5 cm showed a tendency of flowing HCC cells into portal vein, which was coincident with significantly high frequency (64.1 %) of MPVI for HCC >5 cm. There were no significant difference of frequencies of MPVI and MIM between groups of tumor ≤2, ≤3, and ≤5 cm.

Conclusions

Single nodule HCC >5 cm needs anatomic resection and the root of portal vein should be firstly ligated because of tendency of flowing HCC cells into portal vein. For single nodule HCC ≤2 cm, there was a risk of about 16.2 % of MPVI, and a risk of about 16.2–26.4 % of MPVI for those single nodule HCC ≤5 cm, however, there was a risk of extremely low to 0 of MPVI for early HCC (≤1.5 cm). Surgeons have to balance liver reserve and risk of MPVI for HCC ≤5 cm before deciding anatomic or nonanatomic resection.
Does Prior Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Alter Post‐operative Outcome After Esophagectomy
Authors: Bhatti Abu Bakar Hafeez , Rizvi Farrukh Hassan , Waheed Anum , Raza Syed Hassan , Syed Aamir Ali , Khattak Shahid , Aasim Yusuf M.
Published: September 2014

Background

With the introduction of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in patients with esophageal carcinoma, nutritional access has become essential to counter deleterious effects of dysphagia. Current NCCN guidelines do not recommend PEG prior to esophagectomy in these patients, but there is little evidence for this recommendation. The objective of this study was to compare outcomes in patients who underwent esophagectomy with or without prior PEG placement.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 96 patients who underwent esophagectomy between 2005 and 2012 for esophageal carcinoma. Patients were divided into two groups; Group I (PEG +ve) and Group II (PEG −ve). Patient characteristics, operative variables, and post‐operative complications were compared. χ2 and Fisher’s test were used for categorical, while t test was used for interval variables.

Results

Median age was 51(18–70) years. Lower thoracic tumors were more common in Group I (69 vs. 63 %) (P = 0.04) and more patients underwent minimally invasive surgery in this group (50 vs. 2.6 %) (P < 0.0001). Mean blood loss (326 vs. 465 ml) (P = 0.02) and ICU stay (1.6 vs. 4.3 days) (P = 0.01) were significantly lower in Group I. There was no 30‐day mortality in Group I versus 10.5 % in Group II (P = 0.01). No significant difference in anastomotic leak and stricture rate was observed. Gastric conduit was used in all patients for reconstruction. One patient had malignancy in PEG site biopsy.

Conclusion

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy before esophagectomy is safe and does not adversely impact post‐operative outcomes.
Structural insights into recognition of acetylated histone ligands by the BRPF1 bromodomain
Authors: Lubula Mulu Y. , Eckenroth Brian E. , Carlson Samuel , Poplawski Amanda , Chruszcz Maksymilian , Glass Karen C.
Published: September 2014

Bromodomain‐PHD finger protein 1 (BRPF1) is part of the MOZ HAT complex and contains a unique combination of domains typically found in chromatin‐associated factors, which include plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers, a bromodomain and a proline‐tryptophan‐tryptophan‐proline (PWWP) domain. Bromodomains are conserved structural motifs generally known to recognize acetylated histones, and the BRPF1 bromodomain preferentially selects for H2AK5ac, H4K12ac and H3K14ac. We solved the X‐ray crystal structures of the BRPF1 bromodomain in complex with the H2AK5ac and H4K12ac histone peptides. Site‐directed mutagenesis on residues in the BRPF1 bromodomain‐binding pocket was carried out to investigate the contribution of specific amino acids on ligand binding. Our results provide critical insights into the molecular mechanism of ligand binding by the BRPF1 bromodomain, and reveal that ordered water molecules are an essential component driving ligand recognition.
Gesundheit zwischen staatlicher und privater Verantwortung
Authors: Kuhn Joseph
Published: September 2014

Einleitung

In der neoliberalen Gesellschaft hat das Konzept „Eigenverantwortung“ auch im Gesundheitsbereich einen hohen Stellenwert. Es scheint der staatlichen Verantwortung für die Gesundheit diametral entgegenzustehen, angemessener wäre hier jedoch eine dialektische Perspektive.
Relationship of antimony with gold mineralization in the ore districts of Eastern Kazakhstan
Authors: Kovalev K.R. , Kalinin Yu.A. , Naumov E.A. , Myagkaya M.K.
Published: September 2014

In Eastern Kazakhstan, Sb mineralization is the most widespread in the Irtysh and Bakyrchik ore districts of the West Kalba gold-bearing belt. It is spatially related to disseminated gold-sulfide ores at some deposits and is structurally and spatially isolated at others. Disseminated gold-sulfide mineralization is localized in Carboniferous carbonaceous–terrigenous carbonate rocks. It is marked off by zones of dynamic metamorphism and foliation and is characterized by the ribbon-like-lenticular morphology of ore deposits. Later Sb (predominantly, quartz–antimonite) mineralization is formed in an extension setting as brecciated/veined ores. In combination with gold-sulfide ores, Sb mineralization is more diverse. For example, microparageneses with berthierite, native Sb, aurostibite, ullmannite, jamesonite, and tetrahedrite coexist with pocket-vein quartz–carbonate–antimonite mineralization in the gold-sulfide ores of the Suzdal’skoe deposit. Also, Sb-containing minerals such as arsenopyrite and pyrite are observed. Two temperature regimes of mineralization are established here: 418–300 °C for gold-polysulfide mineralization and 280–200 °C for later Sb mineralization. The isotopic composition of antimonite sulfur at the Suzdal’skoe, Zherek, Zhanan, Bakyrchik, and Dal’ny I deposits shows close values within the interval δ34S of –3.8 to 2.5‰, suggesting its great-depth origin. No visible gold is found in the antimonite of the quartz–antimonite veins, but atomic-absorption analysis reveals few ppm or more gold. Point X-ray analysis indicates the possible presence of the so-called “invisible” gold. Microstructural observations, temporal relationships of the parageneses, and studies of gas–liquid inclusions at the Suzdal’skoe deposit permit assigning Sb mineralization to the second productive gold-polysulfide stage of the ore deposition. The late antimonite stage of mineralization is separated from the gold-polysulfide stage by 7 Myr long intramineralization tectonic shifts. Gold-polysulfide mineralization (248.3 ± 3.4 Ma) was synchronous with Triassic tectonomagmatic activity.
The origin of sand deposits in the South Minusa basin
Authors: Arzhannikova A.V. , Arzhannikov S.G. , Akulova V.V. , Danilova Yu.V. , Danilov B.S.
Published: September 2014

The paper deals with the origin of a large number of sand massifs concentrated in the South Minusa basin. The study of the sand deposits was based on field and laboratory work. Cross sections were selected in such a way as to penetrate the deposits of ridgy sands and the underlying surface at different hypsometric levels. Cross-section studies have demonstrated that the sands formed both under subaerial and subaqueous conditions. Analysis of the work of our predecessors has shown that the formation of a thick unit of subaqueous sand deposits, including those at high hypsometric levels, might be related to the removal of large amounts of sediments by catastrophic flooding along the Yenisei River caused by the failure of an ice dam in the Darhad basin at ~ 17 ka. The overlying sand deposits, which now occur as sand bars, are of eolian genesis. These bars formed in the Late Holocene owing to eolian transport and redeposition of the underlying sand members.
Zonal stratigraphy and biogeography of the West Siberian Oxfordian based on ammonites
Authors: Meledina S.V. , Alifirov A.S. , Aleinikov A.N.
Published: September 2014

The Oxfordian Stage of West Siberia contains Boreal ammonites Cardioceratidae. The authors’ bank of paleontological data includes ~ 500 definitions of Cardioceratinae, permitting a considerable refinement of the official Oxfordian regional zonal scale. The lower substage is divided into the Cardioceras (Scarburgiceras) obliteratum, C. (S.) scarburgense, and C. (S.) gloriosum Zones instead of beds with C. (S.) spp., whereas the C. (Cardioceras) percaelatum and C. (C.) cordatum Zones are recognized instead of beds with C. (C.) spp. We have found new ammonites typical of the Middle Oxfordian C. (Subvertebriceras) densiplicatum and C. (Miticardioceras) tenuiserratum Zones. The first of these zones is divided into two subzones. The Upper Oxfordian includes the Amoeboceras glosense and A. serratum Zones instead of beds with A. spp., and the A. regulare Zone and beds with A. rosenkrantzi are recognized instead of the A. ex gr. regulare Zone. The genus Ringsteadia (Aulacostephanidae) is observed only in the northwestern part of the region, along the eastern slope of the North Urals; therefore, two upper units of the biostratigraphic scale correspond to beds with Ringsteadia marstonensis.

In the Oxfordian, West Siberia and northern Siberia belonged to the North Siberian province of the Arctic realm. Only in the latest Oxfordian did the northwestern West Siberian basin become part of the Boreal–Atlantic realm, as evidenced by the distribution of Ringsteadia on the eastern slope of the Cis-Polar Urals.
Origin of anomalies of radon volume activity during failure of rocks
Authors: Belikov V.T. , Kozlova I.A. , Ryvkin D.G. , Yurkov A.K.
Published: September 2014

Experimental and theoretical research into the processes of radon emanation during failure of rocks has been carried out. We propose a physical model for the mechanisms of origin of anomalies of radon volume activity. Based on the obtained experimental data, relative changes in the open porosity and specific inner surface of rock during its failure have been studied.
Impact fracture of granite at temperatures from 20 to 500 °C
Authors: Scherbakov I.P. , Chmel A.E.
Published: September 2014

Earthquake nucleation and fracture propagation in deformed rocks generate elastic waves, within acoustic frequencies. Strain-induced acoustic waves appear both in field tectonic structures and in laboratory samples, thus making laboratory acoustic emission (AE) data from load tests suitable to interpret natural seismic processes. However, laboratory tests are commonly run at room temperature, while the natural rocks at the earthquake origin depths are as hot as hundreds of degrees centigrade. We report AE data for thermally and mechanically loaded granites subjected to impact fracture at different temperatures. The energy distribution in the time series of acoustic signals emitted from fine-grained granite fits a power law of the type of the Gutenberg–Richter relationship at temperatures from 20 to 500 °C. Medium- and coarse-grained samples behave in this way only within 300 °C but show a Poissonian (random) AE energy distribution above 300 °C.
Impact of whole grains on the gut microbiota: the next frontier for oats?
Authors: Rose Devin J.
Published: September 2014

The gut microbiota plays important roles in proper gut function and can contribute to or help prevent disease. Whole grains, including oats, constitute important sources of nutrients for the gut microbiota and contribute to a healthy gut microbiome. In particular, whole grains provide NSP and resistant starch, unsaturated TAG and complex lipids, and phenolics. The composition of these constituents is unique in oats compared with other whole grains. Therefore, oats may contribute distinctive effects on gut health relative to other grains. Studies designed to determine these effects may uncover new human-health benefits of oat consumption.
Oats and bowel disease: a systematic literature review
Authors: Thies Frank , Masson Lindsey F. , Boffetta Paolo , Kris-Etherton Penny
Published: September 2014

Whole-grain foods such as oats may protect against colorectal cancer and have benefits on inflammatory bowel disease and coeliac disease. The present study aimed to systematically review the literature describing intervention studies that investigated the effects of oats or oat bran on risk factors for bowel disease. A literature search was conducted using Embase, Medline and the Cochrane library, which identified 654 potential articles. Thirty-eight articles describing twenty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Two studies carried out in participants with a history of colorectal adenomas found no effects of increased oat-bran intake on indirect risk makers for colorectal cancer. One of two interventions with oat bran in patients with ulcerative colitis showed small improvements in the patients' conditions. Most of the eleven studies carried out in adults with coeliac disease showed no negative effects of uncontaminated oat consumption. The fourteen studies carried out in volunteers with no history of bowel disease suggest that oats or oat bran can significantly increase stool weight and decrease constipation, but there is a lack of evidence to support a specific effect of oats on bowel function compared with other cereals. A long-term dietary intake of oats or oat bran could benefit inflammatory bowel disorders, but this remains to be proven. A protective effect on colorectal adenoma and cancer incidence has not yet been convincingly shown. The majority of patients with coeliac disease could consume up to 100 g/d of uncontaminated oats, which would increase the acceptability of, and adherence to, a gluten-free diet.
Lipidomic analysis of fatty acids in erythrocytes of coeliac patients before and after a gluten-free diet intervention: a comparison with healthy subjects
Authors: Riezzo Giuseppe , Ferreri Carla , Orlando Antonella , Martulli Manuela , D'Attoma Benedetta , Russo Francesco
Published: September 2014

Coeliac disease (CD) patients may exhibit a pro-inflammatory profile and fatty acids (FA) can influence inflammation through a variety of cellular pathways in them. The aims of the present study were to (1) evaluate the FA composition of erythrocytes obtained from newly diagnosed CD patients by lipidomic analysis and compare it with that in healthy subjects and (2) determine the effects of 1-year gluten-free diet (GFD) intervention. A total of twenty CD patients (five men and fifteen women; mean age 34·0 (sem 1·7) years) were evaluated at diagnosis and after 1 year of GFD intervention. A total of twenty healthy subjects (seven men and thirteen women; mean age 40·2 (sem 2·5) years) served as controls. CD patients on an unrestricted diet exhibited a significant 2·08-fold higher concentration of arachidic acid when compared with healthy subjects, suggesting that it can be considered as a putative marker of CD. Besides, the arachidonic acid (AA):dihomo-γ-linolenic acid ratio was 2·01-fold significantly lower in CD patients than in healthy subjects (P< 0·01), underlying an inefficient synthesis of PUFA from their precursors in terms of desaturase activity. In addition, mainly due to lower concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid, the inflammation marker AA:docosahexaenoic acid ratio was 1·40-fold significantly higher in CD patients than in healthy subjects. After 1 year of GFD intervention, FA concentrations in CD patients were still different from those observed in healthy subjects. The lipidomic analysis of erythrocyte membranes confirmed the presence of an altered FA composition in CD patients and the GFD's ability to modify FA profile, even if 1-year GFD intervention seems to be not sufficient to restore FA concentrations to normality. This procedure, being easier and non-invasive compared with the evaluation of the FA pattern of the intestinal mucosa, could offer more potentiality for also evaluating therapeutic interventions in CD patients by using FA supplementation.
Uniting the Arctic frontiers – International cooperation on circum-Arctic geological and geophysical maps
Authors: Petrov O.V. , Smelror M.
Published: September 2014

Following an initiative taken by the Russian Ministry of Natural resources and Ecology and by the Federal Agency of Mineral Resources (Rosnedra) in 2003 international cooperation on compiling a new generation of circum-Arctic geological and geophysical maps (in scale 1: 5 000 000) was undertaken by a consortium of national agencies from Canada, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Russia, Sweden and the USA. The polar stereographic maps include onshore and offshore geological coverage to 60° N. The bedrock map and database was first published in 2008, the geophysical maps were completed in 2010, while a tectonic map is currently in press. The new circum-Arctic maps are formally published under the Comission for the Geological Map of the World (CGMW/CCGM). A metallogenic map and database of the main occurrences of onshore and offshore metal deposits is scheduled to be completed in 2016.
On a Forgotten Kind of Grounding: Strauss, Jacobi, and the Phenomenological Critique of Modern Rationalism
Authors: Chacón Rodrigo
Published: September 2014

In opposing foundationalism to antifoundationalism, recent political theory betrays its blindness to a third alternative. As suggested by the most influential critics of Kant, the ground of meaning and normativity is neither the human mind—or autonomous constructions of reason—nor historically given forms of life, but the interaction between them, that is, the human openness to the intelligibility granted us by “the things themselves.” This paper articulates that ground in its historical genesis, as it arises in Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi's defense of a classical conception of reason against modern rationalism, and further developed by Edmund Husserl and the young Leo Strauss. I argue that critics and followers of Strauss have forgotten the phenomenological grounds of his thought in the “fundamental problems” arising from the structure of human experience.
Improving the systems engineering process with multilevel analysis of interactions
Authors: Eppinger Steven D. , Joglekar Nitin R. , Olechowski Alison , Teo Terence
Published: September 2014

The systems engineering V (SE-V) is an established process model to guide the development of complex engineering projects (INCOSE, 2011). The SE-V process involves decomposition and integration of system elements through a sequence of tasks that produce both a system design and its testing specifications, followed by successive levels of build, integration, and test activities. This paper presents a method to improve SE-V implementation by mapping multilevel data into design structure matrix (DSM) models. DSM is a representation methodology for identifying interactions between either components or tasks associated with a complex engineering project (Eppinger & Browning, 2012). Multilevel refers to SE-V data on complex interactions that are germane either at multiple levels of analysis (e.g., component versus subsystem) conducted either within a single phase or across multiple time phases (e.g., early or late in the SE-V process). This method extends conventional DSM representation schema by incorporating multilevel test coverage data as vectors into the off-diagonal cells. These vectors provide a richer description of potential interactions between product architecture and SE-V integration test tasks than conventional domain mapping matrices. We illustrate this method with data from a complex engineering project in the offshore oil industry. Data analysis identifies potential for unanticipated outcomes based on incomplete coverage of SE-V interactions during integration tests. In addition, assessment of multilevel features using maximum and minimum function queries isolates all the interfaces that are associated with either early or late revelations of integration risks based on the planned suite of SE-V integration tests.
Reasoning about system-level failure behavior from large sets of function-based simulations
Authors: Jensen David C. , Bello Oladapo , Hoyle Christopher , Tumer Irem Y.
Published: September 2014

This paper presents the use of data clustering methods applied to the analysis results of a design-stage, functional failure reasoning tool. A system simulation using qualitative descriptions of component behaviors and a functional reasoning tool are used to identify the functional impact of a large set of potential single and multiple fault scenarios. The impact of each scenario is collected as the set of categorical function “health” states for each component-level function in the system. This data represents the space of potential system states. The clustering and statistical tools presented in this paper are used to identify patterns in this system state space. These patterns reflect the underlying emergent failure behavior of the system. Specifically, two data analysis tools are presented and compared. First, a modifiedk-means clustering algorithm is used with a distance metric of functional effect similarity. Second, a statistical approach known as latent class analysis is used to find an underlying probability model of potential system failure states. These tools are used to reason about how the system responds to complex fault scenarios and assists in identifying potential design changes for fault mitigation. As computational power increases, the ability to reason with large sets of data becomes as critical as the analysis methods used to collect that data. The goal of this work is to provide complex system designers with a means of using early design simulation data to identify and mitigate potential emergent failure behavior.
Evaluation of the sensitivity of faecal sampling for detection of monophasicSalmonellaTyphimurium and otherSalmonellain cattle and pigs
Authors: ARNOLD M. E. , GOSLING R. J. , MARTELLI F. , MUELLER-DOBLIES D. , DAVIES R. H.
Published: September 2014

There has been a rapid rise in the prevalence of cases of monophasicSalmonellaTyphimurium (mST) in both humans and farm animals, and it has been found in pigs, cattle and poultry. It is therefore vital to have a good understanding of how to efficiently detect infected farms. The objective of this project was to determine sample type sensitivity in the detection ofSalmonellato detect infected groups of animals on both pig (breeder, grower and finisher sites) and cattle (beef and dairy) farms, using data collected from a study investigating farms that were positive for mST, and to explore any variation between different age groups and management practices. A Bayesian approach in the absence of a gold standard was adopted to analyse the individual and pooled faecal sample data collected from each epidemiological group on each of the farms. The sensitivity of pooled sampling depended on the prevalence of infection in the group being sampled, with a higher prevalence leading to higher sensitivity. Pooled sampling was found to be more efficient at detecting positive groups of animals than individual sampling, with the probability of a random sample from a group of animals with 5% prevalence testing positive being equal to 15·5% for immature pigs (3·6% for an individual faecal sample, taking into account the sensitivity and infection prevalence), 7·1% for adult pigs (1·2% for individual sampling), 30% for outdoor cattle (2% for individual sampling) and 34% for indoor cattle (1% for individual sampling). The mean prevalence of each epidemiological group was higher in outdoor farms than indoor for both pigs and cattle (mean within-farm prevalence of 29·4% and 38·7% for outdoor pigs and cattle, respectively, compared to 19·8% and 22·1% for indoor pigs and cattle)
Risk of infection and associated influenza-like disease among abattoir workers due to twoLeptospiraspecies
Authors: DREYFUS A. , HEUER C. , WILSON P. , COLLINS-EMERSON J. , BAKER M. G. , BENSCHOP J.
Published: September 2014

The aims of this study were to determine the annual incidence of infection withLeptospira interrogansserovar Pomona and/orLeptospira borgpeterseniiserovar Hardjo and its association with influenza-like illness (ILI) in meat workers in New Zealand. Sera were collected twice, 50–61 weeks apart, from 592 workers at eight abattoirs slaughtering sheep (n = 4), cattle (n = 2) and deer (n = 2), and tested by the microscopic agglutination test for Hardjo and Pomona. Forty-nine (8·3%) participants either seroconverted or had at least a twofold increased serological titre against either serovar. The worker infection risk was higher in sheep abattoirs (11·9%) than in abattoirs processing deer (0%) or cattle (1·2%) (P < 0·01). The annualized risk of mild (ILI) or severe clinical disease attributable to the twoLeptospiraserovars was 2·7%. This study has demonstrated that meat workers are at substantial risk of infection and clinical disease, suggesting further investigation of infection sources and preventive measures are warranted.
Delusions of Virtue: Kant on Self-Conceit
Authors: Moran Kate
Published: September 2014

Little extended attention has been given to Kant’s notion of self-conceit (Eigendünkel), though it appears throughout his theoretical and practical philosophy. Authors who discuss self-conceit often describe it as a kind of imperiousness or arrogance in which the conceited agent seeks to impose selfish principles upon others, or sees others as worthless. I argue that these features of self-conceit are symptoms of a deeper and more thoroughgoing failure. Self-conceit is best described as the tendency to insist upon one’s own theoretical or practical conclusions at any cost, while still wanting to appear – to oneself or to others – as though one is abiding by the constraints of theoretical or practical reason. Self-conceit is thus less centrally the tendency to impose one’s will or inclinations upon others, and more centrally the tendency to reconstruct evidence and rationalize so that one may be convinced of one’s own virtue. While the conceited agent may ultimately impose her judgement upon others, she does so in order to preserve her delusion of virtue.
ELIE HALEVY ON ENGLAND AND THE ENGLISH
Authors: VINCENT K. STEVEN
Published: September 2014

Elie Halévy became famous as a historian of England in the years before World War I, due to his lectures on England at the Ecole libre des sciences politiques, his three-volume analysis of utilitarianism published between 1901 and 1904, a 1906 article on the birth of Methodism, and the 1912 bookL’Angleterre en 1815. In these last two works he argued—in what became known as the Halévy thesis—that English Protestantism, and especially the evangelical forms of English Protestantism associated with Methodism, were a key element of Britain's sociopolitical stability. This deep-seated religiosity, he argued, was supportive of British liberalism and British philanthropy; it was responsible for an England that, in his own words, “governs itself, in place of being governed from above.”
Before Kong Was King: Competing Methods in Hollywood Underscore
Authors: PLATTE NATHAN
Published: September 2014

In many histories of American film music, Max Steiner's score for King Kong (1933) marks a new era by establishing norms in original, symphonic underscoring that would dominate Hollywood for decades. Kong's reign, however, eclipses diverse approaches to underscoring practiced at studios before and after its release. In this study, I compare the methods of Max Steiner at RKO and Nathaniel Finston at Paramount to show how both influenced film music implementation and discourse in the years leading up to Kong. Steeped in the practices of silent cinema, Finston championed collaborative scoring and the use of preexistent music in films like Fighting Caravans (1931). Steiner preferred to compose alone and placed music strategically to delineate narrative space in films, as in Symphony of Six Million (1932), a technique he adapted for mediating exotic encounters in island adventure films preceding Kong. Although press accounts and production materials show that Steiner and Finston's methods proved resilient in subsequent years, Kong's canonic status has marginalized Finston's role and threatens to misdirect appraisals of Steiner's other work. Considering Finston's practices at Paramount alongside Steiner's pre-Kong scores at RKO illuminates the limitations of using only Kong as a model, and shows that Finston's perspective on film scoring in the early 1930s provides a corrective balance for understanding film musicians’ work before and after Kong.
Strange Voices: Subjectivity and Gender inForbidden Planet’s Soundscape of Tomorrow
Authors: PROCK STEPHAN
Published: September 2014

As the first Hollywood film to employ an all-electronic score, Forbidden Planet (1956) helped cement the association of science-fiction films with electronically produced sounds and music. While sounds lacking real-world referents were crucial for representing sonically the nature of fantastic objects and beings, Louis and Bebe Barron's soundscape also had to serve the more conventional musical demands of narrative cinema where music sets mood and atmosphere and creates the illusion of character subjectivity. This double function of their “electronic tonalities,” however, engendered a strange ambiguity in the film's sonic ontology. In this article, I examine how the practical and aesthetic issues arising from this ambiguity forced the Barrons to confront in their score a complex of intertwined musical and cultural messages: how electronic music evokes notions of the exotic Other; how conceptions of vocality and embodiment in their music intersect with other visual and narrative elements to illuminate a gendered divide among envoiced bodies in the film; and how music in the film evolves to illustrate and posit a threat to the male body and, thus, masculinity itself—only in order, ultimately, to restore and reassert conventional patriarchy and the primacy of male subjectivity. As I argue, by using modernist methods and materials to serve a conventionally populist representational form, the Barrons effectively exposed some of the deep underlying tensions and contradictions within modernism itself, even while revisioning fundamental aspects of the Hollywood film score.
Generation of luminescence in biomineralized zirconia by zirconia-binding peptides
Authors: Rothenstein D. , Shopova-Gospodinova D. , Bakradze G. , Jeurgens L. P. H. , Bill J.
Published: September 2014

Current materials research is inspired from biomineralization processes, where proteins control the formation of inorganic materials under soft reaction conditions.
External electric field induced hydrogen storage/release on calcium-decorated single-layer and bilayer silicene
Authors: Song Er Hong , Yoo Sung Ho , Kim Jae Joon , Lai Shiau Wu , Jiang Qing , Cho Sung Oh
Published: September 2014

The appropriate F can be used to effectively enhance the hydrogen storage–release on the Ca–silicene system.
Solid–ionic liquid interfaces: pore filling revisited
Authors: Heinze M. T. , Zill J. C. , Matysik J. , Einicke W. D. , Gläser R. , Stark A.
Published: September 2014

The strength of interaction at the mesoporous silica–ionic liquid interface and the pore geometry affect the materials' morphology and the physico-chemical properties of the ionic liquids.
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and dioxin concentrations in residential dust of pregnant women
Authors: Hinwood A. L. , Callan A. C. , Heyworth J. , Rogic D. , de Araujo J. , Crough R. , Mamahit G. , Piro N. , Yates A. , Stevenson G. , Odland J. Ø.
Published: September 2014

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins are well known for their persistence in the environment.
Novel electrochemiluminescent materials for sensor applications
Authors: Dennany Lynn , Mohsan Zahera , Kanibolotsky Alexander L. , Skabara Peter J.
Published: September 2014

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) uses redox reactions to generate light at an electrode surface, and is gaining increasing attention for biosensor development due to its high sensitivity and excellent signal-to-noise ratio. ECL studies of monodisperse oligofluorene–truxenes (T4 series) have been reported previously, showing the production of stable radical cations and radical anions, generating blue ECL. The compound in this study differs from the original structures, in that there are 2,1,3-benzothiadazole (BT) units inserted between the first and second fluorene units of the quarterfluorenyl arms. It was therefore anticipated that the incorporation of these highly luminescent and ECL-active compounds into sensor development would lead to significant decreases in detection limits. In this contribution, we report on the impact of incorporating these novel complexes into sensor devices on the ECL efficiency, as well as the ability of these to improve the detection sensitivity and decrease the limit of detection using the reagent-free detection of model analytes. The real world impact of these compounds is elucidated through the comparison with more standard ECL materials such as ruthenium-based compounds. The potential for multiple applications is to be examined within this contribution.
Regioselective synthesis of functionalized [1,8]naphthyridine derivatives via three-component domino reaction under catalyst-free conditions
Authors: Feng Xian , Wang Jian-Jun , Zhang Juan-Juan , Cao Cheng-Pao , Huang Zhi-Bin , Shi Da-Qing
Published: September 2014

The advantages of this protocol are short reaction times, catalyst-free conditions, cheap and benign solvents, and high regio- and stereo-selectivities.
Dehalogenation of functionalized alkyl halides in water at room temperature
Authors: Isley Nicholas A. , Hageman Matt S. , Lipshutz Bruce H.
Published: September 2014

Alkyl bromides and chlorides can be reduced to the corresponding hydrocarbons utilizing zinc in the presence of an amine additive under very mild, green conditions.
Discovery of novel sphingosine kinase 1 inhibitorsvia structure-based hierarchical virtual screening
Authors: Wang Xiaojian , Sun Chenbin , Fang Liang , Yin Dali
Published: September 2014

Hierarchical structure-based virtual screening against the sphingosine kinase 1(SphK1) binding pocket was performed. 25 compounds were selected for biological evaluation. Compound 25 exhibited comparable SphK1 and SphK2 inhibitory activities and anti-proliferative effects on U937 cells to the positive control N,N-dimethylsphingosine (DMS) 1. Further molecule dynamic (MD) simulations revealed the binding mode between SphK1 and 25.
Molecular electrostatic potential dependent selectivity of hydrogen bonding
Authors: Aakeröy Christer B. , Wijethunga Tharanga K. , Desper John
Published: September 2014

A molecular electrostatic potential based approach for anticipating the outcome of hydrogen-bond interactions in a competitive scenario is described.