bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular and histological tools to diagnose an imported case of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Cuba
Authors: Montalvo Ana M. , De Armas Yaxsier , Fraga Jorge , Blanco Orestes , Menéndez Reinaldo , Montoto Vicente , Capó de Paz Virginia
Published: June 2015

Background

Leishmaniasis represents a polymorphous group of diseases caused by around 20 different species of Leishmania parasite. Increases in the number of cases of leishmaniasis reported as a consequence of the growth in travel and migration are of concern to epidemiologists and are diagnostically challenging in non‐endemic areas.

Methods

Molecular and histological analyses of a paraffin‐embedded skin biopsy were used in parallel to detect Leishmania parasites in a Cuban woman with suspicious lesions arriving in Cuba from Venezuela. Primers based on the 18S fragment of ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) and heat shock protein 70 genes (hsp70) were used for molecular detection.

Results

Histological studies detected the presence of the parasite. A small fragment of Leishmania DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the 18S fragment using, for the first time, nucleic acid obtained from paraffin‐embedded tissue as a template. Amplification of a larger fragment from the hsp70 gene did not occur.

Conclusions

The detection of Leishmania DNA from paraffin‐embedded tissue by means of 18S‐targeted PCR is a feasible approach to diagnosis. In combination with classical methods such as histology, the molecular detection of the parasite was demonstrated to be useful in confirming Leishmania infection in a traveler.
Adenanthin, a new inhibitor of thiol‐dependent antioxidant enzymes, impairs the effector functions of human natural killer cells
Authors: Siernicka Marta , Winiarska Magdalena , Bajor Malgorzata , Firczuk Malgorzata , Muchowicz Angelika , Bobrowicz Malgorzata , Fauriat Cyril , Golab Jakub , Olive Daniel , Zagozdzon Radoslaw
Published: June 2015

Natural killer (NK) cells are considered critical components of the innate and adaptive immune responses. Deficiencies in NK cell activity are common, such as those that occur in cancer patients, and they can be responsible for dysfunctional immune surveillance. Persistent oxidative stress is intrinsic to many malignant tumours, and numerous studies have focused on the effects of reactive oxygen species on the anti‐tumour activity of NK cells. Indeed, investigations in animal models have suggested that one of the most important thiol‐dependent antioxidant enzymes, peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX1), is essential for NK cell function. In this work, our analysis of the transcriptomic expression pattern of antioxidant enzymes in human NK cells has identified PRDX1 as the most prominently induced transcript out of the 18 transcripts evaluated in activated NK cells. The change in PRDX1 expression was followed by increased expression of two other enzymes from the PRDX‐related antioxidant chain: thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase. To study the role of thiol‐dependent antioxidants in more detail, we applied a novel compound, adenanthin, to induce an abrupt dysfunction of the PRDX‐related antioxidant chain in NK cells. In human primary NK cells, we observed profound alterations in spontaneous and antibody‐dependent NK cell cytotoxicity against cancer cells, impaired degranulation, and a decreased expression of activation markers under these conditions. Collectively, our study pinpoints the unique role for the antioxidant activity of the PRDX‐related enzymatic chain in human NK cell functions. Further understanding this phenomenon will prospectively lead to fine‐tuning of the novel NK‐targeted therapeutic approaches to human disease.
First‐Principles Study of Sc1−xTixF3 (x ≤ 0.375): Negative Thermal Expansion, Phase Transition, and Compressibility
Authors: Wang Lei , Wang Cong , Sun Ying , Deng Sihao , Shi Kewen , Lu Huiqing , Hu Pengwei , Zhang Xiaoyun
Published: June 2015

We present the first‐principles investigation of (x ≤ 0.375). Controllable thermal expansion of is achieved by different Ti contents. The negative thermal expansion (NTE) behavior is weakened gradually with increasing Ti content, which is consistent with experimental measurements. The Jahn–Teller effect plays an important role in the cubic‐to‐rhombohedral phase transition, which stems from the enhanced energy stability when the 3d orbitals of cation split into triply degenerate and sets. The unusual thermal stiffening of is found, which is similar to that of and but contrary to other NTE materials.
A Novel Scheme to Obtain Y2O2S:Er3+ Upconversion Luminescent Hollow Nanofibers via Precursor Templating
Authors: Han Lei , Pan Mengmeng , Hu Yanhua , Xie Yangfan , Liu Yangyang , Li Dan , Dong Xiangting
Published: June 2015

Y2O3:Er3+ hollow nanofibers were prepared by calcination of the monoaxial electrospinning‐derived PVP/[Y(NO3)3+Er(NO3)3] composite nanofibers, and then Y2O2S:Er3+ hollow nanofibers were synthesized by sulfurization of the as‐obtained Y2O3:Er3+ hollow nanofibers via a double‐crucible method using sulfur powders as sulfur source. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that the Y2O2S:Er3+ hollow nanofibers are pure hexagonal phase with the space group of . Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation indicates that the Y2O2S:Er3+ hollow nanofibers are obvious hollow‐centered with the outer diameter of 176 ± 25 nm. Upconversion emission spectrum analysis manifests that Y2O2S:Er3+ hollow nanofibers emit strong green and weak red upconversion emissions centering at 526, 546, and 667 nm, respectively. The green emissions and the red emission are, respectively, originated from 2H11/2/4S3/2→4I15/2 and 4F9/2→4Il5/2 energy levels transitions of the Er3+ ions. The emitting colors of Y2O2S:Er3+ hollow nanofibers are located in the green region in CIE chromaticity coordinates diagram. The formation mechanism of the Y2O2S:Er3+ hollow nanofibers is also advanced. This preparation technique can be applied to prepare other rare‐earth oxysulfides hollow nanofibers.
Malleable Thought: The Role of Craft Thinking in Practice‐Led Graphic Design
Authors: Ings Welby
Published: June 2015

This article considers the potential of craft processes as creative engagements in graphic design research. It initially discusses the uneasy history of craft within the discipline, then draws upon case studies undertaken by three established designers who, in their postgraduate theses, engaged with craft as a process of thinking. In doing so, the article discusses craft in relation to embodied creative experience, the culture of learning communities and disobedient thought.
Autonomy's Substance
Authors: Freyenhagen Fabian
Published: June 2015

In this article, I argue that autonomy has to be conceived substantively in order to serve as the qualifying condition for receiving the full set of individual liberal rights. I show that the common distinction between content‐neutral and substantive accounts of autonomy is riddled with confusion and ambiguities, and provide a clear alternative taxonomy. At least insofar as we are concerned with liberal settings, the real question is whether or not the value(s) and norm(s) implied by an account of autonomy are acceptable to reasonable people, not whether these accounts are content‐neutral, procedural or input‐focused. Finally, I demonstrate how substantive constraints are compatible with, or even implied in, the notion of autonomy at play in (Rawls's) political liberalism. Overall, I present a normative reconstruction, clarification, and internal critique of liberalism, drawing on case law and statutes from England and Wales.
Genetic divergence of Troglodytes troglodytes islandicus from other subspecies of Eurasian wren in northwestern Europe
Authors: Amouret J. , Barisas D. A. G. , Hallgrímsson G. T. , Summers R. W. , Pálsson S.
Published: June 2015

The Icelandic subspecies of Eurasian wren Troglodytes troglodytes islandicus has been described as a large wren which is sedentary on the island. It is one member of a large passerine complex which is widely distributed over the Holarctic except the Arctic. The taxonomic affiliation of the subspecies is mainly based on variation in plumage and on the song complexity. This study investigated the genetic differentiation of T. t. islandicus among the Eurasian wren subspecies in northwestern Europe, and especially in relation to its geographically proximate populations in the Faroe Islands, Scotland, southern Norway, Sweden and Denmark. Troglodytes t. islandicus and the Faroese subspecies (T. t. borealis) were genetically differentiated from the other subspecies (T. t. indigenus and T. t. troglodytes) with an estimated time of divergence from this group during the last glacial maximum; 21 thousand years before present (KYBP) [44–8]. A clear but a more recent split was observed between T. t. islandicus and T. t. borealis 12 KYBP [28–4].
Biodiversity in the Mexican highlands and the interaction of geology, geography and climate within the Trans‐Mexican Volcanic Belt
Authors: Mastretta‐Yanes Alicia , Moreno‐Letelier Alejandra , Piñero Daniel , Jorgensen Tove H. , Emerson Brent C.
Published: June 2015

Aim

(1) To synthesize data on the physical and phylogeographical history of the Mexican highlands, with a focus on the Trans‐Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB), and (2) to propose approaches and analyses needed for examining the interaction of climate and volcanism.

Location

Mexico.

Methods

We performed a literature and data survey of the climatic, geological and phylogeographical history of the Mexican highlands. We then assessed how the expected effects of topographic isolation, co‐occurring palaeoclimatic fluctuations and volcanism can be tested against the distribution of genetic diversity of high‐elevation taxa.

Results

The Mexican highlands present a complex biogeographical, climatic and geological history. Montane taxa have been exposed to a sky‐island dynamic through climate fluctuations, allowing for long‐term in situ population persistence, while also promoting recent divergence and speciation events. Volcanic activity transformed part of the Mexican highlands during the Pleistocene, mainly in the TMVB, leading to co‐occurring climate and topographical changes. The TMVB highlands provide a suitable template to examine how low‐latitude mountains can facilitate both the long‐term persistence of biodiversity as well as allopatric and parapatric speciation driven by climatic and geological events.

Main conclusions

Climate fluctuations, together with recent volcanism, have driven the diversification and local persistence of biodiversity within the Mexican highlands. The climate–volcanism interaction is challenging to study; however, this can be overcome by coupling genomic data with landscape analyses that integrate the geological and climatic history of the region.
Determinants of the Duration of European Appellate Court Proceedings in Cartel Cases
Authors: Smuda Florian , Bougette Patrice , Hüschelrath Kai
Published: June 2015

The duration of appellate court proceedings is an important determinant of the efficiency of a court system. We use data of 263 appeals decisions referring to 54 cartels convicted by the European Commission between 2000 and 2012 to investigate the determinants of the duration of the subsequent one‐ or two‐stage appeals process. We find that while the speed of first‐stage appellate court decisions depend, inter alia, on authority‐related factors such as the complexity of the case, the clarity of the applied rules and regulations and previous or simultaneous US investigations, the second‐stage appellate court proceedings appear to be largely unaffected by those drivers.
Research Review: What we have learned about the causes of eating disorders – a synthesis of sociocultural, psychological, and biological research
Authors: Culbert Kristen M. , Racine Sarah E. , Klump Kelly L.
Published: June 2015

Background

Eating disorders are severe psychiatric disorders with a complex etiology involving transactions among sociocultural, psychological, and biological influences. Most research and reviews, however, focus on only one level of analysis. To address this gap, we provide a qualitative review and summary using an integrative biopsychosocial approach.

Methods

We selected variables for which there were available data using integrative methodologies (e.g., twin studies, gene‐environment interactions) and/or data at the biological and behavioral level (e.g., neuroimaging). Factors that met these inclusion criteria were idealization of thinness, negative emotionality, perfectionism, negative urgency, inhibitory control, cognitive inflexibility, serotonin, dopamine, ovarian hormones. Literature searches were conducted using PubMed. Variables were classified as risk factors or correlates of eating disorder diagnoses and disordered eating symptoms using Kraemer et al.'s (1997) criteria.

Findings

Sociocultural idealization of thinness variables (media exposure, pressures for thinness, thin‐ideal internalization, thinness expectancies) and personality traits (negative emotionality, perfectionism, negative urgency) attained ‘risk status’ for eating disorders and/or disordered eating symptoms. Other factors were identified as correlates of eating pathology or were not classified given limited data. Effect sizes for risk factors and correlates were generally small‐to‐moderate in magnitude.

Conclusions

Multiple biopsychosocial influences are implicated in eating disorders and/or disordered eating symptoms and several can now be considered established risk factors. Data suggest that psychological and environmental factors interact with and influence the expression of genetic risk to cause eating pathology. Additional studies that examine risk variables across multiple levels of analysis and that consider specific transactional processes amongst variables are needed to further elucidate the intersection of sociocultural, psychological, and biological influences on eating disorders.
Decision to adopt medical technology under the National Health Insurance System in Taiwan: case study of new molecular targeted drugs among non‐small cell lung cancer patients
Authors: Chen Hung‐Lin , Shen Li‐Jiuan , Wei Chih‐Ping , Lu Hsin‐Min , Hsiao Fei‐Yuan
Published: June 2015

Rationale, aims and objectives

Molecular targeted drugs (MTD), gefitinib and erlotinib, have been proven to provide clinical benefits to advanced stage non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Therefore, access to such medical innovations in time is critical for patients with the right indications. The aim of this study was to explore determinants of the adoption of MTD among NSCLC patients under Taiwan's National Health Insurance (NHI) system.

Methods

Using Taiwan's Longitudinal Health Insurance Database and Cancer Registry database as the data source, we identified 1555 newly diagnosed NSCLC patients who started their cancer treatment between 2004 and 2009. Patients were categorized into ‘non‐MTD’ and ‘MTD’ groups based on the cancer treatment they received. Hierarchical logistic regression was used to explore potential determinants associated with the adoption of MTD by adjusting for patient‐, disease‐, doctor‐, hospital‐level characteristics and changes of reimbursement schemes.

Results

During the study period, 562 (36%) NSCLC patients were classified as the ‘MTD group and 993 (64%) patients were the ‘non‐MTD’ group. Hierarchical logistic regression model showed that the elderly were less likely to receive MTD (OR = 0.41; 95% CI: 0.28–0.60). In contrast, patients whose cancer type was adenocarcinoma (OR = 2.99; 95% CI: 2.09–4.26) were more likely to receive MTD. Those who went to private hospitals (OR = 1.75; 95% CI: 1.01–3.03) and hospitals with higher economic scale (OR = 3.00; 95% CI: 1.72–5.25) were more likely to receive MTD as well.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that both patient‐ and hospital‐level characteristics significantly affected the adoption of MTD among NSCLC patients.
Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of Two Freshwater Peritrich Ciliates,Epistylis chlorelligerumShen 1980 andEpistylis chrysemydisBishop and Jahn 1941 (Ciliophora, Peritrichia)
Authors: Jiang Chuanqi , Shi Xinlu , Liu Guijie , Jiang Yu , Warren Alan
Published: June 2015

Two populations ofEpistylis chlorelligerumShen 1980, a colonial limnetic peritrich ciliate, were collected from different locations in China:E. chlorelligerum1 from West Lake, Hangzhou;E. chlorelligerum2 from East Lake, Wuhan. The morphology, infraciliature andSSU rRNAgene sequence of the two populations were investigated based on living and protargol‐stained specimens. Although both populations are consistent with previous descriptions of protargol‐stained specimens of this species, some differences in the morphology in vivo were observed. The two populations had identicalSSU rRNAgene sequences. A second species,Epistylis chrysemydisBishop and Jahn 1941, was also collected from East Lake, Wuhan, and was investigated for its morphology, infraciliature andSSU rRNAgene sequence. Phylogenetic analyses based onSSU rRNAgene sequence data indicate that the two populations ofE. chlorelligerumare nested within the Epistylididae clade nearE. wenrichiandE. urceolata.Epistylis chrysemydisis sister to the group comprisingE. chlorelligerum,E. wenrichi, andE. urceolata.
Genetic variants of Kudoa septempunctata (Myxozoa: Multivalvulida), a flounder parasite causing foodborne disease
Authors: Takeuchi F , Ogasawara Y , Kato K , Sekizuka T , Nozaki T , Sugita‐Konishi Y , Ohnishi T , Kuroda M
Published: June 2015

Foodborne disease outbreaks caused by raw olive flounders (Paralichthys olivaceus) parasitized with Kudoa septempunctata have been reported in Japan. Origins of olive flounders consumed in Japan vary, being either domestic or imported, and aquaculture‐raised or natural. Although it is unknown whether different sources are associated with different outcomes, it is desirable to identify whether this is the case by determining whether unique K. septempunctata strains occur and if so, whether some are associated with foodborne illness. We here developed an intraspecific genotyping method, using the sequence variation of mitochondrial genes. We collected olive flounder samples from foodborne disease outbreaks, domestic fish farms or quarantine offices and investigated whether K. septempunctata genotype is associated with pathogenicity or geographic origin. The 104 samples were classified into three genotypes, ST1, ST2 and ST3. Frequency of symptomatic cases differed by genotypes, but the association was not statistically significant. Whereas K. septempunctata detected from aquaculture‐raised and natural fish from Japan were either ST1 or ST2, those from fish inspected at quarantine from Korea to Japan were ST3. Our method can be applied to phylogeographic analysis of K. septempunctata and contribute to containing the foodborne disease. The genotype database is hosted in the PubMLST website (http://pubmlst.org/kseptempunctata/).
The devil is in the detail: who is actually at risk from flooding in England and Wales?
Authors: Fielding J.
Published: June 2015

Published sources claim that ‘one in six’ properties are at overall flood risk in England and Wales. However, an attempt to replicate that proportion using publicly available data proved difficult, estimating one in five properties in England and one in four properties in Wales at overall flood risk, and even higher risk estimates for non‐residential properties alone, especially in Wales. For comparative purposes, a primary analysis was conducted which found that the estimated fluvial and tidal flood risk for properties (residential and non‐residential) is one in twelve in England and one in nine in Wales. Discussions include the importance of the unit of analysis (people/properties) and also of property type (households/businesses). This paper reveals several discrepancies in published data and proportions at risk, and will emphasise that if ‘good evidence’ is needed to inform policy, then we need to be very specific about what kinds of risk, and to whom, we are reporting.
Physical Activity and Change in Long Distance Corridor Walk Performance in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study
Authors: Lange‐Maia Brittney S. , Strotmeyer Elsa S. , Harris Tamara B. , Glynn Nancy W. , Simonsick Eleanor M. , Brach Jennifer S. , Cauley Jane A. , Richey Phyllis A. , Schwartz Ann V. , Newman Anne B. ,   the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study
Published: June 2015

Objectives

To examine the prospective relationship between self‐reported physical activity and aerobic fitness in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study (Health ABC) using the Long Distance Corridor Walk (LDCW).

Design

Cohort study with 7 years of follow‐up.

Setting

Two U.S. clinical sites.

Participants

Community‐dwelling older adults enrolled in Health ABC (N = 3,075, aged 70–79, 52% female, 42% black) with no self‐reported difficulty walking one‐quarter of a mile or climbing 10 steps.

Measurements

Participants were classified based on a physical activity questionnaire as being inactive (≤1,000 kcal/wk exercise activity, ≤2,719 kcal/wk total physical activity), lifestyle active (≤1,000 kcal/wk exercise activity, >2,719 kcal/wk total physical activity), or exercisers (≥1,000 kcal/wk exercise activity). The LDCW, an endurance walking test (400 m), was administered at Years 1 (baseline), 2, 4, 6, and 8 to assess aerobic fitness.

Results

At baseline, LDCW completion times (adjusted for age and sex) were 351.8 seconds (95% confidence interval (CI) = 346.9–356.8 seconds) for the inactive group, 335.9 seconds (95% CI = 332.7–339.1 seconds) for the lifestyle active group, and 307.7 seconds (95% CI = 303.2–312.3 seconds) for the exerciser group (P < .001). From baseline to Year 8, the inactive group slowed 36.1 seconds (95% CI = 28.4–43.8 seconds), the lifestyle active group slowed 38.1 seconds (95% CI = 33.6–42.4 seconds), and the exerciser group slowed 40.8 seconds (95% CI = 35.2–46.5 seconds), and did not differ significantly between groups. In linear mixed‐effects models, the rate of change in LDCW time did not differ between the groups, although exercisers consistently had the fastest completion times (P < .001 for all pairwise comparisons).

Conclusion

Decline in LDCW time occurred regardless of baseline activity, although exercisers maintained higher aerobic fitness, which may delay reaching a critically low threshold of aerobic fitness at which independence is impaired.
Levels of lipocalin‐2 in crevicular fluid and tear fluid in chronic periodontitis and obesity subjects
Authors: Pradeep Avani Raju , Nagpal Kanika , Karvekar Shruti , Patnaik Kaushik
Published: June 2015

Aim

Lipocalin‐2, a 25 kDa secretory glycoprotein, was first found in the neutrophilic granules of humans and in mouse kidney cells. It has been shown to have an important role in inflammation. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of lipocalin‐2 in gingival crevicular fluid and tear fluid in patients with obesity and chronic periodontitis.

Methods

A total of 40 subjects in the age group 25–40 years were divided into four groups based on probing depth, gingival index, clinical attachment level, body mass index, and radiographic evidence of bone loss. The groups were:

nonobese healthy group;

obese healthy group;

nonobese chronic periodontitis group;

obese chronic periodontitis group

Gingival crevicular fluid and tear fluid samples were collected on the subsequent day.

Results

There was an increase in lipocalin‐2 levels from group 1 to group 4 (with the nonobese healthy group showing the least levels and obese chronic periodontitis group showing the highest levels) in both gingival crevicular fluid and tear fluid.

Conclusion

Lipocalin‐2 may be an important inflammatory marker that may help link obesity and chronic periodontitis.
Assessment of jawbone trabecular bone structure amongst osteoporotic women by cone‐beam computed tomography: the OSTEOSYR project
Authors: Barngkgei Imad , Al Haffar Iyad , Shaarani Eyad , Khattab Razan , Mashlah Ammar
Published: June 2015

Objective

To assess the trabecular bone structure of jawbones and the dens (the odontoid process of the second cervical vertebra) amongst osteoporotic and nonosteoporotic women using cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT). Analysis of the dens trabecular bone structure aimed to test the validity of CBCT in such analysis.

Methods

Thirty‐eight women who went under dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) examination were scanned by CBCT. Cuboids from different areas of jawbones and the dens were extracted from each scan. Trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular separation (Tb.S), bone volume fraction (BV/TV), specific bone surface (BS/TV) and connectivity density were calculated. Student's t‐test, Pearson correlation, and logistic regression analysis were used to explore differences in these measures between groups.

Results

Jawbone‐derived measures showed insignificant differences (P > 0.05) between osteoporotic and non‐osteoporotic groups, and weak correlations with femoral neck and lumbar vertebrae T‐scores (r ≤ 0.4). Dens‐derived measures, however, resulted in the opposite (r = 0.34–0.38 [P value = 0.02–0.036] and r = 0.48–0.61 [P value ≤ 0.003]) and the highest accuracy of osteoporosis prediction: 84.2% and 78.9% respectively.

Conclusion

Trabecular bone structure of the mandible and maxilla is not affected in osteoporosis as assessed by CBCT. Dens trabecular bone analysis revealed the opposite, so some trabecular bone measures may be assessed by CBCT, which may aid in predicting osteoporosis.
Addressing the burden of stroke caregivers: a literature review
Authors: Camak Deborah Jacks
Published: June 2015

Aims and objectives

To examine the empirical literature regarding the risk of burden experienced by the older adult caregiver of the stroke survivor. The scope of this review was limited to older adult family members caring for older adult stroke survivors as evidenced in the literature written between the years of 2009–2014.

Background

This article will explore published research within the past five years (2009–2014) that addresses the issue of burden among older adult caregivers of stroke survivors in addition to the implication for the changes needed within the nursing profession to mitigating the burden experienced by the caregiver. Many stroke survivors are in their 6th decade of life or older, with caregivers approximately the same age. This literature review specifically focuses on the role of nursing and the issue of caregiver burden.

Design

Literature Review.

Methods

A review of the literature published between 2009–2014 related to the lived experience of caregivers of stroke survivors and the role of nursing related to mitigating caregiver burden.

Results

Numerous factors impact the lived experience of caregivers providing care for the stroke survivor. Assuming the role of caregiver has an inherent risk which can result in health compromises for the caregiver. It is the responsibility of the nurse to assess, design interventions and provide education to prepare the caregiver for the demands of the role.

Conclusions

The literature review has shown that research regarding the risk of caregiver burden and the resulting health compromise is scarce. In addition, there is a lack of evidence‐based nursing interventions aimed at assuaging the risk of caregiver burden.

Relevance to clinical practice

Caregiver stress culminating in burden is commonly a reason for the eventual institutionalisation of the stroke survivor. Critically assessing and providing for the physical, psychosocial and educational support needs of stroke caregivers will assist in mitigating the daily burden experienced by the caregiver. Caregiver burden often results in psychological and physical health compromise for the caregiver. This literature review will address the role of the caregiver and the responsibilities of nursing to meet the needs of the caregiver.
Effectiveness of nurse‐led early discharge planning programmes for hospital inpatients with chronic disease or rehabilitation needs: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhu Qin‐Mei , Liu Jia , Hu Hong‐Yi , Wang Su
Published: June 2015

Aims and objectives

To compare the effectiveness of nurse‐led early discharge planning programmes to standard care for inpatients with chronic disease or rehabilitation needs.

Background

Nurse‐directed early discharge planning could shorten inpatient stays and reduce medical costs; however, it is not known whether the development of discharge planning programmes is effective for inpatients with chronic disease nor how such programmes might be optimally organised.

Design

Systematic review and meta‐analysis.

Methods

The PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and Cochrane Library were searched for randomized controlled trials assessing nurse‐directed discharge planning for inpatients with chronic disease or rehabilitation needs. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias. Meta‐analyses were conducted for the eligible studies by RevMan 5.2.6. Data were pooled using a fixed‐effect or random effects model. Where meta‐analysis was not possible, narrative analysis was reported.

Results

Ten randomized controlled trials and 3438 participants were included. Meta‐analysis demonstrated that, compared to standard care, early discharge planning programmes are effective in reducing hospital readmission rates, duration of inpatient readmissions and all‐cause mortality. However, no reduction in the length of stay of the index admission was demonstrated. Narrative analysis suggested that discharge planning may reduce total and readmission costs, as well as improving patients’ satisfaction and overall quality of life.

Conclusions

Compared to standard care, nurse‐led early discharge planning programmes have a positive impact on several aspects of care for inpatients with chronic disease and rehabilitation requirements, including reducing readmission, readmission length of stay and mortality and improving quality of life. These findings should be taken into account in future health service policy development.

Relevance to clinical practice

These findings are relevant to clinical and managerial staff in formulating and implementing discharge planning programmes for inpatients with chronic disease or rehabilitation needs.
Scope of practice decision making: findings from a national survey of Irish nurses and midwives
Authors: Fealy Gerard , Casey Mary , Rohde Daniela , Brady Anne‐Marie , Hegarty Josephine , Kennedy Catriona , McNamara Martin , O'Reilly Pauline , Prizeman Geraldine
Published: June 2015

Aims and objectives

The aim was to examine and describe aspects of the current scope of practice among nurses and midwives in Ireland. The objective was to describe practitioners' decision making associated with the scope of practice.

Background

Regulatory frameworks on the scope of practice describe the roles and activities an individual registrant is permitted to undertake in the course of professional practice. Research into the scope of practice has examined practitioners' perspectives on particular frameworks or their experiences of practice expansion, and suggests that frameworks are helpful in guiding practitioners; however, local circumstances and practitioner competence often determine scope of practice.

Design

A national postal survey of registered nurses and midwives was conducted to elicit self‐reports of current scope of practice.

Methods

A stratified random sample of 2354 registered nurses and midwives in Ireland were surveyed using the Scope‐Q, a 64‐item self‐report questionnaire.

Results

While over half of the respondents consulted others when making scope of practice decisions, the majority relied on their own professional judgement, acted only when they believed that they were competent to act, and recognised the limitations of their own competence. Although a small number of statistically significant associations were observed between respondents' age and self‐reported scope of practice, respondents' current scope of practice was independent of either grade or gender.

Conclusions

When making a decision about scope of practice, practitioners may consult other resources, including published frameworks, professional colleagues and line managers; however, most particularly, older, more experienced practitioners, rely on their own professional judgement when making scope of practice decisions.

Relevance to clinical practice

While published scope of practice frameworks guide practitioners on how they may act in circumstances of uncertainty, regulatory authorities should continue to emphasise individual accountability and self‐reliance in everyday decision making, so that practitioners' actions are grounded in local circumstances and self‐assessed practitioner competence.
Association between tongue and lip functions and masticatory performance in young dentate adults
Authors: Yamada A. , Kanazawa M. , Komagamine Y. , Minakuchi S.
Published: June 2015

Motor functions of masticatory organs such as the tongue, lips, cheeks and mandible are known to deteriorate with age, thereby influencing masticatory performance. However, there are few reports on the relationships between tongue and lip functions and masticatory performance. To investigate the relationship between tongue and lip functions and comprehensive masticatory performance, by evaluating crushing, mixing and shearing abilities in young dentate adults. Participants comprised 51 dentate adults with a mean age of 25 years. Maximum tongue pressure and oral diadochokinesis were measured to evaluate tongue and lip functions. A multiple sieving method using peanuts was performed to evaluate crushing ability. A colour‐changeable chewing gum was performed to evaluate mixing ability. A test gummy jelly was performed to evaluate shearing ability. The relationship between tongue and lip functions and each masticatory performance was assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficients. In addition, stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of crushing ability. Crushing ability was significantly correlated with maximum tongue pressure and the number of repetitions of the syllables /pa/, /ta/ and /ka/. Maximum tongue pressure and number of repetitions of the syllable /pa/ were identified as significant predictors for crushing ability. Mixing ability was significantly correlated with the number of repetitions of the syllable /pa/. Shearing ability was not significantly correlated with tongue and lip functions. Masticatory performance during the chewing of brittle foods such as peanuts and solid foods such as chewing gum appears to be correlated with tongue and lip functions.
Functions of melatonin in plants: a review
Authors: Arnao Marino B. , Hernández‐Ruiz Josefa
Published: June 2015

The number of studies on melatonin in plants has increased significantly in recent years. This molecule, with a large set of functions in animals, has also shown great potential in plant physiology. This review outlines the main functions of melatonin in the physiology of higher plants. Its role as antistress agent against abiotic stressors, such as drought, salinity, low and high ambient temperatures, UV radiation and toxic chemicals, is analyzed. The latest data on their role in plant–pathogen interactions are also discussed. Both abiotic and biotic stresses produce a significant increase in endogenous melatonin levels, indicating its possible role as effector in these situations. The existence of endogenous circadian rhythms in melatonin levels has been demonstrated in some species, and the data, although limited, suggest a central role of this molecule in the day/night cycles in plants. Finally, another aspect that has led to a large volume of research is the involvement of melatonin in aspects of plant development regulation. Although its role as a plant hormone is still far of from being fully established, its involvement in processes such as growth, rhizogenesis, and photosynthesis seems evident. The multiple changes in gene expression caused by melatonin point to its role as a multiregulatory molecule capable of coordinating many aspects of plant development. This last aspect, together with its role as an alleviating‐stressor agent, suggests that melatonin is an excellent prospect for crop improvement.
Sequencing type material resolves the identity and distribution of the generitype Lithophyllum incrustans, and related European species L. hibernicum and L. bathyporum (Corallinales, Rhodophyta)
Authors: Hernandez‐Kantun Jazmin J. , Rindi Fabio , Adey Walter H. , Heesch Svenja , Peña Viviana , Le Gall Line , Gabrielson Paul W.
Published: June 2015

DNA sequences from type material in the nongeniculate coralline genus Lithophyllum were used to unambiguously link some European species names to field‐collected specimens, thus providing a great advance over morpho‐anatomical identifi‐cation. In particular, sequence comparisons of rbcL, COI and psbA genes from field‐collected specimens allowed the following conclusion: the generitype species, L. incrustans, occurs mostly as subtidal rhodoliths and crusts on both Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts, and not as the common, NE Atlantic, epilithic, intertidal crust reported in the literature. The heterotypic type material of L. hibernicum was narrowed to one rhodolith belonging in Lithophyllum. As well as occurring as a subtidal rhodolith, L. hibernicum is a common, epilithic and epizoic crust in the intertidal zone from Ireland south to Mediterranean France. A set of four features distinguished L. incrustans from L. hibernicum, including epithallial cell diameter, pore canal shape of sporangial conceptacles and sporangium height and diameter. An rbcL sequence of the lectotype of Lithophyllum bathyporum, which was recently proposed to accommodate Atlantic intertidal collections of L. incrustans, corresponded to a distinct taxon hitherto known only from Brittany as the subtidal, bisporangial, lectotype, but also occurs intertidally in Atlantic Spain. Specimens from Ireland and France morpho‐anatomically identified as L. fasciculatum and a specimen from Cornwall likewise identified as L. duckerae were resolved as L. incrustans and L. hibernicum, respectively.
The association between clinical periodontal parameters and free haem concentration within the gingival crevicular fluid: a pilot study
Authors: Liu L. Y. , McGregor N. , Wong B. K. J. , Butt H. , Darby I. B.
Published: June 2015

Objectives

To investigate the concentration of local free haem in gingival crevicular fluid at periodontally healthy compared with diseased sites in relation to clinical periodontal parameters. The second objective is to investigate for any correlation between smoking and haem concentration.

Material and Methods

Clinical parameters were recorded for two healthy and two diseased sites from 22 patients with untreated periodontitis. Gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected from the same sites. Haem assay analysis was undertaken to determine haem concentration at these sites.

Results

Gingival crevicular fluid haem concentration was higher at periodontally diseased sites compared to healthy sites (mean 46.6 ± 70.6 nm in healthy vs. 1116.6 ± 2007.0 nm in diseased sites, p < 0.001) and positively correlated with probing pocket depth, attachment level and radiographic bone loss. Gingival crevicular fluid haem concentration was higher in non‐smokers compared with smokers. However, no significant difference in correlation between haem concentration and clinical parameters were seen between smokers and non‐smokers (p > 0.3).

Conclusion

The higher concentration of gingival crevicular fluid haem at diseased compared with healthy sites indicates that there is an association between increased levels of local free haem and periodontal disease. This may be through the pro‐inflammatory actions of free haem. Further study on a larger scale is required to determine the influence of smoking between haem concentration and clinical parameters.
Root surface modifiers and subepithelial connective tissue graft for treatment of gingival recessions: a systematic review
Authors: Karam P. S. B. H. , Sant'Ana A. C. P. , de Rezende M. L. R. , Greghi S. L. A. , Damante C. A. , Zangrando M. S. R.
Published: June 2015

Background and Objective

Many techniques and flap designs have been used to treat gingival recession by root coverage, but subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) seems to be the gold standard procedure. In an attempt to improve the healing process and increase the success rate of root coverage, some authors have used root modifiers, including different root conditioners, lasers, EMD, recombinant human growth factors and platelet‐rich plasma (PRP). The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effects of root biomodification in clinical outcomes of gingival recessions treated with SCTG.

Material and Methods

Studies reporting SCTG associated with any form of root surface biomodification for root coverage of gingival recessions (Miller Class I and Class II) were considered as eligible for inclusion. Studies needed to have data of clinical outcomes in a follow up of at least 6 months. Screening of the articles, data extraction and quality assessment were conducted independently and in duplicate.

Results

None of the products evaluated (citric acid, EDTA, PRP, lasers and EMD) showed evident benefits in clinical outcomes. Test and control groups presented similar outcomes related to root coverage and periodontal parameters, with no statistical differences between them. The exception was root biomodification with the neodymium‐doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) laser, which impaired root coverage and had a detrimental effect on clinical outcomes.

Conclusion

Based on the present clinical data, the use of root surface modifiers to improve clinical outcomes in gingival recessions treated with SCTG is not justified. More in vivo studies, and randomized clinical trials with larger sample sizes and extended follow up, are necessary.
Banded mongooses avoid inbreeding when mating with members of the same natal group
Authors: Sanderson Jennifer L. , Wang Jinliang , Vitikainen Emma I. K. , Cant Michael A. , Nichols Hazel J.
Published: June 2015

Inbreeding and inbreeding avoidance are key factors in the evolution of animal societies, influencing dispersal and reproductive strategies which can affect relatedness structure and helping behaviours. In cooperative breeding systems, individuals typically avoid inbreeding through reproductive restraint and/or dispersing to breed outside their natal group. However, where groups contain multiple potential mates of varying relatedness, strategies of kin recognition and mate choice may be favoured. Here, we investigate male mate choice and female control of paternity in the banded mongoose (Mungos mungo), a cooperatively breeding mammal where both sexes are often philopatric and mating between relatives is known to occur. We find evidence suggestive of inbreeding depression in banded mongooses, indicating a benefit to avoiding breeding with relatives. Successfully breeding pairs were less related than expected under random mating, which appeared to be driven by both male choice and female control of paternity. Male banded mongooses actively guard females to gain access to mating opportunities, and this guarding behaviour is preferentially directed towards less closely related females. Guard–female relatedness did not affect the guard's probability of gaining reproductive success. However, where mate‐guards are unsuccessful, they lose paternity to males that are less related to the females than themselves. Together, our results suggest that both sexes of banded mongoose use kin discrimination to avoid inbreeding. Although this strategy appears to be rare among cooperative breeders, it may be more prominent in species where relatedness to potential mates is variable, and/or where opportunities for dispersal and mating outside of the group are limited.
The coral immune response facilitates protection against microbes during tissue regeneration
Authors: van de Water Jeroen A. J. M. , Ainsworth Tracy D. , Leggat William , Bourne David G. , Willis Bette L. , van Oppen Madeleine J. H.
Published: June 2015

Increasing physical damage on coral reefs from predation, storms and anthropogenic disturbances highlights the need to understand the impact of injury on the coral immune system. In this study, we examined the regulation of the coral immune response over 10 days following physical trauma artificially inflicted on in situ colonies of the coral Acropora aspera, simultaneously with bacterial colonization of the lesions. Corals responded to injury by increasing the expression of immune system‐related genes involved in the Toll‐like and NOD‐like receptor signalling pathways and the lectin–complement system in three phases (<2, 4 and 10 days post‐injury). Phenoloxidase activity was also significantly upregulated in two phases (<3 and 10 days post‐injury), as were levels of non‐fluorescent chromoprotein. In addition, green fluorescent protein expression was upregulated in response to injury from 4 days post‐injury, while cyan fluorescent protein expression was reduced. No shifts in the composition of coral‐associated bacterial communities were evident following injury based on 16S rRNA gene amplicon pyrosequencing. Bacteria‐specific fluorescence in situ hybridization also showed no evidence of bacterial colonization of the wound or regenerating tissues. Coral tissues showed near‐complete regeneration of lesions within 10 days. This study demonstrates that corals exhibit immune responses that support rapid recovery following physical injury, maintain coral microbial homeostasis and prevent bacterial infestation that may compromise coral fitness.
Fine‐scale refuges can buffer demographic and genetic processes against short‐term climatic variation and disturbance: a 22‐year case study of an arboreal marsupial
Authors: Banks Sam C. , Lorin Thibault , Shaw Robyn E. , McBurney Lachlan , Blair David , Blyton Michaela D.J. , Smith Annabel L. , Pierson Jennifer C. , Lindenmayer David B.
Published: June 2015

Ecological disturbance and climate are key drivers of temporal dynamics in the demography and genetic diversity of natural populations. Microscale refuges are known to buffer species’ persistence against environmental change, but the effects of such refuges on demographic and genetic patterns in response to short‐term environmental variation are poorly understood. We quantified demographic and genetic responses of mountain brushtail possums (Trichosurus cunninghami) to rainfall variability (1992–2013) and to a major wildfire. We hypothesized that there would be underlying differences in demographic and genetic processes between an unburnt mesic refuge and a topographically exposed zone that was burnt in 2009. Fire caused a 2‐year decrease in survival in the burnt zone, but the population grew after the fire due to immigration, leading to increased expected heterozygosity. We documented a fire‐related behavioural shift, where the rate of movement by individuals in the unburnt refuge to the burnt zone decreased after fire. Irrespective of the fire, there were long‐term differences in demographic and genetic parameters between the mesic/unburnt refuge and the nonmesic/burnt zone. Survival was high and unaffected by rainfall in the refuge, but lower and rainfall‐dependent in the nonmesic zone. Net movement of individuals was directional, from the mesic refuge to the nonmesic zone, suggesting fine‐scale source–sink dynamics. There were higher expected heterozygosity (HE) and temporal genetic stability in the refuge, but lower HE and marked temporal genetic structure in the exposed habitat, consistent with reduced generational overlap caused by elevated mortality and immigration. Thus, fine‐scale refuges can mediate the short‐term demographic and genetic effects of climate and ecological disturbance.