bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimierungskonzepte für Deckensysteme – von Halbfertigteilen bis zur Fertigteilbauweise
Authors: Fastabend Michael , Albert Mark , Steller Veronika
Published: October 2014

Insbesondere bei Gewerbebauten umfassen die Deckensysteme ca. 15 % bis 20 % der Rohbaukosten und sind somit in einem entscheidenden Umfang baupreisbestimmend. Halbfertigteile und der Fertigteilbau mit kleinteiligen Elementen, deren Montage auch mit üblichen Hochbaukränen gelingt, bieten hierzu immer noch erhebliche Optimierungspotenziale in Beton, Bewehrung und Rüstung. Insbesondere innovative Anschlussdetails erlauben einfache Montagekonzepte. Anhand von Berechnungen und ausgeführten Beispielen können die Konzepte erläutert werden.

Optimization concepts for ceiling systems – of semi‐finished elements to prefabricated constructions

Particularly by industry buildings the structural system covers 15 % to 20 % of the rough work costs, these are consequently price‐setting in a high range. Half‐prefabricated and prefabricated building methods with small elements, whose installation works also with common building cranes still offer heavy optimizing potential on concrete, reinforcement and armament. Especially innovative connecting details allow simple installation concepts. The concepts can be clarified on the basis of calculations and conducted examples.
Determination of cellulose crystallinity from powder diffraction diagrams
Authors: Lindner Benjamin , Petridis Loukas , Langan Paul , Smith Jeremy C.
Published: October 2014

One‐dimensional (1D) (spherically averaged) powder diffraction diagrams are commonly used to determine the degree of cellulose crystallinity in biomass samples. Here, it is shown using molecular modeling how disorder in cellulose fibrils can lead to considerable uncertainty in conclusions drawn concerning crystallinity based on 1D powder diffraction data alone. For example, cellulose microfibrils that contain both crystalline and noncrystalline segments can lead to powder diffraction diagrams lacking identifiable peaks, while microfibrils without any crystalline segments can lead to such peaks. This leads to false positives, that is, assigning disordered cellulose as crystalline, and false negatives, that is, categorizing fibrils with crystalline segments as amorphous. The reliable determination of the fraction of crystallinity in any given biomass sample will require a more sophisticated approach combining detailed experiment and simulation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 103: 67–73, 2015.
Enhancement of Activity and Durability through Cr Doping of TiO2 Supports in Pt Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reactions
Authors: Kim Jun‐Hyuk , Kwon Gihan , Chun Hohwan , Kim Yong‐Tae
Published: October 2014

A challenging issue in the commercialization of fuel cells is to improve the kinetics of the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and durability of the cathode electrocatalyst under corrosive ORR conditions. In this paper, we report a promising approach to address these two major issues by Cr doping of TiO2 supports in Pt‐based electrocatalysts. It was clearly revealed that Cr doping led to a marked enhancement of ORR kinetics, which was attributed to the compressive strain in the Pt lattice as well as the increased electronic conductivity of the Cr–TiO2 supports. Furthermore, Pt/Cr–TiO2 demonstrated a far superior durability to that of conventional Pt/C, which was assessed by accelerated durability tests (ADT) and in situ X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure studies. The specific activity of Pt/C decreased by 43 % after the ADT (141 μA cm−2 and 82 μA cm−2 before and after ADT, respectively), whereas that of Pt/Cr–TiO2 was merely reduced by 13 % (472 μA cm−2 and 409 μA cm−2).
Synthesis of Pt, PtRh, and PtRhNi Alloys Supported by Pristine Graphene Nanosheets for Ethanol Electrooxidation
Authors: Shen Yi , Zhang Mr. Zhihui , Xiao Kaijun , Xi Jingyu
Published: October 2014

Ultrafine Pt, PtRh, and PtRhNi particles were assembled on pristine graphene nanosheets (GNSs), and the resulting hybrids were examined as electrocatalysts for ethanol oxidation. The structures of the catalysts were characterized by using transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. The bulk composition of the catalysts was determined by using energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and the surface composition of the nanoparticles was analyzed by using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The activity of the catalysts for ethanol electrooxidation was studied by using cyclic voltammetry, linear sweeping voltammetry, and chronoamperometry. The activity of the catalysts followed the order of Pt/GNS<PtRh/GNS<PtRhNi/GNS, and it was well correlated with the structural characteristics of the catalysts. The excellent activity and stability of the PtRhNi/GNS catalyst was attributed to the bifunctional effects as well as the modification of Pt electronic structures.
Extraction Behavior of Lipids Obtained from Spent Coffee Grounds Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Akgün Nalan A. , Bulut Hakan , Kikic Ireneo , Solinas Dario
Published: October 2014

Supercritical carbon dioxide (sc‐CO2) extraction was applied to extract lipids from spent coffee grounds. The effects of different process conditions on the extraction yield and composition of the extracts were investigated by response surface methodology. A comparison of the experimental results with those obtained by conventional solvent extraction was also performed. In all these samples, the main fatty acids were rich in palmitic and linoleic acids. Moreover, a new method was developed and validated for the gas chromatographic analysis of sterols and tocopherols. The results demonstrate that sc‐CO2 extraction is principally a potential candidate method for the extraction of lipids and high value‐added compounds from residues/by‐products.
Mechanisms of Fever Production and Lysis: Lessons from Experimental LPS Fever
Authors: Roth Joachim , Blatteis Clark M.
Published: October 2014

Fever is a cardinal symptom of infectious or inflammatory insults, but it can also arise from noninfectious causes. The fever‐inducing agent that has been used most frequently in experimental studies designed to characterize the physiological, immunological and neuroendocrine processes and to identify the neuronal circuits that underlie the manifestation of the febrile response is lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Our knowledge of the mechanisms of fever production and lysis is largely based on this model. Fever is usually initiated in the periphery of the challenged host by the immediate activation of the innate immune system by LPS, specifically of the complement (C) cascade and Toll‐like receptors. The first results in the immediate generation of the C component C5a and the subsequent rapid production of prostaglandin E2(PGE2). The second, occurring after some delay, induces the further production of PGE2by induction of its synthesizing enzymes and transcription and translation of proinflammatory cytokines. The Kupffer cells (Kc) of the liver seem to be essential for these initial processes. The subsequent transfer of the pyrogenic message from the periphery to the brain is achieved by neuronal and humoral mechanisms. These pathways subserve the genesis of early (neuronal signals) and late (humoral signals) phases of the characteristically biphasic febrile response to LPS. During the course of fever, counterinflammatory factors, “endogenous antipyretics,” are elaborated peripherally and centrally to limit fever in strength and duration. The multiple interacting pro‐ and antipyretic signals and their mechanistic effects that underlie endotoxic fever are the subjects of this review. © 2014 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol4:1563‐1604, 2014.
New Developments for Case Conceptualization in Emotion‐Focused Therapy
Authors: Timulak Ladislav , Pascual‐Leone Antonio
Published: October 2014

Emotion‐focused therapy (EFT) has increasingly made use of case conceptualization. The current paper presents a development in the case conceptualization approach of EFT. It takes inspiration from recent research on emotion transformation in EFT. The case conceptualization presented here can guide the therapist in listening to the client's narrative and in observing the client's emotional presentation in sessions. Through observing regularities, the therapist can tentatively determine core emotion schemes' organizations, triggers that bring about the emotional pain, the client's self‐treatment that contributes to the pain, the fear of emotional pain that drives avoidance and emotional interruption strategies. The framework recognizes global distress, into which the client falls, as a result of his or her inability to process the underlying pain, the underlying core pain and the unmet needs embedded in it. This conceptual framework then informs therapists as to which self‐organizations (compassion and protective anger based) have to be facilitated to respond to the pain and unmet needs, so that they might transform it. The conceptual framework can guide the therapist's thinking/perceptions and actions in the session. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

Therapists can better facilitate emotional transformation when they understand the dynamics involved in the client's distress.

Emotion transformation is facilitated by first helping the client to access the core underlying painful feelings and unmet needs embedded in them and then by helping the client to generate adaptive emotional responses to those unmet needs.
Molecular Basis for the High CO2 Adsorption Capacity of Chabazite Zeolites
Authors: Pham Trong D. , Hudson Matthew R. , Brown Craig M. , Lobo Raul F.
Published: October 2014

CO2 adsorption in Li‐, Na‐, K‐CHA (Si/Al=6,=12), and silica chabazite zeolites was investigated by powder diffraction. Two CO2 adsorption sites were found in all chabazites with CO2 locating in the 8‐membered ring (8MR) pore opening being the dominant site. Electric quadrupole‐electric field gradient and dispersion interactions drive CO2 adsorption at the middle of the 8 MRs, while CO2 polarization due to interaction with cation sites controls the secondary CO2 site. In Si‐CHA, adsorption is dominated by dispersion interactions with CO2 observed on the pore walls and in 8 MRs. CO2 adsorption complexes on dual cation sites were observed on K‐CHA, important for K‐CHA‐6 samples due to a higher probability of two K+ cations bridging CO2. Trends in isosteric heats of CO2 adsorption based on cation type and concentration can be correlated with adsorption sites and CO2 quantity. A decrease in the hardness of metal cations results in a decrease in the direct interaction of these cations with CO2.
Modelling algal abnormal proliferation in a reservoir using support vector regression: a case study
Authors: Díaz Muñiz C. , Alonso Fernández J. R. , García Nieto P. J. , Alvarez Antón J. C.
Published: October 2014

An important issue in lake and reservoir management is to prevent algal proliferation and its problematic symptom: the algal blooms that deteriorate water quality and ruin its use. The aim of this study was to obtain a predictive model able to perform an early detection of algal abnormal proliferation using as a predictor the chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration of previous days. For this purpose, some biological parameters (phytoplankton species expressed in biovolume) in addition to the most important chemical and physical–chemical parameters were considered. The implementation of the statistical learning method known as support vector machines (SVMs) allowed us to predict the Chl a concentration, one of the most frequently used estimators of algal biomass, and to study its evolution in the Trasona reservoir (Principality of Asturias, Northern Spain). In the first place, the main goal was to obtain the dependence relationship of chlorophyll concentration as a function of not only several chemical and physical–chemical variables but also the biological ones. This dependence relationship was useful in setting the significance order of the variables involved in the Chl a prediction. Secondly, a model for forecasting the algal abnormal proliferation is obtained. The agreement between experimental data and the model confirmed the good performance of the latter. Finally, conclusions of this innovative research work are exposed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combined Stabilizing Effects of Trifluoromethyl Groups and Semifluorinated Side Chains on the Thermotropic Liquid‐Crystal Behavior of β‐Enamino Ketone Ligands and Their Bischelate PdII Complexes
Authors: Martin Alexander , Mügge Carolin , Gin Douglas L. , Donnio Bertrand , Weigand Wolfgang
Published: October 2014

Several linear β‐enamino ketone ligands and their corresponding bischelate PdII complexes bearing various combinations of methyl and trifluoromethyl groups at the chelating center as well as peripheral hydrocarbon and perfluorinated side chains were prepared. The effect of these structural modifications on the thermotropic liquid‐crystalline behavior of both the ligands and the corresponding metal complexes was studied. The relationships between the molecular structures and the corresponding thermal properties are discussed. As expected, the persistence of liquid‐crystalline behavior was highly sensitive to both applied structural manipulations. On the one hand, increased steric congestion around the chelating moiety clearly appears detrimental to the retention of mesomorphism. On the other hand, perfluorinated chains at the molecular extremity can occasionally restore it. Therefore, the regulation of the balance between both structural parameters permits a precise control of the mesomorphic properties of the compounds.
Nanostructuring of Bridged Organosilane Precursors with Pendant Alkyl Chains
Authors: Nunes Sílvia C. , Bürglová Kristýna , Hodačová Jana , Ferreira Rute A. S. , Carlos Luís D. , Almeida Paulo , Cattoën Xavier , Wong Chi Man Michel , de Zea Bermudez Verónica
Published: October 2014

The copper‐catalyzed alkyne azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction was combined with sol‐gel reactions for the production of bridged silsesquioxanes (BSs) in which hexyl and icosanyl chains are pendant and anchored on a single position to a triazole ring. The influence of the alkyl chain length on the structure of the BSs, represented by the notation Cn/siloxane (where n = 6 and 20), was examined. The C20/siloxane hybrid is a hydrophobic material that exhibits a hierarchically structured lamellar bilayer organization, a texture composed of microplates of nanometer thickness, and a reversible time‐independent order/disorder phase transition (onset at 60 °C). The driving forces for self‐assembly are van der Waals interactions between the icosanyl chains and π‐π interactions between the triazole rings. In the essentially amorphous C6/siloxane hybrid, the latter contribution promotes the genesis of a pre‐lamellar phase similar to that found in C20/siloxane.
Lithium–Titanium Exchange of Tertiary α‐Sulfonyl Carbanions: Synthesis, Structure, Dynamics and Reactivity of Bis(1‐sulfonylalkyl)titaniums
Authors: Heß Thomas , Raabe Gerhard , Gais Hans‐Joachim
Published: October 2014

Lithium–titanium exchange of tertiary α‐sulfonyl carbanions with ClTi(OiPr)3 and Cl2Ti(OiPr)2 in diethyl ether gave bis(1‐sulfonylalkyl)titaniums and not the corresponding (1‐sulfonylalkyl)titaniums. X‐ray crystal structure analysis of di(isopropoxy)bis[1‐(phenylsulfonyl)cyclobutyl]titanium and di(isopropoxy)bis[1‐(phenylsulfonyl)isopropyl]titanium showed asymmetric distorted octahedral complexes, having hexacoordinate Ti atoms, two C–Ti bonds, four Ti–O bonds, and two four‐membered Ti–O–S–Cα rings. According to 1H NMR spectroscopy bis(1‐sulfonylcycloalkyl)titaniums are non‐fluxional at room temperature. This suggests that chiral bis(1‐sulfonylalkyl)titaniums should be configurationally stable. The bis(1‐sulfonylalkyl)titaniums are stable at room temperature towards β‐H elimination. They selectively add to benzaldehyde in the presence of acetophenone but do not react with methyl iodide. The reaction of tertiary acyclic α‐sulfonyl carbanions with ClTi(OiPr)3 in tetrahydrofuran (THF) gives different titanium derivatives with unspecified structures, which not only selectively react with benzaldehyde in the presence of acetophenone but are also alkylated by methyl iodide.
Electrochemical Sensing of Nitrite Ions Using Tin‐Submicroparticles Modified Glassy Carbon Electrodes
Authors: Sivasubramanian R. , Sangaranarayanan M. V.
Published: October 2014

The applicability of tin submicroparticles modified glassy carbon electrodes for sensing of nitrite ions is demonstrated. Tin submicroparticles have been electrodeposited on a glassy carbon electrode using constant potential deposition. The detection of nitrite ions is carried out with differential pulse voltammetry, amperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The lowest detection limit of 0.5 µM with a linear range of 5 µM–1000 µM is inferred from the differential pulse voltammetry. The interference from different compounds such as urea, glucose and nitrate ions is also analyzed.
Carry Trades and Sovereign CDS Spreads: Evidence from Asia‐Pacific Markets
Authors: Pavlova Ivelina , de Boyrie Maria E.
Published: October 2014

This article extends the current literature on currency carry trades by investigating the first and second moment interactions between carry trade returns and changes in sovereign credit default swap spreads. Using a VAR‐EGARCH model and a sample of nine Asia‐Pacific currencies, we examine the relation between sovereign spreads and carry trade returns with and without the inclusion of the 2008 global financial crisis period. Our results show that carry trade returns and sovereign spread changes are negatively correlated, with Granger causality running in both directions. We also find significant volatility spillover effects. High conditional correlation between the currency component of carry trades and sovereign spreads is documented, which is amplified if the crisis period is considered. Global risk affects carry trade volatility more during turbulent periods. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 35:1067–1087, 2015
Furnishing for long railway tunnels – interplay between construction and maintenance costs (example Koralm Tunnel) / Ausstattung langer Bahntunnel im Spannungsfeld zwischen Errichtungs‐ und Erhaltungskosten am Beispiel des Koralmtunnels
Authors: Steiner Helmut , Rodler Johann
Published: October 2014

Major rail projects pose numerous challenges for design, construction, installation, commissioning and later operation. In order to be able to harmonise all these sometimes very varied subjects and activities, extensive consideration is necessary in advance. Increasing tunnel lengths, more stringent requirements for tunnel safety and also for the demands to exploit the available technology are reasons for the massive growth of technical equipment that has been observed. This trend must be followed very carefully and critically, particularly in order that it does not lead to any further increase of maintenance costs, reduction of the availability of the facilities or limitation of the capacity or quality of operations.

These points are gaining ever higher priority through the newly opened railway lines (western line Vienna–St. Pölten – 60 km/Unterinntalbahn – 40 km) and the experience gained from them. On current and future projects, questions of rail fittings and equipment must therefore be considered as early as possible in order to be able to reduce the plant to a necessary minimum.

Große Bahnprojekte stellen vielfältige Anforderungen an die Planung, den Bau, die Ausstattung, die Inbetriebnahme wie auch an die spätere Betriebsführung. Um all diese teilweise sehr unterschiedlich zu bewertenden Themen und Bereiche in Einklang zu bringen, sind vorab weitreichende Überlegungen erforderlich. Wachsende Tunnellängen, erhöhte Anforderungen an die Tunnelsicherheit und auch die Ausnutzung von vorhandenen technischen Möglichkeiten sind Gründe, warum ein massiver Zuwachs von technischen Anlagen zu beobachten ist. Dieser Trend muss sehr aufmerksam und kritisch verfolgt und vor allem auch hinterfragt werden, damit es nicht dadurch zu weiter erhöhten Instandhaltungsaufwendungen, zu Verringerungen der Anlagenverfügbarkeit, zu Einschränkungen bei der Kapazität und Qualität der Betriebsführung kommt.

Diese Punkte bekommen durch die neu in Betrieb genommenen Bahnstrecken (Weststrecke Wien–St. Pölten – 60 km/Unterinntalbahn – 40 km) und die daraus erst kürzlich gewonnenen Erfahrungen eine immer größere Priorität. Bei laufenden und zukünftigen Projekten müssen daher so früh wie möglich Aspekte der bahntechnischen Ausstattung/Ausrüstung in Grundlagenentscheidungen einfließen, um eine Reduktion der Anlagen auf ein erforderliches Minimum hin betreiben zu können.
Full face excavation in difficult ground
Authors: Lunardi Pietro , Barla Giovanni
Published: October 2014

This paper describes the evolution of full face excavation from the mid 1980s to the present. During this time, more than 1,000 km of tunnels have been designed, excavated and completed using full face excavation, with cross sections ranging in size from 120 to 220 m2, in different geological and geotechnical conditions, near the ground surface or at depth.

Starting from the basic concepts of the approach (ADECO‐RS) applied at the tunnel design stage and during construction, the experience gained and the lessons learned are summarised. It is shown how full face excavation has been developed and improved through the experience gained from the construction of both road and railway tunnels in the past thirty years.

In order to highlight the current stage of development, with new materials, technologies, modelling methods and increased capacity in observation and real‐time monitoring of tunnel behaviour becoming available, the case of the Sochi Tunnel in Russia is presented and a comparison with the New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) is illustrated.
JHDM1B expression regulates ribosome biogenesis and cancer cell growth in a p53 dependent manner
Authors: Penzo Marianna , Casoli Lucia , Pollutri Daniela , Sicuro Laura , Ceccarelli Claudio , Santini Donatella , Taffurelli Mario , Govoni Marzia , Brina Daniela , Trerè Davide , Montanaro Lorenzo
Published: October 2014

Tumors characterized by an intense ribosome biogenesis often display a more aggressive behavior. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis is controlled at several levels, including the epigenetic regulation of the condensation of chromatin portions containing rRNA genes. JHDM1B (Jumonji C histone demethylase 1B) is a histone demethylase able to regulate the accessibility of rRNA genes. In this study, we aimed to define the contribution of JHDM1B expression to the features of breast cancer, a tumor type whose behavior is related to the rate of ribosome biogenesis. We show that, in breast cancer‐derived cell lines, the increase in rRNA transcription that follows JHDM1B knock‐down is mirrored by an augmented cell proliferation only in p53 compromised cells, while p53 competent cells undergo cellular senescence and death. The latter effect appears to be mediated by a p38‐dependent phosphorylation of p53, inducing the expression of p15Ink4b and p21Waf1. In breast cancers, lower JHDM1B expression correlates with an increased size of specifically stained nucleolar organized regions, a morphological parameter directly related to the rate of ribosome biogenesis and with a poorer prognosis. In addition, in tumors lacking the controller function of p53, a lower expression of JHDM1B is associated with an increased tumor size at diagnosis. Altogether, our data indicate that epigenetic activation of rDNA genes induced by JHDM1B depletion is associated with a p53‐dependent growth arrest, but may promote cancer cell growth when p53 is lacking.
Family history in the Finnish Prostate Cancer Screening Trial
Authors: Saarimäki Lasse , Tammela Teuvo L. , Määttänen Liisa , Taari Kimmo , Kujala Paula M. , Raitanen Jani , Auvinen Anssi
Published: October 2014

Family history (FH) is one of the few known risk factors for prostate cancer (PC). There is also new evidence about mortality reduction in screening of PC with prostate‐specific antigen (PSA). Therefore, we conducted a prospective study in the Finnish Prostate Cancer Screening Trial to evaluate the impact of FH on outcomes of PC screening. Of the 80,144 men enrolled, 31,866 men were randomized to the screening arm and were invited for screening with PSA test (cut‐off 4 ng/ml) every 4 years. At the time of each invitation, FH of PC (FH) was assessed through a questionnaire. The analysis covered a follow‐up of 12 years from randomization for all men with data on FH. Of the 23,702 (74.3%) invited men attending screening, 22,756 (96.0%) provided information of their FH. Altogether 1,723 (7.3%) men reported at least one first‐degree relative diagnosed with PC and of them 235 (13.6%) were diagnosed with PC. Men with a first‐degree FH had increased risk for PC (risk ratio (RR) 1.31, p < 0.001) and the risk was especially elevated for interval cancer (RR 1.65, 95% CI 1.27–2.15). Risk for low‐grade (Gleason 2–6) tumors was increased (RR 1.46, 95% CI 1.15–1.69), but it was decreased for Gleason 8–10 tumors (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.25–0.95). PSA test performance (sensitivity and specificity) was slightly inferior for FH positives. No difference in PC mortality was observed in terms of FH. Our findings provide no support for selective PSA screening targeting men with FH of PC.
Genomic profile of pseudomyxoma peritonei analyzed using next‐generation sequencing and immunohistochemistry
Authors: Nummela Pirjo , Saarinen Lilli , Thiel Alexandra , Järvinen Petrus , Lehtonen Rainer , Lepistö Anna , Järvinen Heikki , Aaltonen Lauri A , Hautaniemi Sampsa , Ristimäki Ari
Published: October 2014

Pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) is a relatively rare clinical syndrome characterized by neoplastic epithelial cells growing in the peritoneal cavity and secreting mucinous ascites. Our aim was to explore the molecular events behind this fatal but under‐investigated disease. We extracted DNA from 19 appendix‐derived PMP tumors and nine corresponding normal tissues, and analyzed the mutational hotspot areas of 48 cancer‐related genes by amplicon‐based next‐generation sequencing (NGS). Further, we analyzed the protein expression of V600E mutated BRAF, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and p53 from a larger set of PMP tumors (n = 74) using immunohistochemistry. With NGS, we detected activating somatic KRAS mutations in all of the tumors studied. GNAS was mutated in 63% of the tumors with no marked difference between low‐grade and high‐grade tumors. Only one (5.3%) tumor showed oncogenic PIK3CA mutation, one showed oncogenic AKT1 mutation, three (15.8%) showed SMAD4 mutations and none showed an APC mutation. P53 protein was aberrantly expressed in higher proportion of high‐grade tumors as compared with low‐grade ones (31.3 vs. 7.1%, respectively; p = 0.012) and aberrant expression was an independent factor for reduced overall survival (p = 0.002). BRAF V600E mutation was only found in one (1.4%) high‐grade tumor by immunohistochemistry (n = 74). All the studied tumors expressed mismatch repair proteins MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6. Our results indicate that KRAS mutations are evident in all and GNAS mutations in most of the PMPs, but BRAF V600E, PIK3CA and APC mutations are rare. Aberrantly expressed p53 is associated with high‐grade histology and reduced survival.
Predicting Substance Abuse Relapse: The Role of Social Interest and Social Bonding
Authors: Giordano Amanda L. , Clarke Philip B. , Furter Robert T.
Published: October 2014

Substance abuse relapse has been linked to a number of internal and external vulnerability factors. The authors explored the internal construct of Adlerian social interest (Adler, ) and the external construct of Hirschi's () social bonding to provide a holistic risk profile of relapse.
The Preparation of Master's‐Level Professional Counselors for Positions in College and University Counseling Centers
Authors: Shaw Brian M. , Remley Theodore P. , Ward Christine
Published: October 2014

This study investigated college and university counseling center directors’ perceptions of the adequacy of the preparation of master's‐level counselors for work in college and university counseling centers. Results indicated that counselors were rated on average as prepared; however, many directors had concerns about counselors’ ability to work with students presenting more severe mental health issues. Findings are discussed, and implications for the training and preparation of college counseling practitioners are presented.
Humanism: The Foundation and Future of Professional Counseling
Authors: HANSEN JAMES T. , SPECIALE MEGAN , LEMBERGER MATTHEW E.
Published: October 2014

To begin the special issue and set the stage for the subsequent articles, the authors provide an overview of humanism. Specifically, the authors discuss ideological foundations, cultural barriers to the adoption of humanism, and visions for the future of humanism in the counseling profession.
In vitro metabolic conversion of the organic breakdown products of glucosinolate to goitrogenic thiocyanate anion
Authors: Lee Juyoung , Kwon Hoonjeong
Published: October 2014

BACKGROUND

Glucosinolates are abundant in Brassicaceae vegetables, and they are degraded into various organic breakdown products (BPs) (R—CN, —NCS and —SCN) by myrosinase when plant tissues are damaged. This study was designed to investigate whether these BPs could be broken further into goitrogenic thiocyanate anions (SCN−) metabolically and/or spontaneously. Ten glucosinolates were chosen for this study based on the various structures of their side chains. SCN− and cyanide anions (CN−) liberated from the BPs of these glucosinolates were quantified after incubation with human liver S9 and rhodanese.

RESULTS

Upon treatment with metabolic enzymes, CN− was produced from all organic thiocyanates, aliphatic and benzyl nitriles, then a substantial amount of produced CN− was further metabolized to SCN− by rhodanese. All organic thiocyanates and allyl isothiocyanate were metabolized to produce SCN−, without involving CN− production. Spontaneous degradation to SCN− in an aqueous environment was observed only in 4‐(methylthio)butyl thiocyanate, though the enzymatic reaction rate exceeded the spontaneous one. Among these BPs, the major source of SCN− was organic thiocyanates.

CONCLUSION

The results show that some organic nitriles, organic thiocyanates and allyl isothiocyanate may be regarded as potential sources of SCN− through metabolism when people ingest glucosinolate‐containing vegetables. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of pig rennet on fatty acid composition, volatile molecule profile, texture and sensory properties of Pecorino di Farindola cheese
Authors: Suzzi Giovanna , Sacchetti Giampiero , Patrignani Francesca , Corsetti Aldo , Tofalo Rosanna , Schirone Maria , Fasoli Giuseppe , Gardini Fausto , Perpetuini Giorgia , Lanciotti Rosalba
Published: October 2014

BACKGROUND

Pig rennet is traditionally used in Pecorino di Farindola cheese. In this study, different Pecorino cheeses obtained using calf, kid and pig rennets were compared in terms of fatty acids, volatile molecule profile, texture and sensory properties during ripening.

RESULTS

The rennet type influenced the fatty acid composition of cheeses, though palmitic, myristic and oleic acids were always predominant. The analysis of volatiles by SPME‐GC/MS showed that Pecorino from calf rennet, at the end of ripening, was the least ‘evolved’ in terms of volatile profile. SPME‐GC/MS analysis revealed that cheeses from calf rennet showed the slowest accumulation of free fatty acids over ripening time. Volatile data permitted the differentiation of cheese samples ripened from 30 to 180 days according to the rennet used. Texture analysis differentiated cheeses made with pig and calf rennet from those made with kid rennet, which were less hard and more elastic than the former. Also sensory analysis differentiated cheese samples on the basis of rennet type, and cheeses made with pig rennet showed the lowest elasticity, bitter taste and fruity and hay flavour intensities.

CONCLUSION

Pig rennet is fundamental to determine the quality parameters of Pecorino di Farindola cheese and could be used to impart peculiar quality features to ewe's milk cheeses. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Measuring the Value of Product Characteristics in the Presence of Price Dispersion
Authors: Ward Damian R.
Published: October 2014

Modeling the price of multi‐attribute products generally requires an assessment of each attributes' market value. In the presence of price dispersion, when similar products are sold at different prices, hedonic pricing models provide users with biased estimates of attribute value. This paper develops the hedonic pricing literature by proposing data envelopment analysis as a prior means of identifying a sub‐sample of products which, after adjusting for attribute provision, display no price dispersion. These products then display a homogenous link between attributes and price, which can be modeled using hedonic pricing. This paper implements and evaluates this two‐stage approach using 1000 observations from the UK mortgage market. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the geometry of spatial biphoton correlation in spontaneous parametric down conversion
Authors: Procopio L. M. , Rosas‐Ortiz O. , Velázquez V.
Published: October 2014

Analytical expressions are derived for the distribution rates of spatial coincidences in the counting of photons produced by spontaneous parametric down conversion. Gaussian profiles are assumed for the wave function of the idler and signal light created in type‐I spontaneous parametric down conversion. The distribution rates describe ellipses on the detection planes that are oriented at different angles according to the photon coincidences in either horizontal–horizontal, vertical–vertical, horizontal–vertical, or vertical–horizontal position variables. The predictions are in agreement with the experimental data obtained with a type‐I beta‐barium borate crystal that is illuminated by a 100‐mW violet pump laser as well as with the results obtained from the geometry defined by the phase‐matching conditions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hierarchical modeling of heterogeneous plates
Authors: Carius Ana C. , Madureira Alexandre L.
Published: October 2014

The use of asymptotic limits to model heterogeneous plates can be troublesome, because it requiresa prioriknowledge on the ratio between characteristic lengths of heterogeneities and thickness. Moreover, it also relies on some assumption on the inclusions, like periodicity. We propose and analyze herehierarchical modelingtechniques and show that such approach not only avoids such pitfalls, but it is actually simpler to obtain, and it provably converges to the correct asymptotic limits. Its derivation does not requires any restrictive assumptions on the heterogeneities. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular pathology of emerging coronavirus infections
Authors: Gralinski Lisa E , Baric Ralph S
Published: October 2014

Respiratory viruses can cause a wide spectrum of pulmonary diseases, ranging from mild, upper respiratory tract infections to severe and life‐threatening lower respiratory tract infections, including the development of acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Viral clearance and subsequent recovery from infection require activation of an effective host immune response; however, many immune effector cells may also cause injury to host tissues. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus cause severe infection of the lower respiratory tract, with 10% and 35% overall mortality rates, respectively; however, >50% mortality rates are seen in the aged and immunosuppressed populations. While these viruses are susceptible to interferon treatment in vitro, they both encode numerous genes that allow for successful evasion of the host immune system until after high virus titres have been achieved. In this review, we discuss the importance of the innate immune response and the development of lung pathology following human coronavirus infection. © 2014 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Is the Coriolis effect an ‘optical illusion’?
Authors: Persson Anders
Published: October 2014

The difference between the derivations of the Coriolis effect on a rotating turntable and on the rotating Earth is discussed. In the latter case a real force, the component of the earth's gravitational attraction, non‐parallel to the local vertical, plays a central role by balancing the centrifugal force. That a real force is involved leaves open, not only the question on the inertial nature of the ‘inertial oscillations’, but also the way we tend to physically conceptualize the terrestrial Coriolis effect.
Conceptualizing transport transitions: Energy Cultures as an organizing framework
Authors: Stephenson Janet , Hopkins Debbie , Doering Adam
Published: October 2014

The dominance of fossil fuel‐powered transport systems presents a serious risk to human well‐being and the natural environment. Transitioning to a low‐carbon transport system requires changes to many dimensions of transport, including: technologies, and mobility practices and expectations. It also requires changes across multiple scales of activity. Conceptual models play an essential role in transitions within complex systems such as transport, as they can help identify key interactions and opportunities for change. A variety of theoretical models offer useful perspectives on transport transitions from different disciplinary positions. In this paper, we introduce the Energy Cultures framework, which was developed to support interdisciplinary understandings of energy behavior and energy‐related transitions. It offers an integrating framework for transport behavior and a group of concepts to assist with analysis. We explore the potential of the framework in the transportation context by using the findings from a series of in‐depth interviews with international transport experts. Applied to the interview material, the framework provides a structure which works at different scales to highlight key influences that lock‐in the prevailing transport culture, as well as key drivers that are producing new emerging transport cultures. The framework complements other models and approaches, and offers a gateway to deeper exploration of the elements of interest via these complementary theories and models. We conclude that the Energy Cultures framework has the qualities of a successful integrating model for conceptualizing energy transitions in transport. WIREs Energy Environ 2015, 4:354–364. doi: 10.1002/wene.149

This article is categorized under:

Energy Efficiency > Systems and Infrastructure

Energy Infrastructure > Economics and Policy

Energy Infrastructure > Systems and Infrastructure

Energy and Development > Climate and Environment
Characterization of a pancreatic islet cell tumor in a polar bear (Ursus maritimus)
Authors: Fortin Jessica S. , Benoit‐Biancamano Marie‐Odile
Published: October 2014

Herein, we report a 25‐year‐old male polar bear suffering from a pancreatic islet cell tumor. The aim of this report is to present a case of this rare tumor in a captive polar bear. The implication of potential risk factors such as high carbohydrate diet or the presence of amyloid fibril deposits was assessed. Necropsy examination revealed several other changes, including nodules observed in the liver, spleen, pancreas, intestine, and thyroid glands that were submitted for histopathologic analysis. Interestingly, the multiple neoplastic nodules were unrelated and included a pancreatic islet cell tumor. Immunohistochemistry of the pancreas confirmed the presence of insulin and islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) within the pancreatic islet cells. The IAPP gene was extracted from the paraffin‐embedded liver tissue and sequenced. IAPP cDNA from the polar bear exhibits some differences as compared to the sequence published for several other species. Different factors responsible for neoplasms in bears such as diet, infectious agents, and industrial chemical exposure are reviewed. This case report raised several issues that further studies may address by evaluating the prevalence of cancers in captive or wild animals. Zoo Biol. 33:446–451, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Guidelines for the standardization of preanalytic variables for blood‐based biomarker studies in Alzheimer's disease research
Authors: O'Bryant Sid E. , Gupta Veer , Henriksen Kim , Edwards Melissa , Jeromin Andreas , Lista Simone , Bazenet Chantal , Soares Holly , Lovestone Simon , Hampel Harald , Montine Thomas , Blennow Kaj , Foroud Tatiana , Carrillo Maria , Graff-Radford Neill , Laske Christoph , Breteler Monique , Shaw Leslie , Trojanowski John Q. , Schupf Nicole , Rissman Robert A. , Fagan Anne M. , Oberoi Pankaj , Umek Robert , Weiner Michael W. , Grammas Paula , Posner Holly , Martins Ralph ,   STAR-B and BBBIG working groups
Published: October 2014

The lack of readily available biomarkers is a significant hindrance toward progressing to effective therapeutic and preventative strategies for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Blood‐based biomarkers have potential to overcome access and cost barriers and greatly facilitate advanced neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid biomarker approaches. Despite the fact that preanalytical processing is the largest source of variability in laboratory testing, there are no currently available standardized preanalytical guidelines. The current international working group provides the initial starting point for such guidelines for standardized operating procedures (SOPs). It is anticipated that these guidelines will be updated as additional research findings become available. The statement provides (1) a synopsis of selected preanalytical methods utilized in many international AD cohort studies, (2) initial draft guidelines/SOPs for preanalytical methods, and (3) a list of required methodological information and protocols to be made available for publications in the field to foster cross‐validation across cohorts and laboratories.
Lunatics, Idiots, Paupers, and Negro Seamen—Immigration Federalism and the Early American State
Authors: Law Anna O.
Published: October 2014

Why did it take the U.S. national government until 1882 to gain control over migration policies from the states, and what does this situation say about the strength of the early American State? This phenomenon is especially curious, since the control of entry into and across a nation is so fundamental to the very definition of a State. I argue that the delay of the national government takeover was not due to a lack of administrative capacity. Instead, there were regionally specific reasons that the states preferred to retain control of migration policy. The national government did not take over migration policy because of the strong nineteenth-century political-cultural understanding that many migration policies were properly within the province of local control. This article explains the timing and sequencing of state and federal controls over nineteenth-century migration policy and what this timing meant for the freedom of movement of many politically vulnerable classes of people.
Labor's Enduring Divide: The Distinct Path of Public Sector Unions in the United States
Authors: Walker Alexis N.
Published: October 2014

Why did public sector unionization rise so dramatically and then plateau at the same time as private sector unionization underwent a precipitous decline? The exclusion of public sector employees from the centerpiece of private sector labor law—the 1935 Wagner Act—divided U.S. labor law and relegated public sector demand-making to the states. Consequently, public sector employees' collective bargaining rights were slow to develop and remain geographically concentrated, unequal and vulnerable. Further, divided labor law put the two movements out of alignment; private sector union density peaked nearly a decade before the first major statutes granting public sector collective bargaining rights passed. As a result of this incongruent timing and sequencing, the United States has never had a strong union movement comprised of both sectors at the height of their membership and influence.
Psychometric evaluation of the Work Readiness Questionnaire in schizophrenia
Authors: Potkin Steven G. , Bugarski-Kirola Dragana , Edgar Chris J. , Soliman Sherif , Le Scouiller Stephanie , Kunovac Jelena , Miguel Velasco Eugenio , Garibaldi George M.
Published: October 2014

Objective/Introduction

Unemployment can negatively impact quality of life among patients with schizophrenia. Employment status depends on ability, opportunity, education, and cultural influences. A clinician-rated scale of work readiness, independent of current work status, can be a valuable assessment tool. A series of studies were conducted to create and validate a Work Readiness Questionnaire (WoRQ) for clinicians to assess patient ability to engage in socially useful activity, independent of work availability.

Methods

Content validity, test–retest and inter-rater reliability, and construct validity were evaluated in three separate studies.

Results

Content validity was supported. Cronbach’s α was 0.91, in the excellent range. Clinicians endorsed WoRQ concepts, including treatment adherence, physical appearance, social competence, and symptom control. The final readiness decision showed good test–retest reliability and moderate inter-rater reliability. Work readiness was associated with higher function and lower levels of negative symptoms. Low positive and high negative predictive values confirmed the concept validity.

Discussion

The WoRQ has suitable psychometric properties for use in a clinical trial for patients with a broad range of symptom severity. The scale may be applicable to assess therapeutic interventions. It is not intended to assess eligibility for supported work interventions.

Conclusions

The WoRQ is suitable for use in schizophrenia clinical trials to assess patient work functional potential.
Asperger-Syndrom – eine Modediagnose?
Authors: Haker Helene
Published: October 2014

Das Asperger-Syndrom, ein – im Gegensatz zum frühkindlichen Autismus – leichteres Störungsbild aus dem Autismus-Spektrum, wurde 1943 zum ersten Mal beschrieben, aber erst 1992 ins ICD-10 aufgenommen. Das Wissen um dieses Störungsbild hat sich erst langsam verbreitet. Die ansteigenden Prävalenzzahlen lassen sich auf das zunehmende Wissen um und über diese Störung und die wachsende klinische Erfahrung damit zurückführen. Im Gegensatz zur Öffentlichkeit, die dieser Diagnose immer wieder mediale Aufmerksamkeit schenkt, und vermeintlich Betroffenen, die in einer Asperger-Diagnose eine attraktive Entschuldigung für soziale Schwierigkeiten sehen mögen, zeigen sich viele Psychiater zurückhaltend, eine Diagnose zu vergeben, mit der sie nicht schon seit vielen Jahren vertraut sind, und die im Verruf steht, eine Modediagnose zu sein.
Phosphat(verw)irrungen: tatsächlich «Hyper» oder nur «Pseudo»?
Authors: Aeberhard Nicole , Schild Christof , Rodondi Nicolas , Roten-Joss Christine , Tänzler Kristina
Published: October 2014

Wir berichten über eine 79-jährige Patientin mit zunehmender Verwirrung und Somnolenz. Neben einer Hyperkalzämie und Hyperkaliämie wurde eine schwere Hyperphosphatämie festgestellt. Trotz Behandlung und Verbesserung der gleichzeitig bestehenden Niereninsuffizienz blieb eine ungewöhnlich hohe Serumphosphatkonzentration nachweisbar, die klinisch und anamnestisch nicht erklärbar war. Wir diskutieren mögliche Ursachen einer Hyper- bzw. Pseudohyperphosphatämie. Bei Patienten mit multiplem Myelom und einer Hyperphosphatämie kann die laborchemische Phosphatmessung durch die Paraproteinämie gestört werden, was zu einer Pseudohyperphosphatämie führt. Wir diskutieren die Standard-Phosphatbestimmung sowie die möglichen Gründe einer Interferenz durch Paraproteine.