bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PR-214-114509-R01 Standardization of Weld Testing for Fracture Toughness using Single Edge Notched Tests
Authors: Tiku Sanjay , (Archived) Nick Pussegoda , Ghovanlou Morvarid , Tyson W.R.
Published: August 2023

Fracture toughness of steels is conventionally measured using bend specimens and provides a conservative estimate of toughness when the actual loading is in tension. There has been wide-spread interest in characterizing the toughness that occurs with reduced constraint to better reflect constraint conditions typical of a relatively shallow girth weld flaw. Recent developments in fracture toughness testing and analysis of tension loaded specimens have led to publications by CANMET Materials Technology Laboratory (now CanmetMATERIALS, CMAT) and ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company (ExxonMobil) toward development of a single-specimen procedure.

As part of an initiative to enhance the state of the art in strain-based design and assessment methods, with the intent of providing support for the standardization of appropriate weld testing methods, BMT Canada Ltd (BMT), under a Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI) project, has combined the two single-specimen approaches and developed a recommended practice for fracture toughness testing using single-edge-notched tension SENT (or SE(T)) samples with fixed grip loading. The procedure has been assessed by means of a round robin test program involving laboratories from around the world. Girth welds were fabricated and base metal, heat affected zone and weld center line specimens were prepared and sent to round robin participants. For the round robin program all the participants used a double clip gauge arrangement for direct CTOD measurement and electric potential drop or unloading compliance methods for crack growth measurement. In this paper, the results of the round robin test program including comparison of J and CTOD resistance curves will be presented and discussed.
PR-405-163602-R01 Evaluation of AC Corrosion Coupons for Monitoring Applications
Authors: Baete Christophe
Published: August 2023

Evaluates the use of AC coupons for monitoring applications. AC coupons are aimed to take decisions on whether the subjected pipeline is at AC corrosion risk and if additional mitigative measures need to be undertaken to reduce the AC induced voltage on the pipeline.

As a variety of coupons exist on the market with different dimensions, configuration and shape, the AC current density response of the coupons was investigated. A market search was performed to identify the commercial available coupons. A screening of the coupons was performed by:

- simulating the AC current density response in a 3D computational model;

- laboratory testing of retained coupons and probes under different soil moisture conditions;

- field testing of AC coupon behavior

The AC current density response of a total of 20 coupons/ probes from different vendors have been simulated and ordered according to increasing average current response and local peak current at the edges. Consequently 7 coupons/probes were retained for laboratory testing in sand and clay soil with different moisture content. Finally one commercial coupon and two new designs of ER probes were installed at two different sites along a pipeline for field testing and monitoring.

This document has a related webinar.
PR-244-173856-R01 In-line Inspection Crack Tool Reliability and Performance Evaluation
Authors: Neuert Mark , Koduru Smitha
Published: August 2023

The ability for operators to make operational and maintenance decisions based on in-line inspection (ILI) data depends on the performance of ILI tools with respect to sizing and detection of crack and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) features. A series of previous Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI) projects created a database of ILI tool and pipe excavation data that can be used to evaluate the detection and sizing capabilities of ultrasonic (UT) (NDE-4-E Phase 1, PR-244-133731) and electromagnetic acoustic (EMAT) (NDE-4-E Phase 2, PR-244-153719) ILI technologies.

This current project, NDE-4-7 (PR-244-173856), was carried out by C-FER Technologies (1999) Inc. (C-FER) for PRCI. It is Phase 3 of an ongoing industry-wide effort to understand and characterize ILI tool performance. In addition to adding a new data set to the database developed in Phases 1 and 2, estimates of ILI tool performance with respect to rate of detection (ROD), probability of identification (POI), false discovery rate (FDR), and sizing accuracy (SA) were calculated. Two further analyses were performed, namely an investigation of the effect of crack profile data on tool performance and burst pressure estimation, and an evaluation of the reduction in sizing uncertainty attained through multiple measurements of crack features.

This document has a related webinar.
PR-350-174508-Z01 Girth Weld ECA Software and User Manual
Authors: Wang Yong-Yi
Published: August 2023

The PRCI Girth Weld Engineering Critical Assessment Software (GW-ECA) is a modular software program for performing engineering critical assessment (ECA) for pipeline girth welds. GW-ECA is an effective tool for developing flaw acceptance criteria for new pipeline construction projects and performing fitness-for-service assessment for in-services pipelines.
PR-214-153739-WEB ERW Fatigue Life Integrity Management Improvement - Phase III
Authors: Dinovitzer Aaron
Published: August 2023

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

11:00 a.m ET

PRESENTER: Aaron Dinovitzer, MA Sc., MBA, PEng, BMT Canada

HOST: Mark Piazza, Colonial Pipeline Company

MODERATOR: John Lynk, PRCI

CLICK THE BUY/DOWNLOAD BUTTON TO ACCESS THE WEBINAR REGISTRATION LINK

Join the PRCI Integrity and Inspection Technical Committee as they present research results that set out to evaluate the level of conservatism inherent to current state-of-practice procedures using full-scale fatigue testing.

Learning outcomes/benefits of attending:

- Understand the sources of conservatism, and how to improve the accuracy of, fatigue life estimation techniques for ERW or EFW pipes containing manufacturing process induced crack-like features.

- Learn about an improved estimation method of remaining pipe fatigue life estimates that better agree with actual operational experience. This can reduce conservatism in engineering fatigue life estimates over currently used techniques.

- Since fatigue life estimates are used to identify inspection intervals and assessing the life of features in a pipeline system, reducing unnecessary conservatism will avoid the cost of unnecessary inspections, pressure tests and repairs before fatigue life is expended.

Who should attend?

- Pipeline integrity and risk personnel, engineers and management

Recommended pre-reading: PR-214-153739-R01 ERW Fatigue Life Integrity Management Improvement - Phase III

Register anyway to automatically receive a link to the webinar recording to view on-demand at your convenience. After registering, you will receive a confirmation email containing information about joining the webinar.
PR-000-16600-R01 Correlative Estimation of Hydrocarbon Dewpoint
Authors: Choquette Gary , Choquette Nolan
Published: August 2023

Simplified methods to estimate the hydrocarbon cricondentherm hydrocarbon dewpoint temperature and the associated phase curve are desirable in cases with limited processor power/memory or in cases where full gas composition analysis information is not available.

This study developed and evaluated several methods to provide reasonable estimates of hydrocarbon dew-point temperature and the phase curve using simplified correlation methods.
PR-312-16202-R03 Methane Emissions from Transmission and Storage Subpart W Sources
Authors: Coulson Wendy , McGrath Tom , McCarthy James
Published: August 2023

A 2018 PRCI report evaluated related emissions from compressor seals, isolation valves, and blowdown valves based on direct measurements required by Subpart W of the GHG Reporting Program. This report presents the methane emissions data from 2011 - 2016 for the balance of the Subpart W emission sources, including: facility leaks (other than from compressor isolation valves and blowdown valves), pneumatic controller venting, condensate tank dump valve leakage, and blowdown emissions from stations. Transmission pipeline blowdown emission reporting was added to the EPA regulation in late 2015, and 2016 and 2017 pipeline blowdown data are presented in this report. The objective of the project is to evaluate and analyze the dataset, and compare methane emission estimates from these sources to historical data used by EPA, primarily the emission factors (EFs) from the mid-1990s EPA/Gas Research Institute (GRI) study used by EPA in its annual GHG inventory (GHGi) report. The results and related EFs and analysis of relative contribution from different sources can be used: (1) as an alternative to GHGi EFs for estimating methane emissions for Transmission and Storage (T and S) operations; (2) to document the relative contribution of different T and S methane emission sources; and (3) to identify reductions relative to historical estimates and support more efficient methane mitigation strategies. The Subpart W data for leaks and pneumatic devices are consistently lower than GHGi estimates, and blowdown emissions from compressor stations and transmission pipelines are similar in magnitude to GHGi estimates.
PR-244-16704-R01 Casing Corrosion Logging Tool Test
Authors: Tao Gang , Wagg Brian
Published: August 2023

Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI) contracted C-FER Technologies (1999) Inc. ("C-FER") to conduct a laboratory testing program to evaluate the performance of various casing corrosion logging techniques and tools. An additional objective of this test program was to evaluate the influence of the wellhead and outer casing strings on the response of magnetic flux leakage tools, and to evaluate the thru-tubing logging technique.

A test well was set up with a string of 4.5 inch diameter tubing joints (~150 ft total length) hanging concentrically inside a string of 7 inch diameter casing joints (~75 ft total length) attached to a wellhead. The entire test well assembly was hung vertically within C-FER's Deep Well Simulator. A combination of artificial metal loss features and natural corrosion features were present on the tubing and casing joints. Several casing corrosion logging vendors were invited to log the test tubing string with various logging tools. The logging test results were provided to C-FER and analysis was performed to evaluate the performance of each logging tool and the associated interpretation techniques. This report describes the test setup and procedure, the tool performance evaluation results, and considerations for future initiatives.
PR-350-144501-R04 Characterization of Mechanical Properties of Vintage Girth Welds
Authors: Jia Dan , Wang Yong-Yi
Published: August 2023

The data generated in this project, in conjunction with the assessment procedures developed under PRCI project SIA-1-7, fill critical gaps in predicting the behavior of vintage girth welds. Cost-effective maintenance decisions can be made when integrity assessment can be performed with high confidence.

This report covers the work done over four PRCI funding years. The material property data and flaw characteristics from 19 girth welds for Pipe and Weld Tensile Strengths and Weld Strength Mismatch, Charpy Impact Energy,Flaw Characteristics as Reported by NDE, Observations about NDE, and Performance of Girth Welds from CWT Tests
PR-663-19600-Z01 Develop Guidance for Calculation of HCDP in Pipelines
Authors: Peterson Warren
Published: August 2023

To maintain the integrity and reliability of natural gas transportation systems, system operators ensure that products in transit remain in the gas phase under foreseeable operating conditions. Compliance with pipeline hydrocarbon dew point (HCDP) specifications are demonstrated though in-situ testing or predictive models based on Equations of State (EOS) calculations.

Numerical prediction of HCDP is a product of contributing elements, including gas chromatography, calibration gas quality, thermophysical science and the experimental data that underpins equations of state. Some hydrocarbon mixtures, such as those from non-traditional gas supplies, are more difficult to sample and assess than others. The methods described in this paper and accompanying spreadsheet examples are designed to assist persons in making technically defendable decisions with respect to predictive methods and the operational impacts of liquid dropout.

The primary focus of this work is to connect the over-all performance of HCDP prediction to its operational implications. The secondary objective of the work is to provide tools for assessing the potential benefit from using C9+ versus C6+ gas chromatographs.
PR-377-113602-R01 Long-term Field Performance and Review of Failure Modes and Effects of FBE Coatings
Authors: King Fraser
Published: August 2023

This report describes a review of the long-term field performance and the failure modes and effects of fusion-bonded epoxy (FBE) external pipeline coating. Field data have been obtained from various PRCI member companies and, where possible, are used to validate information obtained from the review of the technical literature. Although all potential failure modes are considered, particular attention is paid to (i) the effects of operating at temperatures greater than 150�F (65�C), (ii) the effect of cathodic protection and, especially, high CP levels, and (iii) the detection of holidays and the impact of high test voltages. It is apparent from all of the information reviewed that FBE coatings provide excellent performance, primarily because of their CP-permeability that ensures continued protection for the pipe in the event of disbondment.
PR-685-184506-R01 Development of Risk Assessment Procedures and Tools
Authors: Budzich Jeffrey
Published: August 2023

Evaluating risks for hydrotechnical threats at pipeline waterway crossings is important to maintaining pipeline integrity. Establishing standards and best practices for evaluating the risks associated with scour, bank erosion, and channel avulsion is essential to developing a consistent process that can be applied across a network of pipeline crossings and provide data to make decisions about prioritizing mitigation and monitoring. A multi-step process including inventory, screening, desktop analysis, and site visit can be applied to compile regional and local data from existing sources as well as site-specific information that informs risk assessment and identification of mitigation measures and monitoring approach.
PR-350-174511-R01 Development of Rational Ovality Limits
Authors: Wang Yong-Yi
Published: August 2023

The present work investigated the implication of ovality on pipes under static collapse and fatigue failure limit states. The impact of key contributors to each limit state was quantified through finite element analysis. The feasibility of a uniform ovality limit was explored. Recommendations were provided on the direction and methodology of future research.
PR-335-173844-R01 NDE Crack Depth Sizing Performance Validation for Multiple UT Techniques
Authors: Riccardella Scott , Velsor Jason Van
Published: August 2023

PRCI commissioned this project (NDE-4-6) to further evaluate and accurately assess the current state (as of 2019) of NDE methodologies for characterizing Stress Corrosion Cracking. The NDE-4-6 project also conducted advanced Finite Element Modeling and flaw fabrication to help gain further insight on NDE performance and improve efficiency of conducting round robin evaluations.

The project consisted of a round-robin type study, in which service and technology providers were asked to conduct NDE on several blind samples including actual SCC and fabricated flaw samples. Following completion of the NDE, select samples were destructively tested and characterized in a laboratory using metallurgical microscopy and X-ray computed tomography (XRCT). The results of the destructive testing were then used to characterize the performance of the NDE methods and technologies applied.
PR-015-18607-R01 Field Sample Analysis
Authors: Grimley Terry
Published: August 2023

The PRCI project team investigating the deposition of sulfur on pressure regulation equipment (Project MEAS-5-23) recognized that the material identified as sulfur may or may not actually be sulfur for all locations of concern. Specifically, dithiazine has been found in some locations and can form in pressure regulation equipment under circumstances similar to that for sulfur formation. Identifying the specific chemical composition of the deposited material may aid in identifying the underlying source(s) of the material and in developing solutions to mitigate the problems associated with the material deposition in pressure regulation equipment. This report summarizes the results of samples collected from various sources.
PR-244-193800-R01 Quantification of ILI Sizing for Severe Anomalies
Authors: Koduru Smitha
Published: August 2023

PRCI research project, EC-4-6 Improving Corrosion ILI Sizing Models for Long Complex Corrosion Anomalies (Koduru 2018), performed by C-FER Technologies (1999) Inc. ("C-FER"), involved collecting in-ditch high-resolution laser scan records, identifying complex corrosion anomalies, and conducting a burst pressure assessment considering inline inspection (ILI) sizing errors and the effect of interaction rules. A methodology for classifying complex corrosion using high-resolution laser scans was developed in that project. In addition, a secure database was developed to store the anonymized high-resolution laser scan data collected during the project.

The project described in this report expanded the database with more than 100 high-resolution laser scans and associated ILI data. Severity criteria based on the corrosion cluster attributes that represent the corrosion morphology were developed using the expanded dataset. Exploratory data analysis was conducted to identify the relationship between ILI sizing errors and corrosion cluster attributes. Sizing errors were defined as a function of cluster dimensions, and sizing correction models were developed to estimate the actual maximum depth and length from the ILI maximum depth and length. The correction models were validated against matched pairs of laser scan and ILI severe corrosion clusters. Applying sizing corrections to severe clusters is shown to reduce the error in the estimated burst pressure capacity.
PR-312-18209-E02 GHG Reporting - Transmission Pipeline Blowdown Data Review and Emission Factor Trends
Authors: McCarthy James
Published: August 2023

PRCI reports have summarized GHGRP data and improved emissions factors based on the data. Pipeline blowdown emissions reporting was added to the GHGRP in 2016 and only one year of quality data (2017 reporting year) was available for the PRCI reports (versus 6 years of data compiled for compressor stations). To assess additional data, pipeline blowdown emissions for 2018 (released by EPA in late 2019) were compiled and analyzed. The data shows similar trends for 2017 and 2018, as well as consistency with the historical emission factor for pipeline blowdown emissions from the 1996 EPA/GRI Study.
PR644-183602-R01 Cathodic Protection Design Considerations for Facilities with Congested Areas
Authors: Shukla Pavan , Nordquist Andrew , Fuentes Roderick
Published: August 2023

The surface area method is often used to design cathodic protection (CP) systems for congested area facilities where at-grade and below-grade coated and uncoated metallic assets, which are electrically interconnected, exist. The surface area method provides an estimate of the protection current requirement, but is not adequate to calculate current distribution. This work presents a computational approach to model current distribution for the congested area facilities. The approach consists of developing a finite-element based model for a given facility, and then using the model to calculate the current distributions to the various at- and below-grade metallic assets. Two separate congested area facilities were modeled using the approach: (i) a storage tank terminal, and (ii) a gas compressor station. This work demonstrated that the approach can be used to design CP systems for the congested area facilities and is an improvement compared to the surface area method.
PR-225-9516-R01 Hydrogen Cracking in the HAZ of High Strength Steels - Development of a Test Method
Authors: Graville B. A.
Published: August 2023

Cracking tests for evaluating the susceptibility of the heat affected zone (HAZ) to hydrogen cracking during welding often give ambiguous results because cracks occur in the weld metal rather than the HAZ. To solve this problem, a simple bend test was developed in which a Charpy V-notch was cut in the HAZ after welding the specimen thus ensuring cracks occurred in the desired location when the specimen was subsequently loaded in three-point bending. The test was shown to effectively respond to changes in hydrogen content and base metal composition. The test provides a quantitative measure of susceptibility and it was demonstrated that this could be used to predict crackling behavior in more complex welds.
NG-18-15-R01 Stress Corrosion Cracking of Carbon Steel in Aqueous Solutions of CO and CO2
Authors: Payer J. H. , Berry W. E.
Published: August 2023

The purpose of the study was to determine the consequences of CO-CO2 SCC on the operation of gas transmission pipelines.
NG-18-210-R01 Recurrent SCC in Gas-Transmission Pipelines - Service History and Material Property Issues
Authors: Leis Brian
Published: August 2023

This work generated data and performed analysis for pipelines that have experienced recurrent stress-corrosion cracking failures. The purpose of this report is to present the data developed and discuss its eventual use as input to and the validation of the SCC life prediction models.
NG-18-05-R01 Field Investigation of Fracture Characteristics in Service Line Pipe in Southern Illinois
Authors: McClure George , Beall L. C.
Published: August 2023

The results of and describing the experiments performed on the section of Trunidine Gas Company's 26-inch line in Southern Illinois to predict the crack propagation characteristics of line-pipe steels.
NBSTN-697 An Evaluation of Commercial Densimeters for use in LNG
Authors: Siegwarth J.D. , Younglove B.A. , LaBrecque J.F.
Published: August 2023

The cryogenic fluids density reference system has been used to evaluate three basic types of densimeters: the vibrating element type, the dielectric cell type and the displacement type. These meters were used to measure densities in liquid ethane and liquid methane mixtures with ethane, propane, normal butane, and nitrogen. Measurements were made over the density range from 400 to 480 kg/m^3, temperatures from 108 K to 130 K, and pressures from 1 to 3 bar. A hundred measurements were made at various densities, temperatures, pressures and compositions.
PR-457-18204-R02 Variable Fuel Effects on Legacy Compressor Engines Phase V Engine Control Enhancement
Authors: Linker Taylor , Jacobs Timothy
Published: August 2023

Variations in natural gas composition not only change bulk properties like heating value and adiabatic flame temperature, but also affect the reactivity of the gas during combustion in legacy compressor engines. Gas blends with high amounts of non-methane hydrocarbons are more reactive and alter combustion phasing in ways which can negatively affect engine operation and NOx emissions. These issues have and will continue to become more prevalent as natural gas production continually shifts towards shale resources.

This work investigates the impacts of changing fuel composition on engine operation and emissions, as well as on fundamental fuel properties. Several fuel sweep datasets from different legacy engines are used to help draw broad conclusions about the impact of fuel speciation depending on engine type and operating condition. Further, the relationship between this engine behavior and fundamental fuel properties is explored. The response of engine operation and emissions to changing fuel reactivity is also observed in the context of the trapped equivalence ratio control method. A correction to the method which accounts for fuel reactivity effects on NOx is proposed and assessed with available data.
NBSIR80-1626 Liquefied Natural Gas Research
Authors: Goodwin R. D. , Roder H. M. , Straty G. C. , Haynes W. M. , McCarty R. D. , Diller D. E. , Younglove B.A.
Published: August 2023

The objectives are the determination of comprehensive accurate thermophysical properties data and predictive calculation methods for the major pure components (methane, ethane, propane, butanes, and nitrogen) and selected mixtures of liquefied natural gas and hydrocarbon mixtures at temperatures between 80 K and 320 K and at pressures up to 35 MPa (5000 psi).
TR-97-7 Main Bearing Temperature Monitoring
Authors: Gomez-Leon Steve , Smalley Anthony J.
Published: August 2023

Evaluates methods to monitor main bearing temperatures in reciprocating compressor units including industry practice, typical data, analysis of data characteristics and variability, identification of requirements for a monitoring strategy, alternative monitoring approaches, performance simulation for these alternatives, and the synthesis of a preferred approach, with factors to consider in selecting limits or alternatives to the preferred approach. It includes recommendations for the gathering of data from station logging systems which will help guide and refine monitoring decisions.
NG-18-22-R02 The Internal Pressure Capacity of Butt Welding Elbows
Authors: Rodabaugh E. C. , Duffy A.R. , Atterbury T. J.
Published: August 2023

Reviews the theory and available test data on the internal pressure capacity of fabricated elbows in order to establish those sets of conditions under which the "elbow stress" is significant and to provide a basis for recommending appropriate changes in codes.
NG-18-902-R01 Fracture of Steels Containing Pearlite
Authors: Rosenfield A. R. , Hahn G. T. , Embury J.D.
Published: August 2023

The relative effects of pearlite and spherodite on ductile, cleavage, and fatigue failure are summarized.
PR-132-77-Z01 Internal Corrosion in Offshore Steel Pipelines
Authors: Bhattacharyya S.
Published: August 2023

The report summarizes the findings of 61 tests conducted under simulated pipeline conditions to determine the effect of different pipeline environmental and flow conditions on internal corrosion of pipeline steels. Using different corrosion probes and employing statistical test design and analysis, predictive equations were developed to relate the environmental and operational conditions of offshore pipeline, simulated in the laboratory test loop, to the probe measurements of internal corrosion, and to establish the reliability of probes to determine such corrosion. During the initial part of the study, a detailed bibliographic compilation of existing information applicable to this study was made and utilized during the program. Based on findings of the study, several recommendations have been made for future evaluation of internal corrosion problems in steel pipelines.
PR-015-19603-R01 Practical Effects of Rough-Walled Pipe in Gas Metering Applications
Authors: Grimley Terry
Published: August 2023

The influence of upstream pipe roughness on the performance of multipath ultrasonic flow meters was examined through a cursory literature review and an examination of experimental test data supplied by the natural gas industry. The results of these efforts were used to develop a recommendation for additional testing whereby the results of that testing can be combined with these results and potentially be used to support changes in the practices recommended by current industry standards.
PR-73-59-R02 Corrosion Control Monitor - Phase II
Authors: Myers R. Lee
Published: August 2023

Phase II of an effort to develop an in-place, non-contact corrosion control monitoring sensor.
L51545 Guidelines for Pipeline Strain Monitoring by Conventional Means
Authors: Olson R.J. , Kiefner J.F.
Published: August 2023

The objective of this report was to assemble strain monitoring information for conventional monitoring methods relevant to pipelines into a single document. The presentation includes a discussion of the basic conventional monitoring techniques, limiting strain criteria and possible intervention responses, practical strain monitoring instrumentation deployment considerations, and a generic plan for conducting pipeline monitoring.

The integration of the information presented herein in a strain monitoring program will enhance the reliability and usefulness of strain data that is collected, and it will provide consistent, rational criteria for intervention decisions.
PR-648-4A Nondestructive Methods and Device for Automatic Inspection of Steel Pressure Piping
Authors: Damewood Glenn , Sharp James M.
Published: August 2023

Southern Gas Association report presents the results of a study of the methods and techniques which were considered to economically and practically perform internal inspecion of pipe in service. Methods evaluated include ultrasonics, radiological, electromagnetic, and thermal. Methods which are less difficult to evaluate, such as leak detectors, Dy/Chek used in conjunction with optical scanning, mechanical or pneumatic calipering, and the like were also considered but are not covered in detail.
1461191-PL-PR-04 Composite Repair Guidelines Document for Nonmetallic Repairs for Offshore Applications
Authors: Sheets Colton
Published: August 2023

PHMSA guideline for using composite repair materials in both onshore and offshore pipeline applications. Based on knowledge and full-scale testing. Includes instruction for properly using composite materials based on the pipeline defects, design a composite repair systems, and associated installation techniques.
NGXLNGD-R01 A Comparison of Mathematical Models for the Prediction of LNG Densities
Authors: McCarty Robert
Published: August 2023

The purpose of this study was to optimize and compare several different mathematical models using the experimentally determined PVTx density data of Haynes, et al. (1976), Haynes and Hiza (1976), Hiza, et al. (1976), and Hiza (1976). These data are for the liquid phase of methane, ethane, propane, normal butane, isobutane and nitrogen, and various mixtures thereof. The temperature range of the correlations was limited (95-150 K) and the pressures to those of saturation, the range of which was about 0 to 20 atmospheres. The goals of the study were to produce one or more computer models which would predict a density of LNG (liquefied natural gas) to within 0.1% of the true value when the temperature, pressure, and composition of the LNG are specified.
PR-84-148-R01 Monitoring Engine Operation as a Substitute for Continuous Emission Monitoring
Authors: Waterland L.R. , Castaldini C.
Published: August 2023

The NOx emissions versus engine operating parameter setting profile was established during performance/emissions mapping tests of a two-stroke turbocharged (Cooper-Bessemer GMVH-lOM) compressor station engine. Rased on this profile the operating envelope corresponding to NOx emissions below 700 ppm (corrected to 15 percent 02) for this engine was defined. Engine emissions and operations were then continuously monitored for a 4-week period in which the engine ran in response to station demands. Over this extended monitoring period, NOx emissions from the engine were always less than 700 ppm provided engine operation was in accordance with the defined operating envelope. This implies that monitoring appropriate engine operating parameters would be an acceptable substitute for continuous engine exhaust emissions monitoring for demonstrating continuous compliance with a regulated emission limit.
PR-469-173823-R02 In-Line Inspection and Evaluation of Pinholes in Oil and Gas Pipelines - Phase II
Authors: Hailiang Zhang
Published: August 2023

Pinhole leaks have been reported as a significant cause of oil and gas pipeline failures in recent years. From 2010 to 2015, at least 131 significant incidents involving oil and gas pipelines in the United States (101 and 30, respectively) were attributed to pinhole leaks. The 9th European Gas Pipeline Incident Data Group Report states that as of 2013, the five-year moving average failure frequency for pinholes was equal to an approximate annual rate of 0.105 failures per 1,000 kilometers of pipeline. Pinholes may result from normal pipeline corrosion during routine operations, such as micro-biologically induced corrosion, or can be created by third-party activities, such as illegal tapping. These small leaks have become a major risk for many pipeline companies. Pinhole leaks are more likely to lead to serious consequences than larger leaks because they are difficult to discover through normal monitoring and patrolling. An undetected pinhole leak can lead to significant soil and groundwater pollution over time.

The research objective of this phase is to improve the results based on the research of phase one. The major work of this phase are following. In response to the problems found in the pull test of phase one, a number of defects with different sizes have been designed, including pinhole, pitting and grooves, were added to further subdivide the detection boundary conditions. The NDT verification tool for pinhole defects was compared and selected, and the appropriate ultrasonic scanning system was selected as the NDT method for internal pinhole verification. According to the actual ILI report, two pinholes and three pittings were selected for dig verification, and the results were comprehensively compared and analyzed with the pull test.
DTRS-99-RCV Remotely Controlled Valves on Interstate Natural Gas Pipelines
Authors: Unknown Author
Published: August 2023

This report is in response to a Congressional mandate in the Accountable Pipeline Safety and Partnership Act of 1996 to survey and assess the effectiveness of remotely controlled valves (RCVs) on interstate natural gas pipelines and to determine their technical and economical feasibility to shut off gas after a rupture.

This report contains a discussion of the results of a public meeting held in Houston, Texas on October 30, 1997 for the purpose of gathering information and discussing issues relevant to the survey and assessment. The report also contains the results of an RCV field evaluation conducted by Texas Eastern Transmission Corporation (TETCO) as part of a Consent Order issued by the Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) (CPF 15102) to provide information on TETCO's experience with RCVs. There is also a discussion of status briefings before the Technical Pipeline Safety Standards Committee (TPSSC) and a cost versus benefit study.
NG-18-104-R01 The Magnitude and Effects of Residual Stresses in Line Pipe
Authors: Kiefner J.F. , Maxey W.A. , Wilkowski G.M. , Eiber R. J.
Published: August 2023

The tendency of rings of line pipe to open or close upon being longitudinally severed results from circumferential residual stresses in the pipe. The objectives of this work was to:

(1) To determine the nature and magnitude of the residual stresses which cause ring-opening and ring-closing in line pipe.

(2) To determine the quickest and simplest way to measure such residual stresses.

(3) To determine the effect of the residual stresses on the fracture initiation and propagation behavior of the line pipe.

(4) To determine whether or not ring-opening or ring-closing residual stresses could be a useful means when intentionally induced in the pipe to improve its resistance to fracture initiation and propagation.

With these objectives in mind the scope of the research program was defined to include:

- A theoretical analysis of the forces and stresses producing ring-opening and ring-closing deflections

- Experimental determination of ring-opening and ring-closing residual stresses in typical line pipe materials

- Full-scale fracture initiation experiments to determine the effects of residual stresses on the failure stress levels of defects

- Fracture propagation experiments on short vessels filled partly with water to determine the effects of residual stresses on the ductile fracture propagation characteristics of the line pipe.
PR-15-9720-R01 Portable Toughness Tester for Field Use
Authors: Chell G. Graham , Mauney David A. , Campbell Forrest S. , Lee Yi-Der , McCluskey John , Masden Tom
Published: August 2023

Describes the development and evaluation of a prototype instrument to measure fracture toughness properties on installed pipelines.
PR-50-94-R02 LNG Sampling System
Authors: Richard R.J. , LaBrecque J.T.
Published: August 2023

Describes a method to sample liquified natural gas for the purposes of compositional analysis.
ARF-B566-R01 Investigation of the Notch Toughness of Gas Line Pipe Steels
Authors: Unknown Author
Published: August 2023

Charpy V-notch impact tests of longitudinally welded line-pipe steels representative of the steel being used by the gas line-pipe industry. The tests were made on the steel of welded pipe specimens from 198 heats of steel submitted by six pipe manufacturers in sizes of pipe from 2O in. to 34 in. in diameter and from 0.281" to 0.375" wall thickness. All of the impact tests were from the fabricated and expanded pipe; the tested steel was away from the weld about 90 � from the longitudinal weld. The Charpy bars were two-thirds of the normal thickness. All of the steels were tested transversely and some also longitudinally.
DTRS56-02-D-70036-16 Mechanical Damage
Authors: Baker Michael
Published: August 2023

This report reviews and summarizes the current state of knowledge and practice related to mechanical damage in natural gas and hazardous liquid steel pipelines, with a particular focus on transmission pipelines. Comprehensive voluntary interviews were conducted with 10 pipeline operators who represent a diverse cross-section of industry professionals in the United States, Canada, and Europe. The interviews, which focused on operator practices for detection, characterization, and mitigation of mechanical damage on both gas and liquid transmission and gas distribution pipelines (the latter examined for comparison purposes), provided an invaluable source of data for the development of this report. Operator practices associated with the prevention of mechanical damage primarily resulting from excavation damage were also extensively covered in the interviews. The inquiry primarily included pipelines that comprise transmission systems, but gas distribution companies also reported on their experience with distribution systems consisting of both steel and plastic pipe, the latter reviewed for a comprehensive discussion of the operator's damage prevention programs and issues. Pipeline geographic locations included remote and rugged terrain, rural areas, and constrained urban environments.
NISTIR5479 Effect of Dents and Gouges on the Integrity of Pipelines
Authors: Fleds R.J. , Foecke T.J. , deWit R.
Published: August 2023

Examines the literature associated with dents and gouges in pipelines and similar shell structures. An analysis of the rebounding of the damaged area is also carried out.
DTRS56-03-T-0014 Corrosion Assessment Criteria for Vintage vs Modern Pipelines
Authors: Leis B.N. , Zhu X. -K.
Published: August 2023

The appearance in the 1990s of corrosion severity assessment criteria derived consistent with the plastic-collapse theory presented the industry with an alternative to the criteria empirically evolved beginning in the 1970s. While the industry now had a less conservative alternative to their empirical counterparts, there was no basis to identify which criterion was appropriate. This project has quantitatively evaluated these two sets of criteria to establish which is valid as a function of characteristic geometric features of the corrosion as well as the vintage, grade and other metrics of the line pipe and the pipeline's service and loading. Consideration was given to the mathematical form of these criteria and their 'validation' databases, the corrosion geometry, the line pipe properties, and other factors through the use of numerical and analytical techniques and demonstration full-scale testing.
PR-003-00108-R01 Fracture Control Technology for Natural Gas Pipelines Circa 2001
Authors: Leis B. N. Leis , Eiber R. J.
Published: August 2023

Fracture control procedures are presented for new lines and existing lines, and illustrated with examples. Such procedures and the plans based on them address requirements to assure pipelines can tolerate large defects before leaks or ruptures occur, as well as requirements to control the length of a fracture as a secondary level of control.

The report is divided into three sections. This first section defines basic terminology, describes how fracture control fits into an operator's overall assurance plan for pipeline integrity and discusses general philosophies of fracture control. The remaining two sections describe fracture initiation control and fracture propagation control procedures. Background information needed to understand the fracture concepts is presented in each of the sections. Example problems are presented in the appendices along with computer programs to facilitate the use of the fracture control procedures.
TTD-WN-1 Hydrostatic Tests and Pressure Reversal
Authors: Wright Anthony L.
Published: August 2023

Tests are being conducted to examine and identify the cause and effect of pressure reversal that sometimes occur during hydrostatic pressure testing of pipelines. The concern being that hydrostatic testing may in some instances reduce rather than establish the integrity of a pipeline.
PR-160-154-R01 Literature Review of Seismological Techniques for the Detection of Gaseous Hydrocarbons
Authors: Mager Robert D.
Published: August 2023

Summarizes the results of a literature survey on the use of seismological techniques for the detection of gaseous hydrocarbons. The study was undertaken in order to determine possible applications of high-resolution reflection seismology to the monitoring of injection gas in carbonate and sandstone storage reservoirs.
NQ-33-R01 Nondestructive Inspection of Steel Pipe
Authors: Gunkel Walter A. , Brown M.E.
Published: August 2023

Evaluates and develops feasible methods of production inspection of gas distribution and transmission pipe.
PR-1247-4-R01 Pipe Inspection Field Test
Authors: Urban Charles M.
Published: August 2023

Describes the field testing program conducted during the period of July 26, 1962, to September 27, 1962, for the nondestructive inspection of 132.7 miles of steel transmission pipe. The purpose of the field operation was to realistically evaluate the soundness and reliability of inspection principles and, perhaps more important, to clearly define the areas in which the present techniques could be improved.
F-2002-05 Developing Public Communications Practices - a Benchmark
Authors: Unknown Author
Published: August 2023

Background and supporting information to assist the industry, the public, and government decision-makers in developing coordinated, comprehensive information, and community relations programs for the natural gas pipeline industry.
PR-118-72-R01 Girth Joints for Prestressed LNG Pipeline
Authors: Gardner M.B. , Park Roselle
Published: August 2023

To determine by physical tests the merits of various types of girth joints for prestressed LNG pipeline constructed of 9% nickel steel pipe.
PR-16-40-R01 Development of a Ring Laser Gas Flowmeter
Authors: Rand Sperry
Published: August 2023

Under this program, a prototype ring laser instrument was designed, constructed, and tested to measure the mass flow rate of natural gas under a variety of flow conditions. Mass flow tests, an investigation of the effects of pressure pulsation, and the ring laser's response to gas flow under these conditions were included in the test program.
DTRS56-02-T-0003 Feasibility of In-Line Stress Measurement by Continuous Barkhausen Method
Authors: Crouch Alfred E.
Published: August 2023

Describes the potential to use the Barkhausen effect to assess stress levels in pipelines on MFL inline inspection tools.
DTRS56-02-T-0005 Digital Mapping of Buried Pipelines with a Dual Array System
Authors: Author Unknown
Published: August 2023

The technical goal of the Dual Array Project was to develop new technology for non-invasive mapping of buried pipelines, down to depths of 10 meters or more, using modern electromagnetic sensors and signal processing. A major proposed innovation in the work was the integration of the sensor arrays and software into a mobile system capable of mapping underground utility networks (and other buried infrastructure) efficiently over large areas. Ultimately, the goal is to have a non-invasive system that can produce an accurate infrastructure map of an entire urban or suburban utility network in digital form. This goal requires the development of new geophysical remote sensing technologies to create underground images down to the depths of most buried utilities in the United States and the development of software to extract features from the images to create digital maps that can be archived electronically - for example, in Geographic Information Systems. Key components of each of these goals were developed and demonstrated during the Dual-Array Project.
PR-328-173865-R01 Evaluation of ILI Capabilities on Mechanical Damage Features
Authors: Cazenave Pablo , Jimenez Katina , Gao Ming
Published: August 2023

ILI systems' testing was conducted at the PRCI Technology Development Center (TDC) using two (2) separate ILI pull tests strings with more than 120 MD specimens including plain dents, dents with corrosion, dents with gouges and dents with fatigue cracks. These specimens consisted of fabricated samples (dents with gouge and fatigue-induced cracks), as well as real-world features recovered from former in-service pipelines. Testing included four (4) different ILI systems with four (4) different ILI sensing technologies using a consistent and objective process. Testing focused on key variables to determine the probability of detection (POD) and the probability of identification (POI) of ILI systems when evaluating mechanical dents with coincident features. The test specimens were also characterized using multiple NDE technologies to provide the detailed characterization needed (truth data) for evaluating ILI performance. The project included feedback to participating ILI and NDE Technology Providers per API Standard 1163, with the objective of having the ILI Technology Providers return for additional testing in subsequent phases of work to demonstrate improvements in their ILI systems' performance.

The results of this work will provide pipeline operators with an improved understanding of ILI systems performance for dents with coincident features. Additionally, the results will be the first steps for defining performance/reporting specifications for ILI systems with regard to mechanical damage, which are not currently defined in any industry accepted standard or specification. Improving the understanding of ILI systems' performance will promote the excavation and repair of high-priority defects and limit the excavation of non-injurious features.
PR-04-1335-R01 Development of a Pipeline Transient Flow Analog
Authors: Sparks Cecil R. , Wachel J. C.
Published: August 2023

Assesses the potential to utilize an analog model to evaluate simulate pipeline hydraulic transients.
DTRS56-03-X-0044 Electromagnetic Sensor for Hydrogen Content Determination in Coated Line Pipe Steel
Authors: Olson David L. , Mishra Brajendra , Lasseigne Angelique N.
Published: August 2023

The objective of this study was the development of a non-destructive, noncontact tool to measure diffusible hydrogen in coated line pipe steel.