bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diplomatic Writing as Aristocratic Self-Fashioning
Authors: Vogel Christine
Published: August 2019

Taking French ambassadorial reports from the reign of Louis XIV as an example, this chapter argues that in their letters to their superiors, French ambassadors expressed themselves not primarily as professional diplomats, but as eminent members of French court society and potential aspirants to even higher charges and honours. First and foremost, early modern diplomats abided by the ethos of patronage. Far from home, the ambassador still obeyed the social logic of court factions, clientele networks, and competition for prestige. His letters had to compensate for his physical absence from Versailles, as his only currency in the French court society’s economy of honour. The ambassador therefore used his letters as a specific means of displaying his skills and abilities, and distinguishing and expressing himself. He could fashion himself as honnête homme, noble warrior, or pious man of letters—or whatever aristocratic virtue seemed appropriate. In this sense, his letters were genuine self-narratives, and diplomatic history could therefore benefit greatly from methods and concepts elaborated in the dynamic research field of early modern ego-documents. By understanding diplomatic writing as noble self-fashioning and analysing diplomatic correspondence as self-narratives, this chapter reassesses the proper role and specific functioning of diplomacy in early modern political culture.
Negotiating with the Material Text
Authors: Sowerby Tracey A.
Published: August 2019

Royal letters were an integral part of early modern diplomatic communication, intended to shape inter-princely relationships through their content and their material form. The exchange of letters was a communicative mechanism on multiple, not simply textual, levels. Utilizing an interdisciplinary methodology and focusing on letters sent to and from English monarchs in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, this chapter demonstrates the dynamic interactions between material text and the diplomatic conventions—ceremonial, material, visual, spatial—in which they need to be understood. Knowledge of the ceremonial context into which letters were sent shaped the considerations of how they looked and how they travelled. Although the predominant form of inter-princely letter exchanged within Europe was different from the predominant form of letters between European and non-European rulers, several of the same factors were at play. Rather than indicating a lack of cultural understanding between English diplomats and non-European princes, the epistolary practice of Elizabeth I and James VI/I suggests that many of the semiotics of power at extra-European courts were adeptly recognized by English diplomats.
Ritual Practice and Textual Representations
Authors: Krischer André J.
Published: August 2019

Early modern diplomacy was never a princely and aristocratic province alone. Republics also sent and received diplomats or participated in peace conferences. Whereas this sort of republican diplomacy was basically accepted at the princely courts, Free Imperial Cities such as Bremen and Cologne faced significant difficulties when trying to gain recognition. Nonetheless, there were continuous efforts by the imperial cities to play their part in early modern diplomacy, not least because of the prestige that could be earned by participating in this sphere and its rituals. For them foreign relations were always a ritual process: ceremonial interaction was at its centre, since princely recognition of ceremonial receptions or urban emissaries conferred political and social acceptance of the imperial cities’ status. Ceremonial interaction between princes and cities often involved a reciprocal exchange of capital: of economic capital paid back as symbolic capital, as gestures of social recognition which were recorded in detail in the urban books of ceremony. Writing was therefore crucial for the symbolic dimensions of urban diplomacy. The imperial cities’ ceremony books were meant to be filled with reports about ceremony which were regarded as a gain of symbolic capital materialized in writing.
Presidential Term Limits in Latin America: c.1820–1985
Authors: Marsteintredet Leiv
Published: August 2019

Latin America holds a 200-year-long history of presidential constitutions. The region’s constitutional and democratic experimentation throughout history makes it an interesting laboratory to study the origins, development, and effects of presidential term limits. Based primarily on data from constitutions, this chapter provides an overview of presidential term limits in Latin America from independence until 1985. The chapter shows how term limits have varied across countries and time, and that the implementation of strict term limits often came as a reaction to prior dictatorial rules. Whereas both proponents and critics of consecutive reelection invoked arguments of democracy in their favour, the Latin American experience up until the Third Wave of Democracy shows that stable, republican, and democratic rule has only been possible under a ban on immediate presidential re-election.
Establishing Authority in Poitiers
Authors: Edwards Jennifer C.
Published: August 2019

Chapter 1 examines the sixth-century foundation of female monastic authority in Poitiers and its model created through artifacts of Radegund’s life written by Gregory of Tours, Venantius Fortunatus, and Baudonivia. Radegund’s biographies articulated her sanctity and established Radegund’s two strategies for protecting her monastery: first, she relied on networks of allies, primarily bishops and kings, to support her; and second, she created a set of cultural ideas, symbols, and materials that later nuns used to attach new allies to the Abbey. Radegund left two holy objects that became key elements in the abbess’s efforts to assert her authority: the True Cross relic and her own physical relics. Radegund sought to free Sainte-Croix’s abbesses from their local bishop and connect them, instead, to the bishop of Tours, Frankish kings, the Byzantine emperor, and the papacy, believing that this would strengthen Sainte-Croix. Documents Radegund secured began an archive of privileges crucial to the authority of future abbesses.
Early Tests of Radegund’s Strategies
Authors: Edwards Jennifer C.
Published: August 2019

Chapter 2 examines the first tests of Radegund’s two strategies for protecting Sainte-Croix through three examples. First, it traces Radegund’s pursuit and installation of a prestigious relic at Sainte-Croix, over the hostile objections of her local bishop, through the support of kings, emperors, and more prominent bishops. Second, the chapter recalls the absence of this hostile bishop from Radegund’s funeral and how the Sainte-Croix’s Abbess Agnes calls on Gregory of Tours for assistance. And third, it examines the struggles of Leubovera, first abbess after the death of Sainte-Croix’s “founding generation,” as she dealt with an extensive rebellion within Sainte-Croix. All three of these women succeed over their local officials or rivals through the support of Frankish kings and bishops, whose alliances Radegund had established and subsequent leaders in the monastery cultivated.
The Miracles and Decoration of Sainte-Radegonde
Authors: Edwards Jennifer C.
Published: August 2019

Chapter 5 examines the efforts of the canons of Sainte-Radegonde to enhance their community’s status in the thirteenth century. The canons commissioned new manuscripts, building projects, and church decoration that challenged previous depictions of Saint Radegund controlled by the abbess of Sainte-Croix, and asserted stronger ties between the saint and the canons’ church. Decoration, including a program of stained-glass windows, created a new biography for the saint that shifted Radegund’s power from the monastery to the church; new miracle tales recording healings at Radegund’s tomb demonstrated the power housed within the church. The canons also drew in royal patrons by focusing on Radegund’s royal, rather than monastic, identity. The canons worked subtle challenges in text and image to oppose the nuns’ control of the saint’s cult. Their work resulted in greater patronage and prestige, which placed new pressures on the abbess of Sainte-Croix, and new difficulties in asserting her authority.
Processions and Privileges
Authors: Edwards Jennifer C.
Published: August 2019

In the fifteenth century the abbess fought to maintain her superiority over the canons of Sainte-Radegonde when citizens were crafting a new identity for Poitiers. The flashpoints for this contest were the town’s public processions during Rogation Days and the nuns’ demand to have control over Sainte-Radegonde. While the canons drew upon rhetorical strategies that denied female competence, the abbess drew on theories championing women’s political abilities and demanded the canons serve in public displays according to her strict requirements. The king and his seneschal supported the nun’s position, suggesting that office trumped gender, and the female sex of the abbess did not diminish her claims to hold authority. Chapter 6 emphasizes the importance of material objects such as Radegund’s relics, the relic of the True Cross, and banners recalling her sanctity in the public performance of civic and ecclesiastical identity during town processions.
Contested Elections and Reform
Authors: Edwards Jennifer C.
Published: August 2019

Chapter 7 investigates conflicts within Sainte-Croix around contentious abbatial elections. These conflicts demonstrate that Sainte-Croix’s advocates respected a properly elected abbess’s authority, and reveal that an abbess could be seriously challenged by accusations of immorality or mismanagement of resources, even if there was little merit to the charges. A running theme through these conflicts was a desire for reform, either from a minority of the abbey community or by the abbess herself, with these two often in tension. The last of these conflicts, in 1512, resulted in the removal of Sainte-Croix’s abbess by the king of France and the imposition of monastic reform on the abbey. The chapter investigates the king’s motivations for reforming the abbey, and his selection of Fontevraud as a reform model. Since the king of France had long been an ally of the monastery, this chapter especially investigates Francis’s change from that established pattern of support.
Introduction to Constructing Organizational Life
Authors: Lawrence Thomas B. , Phillips Nelson
Published: August 2019

This chapter develops the arguments that underpin the rest of the book, and introduces the three forms of social-symbolic work explored in greater detail in subsequent chapters. It begins by exploring the possibility of social-symbolic work that is rooted in the historical changes associated with the transitions to modernity and postmodernity. It then develops the concept of social-symbolic work, explaining its roots in studies of social structure and agency, identifying its three key dimensions—discursive, relational, and material—and introducing three key forms of social-symbolic work (self work, organization work, institutional work). Finally, it presents a process model of social-symbolic work that guides the analysis of the different forms of social-symbolic work.
Self Work in Management and Organizational Research
Authors: Lawrence Thomas B. , Phillips Nelson
Published: August 2019

The study of self work is one of the oldest and most developed areas of management and organizational research that focuses on social-symbolic work. This chapter reviews three literatures on self work in management and organization research. For each, it introduces the type of self work, reviews its development in management and organizational research, and explores the implications of studying it as a type of self work. First, the chapter explores how the concept of self work can help organize an extensive and well-developed literature through a discussion of emotion work. Second, it explores how the concept of self work can extend an existing research area by using the example of identity work. Third, it explores how a social-symbolic work perspective can motivate a new stream of literature by examining career work as a form of self work that remains largely unresearched.
Organization Work in Management and Organizational Research
Authors: Lawrence Thomas B. , Phillips Nelson
Published: August 2019

Recently, there have emerged in management and organizational research streams of research that are based on a view of organizations compatible with a social-symbolic work perspective and which focus on forms of organization work as defined in this book. This chapter reviews three literatures on organization work in management and organizational research. For each, it introduces the type of organization work, reviews its development in management and organizational research, and explores the implications of studying it as a type of organization work. First it explores strategy work as a form of organization work, the study of which has emerged primarily within management and organizational research. Second, it examines boundary work as a form of organization work, the study of which has emerged primarily in disciplines outside of management and organizational research. Third, it examines technology work as a form of organization work, the study of which is recently emerging in both management and organizational research and other disciplines.
Institutional Work
Authors: Lawrence Thomas B. , Phillips Nelson
Published: August 2019

Institutional work involves actors purposefully engaging with their institutional contexts in order to create, modify, or disrupt institutions. In this chapter, we review the history of institutions as social-symbolic objects. We then conceptualize institutional work as a form of social-symbolic work, focusing on identifying the key dimensions of institutional work, and exploring the variety of actors engaged in institutional work.
Institutional Work in Management and Organizational Research
Authors: Lawrence Thomas B. , Phillips Nelson
Published: August 2019

Although the study of institutional work developed relatively recently it has inspired a significant body of research investigating how agents purposefully engage with their institutional context in order to create, modify, or disrupting institutions. The focus of that research has, however, remained relatively narrow—oriented around practices and the discursive dimension of institutional work. This chapter examines two types of institutional work. First, it explores practice work as a form of institutional work, the study of which represents a core focus in management and organizational research. Second, it examines category work, the study of which is only emerging in management and organizational research.
Theoretical Opportunities in the Study of Social-Symbolic Work
Authors: Lawrence Thomas B. , Phillips Nelson
Published: August 2019

This chapter builds on the discussions in previous chapters that focused on specific forms of social-symbolic work to explore two main sets of theoretical opportunities that arise from the social-symbolic work perspective. First, opportunities arise to explore how different forms of social-symbolic work are combined in concrete situations—how actors might, for example, engage simultaneously in institutional work and organization work, and the dynamics and consequences of such a combination. Second, opportunities emerge from the connections between social-symbolic objects, and the efforts of actors to shape those connections. Before exploring those two opportunities, this chapter first reviews the forms of social-symbolic work explored in Chapters 3–8.
Conclusions: Understanding the Implications of a Social-Symbolic Work Perspective for Scholars, Change-Makers, and Citizens
Authors: Lawrence Thomas B. , Phillips Nelson
Published: August 2019

This book has introduced the social-symbolic work perspective, which revolves around the relationship between social-symbolic work and social-symbolic objects. To explore this relationship, it examined three broad forms of social-symbolic work—self work, organization work, institutional work—and prominent streams of management and organizational research associated with each. This concluding chapter moves on to a broader set of questions concerning the potential importance of a social-symbolic work perspective for different communities. In particular, it explores the implications of the social-symbolic work perspective for scholars analyzing the social world, change-makers trying to make it better, and citizens trying to understand and cope with its roaring currents of change.
Injustice, Reparation, and Legitimacy
Authors: Galoob Stephen , Winter Stephen
Published: August 2019

Legitimate states have the right to rule over specific people and territory. This right to rule is not immutable. A state’s wrongdoing can undermine its legitimacy. Likewise, acts of reparation can bolster a state’s legitimacy. Because injustice and reparation can directly affect a state’s legitimacy, any adequate theory of political legitimacy must be able to explain these phenomena. However, many prominent theories of legitimacy cannot straightforwardly account for the significance of injustice and reparation. We demonstrate this point by analyzing A. John Simmons’s voluntarist theory of legitimacy. Although Simmons accepts many of the effects we identify, his theory ultimately fails to explain how injustice can compromise and reparation can bolster a state’s legitimacy. We then describe four strategies for explaining the significance of injustice and reparation, two of which seem particularly promising. We conclude by highlighting some broader implications of our insights for theorizing legitimacy.
Justifying Uncivil Disobedience
Authors: Lai Ten-Herng
Published: August 2019

A prominent way of justifying civil disobedience is to postulate a pro tanto duty to obey the law and to argue that the considerations that ground this duty sometimes justify forms of civil disobedience. However, this view entails that certain kinds of uncivil disobedience are also justified. Thus, either a) civil disobedience is never justified or b) uncivil disobedience is sometimes justified. Since a) is implausible, we should accept b). I respond to the objection that this ignores the fact that civil disobedience enjoys a special normative status on account of instantiating certain special features: nonviolence, publicity, the acceptance of legal consequences, and conscientiousness. I then show that my view is superior to two rivals: the view that we should expand the notion of civility and that civil disobedience, expansively construed, is uniquely appropriate; and the view that uncivil disobedience is justifiable in but only in unfavorable conditions.
Catch-up and Constraints in the Twentieth and Twenty-first Centuries
Authors: Wade Robert H.
Published: August 2019

Modern business technology appears to have become far more widely available than in the post-war decades; producers in many developing countries have entered into global or regional value chains as subordinate producers; and developing countries as a bloc have become far more integrated into the world economy than before. ‘Globalization’ theory, derived from neoclassical economics, presumes—with some qualifications—that these trends will yield a more equal world. Yet ‘catch-up’, in the sense of developing countries coming close to or entering the ranks of developed countries, is notable more for its absence in the seven decades since the Second World War than for its presence as a pattern in the world economy. This chapter tackles the question of why.
Industrial Policy and Learning
Authors: Peres Wilson , Primi Annalisa
Published: August 2019

This chapter contributes to the understanding of how nations learn by looking at Latin America. It focuses on the experiences of some of the most advanced countries in the region, notably Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Mexico, and Uruguay. Industrial policies have been no strangers in these countries, however, diversifying the economy and catching up are still pending challenges. The analysis of the evolution of policies for industrialization and technological development from the 1950s onward clarifies why, in most cases, they had limited impact on domestic learning and catching-up dynamics. The review of some recent successful cases (from Chile, Uruguay, and Mexico) sheds light on which specific institutional and political economy dynamics enabled the activation of learning and change in the economy. The achievements and the persistent shortcomings of the region contribute to identifying lessons for growth and development whose relevance goes beyond Latin America and contributes to the overall global debate on how countries can achieve prosperity.
Global Currencies and Domestic Regulation
Authors: Dimitropoulos Georgios
Published: August 2019

This chapter identifies cryptocurrencies and other virtual currencies as global currencies that could have a major impact on national jurisdictions. Regulation concerning cryptocurrencies can be described in the terms of the ‘double movement’ that Karl Polanyi identified for the expansion of the market society in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Cryptocurrencies have been developed by anti-establishment individuals and groups, and other opponents of the global financial system that—in Polanyi’s terms—belong to a collectivist counter-movement. The effect they have produced, though, is rather to expand global markets and the market system. This has spurred a counter-movement to the counter-movement, or what could be called the ‘anti-countermovement’. The response of the anti-countermovement to the expansion and influence of the global currencies is paradoxical, if not schizophrenic. The anti-countermovement treats global currencies both as currencies and as a technology. This has led to various regulatory measures in different jurisdictions. When viewed as currency, cryptocurrencies are regulated both as money and commodities, leading to an indifferent approach to their regulation or a command-and-control approach or various intermediate approaches. When viewed as a technology, different jurisdictions have taken an enabling approach to the regulation of cryptocurrencies by establishing ‘innovation hubs’ and ‘regulatory sandboxes’ for FinTech companies. This chapter concludes by discussing the dangers of embedding cryptocurrencies through enabling them, namely the problem of more finance, and possibly an internal clash of domestic agencies. The way to mitigate the dangers of embedding through enabling is by regulating the new cryptocurrency intermediaries.
Regulating the Shadow Payment System
Authors: Greenacre Jonathan
Published: August 2019

Recent years has seen the growth of the ‘shadow payment system’. This system includes Bitcoin exchanges, PayPal, Alipay in China, and mobile money services in Africa. On current projections, this global ‘shadow payment system’ will perform an ever-greater portion of payments in most economies in the world. This chapter explores what legal tools can be used to protect users’ funds stored within the shadow payment system. It provides a framework for identifying risks to users’ funds, the range of relevant legal tools and their effectiveness, and uses this framework to make three claims. First, insolvency of an actor in the shadow payment system exposes users’ funds to two risks. One is loss of value, which means the potential write-down of funds when users are characterized as unsecured creditors. The other is illiquidity, meaning users face a delay in converting or transferring funds during bankruptcy proceedings. Second, there is little information about legal tools currently used in the shadow payment system and their effectiveness. There is also little guidance on the desirability of using ex post tools, such as deposit insurance and lender of last resort, to protect users’ funds. This is because the policy community is yet to identify the benefits and costs of different roles for the shadow payment system in an economy. Is it an investment asset, alternative retail funds transfer system, vital payment infrastructure on which the economy relies, or something else? Third, mobile money can provide insights into discussions about using legal tools to protect users’ funds. This is because over the past ten years, this shadow payment system has become subject to increasingly sophisticated legal and regulatory regimes. A key insight from mobile money is ex ante and ex post tools appear required to address loss of value and illiquidity risks. A similar package of reforms may be needed to build strong, stable shadow payment systems in Japan, the United States, and other developed countries. The chapter uses mobile money in Malawi as a case study for developing this point.
Regulation of Blockchain Token Sales in the United States
Authors: Shadab Houman B.
Published: August 2019

This chapter provides an overview of how US securities regulation applies to the sale of cryptographic tokens using a distributed ledger, so-called initial coin offerings. Token sale transactions that meet the definition of ‘investment contract’ qualify as regulated securities transactions following the seminal 1946 court decision in the Securities Exchange Commission’s lawsuit against the W. J. Howey company. Currently, there exists substantial legal uncertainty regarding the regulatory classification of token sales involving utility tokens that provide their holders with non-financial, software-based functionality. As implied in a June 2018 speech by a high-ranking SEC official, sales of tokens may initially qualify as regulated securities transactions, yet later fail to qualify as regulated investment contracts if the tokens’ underlying network becomes sufficiently decentralized. Distributed ledger technology is disrupting the nature and operation of early-stage fundraising and access to software services and enabling the sale of digital tokens that operate as a cryptocurrency or provide access to a software service through the use of a blockchain or distributed ledger. The sale of such tokens, so-called initial coin offerings (‘ICOs’), is often in exchange for cryptocurrencies, such as Ethereum or Bitcoin (however, tokens could be sold in exchange for fiat currency). From January to May 2018, globally US$13.7 billion in tokens were sold by 537 companies or projects, an amount greater than all previous time periods combined. This chapter discusses under what circumstances US securities law applies to the sale of such tokens.
The Judicialization of the Blockchain
Authors: Ortolani Pietro
Published: August 2019

This chapter argues that blockchain technologies structurally tend towards ‘judicialization’ and challenge the traditional, state-centric notions of jurisdiction and enforcement. After an introductory section, section II sets the scene by locating the emergence of blockchain technologies within the broader debate concerning the relationship between national and transnational law. Such a contextualization is crucial in order to develop a reliable understanding of the impact of this set of technologies on the state’s capacity to preserve its central role in the administration of justice through a system of courts. Against this background, section III investigates the effect of blockchains and smart contracts on the notion of jurisdiction, drawing lessons from the historical evolution of the concept and applying them to the current technological reality. Relying on empirical data, it is argued that the growth of blockchain technologies has given rise to a proliferation of private arbitral systems, generating a new division of labour between state courts and private adjudication. Finally, section IV of the chapter considers the emergence of self-enforcing smart contracts and its consequences for the traditional view whereby the state maintains a monopoly over the use of force.
‘Let Us Cease’: Early Reflections on the Spectacle’s End
Authors: Myers Tobias
Published: August 2019

Chapter 3 focuses on the two major episodes of Book 7, both of which have often been criticized as ill-motivated and disconnected, and both of which feature prominent scenes of divine viewing and discussion: the formal duel between Hector and Aias; and the truce for the burial of the dead, during which the Achaeans build a defensive wall. The chapter shows that the two episodes can in fact be read as both well-motivated and connected, if seen in metaperformative terms: as an extended reflection on how the Iliad’s battlefield spectacle ends. The second duel offers a mise en abyme, by which the poet dramatizes tension between two types of response to the conflict at this point: desire for Achaean victory, and pity for the doomed Trojans. The duel is normally seen as the second of two formal duels, but is best understood as the second of three ‘spectacular duels’, the third being between Hector and Achilles in Book 22. Then, through the building of the Achaean wall as viewed by the gods, the poet reflects upon tension between (a) the Iliad’s insistence that its central spectacle is playing out in real time, before our eyes, and (b) its equally powerful investment in the idea that its action is not ephemeral, but permanent.
The Divided Line
Authors: Smith Nicholas D.
Published: August 2019

Explains Plato’s famous (and very controversial) image of the divided line. Also explains why what Plato says about this image is not amenable to consistent interpretation, thus revealing its own limitations as an image. The problem may be seen in the different ways in which Plato has Socrates talk about the relationships between the second-highest subsegment, which he associates with thinking, and the two subsegments just above and below that one. On the one hand, it sees he wants to have the different lengths of the segments and subsegments represent varying degrees of clarity and truth. But he then creates a proportion in which the two middle subsegments are equal in length. When he later (in Book VII) compares thinking with opinion, he declares thinking to be clearer than opinion, and associates opinion with both of the lower subsegments of the line. The proportions given in Book VI, accordingly, cannot be applied to what Plato really thinks about the advantages of thinking over opinion. Describes the different cognitive conditions that result from using cognitive powers on images (thinking and imaging), rather than their originals, producing the four cognitive conditions of understanding, thinking, belief, and imaging. Explains Plato’s discussion of hypotheses.
Higher Education
Authors: Smith Nicholas D.
Published: August 2019

Explains the curricula included in the proposed higher education of the future rulers: arithmetic, geometry, stereometry, astronomy, harmony, and dialectic. Once again addresses questions of what Plato thought about mathematical objects and how he talks about these in Book VII of the Republic. Considers debates about just how and why Plato assigned such an important role to mathematical studies in the training of the power of knowledge for the future rulers. Considers the relationship of “formal” as opposed to “empirical” study, particularly in Plato’s requirement of astronomy as the penultimate mathematical study. Discusses what we can discern about Plato’s conception of dialectic and how that fits as the final element in the “highest studies” that prepare the future rulers to begin to engage in political rule. Shows how in spite of these studies culminating in the highest cognitive achievements, they must be followed by fifteen years of political apprenticeship, and why only after this training can Plato’s best students become philosopher rulers.
Reforming the Social Circle
Authors: Blair Kirstie
Published: August 2019

Whistle-Binkie is a collection of poetry and song, continually reissued in different formats and with new content throughout the nineteenth century, which has often been considered to exemplify the problems with popular Scottish Victorian literature. This chapter therefore concentrates on reassessing this key text and demonstrating that it is not purely a sentimental, nostalgic, and conservative selection of verse. The chapter shows how the first edition of Whistle-Binkie was part of the culture of Reform politics, and how its radical bent was toned down in later decades. It uses unpublished manuscript material to discuss the importance of Whistle-Binkie in encouraging working-class poets into print and fostering networks between them. A long concluding session focuses on the Whistle-Binkie spin-off, Songs from the Nursery, and assesses how and why ‘nursery verse’ became so important to Scottish working-class poetics in this period.
Working Institutions
Authors: Barley Stephen R.
Published: August 2019

In this chapter Stephen Barley discusses his path to becoming an institutionalist through his immersion in the research of the Chicago School sociology of the 1950s and 1960s, especially Everett C. Hughes and Anselm Strauss. His claim is that the Chicago School sociologists were wrestling with the same problem that currently preoccupies many institutional theorists: the relationship between institutions (or structure) and action. He reviews three current literatures that seek to address this problem: institutional entrepreneurship, institutional work, and inhabited institutions, with an eye toward how close each brings us to the study of action and interaction orders. He also proposes a fourth approach, “working institutions,” which argues that we could learn much by studying occupations whose work focuses on creating, changing, and maintaining institutions.
Equivocation, Donne, and the Political Interior
Authors: Butler Todd
Published: August 2019

As a tactic that sought to enable individuals to answer judicial interrogatories while simultaneously disguising the full substance and meaning of their answers, the Catholic doctrine of equivocation responded to the precarious position of Catholics in the late Elizabethan and early Jacobean eras. In providing a highly contested model for the shielding of one’s thoughts, equivocation also demonstrates the centrality of human cognition to the religious and political conflicts of the seventeenth century. Writers such as John Donne (Ignatius His Conclave) and Francis Bacon (Essays) evidence a similarly deep concern with the mind and its deliberative processes as marking boundaries for political citizenship and royal power. Viewed in these terms, mental reservation and equivocation become less a matter of theology than one of statecraft.
The Moderation of Oath-Taking in Jacobean England
Authors: Butler Todd
Published: August 2019

In the aftermath of the Gunpowder Plot Jacobean authorities imposed the Oath of Allegiance as a means to secure the realm against not just its foreign enemies but also those who might undermine it from within. Highly coercive in its effects, the Oath generated repeated attempts by English Catholics to manage its theological and cognitive demands. Responding to these maneuvers was John Donne, who develops in Pseudo-Martyr a compelling and cognitively focused case for the Oath and royal power. As a close reading of his later sermon on the Book of Esther then reveals, Donne’s consideration of the intersection between thought, conscience, and monarchical authority importantly represents not just a response to the immediate catalyst of the Gunpowder Plot but an initial theorization of political authority that could encompass Catholics and Protestants alike.
The Politics and Genre of Captured Correspondence
Authors: Butler Todd
Published: August 2019

During the civil war, the publication of captured correspondence developed into a literary and political genre of its own, one in which interception and revelation became essential components of that material’s polemical effect and helped inform the publication and reception of more elevated correspondence. Early controversies regarding the capture and review of royal and royalist correspondence by Parliament established interpretative paradigms regarding personal and institutional liberty that would subsequently inform the famous controversy over the publication of royal letters captured at the Battle of Naseby. In particular, the publication of intercepted letters offered Parliament opportunities to reassert both its conciliar prerogatives and its traditional role as guarantor of the nation’s liberties. In response, Charles and his advisors sought instead to align interpretative authority with authorial intent, binding the meaning of a letter’s content to its individual origins rather than submitting to more public and potentially variable processes of reading.
Naseby, Milton, and the Politics of Marital Intimacy
Authors: Butler Todd
Published: August 2019

This chapter uses the relationship between King Charles and Queen Henrietta Maria to examine how perceptions of marital intimacies informed debates over political intellection in the mid-seventeenth century. Royalist defenses of the king and queen’s correspondence emphasize the necessary intimacy of a couple’s mutual thoughts as foundational to any healthy marriage, arguments that had their roots in long-standing cultural expectations regarding the equality that should attend marital decision-making. While supportive of conversational intimacy, John Milton’s ambivalence toward this argument’s political implications would lead him to emphasize masculine headship in ways more consonant with Parliament’s presumptive position as the primary source of deliberative authority within the nation. Milton’s depiction in Paradise Lost of a world in which individuals cannot fully control the reception and distribution of their inner thoughts seems deliberately calibrated to rebut royalist claims regarding the king and queen’s marriage advanced in the aftermath of the Naseby debacle.
Conclusion
Authors: Butler Todd
Published: August 2019

Concerns over equivocation, captured letters, and religious division continued to attend the relationship between thought, expression, and political obedience throughout the Restoration. The concern in early Stuart England for political intellection was thus not simply a product of its immediate moment but the catalyst for a more fundamental recognition of deliberation and other forms of individual and institutional thought as being arenas for political action. In looking backward, then, we might recognize the early Stuart era’s continual attention to the means by which monarchs and subjects alike thought through their political dilemmas to be something of a precursor to a more modern interest in political decision-making, and the extent to which processes of the mind remain integral to the operation—proper or otherwise—of contemporary democracies.
The Meritocrats
Authors: Subramanian Ajantha
Published: August 2019

The politics of meritocracy at the Indian Institutes of Technology illuminates the social life of caste in contemporary India. This chapter argues that an IIT graduate’s status depends on the transformation of privilege into merit, or of caste capital into modern capital. It also calls for a relational approach to merit as a response to subaltern assertion. Analysing claims to merit in relation to subaltern politics allows us to see how they shift between disavowing and affirming caste affiliation. In this marking and unmarking of caste, we see that claims to collective belonging and to merit are eminently commensurable, and become more so when subaltern assertion forces privilege into the foreground. Rather than the progressive erasure of ascribed identities in favour of putatively universal ones, we are witnessing the re-articulation of caste as an explicit basis for merit and the generation of newly consolidated forms of upper casteness.
Norms and Politics
Authors: Elangovan Arvind
Published: August 2019

During the twilight of British rule in India, a little known civil servant, Sir Benegal Narsing Rau (1887–1953) was sought after by the ruling elites—both British and Indian—for his immense knowledge of the nature and working of the constitutions of the world as well as his reputation for being just and impartial between competing political interests. Yet, Rau’s ideas and his voice have largely been forgotten today. By examining Rau’s constitutional ideas and following their trajectory in late colonial Indian politics, this book shows how the process of the making of the Indian constitution was actually never separated from the politics of conflict that dominated this period. This book demonstrates that it is only by foregrounding this political history that we can simultaneously remember Rau’s critical contributions as well as understand why he was forgotten in the first place.
Chaitanya
Authors: Sen Amiya P.
Published: August 2019

This is a short yet critical biography of a major religious figure from Hindu Bengal, Krishna Chaitanya (1486–1533), based on extant hagiographical sources from medieval Bengal as also recent scholarly studies. It relies on both Bengali and English language sources, creating a dialogic and dynamic relationship between the two. The book primarily addresses graduate students and interested general readers in an easily accessible and intelligible manner, without taking recourse to copious notes and citations. The intention of this project was to produce a narrative that was both gripping and enjoyable. However, there is also ample material in this book that will interest and motivate the researcher as well. A significant part of this work is a critical evaluation of just how Chaitanya has been perceived and understood after his time, particularly in colonial Bengal where he has come to assume the place of an iconic figure. Interested readers will find the painstakingly compiled appendices quite useful.
Testing massive-field modifications of gravity via gravitational waves
Authors: Yamada Kei , Narikawa Tatsuya , Tanaka Takahiro
Published: August 2019

The direct detection of gravitational waves now provides a new channel for testing gravity theories. Despite that the parametrized post-Einsteinian framework is a powerful tool to quantitatively investigate the effects of modifications to gravity theory, the gravitational waveform in this framework is still extendable. One such extension is to take into account the gradual activation of dipole radiation due to massive fields, which are still only very weakly constrained if their mass $m$ is greater than $10^{-16}$$\,$eV from pulsar observations. Ground-based gravitational-wave detectors (LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA) are sensitive to this activation in the mass range $10^{-14}$$\,$eV $\lesssim m \lesssim 10^{-13}$$\,$eV. Hence, we discuss a dedicated test for dipole radiation due to a massive field using the LIGO/Virgo collaboration’s open data. In addition, assuming Einstein dilaton Gauss Bonnet (EdGB) type coupling, we combine the results of the analysis of binary black hole events to obtain 90% confidence level constraints on the coupling parameter $\alpha_{\rm EdGB}$ as $\sqrt{\alpha_{\rm EdGB}} \lesssim 2.47$$\,$km for any mass less than $6 \times 10^{-14}$$\,$eV for the first time, including $\sqrt{\alpha_{\rm EdGB}} \lesssim 1.85$$\,$km in the massless limit.
Predictors of Early Onset Neonatal Sepsis among Neonates in Dodoma, Tanzania: A Case Control Study
Authors: Masanja Pendo P , Kibusi Stephen M , Mkhoi Mkhoi L
Published: August 2019

Objective

To assess the predictors of early onset neonatal sepsis (EONS) among neonates in Dodoma Tanzania.

Methods

A hospital-based case-control study of randomly selected 105 cases and 217 controls in three hospitals in Dodoma region. Cases were neonates diagnosed with neonatal sepsis. Controls were matched to the cases by mother’s age and parity at a ratio of 1 case to 2 controls. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data on the potential mother, neonate and interventional predictors of EONS. Both descriptive and inferential statistical analysis were employed to test for independent association

Results

Most (92.5%) of neonates were born at term (≥37 weeks) and 84% had normal birth weight of ≥3 kg. After adjusting for confounders, the maternal factors which showed significant association with EONS were maternal history of chorioamnionitis [adjusted odds ratios (AOR) = 1.910, p = 0.042, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0223.56], HIV status (AOR = 2.909, p = 0.012, 95% CI: 1.020–8.296), prolonged rupture of membrane (AOR = 2.857, p = 0.014, 95% CI: 1.233–6.619) and multiple digital vaginal examinations during labor (AOR = 5.178, p = 0.026, 95% CI: 1.220–21.986). The neonatal history of perinatal asphyxia was observed to have a significant association with EONS (AOR = 6.781, p = 0.006, 95% CI: 1.725–26.652).

Conclusion

Both maternal and neonatal predictors had significant contribution to EONS. Results shed light on critical factors for consideration to prevent this disease and poor outcomes.
A Meeting of Hearts and Minds: A Critical Reflection on Building, Enhancing, and Sustaining Global Partnerships in Nursing Education
Authors: Horton-Deutsch Sara , Van Rensburg Gisela
Published: August 2019

AIM

The aim of the study was to engage in a critical reflective dialogue through a purposeful and strategic process to build, enhance, and sustain global partnerships.

BACKGROUND

Expanding global health through partnerships necessitates a critical dialogue on shared values and understandings. Appreciating philosophical orientations, ethical perspectives, and broadening what counts as evidence serves to further inform scholarship and practice partnerships.

METHOD

We engaged in a critical reflective dialogue by exploring our experiences through a purposeful and strategic process where we described, examined, and articulated the learning that informs our partnership.

RESULTS

By listening to each other’s stories, reflecting individually, and dialoguing together, we have shared and compared experiences that gave us more insight into how to build, enhance, and sustain our partnership.

CONCLUSION

Continuously examining issues and discussions around partnerships through a critical reflective process supports the development of shared values and meaning, strengthens connections, and leads to new knowledge for sustaining global health partnerships.
Facilitating Cultural Humility and Attunement for Nursing and Health Professions Students Through a Study Abroad Program in Kenya
Authors: Kako Peninnah M. , Klingbeil Carol G.
Published: August 2019

AIM

This qualitative descriptive study aimed to evaluate the role of a short-term interprofessional study abroad program in Kenya on beginning awareness of cultural humility.

BACKGROUND

Students in the health care professions, including nursing, must learn to work effectively with diverse patient populations and provide culturally safe care.

METHOD

Course assignments of 21 students were thematically analyzed to discover how students applied concepts of cultural attunement to learn cultural humility while interacting with people in rural and urban Kenya.

RESULTS

Student narrations acknowledged all aspects of cultural attunement during the experience: the pain of oppression; acted with reverence; reported coming from a place of not knowing; engaged in acts of humility; engaged in mutuality; and reported attaining harmony, cooperation, and accord.

CONCLUSION

Findings suggest a short-term community-focused study abroad experience can be a valuable tool for beginning stages of becoming culturally humble and providing culturally safe health care.
“The World Is Our Campus”: Student Satisfaction With an International Nursing Education Partnership
Authors: Miles Leslie W. , Erämaa Sirkka , Parkkinen Sari
Published: August 2019

The purpose of this study was to explore nursing students’ perceptions of global health experiences from an international partnership. Nursing organizations have identified global health care as core knowledge. To address global health care competencies and culture awareness, activities were designed by nursing faculty in Finland and the United States. A mixed-method questionnaire was given to 111 students. Data suggest contact with international nursing peers and learning activities increased understanding of health issues in another culture and increased student self-confidence and communication. Developing a partnership between nursing schools can result in positive global health learning experiences for students.