bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A fish of many scales: extrapolating sublethal pesticide exposures to the productivity of wild salmon populations
Authors: Baldwin David H. , Spromberg Julann A. , Collier Tracy K. , Scholz Nathaniel L.
Published: November 2009

For more than a decade, numerous pesticides have been detected in river systems of the western United States that support anadromous species of Pacific salmon and steelhead. Over the same interval, several declining wild salmon populations have been listed as either threatened or endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). Because pesticides occur in surface waters that provide critical habitat for ESA‐listed stocks, they are an ongoing concern for salmon conservation and recovery throughout California and the Pacific Northwest. Because pesticide exposures are typically sublethal, a key question is whether toxicological effects at (or below) the scale of the individual animal ultimately reduce the productivity and recovery potential of wild populations. In this study we evaluate how the sublethal impacts of pesticides on physiology and behavior can reduce the somatic growth of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and, by extension, subsequent size‐dependent survival when animals migrate to the ocean and overwinter in their first year. Our analyses focused on the organophosphate and carbamate classes of insecticides. These neurotoxic chemicals have been widely detected in aquatic environments. They inhibit acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme in the salmon nervous system that regulates neurotransmitter‐mediated signaling at synapses. Based on empirical data, we developed a model that explicitly links sublethal reductions in acetylcholinesterase activity to reductions in feeding behavior, food ration, growth, and size at migration. Individual size was then used to estimate size‐dependent survival during migration and transition to the sea. Individual survival estimates were then integrated into a life‐history population projection matrix and used to calculate population productivity and growth rate. Our results indicate that short‐term (i.e., four‐day) exposures that are representative of seasonal pesticide use may be sufficient to reduce the growth and size at ocean entry of juvenile chinook. The consequent reduction in individual survival over successive years reduces the intrinsic productivity (lambda) of a modeled ocean‐type chinook population. Overall, we show that exposures to common pesticides may place important constraints on the recovery of ESA‐listed salmon species, and that simple models can be used to extrapolate toxicological impacts across several scales of biological complexity.
Exploited reefs protected from fishing transform over decades into conservation features otherwise absent from seascapes
Authors: Edgar Graham J. , Barrett Neville S. , Stuart-Smith Rick D.
Published: November 2009

Tasmanian reef communities within “no‐take” marine protected areas (MPAs) exhibited direct and indirect ecological changes that increasingly manifested over 16 years, eventually transforming into communities not otherwise present in the regional seascape. Data from 14 temperate and subtropical Australian MPAs further demonstrated that ecological changes continue to develop in MPAs over at least two decades, probably much longer. The continent‐scale study additionally showed recently established MPAs to be consistently located at sites with low resource value relative to adjacent fished reference areas. This outcome was presumably generated by sociopolitical pressures and planning processes that aim to systematically avoid locations with valuable resources, potentially compromising biodiversity conservation goals. Locations that were formerly highly fished are needed within MPA networks if the networks are to achieve conservation aims associated with (1) safeguarding all regional habitat types, (2) protecting threatened habitats and species, and (3) providing appropriate reference benchmarks for assessing impacts of fishing. Because of long time lags, the ubiquity of fishing impacts, and the relatively recent establishment of MPAs, the full impact of fishing on coastal reefs has yet to be empirically assessed.
The Disproportionate Cost of Smoking for African Americans in California
Authors: Max Wendy , Sung Hai-Yen , Tucker Lue-Yen , Stark Brad
Published: November 2009

Objectives. We estimated the economic impact of smoking on African Americans in California in 2002, including smoking-attributable health care expenditures and productivity losses from smoking-caused mortality.

Methods. We estimated econometric models of smoking-attributable ambulatory care, prescription drugs, inpatient care, and home health care using national and state survey data. We assessed smoking-attributable mortality using epidemiological models.

Results. Adult smoking prevalence for African Americans was 19.3% compared with 15.4% for all Californians. The health care cost of smoking was $626 million for the African American community. A total of 3013 African American Californians died of smoking-attributable illness in 2002, representing a loss of over 49 000 years of life and $784 million in productivity. The total cost of smoking for this community amounted to $1.4 billion, or $1.8 billion expressed in 2008 dollars.

Conclusions. Although African Americans account for 6% of the California adult population, they account for over 8% of smoking-attributable expenditures and fully 13% of smoking-attributable mortality costs. Our findings confirm the need to tailor tobacco control programs to African Americans to mitigate the disproportionate burden of smoking for this community.
Evaluating the Relationship Between Student Attendance and Achievement in Urban Elementary and Middle Schools
Authors: Gottfried Michael A.
Published: November 2009

Researchers, policymakers, practitioners, and parents have assumed a positive relationship between school attendance and academic success. And yet, among the vast body of empirical research examining how input factors relate to academic outcomes, few investigations have honed in on the precision of the relationship between individual attendance and student achievement. The purpose of this article is to provide insight into this relationship. Specifically, this study has evaluated the hypothesis that the number of days a student was present in school positively affected learning outcomes. To assess this, a unique empirical approach was taken in order to evaluate a comprehensive dataset of elementary and middle school students in the Philadelphia School District. Employing a fixed effects framework and instrumental variables strategy, this study provides evidence from a quasi-experimental design geared at estimating the causal impact of attendance on multiple measures of achievement, including GPA and standardized reading and math test performance. The results consistently indicate positive and statistically significant relationships between student attendance and academic achievement for both elementary and middle school students.
3-D Computational Modelling of Process Condition Effects on Polymer Injection Molding
Authors: Tutar M. , Karakus A.
Published: November 2009

Three-dimensional (3-D) computational modeling approach of mold insert injection molding is developed to build a more robust and complete simulation solution of polymer melt flow in a mold cavity considering the effects of process conditions on non-isothermal, viscous, compressible and non-Newtonian flow behavior. The changes in viscosity and density in the polymer melt flow are successfully modeled within a volume of fluid (VOF) method coupled with a finite volume approach to generate more realistic melt flow physics during filling stage of injection molding under different process conditions. The Pressure Implicit with Splitting Operators (PISO) pressure-velocity coupling algorithm is employed to enable higher degree of approximate relation between corrections for pressure and velocity, and a comprehensive high-resolution differencing scheme (CICSAM) is successfully utilized to capture moving interfaces. The present developed numerical approach is verified for a box shape mold insert injection molding process of melt flow polypropylene (PP) and comparisons are made with a well-known commercial software program and the experimental data available in the open literature in terms of basic flow features. The numerical results are also compared with each other for each process condition to predict the evolution of a few flow parameters such as temperature and pressure field distributions in the selected regions of the mold cavity to optimize the polymer melt flow during the filling stage of injection molding. The present study is later extended to simulate the filling process of the injection molding for a mold insert PP pipe fitting model for further assessment of the modeling capabilities of the present numerical modeling methodology in injection molding of complex geometrical configurations.
NODAL SOLUTIONS OF NONLOCAL BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS
Authors: Chamberlain John , Kong Lingju , Kong Qingkai
Published: November 2009

We study the nonlinear boundary value problem consisting of the second order differential equation on [a, b] and a boundary condition involving a Riemann‐Stieltjes integral. By relating it to the eigenvalues of a linear Sturm‐Liouville problem with a two‐point separated boundary condition, we obtain results on the existence and nonexistence of nodal solutions of this problem. We also discuss the changes of the existence of different types of nodal solutions as the problem changes.
OPTIMAL SYSTEMS AND GROUP INVARIANT SOLUTIONS FOR A MODEL ARISING IN FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS
Authors: Nteumagne Bienvenue Feugang , Moitsheki Raseelo J.
Published: November 2009

We consider a bond‐pricing model described in terms of partial differential equations (PDEs). Classical Lie point symmetry analysis of the considered PDEs resulted in a number of point symmetries being admitted. The one‐dimensional optimal system of subalgebras is constructed. Following the symmetry reductions, we determine the group‐invariant solutions.
MULTIPLICITY IN PARAMETER‐DEPENDENT PROBLEMS FOR ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Authors: Sadyrbaev Felix
Published: November 2009

We consider two types of nonlinear boundary value problems involving parameters. The second type of problems includes the Fučík problem. Properties of spectra are discussed in connection with the number of solutions to BVP.
Outcomes of Myopic LASIK With and Without NIDEK Active Torsion Error Correction
Authors: Venter Jan
Published: November 2009

Purpose:

To compare refractive outcomes and higher order aberrations of eyes that underwent LASIK for myopia with astigmatism with or without active cyclotorsion error correction.

Methods:

This was a contralateral eye study of 48 eyes of 24 patients who underwent LASIK using the NIDEK Advanced Vision Excimer laser platform (NAVEX), treating one eye with active cyclotorsion error correction (TEC eyes) and the fellow eye without active cyclotorsion error correction (without TEC eyes). Postoperatively, the refractive outcomes, including postoperative astigmatism and higher order aberrations were compared between groups using the
t
test. A
P
value <.05 was considered statistically significant. Three-month postoperative outcomes are presented.

Results:

Preoperative manifest refraction spherical equivalent was −3.59±1.60 diopters (D) (range: −1.25 to −6.75 D) for the TEC group and −3.82±1.89 D (range: −1.38 to −8.63 D) for the without TEC group. No statistically significant differences were noted in postoperative visual acuity between groups (
P
>.05). The TEC eyes had statistically significant lower postoperative cylinder (0.28±0.27 D [range: 0 to −0.75 D] for the TEC group vs 0.49±0.30 D [range: 0 to −1.00 D] for the without TEC group;
P
=.02). A mean decrease in root-mean-square (RMS) of higher order aberration was noted in the TEC eyes, and a mean increase was noted in RMS of higher order aberration for the without TEC eyes at both 5- and 6-mm pupil diameters. The TEC eyes had statistically significantly lower RMS of higher order aberration (
P
<.01).

Conclusions:

Active torsion error correction with the NIDEK NAVEX platform statistically significantly increases the predictability of astigmatism correction and reduces the induction of higher order aberrations of eyes undergoing LASIK.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:985–990.]
A Computer Game Modelling Routing in Computer Networks as Abstract Learning Material in a Blended Learning Environment
Authors: Graven Olaf Hallan , Hansen Hallstein Asheim , MacKinnon Lachlan
Published: November 2009

We use routing in computer networks as an experiment to determine the viability of using a computer game specifically designed to incorporate abstract learning materials as part of a blended learning environment. Routing is the process of determining a data packetâ??s path trough a network. The students participating in the experiment play a short computer game where the word is a network modelled as a labyrinth. The conclusion we draw from the experiment is that overall the students felt that they learned just as much from this as from a traditional lecture/lab, but that they enjoyed this more.
Multivariate analysis of the effects of edaphic and topographical factors on plant distribution in the Yilong Lake Basin of Yun-Gui Plateau, China
Authors: Cui B. S. , Zhai H. J. , Dong S. K. , Chen B. , Liu S. L.
Published: November 2009

The relationships between environmental factors (soil and topography) and plant (shrub and herb) distribution on different hillside habitats in the Yilong Lake basin, southwest China, are examined. Surveys of 31 shrub sites and 31 herb sites, as well as seven edaphic and four topographic factors, on the northern and southern slopes around the Yilong Lake were performed monthly in October and November, 2004, and in November and December, 2005. Two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) was used to classify the plant communities, showing that the shrub community types on the northern and southern slopes were different, in contrast with the herb communities. Canonical correspondence analysis was conducted to clarify the relationships between vegetation and environmental factors in order to interpret the distribution of the communities and compare the relative importance among the environmental factors to the vegetation. The results showed that: (1) the combined effects of topography and soil explained 30.3% of the variability of shrub species distribution and 28.4% of the variability of herb species distribution; (2) the single effects of soil and topography explained 23.8 and 23.5% of shrub species distribution and 22.1 and 17.6% of herb species distribution, respectively; (3) slope aspect was the most important factor influencing shrub and herb distribution; and (4) specific site characteristics have important implications for effective vegetation management strategies and restoration of native species communities. Key words: Canonical correspondence analysis, ecology, soil, topography, vegetation distribution
Estival lettuce
Authors: Jenni Sylvie , Emery George C
Published: November 2009

Estival is a heavy crisphead lettuce highly tolerant to bolting under long day growing conditions (more than 13 h). Estival is the first Vanguard-type lettuce released by the Horticultural Research and Development Centre (HRDC) lettuce breeding program of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec. Very similar in appearance to Summertime, Estival is well adapted to organic soils. Estival is more tolerant than Ithaca (the regional standard) or Summertime to rib discoloration, a physiological disorder caused by high-temperature growing conditions. Key words: Lactuca sativa, crisphead lettuce, rib discoloration, bolting, tipburn, heat stress, organic soil
Valeronitrile Hydrolysis in Supercritical Water
Authors: Sarlea Michael , Kohl Sabine , Blickhan Nina , Vogel Herbert
Published: November 2009

Nitriles act as important intermediates for the chemical industry and are accessible on a large scale through hydrocyanation or ammonoxidation. Nitrile hydrolysis yields amides and acids used in various applications. The conventional nitrile hydrolysis process relies on stoichiometric amounts of mineral acid or base which inherently deliver great amounts of waste brine. Improving this process towards green chemistry would require reaction conditions which can provide technically significant results without the use of catalysts. Under these conditions, the hydrolysis of valeronitrile in pure supercritical water was investigated. The experiments were performed in a continuous high pressure laboratory‐scale apparatus at a temperature between 400 and 500 °C, 30 MPa pressure and maximal residence time of 100 s. Nitrile conversion and valeric acid selectivity greater than 90 % were achieved.
Health risks of heavy metals in sewage‐irrigated soils and edible seeds in Langfang of Hebei province, China
Authors: Chen Zhi‐Fan , Zhao Ye , Zhu Yuen , Yang Xu , Qiao Jiejuan , Tian Qing , Zhang Qing
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND: Human exposure to heavy metals is attributed to consumption of food crops grown in polluted soil environment. The objective of our study was to assess the health risks of heavy metals in edible seeds of crops grown in sewage‐irrigated soils located in the Langfang of Hebei province, China. Here, heavy metal contents in soils and plants were determined using an internal standard and high‐resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

RESULTS: There was a relative buildup of heavy metals in sewage‐irrigated soils in the study area; in particular, all Cr and partial Zn and Cu showed higher concentrations than the limits proposed by the World Health Organization, European Union (EU) and UK. Heavy metal concentrations in edible seeds of plants grown in sewage‐irrigated soils partly exceeded the permissible limits set by the EU, UK and the State Environmental Protection Administration in China. With the exception of Cu, health risk index values of each heavy metal investigated by intake of the edible seeds were less than 1. Here, a health risk index of < 1 is considered safe for human consumption.

CONCLUSION: The study indicated that there was a relative absence of health risks associated with the ingestion of sewage‐irrigated edible seeds. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Improvement of growth, fermentative efficiency and ethanol tolerance of Kloeckera africana during the fermentation of Agave tequilana juice by addition of yeast extract
Authors: Díaz‐Montaño Dulce M , Favela‐Torres Ernesto , Córdova Jesus
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND: The aim of this work was to improve the productivity and yield of tequila fermentation and to propose the use of a recently isolated non‐Saccharomyces yeast in order to obtain a greater diversity of flavour and aroma of the beverage. For that, the effects of the addition of different nitrogen (N) sources to Agave tequilana juice on the growth, fermentative capacity and ethanol tolerance of Kloeckera africana and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied and compared.

RESULTS: Kloeckera africana K1 and S. cerevisiae S1 were cultured in A. tequilana juice supplemented with ammonium sulfate, diammonium phosphate or yeast extract. Kloeckera africana did not assimilate inorganic N sources, while S. cerevisiae utilised any N source. Yeast extract stimulated the growth, fermentative capacity and alcohol tolerance of K. africana, giving kinetic parameter values similar to those calculated for S. cerevisiae.

CONCLUSION: This study revealed the importance of supplementing A. tequilana juice with a convenient N source to achieve fast and complete conversion of sugars in ethanol, particularly in the case of K. africana. This yeast exhibited similar growth and fermentative capacity to S. cerevisiae. The utilisation of K. africana in the tequila industry is promising because of its variety of synthesised aromatic compounds, which would enrich the attributes of this beverage. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of increased milking frequency as an additional treatment for cows with clinical mastitis
Authors: Krömker Volker , Zinke Claudia , Paduch Jan-Hendrik , Klocke Doris , Reimann Anette , Eller Georg
Published: November 2009

This field study focused on the possible effects of increased milking frequency (milking four times a day in comparison with milking twice a day) on clinical and bacteriological cure rates of clinical, antibiotically treated mastitis cases. Parameters tested were clinical, microbiological and full (cytomicrobiological) cure as well as the development of milk yield after the clinical mastitis episode. Cows from a large dairy herd meeting the study criteria (n=93) were assigned to two treatment groups by a systematic randomization scheme (blocked by body temperature <=or >39·5°C). Both groups were randomly divided by experimental treatments: a) antibiotic intramammary treatment and milking 2-times a day; b) antibiotic intramammary treatment and milking 4-times a day. Treatments were initiated before the culture results were known. Cows were surveyed and evaluated on days 1–6, 24 and 31. No significant differences between treatment and control groups regarding clinical cure, microbiological cure, full cure and milk production could be established. Applying a 4-times a day milking regime did not lead to any significant effect, either positive or negative. Therefore, the results suggest that milking 4-times a day as a supporting therapy for mild, moderate and severe antimicrobially treated mastitis cases cannot be recommended.
The Morphology of Filaria sagitta v. Linstow, 1907, from the heart of Tragelaphus sylvaticus in Nyasaland
Authors: Turner W. Y.
Published: November 2009

The specimens here described were contained in cysts from the heart of a Bushbuck (Tragelaphus sylvaticus) submitted for examination by A. J. Stent, Esq., of the Vizara Rubber Plantation, Nyasaland Similar lesions have been reported by others from the heart of the Kudu (Strepsiceros kudu) in the same region, but no opportunity of examining these has occurred.
Helminths collected from Horses in the Aberystwyth Area
Authors: Lewis E. Aneurin
Published: November 2009

In February, 1924, Dr. Walton recorded Anoplocephala perfoliata, Ascaris equi, Oxyuris equi (curvula), and Cylicostomum tetracanthum from horses in North Wales; and in January 1925, Mr. Bissett, M.R.C.V.S., found, in a horse from Duffryn Mountains (South Wales), a large number of parasitic worms, including Anoplocephala mammillana, Cylicostomum tetracanthum, Strongylus edentatus, S. vulgaris, S. equinus, and one specimen of Oxyuris. These, it seems, are the only recent records concerning helminthic parasites of horses in Wales. It was therefore thought desirable to examine a few horses very carefully.
A Further Note on Hexatylus viviparus Goodey, 1926
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: November 2009

Earlier in this volume (pp. 27–30), the writer has given an account of an eelworm obtained from a diseased potato tuber, possessing a mouth stylet with six basal swellings, an œsophagus without a muscular bulb such as occurs in Tylenchus and Aphelenchus, a vulva much more posterior in position than in the two genera just mentioned and a uterus without a post-vulvar diverticulum. On these characters the worms were placed in a new genus, Hexatylus.
Faunistic Note on a Collection of Helminthic Material from Palestine
Authors: Solomon S. Gladstone
Published: November 2009

In April, 1931, a collection of helminth parasites was received by the Imperial Bureau of Agricultural Parasitology from Mr. Bodkin, the Government Entomologist at Jerusalem. The specimens appear to have been collected by Native Meat Inspectors from slaughter houses, farms, etc., ranging through eleven different localities, from Hebron and Gaza, west of the Dead Sea, in the south; to Acre and Safad, north of the Sea of Galilee. The collection comprised 117 bottles of material, much of which had been rather poorly preserved. For such a large assortment of material the number of species is relatively small, as so many of the parasites were sent in duplicate. There does not appear to be any species new to science, and the following note is intended as a contribution to the zoögeography of a country whose parasitic fauna is somewhat inadequately known.
The Effect of Salting Pasture on the Incidence of Stomach Worms in Sheep
Authors: Fraser Allan H. H. , Robertson David , Ritchie John E.
Published: November 2009

1. Salting of pasture was explored as a means of controlling stomach worm infestation of grazing sheep.

2. Infestation with Haemonchus contortus was significantly decreased, but that with Ostertagia spp. and Trichostrongylus axei was not significantly affected.
On some Lesions associated with Helminths in Birds of economic importance
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: November 2009

Helminth parasites in small numbers infest a very large percentage of the birds of economic importance but the damage and loss for which they are responsible has never been calculated. In considering these parasites there are two schools of thought—the first considers every helminth as a possible pathological factor and cause of death. While our knowledge of avian diseases is still rather scanty this opinion is easily understood for birds often die showing lesions in the gut and the only obvious agent is the helminths present. Recently, however, opinion has swung in the opposite direction and given rise to a second school, in which there is a tendency to discount the dangers of helminthic infestation and to minimise their importance. In the Institute of Agricultural Parasitology some caution is always adopted at post-mortem examinations before diagnosing the cause of death as being definitely due to helminths for it is felt that there are many disease factors, imperfectly understood as yet, which probably have far reaching effects on their avian hosts. However, in certain cases pathological conditions have been noticed which were undoubtedly due to helminths.
On Anguillulina mahogani (Cobb, 1920)
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: November 2009

The only account we have of this species of nematode, which is apparently parasitic in the bark of mahogany trees in Barbados, British West Indies, is that given by Cobb (1920). The material forming the basis of his investigations consisted of specimens preserved in formalin which had been sent to him from the Department of Agriculture, Barbados. His description of the adult worms, while being very detailed in certain particulars, gives little information in regard to other anatomical features. In addition, the drawings illustrating his paper show only two views of the head region and the male tail in ventral and lateral aspect. During the past twelve months the writer has had an opportunity of making some observations on this species. A piece of diseased mahogany bark was received in April, 1936 from the Director of the Imperial Mycological Institute, Kew, to whom it had been sent from the Department of Agriculture, Barbados. The bark and scrapings from it were in a preserving fluid of unknown composition and in the sediment at the bottom of the jar numbers of adult worms of both sexes were present. Several of these were picked out, washed in water and transferred to weak glycerine. The capsule containing them was set aside for the glycerine to become concentrated and the worms were finally mounted in this medium.
Observations on the susceptibility of certain varieties of oats to “tulip-root” caused by the stem eelworm, Anguillulina dipsaci
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: November 2009

“Tulip-Root” in oats caused by the stem eelworm, Anguillulina dipsaci, is of widespread occurrence in Great Britain, annually effecting much damage to oat crops which results in diminished yields of grain. At this Institute the disease has been under investigation for some years and during the seasons 1935, '36 and '37 tests have been carried out on the susceptibility to it of a number of different oat varieties. An outcome of some practical importance has resulted from this work in that it has been found that two varieties of winter oats have, for three seasons, proved resistant to attack though grown under the same conditions and subject to the same risk of invasion by the parasite as other varieties which have proved susceptible to attack. These two varieties have consistently manifested no symptoms of disease during the three seasons and on microscopic examination have been found to harbour very few examples of the parasite whereas susceptible varieties have shown the characteristic symptoms of disease in stunted growth, greatly swollen discoloured leafbases and their tissues have harboured large numbers of the parasite. The purpose of the present paper is to put these facts on record and to give some account of the investigations out of which they have arisen.
The Treatment of Experimental Trichinosis in the Rat with Butolan
Authors: van Someren Vernon D.
Published: November 2009

Methods of treatment of trichinosis have been reviewed by van Someren (1938), and it was stated that no experimentally confirmed therapeutic measure had yet been found for the treatment of this disease by destruction of the nematodes in the body. In an attempt to discover a satisfactory chemotherapeutic measure, an experimental trial was made of an anthelminthic “Butolan” (Bayer), which has been shown to give very satisfactory results in cases of oxyuriasis, and in some ascariasis infections.
On the occurrence of the chrysanthemum eelworm, Aphelenchoides ritzema-bosi, in a tomato fruit
Authors: Goodey T. , Bennett S. H.
Published: November 2009

The occurrence of the chrysanthemum eelworm, Aphelenchoides ritzema-bosi (Schwartz, 1911), in an unusual situation, namely within the tissues of tomato fruits, calls for brief report since, though well known as a leaf parasite of a good number of plants, it has not, to our knowledge, been reported previously from a fruit.

Towards the end of October, one of us (S.H.B.) visited a grower who complained of having a number of tomato fruits from which the calyx tissue came away at the slightest touch. These fruits then rotted deeply towards the centre. Two such fruits were taken from the store for examination in the laboratory. One of them was attacked by the fungus Didymella Lycopersici whilst the other was found to contain eelworms. This fruit was sent by S.H.B. to T.G. with a request for a determination of the species of eelworm present and an opinion on whether it was a parasitic species or not.

On receipt of the fruit the senior author cut it in two by a cut passing along the longitudinal axis from the calyx region and through the central fleshy placenta. It was then seen that the discoloured diseased area was about ¼ in. deep by about ⅝ in. broad and occupied much of the solid fleshy base of the fruit. On teasing up a small portion of the diseased tissues in water and examining under the binocular microscope, considerable numbers of small eelworms were found together with numerous eggs and larvae in various stages of growth.
Some bird Helminths from Antigua
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: November 2009

The material on which this article is based was sent to Dr. R. T. Leiper, C.M.G., F.R.S., by Mr. L. R. Hutson, Veterinary Officer, Antigua, to both of whom my thanks are due. Most of the cestodes had already been described by Prof. J. G. Baer and recorded by him in 1940. The rest of the collection consists mainly of nematodes but there are, however, representatives of all three groups of helminths—Trematoda, Cestoda and Acanthocephala as well as the Nematoda. The hosts were all described by the local popular names and I am much indebted to Mr. Kinnear, of the Natural History Museum, London, for identifying them.

The only trematode in the collection is the Strigeid, Apharyngostrigca cornu Goeze, 1800, which had been removed from the large gut of a Yellow crowned night heron, Nycticorax violaceous. It has already been recorded from a number of birds belonging to the Ciconidae and to the Ardeidae but not from this particular host. It is not uncommon in Europe and the United States but has not been reported in the British West Indies before. There are two specimens both attached to the mucous membrane but they were easily removed and seemed to have caused no pathological changes. They are mature and contain eggs and the vitellaria are strongly developed, obscuring most of the other organs.
On the Species of Diphyllobothrium occurring in Birds, and their Relation to Man and other Hosts
Authors: Markowski Stanislaw
Published: November 2009

A comparative study has been made of certain species of Diphyllobothrium which are primarily parasites of birds, but which have been obtained from man and other hosts, both naturally and experimentally. As a result of this work it appears that only two valid species are known in birds, namely: Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzsch, 1824) and D. ditremum (Creplin, 1825). These species differ markedly from each other in certain morphological features and there appears to be a noticeable difference in their host-adaptation, inasmuch as D. ditremum occurs only in birds belonging to the families Phalacrocoracidae, Ardeidae, Colymbidae and Anatidae, while D. dendriticum occurs naturally in birds belonging to the Laridae and other families, and experimentally also in mammals.
On Kalicephalus hongkongensis n.sp. from Elaphe moellendorffi and the Erection of a New Genus, Kalicephaloides
Authors: Liang-Sheng Yeh
Published: November 2009

Two species of Kalicephalus are reported from snakes. K. indicus is found to be very common in the snake, Pytas mucosus in Canton, and K. hongkongensis sp.nov. is reported for Elaphe moellendorffi.

In a large number of species of Kalicephalus examined, a telamon was always found to be present.

The genus Occipitodontus is recognised as a valid one.

Kalicephalus minutus is made the genotype of a new genus Kalicephaloides on the basis of the unequal spicules and one of the terminal branches of the dorsal ray having its origin at the base of the dorsal ray.
On a New Trematode, Tremajoannes buckleyi gen. et sp. nov. (Lecithodendriidae) from Central American Bats with some notes on Phaneropsolus orbicularis (Diesing, 1850) Braun, 1901
Authors: Saoud M. F. A.
Published: November 2009

1. A new trematode Tremajoannes buckleyi gen. et sp. nov., is described from the bats Pteronotus davyi fulvus and Mormoops megalophylla from Colombia, Central America. A comparison between Tremajoannes gen. nov. and the other related genera of the family Lecithodendriidae is given.

2. Primatotrema Premvati, 1958 is considered as a synonym of Phaneropsolus Looss, 1899, accordingly Primatotrema macacae should be Phaneropsolus macacae (Premvati, 1958), n.comb.

3. Phaneropsolus magnitesticulatus Ryšavý et al., 1960 is considered as a synonym of P. macacae (Premvati, 1958).

4. Phaneropsolus orbicularis (Diesing, 1850) Braun, 1901 is reported from a new host and redescribed.
On Some Larval Trematodes fromLymnaea peregra(Muller) in Scotland
Authors: Williams Modupé O.
Published: November 2009

Out of 550Lymnaea peregra(Muller) collected from a pond near Glasgow, Scotland, 29% were infected with sporocysts and cercariae ofCotylurus cornutus(Rudolphi, 1809), 0·9% with sporocysts and cercariae ofApatemon gracilis minor(Yamaguti, 1953), 0·18% with sporocysts and cercariae ofDiplostomum spathaceum(Rudolphi, 1819), 0·8% with sprocysts and cercariae ofDiplostomum gasterosteiWilliams, 1966, 9·0% with rediae and cercariae ofNotocotylus attenuatus(Rudolphi, 1809), 3·6% with rediae and cercariae ofHypoderaeum conoideum(Bloch, 1782), 7·27% with sporocysts and cercariae ofHaplometra cylindracea, (Looss, 1899), and 13·6% with metacercariae ofEchinoparyphium recurvatum(Linstow, 1873).

The pattern of development ofCotylurus cornutusin the duck is described.
The morphology of Dentostomella kuntzi (Nematoda: Oxyuroidea) from Egyptian rodents
Authors: Ashour A. A. , Lewis J. W.
Published: November 2009

Dentostomella kuntzi is redescribed from specimens found in the rodent hosts Acomys cahirinus, Arvicanthis niloticus and Rattus rattus from the Giza province of Egypt, and compared with three species of the genus Dentostomella namely D. grundmanni, D. legerae and D. translucida. Unlike other species in the genus, the egg of D. kuntzi is operculate. The distribution of adult D. kuntzi within the intestine of Acomys cahirinus is also discussed.
Studies on the ultrastructure and histochemistry of the lymph system in three species of amphistome (Trematoda: Digenea) Gigantocotyle explanatum, Gastrothylax crumenifer and Srivastavaia indica from the Indian Water Buffalo Bubalus bubalis
Authors: Dunn T. S. , Nizami W. A. , Hanna R. E. B.
Published: November 2009

The lymph system of three amphistome parasites from buffaloes, Gigantocotyle explanatum, Gastrothylax crumenifer and Srivastavaia indica was studied using light microscope histochemistry and electron microscopy. In each case the system comprised a single pair of main longitudinal vessels which gave rise to numerous sub-dividing lateral branches. Although the finer lymph channels associated with most internal systems, they did not penetrate the basement membrane of any organ. The lymph vessels were delimited by a unit membrane and separated from adjacent cells by interstitial material. The lymph fluid consisted of an amorphous proteinaceous, lipid-rich matrix, containing naked nuclei and granules of various sizes. Complexes of endoplasmic reticulum were frequently associated with the nuclei. No distinct Golgi bodies or mitochondria were evident. The granules noted throughout the lymph morphologically resembled autophagosomes and lysosomes. Autophagy within the lymph system presumably mobilizes amino acids for subsequent transport to tissues undergoing active protein synthesis. The lymph channels displayed an intimate relationship with the general parenchyma. In particular, numerous protrusions of lymph occurred into the cytoplasm of certain specialized parenchymal cells surrounding the pharynx. Within these ‘juxtapharyńigeal’ cells autophagic degradation of sequestered lymph cytoplasm apparently occurred. In the three species of amphistome studied, the lymph system appears to function in storage and mobilization of amino acids and possibly lipids. It may also serve to distribute other small molecules throughout the body. The detection of haemoglobin in the lymph system of G. crumenifer and S. indica, but not in Gigantocotyle explanatum, suggests a further role in oxygen storage and transport.
Dirofilaria immitis: the moulting of the infective larva in vitro
Authors: Devaney E.
Published: November 2009

A number of in vitro culture systems were tested for their ability to support the development of Dirofilaria immitis infective larvae to the fourth larval stage. In cultures of medium ML-15 containing a feeder layer of Dog Sarcoma (DS) cells larvae successfully moulted and showed a small but significant increase in length. Ultrastructural observations demonstrated that the fourth-stage cuticle was synthesized in vitro and in some larvae was fully formed by 60 hours of culture. The hypodermis of moulting larvae contained numerous multi-vesicular bodies. It is concluded that the moult in vitro is a true moult and not an atypical response of the larvae to the conditions of culture.
Schistosoma intercalatum (Fisher, 1934) infection in sheep
Authors: Christensen Niels Ørnbjerg , Nansen Peter , Frandsen Flemming , Monrad Jesper
Published: November 2009

Parasitological and clinico-pathological aspects of Schistosoma intercalatum infection in sheep were studied after exposure to 5000 cercariae per animal. It was shown that the infection, in spite of relatively high tissue egg counts, only gave rise to low-grade clinico-pathological manifestations with almost unaffected blood parameters. The parasites were mainly located in the lower part of the intestinal tract, and the number of eggs being passed in faeces was very low.
Schistosoma mansoni: the presence and ultrastructure of vitelline cells in adult males
Authors: Shaw M. K. , Erasmus D. A.
Published: November 2009

The presence of vitelline cells in male Schistosoma mansoni from both mixed and single sex infections in mice is described.

Ultrastructurally these vitelline cells resemble the mature, Stage 4 cells from normal female worms. As yet no developing vitelline cells (Stages 1 to 3) have been found. The cells do not appear to form complete lobules as in the female.
Phenomenological classification of stress-induced leakage current and time-dependent dielectric breakdown mechanism
Authors: Miyazaki Hiroshi , Kodama Daisuke , Suzumura Naohito
Published: November 2009

The time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) of Cu damascene interconnects was investigated, noting the time variations in stress-induced leakage current. Copper interconnects normally have symmetric current-voltage curves, which suggests that defects are distributed symmetrically between two Cu lines. Although the impact damage model satisfies this requirement, as does the thermochemical E-model, the Cu diffusion model does not. Without the barrier metal, Cu+ ions rapidly penetrate the dielectric film and form unstable conduction filaments. The leakage current fluctuates greatly due to the rapid Cu movement in the last stage of bias temperature stressing. These current fluctuations also appear in the triangular voltage sweep so that a spurious peak emerges, which is unrelated to the ionic displacement current. The extrinsic TDDB has a small field acceleration parameter (0.5 cm/MV); however, it switches to a large one (4.5 cm/MV) at electrical fields that are higher than 2 MV/cm. Another type of degradation is the thermal reaction between Cu and low-k. High-temperature annealing (>200 °C) generates shallow-energy-level defects in the SiO forbidden-energy gap. The shallow-energy-level defects have less impact on the TDDB lifetime although they cause a large Poole–Frenkel type current.
Characteristics of kilohertz-ignited, radio-frequency atmospheric-pressure dielectric barrier discharges in argon
Authors: Le Pei-Si , Li Guo , Wang Sen , Li He-Ping , Bao Cheng-Yu
Published: November 2009

In this letter, ignited by a kilohertz atmospheric-pressure dielectric-barrier discharge (APDBD), the stable and uniform argon radio-frequency (rf) APDBDs are generated with lower rf ignition voltages compared to the conventional rf APDBDs without the aid of the kilohertz filamentary discharges. The experimental studies on the mechanisms of this dual-frequency APDBD method indicate that it is the filaments extending from the kilohertz electrode region to the rf electrode region that provide the seed electrons for the ignition of the rf APDBDs at the lower applied rf voltages. A 12-mm-long stable and uniform argon plasma jet is obtained using the coaxial-type plasma generator.
Electrically switchable multiple volume hologram recording in polymer-dispersed liquid-crystal films
Authors: Gao Hongyue , Pu Haihui , Gao Bin , Yin Dejin , Liu Jianhua , Gan Fuxi
Published: November 2009

Multiple Bragg hologram recording was investigated in trimethylolpropane triacrylate based polymer-dispersed liquid-crystal thin films. Ten volume holograms were stored at a single location of less than 0.8 mm2 area with the diffraction efficiencies of 6%–15%, by a simplified method of peristrophic multiplexing, and the formation process of multiple volume holograms was presented. Furthermore, volume hologram capacity was studied both experimentally and theoretically in this film. Based on the maximum of Δn, ∼2×10−2, the theoretical capacity of a location could be improved to 25 Bragg holograms with the relatively high diffraction efficiency of 1%, and the holographic storage density of more than 20 Gbits/in.2 was achieved just by peristrophic multiplexing. Finally, electrically switchability for multiple holograms with a low threshold voltage of ∼3 V/μm was realized, which demonstrates that this material is a potential medium for electrically controlled holographic storage or diffraction device.
Suppression of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 2α Restores p53 Activity via Hdm2 and Reverses Chemoresistance of Renal Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Roberts Andrew M. , Watson Ian R. , Evans Andrew J. , Foster David A. , Irwin Meredith S. , Ohh Michael
Published: November 2009

p53 mutations are rarely detected in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC), but, paradoxically, these tumors remain highly resistant to chemotherapy and death receptor–induced death. Here, we show that the accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF2α), a critical oncogenic event in CCRCC following the loss of von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor protein, leads to Hdm2-mediated suppression of p53. Primary CCRCC specimens exhibiting strong hypoxic signatures show increased levels of activated nuclear phospho-Hdm2(Ser166), which is concomitant with low p53 expression. The abrogation of Hdm2-p53 interaction using the small-molecule Hdm2 inhibitor nutlin-3 or the downregulation of HIF2α via HIF2α-specific short hairpin RNA or wild-type VHL reconstitution restores p53 function and reverses the resistance of CCRCC cells to Fas-mediated and chemotherapy-induced cell death. These findings unveil a mechanistic link between HIF2α and p53 and provide a rationale for combining Hdm2 antagonists with chemotherapy for the treatment of CCRCC. [Cancer Res 2009;69(23):9056–64]
Etude de l’influence du couplage acoustique source-conduit vocal sur F° des voyelles orales
Authors: Guérin B. , Boë L.J.
Published: November 2009

With the aid of a two-mass model of the vocal source loaded by the input impedance of the vocal tract, we first study theoretically, then by simulation, the effects of source-vocal tract coupling on the intrinsic frequencies F₀ of the French oral vowels. We explain the correlation which exists between F₀ and the frequency of the first formant as well as the results from the experiment described by Ishizaka and Flanagan [1972]. In conclusion, we show that the acoustic coupling cannot explain the different values of F₀, intrinsic in the vowels, but on the contrary, a physiological coupling has to compensate for the effects of acoustic coupling to explain the characteristics revealed in natural speech.
Effect of composition on rate dependence of ferroelastic/ferroelectric switching in perovskite ceramics
Authors: Viola G. , Verbylo D. , Orlovskaya N. , Reece M. J.
Published: November 2009

The process of ferroelectric/ferroelastic switching is rate dependent as evidenced by the frequency dependence of the coercive field/stress in polarisation/strain–electric field/stress loops. The rate dependence of domain switching has been investigated in different compositions of ferroelectric/ferroelastic perovskites by studying their stress–strain hysteresis loops. Stress–strain loops were generated by applying a static compressive load and then superimposing cyclic compressive loads of different amplitudes and frequencies. The stress–strain loops were fitted using a Rayleigh type relationship, whose parameters characterise the intrinsic and extrinsic contributions to the strain. Using these parameters, the rate dependence of the extrinsic domain wall contribution was investigated.
Diffusion model for growth of Fe2B layer in pure iron
Authors: Campos-Silva I , Ortiz-Domínguez M , Cimenoglu H , Escobar-Galindo R , Keddam M , Elías-Espinosa M , López-Perrusquia N
Published: November 2009

A simple diffusion model is proposed to estimate the growth kinetics of Fe2B layers created at the surface of pure iron. This model employs the mass balance equation at the Fe2B/substrate interface to evaluate the boron diffusion coefficient ( DFe2 B) in the boride layer. The Fe2B layers were formed using the paste boriding process, at four temperatures with different exposure times. Analysing the results, the evolution of the parabolic growth constant ( k) of the Fe2B layer is presented as a function of boron concentration and boride incubation time [ t0( T)]. Furthermore, the instantaneous velocity of the Fe2B/substrate interface and the weight gain of borided pure iron were estimated for different boriding temperatures. Finally, to validate the diffusion model, the boride layer thicknesses were predicted and experimentally verified for two boriding temperatures and for different treatment times.