bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Grain dormancy and light quality effects on germination in the model grass Brachypodium distachyon
Authors: Barrero José M. , Jacobsen John V. , Talbot Mark J. , White Rosemary G. , Swain Stephen M. , Garvin David F. , Gubler Frank
Published: October 2011

Lack of grain dormancy in cereal crops such as barley and wheat is a common problem affecting farming areas around the world, causing losses in yield and quality because of preharvest sprouting. Control of seed or grain dormancy has been investigated extensively using various approaches in different species, including Arabidopsis and cereals. However, the use of a monocot model plant such as Brachypodium distachyon presents opportunities for the discovery of new genes related to grain dormancy that are not present in modern commercial crops.

In this work we present an anatomical description of the Brachypodium caryopsis, and we describe the dormancy behaviour of six common diploid Brachypodium inbred genotypes. We also study the effect of light quality (blue, red and far‐red) on germination, and analyse changes in abscisic acid levels and gene expression between a dormant and a non‐dormant Brachypodium genotype.

Our results indicate that different genotypes display high natural variability in grain dormancy and that the characteristics of dormancy and germination are similar to those found in other cereals.

We propose that Brachypodium is an ideal model for studies of grain dormancy in grasses and can be used to identify new strategies for increasing grain dormancy in crop species.
Psychological sweating from glabrous and nonglabrous skin surfaces under thermoneutral conditions
Authors: Machado‐Moreira Christiano A. , Taylor Nigel A. S.
Published: October 2011

Recent experiments revealed psychological sweating to be a ubiquitous phenomenon in passively heated individuals. Since heating potentiates sweating, and since most research into psychological sweating was not conducted in this thermal state, these observations required thermoneutral verification. Thermoneutral subjects performed mental arithmetic (at 26oC) with psychological sweating evaluated from nine sites (ventilated capsules, skin conductance). Discharged sweating was evident from three glabrous sites (P < .05). However, significant sweating was evident from two nonglabrous surfaces (P < .05), and skin conductance increased at the volar and dorsal finger surfaces (P < .05). Each of these changes occurred while core and skin temperatures remained stable (P > .05). These thermoneutral observations further refute the proposition that psychological sweating in humans is restricted to the glabrous skin surfaces.
Technological characterisation of Lactobacilli isolated from Chinese artisanal fermented milks
Authors: MA CHUNLI , ZHANG LANWEI , MA DEXING , DU MING , HAN XUE , YI HUAXI , ZHANG LILI , FENG ZHEN , ZHANG YANHE , ZHANG YINGCHUN , SONG WEI
Published: October 2011

Thirty‐six Lactobacilli, isolated from Chinese artisanal fermented milks, were evaluated for potential use as adjunct cultures. All isolates presented low acidification rate. Proteolytic activities of these Lactobacilli ranged from 17.7 to 48.5 mg Gly/L milk, and strain SB5 showed the highest activity. Aminopeptidase activities ranged from 15.1 to 71.0 U/mg. Strains M18L2, SB33 and SB29 were 71.0, 68.6 and 68.5 U/mg, respectively. Autolytic activities of isolates in simulated cheese‐like buffer were between 10% and 45%. Strains SB9 and SB11 showed the two highest values. In summary, the aforementioned six strains could be good candidates as adjunct cultures in cheese.
Governing the transnational organic cotton network from Benin
Authors: GLIN LAURENT C. , MOL ARTHUR P. J. , OOSTERVEER PETER , VODOUHÊ SIMPLICE D.
Published: October 2011

In this article, we attempt to conceptualize the historical development and the governance structure of the transnational organic cotton network from Benin. We aim to discover how the organic cotton production‐consumption network is governed locally and internationally. Existing bodies of literature on international agricultural production networks, in particular the Global Value Chains (GVC) perspective, focus on economic dimensions, but find it difficult to incorporate the sustainability dimension. We favour widening the concept of GVCs beyond economics by acknowledging and including environmental rationalities and the representatives of their interests, not as external elements, but rather as co‐governing or co‐structuring factors (or actors) of sustainable value chains. Our findings reveal that beyond the traditional producer versus buyer dualism, intermediate stakeholders, namely transnational and local environmental NGO networks, are instrumental in the construction, maintenance and transformation of the organic cotton network. It is also apparent that farmers' leaders play an important role in mediating and (re)building trust among organic farmers, though they exert insufficient vertical power in the organic cotton network to control it.
Serious gaming in women’s health care
Authors: de Wit‐Zuurendonk LD , Oei SG
Published: October 2011

Please cite this paper as: de Wit‐Zuurendonk L, Oei S. Serious gaming in women’s health care. BJOG 2011;118 (Suppl. 3): 17–21.

Computer‐based (serious) gaming is a new field in medical education, which has the potential to become an important tool for healthcare professionals for learning a range of clinical skills. To evaluate the current status of serious gaming in medicine, we performed a systematic literature review. In June 2011, we undertook a search in PubMed and Embase databases with the MeSH terms video games, education, training, gaming and healthcare. Thirty relevant papers were identified, reviewed and summarised. The studies showed that serious gaming is a stimulating learning method and that students are enthusiastic about its use. Studies have shown that previous recreational gaming is associated with greater surgical skill, especially for laparoscopy. In addition to surgical skills, serious gaming is potentially a good method for learning clinical decision‐making and patient interaction. Games are already being developed for teaching specific clinical skills, for example in cardiology and orthopaedics for example. Initial studies suggest that serious gaming is likely to be an effective training method; however, there is a paucity of studies showing the conclusive clinical benefit of serious gaming. Future studies should focus on demonstrating the clinical effectiveness of serious gaming on skills used in patient care.
Sustaining simulation training programmes – experience from maternity care
Authors: Ayres‐de‐Campos D , Deering S , Siassakos D
Published: October 2011

Please cite this paper as: Ayres‐de‐Campos D, Deering S, Siassakos D. Sustaining simulation training programmes – experience from maternity care. BJOG 2011;118 (Suppl. 3): 22–26.

There is little scientific evidence to support the majority of simulation‐based maternity training programmes, but some characteristics appear to be associated with sustainability. Among these are a clear institutional‐level commitment to the course, strong leadership in course organisation, a curriculum relevant to clinical practice, a nonthreatening learning environment, the establishment of multiprofessional training and the use of simulators appropriate to the learning objectives. There is still some debate on whether simulation‐based sessions should be carried out in dedicated training time outside normal working hours or in ad‐hoc drills that are run during clinical sessions, whether they should be located in clinical areas, simulation centres, or both, and whether or not they should include standardised generic teamwork training sessions. In this review, we discuss the main characteristics that appear to make a simulation‐based training programme a sustainable initiative.
How ecological neighbourhoods influence the structure of the scavenger guild in low arctic tundra
Authors: Killengreen Siw T. , Strømseng Elise , Yoccoz Nigel G. , Ims Rolf A.
Published: October 2011

Aim  How the ecological neighbourhoods of coast and forest affect arctic tundra ecosystems is a pressing question as the circumpolar tundra belt is shrinking under global warming. Mobile facultative scavengers are likely to negatively impact tundra biodiversity as dominant competitors or predators, if they spill over into tundra. Here, we provide the first quantitative assessments of the structure of a scavenger guild in low arctic tundra with emphasis on how it changes along spatial gradients from neighbouring ecosystems (i.e. forest and coast) and with altitude (i.e. productivity gradients). We also assess the likelihood of interactions between guild members that may negatively impact vulnerable tundra species.

Location  North‐eastern part of Norway.

Methods  Extensive records of scavenger prevalence were obtained by deploying automatic digital cameras at experimental carcasses in tundra regions covering several thousand square kilometres and three winters in northern Norway.

Main conclusions  We found short‐range neighbourhood effects of forest and coast within the tundra scavenger guild. Species richness declined steeply with decreasing distance from the neighbouring ecosystems, in particular subarctic forest, and with increasing altitude. Bird species with strongholds in forest (golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos and hooded crow Corvus cornix) or along the coast (white‐tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla) were mostly responsible for short‐range neighbourhood effects on guild structure. However, the two most abundant guild members, the common raven Corvus corax and the red fox Vulpes vulpes, exhibited no spatial patterns within the range of neighbourhoods and altitudes examined. There was a clear diurnal segregation in the use of carcasses between birds and mammals reducing the likelihood of direct interactions between these two taxa. Presence of red fox appeared to exclude the arctic fox Vulpes lagopus, the only endemic tundra species within the guild, from carcasses.
Prevalence of pre‐eclampsia, pregnancy hypertension and gestational diabetes in population‐based data: Impact of different ascertainment methods on outcomes
Authors: CHEN Jian Sheng , ROBERTS Christine L. , SIMPSON Judy M. , FORD Jane B.
Published: October 2011

This study investigated strategies for ascertaining pre‐eclampsia, pregnancy hypertension and gestational diabetes mellitus from birth records and/or hospital discharge data. The results showed that ascertaining these conditions from a data set that linked birth records to the corresponding maternal hospital record for birth was sufficient for health outcomes research. Antenatal hospital records provided few extra cases and may be necessary only for the ascertainment when a very accurate estimate of the prevalence is required.
Predicting Nursing Home Adherence to a Clinical Trial Intervention: Lessons for the Conduct of Cluster Randomized Trials
Authors: Tjia Jennifer , Mazor Kathleen M. , Field Terry , Doherty Peter , Spenard Ann , Gurwitz Jerry H.
Published: October 2011

Objectives

To describe factors predictive of nursing home (NH) adherence to a clinical trial intervention.

Design

Post hoc analysis of a cluster randomized trial (CRT) evaluating a structured communication intervention to improve nurse–physician telephone communication in NHs.

Setting

NH.

Participants

All eligible licensed nursing staff in all participating NHs.

Measurements

Adherence was defined as active participation for at least 3 months of the 12‐month trial. NH characteristics hypothesized to affect trial outcomes (profit status, bed size, nursing staff time, NH quality, and leadership turnover) were measured a priori. The association between intervention adherence, NH characteristics and preintervention questionnaire response rate was examined.

Results

Of 13 intervention NHs, seven adhered to the intervention. Three factors differentiated adherent from nonadherent NHs: director of nursing turnover (nonadherent NHs 50% vs adherent NHs 0%, P = .03); Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) nurse staffing rating (range: 1–5) (nonadherent NHs mean 3.7 ± 0.5 vs adherent NHs mean 4.3 ± 0.5), P = .048); and questionnaire response rate (nonadherent NHs 15.6 ± 10.0% vs adherent NHs 34.2 ± 12.1%, P = .02). Profit status, bed size, and number of NH deficiencies on state surveys were not significantly associated with intervention adherence.

Conclusion

CMS nurse staffing rating, leadership turnover, and questionnaire response rate are associated with adherence to a CRT intervention. Pretrial evaluation of NH staffing rating by CMS and of response to a questionnaire can help investigators improve trial efficiency by screening for NHs likely to adhere to a CRT intervention.
Absence of Influenza A(H1N1) During Seasonal and Pandemic Seasons in a Sentinel Nursing Home Surveillance Network in the Netherlands
Authors: Enserink Remko , Meijer Adam , Dijkstra Frederika , van Benthem Birgit , van der Steen Jenny T. , Haenen Anja , van Delden Hans , Cools Herman , van der Sande Marianne , Veldman‐Ariesen Marie‐Jose ,    on behalf of the Sentinel Surveillance Network on Infectious Diseases in Nursing Homes Study Group
Published: October 2011

Objectives

To describe the epidemiological, virological, and institutional characteristics of influenza‐like illness (ILI) in nursing homes (NHs).

Design

Continuous clinical surveillance of ILI and virological surveillance of ILI and other acute respiratory infections (ARIs) during four influenza seasons.

Setting

National sentinel NH surveillance network.

Participants

National sentinel residents.

Measurements

Weekly registration of ILI cases (influenza seasons 2008/09–2009/10), influenza virus detection (influenza seasons 2006/07–2009/10), and collection of institutional characteristics of NHs at start of participation.

Results

During the 2008/09 influenza season, ILI incidence started to rise in Week 49 of 2008, peaked in Week 3 of 2009 (158 cases per 10,000 resident weeks), and flattened out by Week 16 of 2009 (mean ILI incidence during epidemic: 73 cases per 10,000 resident weeks). During the 2009/10 influenza pandemic, there was no epidemic peak. Influenza virus type and subtype varied throughout virological surveillance but was limited to influenza A(H3N2) and B viruses. Higher staff vaccination coverage (>15%) was associated with lower ILI‐incidence in the 2008/09 influenza season in a univariate negative binomial regression analysis (incidence rate ratio = 0.3, 95% confidence interval = 0.1–0.8)).

Conclusion

Neither seasonal nor pandemic influenza A(H1N1) viruses were detected in the network, despite widespread community transmission of seasonal and influenza A(H1N1) virus. ILI incidence trends corresponded to virological trends. Sentinel surveillance of ILI combining clinical and virological data in NHs increases understanding of transmission risks in this specific vulnerable population.
Resident Physician Interactions with Surrogate Decision‐Makers: The Resident Experience
Authors: Reckrey Jennifer M. , Diane McKee M. , Sanders Justin J. , Lipman Hannah I.
Published: October 2011

This study explored interactions between medical residents and patient surrogates in order to clarify resident understanding of roles and relationships, resident emotional experience, and resident learning processes. Qualitative analysis of in‐depth interviews were used involving three family medicine residency programs serving culturally diverse, urban, underserved patient populations. Eighteen second‐ and third‐year trainees described a memorable interaction with a surrogate and then were prompted to discuss their learning experience and their role in the interaction. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed through an iterative process. Residents experienced significant emotional burden during interactions yet continued to value their relationships with surrogates. Despite their reservations about giving recommendations, residents adopted a variety of roles with surrogates as they gave support, information, and advice. Although residents reported little formal education about surrogate decision‐making, they relied on passive role modeling and their own previous experiences to help surrogates make decisions. Residents have complex and emotionally significant interactions with surrogates despite minimal formal education about surrogate decision‐making. Educational efforts should seek to help residents understand their own emotions and the ethical beliefs that underlie the roles they adopt with surrogates. This will help residents to facilitate value‐based conversations with surrogates and better support surrogates in the decision‐making process.
Review of “Depression in the Elderly—Simulated Patient Small Group Activity”
Authors: Farrell Timothy W.
Published: October 2011

This activity teaches knowledge and skills regarding the assessment and management of geriatric depression to second‐year medical students. Students actively participate in a standardized patient scenario with a “collateral source,” which the authors define as a relative, friend, neighbor, healthcare power of attorney, or healthcare provider of a cognitively impaired patient who can provide additional history that might be more accurate than that obtained from the patient. Students also discuss proposed physical examination items, formulate a management plan with assistance from a handout on geriatric depression and facilitation by a faculty member, and receive feedback from the standardized patient and a “collateral source.” This activity is designed to take c approximately 2 hours to administer to small groups of learners and emphasizes that depression often presents atypically in older adults.
Combined Intramedullary and External Skeletal Fixation of Metatarsal and Metacarpal Fractures in 12 Dogs and 19 Cats
Authors: Fitzpatrick Noel , Riordan Jerry O. , Smith Thomas J. , Modlinska Jola H. , Tucker Russell , Yeadon Russell
Published: October 2011

Objective

To report surgical technique, clinical experiences, and long‐term outcomes of combined intramedullary/external skeletal fixation of metatarsal (MT) and metacarpal (MC) fractures in dogs and cats.

Study Design

Case series.

Animals

Dogs (n = 12); 19 cats.

Methods

Clinical and radiographic records of animals managed by combined intramedullary/external fixation of MT/MC fractures were reviewed. Signalment, fracture configuration, complications, and subjective clinical findings were recorded. Surgical technique involved retrograde intramedullary pin placement into fractured MT/MC bones, and transverse pin placement in the base of the MT/MCs or tarsal/carpal bones. Contoured pin ends were enshrouded dorsally in epoxy resin and implants maintained until fracture union. Postoperative clinical and radiographic reassessment was performed where possible.

Results

Small breed dogs (n = 12) and 19 cats were operated. Fixator removal occurred in < 10 weeks in all cases. Complications included synostosis (n = 2), pin tract discharge (7), excessive postoperative swelling (8), skin abrasions from the frame (2), and paw distortion associated with frame impingement (2). Long‐term radiography documented degenerative changes associated with MT‐phalangeal or MC‐phalangeal joints in 2 dogs; 7 cats, but changes were typically graded mild or moderate and affected only 1 or 2 joints.

Conclusions

Combined intramedullary/external fixation of MT/MC fractures is viable, particularly juxta‐articular fractures. Pin penetration of MT‐phalangeal or MC‐phalangeal joints may cause morbidity and requires further study.
Quantification of Humeroulnar Incongruity inLabradorRetrievers with and without Medial Coronoid Disease
Authors: Proks Pavel , Necas Alois , Stehlik Ladislav , Srnec Robert , Griffon Dominique J.
Published: October 2011

Objective

To quantify humeroulnar incongruity on elbow radiographs inLabradorRetrievers with or without medial coronoid disease (MCD).

Study Design

Retrospective study of 92 elbows.

Sample Population

Radiographic projections of elbow joints fromLabradorRetrievers with MCD (n= 42 elbows; 26 dogs) and withoutMCD(n= 50 elbows; 25 dogs).

Procedure

The congruity of the humeroulnar joint was measured using an index of subluxation (SI) for each elbow.SIwas defined as the distance between the centers of 2 circles drawn along the margins of theincisura trochlearisand the trochlea of humerus on mediolateral digital radiographic projections, normalized by the radius of the circle circumscribing the humeral trochlea.SIwas compared between right and left elbows with and without pathology using aWilcoxon test for paired data, and between normal and abnormal groups with aWilcoxon test for unpaired data. Mismatch between ulnar curvature and curvature of humeral trochlea and radioulnar incongruency were also noted (Wilcoxon test). The intraobserver repeatability, correlation betweenSIand radioulnar incongruency, and betweenSIand mismatch elbow curvature were estimated with aPearson's correlation coefficient.

Results

Intraobserver repeatability ofSImeasurement was high (r= 0.97). Mean ±SDhumeroulnar incongruity (SI) was greater in elbows withMCD(18.5 ± 6.6) than in the normal elbows (1.7 ± 2.0,P< 0.001). The difference between the diameters of the curvatures of the ulnar and humeral trochlea was greater in elbows withMCD(12.5 ± 4.4) than in the normal group (10.7 ± 4.1,P< 0.05). A moderate correlation was found between the degree of humeroulnar incongruity and a radioulnar step (r= 0.63); however, no correlation was identified betweenSIand the difference between the diameters of the curvatures of the ulnar and humeral trochleae (r= 0.14).

Conclusion

We propose a radiographic index to measure humeroulnar incongruity on mediolateral digital radiographic projections. This index (SI) supports the presence of humeroulnar incongruity in Labrador Retrievers withMCD. Further evaluation of its reproducibility and clinical importance are warranted. Although there is a moderate correlation between humeroulnar incongruity and radioulnar incongruency, causation has not been established.
Incidence of Medial Meniscal Tears after Arthroscopic Assisted Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy
Authors: Kalff Stephen , Meachem Sarah , Preston Christopher
Published: October 2011

Objective

To determine the incidence of medial meniscal tears in dogs with naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) disease treated with arthroscopy and tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO).

Study design

Retrospective case series.

Sample population

Canine Stifles (n = 357) with naturally occurring CCL disease.

Methods

Medical records (November 2006–November 2009) were reviewed for all dogs with CCL disease treated with arthroscopic CCL debridement, meniscal probing, and TPLO. We investigated the significance of the preoperative variables; age, weight, tibial plateau angle (TPA), sex, and the preoperative condition of the CCL on the prevalence of concurrent meniscal tears (CMT) and incidence of late onset meniscal tears (LMT).

Results

Prevalence of CMT and incidence of LMT was 32.2% and 5.6%, respectively. A significant difference between age of dogs with and without CMT was identified. There was a significantly lower prevalence of CMT and incidence of LMT in dogs that had a partial CCL tear compared with those that had a complete CCL tear. All dogs with LMT treated by partial meniscectomy (PMM) returned to peak postoperative limb function after (PMM) based on client‐assessed outcomes.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the importance of LMT as a complication, the importance of comprehensive meniscal assessment, and may add to the evidence against routinely performing meniscal release in TPLO. The preoperative condition of the CCL should be considered before operating on grossly normal menisci.
Death and Near Death from Cardiac Arrest during the Boston Marathon
Authors: COHEN STAFFORD I. , ELLIS ETHAN R.
Published: October 2011

The Boston Marathon has been run for 115 years during which there were three sudden cardiac arrests. The most recent was a near death avoided by rapid cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and defibrillation. Awareness of the dangers of participating in a marathon, the risk factors associated with sudden death during competition, and the life‐saving importance of rapid CPR and defibrillation are essential for participants and event organizers. Available records and reports of the three known cases of cardiac arrest during the Boston Marathon were examined. These cases were identified by representatives of the Boston Athletic Association, which has organized each marathon since its inception. Pertinent literature was reviewed and new information was obtained during interviews of witnesses and rescuers. The data were analyzed in search of shared risk factors for cardiac arrest, death, and the optimal requirements for survival.

In 115 years, there were two cardiac deaths and one near death from cardiac arrest. A history of coronary artery disease, advanced age, and prolonged race time are risk factors for sudden cardiac arrest. Rapid application of CPR and defibrillation are essential for survival.

Prevention or reduction of life‐threatening cardiac incidents during marathon races might be achieved if participants of advanced age or with a history of coronary artery disease seek medical clearance prior to entering an event. Those with coronary risk factors should have a discussion with their physician. Availability of trained personnel and defibrillators are important considerations in marathon planning. (PACE 2012; 35:241–244)
Online Recognition of Music Is Influenced by Relative and Absolute Pitch Information
Authors: Creel Sarah C. , Tumlin Melanie A.
Published: October 2011

Three experiments explored online recognition in a nonspeech domain, using a novel experimental paradigm. Adults learned to associate abstract shapes with particular melodies, and at test they identified a played melody’s associated shape. To implicitly measure recognition, visual fixations to the associated shape versus a distractor shape were measured as the melody played. Degree of similarity between associated melodies was varied to assess what types of pitch information adults use in recognition. Fixation and error data suggest that adults naturally recognize music, like language, incrementally, computing matches to representations before melody offset, despite the fact that music, unlike language, provides no pressure to execute recognition rapidly. Further, adults use both absolute and relative pitch information in recognition. The implicit nature of the dependent measure should permit use with a range of populations to evaluate postulated developmental and evolutionary changes in pitch encoding.
Validation of X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry for Determining Osseous or Dental Origin of Unknown Material*
Authors: Christensen Angi M. , Smith Michael A. , Thomas Richard M.
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  Forensic anthropological examinations typically involve the analysis of human skeletal remains, but in cases where samples are very small and/or physically compromised, it may first be necessary to determine whether the material is even osseous or dental in origin. X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) is a technique that reveals the elemental composition of materials and is hypothesized to have utility in such cases. XRF analysis was conducted on a variety of tissues and materials in unaltered and altered (damaged) states. With few exceptions, osseous and dental tissues in unaltered and altered conditions contained characteristic levels of calcium and phosphorus, while other materials did not. Materials could be accurately identified as osseous or dental in origin based on the calcium and phosphorus levels identified by XRF, and we therefore conclude that XRF analysis is a valid and effective means of determining osseous or dental origin of unknown material.
Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Ratios of Sodium and Potassium Cyanide as a Forensic Signature
Authors: Kreuzer Helen W. , Horita Juske , Moran James J. , Tomkins Bruce A. , Janszen Derek B. , Carman April
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  Sodium and potassium cyanide are highly toxic, produced in large amounts by the chemical industry, and linked to numerous high‐profile crimes. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has identified cyanide as one of the most probable agents to be used in a chemical terrorism event. We investigated whether stable C and N isotopic content of sodium and potassium cyanide could serve as a forensic signature for sample matching, using a collection of 65 cyanide samples. Upon analysis, a few of the cyanide samples displayed nonhomogeneous isotopic content associated with degradation to a carbonate salt and loss of hydrogen cyanide. Most samples had highly reproducible isotope content. Of the 65 cyanide samples, >95% could be properly matched based on C and N isotope ratios, with a false match rate <3%. These results suggest that stable C and N isotope ratios are a useful forensic signature for matching cyanide samples.
Dancing on Coke: Smuggling Cocaine Dispersed in Polyvinyl Alcohol
Authors: van Nuijs Alexander L. N. , Maudens Kristof E. , Lambert Willy E. , Van Calenbergh Serge , Risseeuw Martijn D. P. , Van hee Paul , Covaci Adrian , Neels Hugo
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  Recent trends suggest that cocaine smugglers have become more and more inventive to avoid seizures of large amounts of cocaine transported between countries. We report a case of a mail parcel containing a dance pad which was seized at the Customs Department of Brussels Airport, Belgium. After investigation, the inside of the dance pad was found to contain a thick polymer, which tested positive for cocaine. Analysis was performed using a routine colorimetric swipe test, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The polymer was identified as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and contained 18% cocaine, corresponding to a street value of € 20,000. Laboratory experiments showed that cocaine could be easily extracted from the PVA matrix. This case report reveals a new smuggling technique for the transportation of large amounts of cocaine from one country to another.
Testing the central market hypothesis: a multivariate analysis of Tanzanian sorghum markets
Authors: Asche Frank , Gjølberg Ole , Guttormsen Atle G.
Published: October 2011

The central market hypothesis is important in the analysis of market integration because it implies a specific market structure while avoiding a simultaneity problem. However, despite its importance, the central market hypothesis is difficult to test and is therefore often assumed. This article shows that the hypothesis can be tested in a Johansen cointegration test provided that prices are nonstationary. This approach is applied to reveal the existence of central markets for sorghum in Tanzania. The results indicate that the Tanzanian sorghum market can be grouped into two market regions, with prices being determined in a central market in each region.
Non‐invasive evaluation of dermal elastosis by in vivo multiphoton tomography with autofluorescence lifetime measurements
Authors: Koehler Martin J. , Preller Anja , Elsner Peter , König Karsten , Hipler Uta C. , Kaatz Martin
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  The non‐invasive differentiation of dermal elastic fibres from solar elastosis in vivo is of great interest in dermatologic research, especially for efficacy testing of anti‐ageing products. To date, no studies on multiphoton excited fluorescence lifetime characteristics of human elastic fibres and solar elastosis are reported. The goal of the present work was the identification of differential criteria for elastic fibres and solar elastosis by the analysis of fluorescence decay curves acquired by time‐correlated single photon counting in vivo multiphoton tomography. For this purpose, fluorescence lifetime measurements (FLIM) were performed with 47 volunteers of different age groups at sun‐protected and sun‐exposed localizations. Bi‐exponential curve fitting was applied to the FLIM data, and characteristic differences between age groups and localizations were found in both relevant fit parameters describing the decay slope. The FLIM analyses have shown that dermal autofluorescence has different lifetimes depending on age and in part on localization.
Perivascular localization of dermal stem cells in human scalp
Authors: Yamanishi Haruyo , Fujiwara Shigeyoshi , Soma Tsutomu
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  In mammalian skin, the existence of stem cells in the dermis is still poorly understood. Previous studies have indicated that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are situated as pericytes in various mammalian tissues. We speculated that the human adult dermis also contains MSC‐like cells positive for CD34 at perivascular sites similar to adipose tissue. At first, stromal cells from adult scalp skin tissues showed colony‐forming ability and differentiated into mesenchymal lineages (osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic). Three‐dimensional analysis of scalp skin with a confocal microscope clearly demonstrated that perivascular cells were positive for not only NG2, but also CD34, immunoreactivity. Perivascular CD34‐positive cells were abundant around follicular portions. Furthermore, CD34‐positive cell fractions collected with magnetic cell sorting were capable of differentiating into mesenchymal lineages. This study suggests that dermal perivascular sites act as a niche of MSCs in human scalp skin, which are easily accessible and useful in regenerative medicine.
Porphyromonas gingivalis promotes monocyte migration by activating MMP‐9
Authors: Zhou J. , Zhang J. , Chao J.
Published: October 2011

Zhou J, Zhang J, Chao J. Porphyromonas gingivalis promotes monocyte migration by activating MMP‐9. J Periodont Res 2012; 47: 236–242. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Background and Objective:  The migration of monocytes into the local environment is crucial for their maturation into macrophages or osteoclasts in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. The objective of this study was to investigate the role and mechanisms mediated by Porphyromonas gingivalis in promoting the migration of monocytes by regulating MMP‐9 and TIMP‐1 expression.

Material and Methods:  Human THP1 monocytes were treated with culture supernatant derived from P. gingivalis (ATCC 33277) for 24 h. Zymography, western blot analysis and quantitative PCRs were performed to analyse protein and mRNA levels of MMP‐9. Protein and mRNA levels of TIMP‐1 from monocytes treated with or without P. gingivalis were determined as well. Transwell migration assay was carried out to analyse the effect of P. gingivalis on the migration of human peripheral blood CD14‐positive monocytes. An MMP inhibitor (GM6001) and a proteinase inhibitor (leupeptin) were used to determine the role of MMP‐9 in P. gingivalis supernatant‐ and lipopolysaccharide‐induced monocyte migration.

Results:  In zymography and western blot, an 82 kDa band of active MMP‐9 emerged in P. gingivalis‐treated monocyte culture media in a dose‐dependent manner, in addition to the MMP‐9 proenzyme (92 kDa) band expressed in control cell culture media. P. gingivalis supernatant increased both the protein and the mRNA levels of MMP‐9 and TIMP‐1. P. gingivalis supernatant, but not its lipopolysaccharide, increased the migratory ability of CD14‐positive monocytes. The increased migratory ability of P. gingivalis‐treated monocytes was partly inhibited by leupeptin (200 μg/mL) and completely antagonized by the MMP inhibitor GM6001 (100 nm). Lipopolysaccharide of P. gingivalis increased protein and mRNA levels of MMP‐9 in monocytes, but had no effect on the migratory ability or MMP‐9 activation.

Conclusion:  P. gingivalis supernatant increased the migratory ability of monocytes, in part, by increasing activation and expression of MMP‐9.
The effect of ergometer design on rowing stroke mechanics
Authors: Greene A. J. , Sinclair P. J. , Dickson M. H. , Colloud F. , Smith R. M.
Published: October 2011

The effect of rowing ergometer design upon power delivery and coordination patterns of the rowing stroke was analyzed for 14 elite rowers. Rowers were tested in three ergometer conditions: the fixed stretcher Concept2c ergometer, the Concept2c ergometer mounted on sliding rails, and the sliding stretcher RowPerfect ergometer. Ergometers were instrumented to measure the external force generated at the handle and the foot stretcher and a nine‐segment inverse dynamics model used to calculate joint and overall power delivery. Peak power generation and absorption at the knee joint was significantly greater, and total power delivered to the ergometer delayed on the fixed stretcher ergometer when compared to the sliding stretcher ergometers. No differences were found in the mechanical energy delivered to the handle of the three ergometers; however, greater joint mechanical energy production of the lower limb reduced mechanical efficiency when rowing the Concept2c fixed ergometer. The fixed foot stretcher on the Concept2c fixed ergometer acts to increase the inertial forces that the rower must overcome at the catch, increasing the moment and power output at the knee, and affecting the coordination pattern during the recovery phase.
Two‐Way Calf to Dam Major Histocompatibility Class I Compatibility Increases Risk for Retained Placenta in Cattle
Authors: Benedictus Lindert , Thomas Aaron J. , Jorritsma Ruurd , Davies Christopher J. , Koets Ad P.
Published: October 2011

Citation  Benedictus L, Thomas AJ, Jorritsma R, Davies CJ, Koets AP. Two‐way calf to dam major histocompatibility class I compatibility increases risk for retained placenta in cattle. Am J Reprod Immunol 2012; 67: 224–230

Problem  In cattle, retained placenta (RP) is suggested to arise from failure of immune‐mediated rejection of the fetal membranes by the maternal immune system and is associated with major histocompatibility (MHC) class I compatibility between calf and dam.

Method of study  To study the association between RP and different MHC class I compatibilities between calf–dam–granddam combinations, massively parallel pyrosequencing was used to determine the MHC class I haplotypes of cows with and without RP.

Results  Two‐way calf to dam MHC class I compatibility gave a high risk for RP. There was a tendency for a higher risk for RP with calf to dam MHC class I compatibility.

Conclusions  We concluded that in two‐way compatible pregnancies, the maternal immune system fails to reject the fetal membranes, and the fetal immune system does not mount an immune response against maternal MHC class I antigens that could influence the immune‐mediated rejection of the fetal membranes by the maternal immune system. The lack of immune‐mediated rejection of the fetal membranes by the maternal immune system increases the risk of occurrence of RP.
Follicular Dynamic and Immunoreactions of the Vitrified Ovarian Graft After Host Treatment with Variable Regimens of Melatonin
Authors: Hemadi Masoud , Shokri Saeed , Pourmatroud Elham , Moramezi Farideh , Khodadai Ali
Published: October 2011

Citation  Hemadi M, Shokri S, Pourmatroud E, Moramezi F, Khodadai A. Follicular dynamic and immunoreactions of the vitrified ovarian graft after host treatment with variable regimens of melatonin. Am J Reprod Immunol 2012; 67: 401–412

Problem  This study investigates dose‐dependent effects of melatonin on ovarian graft.

Method of Study  Vitrified‐thawed whole ovaries of newborn mice were grafted into ovariectomized mature ones. Melatonin (20, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day) was administrated to separate groups of host mice for 32 days. IgM and IgG antibodies, Th1 and Th2 cytokines, and melatonin in recipient’s blood were measured. Subsequent survival of the grafted ovaries was scored. An assessment of follicular morphology was performed using TUNEL assay and hematoxylin‐eosin staining.

Results  The administration of melatonin did not disturb the circadian rhythm of melatonin concentration. The ovarian graft lifespan was prolonged at 200 mg/kg/day melatonin (P < 0.001). However, in doses of higher than 20 mg/kg/day melatonin, the proportion of healthy follicles and ovary size decreased. Th1 cytokines levels were reduced dose dependently. However, the effect of melatonin on Th2 cytokines was not pronounced. IgM and IgG2a decreased in recipients receiving 200 mg/kg/day melatonin in comparison with non‐treated group (P < 0.001), while this variables were significantly increased at the dose of 50 mg/kg/day (P < 0.001).

Conclusion  Melatonin at 200 mg/kg/day has an immunosuppresent effect and produce prolongation of graft survival. However, the associated reduction in healthy follicles suggests that melatonin in doses of higher than 20 mg/kg/day has no preventative ischemic action.
XyliMelts time‐release adhering discs for night‐time oral dryness
Authors: Burgess J , Lee P
Published: October 2011

To cite this article:
 
Int J Dent Hygiene 10, 2012; 118–121  DOI: 10.1111/j.1601‐5037.2011.00532.x

Burgess J, Lee P. XyliMelts time‐release adhering discs for night‐time oral dryness.

Dry mouth can be caused by medication, CPAP use, radiation treatment and a variety of connective tissue diseases, with the prevalence increasing with age. In most individuals, daytime dryness is easily managed. However, except for a new product tested in this study, there is no product lasting longer than an hour that can be used at night to reduce the perception of oral dryness while sleeping. The purpose of this study was to assess whether a self‐adhering, slowly dissolving disc that time‐releases 500 mg of xylitol, cellulose gum (lubricant and humectant) and mild mint flavour (XyliMelts for Dry Mouth, OraHealth Corp.) used during sleep would reduce perceived morning oral dryness and discomfort. Fifteen subjects self‐identified as having morning oral dryness were evaluated first without treatment and again with the use of XyliMelts for Dry Mouth. Measures of initial morning discomfort and perceived wetness demonstrated significant improvement. Perceived oral wetness scores increased more than threefold with the use of XyliMelts for Dry Mouth while sleeping. These findings suggest that XyliMelts for Dry Mouth may be an effective strategy for managing oral dryness that occurs at night.
Impaired working memory and normal sustained attention in borderline personality disorder
Authors: Lazzaretti Matteo , Morandotti Niccolò , Sala Michela , Isola Miriam , Frangou Sophia , De Vidovich Giulia , Marraffini Elisa , Gambini Francesca , Barale Francesco , Zappoli Federico , Caverzasi Edgardo , Brambilla Paolo
Published: October 2011

Lazzaretti M, Morandotti N, Sala M, Isola M, Frangou S, De Vidovich G, Marraffini E, Gambini F, Barale F, Zappoli F, Caverzasi E, Brambilla P. Impaired working memory and normal sustained attention in borderline personality disorder.

Objective: Although reports in the literature describe deficits in working memory in borderline personality disorder (BPD), the evidence is limited and inconsistent. The aim of this study was to evaluate further this cognitive dimension and its clinical correlates in BPD.

Method: We compared the performance of 15 BPD patients to 1:1 matched healthy controls on verbal working memory as determined by the sequential letter N-back test and sustained attention as measured using the continuous performance test (CPT).

Results: BPD patients performed significantly worse on the N-back test compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05), but not on the CPT. The N-back deficit was more pronounced and significant in the 3-back condition and inversely correlated with impulsivity.

Conclusions: These results suggest the presence of working memory deficits in BPD that may be linked to greater impulsivity and sustained by impairment in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
An observational study to quantify manual adjustments of the inspired oxygen fraction in extremely low birth weight infants
Authors: van der Eijk Anne Catherine , Dankelman Jenny , Schutte Sander , Simonsz Huibert Jan , Smit Bert Johan
Published: October 2011

Aim:  To quantify manual fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) adjustments performed by caregivers in extremely low birth weight (ELBW; ≤1000 g) infants, in relation to oxygen saturation (SpO2) and bedside care.

Methods:  In a single‐centre study, FiO2, SpO2 and alarm limits of ELBW infants were collected for 3 days continuously, while caregivers were filmed. A descriptive analysis, focused on manual FiO2 adjustments, was performed.

Results:  Twelve ELWB infants were included. Total recording time was 726 h. FiO2 was increased 851 times and decreased 1309 times; median (range) step size was 5% (1% to 65%) and −3% (−1% to −65%), respectively. Wide variation of FiO2 adjustments for equal levels of SpO2 was observed in all included infants. One hundred and twenty‐six of 136 FiO2 adjustments with a step size ≥15% and 111 of 171 desaturations <70% were associated with medical or nursing procedures. When FiO2 was >21%, alarm limits for SpO2 were set according to protocol (88–94%) in 64% of the time. Within these periods, SpO2 was >94% for 30% and <88% for 16% of the time.

Conclusions:  Manual FiO2 adjustments varied widely in frequency and step size. Deep desaturations and large FiO2 adjustments were associated with medical or nursing procedures. When large adjustments are really necessary, it will be challenging to implement them in an automatic adjustment device.
Isotonic versus hypotonic fluid supplementation in term neonates with severe hyperbilirubinemia – a double‐blind, randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Balasubramanian Karthik , Kumar Praveen , Saini Shiv Sajan , Attri Savita Verma , Dutta Sourabh
Published: October 2011

Aim:  To compare the incidence of hyponatremia in full‐term neonates with severe hyperbilirubinemia, receiving intravenous fluid supplementation with 0.2% saline in 5% dextrose versus 0.9% saline in 5% dextrose, to prevent blood exchange transfusion (BET).

Methods:  In this double‐blind, randomized, controlled trial, full‐term newborns (≥37 weeks), appropriate for gestational age, with severe non‐haemolytic hyperbilirubinemia (serum bilirubin ≥ 20 mg/dL) were enrolled. Eligible neonates were randomized to receive either 0.2% saline in 5% dextrose (hypotonic fluid group) or 0.9% saline in 5% dextrose (isotonic fluid group) over 8 hrs, in addition to phototherapy. The primary outcome was proportion of neonates developing hyponatremia (serum Na < 135 mmol/L) after 8 h.

Results:  Forty‐two neonates were analysed in each group. Proportion of neonates developing hyponatremia after 8 h was higher in hypotonic fluid group as compared to isotonic fluid group (48.8% vs. 10.5%, p < 0.001). However, a larger proportion in isotonic fluid group developed hypernatremia (39.5% vs. 12.2%, p < 0.001). The rate of BET was similar in both groups.

Conclusion:  In full‐term neonates with severe hyperbilirubinemia, administration of hypotonic fluid to prevent BET was associated with a higher incidence of hyponatremia while isotonic fluid was associated with an increased incidence of hypernatremia.