bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Liver function tests in dogs with portosystemic shunts: Measurement of serum bile acid concentration
Authors: Meyer D. J.
Published: February 2025

Sulfobromophthalein excretion and plasma ammonia and serum bile acid concentrations were measured in 11 dogs with portal vascular anomalies. The fasting serum bile acid concentration was increased in all 11 dogs (78.9 ± 16.1 μmol/L; normal, 2.6 ± 0.4 μmol/L). For values measured in 8 dogs, the 2-hour postprandial serum bile acid concentration was increased further (177.0 ± 26.4 μmol /L; normal, 7.6 ± 2.3 μmol/L). The fasting plasma ammonia concentration was markedly increased in all 11 dogs (246.9 ± 40.3 μg/dl; normal, 27 to 15 μg/dl). Thirty minutes after the oral administration of ammonium chloride, the plasma ammonia concentration was increased further in the 7 dogs (510.7 ± 45.5 μg/dl; normal, 57.5 to 20.5 μg/dl). Results of the sulfobromophthalein excretion test were abnormal in 10 of 11 dogs (12.3 ± 1.4%; normal, < 5% retention after 30 minutes).
Clostridium botulinum type B toxicosis in a herd of cattle and a group of mules
Authors: Divers T. J. , Bartholomew R. C. , Messick J. B. , Whitlock R. H. , Sweeney R. W.
Published: February 2025

Clostridium botulinum type B toxicosis was diagnosed as the cause of generalized weakness and death in a group of cows and mules fed from the same batch of rye silage. One severely affected cow was treated and recovered, as did other less severely affected cows. All affected mules died. The remaining cattle in the herd were then vaccinated before continued feeding of the silage.
Differential diagnosis of granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis, distemper, and suppurative meningoencephalitis in the dog
Authors: Sarfaty Deborah , Carrillo Joseph M. , Greenlee Paul G.
Published: February 2025

Clinical differences were determined between granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis, distemper, and suppurative meningoencephalitis in the dog. Dogs with granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis had “head” signs on examination, which progressed to profound caudal fossa abnormalities, changes in mental status, and tetraparesis. Dogs with distemper had a gradual onset of posterior paresis; tetraparesis and occasional vestibular signs developed later in the course of disease. Dogs with suppurative meningoencephalitis had lethargy and anorexia at the time of examination, which progressed to nuchal rigidity, mental depression, tetraparesis, and profound alterations in consciousness. Analysis of cerebral spinal fluid was useful in distinguishing suppurative meningoencephalitis from the other 2 diseases.

Twenty-seven cases of inflammatory disease of the cns in dogs were reviewed. Comparisons of history, results of physical and neurologic examinations, ancillary data, and response to treatment were made. It appeared that certain clinical and neurologic features contributed to the diagnosis of these diseases.
Association of age of ram with distribution of epididymal lesions and etiologic agent
Authors: Walker Richard L. , LeaMaster Brad R. , Stellflug John N. , Biberstein Ernst L.
Published: February 2025

A 2-year study of the frequency of isolation of various organisms from mature and yearling rams with epididymitis was conducted at the US Sheep Experiment Station at Dubois, Idaho. Investigation into the distribution of lesions in the epididymis in relation to age of the ram also was studied.

Serologic or bacteriologic evidence of Brucella ovis infection was demonstrated in 79.5% of the mature rams with epididymal lesions. Actinobacillus seminis and Histophilus ovis were the 2 most frequently isolated organisms from yearling rams with lesions.

The tail(s) of the epididymis was the most frequent site of lesion development in the mature rams (86.4%). Yearling rams developed lesions twice as frequently in the tail(s) of the epididymis as in the head(s) of the epididymis. When lesions were localized in the head(s) of the epididymis, an etiologic agent usually was not demonstrated.
Diphacinone-induced coagulopathy in the dog
Authors: Schulman Alan , Lusk Robert , Lippincott C. L. , Ettinger S. J.
Published: February 2025

Five cases of coagulopathy caused by consumption of indanedione (diphacinone)-based rodenticides are reported. In each case, acute onset of lethargy and respiratory distress were the predominant initial clinical signs. Thoracic radiography revealed pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, and/or pericardial effusion as consistent findings. Laboratory evaluations confirmed coagulopathies that responded to vitamin K1 therapy.
Vaccination of swine with an inactivated porcine parvovirus vaccine in the presence of passive immunity
Authors: Paul Prem S. , Mengeling William L.
Published: February 2025

A study was conducted to determine whether low hemagglutination inhibiting (hi) titers (1:5) for porcine parvovirus (ppv) block the development of immune response to a ppv vaccine. Pigs with low (1:5), medium (1:10 or 1:20), or high (1:40 or 1:80) titers were obtained by iv injections with various amounts of ppv immune serum. Pigs were inoculated with 1 or 2 doses of vaccine and were monitored for serum hi antibodies to ppv. Pigs with low titers responded to vaccine just as well as did the seronegative pigs. The hi titers of pigs with medium titers did not increase after first vaccination. After the second vaccination, however, their titers increased and were similar to those of pigs with low titers. High titers blocked the response to vaccination. The pigs that received 2 doses of vaccine had higher titers than did those of pigs that received 1 dose of vaccine. The results indicated that low titers, which would be expected in gilts at the time of vaccination, do not interfere with immunization by the inactivated ppv vaccine, and that 2 doses of vaccine may provide better and longer lasting immune response to inactivated ppv vaccine and probably longer lasting immunity against ppv-induced reproductive failure.
Characteristics of cisternal cerebrospinal fluid associated with primary brain tumors in the dog: A retrospective study
Authors: Bailey Cleta Sue , Higgins Robert J.
Published: February 2025

Results of cisternal csf analyses of 77 dogs with primary brain tumors (1970 to 1984) were examined retrospectively. The types of primary brain tumors were astrocytomas, choroid plexus papillomas, ependymomas, meningiomas, and oligodendrogliomas. Fifty-three dogs had complete csf analyses performed (total wbc count, total protein content, and pressure). Of these 53 csf, 39.6% had a pattern of change consistent with current descriptions of csf associated with brain neoplasia. Results of the remaining 60.4% of the 53 csf were normal (9.4%) or had an atypical pattern of abnormality (50.9%). The csf associated with meningiomas was unique in having csf with a wbc count >50 cells/μl and a wbc differential count >50% polymorphonuclear (pmn) cells. Within the meningioma group, a predominance of pmn cells in the csf correlated with necrosis or pmn cell infiltration of the tumors. Additional correlations between specific csf characteristics and histologic features of the tumors could not be made.

Statistical analysis of the 77 csf revealed that the mean csf total wbc count of the oligodendroglioma group was significantly less than the mean wbc count of the choroid plexus papilloma group and the meningioma group. The mean csf total protein contents of the astrocytoma group and the meningioma group were significantly less than the mean protein of the choroid plexus papilloma group. The mean csf pressure of the tumor groups was not significantly different. For all 77 tumors, the most common abnormality was an increased total protein content (69.4%); the least common abnormality was an increased total wbc count (41.3%). Considering the 5 types of primary brain tumors, the csf associated with primary brain tumors in the dog was best described as having a total wbc count <50 cells/μl with an increased total protein content and/or an increased pressure.
Congenital feline portosystemic shunts
Authors: Berger Bruce , Whiting Pamela G. , Breznock Eugene M. , Bruhl-Day Rodolfo , Moore Peter F.
Published: February 2025

Five young cats with portosystemic communications, 2 with single intrahepatic and 3 with single extrahepatic portosystemic communications, were managed surgically. One cat with a ductus venosus was treated successfully by surgery. Ptyalism and behavioral changes were similar in all 5 cats. Biochemical abnormalities included low bun values, increased blood ammonia values, and increased sulfobromophthalein retention. None of the cats had portal hypertension at the time of surgery. Seemingly, single portosystemic shunts should be considered a surgical disease in the cat.
Detection of ovine intramammary infection with the California mastitis test
Authors: Hueston William D. , Hartwig Nolan R. , Judy John K.
Published: February 2025

The overall sensitivity of the California mastitis test (cmt) for detecting intramammary infection (the likelihood of a positive cmt score in the presence of intramammary infection) was 69.3%. The specificity of the cmt (likelihood of a negative test in the absence of intramammary infection) was 76.5%. When only infections by major ovine mastitis pathogens were considered, the sensitivity increased to 100% and the specificity decreased to 71.1%.

Bacterial cultural examination and cmt scores were recorded for 526 samples of milk obtained from 106 brood ewes. Positive cmt scores were recorded for all samples from udder halves infected with major ovine mastitis pathogens (coagulase-positive staphylococci, Escherichia coli, and Pasteurella haemolytica). The cmt scores for samples from udder halves infected with coagulase-negative staphylococci were variable.
Food hypersensitivity in 30 dogs
Authors: White Stephen D.
Published: February 2025

Food hypersensitivity was diagnosed in 30 dogs. Clinical signs varied, with pruritus (97%), erythema (50%), and papules (37%) being the most common. Diagnosis was based on resolution of clinical signs when the dogs were fed a restricted (“hypoallergenic”) diet, and recurrence of signs when fed their original diet or other foods. No age, breed, or sex predilection was noticed. None of the owners could relate the onset of clinical signs with a recent change in diet. Seven dogs had concurrent fleabite, inhalant, intestinal parasite, or insulin hypersensitivity.
Embryo transfer and transmission of bovine leukosis virus in a dairy herd
Authors: DiGiacomo Ronald F. , Studer Erich , Evermann James F. , Evered Joy
Published: February 2025

Transmission of bovine leukosis virus (blv) by embryo transfer was investigated in a large commercial Holstein herd. One hundred and sixteen calves, transplanted as embryos from blv-positive cows into blv-negative heifers, were serologically negative, as were recipients, whereas 5 of 29 (17%) calves transplanted as embryos into blv-positive recipients were infected with blv, as evidenced by antibodies in the agar gel immunodiffusion test.
Use of x-ray-computed tomography as an aid in localization of adrenal masses in the dog
Authors: Bailey Michael Q.
Published: February 2025

Four dogs with clinical evidence of hyperadrenocorticism were evaluated by use of x-ray-computed tomography (ct). Adrenal masses were identified accurately and localized. Unilateral adrenal masses were diagnosed accurately in dogs 1, 2, and 3 and were removed surgically via a paracostal retroperitoneal approach to the adrenal gland. Using ct and iv contrast medium, the adrenal mass in dog 3 also was accurately diagnosed as being highly vascular. The histopathologic diagnosis was adrenal adenoma in dogs 1, 2, and 3. In dog 4, the ct-roentgen diagnosis was asymmetric bilateral adrenal enlargement. Necropsy examination of dog 4 indicated moderate enlargement of the left adrenal gland and severe enlargement of the right adrenal gland. Results of microscopic examination indicated chronic inflammation of the left adrenal gland and adenocarcinoma of the right adrenal gland.

Use of ct facilitated localization of adrenal masses and fulfilled the needs of a localizing technique. A unilateral mass can be removed surgically via a limited exposure, retroperitoneal incision on the affected side of the animal instead of removal via abdominal laparotomy, which is more invasive. Advantages of ct can reduce the needs of other imaging modalities for the localization of adrenal masses.
Prevalence of carpal fractures in thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses
Authors: Palmer Scott E.
Published: February 2025

The prevalence of carpal fractures was determined for 211 Thoroughbred and 75 Standardbred racehorses. Statistically significant differences were found in the location of fractures between the 2 breeds. In the Thoroughbred and Standardbred groups, total fractures (460) were distributed nearly equally between the left (224) and right (236) carpi. The most common site of fracture in the Thoroughbred group was the distal aspect of the radiocarpal bone (112), whereas the most common site of fracture in Standardbred horses was the proximal surface of the third carpal bone (61). Slab fractures were more common in the right carpus of Thoroughbred horses (29 right/11 left), but were distributed equally between the left (11) and right (11) carpi of the Standardbred group. Fractures of the distal border of the radius and intermediate carpal bone were more common in the left carpi of the Thoroughbred group and were relatively uncommon among Standardbred horses. Fractures within the intercarpal joints (313) were more common than those within the radiocarpal joints (147) in Thoroughbred and Standardbred horses.
B-mode ultrasonography of the bovine udder and teat
Authors: Cartee Robert E. , Ibrahim Ahmed K. , McLeary David
Published: February 2025

The udders and teats of cows were examined by brightness mode (B-mode) ultrasonography. A 5-MHz linear array transducer and a 5-MHz or 10-MHz mechanical sector transducer were used in the examinations. In lactating animals, the teat sinus, gland sinus, and lactiferous ducts were imaged easily. The scans also allowed visualization of the layers of the teat wall.

The annular fold and the folding of the mucosa at the junction of the teat sinus and the papillary duct were seen best with the 5-MHz and 10-MHz mechanical sector transducers. In one cow lacking milk flow from one quarter, a mass at the junction of the papillary duct and the teat sinus was observed ultrasonographically. Surgical removal of the mass resulted in a return of milk flow from that quarter.
Exogenous corticosteroids increase serum iron concentrations in mature horses and ponies
Authors: Smith Joseph E. , DeBowes Richard M. , Cipriano JoAnn E.
Published: February 2025

Corticosteroid preparation was administered to 7 Shetland Ponies and 10 Quarter Horses. Serum iron concentration increased dramatically for 48 to 72 hours after the steroid treatment, whereas serum iron-binding capacity and serum ferritin concentration did not. An increase in available iron may allow bacteria to proliferate when ponies or horses are stressed or treated inappropriately with corticosteroids.
Effects of racing on hematologic and serum biochemical values in Greyhounds
Authors: Lassen E. Duane , Craig A. Morrie , Blythe Linda L.
Published: February 2025

Blood samples were collected on nonracing days from 57 racing Greyhounds at 2 weeks, 8 weeks, 13 weeks, and 16 weeks after the beginning of the racing season. Hematologic and biochemical tests were performed to detect marked changes induced by stress of racing. In general, these Greyhounds were healthy. Rhabdomyolysis was detected in one dog. In several other dogs, possible subclinical muscle injury was identified by increased serum creatine kinase activities. Mean serum Ca concentrations tended to decrease during the racing season. None of the tests was a good predictor of racing performance. Mean values for several hematologic and biochemical tests were different from those of other breeds of dogs.
Intermittent open-mouth lower jaw locking in five dogs
Authors: Lantz Gary C. , Cantwell H. Dan
Published: February 2025

Intermittent open-mouth lower jaw locking was documented in 5 dogs. In contrast to what has been reported in other cases, pronounced radiographic abnormalities in the temporomandibular joints were not observed. In 4 of the dogs, locking episodes started at a later age (35 to 83.5 months) than had been reported by others (6 to 22 months). Duration and frequency of locking were variable. Lateral shifting of the jaw and lack of neurologic deficits indicated a temporomandibular joint abnormality. Excision of the rostroventral portion of the involved zygomatic arch prevented locking in all cases. This syndrome involves variable severity of temporomandibular joint dysplasia, which could account for the variable age of onset and random frequency of locking episodes.
Subtotal colectomy for treatment of acquired megacolon in the dog and cat
Authors: Bright Ronald M. , Burrows Colin F. , Goring Robert , Fox Steven , Tilmant Latayah
Published: February 2025

The case records of 4 cats and 1 dog with megacolon and constipation were reviewed to study the history, clinical signs, pathologic changes, and long-term results of surgical treatment. The 4 cats had idiopathic megacolon. The dog had megacolon secondary to dietary indiscretion. All animals had radiographic evidence of a large colon, which was confirmed by exploratory coeliotomy. Two of the cats and the dog had an intraoperative finding of megacecum as well. Subtotal colectomy was performed in all cases, with the ileocolic valve being removed in 3 of these cases. End-to-side anastomosis was used to restore the integrity of the bowel. All animals were treated successfully with this surgical technique, as judged by clinical response and owner satisfaction. Histologically, there were no consistent lesions to explain the cause of this disease in the cats.
Comparison of radiography and ultrasonography in the evaluation of renal lesions in the dog
Authors: Konde Linda J. , Park Richard D. , Wrigley Robert H. , Lebel Jack L.
Published: February 2025

Survey abdominal radiographs, excretory urograms, and nephrosonograms were obtained from 14 dogs with renal lesions. Renal enlargement was suspected on survey radiographs and confirmed by excretory urography in 13 dogs. Radiographic differentiation between a solid and cystic renal lesion was not possible in 9 dogs. Ultrasonography determined the presence of solid masses in 12 dogs, established the presence of a renal cyst in the opposite kidney in 1 dog, and revealed hydronephrosis in 2 dogs. Ultrasonography appeared to be more sensitive than radiography in differentiating the internal characteristics of renal lesions.
Prostatic adenocarcinoma with and without metastasis to bone in dogs
Authors: Durham Stephen K. , Dietze Amy E.
Published: February 2025

The signalment, clinical signs, and histologic tumor pattern were compared retrospectively in 12 dogs having primary prostatic adenocarcinoma with (5 cases) and without metastasis (7 cases) to bone. Weight loss and lumbar pain were observed more frequently in dogs having prostatic adenocarcinoma with metastasis to bone. A distinctive histologic pattern was not associated with prostatic adenocarcinoma that had metastasized to bone. The alveolar papillary pattern was the predominant histologic type observed in both groups. Metastasis to extrapelvic bony sites included the scapulas, ribs, and digits. The results of this study indicate that skeletal metastasis was not uncommon in dogs having prostatic adenocarcinoma.
Recognition of feline parovarian nodules as ectopic adrenocortical tissue
Authors: Altera Kenneth P. , Miller Linda N.
Published: February 2025

Parovarian nodules encountered during ovariohysterectomy were identified histologically as ectopic adrenocortical tissue. Specimens were examined from 17 healthy female cats aged 6 months to 5 years. The structures were gold to tan, 2 to 5 mm in diameter, and located in the broad ligament within 4 cm of the ovary. Their histologic appearance resembled normal adrenal cortices, with remnants of mesonephric tissue. Adrenal medullary tissue was not found.
Nosocomial infections and bacterial antibiotic resistance in a university equine hospital
Authors: Koterba Anne , Torchia Judith , Silverthorne Carol , Ramphal Reuben , Merritt A. M. , Manucy Joyce
Published: February 2025

A base-line study of bacteria isolated from horses admitted to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital during a 6-month period was performed to determine the extent of multiresistant nosocomial infections caused by gram-negative aerobic bacteria other than Salmonella spp. Results of this study indicated that 21.9% of the 105 horses from which cultures and sensitivities were available had developed nosocomial gram-negative aerobic infections, with high rates of resistance to gentamicin, kanamycin, and trimethoprim sulfadiazine, three of the most often prescribed antibiotics in this hospital.

In addition, a prospective study of antibiotic-resistant bacteria of fecal origin was performed to determine whether there was a change in the degree of antibiotic resistance of a horse's intestinal flora while the horse was hospitalized. Bacterial culturing for gram-negative lactose fermenting bacteria was done on fecal specimens collected directly from the rectum on day 1 and day 7 of a horse's hospitalization. Susceptibility testing was done on each isolant. Of the 24 paired fecal specimens obtained, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp isolated on day 7 were resistant to a significantly higher number of antibiotics than day 1 isolants (P = 0.003, P = 0.043, respectively).
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia in the dog: 22 cases (1974-1984)
Authors: Leifer Connie E. , Matus Robert E.
Published: February 2025

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia was diagnosed in 22 dogs. Diagnosis was based primarily on detection of lymphocytosis and bone marrow infiltration with small lymphocytes similar to those seen in the blood. More than 50% of the dogs had monoclonal gammopathy, and, of these, 40% had monoclonal light-chain (Bence Jones) proteinuria. Hyperviscosity syndrome was observed occasionally. Most dogs were treated with chemotherapy. For the 17 dogs treated ≥ 30 days, the survival times ranged from 30 to 1,000 days.
Clinical and pathologic findings in dogs with atherosclerosis: 21 cases (1970–1983)
Authors: Liu Si-kwang , Tilley Lawrence P. , Tappe James P. , Fox Philip R.
Published: February 2025

Atherosclerosis was diagnosed on necropsy in 21 dogs in a 14-year period. Nine dogs died and 12 were euthanatized because of complications associated with the disease. The mean age was 8.5 ± 0.5 years; 18 dogs were male. Three breeds (Miniature Schnauzer, Doberman Pinscher, and Labrador Retriever) had a higher prevalence of the disease than other breeds in the canine necropsy population of The Animal Medical Center. Most common clinical signs were lethargy, anorexia, weakness, dyspnea, collapse, and vomiting. Hypercholesterolemia, lipidemia, and hypothyroidism were common in affected dogs tested, and protein electrophoresis revealed high values for α2 and β fractions in all dogs tested. Electrocardiography indicated conduction abnormalities and myocardial infarction in 3 of 7 dogs.

Necropsy revealed that affected arteries (including coronary, myocardial, renal, carotid, thyroidal, intestinal, pancreatic, splenic, gastric, prostatic, cerebral, and mesenteric) were yellow-white, thick and nodular, and had narrow lumens. Myocardial fibrosis and infarction also were observed in the myocardium. Histologically, affected arterial walls contained foamy cells or vacuoles, cystic spaces, mineralized material, debris with or without eroded intima, and degenerated muscle cells.
Use of M-mode echocardiography in the diagnosis of congestive cardiomyopathy in Doberman Pinschers
Authors: Calvert Clay A. , Brown John
Published: February 2025

M-mode echocardiography performed on 3 groups of Doberman Pinschers—healthy, early cardiomyopathy, and advanced cardiomyopathy (pulmonary edema present). Echocardiography measurements in those dogs with advanced cardiomyopathy were typical of the disease in human beings and other breeds of dogs. Significant differences were detected between dogs with early cardiomyopathy and those with advanced disease. The E-point septal separation was determined to be the most sensitive and specific criterion for the recognition of early cardiomyopathy.
Cassia occidentalis toxicosis in growing pigs
Authors: Colvin Bill M. , Harrison Lenn R. , Sangster Lowell T. , Gosser Harvey S.
Published: February 2025

Approximately 70 feeder pigs developed ataxia and other signs of neuromuscular dysfunction. The ration fed the pigs was found to be contaminated with Cassia occidentalis seeds. Experimentally, other feeder pigs were fed this ration, and they developed ataxia and other signs of neuromuscular dysfunction within 6 to 8 weeks. In further experiments, feeder pigs fed diets containing 1%, 2%, or 4% ground cassia seeds also became intoxicated. Microscopically, diaphragmatic myopathy and pancreatic tissue necrosis were the principal pathologic findings.
Aerobic blood culturing in cows with coliform mastitis
Authors: Powers Michael S. , White Maurice E. , Dinsmore Page , Guard Charles , Dimock Barbara
Published: February 2025

Aerobic culturing was performed on blood samples from 20 cows with coliform mastitis and signs of systemic illness, and on blood samples from 21 cows with mastitis caused by other agents. No bacteria other than the skin contaminant Bacillus sp were isolated from the blood.
Economic impact of the use of prostaglandin to induce estrus in dairy cows
Authors: Fetrow John , Blanchard Terry
Published: February 2025

An economic model concerning the value of using prostaglandin (pg) in dairy cows with nondetected estrus was developed. Considering numerous and varied assumptions, it was more profitable to treat cows with pg and to breed the cows at a detected estrus than it was not to treat the cows and to wait to breed the cows at a detected estrus. Generally, using timed artificial insemination, it was also more profitable to breed pg-treated cows than it was not to use pg. However, timed insemination was less profitable than was breeding pg-treated cows by artificial insemination at a detected estrus.
Chemotherapy of lymphoma in 75 cats
Authors: Jeglum K. Ann , Whereat Anne , Young Karen
Published: February 2025

Seventy-five cats with lymphoma were treated with combination sequential chemotherapy consisting of vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and methotrexate. Thirty-nine cats had mediastinal, 16 had multicentric, 14 had alimentary, and 6 had renal lymphoma. The median survival time of the 75 cats was 8 weeks, with a mean of 32 weeks. Sixty-two cats had follow-up evaluation until death or cure and had a median survival time of 7 weeks, with a mean of 37 weeks. Of the 62 cats, 32 (52%) attained complete remission, with a median remission duration of 16 weeks and a mean of 46 weeks. The addition of prednisolone and/or L-asparaginase to the protocol did not improve the results. Sixteen cats with multicentric lymphoma had the longest survival times (median, 18 months) and remission durations (median, 25 months). Prognostic factors were evaluated in each anatomic form of lymphoma.
Use of an inactivated vaccine for prevention of parvovirus-induced reproductive failure in gilts
Authors: Brown Talmage T. , Whitacre Michael D. , Robison O. Wayne
Published: February 2025

Gilts from dams that had been inoculated with inactivated porcine parvovirus (ppv) vaccine before breeding became seronegative to ppv by 26 weeks of age. Vaccination of these gilts with inactivated ppv vaccine at 32 weeks of age resulted in an antibody response that peaked at about 2 weeks after vaccination, with –log10 mean hemagglutination inhibiting (hi) antibody titers of less than 2. In the first-year group (82 gilts), hi titers gradually decreased, 20% of the gilts being seronegative by 6 to 7 weeks after vaccination and 75% being seronegative by 16 weeks after vaccination. In the second-year group, 93 gilts were infected naturally by a field strain of ppv at about 11 weeks after single vaccination with inactivated ppv. Additionally, in the second year, 20 vaccinated and 6 nonvaccinated gilts were immune-challenged with virulent ppv at 10 to 12 weeks after vaccination. Neither field nor challenge ppv infection of vaccinated pregnant gilts caused reproductive failure, even though some of the gilts became seronegative for ppv before challenge. Our findings suggest that single vaccination of gilts with inactivated ppv vaccine should give adequate protection from ppv-induced reproductive failure, even though serum hi titers decrease to an undetectable level shortly before ppv infection.
Renal tubular acidosis in two horses: Diagnostic studies
Authors: Ziemer Ellen L. , Parker Harold R. , Carlson Gary P. , Smith Bradford P. , Ishizaki Goro
Published: February 2025

An 11-year-old Quarter Horse mare and a 2-year-old Quarter Horse colt with clinical diagnoses of renal tubular acidosis (rta) were donated to the University of California Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital. A series of diagnostic tests was performed in an attempt to characterize the type and cause of rta in these horses. Endogenous creatinine clearance and sodium sulfanilate clearance were within reference ranges; thus, no abnormality of glomerular function was detected. To assess renal tubular function in response to acid loading, each horse was given 0.1 g of NH4Cl/kg of body weight via nasogastric tube in 6 L of water. Urine acidification in response to the oral acid load was less than that observed in control horses. The urinary clearance ratio for sodium also was found to be greater for the principals than for the controls. These findings supported a diagnosis of rta that closely resembled type 1 or distal rta. In an attempt to determine the cause of rta, renal ultrasonography, renal biopsy, and a mating study were performed. No abnormalities were identified, and the cause of rta in these cases remained unknown.
Economic assessment of a pseudorabies epizootic, breeding herd removal/repopulation, and downtime in a commercial swine herd
Authors: Hoblet Kent H. , Miller Gay Y. , Bartter Neale G.
Published: February 2025

The effect of pseudorabies in a 150-sow farrow-to-finish operation on selected production and economic values was estimated. Mean litter size remained the same throughout the observation period; however, there was a 2-fold increase in suckling pig mortality and a 3.5-fold increase in stillbirths when the months of the epizootic were compared with pre-epizootic months. Following the epizootic, suckling pig mortality was 13.7% greater (P<0.05) than that observed in the months preceding the epizootic, whereas stillbirth rate was 71% higher (P<0.01) than that reported in the pre-epizootic months. Total net loss for this operation was estimated at $48,175. The major economic losses (approximately 88% of the total loss) were related to breeding herd removal/repopulation and production downtime.
Effects of tolazoline and yohimbine on xylazine-induced central nervous system depression, bradycardia, and tachypnea in sheep
Authors: Hsu Walter H. , Schaffer David D. , Hanson Chip E.
Published: February 2025

We compared the ability of tolazoline and yohimbine to antagonize xylazine-induced central nervous system depression, bradycardia, and tachypnea in 9 ewes and 5 rams. Once a week for 3 weeks, each sheep received one iv treatment of 0.4 mg xylazine/kg, 0.4 mg xylazine/kg followed in 10 minutes by 2 mg tolazoline/kg, or 0.4 mg xylazine/kg followed in 10 minutes by 0.2 mg yohimbine/kg. The order of the 3 treatments in each sheep was randomized. Xylazine alone caused recumbency for 41.0 ± 3.7 minutes (mean ± sem). Tolazoline and yohimbine shortened the xylazine-induced recumbency to 12.1 ± 0.9 minutes and 18.1 ± 1.5 minutes, respectively. Sheep given xylazine alone had head droop for 34.0 ± 5.4 minutes after rising. Head drooping of sheep given tolazoline or yohimbine was reduced to 10.1 ± 1.7 minutes and 14.2 ± 1.7 minutes, respectively. Both tolazoline and yohimbine reversed the bradycardia and tachypnea that followed xylazine administration. No statistical differences in the rate and magnitude of the reversal were observed between the 2 drugs.
Equine ehrlichiosis in northern California: 49 cases (1968-1981)
Authors: Madigan John E. , Gribble David
Published: February 2025

Case records of horses with equine ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia equi) at the University of California Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital and Ackerman Creek Large Animal Clinic were analyzed for evaluation of clinical signs, time of onset, hematologic values, response to treatment, and recovery. Equine ehrlichiosis was found to be seasonal in horses in the foothills of northern California, with higher incidence than reported previously. The horses developed fever, anorexia, depression, limb edema, icterus, and ataxia. Hematologic changes were leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, icterus, anemia, and inclusion bodies in the neutrophils and eosinophils. Diagnosis was made by observing the characteristic inclusion bodies, using a standard Wright's stain. Mortality was low, although complications of opportunistic secondary infection and injury due to ataxia did develop. Treatment with tetracycline resulted in prompt clinical improvement within 24 hours. Chronic cases were not detected. Equine ehrlichiosis should be differentiated from diseases with similar clinical signs including encephalitis, liver disease, purpura hemorrhagica, equine infectious anemia, and equine viral arteritis.
Influence of anesthetic regimen on the frequency of seizures after cervical myelography in the dog
Authors: Gray P. R. , Indrieri R. J. , Lippert A. C.
Published: February 2025

We examined the influence of various anesthetic drug combinations on the frequency of seizures in dogs after cervical myelography with metrizamide. Over a 12-month period, 78 dogs admitted to the teaching hospital for cervical myelography were assigned randomly to 1 of 6 anesthetic protocols. Myelography was performed, and the dogs were observed for signs of seizure activity after recovery from anesthesia. The person making the decision as to whether or not a dog had had a seizure was unaware of the anesthetic protocol that had been used. Preanesthetic treatment with pentobarbital (5.0 mg/kg) and maintenance of anesthesia with methoxyflurane significantly reduced the frequency of seizures (P<0.05). No reduction in seizure frequency was seen with any anesthetic protocol using halothane as the maintenance agent.
Strangulated umbilical hernias in horses: 13 cases (1974-1985)
Authors: Markel Mark D. , Pascoe John R. , Sams Andrew E.
Published: February 2025

The medical records of 13 horses with strangulated umbilical hernias were reviewed. Typical history included increased swelling, warmth, and firmness of the hernial sac. Enterocutaneous fistulas had developed in 2 horses. Four horses had signs of abdominal pain.

Surgery was performed on all horses, and the hernia was reduced by an open reduction technique. Incarcerated tissue included omentum (1 horse), jejunum (5), ileum (4), cecum (1), and ventral colon (2).

All horses survived and were discharged from the hospital. Follow-up information on 9 horses (5 to 52 months after discharge) revealed no complications in 6 horses. Of the remaining 3 horses, one horse was euthanatized 5 months after discharge because of laminitis. One horse had persistent drainage from the skin incision requiring removal of nonabsorbable suture material 8 months after discharge. One foal required a second surgery because of signs of abdominal pain 17 days after the initial surgery. The foal was euthanatized during surgery because of severe peritonitis secondary to anastomotic leakage.
Enteric cryptosporidial infection in pigs: 184 cases (1981-1985)
Authors: Sanford S. Ernest
Published: February 2025

Cryptosporidia organisms were detected histologically in the microvillus brush border of 5.3% (184/3,491) of consecutive live pigs submitted for routine diagnostic evaluation between 1981 and 1985. Infected pigs came from 133 farms and usually were 6 to 12 weeks old, but ranged from 1 to 30 weeks old. Organisms were found in the jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon, but primarily in microvilli of dome epithelium in the ileum. A seasonal incidence was not observed. Only 26% of the cryptosporidia-infected pigs had diarrhea, and most of those had other primary diarrheagenic agents or lesions capable of causing their diarrhea.
The Nebraska Veterinary Medical Association antidote depot
Authors: Schneider Norman R.
Published: February 2025

The Nebraska Veterinary Medical Association provided financial assistance to establish an antidote depot system statewide at the 3 University of Nebraska veterinary diagnostic laboratories located in Lincoln, North Platte, and Mitchell. The depot system currently stocks atropine sulfate, methylene blue, activated charcoal, dimercaprol, and edta. Antidotes are available to all Nebraska veterinarians. Depot withdrawals are used for emergency treatment only and not for a convenient source of supply to replenish individual inventory. The depot system was designed to assist veterinary practitioners in treating toxicoses during catastrophic occurrences in which available inventories have been exhausted. Since time is of essence in most toxicoses, withdrawals from depot sites normally are made by veterinarians or their authorized representatives. There are no fees for using the depot system, but patrons are required to replace drugs at the specific storage site on an item-for-item basis, in like amount, and at current unit cost. Items are issued and replaced only as intact units.
Evaluation of microwave-thawed canine plasma for transfusion
Authors: Hurst T. S. , Turrentine M. A. , Johnson G. S.
Published: February 2025

Units of fresh-frozen canine plasma were thawed rapidly in microwave oven, using a mean of 15.4 thawing periods of 10 seconds each. The activated partial thromboplastin times, the one-stage prothrombin times, concentrations of fibrinogen, factor-VIII coagulant activity, and von Willebrand factor antigen of microwave-thawed units were not significantly different from those measured in small aliquots of the same units thawed in a warm water bath (n = 5). Five dogs were given a unit of their own microwave-thawed plasma. During the 24 hours after infusion, no significant changes were measured in temperature, heart rate, or respiration rate. In addition, significant changes in pcv, total protein concentrations, estimates of platelet numbers, total rbc counts, total wbc counts, and differential wbc counts were not measured in blood specimens obtained before infusion and 24 hours after the infusion of microwave-thawed plasma.
Antibodies in calves on feed supplemented with chlortetracycline after vaccination with Brucella abortus strain 19
Authors: Nicoletti Paul , Mason Robert M. , Tehrani Joy
Published: February 2025

Twenty dairy heifers each consumed 350 mg of chlortetracycline/day in their feed. Four tests were performed on serum specimens from these and 20 control calves after vaccination with Brucella abortus strain 19. The numbers of positive test results on the card test and mean titers on the tube and rivanol agglutination and complement-fixation tests were compared in the 2 groups.

Using the rivanol and complement-fixation tests, there were differences in the mean titers at weeks 5 and 6 after vaccination, but by week 10, differences were not found.

The results suggest that addition of low concentration of chlortetracycline in feeds have minimal effects on postvaccinal serologic reactions determined after strain-19 inoculation.
Economics of Brucella ovis control in sheep: Computerized decision-tree analysis
Authors: Carpenter Tim E. , Berry Steven L. , Glenn John S.
Published: February 2025

The epidemiology and economics of Brucella ovis control in a hypothetical, commercial sheep flock (100 rams and 2,500 ewes) were investigated. The investigation consisted of an epidemiologic simulation model, reported in a companion paper, and a decision-tree analysis, reported here. It was predicted from the simulation model that B ovis could be eradicated successfully in 2 test periods (less than 1 year) from a flock by using intensive screening and culling.

A computerized decision-tree program was used to determine the economically optimal control strategy among several alternatives. Two versions of the program were used to determine the optimal alternative, based on minimizing the expected monetary loss (deterministic) and minimizing the associated risk (stochastic).

The economically optimal alternative was to screen the rams by means of palpation, semen testing, and elisa prior to the mating season. Rams positive to any test were culled. After the mating season was completed, the optimal action was to use elisa for the remaining rams and to cull all that were elisa positive. The cost of this alternative was approximately $6,150, or less than one half the annual cost of a vaccination program ($ 12,800) or no program ($13,550). Continuing palpation and semen testing were considered worthwhile on the basis of detecting new cases of B ovis infection and in maintaining high flock fertility. Similarly, the cost of annual use of elisa was small (approximately $100), compared with the potential cost of not detecting a new case of B ovis infection.
Arterial blood gas tensions in the horse during recovery from anesthesia
Authors: Mason Diane E. , Muir William W. , Wade Annette
Published: February 2025

The effects of body position and postoperative oxygen supplementation on arterial blood gas tensions ) and pH were examined in clinically normal adult horses during recovery from halothane anesthesia. Hypoxemia developed during recovery from anesthesia in spite of adequate alveolar ventilation in horses without postanesthetic oxygen supplementation. Hypoxemia developed in horses positioned in left lateral or right lateral recumbency, and in horses that were rolled to the opposite side during the recovery period. Arterial blood gas tensions were not significantly (P<0.05) different between horses insufflated with 100% oxygen at the rate of 10 L/min during recovery and horses that did not receive oxygen supplementation during the recovery period. Horses that received 100% oxygen at the rate of 50 L/min through a demand valve had arterial blood gas tensions similar to those in standing awake horses.
Use of acupuncture for the treatment of chronic back pain in horses: Stimulation of acupuncture points with saline solution injections
Authors: Martin Benson B. , Klide Alan M.
Published: February 2025

Fifteen horses that could not train or perform their sport at an acceptable level because of chronic back pain of 2 to 24 months' duration, and that did not obtain lasting improvement from other previous treatments, were treated with acupuncture. The treatments consisted of injection of 1 ml of sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) solution, with no preservatives, at 9 acupuncture points. The horses were treated once a week for a mean of 9 treatments. The mean number of treatments before obvious improvement was 4. After treatment, 13 of the 15 horses had apparent alleviation of their signs of pain and could train and compete. Six to 12 months after their last treatment, 2 horses had been removed from competition; one had sustained a fracture and the other had died. The remaining 11 of the original 13 that competed after treatment were still competing.
Evaluation of ivermectin paste in the treatment of ponies for Parascaris equorum infections
Authors: DiPietro J. A. , Lock T. F. , Todd K. S. , Reuter V. E.
Published: February 2025

Twenty ponies less than 18 months of age and infected with Parascaris equorum were treated with either 0.2 mg of ivermectin/kg of body weight (n = 10) or a placebo (n = 10; controls). Five control and 5 ivermectin-treated ponies were euthanatized 14 and 35 days after treatment, respectively. At necropsy, the small intestinal contents, lungs, and liver were examined for larvae and/or adult P equorum. Significantly (P<0.02) higher mean total numbers of P equorum were found in the small intestinal contents of the controls on day 14 (51) and on day 35 (21) than in the ivermectin-treated ponies on days 14 (0) and 35 (3). The efficacy of ivermectin in removing adult and intestinal larvae of P equorum at 14 days after treatment was 100%. The efficacies of ivermectin in removing adults and intestinal larvae of P equorum at 35 days after treatment were 100% and 76.9%, respectively. Gross examination of liver and lung tissues revealed damage as a result of P equorum infections in all ponies. The Baermann technique used on liver and lung tissues did not yield any P equorum larvae. Adverse reactions attributable to treatment were not observed.
Pelvic fractures in horses: 19 cases (1974–1984)
Authors: Little C. , Hilbert B.
Published: February 2025

The clinical features of 19 horses with pelvic fractures were reviewed. The most common problem was a grade III or IV unilateral hind limb lameness. The prevalence of fractures was greater in females and horses less than 4 years old. All horses were treated with a combination of analgesic administration and stall rest for 2 to 6 months. Seven of 11 horses (64%) available for long-term follow-up evaluation recovered and 4 of 11 (36%) had no lameness when being ridden. Five of seven (71%) horses with fractures that involved the acetabulum recovered, and 4 (57%) had complete resolution of lameness. No correlation was found between the long-term outcome of the horses and the bone fractured, age of horse, or duration of injury before admission.
Ocular lesions associated with coccidioidomycosis in dogs: 35 cases (1980–1985)
Authors: Angell Jann A. , Merideth Reuben E. , Shively James N. , Sigler Ron L.
Published: February 2025

Thirty-five dogs with ocular lesions associated with coccidioidomycosis were examined. Serologic and/or histologic evaluation confirmed the diagnoses of coccidioidomycosis. The disease most frequently associated with signs referable to the anterior segment of the eye, such as iritis and granulomatous uveitis. Histologic evaluation of the eye revealed a primary posterior segment disease, such as chorioretinitis or retinal separation, with an extension into the anterior segment of the eye.
Nine-month evaluation of dogs after open-heart surgical removal of heartworms
Authors: Shiang Howard , Jurado Roy , Liu Si Kwang , Chen Virginia , Calem Jaclyn , Litwak Robert S.
Published: February 2025

Adult heartworms were surgically removed from 4 infected dogs by use of intracardiac techniques during cardiopulmonary bypass. The number of worms removed ranged from 12 to 14 per dog. Observation for 9 months after surgery gave no clinical evidence of active adult heartworm infection, in spite of the consistent finding of circulating microfilariae during the follow-up period. There were no significant early or late postoperative complications. Results of postoperative hematologic and biochemical studies were unremarkable. At necropsy (following euthanasia, 9 months after surgery) the heart and pulmonary arteries of all dogs were free of adult heartworms; pathologic changes attributable to residual infection were not found.
Cutaneous mast cell neoplasia in cats: 14 cases (1975-1985)
Authors: Buerger Robert G. , Scott Danny W.
Published: February 2025

Cutaneous mast cell neoplasia was diagnosed in 14 cats from January 1975 to September 1985. Review of the available medical records and client communication provided information on tumor description, location, and recurrence, and each cat's current status. Twenty-three cutaneous mast cell neoplasms were surgically excised, examined, and graded histologically. In this study, feline cutaneous mast cell tumors did not metastasize to lymph nodes or viscera, did not recur at a previous excision site, and did not cause or contribute to the death of any cat. A histologic grading system described for canine mast cell tumors apparently provided no prognostic information for the cats in this study. There was a predilection for older male cats to develop cutaneous mast cell tumors, especially on the head and neck.