bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electric Potential Differences in Bean Roots and Their Relation to salt uptake
Authors: Hope AB , Stevens PC
Published: July 2016

Reversible diffusion of KGl is shown to occur between an aqueous solution and young bean roots, probably in the protoplasmic phase. Evidence for this is presented from a study of electric potential difference (p.d.) changes and changes in environmental salt concentration in different samples but under comparable conditions.
Fungal Cellulases II. The Complexity of Enzymes from Aspergillus Oryzae that Split ,ß-Glucosidic Linkages, and their Partial Separation
Authors: Jermyn MA
Published: July 2016

Filter paper electrophoresis and paper chromatography have been used to test the homogeneity of the ,8-glucosidase of Aspergillus oryzae. In the crude enzyme preparation there are at least eight components capable of breaking ,8-glucosidic linkages and showing varying degrees of specificity towards different substrates. These are active not only in splitting simple glucosides but also in depolymerizing sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. The only exception is provided by the enzymes splitting p-nitrophenyl-,8-glucoside, wWch are sharply limited to two closely related components. TWs two-component mixture has been partially purified from accompanying enzymes.
The Effectiveness of Antibiotics Against Some Bacterial Plant Pathogens
Authors: Mackay JHE , N Friend Janet
Published: July 2016

In vitro tests of six purified antibiotics against bacterial pathogens of dwarf bean, tomato, and Brassica spp. showed that streptomycin and aureomycin were slightly more effective than terramycin, and all three were more effective than penicillin, bacitracin, and chloromycetin
Some Variables Affecting the Use of Cowpea as an Assay Host for Cucumber Mosaic Virus
Authors: Crowley NC
Published: July 2016

A study was made of the factors affecting the production of local lesions by cucumber mosaic virus on cowpea (Vigna sinensis (L.) Endl. ex Hassk.).
Studies on Chitin I. Enzymic Degradation of Chitin and Chitin Esters
Authors: Hackman RH
Published: July 2016

A study has been made O'f the enzymic degradation of chitin and the sodium salt of chitin sulphuric acid by a chitinase prepared from the intestinal tract of the snail, Helix aspersa. It is shown that, in a citrate-phosphate buffer, the pH for optimum activity is 4.8 for both substrates. Chitin, prepared from both lobster cuticle and fly puparia, is broken down by snail chitinase to N-acetylo- glucosamine, although there is alsO' a trace O'f o-glucosamine. The sO'dium salt O'f chitin sulphuric acid alsO' breaks dO'wn to N-acetyl-D-glucO'samine and o-glucosamine. In both cases N-acetyl-D-glucO'samine was isolated. The chitinase is without action O'n chitin nitrate. Acid hydrolysis O'f both chitin nitrate and the sO'dium salt O'f chitin sulphuric acid leads to' the fO'rmation O'f o-glucosamine, which has been isolated as 2-hydrO'xynaphthylidene glucO'samine. All attempts to' phO'sphorylate chitin were unsuccessful. The structure O'f chitin is discussed.
Time Relations and Their Significance in the Ovulation and Penetration of Eggs in Rats and Rabbits
Authors: Austin CR , Braden AWH
Published: July 2016

Observations have been made on a total of 577 mated adult rats and 52 mated rabbits.
Heat Tolerances of Australian Monotremes and Marsupials
Authors: W Robinson Kathleen
Published: July 2016

Heat tolerances of monotremes and marsupials have been compared by exposing the animals in a hot room, on different days for 7-hr periods, to various combinations of dry-bulb temperature ranging from 8'6� to 108�5�F with absolute humidity from 15 to 40 mm v.p.
Growth of the Mouse Coat III. Patterns of Hair Growth
Authors: Nay T , Fraser AS
Published: July 2016

Hair growth cycles wtmi observed for a period of 60 days in 10 Naked mice of different ages .. The duration of the total hair cycle varied according to position and increased from head to tail. Within each position over all ages the duration was constant. These facts explain the pattern of growth cycles in Naked mice .
The Effect of some Seminal Constituents and Related Substances on Diluted Mammalian Spermatozoa
Authors: White IG
Published: July 2016

The effect has been studied of a number of seminal constituents and related substances on the motility of diluted ram, bull, rabbit, and human spermatozoa. All tests were made with a fructose phosphate diluent over a 4-hr period at room temperature.
The Survival of Airborne Microorganisms III. Effects of Temperature
Authors: Brown AD
Published: July 2016

The death rates in air of one strain each of Esoherichia coli, Achromo~ bacter sp., Micrococcus sp., and Pseudomonas sp. (the last three being psychrophilic) were measured at lOoC. Some additional results were obtained at 5�C for all four organisms and at 15�C for the Micl'Ococcus.
The Mechanism of Food Distribution to Midgut or Diverticula in the Mosquito
Authors: Day MF
Published: July 2016

An examination has been made of factors involved in the despatch of sugars to the diverticulum and blood to the midgut in the mosquito. It is suggested that sense organs observed in the buccal cavity of the mosquito detect the presence of some sugars and components of blood. The resulting nervous impulse is probably transmitted via the stomatogastric nervous system to cause the contraction of sphincter muscles of the diverticula or the proventriculus. The significance of this' switching mechanism in mosquito feeding is discussed.
Anomalies in Rat, Mouse, and Rabbit Eggs
Authors: Austin CR , Braden AWH
Published: July 2016

Records were kept of 7284 rat eggs, 1120 mouse eggs, and 221 rabbit eggs. Amongst these were 22 rat eggs, 21 mouse eggs, and 1 rabbit egg that were unusual: "giant" eggs of about twice the normal volume, primary oocytes recovered from the fallopian tubes, probable instances of gynogenesis and parthenogenesis, eggs showing abnormalities of fertilization such as the presence of a single pronucleus or of a male and two female pronuclei, and 2-cell eggs with a binucleate blastomere. These anomalies are discussed and attempts are made to explain their occurrence.
Studies in the Metabolism of Plant Cells
Authors: Robertson RN , J Wilkins Marjorie , Hope AB , Nestel Lydia
Published: July 2016

The respiratory activity and ionic balance of mitochondria isolated from carrot and beet tissues by differential centrifugation have been studied. The oxygen uptake of the mitochondria with different substrates was investigated. The mitochondria hold both cations and anions in concentrations greater than those in the supernatant. Experiments on the time of adjustment to a changed concentration of chloride in the supernatant solution have been used to calculate the diffusion constant of salt in the particle. On the assumption that most of the resistance to diffusion is in the surface membrane (thickness about 200 A), the apparent diffusion constant of chloride in the membrane was shown to be of the order of 10-1:> cm~/sec. This agrees with that found for heart muscle sarcosomes under similar conditions and is of the order expected in a !ipo-protein membrane. The concentrations of mobile cations (Na + and K +) in the mitochondria are considerably greater than those in the supernatant. It is suggested that the internal concentrations are largely due to a Donnan equilibrium based on the immobile anions of the particle. Since no simple Donnan equilibrium will account for the simultaneous concentration of both mobile cations and mobile anions, it is suggested that the mobile anions might be accumulated by an accumulatory mechanism. The anion concentration difference between the inside and outside of the particles is of the order of magnitude to be expected if the electron carrier of� respiration were acting as the anion carrier of accumulation. The results are therefore not inconsistent with the em'lier hypotheses for the interdependence of the two processes. The results support the hypothesis that mitochondria are probably involved in electrolyte accumulation in plant cells and in secretion in animal cells such as those of the gastric mucosa.
Centromeric Behaviour of the Univalents in Two Phalaris Hybrids
Authors: Hayman DL
Published: July 2016

The hybrid between Phalaris coerulescens (2n = 14) and P. minor (2n = 28) usually forms seven bivalents and seven univalents at the first metaphase of meiosis. The univalents are derived from P. minor. The centromeres of the seven univalents do not divide at the first anaphase, but neocentromeres in distal parts of the chromosomes assume control of their movement. These neocentromeres move towards opposite poles, between which the univalents become stretched. Formation of the cell wall causes breakage of the univalent bridges. Fusions may occur between fragments or between broken ends of sister chromatids in a fragment. Neocentric activity occurs only infrequently at the second anaphase.
The Elastic Anisotropy of Keratinous Solids
Authors: RacheI Makinson K
Published: July 2016

The rigidity constants of ram's horn have been determined by using a pulse technique to measure the velocities of propagation along the principal axes of transverse elastic waves of frequency 4 Mc/s. The results show that the conclusion, which was drawn previously from measurement of the dilatational constants, that ram's horn is transversely isotropic about the radial direction, is approximately though not exactly correct. The type of anisotropy and the relative magnitudes of the various elastic constants are directly correlated with the histological structure of the horn, which under the conditions of the measurements is more important than the molecular structure in determining the nature of the elastic anisotropy.
The Bilateral Structure of Wool Cortex and Its Relation to Crimp
Authors: Fraser RDB , Rogers GE
Published: July 2016

Xew evidence of the nature of the bilateral cortex in crimped wool is presented and discussed in relation to the physical and chemical properties of the wool fibre. The origin of the asymmetry in the cortex was studied by cutting cross sections of sheep skin and swelling plucked wool roots. It is shown that the bilateral structure is present before the cortex is keratinized and does not originate from an asymmetrical keratinization as has been suggested. Coarse wools, in which crimp is much less, are shown to possess a radial asymmetry in which the peripheral cortical cells are less accessible to basic dyes and have a higher sulphur content than the central cells. This is related to the difference between the curved follicles from which fine fibres are produced and the straighter follicles producing coarse fibres.
Xanthine Oxidase of the Clothes Moth, Tineola Bisselliella, and Some Other Insects
Authors: Irzykiewicz H
Published: July 2016

Xanthine oxidase activity in Tineola larvae averages 200� /!moles of uric acid per g whole larva (wet weight) per hr and in Tenebrio, Lucilia, Anthrenocerus, Ephestia, and Anthrenus larvae activity ranges between 13�4 and 1�3. The optimum pH for Tineola xanthine oxidase lies between pH 7�7 and 8� 0, and the optimum concentration of xanthine is at or below 1�3 X 10-3M. Methylene blue in concentrations up to 5�3 X 1O-3M has no toxic effect on this enzyme, and the lower concentrations of methylene blue have a limiting effect. Cyanide and 6-pteridyl aldehyde inhibit Tineola xanthine oxidase. The insect xanthine oxidases are demonstrated to be dehydrogenases. DPN, and pyruvate and DPN together, stimulate uric acid production by Tineola xanthine oxidase in the absence of methylene blue. In Tenebrio larvae there is a higher concentration of xanthine oxidase in the midgut and fat-body than in the remaining tissues.
An Electrophoretic Study on "Component 2" Extracted From Wool With Alkaline Thioglycollate
Authors: Gillespie JM , Lennox FG
Published: July 2016

Solutions of the thioglycollate-reduced wool keratin preparation, "component 2" of Gillespie and Lennox (1953, 1955), show abnormal electrophoretic behaviour. New, faster moving peaks appear in the descending electrophoretic pattern at protein concentrations exceeding 0�5 per cent. which are attributed to an aggregation-disaggregation reaction. They are eliminated by increasing the ionic strength to 0�5, or by lowering the protein concentration to 0�4 per cent.
Studies of the Spermicidal Activity of Chelating Agents
Authors: White IG
Published: July 2016

In studies covering 4-hr periods at room temperature of the effect of O� ImM cheJating agents on the motility of ram, bull, rabbit, and human spermatozoa, the following significant effects were seen:
A Study of the Joint Action of Oestrone, Oestradiol-3,17 ß, and Oestriol
Authors: Claringbold PJ
Published: July 2016

When administered by the intravaginal route oestrone, oestradiol-3,l7 fl, and oestriol have a mutually antagonistic action on the vaginal response of the ovariectomized mouse. Using the subcutaneous route, these oestrogens are found to have an additive action, behaving simply as dilutions of one active substance.
Functional Differentiation of the Hindgut Epithelium of the Blowfly Larva into Longitudinal Bands
Authors: Waterhouse DF
Published: July 2016

The hindgut of blowfly larvae commences a short distance posterior to the entry of the malpighian tubules into the alimentary canal. It is divided into short anterior and posterior regions, which function principally as sphincters, and a long central region. The central hindgut is composed of three histologi~ ally distinguishable cell types, each forming a longitudinal band. The bands produced by cell types A and B each form about one-half of the circumference of the hindgut, whereas the cells of type C form two narrow longitudinal strips, each one cell wide, situated at the junctions of the bands of A and B cells.
Inheritance of Antibody Response
Authors: Sobey WR , Adams KM
Published: July 2016

The heritability of antibody response to sheep red cells (S.R.C.) was found to be 0�2836 � 0�1475 at 3 days and 0�1097 � 0�1165 at 6 days. These estimates are subject to environmental variation of measurement which was found subsequently but could not be corrected for. An example of non-genetic, nonenvironmental error of measurement is illustrated experimentally and the consequences of this type of error are discussed.
Glutamine and Asparagine as Nitrogen Sources for the Growth of Plant Embryos in vitro: A Comparative Study of 12 Species
Authors: Rijven AHGC
Published: July 2016

Subsequent to oarlier work 011 Oal)seUa. bWI'8a..pl1slol'is (L.) ]\;Joeneh. embryos of' nino plallt fmnilies, monocotyledons 11m] dicot,ylodolls, oxcisod from young developing ovuLes were growll ill a "sittiug drop" culture.
Absorption of Water From Atmospheres of Different Humidity and its Transport Through Plants
Authors: Slatyer RO
Published: July 2016

An intaet plant, was arranged so Lhat Llle top and rools W"t'O sealod in sopamto flasks. In oaeh flask tho vapour pressllre was mainta.ittod at a prodotormined len,1 so thai, a diffusion gradieni". favouring wat"r mo\'omont "iCher 1'1'0111 roots to tOJl or from top to roots was established.
Studies on the Development of Wool Follicles in Tissue Culture
Authors: H Hardy Margaret , Lyne AG
Published: July 2016

Explants of' skin from four sheep foetuses of difIerent ages have beell cultivated for periods of up t,o 38 clays in a medium of fowl plasma lind ehicken embryo extraet. 'I'he development of wool follicles of difforent types has beon st,uilied both in these living ()xplants and in serial sections from them.
Ruminal Flora Studies in the Sheep VI. Diurnal, Daily, and Seasonal Fluctuations in the Concentration of "free" Rumen Bacteria and in Rumen Ph.
Authors: Nottle MC
Published: July 2016

Diurnal, daily, find seasonal flllci,uat�iollS in t.he concentrations of bnetcria wiiJtin tho rumon find in rumon pJI We1'O determined ill mature sheep.
Responses of Avena Coleoptile Sections to High Concentrations of Auxin
Authors: Marinos NG
Published: July 2016

(i) The initial elongation rate of excised coleoptile sections is shown to increase with increasing concentration of indoleacetic acid (IAA). In supra-optimal concentrations (1 X 1O-3M) this initial phase is followed by shrinkage of the sections accompanied by loss of water and solid matter; the latter is quantitatively recoverable in the solution. The respiratory rate drops rapidly while the sections elongate in 1 X 10-3M IAA.
Terminal Amino Groups in Wool and S-Carboxymethyl Kerateine 2
Authors: Thompson EOP
Published: July 2016

The N-terminal residues of Merino 64's quality wool and of a purified protein derivative extracted from it, S-carboxymethyl kerateine 2, have been determined. A similar total N-terminal residue content is present in both wool and S�carboxymethyl kerateine 2 comprising glycine, serine, threoni~e, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and alanine. These occur in different proportions in the two materials and valine is an additional N-terminal amino acid present only in wool.
Respiration of the Spadix From the Aroid Zantedeschia Aethiopica Spreng.
Authors: Hatch MD , Millerd Adele
Published: July 2016

Spadix tissue of a number of aroid species has been shown to be an outstanding exception to the general pattern of plant respiration. In the work reported here the respiration of whole tissue and mitochondria from the spadix of another aroid species Zantedeschia aethiopica Spreng. was studied. The respiration of both whole tissue and mitochondria was found to be strongly inhibited by the metal-complexing agents cyanide and azide. Cytochrome oxidase and cytochromes band c were spectroscopically indentified in mitochondrial suspensions and cytochrome oxidase activity was demonstrated in extracts. The results indicate that the respiratory characteristics of the Zantedeschia spadix tissue are similar to those of most other plant tissues. Such characteristics are, however, in marked contrast to the respiratory pattern reported for other aroid spadices.
The Effect of Auxins on the Binding of Pectin Methylesterase to Cell Wall Preparations
Authors: Glasziou KT
Published: July 2016

It is shown that the plant auxins 3�indolylacetic acid, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and a�naphthalene acetic acid are effective in binding pectin methylesterase (PME) to cell wall preparations from tobacco pith and tubers of the Jerusalem artichoke.
Studies on the Seed Transmission of Plant Virus Diseases
Authors: Crowley NC
Published: July 2016

Investigations were made to explain the rarity of seed transmission of plant virus diseases. Five mechanically transmitted viruses were used, none of which induced enough sterility in their hosts to account for their lack of seed transmission.
The Effects of Day Length on the Coat-Shedding Cycles, Body Weight, and Reproduction of the Ferret
Authors: E Harvey Nancy , Macfarlane WV
Published: July 2016

The effeot of light on the ooat of the ferret has been measured during the annual oyole of seasons. Two groups of ferrets were kept in the same environment exoept for the daily duration of light, whioh oomprised the normal seasonal day length of Brisbane for the oontrol group, and a oomplete and exaggerated reversal of seasonal light trend for the experimental group.
Application of Sampling Variables in the Identification of Methods Which Yield Unbiased Estimates of Genotypic Variance Components
Authors: Griffing B
Published: July 2016

This study attempts to develop a logical basis for determining those experimental methods which give unbiased estimates of population variances. The steps involved are: (1) definition of the population and parameters; (2) definition of sampling and experimental procedure; (3) .construction of the mathematical model; (4) derivation of expectations of mean squares; and (5) demonstration that unbiased estimates can be obtained from the observed mean squares.
Studies on Phytoalexins II. Influence of Temperature on Resistance of Phaseolus Vulgaris Towards Sclerotinia Fructicola With Reference to Phytoalexin Output
Authors: RJerome SM , Müller KO
Published: July 2016

(i) The resistance of pods of Phaseolus vulgaris towards the parasites Sclerotinia fructicola and Botrytis cinerea is shown to be affected by the temperature environment before inoculation.
Nodulation Studies in Legumes I. The Synohronization of Host and Symbiotic Development in the Field Pea, Pisum Arvense l.
Authors: Pate JS
Published: July 2016

Symbiotic development of two varieties of field pea (Pi8um arven8e L.) was studied by periodic sampling from populations of field� grown material. Various features of effective symbiosis were found to be characteristically synchronized with host plant life cycles.
The Accumulation of Radioactive Iodine in the Thyroids of Grazing Animals Subsequent to Atomic Weapon Tests
Authors: Marston HR
Published: July 2016

Radioactivity due to 1311 was found in thyroid glands collected from sheep and cattle depastured on areas in various parts of Australia subsequent to atomic weapon tests conducted during 1956 at Monte Bello and at Maralinga. Thyroids from cattle were found to contain up to 830 mfLc 1311 (37 mfLc 1311/g of tissue) and from sheep, up to 144 mfLc 1311 (70 mfLc 1311/g of tissue). The uneven degree of contamination of pastures was emphasized by the fact that some of the highest concentrations of 1311 were observed in glands collected from individuals of flocks and herds grazing on terrain 1500-2000 miles distant from the site of the explosions. As the tests proceeded, fluctuations in the 1311 content of the thyroid glands of grazing stock indicated that many areas received repeated dressings of radioactive debris.
Effects of Various Substances on Growth of Silkworm Tissues in Vitro
Authors: Grace TDC
Published: July 2016

Cells from the ovaries of late final instal' silkworms have undergone mitosis in hanging-drop preparations for 19 days and survived for 29 days in a medium consisting of \Vyatt's solution plus 10 components of the vitamin B complex, cholesterol, and extracts of endocrine and ovarian tissues. Attempts to subculture the cells met with only partial success.
The Theory of Some Genetical Effects of Population Subdivision
Authors: Moran PAP
Published: July 2016

The genetical effects of the subdivision of a population into partially isolated subgroups are considered in two part.icular cases. In the first a probability model is studied in which the subpopulations are of finite size with migration between them. In the absence of selection the asymptotic rate of progress to homozygosity is shown to be very little affected by the subdivision. In the second case a deter. ministic model is studied in which there are two subpopulations in which selective forces are equal and opposite. A stable dimorphism is then shown to exist if there is any small amount of intermigration.
A Dpnh-Specific Nitrate Reductase From Germinating Wheat
Authors: Spencer D
Published: July 2016

The isolation and purification of a nitrate reductase from the embryos of germinating wheat is described. This is a soluble enzyme, which is coupled specifically to reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPNH). Addition of flavin adenine dinucleotide to the purified enzyme results in a three-fold increase in activity. Flavin mononucleotide is without effect. Potassium cyanide and sodium azide cause 50 per cent. inhibition of enzyme activity at 1� 6 X IO-6M and 2 X IO-5M respectively. The effect of a range of other inhibitors is reported. The presence of inorganic phosphate is required for maximum activity. The dissociation constant (Ks ) of the nitrate-enzyme complex is 3�8 X IO-4M, and that of the DPNH-enzyme complex is 8 X IO-6M. The pH optimum for enzymatic activity is 7 �4.
Formation of a Polysaccharide in Sugar-Cane
Authors: Nicholson RI , Lilienthal B
Published: July 2016

The isolation of a polysaccharide from harvested, stored sugar-cane is described. The polysaccharide is characterized by a low content of 1,6-linkages (29 per cent. approx.) and a relatively high content of 1,4-linkages (60 per cent. approx.) which values are unusual for a dextran. It is susceptible to attack by certain amylases, yielding oligosaccharides, This type of polysaccharide has been isolated only from sugar-cane and the Leuconostoc associated with it yields normal dextran when cultured under a variety of conditions.
Studies on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. II. Serology
Authors: Mushin Rose , Naylor JilI , Lahovary N
Published: July 2016

Fifteen species of plant pathogenic bacteria were used for the production of high-titre antisera. The serological relationships were determined for plant pathogenic and other bacteria belonging to the genera Agrobacterium, Oorynebacterium, Erwinia, Pseudomonas, and Xanthomonas by slide and tube agglutinations and agglutinin-absorption tests. a and fJ antigens were not important in masking "0" antigens but other factors were found to interfere with some agglutinations.
Potentiation of Lateral Root Induction by Root Initials in Isolated Flax Roots
Authors: Goldacre PL
Published: July 2016

When ,B-indolylacetic acid (IAA) (10-5M) is added to isolated flax roots, lateral roots are induced to form adventitiously. If some lateral root initials are already present when IAA is added, newly induced primordia form preferentially immediately adjacent to them. It is suggested that a chemical stimulus, a kinin, originating from the existing root meristems interacts with IAA to induce further cell division in the pericycle. It is proposed that kinin formation may be a normal accompaniment of cell division.
Nodulation Studies in Legumes III. The Effects of Delaying Inoculation on the Seedling Symbiosis of Barrel Medic, Medicago Tribuloides Desr.
Authors: Dart PJ , Pate JS
Published: July 2016

The technique of delayed inoculation with effective, ineffective, or mixtures of effective + ineffective nodule bacteria was used to study seedling symbiosis of barrel medic, M. tribuloides, in sand culture.
The Physiology of Sugar-Cane IV. Effects of Inhibitors on Sugar Accumulation in Storage Tissue Slices
Authors: Bieleski RL
Published: July 2016

Various metabolic inhibitors, at pH 5� 5, affected sugar accumulation in immature sugar-cane storage tissues. The rate of accumulation was reduced by lO-5M mercuric ion, lO-<M p-chloromercuribenzoate, cyanide, and cupric ion, and 2 X lO-3M phloridzin. Accumulation was completely inhibited and sugar leakage induced by lO-5M dinitrophenol, lO-<M mercuric ion, and 10-3M p-chloromercuribenzoate, cyanide, cupric ion, azide, arsenate, and iodoacetate. The effects of 10-5M dinitrophenol and 10-4M cyanide were reversible, but that of 10-3M cyanide was irreversible. Only slight effects were produced by borate, phosphate, and magnesium ion.
Growth of the Mouse Coat VII. Hair Cycles and Sebaceous Glands in Homozygous and Heterozygous Naked Mice
Authors: Nay T
Published: July 2016

The action of the Naked gene (N) in homozygous mice has additive effects on keratinization and sebaceous glands but not on the timing of hair cycles.
The Glycolysis and Reducing Activity of Ram Spermatozoa in Phosphate-Containing Media
Authors: Blackshaw AW
Published: July 2016

The reduction of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride by ram spermatozoa was linear in the range of cell densities from l'Ox108 to 8�Oxl08jml.
The Symbiotic Synthesis of Auxin by Legumes and Nodule Bacteria and its Eole in Nodule Development
Authors: Kefford NP , Brockwell J , Zwar JA
Published: July 2016

When subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) plants were grown for 3 weeks over distilled water, tryptophan could be detected in the root medium of both sterile cultures and those inoculated with Rhizobium trifolii 3 days earlier. Auxin could be detected only in the inoculated medium. The auxin had the chromatographic and growth properties of indole�3-acetic acid (IAA). Since nodule bacteria produce auxin only in the presence of tryptophan, which is a probable precursor of lAA, it is suggested that the tryptophan exuded by clover roots is converted to lAA by nodule bacteria. Auxin was still produced in the root medium when strains of Rhizobium which do not nodulate subterranean olover roots were used as inooulant, or when nitrate, which delays nodulation, was present in the medium.
The Breakdown of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in Shoots and Roots
Authors: Canny MJ , Markus Katalin
Published: July 2016

Measurements have been made of the rate of evolution of labelled oarbon dioxide from shoots and from roots of tick beans whioh have been treated on one leaflet with a small dose of labelled 2,4-diohlorophenoxyaoetio aoid (2,4-D). The corresponding breakdown of 2,4-D in root and shoot has been oaloulated. The carbon dioxide evolved from the roots was oonsistently more radioaotive than that from the shoot suggesting that 2,4-D is more rapidly broken down in the former and the total loss of labelled oarbon in 4 days corresponded to about 5 per oent. of the applied dose of growth substanoe. 2,4-D was not readily extraotable from the roots at the conolusion of the respiration run and the labelled oarbon was shown to be present there in many compounds that were not 2,4-D. It is ooncluded that though part of the side-chain was rapidly lost from the plant as oarbon dioxide from the roots. this is not a main pathway involved in the inaotivation of this growth substance. The evidence from intact plants points strongly to most of the breakdown occurring in the roots. With out tissue, similar radioaotive assays and bioassays did not reveal a greater intrinsic capacity of the roots for 2,4-D breakdown.
Studies of Dormancy in the Seeds of Subterranean Clover (Trifolium Subterraneum L.) II. The Interaction of Time, Temperature, and Carbon Dioxide During Passage Out of Dormancy
Authors: Ballard LAT
Published: July 2016

The dormancy-breaking action of C02 on imbibed seeds of subterranean clover ('1'rijolium 8ubterraneum L.) is temperature dependent, the efficiency falling off sharrlly above 25�C and approaching zero at 30�C. Within the effective temp. erature range the action is rapid, exposure of seeds to CO2 for 6 hr having signifiC!,fit effect.
Environment and Sporulation in Phytopathogenic Fungi Li. Conidia Formation in Peronospora Tabacina Adam as a Function of Temperature
Authors: Cruickshank IAM
Published: July 2016

Using a leaf-disk technique an analysis was carried out to study the effect of environmental temperature on the length of the incubation period and sporulation intensity of P. tabacina. An analysis was also made of the sporulation response to temperature treatments prior to and during sporulation. The following points were demonstrated:
On the Amino Acids Essential for the Tissues of the Sheep
Authors: Downes AM
Published: July 2016

A lactating ewe was injected intravenously with sodium [l. 14C]acetate and samples of the wool and milk produced subsequently were collected. Some of the casein from the milk produced 1-3 hr after the injection was hydrolysed and the distribution of 14C among most of the amino acids determined. The results showed that only the following amino acids became labelled: glutamic acid, aspartic acid, proline, alanine, arginine, and serine. By analogy with earlier work on cows by Black et al. (1957) it was concluded that these amino acids are also non� essential for the tissues of the sheep.
The Effects of Washing Treatments on the Composition of Staphylococcus Aureus
Authors: Christian JHB
Published: July 2016

Cells of Staphylococcus aureU8 grown in a medium of water activity (aw) 0�993 were washed in water and in solutions of sucrose, glycerol, NaCl, KC1, NH4Cl, and MgS04 of 0�993 aw? Retention of sodium and potassium and loss of ultravioletabsorbing compounds were measured. Retention of sodium was greatest after washing in water or in glycerol solution, while potassium and ultraviolet-absorbing compounds were largely retained in all of the washing treatments
Consequences of Truncation Selection Based on Combinations of Individual Performance and General Combining Ability
Authors: Griffing B
Published: July 2016

The objective of this study is to examine in detail the immediate and longterm oonsequenoes of nine oombinations of trunoation seleotion. These oombinations result from applying one of the following oonditions to eaoh sex: (i) no seleotion, (ii) individual seleotion, and (iii) general oombining ability seleotion.
The Effect Of Carbon Dioxide Treatment Of Seeds On Flowering In Subterranean Clover
Authors: Grant Lipp AE , Ballard LAT
Published: July 2016

Dormancy breaking in the germination of .small-seeded legumes by low concentrations of CO2 has been reported by Ballard (1958) and Grant Lipp and Ballard (1959). They suggested the usefulness of this treatment in seed testing, and for securing uniform material for experimental purposes. Any possible effect which this treatment may have on flowering would be unimportant in the former application; but in some instances would be of relevance for the latter (cf. Morley and Evans 1959).
Starch Changes in Developing and Senescing Tobacco Leaves
Authors: Matheson NK , Wheatley JM
Published: July 2016

The quantitative changes in starch content during the growth and senescence of tobacco leaves have been followed. The starch content was low while the leaves were expanding but rapidly increased after expansion stopped. The maximum was reached when more than half of the original chlorophyll content had gone. The starch content was then reduced rapidly and when the leaf was all yellow there was only a small quantity of starch and this remained when the leaf turned brown.
Germination of Conidia of Peronospora Tabacina Adam I. Germination in Vitro
Authors: Shepherd CJ
Published: July 2016

Washed conidia of Perono8pora tabacina Adam germinated poorly or not at all in water alone, but germinated in the presence of riboflavin. The rate of germination of conidia in liquid suspension was enhanced by the presence of carbon and nitrogen sources, phosphate, and calcium and magnesium ions. The effects of 141 metabolites on germination and germ-tube elongation have been tested.
The Effect of Cold Shock on Spermatozoa
Authors: Choong CH , Wales RG
Published: July 2016

The effect of cold shock on bull and ram spermatozoa was studied by rapidly cooling semen suspensions to ooe over 3 min. Bull spermatozoa that survived this treatment were less susceptible to subsequent rapid cooling.
The Isolation and Properties of Some Soluble Proteins from Wool IV. The Isolation of the High-Sulphur Protein Scmkb1
Authors: Gillespie JM
Published: July 2016

A protein of high sulphur content (6,7% S) has been separated from the S.carboxymethyl derivatives of the high� sulphur proteins of Merino wool by saltingout and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose.
on the Fate of Tyrosine in Tobacco Callus Tissue II. The Lack of Incorporation Into Lignin
Authors: Dougall DK
Published: July 2016

The presence of lignin in an insoluble fraction obtained from tobacco callus tissue was shown by the production of vanillin and syringaldehyde on oxidation of the material with nitrobenzene in alkali.
Some Effects of Heavy Water on the Growth of Serratia Marcescens
Authors: Davis PS , Mcpherson GG
Published: July 2016

When Serratia marce8cen8 is grown on solid or liquid media containing heavy in place of light water, pigment production ceases. When the media contain mixtures of heavy and light water, pigment production is inversely proportional to the heavy water concentration. The results of the biochemical tests used in the identification of the organism are the same for the deuterated and normal cells with the exception that acetyl methyl carbinol production cannot be detected. It is suggested that the effects of deuteration on bacteria are of two types, transient ones following the change from one isotopic medium to the other, and permanent ones caused by the "toxicity" of deuterium. This view is compared with that of other authors.
Translocation of Labelled Assimilates in the Soybean II. The Pattern of Translocation in Intact and Defoliated Plants
Authors: Thrower StellAL
Published: July 2016

The distribution of He�labelled assimilate in the soybean has been studied, emphasis being placed on the expanding leaf as the major apical sink. The expanding leaf imports assimilate from leaves below, this import rising to a maximum and then falling to almost zero when the leaf is half-expanded. At this stage in the growth of the leaf, it has begun exporting assimilate to the younger leaves. Export, both to younger leaves and down the stem to the root, increases until the leaf is fully expanded
The Hair Pattern Developed on Disorientated Skin Grafted In 1-Day-Old Rats
Authors: Boardman W
Published: July 2016

The effect of skin disorientation on the development of hair pattern was studied by excising small pieces of skin from the mid-back of I-day-old rats and returning them with altered orientation to their original bed.
The Spatial Relationships Between Central Primary Skin Follicles During their Development in Sheep
Authors: Claxton JH
Published: July 2016

The spatial patterns of central primary follicles have been measured during development and compared on six body positions and hetween Romney X South. down cross and Merino shepp. The patterns are similar in both breeds on aU the body positions investigated and appear to be constant between 70 and 140 days of foetal age.
Chromatography of Acidic Polysaccharides on Deae-Cellulose
Authors: Jermyn MA
Published: July 2016

The chromatography of polysaccharides on resinous ion-exchangers has been reported by Steiner, Neukom, and Deuel (1958). Neukom et al. (1960) later reported the chromatography of a variety of wheat and sugar-beet polysaccharides on DEAEcellulose. Only "neutral" polysaccharides could be eluted at pH 6-8 by increasing buffer and salt concentrations; acid polysaccharides, e.g. pectic acid, were eluted by various strengths of alkali. Neutral polysaccharides could also be hromatographed at a somewhat alkaline pH by working with borate systems, which give charged complexes with many carbohydrates.
Changes in Carbohydrate, Protein, and Non-Protein Nitrogenous Compounds of Developing Wheat Grain
Authors: Jennings AC , Morton RK
Published: July 2016

Analyses were carried out on the main morphological parts of grain of Triticum. vulgare and of T. durum during development from a 'few days after flowering to maturity. The low molecular weight constituents (non-protein nitrogenous com. pounds, sucrose, reducing sugars, and .x-keto acids) decreased in concentration but the amounts per grain remained relatively constant during development. However. the macromolecular materials (starch, pentosans, and protein) increased in concentration and in amount per grain. Metabolism of developing endosperm is discussed in relation to these observations.
Cytological Studies of Protein Bodies of Developing Wheat Endosperm
Authors: Jennings AC , Morton RK , Palk BA
Published: July 2016

Fluorescence microscopy of thin sections of developing wheat endosperm previously fixed with osmium tetroxide and stained with acridine orange was used to study cellular development. Starch fonnation is predominant in the early period after flowering. The fine structure of developing endosperm cells was studied by electron microscopy of thin sections fixed and stained with osmium tetroxide or with potassium permanganate, or with formaldehyde followed by potassiumpermanganate. In addition to starch granules, numerous dense spheroidal bodies were observed. The staining reactions and the increase in numbers during growth indicated that the bodies probably consisted of storage protein. Observations on the occurrence of these protein bodies were made with three wheat varieties during two growing seasons (1959 and 1960). Based on the cytological evidence, the origin and intracellular localization of protein bodies is discussed.
The Submicroscopio Cytology of Superficial Scald, a Physiological Disease of Apples
Authors: M Bain Joan , Mercer FV
Published: July 2016

Superficial scald in Gl'Rlllly Smith apples has been examined by electron microscopy, and a detailed picture of the changes in cell structure as macroscopic scald symptoms develop has been obtained.
Studies in Artificial Selection of Quantitative Characters II. Selection for Body Weight in Drosophila Melanogaster
Authors: Sheldon BL
Published: July 2016

The method of diallel crossing within a population with random mating was used to estimate genetic parameters for body weight in an Oregon-RO laboratory stock. This showed an absence of additive genetic variability, a high proportion of non-additive genetic variability, and considerable genotype-environment interaction.
Lysogeny in Rhizobium Leguminosarum and Rh. Trifolii
Authors: A Schwinghamer E , Reinrardt DJ
Published: July 2016

Seven lysogenic strains-three of Rh. legumino8urum and four of Rh. trifoliiwere identified among a total of 54 strains from these two species and Rh. phaseoli. The Rh.leguminosarum strains may be multiply lysogenic; two of them also produce lethal agents resembling bacteriocins in their effect. Lysogeny was confumed by standard criteria of ultraviolet light inducibility, self.immunity, and reductive ability. Lysogenic conversion involving symbiotic characteristics was not observed. A minimum of six different temperate phages and two clear-plaque-forming variant phages were identified. The host range includes strains of the above three rhizobial species, but not of Rh. melilotii. Variation in host specificity of some phages following host passage is under investigation.
Electric Potentials and Auxin Translocation in Avena
Authors: Newman IA
Published: July 2016

An improved technique for measuring electric potential differences on the etiolated Avena .coleoptile is described. An electric wave has been observed to travel down the coleoptile at a speed of up to 14 mm/hr. The wave is observed either follo-wing illumination of the intact coleoptile or following application of 3�indolylacetic acid to the cut top. The wave appears to be associated-intimately with the stream of auxin being translocated. The mechanism of auxin translocation is considered in relation to the wave. It is suggested that the electric wave may be useful as a bioassay for auxin.
The Relationship Between Hydrogen Evolution, Hydrogen Exchange, Nitrogen Fixation, and Applied Oxygen Tension in Soybean Root Nodules
Authors: Bergersen FJ
Published: July 2016

Hydrogen evolution and exchange a~d nitrogen fixation by detached soybean root nodules were studied at various external oxygen tensions (p02). The main findings were:
Spermatozoa in the Genital Tract of the Ewe III. The Role of Spermatozoan Motility and of Uterine Contractions in Transport
Authors: Mattner PE
Published: July 2016

Laparotomy was performed on 28 oestrous ewes and either live or dead spermatozoa were deposited in the fallopian tubes or in one uterine horn.
The Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on Ram and Bull Spermatozoa
Authors: Wales RG , Choong CH
Published: July 2016

Ultraviolet light of wavelength 366 mp. depressed the motility of spermatozoa. more than that of wavelength 254 IDI' and the effect was greater when the spermatozoa were suspended in reconstituted skim milk diluent.
The Regulation of Invertase Synthesis in Sugar-Cane: Effects of Sugars, Sugar Derivatives, and Polyhydric Alcohols
Authors: Glasztou KT , Aldron JCW
Published: July 2016

The acid invertase content of t.issue slices from immature internodes of sugar� cane decreases rapidly when glucose is supplied in the bat.hing medium, maximum effectiveness occurring at about O� 03r-I.
Studies on the Growth of the Barley Apex
Authors: Nicholl PB , May LH
Published: July 2016

The processes of cell division and cell elongation were examined in the pith
of the rachis of the barley inflorescence from the time double ridges first appeared
until shortly before ear emergence for plants grown under continuous illumination.
Pre-Emergence Rotting of Peas in South Australia
Authors: Flentje NT
Published: July 2016

Pre-emergence rotting of wrinkle-seeded peas in the field in South Australia is usually due to attack by Pythiu1n ultimum within 96 hr of planting. Fusarium app. follow Pythium closely in invading the seed but are not a primary causa of rotting.
The Inhibition and Mutagenesis of An Rna Bacteriophage By 5-Fluorouracil
Authors: Davern CI
Published: July 2016

The yield of the RNA bacteriophage fCan 1 is strongly inhibited by 5.f1.uoro-uracil (FU). The production of non.infective phage particles in the presence of FU was demonstrated. The infective phage produced in the presence of FU have a relative plating efficiency lower than normal phage when assayed at supra-optimal temperatures, and FU was shown to be mutagenic for fean 1-Mutants sensitive to high temperature were isolated from infected cultures incubated in the presence of 2 X lQ-5M FIT. Complementation among these mutants could not be investigated because of strong interference preventing mixed infection.
Tyrosine Metabolism in Blowfly Larvae at Pupation
Authors: Hackman KN Saxen RH
Published: July 2016

In insects tyrosine has been regarded as participating in metabolic reactions which lead, not only to its incorporation in various proteins, but also to sclerotization of the cuticle (i.e. quinone cross-linking of cuticular protein). Three different meta-bolic pathways have been suggested, all of which lack direct evidence to support them. The suggested pathways are (i) oxidative deamination leading to the formation of o-quinones, (ii) non-specific hydroxylation and elimination of the side-chain leading to the formation of p-quinones, and (iii) conversion to N-acetyldopamine which is the phenolic precursor of the sclerotizing quinone. For a review of these theories see Pryor (1962) and Hackman (1964).
The Fate of Intradermal Doses of Labelled Amino Acids in Sheep
Authors: Downes AM , Sharry LF , Till AR
Published: July 2016

When sheep were given intradermal doses of 0-5 ml of 0-9% NaCl containing 5-1400 p.g L_[36S]cystine, an area of labelled wool with a much higher specific activity than the rest of the fleece and corresponding to about 7 cmll of skin was produced. Over this range of mass of cystine, about 21-1 % of the dose of 35S was incorporated into the wool grown by this area.
Potassium Retranslocation in Seedlings of Hordeum Vulgare
Authors: Greenway H , Pitman MG
Published: July 2016

Measurements have been made both on the uptake of potassium and potassium isotope from a nutrient solution and their redistribution within barley plants. During the experimental period the seedlings had three leaves which represented different stages in leaf development, i.e. from the mature to the rapidly developing stage.
The Velocity and Pattern of Assimilate Translocation in Wheat Plants During Grain Development
Authors: Wardlaw IF
Published: July 2016

The translocation of labelled assimilates from the flag leaf blade to the ear and other parts of the plant was followed in wheat, 15-20 days after anthesis. The velocity of assimilates moving through the top internode varied from 80 to 100 cm/hr and the velocity of movement down the leaf sheath was about half this value. Removing grains from the head reduced the velocity of the assimilates moving up the stem from the node and increased their downward velocity in the stem. How-ever, the rate of movement out of the leaf was unaffected by the removal of grains. With full grain development assimilates from the flag leaf moved directly from the node of insertion of the leaf up the stem to the ear. The results are discussed in relation to the vascular anatomy of wheat and the mechanism and factors controlling translocation.
Effect of Detaching Culms on Seed Development in Phalaris
Authors: Mcwilliam JR , Wardlaw IF
Published: July 2016

The development of seed in Phalari8 tubero8a has been followed both in intact culms and in culms detached from the plant and placed in water. This development occupied a period of approximately 30 days. During this time labelling experiments with 14C02 indicated that only those assimilates produced from photosynthesis in the inflorescence and in the upper part of the stem were utilized in the developing seed. These experiments also indicated that the culm can be virtually autonomous with respect to the supply of assimilate and nutrients to the developing seed.