bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Labour dystocia—risk of recurrence and instrumental delivery in following labour—a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Sandström A , Cnattingius S , Wikström AK , Stephansson O
Published: October 2012

Please cite this paper as: Sandström A, Cnattingius S, Wikström A, Stephansson O. Labour dystocia—risk of recurrence and instrumental delivery in following labour—a population‐based cohort study. BJOG 2012;119:1648–1656.

Objective  To investigate risk of recurrence of labour dystocia and mode of delivery in second labour after taking first labour and fetal and maternal characteristics into account.

Design  A population‐based cohort study.

Setting  The Swedish Medical Birth Register from 1992 to 2006.

Population  A total of 239 953 women who gave birth to their first and second singleton infants in cephalic presentation at ≥37 weeks of gestation with spontaneous onset of labour.

Methods  We used logistic regression analysis to estimate crude and adjusted odds ratios.

Main outcome measures  Labour dystocia and mode of delivery in second labour.

Results  Overall labour dystocia affected only 12% of women with previous dystocia. Regardless of mode of first delivery, rates of dystocia in the second labour were higher in women with than without previous dystocia, but were more pronounced in women with previous caesarean section (34%). Analyses with risk score groups for dystocia (risk factors were long interpregnancy interval, maternal age ≥35 years, obesity, short maternal stature, not cohabiting and post‐term pregnancy) showed that risk of instrumental delivery in second labour increased with previous dystocia and increasing risk score. Among women with trial of labour after caesarean section with previous dystocia and a risk score of 3 or more, 66% had a vaginal instrumental or caesarean delivery (17 and 49%, respectively). In women with trial of labour after caesarean section without previous dystocia and a risk score of 0, corresponding risk was 32% (14 and 18%, respectively).

Conclusion  Previous labour dystocia increases the risk of dystocia in subsequent delivery. Taking first labour and fetal and maternal characteristics into account is important in the risk assessments for dystocia and instrumental delivery in second labour.
Slums, space and spirituality: religious diversity in contemporary Brazil
Authors: Garmany Jeff
Published: October 2012

Since the late 1980s, a growing body of academic literature has focused upon the ‘evangelicalisation’ of Latin America and other, less affluent world regions (e.g. Africa and Southeast Asia). Valuable for exploring a host of interconnected social, political, economic and cultural practices, this research has consistently pondered the implications of changing religious affiliations and what the effects of these changes might hold for society and space more generally. In Brazil, for example – with more Catholics than any country in the world and a rapidly growing evangelical population – researchers suggest that the country's spiritual shift may bring with it significant political and cultural change, particularly in the impoverished urban communities (i.e. favelas) where evangelical churches are most prominent. While numerous accounts exist to document these changes and reflect upon their potentialities, few geographers, as of yet, have contributed to these debates. Still unknown are the spatial changes that accompany this spiritual shift, the ways that neighbourhoods and cities are changing, and the day‐to‐day effects of new and syncretistic religious practices. Through a case study of a favela community in northeastern Brazil, this paper considers the socio‐spatialities of religious diversity and change within Brazil's contemporary urban landscape.
Evaluating Alternative Strategies for Minimizing Unintended Fitness Consequences of Cultured Individuals on Wild Populations
Authors: BASKETT MARISSA L. , WAPLES ROBIN S.
Published: October 2012

Artificial propagation strategies often incur selection in captivity that leads to traits that are maladaptive in the wild. For propagation programs focused on production rather than demographic contribution to wild populations, effects on wild populations can occur through unintentional escapement or the need to release individuals into natural environments for part of their life cycle. In this case, 2 alternative management strategies might reduce unintended fitness consequences on natural populations: (1) reduce selection in captivity as much as possible to reduce fitness load (keep them similar), or (2) breed a separate population to reduce captive‐wild interactions as much as possible (make them different). We quantitatively evaluate these 2 strategies with a coupled demographic–genetic model based on Pacific salmon hatcheries that incorporates a variety of relevant processes and dynamics: selection in the hatchery relative to the wild, assortative mating based on the trait under selection, and different life cycle arrangements in terms of hatchery release, density dependence, natural selection, and reproduction. Model results indicate that, if natural selection only occurs between reproduction and captive release, the similar strategy performs better. However, if natural selection occurs between captive release and reproduction, the different and similar strategies present viable alternatives to reducing unintended fitness consequences because of the greater opportunity to purge maladaptive individuals. In this case, the appropriate approach depends on the feasibility of each strategy and the demographic goal (e.g., increasing natural abundance, or ensuring that a high proportion of natural spawners are naturally produced). In addition, the fitness effects of hatchery release are much greater if hatchery release occurs before (vs. after) density‐dependent interactions. Given the logistical challenges to achieving both the similar and different strategies, evaluation of not just the preferred strategy but also the consequences of failing to achieve the desired target is critical.

Evaluación de Estrategias Alternativas para Minimizar las Consecuencias No Inesperadas en la Adecuación de Individuos Criados en Cautiverio sobre Poblaciones Silvestres
Setting Realistic Recovery Targets for Two Interacting Endangered Species, Sea Otter and Northern Abalone
Authors: Chadès Iadine , Curtis Janelle M. R. , Martin Tara G.
Published: October 2012

Failure to account for interactions between endangered species may lead to unexpected population dynamics, inefficient management strategies, waste of scarce resources, and, at worst, increased extinction risk. The importance of species interactions is undisputed, yet recovery targets generally do not account for such interactions. This shortcoming is a consequence of species‐centered legislation, but also of uncertainty surrounding the dynamics of species interactions and the complexity of modeling such interactions. The northern sea otter (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) and one of its preferred prey, northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana), are endangered species for which recovery strategies have been developed without consideration of their strong predator–prey interactions. Using simulation‐based optimization procedures from artificial intelligence, namely reinforcement learning and stochastic dynamic programming, we combined sea otter and northern abalone population models with functional‐response models and examined how different management actions affect population dynamics and the likelihood of achieving recovery targets for each species through time. Recovery targets for these interacting species were difficult to achieve simultaneously in the absence of management. Although sea otters were predicted to recover, achieving abalone recovery targets failed even when threats to abalone such as predation and poaching were reduced. A management strategy entailing a 50% reduction in the poaching of northern abalone was a minimum requirement to reach short‐term recovery goals for northern abalone when sea otters were present. Removing sea otters had a marginally positive effect on the abalone population but only when we assumed a functional response with strong predation pressure. Our optimization method could be applied more generally to any interacting threatened or invasive species for which there are multiple conservation objectives.

Definición de Metas de Recuperación Realistas para Dos Especies en Peligro Interactuantes, Enhydra lutris y Haliotis kamtschatkana
Alcohol Use in Hazardous Situations: Implications for DSM‐IV and DSM‐5 Alcohol Use Disorders
Authors: Mewton Louise , Slade Tim , Memedovic Sonja , Teesson Maree
Published: October 2012

Background

The use in hazardous situations criterion (hazard) is 1 of 4 criteria related to alcohol abuse in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM‐IV), and 1 of the 11 criteria related to the new alcohol use disorder (AUD) proposed for DSM‐5. The current study aims to evaluate the hazard criterion in the context of both DSM‐IV alcohol abuse and DSM‐5 AUD.

Methods

Data came from the 2007 Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well‐Being (n = 8,841) as a stratified, multistage area probability sample of persons aged 16 to 85 years. Logistic regressions were used to: (i) compare the clinical characteristics of those with alcohol abuse including hazard and those with alcohol abuse because of other criteria; (ii) investigate the relationship between the hazard criterion and indices of socioeconomic status (SES); and (iii) investigate the effect of eliminating the hazard criterion on the epidemiology and correlates of the proposed DSM‐5 AUD diagnosis.

Results

When compared with the other abuse subgroup, those with abuse including hazard (irrespective of other abuse criteria endorsed) were more likely to report another drug use disorder. The 2 abuse subgroups could not be differentiated by any other clinical characteristics. There were no systematic relationships between the hazard criterion and indices of SES. The elimination of the hazard criterion would lead to a considerable decrease in the prevalence of AUD, with those no longer receiving a diagnosis more likely to be young males with drug use disorders and suicidal behaviors.

Conclusions

The current study failed to replicate previous analyses that indicated problems with the hazard criterion when assessed in the U.S. population. Many of the problems identified in the hazard criterion appear to be due to operationalizations of this criterion that includes items specifically related to drink‐driving. The current results indicate that the elimination of the hazard criterion would lead to a considerable decline in the prevalence of DSM‐5 AUD and risk excluding a potentially clinically significant subtype of AUD from future diagnosis.
TACR1 Genotypes Predict fMRI Response to Alcohol Cues and Level of Alcohol Dependence
Authors: Blaine Sara , Claus Eric , Harlaar Nicole , Hutchison Kent
Published: October 2012

Background

The tachykinin receptor 1 (TACR1) gene is a promising candidate gene in the search for the genetic basis of alcohol dependence (AD); TACR1 antagonists improve symptomology not only in preclinical models of AD but also in a clinical sample of detoxified alcoholics (George et al., Science 319:1536, 2008). The purpose of the current study was to determine whether TACR1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with (i) blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activation in response to gustatory alcohol cues in a sample of heavy drinkers and (ii) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, text revision (DSM‐IV‐TR) AD symptom count in a large, publicly available data set—the Study of Addictions: Genetics and Environment Genome Wide Association study (SAGE GWAS) (Bierut et al., 2010).

Methods

First, we examined relationships between TACR1 genotypes and neural responses during a craving task in 326 individuals with alcohol use disorders. Next, correlational analyses between 69 TACR1 SNPs and DSM‐IV‐TR AD symptoms were performed on the SAGE data set.

Results

rs3771863, rs3755459, and rs1106855 predicted BOLD activation in response to alcohol cues in those same reward and reinforcement brain areas, especially in the medial prefrontal cortex, striatum, and insula. rs3771863 also predicted AD symptom count in the SAGE data set and BOLD activation in the mesocorticolimbic pathway response to alcohol cues.

Conclusions

Each of the 5 SNPs in the TACR1 gene that was significantly related to AD severity in the SAGE data set and/or the BOLD response to the craving task is near the 3′ or 5′ areas of the gene and may therefore be near mutations with potential functional significance. In particular, the potential functional significance of rs1106855 should be explored because of its location within a stop codon.
Ethosuximide Reduces Ethanol Withdrawal–Mediated Disruptions in Sleep‐Related EEG Patterns
Authors: Wiggins Walter F. , Graef John D. , Huitt Tiffany W. , Godwin Dwayne W.
Published: October 2012

Background

Chronic ethanol (EtOH) leads to disruptions in resting electroencephalogram (EEG) activity and in sleep patterns that can persist into the withdrawal period. These disruptions have been suggested to be predictors of relapse. The thalamus is a key structure involved in both normal brain oscillations, such as sleep‐related oscillations, and abnormal rhythms found in disorders such as epilepsy and Parkinson's disease. Previously, we have shown progressive changes in mouse thalamic T‐type Ca2+ channels during chronic intermittent EtOH exposures that occurred in parallel with alterations in theta (4 to 8 Hz) EEG patterns.

Methods

Two groups of 8‐week‐old male C57BL/6 mice were implanted with wireless EEG/electromyogram (EMG) telemetry and subjected to 4 weeks of chronic, intermittent EtOH vapor exposure and withdrawal. During the week after the final withdrawal, mice were administered ethosuximide (ETX; 200 mg/kg) or saline. EEG data were analyzed via discrete Fourier transform, and sleep‐scored for further analysis.

Results

Chronic intermittent EtOH exposure produced changes in the diurnal rhythms of the delta (0.5 to 4 Hz) and theta bands that persisted into a subsequent week of sustained withdrawal. These disruptions were restored with the T‐channel blocker ETX. Repeated EtOH exposures preferentially increased the relative proportion of lower frequency power (delta and theta), whereas higher frequencies (8 to 24 Hz) were decreased. The EtOH‐induced decreases in relative power for the higher frequencies continued into the sustained withdrawal week for both groups. Increases in absolute delta and theta power were observed in averaged nonrapid eye movement and rapid eye movement sleep spectral data during withdrawal in ETX‐treated animals, suggesting increased sleep intensity.

Conclusions

These results suggest that persistent alterations in delta and theta EEG rhythms during withdrawal from chronic intermittent EtOH exposure can be ameliorated with ETX and that this treatment might also increase sleep intensity during withdrawal.
Decomposition of Toxic Chemical Substance Management in Three U.S. Manufacturing Sectors from 1991 to 2008
Authors: Fujii Hidemichi , Managi Shunsuke
Published: October 2012

This study analyzes toxic chemical substance management in three U.S. manufacturing sectors from 1991 to 2008. Decomposition analysis applying the logarithmic mean Divisia index is used to analyze changes in toxic chemical substance emissions by the following five factors: cleaner production, end‐of‐pipe treatment, transfer for further management, mixing of intermediate materials, and production scale. Based on our results, the chemical manufacturing sector reduced toxic chemical substance emissions mainly via end‐of‐pipe treatment. In the meantime, transfer for further management contributed to the reduction of toxic chemical substance emissions in the metal fabrication industry. This occurred because the environmental business market expanded in the 1990s, and the infrastructure for the recycling of metal and other wastes became more efficient. Cleaner production is the main contributor to toxic chemical reduction in the electrical product industry. This implies that the electrical product industry is successful in developing a more environmentally friendly product design and production process.
Variability and Uncertainty Analysis of the Cross‐Contamination Ratios of Salmonella During Pork Cutting
Authors: Smid Joost , de Jonge Rob , Havelaar Arie H. , Pielaat Annemarie
Published: October 2012

The transfer ratio of bacteria from one surface to another is often estimated from laboratory experiments and quantified by dividing the expected number of bacteria on the recipient surface by the expected number of bacteria on the donor surface. Yet, the expected number of bacteria on each surface is uncertain due to the limited number of colonies that are counted and/or samples that can be analyzed. The expected transfer ratio is, therefore, also uncertain and its estimate may exceed 1 if real transfer is close to 100%. In addition, the transferred fractions vary over experiments but it is unclear, using this approach, how to combine uncertainty and variability into one estimate for the transfer ratio. A Bayesian network model was proposed that allows the combination of uncertainty within one experiment and variability over multiple experiments and prevents inappropriate values for the transfer ratio. Model functionality was shown using data from a laboratory experiment in which the transfer of Salmonella was determined from contaminated pork meat to a butcher's knife, and vice versa. Recovery efficiency of bacteria from both surfaces was also determined and accounted for in the analysis. Transfer ratio probability distributions showed a large variability, with a mean value of 0.19 for the transfer of Salmonella from pork meat to the knife and 0.58 for the transfer of Salmonella from the knife to pork meat. The proposed Bayesian model can be used for analyzing data from similar study designs in which uncertainty should be combined with variability.
The effect of statin therapy on the formation of arteriovenous fistula stenoses and the rate of reoccurrence of previously treated stenoses
Authors: Birch Nathan , Fillaus Jennifer , Florescu Marius C.
Published: October 2012

Statins reduce inflammation in end‐stage renal disease patients and improve endothelial function beyond cholesterol lowering. Despite this, statins do not improve the maturation rate, primary patency rate, and the cumulative survival of arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs). It is unknown if statins decrease the number of stenoses developing in AVFs or prolong the intervals between angioplasties needed to treat recurring stenoses. We conducted a retrospective chart review of our 265 active dialysis patients. The statin group was significantly more likely to be diabetic (64% vs. 43.6%) and treated with aspirin (64% vs. 40%) when compared to those not treated with statins (P = 0.04 and 0.01). The mean time to first intervention (primary patency) was 16.5 months in statin users and 15.8 months in the nonstatin group (P = 0.49) with standard deviations of ±18.5 and 16.6 months, respectively. Statin use was not associated with a significant decrease in the number of stenoses diagnosed (P = 0.28). The mean time between recurrent stenoses’ angioplasties was 8.9 months in statin users and 7.3 months in the nonstatin patients (P = 0.25). Aspirin users were more likely to have a decreased primary patency (rate ratio = 1.65, P = 0.03) compared with nonaspirin users. Patients who were prescribed aspirin developed 1.6 (P 0.01) times more stenoses than those not treated with aspirin. We report for the first time that statin therapy does not decrease the number of stenotic lesions developing in the AVF or prolong the interval between procedures required to treat recurrent stenoses.
Commotio Cordis – A Report of Two Similar Cases
Authors: Zheng Na , Liang Man , Liu Yan , Liu Liang , Zhu Shao H.
Published: October 2012

Commotio cordis is a rare and fatal mechano‐electric arrhythmogenic syndrome, occurring mainly during sports activities. The present study describes two similar cases of sudden death caused by commotio cordis associated with homicide. The two decedents were both 15‐year‐old male teenagers. Both collapsed within several minutes after being punched in the precordial region, as observed by witnesses at the scenes. Although electrocardiograms were not recorded at the scenes or the hospitals, the sudden onset of cardiovascular, respiratory, and neural symptoms were consistent with sudden cardiac death caused by commotio cordis. Autopsy and forensic morphology both revealed no cardiac or pericardiac structural damage, evident lesions of other internal organs, or underlying diseases, along with negative toxicological analysis, conforming to criteria for diagnosis of commotio cordis. The diagnosis of commotio cordis by forensic pathologists is important in deliberating a verdict of homicide, especially involuntary homicide. In rare instances, a death caused by commotio cordis may have a homicide manner of death.
Inequality in oral health‐care utilisation exists among older Thais despite a universal coverage policy
Authors: Somkotra Tewarit
Published: October 2012

Aim

To assess socioeconomic‐related inequality in oral health‐care utilisation among older Thais.

Method

The data on 8951 and 11 402 older Thais (≥60 years) from national representative Thailand Health and Welfare Surveys (HWS) of 2003 and 2009, respectively, were analysed. Descriptive analyses were performed on oral health‐care utilisation, and a concentration index (CI) quantified the extent of socioeconomic‐related inequality in oral health‐care utilisation.

Results

Analyses indicated that socioeconomic‐related inequalities in oral health‐care utilisation among older Thais existed, and tended to favour those of higher socioeconomic status. However, the older poor were more likely to utilise oral health care at public facilities, particularly primary care facilities, than those of higher socioeconomic status.

Conclusion

Despite universal coverage policy, socioeconomic‐related inequalities in oral health‐care utilisations exist among the older Thais. To alleviate these, strengthening the primary health‐care system deserves particular attention.
Gender equality in Korean firms: recent evidence from HR practitioners
Authors: Patterson Louise , Bae Seong‐O , Lim Jung‐Yeon
Published: October 2012

Using surveys of human resource (HR) practitioners in Korean organizations, this paper seeks to determine why, given mass education and recent gender policy legislation, discrimination continues in South Korea by exploring the underutilization of women within Korean firms in respect to their organizational characteristics and HR practices in relationship to the recruitment, organization of work, and fair treatment in the workplace. Findings from HR practitioners identified likely causes for the gender workforce abnormalities, regardless of industry or firm size, as a function of cultural effects, since foreign‐owned firms practice more egalitarian HR practices. These sociocultural norms and HR practices may have a negative economic effect on firms. It will take time for the Korean workplace to treat everyone as equals.
Discovery of Raman-scattered lines in the massive luminous emission-line star LHA 115-S 18
Authors: Torres A. F. , Kraus M. , Cidale L. S. , Barbá R. , Borges Fernandes M. , Brandi E.
Published: October 2012

LHA 115-S 18 is a very peculiar emission-line star exhibiting the B[e] phenomenon. Located in the Small Magellanic Cloud, its spectrum shows features of an extremely wide range of excitation and ionization stages, extending from highly ionized atomic lines (Si iv, C iv, He ii) in the ultraviolet and optical regions to molecular emission bands of CO and TiO in the optical and infrared regions. The most distinguishing spectral characteristic of LHA 115-S 18 is the high variability detected in the He iiλ4686 emission line, which can be a very conspicuous or completely invisible feature.

In this work, we report on another peculiarity of LHA 115-S 18. From high-resolution optical spectra taken between 2000 and 2008, we discovered the appearance and strengthening of two emission features at λλ6825 and 7082 Å, which we have identified as Raman-scattered lines. This is the first time that these lines have been detected in the spectrum of a massive luminous B[e] star. As the classification of LHA 115-S 18 is highly controversial, we discuss how the discovery of the appearance of Raman-scattered lines in this peculiar star might help us to solve this puzzle.
Shaving and Masculinity in Eighteenth‐Century Britain
Authors: WITHEY ALUN
Published: October 2012

How did new technologies inform conceptions of masculinity in Enlightenment Britain? This article explores the practice and material culture of shaving as an expression of polite masculinity. The eighteenth‐century masculine ideal was clean‐shaven. New types of steel meant sharper and more durable razors, in turn affecting the practice of shaving. Men at this time increasingly began to shave themselves rather than visit a barber. But razor‐makers advertised their wares using carefully constructed discourses, linking razors – and shaving – to a broader male interest in science. Razors were thus simultaneously a product of, and a vector for, Enlightenment ideas.
Cutaneous epitheliotropic lymphoma with dual CD3 and c‐kit expression in a dog
Authors: Shiomitsu Keijiro , Bauer Rudy W. , Grasperge Britton J. , Suter Steven E. , Waite Kyle J.
Published: October 2012

An 11‐year‐old 8.9‐kg spayed female Boston Terrier was presented for evaluation of a mucocutaneous tumor on the right side of the upper lip that had been biopsied (punch biopsy) by the referring veterinarian. The histologic diagnosis was poorly differentiated round cell tumor involving the submucosa with patchy involvement of the mucosa. On presentation of the dog to Louisiana State University, the tumor was found to involve the mucosa and haired skin surface of the right upper lip. A fine‐needle aspirate of the right mandibular lymph node contained atypical poorly differentiated round cells similar to those in the histologic sections. To further characterize the tumor, immunohistochemical analysis of the tumor on the lip was performed; tumor cells were strongly immunoreactive for both CD3 and c‐kit in a cytoplasmic to membranous pattern, with CD3 expression having a more intense membranous component. The diagnosis was cutaneous epitheliotropic T‐cell lymphoma with co‐expression of CD3 and c‐kit by neoplastic lymphocytes, an unusual finding. As receptor tyrosine kinases can be attractive targets for cancer treatment, expression of these molecular targets in tumors is a promising subject of future research.
Preliminary evaluation of total protein concentration and electrophoretic protein fractions in fresh and frozen serum from wild Horned Vipers (Vipera ammodytes ammodytes)
Authors: Proverbio Daniela , de Giorgi Giada Bagnagatti , Pepa Alessandra Della , Baggiani Luciana , Spada Eva , Perego Roberta , Comazzi Carlo , Belloli Angelo
Published: October 2012

Background

Determination of the health status of reptiles is based on physical examination and evaluation of hematologic and biochemical values. Evaluation of serum total protein (TP) concentration and protein fractions plays an important role in health assessment; however, little is known about references value for these analytes in wild viperoid snakes. In addition, studies evaluating the stability of proteins in frozen viperoid serum are lacking.

Objective

The aims of this study were to establish preliminary reference values for concentrations ofTPand protein fractions in serum from wild vipers and to evaluate the stability of serum proteins in frozen serum samples from viperoid snakes.

Methods

Blood samples were collected from wild Horned Vipers (Vipera ammodytes ammodytes). Using fresh serum,TPconcentrations were determined using the biuret method and protein fractions were analyzed using agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE); albumin/globulin ratios were calculated. Analyses were also performed on serum frozen at −20°C for 70 days and then thawed. Pre‐ and post‐storage results were compared using the Mann–Whitney U‐test.

Results

Five adult wild Horned Vipers were sampled and comprised 4 males and 1 female. The female snake had higherTPconcentrations than the male snakes. The electrophoretic patterns demonstrated 6 protein fractions that were similar for all 5 snakes. There were no significant changes in the concentrations of the 6 protein fractions post‐storage; the percentage of the alpha‐1 fraction was increased in frozen/thawed serum.

Conclusion

Total protein concentrations in serum fromVipera ammodytes ammodyteswere in agreement with published reference intervals for healthy reptiles and viperoid snakes. Serum protein fractions were easy to identify usingAGEelectrophoresis.
Characterization of Storm Flow Dynamics of Headwater Streams in the South Carolina Lower Coastal Plain1
Authors: Epps Thomas H. , Hitchcock Daniel R. , Jayakaran Anand D. , Loflin Drake R. , Williams Thomas M. , Amatya Devendra M.
Published: October 2012

Epps, Thomas H., Daniel R. Hitchcock, Anand D. Jayakaran, Drake R. Loflin, Thomas M. Williams, and Devendra M. Amatya, 2012. Characterization of Storm Flow Dynamics of Headwater Streams in the South Carolina Lower Coastal Plain. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐14. DOI: 10.1111/jawr.12000

Abstract:  Hydrologic monitoring was conducted in two first‐order lower coastal plain watersheds in South Carolina, United States, a region with increasing growth and land use change. Storm events over a three‐year period were analyzed for direct runoff coefficients (ROC) and the total storm response (TSR) as percent rainfall. ROC calculations utilized an empirical hydrograph separation method that partitioned total streamflow into sustained base flow and direct runoff components. ROC ratios ranged from 0 to 0.32 on the Upper Debidue Creek (UDC) watershed and 0 to 0.57 on Watershed 80 (WS80); TSR results ranged from 0 to 0.93 at UDC and 0.01 to 0.74 at WS80. Variability in event runoff generation was attributed to seasonal trends in water table elevation fluctuation as regulated by evapotranspiration. Groundwater elevation breakpoints for each watershed were identified based on antecedent water table elevation, streamflow, ROCs, and TSRs. These thresholds represent the groundwater elevation above which event runoff generation increased sharply in response to rainfall. For effective coastal land use decision making, baseline watershed hydrology must be understood to serve as a benchmark for management goals, based on both seasonal and event‐based surface and groundwater interactions.
Modeling Monthly Fluctuations in Submersion Area of a Dammed River Reservoir: A Case Study1
Authors: Lu Haorong , Li S. Samuel , Guo Jinsong
Published: October 2012

Lu, Haorong, S. Samuel Li, and Jinsong Guo, 2012. Modeling Monthly Fluctuations in Submersion Area of a Dammed River Reservoir: A Case Study. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐13. DOI: 10.1111/jawr.12003

Abstract:  Fluctuations in water submersion of the Three Gorges Reservoir in China have not been explored in spite of their important implications for shoreline erosion and other undesirable consequences. This article aims to quantify the monthly fluctuations in response to changing hydraulic parameters and regional climatic factors. Flow velocity and water levels distributed along the 609‐km long dammed river reservoir are calculated with a one‐dimensional hydrodynamics model. Evaporation of water from the surface of the reservoir is determined using mass transfer‐based methods. Calculated flow velocities and water levels compare well with field data. We show that the water surface slope decreases with rising water level at the dam, and decreases to almost zero during the winter months of water storage when the downstream water level reaches the normal pool level. The submersion area varies between 830 and 1,070 km2 over the year or over 20% of the reservoir zone will experience the annual cycle of dry land and partial or complete submersion. These fluctuations are of relevance to shoreline management and to the prevention and restoration of shoreline erosion. Evaporation is estimated to fluctuate between 1,240 and 26,110 tons of water per month per kilometer length of reservoir channel; this can possibly affect the hydrological budget of the reservoir region. The simple methodologies discussed in this article can easily be applied to other dammed river reservoirs for submersion estimates.
Riparian Grazing Impacts on Streambank Erosion and Phosphorus Loss Via Surface Runoff1
Authors: Tufekcioglu Mustafa , Schultz Richard C. , Zaimes George N. , Isenhart Thomas M. , Tufekcioglu Aydin
Published: October 2012

Tufekcioglu, Mustafa, Richard C. Schultz, George N. Zaimes, Thomas M. Isenhart, and Aydin Tufekcioglu, 2012. Riparian Grazing Impacts on Streambank Erosion and Phosphorus Loss via Surface Runoff. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐11. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.12004.x

Abstract:  Surface runoff is one of the major pathways of sediment and phosphorus (P) transport to surface waters. Rainfall simulations were conducted on nine grazed pasture sites with different stocking rates in three different Iowa (United States) regions. The purpose of the simulations was to determine the impacts of cattle grazing on the amounts of sediment and P in surface runoff within a 15‐m wide strip on both sides of the stream from different source areas (SAs). These riparian SAs included stream‐side loafing areas, cattle streambank access paths to the stream, and the other vegetated areas adjacent to the streambanks. The runoff samples collected during the simulations were analyzed for suspended sediment (SS) and total phosphorus (TP). Soil bulk density and antecedent soil moisture samples were collected around the rainfall simulation plots to identify differences in compaction, infiltration, and surface runoff among the SAs. SS and TP losses from access paths and loafing areas within the 15‐m wide strips accounted for up to 72 and 55% of the total losses, respectively, even though they accounted for only 2.7% of the total area within the 15‐m wide strips. This suggests that access paths and loafing areas require special attention to mitigate the impacts of cattle on stream water pollution. Significant correlations were found between stocking rates and both SS and TP losses suggesting that low stocking rates can reduce sediment and P export to streams from the SAs.
Past population history versus recent population decline – founder effects in island species and their genetic signatures
Authors: Habel Jan Christian , Zachos Frank E.
Published: October 2012

Island populations are mostly characterized by low genetic diversity if compared with their mainland conspecifics. This is often explained as a consequence of founder effects in the wake of island colonization and concomitant bottlenecks. In a recent contribution, Stuessy et al. (Journal of Biogeography, 2012, 39, 1565–1566) point out that the genetic imprint of past founder effects is no longer visible today, as most island colonizations occurred millions of generations ago. The authors argue that low genetic diversity detectable today is mainly caused by recent environmental factors such as anthropogenic habitat destruction. This scenario should be complemented by the influence of long‐term isolation and small habitat size, which often lead to strong population fluctuations and repeated bottlenecks. In consequence, inbreeding and genetic drift, coupled with the potential effects of purging in small populations, may also result in genetic diversity remaining low for a long time after colonization.
Counselling on sun protection, a survey of French paediatricians
Authors: Mahé E. , Assathiany R. , Fay‐Chatelard F. , Taylor M. , Bouvresse S. , Navel M. , Saiag P. , Chevallier B. , Beauchet A.
Published: October 2012

Background  High sun exposure during childhood is an important risk factor for skin cancers at adulthood. Paediatricians are first in line to provide sun protection (SP) information.

Objective  To describe paediatricians’ attitudes towards SP counselling and compare French and American paediatricians’ behaviours.

Methods  Methodology used by the American Academy of Pediatrics in 2001. Validation of the French version of the questionnaire. Survey of all 1108 paediatrician members of the Association Française de Pédiatrie Ambulatoire (AFPA)

Results  More than 90% of paediatricians agreed that skin cancers are a Public Health concern, that preventing episodic high sun exposures during childhood would reduce the risk of adult melanoma, and that it is a paediatrician’s role to educate parents/patients on SP. Three quarters reported counselling all of their patients. The most important SP recommendation was to avoid sun during peak hours, followed by sunscreen use. Only 48.3% of paediatricians rated SP as very important to their patients’ health, at the 8th rank among selected preventive care topics. The most frequently identified barrier to SP counselling was cost of sunscreens followed by lack of sufficient time.

Conclusions  The majority of paediatricians believe that prevention of skin cancers is a worthy issue and it is their role to educate patients, but less than half of them consider SP as an important topic among selected preventive care issues. Although paediatricians seem to know SP measures well, their (counselling?) seems to respond to patients’ preoccupations more than to expert recommendations. French and American behaviours show some major differences.
Sabotage in Tournaments: Evidence from a Natural Experiment
Authors: Balafoutas Loukas , Lindner Florian , Sutter Matthias
Published: October 2012

Many tournaments are plagued by sabotage among competitors. Typically, sabotage is welfare‐reducing, but from an individual's perspective an attractive alternative to exerting positive effort. Yet, given its illegal and often immoral nature, sabotage is typically hidden, making it difficult to assess its extent and its victims. Therefore, we use data from Judo World Championships, where a rule change in 2009 basically constituted a natural experiment that introduced one costless opportunity for sabotage. In Judo, competitors can break an opponent's attack in an unsportsmanlike manner; these are seen as acts of sabotage. Based on a unique dataset of 1,422 fights, we find that the rule change in 2009 has led to a large increase in the use of sabotage. Moreover, sabotage is more likely to be employed by relatively less qualified individuals, and to be targeted at more qualified ones. From a survey among spectators, we show that sabotage is welfare reducing.
An Estimation of the Advantage of Charter over Public Schools
Authors: Doncel Luis Miguel , Sainz Jorge , Sanz Ismael
Published: October 2012

This paper presents new evidence on the differences in quality and achievement of public, private, and charter schools by using the educational outcomes for the more than 1,200 schools of the Madrid region over the period 2005–2009. By applying an external test including three different areas, mathematics, writing, and language, the evolution of the achievement of the pupils in the three different types of schools, public, charter, and private, are analyzed.

Our results show that charter and, especially, private schools attain better results than public schools and are more responsive to its academic evolution, both at a lower cost. Private schools do their best to converge to the leading schools in their district in the previous year, whereas public schools do not seem to do so. This result holds even after controlling for the number of immigrants in the school, the age of the school, and its size. Also, the results seem quite robust, since we tested the relevance of different variables such as immigration, socioeconomic status, and foreign students and we obtained results that support our main hypothesis.
Trust in Transitions
Authors: Latusek Dominika , Cook Karen S.
Published: October 2012

In this article we examine the link between relational trust and general trust in the context of large‐scale social and economic transformations such as those that have occurred in Poland and Russia. We argue that trust plays an important role in interpersonal relationships, but in more impersonal dealings, as in economic life, reliable and impartial institutions that create binding rules and ensure their enforcement are more important. These provide a stable framework for exchange and make it safe for people to take risks involving others they do not know directly. Relational trust, however, may be critical in situations in which institutions are weak or corrupt. And, even if economic relationships are constrained by carefully devised contracts, there remains residual uncertainty that can be resolved only by relying on trust.. If networks involving trust relationships are the dominant means for engaging in exchange, however, exchange is limited to those whom one knows personally or is linked to through close ties, and opportunities for broader exchange are constrained, which may retard the transition to a more open economy.
Roving Bandits in Action: Outside Option and Governmental Predation in Autocracies
Authors: Libman Alexander , Kozlov Vladimir , Schultz André
Published: October 2012

The paper investigates the influence of outside options on the predatory behavior of autocrats. An outside option is referred to as the opportunity of an incumbent ruler to continue his career outside his current territory of control. The paper uses data on the effectiveness of tax collection and the repressiveness of tax jurisprudence for Russian regions in 2007–2009 and finds that regions ruled by governors with substantial outside options are characterized by more repressive behavior of tax authorities. However, surprisingly, the same tax authorities collect less additional revenues for the public budget. It conjectures that the presence of an outside option induces autocrats to behave like ‘roving bandits’: they use tax audits to establish control over regional companies, but exploit this control to extract private rents rather than revenues for the regional budget used for public goods provision.
Does the Economic Cycle Change Our Prayers? A Discussion Based on Catholic Bulletins
Authors: Mourao Paulo Reis
Published: October 2012

Does the economy influence the focus of believers' prayers and their publicly acknowledged graces? This paper offers some preliminary answers to this question. Using cointegration analyses on Catholic bulletins, we found that the composition of published graces varies according to the economic cycle – a higher unemployment rate, a lower real GDP growth rate and electoral periods lead to a higher number of graces focused on economic issues (as opposed to graces motivated by other concerns, such as health). These results contribute to the literature by providing evidence that the economic cycle also influences believers' prayers and publicly acknowledged graces.
Education, Communication and Wellbeing: An Application to Sexual Satisfaction
Authors: Rainer Helmut , Smith Ian
Published: October 2012

Standard theories of household decision making assume that family members have complete information about preferences and are able to reach efficient outcomes. However, partners in intimate relationships may often need to coordinate their choices in the face of incomplete information. To reduce uncertainty there is an incentive for partners to acquire information through communication. In this study we investigate empirically the determinants of communication between partners and its consequences in the specific context of sexual satisfaction. In particular we show the importance of schooling for information acquisition effort. Although education indirectly improves sexual satisfaction through the communication mechanism, we also find direct adverse effects of schooling on sexual wellbeing. This is interpreted in terms of opportunity cost effect arising from the market returns to schooling that make it more difficult to coordinate work and love lives. The econometric estimates show that the positive communication effects of education vanish at longer relationship durations as couples learn about their preferences. While sexual satisfaction is positively correlated with life satisfaction, it is only when controlling for sexual wellbeing that schooling has a statistically signification association with overall life satisfaction.
Insights into the morphology of the Serra da Cangalha impact structure from geophysical modeling
Authors: VASCONCELOS M. A. R. , WÜNNEMANN K. , CRÓSTA A. P. , MOLINA E. C. , REIMOLD W. U. , YOKOYAMA E.
Published: October 2012

Abstract–

Forward modeling is commonly applied to gravity field data of impact structures to determine the main gravity anomaly sources. In this context, we have developed 2.5‐D gravity models of the Serra da Cangalha impact structure for the purpose of investigating geological bodies/structures underneath the crater. Interpretation of the models was supported by ground magnetic data acquired along profiles, as well as by high resolution aeromagnetic data. Ground magnetic data reveal the presence of short‐wavelength anomalies probably related to shallow magnetic sources that could have been emplaced during the cratering process. Aeromagnetic data show that the basement underneath the crater occurs at an average depth of about 1.9 km, whereas in the region beneath the central uplift it is raised to 0.5–1 km below the current surface. These depths are also supported by 2.5‐D gravity models showing a gentle relief for the basement beneath the central uplift area. Geophysical data were used to provide further constraints for numeral modeling of crater formation that provided important information on the structural modification that affected the rocks underneath the crater, as well as on shock‐induced modifications of target rocks. The results showed that the morphology is consistent with the current observations of the crater and that Serra da Cangalha was formed by a meteorite of approximately 1.4 km diameter striking at 12 km s−1.
A defect in ATP‐citrate lyase links acetyl‐CoA production, virulence factor elaboration and virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Griffiths Emma J. , Hu Guanggan , Fries Bettina , Caza Mélissa , Wang Joyce , Gsponer Joerg , Gates‐Hollingsworth Marcellene A. , Kozel Thomas R. , De Repentigny Louis , Kronstad James W.
Published: October 2012

The interaction of Cryptococcus neoformans with phagocytic cells of the innate immune system is a key step in disseminated disease leading to meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised individuals. Transcriptional profiling of cryptococcal cells harvested from cell culture medium or from macrophages found differential expression of metabolic and other functions during fungal adaptation to the intracellular environment. We focused on the ACL1 gene for ATP‐citrate lyase, which converts citrate to acetyl‐CoA, because this gene showed elevated transcript levels in macrophages and because of the importance of acetyl‐CoA as a central metabolite. Mutants lacking ACL1 showed delayed growth on medium containing glucose, reduced cellular levels of acetyl‐CoA, defective production of virulence factors, increased susceptibility to the antifungal drug fluconazole and decreased survival within macrophages. Importantly, acl1 mutants were unable to cause disease in a murine inhalation model, a phenotype that was more extreme than other mutants with defects in acetyl‐CoA production (e.g. an acetyl‐CoA synthetase mutant). Loss of virulence is likely due to perturbation of critical physiological interconnections between virulence factor expression and metabolism in C. neoformans. Phylogenetic analysis and structural modelling of cryptococcal Acl1 identified three indels unique to fungal protein sequences; these differences may provide opportunities for the development of pathogen‐specific inhibitors.