bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fos Expression after Mating in Noradrenergic Cells of the A1 and A2 Areas of the Medulla is Altered by Adrenalectomy
Authors: Cameron N. M. , Ha G. K. , Erskine M. S.
Published: September 2004

In the female rat, the integrity of the ventral noradrenergic bundle (VNAB) is necessary to carry stimuli from the uterine cervix and vagina to brain areas involved in mating‐induced pseudopregnancy. Because adrenal hormones are known to alter noradrenergic function, we examined whether adrenalectomy altered mating‐induced Fos expression in the A1 and A2 noradrenergic cell groups that project through the VNAB. Ovariectomized females were adrenalectomized (ADX) or sham‐operated (Sham) and, 2 weeks after surgery, were given oestrogen and progesterone and mated. They received 15 intromissions, five intromissions or 15 mounts‐without‐intromission (mounts‐only) from a male. Two hours after mating, rats were perfused and brains were collected; controls were perfused after being taken directly from their home cage. After immunocytochemical staining, Fos‐immunoreactive (Fos‐IR) and dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase‐immunoreactive (DBH‐IR) cells and the percentage of DBH cells that were labelled with Fos (% DBH/Fos) were counted. In the A1 area, Fos‐IR and percentage DBH/Fos were not affected by adrenalectomy. Although an overall effect of mating treatment was found for both measures, no specific mating treatment increased labelled cells above home cage levels. In the caudal, middle and rostral A2, 15 intromissions induced a significant increase in Fos‐IR in Sham females above all other groups and a higher percentage of DBH/Fos in the middle and rostral A2 areas. ADX females showed no rise in either Fos‐IR or percentage DBH/Fos after 15 intromissions. However, in the middle and rostral A2, ADX females showed significantly increased Fos‐IR and percentage DBH/Fos after mounts‐only treatment above Sham mounts‐only females and all other ADX groups. These results demonstrate that adrenal hormones suppress activation of A2 cells to mounts‐only stimuli but contribute to A2 activation in response to intromissions from males. The latter effect may result from stress associated with receipt of vaginocervical stimulation during mating.
Behavioural and Neuroendocrine Adaptations to Repeated Stress during Puberty in Male Golden Hamsters
Authors: Wommack J. C. , Salinas A. , Melloni R. H. , Delville Y.
Published: September 2004

In adult animals, the consequences of stress are often severe and long lasting. Repeated subjugation in adult male golden hamsters inhibits aggression and increases submissive and avoidant behaviours. By contrast, subjugation during puberty enhances offensive aggression. The goals of this study were to characterize behavioural and neuroendocrine responses of naïve and repeatedly subjugated juveniles to social defeat and to assess potential recovery from social stress. From the onset of puberty on postnatal day 28 (P28) to mid puberty (P42), animals were either socially subjugated or placed in a clean and empty cage for 20 min daily. The subjugated and control groups were further divided into subgroups and sacrificed under basal conditions or after social defeat on P28, P35 (early puberty), P45 (mid puberty) and P70 (early adulthood). On P35 and P45, repeatedly subjugated juveniles showed a complete inhibition of olfactory investigation (i.e. risk assessment) towards aggressive adults. Repeatedly subjugated also animals had lower postdefeat cortisol levels than controls on P45. Interestingly, basal cortisol levels increased gradually during puberty but did not differ between treatment groups at any point. Repeated subjugation was also associated with increased tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity (ir‐TH) within the extended medial amygdala. After a 4‐week recovery period, none of these variables differed between subjugated and control groups. In an additional experiment, subjugated adults also had increased ir‐TH in the medial extended amygdala, suggesting that these neurones are particularly responsive to social stress. In conclusion, puberty may be a developmental period characterized by behavioural and neuroendocrine plasticity in stress responsiveness. Furthermore, peri‐pubertal changes in stress hormones may explain why juvenile hamsters are more resilient to social stress than adults.
Malignancies in organ transplant recipients
Authors: Hoshida Yoshihiko , Aozasa Katsuyuki
Published: September 2004

The development of cancer in organ transplant recipients is well known; depressed immunosurveillance induced by the use of immunosuppressive agents for prevention of rejection is a causative factor. The types of malignancies in renal transplant patients vary geographically and are influenced by the type of immunosuppressant used. In the present study in Japan, malignancies had developed in 2.6% of renal transplant recipients; the observed number/expected number ratio was 2.78. For the primary sites, the relative risk in Japan was quite different from that in Western countries, with a lower frequency of skin cancer, an absence of Kaposi's sarcoma and higher frequencies of renal and thyroid cancer in Japan. Epstein–Barr virus is an oncogenic virus causing lymphoproliferative disorders in immunocompromised hosts. In renal transplant recipients, who usually receive hemodialysis before transplantation, human T lymphotrophic virus (HTLV)‐1 is also oncogenic and causes adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma. The HTLV‐1 in donor blood might be transmitted to transplant recipients via transfusion during hemodialysis. The epidemiology and characteristics of representative malignancies in transplant recipients are described, with a review of pertinent literature.
SHP‐1 expression in primary central nervous system B‐cell lymphomas in immunocompetent patients reflects maturation stage of normal B cell counterparts
Authors: Sugita Yasuo , Tokunaga Osamu , Nakashima Akihiko , Shigemori Minoru
Published: September 2004

SHP‐1 is an important negative regulator involved in signaling through receptors for cytokine/growth factors, and differential patterns of SHP‐1 expression in several types of B‐cell lymphomas closely resemble the patterns seen in their normal B cell counterparts. In an effort to elucidate the origin of primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSL), the present study assessed 32 cases of PCNSL. Tumors were subclassified according to WHO classification and were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for expression of antigens associated with germinal center (GC) (CD10, Bcl‐6) and non‐GC stages (SHP‐1, CD138). Twenty‐nine cases showed diffuse large‐cell centroblastic morphology, whereas three cases showed diffuse large‐cell immunoblastic morphology. The immunophenotypes of PCNSL were as follows: SHP‐1+/Bcl‐6–/CD10–/CD138– (12 of 32 cases); SHP‐1+/Bcl‐6+/CD10–/CD138– (15 of 32 cases); SHP‐1+/Bcl‐6+/CD10+/CD138– (two of 32 cases); SHP‐1+/Bcl‐6–/CD10+/CD138– (one of 32 cases); and SHP‐1–/Bcl‐6–/CD10–/CD138– (two of 32 cases). These results indicate that PCNSL might be distinct lymphomas that originate from a late germinal center to an early postgerminal center.
Immunohistochemical study of Skp2 and Jab1, two key molecules in the degradation of P27, in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Goto Akiteru , Niki Toshiro , Moriyama Sachiko , Funata Nobuaki , Moriyama Hirokazu , Nishimura Yoshihiro , Tsuchida Rika , Kato Jun‐ya , Fukayama Masashi
Published: September 2004

To clarify the association of the P27 degradation pathway proteins, Skp2 and Jab1, with the development and progression of lung adenocarcinoma (AD), we immunohistochemically investigated Skp2 and Jab1 expression together with P27‐ and Ki‐67‐labeling in 110 lung AD and 11 atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) and analyzed the relationship between the expression of these proteins and the clinicopathological factors. High Skp2 or Jab1 expression was frequent in lung AD (52/110, 47%, and 59/110, 54%, respectively), and high expression of Jab1 was also frequent in AAH (4/11, 36%), while it was not observed in normal bronchiolar epithelium. The P27 labeling index (LI) was reciprocally correlated with high Skp2 and Jab1 expression, and a higher Ki‐67 LI was significantly correlated with high Skp2 and Jab1 expression. However, low P27 expression did not correlate with a higher Ki‐67 LI. High Skp2 lung AD showed significant correlation with blood and lymphatic vessel invasion, which low P27 expression did not correlate with. Furthermore, high Skp2 expression in lung AD was significantly correlated with a poor outcome for patients. Thus, Skp2 and Jab1 regulate P27 degradation, and might contribute to the development and progression of lung AD through P27‐mediated and –unmediated mechanisms.
Extranodal marginal zone B‐cell lymphoma of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) arising in the small intestine with monoclonal cryoglobulinemia
Authors: Saito Tadashi , Tamaru Jun‐ichi , Kishi Hirohisa , Kayao Junko , Kuzuu Yoshihiko , Wakita Hisashi , Adachi Akiko , Itoyama Shinji , Mikata Ittaku
Published: September 2004

A case of small intestinal extranodal marginal zone B‐cell lymphoma of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) with monoclonal cryoglobulinemia is described. The patient was a woman in her mid‐sixties with purpura of the bilateral lower legs and abdominal pain. An immunoserological investigation showed expression of IgM‐kappa type monoclonal cryoglobulin. A renal biopsy specimen revealed proliferative glomerulonephritis with cryoglobulin deposition. Physical examination disclosed a stenosis, edematous changes and ascariasis in the small intestine. In aspiration cytology of the ascites, proliferation of the atypical lymphoid cells with plasmacytoid differentiation was observed. These cells were positive for B‐lineage antigens in immunocytochemistry, and showed an immunoglobulin heavy‐chain gene rearrangement in Southern blotting and chromosomal alteration in G‐banded karyotype analysis. Although medicinal treatment was used, the patient died of general prostration. The diagnosis of intestinal MALT lymphoma was made at autopsy. Expression of API2‐MALT1 fusion transcripts was detected by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction analysis using formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue. Intestinal MALT lymphomas with API2‐MALT1 expression have distinctive forms of infiltration compared with those without translocation. Therefore, detection of API2‐MALT1 fusion transcripts is useful for evaluating the prognosis and clinical behavior of the disease.
Case of combined adrenal cortical adenoma and myelolipoma
Authors: Matsuda Takaharu , Abe Hiroshi , Takase Masaru , Arakawa Atsushi , Matsumoto Toshiharu , Fujime Makoto , Suda Koichi
Published: September 2004

We report a case of myelolipoma 10 mm in size within a functional cortical adenoma that was 33 × 22 × 17 mm in size. A 29‐year‐old woman was referred to hospital for transient hypertension. A right adrenal tumor was detected by computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Her cortisol levels indicated a loss of the normal diurnal pattern, and urinary 17‐hydroxycorticosteroids was elevated. She underwent a right adrenalectomy under the diagnosis of adrenal adenoma with Cushing's syndrome. The tumor was fairly well encapsulated by a thin layer of connective tissue. The major tumor portion was composed of two distinct cell types, clear cells and eosinophilic cells, arranged in an alveolar structure. These findings were representative of cortical adenoma. The adrenal cortical adenoma centrally included well‐demarcated adipose tissue admixed with scattered islands of myelopoietic elements: erythroblasts, myeloid cell series and lymphocytic cells, which was eventually recognized as myelolipoma. Recently, adrenal myelolipoma has commonly been found because of the ease of detecting it as an incidentaloma by CT scan or MRI. However, the present adrenal myelolipoma case is uncommon because it is combined with a functioning cortical adenoma. Only six similar cases have previously been reported in English and Japanese publications. Furthermore, in the present case, the myelolipoma formed a tumor nodule, and to our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a radiographically recognizable tumor nodule. We discuss the etiology of myelolipoma and suggest that myelolipoma can develop in the course of endocrine hyperfunction.
Spindle cell lipoma in an intramuscular lipoma
Authors: Usta Ufuk , Türkmen Emine , Mizrak Bülent , Yildiz Duran , Güzel Zeki
Published: September 2004

Intramuscular lipoma (IML) is a relatively common variant of lipomas. The most important sites for IML are the large muscles of the extremities. Spindle cell lipoma (SCL) is a rare and distinct variant of lipoma. Most SCL arise in the neck, shoulders or back. It has also been described in unusual sites, such as the oral cavity, larynx, bronchus, breast, orbit and extremities. However, localization of a SCL in an IML has not been described yet. Thus, we present the first SCL located in an IML, which was localized underneath the fascia and embedded within the left sartorius muscle of a 55‐year‐old man. Microscopically, the SCL component of the tumor was sharply circumscribed by a fibrous capsule and clearly seperated from the IML in which it was localized. The collagen‐forming spindle cells of the SCL showed neither atypia nor pleomorphism. These cells stained positive for CD34, while the mature fat tissue component of the SCL was positive for S‐100 protein and negative for CD34. Spindle cells were negative for S‐100 protein. Vimentin stained both components of the SCL, as well as the striated muscle fibers and mature fat tissue of the IML. In conclusion, careful morphological observation along with immunohistochemistry for CD34 and S‐100 protein are essential to differentiate this rare tumor from lesions that enter the differential diagnosis.
Age of onset and the characteristics of asthma
Authors: HSU Jeng‐Yuan , KING Shiang‐Ling , KUO Benjamin Ing‐Tiau , CHIANG Chi‐Der
Published: September 2004

Objective:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of asthma in patients with different ages of disease onset.

Methodology:  Five hundred and four asthmatic patients (303 males and 201 females) were divided into five groups based on age of onset (group I, age of onset < 15 years old; group II, 15–24 years old; group III, 25–44 years old; group IV, 45–64 years old; and group V, > 64 years old). The relationship between age of onset and the characteristics of asthma, including lung function, reversibility, atopic status and the incidence of coexistent allergic rhinitis was assessed. Multivariate analysis, adjusted for the duration of disease, gender, educational level, smoking status, and degree of previous inhaled corticosteroid treatment, was performed.

Results:  Thirty per cent of the patients developed asthma before they were 14 years old (group I), and the percentages of those developing asthma at other ages of onset were: group II, 12%; group III, 29%; group IV, 21% and group V, 8%. In all, 57.6% of the asthmatic patients had coexistent allergic rhinitis; younger patients tended to have this comorbidity. The pulmonary function of older onset asthma patients was worse than that of early onset patients. The multivariate analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between the reduction of pulmonary function and duration of the disease (P < 0.001), but there was no relationship between pulmonary function and gender (P = 0.502), educational level (P = 0.734), smoking pack‐years (P = 0.902), or degree of use of inhaled corticosteroid treatment (P = 0.586).

Conclusion:  Asthma is a heterogeneous disease with a wide variety of presentations. This study provides information about the disease characteristics and their relationship with age of onset. Further study is necessary to determine why these differences exist.
Molecular polymerase chain reaction diagnosis of pulmonary mucormycosis caused by Cunninghamella bertholletiae
Authors: KOBAYASHI Makoto , TOGITANI Kazuto , MACHIDA Hisanori , UEMURA Yoshiki , OHTSUKI Yuji , TAGUCHI Hirokuni
Published: September 2004

Objective:  Mucormycosis is an uncommon but frequently fatal infection caused by strains of mucorales in immunocompromised hosts. In this study, we report a case of pulmonary mucormycosis associated with acute lymphocytic leukaemia caused by Cunninghamella bertholletiae, a rare pathogen.

Methodology:  Retrospective analysis of the stored serum, sputum, and necropsy lung tissue samples from this patient, enabled subspecies identification by means of panfungal polymerase chain reaction (PCR), direct DNA sequencing of the PCR products, and homology search with nucleotide basic local alignment search tool.

Results:  The development of a reliable diagnostic blood test for angio‐invasive fungal infections such as mucormycosis is desirable, because the sensitivity of culture for these fungi is extremely low.

Conclusion:  Panfungal PCR on serial serum samples might be useful for the diagnosis of pulmonary mucormycosis.
Improved activities of daily living, psychological state and health‐related quality of life for 12 months following lung volume reduction surgery in patients with severe emphysema
Authors: GOTO Yoko , KUROSAWA Hajime , MORI Nobuyoshi , KUROKAWA Yoshimochi , HIDA Wataru , KOHZUKI Masahiro
Published: September 2004

Objective:  The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS), with an emphasis on improvement in activities of daily living (ADL), psychological state and health‐related quality of life (HRQL), for 12 months in patients with severe emphysema.

Methodology:  Eighteen male patients (mean age ± SD: 65.2 ± 6.4 years) who underwent LVRS following pulmonary rehabilitation (LVRS group) and 12 patients (67.0 ± 8.1 years) who were medicated and underwent pulmonary rehabilitation (non‐LVRS group) were studied. LVRS was performed by video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery. Serial measurements of lung function, 6‐min walking distance (6MWD), ADL, HRQL and psychological state scores were performed before surgery and 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery (in the LVRS group), or on the day of discharge (in the non‐LVRS group).

Results:  As well as an improvement in FEV1 and 6MWD, ADL scores were significantly improved in the items of ‘face washing and teeth brushing’, and ‘indoor walking’ at 3 months after LVRS (P < 0.05). At 12 months, an improvement was still found in ‘indoor walking’ and ‘bathing’. HRQL scores were ameliorated at 3–12 months after LVRS. In the non‐LVRS group, ADL and HRQL scores failed to improve in any items during the 12 months of observation. Psychological state scores were maintained in the LVRS group and were better than those in the non‐LVRS group at 12 months (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:  Lung volume reduction surgery improves not only lung function and exercise performance but also ADL, HRQL and psychological state for at least 12 months.
Uncontrolled trial of sparfloxacin in retreatment of pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: RAO Sukhesh
Published: September 2004

Objective:  The aim of the present report was to study the role of sparfloxacin in retreatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Methodology:  Sixteen patients with sputum‐smear‐positive pulmonary tuberculosis were given sparfloxacin (200 mg daily), along with isoniazid and para‐aminosalicylic acid plus additional drugs where indicated. They were followed up and assessed by sputum‐smear microscopy and chest X‐ray regularly for the entire duration of follow up, which ranged from 15 to 18 months.

Results:  Twelve patients completed treatment and achieved a satisfactory response in the form of persistent sputum negativity and radiologically quiescent disease. Two patients defaulted after 6 months and one patient discontinued medications because of severe gastrointestinal intolerance. One patient died before completion of the treatment as a result of the sequelae of the disease.

Conclusions:  Sparfloxacin can be used as a companion drug along with other drugs in retreatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. The advantages of this drug are a high safety profile, low cost of treatment and easy availability, which are important determinants, especially in developing countries.
Radiology in pleural disease: State of the art
Authors: EVANS Amlyn L. , GLEESON Fergus V.
Published: September 2004

Abstract:  Diseases of the pleura and pleural space are common and present a significant contribution to the workload of the chest radiologist. The radiology department plays a crucial role in the imaging and management of pleural disease. This review aims to describe and illustrate the appearances of common pleural pathologies on various radiological modalities including plain film, ultrasound, CT, magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography. The review will also address the state‐of‐the‐art techniques used to image pleural disease and discuss image‐guided intervention in the management of pleural disease.
Mesothelial cell proliferation and apoptosis
Authors: LEARD Lorriana E. , BROADDUS V. Courtney
Published: September 2004

Abstract:  Mesothelial cells line the pleural and peritoneal surfaces, where under normal conditions they proliferate and undergo cell death at a slow rate, thereby maintaining a constant number of cells. These tightly regulated processes are disrupted in malignancy. By developing a better understanding of the mechanisms that regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis in mesothelial and mesothelioma cells, we may be able to develop more effective therapeutic agents that target specific steps in these pathways to induce apoptosis more efficiently. This paper reviews our current knowledge of the signaling pathways involved in the regulation of mesothelial cell proliferation and apoptosis. The latest advancements in identifying proteins that play key roles in the resistance to apoptosis are highlighted.
Determinants of cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, focusing on activities parallel to daily living
Authors: NAKAMURA Yoichi , TANAKA Kiyoji , SHIGEMATSU Ryosuke , HOMMA Toshiaki , SEKIZAWA Kiyohisa
Published: September 2004

Objective:  The purpose of this study was to examine whether activities parallel to daily living (APDL) constitute a determinant index of cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Methodology:  Four functional physical fitness parameters were investigated in 38 male patients (mean age 69.8 ± 6.7 years) with moderate to severe COPD. The parameters measured were muscular strength (grip strength), muscular endurance strength (arm curl, keeping a half‐squat position) and regulation (walking around two cones). In addition, cardiorespiratory fitness was measured using a 6‐min walking distance test (6MWD) and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) was measured during bicycle ergometer testing. Maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximal expiratory pressure were measured so as to quantify respiratory muscle strength.

Results:  There were significant correlations (P < 0.05) between the VO2peak, muscular endurance, pulmonary function and respiratory muscle strength. There were also significant correlations of VO2peak to muscular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance strength and regulation. In stepwise multiple regression analysis, per cent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s and MIP appeared to be significant determinants of VO2peak, showing a total variance of 56% (P < 0.05). For the 6MWD, the significant determinants were forced vital capacity, MIP and performance in the half‐squat test, showing a variance of 59% (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:  The results suggest that cardiorespiratory fitness is strongly affected by MIP, pulmonary function and muscular endurance strength, as APDL depend on lower‐limb use.
The Future of Occupational Health Psychology
Authors: Schaufeli Wilmar B.
Published: September 2004

A partir de la prise en considération de la nature changeante du travail, on a identifié trois thèmes prospectifs pour la psychologie de la santé au travail: 1) l’examen des caractéristiques des lieux de travail; 2) la recherche sur les effets des pratiques organisationnelles; 3) la recherche‐action. On recense aussi cinq catégories de recherches dans la psychologie de la santé au travail, chacune pouvant contribuer à sa façon aux développements futurs du domaine: 1) la recherche explicative (le développement conceptuel de modèles de stress au travail, le développement d’une perspective d’action personnelle); 2) la recherche descriptive (des études épidémiologiques, les relations avec les paramètres organisationnels objectifs); 3) le développement des outils (la standardisation des questionnaires de stress au travail, l’évaluation des performances); 4) la recherche‐action (l’utilisation de programmes de recherche plus rigoureux, l’évaluation coût‐efficacité); 5) le changement organisationnel (des comptes rendus plus systématiques des projets de changement, une plus grande attention portée à la mise en oeuvre des projets). Finalement, pour que la psychologie de la santé au travail puisse se développer à l’avenir d’une façon plus équilibrée, on insiste sur la nécessité d’une mutation théorique en passant d’un modèle de la maladie à un modèle de la santé authentique.

Taking into account the changing nature of work, three future topics for occupational health psychology were identified: (1) surveillance of workplace characteristics; (2) research on effects of organisational practices; (3) intervention research. Furthermore, five types of research in occupational health psychology are distinguished, each of which may contribute in its own specific way to future developments in the field: (1) explanatory research (e.g. conceptual development of job stress models, development of a personal agency perspective); (2) descriptive research (e.g. epidemiological studies, relationships with objective organisational parameters); (3) tool development (e.g. standardisation of job stress questionnaires, benchmarking); (4) intervention research (e.g. the use of more rigorous research designs, evaluation of cost‐effectiveness); (5) organisational change (e.g. more systematic accounts of change projects, more attention for implementation of projects). Finally, the necessity of a paradigm shift from a disease model towards a genuine health model is emphasised so that occupational health psychology may develop in future in a more balanced way.
Three Avenues for Future Research on Creativity, Innovation, and Initiative
Authors: Rank Johannes , Pace Victoria L. , Frese Michael
Published: September 2004

La créativité, l’innovation et l’initiative sont des processus psychologiques qui facilitent la transformation des rôles professionnels individuels, des équipes et des organisations en ce qui est souhaitable. Cet article est donc axé sur des orientations de recherche virtuelles de ce secteur de plus en plus important. Plus précisément, nous indiquons trois graves lacunes, à savoir la nécessité d’une plus grande différenciation des processus, d’une intégration des concepts et d’une analyse transculturelle. Tout d’abord, les différents antécédents potentiels de la créativité spécifique ou des phases de l’innovation ont bénéficié d’une attention insuffisante. Ensuite, la recherche sur la créativité et l’innovation peut être enrichie par une intégration des concepts de proactivité récemment développés telles que l’initiative personelle et la parole. Enfin, les différences transculturelles dans les valeurs, les orientations motivationnelles et les préférences relatives au leadership peuvent rendre compte de la façon dont la créativité et l’innovation sont mises en œuvre et cultivées à travers le monde. Eu égard à chacun de ces futurs défis, nous faisons des suggestions pour des avancées théoriques et empiriques et discutons des développements virtuels pratiques et méthodologiques.

Creativity, innovation, and initiative are psychological processes that facilitate the transformation of individual work roles, teams, and organisations into desired future states. Therefore, the present paper focuses on potential research trends in this increasingly important area. Specifically, we identify three substantive gaps reflecting the needs for greater process differentiation, concept integration, and cross‐cultural analysis. First, potential differential antecedents of specific creativity or innovation phases have received insufficient attention. Second, the creativity and innovation research domain may benefit from an integration of recently developed proactivity concepts such as personal initiative and voice behavior. Third, cross‐cultural differences in values, motivational orientations, and leadership preferences may determine how creativity and innovation are enacted and cultivated across the globe. With respect to each of these future challenges, we provide suggestions for theoretical and empirical advancements and discuss potential practical and methodological developments.
Organising Learning in Work Contexts
Authors: Poell Rob F. , Van Dam Karen , Van Den Berg Peter T.
Published: September 2004

On assiste dans le domaine du développement des ressources humaines à un passage de l’optique formation à la perspective apprentissage. La formation est de plus en plus perçue comme seulement l’une des solutions disponibles pour mettre en place les processus d’apprentissage dans les organisations de travail, et pas toujours comme étant la plus efficace. Les autres formes d’apprentissage ont pris beaucoup d’importance dans la dernière décennie, en particulier celles étroitement reliées au travail quotidien, sur le lieu de travail et dans le cadre élargi de la culture organisationnelle qui devient un puissant outil d’apprentissage. Après avoir retracé l’histoire du passage de la formation à l’apprentissage, l’article propose trois orientations pour de futures investigations: le travail comme facteur potential d’apprentissage, l’apprentissage sur le lieu de travail et les environnements formateurs. A l’intérieur de chacun de ces thèmes, on analyse d’éventuelles pistes de recherche et quelques problématiques stimulantes sont présentées.

The field of human resource development is in the process of shifting from a training to a learning orientation. Increasingly, training is viewed as just one possible way to organise learning processes in work organisations, and not always the most effective one. Other ways of organising learning processes have gained much interest in the last decade, particularly those closely related to everyday work, in the context of the workplace, and in the broader organisational culture as a powerful learning environment. After explaining the history of the shift from training to learning, the article proposes three domains for further research: (1) the learning potential of work, (2) learning in the workplace, and (3) learning environments. Within each of these themes, possible research avenues are discussed and some challenging research questions are put forward.
The Psychology of the Employment Relationship: An Analysis Based on the Psychological Contract
Authors: Guest David E.
Published: September 2004

On esquisse des perspectives conduisant à des changements dans les relations de travail et à la nécessité d’élaborer un cadre conceptuel convenant au monde actuel. La notion de contrat psychologique représente un modèle utile et l’on résume plusieurs études qui ont l’ont adoptée pour aborder certains aspects des relations de travail. A partir de ces investigations, on montre que le contrat psychologique doit être élargi pour accorder davantage de poids au contexte et à ce qui est décrit comme relevant du contenu même de ce contrat, à savoir les idées d’équité et de confiance qui résident au cœur des relations de travail. On présente un programme pour de futures recherches exploitant ce modèle.

Developments are outlined that are leading to changes in employment relations and to the need for a conceptual framework that has contemporary relevance. It is proposed that the psychological contract provides a useful framework, and different studies that have adopted the psychological contract to study aspects of employment relations are outlined. Building on these, it is argued that the psychological contract needs extending to give greater weight to context and to what is described as thestateof the psychological contract, incorporating issues of fairness and trust that lie at the heart of employment relations. Based on this model, an agenda for future research is presented.
Performance Management: A Model and Research Agenda
Authors: Den Hartog Deanne N. , Boselie Paul , Paauwe Jaap
Published: September 2004

Le management est confronté au défi lancé aux organisations quand elles doivent définir, mesurer et stimuler la performance des salariés avec pour objectif ultime d’améliorer la performance organisationnelle. La gestion des performances implique différents niveaux d’analyse et est manifestement reliée à l’évaluation des performances et aux thèmes relevant du management stratégique des ressources humaines (MRH). Cet article présente un modèle convenant à la gestion des performances qui combine des perspectives issues du MRH stratégique et des psychologies organisationelle et du travail. Le modèle intègre des éléments de différents niveaux et enrichit les modèles antérieurs en prenant explicitement en compte la perception des salariés, le rôle des supérieurs directs et une causalité qui peut être inversée. On présente enfin les défis que les futures recherches devront affronter.

Performance management deals with the challenge organisations face in defining, measuring, and stimulating employee performance with the ultimate goal of improving organisational performance. Thus, performance management involves multiple levels of analysis and is clearly linked to the topics studied in strategic human resource management (HRM) as well as performance appraisal. This paper presents a model for performance management combining insights from strategic HRM and work and organisational psychology. The model incorporates multi‐level elements, and adds to previous models by explicitly incorporating employee perceptions, the role of direct supervisors, and possible reversed causality. Challenges for future research are also presented.
A Dynamic, Multi‐Level Model of Culture: From the Micro Level of the Individual to the Macro Level of a Global Culture
Authors: Erez Miriam , Gati Efrat
Published: September 2004

Cet article propose un modèle de la culture à plusieurs niveaux, composé de caractéristiques dynamiques et structurelles qui rendent compte de l’interaction entre les différents niveaux de culture. On commence par présenter un résumé des modèles existants de la culture, puis on poursuit en proposant le modèle de la culture à plusieurs nivaeux. La dimension structurelle représente la construction emboîtée de la culture depuis le niveau le plus extensif d’une culture globale jusqu’à la représentation de la culture au niveau individuel en passant par les cultures nationale, organisationnelle et de groupe. La nature dynamique de la culture évoque les processus descendants et ascendants quand l’un des niveaux culturels entraîne des changements à d’autres niveaux. Plus particulièrement, le modèle soutient que le niveau le plus global de la culture affecte, par l’internédiaire de processus descendants, les changements comportementaux des gens relevant de différentes cultures. Inversement, des changements comportementaux au niveau individuel deviennent, grâce aux processus ascendants, des valeurs et des normes comportementales partagées, modifiant la macroculture. L’article demande que l’om passe de la culture conçue comme une entité stable à la culture perçue comme étant une entité dynamique, et que l’on accorde davantage d’intérêt aux interactions entre les différents niveaux de culture.

This paper proposes a multi‐level model of culture, consisting of structural and dynamic characteristics that explain the interplay between various levels of culture. The paper begins with a summary of existing models of culture and continues with the proposed multi‐level model of culture. The structural dimension represents the nested structure of culture from the most macro level of a global culture, through national, organisational and team cultures, and down to the representation of culture at the individual level. The dynamic nature of culture conveys the top‐down–bottom‐up processes where one cultural level affects changes in other levels of culture. Specifically, the model proposes that globalisation, as the macro level of culture, affects, through top‐down processes, behavioral changes of members in various cultures. Reciprocally, behavioral changes at the individual level, through bottom‐up processes, become shared behavioral norms and values, modifying the culture of a macro level entity. The paper calls for a shift in the research focus on culture as stable, to culture as a dynamic entity and for a greater focus on the interplay between different levels of culture.
The Dangers of Resource Myopia in Work and Organisational Psychology: A Plea for Broadening and Integration
Authors: Drenth Pieter J.D. , Heller Frank
Published: September 2004

On souligne dans cet essai les limites de l’approche quantitative traditionnelle en psychologie du travail et des organisations. Il est nécessaire de s’orienter vers un élargissement de la palette des méthodes une ouverture sur de nouveaux problèmes et une meilleure intégration d’une part avec les disciplines connexes, d’autre part avec les applications des résultats des recherches pour garantir l’utilité et la mise en œuvre de la future psychologie du T&O. Ce qui ne signifie pas que les microproblèmes doivent être laissés de côté, mais on part du principe que la psychologie du T&O ne doit pas être privée de la possibilité de s’attaquer aux questions de niveau moyen et global, souvent les plus pertinentes, sous prétexte que l’on ne dispose pas des outils appropriés pour les traiter.

In this essay the limitations of the traditional quantitative approach in work and organisational psychology are put forward. It is argued that an extension of the methods, a broadening of the type of problems to be addressed, and a stronger integration with associated disciplines as well as with the application and implementation of the research findings are needed to ensure the usefulness and application of future W&O psychology. It is not suggested that micro‐level problems should not be investigated, but it is postulated that W&O psychology should not be deprived of the opportunity to tackle other, and often more relevant, meso‐ and macro‐level issues because we lack appropriate tools for attacking them.
An Empirical Analysis of Cost Efficiency in Non‐profit and Public Nursing Homes
Authors: Farsi Mehdi , Filippini Massimo
Published: September 2004

Abstract***:  This paper examines the issue of cost‐efficiency in Switzerland's nursing homes, an issue of concern to policy makers because of the rapid growth of elderly care expenditure and the aging of the population. The fact that nursing homes in Switzerland exist in different institutional forms, private for‐profit, government and non‐profit status, raises the issue of their relative cost efficiency. A panel data of 17 public and 19 nonprofit nursing homes operating over the 9‐year period from 1993 to 2001, in one of the 26 Swiss cantons, Ticino, is studied. Ticino's nursing homes are heavily regulated and monitored by the canton's authorities. However, given that in public firms there are more bureaucratic constraints and agency problems, one can expect a relatively low level of cost‐efficiency. In this paper the effect of institutional form on efficiency is studied using a translog stochastic cost‐frontier model. Several specifications are used to study the robustness of the results. The results suggest that the institutional form influences the efficiency of the studied nursing homes in that non‐profit foundations are likely to be more cost‐efficient than the nursing homes operated by government administration. The results also suggest that a great majority of the nursing homes in the sample do not fully benefit from scale economies. This implies that efficiency gains can be obtained with larger capacities or joint operations.
Timepieces: Components of Survey Question Response Latencies
Authors: Johnson Martin
Published: September 2004

Political scientists have increasingly found that the time respondents require to answer survey questions is a useful measure of the strength of political attitudes. However, questions remain about the collection, use, and interpretation of response time data— particularly latencies collected during telephone interviews, far removed from the controlled environment of a laboratory setting. This paper uses a theoretical model of question response to decompose survey response time data into three hypothesized elements—components of response time attributable to baseline individual differences, systematic question effects, and the accessibility of the attitudes being targeted. These findings have implications for the study of political attitudes and other mental constructs, as well as practical implications for public opinion survey researchers using response time data.
Support and Nonsupport for Nationalist Rebellion: A Prospect Theory Approach
Authors: Masters Daniel
Published: September 2004

Prospect theory has been advanced as one way to link intentional rebellious action and the influence of social conditions on individual decisions to support such action. This study extends the application of prospect theory by explaining tendencies toward action or inaction among individuals within identical social contexts. Put simply, the way in which people define reference points has an effect on how they perceive violent options. These perceptions may invoke inaction biases among members of a constituent community. This explanation is explored with illustrative examples drawn from interviews with individuals who supported or did not support rebellious action in Northern Ireland (in 1998) and in the West Bank and Gaza Strip (in 1999). The interview data suggest that territorial demands are an important factor in how rebellious options are perceived.
What Does It Mean to Be an American? Patriotism, Nationalism, and American Identity After 9/11
Authors: Li Qiong , Brewer Marilynn B.
Published: September 2004

The period of heightened nationalism in the United States that followed the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 provided unusual conditions for investigating issues surrounding the distinction between patriotism and nationalism and the relationship between national identification and pluralistic values. In a survey of national identity and social attitudes conducted in late September 2001, two different definitions of national unity were inserted in the introduction to the questionnaire in an attempt to prime activation of different conceptualizations of nationality. Results demonstrated that the priming conditions did have an effect on the pattern of interrelationships among measures of patriotism, nationalism, and tolerance for cultural diversity.
Globalization and Religious Nationalism: Self, Identity, and the Search for Ontological Security
Authors: Kinnvall Catarina
Published: September 2004

The globalization of economics, politics, and human affairs has made individuals and groups more ontologically insecure and existentially uncertain. One main response to such insecurity is to seek reaffirmation of one's self identity by drawing closer to any collective that is perceived as being able to reduce insecurity and existential anxiety. The combination of religion and nationalism is a particularly powerful response (“identity‐signifier”) in times of rapid change and uncertain futures, and is therefore more likely than other identity constructions to arise during crises of ontological insecurity.
Assessment of the response to imatinib in chronic myeloid leukemia patients – comparison between the FISH, multiplex and RT‐PCR methods
Authors: Raanani Pia , Ben‐Bassat Isaac , Gan Shlomit , Trakhtenbrot Luba , Mark Ziva , Ashur‐Fabian Osnat , Itskovich Svetlana , Brok‐Simoni Frida , Rechavi Gideon , Amariglio Ninette , Nagler Arnon
Published: September 2004

Abstract:  Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the kinetics of molecular response in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients treated with imatinib and to compare between the fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), multiplex and real‐time quantitative RT‐PCR (RQ‐PCR) methods with this respect. Methods: Molecular follow‐up was carried out on 24 CML patients treated with imatinib. FISH analysis was performed according to the standard protocol. For RT‐PCR the multiplex and RQ‐PCR methods were used. Results: Sixty‐three percent and 52% of the patients achieved complete remission according to FISH and multiplex RT‐PCR analyses, respectively. Seventy‐five percent of the patients achieved remission within the first year of treatment. In 83% of the cases the FISH and RT‐PCR results were concordant. RQ‐PCR analysis was carried out on 32 of the 41 samples negative by multiplex RT‐PCR but only nine were negative. All samples with a BCR–ABL/ABL ratio below 2% were also negative by FISH. There was an excellent correlation between the RQ‐PCR and the FISH tests. Conclusions: Molecular remission according to FISH and multiplex RT‐PCR can be achieved by imatinib within 1 yr of therapy. There is a good correlation between the FISH, multiplex and RQ‐PCR results in terms of the kinetics of disappearance of the BCR–ABL transcript and the predictability of each method for the other. Although RQ‐PCR is the most sensitive method for molecular follow‐up, FISH and multiplex RT‐PCR can be used as complementary tools, at least during the early period of treatment.
Pharmacokinetics of pegylated recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor in healthy volunteers and patients with hematological disorders
Authors: Tanaka Hideji , Takama Hirotaka , Arai Yasumasa , Azuma Junichi , Ohno Ryuzo , Ikeda Yasuo , Mizoguchi Hideaki
Published: September 2004

Abstract:  Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine the pharmacokinetics of pegylated recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor (PEG‐rHuMGDF) in healthy volunteers with normal hematopoiesis and patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), and aplastic anemia (AA). Methods: PEG‐rHuMGDF was intravenously administered to healthy volunteers and patients with ITP, AML, MDS, and AA. The serum concentration of PEG‐rHuMGDF was measured and the pharmacokinetics was investigated using non‐linear mixed‐effects modeling technique. Results: The systemic clearance (CL) and volume of distribution at steady‐state (Vss) consistently decreased in the healthy subjects, when the dose increased. In AML patients, CL and Vss decreased when the dose increased, but the change of CL was not statistically significant. In contrast, no significant dose dependency of these parameter estimates was observed in MDS patients. In AA patients there was no significant change in Vss but the CL of the higher dose groups was slightly smaller than that of the lower dose groups. Relatively smaller CL and Vss in ITP patients than those of healthy volunteers at the same dose were observed. Conclusions: This saturable pathway of CL may involve the receptor‐mediated endocytosis and degradation by megakaryocyte lineage cells and platelets. The saturable distribution space can be also explained by the receptors on hematopoietic cells. The non‐saturable distribution space corresponds to the value of plasma and interstitial fluid volume.