bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficient and Practical Catalytic Vinylogous Aldol Reaction of Dioxinone‐Derived Silyl Dienol Ethers with Aromatic Aldehydes.
Authors: Ollevier Thierry , Desyroy Valerie , Catrinescu Cristian , Wischert Raphael
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave‐Assisted Simple, One‐Pot, Four‐Component Synthesis of 2,4,6‐Triarylpyrimidines under Solvent‐Free Conditions
Authors: Adib Mehdi , Mahmoodi Niusha , Mahdavi Mohammad , Bijanzadeh Hamid Reza
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 3‐Amino‐2‐methyl/ethyl‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro[1]benzothieno [2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐4(3H)‐one and Its Schiff Bases as Possible Antimicrobial and Non‐steroidal Antiinflammatory Agents.
Authors: Narayana B. , Ashalatha B. V. , Raj K. K. Vijaya , Kumari N. Suchetha
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Heteropolyacid—Silica Mediated [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides — A Facile Multicomponent One‐Pot Synthesis of Novel Dispiroheterocycles.
Authors: Babu A. R. Suresh , Raghunathan R.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Microwave‐Assisted Heck Reaction in Poly(ethylene glycol) for Synthesis of Benzazepines.
Authors: Declerck Valerie , Ribiere Patrice , Nedellec Yannig , Allouchi Hassan , Martinez Jean , Lamaty Frederic
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Synthesis, X‐Ray Structural Determination, Conformational Analysis and Anomeric Effect Study of 3,7‐Di(3‐nitrophenyl)‐1,5‐dioxa‐3,7‐diazacyclooctane.
Authors: Kakanejadifard A. , Mahmodi L. , Yari A. , Mohajeri A.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Podocarpaside, a Triterpenoid Possessing a New Backbone from Actaea podocarpa.
Authors: Ali Zulfiqar , Khan Shabana I. , Ferreira Daneel , Khan Ikhlas A.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nepalese Crude Drugs. Part 29. Chemical Constituents of Dronapuspi, the Whole Herb of Leucas cephalotes Spreng.
Authors: Miyaichi Yukinori , Segawa Akiko , Tomimori Tsuyoshi
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Radical‐Scavenging Activities of New Megastigmane Glucosides from Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.‐Arg.
Authors: Matsunami Katsuyoshi , Takamori Ichiko , Shinzato Takakazu , Aramoto Mitsunori , Kondo Kazunari , Otsuka Hideaki , Takeda Yoshio
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Iridoid Glucosides from the Aerial Parts of Verbena brasiliensis.
Authors: Ono Masateru , Oishi Kanna , Abe Hiroaki , Masuoka Chikako , Okawa Masafumi , Ikeda Tsuyoshi , Nohara Toshihiro
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cucurbitane Glycosides from Unripe Fruits of Lo Han Kuo (Siraitia grosvenori).
Authors: Li Dianpeng , Ikeda Tsuyoshi , Matsuoka Nanae , Nohara Toshihiro , Zhang Hourui , Sakamoto Tatsunori , Nonaka Gen‐Ichiro
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Labdane Diterpenes from the Stem Bark of Larix laricina.
Authors: Pichette Andre , Lavoie Serge , Morin Pierre , Mshvildadze Vakhtang , Lebrun Maxime , Legault Jean
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Antimalarial Activity of Sesquiterpene Lactones from Vernonia cinerea.
Authors: Chea Aun , Hout Sotheara , Long Christophe , Marcourt Laurence , Faure Robert , Azas Nadine , Elias Riad
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chemoselective Protection of Solid‐Phase Compatible Fmoc‐Phosphinic Building Blocks.
Authors: Nasopoulou Magdalini , Matziari Magdalini , Dive Vincent , Yiotakis Athanasios
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Synthesis of All Possible Stereomers of 4‐Aminoglutamic Acid via Michael Condensation of Chiral Ni(II) Complexes of Glycine and Dehydroalanine.
Authors: Saghiyan A. S. , Geolchanyan A. V.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Acetylenic Glucosides from Carthamus tinctorius.
Authors: Zhou Yu‐Zhi , Ma Hong‐Yu , Chen Huan , Qiao Li , Yao Yao , Cao Jian‐Qing , Pei Yue‐Hu
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Sequential Baylis—Hillman Reaction and Radical Cyclization of Furanose Derivatives: Expeditious Approach to Enantiopure Benzo‐Fused Nine‐Membered Oxacycles.
Authors: Majhi Tirtha Pada , Neogi Arpita , Ghosh Soumen , Mukherjee Alok Kumar , Chattopadhyay Partha
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Trehalose Mimics by Bismuth(III) Triflate or Bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide‐Catalyzed 1‐C‐Methyl‐D‐hexopyranosylation.
Authors: Yamanoi Takashi , Inoue Ryo , Matsuda Sho , Katsuraya Kaname , Hamasaki Keita
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Construction and Structural Characterization of Versatile Lactosaminoglycan‐Related Compound Library for the Synthesis of Complex Glycopeptides and Glycosphingolipids.
Authors: Naruchi Kentarou , Hamamoto Tomoki , Kurogochi Masaki , Hinou Hiroshi , Shimizu Hiroki , Matsushita Takahiko , Fujitani Naoki , Kondo Hirosato , Nishimura Shin‐Ichiro
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Short and Efficient Approach Towards Buxozine‐C, an Alkaloid from Buxus sempervirens.
Authors: Liu Hai‐Feng , Ji Min , Cai Jin
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
First Total Synthesis of the 2,7‐Naphthyridine Alkaloids Lophocladine A and B.
Authors: Lotter Matthias , Schilling Johannes , Reimann Eberhard , Bracher Franz
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium(0)‐Catalyzed Allylation of Heterocyclic Nucleophiles with Unsaturated Carbohydrates.
Authors: de Oliveira Ronald N. , Mendonca Francisco J. B. Jr. , Sinou Denis , de Melo Sebastiao J. , Srivastava Rajendra M.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Versatile Synthetic Method for Sphingolipids and Functionalized Sphingosine Derivatives via Olefin Cross Metathesis.
Authors: Yamamoto Tetsuya , Hasegawa Hiroko , Hakogi Toshikazu , Katsumura Shigeo
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Enantiospecific Strategy to all Four Diastereomers of A‐Ring Enyne Synthon of 1α,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3.
Authors: Srikrishna A. , Gharpure Santosh J. , Kumar Praveen P.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Flexible Route to Immunosuppressive Agent FR252921. Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Its (13R,14R,19R)‐Isomer.
Authors: Yu Shouyun , Liu Feng , Ma Dawei
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Natural Inhibitors Targeting Osteoclast‐Mediated Bone Resorption.
Authors: Zeng Guang‐Zhi , Tan Ning‐Hua , Hao Xiao‐Jiang , Mu Quan‐Zhang , Li Rong‐Tao
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Novel Pyrazole‐Linked Norcantharidin Derivatives of Substituted Aromatic Amines with Efficient 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition.
Authors: Deng Liping , Hu Yongzhou
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Four New Kabiramides from the Thai Sponge, Pachastrissa nux.
Authors: Petchprayoon Chutima , Asato Yumiko , Higa Tatsuo , Garcia‐Fernandez Luis F. , Pedpradab Suwigarn , Marriott Gerard , Suwanborirux Khanit , Tanaka Junichi
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Inorganic Nanotubes and Fullerene‐like Nanoparticles
Authors: Tenne R.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
How Does Confinement Affect the Catalytic Activity of Mesoporous Materials?
Authors: Goettmann Frederic , Sanchez Clement
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Excess Electrons Stabilized on Ionic Oxide Surfaces
Authors: Chiesa Mario , Paganini Maria Cristina , Giamello Elio , Murphy Damien M. , Di Valentin Cristiana , Pacchioni Gianfranco
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cyanines Bearing Quaternary Azaaromatic Moieties
Authors: Sliwa Wanda , Matusiak Grazyna , Bachowska Barbara
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of Lactacystin and Salinosporamide A
Authors: Shibasaki Masakatsu , Kanai Motomu , Fukuda Nobuhisa
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Norepinephrine Re‐uptake Inhibitors for Depression, ADHD and Other Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Authors: Kamalesh Babu Ruppa P. , Maiti Samarendra N.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthetic Applications of Hexafluoroacetone. Part 3. Synthesis of Partially Fluorinated Heterocycles from 4,4‐Bis(trifluoromethyl) Substituted Hetero‐1,3‐dienes via C—F Bond Activation and Their Application as Trifluoromethyl Substituted Building Blocks
Authors: Burger Klaus , Hennig Lothar , Spengler Jan , Albericio Fernando
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Fluorine‐Containing 2‐Functionalized 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds for Heterocyclic Synthesis
Authors: Burgart Yanina V. , Saloutin Viktor , Chupakhin Oleg N.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Molecular Interrelations in the Melodinus Alkaloids
Authors: Szabo Laszlo F.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Free‐Radical Reductions Mediated by Chiral Stannanes, Germanes, and Silanes
Authors: Beckmann Jens , Dakternieks Dainis , Schiesser Carl H.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Catalysis by Heterogeneous Catalysts
Authors: Coman Simona M. , Poncelet Georges , Parvulescu Vasile I.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Solid‐Supported Lipid Bilayers: From Biophysical Studies to Sensor Design
Authors: Castellana Edward T. , Cremer Paul S.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rings, Radicals, and Regeneration: The Early Years of a Bioorganic Laboratory
Authors: van der Donk Wilfred A.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Acyl Glucuronides: Biological Activity, Chemical Reactivity, and Chemical Synthesis
Authors: Stachulski Andrew V. , Harding John R. , Lindon John C. , Maggs James L. , Park B. Kevin , Wilson Ian D.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Paclitaxel Prodrugs: Toward Smarter Delivery of Anticancer Agents
Authors: Skwarczynski Mariusz , Hayashi Yoshio , Kiso Yoshiaki
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Development of Conductive Organic Molecular Assemblies: Organic Metals, Superconductors, and Exotic Functional Materials.
Authors: Saito Gunzi , Yoshida Yukihiro
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Metathesis of Heteroatom‐Substituted Olefins and Alkynes: Current Scope and Limitations.
Authors: Van de Weghe Pierre , Bisseret Philippe , Blanchard Nicolas , Eustache Jacques
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ligand‐Based Vascular Targeting of Disease
Authors: Rybak Jascha‐N. , Trachsel Eveline , Scheuermann Joerg , Neri Dario
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Dipolar Interactions and Hydrogen Bonding in Supramolecular Aggregates: Unterstanding Cooperative Phenomena for 1st Hyperpolarizability
Authors: Datta Ayan , Pati Swapan K.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Development of Non‐Viral Vector Based on the Quantitative Comparison of Intracellular Trafficking with Viral Vector
Authors: Akita Hidetaka , Hama Susumu , Mizuguchi Hiroyuki , Harashima Hideyoshi
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Luminescent Transition‐Metal Polypyridine Biotin Complexes
Authors: Lo Kenneth Kam‐Wing , Hui Wai‐Ki , Chung Chi‐Keung , Tsang Keith Hing‐Kit , Lee Terence Kwok‐Ming , Ng Dominic Chun‐Ming
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nucleotide Sugar Transporters of the Golgi Apparatus: From Basic Science to Diseases
Authors: Caffaro Carolina E. , Hirschberg Carlos B.
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Scent of Therapy: Pharmacological Implications of Natural Products Containing Redox‐Active Sulfur Atoms
Authors: Jacob Claus
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Electrochemical Oxidation of Organic Pollutants for the Wastewater Treatment: Direct and Indirect Processes
Authors: Martinez‐Huitle Carlos A. , Ferro Sergio
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Benchmarking State‐of‐the‐Art ab initio Thermochemical Predictions with Accurate Pulsed‐Field Ionization Photoion—Photoelectron Measurements
Authors: Lau Kai‐Chung , Ng Cheuk‐Yiu
Published: March 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Fluorescent Probes for Rapid Screening of Potential Drug–Drug Interactions at the CYP3A4 Level
Authors: Chougnet Antoinette , Grinkova Yelena , Ricard David , Sligar Stephen , Woggon Wolf‐D.
Published: March 2007

Steroid derivatives bearing fluorescent groups such as anthracene, dansyl, deazaflavin, and pyrene attached to C6 were synthesized. These compounds are unique inhibitors of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and display similar IC50values in the μMrange for the CYP3A4 substrates midazolam, testosterone, and nifedipine. On binding to CYP3A4, the fluorescence of the dansyl, deazaflavin, and pyrene probes is quenched by photophysical interaction of the fluorophore with the heme. The addition of drug candidates with binding constants in the nM–μMrange causes displacement of the probes from the active site, and hence leads to restoration of fluorescence. Accordingly, relative affinities of drug candidates to CYP3A4 can be easily and accurately determined by fluorescence measurements.
Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Modeling Investigation of Chiral Phenoxyacetic Acid Analogues with PPARα and PPARγ Agonist Activity
Authors: Fracchiolla Giuseppe , Laghezza Antonio , Piemontese Luca , Carbonara Giuseppe , Lavecchia Antonio , Tortorella Paolo , Crestani Maurizio , Novellino Ettore , Loiodice Fulvio
Published: March 2007

Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand‐activated transcription factors that govern lipid and glucose homeostasis, and play a central role in cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes. Thus, there is significant interest in developing new and specific agonists for these receptors. Herein we present screening results for a series of chiral phenoxyacetic acid analogues, some of which are potent PPARα agonists as well as PPARγ agonists. The stereochemistry of these compounds plays an important role in determining their activity; the S isomers were observed to be more active than the corresponding R isomers. Interestingly, for one of these analogues, the stereoselectivity toward PPARα was reversed, and for this reason docking experiments were performed to rationalize this peculiar behavior.
Vascular proliferations of the skin after radiation therapy for breast cancer: Clinicopathologic analysis of a series in favor of a benign process
Authors: Gengler Carole , Coindre Jean‐Michel , Leroux Agnés , Trassard Martine , Ranchère‐Vince Dominique , Valo Isabelle , Michels Jean‐Jacques , Guillou Louis
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND.

Cutaneous vascular proliferations that occur in the field of prior radiotherapy include angiosarcoma and small, cutaneous lesions with a pseudosarcomatous pattern that previously were reported as atypical vascular lesions or benign lymphangiomatous papules.

METHODS.

The objective of this study was to investigate the clinicopathologic features and outcomes of 56 radiation‐induced vascular proliferations that occurred in 36 patients who received previous treatment for breast carcinoma. Data from all patients were retrieved from the files of the French Sarcoma Group. Immunostaining with D2.40 antibody was performed in 24 lesions.

RESULTS.

All patients (median age, 52 years) had received external radiotherapy. Small papules developed within the field of prior radiotherapy (median latency interval, 66 months). Microscopically, the lesions were relatively well circumscribed, and they were located mostly in the superficial/middermis. They were composed of dilated or irregular‐jagged vascular channels that were lined by a single layer of bland endothelial cells, and they demonstrated either a predominately lymphangioendothelioma‐like or lymphangioma/lymphangioma circumscriptum‐like growth pattern. Micropapillary tufts were common findings. Ten lesions showed additional cytologic and/or architectural atypia. Twenty of 24 lesions showed D2.40 positivity. Follow‐up information was available for 31 patients (median follow‐up, 48 months): Five women developed new cutaneous lesions, and 1 woman had spontaneous regression of her lesions. None of the patients developed cutaneous angiosarcoma. Five patients were lost to follow‐up.

CONCLUSIONS.

Although vascular proliferations in irradiated skin may mimic angiosarcoma morphologically, the large majority of these lesions showed a benign clinical outcome. Despite relatively limited follow‐up, the current results indicate the benign nature of these vascular proliferations. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
On the existence of potential landscape in the evolution of complex systems
Authors: Ao Ping , Kwon Chulan , Qian Hong
Published: March 2007

A recently developed treatment of stochastic processes leads to the construction of a potential landscape for the dynamical evolution of complex systems. Since the existence of a potential function in generic settings has been frequently questioned in literature, here we study several related theoretical issues that lie at core of the construction. We show that the novel treatment, via a transformation, is closely related to the symplectic structure that is central in many branches of theoretical physics. Using this insight, we demonstrate an invariant under the transformation. We further explicitly demonstrate, in one‐dimensional case, the contradistinction among the new treatment to those of Ito and Stratonovich, as well as others. Our results strongly suggest that the method from statistical physics can be useful in studying stochastic, complex systems in general. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 12: 19–27, 2007
How large should a complex system be? An application in organizational teams
Authors: Millhiser William P. , Solow Daniel
Published: March 2007

This article investigates when a growing team benefits from being divided and how complex interactions among workers and management impact this decision. The proposed model—a modification of Kauffman's NK model—has the property that team performance decreases as the size of the team increases. Analytical results and computer simulations show how team size, the amount of supervision, worker performance, interaction among employees, relationships between management and labor, and leadership skill affect when a team should be split. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 12: 54–70, 2007
Territories, corridors, and networks: A biological model for the premodern state
Authors: Smith Monica L.
Published: March 2007

When depicted on maps as homogenous territorial wholes, ancient states are visually summarized as static entities in a way that conceals the highly fluid dynamics of polity formation, maintenance, and growth. Models derived from studies of animal behavior show that “territory” does not consist of an undifferentiated use of the landscape. Instead, the concept of territory can be parsed into a series of resource‐rich nodes linked by corridors of access, surrounded by unutilized regions and boundaries marked at points of competition. Ancient human groups also can be analyzed as having perceived and occupied landscapes through strategies of flexible networks in which nodes and corridors were surrounded by unutilized spaces around which boundaries were selectively identified and defended. This strategy is identifiable in human social groups at different levels of complexity ranging from hunter‐gatherers through ancient chiefdoms and states. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 12: 28–35, 2007
Experimental reconsideration of spatio‐temporal dynamics observed in fluid‐elastic oscillator arrays from complex system viewpoint: From vibrating pipes in heat exchangers to waving plants in agricultural fields
Authors: Kuroda Masaharu , Moon Francis C.
Published: March 2007

Transition from local complexity to global spatio‐temporal dynamics in a two‐dimensional array of fluid‐elastic oscillators is examined experimentally with an apparatus comprising 90‐1000 cantilevered rods in a wind tunnel as the Reynolds number (based on rod diameter) is increased from 200 to 900. A cluster‐pattern entropy measure is introduced as a quantitative measure of local complexity. As the intensity of interaction among neighboring elements (in this case, frequency of collisions among rods) increases, a set of the elements (in this case, a rod‐array) achieves globally better‐organized behavior. On the basis of accelerometer data, the rod impact rate versus flow velocity shows a power‐law scaling relation. Video images reveal that, initially, each rod moves individually; then clusters consisting of several rods emerge. Finally, global wave‐like motion occurs at higher flow velocities. Each wave‐like motion has its specific frequency and spatial wavelength, which vary according to wind velocity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 12: 36–47, 2007
A Delivery System for Precursor Vapors Based on Sublimation in a Fluidized Bed
Authors: Vahlas C. , Caussat B. , Senocq F. , Gladfelter W. L. , Aloui L. , Moersch T.
Published: March 2007

A fluidized‐bed, solid‐precursor delivery system is found to overcome the mass and heat transport problems encountered in a fixed‐bed system. To achieve ideal fluidization behavior, a combination of solid precursor (minor component) and inert particles such as alumina or silica (major component) are charged to the vessel. Using [Al(acac)3] as a test precursor and operating at 423K, the rate of mass transport is measured as a function of the carrier gas flow rate. When operating at carrier gas flow rates above the minimum value required to fluidize the bed, the precursor flow rate significantly exceeds the performance of the fixed‐bed system. A simple model of a solid‐precursor delivery system is developed to quantify the relationship between operating conditions and gas‐phase precursor flow rate. The concept of the fluidized bed, solid‐precursor delivery system is validated by directing the precursor and carrier gas mixture into a CVD reactor where the flow is combined with a source of water vapor and oxygen to deposit amorphous Al2O3 films on coupons of a Ti6242 alloy.
Thermodynamic Stability of Small GanNn Clusters as Intermediates in GaN CVD
Authors: Tafipolsky M. , Schmid R.
Published: March 2007

Small stoichiometric, as well as some nonstoichiometric, gallium nitride clusters of the type GanNm (n + m ≤ 8) are investigated by density functional theory (DFT), MP2, and coupled cluster, CCSD(T), calculations. The lowest energy structures of the stoichiometric clusters and the corresponding products after the loss of a nitrogen molecule have been determined. It is shown that, above room temperature, they are unstable against the loss of nitrogen molecules and therefore are even less stable than the bulk material. Thus, these clusters can be ruled out as direct intermediates for the formation of bulk GaN. This has been ignored up to now and is of crucial importance for the decomposition mechanism of single‐molecule precursor systems. It is argued that the azide group can stabilize a tetrahedral arrangement of four gallium atoms around the N atom, and a nonstoichiometric gallium nitrogen cluster like gallium azide, GaN3, can play an important role as an intermediate during the formation of bulk GaN in CVD.
Editorial: Special Issue on EUROCVD‐15
Authors: Fischer Roland A.
Published: March 2007

The EUROCVD conferences are a forum for some of the very best research in chemical vapor deposition. In this Editorial, Guest Editor Roland Fischer overviews his selection of the in‐depth studies presented in this issue, based on contributions made to EUROCVD‐15 in Bochum, Germany, 2005.
Influence of a Large σ‐Donor Ligand on Structural and Catalytic Properties of Di‐Iron Compounds Related to the Active Site of Fe‐Hydrogenase – A DFT Investigation
Authors: Greco Claudio , Bruschi Maurizio , Fantucci Piercarlo , De Gioia Luca
Published: March 2007

The complex (S2C3H6)[Fe2(CO)5P(NC4H8)3] (A), a recently synthesized functional model of the active site of Fe‐hydrogenases, is able to electrocatalyze proton reduction, leading to molecular hydrogen evolution. Experimental results suggested that the presence of the electron donor P(NC4H8)3 ligand in A could favor the formation of a μ‐CO species similar to that observed in the enzymatic cluster. However, insight into the structural features of key catalytic intermediates deriving from reduction and protonation of A was still lacking. Here we present results obtained using density functional theory to evaluate structures, relative stabilities, and spectroscopic properties of several species relevant for the electrocatalytic H2 evolving process. The results enabled us to unravel the structure of the μ‐CO complex experimentally detected after monoelectronic reduction of A. Moreover, we show that the introduction of the large electron‐donor ligand P(NC4H8)3 in the biomimetic complex does not favour the stabilization of terminal‐hydrido adducts, which are expected to be very reactive in terms of H2 production. The comparison of our findings with previous theoretical and experimental results obtained on similar model complexes suggests that the introduction of an electron donor ligand as good as P(NC4H8)3, but less sterically demanding, could represent a better choice to facilitate the formation of μ‐CO complexes more closely resembling the structure of the enzymatic cluster.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Structure of the Triaquatricarbonylrhenium(I) Cation and Its Conjugate Base
Authors: Herrick Richard S. , Ziegler Christopher J. , Çetin Aníl , Franklin Brenton R.
Published: March 2007

The crystal structure of the Re(CO)3(H2O)3+ cation has been determined from crystals obtained by evaporation of an aqueous solution of [Re(CO)3(H2O)3]Br. The bromide ion is incorporated in the Re2(CO)9(μ3‐Br)3– anion. A second structure was obtained by removal of bromide as AgBr and precipitation of the Re(CO)3(H2O)3+ cation with PF6–. In the latter structure the conjugate base, Re(CO)3(OH)(H2O)2 is co‐crystallized in the structure. Each structure along with the previously known cubane [Re(CO)3(μ3‐OH)]4·4H2O was obtained multiple times during crystallization studies. The use of other anions to generate crystalline products was unsuccessful. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Medium Effect on the Reaction of N‐Butyl‐2,4,6‐trinitroaniline with NaOH
Authors: Salum María Laura , de Rossi Rita H. , Buján Elba I.
Published: March 2007

The kinetics of the reaction of N‐butyl‐2,4,6‐trinitroaniline (3) with NaOH have been studied in 10 and 60 % 1,4‐dioxane/H2O at 25 °C. In both cases, several processes were observed. In 10 % 1,4‐dioxane/H2O the only product formed was 2,4,6‐trinitrophenol (4), whereas in 60 % 1,4‐dioxane/H2O a mixture of 4 and 5,7‐dinitro‐2‐propyl‐1H‐benzimidazole 3‐oxide (5) was observed in ratios that depend on the HO– concentration. A mechanism involving the formation of σ complexes through the addition of one or two HO– anions to unsubstituted ring positions is proposed for 2,4,6‐trinitrophenol formation. The presence of these complexes was confirmed by NMR studies in 60 % [D8]1,4‐dioxane/D2O. The mechanism suggested for the formation of the N‐oxide includes the cyclization of an N‐alkylidene‐2‐nitrosoaniline‐type intermediate as the rate‐determining step. The decrease in solvent polarity produces a decrease in the observed rate constant for the formation of 4 of about one order of magnitude making the cyclization reaction a competitive pathway. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
An Imidazolium‐Based Phosphinite Ionic Liquid (IL‐OPPh2) as a Reusable Reaction Medium and PdII Ligand in Heck Reactions of Aryl Halides with Styrene and n‐Butyl Acrylate
Authors: Iranpoor Nasser , Firouzabadi Habib , Azadi Roya
Published: March 2007

A new imidazolium‐based phosphinite ionic liquid (IL‐OPPh2) is reported as an effective reusable medium and suitable PdII ligand for C–C bond formation through Heck coupling reactions of aryl iodides, bromides and also chlorides with styrene and n‐butyl acrylate. The ionic liquid, still containing its corresponding PdII complex, was easily recovered and reused in several runs without losing its efficiency.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Direct Preparation of N‐Glycosidic Bond‐Linked Nonionic Carbohydrate‐Based Surfactant (NICBS) via Ritter Reaction
Authors: Wang Zerong Daniel , Sheikh Samia O. , Cox Shannon , Zhang Yulu , Massey Keegan
Published: March 2007

The Ritter reaction has been successfully extended to the direct preparation of N‐glycosidic bond‐linked nonionic carbohydrate‐based surfactants from carbohydrates and nitriles in the presence of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf) and silver perchlorate (AgClO4) on a high‐speed mechanical shaker. The new surfactant molecules have the features of low toxicity, environmental compatibility and biodegradability. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Development of a Progesterone Immunosensor Based on a Colloidal Gold‐Graphite‐Teflon Composite Electrode
Authors: Carralero V. , González‐Cortés A. , Yáñez‐Sedeño P. , Pingarrón J. M.
Published: March 2007

A novel amperometric immunosensor for the determination of progesterone, based on direct attachment of antiprogesterone on a gold nanoparticles‐modified graphite‐Teflon composite electrode is reported. Competitive assay involving progesterone labeled with alkaline phosphatase (AP), and 1‐naphtyl phosphate as the enzyme substrate, was employed. The product of the enzyme reaction, 1‐naphtol was detected amperometrically at +0.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Variables involved in the immunosensor preparation such as the colloidal gold loading and the amount of anti‐Prog immobilized, as well as in the immunosensing event (pH, Prog/Prog‐AP ratio and volume) were optimized. A calibration plot was obtained for progesterone with a linear range between 0 and 30 ng mL−1, and a slope value, −1.2 nA ng−1 mL, which is remarkably higher than that reported for other progesterone biosensors. A good repeatability of the amperometric measurements, RSD=3.5% (n=10), and an acceptable fabrication reproducicility, RSD=8.2% (n=3), were obtained. The developed anti‐Prog‐Aucoll‐graphite‐Teflon immunosensor was applied to the progesterone determination in milk. Recovery at the 3.5 ng mL−1 progesterone concentration level was of 101±6% (n=7).
Micropatterning and Impedance Characterization of an Electrically Percolating Layer‐by‐Layer Assembly
Authors: Everett W. Neil , Jan C. Jason , Sue H.‐J. , Grunlan Jaime C.
Published: March 2007

Micropatterned layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assemblies were studied as a potential platform for sensor applications by performing impedance characterization throughout a range of electrolyte concentrations. Conductive LbL thin films were prepared with carbon black nanoparticles dispersed in the polymer matrix to provide an electrically conductive network. LbL assemblies were micropatterned using a photolithographic lift‐off method, and a test circuit was constructed as multiple interdigitating coplanar electrodes. Impedance spectra were collected between 104 and 106 Hz within a flow cell containing NaCl solutions ranging from 0.001–1.0 M. These preliminary results demonstrate the ability to pattern conductive LbL composites and underscore the potential utility and shortcomings of their use in sensor applications.
Simultaneous Determination of Ascorbic Acid and Uric Acid by Using a PVC/TTF‐TCNQ Composite Electrode as Detector in a FIA System
Authors: Cano Manuel , Palenzuela Beatriz , Ávila J. Luis , Rodríguez‐Amaro Rafael
Published: March 2007

A PVC/TTF‐TCNQ composite electrode has been employed as detector in a flow injection system. The proposed method allows the simultaneous detection of ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA) in mixtures by using a FIA system in a simple manner, without pre‐treatment or modified electrode. This method is based on the amperometric determination of (a) ascorbic acid at 0.15 V and (b) both analytes at 0.35 V, being the response linear in the range 1×10−2–4×10−4 M for both analytes with detection limits (S/N=3) of 1.2×10−4 M and 8.1×10−5 M for AA and UA, respectively.
Clinical mitochondrial dysfunction in uninfected children born to HIV‐infected mothers following perinatal exposure to nucleoside analogues
Authors: Benhammou Valérie , Tardieu Marc , Warszawski Josiane , Rustin Pierre , Blanche Stéphane ,   on behalf of the French Perinatal Cohort
Published: March 2007

Clinical and biological observations of mitochondrial dysfunction in children exposed to zidovudine (azidothymidine, AZT) during the perinatal period rapidly followed similar observations in animal experiments. To date, two different disorders have been identified. The first, asymptomatic hyperlactatemia, is observed during treatment in one third of exposed newborns, and is reversible with treatment cessation. In rare cases, it is associated with symptomatic acidosis. Regression may be slow, taking up to several months after the end of the treatment. The long‐term clinical consequences of this biochemical disturbance are unknown. The second disorder involves severe neurological symptoms, which become clinically detectable during the first 2 years of life. These symptoms are associated with a series of biochemical and ultrastructural changes consistent with persistent mitochondrial dysfunction. This latter phenomenon is rare, and affects only 0.3–0.5% of exposed children in the French pediatric cohort, in which observations continue. Despite initial controversy, several similar observations in other cohorts have since confirmed its occurrence. The pathophysiology of these two mitochondrial dysfunctions may differ. Continued efforts to identify and understand clinical mitochondrial toxicities are essential, given the intensification and diversification of perinatal prophylaxis strategies, and the number of pregnant women potentially involved. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The meta‐analysis of the Italian studies on short‐term effects of air pollution (MISA): old and new issues on the interpretation of the statistical evidences
Authors: Bellini Pierantonio , Baccini Michela , Biggeri Annibale , Terracini Benedetto
Published: March 2007

The second meta‐analysis of the Italian studies on short‐term health effects of air pollution, known as MISA‐2, was based on daily time series of indicators of both pollution and of health outcomes. It covered 15 cities during 1996–2002 for a total population of approximately nine millions. Health outcomes included mortality for natural causes, for respiratory diseases and for cardiovascular conditions, as well as hospital admissions for respiratory, cardiac and cerebrovascular diseases. Pollutants considered in univariate analyses were sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), suspended particulate matter (SPM) measuring less than 10 µm diameter (PM10) and ozone (O3, limited to the summer period). Results, including risk estimates, have been largely confirmatory of findings obtained in previous large meta‐analytic studies carried out in North America and in Europe. A full report in Italian is available. The present contribution summarises the results of MISA‐2 and addresses three major issues regarding their interpretation: robustness of the causal inferential process, the role of specific air pollutants and the reliability of risk estimates. The former issue is stressed according to Bradford Hill's criteria and the conclusion is reached that at least for the association of air pollution with an increase in mortality the evidence for causality is strong. Assessing the role of each air pollutant is problematic: there is some evidence that the effects of PM10 are partly confounded by other pollutants, but PM10 may not be the best indicator of the role of air SPM (routine measures of PM2.5 have not been introduced in Italy). As for risk estimates, the per cent increase in risk of mortality for unit increase in PM10 concentration, measured in MISA‐2, is remarkably similar to estimates in other studies and there is indication for linearity of the dose–response relationship. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The establishment and degeneration of a temporary creek system in response to managed coastal realignment: The Wash, UK
Authors: Symonds Andrew M. , Collins Michael B.
Published: March 2007

The present investigation examines the growth and decay of an ephemeral creek system produced in response to a managed realignment at Freiston Shore, The Wash. In addition, the natural and anthropogenically enhanced developments of the creek system are compared.

The creation of a managed realignment caused sheetflow to occur on the adjacent intertidal zone, approaching and throughout the period of low water, during spring tides. The resultant creek development led to annual headward (landward) extension rates of up to 400 m yr−1, over 20 times greater than those taking place during natural conditions. Rapid development of the creek system continued for 2 years, following initiation of the managed realignment. Over the succeeding 12 months, the creek system degenerated; it silted up and reverted to a similar pattern to its original geometry, prior to the managed realignment. Siltation of the creek system coincided with the cessation of sheetflow from the managed realignment. The natural creeks connected to the breaches in the embankment (as part of the scheme) became enlarged sufficiently to accommodate the increased flow produced by the drainage of the managed realignment site, without overbank flow occurring. The natural and anthropogenically enhanced developments of the creek system were similar to those described in the fluvial models described by Schumm et al. (1987): expansion by headward growth, followed by the extension of rapidly growing, long creeks, with tributaries added to fill the drainage network. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rockglacier activity studies on a regional scale: comparison of geomorphological mapping and photogrammetric monitoring
Authors: Roer Isabelle , Nyenhuis Michael
Published: March 2007

In their spatial distribution as well as in their different states of activity, rockglaciers imply important information on former and recent permafrost conditions. Two different methods were applied in one study area (Turtmann Valley, Swiss Alps) in order to compare their suitability in assessing rockglacier activity. The comparison of geomorphological mapping and photogrammetric monitoring demonstrated a good accordance, especially on a regional scale. On a local scale, some differences in delimitation of the landforms as well as in the degree of activity were found. One reason for the observed differences is the qualitative character of geomorphological mapping resulting from the variable suitability of single parameters and combinations thereof in the determination of rockglacier activity.

Based on these results, geomorphological mapping of rockglaciers can be improved by data from photogrammetric monitoring. Therefore, at best the two methods are combined when analysing former and present permafrost distribution. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.