bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diphasic Postsynaptic Potential: A Chemical Synapse Capable of Mediating Conjoint Excitation and Inhibition
Authors: Gardner Daniel , Kandel Eric R.
Published: October 2006

Two identified interneurons in each buccal ganglion of
Aplysia
can mediate conjoined excitation and inhibition to a single follower cell. A single presynaptic action potential in one of these interneurons produces a diphasic, depolarizing-hyperpolarizing synaptic potential apparently as a result of a single transmitter acting on two types of postsynaptic receptors in the follower cell. These receptors produce synaptic potentials with differing reversal potentials, ionic conductances, time courses, rates of decrement with repetition, pharmacological properties, and functional consequences. The excitatory receptor controls a sodium conductance, the inhibitory receptor controls a chloride conductance. Both components of the synaptic potentials can be produced by iontophoretic application of acetylcholine on the cell body of the follower cell, and each component is differentially sensitive to different cholinergic blocking agents.
Biochemical Transfer of Relational Responding (Transposition)
Authors: Braud Lendell W. , Braud William G.
Published: October 2006

Hooded rats were trained to choose the larger of two circles in order to obtain a liquid reward. Recipients of brain extract from these trained donors showed a significant preference for an even larger circle when given a nonreinforced test for several days after the injection of extract. The substrate for relational learning may be biochemically transferred.
Drift of Continental Rafts with Asymmetric Heating
Authors: Knopoff L. , Poehls K. A. , Smith R. C.
Published: October 2006

A laboratory model of a lithospheric raft is propelled through a viscous asthenospheric layer with constant velocity of scaled magnitude appropriate to continental drift. The propulsion is due to differential heat concentration in the model oceanic and continental crusts.
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: Role in Primary Afferent Depolarization
Authors: Barker Jeffery L. , Nicoll Roger A.
Published: October 2006

The effects of putative transmitters on the primary afferent terminals were studied in the magnesium-treated, isolated spinal cord of the frog. Gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamic acid reversibly depolarized primary afferent terminals and increased their excitability, whereas glycine produced weak and variable effects. Bicuculline and picrotoxin, which reduce primary afferent depolarization, reversibly antagonized the gamma-aminobutyric acid-mediated responses but had little effect on those produced by either glutamic acid or glycine. The glutamic acid- and the gamma-aminobutyric acid-induced depolarizations remained in the absence of external chloride but disappeared in the absence of external sodium. These results support the hypotheses that gamma-aminobutyric acid is the transmitter mediating the synaptic depolarization of primary afferent terminals and that sodium is the predominant ion involved.
Axonal Transport of Tritium-Labeled Putrescine in the Embryonic Visual System of Zebrafish
Authors: Fischer H. A. , Schmatolla E.
Published: October 2006

The transport of [
3
H]putrescine is demonstrated by autoradiography in the retino-tectal tract of
Brachydanio rerio
embryos. Transport of [
3
H]putrescine appears to be more rapid than that of tritium-labeled protein and is not inhibited by a colchicine effect on axonal neurotubules as is protein transport. The radioactivity transported to the brain is found, on electrophoresis, in the putrescine fraction.
Biting Attack Elicited by Stimulation of the Ventral Midbrain Tegmentum of Cats
Authors: Bandler Richard J. , Chi Carl C. , Flynn John P.
Published: October 2006

An area in the ventral midbrain tegmentum has been discovered in which electrical stimulation elicits biting attack. The midbrain sites from which attack was elicited correspond well with the zone in the midbrain tegmentum where degeneration was previously observed after lesions were made in lateral hypothalamic attack sites.
2,6-Dichilorophenol, Sex Pheromone of the Lone Star Tick
Authors: Berger R. S.
Published: October 2006

The compound 2,6-dichlorophenol was identified from female lone star ticks,
Amblyomma americanum
, and is believed to be a sex pheromone of this arthropod. The natural occurrence of a chlorinated organic compound in a land animal is new. The presence of similar compounds of exogenous origin is common in animals, but efforts to implicate an outside source for the halogenated phenol have failed.
Chemical Spraying as Reported by Refugees from South Vietnam
Authors: Rose Hilary A. , Rose Steven P. R.
Published: October 2006

Ninety-eight refugees who had been exposed to chemical sprays in South Vietnam were interviewed in Hanoi. Most reported effects on eyes and skin and gastrointestinal upsets. Ninety-two percent suffered fatigue, prolonged or indefinite in 17 percent of cases. Reports of abortions and monstrous births in sprayed humans and animals and of substantial numbers of deaths among fish, fowl, and pigs were also given.
Neuroblastoma: Synchronization of Neurite Outgrowth in Cultures Grown on Collagen
Authors: Miller Carol A. , Levine Elliot M.
Published: October 2006

Neurite outgrowth in cultured neuroblastoma cells is inhibited in cells grown on a collagen substratum as compared to those grown on glass. Rapid, synchronized initiation of neurite outgrowth occurs after hydrolysis of the underlying collagen with collagenase. Axonated cultures exhibit an increased RNA and protein content as compared to cultures grown on collagen.
Human Lactational and Ovarian Response to Endogenous Prolactin Release
Authors: Tyson J. E. , Friesen H. G. , Anderson M. S.
Published: October 2006

Radioimmunoassayable prolactin rises in postpartum women during nursing and after intravenous thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). Prolactin release induced by TRH can be dissociated from the postsuckling response. In addition to this, increases in endogenous prolactin secretion are followed by marked breast engorgement and milk letdown, especially after intravenous TRH. In this group of breast-feeding women, vaginal smears remained atrophic even up to 410 postpartum days. Prolactin appears to influence the production of breast milk, and the maintenance of a regular nursing pattern seems to promote the maintenance of ovarian unresponsiveness to circulating gonadotropins.
Polychlorinated Biphenyl Residues: Accumulation in Cayuga Lake Trout with Age
Authors: Bache Carl A. , Serum James W. , Youngs William D. , Lisk Donald J.
Published: October 2006

The concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls was shown to progressively increase with maturity in a series of lake trout. The presence of these compounds was determined by column chromatographic isolation, specific detector gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The relation between fish age and the concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls was highly significant.
Diabetes Mellitus and the Gene for Fanconi's Anemia
Authors: Swift Michael , Sholman Laura , Gilmour Douglas
Published: October 2006

An increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus has been found in relatives of eight probands homozygous for the rare recessive syndrome Fanconi's anemia. Since many of these relatives are expected to be heterozygous for the gene for Fanconi's anemia, this gene may predispose to diabetes in single dose.
Phosphorylase: A New Isozyme in Rat Hepatic Tumors and Fetal Liver
Authors: Sato Kiyomi , Morris Harold P. , Weinhouse Sidney
Published: October 2006

A third set of phosphorylase a and b isozymes, distinguishable kinetically and immunologically from liver and muscle forms, is present in various rat hepatomas, and is also present, together with the adult liver form, in fetal rat liver. This is one of several striking examples of suppression of isozymes of adult liver coupled with the appearance of fetal isozymes in hepatomas.
Acquisition of Key-Pecking via Autoshaping as a Function of Prior Experience: "Learned Laziness"?
Authors: Engberg Larry A. , Hansen Gary , Welker Robert L. , Thomas David R.
Published: October 2006

A group of pigeons that had previously received noncontingent food delivery acquired the key-peck response (in autoshape training) more slowly than did a naive control group; key-peck acquisition was most rapid for a group given operant treadle-press training in the initial phase.
Chromosome Mapping in the Mouse
Authors: Miller Dorothy A. , Miller Orlando J.
Published: October 2006

Chromosome banding techniques have permitted the identification of every normal chromosome in the mouse,
Mus musculus
, and the demonstration of strain differences. By identifying the chromosomes involved in a series of translocations, it has been possible to assign 14 of the 19 known linkage groups to 14 different chromosomes. These powerful cytological methods promise to revolutionize cytogenetic studies in higher organisms.
Cholera Toxin Induces Pineal Enzymes in Culture
Authors: Minneman K. P. , Iversen L. L.
Published: October 2006

Addition of choleragen to rat pineal organ cultures caused a long-lasting stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity, and this was followed by increases in serotonin
N
-acetyltransferase and cyclic adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase activities. These effects of choleragen were not blocked by the β-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol, but the increases in cyclic adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase and serotonin
N
-acetyltransferase activities could be prevented by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. The results indicate that cholera toxin can mimic the induction of pineal enzymes that normally follows β-adrenoceptor activation and suggest that increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate is a necessary and sufficient signal for such changes in enzyme activity.
Membrane Recycling: Vesiculation of the Amoeba Contractile Vacuole at Systole
Authors: McKanna James A.
Published: October 2006

Ultrastructural data on the protozoan
Amoeba proteus
support a model of membrane recycling. At systole the amoeba contractile vacuole fuses with the cell surface and expels its contents. Observations by electron microscopy indicate that, as the vacuole empties, its bounding membrane transforms into tiny (35 nanometers in diameter) vesicles, identical to the vesicles that segregate fluid and contribute to the diastolic vacuole.
Lambda Phage DNA: Joining of a Chemically Synthesized Cohesive End
Authors: Harvey Clifford L. , Wright Rosemary , Nussbaum Alexander L.
Published: October 2006

The chemically synthesized dodecamer d(pA-G-G-T-C-G-C-C-G-C-C-C) was annealed, and was covalently joined to lambda phage DNA with bacteriophage T
4
ligase. The 5′-end of the dodecamer was joined to a deoxyguanosine residue. Repair with DNA polymerase I established that the position of joining was the left-hand end of lambda DNA. This is the first time that a chemically synthesized oligonucleotide has been covalently joined to a naturally occurring DNA molecule.
Overbank Sedimentation in the Delaware River Valley during the Last 6000 Years
Authors: Ritter Dale F. , Kinsey W. Fred , Kauffman Marvin E.
Published: October 2006

A thick sequence of floodplain sediments has accumulated in the Delaware River Valley by the process of overbank deposition. Textures in the sediments indicate that the sequence contains no point-bar deposits and is unbroken by periods of erosion. Fourteen radiocarbon dates show that deposition began at least 6000 years ago and has continued to the present. Because the Delaware River shifts its position laterally at a very slow rate, overbank deposition becomes dominant in the construction of its floodplain.
Venus: Radar Determination of Gravity Potential
Authors: Shapiro Irwin I. , Pettengill Gordon H. , Sherman Gary N. , Rogers Alan E. E. , Ingalls Richard P.
Published: October 2006

We describe a method for the determination of the gravity potential of Venus from multiple-frequency radar measurements. The method is based on the strong frequency dependence of the absorption of radio waves in Venus' atmosphere. Comparison of the differing radar reflection intensities at several frequencies yields the height of the surface relative to a reference pressure contour; combination with measurements of round-trip echo delays allows the pressure, and hence the gravity potential contour, to be mapped relative to the mean planet radius. Since calibration data from other frequencies are unavailable, the absorption-sensitive Haystack Observatory data have been analyzed under the assumption of uniform surface reflectivity to yield a gravity equipotential contour for the equatorial region and a tentative upper bound of 6 × 10
-4
on the fractional difference of Venus' principal equatorial moments of inertia. The minima in the equipotential contours appear to be associated with topographic minima.
Epstein-Barr Virus: Detection of Genome in Somatic Cell Hybrids of Burkitt Lymphoblastoid Cells
Authors: Glaser Ronald , Nonoyama Meihan
Published: October 2006

Somatic cell hybrids of Burkitt lymphoblastoid cells, from which Epstein-Barr virus can be recovered, were examined for the presence of virus DNA by DNA-RNA hybridization. Four clones of hybrid cells, each negative for virus antigens by immunofluorescence, contained virus DNA in varying genomic equivalents. The number of virus genome equivalents increased in the hybrid cells after induction of virus with iododeoxyuridine.
Hyaluronic Acid: A Novel, Double Helical Molecule
Authors: Dea I. C. M. , Moorhouse R. , Rees D. A. , Arnott S. , Guss J. M. , Balazs E. A.
Published: October 2006

Films prepared from a deformable gel (or putty) of hyaluronic acid show high crystallinity and orientation in their x-ray diffraction patterns. We have derived a probable structure for the molecules in these films. This is a double helix in which two identical, left-handed strands are antiparallel to one another. Each strand has four disaccharide residues per pitch length. Although the putty is prepared at
p
H 2.5, at which dilute solutions of hyaluronic have exaggerated rheological properties, the double helical form can also exist at physiological
p
H and therefore may be a biologically important form.
Genetic Mechanisms Determining the Central Visual Pathways of Mice
Authors: Guillery R. W. , Scott G. L. , Cattanach B. M. , Deol M. S.
Published: October 2006

Albino mammals have abnormal visual pathways. "Flecked" mice have a variegated pigment distribution, with roughly half the cells normally pigmented and half albino. They do not show the albino abnormality in the visual pathways. The gene at the albino locus, which determines the course of the visual pathways must, thus, have an extracellular action.
Detection of Inborn Errors of Metabolism: Galactosemia
Authors: Hill Helene Z. , Puck Theodore T.
Published: October 2006

Radioautography of cultured, human, galactosemic and nongalactosemic cells shows that, in the presence of 0.05
M
D
-galactono-γ-lactone, the former incorporate much less galactose in acid-insoluble form than the latter. Presumably the lactone inhibits incorporation of the labeled galactose into pathways which do not require galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity. Definite differences between the galactosemic and nongalactosemic condition can be demonstrated with as few as 100 to 1000 cells. This approach may be useful in facilitating prenatal detection of several kinds of inborn errors of metabolism.
Leukemia Virus Activation during Homograft Rejection
Authors: Hirsch Martin S. , Ellis David A. , Black Paul H. , Monaco Anthony P. , Wood Mary L.
Published: October 2006

Activation of murine leukemia viruses, as detected by the mixed culture cytopathogenicity (XC) assay, followed the transplantation of A/J skin onto immunosuppressed BALB/c mice. Virus was found in most of the mice receiving both skin grafts and antilymphocyte serum, but not in animals receiving either the serum alone, skin graft alone, or no treatment.
Neuronal Locus Specificity: Altered Pattern of Spatial Deployment in Fused Fragments of Embryonic
Xenopus
Eyes
Authors: Hunt R. K. , Jacobson Marcus
Published: October 2006

Before optic nerve outgrowth in
Xenopus laevis
embryos, a change of state occurs in the differentiating retinal cell population which renders the cells refractory to information about subsequent changes in their positions, and commits individual ganglion cells to develop specific position-dependent properties (locus specificities) which subserve the formation of orderly retinotopic connections in the optic tectum. When different parts of eye primordia from stages before optic nerve outgrowth are fused, each piece in such a reconstructed eye does not generate ganglion cells with the partial-set of locus specificities normally arising from that region of the intact eye. It is inferred that separate parts of the early embryonic retina do not contain stable programs for spatial deployment of locus specificity, and that development of definitive locus specificities in retinal ganglion cells requires additional cellular interactions among the retinal cells later in development.
Fordilla troyensis
Barrande: The Oldest Known Pelecypod
Authors: Pojeta John , Runnegar Bruce , Kríž Jiri
Published: October 2006

Specimens of the small bivalved animal
Fordilla troyensis
Barrande from New York State show that this fossil is the oldest known pelecypod mollusk and not a conchostracan arthropod. This finding extends the range of the class Pelecypoda backward in time from the Early Ordovician (about 495 million years ago) to the Early Cambrian (about 540 to 570 million years ago). The morphology of
Fordilla troyensis
suggests that it lived infaunally and that it was ancestral to the pelecypod subclasses Heteroconchia and Isofilibranchia.
Age of the Floor of the Eastern Indian Ocean
Authors: Heirtzler James R. , Veevers John V. , Bolli Hans M. , Carter Alan N. , Cook Peter J. , Krasheninnikov Valeri A. , McKnight Brian K. , Proto-Decima Franca , Renz G. W. , Robinson Paul T. , Rocker Karl , Thayer Paul A.
Published: October 2006

Deep sea drilling in the eastern Indian Ocean shows that the oceanic crust off Western Australia is approximately 140 million years old and becomes younger to the west; this dates the initial opening of the Indian Ocean.
Testosterone Concentration in the Male Chick Brain: An Autoradiographic Survey
Authors: Meyer Cornelius C.
Published: October 2006

Differential uptake of [
3
H]testosterone in male chick brain was found in periventricular areas of preoptic-hypothalamic continuum. Concentration of silver grains for all decapitation periods was especially high in the medial preoptic area, particularly the nucleus praeopticus paraventricularis magnocellularis. Distribution of testosterone-sensitive cells is in agreement with studies showing neuroanatomical control of reproductive behavior by the avian forebrain.
Lymphocyte-Differentiating Hormone of Bursa of Fabricius
Authors: Brand Ann , Gilmour Douglas G. , Goldstein Gideon
Published: October 2006

Induction of early lymphocyte differentiation was studied in vitro in fractionated bone marrow cells of newly hatched chickens, with alloantiserums to identify newly differentiated B cells (Bu-1
+
) and T cells (Th-1
+
). Thymus extract induced selective T cell differentiation; the activity of the extract corresponds to that of thymopoietin. Bursal extract induced both B cell and T cell differentiation, but at lower concentrations B cell differentiation was always greater. This activity is ascribed to a lymphocyte-differentiating hormone of the bursa of Fabricius, for which the name bursopoietin is suggested.
Differences in Collagen Metabolism between Normal and Osteoarthritic Human Articular Cartilage
Authors: Nimni Marcel , Deshmukh Kalindi
Published: October 2006

Normal human articular cartilage synthesizes only one type of a chain, which exhibits the chromatographic behavior of the α
1
(II) chains described for chick and bovine cartilage. Osteoarthritic cartilage, on the other hand, synthesizes in addition a collagen containing α
2
chains and β components. The different structural features of the two types of collagen may account for some of the functional defects of osteoarthritic cartilage.
Chromatographic Separation of Odorants by the Nose: Retention Times Measured across in vivo Olfactory Mucosa
Authors: Mozell Maxwell M. , Jagodowicz Morris
Published: October 2006

The column of a standard gas chromatograph was replaced with in vivo frog olfactory sac. The wide range of relative retention times as measured across the olfactory mucosa for 15 different odorants supports the concept of a chromatographic separation along the mucosa as a mechanism for distinguishing different odorants.
Nerve Growth Factor: Relationship to the Cyclic AMP System of Sensory Ganglia
Authors: Hier Daniel B. , Arnason Barry G. W. , Young Michael
Published: October 2006

Nerve growth factor and N
6
,O
2
′ dibutyryl adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate both stimulate neurite elongation by explanted ganglia. However, the addition of nerve growth factor does not lead to increased amounts of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate in intact ganglia, nor does it stimulate adenylate cyclase activity in broken ganglia cells.
Aplysia
Giant Cell: Soma-Axon Voltage Clamp Current Differences
Authors: Kado R. T.
Published: October 2006

Under voltage clamp, local membrane currents have been measured in several regions of the soma. The early inward current appears to pass largely through the membrane of the axon and of the soma near the axon in normal media. After 10
-5
molar tetrodotoxin (TTX) is added to the bathing medium the larger inward current is found in the somatic membrane away from the axon. The late currents are larger at the soma in both normal and TTX media.
Trigeminal Deafferentation and Feeding in the Pigeon: Sensorimotor and Motivational Effects
Authors: Zeigler H. Philip
Published: October 2006

The role of oral sensations in the control of hunger and thirst in the pigeon was studied in birds in which the trigeminal sensory nerves had been sectioned bilaterally. Trigeminal deafferentation, although it does not impair drinking, disrupts both the neurosensory and the motivational control of feeding behavior. These two types of deficit may be experimentally dissociated.
Vaccination for Disease
Authors: Oehen Stephan , Hengartner Hans , Zinkernagel Rolf M.
Published: October 2006

Recombinant virus vaccines that express a limited number of epitopes are currently being developed to prevent disease by changing the relative balance between viral spread and the immune response. Some circumstances, however, were found in infections with a noncytopathic virus in which vaccination caused disease; sensitive parameters included the genetic background of the host, the time or dose of infection, and the constituents of the vaccine. Thus, immunopathologic damage by T cells may be an unwanted consequence of vaccination with the new types of peptide or recombinant vaccines that are being investigated for the human immunodeficiency viruses and other pathogens.
Australia Antigen: Detection and Transmission in Shellfish
Authors: Mahoney Paul , Fleischner Gerald , Millman Irving , London W. Thomas , Blumberg Baruch S. , Arias Irwin M.
Published: October 2006

Australia antigen was found in clams contaminated by drainage of untreated sewage from a coastal hospital. In closed-system aquariums, the antigen was ingested by clams and transmitted to previously uninfected clams. In open-system aquariums, the titer of Australia antigen decreased with time, suggesting viral concentration rather than replication.
Norway: Small Country Plans Civil Science and Technology
Authors: Quinn James Brian , Major Robert
Published: October 2006

Smaller countries—and even more advanced large countries—need to carefully plan and allocate their limited resources in civil science and technology for maximum impact in terms of national goals. Norway's recently completed 2½-year attempt at more formal planning in the civil-industrial sector may suggest some useful approaches to this complex problem. It should also offer helpful insights to those interested in broad-scale, government-private planning in science and technology elsewhere.
Some Aspects of Intracellular Parasitism
Authors: Trager William
Published: October 2006

In intracellular parasitism the host cell is a true and hospitable host. The parasite does not have to break in the door. It has subtle ways of inducing the host to open the door and welcome it in. One of the exciting fields in the future of parasitology is to find out what these ways are and why they are sometimes so highly specific that the cell that invites one parasite in will not open the door to another closely related species. Once inside, the parasite not only exploits nutrients already available in the cell, and the cell's energy-yielding system, but it further induces the cell to assist actively in its nutrition. Like a bandit who has cajoled his way in, the parasite now forces his host to prepare a banquet for him. Finally it may destroy its host cell, as in most of the associations I have described herein, or it may stimulate its host cell to abnormal increase in size or to have an altered metabolism with the formation of new products. Or it may even contribute some positive benefit to the host cell or to the multicellular organism of which the cell is a part, so that the two kinds of organisms then live together in a state of mutualism or symbiosis.
Pioneer 10 Infrared Radiometer Experiment: Preliminary Results
Authors: Chase S. C. , Ruiz R. D. , Mnch G. , Neugebauer G. , Schroeder M. , Trafton L. M.
Published: October 2006

Thermal maps of Jupiter at 20 and 40 micrometers show structure closely related to the visual appearance of the planet. Peak brightness temperatures of 126° and 145°K have been measured on the South Equatorial Belt, for the 20- and 40-micrometer channels, respectively. Corresponding values for the South Tropical Zone are 120° and 138°K. No asymmetries between the illuminated sunlit and nonilluminated parts of the disk were found. A preliminary discussion of the data, in terms of simple radiative equilibrium models, is presented. The net thermal energy of the planet as a whole is twice the solar energy input.
Gravitational Parameters of the Jupiter System from the Doppler Tracking of Pioneer 10
Authors: Anderson J. D. , Null G. W. , Wong S. K.
Published: October 2006

Preliminary analyses of Doppler data from Pioneer 10 during its encounter with Jupiter indicate that the mass of Io is about 20 percent greater than previously thought and that Io's mean density is about 3.5 grams per cubic centimeter. A determination of the dynamical flattening of Jupiter (
a
-
b
)/
a
(where
a
is the semimajor axis and
b
is the semiminor axis) is found to lie in the neighborhood of 0.065, which agrees with the value determined from satellite perturbations.
Age Determination of Burned Flint by a Thermoluminescent Method
Authors: Gksu H. Y. , Fremlin J. H. , Irwin H. T. , Fryxell R.
Published: October 2006

Interference by tribothermoluminescence and by regeneration thermoluminescence can be eliminated for burned flint if thin polished slices are used instead of the powders conventionally used in thermoluminescent measurements. Measurement of the internal and external radiation dose rates then makes possible the absolute determination of the date of pyrolization of small fragments of chert or chalcedony to an accuracy of about 10 to 15 percent. The method may be usable to ages in the range from 200,000 to 300,000 years before the present (B.P.). For samples from the archeological site at Carigela in southern Spain dates from 12,000 to 50,000 years B.P. have been determined, covering deposits ranging from Late Paleolithic-Epipaleolithic to Mousterian. One Bronze Age specimen gave an age of 4,300 years B.P., in excellent agreement with the age determined by other methods.
Diphenylhydantoin: Effects on Calcium Metabolism in the Chick
Authors: Villareale M. , Gould L. V. , Wasserman R. H. , Barr A. , Chiroff R. T. , Bergstrom W. H.
Published: October 2006

Rickets, hypocalcemia, decreased duodenal calcium transport, and reduction of calcium binding protein have been produced in chicks treated with diphenylhydantoin. These effects are directly related to diphenylhydantoin dose and inversely related to the intake of vitamin D
3
(cholecalciferol).
Monolayers and Microbial Dispersal
Authors: Bandoni Robert J. , Koske Richard E.
Published: October 2006

Aqueous films on terrestrial litter are inhabited by numerous microorganisms; the surfaces of such films are covered by monolayer-forming substances. The spreading pressure of the latter can result in transport of floating and submerged organisms to adjacent water films with clean surfaces. The clean surfaces, produced by rain or possibly dew, permit rapid vertical and horizontal dispersal of microorganisms onto newly fallen leaves and other plant materials.
Regulation of Amino Acid Transport in Kidney Cortex of Newborn Rats
Authors: Reynolds R. , Rea C. , Segal S.
Published: October 2006

After incubation at 37°C the subsequent uptake of α-aminoisobutyric acid, cycloleucine, glycine, and L-proline by newborn (as compared to adult) rat kidney cortex slices is enhanced. The effect is abolished by the presence of cycloheximide, actinomycin D, and high concentrations of the above-mentioned amino acids in the medium during the 37°C incubation prior to measurement of uptake. The data suggest that there is an adaptive control mechanism which is expressed on incubation at 37°C and which can regulate amino acid transport in newborn rat kidney cortex.
Conservation in Industry
Authors: Berg Charles A.
Published: October 2006

There is a wide range of technical measures to improve the efficiency of fuel use in industry. The economic justification for adopting these measures can, as a rule, be readily established. If one can resolve the nontechnoeconomic constraints which affect the adoption of these measures, one can look forward to substantial reductions in the fuel required to operate many important industrial processes.
Mutagenic and Recombinogenic Activities of the Food Additive Furylfuramide in Eukaryotes
Authors: Ong Tong-Man , Shahin M. M.
Published: October 2006

The mutagenic and recombinogenic activities of furylfuramide, an antimicrobial food additive, were tested in a two-component heterokaryon of
Neurospora crassa
and a diploid strain of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, respectively. The results show that furylfuramide is genetically active in both eukaryotic organisms; it induces mutations in
Neurospora crassa
and mitotic crossing over in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
.
Thermochemical Hydrogen Generation
Authors: Wentorf R. H. , Hanneman R. E.
Published: October 2006

The basic concepts for thermochemical hydrogen generation processes have been summarized in this article. A useful set of criteria has been described for the screening and selection of potentially viable, multistep, closedcycle thermochemical processes for hydrogen generation. Three illustrative, new closed-cycle processes have been discussed, indicating potential, overall thermal efficiencies ranging from approximately 40 to 60 percent. Combined thermochemical-electrolytic schemes also warrant further consideration. Principal technical problems in the development of such thermochemical closed-cycle and mixed-cycle processes are expected to include primarily materials compatibility, reaction kinetics, separation techniques, and heat-exchanger systems.

As natural gas supplies decline and prices rise, new open-cycle thermochemical processes based on water and other fossil fuel feedstocks will be the first important new technology in supplying the growing hydrogen needs of industry for at least the next two decades. Conventional electrolysis technology does not appear to be a competitor for large-scale supplies in this century unless very low off-peak electrical power rates become available, although electrolysis will be the best technique for some small-scale uses. Further analysis will be required to determine if closed-cycle thermochemical or mixed-cycle methods will displace electrolysis or other methods as the principal technology for the production of hydrogen on a large scale for the longer term.
Hot Brines on Los Roques, Venezuela
Authors: Hudec P. P. , Sonnenfeld P.
Published: October 2006

Solar heating of dense natural brines to 47°C has been observed in a small lagoon in the Venezuelan Antilles and in an artificial brine reservoir in New York State. Calculations indicate that approximately 90 percent of the solar energy can be trapped in the brine by a combination of refraction and absorption. Brine ponds should be considered as solar energy collectors.
Firing Patterns of Hypothalamic Supraoptic Neurons during Water Deprivation in Monkeys
Authors: Arnauld E. , Vincent J. D. , Dreifuss J. J.
Published: October 2006

Water deprivation in monkeys caused an acceleration of action potential firing of supraoptic neurons, but not of neurons located 2 to 3 millimeters above the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus. Whereas in the normally hydrated animal only 12 percent of the neuroendocrine cells discharged periodically, the proportion of these periodic bursters increased markedly with increasing plasma osmolarity. This finding suggests that such periodically firing supraoptic neurons are those engaged in active neurohypophyseal hormone secretion.
Chimeric NGF-EGF Receptors Define Domains Responsible for Neuronal Differentiation
Authors: Yan Hai , Schlessinger Joseph , Chao Moses V.
Published: October 2006

To determine the domains of the low-affinity nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor required for appropriate signal transduction, a series of hybrid receptors were constructed that consisted of the extracellular ligand-binding domain of the human epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) fused to the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of the human low-affinity NGF receptor (NGFR). Transfection of these chimeric receptors into rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells resulted in appropriate cell surface expression. Biological activity mediated by the EGF-NGF chimeric receptor was assayed by the induction of neurite outgrowth in response to EGF in stably transfected cells. Furthermore, the chimeric receptor mediated nuclear signaling, as evidenced by the specific induction of transin messenger RNA, an NGF-responsive gene. Neurite outgrowth was not observed with chimeric receptors that contained the transmembrane domain from the EGFR, suggesting that the membrane-spanning region and cytoplasmic domain of the low-affinity NGFR are necessary for signal transduction.
Evidence for the Effects of a Superantigen in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Paliard Xavier , West Sterling G. , Lafferty Joyce A. , Clements Janice R. , Kappler John W. , Marrack Philippa , Kotzin Brian L.
Published: October 2006

While studying the αβ T cell receptor repertoire in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, we found that the frequency of V
β
14
+
T cells was significantly higher in the synovial fluid of affected joints than in the peripheral blood. In fact, V
β
14
+
T cells were virtually undetectable in the peripheral blood of a majority of these RA patients. β-chain sequences indicated that one or a few clones dominated the V
β
14
+
population in the synovial fluid of individual RA patients, whereas oligoclonality was less marked for other Vβ's and for V
β
14 in other types of inflammatory arthritis. These results implicate V
β
14-bearing T cells in the pathology of RA. They also suggest that the etiology of RA may involve initial activation of V
β
14
+
T cells by a V
β
14-specific superantigen with subsequent recruitment of a few activated autoreactive V
β
14
+
T cell clones to the joints while the majority of other V
β
14
+
T cells disappear.
Insect Control of the Future: Operational and Policy Aspects
Authors: Djerassi Carl , Shih-Coleman Christina , Diekman John
Published: October 2006

Human and insect population control have several features in common, all of them indicating that the lag times in converting laboratory discoveries into practical agents are increasing greatly and that ROI calculations are becoming more and more significant in decisions related to the development of new agents. ROI calculations are particularly important in the field of insect control because, by being more specific, the agents of the future are likely to cover smaller markets. Several recommendations for stimulating the development of new methods of insect control are proposed which are addressed primarily to policy-makers. If they are not implemented, then our suggestions should at least stimulate others to make alternative proposals. If neither event occurs, then it is unlikely that there will be any fundamentally new approaches to practical insect control in this decade; a similar prediction that was made 4 years ago in the field of human birth control is rapidly proving to be correct.
Normal Skin Test Responses in Chronic Marijuana Users
Authors: Silverstein Melvin J. , Lessin Phyllis J.
Published: October 2006

The cell-mediated immunity of 22 chronic marijuana smokers showed no difference from that of normal controls when evaluated by in vivo skin testing with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene. However, a significant difference was seen between these chronic marijuana users, all of whom could be sensitized to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, and age-matched cancer patients, who showed a decreased capacity to be sensitized.
Stratiform Copper Deposit, Northern Anatolia, Turkey: Evidence for Early Bronze I (2800 B.C.) Mining Activity
Authors: Giles D. L. , Kuijpers E. P.
Published: October 2006

A stratiform, massive copper sulfide deposit with possible gold, silver, and cobalt credits was discovered by a United Nations reconnaissance team in Paleozoic (?) metamorphic terrain of north central Turkey. The deposit, which is of possible volcanigenic exhalative origin, contains evidence of extensive prehistoric underground mining and smelting activity that, based on radiocarbon data, may date to 2800 B.C. (Early Bronze I Age).
Copyright: Its Adequacy in Technological Societies
Authors: Henry Nicholas L.
Published: October 2006

What the United States does about the data explosion is likely to be copied on a global basis. America is the archetype of the coming technological society; we have all the advantages of being first, but others may avoid our mistakes. Let us hope that our errors are few
Solution Structure of Kistrin, a Potent Platelet Aggregation Inhibitor and GP IIb-IIIa Antagonist
Authors: Adler Marc , Lazarus Robert A. , Dennis Mark S. , Wagner Gerhard
Published: October 2006

The structure of kistrin, which is a member of a homologous family of glycoprotein IIb-IIIa (GP IIb-IIIa) antagonists and potent protein inhibitors of platelet aggregation, has been determined by two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The 68-residue protein consists of a series of tightly packed loops held together by six disulfide bonds and has almost no regular secondary structure. Kistrin has an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) adhesion site recognition sequence important for binding to GP IIb-IIIa that is located at the apex of a long loop across the surface of the protein.
Jupiter's Magnetic Field. Magnetosphere, and Interaction with the Solar Wind: Pioneer 11
Authors: Smith E. J. , Davis L. , Jones D. E. , Coleman P. J. , Colburn D. S. , Dyal P. , Sonett C. P.
Published: October 2006

The Pioneer 11 vector helium magnetometer provided precise, continuous measurements of the magnetic fields in interplanetary space, inside Jupiter's magnetosphere, and in the near vicinity of Jupiter. As with the Pioneer 10 data, evidence was seen of the dynamic interaction of Jupiter with the solar wind which leads to a variety of phenomena (bow shock, upstream waves, nonlinear magnetosheath impulses) and to changes in the dimension of the dayside magnetosphere by as much as a factor of 2. The magnetosphere clearly appears to be blunt, not disk-shaped, with a well-defined outer boundary. In the outer magnetosphere, the magnetic field is irregular but exhibits a persistent southward component indicative of a closed magnetosphere. The data contain the first clear evidence in the dayside magnetosphere of the current sheet, apparently associated with centrifugal forces, that was a dominant feature of the outbound Pioneer 10 data. A modest westward spiraling of the field was again evident inbound but not outbound at higher latitudes and nearer the Sun-Jupiter direction. Measurements near periapsis, which were nearer the planet and provide better latitude and longitude coverage than Pioneer 10, have revealed a 5 percent discrepancy with the Pioneer 10 offset dipole model (D
2
). A revised offset dipole (6-parameter fit) is presented as well as the results of a spherical harmonic analysis (23 parameters) consisting of an interior dipole, quadrupole, and octopole and an external dipole and quadrupole. The dipole moment and the composite field appear moderately larger than inferred from Pioneer 10. Maximum surface fields of 14 and 11 gauss in the northern and southern hemispheres are inferred. Jupiter's planetary field is found to be slightly more irregular than that of Earth.
Radiation Belts of Jupiter: A Second Look
Authors: Fillius R. Walker , McIlwain Carl E. , Mogro-Campero Antonio
Published: October 2006

The outbound leg of the Pioneer 11 Jupiter flyby explored a region farther from the equator than that traversed by Pioneer 10, and the new data require modification or augmentation of the magnetodisk model based on the Pioneer 10 flyby. The inner moons of Jupiter are sinks of energetic particles and sometimes sources. A large spike of particles was found near Io. Multiple peaks occurred in the particle fluxes near closest approach to the planet; this structure may be accounted for by a complex magnetic field configuration. The decrease in proton flux observed near minimum altitude on the Pioneer 10 flyby appears attributable to particle absorption by Amalthea.
Pioneer 11 Meteoroid Detection Experiment: Preliminary Results
Authors: Humes D. H. , Alvarez J. M. , Kinard W. H. , O'Neal R. L.
Published: October 2006

The concentration of meteoroids of mass ∼10
-8
gram in interplanetary space, in the asteroid belt, and near Jupiter has been measured. The data confirm the Pioneer 10 observation that the asteroid belt is not highly populated with small meteoroids, suggest that the high concentration of small particles around Jupiter is the result of gravitational focusing, and provide an indication of the mass distribution of meteoroids in interplanetary space.
Hawks Select Odd Prey
Authors: Mueller Helmut C.
Published: October 2006

Hawks were offered one color of mouse for ten consecutive captures and then a choice between that and another color. The birds usually selected the odd, or unusual, color. This behavior is probably adaptive because odd prey in nature would be unfit.
Bovine Lymphosarcoma: Development of a Radioimmunologic Technique for Detection of the Etiologic Agent
Authors: Devare Sushilkumar G. , Stephenson John R. , Sarma Padman S. , Aaronson Stuart A. , Charder Satish
Published: October 2006

A highly sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay has been developed for the major structural protein of an oncornavirus etiologically associated with bovine lymphosarcoma. This test can be used to identify cattle which have been exposed to the bovine leukemia virus and may thus develop or transmit the disease. Analysis of randomly obtained serums indicates that infection with this virus is widespread among cattle.
Synaptic Transmission: Long-Lasting Potentiation by a Postsynaptic Mechanism
Authors: Schulman Jesse A. , Weight Forrest F.
Published: October 2006

Slow decreases of ionic conductance across neuronal cell membranes, which generate slow synaptic potentials, can increase the effectiveness of synaptic transmission. Slow conductance decreases of sufficient magnitude increase the amplitude of monosynaptic fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials in B cells of the bullfrog sympathetic ganglion. By this postsynaptic mechanism, activation of one synaptic pathway can cause an increase in transmission, lasting several minutes, across another synapse. This may provide an important mechanism for synaptic integration and control of neuronal interaction.
Foam Solar Sea Power Plant
Authors: Zener Clarence , Fetkovich John
Published: October 2006

In the accompanying report Beck suggests a new type of open-cycle system for obtaining power from the ocean's thermal gradient. A modification of this open-cycle plant which will ensure a high efficiency, and also a low capital cost per unit power output, is described here.
Lepidopteran Leaf Mine from the Early Eocene Wind River Formation of Northwestern Wyoming
Authors: Hickey Leo J. , Hodges Ronald W.
Published: October 2006

A lepidopteran mine, probably of
Phyllocnistis
, on a leaflet impression of
Cedrela
(Meliaceae) discovered in late early Eocene strata near Dubois, Wyoming, is the earliest record of leaf mining and of the Phyllocnistidae. Considerable prior evolution of the mining habit, antiquity of the
Cedrela
-
Phyllocnistis
relationship, and subtropical climatic conditions are indicated.
Jupiter's Atmosphere: Problems and Potential of Radio Occultation
Authors: Eshleman Von R.
Published: October 2006

The atmospheric temperature-pressure profiles derived from the Pioneer 10-Pioneer 11 radio occultation experiment are mutually consistent but differ markedly from the results of other investigations. Current studies indicate that the occultation interpretation contains errors that were made very large by an inherent magnification effect, and that these errors have both geometrical and equipment sources. The apparent consistency between the Pioneer 10 and the Pioneer 11 results must be considered fortuitous. Despite these difficulties, the occultation technique, when optimally instrumented and carefully interpreted, retains its potential for atmospheric profile measurements of high accuracy and resolution.
Antigen-Antibody Reactions in Rat Brain Sites Induce Transient Changes in Drinking Behavior
Authors: Williams Curtis A. , Schupf Nicole
Published: October 2006

The septum or hypothalamus of rat brain was injected through implanted cannulas with antibody against membrane antigens in the rat brain or with antibody against exogenous soluble antigens (such as ovalbumin) followed by the specific antigen. Both immunological systems produced a moderate but highly significant decrease in drinking by thirsty rats. This phenomenon is suggested as an experimental model for behavioral disorders resulting from nondegenerative, immunological processes in the brain.
Chemical Mass Balance of the Earth's Crust: The Calcium Dilemma (?) and the Role of Pelagic Sediments
Authors: Sibley Duncan F. , Vogel Thomas A.
Published: October 2006

Chemical mass balance between igneous and sedimentary rocks is calculated by using a linear least squares method in which all chemical variables are evaluated simultaneously. Previous estimates of the average chemical composition of sedimentary rocks have shown excess calcium because of failure to accurately represent the composition and mass of pelagic sediments.
Control of Methane Sediment-Water Bubble Transport by Macroinfaunal Irrigation in Cape Lookout Bight, North Carolina
Authors: Martens Christopher S.
Published: October 2006

Methane transport by bubble ebullition through bubble tubes from sediments to overlying waters in Cape Lookout Bight, Outer Banks of North Carolina, occurs only in the absence of burrowing macroinfauna, which indirectly prevent saturation methane concentrations by irrigating surface sediments with dissolved sulfate. Distribution of macroinfauna in the bight is limited to bottom areas not subjected to periodic anoxic conditions.