bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metacognitive beliefs in individuals at risk for psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of sex differences
Authors: Baumgartner Josef , Litvan Zsuzsa , Koch Marlene , Hinterbuchinger Barbara , Friedrich Fabian , Baumann Lukas , Mossaheb Nilufar
Published: April 2020

Background

Sex differences were found in several domains in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis, but no previous work has systematically reviewed and analysed possible sex differences in metacognition in this population. However, alterations in metacognitive beliefs have been shown in the at-risk mental state for psychosis population. Our aim was to qualitatively review and quantitatively analyse the existing literature for data on sex differences in metacognitive beliefs—mainly depicted by the Metacognitions Questionnaire (MCQ) and its short form (MCQ-30)—in individuals with at-risk mental states.

Methods

We performed a systematic review of the literature on metacognition in help-seeking adolescents and young adults at ultra-high risk for psychosis. We included peer-reviewed articles that included a high-risk for psychosis group assessed with operationalised criteria and instruments. For the quantitative meta-analysis, only studies comparing MCQ data in high-risk individuals were included. A fixed-effect meta-model was used and forest plots drawn for each subscale and overall score. The studies were weighted according to the inverse variance method in order to calculate pooled confidence intervals and p values.

Results

No article on metacognitive beliefs in individuals at increased risk for psychosis explicitly reported possible sex differences. Our meta-analysis of 234 (57% male) individuals’ scores in the MCQ yielded no significant sex difference.

Conclusions

Currently, no sex differences in metacognition can be described in the at-risk population; however, data are insufficient and heterogeneous with regard to thoroughly answering the question whether sex differences in clinical high-risk populations are mirrored in the metacognitive domain.
The Subject-Matter of Press Publishers’ Related Rights Under Directive 2019/790 on Copyright and Related Rights in the Digital Single Market
Authors: Czarny-Drożdżejko Elżbieta
Published: April 2020

The subject of this paper is the interpretation of the definition of a “press publication” contained in the new Directive 2019/790 on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market. The precise examination of particular aspects of this definition is important because the entities issuing publications defined as “press publications” obtain a new related right under the Directive. Thus, the definition constitutes the basis for constructing a monopoly of press publishers in relation to such forms of exploitation of press publications in the digital environment as reproduction and making available to the public. Therefore, this analysis assesses various problems arising from the interpretation of the above-mentioned definition, which indicates that this definition is far from unambivalent. It should also be emphasized that definitions of both the press and press publications as applied in various national legal systems for the purposes of administrative, civil or criminal law overlap, including in areas that are beyond the sphere of EU coordination. Hence, numerous interpretative issues, both in the EU legal system and in the systems of individual Member States, may be expected to arise in the future.
Application of VBGMM for pitch type classification: analysis of TrackMan's pitch tracking data
Authors: Umemura Kazuhiro , Yanai Toshimasa , Nagata Yasushi
Published: April 2020

In the game of baseball, each pitcher throws various types of pitches, such as cutter, curve ball, slider, and splitter. Although the type of a given pitch may be inferred by audience and/or obtained from the TrackMan data, the actual pitch type (i.e., the pitch type declared by the pitcher) may not be known. Classification of pitch types is a challenging task, as pitched baseballs may have different kinematic characteristics across pitchers even if the self-declared pitch types are the same. In addition, there is a possibility that the kinematic characteristics of pitched baseballs are identical even if the self-declared pitch types are different. In this study, we aimed to classify TrackMan data of pitched baseballs into pitch types by applying the Variational Bayesian Gaussian Mixture Models technique. We also aimed to analyze the kinematic characteristics of the classified pitch types and indices related to batting performance while pitching each pitch type. The results showed that the pitch types could not be accurately classified solely by kinematic characteristics, but with consideration of the characteristics of the fastball the accuracy improves substantially. This study could provide a basis for the development of a more accurate automatic pitch type classification system.
Parametric Investigation of a Rail Damper Design Based on a Lab-Scaled Model
Authors: Kuchak Alireza Jahan Tigh , Marinkovic Dragan , Zehn Manfred
Published: April 2020

Background

Track noise is one of the main issues in the development of railway networks. It is well known that rail dampers, as a cost-effective, passive means of vibration reduction, do reduce the noise; still, neither the mechanism behind their action nor the influential parameters are well understood.

Purpose

The main purpose of this work is to investigate the efficiency and influential parameters of a rail damper design based on a lab-scaled model of the rail-damper system and an accurate FE model.

Methods

Based on experimental and numerical modal analyses and the Modal Assurance Criteria (MAC) analysis, the FE model updating technique was applied to develop a highly accurate FE model of the rail-damper system for the investigated frequency range. In a further step, the developed FE model is used in a parametric analysis to assess various damper parameters with respect to the efficiency of damping rail vibrations and, therewith, radiated noise.

Results

The investigation performed based on FE simulations demonstrates how different material and geometric parameters of the damper influence the mobility decay rate of rail vertical vibrations. The investigated parameters are the thickness of still and rubber layers, stiffness and damping loss factor of rubber layers, and pre-force in the bolts that press the layers together.

Conclusions

It is shown that the FE model updating technique was capable of producing a highly accurate FE model despite the challenging properties of the real structure and that a combination of the lab-scaled model and the FE model represents a cost-effective approach.
AI's Impact on Multilateral Military Cooperation: Experience from NATO
Authors: Hill Steven
Published: April 2020

AI-based military applications present both opportunities and challenges for multinational military cooperation. This contribution takes stock of the state of discussions around AI-based military applications within the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). While there have been a number of recent developments in national AI strategies and policies, discussions at the NATO level are still in early phases, and there is no agreed NATO policy in this area. Further multilateral work is needed if like-minded states such as NATO Allies and partners are to head off the serious risk that disagreements about these technologies might hamper effective multilateral military cooperation.
Modeling ice birefringence and oblique radio wave propagation for neutrino detection at the South Pole
Authors: Jordan T. M. , Besson D. Z. , Kravchenko I. , Latif U. , Madison B. , Nokikov A. , Shultz A.
Published: April 2020

The Askaryan Radio Array (ARA) experiment at the South Pole is designed to detect high-energy neutrinos which, via in-ice interactions, produce coherent radiation at frequencies up to 1000 MHz. Characterization of ice birefringence, and its effect upon wave polarization, is proposed to enable range estimation to a neutrino interaction and hence aid in neutrino energy reconstruction. Using radio transmitter calibration sources, the ARA collaboration recently measured polarization-dependent time delay variations and reported significant time delays for trajectories perpendicular to ice flow, but not parallel. To explain these observations, and assess the capability for range estimation, we use fabric data from the SPICE ice core to model ice birefringence and construct a bounding radio propagation model that predicts polarization time delays. We compare the model with new data from December 2018 and demonstrate that the measurements are consistent with the prevailing horizontal crystallographic axis aligned near-perpendicular to ice flow. The study supports the notion that range estimation can be performed for near flow-perpendicular trajectories, although tighter constraints on fabric orientation are desirable for improving the accuracy of estimates.
Corporate Social (Ir)responsibility and Corporate Hypocrisy: Warmth, Motive and the Protective Value of Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Chen Zhifeng , Hang Haiming , Pavelin Stephen , Porter Lynda
Published: April 2020

This article examines how a firm’s prior record on corporate social responsibility (CSR) influences individual stakeholders’ perceptions of corporate hypocrisy in the wake of a corporate social irresponsibility (CSI) event. Our research extends extant corporate hypocrisy literature by highlighting the role of individual stakeholders’ inferences about a genuine CSR motive in their judgments of corporate hypocrisy. This can serve to differentiate perceived corporate hypocrisy from inconsistency that arises because of a lack of ability and/or resources. Our research further identifies a source for such perceptions: individual stakeholders’ perceptions of firm warmth generated by a firm’s prior record of CSR. In addition, we find that when CSR and CSI are in the same (vs. different) domains, it can strengthen perceptions of hypocrisy. This provides direct evidence to explain why markets react differently when CSR and CSI events occur in the same domain (vs. different ones).
Women, Peace and Security after Europe's ‘refugee crisis’
Authors: Holvikivi Aiko , Reeves Audrey
Published: April 2020

Since its inception in 2000, the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda has conceptualised the conflict-affected woman as a subject worthy of international attention, protection, and inclusion. In the wake of Europe's ‘refugee crisis’, this article examines how the remit of WPS has broadened from women in conflict zones to refugees in Europe's borderlands. A minority of European states now attend, in their WPS policy, to these conflict-affected women on the move. This inclusion productively challenges established notions of where conflict-affectedness is located. It exposes Europe as not always peaceful and safe for women, especially refugees who flee war. Conversely, the dominant tendency to exclude refugees from European WPS policy is built on a fantasy of Europe as peaceful and secure for women, which legitimises the fortressing of Europe and obscures European states’ complicity in fuelling insecurity at their borders, cultivating an ethos of coloniality around the WPS agenda. The inclusion of refugees is no panacea to these problems. If focused solely on protection, it repositions European states as protective heroes and conflict-affected women as helpless victims. The WPS framework nonetheless emphasises conflict-affected women's participation in decision-making and conflict prevention, opening space for recognising the refugee women as political actors.
Differentiating depression and ADHD without depression in adults with processing-speed measures
Authors: Martiny Klaus , Nielsen Niels Peter , Wiig Elisabeth H.
Published: April 2020

Objective:

We evaluated processing-speed and shift-cost measures in adults with depression or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and monitored the effects of treatment. We hypothesised that cognitive-speed and shift-cost measures might differentiate diagnostic groups.

Methods:

Colour, form, and colour–form stimuli were used to measure naming times. The shift costs were calculated as colour–form-naming time minus the sum of colour- and form-naming times. Measurements were done at baseline and end point for 42 adults with depression and 42 with ADHD without depression. Patients with depression were treated with transcranial pulsed electromagnetic fields and patients with ADHD with methylphenidate immediate release.

Results:

During depression treatment, reductions in naming times were recorded weekly. One-way analysis of variance indicated statistical between-group differences, with effect sizes in the medium range for form and colour–form. In both groups, naming times were longer before than after treatment. For the ADHD group, shift costs exceeded the average–normal range at baseline but were in the average–normal range after stabilisation with stimulant medication. For the depression group, shift costs were in the average–normal range at baseline and after treatment. Baseline colour–form-naming times predicted reductions in naming times for both groups, with the largest effect size and index of forecasting efficiency for the ADHD group.

Conclusions:

The cognitive-processing-speed (colour–form) and shift-cost measures before treatment proved most sensitive in differentiating patients with depression and ADHD. Reductions in naming times for the depression group were suggested to reflect improved psychomotor skills rather than improved cognitive control.
Everyday Nationalism and Authoritarian Rule: A Case Study of North Korea
Authors: Dukalskis Alexander , Lee Junhyoung
Published: April 2020

This article traces the evolution of “everyday nationalism” in North Korea and assesses its relationship to authoritarian resilience. It argues that coercion and the prospect of coercion play important roles in policing the contours of everyday nationalism. The state is able to infuse nationalism and authoritarian control into everyday life, but the “success” of its efforts has limits. This is due to social changes and the ways that material failures nurtured doubts about the legitimacy of the government among some citizens. It draws on data from North Korean state media, secondary historical literature, and 58 semi-structured interviews with North Koreans living in South Korea.
Global Nationalism in Times of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Bieber Florian
Published: April 2020

The article outlines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on nationalism around the world. Starting from the premise that nationalism is a global and ubiquitous idea in the contemporary world, it explores whether exclusionary tendencies have been reinforced by the pandemic. The pandemic and government responses will not necessarily trigger the increase in exclusionary nationalism that both far-right politicians and observers have noted. However, there are 4 aspects, examined in the article, that might be shaped by the pandemic. These include the recent trajectory of nationalism and its social relevance prior to the pandemic,the rise of authoritarianism as governments suspend or reduce democratic freedoms and civil liberties, the rise of biases against some groups associated with the pandemic, the rise of borders and deglobalization, and the politics of fear. Thus, while the rise of exclusionary nationalism might not be the inevitable consequence of the pandemic, it risks reinforcing preexisting nationalist dynamics.
Ctenophthalmus baeticus boisseauorum(Beaucournu, 1968) andCtenophthalmus apertus allani(Smit, 1955) (Siphonaptera: Ctenophthalmidae) as synonymous taxa: morphometric, phylogenetic, and molecular characterization
Authors: Zurita Antonio , García-Sánchez Ángela María , Cutillas Cristina
Published: April 2020

The family Ctenophthalmidae (Order Siphonaptera) has been considered as a ‘catchall’ for a wide range of divergent taxa showing a paraphyletic origin. In turn,Ctenophthalmussp. (Ctenophthalmidae) includes 300 valid described taxa. Within this genus, males are easily distinguishable basing on the size, shape, and chaetotaxy of their genitalia; however, females show slight morphological differences with each other. The main objective of this work was to carry out a comparative morphometric, phylogenetic, and molecular study of two different subspecies:Ctenophthalmus baeticus boisseauorumandCtenophthalmus apertus allaniin order to clarify and discuss its taxonomic status. From a morphological and biometrical point of view, we found clear differences between modified abdominal segments of males of both subspecies and slight differences in the margin of sternum VII of all female specimens which did not correspond with molecular and phylogenetic results based on four different molecular markers (Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 and 2 of ribosomal DNA, and the partialcytochrome c oxidasesubunit 1 andcytochrome bof mitochondrial DNA). Thus, we observed a phenotypic plasticity between both subspecies, which did not correspond with a real genotypic variability nor different environmental or ecological conditions. Basing on these results, we could consider that there are no solid arguments to consider these two ‘morphosubspecies’ as two different taxa. We propose thatC. b. boisseauorumshould be considered as a junior synonym ofC. a. allani.
THE CAUSE OF IDMON'S DEATH AT SENECA,MEDEA652–3 AND AT VALERIUS FLACCUS 5.2–3
Authors: Franklinos T.E.
Published: April 2020

‘The tale of the Argonauts was among the most popular myths in Greek and Roman literature of all periods.’ There was, however, not inconsiderable variation in certain aspects of the narrative: in the inclusion or exclusion of entire episodes; in (un)expected divergences from more authoritative versions of the story; and in the details of minutiae. In the Argonautic choral odes of Seneca'sMedea(301–79 and 579–669), and in Valerius Flaccus’ incomplete epic, there is a conspicuous, learned engagement with much of the earlier tradition that hints at versions of the myth which are divergent from those that the two poets privilege in their respective narratives. Such moments serve to assert the playwright's and the epicist's status asdocti poetae, and to engage the learned reader in a (re)negotiation of the tradition; at times, an awareness of a literary past seems to be given to particular characters too so as to heighten the reader's experience of the narrative—by a sort of prolepsis—as it unfolds.
Phased evolution and variation of the South Asian monsoon, and resulting weathering and surface erosion in the Himalaya–Karakoram Mountains, since late Pliocene time using data from Arabian Sea core
Authors: Lu Huayu , Liu Ruixuan , Cheng Linhai , Feng Han , Zhang Hanzhi , Wang Yao , Hu Rong , Zhao Wancang , Ji Junfeng , Xu Zhaokai , Yu Zhaojie , Kulhanek Denise K. , Pandey Dhananjai K. , Clift Peter D.
Published: April 2020

We investigate the phased evolution and variation of the South Asian monsoon and resulting weathering intensity and physical erosion in the Himalaya–Karakoram Mountains since late Pliocene time (c.3.4 Ma) using a comprehensive approach. Neodymium and strontium isotopic compositions and single-grain zircon U–Pb age spectra reveal the sources of the deposits in the east Arabian Sea, and show a combination of sources from the Himalaya and the Karakoram–Kohistan–Ladakh Mountains, with sediments from the Indian Peninsula such as the Deccan Traps or Craton. We interpret shifts in the sediment sources to have been forced by sea-level changes that correlate with South Asian monsoon rainfall variation since late Pliocene time. We collected 908 samples from the International Ocean Discovery Program Hole U1456A, which was drilled in the east Arabian Sea. Time series of hematite content and grain size of the sediments were examined downcore. We found South Asian monsoon precipitation and weathering intensity experienced three phases from late Pliocene time. Lower monsoon precipitation, with a lower variability and strong weathering intensity, occurred during 3.4–2.4 Ma; an increased and more variable South Asian monsoon rainfall, along with strengthened but fluctuating weathering intensity, occurred at 1.8–1.1 Ma; and a reduced rainfall with lower South Asian monsoon precipitation variability and moderate weathering intensity marked the period 1.1–0.1 Ma. Maximum entropy spectral analysis and wavelet transform show that there were orbital-dominated cycles of periodsc.100 andc.41 ka in these proxy-based time series. We propose that the monsoon, sea level, global temperature and insolation together forced the weathering and erosion in SW Asia.
HERMITIANS IN MATRIX ALGEBRAS WITH OPERATOR NORM
Authors: CRABB MICHAEL J. , DUNCAN JOHN , McGREGOR COLIN M.
Published: April 2020

We investigate the real space H of Hermitian matrices in
$M_n(\mathbb{C})$
with respect to norms on
$\mathbb{C}^n$
. For absolute norms, the general form of Hermitian matrices was essentially established by Schneider and Turner [Schneider and Turner, Linear and Multilinear Algebra (1973), 9–31]. Here, we offer a much shorter proof. For non-absolute norms, we begin an investigation of H by means of a series of examples, with particular reference to dimension and commutativity.
Empirically derived dietary-lifestyle patterns and cardiometabolic health in young men: a review
Authors: Lonnie Marta , Wadolowska Lidia
Published: April 2020

Sex and gender are important factors that impact cardiometabolic traits. Men have lower life expectancy and higher prevalence of fatal chronic conditions at younger age. Lifestyle risk profiles in young men have been rarely studied in the context of cardiometabolic health. This review aimed to summarise the evidence regarding the patterns of dietary-lifestyle behaviours in a population of young men (age <40years) and their associations with cardiometabolic health. Overall, unfavourable clusters of health behaviours are more prominent in men, when compared to women and more prevalent in younger adults, when compared to older age groups. Early signs of cardiometabolic health abnormalities have been reported among men with higher adherence to patterns which consistently shared poor dietary habits as a common denominator, combined with stimulant use, inadequate sleep or insufficient physical activity. In the majority of studies, dietary assessment was limited to the investigation of one or two behaviours, most frequently fruit and vegetable intake. Since young men may engage in a mixture of explicit behaviours, the examination of a singular dietary habit may not represent the overall diet quality. To conclude, the data regarding the synergistic effects of a broad spectrum of dietary and lifestyle behaviours in the context of cardiometabolic health remain scarce in this population. The inclusion of a broader range of dietary and lifestyle variables into the multicomponent pattern analysis might have a greater potential in explaining the association with cardiometabolic health. Defining behavioural clusters can help to develop interventions, tailored to the specific needs of the targeted group.
Morphological and molecular characterization of Plasmodium cathemerium (lineage PADOM02) from the sparrow Passer domesticus with complete sporogony in Culex pipiens complex
Authors: Aly Mohamed Z. Y. , Mohamed Ibrahem I. I. , Sebak Salwa I. , Vanstreels Ralph E. T. , El gendy Azza M.
Published: April 2020

Avian malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by Plasmodium spp. protozoa. Although these parasites have been extensively studied in North America and Eurasia, knowledge on the diversity of Plasmodium, its vectors and avian hosts in Africa is scarce. In this study, we report on natural malarial infections in free-ranging sparrows (Passer domesticus) sampled at Giza Governorate, Egypt. Parasites were morphologically characterized as Plasmodium cathemerium based on the examination of thin blood smears from the avian host. Sequencing a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene showed that the parasite corresponded to lineage PADOM02. Phylogenetic analysis showed that this parasite is closely related to the lineages SERAU01 and PADOM09, both of which are attributed to P. cathemerium. Experimental infection of Culex pipiens complex was successful, with ookinetes first detected at 1-day post infection (dpi), oocysts at 4 dpi and sporozoites at 6 dpi. The massive infection of the salivary glands by sporozoites corroborates that Cx. pipiens complex is a competent vector of PADOM02. Our findings confirm that Plasmodium lineage PADOM02 infects sparrows in urban areas along the Nile River, Egypt, and corroborate that Cx. pipiens complex is a highly competent vector for these parasites. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that this lineage corresponds to the morphospecies P. cathemerium and not P. relictum as previously believed.
The first case of microsporidiosis inParamecium
Authors: Yakovleva Yulia , Nassonova Elena , Lebedeva Natalia , Lanzoni Olivia , Petroni Giulio , Potekhin Alexey , Sabaneyeva Elena
Published: April 2020

A new microsporidian species,Globosporidium parameciigen. nov., sp. nov., fromParamecium primaureliais described on the basis of morphology, fine structure, and SSU rRNA gene sequence. This is the first case of microsporidiosis inParameciumreported so far. All observed stages of the life cycle are monokaryotic. The parasites develop in the cytoplasm, at least some part of the population in endoplasmic reticulum and its derivates. Meronts divide by binary fission. Sporogonial plasmodium divides by rosette-like budding. Early sporoblasts demonstrate a well-developed exospore forming blister-like structures. Spores with distinctive spherical shape are dimorphic in size (3.7 ± 0.2 and 1.9 ± 0.2μm). Both types of spores are characterized by a thin endospore, a short isofilar polar tube making one incomplete coil, a bipartite polaroplast, and a large posterior vacuole. Experimental infection was successful for 5 of 10 tested strains of theParamecium aureliaspecies complex. All susceptible strains belong to closely relatedP. primaureliaandP. pentaureliaspecies. Phylogenetic analysis placed the new species in the Clade 4 of Microsporidia and revealed its close relationship toEuplotespora binucleata(a microsporidium from the ciliateEuplotes woodruffi), toHelmichia lacustrisandMrazekia macrocyclopis, microsporidia from aquatic invertebrates.
Human African trypanosomiasis: the current situation in endemic regions and the risks for non-endemic regions from imported cases
Authors: Gao Jiang-Mei , Qian Zheng-Yu , Hide Geoff , Lai De-Hua , Lun Zhao-Rong , Wu Zhong-Dao
Published: April 2020

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and caused devastating epidemics during the 20th century. Due to effective control programs implemented in the last two decades, the number of reported cases has fallen to a historically low level. Although fewer than 977 cases were reported in 2018 in endemic countries, HAT is still a public health problem in endemic regions until it is completely eliminated. In addition, almost 150 confirmed HAT cases were reported in non-endemic countries in the last three decades. The majority of non-endemic HAT cases were reported in Europe, USA and South Africa, due to historical alliances, economic links or geographic proximity to disease-endemic countries. Furthermore, with the implementation of the ‘Belt and Road’ project, sporadic imported HAT cases have been reported in China as a warning sign of tropical diseases prevention. In this paper, we explore and interpret the data on HAT incidence and find no positive correlation between the number of HAT cases from endemic and non-endemic countries. This data will provide useful information for better understanding the imported cases of HAT globally in the post-elimination phase.
Stories from the fourth age: autonomy and the lives of older care home residents
Authors: Pocock Lucy V. , MacKichan Fiona , Deibel Francesca , Mills Anna , Wye Lesley
Published: April 2020

Transition to a care home often follows a hospital admission and can be distressing. Care home settings play an important role in the care of many people at the end of life. This longitudinal study employed a narrative approach, aiming to explore the perspectives of older care home residents on transitions to, and life and death within, care homes. Five participants, aged 85 years and over, were recruited from two privately owned care homes in the South-West of England. All participants had a diagnosis of an advanced progressive condition (excluding advanced dementia), or were thought to be frail. Longitudinal interviews (19 in total) were conducted over a ten-month period. A structural narrative analysis was performed and participants’ narratives are presented under three headings, with one participant's story chosen to illustrate each narrative type: ‘becoming a care home resident’, ‘living in a care home’ and ‘death and dying’. Findings revealed that care home residents experience a loss of autonomy and a lack of agency; they are often excluded from decision-making. Older care home residents have few choices with regard to care at the end of life. Further work is required to improve transition into care homes, including support and advocacy during decision-making, which often takes place in hospitals at a time of crisis.
Forms of trust and polypharmacy among older adults
Authors: Ross Alison , Gillett James
Published: April 2020

This article examines how older adults make decisions about their medications through interconnected axes of trust that operate across social networks. Trust is negotiated by older adults enrolled in a deprescribing programme which guides them through the process of reducing medications to mitigate risks associated with polypharmacy. Habermas’ work on the significance of communicative action in negotiating trust within social relationships informs our analysis, specifically in-depth semi-structured interviews with older adults about their medication use and the role of social networks in managing their health. Participants were age 70+ and experiencing polypharmacy. Our analysis discusses the social nature of medication practices and the importance of social networks for older adults’ decision-making. Their perspective reflects the critique of late-modern society put forward by Habermas. Negotiating trust in pharmaceutical decision-making requires navigating tensions across and between system networks (health-care professionals) and life-world networks (family and friends). This study contributes to our knowledge of how distinct forms of trust operate in different social spheres, setting the context for the way health-care decisions are made across social networks. Our analysis reinforces the need for older adults to engage meaningfully in health-care decision-making such that a convergence between system-world and life-world structures is encouraged. This would improve deprescribing programmes’ efficacy as older adults optimise their medication use and improve overall quality of life.
The epidemiology of affective disorders: national secular trends and local findings
Authors: Surtees P.G. , Sashidharan S.P.
Published: April 2020

This paper examines aspects of the epidemiology of affective disorders in Scotland. Results from 3 investigations are described, each one indicative of a particular research approach (the use of national, case-register and direct-interview based data). In Part I of the paper secular trends in Scottish national and local (Edinburgh city) first admission rates of affective disorders, based upon ICD-9, are examined. The results, based upon the national data, show that during the last two decades the male admission rate declined by 29.4% and the female rate by 37.3%. However, the female rate has remained 1.8 to 2.2-fold that of the male rate throughout this period. Further investigation of these changes was undertaken after dividing the affective disorder category into either the “affective psychoses” or the “depressive neuroses”. Results revealed that whilst there was only a slight change in the Scottish national rate of affective psychoses, marked decreases in rates were revealed for the depressive neuroses for both sexes (males by 39.4% and females by 39.3%). Age-specific secular trends also demonstrated the extent to which the older age groups of both sexes experienced the highest rates of affective psychoses.

Results based upon first admissions for affective disorder to the Royal Edinburgh Hospital over the years 1976-1987 showed that the overall male rate had remained relatively unchanged, whilst that for females had declined by about 24%. Subsequent analysis showed that the rates for affective psychoses had declined over the 12 years to a level which for the females was close to the national rate but that the male rate for these conditions had remained (in 1985) at 70% above the Scottish national rate.

Part II of this paper presents results from two further studies concerned with investigating rates of affective disorder amongst women. The first of these was a general population survey of a random sample, the second a hospital study. Both studies were designed to be complementary, in that each was based upon samples of women living in the same geographical area of Edinburgh city. Results revealed that the hospital prevalence estimate for affective disorders was only about 1% of the community estimate, but over 5% of the community inception rate. Analyses examining the demographic correlates of affective disorders revealed the extent to which age and marital status differentially determined the ease with which women entered hospital care. Results revealed that being single and of older age was associated with an increased chance of receiving treatment for women with affective disorders.
MEMECYLON NERVOSUM (MELASTOMATACEAE), A NEW SPECIES FROM SOUTH INDIA
Authors: Vadhyar R. G. , Benjamin J. H. F. , Sujana K. A.
Published: April 2020

Memecylon nervosum Vadhyar, J.H.F.Benj. & Sujana, a new species of Melastomataceae from the Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary, Western Ghats, India, is described and illustrated. It is compared with the closely allied Memecylon heyneanum Benth. and Memecylon jambosioides Wight.
Writing Multilateral Trade Rules in the League of Nations
Authors: Dungy Madeleine Lynch
Published: April 2020

This article analyses the mechanics and the political stakes of multilateral trade negotiations in the League of Nations, in the context of the transition from empires to nation states. It examines one attempt to transfer bilateral treaty norms to a multilateral framework, the Draft Convention on the Treatment of Foreigners. This highly contested treaty addressed a policy question that was at the heart of both national sovereignty and international order – the legal treatment of foreign nationals. The attempt to regulate this question on a multilateral basis provoked intense debate about the authority of the League to mediate the relationship between international commerce and national governments.
Train Scheduling with Hybrid Answer Set Programming
Authors: ABELS DIRK , JORDI JULIAN , OSTROWSKI MAX , SCHAUB TORSTEN , TOLETTI AMBRA , WANKO PHILIPP
Published: April 2020

We present a solution to real-world train scheduling problems, involving routing, scheduling, and optimization, based on Answer Set Programming (ASP). To this end, we pursue a hybrid approach that extends ASP with difference constraints to account for a fine-grained timing. More precisely, we exemplarily show how the hybrid ASP system clingo[DL] can be used to tackle demanding planning and scheduling problems. In particular, we investigate how to boost performance by combining distinct ASP solving techniques, such as approximations and heuristics, with preprocessing and encoding techniques for tackling large-scale, real-world train-scheduling instances.
Jürgen Hinzpeter and Foreign Correspondents in the 1980 Kwangju Uprising
Authors: Jackson Andrew David
Published: April 2020

German journalist Jürgen Hinzpeter won the 2003 Song Kun-ho Press Award for his reporting of the 1980 Kwangju Uprising. He was also the subject of documentaries and the 2017 hit movieA Taxi Driver, which credit him as the first journalist to expose the Kwangju Uprising to the world. In fact, Hinzpeter was one of many journalists who revealed what had happened at Kwangju. Since the production of the 2003 documentaryHinzpeter – the Blue-Eyed Witness to May 1980, interest in the many other foreign journalists who covered Kwangju has been elided, raising the question of why only Hinzpeter's contribution is remembered and celebrated. Using ideas about historical memory developed by Paul Cohen, I argue that a narrative about Hinzpeter's actions in Kwangju has emerged, which has little to do with who first broke the news of the Kwangju Uprising. The story of Hinzpeter's relationship with the South Korean democratization movement as well as the film he shot of the moment Kwangju citizens seized power and established an alternative government to military rule – have become important weapons for the activist generation in an ongoing struggle over the memorialization of the Kwangju Uprising.
Genealogies of the “Paika Rebellion”: Heterogeneities and Linkages
Authors: Tanabe Akio
Published: April 2020

The “Paika Rebellion” of 1817 in Orissa, India has been depicted by colonial officers as a local disturbance caused by the dissatisfaction of one powerful individual deprived of traditional privileges who instigated thepāikas. The nationalist reconstruction has depicted the event as a popular freedom movement involving various castes and classes of Orissan society. This has culminated in a current move to declare the “Paika Rebellion” the First Indian War of Independence. I would like to suggest a third perspective, which focuses on the heterogeneities and linkages of the Rebellion. It is important to note that the “Paika Rebellion” was a meeting point of plural genealogies: “tribal” revolts to protect autonomy, “peasant” resistance to secure livelihood, restorative attempts by the traditional landed class, and ruling class efforts to defend and expand authority. Appreciating the plural genealogies of the Rebellion leads to more perceptive understandings of the heterogeneous characteristics of popular movements and their aftermaths in modern India. Lastly, in order to go beyond colonial and dominant-caste centred perspectives, I propose that we name it the “Orissa Uprising of 1817”.
Robust design of a broadband dual-polarized transition from PCB to circular dielectric waveguide for mm-wave applications
Authors: Meyer Andre , Schneider Martin
Published: April 2020

A growing interest in dielectric waveguides (DWGs) as an alternative to commonly used waveguides (like coaxial or twisted-pair cables) for high data rate interconnects could be observed in the last few years. Especially in the mm-wave frequency range (30–300 GHz) applications with these waveguides benefit from low losses and low dispersion. Moreover, using both polarizations of the fundamental mode in such waveguides could theoretically double the data rate without the need of higher bandwidth or additional fibers. The connection between DWGs and commonly available transceiver chips requires broadband transitions from planar waveguides like microstrip lines to DWGs. In this paper, an overview of the current developments of such transitions is given and a novel low-complexity design is presented that reduces the space consumption by 35% related to recently published works. This allows an easy integration into a printed circuit board layout or a chip package. Furthermore, an extensive sensitivity analysis is presented to prove the robustness toward manufacturing tolerances. The transition is realized at W-band frequencies (75–110 GHz) and achieves a relative 10 dB-bandwidth of more than 25% with a minimum insertion loss of 1.2 dB. It is shown that these properties even hold for manufacturing tolerances of nowadays manufacturing processes.
Unbound in War? International Law and Britain's Participation in the Korean War
Authors: RICHMOND Sean
Published: April 2020

This interdisciplinary paper examines the influence and interpretation of international law in the use of force by an important but understudied country, Britain, during one of the most significant conflicts since 1945: the Korean War of 1950–53. Through innovative application of sociological theories in International Law [IL] and International Relations [IR], and rigorous qualitative analysis of declassified documents, I advance a two-pronged argument. First, contrary to what some dominant IR perspectives might predict, Britain's involvement in the war suggests that international law can play four underappreciated roles when states use force: (1) it helps constitute the identity of actors; (2) it helps regulate their conduct; (3) it permits and legitimates certain actions; and (4) it structures the process by which agents seek to develop new rules. However, contrary to what many IL approaches might predict, it is unclear whether these effects are ultimately attributable to an obligatory quality in law.
The evidence base for psychotropic drugs approved by the European Medicines Agency: a meta-assessment of all European Public Assessment Reports
Authors: Erhel Florian , Scanff Alexandre , Naudet Florian
Published: April 2020

Aims

To systematically assess the level of evidence for psychotropic drugs approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA).

Methods

Cross-sectional analysis of all European Public Assessment Reports (EPARs) and meta-analyses of the many studies reported in these EPARs. Eligible EPARs were identified from the EMA's website and individual study reports were requested from the Agency when necessary. All marketing authorisation applications (defined by the drug, the route of administration and given indications) for psychotropic medications for adults (including drugs used in psychiatry and addictology) were considered. EPARs solely based on bioequivalence studies were excluded. Our primary outcome measure was the presence of robust evidence of comparative effectiveness, defined as at least two ‘positive’ superiority studies against an active comparator. Various other features of the approvals were assessed, such as evidence of non-inferiorityv. active comparator and superiorityv. placebo. For studies with available data, effect sizes were computed and pooled using a random effect meta-analysis for each dose of each drug in each indication.

Results

Twenty-seven marketing authorisations were identified. For one, comparative effectiveness was explicitly considered as not needed in the EPAR. Of those remaining, 21/26 (81%) did not provide any evidence of superiority against an active comparator, 2/26 (8%) were based on at least two trials showing superiority against active comparator and three (11%) were based on one positive trial; 1/26 provided evidence for two positive non-inferiority analysesv. active comparator and seven (26%) provided evidence for one. In total, 20/27 (74%) evaluations reported evidence of superiorityv. placebo with two or more trials. Among the meta-analyses of initiation studies against active comparator (57 available comparisons), the median effect size was 0.051 (range −0.503; 0.318). Twenty approved evaluations (74%) reported evidence of superiorityv. placebo on the basis of two or more initiation trials and seven based on a single trial. Among meta-analyses of initiation studies against placebo (125 available comparisons), the median effect size was −0.283 (range −0.820; 0.091). Importantly, among the 89 study reports requested on the EMA website, only 19 were made available 1 year after our requests.

Conclusions

The evidence for psychiatric drug approved by the EMA was in general poor. Small to modest effectsv. placebo were considered sufficient in indications where an earlier drug exists. Data retrieval was incomplete after 1 year despite EMA's commitment to transparency. Improvements are needed.
Unterscheiden sich die Forschungsinteressen von Frauen und Männern in der Psychologie?
Authors: Bittermann André , Greiner Nina , Fischer Andreas
Published: April 2020

Zusammenfassung. Auf die Mitte der 1990er Jahre angestoßene Debatte über den steigenden Frauenanteil unter den Psychologiestudierenden folgte eine Reihe von Studien, welche unter anderem geschlechtsspezifische Interessenschwerpunkte untersuchten. Bis heute zeigt sich zu solchen Präferenzen ein insgesamt gemischtes Bild und es liegt noch keine umfassende Untersuchung über einen größeren Zeitraum vor. Daher wurde untersucht, (1) ob sich die Forschungsinteressen von promovierenden Frauen und Männern in der Psychologie unterscheiden und (2) welche zeitlichen Trends hierbei ausgemacht werden können. Analysiert wurden 17 971 in der psychologischen Referenzdatenbank PSYNDEX nachgewiesene Dissertationen aus dem deutschen Sprachraum der Jahre 1968 bis 2017. Die individuellen Forschungsinteressen wurden anhand standardisierter Schlagwörter der Dissertationen mit Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) identifiziert. Zeitliche Trends wurden mit Multilayer Perceptrons (MLP) untersucht. Es konnten 48 Interessenbereiche identifiziert werden, wobei sich nur in zwei Bereichen zeitlich konstant größere Unterschiede zwischen Frauen und Männern zeigten: „Mutter-Kind-Beziehung und Entwicklung im Kleinkindalter“ wurde mit einer höheren Wahrscheinlichkeit von Frauen, „Statistik und Methoden“ stärker von Männern adressiert. Weitere Unterschiede unterlagen zeitlichen Schwankungen. Die Befunde stützen insgesamt die Annahme, dass die Ähnlichkeiten zwischen Frauen und Männern überwiegen. Eine englische Übersetzung als Rohfassung dieses Artikels finden Sie als Elektronisches Supplement 1.
Resource Availability and Entrainment Are Driven by Offsets Between Nutriclines and Winter Mixed‐Layer Depth
Authors: Rigby S. J. , Williams R. G. , Achterberg E. P. , Tagliabue A.
Published: April 2020

While phytoplankton play a key role in ocean biogeochemical cycles, the availability and supply pathways of resources that support their growth remain poorly constrained. Here, we show that the availability of various resources varies over several orders of magnitude throughout the Atlantic Ocean, causing regional contrasts in resource deficiency. Regional variations in the relative availability of nitrogen, phosphorous, silicon, iron, zinc, manganese, cobalt, and cadmium are important and result from the contrasts between winter mixing depths and differences in vertical profiles of the different resources. The winter‐time thickening of the mixed layer may replenish or deplete resources via entrainment, depending on the vertical nutrient profile. For nutrients like nitrate, phosphate, and cadmium, entrainment is a consistent source term. While for others, such as manganese and iron, entrainment can reduce ocean resource availability, particularly in subtropical regions. Any future change to the depth of winter‐time mixing will cause region‐specific changes in relative availability of different resources that may have important ecological consequences.