bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting the abundance of the copra beetle, Necrobia rufipes (Deg.) (Col., Cleridae)
Authors: Ashman F.
Published: July 2009

Some effects of temperature, relative humidity and food supply on the fecundity, length of adult life and rate of development of Necrobia rufipes (Deg.) are outlined.

At 30°C. and 64–70 per cent. R.H., females laid few eggs when supplied with palm kernels as food, whereas when given freshly squashed larvae of Carpophilus dimidiatus (F.) as their only food supply they laid large numbers of eggs.

When Aspergillus spp. commonly found on copra of high moisture content were cultured, conditioned and supplied as the only food at 30°C. and 81 per cent. R.H., newly emerged larvae died within two days. Complete mortality also occurred on palm kernels at 30°C. and 64–70 per cent. R.H., although a few larvae survived for 60 days.

On copra alone, complete development occurred in all conditions attempted, except at 25°C. and 53 per cent. R.H. Development on this food was most rapid at 30°C. and 81 per cent. R.H. (mean period (larva + pupa) 66·5 days). The addition of fishmeal to copra reduced the mean period of development (larva + pupa) at 30°C. and 81 per cent. R.H. to 42·6 days. The shortest mean period of development (larva + pupa) recorded, 37·9 days, was with larvae of C. dimidiatus as food, at 30°C. and 64–70 per cent. R.H. Rapid development was also achieved by adding larvae of N. rufipes to a culture of Oryzaephihis mercator (Fauv.).
The susceptibility of tsetse flies to topical applications of insecticides. VI.—Data on more chlorinated hydrocarbons and organophosphates, and a general discussion
Authors: Burnett G. F.
Published: July 2009

Five insecticides (Thiodah, Bromodan, dimethoate, Dipterex (trichlorphon) and Sumithion) were applied topically in solution to young adults of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans Westw. The toxicity of Thiodan (LD50 for males, 0·0012 µg.; for females, 0·0014 µg.) lay between that of Telodrin and dieldrin, and that of Bromodan (LD50 for both sexes combined, 0·0032 µg.) between that of dieldrin and γ BHC. Dimethoate, Dipterex and Sumithion were all less toxic than Baytex, but were not fully evaluated.

Results recorded in this paper and earlier ones in this series, and those of workers using Musca domestica L., are discussed in an attempt to rationalise the search for new toxicants for tsetse flies. Chlorinated hydrocarbons fall into two classes, in both of which there is an approximate positive correlation between toxicity to Musca and to Glossina. One class, including Telodrin, Thiodan and Bromodan, is exceptionally toxic to tsetse and more than 40 times as toxic to Glossina as to Musca. These have a molecule with a particular type of nucleus (hexachloro-l,4-methano-cyclohexene) with a single bridged unsaturated ring. The more common chlorinated hydrocarbons (γ BHC, DDT and aldrin) are two to five times, and dieldrin 12 times, as toxic to G. morsitans as to M. domestica, and all are very toxic to both species.

Among organophosphorus compounds there is very little correlation between toxicity to M. domestica and that to G. morsitans, but it appears probable that no compound of low toxicity to Musca (i.e., LD50 of the order of 0·5 µg.) would be likely to compete with those compounds already known to be most toxic to Glossina. Replacement of the nitro group on the benzene ring of Sumithion by a thiomethyl group, to form Baytex, increases toxicity to Glossina fivefold, but that to Musca by only one-fourth. There is less information on organocarbamates, and it may be a coincidence that 2-isopropoxyphenyl N-methylcarbamate, the most toxic of those tested on G. morsitans, was also most toxic to Musca.
Effects of piperonyl butoxide on insecticidal potency
Authors: Hadaway A. B. , Barlow F. , Duncan J.
Published: July 2009

The effects of piperonyl butoxide on the toxicity to adult mosquitos (Anopheles stephensi List, and Aedes aegypti (L.)) and house-flies (Musca domestica L.) of pyrethrins, two synthetic pyrethroids, three organophosphorus compounds and their oxygen analogues, and three carbamates (Sevin, and both 3-isopropylphenyl and 3,5-di-isopropylphenyl N-methylcarbamate) were determined quantitatively. Solutions, in di-isobutyl ketone, containing insecticide alone and insecticide/ piperonyl butoxide mixtures in the proportion of 1:10 were applied topically to individual insects.

A high degree of synergism was obtained only with natural pyrethrins and carbamates and house-flies, and the effect on the toxicity of these insecticides to adult mosquitos was much less pronounced. Insecticidal potency of the synthetic pyrethroids allethrin and dimethrin was influenced less than that of natural pyrethrins.

Piperonyl butoxide antagonised the action of malathion in M. domestica, and to a slight extent in A. stephensi, but increased the toxicity of malathion and malaoxon to Ae. aegypti. It had little effect on the potency of diazinon and parathion and their oxygen analogues (diazinoxon and paraoxon) with the exception that it increased the toxicity of diazinon and diazinoxon to Ae. aegypti.

The results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that piperonyl butoxide inhibits detoxification in insects. From a practical point of view, they suggest that no great advantages would be derived from the addition of piperonyl butoxide to formulations of organophosphorus compounds and carbamates used for residual contact action against adult mosquitos.
Oviposition in DDT-resistant and susceptible strains of Aedes aegypti (L.): egg-laying on open-water surfaces
Authors: Wood R. J.
Published: July 2009

Oviposition was investigated in five strains of Aedes aegypti (L.), two being DDT-resistant (from Trinidad (STR) and Haiti) and three susceptible (two from West Africa and one (AS) from U.S.A.). Strains were compared with respect to their oviposition at sites illuminated at two levels (0·02 and 6·5 lumens per sq. ft.), each site being composed of a strip of moist white paper and an approximately equal area of open water set against a dark background.

Oviposition on the water surface was consistently less at the lower level of illumination. Generally the moist white paper was preferred by all strains, but oviposition on the water surface was practised more readily by strain AS than by the others, and differences between certain strains (including AS and STR) were significant.

Mass crosses and back-crosses were performed between strains AS and STR. The results were in close agreement with the hypothesis that laying on open-water surfaces is controlled by a genetic system in which there is no dominance.

The frequency of oviposition on an open-water surface was not correlated with two other characteristics (oviposition time and oviposition light preference) that have been investigated in these five strains, nor with DDT resistance.
The distribution of sandflies (Diptera, Psychodidae)in Kenya
Authors: Minter D. M.
Published: July 2009

Brief notes are given on the distribution of 34 species of sandflies (Phlebotomus) recorded in Kenya. Mention is also made of two other species not so far known from Kenya but from areas close to its border, since these may ultimately be found within it.

The distributions of the 36 species in Kenya and bordering areas, based on published work supplemented by many unpublished records, are shown on a series of maps.
Trypanosome infection rates inGlossina morsitans submorsitansNewst. in Northern Nigeria
Authors: Jordan A. M.
Published: July 2009

Previous records and new data on trypanosome infection rates inGlossina morsitans submorsitansNewst. in Northern Nigeria are presented, and discussed in relation to the hosts fed on by this tsetse fly. The new observations were carried out in three areas: at Mando and Gamagira, both lying in a fly-belt north of Kaduna, and in the Yankari Game Reserve in Bauchi Province.

Infection rates were obtained by dissection of flies, and the trypanosomes were identified by their locus; the validity of this method of identification is discussed. All infections withTrypanosomaspp. were attributable either to thevivaxgroup or to theconrgolensegroup; nobrucen-group trypanosomes were identified. More than 260 flies from each area were examined during March 1962, at the end of the dry season, and similar numbers during October 1962, at the end of the wet season.

There was no significant difference between dry-season and wet-season infection rates in any area. Taking the two seasons together, the rate at Yankari (12%) was significantly higher than the rates at Mando (5%) and Gamagira (3%), which did not differ significantly. These contrasting infection rates could be related to the host species principally fed on by flies in the different areas as shown by blood-meal determinations. The lowest infection rates occurred where Suidae furnished a high proportion of meals (Mando, 51%; Gamagira, 67%) and Bovidae a small proportion (Mando, 16%; Gamagira, 9%). The high infection rate at Yankari was associated with a high proportion of Bovid meals (53%), especially from buffalo (Syncerus nanus) and bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), and a lower proportion of Suid meals (33%). For the three areas the relationship between infection rate and percentage of Bovid meals was statistically significant.

The species groups of infecting trypanosomes showed further contrasts between the three areas which were unrelated to the total infection rates. At Gamagira, 81 per cent, of infections werecongolensegroup, and this proportion was significantly higher than that at Mando (45%) or Yankari (37%). The differences could be related to the types of host from which blood-meals were principally derived. The highest proportion ofcongolense-group infections occurred where the highest percentage of meals came from Suidae (Gamagira, 67%), and lower proportions occurred at Mando and Yankari where Suid feeds were relatively fewer (51% and 33%, respectively).

These findings are discussed in the light of existing evidence on the factors governing infection rates inGlossina. It is concluded that, within the over-riding influence exerted by temperature through geographical latitude, infection rates are determined by the type of host that forms the principal source of food. In some populations of Glossina the influence of the nature of the main food source can be sufficient to obscure the general effect of temperature in determining the level of infection. Some of the reasons for these relationships are discussed.
A guide to the identification of all stages of the Haemaphysalis ticks of South India
Authors: Trapido H. , Varma M. G. R. , Rajagopalan P. K. , Singh K. R. P. , Rebello M. J. ,   Virus Research Centre
Published: July 2009

Investigations of the natural history of the virus of Kyasanur Forest disease since its discovery during 1957 in Shimoga District, Mysore State, south India have concentrated much attention on ticks of the genus Haemaphysalis in the region, as virus has repeatedly been isolated from them.

Keys are provided for larvae, nymphs and adults of both sexes of the 14 species of Haemaphysalis that have been taken in the area, with supplementary comments on six other species of the genus recorded, or likely to occur, elsewhere in south India. Illustrations are given showing the characters of the larvae and nymphs that are used in the keys.
The insecticidal potency of γ-BHC and the chlorinated cyclodiene compounds and the significance of resistance to them
Authors: Busvine James R.
Published: July 2009

The insecticidal potencies of γ-BHC and a range of chlorinated cyclodiene compounds have been measured for normal and resistant strains of bothMusca domesticaL. andLucilia cuprina(Wied.). Apart from minor discrepancies, the relative potencies presented similar pictures in the two species, and the resistance spectra were also similar.

Moderate to high insecticidal potency is shown by a variety of compounds with a chlorinated bicyclo-heptene nucleus in the molecule, including Diels-Alder condensation products and chlorinated camphenes. Various additions and sub-stituents on the nucleus affect the potency quantitatively but not qualitatively. In contrast, γ-BHC is almost unique among poly-halogenated cyclohexanes.

When resistance develops to any of the chlorinated cyclodiene compounds, it invariably extends to all others and to γ-BHC and chlorinated adamantane. The resistance level, in most cases, is proportional to the original potency of the compound; this is apparently because resistance is usually complete, so that the more toxic compounds have more to lose. There are, however, a few puzzling exceptions.

The consistency of the cross-resistance spectrum to all members of the group implies a common defence mechanism. This suggests a common mode of toxic action, resistance being due to insensitivity at the site. A common mode of action for the cyclodiene series is understandable; the anomalies are γ-BHC and chlorinated adamantane. Their conformity with the cyclodiene insecticides was investigated by the following observations with normal insects: (a) signs of poisoning; (b) relative potency to different species; (c) tests with mixtures. The general conclusions were not unfavourable to the hypothesis of a common mode of action, though secondary features of the intoxication process somewhat complicated the results.
Numbers of eggs laid by Anobium punctatum (Degeer)
Authors: Spiller D.
Published: July 2009

The number of eggs produced by females of Anobium punctatum (Deg.) (Col., Anobiidae) was determined at Auckland, New Zealand, during annual emergence in December 1957. The females were collected before mating and egg-laying occurred. Each female was weighed and then confined, with males, to an egg-laying block of sapwood of Podocarpus dacrydioides. The average number of eggs per female was 54·8, far higher than obtained from field-collected females, and additionally the egg-laying distribution was neither skewed nor censored. Following a short preoviposition period, eggs were laid rapidly, egg-laying being virtually finished by the 15th day after emergence. Females lived a few days after egg-laying had ceased, maximum length of life being between 24 and 31 days.

For about 60 per cent, of females the number of eggs laid was closely related to the initial weight of the female, but the remaining females laid fewer eggs in relation to their weight.
A field test of a lindane/dieldrin smoke for control of the death-watch beetle, Xestobium rufovillosum (Deg.) (Coleoptera, Anobiidae)
Authors: Harris E. C.
Published: July 2009

In view of the promising results obtained with insecticidal smokes against the common furniture beetle, Anobium punctatum (Deg.), a field trial was conducted to study the effect of deposits from lindane/dieldrin smoke on adults of the death-watch beetle, Xestobium rufovillosum (Deg.), emerging from infested roof timbers of a college chapel in Cambridge, England, in 1963. Quantitative determination of the insecticidal deposits was made and methods were devised for studying the effect of the treatment on the numbers of beetles emerging subsequently in order to assess the long-term value of annual treatments for reducing the population. Beetles collected from an untreated building were used for comparison.

Fewer males were found than in preceding years and it is postulated that some may have been prevented by the insecticides from emerging. The normal sequence of beetles dropping from roofing timbers—males predominating first, then females—did not occur. Both sexes dropped nearly uniformly, a fact suggesting, particularly in the case of the females, that the insecticides had caused them to drop before their normal time. Mating was considerably reduced. Examination of females showed no signs of their having laid eggs, this being attributed to the action of the insecticide deposits. Beetles obtained from an untreated building and placed on wood surfaces which had been exposed to the smoke treatment were affected but laid some eggs, of which a small proportion hatched; larval boring into such surfaces was, however, completely prevented.

From these results it was inferred that the deposits from the treatment with lindane/dieldrin smoke prevented emerging adults from causing reinfestation of the roofing timbers and it is argued that, provided that this can be achieved annually by a succession of treatments, the beetle population should ultimately be eliminated or, at least, greatly reduced. Other possible effects which might result from annual smoke treatments are accumulation of the insecticide deposits with a consequent increase in toxicity of the timber surfaces and sorption of the deposits by the timber to a point where they might exert a toxic effect on larvae or pupae beneath the surface.
Pest fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in northwestern Australia: one species or two?
Authors: Cameron E.C. , Sved J.A. , Gilchrist A.S.
Published: July 2009

Since 1985, a new and serious fruit fly pest has been reported in northwestern Australia. It has been unclear whether this pest was the supposedly benign endemic species,Bactrocera aquilonis, or a recent introduction of the morphologically near-identical Queensland fruit fly,B. tryoni.B. tryoniis a major pest throughout eastern Australia but is isolated from the northwest region by an arid zone. In the present study, we sought to clarify the species status of these new pests using an extensive DNA microsatellite survey across the entire northwest region of Australia. Population differentiation tests and clustering analyses revealed a high degree of homogeneity within the northwest samples, suggesting that just one species is present in the region. That northwestern population showed minimal genetic differentiation fromB. tryonifrom Queensland (FST=0.015). Since 2000, new outbreaks of this pest fruit fly have occurred to the west of the region, and clustering analysis suggested recurrent migration from the northwest region rather than Queensland. Mitochondrial DNA sequencing also showed no evidence for the existence of a distinct species in the northwest region. We conclude that the new pest fruit fly in the northwest is the endemic population ofB. aquilonisbut that there is no genetic evidence supporting the separation ofB. aquilonisandB. tryonias distinct species.
Study on mating ecology and sex ratio of three internally ovipositing fig wasps of Ficus curtipes
Authors: Zhang F.P. , Yang D.R.
Published: July 2009

Studies on mating ecology and sex allocation in fig-parasitizing wasps ovipositing from outside the fig have given valuable insights into known factors that are responsible for the theory of sex ratio. Similarly, internally ovipositing fig-parasitizing wasps and fig-pollinating wasps provide interesting models for comparative analysis. In addition to the fig-pollinating wasp Eupristina sp., we found that Ficus curtipes hosts two species of internally ovipositing fig-parasitizing wasps: D. yangi and Lipothymus sp. Eupristina sp. males showed less aggression. Eupristina sp. has wingless males that mate only within the natal patch, providing excellent examples of full local-mate competition. D. yangi males showed high levels of aggression and lethal combat. D. yangi has winged males but mate mostly within the natal patch. Only a few matings occur after male dispersal. Its sex ratio was lower than the prediction of partial local mate competition theory. Wingless male Lipothymus sp., which mate partly after dispersal, did not present fatal fight. Therefore, the mating behaviour of D. yangi and Lipothymus sp. did not follow predicted patterns, based on wing morph. The mating pattern of D. yangi and Lipothymus sp. should follow the partial local mate competition theory. Furthermore, there was not a significant correlation between the proportion of males and the proportion of fruit parasitized in both winged D. yangi males and wingless Lipothymus sp. males.
RAPE, TORTURE AND THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS
Authors: McGlynn Clare
Published: July 2009

This article examines the legacy of the ground-breaking judgment in Aydin v Turkey in which the European Court of Human Rights held that rape could constitute torture. Ten years on, it examines jurisprudential developments in the conceptualisation of torture in the specific context of the offence of rape. It is argued that while all rapes should be found to satisfy the minimum threshold for Article 3, rape does not per se satisfy the severity of harm criterion for torture. Nonetheless, where the severity of harm is established, the case is made that the purposive element of torture is satisfied in all cases of rape. Finally, in relation to the scope of State responsibility for rape, particularly by private individuals, the article suggests that while the Court's achievements in recognizing rape as a serious harm are considerable, there remain further avenues for jurisprudential development which would ensure that rape as a form of torture is recognized in a wider range of situations and circumstances than is currently the case.
Identity in the Ottoman Prison Surveys of 1912 and 1914
Authors: Schull Kent F.
Published: July 2009

Population surveys and census records, in addition to providing valuable human statistical information, have enormous potential to act as luminary tools for identity construction and conceptualization. How governmental agencies identify a population can also provide insights into a regime's motives, rationale, and ideology. The tables presented here are taken from the annual prison survey conducted by the Ottoman Prison Administration from 1912 to 1918 and shed light on the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) or CUP's conceptualizations of difference. CUP was the main ruling organization in the Ottoman Empire during this period.
Pensée 1: Youth and Generational Renewal in the Middle East
Authors: Herrera Linda
Published: July 2009

Certain conditions of the contemporary period are bringing to the fore a shifting regional politics in which today's young people, the most numerous and educated generation in history, are recognized simultaneously as critical objects and agents of change. Youth in the Muslim Middle East are struggling to exert their youthfulness in the present and prepare for life transitions in the future in a context of ubiquitous neoliberal reforms, authoritarian regimes, and ongoing regional conflicts with no resolution in sight. At the same time, due to their sheer numbers and the meteoric spread of ever mutating youth-led cultures and movements via horizontal spaces made possible by the new media and information and communication technology (ICT), youth embody a force of cultural regeneration.
Pensée 2: Everyday Youth Places: Youth in Educational Spaces
Authors: Adely Fida
Published: July 2009

For most of the last century, within the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region youth have been addressed and engaged as a particular category of citizens. In this vein youth were viewed as important targets of nationalist projects and as critical national resources in an era of national development. In more recent years, however, the concern with youth has taken on a new tenor both within and outside the region. What had previously been a preoccupation about youth as the region's promise and progress has increasingly become one about youth as crisis and potential threat.
THE FIRST TRANSLATIONS OF THE QURʾAN IN MODERN TURKEY (1924–38)
Authors: Wilson M. Brett
Published: July 2009

The debut of Turkish-language translations of the Qurʾan in the newly founded Republic of Turkey sparked lively debates over whether Qurʾan translation was possible or desirable, who should engage in interpretation of the text, and what characteristics a Turkish-language rendering of the Qurʾan should have. Whereas the abolition of the Islamic caliphate, closure of themedreses, and prohibition of the Sufi orders have received considerable attention in histories of early republican Turkey, the state-sponsored translation of the Qurʾan into Turkish remains both neglected and misunderstood. Muhammad Rashid Rida, who was highly influential in shaping opinion in the Muslim world, portrayed the state-sponsored project as a long-term plot to displace the Arabic Qurʾan. Other accounts misrepresent the involvement of President Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) in the promotion of Qurʾan translation by anachronistically suggesting that he sparked the initiative and led a “campaign” in support of it. Mustafa Kemal had no hand in the composition of Turkish Qurʾan translations published in 1924, other than helping create the political context in which they could be published. Their composition began well before the foundation of the Turkish republic, and their inspiration emerged from the intellectual milieu of the late Ottoman public sphere.
TOWARD KURDISH DISTINCTIVENESS IN ELECTORAL POLITICS: THE 1977 LOCAL ELECTIONS IN DİYARBAKIR
Authors: Dorronsoro Gilles , Watts Nicole F.
Published: July 2009

In December 1977 an independent candidate named Mehdi Zana was elected mayor of Diyarbakır, one of the biggest cities in Turkey's southeastern region. His election was a striking event, upsetting the troika of class, party, and state that had maintained a tight hold over the local political apparatus in Diyarbakır since the 1940s. Unlike most prior mayors of Diyarbakır, Zana did not come from a prominent family of local notables but was a working-class tailor with a middle-school education. He was one of only two independent candidates who won electoral contests in Turkey's sixty-seven big-city races; his election therefore flew in the face of a national trend that favored candidates from the country's two main political parties. Zana was well known for his left-wing, Kurdist politics, and at the time of his election he already had spent several years in jail for his activism. In a system that suppressed collective expressions of Kurdish identity, he was thus a clear ideological interloper.
A NATION OF BUREAUCRATS: POLITICAL PARTICIPATION AND ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION IN KUWAIT AND THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Authors: Herb Michael
Published: July 2009

In very rich rentier-states, such as Kuwait, citizens have a smaller immediate stake in the success of the nonoil economy than do citizens in nonrentier economies. This is because the nonoil sector does not pay much in the way of taxes, nor does it employ many citizens. For the most part, citizens work for the state or state-owned enterprises, and their paychecks are ultimately funded by oil revenues. Foreigners dominate private-sector employment. Kuwait's parliament—by far the strongest in the Gulf—reflects the interests of citizen employees of the state and is widely seen as an obstacle to private-sector growth. In the United Arab Emirates, by contrast, citizens have little political voice. Public policy instead reflects the interests of capitalists (especially ruling families) in the development of a diversified economy.
THE DUBAI MODEL: AN OUTLINE OF KEY DEVELOPMENT-PROCESS ELEMENTS IN DUBAI
Authors: Hvidt Martin
Published: July 2009

Although Dubai's economic development constitutes an important case, it has received hardly any academic coverage. This article explores the path taken by Dubai in its development, especially since 1990. Based on extensive fieldwork, I identify nine parameters that, through interaction, have contributed to the country's economic progress over the last two decades. I argue that the apparent developmental success of Dubai may be understood as the outcome of conscious policies conducted by a “late–late” developing state in order to “catch up” with the “developed world.” Even in a government-controlled and neopatrimonial economic environment, Dubai has created circumstances where the virtues of neoliberalism seem to coexist with state dirigism. Yet the country faces a challenge of sustainability. Certain of the Dubai's risks and vulnerabilities are unlikely to disappear in the short to medium term: the dependence on foreign workers, the asset bubbles in real estate, regional security problems, and issues related to political leadership.
PROVINCIAL NEWSPAPERS AS A HISTORICAL SOURCE: BÜYÜK CİHAD AND THE GREAT STRUGGLE FOR THE MUSLIM TURKISH NATION (1951–53)
Authors: Brockett Gavin D.
Published: July 2009

The article argues that to move beyond the standard nationalist narrative of Turkish history, scholars must employ new sources such as the provincial newspaper. Through a study of a religious nationalist provincial newspaper—Büyük Cihad (The Great Struggle)—from the early 1950s, it is possible to appreciate the extent and importance of a vibrant public debate concerning secularism and the place of Islam in Turkish society immediately after World War II. This debate has gone almost completely unnoticed, yet it constitutes an important foundation for understanding the present prominence of political Islam in Turkish society. Central to this debate is the person of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk: ultimately it was criticism of Turkey's founding president rather than any real threat of “religious reaction” that prompted the government's decision to suppress religious publications in early 1953.
TOWARD KURDISH DISTINCTIVENESS IN ELECTORAL POLITICS: THE 1977 LOCAL ELECTIONS IN DİYARBAKR
Authors: Dorronsoro Gilles , Watts Nicole F.
Published: July 2009

This article examines processes of ethnic and regional differentiation through a study of the 1977 local elections in Turkey's Kurdish-majority provinces. An analysis of electoral data shows a high level of support there for independent candidates, a result sharply at odds with voting in the rest of the country that indicates a new correlation between ethnicity and political behavior. We argue that independents benefitted from mainstream political parties' inability to mobilize voters in the southeast because of the declining power of local notables, the emergence of new social movements, and alternative frames that the parties were unable to integrate. This context allowed social and political outsiders to build social coalitions outside the mainstream parties, as we demonstrate through a case study of the election of independent candidate Mehdi Zana, a working-class Kurdish activist who won the 1977 Diyarbakır mayoral race.
Reflections on some manuscripts containing 13th-century polyphony
Authors: Hohler Christopher
Published: July 2009

The famous manuscript Harley 978 in the British Library is best known for containingSumer is icumen in. Several of the problems of this fascinating book were disposed of in a masterly article by Schofield; but, with the notable exception of Kingsford, few of those who for one reason or another have used the manuscript have given their readers an adequate picture of the source on which they were drawing. It is a species of miscellany, but compiled on systematic lines. It is written in several hands, but the most obvious explanation for this is that the compiler was in a position to tell others to copy things out for him. The size and ruling of the pages is uniform, apart from the ruling of those on which the Conflict of Body and Soul (Noctis sub silentio, item 75 in the Harleian catalogue, item 78 in Kingsford's table) has been added. Format and type of interests alike suggest that the compilation is the work of a single mind, though the compiler's own handwriting may well be one of the cursives rather than any of the book hands.
Melodic ‘corrections’ in an eleventh-century gradual (Paris, B.N., lat.903)
Authors: Stuart Nicholas
Published: July 2009

The problem of modally ambiguous chants – which received much attention from medieval theorists – is most clearly demonstrated by juxtaposing different readings of a particular chant. This procedure often reveals transpositions (partial or complete), and other differences, many of which affect the final cadence. For example, the offertory Justitiae Domini, in the Vatican edition and various manuscript sources (e.g. F-Pn lat.776, 780, 1132) ends on E (deuterus); but the St.Yrieix gradual (F-Pn lat.903) and some other early sources (e.g. I-BV VI.34, GB-Lbl Harl.4951) emend the final cadence to end on F (tritus). This changes the maneria of the chant. A critical study of such mode-change is the primary task of this paper.
On the origins of the troper~proser
Authors: Huglo Michel
Published: July 2009

At the Third Colloquium of Scandinavian Liturgists assembled at Hanaholmen in May 1975, I distinguished two categories of liturgical chant book: (i) the books emanating from the first Carolingian renaissance – sacramentary, antiphoner, etc.; (ii) the books extracted from the preceding in the course of the second renaissance of letters and arts under Charles the Bald (840–877) and later – pontifical, troper-proser, processional.
Early settings of the Kyrie eleison and the problem of genre definition
Authors: Bjork David
Published: July 2009

Chant scholarship provides a fairly standard description of the Kyrie, in terms expressing very clearly what a typical example was like in the post-Carolingian era. There is no disagreement here, as there is with the sequence and trope, over how to treat the genre. Describing it seems to be a simple task. The chants are nine phrases long, with one phrase for each petition of the Ordinary text:

The relation among the phrases varies from complete identity of all nine to nearly the opposite extreme, yet in most cases the phrases are grouped by threes, giving the melody a tripartite shape like that of the text. Certain of the melodies were sometimes underlaid with syllabic texts expanding or replacing the Ordinary petitions (e.g.: Kyriefons bonitatis, Pater ingenite, a quo bona cuncta procedunt, eleison). Medieval commentaries on the liturgy (such as Amalar's Liber officialis) and exegesis of these texts make it clear that the Kyrie was thought of as being Trinitarian, with the first three petitions directed to the Father, the next three to the Son, and the last three to the Holy Spirit.
Notes on the handwritings and the marginal drawings
Authors: Brown Julian
Published: July 2009

In spite of several differences in the general appearance of the handwriting, the main text of W1 was all written by the same experienced but not particularly elegant scribe. One or more of the following significant details can be found on most pages throughout the manuscript,ais narrow, open at the top, and usually rather tall, especially at the end of a word. The ascender of rounddis rather long and low, and a common variant has a separate hairline stroke projecting upwards and to the right from the top of the ascender (ff.xxii/18r, 82/75r, 116/107r, 165/156r, 197/180v). At the beginnings of words and lines, the ascender is horizontal, with a downward flourish at the end (108/99r, 209/192r). Straightdoccurs at 89/80r, 213/196r.eandr, at the ends of words, both finish in a brisk, upward-sloping hairline.gis usually open below the line, with a powerful horizontal tail ending well to left of the upper compartment. A less elegant alternative form (predominant from 197/180v to the end), substitutes a tight, angular loop for the long tail; but where both forms occur in the same line (169/160r, 193/176v), it is obvious that the upper compartment and the descender to which tail or loop is attached are made in the same way. Now and again (88/79v, 208/191v), a hairline closure is added at the end of the long tail. The second stroke ofhends well below the line. At the ends of words, the last strokes ofmandnmay descend and carry a heavy flourish on the right (201/184r).
The flourished initials
Authors: Patterson Sonia
Published: July 2009

An analysis of pen flourishing surrounding initials in a manuscript can provide useful evidence about the manuscript's place of origin and date. The reason for this lies in the technique of the flourisher: it is pen work that appears to have been no more skilled than that of the scribe. Indeed, it could on occasion have been the work of the copyist himself, or at least one of the same calibre working by his side. Because flourishing appears no more skilled as a technique than is writing, it would seem to require a training that is no more specialized. This is important when a comparison is made with the training, skill and payment of the artist-illuminator also employed in book production: in these respects the scribe and flourisher would be in the same category, but not in that of the artist. The writing and the flourishing could have been carried out at the same time, or with very little time lag between the two; there would have been no necessity to hold up production at this stage for the arrival of the artist-illuminator, who was presumably a more rare and highly paid workman.
The versus Rex caeli – another look at the so-called archaic sequence
Authors: Phillips Nancy , Huglo Michel
Published: July 2009

The changes in the chant and liturgy which took place in northern Europe during the eighth and ninth centuries affected not only those portions of the rite based on biblical texts, but also included modifications of portions using non-biblical texts. These texts were generally in the form of poetry or rhythmic prose – such as the hymns of the office, processional chants for Sundays and feast days between Terce and Mass, and (in the ninth century) the sequence following the alleluia of the mass.
Style, nationality and the sequence in the Middle Ages
Authors: van Deusen Nancy
Published: July 2009

‘Nationalism’ in medieval liturgical music implies contradiction. First, the concept of a ‘nation’ in the Middle Ages is problematic; secondly, similarities that transcend geographical boundaries and which are indicated by concordances between manuscripts or groups of manuscripts dictate research orientation. Anomalies have not been discussed, nor related to musical style. Similarities are easier to locate and interpret. Finding concordances as a method for dealing with historical ‘data’ has the strength of tradition. Statistics such as the percentage of their compositions which sources have in common have been compiled in order to evaluate communication between sources and places; these are important, and will become increasingly free of error and amenable to interpretation with the development and use of the computer. But they tend to focus attention away from a more elusive area of information in medieval liturgical music, pieces of music with few or no concordances. Such pieces are found in localized areas, that is, they were never performed and disseminated widely. Many show melodic individuality, and this aspect is found particularly in the sequence. The purpose of this paper is therefore to draw attention, not especially to so-called unica, but to melodic ‘languages’ in the sequence, and to show that these ways of dealing with melody were characteristic of specific regions. The question of why the sequence is the transmitter of melodic individuality is also important: many factors account for the peculiar magnetism of the sequence as a compositional genre in the Middle Ages.
The Lambeth and Caius Choirbooks
Authors: Fugler Paul
Published: July 2009

The Lambeth and Caius Choirbooks (London, Lambeth Palace Library, ms.1; Cambridge, Gonville and Caius College, ms.667/760 [since 1947 deposited in the University Library, Cambridge]) are two of the most important sources of music by composers of the generations of Fayrfax and Ludford. Their importance is heightened by the fact that, of the scores of such choirbooks that must once have existed in England, only one other, the famous Eton Choirbook (Eton College, ms.178.), survives in anything remotely like a complete state.
Early versions of the Gloria trope:Pax sempiterna Christus
Authors: Falconer Keith
Published: July 2009

It is generally accepted nowadays that the earliest tropes originated sometime during the 9th century. The documentary evidence, meagre though it is, seems fairly definite on this point. And although few, if any, of the earliest surviving manuscripts were copied much before the beginning of the 10th century, it is reasonable to suppose that at least some of the dozens of pieces found in them were composed somewhat earlier. A number of models have been suggested for the earliest tropes. Certain of their characteristics have parallels in the Byzantine and other rites, above all in the addition of newly composed introductory material to chants already in existence. Many tropes also have texts derived from the various Latin translations of the Bible or from hymns and antiphons. Yet whatever their origins even the earliest pieces exhibit ingenious and imaginative structural features. A slow and gradual evolution from simpler to more complex forms might just succeed in accounting for the origin of the trope; but this later variety and subtlety would be unexplained. These matters are easily disregarded. The creation of chant is too often reduced to a mechanical process serving the requirements of liturgy. But tropes are interesting in themselves, and there is ample evidence to suggest that they were regarded as such during the Middle Ages.
The musical contents of two Danish pontificals from the late Middle Ages
Authors: Asketorp Bodil
Published: July 2009

Musicologists are in a very unsatisfactory position as regards liturgical chant from medieval Denmark because the sources are so exceedingly few, even by comparison with Sweden. No graduals, antiphoners or similar specifically musical manuscripts are preserved, but they must have been in use as various textual sources mention them and occasionally name individual chants. There are some exceptional manuscripts containing at least some notation: Erik Abrahamsen, one of the few to have written on the subject before, lists ten items in his dissertation:

1. Liber daticus (Lund, 12th c.) – Lund, Universitetsbibliotek, Mh. 7 (sequences)

2. Ordinal of St. Knud, original dated 1170 (Denmark, 13th c.) – Kiel, Universitatsbibliothek, SH 8.A.8° (Office of St. Knud)

3. Liber scholae virginis (Lund, 14–16th c.) – Lund, Universitetsbibliotek, Mh. 14 (antiphons, sequences, masses)

4. Sammelhandschrift (Ryd or Løgum, Schleswig, 13th c.) – Copenhagen, Royal Library, Gl. kgl. no 54 Fol.

5. Lund Pontifical – Uppsala, Universitetsbibliotek, C.441 (discussed in this article)

6. Lund Missal (Paris, Wolfgang Hopyl, 1514) (manuscript intonations)

7. Liber agendarum ecclesiae Sleswicensis (Paris, Wolfgang Hopyl, 1512) (manuscript intonations). Ed. J. Freisen: Liber agendarum ecclesiae et diocesis Sleszwicensis: katholisches Ritualbuch der Diozese Schleswig im Mittelalter (Paderborn, 1898)

8. Canon Roschildensis (Nyborg, Fyn: Paul Raeff, 1522) (manuscript responses)

9. States (1485) of community of Ramsø Bjaeverskov (Zealand, Denmark) – Copenhagen, Royal Library, Ny kgl. no 1346 4° (Collects)

10. Helgesen manuscript (16th century) – Copenhagen, Royal Library, Gl. kgl. no 1551 4° (Responses)
The noted Cluniac breviary~missal of Lewes: Fitzwilliam Museum manuscript 369
Authors: Holder Stephen
Published: July 2009

The manuscript Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Museum, 369 (henceforth Cfm 369) was made in the 13th century for the English Cluniac priory of St.Pancras at Lewes in Sussex. It is not known if the priory itself produced the manuscript or if it were copied elsewhere. Leroquais [1] described it as a breviary-missal. It is undoubtedly the most important surviving English Cluniac liturgical source, for it contains not only the liturgical texts of mass and office complete, but is also notated. Among the services for monastic office and mass there appears a full monastic rhymed office for St.Thomas of Canterbury, unspoilt, a rarity in England. Cfm 369 also has a full office for the patron saint of the priory, St.Pancras.
Research on the antiphoner — problems and perspectives
Authors: Möller Hartmut
Published: July 2009

As recently as 1975, Cyrille Vogel, in hisIntroduction aux sources du Moyen Age, was obliged to forego a demonstration of the transmission of the antiphoner, “given the complexity of research still in progress”.[1] Since then, with the completion in 1979 of the six-volumeCorpus Antiphonalium Officii(= CAO) of René-Jean Hesbert, the foundations have been laid for all future historical research on the origins of the Roman office hours. Twelve selected sources are edited, first text-incipits of the sources in their original form, and then each complete text separately; more than this, in the two concluding volumes Hesbert undertook the task of classifying 800 sources of the office by means of statistical methods, in order thereby to facilitate the reconstruction of an archetype.[2]
New perspectives on the Feast of the Crown of Thorns
Authors: Blezzard Judith , Ryle Stephen , Alexander Jonathan
Published: July 2009

The feast of the Crown of Thorns was one of the most important and enduring among the numerous cults that arose in medieval times, focusing on the supposed relics of Christ's Passion. As such, the feast provided the stimulus for the wide dissemination of a succession of liturgies, often with sections in picturesque devotional language. Very few sources of these liturgies survive complete with music. One of them, Liverpool University Library manuscript F.4.13, a 14th-century antiphoner from Pisa, is the principal subject of the present article. The Liverpool manuscript contains what we believe to be the only extant complete text with music of this version of both Office and Mass. As will become clear, the version is neither of the two commonest extant offices, which are Parisian and Dominican respectively; instead, it appears to reproduce an earlier and fuller form of the Dominican office than can be found in other Dominican books. We examine the texts and music of the Liverpool manuscript, together with associated evidence, and provide a discussion of the history of the feast and its special promotion by the Dominican order.
Milanese melodic tropes
Authors: Bailey Terence
Published: July 2009

More than thirty years ago, Jacques Handschin drew general attention to certain striking melismas in Ambrosian chant. He identified these as tropes – referring to them as ‘prototypes’ – and he noted the importance in their construction of repetitions, both exact and approximate, repetitions that involved both brief motives and lengthy passages.
The Office of St. Mary of Salome
Authors: Boyce James John
Published: July 2009

The manuscript Vatican City, Vatican Library, Vaticanus Latinus 10781 is a 15th-century antiphonal from Veroli, an Italian town located south of Rome and north of Cassino. It is particularly interesting for the study of late medieval chant, since it contains a virtually complete setting of the office of Mary, mother of the apostles John and James; a closer examination of the chant texts identifies the saint as Mary of Salome. Mary of Salome is also known as one of the Three Marys, the other two being Mary of Cleophas and Mary the mother of the Lord. Although two exemplars of an office of the Three Marys are preserved in Carmelite manuscripts, the office presented in our codex remains distinct from the office of the Three Marys.
INTRINSIC AGING AND CLASSES OF NONPARAMETRIC DISTRIBUTIONS
Authors: Righter Rhonda , Shaked Moshe , Shanthikumar J. George
Published: July 2009

We develop a general framework for understanding the nonparametric (aging) properties of nonnegative random variables through the notion of intrinsic aging. We also introduce some new notions of aging. Many classical and more recent results are special cases of our general results. Our general framework also leads to new results for existing notions of aging, as well as many results for our new notions of aging.
STOCHASTIC ORDERING OF A CLASS OF SYMMETRIC DISTRIBUTIONS
Authors: Zhuang Weiwei , Hu Taizhong
Published: July 2009

In this article, we investigate the sufficient and/or necessary conditions in order to stochastically compare the order statistics and their spacing vectors of two random vectors X and Y with special symmetric distributions. The conditions are imposed on the sample ranges Xn:n–X1:n and Yn:n–Y1:n or on (X1:n, Xn:n–X1:n) and (Y1:n, Yn:n–Y1:n). In particular, we consider the multivariate usual stochastic order, the convex order, the increasing convex order, and the directionally convex order. Several examples are also given to illustrate the power of the main results.