bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multitube Rotary Kiln for the Industrial Solar Production of Lime
Authors: Meier Anton , Bonaldi Enrico , Cella Gian Mario , Lipinski Wojciech
Published: July 2005

We designed and tested a scaleable solar multitube rotary kiln to effect the endothermic calcination reaction CaCO3→CaO+CO2 at above 1300K. The indirect heating 10-kW reactor prototype processes 1-5mm limestone particles, producing high purity lime of any desired reactivity and with a degree of calcination exceeding 98%. The reactor’s efficiency, defined as the enthalpy of the calcination reaction at ambient temperature (3184kJkg−1) divided by the solar energy input, reached 30%–35% for solar flux inputs of about 2000kWm−2 and for quicklime production rates up to 4kgh−1. The use of concentrated solar energy in place of fossil fuels as the source of process heat has the potential of reducing by 20% CO2 emissions in a state-of-the-art lime plant and by 40% in a conventional cement plant.
Effects of gender on hepatic HMG-CoA reductase, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase, and LDL receptor in hereditary analbuminemia
Authors: Shin Youngshin , Vaziri Nosratola D. , Willekes Nel , Kim Choong H. , Joles Jaap A.
Published: July 2005

Hypoalbuminemia is accompanied by hypercholesterolemia in both nephrotic syndrome and hereditary analbuminemia. Hypercholesterolemia is more severe in the female than in the male Nagase analbuminemic rats (NAR). The sex difference in plasma cholesterol diminishes after ovariectomy (OVX) and reappears after estrogen replacement in the NAR. The molecular mechanism responsible for the sex difference in severity of hypercholesterolemia in NAR is not known and was investigated here. To this end, hepatic hydroxylmethylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase, and LDL receptor were determined in male, female, and OVX female NAR and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activities were greater in both female and male NAR than in SD rats. This was coupled with upregulation of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase in both male and female NAR compared with SD controls. LDL receptor in male NAR was similar to that in male SD rats but was significantly reduced in female NAR. OVX partially, but significantly, reduced plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels in female NAR. This was coupled with a significant rise in hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase and a modest increase in hepatic LDL receptor. In contrast, OVX resulted in a mild elevation of plasma cholesterol and no significant changes in total hepatic HMG-CoA reductase, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase, or LDL receptor in female SD rats. Thus the greater severity of hypercholesterolemia in the female NAR appears to be due, in part, to a combination of the constrained compensatory upregulation of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase and LDL receptor deficiency.
Glucose ingestion during exercise blunts exercise-induced gene expression of skeletal muscle fat oxidative genes
Authors: Civitarese Anthony E. , Hesselink Matthijs K. C. , Russell Aaron P. , Ravussin Eric , Schrauwen Patrick
Published: July 2005

Ingestion of carbohydrate during exercise may blunt the stimulation of fat oxidative pathways by raising plasma insulin and glucose concentrations and lowering plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels, thereby causing a marked shift in substrate oxidation. We investigated the effects of a single 2-h bout of moderate-intensity exercise on the expression of key genes involved in fat and carbohydrate metabolism with or without glucose ingestion in seven healthy untrained men (22.7 ± 0.6 yr; body mass index: 23.8 ± 1.0 kg/m2; maximal O2 consumption: 3.85 ± 0.21 l/min). Plasma FFA concentration increased during exercise ( P < 0.01) in the fasted state but remained unchanged after glucose ingestion, whereas fat oxidation (indirect calorimetry) was higher in the fasted state vs. glucose feeding ( P < 0.05). Except for a significant decrease in the expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 ( P < 0.05), glucose ingestion during exercise produced minimal effects on the expression of genes involved in carbohydrate utilization. However, glucose ingestion resulted in a decrease in the expression of genes involved in fatty acid transport and oxidation (CD36, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1, uncoupling protein 3, and 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase-α2; P < 0.05). In conclusion, glucose ingestion during exercise decreases the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism rather than increasing genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism.
Distinct Patterns of Stimulus Generalization of Increases and Decreases in VOR Gain
Authors: Kimpo Rhea R. , Boyden Edward S. , Katoh Akira , Ke Michael C. , Raymond Jennifer L.
Published: July 2005

Motor learning must be capable of increasing or decreasing the amplitude of movements to meet the demands of the environment. One way to implement such opposite learned changes would be to store them with bidirectional plasticity mechanisms (i.e., long-term potentiation and depression at the same synapses). At the behavioral level, this scheme should result in similar patterns of stimulus generalization of increases and decreases in movement amplitude because the same synapses would be modified but in opposite directions. To test this idea, we quantitatively compared the stimulus generalization of learned increases and decreases in the gain (amplitude) of the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) in mice and in monkeys. When examined across different sinusoidal frequencies of head rotation, decreases in VOR gain generalized more than increases in gain. This difference was apparent not only in the gain, but also the phase (timing) of the VOR. Furthermore, this difference held when animals were trained with high-frequency rotational stimuli, a manipulation that enhances frequency generalization. Our results suggest that increases and decreases in VOR gain are not exact inverses at the circuit level. At one or more sites, the plasticity mechanisms supporting decreases in VOR gain must be less synapse-specific, or affect neurons more broadly tuned for head rotation frequency, than the mechanisms supporting increases in gain.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Human Extraocular Muscles During Static Ocular Counter-Rolling
Authors: Demer Joseph L. , Clark Robert A.
Published: July 2005

The rectus extraocular muscle (EOM) pulleys constrain EOM paths. During visual fixation with head immobile, actively controlled pulleys are known to maintain positions causing EOM pulling directions to change by one-half the change in eye position. This pulley behavior is consistent with Listing's law (LL) of ocular torsion as observed during fixation, saccades, and pursuit. However, pulley behavior during the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) has been unstudied. This experiment studied ocular counter-rolling (OCR), a static torsional VOR that violates LL but can be evoked during MRI. Tri-planar MRI was performed in 10 adult humans during central target fixation while positioned in right and left side down positions known to evoke static OCR. EOM cross-sections and paths were determined from area centroids. Paths were used to locate pulleys in three dimensions. Significant ( P < 0.025) counter-rotational repositioning of the rectus pulley arrays of both orbits was observed in the coronal plane averaging 4.1° (maximum, 8.7°) from right to left side down positions for the inferior, medial, and superior rectus pulleys. There was a trend for the lateral rectus averaging 1.4°. Torsional shift of the rectus pulley array was associated with significant contractile cross-section changes in the superior and inferior oblique muscles. Torsional rectus pulley shift during OCR, which changes pulling directions of the rectus EOMs, correlates with known insertions of the oblique EOM orbital layers on rectus pulleys. The amount of pulley reconfiguration is roughly one-half of published values of ocular torsion during static OCR, an arrangement that would cause rectus pulling directions to change by less than one-half the amount of ocular torsion.
Existence and uniqueness of solutions for a semilinear elliptic system
Authors: Dalmasso Robert
Published: July 2005

We consider the existence, the nonexistence, and the uniqueness of
solutions of some special systems of nonlinear elliptic equations
with boundary conditions. In a particular case, the system reduces
to the homogeneous Dirichlet problem for the biharmonic equation Δ2u = |u|p in a ball with p > 0.
The higher‐order matching polynomial of a graph
Authors: Araujo Oswaldo , Estrada Mario , Morales Daniel A. , Rada Juan
Published: July 2005

Given a graph G with n vertices, let p(G, j) denote the number of ways j mutually nonincident edges can be selected in G. The polynomial , called the matching polynomial of G, is closely related to the Hosoya index introduced in applications in physics and chemistry. In this work we generalize this polynomial by introducing the number of
disjoint paths of length t, denoted by pt(G, j). We compare this higher‐order matching polynomial with the usual one,
establishing similarities and differences. Some interesting examples are given. Finally, connections between our generalized matching polynomial and hypergeometric functions are found.
On the Lauwerier formulation of the temperature field problem in oil strata
Authors: Boyadjiev Lyubomir , Kamenov Ognian , Kalla Shyam
Published: July 2005

The paper is concerned with the fractional extension of the Lauwerier formulation of the problem related to the temperature field description in a porous medium (sandstone) saturated with oil (strata). The boundary value problem for the fractional heat
equation is solved by means of the Caputo differintegration operator of order 0 < α ≤ 1 and the Laplace transform. The solution is obtained in an integral form, where the integrand is expressed in terms of a convolution of two special functions of Wright type.
Generalized (ℱ, b, ϕ, ρ, θ)‐univex n‐set functions and parametric duality models in minmax fractional subset programming
Authors: Zalmai G. J.
Published: July 2005

We construct three parametric duality models and establish a
fairly large number of duality results under a variety of generalized (ℱ, b, ϕ, ρ, θ)‐univexity assumptions for a discrete minmax fractional subset programming
problem.
A two‐dimensional inverse heat conduction problem for estimating heat source
Authors: Shidfar A. , Zakeri A. , Neisi A.
Published: July 2005

This note considers the problem of estimating unknown time‐varying strength of the temporal‐dependent heat source, from measurements of the temperature inside the square domain, when the prior knowledge of the source functions is not
available. This problem is an inverse heat conduction problem. In this process, the direct problem will be solved by using the heat fundamental solution. Then a sequential algorithm is developed to solve a Volterra integral equation, which has been produced by using unknown source term and overposed data conditions. This algorithm is based on the piecewise linear continuous functions. The performance of the present technique of inverse analysis is evaluated, by means of several numerical experiments, and is found
to be very accurate as well as efficient.
Managing Innovation in Language Education: Acourse for ELT Change Agents
Authors: Waters Alan , Vilches Ma. Luz C.
Published: July 2005

As a steady stream of recent papers indicates, ELT curriculum reform projects are not always as successful as they might be. One overall reason for this situation appears to be a failure to adequately take into account concepts and practices from the world of innovation management. This paper describes an attempt to contribute towards ameliorating this problem by detailing the content, activities, learning processes and outcomes of a short in-service training course on managing innovation in language education, delivered ‘on-site’ to a cross-section of change agents involved in a major educational reform initiative currently being undertaken in the Philippines. Data from the course are used to throw light on its value as an innovation management awareness-raising vehicle. Although illustrated in terms of a particular innovation context, the course is felt to be also of potential relevance to similar situations elsewhere.
Essay Assist—Developing Software for Writing Skills Improvement in Partnership with Students
Authors: Chandrasegaran Antonia , Ellis Mary , Poedjosoedarmo Gloria
Published: July 2005

School- and university-based writing tasks make demands on cognitive processing and socio-cultural knowledge that vary with the discipline in which the writing is situated. The variation in socio-cognitive demands makes the use of self-accessed, computer-mediated writing instruction more promising than conventional, teacher-fronted instruction. To be effective, self-accessed writing instruction should be constructed in partnership with student writers whose composing problems would form the basis of the content and organization of the instructional package. This paper demonstrates how a socio-cognitive model of writing informs the development of Essay Assist, a computer programme for guiding students towards appropriate decisions in the essay writing process. Results of a preliminary trial are reported and their implications discussed.
Lexical Patterns in the Eyes of Intermediate EFL Readers
Authors: Yamada Kyoko
Published: July 2005

Hoey (1991) claims that lexical patterns, which are a network of repetitious and synonymous words of a text, can be identified even by elementary foreign language readers. The present study investigates whether intermediate Japanese EFL readers can actually find elements of lexical patterns of a text Hoey uses in his book to demonstrate the concept of lexical patterns Pedagogical implications of using lexical patterns in teaching reading to English language learners are also discussed.
The Trend and Challenge for Teaching EFL at Taiwanese Universities
Authors: Liu Gi-Zen
Published: July 2005

The author first talks about the current situation of teaching EFL in higher education institutions in Taiwan, and indicates that the Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) Approach has been the most popular language teaching approach lately. Then he addresses the hybrid course approach which seems to be a trend as well as an appropriate way for teaching English. Despite the popularity of CLT, the situation regarding implementation of CLT in Taiwanese higher education institutions is complex. The author discusses the background of Taiwanese EFL instructors, the contradictory findings about EFL learners’ preferences and needs, and the existing English learning problem among college students in the effort to provide a solution. In addition, he emphasizes the implementation and application of the Internet in Taiwan for facilitating e-learning and English learning with the adaptation of instructor’s role and student’s role when using CLT at Taiwanese universities in the Internet age.
Remarks on Technology and Culture
Authors: Weber Max
Published: July 2005

Weber’s improvised reply to Werner Sombart’s lecture on ‘Technology and Culture’, presented at the first meeting of the German Sociological Society in 1910, opens and closes with an appeal to uphold the principle of ‘value-freedom’ in academic discussions. Referring to the capitalist development of antiquity as an illustration, Weber argues for a factually precise conception of technology and against a Marxist definition in terms of economic causality or property relations. Turning to the influence of technology in the development of formal aesthetic values, his primary emphasis is on how the modern metropolis gives rise to new forms of literature, painting, architecture and especially orchestral music. The editorial notes to this translation place Weber’s remarks in the context of his critical relationship to predecessors and contemporaries (including many of those present at the conference) and within the thematic development of his career-long studies on the rise of occidental rationalism.
Recognition and Redistribution
Authors: Swanson Jacinda
Published: July 2005

Nancy Fraser has elaborated a framework for analyzing different forms of oppression using the categories of redistribution and recognition. This framework has come under criticism from Iris Marion Young and Judith Butler, despite the fact that all three theorists similarly insist that justice is not reducible solely to economic justice and that struggles against ‘cultural’ forms of oppression are equally important. Drawing on the debate between these theorists, in this article I examine the ways in which their respective theoretical frameworks are potentially problematic or do not go far enough in theorizing the complex interconnections among economics, politics and culture. For example, Fraser’s binary economy/culture and Young’s distinction between culture and structure are overly broad and potentially misleading. Butler and Fraser also appear to adopt undertheorized and economistic conceptualizations of ‘the economy’ and capitalism. In the course of my critique, I propose a somewhat different approach to analyzing the causes of various forms of oppression and the relation between different emancipatory struggles. Among other things, I argue that social relationships need to be disaggregated further, into more than just two categories, and that the economic and the cultural (as well as the political) should be analyzed as always complexly overdetermining each other.
Repositioning without Capitulation
Authors: Warren Kay B.
Published: July 2005

June Nash’s work spans 50 years of anthropology and reflects important transformations in geopolitics, economic globalization, anthropological theory, and the people and societies we study. Nash’s creativity reveals itself as inherently oppositional, even when she has written within major research paradigms. I argue that if we use the concept of ‘repositioning’ to examine the life work of an anthropologist, the notion of stable schools, paradigms and languages of analysis falls away to reveal a much more dynamic picture of anthropological practice. Based on interviews in 2002, this article examines the ways in which Nash has geographically and institutionally repositioned her ethnographic studies as an engaged anthropologist. It traces the ways her intellectual agenda and commitment to social justice have informed her research and ethnographic writing. The article is concerned with the living dimension of ethnographic knowledge, with Nash’s fashioning of oral narratives that remember and reconsider her earlier fieldwork - as her published texts inevitably become historical artifacts. In the process, the article poses the question: how can we make ethnographic writing a more dynamic way of representing the human cost of the currents of change we seek to understand?
Anthropology and Cooperatives
Authors: Vargas-Cetina Gabriela
Published: July 2005

This article, inspired by June Nash’s provocative vision of postmodern times in Chiapas, looks at how anthropologists have traced the changing nature of grassroots organizations to suggest that we need to see cooperatives and other local organizations in a new way, as ephemeral associations. Through the example of how the cooperative imaginary has informed different development programs in Mexico’s recent history, from the early cooperative movement in the 19th century to the 21st century, it explores the idea that the institutional arrangements of the recent past have given way to a state of constant flux. A new volatility is at the heart of both the organizations and their surrounding environment, so that local organizations now have to re-invent themselves constantly, to keep up with global and local changes. Through a case study of weavers’ cooperatives in Chiapas, the article points at their internal flexibility and fragility in the current climate of little support for the projects and activities of rural producers and the urban poor.
Women’s Weaving Cooperatives in Oaxaca
Authors: Stephen Lynn
Published: July 2005

Fieldwork in the Zapotec textile-producing community of Teotitlán del Valle from 2000 to 2004 suggests that indigenous responses to increased economic globalization and Mexico’s neoliberal economic policies do not always involve solutions of individualization, but can also generate collective efforts. From the late 1980s, textile cooperatives were first organized by women and most recently by men and women to such a degree that by the summer of 2004 about 15 percent of the local households were involved in textile cooperatives. In an attempt to bypass local merchant control of the textile industry and to gain political and cultural rights in their community and in the global market as independent artisans, these women pioneered a new era in gender relations.
Challenging Consumption Theory
Authors: Rothstein Frances Abrahamer
Published: July 2005

This article questions the view that consumption rather than production has become the motor of the global economy. Based on the approach pioneered and developed by June Nash that stresses anthropological political economy, the article examines small-scale garment production in San Cosme Mazatecochco, a rural Mexican community in which consumption has become an increasing concern. Despite the appearance of consumption as an overriding concern, however, I argue that the new consumerism arises out of new relations of production characteristic of flexible accumulation. Although residents of San Cosme are now consuming many more modern commodities and adopting new non-class consumer identities, who consumes, what they consume, and why they adopt such identities derive from relations of flexible production and they know it.
Bernard Smith, Cold Warrior
Authors: Barker Heather , Green Charles
Published: July 2005

Bernard Smith’s canonical book, Australian Painting, 1788-1960, was shaped by the Cold War. This forced the emerging discipline of Australian art history onto a trajectory that would not be shaken for another two decades. More than art history determined Smith’s innovations. This article proceeds from that obvious but easily overlooked point, that Smith and his book were deeply conditioned by the intellectual climate of Cold War Australia. The appearance of Smith’s book and, henceforth, Australian art history’s concerns with postcoloniality and anxiety about nationality derive from this. Smith’s particular Cold War has shaped Australian art history ever since.
European Vision and Aboriginal Art: Blindness and Insight in the Work of Bernard Smith
Authors: Lowish Susan
Published: July 2005

Presently, Australian art histories do not adequately account for the existence of Aboriginal art. They tend to re-present and accentuate European constructions of difference, otherness and isolation, rather than explore sites of intersection or look for similarities. A radical readjustment of perspective is needed in order to address this imbalance. This article suggests that although Smith’s writing on Aboriginal art does not provide a suitable basis for this revision, his evaluation of European visual culture during the early exploration of the Pacific might form a useful starting point for an art historical reassessment of the relationship between Aboriginal and Australian art.
Australia: The Unhappy Country, or, a Tale of Two Nations
Authors: Beilharz Peter
Published: July 2005

What is the nature of modernity in Australia, or in the Antipodes? This article presents the view that Australia is an unhappy country because its modernity is caught between at least two different images of pasts and futures possible. There are at least two Australias, one closer to the image of modern tradition or settler capitalism, the other heading in the direction of globalism via its world cities. On contemplation, the image of doubling or pluralization spreads. For there are also at least two distinct little narratives of national foundation, one dystopic, as the halfway modern society begot by penal origins in 1788, the other utopian, as the field of the transtasman social laboratory mooted into the 20th century. These divisions resonate with the theme of the two nations, from Disraeli through to Bauman, but the logical implication of the argument for the discourse about multiple modernities suggests the pluralization rather than dualization of lifeworlds and social forms.
The Technocratic Labor Thesis Revisited
Authors: Catley Bob
Published: July 2005

In the 1970s Australian New Left theorists used the Technocratic Labor thesis to criticize the ALP. This held that middle-class university educated people were taking over the ALP and moving it to the right. Thirty years later there appears to be much substance to their argument. The ALP has increasingly been led by middle-class people and has moved to the right. It has also narrowed the recruiting base for its national parliamentarians, most of who are now groomed within the party and its affiliates rather than being drawn from the wider community. Nonetheless, the political utility of the argument may be questioned since most of the Australian workforce is now in the services sector and many are also middle class and university educated.
Introduction
Authors: Tsui Lokman
Published: July 2005

The internet is the latest phenomenon in China and has caught the attention of media and academia alike. However, attention has hitherto been primarily concentrated on the implications of the internet for China’s democratization. What is still missing is the inquiry about the sociopolitical diffusion and development of the internet in China beyond the democratization frame.
The Techno-cadre’s Dream
Authors: Lagerkvist Johan
Published: July 2005

In this article the views and agenda of China’s techno-cadres, that is, the top-level advisors planning and implementing e-government projects, are scrutinized. Their goals for Chinese e-government not only focus on electronic service delivery to business—the ambition is to make the authoritarian governing process less opaque to citizens. Just as the former Premier Zhu Rongji used the WTO agreement to push overall reform, reform-minded techno-cadres utilize the expansion of e-government to further promote zaizao, that is, the restructuring to a more effective bureaucracy and a more transparent governance process. Nevertheless, China’s electronic government projects at various levels are still driven by a top-down approach and consequently electronic services are not helping Chinese people to hold government accountable. In the short run, the government seems more likely to be a winner than the Chinese population in the introduction of e-government projects. The documents analyzed in this article show that there are limits that even the techno-cadres do not wish to, and cannot, transcend.
Dear Mayor
Authors: Hartford Kathleen
Published: July 2005

E-government at the local level in China has emphasized numerous interactive features. One such feature has been the “leader’s mailbox” for citizen communications with the government. In the Yangzi Delta cities of Hangzhou and Nanjing, new reform-oriented mayors have emphasized e-government as an important tool for improving governmental performance; their decisions to publish many of the “mayor’s mailbox” communications online were intended to encourage grass-roots feedback, place pressure on bureaucratic agencies to change their behavior, and build a stronger popular image for local governments. The mailboxes in the two cities are managed differently, and differ in their articulation with other bureaucratic processes. Those differences may in part reflect somewhat different political priorities for the mayors, and may spell differences in the effectiveness and potential for institutionalization of this aspect of e-government. Ultimately, these mailboxes are effective because they work alongside other reforms in urban governance. By eliciting citizen feedback and increasing intragovernmental transparency, the mailboxes have become important information sources for government managers, but they are more likely to be effective in improving bureaucratic-administrative operations than in fostering participatory-democratic developments or progress towards civil society.
US and Chinese Policy Expectations of the Internet
Authors: Kluver Randolph
Published: July 2005

Since embarking upon the processes of modernization and globalization in the late 1970s, China’s policy toward technology has been geared toward building the nation’s economic and political strength, and ultimately reinforcing and proving China’s superiority as a socialist nation. Ironically, US policy toward China has promoted technology transfer and technological transformation based upon a deep-seated mythology of technology, which assumes that technology will fundamentally alter China’s socialist economic and political system. This article examines the conflicting expectations of the two governments about the likely impact of the internet and the steps each nation has attempted to ensure that certain outcomes do occur. Finally, the article discusses the actual impact of the internet on governance and political change in China.
The origins of old age psychiatry in Britain in the 1940s
Authors: Hilton Claire
Published: July 2005

In the 1940s, some of the most influential psychiatrists of their day such as David K. Henderson and Aubrey Lewis were taking an active interest in the well-being of older people. Spurred on by the fears of a rising population of older people, overcrowding in mental hospitals, social changes and an awareness of the lack of knowledge of older people’s mental illnesses, they and others began to explore further the mental health needs of older people. There was a marked change from a predominant interest in neuropathology in older mental hospital patients to emphasis on the need to provide clinical care and treatment for people in the community. The establishment of the new specialty of geriatric medicine and inception of the National Health Service gave further impetus to service development.
Karl Kleist and his refusal of an appointment at Leipzig in 1923
Authors: Steinberg Holger
Published: July 2005

Further to the study by Neumärker and Bartsch (2003) of Karl Kleist (1879-1960), this short contribution based on archive material, cited for the first time, looks into Kleist’s motives for refusing an appointment as Professor of Psychiatry and Neurology at Leipzig University. This study comes to the conclusion that Kleist thought seriously of moving to Leipzig. However, the Saxony Ministry of People’s Education refused to make a definite financial commitment to the reconstruction and building work that Kleist considered essential. On the other hand, the authorities in Frankfurt am Main, where Kleist had been appointed 3 years earlier, evidently agreed to the funding he required if he was to remain there. This finally prompted him to turn down the Leipzig offer.
Psychology and mind in Aquinas
Authors: García-Valdecasas Miguel
Published: July 2005

This article stresses the main lines of Thomas Aquinas’s philosophy on the nature of the body-soul union. Following Aristotle, Aquinas sees the soul as a ‘principle of life’ which is intimately bound to a body. Together they form a non-contingent composition. In addition, the distinctive feature of the human soul is rationality, which implies that a human needs a mind to be what it is. However, this is not to say, as Descartes proposes, that the reason that I am a human is that I am fully self-conscious. On the contrary, I will show that self-consciousness is not necessarily a key to defining a human being. To that aim, and based on Aquinas’s views, I draw a distinction between what I will call ‘egos’ and ‘selves’.
The Directions of Psychiatric Research by Emil Kraepelin
Authors: Engstrom Eric J. , Weber Matthias M.
Published: July 2005

This classic text reproduces Emil Kraepelin’s inaugural lecture at the University of Dorpat in 1887. It represents one of the most succinct contemporary surveys of German psychiatric discourse in the 1880s. It also outlines Kraepelin’s own research priorities in the early years of his career, providing important historical background to the motives that drove him to place such great emphasis on (and hope in) experimental psychology. Contrary to our contemporary image of Kraepelin as a grand clinical nosologist, this text shows that he was much more of a diagnostician and experimental psychologist than historians have generally assumed. The document also reflects a wider ‘psychological turn’ in German psychiatry, away from patho-anatomic study - a turn that has often been overlooked in the historiographic literature.
Impact Damage Visualization of Heterogeneous Two-layer Materials Subjected to Low-speed Impact
Authors: Xu L. Roy , Rosakis Ares J.
Published: July 2005

A systematic experimental investigation of the generation and subsequent evolution of impact damage in heterogeneous two-layer materials is presented. Model layered specimens involving a compliant polymer layer bonded with a metal layer were designed and subjected to impact loading to simulate failure mechanisms in real time. High-speed photography and dynamic photoelasticity were utilized to visualize the nature and sequence of dynamic failure modes. A series of complex failure modes was documented. Interlayer crack growth (interfacial delamination) is the dominant dynamic failure mode. These cracks appear to be shear dominated and might proceed with intersonic speeds. Intralayer cracking always occurs in a local Mode I crack inside the weak layer. Both impact speed and interfacial bonding strength have significant influence on the impact failure. High-impact loading leads to high interlayer crack speeds. Specimens featuring ductile and weak bonds subjected to high-impact speeds are shown to feature intersonic cracks with clearly visible shear shock wave (Mach lines) emitted from the crack tips.
Constitutive Relationships for Laminates with Ply Cracks in In-plane Loading
Authors: Lundmark P. , Varna J.
Published: July 2005

A theoretical framework which allows determining the whole set of 2-D thermomechanical constants of a damaged laminate as a function of crack density in different layers is presented. In this approach, closed-form expressions, which contain thermoelastic ply properties, laminate layup, and crack density as the input information are obtained. It is shown that the crack opening displacement (COD) and crack face sliding displacement, normalized with respect to a load variable, are important parameters in these expressions influencing the level of the properties degradation. They are determined in this paper using generalized plain strain FEM analysis results for noninteractive cracks. The strong dependence of the COD on the relative stiffness and thickness of the surrounding layers, found in this study, is described by a power law. The methodology is validated and the possible error introduced by the noninteractive crack assumption is estimated by comparing with the 3-D FEM solution for a cross-ply laminate with two orthogonal systems of ply cracks. Experimental data and comparison with other models are used for further verification.
Adaptive Rotation of a Smart Projectile Fin Using a Piezoelectric Flexible Beam Actuator
Authors: Mani Smitha , Singh Sahjendra N. , Parimi Surya Kiran , Yim Woosoon , Trabia Mohamed
Published: July 2005

This paper is concerned with the question of control of the rotation angle of a projectile’s fin using a piezoelectric beam actuator. The smart fin system considered in this paper consists of a hollow rigid fin (or canard) and a flexible beam actuator. A finite element model of the fin-beam model is developed. The model also includes aerodynamic forces acting on the fin. The rotation angle of the fin is controlled by deforming the beam actuator, which is hinged at the tip of the rigid fin. First, a state feedback adaptive control law is designed for the trajectory control of the fin angle. This is followed by the design of an adaptive control system using only output feedback (fin angle and its derivative). In the closed-loop system, asymptotic trajectory tracking of the fin angle is accomplished. Simulation results are presented, which show that trajectory control of the fin angle is accomplished using state as well as output feedback, in spite of large uncertainties and aerodynamic disturbance forces, and the flexible modes remain bounded during maneuvers.
More Dimensions for the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control: Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Competing Models of the Structure of Control Beliefs
Authors: Baken Donald , Stephens Christine
Published: July 2005

The Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) Scale was a significant contribution to the development of the locus of control construct in establishing the importance of multiple sources of control. This article suggests that further development of the construct should include two distinct aspects of control beliefs: strategy and capacity beliefs. A confirmatory factor analysis that tested six competing models supported the use of multidimensional measurements of control. Correlations with existing measures of health-related control constructs, including the MHLC, supported the validity of the strategy and capacity dimensions.
Factorial Validity of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scales for Three American Ethnic Groups
Authors: Malcarne Vanessa L. , Fernandez Senaida , Flores Lise
Published: July 2005

This study examined the psychometric properties (specifically, the factorial invariance) of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scales in a multicultural sample of college students. The original 18-item MHLC was administered, along with measures of ethnicity-related variables, to 1845 college students from three ethnic groups (Caucasian Americans, Filipino Americans and Latino Americans). Confirmatory factor analysis failed to confirm a three-factor structure for any of the three groups. Subsequent exploratory principal components analysis supported a cross-ethnic-group three-factor structure that had reduced numbers of items loading adequately on each factor. Shortened scales were created, and internal consistency reliability for each scale was acceptable for each ethnic group. Filipino Americans scored higher on all three scales. Regression analyses predicting MHLC scales from demographic and sociocultural variables revealed few predictive relationships.
Faith Factors and Internal Health Locus of Control in Patients Prior to Open-heart Surgery
Authors: Ai Amy L. , Peterson Christopher , Rodgers Willard L. , Tice Terrence N.
Published: July 2005

This study explored the relationships between faith factors and internal health locus of control (IHLC) beliefs. Based on a review of different relationships of perceived control, spiritual surrender and faith factors in the liberation, we assumed a multivariate association among them. Using data from two sequential interviews and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons’ Adult Cardiac Database, we tested these associations in a final sample of 202 middle-aged and older patients undergoing open-heart surgery. Primary findings from two-step multiple regression analyses supported hierarchical multi-faceted hypotheses. Greater internal control was positively associated with private prayer for coping, an event-specific, ‘vicarious’ control strategy, but negatively related to subjective religiosity, general faith measure controlling for other confounders, especially cardiac-significant ones.
Health Locus of Control and Depression in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Dynamic Perspective
Authors: Cvengros Jamie A. , Christensen Alan J. , Lawton William J.
Published: July 2005

Participants in the present study were 207 patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) who completed internal HLOC and depression measures at baseline and at an approximately 16-month follow-up period. Regression results indicated that after controlling for baseline level of depression, baseline internal HLOC was not a significant predictor of depression at follow-up. However, increases in internal HLOC over the 16-month follow-up were predictive of depression at follow-up. Furthermore, this relationship was qualified by an interaction between change in internal HLOC and disease progression. These results suggest that changes in internal HLOC over time may be a particularly important determinant of adjustment for individuals whose chronic illness progresses or becomes life threatening.
The Moderating Effects of Anxiety and Breast Cancer Locus of Control on Depression
Authors: Naus Mary J. , Price Esther C. , Peter Magdalene P.
Published: July 2005

Research suggests that depression and anxiety can affect quality of life in breast cancer survivors. Moreover, certain cognitive control beliefs have been implicated in the development and maintenance of both depression and anxiety. The present study examined the relationship between breast cancer locus of control beliefs and depression in early-stage breast cancer survivors. The role of anxiety in moderating the relation between breast cancer locus of control and depression was also examined. Results showed that certain locus of control scores interact with anxiety to predict depression in early-stage breast cancer survivors. Findings further suggest that certain control beliefs previously considered adaptive in non-medically ill populations may be maladaptive in early-stage breast cancer survivors. Implications for further research are discussed.
Health Locus of Control Predicts Survival after Lung Transplant
Authors: Burker Eileen J. , Evon Donna M. , Galanko Joseph , Egan Thomas
Published: July 2005

The purpose of this study was to assess whether health locus of control beliefs measured pre-transplant predicted survival after lung transplant. Participants were 100 patients who completed the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scale before and after transplant. Cox proportional hazards regressions were used to investigate the relationship between each of the three subscales (IHLC, PHLC, CHLC) and survival time after transplant. After adjusting for age and medical diagnosis, participants with medium and high levels of IHLC had lower hazard ratios than those with low IHLC. Neither PHLC nor CHLC exhibited statistical differences in survival. Compared to patients with low IHLC, patients with medium and high levels of IHLC lived longer after lung transplant.
Predicting Medical Regimen Adherence: The Interactions of Health Locus of Control Beliefs
Authors: O’hea Erin L. , Grothe Karen B. , Bodenlos Jamie S. , Boudreaux Edwin D. , White Marney A. , Brantley Phillip J.
Published: July 2005

The present study examined the interactions between five dimensions of health locus of control beliefs and their relationships with medical regimen adherence in low-income individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. One hundred and nine patients were administered an expanded Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) scale. HbA1c was used as a biological indicator of medical regimen adherence. Multivariate regression analyses demonstrated that three interactions were significantly related to HbA1c. The present findings suggest that HLOC may be meaningfully related to medical outcomes. However, these relationships may not be captured through the examination of main effects and may be only found when interactions are considered.
Measuring National Delegate Positions at the Convention on the Future of Europe Using Computerized Word Scoring
Authors: Benoit Kenneth , Laver Michael , Arnold Christine , Pennings Paul , Hosli Madeleine O.
Published: July 2005

The Convention on the Future of Europe that led to the eventual drafting of an EU Constitution involved numerous political actors from many countries. Their negotiations over the constitution generated a huge volume of texts containing substantive information about their preferences for EU institutional and political outcomes. In this paper, we attempt to measure these preferences at the national party level by analysing the Convention texts using the computerized ‘word-scoring’ method for text analysis (Laver et al., 2003). For each national party whose delegates’ texts were recorded at the Convention, we estimate their positions on four political dimensions. We then test the validity of these estimates by comparing them with measures of national party positions on EU policy dimensions obtained through an extensive expert survey undertaken in 27 countries (the EU 25 plus Turkey and Romania). Our results show strong evidence that the word-scoring method is broadly successful in reconstructing the map of national party preferences for and against a more centralized and more powerful Europe as expressed through the Convention texts.
Using Mass Survey Data to Infer Political Positions
Authors: Hug Simon , Schulz Tobias
Published: July 2005

An increasing number of member countries of the European Union (EU) is heading for ratification through referendum of the yet to be adopted constitution for Europe. Such popular votes will add an additional ratification constraint and empirical models will require information on the positions of the voters on various issues related to the new treaty. This information can come only from mass surveys. In this paper we discuss the ways in which data from mass surveys may be used to infer the policy positions of voters on the most salient aspects of the constitutional treaty. We also propose a way in which these policy positions may be connected with information on the policy positions of the member states’ governments. Combining this information, which is almost imperative for systematic tests of two-level games, allows us to demonstrate that certain referendums are likely to lead to ‘involuntary defections’. In addition, our analysis shows that the prospect of referendums has already led to changes in the draft constitution.
Extracting Ideal Point Estimates from Actors’ Preferences in the EU Constitutional Negotiations
Authors: Hix Simon , Crombez Christophe
Published: July 2005

This article uses the Domestic Structures and European Integration (DOSEI) data set of actors’ preferences on 65 issues in the 2003-4 Intergovernmental Conference to extract the underlying preferences of the governments, the Commission and the European Parliament on the main dimensions of conflict in the European Union’s constitutional negotiations. The analysis starts by comparing the ideal point estimates produced by three ‘inductive’ techniques: exploratory factor analysis, NOMINATE and Optimal Classification. The results are a series of ideal point estimates that do not correlate well with some simple a priori assumptions about key actors’ positions on the reform of the EU. The analysis then proceeds with a ‘mixed’ deductive/inductive method, in which responses to the survey questions relating to the two exogenous dimensions of constitutional design in a multi-level polity (the ‘vertical’ and ‘horizontal’ allocation of power) are used to generate ideal point estimates on these two dimensions. The result is a more intuitive set of ideal point estimates for the 28 main actors in the negotiations.