bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Multiparametric Serum Kallikrein Panel for Diagnosis of Non–Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
Authors: Planque Chris , Li Lin , Zheng Yingye , Soosaipillai Antoninus , Reckamp Karen , Chia David , Diamandis Eleftherios P. , Goodglick Lee
Published: March 2008

Purpose: Human tissue kallikreins are a family of 15 secreted serine proteases. We have previously shown that the expression of several tissue kallikreins is significantly altered at the transcriptional level in lung cancer. Here, we examined the clinical value of 11 members of the tissue kallikrein family as potential biomarkers for lung cancer diagnosis.

Experimental Design: Serum specimens from 51 patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and from 50 healthy volunteers were collected. Samples were analyzed for 11 kallikreins (KLK1, KLK4-8, and KLK10-14) by specific ELISA. Data were statistically compared and receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed for each kallikrein and for various combinations.

Results: Compared with sera from normal subjects, sera of patients with NSCLC had lower levels of KLK5, KLK7, KLK8, KLK10, and KLK12, and higher levels of KLK11, KLK13, and KLK14. Expression of KLK11 and KLK12 was positively correlated with stage. With the exception of KLK5, expression of kallikreins was independent of smoking status and gender. KLK11, KLK12, KLK13, and KLK14 were associated with higher risk of NSCLC as determined by univariate analysis and confirmed by multivariate analysis. The receiver operating characteristic curve of KLK4, KLK8, KLK10, KLK11, KLK12, KLK13, and KLK14 combined exhibited an area under the curve of 0.90 (95% confidence interval, 0.87-0.97).

Conclusions: We propose a multiparametric panel of kallikrein markers for lung cancer diagnosis with relatively good accuracy. This model requires validation with a larger series and may be further improved by addition of other biomarkers.
Germ Cell Origin of Testicular Carcinoid Tumors
Authors: Abbosh Phillip H. , Zhang Shaobo , MacLennan Gregory T. , Montironi Rodolfo , Lopez-Beltran Antonio , Rank Joseph P. , Baldridge Lee Ann , Cheng Liang
Published: March 2008

Purpose: Carcinoids are neuroendocrine tumors and most frequently occur within tissues derived from the embryonic gut. These tumors can occur in any organ site but are rare in the testis. The cell type giving rise to testicular carcinoid is unknown. We hypothesized that testicular carcinoid may have a germ cell origin.

Experimental Design: We describe our analysis of protein and genetic markers of germ cell neoplasia, using immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization, in four testicular carcinoid tumors.

Results: All four cases of testicular carcinoid tumor arose in a background of mature teratoma. Isochromosome 12p was identified in carcinoid tumor cells in all four samples. 12p overrepresentation was also observed in three cases. Isochromosome 12p and 12p overrepresentation were present in cells of coexisting mature teratoma in three cases. Carcinoid tumors showed strong immunoreactivity for synaptophysin and chromogranin, but no immunoreactivity for OCT4, CD30, c-kit, TTF-1, and CDX2. Membranous and cytoplasmic staining for β-catenin was detected in three cases.

Conclusion: Our findings suggest that testicular carcinoid represents a phenotypic expression of testicular teratoma and is of germ cell origin.
Targeted Intraoperative Radiotherapy Impairs the Stimulation of Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation and Invasion Caused by Surgical Wounding
Authors: Belletti Barbara , Vaidya Jayant S. , D'Andrea Sara , Entschladen Frank , Roncadin Mario , Lovat Francesca , Berton Stefania , Perin Tiziana , Candiani Ezio , Reccanello Sonia , Veronesi Andrea , Canzonieri Vincenzo , Trovò Mauro G. , Zaenker Kurt S. , Colombatti Alfonso , Baldassarre Gustavo , Massarut Samuele
Published: March 2008

Purpose: After apparently successful excision of breast cancer, risk of local recurrence remains high mainly in the area surrounding the original tumor, indicating that wound healing processes may be implicated. The proportional reduction of this risk by radiotherapy does not depend on the extent of surgery, suggesting that radiotherapy, in addition to killing tumor cells, may influence the tumor microenvironment.

Experimental Design: We studied how normal and mammary carcinoma cell growth and motility are affected by surgical wound fluids (WF), collected over 24 h following breast-conserving surgery in 45 patients, 20 of whom had received additional TARGeted Intraoperative radioTherapy (TARGIT), immediately after the surgical excision. The proteomic profile of the WF and their effects on the activation of intracellular signal transduction pathways of breast cancer cells were also analyzed.

Results: WF stimulated proliferation, migration, and invasion of breast cancer cell lines. The stimulatory effect was almost completely abrogated when fluids from TARGIT-treated patients were used. These fluids displayed altered expression of several cytokines and failed to properly stimulate the activation of some intracellular signal transduction pathways, when compared with fluids harvested from untreated patients.

Conclusions: Delivery of TARGIT to the tumor bed alters the molecular composition and biological activity of surgical WF. This novel antitumoral effect could, at least partially, explain the very low recurrence rates found in a large pilot study using TARGIT. It also opens a novel avenue for identifying new molecular targets and testing novel therapeutic agents.
Intravesical Chemotherapy of High-Grade Bladder Cancer with HTI-286, A Synthetic Analogue of the Marine Sponge Product Hemiasterlin
Authors: Hadaschik Boris A. , Adomat Hans , Fazli Ladan , Fradet Yves , Andersen Raymond J. , Gleave Martin E. , So Alan I.
Published: March 2008

Purpose: HTI-286 is a fully synthetic analogue of the natural tripeptide hemiasterlin that inhibits tubulin polymerization and has strong cytotoxic potential. In this study, we evaluate the inhibitory effects of HTI-286 on human bladder cancer growth, both in vitro and as an intravesical agent in an orthotopic murine model.

Experimental Design: Various bladder cancer cell lines were treated with HTI-286 and mitomycin C (MMC) in vitro. Human KU-7 bladder tumor cells that stably express firefly luciferase were inoculated in female nude mice by intravesical instillation and quantified using bioluminescence imaging. Mice with established KU-7-luc tumors were given HTI-286 or MMC intravesically twice a week for 2 h. Pharmacokinetic data was obtained using high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analyses.

Results: In vitro, HTI-286 was a potent inhibitor of proliferation in all tested cell lines and induced marked increases in apoptosis of KU-7-luc cells even after brief exposure. In vivo, HTI-286 significantly delayed cancer growth of bladder tumors in a dose-dependent fashion. HTI-286, at a concentration of 0.2 mg/mL, had comparable strong cytotoxicity as 2.0 mg/mL of MMC. The estimated systemic bioavailability of intravesically given HTI-286 was 1.5% to 2.1% of the initial dose.

Conclusions: Intravesical HTI-286 instillation therapy showed promising antitumor activity and minimal toxicity in an orthotopic mouse model of high-grade bladder cancer. These findings provide preclinical proof-of-principle for HTI-286 as an intravesical therapy for nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer and warrant further evaluation of efficacy and safety in early-phase clinical trials.
The GLUT-1 XbaI Gene Polymorphism Is Associated with Vascular Calcifications in Nondiabetic Uremic Patients
Authors: Rufino Margarita , Hernández Domingo , Barrios Ysamar , Salido Eduardo
Published: March 2008

Background: Glucose transporters mediate the facilitative uptake of glucose into cells, with GLUT-1 being the predominant isoform in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC). Clones of human cells overexpressing the GLUT-1 transporter showed a high increase in intracellular glucose concentrations, mimicking the diabetic milieu. It is possible that high intracellular glucose together with uremic factors may play an important role in vascular calcification by transforming VSMC into osteoblast-like cells. The XbaI polymorphism in the GLUT-1 gene has been linked to variations in GLUT-1 expression, with consequent changes in intracellular glucose concentration. Methods: To assess the association between the GLUT-1 XbaI gene polymorphism and the presence of VC in nondiabetic uremic patients, a total of 105 nondiabetic patients on hemodialysis were studied. VC were evaluated by conventional simple X-ray. Mean values of serum calcium, phosphorous, cholesterol, triglycerides, HbA1c, PTH and insulin were measured. Height, weight, BMI and waist circumference were also determined. The GLUT-1 XbaI polymorphism in the second intron of the gene was ascertained by means of the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis on DNA isolated from peripheral blood DNA. In the absence of an XbaI site, a fragment of 305 bp was seen (so-called x allele), whereas fragments of 232 and 73 bp were generated if the XbaI site was present (X allele). Results: Genotype distribution in all patients was similar to the Caucasian population. However, when the patients were grouped according to the presence or absence of VC, there were marked differences in the frequency of the GLUT1 genotypes: the xx GLUT-1 genotype was more prevalent in the group with VC (30.7 vs. 4.5%, p = 0.001). Stepwise logistic regression demonstrated that the xx GLUT-1 genotype was independently associated with the presence of VC after adjusting for other variables such as age, calcium × phosphrus product, BMI and time on dialysis (OR 7.68; 95% CI 1.28–45.7). Conclusions: GLUT-1 XbaI gene polymorphism is associated with vascular calcifications in nondiabetic uremic patients.
Spontaneous DNA Repair Increases during Hemodialysis
Authors: Herman Michal , Ori Yaacov , Chagnac Avry , Korzets Asher , Weinstein Talia , Malachi Tsipora , Gafter Uzi
Published: March 2008

Background: Hemodialysis (HD) patients are subjected to increased oxidative stress. Oxidative stress causes DNA damage, which may be repaired by a DNA repair system. ‘Spontaneous DNA repair’ expresses DNA repair of in vitro unstimulated cells. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of one HD session on spontaneous DNA repair in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Methods: PBMC were separated from blood samples for the determination of spontaneous DNA repair, measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation, before and immediately after one HD session. Percent double-stranded DNA (ds-DNA) was measured by the fluorometric assay of DNA unwinding (FADU). Results: DNA repair increased significantly following HD. To examine if this increase was caused by newly produced DNA damage, we studied the effect of HD on percent ds-DNA in PBMC. HD significantly reduced percent ds-DNA, indicating increased DNA breakage. By repeating FADU in the presence of formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (Fpg), which nicks DNA at oxidized purine sites, we could show that the increased DNA damage was caused by oxidation. Conclusion: Spontaneous DNA repair increases during HD in response to an increase in DNA damage induced by oxidative stress.
High Mobility Group Box Chromosomal Protein 1 in Patients with Renal Diseases
Authors: Sato Fumihiko , Maruyama Shoichi , Hayashi Hiroki , Sakamoto Izumi , Yamada Shingo , Uchimura Tomonori , Morita Yoshiki , Ito Yasuhiko , Yuzawa Yukio , Maruyama Ikuro , Matsuo Seiichi
Published: March 2008

Background/Aim: The high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 (HMGB1), a nuclear DNA-binding protein, has recently been recognized as a new proinflammatory cytokine. The purpose of this study was to examine the significance of HMGB1 in patients with renal diseases. Methods: HMGB1 concentrations in sera were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and antibodies against HMGB1 were examined by Western blotting in patients who underwent renal biopsies and in healthy controls. Immunohistochemistry for HMGB1 was also performed. Results: Serum HMGB1 was more likely to be positive in patients who underwent renal biopsies as compared with the controls. Patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-related glomerulonephritis (ANCA-GN) and those with Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis showed a significantly higher tendency to be HMGB1 positive. The presence of anti-HMGB1 antibody was not associated with the presence of serum HMGB1. Immunohistochemistry revealed that HMGB1 was expressed in mononuclear cells in the interstitium or in the glomeruli of some patients with ANCA-GN or IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Subanalysis demonstrated that among patients with IgAN, those who had crescent formation showed a higher tendency to be HMGB1 positive than those who did not. Conclusions: HMGB1 was expressed in the sera of patients with renal diseases who underwent renal biopsies, especially among those who had vasculitis including ANCA-GN, Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis, and IgAN with glomerular crescents.
Renal Involvement in Childhood Vasculitis
Authors: Çakar Nilgün , Özçakar Z. Birsin , Soy Derya , Uçar Yetiş , Fitöz Suat , Kara Nazlı , Uncu Nermin , Atakan Canan , Ekim Mesiha , Yalçınkaya Fatoş
Published: March 2008

Background/Aims: Renal involvement comprises one of the major organ involvements in childhood vasculitis and has also an important role in the long term prognosis. The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze the demographic, clinical, laboratory features, and the treatment modalities of patients with vasculitis who had renal involvement. Methods: Patients with the diagnosis of vasculitis who had been followed in two pediatric nephrology centers between 1990 and 2005 were analyzed retrospectively.Patients with renal involvement were selected and further evaluated. Results: The study population consisted of 152 of 816 patients with vasculitis. Renal involvement was seen in 134 patients (17%) with Henoch-Schönlein purpura(HSP), 14 patients (45%) with polyarteritis nodosa(PAN), 3 patients with Takayasu arteritis (TA) (50%) and in 1 Wegener granulomatosis (WG) patient.Themean age of patients with renal involvement was 9.2 ± 0.91 years in the HSP group. Hematuria with proteinuria was the most common renal finding and joint manifestations were seen less in this group. During the follow-up, only 1 patient developed chronic renal failure. Proteinuria, hematuria and aneurysms were seen in 26, 35 and 57% respectively in the PAN group. Only 1 patient (3.2%) had developed chronic renal failure.All 3 patients with TA had bilateral renal arterial involvement. Conclusion: Renal involvement constitutes an important part of childhood vasculitides. With the institution of early and aggressive immunosuppressive treatment significant improvement in the long-term survival of these patients can be achieved.
Dialysis Survivors: Clinical Status of Patients on Treatment for More than 10 Years
Authors: Ashby Damien , Smith Colin , Hurril Roopkishor , Maxwell Patrick , Brown Edwina
Published: March 2008

Background: Although there are increasing numbers of long-term survivors on dialysis, there is remarkably little information about their medical and social wellbeing. Methods: A group of 46 current survivors of long-term dialysis at a single centre were identified and asked to complete a structured interview; selected routine blood tests were also reviewed. The group’s background and renal replacement history are described, along with frequencies of various complications. Results: Younger age and non-diabetic renal disease are associated with longer survival. Substantial morbidity accumulated over the time on dialysis, particularly vascular disease (57%) which was strongly linked to smoking history, as well as musculoskeletal complications (78%) and nutritional decline (80%). Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis developed in 4 patients, after between 9 and 13 years of peritoneal dialysis. Conclusions: Despite accumulating morbidity, a surprisingly stable and socially well-adjusted group is revealed, with low rates of hospital admission in the majority. The pattern of complications may be influenced by modality choices.
A Modern Hypothesis: The Distinct Pathologies of Dementia Associated with Parkinson’s Disease versus Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Farlow Martin R. , Cummings Jeffrey
Published: March 2008

Background/Aims: Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD) is common, but its neuropathological basis has been controversial. The aim of this review was to survey the recent literature on the pathology of PDD and compare the pathology of PDD to that of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods: A literature search was performed to identify relevant research published since 2001. Results: There is widespread Lewy body pathology in the neocortex and subcortical regions in PDD, and Lewy neurites in the CA2 region of the hippocampus that correlate with cognitive decline. Genetic forms of PD, which frequently lead to dementia, are associated with deposition of α-synuclein; PDD is not related to the apolipoprotein E Ε4 genotype. Compared with AD, central cholinergic deficits occur earlier, are greater and more widespread in PDD, but PDD can occur without the abundant senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles indicative of AD. Conclusion:Epidemiological investigations, neuroimaging, as well as genetic and neuropathological studies increasingly support PDD as distinct from AD.
14-3-3 Zeta and Tau Genes Interactively Decrease Alzheimer’s Disease Risk
Authors: Mateo Ignacio , Sánchez-Juan Pascual , Rodríguez-Rodríguez Eloy , Infante Jon , Fernández-Viadero Carlos , Peña Nicolás , Berciano José , Combarros Onofre
Published: March 2008

Abnormal tau hyperphosphorylation has been suggested as being one of the central events in the development of neurofibrillary tangles, which are one of the characteristic neuropathological lesions found in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brains. 14-3-3 zeta protein is associated with tau in brain and stimulates tau phosphorylation. In a case-control study in 293 AD patients and 396 healthy controls, we examined whether the combined gene effects between 14-3-3 zeta (intron 4, rs 983583) polymorphism and tau (intron 9, rs 2471738) polymorphism might be responsible for susceptibility to AD. Subjects carrying both the 14-3-3 zeta (intron 4, rs 983583) AA and the tau (intron 9, rs 2471738) CC genotypes had a two and a half times lower risk of developing AD than subjects without these risk genotypes (OR = 0.4, 95% CI = 0.2–0.8, p = 0.016). Considering synergistic effects between polymorphisms in tau phosphorylation related genes may help in determining the risk profile for AD.
mTOR Inhibitors and Calcineurin Inhibitors Do Not Affect Adhesion Molecule Expression of Human Macro- and Microvascular Endothelial Cells
Authors: Lehle Karla , Schreml Stephan , Kunz-Schughart Leoni A. , Rupprecht Leopold , Birnbaum Dietrich E. , Schmid Christof , Preuner Jürgen G.
Published: March 2008

We examined the effect of cyclosporin A, tacrolimus, sirolimus and everolimus on the cell growth, viability, proliferation, expression of cellular adhesion molecules (CAM) and leukocyte (PBMC) binding of human macrovascular (coronary artery, saphenous vein) and microvascular endothelial cells (EC). Tacrolimus did not affect EC integrity, growth or expression of CAM. Exclusively, EC from the coronary arteries showed a reduced cellular growth (about 30%) under cyclosporin A and tacrolimus treatment. In contrast, treatment with mTOR inhibitors reduced EC proliferative activity by about 40%, independently of the EC origin. No induction of apoptosis (caspase-3/7 activity) or cytotoxicity (MTS test) was observed. Long-term treatment with high concentrations of sirolimus and everolimus did not enhance the expression of CAM. Stimulation with tumor necrosis factor significantly increased the expression of CAM, independently of the drugs used. None of the mTOR inhibitors influenced the tumor necrosis factor-induced expression of CAM, whereas adhesion of PBMC increased significantly, as described by other papers. In summary, neither calcineurin inhibitors nor mTOR inhibitors activate human micro- and macrovascular EC. Therefore, the investigated drugs are unlikely to contribute to EC activation during transplant-associated vasculopathy.
Gene Expression during the Development of Experimentally Induced Cerebral Aneurysms
Authors: Sadamasa Nobutake , Nozaki Kazuhiko , Kita-Matsuo Hiroko , Saito Sakae , Moriwaki Takuya , Aoki Tomohiro , Kawarazaki Satoshi , Kataoka Hiroharu , Takagi Yasushi , Ishikawa Masatsune , Hashimoto Nobuo , Kato Kikuya
Published: March 2008

Cerebral aneurysms are a major cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage, but the mechanism of their development remains unclear. In this study, we investigated candidate genes whose expression is significantly changed during the development of experimentally induced cerebral aneurysms using adaptor-tagged competitive polymerase chain reaction (ATAC-PCR). Twenty-four rats received sham operation (control) or the operation for the induction of experimental cerebral aneurysms. Rats were sacrificed at time 0, 2 weeks, 1 month and 3 months after the operation (n = 6 for each group). RNAs from right anterior cerebral artery/olfactory artery (ACA/OA) bifurcations were assessed via a 191-gene data matrix expression profile by ATAC-PCR. We identified 15 genes whose expression is significantly altered during cerebral aneurysm formation, including major heparan sulfate proteoglycan, cathepsin B, hevin and β4-integrin. We also confirmed protein expression of β4-integrin in rat cerebral aneurysms by quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. The ATAC-PCR revealed temporal changes in gene expression during the development of experimental cerebral aneurysms. The genes that were significantly changed in this study would be the candidates for future studies concerning the development of cerebral aneurysms.
Effect of Meal Replacement on Metabolic Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Subjects
Authors: König Daniel , Deibert Peter , Frey Ingrid , Landmann Ulrike , Berg Aloys
Published: March 2008

Aim: Our objective was to assess alterations in metabolic risk factors, body weight, fat mass and hormonal parameters following 6 weeks of lifestyle intervention with increased physical activity and either a meal-replacement regimen or a low calorie diet. Research Methods and Procedures: 90 overweight or obese subjects (age 47 ± 7.5 years, weight 90.6 ± 11.3 kg, BMI 31.5 ± 2.3) were included in this randomized controlled clinical trial. Subjects in the fat-restricted low-calorie-diet group (LCD-G; n = 30) received 2 dietary counseling sessions and instructions on how to increase physical activity. Subjects in the meal-replacement-diet group (MRD-G; n = 60) received the same lifestyle education and were instructed to replace 2 daily meals by a low-calorie high soy-protein drink. Results: Subjects in the MRD-G lost significantly more weight (6.4 vs. 3.1 kg, p < 0.01) and fat mass (5.1 vs. 2.8 kg, p < 0.01) than the LCD-G. Most metabolic risk parameters were reduced in both the MRD-G and the LCD-G; however, subjects in the MRD-G showed a higher reduction in waist circumference (6.1 vs. 1.8 cm, p < 0.01) and a larger decrease in triglycerides (–19.6 vs. +12.5 mg/dl, p < 0.01). The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was reduced in subjects in the MRD-G only (–12%, p < 0.05) compared to an unchanged risk score in the LCD-G. The reductions in leptin (18.2 vs. 6.97 ng/ml) and insulin (4.92 vs. 0.58 µU/ml) were only significant in the MRD-G (p < 0.01). Discussion: Our data suggest that even over a short period of time, a meal-replacement diet is more effective in reducing metabolic risk factors, insulin, and leptin, and in improving anthropometric measures than a fat-restricted low-calorie diet.
Prospective Study of the Association between Fluoride Intake and Dental Fluorosis in Permanent Teeth
Authors: Martins C.C. , Paiva S.M. , Lima-Arsati Y.B. , Ramos-Jorge M.L. , Cury J.A.
Published: March 2008

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between fluoride intake and dental fluorosis in permanent central incisors and first molars. Methods: Fluoride intake (mg F/kg body weight/day) from diet, dentifrice and both combined was determined on a single occasion in 1998 among children aged 19–39 months living in two fluoridated Brazilian communities (0.6–0.8 ppm F). Six years later, when the permanent teeth of these children had erupted (central incisors and first molars), 49 children aged 7–9 years [20 girls (40.8%) and 29 boys (58.2%)] were evaluated for dental fluorosis. To test the association between fluorosis and fluoride intake, children were dichotomized into two groups, cases (children with dental fluorosis on at least two teeth, TFI ≧1) and noncases (children without dental fluorosis, TFI = 0). Results: Among the case group (n = 29), median fluoride doses from diet, dentifrice and combined were 0.031, 0.050 and 0.083 mg F/kg/day, respectively. Among the noncase group (n = 20), median fluoride doses were 0.029, 0.049, 0.084 mg F/kg/day, respectively. There was no association between dental fluorosis in permanent teeth and fluoride intake from diet, dentifrice and combined (p > 0.05). Conclusions: There was no difference between children with and without fluorosis in the permanent central incisors and first molars regarding fluoride intake. However, this study has limitations that must be recognized: fluoride intake was only measured once, and there were no children in the sample with severe degrees of dental fluorosis.
Are Biomarker Levels a Good Follow-Up Tool for Evaluating Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Treatments?
Authors: Li Yongxia , Chongsuvivatwong Virasakdi , Geater Alan , Liu Ao
Published: March 2008

Background: Polysomnography is the standard method for evaluating results of treatments for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), but it is time-consuming and often unavailable. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the correlations between sleepiness, anthropometric parameters, exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and serum cytokine levels with changes in the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), in order to identify potential measurements that could be an alternative to polysomnography. Methods: Based on AHI results, 22 non-OSAS and 68 OSAS cases were followed up. Among the 68 patients, 5 underwent surgery, 2 were treated with oral appliances, 33 were treated using continuous positive airway pressure and 28 were untreated. AHI, anthropometric parameters, serum and EBC levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and 8-isoprostane were measured at baseline and after a 2-month follow-up. Correlations between the AHI and the other parameters were examined. Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) was used to evaluate the fit of logistic regression models, predicting improvements in the severity of the condition from the parameters. Results: IL-6 and TNF-α in EBC and serum gave the highest correlation coefficients (r = 0.62 and r = 0.71 in EBC; r = 0.58 and r = 0.66 in serum, respectively) as well as the lowest AIC values (63.87, 68.97; 62.65, 70.64, respectively). Reductions in waist circumference and weight also correlated with changes in AHI (r = 0.69, AIC = 80.26 and 88.76, respectively). Conclusions: IL-6 and TNF-α measurements may be used in OSAS treatment follow-ups, when polysomnography is not available. Waist circumference and weight could also be used when cytokine laboratory facilities are unavailable.
Cough Efficacy Is Related to the Disability Status in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Aiello Marina , Rampello Anais , Granella Franco , Maestrelli Matteo , Tzani Panagiota , Immovilli Paolo , Franceschini Marco , Olivieri Dario , Chetta Alfredo
Published: March 2008

Background: Cough is an important defense mechanism, whose main function is to remove mucus and/or foreign bodies from the airways. In patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), respiratory muscle function may be affected and cough may be impaired. Objectives: Respiratory muscle strength and voluntary cough efficacy were determined in MS patients and controls, and the relationship between cough efficacy and patients’ degree of disability was investigated. Methods: We recruited 27 MS patients (age: 41 ± 11 years; 18 females) with mild-to-moderate disability, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score range: 1–7, and 20 healthy controls (age: 37 ± 11 years; 12 females). The maximal inspiratory (PIMAX) and expiratory (PEMAX) pressures, maximal whistle mouth pressures (PMOW), cough peak flows (CPF), cough expiratory volumes (CEV) and cough gastric pressures (PGA) were measured in all subjects. Results: In MS patients, the EDSS score was significantly related to CPF, PEMAX, PMOW, cough PGA, PIMAX and CEV (p < 0.01, each correlation). The receiver-operating characteristic curve showed that an EDSS score ≧5.5 was consistent with impaired cough (CPF ≤5.6 l/s), with a sensitivity of 0.85 and a specificity of 0.95 (area under curve 0.90, p < 0.001). CPF was related to and predicted by PEMAX, PMOW, cough PGA and PIMAX in MS patients (p < 0.01 each correlation), but not in controls. Conclusions: MS can affect voluntary cough efficacy and respiratory muscle strength, which are inversely related to the patients’ degree of disability. In addition, this study shows that CPF is a measure of clinical relevance in MS patients.
Trauma counselling
Authors: Kasiram Madhubala , Khosa Vusi
Published: March 2008

English

In this article, the authors contend that trauma needs to be viewed not only from an individual and family perspective, but also from a community perspective. This would necessitate the combined use of trauma theory, family therapy theory and community family therapy approaches.

French

Dans cet article, les auteurs soutiennent que les traumas nécessitent d'être vus non seulement à partir d'une perspective individuelle et familiale mais aussi à partir d'une perspective communautaire. Ceci nécessite l'utilisation combinée de la théorie du trauma, de la théorie de la thérapie familiale et des approches communautaires de la thérapie familiale.

Spanish

En este artículo, los autores sostienen que el trauma necesita ser visto no sólo desde la perspectiva individual y familiar, sino también desde la perspectiva comunitaria. Esto requeriría del uso combinado de la teoría del trauma, la teoría de la terapia familiar y los acercamientos a la terapia familiar comunitaria.
Enhancing Outcomes in Early Literacy for Young Children With Disabilities
Authors: Johnston Susan S. , McDonnell Andrea P. , Hawken Leanne S.
Published: March 2008

Emerging literacy has been defined as the “reading and writing knowledge and behavior of children who are not yet conventionally literate” (Justice & Kaderavek, 2002, p. 8). This article provides readers with strategies for meeting the emerging literacy needs of young children with disabilities. Ideas for creating a literacy-rich environment as well as ways to adapt literacy-related materials and activities for children with delays/disabilities are presented and discussed.
Coordinating Supplemental Reading Instruction
Authors: Deeney Theresa A.
Published: March 2008

Although supplemental reading services are meant to improve reading achievement of struggling readers and students with reading disabilities, without concerted effort to ensure communication and coordination with in-school instruction, they may fall short of their desired mark. To promote learning, it is critical that any services provided outside of the typical curriculum be coordinated to ensure that students are reaping the maximum benefit. This article describes six dynamic steps to coordinate supplemental instruction and contextualizes these through examples and vignettes of a second-grade struggling reader.
The Role of Special Educators in a Multitiered Instructional System
Authors: Hoover John J. , Patton James R.
Published: March 2008

The nature of special education has changed appreciably over the past several decades. As a result, the role of special educators needs to be examined and further developed to provide the most effective education for all learners at-risk and those with high- and low-incidence disabilities. In this article, the authors discuss five important roles in which special educators should possess skills to collaboratively educate learners at-risk within a multitiered instructional system.
Morris Maduro
Authors: Mays Hoopes Laura L.
Published: March 2008

Note from the Editor

Educator Highlights for CBE—Life Sciences Education show how professors at different kinds of institutions educate students in life sciences with inspiration and panache. If you have a particularly creative teaching portfolio yourself, or if you wish to nominate an inspiring colleague to be profiled, please e-mail Laura Hoopes at lhoopes@pomona.edu .
Direct α-Oxytosylation of Ketones by Using Pentavalent Organobismuth Reagents
Authors: Sakurai Naoto , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: March 2008

A new method for the preparation of α-tosyloxy ketones by a direct oxytosylation of ketones using a combination of heterocyclic pentavalent organobismuth compounds and p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate is described.
A Luminescent Nonlinear-chain Tetracyanoplatinate(II) Forming a Charge-transfer Complex with Methyl Viologen
Authors: Shiota Daisuke , Matsushita Nobuyuki
Published: March 2008

We display that a tetracyanoplatinate(II) forming a charge-transfer complex with methyl viologen dication in the crystal exhibits intense luminescence despite no direct Pt···Pt interaction.
Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Magnetic Properties of a Stable Aminoxyl Radical and Its Copper(II) Complex
Authors: Zhu Zhicheng , Mikuriya Masahiro
Published: March 2008

A novel aminoxyl radical 4-(N-adamantanyloxyamino)-3,5-dichloropyridine (1), its hydroxylamine precursor (2) and copper(II) complex 3 with 1 were prepared and structurally characterized. The crystal structures of 1 and 3 showed the radical plane twists from pyridine ring. The density functional theory (DFT) calculation revealed that most of the spin (95.1%) locates on the radical group, while the pyridine nitrogen atom carries 0.4% spin. Temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibilities (2–300 K) of 3 indicated intramolecular interaction between radical and copper(II) ion is ferromagnetic.
A Novel Efficient FRET System: CePO4:Tb3+ Nanocrystal as Donor and Rhodamine B Dye as Accepter
Authors: Wang Lun , Qian Binbin , Chen Hongqi , Liu Yan , Liang Ani
Published: March 2008

By using a facile, wet-chemical approach, luminescent nanocrystals were prepared from nitrate and sodium tripolyphosphate precursors. These nanocrystals were stable and have extremely narrow emission bands and high dispersiblility. A novel fluorescence resonance energy-transfer (FRET) system with CePO4:Tb3+ nanocrystals as energy donor and Rhodamine B (RhB) dye as energy accepter was developed. The results showed that the FRET process occurred between CePO4:Tb3+ nanocrystal donor and Rhodamine B acceptor efficiently.
Surface Bottom-up Fabrication of Porphyrin-terminated Metal Complex Molecular Wires with Photo-electron Conversion Properties on ITO
Authors: Miyachi Mariko , Ohta Makiko , Nakai Misaki , Kubota Yoshihiro , Yamanoi Yoshinori , Yonezawa Tetsu , Nishihara Hiroshi
Published: March 2008

We fabricated photoelectron conversion system with porphyrin-terminated “molecular wires” on an ITO surface synthesized using stepwise metal–terpyridine complexation reactions. The efficiency and the electrode potential singnificantly depended on the metal center of the bis(terpyridine) complex unit in the molecular wire.
Accelerated Dissolution of Fatty Acid Particles at the Oil–Water Interface
Authors: Nonomura Yoshimune , Yamane Masahiro
Published: March 2008

We found self-motion and accelerated dissolution of a fatty acid particle at the oil–water interface. The dissolution time at the interface was 15–20 times shorter than that in the oil phase. The driving force of the self-motion and the accelerated dissolution is the Marangoni flow induced by the spatial heterogeneity of a fatty acid layer at the oil–water interface.
Reproducible Single-molecule Conductance Measurements of 1,4-Benzenedithiol with Break Junction Methods by Diluting It in a Thin Insulating Monolayer
Authors: Fujii Shintaro , Akiba Uichi , Fujihira Masamichi
Published: March 2008

We demonstrate here a new sample preparation method satisfying requirements for ideal single-molecule conductance measurements using break junction methods. By diluting a targeted dithiol in an insulating self-assembled monolayer of a short methane thiolate with an adamantane cage on Au(111), we succeeded in constructing reproducible conductance histograms with clear peaks for the dithiol using all measured conductance traces.
Influence on the SBA-3 Structure by Alkaline or Alkaline Earth Ions
Authors: Falini Giuseppe , Tosi Giovanna , Fermani Simona , Roveri Norberto
Published: March 2008

Alkaline and alkaline earth cations have been used in the synthesis of SBA-3, a silica mesoporous materials. These cations can not substitute silicon in the silica structure. However, we found that SBA-3 surface area, pore size and thickness, periodic order, and microporosity were affected by the presence of lithium, magnesium, or calcium ions. Chemical interactions among these ions and silica species are supposed to occur on the SBA-3 pore surface.
Measurement of blood glucose: comparison between different types of specimens
Authors: Carstensen Bendix , Lindström J , Sundvall J , Borch-Johnsen K , Tuomilehto J
Published: March 2008

Aim

To provide conversion formulae between measurements based on different specimens in use in epidemiological studies and clinical practice, and to evaluate the relative precision for the different methods.

Background

The current guidelines emphasize the use of venous plasma for determining glucose concentration. Nevertheless, the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines provide cut-off points for different specimens for the determination of the glucose concentration in circulating blood (venous plasma, whole blood, serum and capillary blood). There is a lack of data about the comparability between the values obtained by using different specimens.

Methods

Eleven different combinations of specimens and methods of measurement of blood glucose were used in 294 blood samples from 74 subjects. The methods were grouped by the specimen used for analysis (venous plasma, whole blood, serum and capillary blood).

Results

The result of the analysis is a set of linear equations allowing conversion of the result from one specimen or method to another. Furthermore, it was estimated how much of the variation for each method can be attributed to laboratory variance.

Conclusions

Measurements based on capillary blood had a very large variability compared with other methods. Measurements based on venous whole blood tended to give results 0.5 mmol/L lower than other methods. Our data indicate that the current diagnostic cut-off points, as recommended by WHO for non-plasma specimens, are not fully compatible and may differ as much as 0.5 mmol/L between specimens.
Audit of internal quality control practice and processes in the south-east of England and suggested regional standards
Authors: Housley David , Kearney Edward , English Emma , Smith Natalie , Teal Teresa , Mazurkiewicz Janina , Freedman Danielle B
Published: March 2008

Background

Internal quality control (IQC) has a long and well-established role in clinical biochemistry laboratories. However, despite the duration of use, and the publication of several articles detailing best practice, the implementation and use of IQC vary significantly between institutions. Consequently, the North Thames Audit and Quality Assurance Group undertook a region-wide audit of current IQC practice in 2006.

Methods

On aspects of IQC testing, interpretation and laboratory processes, 54 laboratories in the region were audited.

Results

Audit data showed significant variability in all aspects of practice, including IQC frequency, use of appropriate material, statistical processing and grades of staff involved.

Conclusions

Some of the variation in practice may affect the effectiveness of laboratory IQC, and thus the adequacy of a laboratory to monitor system performance. Consequently, a set of proposed regional standards have been developed and disseminated, prior to re-audit at a future date.
Accuracy and clinical implications of seven 25-hydroxyvitamin D methods compared with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry as a reference
Authors: Roth Heinz Jürgen , Schmidt-Gayk Heinrich , Weber Holger , Niederau Christoph
Published: March 2008

Background

The most reliable assessment of vitamin D status is measurement of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentration. High variability in 25(OH)D measurements due to utilized test and assay technologies and the lack of standardization against reference materials and reference method often confounds proper assessment of vitamin D status.

Methods

We evaluated the accuracy of six routinely available methodologies: high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the IDS-radioimmunoassay (IDS-RIA) and enzyme immunoassay (IDS-EIA), the Nichols Advantage automated protein-binding assay (Advantage), two versions of the DiaSorin automated immunoassay (Liaison 1 and Liaison 2) – and one prototype automated immunoassay (Elecsys) for assessment of the 25(OH)D3 status in a cohort of 300 randomly selected patients' samples compared with the reference method liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).

Results

Passing-Bablok regression analysis demonstrated a slope for each method compared with LC-MS/MS that varied from 0.62 (IDS-EIA) to 1.0 (HPLC). The Advantage and the Liaison 1 showed significant deviation from linearity with highly variable individual results vs. the LC-MS/MS. Difference plots revealed a considerable persistent proportional bias for the IDS-RIA and IDS-EIA. All evaluated methods except HPLC demonstrated a more or less considerable deviation of individual 25(OH)D3 values compared with LC-MS/MS defined target concentrations.

Conclusions

Standardization of methods for the quantification of 25(OH)D on a human-based sample panel by means of LC-MS/MS would help to reduce the inter-method variability with respect to accuracy existing in 25(OH)D measurement considerably. However, there will still remain differences in the accuracy of methods utilizing sample purification before final quantification or immunological reaction when compared with those methods without separate sample purification.
Intraindividual variation in serum thyroid hormones, parathyroid hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1
Authors: Ankrah-Tetteh T , Wijeratne S , Swaminathan R
Published: March 2008

Background

Biological variation of an analyte is an important determinant of its usefulness. Intraindividual variation in serum thyroid hormones, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in healthy subjects was determined in this study.

Methods

Blood samples were taken at weekly intervals for six weeks from 10 healthy subjects and analysed for serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), PTH and IGF-1.

Results

Intraindividual variations for serum FT4 and FT3 were <5.0%, IGF-1 9.4% and TSH and PTH 25.1% and 25.9%, respectively. Index of individuality was lowest for FT4 (0.42) and FT3 (0.38), and highest for PTH (1.09).

Conclusion

Intraindividual variation for FT4, FT3 and IGF-1 are low.
Adverse metabolic profiles in a cohort of obese Irish children
Authors: Finucane F M , Teong L , Pittock S , Fallon M , Hatunic M , Costigan C , Murphy N , Crowley V E F , Nolan J J
Published: March 2008

Background

The metabolic characteristics of obese Irish children are not well defined. We prospectively examined the relationship between the degree of obesity and glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity and suspected non-alcoholic steatohepatosis (NASH) in a pilot study of obese Irish children.

Methods

We measured height, weight, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, waist and hip circumference in 18 participants (mean age 15.5 years). Fasting blood glucose, insulin, lipid profile and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentrations were also measured. A standard 75 g oral glucose tolerance test was performed and insulin sensitivity was derived from this using a mathematical model – oral glucose insulin sensitivity.

Results

There were significant associations between the degree of obesity, insulin sensitivity and markers of liver steatosis. For example, when adjusted for pubertal status, there were significant associations between standardized BMI and insulin sensitivity (regression coefficient, β= −70.1, P= 0.018) and ALT ( β= 20.7, P= 0.007)

Conclusion

This study suggests that the degree of obesity is associated with lower insulin sensitivity and possible NASH in obese Irish children.
Naturally occurring isotopes of an analyte can interfere with doubly deuterated internal standard measurement
Authors: Duxbury K , Owen L , Gillingwater S , Keevil B
Published: March 2008

Background

Internal standards are essential in quantitative mass spectrometry (MS) assays to correct for variability in sample extraction and ionization at the source. In liquid chromatography MS assays, analogues of the analyte with several atoms replaced by their stable isotopes, e.g. 2H (D, deuterium) are often used as internal standards.

Methods

Possible interference by naturally occurring isotopes of an analyte in the internal standard channel in a liquid chromatography tandem MS assay was assessed using cortisol and its deuterated internal standard, D2-cortisol, as an example. Mass spectra were analysed and standard curves were prepared with varying concentrations of internal standard to determine the extent of any interference.

Results

The mass spectra showed that a naturally occurring isotope of cortisol at m/z 365 acts in the same way as D2-cortisol and fragments to give a daughter ion of the same m/z. Cortisol-365 can therefore falsely, but significantly, increase the amount of internal standard detected, and this will concomitantly decrease the relative response for cortisol. The standard curves with varying concentrations of internal standard showed that this phenomenon can affect the linearity of an assay.

Conclusions

Our results show that care is needed in assay development when doubly deuterated internal standards are used. Interference by naturally occurring isotopes of the analyte of interest in the internal standard transition is possible and it is important to ensure that an appropriate internal standard concentration is chosen that permits linearity of the assay over the required range.
Balance of transforming growth factor-β1 and platelet-derived growth factor-BB is associated with kidney allograft rejection
Authors: Pozzetto Ubaldo , Abeni Damiano , Citterio Franco , Castagneto Marco , Capogrossi Maurizio C , Facchiano Antonio
Published: March 2008

Background

About 50% of kidney-transplant patients undergo organ rejection within 10 years. Chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) represents the dominant cause of kidney transplant failure and accounts for 50–80% of graft loss in long-term surviving patients. CAN pathogenesis is multifactorial and not-completely elucidated; several reports indicate TGF-β1 and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB expression in CAN suggesting a possible role of these factors in the allograft arteriosclerosis and graft failure.

Methods

We investigated the plasma expression concentrations of human growth factors with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and appropriate statistical analysis.

Results

We present evidences showing statistically significant association of CAN with a specific balance between TGF Beat1 and PDGF-BB plasma concentrations, in 129 kidney-transplant patients and 15 healthy controls. Odds ratios were computed to correlate expression-levels with CAN occurrence.

Conclusion

We believe these data may suggest a novel non-invasive method to identify early molecular markers of graft deterioration.