bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reactive hyperplasia with giant follicles in lymph node lesions from systemic lupus erythematosus patients
Authors: KOJIMA M. , MATSUDA H. , IIJIMA M. , YOSHIDA K. , MASAWA N. , NAKAMURA S.
Published: July 2005

Lymph node enlargement is common in active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a disease that is characterized by well‐defined clinical criteria. Histologically, although lymphadenopathy associated with SLE exhibits marked histological diversity and occasionally shows atypical lymphoproliferative disorders, there has not been any description of the histopathological features of reactive lymph node hyperplasia with giant follicles (RHGF). We here report three such cases. The subjects were a 23‐year‐old Japanese female, a 44‐year‐old Japanese female and a 49‐year‐old Japanese male. All three patients initially presented with systemic lymphadenopathy. They also had systemic symptoms and abnormal laboratory findings indicating active disease, although two patients did not fulfill the diagnostic criteria for SLE at lymph node biopsy. Histologically, three lesions were characterized by numerous enlarged, coalescing lymphoid follicles with distortion rather than effacement of the lymph node architecture. By in situ hybridization, Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) genomes were demonstrated in two cases. The present three cases indicate that lymphadenopathy associated with SLE representing RFGH should be differentiated from the early stage of HIV‐related lymphadenopathy as well as follicular lymphoma, particularly the floral variant. The authors would like to stress that the RHGF which is described in the present study should be listed in the pathohistology of SLE lymphadenopathy.
Profiles of NK, NKT cell activation and cytokine production following vaccination against hepatitis B
Authors: ALBARRAN B. , GONCALVES L. , SALMEN S. , BORGES L. , FIELDS H. , SOYANO A. , MONTES H. , BERRUETA L.
Published: July 2005

Human natural killer (NK) cells (CD56+ CD3−) represent crucial components of the innate immune system especially against viral infections and because their activation can modulate the outcome of the adaptive immune response. NKT cells (CD56+CD3+), a lymphocyte T population characterized by expression of surface markers of NK cells, are known to be abundant in the liver and their activation could be associated with hepatic injury. Using three‐color flow cytometry to measure surface receptors and intracellular cytokines, we have explored early activation signals and cytokine production in NK and NKT cells within a group of hepatitis B vaccinated and non‐vaccinated individuals. A specific increase of the CD56bright cell population, the activation receptor CD69 and IFN‐γ, was observed in NK cells following incubation with recombinant HBsAg in responders to vaccination. Comparable results were observed in NKT cells showing an increment of CD69, CD25, IL‐2 and IFN‐γ expression in responder subjects. These parameters were statistically diminished in non‐responder individuals (p<0.05) in both groups of cells. These results demonstrate a diminished activation of these cells in non‐responders to the vaccine, suggesting that NK and NKT cells play an important role in the immune response following hepatitis B vaccination.
Nonspecific granulomatous prostatitis with calculous ductal ectasia and extensive Paneth cell‐like epithelial metaplasia
Authors: DIKOV DORIAN , VASSILEV IVAN , DIMITRAKOV JORDAN
Published: July 2005

We present a case of nonspecific granulomatous prostatitis in combination with calculous ductal ectasia and extensive epithelial Paneth cell‐like metaplasia in a TURP‐specimen. Our report highlights the importance of calculous ductal obstruction and stasis of secretions in the etiopathogenesis of this type of prostatitis. The observed extensive Paneth cell‐like metaplastic change in adjacent epithelial cells most likely represents a phenotypic adaptive mechanism directed against foreign antigens and nondegradable lipids in the stagnant intraluminal debris.
Genetic diversity of bovine viral diarrhoea viruses (BVDV) in Denmark during a 10‐year eradication period
Authors: UTTENTHAL Å. , STADEJEK T. , NYLIN B.
Published: July 2005

A 243 base‐pair fragment of the 5′‐ untranslated region (5′‐UTR) of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) was RT‐PCR amplified from tissue samples (after one passage) or from plasma collected from Danish cattle in 1962 (1), 1993 (7), or in 2002–03 (28) when BVD was almost extinct as a result of a 6‐year eradication programme. The PCR products were sequenced and phylogenetically analysed. All 36 samples were BVDV species 1 (BVDV‐1), 29 sequences belonged to the BVDV 1d subtype, 6 to the BVDV 1b subtype, and one sequence to the BVDV 1e subtype. While all samples from 1993 and 1962 were of 1d subtype, the samples collected in 2002–2003 belonged to 1d (22 samples), 1b (5 samples) and 1e (1 sample) subtypes. In five herds, materials from two animals were obtained for PCR analysis. In four of five herds the sequences of the two viruses were identical, but in one herd the obtained sequences belonged to two different subtypes. Routine analysis detected 11 PI calves older than 2 months of age. For early detection of infected calves it is recommended that antigen ELISA be replaced by PCR detection. Here we present the first sequence analysis of Danish BVDV strains.
Histopathological grading of laryngectomy specimens
Authors: VERMUND HALVOR , KRAJCI PETER , EIDE TOR J. , WINTHER FINN
Published: July 2005

A material comprising 118 laryngectomy specimens, prepared by whole organ serial sectioning, was analyzed to determine the prognostic significance of histopathological tumor grading. No statistically significant association could be demonstrated between grading and a number of clinical and histopathological variables, including pathological staging, lymph node metastases or recurrence rate. The study supports the contention that the prognostic value of histopathological grading of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma remains uncertain and unproven. Serial sections of the whole organ, processed by routine laboratory techniques, remain important for studying tumor extension but do not contribute to establishing histopathological grading as a significant prognostic parameter.
High prostate cancer mortality in Norway: Influence of Cancer Registry information?
Authors: HERNES E. , HARVEI S. , GLATTRE E. , GJERTSEN F. , FOSSÅ S. D.
Published: July 2005

Norway has among the highest prostate cancer mortality rates in the world. The aim of the present project was to assess whether this can be explained by the unique routine procedure of information transfer from the Cancer Registry of Norway (CR) to the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry (COD Registry). Norwegian prostate cancer patients deceased during 1996 were identified (n=2012). The information basis of the official mortality statistics was reviewed by two physicians, who independently identified the underlying cause of death, primarily prostate cancer or not, supplemented by consensus of two other physicians. The coding was done in two steps; first without, then with CR information. Project physicians identified 1063 deaths from prostate cancer as compared to the official number of 1161, with discrepancy as to prostate cancer death in 126 deceased. Information from the CR increased the project's age‐adjusted (world standard population) prostate cancer mortality rate by less than 1% (from 22.7 to 22.9 per 100 000). In conclusion, the high rates of prostate cancer mortality in Norway could not be explained by information transfer from the CR to the COD Registry.
PAIRED PREFERENCE TESTS: d′ VALUES FROM MEXICAN CONSUMERS WITH VARIOUS RESPONSE OPTIONS
Authors: ALFARO‐RODRIGUEZ HAYDE , O'MAHONY MICHAEL , ANGULO OFELIA
Published: July 2005

Three groups, each comprising 200 consumers, performed paired preference tests between two flavors of potato chips. For one group, a “No Preference” option was allowed, while for the second group, it was not. For a third group, a “No Preference” option was allowed while the preference responses were differentiated as “Strong Preference” and “Weak Preference.” For all three groups, d′ values representing overall strength of preference did not differ significantly.
SENSORY PROFILING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CHOCOLATE PEANUT SPREAD USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY
Authors: CHU C.A. , RESURRECCION A.V.A.
Published: July 2005

Response surface methodology was used to profile and characterize formulations of chocolate peanut spread. A constrained mixture design for 36 different formulations with varying peanut (P), chocolate (C) and sugar (S) was used. A processing variable, roast (R), was included where peanuts were roasted to light, medium and dark levels. A descriptive panel (n = 10) identified and rated 24 attributes, using 150‐mm unstructured line scales. Regression analysis was performed and models were reduced. Models having R2 > 0.70 were selected for prediction. Contour maps were constructed to: (1) visualize the effects of mixture components and roasting level and (2) characterize optimum formulations at light, medium and dark, which were determined as (30–49% P, 23–40% C and 21–31% S); (29–65% P, 0.9–41% C and 17–36% S) and (27–56% P, 19–45% C and 18–35% S), respectively, adding up to 100% of the mixture. Analyses of optimum and nonoptimum formulations and significant differences were not found between predicted and observed values for most attributes.
Protection from angiotensin II‐induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis by systemic lentiviral delivery of ACE2 in rats
Authors: Huentelman Matthew J. , Grobe Justin L. , Vazquez Jorge , Stewart Jillian M. , Mecca Adam P. , Katovich Michael J. , Ferrario Carlos M. , Raizada Mohan K.
Published: July 2005

Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a newly discovered member of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), is a potential therapeutic target for the control of cardiovascular disease owing to its key role in the formation of vasoprotective peptides from angiotensin II. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether overexpression of ACE2 could protect the heart from angiotensin II‐induced hypertrophy and fibrosis. Lentiviral vector encoding mouse ACE2 (lenti‐mACE2) or GFP was injected intracardially in 5‐day‐old Sprague–Dawley rats. This resulted in expression of mACE2 in cardiac tissue for the duration of the study. Infusion of 200 ng kg−1 min−1 angiotensin II for 4 weeks resulted in an 80 mmHg increase in systolic blood pressure, a significant increase in the heart weight to body weight ratio (HW : BW), and marked myocardial fibrosis in control rats. Transduction with lenti‐mACE2 resulted in significant attenuation of the increased HW : BW and myocardial fibrosis induced by angiotensin II infusion. These observations demonstrate that ACE2 overexpression results in protective effects on angiotensin II‐induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis.
Slow Dripping of Yield-Stress Fluids
Authors: Al Khatib M. A. M. , Wilson S. D. R.
Published: July 2005

The dripping problem of a viscoplastic (yield-stress) liquid running slowly out of a narrow vertical tube is considered. The volume of the drops which break away is determined. A Lagrangian coordinate system is used to analyze the extension of the thread as it sags under its own weight, neglecting inertia and capillarity. The biviscosity model has been used to characterize viscoplastic fluids; the Newtonian and Bingham models can be recovered as limiting cases. The Bingham limit is of special interest.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Impinging Gas-Jet Systems: I. Assessment of Eddy Viscosity Models
Authors: Coussirat M. , van Beeck J. , Mestres M. , Egusguiza E. , Buchlin J.-M. , Escaler X.
Published: July 2005

Computational fluid dynamics plays an important role in engineering design. To gain insight into solving problems involving complex industrial flows, such as impinging gas-jet systems (IJS), an evaluation of several eddy viscosity models, applied to these IJS has been made. Good agreement with experimental mean values for the field velocities and Nusselt number was obtained, but velocity fluctuations and local values of Nusselt number along the wall disagree with the experiments in some cases. Experiments show a clear relation between the nozzle-to-plate distance and the Nusselt number at the stagnation point. Those trends were only reproduced by some of the numerical experiments. The conclusions of this study are useful in the field of heat transfer predictions in industrial IJS devices, and therefore for its design.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Impinging Gas-Jet Systems: II. Application to an Industrial Cooling System Device
Authors: Coussirat M. , van Beeck J. , Mestres M. , Egusquiza E. , Buchlin J.-M. , Valero C.
Published: July 2005

A numerical analysis of the flow behavior in industrial cooling systems based on arrays of impinging jets has been performed, using several eddy viscosity models to determine their modeling capabilities. For the cooling system studied, and in terms of mean Nusselt number values, the best agreement between experimental results and numerical predictions was obtained with the realizable k-ε model. On the other hand, numerical predictions of the local Nusselt number and its spatial variations along the wall are better adjusted to the experiments when using either the standard k-ε or the standard k-ω models. The results obtained also show that the predicted thermal field depends strongly on the combination of near-wall treatment and selected turbulence model.
Effect of Wall Roughness on the Dynamics of Unsteady Cavitation
Authors: Coutier-Delgosha Olivier , Devillers Jean-François , Leriche Mireille , Pichon Thierry
Published: July 2005

The present paper is devoted to the experimental study of unsteady cavitation on the suction side of a two-dimensional foil section positioned in a cavitation tunnel with a small incidence angle. When the pressure is decreased in the tunnel, a sheet of cavitation characterized by large amplitude fluctuations is obtained on the foil. The present study focuses on the effects of the foil wall roughness on the cavity unsteady behavior. Four different sizes d of irregularities have been tested, from the smooth surface to a 400μm grain size. The characteristic frequency of the flow unsteadiness is investigated by analyzing the data measured by a pressure transducer mounted flush on one vertical wall of the test section, whereas the mean cavity length is obtained by visual measurements on the foil side. Several types of cloud cavitation are identified in the case of the smooth surface. The effect of roughness is a significant decrease of the cavity length and a large increase of the oscillation frequency. It results in Strouhal numbers higher than the classical values obtained for partial cavity fluctuations. Moreover, the cavitation cycle is disorganized by the increase of the roughness, as it can be detected by the fast fourier transform analysis of the pressure signal. The general effect is a reduction of the pressure fluctuation intensity.
Numerical Investigation of Multistage Viscous Micropump Configurations
Authors: Abdelgawad M. , Hassan I. , Esmail N. , Phutthavong P.
Published: July 2005

The viscous micropump consists of a cylinder placed eccentrically inside a microchannel, where the rotor axis is perpendicular to the channel axis. When the cylinder rotates, a net force is transferred to the fluid because of the unequal shear stresses on the upper and lower surfaces of the rotor. Consequently, this causes the surrounding fluid in the channel to displace toward the microchannel outlet. The simplicity of the viscous micropump renders it ideal for micropumping; however, previous studies have shown that its performance is still less than what is required for various applications. The performance of the viscous micropump, in terms of flow rate and pressure capabilities, may be enhanced by implementing more than one rotor into the configuration either horizontally or vertically oriented relative to each other. This is analogous to connecting multiple pumps in parallel or in series. The present study will numerically investigate the performance of various configurations of the viscous micropumps with multiple rotors, namely, the dual-horizontal rotor, triple-horizontal rotor, symmetrical dual-vertical rotor, and eight-shaped dual-vertical rotor. The development of drag-and-lift forces with time, as well as the viscous resisting torque on the cylinders were studied. In addition, the corresponding drag, lift, and moment coefficients were calculated. The flow pattern and pressure distribution on the cylinders’ surfaces are also included in the study. Results show that the symmetrical dual-vertical rotor configuration yields the best efficiency and generates the highest flow rate. The steady-state performance of the single-stage micropump was compared to the available experimental and numerical data and found to be in very good agreement. This work provides a foundation for future research on the subject of fluid phenomena in viscous micropumps.
Experimental Investigation of Cavity-Induced Acoustic Oscillations in Confined Supersonic Flow
Authors: Chandra B. Umesh , Chakravarthy S. R.
Published: July 2005

The focus of the present work is the acoustic oscillations exhibited by confined supersonic flow past a rectangular cavity of varying length-to-depth (L∕D) ratio, with a view to identify optimal dimensions for application in scramjet combustors. Experiments were conducted to study the acoustic oscillations induced by supersonic flow at a Mach number of 1.5 past a rectangular cavity of variable dimensions mounted on one wall of a rectangular duct. The effect of L∕D ratio of the cavity on the dominant acoustic modes registered on the wall of the duct opposite to the cavity is investigated. The range of L∕D ratio varied is 0.25–6.25. The dominant acoustic modes and the amplitudes are observed to be quite sensitive to L∕D ratio in the above range. Shifts in the dominant acoustic modes are observed predominantly for L∕D≈0.94 and L∕D≈1.5. The variation of the Strouhal number with L∕D ratio indicates a transition in the modal content in the 0.94<L∕D<1.5 range. Further shifts in the dominant frequencies are observed in the 1.5<L∕D<5.0 range. Peak amplitudes occur at L∕D ratios of around 0.75 and 2.25, with over twice the magnitude at the former than at the latter condition. Time-averaged schlieren visualization indicates the presence of quasi-steady shocks at about 0.75 the length of the cavity for L∕D⩽1 as opposed to being nearly at the trailing edge for higher L∕D ratio. Instantaneous phase-locked schlieren images show the quasi-steady shocks are due to the movement of vortices and compression waves along the length of the cavity. It is also observed that the number of vortices in the shear layer roll up along the length of the cavity increases corresponding to the mode shifts for cavities with L∕D>1. Such distinct streamwise oscillations are also observed for cavities with L∕D<1, when the length is appreciable. The presence of higher modes in the acoustic oscillations is correlated with shocks produced at the lip of the cavity at a different frequency than the compression waves inside the cavity.
Steady-State Cavitating Nozzle Flows With Nucleation
Authors: Delale Can F. , Okita Kohei , Matsumoto Yoichiro
Published: July 2005

Quasi-one-dimensional steady-state cavitating nozzle flows with homogeneous bubble nucleation and nonlinear bubble dynamics are considered using a continuum bubbly liquid flow model. The onset of cavitation is modeled using an improved version of the classical theory of homogeneous nucleation, and the nonlinear dynamics of cavitating bubbles is described by the classical Rayleigh-Plesset equation. Using a polytropic law for the partial gas pressure within the bubble and accounting for the classical damping mechanisms, in a crude manner, by an effective viscosity, stable steady-state solutions with stationary shock waves as well as unstable flashing flow solutions were obtained, similar to the homogeneous bubbly flow solutions given by Wang and Brennen [J. Fluids Eng., 120, 166–170, 1998] and by Delale, Schnerr, and Sauer [J. Fluid Mech., 427, 167–204, 2001]. In particular, reductions in the maximum bubble radius and bubble collapse periods are observed for stable nucleating nozzle flows as compared to the nonnucleating stable solution of Wang and Brennen under similar conditions.
Centrifugal Flow in a Rotor-Stator Cavity
Authors: Poncet Sébastien , Schiestel Roland , Chauve Marie-Pierre
Published: July 2005

The present work considers the turbulent flow inside an annular rotor-stator cavity with and without centrifugal throughflow. Extensive measurements performed using a two-component laser-Doppler anemometer technique, and pressure transducers are compared to numerical predictions based on one-point statistical modeling using a low-Reynolds-number second-order full-stress transport closure. A study of the flow control parameters is performed, and, for the first time, a better insight into the transition from Batchelor to Stewartson types of flow is gained from this study. The advanced second-order model is confirmed to be the adequate level of closure to describe such complex flows.
A Numerical Model for the Mist Dynamics and Heat Transfer at Various Ambient Pressures
Authors: Issa Roy J. , Yao S. C.
Published: July 2005

A numerical model is developed to simulate the dynamics of the droplet-wall interaction and heat transfer mechanisms at sub-atmospheric to elevated ambient pressures, and for surface temperatures ranging from nucleate to film boiling. This is the first time a general model is developed to study these phenomena over a wide range of ambient pressures. The model provides insight to the optimal flow conditions, and droplet size distribution for best heat transfer enhancement. Simulations are provided for single stream droplet impactions, and for full conical sprays using nozzles that dispense a spectrum of non-uniform droplets. The model simulation was compared against available test data for single stream of droplets at non-atmospheric conditions, and the simulation compared favorably well with the test data.
Influence of Lateral Walls on Peristaltic Flow in a Rectangular Duct
Authors: Reddy M. V. Subba , Mishra Manoranjan , Sreenadh S. , Rao A. Ramachandra
Published: July 2005

The flow of a viscous fluid due to symmetric peristaltic waves propagating on the horizontal sidewalls of a rectangular duct is studied under the assumptions of long wavelength and low Reynolds number. The effect of aspect ratio β, ratio of height to width, on the pumping characteristics is discussed in detail. The results are compared to with those corresponding to Poiseuille flow.
Understanding temperature and chemical potential using computer simulations
Authors: Tobochnik Jan , Gould Harvey , Machta Jonathan
Published: July 2005

Several Monte Carlo algorithms and applications that are useful for understanding the concepts of temperature and chemical potential are discussed. We then introduce a generalization of the demon algorithm that measures the chemical potential and is suitable for simulating systems with variable particle number.
A simple experiment on diffraction of light by interfering liquid surface waves
Authors: Barik Tarun Kr. , Roy Anushree , Kar Sayan
Published: July 2005

We describe a simple experiment on the diffraction of monochromatic light by interfering liquid surface waves. The surface wave profile, which acts as a reflection phase grating for incident light, is generated by electrically driven vertical oscillations of two or more slightly immersed exciters. The theoretical intensity of the diffracted light agrees well with observations. In particular, we show the relation between the intensity and the amplitude (height) of the surface wave. Although invisible to the naked eye, the interference of liquid surface waves can be optically detected from the characteristic features of the diffraction pattern. In addition, we can measure the amplitude, wavelength, and phase velocity of the surface wave that propagates along the line joining the exciters.
How special relativity determines the signs of the nonrelativistic Coulomb and Newtonian forces
Authors: Deser S.
Published: July 2005

We show that the empirical signs of the fundamental static Coulomb/Newton forces are dictated by the seemingly unrelated requirement that the photons/gravitons in the respective underlying Maxwell/Einstein physics be stable. This linkage, which is imposed by special relativity, is manifested upon decomposing the corresponding fields and sources in a gauge-invariant way, and without appeal to static limits. The signs of these free field excitation energies determine those of the instantaneous forces between sources; opposite Coulomb/Newton signs are direct consequences of the Maxwell/Einstein free excitations’ odd/even spins.
Light with nonzero chemical potential
Authors: Herrmann F. , Würfel P.
Published: July 2005

Thermodynamic states and processes involving light are discussed in which the chemical potential of light is nonzero. Light with nonzero chemical potential is produced in photochemical reactions, for example, in a light emitting diode. The chemical potential of black-body radiation becomes negative upon a Joule expansion. The isothermal diffusion of light, which is a common phenomenon, is driven by the gradient in the chemical potential. These and other examples support the idea that light can be interpreted as a gas of photons, with properties similar to a material gas.
The challenges of instructional change under the best of circumstances: A case study of one college physics instructor
Authors: Henderson Charles
Published: July 2005

Physics education researchers have compiled substantial evidence that student course outcomes can be improved if physics instructors incorporate research-based instructional strategies into their teaching. Some instructors find this evidence convincing and attempt to change their instruction. Some of these instructors are successful and some are not. This paper presents the results of a case study of an experienced physics instructor as he attempted to change his instructional practices. Although the instructor appeared to have the prerequisites for successful change, he still encountered difficulties. Four factors were identified that limited his ability to change: an implicit instructional model, incomplete knowledge of instructional strategies, overly optimistic initial planning, and a desire to work within perceived external constraints. Contrary to common models of instructional change, the instructor did not attempt to learn many details about available techniques and engaged in a significant amount of invention of new techniques and reinvention of existing techniques.
Why is the energy of motion proportional to the square of the velocity?
Authors: Prentis Jeffrey J.
Published: July 2005

Based on a geometric demonstration by Johann Bernoulli, we show that the principles underlying the work–energy theorem are more fundamental than those discussed in the standard derivations. By introducing the notion of a mechanical Bernoulli process—a systematic process for destroying velocity and measuring work—we derive the relationship between the amount of work and the square of the velocity solely from the superposition of motion and the law of inertia.
A simple method for simulating scanning tunneling images
Authors: Donner B. , Kleber M. , Bracher C. , Kreuzer H. J.
Published: July 2005

Real-space observation of single atoms and electron surface states lies at the heart of scanning tunneling microscopy. The resolution of atomic structures depends on quantum mechanical features such as three-dimensional tunneling, the Pauli principle, the possibility of electron resonances, and the importance of multiple scattering events, which allow the current carrying electrons to detect single atoms and explore electronic properties of surfaces. We present a simple calculation that leads directly to experimentally observable quantities. The starting point of the calculation is the treatment of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) as an open quantum system, with the tip being a point-like source (or sink) of electrons. Our STM image simulations of corral-like adsorbate structures bear strong resemblance to the experimental results by Crommie et al. [Science 262, 218–220 (1993); Physica D 83, 98–108 (1995)].
How balls roll off tables
Authors: Bacon M. E.
Published: July 2005

The motion of a ball rolling off the edge of a table is studied theoretically and experimentally. A detailed analysis of the motion requires consideration of an initial no-slip phase followed by a brief slipping phase. To obtain quantitative predictions for comparison with experiment, the equations were solved numerically. Data are obtained using video recordings, and the experimentally determined angular velocity before and after the ball leaves the table is compared with the theoretical calculations. The inadequacy of a previous analysis is demonstrated. Suggestions for other experiments are made.
Precession of the perihelion of Mercury’s orbit
Authors: Stewart M. G.
Published: July 2005

The precession of the perihelion of Mercury’s orbit is calculated using the Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector. An approximate calculation that assumes the orbits of the perturbing planets are circular and coplanar with Mercury’s orbit is within 4.4% of the correct value. A complete calculation that uses the correct elliptical orbit and orientation for each of the perturbing planets is then presented. The precession due to a perturbing planet is proportional to the mass of the planet and is approximately inversely proportional to the cube of its semimajor axis.
Genetic Tracing Shows Segregation of Taste Neuronal Circuitries for Bitter and Sweet
Authors: Sugita Makoto , Shiba Yoshiki
Published: July 2005

The recent discovery of mammalian bitter, sweet, and umami taste receptors indicates how the different taste qualities are encoded at the periphery. However, taste representations in the brain remain elusive. We used a genetic approach to visualize the neuronal circuitries of bitter and sweet tastes in mice to gain insight into how taste recognition is accomplished in the brain. By selectively expressing a transsynaptic tracer in either bitter- or sweet and/or umami-responsive taste receptor cells, and by comparing the locations of the tracer-labeled neurons in the brain, our data revealed the potential neuronal bases that underlie discrimination of bitter versus sweet.
Courting Bird Sings with Stridulating Wing Feathers
Authors: Bostwick Kimberly S. , Prum Richard O.
Published: July 2005

In birds and other vertebrates, most acoustic signals are produced pneumatically by moving air through a vocal apparatus. Here we describe a unique mechanism used to produce a tonal acoustic signal in vertebrates. Video recordings of the courtship displays of male Club-winged Manakins,
Machaeropterus deliciosus
, reveal that males produce sustained harmonic tones through interactions among oscillating secondary wing feathers. This mechanism of sound production shows morphological and mechanistic convergence with arthropod stridulation. Intersexual selection for production of a nonvocal courtship song has led to major morphological, functional, and likely physiological modifications in the wing of this flying bird.
Recognition of Host Immune Activation by
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Wu Licheng , Estrada Oscar , Zaborina Olga , Bains Manjeet , Shen Le , Kohler Jonathan E. , Patel Nachiket , Musch Mark W. , Chang Eugene B. , Fu Yang-Xin , Jacobs Michael A. , Nishimura Michael I. , Hancock Robert E. W. , Turner Jerrold R. , Alverdy John C.
Published: July 2005

It is generally reasoned that lethal infections caused by opportunistic pathogens develop permissively by invading a host that is both physiologically stressed and immunologically compromised. However, an alternative hypothesis might be that opportunistic pathogens actively sense alterations in host immune function and respond by enhancing their virulence phenotype. We demonstrate that interferon-γ binds to an outer membrane protein in
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
, OprF, resulting in the expression of a quorum-sensing dependent virulence determinant, the PA-I lectin. These observations provide details of the mechanisms by which prokaryotic organisms are directly signaled by immune activation in their eukaryotic host.
Pesticide Resistance via Transposition-Mediated Adaptive Gene Truncation in
Drosophila
Authors: Aminetzach Yael T. , Macpherson J. Michael , Petrov Dmitri A.
Published: July 2005

To study adaptation, it is essential to identify multiple adaptive mutations and to characterize their molecular, phenotypic, selective, and ecological consequences. Here we describe a genomic screen for adaptive insertions of transposable elements in
Drosophila
. Using a pilot application of this screen, we have identified an adaptive transposable element insertion, which truncates a gene and apparently generates a functional protein in the process. The insertion of this transposable element confers increased resistance to an organophosphate pesticide and has spread in
D. melanogaster
recently.
A Phenylalanine Clamp Catalyzes Protein Translocation Through the Anthrax Toxin Pore
Authors: Krantz Bryan A. , Melnyk Roman A. , Zhang Sen , Juris Stephen J. , Lacy D. Borden , Wu Zhengyan , Finkelstein Alan , Collier R. John
Published: July 2005

The protective antigen component of anthrax toxin forms a homoheptameric pore in the endosomal membrane, creating a narrow passageway for the enzymatic components of the toxin to enter the cytosol. We found that, during conversion of the heptameric precursor to the pore, the seven phenylalanine-427 residues converged within the lumen, generating a radially symmetric heptad of solvent-exposed aromatic rings. This “φ-clamp” structure was required for protein translocation and comprised the major conductance-blocking site for hydrophobic drugs and model cations. We conclude that the φ clamp serves a chaperone-like function, interacting with hydrophobic sequences presented by the protein substrate as it unfolds during translocation.
The Role of Social Groups in the Persistence of Learned Fear
Authors: Olsson Andreas , Ebert Jeffrey P. , Banaji Mahzarin R. , Phelps Elizabeth A.
Published: July 2005

Classical fear conditioning investigates how animals learn to associate environmental stimuli with an aversive event. We examined how the mechanisms of fear conditioning apply when humans learn to associate social ingroup and outgroup members with a fearful event, with the goal of advancing our understanding of basic learning theory and social group interaction. Primates more readily associate stimuli from certain fear-relevant natural categories, such as snakes, with a negative outcome relative to stimuli from fear-irrelevant categories, such as birds. We assessed whether this bias in fear conditioning extends to social groups defined by race. Our results indicate that individuals from a racial group other than one's own are more readily associated with an aversive stimulus than individuals of one's own race, among both white and black Americans. This prepared fear response might be reduced by close, positive interracial contact.
Organization of Iron-Sulfur Clusters in Respiratory Complex I
Authors: Hinchliffe Philip , Sazanov Leonid A.
Published: July 2005

Complex I of respiratory chains plays a central role in bioenergetics and is implicated in many human neurodegenerative diseases. An understanding of its mechanism requires a knowledge of the organization of redox centers. The arrangement of iron-sulfur clusters in the hydrophilic domain of complex I from
Thermus thermophilus
has been determined with the use of x-ray crystallography. One binuclear and six tetranuclear clusters are arranged, maximally 14 angstroms apart, in an 84-angstrom-long electron transfer chain. The binuclear cluster N1a and the tetranuclear cluster N7 are not in this pathway. Cluster N1a may play a role in the prevention of oxidative damage. The structure provides a framework for the interpretation of the large amounts of data accumulated on complex I.
An Interneuronal Chemoreceptor Required for Olfactory Imprinting in
C. elegans
Authors: Remy Jean-Jacques , Hobert Oliver
Published: July 2005

Animals alter their behavioral patterns in an experience-dependent manner. Olfactory imprinting is a process in which the exposure of animals to olfactory cues during specific and restricted time windows leaves a permanent memory (“olfactory imprint”) that shapes the animal's behavior upon encountering the olfactory cues at later times. We found that
Caenorhabditis elegans
displays olfactory imprinting behavior that is mediated by a single pair of interneurons. To function in olfactory imprinting, this interneuron pair must express a G protein–coupled chemoreceptor family member encoded by the
sra-11
gene. Our study provides insights into the cellular and molecular basis of olfactory imprinting and reveals a function for a chemosensory receptor family member in interneurons.
Spectroscopy Using Quantum Logic
Authors: Schmidt P. O. , Rosenband T. , Langer C. , Itano W. M. , Bergquist J. C. , Wineland D. J.
Published: July 2005

We present a general technique for precision spectroscopy of atoms that lack suitable transitions for efficient laser cooling, internal state preparation, and detection. In our implementation with trapped atomic ions, an auxiliary “logic” ion provides sympathetic laser cooling, state initialization, and detection for a simultaneously trapped “spectroscopy” ion. Detection is achieved by applying a mapping operation to each ion, which results in a coherent transfer of the spectroscopy ion's internal state onto the logic ion, where it is then measured with high efficiency. Experimental realization, by using
9
Be
+
as the logic ion and
27
Al
+
as the spectroscopy ion, indicates the feasibility of applying this technique to make accurate optical clocks based on single ions.
A Light-Actuated Nanovalve Derived from a Channel Protein
Authors: Koçer Armağan , Walko Martin , Meijberg Wim , Feringa Ben L.
Published: July 2005

Toward the realization of nanoscale device control, we report a molecular valve embedded in a membrane that can be opened by illumination with long-wavelength ultraviolet (366 nanometers) light and then resealed by visible irradiation. The valve consists of a channel protein, the mechanosensitive channel of large conductance (MscL) from
Escherichia coli
, modified by attachment of synthetic compounds that undergo light-induced charge separation to reversibly open and close a 3-nanometer pore. The system is compatible with a classical encapsulation system, the liposome, and external photochemical control over transport through the channel is achieved.
RNAs in the Virion of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus
Authors: Bechtel Jill , Grundhoff Adam , Ganem Don
Published: July 2005

De novo infection of cultured cells with Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) typically results in a latent infection. Recently, however, it has been reported that a subset of lytic mRNAs can be detected in cells shortly after KSHV infection; this expression is transient and eventually subsides, leading to latent infection (H. H. Krishnan et al., J. Virol
78:
3601-3620, 2004). Since it has been shown that viral RNAs can be packaged into other herpesvirus virions, we sought to determine if KSHV virions contained RNAs and, if so, whether these RNAs contributed to the pool of lytic transcripts detected immediately after infection. Using DNA microarray, reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, and Northern blotting analyses, we identified 11 virally encoded RNAs in KSHV virions. These corresponded in size to the full-length mRNAs found in cytoplasmic RNA, and at least one was directly demonstrated to be translated upon infection in the presence of actinomycin D. Ten of these RNAs correspond to transcripts reported by Krishnan et al. at early times of infection, representing ca. 30% of such RNAs. Thus, import of RNAs in virions can account for some but not all of the early-appearing lytic transcripts. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of infected-cell RNA demonstrated that most of the virion RNAs were very abundant at late times of infection, consistent with nonspecific incorporation during budding. However, the intracellular levels of one virion mRNA, encoding the viral protease, were much lower than those of transcripts not packaged in the virus particle, strongly suggesting that it may be incorporated by a specific mechanism.
Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Protein 3A Domains Essential for Growth of Lymphoblasts: Transcriptional Regulation through RBP-Jκ/CBF1 Is Critical
Authors: Maruo Seiji , Johannsen Eric , Illanes Diego , Cooper Andrew , Zhao Bo , Kieff Elliott
Published: July 2005

Experimental reverse genetic replacement of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 3A (EBNA3A) with a conditional mutant EBNA3A revealed that EBNA3A is critical for continued lymphoblastoid cell (LCL) growth. Wild-type (wt) EBNA3A expressed in the LCLs specifically sustained growth under nonpermissive conditions, whereas EBNA3B or EBNA3C expression had no effect (S. Mauro, E. Johannsen, D. Illanes, A. Cooper, and E. Kieff, J. Virol.
77:
10437-10447, 2003). This genetic system and related biochemical assays have now been used to discover that EBNA3A lacking amino acid residues 170 to 240 (Δ170-240), TLGC
202
to AAGA
202
, or Δ300-386, which are deficient in repression of EBNA2 activation of an RBP-Jκ/CBF1-dependent EBV Cp enhancer, are null mutations for LCL growth, whereas EBNA3A Δ2-124, Δ410-439, Δ440-470, Δ470-500, Δ500-523, Δ523-612, and Δ620-820, which are wt in repression are wt for LCL growth. Thus, EBNA3A regulation of transcription through RBP-Jκ/CBF1 is critical for LCL growth. EBNA3A mutants deleted of amino acid residues 240 to 300, 386 to 410, or 827 to 944 were intermediate, null, or intermediate, respectively, for LCL growth despite being wt for RBP-Jκ association and repression. Amino acid residues 240 to 300, 386 to 410, and, particularly, C-terminal residues 827 to 944 are therefore likely to contribute to LCL growth through RBP-Jκ-independent mechanisms.
Composition and Assembly of STAT-Targeting Ubiquitin Ligase Complexes: Paramyxovirus V Protein Carboxyl Terminus Is an Oligomerization Domain
Authors: Ulane Christina M. , Kentsis Alex , Cruz Cristian D. , Parisien Jean-Patrick , Schneider Kristi L. , Horvath Curt M.
Published: July 2005

Transcription regulators STAT1 and STAT2 are key components of the interferon signaling system leading to innate antiviral immunity. The related STAT3 protein is a regulator of interleukin-6-type cytokine signals and can contribute to both cell growth and death important for cancer gene regulation and tumor survival. These three STAT proteins are targeted for proteasome-mediated degradation by RNA viruses in the
Rubulavirus
genus of the
Paramyxoviridae
. A single viral protein, the V protein, assembles STAT-specific ubiquitin ligase complexes from cellular components. Simian virus 5 (SV5) targets STAT1, human parainfluenza virus 2 targets STAT2, and mumps virus targets both STAT1 and STAT3. Analysis of the V-dependent degradation complex (VDC) composition and assembly revealed several features contributing to targeting specificity. SV5 and mumps V proteins require STAT2 to recruit the STAT1 target, yet mumps V protein binds STAT3 independent of STAT1 and STAT2. All
Rubulavirus
V proteins tested require cellular DDB1 to target STATs for degradation but differ in the use of Roc1, which is essential for mumps V STAT3 targeting. Protein interaction analysis reveals that paramyxovirus V proteins can homo- and heterooligomerize and that the conserved cysteine-rich zinc-binding C-terminal domain is necessary and sufficient for oligomerization. Purified SV5 V protein spontaneously assembles into spherical macromolecular particles, and similar particles constitute SV5 and mumps VDC preparations.
Replicating Rather than Nonreplicating Adenovirus-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Recombinant Vaccines Are Better at Eliciting Potent Cellular Immunity and Priming High-Titer Antibodies
Authors: Peng Bo , Wang Liqun Rejean , Gómez-Román Victor Raúl , Davis-Warren Alberta , Montefiori David C. , Kalyanaraman V. S. , Venzon David , Zhao Jun , Kan Elaine , Rowell Thomas J. , Murthy Krishna K. , Srivastava Indresh , Barnett Susan W. , Robert-Guroff Marjorie
Published: July 2005

A major challenge in combating the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic is the development of vaccines capable of inducing potent, persistent cellular immunity and broadly reactive neutralizing antibody responses to HIV type 1 (HIV-1). We report here the results of a preclinical trial using the chimpanzee model to investigate a combination vaccine strategy involving sequential priming immunizations with different serotypes of adenovirus (Ad)/HIV-1MNenv/revrecombinants and boosting with an HIV envelope subunit protein, oligomeric HIVSF162gp140ΔV2. The immunogenicities of replicating and nonreplicating Ad/HIV-1MNenv/revrecombinants were compared. Replicating Ad/HIV recombinants were better at eliciting HIV-specific cellular immune responses and better at priming humoral immunity against HIV than nonreplicating Ad-HIV recombinants carrying the same gene insert. Enhanced cellular immunity was manifested by a greater frequency of HIV envelope-specific gamma interferon-secreting peripheral blood lymphocytes and better priming of T-cell proliferative responses. Enhanced humoral immunity was seen in higher anti-envelope binding and neutralizing antibody titers and better induction of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. More animals primed with replicating Ad recombinants mounted neutralizing antibodies against heterologous R5 viruses after one or two booster immunizations with the mismatched oligomeric HIV-1SF162gp140ΔV2 protein. These results support continued development of the replicating Ad-HIV recombinant vaccine approach and suggest that the use of replicating vectors for other vaccines may prove fruitful.
HLA-B63 Presents HLA-B57/B58-Restricted Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Epitopes and Is Associated with Low Human Immunodeficiency Virus Load
Authors: Frahm Nicole , Adams Sharon , Kiepiela Photini , Linde Caitlyn H. , Hewitt Hannah S. , Lichterfeld Mathias , Sango Kaori , Brown Nancy V. , Pae Eunice , Wurcel Alysse G. , Altfeld Marcus , Feeney Margaret E. , Allen Todd M. , Roach Timothy , St. John M. Anne , Daar Eric S. , Rosenberg Eric , Korber Bette , Marincola Francesco , Walker Bruce D. , Goulder Philip J. R. , Brander Christian
Published: July 2005

Several HLA class I alleles have been associated with slow human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression, supporting the important role HLA class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) play in controlling HIV infection. HLA-B63, the serological marker for the closely related HLA-B*1516 and HLA-B*1517 alleles, shares the epitope binding motif of HLA-B57 and HLA-B58, two alleles that have been associated with slow HIV disease progression. We investigated whether HIV-infected individuals who express HLA-B63 generate CTL responses that are comparable in breadth and specificity to those of HLA-B57/58-positive subjects and whether HLA-B63-positive individuals would also present with lower viral set points than the general population. The data show that HLA-B63-positive individuals indeed mounted responses to previously identified HLA-B57-restricted epitopes as well as towards novel, HLA-B63-restricted CTL targets that, in turn, can be presented by HLA-B57 and HLA-B58. HLA-B63-positive subjects generated these responses early in acute HIV infection and were able to control HIV replication in the absence of antiretroviral treatment with a median viral load of 3,280 RNA copies/ml. The data support an important role of the presented epitope in mediating relative control of HIV replication and help to better define immune correlates of controlled HIV infection.