bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prosody in Israeli Sign Language
Authors: Nespor Marina , Sandler Wendy
Published: February 2009

This is a study of the interaction of phonology with syntax, and, to some extent, with meaning, in a natural sign language. It adopts the theory of prosodic phonology (Nespor & Vogel, 1986), testing both its assumptions, which had been based on data from spoken language, and its predictions, on the language of the deaf community in Israel. Evidence is provided to show that Israeli Sign Language (ISL) divides its sentences into the prosodic constituents, phonological phrase and intonational phrase.

It is argued that prominence falls at the end of phonological phrases, as the theory predicts for languages like ISL, whose basic word order is head first, then complement. It is suggested that this correspondence between prominence pattern and word order may have important implications for language acquisition. An assimilation rule whose domain is the phonological phrase provides further evidence for the phono logical phrase constituent. The rule involves a phonetic element that has no equivalentin spoken language: the non dominant hand. In this way, it is shown how a phonetic system that bears no physical relation to that of spoken language is recruited to serve a phonologicalsyntactic organization that is in many ways the same.

The study also provides evidence for the next higher constituent in the prosodic hierarchy, the intonational phrase. Elements such as topicalized constituents form their own intonational phrases in ISL as in spoken languages. Intonational phrases have clear phonetic correlates, one of which is facial expressions which characterize entire intonational phrases. It is argued that facial expressions are analogous to intonational melodies in spoken languages. But unlike the tones of spoken language, which follow one another in a sequence, facial articulations can occur simultaneously with one another and with the rest of the communicative message conveyed by the hands. This difference, it is argued, results from the fact that the many facial articulators are independent, both of each other and of the primary articulators, the hands.

The investigation illuminates the similarities as well as the differences of prosodic systems in the two natural human language modalities, and points out directions for future research.
Neuropsychological Studies of Linguistic and Affective Facial Expressions in Deaf Signers
Authors: Corina David P. , Bellugi Ursula , Reilly Judy
Published: February 2009

For deaf users of American Sign Language (ASL), facial behaviors function in two distinct ways: to convey affect (as with spoken languages) and to mark certain specific g rammatical structures (e.g., relative clauses), thus subserving distinctly linguistic functions in ways that are unique to signed languages. The existence of two functionally different classes of facial behaviors raises questions concerning neural control of language and nonlanguage functions. Examining patterns of neural mediation for differential functions of facial expressions, linguistic versus affective, provides a unique perspective on the determinants of hemispheric specialization. This paper presents two studies which explore facial expression production in deaf signers.1 An experimental paradigm uses chimeric stimuli of ASL linguistic and affective facial expressions (photographs of right vs. left composites of posed expressions) to explore patterns of productive asymmetries in brain-intactsigners. A second study examines facial expression production in left and right brain lesioned deaf signers, specifying unique patterns of spared and impaired functions. Both studies show striking differences between affective and linguistic facial expressions. The data indicate that for deaf signing individuals, affective expressions appearto be primarily mediated by the right-hemisphere. In contrast, these studies provide evidence that li nguistic facial expressions involve left hemisphere mediation. This represents
Role of Vertical Larynx Movement and Cervical Lordosis in F0 Control
Authors: Honda Kiyoshi , Hirai Hiroyuki , Masaki Shinobu , Shimada Yasuhiro
Published: February 2009

The role of vertical larynx movement in vocal frequency (F0) change has attracted the attention of many researchers. Recently, Hirai, Honda, Fujimoto, and Shimada(1994)proposed a mechanism of F0 control by vertical larynx movement based on the measurement of magnetic resonance images(MRI). In F0 changes, the larynx moves vertically along the cervical spine, which displays anterior convexity (lordosis) at the level of the larynx. Therefore, the vertical larynx movement results in the rotation of the cricoid cartilage and vocal fold tension changes. The present study reexamines the above mechanism based on a qualitative analysis of midsagittal MRI data using three male subjects with evident cervical lordosis. Tracings of the jaw, hyoid bone, laryngeal cartilage, and cervical spine were compared in high and low F0 ranges. In the high F0 range, the hyoid bone moved horizontally while the larynx height remained relatively constant. In the low F0 range, the entire larynx moved vertically, and the cricoid cartilage rotated along the cervical lordosis. These results indicate that the vertical movement of the larynx comprises an effective F0 lowering mechanism, and suggestthat the human morphologies of low larynx position and spinal curvature contribute to voluntary use of the vocal function.
The Castro-Chávez Alliance
Authors: Azicri Max
Published: February 2009

Socialist Cuba and Bolivarian Venezuela have embarked jointly on a historic journey of hemispheric dimensions. Under the collaborative and solidarity alliance between Havana and Caracas a complex web of bilateral trade and services has been developed, including Venezuelan oil and Cuban medical expertise. The mutually beneficial exchanges have served as a blueprint for the continentwide exchanges promoted by the Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas, which was conceived by Fidel Castro and Hugo Chávez in opposition to the Free Trade Area of the Americas, the Washington Consensus, and neoliberalism. Venezuela's alliance with Cuba is more than political calculation or commercial exchanges. Its reasons and foundation run deeper. The revolutionary solidarity between Fidel Castro and Hugo Chávez, the bedrock of the alliance, is based on the vision of a united Latin America free of Washington's control, turning Simón Bolívar's legacy into a new reality.
Albert Sidney Beckham: The First African American School Psychologist
Authors: Graves Scott L.
Published: February 2009

Albert Sidney Beckham was the first African American to hold the title school psychologist. This article examines the life and professional career of Beckham in the context of his contributions to the field of school psychology. It explores his graduate education, the founding of Howard University's Psychological Laboratory and his research and practice as a school psychologist at the Institute for Juvenile Research and Chicago Bureau of Child Study. While much has been written on individual contributors to the field of school psychology, there is virtually no mention of any practitioners of colour. Thus, the purpose of this article is to begin a process of inclusion by mainstreaming the work of a pioneer in the field of school psychology.
A Review and Evaluation of Meta-Analysis Practices in Management Research
Authors: Geyskens Inge , Krishnan Rekha , Steenkamp Jan-Benedict E. M. , Cunha Paulo V.
Published: February 2009

Meta-analysis has become increasingly popular in management research to quantitatively integrate research findings across a large number of studies. In an effort to help shape future applications of meta-analysis in management, this study chronicles and evaluates the decisions that management researchers made in 69 meta-analytic studies published between 1980 and 2007 in 14 management journals. It performs four meta-analyses of relationships that have been studied with varying frequency in management research, to provide empirical evidence that meta-analytical decisions influence results. The implications of the findings are discussed with a focus on the changes that seem appropriate.
Assembling Fragments Into a Lens: A Review, Critique, and Proposed Research Agenda for the Organizational Work Climate Literature
Authors: Kuenzi Maribeth , Schminke Marshall
Published: February 2009

Work climates exert an important influence on organizations and the people who work in them. For more than half a century, scholars have sought to understand their antecedents and consequences. However, in recent years, this literature has become fragmented and somewhat adrift. This article attempts to remedy this by reviewing existing research related to organizational work climates and providing a review and critique of the current state of knowledge. Furthermore, the authors seek to assemble the individual pieces into a unified lens capable of identifying overarching themes and challenges facing researchers. Finally, the authors turn this lens to the future, so as to provide a clearer view of some promising avenues for research opportunities and potential for reintegrating the field.
Measuring Organizational Performance: Towards Methodological Best Practice
Authors: Richard Pierre J. , Devinney Timothy M. , Yip George S. , Johnson Gerry
Published: February 2009

Organizational performance is one of the most important constructs in management research. Reviewing past studies reveals a multidimensional conceptualization of organizational performance related predominately to stakeholders, heterogeneous product market circumstances, and time. A review of the operationalization of performance highlights the limited effectiveness of commonly accepted measurement practices in tapping this multidimensionality. Addressing these findings requires researchers to (a) possess a strong theoretical rationale on the nature of performance (i.e., theory establishing which measures are appropriate to the research context) and (b) rely on strong theory as to the nature of measures (i.e., theory establishing which measures should be combined and the method for doing so). All management research on performance should explicitly address these two requirements. The authors conclude with a call for research that examines triangulation using multiple measures, longitudinal data and alternative methodological formulations as methods of appropriately aligning research contexts with the measurement of organizational performance.
The Role of Procedural Justice and Power Distance in the Relationship Between High Performance Work Systems and Employee Attitudes: A Multilevel Perspective
Authors: Wu Pei-Chuan , Chaturvedi Sankalp
Published: February 2009

This study examines the role of procedural justice and power distance in the relationship between high-performance work systems (HPWSs) and employee attitudes (affective commitment and job satisfaction). The study tests the mediating role of procedural justice on the relationships between HPWS and employee attitudes and the moderating role of power distance in this relationship. The results, based on a sample of 1,383 employees across 23 firms from three countries, indicate that HPWS is strongly related to employee attitudes. The results also indicate that procedural justice mediates the influence of HPWS on employee attitudes.
Performance of International Joint Ventures: What Factors Really Make a Difference and How?
Authors: Hong Ren  , Gray Barbara , Kim Kwangho
Published: February 2009

This article presents an in-depth review and critique of previous research on international joint venture (IJV) performance over the past 10 years. In doing so, the authors tease out the most important conceptualizations of IJV performance, the dominant drivers of IJV performance, and the key links among all these variables. They propose a comprehensive model that relates drivers to IJV performance measures and also performance measures to each other over time to guide future research.
Between the Practical and the Academic
Authors: Holland Dana G.
Published: February 2009

Growing expectation that research addresses problems in the context of application has spurred theorization about a ‘‘new mode’’ of production, Mode 2, which contrasts with Mode 1 or discipline-based research production in terms of animating questions, organization, and evaluation criteria. This article examines how the proposed Mode 2 form of research production and the practical role of the intellectual that it promotes align with the career trajectories and identities of academics who simultaneously engage in Mode 1 work. It focuses on a setting that is particularly susceptible to global shifts in knowledge production: a developing country and longtime object of external intervention, Malawi. Numerous contradictions are found between Mode 1 and 2 production as well as impediments to the conversion of products generated in Mode 2 into scholarly contributions to Mode 1 development. The evidence draws from 42 interviews conducted with academics and independent researchers in Malawi during 2003 and 2004 as well as historical documents.
A Single Father's Shopping Bag
Authors: Ziol-Guest Kathleen M.
Published: February 2009

Using data from the 1980 to 2003 panels of the Consumer Expenditure Survey, this article examines purchasing decisions in father-headed single-parent families. Single-father expenditures are compared to both married-parent expenditures and single-mother expenditures on 17 broad categories of household-level goods and services. Multivariate analysis finds that single fathers' consumption choices differ from bundles within married-parent households and single-mother households. Compared to married parents, single fathers spend more on food away from home, alcohol, and tobacco products and spend less on publications, toys, and children's education. Single fathers differ from single mothers by spending more on food away from home, alcohol, and tobacco products and less on books and children's education.
Long-Term Changes in the Living Arrangements of Children in the Netherlands
Authors: van Gaalen Ruben , van Poppel Frans
Published: February 2009

The demographic and social processes of the past 150 years have radically changed the number of parents that children grow up with. This article uses two unique data sets to illustrate long-term changes in the living arrangements of children born between 1850 and 1985 in the Netherlands. Changes are described in terms of whether fathers, mothers, and stepparents lived with these children at birth and at age 15. A massive shift occurred in the living arrangements of the 1850-1879 cohort compared with the 1880-1899 cohort of children, and there is only a slight return to 19th-century conditions in the most recent birth cohort. Researchers and politicians should be careful when comparing contemporary family life with the extraordinary situation Western families were in just after World War II. To some degree, contemporary complexities are more comparable to those in the 19th century, although the sources of these complexities are different.
Caring about carers: only half the picture?
Authors: Lloyd Liz
Published: February 2009

This article examines the government's Strategy for Carers and considers its significance for people in informal caring relationships. It argues that although it contains important and innovative measures, the impact of these is likely to be limited. In addition there are issues that are overlooked or given insufficient attention. Crucially, the strategy does not address adequately the complex nature of caring relationships nor does it take account of the perspectives of people who receive care. There is a danger, therefore, that the strategy will be divisive. However, the recognition that caring is a widespread activity in which we are all implicated is to be welcomed.
Community care and independence: self-sufficiency or empowerment?
Authors: Vernon Ayesha , Qureshi Hazel
Published: February 2009

In the UK there is currently a new focus on the basic purpose and objectives of services, not on organizational structure or the efficiency of the systems alone, but on the outcome of services for people who receive them. The Labour government has defined the promotion of independence as a priority for health and social services, but this outcome can be interpreted in a variety of ways which may not be compatible. As part of a programme of research into identifying ways of measuring the outcomes of community care, views about outcomes have been gathered from a number of stakeholders—disabled and older service users, family members and social service staff. This article outlines the views of disabled service users collected from both in-depth interviews and focus groups in a northern city. The article focuses on outcomes of services which they identified as important and considers the meaning of independence and the wider implications for clarifying objectives and defining service quality.
Social exclusion: limitations of the debate
Authors: Bowring Finn
Published: February 2009

This article is a critique of what Ruth Levitas calls the ‘redistributionist discourse’ on social exclusion. While outlining a number of factors that have caused the living standards and welfare of the poorest members of society to deteriorate in recent years, I argue that there are serious limitations in the attempt to define social deprivation as shameinducing exclusion from social norms. I argue that, if breaking the cultural foundations of capitalism is a goal, then this means breaking with the dominant values of ever-rising consumer expectations. It means breaking with the logic of exchange-values, which dictates that the only needs worth expressing are those that correspond to commodity equivalents. As I argue in my conclusion, it also means breaking the link between the right to an income and the obligation to earn or use that income in ways consistent with the economic and cultural hegemony of capitalism.
A working social model? Disability, work and disability politics in the 21st century
Authors: Barnes Colin
Published: February 2009

Following recent developments in the theoretical and general understanding of disability and social policy, this article addresses the complex and changing relationship between the ‘social model of disability’, work and politics. It is suggested that within a social model framework, the conceptualizations of disability and work are interdependent, that recent policy developments in the employment field are likely to have only a marginal effect on the employment problems encountered by disabled people, that meaningful change is possible only through a radical reformulation of the meaning of work and that the foundations for this reformulation have already been put in place.
Money talks? Competing discourses in the implementation of direct payments
Authors: Pearson Charlotte
Published: February 2009

The Community Care (Direct Payments) Act 1996 enables local authorities to make cash payments to service users with physical and sensory impairments and learning difficulties under the age of 65. This gives users control over money spent on meeting their community care needs, rather than receiving services arranged for them by the local authority. The policy is often represented as a victory for the disability movement and as a push towards user empowerment and social justice. However, direct payments also need to be understood as part of a wider market discourse prominent in the restructuring of welfare. Therefore, a growing culture of localized care markets with increasing ideological diversity may ultimately erode its scope for a meaningful level of user empowerment. By examining these market and social justice discourses, this article draws on analysis of two local authority approaches to direct payments and examines the level of meanings of control.
Welfare for those who can? The impact of the quasi-market on the lives of people with learning difficulties
Authors: Wilson Alastair , Riddell Sheila , Baron Stephen
Published: February 2009

This article, drawing on the research findings from the ESRC-funded project ‘The Meaning of the Learning Society for Adults with Learning Difficulties’ explores how the introduction of the 1990 NHS and Community Care Act, with its emphasis on the establishment of a ‘mixed economy’ in social care, has affected the lives of people with learning difficulties living in a rural area of Scotland. The impact of the quasi-market, in particular the purchaser–provider split and the operation of contracts, on the lives of three adults with learning difficulties is examined.
Violent women: questions for feminist theory, practice and policy
Authors: Fitzroy Lee
Published: February 2009

Women who enact violence, by their very existence, pose a number of challenges for feminist theory, direct service practice and policy development and delivery in the human service sector. This article presents a number of issues on violent women that emerged from a series of focus groups and individual interviews with human service workers. 1The article explores the theoretical, practice and policy issues which were identified by workers. It begins from a position of honouring the knowledge and skills of workers, while not seeking to offer definitive conclusions as to appropriate service responses to women who are violent. The article suggests that future theoretical engagements and policy responses to violent women could benefit from critical engagement with the many issues raised by workers.
Whose social economy? Debating new state practices in Qu¥ebec
Authors: Graefe Peter
Published: February 2009

Despite the pressures of globalization, states remain relevant and maintain significant social policy capacities. Fulfilling these capacities has required innovation, with states increasingly acting on a local scale and seeking to leverage other actors’ resources to meet their ends. The study of the state–community interface in the construction of the social economy in QuÈbec highlights that the renewed state remains as much an object of social struggle as before. The question for communities in QuÈbec, as elsewhere, is whether they can organize to advance democracy, or whether they will be harnessed to underwrite national accumulation strategies.
In the name of inclusion: ‘We all, at the end of the day, have the needs of the children at heart’
Authors: Swain John , Cook Tina
Published: February 2009

Romantown local education authority (LEA), like other authorities in England and Wales, is adopting a policy of ‘inclusion’ in providing education for young disabled people alongside non-disabled peers. Ostensibly, at least, this is a process of radical change towards institutions which are explicitly designed to cater for all, rather than the ‘integration’ or assimilation of disabled individuals into existing or adapted mainstream provision. We argue that a change of name is not necessarily a change of policy, and a move towards a more inclusive policy and provision has the rights of disabled people at heart, rather than ‘the needs of children’.
Social movements, welfare and social policy: a critical analysis
Authors: Martin Greg
Published: February 2009

This article proposes that theories of ‘new’ social movements (NSMs) may illuminate contemporary welfare struggles and inform research into collective action in social policy. NSM theory is relevant because it focuses on social movement cultures, identity politics and symbolic struggles for the recognition of difference. However, it does this to the exclusion of ‘traditional’ issues such as material redistribution and inequality. A critical social policy, on the other hand, has retained a regard for these issues, but is also concerned with struggles for recognition. It is argued that all social movements raise issues about redistribution and recognition, although these will coexist to varying degrees. Using work carried out in the United States into women's self-help movements, this article shows how movements that are largely cultural may change social policy by posing symbolic challenges.
In and beyond New Labour: towards a new political ethics of care
Authors: Williams Fiona
Published: February 2009

This article argues for a political ethics of care to balance New Labour's current preoccupation with the ethic of paid work. However, care as a practice invokes different experiences, meanings, contexts and multiple relations of power. With this in mind, the article traces the development of the concept of care taking up, in particular, challenges and differences raised by disability, ‘race’ and migration. These offer important insights for a new political ethics of care whose key dimensions are spelled out in the final part of the article.
Refugee welfare in Greece: towards a remodelling of the responsibility-shifting paradigm?
Authors: Sitaropoulos Nicholas
Published: February 2009

The article shows that Greece has, until now, applied in effect a refugee responsibility-shifting policy that has resulted in the resettlement of refugees from Greece in industrialized states. The responsibility for refugee welfare has rested with Greek and international NGOs since the mid-1990s. The backwardness of the Greek state welfare mechanism is a side effect of the poor general welfare regime of this South European country. It is, however, also closely linked to the small numbers of asylum seekers (as distinct from illegal immigrants) arriving in Greece's territory, as well as to the low profile that NGOs, including UNHCR, have kept. This situation has not contributed to a rise in public awareness or to the exercise of effective pressure upon the state mechanism so that the latter lives up to its responsibilities vis-à-vis forced migrants in need of effective protection. The author emphasizes the need for the Greek refugee welfare regime to be radically revamped and to be based on a clear, long-term policy in accordance with contemporary international and European standards and the relevant responsibilities of the Greek state.
Immigration, asylum and welfare: the European context
Authors: Düvell Franck , Jordan Bill
Published: February 2009

This article analyses the relationship between an emerging EU policy on immigration and asylum, and the 'modernization' of welfare state regimes. The development of new programmes for recruiting skilled and unskilled labour from outside the EU is part of an attempt to make labour markets more flexible and to increase mobility. But it is accompanied by tougher measures to deter asylum seekers and control 'illegal immigration'. The authors argue that this new regulatory regime will continue to be challenged by forced migration and by the spontaneous movement of populations.
'Suitable mothers': lesbian and single women and the 'unborn' in Australian parliamentary discourse
Authors: Lynne Smith Jennifer
Published: February 2009

Throughout the latter months of 2000 and early 2001, the Australian public, media and parliament were engaged in a long and emotive debate about motherhood. This debate constructed the two main protagonists, the unborn 'child' and the potential mother, with a variety of different and often oppositional identities. The article looks at the way that these subject identities interacted during the debate, starting from the premise that policy making has unintended and unacknowledged material outcomes, and using governmentality as a tool through which to analyse and understand processes of identity manipulation and resistance within policy making. The recent debate concerning the right of lesbian and single women to access new reproductive technologies in Australia is used as a case study. Nominally the debate was about access to IVF technology; in reality, however, the debate was about the governing of women and, in particular, the governing of motherhood identities. The article focuses on the parliamentary debate over the drafting of legislation designed to stop lesbian and single women from accessing these technologies, particularly the utilization of the 'unborn' subject within these debates as a device to discipline the identity of 'mother'.
Children's hospices: where do they fit?
Authors: Jackson Pat , Robinson Carol
Published: February 2009

This article opens the debate about the position of children's hospices within the wider provision of care and support for disabled children and their families. The article will be of interest to policy makers and practitioners in the field of services to disabled children and young people. As voluntary organizations, children's hospices are relatively autonomous. This has implications for planning, access and equity of provision of the service. Currently there is no statutory mechanism for monitoring the welfare of individual children using children's hospices. There is often inadequate liaison between agencies planning and providing care and support for this group of children and this is particularly problematic for children approaching adulthood. Children's hospices have grown in the wake of the closure of long-stay hospitals and against a backdrop of inadequate provision for disabled children, especially for those with the most extensive needs. Future development within this sector needs to be planned much more closely with local health and social services providers. At the same time, the government should give greater recognition to the contribution of children's hospices and reflect this in the regulatory framework.
Models of disability: the relationship between theory and practice in non-statutory organizations
Authors: Stalker Kirsten , Baron Stephen , Riddell Sheila , Wilkinson Heather
Published: February 2009

Drawing on a study exploring the meaning of the ‘learning society’ for adults with learning difficulties, this article examines the relationship between theory and practice in a number of voluntary and user organizations active in the learning disability field. It begins by outlining the ethos of normalization and the social model of disability. Nine out of 10 organizations taking part in the study explicitly or implicitly identified the social model as the main framework for their activities. However, significant inconsistencies in agencies’ accounts are identified at theoretical, policy and practice levels. A number of possible explanations for these findings are examined.
Legislating against hate: outlawing racism and antisemitism in Britain
Authors: Iganski Paul
Published: February 2009

Racist violence across Europe in recent years has presented a serious social problem. In Britain, the British Crime Survey has revealed that racist incidents are far more extensive than the number represented by police statistics, and the extent of the problem presents a considerable challenge for policy intervention. The inquiry into the death of Stephen Lawrence has recently forced the issue of racist violence onto the public and policy agenda. But scholarly analysis of the problem is in its infancy, and the emerging literature has neglected antisemitic manifestations. There has also been little evaluation of policy intervention, and especially the role that legislation might play. Legislation against racially motivated violence has provided a key element of the Labour government's intervention against crime and disorder. Possible legislation against holocaust denial and a review of provisions against incitement to ‘racial’ hatred have also been on the policy agenda. But legislating against racism and antisemitism confronts a potential conflict between claims to freedom of expression and rights to freedom from acts of violence, threats, hostility and damage. It is timely, therefore, to evaluate the dilemmas confronting legislative intervention. In considering the moral and practical difficulties involved, this article argues that it is possible to legislate against acts of racism and antisemitism without unjustly curtailing the rights of the perpetrators of such acts. Practical limitations remain, however, and there is a need for policy learning from measures that have been established in European countries and elsewhere.
Poverty, exclusion and New Labour
Authors: Stepney Paul , Lynch Richard , Jordan Bill
Published: February 2009

With the publication of the Green Paper A New Contract for Welfare the government has set out its analysis of the links between poverty, exclusion and the benefit system. This article traces New Labour thinking on these topics to popular discourses on poverty that constitute a new politics of welfare. In this, Tony Blair has been influenced by the programmes of the Clinton administration designed ‘to end welfare as we know it’.

Using the Institute for Fiscal Studies’ report on expenditure in low income households as a case example, it can be shown that the government's New Deals have been moulded by a particular interpretation of the evidence and popular perceptions of poverty. These reforms, it is argued, will increase the coercion of poor people and do little to improve productivity or reduce public expenditure. The article concludes by outlining an alternative approach, based upon the resistance of poor people themselves, combining economic regeneration and community development with appropriate social support.
To close or not to close? The future of learning disability hospitals in Scotland
Authors: Stalker Kirsten , Hunter Susan
Published: February 2009

This article deals with the resettlement of people with learning difficulties from Scottish hospitals. First it outlines the policy background, tracing the rise and demise of the long-stay institution. It then reports on a study examining current resettlement policies in Scotland, where there is no national closure programme. The research found that resettlement is largely in disarray, with particular difficulties in planning, financial arrangements and inter-agency collaboration. There is a great risk of hospitals being perpetuated or reconstructed, particularly through the activities of NHS Trusts, and of people with dual labels remaining resident in them for years to come.
Unemployment and civic responsibility in Australia: towards a new social contract
Authors: Kerr Lorraine , Savelsberg Harry
Published: February 2009

The Coalition party's victory at the 1996 Australian federal election has inaugurated a radical shift in social policy. A ‘new deal’ regarding social welfare entitlements is emerging, especially regarding recipient obligations. This article argues that policy shifts, such as the newly implemented volunteer option for the unemployed, reflects free market ideology and establishes a new social contractual relationship between recipients of social security, the state and the ‘community’. This policy orientation may be regarded as the next step in dismantling the statist/labourist welfare tradition in Australia and the legitimation of a new social contract, heralding a new era in which ‘working’ for one's welfare benefits becomes a requirement rather than an option.
Deaths in Custody and the Inquest System
Authors: Beckett Clare
Published: February 2009

The Coroner, the Coroner's Investigation, and the Coroner's Inquest hearing are placed at the fulcrum between ‘Public’ concerns and ‘Private’ relationships. The function of the procedure is to give voice to those issues surrounding an individual death which are legitimately concerned with Policy and social management. When death occurs in ‘State’ care the function of the coroner is fundamental to the public airing of concern over any issue of state control. This article considers the implication of that function where death is considered self inflicted, and takes place in prison. In these circumstances, it appears that the function of the coroner and the hearing is to personalize and individualize circumstances of care and control. This in turn obscures Public consideration of State control, and creates a sub-category of ‘prisoner and family’ with concerns not raised in Public court.
Arguing against cuts in lone parent benefits: reclaiming the desert ground in the UK
Authors: Smith Steven R.
Published: February 2009

Politicians from the centre-left tradition have been highly critical of government policy that has reduced lone parent social security benefits. However, the arguments here are that these critics have undermined distributive justice arguments against the cuts because they have conceded too much to a government which (a) stresses the value of paid over unpaid work and (b) socially constructs lone parents as being ‘welfare dependent’ and ‘non-participators’. Instead, justifications of increased benefits to lone parents would be more securely based on desert arguments, i.e. a lone parent's contribution to reproductive labour and social stability deservesto be more fully recognized.
Negotiating needs, access and gatekeeping: developments in health and community care policies in the UK and the rights of disabled and older citizens
Authors: Rummery Kirstein , Glendinning Caroline
Published: February 2009

This article argues that the cumulative consequences of community care policies in the UK have resulted in a move from universal access to NHS services to discretionary access to residual local authority services. Drawing on an empirical study of the experiences of disabled and older people in obtaining access to community care assessments, the article argues that the traditional ‘gatekeeping’ activities of professionals have been augmented by a range of managerial and bureaucratic gatekeeping procedures. It examines the implications of these additional layers of gatekeeping for disabled and older people's status as citizens.
Justification of workfare: the Norwegian case
Authors: Kildal Nanna
Published: February 2009

During the 1990s the principle of workfarehas dominated welfare reforms in Europe; claimants are increasingly obliged to work in return for their benefits, otherwise they are denied the right to income support. In Norway this strategy is called the ‘work line’, and this article gives a critical account of five arguments used by the Norwegian government to justify it. The discussion focuses on the normative content and empirical assumptions involved in the arguments, and the conclusion is that none of them give good reasons to deny citizens basic opportunity goods. The article gives particular attention to the idea of social justice as reciprocity which is tacitly expressed in the arguments.
Abbot Scaglia, the Duke of Buckingham and Anglo–Savoyard Relations During the 1620s
Authors: Osborne Toby
Published: February 2009

This article examines diplomatic relations between England and the Italian duchy of Savoy during the 1620s through the Savoyard ambassador, Alessandro Scaglia. Historians have generally viewed England’s participation in the Thirty Year’s War from an essentially English viewpoint, underplaying as a result the critical importance of the Anglo-French and Anglo-Spanish wars to Savoy. The article argues that Scaglia drew upon dynastic affinities between the Stuart and Savoyard ruling families and on his own qualities to cultivate friends at the English court, principally the duke of Buckingham. These friends, in turn, increased Scaglia’s influence which established him as a leading mediator in England’s wars. This was crucial in providing leverage against France and Spain in Savoy’s sphere of territorial interest in north Italy. The article shows how this strategy ultimately broke down with the reconfiguration in English foreign policy following Buckingham’s death, and the impact this had on the war for Mantua and Monferrat in north Italy.
The Prieto–Gil-Robles Meeting of October 1947: Britain and the Failure of the Spanish anti-Franco Coalition, 1945–50
Authors: Dunthorn David J.
Published: February 2009

In 1947 the British government departed from its policy of non-intervention in Spanish affairs and actively encouraged the formation of a united anti-Franco opposition front. By then Britain’s post-war accommodation of the Franco regime, reflecting its strategic and commercial interests in the Iberian Peninsula, was challenged by international interest in the ‘Spanish question’, culminating in the 1946 UN Resolution recommending the withdrawal of ambassadors from Madrid. Also by then, the socialist, Indalecio Prieto, and the right-wing clericalist, José María Gil-Robles, leaders respectively of the exiled republican and monarchist oppositions, had assumed control of a strategy of republican-monarchist reconciliation, initiated in 1944 by the interior Spanish opposition, in the hope of attracting the support of the western democracies. By arranging the London republican–monarchist talks of 1947, the British Foreign Office appeared to respond to this hope but in reality it used the talks to provide evidence of progress towards the democratization of Spain in order to preempt further UN sanctions against Spain. As the UN threat to British Iberian interests diminished, however, with the onset of the Cold War, British support for the Spanish opposition evaporated and the latter’s united anti-Franco front strategy collapsed.
‘All of Us are Looking Forward to Leaving’: The Censored Correspondence of the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps in France, 1917–18
Authors: de Meneses Filipe Ribeiro
Published: February 2009

Historians, in order to better understand the experience of life on the Western Front during the First World War, have sought out testimonies written at the time, not subject to the distortions of passing time. Among these sources of information correspondence with the home front, for all of its imperfections, provides an unparalleled insight into a military unit’s experience of battle and life in the trenches. This article focuses on the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps, trying to account for the poor morale which, wartime commentators agreed, was singularly poor, and is based on an examination of the collection of censored correspondence held in the Army Historical Archive, in Lisbon.
Truth-telling, Conscience and Dissent in Late Soviet Russia: Evidence from Oral Histories
Authors: Boobbyer Philip
Published: February 2009

To succeed in Soviet society, it was necessary to speak in politically correct terms. The system had its rituals and ‘rules of the game’. Yet in the Brezhnev era, intellectuals started to challenge the official propaganda, and a culture emerged which emphasized the importance of ‘truth-telling’. This article explores this culture through oral history. Based on forty-one interviews with dissidents and reformist intellectuals, it shows how the consciences of dissidents were formed in Soviet Russia, and gives examples of the strategies which were adopted to avoid lying and breaking free of fear. Behind the Soviet state’s broader relationship with the intelligentsia, it conducted a more intimate negotiation with the conscience of each individual. In each person’s life, there was a kind of moral contract with the state, and its terms were continually changing. Even the smallest things could be considered acts of dissent if the circumstances were comprehended. The potential for the outburst of ‘truth-telling’ which took place under Gorbachev is very evident.
Soviet Music in the International Arena, 1932–41
Authors: Brooke Caroline
Published: February 2009

This article examines the attitudes taken by Soviet policy makers and musicians towards Western music and musical life, as well as the different ways in which Soviet musicians became involved in the world of international musical affairs. It also addresses the question of how far musical diplomacy was influenced by changes in the direction of Soviet foreign policy as a whole. It demonstrated that the level of contact between the Soviet and Western musical worlds was rather greater than has previously been assumed, due in part to the fact that pragmatic considerations tended to prevail over ideological concerns where music was concerned. Despite a generally hostile attitude towards contemporary musical developments in the West, Soviet decision makers nevertheless came to see the forging of links with Western musical life as both inevitable and, to some extent, politically desirable.
Toward the ‘Moral Conquest’ of Morocco: Hispano–Arabic Education in Early Twentieth-Century North Africa
Authors: Jensen Geoffrey
Published: February 2009

The Spanish colonial enterprise in early twentieth-century North Africa was coloured by ambiguous perceptions of cultural purpose and identity. Because Spaniards have tended to view their primary focus of recent imperialist activity, Morocco, as more of a historical frontier — or even as an extension of the metropole — than as home to a fully oppositional Other, they have not been able to place as much emphasis on cultural, historical, and racial distinctions between themselves and the colonized as have many other Westerners. On a practical level, the contradictions that underlay Spain’s ‘civilizing mission’ in the Maghrib left a clear imprint on the military-administered Hispano–Arabic schools, which eschewed any attempts to evangelize and instead sought to impart the teachings of the Koran and what it perceived to be true Muslim values to Moroccan children. The programmes of the Spanish schools for Moroccan children also illuminate the strong contrast between Spanish colonialist ideologies in North Africa and those of the French in Morocco and Algeria.
Garibaldi and the Legacy of the Revolutions of 1848 in Southern Spain
Authors: Thomson Guy
Published: February 2009

During the spring of 1864, local leaders prepared the mountainous borderlands of Cárdoba, Granada and Málaga for an uprising against the Bourbon regime, to be led by Italian generals, if not by Garibaldi himself. The uprising was aborted once it became clear that the Italians were unwilling to risk a Spanish adventure. Three years earlier 20,000 men from the same region had risen in the revolt behind the Loja blacksmith Rafael Pérez del Alamo. The same towns would join the successful ‘Glorious Revolution’ of September 1868. The article attempts an explanation for this region’s democratic optimism. It focuses on the use made by local Democrat leaders of Carbonari organization and of party newspapers for the spread of political information and news of international affairs, particularly the Italian Risorgimento. Democrat exaltation in eastern Andalucía is placed within a wider analysis of the conspiratorial ties of national Democrat leaders with Progressive Liberals, with the ‘Democratic International’ (Mazzini, Garibaldi etc.), and with Spanish exiles in Portugal.
The Region as Essence of the Fatherland:Regionalist Variants of Spanish Nationalism(1840–1936)
Authors: Núñez Xosé-Manoel
Published: February 2009

This article attempts to offer a comparative overview of the different regionalist discourses that, from the liberal revolution to the Civil War, have coexisted under the common banner of Spanish nationalism. Instead of their being considered merely as forerunners of stateless nationalisms, it is argued that no one-way evolution from the region to an alternative nation is acceptable. On the contrary, many political actors in Spanish history considered the promotion of regional identity and political regionalism to offer the best means of defending Spanish nationalism. Regionalism was shared by most traditionalist and most republican nationalists, while even among the theoreticians of authoritarian Spanish nationalism it was possible to find the idea that the region was the most ‘natural’ expression of the Spanish patria (fatherland). Nevertheless, regionalist discourse and mobilization also generated dynamics of mesoterritorial identity-formation which led to the articulation of peripheral nationalist discourse.