bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Graphane
Authors: Sahin H. , Leenaerts O. , Singh S. K. , Peeters F. M.
Published: March 2015

Atomically thin crystals have recently been the focus of attention, in particular, after the synthesis of graphene, a monolayer hexagonal crystal structure of carbon. In this novel material class, the chemically derived graphenes have attracted tremendous interest. It was shown that, although bulk graphite is a chemically inert material, the surface of single layer graphene is rather reactive against individual atoms. So far, synthesis of several graphene derivatives have been reported such as hydrogenated graphene ‘graphane’ (CH), fluorographene (CF), and chlorographene (CCl). Moreover, the stability of bromine and iodine covered graphene were predicted using computational tools. Among these derivatives, easy synthesis, insulating electronic behavior and reversibly tunable crystal structure of graphane make this material special for future ultra‐thin device applications. This overview surveys structural, electronic, magnetic, vibrational, and mechanical properties of graphane. We also present a detailed overview of research efforts devoted to the computational modeling of graphane and its derivatives. Furthermore recent progress in synthesis techniques and possible applications of graphane are reviewed as well. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2015, 5:255–272. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1216

This article is categorized under:

Electronic Structure Theory > Ab Initio Electronic Structure Methods

Electronic Structure Theory > Semiempirical Electronic Structure Methods

Electronic Structure Theory > Combined QM/MM Methods
Human kin detection
Authors: Bressan Paola , Kramer Peter
Published: March 2015

Natural selection has favored the evolution of behaviors that benefit not only one's genes, but also their copies in genetically related individuals. These behaviors include optimal outbreeding (choosing a mate that is neither too closely related, nor too distant), nepotism (helping kin), and spite (hurting non‐kin at a personal cost), and all require some form of kin detection or kin recognition. Yet, kinship cannot be assessed directly; human kin detection relies on heuristic cues that take into account individuals' context (whether they were reared by our mother, or grew up in our home, or were given birth by our spouse), appearance (whether they smell or look like us), and ability to arouse certain feelings (whether we feel emotionally close to them). The uncertainties of kin detection, along with its dependence on social information, create ample opportunities for the evolution of deception and self‐deception. For example, babies carry no unequivocal stamp of their biological father, but across cultures they are passionately claimed to resemble their mother's spouse; to the same effect, ‘neutral’ observers are greatly influenced by belief in relatedness when judging resemblance between strangers. Still, paternity uncertainty profoundly shapes human relationships, reducing not only the investment contributed by paternal versus maternal kin, but also prosocial behavior between individuals who are related through one or more males rather than females alone. Because of its relevance to racial discrimination and political preferences, the evolutionary pressure to prefer kin to non‐kin has a manifold influence on society at large. WIREs Cogn Sci 2015, 6:299–311. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1347

This article is categorized under:

Cognitive Biology > Evolutionary Roots of Cognition
Three Hen Strains Fed Photoisomerized trans,trans CLA‐Rich Soy Oil Exhibit Different Yolk Accumulation Rates and Source‐Specific Isomer Deposition
Authors: Shinn Sara E. , Gilley Alex D. , Proctor Andrew , Anthony Nicholas B.
Published: March 2015

Most CLA chicken feeding trials used cis,trans (c,t) and trans,cis (t,c) CLA isomers to produce CLA‐rich eggs, while reports of trans,trans (t,t) CLA enrichment in egg yolks are limited. The CLA yolk fatty acid profile changes and the 10–12 days of feeding needed for maximum CLA are well documented, but there is no information describing CLA accumulation during initial feed administration. In addition, no information on CLA accumulation rates in different hen strains is available. The aim of this study was to determine a mathematical model that described yolk CLA accumulation and depletion in three hen strains by using t,t CLA‐rich soybean oil produced by photoisomerization. Diets of 30‐week Leghorns, broilers, and jungle fowl were supplemented with 15 % CLA‐rich soy oil for 16 days, and eggs were collected for 32 days. Yolk fatty acid profiles were measured by GC‐FID. CLA accumulation and depletion was modeled by both quadratic and piecewise regression analysis. A strong quadratic model was proposed, but it was not as effective as piecewise regression in describing CLA accumulation and depletion. Broiler hen eggs contained the greatest concentration of CLA at 3.2 mol/100 g egg yolk, then jungle fowl at 2.9 mol CLA, and Leghorns at 2.3 mol CLA. The t,t CLA isomer levels remained at 55 % of total yolk CLA during CLA feeding. However, t‐10,c‐12 (t,c) CLA concentration increased slightly during CLA accumulation and was significantly greater than c‐9,t‐11 CLA. Jungle fowl had the smallest increase in yolk saturated fat with CLA yolk accumulation.
Phase Behavior and Structure of Systems Based on Mixtures of n‐Hentriacontane and Melissic Acid
Authors: Serrato‐Palacios Lourdes Liliana , Toro‐Vazquez Jorge F. , Dibildox‐Alvarado Elena , Aragón‐Piña Antonio , Morales‐Armenta Maria del Rosario , Ibarra‐Junquera Vrani , Pérez‐Martínez Jaime David
Published: March 2015

Candelilla wax (CW) organogelation is a promising method for providing structure to solid‐like fat‐based foods, cosmetics, and drug delivery systems. The main component, n‐hentriacontane (C31), defines, to a large extent, the thermal properties of CW. CW is a complex mixture of n‐alkanes, fatty acids, triterpenic alcohols, and fatty alcohols. In this initial examination of the role of CW components on the phase behavior and structure, CW and binary mixtures of C31 and melissic acid (C30) were studied in bulk and in solutions of vegetable oil. Binary mixtures of C31 and C30 presented a predominantly monotectic phase behavior in which the melting temperature of C31 remained constant independently of the mixture composition. Crystal packing of the pure components and mixtures had an orthorhombic subcell, and the microstructures of the mixtures were extremely different from that of the pure components. In solutions with less than 50 % C31, the order–disorder transition observed in bulk C31 was absent. Organogels of C31, C30, or the mixture were softer than those of CW. The increased strength of CW organogels is associated with the relatively small crystal size of this system.
Review of Thoracic Imaging Findings Unique to Women
Authors: Khashper Alla , Gruber James M. , Fraser Richard S. , Discepola Federico , Semionov Alexandre
Published: March 2015

Purpose

Traditionally, indications for imaging studies of women are considered to be related to screening for and evaluation of disease of the female breast and pelvis. However, a number of chest diseases and associated intrathoracic imaging findings are unique to women and should be recognized by general radiologists, as well as chest and women-imaging specialists.

Conclusions

The sex-specific findings unique to women include normal anatomical variants, primary lung disease, complications of breast and gynaecological disease, and pregnancy-related conditions. Classification, description, and illustration of gender-specific chest imaging findings are the objective of this article.
ROCK2 promotes HCC proliferation by CEBPD inhibition through phospho‐GSK3β/β‐catenin signaling
Authors: Li Ming , Zhou Wei , Yuan Rongfa , Chen Leifeng , Liu Tiande , Huang Da , Hao Liang , Xie Yuancai , Shao Jianghua
Published: March 2015

Rho‐associated kinase 2 (Rock2) is known to promote tumorigenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein delta (CEBPD) functions as a tumor suppressor. In this study, we found that the expression of Rock2 and CEBPD are inversely correlated. Knockdown of Rock2 increased CEBPD expression and inhibited the proliferation of HCC cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we found that Rock2 regulates CEBPD expression through the p‐GSK3β/β‐catenin pathway. Taken together, we identified a novel Rock2–p‐GSK3β/β‐catenin–CEBPD regulatory circuitry, the dysfunction of which may contribute to the tumorigenic characteristic of HCC.
Risk factors and treatment responses in patients with vitiligo in Japan—A retrospective large‐scale study
Authors: Ohguchi Ryoko , Kato Hiroshi , Furuhashi Takuya , Nakamura Motoki , Nishida Emi , Watanabe Shoichi , Shintani Yoichi , Morita Akimichi
Published: March 2015

Vitiligo is a refractory skin disease. To investigate the risk factors and treatment responses of patients with vitiligo in Japan, we recorded and analyzed the details of 713 vitiligo patients (comorbidity, treatment responses, family history, age, and sex) who visited the dermatology clinic of the Nagoya City University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan between January 2004 and August 2010 (mean age, 35.2 years; 302 men, 411 women) using logistic regression analysis. The results are expressed as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Patients were diagnosed with vitiligo [n = 644; 338 generalized type (47.4%), 170 segmental type (23.8%), and 136 localized type (19.1%)], nevus depigmentosus (n = 53, 7.4%), halo nevus (n = 14, 2.0%), and hypomelanosis of Ito (n = 2, 0.3%). For generalized and localized types, none of the analyzed factors were statistically significant. For the segmental type, antinuclear antibody (OR = 1.005; 95% CI, 1.00–1.01; p < 0.05) and onset age < 14 years were the significant factors in patients between 15 years and 29 years (OR = 0.246; 95% CI, 0.113–0.538; p < 0.001), 30–54 years (OR = 0.0419; 95% CI, 0.0133–0.132; p < 0.001), and >55 years (OR = 0.0171; 95% CI, 0.00333–0.0879; p < 0.001). The treatment response rates for narrow‐band UV‐B, topical vitamin D3, and punch graft (1 mm minigraft) were, respectively, as follows: (1) generalized type: 46.3%, 21.1%, and 38.9%; (2) segmental type: 20.3%, 29.0%, and 77.3%; and (3) localized type: 29.2%, 54.8%, and 73.3%. We report the comorbidities and efficacy rates of these treatments. The response data for these treatments, in particular, would be of assistance to the previous explanations, because there were only a few reports on the response data for these treatments. The appropriate treatment should be selected depending on the type of vitiligo.
The Religion of the Manichees
Authors: Burkitt Francis Crawford
Published: March 2015

First published in 1924, this volume contains the Donnellan lectures given by Francis Crawford Burkitt (1864–1935) at Trinity College Dublin in June 1923. Their subject is Manichaeism, a dualistic form of Christianity that thrived during the fourth and fifth centuries in Central Asia. Burkitt focuses especially on the discovery of fragments of Manichaean literary texts in Chinese Turkestan, near the Siberian border, early in the twentieth century. The first lecture introduces the history of the Manichees and reviews the sources of information available about them. The second discusses the Manichaean view of Jesus, Manichaean church organisation and Manichaean eschatology. The third analyses the influences behind Manichaean thought and teaching, including the important influences of Marcion and Saint Augustine. Burkitt's lectures were influential in publicising the new finds of Manichaean manuscript fragments, and remain an important resource for those studying heterodox movements in early Christianity.
Narrative of the Operations and Recent Discoveries within the Pyramids, Temples, Tombs, and Excavations, in Egypt and Nubia
Authors: Belzoni Giovanni Battista
Published: March 2015

The Italian adventurer Giovanni Belzoni (1778–1823) is one of the most colourful and notorious figures in Egyptology. After the Napoleonic invasion of Egypt, European interest in the country, and especially in its antiquities, led to a demand for artifacts, the larger the better. Belzoni happened to be pursuing his two careers, as circus strong-man and hydraulic engineer, in Egypt in 1815, when he was asked to organise the transport of a 7-ton statue of Ramesses II from Thebes to the British Museum. After the success of this enterprise, he turned his attention to the discovery of other antiquities, though using destructive techniques which were deplored by serious contemporary scholars. His narrative of his adventures was enormously popular at the time, and remains readable and entertaining today. This reissue omits the plates from the original edition, which are too large to be reproduced satisfactorily in this format.
Humanity's Burden
Authors: Webb, Jr. James L. A.
Published: March 2015

Humanity's Burden provides a panoramic overview of the history of malaria. It traces the long arc of malaria out of tropical Africa into Eurasia, its transfer to the Americas during the early years of the Columbian exchange, and its retraction from the middle latitudes into the tropics since the late nineteenth century. Adopting a broadly comparative approach to historical patterns and processes, it synthesizes research findings from the natural and social sciences and weaves these understandings into a narrative that reaches from the earliest evidence of malaria infections in tropical Africa up to the present. Written in a style that is easily accessible to non-specialists, it considers the significance of genetic mutations, diet, lifestyle, migration, warfare, palliative and curative treatment, and efforts to interrupt transmission on the global distribution of malaria.
The Burdens of Empire
Authors: Pagden Anthony
Published: March 2015

Despite the long history of debate and the recent resurgence of interest in empires and imperialism, no one seems very clear as to what exactly an empire is. The Burdens of Empire strives to offer not only a definition but also a working description. This book examines how empires were conceived by those who ruled them and lived under them; it looks at the relations, real or imagined, between the imperial metropolis (when one existed) and its outlying provinces or colonies; and it asks how the laws that governed the various parts and various ethnic groups, of which all empires were made, were conceived and interpreted. Anthony Pagden argues that the evolution of the modern concept of the relationship between states, and in particular the modern conception of international law, cannot be understood apart from the long history of European empire building.
Water, Civilisation and Power in Sudan
Authors: Verhoeven Harry
Published: March 2015

In 1989, a secretive movement of Islamists allied itself to a military cabal to violently take power in Africa's biggest country. Sudan's revolutionary regime was built on four pillars - a new politics, economic liberalisation, an Islamic revival, and a U-turn in foreign relations - and mixed militant conservatism with social engineering: a vision of authoritarian modernisation. Water and agricultural policy have been central to this state-building project. Going beyond the conventional lenses of famine, 'water wars' or the oil resource curse, Harry Verhoeven links environmental factors, development, and political power. Based on years of unique access to the Islamists, generals, and business elites at the core of the Al-Ingaz Revolution, Verhoeven tells the story of one of Africa's most ambitious state-building projects in the modern era - and how its gamble to instrumentalise water and agriculture to consolidate power is linked to twenty-first-century globalisation, Islamist ideology, and intensifying geopolitics of the Nile.
A Guided Tour of Mathematical Methods for the Physical Sciences
Authors: Snieder Roel , van Wijk Kasper
Published: March 2015

Mathematical methods are essential tools for all physical scientists. This book provides a comprehensive tour of the mathematical knowledge and techniques that are needed by students across the physical sciences. In contrast to more traditional textbooks, all the material is presented in the form of exercises. Within these exercises, basic mathematical theory and its applications in the physical sciences are well integrated. In this way, the mathematical insights that readers acquire are driven by their physical-science insight. This third edition has been completely revised: new material has been added to most chapters, and two completely new chapters on probability and statistics and on inverse problems have been added. This guided tour of mathematical techniques is instructive, applied, and fun. This book is targeted for all students of the physical sciences. It can serve as a stand-alone text, or as a source of exercises and examples to complement other textbooks.
Geofuels
Authors: Carroll Alan R.
Published: March 2015

Our energy use and its consequences (including climate change) motivate some of the most contentious and complex public debates of our time. Although these issues are often cast in terms of renewable versus non-renewable energy, in reality both depend on finite Earth resources. The evolution of the Earth itself therefore offers a uniquely illuminating perspective from which to evaluate alternative pathways toward energy and environmental sustainability. Geofuels: Energy and the Earth systematically develops this perspective using informal, nontechnical language laced with humor. It is well suited to a broad readership, ranging from beginning university students to lifelong learners who are interested in how the Earth's past will influence their own future. It also provides simplified explanations of controversial topics, such as energy return on energy investment, peak oil, and fracking. The focus throughout is on building a sound physical understanding of how natural resources constrain our use of energy.
Voyages d'Ibn Batoutah
Authors: Ibn Batuta
Published: March 2015

This four-volume edition of the Arabic text of the Journey of the Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta (1304–68/9), with a French translation, was published in 1853–8. In 1325, Ibn Battuta, who came from a family of Islamic jurists in Tangier, set out to make the pilgrimage to Mecca - the beginning of a journey that would last for twenty-four years and take him as far as China. In Volume 2, he leaves Najaf and heads for Persia, exploring Isfahan and Shiraz before returning to Baghdad. Next he goes north, as far as modern Turkey, before performing a second pilgrimage to Mecca. From Jeddah, he sails to Yemen and down the coast of Africa as far as modern-day Tanzania. After a third visit to Mecca he heads north as far as the Crimea and Astrakhan, whence he travels to Constantinople in the retinue of a Byzantine princess, before heading east again.
Facts and Documents Connected with the Late Insurrection in Jamaica
Authors: Williams James
Published: March 2015

The Christmas Rebellion (1831–2) saw the uprising of 60,000 Jamaican slaves, many of them followers of one Baptist preacher. Initially intended only as a peaceful strike, it escalated as estates were burned down and plantation owners killed. This 1832 pamphlet details the violence and persecution directed against nonconformists and missionaries, who were regarded as having been sympathetic towards the revolt. The materials were published by William Knibb, a Baptist minister, who in 1832 was summoned to appear before parliamentary committees investigating the state of the Caribbean colonies. His evidence and the rebellion itself are regarded as having quickened the pace of emancipation in Jamaica. The documents are reissued here with an 1837 narrative by James Williams, a youth who became an apprentice under the system that replaced slavery. He describes how conditions for former slaves were little improved, with many instances of harsh treatment and unjust imprisonment.
Biophysics of DNA
Authors: Vologodskii Alexander
Published: March 2015

Surveying the last sixty years of research, this book describes the physical properties of DNA in the context of its biological functioning. It is designed to enable both students and researchers of molecular biology, biochemistry and physics to better understand the biophysics of DNA, addressing key questions and facilitating further research. The chapters integrate theoretical and experimental approaches, emphasising throughout the importance of a quantitative knowledge of physical properties in building and analysing models of DNA functioning. For example, the book shows how the relationship between DNA mechanical properties and the sequence specificity of DNA-protein binding can be analyzed quantitatively by using our current knowledge of the physical and structural properties of DNA. Theoretical models and experimental methods in the field are critically considered to enable the reader to engage effectively with the current scientific literature on the physical properties of DNA.
The Role of Jewish Feasts in John's Gospel
Authors: Wheaton Gerry
Published: March 2015

In the first three Gospels, Jesus rarely travels to Jerusalem prior to his final week. The Fourth Gospel, however, features Jesus' repeated visits to the city, which occur primarily during major festivals. This volume elucidates the role of the Jewish feasts of Passover, Tabernacles, and Dedication in John's presentation of Jesus. Gerry Wheaton examines the Gospel in relation to pertinent sources from the Second Temple and Rabbinic periods, offering a fresh understanding of how John appropriates the symbolic and traditional backgrounds of these feasts. Wheaton situates his inquiry within the larger question of Judaism in John's Gospel, which many consider to be the most anti-Semitic New Testament text. The findings of this study significantly contribute to the ongoing debate surrounding the alleged anti-Jewish posture of the Gospel as a whole, and it offers new insights that will appeal to scholars of Johannine theology, New Testament studies, and Jewish studies.
Nation and Citizenship in the Twentieth-Century British Novel
Authors: Ho Janice
Published: March 2015

Nation and Citizenship in the Twentieth-Century British Novel charts how novelists imagined changing forms of citizenship in twentieth-century Britain. This study offers a new way of understanding the constitution of the nation-state in terms of the concept of citizenship. Through close readings, it reveals how major authors such as E. M. Forster, Virginia Woolf, Elizabeth Bowen, Sam Selvon, Buchi Emecheta, Salman Rushdie, and Monica Ali presented political struggles over citizenship during key historical moments: the advent of democracy, the emancipation of women, the rise of social-welfare provision, the institution of the security state during World War II, and the emergence of multicultural citizenship during postwar immigration. This serves as the first full-length monograph to map the interrelations between literary production and public debates about citizenship that shaped Britain in the twentieth century.
Human Rights in Armed Conflict
Authors: Oberleitner Gerd
Published: March 2015

It is now widely accepted that international human rights law applies in situations of armed conflict alongside international humanitarian law, but the contours and consequences of this development remain unclear. This book revisits, organizes and contextualizes the debate on human rights in armed conflict and explores the legal challenges, operational consequences and policy implications of resorting to human rights in situations of inter- and intra-state violence. It presents the benefits and the drawbacks of using international human rights law alongside humanitarian law and discusses how the idea, law and policy of human rights influence the development of the law of armed conflict. Based on legal theory, policy analysis, state practice and the work of human rights bodies it suggests a human rights-oriented reading of the law of armed conflict as feasible and necessary in response to the changing character of war.
Cold War Germany, the Third World, and the Global Humanitarian Regime
Authors: Hong Young-sun
Published: March 2015

This book examines competition and collaboration among Western powers, the socialist bloc, and the Third World for control over humanitarian aid programs during the Cold War. Young-sun Hong's analysis reevaluates the established parameters of German history. On the one hand, global humanitarian efforts functioned as an arena for a three-way political power struggle. On the other, they gave rise to transnational spaces that allowed for multidimensional social and cultural encounters. Hong paints an unexpected view of the global humanitarian regime: Algerian insurgents flown to East Germany for medical care, barefoot Chinese doctors in Tanzania, and West and East German doctors working together in the Congo. She also provides a rich analysis of the experiences of African trainees and Asian nurses in the two Germanys. This book brings an urgently needed historical perspective to contemporary debates on global governance, which largely concern humanitarianism, global health, south-north relationships, and global migration.
Zionism and Judaism
Authors: Novak David
Published: March 2015

Why should anyone be a Zionist, a supporter of a Jewish state in the land of Israel? Why should there be a Jewish state in the land of Israel? This book seeks to provide a philosophical answer to these questions. Although a Zionist need not be Jewish, nonetheless this book argues that Zionism is only a coherent political stance when it is intelligently rooted in Judaism, especially in the classical Jewish doctrine of God's election of the people of Israel and the commandment to them to settle the land of Israel. The religious Zionism advocated here is contrasted with secular versions of Zionism that take Zionism to be a replacement of Judaism. It is also contrasted with versions of religious Zionism that ascribe messianic significance to the State of Israel, or which see the main task of religious Zionism to be the establishment of an Israeli theocracy.
Parametric resonance in unsteady watertable flow
Authors: Camporeale Carlo , Schmid Peter J.
Published: March 2015

The stability of unsteady open-channel flow down an inclined plane is studied using an iterative approach based on the direct and adjoint stability equations combined with a physically justified energy measure. An efficient parametric resonance mechanism has been identified between the exogenous base-flow oscillations and the intrinsic frequencies of streamwise disturbance vortices. This resonance results in strong amplification over a substantial range of the governing parameters, favouring streamwise elongated structures. The optimal frequency for a maximal disturbance response can be efficiently approximated from simpler steady calculations; two frequency-selection criteria are given for this purpose. The analysis generalizes earlier work on steady watertable flow and provides an effective framework and starting point for further work on pattern formation in harmonically forced open-channel flows.
The internal wavefield generated by a towed sphere at low Froude number
Authors: Brandt A. , Rottier J. R.
Published: March 2015

In highly stratified atmospheric and oceanic environments, a large fraction of energy input by various sources can be manifest as internal waves (IWs). The propagating nature of IWs results in the distribution of the energy over a large fraction of the air/water column. Wakes of translating bodies are one source of input energy that has been of continued interest. To further the understanding of wakes in strongly stratified environments, and particularly the near-field regime where strong coupling to the internal wavefield is evident, an extensive series of experiments on the internal wavefield generated by a towed sphere was performed, wherein the internal wavefield was measured over a Froude number range $0.1\leqslant \mathit{Fr}\leqslant 5$ (where $\mathit{Fr}=U/ND$, $U$ is the tow speed, $D$ the sphere diameter and $N$ the Brunt–Väisälä (BV) frequency). In a second series of experiments, the temporal wavefield evolution was studied over two BV periods. These measurements show that the body generation (lee wave) mechanism dominates at $\mathit{Fr}\lesssim 1$, while the random eddies in the turbulent wake become the dominant source at $\mathit{Fr}\gtrsim 1$. In the low-$\mathit{Fr}$ regime, $\mathit{Fr}\leqslant 1$, there is a resonant peak in the coupling of the input wake energy to the internal wavefield at a Froude number of ${\sim}0.5$, and at its maximum 70 % of the input energy is coupled into IW potential energy. In this regime it was also found that the spreading angle of the evolving wavefield was considerably broader than predicted by the classical point-source models for the wavefield further downstream, owing to the existence in the near field of a significant energy content in the higher-IW modes that deteriorate at later times. In the low-$\mathit{Fr}$ regime, it was found that, while the IW potential energy increases $\propto \mathit{Fr}^{2}$, the fraction of the total energy input is a weak function of $\mathit{Fr}$, varying as $\mathit{Fr}^{1/2}$.
Nurturing the Citizens of the Future: Milk Stations and Child Nutrition in Puerto Rico, 1929–60
Authors: González Elisa M.
Published: March 2015

Between the 1930s and 1960s Puerto Rico was transformed from a marginal United States territory into an industrialised ‘showcase of development’. This article investigates the organisation of milk station programmes on the island during this crucial period and how these reflected the circulation of child welfare knowledge, nutrition expertise and public health practices. During the Depression, these perspectives fostered a recast of the eugenic regeneration ideologies motivating medical assessments of and sanitary interventions with Puerto Rico’s rural poor since the nineteenth century. Innovations in nutrition knowledge and an emerging rural hygiene movement highlighted the negative health effects of the island’s monocrops economy. In this context, the nourishment of children’s bodies assumed symbolic and instrumental significance for the reconfiguration of colonial and developmental models promoted by the new Popular Democratic Party (PPD). The experience of public health professionals in relief work during the 1930s contributed to the articulation of food and nutrition as key elements of this party’s populist discourse. Programmes like milk stations became part of strategies to rear and manage the labour force needed in the industrial development model promoted by the PPD. From the perspective of poor Puerto Ricans, however, they were part of the materialisation of its promise of social justice for the poorer classes.
Supplement to ‘The Interpretation of Greek Music’ (J.H.S., XLII. p. 133)
Authors: Clements E.
Published: March 2015

The diagram now given reproduces in a more logical form the vocal and instrumental schemes; it shows their underlying unity, and points to the use of the vocal scheme as an enharmonic and chromatic exercise for the trained singer. It will be observed that, with two exceptions, the intervals used are the just semitone and simple quartertone.

The instrumental signs which go to the notes of the ditonal Hypolydian scale from eb to eb to which, as I have pointed out, the kithara must have been tuned, are all in their normal upright left to right position. They are Ν, ⊏ (digamma), < (an old Corinthian form of γ), ┐, κ, C, F, ٢. The last may be a mutilated form of Ω. Ν and ┐ are extraneous signs. Γ is known to be an old form of π, but π was never written ┐ in writing from left to right. I think it is a reasonable inference that Ν and ┐ were used to mark respectively the nete and mese. One may deduce the theoretical structure of the Hypolydian as two conjunct tetrachords with an additional tone below.
NAVIGATING IN TROUBLED WATERS: SOUTH AMERICAN EXPORTS OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, 1900-1950
Authors: PINILLA VICENTE , APARICIO GEMA
Published: March 2015

The objective of this article is to offer empirical evidence regarding the behaviour of the exports and relative prices of agricultural and food products from South America between 1900 and 1950. These were years of intense turbulence, which profoundly affected the countries of the region, generating a deep pessimism concerning the potentiality of the export-led development model. This study offers a new quantitative base to analyse the evolution of exports of agrifood products from South America between 1900 and 1938. The paper also offers a series for the evolution of the terms of trade in the region which takes into account in its construction, for the first time, the relative weights of South American exports of the distinct agricultural products.
Preliminary result of rapid solenoid for controlling heavy-ion beam parameters of laser ion source
Authors: Okamura Masahiro , Sekine Megumi , Ikeda Shunsuke , Kanesue Takeshi , Kumaki Masafumi , Fuwa Yasuhiro
Published: March 2015

To realize a heavy-ion inertial fusion (HIF) driver, we have studied a possibility of laser ion source (LIS). A LIS can provide high-current high-brightness heavy-ion beams; however, it was difficult to manipulate the beam parameters. To overcome the issue, we employed a pulsed solenoid in the plasma drift section and investigated the effect of the solenoid field on singly charged iron beams. The rapid ramping magnetic field could enhance limited time slice of the current and simultaneously the beam emittance changed accordingly. This approach may also be useful to realize an ion source for HIF power plant.
A 3-PRS parallel manipulator for ankle rehabilitation: towards a low-cost robotic rehabilitation
Authors: Vallés Marina , Cazalilla José , Valera Ángel , Mata Vicente , Page Álvaro , Díaz-Rodríguez Miguel
Published: March 2015

This paper presents the design, kinematics, dynamics and control of a low-cost parallel rehabilitation robot developed at the Universitat Politècnica de Valencia. Several position and force controllers have been tested to ensure accurate tracking performances. An orthopedic boot, equipped with a force sensor, has been placed over the platform of the parallel robot to perform exercises for injured ankles. Passive, active-assistive and active-resistive exercises have been implemented to train dorsi/plantar flexion, inversion and eversion ankle movements. In order to implement the controllers, the component-based middleware Orocos has been used with the advantage over other solutions that the whole scheme control can be implemented modularly. These modules are independent and can be configured and reconfigured in both configuration and runtime. This means that no specific knowledge is needed by medical staff, for example, to carry out rehabilitation exercises using this low-cost parallel robot. The integration between Orocos and ROS, with a CAD model displaying the actual position of the rehabilitation robot in real time, makes it possible to develop a teleoperation application. In addition, a teleoperated rehabilitation exercise can be performed by a specialist using a Wiimote (or any other Bluetooth device).
Transnationalism, Multilingualism, and Identity
Authors: Duff Patricia A.
Published: March 2015

Applied linguistics is a field concerned with issues pertaining to language(s) and literacies in the real world and with the people who learn, speak, write, process, translate, test, teach, use, and lose them in myriad ways. It is also fundamentally concerned withtransnationalism, mobility, andmultilingualism—the movement across cultural, linguistic, and (often) geopolitical or regional borders and boundaries. The field is, furthermore, increasingly concerned withidentityconstruction and expression through particular language and literacy practices across the life span, at home, in diaspora settings, in short-term and long-term sojourns abroad for study or work, and in other contexts and circumstances. In this article, I discuss some recent areas in which applied linguists have investigated the intersections of language (multilingualism), identity, and transnationalism. I then present illustrative studies and some recurring themes and issues.
(Supra)National Identity and Language: Rethinking National and European Migration Policies and the Linguistic Integration of Migrants
Authors: Wodak Ruth , Boukala Salomi
Published: March 2015

In this paper we juxtapose the European Union's (EU's) supranational policies on language and migration with their recontextualisation into national policies of the linguistic integration of migrants in two EU member states, Austria and Greece. The EU member states adapt the European legislation according to their national laws (National Acton Plans) which have to also account for national traditions and national citizenship legislation. Moreover, we explore the national regulations on language testing and the linguistic integration of migrants in Austria and Greece which are part and parcel of the National Action Plans and which establish obstacles for migrants: Indeed, they function as gate-keepers. Hence, a context-dependent micro-level discourse analytic approach suggests itself.

The data for the analysis stem from legal and policy texts of the EU, Austria and Greece (regulations on citizenship, language education, testing and the linguistic integration of migrants). By employing the Discourse Historical Approach (DHA) of Critical Discourse Studies we analyze how specific EU regulations are implemented in national legislation; how migrants, who live in Austria and Greece are represented by the legislators, and finally how the respective national identities in the context of migration legislation are constructed.
Population susceptibility to a variant swine-origin influenza virus A(H3N2) in Vietnam, 2011–2012
Authors: HOA L. N. M. , BRYANT J. E. , CHOISY M. , NGUYET L. A. , BAO N. T. , TRANG N. H. , CHUC N. T. K. , TOAN T. K. , SAITO T. , TAKEMAE N. , HORBY P. , WERTHEIM H. , FOX A.
Published: March 2015

A reassortant swine-origin A(H3N2) virus (A/swine/BinhDuong/03-9/2010) was detected through swine surveillance programmes in southern Vietnam in 2010. This virus contains haemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes from a human A(H3N2) virus circulating around 2004–2006, and the internal genes from triple-reassortant swine influenza A viruses (IAVs). To assess population susceptibility to this virus we measured haemagglutination inhibiting (HI) titres to A/swine/BinhDuong/03-9/2010 and to seasonal A/Perth/16/2009 for 947 sera collected from urban and rural Vietnamese people during 2011–2012. Seroprevalence (HI ⩾ 40) was high and similar for both viruses, with 62·6% [95% confidence interval (CI) 59·4–65·7] against A/Perth/16/2009 and 54·6% (95% CI 51·4–57·8%) against A/swine/BinhDuong/03-9/2010, and no significant differences between urban and rural participants. Children aged <5 years lacked antibodies to the swine origin H3 virus despite high seroprevalence for A/Perth/16/2009. These results reveal vulnerability to infection to this contemporary swine IAV in children aged <5 years; however, cross-reactive immunity in adults would likely limit epidemic emergence potential.
Incidence of percutaneous injury in Taiwan healthcare workers
Authors: WU H. C. , HO J. J. , LIN M. H. , CHEN C. J. , GUO Y. L. , SHIAO J. S. C.
Published: March 2015

Reporting of percutaneous injuries (PIs) to the Chinese Exposure Prevention Information Network (EPINet) became mandatory for all public and tertiary referral hospitals in Taiwan in 2011. We have estimated the number of microbially contaminated PIs and the national PI incidence using a retrospective secondary data analysis approach to analyse 2011 data from the Chinese EPINet to determine the types of PI, mechanisms of occurrence and associated risks. The results revealed a national estimate of PIs between 6710 and 8319 in 2011. The most common incidents for physicians were disposable syringes, suture needles, and disposable scalpels; while for nurses they were disposable syringes, intravenous catheters, and lancets. About 13·0% of the source patients were seropositive for hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen, 13·8% were seropositive for hepatitis C virus (HCV), and 1·1% seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). From these results we estimate that annually 970 full-time healthcare workers (HCWs) would be exposed to HBV, 1094 to HCV, and 99 to HIV. This study improves our understanding of the mechanisms and risks of PIs and informs the development of more efficient preventive measures to protect HCWs from such injuries.
A 240-GHz circularly polarized FMCW radar based on a SiGe transceiver with a lens-coupled on-chip antenna
Authors: Statnikov K. , Grzyb J. , Sarmah N. , Malz S. , Heinemann B. , Pfeiffer U. R.
Published: March 2015

A 240-GHz monostatic circular polarized SiGe frequency-modulated continuous wave radar system based on a transceiver chip with a single on-chip antenna is presented. The radar transceiver front-end is implemented in a low-cost 0.13 µm SiGe HBT technology version with cut-off frequencies fT/fmaxof 300/450 GHz. The transmit block comprises a wideband ×16 frequency multiplier chain, a three-stage PA, while the receive block consists of a low-noise amplifier, a fundamental quadrature down-conversion mixer, and a three-stage PA to drive the mixer. A differential branch-line coupler and a differential dual-polarized on-chip antenna are added on-chip to realize a fully integrated radar transceiver. All building blocks are implemented fully differential. The use of a single antenna in the circular polarized radar transceiver leads to compact size and high sensitivity. The measured peak-radiated power from the Si-lens equipped radar module is +11 dBm (equivalent isotropically radiated power) at 246 GHz and noise figure is 21 dB. The characterization bandwidth of the radar transceiver is 60 GHz around the center frequency of 240 GHz, and the simulated Tx-to-Rx leakage is below −20 dB from 230 to 260 GHz. After system calibration the resolution of the system to distinguish between two targets at different distance of 3.65 mm is achieved, which is only 21% above the theoretical limit.
Portuguese Validation of the Consideration of Future Consequences Scale
Authors: Echeverría Alejandro Vásquez , Esteves Cristina , Gomes Catarina Vilares , Ortuño Victor E. C.
Published: March 2015

The Consideration of Future Consequences Scale (CFC-S) is a measure of the extent to which individuals reflect and are influenced by the immediate as well as by the distant outcomes of current behavior. It´s composed by 12 items, grouped into two subscales (future and immediate). This study aims to explore the factor structure, psychometric properties and construct validity of the Portuguese version of the CFC-S in 5 samples, composed by 527 participants with ages between 13 and 71. A 2 factor structure has been found through Confirmatory Factor Analysis among several tested models. Item 5 has been eliminated in order to achieve better fit indices (χ2df = 3.88, CFI = .90, GFI = .95, RMSEA = .07) and improve internal consistency. Both CFC subscales presented strong correlations with several psychological phenomena (Sensation Seeking, Self-Esteem, Temporal Extension and Time Perspective) and main effects among groups of age and criminal record (for CFC-I, p < .001, for CFC-F, p < .001). These results allow us to support CFC as an efficient psychological evaluation instrument and as an important metric for individual differences in the study of temporal orientation.
IL-23-mediated mononuclear phagocyte crosstalk protects mice from Citrobacter rodentium-induced colon immunopathology
Authors: Aychek Tegest , Mildner Alexander , Yona Simon , Kim Ki-Wook , Lampl Nardy , Reich-Zeliger Shlomit , Boon Louis , Yogev Nir , Waisman Ari , Cua Daniel J. , Jung Steffen
Published: March 2015

Gut homeostasis and mucosal immune defense rely on the differential contributions of dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages. Here we show that colonic CX3CR1+ mononuclear phagocytes are critical inducers of the innate response to Citrobacter rodentium infection. Specifically, the absence of IL-23 expression in macrophages or CD11b+ DC results in the impairment of IL-22 production and in acute lethality. Highlighting immunopathology as a death cause, infected animals are rescued by the neutralization of IL-12 or IFNγ. Moreover, mice are also protected when the CD103+ CD11b− DC compartment is rendered deficient for IL-12 production. We show that IL-12 production by colonic CD103+ CD11b− DC is repressed by IL-23. Collectively, in addition to its role in inducing IL-22 production, macrophage-derived or CD103− CD11b+ DC-derived IL-23 is required to negatively control the otherwise deleterious production of IL-12 by CD103+ CD11b− DC. Impairment of this critical mononuclear phagocyte crosstalk results in the generation of IFNγ-producing former TH17 cells and fatal immunopathology.
Fukushima radionuclides in the NW Pacific and assessment of doses for Japanese and world population from ingestion of seafood
Authors: Povinec Pavel P. , Hirose Katsumi
Published: March 2015

Variations of Fukushima-derived radionuclides (90Sr, 134Cs and 137Cs) in seawater and biota offshore Fukushima and in the NW Pacific Ocean were investigated and radiation doses to the Japanese and world population from ingestion of seafood contaminated by Fukushima radionuclides were estimated and compared with those from other sources of anthropogenic and natural radionuclides. The total effective dose commitment from ingestion of radionuclides in fish, shellfish and seaweed caught in coastal waters off Fukushima was estimated to be 0.6 ± 0.4 mSv/y. The individual effective dose commitment from consumption of radioactive-contaminated fish caught in the open Pacific Ocean was estimated to be 0.07 ± 0.05 mSv/y. These doses are comparable or much lower than doses delivered from the consumption of natural 210Po in fish and in shellfish (0.7 mSv/y). The estimated individual doses have been below the levels when any health damage of the Japanese and world population could be expected.
Brassinosteroids play a critical role in the regulation of pesticide metabolism in crop plants
Authors: Zhou Yanhong , Xia Xiaojian , Yu Gaobo , Wang Jitao , Wu Jingxue , Wang Mengmeng , Yang Youxin , Shi Kai , Yu Yunlong , Chen Zhixiang , Gan Jay , Yu Jingquan
Published: March 2015

Pesticide residues in agricultural produce pose a threat to human health worldwide. Although the detoxification mechanisms for xenobiotics have been extensively studied in mammalian cells, information about the regulation network in plants remains elusive. Here we show that brassinosteroids (BRs), a class of natural plant hormones, decreased residues of common organophosphorus, organochlorine and carbamate pesticides by 30–70% on tomato, rice, tea, broccoli, cucumber, strawberry and other plants when treated externally. Genome-wide microarray analysis showed that fungicide chlorothalonil (CHT) and BR co-upregulated 301 genes, including a set of detoxifying genes encoding cytochrome P450, oxidoreductase, hydrolase and transferase in tomato plants. The level of BRs was closely related to the respiratory burst oxidase 1 (RBOH1)-encoded NADPH oxides-dependent H2O2 production, glutathione biosynthesis and the redox homeostasis and the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST). Gene silencing treatments showed that BRs decreased pesticide residues in plants likely by promoting their metabolism through a signaling pathway involving BRs-induced H2O2 production and cellular redox change. Our study provided a novel approach for minimizing pesticide residues in crops by exploiting plants' own detoxification mechanisms.