bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Ecocultural Project of Human Development: Why Ethnography and Its Findings Matter
Authors: Weisner Thomas S.
Published: November 2004

Ethnography produces believable findings that matter both to those we study and to the social sciences. Ethnography is best suited to understanding human development as an adaptive project of individuals and communities—that is, what families and communities are trying to accomplish to meet their goals in their cultural world, and the cultural pathways that are available for children to achieve those goals.
Infant Experience and Late‐Childhood Dispositions: An Eleven‐Year Follow‐Up among the Logoli of Kenya
Authors: Munroe Ruth H. , Munroe Robert L. , Westling Erika , Rosenberg Jennifer
Published: November 2004

A small sample of children in western Kenya, studied first in infancy and again at age five, was tested in order to ascertain whether mother‐holding in infancy continued to predict affective and cognitive outcomes at age 12, as had been the case at age five. Results indicated that (1) positive affective outcomes at age 12 were associated with frequency of mother‐holding, but with no other measure of care in infancy; (2) cognitive performance at age 12 was unrelated to mother‐holding in infancy; and (3) for most of the affective measures, though notfor the cognitive measures, performance at age 12 was related to earlier test performance at age five. Discussion centered on plausible bases for thefindings as well as on methodological concerns that raise threats to the interpretation.
Costalero Quiero Ser! Autobiographical Memory and the Oral Life Story of a Holy Week Brother in Southern Spain
Authors: Schrauf Robert W.
Published: November 2004

Concepts from the study of autobiographical memory in cognitive psychology are used to analyze portions of a life history narrative in order to examine the underlying memory behaviors. The analysis gives a view of personal memories as on‐line reconstructions, shaped up in service of current emotional states and personal concerns, and employed in negotiating present social and cultural environments. Also considered is the effect that telling a memory has on future rememberings. The life history is the story of an Andalusian Holy Week brother's transition from marching in the annual procession to carrying the ritual float as a costalero.
Searching for Meaning in Everyday Life: Gay Men Negotiating Selves in the HIV Spectrum
Authors: Bloom Frederick R.
Published: November 2004

Based on a prospective ethnographic study of gay men living with HIV infection, perceived quality of life is examined via the integration of life events into life‐story narratives. Most prominent among life events for these men were loss of friends due to AIDS and deterioration of their own health as a result of HIV‐related illnesses. The experiences of four men among 20 interviewed are singled out to demonstrate the range of narrative strategies employed to deal with the social course of illness. The surprising appeal to this group of men of u twelve‐step" groups is examined in terms of liminality and communitas.
The Kalimah In the Kaleidophone: Ranges of Multivocallty in Bangladeshi Muslim's Discourses
Authors: Wilce James M.
Published: November 2004

Bengali Muslims have long debated the place of religion, ideology, literary heritage, ethnicity, and various nationalisms in their identity. Contemporary identity ferment is exemplified in each of five examples of discourse explored herein. Replaying these voices "kaleidophonically" uncovers the vital, resistant, "fundamentally liberating" character of multivocality in Bengali Muslims' discourse, particularly in codeswitching, reported speech, and pronoun play. Although each of the voices acknowledges the kalimah of Islam, their multivocality belies simple formulations of identity. The translinguistics of Bakhtin informs the analysis of how linguistic play works to reconstitute what it is to be Bengali and Muslim.
Russian Emotional Expression
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: November 2004

This article examines Russian "emotional ideology" as reflected in the Russian language, and especially in the Russian collocational system. Colloquial collocations involving the human body, seen as an organ of emotional expression, are the focus for comparing folk models of the body and emotion in Russian and Anglo cultures. A theory of "cultural scripts" forms the basis of generalizations from the linguistic evidence.
Israeli and Japanese Immigrants to Canada: Home, Belonging, and the Territorialization of Identity
Authors: Magat Ilan N.
Published: November 2004

The article explores the meaning of the terms home, identity, and belonging for Israeli and Japanese immigrants to Canada. It also investigates identity formation, management, and change, and the interrelationship of the personal, the cultural, and the national. Israel and Japan are both countries with a strong sense of uniqueness, where the notions of "a chosen people" and "the promised land" are present in the national discourse. The findings of this study indicate that the ability to create an adult home, after immigration, is related to the nature of the self (individualistic versus self‐sacrificing, and I‐self versus we‐self) and the ability to commit to the new place. The findings also indicate that Israelis and Japanese tend to think of Home differently, and identify it in different terms. While Israelis in general tend to equate Home with personal and national identity—and ultimately in terms of belonging and loyalty, most Japanese are able to center themselves in the small home, the basis for their daily activities. The findings are anchored in the historical predicament and the distinct cultures of the two groups.
De‐Homogenizing American Individualism: Socializing Hard and Soft Individualism in Manhattan and Queens
Authors: Kusserow Adrie Suzanne
Published: November 2004

Theories of the Western self are often based on a generic individualism based on the American upper‐middle‐class, and attempts to find sociocentric elements within our midst often constitute the stereotyping of the working class as conformist and women as relational. In speaking about their childrens' self, parents from different social classes in Manhattan and Queens use different images and metaphors. These descriptions are explored here, and it is suggested that three different styles of individualism exist alongside sociocentric socialization practices: hard offensive, hard defensive, and soft offensive. However, the way parents in each community move from one (individualistic) socialization practice to the other (sociocentric) differs greatly.
Donations of Human Organs or Bodies After Death: A Cultural Phenomenology of "Flesh" in the Greek Context
Authors: Papagaroufali Eleni
Published: November 2004

Several body theorists focus on the precultural materiality of the body as flesh to argue against the discursively constructed, supposedly fleshless or imagined bodies of postmodernity. This article is about body perceptions of 24 people sharing an exceptionally fleshly and seemingly imagined experience: their determination to donate their organs or bodies after their death. Approaching prospective donation as a culturally elaborated, somatic, intersubjective practice, I argue, first, that flesh in itself does not guarantee the material immediacy of one's self presence. Second, that the imaginary body as flesh may be as much painfully or pleasantly experienced as the non‐imaginary one.
Behind the Make‐Up: Gender Ambivalence and the Double‐Bind of Gay Selfhood in Drag Performance
Authors: McNeal Keith E.
Published: November 2004

This paper examines the motivational role of ambivalence in the genesis and reproduction of drag performance ritual, focusing on a particular drag cabaret in Atlanta, Georgia. Drag ritual has evolved as an institutionalized performance genre in response to a core set of ambivalent conflicts in the culturally modeled subjectivities of gay men due to the psychocultural hegemony of hetero‐normative models of gender and sexuality. This situation means that the gay male life‐course is characterized by a dialectic of transgression and conformity stemming from conflict derived from both masculine and feminine self‐representations, understood here as the "double‐bind of gay selfhood." The paper argues for theoretical expansion within cultural models analysis and emphasizes the relevance of performance theory, feminism, and the analysis of culture and power in psychological anthropology.
Culture, History, Biology, and Body: Native and Non‐Native Acquisition of Technological Skill
Authors: Maynard Ashley E. , Greenfield Patricia M. , Childs Carla P.
Published: November 2004

Each culture defines the appropriate ways for people to use their bodies (Mauss 1934). In this paper we examine the uses of the body in a technical skill, that of Zinacantec Maya backstrap loom weaving. We hypothesize that native learners of weaving are different from non‐native learners in that they are endowed from birth on with the biology and cultural experience needed for weaving. Maya newborns have distinctive patterns of motor behavior and visual attention. These patterns, reinforced by cultural experience, are utilized when girls learn to weave, highlighting the interplay between culture and biology. Non‐native learners do not begin life with the same patterns of motor behavior or cultural experience and thus begin the acquisition of the body techniques involved in the complex skill of weaving with a deficit. Conclusions are based on an empirical, historical study of two generations of girls learning to weave in Nabenchauk, a Zinacantec Maya hamlet in Chiapas, Mexico.
Emotional Remembering: The Pragmatics of National Memory
Authors: White Geoffrey M.
Published: November 2004

This paper examines spaces in between the "out there" of collective representation and the "in here" of personal cognition and emotion by focusing on acts of public remembrance that are at once individual and collective, personal and national. Reporting on research carried out at the U.S. national memorial to the bombing attack at Pearl Harbor that drew America into World War II, the paper analyzes the discourse of "survivors" who present personal stories in the memorial context. The analysis argues that a repertoire of discursive strategies functions to emotionalize national narrative, while at the same time works to nationalize personal pasts.
Poor Adolescent Girls and Social Transformations in Cuenca, Ecuador
Authors: Miles Ann
Published: November 2004

This paper, based on eight years of observation and interviewing in southern Ecuador, examines how the processes of modernization affect the lives of poor adolescent girls growing up in the city. Focusing exclusively on the daughters of rural‐tourban migrants, this paper discusses how both Hispanic gender models and a rigid class system ultimately serve to undermine the state‐sponsored rhetoric promoting girls'full participation in the modernizing economy. The disjuncture between the imagined world of professional success and the real one of urban poverty is described. Using a theoretical framework that views culture and ideology as contestable domains, the author argues that consideration of the responses of adolescent girls is important for understanding future social transformations.
From Countertransference to Social Theory: A Study of Holocaust Thinking in U.S. Business Dress
Authors: Stein Howard F.
Published: November 2004

Observer countertransference is discussed as the nexus of ethnographic knowing. Psychoanalytic approaches are situated in relation to embodiment theory and knowing via the senses. Alongside the official view of managed social change as "nothing personal, just business," U.S. workers draw upon Holocaust imagery to make sense of what is happening to them. Several ethnographic vignettes from the U.S. workplaces constitute the evidential core of the paper. Observer countertransference is seen as a vital instrumentfor comprehending the psychic reality behind the invocation of Holocaust images that are camouflaged by business euphemisms. More broadly, observer countertransference, judiciously used, (1) serves as a bridge between cultural levels (say, individual, workplace, nation) and (2) contributes to the wider interpretation of culture.
Narratives as Cultural Tools in Sociocultural Analysis: Official History in Soviet and Post‐Soviet Russia
Authors: Wertsch James V.
Published: November 2004

An approach to sociocultural analysis based on the ideas of Vygotsky, Bakhtin, and others is used to provide the foundation for discussing narratives as "cultural tools." The production of official, state sponsored historical narratives is examined from this perspective, and it is argued that this production process may be shaped as much by dialogic encounters with other narratives as by archival information. These claims are harnessed to examine the production of post‐Soviet Russian history textbooks, especially their presentation of the events surrounding the Russian Civil War of 1918–20.
Negotiation of Memory and Agency in Japanese Oral Narrative Accounts of Wartime Experiences
Authors: Matsuki Keiko
Published: November 2004

Constituting a generational category named Showa hitoketa, or Showa single digit, Japanese born between 1926 and 1934, or the first nine years (literally, single‐digit years) of the Japanese indigenous era called Showa (1926–89), experienced World War II as children and adolescents. Today, as the label shows, their generational identity is inseparable from the discourse on Showa, particularly as the era of war and chaos. Furthermore, it is inseparable from their distinctive memory of the wartime as institutionally mobilized young patriots, and from their experience of the ideological disjunction following the seemingly abrupt defeat of the nation. Examining their narrativized accounts of wartime experiences collected during the ethnographic interviews, this article explores the pragmatically generated meanings of conflict and identity in their discourses. Particular attention to the metalinguistic phenomena of reported thought illuminates how and why their past internal states are given significant voices in the present construction of memory and agency.
The Acquisition of a Speaker by a Story: How History Becomes Memory and Identity
Authors: Linde Charlotte
Published: November 2004

This paper investigates narrative induction as one central means by which institutions acquire new members, and new members acquire a new identity. Narrative induction is the process by which people take on an existing set of stories as relevant to the shaping of their own story. Nonparticipant narratives (narratives told by speakers not present at the events narrated) are used to reproduce collective memory and induct new participants into this memory. The process has three parts: how a person comes to take on someone else's story as centrally relevant to their own; how a person comes to tell their own story in a way shaped by the stories of others, and how a person's story may come to be told and heard by others within an institution as an instance of a normative pattern. This paper demonstrates each phase of the process, using as data an ethnographic study of a major American insurance company.
Chinese Conceptualization of Learning
Authors: Li Jin
Published: November 2004

Despite much research on human learning, little is known about cultural conceptions of learning. This study examined indigenous conceptions of learning in Chinese. Prototypical methods were employed to collect Chinese learning‐related terms. Cluster analysis yielded a hierarchical structure of this lexicon. Most items centered around the term meaning "heart and mind for wanting to learn," which emphasizes seeking knowledge as a lifelong orientation, diligence, endurance of hardship, steadfastness, and concentration. Such learning aims at achieving breadth and depth of knowledge, its application, the unity of knowing and morality, and contributions to society. Implications for theories and empirical research on learning are discussed.
Fantasy and Reality: The Dialectic of Work and Play in Kwara'ae Children's Lives
Authors: Watson‐Gegeo Karen Ann
Published: November 2004

In Kwara'cae, as in many Third World and workingclass contexts, young children spend as much, or more, of their time in work as in play. This article examines how fantasy and reality are framed by Kwara'ae children in play and work and children's self‐positionings through child‐mode and adult‐mode styles of embodiment. In adult‐mode performances, children's double description—"This is play" and "This is not play (because it's work)"—sustains them in long periods of work. The epistemological significance of adult and child modes is also considered.
Cultural Determinism, Cultural Relativism, and the Comparative Study of Psychopathology
Authors: Spiro Melford E.
Published: November 2004

This article assesses the employment of the concept of cultural relativism and the theory of cultural determinism in their application to the comparative study of psychopathology. For the assessment of cultural relativism, the Plains Indians' hearing of the voice of a recently deceased relative is deployed as a paradigmatic example. For the assessment of cultural determinism, in regard to which a distinction is drawn between "cultural" or ideational causation and "social" or experiential causation, anorexia nervosa is deployed as the paradigmatic case. The article concludes by questioning the hermeneutic turn in psychiatric anthropology.
The American Dependency Conflict: Continuities and Discontinuities in Behavior and Values of Countercultural Parents and Their Children
Authors: Weisner Thomas S.
Published: November 2004

Beatrice Whiting recognized the American "dependency conflict": parental training for independence and selfreliance values, while at the same time rewarding dominantdependence and seeking attention in parent‐child interaction. The countercultural youth of the 1960s and 1970s valued interdependence and questioned authority and dominance. A study of 150 countercultural parents and their childen, and a comparison sample of 50 two‐parent married parents, show remarkably high rates of seeking attention and verbal interactions across countercultural and comparison‐sample families alike. This parenting and child behavioral style, which encourages dependency conflict, did not change, although countercultural values were transmitted. Change processes require the study of the intimate, cultural‐emotional worlds of children and families, as well as broader forces of political economy and social movements.
Remodeling Concepts of the Self: An Ijo Example
Authors: Hollos Marida , Leis Philip E.
Published: November 2004

There has been an ongoing debate in the anthropological and psychological literature as to the appropriate models for conceptualizing self and person in relation to society. The models have different labels, but the opposition expressed between the two focus on the cultural construction of self‐determinacy. The Western model is egocentric in that individuals are situated as free agents, striving to actualize themselves in terms of selfachievement, in afield of extrinsic social institutions, such as the family, and other associations. In the non‐Western, sociocentric model individuals subsume themselves, making the social field intrinsic to themselves. Their actions are predicated by the social contexts in which they are found; achievement motivation and emotional expression are tempered by an expectation that an individual's goals must be subservient to the group at large.

In examining our data, collected among the Ijo in southern Nigeria, it appeared that there were elements of both models present in the way individuals defined themselves and their social relationships. We argue that the two models are not necessarily exclusive nor are they conflicting, but may coexist in the selfdefinitions and motivations of individuals within the same society.
Relatedness and Self‐Definition: Two Dominant Themes in Middle‐Class Americans' life Stories
Authors: Mccollum Chris
Published: November 2004

The life stories that middle‐class Americans tell about how they came to be in their current professions and with their current romantic partners are framed by a particular moral vision of the self In the process of aligning autobiographical information with this positive self‐image, storytellers use cultural frameworks that represent the person and the life course in opposing ways. Drawing on psychodynamic theories of culture, I argue that the contradiction in these culturally shaped narratives is deeply rooted in interpersonal and other important socialization experiences from early childhood. Inconsistencies and discontinuities in the patterns leave lasting residues on the psyche, in the form of conflicting psychological structures. Life stories not only give expression to this core emotional conflict but also regulate or resolve it for defensive and adaptive purposes.
From Hostage to Host: Confessions of a Spirit Medium in Niger
Authors: Masquelier Adeline
Published: November 2004

Spirit possession ostensibly solves problems by freeing the object of possession from certain responsibilities, yet it also creates a whole nexus of unavoidable obligations as the human host learns to cope with the social, financial, and moral demands of her powerful alter ego. Rather than simplifying situations, possession complicates them by introducing new relations and enabling new forms of communication. In this article, I explore what bori possession as communication entailed for a young Mawri woman from Dogondoutchi (Niger) when her possessing spirit made dramatic revelations that forced her to make changes in her life. I show that possession opens up a space of self‐awareness for mediums as they struggle to gain progressive control over the terms of their relationships with spirits. In this space of reflexivity they help create and in their role as interlocutors, accusers, or diviners, spirits play a crucial role in the refashioning of human histories and identities.
A Javanese Metropolis and Mental Life
Authors: Ferzacca Steve
Published: November 2004

This article examines the practice of some Javanese men that they refer to as "the search for empty thoughts." Grounded in their experiences as working‐class men, empty thoughts capture and are captured by thoroughly modern stories of the ups and downs of city life that emphasize the effect of stres (stress) on mental life. Empty thoughts, as an expressive idiom and social practice, are remarkable in their mimetic faculty of Simmel's latest transformation of a bodily existence into a modern form, but empty thoughts are also remarkable for the conventionalities present in this expressive form and practice as well. Empty thoughts point toward the merging of regimes of identity linked to cultural notions of order, control, and danger. With empty thoughts, Javanese contemplate the unexpected, moving between the domains of a Javacentric traditional identity to an Indonesian modern identity, simultaneously a venture into the uncharted currents of globalisasi (globalization) in a place without order.
On Rocks, Walks, and Talks In West Africa: Cultural Categories and an Anthropology of the Senses
Authors: Geurts Kathryn Linn
Published: November 2004

In southeastern Ghana, among Anlo‐Ewe‐speaking people, a five‐senses model (of sight, touch, taste, hearing, and smell) has little relevance for theorizing about how we know what we know. Instead, Anlo people invoke a domain of experience called seselelame (literally "feel‐feel‐at‐flesh‐inside") that links sensation to emotion, disposition, and vocation. This article explores cultural models that govern sensory and other immediate bodily experiences in Anlo‐Ewe worlds. Language analysis is interwoven with cultural interpretations of walking and talking, and attention is given to child socialization strategies that kinesthetically instantiate Anlo‐Ewe moral codes.
Between Conscious and Subconscious: Depth‐to‐Depth Communication in the Ethnographic Space
Authors: Salamon Hagar
Published: November 2004

The present article explores the ethnographic space through which conscious and subconscious communication travels, by focusing on two dreams, one of the researcher and one of the researched. This dream exchange, a revealing affirmation of a shared subtext in the ethnographic space, presented itself during the collection of life stories of Ethiopian Jews now living in Israel who had been slaves of Jewish masters back in Ethiopia. In the specific ethnographic space examined, dreams not only mediated conversation between the conscious and subconscious of each of the dreamers but also placed an unconventional spin on the traditionally complementary roles of researcher and researched, when strikingly similar symbolic and schematic content appeared in the dreams of each. Insofar as the stuff of dreams is perceived as personal and intimate in Western psychoanalytic cosmology, dream communication has wide‐reaching significance in breaching the ubiquitous and limiting dichotomies of ethnographic research.
Homestead Size, Gender, and Aggression among Gusii Children
Authors: Munroe Robert L. , Nerlove Sara B.
Published: November 2004

Behavioral aggression in natural settings was investigated in relation to gender and homestead membership size among 43 Gusii children between the ages of four and eight. No differences were found in the frequency of boys' and girls' aggression, an outcome already observed in the same community of "Nyansongo" during the Six Cultures Study a decade earlier. An association between children's aggression and the number of persons with whom they resided ("homestead size") was interpreted as follows: (a) cross‐culturally, large social groups punish child aggression, apparently due to the potential disruptiveness of aggression in crowded quarters; (b) punitive treatment of aggression tends not to control aggressivity but, rather, to breed it; and, as predicted, (c) children from the larger homesteads exhibited a higher frequency of aggression. As with the gender outcome, the homestead‐size/aggression findings were elucidated by aspects of the coverage provided by the earlier Six Cultures Study.
From Corn to Cash: Change and Continuity within Mayan Families
Authors: Gaskins Suzanne
Published: November 2004

Dramatic changes in the mode of production in a community often lead to parallel changes in the home and thus significantly disrupt socialization practices and children's everyday lives. This article describes a case among Yucatec Maya corn farmers in which this did not happen. Over 20 years, several external factors made corn farming alone untenable for most families and spurred a change in mode of production. The response was to manipulate new economic opportunities to maximize the conservation of the family structure and the pattern of daily life, which maintained children's traditional position in the familly as workers and child caregivers. A comparison of these Mayan children's daily activities in 1980 and 2000 demonstrates a remarkable continuity in the face of significant economic change.
Rage, Revenge, and Religion: Honest Signaling of Aggression and Nonaggression in Waorani Coalitional Violence
Authors: Boster James S. , Yost James , Peeke Catherine
Published: November 2004

Until recently, the Waorani of eastern Ecuador engaged in a vicious cycle of revenge killing in which men responded to the death of kin by attacking their enemies. Yet their language, Wao tededo, lacks a label for the concept of "revenge killing."Apparently, a social pattern of revenge killing is not dependent on the recognition of "revenge" as an abstract category— revenge need not be an overt cultural construction to be acted upon. This article explores this and other aspects of Wao ethnopsychology as they relate to the perpetuation and cessation of coalitional violence. It interprets Wao ethnopsychology in the light of Frank's (1988) account of emotions as honest signals of human commitment to social contracts. We argue that emotional displays of rage and the threat of retaliatory violence may deter an initial assault, but serve to lock antagonists into an endless cycle of violence once it has started. In order to end the cycle of violence, one needs a means to convey a message contrary to the enraged emotional one—an honest signal of one's commitment to end feuding. In the Waorani case, conversion to Christianity helped play this role.
The Macabre Style: Death Attitudes of Old‐Age Home Residents in Israel
Authors: Gamliel Tova
Published: November 2004

An inductive, ethnographic analysis of death attitudes among old‐age home residents in Israel is employed to describe the construction of a peculiar death‐related discourse termed "the macabre style." This authentic voice of elderly residents emerges from interviews, conversations, and observations as a form of self‐immersion in a particular collective consciousness generated by expectations of impending death. The macabre style's rhetorical devices include grim and direct references to death and dying, black humor, historical archetypes, and biblical myths. This construct is further used in order to reflect on and criticize the conceptual circularity of conventional academic categories regarding death attitudes such as "acceptance" and "denial," and as an indication of an old age metonymic discourse of self‐transcendence.
Between East and West: Geographic Metaphors of Identity in Poland
Authors: Galbraith Marysia H.
Published: November 2004

As Poland enters the European Union, questions of national identity relative to wider group loyalties become particularly salient. This study considers how individual life stories contribute to the discourse on what constitutes the Polish nation, and contemplates the implications of respondents' views for the achievement of European integration. I focus on Polish youths' use of metaphors of "betweenness," in which Poland fills the conceptual space between East and West, and "nested identities," based on simultaneous attachments to region, nation, and Europe, and consider how they might provide alternatives to models of identity which assume conflict with outside groups. In postcommunist Poland, more protectionist or conflict‐based stances are sometimes taken, not so much because of political threats as in the past, but more in response to economic inequalities within Poland, and between Poland and the West.
The Camera's Positioning: Brides, Grooms, and Their Photographers in Taipei's Bridal Industry
Authors: Adrian Bonnie
Published: November 2004

This article analyzes the intense orchestration of the bride's appearance—both her physical beauty and her ability to appear to captivate her groom—in Taiwanese bridal salons. Historical circumstance, competitive consumption, and family politics combine to render young women willing if not always eager subjects. Photographers, in turn, attempt to provoke specific subjective states in their clients so as to produce atractive, naturalistic poses and facial expressions. Through attention to positioning processes, the subtleties of the relationships among subjective experience, social performance, and cultural belief are examined.
Tales of Mastery: Spirit Familiar in Sufis' Religious Imagination
Authors: SANIOTIS ARTHUR
Published: November 2004

This article explores Sufis' conceptions of spirit beings through an examination of the relationship between Sufis and their spirit familiars called muwakil. I am particularly interested in exploring how Sufis come to experience muwakil as real, and how Sufis' beliefs in muwakil underpin the realization of their personal autonomy and mystical mastery. My analysis draws from various Sufis' conceptions of muwakil; what muwakil are and how they are constituted in the lives of Sufis. I contend that Sufis' accounts of muwakil provide an invaluable insight into the ways in which the “spiritual other” is constructed and experienced.
Stretching Linguistic Ethnography Over Part of a State
Authors: Agar Michael
Published: November 2004

Among the many issues that bedevil contemporary ethnographers of a linguistic persuasion is, How do you study the language of citizens in states instead of natives in villages? Here, a solution is proposed in terms of a change in the representation that the research is aimed toward. Examples from the United States and Austria show the usefulness, perhaps even the necessity, of the representational shift.
Structure and Repair in Narratives of Mentally Retarded Adults
Authors: Kernan Keith T. , Sabsay Sharon , Schneider Phyllis
Published: November 2004

Narratives by mentally retarded and nonretarded adults of a short film were compared in terms of the structure they exhibited and the self‐initiated repairs they contained. The mentally retarded speakers produced shorter narratives and made relatively more repairs. However, their narratives were story‐like in their structure, and their self‐initiated repairs were similar to those made by the nonretarded speakers. These results were interpreted as indications of underlying cognitive abilities.
Book Reviews
Authors: Philips Susan U.
Published: November 2004

Competence in Performance: The Creativity of Tradition in Mexicano Verbal Art. Charles L. Briggs Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988427 pp. $19.95 (paper)
Book Reviews
Authors: Weigle Marta
Published: November 2004

The Lost Gold Mine of Juan Mondragón:. Legend from New Mexico Performed by Melaquías Romero. Charles L. Briggs and Julián Josué Vigil. eds. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1988. 270 pp. $45.00 (cloth)
Book Reviews
Authors: Miller Wick R.
Published: November 2004

The Art of Nahuatl Speech: The Bancroft Dialogues Frances Karttunen and James Lockhart. eds. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center Publications, 1987. 219 pp. $16.50 (paper)
Book Reviews
Authors: Parmentier Richard J.
Published: November 2004

Structure and Style in Javanese:. Semiotic View of Linguistic Etiquette J. Joseph Errington. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988. 290 pp. $31.95 (cloth)
Book Reviews
Authors: Delancey Scott
Published: November 2004

The Collected Works of Edward Sapir, VIII: Takelma Texts and Grammar Victor Golla. ed. New York/Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1990. 606 pp. $99.00 (cloth)
Book Reviews
Authors: Vlasak Rodney
Published: November 2004

Scribe, Griot, and Novelist: Narrative Interpreters of the Songhay Empire. Followed by The Epic of Askia Mohammed, recounted by Nouhou Malio Thomas A. Hale. Gainesville, Fla.: University of Florida Press/Center for African Studies, 1990. 313 pp. $29.95 (cloth)
Book Reviews
Authors: Houston Stephen D.
Published: November 2004

The Origins of Writing. Wayne Senner. ed. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press,1989. $37.95 (cloth)
Native North American Interaction Patterns.
Authors: Zaharlick Amy
Published: November 2004

Native North American Interaction Patterns Regna Darnell Michael K. Foster eds. Quebec: National Museums of Canada, 1988. 229 pp. n.p. (paper)
Speech and Sociability at French Urban Marketplaces.
Authors: Mark Vera
Published: November 2004

Speech and Sociability at French Urban Marketplaces Jacqueline Lindenfeld. Pragmatics and Beyond New Series. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1990. 173 pp. $42.00 (cloth)
The Limits of Interpretation.
Authors: Hill Jonathan D.
Published: November 2004

The Limits of Interpretation. Umberto Eco. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990. 295 pp. $27.50 (cloth)
Pidgin and Creole Tense‐Mood‐Aspect Systems.
Authors: Washabaugh William
Published: November 2004

Pidgin and Creole Tense‐Mood‐Aspect Systems John Victor Singler ed. Creole Language Library, Vol. 6. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1990. 240 pp. $58.00 (cloth)
What Is a Life Form? Conceptual Issues in Ethnobiology
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: November 2004

A number of linguistic tests are proposed to reveal different aspects of conceptual organization as reflected in language. It is argued that important evidence on human conceptualization of the world can be derived from ways of referring (e.g., Look at that plant/animal!), grammatical congruity (e.g., three pigs vs. *three livestocks), morphological structure (e.g., blue spruce vs. tulip tree), collocations and metaphorical transfers (e.g., social butterfly, breed like rabbits), and lexical structure (e.g., Siamese/Siamese cat vs. dog/*spaniel dog). It is also argued that evidence of this kind supports the crucial role of hierarchical taxonomic organization in the domain of living kinds (in contrast to other conceptual domains) and helps clarify the crucial and yet controversial concept of life form proposed by Brent Berlin and his associates.
Sound Symbolic Involvement
Authors: Nuckolls Janis B.
Published: November 2004

This article examines an iconic form of communication, sound symbolism, which has been associated with oral cultures and implicated in paradigms of primitive mentality. I argue that Lowland Ecuadorean Quechua speakers use sound symbolic iconicity to create interlocutionary involvement. A speaker's performative foregrounding of a sound symbolic form simulates the salient qualities of an action, event, or process, and thereby invites a listener to project into an experience. This projected involvement, in turn, points the listener to deeper kinds of imaginative, intellectual, and emotional engagement with the narrative. The argument is based on an analysis of the formal and semantic characteristics of sound symbolic words in a conversational narrative translated from Quechua.
Genre, Intertextuality, and Social Power
Authors: Briggs Charles L. , Bauman Richard
Published: November 2004

This article addresses the relationship between discourse, textual and social order, and power by means of an examination of the concept of genre. It begins with a critical review of the way genre has been used in linguistic anthropology. A distinction is delineated between approaches that take for granted the status of genre as a tool for classifying and ordering discourse and those that contend with elements of generic ambiguity and dynamism. Proceeding to outline a new approach to genre, the discussion analyzes a wide range of intertextual relations that are deployed in constituting generic links. A series of examples contrasts strategies for minimizing gaps between texts and generic precedents with strategies for maximizing such gaps. A final section points to the ways that investigating generic intertextuality can illuminate questions of ideology, political economy, and power.
Sociolinguistics of Language: Introduction to Sociolinguistics, Volume II
Authors: Spears Arthur K.
Published: November 2004

Sociolinguistics of Language: Introduction to Sociolinguistics, Volume II. Ralph Fasold. Cambridge, Mass.: Basil Blackwell, 1990. 342 pp. $52.95 (doth), $19.95 (paper)
Codeswitching: Anthropological and Sociolinguistic Perspectives
Authors: Irvine Judith T.
Published: November 2004

Codeswitching: Anthropological and Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Monica Heller. ed. Contributions to the Sociology of Language, 48. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1988. 278 pp. DM 118 (cloth)
Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Bilingual Education
Authors: Florio‐Ruane Susan
Published: November 2004

Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Bilingual Education. Christina Bratt Paulston. Multilingual Matters, 84. Clevedon/Philadelphia/Adelaide: Multilingual Matters, Ltd., 1992. 174 pp. n.p. (paper)
Understanding Face‐to‐Face Interaction: Issues Linking Goals and Discourse
Authors: Larson Karen A.
Published: November 2004

Understanding Face‐to‐Face Interaction: Issues Linking Goals and Discourse. Karen Tracy. ed. Communication Textbook Series. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1991. 212 pp. $39.95 (cloth), $19.95 (paper)
Acts of Meaning
Authors: Mufwene Salikoko S.
Published: November 2004

Acts of Meaning. Jerome Bruner. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990. 181 pp. $19.95 (cloth)
Rules Versus Relationships: The Ethnography of Legal Discourse and Getting Justice and Getting Even: Legal Consciousness Among Working‐Class Americans
Authors: Arno Andrew
Published: November 2004

Rules Versus Relationships: The Ethnography of Legal Discourse. John M. Conley and William M. O'Barr. Language and Legal Discourse. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. 222 pp. $14.95 (paper)

Getting Justice and Getting Even: Legal Consciousness Among Working‐Class Americans. Sally Engle Merry. Language and Legal Discourse. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. 227 pp. $19.95 (paper)
The Bilingual Courtroom: Court Interpreters in the Judicial Process
Authors: Woolard Kathryn
Published: November 2004

The Bilingual Courtroom: Court Interpreters in the Judicial Process. Susan Berk‐Seligson. Language and Legal Discourse. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. 299 pp. $19.95 (paper)
North American Contributions to the History of Linguistics
Authors: Murray Stephen O.
Published: November 2004

North American Contributions to the History of Linguistics. Francis P. Dinneen. S. J. and E. F. Konrad Koerner. eds. Amsterdam Studies in the Theory and History of Linguistic Science. Series III: Studies in the History of the Language Sciences, Vol. 58. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1990. 238 pp. $53.00 (cloth)
First Person Singular II: Autobiographies by North American Scholars in the Language Sciences
Authors: Darnell Regna
Published: November 2004

First Person Singular II: Autobiographies by North American Scholars in the Language Sciences. Konrad Koerner. ed. Studies in the History of the Language Sciences, 61. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1991. 303 pp. $70.00 (cloth)
Linguistic Studies Presented to John L. Finlay
Authors: Crawford John
Published: November 2004

Linguistic Studies Presented to John L. Finlay. H. C. Wolfart. ed. Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics, Memoir 8. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba, 1991. 190 pp. $24.00 (paper)
Relevance Relations in Discourse: A Study with Special Reference to Sissala
Authors: Bennett‐Kastor Tina
Published: November 2004

Relevance Relations in Discourse:. Study with Special Reference to Sissala. Regina Blass. Cambridge Studies in Linguistics, 55. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. 284 pp. $49.50 (cloth)
Saying Isn't Believing: Conversation, Narrative and the Discourse of Belief in a French Newfoundland Community
Authors: Dominy Michèle D.
Published: November 2004

Saying Isn't Believing: Conversation, Narrative and the Discourse of Belief in. French Newfoundland Community. Gary R. Butler. Social and Economic Studies, 42. St. Johns, Newfoundland: The Institute of Social and Economic Research and The American Folklore Society, 1990. 199 pp. $24.95 CAN (paper)
Variation in German: A Critical Approach to German Sociolinguistics
Authors: Gal Susan
Published: November 2004

Variation in German:. Critical Approach to German Sociolinguistics. Stephen Barbour and Patrick Stevenson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. 308 pp. $17.95 (cloth)
Rhetorics and Politics in Afghan Traditional Storytelling
Authors: Shalinsky Audrey C.
Published: November 2004

Rhetorics and Politics in Afghan Traditional Storytelling. Margaret A. Mills. Persian Studies Series, 12. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991. 388 pp. $29.95 (cloth)
Language in its Cultural Embedding: Explorations in the Relativity of Signs and Sign Systems
Authors: Parmentier Richard J.
Published: November 2004

Language in its Cultural Embedding: Explorations in the Relativity of Signs and Sign Systems. Harald Haarmann. Studies in Anthropological Linguistics, 4. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1990. 276 pp. DM 148 (cloth)
The Languages of Japan
Authors: Pearson Bruce
Published: November 2004

The Languages of Japan. Masayoshi Shibatani. Cambridge Language Series. Cambridge University Press, 1990.411 pp. $59.50 (cloth), $22.95 (paper)
Ideophones in KiVunjo‐Chaga
Authors: Moshi Lioba
Published: November 2004

Analysis of ideophones from an extensive data set in KiVunjo‐Chaga, a Bantu language, indicates that they cannot be adequately defined solely by phonological, morphological, and syntactic characteristics. Ideophones can be viewed as a subcategory of adverbs, but they are sensitive to semantic and cultural functions.
Proto‐Algonquian Residence
Authors: Proulx Paul
Published: November 2004

To date, reconstructions of Proto‐Algonquian descent and residence (mostly bilateral‐bilocal,) have been based on methods that, though widely accepted, are theoretically flawed (e.g., homotypical reconstructions using fewest transitions). A more successful method relies on searching for subtle contrasts of meaning in pairs or larger sets of terms in the protolanguage, indicative of important covert social categories and, in turn, reflecting residence patterns.
Perspectives on Official English: The Campaign for English as the Official Language of the USA
Authors: Kachru Braj B.
Published: November 2004

Perspectives on Official English: The Campaign for English as the Official Language of the USA. Karen L. Adams and Daniel T. Brink. eds. Contributions to the Sociology of Language, 57. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1990. 365 pp. DM 148 (cloth)
Romancing the Real: Folklore and Ethnographic Representation in North Africa
Authors: Trix Frances
Published: November 2004

Romancing the Real: Folklore and Ethnographic Representation in North Africa. Sabra J. Webber. Publications of the American Folklore Society, New Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991. 293 pp.
Language and Society in Africa: The Theory and Practice of Sociolinguistics
Authors: Dwyer David
Published: November 2004

Language and Society in Africa: The Theory and Practice of Sodolinguistics. Robert K. Herbert. ed. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1992. 380 pp.
The Languages of Jerusalem
Authors: Gaffney Patrick
Published: November 2004

The Languages of Jerusalem. Bernard Spolsky and Robert L. Cooper. Oxford Studies in Language Contact. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991. 166 pp.
The Yimas Language of New Guinea
Authors: Williams Jeffrey P.
Published: November 2004

The Yimas Language of New Guinea. William A. Foley. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991. 490 pp.
Language Diversity and Thought: A Reformulation of the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis.; Grammatical Categories and Cognition: A Case Study of the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis
Authors: Garro Linda C.
Published: November 2004

Language Diversity and Thought:. Reformulation of the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis. John A. Lucy. Studies in the Social and Cultural Foundations of Language, 12. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992. 328 pp.

Grammatical Categories and Cognition:. Case Study of the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis. John A. Lucy. Studies in the Social and Cultural Foundations of Language, 13. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992. 211 pp.
The Contextualization of Language
Authors: Wills Dorothy D.
Published: November 2004

The Contextualization of Language. Peter Auer and Aldo di Luzio. eds. Pragmatics and Beyond. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1992. 402 pp.
Sodolinguistics: A Sociological Critique
Authors: Rhoades John D.
Published: November 2004

Sodolinguistics:. Sociological Critique. Glyn Williams. London and New York: Routledge, 1992. 278 pp.
Cry for Luck: Sacred Song and Speech among the Yurok, Hupa, and Karok Indians of Northwestern California
Authors: Bock Philip K.
Published: November 2004

Cry for Luck: Sacred Song and Speech among the Yurok, Hupa, and Karok Indians of Northwestern California. Richard Keeling. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992. 325 pp.
Is That a Rhetorical Question? Ambiguity and Power in Medical Discourse
Authors: Ainsworth‐Vaughn Nancy
Published: November 2004

Rhetorical questions in medical encounters functioned to mitigate doctors' use of structural power, such as their necessary abrogation of patients' right to control over the viewing and touching of their bodies. Patients, lacking structural power, used functionally ambiguous rhetorical questions to mitigate their true questions and other face‐threatening acts, such as sexual overtures or challenging the physician's competence.