bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Lambright Anne
Published: January 2019

The introduction analyzes the activities of the Truth and Reconciliation Committee (CVR), its public fact-gathering tribunals, 2003 final report, and sponsored photography exhibition (Yuyanapaq: Para recordar). Both the thorough final report and internationally acclaimed Yuyanapaq exhibit contain many images of indigenous and mestizo peasants and victims, but ambivalent references to ethnicity, indigeneity, the Quechua language, or Andean values and cultures. Furthermore, there was insufficient effort to involve Andean victims in the process of creating the CVR, determining its focus and procedures, processing the information gathered, or proposing future directions (none of the commissioners were indigenous, and only one spoke Quechua). In the end, the indigenous and mestizo victims are objects of examination rather than empowered actors in the reconciliation efforts. This introductory chapter suggests that creative cultural products may fill in the gaps created by official narratives, challenge the role of Andean cultures in dominant views of the nations, and suggest alternative directions for transitional justice efforts.
Transitional Justice and Reconciliation through Identification
Authors: Lambright Anne
Published: January 2019

This section examines Claudia Llosa’s 2009 film La teta asustada in contrast with Paloma de papel (2003, Fabrizio Aguilar). While the latter promotes traditional, paternalistic, and objectifying images of rural indigenous culture, Llosa’s film, which focuses on indigenous immigrants in Lima, assumes a horizontal position with respect to indigenous communities. With over 40% of its dialogue in Quechua, La teta asustada, both through its circumstances of production and its treatment of its subject matter, is unique in that re-locates national culture and redefines the national subject, suggesting that the future of Peru lies greatly in an urban indigenous culture sustained by an inevitable heterogeneity of knowledges and practices. Furthermore, the film demands a new ethical stance on the part of the larger audience, obliging the public to take a position less of a far-away empathizer and more of solidarity.
Collaborative Truth-Telling
Authors: Lambright Anne
Published: January 2019

This section critically examines the work of artist-anthropologist Edilberto Jiménez, his drawings and retablos that portray the horrors experienced in the Ayacucho district of Chungui. By centering analysis of the conflict in the Andes and within an Andean cultural framework, these works challenge the terms of the dominant transitional justice process and highlight the victim-survivors’ stakes in post-conflict labors. They rely on and transmit Andean forms of knowledge and knowledge-creation and contain symbols and references not readily understandable to the non-Andean public, while still attempting to communicate with that public. Challenging dominant concepts of citizenship and belonging, reconciliation and healing, center and periphery, Jiménez privileges an Andean world vision, while acknowledging and strategically deploying certain key Western concepts (democracy, justice, and human rights), with an Andean twist.
The origins of the Spencerian theory of evolution
Authors: Priego Natalia
Published: January 2019

Conscious of the need to explain clearly the fundamental ideas of Spencer, as a preliminary to establishing what ‘the scientists’ made of them, this chapter concentrates upon his theory of evolution. This serves in part to reveal the differences between his philosophy and that of Comte and other important thinkers in Britain and elsewhere of the nineteenth century. It also shows how Spencer gathered together the knowledge and the notion of the world as part of a universal system governed by immutable laws, which ever since the time of Isaac Newton, had been present in British culture, shaping the identity of Victorian Britain, which Spencer captured and unified in order to give it a universal meaning. The chapter concludes with an explanation of the reasons for the popularity of his elegant model for the universe, led by the immanent law of evolution, with tycoons in the United States such as Andrew Carnegie and Edward Livingstone Youmans, who provided him with financial support
A new Piaf
Authors: Looseley David
Published: January 2019

This chapter covers the late 1940s and 1950s, a period in which her international fame soared but her health began to decline. She sought to reinvent herself by assembling and directing a new creative team and by departing from the realist song, which she now saw as restrictive, though this latter attempt ultimately proved unsuccessful. She was by now in complete charge of her career and of the public image she aimed to project. She wrote many of her own songs but also intervened creatively in the realisation of those written by others, which, increasingly, were composed specifically for her invented persona. Significantly, her work during this period is often characterised by an awareness of la chanson française as an aesthetic and a value. In this respect, her songs became more self-referential.
High art, low culture
Authors: Looseley David
Published: January 2019

The chapter explores why, although she wrote many songs, she was never accepted as primarily an auteur-compositeur-interprète: the singer-songwriter figure who became so revered in France from the 1960s Her work during the late 1940s and 1950s moved steadily towards a version of auteurism and artistic authenticity. Yet she would never entirely shrug off the brash populism associated with music hall, which was turning into the mass commercial culture of the 1950s. Her position in this binary divide was altered by her success in New York in 1947-48. In America, the cultural baggage she had studiously assembled in France was recontextualised and reappropriated and she returned to France not so much Americanised as transfigured: an icon of a certain idea of Frenchness and international stardom.
Remembering Piaf
Authors: Looseley David
Published: January 2019

The chapter examines the ways in which Piaf has been remembered, commemorated and patrimonialised, from her death to the celebrations of her centenary in 2015. It notes the steady flow of films, songs, plays, documentaries and tribute acts that have been produced about her and at the growing tendency to mark significant anniversaries of her life and death. These phenomena have not been limited to France but have included the UK, the USA and Japan among others. The chapter identifies the ways in which her once transgressive persona has been normalised and legitimated by these processes of commemoration. It also compares the posthumous meanings Piaf has acquired in France, the UK and the US, concluding that the imagined Piaf of today is an intertext.
Science Fiction Rebels
Authors: Ashley Mike
Published: January 2019

This is the fourth volume in a five-volume series covering the history, development and influence of science fiction magazines within the genre as a whole. This volume covers the 1980s and looks at the contribution of a new generation of writers to the development of new sub-genres in science fiction such as cyberpunk, slipstream, nanotechnology and what was called the hard SF Renaissance. It shows how the small press and alternative magazines developed a science fiction underground that had a significant impact upon the genre, and the professional SF magazines, as well as such alternative forms of fiction as slipstream. The book highlights the growing international interest in science fiction with significant coverage of SF in countries including China, Japan, and those in Eastern Europe and South America, which are covered in an appendix.
The First Revolution: Cyberpunk Days
Authors: Ashley Mike
Published: January 2019

Charts the emergence of cyberpunk, especially through the pages of OMNI, and considers its leading authors, including William Gibson, Pat Cadigan, Bruce Sterling and John Shirley. It also considers the growth of ASIMOV’S SF MAGAZINE under the editorship of Shawna McCarthy who strove to publish more challenging and daring stories. Between these two magazines science fiction began to undergo a new revolution. Even ANALOG, the most conventional of the sf magazines, saw changes introducing more challenging high-tech stories exploring nanotechnology and the technological singularity.
The Second Interlude: Other Worlds
Authors: Ashley Mike
Published: January 2019

This chapter charts to growth of the sf magazine in other English speaking countries, chiefly Canada, Australia and Eire, but also South Africa and Singapore. This brought other national identities into science fiction, with a wide range of approaches from Canada’s remote individuality to Australia’s recognition of its aboriginal influences.
The foundation and expansion of the Anglo-Spanish Society (1916–1920)
Authors: Martínez del Campo Luis G.
Published: January 2019

I explore the origins of the BSS, which was founded by a group of businessmen and scholars who wanted to strengthen British ties with Spanish-speaking countries during the Great War. I analyse how the BSS pursued political objectives through development of cultural strategies (e.g. the advocacy of Spanish language education in the UK) in the wartime. I also describe how the BSS created local branches all over the UK.
Terraforming
Authors: Pak Chris
Published: January 2019

This book explores the emergence and development of terraforming in science fiction from H.G. Wells’s The War of the Worlds (1898) to James Cameron’s blockbuster Avatar (2009). Terraforming is the process of making other worlds habitable for human life. Its counterpart on Earth—geoengineering—has been positioned as a possible means of addressing the effects of climate change. This book asks how science fiction has imagined the ways we shape both our world and other planets and how stories of terraforming reflect on science, society and environmentalism. It traces the growth of the motif of terraforming in stories by such writers as H.G. Wells and Olaf Stapledon in the UK, American pulp science fiction by Ray Bradbury, Robert Heinlein and Arthur C. Clarke, the counter cultural novels of Frank Herbert, Ursula K. Le Guin and Ernest Callenbach, and Pamela Sargent’s Venus trilogy, Frederick Turner’s epic poem of terraforming, Genesis, and Kim Stanley Robinson’s acclaimed Mars trilogy. It explores terraforming as a nexus for environmental philosophy, the pastoral, ecology, the Gaia hypothesis, the politics of colonisation and habitation, tradition and memory. This book shows how contemporary environmental awareness and our understanding of climate change is influenced by science fiction, and how terraforming in particular has offered scientists, philosophers, and many other readers a motif to think in complex ways about the human impact on planetary environments. Amidst contemporary anxieties about climate change, terraforming offers an important vantage from which to consider the ways humankind shapes and is shaped by their world.
Edging Towards an Eco-cosmopolitan Vision
Authors: Pak Chris
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers works influenced by the convergence of terraforming and the Gaia Hypothesis in the 1970s. It is during the period of the 1980s-1990s that narratives dealing with terraforming begin to consolidate their tropes and reflect consciously and complexly on the tradition of terraforming created by earlier texts. This period also sees the first overtly environmental philosophical concepts feeding into the terraforming tradition. Part of this transformation is a response to what Ursula K. Heise in Sense of Place, Sense of Planet: The Environmental Imagination of the Global describes as the urgency of developing an eco-cosmopolitanism that embraces both humankind and nature. Heise’s discussion of deterritorialisation is brought to bear to account for the estrangement and homesickness felt by colonisers who are faced with the struggle to make a new home of an alien planet.
Developing Burroughs Wellcome Alum-Toxoid
Authors: Dwyer Michael
Published: January 2019

Chapter four suggests that although the practical application of anti-diphtheria immunization in Cork achieved good results, its success was qualified somewhat by the limitations of Burroughs Wellcome’s anti-diphtheria serum TAM. To reduce the occurrence of post-treatment diphtheria cases – occurrences which undermined public confidence in active immunization – field epidemiologist Jack Saunders introduced an experimental ‘one-shot’ Burroughs Wellcome anti-diphtheria antigen in Cork. This chapter explores the development of Burroughs Wellcome’s Alum-Toxoid anti-diphtheria antigen and the relationships that developed between the British pharmaceutical company and Irish medical officers: the former eager to field trial experimental anti-diphtheria serums unrestrained by restrictive British legislation and the latter eager to embrace any solution, however radical, to leverage a modicum of control over diphtheria and its often-fatal consequences, even if this meant side-lining the rights of vulnerable children residing in state-run institutions.
The Ring College Immunization Disaster
Authors: Dwyer Michael
Published: January 2019

Chapter five examines the Ring College immunization disaster, in which 24 children reportedly contracted tuberculosis and one 12-year-old girl died following routine anti-diphtheria immunization. The existing historiography relating to the Ring incident has, without exception, insisted that Burroughs Wellcome Ltd mistakenly supplied a bottle of live tuberculosis in lieu of a bottle of the anti-diphtheria serum toxoid-antitoxin floccules (TAF), even though this charge was not substantiated by a High Court ruling in 1939.This chapter provides new evidence suggesting that liability for the tragedy lay not with Burroughs Wellcome Ltd, but with the local attending doctor and his advisors, who mounted a conspiracy to cover up initial negligence in administering the immunization scheme and subsequent perfunctory medical treatment of the affected children.
Beirut Calling
Authors: Solheim Jennifer
Published: January 2019

In the conclusion to Performance of Listening, I begin with an analysis of Lebanese avant-jazz trumpeter and visual artist Mazen Kerbaj’s recording “Starry Night”, an unedited excerpt of Kerbaj improvising on trumpet to the sight and sound of Israeli fighter jets dropping bombs on Beirut during the 2006 Israeli War. improvisation with the bombs. Digital media has upped the ante for sound in culture and, by extension, the possibilities for the performance of listening. Digital works offers more flexibility in artistic media, and higher speed and lower cost of production and distribution. The latter issues are of particular interest in considering how blogs issue a call to listen. Kerbaj’s 2006 performance and posts presaged the use of social media in the Arab Spring and the role of drones, digital media, and correspondence in the Syrian Civil War, Daesh (the Islamic State), and terrorist attacks. Digital discourse has changed much about our cultures and societies, and the call to listen in postcolonial Francophone culture is no exception: it was digital discourse that led to Kerbaj not only becoming known in French culture, but also becoming an artist who expresses himself in French, by choice—as a non-native speaker.
Feminism and Women’s Identity
Authors: Hiddleston Jane
Published: January 2019

‘Feminism and Women’s Identity’ discusses Djebar’s representation of womanhood and femininity in her work. It attempts to locate her position on feminism by comparing the writer’s disassociation from women’s writing movements with the re-telling of the history of women in Algeria. The chapter also notes Djebar’s transcendence of conventional gender distinctions and labels, as well as her depiction of the political position of women in Algeria.
Memory Materialized: Traces of the Past
Authors: McCusker Maeve
Published: January 2019

In contrast with the emphasis on orality in the previous chapter, ‘Memory Materialized: Traces of the Past’ looks in some detail at the growing significance of physical relics of the past – in particular the house, and the stones and bones which become increasingly prominent in Chamoiseau’s later work – as evidence of a yearning for a more material and ontologically grounded connection to the past.
Introduction
Authors: Stafford Pauline
Published: January 2019

In this introductory chapter, Pauline Stafford attempts to establish the definition of Medievalism in terms of art, culture, history, and general worldview. She foregrounds the origins of Medievalism, and outlines its dependence on the periodization which distinguishes the middle ages, while drawing attention to Medievalism’s history in Merseyside specifically. By explaining how the following essays attempt to piece together theoretical standpoints on Medievalism, Stafford asks what can we ever really know about the middle ages?
The Use and Abuse of the Early Middle Ages, 1750–2000
Authors: Wood Ian
Published: January 2019

‘The Use and Abuse of the Early Middle Ages, 1750–2000’, written by Ian Wood, provides an unbalanced account of the basic development of interpretations of the early middle ages, and the contexts in which those interpretations evolved. Wood dedicates the majority of his essay to a small number of readings of the Frankish past, which he argues have been forgotten.
Whatever Happened to Your Heroes? Guy and Bevis after the Middle Ages
Authors: Matthews David
Published: January 2019

‘Whatever Happened to Your Heroes? Guy and Bevis after the Middle Ages’, written by David Matthews, is explicitly concerned with the ‘re-organization of knowledge’, seen as at work already in the later eighteenth century. In the context of this re-organization, this essay examines the post-medieval presentation of these English heroes up until the later eighteenth century, considering the implications of their disappearance.
Introduction: Migration, Discrimination and Belonging in Europe
Authors: Delanty Gerard , Jones Paul , Wodak Ruth
Published: January 2019

This introductory chapter foregrounds the topics of discussion to follow, including studies on societal discourse and racism, the institutional logic of racial discrimination, liberal traditions and the legacy of the liberal idea of ‘tolerance’, the ways in which fear can be constructed, and varying perspectives on racism.
Racism, Anti-Racism and the Western State
Authors: Lentin Alana
Published: January 2019

This chapter, written by Alana Lentin, is the first discussion in the second section of the text, titled ‘Institutional Forms of Discrimination’. It assesses the implications of the adoption of various anti-racist stances by European states in the post World War II context; drawing out a range of issues associated with the paradox of anti-racist states that are maintained and legitimated by nationalist discourse.
Symbolic Violence
Authors: Flam Helena , Beauzamy Brigitte
Published: January 2019

Helena Flam and Brigitte Beauzamy’s ‘Symbolic Violence’ is the first chapter within the third and final section of the book, titled ‘Cases of Belonging and Exclusion’. It assesses the relevance of the concept of symbolic violence, now perhaps primarily associated with Pierre Bourdieu, for understanding the ‘everyday’ forms of discrimination faced by migrants in Europe.
Voices of Migrants: Solidarity and Resistance
Authors: Sawyer Lena , Jones Paul
Published: January 2019

Chapter twelve, written by Lena Sawyer with Paul R. Jones, looks at the various forms of resistance mobilized by migrants experiencing prejudice, discrimination and racism. The chapter places particular focus on the multiple and complex relationships between illegitimate power and resistance.
Conclusion: Discrimination as a Modern European Legacy
Authors: Kamali Masoud
Published: January 2019

The conclusion of Identity, Belonging and Migration, written by Masoud Kamali, situates discussions of discrimination, belonging and migration in the context of the structural discrimination that the author suggests is inherent in ostensibly ‘post-colonial’ European nation-states.
Competition and Collusion: The Growing Pains of Passenger Shipping Conferences
Authors: Feys Torsten
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the relationship between the transatlantic migration movement and passenger shipping conferences. By analysing records from the New York Continental Conference, which regulated prepaid and return business, it reconstructs the price brackets for major shipping firms in the final quarter of the nineteenth century. It also reveals how conferences attempted to neutralise internal and external competition. Analysis of the head agent’s correspondence offers a view of the organisation of passenger business that proves particularly insightful due to a scarcity of other contemporary sources.
A Scottish Sack Ship in the Newfoundland Trade, 1726-1727
Authors: Janzen Olaf U.
Published: January 2019

This chapter is a case study of the vessel Christian, a sack ship that carried fish to Spain in 1727, and a rare Scottish presence in eighteenth century Newfoundland,. It seeks to determine what motivated the crew to venture into an unfamiliar trade, whilst revealing the complexity and difficulties of sack shipping by studying the unusually large quantity of business documentation relating to this particular vessel. It charts the voyage with thoroughness and comes to the conclusion that after the 1707 union between Scotland and England, Scottish merchants sought to take advantage of the economic opportunities available through the English colonial trade. It also confirms that though the Christian didn’t make a profitable voyage, it was a successful commercial experiment in that it demonstrated Scotland’s potential.
The Royal Navy and the Defence of Newfoundland during the American Revolution
Authors: Janzen Olaf U.
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides an analysis of the American attack on the Newfoundland fishery, undertaken in effort to position America as a threat to Britain despite the overwhelming British dominance of the Atlantic. By striking a core British asset in the Atlantic, America was demonstrating its political power and desire for independence. First, the value of fishery to Britain is explored, followed by the weaknesses of the station due to its size and small military presence, followed by the actions of officials and privateers alike during the attack. The defence of St John’s, the involvement of the French, and the impact on fishing merchants during the American Revolution also come under consideration. It concludes that in response to the vulnerability of British Newfoundland as proven by the American attack, British policy began to evolve the fishery into a full colony.
Allelopathic effect of Coriandrum sativum on germination of lentil (Lens culinaris Med.) seeds and growth of seedlings in early development stages
Authors: Malinauskaitė Regina , Vaicekauskaitė Kristina , Čepulienė Rita
Published: January 2019

The experiment was conducted at the Plant Physiology Laboratory of the Institute of Biology and Plant Biotechnology, Aleksandras Stulginskis University in 2017. The aim of the research was to determine the allelopathic effect of aqueous extracts from coriander roots and stems on the germination of lentil ‘Smėlinukai’ variety seeds and the growth of seedlings in early development stages. The treatments of investigations were as follows: 1) aqueous extracts of Coriandrum sativum roots, concentration 1:12 (C. sativum biomass : distilled water); 2) aqueous extracts of roots, concentration 1:30; 3) aqueous extracts of C. sativum stems, concentration 1:12; 4) aqueous extracts of stems, concen 191 tration 1:30. The control was distilled water. The experiment was repeated three times. In total, 25 lentil seeds were used for every replicate.
Coriander root aqueous extracts of 1:12 and 1:30 concentrations did not have any significant effect on the germination energy and germination of lentil seeds. The coriander stem aqueous extracts of 1:12 and 1:30 concentrations significantly inhibited the lentil germination. Compared with distilled water, it was, respectively, 1.25 and 1.17 times lower. The 1:12 concentration coriander root aqueous extract substantially inhibited the growth of lentil sprouts. Sprouts were 47.7%, or 1.91 times, shorter than with distilled water. The lentil root length was significantly reduced in the 1:12 concentration aqueous extracts of corianden roots and stems, 83.3 (roots) and 73.1% (stems), respectively. As a result of the effect of the 1:12 concentration coriander root and stem aqueous extracts, the ratio of roots/sprouts length was less than 1. It was 0.7 and 0.85, respectively.
Abstracts presented at International Congress CIDESD 2019
Authors: 2019 CIDESD
Published: January 2019

The International Congress of CIDESD 2019 aims to provide a valuable opportunity for delegates to share, learn from and contribute to the most recent advances in Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences in a refreshing professional and social scenery. 

We have put together a programme that includes plenary sessions delivered by leading experts in the field, free communication sessions organised across our key research areas, industry exhibition, research projects showcase, and plenty of networking opportunities! Additionally, we will offer a set of thoughtfully designed pre-congress workshops.
La portée et les limites des approches participatives pour la gestion intégrée des inondations
Authors: Massé Simon , Buffin-Bélanger Thomas , Biron Pascale , Ruiz Julie
Published: January 2019

La gestion intégrée des risques d’inondation (GIRI) fait appel à la coordination de tous les niveaux et secteurs du gouvernement et de la société civile. Afin de favoriser la responsabilisation et l’appropriation des plans de GIRI par les communautés, l’implication des acteurs non gouvernementaux et des citoyens est de plus en plus valorisée. D’abord, l’émergence des approches participatives est exacerbée par l’optimisme face à la possibilité d’améliorer substantiellement la qualité et la portée des décisions, de gérer les conflits, de faciliter l'implantation des mesures non structurelles et de renforcer les capacités sociales au sein des communautés. Toutefois, certains avancent que l'intégration des non-experts dans le processus décisionnel brime l'impartialité de la procédure technocratique et que leur manque d’intérêt et de compétences limite la portée des démarches participatives. Des lacunes dans la représentativité des parties prenantes affectées et concernées au sein des instances peuvent aussi biaiser les aboutissants de la participation. De plus, la réticence des autorités à partager le pouvoir décisionnel limite l’institutionnalisation des approches participatives, tandis que la rigidité de l’appareil gouvernemental freine les élans participatifs des collectivités. Considérant l’intérêt grandissant des chercheurs, des décideurs et de la société civile envers les approches participatives dans le contexte de la gestion des inondations, cet article propose une synthèse de la littérature pour démêler les principales retombées et les limites de la participation.
УТИЦАЈ КЛИМАТСКИХ ПРОМЈЕНА НА ПРОИЗВОДЊУ КУКУРУЗА У СЛОВАЧКОЈ И ЊЕНA ПРОЈЕКЦИЈА ДО 2100. ГОДИНЕ
Authors: Жилински Матеј , Гњато Слободан , Шишка Бернард
Published: January 2019

У раду се тематизује моделовање приноса култура и временских услова под утицајем климатскихпромјена. Aнализира се однос између агроекосистема и климе са фокусом на производњу зрна кукуруза (Zeamays L.). Помоћу модела Daisy симулирани су ефекти климатских промјена, према IPCC SRES A1B сценарију, напотенцијал приноса кукуруза у најпродуктивнијим пољопривредним регионима Словачке − Нитри и Милхостову.Пројекције приноса базиране су на GCM ARPEGE подацима добијеним за периоде 2021−20150. и 2071−2100.године. Резултати симулација потом су упоређени са производњом по хектару у периоду 1961−1990. године.
Comment on 'Palovarotene reduces heterotopic ossification in juvenile FOP mice but exhibits pronounced skeletal toxicity'
Authors: Pacifici Maurizio , Shore Eileen M
Published: January 2019

We are writing to communicate our concerns regarding the recently published study by Lees-Shepard et al. (2018).
Urban plums and toads: do fleshy fruits affect the post-metamorphic growth of amphibians?
Authors: Kaczmarski Mikołaj , Tryjanowski Piotr , Kubicka Anna Maria
Published: January 2019

Background

The main aim of the study was to analyse the influence of fleshy fruits (plums) on the post-metamorphic growth and feeding behaviour of the green toad Bufotes viridis. We tested the following two hypotheses: (1) juveniles of the green toad are characterised by faster growth in conditions involving fallen plums Prunus cerasifera due to the associated presence of more varied food such as invertebrates; (2) green toads exhibit more active feeding behaviour in the presence of fleshy fruits.

Methods

A total of 120 fresh metamorphs of the green toad were randomly assigned to one of four groups: two experimental groups with fleshy plums and two other groups as controls (without fruits). Each group was kept in an enclosure to which wild invertebrates had free access. Each individual toad was measured for snout-vent length (mm) and body mass (g) every other day for 30 days. In order to determine whether fallen plums influence the feeding behaviour of toads, the number of active and hidden (under an artificial shelter) individuals was also noted.

Results

The results showed that green toads from both enclosures with plums were characterised by more rapid growth than individuals from the control treatments. Simultaneously, in the enclosure with fleshy fruits, greater species richness of wild invertebrates was observed. No differences in active feeding behaviour were noted between control groups and groups with plums.

Discussion

Fleshy fruits, upon falling, attract many types of invertebrates; thus they may represent good dietary supplements for fresh amphibian metamorphs. Therefore, the presence of fruit trees close to a breeding site might influences the post-metamorphic growth of amphibians, but not their feeding behaviour. The presence of insects associated with fallen fruit seems to favour the occurrence of amphibian populations, which is particularly important, since, due to political and social pressure, numbers of fruit trees are currently being reduced. To our knowledge, no previous study has investigated the potential influence of the presence of fruit trees on the growth and behaviour of anurans.
5‐Fluoruracil – Bestimmung von α‐Fluor‐β‐alanin in Urin mittels GC‐MS/MS [Biomonitoring Methods in German language, 2019]
Authors: Schierl R. , Fischer E. , Scherer G. , Hagedorn H.‐W. , Göen Th. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2019

The working group “Analyses in Biological Materials” of the Permanent Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area verified the presented biomonitoring method.

The method described hereinafter permits the determination of α‐fluoro‐β‐alanine (FBAL), the main metabolite of 5‐fluorouracil, at low concentration levels and can be used for the biomonitoring of exposed individuals (manufacture, pharmacy, medicine).

To this end, urine samples are spiked with13C‐FBAL as internal standard (IS) and acidified with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. The samples are then extracted and purified using a strong cation exchanger. After resuspension and derivatisation, FBAL is analysed using GC‐MS/MS in the MRM (Multiple Reaction Monitoring) mode and quantified with reference to the internal standard. Calibration standards are prepared in pooled urine and processed in the same way as the samples to be analysed.
5‐Fluorouracil – Determination of α‐fluoro‐β‐alanine in urine by GC‐MS/MS [Biomonitoring Methods, 2019]
Authors: Schierl R. , Fischer E. , Scherer G. , Hagedorn H.‐W. , Göen Th. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2019

The working group “Analyses in Biological Materials” of the Permanent Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area verified the presented biomonitoring method.

The method described hereinafter permits the determination of α‐fluoro‐β‐alanine (FBAL), the main metabolite of 5‐fluorouracil, at low concentration levels and can be used for the biomonitoring of exposed individuals (manufacture, pharmacy, medicine).

To this end, urine samples are spiked with13C‐FBAL as internal standard (IS) and acidified with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. The samples are then extracted and purified using a strong cation exchanger. After resuspension and derivatisation, FBAL is analysed using GC‐MS/MS in the MRM (Multiple Reaction Monitoring) mode and quantified with reference to the internal standard. Calibration standards are prepared in pooled urine and processed in the same way as the samples to be analysed.
Aniline [MAK Value Documentation, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) for aniline [62‐53‐3]. Available publications and unpublished study reports are described in detail.

Healthy male and female volunteers showed increased methaemoglobin values in a 6‐hour‐inhalation‐study with exposure to 2 ml aniline/m3. The median methaemoglobin augmentation was 0.5% from the base level of 0.7% to 1.2% methaemoglobin. Even taking into account the highest observed increase of methaemoglobin, 8 hour‐exposure time and the increased respiratory volume at the workplace, a methaemoglobin value of more than 5% would not be expected. Based on this, the MAK value for aniline of 2 ml/m3(7.7 mg/m3) is confirmed. Aniline is still assigned to Peak Limitation Category II, because systemic effects are critical and the excursion factor of 2 is confirmed. Skin contact is expected to contribute significantly to the systemic toxicity. Therefore, the designation with an “H” is confirmed. Aniline continues to be designated with “Sh” and assigned to Carcinogenicity Category 4.
2,3,3,3‐Tetrafluorpropen [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2019]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) of 2,3,3,3‐tetrafluoropropene [
754‐12‐1
]. As the blood:air partition coefficient of 2,3,3,3‐tetrafluoropropene is < 5, the increased respiratory volume at the workplace (see List of MAK and BAT Values, Sections I b and I c) does not have to be taken into account for the derivation of the MAK value. Moreover, the extrapolation of 6‐hour exposure in the animal experiment to 8‐hour exposure at the workplace does not need to be applied because the effect is much more dependent on the concentration than on time. The MAK value for 2,3,3,3‐tetrafluoropropene of 200 ml/m
3
can therefore be retained.
Turpentine Oil [MAK Value Documentation, 2017]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated turpentine oil, considering all toxicity endpoints.

Turpentine oil [
8006‐64‐2
] is a mixture of different terpenes, terpenoids and terpene hydrocarbons, mostly mono and bicyclic monoterpenes like pinene, camphene, dihydropinene, carene or dipentene (limonene) with the main component being alpha‐pinene with 60 to 86%. In 14‐week studies with alpha‐pinene in rats and mice, the critical effect was hyperplasia of the epithelium of the urinary bladder in mice at 100 ml/m
3
with a no observed adverse effect concentration (NOAEC) of 50 ml/m
3
. No irritation was observed up to the highest concentration of 400 ml/m
3
in rats and mice. Taking into account that the systemic NOAEC might be lower after chronic exposure and with the increased breathing volume of workers, a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) of 5 ml/m
3
was derived for turpentine oil. This concentration is far below 80 ml/m
3
, at which changes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were observed in volunteers after short‐term exposure to a mixture of alpha and beta‐pinene and delta‐carene and which is below the NOAEC for alpha‐pinene of 40 ml/m
3
for sensory irritation in humans.

The MAK value was derived from a systemic effect; therefore, turpentine oil is classified in Peak Limitation Category II with an excursion factor of 2.

Turpentine oil and its major constituents do not have genotoxic potential. There are no carcinogenicity studies available with turpentine oil or its major components. Results of a dermal initiation‐promotion study with turpentine oil alone were negative; promoting activity was seen only after application of an initiator. Turpentine oil is no longer classified as carcinogenic to humans, based on the Commission's evaluation of this type of study.

A significant contribution to systemic toxicity was demonstrated in a model calculation of dermal absorption and turpentine oil is designated with an “H”. Due to the data described in the evaluation of 1996, turpentine oil continues to be designated with an “Sh”.

Valid developmental toxicity studies are lacking; therefore, turpentine oil is assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group D.
Mineral oils (petroleum), severely refined [MAK Value Documentation, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated 4 severely refined mineral oils [92062‐35‐6,72623‐83‐7,92045‐45‐9,92045‐44‐8] considering all toxicological endpoints.

These mineral oils are severely refined to eliminate olefins and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The critical effect is lung toxicity which is observed as microgranulomas in two long‐term studies with rats and dogs at a respirable aerosol concentration of 100 mg/m3with a NOAEC of 5 mg/m3. A MAK value of 5 mg/m3has been set as the respirable fraction (R). Severely refined mineral oils have been assigned to Peak Limitation Category II, because the lung effects are due to a cumulative overload and an excursion factor of 4 has been set. Severely refined mineral oils are not genotoxic and not carcinogenic after oral, dermal or subcutaneous application to rats and mice.

Developmental toxicity studies with a white mineral oil show a NOAEC of 1000 mg/m3and a NOAEL of 5000 mg/kg body weight in rats. After toxicokinetic scaling, the differences of the resulting respective concentrations at the workplace to the MAK value are sufficient. Therefore, damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is observed and severely refined mineral oils are assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group C.

Skin absorption is very limited and does not contribute to systemic toxicity. Severely refined mineral oils are not regarded as skin or respiratory sensitizers.
Influence of 1%Nb Solute Addition on the Thermal Stability of In Situ Consolidated Nanocrystalline Cu
Authors: Abaza Mohamed A. , Al‐Sulaiti Leena , Scattergood Ronald O. , Youssef Khaled M.
Published: January 2019

Nanocrystalline (nc) Cu and Cu–1% Nb bulk materials are synthesized using a combination of cryogenic and room temperature ball milling. The grain size values of these in situ consolidated Cu and Cu–1% Nb, determined using transmission electron microscopy, are found to be 22 nm and 18 nm, respectively. In this investigation, isochronal heat treatments are performed for 1 h to establish grain size and microstructural changes as a function of temperature. The annealing of nc Cu–1% Nb at a temperature of 1073 K reveals a slight increase in the average grain size from 18 to 45 nm. The grain size of nc Cu, however, increases from 22 nm to about 3 μm after annealing at the same conditions. The present results indicate that solute entrapment plays a major role in thermal stability of the high purity contaminant‐free Cu with the addition of only 1 at% Nb after annealing for 1 h up to a homologous temperature of 0.8. Kinetic stabilization via clustering of Nb atoms on the grain boundaries and the triple junctions is also observed after annealing at high temperature for longer times.
Gradient Energy Band Driven High‐Performance Self‐Powered Perovskite/CdS Photodetector
Authors: Cao Fengren , Meng Linxing , Wang Meng , Tian Wei , Li Liang
Published: January 2019

Self‐powered photodetectors are highly desired to meet the great demand in applications of sensing, communication, and imaging. Manipulating the carrier separation and recombination is critical to achieve high performance. In this paper, a self‐powered photodetector based on the integrated gradient O‐doped CdS nanorod array and perovskite is presented. Through optimizing the degree of continuous built‐in band bending in the gradient‐O CdS, the photodetector demonstrates a remarkable detectivity of 2.1 × 1013 Jones. Under the self‐powered voltage mode, the responsivity can be as high as 0.48 A W−1, and the rise and decay time are 0.54/2.21 ms. The comprehensive performance is comparable and even better than reported perovskite and other types of self‐powered photodetectors. The improved mechanism reveals that the gradient band bending promotes the photogenerated carrier transfer and hinders the recombination at the interface.
Energetics and Escape of Interchain‐Delocalized Ion Pairs in Nonpolar Media
Authors: Burke John H. , Bird Matthew J.
Published: January 2019

The electron acceptor F4TCNQ p‐dopes aggregates “nanowires” of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) in nonpolar solvents but does not dope unaggregated chains. The standard free energy change for the charge transfer to form an ion pair is ΔG°et = ‐0.21 eV. The dissociation constant to produce free ions in toluene by DC conductivity is K°d = 1 × 10‐8 ± 50% (ΔG°d = 0.48 ± 0.05 eV). This remarkably large K°d, for ions in such a low polarity medium, may reflect interchain delocalization of the hole. The particular characteristics of this material system enables determination of both ΔG°et and ΔG°d, to find the overall free energy change from the two neutral species to completely separated ions in nonpolar media. It is endergonic by +0.27 ± 0.05 eV in contrast to ‐0.6 eV estimated from reported HOMO LUMO differences, illustrating the challenges that persist in determining such energetics. Steady state microwave conductivity experiments on doped aggregates confirm that holes in the aggregates cannot easily escape their dopant counterion, but at higher dopant concentrations, holes become mobile. These results provide insight into the mechanisms of charge separation involving intermolecularly delocalized charges in nonpolar media, an integral process in organic photovoltaic devices and doped molecular films.
Thermal Conductivity Enhancement of Soft Polymer Composites through Magnetically Induced Percolation and Particle–Particle Contact Engineering
Authors: Ralphs Matthew , Kong Wilson , Wang Robert Y. , Rykaczewski Konrad
Published: January 2019

Despite major advancements in the performance of thermal interface materials (TIMs), contact resistance between components persists as a major thermal bottleneck in electronics packaging. In this work, the thermal performance of composite TIMs is enhanced through a synergistic coupling of magnetic alignment and engineered particle coatings that reduce the thermal resistance between particles. By itself, magnetically induced percolation of nickel particles within a cross‐linked silicone matrix doubles the thermal conductivity of the composite. This process significantly increases contact between particles, making the interfacial particle–particle resistance a major contributor to the composites thermal performance. The resistance at these interfaces can be reduced by introducing soft metal (silver) or liquid metal coatings onto the nickel particles. Compressing powder beds of these hybrid particles reveals that, dependent on coating thickness, the contact engineering approach provides multifold increases in thermal conductivity at mild pressures. When dispersed in a polymer matrix and magnetically aligned, the coated particles provide a threefold increase in composite thermal conductivity, as compared to unaligned samples (up to nearly 6 W m−1 K−1 with volumetric fill fraction of 0.5). For equivalent coating thicknesses, silver coatings achieve better performance than liquid metal coatings.
Superhydrophobic 3D Porous PTFE/TiO2 Hybrid Structures
Authors: Aktas Oral Cenk , Schröder Stefan , Veziroglu Salih , Ghori Muhammed Zubair , Haidar Ayman , Polonskyi Oleksandr , Strunskus Thomas , Gleason Karen , Faupel Franz
Published: January 2019

Combining hard‐templating and infiltration processes, micro‐ and nanoscale topography induced by 2D assembling of TiO2 nanoparticles is extended to 3D TiO2. By applying an ultrathin and highly conformal polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) layer on prepared 3D TiO2 via initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD), a robust superhydrophobic bulk material (3D PTFE/TiO2) is achieved. A comparative study is conducted to reveal the stability of Cassie state for 3D PTFE/TiO2 against the external pressure by squeezing a water droplet between 2D and 3D PTFE/TiO2 structures. The use of such a stable 3D superhydrophobic PTFE/TiO2 structure for the controlled release medium is shown by a case study.
Investigation of the changes in physical properties of PES/PVC fabrics after aging
Authors: Sacevičienė Virginija , Jucienė Milda , Dobilaitė Vaida , Krylova Valentina , Žalenkienė Skirma , Dukštienė Nijolė , Bliūdžius Raimondas
Published: January 2019

The aim of this work was to investigate the physical and mechanical performance of architectural polyester (PES)–poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membranes exposed to different artificial aging conditions. Two commercially available architectural membranes were chosen as research objects. The durability of the PES/PVC fabrics was evaluated by the loss in mechanical performance, scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction analysis in order to understand the effect of the degradation agents on the surface of the membranes. The mechanical performance of the PES/PVC membranes was unchanged. Scanning electron microscopy images of the tested materials showed initial cracks after aging. The X‐ray fluorescence analysis showed that at the time of aging, the amount of Cl and Si decreased slightly, while Ti decreased by half, and Ca by volume increased twice. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47523.
Recycled polycarbonate/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene reinforced and toughened through chemical compatibilization
Authors: Wang Yafei , Li Yingchun , Wang Wensheng , Lv Lida , Li Chenhong , Zhang Jianbin
Published: January 2019

To improve the utilization efficiency of recycled polycarbonate/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (R‐PC/ABS), we studied the mechanical, morphological, and rheological properties of R‐PC/ABS with styrene–butadiene–glycidyl methacrylate (SBG), which was used to reinforce and toughen the R‐PC/ABS through chemical compatibilization. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrated that carboxyl and hydroxyl groups in R‐PC/ABS reacted with epoxy groups in SBG to produce ester and ether groups. The results of scanning electron microscopy show that the domain sizes of the ABS particles decreased when the SBG content was 6 wt %; this demonstrated that the compatibility of the polycarbonate (PC) and ABS was improved after the addition of SBG. The results of the loss modulus of dynamic mechanical analysis were consistent with the morphological results, which reflected a better compatibility of PC and ABS in the modified samples. The introduction of SBG increased the molecular weight and entanglements; this improved the viscosity and storage modulus in the modified samples, as demonstrated by the rheological results. Furthermore, the mechanical properties were obviously enhanced, especially the impact strength, when the SBG content was 6 wt %; this was ascribed to the chemical reactions and improved compatibility after melt extrusion with SBG. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47537.