bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Myth and What it Achieves
Authors: Betegh Gábor
Published: July 2021

Chapter 4 discusses Statesman 268d5-277c6: why the myth does not fully deliver what it was expected to deliver, and what it achieves instead; in addition, focusing on the notion of kinship (sungeneia), the chapter also suggests how the myth could contribute to the statesman’s efforts to create the fabric of society. The first part of the chapter considers why the Eleatic Visitor in the Statesman switches from dialectic to telling a myth, what he expects from the myth, and why he feels that the myth only partially delivered what he expected. Even the negative results lead to important lessons: a myth cannot be directly subservient to dialectic, and telling good myths requires a distinct skill set. The second part of the chapter shows how the cosmological myth prepares the ground for the central positive outcome of the dialogue. In painting a vivid image of the human condition in the present cosmic age, the myth shows the natural kinship linking all humans, and emphasizes the importance of family ties and of cooperation. It could therefore be used for educational purposes by the true statesman who is tasked with creating the fabric of society by forging and fostering the bonds between citizens.
Plato on Normative Measurement
Authors: Barney Rachel
Published: July 2021

Chapter 6 addresses how the passage Statesman 283b1-287b3 centres on the Eleatic Visitor’s argument for the existence of normative measure: a kind of measure which is ‘due’ or ‘right’, and not reducible to the merely comparative kind. Normative measure is what the arts [technai] strive to instantiate, so that the existence of the arts is impossible without it. In the form of the kairos, the ‘right moment’, it is crucial to the art of the statesman in particular. The passage thus belongs to a constellation of Platonic texts in which the ideas of measure and craft are closely connected with each other, and central to his thinking about objectivity, rationality, and right action; these are also part of his engagement with sophistic thought, and Protagoras in particular.
Civic Function and the Taxonomy of Skills
Authors: Carpenter Amber D.
Published: July 2021

Chapter 7 focusses on Statesman 287b4-290e9 and treats the Eleatic Visitor’s claims that dichotomous division is not always necessary or possible (287b10-c5), and that applying the paradigm of weaving to the city will reveal the nature of statecraft (287a7-b2). This chapter attempts to make good these claims by showing that the Visitor’s way of proceeding is substantially informative in a way that dichotomous division would not be. Following the weaving paradigm’s non-dichotomous division enables the Visitor to lay bare the functional parts of the city, and to show that what is necessary for political life ought to be organized for the sake of political life – and, conversely, that it is the business of statecraft so to organize the necessary conditions for its own existence. Finally, the hierarchy of causes of the city lays the groundwork for determining which polis-constituting activities can lay best claim to care for the city in the way distinctive of statecraft.
Statecraft as a Ruling, Caring, and Weavingdunamis
Authors: Lane Melissa
Published: July 2021

Chapter 10 focusses on Statesman 303d4-305e7 and considers the Visitor’s seemingly three definitions of statecraft in the dialogue: 305c10-d5, 305e2-6, and 311b7-c7. By focusing on the role of the dunamis of given forms of expertise, and the metaphorical method of smelting metals at work in this section of the dialogue, it argues that a definition of statecraft (hē politikē) as ruling, caring, and weaving is reached in 305e2-6 and then fleshed out in 311b7-c7 by the explication of the ergon (task) which it is the role of that dunamis to accomplish. This is broadly consonant with a passage in Republic 5 identifying any given dunamis in terms of that over which it is set and what it accomplishes (apergazetai), a schema filled out in the Statesman by explicit reference to the ergon of a dunamis (305c4-5). Political expertise is not a passive body of knowledge but rather actively and precisely organized toward the realization of its distinctive task.
The Spirit of Democracy
Authors: Näsström Sofia
Published: July 2021

How does one revitalize democracy in times of crisis? Democracy is today challenged by populism and elitism, as well as by the resurgence of new forms of authoritarianism. The Spirit of Democracy: Corruption, Disintegration, Renewal shows that while we have good reasons to worry about the corruption of democratic practices and ideals, these worries are often attributable to questionable assumptions about what democracy is. Drawing on Montesquieu’s classical work on the spirit of laws, the book sets out to reconceive the ways in which we understand and conceptualize modern democracy: from sovereignty to spirit. According to Montesquieu, different political forms are animated and sustained by different spirits: a republic by virtue, a monarchy by honor, and a despotic form by fear. This book argues that modern democracy is a sui generis political form animated and sustained by a spirit of emancipation. The removal of divine, natural, and historical authorities in political affairs unleashes a fundamental uncertainty about the purpose and direction of society. In a democracy, we respond to that uncertainty by sharing and dividing it equally. It emancipates us from a state of self-incurred tutelage. Based on this argument, the book develops a new theoretical framework for studying the corruption, disintegration, and renewal of democracy: what it is, how it begins, and where in society it plays out.
Democratic Freedom
Authors: Näsström Sofia
Published: July 2021

The chapter explores the meaning of democratic freedom. Building on the work of Hannah Arendt, it demonstrates that the long-standing debate between liberalism and republicanism does not exhaust the meaning of freedom. There is a unique conception of democratic freedom built into the democratic revolution, defined as the capacity to begin anew. The chapter clarifies what is democratic about this conception, and how it differs from positive freedom, conventionally understood. It shows that democratic freedom, defined as the capacity to begin anew offers a much-needed alternative to the many liberal and republican conceptions of freedom that dominate contemporary political theory, including freedom as non-interference, non-domination and self-determination.
Urban Gun Violence
Authors: Delgado Melvin
Published: July 2021

Gun violence is a national threat and no more so than in the nation’s urban communities, particularly taking its toll on people of color. Self-help organizations focused on gun violence are vehicles for the dead to speak to us and let us not forget that they once lived among us. These voices are captured and amplified through these organizations—their family becomes our family. The headlines their deaths created are not allowed to be relegated to history and continue to live, giving meaning to a profound social justice cause. This book honors those who have died and continues to give voice to their lives and prevent others from joining this chorus. The theme that we must forgive ourselves before we can forgive the offender is strong and pervasive among those who are survivors and engaged in self-help initiatives.
Where There Is No Formal Social Welfare System for an Indigenous People
Authors: Otenyo Eric E. , Harris Michelle , Askew Kelly
Published: July 2021

This chapter on “Where There Is No Formal Social Welfare System for an Indigenous People: Entrepreneurship, Watchmen, and the Reinvention of the Maasai Warrior” addresses the transformation of the Maasai moranism (warrior society). As a marginalized indigenous group, the Maasai have not benefitted from any important social welfare or safety net programs. The chapter interrogates the evolution of an entrepreneurial spirit among young Maasai men who have joined the ranks of the massive informal sector to become watchmen (security guards) in cities and small townships in both Kenya and Tanzania. The chapter draws from ethnographic narratives about the “fierceness” of the Maasai in global capitalist expansion and their economic marginalization. The overriding question is: In what ways is the proliferation of the phenomenon of Maasai watchmen a reaction to the community’s marginalization?
Social Enterprise in Taiwan
Authors: Wu Yi-jung
Published: July 2021

In “Social Enterprise in Taiwan: Economic and Social Welfare Transition,” the author introduces the economic and welfare journey of Taiwan over the past century and discusses how the newly blossomed business model of social enterprise shapes the social welfare and economic disciplines in the modern development of Taiwan. The implication of social enterprise starts in 2007. The planning process reveals the interdependency between economic and welfare development and extends the discussions to public–private collaboration on resolving social problems. In 2014, the government announced its phase-one plan “2014–2016 Social Enterprise Action Plan.” The Ministries of Labor, Economic Affairs, Interior, and Health and Welfare have collaborated for policy integration and action planning since then. By the end of 2019, there were 455 various-sized enterprises registered on the list of social innovative organizations. Many social enterprises progress to become B corporations. By November 2019, there were already 25 B corporations in Taiwan, with 8 of them honored as “the best for the world 2019.”
Integrating Economic and Social Development
Authors: Briar-Lawson Katharine , Miah Mizanur R.
Published: July 2021

In “Integrating Social and Economic Development: Rationale, Models, and Limitations,” multiple levels of social and economic development are examined. In most nations, economic development is not well connected to social development, especially social welfare and social protections. This chapter explores more progressive development that offsets distorted development and its harms. Special attention is devoted to the well-being of the social entrepreneur and ecosystems of support. Integrative approaches are addressed, including conceptual frames, the leadership of the United Nations and its Sustainable Development Goals, and some of the academic disciplines that can contribute to more integrative thinking, approaches, policies, and research. Mechanisms for integration are discussed, along with attention to growth that promotes more inclusive economies.
The Rise of Islam
Authors: Potter David
Published: July 2021

The chapter opens with the youth of Muhammad, on the fringes of the Roman and Persian empires, then the environmental catastrophe that weakened the two empires, followed by immensely destructive wars which weaken both powers. Muhammad’s movement is initially a reform movement directed at other Arabs. After Muhammad’s death, his followers begin a series of wars which result in the destruction of the Persian empire and the radical diminution of Rome. After the initial period of conquests there is a need to discover a governing ideology, which is achieved by the use that ‘Abd al-Malik makes of the teaching of Muhammad.
Epilogue: January 6, 2021
Authors: Potter David
Published: July 2021

Friday 13, 2019 was the day of the election of Boris Johnson as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and the impeachment of Donald Trump. What has happened to liberal democracy that the leaders of two of the most powerful liberal democracies have, as their leaders, people who are fundamentally opposed to the traditions of the post-World War II order, and use the same overtly racist ideology to frame their approach to government? The rise of the ideology of disruption and surveillance capitalism are connected with economic dislocation that destroys faith in the traditional governing order not only in the United States and United Kingdom, but elsewhere in the European Union. There is discussion of systemic racism, and systemic impoverishment. The question that remains is whether we are facing genuine disruption, or if there are solutions that can restore faith in existing institutions while alleviating the misery that lies at the heart of the widespread loss of faith in institutions
The Second Internet: The Brussels Bourgeois Internet
Authors: O’Hara Kieron
Published: July 2021

This chapter describes the Brussels Bourgeois Internet. The ideal consists of positive, managed liberty where rights of others are respected, as in the bourgeois public space, where liberty follows only when rights are secured. The exemplar of this approach is the European Union, which uses administrative means, soft law, and regulation to project its vision across the Internet. Privacy and data protection have become the most emblematic struggles. Under the Data Protection Directive of 1995, the European Union developed data-protection law and numerous privacy rights, including a right to be forgotten, won in a case against Google Spain in 2014, the arguments about which are dissected. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) followed in 2018, amplifying this approach. GDPR is having the effect of enforcing European data-protection law on international players (the ‘Brussels effect’), while the European Union over the years has developed unmatched expertise in data-protection law.
Policy Question: Is Huawei Infrastructure a Threat to Western National Security?
Authors: O’Hara Kieron
Published: July 2021

One major flare-up between the Trump administration and China was the role of networking company Huawei, which has developed cutting-edge equipment in a number of areas, especially 5G mobile communications. However, Huawei’s CEO is a former People’s Liberation Army member, and is suspected by many to be acting in the interests of the Chinese government. This chapter describes this difficult situation, where there is little evidence that Huawei is acting in such a way directly, but such is the Beijing Paternal Internet that it will certainly have to align with government policy. Despite the quality of Huawei’s products, many Western governments have refused to use them, or have given in to American pressure, citing national security considerations. The Trump administration worked to push Huawei out of business, but it remains a key player in China’s Belt and Road Initiative and central to Chinese technology strategy.
Policy Question: Is a Sovereign Internet Feasible?
Authors: O’Hara Kieron
Published: July 2021

In 2019, Russia attempted to implement a long-term policy objective, to enable itself to cut the Russian Internet (RuNet) off from the rest, by blocking the flow of data through Internet Exchange Points at national borders. It claimed that a successful experiment had been carried out. This chapter looks at why this should happen and whether it is possible. The role of US interests, for instance in ICANN, is considered as a risk to Russian sovereignty, although American attempts to interfere with the Domain Name System would be counterproductive and unlikely to be successful. Attempts by Iran and Egypt to cut the Internet off are also discussed.
Smart Cities and the Internet of Things
Authors: O’Hara Kieron
Published: July 2021

The Internet of Things is created by giving Internet connections to objects embedded in the environment, including wearable items. When IoT devices are connected and coordinated in an urban environment, smart cities are created, which can allow control of the environment, for example to improve carbon emissions or traffic flow. Instrumentation of the environment creates problems of consent, privacy, security, safety, and trust. The status of the IoT with respect to Internet ideology is discussed. The Silicon Valley Open Internet supports citizen-centric development, but may lack coordination at scale. The DC Commercial Internet creates great power for platforms. The Brussels Bourgeois Internet values rights and privacy, which may suppress innovation. In China, India, and elsewhere, smart cities are seen as key to developing a paternal social vision under digital modernity. Given its key role in the IoT, this is where America’s battle against Huawei may be most consequential.
Neopentecostalism, Marketing, and New Technologies of Self
Authors: Garrard Virginia
Published: July 2021

Chapter 5 explores the instrumentality of South America’s megachurches, with particular emphasis on how they have translated global Pentecostal doctrines, most notably the near-magical tropes of church growth and of prosperity gospel, to address culturally specific concerns within the larger context of late modernity and neoliberalism. The churches’ tropes of evangelization, church growth, education, improved family dynamics, and other capacity-building techniques, often framed in religious language and methods, can and often do provide believers with what I call “new technologies of self” that help them cope in a secular world that they philosophically abjure. In particular, the Brazilian megadenomination Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus uses modern R&D strategies to position itself in a given spiritual marketplace, as evinced here by a case study in the church’s work among Spanish-speaking immigrants in the United States.
Four Senses of “Meaning” in the History of Ideas
Authors: Martinich A.P.
Published: July 2021

At least four senses of “meaning” need to be kept distinct when describing the proper way to discuss the history of ideas. The first sense, communicative meaning, relies on the communicative intentions of the author and is very close to H. P. Grice’s “nonnatural meaning.” The second sense, meaning as significance or importance, is close to Grice’s “natural meaning,” and the author focuses on a type that depends on human interests; in this sense, meaning is always relative to a person or group and changes as the events or the interests of the person or group change. The author shows that Quentin Skinner in his classic article, “Meaning and Understanding in the History of Ideas,” confuses these senses. While historians of ideas often focus on identifying communicative meaning, what historians care most about is the significance or importance that something had or has for people in the past or present.
The Author of Sin and Demoniacs
Authors: Martinich A.P.
Published: July 2021

The view that Hobbes was an English Calvinist is supported by considering his positions on two issues, the author of sin and demoniacs. Hobbes’s debate with Bishop John Bramhall is structurally similar to two other debates in seventeenth-century England between Calvinists and Arminians. Hobbes, along with William Barlee and William Twisse, claimed that God is the cause of evil but not its author. Bramhall, Thomas Pierce, and Thomas Jackson accused the Calvinists of holding that God is not only the cause but also the author of sin. On the issue of demoniacs, Hobbes follows the great biblical scholar Joseph Mede, who had support from important English Calvinists, in holding that demoniacs were madmen, and the idea that they were possessed by the devil was imported from pagan religions.
Critiquing Ethnocentrism and Hierarchy in International Journalism
Authors: Palmer Lindsay
Published: July 2021

This chapter focuses on international journalism research, offering the following suggestions: First, scholarship on international journalism should be prepared to more directly and publicly critique the ethnocentrism that has long plagued international correspondence based in the English-speaking West, and that continues to be a problem in the digital age. Second, scholars of international news work need to be prepared to interrogate the structural inequalities that inform journalistic labor on an international scale, inequalities that have not disappeared with the rise of digital technologies. Third, scholars of international journalism need to more directly engage not only with big-brand correspondents, editors, and news executives, but also with the freelancers, stringers, and local fixers who hold these international news professions on their backs. The chapter ultimately argues that journalism scholars should be building more bridges between journalism research and journalism practice.
News Consumers (and Non-Consumers)
Authors: Edgerly Stephanie
Published: July 2021

At any given moment there are a multitude of media options competing for the public’s attention. While some of these options include news, many others include entertainment offerings. This chapter discusses the underlying psychology of news consumption, including the obstacles and challenges that prevent news consumption and hinder news engagement, as well as the need to think of audiences in more specific ways. This understanding requires journalists to learn and develop a new skill set that marries news judgment with audience-based research. Today’s journalists need to know who consumes what, how, and why. With this knowledge, journalists have the ability to tell stories from a perspective that audiences care about and to create innovative distribution channels for their work. Such insight is necessary for combating the growing inequalities in how much people intentionally seek out news or incidentally consume it, or what researchers refer to as “news exposure.”
Understanding Collaborative Journalism with Digital Trace Data and Crowdsourced Databases
Authors: Margaret Ng Yee Man
Published: July 2021

This study represents a unique opportunity to study aspects of human behavior related to journalism projects collaboration at scale. Collaborative journalism deserves further inquiry in light of its growing importance, the resources devoted to it, and its role in creating more opportunities for news media in the face of economic and technological challenges. It theorizes how journalism collaborative/interest groups were created, maintained, and sustained. Methodologically, this study attempts to mine GitHub’s API to identify influential individuals and discover the network patterns of social collaboration in newsrooms’ repositories.
Engaging the Academy
Authors: Ekdale Brian
Published: July 2021

We are witnessing a global turn toward ethno-nationalism and xenophobia that raises important questions about what those who are engaged in scholarly knowledge production are doing to implicitly or explicitly perpetuate ethnocentrism. This chapter focuses on the problem of Eurocentrism, and Americentrism more specifically, in journalism and mass communication studies. Although public engagement typically focuses on sharing scholarly knowledge with audiences outside of academia, scholars need to be open and responsive to critiques of our own professional practices. This chapter first documents inequities in scholarly knowledge production between the Global North and Global South, and then offers a brief contextualization of the structural nature of these inequities. Finally, the chapter recommends specific practices journalism scholars based in the Global North can do to become better allies of their colleagues in the Global South, and highlights recent efforts to engage the academy around the issue of inequities in scholarly knowledge production.
Beyond Ferguson
Authors: Kilgo Danielle K.
Published: July 2021

After the death of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, mainstream newspaper coverage focused extensively on protesters actions and left little room for narratives that explore the demands, grievances, and agendas of the social movement to end police violence and save Black lives. Over time, coverage of Black Lives Matter protests remained problematic and publicly critiqued. This chapter uses a content analysis of newspaper coverage four years after the death of Michael Brown to reassess press coverage narratives that dominated the protests that followed the police killing of unarmed Stephon Clark in Sacramento, California. Digital newspaper coverage from national, large metropolitan and local papers was analyzed for six months after the March 20, 2018 shooting of Clark. Coverage was also tracked through public social media networks to look for narrative patterns in the most shared coverage.
More in Expectation Than Hope
Authors: Kelly Catriona
Published: July 2021

Naum Birman’s Chronicle of a Dive-Bomber (1968) was one of a trio of strikingly unconventional war movies produced at Lenfilm in the late 1960s, along with Vladimir Motyl’s Zhenya, Zhenechka, and the “Katyusha” Rocket (1967), and Viktor Tregubovich’s War Is War (1969). This chapter explores how the highly specific emotional atmosphere of Birman’s film was created during production, transforming a script that editors had thought rather weak into a remarkable study of the boredom and frustration, as well as courage and idealism, of the war effort. As I argue, collaboration was fundamental to the successful development of the film: first, Birman himself substantially rewrote the script (and was later credited as co-author), and later, the designer and composer, as well as the film editor, made extensive contributions (which were gratefully acknowledged by Birman in the studio discussions).
Conclusion
Authors: Kelly Catriona
Published: July 2021

The Fifth Congress of Soviet Filmmakers represented a cataclysmic moment of change, but also the onset of a serious crisis for the entire film industry. Filmmakers in the studio had only a vague sense of what the new slogans, “glasnost” and “perestroika,” would mean for them. In the summer of 1986, a frustrating period of stop-start reform began: no sooner were structural and managerial changes achieved in the studio than they were rendered obsolete by fresh directives from the top. In 1987 began the process of setting up new “creative units” that, unlike the old ones, now had financial and managerial autonomy. These rapidly developed their own character, with German’s “First and Experimental Film Studio” championing avant-garde aspirations, while Maslennikov’s “Trinity Bridge” and Tregubovich’s “Ladoga” pursued a more market- and audience-oriented approach. Within a few years, however, younger film artists had outgrown the old mentoring tradition—a landmark was the departure of one of the most talented newcomers, Aleksei Balabanov, to run his own production company. From now on, Lenfilm was to act mainly as a facility for outside companies. However, these changes in the management of production were in the end less significant and less damaging than the impact of commercial distribution. Film production never stopped, and indeed, during the early 1990s, encouraged by influxes of private funding, often from money-laundering, it became easier than ever before to make movies. What became increasingly difficult was reaching the public, as cinema owners and distributors turned their sights on foreign-produced movies.
The United States Enters Afghanistan
Authors: Malkasian Carter
Published: July 2021

Chapter Four, “The United States Enters Afghanistan,” lays out the beginning of America’s war in Afghanistan, including the decisions to go to war and 2001 campaign to defeat the Taliban and al-Qa‘eda.
The Obama Administration and the Decision to Surge
Authors: Malkasian Carter
Published: July 2021

Chapter Eleven, “The Obama Administration and the Decision to Surge,” discusses the creation of the 2009 surge strategy as well as the events in Afghanistan during that year.
The Surge in Kandahar
Authors: Malkasian Carter
Published: July 2021

Chapter Thirteen, “The Surge in Kandahar,” describes the battles of the US Army and Afghan leaders in Kandahar against the Taliban during the surge. Kandahar was the most important battlefield of the surge because of its large population and political significance. The chapter focuses on Arghandab, Kandahar City, and Zharey and Panjwai as well as the rise of police chief Abdul Razziq.
The 2014 Elections
Authors: Malkasian Carter
Published: July 2021

Chapter Seventeen, “The 2014 Elections,” describes the 2014 elections crisis, the ongoing battles in the provinces, and the death of Mullah Omar.
Peace Talks
Authors: Malkasian Carter
Published: July 2021

Chapter Twenty, “Peace Talks,” describes the peace talks between the United States and the Taliban during 2019 to 2020.
Inventing the recording
Authors: Moreda Rodríguez Eva
Published: July 2021

This chapter introduces the gabinetes fonográficos that appeared after the introduction of the Spring Motor Phonograph, Edison Home Phonograph, and Edison Standard Phonograph between 1896 and 1898; these were small recording labels which recorded their own wax cylinders employing local musicians and sold them directly to their customers, operating often precariously or for a limited amount of time. The chapter then discusses the gabinetes that were active between 1896 and 1905 in Madrid, then the main center of the nascent Spanish recording industry. The chapter examines how the Madrid gabinetes built upon ways of listening developed earlier in the decade to transform recorded sound into a commodity, and how, in doing so, they drew upon regeneracionista discourses concerning science, technology, modernity, and national identity.
Science, urban space, and early phonography in Barcelona, 1898–1914
Authors: Moreda Rodríguez Eva
Published: July 2021

The chapter focuses on the gabinetes fonográficos active in Barcelona from 1898 onward. It aims to analyze why Barcelona’s early recording industry remained more precarious and less successful than that in Madrid, and advances two reasons: the failure of the Barcelona gabinetes to position themselves within local discourses around science, technology, modernity, and Catalan national identity; and their increasingly peripheral location in the developing urban space of Barcelona. The chapter then discusses how Barcelona eventually came to lead the Spanish recording industry after the advent of the gramophone, with a subsidiary of Gramophone and a new generation of record shops opening in the city.
(Dis)embodied voices
Authors: Moreda Rodríguez Eva
Published: July 2021

This chapter discusses the role of singers in shaping the nascent industry of the gabinetes fonográficos in Spain and, in turn, how the newly developing recording industry influenced their careers and on the music profession. It argues that, even though the phonograph did not revolutionize at this stage the working lives of Spanish singers, it planted the seeds for crucial developments that would take place in the following decades. Indeed, a few singers—only a minority of which had acquired celebrity status on stage—conscientiously developed the expertise and skills necessary to go into the studio, and managed to advance their careers on that basis, at least for a short period of time. Although the chapter does not deal with the minute details of performance practice, it discusses aspects of the music profession and its relationship with recordings that might inform study of performance practice.
TV as Bully
Authors: Moss-Wellington Wyatt
Published: July 2021

This chapter pushes back against notions of meritorious complexity, moral ambiguity, and cognitive “richness” in recent, high-profile American television series. It questions the heralding of television’s artistic transcendence above that of other narrative media and the use of cognitive theory to make such a case. I turn instead to literature on social psychology and bullying to make sense of our relationship to longform TV serials and investigate the ways in which a kind of bullying in the content and form of both serial and reality television has been normalized in an era popularly dubbed the “TV renaissance.” It concludes with a look at the relationship between a rising endorsement of aggressive populist leadership styles and the prevalence of bullying as causal logic on TV.
The Value and Risks of Hope
Authors: Stockdale Katie
Published: July 2021

This chapter considers the value and risks of hope. It defends the priority of first-personal assessments of the value of hope, suggesting that it is often hopeful people themselves who are best positioned to understand the value of their hopes. But since hope can lead us astray, an evaluative framework for hope is needed. While most philosophers who theorize hope’s value tend to focus on assessments of epistemic and prudential rationality, this chapter argues that hope can also be evaluated as fitting and morally appropriate. Recognizing the full range of evaluative dimensions of hope is important for answering the all-things-considered practical question of whether and for what one should hope. This chapter defends Victoria McGeer’s framework for what it means to hope well to capture how the evaluative measures for hope work in practice, while orienting the rationality-of-hope question as a social and political question about the value of hope in community with others.
Digital Structure
Authors: Thomson-Jones Katherine
Published: July 2021

In this chapter, I consider whether digital images are digital in the strongest sense; namely, qua images. Assuming that a digital image is one that is made and screened digitally, there is a further question as to whether the representational scheme to which the image belongs has a fundamentally digital structure. Answering this question requires close analysis of Nelson Goodman’s classical account of the analog/digital distinction. It also requires a response to Goodman’s insistence on the essential analogicity of the pictorial. Such a response points to the uses of digital sampling and quantization technology to impose digital structure on encoded, replicable images.
Newton's Metaphysics
Authors: Schliesser Eric
Published: July 2021

This collection of papers by a leading philosophical Newton scholar offers new interpretations of Newton’s account of space, gravity, motion, inertia, and laws—all evergreens in the literature. The volume also breaks new ground in focusing on Newton’s philosophy of time, Newton’s views on emanation, and Newton’s modal metaphysics. In addition, the volume is unique in exploring the very rich resonances between Newton’s and Spinoza’s metaphysics, including the ways in which Newton and his circles responded to the threat by, and possible accusation of, Spinozism. Seven chapters have been published before and will be republished with minor corrections. Two of these chapters are coauthored: one with Zvi Biener and one with Mary Domski. Two chapters are wholly new and are written especially for this volume. In addition, the volume includes two postscripts with new material responding to critics. A main part of the argument of these essays is not just to characterize the conceptual choices Newton made in developing the structure of theory that would facilitate the kind of measurements characteristic of the Newtonian style, but also to show that these choices, in turn, were informed by intellectual aspirations that brought Newton’s edifice into theological and philosophical conflicts. As these conflicts became acute, these drove further conceptual refinement. Many of the essays in the volume relate the development of Newton’s philosophy to the philosophies of his contemporaries, especially Spinoza and Samuel Clarke.
Without God
Authors: Schliesser Eric
Published: July 2021

This chapter argues that when Newton drafted the first edition of the Principia in the mid-1680s, he thought that (at least a part of) the cause of gravity is the disposition inherent in any individual body, but that the force of gravity is the actualization of that disposition; a necessary condition for the actualization of the disposition is the actual obtaining of a relation between two bodies having the disposition. The cause of gravity is not essential to matter because God could have created matter without that disposition. Nevertheless, at least a part of the cause of gravity inheres in individual bodies and were there one body in the universe it would inhere in that body. The force of gravity is neither essential to matter nor inherent in matter, because it is the actualization of a shared disposition. We can distinguish among (i) accepting gravity as causally real, (ii) positing the cause(s) of the properties of gravity, (iii) making claims about the mechanism or medium by which gravity is transmitted.
Newtonian Emanation, Spinozism, Measurement, and the Baconian Origins of the Laws of Nature
Authors: Schliesser Eric
Published: July 2021

The first two sections of this chapter investigate what Newton could have meant in a now famous passage from De Graviatione that “space is as it were an emanative effect of God.” First it offers a careful examination of the four key passages. The chapter shows that the internal logic of Newton’s argument permits several interpretations. In doing so, the paper calls attention to a Spinozistic strain in Newton’s thought. Second it sketches four interpretive options: (i) one approach is generic neo-Platonic; (ii) another approach is associated with the Cambridge Platonist, Henry More, while a variant on this (ii+) emphasizes that Newton mixes Platonist and Epicurean themes; (iii) a necessitarian approach; (iv) an approach connected with Bacon’s efforts to reformulate a useful notion of form and laws of nature. The paper offers new arguments to treat Newtonian emanation as a species of Baconian formal causation as articulated in part two of Bacon’s New Organon.
Newton’s Modal Metaphysics and Polemics with Spinozism in the “General Scholium”
Authors: Schliesser Eric
Published: July 2021

This chapter is devoted to explaining the nature and use of metaphysical necessity in Newton’s “General Scholium.” In particular, it focuses on Newton’s metaphysical commitments about (i) the nature of modality; (ii) the nature of formal causation; and (iii) God’s existence. In order to explain these, the chapter draws on Clarke and Clarke’s subsequent correspondence with Joseph Butler. In order to clarify some philosophical distinctions, I treat Toland’s Spinozism, in particular, as the target of some of Newton’s arguments. Along the way, I’ll provide suggestive evidence that Newton was in a decent position to distinguish the thought of Descartes from Spinozism
Evaluating Defenses of a Requirement of Adverse Interests
Authors: Pfander James E.
Published: July 2021

This chapter responds to scholars who have sought to defend a modified Article III adverse-party requirement by redefining that requirement in terms of the underlying adverse interests of potential parties to litigation. Such an adverse interest construct fares poorly as an account of the language and history of Article III and fails to cohere with the practice of federal courts during the antebellum period and with the way antebellum jurists explained that practice to the world. Nor does the adverse interest construct advance the normative goals that have sometimes been seen as justifying a requirement of adversary contestation. Lacking a clear basis in text, history, and normative considerations, the adverse-interest account does a poor job of making sense of Article III.
Uncontested Adjudication and Standing to Sue
Authors: Pfander James E.
Published: July 2021

This chapter shows that modern standing doctrine cannot be defended by reference to the history and meaning of the text of Article III. Cases, as understood in antebellum America, did not require the plaintiff to seek redress for an injury in fact inflicted by an adverse party. Instead, the term was broad enough to encompass uncontested adjudication by those asserting a claim of right in an ex parte application. The chapter invites the U.S. Supreme Court to reformulate its rule to require only a “litigable interest,” a claim of right in the form prescribed by law. Such a formulation can accommodate some aspects of the Court’s modern doctrine and the tradition of uncontested adjudication.
Disconnect to Reconnect! Self-help to Regain an Authentic Sense of Space Through Digital Detoxing
Authors: Enli Gunn , Syvertsen Trine
Published: July 2021

A typical call in contemporary self-help literature is to “look away from screens and enter the physical world.” Drawing on an empirical analysis of 15 self-help books, this chapter explores advice to reconnect with social and physical spaces by taking a break from digital technology. Digital detox is a relatively new term, but its ideological foundations are familiar from a long history of media and technology criticism. In the chapter, self-help advice on digital detoxing is discussed in the light of classical and contemporary criticism of media influence. Although the self-help books illuminate obstacles and difficulties, they propagate an optimistic belief that invasive technology can be controlled, authenticity restored, and social and physical dislocation reversed.
Modern stimulations
Authors: Reader Ian , Shultz John
Published: July 2021

This chapter looks at how modern developments have made the pilgrimage more accessible and given rise to a new cohort of ‘pensioner pilgrims’ who make numerous circuits, often sleeping in customised cars and supported by their pensions. The chapter also looks at other developments that encourage repeated performance, from status symbols that indicate one has done 100 pilgrimages, to a ranking system among pilgrims. It explores themes of status and examines how every pilgrim can determine their own ways of performance and thereby create a sense of personalised autonomy and authority. The chapter also indicates how issues of competition also play a part in this process. It introduces various pilgrims met during fieldwork, showing why and how they perform numerous pilgrimages in Shikoku and how they talk about addiction, ‘Shikoku illness’, and faith.
Attitudes, practices, schedules, and triggers
Authors: Reader Ian , Shultz John
Published: July 2021

This chapter discusses a detailed questionnaire study we carried out. The average number of circuits for respondents was over 120 times. Some have been doing the pilgrimage for sixty years and claim several hundred circuits. It discusses their motives, faith, and practices, and examines their economic circumstances, their attitudes towards other pilgrims, and issues of competition. They also commonly do other pilgrimages, often many times, and this suggests that pilgrimage in general (not just Shikoku) is their core life practice. The chapter also discusses schedules, speed, and how these relate to multiple performance, provides examples of people (commonly older men who have lost their spouses) who spend 300 days or more a year on the road as pilgrims, even into their eighties and nineties, and explores the idea of ‘triggers’ that lead people to become incessant pilgrims.
Concluding comments and new challenges
Authors: Reader Ian , Shultz John
Published: July 2021

This chapter emphasises that the Shikoku pilgrimage is not a singular transient event but a recurrent thread in the lives of pilgrims, many of whom plan to continue doing it until they die or are physically unable. They often also do other pilgrimages and have a primary identity as pilgrims. Pilgrimage is unending while the image of life itself as pilgrimage permeates popular understandings of the Shikoku pilgrimage. We introduce a Shikoku pilgrimage T-shirt that symbolically reflects this view of pilgrimage as infinite and unending, arguing that such themes are not unique to Shikoku, although they have rarely been discussed in studies of pilgrimage. Researchers need to look more closely at the issues discussed in this book, for Shikoku pilgrimage shows that pilgrimage is not a transient activity but a life course that pilgrims view as unending.
Louisa Mariah Woosely
Authors: Giver-Johnston Donna
Published: July 2021

Chapter 5 describes the life and evangelist work of Louisa Woosley. Following an exploration of The Great Awakening, Evangelical Protestantism, and religious institutionalism, this chapter places Woosley within the context of the female preaching debate and the question of whether women should have the authority to preach. Although ordained by the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, Woosely continued to face institutional resistance throughout her life. This chapter argues that her use of the authority of scripture and biblical interpretation aided her in constructing her call narrative and claiming her call to preach. Finally, this chapter analyzes her prophetic rhetoric as recorded in Shall Women Preach? Or, The Question Answered as evidence of the definitive affirmation she utilized in presenting a compelling case for the ordination of women.
Florence Spearing Randolph
Authors: Giver-Johnston Donna
Published: July 2021

Chapter 6 surveys the life and pastoral ministry of Florence Spearing Randolph. As a black female preacher, Randolph faced issues of gender and racial inequality throughout her life in southern and northern states as she sought to advocate for reform of the extreme class divisions of the Gilded Age. As a proponent of the Social Gospel movement and an ordained and installed minister, she joined scripture with cultural reform for impactful messages. Through an analysis of her sermons, including Antipathy to Women Preachers and Looking Backward and Forward, this chapter investigates her perspective on gender roles, women’s ordination, and race relations. This chapter considers her call narrative and her use of pulpit rhetoric in communicating her position as a minister within the black church, summoning women to answer their call to preach as ordained ministers and claim the power of the pulpit.
Introduction
Authors: Boffone Trevor
Published: July 2021

The Introduction begins with an overview of the Renegade dance’s popularity and the major players who made the dance challenge go viral—namely, TikTok sensation Charli D’Amelio who is the app’s most-followed account, and Georgia teen Jalaiah Harmon who created the dance but wasn’t given any credit for it until the Dubsmash community mobilized around her. The story of the Renegade dance challenge, D’Amelio, and Harmon serves as an entry point into a conversation about the teen artists of color in this book, whom the book labels “Renegades.” Riffing off the viral “Renegade” dance to K-Camp’s “Lottery,” the book reappropriates the term to embody the nuanced ways that Dubsmash users, or self-professed Dubsmashers, use digital hip hop culture and platforms to push again the pervasive Whiteness in mainstream US pop culture, as evidenced on apps such as TikTok. Renegades take up visual and sonic space on social media apps to self-fashion identity, form supportive digital communities, and exert agency to take up space that is often denied to them in other facets of their lives. The Introduction continues with a review of extant literature in social media and youth identity formation, with a particular focus on how Black teens engage with digital spaces. From there, it lays the groundwork for a theory of “Renegades.”
The Original Renegade
Authors: Boffone Trevor
Published: July 2021

This chapter provides a critical framework for understanding the symbiotic relationship between hip hop and Dubsmash. Influenced by scholarship in critical race theory, gender studies, and hip hop, this chapter explores how Renegades have forged an inclusive digital community through Dubsmash. This chapter argues that Dubsmash’s culture of giving credit is the nexus from which a shared sense of values grows, one that encourages Dubsmashers to recognize the work of other artists. To demonstrate this, this chapter uses Jalaiah Harmon, the “Original Renegade,” as a case study. Harmon’s origin story from anonymous viral dance creator to full-blown celebrity status demonstrates how hip hop values operate in the Dubsmash community.