bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phenotypic plasticity and contemporary evolution in introduced populations: evidence from translocated populations of white sands pupfish (Cyrpinodon tularosa)
Authors: Collyer Michael L. , Stockwell Craig A. , Adams Dean C. , Reiser M. Hildegard
Published: May 2007

Contemporary evolution has been shown in a few studies to be an important component of colonization ability, but seldom have researchers considered whether phenotypic plasticity facilitates directional evolution from the invasion event. In the current study, we evaluated body shape divergence of the New Mexico State‐threatened White Sands pupfish (Cyprinodon tularosa) that were introduced to brackish, lacustrine habitats at two different time in the recent past (approximately 30 years and 1 year previously) from the same source population (saline river environment). Pupfish body shape is correlated with environmental salinity: fish from saline habitats are characterized by slender body shapes, whereas fish from fresher, yet brackish springs are deep‐bodied. In this study, lacustrine populations consisted of an approximately 30‐year old population and several 1‐year old populations, all introduced from the same source. The body shape divergence of the 30‐year old population was significant and greater than any of the divergences of the 1‐year old populations (which were for the most part not significant). Nonetheless, all body shape changes exhibited body deepening in less saline environments. We conclude that phenotypic plasticity potentially facilitates directional evolution of body deepening for introduced pupfish populations.
Are quantum dots ready for in vivo imaging in human subjects?
Authors: Cai Weibo , Hsu Andrew R , Li Zi-Bo , Chen Xiaoyuan
Published: May 2007

Nanotechnology has the potential to profoundly transform the nature of cancer diagnosis and cancer patient management in the future. Over the past decade, quantum dots (QDs) have become one of the fastest growing areas of research in nanotechnology. QDs are fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles suitable for multiplexed in vitro and in vivo imaging. Numerous studies on QDs have resulted in major advancements in QD surface modification, coating, biocompatibility, sensitivity, multiplexing, targeting specificity, as well as important findings regarding toxicity and applicability. For in vitro applications, QDs can be used in place of traditional organic fluorescent dyes in virtually any system, outperforming organic dyes in the majority of cases. In vivo targeted tumor imaging with biocompatible QDs has recently become possible in mouse models. With new advances in QD technology such as bioluminescence resonance energy transfer, synthesis of smaller size non-Cd based QDs, improved surface coating and conjugation, and multifunctional probes for multimodality imaging, it is likely that human applications of QDs will soon be possible in a clinical setting.
Oxidation of synthetic triacylglycerols containing eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids: Effect of oxidation system and triacylglycerol structure
Authors: Endo Yasushi , Hoshizaki Sanae , Fujimoto Kenshiro
Published: May 2007

Thirteen synthetic triacylglycerols (TAG) containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were oxidized in the presence of 2,2′‐azobis(2,4‐dimethyl‐valeronitrile) (AMVN) and 2,2′‐azobis(2‐amidinopropane)dihydrochloride (AAPH) as aqueous and nonaqueous radical initiators to investigate the influence of TAG structure and oxidation system on the oxidative stability of TAG that contain highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA). A 2:1 (mol/mol) mixture of trieicosapentaenoylglycerol and tripalmitoylglycerol was most susceptible to the AMVN‐initiated oxidation among three types of TAG that contained EPA and palmitic acid (2:1, mol/mol). Compared with 1,2 (or 2,3)‐dieicosapentaenoyl‐3(or 1)‐palmitoylglycerol (EEP) and 1,3‐dieicosapentaenoyl‐2‐palmitoylglycerol (EPE), the oxidative rate of EEP was somewhat higher. A similar result was obtained for DHA‐containing TAG. The oxidative rate of TAG that contained EPA and palmitic acid (1:2, mol/mol) showed a positive correlation with the amount of EPA in a single TAG molecule. Moreover, in the nonaqueous system, the oxidative rate of EPA‐containing TAG was affected by unsaturation and carbon chainlength of constituent fatty acids. In the AAPH‐initiated oxidation in the aqueous system, the oxidative rate of TAG with EPA and palmitic acid was higher with the increased quantity of EPA in a single TAG molecule. Also, constituent fatty acids modified the oxidative rate of EPA‐containing TAG in an aqueous system. The glycerol position of EPA and DHA also affected the oxidative rate of the TAG. EPA and DHA located at the 1,2 (or 2,3)‐position of glycerol were more oxidizable than those at the 1,3‐position during AAPH‐initiated oxidation. Thus, 1,2(or2,3)‐dipalmitoyl‐3(or 1)‐eicosapentaenoylglycerol was oxidized faster than 1,3‐dipalmitoyl‐2‐eicosapentaenoylglycerol. These observations suggest that the oxidative stability of TAG that contain HUFA could be modulated by the oxidation system and TAG structure.
Antioxidant activity of mung bean hulls
Authors: Duh Pin‐Der , Yen Wen Jye , Du Pin‐Chan , Yen Gow‐Chin
Published: May 2007

The antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of mung bean hulls was investigated. Extracts at a concentration of 100 ppm exhibited stronger antioxidant activity than 100 ppm dl‐α‐tocopherol (Toc) or 100 ppm butylated hydroxyanisole on the peroxidation of linoleic acid. Moreover, a synergistic effect was observed when 100 ppm of the extract was mixed with 100 ppm Toc. Also, the extracts showed good inhibitory activity in soybean oil oxidation, which was examined by peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid, and gas chromatography of oxidized fatty acid methyl esters. The extracts can reduce the formation of both primary and secondary oxidation products of soybean oil. The extracts had reducing power and scavenged 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radical, which may in part be responsible for their antioxidant activity. Based on the results obtained, mung bean hulls are a potential source of natural antioxidants owing to their marked antioxidant activity.
Quality and consumption of oxidized lipids from deep‐frying fats and oils in New Zealand
Authors: Lake R. J. , Scholes P.
Published: May 2007

Samples of beef dripping and plant oil‐based deep‐frying fat were obtained from fast‐food premises in Christchurch, New Zealand, as well as samples of deep‐fried battered fish and potato chips. The fat in these samples was analyzed for level of oxidation by measuring acid value, peroxide value, polar compounds, thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS), and conjugated dienes. The acid and peroxide value results were contradictory when compared with limits set in the New Zealand Food Regulations 1984, but the levels of polar compounds were generally below 25%, indicating that the fats were well maintained. The TBARS and conjugated diene levels were compared with those for oxidized corn oil used in a feeding trial and indicated a similar oxidation level, although the amount of fat consumed in the feeding trial would be 30–50% higher. These results show that well‐maintained deep‐frying fat has oxidation levels sufficient to cause elevation of plasma lipid oxidation levels as observed in a human feeding trial.
Characterization of olive oil produced with a new enzyme processing aid
Authors: Ranalli Alfonso , De Mattia Gabriella
Published: May 2007

By carrying out olive oil extraction experiments with three olive varieties (Dritta, Coratina, and Leccino), a new processing cytolase enzyme aid was tested. The oils, obtained with the enzyme adjuvant upon extraction, were characterized (with respect to reference oils) by: (i) relatively higher content of natural antioxidants (free and linked phenols, ortho‐diphenols, tocopherols), trans‐2‐hexenal, total aromatic substances, chlorophyllic pigments, and steroid hydrocarbons; (ii) slightly lower content of aliphatic alcohols, triterpene alcohols, triterpene dialcohols, β‐sitosterol, and total sterols; (iii) slightly higher values of integral color index, resistance to autoxidation, and global quality indices; (iv) lower values of carotenoid color index, alcoholic index and some qualitative ratios, such as trans‐2‐hexenal/hexanal, trans‐2‐hexenal/total aroma, campesterol/stigmasterol; and (v) a higher sensory score. Hence, they exhibited better overall qualitative characteristics. The enzyme adjuvant, in addition, led to higher oil extraction outputs.
Polymorphic behavior of gondoic acid and phase behavior of its binary mixtures with asclepic acid and oleic acid
Authors: Sato K. , Yano J. , Kawada I. , Kawano M. , Kaneko F. , Suzuki M.
Published: May 2007

Molecular properties of polymorphic forms of gondoic acid [cis‐C20:1Δ11ω9 (GOA)] have been studied by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), optical microscopy, and Raman scattering, in comparison to those of six principal unsaturated fatty acids: oleic acid [cis‐C18:1Δ9ω9 (OA)], erucic acid [cis‐C22:1Δ13ω9 (ERA)], petroselinic acid [cis‐C18:1Δ6ω12 (PSA)], asclepic acid [cis‐C18:1Δ11ω7 (APA)], palmitoleic acid [cis‐C16:1Δ9ω7 (POA)], and elaidic acid [trans‐C18:1Δ9ω9 (ELA)]. In addition, phase behavior of binary mixtures of GOA and APA and OA was examined by XRD and DSC. The polymorphic structures of GOA are quite similar to those of APA, ERA, POA, and partly to OA. In particular, DSC and Raman scattering studies have shown that gondoic acid exhibits conformational disordering on heating at the ω‐chain, a chain segment between the double bond and CH3 group, as a transition from all‐trans (γ form) to gauche‐rich (α form) conformations. A miscible mixing phase was observed in the mixture of GOA and APA, yet eutectic phases were observed in the GOA and OA mixtures. This is a remarkable contrast because the binary mixture systems of varying combinations of cis‐unsaturated fatty acids examined so far exhibited either eutectic nature or molecular compound formation. It is expected that specific molecular interactions between GOA and APA that originate from the equivalence of the length of the Δ‐chain, the chain segment between the cis‐double bond and COOH group, and also from the presence of the γ‐α order‐disorder transformation would be operating to form the miscible mixing phase.
Gradients of n‐heptane and acetonitrile in silver‐ion high‐performance liquid chromatography analyses of cis and trans bonds in lipids
Authors: Elfman‐Börjesson Inger , van den Hark Sander , Härröd Magnus
Published: May 2007

Cis and trans isomers of fatty acid methyl esters, fatty alcohols, and triacylglycerols were analyzed with a silverion high‐performance liquid chromatography system. Gradients of n‐heptane and acetonitrile were used to elute molecules with up to nine cis double bonds. The analyses were as fast and reliable and had a resolution similar to that of the best published analyses. However, published analyses were performed with chlorinated solvents, and these solvents are carcinogenic and mutagenic. The solvents we used, heptane and acetonitrile, are less dangerous to the analyst.
Offset printing inks based on rapeseed and sunflower oil. Part I: Synthesis and characterization of rapeseed oil‐and sunflower oil‐modified alkyd resins
Authors: Sabin Pascale , Benjelloun‐Mlayah Bouchra , Delmas Michel
Published: May 2007

Two sets of alkyd resins of variable oil lengths with the required properties for offset printing ink formulations, modified by sunflower and rapeseed oil, were synthetized according to the “monoglyceride” process. The influence of the acyl composition of the modifying vegetable oil and of the oil content on alkyds’ properties was determined by detailed chemical and rheological characterization. Molecular structure, size, and molecule size distribution appeared to be linked to these two factors. A comparative study with two usual linseed oil‐modified alkyds led to determination of the more appropriate alkyds for applications in offset varnishes.
Effect of lecithin on organogel formation of 12‐hydroxystearic acid
Authors: Tamura T. , Ichikawa M.
Published: May 2007

Optically active 12‐d‐hydroxystearic acid (12‐HSA) gives a thermally reversible organogel in several organic solvents. When a small amount of lecithin coexists with 12‐HSA in organic solvents, the mechanical strength of the organogel is remarkably reduced. Interaction of lecithin with 12‐HSA was studied by using infrared (IR) spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Incorporating lecithin into 12‐HSA reduced the absorbance in IR spectra, derived from hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl groups and the carboxyl groups of 12‐HSA molecules. Based on NMR measurements, the polar head groups of lecithin associate with the carboxyl groups of 12‐HSA in a 1:1 molar ratio. SEM showed that the shape of the fibrous aggregates varied from a helically extended form to a spherical form. These results suggest that intermolecular 1:1 complexes were formed between lecithin and 12‐HSA, which caused a structural change in the fibrous network in the 12‐HSA organogel and consequently induced gel deformation.
Capillary supercritical fluid chromatographic analysis of shark liver oils
Authors: Borch‐Jensen C. , Magnussen M. P. , Mollerup J.
Published: May 2007

The liver oils of six different shark species have been analyzed by supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). The liver oils were from the species Pseudotriakis microdon (False catshark), Centroscymnus coelepsis (Portuguese dogfish), Centrophorus squanosus (Leafscalp gulper shark), Deanea calceus (Birdbeak dogfish), Etmopterus princips (Greater lantern shark), and Centroscymnus crepidater (Longnose velvet dogfish). The method was capable of direct quantitation of squalene and cholesterol, while quantitation of triacylglycerols, cholesterol esters, and diacylglycerol ethers required thin‐layer chromatographic fractionation prior to SFC analysis. The iodine values of the liver oil samples gave a linear correlation when plotted against the squalene content found by SFC. The variation of squalene content within one shark species is large, and there are large differences in squalene content from species to species. The squalene contents varied between 0.22 and 82.54 wt%. The identity of the glycerol ethers was investigated by SFC of the unsaponifiable matter. The major glycerol ethers contained chimyl, batyl, and selachyl alcohol.
Development of steryl ester analysis for the detection of admixtures of vegetable oils
Authors: Gordon Michael H. , Miller Luke A. D.
Published: May 2007

The steryl ester content and composition of 28 samples from 10 vegetable oil types have been determined by isolation of the steryl esters by high‐performance liquid chromatography and analysis by gas chromatography. The oils can be classified into oils with a high content (>4000 mg/kg) of steryl esters (corn and rapeseed); oils with a medium content (1400–2400 mg/kg) of steryl esters (sunflower oil and high‐oleic sunflower oil); and oils with a low content (<1200 mg/kg) of steryl esters (safflower, soybean, cottonseed, groundnut, olive, and palm oils). The composition of the steryl ester fraction varies to a greater extent for different oil types than for different varieties of the same oilseed. The developed method is promising for authentication of some oils, and is particularly suitable for detecting admixtures of low levels of corn or rapeseed oils.
Quantitative determination of phospholipids in sunflower oil
Authors: Carelli Amalia A. , Brevedan Marta I. V. , Crapiste Guillermo H.
Published: May 2007

Phospholipids from sunflower oil samples were enriched by using solid‐phase extraction (SPE) cartridges and subsequently separated and analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an ultraviolet detector. The recovery of individual phospholipids at different total concentrations in model oils and the repeatability of the method were investigated. The results demonstrated the utility of SPE‐HPLC for quantitative analysis of phospholipids in sunflower oil and the effectiveness for concentrating, separating, identifying, and quantitating phospholipids in samples with phosphatide contents as low as 0.1%. Samples of sunflower oil at different stages of processing were analyzed, and phospholipid profiles in hexane‐extracted oil, hot‐pressed oil, and water‐degummed oils were compared.
Positional distribution of Δ5‐olefinic acids in triacylglycerols from conifer seed oils: General and specific enrichment in the sn‐3 position
Authors: Wolff Robert L. , Dareville Eric , Martin Jean‐Charles
Published: May 2007

Triacylglycerols (TAG) were purified from the storage lipids extracted from the seeds of several conifer species (Taxus baccata, Larix decidua, Sciadopytis verticillata, and Juniperus communis), each species belonging to one of the four families Taxaceae, Pinaceae, Taxodiaceae, and Cupressaceae, respectively. Each species was characterized by a high content of 5,9‐18:2, 5,9,12‐18:3, 5,11,14‐20:3, or 5,11,14,17‐20:4 acids, respectively. TAG were partially deacylated with ethylmagnesium bromide, and the resulting 1,2‐, 2,3‐diacylglycerols (DAG), and 2‐monoacylglycerols (MAG) were purified by thin‐layer chromatography. 1,2‐ and 2,3‐DAG were further fractionated by chiral column high‐performance liquid chromatography of the 3,5‐dinitrophenylurethane derivatives. Alternately, TAG were subjected to porcine pancreatic lipase, and the resulting 2‐MAG were purified for further analysis. Gas‐liquid chromatography of fatty acid methyl esters prepared from the separated DAG and MAG, coupled with appropriate calculations, indicated that the Δ5‐olefinic acids, irrespective of the species, chainlengths and number of ethylenic bonds, were considerably enriched in the sn‐3 position of TAG where they accounted for ca. 35 to 74 mole% of fatty acids esterified to this position (depending on the initial level of total Δ5‐olefinic acids in TAG), which corresponded to 79–94% of Δ5‐olefinic acids esterified to the three positions. On the other hand, Δ5‐olefinic acids were less than 10% in the sn‐2 position and less than 6% in the sn‐1 position of TAG. This specific enrichment of Δ5‐olefinic acids in the sn‐3 position thus appears to be a general characteristic of conifer seed TAG. These results were extended to TAG from the seeds of two pine species (Pinus koraiensis and P. pinaster) that are rich in Δ5‐olefinic acids and available commercially on a ton‐scale.
Syntheses of 12‐aminododecanoic and 11‐aminoundecanoic acids from vernolic acid
Authors: Ayorinde Folahan O. , Nana Erick Y. , Nicely Pete D. , Woods Anthony S. , Price Elvis O. , Nwaonicha Chukwuma P.
Published: May 2007

12‐Aminododecanoic acid and 11‐aminoundecanoic acid, monomer precursors for nylon‐12 and nylon‐11, respectively, have been synthesized from vernolic (cis‐12,13‐epoxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenoic) acid via a reaction sequence that includes the formation of 12‐oxododecanoic acid oxime. Saponification of vernonia oil, followed by a low‐temperature recrystallization at −20°C, gave 51% vernolic acid (97% purity, m.p. 23–25°C). Hydrogenation afforded cis‐12,13‐epoxystearic acid (m.p. 52–54°C, lit. m.p. 52–54°C), which upon oxidation with periodic acid in tertiary butyl alcohol gave 12‐oxododecanoic acid with an isolated yield of 71.0%. Reaction of the oxoacid with hydroxylamine hydrochloride gave 12‐oxododecanoic acid oxime, which was catalytically reduced to give 12‐aminododecanoic acid with a yield greater than 85% and a melting point of 184–186°C (lit. m.p. 185–187°C). 11‐Aminoundecanoic acid was prepared from the 12‐oxododecanoic acid oxime via a three‐step reaction sequence that involved a Beckmann rearrangement, Hofmann degradation, and hydrolysis. Thus, the aldoxime acid was hydrolyzed in the presence of nickel acetate tetrahydrate to give 11‐carbamoylundecanoic acid (48% yield, m.p. 129–131°C, lit. m.p. 129–130°C). The amide was then treated with a solution of sodium methoxide and bromine at 70–80°C to give 11‐(methoxycarbonylamino)undecanoic acid at 75% yield (m.p. 84–86°C; elemental analysis, calculated for C13H25NO4: C, 60.19; H, 9.73; N, 5.40; O, 24.68%; found C, 60.02; H, 9.81; N, 5.26; O, 24.91%), which upon alkaline hydrolysis and subsequent neutralization gave 11‐aminoundecanoic acid at 34% yield (m.p. 189–192°C, lit. m.p. 190°C). Mass spectrometric and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance data of the previously unreported 11‐(methoxycarbonylamino)undecanoic acid is provided.
Autoxidation of synthetic isomers of triacylglycerol containing eicosapentaenoic acid
Authors: Endo Yasushi , Hoshizaki Sanae , Fujimoto Kenshiro
Published: May 2007

Several triacylglycerols (TAG) that contained eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were chemically synthesized and stored at 25°C to assess the influence of TAG structure on oxidative stability and formation of oxidation products. Oxidative stability was evaluated by oxygen consumption during storage of the TAG. Autoxidation products of TAG were analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS). Results showed that a 2:1 (mole/mole) mixture of trieicosapentaenoylglycerol (EEE) and tripalmitoylglycerol (PPP) was most susceptible to autoxidation. The oxidative stability of TAG that contained EPA and palmitic acid was negatively correlated with the moles of EPA in a single TAG molecule. When TAG with one EPA and two other fatty acids were oxidized, chainlength of constituent fatty acids hardly affected the oxidative stability of EPA‐containing TAG molecules, except for stearic acid. HPLC and LC‐MS analyses showed that monohydroperoxides were major oxidation products regardless of type of TAG. Bis‐ and tris‐hydroperoxides were formed during autoxidation of EEE and dieicos‐apentaenoylpalmitoylglycerol. Monohydroperoxy epidioxides were found in all autoxidized TAG. These observations suggested that TAG structure affected the oxidation of TAG with highly unsaturated fatty acids.
Antioxidant activity of Magnolol, honokiol, and related phenolic compounds
Authors: Ogata Masahiro , Hoshi Midori , Shimotohno Kumiko , Urano Shiro , Endo Toyoshige
Published: May 2007

The antioxidant activity of 10 Japanese and Chinese crude drugs (Kampo drugs) was determined in vitro. Extract of Magnolia cortex, which had the highest antioxidant activity, contained phenolic compounds magnolol and honokiol. However, inhibitory effects of these compounds on lipid oxidation were weaker than that of α‐tocopherol as measured by thiobarbituric acid assay. The structure‐activity relationship of phenolic compounds showed that antioxidant activities were in the order 4‐allyl‐2,6‐dimethoxyphenol ≥ p,p′‐biphenol > eugenol > 2‐allyl‐6‐methylphenol > honokiol > magnolol > caffeic acid > p‐ethylphenol > guaiacol. As expected, these results showed that an electron donor and/or bulky groups at the ortho‐ or para‐position of the phenol were required for inhibition of lipid oxidation. Electron spin resonance spin trapping experiments showed that phenol compounds with an allyl substituent on their aromatic rings directly scavenged superoxide (O2−), and that only eugenol trapped hydroxyl radicals. These findings suggest that phenolic compounds that contain allyl groups may be effective antioxidants because of the scavenging ability of O2− or hydroxyl radical, whereas other phenols, without an allyl moiety such as α‐tocopherol, may play a role in the termination of free radical chain reactions.
Biodegradation of estolides from monounsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Erhan Selim M. , Kleiman Robert
Published: May 2007

Mono‐ and polyestolides, made from oleic acid, meadowfoam oil fatty acids and erucic acid, were subjected to biodegradation with mixed cultures of Penicillium verucosum, Mucor racemosus, and Enterobacter aerogenes. Fermentations were continued for 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 30 d. Meadowfoam oil and its fatty acids, oleic acid and soybean oil were also biodegraded under the same conditions. After 10 d, oleic acid and soybean oil were degraded 99.8 and 99.2%, respectively; meadowfoam oil and its fatty acids were degraded 89.0 and 97.7%, respectively. After 30 d, oleic acid‐derived poly‐ and monoestolides were degraded 98.6 and 90.0%, respectively, meadowfoam estolides were degraded 75.7%, and erucic acid estolides were degraded 84.0%.
Applications of lipase
Authors: Gandhi Neena N.
Published: May 2007

Lipases are endowed with a substrate specificity that surpasses that of any other known enzyme. This confers on these enzymes an application potential that is literally boundless. Lipases can be employed in the production of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, leather, detergents, foods, perfumery, medical diagnostics, and other organic synthetic materials. This review attempts to present a comprehensive discussion on the present status of this unique group of enzymes in industry, as well as the actual potential. It represents an endeavor to provide a sincere answer to the question, “What can be done with this enzyme?” as well as, “Can lipase be utilized for this purpose?” It is intended that the manuscript will cover or at least mention all known applications, based on the exploitation of a particular type of reaction catalyzed by lipases. An attempt will be made to cover as large a number of references as possible, so as to further underline the importance and significance of lipase action for industry.
Drying properties of metathesized soybean oil
Authors: Erhan Sevim Z. , Bagby Marvin O. , Nelsen T. C.
Published: May 2007

Soybean oil was metathesized with the standard homogenous metathesis catalyst, which consisted of tungsten hexachloride (WCl6) and tetramethyl tin (Me4Sn) in chlorobenzene as solvent. The reactions were terminated at different time intervals. Soybean oil was mixed with metathesized soybean oil in the presence of cobalt‐drier to evaluate drying properties. Five weight percentage (% w) of metathesized oil was found to be all that was needed to decrease the drying time of soybean oil from 312 to 182 min. Drying times for heat‐polymerized soybean oil with Gardner‐Holdt viscosity of Z1–Z2 and Z3–Z4 were 71 and 75 min, respectively. In both cases, 5% weight metathesized soybean oil in the blend gave the best results for reducing drying time to 67 and 69 min, respectively.
Comparison of visual and automated colorimeters—An international collaborative study
Authors: Wan P. J. , Hurley T. W. , Guy J. D. , Berner D. L.
Published: May 2007

Color as a fundamental quality of edible oils has been determined primarily by visual comparison methods for many decades. The automatic colorimeters introduced recently made it possible to replace the manually operated visual color instrument, which requires experience to master and is often subject to operator variabilities. A previous study with an automatic colorimeter, Colourscan, to measure the colors of refined and refined bleached cottonseed oils showed good agreement (r2=0.99) with visual color measurements by means of the Lovibond‐AOCS Color Scale. The current work is to establish a broad‐scale correlation between the automated colorimeter and visual color measurements. In this international effort, factory‐processed refined and refined, bleached, deodorized (RBD) canola, corn, cottonseed, peanut, sunflower and soybean oils, as well as refined palm olein, RBD palm oil, and washed, dried, filtered and deodorized tallow were used. A total of 14 laboratories from the United States and Canada, and 16 laboratories from 12 countries outside of North America, participated in this collaborative study. The results of this study, with statistical analyses, are reported.
Reassessment of the antioxidant activity of conjugated linoleic acids
Authors: Chen Z. Y. , Chan P. T. , Kwan K. Y. , Zhang A.
Published: May 2007

The anticarcinogenic effect of conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) has been attributed to their antioxidant activity. Strong evidence is lacking, however, to substantiate that CLA is an antioxidant. The objective of this study was, therefore, to test whether CLA is an antioxidant or a prooxidant in canola oil. The oxidation was conducted at 90°C by monitoring oxygen uptake and changes in linoleic acid and α‐linolenic acid. Free CLA and CLA methyl ester (CLAME) accelerated lipid oxidation in canola oil. The prooxidant activity of CLA and CLAME was dose‐dependent at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1.0% in canola oil heated at 90°C. CLA‐containing triacylglycerol, however, was neither an antioxidant nor a prooxidant. Under the present experimental conditions, CLA was not an antioxidant in fats and oil.
Soy lecithin‐monoester interchange reaction by microbial lipase
Authors: Ghosh M. , Bhattacharyya D. K.
Published: May 2007

Modification of the fatty acid composition of soy lecithin, principally at its 1‐position, was investigated by interchange reaction with the methyl ester of individual fatty acids and a lipase as the catalyst. The consequent effect on the surface activity of soy lecithin was also examined. The interchange reaction was carried out by heating a mixture of soy lecithin and methyl ester of a fatty acid at 60°C for 48 h with 10% (by weight of the reactants) Mucor miehei lipase. The lipase was filtered from the reaction mixture, and the product was isolated by combination of acetone extraction, which removed the methyl ester fraction, and by preparative thin‐layer chromatography separation. The soy lecithin showed distinct change in its fatty acid composition in the sn‐1 position. Capric acid was incorporated by 8.4%, while lauric acid and myristic acid were introduced at 14.1 and 15.7%, respectively. The linolenic acid percentage was increased by about 10 units. The interfacial tension of soy lecithin changed significantly after incorporation of various saturated fatty acids.
Phase transitions and polymorphism of cocoa butter
Authors: Loisel C. , Keller G. , Lecq G. , Bourgaux C. , Ollivon M.
Published: May 2007

The polymorphism and phase transitions of cocoa butter (CB) have been reexamined separately by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X‐ray diffraction as a function of temperature (XRDT) at scanning rates between 0.1 to 5°C/min and 0.1 to 2°C/min, respectively. A new instrument, which allowed simultaneous DSC and XRDT recordings from the same sample by taking advantage of the high‐energy flux of a synchrotron, was employed for characterization of the intermediate phase transitions. These techniques allowed us to confirm the existence of the six polymorphic forms of CB (called I to VI) by in situ characterization of their formation in the DSC + XRDT sample holder. A detailed study of Form I structure led us to propose a liquid‐crystal organization in which some of the chains displayed sharp long‐spacing lines (d001=52.6±0.5 Å) and a β′ organization (4.19 and 3.77 Å), while the others remained unordered with broad scattering (maxima at about 112 and 36.5 Å). The organization of this liquid crystalline phase is compared to that of fat and oil liquids. This liquid crystalline phase progressively transformed on heating into a more stable phase (Form II, α type, d001=48.5±0.5 Å and short‐spacing at 4.22 Å). Form III was only observed in a sharp temperature domain through its specific short‐spacings. The existence of the six species has been essentially related to the crystallization of monounsaturated triacylglycerols (TAG), while trisaturated species were found partly solid‐soluble in these six polymorphic forms. An insoluble fraction crystallized independently of the polymorphism of the monounsaturated TAG in a separate phase with long‐spacings that were either of the α (49.6±0.5 Å) or β (44.2±0.5 Å) form. In mixture with Form V, this fraction melts and solubilizes in the liquid phase at 37.5°C. Isolation of these high‐melting crystals shows a melting point of about 50°C. High‐performance liquid chromatography analysis of this fraction confirmed an increase from 3.0 to 11.3% of saturated TAG and their association with part of the 1,3‐stearoyl‐2‐oleoylglycerol preferentially to 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐3‐stearoylglycerol and (1,3‐palmitoyl‐2‐oleoylglycerol).
Antioxidant activity of burdock (Arctium lappa Linné): Its scavenging effect on free‐radical and active oxygen
Authors: Duh Pin‐Der
Published: May 2007

The antioxidant activity and free‐radical and active oxygen‐scavenging activity of burdock extracts were investigated. Of the solvents used for extraction, water yielded the greatest amount of extract that exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity. Water extracts of burdock (WEB) and hot water extracts of burdock (HWEB) exhibited comparable and marked activity on inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation, indicating that heat treatment did not alter the antioxidant activity of WEB. WEB and HWEB produced significantly lower (P<0.05) malondialdehyde (MDA) in both linoleic acid and liposome model systems than did the control. Moreover, mixtures of tocopherol (Toc), WEB, and HWEB exhibited a remarkable synergistic antioxidant effect in a liposome system; WEB and HWEB thus potentiated the action of Toc. Furthermore, WEB and HWEB displayed a marked inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation of rat liver homogenate in vitro. WEB and HWEB exhibited an 80% scavenging effect on α,α‐diphenyl‐β‐picrylhydrazyl radical and marked reducing power, indicating that WEB and HWEB act as primary antioxidants. Both extracts at a dose of 1.0 mg exhibited a 60.4–65.0% scavenging effect on superoxide and an 80.5% scavenging effect on hydrogen peroxide. They also showed a marked scavenging effect on the hydroxyl radical. These results revealed that WEB and HWEB are also active as oxygen scavengers and as secondary antioxidants. Based on these results, termination of free‐radical reactions and quenching of reactive oxygen species in burdock extracts are suggested to be, in part, responsible for the antioxidant activity of burdock extracts.
Precision of low trans fatty acid level determination in refined oils. Results of a collaborative capillary gas‐liquid chromatography study
Authors: van Bruggen P. C. , Duchateau G. S. M. J. E. , Mooren M. M. W. , van Oosten H. J.
Published: May 2007

The results of a collaborative study by 38 laboratories were analyzed statistically to calculate the precision of a novel capillary gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) method for the determination of low levels of trans fatty acids (TFA) in edible oils. The participants came from 17 countries, mainly European, and were spread evenly between Unilever companies and external laboratories. All participants used the same GLC method, including a temperature optimization step, which is suitable for the determination of a large range of TFA levels in refined oils and fats and for the determination of total saturated fatty acid, cis mono‐ and cis‐cis methylene‐interrupted polyunsaturated fatty acid isomers. For TFA levels down to 0.5%, the collaborative study yielded values for Rwithin that ranged from 0.08 to 0.13% (absolute values) and for Rbetween from 0.2 to 0.4%, depending on the isomer distribution in a particular edible oil. The proposed GLC method allows reliable TFA analysis at low levels that is suitable for monitoring oil processing practices and intake control.
Characterization of enzymatically synthesized structured lipids containing eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic, and caprylic acids
Authors: Lee Ki‐Teak , Akoh Casimir C.
Published: May 2007

Structured lipids (SL) containing n‐3 polyunsaturated (eicosapentaenoic or docosahexaenoic) and mediumchain (caprylic) fatty acids were synthesized in gram quantities and characterized. Tricaprylin was mixed with n‐3‐rich polyunsaturated fatty acids in a 1:2 molar ratio and transesterified by incubating at 55°C in hexane with SP 435 lipase (10% by wt of total substrates) in a 125‐mL Erlenmeyer flask as the bioreactor. After several batches of reaction, the products were pooled and hexane was evaporated. Short‐path distillation was used for purification of synthesized SL. The distillation conditions were 1.1 Torr and 170°C at a feed flow rate of 3 mL/min. Up to 240 g of SL was isolated and deacidified by alkaline extraction or ethanol‐water solvents. The fatty acid profile, free fatty acid value, saponification number, iodine value, peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid, and conjugated diene contents were determined. Oxidation stability, with α‐tocopherol as antioxidant, and the oxidative stability index were also determined.
Enzymatic transesterification of triolein and stearic acid and solid fat content of their products
Authors: Seriburi Vimon , Akoh Casimir C.
Published: May 2007

Two systems were investigated and compared as models for making margarine‐type fats. Two immobilized lipases, IM60 from Rhizomucor miehei and SP435 from Candida antarctica, were used to catalyze the transesterification of triolein with stearic acid and stearic acid methyl ester, respectively, in n‐hexane. The optimal reaction temperature for both enzymes was 55°C at a mole ratio of triolein to acyl donor of 1:2. Equilibria were reached at 18 h for IM60 and 24 h for SP435. Analysis of the overall yield and incorporation of fatty acid at the sn‐2 position indicated that the triacylglycerol products contained 38.4 and 16.2% 18:0 for acidolysis and 34.2 and 11.3% for interesterification reactions, respectively, at the 2‐position. With SP435, the softest fat was produced after 18 h of incubation, and the hardest after 30 h. For IM60 system, 18 h of incubation gave the most plastic fat.
Oestrogen receptor α is required for biochanin A-induced apolipoprotein A-1 mRNA expression in HepG2 cells
Authors: Chan Ming Yan , Wai Man Gho , Chen Zhen-yu , Wang Jun , Leung Lai K.
Published: May 2007

Epidemiological studies have indicated that soya consumption may produce a better plasma lipid profile. The effect may be attributed to the phyto-oestrogens in soya. The red clover (Trifolium pratense) isoflavone biochanin A has a chemical structure similar to those phyto-oestrogens found in soya beans, and is marketed as a nutraceutical for alleviating postmenopausal symptoms. In the present study we investigated the effect of biochanin A on the mRNA expression of ApoA-1 in the hepatic cell line HepG2. Real-time PCR revealed that biochanin A increased ApoA-1 mRNA abundance in cells expressing oestrogen receptor (ER) α. Without ERα transfection, biochanin A had no effect on mRNA abundance. In order to study the transcriptional control, a fragment of the 5′-flanking region of theApoA-1gene was amplified and inserted in a firefly luciferase reporter plasmid. The reporter assay indicated that the transactivation of theApoA-1promoter was induced by biochanin A in HepG2 cells transfected with the ERα expression plasmid. This induction was reduced by the anti-oestrogen ICI 182,780, whereas the inhibitors of protein kinase (PK) C, PKA, or mitogen-activated kinase (ERK) had no suppressive effect. The present study illustrated that biochanin A might up regulate hepatic apoA-1 mRNA expression through an ER-dependent pathway.
Energy, macronutrient and fatty acid intake of French elderly community dwellers and association with socio-demographic characteristics: data from the Bordeaux sample of the Three-City Study
Authors: Féart Catherine , Jutand Marthe A. , Larrieu Sophie , Letenneur Luc , Delcourt Cécile , Combe Nicole , Barberger-Gateau Pascale
Published: May 2007

Few data are available regarding dietary habits of the elderly, in particular about fatty acid consumption, whereas these are major risk or protective factors of several age-related diseases. The aim of the present study was to characterise the dietary intake of a French elderly population in terms of energy, macronutrients and fatty acids based on their socio-demographic characteristics. The study population (age range 67·7–94·9 years) consisted of 1786 subjects from Bordeaux (France), included in the Three-City cohort. Dietary assessment was performed by a 24 h recall, allowing the estimation of energy, protein, carbohydrate, total fat, SFA, MUFA and PUFA intakes. Socio-demographic characteristics (age, sex, marital status, educational level and income), practice of sports and BMI were registered. Total energy intake (EI) was lower in women and in older participants ( ≥ 85 years) but higher in single subjects. Higher EI was associated with higher income, but not with educational level. Mean contribution of macronutrients to EI (protein 18 %, carbohydrate 46 % and total fat 31 %) was higher in women than men, except for alcohol. The oldest individuals consumed less protein and more mono- and disaccharides. Excess saturated fat intake (43 % of total fat), associated with a relative deficit in MUFA consumption (36 % of total fat), was observed. The mean 18 : 2n-6 : 18 : 3n-3 ratio was 9.9 and decreased with higher educational level. The present results suggest that being female, older age, being widowed and low income level could be considered as risk factors of inadequate dietary intake.
The formation of the hot springs at Bath Spa, UK
Authors: GALLOIS RAMUES
Published: May 2007

The hot springs that emerge at 46 °C in the centre of Bath Spa, Somerset, are unique in the UK. The four other thermal springs in Britain are also sourced in the Carboniferous Limestone, but they emerge at significantly lower temperatures (20 to 28 °C). Bath is situated in a region of low geothermal gradient (about 20 °C/km depth) in a geological setting that seems an unlikely place for hot springs. Why then are these the only hot springs in Britain, and why are they confined to such a small (20 × 80 m) area? The explanation presented here involves a sequence of geological events involving Triassic dissolution and Pleistocene permafrost that is unique to central Bath.
Early to Middle Miocene intra-continental basaltic volcanism in the northern part of the Arabian plate, SE Anatolia, Turkey: geochemistry and petrogenesis
Authors: ALPASLAN MUSA
Published: May 2007

Continental basalts ranging in age from 16.5 to 19.08 Ma crop out throughout the northern part of the Arabian plate. The basalts have distinctive petrographic characteristics such as rounded and skeletal olivine phenocrysts with abundant melt inclusions, implying the mixing of two distinct magmas. All of the analysed basalts are tholeiitic in composition. The presence of quartz xenocrysts with clinopyroxene rims in some samples indicates that crustal assimilation was probably an important process during magma ascent to the surface, and low Mg number and high SiO2 contents of the basalts clearly show that they have experienced fractional crystallization as well as crustal contamination. Variations of the major and trace elements versus MgO show that olivine+clinopyroxene+plagioclase were the main fractionating minerals. In terms of incompatible trace elements, the basalts have OIB-like signatures with a slight depletion at Nb–Ta on primitive-mantle-normalized diagrams. The basalts have slightly LREE enriched patterns with La/YbN = 5.5 to 6.7. La/Nb ratios are close to unity, suggesting the melts may have originated in the asthenospheric mantle. Partial melting modelling based on REE data imply that the melts were not produced from a single mantle source depth, which is either purely a spinel- or garnet-peridotite end member. The samples lie on a binary mixing line between low-degree melts (<5%) from garnet-peridotite and higher-degree melts (>10%) from spinel-peridotite sources on a plot of La/Yb v. Dy/Yb, requiring interaction of melts derived from both garnet- and spinel-peridotite fields. Melts originating from both sources were initially tapped by distinct magma chambers, which subsequently hybridized into a single flow. Hybridized magma ascended to the surface along Neogene strike-slip faults, which are linked to the Dead Sea Fault Zone.
FORCING GOODNESS IN PLATO'S REPUBLIC
Authors: Shields Christopher
Published: May 2007

Among the instances of apparent illiberality in Plato's
Republic, one stands out as especially curious. Long before
making a forced return to the cave, and irrespective of the kinds of
compulsion operative in such a homecoming, the philosopher-king has been
compelled to apprehend the Good (Rep. VII.519c5-d2, 540a3-7). Why
should compulsion be necessary or appropriate in this situation? Schooled
intensively through the decades for an eventual grasping of the Good,
beginning already with precognitive training in music and art calculated
to equip the guardian with a natural affinity towards the good and
beautiful (Rep. III.401d3-402a4), the fully mature guardian might
be expected to leap towards the Good when it is first opportune. For the
Good is, according to Plato, the greatest thing to be learned
(megiston mathêma; Rep. VI.504e4-5, 505a2). Reflection on
these questions permits us to develop a richer appreciation of the forms
of necessitation and compulsion Plato envisages for his guardians, which
turn out to be primarily merely hypothetical instances of nomic
necessitation. It follows that many of Plato's appeals to compulsion are
neither coercive nor objectionably authoritarian.
NATURE IN ARISTOTLE'S ETHICS AND POLITICS
Authors: Kraut Richard
Published: May 2007

Aristotle's doctrine that human beings are political animals is, in
part, an empirical thesis, and posits an inclination to enter into
cooperative relationships, even apart from the instrumental benefits of
doing so. Aristotle's insight is that human cooperation rests on a
non-rational propensity to trust even strangers, when conditions are
favorable. Turning to broader questions about the role of nature in human
development, I situate Aristotle's attitude towards our natural
propensities between two extremes: he rejects both the view that we must
bow to whatever nature dictates, and also the view that nature is
generally or always to be suppressed or overcome. This middle position
requires that Aristotle hold nature and goodness apart, so that the latter
can serve as a standard for evaluating the former. He holds that nature
does not treat all human beings alike: just as some are handicapped in
their development by a deficiency in their natural abilities or
propensities, others are extraordinarily fortunate and have so powerful a
disposition to act well that they easily acquire good habits and skills of
practical reasoning. Further, he recognizes that sociable inclinations and
natural virtues have to compete in the human soul with other natural
forces that make ethical life extraordinarily difficult. That is why
things so often go so badly for us: we need not only to subdue the
external environment, but to overcome certain inner natural obstacles as
well. Even so, for Aristotle ethical life is not generally alienated from
nature, as it is for other philosophers.
THE GOOD MAN AND THE UPRIGHT CITIZEN IN ARISTOTLE'S
ETHICS AND POLITICS
Authors: Keyt David
Published: May 2007

This essay deals with Aristotle's complex account in Politics
III.4 of the good man and the upright citizen. By this account the
goodness of an upright citizen is relative to the city of which he is a
citizen, whereas the goodness of a good man is absolute. Aristotle holds
that the goodness of a good man and the goodness of an upright citizen are
identical in one case only, that of a full citizen of his ideal city. In a
non-ideal city the two are always distinct. One would expect, then, that
cases would arise where the goodness of an upright citizen would demand,
and the goodness of a good man forbid, the very same action. Aristotle,
however, never discusses such cases directly, and many scholars have
thought that he skirts the issue entirely. I argue, on the contrary, that
Aristotle believes that there are cases where a good man will act
differently from an upright citizen and that, consequently, he believes,
as we would hope he would believe, that there are limits to political
obligation.