bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Gamification on Restaurant Consumer-Retention
Authors: Harakal Kyra L. , Berger Paul Daniel
Published: March 2017

This paper considers the marketing concept of gamification. This includes most loyalty programs, but, in addition, has tentacles in many other areas of marketing. It is a concept which has been growing rapidly in the marketing field. While a lot has been written about it, there is little quantitative analysis of its impact. In this paper, we perform a statistical analysis using a database of about 1,100 people and several variables, related to the restaurant industry in particular. We consider several hypotheses. One is whether the consumer loyalty engendered by gamification differs by gender. Another is the relationship between customer loyalty engendered by gamification and some restaurant-specific measures, such as frequency of visits to the restaurant, amount of money spent at a restaurant, and the impact of special rewards programs. We also consider which variables are significant in a predictive model with the dependent variable: I would visit a restaurant more often with the presence of as points-based reward program, and several of the earlier-considered variables as independent variables.
The Interplay between Gender, Learning Approaches and Academic Performance in Chinese Sub-Degree and Degree Students
Authors: Chan Yiu-Kong , Kan Andy C N
Published: March 2017

The community college has been the alternative choice for secondary school graduates on the verge of enrolling in government-funded universities in the Hong Kong higher education system over the past decade. Open University of Hong Kong provides its business degree distance learning programme through face-to-face teaching mode for full-time students. This study examines the relationship of gender, learning approaches and academic performance among 250 Hong Kong Chinese sub-degree and degree students. Students participated in the study responded to the Biggs’s Revised Two-Factor Study Processes Questionnaire (R-SPQ-2F) and McAuley’s Revised Causal Dimension Scale (CDSII). The results indicate that the deep approach and academic performance is positively related. Implications of the findings are discussed for tertiary teachers and counselors.
Effectiveness of Using Infographics as an Approach for Teaching Programming Fundamentals on Developing Analytical Thinking Skills for High School Students in the City of Makkah in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al-Mohammadi Najwa
Published: March 2017

The current study aims at investigating the effectiveness of using infographics as an approach to teach the programming fundamentals on developing analytical thinking skills for high school students in the city of Makkah in Saudi Arabia. The study is based on the two-group quasi-experimental design. Participants were 64 girls at the 1st secondary school in Makkah. They were divided into an experimental group comprising of 32 students and a control group comprising also of 32 students. The programming unit was taught to the experimental group using the educational infographics strategy while the control group was taught using the traditional way of instruction. The researcher designed the lessons of the unit based on an infographics form. She designed the analytical thinking test to measure several of the analytical thinking skills. The researcher also used the following statistical methods: t-test for independent samples, Black’s Gain Ratio to measure effectiveness. The study results pointed out the effectiveness of using infographics strategy as an approach to teach the programming fundamentals on developing analytical thinking skills.
ÁREAS DE PRESERVAÇÃO DO AMBIENTE NATURAL URBANO, SEGREGAÇÃO E IMPACTO NAS PAISAGENS E NA BIODIVERSIDADE: ESTUDO DE CASO DE PELOTAS RS
Authors: Parfitt Claure Morrone
Published: March 2017

O processo de produção do espaço urbano brasileiro tem apresentado aspectos de segregação de classes e degradação do meio natural. No país observa-se que os atrativos do sítio têm constituído em importante fator de expansão urbana, e que os padrões dos assentamentos nesses espaços têm sido os principais fatores de sua transformação e destruição. Este artigo busca conhecer o processo de produção e segregação em uma zona de preservação do ambiente natural urbano. A cidade de Pelotas R. S. configura o caso de estudo. Nela foi investigada a expansão da área urbanizada de 1976 a 2012, em mapas elaboradosa partir fotografias aéreas e pesquisa local. Foram considerados também o segundo e o terceiro Plano Diretor de desenvolvimento urbano. Observam-se na área dois fenômenos. De um lado, a segregação das classes média e alta e de outro, a destruição das paisagens e da biodiversidade. Os atrativos do sítio consistem em um fator que ao mesmo tempo em que proporcionam crescimento e a segregação das classes médias e altas, por outro não constituem elemento para a preservação desses locais. Assim, a pura e simples especificação de áreas de preservação nas legislações, no caso, Planos Diretores Municipais não contribuem para a sua conservação.
ESPAÇO PÚBLICO E PERIFERIA NA CIDADE CONTEMPORÂNEA: ENTRE AS NECESSIDADES E AS POSSIBILIDADES
Authors: Loboda Carlos Roberto
Published: March 2017

Propomos neste manuscrito uma reflexão imanente ao processo de produção da cidade, com ênfase para o uso dos espaços públicos, percorrendo um caminho inverso ou, ao menos, não convencional. Buscarmos analisar a estruturação da cidade a partir das suas áreas periféricas, sobretudo, dos bairros e conjuntos habitacionais considerados de baixa renda, numa cidade média paranaense. Nossa perspectiva está pautada na análise da relação entre o cidadão e seus espaços públicos, considerando as práticas socioespaciais cotidianas que neles se estabelecem, enquanto representação dos diferentes usos cidade, ou parte dela, além de incorporar no processo de pesquisa a opinião daqueles nela vivem, convivem e sobrevivem, ou seja, dando voz ao cidadão, contribuindo para uma noção da produção do espaço público na cidade contemporânea. Os resultados apontam para um processo que expressa uma redefinição constante, os espaços públicos, ora se apresentam enquanto locais relegados ao esquecimento pela perda de algumas de suas funções principais, notadamente aquelas relacionadas ao encontro, à interação e à convivência, ou então por assumirem funções adversas; ora se fazem notar por meio de políticas de promoção dos mesmos enquanto locais de espetáculo na moderna cidade, por meio de imagens simbólicas que lhes são peculiares. Não menos importante, parece-nos que é ressaltar o contrário, ou seja, o espaço público enquanto expressão de um processo de produção da cidade, das suas contradições, conflitos e reflexos, por isso mesmo, o lugar do possível, do ato político, da reivindicação, da festa, do lúdico e do improviso.
ANÁLISE MULTICRITERIAL APLICADA A ELABORAÇÃO DE ZONEAMENTO DE UNIDADE DE CONSERVAÇÃO NA ZONA COSTEIRA DA BAHIA, BRASIL
Authors: Lopes Elfany Reis do Nascimento , Lourenço Roberto Wagner , Reuss-Strenzel Gil Marcelo
Published: March 2017

Este estudo objetivou demonstrar a aplicação da análise multicriterial (AMC) na elaboração do zoneamento de unidades de conservação situadas na zona costeira do Brasil, utilizando a Área de Proteção Ambiental de Guaibim como exemplo na elaboração de um zoneamento que compatibilizasse conservação dos recursos naturais e desenvolvimento local. A análise multicriterial foi utilizada para adequar a APA à conservação e ao desenvolvimento, através do estabelecimento de critérios advindos do mapa de uso da terra e da ponderação dos pesos de importância pela técnica processo de análise hierárquica e da agregação dos fatores pela técnica da combinação linear ponderada. O mapa de viabilidade à conservação apresentou maiores escores de viabilidade nos extremos territoriais, com áreas de manguezais, brejos, restingas e rios. O mapa de viabilidade ao desenvolvimento sugeriu maiores escores para o centro da APA. Posteriormente, os mapas gerados foram integrados através da análise multiobjetivo, eliminando os conflitos e acomodando as áreas adequadas a cada objetivo. A Análise multiobjetivo sugeriu cerca de 70% da área para a conservação e a área de desenvolvimento foi delimitada a 30% do território, culminando em duas principais zonas de manejo (Zona de Conservação e Zona de Desenvolvimento) e as respectivas subzonas de manejo. A AMC é uma análise robusta e flexível e é indicada na elaboração de zoneamentos de unidades de conservação ou ainda, na atualização destes.
AVALIAÇÃO DA SUSTENTABILIDADE AMBIENTAL EM TRÊS PARQUES ESTADUAIS DO ESTADO DE MATO GROSSO DO SUL, NO PERÍODO ENTRE 1985 A 2014.
Authors: Pinto Jorge De Souza , Pinto André Luiz , Souza Pinto Valéria Peron de , Oliveira Ademir Kleber Morbeck de , Souza Celso Correia de
Published: March 2017

Três Parques Estaduais do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, que possuem planos de manejo em operação, foram avaliados em relação à situação de sua cobertura vegetal pelo Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada (NDVI) e relacionados os dados com sua sustentabilidade, buscando-se apresentar a evolução do uso e ocupação da terra e do índice de vegetação, compreendendo as influências trazida pela implantação dos parques e seus planos de manejo na preservação do ambiente e sua sustentabilidade. Foram utilizadas imagens Landsat TM 7 e Landsat LC 8 dos anos de 1985, 2000 e 2014, respectivamente, as quais foram processadas em ambiente SIG, por meio do uso dos softwares SIG Spring 5.2.6 e no SIG ArcGis. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os parques estaduais Nascentes do Rio Taquari, Pantanal do Rio Negro e Várzeas do Rio Ivinhema tem sofrido pressões e depleções em decorrência de uso inadequado dos recursos naturais, em suas zonas de amortecimento, que dificultam a sua conservação. Os índices NDVI e de uso e ocupação da terra obtidos apresentaram certa resiliência do ambiente, porém, apontam recuos significativos e perdas de qualidade da cobertura de vegetal, prospectando-se um cenário de dificuldades em frear os impactos contra as unidades de conservação, bem como em promover a recuperação e manutenção do ambiente, diante da constatação de que ainda é incipiente a implantação efetiva dos seus planos de manejo.
NOTA EDITORIAL
Authors: Ra'e Ga - O Espaço Geográfico em Análise Revista
Published: March 2017

NOTA EDITORIAL
Management of Interprosthetic Femur Fractures
Authors: Scolaro John A. , Schwarzkopf Ran
Published: March 2017

Femoral fractures between a total hip arthroplasty prosthesis and total knee arthroplasty prosthesis, also called interprosthetic fractures, are challenging clinical problems. The number of patients who have undergone ipsilateral primary or revision joint arthroplasty procedures in both the hip and the knee continues to rise, and the number of interprosthetic fractures is increasing, as well. The growing body of biomechanical and clinical literature on interprosthetic fractures reflects the increased frequency of and interest in these injuries. Similar to the management of periprosthetic fractures, the management of interprosthetic fractures depends on the location of the fracture, the stability of the implant, and the ability to achieve stable fracture fixation. These factors are the basis of recently described classification systems and treatment strategies. In patients with stable implants, fracture fixation alone is performed. When the implant is loose, both revision arthroplasty and fracture fixation may be required to provide stability of the limb.
The American and Irish Gothic Novels: From Gloom to Doom
Authors: Al-Momani Hassan Ali Abdullah
Published: March 2017

The main purpose of this paper is to highlight the gloomy atmosphere in the American and Irish gothic novels as a reaction to the introspection of the dark side of the human nature and the ideological conflict or clash with other human groups. In this paper, a comparative close reading analysis will be implemented on Brown's Edger Huntly and Melville's Moby Dick from the American gothic novels, and on Maturin's Melmoth the Wanderer from the Irish literature, in order to prove how the gloomy atmosphere is one of the basic elements in the American and Irish gothic novels.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Global Journal of Health Science, Vol. 9, No. 3
Authors: Grey Erica
Published: March 2017

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Global Journal of Health Science, Vol. 9, No. 3, 2017.
Úlcera crônica tratada com gel de papaína 10% na Estratégia Saúde da Família: relato de experiência
Authors: Souza Maria Cristina Almeida de , Franco Renata Oliveira Melhem , Oliveira Paula Souza Cruz de , Souza Edsneider Rocha Pires de
Published: March 2017

As úlceras em membros inferiores são um problema de saúde pública em razão da significativa incidência, do elevado custo e de frequente recidiva. Frequentemente, a equipe da Estratégia Saúde da Família é o primeiro contato do portador de úlcera, necessitando estar atualizada acerca das opções terapêuticas. Um produto tópico utilizado no tratamento das úlceras cutâneas é o gel de papaína a 10%, devido às suas propriedades bactericida, bacteriostática e desbridante de tecidos necrosados, bem como acelerador de crescimento tecidual. Descreve-se a experiência da equipe da Estratégia Saúde da Família com a utilização de gel de papaína a 10% no tratamento de úlcera cutânea, que regrediu após o uso do gel, destacando-se o matriciamento pelo especialista para a resolutividade do caso.
One Problem for Three Classes
Authors: Samide Andrew
Published: March 2017

When I first started teaching, I was strictly a by-the-book teacher. Students entered my classroom, I presented the material, and then I assigned homework. In the spring of 1967, however, a student brought in a newspaper article in which the author claimed to have trisected an angle using only a compass and a straightedge. My class was excited and wanted to know if his construction was correct. At that moment, my approach to classroom teaching changed. This experience taught me to actively involve students in all aspects of the classroom and has led to some of my favorite lessons. I soon began to create, collect, and present to students mathematics problems for them to explore. Here, I share one such problem that I have used in Algebra 1, Geometry, and Algebra 2 with Trig courses.
Rhapsodisation et transpersonnalisation de la parole dans les Drames de princesses d’Elfriede Jelinek
Authors: Thibault Sara
Published: March 2017

Le présent article, tiré du mémoire de maîtrise de l’auteure, se consacre à l’étude de la parole dans les Drames de princesses, un recueil de pièces de théâtre écrites par Elfriede Jelinek qui constituent autant de variations autour du thème de la jeune fille et la mort. L’analyse s’articule autour de la notion de transpersonnalisation élaborée par Jean-Pierre Sarrazac afin de mettre en relief l’hétérogénéité des discours qui composent la parole de chacune des princesses. L’idée de montage de répliques, empruntée à Joseph Danan, aide à expliquer la conflagration qui s’opère entre le discours médiatique et les autres discours qui traversent le recueil. Finalement, la récupération de ce que Meyerhold appelait un « dialogue intérieur dissimulé » sert à faire ressortir le fait que, sous un apparent dialogisme, la parole des héroïnes de Jelinek est davantage tournée vers l’introspection et prend la forme de soliloques individuels plutôt que d’un véritable échange entre les protagonistes.
Poluição sonora e proteção ambiental: intervenção estatal atual e a possiblidade da tributação ambiental
Authors: Rabbani Roberto Muhájir Rahnemay
Published: March 2017

A poluição sonora é um dos principais perturbadores da qualidade de vida dos cidadãos, causando diversos males à saúde, especialmente no Brasil, em que a ausência de fiscalização e efetiva aplicação da lei, fazem com que o problema perpetue há décadas. A proteção ambiental é a máxima instituída no artigo 225 da Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988 (CRFB), que prevê a obrigação de todos, Estado e cidadãos, em defender e A poluição sonora é um dos principais perturbadores da qualidade de vida dos cidadãos, causando diversos males à saúde, especialmente no Brasil, em que a ausência de fiscalização e efetiva aplicação da lei, fazem com que o problema perpetue há décadas. A proteção ambiental é a máxima instituída no artigo 225 da Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988 (CRFB), que prevê a obrigação de todos, Estado e cidadãos, em defender e  essencial à qualidade sadia de vida. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo tem como objetivo definir o que é poluição sonora, estabelecendo o ruído como uma externalidade negativa que possui um impacto direto sobre a saúde da coletividade, afetando um meio ambiente equilibrado. A partir destas delimitações, será estudado o papel do Estado frente ao controle das liberdades individuais para poder garantir a proteção da coletividade, perfilando as competências materiais para a criação de normas e da responsabilidade de fiscalização e aplicação da norma contra a poluição sonora. Em destaque, será proposto um tributo extrafiscal ambiental que, se corretamente delineado e aplicado, poderá servir complementarmente aos instrumentos da responsabilidade civil, administrativa e penal, podendo contribuir para mitigar a poluição sonora.
O uso da substituição tributária como ferramenta para concretizar o princípio constitucional da livre iniciativa em relação ao limite de receita bruta do simples nacional
Authors: Queiroz André Zancanaro , De Aguiar Júlio Cesar
Published: March 2017

Este trabalho aborda a possibilidade de o regime privilegiado de tributação denominado 'Simples Nacional' estar criando impedimentos para o crescimento das empresas de pequeno porte, em razão da diferença entre a carga tributária deste regime e o regime ordináriode tributação. O trabalho adota a Abordagem Econômica do Direito, sob a premissa de que o direito não apenas prescreve regras de conduta, mas também cria incentivos positivos e negativos que induzem a adoção de comportamentos. Em um típico mercado de concorrênciamonopolística, um aumento do custo marginal da atividade econômica através do aumento do custo fiscal pode forçar a saída de uma empresa como resultado de sua incapacidade obter lucro econômico. A tributação que impede a realização de atividade econômica lícita por torná-la excessivamente onerosa ofende o princípio constitucional da livre iniciativa, o qual implica não apenas a possibilidade formal de realizar determinadas atividades econômicas, mas também a inexistência de limitações legais que prejudiquem a livre concorrência. O artigo sugere a utilização do regime de substituição tributária como meio decorrigir a distorção apresentada.
Servicíos publicos: caracterización, fundamentos y evolución en el derecho argentino
Authors: Goldfarb Miguel Andrés
Published: March 2017

Los servicios públicos constituyen una verdadera institución del derecho. Es objeto de estudio de las ciencias jurídicas junto con otras ciencias sociales. Es relevante precisar su concepto a los fines de definir en la praxis qué actividades son efectivamente servicio público, puesto que estas serán reguladas por un subsistema diferenciado de derecho público con grandes implicancias prácticas. La publicatio constituye hoy una herramienta útil a tales fines. La intervención del estado en la economía a través de la técnica servicio público tiene hoy sustento constitucional y se sostiene en el enorme impacto social de las necesidades que estas prestaciones cubren. Finalmente, en Argentina se ha demostrado que el rol del estado fue mutando conforme cambiaron los tiempos políticos y las ideologías imperantes en cada etapa de la historia del país por lo que ha quedo expuesta la estrecha relación entre la institución con la política y la economía, consolidándose en los últimos años un esquema mixto dotado de pragmatismo.
Availability and findability of FOI and privacy statements on Finnish municipalities’ websites
Authors: Kautto Tuija , Henttonen Pekka
Published: March 2017

FOI and privacy statements are statements in which an organization inform users about the accessibility of the digital and analog information in its custody and the privacy policy it has adopted. This study examined whether Finnish municipalities have posted FOI and privacy statements on their websites.At the first phase 309 municipal websites were examined to see whether the statements were located on the front page or if there were direct links to them at the front page. If the website did not have FOI or privacy statement or a link to statements at the front page, then it was studied whether the statements could be found easily in the municipal website by making a simple search. At the second phase 38 municipal websites were studied.The study resulted that FOI and privacy statements are non-existent on Finnish municipal websites. The study also revealed while there is sometimes an effort to provide information on municipal FOI and privacy practices, the information is scattered on the website and it is not easy to find. This is in accordance with the previous studies in other countries. Interestingly, long tradition of Finnish FOI legislation does not seem to make a difference when it comes to informing users about FOI and privacy policies.Future studies should examine how aware are the citizens about FOI and privacy rights; whether the citizens trust authorities in handling information; and what are the reasons why authorities ignore to inform the citizens about FOI and privacy practices.
Key bacterial families (Clostridiaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae and Bacteroidaceae) are related to the digestion of protein and energy in dogs
Authors: Bermingham Emma N. , Maclean Paul , Thomas David G. , Cave Nicholas J. , Young Wayne
Published: March 2017

Background

Much of the recent research in companion animal nutrition has focussed on understanding the role of diet on faecal microbiota composition. To date, diet-induced changes in faecal microbiota observed in humans and rodents have been extrapolated to pets in spite of their very different dietary and metabolic requirements. This lack of direct evidence means that the mechanisms by which microbiota influences health in dogs are poorly understood. We hypothesised that changes in faecal microbiota correlate with physiological parameters including apparent macronutrient digestibility.

Methods

Fifteen adult dogs were assigned to two diet groups, exclusively fed either a premium kibbled diet (kibble;K;n = 8) or a raw red meat diet (meat;M;n = 7) for nine weeks. Apparent digestibility of macronutrients (protein, fat, gross energy and dry matter), faecal weight, faecal health scores, faecal VFA concentrations and faecal microbial composition were determined. Datasets were integrated using mixOmics in R.

Results

Faecal weight and VFA levels were lower and the apparent digestibility of protein and energy were higher in dogs on the meat diet. Diet significantly affected 27 microbial families and 53 genera in the faeces. In particular, the abundances ofBacteriodes,Prevotella,PeptostreptococcusandFaecalibacteriumwere lower in dogs fed the meat diet, whereasFusobacterium,LactobacillusandClostridiumwere all more abundant.

Discussion

Our results show clear associations of specific microbial taxa with diet composition. For example, Clostridiaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae and Bacteroidaceae were highly correlated to parameters such as protein and fat digestibility in the dog. By understanding the relationship between faecal microbiota and physiological parameters we will gain better insights into the effects of diet on the nutrition of our pets.
The effects of elevated pain inhibition on endurance exercise performance
Authors: Flood Andrew , Waddington Gordon , Keegan Richard J. , Thompson Kevin G. , Cathcart Stuart
Published: March 2017

Background

The ergogenic effects of analgesic substances suggest that pain perception is an important regulator of work-rate during fatiguing exercise. Recent research has shown that endogenous inhibitory responses, which act to attenuate nociceptive input and reduce perceived pain, can be increased following transcranial direct current stimulation of the hand motor cortex. Using high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS; 2 mA, 20 min), the current study aimed to examine the effects of elevated pain inhibitory capacity on endurance exercise performance. It was hypothesised that HD-tDCS would enhance the efficiency of the endogenous pain inhibitory response and improve endurance exercise performance.

Methods

Twelve healthy males between 18 and 40 years of age (M = 24.42 ± 3.85) were recruited for participation. Endogenous pain inhibitory capacity and exercise performance were assessed before and after both active and sham (placebo) stimulation. The conditioned pain modulation protocol was used for the measurement of pain inhibition. Exercise performance assessment consisted of both maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and submaximal muscular endurance performance trials using isometric contractions of the non-dominant leg extensors.

Results

Active HD-tDCS (pre-tDCS, −.32 ± 1.33 kg; post-tDCS, −1.23 ± 1.21 kg) significantly increased pain inhibitory responses relative to the effects of sham HD-tDCS (pre-tDCS, −.91 ± .92 kg; post-tDCS, −.26 ± .92 kg; p = .046). Irrespective of condition, peak MVC force and muscular endurance was reduced from pre- to post-stimulation. HD-tDCS did not significantly influence this reduction in maximal force (active: pre-tDCS, 264.89 ± 66.87 Nm; post-tDCS, 236.33 ± 66.51 Nm; sham: pre-tDCS, 249.25 ± 88.56 Nm; post-tDCS, 239.63 ± 67.53 Nm) or muscular endurance (active: pre-tDCS, 104.65 ± 42.36 s; post-tDCS, 93.07 ± 33.73 s; sham: pre-tDCS, 123.42 ± 72.48 s; post-tDCS, 100.27 ± 44.25 s).

Discussion

Despite increasing pain inhibitory capacity relative to sham stimulation, active HD-tDCS did not significantly elevate maximal force production or muscular endurance. These findings question the role of endogenous pain inhibitory networks in the regulation of exercise performance.
New in vitro system to predict chemotherapeutic efficacy of drug combinations in fresh tumor samples
Authors: Kischkel Frank Christian , Eich Julia , Meyer Carina I. , Weidemüller Paula , Krapfl Jens , Yassin-Kelepir Rauaa , Job Laura , Fraefel Marius , Braicu Ioana , Kopp-Schneider Annette , Sehouli Jalid , De Wilde Rudy Leon
Published: March 2017

Background

To find the best individual chemotherapy for cancer patients, the efficacy of different chemotherapeutic drugs can be predicted by pretesting tumor samples in vitro via the chemotherapy-resistance (CTR)-Test®. Although drug combinations are widely used among cancer therapy, so far only single drugs are tested by this and other tests. However, several first line chemotherapies are combining two or more chemotherapeutics, leading to the necessity of drug combination testing methods.

Methods

We established a system to measure and predict the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drug combinations with the help of the Loewe additivity concept in combination with the CTR-test. A combination is measured by using half of the monotherapy’s concentration of both drugs simultaneously. With this method, the efficacy of a combination can also be calculated based on single drug measurements.

Results

The established system was tested on a data set of ovarian carcinoma samples using the combination carboplatin and paclitaxel and confirmed by using other tumor species and chemotherapeutics. Comparing the measured and the calculated values of the combination testings revealed a high correlation. Additionally, in 70% of the cases the measured and the calculated values lead to the same chemotherapeutic resistance category of the tumor.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that the best drug combination consists of the most efficient single drugs and the worst drug combination of the least efficient single drugs. Our results showed that single measurements are sufficient to predict combinations in specific cases but there are exceptions in which it is necessary to measure combinations, which is possible with the presented system.
Origins of water content variations in the suboceanic upper mantle: Insight from Southwest Indian Ridge abyssal peridotites
Authors: Li Wei , Soustelle Vincent , Jin Zhenmin , Li Huaiming , Chen Tao , Tao Chunhui
Published: March 2017

To investigate the origin of heterogeneous water distribution in the suboceanic lithospheric mantle, we performed a detailed petrological and geochemical analysis of abyssal peridotites collected from two localities (53°E and 63.5°E) on the Southwest Indian Ridge. These serpentinized peridotites display primary olivine‐orthopyroxene‐clinopyroxene‐spinel assemblage and record equilibrium temperature of 1150–1200°C and around 1000°C for the 53°E and 63.5°E locations, respectively. The rocks were thus equilibrated in the spinel stability field prior to their exhumation to the seafloor. Our FTIR analyses show variable water contents in orthopyroxene ranging from 24 to 262 wt ppm H2O. Orthopyroxene in the 63.5°E peridotites is characterized by homogeneous and high water content (>200 ppm), whereas orthopyroxene in the 53°E peridotites displays a wider range of water contents (24–246 ppm). We first demonstrate that differences in equilibrium conditions (i.e., pressure and temperature) and mineral chemistry and serpentinization cannot explain the water content variations. Melting modeling show that a fractional melting in both garnet and spinel stability fields is needed to explain the MREE and HREE concentrations in clinopyroxene. Enrichment in LREE, high water contents, and high H2O/Ce, however, require a postmelting rehydration event such as metasomatism. Based on petrographic evidence and investigation of chemical heterogeneities at segment/dredge scale, we suggest that this event involves a metasomatic agent enriched in water and incompatible elements. We infer that the small‐scale heterogeneities in water and trace elements may result either from successive infiltration of various amounts of melt/fluids as described in the formation of oceanic core complex or from spatial heterogeneities of melt infiltration as observed in peridotite massifs.
Generation of extremely low frequency chorus in Van Allen radiation belts
Authors: Xiao Fuliang , Liu Si , Tao Xin , Su Zhenpeng , Zhou Qinghua , Yang Chang , He Zhaoguo , He Yihua , Gao Zhonglei , Baker D. N. , Spence H. E. , Reeves G. D. , Funsten H. O. , Blake J. B.
Published: March 2017

Recent studies have shown that chorus can efficiently accelerate the outer radiation belt electrons to relativistic energies. Chorus, previously often observed above 0.1 equatorial electron gyrofrequency fce, was generated by energetic electrons originating from Earth's plasma sheet. Chorus below 0.1 fce has seldom been reported until the recent data from Van Allen Probes, but its origin has not been revealed so far. Because electron resonant energy can approach the relativistic level at extremely low frequency, relativistic effects should be considered in the formula for whistler mode wave growth rate. Here we report high‐resolution observations during the 14 October 2014 small storm and firstly demonstrate, using a fully relativistic simulation, that electrons with the high‐energy tail population and relativistic pitch angle anisotropy can provide free energy sufficient for generating chorus below 0.1 fce. The simulated wave growth displays a very similar pattern to the observations. The current results can be applied to Jupiter, Saturn, and other magnetized planets.
Ground‐rupturing earthquakes on the northern Big Bend of the San Andreas Fault, California, 800 A.D. to Present
Authors: Scharer Katherine , Weldon Ray , Biasi Glenn , Streig Ashley , Fumal Thomas
Published: March 2017

Paleoseismic data on the timing of ground‐rupturing earthquakes constrain the recurrence behavior of active faults and can provide insight on the rupture history of a fault if earthquakes dated at neighboring sites overlap in age and are considered correlative. This study presents the evidence and ages for 11 earthquakes that occurred along the Big Bend section of the southern San Andreas Fault at the Frazier Mountain paleoseismic site. The most recent earthquake to rupture the site was the Mw7.7–7.9 Fort Tejon earthquake of 1857. We use over 30 trench excavations to document the structural and sedimentological evolution of a small pull‐apart basin that has been repeatedly faulted and folded by ground‐rupturing earthquakes. A sedimentation rate of 0.4 cm/yr and abundant organic material for radiocarbon dating contribute to a record that is considered complete since 800 A.D. and includes 10 paleoearthquakes. Earthquakes have ruptured this location on average every ~100 years over the last 1200 years, but individual intervals range from ~22 to 186 years. The coefficient of variation of the length of time between earthquakes (0.7) indicates quasiperiodic behavior, similar to other sites along the southern San Andreas Fault. Comparison with the earthquake chronology at neighboring sites along the fault indicates that only one other 1857‐size earthquake could have occurred since 1350 A.D., and since 800 A.D., the Big Bend and Mojave sections have ruptured together at most 50% of the time in Mw ≥ 7.3 earthquakes.
Nitrous oxide production in surface waters of the mid‐latitude North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Ji Qixing , Ward Bess B.
Published: March 2017

The ocean is a major source of atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O), an important greenhouse gas and ozone‐depleting agent. The oceanic flux of N2O varies regionally, and in the midlatitude North Atlantic, the production of N2O is poorly constrained. Incubation experiments with 15N‐ammonium and 15N‐nitrite revealed active N2O production from ammonium oxidation and nitrite reduction in the surface ocean, suggesting the midlatitude North Atlantic could be a net source for N2O, with a flux density of 0.06 µmol‐N2O m−2 d−1 in the top 120 m. The peak of N2O production was detected in the upper 100 m, shallower than the depth at which highest rates of ammonium oxidation to nitrite occurred. Oxygen was not depleted in the water column, but its concentration minimum corresponded to highest N2O oversaturation and low in situ N2O production. The apparent N2O yield, i.e., the molar ratio of N2O‐N production over nitrite production was 1.7% at the peak N2O production depths in the surface layer and decreased to less than 0.1% at peak ammonium oxidation depths. The majority of N2O production was apparently through “hybrid formation,” in which ammonium and nitrite each contribute one nitrogen atom to N2O formation, a process that is proposed to be mediated by ammonia oxidizing archaea.
Evolution of trace elements in the planetary boundary layer in southern China: Effects of dust storms and aerosol‐cloud interactions
Authors: Li Tao , Wang Yan , Zhou Jie , Wang Tao , Ding Aijun , Nie Wei , Xue Likun , Wang Xinfeng , Wang Wenxing
Published: March 2017

Aerosols and cloud water were analyzed at a mountaintop in the planetary boundary layer in southern China during March–May 2009, when two Asian dust storms occurred, to investigate the effects of aerosol‐cloud interactions (ACIs) on chemical evolution of atmospheric trace elements. Fe, Al, and Zn predominated in both coarse and fine aerosols, followed by high concentrations of toxic Pb, As, and Cd. Most of these aerosol trace elements, which were affected by dust storms, exhibited various increases in concentrations but consistent decreases in solubility. Zn, Fe, Al, and Pb were the most abundant trace elements in cloud water. The trace element concentrations exhibited logarithmic inverse relationships with the cloud liquid water content and were found highly pH dependent with minimum concentrations at the threshold of pH ~5.0. The calculation of Visual MINTEQ model showed that 80.7–96.3% of Fe(II), Zn(II), Pb(II), and Cu(II) existed in divalent free ions, while 71.7% of Fe(III) and 71.5% of Al(III) were complexed by oxalate and fluoride, respectively. ACIs could markedly change the speciation distributions of trace elements in cloud water by pH modification. The in‐cloud scavenging of aerosol trace elements likely reached a peak after the first 2–3 h of cloud processing, with scavenging ratios between 0.12 for Cr and 0.57 for Pb. The increases of the trace element solubility (4–33%) were determined in both in‐cloud aerosols and postcloud aerosols. These results indicated the significant importance of aerosol‐cloud interactions to the evolution of trace elements during the first several cloud condensation/evaporation cycles.
Glacier melt buffers river runoff in the Pamir Mountains
Authors: Pohl Eric , Gloaguen Richard , Andermann Christoff , Knoche Malte
Published: March 2017

Newly developed approaches based on satellite altimetry and gravity measurements provide promising results on glacier dynamics in the Pamir‐Himalaya but cannot resolve short‐term natural variability at regional and finer scale. We contribute to the ongoing debate by upscaling a hydrological model that we calibrated for the central Pamir. The model resolves the spatiotemporal variability in runoff over the entire catchment domain with high efficiency. We provide relevant information about individual components of the hydrological cycle and quantify short‐term hydrological variability. For validation, we compare the modeled total water storages (TWS) with GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) data with a very good agreement where GRACE uncertainties are low. The approach exemplifies the potential of GRACE for validating even regional scale hydrological applications in remote and hard to access mountain regions. We use modeled time series of individual hydrological components to characterize the effect of climate variability on the hydrological cycle. We demonstrate that glaciers play a twofold role by providing roughly 35% of the annual runoff of the Panj River basin and by effectively buffering runoff both during very wet and very dry years. The modeled glacier mass balance (GMB) of −0.52 m w.e. yr−1 (2002–2013) for the entire catchment suggests significant reduction of most Pamiri glaciers by the end of this century. The loss of glaciers and their buffer functionality in wet and dry years could not only result in reduced water availability and increase the regional instability, but also increase flood and drought hazards.
Snowmelt controls on concentration‐discharge relationships and the balance of oxidative and acid‐base weathering fluxes in an alpine catchment, East River, Colorado
Authors: Winnick Matthew J. , Carroll Rosemary W. H. , Williams Kenneth H. , Maxwell Reed M. , Dong Wenming , Maher Kate
Published: March 2017

Although important for riverine solute and nutrient fluxes, the connections between biogeochemical processes and subsurface hydrology remain poorly characterized. We investigate these couplings in the East River, CO, a high‐elevation shale‐dominated catchment in the Rocky Mountains, using concentration‐discharge (C‐Q) relationships for major cations, anions, and organic carbon. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) displays a positive C‐Q relationship with clockwise hysteresis, indicating mobilization and depletion of DOC in the upper soil horizons and emphasizing the importance of shallow flow paths during snowmelt. Cation and anion concentrations demonstrate that carbonate weathering, which dominates solute fluxes, is promoted by both sulfuric acid derived from pyrite oxidation in the shale bedrock and carbonic acid derived from subsurface respiration. Sulfuric acid weathering dominates during base flow conditions when waters infiltrate below the inferred pyrite oxidation front, whereas carbonic acid weathering plays a dominant role during snowmelt as a result of shallow flow paths. Differential C‐Q relationships between solutes suggest that infiltrating waters approach calcite saturation before reaching the pyrite oxidation front, after which sulfuric acid reduces carbonate alkalinity. This reduction in alkalinity results in CO2 outgassing when waters equilibrate to surface conditions, and reduces the riverine export of carbon and alkalinity by roughly 33% annually. Future changes in snowmelt dynamics that control the balance of carbonic and sulfuric acid weathering may substantially alter carbon cycling in the East River. Ultimately, we demonstrate that differential C‐Q relationships between major solutes can provide unique insights into the complex subsurface flow and biogeochemical dynamics that operate at catchment scales.
Groundwater similarity across a watershed derived from time‐warped and flow‐corrected time series
Authors: Rinderer M. , McGlynn B. L. , van Meerveld H. J.
Published: March 2017

Information about catchment‐scale groundwater dynamics is necessary to understand how catchments store and release water and why water quantity and quality varies in streams. However, groundwater level monitoring is often restricted to a limited number of sites. Knowledge of the factors that determine similarity between monitoring sites can be used to predict catchment‐scale groundwater storage and connectivity of different runoff source areas. We used distance‐based and correlation‐based similarity measures to quantify the spatial and temporal differences in shallow groundwater similarity for 51 monitoring sites in a Swiss prealpine catchment. The 41 months long time series were preprocessed using Dynamic Time‐Warping and a Flow‐corrected Time Transformation to account for small timing differences and bias toward low‐flow periods. The mean distance‐based groundwater similarity was correlated to topographic indices, such as upslope contributing area, topographic wetness index, and local slope. Correlation‐based similarity was less related to landscape position but instead revealed differences between seasons. Analysis of variance and partial Mantel tests showed that landscape position, represented by the topographic wetness index, explained 52% of the variability in mean distance‐based groundwater similarity, while spatial distance, represented by the Euclidean distance, explained only 5%. The variability in distance‐based similarity and correlation‐based similarity between groundwater and streamflow time series was significantly larger for midslope locations than for other landscape positions. This suggests that groundwater dynamics at these midslope sites, which are important to understand runoff source areas and hydrological connectivity at the catchment scale, are most difficult to predict.
An improved constant evaporative fraction method for estimating daily evapotranspiration from remotely sensed instantaneous observations
Authors: Tang Ronglin , Li Zhao‐Liang
Published: March 2017

Evapotranspiration (ET) is a primary mechanism for water and heat transfer between land and the atmosphere. One approach to estimate ET is from instantaneous remotely sensed data. The constant evaporative fraction (EF) method is then usually used to estimate integrated daily fluxes, which are typically underestimated values. Here we present a theoretical improvement to the conventional EF. The improved EF is shown to be robust and superior to the conventional approach, and it significantly reduces the underestimation bias.
Ultra‐relativistic radiation belt extinction and ULF wave radial diffusion: Modeling the September 2014 extended dropout event
Authors: Ozeke Louis G. , Mann Ian R. , Murphy Kyle R. , Sibeck David G. , Baker Daniel N.
Published: March 2017

In September 2014 an unusually long‐lasting (≳10 days) ultra‐relativistic electron flux depletion occurred in the outer radiation belt despite ongoing solar wind forcing. We simulate this period using a ULF wave radial diffusion model, driven by observed ULF wave power coupled to flux variations at the outer boundary at L* = 5, including empirical electron loss models due to chorus and hiss wave scattering. Our results show that unexplained rapid main phase loss, that depletes the belt within hours, is essential to explain the observations. Such ultra‐relativistic electron extinction decouples the prestorm and poststorm fluxes, revealing the subsequent belt dynamics to be surprisingly independent of prestorm flux. However, once this extinction is included, ULF wave transport and coupling to the outer boundary explain the extended depletion event and also the eventual flux recovery. Neither local acceleration nor ongoing losses from hiss or chorus wave scattering to the atmosphere are required.
Can Architecture Heal? Building as Instruments of Health
Authors: Murphy Michael , Mansfield Jeffrey
Published: March 2017

In the work of MASS Design Group, form follows facts. Mortality rates in some of the world's most deprived areas are being exacerbated by poor architectural provision, which allows disease to run rife in healthcare settings and causes medical professionals to flee. Yet thoughtful design can improve physician retention rates, encourage people to seek medical assistance, and improve their health prospects when they do – all at relatively little cost. MASS members Michael Murphy and Jeffrey Mansfield here outline projects of theirs in Rwanda, Malawi and Haiti that have made an inestimable difference to the communities they serve.
Infrared Regulating Smart Window Based on Organic Materials
Authors: Khandelwal Hitesh , Schenning Albertus P. H. J. , Debije Michael G.
Published: March 2017

Windows are vital elements in the built environment that have a large impact on the energy consumption in indoor spaces, affecting heating and cooling and artificial lighting requirements. Moreover, they play an important role in sustaining human health and well‐being. In this review, we discuss the next generation of smart windows based on organic materials which can change their properties by reflecting or transmitting excess solar energy (infrared radiation) in such a way that comfortable indoor temperatures can be maintained throughout the year. Moreover, we place emphasis on windows that maintain transparency in the visible region so that additional energy is not required to retain natural illumination. We discuss a number of ways to fabricate windows which remain as permanent infrared control elements throughout the year as well as windows which can alter transmission properties in presence of external stimuli like electric fields, temperature and incident light intensity. We also show the potential impact of these windows on energy saving in different climate conditions.
Myeloid neoplasms with concurrent BCR‐ABL1 and CBFB rearrangements: A series of 10 cases of a clinically aggressive neoplasm
Authors: Salem Alireza , Loghavi Sanam , Tang Guilin , Huh Yang O. , Jabbour Elias J. , Kantarjian Hagop , Wang Wei , Hu Shimin , Luthra Rajyalakshmi , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Khoury Joseph D.
Published: March 2017

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is defined by the presence of t(9;22)(q34;q11.2)/BCR‐ABL1. Additional chromosomal abnormalities confer an adverse prognosis and are particularly common in the blast phase of CML (CML‐BP). CBFB rearrangement, particularly CBFB‐MYH11 fusion resulting from inv(16)(p13.1q22) or t(16;16)(p13.1;q22), is an acute myeloid leukemia (AML)‐defining alteration that is associated with a favorable outcome. The co‐occurrence of BCR‐ABL1 and CBFB rearrangement is extremely rare, and the significance of this finding remains unclear. We identified 10 patients with myeloid neoplasms harboring BCR‐ABL1 and CBFB rearrangement. The study group included six men and four women with a median age of 51 years (range, 20‐71 years). The sequence of molecular alterations could be determined in nine cases: BCR‐ABL1 preceded CBFB rearrangement in seven, CBFB rearrangement preceded BCR‐ABL1 in one, and both alterations were discovered simultaneously in one patient. BCR‐ABL1 encoded for p210 kD in all cases in which BCR‐ABL1 preceded CBFB rearrangement; a p190 kD was identified in the other three cases. Two patients were treated with the FLAG‐IDA regimen (fludarabine, cytarabine, idarubicin, and G‐CSF) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI); seven with other cytarabine‐based regimens and TKIs, and one with ponatinib alone. At last follow up (median, 16 months; range 2‐85), 7 of 10 patients had died. The co‐existence of BCR‐ABL1 and CBFB rearrangement is associated with poor outcome and a clinical course similar to that of CML‐BP, and unlike de novo AML with CBFB rearrangement, suggesting that high‐intensity chemotherapy with TKI should be considered in these patients.