bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selecting for a Diverse Public Health Workforce
Authors: Mamary Edward M. , Roe Kathleen M.
Published: July 2019

The population of California continues to become more diverse; it has become increasingly important for California universities to provide graduate education to underrepresented groups and to prepare culturally competent health educators whose skills are adapted to these dynamic demographic changes. This paper describes the graduate admissions requirements of the four California-based graduate programs in Community Health Education (CHE) accredited by the Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH ) and uses the graduate admissions process at San Jose State University as a case example for selecting a cohort that reflects the cultural and linguistic diversity of the state. The use of multiple methods of assessment and the avoidance of undue emphasis on standardized tests in the admissions selection creates a more equitable graduate admissions process.
Graduate School in Health Education
Authors: Pettit Michele L.
Published: July 2019

This article examines aspects health educators should consider before obtaining an advanced degree. Specifically, challenges and expectations facing graduate students in health education are discussed in addition to available options for individuals thinking about graduate school in the discipline. Health educators must devise goals to obtain the most from their graduate school experiences. Potential students must also choose programs that best suit their personal and professional needs. Above all, health educators must determine when to attend graduate school and at what costs.
Tobacco Use in China
Authors: Ma Grace X. , Lan Yajia , Toubbeh Michael I , Zhai Chenkai
Published: July 2019

Objective: To provide an overview of the previous study findings on tobacco use patterns and deleterious consequences on the health and economy in China, the largest producer and consumer of tobacco products in the world. Data Sources: Medline literature searches, books, and reports from 1982 to 2002. Data Synthesis: Seven categories were examined (prevalence patterns of smoking, its correlations with age and gender, smoking initiation, risk factors, health and economic consequences, knowledge of and attitudes towards tobacco among smokers and non-smokers, and suggestions on tobacco control efforts). Conclusions: The results consistently indicated high prevalence rates in China, which varied significantly with gender, age, and region. The health and ensuing economic consequences of tobacco use are enormous. The authors urge the Chinese governmental authorities that investment in tobacco control is a wise and profitable venture to counteract the effects of tobacco before a highly probable health catastrophe occurs.
Osteoporosis
Authors: Ford M. Allison , Bass Martha A.
Published: July 2019

Osteoporosis is a serious health issue causing premature disability to millions of Americans. Costs associated with this disease exceed 13.8 billion dollars per year. Women have a greater risk for osteoporosis than men. However, men are also susceptible to bone loss and osteoporosis. Osteoporosis education for the health care professional is warranted. Understanding risk factors and utilizing bone measurement techniques will result in earlier detection of osteoporosis. Adequate calcium intakes and weight bearing exercise is essential in prevention and maintenance of osteoporosis. This article discusses osteoporosis as a home health care issue.
HIV/AIDS Among Middle and Older Adults in Puerto Rico
Authors: Santos-Ortiz María del Carmen , Mattei Hernando , Correa-Nivar Kenja , Pintado-Díaz Elizabeth
Published: July 2019

Of all the AIDS cases reported through March 2004 in Puerto Rico, 34.8% were among the 40-59 age group, and 3.9% in persons 60 years and over. This represents 38.7% of all cases of AIDS in Puerto Rico. The percentage was higher among new AIDS cases diagnosed. Currently half of all new cases were 40 years and older. The most prevalent mode of exposure reported was related to sexual contact (heterosexual contact, male-male/bisexual sexual contact, male-male sexual contact and injection drug use). Injection drug use is identified as an important mode of exposure, particularly among males 40-59 years old. In the older generation, ignorance or the refusal to acknowledge their sexual interest and activity has resulted in a failure to adequately consider such health issues as sexually transmitted infections, including HIV in this population. Due to the increase of new AIDS cases and to the rapidly growing segment of the older adult population, middle and older adults are becoming an important group in need of HIV/AIDS prevention. With the intention of obtaining information on HIV risk factors among older adults a descriptive research was conducted. A non-probability sample of 157 men and 57 women 60 years and older from the San Juan Metropolitan Area was interviewed. The questionnaire included questions on HIV/AIDS knowledge, risk-perception, sexual practices, condom use and accessibility, HIV testing, alcohol and health and sociodemographic characteristics. The age range of the participants was 60-93 years old. The majority of respondents listed Social Security and food stamps as their primary source of income. Thirty-three percent of the male and 38.2% of the women perceived themselves as being at risk of HIV infection. Sexual relations during the last month were reported by 56.6% of the male and 13.2% of the women. They mention spouse, girl/boy friend as their usual partners; male also indicated casual partners and sex workers. The majority did not use condoms in their last sexual relation. Only 21% of males that reported sexual relations with sex worker always used condoms. Pharmacy was mentioned by the majority as the place where they obtain condoms. Forty five percent of female and 34% of the male had been tested for HIV. Gonorrhea was the most frequent sexually transmitted infection reported by males and trichomonas vaginalis by females. We are confronting a condition that affects the present population as well as future generations of older adults. Recommendations of health promotion and health education interventions that contribute to decrease the HIV/AIDS incidence and to eliminate stereotyping, discrimination and disparities in health care services for this population are identify.
Review of Elder Abuse Literature
Authors: Wyandt Mary A.
Published: July 2019

As the population continues to age, elder abuse is an issue that must not be ignored. Although elder abuse is not entirely a new issue, it is time for a unified definition to be identified, prevention programs to be implemented and effective interventions to emerge. This paper provides a synopsis of elder abuse through a comprehensive review of literature. Factors associated with defining elder abuse, types of abuse among the elderly, varying perceptions of elder abuse, perpetrations and situations of elder abuse, recognizing elder abuse, responding to and reporting elder abuse, and interventions and elder abuse are presented. Suggestions for further initiatives are provided.
Washington State’s Residential Parenting Program
Authors: Fearn Noelle E. , Parker Kelly
Published: July 2019

Increases in the number of women incarcerated have created a corresponding need for health services for pregnant inmates. There have been relatively few comprehensive prison-based programs that address the prenatal health care needs of these expectant prisoners, as well as providing a safe and nurturing long-term environment for their infants. This paper outlines the key health care issues for female prison inmates and focuses on pregnant women and their unique health, educational, social, and vocational needs. An in-depth process analysis of a promising integrated program, Washington State’s Residential Parenting Program follows. Since most inmates return to their communities, prison programs for mothers that aim to reduce recidivism, enhance long-term public safety by providing a bridge between the institution and community, enhance the relationship between mother and child, and improve the prospects for the family should be a priority.
Gay Marriage
Authors: Quaytman J. A.
Published: July 2019

This theoretical discussion centers on the evolving nature of marriage and its underlying function over the course of human history. The author pulls from the constructs of Evolutionary Psychology, Sociobiology, genetics and General Systems Theory to formulate some hypotheses about the changing configuration of the American family. The discussion also identifies various factors which have contributed to the rather rapid shift in social attitudes and public policy about gay marriage in the past decade.
Healthy Lifestyles for People with Disabilities
Authors: Abdullah Nasreen , Horner-Johnson Willi , Drum Charles E. , Krahn Gloria L. , Staples Erin , Weisser Justin , Hammond Laura
Published: July 2019

People with disabilities are more susceptible to compromised health status and preventable secondary conditions. A Healthy Lifestyles curriculum was developed as a health promotion program for people with disabilities. Using the curriculum, ten free 2½-day workshops were provided for people with various disabilities in Oregon and Southwest Washington. Workshops were conducted in collaboration with local entities such as Centers for Independent Living. The workshops took an integrated approach to health, addressing connections among physical, social, emotional, and spiritual health, and health through meaningful activities. During workshops, the participants obtained health information and experienced healthy activities such as yoga and non-impact aerobics, both tailored for people with disabilities. At the end of the workshop, each participant identified two healthy lifestyle goals to work toward. Progress and/or barriers in accomplishing those goals were shared in support groups for 6-9 months. Preliminary results indicate early and sustained improvements in health behaviors and health-related attitudes. The Healthy Lifestyles program offers a promising approach to promoting health among people with disabilities.
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk
Authors: Romero Devan R. , McMahan Shari , Cathorall Michelle
Published: July 2019

Recent changes by the American Heart Association identify screening guidelines for CVD risk factors for those in their early twenties. Research on CVD has focused on adult populations 40 and over. If risk is identified at an earlier age, then preventative behaviors can be established to prevent the onset and prevalence of CVD. This study was conducted to identify college students’ awareness of early screening for and knowledge of CVD risk factors. Specifically, this study examined differences between men, women, and risk perception. Participants were 403 college students (male = 137; female = 266) between the ages of 18 and 25 that completed a questionnaire measuring knowledge and awareness of CVD risk. Results showed that college students had limited knowledge of CVD risk, specifically signs and symptoms. A majority of the participants identified awareness of early screening guidelines. Women rated cancer as the leading cause of death more frequently than men did. Further results indicated men continue to be more knowledgeable and aware of CVD risk. Practitioners and health educators need to use existing literature and new CVD guidelines in the United States to develop prevention programs and strategies. Prevention strategies and education should be specifically targeted toward young women and adults.
Unexpected Findings in an Alternative High School
Authors: Rees Keely S. , Thompson Sharon , Rees Curt , Cluphf David
Published: July 2019

It has been well documented that today’s adolescents are at great risk for health-compromising behaviors. Researchers have identified values orientation and values education as important change agents in reducing these “risky” behaviors. It has also been suggested that an individual’s values orientation that is focused on the future and in a societal view of life is associated with protective and resilience factors with fewer health-compromising behaviors. This study examined adolescents’ values orientation and the occurrence of health-compromising behaviors. Health-compromising behaviors for this study included substance abuse, unsafe sexual practices, violence, and sensation-seeking activities. Results indicated that participants were not at risk for health-compromising behaviors related to a present, self-interest value orientation. Contrary to conventional wisdom about the health-compromising behaviors of students determined to be at “higher risk,” the students in this sample did not exhibit the traditional high-risk behaviors or the value orientations. Health-compromising behaviors of adolescents continue to be a priority for health educators, school administrators, as well as parents and other community members. It is imperative that further research explore the relationship between adolescent participation in “risky” behavior as well as the protective factors related to healthier choices.
Let’s Get REAL
Authors: Lisbin Joyce
Published: July 2019

A health educator takes a position on sexuality education advocacy. The Content of Federally Funded Abstinence-Only Education Programs report and REAL (Responsible Education About Life) are discussed.
Elderly Jail Inmates
Authors: Kuhlmann Robynn , Ruddell Rick
Published: July 2019

Increases in the size of the elderly population in jails and prisons have created considerable challenges for health-care practitioners within correctional systems and public health agencies. This study examined the prevalence of elderly inmates in 134 county jails and some of the challenges that these older inmates confront. Our findings indicate that the prevalence of elderly inmates in county jails is higher than reported in recent national studies. Further, these populations were thought to be at high-risk for selfharm, suicide, and victimization by other inmates. Implications for health care within county jails as well as public health approaches to solving challenges associated with elderly jail inmates are addressed.
Impact of Prison Rape on Public Health
Authors: McGuire M. Dyan
Published: July 2019

One of the most significant threats to the health of incarcerated persons is prison rape. Through such acts, communicable diseases are spread and physical and mental injuries are inflicted. This article evaluates the evidence regarding the extent to which prison rape occurs in both men and women’s correctional facilities in the United States. It also discusses how prison rape jeopardizes public health by exposing the community to disease, brutalized inmates who are likely to have become more violent as a result of their victimization, and the cancer of racism. Current efforts to deal with the prison rape problem, particularly the Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 are explored. Policy recommendations, including the adoption of “no-drop” policies for prosecutors’ officers dealing with prison rape cases are proposed and discussed.
Effectiveness of a Jail Diversion Program in Linking Participants to Federal Entitlements and Stable Housing
Authors: Tyuse Sabrina W.
Published: July 2019

Jail diversion programs are designed to prevent the incarceration of mentally ill offenders and to facilitate their entrance into appropriate community-based treatment, while also guarding the safety of the general public. This study sought to determine the effectiveness of one such program. Initial outcomes are described for mentally ill offenders who participated in the program. A total of 50 participants completed the following self-report measures: the Government Performance and Result Act (GPRA) instrument, and the Colorado Symptom Index. Participants were interviewed again at 6 and 12 months. Results indicate the program significantly assisted participants in obtaining income supports such as Medicaid, Social Security, and Food Stamp benefits, but had little impact on housing outcomes.
Section 1983 Liability And Custodial Suicide
Authors: Tartaro Christine
Published: July 2019

This paper reviews recent federal court rulings on section 1983 cases relating to custodial suicide. The criteria for succeeding in such cases was not clearly articulated until the Farmer v. Brennan case was decided by the United States Supreme Court in 1994. Unfortunately for the families of deceased inmates, the Farmer ruling made the already challenging task of prevailing in federal court even more difficult. This paper includes an analysis of the defenses available to corrections personnel faced with a section 1983 lawsuit for a correctional suicide that occurred on their watch.
Television and Nutrition in Juvenile Detention Centers
Authors: Wallace Ed
Published: July 2019

Background: We sought to improve the ability of incarcerated juveniles to critically evaluate media food messages through an educational program that focused on nutrition. Methods: Surveys were administered to two groups of inmates of both sexes (seven to 16 years). The program consisted of forty-one 50 minute sessions (three times per week for 15 weeks) focusing on media and nutrition. Results: None of the participants identified accurate nutrition information before the intervention. After the program, the intervention group (n = 16) identified inconsistencies between nutrition labeling and media messages better than the controls (n = 17). Intervention inmates also expressed a greater interest in learning more about nutrition and had a better understanding of how diet is a factor in health. Conclusions: Health professionals can design health promotion programs that have a positive impact on the inmates’ life while they are in custody, or after their release.
Incarcerated Mothers
Authors: Johansen Pamela Stowers
Published: July 2019

This study presents a single case that illustrates the special concerns of incarcerated mothers with undocumented immigrant status. Current immigration, criminal justice, and child welfare policies, lack of agency coordination, staffing difficulties, and limited resources can create challenges for any incarcerated parent attempting to maintain custody of minor children. For a parent without legal immigration status, the likelihood of reunification with children is nearly impossible. This paper examines current policies impacting incarcerated mothers, the special needs of families involved in justice systems, and recommendations for more humane practice, education, and public policies.
Recognizing and Responding to the Health Disparities of People with Disabilities
Authors: Drum Charles E. , Krahn Gloria , Culley Carla , Hammond Laura
Published: July 2019

Health status is critically important to experiencing quality of life, self-sufficiency, and full participation in society. For the 54 million Americans with disabilities, maintaining health and wellness is especially important to reduce the impact of impairment on functioning in these critical life areas. Yet, people with disabilities may be the largest underserved subpopulation demonstrating health status disparities that stem from preventable secondary conditions. Healthy People 2010, the nation’s blueprint for improved health, addresses this problem in its objectives. In 2002 and 2005, the U.S. Surgeon General asked for public health efforts to improve the health and wellness of persons with disabilities. This article examines the concepts of health and wellness, summarizes currently available information documenting disparities in health for people with disabilities, and provides a framework for policy recommendations to reduce health disparities among people with disabilities.
Preliminary Study of the Work of Health Educators in a Clinical Setting
Authors: Smith Lisa , McKenzie James F.
Published: July 2019

This study examined the task of health educators working in a clinical setting to better understand their roles. The study was designed as a descriptive, cross-sectional survey using a convenience sample of health educators who worked in clinical settings in Indiana and who had a college degree in health education. Forty health educators were contacted and 62.5% of the subjects participated in the survey. Results indicated most jobs were similar in nature and the health education curriculum studied helped them in the roles they were serving. However, many educators felt there were other content areas of study that would have been helpful to prepare them for working in the clinical setting. A majority of the respondents reported that having Certified Health Education Specialist (CHES) certification was helpful and necessary in their positions.
O Word
Authors: Cohen Larry , Perales Daniel P. , Steadman Catherine
Published: July 2019

Focusing on the obese and overweight individual alone and is not helping us address the broader social and economic issues that influence people’s lives. This paper discusses strategies to remove us from a focus on the O word and from blaming the individual for their condition.
Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Practices for Low-Income Asian American Women in Ethnic-Specific Clinics
Authors: Kagawa-Singer Marjorie , Wong Liane , Shostak Sara , Walsh Chantal Raymer , Lew Rod
Published: July 2019

Introduction: Early detection and screening are the most effective means to reduce cancer mortality in all populations. Asian American (AA) women have among the lowest rates in aggregate for use of early detection, and screening practices of all ethnic populations. The only nationally disaggregated populationbased data on these ethnic groups at the time of the study was the 1993-1994 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) of English speaking AA, but 70% of the AA population is non-English speaking. Our study presents heretofore unavailable data for cancer screening for monolingual AA women for a comparable time period in California between 1992 and 1994, prior to initiation of the state and Federal programs targeting this group of women. Methods: Retrospective chart reviews of randomly selected medical records were conducted for the breast and cervical cancer screening practices of low-income, non-English speaking Chinese, Korean, and Thai women attending ethnic specific community-based health clinics. All women seen in the clinics between 1992-1994 who were within the appropriate screening age categories were eligible. Results: Asian American women utilizing ethnic specific clinics had equal to or better screening rates for mammography and Pap tests than mainstream services for English-speaking AA women in a national survey. These screening rates, however, were still well below nationally recommended screening rates for breast and cervical cancer according to Healthy People 2000 or 2010 goals. Conclusion: These data support the effectiveness of Community Based Clinics (CBOs) to reach these hard to reach women and address the call for the elimination of health disparities. In addition, we compare our findings with national data to highlight within group variations.
Correlates of Low-Fat Milk Consumption in a Multi-Ethnic Population
Authors: Maglione Christine , Barnett Jodi , Maddock Jay E.
Published: July 2019

Objective: To assess the correlates of low-fat milk consumption in a multi-ethnic population. Design: Cross-sectional random digit dial telephone survey of adults residing in Hawaii. Setting & Participants: The survey was completed by 600 adults who consumed cow’s milk. Five ethnicities composed over 86% of the sample: Caucasian (36%), Hawaiian (17%), Japanese (18%), Filipino (10%), and Chinese (5%). The average age of participant was 45.6. 84% had completed high school and 35% had completed college. Variables Measured: All variables were self-reported. Type of milk consumed (high-fat vs. low-fat) was the dependent variable. Independent variables included age, gender, ethnicity, body mass, attitude, normative beliefs, and stage of change. Analysis: Chi-squares and logistic regression were used for the analysis (p < .05). Results: Younger and less educated people were less likely to drink low-fat milk, as were Native Hawaiians and Filipinos. In the multivariate analyses only attitudes, normative beliefs, and education were significant predictors. Conclusions and Implications: Attitudes and normative beliefs towards milk consumption explain more of the variance in type of milk consumption than demographic characteristics. This data indicates the feasibility of testing interventions designed to influence attitudes and normative beliefs towards low-fat milk consumption in Asian and Pacific Island communities.
Free Inside
Authors: Duncombe Elizabeth , Komorosky Dawna , Kim Evaon Wong , Turner Winston
Published: July 2019

This article describes the quantitative results of a study conducted at Maui Community Correctional Center in Hawaii. The program, Free Inside, was evaluated to determine its effectiveness as a rehabilitative tool for inmates. Each of the participants engaged in twelve-week cycles of twice weekly, hour-long classes in yoga, meditation, and chi gung practice. The findings reveal an association between inmate participation and increased awareness, self-esteem, sense of hope, and compassion. The authors recommend that similar programming become a part of the inmate experience in an effort to help rehabilitate and better prepare inmates for re-entry.
Micronesian Migrants in Hawaii
Authors: Pobutsky Ann M. , Buenconsejo-Lum Lee , Chow Catherine , Palafox Neal , Maskarinec Gregory G.
Published: July 2019

More than 20,000 Micronesians have migrated to Guam, Hawaii, or the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Of these migrants, more than 8,000 now live in Hawaii. Factors in their home islands driving the recent emigration include the limited economic resources and struggling health care systems. Education systems in Micronesia are inadequate, and there are few job opportunities. The rates of infectious diseases remain high while at the same time, the epidemiologic transition in health has led to an explosion of non-communicable diseases. In Hawaii, the impact of the Micronesians emigration has been significant with most health and education expenses un-reimbursed. The health care costs alone are substantial as many Micronesians travel to Guam or Hawaii for medical treatment unavailable in their home islands. At the same time, Micronesians have difficulty accessing and navigating the health care system. While governmental, private, and academic programs already provide innovative and communitybased services to the Micronesian population, more work remains to be done. Not only are additional services, tailored to the culture and needs of Micronesian migrants, needed but a keener awareness and understanding of the issues surrounding Hawaii’s migrant population must be promoted among all public health stakeholders to ensure that the priority necessary to successfully address these challenges is recognized.
Association of Pregnancy Weight Gain with Infant Birth Weight and Postpartum Weight Retention
Authors: Baruffi Gigliola , Hardy Charles , Waslien Carol , Uyehara Sue , Krupitsky Dmitry , Silao Jennette
Published: July 2019

Purpose: To investigate weight gain during pregnancy and its association with birth weight and weight retention postpartum (PP) among women of different ethnic backgrounds. Methods: Cross-sectional study of 5,863 women participating in the Hawai`i Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) in 1997 and 1998. Postpartum weight and height were measured by WIC staff, weight gain during pregnancy and infant birth weight were self-reported. Ethnicity was also selfreported. The Institute of Medicine guidelines for pregnancy weight gain in relation to levels of prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) were followed. The analysis included bivariate tests of association between prepregnancy BMI, pregnancy weight gain, PP weight retention, infant birth weight and ethnicity. Multivariable analysis was conducted to estimate the independent association of the study variables with PP weight retention, birth weight, and ethnicity. SAS was used to analyze the data. Results: The largest ethnic groups were Hawaiian (29.9%), Caucasian (27.2%), and Filipino (19.8%). Asians, Blacks, Samoans, and Other represented smaller percentages. Thirty percent of women were overweight or obese before pregnancy. There were significant ethnic differences in prepregnancy BMI. Samoans had the highest mean prepregnancy BMI (29.7). Filipinos had the lowest mean prepregnancy BMI (22.5). There were significant differences in pregnancy weight gain. Samoans had the highest mean weight gain (37.3 lbs). Asians had the lowest mean weight gain (29.1bs). Almost one half of women (48.1%) gained more than the IOM recommended pregnancy weight. The average weight retention was 9.4 lbs at five to six months postpartum, and 7.4 lbs after eight months postpartum. There were significant ethnic differences in weight retention with Samoans having the largest average weight retention (17.5 lbs) and Asians the lowest (9.6 lbs). Infant birth weight differed significantly by ethnicity. Birth weight was significantly associated with prepregnancy BMI and pregnancy weight gain. Conclusions: In spite of large racial/ethnic differences, on the average there was almost a two-thirds pound adjusted PP weight retention for each pound of weight gained during pregnancy. Our study suggests a need for integrated women’s health services to include nutritional support during the pre and post conceptual period. Findings of this study will provide guidance in the development of culturally sensitive interventions and counseling.
Health Workforce Assessment of Hawaii Physicians
Authors: Inada Megan , Withy Kelley , Andaya January , Hixon Allen
Published: July 2019

Rural Americans suffer significant health disparities compared to their urban counterparts. One of the explanations for this is lack of adequate workforce. Rural communities in the State of Hawai’i are no exception. Although there is an adequate supply of providers in the state, the disproportionate distribution leaves rural areas lacking. The PowerPoint prepared provides a cross sectional picture of the number of practicing physicians, a description of their specialties, age distribution, and location of training by county based on data collected by the federal government. We hope that this will help highlight current and future physician needs for medical and non-medical professionals working to provide Hawaii’s rural communities with adequate health care.
Initial Assessment of a Forgotten Minority Community
Authors: King Denae W. , Hernández-Valero María A. , Chukelu Paul C. , Jones Lovell A.
Published: July 2019

Background. Environmental hazards are increasingly being detected in minority and low-income communities. The Fresno, Texas community is located near Houston, Texas, and many of its residents are ethnic minorities and of low socioeconomic status. While Fresno residents have voiced concerns about long-standing undocumented environmental hazards, the extent to which the concerns were accurate was unclear. As an initial assessment of environmental exposure hazards, key informant interviews of residents and officials were conducted to examine the perceptions of environmental exposures and associated health effects in the Fresno community. Results. The responses about perceived environmental exposures and the extent of access to primary healthcare were similar between residents and officials. The key informants identified inadequate public water supply and possible groundwater contamination as sources of potential environmental exposures and agreed that access to primary healthcare was a major problem in the Fresno area. However, Fresno residents and officials had contrasting perceptions about the overall health of the community, the existence of community-based organizations, strengths and barriers of the community, and how well environmental concerns were addressed. Methods. Qualitative methodology was used to conduct key informant interviews of seven residents and five elected or assigned officials who serve residents of Fresno. An interview guide designed to obtain information on potential environmental hazards and associated health effects was utilized to collect qualitative data that were then utilized to identify recurrent themes and dissimilarities of responses. Conclusions. The responses obtained in this study suggest that potential environmental exposures may be present in this community. However, although residents and officials identified access to primary healthcare as a barrier to residing in Fresno, residents and officials had differing perceptions of the overall heath status of the Fresno community. These findings must be further investigated to develop additional qualitative and quantitative studies that will validate the preliminary findings of this study and begin to accurately measure contaminant levels and health status in Fresno residents.
Accessing Web-Based Health Related Information by College Students
Authors: Nsuangani Nsele Mengi , Pérez Miguel A.
Published: July 2019

This study explored college students’ online activities at health Web sites, their perceptions of the quality and accuracy of Internet medical information, and their concerns about Internet privacy and security. The research took place at a medium sized university in central California during the Fall 2002 semester with a sample of 136 students. The study found that 67% of the sampled students had sought health information on the Internet; 12% had used Internet medical consultations services; 7% had bought pharmaceutical products online; 2% had joined Internet health support groups; 7% had used e-mail to communicate with healthcare providers; 18% had sought second opinions online; 35% expressed serious concern about the accuracy of health information posted on the Web; and 53% were concerned about the privacy and security of personal information posted on the Web. Gender and age were identified as influential in some of the issues raised in the research.
Reducing Stress and Enhancing the General Well-Being of Teachers Using T’ai Chi Chih® Movements
Authors: Detert Richard A. , Derosia Courtney , Caravella Tracy , Duquette R. Daniel
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of T’ai Chi Chih® (TCC) discipline on the physical symptoms of stress and the general well-being of 35 teachers. Teachers completed 15 hours of instruction and practice in a two-day format with four additional weeks of practice. The 23 teachers who completed pre-posttests showed significant improvement of their general well-being and reduction in perceived stress symptoms. Qualitative data from the teachers supported these results. Within the limitations of the study design it was concluded that this relatively new, easy to learn method of T’ai Chi has potential to enhance well-being and reduce stress symptoms of teachers. Teachers and other educational professionals may want to learn more about T’ai Chi Chih® discipline for its stress reducing benefits and enhancement of general well-being.
Attitudes Towards Cervical Cancer Screening
Authors: Leyva Myriam , Byrd Theresa , Tarwater Patrick
Published: July 2019

Pap smear testing continues to be the single most effective tool in reducing deaths due to cervical cancer (Watkins, Gabali, Winkleby, Gaona & Lebaron, 2002). Despite the creation of a national cervical cancer screening program, more than 4,000 women die every year in Mexico from this disease. This study explored the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of Mexican women regarding cervical cancer screening, and identified beliefs and barriers that may influence cervical health. All analyses compared women who had ever had a Pap test in their lives (“ever”) with women who had never had a Pap test (“never”). In bivariate analyses, the following variables were significantly associated (p
Factors Affecting Perceived Stress in Pre-hospital Emergency Medical Services
Authors: Bounds Roger
Published: July 2019

This study investigated the factors related to the perception of stress in EMT’s and paramedics. 144 EMTs and paramedics from urban “third service” EMS providers in Texas completed a questionnaire that included several demographic questions, Speilberger’s (1995) state-trait personality inventory (STPI), Sarason’s (1983) social support questionnaire, and Schwarzer’s (2000) general perceived self-efficacy scale. Six of the eight SPTI measures served as a measure of perceived stress. They were state and trait anxiety, state and trait anger, and state and trait depression. Education was negatively correlated with state anxiety (r=-0.274, p=0.001), state anger (r=-0.217, p=0.009), state depression (r=-0.231, p=0.006), and trait anxiety (r=-0.2058, p=0.014). Since years of education was related to stress and somewhat related to self-efficacy (r=0.17, p=0.042) a partial correlation procedure (controlled for years of education) was performed for self-efficacy (GPSES) and the stress variables. Self-efficacy was negatively correlated with state anxiety (r=-0.312, p=0.0001), state anger (r=-0.194, p=0.021), state depression (r=-0.339, p=0.0001), trait anxiety (r=-0.436, p=0.0001), and trait depression (r=-0.3762, p=0.0001). An analysis of variance was conducted to compare the means of the perceived stress variables for three job function groups (attendant basic or intermediate, attendant paramedic, and in-charge paramedic). Higher perceived stress was reported by both the attendant basic-intermediates and the in-charge paramedics (p
Field Test of the Cougar Home Safety Assessment for Older Persons Version 1.0
Authors: Fisher Grace S. , Coolbaugh Kristen , Rhodes Christin
Published: July 2019

After reviewing the literature on environmental safety and existing home safety evaluation tools, the researchers developed the Cougar Home Safety Assessment Version 1.0 (Cougar 1.0). This assessment is a 56-item tool for identifying environmental safety hazards in the homes of older persons. The first purpose of this study was to develop and field test the Cougar 1.0 to determine its inter-rater reliability and validity. The second purpose was to identify specific environmental safety hazards in the residences of older persons during the field test. Three graduate occupational therapy students administered the Cougar 1.0 in the homes of 14 older persons within one county of northeastern Pennsylvania. The instrument was found to have a moderate level of inter-rater reliability, as Cohen’s Kappa for the ratings of the 3 raters was .506. Percent agreement between the three raters was 90 percent. The field test found that the most frequently unsafe aspects of the homes were: a lack of grab bars near toilets; no emergency numbers posted near phones; the presence of non-grip throw rugs; lack of fire extinguishers; and lack of step stools. Participating residents and occupational therapy home safety specialists provided positive feedback regarding the content validity of the Cougar 1.0. This research suggests that the use of this instrument by occupational therapists may prevent client injuries in the home.
Barriers and Motivations to Exercise in Older African American and European American Women
Authors: Schuler Petra B. , Roy Jane L.P. , Vinci Debra , Philipp Steven F. , Cohen Samantha J.
Published: July 2019

Older adults, women, and minorities are the least active segments of the US population. The purpose of this study was to identify barriers and motivations to exercise associated with older African American and European American women. Eighty-nine European American and 115 African American women (mean age 72 years) completed a pencil-and-paper questionnaire composed of general demographic information and a list of 10 motivations and six barriers to exercise; participants were asked to check all barriers and motivations that applied to them. Significant ethnic differences were found for one barrier (too expensive) and one motivation (doctor’s orders). Significantly more European American women perceived expenses to be a barrier to exercise (χ 2 = 3.94, p
Perceived Spousal Support and Beliefs Towards Cervical Smear Screening Among Chinese Women
Authors: Hou Su-I
Published: July 2019

Objective: Family is a major part of the social support network in Chinese society. This study examines the role of Chinese women’s perceived support from spouse on their cervical cancer screening beliefs and intention. Design: Participants were recruited from female family members of inpatients admitted to one of the major teaching hospitals in Taiwan (n=424). Screening intention, beliefs (perceived pros, cons, risk, and norms), and demographics were assessed via a self-administered survey. Women were classified into two groups based on their perceived spousal support towards having a cervical smear screening (low versus high). Results: Mean age of the sample was 34 years, 28% did not have high school education, 37% expressed no screening intention in the next 12 months, and 58% perceived their general health to be fair or poor. Women who perceived lower spousal support were more likely to be those without high school education (39% vs. 21%) or with lower perceived health status (65% vs. 54%). After adjusting for these demographic variables, multiple regression analyses revealed that women who perceived lower spousal support were associated with lower perceived benefits (B=-.210, p
Pilot Study
Authors: Moraros John , Bird Yelena , Barney David D. , King Sasha C. , Banegas Matthew , Suarez-Toriello Enrique
Published: July 2019

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STI) in the world and it is associated with cervical cancer. The development of a prophylactic HPV vaccine has proven effective in clinical trials and it is now available to the public. The HPV vaccine represents a viable prevention strategy against cervical cancer. However, parental preferences, perceptions, and willingness to use the HPV vaccine are crucial, and if not assessed accurately, may threaten the successful implementation of a broad HPV vaccination program. This pilot study explored the views of 60 adult, Mexican women, all of who were mothers of female children between the ages of ten to 14 years old on the following four areas of interest: HPV knowledge; HPV vaccine knowledge and attitudes; barriers to HPV vaccine use; and potential uses and side effects of the HPV vaccine. Only 7% of respondents knew that HPV was a virus or STI. Eighty-six percent had not heard of the HPV vaccine, but 62% felt that the HPV vaccine would prevent HPV infection. However, 38% said the church would not approve of the HPV vaccine use for 10-14-year-old girls. Twenty-seven percent thought that promiscuous behavior would increase following HPV vaccination. Overall, respondents had very little knowledge of the HPV vaccine, were willing to be vaccinated themselves (83%), but were lesser willing to vaccinate their daughters (63%). Ultimately, understanding the beliefs about and identifying the barriers of HPV vaccine use will influence the effectiveness of the vaccine and its potential impact in reducing cervical cancer incidence rates worldwide.
Depressive Symptomatology of Black College Men
Authors: Watkins Daphne C.
Published: July 2019

Black Americans have poorer health than the rest of the nation and are exposed to a wider range of social and environmental factors that adversely impact their health. Although it may be presumed that men who acquire a college education will also attain middle-class status, middle-class status does not provide Black men with the anticipated reductions for at least some health risks. This study presents preliminary findings from a study designed to assess the prevalence of depressive symptoms among Black college men (n=115) at a predominately white institution and a historically Black institution. Results suggest that although depressive symptoms for the Black college men in the sample were relatively low, participants from the predominately white institution reported slightly higher on individual depression items and had a higher total depression score than participants from the historically Black institution. Findings from this study have implications for the provision of adequate mental health services for Black college men as well as future research conducted with this population regarding their health and health behaviors.
California’s Graduated Driver License Law
Authors: Males Mike
Published: July 2019

Many traffic safety researchers believe Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) laws save lives by imposing restrictions, stronger licensing requirements, and delayed licensure status on drivers under age 18. To determine the effects of California’s GDL law on traffic fatalities among older (age 18-19) and younger (age 16-17) teens by age, sex, accident characteristics, and license status, mortality data from California’s Center for Health Statistics, driver and accident data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System, and population data from the California Department of Finance were analyzed for the 1995-2004 period. Compared to California who began driving before the GDL law took effect and to corresponding trends among Californians ages 20 through 44, 16- and 17-year-olds subject the GDL law experienced net decreases of 13% in motor vehicle fatality rates and 14% in driver involvements in fatal accidents. However, 18- and 19-year-olds subjected to GDL programs experienced net increases of 11% in traffic fatalities and 10% in involvements of drivers in fatal accidents, more than offsetting the declines among younger teenagers. These results support reassessment of the effects of the GDL law, including its specific requirements, on older teenagers.
School Based Mental Health Promotion
Authors: Puskar Kathryn , Stark Kirsti M. H. , Fertman Carl , Bernardo Lisa Marie , Engberg Richard , Barton Richard
Published: July 2019

Integrating health education and health promotion into practice is routinely done by nurses. According to a national survey, the need for mental health services has increased in over two thirds of school districts. This article describes the screening of 193 adolescents in Rural Western Pennsylvania’s 9th, 10th, and 11th graders for depressive symptoms. Ten percent (N=19) of students had depressive symptoms, the majority of which were female. These students were interviewed by the research team. The outcome themes and referrals are reported as well as the discussion of implications for nurses in screening for depression and health promotion.
Preliminary Study of Nutrition and Physical Activity Habits of Women with Physical Disabilities
Authors: Harris Debra M.
Published: July 2019

This article examines the behavioral habits of women with physical disabilities six months after a didactic and experiential three-hour training session regarding healthy nutrition and physical activity. It includes these women’s perceptions of supportive factors and barriers to healthy nutrition and physical activity. All of the women made behavioral changes as a result of the training. They face more barriers than support in continuing with these changes. Access to healthy nutrition and physical activity continues to be problematic. Doorways, aisles, and sidewalks were problems noted as barriers.
Identity Radicalization, Fragmentation and Re-assimilation
Authors: Sorensen Anna M. , Siemsen Cynthia
Published: July 2019

An examination of social movements shows that they change in structure over time, not remaining one stable and static identity politic. This is obvious within the structure of the gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender movement. Each change has come with dissent from both within and without the homosexual community, and yet the end result is the inclusion of said groups. Current social movement theory’s explanations of this change have centered on concepts of identity politics. We seek to answer the question of how social movements in general, and the GLBTQ movement in particular, structure and restructure themselves throughout time. To do so, we move John Kitsuse’s (1980) sociological theory of tertiary deviance from the level of the individual to the collective. Using historical analysis, we apply this theory to the GLBTQ timeline and conclude that among other things, each restructuring is vital to the sustainability of the movement. We further conclude that queer theory is the natural progression of the movement.