bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimating the Optimal Control Areas of Two Classical Biocontrol Agents Against the Fall Armyworm Based on Hotspot Matching Analysis
Authors: Zhao Haoxiang , Yi Shanqing , Zhang Yu , Yang Nianwan , Guo Jianyang , Li Hongmei , Xian Xiaoqing , Liu Wanxue
Published: December 2024

Spodoptera frugiperda, the fall armyworm (FAW), is a widespread and polyphagous crop pest, causing serious crop yield losses worldwide, especially maize and other cereals. Biological control (biocontrol) is considered as the generally safer and more environmentally benign strategies compared to chemical insecticides in managing FAW. Chelonus insularis and Eiphosoma laphygmae are two promising classical biocontrol parasitoids against FAW. However, the optimal control areas for FAW with the two parasitoids in its invasive ranges remain unclear. This study is first time to integrate species distribution models and hotspot analysis to estimate the optimal areas for controlling FAW with these two parasitoids worldwide. Key variables influencing distribution include human influence index, temperature, and precipitation. The optimal control areas of FAW with C. insularis and E. laphygmae are in most of sub-Saharan Africa, Mediterranean regions, eastern, southern, and southeastern Asia, and Oceania. These areas are expected to expand to high-latitude areas under changing climatic conditions. Niche comparisons indicated that the FAW and C. insularis niches were closely aligned. Chelonus insularis and E. laphygmae are potentially effective against FAW in Africa, Asia, and Oceania. Our findings offer insights into the strategic use of the two parasitoids against FAW worldwide.
Endophytic Bacterial Communities in Wild Rice (Oryza eichingeri) and Their Effects on Cultivated Rice Growth
Authors: Xie Liang , Li Jinlu , Xiao Suqin , Jiang Hao , Liu Li , Zhong Qiaofang , Chen Ling , Kan Wang , Yin Fuyou , Yu Tengqiong , Zhang Yun , Wang Bo , Jiang Cong , Xing Jiaxin , Cheng Zaiquan
Published: December 2024

Endophytic bacteria play crucial roles in plant pathogen protection and growth. Oryza eichingeri is a unique wild rice species rich with genetic resources. Studies have explored beneficial endophytic bacteria and investigated the synergistic interaction between microbes and wild rice. However, the endophytic bacterial community of Oryza eichingeri and their plant growth-promoting (PGP) abilities characteristics remain largely unknown. Here, endophytic bacteria in the root, stem, and leaf tissues of Oryza eichingeri were characterized using metagenomic Illumina 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Additionally, culturable endophytic bacteria were isolated. The metagenomic analysis showed that, compared to those in other tissue compartments, the endophytic bacterial community in the roots had a more complex structure and enhanced functions, and each compartment had its own specific endophytic bacterial biomarkers. A total of 94 endophytic bacteria were isolated from Oryza eichingeri, among which 80 strains possessed PGP traits including increasing phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, IAA production, and nitrogen fixation. These strains displayed good PGP effects on cultivated rice seedlings, promoting the formation of strong root systems, stimulating biomass accumulation, and increasing root length and plant height. These findings provide insights into the composition of the bacterial endosphere of Oryza eichingeri and potential applications of the dominant PGP bacteria in rice cultivation.
Long-Term Application of an Oil Residue Organic Fertilizer Improved Soil Physical Properties in the Root Zone of Jujube Trees
Authors: Zhang Huadong , Zhou Shaoliang , Huang Weixiong , Zhu Zhu , Li Kaixuan , Sun Sanmin
Published: December 2024

Organic fertilizers have been widely applied in Chinese agriculture. Soil aggregate composition and pore size distribution indicate the effects of fertilizer practices on soil quality. While the effects of the long-term application of organic fertilizers on total soil pore space have been reported, few studies have examined the distribution of connected pore spaces (of critical importance for solute transport in the soil). Soil physical and chemical properties influence plant growth and soil processes. We compared the effects of organic fertilizer application (10 years, 5 years, and no application) on soil connectivity pore structures and physicochemical properties within the root zone (20–40 cm depth) around date palms through CT scanning or core samples. Specifically, when the number of years of organic fertilizer application increased, the proportion of 2–0.25 mm particle size aggregates in the soil increased, and soil connectivity pore structure became more complex and stable, with higher connectivity, pore numbers, and numbers of pore throats. The connectivity of particles of the 0–300 μm size class of pores increased and the proportion of the 500–1000 μm class of pore throats increased. Soil organic matter and enzyme activity were significantly related to soil pore structure characteristics. In conclusion, the application of organic fertilizer improved soil pore structures, and the effects became more pronounced with the increased duration of application. These results provide theoretical and practical support for the application of organic fertilizer to improve soil structures in arid areas, and the findings have significant implications for sustainable agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions.
Filgrastim Efficiency in Cats Naturally Infected with Feline Panleukopenia Virus
Authors: Dascalu Mihaela Anca , Daraban Bocaneti Florentina , Soreanu Octavian , Tutu Paul , Cozma Andreea , Morosan Serban , Tanase Oana
Published: December 2024

Feline Panleukopenia (FPL) infection is caused by feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), and it is considered one of the most severe cat’s infectious diseases. Since there is no specific antiviral treatment for FPL, the therapeutic protocol usually is focused on fluid therapy and supportive care. However, filgrastim, a granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) used in human medicine to treat neutropenia and leukopenia, has been lately used in treating FPV disease, providing promising results. During January 2022 and September 2024, twenty-two cats diagnosed with feline panleukopenia virus were subjected to filgrastim (Zarzio®, Sandoz, Kundl, Austria) administration at a dose of 6 µg/kg for 3 consecutive days. The 4th day was a break day, and in the 5th day, the complete blood count was repeated. White blood cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils parameters improved after Zarzio® administration, with a significant statistical difference (p < 0.01) when their values between day 1 (pre Zarzio® administration) and day 5 (post Zarzio® administration) were analysed. However, red blood cells, haemoglobin, haematocrit and platelets parameters registered a considerable reduction from day 1 to day 5 with a significant statistical difference (p < 0.01), considered as post-administration side effects. In our study, the survival rate following Zarzio® administration was 100%, suggesting that the protocol involving three doses is effective in restoring the leukopenia and neutropenia.
Perspectives on the Use of Echinocandins in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Dermitzaki Niki , Balomenou Foteini , Gialamprinou Dimitra , Giapros Vasileios , Rallis Dimitrios , Baltogianni Maria
Published: December 2024

The neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) population, especially low birth weight and critically ill neonates, is at risk of invasive Candida infections, which are associated with high mortality rates and unfavorable long-term outcomes. The timely initiation of an appropriate antifungal treatment has been demonstrated to enhance the prognosis. Factors that should be considered in the choice of an antifungal agent include the causative Candida strain, the presence and location of deep tissue infection, any previous use of antifungal prophylaxis, and the presence of implanted devices. Amphotericin B and fluconazole, the first-line drugs for neonatal candidiasis, are not always suitable due to several limitations in terms of efficacy and adverse effects. Therefore, alternative antifungals have been studied and used in neonates when conventional antifungals are ineffective or contraindicated. This narrative review aims to provide an overview of the current literature regarding the use of echinocandins in the neonatal population. The three echinocandins, micafungin, caspofungin, and anidulafungin, share characteristics that make them useful for the treatment of neonatal candidiasis, including activity against a wide range of Candida strains and Candida biofilms and a favorable safety profile.
Exploring the Epigenetic Landscape of Spermatozoa: Impact of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Supplementation on DNA Methylation and Hydroxymethylation
Authors: Hug Elisa , Renaud Yoan , Guiton Rachel , Ben Sassi Mehdi , Marcaillou Charles , Moazamian Aron , Gharagozloo Parviz , Drevet Joël R. , Saez Fabrice
Published: December 2024

Reproductive success is dependent on gamete integrity, and oxidative stress alters male nuclei, meaning that no DNA repair is possible due to chromatin compaction. The composition of sperm makes it highly sensitive to reactive oxygen species (ROS) but, at the same time, ROS are needed for sperm physiology. Over the past 30 years, much attention has been paid to the consequences of oxidative stress on sperm properties and the protective effects of antioxidant formulations to help fertility. Spermatozoa also carry epigenetic marks, critical for embryo development and the health of offspring. As DNA oxidative damage may disturb the sperm epigenome, we used an established mouse model of post-testicular sperm DNA oxidation to investigate sperm DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation. We also analyzed the potential corrective effect of oral antioxidant supplementation, proven to reduce sperm DNA oxidative damage, on sperm DNA methyl/hydroxymethyl marks. We show that sperm DNA oxidation is associated with a significant increase in overall hydroxymethylation. Oral antioxidant supplementation led to unexpected mild epigenetic changes. Antioxidant supplementation should not be proposed without proper clinical evaluation as it may alter sperm epigenetic marks, leading to a risk of paternally inherited epigenetic alterations.
Comparative Analysis of Sustainable Extraction Methods and Green Solvents for Olive Leaf Extracts with Antioxidant and Antihyperglycemic Activities
Authors: Huamán-Castilla Nils Leander , Mamani Apaza Luis Omar , Zirena Vilca Franz , Saldaña Erick , Diaz-Valencia Yemina Karen , Mariotti-Celis María Salomé
Published: December 2024

Olive leaves are agro-industrial waste that pose an environmental management problem. However, they contain polyphenolic compounds with important bioactive properties beneficial to human. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of two extraction technologies (pressurized liquid extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction) combined with green solvents (pure water, 15% ethanol, and 15% glycerol) at 50 °C and 70 °C. The goal was to obtain extracts with both antioxidant capacity and antihyperglycemic properties from olive leaves. Pressurized liquid extraction with 15% glycerol at 70 °C was the most effective method for obtaining extracts rich in total polyphenols (19.46 mg GAE/g dw), with an antioxidant capacity of 4.11 mg/mL (inhibition capacity: IC50) and 500.26 µmol TE/g dw. For both extraction methods at 70 °C, glycerol was more effective at recovering phenolic acids, stilbenes and secoiridoid; while ethanol was more effective for recovering flavonols and phenylethanoids. Oleuropein was the most important polyphenol extracted from both pressurized liquid and ultrasound-assisted extractions, with concentrations of 171.48 µg/g dw and 246.70 µg/g dw, respectively. The extract obtained from pressurized liquid extraction with 15% ethanol at 70 °C exhibited significant inhibition (70%) of α-glucosidase enzymes, similar to the reference drug acarbose. In contrast, these extracts showed low inhibitory activity against the α-amylase enzyme. These findings can be applied to the development of functional foods and nutraceutical supplements aimed at managing postprandial glycemic response, offering a natural alternative for supporting type 2 diabetes management.
Revolutionizing Concrete Bridge Assessment: Implementing Nondestructive Scanning for Transformative Evaluation
Authors: Zatar Wael , Ruiz Felipe Mota , Nghiem Hien
Published: December 2024

This study focused on analyzing the impact of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) scan spacing on accurately assessing the reinforcement of concrete bridge girders, providing practical insights. A decommissioned bridge box beam was evaluated to unveil rebars and tendons’ depth and spacing. The box beam was decommissioned from the West Virginia Division of Highways inventory. An innovative algorithm was developed to fully automate the analysis of survey grid data across all sides of the beam. Implementing this algorithm into a computer code has paved the way for comprehensive automation of GPR data analyses. Comparing GPR data analyses from various profile line offsets, this study assists in producing optimal protocols for inspecting box beams. Transverse profile line offsets between 4 in. and 24 in. yielded nearly identical results, setting a new standard for precision. Utilizing more than one longitudinal profile line was highly beneficial in accurately assessing prestressed concrete box beams. This research helps redefine bridge evaluation by precisely finding rebar spacing, concrete cover, and other internal characteristics. This study’s findings offer invaluable advancements and equip state departments of transportation with the knowledge to accurately assess in-service concrete bridge box beams, empowering them to make informed decisions.
Optimization of Stope Structural Parameters for Steeply Dipping Thick Ore Bodies: Based on the Simulated Annealing Algorithm
Authors: Du Han , Li Xuefeng , Huang Xuxing , Yang Yihao , Duan Shanda , Su Tianlong , Yuan Xuzhao
Published: December 2024

Stope structural parameters are of great significance for the safe production of mines. To efficiently and safely mine steeply dipping ultra-thick ore bodies, the K. Kegel strength design formula and limit analysis method were used to calculate a reasonable range of stope parameters. Considering the actual mining conditions, the mechanical responses under different structural parameters were obtained through numerical simulations based on a central composite experimental design. A regression model for maximum tensile stress, maximum compressive stress, and maximum vertical displacement was established using the second-order response surface method. The regression model was then used as the objective function, and multi-objective optimization was performed using a simulated annealing algorithm to obtain the Pareto optimal solution set. Based on practical engineering needs, a stope span of 15.0 m, a pillar width of 10.0 m, and a roof thickness of 11.9 m were determined as the optimal structural parameters, achieving a balance between safety and economic efficiency.
Performance Validation of Control Algorithm Considering Independent Generator Torque Control in PCS
Authors: Kim Dongmyoung , Ham Min-Woo , Paek Insu , Roynarin Wirachai , Aphathanakorn Amphol
Published: December 2024

This study designed and validated a power control algorithm tailored to the unique characteristics of a 100 kW wind turbine equipped with an independent generator torque control system within the Power Conversion System (PCS). Unlike conventional power control methods based on the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), the independent generator torque control in the PCS estimates the generator speed based on the voltage signal and performs the generator torque control without any interference from the PLC. The conventional power control algorithm in the PLC was modified so that the PLC could perform the power control by the blade pitch control only. Furthermore, a mode transition algorithm was designed to improve the shortcomings of the mode switch previously used for transitioning between the torque and pitch control modes. To verify the performance, a simulation environment similar to actual control conditions was established using a commercial analysis program, and dynamic simulations were conducted. Additionally, for the experimental validation, the proposed control algorithm was applied to a scaled wind turbine, and wind tunnel tests were performed. The results of the simulations and wind tunnel tests confirmed the operational performance of the PCS’s torque control and the improved control transition logic. The proposed control algorithm could be specifically applied to medium-sized wind turbines employing a sensorless generator speed estimation method and independent generator torque control in the PCS.
Exploration of Machine Learning Models for Prediction of Gene Electrotransfer Treatment Outcomes
Authors: Otten Alex , Francis Michael , Bulysheva Anna
Published: December 2024

Gene electrotransfer (GET) is a physical method of gene delivery to various tissues utilizing pulsed electric fields to transiently permeabilize cell membranes to allow for genetic material transfer and expression. Optimal pulsing parameters dictate gene transfer efficiency and cell survival, which are critical for the wide adaptation of GET as a gene therapy technique. Tissue heterogeneity complicates the delivery process, requiring the extensive optimization of pulsing protocols currently empirically optimized. These experiments are time-consuming and resource-intensive, requiring large numbers of animals for in vivo optimization. Advances in machine learning (ML) and computing power, data analysis, and model generation using ML techniques, such as neural networks, enable predictive modeling for GET. ML models have been used previously to predict ablation performance in irreversible electroporation procedures and single-cell electroporation platforms. In this work, we present ML predictive models that could be used to optimize pulsing parameters based on already completed experiments. The models were trained on 132 data points from 19 papers with the Matlab Statistics and Machine Learning Toolbox. An artificial neural network (ANN) was generated that could predict binary treatment outcomes with an accuracy of 71.8%. Support vector machines (SVMs) using selected features based on χ2 tests were also explored. All models used a maximum of 24 features as input, spread across target species, needle configuration, pulsing parameters, and plasmid parameters. Pulse voltage and pulse width dominated as the critical parameters, followed by field strength, dose, and electrode with the greatest impact on GET efficiency. This study elucidates areas where predictive ML algorithms may ideally inform GET study design to accelerate optimization and improve efficiencies upon the further training of these models.
New Approaches to AI Methods for Screening Cardiomegaly on Chest Radiographs
Authors: Matusik Patrycja S. , Tabor Zbisław , Kucybała Iwona , Jarczewski Jarosław D. , Popiela Tadeusz J.
Published: December 2024

Background: Cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) and transverse cardiac diameter (TCD) are parameters that are used to assess cardiac size on chest radiographs (CXRs). We aimed to investigate the performance and efficiency of artificial intelligence (AI) in screening for cardiomegaly on CXRs. Methods: The U-net architecture was designed for lung and heart segmentation. The CTR and TCD were then calculated using these labels and a mathematical algorithm. For the training set, we retrospectively included 65 randomly selected patients who underwent CXRs, while for the testing set, we chose 50 patients who underwent cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging and had available CXRs in the medical documentation. Results: Using U-net for the training set, the Dice coefficient for the lung was 0.984 ± 0.003 (min. 0.977), while for the heart it was 0.983 ± 0.004 (min. 0.972). For the testing set, the Dice coefficient for the lung was 0.970 ± 0.012 (min. 0.926), while for the heart it was 0.950 ± 0.021 (min. 0.871). The mean CTR and TCD measurements were slightly greater when calculated from either manual or automated segmentation than when manually read. Receiver operating characteristic analyses showed that both the CTR and TCD measurements calculated from either manual or automated segmentation, or when manually read, were good predictors of cardiomegaly diagnosed in CMR. However, McNemar tests have shown that diagnoses made with TCD, rather than CTR, were more consistent with CMR diagnoses. According to a different definition of cardiomegaly based on CMR imaging, accuracy for CTR measurements ranged from 62.0 to 74.0% for automatic segmentation (for TCD it ranged from 64.0 to 72.0%). Conclusion: The use of AI may optimize the screening process for cardiomegaly on CXRs. Future studies should focus on improving the accuracy of AI algorithms and on assessing the usefulness both of CTR and TCD measurements in screening for cardiomegaly.
Quantitative Immunofluorescence Mapping of HSP70’s Neuroprotective Effects in FUS-ALS Mouse Models
Authors: Piavchenko Gennadii A. , Pokidova Ksenia S. , Kuzmin Egor A. , Venediktov Artem A. , Izmailov Ilya Y. , Meglinski Igor V. , Kuznetsov Sergey L.
Published: December 2024

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, often linked to mutations in the FUS gene, leading to toxic protein aggregates. This study investigates the role of HSP70, a molecular chaperone, in mitigating neurodegeneration in FUS-ALS mouse models. Using quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy, we mapped cellular changes in the primary motor cortex of double transgenic FUS/HSP70 mice and compared them to single FUS-transgenic controls. Our results reveal that double transgenic mice exhibit significantly reduced neuronal damage and increased levels of mature neuronal (NeuN) and microglial (Iba1) markers, indicating a protective effect of HSP70. Intracellular HSP70 expression proved more effective than extracellular release, suggesting that targeted HSP70 delivery to neurons may offer a promising therapeutic avenue for ALS. This study underscores the potential of quantitative immunofluorescence for mapping neuroprotective pathways and highlights HSP70’s impact on mitigating FUS-related pathology in ALS.
Correction: Mallamaci et al. Antiproliferative Activity of Aminobenzylnaphthols Deriving from the Betti Reaction. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 7779
Authors: Mallamaci Rosanna , Capozzi Maria Annunziata M. , Cardellicchio Cosimo
Published: December 2024

In the original publication [...]
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of the Impact on the Environment of a Cosmetic Cream with Gold Nanoparticles and Hydroxylated Fullerene Ingredients
Authors: Rudolf Rebeka , Majerič Peter , Pintarič Zorka Novak , Horvat Andrej , Krajnc Damjan
Published: December 2024

This review provides a comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of a cosmetic cream to assess the environmental impacts throughout its entire life cycle, from raw material extraction to disposal, using the methodology according to international standards. The LCA was performed using the OpenLCA 2.0.1 software, with data from the Ecoinvent 3.8 database and relevant literature. The assessment focused on multiple impact categories, including climate change, acidification, eutrophication (freshwater, marine and terrestrial), ecotoxicity (freshwater), human toxicity (cancer and non-cancer), ionizing radiation, land use, ozone depletion, photochemical ozone formation, resource use (fossils, minerals and metals), and water use. The LCA of a cosmetic cream containing gold nanoparticles revealed significant environmental impacts across critical categories. The total climate change potential was 2596.95 kg CO2 eq., driven primarily by nanoparticle synthesis (60.7%) and electricity use (31.9%). Eutrophication of freshwater had the highest normalized result (3.000), with nanoparticle synthesis contributing heavily, indicating the need for improved wastewater treatment. The resource use (minerals and metals) scored 1.856, while the freshwater ecotoxicity reached 80,317.23 CTUe, both driven by the nanoparticle production. The human toxicity potentials were 1.39 × 10−6 CTUh (cancer) and 7.45 × 10−5 CTUh (non-cancer), linked to emissions from synthesis and energy use. The LCA of the cosmetic cream revealed several critical areas of environmental impact. The most significant impacts are associated with gold nanoparticle synthesis and electricity use. Addressing these impacts through optimized synthesis processes, improved energy efficiency, and alternative materials can enhance the product’s sustainability profile significantly.
The Simulation Analysis of Cutting Characteristics and Chip Formation Mechanism in Gear Skiving
Authors: Mao Run , Tang Pei , Zhang Yudong , Wang Le , Guo Zheng , Mao Shimin
Published: December 2024

Gear skiving is an efficient and high-precision gear processing method, particularly advantageous for internal gears and coupling gears. However, the main limitation of its application is the rapid wear of skiving tools. This paper combines simulation analysis and numerical calculations to reveal the essential characteristics of the gear skiving process and the fundamental causes of tool wear. Firstly, it researches the distribution of cutting loads on the tool edges through the kinematic simulation analysis of gear skiving. Then, it analyzes the changing rule of working angle, clearance angle, tool inclination, and cutting speed and reveals the cutting state and chip flow patterns during the skiving process through numerical simulation calculations of gear skiving. Finally, it investigates the chip formation mechanism and the stress variation rule on the tool edges through finite element simulation of gear skiving. These analyses and calculations provide optimization guidance and methods for improving the cutting performance and the service life of skiving tools.
Modified Ji-Huan He’s Frequency Formulation for Large-Amplitude Electron Plasma Oscillations
Authors: Kontomaris Stylianos Vasileios , Malamou Anna , Psychogios Ioannis , Ismail Gamal M.
Published: December 2024

This paper examines oscillations governed by the generic nonlinear differential equation u″=ωp021−u∓2β2uγ, where ωp0, β and γ are positive constants. The aforementioned differential equation is of particular importance, as it describes electron plasma oscillations influenced by temperature effects and large oscillation amplitudes. Since no analytical solution exists for the oscillation period in terms of ωp0, β,γ and the oscillation amplitude, accurate approximations are derived. A modified He’s approach is used to account for the non-symmetrical oscillation around the equilibrium position. The motion is divided into two parts: umin≤u<ueq and ueq<u≤umax, where umin and umax are the minimum and maximum values of u, and ueq is its equilibrium value. The time intervals for each part are calculated and summed to find the oscillation period. The proposed method shows remarkable accuracy compared to numerical results. The most significant result of this paper is that He’s approach can be readily extended to strongly non-symmetrical nonlinear oscillations. It is also demonstrated that the same approach can be extended to any case where each segment of the function f(u) in the differential equation u″+fu=0 (for umin≤u<ueq and for ueq<u≤umax) can be approximated by a fifth-degree polynomial containing only odd powers.
RHS and Quantum Mechanics: Some Extra Examples
Authors: Blazquez Maria , Gadella Manuel , Jimenez-Trejo Gerardo
Published: December 2024

Rigged Hilbert spaces (RHSs) are the right mathematical context that include many tools used in quantum physics, or even in some chaotic classical systems. It is particularly interesting that in RHS, discrete and continuous bases, as well as an abstract basis and the basis of special functions and representations of Lie algebras of symmetries are used by continuous operators. This is not possible in Hilbert spaces. In the present paper, we study a model showing all these features, based on the one-dimensional Pöschl–Teller Hamiltonian. Also, RHS supports representations of all kinds of ladder operators as continuous mappings. We give an interesting example based on one-dimensional Hamiltonians with an infinite chain of SUSY partners, in which the factorization of Hamiltonians by continuous operators on RHS plays a crucial role.
Enhancing the Opportunistic Bone Status Assessment Using Radiomics Based on Dual-Energy Spectral CT Material Decomposition Images
Authors: Cheng Qiye , Zhang Jingyi , Hu Mengting , Wang Shigeng , Liu Yijun , Li Jianying , Wei Wei
Published: December 2024

The dual-energy spectral CT (DEsCT) employs material decomposition (MD) technology, opening up novel avenues for the opportunistic assessment of bone status. Radiomics, a powerful tool for elucidating the structural and textural characteristics of bone, aids in the detection of mineral loss. Therefore, this study aims to compare the efficacy of bone status assessment using both bone density measurements and radiomics models derived from MD images and to further explore the clinical value of radiomics models. Methods: Retrospective data were collected from 307 patients who underwent both quantitative computed tomography (QCT) and full-abdomen DEsCT scans at our institution. Based on QCT measurements, patients were divided into three categories: normal bone mineral density (BMD), osteopenia, and osteoporosis. Using the abdominal DEsCT data, six types of MD images were reconstructed, including HAP (Water), HAP (Fat), Ca (Water), Ca (Fat), Fat (Ca), and Fat (HAP). Patients were randomly divided into a training cohort (n = 214) and a validation cohort (n = 93) at a ratio of 7:3. Focusing on the L1 to L3 vertebrae, density values from the six MD images were measured. Six density value models and six radiomics models were constructed using a random forest (RF) classifier. The performance of these models in assessing bone status was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and the DeLong test was employed to compare performance differences between the models. Results: The macro-area under the curve (AUC) values for the density value models based on HAP (Water), HAP (Fat), Ca (Water), and Ca (Fat) MD images were 0.870, 0.870, 0.847, and 0.765, respectively, which outperformed those of Fat (Ca) (AUC = 0.623) and Fat (HAP) (AUC = 0.618) density value models. In the comparison of radiomics models, the trends of model performance were consistent with the density value models across the six MD images. However, the models based on HAP (Water), Ca (Water), HAP (Fat), Ca (Fat), Fat (Ca), and Fat (HAP) images exhibited superior performance than those of the density value models with the corresponding MD images, with values of 0.946, 0.941, 0.934, 0.926, 0.831, and 0.824, respectively. Conclusions: Bone status assessment can be accurately conducted using density values from HAP (Water), HAP (Fat), Ca (Water), and Ca (Fat) MD images. However, radiomics models derived from MD images surpass traditional density measurement methods in evaluating bone status, highlighting their superior diagnostic potential.
Why Does the Biosphere Interact with Earth’s Climate, and How Do the Two-Way Interactions Work?
Authors: Nakamoto Shoichiro
Published: December 2024

With the use of matter (carbon dioxide, nutrients, and water) and solar energy, phytoplankton produce oxygen and carbohydrates, which are transported to predators through the oceanic food web hierarchy. From the viewpoint of irreversible processes of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, oceanic photosynthesis gives a mechanistic picture of living things characterized by double sets of self-organizations supported by flows of energy and entropy discarded into the ocean environment. This produces biological, ocean circulation, and climate interactions.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation on the Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Axially Compressed Steel Tube Columns with Local Corrosion
Authors: Fang Wei , Wang Tao , Chen Mengcheng , Zhang Mingyang , Huang Hong , Xu Kaicheng , Wen Qingqing
Published: December 2024

In this paper, 17 types of circular, hollow steel tube columns were designed for the axial compression test. A defect was corroded with an acid rain spray method. The effects of the geometric spatial location of local corrosion zones, three-dimensional size, shape, and number of local corrosion zones on the axial compression load-bearing capacity of the circular hollow steel columns were investigated. Through model verification and parameter analysis in the finite element software ABAQUS, a finite element model of 136 local corrosion, hollow steel tube columns under axial compression was established. In conjunction with experimental and numerical analysis, the primary factor influencing the load-bearing capacity of the steel tube columns was the decrease in effective cross-sectional zones at the corroded zones. Single or multiple local corrosion zones of the same size distributed along the length of the column can reduce the load-bearing capacity of steel tube columns. However, the number, location, and distribution of corrosion zones with the same size have similar degrees of influence on the load-bearing capacity of the steel tube column, with no significant differences. In the case of the same corrosion ratio η, the load-bearing capacity of steel tube column exhibits a linear relationship with the increase in both the radial corrosion thickness and the circumferential corrosion width within the locally corroded zone. The axial corrosion length in the corroded region has little effect on the load-bearing capacity of the steel tube columns. Ranking the effect of corrosion parameters on the axial compression bearing capacity under the same corrosion ratio η, the largest one is the radial corrosion thickness; the next are the circumferential corrosion width and the axial corrosion length. A practical formula was developed to calculate the load-bearing capacity of locally corroded steel tube columns, using the rate of section loss in the corroded region as the dependent variable. The formula accurately calculates the axial compressive load-bearing capacity of locally corroded steel tube columns and provides valuable reference for evaluating and maintaining steel tube structures.
Pyrolysis Modeling and Kinetic Study of Typical Insulation Materials for Building Exterior Envelopes
Authors: Zhang Youchao , Wang Bo , Xu Li , Ma Zhiming
Published: December 2024

Thermal insulation materials are important for building energy conservation, but the inherent combustibility of these materials increases the fire risk of building facades. To better understand the fire behaviors of these materials, the study of the kinetics of thermal insulation pyrolysis is particularly important because it is the initial step in ignition and combustion during fire. In this paper, the pyrolysis behavior of expanded polystyrene (EPS), a typical non-charring insulation polymer, has been investigated by thermogravimetric analysis at five different heating rates. The model-free kinetic analysis showed that the obtained average values for E and lnA were 151.23 kJ/mol and 21.29 ln/s, respectively. Model-fitting CR and masterplot methods indicated that f(α) = [2(1-α)[-ln(1-α)]]1/2 is considered the pyrolysis reaction mechanism of EPS degradation. Based on these results, the equation of the kinetic compensation effect was further developed as lnA = −3.1955 + 0.1736 Eα. Finally, the reaction model was reconstructed with the result of the expression f(α) = 3.95335α0.24174 (1-α) [-ln(1-α)]1.64712. In addition, PY-GC-MS experiments were conducted to analyze the composition of EPS pyrolysis volatiles. The results showed that the products were mainly compounds of benzene, naphthalene, and biphenyl. The analysis of EPS pyrolysis behavior and evolved gas provides numerical guidance for the future treatment and fire protection of insulation materials.
Impact of Serum GDF-15 and IL-6 on Immunotherapy Response in Cancer: A Prospective Study
Authors: Akdogan Orhun , Turkmen Sena , Uyar Galip Can , Yucel Kadriye Bir , Tufekci Busra , Gurler Fatih , Yazici Ozan , Ozdemir Nuriye , Ozet Ahmet , Karakaya Cengiz , Sutcuoglu Osman
Published: December 2024

Background: Immunotherapy has transformed cancer treatment; however, predicting treatment response remains challenging. Serum biomarkers can help identify patients who are most likely to benefit from immunotherapy. Objective: This study evaluates the relationship between serum growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels and treatment outcomes in cancer patients undergoing second-line immunotherapy. Methods: We conducted a prospective observational study involving 85 patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), or malignant melanoma treated with nivolumab. The baseline serum levels of GDF-15 and IL-6 were measured by using ELISA kits. The primary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), with cachexia as a secondary outcome. Results: Elevated GDF-15 levels were significantly associated with shorter PFS (HR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.32–0.96, p = 0.032) and OS (HR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.25–0.90, p = 0.020). Higher IL-6 levels correlated with shorter PFS, though statistical significance was not achieved. Additionally, high GDF-15 levels were linked to increased cachexia incidence (p = 0.037). Conclusion: Our findings indicate that GDF-15 could serve as a prognostic biomarker for immunotherapy response and may also be a target for cachexia management. Further studies should explore its potential to guide clinical decision making in oncology.
Investigating the Local Effectiveness of Carbon Ion Radiotherapy for Unresectable Female Genital Tract Melanomas: A Preliminary Real-World Study
Authors: Barcellini Amelia , Fontana Giulia , Vai Alessandro , Aletti Giovanni Damiano , Charalampopoulou Alexandra , Chiellino Silvia , Ditto Antonino , Landoni Fabio , Locati Laura Deborah , Mangili Giorgia , Martinelli Fabio , Piccolo Federica , Franzetti Jessica , Imparato Sara , Raspagliesi Francesco , Orlandi Ester
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Primary gynecological melanomas are rare malignancies with lower survival rates compared to cutaneous melanomas. Both preclinical and clinical data support the evidence that mucosal melanomas are photon-radioresistant but responsive to carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT). The aim of this study is to assess, in a real-world cohort, the effectiveness and tolerability of radical CIRT in patients with inoperable gynecological mucosal melanoma. Methods: This is a real-world study aimed to assess the effectiveness and the safety of CIRT in this setting. We defined as the primary endpoints the objective response rate (ORR) and the clinical benefit (CB). The secondary endpoints included the actuarial local control rate (LC) assessed after 1 year and 2 years and the toxicity scored according to CTCAE v.5. Actuarial outcomes were analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method, while potential predictors were investigated through the Log-rank test. Results: Between 2017 and 2023, eleven Caucasian patients underwent pelvic CIRT (total dose 68.8 GyRBE) for mucosal malignant melanoma of the vulva or the vagina. With a median follow-up of 18 months, we observed an ORR of 82% and a CB of 100%. LC at 1 and 2 years was 100% and 86%, respectively, and among the factors analyzed for their potential impact on LC, age < 60 years seems to be a potential predictor (p = 0.014). The treatment was well tolerated, with only one case of acute grade 3 erythema and, in the late phase, one case of grade 3 erythema and grade 3 urethral toxicity. Conclusions: CIRT was effective and safe for gynecological melanomas. Larger collaborative cohort studies and longer follow-ups are needed to take a step forward in comprehending the correct management of this disease.
Stem Cell-Associated Proteins and Extracellular Matrix Composition of the Human Atrioventricular Junction
Authors: Thorsell Annika , Sjölin Linnéa , Berger Evelin , Jeppsson Anders , Oldfors Anders , Rotter Sopasakis Victoria , Vukusic Kristina
Published: December 2024

The human heart regenerates slowly through life, but how new cells are generated is mostly unknown. The atrioventricular junction (AVj) has been indicated as a potential stem cell niche region. Little is known about the protein composition of the human AVj. To map the extracellular matrix (ECM) and expression of stem cell-related biomarkers, this study compares protein and gene expression patterns in AVj and Left Ventricular (LV) tissues. Biopsies were collected from 15 human hearts. Global quantitative proteomics and mRNA sequencing were used to identify differentially expressed proteins and altered genes. Of the total 4904 identified proteins, 1138 were differently expressed between the AVj and LV. While the top proteins in LV were involved in cardiac motor function and energy regulation, the AVj displayed proteins associated with early cardiomyocyte development, differentiation, proliferation, migration, and hypoxia. Furthermore, several developmental signalling pathways, including TGF-β, TNF, WNT, Notch, and FGF, were represented. RNA-seq data verified that the expressed genes were involved with differentiation, cell growth, proliferation, or ECM organization. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the expression of the stem cell-related biomarkers NPPA and POSTN in the AVj, further strengthening the hypothesis of the AVj as a specialized microenvironment conducive to stem cell niche activity.
Effect of Laser Photobiomodulation on Postoperative Pain After Single-Visit Endodontic Treatment in Children: A Randomized Control Trial
Authors: Angolkar Yashaswini S. , Kulkarni Sadanand , Yavagal Chandrashekar M. , Yavagal Puja C. , Bhosle Umesh , Patil Viplavi Chavan , Almalki Sultan Abdulrahman , Gowdar Inderjit Murugendrappa , Gufran Khalid
Published: December 2024

Background: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of laser photobiomodulation (PBM) in reducing postoperative pain following single-visit endodontic treatment in children aged 5–9 years. Methods: Forty children aged 5–9 years with acute irreversible pulpitis in deciduous molars requiring single-visit pulpectomy were included in the study. Pulpectomy was performed according to a standard endodontic protocol. The participants were randomly allocated to two groups: group A received laser photobiomodulation using an 810 nm diode laser applied to the periapical area of the treated tooth postoperatively, and group B received blue light LED, applied at similar points to the control teeth. This was a placebo intervention. Pain scores were measured using a 10-point Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at 4, 12, 24, and 48 h post-treatment. The Friedman test was used to compare the VAS scores within groups over time, and the Mann–Whitney U-test was used to compare the VAS scores between the two groups. The significance level was fixed at p < 0.05. Result: The mean VAS scores were significantly lower in the PBM group compared to the placebo group at the 4th h, 12th h, and 24th h post-treatment (p ≤ 0.05). The pain levels remained stable over time in the PBM group, with no significant difference in pain scores from 4 h to 48 h (p = 0.57). In the placebo group, the pain gradually decreased from the 4th h to the 48th h, with a significant reduction in pain observed between the 12th h and 48th h (p = 0.05). Conclusions: Laser photobiomodulation (PBM) was found to be effective in reducing postoperative pain following single-visit endodontic treatment in children. This non-invasive approach could offer a valuable alternative for pain management in pediatric endodontics, particularly given its effectiveness without the need for systemic medications.
Prediction of Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Very Preterm Infants: Comparing Machine Learning Methods to Logistic Regression
Authors: Afifi Jehier , Ahmad Tahani , Guida Alessandro , Vincer Michael John , Stewart Samuel Alan
Published: December 2024

Purpose: Is machine learning (ML) superior to the traditionally used logistic regression (LR) in prediction of neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants? Objectives: To develop and internally validate a ML model to predict neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) in very preterm infants (<31 weeks) at 36 months corrected age, using clinical predictors. Methods: A retrospective cohort of very preterm infants (230–306 weeks) born between January 2004 and December 2016 in Nova Scotia, Canada. Survivors with neurodevelopmental assessment at 36 months corrected age were included. The study sample was randomly split (80:20) into a development and testing datasets. We compared four methods: LR, elastic net (EN), random forest ensemble (RF) and gradient boosting (XGB), in relation to discrimination (AUC), calibration, and diagnostic properties. Results: Of 811 eligible infants, 663 were included (mean gestational age 28 weeks, mean birth weight 1137 g and 52% male). Of those, 195 (29%) developed NDI and 468 (71%) did not. On internal validation using the testing dataset, all four models provided good discrimination of NDI with comparable AUC. RF was superior to the other three methods with a higher AUC (0.79 vs. 0.74, 0.74, and 0.73 for XGB, EN and LR, respectively), but all models have overlapped CIs. Conclusions: In this population-based cohort of very preterm infants, RF was superior to conventional LR in prediction of NDI at 3 years corrected age. Accurate prediction of preterm infants at risk of NDI enables early referrals for intervention programs and resources allocation toward those who are most likely to benefit.
Exploring Awareness Levels of Diabetic Ketoacidosis Risk Among Patients with Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Eltom Elhassan Hussein , Alali Abdulrahman Omar A. , Alanazi Rakan Khalid Marzouq , Alanazi Ali Ahmad M. , Albalawi Meshal Ahmed Abdullah , Alanazi Saud Alraydh N. , Alanazi Mansour Sarhan G. , Badawy Abdelnaser A. , Mokhtar Naglaa , Fawzy Manal S.
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a critical complication of diabetes mellitus, posing significant health. While global studies have indicated a concerning lack of awareness regarding DKA among patients with diabetes, research specific to the northern area of Saudi Arabia remains limited. This study aims to explore the level of knowledge and awareness of DKA among patients with diabetes residing in the local region. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted utilizing a non-probability convenient sampling technique, with 339 participants recruited from March to August 2024. Data were gathered through a self-administered pre-validated questionnaire distributed via different social media platforms to assess demographic characteristics and awareness levels relating to DKA, including knowledge of its symptoms, causes, and treatment options. Results: Although there was moderate awareness of DKA, with 68.4% having heard of the condition, two-thirds of the participants exhibited significant gaps in overall knowledge. Among those aware, 76.3% recognized DKA as an emergency requiring immediate medical intervention. At the same time, 64.6% understood the causes of DKA, and only 25.6% identified insulin deficiency as a major contributing factor. Although 62.5% felt knowledgeable about treatment, 66.0% incorrectly identified oral sugar as a DKA treatment. Notably, 30.1% cited social media as their main information source. Age emerged as an essential factor impacting knowledge, with younger participants (ages 18–30) demonstrating higher awareness than older individuals. Additionally, single participants displayed a higher percentage of good knowledge than married participants (p = 0.000). Non-working individuals showed better overall knowledge about DKA (p = 0.002). The duration of diabetes did not show a significant association with knowledge levels about DKA across the various duration categories. Conclusions: The present findings underscore a substantial knowledge gap concerning DKA among the local community, highlighting a critical need for targeted public health educational interventions.