bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of image similarity by histogram intersection
Authors: Lee S. M. , Xin J. H. , Westland S.
Published: June 2005

Colour is the most widely used attribute in image retrieval and object recognition. A technique known as histogram intersection has been widely studied and is considered to be effective for color‐image indexing. The key issue of this algorithm is the selection of an appropriate color space and optimal quantization of the selected color space. The goal of this article is to measure the model performance in predicting human judgment in similarity measurement for various images, to explore the capability of the model with a wide set of color spaces, and to find the optimal quantization of the selected color spaces. Six color spaces and twelve quantization levels are involved in evaluating the performance of histogram intersection. The categorical judgment and rank order experiments were conducted to measure image similarity. The CIELAB color space was found to perform at least as good as or better than the other color spaces tested, and the ability to predict image similarity increased with the number of bins used in the histograms, for up to 512 bins (8 per channel). With more than 512 bins, further improvement was negligible for the image datasets used in this study. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 30, 265–274, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20122
Meat color in retail displays with fluorescent illumination
Authors: Sáenz C. , Hernández B. , Beriain M. J. , Lizaso G.
Published: June 2005

The color of beef longissimus dorsi muscle of a homogeneous group of fifteen males of Pirenaica breed in terms of the CIELAB color space was studied using the actual illuminating conditions existing in a representative fraction of retail displays operating in 51 local butcher's shops and supermarkets. All retail displays mounted fluorescent lamps and up to nine fluorescent models with different chromatic characteristics were found. Meat color was analyzed at four different times: immediately after cutting and after 1 day, 5 days, and 7 days of exposure to air. At each measurement day computed a*, b*, C* and hab color coordinates gave significantly higher values than the corresponding D65 values. All fluorescent models enhanced the red color of meat but none of them masked or enhanced meat color differences between samples or between measurement days. Significant differences in color coordinates were found between retail displays that mounted identical fluorescent models, proving the important role of uncontrolled environmental factors like daylight or scattered light from the walls and ceiling. With respect to computed color coordinates, the intrinsic natural variations in the color of meat samples were more important than variations in the illuminating conditions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 30, 304–311, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20123
A preliminary comparison of CIE color differences to textile color acceptability using average observers
Authors: Mangine H. , Jakes K. , Noel C.
Published: June 2005

Ninety‐six nylon pairs were prepared, including red, yellow, green, and blue standards, each at two lightness levels with CIE94 ΔE units ranging from 0.15 to 4.01. Visual assessments of acceptability were carried out by 21 females. Logistic regression compared visual results to four color‐difference equations, CIELAB, CMC, CIE94, and CIEDE2000. It was found that CMC most closely represented judgments of average observers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 30, 288–294, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20124
Prediction of spectral reflectance factor distribution of automotive paint finishes
Authors: Takagi Atsushi , Watanabe Akihiro , Baba Gorow
Published: June 2005

It is necessary to determine the accurate reflectance of painted surfaces for the review of paint finishes by computer graphics (CG) before actual painting of the exterior color of automobiles, and for quality control during production and inspection processes. We have optimized a method for measuring reflectance by using a statistical technique. We have found that the reflectance of a painted surface is best measured at an incident angle of 60° and at five aspecular angles of 10°, 18°, 28°, 40°, and 90°. Our method makes it possible to accurately reproduce reflection characteristics of paint finishes containing special flake pigments, such as pearl mica. Also it was proved that our method can apply not only to solid and metallic coatings but to all painted surfaces. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 30, 275–282, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20125
Improving the Hawkyard method for generating reflectance functions
Authors: Wang Ge , Li Changjun , Luo M. Ronnier
Published: June 2005

An iterative method was developed by Hawkyard in 1993 for generating reflectance functions, based on a given set of tristimulus values. In a recent article by Dupont (Col Res Appl 2002;27:88–99), many methods for generating reflectance functions were compared, and it was shown that the Hawkyard method is one of the best methods. However, one of the weak points of the Hawkyard method is its iterative nature. In addition, one important issue for the Hawkyard method is its convergence, which has not been addressed. In this article, this issue is examined. The necessary and sufficient condition to achieve convergence, using the Hawkyard method, is given. The method is then modified to make it an analytical method. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 30, 283–287, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20126
High‐speed separation of proteins by microchip electrophoresis using a polyethylene glycol‐coated plastic chip with a sodium dodecyl sulfate‐linear polyacrylamide solution
Authors: Nagata Hideya , Tabuchi Mari , Hirano Ken , Baba Yoshinobu
Published: June 2005

In this paper, we describe a method for size‐based electrophoretic separation of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)–protein complexes on a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) microchip, using a separation buffer solution containing SDS and linear polyacrylamide as a sieving matrix. We developed optimum conditions under which protein separations can be performed, using polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐coated polymer microchips and electrokinetic sample injection. We studied the performance of protein separations on the PEG‐coated PMMA microchip. The electrophoretic separation of proteins (21.5–116.0 kDa) was completed with separation lengths of 3 mm, achieved within 8 s on the PEG‐coated microchip. This high‐speed method may be applied to protein separations over a large range of molecular weight, making the PEG‐coated microchip approach applicable to high‐speed proteome analysis systems.
Silica nanoparticles for separation of biologically active amines by capillary electrophoresis with laser‐induced native fluorescence detection
Authors: Kuo I‐Ting , Huang Yu‐Fen , Chang Huan‐Tsung
Published: June 2005

This paper describes the analysis of biologically active amines by capillary electrophoresis (CE) in conjunction with laser‐induced native fluorescence detection. In order to simultaneously analyze amines and acids as well as to achieve high sensitivity, 10 mM formic acid solutions (pH < 4.0) containing silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) were chosen as the background electrolytes. With increasing SiNP concentration, the migration times for seven analytes decrease as a result of increase in electroosmotic flow (EOF) and decrease in their electrophoretic mobilities against EOF. A small EOF generated at pH 3.0 reveals adsorption of SiNPs on the deactivated capillary wall. The decreases in electrophoretic mobilities with increasing SiNP concentration up to 0.3× indicate the interactions between the analytes and the SiNPs. Having a great sensitivity (the limits of detection at a signal‐to‐noise ratio (S/N) = 3 of 0.09 nM for tryptamine (TA)), high efficiency, and excellent reproducibility (less than 2.4% of the migration times), this developed method has been applied to the analysis of urinal samples with the concentrations of 0.50 ± 0.02 μM, 0.49 ± 0.04 μM, and 74 ± 2 μM for TA, 5‐hydroxytryptamine, and tryptophan, respectively. The successful examples demonstrated in this study open up a possibility of using functional nanoparticles for the separation of different analytes by CE.
Rapid mutation detection in complex genes by heteroduplex analysis with capillary array electrophoresis
Authors: Velasco Eladio , Infante Mar , Durán Mercedes , Esteban‐Cardeñosa Eva , Lastra Enrique , García‐Girón Carlos , Miner Cristina
Published: June 2005

Mutational analysis of large multiexon genes without prevalent mutations is a laborious undertaking that requires the use of a high‐throughput scanning technique. The Human Genome Project has enabled the development of powerful techniques for mutation detection in large multiexon genes. We have transferred heteroduplex analysis (HA) by conformation‐sensitive gel electrophoresis of the two major breast cancer (BC) predisposing genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, to a multicapillary DNA sequencer in order to increase the throughput of this technique. This new method that we have called heteroduplex analysis by capillary array electrophoresis (HA‐CAE) is based on the use of multiplex‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR), different fluorescent labels and HA in a 16‐capillary DNA sequencer. To date, a total of 114 different DNA sequence variants (19 insertions/deletions and 95 single‐nucleotide substitutions – SNS) of BRCA1 and BRCA2 from 431 unrelated BC families have been successfully detected by HA‐CAE. In addition, we have optimized the multiplex‐PCR conditions for the colorectal cancer genes MLH1 and MSH2 in order to analyze them by HA‐CAE. Both genes have been amplified in 13 multiplex groups, which contain the 35 exons, and their corresponding flanking intronic sequences. MLH1 and MSH2 have been analyzed in nine hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer patients, and we have found six different DNA changes: one complex deletion/insertion mutation in MLH1 exon 19 and another five SNS. Only the complex mutation and one SNS may be classified as cancer‐prone mutations. Our experience has revealed that HA‐CAE is a simple, fast, reproducible and sensitive method to scan the sequences of complex genes.
Isoelectric buffers, part 3: Determination of pKa and pI values of diamino sulfate carrier ampholytes by indirect UV‐detection capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Lalwani Sanjiv , Tutu Edward , Vigh Gyula
Published: June 2005

Ampholytes with close pKa values (i.e., good carrier ampholytes (CAs)) are needed as buffers in pH‐biased isoelectric trapping (IET) separations. The syntheses of two families of such good CAs were reported recently. Members of the family of diamino sulfate ampholytes (first series) had pI values in the 5.7 < pI < 9.0 range. Members of the family of quaternary ammonium dicarboxylic acid ampholytes (second series) had pI values in the pI < 4.3 range. To further characterize the diamino sulfate ampholytes, their effective mobilities were measured by indirect UV‐absorbance detection capillary electrophoresis in a series of background electrolytes (BGEs) with different pH values. The pKa and limiting ionic mobility values of the CAs were obtained by fitting these mobility values, as a function of the pH and the ionic strength of the BGEs, to the theoretical mobility expression. These diamino sulfates complete the list of CAs suitable for IET separations.
Shaking table tests of reinforced concrete wide beam–column connections
Authors: Benavent‐Climent A.
Published: June 2005

Reinforced concrete wide beam–column connections have been used in low‐to‐moderate seismicity regions despite little information being available on their seismic performance. This research was conducted to clarify experimentally the hysteretic behaviour and ultimate energy dissipation capacity (UEDC) of this type of existing connection under lateral dynamic earthquake loadings. For this purpose, ⅔ scale models were constructed and tested on a shaking table until they collapsed. The exterior connection behaved as a strong column–weak beam mechanism, and the interior connection as a weak column–strong beam mechanism. The averaged UEDC of the connections in each domain of loading, normalized with respect to the product of the yield strength and yield displacement, were about 6 and 5 for the exterior and interior connections, respectively. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A realist theory of evaluation practice
Authors: Mark Melvin M. , Henry Gary T. , Julnes George
Published: June 2005

Some of the essential points of applying emergent realist theory to practice are sketched in this chapter. First a running conversation is offered to explain emergent realist evaluation; then an example pre‐proposal highlights important aspects of practice.
Values and realist evaluation
Authors: Henry Gary T. , Julnes George
Published: June 2005

In this chapter, realist principles frame evaluation as a support for democratic processes in the pursuit of social betterment. Social betterment is defined as the extent to which public policies and programs meet the ever‐emerging complex of human needs. Distinct implications for the practice of evaluation, including balancing among values, analyzing distributional aspects of a program, and informing democratic processes are discussed.
Social programming and policy‐making: A realist perspective
Authors: Mark Melvin M. , Henry Gary T.
Published: June 2005

Social programming is an evolved mechanism for addressing social needs (among other things). Evaluation focuses largely on social programs. We review selected aspects of the complex dynamic, political, and contextual factors that influence social programming, and from these we draw conclusions about the conduct of emergent realist evaluation.
Tax expenditures: The basics
Authors: Davie Bruce F.
Published: June 2005

A framework for thinking about tax expenditures is presented in the form of answers to five questions: what are they, what are they used for, how big are they, who benefits from them, and who loses? Distinctions are discussed among the use of tax expenditures to fine‐tune ability to pay, to influence economic behavior, to mimic the features of a direct‐spending program, and for other purposes.
Evaluating work‐related cash benefit programs: The Earned Income Tax Credit
Authors: Hill Carolyn J. , Hotz V. Joseph , Scholz John Karl
Published: June 2005

The Earned Income Tax Credit is expected to cost the federal government $27.1 billion in 1998, making it the largest cash or near‐cash program available to low‐income families in the United States. Strategies most commonly employed to gain insight into the central issues of this tax credit include data sleuthing, simulations, natural experiments comparing participant and control groups, and cross‐sectional econometric techniques.
Evaluating the Low‐Income Housing Tax Credit
Authors: Wallace James E.
Published: June 2005

Central issues in evaluating the Low‐Income Housing Tax Credit are cost‐effectiveness as the program stands; whether it adds to the supply of affordable housing; whether development costs of tax credit projects are reasonable relative to private, unsubsidized housing development; whether alternative means of achieving the objectives would be more efficient or be better targeted to lower‐income households; and the feasibility of replacing the program with a directly budgeted subsidy. Methodological requirements for the evaluation include developing clear relationships among government costs, transaction costs, investor returns, and net equity provided to a project.
Use of quasi‐experimental methods in tax expenditure evaluation: The case of Maryland enterprise zones
Authors: Crosse Scott , Grasso Patrick G. , Kelly Monica
Published: June 2005

Enterprise zones are intended to revitalize America's economically distressed cities and rural areas, relying primarily on tax and regulatory relief to encourage private investment in areas that otherwise might be unattractive. Congress requested a prospective evaluation based on a state program with similar features. The evaluation used multiple methods and data sources both to enrich findings and to protect against unwarranted conclusions.
The investment tax credit
Authors: Karier Thomas
Published: June 2005

The investment tax credit is a familiar example of a tax expenditure. The evaluation of its effectiveness described in this chapter provides a model for evaluating other tax expenditures.
A Canadian tax incentive for equity investments in mining and energy companies
Authors: Lenjosek Gordon J.
Published: June 2005

Flow‐through shares are an income tax incentive for certain equity investments in mining and energy companies in Canada. This chapter describes this tax incentive and discusses an evaluation of its performance conducted by the Department of Finance Canada.
Taxes, tax expenditures, and evaluation—pleasing and otherwise
Authors: Boruch Robert F.
Published: June 2005

What does the work on tax expenditures over, the last decade imply about the better design of evaluations in this area? The tax expenditure evaluations are compared against a simple but sturdy general framework for conducting results evaluations that looks at target populations; the treatment, program, or policy; the response variable; how relative effects are estimated; and what happens when no effects are discovered.
Framing participatory evaluation
Authors: Cousins J. Bradley , Whitmore Elizabeth
Published: June 2005

This chapter posits two principal streams of participatory evaluation, practical participatory evaluation and transformative participatory evaluation, and compares them on a set of dimensions relating to control, level, and range of participation. The authors then situate them among other forms of collaborative evaluations.
A case study of participatory evaluation in Haiti
Authors: Coupal Françoise P. , Simoneau Marie
Published: June 2005

Haitian staff members of nongovernmental organizations are trained in participatory evaluation methodology and then apply their training in facilitating the evaluation of fifteen grassroots projects. This case study reviews the lessons learned, the key outcomes, and some limitations of the process.
Scaling up: Participatory monitoring and evaluation of a federal empowerment program
Authors: Gaventa John , Creed Victoria , Morrissey Janice
Published: June 2005

This chapter provides a detailed case study of participatory evaluation in a large‐scale community‐revitalization program, using grassroots “citizen learning teams” to monitor and track progress. Lessons and implications for scaling up participatory evaluation in government programs are discussed.
Final commentary
Authors: Whitmore Elizabeth
Published: June 2005

Reflections on theory from practice are addressed.
Against the whim: State legislatures' use of program evaluation
Authors: Jonas R. Kirk
Published: June 2005

Evaluation capabilities of the nation's state legislatures provide a unique resource to the overall evaluation community.
Legislative utilization of evaluations
Authors: Bezruki Don , Mueller Janice , McKim Karen
Published: June 2005

The emphasis on utilization, a primary characteristic of legislative program evaluation, can influence evaluation design.
Lessons learned from evaluating the feasibility of privatizing government services
Authors: Thomas Robert C. , Gookin Kathy , Keating Beth , Whitener Valerie
Published: June 2005

Studies of privatization, including case studies, provide lessons on how to embark on privatization efforts, but they may not be predictive of the cost‐saving potential for individual jurisdictions. Redirecting and improving on how the questions about privatization are asked can help to provide more useful information to policymakers.
Access to information: The legislative advantage
Authors: Jonas R. Kirk
Published: June 2005

Statutes generally provide legislative program evaluation agencies with virtually unlimited access to information on programs supported with state funds.
Convergent policy analysis
Authors: Saunders‐Newton Desmond , Rest Gregory J. , Turnage Wayne M.
Published: June 2005

The use of convergent policy analysis approaches enables legislative program evaluators to assess questions that are not framed with research feasibility in mind.
How information technology changes delivery of evaluation: The Florida Government Accountability Report
Authors: Wade Gena C.
Published: June 2005

The Florida Government Accountability Report, an Internet encyclopedia that will change the way evaluation information is delivered, addresses a primary challenge facing legislators and other decision makers: obtaining comprehensive, current, user‐friendly information on the performance of state government programs.
Research on evaluation ethics: What have we learned and why is it important?
Authors: Morris Michael
Published: June 2005

Although empirical research on evaluation ethics is not plentiful, several important findings have emerged. These include an apparent lack of consensus within the field concerning what constitutes an ethical issue, the frequent occurrence of ethical problems during the later stages of evaluation projects, and the perceived ethical significance of the tendency for evaluators to be more responsive to some stakeholders than others. The author discusses the need to incorporate research questions on ethics into ongoing evaluation projects and to assess systematically evaluators' perceptions of AEA's Guiding Principles.
Rights, responsibilities, and duties: A comparison of ethics for internal and external evaluators
Authors: Mathison Sandra
Published: June 2005

Internal and external evaluators experience the same ethical dilemmas, and both work toward resolving them in principled, justified ways. The different communities they occupy, however, affect how they are likely to resolve their ethical dilemmas.
The ethics of data collection and analysis
Authors: Mark Melvin M. , Eyssell Kristen M. , Campbell Bernadette
Published: June 2005

This chapter focuses on ethical issues that can arise in the collection and analysis of data in evaluations. We move beyond common ethical issues in data collection and analysis, such as informed consent and coercion, to address four issues: the application of cost‐benefit thinking to judgments about research ethics, the quality of research design as an ethical issue, the need to explore one's data, and the censoring of data.
Ethical dimensions of stakeholder participation and evaluation use
Authors: Torres Rosalie T. , Preskill Hallie
Published: June 2005

The authors review ethical dilemmas in evaluation that emerge from efforts to promote use within a context of stakeholder participation. Case examples illustrate two potentially problematic domains: stakeholder selection and depth of stakeholder involvement. Also discussed are mediating factors in the occurrence and resolution of these dilemmas.
Education and training in evaluation ethics
Authors: Newman Dianna L.
Published: June 2005

For ethics to become an integrated component of the discipline of evaluation, education in ethics must become part of evaluation training. This chapter initiates a discussion on ethics education, including what should be taught and who should receive the training.
Ethical issues in conducting evaluation in international settings
Authors: Bamberger Michael
Published: June 2005

There has been little discussion in evaluation literature in the United States of ethical issues in conducting evaluation in international settings. Although many of the same ethical issues arise wherever the evaluation is conducted, two sets of ethical issues that are particularly important in developing countries concern how stakeholders should be involved and to what extent the evaluator should respect local customs and values.
The community as client: Improving the prospects for useful evaluation findings
Authors: Telfair Joseph , Leviton Laura C.
Published: June 2005

Interviews with leaders of community‐based health initiatives help define meaningful evaluation in contexts in which communities are called on to contribute consent, resources, or participation in program development and research.
Improving the prospects for a successful relationship between community and evaluator
Authors: Telfair Joseph
Published: June 2005

The success of a community‐based program evaluation can be enhanced by using a screening tool to delineate the program's evaluative needs, resources, and commitments.
The view from Main Street and the view from 40,000 feet: Can a national evaluation understand local communities?
Authors: Saxe Leonard , Tighe Elizabeth
Published: June 2005

The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation sponsors the Fighting Back initiative, in which communities across the country receive funding to combat alcohol and drug use. The evaluators of this initiative have tried to present an evaluation that is responsive to both national policy agendas and local community contextual differences, and thus offer important insight for both levels.
Framing the evaluation of health and human service programs in community settings: Assessing progress
Authors: Wandersman Abraham
Published: June 2005

A framework for the evaluation of health and human service programs in community settings is proposed and used to critique how well the chapters in this volume advance community‐based program evaluation.
Reflective evaluation in a “technologically textured” world: An activity theory approach
Authors: Gay Geri , Bennington Tammy L.
Published: June 2005

Evaluation inquiry is increasingly mediated by the use of complex electronic technologies such as Web‐based communication tools, multimedia applications, and electronic tracking devices. Activity theory provides a useful conceptual framework with which to understand the epistemological, practical, and moral implications of that mediation.
Internet systems for evaluation research
Authors: Watt James H.
Published: June 2005

The author provides a detailed description of diverse Web‐based data collection tools and enumerates their advantages, disadvantages, and logistical challenges. Web‐based data collection can offer cost‐effective, flexible, and timely solutions to many evaluation needs.
Evaluating on‐line environments: Tools for observing users and gathering feedback
Authors: Rieger Robert H. , Sturgill Amanda
Published: June 2005

The authors focus on using technological support to observe user behaviors and gather feedback in the evaluation of software and virtual environments such as websites.
Challenges in practicing deliberative democratic evaluation
Authors: Greene Jennifer C.
Published: June 2005

Deliberative intentions in an evaluation can be distorted by methodological constraints, stakeholder intents, and evaluator stance.
Dialogue and reflection in a collaborative evaluation: Stakeholder and evaluator voices
Authors: Torres Rosalie T. , Stone Sharon Padilla , Butkus Deborah L. , Hook Barbara B. , Casey Jill , Arens Sheila A.
Published: June 2005

Dialogue and reflection among key stakeholders provide efficiencies in evaluation, contribute to its use, and inspire a conviction to take action.
Surfacing the realpolitik: Democratic evaluation in an antidemocratic climate
Authors: MacNeil Cheryl
Published: June 2005

How can stakeholders be included when deliberative democratic evaluation is carried out in an antidemocratic evaluation?
Disentangling dialogue: Issues from practice
Authors: Ryan Katherine E. , DeStefano Lizanne
Published: June 2005

Complexities and confusion surrounding the concept of dialogue are analyzed using a descriptive typology.
Benefits and limitations of deliberation
Authors: Henry Gary T.
Published: June 2005

Five themes illustrate different dimensions of the process of diffusing democratic deliberation into widespread use.
A modest commitment to the promotion of democracy
Authors: Stake Robert E.
Published: June 2005

To what limit may professional evaluators promote deliberative democracy?
Overview: Language matters
Authors: Patton Michael Quinn
Published: June 2005

Sensitivity to and skillful use of language are core evaluation competencies. The language we use, both among ourselves and with stakeholders, necessarily and inherently shapes perceptions, defines “reality,” and affects mutual understanding. Whatever we seek to understand or do, a full analysis will lead us to consider the words and concepts that undergird our understandings and actions—because language matters.
HIV/AIDS talk: Implications for prevention intervention and evaluation
Authors: Hopson Rodney K. , Lucas Kenya J. , Peterson James A.
Published: June 2005

A sociolinguistic analysis of program beneficiaries talk in a community‐based disease prevention and intervention program is described, including discussion of implications for examining and understanding language in evaluation.
Translating evaluation findings into “policy language”
Authors: Cabatoff Kenneth
Published: June 2005

This chapter examines the use of program evaluation findings as a tool for policy learning. It argues that program evaluation findings must be “translated” into policy language in order to affect decision making within policy communities. This translation is illustrated by welfare policy innovation in Quebec.
Dialogue for learning: Evaluator as critical friend
Authors: Rallis Sharon F. , Rossman Gretchen B.
Published: June 2005

If the purpose of evaluation is learning, dialogue can be an effective means for achieving this purpose. This chapter focuses on the crucial role of language in establishing the heuristic stance that fosters dialogic inquiry and thereby enhances the effectiveness of evaluation. The role of the evaluator in facilitating dialogue is explicated through examples from practice.
Border lessons: Linguistic “rich points” and evaluative understanding
Authors: Agar Michael
Published: June 2005

This chapter ethnographically documents “lessons learned” in an evaluation of a tuberculosis program, focusing on linguistic rich points gathered from interviews and conversations with program staff.
Ascertaining causality in theory‐based evaluation
Authors: Davidson E. Jane
Published: June 2005

This chapter explores the relative strengths and weaknesses of program theory as a tool for inferring causality and outlines a five‐stage approach that makes increased use of inductively built program theories and takes more deliberate account of the varying levels of certainty that are required for evaluative conclusions.
The false choice between theory‐based evaluation and experimentation
Authors: Cook Thomas D.
Published: June 2005

This chapter offers a critical commentary on theory‐based evaluation, stressing its utility as a method of program planning and as an adjunct to experiments but rejecting it as an alternative to experiments.
Which links in which theories shall we evaluate?
Authors: Weiss Carol Hirschon
Published: June 2005

If there is little consensus about the assumptions underlying a program, theory‐based evaluators can collect data relevant to more than one theory, selecting for study the specific links in those theories that answer key questions.
Whether and why? The potential benefits of including program theory evaluation in meta‐analysis
Authors: Petrosino Anthony
Published: June 2005

Even simple program theory evaluations could be used in meta‐analysis to provide benefit. Several examples of ways to combine the two are explored, including a hypothetical model and an actual example of a federal funding program.
Using program theory to replicate successful programs
Authors: Hacsi Timothy A.
Published: June 2005

Program theory evaluation can provide the kind of detailed information about what aspects of a program lead to success that is needed to replicate programs in new and varied settings.
Summing up program theory
Authors: Bickman Leonard
Published: June 2005

The author summarizes the issues and concerns raised by the volume and discusses other recent developments for evaluators using program theory.
Reconceptualizing evaluation use: An integrated theory of influence
Authors: Kirkhart Karen E.
Published: June 2005

This chapter recasts evaluation use in terms of influence and proposes an integrated theory that conceptualizes evaluation influence in three dimensions—source, intention, and time.
The learning dimension of evaluation use
Authors: Preskill Hallie , Torres Rosalie T.
Published: June 2005

Evaluation's role in facilitating transformative learning in organizations is the focus of this chapter. The theories underlying constructivist and transformative learning, as well as specific evaluator roles and practices to support it, are described.
Evaluative inquiry in university‐school professional learning partnerships
Authors: Shulha Lyn M.
Published: June 2005

School‐university partnerships with professional learning agendas provide appealing contexts for the introduction and application of systematic evaluative inquiry. The challenges faced by evaluators in moving from results‐focused evaluation to learning‐oriented evaluative inquiry are discussed, as are the influences of this transition on individual practitioners and their organizations.
Perspectives on evaluation use and demand by users: The case of city year
Authors: Brett Belle , Hill‐Mead Lynnae , Wu Stephanie
Published: June 2005

This chapter examines the stages of evaluation practice and use at a national multisite community service program with an internal evaluation department, reviews challenges to and organizational supports for use, and discusses Kirkhart's integrated theory of use at both the site and national levels. Finally, it summarizes lessons learned.
Why not use?
Authors: Henry Gary T.
Published: June 2005

This chapter argues that pursuing use as the defining goal for evaluation can distort the allocation of evaluation resources and reduce the contributions of evaluation to broader social goals, such as social betterment.
Evaluation use at the threshold of the twenty‐first century
Authors: Caracelli Valerie J.
Published: June 2005

This chapter recaps some of the central insights of the preceding chapters as they relate to historical marker events from the past three decades that have influenced the evaluation profession and expanded our notions of use.
Canine dimorphism
Authors: Plavcan J. Michael , Van Schaik Carel P.
Published: June 2005

Canine dimorphism in many primates is exaggerated, with males possessing enormous, sharp canines that project far beyond the occlusal plane of the other teeth and females having smaller, less projecting canines. Ever since Darwin,1canine dimorphism generally has been attributed to sexual selection. However, recent analyses suggest that the evolution of canine dimorphism is complex and that the sexual selection hypothesis is only part of the story.
Parallel computation of a highly nonlinear Boussinesq equation model through domain decomposition
Authors: Sitanggang Khairil Irfan , Lynett Patrick
Published: June 2005

Implementations of the Boussinesq wave model to calculate free surface wave evolution in large basins are, in general, computationally very expensive, requiring huge amounts of CPU time and memory. For large scale problems, it is either not affordable or practical to run on a single PC. To facilitate such extensive computations, a parallel Boussinesq wave model is developed using the domain decomposition technique in conjunction with the message passing interface (MPI). The published and well‐tested numerical scheme used by the serial model, a high‐order finite difference method, is identical to that employed in the parallel model. Parallelization of the tridiagonal matrix systems included in the serial scheme is the most challenging aspect of the work, and is accomplished using a parallel matrix solver combined with an efficient data transfer scheme. Numerical tests on a distributed‐memory super‐computer show that the performance of the current parallel model in simulating wave evolution is very satisfactory. A linear speedup is gained as the number of processors increases. These tests showed that the CPU time efficiency of the model is about 75–90%. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An axisymmetric incompressible lattice BGK model for simulation of the pulsatile flow in a circular pipe
Authors: Lee T. S. , Huang Haibo , Shu Chang
Published: June 2005

Applying the idea of Halliday et al., through inserting the ‘source’ term into the two‐dimensional lattice Boltzmann equation to recover the incompressible Navier–Stokes equation in the cylindrical coordinates, an axisymmetric incompressible Lattice‐BGK D2Q9 model was proposed here to simulate the pulsatile flows in a circular pipe. The pulsatile flows in a circular pipe with 1<Re<2000 (Reynolds number is based on pipe's diameter), Womersley number 1<α<25 were investigated and compared with the exact analytical solutions. The excellent agreements between numerical and the analytical solution validate our model. The effect of schemes to implement pressure gradient and the model's spatial accuracy were also discussed. To show the performance of the proposed model, the same problems were also simulated by Halliday's axisymmetric model which derived from standard LBM and the three‐dimensional incompressible LBGK model. It is observed that the present model reduces the compressibility effect in Halliday's model and is much more efficient than the LBGK D3Q19 model for an axisymmetric pulsatile flow problem. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of consistent novel submegabase deletions in low‐grade oligodendrogliomas using array‐based comparative genomic hybridization
Authors: Rossi Michael R. , Gaile Daniel , LaDuca Jeffrey , Matsui Sei‐Ichi , Conroy Jeffrey , McQuaid Devin , Chervinsky David , Eddy Roger , Chen Hai‐Shen , Barnett Gene H. , Nowak Norma J. , Cowell John K.
Published: June 2005

We have analyzed 18 low‐grade gliomas using array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) with an average resolution of <500 kb. Because the majority of these tumors showed loss of chromosome arms 1p and 19q, we used custom statistical approaches to define submegabase hemizygous losses throughout the genome that correlated with 19q loss. As a result of this analysis, we have identified a ∼550‐kb region in 11q13 and a ∼300‐kb region in 13q12 that showed hemizygous deletion in virtually all the tumors analyzed regardless of their 1p/19q status. FISH analyses of interphase nuclei from the same tumors used for aCGH analysis confirmed the hemizygous loss. The identification of such specific changes provides a potentially very useful diagnostic marker for this subgroup of low‐grade tumors. These regions of the genome define small numbers of candidate genes that are within the deletions. The aCGH analysis also defined the spectrum of gain and loss of genomic regions in low‐grade oligodendrogliomas. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interstitial telomeric DNA sequences of Chinese hamster cells are hypersensitive to nitric oxide damage, and DNA‐PKcs has a specific local role in its repair
Authors: Mosquera Alejandro , Gosálvez Jaime , Sabatier Laure , Fernández José Luis
Published: June 2005

The DNA breakage detection–fluorescence in situ hybridization (DBD‐FISH) procedure was used to analyze DNA single‐strand breaks (SSBs) and alkali‐labile sites induced by exposure to the nitric oxide (NO) donors sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and 3‐morpholinosydnomine hydrochloride (SIN‐1) in the whole genome and in long interstitial telomeric repeat sequence (ITRS) blocks from Chinese hamster cells. The relative density of DNA damage generated in the ITRS by X‐rays was similar to that induced in the genome overall, whereas it was 1.7 times higher when the alkylating agent MNNG was assayed. Nevertheless, after SNP or SIN‐1 treatment, ITRSs proved to be 2.8 and 2.7 times relatively more damaged, respectively, than the whole genome. When the DNA‐dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA‐PKcs) was not active, as in XR‐C1 mutant cells, the repair kinetics in the whole genome did not differ from that in the parental cell line with X‐ray or SNP exposure. However, whereas the SSBs and alkali‐labile sites induced in the ITRS by X‐rays exhibited rejoining kinetics similar to that of the parental cell line, the damage induced by SNP was more slowly rejoined. This implies a role for DNA‐PKcs in the repair of DNA damage induced by NO, especially in ITRSs. The results demonstrated intragenomic heterogeneity of NO‐induced DNA damage and repair; there was a higher density of DNA damage in the ITRS blocks, possibly because of their guanine richness. This suggests that a parallel process may occur in the terminal telomeres, which has implications for premature aging and neoplastic development by chronic NO exposure in vivo. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Somatic genetic changes accompanying lung tumor development
Authors: Foster Nicola A. , Banerjee Anindo K. , Xian Jian , Roberts Ian , Pezzella Francesco , Coleman Nicholas , Nicholson Andrew G. , Goldstraw Peter , George Jeremy P. , Rabbitts Pamela H.
Published: June 2005

Carcinomas are believed to develop by incremental steps of increasingly abnormal morphology driven by accumulating somatic genetic changes. This process is often difficult to study, as the early stages are undetectable. We used fluorescence bronchoscopy, which enhances detection of preinvasive bronchial lesions, and have obtained sequential biopsies of carcinoma in situ (CIS) from a patient with no detectable tumor and from a squamous cell carcinoma that developed 19 months after presentation at the site of one of the previous CIS lesions. Biopsies of preinvasive CIS, which follow‐up showed had different pathologic outcomes, and tumor were microdissected to obtain enriched cell populations and DNA prepared from them. Molecular characteristics of these biopsies were compared by loss of heterozygosity analysis, TP53 mutation analysis, and comparative genomic hybridization. Although all lesions examined had the same TP53 mutation and almost identical allelotypes, differences were observed. Loss in 5q21 and amplification of 3q25–26 were associated with the lesion that progressed and the subsequent carcinoma. Allele loss at 4p16 was detected in the tumor but not in any of the CIS lesions, suggesting it was a late event associated with tumor invasion. Amplification at 4q12 was specifically observed in the tumor and in the CIS at the site of eventual tumor formation. Although these findings may be unique to this one patient, the successful demonstration of sequential genetic changes raises the possibility that this approach, unencumbered by interpatient variability between lesions, will greatly facilitate the identification of molecular events driving the invasive process © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Possible linkage of a breast cancer‐susceptibility locus to the ABO locus: Sensitivity of LOD scores to a single new recombinant observation
Authors: Skolnick M. H. , Thompson E. A. , Bishop D. T. , Cannon L. A. , Rao D. C.
Published: June 2005

We present evidence of a pedigree in which a major gene for breast cancer‐susceptibility appears to segregate in a dominant fashion. Linkage analysis suggests that the breast cancer‐susceptibility locus in this family may be linked to the ABO locus, which is located on band q34 of chromosome 9. At an early stage in the analysis, a LOD score of 3.0 for zero recombination was obtained for linkage between ABO and the susceptibility locus, but a single recombinant reduced the LOD score to 1.72 at a recombination fraction of 0.06. A final observation of a nonrecombinant brings the LOD score for this pedigree to 1.99 at \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \widehat{\rm{\theta }} $\end{document}$\end{document} = 0.05. We attempt to put these results in perspective by discussing the sensitivity of the LOD score to the next observation. Examples of the volatility of LOD scores are given. These simple calculations show that tight linkage represents the worst case for the interpretation of a LOD score of 3.0. Finally, we discuss the linkage between the breast cancer‐susceptibility locus and the ABO blood group and approaches to confirming or denying this result.
Genetics of the Lp lipoprotein in Japanese‐Americans
Authors: Morton Newton E. , Berg Kåre , Dahlen Gösta , Ferrell Robert E. , Rhoads George G. , Rao D. C.
Published: June 2005

Segregation analysis of four Lp assays on 557 children in 227 families reveals a dominant major gene and a residual heritable component that may reflect one or more alleles of weaker effect. Close or moderate linkage to esterase‐D (ESD) is excluded.
Genetic analysis workshop III: Simple methods for accurate gene mapping with multipoint data
Authors: Risch N.
Published: June 2005

Linkage groups and orders are established through two‐point analysis; gene order is verified through simple three‐point analysis; linkage maps are obtained through weighted least squares, fitting observed θ values to those predicted by a parametric mapping function.
Regional assignments of three polymorphic DNA segments on human chromosome 15
Authors: Brissenden J. E. , Page D. C. , de Martinville B. , Trowsdale J. , Botstein D. , Francke U. , Lalouel J. M.
Published: June 2005

Hybridization of probe pDP151 (locus D15S2) to genomic human DNAs digested with EcoRI revealed allelic restriction fragments 9 and 11 kilobase‐pairs (kb) in length. Hybridization of pDP151 to EcoRI‐digested DNAs from 21 Chinese hamster × human hybrid cell clones containing different subsets of human chromosomes demonstrated cosegregation of the 9 and 11 kb EcoRI fragments with human chromosome 15. D15S2 and two other polymorphic loci previously mapped to chromosome 15–D15S1 and D15S6—were localized to specific regions on human chromosome 15. Eight Chinese hamster × human somatic cell hybrid clones derived from a human donor heterozygous for a balanced translocation between chromosomes 15 and 22 [t(15;22)(q14;q13.3); Oliver et al, Cytogenet Cell Genet 22:503–510, 1978] were studied. After digestion of human and hybrid DNAs with HindIII and Southern blotting, pDP151 (D15S2) and pMS1‐14 (D15S1) hybridized to fragments of 4 and 4.5 kb, respectively. Further, pMS1‐14 (D15S1) and p9‐1a (D15S6) hybridized to EcoRI fragments of 3.5 and 3.2 kb. All fragments cosegregated with the der(22) derivative chromosome containing region 15q14→15qter. In situ hybridization of these probes to normal human chromosomes mapped the corresponding loci with greater precision: D15S1 to 15q15→15q21, D15S2 to 15q15→15q22, and D15S6 to 15q22→15q24.
A resolution of the ascertainment sampling problem: IV. Continuous phenotypes
Authors: Ewens WJ , Green RM , Vogler G. P. , Rao D. C.
Published: June 2005

This paper considers ascertainment corrections for continuous phenotypes. Two main points are considered. The first is a discussion of what ascertainment corrections can be devised to ensure asymptotically unbiased parameter estimates when the nature of the ascertainment procedure is not known. The second is an analysis of the properties of various forms of ascertainment correction possible when the nature of the ascertainment procedure is known. Some ascertainment corrections are thus shown to be valid and others invalid.