bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elimination of Powers of Sines and Cosines between Two Equations
Authors: McLaren Lord
Published: June 2016

This paper is an extension to higher powers of the process which I applied to the elimination of θ from the equations of the Ellipse-Glissette (Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., xix. p. 89). It depends on the principle that where the highest power or powers of one of the variables are awanting, derived equations can always be formed by eliminating a power of each of the other variables between the two primitives.
On the Penguins observed during the Sealing Voyage of the s.s. “Active” in the neighbourhood of Erebus and Terror Gulf
Authors: Donald C. W.
Published: June 2016

In September 1892 I sailed from Dundee on board the s.s. “Active,” which, with three other ships, was sent out to discover, if possible, a whale fishery among the Antarctic ice. The general record of my voyage will be published elsewhere, as will also sundry other observations in natural history. The present note is concerned solely with the species of penguin met with to the south of the Falklands.
Coordinates versus Quaternions
Authors: Cayley
Published: June 2016

It is contended that Quaternions (as a method) are more comprehensive and less artificial than—and, in fact, in every way far superior to—Coordinates. Thus Professor Tait, in the Preface to his Elementary Treatise of Quaternions (1867), reproduced in the second and third editions (1873 and 1890), writes—“It must always be remembered that Cartesian methods are mere particular cases of quaternions where most of the distinctive features have disappeared; and that when, in the treatment of any particular question, scalars have to be adopted, the quaternion solution becomes identical with the Cartesian one. Nothing, therefore, is ever lost, though much is generally gained, by employing quaternions in place of ordinary methods. In fact, even when quaternions degrade to scalars, they give the solution of the most general statement of the problem they are applied to, quite independent of any limitations as to choice of particular coordinate axes.”
On the Intrinsic Nature of the Quaternion Method
Authors: Tait
Published: June 2016

My title is purposely ambiguous, because it has to represent two things—I intend to treat not only of what a quaternion really is, but also of its self-containedness, or independence.

Professor Cayley has just stated that “while co-ordinates are applicable to the whole science of geometry, and are the natural and appropriate basis and method in the science, Quaternions seem to me a particular and very artificial method for treating such parts of the science of three-dimensional Geometry as are most naturally discussed by means of the rectangular co-ordinates x, y, z.”
On the Application of Van der Waals' Equation to the Compression of Ordinary Liquids
Authors: Tait
Published: June 2016

In a paper, read for me to the Society in January last (ante, p. 245), I pointed out the difficulties I had met with in trying to reconcile Van der Waals' equation with Amagat's experimental data for common liquids, and I promised to recur to the question when the state of my health should permit. I now find that, as I had then only surmised, the constants in Van der Waals' equation necessarily become non-real when we try to adjust it to Amagat's data.
A Problem of Sylvester's in Elimination
Authors: Muir Thomas
Published: June 2016

The problem in question with its solution appeared in the Cambridge Mathematical Journal, vol. ii. pp. 232–236, being given by Sylvester to show how his recently discovered “dialytic” method might be applied to ternary quadratics.
The Reproduction of the Edible Crab (Cancer pagurus)
Authors: Wilson Gregg
Published: June 2016

During the last two winters I have had considerable opportunity of making observations on the reproduction of the edible crabs of the Northumberland coast; and though, my results are still incomplete, and some of them, as, for instance, those relating to the size of sexually mature crabs, are chiefly of local importance, I think the meagreness of past work on the subject, and its practical importance in connection with fishery legislation, justify me in publishing some account of what I have seen.
On the Torsion of the Molluscan Body
Authors: Gilchrist J. D. F.
Published: June 2016

There is strong evidence for supposing that the Mollusca are derived from a bilaterally symmetrical animal, having a median digestive tract and lateral excretory organs. This animal was further characterised by the physiological character of its dorsal integument, which had the property of secreting a peculiar substance—conchiolin. This, though in itself capable of affording some protection to the animal, becomes impregnated with carbonate of lime, thus providing the animal with a hard coating sufficient to resist the attacks of all but the most powerful of its enemies, while at the same time it forms a strong external skeleton to which the muscles of the body can be attached. This conchiolin, however, unlike chitin, does not seem to lend itself to the formation of jointed appendages or metameric segmentation, with which we are so familiar in another group, the Arthropoda.
On a Human Cyclops
Authors: Bruce Alexander
Published: June 2016

While the occurrence of the condition termed Cyclopia cannot be considered as altogether a rare event, the obscurity in which its pathology is still involved makes it desirable that a full description of every case should be put on record. The specimen in my possession was that of a well-formed female embryo which had apparently reached the seventh month. With the exception of the malformation to be specially considered, there was no abnormality either in its external appearances, or in the structure and disposition of any of its viscera.
On the Rendering of Animals Immune against the Venom of the Cobra and other Serpents; and on the Antidotal Properties of the Blood-Serum of the Immunized Animals
Authors: Fraser Thomas R.
Published: June 2016

One of the most striking and interesting of the many traditions and current beliefs regarding venomous serpents is that a power may be acquired of freely handling them without injury, and even of successfully resisting the poisonous effects of their bites.
Observations on the Structure of the Foot of the Horse
Authors: Knox Robert
Published: June 2016

He demonstrated the navicular bone of the horse's foot not to be a sesamoid bone, nor a peculiar structure formed expressly for the horse, but the Epiphysis of the Os pedis or coffin-bone. This was proved satisfactorily by a direct appeal to structure. Besides anticipating results of practical consequence from this discovery, the author is led to observe, that an organ may be displaced and employed to perform different functions in different animals,—that the epiphyses of bones are intended by nature to form separate bones in a vast variety of animals,—and that they may often lead to the discovery of the type of the skeleton in fossil remains of extinct animals.
XVII.—The Explanation of an apparent Anomaly outstanding in the Results of Measurement of Dissociation Pressures
Authors: Menzies Alan W. C.
Published: June 2016

In 1888 Tammann, applying a form of the gas current saturation method to the measurement of the dissociation pressures of salt hydrates, obtained results which were uniformly higher by from 2 to 5 per cent, than the results obtained by Frowein with the tensimeter. This anomalous behaviour was confirmed, in Nernst's laboratory, by Schottky, who reported that the initial dissociation pressures developed in tensimetric measurements were, in cited cases, higher than the equilibrium values. In 1911 Partington, re-studying certain of the facts, added further confirmation by the use of the gas current saturation method in a somewhat altered form.
Spot-characters for the Identification of Malesian Seed Plants: a Guide .M.M.J. van Balgooy, Y. W. Low & K. M. Wong.
Authors: Puglisi Carmen
Published: June 2016

..
Occlutech® muscular ventricular septal defect device: the first reported human use
Authors: Morgan Gareth J.
Published: June 2016

Percutaneous closure of muscular ventricular septal defects has been well described and has not attracted the same controversy or scrutiny as perimembranous defect closure. Therefore, the development of specifically designed devices has been limited. We report the first use of the Occlutech® muscular ventricular septal defect device. Does its design add any significant benefit?
Paediatric presentation of cardiac involvement in hypereosinophilic syndrome
Authors: Massin Martial M. , Jacquemart Caroline , Damry Nasroolla
Published: June 2016

Eosinophilic endomyocarditis is extremely rare in paediatrics. This case report aims to present the sequential changes from thrombotic to fibrotic stages of the cardiac involvement in a child with hypereosinophilic syndrome. Endomyocardial fibrosis progressively aggravated the severity of the mitral regurgitation. Bioprosthetic valve replacement was finally performed without recurrence of cardiac complications despite a late relapse of the underlying disease.
Cultures of Migration and Conflict in Contemporary Human Mobility in Turkey
Authors: Sirkeci Ibrahim , Cohen Jeffrey H.
Published: June 2016

We approach Turkish mobility using a culture of migration perspective with reference to conflict. Conflicts are defined broadly into an array of situations including minor disputes, tensions or latent conflicts on the one hand and major violent events on the other. These situations, defined along a security continuum shape individual perceptions. Increasing perceptions of human insecurity are positively correlated to a rise in migration propensity. Applied to Turkey’s international migration history we note that major conflicts have determined inflows and outflows of populations and created a Turkish culture of migration, which reinforces continuous population flows between countries of destination and origin. Migration flows between Germany and Turkey are exemplary in this regard.
Multiple Identities: A Theoretical and an Empirical Approach
Authors: Scheuringer Brunhilde
Published: June 2016

A brief summary of sociological theories concerning the development of identity states that it emerges through the interactions between individuals and society, implying that the individual is unable to attain an identity in an autonomous manner. An identity is therefore constructed and formed through contact with other individuals, groups and cultures in one’s socio-cultural environment. The concept of symbolic interactionism plays a fundamental role here. Societies establish and form social roles by means of linked expectations. In turn, an individual is introduced to these and is exposed to them throughout their socialisation. They are internalised and emerge as critical elements of identity. Explained another way, there are numerous identities in a society that are already fixed and established. The individual is confronted by those identities and must adapt to them. Individuals are seen as active participants in this process, capable of reflecting on it even constructing it and forming their own identity independently. A tension therefore exists between established social identities and the capacity of individuals to construct their own identities. This is a dynamic process that goes on throughout various life stages and differs according to social milieu. With this is mind; identity may be defined as one’s personal awareness of being a distinctive individual, with a unique life-story and being in constant confrontation with the environment in order to attain a balance between individual claims and the expectations of this environment.1
A Turkish-German Critic of the ‘Parallel Society’: Necla Kelek
Authors: Stagl Justin
Published: June 2016

A Turkish girl in Germany emancipated herself from her family in a long, bitter, almost deadly struggle. She fought for her education and gained it. Indignation at the disregard of personal freedom in her migrant community turned her into a writer and her success was amazing. However, it earned her the suspicion of all those who prefer the integrity of the group to the dignity of the individual. Told in this reduced manner, the story of Necla Kelek resembles one of Scheherazade’s tales. I will therefore try to tell it again in a more specific way.
Turkish Migrant Writers in Europe: Mehmed Uzun in Sweden and Aras Ören in West Germany
Authors: Sievers Wiebke
Published: June 2016

The literatures that have emerged from post-war Turkish migration to Europe have become a topic of discussion since the 1980s. However, studies comparing the emergence of these literatures in different European contexts are rare. This article compares Sweden and West Germany, two contexts where migration from Turkey has a similar history, but where the resulting literatures differ massively due to different political and literary conditions. Multicultural, and in particular multilingual, public policies in Sweden have facilitated the emergence of a Kurdish diaspora literature; this then became a major impetus for the emergence of a Kurdish literature in Turkey when it was finally possible to write and publish in Kurdish there in the 1990s. The emergence of the New Left in West Germany, reflected in a re-awakened workers’ literature and new left-wing publishing houses in the German literary field, has provided publishing opportunities for Turkish migrant writers influenced by a socialist internationalist tradition in the 1970s. These works laid the foundation for a literary tradition that has since come to be regarded as having changed the understanding of what it means to be German.
Kese and Tellak: Cultural Framings of Body Treatments in the ‘Turkish Bath’
Authors: Hahn Kornelia
Published: June 2016

Using water for body treatments has an especially long tradition in many cultures and, is deeply intertwined with Roman and Ottoman culture. However, it is clear that today it is not possible to attribute bathing – not even a specific type of bathing, such as the hammam steam bath – to one particular culture (ignoring the obvious problems associated with trying to delineate clearly between such blurred constructs as a specific culture or as a discrete entity). Thus, the ‘Turkish bath’ is a widely used term introduced to Europe in the eighteenth century or applied to various different manifestations. The term reflects the European perception of Turkish bathing culture, primarily connected with bathing within a hammam complex or – as the Turkish term goes – a hammami. Bathing in the hammam-style is rather a Roman cultural practice, an element adapted and integrated in Ottoman culture and readapted thereafter into modern Western culture. It is often believed that these practices are rooted in the cultural history of the present state of Turkey (although ancient ‘Turkish bath’ architecture famously exists in Greece or Albania, too1). Furthermore, the geographical or architectural nexus between mosques and hammams and, also, the temporal order of Islamic culture (in which visiting a hammam before various ritual occasions is required) have often suggested seeing the Turkish bath as a religious custom.
Social patterning of overeating, binge eating, compensatory behaviours and symptoms of bulimia nervosa in young adult women: results from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health
Authors: Koupil Ilona , Tooth Leigh , Heshmati Amy , Mishra Gita
Published: June 2016

Objective

To study social patterning of overeating and symptoms of disordered eating in a general population.

Design

A representative, population-based cohort study.

Setting

The Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health (ALSWH), Survey 1 in 1996 and Survey 2 in 2000.

Subjects

Women (n12 599) aged 18–23 years completed a questionnaire survey at baseline, of whom 6866 could be studied prospectively.

Results

Seventeen per cent of women reported episodes of overeating, 16 % reported binge eating and 10 % reported compensatory behaviours. Almost 4 % of women reported symptoms consistent with bulimia nervosa. Low education, not living with family, perceived financial difficulty (OR=1·8 and 1·3 for women with severe and some financial difficulty, respectively, compared with none) and European language other than English spoken at home (OR=1·5 for European compared with Australian/English) were associated with higher prevalence of binge eating. Furthermore, longitudinal analyses indicated increased risk of persistent binge eating among women with a history of being overweight in childhood, those residing in metropolitan Australia, women with higher BMI, smokers and binge drinkers.

Conclusions

Overeating, binge eating and symptoms of bulimia nervosa are common among young Australian women and cluster with binge drinking. Perceived financial stress appears to increase the risk of binge eating and bulimia nervosa. It is unclear whether women of European origin and those with a history of childhood overweight carry higher risk of binge eating because of genetic or cultural reasons.
Economic evidence for the clinical management of major depressive disorder: a systematic review and quality appraisal of economic evaluations alongside randomised controlled trials
Authors: Karyotaki E. , Tordrup D. , Buntrock C. , Bertollini R. , Cuijpers P.
Published: June 2016

Aims.

The aim of this systematic review of economic evaluations alongside randomised controlled trials (RCTs) was to provide a comprehensive overview of the evidence concerning cost-effectiveness analyses of common treatment options for major depression.

Methods.

An existing database was used to identify studies reporting cost-effectiveness results from RCTs. This database has been developed by a systematic literature search in the bibliographic databases of PubMed, PsychINFO, Embase and Cochrane library from database inception to December 2014. We evaluated the quality of economic evaluations using a 10-item short version of the Drummond checklist. Results were synthesised narratively. The risk of bias of the included RCTs was assessed, based on the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool.

Results.

Fourteen RCTs were included from the 5580 articles screened on titles and abstracts. The methodological quality of the health economic evaluations was relatively high and the majority of the included RCTs had low risk of bias in most of Cochrane items except blinding of participants and personnel. Cognitive behavioural therapy was examined in seven trials as part of a variety of treatment protocols and seems cost-effective compared with pharmacotherapy in the long-term. However cost-effectiveness results for the combination of psychotherapy with pharmacotherapy are conflicting and should be interpreted with caution due to limited comparability between the examined trials. For several treatments, only a single economic evaluation was reported as part of a clinical trial. This was the case for comparisons between different classes of antidepressants, for several types of psychotherapy (behavioural activation, occupational therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, short-term psychotherapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy, rational emotive behavioural therapy, solution focused therapy), and for transcranial magnetic stimulationv. electroconvulsive therapy. The limited evidence base for these interventions means generalisations, based on economic evaluation alongside clinical trials, cannot easily be made.

Conclusions.

There is some economic evidence underpinning many of the common treatment options for major depression. Wide variability was observed in study outcomes, probably attributable to differences in population, interventions or follow-up periods. For many interventions, only a single economic evaluation alongside clinical trials was identified. Thus, significant economic evidence gaps remain in the area of major depressive disorder.
Erratum: An allosteric role for receptor activity-modifying proteins in defining GPCR pharmacology
Authors: Gingell Joseph J , Simms John , Barwell James , Poyner David R , Watkins Harriet A , Pioszak Augen A , Sexton Patrick M , Hay Debbie L
Published: June 2016

Correction to: Cell Discovery (2016) 2, 16012; doi:10.1038/celldisc.2016.12; published online 17 May 2016 During web production, there was an error in Supplementary information: Supplementary Material was omitted. The files are now installed in the online version of the paper. We apologize for any inconvenience that may have been caused by this error.
Two-dimensional shape memory graphene oxide
Authors: Chang Zhenyue , Deng Junkai , Chandrakumara Ganaka G. , Yan Wenyi , Liu Jefferson Zhe
Published: June 2016

Driven by the increasing demand for micro-/nano-technologies, stimuli-responsive shape memory materials at nanoscale have recently attracted great research interests. However, by reducing the size of conventional shape memory materials down to approximately nanometre range, the shape memory effect diminishes. Here, using density functional theory calculations, we report the discovery of a shape memory effect in a two-dimensional atomically thin graphene oxide crystal with ordered epoxy groups, namely C8O. A maximum recoverable strain of 14.5% is achieved as a result of reversible phase transition between two intrinsically stable phases. Our calculations conclude co-existence of the two stable phases in a coherent crystal lattice, giving rise to the possibility of constructing multiple temporary shapes in a single material, thus, enabling highly desirable programmability. With an atomic thickness, excellent shape memory mechanical properties and electric field stimulus, the discovery of a two-dimensional shape memory graphene oxide opens a path for the development of exceptional micro-/nano-electromechanical devices.
Effect of Transition Metal Ions on the B Ring Oxidation of Sterols and their Kinetics in Oil-in-Water Emulsions
Authors: Lu Baiyi , Hu Yinzhou , Huang Weisu , Wang Mengmeng , Jiang Yuan , Lou Tiantian
Published: June 2016

This study investigated the effect of metal ions on the oxidation of sterols and their kinetics in oil-in-water emulsions. Sterol substrates were added with different metal ions (Cu2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Na+, and Mg2+) of five concentrations and investigated after 2 h of heating at 90 °C. The substrates added with Fe2+ and Cu2+ were heated continuously to evaluate the kinetics of four sterols and their corresponding sterol oxidation products (SOPs). Sterol oxidation increased as the metal ion concentration increased and the heating time was prolonged. The capability of the metal ions oxidizing sterols ranked as followed: Fe2+ > Cu2+ > Mn2+ > Zn2+ > Mg2+ ≈ Na+. 7-Ketosterol, 7β/7α-Hydroxysterol, 5β,6β/5α,6α-Epoxysterol, and Triols were the main oxides on the B ring, whereas 6β-Hydroxysterol was not or only slightly influenced. The acceleration of sterol degradation induced by Fe2+ and Cu2+, as well as the formation of oxidation products, followed first-order formation/elimination kinetics. The acceleration effect may be partly ascribed to the increase in elimination rate constant and formation rate constant. Transition metal ions can significantly induce sterol oxidation, which reduces food nutritional quality and triggers the formation of undesirable compounds, such as SOPs.
Rapid differentiation of sexual signals in invasive toads: call variation among populations
Authors: Yasumiba Kiyomi , Duffy Richard L. , Parsons Scott A. , Alford Ross A. , Schwarzkopf Lin
Published: June 2016

Advertisement calls tend to differ among populations, based on morphological and environmental factors, or simply geographic distance, in many taxa. Invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) were introduced to Australia in 1935 and their distribution has expanded at increasing rates over time. Rapid evolution occurred in morphological and behavioural characters that accelerate dispersal, but the effects of rapid expansion on sexual signals have not been examined. We collected advertisement calls from four populations of different ages since invasion and analysed the geographic differentiation of seven call parameters. Our comparisons indicate that the calls of R. marina differ among Australian populations. The signal variation was not simply clinal with respect to population age, climate, or morphological differentiation. We suggest that selection on signalling among populations has been idiosyncratic and may reflect local female preferences or adaptation to environmental factors that are not clinal such as energy availability.
CD4 T cell epitope specificity determines follicular versus non-follicular helper differentiation in the polyclonal response to influenza infection or vaccination
Authors: Knowlden Zackery A. G. , Sant Andrea J.
Published: June 2016

Follicular helper T cells (Tfh) are essential for B cell production of high-affinity, class-switched antibodies. Much interest in Tfh development focuses on the priming environment of CD4 T cells. Here we explored the role that peptide specificity plays in the partitioning of the polyclonal CD4 T cell repertoire between Tfh and NonTfh lineages during the response to influenza. Surprisingly, we found that CD4 T cells specific for different epitopes exhibited distinct tendencies to segregate into Tfh or NonTfh. To alter the microenvironment and abundance, viral antigens were introduced as purified recombinant proteins in adjuvant as native proteins. Also, the most prototypical epitopes were expressed in a completely foreign protein. In many cases, the epitope-specific response patterns of Tfh vs. NonTfh persisted. The functional TcR avidity of only a subset of epitope-specific cells correlated with the tendency to drive a Tfh response. Thus, we conclude that in a polyclonal CD4 T cell repertoire, features of TcR-peptide:MHC class II complex have a strong deterministic influence on the ability of CD4 T cells to become a Tfh or a NonTfh. Our data is most consistent with at least 2 checkpoints of Tfh selection that include both TcR affinity and B cell presentation.
The induction and identification of novel Colistin resistance mutations in Acinetobacter baumannii and their implications
Authors: Thi Khanh Nhu Nguyen , Riordan David W. , Do Hoang Nhu Tran , Thanh Duy Pham , Thwaites Guy , Huong Lan Nguyen Phu , Wren Brendan W. , Baker Stephen , Stabler Richard A
Published: June 2016

Acinetobacter baumannii is a significant cause of opportunistic hospital acquired infection and has been identified as an important emerging infection due to its high levels of antimicrobial resistance. Multidrug resistant A. baumannii has risen rapidly in Vietnam, where colistin is becoming the drug of last resort for many infections. In this study we generated spontaneous colistin resistant progeny (up to >256 μg/μl) from four colistin susceptible Vietnamese isolates and one susceptible reference strain (MIC <1.5 μg/μl). Whole genome sequencing was used to identify single nucleotide mutations that could be attributed to the reduced colistin susceptibility. We identified six lpxACD and three pmrB mutations, the majority of which were novel. In addition, we identified further mutations in six A. baumannii genes (vacJ, pldA, ttg2C, pheS and conserved hypothetical protein) that we hypothesise have a role in reduced colistin susceptibility. This study has identified additional mutations that may be associated with colistin resistance through novel resistance mechanisms. Our work further demonstrates how rapidly A. baumannii can generate resistance to a last resort antimicrobial and highlights the need for improved surveillance to identified A. baumannii with an extensive drug resistance profile.
Long spin lifetime and large barrier polarisation in single electron transport through a CoFe nanoparticle
Authors: Temple R. C. , McLaren M. , Brydson R. M. D. , Hickey B. J. , Marrows C. H.
Published: June 2016

We have investigated single electron spin transport in individual single crystal bcc Co30Fe70 nanoparticles using scanning tunnelling microscopy with a standard tungsten tip. Particles were deposited using a gas-aggregation nanoparticle source and individually addressed as asymmetric double tunnel junctions with both a vacuum and a MgO tunnel barrier. Spectroscopy measurements on the particles show a Coulomb staircase that is correlated with the measured particle size. Field emission tunnelling effects are incorporated into standard single electron theory to model the data. This formalism allows spin-dependent parameters to be determined even though the tip is not spin-polarised. The barrier spin polarisation is very high, in excess of 84%. By variation of the resistance, several orders of magnitude of the system timescale are probed, enabling us to determine the spin relaxation time on the island. It is found to be close to 10 μs, a value much longer than previously reported.
Mesostructure of Ordered Corneal Nano-nipple Arrays: The Role of 5–7 Coordination Defects
Authors: Lee Ken C. , Yu Qi , Erb Uwe
Published: June 2016

Corneal nano-nipple structures consisting of hexagonally arranged protrusions with diameters around 200 nm have long been known for their antireflection capability and have served as biological blueprint for solar cell, optical lens and other surface designs. However, little is known about the global arrangement of these nipples on the ommatidial surface and their growth during the eye development. This study provides new insights based on the analysis of nano-nipple arrangements on the mesoscale across entire ommatidia, which has never been done before. The most important feature in the nipple structures are topological 5- and 7-fold coordination defects, which align to form dislocations and interconnected networks of grain boundaries that divide the ommatidia into crystalline domains in different orientations. Furthermore, the domain size distribution might be log-normal and the domains demonstrate no preference in crystal orientation. Both observations suggest that the nipple growth process may be similar to the nucleation and growth mechanisms during the formation of other crystal structures. Our results are also consistent with the most recently proposed Turing-type reaction-diffusion process. In fact, we were able to produce the key structural characteristics of the nipple arrangements using Turing analysis from the nucleation to the final structure development.
Dimensionality tuning of the electronic structure in Fe3Ga4 magnetic materials
Authors: Moura K. O. , de Oliveira L. A. S. , Rosa P. F. S. , Jesus C. B. R. , Saleta M. E. , Granado E. , Béron F. , Pagliuso P. G. , Pirota K. R.
Published: June 2016

This work reports on the dimensionality effects on the magnetic behavior of Fe3Ga4 compounds by means of magnetic susceptibility, electrical resistivity and specific heat measurements. Our results show that reducing the Fe3Ga4 dimensionality, via nanowire shape, intriguingly modifies its electronic structure. In particular, the bulk system exhibits two transitions, a ferromagnetic (FM) transition temperature at T1 = 50 K and an antiferromagnetic (AFM) one at T2 = 390 K. On the other hand, nanowires shift these transition temperatures, towards higher and lower temperature for T1 and T2, respectively. Moreover, the dimensionality reduction seems to also modify the microscopic nature of the T1 transition. Instead of a FM to AFM transition, as observed in the 3D system, a transition from FM to ferrimagnetic (FERRI) or to coexistence of FM and AFM phases is found for the nanowires. Our results allowed us to propose the magnetic field-temperature phase diagram for Fe3Ga4 in both bulk and nanostructured forms. The interesting microscopic tuning of the magnetic interactions induced by dimensionality in Fe3Ga4 opens a new route to optimize the use of such materials in nanostructured devices.
Nesfatin-1-Like Peptide Encoded in Nucleobindin-1 in Goldfish is a Novel Anorexigen Modulated by Sex Steroids, Macronutrients and Daily Rhythm
Authors: Sundarrajan Lakshminarasimhan , Blanco Ayelén Melisa , Bertucci Juan Ignacio , Ramesh Naresh , Canosa Luis Fabián , Unniappan Suraj
Published: June 2016

Nesfatin-1 is an 82 amino acid anorexigen encoded in a secreted precursor nucleobindin-2 (NUCB2). NUCB2 was named so due to its high sequence similarity with nucleobindin-1 (NUCB1). It was recently reported that NUCB1 encodes an insulinotropic nesfatin-1-like peptide (NLP) in mice. Here, we aimed to characterize NLP in fish. RT- qPCR showed NUCB1 expression in both central and peripheral tissues. Western blot analysis and/or fluorescence immunohistochemistry determined NUCB1/NLP in the brain, pituitary, testis, ovary and gut of goldfish. NUCB1 mRNA expression in goldfish pituitary and gut displayed a daily rhythmic pattern of expression. Pituitary NUCB1 mRNA expression was downregulated by estradiol, while testosterone upregulated its expression in female goldfish brain. High carbohydrate and fat suppressed NUCB1 mRNA expression in the brain and gut. Intraperitoneal injection of synthetic rat NLP and goldfish NLP at 10 and 100 ng/g body weight doses caused potent inhibition of food intake in goldfish. NLP injection also downregulated the expression of mRNAs encoding orexigens, preproghrelin and orexin-A and upregulated anorexigen cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript mRNA in goldfish brain. Collectively, these results provide the first set of results supporting the anorectic action of NLP and the regulation of tissue specific expression of goldfish NUCB1.
The Prefrontal Dectin-1/AMPA Receptor Signaling Pathway Mediates The Robust and Prolonged Antidepressant Effect of Proteo-β-Glucan from Maitake
Authors: Bao Hongkun , Ran Pengzhan , Zhu Ming , Sun Lijuan , Li Bai , Hou Yangyang , Nie Jun , Shan Liping , Li Hongliang , Zheng Shangyong , Xu Xiufeng , Xiao Chunjie , Du Jing
Published: June 2016

Proteo-β-glucan from Maitake (PGM) is a strong immune regulator, and its receptor is called Dectin-1. Cumulative evidence suggests that AMPA receptors are important for the treatment of depression. Here, we report that PGM treatment leads to a significant antidepressant effect in the tail suspension test and forced swim test after sixty minutes of treatment in mice. After five consecutive days of PGM treatment, this antidepressant effect remained. PGM treatment did not show a hyperactive effect in the open field test. PGM significantly enhanced the expression of its receptor Dectin-1, as well as p-GluA1(S845) and GluA1, but not GluA2 or GluA3 in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) after five days of treatment. The Dectin-1 inhibitor Laminarin was able to block the antidepressant effect of PGM. At the synapses of PFC, PGM treatment significantly up-regulated the p-GluA1(S845), GluA1, GluA2, and GluA3 levels. Moreover, PGM’s antidepressant effects and the increase of p-GluA1(S845)/GluA1 lasted for 3 days after stopping treatment. The AMPA-specific antagonist GYKI 52466 was able to block the antidepressant effect of PGM. This study identified PGM as a novel antidepressant with clinical potential and a new antidepressant mechanism for regulating prefrontal Dectin-1/AMPA receptor signalling.
Comparative metabolomics profiling of isogenic KRAS wild type and mutant NSCLC cells in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Brunelli Laura , Caiola Elisa , Marabese Mirko , Broggini Massimo , Pastorelli Roberta
Published: June 2016

Oncogenes induce metabolic reprogramming on cancer cells. Recently, G12C KRAS mutation in isogenic NSCLC cell line has been shown to be a key player in promoting metabolic rewiring mainly through the regulation of glutamine metabolism to fuel growth and proliferation. Even though cell lines possessing many of the genetic backgrounds of the primary cancer they derive from could be a valuable pre-clinical model, they do not have the additional complexity present in the whole tumor that impact metabolism. This preliminary study is aimed to explore how cancer cell metabolism in culture might recapitulate the metabolic alterations present in vivo. Our result highlighted that the gross metabolic changes observed in G12C KRAS mutant cells growing in culture were also maintained in the derived xenograft model, suggesting that a simple in vitro cell model can give important insights into the metabolic alterations induced by cancer. This is of relevance for guiding effective targeting of those metabolic traits that underlie tumor progression and anticancer treatment responses.
A lithium ion battery using an aqueous electrolyte solution
Authors: Chang Zheng , Li Chunyang , Wang Yanfang , Chen Bingwei , Fu Lijun , Zhu Yusong , Zhang Lixin , Wu Yuping , Huang Wei
Published: June 2016

Energy and environmental pollution have become the two major problems in today’s society. The development of green energy storage devices with good safety, high reliability, high energy density and low cost are urgently demanded. Here we report on a lithium ion battery using an aqueous electrolyte solution. It is built up by using graphite coated with gel polymer membrane and LISICON as the negative electrode and LiFePO4 in aqueous solution as the positive electrode. Its average discharge voltage is up to 3.1 V and energy density based on the two electrode materials is 258 Wh kg−1. It will be a promising energy storage system with good safety and efficient cooling effects.
Genomic amplification of the caprine EDNRA locus might lead to a dose dependent loss of pigmentation
Authors: Menzi Fiona , Keller Irene , Reber Irene , Beck Julia , Brenig Bertram , Schütz Ekkehard , Leeb Tosso , Drögemüller Cord
Published: June 2016

The South African Boer goat displays a characteristic white spotting phenotype, in which the pigment is limited to the head. Exploiting the existing phenotype variation within the breed, we mapped the locus causing this white spotting phenotype to chromosome 17 by genome wide association. Subsequent whole genome sequencing identified a 1 Mb copy number variant (CNV) harboring 5 genes including EDNRA. The analysis of 358 Boer goats revealed 3 alleles with one, two and three copies of this CNV. The copy number is correlated with the degree of white spotting in goats. We propose a hypothesis that ectopic overexpression of a mutant EDNRA scavenges EDN3 required for EDNRB signaling and normal melanocyte development and thus likely lead to an absence of melanocytes in the non-pigmented body areas of Boer goats. Our findings demonstrate the value of domestic animals as reservoir of unique mutants and for identifying a precisely defined functional CNV.
Piezo Voltage Controlled Planar Hall Effect Devices
Authors: Zhang Bao , Meng Kang-Kang , Yang Mei-Yin , Edmonds K. W. , Zhang Hao , Cai Kai-Ming , Sheng Yu , Zhang Nan , Ji Yang , Zhao Jian-Hua , Zheng Hou-Zhi , Wang Kai-You
Published: June 2016

The electrical control of the magnetization switching in ferromagnets is highly desired for future spintronic applications. Here we report on hybrid piezoelectric (PZT)/ferromagnetic (Co2FeAl) devices in which the planar Hall voltage in the ferromagnetic layer is tuned solely by piezo voltages. The change of planar Hall voltage is associated with magnetization switching through 90° in the plane under piezo voltages. Room temperature magnetic NOT and NOR gates are demonstrated based on the piezo voltage controlled Co2FeAl planar Hall effect devices without the external magnetic field. Our demonstration may lead to the realization of both information storage and processing using ferromagnetic materials.
Adipocyte-specific CD1d-deficiency mitigates diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice
Authors: Satoh Masashi , Hoshino Miyuki , Fujita Koki , Iizuka Misao , Fujii Satoshi , Clingan Christopher S. , Van Kaer Luc , Iwabuchi Kazuya
Published: June 2016

It has been shown that CD1d expression and glycolipid-reactive, CD1d-restricted NKT cells exacerbate the development of obesity and insulin resistance in mice. However, the relevant CD1d-expressing cells that influence the effects of NKT cells on the progression of obesity remain incompletely defined. In this study, we have demonstrated that 3T3-L1 adipocytes can present endogenous ligands to NKT cells, leading to IFN-γ production, which in turn, stimulated 3T3-L1 adipocytes to enhance expression of CD1d and CCL2 and decrease expression of adiponectin. Furthermore, adipocyte-specific CD1d deletion decreased the size of the visceral adipose tissue mass and enhanced insulin sensitivity in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Accordingly, NKT cells were less activated, IFN-γ production was significantly reduced and levels of adiponectin were increased in these animals as compared with control mice on HFD. Importantly, macrophage recruitment into the adipose tissue of adipocyte-specific CD1d-deficient mice was significantly blunted. These findings indicate that interactions between NKT cells and CD1d-expressing adipocytes producing endogenous NKT cell ligands play a critical role in the induction of inflammation and functional modulation of adipose tissue that leads to obesity.
Identification of a Novel Enterovirus Species in Rhesus Macaque in China
Authors: Ao Yuan-yun , Yu Jie-mei , Zhang Cui-yuan , Xin Yun-yun , Li Li-li , Duan Zhao-jun
Published: June 2016

Recent studies of Enterovirus (EV) in nonhuman primates (NHPs), which could act as a source of future emerging human viral diseases, have boosted interest in the search for novel EVs. Here, a highly divergent strain of EV, tentatively named SEV-gx, was identified by viral metagenomic analysis from stool samples of rhesus macaques in China. In total, 27 of 280 (9.6%) faecal samples from rhesus macaques were positive for SEV-gx. Its complete genomic sequence is 7,367 nucleotide (nt). Genomic analyses showed that it has a standard genomic organisation for EVs, being more closely related to EV-J strains (approximately 54.0%, 43.0–44.1%, 52.3–55.2%, 61.1–62.7% and 64.0% amino acids identity in polyprotein, P1, P2 and P3 and combined 2C/3CD regions, respectively). It was also shown to have genome characteristics typical of EVs. Phylogenetic analysis of P1, 2C and 3CD aa indicated that SEV-gx can be classified as a distinct cluster in the EVs. All of this evidence demonstrates SEV-gx is a novel species (tentatively named EV-K) in the EV genus, which contributes to our understanding of the genetic diversity and evolution of EVs. Further studies are needed to investigate the potential pathogenicity of SEV-gx in NHPs and humans.
Attenuated viral hepatitis in Trem1−/− mice is associated with reduced inflammatory activity of neutrophils
Authors: Kozik Jan-Hendrik , Trautmann Tanja , Carambia Antonella , Preti Max , Lütgehetmann Marc , Krech Till , Wiegard Christiane , Heeren Joerg , Herkel Johannes
Published: June 2016

TREM1 (Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 1) is a pro-inflammatory receptor expressed by phagocytes, which can also be released as a soluble molecule (sTREM1). The roles of TREM1 and sTREM1 in liver infection and inflammation are not clear. Here we show that patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection manifest elevated serum levels of sTREM1. In mice, experimental viral hepatitis induced by infection with Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus (LCMV)-WE was likewise associated with increased sTREM1 in serum and urine and with increased TREM1 and its associated adapter molecule DAP12 in the liver. Trem1−/− mice showed accelerated clearance of LCMV-WE and manifested attenuated liver inflammation and injury. TREM1 expression in the liver of wild-type mice was mostly confined to infiltrating neutrophils, which responded to LCMV by secretion of CCL2 and TNF-α and release of sTREM1. Accordingly, the production of CCL2 and TNF-α was decreased in the livers of LCMV-infected Trem1−/− mice, as compared to LCMV-infected wildtype mice. These findings indicate that TREM1 plays a role in viral hepatitis, in which it seems to aggravate the immunopathology associated with viral clearance, mainly by increasing the inflammatory activity of neutrophils.
Crucial roles of the CHRNB3–CHRNA6 gene cluster on chromosome 8 in nicotine dependence: update and subjects for future research
Authors: Wen L , Yang Z , Cui W , Li M D
Published: June 2016

Cigarette smoking is a leading cause of preventable death throughout the world. Nicotine, the primary addictive compound in tobacco, plays a vital role in the initiation and maintenance of its use. Nicotine exerts its pharmacological roles through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which are ligand-gated ion channels consisting of five membrane-spanning subunits. Besides the CHRNA4, CHRNB2 and CHRNA5/A3/B4 cluster on chromosome 15, which has been investigated intensively, recent evidence from both genome-wide association studies and candidate gene-based association studies has revealed the crucial roles of the CHRNB3–CHRNA6 gene cluster on chromosome 8 in nicotine dependence (ND). These studies demonstrate two distinct loci within this region. The first one is tagged by rs13277254, upstream of the CHRNB3 gene, and the other is tagged by rs4952, a coding single nucleotide polymorphism in exon 5 of that gene. Functional studies by genetic manipulation in mice have shown that α6*-nAChRs, located in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), are of great importance in controlling nicotine self-administration. However, when the α6 subunit is selectively re-expressed in the VTA of the α6−/− mouse by a lentiviral vector, the reinforcing property of nicotine is restored. To further determine the role of α6*-nAChRs in the process of nicotine-induced reward and withdrawal, genetic knock-in strains have been examined, which showed that replacement of Leu with Ser in the 9′ residue in the M2 domain of α6 produces nicotine-hypersensitive mice (α6 L9′S) with enhanced dopamine release. Moreover, nicotine-induced upregulation may be another ingredient in the pathology of nicotine addiction although the effect of chronic nicotine exposure on the expression of α6-containing receptors is controversial. To gain a better understanding of the pathological processes underlying ND and ND-related behaviors and to promote the development of effective smoking cessation therapies, we here present the most recent studies concerning the genetic effects of the CHRNB3–CHRNA6 gene cluster in ND.
A mechanical pencil lead-supported carbon nanotube/Au nanodendrite structure as an electrochemical sensor for As(iii) detection
Authors: Duy Pham Khac , Sohn Jong-Ryeul , Chung Hoeil
Published: June 2016

A mechanical pencil lead (MPL), an easily obtainable carbon-based material with a consistent size, was used as a frame to construct an MPL-supported carbon nanotube/Au nanodendrite (MPL-CNT/AuND) sensor through simple electrodeposition of Au onto the MPL in the presence of CNTs.
Unforeseen distance-dependent SERS spectroelectrochemistry from surface-tethered Nile Blue: the role of molecular orientation
Authors: Wilson Andrew J. , Willets Katherine A.
Published: June 2016

The tether length of Nile Blue impacts molecular orientation leading to unique SERS spectroelectrochemistry.
Coupling normal phase liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: strategies and applications
Authors: Jiang Ping , Lucy Charles A.
Published: June 2016

Discusses coupling normal phase liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for analysis of lipids, plant extracts, enantiomers and petroleum.
Electrochemical determination of cysteamine in the presence of guanine and adenine using a carbon paste electrode modified with N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,5-dinitrobenzamide and magnesium oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Arabali Vahid , Karimi-Maleh Hassan
Published: June 2016

This study is the first report of simultaneous determination of cysteamine, guanine and adenine using an electrochemical sensor in pharmaceutical and biological samples.
Electrochemical exfoliation of carbon dots with the narrowest full width at half maximum in their fluorescence spectra in the ultraviolet region using only water as electrolyte
Authors: Li Xuehua , Zhao Zhiwei , Pan Chen
Published: June 2016

Here, a novel kind of CDs were electrochemically exfoliated from graphite rods using distilled water as the only electrolyte.
Photocatalytic oxidation of alkenes and alcohols in water by a manganese(v) nitrido complex
Authors: Chen Gui , Chen Lingjing , Ma Li , Kwong Hoi-Ki , Lau Tai-Chu
Published: June 2016

[Mn(N)(CN)4]2− is an efficient catalyst for visible-light induced oxidation of alkenes and alcohols in water using [Ru(bpy)3]Cl2 as a photosensitizer and [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 as a sacrificial oxidant.