bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The power of menace: Soviet relations with South Asia, 1917–1974
Authors: Bullard Giles
Published: October 2009

As a research subject this title had its origins in the four years (1969–73) the author spent in Pakistan as Head of Chancery at the British Embassy in Islamabad, followed by a year as Foreign and Commonwealth Office Fellow at the Centre of South Asian Studies at Cambridge. He took as his general area of study the relations from about 1800 onwards between the Tsarist and Soviet Governments and those of South Asia, as defined by the FCO, namely India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Ceylon and Nepal. More specifically, Soviet relations with South Asia were the subject of a paper read by the author at one of Professor Kinsley's seminars on international relations in the summer of 1974. A revised version of that paper forms the basis of this article.
The strategic approach to international relations
Authors: Howard Michael
Published: October 2009

Since the term ‘strategy’ is now generally used to describe the use of available resources to gain any objective, from winning at bridge to selling soap, it is necessary to make clear that, in this paper, I shall use it in the traditional sense only: that is, as meaning the art of the strategon, or military commander. ‘The strategic approach’ is thus one which takes account of the part which is played by force, or the threat of force, in the international system. It is descriptive in so far as it analyses the extent to which political units have the capacity to use or to threaten the use of armed force to impose their will on other units; whether to compel them to dos ome things, to deter them from doing others, or if need be to destroy them as independent communities altogether. It is prescriptive in so far as it recommends policies which will enable such units to operate in an international system which is subject to such conditions and constraints.
International studies at the school level: the findings of recent British research
Authors: Heater Derek
Published: October 2009

The process of education, for all its centrality to the civilized mode of living, is but imperfectly understood. Yet if teaching is to be efficient, the preconditions for and means of learning must assuredly be appreciated; and to this end educationists have started to unravel the awesome complexities of how learning takes place – philosophers identifying the different forms of knowledge, the psychologists the different mental activities involved and the sociologists the different contexts in which learning can take place. As a consequence revolutionary changes have been effected in the syllabus-content and teaching methods of, for example, mathematics and the sciences. However, the amount of research effort that has been deployed on the various traditional school subjects varies considerably. But even the task of surveying an established school subject most patchily investigated would be more straightforward than an examination of the work carried out in the field of international studies.
Martin Wight and the theory of international relations: The Second Martin Wight Memorial Lecture
Authors: Bull Hedley
Published: October 2009

THERE is no lecture which I could feel more honoured to have been asked to give than one which commemorates the name of Martin Wight. Just twenty years ago I made the same journey I have just made – from Oxford to the London School of Economics – to take up a position as assistant lecturer in the Department of International Relations. I had not done a course of any kind in International Relations, nor made any serious study of it, and as I arrived in Houghton Street I wondered how I was to go about teaching the subject and even whether it existed at all.
Foreign policy models and the problem of dynamism
Authors: Dawisha A. I.
Published: October 2009

THE study of foreign policy has, until recently, lacked conceptual clarity. This has been primarily the result of the failure to delineate the boundaries of Foreign Policy as a concept. Consequently, many professed studies of foreign policy have, in fact, been concerned with surveying the bilateral or multilateral relations of one state with other states in the international system. However, in the last two decades there has been an increasing tendency towards more precise and orderly methods for analysing foreign policy in its theoretical and operational dimensions. This has led to a proliferation of theory-oriented studies concerned mainly with explaining foreign policy behaviour.
The SALT II ceilings and why they are so high
Authors: Leitenberg Milton
Published: October 2009

Several articles and editorials have already appeared presenting the argument that the “ceilings” on strategic nuclear weapon systems, and within these on ‘MIRV’s, that were agreed upon at Vladivostok are too high. But none of these articles have even raised the question, no less attempted to answer it, as to why they are so high. Why were such high “ceilings” agreed to, and not lower ones.
Great Britain and nuclear weapons: the academic inquest
Authors: Carlton David
Published: October 2009

When Harold Wilson first became British prime minister in 1964 the possession of an independent nuclear capability had for some years been a major political issue which divided the political parties from each other and within themselves. But few of those who so boldly entered into polemics on the subject had any detailed knowledge of the origins and the development of the project over the previous quarter century. For until 1964 the subject had not been one evoking much serious academic enquiry. A decade later the position has been strikingly reversed. Wilson, with masterly sleight of hand, used the abortive Atlantic Nuclear Force (A.N.F.) scheme to kill simultaneously the Multilateral Nuclear Force (M.L.R) plan and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (C.N.D.) with the result that nuclear weapons have not been a serious issue in any of the last four general elections; while during the same period there has been a flowering of academic interest, official and unofficial, to the point where it almost qualifies as a distinct new sub-branch of international studies.
From illusion to destruction: the Germanic bid for world power, 1897–1945
Authors: Biddiss Michael D.
Published: October 2009

Over the last two decades none has done more than Fritz Fischer to compel major reinterpretation of German ambitions between the 1890s and the end of the Third Reich. In 1959–60 this Hamburg historian published two articles that hinted at the coming storm. It broke dramatically in 1961 with the appearance of his hugeGriff nach der WeltmachtThis densely documented treatment of Germany's objectives in the First World War was striking enough to become before long the object of official displeasure at Bonn. Nor did Fischer's thesis win any easy support from professional colleagues, who argued bitterly about it during the 1964 German Historical Convention. Its still wider impact was clear from the deliberations of the International Historical Congress held at Vienna in 1965. That same year saw the publication of Fischer'sWeltmacht oder Niedergang, a brief volume in rebuttal of criticism, and soon scholars in many countries were swelling the tide of relevant literature. By 1969 this includedKreig der Illusionenin which Fischer greatly amplified his original arguments. All three books are, at last, available in English. The translation ofGriff nach der Weltmachtdates from 1967, but only lately have the other two been similarly treated. It seems appropriate to review these alongside recent works by Dr John Moses, on Fischer's revolutionary place in a national historiographical tradition, and by Professor Norman Rich, on the German aims associated with the war that broke out in 1939.
The international politics of the Persian Gulf
Authors: Chubin S.
Published: October 2009

International politics in the 1970s are multi-layered and characterized by fluidity and multipolarity. The decline of security issues as the primary focus in many regions is paralleled by the ascent of welfare issues and the blurring of the line between internal and external policy. These are reflected in the heightened specificity of power, between military capability and the ability to influence, in the prevalence of many simultaneous games in the international system (subsystems of activity) and the relative autonomy of the politics of the region.
Counterinsurgency in the Third World: theory and practice
Authors: Mack Andrew
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this essay is to provide a brief overview of the theory and practice of counterinsurgency in the Third World since World War II. Given the obvious limitations of space, descriptions of particular COIN (counterinsurgency) campaigns have been avoided except to illustrate an argument. Furthermore, this essay concentrates primarily on U.S. counterinsurgency doctrines and methods. This is not to underestimate the contributions – both theoretical and practical – made by the former colonial powers in attempting to crush the impulse to national liberation in the Third World. But the European powers – with the recent exception of Portugal – had, by the beginning of the 1960s, neither the capability nor (following a number of humiliating setbacks) much enthusiasm for further military adventures in the Third World. There have, of course, been exceptions – the French in Mali, Britain in Borneo and the Anguilla affair – but these pale into insignificance when compared with the American counterinsurgency effort in the Third World, which began to gather impetus just as the major European colonial powers were abdicating their former role as Third World policemen.1
Paul-Henri Spaak and a paradox in Belgian foreign policy
Authors: George Stephen
Published: October 2009

A paradox haunts the career of Paul-Henri Spaak, and one that is characteristic of Belgian foreign policy in general. For Spaak, the man who was nicknamed ‘Mr. Europe’ for the contribution that he made to the post-war movement for European integration was also the man who, as Foreign Minister of the inter-war governments of van Zeeland and Pierlot, was associated with the policy of Belgian ‘independence’. That policy is usually seen as the direct antithesis of integration.
European integration and the integration of the world economy
Authors: Corbet Hugh
Published: October 2009

When it became Britain's turn on 1 January 1977 to fill the presidency of the European Community for six months, it should have been the moment she had been waiting for, so long had been the struggle to join the Common Market in the first place. Much depended on how Britain filled the role. How much might be implicit at the end of this discussion of the state of the world economy as it approaches the 1980s. The world economy is in a serious malaise, but the malaise in the European Community has been of longer duration.
The study of the Arab-Israeli conflict
Authors: Shlaim Avi
Published: October 2009

A Head-on collision between two national movements; a clash between Western and Oriental cultures; disputes over territories, borders, maritime rights, property and refugees; intense mutual suspicion engendered by a long and tortuous history of strife; highly distorted images of the adversary; a chronically unstable pattern of regional politics; the intrusion of Great Power rivalry and a spiralling arms race: these are only some of the ingredients which account for the complexity and uniqueness of the Arab-Israeli conflict and make the Middle East the most volatile and explosive sub-system of the international political system. Here, in Michael Howard's phrase, is a “hell-brew to end all hell-brews”. The problem is a political scientist's paradise; a statesman's nightmare; and, for the military specialist, a matter for grisly, but absorbing concern.
The development of international environmental law
Authors: Birnie Patricia
Published: October 2009

The first principle adopted by the United Nations Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment in 1972 (hereafter referred to as UNCHE) proclaimed that “Man has the fundamental right to freedom, equality and adequate conditions of life, in an environment of quality which permits a life of dignity and well-being and bears a solemn responsibility to protect and improve the environment for present and future generations”.

If international society sets as its objective the protection, preservation and even the enhancement of the existing global environment then the development of laws and standards ensuring the acceptance of the necessary obligations and their enforcement is the sine qua non of their achievement.
The progress of international functionalism
Authors: Tooze Roger
Published: October 2009

Few reading this Journal would argue with the assertion that both the substance and the study of world politics are now characterized by a seemingly endless process of change. The proliferation of political issues, especially those labelled “post-industrial“, and the recognition of transnational phenomena, among other factors, have greatly increased the number of problems considered ‘legitimate‘ by the scholar and practitioner. Yet we have long been made aware of many of these problems by the remarkably prescient ‘functional’ writings of one man, David Mitrany. Whenever ‘functionalism’ is used in the context of world politics or regional integration the obligatory reference is to Mitrany's A Working Peace System and, until very recently, he continued to provide the intellectual force behind the approach. The books considered in this review offer description, application and criticism of functionalism from different perspectives and with different empirical references, but the central thread remains Mitrany's conceptualization of the approach.
System stability and transformation: a global system approach
Authors: Singer J. David
Published: October 2009

THERE are several reasons why we understand so much less about social processes and conditions at the global level than we do about comparable processes and conditions at lower levels of aggregation. One is, of course, that we are dealing with a larger empirical domain and one that is apparently more heterogeneous and complex. Another might be that the behaviour of nations – the key actors at this level of aggregation – has been shrouded more in mystery and taboo than the behaviour of other classes of social entity. By keeping diplomacy and military strategy in the category of the arcane, elites have inhibited serious inquiry, even if there were those unpatriotic enough to ask. A third and related factor may be the extent to which the national state has been the major source of material and psychic sustenance for the world's people over the past century or so and thus not an agency whose external behaviour will be questioned or examined closely. Others might be added to our list, but one that surely merits closer attention may be the way in which we conceptualize world affairs.
American perceptions of the post-war world
Authors: Buchan Alastair
Published: October 2009

At the time of his death in February 1976, Alastair Buchan was preparing what he intended as his major work – a three volume history of American foreign policy since 1945. He had completed only two draft chapters, both of which focused on the impact of the war and its immediate aftermath on American perceptions of her future role in international politics. Because the draft chapters were so few in number it was not considered possible to have the study continued along the lines envisaged by the author. In order that some indication of the tentative judgement of so eminent a student of United States diplomacy be available, the article below has been extracted from what would have been the second chapter of the first volume.
Carl von Clausewitz and strategic theory
Authors: Reynolds Charles
Published: October 2009

1976 was a vintage year for Clausewitzian studies. No less than three major works were published; Raymond Aron's two volume study Penser la Guerre, Peter Paret's Clausewitz and the State and a new English translation of Vom Kriege by Michael Howard and Peter Paret. In curious way all three works are complementary; we have a modernized text complete with introductory essays by Michael Howard, Peter Paret and Bernard Brodie, together with a reader's guide; a full biographical study placing Glausewitz in his intellectual and political milieux; and an extensive critical analysis of his thought with an attempt at relating it to the modern world. There is no longer any excuse for Glausewitz to be “well-known, but little read”. Taken together they make an impressive oeuvre, of interest to the historian, whether of ideas or of war and to the strategic theorist. One thing all these writers have in common is their conviction that Vom Kriege has a continuing relevance to the study of war. It is with this, in particular the relation between theory and practice, that this article is primarily concerned. Consequently, it is first to Aron, who devotes most of his study to this question, that I turn.
Reconsidering statehood: examining the sovereignty/intervention boundary
Authors: Weber Cynthia
Published: October 2009

R. B. J. Walker recently noted that far from its largely accepted status as an ‘essentially contested’ concept, state sovereignty is instead an essentiallyuncontested concept. This is a seemingly paradoxical comment for an international relations theorist to make in light of the recent revival of academic scrutiny concerning sovereign statehood. Rather than marking an inattention to recent trends in the sovereignty literature, Walker's statement is a commentary on the way sovereign statehood has been studied. Walker writes of sovereign statehood:
The tension between principle and pragmatism in international relations
Authors: Claude Inis L.
Published: October 2009

People who are seriously concerned with international relations—whether as scholars, officials, or interested citizens—generally purport to prefer that states should act in accordance with principle in their dealings with each other. This preference is usually stated wistfully, or even plaintively, as an ideal that is unfortunately far from any prospect of realization. The proposition is that states do not, but certainly should, consistently engage in principled behaviour in the international setting.
The relevance of international law: a Hegelian interpretation of a peculiar seventeenth-century preoccupation
Authors: Ringmar Erik
Published: October 2009

International law, traditional scholars of international politics tell us, is a useless fiction. Statesmen either do not follow legal stipulations or they do so only when it is in their interest to do it. International law plays no independent role in world politics since it can always be reduced to the more fundamental considerations of power politics. National interests simply do not bow to legal requirements.
Perception, causation and German foreign policy
Authors: Juricic Michael
Published: October 2009

With characteristic insight, intelligence, and good humour, the eighteenth-century Scottish poet, Robert Burns, once remarked that ‘the best-laid schemes o'mice an men gang aft agley’. Written primarily as a commonsense observation on success and unintentional failure experienced during life's travails, Burns’ witticism does ironically account for much in the world of politics as it functions both within societies and between nation-states. For in international politics, established patterns of action and reaction are often poor guides to resolving complex disputes, whereas innovative, original, and flexible policies, assisted by a good measure of paradox and luck, can sometimes settle the most intractable of problems. Not surprisingly, therefore, political pundits like to stress: ‘Be careful of asking the wrong question, because you may just get the right answer.’
Political Realism and the Remembrance of Relativism
Authors: Spegele Roger D.
Published: October 2009

With the precipitate and well-deserved demise of positivism as the only theory of knowledge backstopping international relations, a large number of ethical issues, emasculated by positivism's non-cognitivist views of morality, are emerging for philosophical reflection and analysis. One of the most important of these is relativism. Despite its obvious (and increasing) significance, however, few international theorists have specifically addressed the issues it raises. One of the main reasons for this neglect, this article argues, lies in the conspicuous failure on the part of the newer normative approaches to international relations even to acknowledge that a relativist interpretation is a plausible construal of their position. In the next section, three examples of such failure will be described. It is no accident that these examples derive from anti-realist positions. A perspicuous feature of anti-realism has been its evident incapacity to give sufficient weight to the fact that the world is divided into antagonistic groups which have serious, perhaps even irreconcilable, moral and political conflicts with one another. But whatever may be the case for anti-realists, revisionary political realism is in no position to obscure its relation to relativism. The possibility of relativism, for the revisionary political realist, arises from simple reflection on the realist tradition.
Dependency theory and its relevance today: international institutions in telecommunications and structural power
Authors: Hills Jill
Published: October 2009

The majority of political theories have arisen in opposition to existing theories and the interests they represent. Dependency theory was no different in this regard. It arose as a reaction to ‘modernization’ theory, which linked industrialization to political development and to those theories of political development which themselves represented American interests during the period of the Cold War.1 It arose also in reaction to the economic theory of ‘trickle down’ which characterized the post-war social democratic concern with economic growth and Keynesian economics in industrialized countries and which linked the poor in the industrialized West with the poor in the non-industrialized South. In both, Keynesian based, state led policies of capital investment were expected to provide the locomotive for indigenous development.
Explaining the emergence of great power concerts
Authors: Miller Benjamin
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this article is to provide a theoretical analysis of the conditions affecting the emergence of a great power concert, in order to gain a better understanding of this phenomenon. In contrast to some recent important theoretical works which underline the role of various systemic factors in the formation of a concert, I will argue that it isunit-levelfactors that make the difference with regard to great power concerts. The article will also provide historical illustrations for the influence of the explanatory factors on the emergence or non-emergence of concerts. The only historical case of a great power concert to date is the nineteenth-century European Concert. Comparisons will be made between this period and the Cold War, when a great power concert manifestly did not take place.
Gender, international relations and the case of the ILO
Authors: Whitworth Sandra
Published: October 2009

Much of the work that has been done by feminist International Relations (IR) theorists thus far has been to critique the existing discipline for its obvious inattention to questions of women and gender. It is time now to turn to more substantive work and explore not only the ways in which gender is absent from the study of international relations, but to document also the ways in which gender informs the various institutions and practices of international relations. To this end, feminist analyses of political economy, militarism, state-building, diplomacy and so on have begun to emerge. The present study is part of this project and seeks to develop an account of gender and international organizations and then apply it to an illustrative study of the International Labour Organization (ILO).
Dependent state formation and Third World militarization
Authors: Wendt Alexander , Barnett Michael
Published: October 2009

The relationship between militarization and state formation in the West has been the subject of considerable scholarship,1 and there is thus some temptation to simply transfer concepts and arguments from that domain to the study of Third World militarization. Yet state formation dynamics in the two contexts were and are quite different, with important implications for the nature of national security threats. In the West threats tended to be external, rooted in anarchical competition between relatively equal states possessing domestic legitimacy, which meant that militarization could be understood primarily in terms of the political realist focus on security dilemmas and action-reaction dynamics. In contrast, Third World state formation has occurred in a largely dependent context in which relative external security contrasts with domestic insecurity.2 In this case the external environment, rather than being a source of threat, becomes a source of opportunities for elites lacking domestic legitimacy to gain support against internal security threats. In short, national security problems look very different in the First and Third Worlds because of different trajectories and contexts of state formation. Very different mechanisms may therefore account for militarization, suggesting the need for concepts and theories different than those that dominate security studies in the West.
International relations at the end of the millennium
Authors: Holsti K. J.
Published: October 2009

Contemporary theorists of international politics do not see the world in the same ways nor do they agree on what is important to know, or how to know it. Disagreements are partly due to the increasing complexity of the world, but also derive from the development of many different viewing points. Some are geographic and cultural (Americans often view the world differently than, say, Japanese), but other perspectives come from different epistemological starting points and from different assumptions as to what constitutes reliable or useful knowledge, and how to create it. Debates in the 1960s revolved around problems of methodology. Today, we see in addition arguments over metaphysics, the purposes of theoretical activity (understanding versus praxis, for example), and a whole host of other divisive questions.
European defence before and after the ‘Turn of the Tide’
Authors: Heuser Beatrice
Published: October 2009

The last fifty years were bloody and dismal for many war-torn regions of the world. The end of the Second World War ushered in a new era of local and ‘limited’ wars throughout Asia, Africa and Latin America. Hardly a day went by without a war, civil or international, claiming its victims somewhere on our planet. Yet Europe experienced a ‘Long Peace’ (J. L. Gaddis). The direct confrontation of the superpowers, the Soviet and US tanks on either side of the inner German border, immunized Europe from the plague of war. In the great wrestling match between East and West, Europe was the prime prize, and too much was at stake for all sides to allow any wars, even minor wars, to erupt anywhere on this continent.1
Adam Smith and the liberal tradition in international relations
Authors: Wyatt-Walter Andrew
Published: October 2009

The name of Adam Smith is most commonly associated with the notion of a natural ‘harmony of interests’ between individuals in the market, whereby the ‘invisible hand’ of competition turns self-regarding behaviour into aggregate social benefits. Joseph Cropsey echoes this view in suggesting that ‘Smith is of interest for his share i n the deflection of political philosophy toward economics and for his famous elaboration of the principles of free enterprise liberal capitalism’. Smith is often seen as standing in a long line of British political philosophers stretching back to Hobbes and Locke and on to Bentham and ultimately John Stuart Mill, his principal contribution to the liberal tradition being his role as the great spokesman oflaissez-faireand the minimalist state.
Typographica: The medium and the medieval-to-modern transformation
Authors: Deibert Ronald J.
Published: October 2009

There is an emerging consensus among a growing body of scholars that the present era is one in which fundamental change is occurring. Among International Relations theorists, for example, John Ruggie has argued that we are witnessing ‘a shift not in the play of power politics but of the stage on which that play is performed’. Similarly, James Rosenau contends that the present era constitutes a historical break leading to a ‘postinternational politics’, while Mark Zacher has traced the ‘decaying pillars of the Westphalian Temple’. This belief in epochal change is mirrored outside of the mainstream of International Relations theory in, for example, pronouncements of the emergence of ‘the information age’, ‘post-industrialism’, ‘post-Fordism’, or, more generally, ‘postmodernism’. While these analyses differ widely in terms of their foci and theoretical concerns, there is at least one common thread running through each of them: the recognition that current transformations are deeply intertwined with developments in communications technologies, popularly known as the ‘information revolution’.
Identity and security: Buzan and the Copenhagen school
Authors: Mcsweeney Bill
Published: October 2009

Since the publication in 1983 of the first edition of People, States and Fear, Barry Buzan's work has established itself—for European scholars, at least—as the canon and indispensable reference point for students of security. His book and the revisions of the second edition (1991) have been the stimulus for further exploration of the security problem at the Centre for Peace and Conflict Research in Copenhagen. Together with Buzan, the collaborators have produced several publications on the security theme, sufficiently interrelated to warrant the collective shorthand, the ‘Copenhagen school’ of security studies.
The United Nations in international relations
Authors: Berdal Mats
Published: October 2009

Writing about the United States and its highly ambivalent relationship to the United Nations, Conor Cruise O'Brien once noted how, in ‘the land which houses the United Nations, and which does most both to support and to use it, discussion of the functioning of the United Nations is almost all on [a] quas-supernatural plane, whether it be in terms of the strengthened Platonic UN, or in terms of a UN of evil enchantment—God or the Devil’. With some exaggeration, much the same can be said about the public debate of the UN's role in international relations in recent years. It is heartening, therefore, as the UN celebrates its fiftieth anniversary, to see a growing number of studies prepared to examine critically the performance of the organization; to explore its possibilities in a world where interdependence and transnational processes require greater cooperation; but also to acknowledge its limitations in the same world where the autonomy and primacy of the state remain unchallenged in vital spheres of activity.
Short circuits: society and tradition in international relations theory
Authors: Bartelson Jens
Published: October 2009

In a period when international relations theory has painfully awakened from its dreams of a decontextualized account of international reality, some theorists of international relations are likely to do what some political scientists already have done: turn to disciplinary history in search of remedies against what they take to be a threatening disciplinary anarchy:
Women in international history
Authors: Watt D. Cameron
Published: October 2009

By now there is a very considerable volume of work on the general subject of women, women's rights, feminism and gender in international relations. This has both engendered and been engendered by the development of undergraduate and graduate courses and seminars on these themes. By contrast the allied discipline of international history has been slow to develop a parallel literature or courses. Courses in women's history per se have multiplied; there is a respectable literature and a number of equally respectable learned journals, not only in the Englishspeaking countries, but also in Western Europe. But their concern has been very much focused on the issues of women in each particular society; they have tended, that is, to develop the study of women within the study of the history of a particular country, political culture or linguistic region. Confronted with questions about the lack of similar courses in the history of international relations, historians drawn from both sexes have tended either to take them as a comic act or to indicate that in their view there is a lack of relevant material or issues adequate to justify any isolation of the topic from the more general themes of inter-state relations, with the great issues of peace and war with which as members of the discipline they are chiefly concerned.
NEGATIVE VOLATILITY SPILLOVERS IN THE UNRESTRICTED ECCC-GARCH MODEL
Authors: Conrad Christian , Karanasos Menelaos
Published: October 2009

This paper considers a formulation of the extended constant or time-varying conditional correlation GARCH model that allows for volatility feedback of either the positive or negative sign. In the previous literature, negative volatility spillovers were ruled out by the assumption that all the parameters of the model are nonnegative, which is a sufficient condition for ensuring the positive definiteness of the conditional covariance matrix. In order to allow for negative feedback, we show that the positive definiteness of the conditional covariance matrix can be guaranteed even if some of the parameters are negative. Thus, we extend the results of Nelson and Cao (1992) and Tsai and Chan (2008) to a multivariate setting. For the bivariate case of order one, we look into the consequences of adopting these less severe restrictions and find that the flexibility of the process is substantially increased. Our results are helpful for the model-builder, who can consider the unrestricted formulation as a tool for testing various economic theories.
REPRESENTATION AND WEAK CONVERGENCE OF STOCHASTIC INTEGRALS WITH FRACTIONAL INTEGRATOR PROCESSES
Authors: Davidson James , Hashimzade Nigar
Published: October 2009

This paper considers the asymptotic distribution of the sample covariance of a nonstationary fractionally integrated process with the stationary increments of another such process—possibly itself. Questions of interest include the relationship between the harmonic representation of these random variables, which we have analyzed in a previous paper (Davidson and Hashimzade, 2008), and the construction derived from moving average representations in the time domain. Depending on the values of the long memory parameters and choice of normalization, the limiting integral is shown to be expressible as the sum of a constant and two Itô-type integrals with respect to distinct Brownian motions. In certain cases the latter terms are of small order relative to the former. The mean is shown to match that of the harmonic representation, where the latter is defined, and satisfies the required integration by parts rule. The advantages of our approach over the harmonic analysis include the facts that our formulas are valid for the full range of the long memory parameters and that they extend to non-Gaussian processes.
CONTEMPORARY NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE MANAGEMENT IN CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA: DOES THIS OBVIATE THE NEED FOR FETAL THERAPY?
Authors: BOHN DESMOND
Published: October 2009

The management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) in the newborn infant has changed radically since the first successful outcomes were reported 60 years ago. Then it seemed a surgical problem with a surgical solution – do an operation, remove the intestines and solid viscera from the thoracic cavity, repair the defect and allow the lung to expand. CDH in that era was regarded as the quintessential neonatal surgical emergency. The expectation was that urgent surgery would result in improvement in lung function and oxygenation. That approach persisted up to the 1980s when it was realized that the problem was far more complex and involved both an abnormal pulmonary vascular bed as well as pulmonary hypoplasia. The use of systemically delivered pulmonary vasodilator therapy, principally tolazoline, became a focus of interest in the 1980s with small case reports and case series suggesting improved survival. In the 1990s, based on studies that showed worsening thoracic compliance and gas exchange following surgical repair, deferred surgery and pre-operative stabilization became the standard of care. At the same time extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was increasingly used either as part of pre-operative stabilization or as a rescue therapy after repair. Other centres chose to use high frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV). Despite all these innovations the survival in live born infants with CDH did not improve to more than 50% in large series published from high volume centres. However, in the past 10 years there has been an appreciable improvement in survival to the extent that many centres are now reporting survival rates of greater than 80%. Probably the biggest impact on this improvement has been the recognition of the role that ventilation induced lung injury plays in mortality and the need for ECMO rescue. This has ushered in an era of a lung protective or “gentle ventilation” strategy which has been widely adopted as a standard approach. While there have been these radical changes in postnatal management attempts have been made to improve outcome with prenatal interventions, starting with prenatal repair, which was abandoned because of preterm labour. More recently there has been increasing experience in the use of balloon occlusion of the trachea as a prenatal intervention strategy with patients being selected based on prenatal predictors of poor outcome. This approach can only be justified if those predictors can be validated and the outcomes (death or serious long term morbidity) can be shown to be better than those currently achievable, namely 80% survival in high volume CDH centres rather than the 50–60% survival frequently quoted in historical papers.
FACT AND LAW IN THE CAUSAL INQUIRY
Authors: Broadbent Alex
Published: October 2009

This paper takes it as a premise that a distinction between matters of fact and of law is important in the causal inquiry. But it argues that separating factual and legal causation as different elements of liability is not the best way to implement the fact/law distinction. What counts as a cause-in-fact is partly a legal question; and certain liability-limiting doctrines under the umbrella of “legal causation” depend on the application of factual-causal concepts. The contrastive account of factual causation proposed in this paper improves matters. This account more clearly distinguishes matters of fact from matters of law within the cause-in-fact inquiry. It also extends the scope of cause-in-fact to answer some questions currently answered by certain doctrines of legal causation—doctrines that, it is argued, are more naturally seen as applications of our ordinary causal concept than as noncausal liability-limiting devices.
Learning the Futility of the Thought Suppression Enterprise in Normal Experience and in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Najmi Sadia , Reese Hannah , Wilhelm Sabine , Fama Jeanne , Beck Celeste , Wegner Daniel M.
Published: October 2009

Background: The belief that we can control our thoughts is not inevitably adaptive, particularly when it fuels mental control activities that have ironic unintended consequences. The conviction that the mind can and should be controlled can prompt people to suppress unwanted thoughts, and so can set the stage for the intrusive return of those very thoughts. An important question is whether or not these beliefs about the control of thoughts can be reduced experimentally. One possibility is that behavioral experiments aimed at revealing the ironic return of suppressed thoughts might create a lesson that could reduce unrealistic beliefs about the control of thoughts. Aims: The present research assessed the influence of the thought suppression demonstration on beliefs about the control of thoughts in a non-clinical sample, and among individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Method: In Study 1, we assessed the effect of the thought suppression demonstration on beliefs about the control of thoughts among low and high obsessive individuals in the non-clinical population (N = 62). In Study 2, we conducted a similar study with individuals with OCD (N = 29). Results: Results suggest that high obsessive individuals in the non-clinical population are able to learn the futility of suppression through the thought suppression demonstration and to alter their faulty beliefs about the control of thoughts; however, for individuals with OCD, the demonstration may be insufficient for altering underlying beliefs. Conclusions: For individuals with OCD, the connection between suppressing a neutral thought in the suppression demonstration and suppressing a personally relevant obsession may need to be stated explicitly in order to affect their obsessive beliefs.
Interannual variability in atmospheric CO2 uptake on the northeast U.S. continental shelf
Authors: Previdi Michael , Fennel Katja , Wilkin John , Haidvogel Dale
Published: October 2009

Continental shelf systems are thought to play an important role in the exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) between the atmosphere and ocean. Currently, our ability to quantify the air‐sea flux of CO2 on continental shelves is limited due to large spatial and temporal variability coupled with historically sparse oceanographic measurements (e.g., of surface water pCO2). Here we use the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) to quantify the air‐sea flux of CO2 and its interannual variability on the northeast U.S. continental shelf, which includes the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) and Gulf of Maine (GOM). Two years marked by opposite phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) are considered in the study. A novel analysis method, second‐order Taylor series decomposition, is used to identify the important processes responsible for producing NAO‐related changes in the CO2 air‐sea flux. On the northeast U.S. shelf, atmospheric CO2 uptake as simulated by ROMS decreases from 2.4 Mt C yr−1 in 1985 (low NAO) to 1.8 Mt C yr−1 in 1990 (high NAO), with most of this decrease (0.5 Mt C yr−1) occurring in the MAB. In the MAB the difference in annual air‐sea flux of CO2 is due mainly to changes in near‐surface wind speed, while the flux difference in the GOM is controlled primarily by surface water pCO2 (CO2 partial pressure) changes resulting from changes in sea surface temperature and new production. The large magnitude of interannual variability in the air‐sea flux of CO2 simulated here suggests the potential for even more significant flux changes in the future as climate change accelerates.
Wideband MIMO channel characterization in TV studios and inside buildings in the 2.2–2.5 GHz frequency band
Authors: Razavi‐Ghods N. , Salous S.
Published: October 2009

Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) measurements were performed with a chirp sounder with a switched antenna array at the transmitter and eight parallel receiver channels with 96‐MHz bandwidth at 2.25 GHz in TV studios and 240‐MHz bandwidth at 2.38 GHz inside buildings. MIMO capacity was estimated from the data with linear and circular arrays with array sizes 2 by 2, 4 by 4, and 6 by 8. Mean capacity estimates for 30‐dB signal‐to‐noise ratio for both line of sight and obstructed line of sight were on the order of 11–31 b/s/Hz for the 2 by 2 to 4 by 4 antenna configurations and for the 6 by 8 directional antenna measurements a median capacity of 50 b/s/Hz. This is an increase of 20 b/s/Hz from the 4 by 4 omnidirectional antenna array indicating diversity gain as well as an increase due to the number of antennas.
Disappearing induced magnetosphere at Venus: Implications for close‐in exoplanets
Authors: Zhang T. L. , Du J. , Ma Y. J. , Lammer H. , Baumjohann W. , Wang C. , Russell C. T.
Published: October 2009

The solar wind interaction with a planetary atmosphere produces a magnetosphere‐like structure near the planet whether or not the planet has an intrinsic global magnetic field. In the case of planets like Venus or Mars, which have no global intrinsic magnetic field but possess a significant atmosphere, a magnetosphere is induced in the highly conducting ionosphere by the time‐varying magnetic field carried by the solar wind. The induced magnetosphere at Venus and Mars is almost a “permanent” feature of the solar wind interaction. Here we report a Venus Express observation of the absence of the dayside part of the induced magnetosphere, when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is nearly aligned with the solar wind flow. Using MHD simulations for this extreme IMF orientation, we examine the global interaction of the solar wind with Venus when the magnetic barrier disappears. Furthermore, we estimate the atmospheric loss under this extreme situation. While this solar wind aligned IMF interaction with a planet case is presently rare, and even rarer over solar system history, it might be an appropriate analogue of the interaction of a stellar wind with close‐in exoplanet. Thus the solar wind interaction with Venus under this extreme condition might provide us a natural laboratory for studying the evolution of the atmospheres of “hot Jupiters” as well as close‐in “terrestrial” planets.
Simultaneous sodium airglow and lidar measurements over India: A case study
Authors: Sarkhel S. , Sekar R. , Chakrabarty D. , Narayanan R. , Sridharan S.
Published: October 2009

In order to understand the substantial variation of sodium (Na) airglow intensity from one night to another, a case study is performed using simultaneous, campaign‐based measurements of Na airglow and Na lidar during March 2007 from Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E), India, during postmidnight hours. The altitude profiles of mesospheric ozone, temperature, and pressure available for the nearest location during the local postmidnight hours are also obtained from the SABER instrument on board the TIMED satellite and are used in conjunction with the above measurements. The average Na airglow intensity level on 20 March 2007 is found to be less compared to that on the next night despite average Na concentration being larger by at least a factor of three. In order to explain the observation, volume emission rates of Na airglow are calculated for both of the nights using the measured parameters. The enhanced quenching due to the ambient gas is suggested to be responsible for the reduced Na airglow intensity level on 20 March 2007 despite higher Na concentration.
Exciton Effects in Optical Absorption Spectra of Boron-Nitride Nanotubes
Authors: Harigaya Kikuo
Published: October 2009

Exciton effects are studied in single-wall boron-nitride (BN) nanotubes. Linear absorption spectra are calculated with changingthe chiral index of the zigzag nanotubes. We consider the extended Hubbard model with atomic energies at the boron and nitrogen sites.Exciton effects are calculated using the configuration interaction technique. The Coulomb interaction dependence of the band gap,the lowest exciton energy, and the binding energy of the exciton are discussed. The optical gap of the (5,0) nanotube is about 6 eVat the onsite interaction U=2t with the hopping integral t=1.1 eV. The binding energy of the exciton is 0.50 eV for these parameters.This energy agrees well with that of other theoretical investigations. We find that the energy gap and the binding energy are almostindependent of the geometries of the nanotubes. This novel property is in contrast with that of the carbon nanotubes which show metallicand semiconducting properties depending on the chiral index. Comparison with recent experiments will be discussed.