bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermal comfort in warm and humid atmospheres: Observations on groups and individuals in Singapore
Authors: Ellis F. P.
Published: May 2009

The majority of sedentary lightly clad acclimatized European men and women in Singapore are reasonably comfortable in relation to their indoor thermal environment provided the effective temperature does not exceed 78° F. or fall below 73° F.

European women, who were, however, older as a group than the other subjects, preferred rather cooler conditions than European men or Asian men and women.

There were considerable variations between individuals in their comfort tolerance for various levels of warmth, but the average opinion of one individual was usually consistent provided sufficient votes were collected to provide an adequate sample at each level of warmth.

When the dry-bulb temperature was above 83° F., increasing the average air movement from a still to a more turbulent condition added to the comfort of the majority of European men and women. When the temperature was below 83° F. for men and 81° F. for women, moderately good air movement was rather less comfortable than slight air movement; whereas below 77° F. still air was more comfortable than slight or moderate air movement. Increasing the air movement within a compartment can thus be used for combating thermal discomfort only within a limited range of warmth, but within that range it is extremely useful.

Two groups of naval ratings who had been living in a warship in a tropical climate were reasonably comfortable at similar levels of warmth to the men in Singapore, but they were less tolerant of levels of warmth above the comfort zone.
Active and passive sensitization of the uterus of the cow in vivo against Trichomonas foetus antigen and the evidence for the local production of antibody in that site
Authors: Kerr W. R. , Robertson Muriel
Published: May 2009

1. Antibody occurs in the uterus and can be withdrawn by irrigation. Intrauterine antibody results from the introduction of antibody into the lumen of the uterus.

2. Neither free antibody nor the sensitization of the uterus has been produced by intramuscular injection of antigen, even when antibody has circulated in the bloodstream for periods from a few weeks to many months.

3. Active sensitization of the uterus follows upon the repeated introduction of antigen into the uterus.

4. It is concluded that antibody can be produced locally by some of the cells in the uterus when T. foetus antigen is present.

5. The uterus of the cow can be sensitized passively in vivo by the instillation of bovine anti-trichomonas serum so that the instillation 6–10 days later of Trichomonas antigen will produce the characteristic local anaphylactic reaction.
The Drinking Water of Steamships
Authors: Ruffer Marc Armand , Willmore J. Graham
Published: May 2009

We intend to give in this paper a short account of (1) the laws concerning the supply of drinking water to ships in some of the chief civilised countries of the world; (2) the results of bacteriological examination of the water on steamships; (3) the chief deficiencies in supply and storage which have come under our notice, and (4) the reforms which we consider urgently necessary.
Some Experiments on Immunity against Vaccinia in Animals
Authors: Green Alan B.
Published: May 2009

Hitherto all efforts to set up immunity against vaccinia in animals have been restricted to the vaccination of animals in the customary manner, or to the injection of vaccine lymph into them.
The Influence of Temperature, and some other Physical Conditions, on Calf Vaccine
Authors: Green Alan B.
Published: May 2009

1. Temperature influences the rate at which glycerinated lymph deteriorates in accordance with the law of Arrhenius, expressing the effect of temperature upon chemical action; the rate of deterioration increasing three times per 10° rise in temperature.

2. Dry powdered calf vaccine in sealed glass capillary tubes still gave rise to typical vesicles after exposure to a temperature of 100°C. for from 5 to 10 minutes.

3. The vaccine virus can withstand positive osmosis for 24 hours or more, and negative osmosis for 8 weeks or more, at room temperature.

4. It appears doubtful whether the vaccine virus will pass through a Berkefeld V filter even when a stored vaccine emulsion is used for filtration. If any virus does pass through it only does so exceptionally and in small quantities.

5. When a glycerinated vaccine emulsion is filtered, white flocculi frequently form in the filtrate. These are at first minute, but subsequently adhere and form a macroscopic sediment. This sediment, when inoculated on calves, does not cause vesiculation.

Microscopically these flocculi, in hanging drop preparations, resemble the vaccine bodies described by one or more observers.
A Note on the Variation of the Rate of Disinfection with Change in the Concentration of the Disinfectant
Authors: Watson Herbert Edmeston
Published: May 2009

In a recent paper by Miss Chick on “The Laws of Disinfection”, it was pointed out that disinfection of bacteria is strictly analogous to a chemical reaction in which individual bacteria play the part of molecules. Thus, if n be the number of bacteria present at any time t during dis-infection, , where K is a constant. Also, if K1, K2 are these constants for two different temperatures is also constant, i.e. Arrhenius' formula for the temperature coefficient of chemical reactions holds good in the case of bacteria as well. In addition to this, it was found that the relation between the concentration of the disinfectant and the time of disinfection (that is, the time required to reduce the original number of bacteria by a given percentage) might abe approximately expressed by the empirical law

where C is the concentration at time t.
A Comparison of the Power of a Germicide Emulsified or Dissolved, with an Interpretation of the Superiority of the Emulsified form
Authors: Chick Harriette , Martin C. J.
Published: May 2009

Henle (1889) found that “Creolin”, an emulsion of tar acids, was a more efficient disinfectant than could be explained from observations upon each of its constituents separately, and concluded that the extra efficiency was connected with the emulsified form. Henle's conclusions do not appear to us to be necessarily justified by his observations.
The Bleaching of Flour
Authors: Halliburton W. D.
Published: May 2009

A case recently tried before Mr Justice Warrington (The Flour Oxidising Co., Ld.v. J. and R. Hutchinson) has brought to light, what I do not imagine is a matter of common knowledge, namely that large quantities of flour both in this country and abroad are artificially bleached in order it would appear primarily to satisfy the fancy of the public for white bread. The popular taste for the appearance of their food naturally leads the caterers to satisfy it; the yellowness of milk and its richness are usually associated together in the mind of the man in the street consequently it is very difficult now-a-days to purchase milk which has not been artificially coloured.
On the Absence of Respiratory Disorders in those inhaling Starch Dust over Long Periods
Authors: Kaufmann W. Pero
Published: May 2009

It is generally conceded that there is no one circumstance associated with occupation which has a more baneful influence upon health than the protracted inhalation of dust.
Observations on the Influence of Heating upon the Nutrient Value of Milk as an Exclusive Diet for Young Animals
Authors: Lane-Claypon Janet E.
Published: May 2009

During the year 1904, a year which included four months of hot summer weather, the mortality among infants under one year old in England and Wales was 145.3 per 1000 births. Of this mortality 21.8% died of diarrhoeal diseases and 31.5% from wasting diseases.
The Progress of Ankylostomiasis in Cornwall
Authors: Boycott A. E. , Haldane J. S.
Published: May 2009

Ankylostomiasis was first discovered in men working in Cornish mines in October, 1902 (this Journal, Vol. III. p. 95), though there had been many cases of illness clearly referable to this cause for some eight years previously. The number of men who were too ill to do their ordinary work was greater about two years before the cause of “Dolcoath anaemia” was identified. These men had either stopped at home or had been employed on the surface instead of underground: in this way they had avoided further infections, and in many cases had progressed towards a spontaneous cure. At the time therefore of our first enquiry the number of sick men was less than it had been. Anaemic miners were, however, still very numerous and, without anything like an exhaustive search among the 750 underground hands at Dolcoath mine, we found 14 men with less than 50 p.c. haemoglobin and 19 more with less than 75 p.c. The general pallor prevalent among the men on looking at a shift as a whole was very striking, and complaints of shortness of breath on climbing the ladders were frequent. The disease, in short, was at that time a meterial hindrance in carrying on the work of the mine.
British Industrial Anthrax Part II
Authors: Page Cecil H. W.
Published: May 2009

The result of bacteriological research indicates that the material infected is probably not large compared to the total amount used, and that in suspected samples of both hair and bristles anthrax bacilli can be isolated either by inoculation of animals or by plate cultivation.

Difficulties are met with in the inoculation of animals owing to the presence of the bacillus of malignant oedema, which, unless special methods are used as shown by Duncan, will often mask the presence of the anthrax bacillus altogether.

In separation by means of agar plates the presence of bacilli very closely resembling anthrax again leads to error. Three types of these bacilli have been met with in hair and bristles; viz.: Bac. A2 or Bac. anthracoides of Bainbridge, possibly the same as Bac. subtilis, the Bac. A1, and Bac. A. The last two do not exactly correspond with any known bacilli, and so far as we know at present are of little importance, but in view of the experiments of Gilruth showing that guinea-pigs, rabbits, and sheep can resist the inoculation of large doses of virulent anthrax bacilli completely, provided these organisms are mixed with a larger quantity of some other organisms which are non-pathogenic to these animals, and that a small amount of immunity to pure anthrax is conferred, it is certain that the presence of these anthrax-like bacilli, evidently closely related to the anthrax bacillus, cannot but be of benefit; and it is possible that further experiments may show that injections of them mixed with cultures of anthrax bacilli of varied virulence may confer a higher degree of immunity than do mixtures of anthrax with other non-pathogenic bacilli, as shown by Gilruth (1904).
Variation in Susceptibility of Guinea-pigs to Diphtheria Toxin
Authors: Sudmersen H. J. , Glenny A. T.
Published: May 2009

1. A larger dose of toxin is necessary to kill a guinea-pig of the same weight in summer than in winter.

2. The rate of growth of guinea-pigs is more rapid in the summer months.

3. The weights of guinea-pigs are least affected by lethal doses in summer.

4. For guinea-pigs of the same weight the fatal dose increases with the age.
The Differentiation of the Mannite-fermenting Group ofB. dysenteriaewith Special Reference to Strains Isolated from Various Sources in this Country
Authors: Morgan H. de. R.
Published: May 2009

The present paper contains the results of an enquiry into the differentiation of certain organisms of varying source, which present characters more or less closely allied to those of the “mannite” or “Flexner” type of the dysentery bacillus.
On the Paratyphoid Group of Bacilli
Authors: Bainbridge F. A. , O'brien R. A.
Published: May 2009

1. The term “paratyphoid group of bacilli” has been confined in the present enquiry to those strains which in their cultural characters and agglutination reactions are indistinguishable from B. suipestifer and B. paratyphosus (B). B. enteritidis Gaertner and B. paratyphosus (A) are excluded.

2. The strains of bacilli belonging to the “paratyphoid” group can be separated into two classes by means of the absorption method, namely one group identical with recognised, standard strains of B. suipestifer and one identical with standard strains of B. paratyphosus (B); and we regard these two bacilli as separate organisms.

3. In our experience, B. suipestifer has been found only in food or in outbreaks of acute illness attributable to food-poisoning, whereas B. paratyphosus (B) has been found in cases of paratyphoid fever or in persistent paratyphoid “carriers.”.

4. We are disposed to put forward the suggestion indicated by these observations, that these two organisms have a different distribution in nature, the normal habitat of B. suipestifer being the alimentary canal of the pig (and other animals) and of food derived from such animals, whereas the normal habitat of B. paratyphosus (B) is the human alimentary tract (including the gall-bladder).

5. The examination of cultures from the faeces and urine of 300 typhoid convalescents was completely negative, neither B. suipestifer nor B. paratyphosus (B) being obtained. These observations confirm those of other writers, and, apart from carrier cases, the occurrence of B. paratyphosus (B) in healthy human beings appears to be unknown in this country.

Our thanks are due to Drs Fisher, Trautmann, Uhlenhuth, Williams, Rommeler, Prigge, Schern, Friedrichs, Savage and Fowler, who have very kindly supplied us with strains of bacilli for investigation.
A Severe Outbreak of Food Infection Caused by a Paratyphoid Carrier
Authors: Trommsdorff R. , Rajchman L. , Porter Agnes E.
Published: May 2009

The outbreak of food infection which we are about to describe is of interest from more than one point of view. Not only was it possible to determine the organism which caused the outbreak and to trace its source to a paratyphoid carrier, but the bacteriological results yielded an important contribution to the difficult question of the differentiation of Bacillus paratyphosus B. and B. enteritidis, which for some years has been much discussed among bacteriologists.
The Quantitative Estimation of Indole
Authors: Seidelin Harald
Published: May 2009

During my work in Yucatán (tropical Mexico) I observed that we nearly always found by the current analysis of urine, a well pronounced indican reaction, certainly in more than 80% of the cases examined; and frequently the blue colour obtained by the Obermeyer or Jaffé reaction was so strong that one would have been inclined, if in Europe, to postulate the presence of intestinal obstruction or some serious intestinal disorder. Experience soon taught us however that the reaction had not the same significance in Yucatán and probably in other tropical countries as it possesses elsewhere. With the object of studying the underlying causes I suggested to one of my assistants an investigation of the indole-producing power of B. coli isolated from the faeces of different individuals. The results which have been published in a dissertation (Hernandez, 1908) were naturally very incomplete but the work led me to realise the importance of a quantitative indole-determination, and, as I did not find described in the literature any method suitable for our purpose, I proceeded to work out a method for myself. I used the Salkowski test, with nitrite of potassium, sulphuric acid, and extraction with amyl-alcohol, preparing a series of tubes containing determined quantities of indole in progressive concentrations. The indole I distilled from bacterial cultures. The scale kept well, having been preserved for three years in the dark and only brought into the light when in use.
A Medium for Bacillus diphtheriae (Potassium-sulphocyanide Neutral-red Glucose Serum)
Authors: Rankin T. Thomson
Published: May 2009

The preparation of a medium that would allow the bacillus of diphtheria to grow and exclude all other organisms would be an ideal medium for those whose work is concerned with that organism, but, as such a medium has not yet been devised, we must be content with the modifications of the ordinary media which we possess. Various varieties of media have been prepared for the purpose of favouring the growth of B. diphtheriae, but very little seems to have been done with regard to selective media.
Differential Media for Recognition of B. diphtheriae and Associated Organisms
Authors: Coplans Myer
Published: May 2009

Certain difficulties attendant upon bacteriological diagnosis recur constantly in connection with the notification, isolation, and discharge of patients suffering from diphtheria, and from every point of view it becomes increasingly necessary to seek means to minimise, as far as possible, the number of ‘missed’ and ‘carrier’ cases.
The Action of certain Bacteria on Proteins
Authors: Bainbridge F. A.
Published: May 2009

The digestion of solidified blood-serum by certain sporing bacilli is well known, and Bienstock (1899) and Rettger have shown thatB. putrificusand other obligate anaerobic sporing bacteria destroy protein and cause putrefactive changes. Hardly any observations have been made, however, to determine whether aerobic, non-sporing bacilli and cocci have any power to break down proteid, although it is often assumed they can do so. Rettger (1906) found that bacilli of the colon group did not set up putrefactive changes in a mixture of egg and meat protein; he made no quantitative experiments as to whether any destruction of protein took place, and Dr C. J. Martin informed me that he has for long noticed that preparations of pure proteins, when left exposed to air, did not appear to be broken down by bacteria, although moulds were able to grow in them.
Variations in the Virulence of Different Strains of Bacillus diptheriae
Authors: Arkwright J. A.
Published: May 2009

The occurrence of non-virulent strains of bacilli, which are indistinguishable except by animal experiment from virulent diphtheria bacilli, makes it especially interesting to investigate the varying pathogenicity of this bacillus. Owing to their complete lack of pathogenicity for laboratory animals, the exact relationship of the non-virulent types of B. diphtheriae to the virulent forms of this organism, cannot yet be considered as settled, although Arkwright (1910) has succeeded in obtaining a slight but very definite development of antitoxin in the blood of a horse immunised with non-virulent strains.
The Influence of the Culture Medium on the Germination of Anthrax Spores, with special references to disinfection experiments
Authors: Hewlett R. Tanner , Hall G. Norman
Published: May 2009

The foregoing experiments conclusively show that a broth medium is quite unsuitable as a test culture medium to determine the vitality of anthrax spores in disinfection experiments, whereas agar is a suitable and delicate medium for the purpose, even when considerable traces of the disinfectant are carried over with the inoculation.

The reason for this inefficiency of broth is not obvious. We thought that it might be due to the absence of bacillar forms in the sporing material, but the emulsion of spores heated to 80°C. for 15 minutes and then inoculated directly into broth gave good growths.

Absence of oxygen might be another factor, but the results were the same when splinters of sterilised wood infected with anthrax spores were treated. The wood floated on the surface of the broth and so was subjected to a free supply of oxygen, yet no growths were obtained in broth when the splinters were soaked in the disinfectants, while good growths were obtained on agar. The control splinters gave good growths in broth. It may be that the anthrax spores are partially de-vitalised by the action of the disinfectant and that in this condition broth is a comparatively unsuitable culture medium for them. Prolonging the time of incubation of the broth cultures up to 10 or 14 days makes no difference. If a culture in broth shows no growth in 48 hours, a growth hardly ever appears with more prolonged incubation. Nor is this superiority of agar over broth as a culture medium confined to the emulsified disinfectants employed in these experiments, for similar results have been obtained with phenol, and with formaldehyde, the latter both in the fluid (formalin), and in the gaseous, conditions.
Some Notes on Indole-reaction and Allied Phenomena
Authors: Seidelin Harald , Lewis Frederick C. , Seidelin H.
Published: May 2009

A short time ago I (1911) described a method for the quantitative estimation of indole. It may be of interest to reproduce the curves obtained by the use of this method, in the study of several strains of Bacterium coli, as curves representing indole-production have seldom been published.
Additional Notes on the Potassium-sulphocyanide Neutral-red Glucose Blood Serum Medium
Authors: Rankin T. Thomson
Published: May 2009

Since the publication of my paper “A Medium for Bacillus diphtheriae” (This Journal, Vol. XI. p. 271), I have had further experience of the medium and have tried various modifications.
Notes on the “Laurentic” Salvage Operations and the Prevention of Compressed Air Illness
Authors: Damant G. C. C.
Published: May 2009

Except in the West Australian pearl fisheries most of the world's diving is done in shallow water, from small boats or piers; and in civil life each diver is independent and controls the situation according to his own lights. In the British Navy the divers work under an officer who directs all the above-water side of things, such as the arrangements for pumping down air, and deciding whether or not it is safe to dive in existing circumstances. Though the officer will have had a short training at the Naval diving school he is not necessarily experienced in under water work; but he will be a seaman possessing knowledge of boat management, weather, and tides, with the authority to give and enforce orders which the young diver lacks. For simple shallow water work the first system is probably the better, though hardly practicable in a disciplined service where the divers are recruited from the lower ratings.
The Measurement of Bacterial Virulence and of Certain Allied Properties, with special reference to the Virulence ofB. aertrycke.
Authors: Lockhart Leonard P.
Published: May 2009

In connection with recent investigations on the spread of bacterial infection among mice, the possible effect of variations in the virulence of the infecting organism has, inevitably, formed one of the problems for study.
The Dick Test in Scarlet Fever Patients and in Normal Individuals
Authors: Smith J. , Taylor J. S.
Published: May 2009

Since Dick and Dick (1924) Published their method of testing the susceptibility or insusceptibility of human beings to scarlet fever various other workers have reported in vestigations which have confirmed the observations of the Dicks.
Study of Tubercle Bacilli isolated from cases of Surgical Tuberculosis (chiefly Bone and Joint) in the Sheffield Area
Authors: Edington J. W. , Guest D.
Published: May 2009

General interest was first aroused regarding the respective powers of the human and bovine types of the tubercle bacillus to infect the human subject by the address of Koch at the Tuberculosis Congress in 1901. In this he stated that the two types produced different diseases, and that the amount of human tuberculosis due to infection by the bovine type of the tubercle bacillus was negligible.
The Variation in the Mortality from Cancer of different Parts of the Body in Groups of Men of Different Social Status
Authors: Young Matthew
Published: May 2009

This paper is the result of an attempt to determine if, in the different social classes obtained by a grading of a large section of the male working population of England and Wales for the triennial period 1910–12, as described by the Registrar-General in the Supplement to his 75th Annual Report, there was shown any special susceptibility to cancer in particular parts of the body. From a comparison of the standardised mortality-rates from cancer in 16 different sites in (1) men of three social grades, namely, the upper and middle classes, skilled workmen and unskilled workmen, (2) two sub-groups of the upper and middle classes and (3) men of two social classes, a higher and a lower intermediate to classes 1 and 3 and 3 and 5 respectively, it seems reasonable to draw the following conclusions:

1. The mortality-rates from cancer in the majority of the parts of the body considered, including amongst others the tongue, oesophagus and stomach, which altogether account for 92 per cent, of the total deaths, are definitely higher in the men of lowest social status; the incidence decreases, though not always regularly, with ascent in the social scale.

2. The mortality from cancer in other parts of the body, namely, the bowel, the prostate and probably the pancreas, is definitely highest, however, in men of the best social status.

3. Though the relatively high cancer mortality-rates in these sites in the best social class may probably be attributed in some measure, which it is difficult or impossible to assess, to improved facilities for, and methods of diagnosis in this class, as compared with those in the lowest classes, this cannot be the whole explanation as the differences are considerable and as no increased mortality from cancer is evident in any of the sites except the pancreas with such an ascent in the social scale as takes place in passing from social group 1 b, to social group 1 a, where the influence of more skilful diagnosis might also be expected to reveal itself. If we may accept the mortality from hepatic cancer in the different social classes as an approximate index of the general accuracy of diagnosis of malignant disease therein, then varying accuracy of diagnosis can have little influence in producing the divergencies in mortality from cancer in these special sites that are found in the social groups under review.

4. The excessive mortality from cancer of the bowel amongst males of the best social class cannot reasonably be ascribed to their habits of life such as high-feeding and easy-living or to their alleged greater liability to autointoxication. If this were so, cancer of the stomach and cancer of the rectum might also be expected to show a higher incidence in the same social class; the mortality-rates from cancer in these sites, however, are not higher in this class than in the lower social classes.
The Aberdeen Outbreak of Milk-Borne Gaertner Enteritis, July, 1925
Authors: Kinloch J. Parlane , Smith J. , Taylor J. S.
Published: May 2009

An epidemic of enteritis due to infection of milk with a Flexner type dysentery bacillus, causing over 1000 cases and 72 deaths, occurred in Aberdeen in 1919, and has previously been recorded in the Journal of Hygiene(1). Another mild-borne outbreak of enteritis, causing 110 cases and no deaths, occurred in 1923, and has similarly been recorded(2). The cause of this outbreak was not determined, but was assumed to be due to a living bacillus of unrecognised type. In July, 1925, there occurred a further extensive outbreak of enteritis, which has been proved to be due to infection of milk with Bacillus enteritidis Gaertner, and as the infection has been proved to be of bovine origin, the Gaertner bacillus having been isolated from the udder and flesh of the diseased cow, as well as from the infective milk, it appears advisable to record the out-break in considerable detail.
The Vitamin C Content of Electrically Treated Milk
Authors: van Leersum E. C.
Published: May 2009

The foregoing report of Professor van Loghem and his co-worker, Miss Benjamins, confirms the results found by Professor Beattie and Dr Lewis, concerning the bactericidal action in milk of the electric current of high voltage. It also proves that the sterilising power of electrical treatment with carbon electrodes is not inferior to that with copper electrodes. These results, and also my experience of the vitamin C sparing effect of the carbon electrodes, have caused me to recommend the use of this kind of electrode in the electric treatment of milk, provided that the milk used be fresh and that it contains but little oxygen. The same reservation applies to milk pasteurised by heat and to pure raw certified milk. It is important that the supply should be fresh.
The Study of Epidemic Diseases Among Wild Animals
Authors: Elton Charles
Published: May 2009

1. Outbreaks of epidemic disease are common in populations of wild animals, including species little influenced by contact with the diseases of human beings or domestic animals.

2. Such epidemics form one of the commonest factors responsible for fluctuations in numbers of wild mammals.

3. An attempt is made to summarise the available published records of such epidemics (Section II), while certain unpublished records (communicated to me by naturalists) are contained in an Appendix.

4. Little is known of the causes of these epidemics except in the cases of plague and tularaemia.

5. The fluctuations in numbers of some wild mammal populations are sufficiently regular to make the forecasting of epidemics possible. This method is already applicable to wild mice.

6. Mouse periodicities are discussed in detail, with special reference to epidemics and their causes, which are mainly obscure (Section III).

7. Development of the forecasting methods described will make possible the prediction of many other wild mammal epidemics, and render intensive pathological and epidemiological studies more practicable than they have hitherto been.
A Comparison of Extended and Short Methods in the Calculation of a Life Table for Males in London
Authors: Raja K. C. K.
Published: May 2009

The last life table for the Administrative County of London was prepared by Mr King from the census population of 1911 and the deaths in 1910, 1911, 1912, and published in Part I of the Supplement to the 75th Annual Report of the Registrar-General, 1914. The national life tables (No. 9), prepared by Sir Alfred Watson after the census of 1921, included one for “Greater London,” the boundaries of which extend considerably beyond the County Council area and enclose the range of jurisdiction of the Metropolitan Police, so that this table is not geographically comparable with Mr King's 1911 table. The object of the present study was a comparison between the extended method of Mr King and the shorter ones of Drs Brownlee and Snow, to see whether the methods gave comparable results as regards the expectation of life, the question with which the public health worker is mainly concerned. As an example I selected the County of London (census population for 1921, deaths in 1920, 1921, and 1922) as affording, at the same time, an opportunity of making a table comparable with that which Mr King prepared for 1911. Drs Brownlee and Snow have already shown that their methods gave very satisfactory results as judged by the older life tables of this country. This paper will show that similar results have, in the main, been obtained as regards the 1921 experience.
Some Observations on the Immunity and Disability Caused by Vaccinia
Authors: Dudley Sheldon F. , May Percival M.
Published: May 2009

1. In a group of boys, revaccinated 12 years after primary vaccination in infancy, 37 per cent, gave “immune” reactions to vaccine virus.

2. Immune reactions were more than twice as common in those boys with two or more old vaccination scars than those with one.

3. When the number of scars was held constant there was no tendency for groups with large scars to be more immune than those with small scars.

4. The average area of a single old scar was smaller in the “immunes” than in the rest of the group.

5. The substitution of a vaccination technique consisting of one insertion of lymph with a minimum of trauma, for two or three insertions by “crosshatched” scarifications was followed by nearly a threefold fall in the recorded vaccinia morbidity, and a halving of the number of days' sickness attributed to vaccinia.
The Effects of Excessive Intake of Magnesium by the Rat; Especially concerning the Factors Relating to the Production of Renal Calculi
Authors: Watchorn Elsie
Published: May 2009

1. Rats taken from mixed stock diet and fed synthetic diet containing an excess of magnesium carbonate developed urinary calculi in a large number of cases.

2. The incidence of calculi was much higher in the females.

3. Addition of excess of calcium carbonate to the diet prevented the formation of calculi.

4. Rats previously fed for a short time on the synthetic diet and normal salt mixture did not develop calculi, but suffered from severe catharsis.

5. Rats on mixed stock diet had a more acid caecum and colon than those on synthetic diet.

6. No significant alterations were found in the Ca, Mg or inorganic P of the blood on any of the diets.

7. Extra magnesium, or calcium, or sodium carbonate lowered the urinary phosphate excretion.

8. Extra magnesium or calcium had little effect upon the urinary excretion of the other, but tended in each case to lower the output.

9. Changes in the sex organs brought about by excessive intake of magnesium are described.

The writer wishes to thank Miss V. E. Leader for her watchful care of the rats.
The Spermicidal Powers of Chemical Contraceptives. IV. More Pure Substances
Authors: Baker John R.
Published: May 2009

1. In the list showing all substances yet tested in the order of their spermicidal powers, the first four substances are all quinones.

2. In the dihydroxybenzenes and their derivatives, the para-position of the two hydroxyl groups confers high spermicidal powers.

3. In the trihydroxybenzenes and their derivatives, the para-position of two of the three hydroxyl groups confers high spermicidal powers.

4. The introduction of a methyl group into quinones and into the di- and trihydroxybenzenes in certain positions increases the spermicidal power.

5. In the hydroxybenzaldehydes and their derivatives, the ortho-position of the hydroxyl and aldehyde groups confers high spermicidal powers.

6. Among the substances so far tested which may be found to be of practical use are orbhovanillin and methoxytoluquinone. These are highly spermicidal, sufficiently soluble and stable in solution. It remains to be seen whether they are harmless to the vagina.
Latent Infection withC. diphtheriaein Association with Bacterial Experience and Schick Immunity
Authors: Dudley Sheldon F.
Published: May 2009

In a semi-closed institution, Greenwich Hospital School:

1. There was no constant relation between the prevalence of cases and carriers of virulent, or avirulent, diphtheria bacilli.

2. Carrier rates showed a seasonal periodicity with a maximum in the autumn and a minimum in the winter school term.

3. High rates for carriers of virulent bacilli were found in the absence of clinical diphtheria and presence of numerous Schick susceptibles.

4. As much as 40 per cent. of a random sample of healthy boys, none of whom contracted diphtheria, were discovered to harbour diphtheria bacilli (M.D.)1within 1 year, during which the average carrier rate in the sample was 6·8 per cent.

5. The carrier rate for avirulent diphtheria bacilli, among boys recently infected with virulent, was three times the expected rate.

6. The carrier rate for virulent diphtheria bacilli, among boys recently infected with avirulent, was no higher than the expected rate.

7. The frequency of avirulent diphtheria bacilli infections was twice as great among Schick susceptibles as among Schick immunes.

8. Carriers of virulent bacilli (with five exceptions) were always found to have Schick-negative reactions, in spite of their being more frequent among the junior members of the institution.

9. Carriers of avirulent diphtheria bacilli were as common among the senior as the juniorSchick-immunemembers of the school.

10. Carriers of avirulent bacilli were less frequently found in those Schick-susceptible members of the community who were most quickly immunised by artificial diphtheria antigens.

11. The hypothesis that, when a Schick susceptible is infected with virulent diphtheria bacilli, the latter often acquire avirulence, could satisfactorily explain many anomalies in the distribution of latent infection with diphtheria bacilli and Schick immunity.

[Since this article went to press I have received a reprint from A. Garrido-Morales and 0. Costa (“ The Mechanism of Natural Immunity to Diphtheria,”Amer. J. Hyg. (1931),14, 89), who describe the distribution of diphtheria carrier infection and Schick immunity in a school at San Juan, Porto Rico. In the main their results parallel those obtained at G.H.S. The most important difference between the tropical and G.H.S. observations was found in a sample of children, who were Schick tested and swabbed synchronously, in which the frequency of virulent carrier infections was greater among Schick susceptibles than Schick immunes. (However, only 9 T.C.D. infections were found among 642 children, but 5 of these were discovered among the 194 Schick susceptibles in this group.)—S. F. D.]
Streptococcus Mucosus Lyticus
Authors: Dudgeon Leonard S. , Derry D. C. L.
Published: May 2009

1. Seven strains of Strept. mucosus are described which have the following characteristics: large “mucous” colonies on serum agar and other media referred to in the text, with a subsequent particular form of lysis; no growth occurred on gelatin at 22° C., although the organisms were still viable on this medium after 10 days at this temperature; inulin was fermented and milk acidified without any clot formation; the organisms were only partially soluble in bile.

2. All our strains were isolated from patients suffering from acute infections of the respiratory tract.

3. Inflammatory and suppurative lesions were produced in rabbits and guinea-pigs by inoculation of the live organisms.

4. Vaccines may prove highly toxic when injected subcutaneously even in small doses into patients suffering from these infections.

5. Immune sera containing precipitins were formed in rabbits inoculated with the live organisms, but not when filtered toxins or dead cultures were employed.

6. Precipitin antigens were obtained by high-speed centrifugalisation of serum-broth cultures until the supernatant fluid was glass clear, and from centrifugalised suspensions in saline from egg cultures, but after filtration of the cultures through a Seitz filter or Berkefeld V candle the filtrates were inert.
The Estimation of Proteins by the Precipitation Reaction
Authors: Taylor G. L. , Adair G. S. , Adair Muriel E.
Published: May 2009

1. The amount of crystallisable albumin in egg-white and the amount of total globulin in horse serum have been estimated by means of the precipitation reaction. The results are in good agreement with those obtained by other methods.

2. For such estimations it appears advisable to use only antisera prepared against individual proteins.

3. A description of the manufacture and the characteristics of the pure proteins used is appended.
Experiences with Small-Flaking or Granular Agglutination in Normal, Inoculated and Enteric Fever Cases
Authors: Wyllie J.
Published: May 2009

The recognition of small-flaking, granular or “O” agglutination and the conditions under which it occurs have lately assumed importance in the diagnosis and prognosis of enteric infections.
The Toxicity of Ethylene Oxide
Authors: Walker W. J. Greaves , Greeson C. E.
Published: May 2009

This paper gives some account and results of work conducted on the properties of ethylene oxide, as this compound has been recommended as an insecticide and vermin destroyer, and what is of more importance, as a fumigant for foodstuffs. The concentration recommended is in the nature of 2 lb. per 1000 c. ft. (or 1 part in 60) for 24 hours. It has also been mentioned as a possible agent for use as a lachrymator in war.
A Simple Blood Tellurite Medium for the Isolation of C. Diphtheriae
Authors: Horgan E. S. , Marshall Alex.
Published: May 2009

1. A simple blood-tellurite medium has been described which is absolutely selective for C. diphtheriae and the diphtheroids. In many cases diagnosis at sight of the colonies is possible after 24 hours' incubation. The medium is especially useful for the isolation of carriers when diphtheria bacilli are present in very scanty numbers.

2. The existence of two main types of C. diphtheriae has been confirmed.
The Bacteriological Analysis of Winkles (Littorina Spp.) as they Arrive in the Market
Authors: Eyre John
Published: May 2009

On 15. i. 1929 Dr Sowden, the Medical Officer of Health for the Borough of St Pancras, notified the Worshipful Company of Fishmongers that nine (9)cases of enteric fever had occurred in his borough during the last week in December, 1928; and that the individuals infected had all consumed winkles purchased on Sundays during November and December from local stall-holders who in turn had obtained them from Messrs Baxter and Sons of Billingsgate Market on the preceding Saturdays, and (so they stated) boiled them on Sunday mornings in preparation for sale that day.
Studies on the Survival Time of the Bovine Tubercle Bacillus in Soil, Soil and Dung, in Dung and on Grass, with Experiments on the Preliminary Treatment of Infected Organic Matter and the Cultivation of the Organism
Authors: Maddock E. C. G.
Published: May 2009

For the present it may safely be stated that on growing grass, bovine B. tuberculosis remain alive and virulent, for a period of at least 49 days in summer, in the south of England. Simultaneously with the experiments described above, a feeding experiment on guinea-pigs has been carried out, to discover whether the bacilli, proved to be infective for these animals by inoculation are, after exposure on grass for varying times, capable of setting up infection by the alimentary route. For this purpose a number of colonies of a dozen guinea-pigs each is being fed on grass at increasing intervals after the time of infection. These experiments, which are in progress, are it is hoped preliminary to the feeding of calves on similarly infected pasture.
Estimation of Water Pollution by a Biological Reaction
Authors: Lloyd Ll.
Published: May 2009

A small quantity of a culture of aerotactic organisms, especially Polytomauvella, is placed in a narrow tube and a column of water superimposed. The organisms aggregate and rise in blanket-like formation at a speed which is inversely proportional to the amount of oxygen in solution. If nitrates or nitrites are present they slow down the rate of climb. The climb must be accelerated by the presence of substances and organisms with a pronounced affinity for oxygen and slowed down by the presence of photosynthetic organisms. The reaction may therefore be of use in estimating the quality of sewage effluents or pollution in rivers, having possibly some advantages over the present routine methods of chemical estimation. A tentative grading scheme for the quality of such waters is proposed.
An Organism resembling the Newcastle Type of Dysentery Bacillus associated with Cases of Dysentery
Authors: Downie A. W. , Wade E. , Young J. A.
Published: May 2009

Six strains of an organism associated with and apparently etiologically related to clinical cases of dysentery have been described. Five of these strains were isolated from cases in a town in Lancashire and the other from a case in Nigeria.

These strains seem to be identical with the Newcastle dysentery bacillus described by Clayton and Warren except for the apparently constant difference in the action on mannite. Their relationship to the Flexner group of dysentery bacilli has been discussed.
The Effects of Colloidal Silica on Experimental Tuberculosis in Guinea-Pigs
Authors: Cummins S. L. , Weatherall Cicely
Published: May 2009

Gye and Kettle (1922), from a study of the effects of subcutaneous inoculation of silica alone, tubercle bacilli alone and tubercle bacilli with silica, arrived at the conclusion that there is, after the introduction of tubercle bacilli with silica, “a much greater local reaction than with an infection of tubercle bacilli alone and, further, that general dissemination is earlier and more active.” As a result, “a small dose of bacilli becomes a dose of considerable magnitude and, inasmuch as an important factor in determining an infectious process is the number of organisms introduced, a simple explanation is forthcoming of the effect of silica upon such tuberculous lesions as we have described.”
Agglutinins found in the Serum of Subjects inoculated with Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccine
Authors: Giglioli George
Published: May 2009

In the preceding paper (1933) I have recorded the results of an investigation on typhoid-paratyphoid agglutinins in a random sample of the normal population of British Guiana. It has been shown what a serious cause of error these “natural” agglutinins may represent in the carrying out of routine serological work in certain countries.
The Different Types of Corynebacterium diphtheria
Authors: Menton J. , Cooper T. V. , Duke F. W. , Fussell W. H.
Published: May 2009

In 1890 Klein described two types of colony of the diphtheria bacillus on gelatin; one smooth and circular, the other radiating and resembling a daisy. Cowan (1927) observed two types of colony, but one of the types was thought to be due to roughening. Parker (1928) observed three types of colony, some of which were considered ordinary rough variants.
The Frequency of Cancer Deaths in the Same House and in Neighbouring Houses
Authors: Stocks Percy
Published: May 2009

The problem as to the frequency with which multiple cases of, or deaths from, a disease may be expected to occur in the same house has been attacked by Troup and Maynard (1911–12), Karl Pearson (1911–12, 1911–12 a, 1913), McKendrick (1911–12), Greenwood and Yule (1920), Greenwood (1910, 1931) and others. Troup and Maynard obtained a general expression for the frequency of occurrence, and the standard deviation of the frequency, of s casesin a house when n cases of a disease occur in a town with m houses, assumingeach house to contain the same number of persons, all equally liable to contract it. Karl Pearson (1911–12) considered the problem as analogous to throwing balls at random into equally accessible pigeon-holes, and showed that since the chance that any one case will fall into any one house is , and that it will not is , the numbers of houses having 0, 1, 2, 3, ... cases should be given by the successive terms of the binomial . In a later paper (1913) he showed that the correspondence between the observed andexpected frequencies could be measured by applying the ordinary X2 test to the frequencies, omitting the houses having no cases.
The Method of Expressing the Silica Content of the Lung
Authors: Collins Douglas H. , Dible J. Henry
Published: May 2009

Withincreasing knowledge of the effects of inhaled dusts upon the lungs has come an increase in the number of cases of Workmen's Compensation in which pulmonary disease is attributed to exposure to this form of risk during employment. Where a post-mortem examination has been made, and the opinion of a pathologist is sought, no difficulty is encountered in those cases of silicosis in which the disease is well developed, since the lesions are characteristic and easily recognised. The position, however, is by no means so easy where lesser degrees of pulmonary fibrosis are present and, in particular, where it becomes necessary to try to assess the bearing which these may have upon the susceptibility to, and the progress of, intercurrent pulmonary disease—for example lobar pneumonia. In these difficult circumstances recourse is frequently had to the chemical estimation of the quantity of silica recoverable from samples of lung. Certain standards have been set up, and the presence of silica in quantities in excess of the “normal” forms valuable corroborative evidence that a pulmonary fibrosis is attributable to its influence, where the subject in question has been exposed to this risk in his employment, and on the other hand the absence of an excess of silica is evidence that any pathological condition in the lung is due to other causes.