bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Indexing space and time in film understanding
Authors: Magliano Joseph P. , Miller Jason , Zwaan Rolf A.
Published: September 2002

We investigated the extent to which understanders monitor shifts in time and space during film comprehension. Participants viewed a feature‐length film and identified those points in the film in which they perceived a change in situation. We performed an a priori analysis of the films to identify the shifts in time, the movement of characters, and region. The relationship between the theoretical analysis of the films and the participants judgements of situational change was assessed. The results provide support for the Event Indexing Model and suggest that situation models for filmed events are indexed along multiple dimensions of situational continuity. Furthermore, the pattern of results was similar for narrative film as they are for narrative text. This finding suggest that there are general mechanisms for event understanding that operate independently of medium or mode of experience. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cognitive style and learning: performance of adaptors and innovators in a novel dynamic task
Authors: Pounds Julia , Bailey Larry L.
Published: September 2002

The influence of cognitive style on performance in a novel dynamic task modelled on the task of controlling air traffic was investigated. It was hypothesized that participants who preferred a more adaptive cognitive style would maintain better rule adherence and safe distances between aircraft in a low‐fidelity air traffic control task than those who preferred a more innovative style. Problems were presented to participants using computer‐based scenarios in screening, practice, and experimental trials. Performance was measured by the number of times the participant violated two types of scenario rules. Screening, practice, and experimental performance were analysed separately. Cognitive style had a significant effect on performance only during experimental trials. Performance of individuals who preferred a more adaptive style improved across experimental trials while those preferring a more innovative style did not. Results suggest that the more innovative participants, although perhaps having some initial advantage, may not be able to sustain performance in this type of task. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of question type on self‐contradictions by children in the course of forensic interviews
Authors: Lamb Michael E. , Fauchier Angèle
Published: September 2002

Twenty‐four forensic interviews of seven alleged victims of child sexual abuse were examined to elucidate the circumstances in which the children contradicted forensically relevant details they had provided earlier. Suggestive questions by the interviewers elicited a disproportionate number of contradictions, whereas open‐ended invitations never elicited contradictions. Because contradictions necessarily imply that details were stated inaccurately at least once, these close analyses of forensic interviews demonstrate that, as in analogue contexts, open‐ended prompts yield more accurate information than do focused questions, particularly option‐posing and suggestive prompts. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship of life event stress and working memory capacity
Authors: Klein Kitty , Boals Adriel
Published: September 2002

The relationship between life stress and working memory capacity (WM) was examined in three studies. Participants with more life event stress performed more poorly on Turner and Engle's (1989) operation‐word span WM task, and this impairment was more pronounced on longer operations. Life event stress also predicted intrusion errors. Finally, self‐reports of intrusive and avoidant thinking predicted functional WM capacity as did the recency of negative life events. The results are interpreted using a limited capacity model of WM in which cognitive representations of stressful life events compete with task demands for attentional resources. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interviewing children and adults: the effect of question format on the tendency to speculate
Authors: Waterman Amanda H. , Blades Mark , Spencer Christopher
Published: September 2002

In formal interviews it is important that interviewees indicate when they do not know the answer, rather than speculate. In this study we investigated whether question format affected the tendency to speculate. One hundred and twenty‐eight 5‐ to 9‐year‐olds, and 23 adults, were told two short stories, and were then asked questions about the stories. Half of the questions were answerable based on the information provided; the other half were not answerable. Within these categories, half of the questions were closed questions (i.e. only required a yes/no response), and half were wh‐questions (i.e. requested particular details to be provided). All participants performed at ceiling with the answerable questions. With the unanswerable questions, there was an effect of format. The majority of children and adults correctly indicated that they did not know the answer when asked unanswerable wh‐questions. However, the majority of children, and just over one‐fifth of adults, provided a response (i.e. ‘yes’ or ‘no’) to the closed unanswerable questions. The implications for interviews, particularly within a forensic context, are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transfer appropriate processing for prospective memory tests
Authors: Meier Beat , Graf Peter
Published: September 2002

Transfer appropriate processing (TAP) is the assumption that retrospective memory test performance reflects the overlap between study and test phase processing. In a task analysis, we identify a similar sequential‐type of processing overlap in prospective memory (ProM) situations. In addition, ProM test performance can also involve a concurrent overlap between processes engaged for an ongoing task and those required for recognizing relevant cues. A review of the ProM literature shows consistent TAP effects due to sequential processing overlap manipulations, but inconclusive findings for concurrent processing overlap manipulations. We examined the latter in a new experiment with young adult participants. The ongoing task required either semantic or perceptual processing of words, and the ProM task required either semantic or perceptual processing of words. Consistent with TAP, performance was higher when the ongoing task and the ProM task required the same kind of processing (i.e. semantic–semantic, perceptual–perceptual) rather than different kinds of processing (i.e. semantic–perceptual, perceptual–semantic). Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Virtual week and actual week: Age‐related differences in prospective memory
Authors: Rendell Peter G. , Craik Fergus I. M.
Published: September 2002

Several previous studies have shown that whereas young adults perform better than older adults on prospective memory (PM) tasks in the laboratory, this superiority is often reversed in real‐life PM tasks. The present studies investigated this paradox by creating a laboratory task in the form of a board game (Virtual Week) that mimicked many features of daily living. It was hypothesized that older adults might use strategies derived from their more structured lives to outperform young adults on the board game. However, contrary to our prediction, it was found that younger adults were superior. In Experiment 2 we had participants perform very similar PM tasks in real life (Actual Week), and found that now the older adults were generally superior to their younger counterparts. Possible reasons are discussed for this striking age‐related difference between laboratory‐based and naturalistic PM tasks. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High prevalence of prospective memory impairment in the elderly and in early‐stage dementia: Findings from a population‐based study
Authors: Huppert Felicia A. , Johnson Tony , Nickson Judith
Published: September 2002

Remembering to carry out intended actions is important for the effective performance of daily activities, but generally declines with age. This study aimed to establish the prevalence of prospective memory impairment in the elderly population, describe the age function and identify risk factors for impairment. An event‐based prospective memory test was administered to 11,956 participants aged 65 + in the screening stage of a population‐based study, the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC CFAS). Only 54% of the sample succeeded on the task. Logistic regression analysis showed that successful performance was strongly and linearly related to age, and that male gender, less education and lower social status substantially increased the risk of prospective memory impairment. There was a very high prevalence of prospective memory impairment in 388 individuals with very mild dementia, of whom only 8% succeeded on the task. These findings raise concerns about the well‐being and safety of many older people. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Retrieval of performed versus to‐be‐performed tasks: A naturalistic study of the intention‐superiority effect in normal aging and dementia
Authors: Maylor Elizabeth A. , Darby Richard J. , Sala Sergio Della
Published: September 2002

Maylor et al. (in press a) reported a long‐term intention‐superiority effect whereby young adults reported significantly more to‐be‐performed than performed tasks in a speeded written fluency task. Two experiments investigated whether this effect is also present in older adults and dementia patients. In Experiment 1, middle‐aged (n = 40) and older adults (n = 44) were given a minute to recall what they did in the last few days (performed tasks), and a minute to recall what they intended to do in the next few days (to‐be‐performed tasks). There was no intention‐superiority effect for the middle‐aged adults but there was a significant intention‐inferiority effect for the older adults. Verbal rather than written recall was used in Experiment 2 to compare young adults (n = 30), older adults (n = 19), and patients with Alzheimer's disease (n = 22). There was an intention‐superiority effect for young adults, but not for older adults or dementia patients. The absence of an intention‐superiority effect may contribute to the decline in prospective memory performance seen in both normal aging and dementia. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Please, remind me…’: The role of others in prospective remembering
Authors: Schaefer Evelyn G. , Laing Michelle L.
Published: September 2002

In a study examining the effects of reminding expectations on prospective remembering, participants were asked to perform three internally and three externally cued tasks following a 30‐minute filler activity. Experimental participants were informed that at the time for performance they were to: remind another (confederate) participant about the tasks; receive a reminder about the tasks from the confederate; or both. Control participants heard nothing about reminders. Those led to expect a reminder performed significantly fewer tasks than did those who were not, regardless of whether they were to provide a reminder. Those expecting to provide a reminder performed more tasks than did those who were not, but this difference was only marginally significant. In all conditions, significantly more externally cued than internally cued tasks were performed. Reminding expectations appear to have affected retention of the content of to‐be‐performed tasks, rather than retention of the intent to perform them. The results are discussed in terms of modifications to the activation levels of the to‐be‐performed activities and/or to participants' self‐reminding strategies as a function of reminding expectations. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Event‐related neural activity associated with prospective remembering
Authors: West Robert , Herndo Ryan W. , Ross‐Munroe Keisha
Published: September 2002

This article reviews the findings of recent work investigating the neural correlates of prospective remembering conducted within the context of the noticing+search model using event‐related brain potentials (ERPs). The presentation of a PM cue was associated with a phasic negativity (N320)—whose topography may be modulated by the nature of the cue—and two sustained modulations of the ERPs. The first of these modulations reflected a parietal positivity–right frontal negativity that differentiated PM cue trials from ongoing activity trials independent of whether or not a prospective response was made. The second of these modulations reflected a frontal–central positivity that differentiated PM cue trials which elicited a prospective response from PM cue trials that failed to elicit a prospective response and ongoing activity trials. Together these findings indicate that successful prospective remembering arises from the activity of distinct neural processes that may support detection of the PM cue, recovery of the intention from memory, and the timely realization of the intention. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategic and automatic processes in prospective memory retrieval: a multiprocess framework
Authors: McDaniel Mark A. , Einstein Gilles O.
Published: September 2002

Prospective memory situations involve forming intentions and then realizing those intentions at some appropriate time in the future. An interesting feature of most prospective remembering is that recollection of the intended action occurs without an explicit request to attempt retrieval, and we present two views on how this type of remembering can be accomplished. One could strategically monitor the environment for the presence of the target event, or one could rely on anticipated environmental conditions more or less automatically reinstating the intended action. We present data supporting both views and argue that people use multiple approaches for solving the problem of retrieving an intention (prospective memory) after a delay. Moreover, we suggest that the extent to which prospective remembering is supported by relatively automatic processes (versus strategic resource‐demanding monitoring) and the probability with which prospective memory is likely to be successful when relying on automatic processes varies as a function of the characteristics of the prospective memory task, target cue, ongoing task, and individual. We argue that the complexity of the empirical findings can best be understood by appealing to this multiprocess view of prospective memory. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Curing of epoxides with O,O‐di‐t‐butyl phenylphosphonate as thermally latent initiator
Authors: Kim Moonsuk , Sanda Fumio , Endo Takeshi
Published: September 2002

The polymerization of glycidyl phenyl ether (GPE) was examined with O,O‐di‐t‐butyl phenylphosphonate (BP) as an initiator in the presence of several Lewis acids, ammonium salts, and methyl cyanoacetate. BP served as an excellent thermally latent initiator in the polymerization of GPE in the presence of ZnCl2 and Zn(acac)2. Epikote 828 was cured with BP (5 mol %) in the presence of ZnCl2 at 150°C to afford the solvent‐insoluble gelled epoxy resin quantitatively, which was thermally more stable than was the one cured without ZnCl2. No curing took place at room temperature for 7 months. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 2347–2351, 2001
Synthesis and characterization of a novel kind of thermotropic liquid crystalline poly(urea‐ester)s based on bis(4′‐hydroxyphenyl)‐tolyene‐2,4‐diurea
Authors: Du Zhuwei , Qiu Teng , Zhou Qixiang , Wang Xiaogong , Liu Deshan
Published: September 2002

A new diphenol monomer bis(4′‐hydroxy‐phenyl)‐tolyene‐2,4‐diurea was synthesized by reaction of 2,4‐toylene diisocyanate with p‐aminophenol in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF). The product was characterized by elemental analysis (EA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and 1H‐NMR. And a novel kind of liquid crystalline poly(urea‐ester)s were obtained by using this monomer. By using a polarizing microscope with hot stage (POM), wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) and small‐angle X‐ray diffraction (SAXD) the polymers were proven to be nematic liquid crystal. The result of DSC showed that the effect of the monomer composition on the melting point of poly(urea‐ester)s was significant. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 577–583, 2001
Charge distribution and crystalline structure in polyethylene nucleated with sorbitol
Authors: Li Xiang , Cao Yi , Du Qiangguo , Yin Yi , Tu Demin
Published: September 2002

The charge distribution in samples under direct current electrical field was measured by the pulsed electro‐acoustic method, which showed that the space charges were greatly decreased and field distribution tended to be uniform in low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) by adding 0.3 wt % bis‐(p‐ethylbenzylidene)sorbitol. The crystalline structures of LDPE and LDPE/sorbitol were studied. The non‐isothermal crystallization kinetics were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, which showed that sorbitol increases crystallization temperature and crystallinity, but lowers the Avrami exponent of crystallization. The results of wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) and small‐angle light scattering (SALS) experiments show that the crystal form does not change, whereas the perfection of spherulites degrades in the presence of sorbitol. In addition to the obvious difference in crystalline morphology, observed by scanning electron microscopy, the spherulites in the LDPE/sorbitol sample are smaller in size and more in number than those of LDPE. It is well known that in semicrystalline polymers, impurities are expelled from crystalline regions into amorphous regions or interfaces of spherulites. The decrease of space charges can probably be attributed to the uniform distribution of impurities in the whole material, with smaller and imperfect spherulites. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 611–619, 2001
Characterizing the metabolic phenotype: A phenotype phase plane analysis
Authors: Edwards Jeremy S. , Ramakrishna Ramprasad , Palsson Bernhard O.
Published: September 2002

Genome‐scale metabolic maps can be reconstructed from annotated genome sequence data, biochemical literature, bioinformatic analysis, and strain‐specific information. Flux‐balance analysis has been useful for qualitative and quantitative analysis of metabolic reconstructions. In the past, FBA has typically been performed in one growth condition at a time, thus giving a limited view of the metabolic capabilities of a metabolic network. We have broadened the use of FBA to map the optimal metabolic flux distribution onto a single plane, which is defined by the availability of two key substrates. A finite number of qualitatively distinct patterns of metabolic pathway utilization were identified in this plane, dividing it into discrete phases. The characteristics of these distinct phases are interpreted using ratios of shadow prices in the form of isoclines. The isoclines can be used to classify the state of the metabolic network. This methodology gives rise to a “phase plane” analysis of the metabolic genotype–phenotype relation relevant for a range of growth conditions. Phenotype phase planes (PhPPs) were generated for Escherichia coli growth on two carbon sources (acetate and glucose) at all levels of oxygenation, and the resulting optimal metabolic phenotypes were studied. Supplementary information can be downloaded from our website (http://epicurus.che.udel.edu). © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 27–36, 2002.
A novel multi‐coaxial hollow fiber bioreactor for adherent cell types. Part 1: Hydrodynamic studies
Authors: Wolfe Stephen P. , Hsu Edward , Reid Lola M. , Macdonald Jeffrey M.
Published: September 2002

A novel multi‐coaxial bioreactor for three‐dimensional cultures of adherent cell types, such as liver, is described. It is composed of four tubes of increasing diameter placed one inside the other, creating four spatially isolated compartments. Liver acinar structure and physiological parameters are mimicked by sandwiching cells in the space between the two innermost semi‐permeable tubes, or hollows fibers, and creating a radial flow of media from an outer compartment (ECC), through the cell mass compartment, and to an inner compartment (ICC). The outermost compartment is created by gas‐permeable tubing, and the housing is used to oxygenate the perfusion media to periportal levels in the ECC. Experiments were performed using distilled water to correlate the radial flow rate (Qr) with (1) the pressure drop (ΔP) between the media compartments that sandwich the cell compartment and (2) the pressure in the cell compartment (Pc). These results were compared with the theoretical profile calculated based on the hydraulic permeability of the two innermost fibers. Phase–contrast velocity‐encoded magnetic resonance imaging was used to visualize directly the axial velocities inside the bioreactor and confirm the assumptions of laminar flow and zero axial velocity at the boundaries of each compartment in the bioreactor. Axial flow rates were calculated from the magnetic resonance imaging results and were similar to the measured axial flow rates for the previously described experiments. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 83–90, 2002.
Acetoclastic methanogenic activity measurement by a titration bioassay
Authors: Rozzi Alberto , Castellazzi Luca , Speece Richard E.
Published: September 2002

A titration bioassay, designed to accurately determine the activity of acetoclastic methanogens, is described that also allows evaluation of inhibition due to potential toxicants on the active biomass. The instrument is made of a pH‐stat connected to an anaerobic batch reactor. Acetate is blended and mixed with anaerobic sludge in the reactor where a 1:1 N2 and CO2 mixture is sparged at the beginning of each test. As the acetoclastic methanogens consume acetate, the pH increase, and the titration unit adds acetic acid and keeps the pH constant. The rate of titrant addition is directly proportional to the methanogenic activity. A very useful feature of the system is its potential to operate for long periods (days) at constant pH and substrate (acetate) concentration. The theoretical background and principle of operation are described as well as some of the practical problems encountered with the use of the instrument. Estimation of kinetic constants for an anaerobic culture according to the Michaelis–Menten model is presented. Examples of inhibition by inorganics (NaCl) and chlorinated solvents (chloroform) are also given. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 20–26, 2002.
Nondestructive near‐infrared spectroscopic measurement of multiple analytes in undiluted samples of serum‐based cell culture media
Authors: Rhiel Martin , Cohen Michael B. , Murhammer David W. , Arnold Mark A.
Published: September 2002

An adaptive calibration procedure is used to build selective multivariate calibration models for the measurement of glucose, lactate, glutamine, and ammonia in undiluted serum‐based cell culture media. This adaptive procedure removes metabolism‐induced covariance between these analytes in a series of calibration samples collected during the cultivation of PC‐3 human prostate cancer cells. Partial least‐squares calibration models are generated from single‐beam near‐infrared (NIR) spectra collected over the 4800‐ to 4200‐cm−1 combination spectral range. Calibration models were generated with both the full spectral range and optimized spectral ranges. In both cases, the number of model factors was optimized and model validity was determined by comparing analyte concentrations predicted from a series of independent and unaltered samples that were obtained during a subsequent cultivation of the PC‐3 cells. Similar analytical performance was achieved with fewer model factors when the optimized spectral range was used. The lowest standard errors of prediction were 0.82, 0.94, 0.55, and 0.76 mM for glucose, lactate, glutamine, and ammonia, respectively. Different spectral ranges were optimal for each analyte and the optimized spectral range coincided with the distinguishing spectral features of the analyte. The results of this study demonstrate that NIR spectroscopy can be used effectively in the off‐line measurement of important nutrients (glucose and glutamine) and byproducts (lactate and ammonia) in a serum‐based animal cell culture medium. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 73–82, 2002.
Exploitation of a library of α‐galactosidases for the synthesis of building blocks for glycopolymers
Authors: Casali Monica , Tarantini Letizia , Riva Sergio , Hunkova Zdenka , Weignerova Lenka , Kren Vladimir
Published: September 2002

After screening a library of fungal α‐galactosidases for the synthesis of functionalized alkyl α‐D‐galactopyranosides, four enzymes (isolated from Aspergillus terreus CCM55, Aspergillus commune CCM 2969, Penicillium vinaceum CCM 2384, or Penicillium brasilianum 2155) proved to be suitable for these biotransformations. The effect of different concentrations of alcohol on activity and stability of these enzymes was investigated. After optimization of the reaction conditions, three galactose derivatives (allyl, 2‐nitroethyl and 2‐(2′,2′,2′‐trifluoroacetamido)‐ethyl α‐D‐galactopyranoside, 1a, 3a, and 4a, respectively), suitable for subsequent chemical polymerization, were synthesized using either the “reverse hydrolysis” or the “transglycosylation” protocols. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77:105–110, 2002.
Regulation of cell cycle and productivity in NS0 cells by the over‐expression of p21CIP1
Authors: Watanabe Shikiko , Shuttleworth John , Al‐Rubeai Mohamed
Published: September 2002

We have constructed NS0 myeloma cell lines that inducibly express the p21CIP1 cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor, using the Lacswitch system. Ectopic p21CIP1 protein expression was rapidly induced within 12 h of addition of IPTG, causing G1‐phase arrest and almost complete inhibition of cell proliferation. The production of a chimeric IgG4 antibody, expressed constitutively from an independent promoter, was found to be significantly increased by more than 4‐fold in p21CIP1‐arrested cells. This study demonstrates for the first time the successful construction of anchorage‐independent and proliferation‐controlled NS0 cell lines with enhanced secreted chimeric antibody production independent of the inducible promoter activity used to achieve cytostasis. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 1–7, 2002.
Characterization of null mutants of the glyoxylate cycle and gluconeogenic enzymes in S. cerevisiae through metabolic network modeling verified by chemostat cultivation
Authors: Stückrath I. , Lange H. C. , Kötter P. , van Gulik W. M. , Entian K.‐D. , Heijnen J. J.
Published: September 2002

Biomass yields for several null mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were successfully predicted with a metabolic network model. Energetic parameters of the model were obtained from growth data in C‐limited aerobic chemostat cultures of the corresponding wild‐type strain, which exhibited a P/O ratio of 1.46, a non‐growth‐related maintenance of 56 mmol ATP/C‐mol biomass/h, and a growth‐related requirement of 655 mmol ATP/C‐mol biomass. Biomass yields and carbon uptake rates were modeled for different mutants incapacitated in their glyoxylate cycle and their gluconeogenesis. Biomass yields were calculated for different feed ratios of glucose to ethanol, and decreases for higher ethanol fractions were correctly predicted for mutants with deletions of the malate synthase, the isocitrate lyase, or the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. The growth of the fructose‐ 1,6‐bisphosphatase deletion mutant was anticipated less accurate, but the tendency was modeled correctly. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 61–72, 2002.
Low‐protein medium affects the 293SF central metabolism during growth and infection with adenovirus
Authors: Nadeau I. , Gilbert P. A. , Jacob D. , Perrier M. , Kamen A
Published: September 2002

In this study the metabolism of 293SF cells grown in serum‐free and low‐protein medium was analyzed. This cell line is known for its ability to replicate recombinant adenovirus, mainly used in gene tzherapy applications. A complete model composed of the main glycolytic, glutaminolytic, and amino acids pathways, as well as the internalization fluxes of certain compounds into the mitochondria, is used for metabolic flux calculations. The pentose‐phosphate cycle is also added to the biochemical reactions set and was independently measured with labeled 14C‐glucose. Different feeding strategies in two different media were analyzed with the model, and the theoretical ATP production was also calculated. The two media were similar in their glucose and amino acid composition, but one contained BSA at 1g/L whereas the other had a very low protein content. Use of low‐protein medium resulted in up to fourfold higher adenoviral vector production. In this medium, glucose utilization was more efficient, as it entered the TCA cycle more efficiently. Also, lower glutamine and amino acids consumption were observed as well as lower lactate and ammonia production. This increased TCA activity led to a twofold higher ATP production in the low‐protein medium. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 91–104, 2002.
Kinetic model for nitrogen‐limited wine fermentations
Authors: Cramer Amanda C. , Vlassides Sophocles , Block David E.
Published: September 2002

A physical and mathematical model for wine fermentation kinetics has been developed to predict sugar utilization curves based on experimental data from wine fermentations with various initial nitrogen and sugar concentrations in the juice. The model is based on: (1) yeast cell growth limited by nitrogen; (2) sugar utilization rates and ethanol production rates proportional solely to the number of viable cells; and (3) a death rate for cells proportional to alcohol content. All but one parameter in the model can be estimated from existing data. However, experiments to find this final parameter, a constant describing cell death, indicate that cell death may not be the critical factor in determining fermentation kinetics as cell viability remains significant until sugar utilization has ceased. The model, nevertheless, predicts a transition from normal to sluggish to stuck fermentations as initial nitrogen levels decrease. It also predicts that fermentations with high initial Brix levels may go to completion when supplemented with nitrogen in the form of ammonia. Therefore, we hypothesize that the model is valid but that ethanol causes the yeast cells to become inactive while remaining viable. Experimental verification of the model has been performed using flask‐scale experiments. The model has also been used to evaluate the possibility of using nitrogen or viable cell additions to avoid or correct problem (i.e., sluggish or stuck) fermentations. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 49–60, 2002.
Comparison of biooxidation with carbon dioxide assimilation during bacterial growth on ferrous ion or elemental sulfur
Authors: Lizama H. M. , Zielinski P. A. , Kerby L. D. , Abraham C. C.
Published: September 2002

Biomass and oxygen uptake activity profiles of a mixed bioleaching culture were studied and compared at various temperatures. Bacteria were grown on ferrous ion or elemental sulfur in a Micro‐Oxymax respirometer apparatus that allowed measurement of both oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide assimilation. Balanced growth was observed between 10°C and 35°C, with an optimum at 30°C, on both energy sources. No significant growth was observed at the lowest temperature used, 5°C, or at the highest temperature used, 40°C. The oxygen to carbon dioxide molar yield was 50:1 when growing on ferrous ion but only 17:1 when growing on elemental sulfur. Upon transfer from a sulfide ore to a new energy source, greater numbers in the inoculum reduced the duration of the lag phase. Lag phase duration was also reduced by proximity to the optimum growth temperature. A longer lag phase decreased the achievable growth rate of the cells exponentially, significantly affecting biooxidation activity. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 111–117, 2002.
Protein modification during anti‐viral heat‐treatment bioprocessing of factor VIII concentrates, factor IX concentrates, and model proteins in the presence of sucrose
Authors: Smales C. Mark , Pepper Duncan S. , James David C.
Published: September 2002

To ensure the optimal safety of plasma derived and new generation recombinant proteins, heat treatment is customarily applied in the manufacturing of such biopharmaceuticals as a means of viral inactivation. In subjecting proteins to anti‐viral heat‐treatment it is necessary to use high concentrations of thermostabilizing excipients to prevent protein damage, and it is therefore imperative that the correct balance between bioprocessing conditions, maintenance of protein integrity and virus kill is found. In this study we have utilized model proteins (lysozyme, fetuin, and human serum albumin) and plasma‐derived therapeutic proteins (factor VIII and factor IX) to investigate the protein modifications that occur during anti‐viral heat treatment. Specifically, we investigated the relationship between bioprocessing conditions and the type and extent of protein modification under a variety of industrially relevant wet and lyophilized heat treatments using sucrose as a thermostabilizing agent. Heat treatment led to the formation of disulfide crosslinks and aggregates in proteins containing free cysteine residues. Terminal oligosaccharide sialic acid residues were hydrolyzed from the glycan moieties of glycoproteins during anti‐viral heat treatment. Heat treatment promoted sucrose hydrolysis to yield glucose and fructose, leading, in turn, to the glycation of lysine amino groups in those proteins containing di‐lysine motifs. During extended hear treatments, 1,2‐dicarbonyl type advanced glycation end‐products were also formed. Glycation‐type modifications were more prevalent in wet heat‐treated protein formulations. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 37–48, 2002.
Why do we need children's participation? The importance of children's participation in changing the city
Authors: Tonucci Francesco , Rissotto Antonella
Published: September 2002

After examining the characteristics of the degradation of the urban environment and the costs that this entails for the child's development, in particular as far as play experience and autonomous mobility are concerned, the article goes on to discuss the role of the children's contribution to the promotion of real and consistent change in the city. The reasons underlying the recent increase in the number of experiments of children's participation are examined together with the main characteristics of this strategy as a privileged access to knowledge concerning the needs of our younger citizens and as an innovative resource in solving the city's problems. It is shown how children's participation experiences can lead to the acquisition of a fresh sensitivity and competence by city administrators and technicians. An analysis is made of several proposals made by children in the course of participation experiments followed by the authors in cities in Italy and abroad during 10 year's of activities in the ‘The Children's City’ project. These proposals confirm the children's capacity to identify the city's problems as they emerge and to propose solutions that are often innovative or useful for all members of the population. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Children's citizenship and participation models: participation in planning urban spaces and children's councils
Authors: Alparone Francesca Romana , Rissotto Antonella
Published: September 2002

Participation represents a very important strategy for the sustainable development of cities and many governments have implemented a number of initiatives with this objective in mind. Of all the forms of children's involvement in changing the city, the present work takes into account two models of children's participation: Children's Councils and Participation in Planning. Special emphasis has been put on the description of the methods followed by a number of Italian cities in carrying out these initiatives. A description is given of the positive effects on the child's personal and social development and factors are seen to be relevant to success are discussed. It is argued that it is necessary to extend the cultural debate on the political and social significance of these experiences and to put in place additional procedures guaranteeing a functional collaborative relationship among all the parties concerned. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of psychosocial and environmental factors on children's independent mobility and relationship to peer frequentation
Authors: Prezza Miretta , Pilloni Stefania , Morabito Carmela , Sersante Cinzia , Alparone Francesca Romana , Giuliani Maria Vittoria
Published: September 2002

The first aim of this study was to investigate whether demographic characteristics of children (i.e. age, sex, birth order), mothers' psychosocial characteristics (i.e. fear of crime, neighbourhood relations, sense of community, perceived risk of traffic) and environmental factors (i.e. living in a new/old neighbourhood, in a building with a condominium courtyard, near a park or in a private street) influence the independent urban mobility of 7–12‐year‐old children. The second aim was to verify whether children who are more independent meet their peers more frequently for indoor and outdoor play. A semi‐structured interview, the Italian Sense of Community Scale and a Neighbourhood Relations scale were administered to 251 mothers living in Rome. The results indicated that more independent children are older, male, live in apartment buildings with courtyards, near parks and in new neighbourhoods. Also, their mothers have more neighbourhood relations. Regarding the second aim, it emerged that children who are more independent play more often with their peers, both indoors and outdoors. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sense of community and participation in urban contexts
Authors: Colombo Monica , Mosso Cristina , De Piccoli Norma
Published: September 2002

This paper questions the conceptions found in the principal theoretical approaches developed within psychological and social sciences to the problem of community and psychological sense of community. Some core assumptions that are recurrent in the various definitions of the concept of community are discussed. From these assumptions stem the idea of community as a sort of ideal‐type of the forms that social relationships may take and as a type of social collectivity characterized by a high degree of homogeneity and similarity. With reference to urban contexts, a more encompassing definition of community is needed so that the city may be regarded both as a local community and a local society. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neapolitan youth's sense of community and the problem of unemployment
Authors: Arcidiacono Caterina , Sommantico Massimiliano , Procentese Fortuna
Published: September 2002

After a community diagnosis of Naples this paper focuses on Neapolitan youth's problems and resources in relation to unemployment. Thirty interviews with key people from the city and 15 focus groups at grass‐roots level were conducted. Data was analysed using the package QSR Nud.Ist. (Non‐numerical Unstructured Data‐Indexing Searching and Theorizing). One of the findings regards young people's strong connectedness to the city accompanied by feelings of impotence concerning their personal future and that of the community. Once the analysis had been concluded, participants and representatives of the city discussed the findings. The collected data were used for social planning at the level of institutions and associations, and served as a guide for action. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adolescents' sense of community and feeling of unsafety in the urban environment
Authors: Zani Bruna , Cicognani Elvira , Albanesi Cinzia
Published: September 2002

The purpose of this research was to explore adolescents' feeling of unsafety associated with living in the urban context, their perceptions of the quality of social relations (social support from different persons) and sense of community, and the differences according to the size of the city and adolescent gender. A second aim was to analyse the antecedents of feeling of unsafety. In particular, we considered the influence of sense of community, perception of social support and personal involvement in negative experiences in the urban environment. A questionnaire was submitted to 823 adolescents aged 14 to 19 years (43.3% male and 56.7% female), living in cities of different sizes in north‐central Italy. Results show the presence of differences in feeling of unsafety and sense of community according to the size of the urban context and adolescent gender. Personal involvement in negative situations is a strong predictor of feeling of unsafety, whereas sense of community plays a limited role in reducing it. The picture concerning the effect of social support is mixed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of melatonin on oxidative status of rat brain, liver and kidney tissues under constant light exposure
Authors: Baydaş Giyasettin , Erçel Ergul , Canatan Halit , Dönder Emir , Akyol Ali
Published: September 2002

An enormous amount of data has been published in recent years demonstrating melatonin's defensive role against toxic free radicals. In the present study, we examined the role of melatonin as an antioxidant against the effect of continuous light exposure. Rats were divided into three groups. Control rats (group A) were kept under natural conditions whereas other group of rats (group B and C) were exposed to constant light for inhibition of melatonin secretion by the pineal gland. Group C rats also received melatonin via s.c. injection (1 mg kg− 1 body weight day− 1). At the end of experiment, all animals were sacrificied by decapitation, serum and tissue samples were removed for determination of malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of lipid peroxidation, conjugated dienes levels and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activity levels. It was found that lipid peroxidation was increased in the rats which were exposed to constant light. Melatonin injection caused a decrease in lipid peroxidation, especially in the brain. In addition, melatonin application resulted in increased GSH‐Px activity, which has an antioxidant effect. Thus, melatonin is not only a direct scavenger of toxic radicals, but also stimulates the antioxidative enzyme GSH‐Px activity to detoxify hydroxyl radical produced by constant light exposure. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the self‐weighted alternating trilinear decomposition algorithm—the property of being insensitive to excess factors used in calculation
Authors: Chen Zeng‐Ping , Wu Hai‐Long , Yu Ru‐Qin
Published: September 2002

PARAFAC is well known as an iterative trilinear decomposition method. In practice, an accurate estimation of the number of underlying factors is required; otherwise it is difficult to guarantee the chemical meaning of the results obtained. The absence of a versatile chemometric method for factor estimation has often caused problems for analysts. With the advent of ATLD followed by SWATLD, the above relatively strict constraint can be relaxed. Experiments have shown that the profiles of the underlying factors can be extracted by ATLD (Wu et al., J. Chemometrics 1998; 12: 1) and SWATLD (Chen et al., Chemometrics Intell. Lab. Syst. 2000; 52: 75) as long as the number of factors used in calculation is no less than the number of actual factors. In other words, an overestimation of the number of factors will not affect the obtainment of chemically meaningful results by SWATLD and ATLD. In this paper the authors provide some simple mathematical explanations of this valuable property of SWATLD. Along with these explanations, some other properties of SWATLD as well as some guidelines for designing new trilinear decomposition methods are also discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Target transform fitting: a new method for the non‐linear fitting of multivariate data with separable parameters
Authors: Jandanklang Porn , Maeder Marcel , Whitson Andrew C.
Published: September 2002

Data fitting is an important technique in chemistry. The number of parameters to be fitted is a most significant aspect: the larger the number, the more difficult the task. A unique combination of target factor analysis with non‐linear data fitting can result in complete or partial separation of the parameters, which can then be fitted independently. Thus, instead of one multiparameter fit, several fits are performed with only one or a few parameters. The procedure can also support model development. Applications in kinetics and chromatography are presented. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The PLS multivariate regression model: testing the significance of successive PLS components
Authors: Lazraq Aziz , Cléroux Robert
Published: September 2002

In this paper we write the PLS multivariate regression model in terms of a redundancy index and obtain some properties of the successive PLS components. We study their significance in the model and build tests of hypotheses to this effect. A stopping rule is given to obtain the right number of PLS components, and a numerical measure is defined to assess the overall quality of the PLS regression. Finally, an algorithm is given explicitly as it was coded in S‐Plus and is applied in some chosen examples. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved calculation of the net analyte signal in inverse multivariate calibration
Authors: Ferré Joan , Brown Steven D. , Rius F. Xavier
Published: September 2002

The net analyte signal (NAS) is the part of the measured signal that a calibration model relates to the property of interest (e.g. analyte concentration). Accurate values of the NAS are required in multivariate calibration to calculate analytical figures of merit such as sensitivity, selectivity, signal‐to‐noise ratio and limit of detection. This paper presents an improved version of the calculation method for the NAS in inverse models proposed by Lorber et al. (Anal. Chem. 1997; 69: 1620). Model coefficients and predictions calculated with the improved NAS are the same as those from the common equations of principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares (PLS) regression. The necessary alterations to the calculations of sensitivity, selectivity and the pseudounivariate presentation of the model are also provided. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design and Analysis in Chemical Research, R. L. Tranter (ed.), Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield, 2000, 558 pp, ISBN 1‐85075‐994‐4, $95·00
Authors: Heberger Karoly
Published: September 2002

Another book on chemometrics has appeared, and it is a good one! This is a multiauthored book, Volume 3 in the Sheffield Analytical Chemistry Series, edited by Roy Tranter. The chapters are written by experts in the respective fields. A short overview of the content of the chapters follows.
Deflation in multiblock PLS
Authors: Westerhuis Johan A. , Smilde Age K.
Published: September 2002

This paper describes some of the deflation problems in multiblock PLS. Deflation of X using block scores leads to inferior prediction of Y. Deflation of X using super scores gives the same predictions as standard PLS with all variables in one large X‐block, but the information of the separate blocks gets mixed up owing to the deflation of X. If Y is deflated using the super score instead, these problems disappear. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.