bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Chronic Toxicity of Bemitradine, a Diuretic in Rats
Authors: Chengelis Christopher P. , Levin Stuart , Burton Earl , Gad Shayne C.
Published: November 2007

Bemitradine, a triazolopyrimidine diuretic, was given by gavage to Sprague-Dawley rats at dosages of 0 (control), 10, 50, 220 (30/sex/dosage), and 1000 mg/kg/day (40/sex/dosage) for 52 weeks. Bemitradine-related deaths occurred only at 220 and 1000 mg/kg. There were significant decreases in body weight gain in both sexes at 50 mg/kg and higher. In contrast, there were consistent and often significant increases in feed consumption in both sexes at 220 and 1000 mg/kg. Significant bemitradine-related increases in liver weights (absolute and relative) occurred at 220 and 1000 mg/kg. Salivary gland weights (absolute and relative) were also increased at 50 mg/kg and higher. Increased salivation frequently occurred at 220 and 1000 mg/kg. Microscopically, the heart was the main target organ. Acute and chronic myocardial necrosis and inflammation were evident at 220 and 1000 mg/kg. Pericarditis also was present at the higher dosage. Myocardial necrosis often was accompanied by adrenal medullary necrosis and degeneration. Other target organs included the mesenteric arteries (hypertrophy and inflammation at 1000 mg/kg) and the liver (centrilobular hypertrophy, necrosis and nodules or adenomas at 220 and 1000 mg/kg). Hence, the threshold dosage for toxicity was between 50 and 220 mg/kg, corresponding to plasma concentrations of approximately 17 to 36 μg/mL for total bemitradine and desethylbemitradine (the main metabolite). This combination of cardiac, hepatic, arterial, adrenal, and salivary effects represents an unusual spectrum of toxicity in rats. The toxicity observed does not appear to be an extension of pharmacologic action but may be more related to chemical class.
The Effect of Molybdenum Depletion of Sulfite Oxidase, Cytochrome P-450, and Carbon Disulfide-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats
Authors: Chengelis Christopher P.
Published: November 2007

The potential involvement of sulfite, an obligatory intermediate in the metabolism of carbon disulfide (CS2) to sulfate, in CS2-induced hepatotoxicity in phenobarbital-pretreated rats was investigated. The activity of mitochondrial sulfite oxidase, which is the primary route for the oxidation of sulfite to sulfate, was decreased 78% by a regimen consisting of a low molybdenum diet and drinking water supplemented with tungstate. These rats also had 30% less cytochrome P-450 than those maintained on the control regimen. The dietary regimen did not enhance CS2-induced toxicity but, rather, provided some degree of protection, which was probably due to the decreased amount of cytochrome P-450. Hence, sulfite does not appear to be involved in CS2-induced hepatotoxicity in the rat.
Subchronic Studies of Tripelennamine in Fischer 344 Rats
Authors: Jackson Carlton D. , Blackwell Boon-Nam
Published: November 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the subchronic toxicity of the antihistamine tripelennamine and to allow selection of appropriate doses for chronic studies. Male and female Fischer 344 rats were administered tripelennamine hydrochloride in the feed at dose levels of 0, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, and 6000 ppm (as the free amine) for 14 days or at dose levels of 0, 150, 300, 600, 1200, and 2400 ppm for 90 days. In the 14-day study, all of the animals in the 6000 ppm groups died. All others survived until killed. Final body weights of treated groups were reduced from 3% to 25%. Cytoplasmic vacuolization of the liver was observed. In the 90-day study, a dose-dependent reduction in body weight gain was produced by tripelennamine, with a 10% reduction in final body weight occurring between 300 and 600 ppm. Reductions in various organ weights were found to be correlated with reduced final body weights. Tripelennamine produced cytoplasmic vacuolization or fatty change in the liver, cytomegaly and granular basophilic cytoplasm in the parotid salivary gland, and vacuolar degeneration of the bronchial epithelium of the lung. Based on the results of this study, it was determined that 400 ppm tripelennamine administered ad libitum in the feed to both male and female Fischer 344 rats would be an appropriate highest dose for a 2-year carcinogenicity study.
Preliminary Studies on Bemitradine-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Female Rats
Authors: Levin S. , Semler D. , Gad S. , Burton E. , Walsh G. , Costello A. , Chengelis C. P.
Published: November 2007

The mechanism of bemitradine (SC-33643) cardiotoxicity in female rats was investigated in the set of preliminary experiments reported here. Specifically, the involvement of bemitradine metabolites and the potential role of adrenal epinephrine release were examined. Desethylbemi-tradine (the primary metabolite of bemitradine) was shown to be cardiotoxic at oral dosages greater than 300 mg/kg for 7 days. In a separate experiment, a major metabolite (bemitradine glycol) unique to the rat was not cardiotoxic at dosages up to 600 mg/kg for 7 days. Treatment of rats with SKF 525-A enhanced the lethality and the cardiotoxicity of bemitradine. In contrast, prior treatments of rats with phenobarbital resulted in decreased cardiotoxicity of both bemitradine and desethylbemitradine (a bemitradine metabolite presumably further metabolized by the microsomal mixed function oxidases). In other independent experiments, bemitradine-induced cardiotoxicity was shown to be accompanied by adrenal damage and decreases in adrenal epinephrine. Propranolol (a β-antagonist) treatment protected rats against cardiotoxicity. Bemitradine also had a direct effect on the heart, as evidenced in an experiment in which bemitradine caused dose-related increases in the T-wave of the rat ECG complex. These data suggest that (1) both bemitradine and desethylbemitradine may be responsible for the cardiotoxicity, and the other downstream metabolites are not and (2) cardiotoxicity may be due to the combination of direct effects of bemitradine on the rat heart and the bemitradine-mediated release of adrenal epinephrine (a known cardiotoxin at high circulating levels).
Toxicologic Evaluation of Cellulon™ Fiber; Genotoxicity, Pyrogenicity, Acute and Subchronic Toxicity
Authors: Schmitt Donald F. , Frankos Vasilios H. , Westland John , Zoetis Tracey
Published: November 2007

CellulonTM fiber, a cellulose produced by a bacterial fermentation process employing a strain of Acetobacter aceti subsp. xylinum, was tested for genotoxicity in four assays: (1) microbial reverse mutation assay in Salmonella typhimurium (Ames assay), (2) an assay for chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, (3) an assay for induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in rat primary hepatocytes, and (4) the CHO/HGPRT forward mutation assay. Each assay was conducted at a wide range of dose levels, both with and without metabolic activation (assay 1, 2, and 4). Test results gave no indication that Cellulon fiber possessed any genotoxic potential. The pyrogenicity of five batches of Cellulon fiber was tested in the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate assay, gel-clot method. Test results were negative for the presence of gram-negative bacterial endotoxin. The primary eye and dermal irritation potential of Cellulon fiber were examined in New Zealand White rabbits. The Draize method was employed to evaluate and grade ocular and dermal irritation as a result of test material administration. Test results indicated that Cellulon fiber is a minor ocular irritant up to 1 hour postadministration. However, the resultant irritation was considered to be mechanical and related to the dry, granular form of the test material. In addition, test results indicated that Cellulon fiber is not a dermal irritant in the rabbit. The acute oral toxicity of Cellulon fiber was determined in Sprague-Dawley rats, and the LD50 was found to be greater than 2000 mg/kg of body weight. The subchronic toxicity of Cellulon fiber was examined in Sprague-Dawley rats fed diets containing 0, 5, and 10% Cellulon fiber or microcrystalline cellulose for 13 weeks. No dose-related effects on survival, growth, hematology, blood chemistry, organ weights, or pathologic lesions were observed. The results of these studies indicate that Cellulon fiber and microcrystalline cellulose are toxicologically equivalent and that Cellulon fiber does not possess genotoxic potential, is nonpyrogenic, and that animals are not adversely affected by acute or subchronic exposure to Cellulon fiber.
A Retrospective Appraisal of the Ability of Animal Tests To Predict Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity in Humans
Authors: Marks Thomas A.
Published: November 2007

The reproductive and developmental toxicology areas have undergone numerous changes in the 30 years since the thalidomide tragedy. It would be comforting if such changes have resulted in a greatly decreased likelihood that human conceptuses will develop malformations. However, there is little evidence that such testing has better enabled us to identify human reproductive or developmental toxicants. Although there may be justification for performing animal testing on drugs and pesticides, a simple acute toxicity test may be just as predictive as currently employed reproductive and developmental toxicity tests for other synthetic chemicals. Support for this premise is provided by comparing available acute toxicity information on many compounds, identified as (potential) human developmental or reproductive toxicants, with their respective likely human threshold doses. Acute LD50 values of other potential human reproductive or developmental toxicants, not documented as being a threat to humans, also were compared with their time-weighted averages or their lowest teratogenic dose in the same species. The data generated support the premise that most reproductive or developmental toxicants are a potential threat to humans only if exposure levels approach those that are lethal in the rat or mouse. In contrast, unequivocal evidence of developmental toxicity for drugs, such as thalidomide and isotretinoin, to which the human embryo is highly sensitive, were not apparent in the screens used now for routine developmental toxicology testing. Thus, requirements that all chemicals be tested for reproductive and developmental toxicity should await the development of testing methodology capable of better assessing human risk.
Behavioral Evaluations in Reproductive Safety Assessments
Authors: Lochry Elizabeth A. , Christian Mildred S.
Published: November 2007

Since 1974, behavioral tests have been a required component of developmental toxicity studies submitted to certain regulatory agencies. Behavioral test batteries are now widely used in industry to satisfy the international regulatory guidelines for safety assessments, but the choice of the most appropriate study design(s) in which to include these tests varies. We present data for 12 pharmaceutical agents tested in two or more of 28 Segment I, II, and/or III studies. The lowest observable effect levels (LOELs) in these studies indicate that behavioral effects can occur in each study design (regardless of exposure period), and no one design is necessarily more likely to produce a behavioral effect than any other. However, in determining the most appropriate study design in which to include behavioral testing, other considerations (e.g., pharmacokinetics, dosage levels tested) are important factors. A study design suggested by a group of international scientists proposing to harmonize guidelines for pharmaceutical safety testing appears to offer the optimal study design for testing behavioral effects. This study design combines the exposure periods of the existing Segment II and III studies, with specialized behavioral safety designs conducted on an as needed, case-by-case basis to identify dose-response relationships, critical periods, the full manifestation of effects. This proposed study design and general approach are identified as the most appropriate method of evaluating behavioral effects in regulatory safety assessments.
Oncogenicity Study of Acrolein in Mice
Authors: Parent Richard A. , Caravello Halina E. , Long James E.
Published: November 2007

Five hundred seventy CD-1 mice were divided equally by gender and assigned to three groups of 70 per gender and one group of 75 per gender. The first three groups were dosed via oral intubation at 0, 0.5, and 2.0 mg/kg/day while the larger groups were dosed at 4.5 mg/kg/day. Observations were made twice daily and blood smears taken at 12 and 18 months. All animals were sacrificed at 18 months; organs were weighed and examined grossly and microscopically. Treated animals showed decreased body weight gain and male mice demonstrated increased mortality, particularly at the high-dose level. Gross and microscopic lesions were not obviously dose dependent. In this study, acrolein was not shown to have oncogenic properties.
Screening for Developmental Neurotoxicity: Approaches and Controversy
Authors: Driscoll Cynthia D.
Published: November 2007

The potential of chemicals to cause developmental neurotoxicity has generated considerable interest in recent years. The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has published a general guideline for developmental neurotoxicity testing. The guidelines reflect discussions and input from scientists representing academia, industry, and regulatory sectors. While consensus has not been achieved on a number of parametric and semantic details, the guidelines provide a starting point for establishing a standard protocol for assessing the potential effects of perinatal chemical exposure on the integrity of the nervous system. The EPA guideline will be outlined and issues which remain somewhat controversial will be discussed (e.g., definitions, screening versus characterization, criteria for selecting chemicals for testing, dose selection criteria, exposure period, and data interpretation). In addition, alternative approaches for generating developmental neurotoxicity screening data will be reviewed.
Caprenin 1. Digestion, Absorption, and Rearrangement in Thoracic Duct-Cannulated Rats
Authors: Webb D. R. , Sanders R. A.
Published: November 2007

Caprenin (CAP) is a triglyceride that primarily contains caprylic (C8:0), capric (C10:0), and behenic (C22:0) acids. This study was undertaken to determine whether or not CAP is qualitatively digested, absorbed, and rearranged like other dietary fats and oils that contain these medium-chain and very long-chain fatty acids. In vitro results showed that neat CAP, coconut oil (CO) and peanut oil (PO) were hydrolyzed by porcine pancreatic lipase. All of the neat triglycerides also were digested in vivo by both male and female rats. This was shown by the recovery of significantly more extractable lymphatic fat than with fat-free control animals and by the recovery of orally administered triglyceride-derived fatty acids in lymph triglycerides. However, substantially more PO (74%) and CO (51%) were recovered in lymph relative to CAP (10%). These quantitative differences are consistent with the fatty acid composition of each triglyceride and primary routes of fatty acid uptake. The 24-h lymphatic recovery of CAP-derived C8:0, C10:0, and C22:0 averaged 3.9%, 17.8%, and 11.2%, respectively, for male and female rats. The C8:0 and C10:0 results approximated those obtained with CO (2.0% and 16.3%, respectively). In contrast, the 24-h absorbability of C22:0 in CAP was significantly less than that seen in PO (55.4%). Finally, there was no evidence of significant rearrangement of the positions of fatty acids on glycerol during digestion and absorption. Those fatty acids recovered in lymphatic fat tended to occupy the same glyceride positions that they did in the neat administered oils. However, the lymph fats recovered from all animals dosed with fat emulsions were enriched with endogenous lymph fatty acids. It is concluded that CAP is qualitatively digested, absorbed, and processed like any dietary fat or oil that contains medium-chain and very long-chain fatty acids.
Caprenin 3. Absorption and Caloric Value in Adult Humans
Authors: Peters J. C. , Holcombe B. N. , Fuller L. K. , Webb D. R.
Published: November 2007

Caprenin is a triglyceride that contains primarily caprylic (C8:0), capric (C10:0), and behenic (C22:0) acids and modest amounts of arachidic (C20:0) and lignoceric (C24:0) acids. Using the fat-balance technique, the absorption of C20:0, C22:0, and C24:0 was measured in 20 healthy adult men and women aged 20–60 years consuming a chocolate-flavored caprenin confection. The absorption values for these very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) were determined based on measurements of their dietary intake and fecal excretion during a 5-day treatment period and a 7-day posttreatment washout period after correcting for baseline excretion of VLCFAs. Each subject consumed 4.7 g C20:0, 52.8 g C22:0, and 0.84 g C24:0 from the test confection during the treatment. Absorption averaged 41.6% ± 3.6% (SEM) for C20:0, 28.8% ± 4.4% for C22:0, and 14.8% ± 3.9% for C24:0. Using a modification of the Atwater method, the physiological fuel value (caloric value) of caprenin was then calculated. This modified method takes into account the partial absorption of VLCFAs and the heat loss due to the metabolism of the medium-chain fatty acids C8:0 and C10:0. The results of this study demonstrate that the caloric value of caprenin is 5 kcal/g compared to the value of 9 kcal/g for other dietary triglycerides.
Practical Quality Improvement Applied to Toxicology Studies
Authors: Waddell A. W.
Published: November 2007

Elements that are required for regulatory compliance can be used as powerful resources to achieve quality improvement. One such approach, using the output from a Good Laboratory Practice quality assurance program, is described and has produced marked improvements in the conduct and reporting of toxicology studies. The cost effectiveness of quality assurance programs under such circumstances is discussed.
Improving the Study Process: Reviewing Problems and Making Improvements
Authors: Goeke Jane E.
Published: November 2007

The process for implementing Total Quality is circular. It involves planning, execution of the plan, evaluation of how well the plan worked, the incorporation of improved processes into the new plan, and so on. In an ideal quality world, problems in the conduct of any toxicology study would always be identified and evaluated at the end of a study. At this time, the quality of the study could be evaluated in a relaxed and reflective manner through such measures as the number and nature of protocol amendments required, the number of raw data edits required, the time required by the QAU to inspect and audit all aspects of the study, the sponsor's review comments, and whether or not the project was successfully incorporated into an NDA or other regulatory package. Improvements in process could be discussed in detail with all team members, and staff could be thoroughly educated in the new approaches before a new study commenced. In the real world of regulated toxicology research, it is necessary to evaluate study quality on an ongoing basis and to incorporate improvements in the study process in a piecemeal fashion while meeting all other study requirements and timelines. Thus, improving the study process is a more complicated undertaking than the total quality cycle would suggest. It must occur both during and at the conclusion of a study.
Vocalisations before and after cleft palate surgery: A pilot study
Authors: Grunwell Pamela , Russell Jane
Published: November 2007

This study investigated the effects of palatal surgery on the pre‐speech vocalisations of clef t palate children. The aims of the study were to determine if, and for how long, the operation influenced the child's vocalisations, to establish a data collection protocol and to evaluate the analytical framework devised to classify the vocalisations. Audio recordings were made prior to, and at regular intervals following, the operation to repair the palate. The vocalisations were transcribed phonetically and classified using an auditory phonetic framework. A computer progam was used to identify single units of vocalisation and to measure durational aspects of the children's vocalisations. The results indicate that the operation had an appreciable effect on the children's vocalisations for a limited time. The method of data collection proved to be practicable. It is also demonstrated that the analytical techniques employed provided appropriate quantitative and descriptive classification systems for pre‐speech vocalisations.
Stuttering children: Investigation of a stereotype
Authors: Horsley Irmgarde A. , Fitzgibbon Carol T.
Published: November 2007

Previous reports have indicated the presence of a largely negative stereotype of the ‘stuttering personality’. To determine whether such a stereotype extended to young children of both sexes who stutter, clinicians, student clinicians and teachers were asked to rate eight hypothetical constructs on 25 bipolar rating scales used in previous research. The stereotype was found to exist, particularly for school‐age stuttering boys, and was in agreement with previous reports. There were some differences in the strength of the reported stereotype, depending on age and sex of the construct, and differences were also reflected in the beliefs reported by student clinicians at different stages in their course. The strength of the stereotype appeared to be unaffected by exposure to stuttering individuals. Possible explanations of the origins and maintenance of the stereotype are considered.
Psychogenic voice disorder unresponsive to speech therapy: Psychological characteristics and cognitive‐behaviour therapy
Authors: Butcher Peter , Elias Annie , Raven Ruth , Yeatman Jenny , Littlejohns David
Published: November 2007

An exploration was undertaken of the psychological characteristics of 19 patients with psychogenic voice disorders who failed to respond to standard methods of speech therapy. Excessive anxiety, musculoskeletal tension and difficulties in expressing feelings or being assertive were common, usually associated with unsatisfactory interpersonal relationships, especially with members of the family. Fifteen were offered psychological therapy, 14 being offered joint therapy with a speech therapist and a psychologist employing a cognitive‐behavioural approach. Of the 12 who participated in the co‐therapy programme, six improved both in their voice and psychosocial adjustment.
Laryngograph: Speech pattern element tools for therapy, training and assessment
Authors: Fourcin Adrian , Abberton Evelyn , Miller David , Howells David
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTS

The clinically based, real‐time analysis of speech into physically definable elements, which are of direct perceptual and productive importance, has become more readily possible in recent years as the result of microprocessor developments. The combination of the acoustic signal of speech derived from a microphone together with the accompanying Laryngograph signal provides the basis for a highly reliable set of facilities. The paper describes methods and results for the analysis of voice, frication and timbre for both quantitative analysis and teaching and therapy using interactive visual displays. A brief discussion is given of links to work in stroboscopy, electropalatography and the associated use of additional sensors. Finally reference is made to a complete clinical work station combining these different facilities together with the quantitative analytical procedures of the speech pattern audiometer.

Gråce aux progrès accomplis en matière de microordinateurs il est dèsormais plus facile d'analyser cliniquement, et en temps réel, la parole selon des éléments qui sont définissables physiquement et immédiatement importants du point de vue perceptif et productif. La combinaison du signal acoustique de la parole tiré d'un microphone, avec le signal du Laryngographe qui l'accompagne, fournit la base d'un ensemble de possibilités extre̊mement fiable. Cet article décrit certaines méthodes et résultats pour l'analyse de la voix, des frictions et du timbre. Il s'agit d'analyses tant quantitatives que destinées à l'enseignement et l'orthophonie qui utilisent des représentations visuelles interactives. L'on discute brièvement les liens avec le travail en stroboscopie, en électropalatographie et l'usage associé de senseurs supplémentaires. Finalement l'on évoque une station de travail clinique complète qui combinerait ces différents équipements avec les procédures analytiques quantitatives de l'audiomètre de type de parole.

Die klinikbasierte Echzeitanalyse von gesprochener Sprache in ihrer physikalisch definierten Elementen, die perzeptuell und produktionsmä***ßig relevant sind, ist durch die Entwicklung von Mikroprozessoren in den letzten Jahren zunehmend möglich geworden. Die Kombination des durch das Mikrofon gewonnene akustische Sprachsignal mit dem Laryngographensignal schafft die Basis für sehr zuverlässige Untersuchungsmöglichkeiten. Methoden und Ergebnisse der Analyse von Stimme, Frikativrauschen und Sonarantenfärbung werden beschreiben. Sie sind bei quantitativer Analyse, im Unterricht und bei der Therapie mit interaktiven visuellen Displays einsetzbar. Eine kurze Diskussion zeigt die Verbindung zur Stroboskopie, zur Elektropalatographie und zur gleichzeitigen Verwendung anderer Sensoren. Schlie***ßlich wird auf eine komplette klinische Arbeitsstation hingewiesen, die diese Möglichkeiten mit den quantitativ analytischen Prozessen eines Sprach‐musteraudiometers verbindet.
Variation in vocal fold vibration during voiced obstruents in Russian
Authors: Barry Susan M. E.
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTS

A laryngographic analysis was carried out of vocal fold vibration produced during the supraglottal constriction for fricatives and stops. The subjects were a group of Russian speakers with normal voice production. Differences in vocal fold behaviour within this group of normal speakers were investigated. Changes in vocal fold vibration occurring during voiced fricatives and stops were evident from the Laryngograph waveform. Interpretation of the Ix waveform patterns suggests that partial opening of the vocal folds through the vibratory cycle may occur in some tokens. The evidence for this particular vocal fold behaviour remains inconclusive, however. Variations in vibratory patterns were found both between speakers and between utterances from individual speakers.

Une analyse laryngographique a été faite des vibrations des cordes vocales produites lors de la constriction supraglottale des fricatives et occlusives. Les sujets étaient un groupe de russophones à la production vocale normale. L'on a examiné les différences dans le comportement des cordes vocales au sein de ce groupe. Les courbes laryngographiques ont révélé des changements de vibrations des cordes vocales se produisant lors des fricatives et occlusives voisées. L'interprétation des caractéristiques des courbes Lx suggère qu'une ouverture partielle des cordes vocales lors du cycle vibratoire peut se produire dans certains cas. Cependant il manque des preuves formelles de ce comportement des cordes vocales. L'on a remarqué des variations des types de vibrations entre locuteurs, mais aussi entre de phrase à phrase chez un me̊me locuteur.

Es wurde eine laryngographische Analyse der Stimmlippenschwingungen während der supraglottalen Konstriktionen von Frikativen und Plosiven durchgeführt. Versuchspersonen waren eine Gruppe von Russischsprechern ohne Stimmstörungen. Unterschiede im Stimmlippenverhalten innerhalb der Gruppe wurden untersucht. Veränderungen in den Schwingungen während stimmhafter Frikative und Plosive waren an der Form des Lx‐Signals zu erkennen. Sie lie***ßen vermuten, da***β in einigen Fällen eine Teilöffnung der Stimmlippen durch die ganze Schwingungsperiode hindurch vorhanden sei, obgleich für eine definitive Schlu***ßfolgerung die Evidenz zu unsicher war. Variation in der Schwingungsform wurde sowohl zwischen Sprechern als auch zwischen verschiedenen Äu***ßerungen desselben Sprechers festgestellt.
Co‐articulatory variability and articulatory–acoustic correlations for consonants
Authors: Recasens Daniel , Pallarès Maria Dolors , Fontdevila Jordi
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTS

This paper is an investigation of articulatory‐acoustic correlations for consonants differing in degree of articulatory constraint. Data on F2 and on dorsopalatal contact (electropalatographic, EPG) were collected for the sequences /iCi/ and /aC∫ / with seven Catalan consonants differing in place and manner of articulation (velarised /***I/, /n/, /∫/, /s/, /∫/, /∫/, /p/). These consonants are characterised by different degrees of tongue dorsum constraint depending on their production requirements (dorsals > non‐dorsals, fricatives > non‐fricatives, etc.). The results showed an inverse relationship between vowel‐dependent co‐articulation and the degree of consonant‐dependent articulatory constraint. F2 and dorsopalatal contact size were found to be positively correlated across consonants and speakers, and across consonants for each individual speaker. Correlation values were much lower for each consonant across speakers. These findings are discussed in the light of the acoustic theory of speech production and possible clinical applications are suggested.

L'on a recueilli des données sur la F2 et le contact dorso‐palatal, pour les séquences [iCi] et [aC∫] de sept consonnes catalanes qui diffèrent par le lieu et le mode d'articulation ([l], [n], [∫], [s], [∫], [k], [p]). Ces consonnes se caractèrisent par différents degrés de constriction du dorsum de la langue, selon leurs nécessités de production (dorsales > non dorsales, fricatives > non fricatives, etc.). Les résultats révèlent une relation inverse entre la coarticulation dépendant de la voyelle et le degré de constriction articulatoire de la consonne. La F2 et le contact dorso‐palatal sont de manière générale en corrélation positive pour les consonnes et les locuteurs, et pour chaque locuteur si on passe en revue toutes les consonnes; par contre les valeurs de corrélation sont beaucoup plus faibles si pour chaque consonne on passe en revue tous les locuteurs.

F2 und dorso‐palatale Kontaktdaten wurden für die Folgen /iCi/ und /aC∫/ erhoben. Für wurden 7 katalanische Konsonanten unterschiedlicher Artikilationsart und ‐stelle /∫/, /n/, /∫/, /s/, /∫/, /∫/ /k/, /p/) verwendet. Diese Konsonanten werden durch verschiedene Grade der Zungenrückeneinschränkung gemä***β ihrer Produktionsanforderungen charakterisiert (dorsal > nichtdorsal; Frikativ > Nichtfrikativ, usw). Die Ergebnisse zeigen ein inverses Verhältnis zwischen vokalabhängiger Koartikulation und dem Grad der artikulatorischen Einschränkung bei den Konsonanten. F2 und dorso‐palater Kontakt zeigen eine positive Korrelation über Konsonanten und Sprecher und über die Konsonanten bei einzelnen Sprechern; die Korrelationswerte über die Sprecher bei einzelnen Konsonanten sind viel niedriger.
An electropalatographic analysis of stutterers' speech
Authors: Wood S. E.
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTS

Electropalatography (EPG) was used to investigate tongue–palate contacts from three adult stutterers during fluent and dysfluent speech and the results compared with normative data. Recordings were made of 22 read sentences, a reading passage and a conversational sample. The results showed that the lingual/palatal contacts of some phonemes during periods of stutterers' fluent speech consistently differed from that of the non‐stutterers. Furthermore, stutterers produced greater intrasubject articulatory variability. Finally, during successive repetitions, the EPG patterns often became less similar to the target (or ‘normal’) configuration.

L'électropalatographie a été utilisée pour étudier les contacts langue‐palais lors d'élocutions courante et perturbée, chez trois adultes souffrant de bégaiement et les résultats ont été comparés aux données normatives. L'on a procédé à des enregistrements de vingt‐deux phrases lues, d'un passage de lecture et d'un échantillon de conversation. Les résultats ont montré que pendant les périodes d'élocution courante, chez les bègues les contacts langue‐palais de certains phonèmes différaient de façon consistante de ceux des non bègues. De plus les bègues révèlaient une plus grande variabilité articulatoire chez le mème individu. Enfin, au cours de répétitions successives, les modèles électropalatographiques devenaient souvent moins semblables à la configuration cible (ou ‘normale’).

Die Elektropalatographie (EPG) wurde verwendet, um die Zungen‐Gaumenkontakte bei drei erwachsenen Stotterern während flie***ßender und zögernder Produktion zu untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit normativen Daten verglichen. Zweiundzwanzig gelesene Sätze, ein Lesetext und eine Konversationsprobe wurden aufgezeichnet. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, da***β sich die linguo‐palatalen Kontakte einiger Laute während der flie***ßenden Rede der Stotterer konsistent von denen der Nicht‐Stotterer unterschieden. Weiter zeigten Stotterer grö***ßere Intrasprechervariabilität. Schlie***ßlich entfernten sich bei wiederholter Artikulation die EPG‐Muster zunehmand von der ‘normalen’ Zielkonfiguration.
III: EPG in Therapy Using electropalatography to treat severe acquired apraxia of speech
Authors: Howard Sara , Varley Rosemary
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTS

This paper reports on the use of electropalatography (EPG) in the treatment of a patient with severe acquired apraxia of speech. At 2 years post‐onset and after a period of conventional speech and language therapy, the patient, AD, presented with severe speech production problems affecting articulation, phonation and resonance. Treatment using EPG is described and both the patient's progress and his continued limitations are outlined. EPG provided a valuable form of visual feedback for the patient and revealed and clarified aspects of oral movements for speech and non‐speech activity which had been difficult to capture via auditory perception.

L'article rend compte de l'usage de l'électropalatographie (EPG) lors du traitement d'un patient souffrant d'une grave apraxie acquise du langage. Deux ans après l'apparition des symptomes et postèrieurement à une thérapie conventionnelle du langage, le patient, AD, révélait de graves problèmes de production affectant l'articulation, la phonation et la résonance. L'on décrit un traitement faisant appel à l'EPG, ainsi que les progrès du patient, mais aussi la persistance des limites de son progrès. L'EPG a fourni au patient une forme utile d'information en retour sous forme visuelle et a révélé et clarifié certains aspects de mouvements oraux pour des activités langagières et non langagières, qui avaient été difficiles à définir par le canal de la perception auditive.

Dieser Beitrag berichtet vom Einsatz der Elektropalatographie (EPG) bei der Behandlung eines Patienten mit schwerer erworbener sprachlicher Dyspraxie. Zwei Jahre nach Beginn der Dyspraxie und nach einer Periode konventioneller Sprachtherapie zeigte der Patient, AD, schwere Probleme der Sprachproduktion, die die Artikulation, die Phonation und die Resonanz beeinträchtigten. Die EPG‐Behandlung wird beschrieben und sowohl die Fortschritte als auch die verbleibenden Schwierigkeiter werden dargestellt. Die EPG bot eine wertvolle Form der visuellen Rückkopplung für den Patienten, die eine Klärung von Aspekten der oralen Sprechbewegungen und der nicht‐sprachlichen Aktivität ermöglichte, die über den auditiven Kanal schwer zugänglich waren.
EPG treatment of a child with the Worster‐Drought syndrome
Authors: MorganBarry R. A.
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTS

This report of a case study of an unusual child aims to set the use of electropalatography (EPG) within the wider context of general communication therapy. It concerns a child of 12 years, diagnosed as having congenital suprabulbar paresis (Worster‐Drought syndrome) who presents with severe developmental dysarthria; his speech is unintelligible, with hypernasality and glottalised articulation. His baseline EPG assessment patterns show minimal tongue‐to‐palate contact for all lingual obstruents, although he can demonstrate some tongue movement for non‐speech skills, and has a slow but near normal swallow pattern. EPG therapy was used for tongue movements, but was adversely affected by his velopharyngeal insufficiency.

Ce rapport de l'étude d'un cas inhabituel d'un enfant a pour but de placer l'utilisation de l'électropalatographie dans le cadre plus vaste de la thérapie générale de la communication. Il s'agit d'un garçon de 12 ans chez qui on a diagnostiqué une parésis supra‐bulbaire congénitale (Syndrome de Worster‐Drought) et qui présente une grave dysarthrie de croissance; son élocution est inintelligible, avec hypernasalité et articulation glottalisée. Ses types de base d'évaluations électropalatographiques montrent l'existence d'un contact minime entre la langue et le palais pour toutes les obstruantes linguales, bien qu'il puisse révéler une certaine mobilité de la langue pour les activités non langagières et qu'il ait un type de déglutition lent mais quasi normal. L'on a fait appel à une thérapie électropalatographique pour ses mouvements de la langue, mais elle a été sévèrement limitée par son insuffisance vélo‐pharyngale.

Dieser Bericht über ein ungewöhnliches Kind soll die Verwendung der Elektropalatographie (EPG) in den breiteren Rahmen der allgemeinen Kommunikationstherapie setzen. Er handelt von einem 12‐jährigen Kind mit der Diagnose suprabulbare Parese (Worster‐Drought Syndrom), das schwere Entwicklungsdysarthrie aufweist; seine Sprache ist unverständlich, mit Hypernasalität und glottalisierter Artikulation. Seine EPG Basisbewertung zeigt minimalen Zungen‐Gaumenkontakt für alle lingualen Obstruenten, obwohl er etwas Zungenbewegung bei nichtsprachlichen Aufgaben zeigt und eine langsame jedoch fast normale Schluckbewegung hat. EPG‐Therapie wurde für die Zungenbewegungen eingesetzt, wurde jedoch von seiner velopharyngalen Insuffizienz beeinträchtigt.
Drawing to communicate: a case report of an adult with global aphasia
Authors: Ward‐Lonergan Jeannene M. , Nicholas Marjorie
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTS

Treatment for adults with global aphasia has typically involved the use of verbal treatment methods or alternative communication techniques including communication boards, word lists and notebooks. However, many adults with aphasia are unable to communicate verbally and alternative communication techniques can be limited, as a result of the restricted number and type of concepts that can be adequately depicted and expressed. Another viable means of communication for the globally aphasic adult is drawing. However, few individuals with severe aphasia initiate communication through this modality without specific training. In this case report we present several successful treatment methods that were used to train an adult with global aphasia to communicate more effectively through drawing. Several of his drawings are presented to illustrate the results of training in the use of drawing as an alternative means of communication.

Le traitement des adultes souffrant d'aphasie globale fait typiquement appel à des planchettes de communication, à des listes de mots et des cahiers. Cependant, bien des adultes aphasiques sont incapables de communiquer verbalement et les techniques alternatives de communication peuvent être d'un secours limité à cause des restrictions en nombre et en type des concepts que l'on peut décrire et exprimer de façon adéquate. Un autre moyen possible de communication pour l'adulte aphasique est le dessin. Malgré tout, rares sont les personnes aphasiques graves qui peuvent se mettre à communiquer ainsi sans entraînement spécifique. Dans cette étude de cas nous présentons plusieurs méthodes de traitement que l'on a utilisées avec succès pour entraîner un adulte aphasique global à communiquer plus efficacement par l'intermédiaire du dessin. Nous présentons plusieurs de ses dessins en guise d'illustration des résultats de son entraînement à communiquer.

Bei der Behandlung von Erwachsenen mit globaler Aphasie werden typischerweise verbale Behandlungsmethoden oder alternative Kommunikationstechniken wie Kommunikationstafeln, Wortlisten und Notizhefte eingesetzt. Aber viele Erwachsene können nicht mehr verbal kommunizieren, und die alternativen Techniken sind aufgrund der kleinen Anzahl und der Art von darstellbaren und ausdrückbaren Begriffen stark begrenzt. Eine weitere mögliche Kommunikationsart für den erwachsenen Globalaphasiker sind Zeichnungen. Jedoch wenige Patienten mit schwerer Aphasie benutzen diese Modalität von sich aus ohne spezielles Training. Es werden in dieser Fallstudie mehrere Behandlungsmethoden vorgestellt, die beim Trainieren eines Erwachsenen mit Globalaphasie, durch Zeichnen effektiver zu kommunizieren, erfolgreich verwendet wurden. Einige Zeichnungen werden als Illustration der Ergebnisse des Trainings im Einsatz vom Zeichnungen als alternatives Kommunikationsmittel gezeigt.
Libéralisation du marché du café et changement rural dans le Coorg (Inde du Sud) / Liberalization of coffee marketing and rural change in Coorg (South India)
Authors: Robert Samuel
Published: November 2007

The economic liberalization which started at the beginning of the 90's in India is a major factor of change. In such a poor country, it is a new challenge for a large part of the population. Indeed, after more than 50 years of control on the economy, the government decided in 1991 to follow I.M.F. recommendations. This was supposed to lead to tremendous changes in the country, in towns as well as in rural areas. In this context of change, this paper analyses the local impact of the liberalization of coffee marketing in Coorg, a highly rural district in south-west Karnataka.

In 1992, the Indian government decided to free coffee prices and there by opening new perspectives for coffee producers. Entire regions are concerned by this liberalization, which affects much more than the coffee industry, but also agriculture, services and social relationships between people. In Coorg, the planter community, hardly homogeneous, faces the new context generated by the removal of the government monopoly in different ways. The coffee industry framework, the rural System organisation, the whole district economy and geographie interactions are being refigured. Through landscape analysis, interviews with planters and an analysis of agricultural census data, it appears that the liberalization is indeed the origin of a complicated process of rural change, the steps of which are difficult to assess.
Constantes de la politique extérieure turque
Authors: Fernau Friedrich-Wilhelm
Published: November 2007

Au lendemain de la deuxième guerre mondiale où la Turquie avait réussi à ne point prendre part, Mendérès avait jugé bon de renforcer la garantie que constituait l'entrée de la Turquie dans l'O.T.A.N. en multipliant les pactes régionaux et les accords avec les Etats-Unis afin de parer aux visées de Staline. Depuis la « révolution » de 1960, Ankara a assoupli sa politique étrangère en concluant des accords simplement bilatéraux avec ses voisins des Balkans, en améliorant ses rapports avec Moscou, et en révisant le statut des bases et installations américaines.

Depuis la révolution de 1960, aussi bien, le gouvernement turc doit tenir compte de l'opposition parlementaire, de l'armée et de l'opinion publique qui a commencé à manifester l'intérêt qu'elle prend à la politique étrangère en 1964 à l'occasion de la crise de Chypre.
Construction européenne et défense
Authors: Giraud André
Published: November 2007

L'histoire de la construction de l'Europe, depuis le traité de Bruxelles, signé le 17 mars 1948 et créant l'Union occidentale, jusqu'à nos jours, entraîne deux remarques : ce sont la politique et le souci de la sécurité qui ont fait avancer l'Europe et la coopération économique qui a suivi ; l'entente entre la France et la RFA a été la clef de toutes les avancées européennes. Les événements survenus en Union soviétique depuis 1986, les bouleversements enregistrés en Europe de l'Est et maintenant la réunification de l'Allemagne posent en termes nouveaux le problème de la sécurité de l'Europe occidentale. Une nouvelle fois, au moment où l'attention se porte presque exclusivement vers l'union monétaire et financière, ce sont des considérations politiques et militaires qui vont décider du sort de l'Europe.
La France et le Maghreb
Authors: De La Gorce Paul-Marie
Published: November 2007

France and the Maghrib, by Paul-Marie de La Gorce

For obvious historical, geographical and strategie reasons ineluding the human dimension, relations with the Maghrib countries are important to French foreign policy. They are marked by the different ways in which French political circles and public opinion view each of these countries as well as the differences in each regime and the ways in which their domestic policy has evolved. This is especially true of Algeria. The development of Algerian fundamentalism, the interruptions of the élections in January 1992, the harsh confrontations of the following years, French differences regarding the nature and the outecome of this crisis, the 16 November presidential elections — all these events coming after the enormous hope inspired by the events of 1988 have tested French North African policy.
Les Anglo-Saxons ont-ils tort ?
Authors: Bismut Claude
Published: November 2007

Are the Anglo-Saxons Wrong ?, by Claude Bismut

The clash opposing French and Anglo-Saxon viewpoints obscures rather than enlightens economie policy debate. It tends to justify conservatism — or even defensive — réflexes, and in times of crisis, it buttresses the dangerous theory of an Anglo-Saxon plot. Anglo-Saxon's opinions of France are not always negative. In some cases, their criticism is justified. Right as they are in pointing out the excessive weight of the public sector, Anglo-Saxon analyses are more debatable as far as labour markets are concerned. Lastly, international stance has been misunderstood. France has been wrongly portrayed as protectionist on trade, but has shown a certain atavistic nostalgia on monetary issues.
La Russie et l'OTAN : une nouvelle étape ?
Authors: Roubinski Youri
Published: November 2007

Youri Roubinski décrit, du point de vue russe, le processus qui a abouti à la conclusion de VActe fondateur entre la Russie et l'OTAN avec pour toile de fond la question de l'élargissement de l'Alliance atlantique en direction de l'Est et le refus russe d'envisager une telle perspective. Pour lui, l'opposition officielle russe a été plus rhétorique que réelle. Moscou s'est efforcée d'effectuer une pression sur les Occidentaux en vue d'obtenir des compensations lors des négociations. Or, les garanties occidentales inclues dans l'Acte fondateur semblent bien floues et, en tout cas, bien éloignées du souhait russe de voir se constituer un système de sécurité collective européen autour de l'OSCE et en dehors de la « tutelle » américaine.
La crise monétaire en Asie : les solutions proposées
Authors: Bergsten Fred C.
Published: November 2007

Conseiller très écouté de la Maison-Blanche et observateur avisé de la crise asiatique, Fred Bergsten, dans cet article, revient sur les origines et le déroulement des turbulences monétaires, en mettant notamment en cause la responsabilité de Taiwan dans leur propagation. Il développe ensuite un certain nombre de propositions visant à résoudre la crise actuelle et à prévenir toute nouvelle perturbation. Il se montre ainsi favorable à la mise en place de réformes structurelles des systèmes financiers, notamment en Asie du Nord-Est. Il défend également l'idée de la création d'un « Fonds monétaire asiatique », en complément de l'action du FMI, sous l'égide de l'APEC qui est appelée, selon lui, à jouer un rôle décisif dans la résolution de la crise.
Le FMI sur la sellette
Authors: Nicolas Françoise
Published: November 2007

Françoise Nicolas s'interroge dans cet article sur la transformation du rôle du FMI, notamment à travers le prisme de la crise asiatique. Le Fonds se focalise désormais sur la prévention et la gestion des crises, en particulier dans les pays en développement et en transition. Tout en confirmant que le FMI est devenu une pièce maîtresse du système financier international, la crise asiatique tend à démontrer les limites, ou les dérives, de son action. Une redéfinition de son rôle et de son mandat semble nécessaire. Allons-nous vers un nouveau Bretton-Woods ?