bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detecting Intraspecific Character Displacement by Morphological Markers in Riverine-Dwelling Invertebrate Larvae: The Case Study of Head Shape Variability in Leuctra fusca (Plecoptera: Leuctridae)
Authors: Raffaella Bravi  , Lorenzo Traversetti  , Massimiliano Scalici
Published: July 2014

Since morphological markers are recognized as useful tools to evaluate events of anthropic disturbances, we performed a preliminary study on head shape variability in the riverine-dwelling Leuctra fusca larvae as early alarm systems in running waters. Particularly, heads of 32 larvae were collected from two localities of River Aniene (central Italy) and photographed for digitizing landmarks and semilandmarks. The Cartesian x-y coordinates of all points were firstly converted to shape coordinates by Procrustes superimposition, and then analyzed for exploring the full potential of the application of geometric morphometric techniques. Where the principal component analysis revealed a clear pattern of variation between the 2 sampling sites, the Procrustes ANOVA highlighted this variation as highly associated with fluctuating asymmetry, the latter being traditionally connected with developmental accidents due to environmental conditions. No directional asymmetry was observed. Finally we didn’t find any pattern of allometric variation in the studied structure. Our study indicates that further studies ought to be employed to use geometric morphometrics as a valid tool for detecting and describing morphological variation as biomarkers in invertebrate organism such as stoneflies.
Attentional Strategies During Rowing
Authors: D. Longman  , J.C. Hutchinson  , J.T. Stock  , J.C.K. Wells
Published: July 2014

This investigation explored the relationship between task intensity, competitive setting, and attentional strategy in collegiate rowers. Here, the associative-dissociative dimension of attentional focus is considered. Associative thoughts are task-related, whereas dissociative thoughts are not. Previous work has linked associative strategies with higher level performance, and higher intensities of exercise (i.e. those which exceed the ventilatory threshold). Male and female collegiate rowers (N = 298) completed three training sessions (one each at low, moderate, and high intensity) and two races (short and long distance). Results revealed that the higher the training intensity, the greater the degree of association. A greater degree of association was also observed in competition as opposed to training, and in short distance versus long distance races. There was no gender difference in attentional strategy. Finally, it was shown that the variation in attentional strategy was inversely proportional to exercise intensity. These findings support previous work examining the effect of task intensity on attentional focus [1], in a field based setting. Furthermore, new insight is offered regarding how competition interacts with intensity in this relationship.
Shakespeare at Work: Four Kings and Two Shrews
Authors: Chernaik Warren
Published: July 2014

This article examines three instances of the early Shakespeare at work on material provided by another dramatist, in plays in the repertory of the Queen's Men or Pembroke's Men: The Troublesome Reign of King John, King Leir and The Taming of a Shrew. In writing King John and King Lear for the Chamberlain's Men, Shakespeare takes as his starting point a play by someone else, transforming the material. In all three cases the differences can be characterised as a move from relative simplicity to relative complexity, allowing for greater latitude in interpretation – and in productions of The Shrew, such latitude is encouraged by the instability of the Folio text.
‘Within / This Ruined Cottage’: Witchcraft, Domesticity and Inwardness in The Witch of Edmonton
Authors: Cunin Muriel
Published: July 2014

The Witch of Edmonton presents a familiar image of evil articulating domesticity and inwardness around the dialectics of inside and outside. Witchcraft and domesticity are linked by the moralisation of space and by the juxtaposition of the dangerous and the familiar. Because the social obsession with surveillance and the frontier between the public and the private is inescapable, the boundaries of the house and of the body are problematised. This parallel is reinforced by the comparisons between house and body which pervade the play so that domesticity appears as the pivotal concept relating witchcraft, house, community and inwardness.
Maximizing the benefits of antiretroviral therapy for key affected populations
Authors: Grubb Ian R , Beckham Sam W , Kazatchkine Michel , Thomas Ruth M , Albers Eliot R , Cabral Mauro , Lange Joep , Vella Stefano , Kurian Manoj , Beyrer Chris ,   for the IAS Treatment for Key Affected Populations Working Group
Published: July 2014

Introduction

Scientific research has demonstrated the clinical benefits of earlier initiation of antiretroviral treatment (ART), and that ART can markedly reduce HIV transmission to sexual partners. Ensuring universal access to ART for those who need it has long been a core principle of the HIV response, and extending the benefits of ART to key populations is critical to increasing the impact of ART and the overall effectiveness of the HIV response. However, this can only be achieved through coordinated efforts to address political, social, legal and economic barriers that key populations face in accessing HIV services.

Discussion

Recent analyses show that HIV prevalence levels among key populations are far higher than among the general population, and they experience a range of biological and behavioural factors, and social, legal and economic barriers that increase their vulnerability to HIV and have resulted in alarmingly low ART coverage. World Health Organization 2014 consolidated guidance on HIV among key populations offers the potential for increased access to ART by key populations, following the same principles as for the general adult population. However, it should not be assumed that key populations will achieve greater access to ART unless stigma, discrimination and punitive laws, policies and practices that limit access to ART and other HIV interventions in many countries are addressed.

Conclusions

Rights‐based approaches and investments in critical enablers, such as supportive legal and policy environments, are essential to enable wider access to ART and other HIV interventions for key populations. The primary objective of ART should always be to treat the person living with HIV; prevention is an important, additional benefit. ART should be provided only with informed consent. The preventive benefits of treatment must not be used as a pretext for failure to provide other necessary HIV programming for key populations, including comprehensive harm reduction and other prevention interventions tailored to meet the needs of key populations. An end to AIDS is only possible if we overcome the barriers of criminalization, stigma and discrimination that remain key drivers of the HIV epidemics among key populations.
Local time resolved dynamics of field‐aligned currents and their response to solar wind variability
Authors: He Maosheng , Vogt Joachim , Lühr Hermann , Sorbalo Eugen
Published: July 2014

Using 10 years of CHAMP measurements condensed into the empirical model of field‐aligned currents through empirical orthogonal function analysis, the dynamics of field‐aligned currents (FACs) is modeled and studied in separate magnetic local time (MLT) sectors. We investigate the distributions of FAC intensity and latitude and evaluate their predictability in terms of geospace parameters which are ranked according to their relative importance measured by a multivariate regression procedure. The response time to changes in solar wind variables is studied in detail and found to be much shorter for dayside FACs than on the nightside (15–25 min versus 35–95 min). Furthermore, dayside FACs can be parameterized more accurately: R2 values maximize greater than 0.7 for FAC latitude and greater than 0.3 for FAC intensity, whereas the corresponding values on the nightside are smaller than 0.3 and 0.15, respectively. The results support the separation between directly driven coupling processes acting on the dayside and unloading processes controlling the nightside. In addition, the MLT‐resolved standardized regression coefficients suggest that (1) FAC latitude is affected most significantly by the transpolar potential, substorm evolution, solar activity as represented by the F10.7 index and its square, and the dipole tilt; (2) Region‐1/2 current intensity is controlled most efficiently by substorm evolution, IMF Bz and IMF By; and (3) cusp current intensity is influenced by conductivity, IMF By and their cross item.
Recent Advances in Polymeric Solvent‐Resistant Nanofiltration Membranes
Authors: Cheng Xi Quan , Zhang Yong Ling , Wang Zhen Xing , Guo Zhan Hu , Bai Yong Ping , Shao Lu
Published: July 2014

When considering energy consumption and environmental issues, solvent‐resistant nanofiltration (SRNF) based on polymeric materials emerges as a process for substituting conventional separation processes of organic solutions, such as distillation, which consume high amounts of energy. Because SRNF does not involve phase transition, this process can potentially decrease the energy consumption and solvent waste and increase the yield of active components. Such improvements could significantly benefit a number of fields, such as pharmaceutical manufacturing and catalysis recovery, among others. Therefore, SRNF has gained a lot of attention since the recent introduction of solvent‐stable polymeric materials in the manufacture of nanofiltration membranes. The membrane materials and the membrane structures depending on the fabrication methods determine the separation performance of polymeric SRNF membranes. Therefore, this article gives a comprehensive overview of the current state‐of‐art technologies of generating membrane materials and corresponding fabrication methods for SRNF membranes made from polymeric materials expected to provide the most benefit. The transport mechanisms and the corresponding models of SRNF membranes in organic media are also reviewed to better understand the mass transfer process. Various SRNF applications, such as in pharmaceutical and catalyst, among others, are also discussed. Finally, the difficulties and future research directions to overcome the challenges faced by SRNF processes are proposed.
A genome‐wide linkage scan of bipolar disorder in Latino families identifies susceptibility loci at 8q24 and 14q32
Authors: Gonzalez Suzanne , Camarillo Cynthia , Rodriguez Marco , Ramirez Mercedes , Zavala Juan , Armas Regina , Contreras Salvador A. , Contreras Javier , Dassori Albana , Almasy Laura , Flores Deborah , Jerez Alvaro , Raventós Henriette , Ontiveros Alfonso , Nicolini Humberto , Escamilla Michael
Published: July 2014

A genome‐wide nonparametric linkage screen was performed to localize Bipolar Disorder (BP) susceptibility loci in a sample of 3757 individuals of Latino ancestry. The sample included 963 individuals with BP phenotype (704 relative pairs) from 686 families recruited from the US, Mexico, Costa Rica, and Guatemala. Non‐parametric analyses were performed over a 5 cM grid with an average genetic coverage of 0.67 cM. Multipoint analyses were conducted across the genome using non‐parametric Kong & Cox LOD scores along with Sall statistics for all relative pairs. Suggestive and significant genome‐wide thresholds were calculated based on 1000 simulations. Single‐marker association tests in the presence of linkage were performed assuming a multiplicative model with a population prevalence of 2%. We identified two genome‐wide significant susceptibly loci for BP at 8q24 and 14q32, and a third suggestive locus at 2q13‐q14. Within these three linkage regions, the top associated single marker (rs1847694, P = 2.40 × 10−5) is located 195 Kb upstream of DPP10 in Chromosome 2. DPP10 is prominently expressed in brain neuronal populations, where it has been shown to bind and regulate Kv4‐mediated A‐type potassium channels. Taken together, these results provide additional evidence that 8q24, 14q32, and 2q13‐q14 are susceptibly loci for BP and these regions may be involved in the pathogenesis of BP in the Latino population. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Effects of Age on the Morphometry of the Cervical Spinal Cord and Spinal Column in Adult Rats: An MRI‐Based Study
Authors: Laing Andrew C. , Brenneman Elora C. , Yung Andrew , liu Jie , Kozlowski Piotr , Oxland Thomas
Published: July 2014

Rat models are commonly used to investigate the pathophysiological pathways and treatment outcomes after spinal cord injury (SCI). The high incidence of fall‐induced SCI in older adults has created a need for aging models of SCI in rats to investigate potential age‐related differences in SCI severity and outcomes. The aims of this study were to determine the influences of age and vertebral level on the geometries of the cervical spinal cord and spinal column in a rat model. Three young (3 months) and three aged (12 months) Fischer 344 rats were imaged in a high field (7 T) small‐animal magnetic resonance imaging system. All spinal cord geometry variables (including depth, width, and axial cross‐sectional area) and one spinal canal variable (depth) were significantly larger in the aged specimens by an average of 8.1%. There were main effects of vertebral level on all spinal cord variables and four spinal canal variables with values generally larger at C4 as compared to C6 (average increases ranged from 5.7% to 12.9% in spinal cord measures and 5.4% to 6.8% in spinal canal measures). High inter‐rater reliability between two measurers was observed with a mean intraclass correlation of 0.921 and percent difference of 0.9% across all variables measured. This study clearly demonstrates that cervical spinal cord geometry changes between the ages of 3 and 12 months in Fischer 344 rats. This information can aid in the planning and interpretation of studies that use a rat model to investigate the influence of age on cervical SCI. Anat Rec, 297:1885–1895, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of thermal annealing on the structural and optical properties of tris‐(8‐hydroxyquinoline)aluminum(III) (Alq3) films
Authors: Cuba M. , Muralidharan G.
Published: July 2014

Tris‐(8‐hydroxyquionoline)aluminum (Alq3) was synthesized and coated on to a glass substrate using the dip coating method. The structural and optical properties of the Alq3 film after thermal annealing from 50°C to 300°C in 50° steps was studied. The films have been prepared with 2 to 16 layers (42–324 nm). The thickness and thermal annealing of Alq3 films were optimized for maximum luminescence yield. The Fourier transform infrared spectrum confirms the formation of quinoline with absorption in the region 700 − 500/cm. Partial sublimation and decomposition of quinoline ion was observed with the Alq3 films annealed at 300°C. The X‐ray diffraction pattern of the Alq3 film annealed at 50°C to 150°C reveals the amorphous nature of the films. The Alq3 film annealed above 150°C were crystalline nature. Film annealed at 150°C exhibits a photoluminescence intensity maximum at 512 nm when excited at 390 nm. The Alq3 thin film deposited with 10 layers (220 nm) at 150°C exhibited maximum luminescence yield. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of adverse events, treatment modifications, and dose intensity on survival among patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma treated with first‐line sunitinib: a medical chart review across ten centers in five European countries
Authors: Porta Camillo , Levy Antonin , Hawkins Robert , Castellano Daniel , Bellmunt Joaquim , Nathan Paul , McDermott Ray , Wagstaff John , Donnellan Paul , McCaffrey John , Vekeman Francis , Neary Maureen P. , Diaz Jose , Mehmud Faisal , Duh Mei Sheng
Published: July 2014

Angiogenesis inhibitors have become standard of care for advanced and/or metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC), but data on the impact of adverse events (AEs) and treatment modifications associated with these agents are limited. Medical records were abstracted at 10 tertiary oncology centers in Europe for 291 patients ≥18 years old treated with sunitinib as first‐line treatment for advanced RCC (no prior systemic treatment for advanced disease). Logistic regression models were estimated to compare dose intensity among patients who did and did not experience AEs during the landmark periods (18, 24, and 30 weeks). Cox proportional hazard models were used to explore the possible relationship of low‐dose intensity (defined using thresholds of 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9) and treatment modifications during the landmark periods to survival. 64.4% to 67.9% of patients treated with sunitinib reported at least one AE of any grade, and approximately 10% of patients experienced at least one severe (grade 3 or 4) AE. Patients reporting severe AEs were statistically significantly more likely to have dose intensities below either 0.8 or 0.9. Dose intensity below 0.7 and dose discontinuation during all landmark periods were statistically significantly associated with shorter survival time. This study of advanced RCC patients treated with sunitinib in Europe found a significant relationship between AEs and dose intensity. It also found correlations between dose intensity and shorter survival, and between dose discontinuation and shorter survival. These results confirm the importance of tolerable treatment and maintaining dose intensity.
Key Success Factors in Continuing Education
Authors: Meschke Stephan
Published: July 2014

Ein neues Programm des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung soll die Innovationsfähigkeit der neuen Bundesländer stärken. Dazu gehört Kompetenzbündelung sowie die Möglichkeit, erhaltene Forschungsergebnisse in der Wirtschaft anzuwenden. Gerade dieser Wissenstransfer aus Forschungsprojekten gestaltet sich jedoch schwierig. Daher wird im Deutschen EnergieRohstoff‐Zentrum unter der dem Titel Professional School speziell an Möglichkeiten der Hochschulweiterbildung geforscht. Dieser Beitrag stellt die damit verbundenen Ziele sowie als Ergebnis der Forschung ausgewählte Erfolgsfaktoren näher dar.
Bayesian sensitivity analyses for hidden sub‐populations in weighted sampling
Authors: Xia Michelle , Gustafson Paul
Published: July 2014

In this paper, we propose several Bayesian model‐based approaches for sensitivity analyses on assessments of population averages and measures of association under complex models. In particular, the proposed methods adjust for a potential impact from a hidden sub‐population when weighted sampling from the non‐hidden sub‐population is possible. Bayesian models are presented for estimating population medical expenditure and health care utilization, as well as measures of association with a binary covariate. Large‐sample limiting versions of the posteriors are obtained for all the models. Using Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data, in which individuals with higher expenditures and more frequent health care visits are more likely to be included, we illustrate how the assumption about the hidden proportion of never‐respondents may impact the final estimates of expenditure, utilization, and measures of association with a binary covariate. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 42: 436–450; 2014 © 2014 Statistical Society of Canada
New Thermodynamics for Evaluating the Surface‐phase Enrichment in the Lower Surface Tension Component
Authors: Santos M. Soledade C. S. , Reis João Carlos R.
Published: July 2014

Regarding the surface phase of liquid mixtures as a thermodynamic phase, ideal surface phases are designed so that at fixed bulk‐phase composition, real and ideal surface phases have the same chemical composition and identical limiting slopes for the dependence of surface tension on mole fraction. Standard chemical potentials are introduced for surface phase components, and quasi‐exact expressions are worked out to compute ideal surface tensions and surface‐phase compositions of real liquid mixtures. Guidelines for choosing molecular models to estimate the molar surface area of pure constituents are given. Ideal and excess surface tensions are calculated by using literature data for aqueous ethanol solutions at 298 K. These results show treatment based on Butler’s equations grossly overestimate predicted surface tensions, thus leading to lower ethanol content in the surface phase. These inaccuracies are ascribed to the use of molar surface areas in model equations that are too small.
Ideological Complex Systems: Mathematical Theory
Authors: Nescolarde‐Selva Josué Antonio , Usó-Doménech José Luis , Lloret‐Climent Miguel
Published: July 2014

The goal of this article is to build an abstract mathematical theory rather than a computational one of the process of transmission of ideology. The basis of much of the argument is Patten's Environment Theory that characterizes a system with its double environment (input or stimulus and output or response) and the existing interactions among them. Ideological processes are semiotic processes, and if in Patten's theory, the two environments are physical, in this theory ideological processes are physical and semiotic, as are stimulus and response. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 47–65, 2015
Robust tracking and model following for uncertain time‐delay systems with input nonlinearity
Authors: Pai Ming‐Chang
Published: July 2014

This article proposes a novel adaptive sliding mode control (SMC) scheme to realize the problem of robust tracking and model following for a class of uncertain time‐delay systems with input nonlinearity. It is shown that the proposed robust tracking controller guarantees the stability of overall closed‐loop system and achieves zero‐tracking error in the presence of input nonlinearity, time‐delays, time‐varying parameter uncertainties and external disturbances. The selection of sliding surface and the existence of sliding mode are two important issues, which have been addressed. This scheme assures robustness against input nonlinearity, time‐delays, parameter uncertainties, and external disturbances. Moreover, the knowledge of the upper bound of uncertainties is not required and chattering phenomenon is eliminated. Both theoretical analysis and illustrative examples demonstrate the validity of the proposed scheme. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 66–73, 2015
Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Light‐Insensitive Silver(I) Cyanoximates
Authors: Gerasimchuk Nikolay
Published: July 2014

The reaction between AgNO3 and ML [M = K+, Na+; L = anion of the deprotonated cyanoxime – 39 of these anions are known, but only twelve form light‐stable silver(I) complexes] at room temperature in aqueous solutions leads to sparingly soluble, colored AgL in high yield. All twelve of the known Ag complexes were characterized by using a variety of spectroscopic methods and single‐crystal X‐ray analysis, which revealed the formation of coordination polymers of various complexities. The silver(I) compounds demonstrate a very significant (for multiple years!) stability towards visible light. There are three areas of potential practical applications of these unusual complexes: (1) detectors of UV radiation that do not require electric feed, (2) non‐electrical indicators for gases of industrial importance, (3) antimicrobial additives to light‐curable acrylate polymeric glues, fillers, and adhesives used during the introduction of indwelling medical devices. The chemical, structural, technological, and biological aspects of the application of coordination polymers based on AgI cyanoximates are reviewed.
Phosphorescent PtII Systems Featuring Both 2,2′‐Dipyridylamine and 1,3,5‐Triazapentadiene Ligands
Authors: Eliseev Ivan I. , Gushchin Pavel V. , Chen Yi‐An , Chou Pi‐Tai , Haukka Matti , Starova Galina L. , Kukushkin Vadim Yu.
Published: July 2014

The treatment of cis‐[Pt(dpa)(RCN)2][SO3CF3]2 {dpa = 2,2′‐dipyridylamine, R = Me, Et, CH2Ph, Ph; [2a–d](OTf)2} (OTf = SO3CF3) with 2 equiv. of N,N′‐diphenylguanidine [NH=C(NHPh)2] in CH2Cl2 solutions at room temp. for 16 h gives [Pt(dpa){NH=C(R)NC(NHPh)=NPh}][SO3CF3] {[3a,b,d](OTf)} as the addition products and [Pt(dpa){NH=C(R)NHC(R)=NH}][SO3CF3]2 {[4a,b](OTf)2} as the tailoring products. The formulation of complexes [3a,b,d](OTf) and [4a,b](OTf)2 was supported by satisfactory C, H, and N elemental analyses and agreeable high‐resolution ESI‐MS, IR, and 1H (including 1H–1H COSY experiments) and 13C{1H} NMR data. The structures of all of the platinum species were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The resultant complexes are nonemissive in solution, mainly because of the interaction between the empty d orbital in a square‐planar configuration and solvent molecules. However, in the solid state, complexes [3a,b,d](OTf) exhibit strong phosphorescence with quantum yields (peak wavelength) of 0.23 (490 nm), 0.27 (483 nm), and 0.20 (532 nm), respectively.
Synthesis of KF/CaO as a catalyst for the production of bio‐fuel from cracking of Cornus wisoniana oil
Authors: Lin Lin , Cui Haiying , Vittayapadung Saritporn , Xiao Zhihong , Zhang Aihua , Liu Rukuan , Li Changzhu
Published: July 2014

This study aimed to prepare KF/CaO catalyst with high catalytic activity that can be applied to produce bio‐fuel from Cornus wisoniana oil. The KF/CaO catalyst was characterized by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area (BET), XRD, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). The chemical compositions of C. wisoniana oil and bio‐fuel oil were analyzed by GC–MS. The effect of the catalyst preparation conditions on catalytic activity was investigated. The optimal process conditions for the KF/CaO preparation were KF loading rate of 40%, calcination temperature of 600°C, and 4 h calcination time. Under the optimum process conditions, the bio‐fuel yield reached 82.7 and 65% bio‐fuel yield was obtained after being reused nine times. The bio‐fuel oil obtained by catalytic cracking has similar chemical compositions to petroleum‐based diesel, which exhibited good fuel properties.

KF/CaO was used as a catalyst for the production of bio‐fuel from cracking of Cornus wisoniana oil.
Single‐Wall Carbon Nanotubes Covalently Functionalized with Polylysine: Synthesis, Characterization and Analytical Applications for the Development of Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors
Authors: Gasnier Aurélien , González‐Domínguez José Miguel , Ansón‐Casaos Alejandro , Hernández‐Ferrer Javier , Pedano María L. , Rubianes María D. , Martínez María Teresa , Rivas Gustavo
Published: July 2014

This work reports the synthesis of single‐wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) covalently functionalized with polylysine (Plys) and the analytical performance of glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) modified with this material (GCE/SWCNT‐Plys). The resulting electrodes showed an important decrease in the overvoltages for the oxidation of ascorbic acid, uric acid and hydrogen peroxide as well as for the reduction of hydrogen peroxide. The favorable interaction of glucose oxidase (GOx) with SWCNT‐Plys allowed the sensitive and selective glucose biosensing at −0.100 V without any permselective membrane. The proposed sensor was challenged with different real samples without pretreatment showing an excellent correlation with the reported values.
Field dissipation of four personal care products in biosolids-amended soils in North China
Authors: Chen Feng , Ying Guang-Guo , Ma Yi-Bing , Chen Zhi-Feng , Lai Hua-Jie
Published: July 2014

The present study investigated the dissipation behaviors of 4 typical personal care products (PCPs)—triclocarban (TCC), triclosan (TCS), tonalide (AHTN), and galaxolide (HHCB)— in soils amended with biosolids under field conditions in North China. The results showed that the 4 target compounds were detected in all biosolids-amended soils at levels of a few nanograms per gram to thousands of nanograms per gram (dry wt). The residual concentrations of the 4 PCPs were found in the following order: TCC > TCS > AHTN > HHCB. Significant dissipation of the 4 PCPs was observed in the biosolids-amended soils, with half-lives ranging from 26 d to 133 d. Furthermore, repeated biosolids applications and a higher biosolids application rate could lead to higher accumulation of the 4 PCPs in the agricultural soils. Based on the detected concentrations in the field trial and limited ecotoxicity data, high risks to soil organisms are expected for TCC, whereas low to medium risks are expected in most cases for AHTN, HHCB, and TCS. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2413–2421. © 2014 SETAC
Chiral Thiophosphorylated Thioureas: Synthesis, Structure, and Cyclization Reaction
Authors: Metlushka Kirill , Tufatullin Artem , Shaimardanova Liliya , Sadkova Dilyara , Nikitina Kristina , Lodochnikova Olga , Kataeva Olga , Alfonsov Vladimir
Published: July 2014

A number of chiral racemic and enanthiopure thiophosphorylated thioureas were synthesized by the reaction of 2‐aminobutan‐1‐ol and 1‐(a‐aminobenzyl)‐2‐naphthol with O,O‐diethyl thiophosphoryl isothiocyanate. It was found that such thioureas undergo the cyclization reaction under basic conditions with hydrogen sulfide elimination and the formation of thiophosphorylated oxasines. X‐Ray single crystal diffraction revealed that the structure of thiourea is close to the prereaction state of the cyclization reaction.
The Effectiveness of Health Screening
Authors: Hackl Franz , Halla Martin , Hummer Michael , Pruckner Gerald J.
Published: July 2014

Using a matched insurant–general practitioner panel data set, we estimate the effect of a general health‐screening program on individuals' health status and health‐care cost. To account for selection into treatment, we use regional variation in the intensity of exposure to supply‐determined screening recommendations as an instrumental variable. We find that screening participation increases inpatient and outpatient health‐care costs up to 2 years after treatment substantially. In the medium run, we find cost savings in the outpatient sector, whereas in the long run, no statistically significant effects of screening on either health‐care cost component can be discerned. In sum, screening participation increases health‐care cost. Given that we do not find any statistically significant effect of screening participation on insurants' health status (at any point in time), we do not recommend a general health‐screening program. However, given that we find some evidence for cost‐saving potential for the sub‐sample of younger insurants, we suggest more targeted screening programs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Precise spatial coding is preserved along the longitudinal hippocampal axis
Authors: Keinath Alexander T. , Wang Melissa E. , Wann Ellen G. , Yuan Robin K. , Dudman Joshua T. , Muzzio Isabel A.
Published: July 2014

Compared with the dorsal hippocampus, relatively few studies have characterized neuronal responses in the ventral hippocampus. In particular, it is unclear whether and how cells in the ventral region represent space and/or respond to contextual changes. We recorded from dorsal and ventral CA1 neurons in freely moving mice exposed to manipulations of visuospatial and olfactory contexts. We found that ventral cells respond to alterations of the visuospatial environment such as exposure to novel local cues, cue rotations, and contextual expansion in similar ways to dorsal cells, with the exception of cue rotations. Furthermore, we found that ventral cells responded to odors much more strongly than dorsal cells, particularly to odors of high valence. Similar to earlier studies recording from the ventral hippocampus in CA3, we also found increased scaling of place cell field size along the longitudinal hippocampal axis. Although the increase in place field size observed toward the ventral pole has previously been taken to suggest a decrease in spatial information coded by ventral place cells, we hypothesized that a change in spatial scaling could instead signal a shift in representational coding that preserves the resolution of spatial information. To explore this possibility, we examined population activity using principal component analysis (PCA) and neural location reconstruction techniques. Our results suggest that ventral populations encode a distributed representation of space, and that the resolution of spatial information at the population level is comparable to that of dorsal populations of similar size. Finally, through the use of neural network modeling, we suggest that the redundancy in spatial representation along the longitudinal hippocampal axis may allow the hippocampus to overcome the conflict between memory interference and generalization inherent in neural network memory. Our results indicate that ventral population activity is well suited for generalization across locations and contexts. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Guest Editors’ Introduction: Is the HRM Process Important? Past, Current, and Future Challenges
Authors: Sanders Karin , Shipton Helen , Gomes Jorge F. S.
Published: July 2014

Ten years ago, Bowen and Ostroff () criticized the one‐sided focus on the content‐based approach, where researchers take into account the inherent virtues (or vices) associated with the content of HR practices to explain performance. They explicitly highlight the role of the psychological processes through which employees attach meaning to HRM. In this first article of the special section entitled “Is the HRM Process Important?” we present an overview of past, current, and future challenges. For past challenges, we attempt to categorize the various research streams that originated from the seminal piece. To outline current challenges, we present the results of a content analysis of the original 15 articles put forward for the special section. In addition, we provide the overview of a caucus focused on this theme that was held at the Academy of Management annual meeting in Boston in 2012. In conclusion, we discuss future challenges relating to the HRM process approach and review the contributions that have been selected—against a competitive field—for this special issue. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inhibitory effect of apocynin on methylglyoxal‐mediated glycation in osteoblastic MC3T3‐E1 cells
Authors: Suh Kwang Sik , Rhee Sang Youl , Kim Young Seol , Choi Eun Mi.
Published: July 2014

Methylglyoxal (MG), a highly reactive metabolite of hyperglycemia, can enhance protein glycation, oxidative stress or inflammation. The present study investigated the effects of apocynin on the mechanisms associated with MG toxicity in osteoblastic MC3T3‐E1 cells. Pretreatment of MC3T3‐E1 cells with apocynin prevented the MG‐induced protein glycation and formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial superoxide in MC3T3‐E1 cells. In addition, apocynin increased glutathione levels and restored the activity of glyoxalase I inhibited by MG. These findings suggest that apocynin provide a protective action against MG‐induced cell damage by reducing oxidative stress and by increasing the MG detoxification system. Apocynin treatment decreased the levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐6 induced by MG. Additionally, the nitric oxide level reduced by MG was significantly increased by apocynin. These findings indicate that apocynin might exert its therapeutic effects via upregulation of glyoxalase system and antioxidant activity. Taken together, apocynin may prove to be an effective treatment for diabetic osteopathy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Creativity in Early and Established Career: Insights into Multi‐Level Drivers from Nobel Prize Winners
Authors: Eubanks Dawn L. , Palanski Michael E. , Swart Juani , Hammond Michelle M. , Oguntebi Joy
Published: July 2014

The freedom to try new things plays a vital role for employees engaging in creative endeavors. This freedom can be influenced by one's relationship with her supervisor, relationship with her team, and various work pressures. One of the first steps to reaching creative output is to have a playful attitude toward work where there is encouragement and processes that allow individuals to take risks and try new things. However, we argue that what allows someone to try new things earlier in their career and when they are more established might be different. Noteworthy progress has been made in conceptualizing the multi‐level factors that are important for creativity. In the current study, we identified variables associated with a willingness to try new things, part of the exploration phase of creativity, and divided them by the early and established careers of 59 Nobel Prize winners. Using a historiometric approach, we rated individual and team‐level variables to identify what makes someone try new things either earlier or later in her career. Findings indicate that willingness to try new things is related to autonomy, the relationship with one's mentor, team climate, and team network, but not to personal initiative.
Mobile cloud computing based privacy protection in location‐based information survey applications
Authors: Zhang Hao , Yu Nenghai , Wen Yonggang
Published: July 2014

Nowadays, location‐based service (LBS) has become pervasive. Given its high utility value, LBS, however, presents serious privacy concerns for cautious users. In this paper, we investigate privacy preserving for location‐based information survey application, which calculates the geographic distribution of user's information. The design objective is twofold: (i) calculate an information distribution for a pool of mobile users and (ii) protect the location and value privacy of individual user, in the presence of malicious servers and possible corrupted users. Our proposed solution leverages a mobile cloud computing paradigm, in which each mobile device is replicated with a system‐level clone in cloud. The computing of distribution function is distributed among the set of cloud clones via a P2P protocol. We further enhance our basic scheme with the multiple aggregation mechanism, aiming to protect the correctness of the aggregate result from the active attacker. Compared to the approaches based on centralized server or aggregate proxy, our proposed scheme and its enhanced version are advantageous in avoiding single point of failure/attack, load balancing, and overhead reduction. Simulation results verify these advantages and the protection to the correctness of aggregate result and suggest that our proposed scheme is suitable for large‐scale applications. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distributed collision control with the integration of packet size for congestion control in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Yaakob Naimah , Khalil Ibrahim , Atiquzzaman Mohammed , Habib Ibrahim , Hu Jiankun
Published: July 2014

Several great features offered by wireless sensor networks (WSN) result in its wide deployment in various remote and continuous monitoring applications. As such, managing huge collected readings in this domain posted many challenges due to its design limitations. In order to provide seamless data transmission, which is of utmost importance in those delay‐sensitive applications, minimum delay and packet loss occurrence should be considered. Specifically, this paper addresses the common issue of congested networks in WSN with the combination technique of variance‐based distributed contention control (DCC‐V) and packet size optimization. The proposed integration technique, which operates on medium access control layer, takes into consideration the packet size advantages as it plays a key role in determining successful data delivery, given the error‐prone nature of WSN. While ensuring fewer corrupted packets, the proposed contention window (CW) in DCC‐V minimizes the chances of packet collisions and so alleviates congestion. In this technique, CW is determined based on slot utilization and average collision values, which also involve standard deviation measurements. Simulation analysis using network simulator‐2 shows outstanding performance of the proposed solution compared with the existing IEEE 802.15.4 protocol. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An analytical approach to non‐linear dynamical model of a permanent magnet synchronous generator
Authors: Herisanu N. , Marinca V. , Madescu Gh.
Published: July 2014

This paper proposes an analytical approach to investigate the transitory dynamic regime of a low‐power permanent magnet synchronous generator that works in an actual wind power station. The governing non‐linear differential equations are solved by means of the optimal homotopy asymptotic method, and explicit analytical solutions are obtained. Four cases are analysed for different moments of inertia and electrical resistances specific to sudden short circuit produced at the generator terminals and sudden change of load. The proposed procedure is highly efficient and controls the convergence of the approximate solutions, ensuring a very fast convergence. Such analytical approach allows modeling and simulating turbine generator systems for real‐time computations, offline applications or stability problems. Numerical investigations are also performed in order to validate the analytical results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beyond human capital explanations for the gender pay gap among executives: investigating board embeddedness effects on discrimination
Authors: Oehmichen Jana , Sarry Maximilian A. , Wolff Michael
Published: July 2014

This paper examines the gender pay gap in top management teams and how it is affected by directors’ embeddedness. We can reconfirm the result of previous studies that differences in managerial compensation between women and men exist, even after controlling for company properties and human capital attributes. Drawing on the language theory of discrimination, we then question how the embeddedness of directors—the actual deciders on executive compensation levels—affects the pay gap: embeddedness causing homophilous behavior resulting in a higher pay gap or directors using their network as knowledge source and decreasing the pay gap. We find evidence that knowledge effects outweigh potential homophily effects.
Moments of Decolonization: Indigenous Australia in the Here and Now
Authors: Keenan Sarah
Published: July 2014

This article traces some of the ways in which Australian law in the post-Mabo era has functioned to discursively historicize Indigenous Australia, that is, to construct Indigenous Australia as a historical relic. I argue that despite law’s continual historicization of Indigenous Australia, there have nonetheless been “moments of decolonization,” as there have been since the colonization of Australia began, in which Indigenous Australia asserts its contemporary presence in opposition to and outside of colonial Australia. Drawing on Doreen Massey’s conceptualization of place and space and three examples, I argue that in these moments, Indigenous activists do not only resist the ongoing project that is settler Australia, they also create an elsewhere to it.
Visual Legalities of Race and Reparations
Authors: Murdocca Carmela
Published: July 2014

Drawing attention to the legal and psychoanalytic genealogy of reparations, this article examines the relationship between reparations and racial difference through an analysis of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation’s documentary series 8th Fire: Aboriginal People, Canada and the Way Forward. The representational life of reparations in liberal settler colonialism is a repository for addressing the broader landscape of legality—sovereignty, self-determination and anti-colonialism—beyond the confines of international human rights mechanisms. This article considers the following questions: How do forms of testimony animate connections between reparations and racial difference? In what ways do visual and representational practices operate through racial and colonial temporalities central to reparative juridics? What is the relationship between reparations and possibilities for anti-colonialism? I argue that the social, legal, cultural, and representational life of reparations in settler colonialism is structured by racial difference.
Numerical simulation of sand waves in a turbulent open channel flow
Authors: Khosronejad Ali , Sotiropoulos Fotis
Published: July 2014

We develop a coupled hydro-morphodynamic numerical model for carrying out large-eddy simulation of stratified, turbulent flow over a mobile sand bed. The method is based on the curvilinear immersed boundary approach of Khosronejadet al.(Adv. Water Resour., vol. 34, 2011, pp. 829–843). We apply this method to simulate sand wave initiation, growth and evolution in a mobile bed laboratory open channel, which was studied experimentally by Venditti & Church (J. Geophys. Res., vol. 110, 2005, F01009). We show that all the major characteristics of the computed sand waves, from the early cross-hatch and chevron patterns to fully grown three-dimensional bedforms, are in good agreement with the experimental data both qualitatively and quantitatively. Our simulations capture the measured temporal evolution of sand wave amplitude, wavelength and celerity with good accuracy and also yield three-dimensional topologies that are strikingly similar to what was observed in the laboratory. We show that near-bed sweeps are responsible for initiating the instability of the initially flat sand bed. Stratification effects, which arise due to increased concentration of suspended sediment in the flow, also become important at later stages of the bed evolution and need to be taken into account for accurate simulations. As bedforms grow in amplitude and wavelength, they give rise to energetic coherent structures in the form of horseshoe vortices, which transport low-momentum near-bed fluid and suspended sediment away from the bed, giving rise to characteristic ‘boil’ events at the water surface. Flow separation off the bedform crestlines is shown to trap sediment in the lee side of the crestlines, which, coupled with sediment erosion from the accelerating flow over the stoss side, provides the mechanism for continuous bedform migration and crestline rearrangement. The statistical and spectral properties of the computed sand waves are calculated and shown to be similar to what has been observed in nature and previous numerical simulations. Furthermore, and in agreement with recent experimental findings (Singhet al.,Water Resour. Res., vol. 46, 2010, pp. 1–10), the spectra of the resolved velocity fluctuations above the bed exhibit a distinct spectral gap whose width increases with distance from the bed. The spectral gap delineates the spectrum of turbulence from the low-frequency range associated with very slowly evolving, albeit energetic, coherent structures induced by the migrating sand waves. Overall the numerical simulations reproduce the laboratory observations with good accuracy and elucidate the physical phenomena governing the interaction between the turbulent flow and the developing mobile bed.