bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
276 Impact of pre-farrow feeding amount and timing on stillborn rate of sows
Authors: Miller Kayla , Kellner Trey A
Published: November 2020

Pre-farrowing feeding allowance and timing are often based on logistical ease instead of optimizing farrowing performance. The objective of this experiment was to decrease the stillborn rate via the amount and timing of feeding prior to farrowing. A total of 245 PIC 1050 (PIC, Inc., Hendersonville, TN) individually housed bred females were randomly allotted to 1 of 3 treatments on d 0. The 3 pre-farrow feeding treatments consisted of: 1) 2 meals of 0.9 kg fed at 630 h and 1530 h; 2) 1 meal of 1.8 kg fed at 630 h; and 3) 2 meals of 2.7 kg fed at 630 h and 1530 h. Dietary treatment commenced on entry into the farrowing crate and continued until they farrowed (ranged from d 2 to d 10). Data were analyzed using Proc MIXED (SAS 9.4; Cary, NC) with treatment as the main effect and sow as the experimental unit. Females having a litter with a total born ≤ 11 or ≥ 21 or did not consume their allotted feed were considered outliers and were removed from the statistical analysis. Feeding 2 meals of 0.9 kg per day trended to reduce stillborn rate compared to the other 2 pre-farrow feeding treatments (2 meals of 0.9 kg = 5.6%, 1 meal of 1.8 kg = 8.6%, 2 meals of 2.7 kg = 9.0%; P = 0.090). Pre-farrow feeding amount and time had no impact on total born or mummies (P ≥ 0.270). As a bonus, feeding small meals multiple times a day will reduce the farm’s overall feed cost compared to providing full feed access pre-farrow. In conclusion, implementation of a pre-farrowing feeding strategy is a vehicle that can be used to reduce the stillborn rate in commercial production.
272 Hybrid rye may replace up to 75% of the corn in diets for gestating and lactating sows without negatively impacting sow and piglet performance
Authors: McGhee Molly L , Stein Hans H
Published: November 2020

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that hybrid rye can replace corn in gestation and lactation diets without negatively affecting sow and litter performance. For gestation and lactation, a corn-soybean meal control diet and 3 additional diets in which hybrid rye replaced 25, 50, or 75% of corn were formulated. Sows were randomly allotted by parity to treatments, with 45 replicate sows per treatment. Sows were individually housed for the duration of the experiment. Sow BW were recorded on d 7 and d 105 of gestation, as well as within 24 h after farrowing and on the day of weaning (approximately d 20 of lactation). Number and weights of live born, still born, and mummified piglets were determined within 24 h of farrowing. Data related to piglet mortality were analyzed using SAS Proc Glimmix with binomial distribution, whereas all other data were analyzed using Proc Mixed. The statistical models included the fixed effects of diet and parity. Diet did not influence sow BW or sow ADG at any point in the experiment (Table 1). Diet did not affect number or weights of total, live, or still born pigs, but there was an increase and then a reduction in the number of pigs weaned, litter wean weight, and litter ADG as the inclusion of hybrid rye in the diets increased (quadratic, P < 0.05). Piglet mortality, as well as the proportion of piglets crushed by sows, tended (P < 0.10) to be quadratically reduced as hybrid rye was added to the diet. In conclusion, replacing corn with hybrid rye in gestation and lactation diets had no effect on sow BW changes nor on number or birthweights of piglets, and overall, diets with 25% and 50% corn replacement rate with rye resulted in improved sow lactation performance.
145 Nutritional Advances in Fetal and Neonatal Development: Methyl Donors
Authors: Batistel Fernanda
Published: November 2020

The objective of this presentation is to discuss and review research on methyl donors in the developmental programming of dairy cattle. One-carbon metabolism is catalyzed by several enzymes in the presence of dietary micronutrients, including methionine, choline, betaine, and folate, and generates S-adenosylmethionine. S-adenosylmethionine is crucial for numerous cellular functions such as DNA and histone methylation as well as protein synthesis. Despite the biological role of S-adenosylmethionine, there is a limited understanding of the impact of dietary methyl donors’ supply to pregnant dairy cows and neonatal calves. The majority of research related to methyl donors in fetal and neonatal development and physiology has been generated supplying methyl donors to dairy cows during the end of gestation. The results from recent studies are not conclusive, but overall they indicate that methyl donors supply during the end of pregnancy enhance calf performance and ameliorate immune response. A better understanding of the impact of methyl donors may offer new ways to augment development, performance and immune function of growing replacement heifers.
107 Effects of increasing doses of trenbolone acetate and estradiol on finishing phase growth performance and carcass trait responses in beef steers
Authors: Smerchek Dathan , Smith Zachary K
Published: November 2020

Continental × English beef steers (n = 240; allotment BW = 365 kg [SD 22.5]) were used in a randomized complete block design feedlot study to evaluate the effects of increasing doses of trenbolone acetate (TBA) and estradiol-17β (E2) on finishing phase growth performance and carcass trait responses. Steers were allotted to 30 concrete surface pens (n = 8 steers/pen) at the Ruminant Nutrition Center (RNC) in Brookings, SD 36 d prior to being implanted. Pens were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: 1) No implant (NI), 2) Synovex Choice [100 mg TBA + 10 mg E2; CH], or 3) Synovex Plus [200 mg TBA + 20 mg E2; PL] on d 1. Cattle were fed for 124 d post-implantation. This experiment was part of a factorial experiment that included bedding application. No interactions between implant and bedding were detected (P ≥ 0.09). A common diet was fed that contained 2.09 Mcal/kg of NEm and 1.39 Mcal/kg of NEg and provided 30 g/ton of monensin sodium to diet DM. The first 6 pen replicates began on test 14 d prior to the last 4 pen replicates. Pen was the experimental unit; an α of 0.05 determined significance. There was a linear increase for both ADG (P = 0.01) and DMI (P = 0.02) with increasing doses of TBA and E2. There was a quadratic effect (P = 0.01) on carcass adjusted final BW. A quadratic effect on G:F was observed, increasing by 21.1%% and 19.5% for CH and PL respectively, compared to NI. No linear (P ≥ 0.14) or quadratic (P ≥ 0.40) effects were observed for dressing percentage, backfat, calculated yield grade, or marbling. A quadratic increase (P = 0.01) in HCW and a linear increase (P = 0.01) in REA was detected with increasing doses of TBA and E2. Combination TBA + E2 implants increased final BW, ADG, DMI, gain efficiency, HCW, and REA at equal BF accumulation without detriment to marbling score.
58 The relationship between the first harmonic intensity levels among boer goat siblings from birth to weaning
Authors: Burke Thomas A , Quandt Rachael C , Bartley Samantha S , Forshey Brandon
Published: November 2020

This study was conducted to determine whether the intensity levels of the first harmonic in small ruminants, such as Boer goats, are common among siblings or are affected by the environment in which they are raised. The first harmonic of a vocalization is the lowest frequency heard from that vocalization. All sequential harmonics are based upon the first. Three pens (2.44m x 3.05m) were created to control the external sound stimuli to which the kids (n=13) were exposed to. Pen 1 (n=4; 6, 7, 8, 9) was set up adjacent to the dams to ensure adult goat vocalizations were heard. Pen 2 (n=5; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) involved a recording of a human voice played on a CD player. Pen 3 (n=4; 10, 11, 12, 13) was set up to limit external sound stimuli. Kids were placed in each pen upon birth order with the exception of one set of twins in pen 2. A set of triplets was included in the study with one sibling in each pen. Recordings were conducted using VoceVista Video software 1x/wk for 7 wk, from birth to weaning. Intensity levels of the first harmonic from each recording of each kid were compared to intensity levels of any of its siblings included in the study. One example of same sex siblings showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) from each other’s first harmonic intensity levels. Siblings of opposite genders showed no difference in intensity level in the first harmonics. The results of this study indicate that the intensity levels of the first harmonic of goat kids in the first 7 wks could be a result of relatedness rather than the influence of external sound. Additionally, the development the first harmonic intensity level among siblings is independent of external sound and gender.
PSV-1 A Subcutaneous Ear Implant to Deliver an Anaplasmosis Vaccine to Dairy Steers
Authors: Curtis Andrew K , Reif Kathryn , Kleinhenz Michael , Martin Miriam S , Skinner Brandt , Kelly Sean , Jones Douglas , Reppert Emily , Montgomery Shawnee , Narasimhan Balaji , Anantatat Tippawan , Jaberi-Douraki Majid , Coetzee Johann
Published: November 2020

Bovine anaplasmosis is the most prevalent tick-transmitted disease of cattle worldwide and a major obstacle to beef production. The objective of the study was to test the ability of a single-dose delivery platform to produce long-lasting immunity against anaplasmosis infections. Twelve Holstein steers were administered a 3-stage, single-dose vaccine against Anaplasma marginale major surface protein 1a. The vaccine consisted of a soluble vaccine administered subcutaneously for immune priming, a biodegradable polyanhydride depot for intermediate slow-release of the vaccine for boosting the immune response, and an immune-isolated vaccine platform for extended antigen release deposited subcutaneously in the ear. Six calves were randomly assigned to two vaccine constructs that featured rods and implants containing a combination of two adjuvants (DEAE-Dextran and Quil-A). The remaining 6 calves were randomly assigned to two vaccine constructs that featured rods and implants containing the same adjuvant (DEAE-Dextran or Quil-A). Twenty months post-implantation, calves were challenged with Anaplasma marginale stabilate and were monitored weekly for signs of fever, decreased packed cell volume (PCV) and bacteremia. Outcome variables (fever, PCV, bacteremia) were analyzed using a linear mixed model (PROC GLMMIX; SAS University Edition v9.04.01, SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Two-tailed chi-squared tests were used to compare need for antibiotic intervention between vaccine constructs. Calves within the combination adjuvant construct group (DEAE-D and Quil-A) exhibited significantly (P = .006) higher PCV than calves within the single adjuvant construct group (DEAE-Dextran or Quil-A). Likewise, calves within the combination adjuvant group required significantly (P = .014) fewer antibiotic interventions compared with calves in the single adjuvant group. Findings of this study suggest that calves exhibited significantly diminished clinical signs of anaplasmosis when vaccine was delivered with a combination of adjuvants as opposed to a single adjuvant in a single-dose delivery platform.
PSVII-12 Acceptability of Milne blueberry juice and blueberry puree in horse feed
Authors: Halpin Michael Y , Douthit Teresa , Evans Caitlin E , Braun Michaela B , Stark Charles R , Paulk Chad B , Lattimer James M
Published: November 2020

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of liquid blueberry juice (BJ65) or blueberry puree (BP30) used as a binding agent on pellet durability and palatability of a typical equine concentrate when included at 4% of the pellet. Molasses was used as a control. Production data, pellet durability and moisture content were evaluated in 1 replicate for each treatment. Because moisture content of condition mashes were 17.59% and 18.11% for BJ65 and BP30 treatments, respectively, greater inclusion of blueberry product would likely cause roller slippage and complicate the pelleting process due to increased liquid (Fahrenholz, 2012). Pellet durability met industry standards for all treatments. Pellets were fed in a 3 x 3 Latin square design to 9 two-year-old horses to determine the effect of blueberry products on acceptability. All animals were allowed 10 minutes to consume 1.36 kg at 0700 h and 1700 h each day for 3 d. Consumption time and amount consumed were recorded to calculate intake, intake rate, and intake ratio (IR). No horse consumed all pellets within the allotted time, and thus, there were no differences between intake rate and intake. Period tended to impact intake (P = 0.0909), with horses consuming less during period 1 than period 3 (P = 0.0317), but period had no effect (P = 0.2881) on IR. Treatment influenced intake (P < 0.0001), with decreased intake of BP30 compared to control and BJ65 (P ≤ 0.0001). Intake ratio was greater (P = 0.0075) for BJ65 than BP30 with IR of 0.5069 and 0.4227, respectively. Consumption of BJ65 was no different than control. Fahrenholz, A. 2012. Evaluating factors affecting pellet durability and energy consumption in a pilot feed mill and comparing methods for evaluating pellet durability. Doctoral thesis. Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.
PSVII-3 Effect of feeding finishing steers two different commercially available blends of essential oils with or without benzoic acid on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality
Authors: Wang Lydia M , Bohrer Benjamin M
Published: November 2020

This study examined the effects of feeding two different commercially available blends of essential oils with or without benzoic acid on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of finishing steers. Angus-based crossbred steers (N = 76; allocation BW = 429 ± 30 kg; starting BW = 466 kg ± 31 kg) were assigned by allocation weight into two blocks. Within each block, steers were randomly assigned to one of seven dietary treatments for a 100 d finishing period. Treatments were: 1) a negative control with no additives; 2) a positive control with supplementation of monensin/tylosin; 3) essential oil blend #1 (Victus Liv, DSM Nutritional Products); 4) essential oil blend #2 (Fortissa Fit 45, Provimi Canada); 5) benzoic acid (VevoVitall, DSM Nutritional Products); 6) a combination of essential oil blend #1 and benzoic acid; and 7) a combination of essential oil blend #2 and benzoic acid. All feed additives were supplemented at dosage levels according to manufacturer instructions. Growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality were evaluated. Individual animal feed intake was collected using an Insentec feeding system, therefore steer was the experimental unit for all analyses. Data were analyzed using a RCBD with fixed effect of treatment and random effect of block. Final BW, ADG, DMI, and G:F were similar (P > 0.25) among treatments. There were no treatment differences (P > 0.15) for the carcass characteristics or the meat quality parameters evaluated in this study. Overall, steers supplemented with the commercial blends of essential oils with or without benzoic acid had similar growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality parameters as steers fed CON or M/T, indicating that these products may have potential as replacements for monensin and/or tylosin.
PSVII-6 Effects of heat stress on proteolysis in dairy cattle skeletal muscle
Authors: Roths Melissa S , Abeyta Megan A , Rudolph Tori , Wilson Brittany , Hudson Matthew B , Rhoads Robert P , Baumgard Lance H , Selsby Joshua T
Published: November 2020

Heat stress (HS) occurs when internal body temperatures are elevated above a thermoneutral zone in response to extreme environmental temperatures. In the U.S. dairy industry, HS results in economic loss due to decreased feed intake, milk quality, and milk yield. Previous work has demonstrated increased plasma urea nitrogen in heat stressed dairy cattle which is thought to originate from increased skeletal muscle proteolysis, however this has not been empirically established. The objective of this investigation was to determine the extent to which HS promotes proteolysis in skeletal muscle of dairy cattle. We hypothesized HS would increase activation of the calpain and proteasome systems in skeletal muscle. To test this hypothesis, following a 3-d acclimation period in individual box stalls, all lactating dairy cows were held under thermoneutral (TN) conditions for 4-d for collection of baseline measures and then exposed to TN or HS conditions for 7-d followed by a biopsy of semitendinosus (n=8/group). To induce HS, cattle were fitted with electric heating blankets, which they wore for the duration of the heating period. This approach increased rectal temperature 1.1°C (P< 0.05), respiratory rate by 33 bpm (P< 0.05), plasma urea nitrogen by 19% (P=0.08) and milk urea nitrogen by 26% (P< 0.05), and decreased dry matter intake by 32% (P< 0.05) and milk production by 26% (P< 0.05) confirming HS. Contrary to our expectations, we discovered that calpain I and II abundance and activation, and calpain activity were similar between groups. Likewise, protein expression of E3 ligases, MafBx and Murf1, were similar between groups as was total ubiquitinated proteins and proteasome activity. Collectively, and counter to our hypothesis, these results suggest skeletal muscle proteolysis is not increased following 7-d of HS. These data question the presumed dogma that increased blood urea nitrogen is due to elevated proteolysis in skeletal muscle.
PSII-18 Dietary Strategy for Gilt Development
Authors: Johnston Michael E , McCormick Katherine A , Petersen Grant I , Eden Chris L
Published: November 2020

The objective was to determine a dietary strategy for gilt development that would improve reproductive performance. One thousand eighty-three gilts (DNA) were blocked by weight (average initial weight = 27.5 ± 4.8 kg) and allocated to one of four dietary treatments (267-273 gilts per treatment). Treatments included: 1) standard grower/finisher (SGF) diet; 2) maximize bone growth (MB) diet with increased available P and Ca; 3) maximize growth (MG) diet with increased energy and AA levels, or 4) maximize both bone and growth (MBG) diet. Each treatment had five phases with all gilts fed a common gestation diet after insemination. At 20 weeks of age, gilts fed MG and MBG diets were heavier (P < 0.05) than gilts fed other diets. Gilts fed the MG diet were heavier (116.9 kg; P < 0.05) at 23 weeks (start of boar exposure) than gilts fed other diets (SGF, 112 kg; MB, 110.3 kg; MBG, 114.6 kg). Gilts fed the MG diet were heavier (143.8 kg; P < 0.05) at mating (29 weeks of age) than gilts fed other diets (SGF, 139.0 kg; MB, 136.8 kg; MBG, 139.6 kg). Upon entering farrowing stalls, gilts fed the MG diet continued to be heavier (P < 0.05). More gilts farrowed (P < 0.05) when fed the MG diet (MG, 89.8%; MBG, 86.8%; MB, 82.2%; SGF, 81.9%). Dietary treatment had no impact on number of pigs born alive per litter, total pigs born per litter, or piglet birth and weaning weights. There was a tendency (P < 0.10) for gilts to remain in the sow herd to farrow their second litter when fed either the MG or MBG diet. Overall, feeding higher energy and AA levels to maximize growth increased gilt development weights, improved the number of gilts that farrowed, and tended to increase sow retention.
PSIV-21 Pellet processing reduces variability of corn soybean meal-based diet digestibility in growing pigs
Authors: Chassé Élisabeth , Guay Frédéric , Létourneau-Montminy Marie-Pierre
Published: November 2020

This study was conducted to determine the effect of pelleting on the digestibility of corn-soybean meal-based diet in growing pigs. Two trials with 6 pigs cannulated at the distal ileum were conducted. In each trial, pigs were assigned to each treatment following a crossover design. In each experiment, the same diet, composed of corn and soybean meal with 10% wheat from two different feed mills, was served in pellet or mash form. Pelleting allowed an increase in digestibility in one of the trials. Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and digestible energy (DE) were improved with pelleting by 8, 12 and 9% (P< 0.01). The AID of amino acids (AA) was also improved (P< 0.05). Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) was increased by pelleting in DM, CP and DE by 5, 7 and 6% respectively (P< 0.01). The digestibility of the mash diet in experiment 1 was lower than in the pelleted diet in the experiment 1 and both diets in experiment 2 as shown by the interaction Pelleting X Trial which was significant for the AID and ATTD of DM, CP and DE (P< 0.01). Therefore, in experiment 1, pelleting allows to improve the digestibility of diet to the same level as in experiment 2. The AID of CP was higher by 37% in the mash diet from the second experiment compared to the one in the first experiment. Even though the same ingredients were chosen in the two experiments, this shows the variability in digestibility existing between different feed mills and ingredient sources. This difference was not observed in pelleted diets. The results obtained in these two trials show that pelleting can reduce the variability of digestibility and then give a good digestibility of diets even if the ingredients are of different quality or sources.
PSIX-13 Effects of zinc and copper levels on growth performance of nursery pigs
Authors: Cemin Henrique S , Swalla Luke A , Pietig Jamie L , Hansen Sharlie A , Hansen Ernie L
Published: November 2020

A 20-d experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of added Zn and Cu on growth performance of nursery pigs. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial treatment structure with main effects of added Zn (100 or 3,000 mg/kg of diet) and Cu (10 or 200 mg/kg of diet). Basal Zn and Cu levels (100 and 10 mg/kg, respectively) were from organic sources, while the added high levels (2,900 and 190 mg/kg, respectively) were from Zn oxide and Cu hydroxychloride. A total of 784 pigs (PIC 337 × Camborough), initially 6.0 kg, were used with 7 replicates per treatment. Experimental diets were corn, soybean meal, and whey permeate-based and contained 1.38% SID Lys. Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Data were analyzed with SAS MIXED procedure. From d 0 to 10, there was no evidence (P > 0.10) for interactive or main effects of Zn or Cu. From d 10 to 20 and overall (d 0 to 20), there was an interaction (P < 0.05) between Zn and Cu for G:F. From d 10 to 20, pigs fed 10 mg/kg added Cu had improved G:F when 3,000 mg/kg added Zn was fed; however, pigs fed 200 mg/kg added Cu had similar G:F regardless of added Zn level. There was no evidence (P > 0.10) for interaction for ADG or ADFI, indicating an additive Zn and Cu effect. Feeding 3,000 mg/kg added Zn or 200 mg/kg added Cu improved ADG, ADFI, and final BW with the highest performance observed when feeding both 3,000 mg/kg added Zn and 200 mg/kg added Cu. In summary, feeding high levels of Zn or Cu did not impact the first 10-d postweaning performance, but Zn and Cu effects were observed in the subsequent 10-d and overall performance.
PSIX-16 Growth performance and blood immune parameters of nursery pigs fed canola meal-based diets
Authors: Hong Jinsu , Scaria Joy , Woyengo Tofuko A
Published: November 2020

Effects of dietary solvent-extracted canola meal (SECM) on growth performance, blood thyroid hormones, and immune parameters of nursery pigs were investigated. A total of 200 weaned pigs (initial body weight = 7.00 kg) were obtained in 2 batches of 100 pigs each. Pigs in each batch were housed in 25 pens (4 pigs/pen) and fed 5 diets in a randomized complete block design. The 5 diets were corn-soybean meal-based diet with 0, 10, 20, 30, or 40% SECM. The diets were fed in 3 phases; Phase 1: d 0 to 7, Phase 2: d 7 to 21, and Phase 3: d 21 to 42. Growth performance was determined by phase. Blood parameters were determined at the end of Phases 1 and 2. Increasing dietary SECM from 0 to 40% resulted in a quadratic increase (P=0.007) in overall (d 0-42) average daily gain (ADG) such that an increase in dietary level of SECM from 0 to 20% resulted in an increase (P< 0.05) in ADG by 14.1%, but an increase in level of SECM from 20 to 40% resulted in a decrease (P< 0.05) in ADG by 11.4 %. Dietary SECM tended to linearly reduce (P=0.05) Phase 2 serum tetraiodothyronine level. An increase in dietary level of SECM from 0 to 20% did not affect the serum IgA level, but an increase in level of dietary level of SECM from 20 to 40% resulted in a decrease (P< 0.05) in the serum IgA level. Serum IgG and TNF-α levels were unaffected by diet. In conclusion, increasing dietary SECM level from 0 to 20% increased growth performance of weaned pigs. However, increasing dietary SECM level from 20 to 40% reduced growth performance and increased immune response. Thus, SECM can be included in diets for nursery pigs at 20% to improve performance.
PSIX-6 Effect of dacitic tuff breccia in nursery diets on pig growth performance, blood parameters, and intestinal morphology
Authors: Garcia Ricardo M , Ferrel Jon , Thayer Morgan T , Mahoney Julie F , Duttlinger Alan W , Chastain Clayton S , Richert Brian T , Radcliffe John S
Published: November 2020

Trace element and mineral intake are important for proper function of the immune system and various metabolic processes. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of a dacitic tuff breccia (DTB), classified as a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate, in the diet of nursery pigs. Dietary treatments were: 1) Control diet (CON), 2) CON + 0.25% DTB (DTB1), and 3) CON + 0.50% DTB (DTB2). Pigs (6.79 + 0.064 kg; 26d of age) were individually housed and fed dietary treatments for 21 d (n=48; 16/trt). At the end of the experiment, blood, jejunal, and ileal samples were collected for a typical metabolic panel and basic histologic and morphologic measurements. DTB2 fed pigs tended (P=0.07) to have greater ADG than CON and DTB1 fed pigs (392, 397, 430g/d for CON, DTB1, DTB2, respectively), and greater (P=0.008) ADFI (591, 592, 669g/d for CON, DTB1, DTB2, respectively). Gain:Feed was not different (P=0.75) among treatments (0.655, 0.663, 0.644 for CON, DTB1, DTB2, respectively). Crypt depth in the jejunum was greater (P=0.04) for DTB1 compared to CON fed pigs but did not differ from DTB2 fed pigs (254.7, 292.0, 275.6mm for CON, DTB1, DTB2, respectively). Villous height, villous:crypt, number of goblet cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes did not differ among treatments in both ileum and jejunum (P >0.17). Total white blood cell (WBC) count did not differ (P >0.10). However, the proportion of WBC that were monocytes was lower (P=0.024) in DTB1 compared to CON and DTB2 fed pigs (1.27, 0.79, 1.45% for CON, DTB1, DTB2, respectively). Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) concentration tended (P=0.06) to be linearly decreased with increasing DTB concentrations (9.27, 8.80, 7.75mg/dL). DTB inclusion at 0.5% in nursery pig diets tended to improve growth performance, while inclusion at 0.25% increased jejunal crypt depth and reduced monocytes:WBC and increasing DTB concentrations tended to decreased BUN linearly.
PSVI-22 Rumen microbiome of beef cattle is modulated by backgrounding systems
Authors: Omontese Bobwealth O , Sharma Ashok K , Langlie Jason , Armstrong Joe , DiCostanzo Alfredo , Webb Megan J , Gomez Andres
Published: November 2020

Backgrounding (BKG) segment in beef production systems is characterized by utilization of different forages which affect growth performance and carcass characteristics. However, it is unclear how BKG systems impact rumen microbiome. We investigated rumen microbiome dynamics of beef calves under different BKG systems. At weaning, Angus and Angus x Simmental beef calves (n = 38) were stratified by age, weight, and sex in a completely randomized design into 1 of 3 BKG treatments for 55 d: 1) perennial pasture (PP; quackgrass, orchardgrass; smooth bromegrass, red clover, and alfalfa); 2) summer annual cover crop (CC; cereal oats, purple top turnips, hunter forage brassica, and graza forage radish); and 3) dry lot (DL; haylage, corn, and DDGS). After BKG, all calves were assigned to a high energy ration in a feedlot. Rumen sample was collected via esophageal tubing at weaning, BKG and feedlot. A total of 190 rumen fluid samples were used to sequence the hypervariable V4 region of the 16S rRNA bacterial gene on an Illumina MiSeq platform. The results showed that BKG systems largely influenced rumen bacterial communities. Specifically, microbiome composition and diversity were not different at weaning, diverged significantly during BKG (Shannon index, Bray Curtis distance metrics; P < 0.001) and homogenized during feedlot. During the BKG segment, the bacterial genera Agrobacterium, Coprococcus, and Ruminococcus were dominant in CC whereas Fibrobacteraceae and Mycoplasmataceae was most dominant in DL. Moreover, rumen microbiome patterns of CC and DL calves showed increased plasticity in early stages of development but not during feedlot with PP showing fewer changes over time. These results indicate that BKG systems significantly modulate the rumen microbiome of beef cattle and, underscore the importance of early developmental stages as potential targets for feeding interventions that can impact the animal microbiome to enhance animal performance.
PSI-11 Moisture Content Throughout the Pelleting Process and Subsequent Effects on Pellet Quality
Authors: Kort Rachel , Wecker Haley , Fiehler Chance , Ogles Aundria , Froetschner Jared , Stark Charles R , Paulk Chad B
Published: November 2020

This experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of steam addition to the conditioner on moisture content throughout the pelleting process and subsequent effects on pellet quality. Treatments consisted of diets pelleted with no steam and steam added to achieve conditioning temperatures of 62.8 and 87.8°C. Conditioner retention time was set at 30 sec and diets were pelleted with a 6.4×63.5 mm pellet die. Pellet samples were collected and immediately placed in an experimental counter-flow cooler for 15 min. All treatments were replicated at 3 separate time points to provide 3 replicates per treatment. Mash (M), conditioned mash (CM), hot pellets (HP), and cooled pellet (CP) samples were collected for moisture content analysis and CP for pellet durability index (PDI). Data were analyzed with pelleting run as the experimental unit and time period as the blocking factor. Moisture samples were analyzed as a 3×4 factorial of steam-conditioning and sample location. There was a steam-conditioning×sample interaction (P< 0.01) for moisture. Mash samples for all treatments were similar (13.3%; 36.2°C). For the no steam treatment, there was no difference in moisture content for the M, CM, and HP; however, moisture decreased in CP, with samples having 13.4, 13.1, 12.9, and 12.0% moisture, respectively. For the 62.7°C treatment, there was an increase in moisture from M to CM, followed by a decrease in both HP and CP, with samples having 13.2, 15.3, 14.9, and 12.7% moisture, respectively. For the 87.8°C treatment, moisture increased from M to CM, and decreased in HP and CP with samples having 13.3, 17.3, 16.3, and 13.4% moisture, respectively. Increasing conditioning temperature from no steam to 87.8°C increased (P< 0.01) PDI from 3.3, 59.1, to 91.1%, respectively. In conclusion, increasing feed temperature from 36.2 to 87.8°C via steam addition increased condition mash moisture content by 4.2% resulting in improved pellet quality.
PSIII-10 The association of genes involved in mitochondrial function with growth, size, and feed efficiency traits in developing beef heifers
Authors: Schmoker Samantha J , Bhowmik Nayan , Dahlen Carl R , Swanson Kendall C , Ringwall Kris A , Hulsman Hanna Lauren L
Published: November 2020

The objective was to determine if genetic markers related to mitochondrial function are associated with growth and feed intake of Bos taurus heifers fed forage-based diets. Weight data collected at birth, weaning, and as yearlings were available on 373 heifers. As yearlings, feed intake was measured using an Insentec system. Primary ancestral breeds of heifers included 204 British, 66 Continental European, 68 American Aberdeen, 29 British mix, and 6 American Aberdeen mix. Traits included DMI, ADG, G:F, adjusted birth weight (BWT), adjusted 205 weaning weight (WW), and average of start and end feed trial weight (FWT) and body volume (VOL). Heifers were genotyped using Neogen GGP150HD for beef cattle. Markers (n=56) were extracted if located within or flanking AMPK, PPARGC1A, FGF2, and SIRT1 or on mitochondrial DNA using ARS-UCD1.2 coordinates. After quality checks (minor allele frequency and call rate), 44 markers remained. No mitochondrial markers passed quality checks. For each trait, each marker was fit independently as a fixed effect in a model including year and group based on frame score (n=4), ancestry (n=5), and dam age (n=4; non-adjusted traits only). Pairwise comparisons were done using Tukey-Kramer method. No markers within FGF2 or SIRT1 had significant associations. Two markers were found significant for PPARGC1A, where Hapmap24121-BTC-039009 (P=0.0344) showed the C allele increased DMI. For weight traits, significant markers surrounding AMPK and within PPARGC1A (n=5; 0.0009≤P≤ 0.0468) identified dominance gene actions that indicate certain variants of the AMPK and PPARGC1A increased weight across time-points. For VOL, 16 of 22 markers within PPARGC1A were significant (0.0068≤P≤0.0467). Of the 16 markers, 14 identified a recessive variant that increased volume, but did not translate to increased weight. Further research is needed to better understand the roles that genetic markers for AMPK and PPARGC1A have on tissue level mitochondrial function and energy metabolism.
25 Determining stability of genomic predictivity in future generations in commercial pig populations
Authors: Hollifield Mary Kate , Lourenco Daniela , Howard Jeremy , Huang Yijian , Misztal Ignacy
Published: November 2020

Genomic predictivity is expected to decay over time as predictions are evaluated to more distant generations. More data increases predictive ability; however, data from distant ancestors may not add a significant amount of value compared to the data from closely related individuals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the decay in genomic predictivity over time and to compare the magnitude of decay when including ancestral data versus data from 2 and 3 most recent generations for body weight at off-test (BW). The data set included 211,812 phenotypic records. The pedigree included 406,983 animals from 2001 to 2020, of which 55,118 were genotyped. A single-trait model was used with all ancestral data and sliding subsets of two- and three-generation intervals. Single-step GBLUP was used to calculate GEBVs. Predictive abilities were calculated by the correlation between GEBVs and adjusted phenotypes. Validation populations consisted of single generations succeeding the training population and continued for all generations available. Predictive ability was slightly higher, with all ancestral data in the training population compared to three- and two-generation intervals. The decay of predictivity was similar when comparing the three training population subsets. The average predictivity for the validation population immediately following the training population was 0.40 for 2016, 0.39 for 2017, 0.35 for 2018, and 0.29 for 2019. Predictive ability reached a maximum in the year 2017 (0.45) for the ancestral training population, 2017 (0.43) for the 3-year training population, and 2016 (0.38) for the 2-year training population. The average decay of predictive ability from the first year after the training population to the second year was -0.08. Realized predictivity is affected by selection pressure. The drop in predictive ability suggests declining heritability. With more data and with consistent selection pressure, predictive abilities should increase.
43 Feed efficiency and behavior are associated with gut microbiome in three breeds of pigs
Authors: Tiezzi Francesco , Bergamaschi Matteo , Howard Jeremy , Maltecca Christian
Published: November 2020

Feed efficiency and behavior are important traits in the pork industry for economic, welfare, and environmental aspects. The gut microbiota plays an important role in nutrient digestibility and it is likely to influence these traits. The aim of this study was to characterize the feed efficiency, feeding behavior and gut microbiome relationships of pigs belonging to three different breeds. Individual body weight, feed intake and rate of Duroc (n = 222), Landrace (n = 244), and Large White (n = 221) pigs were recorded. Rectal fecal samples were collected from each animal at three time points (T1, start of trial; T2, mid-trial; T3, end of trial) and used for microbiome 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Individual feed intake and body weight were edited to obtain average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), average daily feeding rate (ADFR), average feed intake per visit (AFIV), average daily number of visits to feeder (ANVD), average daily occupation time (AOTD), average occupation time per visit (AOTV). The impact of gut microbiome on the traits studied was present and seemed to depend on the breed and the time point of recording. At T1, Oscillibacter and Phascolarctobacterium had negative impact on ANVD and ADFI in Duroc, Ruminococcus had negative impact on ADFI in Landrace and Parvimonas, Escherichia and Anaerovibrio had negative impact on ADFI and ANVD in Large White. At T2, Lactobacillus showed a positive impact on ADFR in Landrace and on ADFI in Large White. At T3, Ruminococcus, Faecalibacterium and Dorea had a positive impact on ADFI in Duroc, Staphylococcous had positive impact on ADFR in Landrace and Peptoniphilus had negative impact on ADFI in Large White. Gut microbiome may have an heterogenous impact on the regulation of feeding behavior and feed efficiency depending on the host genotype.
60 Occurrence of Mycotoxins in 2019 US Corn-based Feed Ingredients
Authors: Schwandt Erin F , Gott Paige N , Hendel Erika G , Ramirez Shelby M , Murugesan G Raj , Hofstetter Ursula
Published: November 2020

Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites that are detrimental to animal health and productivity. This study investigated occurrence and contamination levels of mycotoxins in the 2019 US corn harvest, including corn grain and corn byproduct feed ingredients (distillers dried grains, gluten feed, etc.). Corn samples from the 2019 harvest and corn DDGS and other byproducts from October 2019 through April 2020 were screened via the LC-MS/MS technique for the presence of six major mycotoxin groups: aflatoxins, type A trichothecenes, type B trichothecenes (B-Trich), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEN) and ochratoxin A. Parameters of the main toxins found were compared to the two prior harvest years using the Kruskal-Wallis Test (Prism7, GraphPad, La Jolla, CA) and are presented in Table 1. Mean toxin count per sample in corn grain was similar in 2019 as 2018, with just over two toxins per sample. Mean B-Trich level (parts per billion, ppb) was elevated in 2019 from 2017. Fumonisin contamination increased in 2019 compared to 2017, and prevalence was similar to 2018. Zearalenone contamination and prevalence were similar in 2019 compared to 2018 levels. Co-contamination in corn byproduct feeds was steady, averaging nearly three toxins per sample. Mean B-Trich contamination was higher than the 2017 crop, and FUM contamination was higher in 2019 than 2017 and 2018. Zearalenone levels in 2019 byproducts are the highest seen in the past three years. Preliminary results of the 2019 corn-based feed ingredients survey suggest mycotoxin occurrence and contamination levels are approaching those observed in the challenging 2018 crop. Furthermore, there are continued concerns for co-contamination and greater ZEN contamination that may impose negative effects on growth, health and reproductive performance in ruminants.
63 DNA methylome wide profile associates differentially methylated loci and regions with cow’s ileal lymph node response to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis
Authors: Ibeagha-Awemu Eveline M , Bhattarai Suraj , Dedemaine Pier-Luc , Wang Mengqi , McKay Stephanie D , Zhao Xin , Bissonnette Nathalie
Published: November 2020

Johne’s Disease (JD), caused by Mycobacterium avim spp paratuberculosis (MAP), is a chronic and incurable disease of ruminants with devastating consequences to the dairy industry. MAP can alter the expression of genes and biological processes during the progression of JD. While some studies have examined the role of gene expression regulators like microRNA in the pathogenesis of JD, no study has explored the role of DNA methylation. This study therefore examined the effect of MAP on DNA methylation profile in the ileum lymph node (ILLN) of cows with subclinical MAP infection. DNA from ILLN tissues from five cows positive for MAP (MAP positive) and five negative cows (MAP negative) were extracted and subjected to whole genome bisulfite sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. A total of 6,394 differentially methylated cytosines (DMCs) and 3,946 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) (FDR < 0.05) were identified between MAP positive and negative cows. DMRs were annotated to 2,488 genes, including the promoters of 238 genes. Some genes with hypermethylated promoters like GRB10, EIF4E, SLC30A3, SOX30 or hypomethylated promoters like SLC11A1, HOXA4, SLC18A1 have been associated with JD or mycobacterial infections in cattle and/or humans. Functional annotation of DMR genes indicated enrichment in pathways previously associated with JD or human diseases with similar pathological conditions as JD, such as T/B cell receptor signaling pathway, Th17 cell differentiation, Cell adhesion molecules, Leukocyte transendothelial migration, HIF-1 signaling pathway and Chagas disease. Furthermore, enriched gene ontology terms like negative regulation of immune system process, negative regulation of cytokine secretion/production and negative regulation of inflammatory response suggest that MAP prevented or reduced the host immune response. Our data demonstrate that DNA methylation changes contribute to regulation of host immune responses to MAP infection and may be one of the mechanisms that MAP uses to subvert host immune responses for its long-term survival.
308 Communities of Practices as Preferred Sources of Biosecurity Information in Crisis Situations
Authors: Iverson Joel
Published: November 2020

Communities of practice create opportunities for interorganizational communication within an industry that are immediately adaptable to crisis situations. The collaborative efforts, for example, of extension agents, veterinarians, swine researchers, and industry groups that exist for promoting biosecurity on an ongoing basis can be intensified for responding to or preparing for outbreaks of such diseases as Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus or African Swine Fever. This presentation explores the function of communities of practice in such crisis situations. Ultimately, the presentation provides a series of best practices for designing messages that effectively promote biosecurity through strategic communication.
73 Nutritional impact of excluding red meat from the Canadian diet
Authors: Gunte Kebebe E , White Robin R , Aukema Harold , McAllister Tim A , Riediger Natalie , Legesse Getahun , McGeough E J , Wittenberg Karin , Ibrahim Naser , Ominski Kim
Published: November 2020

Foods of animal origin, including beef, pork, and lamb, provide macro- and micro-nutrients which may be difficult to obtain in adequate quantities from plant-based foods alone. Nonetheless, recent literature suggests that a shift away from red meat in favor of plant-based diets can reduce household greenhouse gas emissions without adversely affecting nutrient intake. The objective of the current study was to examine the nutrient intake of consumers who eliminated red meat from their diet, compared with those who did not. The impact of red meat elimination on nutrient intake was estimated using inverse probability weighting with regression adjustment estimator and bias-corrected matching estimators, using data garnered from the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey. We also examined if self-selected diets without red meat fulfilled the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) of macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals, included in Canada’s Dietary Reference Intake Tables. Adequate Intake (AI) was used when RDA could not be determined. Consumers who eliminated red meat from their diet reported significantly lower intake of several nutrients, including total saturated fatty acids, saturated 18:0 octadecanoyloxy fatty acid, protein, riboflavin, niacin, vitamins D, B6 and B12, and zinc, as compared with those who did not. Eliminating red meat also resulted in lower dietary cholesterol and sodium intake. Further, consumers who eliminated red meat reported mean daily intake levels below the daily requirements of Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, and Vitamins A, B6 and D. The results from this study suggest that elimination of red meat may lead to dietary substitutions that result in nutritional deficiencies for Canadian consumers.
319 Application and Practices of RNA Sequencing for Understanding Transcriptional Regulation of Gene Expression by Dietary Nutrients or Feed Additives in Swine
Authors: Liao Shengfa F , Hasan M Shamimul
Published: November 2020

In life science, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technique is a state-of-the-art research approach for tissue or cell transcriptome analyses. In recent years, RNA-seq has been applied to profile the gene expression in response to dietary nutrients or feed additives to gain thorough understanding of the complex nutrient-gene interactions in agricultural animals. In this presentation, we will selectively review the application of RNA-seq technique in nutrigenomics studies in swine. Such studies have investigated the impact of various sources and quantities of dietary fatty acids, protein (including alternative protein), energy, probiotics, and plant-derived bioactive compounds on the gene expression in major metabolic tissues, such as liver, muscle, and adipose. Although the RNA-seq methodology is a powerful quantitative tool for transcriptomics analysis, it still has various technical challenges and pitfalls throughout its practice steps that include experiment design, sample collection, sample laboratory analysis, data statistical and bioinformatic analyses, and data interpretation. Currently, many options are available for use in some steps, but a thorough understanding of each option is critical for making right decisions and avoiding getting into inconclusive results. Therefore, this presentation will also provide an overview on the “best practices” for applying RNA-seq technique in swine nutrigenomics studies, which include the aspects of appropriately designing experiments, collecting samples, and analyzing the data in order to have confidence in the results obtained from this approach. In short, the aims of this presentation are to provide some basic guidelines for researchers new in the field and to promote a discussion of standardization or “best practices” of RNA-seq methodology for animal nutrigenomics studies.
325 Biosensors and Intelligent Packaging to Improve Food Safety
Authors: Wang Yi-Cheng
Published: November 2020

Food safety is a critical and enduring challenge. Each year in the United States alone, about 48 million people get sick, and among them, 3,000 die due to foodborne illness. The associated economic loss is estimated at $15.6 billion. Researchers are developing a range of novel technologies to address this issue. Two of these are biosensors, devices that can be used to detect foodborne contaminants; and intelligent packaging, which can send messages about food safety and quality to producers, distributors, and consumers. This talk will introduce these two engineering-based approaches, using examples of how they can potentially be used, and describes the future prospects for each of them.