bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Population‐level responses to temperature, density and clonal differences in Daphnia magna as revealed by integral projection modelling
Authors: Bruijning Marjolein , ten Berge Anne C. M. , Jongejans Eelke
Published: July 2018

Raising global temperatures are predicted to have strong consequences for ectotherms, as metabolic rates depend directly on external temperatures. To understand consequences for population fitness, a full life cycle approach is important because (a) temperature can have opposite effects on different vital rates (growth, survival, reproduction) and (b) sensitivities of population growth rate to changes in vital rates can vary in magnitude. As vital rates are concurrently influenced by other factors, adequately predicting temperature effects requires factors such as body size, population density and genetics to be taken into account.

The aim of this study was to quantify the role of temperature on all vital rates of Daphnia magna individuals and their integrated effects on population dynamics. In addition, we evaluated how clonal lineages differed in their temperature response, both on the vital rate and population level.

We performed a laboratory experiment, in which we followed 40 populations (five clonal lineages × eight temperatures) during 80 days. Due to our novel set‐up, we were able to quantify vital rates of individuals within those populations. We identified relations between vital rates and body size, lineage, temperature and population density and used a size‐structured integral projection model to integrate the experimental effects over all vital rates.

We found negative density dependence in growth and reproduction, resulting in lineage‐specific carrying capacities. Population fitness showed a thermal optimum that differed among genotypes. It is interesting that we found that clones had different life‐history strategies, optimizing population fitness via different routes. As no lineage outperformed the others in all vital rates, we identified trade‐offs between vital rates, which had strong effects on the dynamics of the population. Moreover, simulations suggest that the genetic composition of mixed populations is temperature‐dependent.

Our results underscore the importance of studying individuals within their population when predicting responses to environmental change. The observed density effects, which were as strong as temperature effects but explained considerably more variation in population growth, would have been overlooked in life table experiments. Furthermore, differential temperature responses emphasize the importance of genetic variation in the ability of ectotherm species such as Daphnia magna to respond to climate change.

A plain language summary is available for this article.
Exploring the microbiome of the “star” freshwater diatom Asterionella formosa in a laboratory context
Authors: Kojadinovic‐Sirinelli Mila , Villain Adrien , Puppo Carine , Fon Sing Sophie , Prioretti Laura , Hubert Pierre , Grégori Gérald , Zhang Yizhi , Sassi Jean‐François , Claverie Jean‐Michel , Blanc Guillaume , Gontero Brigitte
Published: July 2018

Most of our knowledge on the mechanisms underlying diatom–bacterial interactions has been acquired through studies involving isolation of culturable partners. Here, we established a laboratory model of intermediate complexity between complex natural communities and laboratory pure culture models. We investigated the whole community formed by the freshwater diatom Asterionella formosa and its associated bacteria in a laboratory context, including both culturable and unculturable bacteria. Combining cellular and molecular approaches, we showed that in laboratory cultures, A. formosa microbiome was dynamic and comprised of numerous bacterial species (mainly Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes). Using metagenomics, we explored several metabolic potentials present within the bacterial community. Our analyses suggested that bacteria were heterotrophic although a third of them (Alpha‐ and Beta‐proteobacteria) could also be phototrophic. About 60% of the bacteria, phylogenetically diverse, could metabolize glycolate. The capacity to synthesize molecules such as B vitamins appeared unevenly distributed among bacteria. Altogether, our results brought insights into the bacterial diversity found in diatom–bacterial communities and hinted at metabolic interdependencies within the community that could result in diatom–bacterial and bacterial–bacterial interactions. The present work allowed us to explore the functional architecture of the bacterial community associated with A. formosa in culture and is complementary to field studies.
The regulator of G‐protein signalling Thn1 links pheromone response to volatile production in Schizophyllum commune
Authors: Wirth Sophia , Kunert Maritta , Ahrens Lisa‐Marija , Krause Katrin , Broska Selina , Paetz Christian , Kniemeyer Olaf , Jung Elke‐Martina , Boland Wilhelm , Kothe Erika
Published: July 2018

The regulator of G‐protein signalling, Thn1, is involved in sexual development through pheromone signalling in the mushroom forming basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune affecting hyphal morphology and mating interactions. Thn1 plays a key role in coordinating sesquiterpene production, pheromone response and sexual development. The gene thn1 is transcriptionally regulated in response to mating with a role in clamp cell development and hydrophobin gene transcription. Further, it negatively regulates cAMP signalling and secondary metabolism. Disruption of thn1 affects dikaryotization by reducing clamp fusion and development with predominant non‐fused pseudoclamps. Enhanced protein kinase A (PKA) activities in Δthn1 strains indicate that Thn1 regulates pheromone signalling by de‐activating G‐protein α subunits, which control cAMP‐dependent PKA. The repressed formation of aerial hyphae could be linked to a reduced metabolic activity and to a transcriptional down‐regulation of hyd6 and sc3 hydrophobin genes. Thn1 was also shown to be necessary for the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes and an altered spectrum of sesquiterpenes in Δthn1 is linked to transcriptional up‐regulation of biosynthesis genes. Proteome analysis indicated changes in cytoskeletal structure affecting actin localization, linking the major regulator Thn1 to growth and development of S. commune. The results support a role for Thn1 in G‐protein signalling connecting development and secondary metabolism.
Does Taxation Stifle Corporate Investment? Firm‐Level Evidence from ASEAN Countries
Authors: Cevik Serhan , Miryugin Fedor
Published: July 2018

This article conducts a firm‐level analysis of the effect of taxation on corporate investment, using large‐scale panel data on non‐financial firms over the period 1990–2014, and controlling for macrostructural differences among ASEAN countries. We find a significant degree of persistence in fixed investment over time, which varies with firm characteristics, such as size, growth prospects, profitability and leverage. The non‐linear estimations indicate that taxation facilitates business investment (possibly by enabling public investment in infrastructure and human capital, and the proper functioning of government institutions), but this effect turns negative and stifles private investment growth as the tax burden increases.
Work Me Not Into Temptation: Exploring the Relationship between Work and Healthy Eating in Dieters Using Data from the HILDA Survey
Authors: Brown Heather , Presseau Justin
Published: July 2018

We explore if competing demands measured in terms of market and non‐market activities impact on dieters’ resolve to eat healthily. The analysis uses data from 2007 and 2009 of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics of Australia (HILDA) survey. The estimation strategy employs a random effects maximum likelihood estimator. For women, being unemployed is negatively associated with healthy eating whereas having young children is positively associated with healthy eating. For both genders, being divorced is negatively associated with healthy eating. Working in higher socioeconomic occupations is positively associated with healthy eating.
Policy Options to Reduce Electricity Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Authors: Freebairn John
Published: July 2018

The design and effects of different schemes to reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production and consumption of electricity are modelled. The tax scheme achieves the lowest cost per unit emission reduction because it encourages both businesses and consumers to reduce emissions, and the recycled windfall revenue can meet equity objectives. Comparing the Emissions Intensity Scheme (EIS), Clean Energy Target (CET) and Renewable Energy Target (RET) schemes with common government revenue neutral and emissions reduction design outcomes, the EIS provides better incentives to generators to find the lower cost per unit emissions reduction.
How Financial Freedom and Integration Change Public Debt Impact on Financial Development in the Asia‐Pacific: A Panel Smooth Transition Regression Approach
Authors: Bui Duy‐Tung
Published: July 2018

This study investigates the non‐linear effect of fiscal policy (measured by total domestic public sector debt) on the level of financial development, using a balanced panel of 22 economies in the Asia‐Pacific region. Governments in less developed financial institutional infrastructure (for instance, emerging markets) tend to abuse their power by intervening in the domestic debt market. This study shows that better financial institutional infrastructure helps to discipline governments. The results suggest a negative effect of domestic public sector debt on financial development, but only at low level of financial freedom and integration. Higher financial freedom and financial integration would reduce the crowding‐out effect of domestic public sector debt.
Contesting Interests: Rethinking Pressure, Parliament, Nation, and Empire
Authors: Huzzey Richard
Published: July 2018

This introduction argues for the need to study ‘pressure’ and the Westminster parliament across three centuries, from roughly 1660 to 1914. While no definition will satisfy all researchers, this essay suggests that the category of ‘representative pressure’ is useful in highlighting those claims for special consideration by parliament which fell outside either the electoral system of representation or outright defiance of parliamentary sovereignty. By considering the historiography of ‘pressure’ and the influence of social science models of ‘interest groups’, the essay argues for a more fluid understanding of pressure as a dynamic rather than a force on parliament from without. A further section examines ways in which those pressuring parliament often championed their interests as national, not selfish or sectional, through examples of imperial pressures and particularly the West India lobby and its enemies. Assaying the contributions of other essays in this volume, the introduction concludes by pointing to the multiplication and institutionalisation of avenues of pressure across this period, rather than a teleological rise of popular sovereignty over parliamentary deliberation.
Genome‐wide association study of body morphological traits in Sudanese goats
Authors: Rahmatalla S. A. , Arends D. , Reissmann M. , Wimmers K. , Reyer H. , Brockmann G. A.
Published: July 2018

Long‐term selection of goats for a certain production system and/or different environmental conditions will be reflected in the body morphology of the animals under selection. To investigate the variation contributing to different morphological traits and to identify genomic regions that are associated with body morphological traits in Sudanese goats, we genotyped 96 females belonging to four Sudanese goat breeds with the SNP52 BeadChip. After quality control of the data, the genome‐wide association study was performed using 95 goats and 24 027 informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Bicoastal diameter was significantly associated (LOD = 6.32) with snp10185‐scaffold1365‐620922 on chromosome 2. The minor allele has an additive effect, increasing the bicoastal diameter by 2.6 cm. A second significant association was found between body length and snp56482‐scaffold89‐467312 on chromosome 3 (LOD = 5.65). The minor allele is associated with increased body length. Additionally, five regions were suggestive for cannon bone, head width, rump length and withers height (LOD > 5). Only one gene (CNTNAP5) is located within the 1‐Mb region surrounding the significant SNP for bicoastal diameter on chromosome 2. The body length QTL on chromosome 3 harbors 49 genes. Further research is required to validate the observed associations and to prioritize candidate genes.
Ovine keratome: identification, localisation and genomic organisation of keratin and keratin‐associated proteins
Authors: Yu Z. , Plowman J. E. , Maclean P. , Wildermoth J. E. , Brauning R. , McEwan J. C. , Maqbool N. J.
Published: July 2018

Wool is composed primarily of proteins belonging to the keratin family. These include the keratins and keratin‐associated proteins (KAPs) that are responsible for the structural and mechanical properties of wool fibre. Although all human keratin and KAP genes have been annotated, many of their ovine counterparts remain unknown and even less is known about their genomic organisation. The aim of this study was to use a combinatory approach including comprehensive cDNA and de novo genomic sequencing to identify ovine keratin and KAP genes and their genomic organisation and to validate the keratins and KAPs involved in wool production using ovine expressed sequence tag (EST) libraries and proteomics. The number of genes and their genomic organisation are generally conserved between sheep, cattle and human, despite some unique features in the sheep. Validation by protein mass spectrometry identified multiple keratins (types I and II), epithelial keratins and KAPs. However, 15 EST‐derived genes, including one type II keratin and 14 KAPs, were identified in the sheep genome that were not present in the NCBI gene set, providing a significant increase in the number of keratin genes mapped on the sheep genome.
Canine MAS1: monoallelic expression is suggestive of an imprinted gene
Authors: Nolan C. M. , Shiel R. E. , Buchan J. G. , O'Sullivan F. M. , Callanan J. J.
Published: July 2018

Imprinted genes are epigenetically modified in a parent‐of‐origin dependent manner and as a consequence are differentially expressed, with one allele typically expressed while the other is repressed. In canine, the insulin like growth factor 2 receptor gene (IGF2R) is imprinted with predominant expression of the maternally inherited allele. Because imprinted genes usually occur in clusters, we examined the allelic expression pattern of the gene encoding the canine Mas receptor (MAS1), which is located upstream of IGF2R on canine chromosome 1 and is highly conserved in mammals. In this report we describe monoallelic expression of canine MAS1 in the neonatal umbilical cord of several individuals and we identify the expressed allele as maternally inherited. These data suggest that canine MAS1 is an imprinted gene.
Multidisciplinary guidelines for the management of paediatric tracheostomy emergencies
Authors: Doherty C. , Neal R. , English C. , Cooke J. , Atkinson D. , Bates L. , Moore J. , Monks S. , Bowler M. , Bruce I. A. , Bateman N. , Wyatt M. , Russell J. , Perkins R. , McGrath B. A. ,   the Paediatric Working Party of the National Tracheostomy Safety Project
Published: July 2018

Temporary and permanent tracheostomies are required in children to manage actual or anticipated long‐term ventilatory support, to aid secretion management or to manage fixed upper airway obstruction. Tracheostomies may be required from the first few moments of life, with the majority performed in children < 4 years of age. Although similarities with adult tracheostomies are apparent, there are key differences when managing the routine and emergency care of children with tracheostomies. The National Tracheostomy Safety Project identified the need for structured guidelines to aid multidisciplinary clinical decision making during paediatric tracheostomy emergencies. These guidelines describe the development of a bespoke emergency management algorithm and supporting resources. Our aim is to reduce the frequency, nature and severity of paediatric tracheostomy emergencies through preparation and education of staff, parents, carers and patients.
The Urban Village, Agrarian Transformation, and Rentier Capitalism in Gurgaon, India
Authors: Cowan Thomas
Published: July 2018

Gurgaon, India's “millennium city”, is today synonymous with India's embrace of global real estate capital and private sector‐led urban development. This paper asserts that Gurgaon's spectacular urbanisation has been fundamentally underpinned by an uneven process of land acquisition, exemption and agrarian transformation. Shifting away from dispossession‐centred analyses of contemporary urbanisation in India, this paper explores Gurgaon's “urban villages” to consider the uneven integration of agrarian classes into emerging urban real estate markets. Through an examination of differential experiences of land acquisition and agrarian social change among Gurgaon's landowning classes, the paper seeks to trace complex and nonlinear processes of agrarian transformation which make possible landscapes of global accumulation.
Infertility after abdominal trachelectomy
Authors: Egashira Katsuko , Hiasa Kana , Yokota Natsuko , Kawamura Teruhiko , Matsushita Tomoko , Okugawa Kaoru , Yahata Hideaki , Sonoda Kenzo , Kato Kiyoko
Published: July 2018

Introduction

Despite numerous reports on pregnancy outcomes after trachelectomy, there are few descriptions of fertility treatment after trachelectomy. Moreover, little is known about the differences in fertility outcomes between various radical trachelectomy procedures. The purpose of this report was to clarify the infertility problems that occur in patients who have previously undergone an abdominal trachelectomy.

Material and methods

We retrospectively investigated the medical records of 37 patients who received fertility treatments or were evaluated for menstrual disorders after trachelectomies in our institution between 2012 and 2016.

Results

Twenty‐two of 37 patients had complications which affected fecundity. Six patients had cervical stenosis requiring surgical dilation, 4 had ovarian insufficiency, and 14 had Asherman’s syndrome.

Conclusions

In spite of efforts to preserve fertility, some patients have severe complications after trachelectomy, such as Asherman’s syndrome, resulting in infertility. Clinicians should pay careful attention to the status of the endometrial cavity after trachelectomy.
‘Ready for Take‐off’: How Open Innovation influences startup success
Authors: Marullo Cristina , Casprini Elena , Di Minin Alberto , Piccaluga Andrea
Published: July 2018

The formation of new ventures is among the most significant sources of technological innovation and fast economic development. Nonetheless, most attempts at starting new businesses will be unsuccessful. This study seeks to predict new venture success (‘Take‐off’) based on different factors observed in the pre‐startup phase. We apply the resource‐based view of the firm (RBV) to develop a framework synthesizing the entrepreneurship and Open Innovation (OI) literatures on new venture creation. We then assess the influence of three categories of internal resources (finance, technology, human capital) and introduce the concept of teams' ‘openness’ in the founding process as a crucial organizational capital resource shaping startup success. Drawing on a sample of 134 business plans submitted to the final round of the INTEL Global Challenge at UC Berkeley, we significantly associate ‘Take‐off’ to each category of resources. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to emphasize the relevance of teams' ability to combine and transform their initial resources through the pursuit of OI (i.e., the elaboration of organizational capital resources) in explaining startup success. Our analysis extends RBV‐based research on nascent entrepreneurship and suggests new fields of research into OI.
Psychological capital and self‐reported employee creativity: The moderating role of supervisor support and job characteristics
Authors: Cai Wenjing , Lysova Evgenia I. , Bossink Bart A. G. , Khapova Svetlana N. , Wang Weidong
Published: July 2018

Although the positive effect of psychological capital (PsyCap) on employee performance is well documented, the conditions under which PsyCap exerts the most influence on creativity warrant further research. Complementing and extending prior studies, we theorize and examine how two critical contextual factors (supervisor support for creativity [SSC] and job characteristics) effectively activate PsyCap associated with self‐reported employee creativity. Drawing on an interactional perspective, we use trait activation theory to examine the moderating effects of SSC and job characteristics on the relationship between PsyCap and self‐reported employee creativity. Through rigorous hypotheses testing (N = 356 individuals from multiple industries in Chinese firms), our results demonstrate that both SSC and job characteristics positively moderate the PsyCap–creativity relationship. Additional analyses reveal that PsyCap is most effective at enhancing creativity when both SSC and job characteristics are high. Implications of these findings for theory, future research and practice are discussed.
Going where other methods cannot: A systematic mapping review of 25 years of qualitative research in Otolaryngology
Authors: Mather M.W. , Hamilton D. , Robalino S. , Rousseau N.
Published: July 2018

Objective

To map the use of qualitative methods within otolaryngology, providing examples and identifying gaps in the literature.

Design

Systematic mapping review of journal‐based literature from 1990 to 2015 using Medline, Embase, PsycINFO and CENTRAL. Included studies were categorised according to clinical subspecialty, research aims and qualitative approach.

Results

Of 4,061 identified articles, 388 were deemed relevant to qualitative research in ENT. The number of qualitative publications has risen markedly over the last 25 years (r = 0.802), particularly since 2010. The most commonly used method was semi‐structured interviews 62.1% (241/388). Head and neck cancer (41.8% (162/388)) and otology (40.2% (156/388)) publish more qualitative research than rhinology (7.0% (27/388)) and laryngology (6.7% (26/388)).

Conclusions

Qualitative research in otolaryngology has increased over time, but laryngology and rhinology remain under‐represented. Most studies use interviews, underutilising the strengths of other qualitative methods. There is considerable scope for further application of qualitative methods in otolaryngology.
Emerging cellular functions of the lipid metabolizing enzyme 15‐Lipoxygenase‐1
Authors: Çolakoğlu Melis , Tunçer Sinem , Banerjee Sreeparna
Published: July 2018

The oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic and linoleic acid through lipoxygenases (LOXs) and cyclooxygenases (COXs) leads to the production of bioactive lipids that are important both in the induction of acute inflammation and its resolution. Amongst the several isoforms of LOX that are expressed in mammals, 15‐LOX‐1 was shown to be important both in the context of inflammation, being expressed in cells of the immune system, and in epithelial cells where the enzyme has been shown to crosstalk with a number of important signalling pathways. This review looks into the latest developments in understanding the role of 15‐LOX‐1 in different disease states with emphasis on the emerging role of the enzyme in the tumour microenvironment as well as a newly re‐discovered form of cell death called ferroptosis. We also discuss future perspectives on the feasibility of use of this protein as a target for therapeutic interventions.
Critical role of inflammatory mast cell in fibrosis: Potential therapeutic effect of IL‐37
Authors: Conti P. , Caraffa Al. , Mastrangelo F. , Tettamanti L. , Ronconi G. , Frydas I. , Kritas S. K. , Theoharides T. C.
Published: July 2018

Background

Fibrosis involves the activation of inflammatory cells, leading to a decrease in physiological function of the affected organ or tissue.

Aims

To update and synthesize relevant information concerning fibrosis into a new hypothesis to explain the pathogenesis of fibrosis and propose potential novel therapeutic approaches.

Materials and Methods

Literature was reviewed and relevant information is discussed in the context of the pathogenesis of fibrosis.

Results

A number of cytokines and their mRNA are involved in the circulatory system and in organs of patients with fibrotic tissues. The profibrotic cytokines are generated by several activated immune cells, including fibroblasts and mast cells (MCs), which are important for tissue inflammatory responses to different types of injury. MC‐derived TNF, IL‐1, and IL‐33 contribute crucially to the initiation of a cascade of the host defence mechanism(s), leading to the fibrosis process. Inhibition of TNF and inflammatory cytokines may slow the progression of fibrosis and improve the pathological status of the affected subject. IL‐37 is generated by various types of immune cells and is an IL‐1 family member protein. IL‐37 is not a receptor antagonist; it binds IL‐18 receptor alpha (IL‐18Rα) and delivers the inhibitory signal by using TIR8. It has been shown that IL‐37 can be protective in inflammation and injury, and inhibits both innate and adaptive immunity.

Discussion

IL‐37 may be useful for suppression of inflammatory diseases induced by inhibiting MyD88‐dependent TLR signalling. In addition, IL‐37 downregulates NF‐κB induced by TLR2 or TLR4 through a mechanism dependent on IL‐18Rα.

Conclusion

This review summarizes current knowledge on the role of MC in inflammation and tissue/organ fibrosis, with a focus on the therapeutic potential of IL‐37‐targeting cytokines.
Using niche conservatism information to prioritize hotspots of invasion by non‐native freshwater invertebrates in New Zealand
Authors: Torres Ursula , Godsoe William , Buckley Hannah L. , Parry Matthew , Lustig Audrey , Worner Susan P.
Published: July 2018

Aim

Identifying suitable areas for invasive species establishment is of critical importance for their early detection and rapid eradication. However, our ability to detect suitable areas is impeded by the tendency of species to shift their niche postinvasion. In this study, we (a) investigate the frequency of niche shift within invasive freshwater invertebrates and (b) use niche conservatism information to prioritize potential hotspots of invasion for non‐native freshwater invertebrates in New Zealand.

Location

Global occurrence data and predictions over New Zealand.

Methods

We characterized the native and invasive realized niche using occurrence data for 22 invasive freshwater invertebrates in relation to 27 derived climate variables. Using principal component analysis and species distribution models, we measured the degree of niche shift for each species and identified hotspots of invasion and niche conservatism described within biogeographic units in New Zealand.

Results

Niche shift was detected frequently among the invasive freshwater invertebrates studied here, where 90% showed a significant niche change. The characterization of the species niche enabled the identification of species whose management might be hampered because of their ability to colonize novel environments. Locations covering more than half of the land area of New Zealand were found to be climatically suitable for at least four and up to 11 species. Areas that were found to be climatically suitable for several species but were not identified as hotspots of niche conservatism could be considered less critical for surveillance and monitoring.

Main conclusions

Aquatic invertebrates show a high degree of niche shift. By combining climate suitability predictions and niche conservatism, we were able to prioritize invasion areas.
Diabetes prevalence among older people receiving care at home: associations with symptoms, health status and psychological well‐being
Authors: Davies T. T. , Graue M. , Igland J. , Tell G. S. , Birkeland K. I. , Peyrot M. , Haltbakk J.
Published: July 2018

Aims

To determine the prevalence of diabetes among older people receiving care at home, and to explore differences in sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, symptoms, health status, quality of life and psychological well‐being between diabetes categories defined as HbA1c ≥ 48 mmol/mol (6.5%) and/or self‐report.

Methods

A community‐based sample of 377 people receiving care at home in Western Norway participated in a cross‐sectional survey. Instruments included the MMSE‐NR, Symptom Check‐List, WHO Quality of Life‐BREF (WHOQOL‐BREF, global items), EuroQol EQ‐5D‐5L/EQ‐5D‐VAS and WHO‐Five Well‐Being Index (WHO‐5). Participants were grouped into four categories: no diabetes, self‐report only, HbA1c ≥ 48 mmol/mol (6.5%) and self‐report, and HbA1c ≥ 48 mmol/mol (6.5%) only.

Results

Median age (IQR) was 86 (81–91) years and 34% of the sample were men. We identified 92 people (24%) with diabetes. Diabetes was more prevalent in men than women (34% vs. 20%, age‐adjusted P = 0.005). Among people with diabetes, 14% were unaware of their diagnosis. There were significant differences in symptoms between the diabetes categories, with more symptoms (abnormal thirst, polyuria, genital itching, nausea, excessive hunger, perspiring, cold hands/feet, daytime sleepiness) among the groups with elevated HbA1c. Significant differences in WHO‐5, WHOQOL‐BREF and EQ‐5D‐5L between diabetes categories were identified, with the poorest scores in the group with undiagnosed diabetes.

Conclusions

A high percentage of people with diabetes receiving care at home are unaware of their diagnosis. Diabetes deserves increased case‐finding efforts and allocation of resources towards those receiving care at home to alleviate symptoms and the burden of inadequate diabetes care.
Lipid profile and long‐term outcome in premature myocardial infarction
Authors: Winter Max‐Paul , Wiesbauer Franz , Blessberger Hermann , Pavo Noemi , Sulzgruber Patrick , Huber Kurt , Wojta Johann , Distelmaier Klaus , Lang Irene M. , Goliasch Georg
Published: July 2018

Background

Premature myocardial infarction (≤40 years) represents a rare disease with a distinct risk factor profile and a lipid phenotype that is characterized by a predominance of elevated triglyceride‐rich lipoproteins. So far high‐density and low‐density lipoproteins remain the primary targets for risk stratification and treatment evaluation in coronary artery disease, but this strategy might be insensitive in patients with premature myocardial infarction.

Aim

Aim of this study was to investigate the predictive value of different lipid fractions on long‐term cardiovascular outcome in patients with premature myocardial infarction.

Methods

We prospectively enrolled 102 consecutive AMI survivors (≤40 years) in this prospective multicentre study and investigated the influence of the familial combined hypercholesterolaemia phenotype and a corresponding multimarker panel of different lipid fractions on cardiovascular outcome.

Results

Total cholesterol, non‐HDL cholesterol, remnant cholesterol and Apo B lipoprotein were significantly higher in patients experiencing MACE as compared to those who did not. The familial combined hypercholesterolaemia phenotype was associated with an unfavourable cardiovascular outcome even after adjustment for potential cofounders (adjusted HR 3.04,95% CI, 1.26‐7.34, P = 0.013). Remnant cholesterol revealed the strongest association with MACE (adj.HR 1.94, 95%CI. 1.30‐2.99, P = 0.001). Interestingly LDL and HDL revealed no significant impact on cardiovascular outcome in this study cohort.

Conclusion

Non‐HDL and remnant cholesterol are strongly associated with an unfavourable outcome in patients with premature myocardial infarction and might be the preferred treatment target for lipid‐lowering therapy.
Microparticles as autoantigens in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Mobarrez Fariborz , Svenungsson Elisabet , Pisetsky David S.
Published: July 2018

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic autoimmune disease characterized by the production of antibodies to components of the cell nucleus (antinuclear antibodies or ANAs) and the formation of immune complexes with nuclear antigens. These complexes can drive pathogenesis by depositing in the tissue to incite inflammation or induce cytokine production by cells of the innate immune system. While ANAs can bind to purified nuclear molecules, nuclear autoantigens in vivo most likely exist attached to other molecules or embedded in larger structures. Among these structures, microparticles (MPs) are membrane bound vesicles that are released from dead and dying cells by a blebbing process; MPs can also be released during activation of platelets. The presence of MPs in the blood or tissue culture media can be assayed by flow cytometry on the basis of light scattering as well as binding of marker antibodies to identify the cell of origin. As shown by biochemical analyses, MPs contain an ensemble of intracellular components including nuclear, cytoplasmic and membrane molecules. Because of the display of these molecules on the particle surface or in an otherwise accessible form, ANAs, including anti‐DNA, can bind to particles. Levels of MPs are increased in the blood of patients with SLE, with flow cytometry demonstrating the presence of IgG‐containing particles. In addition to forming immune complexes, MPs can directly stimulate immune responses. Together, these findings suggest an important role of particles in the pathogenesis of SLE and their utility as biomarkers.
SOX6 rs7117858 polymorphism is associated with osteoporosis and obesity‐related phenotypes
Authors: Correa‐Rodríguez María , Schmidt‐RioValle Jacqueline , Rueda‐Medina Blanca
Published: July 2018

Background

SOX6 has been recently proposed as a pleiotropic gene for obesity and osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the rs7117858 genetic variant in SOX6 was associated with bone mass assessed by quantitative ultrasound (QUS) and obesity‐related measures in a population of young adults.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted in 550 unrelated healthy individuals of Caucasian ancestry (381 (69.3%) female and 169 (30.7%) male; mean age 20.46 ± 2.69). Bone mass was assessed through calcaneal QUS) parameter (BUA, dB/MHz). Obesity‐related traits including weight, body mass index (BMI), fat mass (FM) and fat‐free mass (FFM) were analysed.

Results

The linear regression analysis revealed that the rs7117858 SNP was significantly associated with FFM after adjustments for covariables in the whole sample (P = 0.027, β (95% CI) = 0.053 (0.092, 1.516). In addition, a significant association with QUS measurement adjusted for confounding factors was found in females (P = 0.043, β (95% CI) = 0.104 (0.138. 8.384).

Conclusions

We demonstrate for the first time that SOX6 influence FFM and QUS trait in a population of young adults, suggesting the implication of this gene in obesity and osteoporosis‐related phenotypes during early adulthood.
Perampanel in routine clinical use in idiopathic generalized epilepsy: The 12‐month GENERAL study
Authors: Villanueva Vicente , Montoya Javier , Castillo Ascension , Mauri‐Llerda José Á. , Giner Pau , López‐González Francisco J. , Piera Anna , Villanueva‐Hernández Pedro , Bertol Vicente , Garcia‐Escrivá Alejandro , Garcia‐Peñas Juan J. , Garamendi Iñigo , Esteve‐Belloch Patricia , Baiges‐Octavio Juan J. , Miró Júlia , Falip Mercè , Garcés Mercedes , Gómez Asier , Gil‐López Francisco J. , Carreño Mar , Rodriguez‐Uranga Juan J. , Campos Dulce , Bonet Macarena , Querol Rosa , Molins Albert , Tortosa Diego , Salas‐Puig Javier
Published: July 2018

Objective

To analyze the effectiveness and tolerability of perampanel across different seizure types in routine clinical care of patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE).

Methods

This multicenter, retrospective, 1‐year observational study collected data from patient records at 21 specialist epilepsy units in Spain. All patients who were aged ≥12 years, prescribed perampanel before December 2016, and had a confirmed diagnosis of IGE were included.

Results

The population comprised 149 patients with IGE (60 with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, 51 generalized tonic–clonic seizures [GTCS] only, 21 juvenile absence epilepsy, 10 childhood absence epilepsy, 6 adulthood absence epilepsy, and one Jeavons syndrome). Mean age was 36 years. The retention rate at 12 months was 83% (124/149), and 4 mg was the most common dose. At 12 months, the seizure‐free rate was 59% for all seizures (88/149); 63% for GTCS (72/115), 65% for myoclonic seizures (31/48), and 51% for absence seizures (24/47). Seizure frequency was reduced significantly at 12 months relative to baseline for GTCS (78%), myoclonic (65%), and absence seizures (48%). Increase from baseline seizure frequency was seen in 5.2% of patients with GTCS seizures, 6.3% with myoclonic, and 4.3% with absence seizures. Perampanel was effective regardless of epilepsy syndrome, concomitant antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), and prior AEDs, but retention and seizure freedom were significantly higher when used as early add‐on (after ≤2 prior AEDs) than late (≥3 prior AEDs). Adverse events were reported in 50% of patients over 12 months, mostly mild or moderate, and irritability (23%), somnolence (15%), and dizziness (14%) were most frequent.

Significance

In routine clinical care of patients with IGE, perampanel improved seizure outcomes for GTCS, myoclonic seizures, and absence seizures, with few discontinuations due to adverse events. This is the first real‐world evidence with perampanel across different seizure types in IGE.
Photoluminescence and thermal expansion of zirconium vanadate
Authors: Baohe Yuan , Wensi Cao , Weishu Wang , Erjun Liang , Tao Cheng
Published: July 2018

The optical property and phase transition of ZrV2O7 were investigated by temperature‐dependent X‐ray diffraction, photoluminescence (PL), and Raman spectra. It was found that the material exhibited PL emission in the visible region. The temperature‐dependent PL emission showed that the peak energy for emission (at red wavelength) presented a red shift from 10 to 80 K, and then a blue shift with the increase in temperature. The PL emission bands of ZrV2O7 shifted with change in temperature relating to its phase transition (80‐100 K), which could be confirmed by temperature‐dependent Raman spectra.
Spend as I say, not as I do: Children, families and household consumption in different socio‐economic contexts
Authors: Ribeiro Raquel B. , Fonseca Jaime R. S. , Soares Isabel
Published: July 2018

This article aims at contributing to a body of work about children and families by exploring the importance of socio‐economic context and social capital for understanding the ways in which money is perceived, obtained and used by children. Alleged contrasts in terms of money management, consumption priorities and postponement of gratification, especially among middle and working classes, have already been debated. It seems thus relevant to investigate if these presumable contrasts apply to children and why. Do children from different socio‐economic contexts reveal the traits that have been attributed to their households? To this end, a mixed methods research project was developed involving 245 children attending different primary schools in Portugal—one private school targeted at upper class children and one state‐sponsored school located in a working‐class area. The results revealed significant differences by school and household typology.
Good parenting may not increase reproductive success under environmental extremes
Authors: Fox Rebecca J. , Head Megan L. , Barber Iain
Published: July 2018

For species exhibiting parental care, the way in which parents adjust care behaviour to compensate for environmental change potentially influences offspring survival and, ultimately, population viability. Using the three‐spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) – a species in which males provide parental care by building and tending a nest and fanning the eggs – we examined how low dissolved oxygen (DO) levels affect paternal care, embryo development and survival. Although levels of nest tending were unaffected by DO level, we found that larger males fanned their embryos more under low oxygen conditions. This resulted in faster rates of embryo development within the clutches of these larger males, but reduced embryo survival at 7 days post‐fertilization compared to clutches of smaller males. Our results suggest that although parents may attempt to compensate for environmental change via alterations to care behaviour, their ability to do so can be dependent on parental phenotype. This sets up the potential for oxygen levels to act on the strength and direction of selection within populations. We discuss possible explanations for the surprising result that supposedly adaptive changes in care behaviour by large males (i.e. increased fanning) led to reduced embryo survival at 7 days post‐fertilization, and whether, as a consequence, acute environmental conditions may have the potential to overwhelm selection on sexual traits.
Understanding the sex disparity in living kidney donation
Authors: Prasad G. V. Ramesh
Published: July 2018

Living donors are the preferred source of organs for kidney transplantation, which is the treatment modality of choice for end‐stage kidney disease. Health care systems widely promote living kidney donation. However, women are consistently overrepresented among living donors. The reasons behind the sex‐based disparity in living kidney donation remain poorly understood. Compared to women, men possess a greater amount of kidney function, and the higher deceased donation rate among men reflects their higher overall kidney quality. A plausible medical explanation for the sex‐based disparity in living kidney donation includes an uncompromising emphasis on preserving donor health, with less emphasis placed on organ quality, which is the main criterion in deceased donor selection. On the other hand, consent to deceased donation is also greater in women, indicating their greater desire to donate even though fewer women actually become deceased donors. Therefore, nonmedical reasons for the sex disparity in living donation must be sought. Increased empathic distress or emotional memory; a greater sense of responsibility, urgency, and impulsiveness with increased reaction to empathy; a different body image; and a different social status may all contribute to greater living kidney donation in women. Economic inequity may be the singular explanation when personal worth links to economic worth. To better understand the sex disparity in living kidney donation, we need better data on the reasons behind both nondonation and donor rejection after evaluation in clinical practice. Nondirected living kidney donation provides unique opportunities to minimize factors such as emotional distress, empathy, and impulsiveness. More liberal acceptance criteria for donors with isolated medical abnormalities and testing legitimate donor reimbursement strategies based on actual income levels rather than a fixed amount can assist in both ascertaining the reasons behind the sex disparity in living kidney donation and increasing overall living kidney donation rates.
Assessment and prediction of acute kidney injury in patients with decompensated cirrhosis with serum cystatin C and urine N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase
Authors: Kim Tae Hyung , Lee Han Ah , Seo Yeon Seok , Lee Yoo Ra , Yim Sun Young , Lee Young Sun , Suh Sang Jun , Jung Young Kul , Kim Ji Hoon , An Hyunggin , Yim Hyung Joon , Yeon Jong Eun , Byun Kwan Soo , Um Soon Ho ,   The Korean Study Group of Portal Hypertension
Published: July 2018

Background and Aim

For appropriate management of acute kidney injury (AKI) in cirrhotic patients, accurate differentiation of the types of AKI, prerenal azotemia (PRA), hepatorenal syndrome (HRS), and acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is very important. Urine N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase (NAG) has been proposed as a good tubular injury marker in many studies, but its efficacy in cirrhosis is unclear. This study was performed to evaluate the usefulness of urine NAG in patients with decompensated cirrhosis.

Methods

In 114 hospitalized patients with decompensated cirrhosis, we assessed serum creatinine, cystatin C, and urine NAG levels as markers for AKI differentiation and development and patient mortality.

Results

Thirty patients diagnosed with AKI at baseline had significantly higher serum creatinine and cystatin C levels, urine NAG levels, and Child–Pugh scores than those without AKI. Only urine NAG levels were significantly higher in patients with ATN than those with PRA or HRS (116.1 ± 46.8 U/g vs 39.4 ± 20.2 or 54.0 ± 19.2 U/g urinary creatinine, all P < 0.05). During a median follow up of 6.1 months, AKI developed in 17 of 84 patients: PRA in nine, HRS in six, and ATN in three. Higher serum cystatin C and urine NAG levels were independent predictors of AKI development in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Survival was significantly associated with low serum cystatin C and urine NAG levels.

Conclusion

Serum cystatin C and urine NAG levels are useful to differentiate types of AKI and are strong predictors for AKI development and mortality in patients with decompensated cirrhosis.
Nicotine and electronic cigarette (E‐Cig) exposure decreases brain glucose utilization in ischemic stroke
Authors: Sifat Ali E. , Vaidya Bhuvaneshwar , Kaisar Mohammad A. , Cucullo Luca , Abbruscato Thomas J.
Published: July 2018

Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that nicotine exposure decreases glucose transport across the blood–brain barrier in ischemia‐reperfusion conditions. We hypothesize that nicotine can also dysregulate brain parenchymal glucose utilization by altering glucose transporters with effects on sensitivity to ischemic stroke. In this study, we investigated the effects of nicotine exposure on neuronal glucose utilization using an in vitro ischemic stroke model. We also tested the effects of e‐Cig vaping on ischemic brain glucose utilization using an acute brain slice technique. Primary cortical neurons and brain slices were subjected to oxygen‐glucose deprivation followed by reoxygenation to mimic ischemia‐reperfusion injury. We estimated brain cell glucose utilization by measuring the uptake of [3H] deoxy‐d‐glucose. Immunofluorescence and western blotting were done to characterize glucose transporters (GLUTs) and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) expression. Furthermore, we used a glycolytic stress test to measure the effects of nicotine exposure on neuronal glucose metabolism. We observed that short‐ and long‐term nicotine/cotinine exposure significantly decreased neuronal glucose utilization in ischemic conditions and the non‐specific nAChR antagonist, mecamylamine reversed this effect. Nicotine/cotinine exposure also decreased neuronal GLUT1 and up‐regulated α7 nAChR expression and decreased glycolysis. Exposure of mice to e‐Cig vapor for 7 days likewise decreases brain glucose uptake under normoxic and ischemic conditions along with down‐regulation of GLUT1 and GLUT3 expressions. These data support, from a cerebrovascular perspective, that nicotine and/or e‐Cig vaping induce a state of glucose deprivation at the neurovascular unit which could lead to enhanced ischemic brain injury and/or stroke risk.

Open Practices

Open Science: This manuscript was awarded with the Open Materials Badge.

For more information see: https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/

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