bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Thiamine, Pyridoxine and Cobalamin as an Additive to Diluted Goats Semen at Cooling
Authors: Atiyah Safaa Sabbar , Neamah Hasanain Jihad , Hassan Ahmed Abbas
Published: July 2024

This study was done in the Animal Field, Department of Animal Production Techniques, Technical Institute of Kufa, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, to evaluate the effect of adding vitamins (thiamine, pyridoxine, and cobalamin) to improve some goat semen diluent characteristics post-cooling. Five young male goats were used in this study, the experiment was divided into four groups, T1 (control), T2: thiamine (150 microgram (µg)/ 1 ml, T3: Pyridoxine 150 µg/1 ml and T4: Cobalamin (150 µg/1 ml). As the semen was collected and divided into four experimental treatments. The semen was stored for 24, 72 and 120 hours (hr.) at 5 ºC. The study recorded a highly significant rise in sperm motility percentage at 24 hr. by adding 150 µg thiamine, pyridoxine, and cobalamin compared with the T1 (control group) which noticed a high significant reduce during different times of cooling storage. The highest motility recorded after 120 hr. was noticed in group T2 (71.333±1.740) and T3 (70.499±2.027) followed by group T4 (67.833±2.185) than group T1 (control) (62.499±2.185). Non-significant effect of sperm abnormalities after 24 hr. between thiamine, pyridoxine, and cobalamin compared to the control group (T1), however, highly significant differences were shown after 72 hr. of cooling, the group T2 (thiamine) noticed highly significant abnormalities decrease at 72 hr. by 11.200+1.588 and non-significant variations were shown between T1, T3 (Pyridoxine) and T4 (Cobalamin). The results showed a significant decrease in the dead sperm percentage by adding thiamine, pyridoxine, and cobalamin to diluted goat semen after 24 and 72 hr. at cooling compared with the control group which were 18.833 ± 1.201 (T2), 22.167 ± 1.453 (T3), 22.000 ± 1.607 (T4) and 26.500 ± 1.527 (T1 control) for 24 hr. and 21.833 ± 1.443 (T2), 24.833 ± 1.166 (T3), 25.333 ± 2.309 (T4) and 29.500 ± 0.881 (T1 control) for 72 hr. respectively, while no significant differences observed among thiamine, pyridoxine, and cobalamin groups for first and second periods of cooling. After 24 hr., adding thiamine (T2) and cobalamin (T4) observed significantly increasing a high in host % by 76.333±1.453 and 76.167±1.453 respectively against the control group (72.000±0.763). Non-significant variations were noticed among thiamine (T2), and cobalamin (T4) for all periods of cooling. It could be concluded that adding the vitamins Thiamine, Pyridoxine, and Cobalamin at cooling periods have a positive role in enhancing the characteristics of cooled goat semen.
Evaluation of Using Different Ratios of Pronchi-Stop as Commercial Compound with Extract of Eucalyptus Oil on Blood Characteristics of Broiler Ross 308
Authors: Lafta Marwa Th. , Areaaer Ammar H.
Published: July 2024

This study was conducted in the poultry farm - Department of Animal Production - College of Agriculture - University of Kufa from 9/11/2023 to 25/12/2023 for a period of 35 days. The study aims to evaluate of using of Eucalyptus oil extract with the commercial compound Pronchi-stop in drinking water to improve the blood characteristics of broiler. 300 unsexed, broiler chicks Ross 308 were randomly distributed into five treatments (each treatment included 60 chicks, with 3 replicates, and each replicate include 20 birds). The treatments were as follows: Control T1 (without addition), T2, T3 adding 0.5 or 1 ml of pronchi -stop /1 L of drinking water respectively, T4, T5 adding 0.5 or 1 ml of Eucalyptus oil extract/1 L of drinking water respectively. At marketing age, blood samples were collected from birds for each replicate to study the cellular blood characteristics (RBC, WBC, PCV, Hb) and biochemical blood characteristics (glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, albumin, globulin) in blood serum. The results indicated that: No significant differences in cellular and biochemical blood characteristics between all experimental treatments compare to control group, except in estimation of total protein concentration. A significant superiority (P≤0.05) for T2 and T5 over the control group, while no significant differences between T2, T3, T4, and T5.
Evaluating the Effect of Using Different Methods of Adding Zeolite in Poultry Farms and Its Effect on some Welfare Characters of Broiler Ross 308
Authors: Hussein Aulla N. , Areaaer Ammar H.
Published: July 2024

This study was conducted in poultry farm of the Department of Animal Production - College of Agriculture - University of Kufa for the period 9/11/2023 to 15/12/2023 for a period of 5 weeks. The study aims to evaluate of used different methods of adding zeolite on some welfare characters of broiler Ross 308 during winter. 300 unsexed, hybrid broiler chicks Ross 308 were randomly distributed into five treatments (each treatment included 60 chicks, with 3 replicates, and each replicate included 20 birds). The chicks were fed three starter diets, grower diet and finisher diet. The treatments were as follows: Control T0 (without addition), T1, T2 adding zeolite by ⅓ and ⅔ of the litter weight respectively, T3, T4 adding zeolite as filter method (Handled) by ⅓ and ⅔ of the litter weight respectively. The results indicated that: A significant improvement (p>0.05) in some welfare characters of broiler, when adding zeolite by reduced inflammation of feet soles and arthritis of hock joint, and significantly improved the cleanliness and quality of feathers compared to control treatment.
Hydrological Study of the Great Musaiyab Project Babylon Governorate in Middle of Iraq
Authors: Al-Zubaydi Jaffar H. , Al-Sultani Najlaa K. , Al-Amar Haider A.
Published: July 2024

The research deals with the study of the hydrological properties of the water of the great Musaiyab. The chemical and physical properties of water showed that the electrical conductivity ranged between 1196-1250 μs/cm and the pH ranges between 6.44-7.46 with an average of 7.06, the TDS percentage ranged between720-914 ppm while the hardness values range between 420-576 ppm. The results cations and anions shows that the major them is calcium, sodium, bicarbonate and sulfate. As for the minor metals, the nitrate ranges between 16.484-22.265 ppm with an average of 18.515 ppm and the phosphate ranges between 1.371-12.360 ppm with an average of 8.049 ppm. The heavy elements, the lead Pb ranged between 3.3196-3.5644 ppm with an average of 3.469 ppm and the copper Cu ranges between 2.3760-2.5099 ppm with average 2.415 ppm, cadmium Cd ranges between 0.1087-0.2463 ppm with average 0,14 ppm, cobalt Co ranges between 2.0816-2.3192 ppm with average 2.195 ppm, zinc Zn ranges between 0.0116-0.2898 ppm with average 0.1249 ppm, while iron Fe ranges between 0.0-0.4780 ppm with average 0.1618 ppm maximum.
The Effect of Organic and Biofertilizers on Carbon and Nitrogen of Biomass in Soil Seasoned with Broccoli
Authors: Al-Khalidi Alyaa M. A. , Al-Taweel Luma S. J.
Published: July 2024

The purpose of this experiment is to examine the impact of organic fertilisers and biofertilizers on the carbon and nitrogen biomass during the blooming and full maturity stages in broccoli-planted soil. The experiment was conducted in a field in the Al-Nouriya district of Al-Diwaniyah Governorate in 2023, on a clay-silty soil mixture. The researchers used a Randomised Complete Blocked Design for the factorial experiment. (R.C.B.D) with three replicates. The first factor included the addition of biological fertilizers (Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria and Trichoderm harzianum fungi) which coded by (F, B) respectively, while the second factor is addition of organic fertilizer with one level (10 tons ha−1) (Yellow corn cobs, rice straw, and wheat waste) which coded (O1, O2, O3) respectively. The third factor included adding two levels of seaweed extract (20 and 40) kg ha−1, coded (A1 and A2) respectively, in addition to the comparison treatment. (Without adding fertilizer). During the maturity and blooming stages, the fertiliser combination (FO2) had the highest value of biomass carbon at 221.1 and 248.6 mg C kg soil−1, respectively, indicating that the additional fertilisers significantly affected biomass carbon and nitrogen. During the blooming stage, the nitrogen content of the soil reached 71.02 mg N kg−1, while at full maturity, it reached 91.47 mg N kg−1, all thanks to the fertiliser combination (BO2).
The Effect of Plant Extracts and Humic Acid on the Ammonium Content in the Soil and the Numbers of Nitrosomonas Bacteria in Soil Planted with Potatoes
Authors: Al-Khalidi Radphan J. H. , Al-Taweel Luma S.
Published: July 2024

An experiment was carried out according to the design of factorial experiments with a completely randomized block design (CRBD). The number of experimental treatments was (20), including the comparison treatment, with three replications. The first factor included the addition of plant extracts (garlic cloves, pomegranate peels and pulp, Eucalyptus and myrtle) at one level (4 ml kg−1 soil), which are symbolized by (P1, P2, P3, and P4), respectively. The second factor included adding urea fertilizer at two levels (50 and 100) kg N ha−1, symbolized by (U1 and U2), respectively, and the third factor included adding humic acid (H) at one level (80) kg ha−1, the results of the experiment showed that the added fertilizers significantly affected the ammonium content of the soil and the numbers of Nitrosomonas bacteria. In the flowering and full maturity stages, the combination of eucalyptus extract and the first level of urea fertilizer (P3U2) produced the highest average soil nutrient levels (36.54 and 33.95 mg kg−1 soil, respectively), compared to the comparison treatment (17.98 and 16.28 mg kg−1 soil, respectively). Additionally, in the U2 treatment, the average numbers of Nitrosomonas bacteria were highest, reaching (20.49 and 18.23)×105CFU g−1 dry soil in the two stages, respectively, compared to the comparison treatment (C), which had the lowest values (6.78 and 5.98) 105 cells g−1 dry soil, during the flowering and full maturity stages, respectively.
Effect of Decomposing Organic Waste on the Growth of Barley Plants Under Irrigation with Salt Water
Authors: Al-Maamori Haider A. , Khalaf Al-Shamary Salwa Hashim , Oudah Al-Shami Yahya Ajib
Published: July 2024

This study aimed to coexist with salinity by using water of different salinity in the presence of decomposed animal manure. Experiments were conducted at the Agricultural Station/Agricultural Research Office in Iraq to study different water types in the presence of increasing animal organic fertilizers. Nutrient preparation and barley plant growth and production. The experiment was conducted in the design (RCBD) The results showed the superiority of 35 t ha−1 of animal organic fertilizer as the nitrogen and phosphorus availability EC in the soil was 45.11, 25.68 mg kg−1, and 3.99 dS m−1. The 35 t ha−1 organic fertilizer treatment also had better characteristics (plant height, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, biological yield), (66.15 cm, 43.88 grains, 2.96 μg ha−1, and 10.99 μg ha−1) was given each. Comparison with control treatment. Irrigation water treatment resulted in a mixture of 3.3 dS m−1, which was higher than 6.5 dS m−1 for saline water treatment and lower than 1.4 dS m−1 for sweet water treatment. There were no significant differences in all the characteristics, and the values of (nitrogen and phosphorus availability, EC, weight of 1000 grains, grain yield, biological yield) were (36.89, 20.99 mg kg−1, 63.05 cm, and 38.58). cereals, 2.74 and 9.65 µg ha−1, respectively).
Breeding Two Species of Pleurotus spp. Fungi on Different Local Agricultural Wastes
Authors: Kalaf Hager Hamdi , Abed Idham Ali , Alkobaisy Jamal Salih
Published: July 2024

Study was conducted in Desert Studies Center, Al-Anbar University on June, 2019, where two strains of Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus ostratus were bred. The first is from Egypt, Nutritional Fungi Lab, Cairo University and the second from Protection Department, College of Agriculture, Al-Anbar University. They were bred on medium potato dextrose agar (PDA) which is used as a inoculum source for other media. Dates seeds and wheat straw were used as carriers for fungal pollen production. Both strains were grown on local cultural wastes in two experiments: the first is in vivo to determine the effect of waste extracts (dates seeds, chimplan, sesbania and wheat straw) on the rate of fungal mycelium growth on a solid medium and the biomass formed on a liquid medium where the results of mycelial growth rate on solid medium showed the dominance of F1 strain significantly on strain F2 with growth rate of 6.825 cm, whereas the medium prepared of wheat straw and chimplan has dominated with highest significant mycelia growth rate of 6.717 and 6.693 cm successively. The second experiment is the productive for both strains and included three factors: (M) the medium type that included seven fusions, (T1) wheat straw + urea, (T2) wheat straw + 10% chimplan, (T3) wheat straw + 10% dates seeds, (T4) wheat straw + 10% sesbania, (T5) wheat straw + 5% chimplan + 5% dates seeds, (T6) wheat straw + 5% chimplan + 5% sesbania, (T7) wheat straw + 5% dates seeds + 5% sesbania. The second factor is the carrier type (S) which included using wheat grains (W) and dates seeds (D) and the third factor is both fungal strains (F), to test the mycelium growth on agricultural wastes as well as the carrier role. The fungal mycelium growth results for various types of local agricultural wastes stated that the least duration for fungal mycelium growth was 26 and 26.17 days with both media T4 and T5 successively, and the longest duration was with treatment T7 at rate 39.25 days. The strain F2 insignificantly exceeded the strain F1 with time rate 29.57 days, and the carrier W has insignificantly exceeded the carrier D with a time rate 29.88 days.
The Effect of Inoculation with Mycorrhizal and Azospirillum on the Growth and Yield of Strawberries Under Different Irrigation Levels
Authors: Mousa Sahar N. , Altai Salahaldeen H. M. , Khairo Awss M.
Published: July 2024

The aim and objective of the current research are to assess the impact of Mycorrhizal and Azospirillum inoculation on growth and yield of strawberry crops under water stress. The experiment started on 1/9/2022 at College of Agriculture, Tikrit University and it was conducted using potted plants to evaluate the roles of Azospirillum bacteria and Glomus mycorrhizal fungus inoculation on strawberry growth, yield, and resistance to water stress in gypsum soil. Following a split-plot design with two replications, the study examined both primary and secondary effects, taking into account three factors: Azospirillum bacteria inoculation, mycorrhizal fungus, and irrigation, with six repetitions. Each strawberry plant was put into 5 kg pots filled with a soil mixture. Upon planting, irrigated water was bolstered with urea fertilizer (K 20%, P 20%, N 20%). After planting, irrigation was applied under predetermined treatments starting when each pot lost 50% of its initial water by weight. The mycorrhizal fungi inoculation resulted in a marked increase of the dry weight of the treated plants in comparison with the untreated ones. During the initial (initial stage) period, the dry weight increment was 56.71% at 40 days from transplanting, while at full (full maturity) 15.27% at 80 days. Furthermore, the introduction of Azospirillum bacteria demonstrated a noteworthy impact on enhancing dry weight, with a percentage increase of 13.36% at the first stage after 40 days and 9.68% at the full maturity stage after 80 days. The influence of mycorrhizae and Azospirillum bacteria had a noticeable effect on the plant height attribute. The increase in plant height was substantial at 35.51%, with the most favorable outcome observed in the inoculated treatment at an irrigation level of 75%, reaching 22.33. In contrast, the uninoculated treatment measured 12.17 at the same irrigation level. Also, the results showed that a noteworthy increase in fruit weight in plants treated with mycorrhizal fungi compared to non-inoculated plants, showing a percentage increase of 52.96%.
Evaluating the Suitability of some Desert Land in Western Iraq for Cultivation for Olives Crop
Authors: Muhammed A. A. , Al-Rafai M. K. , Yaqub M. T.
Published: July 2024

The aim of the research, is to evaluate the suitability of some desert land in western Iraq for cultivation olive trees near water harvesting catchment. Semi details soil survey was conducted for (3492 donemes, eight pedons represented the soil great groups, (Alluvial desert soil, Typic calcids, Typic gypsed, Typic calcigypsids and Typic gypsicalcids of the land and valleys of Haqlan, Zaghdan, and Banat Al Hassan project, which is geographically defined between (line 41° 53′ 37- 42° 26′ 33 E) and (33° 53′ 44- 34° 12′ N). The Agro-Ecological characteristics which depend on (climatic, soil and topographic requirement) were determined and =evaluated by the methods. Correlation between parametric and limitation method. Followed by Sys et al 1993. Result showed, that the limited factors to cultivate lives, were soil depth gypsum and Soil texture, while climate was suitable class (S1) with degree (87.15 of climate index. Pedons (p1, p2, p3, p6, p8) were distributed under the suitability class (S3s) and the degree of suitability reached (31-49) and the limited factor for her was (depth and gypsum), while pedon (p4 and p5) distributed under the class (N1s) which is non-suitable actually and will be change t to class S3s potentially in the event of improvement or removal of the limitation.
A Comparative Field Assessment of Nano-Irrigation and Subsurface Drip Irrigation Methods in Central Iraq
Authors: Hatif Yaseen , Ghazal Kareim A.
Published: July 2024

The experiment was conducted in winter season in the Abbasiya-Najaf Governorate, which is part of the Middle Euphrates region, during 2022-2023. Clayey-green alluvial texture soils were selected for the study and a complete randomized block design (CRBD) was used. Comparing two irrigation methods, nano-irrigation and subsurface drip irrigation, was marked by great differences in water use efficiency. Nano-irrigation consumed less water and resulted in the reduction of energy used for pumping. The introduction of a drip irrigation system influenced soil bulk density and but the difference was significant before and after its application. In addition, the study areas had significantly different electrical conductivity values, with nano-irrigation having some of the least soil salinity in comparison to subsurface drip irrigation. Alkalinity differences in soils were also found in all places, and marked differences were before and after the drip irrigation. In sum, the findings indicate that the nano-irrigation considerably reduces the water use, supports plant growth, and enhances the total productivity. This makes nano-irrigation a potential solution to improving water use efficiency in agriculture, especially in regions with water shortage or inability to supply water for agricultural purposes.
The Influence of Biological and Organic Fertilization and Boron Spraying in Some Soil Characteristics
Authors: Ajeel Mohammed Rahim , Al-Hakeim Mumtaz Sahib
Published: July 2024

The experiment was conducted in the Al-Azawiya area, which is part of the Al-Musayib project in Babil Governorate, for the winter agricultural season of 2023 to study the impact of biofertilization, organic fertilization, and foliar boron spray on certain soil properties using a factorial experiment design according to Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) and with three replications randomly distributed within three sectors, totaling 18 treatments to make the number of experimental units 54, The experiment included three factors. The first factor was biofertilization (seed inoculation) with a mixture of Azotobacter and Azospirillum bacteria at two levels (without inoculation, inoculation). The second factor was organic fertilization (sheep manure) applied to the soil at three levels (0, 10, 20) Mg ha−1. The third factor was boron foliar spray using boric acid at three levels (0, 5, 10) mg L−1. The means of treatments were compared using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at a probability level of (0.05). The results of the experiment indicated that the addition of biofertilizer and organic fertilizer resulted in significant differences in soil properties after cultivation (electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, bulk density, organic matter). However, foliar boron spray did not result in significant differences in soil properties after cultivation. The interaction between biofertilizer (seed inoculation) and organic fertilizer (20 Mg ha−1) also resulted in significant differences in soil properties after cultivation (electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, bulk density, organic matter). However, the interactions between biofertilizer (seed inoculation) and foliar boron spray, organic fertilizer, and foliar boron spray did not result in significant differences in soil properties after cultivation. Similarly, the triple interactions between biofertilizer (seed inoculation), organic fertilizer, and foliar boron spray did not result in significant differences in soil properties after cultivation.
The Influence of Plow Types, Tillage Depth and Amendment Addition on the Mean Weight Diameter (MWD) of Clay Soil
Authors: Abd Al Khanfous Talal Jaber , Sultan Al-Wally Nihad Shakir , Muhsin Sadiq Jabar
Published: July 2024

The experiment was carried out in spring 2021 at the Agricultural Research Station of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Basrah, in clay soil. The experiment included three factors: the plow type (chisel, moldboard, and disc plow), the tillage depth (15 and 30 cm) and the addition of amendments (cow dung and anionic polyacrylamide). All three factors were examined to determine their influence on mean weight diameter (MWD). The study used a split-split block randomized complete block design. The results indicated that the chisel plow outperformed the moldboard plow and disc plow in achieving the highest mean weight diameter. Furthermore, the results showed that a tillage depth of 30 cm was better than a depth of 15 cm for increasing MWD. Moreover, all amendments addition improved soil properties and increased (MWD), and the mixed treatment (T5) recorded the highest value of mean weight diameter..
Studying the Seasonal Changes of some Heavy Metals and Chemical Properties in Main Outfall Water and Evaluating Their Suitability for Irrigation Purposes
Authors: Saed Mustafa Kadhim , Hamid Mohammed Malik
Published: July 2024

A study was conducted for the purpose of evaluating some chemical properties of main outfall water within the city limits of Babylon to demonstrate its suitability for irrigation purposes pH, Electrical conductivity, Calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, carbonate, bicarbonate, sulfate, nitrate, and Boron and some were estimated Heavy metals (Cadmium, Lead, Copper, and Nickel) in four time periods (June 2023, September 2023, December 2024, March 2024) and for the regions (Latifiya, Suwaira, Maamra, and Shomali). The results showed that the salinity of the main outfall water falls within the category that causes a severe salinity problem, and that the degree of reaction of the water is within the normal range, tending to light alkalinity, and that the sodium values increase towards the main outfall towards the south, and falls within the category that shows a severe salinity problem, and that the chloride concentrations were They are all located within waters that cause a severe problem for the classification. The boron problem was slight to moderate for sensitive crops. The main outfall water is classified as no problem in terms of its nitrate content. Concentrations of heavy metals in main outfall water follow the following sequence: Cd < Ni <Pb< Cu.
The Effect of the Distance Between Drippers and Drainage on the Productivity and Growth of Tomatoes Inside Greenhouses
Authors: Nayyef Hussein R. , Al-Laghawi Hasanen S.
Published: July 2024

The study was conducted in the fall season of 2022-2023 with the aim of studying the effect of the distance between the drippers and the drainage on the productivity and growth of tomatoes inside greenhouses. The study was carried out using three distances between the drippers (25, 30, 35) cm and two discharges (4,8) liters. Hour−1, Turbo-type drippers were used. The experiment was conducted on three greenhouses, measuring the stability of the pressure at each drain referred to in the experiment and according to the specified distance between the drops, and monitoring the effect of this on the productivity and growth of the tomato crop grown over two time periods (45, 90) days. The results showed an increase in the uniformity of drainage by increasing the drainage of the dripper and bringing the drippers closer together on the same line, and this in turn led to an increase in production and growth indicators. If the results show that the distance between the drippers is 25 cm greater than the rest of the distances, the discharge will also exceed 8 liters. Hour−1 to drain 4 liters. Hour−1 in terms of plant productivity, plant height, number of leaves, and leaf area.
Effect of Enriching Vermicompost with Chemical and Biological Fertilizers on the Growth and Yield of Sunflower
Authors: Ibrahim Ghazwan Hameed , Mustafa Al-Alawy Hassan Hadi
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was carried out at the research station of the Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources of the College of Agriculture/University of Diyala in 2022 to study the effect of enriching vermicompost with chemical and biological fertilizers on the growth and yield of sunflower. The vermicompost with urea fertilizer and phosphate rock gave the highest values in plant height (198.5 cm), chlorophyll (49.76 SPAD), flower disc diameter (25.14 cm), flower disc weight (315.0 g), and weight of 100 seeds (6.065 g), followed by vermicompost with Azotobacter chroococcum and Bacillus sp compared to vermicompost without addition. Spraying Azotobacter was significantly superior in increasing the previous traits compared with non-spray Azotobacter, which gave the lowest value. Vermicompost with urea fertilizer and phosphate rock with spraying Azotobacter gave the highest values in previous traits during the interaction, compared to vermicompost without addition and without spraying Azotobacter.
Study of the Heavy Metal Pollution Levels in Some Soils with Various Locations in Babil Governorate
Authors: Taher Amnan Abbas , Sabah Lateef Assi A. M. , Abdulameer Hameed Kazem
Published: July 2024

A field study was carried out to determine the extent of contamination of soils of different uses in Babylon governorate with heavy elements, 8 surface samples (0-60 cm) were selected from different sites in Babil governorate and 3 samples for each site, which differ in the way they are used, the pollution criteria were calculated represented by the pollution factor (CF), the pollution load index (PLI) and the geological accumulation index (Igeo). The results indicated: 1- The highest site of pollution for the heavy elements ready is the soils adjacent to the dam chemical plant, where it contained a higher percentage of copper, lead, zinc and cobalt, followed by soils adjacent to the Afiat water plant, which is the highest contamination with cadmium and nickel. 2- The highest site pollution for the total heavy elements, the soils adjacent to the dam chemical laboratory were the highest contamination with lead and nickel, followed by the soils adjacent to the housing hospital, which is the highest pollution with copper for the soils that are irrigated with puncture water, so they were the highest contamination with zinc, and the soils adjacent to the laboratory were higher contamination with cadmium, the soils adjacent to the brick factory of the highest contamination with the element cobalt.
The Effect of Wheat Residue Management and Organic and Nitrogen Fertilization on the Growth and Yield of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
Authors: Farhan Mohammed Jarullah , Hilai Nashmi Ahmed , Saleh Abdullah Amar
Published: July 2024

A general experiment was carried out in Kirkuk Governorate / Hawija District in the fields of the Mixed Vocational Riyadh Preparatory School during the summer season of 2023, to determine the effect of burning waste and organic fertilization on some growth characteristics and condition of the sunflower crop. The experiment included three factors, the first factor (wheat residues): leaving the residues. Burning the remains. The second factor (organic fertilization): (0 and 12,000) kg h−1. The third factor (nitrogen fertilization) included four levels (0, 100, 200, and 400) kg h−1. The experiment was designed according to a split-plate design, where waste management was placed in the main plots, organic fertilization in the secondary plots, and nitrogen fertilization in the secondary plots, with three replicates. The results showed that the burning of waste and the level of organic fertilization (12,000) kg −1 and nitrogen fertilization (400) kgN h−1 were significantly superior and gave the highest average for the dry weight of the first and second mowing, the economic and biological yield, the N concentration, and the vegetative total, with an average of (49.21) g. Plant−1and (121.00) gm Plant-1and (7619) kg h−1 and (22.20) tons h−1 and (2.88)% and (0.329)%, respectively.
Strategy for Management of Using Saline Irrigation Water and Tillage Systems in Water Productivity and Wheat
Authors: Ati Alaa S. , Dawod Shaima S.
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was conducted during the fall season of 2022-2023 to manage the minimum tillage system and compare it with conventional tillage systems and irrigation with salt water +25% leaching requirements to determine the actual water consumption of wheat under conditions of water deficit. The amount of water added and the amount of water that can be saved, as well as evaluating water productivity. The experiment was carried out within the Shinafiya project - Nasiriyah / Iraq. Three tillage systems were used in the experiment: A. Minimum tillage with a disc harrow b. Tillage with Chisel Plow+ Spring Tooth Harrows c. Tillage with Mold Plow+ Spring Tooth Harrows. Wheat seeds, Triticum aestivum L., variety Ibaa 99, were planted on 25/11/2022 and harvested on May 3, 2023, moreover, salty main outfall water was used to irrigate the plants. The study results showed that the ETa actual water consumption values differed according to the tillage treatments, as it reached 470, 449, and 415 mm/season at the treatment of Mold Plow+ Spring Tooth Harrows, and Chisel Plow+ Spring Tooth Harrows, and Mini Tillage (Disk Harrow), respectively. The minimum tillage treatment achieved the highest water productivity, amounting to 2.09 kg.m−3, with an increase of 50.36 and 68.55% compared to the tillage treatments of Chisel Plow+ Spring Tooth Harrows and Mold Plow+ Spring Tooth Harrows, respectively.
Irrigation Performance Indicators to Measure Wasted Irrigation Water and Their Effect on Water Sustainability: Methodology
Authors: Nasr M. M. , Wahib H. A.
Published: July 2024

The issue of estimating wasted water-which is defined as the amount of water that the plant does not benefit from, and which runs out from the root zone, that is, it passes through the root zone through the process of loss through deep percolation- as a result of the irrigation process. it is an approximation and not completely true for various reasons. To estimate the depth of wasted water, must estimate the irrigation performance indicators, which in turn determine the depth of wasted water, so must know the uniformity of irrigation and the adequacy of irrigation. The amount of irrigation should be adequate and distributed with good uniformity. Sometimes the irrigation is adequate, but the distribution is inconsistent, and vice versa, so this methodology will address the cases of irrigation more than required ’Overwatering condition’ and irrigation less than required ‘Underwatering condition’, the important irrigation indicators (Adequacy ‘Ad’, Christiansen Coefficient ‘CU’, and Distribution Uniformity ‘DU’), and how to estimate the depth of wasted water. This, in turn, leads to improving the sustainability of irrigation water by estimating the amount of irrigation water without wastage, that is, rationing irrigation water and the possibility of increasing water rationalization while obtaining uniform plant growth in the field as much as possible, and this in turn is reflected in increasing the characteristics of the crop in quantity and quality.
Evaluating Soil Fertility as a Basis for Fertiliser Needs for Agricultural Crops
Authors: Al Sharoot Mustafa Ali , AbdulKarim Alrabab Tariq , Hamzah Alaa Halos
Published: July 2024

Fertilization can greatly affect the quality of crops and soil. To determine the effects of long-term fertilization on crop productivity and measure the stoichiometry of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the soil, a study was conducted in the laboratories of the Department of Agricultural Technology, College of Biotechnology, and Al-Qadisiyah University. Agricultural soil fertility is crucial to the future of agriculture, and to analyze soil elements, two organic fertilizer sources (cows and sheep) totalling 25 kg were included in the main plots. In addition, the research also included sub-plots at three levels of potassium sulfate fertilizer (10 and 20 kg). These plots of land were designed and interpreted according to the RCBD method, which was unique in application. To evaluate the need to use nutrients in fertilizers to maintain soil fertility. The analysis of soil elements aims to evaluate the availability of nutrients in the depths of the soil from which samples were taken from different areas in the city of Diwaniyah in Iraq. Fertilizer recommendations are also linked to the soil index. The recommendations have broad applicability, although they may need to be modified to suit individual soil types and cropping systems in light of local experience. Basing fertilizer recommendations on soil element analysis and indexing systems provides significant benefits. The system uses simple, proven, low-cost analysis methods as part of a complete soil management program that recognizes the paramount importance of ensuring that all soil properties are within their optimum levels.
The influence of potassium clay content on potassium assimilation by plants and the availability of (NPK) in soil.
Authors: Abdalkadhum Kifah Abdalhusain , Oleiwi Mohammed Sallal , Obaid Al-Obaidi Basim Shakir
Published: July 2024

A biological experiment was conducted to determine Effect of clay content and potassium levels on some growth characteristics of wheat plants. The experiment included three levels of clay content (low, medium, high), symbolized by (C1, C2, C3). and four levels of potassium fertilizer (0, 75, 150, 300 kg K−1). symbolized by(K0, K1, K2, K3), Two factor were used for the experiment with three replicates, so that the number of experimental units reached 36 experimental units. The experiment was conducted within a randomized complete block design (RCBD). At maturity, the plant height, number of tillers, and leaf area and chlorophyll index were measured. The results showed that Effect of high clay content had a significant effect on increasing plant height, chlorophyll index, leaf area, and number of tillers, as the values reached (69.02cm, 48.800 SPAD, 49.07 cm2, 6 tillers(As for Effect of potassium, it achieved level K3. The highest growth indicators were for plant height, chlorophyll index, leaf area, and number of tillers, as the values reached (62.06 cm, 46.21 SPAD, 45.37 cm2, and 5.33 tillers.(Also, bi-interaction for high clay content and full potassium level recommended a significant increase for all of the above growth indicators for the C3K3 treatment, which did not differ significantly from the C3K3 treatment for some traits.
The Influence of Dripper Type and Operation Pressure on Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Yield using Different PV Panel Types
Authors: Abdeljaleel Mustafa T. , Zeinaldeen Laith A.
Published: July 2024

An experiment was carried out during fall semester 2023 at Al-Raed Research Station located in Abu Ghraib area, 20 km west of Baghdad. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates was used. The experiment consisted of three factors: first factor was the solar panel type with two levels: monocrystalline and polycrystalline. Irrigation system operating pressure represents the second factor with two levels P1 (0.25 bar) and P2 (0.5 bar). The third factor was the dripper type with three levels: T1(4 L/hr.), T2(8 L/hr.), and T3(16 L/hr.). The following indicators were studied: solar panel efficiency (%), homogeneity coefficient (%), and Sunflower yield (kg/ha). The results showed that the monocrystalline solar panel achieved the best results which included the highest solar panel efficiency (26.27%), the highest homogeneity coefficient (94.28%) and the highest Sunflower yield (11163.6 kg/ha). The highest solar panel efficiency (23.48%), the highest homogeneity coefficient (91.50%), and the best Sunflower yield (10858.2 kg/ha) was achieved at P2 (0.5 bar) pressure. The 2nd dripper type T2(8 L/hr.) achieved the best plate efficiency (23.52%), the highest homogeneity coefficient (92.16%), and the best Sunflower yield (11586.5 kg/ha). The three-way interaction between the solar panels type, the operating pressure, and the dripper type showed that the monocrystalline solar panels with pressure P2 (0.5 bar) and dripper T2 (8 L/hr.) obtained the highest solar panel efficiency (26.44%), the highest homogeneity coefficient (95.67%), and the highest Sunflower yield (12837.9 kg/ha).
The Impact of Economic Shocks on the Value of Agricultural Domestic Product in Iraq for the Period (2004-2022)
Authors: Mahmoud Mahmoud Fadel , Madlul Najlaa Salah
Published: July 2024

The research aims to measure the impact of economic shocks on the value of agricultural domestic products in Iraq for the period (2004-2022) using quarterly time series. The value of an agricultural domestic product was used as a dependent variable while the independent variables were (oil prices - public revenues - public expenditures - allocations Agricultural investment - agricultural imports-gross domestic product), and the (Vector Error Correction Model) model, impulse response functions, and variance components analysis were used to achieve the objectives of the study. The research reached the most important results, as both the value of oil prices and agricultural imports It has a significant but in a way negative impact on the value of agricultural output due to the state’s dependence on financing the general budget through oil revenues, as well as the state’s dependence on imports. Agricultural production was largely used to obtain food as well as agricultural supplies. Public revenues, public expenditures, and agricultural investment allocations had a significant and positive impact on the value of agricultural output, as the increase in any of these variables leads to an increase in the value of agricultural output in a significant way. Relatively, the most important thing that was achieved was achieving the research hypothesis, which states that economic shocks have a negative impact on the agricultural sector. The research recommended the necessity of improving the management of depleted resources, reducing their consumption, and developing appropriate plans and policies to preserve the sustainability of these resources for future generations.
Phase field modelling of elastic-plastic fatigue fracture of oil and gas pipeline
Authors: Wang Zhen , He Wei , Li Xin , Lu Tao , Chen Shengguo , Li Dingyu , Zheng Hengwei
Published: July 2024

This paper established a fatigue fracture phase-field model (PFM) to evaluate fatigue damage evolution and crack propagation in oil and gas pipeline. To address inaccuracies in damage evolution, a threshold of the elastic-plastic fracture energy was introduced in the proposed PFM. Using the finite element method, the PFM was applied to simulate fatigue crack growth. Results from compact tension (CT) specimen of the X56 gas pipeline steel demonstrated that the da/dN-ΔK curve from the current PFM, accounting for plasticity, aligned more closely with experimental results than the elastic PFM. The fatigue crack propagation and fatigue life of the X80 gas pipeline with different defects of the same depth were also analyzed. The results indicated that triangular defects significantly impacted the fatigue life of the X80 gas pipeline. Finally, a model of X60 pipeline with various initial defects was developed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed PFM for full-scale pipeline fatigue fracture by comparing it to experimental a-N curves. The simulation results indicated that the distance and angle between two initial defects in the pipeline significantly influenced the propagation of fatigue cracks and the pipeline’s service life. These findings of this paper can serve as a reference for estimating the service life of gas and oil pipelines.
Semi-active control implementation in aircraft landing gear systems using hardware-in-the-loop test bench
Authors: Yıldız Ali Suat , Eker Sefa Burhan
Published: July 2024

In small-sized aircraft landing gear systems, magnetorheological (MR) dampers offer an innovative approach to adjusting damping levels under wide range of operating situations in order to achieve competing control objectives such as ride comfort, suspension travel, and energy consumption. Also, MR dampers have nonlinear dynamics and exhibit hysteresis. In this context, this paper aims to present a Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) technique for the implementation of backstepping control and linear quadratic regulator (LQR) control. Experimental results highlight that, compared to passive suspension (Passive Off), backstepping control and LQR control approaches reduce the fuselage vertical acceleration by 29.13% and 24.95%, respectively. Moreover, the ISO 2631 standard was adopted to evaluate ride comfort. LQR control can able to minimize the fuselage roll acceleration under a random road profile. Also, LQR control provides the highest performance in terms of fuselage roll acceleration, achieving a 6.2% improvement with lower energy consumption. By utilizing HIL, semi-active control methods can be tested and developed without the need for the aircraft, while keeping the characteristics that the physical aircraft would bring.
Object slip detection sensor based on triboelectric nanogenerator
Authors: Zhu Yongqiang , Zhou Guangyao , Zhang Pingxia
Published: July 2024

Existing gripping devices limit the way of gripping the object, and the object may slide due to insufficient friction, when the manipulator grips the object, the object may slip phenomenon, which leads to the manipulator can not complete the gripping work normally. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes a robotic slipping sensor to detect the slipping state of the object and its slipping distance, the sensor through the friction of two different materials and electrostatic induction phenomenon of triboelectricity and the peak voltage signal to determine whether the contact object produces the phenomenon of slipping and its slipping distance. This design integrates two rectangular copper foils and two polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) films together to form a triboelectricity nanogenerator in independent layer mode, which judges the slip distance of an object by the peak voltage signal generated by the object’s slip, which is flexible and can be combined with a robot to make the robot more flexible and convenient in its work. In order to verify the performance of this sensor, horizontal slip test and vertical slip test were conducted. In the horizontal slip test and vertical slip test, the peak voltage signal output from the TENG sensor has a linear relationship with the slip distance of the object. The sensor and the object contact slip process ends after 100 ms, the oscilloscope will output the peak voltage signal, so that according to the size of the peak voltage signal to determine the object in the range of 0–10 cm slip distance, for judging whether the object appears to slip phenomenon and the occurrence of the phenomenon of the slip distance it produces provides a flexible program.
Fatigue damage accumulation in a bolted joint subjected to the random loading
Authors: Haghighatnezhad Bahram , Rajabikhorasani Ghazal , Shirzadi Jahromi Hassan
Published: July 2024

Fatigue damage in structures, which escalates with cyclic loading, is traditionally analyzed using blocks of constant amplitude. This study aims to derive the fatigue loading spectrum for the Cirrus SR20 multipurpose airplane and predict the fatigue life of its main spar connection. Using available reference loading data from acrobatic and training aircraft, the loading spectrum was established, and constant amplitude loading blocks were determined through the Rainflow cycle counting and statistical methods. Fatigue damage in the bolted joint was assessed using both linear and nonlinear Miner rules, revealing that results from nonlinear criteria tend to converge towards those from linear predictions as loading blocks increase. This approach provides a robust predictive framework for assessing the fatigue life of airplane components under variable amplitude loadings, potentially enhancing maintenance protocols and structural design durability.
Acting for Aesthetic Reasons
Authors: Ridley Aaron
Published: July 2024

It seems natural to think that there are aesthetic reasons for action and that an artist must be guided by such reasons as he or she sets about her canvas or poem or symphony or marble. This latter supposition seems at odds, however, with the views of one of the last century’s most important philosophers of art, R.G. Collingwood. Here, we propose an account of acting for aesthetic reasons inspired by G.E.M. Anscombe’s Intention, and specifically by her concept of ‘practical knowledge’, which we believe can accommodate Collingwood’s reservations about the sort of knowledge of their ends, and of the means to those ends, that artists have as they engage in their creative activity.
After Error Theory: The “What Next?” Question
Authors: Joyce Richard
Published: July 2024

If the error theorist is correct about morality, then what should we do with moral discourse? This is the “what next?” question. The abolitionistâ€™s answer is that we should just do away with morality. The fictionalist advocates the less obvious answer that we should retain moral discourse even though we know that it is false. This chapter outlines some familiar ways that we already say false things for practical purposes, such as using metaphors, acting, joking, and telling lies. The main goal of the chapter, however, is to investigate the nature of the “what next?” question. Should we think of it as being asked by an individual error theorist (surrounded by moral believers), or being asked by a group of error theorists? What kind of normativity does the question involve? It turns out that there are really many legitimate “what next?” questions.