bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ЛИНГВОКУЛЬТУРОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ ОПИСАНИЕ СТРУКТУРНЫХ И СЕМАНТИЧЕСКИХ ОСОБЕННОСТЕЙ АНГЛИЙСКИХ ПАРЕМИЙ
Authors: Джабраилова Р.Н. , Алдиева М.Ш.
Published: December 2020

В статье исследуются структурные и семантические особенности английских паремий с точки зрения их лингвокультурологических характеристик. Проанализированы способы пополнения паремий в языке. Паремии обличают истину, подтвержденную многовековым опытом. Эффект паремии состоит в том, чтобы сделать мудрость, которую она рассказывает, очевидной. В них воплощены радость и горе, гнев и печаль, любовь и ненависть, жизнь и смерть, ирония и юмор. Установлено, что паремии всегда были и остаются актуальными. Они являются важным фактором в изучении английского языка, способствуют лучшему запоминанию слов и лексических оборотов, раскрывают особенности языка, реалии жизни английского народа, характер, мысли, способствуют устранению национальных барьеров.
ОТКРЫТИЕ ИНСУЛИНА: ВАЖНАЯ ВЕХА В ИСТОРИИ МЕДИЦИНЫ
Authors: Гантамиров Т.Т.
Published: December 2020

Данная статья посвящена анализу истории открытия инсулина, представляющего собой настоящий научный прорыв в сфере медицины, характеризующийся активными дискуссиями среди ученых, а также большими надеждами и разочарованиями, успехами и ошибками. Это история выдающихся личностей, интуитивных прозрений, интеллектуальных конструкций и научных достижений. Открытие инсулина стало важной вехой в развитии медицинской науки и произвело настоящую революцию как в терапии, так и в прогнозировании сахарного диабета. Отмечено, что он является одним из наиболее изученных заболеваний в истории медицины, первые упоминания которого восходят к коллекции древних египетских, индийских и китайских трактатов. Введение инсулина ознаменовало конец так называемой «прединсулиновой эры» («эры разочарования»), открыв дорогу новой эре, клиническим достижениям и развитию современной медицины.
ВЕТЕРИНАРНО-САНИТАРНАЯ ЭКСПЕРТИЗА ТУШЕК КРОЛИКОВ ПРИ ТРАВМАХ
Authors: Байсарова З.Т.
Published: December 2020

В статье приведена ветеринарно-санитарная оценка мяса кроликов при различных травмах, обычно возникающих при их содержании в хозяйствах. Приведены также клинические симптомы и сопутствующие изменившиеся физиологические показатели кроликов вследствие травмы, влияние этих показателей на качество мяса.
PEMANFAATAN RUANG TERBUKA HIJAU (RTH) MELALUI PEMBERDAYAAN USAHA MIKRO KECIL DAN MENENGAH OLEH PEMERINTAH DAERAH
Authors: Fitriyah Nina Sa’idah , Purwanto Adi
Published: December 2020

Ruang terbuka hijau publik merupakan ruang terbuka yang dimiliki dan dikelola oleh pemerintah daerah kota yang digunakan untuk kepentingan masyarakat secara umum. Merujuk pada peraturan dan fenomena sehingga penelitian ini dirasa penting  karena sarana dan prasana pemerintahan Kabupaten Situbondo membangun ruang terbuka hijau dapat termanfaatkan dengan baik oleh masyarakat melalui memberdayakan UMKM masyarakat yang ada disekitar lahan tersebut. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian deskriptif dengan metode pendekatan kualitatif. Lokasi penelitian di Kecamatan Kapongan Kabupaten Situbondo Jawa Timur. Teknik penentu informan menggunakan purposive sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan wawancara mendalam, observasi dan study pustaka. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemanfaatan Ruang Terbuka Hijau (RTH) di Desa Kesambirampak Kecamatan Kapongan Kabupaten Situbondo sebagai berikut : 1) Segi Bidang Pendidikan yakni menduduki posisi penting dalam proses dinamika pertemuan budaya, karena melalui ruang ini dihubungkan jalinan budaya antara wilayah dan sebagai aicon desa untuk mengenal budaya desa tersebut. Dari sinilah interaksi budaya dengan segala implikasinya terjadi. Interaksi budaya ini telah memunculkan kelompok-kelompok sosial dari berbagai etnis dan membentuk kampung-kampung etnis tertentu dengan kulturasi budaya mereka yang berkembang di sekitar taman. 2) Segi Bidang Ekonomi yakni dapat meningkatakn pendapatan warga masyarakat sekitar sehingga dapat menambah pula terhadap Pendapat Asli Desa (PAD) yang berdampak pada kesejahteraan masyarakat. 3). Segi Bidang Sosial yakni sebagai wadah berkumpulnya manusia dalam melakukan segala bentuk kegiatan sehingga menghasilkan interaksi dan komunikasi antar warga sebagai wadah rekreasi keluarga yang sangat terjangkau oleh masyarakat.
PENGARUH PELATIHAN, MOTIVASI DAN KOMPETENSI TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN PADA PT JASA SUMBER KARUNIA MEDAN
Authors: Sepviany Sepviany , Calvin Calvin
Published: December 2020

PT Jasa Sumber Karunia Medan merupakan sebuah perusahaan yang bergerak dibidang pengurusan transportasi (freight forwanding). Penurunan kinerja karyawan PT Jasa Sumber Karunia Medan terlihat dari tidak tercapainya target perusahaan yang diakibatkan pelatihan yang belum optimal, motivasi dan kompetensi. Metode penelitian mengunakan kuantitatif. Populasi adalah berjumlah 168 karyawan dan sampel berjumlah 118 karyawan PT Jasa Sumber Karunia Medan. Teknik sampling yang digunakan adalah sampling random sampling. Hasil perhitungan pengujian hipotesis adanya pengaruh positif dan signifikan Pelatihan secara parsial terhadap Kinerja Karyawan pada PT Jasa Sumber Karunia Medan, adanya pengaruh positif dan signifikan Motivasi secara parsial terhadap Kinerja Karyawan pada PT Jasa Sumber Karunia Medan, adanya pengaruh positif dan signifikan Kompetensi secara parsial terhadap Kinerja Karyawan pada PT Jasa Sumber Karunia Medan dan  adanya pengaruh positif dan signifikan Pelatihan, Motivasi dan Kompetensi berpengaruh secara simultan terhadap Kinerja Karyawan pada PT Jasa Sumber Karunia Medan.
Uchodźcy: obrazy migracji, pamięć w ruchu
Authors: Kurz Iwona , Mościcki Paweł
Published: December 2020

Wstęp do 14 numeru „Uchodźcy: obrazy migracji, pamięć w ruchu”.
Shelter in the Image
Authors: Mościcki Paweł
Published: December 2020

An essay accompanying the presentation of the project "Un Air d'accueil" by Estefania Peñafiel Loaiza.
OPTIMIZE THE ORGANIZATION OF THE ACCOUNTING SERVICE AND OTHER SERVICE FUNCTIONS USING THE THEORY OF MANAGEMENT OF MASS SERVICE SYSTEMS
Authors:   Doctor of Economics, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Economics and Digital Business Technologies, Irkutsk National Research Technical University, Irkutsk, Russia, SLOBODNYAK I. A. , ANTIPINA P. V. ,   Senior Lecturer in Management, Marketing and Service, Baikal State University, Irkutsk, Russia
Published: December 2020

The article is devoted to considering the use of modern mathematical methods for the purpose of analyzing the effectiveness of organizing of various services of the organization. With the example of the accounting service it is shown how the basic performance of the service can be defined using the position of mass service theory. Proposes an interpretation of all the major variables in the model from an economic point of view. The model is universal and can be used to assess the operation of any service that meets the parameters of the mass service system.
APPROACHES TO BUILDING THE LIFE CYCLE OF ONBOARD EQUIPMENT FOR THE EFFECTIVE USE OF DIGITAL TWINS
Authors:   Post-graduate student of the Faculty of Economics, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia, PLESHAKOV S. D.
Published: December 2020

Lifecycle management of high-tech products plays an important role in ensuring the effective operation of all entities involved in its production. The peculiarity of life cycle management lies in the intensification, reduction of the production cycle, it is this aspect that is key in high-tech industries. The proposed work formulates the main stages of modeling digital twins of onboard equipment, the concept of the structure of the life cycle of onboard equipment of rocket and space products, built using digital twins.
ORGANIZING THE TRANSITION OF SVERDLOVSK REGION CITIZENS TO MEDICAL SAVINGS ACCOUNTS
Authors:   Doctor of Technical Sciences, Head of the Department of “Finance”, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia University named after N. E. Bauman, Moscow, Russia, SOKOLOV E. V. , KOSTYRIN E. V. ,   Doctor of Economics, Associate Professor, Sub-faculty of Finance of Engineering Business and Management faculty (EBM5), Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia
Published: December 2020

The paper shows the principles of organizing the transition of Sverdlovsk region citizens to medical savings accounts (MSA). A scheme for financing health care in the Sverdlovsk region based on MSA has been developed. A simulation of the accumulation of financial resources on the MSA of all categories of citizens of the Sverdlovsk region was performed. It is proved that for all categories of Sverdlovsk region citizens, including citizens, have chronic diseases, the funds accumulated on their personal MSA, will be sufficient to cover the costs of medical care.
IMPROVEMENT OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN THE ENTERPRISE
Authors:   Candidate of Economic Sciences, Senior Teacher at the Department of Customs Economy, St. Petersburg Branch of the Russian Customs Academy, St. Petersburg, Russia, GOROKHOVA K. V.
Published: December 2020

The article discusses the basic theoretical concepts used in quality management, indicates the reasons for the need to improve these processes at the enterprise. The author proposes aspects for improving the quality management system, the process of their implementation and subsequent actions to improve the efficiency of the system within the organization.
THE PRACTICE OF APPLYING ADAPTIVE METHODS OF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT IN THE ENTERPRISES OF THE TOKTOGUL DISTRICT OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC
Authors:   Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Jalal-Abad State University, Jalal-Abad, Kyrgyzstan, USUPOV M. U.
Published: December 2020

The article deals with the application of adaptive methods of capital management at enterprises of the Toktogul district of the Kyrgyz Republic. This area of economic work is considered a key point in the functioning of the firm. Questions of formation and effective use of own and borrowed capital largely depend on the use of modern methods of analysis.
En búsqueda de la utopía: El principio de responsabilidad ambiental como mitigador del daño ecológico
Authors: Camarena Quispe Rolando José , Pinares Payne Gabriela Fernanda
Published: December 2020

La utopía esta definida como la concepción de una sociedad ideal por lo que para muchos autores resalta la cualidad de inalcanzable; sin embargo, el ser humano va modificando sus paradigmas y logra metas antes inconcebibles. Actualmente, el ser humano se enfrenta a un gran problema que amenaza su subsistencia, el daño ambiental. Este problema puede ser solucionado desde diversas áreas de la ciencia y conocimiento humano, siendo menester del Derecho realizar aportes que generen cambios en favor del planeta. En consecuencia, los principios ambientales y en específico el de responsabilidad ambiental se perfilan como aquellos pilares en los que se construirán una política ambiental eficaz que refleje sus efectos en la realidad como ya viene sucediendo en diversas legislaciones como es el caso de España.
TRIBALISM IN KAZAKHSTAN: TRADITION REBORN OR SOCIAL INSTRUMENT
Authors: Shakeyeva Botakoz , Shaikemelev Mukhtarbek , Aitymbetov Nurken
Published: December 2020

The authors have chosen tribalism and its role in contemporary Kazakhstan as an object of their studies. Despite the official political course aimed at comprehensive modernization of the state and society, tribalism has not yet been marginalized. The opposite is true: it is on the rise, and thus remains one of the urgent subjects of social discussions. The authors have outlined the forms in which clan relationships manifest themselves in the political and social spheres of Kazakhstan. An analysis of certain approaches to the studies of the country’s ethnic and social structure is conducted and comparative analysis of the evolution of clan-and-tribal relations based on the methods of political science is proposed with the aim to identify its specifics in Kazakhstan’s past and present. The authors have presented the results of in-depth field polls carried out in several auls (villages) in 2020 to substantiate their hypothesis of the forms which clan relationships have assumed in Kazakhstan.
STATE BORDER ISSUES IN THE MODERN HISTORY OF UZBEKISTAN
Authors: Rakhimov Mirzokhid , Rakhimov Sadriddin
Published: December 2020

The formation and disintegration of the U.S.S.R. was one of the vital historical events of the 20th century. The Central Asian republics were established by the Soviet government in the 1920s and 1930s as a result of the national and territorial state delimitation, and the borders between them were provisional. As the republics obtained political independence, the process of defining state borders between the new sovereign countries began. This process turned out to be difficult for Uzbekistan, among others, but the republic was mostly able to mutually resolve interstate borders issues based on “uti possidetis.”
LABOR FORCE RECRUITMENT TO THE OECD AND MIDDLE EASTERN COUNTRIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN: TRENDS, MECHANISMS, CONSEQUENCES
Authors: Ryazantsev Sergey , Rakhmonov Abubakr
Published: December 2020

The article examines the trends in labor migration from Tajikistan. Although Russia and Kazakhstan remain the main labor migration destinations for Tajiks, emigration from Tajikistan to OECD countries is becoming increasingly more noticeable. New Tajik communities are actively forming in the OECD countries, potentially becoming networks of attraction for new migrants in the near future. The forms of labor migrant recruitment in Tajikistan, including digital technologies, are examined. Despite Tajikistan’s attempts to regulate labor migration more actively on the basis of bilateral agreements with OECD countries, Russia still remains attractive for Tajik labor migrants. So far, Russia’s competitive advantages are the absence of a language barrier, the absence of the need to obtain a visa and work permit, a common mentality, and the prospects for obtaining citizenship. However, the rigidity of migration policy and the drop in wages in Russia are potential negative factors that will contribute to the reversal of some of the labor migrant flows from Tajikistan in favor of the OECD countries. Also, the active participation of intermediaries in migrant employment, as well as the OECD countries’ active policy that aims to attract labor migrants will lead to Russia’s loss of a significant part of Tajikistan’s migration potential. The possibility of reorientation of a part of labor emigrants to OECD countries is becoming feasible due to the widespread study of the English language in Tajikistan and the cutbacks in teaching the Russian language, the active development of private and state labor force recruiting systems.
SOCIAL ASPECTS OF YOUTH RELIGIOUS CULTURE AS A FACTOR OF SOCIAL STABILITY IN KAZAKHSTAN AND RUSSIA: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Authors: Nysanbayeva Aliya
Published: December 2020

As of this time, the religious behavior of young people, the specifics of their religious practices and their general attitude to religion have not been adequately studied. The same fully applies to the influence of youth religious culture on the religious environment. Meanwhile, a better understanding of the religiosity level among young people and its specific features would have produced a more balanced and more adequate religious policy and helped preserve interconfessional harmony and stability in the post-Soviet space. In the course of our studies we defined the level of religiosity by the extent to which the sacral duties (i.e., fasting, praying, pilgrimage to holy places and voluntary offerings) were observed. The attitude of the younger generation to religious extremism was also examined. We based our research on the results of public opinion polls among the young people in the cities of Turkestan (Kazakhstan) and Nizhnekamsk (Tatarstan, Russian Federation). It turned out that the level of religiosity (as per the above parameters) among the young people of Tatarstan was lower by almost two times than that in Kazakhstan, yet the type of their religious culture does not negatively affect religious stability. The high and ever-growing level of religiosity among all population groups (younger generation included) is present in the southern regions of Kazakhstan (the Turkestan Region being no exception), which are seen as a zone of high risk of religious extremism. The results of recent studies, however, confirmed that current social instability is not rooted in youth radicalism: the level and nature of religious activity in this population group are not a threat to religious stability in the region. Indeed, the majority of the respondents in the Turkestan Region had no personal experience of dealing with radical religious extremists; a smaller part (a third) of the respondents believes that the threat is real. In Tatarstan, on the other hand, the share of respondents who are aware of the threat of religious extremist activity and fear it is nearly 40%; the share of those who admit that religious extremists are present among the republic’s younger generation is even higher (81%). While the majority of the respondents assessed the religious situation in Tatarstan as fairly stable, 40% remained convinced that religious extremists may destabilize the religious environment in the region. Since the level of religiosity among the polled young people in Tatarstan is nearly half the size of that in Kazakhstan, it can be defined as a zone of low youth religious activity. The level of religiosity in Turkestan makes it a zone of average religious activity. Comparative analysis of the religiosity level among the younger generation helped us identify certain factors that negatively affect interconfessional stability in Kazakhstan and Russia and suggest an efficient religious policy.
Definition Of The Principles Of Teaching Preschool Children
Authors:   Associate Professor, Head Of Chair, Chirchiq State Pedagogical Institute, Uzbekistan, Abdulkhayevich Abdullayev Abduqayum , Yuldashevna Shonasirova Zakhro ,   Lecturer, Chirchiq State Pedagogical Institute, Uzbekistan, Abdurashidovna Mutalova Dilnoza ,   Lecturer, Chirchiq State Pedagogical Institute, Uzbekistan
Published: December 2020

In the article discusses the definition of the principles of teaching preschool children. As we know, teaching and upbringing, the peculiar aspects of a single process have their own composition, their own specific methods, their material and psychological prerequisites. In the early stages of children's life, education and upbringing appear in a closer unity, and it is difficult to differentiate them, but as the child grows up, upbringing and education become more and more clearly differentiated. But this does not mean at all that teaching loses its educational power, and education ceases to be teaching. The principles of teaching are not once and for all accepted categories. As psychological and pedagogical science develops, they improve, acquiring a deeper justification (the principle of active learning, developing learning, etc.).
Silver-catalyzed synthesis of β-fluorovinylphosphonates by phosphonofluorination of aromatic alkynes
Authors: Zhang Yajing , Tian Qingshan , Zhang Guozhu , Zhang Dayong
Published: December 2020

A silver-catalyzed three-component reaction involving alkynes, Selectfluor®, and diethyl phosphite was employed for the one-pot formation of C(sp2)–F and C(sp2)–P bonds to provide an efficient access to β-fluorovinylphosphonates in a highly regio- and stereoselective manner under mild reaction conditions. This reaction is operationally simple and offers an excellent functional group tolerance as well as a broad substrate scope that includes both terminal and internal alkynes. The reaction proceeded through the oxidative generation of a P-centered radical and subsequent fluorine atom transfer.
Classification with Quantum Neural Networks on Near Term Processors
Authors: Farhi Edward , Neven Hartmut
Published: December 2020

We introduce a quantum neural network, QNN, that can represent labeled data, classical or quantum, and be trained by supervised learning. The quantum circuit consists of a sequence of parameter dependent unitary transformations which acts on an input quantum state. For binary classification a single Pauli operator is measured on a designated readout qubit. The measured output is the quantum neural network’s predictor of the binary label of the input state. We show through classical simulation that parameters can be found that allow the QNN to learn to correctly distinguish the two data sets. We then discuss presenting the data as quantum superpositions of computational basis states corresponding to different label values. Here we show through simulation that learning is possible. We consider using our QNN to learn the label of a general quantum state. By example we show that this can be done. Our work is exploratory and relies on the classical simulation of small quantum systems. The QNN proposed here was designed with near-term quantum processors in mind. Therefore it will be possible to run this QNN on a near term gate model quantum computer where its power can be explored beyond what can be explored with simulation.
Método para el diseño arquitectónico de casas de madera en Portugal
Authors: Morgado Luis , Correia Guedes Manuel , Gomes Ferreira João , Cruz Helena
Published: December 2020

Se presenta un método para el diseño arquitectónico de casas de madera. Se entrevistó a empresas de construcción y fabricación y se desarrolló un caso de estudio simulando cuatro variaciones de un proyecto, incluidos diferentes sistemas de madera (entramados ligeros, poste y viga, troncos, y madera contralaminada encolada). Sobre la base de los problemas identificados, se definió un método de diseño utilizando tablas de apoyo a las decisiones, listas de procedimientos y estrategias de optimización. Un proceso de apoyo a la decisión de criterios múltiples fue propuesto como una ayuda en la evaluación y selección de la mejor solución. Durante la fase del programa, el uso de un catálogo de tipologías con sistemas de construcción y sistemas formales promueve la optimización del proceso. En la fase de anteproyecto, la adopción de un proceso de evaluación, procedimientos de diseño específicos y estrategias preestablecidas (durabilidad, integridad de la construcción, economía) tienen como objetivo garantizar la calidad de la construcción.
M.B.I.G., de José Martret. Teatro posmoderno contra el capitalismo posmoderno
Authors: Laín Corona Guillermo
Published: December 2020

José Martret (Palma de Mallorca, 1971) utiliza Macbeth como base para hacer una obra de teatro propia: M.B.I.G. (estrenada el 20 de noviembre de 2013 y publicada en 2014). Con un formato inmersivo, una estructura metateatral y una estética posmoderna de tintes fandom y relacionada con productos culturales de masas, como la serie de televisión Mad Men (2007-2015), M.B.I.G. resemantiza el texto original de Shakespeare para hacer un feroz ataque contra las sociedades capitalistas actuales.
Biorremoción de iones de hierro de la solución de refinado de cobre utilizando “semilla” de jarosita biosintética promovida por Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans
Authors: Eftekhari Nasim , Kargar Mohammad , Rokhbakhsh Zamin Farokh , Rastakhiz Nahid , Manafi Zahra
Published: December 2020

La disminución de la concentración de iones de hierro de una solución de refinado procedente de la extracción con solvente de cobre es importante para mantener una buena eficiencia de corriente en el proceso de electrolisis. En este estudio, se investigaron los efectos combinados de la “semilla” de jarosita biosintética y Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans sobre la eliminación de hierro de la solución de refinado de cobre y el efecto del pH. La biosíntesis de “semillas” de jarosita de amonio se realizó de manera eficiente a pH 2 y una concentración de Fe2 + de 50 g·l-1. El porcentaje de eliminación de hierro de la solución de refinado a un pH de 1,5; 2,5 y 5% de dosis de semillas fue de 0,81%, 47,38% y 71,26%, respectivamente. La concentración de hierro en la solución de refinado disminuyó notablemente hasta alcanzar un valor del 71,17% con la incorporación de un 10% en peso de “semilla” de jarosita junto con un 10% V/V de A. ferrooxidans. Esto se debió al aumento en la superficie específica de los sólidos en la solución y a las características magnéticas de A. ferrooxidans que promueven la eliminación de hierro. Se seleccionó un pH 2 y una carga de “semillas” de jarosita del 10% como las condiciones óptimas para la eliminación del hierro de la solución de refinado. Se concluyó que se podría incrementar la recuperación de cobre del refinado biológicamente refinado.
Présence du catalan dans l'œuvre en vers de Manuel Vázquez Montalbán : écriture métisse, écriture du métissage
Authors: Boyer Denise
Published: December 2020

On analyse ici les différents usages du catalan dans l’œuvre en vers de Manuel Vázquez Montalbán, selon qu’il s’agit de citations, de collages, d’écriture bilingüe ou d’écriture en catalan.
La población por «testigo». Comportamientos demográficos y cambios sociales en España desde mediados de los años 70
Authors: Cohen Arón
Published: December 2020

El estudio de los hechos demográficos presta un importante apoyo a un análisis social de carácter general. Sus signos son llamadas de atención e invitan a pensarlos como consecuencias y como factores. Durante las últimas cuatro o cinco décadas, la demografía española ha conocido cambios profundos y acelerados, que no pueden dejar indiferentes a quienes, desde campos académicos distintos, se interesan por las tendencias recientes de la sociedad española, sin adentrarse en un análisis demográfico de especialista. Dos ejemplos paralelos de esas manifestaciones (fecundidad de las mujeres no casadas e inmigración) dan pie a una reflexión sobre la interacción entre comportamientos demográficos, cambios político-institucionales y dinámicas sociales (socioeconómicas y socioculturales). Imputaciones frecuentes, apresuradas o simplemente espurias (espontáneas o promovidas), son parte de la materia del análisis y no deben confundirse con él.
De la Federación de oficio a la Unión de ramos anexos: los constructores de calzado y los obreros en pieles ante el reto de la solidaridad a escala nacional (1870-1890)
Authors: Delhom Joël
Published: December 2020

Pour rendre plus efficace la solidarité entre les travailleurs et jeter les bases de la société collectiviste du futur, le syndicalisme internationaliste (fre et ftre) a organisé dans le dernier tiers du xixe s. des fédérations de métier et des unions de métiers complémentaires à l’échelle nationale. L’exemple du secteur de la chaussure et du cuir étudié ici permet de mettre en lumière les évolutions graduelles qu’elles ont connu dans leurs statuts, leurs objectifs et leurs dynamiques. Sept congrès sont analysés.
Attitudes and perceptions towards multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate: A national survey among Italian urologists
Authors: Stanzione Arnaldo , Creta Massimiliano , Imbriaco Massimo , La Rocca Roberto , Capece Marco , Esposito Fabio , Imbimbo Ciro , Fusco Ferdinando , Celentano Giuseppe , Napolitano Luigi , Mangiapia Francesco , Mirone Vincenzo , Longo Nicola
Published: December 2020

Objective: We aimed to assess the attitudes and perceptions towards multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) of the prostate among Italian urologists. Material and Methods: A national, web-based survey was performed. A questionnaire composed of 18 multiple choice questions was e-mailed to 941 currently active urologists, members of the Italian Society of Urology. Preserving anonymity, respondents’ demographics were collected (e.g. geographic region, type of workplace, prostate procedures performed) as well as data concerning their attitudes and perceptions towards mpMRI (e.g. indications deemed appropriate, degree of confidence in mpMRI results). Data were expressed as raw numbers and percentages of survey answers. Results: In total, 98 responses were received (participation rate = 10.4%). Respondents mostly worked in urban areas (96%) and primarily in hospital settings (89%), while 48% of them worked in southern Italy. 97% of respondents considered mpMRI useful to detect Prostate Cancer (PCa) in patients with prior negative biopsy, 64% in biopsy-naïve patients and 60% for PCa pre-operatory staging. About half (42%) of the participants declared that mpMRI results frequently lead them to change PCa management strategy. Standardization of mpMRI acquisition and reporting was partially unsatisfactory. Reported waiting time for mpMRI scans was longer than 4 weeks for 51% of respondents. The major limitation of this survey includes the small number of participants. Conclusions: Prostate mpMRI is used by Italian urologists mainly for detection and for pre-operative staging of PCa. Further improvements in terms of mpMRI availability and report standardization are required.
Systemic Venous Anomalies: Echocardiographic Evaluation
Authors: Subramanian Nandeeswari , Sridhar Anuradha
Published: December 2020

Systemic venous anomalies can occur in isolation but are more commonly found in association with other structural heart diseases. Echocardiography has become a routine tool in the diagnosis of these anomalies, which although hemodynamically insignificant, can cause significant morbidity in the setting of cardiac catheterisation and surgical intervention in patients with congenital heart disease if not identified correctly.
Sequential Segmental Approach to Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Shakya Samir , Rajashekar Palleti , Gupta Saurabh Kumar
Published: December 2020

The sequential segmental approach is essential for better understanding of cardiac anatomy in normal and malformed hearts. It is based on a detailed analysis of the three main cardiac segments, namely atria, ventricles, and great vessels, and the two connecting segments, namely atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial connections. Each segment is systematically defined based purely on its morphological characteristics. In most cases, echocardiography is sufficient, but some cases necessitate the use of other imaging modalities. Systematic identification of different segments, connections, and their abnormalities helps in making an accurate diagnosis of congenital heart disease (CHD). This review provides a brief description of the sequential segmental approach for detecting CHD on echocardiography.
Ventricular Septal Defect and Bicuspidity of Both Semilunar Valves with Obstruction Creating Complex Hemodynamics
Authors: Tomar Munesh , Tomar Hariraj Singh
Published: December 2020

Aortic and pulmonary valves share a common developmental origin from the embryonic arterial trunk, so there are chances of involvement of both semilunar valves in the process of congenital malformation involving one valve. However, in reported literature, this is not a common association. Here, we report an infant diagnosed to have bicuspid morphology of both semilunar valves with a large perimembranous ventricular septal defect.
Connections for On-Board Road Vehicle Electrical Wiring Harnesses - Part 3: Multipole Connectors - Flat Blade Terminals - Dimensional Characteristics and Specific Requirements
Authors:   Electrical Distribution Steering Committee
Published: December 2020

This SAE Standard defines dimensional characteristics of existing flat blades of multipole connectors and specific requirements for on-board electrical harnesses of road vehicles.

This document applies to connectors designed to be disconnected after mounting in the vehicle in the case of repair and/or maintenance only.
The Recuperation of Humanism in the Context of the Martial Society: Homer, Anton Schneeberger, Kurt Lewin, and Narrative Medicine
Authors: Jerzak Katarzyna
Published: December 2020

The humanist tradition developed in the Renaissance that not only cultivated the human spirit but applied its knowledge for the purpose of improving society across various humanist and scientific disciplines is not altogether extinct. Using the erudite Swiss physician and botanist Anton Schneeberger (1530–1581) as a founding father of sorts of modern humanist medicine confronted with war, I discuss the recuperation of humanism in the twentieth century, first in the thought of psychologist Kurt Lewin (1890–1947) who, under war circumstances, produced a work whose analytical acumen can still be used today, and subsequently in the creation of the discipline of narrative medicine that, unwittingly perhaps, echoes Schneeberger’s insight into the imperative of inserting storytelling into the practice of both patient- and physician-centered medicine. In the background of the argument is the existence of a new society, a martial society that functions as if there were war despite its ostensible state of peace.
Molecular detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in pulmonary and extrapulmonary samples in a hospital-based study
Authors: Iravathy Goud Kalal , Kavitha Matam , Mahalakshmi Adi , Vempati Ravi , A Alodhayani Abdulaziz , A Mohammed Arif , Ali Khan Imran
Published: December 2020

Objective: Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a deadly infectious disease. India contributes to one-third of the global TB burden. However, no studies have been carried out in the Telangana (Hyderabad) population using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Therefore, the current study evaluated the role of RT-PCR as a rapid and non-invasive test to diagnose TB by testing for pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and extrapulmonary tubercu- losis (EPTB).

Materials and methods: This hospital-based study examined 1670 samples (900 EPTB; 770 PTB) comprising tissue (n = 537), peritoneal fluid (n = 420), sputum (n = 166), bronchial fluid (n = 126), cerebrospinal fluid (n = 145), ascetic fluid (n = 76), sputum pus (n = 78), urine (n = 79), and bronchoalveolar fluid (n = 43) samples. DNA from samples was separated using specific isolation kits and subjected to RT-PCR.

Results: In this study, we enrolled 1670 subjects and categorized 54.4% as females and 45.6% as males. The collected sam- ples were categorized as 48.5% of fluid samples, followed by tissue (32.2%), sputum (9.9%), urine (4.7%), and pus-swab (4.6%). RT-PCR analysis revealed that 4.7% patients were positive for Mtb. Our results revealed that 61% of the affected patients were male and 39% were female. Among the specimen types, tissue samples gave the highest proportion of positive results (36.3%).

Conclusion: The results showed that RT-PCR should be implemented and given top priority in TB diagnosis to save time and facilitate a definitive diagnosis. Tissue samples are highly recommended to screen the Mtb through the technique RT- PCR. Future studies should extend the technique to the global population and exome sequencing analysis should be per- formed to identify TB risk markers.

Keywords: Tuberculosis (TB); EPTB; PTB; Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb).
Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Toxoplasma gondii detection in fresh vegetables consumed in Marrakech, Morocco
Authors: Berrouch Salma , Escotte-Binet Sandie , Amraouza Yassine , Flori Pierre , Aubert Dominique , Villena Isabelle , Hafid Jamaleddine
Published: December 2020

Background: Protozoan parasites such as Toxoplasma gondii, Giardia duodenalis, and Cryptosporidium spp., can be transmitted to humans via accidental consumption of contaminated water, fresh produce and foodstuffs. There is a lack of epidemiological data about these pathogens in Morocco. Hence the aim of this study, which is the determination of their prevalence in some leafy greens and root vegetables sold in Marrakech.

Methods: A total of 132 vegetable samples including carrot, coriander, lettuce, parsley and radish were purchased monthly from three different markets in Marrakech from March 2017 to January 2018, pre-treated and subjected to microscopic and molecular analyses.

Results: Of the 132 samples of vegetables analyzed by qPCR, the overall rate of protozoan was 21.21% (28/132); 22 samples were found to be contaminated with T. gondii, 6 with G. duodenalis, and none was positive for C. parvum/hominis. Whereas, modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining allowed the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in 3% (4/132) of examined samples.

Conclusion: This survey on the presence of protozoan parasites in fresh vegetables revealed that vegetables sold in Marrakech are contaminated by these protozoan parasites, as it showed that leafy green vegetables were more susceptible for parasitic contamination than root ones.

Keywords: Fresh vegetables; protozoan parasites; Marrakech; qPCR.
Developmental outcomes of HIV-exposed infants in a low-income South African context
Authors: Cornelia de Beer Carmen , Krüger Esedra , Van der Linde Jeannie , Eccles Renata , Alet Graham Marien
Published: December 2020

Background: Effective HIV transmission prevention strategies have led to a growing population of vulnerable HIV- and antiretroviral-exposed infants in sub-Saharan Africa, however uncertainty exists regarding their development.

Objective: To determine the developmental outcomes of HIV-exposed (HE) infants in a low-income South African con- text, when compared to HIV-unexposed (HU) counterparts.

Methods: In this prospective cross-sectional, group comparison study, the development of 41 HE and 40 HU infants (mean age=8.4 months, SD=2.1 months) from a low-income context was assessed. Caregivers were interviewed using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Third Edition (Vineland-3) to evaluate infants’ development.

Results: Most HE participants had age-appropriate overall development (90.2%;n=37). Some HE participants, however, presented with delays in domains of communication (9.8%;n=4), daily living skills (2.4%;n=1), socialisation (19.5%;n=8), and motor development (7.3%;n=3). HU participants also demonstrated some domain-specific delays, thus delays were present in both groups. No statistically significant between-group differences regarding development were found.

Conclusion: Findings were reassuring and suggested that HE and HU participants had similar development. Developmen- tal differences may, however, only emerge with age, therefore large-scale longitudinal research is recommended. It is suggest- ed that the entire sample was vulnerable, highlighting the importance of developmental surveillance in low-income contexts, irrespective of HIV and antiretroviral exposure status.

Keywords: Developmental outcomes; HIV-exposed infants; low-income context.
ECG abnormalities among HIV infected children placed on ART at Enugu, South East of Nigeria
Authors: Spiff Eleazar Emeka , Idara Eleazar Clara , Chukwu Nwachukwu Daniel , Ifeanyi Nwagha Uchenna
Published: December 2020

Background: Cardiovascular abnormalities are not much reported among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected children especially in Africa where there is high HIV disease. In addition, the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in such children may have a protective effect on the cardiovascular system.

Methods: Cross-sectional study of randomly selected eighty HIV infected and 80 aged matched non- HIV-infected chil- dren were used. HIV-infected children were on HAART for more than 5years and had steadily received the treatment for 6 months prior to the time of the tests. Heights and weights were measured and body mass index calculated. Cardiac indi- ces evaluated were heart rate (HR), PR interval, QRS duration, QT/QTC Interval, P/QRS/T Axis, RV5/SV1 voltage and RV5+SV1 voltage.

Results: The average heart rate was significantly higher among HIV infected children on HAART than their non-infected counterparts (P= 0.019). At 0.05 significance level, their PR interval was significantly higher than those in the control group (P=0.050). The average QRS duration result also showed a significant difference between that of test and control subjects (P = 0.022)

Conclusion: The HAART usage possibly improved the cardiovascular functioning in the infected children but the protective effects diminish with increase age and longer exposure.

Keywords: HIV; cardiovascular; children; HAART.
Association of FADS2 rs174575 gene polymorphism and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: S Shetty Shilpa , Kumari N Suchetha , Devi Harshini , KP Sharmila , Rai Srinidhi
Published: December 2020

Background: Many risk factors contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes. Gene and lifestyle factors are considered to be the major contributors. A dietary pattern is attributed to be one of the lifestyle risk factors favoring diabetes. The present study aims to find an association between fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene polymorphism and glycemic profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methodology: A total of 429 subjects were included in the study on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria, of which 213 and 216 subjects were diabetic and control, respectively. Body mass index was calculated. Fasting plasma glucose, gly- cated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and insulin were measured using commercially available kits. rs174575 of FADS2 was selected based on previous publications and identified using the dbSNP database. To compare the biochemical parameters with the genotype, the following three models were used: additive model (CC vs CG vs GG), dominant model (CC + CG vs GG), and recessive model (CC vs CG + GG).

Results and Discussion: FBS, HbA1c, insulin, HOMA-IR, and HOMA-B exhibited a high and statistically significant difference between subjects and controls. The three models exhibited a statistically significant difference between FBS, HO- MA-IR, and HOMA- B (p<0.05).

Conclusion: The distribution of rs174575 genotype differed significantly between the subjects and controls in the present study. The study revealed that genetic variation in FADS2 is an additional facet to consider while studying the risk factors of T2DM.

Keywords: Fatty acid desaturase; gene polymorphism; type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Association between APOC3 polymorphisms and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease risk: a meta-analysis
Authors: Wang Jun , Ye Chuncui , Fei Sujuan
Published: December 2020

Background and Aim: The apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3) polymorphism has been reported to predispose to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the results remain inconclusive. This meta-analysis aimed to provide insights into the association between APOC3 polymorphisms and NAFLD risk.

Methods: Studies with terms “NALFD” and “APOC3” were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI and Wan- fang databases up to August 1, 2019. Pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for the association of APOC3 polymorphisms and NAFLD risk were calculated using fixed and random-effects models.

Results: A total of twelve studies from eleven articles were included. Of them, eight studies (1750 cases and 2181 controls) reported the strong association of variant rs2854116 with NAFLD and six studies (1523 cases and 1568 controls) found the association of rs2854117 polymorphism with NAFLD. Overall, a statistically significant association between rs2854116 pol- ymorphism of APOC3 gene and NAFLD risk was found only under dominant model. However, association of rs2854117 polymorphism with NAFLD risk was not detected under all four genetic models. In sub-group analysis of NAFLD subjects based on country, no association among them in China was detected. Besides, four studies analyze the association between the two polymorphisms and clinical characteristics in all subjects or NAFLD patients, and we also failed detect any associa- tion between the wild carriers and variant carriers.

Conclusion: The meta-analyses suggests that the rs2854116 polymorphism but not rs2854117 polymorphism in APOC3 gene might be a risk factor for NAFLD among Asians. That is, individuals with CT+CC genotype have higher risk of devel- oping NAFLD. However, studies with sufficient sample size are needed for the further validation.

Keywords: Apolipoprotein C3; polymorphism; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; meta-analysis.
Bilateral oedipism: a case of extreme self-harm in an African society averse to self-mutilation
Authors: Uzodimma Nnadozie Ugochukwu , Nicodemus Obayi Okwudili , Ezeanosike Edak , Eze Christian , Chidiebele Maduba Charles , Udoka Nnadozie Fortune , Joe-Akunne Kene , Chidebe Anikwe Christian
Published: December 2020

Nil
Non- pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour presenting with hypoglycemia in an elderly patient
Authors: Eren Merve , Bostan Feyzi
Published: December 2020

Background: Hypoglycemia is a common, symptom seen in individuals. Hypoglycemia in the elderly is both under-recog- nized and misdiagnosed due to nonspesific hypoglycemic symptoms and accompanying comorbidities in this population. In diabetic individuals, hypoglycemia is most commonly caused by administering insulin or sulphonylureas and insulin secretagogues. Other drugs, such as antibiotics or beta-blockers, have been reported to reduce blood glucose to abnormally low levels. Hypoglycemia in non-diabetic patients is considered a rare event, and the possible reasons may be reactive hypo- glycemia, insulin-secreting tumours and other malignancies, hypopituitarism, hypocortisolism, alcohol abuse, inappropriate insulin self-administration, malnutrition, renal failure and sepsis.

Case: An 86- year- old male was admitted to the emergency department with hypoglycemia diagnosed with non-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour (NET) on lung secreting insulin. No surgical intervention or chemotherapy was planned due to patients age and comorbidities so best supportive care was planned. We used prednisone for symptomatic treatment of hy- poglycemia and the patient has been followed up periodically. In this period he had no hypoglycemic attack.

Conclusion: For patients with hypoglycemia who are unable/decline to receive any further treatment, low dose glucocorti- coid is a good choice to achieve normoglycemia. It seems to be more cost effective compared to other treatment options. Furthermore hospitalisation rates may decrease due to decreased hypogylcemic attacks.

Keywords: Neuroendocrine tumour; hypoglycaemia; prednisone; non-islet cell tumour.
The relationship between Vitamin D deficiency and polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Gokosmanoglu Feyzi , Onmez Attila , Ergenç Hasan
Published: December 2020

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is frequently seen in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and has been shown to exhibit multiple effects on the disease process. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of vitamin D deficiency in complex PCOS pathophysiological pathways. Methods: Two hundred sixty-seven patients with PCOS were divided into two groups Group 1 with 25(OH)D3 deficiency, and Group 2 with normal 25(OH)D3. Biochemical and hormonal parameters (androgen hormones, gonadotropins, and thyroid function tests) were compared between the two groups. Results: Eighty-six percent of the patients (n=231) were in Group 1 and 14% (n=36) in Group 2. Statistically signifi- cantly higher concentrations of serum testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate and LH were determined in Group 1 (p<0.05). 25(OH)D3 concentrations were negatively correlated with body mass index (r=−0.459), serum testosterone (r =−0.374) and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate levels (r=−0.418); (all; p< 0.05). Conclusion: The study findings show that low 25(OH)D3 levels are associated with high androgen levels in women with PCOS. Vitamin D deficiency should be considered as an additional risk factor in the development of PCOS. We think that providing vitamin D supplementation for women from identified deficiency areas can reduce the risk of PCOS development.

Keywords: Polycystic ovarian syndrome; vitamin D deficiency; androgen hormones; testosterone.