bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of Renal Sodium- and Potassium-Activated Adenosine Triphosphatase in the C57BL/6 Mouse
Authors: Burich Raymond L.
Published: September 2009

These experiments were done to determine whether the activity of Na-K-ATPase is a limiting factor in the development of urine-concentrating ability in the C57BL/6 mouse. Urine-concentrating ability increased threefold between 8 and 16 days with minimal changes in Na-K-ATPase activity occurring during this time. The major increase in Na-K-ATPase activity occurred between 16 and 20 days. The early development of concentrating ability may be related to factors other than Na-K-ATPase activity such as anatomical development, increased urea accumulation in the renal medulla, and increased secretion and/or renal response to antidiuretic hormone.
Normal Mercury Level in Human Embryos and Fetuses
Authors: Nishimura H. , Hirota S. , Tanaka O. , Ueda M. , Uno T.
Published: September 2009

The normal level of total mercury in human embryos and fetal organs (liver, kidney and cerebrum) was first indicated and it was shown that this metal is their constant component in the amount with an appreciable individual variability. As for the stage difference of the contents of the fetal organs, a significant decrease in the third-trimester liver compared to the second-trimester-liver was noted. The contents of the third-trimester liver and kidney were lower than the respective adult values. However, no significant difference of the levels was shown in the cerebrum throughout the period from fetal to adult stage, and this does not support the prevailing presumption that human fetal brain concentrates mercury. Little correlation between the mercury level in the maternal pubic hair and its level in the embryo was indicated.
Congenital Mycosis (Candida albicans)
Authors: Schirar A. , Rendu C. , Vielh J.P. , Gautray J.P.
Published: September 2009

Four new cases of congenital mycosis are described. Fifteen cases were found in the litterature. Although this fetal infection appears to be scarce, its frequency is probably underestimated. Because of the nature of lesions, it is possible to assume that Candida albicans ascends from the vagina through clinically undamaged membranes. The newborn may be a well-developed term baby, a premature, or a small-for-date baby; even miscarriage may happen. The physiopathology of this infection is discussed.
Effects of Steroids on the Enzymatic Pathways of Lecithin Production in Fetal Rabbits
Authors: Russell B.J. , Nugent L. , Chernick V.
Published: September 2009

The present study was undertaken to study the effect of corticosteroids on lecithin production in fetal lung. Rabbit fetuses were injected intraperitoneally with hydrocortisone succinate at 24 days of gestation and sacrificed at 27 days. Lung DNA concentration was not changed, but evidence is presented to suggest that total lung DNA content was decreased by saline injection and by steroid injection. Minimum surface tension of pooled lungs was increased by control injections but was reduced to ‘normal’ levels by the steroids. Steroids caused no significant change in lung total phospholipid or lecithin contents. The specific activity of labelled choline, methionine and palmitate indicated increased incorporation of choline and palmitate into lung lecithin in steroid-injected fetuses. It is suggested that steroids accelerate fetal lung development by influencing the composition of surfactant at the alveolar surface.
Effect of Pre- and Post-Natal Maternal Protein Deficiency on Free Amino Acids and Amines of Rat Brain
Authors: Dickerson J.W.T. , Pao S.-K.
Published: September 2009

Pregnant rats of the Wistar strain were fed a 7-percent protein diet from the 5th day of gestation and through the subsequent lactation. The brains of malnourished pups at birth contained less protein, DNA and cholesterol, but normal concentrations of amino acids and amines. At 21 days, the cerebellum showed the largest deficit in weight and DNA but the concentrations of glutamic acid and γ-aminobutyric acid and that of the enzyme L-gutamic acid decar-boxylase were raised. The concentration of tyrosine was raised in the forebrain, cerebellum and brainstem. The uptake of U-14C glucose was depressed in the forebrain and cerebellum, but the incorporation of 14C into free aspartic acid was raised. The concentrations of the amines were unchanged.
Unilateral Ovariectomy: Effect on Litter Size and Uterine Vessels in Mice
Authors: Dhindsa D.S. , Metcalfe J.
Published: September 2009

The influence of removal of one ovary upon ovulation rate and litter size in 50 mice was studied and compared with 50 control mice. Half the mice with one ovary and half the control mice were autopsied 8–9 days after breeding, and implantation sites were counted. The numbers of implantation sites in both groups were similar. The litter size from both groups was the same when examined at day 18–20 of gestation. Vascular enlargement in the pregnant uterine horn was far more marked than in the nonpregnant horn. Several possible explanations for a unilateral increase of blood flow to the pregnant horn are discussed.
Supplementary Feeding during the Preweaning Period
Authors: Czajka-Narins Dorice M. , Hirsch Jules
Published: September 2009

The present study was undertaken to determine if a model system could be established in the rat to produce hypercellularity of adipose tissue by overfeeding the preweaning period comparable to the eating pattern which has been suggested as contributing to one form of human obesity. To produce the hypercellularity, rat pups were given 4 supplementary feedings daily during the preweaning period. Supplementation resulted in significant differences in carcass composition, early in percent of fat (14 and 20 days) and later, in percent of protein (40 and 105 days of age). Although there was no significant difference in cell number between the supplemented and control rats, there were significant differences in cell size, the supplemented animals having larger cells at 40 and 105 days of age. The pattern of cellularity produced by supplementation was, therefore, different than that produced by other techniques of early overnutrition.
Blood Flow in the Umbilical Vessels during the Third Stage of Labor
Authors: Yao A.C. , Lind J.
Published: September 2009

Blood flow in the umbilical vessels during third stage of labor was studied in 62 normal-term deliveries. Placental residual blood volume (PRBV) was measured as an indicator of net flow of blood into the infant. By clamping the umbilical arteries separately from the umbilical vein in some, at various times after birth, and comparing the measured PRBV with normal values obtained when all three vessels were clamped simultaneously, it was possible to show indirectly reflected in these PRBV, that blood flows in the umbilical arteries during the first 25 sec after birth, perhaps until 40 sec, became negligible after 45 sec, supporting anatomical evidence of closure at this time, while blood flows in the umbilical vein during the first 3 min of birth, largely influenced by uterine contractions, and became negligible after this time.
Postnatal Development of Renal Concentration Capacity as Estimated by DDAVP-Test in Normal and Asphyxiated Neonates
Authors: Svenningsen N.W. , Aronson A.S.
Published: September 2009

Postnatal development of renal concentration capacity was estimated by longitudinal studies in capacity 20 healthy term and preterm neonates and 8 asphyxiated neonates. The response curve during the renal concentration test was shorter in all infants at 1–3 weeks of age, especially in preterm infants. The mean maximum urine osmolality values during renal concentration test in non-asphyxiated term and preterm neonates and asphyxiated neonates were 385, 359, and 300 mOsm/kg, respectively, at 1–3 weeks of age, but 565, 524, and 525 mOsm/kg, respectively, at 4–6 weeks of age, i.e. a significant lowered capacity in the asphyxiated neonates at 1–3 weeks of age.
Surface Properties of Amniotic Fluid Bubbles
Authors: Parkinson Christine E. , Harvey David , Talbert David
Published: September 2009

The properties of bubbles produced by shaking amniotic fluid with 95-percent ethanol, have been investigated and have been compared with the results of tests on liquor for fetal pulmonary maturity. Properties similar to those reported in bubbles expressed from lungs have been observed, which seem to be related to the maturity of the fetus. A phenomenon of synchronous clicking, observed in colonies of amniotic fluid bubbles, has been described.
Maximal Gradients of Na and K across Proximal Tubules of Kidneys of Immature Rats
Authors: Solomon Sidney
Published: September 2009

The magnitude of proximal transtubular ionic gradients produced by mannitol loading has been measured in developing and mature rats using micropuncture techniques. Immature rats were able to establish the same sodium and potassium gradients as did adult animals, providing proximal tubular length is greater than 1,500 μm. No differences in establishment of the gradient determined as a function of tubular length was found between animals obtained from litters left intact or reduced. Animals from reduced litters weighing less than 125 g body weight had higher GFR than did animals from intact litters weighing the same. Although urinary concentrations of sodium and potassium are the same for both populations of immature rats at comparable weights, volume excretion as well as excretion of sodium and potassium is greater in animals from reduced litters.
Absolute Rates of Sodium and Potassium Reabsorption by Proximal Tubule of Immature Rats
Authors: Solomon Sidney
Published: September 2009

Using micropuncture procedures, the rate of proximal tubular sodium and potassium transport in mannitol-infused rats has been studied. Tubular diameter and length increase with animal size, but the rates of change are greater in small animals than in larger animals. SNGFR increases with body weight in a linear fashion. Animals from reduced litters have larger SNGFR than do animals from intact litters and males have higher SNGFR than do females. Absolute transport rates for sodium and potassium increase with age and parallel the increases in SNGFR. These results indicate that the predominant factor maintaining proximal glomerular tubular balance as animals grow is an increase in absolute proximal transport rates. With a 50-fold change in SNGFR, change in transport rate accounts for about a 10-fold change, and the rest of the increase in overall proximal absorption is accounted for by an increase in surface area.
Fatty Acid Composition of some Cellular Membranes of Fetal Rat Liver
Authors: Luit H. , Berger R. , Hommes F.A.
Published: September 2009

The fatty acid composition of lipids of inner mitochondrial membrane, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum of adult and fetal rat liver has been determined. Subcellular membranes of fetal liver show a higher content of palmitic acid and oleic acid and a lower content of stearic acid and arachidonic acid as compared to subcellular membranes of the adult liver. The activity of citrate lyase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase of rat liver cytosol has been determined as a function of age. It is concluded that the differences are due to a relativedeficiency of the fatty acid elongation system. The higher degree of saturation of the fatty acids of the phospholipids of the fetal membranes may be the cause of altered permeability properties of these membranes, as illustrated by the slower rate of isoosmotic swelling in the presence of the ammonium salt of some of the Krebs cycle intermediates in fetal rat liver mitochondria.
Size of L-Lactate Transport from the Fetal Rat to the Mother Animal
Authors: Kraan G.P.B. , Dias T.
Published: September 2009

U-14C-L-lactate injected into the fetal rat inutero during the last period of pregnancy (3 days before birth) could be detected in the maternal circulation. The label in the blood sampled from the uterine vein was present in L-lactate for 90% or more. Determination of the fetal lactate pool, estimation of the total amount of labeled L-lactate transported to the mother animal and the assumption that during the time course of label transport the ratio of integrated amount of 14C-lactate sampled over the total amount of transported labeled lactate was constant, permitted calculation of the rate of lactate transport. Values of about 275 nmoles/min/g fetal tissue were found. In case of 40 g fetal tissue (10 fetuses 1 day before birth) about 11 μmoles lactate/min must be taken up by the mother. Reoxidation of cytoplasmic NAD+ in fetal rat cells is mainly effectuated by reduction of pyruvate into L-lactate.
Changes in Cellular Growth in Newborn Rats and Rabbits Exposed to Photoirradiation
Authors: Wu Paul Y.K. , Yoshida Takashi
Published: September 2009

Effects of photoirradiation from lamps currently used in phototherapy on growth in newborn rats and rabbits were studied. The newborn animals subjected to 96 h of phototherapy were found to be smaller than comparable nonirradiated animals. Mean organ weight of the brain, liver, heart and kidney was lower in the photoirradiated groups than in the nonirradiated group. DNA, protein content, protein/DNA ratio, cell number and cell size were also significantly reduced (p = < 0.01) in the photoirradiated groups when compared to the nonirradiated group. The degree of growth retardation was more pronounced in rats subjected to continuous photoirradiation than intermittent photoirradiation (12 h on and 12 h off).
Effect of Decapitation and ACTH on Somatic Development of the Rabbit Fetus
Authors: Jack P.M.B. , Milner R.D.G.
Published: September 2009

Rabbit fetuses were decapitated, injected with ACTH or decapitated and injected with ACTH on day 24 of gestation. On day 29 the body weight and weight of the interscapular fat pad were compared with those of littermates. The weight, total DNA and weight/DNA ratio of the liver, heart and kidney were measured in experimental and control fetuses. A comparison was made between decapitated and control fetuses of the length of the hind limb bones and number of ossified vertebrae. The body weight of the decapitated or ACTH-injected fetus ranked significantly below the mean for the litter, but decapitated fetuses injected with ACTH ranked close to the litter mean. The growth retardation of the decapitated fetus was not manifest in the kidneys which were heavier and had a greater number of cells than normal, nor in the cell size of the heart, liver or kidneys which were equal to those of the heaviest fetus in the litter. Decapitation had no specific effect on ossification. Growth retardation of the ACTH-injected fetus was mirrored by different patterns of DNA and weight/DNA reduction in the three organs studied. Decapitation retards growth in body weight of the fetal rabbit which may be corrected by ACTH. It is concluded that the hypophyseal-adrenal axis plays a role in the control of normal fetal growth but that excess secretion of glucocorticoids results in stunting.
Quantitative Evaluation of the Maternal-Fetal Transfer of Free Fatty Acids in the Rat
Authors: Hummel L. , Schirrmeister W. , Wagner H.
Published: September 2009

On the 21st day of pregnancy the amount of fatty acids transferred from the mother to the fetuses was determined using the tracer technique and a mathematical model. The present study showed that 0.19 μmol fatty acids/min pass into the fetuses from the maternal circulation. The amount of fatty acids required for the growth and development of the rat fetuses amounts to 0.25 μmol fatty acids/min. From these data one can conclude that the maternal circulation is an even more important source of fetal fatty acids than the fatty acid synthesis in fetal tissue.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Does Not Mediate Diabetes-Induced Vascular Inflammation in Mice
Authors: Nilsson-Öhman Jenny , Fredrikson Gunilla Nordin , Nilsson-Berglund Lisa M. , Gustavsson Carin , Bengtsson Eva , Smith Maj-Lis , Agardh Carl-David , Agardh Elisabet , Jovinge Stefan , Gomez Maria F. , Nilsson Jan
Published: September 2009

Objective—

Vascular inflammation is a key feature of both micro- and macrovascular complications in diabetes. Several lines of evidence have implicated the cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α as an important mediator of inflammation in diabetes. In the present study we evaluated the role of TNFα in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes on vascular inflammation in C57BL/6 wild-type and apoE
−/−
mice.

Methods and Results—

Diabetes increased the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 in cerebral arteries >150 μm in diameter as well as the macrophage accumulation in aortic root atherosclerotic plaques in apoE
−/−
mice. A more pronounced vascular inflammatory response was observed in diabetic TNFα-deficient apoE
−/−
mice. These mice were also characterized by increased accumulation of IgG and IgM autoantibodies in atherosclerotic lesions. Diabetes also increased VCAM-1 expression and plaque formation in apoE-competent TNFα
−/−
mice, whereas no such effects were observed in C57BL/6 wild-type mice.

Conclusions—

The present findings suggest that TNFα does not mediate diabetic-induced vascular inflammation in mice and reveal an unexpected protective role for TNFα. These effects are partly attributable to a direct antiinflammatory role of TNFα, but may also reflect a defective development of the immune system in these mice.
Effect of Telithromycin on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Oral Oxycodone
Authors: Grönlund Juha , Saari Teijo , Hagelberg Nora , Martikainen Ilkka K. , Neuvonen Pertti J. , Olkkola Klaus T. , Laine Kari
Published: September 2009

The aim of this study is to determine whether the inhibition of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 enzyme activity with telithromycin affects the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of orally administered oxycodone in a randomized 2‐phase crossover study. Eleven healthy subjects were pretreated with 800 mg of oral telithromycin or placebo for 4 days. On day 3, they ingested 10 mg of immediate‐release oxycodone. Plasma concentrations of oxycodone and its oxidative metabolites were measured for 48 hours, and pharmacodynamic effects were evaluated. Telithromycin increased the area under the plasma concentration‐time curve (AUC0‐∞) of oxycodone by 80% (P < .001) and reduced the AUC0‐∞ of noroxycodone by 46% (P < .001). Most of the pharmacokinetic changes were seen in the elimination phase, with little effect by telithromycin on the peak concentration of oxycodone. Pharmacodynamic effects of oxycodone were modestly enhanced by telithromycin. In conclusion, telithromycin clearly reduces the N‐demethylation of oxycodone to noroxycodone by inhibiting the CYP450 3A4 enzyme. The use of telithromycin in patients receiving multiple doses of oxycodone for pain relief may increase the risk of opioid adverse effects. Reduction of oxycodone dose by 25% to 50% followed by readjustment according to the clinical response might be appropriate.
Wear behaviour of Al–Al2O3 nanocomposites prepared by mechanical alloying and hot pressing
Authors: Tavoosi M. , Karimzadeh F. , Enayati M. H.
Published: September 2009

In the present study, the wear characteristics of Al nanocomposites containing various amounts of nanosized Al2O3 (4, 8, 12 and 16 wt-%) particulates in pin on disc dry sliding tests were investigated. The results showed that the hardness and wear resistance increased with increasing Al2O3 content of the nanocomposites. The specific wear rate, as well as the wear and friction coefficients, has been evaluated from wear data to understand the roles of subsurface plastic deformation and work hardening on wear behaviour. Examination of the wear surfaces suggested that wear involves the removal of softer Al as flakes and transfer of Fe from the steel pin to the surface of the composite disc. The dominating wear mechanisms appear to be adhesion and delamination in Al–Al2O3 with lower and higher percentage of Al2O3 respectively.
Effects of SnO on growth and physical properties of BSCCO whiskers
Authors: Altin S. , Aksan M. A. , Balci Y. , Yakinci M. E.
Published: September 2009

Superconductor whiskers doped with SnO have been fabricated by annealing a melt quenched (Bi2Sn1)-223 precursor using suitable heat treatment cycles. Approximately 5 μm thick, 90 μm wide and 5 mm long whiskers were fabricated, and their physical, electrical and magnetic properties were investigated. Crystallisation activation energies of glass phase fabricated were calculated to be 390 kJ mol–1 using Kissinger method based on the differential thermal analysis data. The Tc value of the whiskers was found to be 94 K from M– T measurement. The magnetisation of whiskers before superconducting transition increased with decreasing temperature, and after superconducting transition, the magnetisation of whiskers decreased, from positive to negative, due to the diamagnetic nature of superconductivity. The change on magnetisation dependence of applied magnetic fields ( M– H) showed that whiskers have paramagnetic–diamagnetic multiphase structure.
Generation of Epstein-Barr virus–specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes resistant to the immunosuppressive drug tacrolimus (FK506)
Authors: De Angelis Biagio , Dotti Gianpietro , Quintarelli Concetta , Huye Leslie E. , Zhang Lan , Zhang Ming , Pane Fabrizio , Heslop Helen E. , Brenner Malcolm K. , Rooney Cliona M. , Savoldo Barbara
Published: September 2009

Adoptive transfer of autologous Epstein-Barr virus–specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (EBV-CTLs) to solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients has been shown safe and effective for the treatment of EBV-associated posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs). SOT recipients, however, require the continuous administration of immunosuppressive drugs to prevent graft rejection, and these agents may significantly limit the long-term persistence of transferred EBV-CTLs, precluding their use as prophylaxis. Tacrolimus (FK506) is one of the most widely used immunosuppressive agents in SOT recipients, and its immunosuppressive effects are largely dependent on its interaction with the 12-kDa FK506-binding protein (FKBP12). We have knocked down the expression of FKBP12 in EBV-CTLs using a specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) stably expressed from a retroviral vector and found that FKBP12-silenced EBV-CTLs are FK506 resistant. These cells continue to expand in the presence of the drug without measurable impairment of their antigen specificity or cytotoxic activity. We confirmed their FK506 resistance and anti-PTLD activity in vivo using a xenogenic mouse model, suggesting that the proposed strategy may be of value to enhance EBV-specific immune surveillance in patients at high risk of PTLD after transplantation.
Planning for translational research in genomics
Authors: Hawkins Naomi , de Vries Jantina , Boddington Paula , Kaye Jane , Heeney Catherine
Published: September 2009

Translation of research findings into clinical practice is an important aspect of medical progress. Even for the early stages of genomics, research aiming to deepen understandings of underlying mechanisms of disease, questions about the ways in which such research ultimately can be useful in medical treatment and public health are of key importance. Whilst some research data may not apparently lend themselves to immediate clinical benefit, being aware of the issues surrounding translation at an early stage can enhance the delivery of the research to the clinic if a medical application is later found. When simple steps are taken during initial project planning, the pathways towards the translation of genomic research findings can be managed to optimize long-term benefits to health. This piece discusses the key areas of collaboration agreements, distribution of revenues and recruitment and sample collection that are increasingly important to successful translational research in genomics.
Presidential Lecture: Wives and Husbands: Arapaho Gender in Time
Authors: Fowler Loretta
Published: September 2009

This essay examines the lives of four Arapahos whose experiences are broadly representative of the life-career patterns of their cohorts during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It argues that in the American encounter, individuals and groups challenged both American and Arapaho ideas and practices associated with age and gender. Comparison of experiences between and within cohorts shows age- and gender-based strategies, including the “partnering” dimension of gender relations most evident in the wife-husband relation. These multiple strategies shaped Arapaho history.
Africa: The Piracy Hot Spot and Its Implications for Global Security
Authors: Anyu J. Ndumbe , Moki Samuel
Published: September 2009

The authors contend that the pervasiveness of piracy on the African coasts is threatening global security. Within Somalia, it is causing a disruption of food supplies, fostering internal conflict, and increasing the prices of basic commodities. Globally, it is orchestrating a dramatic rise in maritime insurance premiums and maritime insecurity, disrupting international commerce, increasing the possibility of an environmental disaster, and encouraging a nervous, emerging relationship with terrorism. Piracy must be stopped. To achieve this objective, the authors recommend revamping the international law on piracy, maintaining adequate coastal security along the hot spots on the African coasts, using military force, establishing safe maritime lanes, training crews on security measures, stationing armed guards on ships, and most importantly, reestablishing political stability in Somalia.
Effects of Hydrogen Pickup and Second-Phase Particle Dissolution on the In-Reactor Corrosion Performance of BWR Claddings
Authors: Tägtstrom P , Limbäck M , Dahlbäck M , Andersson T , Pettersson H
Published: September 2009

It is well established that the second-phase particle (SPP) size distribution and the cladding chemical composition affects the in-reactor corrosion rate of boiling water reactor (BWR) cladding, although the mechanisms are not yet fully understood. To further study these effects, the corrosion and hydriding performance was studied on four different Zircaloy-2 materials. Three of the materials were fabricated having the same chemical composition, but different SPP distributions. The fourth material served as a reference and was manufactured to have small SPPs.

All four materials were irradiated in Forsmark 3 for five cycles to a burnup of >43 MWd/kgU, and poolside inspections were carried out after three, four, and five cycles of irradiation. Three cladding materials were studied by hot-cell investigations after three and four cycles of irradiation.

The study shows that the dissolution of the SPPs results in a shift toward smaller particles during irradiation and that the hydrogen concentration as well as the corrosion rate decrease with increasing initial SPP size. Moreover, the hydrogen content differed significantly between the examined claddings after three cycles of operation (25 MWd/kgU), whereas the oxide thickness at this burnup level was similar for all studied materials. However, the oxidation rate for the studied clad materials diverged during the fourth irradiation cycle and, consequently, the oxide layer thickness differed between the material types after four cycles of irradiation (40 MWd/kgU).

It is concluded that the initial hydrogen pickup fraction depends on the SPP size distribution of the as-fabricated material. The acceleration in corrosion rate is proposed to be a combined effect of the actual hydrogen concentration and the dissolution of the SPPs. The impact of SPP dissolution on corrosion performance and possible mechanisms behind the earlier hydrogen uptake are further discussed in the paper.
Variability of In-Reactor Diametral Deformation for Zr-2.5Nb Pressure Tubing
Authors: Griffiths M , Davies WG , Causey AR , Moan GD , Holt RA , Aldridge SA
Published: September 2009

The diametral expansion of pressure tubes in CANDU™ reactors due to irradiation creep and growth is an important property that may limit the useful life of the tubes. Measurements accumulated over many years have shown that there is considerable variability in diametral strain rates between tubes. There is also considerable variability in the creep and growth response as a function of axial location, which is due to axial variations in operating temperature and flux, and to a gradual change in grain structure and crystallographic texture from one end of the tube to the other. The net effect is that pressure tubes tend to deform at a faster rate when the back end of the tube (i.e., the end leaving the extrusion press last) is installed at the fuel-channel outlet. The primary cause of the difference in microstructure along a given tube is the temperature change during the extrusion process. This end-to-end variation itself varies from tube to tube, due to variations in extrusion conditions from one extrusion run to the next, and also due to variations in ingot chemistry and billet processing.

A semiempirical predictive model has been developed previously to represent the irradiation creep and growth behavior of a generic pressure tube, with a standardized microstructure, as a function of temperature and neutron flux. The diametral strain data from one hundred and twenty-five Zr-2.5Nb pressure tubes have been compared with the model. Deviations from predicted behavior have been correlated with the available microstructure, chemistry, and manufacturing data. Apart from obvious microstructural dependencies of diametral strain, such as the relationship with texture, grain structure is also a significant parameter that varies considerably from tube to tube and correlates strongly with diametral strain. The textures and grain structures, themselves, are related to manufacturing conditions (billet processing, extrusion pressures, temperatures, and soak times) and also, to some extent, on the impurity content of the material (due to the modifying effects on the Zr-Nb phase diagram).
X-ray Microdiffraction for the Analysis of Bearing Operation Conditions
Authors: Vegter Reinder H. , Verschoor Hans A. , Girones Anna
Published: September 2009

The use of residual stress measurements for the analysis of the performance of rolling bearings has become a common tool in the bearing industry. The effects of rolling contact fatigue on the development of residual stresses in the loaded zones of a bearing has been investigated in much detail. In this paper, the developments of the use of X-ray microdiffraction for residual stress measurements in bearings will be described. In microdiffraction, measurements are performed with very small irradiated spots. Advances in X-ray diffraction technology have made it possible to determine the residual stresses in loaded components in small areas with a high level of detail. The method and its consequences for bearing analysis is discussed in this paper. Using the method, much more information on the exact operation conditions of a bearing can be extracted from the components compared to conventional X-ray diffraction methods. Residual stress measurements using microdiffraction have been successfully applied in an application analysis case, where the measurements were used to show the residual stress development in the bearing surface during operation. In such a case, microdiffraction could also be used to investigate local bearing life limiting features, such as surface damages.
Characteristics of Membrane Filters for Particle Collection
Authors: Rubow Kenneth L. , Liu Benjamin Y. H.
Published: September 2009

A summary is given of the aerosol filtration models for membrane filter media. While the capillary tube model has been shown to accurately predict the particle collection characteristics of Nuclepore membrane filters, the fibrous filter model gives more accurate prediction for the conventional solvent-cast membranes. Excellent agreement has been found between the effective fiber diameter used in the model and the diameter of the fiber-like structures in the conventional membrane. Results are presented showing the comparisons of the measured filter penetration with the theoretically predicted value for various particle sizes and filtration velocities. Excellent agreement has been obtained both in the degree of particle penetration through the filter and the location of the most penetrating particle size. For the conventional membranes the most penetrating particle size is typically in the range of 0.05 to 0.2 um diameter.
Standardization in Czechoslovakia
Authors:   the SÚVN Staff
Published: September 2009

The State Office for Inventions and Standards (SÚVN), recently further subdivided into Czechoslovak Office for Standardization (Úřad pro Normalizaci, ÚN), is responsible for standards in the plastics field.
GABABReceptor Activation Triggers BDNF Release and Promotes the Maturation of GABAergic Synapses
Authors: Fiorentino Hervé , Kuczewski Nicola , Diabira Diabe , Ferrand Nadine , Pangalos Menelas N. , Porcher Christophe , Gaiarsa Jean-Luc
Published: September 2009

GABA, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult brain, has recently emerged as an important signal in network development. Most of the trophic functions of GABA have been attributed to depolarization of the embryonic and neonatal neurons via the activation of ionotropic GABAAreceptors. Here we demonstrate a novel mechanism by which endogenous GABA selectively regulates the development of GABAergic synapses in the developing brain. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings on newborn mouse hippocampi lacking functional GABABreceptors (GABAB-Rs) and time-lapse fluorescence imaging on cultured hippocampal neurons expressing GFP-tagged brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), we found that activation of metabotropic GABABreceptors (GABAB-Rs) triggers secretion of BDNF and promotes the development of perisomatic GABAergic synapses in the newborn mouse hippocampus. Because activation of GABAB-Rs occurs during the characteristic ongoing physiological network-driven synaptic activity present in the developing hippocampus, our results reveal a new mechanism by which synaptic activity can modulate the development of local GABAergic synaptic connections in the developing brain.
Predictive Characteristics of Diabetes-Associated Autoantibodies Among Children With HLA-Conferred Disease Susceptibility in the General Population
Authors: Siljander Heli T.A. , Simell Satu , Hekkala Anne , Lähde Jyrki , Simell Tuula , Vähäsalo Paula , Veijola Riitta , Ilonen Jorma , Simell Olli , Knip Mikael
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE

As data on the predictive characteristics of diabetes-associated autoantibodies for type 1 diabetes in the general population are scarce, we assessed the predictive performance of islet cell autoantibodies (ICAs) in combination with autoantibodies against insulin (IAAs), autoantibodies against GAD, and/or islet antigen 2 for type 1 diabetes in children with HLA-defined disease predisposition recruited from the general population.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We observed 7,410 children from birth (median 9.2 years) for β-cell autoimmunity and diabetes. If a child developed ICA positivity or diabetes, the three other antibodies were measured in all samples available from that individual. Persistent autoantibody positivity was defined as continued positivity in at least two sequential samples including the last available sample.

RESULTS

Pre-diabetic ICA positivity was observed in 1,173 subjects (15.8%), 155 of whom developed type 1 diabetes. With ICA screening, 86% of 180 progressors (median age at diagnosis 5.0 years) were identified. Positivity for four antibodies was associated with the highest disease sensitivity (54.4%) and negative predictive values (98.3%) and the lowest negative likelihood ratio (0.5). The combination of persistent ICA and IAA positivity resulted in the highest positive predictive value (91.7%), positive likelihood ratio (441.8), cumulative disease risk (100%), and specificity (100%). Young age at seroconversion, high ICA level, multipositivity, and persistent positivity for IAA were significant risk markers for type 1 diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS

Within the general population, the combination of HLA and autoantibody screening resulted in disease risks that are likely to be as high as those reported among autoantibody-positive siblings of children with type 1 diabetes.
Ki Hadjar Dewantara et l'association des civilisations
Authors: Milcent Bénédicte
Published: September 2009

2) Venerated as a pioneer of independence, education and national culture in Indonesia, Ki Hadjar Dewantara merits to be better known abroad. After having recalled the major moments in the life, action and thought of the father of the Taman Siswa. Bénédicte Milcent gives us a translation of four lesser-known texts. "The Partnership of East and West" must be situated in the colonial context of 1929 where Dutch served almost exclusively as the link for all contact with the outside world. In the following article "Cultural Relations between Indonesia and other Countries", concerning the same theme, the author declares his enthusiastic support for cultural exchanges, provided that they are founded on the principal of parity. After an interesting text on oriental music, the article ends with "Our Relations with Rabindranath Tagore", who had with Ki Hadjar Dewantara a warm relationship nourished by mutual admiration.
Production et commercialisation du riz dans la région de Krawang-Bekasi
Authors: Couteau Jean
Published: September 2009

6. Setelah melakukan angket dalam waktu yang lama di beberapa desa daerah Krawang-Bekasi (di sebelah timur Jakarta), Jean Couteau menganalisa jaringan perdagangan beras tepat dan secara skematis dengan memberikan sebuah grafik. Dari penelitiannya tersebut nyatalah bahwa yang sebenarnya memegang kekuasaan ekonomi adalah mereka yang mempunyai cukup uang dan bukan mereka yang memiliki tanah yang besar. Suatu penelitian yang hanya berdasarkan kadaster ti- daklah cukup lengkap.
Pasompe' Ugi' : Bugis Migrants and Wanderers
Authors: Lineton Jacqueline
Published: September 2009

8) After Goa submitted to the Dutch, Buginese on their turn increased their maritime activities. As soon as the 18th. century the Bugis have been one of the most restless peoples of the Archipelago, which they criscrossed in their justly-amous sailing boats. For them, temporary or permanent emigration was a solidly established tradition. Jacqueline Lineton (University of London) analyses here the motivations, economic aspects, and practical conditions of this phenomenon primarily through the study of individual cases in a village in the Wajo' country, characteristic of an important proportion of the emigrants, and in the communities they have founded on the south-east coast of Sumatra.
The Reconstruction of Proto-South-Sulawesi
Authors: Mills R.F.
Published: September 2009

III. 1) Roger F. Mills (University of Michigan) mengadakan perban- dingan dari beberapa bahasa (atau golongan bahasa) di Sula- wesi-Selatan : Makasar, Bugis, bahasa-bahasa Massénrémpulu', Mandar, bahasa-bahasa Pitu Ulunna Salu, dan Sa'dan. Dengan jelas penulis menunjukkan hubungan yang dekat, dengan pengaruh yang sporadis dan kecil sekali dari "Substratum" yang mungkin ada, yang barangkali berhubungan dengan bahasa-bahasa Sulawesi-Tengah. Penulis kemudian memberikan pendapatnya tentang hubungan fonologis, yang dapat dilihat dengan mengadakan perbandingan kata-kata yang bersamaan artinya dari berbagai bahasa tersebut. Penulis pada akhirnya mengemukakan penyusunan kembali sebagian dari perbenda- haraan kata bahasa yang menjadi dasar bahasa-bahasa tersebut dan yang disebut "proto-South-Sulawesi".
Ordre économique colonial et exploitation de l'indigène : petits colons et forgerons Betsileo (1900-1923)
Authors: Fremigacci Jean
Published: September 2009

4. Jean Fremigacci (University of Madagascar) establishes, with, the aid of documents from the archives, the details of the conflict which occurred in Betsileo between 1900 and 1923 : the protagonists were the traditional blacksmiths, and French settlers who were bent on securing the profits from the production of the former. The ambivalent role of the French administration, siding with the "natives" and with the settlers in turn, is described step by step. Throughout the period under consideration it was neither a financial nor mercantile capitalism which established the ascendancy in Madagascar, but a precapitalist system which gave priority to the exercise of power and to keeping a hold on the people.
Nyai Roro Kidul in Puger : Local Applications of a Myth
Authors: Wessing Robert
Published: September 2009

Robert Wessing

This paper explores the position of Nyai Roro Kidul in the local pantheon of ancestral and other spirits in the fishing village of Puger on the south coast of East Java. It notes how the spirit queen serves as an explanation of the perils faced by fishers in the dangerous Indian Ocean currents and her connection with various aspects of their daily lives. The paper also maps specific locations of spirits within Puger, sorting them into those associated with the village and those belonging with Nyai Roro Kidul, defining a boundary across which interaction between these two domains takes place. Finally the offers brought to the spirit queen are looked at in terms of how these return to her some of the prosperity she has given, by symbolically offering her the essence of the community itself.
Some Views of East Javanese Sorcery
Authors: Siegel James
Published: September 2009

James Siegel

Coïncidant avec le fin du régime de Soeharto, une centaine de meurtres ont été commis dans le province de Java Est. Les victimes étaient accusées de sorcellerie. Voici un recueil de photographies de survivants, peut-être même de meurtriers et de leur environnement.
Between Batavia and Mecca. Images of Agoes Salim from the Leiden University Library
Authors: Laffan Michael F.
Published: September 2009

Né en 1884 à Kota Gedang, Sumatra Ouest, Agoes Salim fit ses études dans une école hollandaise à Tanjung Pinang, Riau, puis au fameux lycée Willem III de Batavia. Ses succès lui valurent le statut d'Européen en 1904. L'année suivante, grâce à l'intervention de Snouck Hurgronje, il fut nommé traducteur auprès du consulat hollandais de Djeddah, en charge des pèlerins en provenance de l'Archipel. Cet article analyse la situation et l'évolution de Agoes Salim entre deux métropoles symboliques : La Mekke et Batavia, c'est-à-dire sa double identité de musulman indonésien et de fonctionnaire hollandais. Le cahier de photos qui l'accompagne montre Agoes Salim dans ses activités quotidiennes, ses loisirs et sa famille, et donne aussi un apreçu des conditions du pèlerinage au tournant du XXe siècle.
La Perse et le Monde malais. Échanges commerciaux et intellectuels
Authors: Guillot Claude
Published: September 2009

Claude Guillot

This contribution aims at identifying the various fields - archaeology, arts, language, religion, and literature - where Persian culture, across the centuries, has been an obvious source of inspiration for Nusantarian civilisation. Its purpose is not to offer a comprehensive compilation of the available sources, but rather to expose the lines of force which have governed the contacts between those two cultural areas and which could constitute the main research axes for a much needed further analysis.
Preliminary notes on the Stelae of Efrata and Gidim of northern Shoa
Authors: Hagos Tekle
Published: September 2009

Résumé: L'auteur présente un site à stèles inédit du Nord Choa. Parmi elles, des stèles phalliques et anthropomorphes suggèrent des rapprochements avec le mégalithisme de la moitié sud de l'Ethiopie.
The Italian Impact on Ethnic Relations : a Case Study of a Regional Policy in Northern Shoa (Ethiopia), 1936-1941
Authors: Omer Ahmed Hassen
Published: September 2009

Résumé: Comme toute puissance coloniale, les Italiens ont mis en œuvre la politique classique du "diviser pour régner" pour renforcer leur position générale dans le pays. La diversité ethnique, linguistique et religieuse qui caractérise le pays se prêtait aisément à cet objectif majeur de l'envahisseur fasciste italien. Dans ce contexte, la région du nord Choa fut une plateforme idéale pour la mise en application d'une telle politique. Comme l'on sait, cette région constitua le cœur de l'un des plus forts défis du pouvoir italien en Ethiopie. L'objectif majeur des Italiens fut par conséquent de frapper fort en minant toute opposition et résistance dans la région. Cet article examine, autant que faire se peut, ce processus en mettant à profit les sources historiques disponibles, soit de première soit de deuxième main.
A Sixth Century Kebra Nagast ?
Authors: Munro-Hay Stuart
Published: September 2009

Résumé : Le présent article est une analyse des événements historiques dont on retrouve trace dans le Kebra Nagast et dans quelques sources qui furent utilisées par le(s) compilateur(s) de cet ouvrage. Remettant en cause sa validité comme témoignage historique, c'est aussi une réfutation des thèses qui fait remonter aux VIe - VIIe siècle la composition originale de l'ouvrage, de même que l'histoire de Salomon et de la reine de Saba.
Comings and Goings [The iconography of departure and arrival on attic vases]
Authors: Shapiro H. A.
Published: September 2009

Comings and Goings: The Iconography of Departure and Arrival on Attic Vases (pp. 113-126)

Cet article aborde une série de questions dans le domaine de l'interprétation des gestes sur les peintures de vases attiques. Une coupe de Brygos (Tarquinia RC 6846, ARV2 369, 4) est prise comme cas exemplaire pour poser le problème de la distinction entre scène d'arrivée et scène de départ. Contre l'interprétation, couramment admise, de R. Hampe, en faveur de Paris revenant chez ses parents après le Jugement, on défend l'idée que la scène doit montrer un départ (ce qui avait déjà été vu par plusieurs commentateurs du XIXème siècle). Des comparaisons avec d'autres vases à figures rouges permettent de montrer que les deux gestes principaux -une femme tendant les bras vers le cou d'un jeune homme, et une poignée de mains entre un homme adulte et un jeune- sont l'un et l'autre le signe certain d'un adieu, en particulier dans le cas de jeunes guerriers et de héros partant, comme Thésée, pour une mission périlleuse. On suggère que la scène pourrait représenter le départ de Thésée pour la Crète.
The Cup Bologna Pu 273: a reading
Authors: Sourvinou-Inwood Christiane
Published: September 2009

The cupBoîogna PU273: a Reading (pp. 136-155)

Cet article consiste en une lecture détaillée et systématique des trois scènes représentées sur la coupe Bologna PU 273. Mon but est de reconstruire, dans la mesure du possible, les significations que ces images avaient aux yeux de leurs lecteurs contemporains. Elles représentaient des para- digmes mythologiques glorifiant Athènes et faisant allusion à la guerre Peloponnésienne; mais quand on les lit à travers les filtres que les lecteurs anciens partageaient avec le peintre on se rend compte qu'elles avaient aussi d'autres significations, plus complexes et ambivalentes; car elles articulaient aussi des perceptions qui, aux yeux athéniens, déconstruisaient -quoique d'une façon très partielle et très marginale- l'idéologie militaire patriotique dominante.
Aristophane et les femmes d'Athènes: réalité, fiction, théâtre [Note préliminaire]
Authors: Loraux Nicole
Published: September 2009

Aristophane et les Femmes d'Athènes: Réalité, Fiction, Théâtre (pp. 119-130)

Réflexions de méthode sur un sujet qui a été beaucoup traité durant ces vingt dernières années, à la lumière des études sur la femme et les femmes grecques. Des abus du textualisme et de ceux du réalisme, dont, somme toute, il convient encore plus de se méfier. Nullement représentantes des classes moyennes comme on l'a trop souvent dit, les "femmes d'Athènes" sont une fiction ou une construction , marquée par une profonde ambivalence (trois exemples: les "femmes très chaudes" , les femmes sur le toit, les femmes et la guerre). De la nécessité, enfin, d'éviter les lectures psychologisantes pour traiter les "femmes d'Athènes" dans leur dimension théâtrale.