bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on Chemical Weed Management Practices on Growth and Yield of Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.)]
Authors: Anusha S. , Patil D. H. , Rathod P. S. , Basavaraj K. , Dodamani B. M.
Published: February 2024

An investigation was carried out at Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Kalaburagi, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur during kharif 2021-22 entitled studies on chemical weed management practices on growth and yield of blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.)].  The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with nine treatments and three replications. Among all the treatments, hand weeing at 25-30 DAS, recorded significantly lower weed density, higher weed control efficiency that favoured higher growth and yield parameters. Whereas, among the chemical weed management practices, application of sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% EC @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 at 20-25 DAS as post emergent recorded significantly lower weed population (2.71/0.25 m2), lower weed dry weight (1.53/0.25 m2) and higher weed control efficiency (90.31 %) compared to other chemical weed management treatments. The treatment sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% EC @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 at 20-25 DAS as post emergent also recorded significantly higher growth parameters viz., plant height (40.18 CM), number of branches (9.18),  and dry matter production at harvest (23.50 g plant-1)  and  yield components viz., number of pods plant-1 (46.69 ), number of seeds pod-1 (7.89), 100 seed weight (4.7 g), seed yield (1059 kg ha-1) compared to other treatments. Significantly higher net returns (Rs.48,406) were recorded in hand weeding at 25-30 DAS and intercultivation at 45 DAS, which was on par with application of sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% EC @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 at 20-25  DAS (Rs.45,066 ha-1). The higher benefit cost ratio was recorded with application of sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% EC @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 at 20-25 DAS (3.08) followed by hand weeding at 25-30 DAS and intercultivation at 45 DAS.
Design, Testing, Evaluation, and Implementation of an Arduino-based Mosquito-Repellent System
Authors: Malik Sumaiya , Abid Syed Golam , Rafi Tasfiq Ahmed , Bhuyan Muhibul Haque
Published: February 2024

Aims: The primary objective of this research drive is to design, develop, and evaluate an Arduino-based mosquito-repellent system. This work underscores the importance of developing sustainable and eco-friendly solutions for mosquito control.

Study Design: An Arduino microcontroller board is used, and an assembly language program is developed to repel mosquitoes from the surroundings. This system uses piezoelectric disks, LED lights, LCD monitor along with the Arduino board and produces ultrasonic sound to protect humans and the environment from mosquitoes.

Place and Duration of Study: The research effort was steered by the authors in a group under the supervisor of a faculty member as a part of the course capstone project work of the Bachelor of Science in Engineering degree in Computer Science and Engineering at the American International University Bangladesh (AIUB), Dhaka, Bangladesh. The authors performed their research tasks at AIUB from May 2023 to January 2024.

Methodology: The innovative mosquito-repellent system uses an Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller to generate a cutting-edge solution to tackle the problem of mosquito infestations. The system can produce an electric signal that can emit mechanical ultrasound signals to be harnessed using a series-connected eight piezo-electric discs. To power up the system, it uses four Li-ion rechargeable batteries charged by using solar energy from the home solar system. Besides, it uses LEDs to indicate the status of the repellent system.

Results: The generated ultrasonic signal is observed on the oscilloscope screen and its’ value is exhibited on the LCD screen to evaluate the system performance. Testing confirms that the system can drive away mosquitoes within its 3 m surroundings in 2-3 minutes. Besides, the system parameter and cost comparison show that this scheme suggests a worthwhile and sustainable result for making a mosquito-free environment.

Conclusion: The development of a mosquito-repellent system using ultrasonic sound waves based on an Arduino microcontroller offers a sustainable and effective alternative to traditional methods of mosquito control. Since the system is chemical and health-hazard-free, it is eco-friendly and makes human life more comfortable. The system is portable and cost-effective, making it suitable for use in various settings.
Analysis of Patient Health Using Arduino and Monitoring System
Authors: Sheikh Protik Parvez , Riyad Tarifuzzaman , Tushar Bezon Dey , Alam Sadman Shahriar , Ruddra Istiaq Mahmood , Shufian Abu
Published: February 2024

The proposed project is a health monitoring system using Arduino that measures key health parameters such as heart rate, blood oxygen level, and body temperature. The system consists of sensors such as DHT11 for temperature, MAX30100 for heart rate and blood oxygen level, and an Arduino Nano for processing the data. The measured results are displayed on an LCD screen and a buzzer sounds when the results are ready. The system has been designed with simplicity and ease-of-use in mind, making it accessible for personal use. While the system has limitations such as sensor accuracy and lack of IoT functionality, it still has potential for improving individual health monitoring and wellness. In the future, potential areas for development include the inclusion of more sensors, IoT functionality, and machine learning algorithms for personalized insights and recommendations. Overall, the proposed health monitoring system is a promising step towards empowering individuals to take a more active role in monitoring their health and wellness.
Generic crystallizer model: I. A model framework for a well‐mixed compartment
Authors: Hounslow M. J. , Lewis A. E. , Sanders S. J. , Bondy R.
Published: August 2005

A model framework is described for crystallization of a single solid species in a well‐mixed compartment at steady state. The model framework applies to both Type I (that is, nonhigh yield) crystallization and Type II (high yield) crystallization. The framework consists of population balances incorporating nucleation, growth, aggregation, breakage, classification, and dissolution, coupled with mass and energy balances. The model allows any number of product streams, any number of feed streams, one vapor product stream, nonrepresentative sampling, but only one solid species. The numerical strategy used to solve the resulting set of nonlinear integro‐differential equations transforms them into a matrix of algebraic equations. Two algorithms for the solution for Type I crystallization are proposed, both of which consist of solving the material and energy balances sequentially with the population balance and iterating around only one variable. Both algorithms use an existing material and energy balance solution package, which is linked to the population balance equations. The first solution algorithm solves the population balance equations using a Newton–Raphson solver with finite‐difference approximations for the derivatives, converging around a variable related to the crystal mass and the number density for each interval. The second algorithm solves the population balance equations using a successive substitution technique with root bracketing and iterates around the suspension density. The choice of algorithm depends on the nature of the system to be modeled. A similar framework is suggested for the solution for Type II crystallization, except that the iteration variable is the growth rate at a fixed supersaturation ratio. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Liquid‐Liquid Stratified Flow through Horizontal Conduits
Authors: Sunder Raj T. , Chakrabarti D. P. , Das G.
Published: August 2005

The stratified configuration is one of the basic and most important distributions during two phase flow through horizontal pipes. A number of studies have been carried out to understand gas‐liquid stratified flows. However, not much is known regarding the simultaneous flow of two immiscible liquids. There is no guarantee that the information available for gas‐liquid cases can be extended to liquid‐liquid flows. Therefore, the present work attempts a detailed investigation of liquid‐liquid stratified flow through horizontal conduits. Gas‐liquid flow exhibits either smooth or wavy stratified orientations, while liquid‐liquid flow exhibits other distinct stratified patterns like three layer flow, oil dispersed in water, and water flow, etc. Due to this, regime maps and transition equations available for predicting the regimes in gas‐liquid flow cannot be extended for liquid‐liquid cases by merely substituting phase physical properties in the equations. Further efforts have been made to estimate the in‐situ liquid holdup from experiments and theory. The analysis considers the pronounced effect of surface tension, and attempts to modify the Taitel‐Dukler model to account for the curved interface observed in these cases. The curved interface model of Brauner has been validated with experimental data from the present work and those reported in literature. It gives a better prediction of liquid holdup in oil‐water flows and reduces to the Taitel‐Dukler model for air‐water systems.
Novel Carboxylated Oligothiophenes as Sensitizers in Photoelectric Conversion Systems
Authors: Tan Shuxin , Zhai Jin , Fang Hongjun , Jiu Tonggang , Ge Jun , Li Yuliang , Jiang Lei , Zhu Daoben
Published: August 2005

Novel carboxylated oligothiophenes with different thiophene units were designed and synthesized as photosensitizers in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) for efficient opto‐electric materials. The introduction of COOH into thiophene molecules can lead to a red shift of UV‐visible absorption, increase light‐harvesting efficiency, and enhance photoinduced charge transport by forming efficient covalent bonds to the substrate surface. A red shift of the absorption spectrum of oligothiophene is also achieved by the increase in the number of thiophene units. The DSSCs based on the oligomers have excellent photovoltaic performances. Under 100 mW cm−2 irradiation a short‐circuit current of 10.57 mA cm−2 and an overall energy conversion efficiency of 3.36 % is achieved when pentathiophene dicarboxylated acid was used as a sensitizer. The incident photo‐to‐current conversion efficiency (IPCE) has a maximum as high as 80 %. In addition, photovoltage and photocurrent transients show that slow charge recombination in DSSCs is important for efficient charge separation and excellent photoelectric conversion properties of the oligomers. These initial and promising results suggest that carboxylated oligothiophenes are efficient photosensitizers.
Synthesis and Characterization of Dihydroxylammonium Tetrachlorocuprate Dihydrate Crystals.
Authors: Amirthaganesan G. , Kandhaswamy M. A. , Srinivasan V.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantioselective Cyanosilylation of Ketones Catalyzed by a Chiral Oxazaborolidinium Ion.
Authors: Ryu Do Hyun , Corey E. J.
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Hodgkin's lymphoma associated with plasma cell neoplasia: Cytological features and review of the literature
Authors: Oliai Bahram R. , Zakowski Maureen F. , Lin Oscar
Published: August 2005

Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) associated with plasma cell neoplasia is extremely rare. Here, we report one case diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and review the clinical features of 15 previously reported cases. Our specimen was obtained by FNAB of an enlarged right inguinal lymph node. Air‐dried Diff‐Quik (DQ)‐stained slides and alcohol‐fixed slides stained with hematoxylin‐eosin (H&E) and Papanicolaou stains were reviewed. The specimen was cellular, consisting of lymphocytes and plasma cells. Flow cytometric analysis revealed a monoclonal (M) plasma‐cell population. Admixed large atypical mono‐ and binucleated cells immunoreactive for CD30 were noted also. A diagnosis of plasma‐cell neoplasm associated with classic HL was confirmed histologically after surgical removal of the lymph node. The diagnosis of both HL and plasma‐cell neoplasia in the same patient is exceedingly rare. Adding another case to the 15 previously reported cases was unique because our case was diagnosed through FNAB. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2005;33:181–186. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chlamydia/gonorrhea combo and HR HPV DNA testing in liquid‐based pap
Authors: Hawthorne Clementine M. , Farber Phillip J. , Bibbo Marluce
Published: August 2005

Residual material from liquid‐based pap (LBP) test has been used for molecular testing of Human Papilloma Virus (HR HPV) DNA. LBP test specimens (1,025) were evaluated to determine how often residual material was insufficient to perform microbiological testing. The specimens were tested for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhea (CCGT) alone and in combination with HR HPV(CCGT + HR HPV), using PCR method and HYBRID CAPTURE 2, respectively. A minimum volume of 5 ml (CCGT: 0.5–1 ml, HPV: 4 ml) of residual material is required for both the tests. The residual material was measured at >5 ml, ≤5 ml, and 0.5 ml volumes and documented. Results were tabulated. The insufficient rate for cases submitted for CCGT was 0.2% and 7.6% for HR HPV, with a detection rate of 40.9% for HR HPV. Utilizing residual material from LBP test for microbiological testing, as well as DNA testing for HR HPV is a convenient, cost‐effective means to enhance patient care. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2005;33:177–180. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antigen‐dependent suppression of alloresponses by Foxp3‐induced regulatory T cells in transplantation
Authors: Albert Michael H. , Liu Yan , Anasetti Claudio , Yu Xue‐Zhong
Published: August 2005

Adoptive transfer of polyclonal CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) can tolerize transplantation alloresponses. Treg are activated via their specific TCR, but the antigen specificity of wild‐type Treg remains elusive, and therefore controlling potency and duration of Treg activity in the transplantation setting is still not feasible. In this study, we used murine graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) as a model system to show that antigen‐specific Treg suppress the response of T effector cells to alloantigens in vitro and prevent GVHD in vivo. The suppressive potential of antigen‐specific Treg was much greater than that of polyclonal Treg. To acquire large numbers of antigen‐specific Treg, we transduced CD4+CD25– cells with foxp3, and found that these foxp3‐induced Treg suppress alloresponses in vitro and prevent GVHD in vivo as effectively as naturally derived CD4+CD25+ Treg. Furthermore, we used an antigen‐specific CD4 Th1 clone as a source of foxp3‐induced Treg after transduction with foxp3, and found those Treg to effectively prevent GVHD in an antigen‐dependent manner. The findings of this study provide a basis for the concept that the onset and potency of the suppression by Treg can be regulated, and suggest a novel approach to enhance the feasibility and effectiveness of inducing tolerance by Treg as an adoptive immunotherapy in transplantation.
Iodine‐Mediated Cyclization of (4R,5R)‐4,5‐Diamino‐N,N′‐bis[(1S)‐1‐phenylethyl]‐1,7‐octadiene – A Stereoselective Route to 2,5‐Diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes
Authors: Fiorelli Claudio , Marchioro Carla , Martelli Gianluca , Monari Magda , Savoia Diego
Published: August 2005

Treatment of (4R,5R)‐4,5‐diamino‐N,N′‐bis[(1S)‐1‐phenylethyl]‐1,7‐octadiene with 2 equiv. of iodine in CH2Cl2/aq. NaHCO3 gave a mixture of two quaternary ammonium salts in 70:30 ratio and almost quantitative yield. The structure of the prevalent salt was determined by X‐ray analysis, which showed a bridged diazatricyclic skeleton, derived from two iodoamination steps, both involving the 5‐exo cyclization of two 5‐aminoalkene moieties, and an intramolecular substitution involving the amine and iodide functions. The minor salt is an isomer of the prevalent one, formed by a pathway involving the stereospecific isomerization of the diastereomeric (iodomethyl)pyrrolidine produced in the first step to an iodopiperidine via an aziridinium intermediate. Treatment of both products with different reagents, including iPrMgCl, nBuLi, Bu3SnH·Et3B, Cr(OAc)2 and Na2S2O4, invariably gave the bridged piperazine (1S,3R,4S)‐3‐allyl‐2,5‐bis[(1S)‐1‐phenylethyl]‐2,5‐diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane by a retro reaction, and hydrogenolysis of the N‐substituents and concomitant hydrogenation of the C=C bond were then achieved in the presence of Pd/C. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Application of Multiblock and Hierarchical PCA and PLS Models for Analysis of AC Voltammetric Data
Authors: Jaworski Aleksander , Wikiel Kazimierz , Wikiel Hanna
Published: August 2005

Several multiblock and hierarchical calibration techniques have been applied to the determination of the brightener concentration in industrial copper electroplating baths. Hierarchical Principal Component Regression (HPCR), Hierarchical Partial Least Squares (HPLS), Consensus PCR (CPCR), and Multiblock PLS (MBPLS) were used to build and test calibration models based on AC voltammetric data. All of the hierarchical and multiblock techniques employed produce a reliable calibration model and provide information about its robustness.
Resonance behaviour of viscoelastic fluid in Poiseuille flow in the presence of a transversal magnetic field
Authors: Mohyuddin Muhammad R. , Götz T.
Published: August 2005

The oscillatory flow of a viscoelastic fluid in a circular pipe under the influence of a transversal magnetic field is studied. Exact solutions for the axial velocity and flow rate are presented. The velocity enhancement and the resonance behaviour are analysed both numerically and asymptotically in the case of small pipe radii.

Approximations for the resonance frequencies and the achievable velocity enhancements are derived. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular genetic evidence supporting a novel human hepatocellular carcinoma tumor suppressor locus at 13q12.11
Authors: Chen Chian‐Feng , Yeh Shiou‐Hwei , Chen Ding‐Shinn , Chen Pei‐Jer , Jou Yuh‐Shan
Published: August 2005

A novel 1‐cM (1.8 Mb) homozygous deletion (HD) on 13q12.11 was identified in a human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line, SK‐Hep‐1, after high‐density genetic marker scan and Southern blotting analysis. A loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis indicated that LOH frequency of the HD region in 48 pairs of HCC tissues was 52%. Interestingly, the occurrence of LOH in the 13q12.11 HD region is significantly associated with early‐onset HCC, inferred from Fisher's exact test (P = 0.0047) and Mann‐Whitney test (P = 0.023). Since the novel 1‐cM (1.8 Mb) HD region is gene‐rich with more than 37 predicted transcripts, we used a candidate gene approach by examining down‐regulation of known tumor suppressor genes (TSGs), including LATS2, TG737, CRYL1, and GJB2, in HCC tissues. We detected only 14% down‐regulation of the LAST2 gene that flanks the outside of the HD, in HCC tissues, by quantitative RT‐PCR assays. However, we observed significant down‐regulation of the TG737, CRYL1, and GJB2 genes located within the HD in 59, 64, and 71% of HCC tissues, respectively. Together, our results indicated that the identified 13q12.11 HD region contained at least three significant down‐regulated TSGs, and preferential LOH in early‐onset HCC patients is a putative tumor suppressor locus in HCC. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Larval ectoderm, organizational homology, and the origins of evolutionary novelty
Authors: Love Alan C. , Raff Rudolf A.
Published: August 2005

Comprehending the origin of marine invertebrate larvae remains a key domain of research for evolutionary biologists, including the repeated origin of direct developmental modes in echinoids. In order to address the latter question, we surveyed existing evidence on relationships of homology between the ectoderm territories of two closely related sea urchin species in the genus Heliocidaris that differ in their developmental mode. Additionally, we explored a recently articulated idea about homology called ‘organizational homology’ (Müller 2003. In: Müller GB, Newman SA, editors. Origination of organismal form: beyond the gene in developmental and evolutionary biology. Cambridge, MA: A Bradford Book, The MIT Press. p 51–69. ) in the context of this specific empirical case study. Applying the perspective of organizational homology to our experimental system of congeneric echinoids has led us to a new hypothesis concerning the ectoderm evolution in these species. The extravestibular ectoderm of the direct developer Heliocidaris erythrogramma is a novel developmental territory that arose as a fusion of the oral and aboral ectoderm territories found in indirect developing echinoids such as Heliocidaris tuberculata. This hypothesis instantiates a theoretical principle concerning the origin of developmental modules, ‘integration’, which has been neglected because the opposite theoretical principle, ‘parcellation’, is more readily observable in events such as gene duplication and divergence (Wagner 1996. Am Zool 36:36–43). J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 304B, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of land management on runoff and soil losses from two small watersheds in St Lucia
Authors: Cox C. A. , Sarangi A. , Madramootoo C. A.
Published: August 2005

The influence of land use on runoff and soil loss was assessed on two small watersheds in the Eastern Caribbean island of St Lucia, under contrasting land management regimes. The data generated from these watersheds revealed that the soil losses from an intensively cultivated agricultural watershed were 20‐times higher in magnitude than that of a forested watershed both for peak rainfall event and for total duration of analysis. This was due to higher surface runoff rates and exposure of soil to direct raindrop impact within cultivated areas. Whereas the forest canopy cover in combination with higher infiltration capacities of the forested land reduced the erosive runoff from the forest watershed and thus the soil loss. Moreover, the energy intensities of large storms in excess of 40 mm were estimated and found to range between 400 MJ mm ha−1 h−1 and 1834 MJ mm ha−1 h−1.1

Megajoules‐millimeters per hectare‐hour.

Soil loss from the agricultural watershed was strongly correlated (R2 = 0·85) to storm energy‐intensity (EI30). However, the correlation of soil loss with the EI30 (R2 = 0·71) was poor for the forest watershed due to the effect of canopy vegetation, which significantly reduced the energy of raindrop impact. Over the study period, cumulative soil losses were 10·0 t ha−1 for the agricultural site and 0·5 t ha−1 for the forest site.2

Metric tons per hectare.

The largest storm observed during the study period resulted in erosion losses of 3·78 t ha−1 and 0·2 t ha−1 from the agricultural and forest sites respectively. The regression models were developed using the measured data for prediction of runoff and soil loss over the watersheds of St Lucia under similar conditions. This study contributed towards efficient watershed management planning and implementation of suitable water conservation measures in St Lucia. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of soil redistribution in a sloping landscape on carbon sequestration in Northeast China
Authors: Fang H. J. , Cheng S. L. , Zhang X. P. , Liang A. Z. , Yang X. M. , Drury C. F.
Published: August 2005

Soil organic carbon (SOC) in eroded soil can be redistributed from upper slope positions and deposited and sequestered in depressional areas. However, the SOC lost from soil erosion is normally not considered when soil carbon budgets are derived and this could result in an overestimation of SOC loss from the agricultural areas. The impact of soil redistribution on the SOC budget of a sloping landscape in the Black soil region in Northeast China was studied using the presence of the 137Cs tracer which has been deposited since 1954 and the fly‐ash tracer, which was deposited in 1903. Five landscape positions (summit, shoulder‐, back‐, foot‐ and toe‐slope) were selected and included in this study. The depths of 137Cs and fly ash and the SOC content of the deposition layers were used to calculate the change in C content of the soil in the various landscape positions over the last century. We found that the most severe soil erosion occurred in soils in the shoulder‐slope position followed by the back‐slope and the summit positions. Soil deposition occurred in the toe‐slope position followed by the foot‐slope position. A total of 683 kg C was eroded from the summit, shoulder‐ and back‐slopes (in a 1 m wide strip) over the past 100 years and 418 kg C (about 61·2 per cent) was deposited in the low‐lying areas (foot‐ and toe‐slopes). Over half (61·5 per cent) of the deposition (257 kg SOC) occurred over the past 50 years. Most of the previously reported loss of C from the upper slope positions in the Black soils was in fact sequestered in the deposition areas in the landscape. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Back Cover: Macromol. Chem. Phys. 15/2005
Authors: Schwendeman John E. , Wagener Kenneth B.
Published: August 2005

Back Cover: Polyethylene can be rendered completely amorphous by inserting regularly spaced gem‐dimethyl defects along the polymer backbone. Frequency of insertion is the deciding factor. For example, placing a gem‐dimethyl defect at each and every 9th carbon (8 carbon run length) yields amorphous polyethylene, whereas the polymer possessing an equivalent defect at each and every 15th carbon (14 carbon run length) crystallizes. Precise placement of these gem‐dimethyl defects along the polymer backbone is accomplished by employing step polymerization chemistry (the ADMET reaction) rather than using traditional chain polymerization techniques. Further details can be found in the Full Paper by J. E. Schwendeman and K. B. Wagener* on page 1461.
Thermostability of Lyocell Dopes Modified with Surface‐Active Additives
Authors: Wendler Frank , Kolbe Axel , Meister Frank , Heinze Thomas
Published: August 2005

Summary: Cellulose/N‐methylmorpholine‐N‐oxide monohydrate (NMMO) spinning solutions were modified with surface‐active additives to yield Lyocell fibers with functional properties. Based on cellulose fibers, a new class of materials with tailored adsorption characteristics are produced. Activated charcoal and carbon black used as additives significantly affect the thermostability of the spinning solutions. Considering the degree of filling three general tendencies become evident. It is most obvious that the onset temperature of dope decomposition is shifted towards lower values accompanied by viscosity reduction after annealing at elevated temperatures and an enhanced formation of degradations products. Morpholine, N‐methylmorpholine and formaldehyde as the main degradation products were detected in aqueous distillates by means of HPLC. To study the rate of by‐product formation during preparation of the solution kinetic measurements were carried out. Thermal instabilities are not only initiated by heavy metal ions, especially Fe(II), but also by the particle size and porosity of the charcoal. The nano‐scaled carbon black used causes autocatalytic reactions as revealed by calorimetric measurements.

Relationships between amount of Acc versus onset temperature (Ton) and concentration of N‐methylmorpholine.

magnified image

Relationships between amount of Acc versus onset temperature (Ton) and concentration of N‐methylmorpholine.
John Adams' essential tremor
Authors: Louis Elan D. , Kavanagh Patricia
Published: August 2005

John Adams (1735–1826), one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, was the second President of the United States. Adams had tremor for many years, about which little has been written. We examined John Adams' penmanship over a 62‐year period and studied his correspondence and diaries. It is not clear when Adams' tremor began, although in a diary entry dated 6 December 1760, when Adams was 25 years old, there is evidence of low‐amplitude kinetic tremor. The tremor continued in his written correspondence, becoming more persistent over time. Later in life, the clarity of his written correspondence diminished, with greater decomposition of characters and a reduction in the size of individual characters. This finding raises some speculation as to whether Adams could have been developing some parkinsonism, although the evidence in favor of this is not compelling. The most likely diagnosis was essential tremor. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
A comparison of full non‐linear and reduced order aerodynamic models in control law design using a two‐dimensional aerofoil model
Authors: Allen C. B. , Taylor N. V. , Fenwick C. L. , Gaitonde A. L. , Jones D. P.
Published: August 2005

The prediction of the flutter boundary of an aircraft is a necessary but time consuming process, particularly as for the most realistic results a time accurate simulation of the interaction between the non‐linear aerodynamic and structural forces is required. Extension of the flight envelope by the design of active control laws to suppress flutter further increases the demands on computational time, to presently unrealistic levels. Use of a reduced order model (ROM) derived from, and in place of, the full non‐linear aerodynamics greatly reduces the time required for calculation of aerodynamic forces. However, this is necessarily accompanied by some loss in accuracy, and hence the method must be verified by comparison with results obtained by the full aerodynamic model before it may be used with confidence.

Such a comparison is presented here, using a two‐dimensional aerofoil and control surface combination as a test case. Active control of the deflectable surface is used to attempt to increase the flutter speed across the complete Mach range, feedback control being achieved by gains acting on heave and pitch proportional and differential signals, interpreted as a hinge moment demand. Full non‐linear and reduced order aerodynamic models are then used to obtain optimum control law gain for flutter suppression. The results demonstrate that the ROM accurately predicts the open loop flutter boundary, gives a good approximation to the increase in flutter speed that may be produced by gain optimization, and produces a similar response given the identical gain values in each system for a significantly reduced cost. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypnotic consumption in the Portuguese population: data from the National Health Survey 1998–1999
Authors: Marques‐Vidal Pedro , Dias Carlos Matias
Published: August 2005

Objective

To assess the prevalence and factors related to hypnotic intake in Portugal.

Methods

Data from the National Health Survey conducted in 1998–1999 in a representative sample of 39 640 subjects aged > 18 years. Subjects were asked if they took hypnotics, for how long and also for how many days they had taken them the previous 2 weeks.

Results

Overall, 13% of subjects reported taking hypnotics, and this frequency was higher for women (19%) than for men (7.4%, p < 0.001) and increased from 1.5% among age group [18–25[ to 26.2% among subjects aged > 75 years (p < 0.001). In both genders, the Lisbon region had the higher prevalence (15.4%) and Algarve the lowest (10%, p < 0.001); also ex‐smokers the highest (15.4%), and current smokers the lowest prevalence (6.8%, p < 0.001). Women took hypnotics continuously during the previous 2 weeks more frequently than men (75 vs. 70%, p < 0.001), and the main reason for intake also differed between genders (p < 0.001). Finally, 69% of the subjects reported taking hypnotics for more than 3 years, and this prevalence was higher in women (71.6%) than in men (62.0%, p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed hypnotic intake to be positively related with age and inversely related with a sedentary lifestyle in both genders, and positively related with smoking and negatively related with obesity in men.

Conclusion

A significant percentage of the Portuguese population takes hypnotics in an almost continuous manner, and the intake is related to gender, age, obesity, and physical activity status. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of Trp‐82 in the folding of intestinal fatty acid binding protein
Authors: Dalessio Paula M. , Fromholt Susan E. , Ropson Ira J.
Published: August 2005

Multiple phases have been observed during the folding and unfolding of intestinal fatty acid binding protein (WT‐IFABP) by stopped‐flow fluorescence. Site‐directed mutagenesis has been used to examine the role of each of the two tryptophans of this protein in these processes. The unfolding and refolding kinetics of the mutant protein containing only tryptophan 82 (W6Y‐IFABP) showed that the tryptophan at this location was critical to the fluorescence signal changes observed throughout the unfolding reaction and early in the refolding reaction. However, the kinetic patterns of the mutant protein containing only tryptophan 6 (W82Y‐IFABP) indicated that the tryptophan at this location participated in the fluorescence signal changes observed early in the unfolding reaction and late in the refolding reaction. Together, these data suggest that native‐like structure was formed first in the vicinity of tryptophan 82, near the center of the hydrophobic core of this β‐sheet protein, prior to formation of native‐like structure in the periphery of the protein. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Drosophila type II receptor, Wishful thinking, binds BMP and myoglianin to activate multiple TGFβ family signaling pathways
Authors: Lee-Hoeflich Si Tuen , Zhao Xin , Mehra Arun , Attisano Liliana
Published: August 2005

Wishful thinking (Wit) is a Drosophila transforming growth factor‐β (TGFβ) superfamily type II receptor most related to the mammalian bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type II receptor, BMPRII. To better understand its function, we undertook a biochemical approach to establish the ligand binding repertoire and downstream signaling pathway. We observed that BMP4 and BMP7, bound to receptor complexes comprised of Wit and the type I receptor thickveins and saxophone to activate a BMP‐like signaling pathway. Further we demonstrated that both myoglianin and its most closely related mammalian ligand, myostatin, interacted with a Wit and Baboon (Babo) type II–type I receptor complex to activate TGFβ/activin‐like signaling pathways. These results thereby demonstrate that Wit binds multiple ligands to activate both BMP and TGFβ‐like signaling pathways. Given that myoglianin is expressed in muscle and glial‐derived cells, these results also suggest that Wit may mediate myoglianin‐dependent signals in the nervous system.
A transposon‐based activation‐tagging population in Arabidopsis thaliana (TAMARA) and its application in the identification of dominant developmental and metabolic mutations
Authors: Schneider Anja , Kirch Thomas , Gigolashvili Tamara , Mock Hans-Peter , Sonnewald Uwe , Simon Rüdiger , Flügge Ulf-Ingo , Werr Wolfgang
Published: August 2005

A population of 9471 stable activation‐tagged lines was generated by transposable element mediated activation tagging mutagenesis in Arabidopsis (TAMARA) using the maize En/Spm transposon system. Based on DNA gel blot and flanking sequence analysis, this population contains approximately 6000 independent transposon insertions. A greenhouse‐based screen identified six dominant or semi‐dominant activation tagged mutants with obvious developmental alterations, among these a new pistillata mutant allele. In addition, a subset of 1500 lines was screened by a HPLC based high‐throughput method for dominant activation tagged mutants with enhanced contents of phenolic compounds. One dominant activation tagged mutant (hpc1‐1D) was isolated showing accumulation of a particular compound due to the upregulation of an R2R3‐MYB transcription factor.
Prescriptions d'itinéraires: rôles de l'organisation spatio-temporelle, de la structure référentielle, de la mémoire et du genre
Authors: RICALENS KARINE , SARDA LAURE , CORNISH FRANCIS
Published: August 2005

Dans cet article, nous proposons une analyse des structures de discours dans un recueil de descriptions d'itinéraires produites dans quatre conditions distinctes. La structure de ces discours est appréhendée à travers l'étude des adverbiaux spatiaux détachés en tête de phrase et une attention particulière est portée à la forme des expressions référentielles qui les composent. Nous mettons au jour un mode de connexion qui repose sur la répétition et sur la valeur d'accompli associée aux expressions détachées. La première partie resitue ce travail linguistique dans un projet plus large visant à préciser le rôle du langage dans la cognition spatiale. La deuxième partie expose les caractéristiques du genre des textes étudiés. La troisième partie focalise sur la structuration des textes par les adverbiaux spatiaux détachés à gauche et décrit leur double statut représentationnel et organisationnel. Enfin, la quatrième partie vient enrichir la description de la structure des textes par une analyse fine du fonctionnement de leurs marqueurs référentiels et anaphoriques.
Habitat fragmentation in north Thailand: a case study
Authors: PATTANAVIBOOL ANAK , DEARDEN PHILIP , KUTINTARA UTIS
Published: August 2005

We surveyed birds in two remnant patches of montane evergreen forest landscapes differing in intensity of habitat fragmentation, land use patterns and development. Present landscape configurations in Mae Tuen and Om Koi show that both became heavily fragmented (Table 1, see also Figure 1) between 1954 and 1996. The low abundance at Om Koi of large frugivores, such as Brown Hornbills Ptilolaemus tickelli and Great Hornbills Buceros bicornis, and their lack at Mae Tuen, are probably effects of prolonged fragmentation.
The Nature and Political Significance of Preemption
Authors: Zimmerman Joseph F.
Published: August 2005

The United States Constitution incorporated elements of the unitary and confederate systems of government to form simultaneously a compound republic, the world's first federal governance system, and a unitary government with complete control over the District of Columbia and territories. Specific powers were delegated to Congress and all other powers were reserved to the states and the people unless prohibited.
‘Nature-inspired’ drug–protein complexes as inhibitors of Aβ aggregation
Authors: Bose M. , Gestwicki J.E. , Devasthali V. , Crabtree G.R. , Graef I.A.
Published: August 2005

Protein–protein interactions are a regulatory mechanism for a number of physiological and pathological cellular processes. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD (Alzheimer's disease), are associated with the accelerated production or delayed clearance of protein aggregates. Hence, inhibition of pathologic protein–protein interactions is a very attractive mechanism for drug development. This review focuses on a novel therapeutic strategy to inhibit the de novo formation of protein aggregates. Inspired by strategies used in Nature and optimized over millions of years of evolution, we have created a bifunctional molecule [SLF (synthetic ligand for FK506-binding protein)–CR (Congo Red)] that is able to block Aβ (amyloid β) aggregation by borrowing the surface and steric bulk of a cellular chaperone.
Presenilin 1: more than just γ-secretase
Authors: Raemaekers T. , Esselens C. , Annaert W.
Published: August 2005

Presenilin 1 plays a central catalytic role in the γ-secretase processing of amyloid precursor protein, Notch and many other substrates. However, this core component clearly mediates independently several other physiological roles in the cell/neuron. Besides its involvement in β-catenin degradation, we discuss here the recent implication of presenilin 1 in the turnover of the intercellular cell adhesion molecule, telencephalin, through a degradation route that bears autophagic characteristics. Activation of the endosomal/lysosomal system in general and autophagic degradation in particular, is finally briefly discussed in the context of neurodegenerative diseases.
Insights into biological functions across species: examining the role of Rab proteins in YIP1 family function
Authors: Chen C.Z. , Collins R.N.
Published: August 2005

The YIP1 family comprises an evolutionarily conserved group of membrane proteins, which share the ability to bind di-prenylated Rab proteins. The biochemical capability of YIP1 family proteins suggests a possible role in the cycle of physical localization of Rab proteins between their cognate membranes and the cytosol. YIP1 is essential for viability in yeast and a deletion of YIP1 can be rescued with the human homologue YIP1A. We have made use of this evolutionary conservation of function to generate a series of mutant alleles of YIP1 to investigate the biological role of Yip1p. Our findings indicate evidence for the participation of Yip1p in both Rab and COPII protein function; at present, we are not able to distinguish between the models that these roles represent, i.e. independent or dependent activities of Yip1p.
Rewiring photosynthesis: engineering wrong-way electron transfer in the purple bacterial reaction centre
Authors: Wakeham M.C. , Jones M.R.
Published: August 2005

The purple bacterial reaction centre uses light energy to separate charge across the cytoplasmic membrane, reducing ubiquinone and oxidizing a c-type cytochrome. The protein possesses a macroscopic structural two-fold symmetry but displays a strong functional asymmetry, with only one of two available membrane-spanning branches of cofactors (the so-called A-branch) being used to catalyse photochemical charge separation. The factors underlying this functional asymmetry have been the subject of study for many years but are still not fully understood. Site-directed mutagenesis has been partially successful in rerouting electron transfer along the normally inactive B-branch, allowing comparison of the kinetics of equivalent electron transfer reactions on the two branches. Both the primary and secondary electron transfer steps on the B-branch appear to be considerably slower than their A-branch counterparts. The effectiveness of different mutations in rerouting electron transfer along the B-branch of cofactors is discussed.
NMR and fluorescence spectroscopy approaches to secondary and primary active multidrug efflux pumps
Authors: Lorch M. , Lehner I. , Siarheyeva A. , Basting D. , Pfleger N. , Manolikas T. , Glaubitz C.
Published: August 2005

Multidrug efflux pumps are found in all major transporter families. Along with a lack of three-dimensional structure information, the mechanism of drug recognition, energy coupling with drug translocation and the catalytic cycle are so far not understood. In the present study, we present first data of a fluorescence-based assay to study the pH-gradient-mediated activity of the multidrug antiporter EmrE, by co-reconstitution with the light-driven proton pump bacteriorhodopsin. In addition to biochemical approaches, the emerging technique, solid-state NMR, can be used for the investigation of these transporters. A number of experiments based on MAS (magic angle sample spinning) NMR are available to provide data on protein structure and dynamics, drug binding and protein–lipid interactions. However, these experiments dictate a number of constraints with respect to sample preparation that will be discussed for proteins from the SMR (small multidrug resistance transporter) family. In addition, 2H-NMR is used to probe protein mobility of Lactococcus lactis ABC transporter, LmrA.
Experimental evidence of efficient cavity modes excitation in metallic gratings by attenuated total reflection
Authors: Barbara A. , Le Perchec J. , Quémerais P. , López-Ríos T. , Rochat N.
Published: August 2005

We provide experimental evidence of an improved excitation of the cavity modes of deep lamellar metallic gratings by using an attenuated total reflection configuration. The reflectivity of gold gratings composed of 1-μm deep channels, with width of 0.7μm, periodically separated by a distance of 1.75μm was measured in the 1000–5000-cm−1 spectral range for several angles of incidence. The spectral width of the resonance excited in this configuration is reduced by a factor of 6 compared with the external reflectivity case, and the field enhancement inside the grooves can reach two orders of magnitude with respect to the incident intensity.
Two photoionization thresholds of N3 produced by ClN3 photodissociation at 248 nm: Further evidence for cyclic N3
Authors: Samartzis Peter C. , Lin Jim Jr-Min , Ching Tao-Tsung , Chaudhuri Chanchal , Lee Yuan T. , Lee Shih-Huang , Wodtke Alec M.
Published: August 2005

We present results of near-threshold photoionization of N3 photofragments produced by laser photodissociation of ClN3 at 248 nm. The time of flight of recoiling N3 is used to resolve two photochemical channels producing N3, which exhibit different translational energy release. The two forms of N3 resolved in this way exhibit different photoionization thresholds, consistent with their assignment to linear (XΠg2) and cyclic N3. This result agrees with the existing theoretical calculations of excited and ionic states of N3 and strengthens previous experimental results which suggested that the ClN3 photolysis produces a cyclic form of N3.
Introduction to the Special Issue
Authors: Kedar Orit , Shively W. Phillips
Published: August 2005

The use of multilevel models—models in which lower-level (“micro”) units are nested within higher-level (“macro”) units—has blossomed recently in political science. Possible relationships in such models include macro variables influencing macro variables; micro variables influencing micro variables; macro variables influencing micro variables, and vice versa; and often most interestingly, micro-micro relationships varying interactively with macro variables. Most work in political science has drawn on the useful introductions of Raudenbush and Bryk (2002), Western (1998), and Steenbergen and Jones (2002). We refer readers to good general introductions/reviews of multi-level modeling in the articles in this issue by Bowers and Drake and by Franzese.
Electronic theses: the turning point
Authors: Copeland Susan , Penman Andrew , Milne Richard
Published: August 2005

Purpose

To describe the key findings of the UK JISC‐funded Electronic Theses project that was led by The Robert Gordon University, as well as the results of associated projects that formed part of the JISC‐funded “FAIR” programme, and the way in which the recommendations will be taken forward.

Design/methodology/approach

The research involved: an assessment of existing best practice relating to the production, management and use of e‐theses; the use of questionnaires to obtain feedback from potential users; the identification and testing of potentially useful software; consideration of the elements required in a metadata core set, and discussions with representative bodies to ensure that the model recommended for use in the UK had support from the key stakeholders.

Findings

Information is provided about the value of the NDLTD web site, the suitability of DSpace and EPrints software for institutional e‐theses repositories, and the recommended infrastructure for the operation of an e‐theses service at national level. Details are included about the agreed metadata core set for UK e‐theses, and advice is provided about administrative, legal and cultural issues.

Practical implications

The JISC‐funded EThOS project is taking forward many of the recommendations from the Electronic Theses project.

Originality/value

The research results described in this paper will be of use to institutions, which are aiming to establish their own e‐theses collections. The details provided about the UK approach towards the management of e‐theses may be of use in countries, which have not yet made their theses available in electronic format.