bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic tourism processes; A case study of the effects of multiple development actions on regional level
Authors: Teigland Jon
Published: March 2008

Regional development was the main goal when Norway applied for the Winter Olympics in the 1980'ies. The intention was to use the Games as a strong impulse to a stagnating region, starting a dynamic development process and creating an international tourism destination in the southeast parts of the country. When the International Olympic Committee chose Lillehammer to be the host of the 1994 Games, expectations became high and several scientists predicted strong growth of tourist not only in the host town, but on regional and national level, too. Later on Parliament decided to strengthen this regional development process even further by locate the new national airport in the interior part of Eastern Norway.
Strategic academic co‐operation in tourism education through tempus‐phare projects: The case of ohrid
Authors: Christou Evangelos , Kilipiris Fotis , Karamanidis Ioannis , Vasilevska Careva , Marinoski Naume , Andreeski Josif
Published: March 2008

The recent adverse economic and military developments in the Balkan Peninsula have provided sound indications regarding the future development of the area. It now seems to be unavoidable that a revised economic environment should be created, based on stability and economic co‐operation. Such a co‐operation among the Balkan countries will assist a common effort in establishing the framework for the development of all the relevant area.
Visitor and mobility management in tourism destinations: A cross analysis of strategies, projects and practices
Authors: Manente M. , Minghetti V. , Celotto E.
Published: March 2008

Tourism and transport represent two sides of the same management process, especially in tourism destinations characterised by a consistent or a rising volume of visitor flows.
Wellness‐Tourismus: Eine analyse des schweizer marktes und konsequenzen für die hotellerie
Authors: Müller Hansruedi , Lanz Kaufmann Eveline
Published: March 2008

The term wellness is widely used in Swiss tourism. The principal observations regarding the wellness industry concern an expanding supply of and an insufficiently researched demand for wellness programs. The quality dimension of wellness services is increasingly becoming the decisive competitive factor. For this reason quality management plays an important role. Market research shows that average 3‐ to 5‐ star hotels provide fairly comprehensive wellness facilities. Wellnesshotels should therefore specialize in health information, individual care and a wide range of cultural and relaxation programs. Although the same hotel can host cure and wellness guests at the same time, these two segments have to be considered seperately when deciding on the marketing strategy. We therefore assume that wellness is pursued solely by “healthy” people, the prime aim being prevention. “Normal cure guests” aim to heal their illness.
Reforming destination management organisations and financing
Authors: Socher Karl
Published: March 2008

The fast changes of the tourism markets make it necessary to adapt destination management organisations, their functions and financing. The paper tries to develop a model for an optimal, efficient destination management system, especially to cope with the problem of limiting the necessary government influence and transfer as many decisions as possible to the individual private entrepreneurs. In this model the two tasks of destination management organisations — product development and marketing — are separated and are financed by two different taxes or levies, which are necessary for the function of producing public goods on the one side and internalizing external effects on the other side. The distribution of the levy payments to the different purposes is left to a large extent to the free choice of the individual levy‐payer, the entreprises profiting from tourism. This will induce a competition process between different destination management organisations to find the most efficient system.
Segmenting travel situations on the basis of motivation and information‐collection by the traveller
Authors: Bieger Thomas , Laesser Christian
Published: March 2008

In the study presented here, travellers from Switzerland are segmented on the basis of their information collection, with respect to their motivation structure derived in a study earlier this year. The study illustrates the important role of information in tourism. A successful strategy consists of providing convenience and of building up a trustful relation between the tourist company and the tourist. Hereby, convenience is determined by quality of admission, availability of information and a customer tailored presentation of information contents. A trustful source of information shall not only be provided by private relations (friends and relatives) but more and more by employees of travel agencies, tourist information and companies.
Concepts, definitions and strategic relevance
Authors: Elias‐Varotsis Sophie
Published: March 2008

The attached paper presents a research assignment carried out between April and December 1999, by the GDR Tourisme: Lieux et Réseaux under the joint scientific supervision of Josette Mesplier‐Pinet and Sophie Elias The basic aim was the realisation of a Dictionary of Tourism Concepts, Information Sources and Methods for the Observatoire National du Tourisme to define a set of tourism concepts, point out the principal statistical tools and their accompanying methodology used to secure information on supply and demand. The principle underlying this research was to provide end users of the dictionary, namely national public authorities and private practioners as well as tourism researchers, with a guideline to better understanding as well as a more accurate means of interpretation and use of this information. The purpose of this paper is to present the research carried out and to analyse thereby the role and function of the two‐way process of information building and redistribution. Consequently, the research carried out follows up the work on monitoring change and strategic decision‐making presented at last year's TRC Conference in Vienna.
Mapping tourist pressure: Discussion, development and examples
Authors: Butler Richard
Published: March 2008

This paper discusses research which has been conducted irregularly over a period of some thirty years on the topic of tourist pressure and how this phenomenon can be portrayed. This is a relatively undeveloped topic which has not received much attention in the tourist literature, and yet it is felt that the concept mad its application hold considerable potential benefit for tourism planning and management. The key issue is to develop a methodology which allows the phenomenon to be adequately described and portrayed in such a manner that the resulting information can be integrated into the appropriate management of tourist numbers.
A background to the host selection for the 2002 Olympic winter games
Authors: Persson Christer
Published: March 2008

The interest for hosting the Olympic Games is now at its historical peak. Heads of states, culture elites, top athletes and professional marketers are engaged in selling their cities to the deciding International Olympic Committee. This host selection process has recently been in the focus of public interest due to the bribery allegations against the winner of the 2002 Olympic Winter Games, Salt Lake City.
Politiques publiques et intégrité écologique : L'exemple du parc national de banff (Alberta, Canada)
Authors: Richez Gérard
Published: March 2008

The Banff National Park is the most famous of Canada. The development of the recent years has been considered as to fast and to massive. The author analyses the key factors of success of the park development. He describes the new strategic park policy which takes into account the carrying capacity and the protection of the great nature and landscape.
The Italian travel agencies and tour operators: Role evolution and information system
Authors: Baldarelli Maria‐Gabriella
Published: March 2008

The active role that the tourism sector assumes in increasing the Gross Domestic Product is by now recognized and this fact makes the operators in the sector considerably more responsible. So all the companies that operate in the sector need a continous managerial adaptation such that renders them able to answer, time after time, the demand necessities.
Le marketing des services comme approche analytique dans la recherche touristique
Authors: Gallarza Martina G. , Saura Irene G. , Garcí Haydée C.
Published: March 2008

Tourism research is usually based on quantitative rather than theoretical and conceptual studies. However, as a new discipline this phenomenon needs a more theoretical approach. It could help to find an interdisciplinary consensus on tourism. The authors consider service marketing as an interesting approach from an intradisciplinary perspective. They think that it could be an instrument for a better understanding of tourism.
The social sciences perspectives: Research into future trends
Authors: Asper Adrian
Published: March 2008

Distinguished members of AIEST, dear ladies and gentlemen, I am sure you have noticed that tourism and culture is an extremely broad and vaguely defined subject. This was clearly reflected in our workshop. Tangible results were difficult to obtain. What remains are quite a few unanswered questions.
The economic perspectives: Creating strategic positions for future success in cultural management
Authors: Prentice Richard
Published: March 2008

This workshop involved six presentations, the speakers being: Thomas Bieger, Christine Hope, Harold Pechlaner, Tanja Mihalic, Karl Socher, and Franc Pauko. As the papers are printed in the Hangzhou Congress volume (Keller & Bieger, 2000), attention here is to an integrative and reflexive overview, rather than to reporting sequentially the speakers' presentations.
Spatial perspectives: Basic requirements for sustainable cultural development in the area of tourism
Authors: Zeiner Manfred
Published: March 2008

The introduction of Mrs Origet du Cluzeau focussed mainly on the topic of sustainability of cultural tourism. The question “How sustainable will the future of cultural tourism be?” had to be answered. To diminish the risk of a confrontation between cultural tourism and the criteria of sustainability, the following items have to be fulfilled:
Cultural science perspectives: The consequences of “event and experience culture”
Authors: Van Houts Didier
Published: March 2008

« Tourism is all about selling dreams » In his basic report, Frans Schouten stated that heritage is the outcome of a melting pot of value systems, of which you can describe the ingredients, but not the mass.
LOCATIONAL ENHANCEMENTS OF CULTURAL TOURISM DESTINATIONS
Authors: Peterson Craig A. , McCarthy Claire
Published: March 2008

One strategy that communities often adopt to generate tourism growth is to enhance those assets of the destination that attract visitors. For already popular destinations, locational enhancements may focus on maintenance efforts, with modest refurbishing, upgrading and expansion of existing facilities.
Original culture in the development of contemporary tourism
Authors: Vlahovi Darko
Published: March 2008

Modern man lives in such conditions where he is necessarily oriented toward the original natural milieu from biological, health, cultural and educational reasons. He is also attracted by the overall tourist ambience, especially when the original natural tourist values are enriched by obtaining a special cultural‐historical importance. The exploitation of original values weakens directly the base of the development (“raw‐material base”) of tourism. The devastation of natural and cultural resources is a form of destroying national richnesess of a tourist destination.
Perspektiven der schweizer bergbahnbranche — eine fallstudie für die transformation einer wichtigen touristischen teilbranche
Authors: Bieger Thomas , Laesser Christian , Ludwig Eva , Caspar Patrick
Published: March 2008

The article is a summarised version of a prospective study for the Swiss tourism region of Valais by the Institute for Public Management and Tourism (ITD) of the University of St. Gallen which has been achieved in April 2000. The Transformation Model has served as theoretical background. The Swiss Ski area industry was for a long time a driver of the tourism development in the Alpine regions. The transformation of this sector has a direct impact on the transformation of destinations and other sectors. The necessary changes, the business models and the problems of financing investments explain the transformation process. The analysis is based on two major scenarios. If the status quo — scenario is followed, it would not be possible to change the structures. In this case, the public sector has to support the sector with payments of about 1,5 billions of sfr for the next decade. In the other case of a more managed development, the strategies and the structure of the sector's enterprises have to guarantee a sustainable development. The authors are in favour of a vertical integration of a destination which can create economies of scope rather than for a horizontal integration and economies of scale.
Management strategique de la cooperation entre les entreprises et les organisations du tourisme
Authors: Keller Peter
Published: March 2008

Co‐operation is necessary for the economic survival of destinations with a fragmented offer under conditions of global competition. Customer orientation forces the SME's to co‐operate for the development and the commercialisation of tourism services.
Netherlands research institute for recreation and tourism
Authors: Zom Jac A.M.
Published: March 2008

This article gives an overview on the research activities of the “Netherlands Research Institute for Recreation and Tourism (NRIT)”. The author presents its permanent and continuous activities such as the “Trend Report on Tourism” or the “Continuous Holiday Research (CVO).” He also gives a list of annually changing projects e g the feasibility studies or the visitors estimation for excursionist or a given exhibition or event centre. The article reflects part of the results of the survey on Netherlands tourism. The author also estimates the visitors for day‐tourism attractions with the tools like the “Reference analysis” and the “absorption capacity calculations”. The author is a member of the “Tourist Research Center (TRC)” which is related with AIEST.
“Scandinavian Winter”; Antecedents, concepts and empirical observations underlying a destination umbrella branding model
Authors: Flagestad Arvid , Hope Christine A.
Published: March 2008

This paper presents some aspects of branding the Scandinavian snow tourism product. The authors argue that the Scandinavian suppliers to the non‐Nordic market need a stronger image and more distinct differentiation, and that a Scandinavian umbrella brand might be helpful to serve the purpose of increasing the combined market share of Scandinavian suppliers in non‐Nordic markets. In support of their views empirical observations are presented which confirm the rational for a Scandinavian umbrella brand and a potential for differentiation not yet utilised. Branding is discussed within the context of a strategic alliance between Scandinavian suppliers. These suppliers are conceptualised as a strategic group. The conceptual and managerial complexity of branding a product associated with three different countries is noted. The paper concludes by indicating areas for future research.
The impacts of the 1999 avalanche and storm winter on the Suisse cable car industry
Authors: Nothiger Christian J. , Bründl Michael , Ammann Walter J.
Published: March 2008

During the analysis of the 1999 avalanche winter and of the winter storm Lothar on 26 December 1999, the Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos conducted an inquiry of the cable car‐ and ski lift‐companies in German‐ and French speaking part of Switzerland. This arti‐cle presents the results in detail. In the whole of Switzerland there were 1'821 cable cars and ski lifts in 1999 (not counting 550 small ski lifts). The SLF sent its questionnaire to 117 companies. A considerable proportion of them (79%) have been returned. In February 1999 avalanches and snow pressure induced damages on 44 cable cars and ski lifts; repairs cost more than 17 Mio. SFr. Due to high avalanche danger, 37% of all lift facilities had to be closed for an average of seven days. The loss of earnings for Switzerland (without Ticino) is estimated at 78 Mio. SFr. compared to February 1998. The winter storm Lothar caused damage to 127 cable cars and ski lifts. The cost of damage repairs is estimated at 7.6 Mio. SFr. The storm interrupted power supply for 14% of the lift facilities; 58% had to be closed down due to high wind speeds. The loss of earnings caused by winter storm Lothar amounts to approx. 39 Mio. SFr. for the Swiss cable car and ski lift companies (without Ticino). Immediately after the events of 1999, 32% of the companies interviewed took measures to reduce the negative consequences (e.g. price reductions, press releases or publicity campaigns). To improve public relations is considered to be an important measure to cope with consequences of natural hazards in the future by 39% of the companies.
The role of the railway with regard to mode choice in medium range travel
Authors: Bieger Thomas , Laesser Christian
Published: March 2008

This article examines Swiss people's transport means preferences in journeys over 100km. The study is based on a conditional survey research technique. When the decision criteria/ preferences are viewed from an angle that is independent of (and thus generally valid for) any choice of means of transport, the most important quality factors turn out to be safety, travelling time, punctuality, flexibility and travelling comfort. The factors “relaxation” and “(productive) use of time” are of comparatively minor importance, which can be related to the fact that travelling is seen as an end in itself. When the issue is looked at from the angle of a comparison between different means of transport, it becomes clear that there are undisputed advantages of ▪ the train over the car, particularly concerning safety with regard to accidents, relaxation and rest, a productive use of time, a minimisation of stress, and punctuality; ▪ the train over the aircraft with regard to lower overall costs, the frequency of connections, and punctuality; ▪ and the aircraft over the train with regard to travelling time. Costs only become really relevant in connection with air travel. It is interesting to note that a majority of the quality criteria which are generally considered to be the most relevant remain without any influence on the decision to choose one or the other means of transport. Indeed, there are not even any connections, overall, between people's general predispositions and their specific decisions for or against any particular means of transport in a certain situation. Only travelling time plays a central role both in the general and in the situational view.
A study of Mainland China outbound tourism markets
Authors: Qun Don , Jie Dou
Published: March 2008

This paper gives a preliminary analysis of the development of mainland China's outbound tourism market, including national policy, classifications, main destinations, tourism source regions and so on. It also includes case studies from Hong Kong and Guangdong Province. Finally, it briefly outlines the problems of the market and the new policy in this field.
Tourismus im Schweizerischen Nationalpark — Eine Chance für die Region?
Authors: Küpfer Irene , Elsasser Hans
Published: March 2008

National parks have many fondions. They serve as nature reserves and, at the same time, they provide excellent recreation opportunities for millions of people worldwide. However, from the viewpoint of the regional local population they can also frequently restrict individual activities. For this reason, the issue of the economic potential of a national park for the relevant region is usually brought up very quickly. High expectations are frequently placed on the benefits from national park tourism. Surprisingly, there is a lack — at least for the Alpine region — of comprehensive studies of the importance of national park tourism for regional economies. The present publication aims to address and reduce this information deficit. Extensive visitor surveys carried out in and around the Swiss National Park in the summer of 1998 revealed that national park tourists booking accommodation in this region of 16 communities generated demand to the value of SFr 20.6 million. SFr 10.2 million of this amount was gross value added. This is the lower limit of the value added from national park tourism in the study area, and represents 2.5% of the regional CDP. Indirect and induced regional economic effects from national park tourism are also taken into account and based on key parameters provided by the relevant literature. In this way, the upper limit of value added by national park tourism can be estimated to be approximately SFr 17.4 million or 4.25% of the regional CDP. On the other hand, the comparative economic impact of national park day tourism can be considered very small. National park tourism contributes about one quarter of the total estimated value added of the region's summer tourism. This means that the National Park can be considered to be a major attraction for summer tourism in the surrounding region. However, the surveys also revealed that visitors to the National Park region appreciate the variety of activities offered, indicating that a national park on its own would likely be insufficient to promote a region's tourism or economy.
Challenging the present approach to heritage tourism: Is tourism to heritage places heritage tourism?
Authors: Poria Yaniv , Airey David , Butler Richard
Published: March 2008

Observing visitors' behaviour in places presenting heritage and reviewing the tourism literature dealing with ‘heritage’ tourism led to this research that is aimed at clarifying the core of heritage tourism. The common approach that heritage tourism consists of tourists in heritage places, is challenged. The relationship between four groups of variables (the tourists' personal characteristics, the tourists' awareness of the history of the site, the tourists' perception of a site in relation to their own heritage and, the site attributes) and the tourists' visitation patterns (before a visit, during a visit, and after a visit) as the outcome variables was investigated. The actual study was conducted in Israel because of its attributes as a space containing a variety of heritage sites in a relatively small area, which relate to different tourists on different grounds. The research looked in detail at two sites: the Wailing Wall and Massada. The results (specifically the tourists' perception of the sites) indicate that the relationship between the tourists and the heritage site attributes is at the core of the phenomenon of heritage tourism. The understanding of this relationship has value for the study of heritage‐related behaviour including heritage tourism. The study suggests a new approach to understanding heritage tourism which could be applicable for other subgroups of tourism, and could have implications for the management of heritage and historic sites.
Destination 21 — A discussion contribution on a scheme for sustainable tourism development
Authors: Nyberg Lars
Published: March 2008

Destination 21 is a new national eco‐label for Danish tourism destinations established in 2000. It is intended to help destinations reach sustainable tourism development by working towards a number of national and local sustainability objectives. This paper discusses these objectives in relation to the underlying ambition to use the eco‐label to market Denmark in international markets. The concept of sustainable tourism development is somewhat controversial when compared to the original agreements on sustainable development, established through the Brundtland report and other UN documents. The different dimensions of sustainable development in general are less easy to adapt to the compromises needed when focusing on tourism development alone.
What are the tasks of the state in providing the framework for tourism?
Authors: Socher Karl
Published: March 2008

Governments of regions and nations as well as international and supra‐national institutions are actors in “direct” tourism policies. Besides these policies, these institutions have to fulfil a minimum of roles in other fields, which are necessary for an optimal development of the world and national economies including their tourism sector. Even in a free market economy, the state has to provide a legal framework for the functioning of markets. Also, the state has to correct market failures: to provide for public goods, to internalize external effects and to avoid asymetric information. Some of these necessary measures of “indirect” tourism policy are discussed for such fields like the environment and use of land, education and training. On the other hand, some measures of the existing direct and indirect tourism policies are not optimal, for instance subsidies.
Quality requirements for aerial cableways and their services — The case of Switzerland
Authors: Müller Hansruedi , Michel Jürg
Published: March 2008

In recent years, the “experience” theme has increased in significance for tourism. For aerial cableways, the mountains provide natural experience zones, and hence a good foundation for satisfying differing guest requirements. Thus, appropriate expansion ofcableway services and carefully staged activities can reduce dependence on the weather and tap this growing potential. This article is based on a recently completed study (Michel 2001) on the “mountain experience” and conduct an in‐depth analysis of the topic of quality in aerial cableways. The study has been done in the alpine regions of Switzerland and considers the special situation of the small and medium structure of the branch with lack of management know how. Also the vertical integration of the service chain is rather poor. Using a factor analysis, an attempt was made to highlight groups and identify various themes among the 117 survey variables in the “mountain experience” service chain. Twelve factors in all were identified: 1. safety and maintenance of ski runs and facilities, 2. accessibility and suitability for private transport and 3. friendliness and atmosphere. Fun and entertainment has become last of the twelve factors in the overall view. But special groups like snowboarders and younger people are more likely to attach importance to fun, entertainment and special ski‐run amenities. This difference in evaluation of the entertainment and events aspect by the various groups could conceivably lead to conflicts in ski regions, showing that quality is heavily dependent on the expectations of the target groups.
“Scandinavian Winter”; Table additions to the corresponding article of Review of Tourism ♯1/2
Authors: FLAGESTAD ARVID , HOPE CHRISTINE A.
Published: March 2008

A missunderstanding between the authors and the editors has lead to an unwilling exclusion of a number of figures. For a better understanding of the corresponding article (Vol 56, No 1+2/2001), those illustrations shall be presented in this following contribution.
51st AIEST Congress report from workshop I: Growth
Authors: Mundt Jörn W.
Published: March 2008

There were two questions the participants of the workshop were to answer against the back‐ground of three presentations. 1. Does tourism actually contribute to the economic growth of a country or region, and if yes, how? 2. What is the role of the state in this context? The three presentations in this workshop dealt with the following topics: The Contribution of Events to Growth in Tourism (Roland Scherer, Franz‐Martin Riklin, and Thomas Bieger; University of St Gall, Switzerland) Rapid Tourism Growth in a Fast Crowing Economy — The Case of Ireland (James Deegan and Donal A. Dineed; University of Limerick, Eire) The Importance of Building up Slovenia's Positive Image as a Competitive Advantage Factor (Maja Konecnik; University of Ljubljana, Slovenia) Two of the papers will be considered more closely in this report: The paper on the Lucerne Festival because for some reason it was published only in German in the conference proceedings (pp. 277–301), and Maja Konecnik's presentation on Slovenia's image as it has not been published at all. The second presentation has been published in English in the conference proceedings and can be looked up there in detail (pp. 207–222).
51st AIEST Congress report from workshop II: Growth strategies
Authors: Glaesser Dirk
Published: March 2008

The theme of the second worbhop “Growth Strategies” caused a rich discussion among the participants on the factors influencing tourism development and consequently determining successful growth strategies. The subject of discussion was illustrated with the presentation of the cases of Switzerland (Thomas Bieger etal.), Austria (Franz Hartl and Ivanka Avelini‐Holjevac) and Finland (Seppo Aho). All reports outlined the structural problems that the tourism sector is facing due to an insufficient productivity and a lack of resources, among others. The participants of the workshop unanimously agreed that there was no future existing for some of the Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SM Es), particularly in developed countries.
51st AIEST Congress report from workshop III: Sustainability and growth
Authors: de Bruyn Raf
Published: March 2008

Workshop 3 entitled “Sustainability and Growth” involved 4 speakers: Raija Komppula (Finland), Richard Prentice (England), Claude Origet du Cluzeau (France) and Luiz Trigo (Brazil). Given the broad spectrum of the workshop theme, the four speakers all focussed on different aspects. Their approach to the theme could be rather theoretical or more practical.
Towards a general theory of touristic experiences: Modelling experience process in tourism
Authors: Aho Seppo K.
Published: March 2008

Experiences are a main issue in tourism. However, the conceptual configuration of experiences in tourism has proved to be difficult. The English word ‘experience’ is rather neutral and vague; it can be understood to cover all kind of things that a person has passed through, regardless of their mental, emotianal or other relevance. There is a more precise terms available for emotional experiences in some languages: Erlebnis in German, upplevelse in Swedish and elämys in Finnish are examples of these. (Cf. e.g. Ireland & Kivi 1998.) The purpose of this paper is to clarify the nature and main characteristics of experiences in tourism for the benifit of general understanding of experience processes in tourism. The scope, contents and types of experiences are discussed first from functional points or view giving special attention to the scope of processes producing various types of experiences. The types and roles of various personal resources are clarified then. The stages of experience processes in tourism are then figured out in the third section of the paper. Finally, a preliminary model is presented decribing the essential elements and dynamics of the process where tourism experiences evolve.
Improving public‐private sectors cooperation in tourism: A new paradigm for destinations
Authors: Bordas Rubies Eulogio
Published: March 2008

Tourism policies and competitive tourism development 1.1 The goals and objectives. When devising the main policies implementing a destination's tourism development strategy, one of the main objectives is to improve both population's quality of life and the physical territory where the tourism experience takes place. This means that such strategy has to better the level of “Economic prosperity” (Growth and Competitiveness) as well as the feeling of well being of its local inhabitants (Perception of physical and psychical well being).
Le tourisme des années 2010
Authors: Origet U Cluzeau Claude , Viceriat Patrick
Published: March 2008

The paper deals with an evaluation of the future of international tourism and its impacts for french supplyers. This not only includes key economic actors but also the entire tourism‐relevant environment. Furthermore, intersectoral perspectives are elaborated. The authors conclude with recommandation with special emphasis on the public sector.
Perspektiven einer nachhaltigen Tourismuspolitik — Ein Diskussionsbeitrag
Authors: Pforr Christof
Published: March 2008

The paper aimes at sketching political aspects and implications of a sustainable tourism development, with the goal of contributing to an interdisciplinary discussion. A special emphasis is put on topics such as politics coordination, politics cooperation, decentralisation and communication.
The image as a possible source of competitive advantage of the destination — The case of Slovenia
Authors: Konecnik Maja
Published: March 2008

The paper points out the image of a destination as a possible source of competitive advantage of the destination. A review of the literature is included showing the rising importance of the image of a destination. Slovenia's image as a tourist destination perceived by foreign tourist experts is analysed. Interesting mountains and lakes, beautiful natural attractions and interesting and friendly people were identified as the most typical attributes of Slovenia's image from the foreign tourist experts' point of view. The significant differences in Slovenia's image between those experts familiar with Slovenia compared to those experts who are only just aware of Slovenia are presented. The research shows that familiarity with Slovenia increases a tourist expert's image of Slovenia, especially the perceptual/cognitive component. According to the results of discriminant analysis, the discriminant attributes of Slovenia's image for each group are emphasised. Slovenia's appealing food and modern health resorts were the discriminant attributes for the group of tourist experts that is familiar with Slovenia, while traditional events were the distinguish attribute for the group of experts that is only just aware of Slovenia. Suggestions as organising familiarisation tours that include tour operators, travel agents and travel writers seemed to be a proper way of boosting Slovenia's image compared to other competitive tourist destinations.
Reengineering tourism organizations — The case of Italy
Authors: Pechlaner Harald , Osti Linda
Published: March 2008

The destination as the area of movement of guests during their stay often leads to a cooperation among different tourism organizations and destinations: on the one hand, the co‐operation is necessary to be able to offer the products demanded by different guests, on the other hand, it is necessary to be able to guarantee a sensible appearance to the market. With an empirical research carried out in 1999 and 2000, the European Academy Bolzano took the Italian regional and sub‐regional tourism organizations into consideration to evaluate the progress in managing the destination Italy. Rigidity of the organizational structures, little cooperation and integration as well as insufficient market resources are some of the main results. Further developments in change management, stakeholder management, branding, and the setting of clear and measurable goals are some of the issues analyzed. In consideration of an analysis of the Italian regions with regard to their actual politics of destination development the paper concludes with the proposal of a new model of tourism organizational structure based on networks and on the distinction between territorializable basic tasks and deterritorializable product/market tasks. This paper is a conceptional work relevant for traditional destinations and valid as a case study.
Valuation of environmental assets: A case of Croatian coastal forests
Authors: Weber Sanda , Horak Sinisa , Marusic Zrinka
Published: March 2008

There is a paucity of studies on the subject of environmental assets and their value. This is particularly the case with the forests. In Croatia, coastal forests are an important public asset especially given their value as an indispensable part of the Mediterranean landscape, yet often threatened by fires. Recognising this value of forests, the ongoing project concerning the coastal forest protection and reconstruction was initiated in 1995. An aspect of the project was to ascertain the aesthetic and recreational value that forests have for local residents. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to report selected survey results, but more important, to give an outline of the methodological approach developed for this complex task. Contingent valuation method, as the most frequently used method for the valuation of public non‐marketed goods and environmental assets was applied. Two surveys were conducted describing hypothetical forest preservation and forest reforestation programmes. The focus of the surveys was to test local residents' willingness to pay for the protection of forests in view and for the reforestation of burnt areas in view. Results demonstrated that majority of respondents was willing to pay for the protection of forests in view as well as for reforestation, and their main motive for paying was esthetical. Both univariate and multivariate methods were applied in order to assess the best predictors of willingness to pay for both surveys.
Tourism, growth and poverty: Framework conditions for tourism in developing countries
Authors: Christie Ian T.
Published: March 2008

Tourism in developing countries has grown rapidly in the past 20 years to the point where a fresh look at its underpinnings appears overdue. The industry itself realizes that the quality of growth is as important as quantity. Inevitably, growth and globalization have brought about a change in tourism's structure, driven by competition, consolidation among the main economic players and the revolution in information and technology. The recent Sommets du Tourisme, now in its third year, promoted by the Geneva/ Chamonix/ Mont Blanc tourism industry, took up these issues in December 5–7, 2001. This paper is a result of a presentation made at that Sommets du Tourisme on tourism, poverty and the World Bank Croup's role. The Bank Croup addresses tourism through its regular channels, including poverty reduction strategy papers (PRSP) and country assistance strategy process (CAS). Its interventions focus on public good issues, market failures, and gaps not filled by others. In this framework, this article reviews tourism as a sector that can contribute to sustainable development, including its economic, financial, social and environmental aspects. It argues that developing countries can compete favorably in world markets — they often have the framework conditions which give them a good opportunity to create the new products and services that consumers seek, often in as yet unspoiled areas. Growth and poverty are addressed, as are the policy conditions for making markets work, and assuring the sustainability of tourism's often all too fragile assets. Local communities are often left out of the decision‐making process that determines their future, leading to disenchantment with tourism; similarly, local communities may have difficulty dealing effectively with the burgeoning international travel industry. The paper underscores the importance of institutions, particularly the respective roles of government and industry, and partnership as a source of mutual inspiration. Some examples are offered here as illustrations of types of investment in sustainable tourism.
Wetter — klima — tourismus: Ein diskussionsbeitrag
Authors: Elsasser Hans , Abegg Bruno , Bürki Zürcher Rolf
Published: March 2008

The paper aimes at sketching influences of weather and climate on tourism. Weather and climate influence the supply and the demand of tourism. In connection with the climate change the discussions about the impact of weather and climate on tourisme are intensified. The paper will make things easier for discussions between tourist industry and meteorology
Training in Swiss tourism — Analysis and strategies
Authors: Müller Hansruedi
Published: March 2008

Our rapidly changing times call for constant renewal of competencies. The following competencies can be described as being of central importance in tourism: problem‐solving competencies, personality traits, communication competency, socio‐cultural competency and entrepreneurial competency. A written gap‐analyse involving all sorts of tourism exponents shows the biggest gaps between today's quality and tomorrow's importance as follows: social competency (1), personality competency (2) and leadership (3). For greater transparency in tourism vocational training an attempt was made to subdivide it into the following four fields: hospitality industry with hotels, gastronomy etc., transport with tourist mo‐bility, public transport, boat travel etc., new professional fields such as sports and cultural activity manage‐ment, wellness, MICE etc. and the tourism sector in the narrower sense with tourism organizations, tourist offices, tour operators etc. The article makes clear, that specialized colleges of higher education and expert examinations, tourism should be interpreted as a comprehensive phenomenon with modular specializations. No further subdivisions should be attempted. The central challenge for tourism actors lies in managing the ongoing radical change and and adjust vocational training programms. On the basis of the findings of the empirical survey and the discussions with experts, the article submitts twelve recommendations for the tourism and educati‐on policy.
Tourism development and its impact on endangered species: A case study of Nilgiri Thar
Authors: Syamlal G.S.
Published: March 2008

Munnar is one of the most important Hill Resort of Southern Peninsular India. It is famous for its wide and varied species of flora and fauna. The most important rare species of flora is the Neelakurinji which booms once in 12 years, and fauna is the endangered species of rare Nilgiri Thar, Nilgiri Langur etc. Nilgiri Thar is found only in the Eravikulam National Park. Tourist flow to the sanctuary had adversely affected the lives of the animals especially the Nilgiri Thar in the Eravikulam National Park. After observing the animals, some of the tourists start teasing them and even throws stone and bottles at them. Even certain circumstances had resulted in the injury of the animals. It was observed that the tourists who frequented the sanctuary are the domestic doesn't show any serious interest on the habitats of these rare species. Majority of them depended on the outside economy for their basic needs which also resulted in a diminished flow of income to the local economy. Heavy rush of tourist traffic and vehicular emissions had adversely affected the habitat of the Nilgiri Thar. Various studies had pointed out that, higher the altitude, there will be more than double the impact of pollution in the area. As they are considered as one of the pull factor in the tourism development in the area, sincere effort is needed for further protecting this rare and endangered species of earth.
Die vorhersage touristischen verhaltens auf der grundlage von lebensstil‐ und schichtmodellen
Authors: Georg Werner
Published: March 2008

Since the 80s of the last century in German Sociology, a discussion has taken place referring to the question of the persistence of class‐related social inequality or new socio‐cultural concepts, such as life‐style of social milieu, in order to describe and analyse different patterns of attitudes and behavior. However, it would be more fruitful to analyse fields where class or life‐style are more appropriate in describing the segmentation of the social world. In this article, we address the question whether different choices of holidays can better be predicted by a measure of social class or a life‐style typology, developed on the basis of different dimensions of everyday taste. As a result, it can be shown that the predictive power of life‐style in the field of holiday behavior is about three times as strong as social class.
Modeerscheinung oder strategische notwendigkeit? Destinatiosbenchmarking am beispiel alpiner wintersportorte
Authors: Fuchs Matthias
Published: March 2008

The paper emphasises the increasing importance and the role of destination benchmarking for the tourism industry. The first part of the paper critically discusses an existing benchmarking concept for destinations, namely “The Tourism Barometer” developed in the new German Federal States. In analysing the main weaknesses of this barometer approach an alternative way is shown towards a potential methodological re‐development of benchmarking exercises which can now include aspects of value generation for tourists and at the same time sharpen the analytical measurement of factors of production underlying the process of value creation in tourism. Thus, the proposed destination benchmarking model attempts to simultaneously integrate the related tourism supply and demand forces in the form of both, the destination specific resource use as well as the perceived customer value measured in terms of destination specific customer satisfaction. The proposed benchmarking system works with a battery of indicators which are being further employed in a data envelopment analysis (DEA). Based on empirical destination data from Austrian winter resorts a multivari‐ate DEA‐Model is presented, thus allowing an expost calculation of efficiency pattern in the creation of customer value. The concluding part of the paper explains the usefulness of data envelopment analysis for the field of destination management.
Report on the mission to evaluate the repercussions of international events on the French tourism industry
Authors: Callot Philippe
Published: March 2008

In the mission letter dated October 10th, 2001, the French Secretary of State for Tourism asked the Inspectorate General of Tourism to conduct an evaluation on the impact of recent international events on the tourism industry, and to assess the risks incurred by companies affected by the decline in international tourism. The first task of this mission was to identify the sites, locations and activities most affected by a significant drop in attendance. It was then to evaluate the repercussions of this situation on the companies affected. Lastly, it was to evaluate the difficulties encountered by these companies to continue to do business. In conjunction with the statistics division of the Tourism Department and the heads of the National Tourism Observatory (ONT) (both entities were involved in evaluating compensation following the Erika shipwreck), the Inspectorate General of Tourism identified the statistical sources and economic data available as of today that could be used to measure the immediate repercussions of the events in question, and to assess the relevance of the data. The content of this report is based on the information supplied by the professionals, and was cross‐checked with the information obtained from surveys and observations conducted by the Tourism Department and the ONT. This content enhances the information already contained in the intermediate document dated November 14th, 2001.
Tourism policy — between competitiveness and sustainability: The case of Bruges
Authors: Vanhove Norbert
Published: March 2008

Tourism policy is a generic term with many interpretations. For too long time tourism policy has been identified with promotion of the public sector. Nowadays the content is much more embracing. The first section of this contribution briefly describes the evolution in this content and deal with the present meaning that is given to tourism policy. “Competitiveness” and “sustainability” are the the two key terms in the modern view. The situation of Bruges with respect to those two core notions is the central theme of this contribution. For the analysis of competitiveness the Porter approach is an interesting instrument. This leads to the strenghts and weaknesses of Bruges with respect of competitiveness. Sustainability was always a major element in the tourism policy of Bruges.