bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dual Horn MIMO antenna using SIW technology for mmWave high speed vehicular communication
Authors: Singh Mandloi Mantar , Malviya Leeladhar
Published: February 2025

The current research investigation proposes solutions for the high speed, high data rate, reliability and high penetration losses using substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) optimized horn antenna technology. A dual horn MIMO antenna with the cavity holes is designed using multilayer substrates Rogers/Duroid 5880 and Rogers RO3003 of size 56.31 × 35.06 × 1.54 mm
3 and it provides wide band frequency range of 26.63–35.30 GHz. The critical design parameters and their impact are also included here. The gain and radiation efficiency in the band are 6.94–8.93 dBi and 96.1%–98% respectively. The proposed H-plane dual horn MIMO antenna is able to receive signals in all directions in this research. The ECC is 0–0.002 and the TARC is 8.69 GHz in the band. The CCL in the band is less than 0.5 as per ITU. The impact of MEG using isotropic and Gaussian environments and multipath propagation w.r.t.NLOS are also carried out in this research.
Investigation on the quench characteristics of parallel high temperature superconducting tapes
Authors: Si Wenze , Li Xianhao , Xu Ying , Zhou Xiao , Ren Li , Zhang Haipeng , Tong Yingjie , Zhou Yunshu , Li Dazhi
Published: February 2025

The thermal load on high-temperature superconducting (HTS) tapes during quenching poses a threat to the stable operation of superconducting magnets. To protect superconducting coils and cables, this paper investigates the quench characteristics of HTS tapes as a basis. First, coupled with a reduced-dimensional thermal model and current redistribution model, a finite element method (FEM) model based on the 3D T-A formulation for a single HTS tape was built. Taking into account the terminal resistances and circuit inductances, the quench characteristics of parallel HTS tapes can be further analyzed by the field-circuit model. Then, a platform for detecting local quenches was constructed to verify the simulation results, and the experimental procedure was explained in detail, along with the test samples. Finally, we present the quench characteristics of single HTS tape, parallel HTS tapes, and stacked HTS tapes, which were found to be consistent with the simulation results. The parallel structure significantly reduces the risk of local quench compared to a single HTS tape. Due to contact resistances, the quench time of parallel tapes is longer than stacked tapes.
Neural Networks for cosmological model selection and feature importance using Cosmic Microwave Background data
Authors: Ocampo I. , Cañas-Herrera G. , Nesseris S.
Published: February 2025

The measurements of the temperature and polarisation anisotropies of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) by the ESA Planck mission have strongly supported the current concordance model of cosmology. However, the latest cosmological data release from ESA Planck mission still has a powerful potential to test new data science algorithms and inference techniques. In this paper, we use advanced Machine Learning (ML) algorithms, such as Neural Networks (NNs), to discern among different underlying cosmological models at the angular power spectra level, using both temperature and polarisation Planck 18 data. We test two different models beyond ΛCDM: a modified gravity model: the Hu-Sawicki model, and an alternative inflationary model: a feature-template in the primordial power spectrum. Furthermore, we also implemented an interpretability method based on SHAP values to evaluate the learning process and identify the most relevant elements that drive our architecture to certain outcomes. We find that our NN is able to distinguish between different angular power spectra successfully for both alternative models and ΛCDM. We conclude by explaining how archival scientific data has still a strong potential to test novel data science algorithms that are interesting for the next generation of cosmological experiments.
Successful νp-process in neutrino-driven outflows in core-collapse supernovae
Authors: Friedland Alexander , Mukhopadhyay Payel , Patwardhan Amol V.
Published: February 2025

The origin of the solar system abundances of several proton-rich isotopes, especially
92,94Mo and 96,98Ru, has been an enduring mystery in nuclear astrophysics. An
attractive proposal to solve this problem is the νp-process, which can operate in
neutrino-driven outflows in a core-collapse supernova after the shock is launched. Years of
detailed studies, however, have cast doubt over the ability of this process to generate
sufficiently high absolute and relative amounts of various p-nuclei. The νp-process is also
thought to be excluded by arguments based on the long-lived radionuclide 92Nb. Here, we
present explicit calculations, in which both the abundance ratios and the absolute yields of the
p-nuclei up to A ≲ 105 are successfully reproduced, even when using the modern (medium
enhanced) triple-α reaction rates. The process is also shown to produce the necessary
amounts of 92Nb. The models are characterized by subsonic outflows and by the protoneutron
star masses in the ≳ 1.7 M
⊙ range. This suggests that the Mo and Ru p-nuclides
observed in the Solar System were made in CCSN explosions characterized by an extended
accretion stage.
Dynamics of the response of dark matter halo to galaxy evolution in IllustrisTNG
Authors: Velmani Premvijay , Paranjape Aseem
Published: February 2025

We present the dynamical evolution of the dark matter's relaxation response to galaxies
and their connection to the astrophysical properties as simulated in the IllustrisTNG suite of
cosmological hydrodynamical simulations. Our results show that the radially-dependent linear
relaxation relation model from our previous work is applicable at least from redshift z=5. We
focus on the offset parameter q
0, which characterizes the relaxation of dark matter shells
without changing the enclosed mass. We perform multiple time-series analyses to determine the
possible causal connections between the relaxation mechanism and astrophysical processes such as
star formation and associated feedback processes, as well as feedback due to active galactic
nuclei. We show that star formation activity significantly influences the halo relaxation
response throughout its evolutionary history, with essentially immediate effects in the inner
haloes and delayed effects of 2 to 3 Gyr in the outer regions. Metal content shows a weaker
connection to relaxation than star formation rates, but the accumulated wind from feedback
processes exhibits a stronger correlation. These findings enhance our understanding of halo
relaxation mechanisms. Our estimates of the time-scales relevant for dark matter relaxation can
potentially improve the description of halo profiles in existing baryonification schemes and
semi-analytical galaxy formation models. Our results also show how the relaxation response of dark
haloes can probe the evolutionary history of the galaxies they host.
Quantum Cosmology and the Age of the Universe
Authors: Frauca Álvaro Mozota
Published: February 2025

In this article I study how the problem of time of canonical approaches to quantum gravity affects the simple minisuperspace models used in quantum cosmology. I follow some authors who have argued that this issue makes the quantization of general relativity problematic to conclude that the same applies in the case of quantum cosmology. In particular, I argue that temporal structures are lost in quantization and that this is a problem, as they encode part of the empirical content of classical cosmology, such as the age of the universe.
Twin paradox in accelerated systems and the Equivalence Principle
Authors: Křížek Michal , Vavryčuk Václav
Published: February 2025

We present arguments supported by several examples showing that the relativistic time dilation observed in frames affected by gravitational and non-gravitational forces are different being thus inconsistent with the Equivalence Principle. This inconsistency questions validity of the standard interpretations of the Equivalence Principle or of the twin paradox in accelerated frames.
Noncommutative Geometry and Spacetime: A Historical Reconstruction
Authors: Maresca Enrico
Published: February 2025

Noncommutative geometry (NCG) is a branch of pure mathematics with a wide range of applications to spacetime physics. Stemming from the divergence problem in QFT, modern contributions conjecture that the fundamental structure of spacetime is noncommutative. This seemingly homogeneous picture is the result of almost a century of discontinuous interest in noncommutative spacetime (NCST). In this paper, I present a three-phase division of the development of NCST approaches. The initial phase (1930s–1950s) introduced noncommutativity as a means of addressing the divergence problem while maintaining Lorentz-invariance. The second phase (1950s–early 1990s) initially dismissed noncominutativity and focused on the pressing problem of localisation at high energies. In this context, independent alternative approaches to QG identified the value of a fundamental length scale, which ultimately contributed to a reconsideration of the conjecture of spacetime noncommutativity. This was despite the fact that it undermined the original operationalist methodology. Finally, a third phase (1990s–today) has seen a renewed interest in NCST. I argue that this resurgence can be attributed to the discovery of new mathematics in the 1980s. Furthermore, I demonstrate how the third phase builds upon and continues instances from the previous attempts, but redirects the research question. In light of this, I finally argue that the history of NCG in physics can be understood as an example of “interlaced convergence.” This instance of theory convergence may prove usefill as a case study for the more general problem of theory building in QG.
A Quantum Paradigm in Conscious Experience and Cognitive Process
Authors: Pala Kiran , Shalu S
Published: February 2025

Classical mechanistic models of the mind often fail to capture the complex intricate interplay of human emotions and cognitive processes, particularly their interconnected and evolving nature. Recent advancements in quantum cognition suggest that thoughts and feelings may be influenced by principles analogous to those in quantum mechanics, such as superposition and entanglement. This paper examines the concept of emergence through destruction, a framework in which the collapse of potential emotional or cognitive states leads to the emergence of new attributes. The collapse of these states can be understood as an emergent phenomenon shaped by both intention and attention. In scenarios involving multiple potential mental states—whether in decision-making, perception, or thought—conscious focus serves as a selective way that transforms a superposition of possibilities into a single, actualized experience. This process, similar to the quantum observer effect, underscores that conscious attention is not a passive observation but an active force that shapes reality. Building on Bohm’s interpretation of active information, this collapse is seen as not merely a reduction of potential states but an informational process that channels possibilities into concrete forms. As one cognitive experience materializes, others recede into the background, yet this selection process simultaneously fosters the emergence of new properties or cognitive patterns. This dynamic mirrors the quantum measurement process, where observation reduces possibilities and enables new forms of emergence.
Topography, antisoiling and anticorrosion behavior of the superamphiphobic composite coating on 5083 aluminum alloy based on microarc oxidation
Authors: Yang Zhanhua , Lu Kecheng , Hao Chenggang , Xu Zebing , Zeng Rui , Luo Renhuan , Ran Zhaojin , Wang Yiting , Chen Zhiwu , Mo Ran , Wang Zhongmin
Published: February 2025

The inadequate corrosion resistance of aluminum alloys significantly limits their widespread application, thereby necessitating research on enhancing their resistance to corrosion and contamination. Superamphiphobic coatings present a promising solution to mitigate this issue. In this study, spraying technology was employed in conjunction with MAO to create a superamphiphobic composite coating with exceptional corrosion resistance on the surface of 5083 aluminum alloy. The morphology, superamphiphobic characteristics, and corrosion resistance of the material were comprehensively assessed. The corrosion current density of the optimal superamphiphobic composite coating obtained via MAO followed by spraying with modified TiO2 nanoparticles (I
corr = 9.23 × 10−13 A·cm−2) was six and three orders of magnitude lower than that of 5083 aluminum alloy and the unmodified MAO coating, respectively. Furthermore, the coating exhibited a large capacitive arc diameter, enhanced charge-transfer resistance, and high |Z| value at a low frequency (0.01 Hz), signifying its excellent corrosion resistance. Additionally, the coating exhibited superamphiphobic properties with high contact angle (>150°) and low sliding angle (<10°), promoting nonwetting behavior toward various liquids with different surface tensions. This behavior can be attributed to the micro-nanostructure, which significantly enhances surface hydrophobicity and oleophobicity. Moreover, the coating demonstrated dynamic self-cleaning and antisoiling capabilities. These attributes underscored the ability of the coating to exhibit super-repellency, antisoiling performance, ultralow surface energy, and interfacial adhesion forces. Finally, the superamphiphobic composite coating demonstrated noteworthy thermal and chemical stabilities—as evaluated through heat, acid, and alkali resistance tests—thereby affirming its practical viability.
Development of corrosion-resistant hydrophobic Zn/ZnO composite coatings on steel substrates
Authors: Asghar Muhammad Sajid Ali , Hussain Umer , Ovais Muhammad , Khan Shaheer Ahmed , Aabid Abdul , Baig Muneer , Malik Mohammad Abdul
Published: February 2025

The surface engineering technique evolved, making it easier to protect steel from harsh and corrosive environments. Corrosion is an enduring problem for steel that cannot be completely eliminated but can be reduced to the bare minimum. Traditional methods like galvanization and painting still exist, but hydrophobic coatings are efficient and mostly used to protect the steel from deterioration. In this work we have used nano composite hydrophobic coatings among Zn (galvanized), ZnO, and Zn/ZnO on steel samples to enhance efficiency and effectiveness in reducing corrosion rate. Electrodeposition techniques are used to incorporate the coating deposits. Spark emission spectroscopy and x-ray Fluorescence elemental analysis shows the composition of bare and galvanized steel. The x-ray Diffraction analysis (XRD) analysis proved that Zn/ZnO phases are present in coatings. The results of scratch test revealed that the bond strength increased in the hydro-Zn/ZnO-coated samples as compared to the Zn or Zn/ZnO-coated samples. Furthermore, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed the formation of a new layer on the substrate’s surface, causing it to become rough and exhibiting growing nanostructure properties. The contact angle test proves the hydrophobic nature of composite coatings on the steel samples. The STA Zn/ZnO, coating shows the super hydrophobicity with the lowest corrosion rate, at 0.04 mm/area.
Risk aversion can promote cooperation
Authors: Armas Jay , Merbis Wout , Meylahn Janusz M , Rafiee Rad Soroush , del Razo Mauricio J
Published: February 2025

Cooperative dynamics are central to our understanding of many phenomena in living and complex systems. However, we lack a universal mechanism to explain the emergence of cooperation. We present a novel framework for modelling social dilemma games with an arbitrary number of players by combining reaction networks, methods from quantum mechanics applied to stochastic complex systems, game theory and stochastic simulations of molecular reactions. Using this framework, we propose a novel and robust mechanism for cooperation based on risk aversion that leads to cooperative behaviour in population games. Rather than individuals seeking to maximise payouts in the long run, individuals seek to obtain a minimum set of resources with a given level of confidence and in a limited time span. We show that this mechanism can lead to the emergence of new equilibria in a range of social dilemma games.
A unique structure of bacteriophage T4 gene 32 protein with double-stranded DNA in low-salt conditions is distinguished by antibodies
Authors: Yasuda Mina , Pham Ngan Thi Kim , Hirakawa Yuki , Momma Keiko , Takita Teisuke , Tsuboi Makoto , Yasukawa Kiyoshi , Yoshimune Kazuaki
Published: February 2025

Bacteriophage T4 gene 32 protein (gp32) preferentially binds to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) to facilitate DNA replication but shows weak binding to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against gp32 were raised, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to evaluate their reactivities against gp32. The reactivity of the monoclonal antibody MGP45 was diminished in the presence of 5 ng/mL dsDNA, suggesting a conformational change that reduces epitope availability. Notably, the same concentration of ssDNA had little effect; instead, 500 ng/mL ssDNA was required to elicit the same degree of inhibition. A decrease in MGP45 reactivity with gp32 was observed in the presence of NaCl at concentrations less than 100 m m under neutral conditions. These changes in antibody reactivity reflect differences in the gp32 conformation, which may underlie its different affinities for ssDNA and dsDNA.
Fire influence on land–water interactions in aridland catchments
Authors: Harms Tamara K , Lowman Heili , Blaszczak Joanna , Cale Ashley , Dong Xiaoli , Earl Stevan , Gaines-Sewell Leah , Grabow Julia , Hanan Erin , Lauck Marina , Melack John , Reinhold Ann Marie , Summers Betsy M , Webster Alex J , Grimm Nancy B
Published: February 2025

Wildfires have increased in size, frequency, and intensity in arid regions of the western United States because of human activity, changing land use, and rising temperature. Fire can degrade water quality, reshape aquatic habitat, and increase the risk of high discharge and erosion. Drawing from patterns in montane dry forest, chaparral, and desert ecosystems, we developed a conceptual framework describing how interactions and feedbacks among material accumulation, combustion of fuels, and hydrologic transport influence the effects of fire on streams. Accumulation and flammability of fuels shift in opposition along gradients of aridity, influencing the materials available for transport. Hydrologic transport of combustion products and materials accumulated after fire can propagate the effects of fire to unburned stream–riparian corridors, and episodic precipitation characteristic of arid lands can cause lags, spatial heterogeneity, and feedbacks in response. Resolving uncertainty in fire effects on arid catchments will require monitoring across hydroclimatic gradients and episodic precipitation.
Orchard systems offer low-hanging fruit for low-carbon, biodiversity-friendly farming
Authors: Wyckhuys Kris A G , Abram Paul K , Barrios Edmundo , Cancino Jorge , Collatz Jana , Fancelli Marilene , Klein Alexandra-Maria , Lindell Catherine A , Osterman Julia , Pinto Maria , Tang Fiona H M , Tena Alejandro , Elkahky Maged
Published: February 2025

As core constituents of healthy diets, fruits are often cultivated in temporally stable and structurally complex ecosystems that harbor high levels of biodiversity. However, high-intensity orchard management can lessen the human and environmental health benefits of fruticulture. In the present article, we argue that increased emphasis on biological control could contribute to preventative management of fruit pests, weeds, and diseases, resulting in pesticide phasedown. Carefully calibrated orchard management can increase the provision of ecosystem services by above- and belowground biota, improve soil health, and store atmospheric carbon. When tactically integrated with agroecological measures, behavior-modifying chemicals, or digital tools, biological control helps to conserve pollinator or soil fauna, protect vertebrate communities, and improve vegetation restoration outcomes. Its implementation can, however, give rise to scientific and social challenges that will need to be explored. By resolving the adoption hurdles for biological control at scale, human society could enjoy the myriad benefits of nature-friendly fruit production.
An undifferentiated malignant tumour posing a diagnostic challenge
Authors: Papalexopoulou Niovi , Melly Lucy , MacDuff Elaine , May Clare
Published: February 2025

A 48-year-old man presented with an enlarging mass on his lower back on a background of previous AJCC III melanoma from his chest. Biopsy showed a tumour with negative immunohistochemistry melanoma markers. Diagnosis of dedifferentiated melanoma was made using extensive immunohistochemistry staining, expert histopathology opinion, and molecular genetics which identifying same BRAF mutation as his original melanoma allowing prompt management.
Malignant melanoma arising in a sebaceous naevus leading to the discovery of a pathogenic germline MUTYH mutation: a case report
Authors: Hennemann Aymeric , Selmani Zohair , Perales Alexis , Nardin Charlée , Aubin François
Published: February 2025

We report here the fourth case (to our knowledge) of malignant melanoma arising on a sebaceous nevus, in a context of parotid gland adenocarcinoma under treatment. The originality of this case is that genomic analysis revealed a germline bi-allelic MUTYH mutation despite no history of personal nor familial MUTYH spectrum cancer. Moreover, this condition is seldom associated with melanoma.
Myocardial infarction due to non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis in a patient with oligodendroglioma: an unusual presentation and diagnostic challenge—a case report
Authors: Miura Yuto , Kato Eri , Shiomi Hiroki , Horie Takahiro , Ono Koh
Published: February 2025

Background

Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) represents a manifestation of thrombotic endocarditis characterized by the formation of thrombus on the heart valve leaflet. While neurological events are the most frequent initial presentation of NBTE, myocardial infarction also stands out as a major clinical manifestation among NBTE patients.

Case summary

A 61-year-old female with no history of cardiovascular disease or episodes of chest pain suffered a left main trunk ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) after craniotomy for the treatment of oligodendroglioma. A comprehensive diagnostic workup, including coronary angiography, revealed no evidence of embolism. However, autopsy findings, in conjunction with cardiac ultrasound, contrast-enhanced computed tomography, and transoesophageal echocardiogram results, conclusively demonstrated that NBTE had obstructed the left main trunk of the coronary artery, leading to STEMI.

Discussion

Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis should be strongly considered in the differential diagnosis for patients presenting with acute cerebrovascular events or coronary ischaemia, especially in the presence of predisposing factors such as a history of malignancy, systemic inflammation, or embolic phenomena of indeterminate origin. This consideration is critical for the timely identification and management of NBTE, ultimately mitigating the risk of severe complications and optimizing patient outcomes.
Does exposure to zinc, methomyl and perfluorooctanoic acid alter feeding behaviour on MUG® in the freshwater amphipod Gammarus fossarum?
Authors: Mathiron A G E , Bertin L , Brosselin V , Delorme N , Duny M , Geffard O , Jubeaux G
Published: February 2025

Feeding rate alteration is one of the first observed responses when animals are exposed to toxic stress and recognized as relevant tool for studying chemical compounds toxicity. However, food substrate that are currently used for ecotoxicity tests are not always easily available compared to referenced products. Using the European freshwater amphipod Gammarus fossarum, we here proposed for ecotoxicity tests a standardized food substrate fabricated with referenced ingredients: the MUG® (Meal Unit for Gammarid). To investigate the suitability of using MUG® to study behavioural response of amphipods to toxic stress, we explored in laboratory-controlled conditions whether three chemical compounds belonging to different families of contaminants (zinc (Zn): metal; methomyl (MT): insecticide; perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA): Per-/poly-fluoroalkyl substance (PFAS)) could affect gammarids feeding rates on MUG®. First, we explored the effects of 7-day exposure to different concentrations of each contaminant alone. While PFOA did not affect feeding rate, zinc induced feeding behaviour on MUG® at lower concentration but inhibited food consumption at higher ones, whereas methomyl decreased feeding rate with increased concentration. Then, we explored effects when gammarids were exposed during 7 days to mixtures of molecules in pairs. No effect of mixtures was observed on MUG® consumption compared to control group. Observed effects of binary mixtures were also compared to predicted values based on additive effects of contaminants. Both Zn/MT and Zn/PFOA mixtures inhibited feeding behaviour compared to predictions, resulting in feeding rate values similar to control ones. Overall, our study supports that MUG® represent a promising standardized food substrate for evaluating substances effects on amphipods behaviour during laboratory ecotoxicological bioassays.
Critical review of chronic toxicity testing approaches with the saltwater mysid (Americamysis bahia) used in pesticide registration
Authors: Fleming Margaret , Staveley Jane , Samel Alan , Aufderheide John , Blickley T Michelle , Bone Audrey , Bruns Eric , Catron Tara , Edwards Daniel , Gallagher Sean , Habekost Maike , Habig Cliff , Henry Kevin , Jones Alan , Kraetzig Gwendolin , Long Shari , Lopez-Mancisidor Patricia , Marini Joseph , Milligan Amanda , Olson Adric , O’Neill Bridget F , Peterson Eric , Sayers Lee , Schneider Suzanne , Stump Katie , Taylor Seamus , Valenti Theodore
Published: February 2025

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has a conditional requirement for a chronic toxicity test with mysids (Americamysis bahia) for registration of pesticide products. Achieving performance acceptability criteria in control treatments for this study can be challenging because the current draft test guideline, which was published in 1996 under USEPA Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances (OPPTS) 850.1350, Mysid Chronic Toxicity Test, provides limited information on study design and conduct. This critical review was undertaken to 1) identify areas of inconsistency in acceptability criteria between the 1996 draft OPPTS test guideline and ASTM International test guidance, 2) highlight areas that require additional clarification, 3) discuss areas that are impractical or have uncertain scientific relevance regarding the objectives of the test, and 4) provide recommendations for revision of the draft OPPTS test guideline. To achieve this, 116 final study reports from chronic mysid toxicity tests conducted over approximately the past 30 years were collected. From these reports, survival, growth, and reproduction data from negative and solvent control groups were compiled. Through investigation of trends in the data, it became apparent that no-observed-effect-concentrations (NOECs) were most commonly based on reproductive endpoints, followed by adult growth endpoints and adult survival. Notably, less than 1% of studies had a NOEC based solely on a second-generation measurement endpoint. Analysis of this comprehensive data set provided clarity on the establishment of acceptability criteria for the study and elements of the testing procedure that can be streamlined without loss of critical information, which resulted in a set of recommendations to improve future versions of the chronic mysid toxicity test guideline.
The evolution of herbivory, not terrestrialisation, drove morphological change in the mandibles of Palaeozoic tetrapods
Authors: Berks Harry O , Milla Carmona Pablo S , Donoghue Philip C J , Rayfield Emily J
Published: February 2025

The radiation of tetrapods during the Devonian and Early Carboniferous was associated with a transition from aquatic to terrestrial environments, with attendant changes in feeding ecology. Despite this, evidence suggests that feeding morphology remained relatively static throughout this transition, until morphological disparity eventually rose later in the Carboniferous and Permian. Using a theoretical morphospace and functional optimality approach, we characterize the functional evolution of tetrapod mandibles, finding an antagonistic relationship between the strength, rotational efficiency, mechanical advantage and height of jaw morphologies. We further show that the regions of morphospace occupied by the jaws of aquatic and faunivorous terrestrial tetrapods are optimised within this trade-off. As terrestrial herbivores radiated, they explored broader regions of jaw morphospace characterised by deeper, stronger jaw shapes, driving the delayed spike in jaw disparity. We interpret this as a release of functional constraint on the jaw morphology by the evolution of herbivory, with new functional demands driving evolutionary innovation. While feeding in aquatic and terrestrial environments is fundamentally different, the criteria for functional optimality in the lower jaw did not change across this transition. Instead, access to terrestrial plant-based diets drove mandibular change.
The Genomic Landscape, Causes, and Consequences of Extensive Phylogenomic Discordance in Murine Rodents
Authors: Thomas Gregg W C , Hughes Jonathan J , Kumon Tomohiro , Berv Jacob S , Nordgren C Erik , Lampson Michael , Levine Mia , Searle Jeremy B , Good Jeffrey M
Published: February 2025

A species tree is a central concept in evolutionary biology whereby a single branching phylogeny reflects relationships among species. However, the phylogenies of different genomic regions often differ from the species tree. Although tree discordance is widespread in phylogenomic studies, we still lack a clear understanding of how variation in phylogenetic patterns is shaped by genome biology or the extent to which discordance may compromise comparative studies. We characterized patterns of phylogenomic discordance across the murine rodents—a large and ecologically diverse group that gave rise to the laboratory mouse and rat model systems. Combining recently published linked-read genome assemblies for seven murine species with other available rodent genomes, we first used ultraconserved elements (UCEs) to infer a robust time-calibrated species tree. We then used whole genomes to examine finer-scale patterns of discordance across ∼12 million years of divergence. We found that proximate chromosomal regions tended to have more similar phylogenetic histories. There was no clear relationship between local tree similarity and recombination rates in house mice, but we did observe a correlation between recombination rates and average similarity to the species tree. We also detected a strong influence of linked selection whereby purifying selection at UCEs led to appreciably less discordance. Finally, we show that assuming a single species tree can result in substantial deviation from the results with gene trees when testing for positive selection under different models. Collectively, our results highlight the complex relationship between phylogenetic inference and genome biology and underscore how failure to account for this complexity can mislead comparative genomic studies.
Barberry Anthocyanins: Recent Advances in Extraction, Stability, Biological Activities and Utilization in Food Systems- A Review
Authors: Khezri Sima , Ghanbarzadeh Babak , Ehsani Ali
Published: February 2025

Barberry anthocyanins have attracted more attention in the food industry due to their natural red colourants and beneficial characteristics. These compounds exhibit a range of biological activities, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-diabetic, anticancer and neuroprotective effects, which indicates their potential role in the development of functional foods and therapeutic formulations. To extract the optimal yield of these valuable pigments from barberry fruit, it is essential to use the most suitable extraction method. While traditional methods like solvent extraction are commonly used, novel techniques such as pulsed electric field processing, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and high-pressure carbon dioxide extraction offer advantages like reduced solvent demand, shorter processing time, higher yields and lower energy consumption. Despite the numerous beneficial features of anthocyanins, their application is restricted due to their low stability and bioavailability, which is affected by environmental factors such as pH, temperature, light, oxygen, enzymatic activity, and ascorbic acid. Strategies to enhance their structural stability, including copigmentation and encapsulation, are necessary to expand their further application in the food industry.
lPrediction of Vancomycin Area-under-the-curve using Trough Concentrations Only: Performance Evaluation of Pediatric Population Pharmacokinetic Models
Authors: Schouwenburg Stef , Preijers Tim , Flint Robert B , Wildschut Enno D , Koch Birgit C P , de Winter Brenda C M , Abdulla Alan
Published: February 2025

Objectives

In pediatric patients, vancomycin plays a pivotal role in combating infections, necessitating precise therapeutic drug monitoring to ensure efficacy and safety. The adoption of model-informed precision dosing (MIPD) has demonstrated potential in optimizing dosing strategies based on the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC24h). However, predictive performance of population pharmacokinetic models using only trough concentrations to estimate AUC24h has not been evaluated.

Methods

Predictive performance of 23 vancomycin population pharmacokinetic models was retrospectively evaluated in two cohorts; (A) 21 subjects with PNA<50 days, (B) 124 subjects with PNA≥50 days. Multiple scenarios were investigated using; (a) peak and trough concentration, (b) using either peak or (c) trough concentration solely, (d) covariate information (a priori). The median AUC24h per subject across all models was used as ‘true’ AUC24h.

Results

For both cohorts, relative root mean square error (rRMSE) for the AUC24h precision using only trough concentrations was similar to the rRMSE using both a peak and trough sample. For cohort A, the model by Chen, Colin, and Mehrotra showed best trough-based performance with the lowest relative Bias (rBias) (-3.3% and -2.6%) and rRMSE (6.8% and 7.3%). For cohort B, the models from Alsultan and Lv illustrated the lowest rBias (1.75% and -5.4%) and rRMSE (16.6% and 15.1%).

Conclusions

This study illustrates that trough concentration-based AUC24h estimation is a feasible approach in vancomycin MIPD. These findings endorse the selected models for advanced MIPD vancomycin therapy in pediatrics, though further investigation into clinical outcomes is recommended.
A comprehensive analysis of antimicrobial resistance of clinical emm89 Streptococcus pyogenes in Japan
Authors: Gong Weichen , Ono Masayuki , Yamaguchi Masaya , Motooka Daisuke , Hirose Yujiro , Higashi Kotaro , Kobayashi Momoko , Ikeda Eri , Sumitomo Tomoko , Okuno Rumi , Yamaguchi Takahiro , Kawahara Ryuji , Otsuka Hitoshi , Nakanishi Noriko , Kazawa Yu , Nakagawa Chikara , Yamaguchi Ryo , Sakai Hiroo , Matsumoto Yuko , Ikebe Tadayoshi , Kawabata Shigetada
Published: February 2025

Objectives

Streptococcus pyogenes is involved in a wide range of diseases, including pharyngitis and life-threatening invasive infections. Increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been reported worldwide in various bacteria, limiting the use of antibiotics in infection cases. The present study investigated the AMR of most prevalent S. pyogenes emm types, including emm89 strains in Japan.

Methods

A total of 368 previously identified S. pyogenes isolates (311 emm89 strains and 57 of other emm types), which were previously isolated from patients with invasive and non-invasive infections throughout Japan, were used in the analyses. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of seven antibiotics, including penicillin-G, azithromycin (AZM) and clindamycin, were determined, and whole-genome sequences of AMR-associated genes were screened.

Results

We identified 47 resistant strains, of which 91.49% (43/47) were resistant to AZM and/or clindamycin. A strong correlation was observed between non-invasive phenotypes and AMR. Whole-genome analysis indicated the wide distribution of three AMR-related genes, ermT, folP and lmrP, among the emm89 strains. Additionally, tetO was detected in tetracycline-resistance and soxS and mel was detected in chloramphenicol-resistance only in emm4 strains.

Conclusions

The high prevalence of S. pyogenes resistance to AZM and/or clindamycin poses a threat to public health in Japan; thus, the development of next-generation antimicrobial therapies is imperative.
Enter our 2025 writing competition
Authors: Britten Anna
Published: February 2025

We’re excited to launch this year’s Significance Statistical Excellence Award for Early Career Writing, a chance for emerging statistical storytellers to shine
Advantage Federer: The expected value of tennis
Authors: Lee Kenneth Menglin
Published: February 2025

Roger Federer said, “The best in the world are not the best because they win every point”. Kenneth Menglin Lee digs into point win percentage and considers how small differences can create huge sporting legends
Fitting a hypothesis too well: Real or manipulated data?
Authors: Cahusac Peter M B
Published: February 2025

Statisticians are occasionally presented with data that conforms rather too closely to a particular hypothesis. Peter M. B. Cahusac considers how we analyse such data
“No numbers without stories and no stories without numbers”: Putting the literacy into statistical literacy
Authors: Carter Jackie , Jones Rhys C
Published: February 2025

Data storytelling is a skill that’s in short supply – and in our data-rich world, that’s a problem. Jackie Carter and Rhys C. Jones, the UK’s only professors of statistical literacy, want the statistical community to take note
Q&A: Giuseppe Sollazzo
Authors: Britten Anna
Published: February 2025

The Italian-born, London-based creator of the popular Quantum of Sollazzo newsletter is a senior civil servant at the UK’s Department for Work and Pensions
Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3: A global threat to the grape and wine industries but a gold mine for scientific discovery
Authors: Fust Catherine , Lameront Patrick , Shabanian Mehdi , Song Yashu , Abou Kubaa Raied , Bester Rachelle , Maree Hans J , Al Rwahnih Maher , Meng Baozhong
Published: February 2025

Grapevine leafroll disease is the most damaging viral disease afflicting global grape and wine production. Of the five viruses likely associated with the disease, grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV3) is believed to be the predominant agent, albeit its role as the causal agent has remained uncertain. GLRaV3 (species Ampelovirus trivitis, genus Ampelovirus, family Closteroviridae) has the third largest single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome among plant viruses at ~18.5 kb, only surpassed by two other members of the family Closteroviridae, citrus tristeza virus, and GLRaV1. GLRaV3 is unique among plant viruses in several ways including the size of its genome, the long non-coding regions, and its association with the outer mitochondrial membrane for viral replication. Unfortunately, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing GLRaV3 genome replication, gene expression and virus-host interactions is poor due to many factors, including the unavailability of infectious cDNA clones and effective experimental system to initiate grapevine infection with viral clones until recently. In this review, we capture some recent advances in GLRaV3 research towards the establishment of infectious clones, grapevine inoculation systems, as well as approaches towards elucidating the function of GLRaV3-encoded proteins. We also present a working model to explain GLRaV3 pathogenesis.
Preliminary Effectiveness of a Companion Dog Whole Health Intervention for Improving Balance and Gait Quality in Veterans
Authors: Rekant Julie , Giffuni Jamie , Addison Odessa , Ortmeyer Heidi
Published: February 2025

Introduction

The benefits of exercise for older adults are well known; however, most older adults do not meet recommendations for regular physical activity. Alternative methods of improving physical activity are important and can be effective at improving mobility. This analysis evaluated if participation in a Whole Health companion dog adoption program supported changes in balance and gait performance for veterans. The role of time veteran and dog spent being physically active together (i.e., walking) on observed balance and gait changes was also explored.

Materials and Methods

Veterans were paired with companion dogs and physical function, self-reported physical activity, and gait quality with an instrumented 6-minute walk test were assessed at baseline and after 1 year of participation. Physical activity was captured by accelerometers worn by both the veteran and dog. Paired samples t-tests were used to evaluate change in gait and physical performance measures from baseline to follow-up. Simple linear regressions were used to explore the role of time the veteran and companion dog spent being active together on observed changes in gait and physical function. Participants completed informed consent before participation in the IRB-approved study procedures (HP-97664; 1651218).

Results

Fourteen veterans (71.4% male, 62.3 ± 12.0 years) participated in the program. Improvements were seen in balance (Four Square Step Test change 95% CI: −3.94 to -1.36 s), lower body strength (30-second Chair Stand change 95% CI: 1.89–6.40 reps), and endurance (6-Minute Walk Test change 95% CI: 27.03–80.55 m). Gait quality improved (stance time 95% CI: −0.11 to -0.03 s, stride time 95% CI: −0.09 to -0.02 s). Of participants, 42% reported increased physical activity at follow-up. The percentage of the day veterans and their dogs spent being active together explained 31%-33% of the changes in functional performance.

Conclusions

A Whole Health companion dog adoption intervention can improve gait, balance, physical functioning, and physical activity.
ACACIAS I: element abundance labels for 192 stars in the dwarf galaxy NGC 6822
Authors: Ness Melissa K , Mendel J Trevor , Buder Sven , Wheeler Adam , Ji Alexander P , Mijnarends Luka , Venn Kim , Starkenburg Else , Leaman Ryan , Grasha Kathryn , Aquilina Sarah
Published: February 2025

The element abundances of local group galaxies connect enrichment mechanisms to galactic properties and serve to contextualize the Milky Way’s abundance distributions. Individual stellar spectra in nearby galaxies can be extracted from integral field unit (IFU) data, and provide a means to take an abundance census of the local group. We introduce a programme that leverages $R=1800$, $\mathrm{SNR}=15$, IFU resolved spectra from the multi unit spectroscopic explorer . We deploy the data-driven modelling approach for labelling stellar spectra with stellar parameters and abundances, of The Cannon, on resolved stars in NGC 6822. We construct our model for The Cannon using $\approx$19 000 Milky Way lamost spectra with apogee labels. We report six inferred abundance labels (denoted $\ell _\mathrm{X}$), for 192 NGC 6822 disc stars, precise to $\approx$0.15 dex. We validate our generated spectral models provide a good fit to the data, including at individual atomic line features. We infer mean abundances of $\ell _\mathrm{[Fe/H]} = -0.90 \pm 0.03$, $\ell _\mathrm{[Mg/Fe]} = -0.01 \pm 0.01$, $\ell _\mathrm{[Mn/Fe]} = -0.22 \pm 0.02$, $\ell _\mathrm{[Al/Fe]} = -0.33 \pm 0.03$, $\ell _\mathrm{[C/Fe]} =-0.43 \pm 0.03$, $\ell _\mathrm{[N/Fe]} =0.18 \pm 0.03$. These abundance labels are similar to those of dwarf galaxies observed by apogee, and the lower enhancements for NGC 6822 compared to the Milky Way are consistent with expectations. This approach supports a new era in extragalactic archaeology of characterizing the local group enrichment diversity using low-resolution, low signal to noise ratio IFU resolved spectra. Furthermore, we conclude that it is feasible to build a model based on spectra observed with one instrument and apply it to spectra obtained with another.
PSR J1631−4722: the discovery of a young and energetic pulsar in the supernova remnant G336.7+0.5
Authors: Ahmad A , Dai S , Lazarević S , Filipović M D , Johnston S , Kerr M , Li D , Maitra C , Manchester R N
Published: February 2025

Detecting a pulsar associated with a supernova remnant (SNR) and/or pulsar wind nebula (PWN) is crucial for unraveling its formation history and pulsar wind dynamics, yet the association with a radio pulsar is observed only in a small fraction of known SNRs and PWNe. In this paper, we report the discovery of a young pulsar J1631−4722, associated with the Galactic SNR G336.7$+$0.5 using Murriyang, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)’s Parkes radio telescope. It is also potentially associated with a PWN revealed by the Rapid ASKAP (Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder) Continuum Survey (RACS). This 118 ms pulsar has a high dispersion measure of $\sim$873 pc cm$^{-3}$ and a rotation measure of –1004 rad m$^{-2}$. Because of such a high DM, at frequencies below 2 GHz, the pulse profile is significantly scattered, making it effectively undetectable in previous pulsar surveys at $\sim$1.4 GHz. Follow-up observations yield a period derivative of $\dot {P} = 5.5\times 10^{-14}$, implying a characteristic age, $\tau _{\mathrm{ c}} = 33.9$ kyr, and spin-down luminosity, $\dot {E} = 1.3\times 10^{36}$ erg s$^{-1}$. PSR J1631−4722, with its high spin-down luminosity and potential link to a PWN, stands out as a promising source of the high-energy $\gamma$-ray emission observed in the region.
Courtship behavior of a secretive forest tinamou, Tinamus major (Great Tinamou)
Authors: Guo Yinger , Falk Jay J , Medina-Madrid Jorge L , Wang Silu
Published: February 2025

The mating systems of many rainforest birds remain poorly understood, especially those that elude observation in dense forest understories. Here we documented mating behaviors in a pair of Tinamus major (Great Tinamou), a secretive species with a wide distribution across the lowland Central and South American tropics. Despite anecdotal preconceptions that males court females, we observed predominant courtship displays from the putative female tinamou. In this mating ritual recorded in the birds’ natural habitat, only the putative female vocalized in the form of clucking and soft-rolling songs, and courted the putative male with a suite of courtship displays, such as neck-elongation, tail-raising, crouching, and feather-fluffing. In contrast, the putative male watched while standing still, approached, tail-raised, walked away, and mounted the putative female a few times. The clucking song of the putative female had not been described previously but we repeatedly observed this song type immediately before the soft-rolling songs during the courtship interaction. Clucking was of lower frequency and around 10 times shorter than the soft-rolling songs. The clucking and soft-rolling songs sung by the putative female were of lower frequency than the common morning territorial songs recorded in the vicinity. This behavioral auditory analysis of the secretive mating ritual of a rainforest tinamou reveals a previously underappreciated female role in their courtship displays.