bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Haplotype function score improves biological interpretation and cross-ancestry polygenic prediction of human complex traits
Authors: Song Weichen , Shi Yongyong , Lin Guan Ning
Published: April 2024

We propose a new framework for human genetic association studies: at each locus, a deep learning model (in this study, Sei) is used to calculate the functional genomic activity score for two haplotypes per individual. This score, defined as the Haplotype Function Score (HFS), replaces the original genotype in association studies. Applying the HFS framework to 14 complex traits in the UK Biobank, we identified 3619 independent HFS–trait associations with a significance of p < 5 × 10−8. Fine-mapping revealed 2699 causal associations, corresponding to a median increase of 63 causal findings per trait compared with single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based analysis. HFS-based enrichment analysis uncovered 727 pathway–trait associations and 153 tissue–trait associations with strong biological interpretability, including ‘circadian pathway-chronotype’ and ‘arachidonic acid-intelligence’. Lastly, we applied least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression to integrate HFS prediction score with SNP-based polygenic risk scores, which showed an improvement of 16.1–39.8% in cross-ancestry polygenic prediction. We concluded that HFS is a promising strategy for understanding the genetic basis of human complex traits.
Exogenous Hemin enhances the antioxidant defense system of rice by regulating the AsA-GSH cycle under NaCl stress
Authors: Meng Fengyan , Feng Naijie , Zheng Dianfeng , Liu Meiling , Zhou Hang , Zhang Rongjun , Huang XiXin , Huang Anqi
Published: April 2024

Abiotic stress caused by soil salinization remains a major global challenge that threatens and severely impacts crop growth, causing yield reduction worldwide. In this study, we aim to investigate the damage of salt stress on the leaf physiology of two varieties of rice (Huanghuazhan, HHZ, and Xiangliangyou900, XLY900) and the regulatory mechanism of Hemin to maintain seedling growth under the imposed stress. Rice leaves were sprayed with 5.0 μmol·L−1 Hemin or 25.0 μmol·L−1 ZnPP (Zinc protoporphyrin IX) at the three leaf and one heart stage, followed by an imposed salt stress treatment regime (50.0 mmol·L−1 sodium chloride (NaCl)). The findings revealed that NaCl stress increased antioxidant enzymes activities and decreased the content of nonenzymatic antioxidants such as ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH). Furthermore, the content of osmoregulatory substances like soluble proteins and proline was raised. Moreover, salt stress increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) content in the leaves of the two varieties. However, spraying with Hemin increased the activities of antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) and accelerated AsA-GSH cycling to remove excess ROS. In summary, Hemin reduced the effect of salt stress on the physiological characteristics of rice leaves due to improved antioxidant defense mechanisms that impeded lipid peroxidation. Thus, Hemin was demonstrated to lessen the damage caused by salt stress.
Meta-analysis of the correlation between pulmonary hypertension and echocardiographic parameters in patients with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Jin Jiahui , Hao Wen , Xie Deqiong
Published: April 2024

Objective

To investigate the correlation between pulmonary hypertension (PH) and echocardiographic parameters in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Methods

PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, VIP, CNKI, and Wanfang databases were systematically searched for articles published from inception to 19 May 2023. Study quality was estimated using the Quality Assessment of Case-Control Studies tool. Forest plots were drawn using R language software. The “metacor” function in the “meta” package was utilized for meta-analysis of the r-values and their standard errors. Heterogeneity and sensitivity analyses were carried out, with the main outcomes as r-value, p-value, and I2 value.

Results

Eleven studies were included, with 1,809 CKD patients. The correlations between 12 echocardiographic parameters and PH were analyzed. Except for FS and LVEF which were negatively correlated with CKD-PH, the other 10 parameters were positively correlated with CKD-PH. Among them, LA was highly correlated with CKD-PH (0.70 < r < 0.89); LVDD, RA, RV, LVMI, and LVDS were moderately correlated with CKD-PH (0.40 < r < 0.69); while PA, IVS, LVPW, SV, FS, and LVEF were lowly correlated with CKD-PH (0.20 < r < 0.39). The synthesized estimates were stable against heterogeneity.

Conclusion

CKD-PH patients may have large cardiac chambers, thickened septal tissue on both sides of the chambers, reduced pulmonary artery flow rates, and decreased left ventricular function.
The effect of obesity on the outcome of thoracic endovascular aortic repair: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Li Jiajun , Zhang Yucong , Huang Haijun , Zhou Yongzhi , Wang Jing , Hu Min
Published: April 2024

Background

Obesity is a well-known predictor for poor postoperative outcomes of vascular surgery. However, the association between obesity and outcomes of thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) is still unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to assess the roles of obesity in the outcomes of TEVAR.

Methods

We systematically searched the Web of Science and PubMed databases to obtain articles regarding obesity and TEVAR that were published before July 2023. The odds ratio (OR) or hazard ratio (HR) was used to assess the effect of obesity on TEVAR outcomes. Body mass index (BMI) was also compared between patients experiencing adverse events after TEVAR and those not experiencing adverse events. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale was used to evaluate the quality of the enrolled studies.

Results

A total of 7,849 patients from 10 studies were included. All enrolled studies were high-quality. Overall, the risk of overall mortality (OR = 1.49, 95% CI [1.02–2.17], p = 0.04) was increased in obese patients receiving TEVAR. However, the associations between obesity and overall complications (OR = 2.41, 95% CI [0.84–6.93], p = 0.10) and specific complications were all insignificant, including stroke (OR = 1.39, 95% CI [0.56–3.45], p = 0.48), spinal ischemia (OR = 0.97, 95% CI [0.64–1.47], p = 0.89), neurological complications (OR = 0.13, 95% CI [0.01–2.37], p = 0.17), endoleaks (OR = 1.02, 95% CI [0.46–2.29], p = 0.96), wound complications (OR = 0.91, 95% CI [0.28–2.96], p = 0.88), and renal failure (OR = 2.98, 95% CI [0.92–9.69], p = 0.07). In addition, the patients who suffered from postoperative overall complications (p < 0.001) and acute kidney injury (p = 0.006) were found to have a higher BMI. In conclusion, obesity is closely associated with higher risk of mortality after TEVAR. However, TEVAR may still be suitable for obese patients. Physicians should pay more attention to the perioperative management of obese patients.
Compliance of Post-Exposure Prophylaxis of Anti-rabies Vaccine amongst Animal Bite Cases Attending Secondary Healthcare Hospital in Thiruvallur District, Tamil Nadu, India: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Durairajan Sindhiya , Kadal Kranthi Karunai , Viswanathan Gowri , Ramasamy Kavitha , Palani Durairajan
Published: April 2024

Introduction: India has the highest burden of animal bite cases globally, with a large proportion of the population affected by dog bites. India is endemic for rabies and accounts for 36% of the world’s rabies deaths. Mortality can be prevented by PostExposure Prophylaxis (PEP) with effective vaccines that are available. Vaccines are provided free of charge in Government hospitals. Aim: To estimate the compliance rate of Anti-Rabies Vaccine (ARV) regimen managed by the intradermal route. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional recordbased study from the ARV Register of Government Hospital, Gummidipoondi, Tamil Nadu, India. The victims of animal bite cases attending the hospital for the ARV regimen for a month were selected from the register to assess adherence to the full course updated Thai Red Cross regimen and identify any constraint factors hindering them from completing the course. Results: Out of 108 patients, 79 completed the full course ARV regimen, resulting in a compliance rate of 73.1%. Factors such as the distance of the hospital, timings, and forgotten dates were identified as major constraints. Conclusion: The compliance rate was found to be moderate, with constraint factors like forgotten dates and the distance of the hospital being significant hindrances to compliance. This highlights the importance of strengthening awareness through sensitisation programs and health education in both urban and rural areas to achieve a rabies-free India.
Constraint Analysis of Accessibility and Utilization of Agricultural Credit and Associated Socio-economic Traits in Puri District of Odisha, India
Authors: Madhulagna Sikha , Mishra Sibanarayan
Published: April 2024

The study aimed at investigating constraints in access to institutional agricultural credit and pattern of utilization of the credit obtained by the farmers in the state of Odisha. With the application of multi stage random sampling technique, 175 farmers are selected for the analysis of the study. Descriptive statistics, Credit Adequacy Ratio have been employed in the study to identify the constraints in accessibility of credit for different groups of farmers. An index used by Lalhunthara & NVR [1] is employed in the study to find out major difficulties faced by the farmers. Descriptive statistics, correlation and regression technique have been incorporated in the study to examine the credit utilization pattern and its relationship with other farm related socio-economic variables. The study found that credit gap is high for landless and marginal farmers while smaller for large farmers. As per the opinion of the farmers, red tapism in the bank is the biggest problem faced by them in access to institutional credit followed by certain collateral problems. The study depicts that nearly half of the credit accessed by the farmers is utilized for unproductive purposes of which the proportion of marginal and small farmers is more.  Productive credit utilization is mostly made for machinery implementation and payment to the hired labour. Similarly, unproductive uses are in favor of building houses, social functions and ceremonial purposes. The study also reveals that there exists a positive relationship between agricultural productivity and productive utilization of agricultural credit.
Socio-Economic Profile of Onion Growers of Kanpur Nagar of Uttar Pradesh, India
Authors: Kumar Arvind , Doharey R.K. , Kumar Gaurav , Verma Aman , Verma Atul Kumar , Dixit Anurag
Published: April 2024

The study was conducted in 5 villages block in Kakwan block of Kanpur Nagar district was selected purposively for the study because of the criteria of nearness to researcher’s village and their accessibility.  To ensure comprehensive coverage, a complete list of all onion growers in each selected village was compiled. Using a proportionate random sampling technique, 120 farmers were selected for the study. The majority of respondents exhibited various socio-economic characteristics: most fell within the age category of 32-51 years (62.50%), were literate (71.66%), belonged to other backward castes (50.00%), resided in nuclear families (60.84%), had family sizes ranging from 5 to 8 members (66.66%), were married (95.00%), and were marginal farmers with land holdings below one hectare (52.50%). Agriculture was observed as the primary occupation, with subsidiary agricultural labor occupations being prevalent (89.16%). Housing predominantly followed a kaccha type pattern (43.34%). Regarding income distribution, the highest proportion of respondents (44.17%) reported an annual income of 1 to 2 lakh. Material possessions varied among the respondents, with the majority owning farm power equipment such as diesel engines (79.16%) and agricultural implements like khurpi (84.16%). Transportation means mainly consisted of bicycles (88.34%), while household items such as gas cylinders and crockery were ubiquitous (100%), along with coats (99.16%). Economic motivation and scientific orientation were found to be at a medium level across the surveyed population.
Unlocking Sri Lanka's Tax Landscape: A Comprehensive Analysis of Tax Burden and Policy Dynamics in a Sri Lanka
Authors: Rathakrishnan Shathurshana , Yogaraja Ramya
Published: April 2024

This study aims to analyze the tax burden in developing nations with special reference to Sri Lanka, Taxation is a crucial source of revenue for public services, but there are still obstacles in the way of efficient tax collection, especially in developing countries like Sri Lanka. The present study investigates the tax burden in Sri Lanka and suggests strategies to address obstacles related to tax collection. The report makes three major recommendations based on the body of current literature and research: increasing the tax base, lowering tax rates, and enhancing tax administration. While lowering rates can improve revenue collection without worsening inequality, expanding the tax base is necessary to offset revenue loss from both legal and illicit tax evasion. Increasing efficiency and legitimacy need better tax administration, especially via the use of contemporary technologies. Through the implementation of these measures, policymakers may improve the fiscal sustainability, fairness, and efficacy of taxes, eventually supporting public finances and helping the underprivileged and common people.
Effects of Tiny Moss Bryum capillare Meal on Growth Parameter, Haematology, Histology and Carcass Quality of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) Juveniles
Authors: Onyemachi Amadi-Ibiam Christina , Ezekiel Olatunji Ayotunde, , Maureen Obioma Nwabunike, , Amadi Ibiam Francis
Published: April 2024

This research determines the effects of Tiny Moss Bryum capillare meal, on growth parameter, Haematology, Histology and Carcass Quality of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) Juveniles. The study was conducted for fifty six (n=56) days, under a completely randomized design. Tiny Moss Bryum capillare was included in to the experiment at level of 0, 2, 3, 4, 5% The final body weight and the daily weight gain increase as the Tiny Moss (Bryum capillare) inclusion increased among the individual treatment. The results of the feed conversion ratio were significantly (p <0.05) different among the groups, such that T1 and T2 had the best FCR followed by T5 and T6 which had similar values but the T4 had the least value. The amino acid profile showed that the Glutamic Acid, Aspartic Acid,Valine, Threonine, Serine, Phenylalanine, Proline and Methionine increased in value while Lysine, Leucine, Arginine, Alanine, Isoleucine , Glycine, Histidine and Tryptophan reduced in value and there was no significant change in cysteine (%) all  were significantly at (P<0.05). The haematological parameters of the catfish (Clarias gariepinus) juveniles fed graded levels of diets containing Tiny Moss (Bryum capillare) were not significantly different (P>0.05). The histological analysis of tiny Moss (Bryum capillare) feed shows normal skin architecture with well outlined epithelia cell (EC) moderate effect on the skin layer with moderate necrosis (N) of the muscular region with the epithelia lining and superficial spreading of melanoma (M) restricted to the epidermis. The heart shows normal cardiac tissue with cardiac cell (CC), cardiac fiber (CF) cardiac muscles (CM) shows moderate aggregate of myocardiac inflammation (AMI). The gill showed section of gill with ghost (G) appearance with severe aggregate of inflammatory cell (AIC). The liver cells revealed severe effect on the hepatic tissue with severe intra hepatic inflammation (IHI) and intra hepatic hemorrhage (IHIH). The damage done to these organs as the result of the feeds correlates with the concentrations of the feeds in each experimental tank.
Obstetrical Management of Dystocia Due to Uterine Torsion and Faulty Disposition of Foetus in Banni Buffalo
Authors: Jadav Ravindra , Kalaswa Sachin , Keshav . , Panchal Janak , Solanki Vipul , Nakhashi H. C. , Suthar B. N.
Published: April 2024

A Banni buffalo in 3rd parity was presented with the history of completed gestation period and violent straining for more than forty eight hours without any progress in calving. On per-vaginum and per-rectum revealed dystocia due to 180° post-cervical right sided uterine torsion. Caudal epidural anesthesia was applied by injecting 5 ml of 2% lignocaine and the animal was calmed down with 0.2 ml xylazine (IV) and cast on the side of torsion because highly furious and uncontrol or unable to restrained, then the rolling was applied as described by Modified Schaffer‘s detorsion method. After second roll the torsion was completely corrected. A dead male fetus was delivered by close critical obstetrical management with therapeutically using intravenous administration of 10ml-Dexamethasone®, 75IU-Oxytocin®, 1litre-Normal saline, 1litre Ringer lactate and 200ml-Calcium magnesium borogluconate, whereas 10ml-Valethamate bromide (Epidosin®) was given intramuscularly result into completely opened and dilatation of cervix in buffalo. Then the buffalo was post-medicated with various fluids, analgesic, antibiotic and antihistamine parentally apart from intra-uterine passaries which resulted to normal health of affected Banni buffalo.
Corruption Risks in Differential Taxation on Goods: Insights from Bhutan Trade Statistics and Case Examples
Authors: Dorji Kin , Phuntsho Tenzin
Published: April 2024

Differential taxation on goods, while often implemented to achieve social or economic objectives, may inadvertently create opportunities for corruption. This paper examines the inherent vulnerabilities of such systems, exploring the various ways in which they can be exploited for personal gain. With a comprehensive methodology that includes the literature review, real-world case examples, and information analysis from various sources, the paper aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the corruption risks inherent in tax systems characterized by varying rates on different goods. The paper concludes by proposing measures to mitigate these risks offering valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners
Marketing Promotion Strategies of Natural Health Products and Health Outcomes of Public Transport Passengers in Cameroon
Authors: Buwah Neba Noela
Published: April 2024

Aims: The aim of this study was to examine marketing promotion strategies of natural health products and associate to health outcomes of public transport passengers in Cameroon.
Study Design: This study adopted a cross sectional research design.
Place and Duration of Study: The data was collected using an online survey and the duration for data collection lasted for three months (December 2023 to February, 2024).
Methodology: The primary source of data was used for this study through the distribution of 385 copies of questionnaire to respondents sampled through purposive and snow ball sampling techniques. Inferential statistics were used for analysis and tables used for descriptive statistics.
Results: The result of the study reveals that 92.5% of health outcome can be predicted from personal selling, sales promotion and consumer knowledge. Specifically, personal selling has a 13.5% significant effects on the health outcome of public transport passengers. Consumer knowledge has a 88.9% significant positive effect on the health outcome of public transport passengers; meanwhile sales promotion insignificantly affects the health outcome of transport passengers negatively (-8%).
Conclusion: Natural health products are an integral part of most people living in Cameroon, given the developing state of the economy and the traditional orientation adopted by most communities. However, marketing practices associated to such products should be controlled and reviewed so as not to render them detrimental to the same citizens they are out to contribute positively to their health. The major recommendation thus is to advocate for the creation of a professional body for promoters of natural health products and this body should be highly monitored by the Ministry of Health.
Assessment of Alcohol Use Control Programs in Secondary Schools in Lofa County, Liberia
Authors: Korvah Macklin Marvin
Published: April 2024

Introduction: As one of the leading risk factors for disease burdens in the modern era, alcohol consumption exacerbates health-related repercussions with likely threatening influences on morbidity and mortality. Alcohol use in Liberia is a relic that hems in the anthropological and sociological perspectives on the economy, culture, and society. Students drinking has plagued several learning institutions across the country. Hence, some private and public institutions established school-based alcohol use control programs to help reduce in-school-youths' drinking. However, no study has credibly investigated the disparity in the prevalence of drinking between public and private school students. This study aimed to examine and compare the alcohol use prevalence between public and private secondary school students in Liberia.

Methods: A quantitative method using a self-administered questionnaire to explore and interpret the prevalence of alcohol use between two independent populations, public (220) and private (180) secondary school students, was adopted. The study was done in Lofa County among students under age 14 to age 29 years. MS Excel 2016 (Office 365) was used for a two-proportion z-test analysis between two population proportions of alcohol users (public and private school students), while IBM 21.0 SPSS was used to perform chi-square tests of independence to test the association between categorical variables.

Results: Drinking was a common phenomenon among students; however, the prevalence was significantly higher in public schools (71.8%) compared to private schools (32.8%). In a chi-square (X2) test for independence in an eventuality table, there is a non-significant association between alcohol use and "age group (p=0.406)," "gender (p=0.073)," and "grade levels (p=0.073) in public schools. However, in private schools, there is a significant association between alcohol use and "age group (p=0.000)," "gender (p=0.000)," and "grade levels (p=0.000).

Conclusions: Several factors, as well as sociodemographic characteristics, limited knowledge of alcohol use policy, and students' proximity to family members who are distillers and vintners, especially in public schools, influence the high rate of alcohol use among students. Therefore, a comprehensive intervention strategy that encompasses students' social environment, including the community, school, and family, is needed to reduce and prevent students' drinking in Liberia.
Elementary Steps of Gold Catalysis: NMR Spectroscopy Reveals the Highly Cationic Character of a “Gold Carbenoid”
Authors: Seidel Günter , Mynott Richard , Fürstner Alois
Published: February 2009

Was bist Du? Die metallinduzierte Ringöffnung 3,3‐disubstituierter Cyclopropene liefert bekanntlich Carbene; doch bei der Verwendung von AuI in dieser Reaktion erhält man ein reaktives Intermediat mit deutlich kationischem Charakter. Diese Beobachtung hat große Konsequenzen für die Goldkatalyse im Allgemeinen, bei der man bisher eine Beteiligung von Goldcarbenen angenommen hat.

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Catalytic Cycloisomerization of 1,5‐Enynes to 1,3‐Cyclohexadienes via Ruthenium Vinylidene Intermediates
Authors: Fukamizu Koji , Miyake Yoshihiro , Nishibayashi Yoshiaki
Published: February 2009

Alternativer Weg zu Dienen: Die rutheniumkatalysierte 6‐endo‐Cycloisomerisierung von 1,5‐Eninen ergibt die entsprechenden 1,3‐Cyclohexadiene in guten bis sehr guten Ausbeuten. Dieses neuartige Verfahren ist eine Alternative für die selektive Synthese von 1,3‐Cyclohexadienen, die Bausteine zahlreicher Naturstoffe sind und als vielseitige Zwischenstufen in der organischen Synthese dienen.

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Ruthenium Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotubes as Efficient Catalysts for Selective Conversion of Synthesis Gas to Diesel Fuel
Authors: Kang Jincan , Zhang Shuli , Zhang Qinghong , Wang Ye
Published: February 2009

Diesel do nicely: The title system is a highly selective Fischer–Tropsch catalyst for the production of C10–C20 hydrocarbons (diesel fuel). The C10–C20 selectivity strongly depends on the mean size of the Ru nanoparticles. Nanoparticles with a mean size around 7 nm exhibit the highest C10–C20 selectivity (ca. 65 %) and a relatively higher turnover frequency for CO conversion.

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The Complexed Triphosphaallyl Radical, Cation, and Anion Family
Authors: Scheer Manfred , Kuntz Christian , Stubenhofer Markus , Linseis Michael , Winter Rainer F. , Sierka Marek
Published: February 2009

Radically complex: The photolytic reaction of [Cp*P{W(CO)5}2] (Cp*=C5Me5) with a diphosphene produces, via a radical intermediate, an air‐stable complexed triphosphaallyl radical, in which the unpaired electron is evenly distributed over both terminal P atoms. Oxidation of the radical leads to a triphosphaallyl cation, which is only stable at low temperatures in solution, whereas the stable triphosphaallyl anion is formed by reduction (see picture, Mes*=2,4,6‐tri‐tert‐butylphenyl).

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Zinc Oxide Nano‐ and Microfabrication from Coordination‐Polymer Templates
Authors: Liu Xiaogang
Published: February 2009

Hex nut: An emerging synthetic approach based on metal–organic coordination‐polymer templates has been used to fabricate micro‐ and nanoscale crystals. By using a diverse range of molecular building blocks coupled with conventional synthetic techniques, it is possible to synthesize ZnO crystals with tailored sizes, shapes (such as hexagonal rings; see figure), and surface properties.

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Novel peroxide‐vulcanized NBR‐PAni.DBSA blends, part 1: Preparation and characterization
Authors: Yong K. C. , Saad Che Su Mt
Published: February 2009

Blends of poly(butadiene‐co‐acrylonitrile)‐polyaniline dodecylbenzenesulfonate [NBR‐PAni.DBSA] were successfully prepared using an internal mixer for the first time. Electrical conductivities of all the vulcanized blends (up to 10−2 S/cm with a conductivity percolation threshold 6.0 wt %/5.4 vol % of PAni.DBSA) were not affected with the addition of dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as the vulcanizing agent. The FTIR spectra of vulcanized NBR‐PAni.DBSA blends resembled a superposition of the spectra of the raw materials, but with some notable peak shifts because of the changing intermolecular interactions between the polymers. Blends with ≤30 wt % of PAni.DBSA showed the best compatibility, i.e., with greatest peak shifts for their FTIR spectra and largest temperature shifts for their DSC recorded thermal events. The morphological studies (of both optical and transmission electron micrographs) showed that the thermomechanical mixing method had reduced the amounts of phase separation in all these NBR‐PAni.DBSA blends. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis and characterization of poly(ether ketone ether ketone ketone)/poly(ether ether ketone ketone) copolymers containing naphthalene and pendant cyano groups
Authors: Cai Mingzhong , Zhu Meihua , Yu Yikai
Published: February 2009

2,6‐Bis(β‐naphthoxy)benzonitrile (BNOBN) was synthesized by reaction of β‐naphthol with 2,6‐difluorobenzonitrile in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP) in the presence of KOH and K2CO3. Poly(ether ketone ether ketone ketone)(PEKEKK) /poly(ether ether ketone ketone) (PEEKK) copolymers containing naphthalene and pendant cyano groups were obtained by electrophilic Friedel‐Crafts polycondensation of terephthaloyl chloride (TPC) with varying mole proportions of 4,4′‐diphenoxybenzophenone (DPOBP) and 2,6‐bis(β‐naphthoxy)benzonitrile (BNOBN) using 1,2‐dichloroethane (DCE) as solvent and NMP as Lewis base in the presence of anhydrous AlCl3. The resulting polymers were characterized by various analytical techniques, such as FTIR, DSC, TG, and WAXD. The results indicated that the crystallinity and melting temperature of the polymers decreased with increase in concentration of the BNOBN units in the polymer, the glass transition temperature of the polymers increased with increase in concentration of the BNOBN units in the polymer. Thermogravimetric studies showed that all the polymers were stable up to 536°C in N2 atmosphere. The copolymers have good resistance to acidity, alkali, and organic solvents. Because of the melting temperature (Tm) depression with increase in the BNOBN content in the reaction system, the processability of the resultant coplymers could be effectively improved. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Crosslink density and diffusion mechanisms in blend vulcanizates loaded with carbon black and paraffin wax
Authors: Abu‐Abdeen M. , Alkhateeb A.
Published: February 2009

Results on blends containing different ingredients have revived the interest on the interaction parameter and crosslink density of structures that contain soft fillers. Composite blend of natural rubber and styrene butadiene rubber loaded with the percolation concentration of high abrasion furnace carbon black and different concentrations with paraffin wax were prepared. The applicability of the blends for liquid diffusion has been examined through the changes in the interaction parameter and the crosslink density at different temperatures. The transport mechanism through the vulcanized blends is governed by Fickian diffusion law at room temperatures and it becomes non‐Fickian at higher temperatures. The diffusion coefficients were calculated and found to have an activated behavior with temperature from which the activation energy was calculated. The change in entropy, enthalpy, and Gibbs free energy are also studied at different temperatures. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Model prediction of the ESCR of semicrystalline polyethylene: Effects of melt cooling rate
Authors: Sharif A. , Mohammadi N. , Ghaffarian S. R.
Published: February 2009

The effects of melt cooling rate on the morphology and environmental stress cracking resistance (ESCR) of a commercial‐grade high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) were investigated by DSC, WAXS, Raman spectroscopy, DMTA, microhardness, and standard Bell test. The results showed exclusion of short chain branches from the crystallites leading to their perfection by decrease in the melt cooling rate. Accordingly, samples' ESCR increased because of the aforementioned crystal thickening. In addition, quantitative evaluation of crystal strength was performed for the first time by microhardness technique. Crystal strength or the required energy for plastic deformation of unit area of the crystals, Δh·ℓc, complemented crystal thickening hypothesis. The product of Δh and average crystal thickness, ℓc, was also proportional with storage modulus of the samples at ESCR test temperature. The evaluation of the results using the recently proposed model based on the analogy of crack growth through amorphous phase of semicrystalline polymers in harsh environments with crack growth at adhesive polymer–substrate interfaces showed reasonably good correlation. Finally, the comparison of literature and current research data based on the new model delineated new directions for phenomenon generalization. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Expression and Identification of Immunological Activities of the HIV‐gp120N‐Human Interferon Gamma Fusion Protein
Authors: Feng Ting‐Ting , Zhao Gang , Yao Hang Ping , Wang Qiao Ping , Wu Nan‐Ping
Published: February 2009

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) envelope glycoprotein gp120 is a vaccine immunogen that has been studied extensively. To enhance the immune response of cells against HIV‐1 gp120, we tested the coexpression of gp120N with interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) as an immune adjuvant. Two recombinant prokaryotic plasmids were constructed: the pET44b‐HIV‐1‐gp120N plasmid construct carried the HIV‐1 gp120N gene (pET44‐gp120N), whereas the pET44b‐HIV‐1‐gp120N‐IFN‐γ plasmid construct carried a fusion gp120N‐IFN‐γ gene (pET44b‐gp120N‐IFN‐γ). Target protein expression was achieved in E. coli BL21 (DE3) cells by chemical induction. To test the immunological activity of the proteins, mice were injected with a control, gp120N, or the fusion gp120N‐IFN‐γ protein. The serum and spleen cells of the mice were collected for immunological detection. Results showed that specific T lymphocyte proliferation and the expression of the Th1‐type cytokines (IL‐2 and IFN‐γ) were higher in the gp120N‐IFN‐γ group than the other two groups (P < 0.05). No difference was observed in the expression levels of the Th2‐type cytokines (IL‐4 and IL‐10; P > 0.05). These results suggest that IFN‐γ plays a prominent role as an immune adjuvant when coexpressed with HIV‐1 gp120N. IFN‐γ enhances the specific cell immune response of mice against HIV‐1 gp120. Anat Rec, 292:381–386, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Lateral Line System in Larvae of the Blind Cyprinid Cavefish, Phreatichthys andruzzii
Authors: Dezfuli Bahram S. , Capuano Silvia , Magosso Sara , Giari Luisa , Berti Roberto
Published: February 2009

Scanning and transmission electron microscopic observations were made on the anterior and posterior lateral line system of larvae of the blind cavefish, Phreatichthys andruzzii. The investigations were conducted on 36 specimens belonging to three different ages of juvenile: 7, 14, and 28 days posthatching. The basic sensory unit of the mechanoreceptive system is a superficial “neuromast,” which is composed of sensory hair cells (HCs) embedded in nonsensory support cells (SCs) frequently covered with a cupula. Head neuromasts had the longest cupulae. These organs presented the same structure and ultrastructure in the head and along the body of all specimens of P. andruzzii of different ages. Hair cells of neuromasts of P. andruzzii larvae were pear‐shaped cells ∼10–20 μm high and 3–5 μm in diameter. The nucleus of each hair cell was large and basally placed, the cytoplasm contained numerous mitochondria and each HC had a single long kinocilium and several short stereocilia. The majority of SCs were elongated in shape and their nuclei occupied a significant portion of the cytoplasm. The support cells at the margin of the neuromast were particularly thin. Both types of support cells possessed well‐developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. The size and number of neuromasts and their component cells increased with the age of larvae (ANOVA, P < 0.05). The dimensions of the neuromasts of the anterior lateral line (head) did not differ significantly from those of the posterior lateral line (trunk) (ANOVA, P > 0.05). Anat Rec, 292:423–430, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cardiac Stem Cell Research: An Elephant in the Room?
Authors: Di Felice Valentina , De Luca Angela , Colorito Maria Luisa , Montalbano Antonella , Ardizzone Nella Maria , Macaluso Filippo , Gammazza Antonella Marino , Cappello Francesco , Zummo Giovanni
Published: February 2009

Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the industrialized world, and stem cell therapy seems to be a promising treatment for injured cardiac tissue. To reach this goal, the scientific community needs to find a good source of stem cells that can be used to obtain new myocardium in a very period range of time. Since there are many ethical and technical problems with using embryonic stem cells as a source of cells with cardiogenic potential, many laboratories have attempted to isolate potential cardiac stem cells from several tissues. The best candidates seem to be cardiac “progenitor” and/or “stem” cells, which can be isolated from subendocardial biopsies from the same patient or from embryonic and/or fetal myocardium. Regardless of the technique used to isolate and characterize these cells, it appears that the different cells isolated from adult myocardium to date are all phenotypic variations of a unique cell type that expresses several markers, such as c‐Kit, CD34, MDR‐1, Sca‐1, CD45, nestin, or Isl‐1, in various combinations. Anat Rec, 292:449–454, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphological Changes in the Mandible of Male Mice Associated With Aging and Biomechanical Stimulus
Authors: Tagliaro Maria Luisa , De Oliveira Raquel Mattos , Padilha Dalva Maria Pereira , Callegari‐Jacques Sidia Maria , Jeckel‐Neto Emílio Antônio
Published: February 2009

Degenerative changes in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) associated with aging can affect mandibular shape and reduce growth potential when stimulated by functional appliance therapy. This study was designed to evaluate the morphological changes in the mandibles of male mice associated with aging and biomechanical stimulus. Every 3 days over the course of 1 month, the lower incisors were trimmed by 1 mm to induce mandibular advancement (MA) when the animal was feeding. The left mandibles of the 23 experimental and 27 control animals were subsequently dissected, and digital images were obtained to analyze nine linear/angular measurements. Because mandibular morphology depends on the maintenance of condylar cartilage, the surfaces of the condylar cartilage and the ascending ramus of the mandible were also analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The linear measurements of the mandible showed changes according to age in the control group and a growth response in the mandibular condyle in 7‐ and 15‐month‐old mice after MA. Moreover, SEM analysis revealed depressions in the anterior region of the condylar cartilage and inclined vascular grooves in the ascending ramus in the 7‐ and 15‐month‐old experimental mice. Although the growth potential is reduced in mice after 6 months of age, the results showed that continuous growth of the mandible occurs after maturation, except in the condyle, and that biomechanical stimulus of the TMJ of male mice leads to condylar growth. These results suggest that mature and old individuals can favorably respond to maxillary functional orthopedic therapy. Anat Rec, 292:431–438, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
VESGEN 2D: Automated, User‐Interactive Software for Quantification and Mapping of Angiogenic and Lymphangiogenic Trees and Networks
Authors: Vickerman Mary B. , Keith Patricia A. , McKay Terri L. , Gedeon Dan J. , Watanabe Michiko , Montano Monica , Karunamuni Ganga , Kaiser Peter K. , Sears Jonathan E. , Ebrahem Quteba , Ribita Daniela , Hylton Alan G. , Parsons‐Wingerter Patricia
Published: February 2009

Quantification of microvascular remodeling as a meaningful discovery tool requires mapping and measurement of site‐specific changes within vascular trees and networks. Vessel density and other critical vascular parameters are often modulated by molecular regulators as determined by local vascular architecture. For example, enlargement of vessel diameter by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is restricted to specific generations of vessel branching (Parsons‐Wingerter et al., Microvascular Research72: 91, 2006). The averaging of vessel diameter over many successively smaller generations is therefore not particularly useful. The newly automated, user‐interactive software VESsel GENeration Analysis (VESGEN) quantifies major vessel parameters within two‐dimensional (2D) vascular trees, networks, and tree‐network composites. This report reviews application of VESGEN 2D to angiogenic and lymphangiogenic tissues that includes the human and murine retina, embryonic coronary vessels, and avian chorioallantoic membrane. Software output includes colorized image maps with quantification of local vessel diameter, fractal dimension, tortuosity, and avascular spacing. The density of parameters such as vessel area, length, number, and branch point are quantified according to site‐specific generational branching within vascular trees. The sole user input requirement is a binary (black/white) vascular image. Future applications of VESGEN will include analysis of 3D vascular architecture and bioinformatic dimensions such as blood flow and receptor localization. Branching analysis by VESGEN has demonstrated that numerous regulators including VEGF165, basic fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor β‐1, angiostatin and the clinical steroid triamcinolone acetonide induce ‘fingerprint’ or ‘signature’ changes in vascular patterning that provide unique readouts of dominant molecular signaling. Anat Rec, 292:320–332, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 Activity and Collagen Distribution in Skeletal Muscle from pacu(Piaractus mesopotamicus)During Juvenile and Adult Growth Phases
Authors: Michelin Aline Cristina , Justulin Luis Antonio , Delella Flávia Karina , Padovani Carlos Roberto , Felisbino Sérgio Luis , Dal‐Pai‐Silva Maeli
Published: February 2009

Here, we evaluated collagen distribution and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 activities in skeletal muscle of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) during juvenile and adult growth phases. Muscle samples from juvenile and adult fishes were processed by histochemistry for collagen system fibers and for gelatin‐zymography for MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 activities analysis. Picrosirius staining revealed a myosept, endomysium, and perimysium‐like structures in both growth phases and muscle types, with increased areas of collagen fibers in adults, mainly in red muscle. Reticulin staining showed that reticular fibers in the endomysium‐like structure were thinner and discontinuous in the red muscle fibers. The zymography revealed clear bands of the pro‐ MMP‐9, active‐ MMP‐9, intermediate‐ MMP‐2, and active‐ MMP‐2 forms in red and white muscle in both growth phases. MMP‐2 activity was more intense in juvenile than adult muscle fibers. Comparing the red and white muscle types, MMP‐2 activity was significantly higher in red muscle in adult phase only. The activity of MMP‐9 forms was similar in juvenile red and white muscles and in the adult red muscle, without any activity in adult white muscle. In conclusion, our results show that,in pacu, the higher activities of MMP‐2 and ‐9 are associated with the rapid muscle growth in juvenile age and in adult fish, these activities are related with a different red and white muscle physiology. This study may contribute to the understanding muscle growth mechanisms and may also contribute to analyse red and the white muscle parameters of firmness and softness, respectively, of the commercial product. Anat Rec, 292:387–395, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acyl Homoserine Lactones Induce Early Response in the Airway
Authors: Sbarbati Andrea , Tizzano Marco , Merigo Flavia , Benati Donatella , Nicolato Elena , Boschi Federico , Cecchini Maria Paola , Scambi Ilaria , Osculati Francesco
Published: February 2009

Acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) are intercellular signaling molecules used in quorum sensing by Gram‐negative bacteria. We studied the early effects on the rat airway of in vivo intratracheal administration of AHLs (i.e., P. aeruginosa and B. cepacia) to test the hypothesis that AHLs also act on the airway cells, modifying secretory mechanisms which are important in mucosal defense. One hour after treatment, N‐butyryl‐homoserine lactone (C4‐HL) had caused dilated extracellular spaces, loss of cilia, reduction of secretory material, and the presence of prenecrotic elements in the epithelium, while N‐octanoyl‐homoserine lactone (C8‐HL) caused a mild lesion in the epithelium. After treatment with either C4‐ or C8‐HL, reduced immunoreactivity was found using CC10 antibody. At ultrastructural examination, dilatation of the mitochondria was evident in ciliate and secretory cells, while solitary chemosensory cells appeared better preserved, showing aspects of nucleocytoplasmic activation. Using microarray analysis, we found down‐regulation of early gene Fos and Egr1 in all AHL‐treated specimens. In vivo pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging after C4‐ or C8‐HL treatment showed a slight increase in tracheal secretion at a first evaluation 5 min after administration, with no increase in the following minutes. In conclusion, AHLs induce an early mucosal response, and the chondriomas of ciliate and secretory cells are the main cytological target of AHL action. Our results show that AHL action is not limited to activation of conspecific bacteria, but also modifies innate airway defense mechanisms. Anat Rec, 292:439–448, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of ankylosing spondylitis spinal mobility measurements in the assessment of spinal involvement in psoriatic arthritis
Authors: FerNández‐Sueiro José Luis , Willisch Alfredo , Díaz Sonia Pértega‐ , Tasende José Antonio Pinto , Fernández‐Lopez Carlos , Galdo Fausto , Blanco Francisco Javier
Published: February 2009

Objective

To determine the clinical usefulness of spinal mobility measurements used for ankylosing spondylitis (AS) to assess spinal involvement in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA).

Methods

We assessed 100 patients with PsA and 103 patients with AS. Patients were classified as having axial PsA if they had grade 2 or higher unilateral sacroiliitis in the presence of spinal symptoms. All PsA patients, without taking the degree of joint involvement into consideration, were evaluated using several measurements for AS. Spinal measurements were compared with axial and peripheral forms of PsA, and the ability of the techniques to discriminate between the 2 forms of PsA was analyzed using the Mann‐Whitney U test and the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. A logistic regression model was used to determine the best measurements for evaluating axial PsA. Finally, the results of measurements for axial PsA were compared with those for AS.

Results

Of the 100 PsA patients, 46 met the classification criteria for axial PsA, which presented more severe spinal measurement assessments compared with peripheral PsA. Modified Schober test, lumbar side flexion, chest expansion, and cervical rotation measurements performed best under the ROC curve. Modified Schober test, lumbar side flexion, and cervical rotation were the more suitable measurements for assessing axial PsA. There were only minor differences between axial PsA and AS.

Conclusion

The spinal measurements used to evaluate AS performed well to assess spinal involvement in PsA. These measurements, notably the modified Schober test, lumbar side flexion, and cervical rotation, should be used in daily clinical practice to assess PsA patients with spinal involvement.