bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Meta-Analysis on The Effect of Inquiry Learning Model on Students’ Mathematical Problem-Solving Skills
Authors: Ramadhani Rizki , Juandi Dadang , Nurlaelah Elah
Published: January 2022

This study examines the effect of the inquiry learning model on the mathematical problem solving ability of students in Indonesia through meta-analysis. This study analyzed seven primary studies that met the inclusion criteria. The effect size index was calculated using the Hedges g equation and statistical analysis using comprehensive meta-analysis (CMA) software. Effect size testing is done by analyzing four characteristics, namely class of study, year of study, and sample size. Based on the results of the analysis using CMA, the inquiry learning model has a moderate effect (0.652) on the overall mathematical problem-solving skills of students. The use of the inquiry learning model is more effectively used in 8th-grade, in the range of 2015-2017 and 2018-2020, the sample size is less than or equal to 30. Thus, it can be seen that the inquiry learning model is useful in improving mathematical problem-solving skills.
METAANALISIS PENGARUH MODEL PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH MATEMATIS DAN SELF-EFFICACY
Authors:   Program Magister Pendidikan Matematika, Universitas Negeri Medan, Sinurat Swandi Wiranata , Napitupulu E. Elvis ,   Program Magister Pendidikan Matematika, Universitas Negeri Medan, Mulyono Mulyono ,   Program Magister Pendidikan Matematika, Universitas Negeri Medan
Published: January 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: (1) Menganalisis besar pengaruh (effect size) model Problem-based Learning terhadap kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa; (2) Menganalisis besar pengaruh (effect size) model Problem-based Learning terhadap self-efficacy siswa; (3) Untuk mengetahui metaanalisis pengaruh model Problem-based Learning terhadap kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis dan self-efficacy siswa. Peneliti memetaanalisis jurnal-jurnal tentang pengaruh model problem-based learning terhadap kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis dan self-efficacy dengan metode deskriptif kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Dari 14 studi yang memenuhi kriteria untuk dilakukan metaanalisis model pembelajaran problem-based learning dalam meningkatkan kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa SMP yang memiliki effect size tertinggi adalah dengan nilai 0,92; (2) Dari 9 studi yang memenuhi kriteria untuk dilakukan metaanalisis model pembelajaran problem-based learning dalam meningkatkan self-efficacy siswa SMP yang memiliki effect size tertinggi dengan nilai 0,88; (3) Hasil metaanalisis model pembelajaran terhadap kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis termasuk pada kategori besar dengan rRE= 0.511 dan hasil metaanalisis model pembeajaran terhadap self-efficacy siswa termasuk pada kategori sedang dengan rRE= 0.382.
ANALISIS KESULITAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH MATEMATIS SISWA DALAM MENERAPKAN PEMBELAJARAN TAPPS (THINKING ALOUD PAIR PROBLEM SOLVING) DI SMA IT NUUR AR RADHIYYAH
Authors:   Program Magister Pendidikan Matematika, Universitas Negeri Medan, Hasanah Nur , Banjarnahor Humuntal ,   Program Magister Pendidikan Matematika, Universitas Negeri Medan, Molliq Yulita ,   Program Magister Pendidikan Matematika, Universitas Negeri Medan
Published: January 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan mengetahui: (1) tingkat kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa dalam Pembelajaran TAPPS; (2) Kesulitan proses pemecahan masalah matematis siswa dalam pembelajaran TAPPS. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif deskriptif. Subjek penelitian ini adalah siswa SMA Ar Radhiyyah Kelas XI-A yang berjumlah 32 orang, kemudian diangkat subjek wawancara berdasarkan tingkat kemampuan pemecahan masalah, proses jawaban siswa berdasarkan indikator dan aspek kesalahan. Adapun hasil penelitian sebagai berikut : (1) Hasil penelitian pada kemampuan pemecahan masalah dengan interpretasi tingkat tinggi pada indikator memahami masalah sebesar 59%, pada indikator merencanakan masalah sebesar 44% , pada indikator melaksanakan masalah sebesar 19% dan. Pada interpretasi tingkat sedang indikator memahami masalah sebesar 28%, indikator merencanakan masalah sebesar 34%, indikator mengenal dan melaksanak masalah sebesar 50%. Pada interpretasi tingkat rendah indikator memahami masalah sebesar 13%, indikator merencanakan masalah sebesar 22%, indikator melaksanakan masalah sebesar 31%. (2) Kesulitan dalam pemecahan masalah (a) pada kategori tinggi siswa tidak mengalami kesulitan; (b) pada kategori sedang siswa mengalami kesulitan memahami konsep dan mengoperasikan pertidaksamaan linear matematika; (c) pada kategori rendah siswa mengalami kesulitan mensintesiskan ide, siswa kesulitan memahami konsep dan siswa kesulitan prinsip dalam pemecahan masalah.
Nilai Sun Protection Factor (SPF) pada Sediaan Lotion Ekstrak Etanol Daun Jambu Air (Syzygium aqueum)
Authors: Salsabila Syifa , Rahmiyani Ira , Sri Zustika Diana
Published: January 2022

Indonesia merupakan negara beriklim tropis dimana sangat memungkinkan kulit untuk terus terpapar sinar matahari. Radikal bebas berupa sinar ultraviolet dari matahari yang berlebih akan menyebabkan kerusakan pada kulit. Penggunaan lotion yang mengandung antioksidan dapat dilakukan untuk melindungi kulit dari paparan radikal bebas. Daun jambu air (Syzygium aqueum) merupakan salah satu tumbuhan yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan. Senyawa myricetin dalam tanaman jambu air memiliki aktivitas sebagai UV protektor. Daun jambu air diekstraksi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96% dengan metode maserasi. Pengujian aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan menggunakan metode DPPH dengan vitamin C sebagai pembanding. Pengujian nilai SPF dilakukan menggunakan spektrofotometri UV-Vis yang didasarkan pada persamaan Mansur. Lotion Ekstrak etanol daun jambu air dilakukan pengujian aktivitas antioksidan, nilai SPF dan evaluasi organoleptik, homogenitas, pH, daya sebar dan daya lekat selama 4 minggu.  Hasil menunjukkan bahwa Ekstrak dan sediaan lotion ekstrak etanol daun jambu air (Syzygium aqueum) memiliki aktivitas antioksidan sangat kuat dan sedang, sedangkan nilai SPF-nya  termasuk kedalam kategori proteksi ultra dan maksimal.
Analisis Efektivitas Biaya Penggunaan Obat Antivirus Oseltamivir dan Favipiravir pada Pasien Covid-19 Derajat Sedang di Rumah Sakit Sentra Medika Cisalak Depok
Authors: Rahmandani Arif , Sarnianto Prih , Anggriani Yusi , Dermawan Purba Fredrick
Published: January 2022

Analisis Efektivitas biaya (CEA) merupakan metode farmakoekonomi yang digambarkan dalam rasio biaya-efektivitas agar dapat membantu pengambilan keputusan dalam memilih obat yang efektif secara manfaat dan biaya. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menentukkan terapi yang lebih cost-effective antara penggunaan Oseltamivir dan Favipiravir pada pasien Covid-19 derajat sedang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penlitian cross sectional dengan pengumpulan data secara prospektif dan observational non eksperimental yang merupakan analisa deskriptif kuantitatif menurut perspektif pasien untuk memperoleh efektifitas biaya. Sampel pada penelitian ini terdiri dari 108 pasien yaitu 50 pasien yang menggunakan antivirus Oseltamivir dan 58 pasien menggunakan antivirus Favipiravir. Hasil penelitian diperoleh dari parameter efektivitas perbaikan nilai C-Reaktif Protein (CRP) pasien yang menggunakan Oseltamivir rata-rata mengalami perbaikan nilai CRP 18.52 mg/L tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan dengan pasien yang menggunakan antivirus Favipiravir rata-rata mengalami perbaikan nilai CRP 19.36 mg/L. sedangkan dari parameter Length of Stay (LOS) pasien yang menggunakan Oseltamivir rata-rata dirawat inap selama 7.42 hari lebih cepat dibandingkan pasien yang menggunakan antivirus Favipiravir 9.21 hari, untuk rerata biaya total perawatan pasien yang menggunakan antivirus Oseltamivir sebesar Rp32.794.002,- lebih kecil dibandingkan rerata biaya total perawatan pasien yang menggunakan antivirus Favipiravir Rp42.504.281,- sehingga didapat nilai CER Oseltamivr Rp4.419.677,- lebih kecil dibandingkan nilai CER Favipiravir Rp4.615.014,- oleh karena itu penggunaan obat yang lebih cost-effective yaitu antivirus Oseltamivir dibandingkan Favipiravir.
Perbandingan Aktivitas Diuretik pada Berbagai Produk Seduhan Teh Hijau(Camellia sinensis L.)
Authors: Susilowati Agustina , Kusuma Ramadhan Nur Karim
Published: January 2022

Hipertensi merupakan masalah kesehatan yang berbahaya karena memiliki faktor resiko yang mengarah pada penyakit kardiovaskuler. Penggunaan diuretik berperan dalam terapi pengobatan seperti hipertensi, gagal jantung, serta edema. Diketahui bahwa teh hijau dapat berkhasiat sebagai diuretik. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui perbandingan aktivitas diuretik pada berbagai produk teh hijau (Camellia sinensis L.). Pada uji aktivitas diuretik, 30 ekor mencit di bagi menjadi 6 kelompok yang terdiri dari kelompok I (CMC. Na 1%), Kelompok II (Furosemid), Kelompok III, IV, V dan VI merupakan kelompok perlakuan yang terdiri dari pemberian seduhan White Tea, Yellow Tea, Black Dragon Tea Dan Green Tea Premium dengan dosis 2g, 4g dan 6g yang diseduh dengan 200ml air suhu 70οC selama 5-15 menit. Pengukuran urin dilakukan setiap 1 jam selama 6 jam. Analisa data dilakukan dengan menggunakan spss versi 26 dengan taraf kepercayaan 95%. Seduhan white tea, yellow tea, dan  black dragon tea pada dosis 2g tidak memiliki efek diuretik (p>0,05) sedangkan green tea premium 2g memiliki aktivitas diuretik namun lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan furosemid. Pada dosis 4g, white tea, yellow tea dan green tea premium memiliki aktivitas sebagai diuretik (p<0,05) namun masih lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan furosemid. Pada dosis 6g, white tea, yellow tea, black dragon tea memiliki aktivitas sebagai diuretik (p<0,05) namun masih lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan furosemid, sedangkan green tea premium  dosis 6g memiliki aktivitas diuretik yang sebanding dengan furosemid (p>0,05). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa white tea, yellow tea, black dragon tea, dan green tea premium  dosis 6g memiliki aktivitas diuretik.
Kombinasi Gel Ekstrak Etanol A. Conyzoides, C. Asiactica, C. Ternatea, Dan Astaxanthin Efektif Untuk Penyembuhan Luka Dibetes: Model Hewan
Authors: Sukmawan Yedy Purwandi , Rahmiyani Ira , Halipah Nidi
Published: January 2022

Ulkus diabetik merupakan salah satu komplikasi diabetes yang sulit untuk disembuhkan dan dapat berakhir pada amputasi organ yang terkait pada luka tersebut. Prevalensi kejadian ulkus diabetik menunjukkan kecenderungan peningkatan setiap tahun. Akan tetapi, sampai saat ini sediaan topikal untuk penyembuhan luka diabetes masih sangat terbatas. Pada dua penelitian kami sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak C. ternatea dan gel kombinasi A. conyzoides, C. asiatica, dan Astaxanthin memberikan efektifitas penyembuhan luka diabetes. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektifitas kombinasi gel ekstrak etanol A. conyzoides, C. asiatica, C. ternatea dan Astaxanthin dalam penyembuhan luka diabetes pada model hewan. Penelitian ini dilakukan terhadap 3 kelompok yaitu kelompok negatif (Basis Gel), kelompok positif (Oxoferin) dan kelompok uji (A. conyzoides 10%, C. asiatica 5%, C. ternatea 5% dan Astaxanthin 0,1%). Masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari 4 tikus. Tikus diinduksi menggunakan aloksan 200 mg/Kg BB secara intraperitonial, dan dinyatakan diabetes bila kadar gula darah >200 mg/dL. Setelah itu dilanjutkan dengan pembuatan luka sayat pada daerah punggung dengan panjang 1,5 cm dan dilakukan pemantauan penyembuhan luka selama 14 hari dilihat dari penutupan lukanya. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang siginifikan antara kelompok negatif, positif dan kelompok uji (p<0.05). Hasil persentase penyembuhan luka yaitu 41,65 %, 51,77%, 70,79% untuk kelompok negatif, positif dan uji. Gel kombinasi A. conyzoides 10%, C. asiatica 5%, C. ternatea 5% dan Astaxanthin 0,1% efektif dalam meningkatkan kecepatan penyembuhan luka diabetes.
Teaching Material Development of Islamic Education in Multicultural Perspective at Smk Negeri 4 Manado
Authors: Baba Mastang Ambo , Arismunandar  , Jabu Baso
Published: January 2022

This study aims to describe the level of validity, practicality and effectiveness of Islamic Education teaching materials in a multicultural perspective. The procedure for developing teaching materials is conducted by adapting Research and Development (R&D) using the Four-D model. The research subjects were Islamic education teachers and 30 students of class XI. Data collection was conducted using interview techniques, questionnaires, and the feasibility assessment sheet, practicality, and effectiveness of the product. The results showed that the teaching material products in the form of books for students as companion books on Islamic Education subjects were in the very valid category. The results of expert tests on Islamic Education teaching material products showed very valid criteria assessment. While the learning tools which include: learning implementation plans, teacher and student observation sheets and learning outcome assessment instruments are in the very valid category. The teaching material products developed meet practical criteria based on the target user test, namely educators on the ability of educators to manage the learning process with a fully implemented category as well as educators' responses to teaching material products are very positive. Teaching material products are effective because of a positive response from students and an increase in learning outcomes after using these teaching material products.
New guidelines for the heart failure treatment (2021)
Authors: Grabysa Radosław
Published: January 2022

At this year’s ESC congress in London, it was announced an update of the guidelines for the treatment of chronic heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Key change compared to last guidelines is withdrawal the long-term titration strategy and introducing a simpler and faster regimen based on four groups of drugs: blocking the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (ACE-I, ARNI), sodium-glucose co-transporter inhibitors (dapagliflozin, empagliflozin), β-adrenolytic drugs, mineralocorticoid receptor inhibitors.
Patient with rheumatic diseases during a pandemic
Authors: Kwiatkowska Brygida
Published: January 2022

Interview
4 clinical cases of patients in whom the combination of chondroitin and glucosamine should be considered
Authors: Tłustochowicz Witold , Tłustochowicz Małgorzata
Published: January 2022

Osteoarthritis is a chronic disease that affects mainly the elderly. The primary form of therapy is analgesic pharmacotherapy in accordance with the analgesic ladder. Another, still controversial, method is the administration of symptomatic slow-acting drugs for osteoarthritis, the main advantage of which is that they are practically devoid of toxicity. A recent review of papers on the use of this group of drugs has shown that the most potent modifying effect has the combination of glucosamine and chondroitin, which synergistically change the metabolism of the articular cartilage. In this article, we present four clinical cases in which the combination of glucosamine and chondroitin was effective.
Diagnosis and management of COPD in primary care
Authors: Mycroft Katarzyna , Górska Katarzyna
Published: January 2022

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a significant health problem. However, a large proportion of cases remain undiagnosed. Early diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease leads to earlier treatment initiation, and in consequence, to improvement of patients quality of life. The gold standard for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease diagnosis is spirometry and the presence of irreversible obstruction after a bronchodilator. One of the most important interventions in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is anti-smoking education. The main group of drugs used in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treatment are the long-acting bronchodilators.
Probiotics with estriol in the treatment of acute and recurrent vaginal and vulvar infections in women
Authors: Tomaszewski Jacek
Published: January 2022

The microbiome undergoes qualitative and quantitative changes at different times in a woman’s life, and their nature is due to many factors such as age, sexual activity, comorbidities, etc. As a result, vaginal dryness and inflammation can occur in the vagina. This problem is most important during the menopausal period, when estrogen secretion decreases – this induces a cascade of unfavorable biological effects. We can prevent them by adding probiotics to the standard menopausal hormonotherapy. Adding probiotics restore and maintain the proper microbiological condition of the vagina. The use of probiotics reduces the risk of developing ailments that require antibiotic therapy, which is also detrimental to the vaginal microbiome.
The Differences Levels of RANTES and PF4 Based on the Storage of Platelet Concentrate
Authors: Hermawathi Ni Made Rindra , Tambunan Betty Agustina , Hajat Arifoel
Published: January 2022

Blood component transfusion is often used as the primary therapy as it is still considered safe. Platelet Concentrate (PC) transfusion plays a critical role in preventing bleeding in patients with severe thrombocytopenia. Allergic reactions are the most frequent transfusion reactions after PC administration. Regulated on Activation Normal T-Cell Expressed and Secreted (RANTES) and Platelet Factor 4 (PF4) cytokines released by platelets during PC storage are responsible for allergic reactions after transfusion. The purpose of this study was to analyze changes in RANTES and PF4 levels during PC storage. This study was an observational analytical research with a time series design carried out at the Clinical Pathology Laboratory and Blood Bank of the Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, from June to July 2019. RANTES and PF4 levels in 27 bags derived from Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) on storage for day 1, day 3, and day five were measured using the ELISA sandwich method. Subject same variant test or Friedman test was used for statistical analysis. The results showed no significant differences in RANTES and PF4 levels based on the storage duration of PCs on days 1, 3, and 5, with p=0.717, and p=0.614, respectively. There was no difference in the storage of PCs from day 1 to day five, and there was no effect on allergic reactions after PC transfusion.
Correlation between Procalcitonin, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate and Red-Cell Distribution Width with Outcomes in ALL
Authors: Kartikasari Nathalya Dwi , Putri Sri Rejeki I. G.A.A , Ugrasena I Dewa Gede
Published: January 2022

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) increases annually and the incidence is mostly found in children. Its high failure rate is due to infection in the induction phase of chemotherapy. One of the strategies is laboratory testing to determine prognostic factors or predictors that can help clinicians determine therapy and outcomes in ALL. Research related to Procalcitonin (PCT), Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), and Red-cell Distribution Width (RDW) test in ALL children with poor outcomes has never been performed at Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya. This study aimed to determine the correlation of some infection parameters (PCT, ESR, and RDW) with outcomes in ALL. This was a cross-sectional study in the Pediatric Ward of the Dr. Soetomo Hospital in the period of June-August 2019. A total of 34 ALL patients after the induction phase of chemotherapy according to ALL-2018 protocol were included in this research. Procalcitonin, ESR, and RDW were determined using an ELFA method, photometrical capillary stopped-flow kinetic method, and flow cytometry method. The age of the study subjects ranged from 3 months to 16 years old, 32 patients (94.1%) were categorized as ALL-L1, 23 patients (67.6%) used protocol of high-risk group stratification. The study subjects were divided into 10 patients with poor outcomes and 24 patients with a good outcome. Procalcitonin was (2.66±13.15), ESR was (22.65±19.18), and RDW was (14.97±2.727). There was a significant correlation between PCT and outcomes.
Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella Pneumoniae and Escherichia Coli
Authors: Elmawati Erlina Wahyu , Pratiwi Dewi Indah Noviana , Muthmainah Noor , Biworo Agung
Published: January 2022

Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria is a type of resistance that leads to complex management of patients in intensive care due to their resistance to first, second, and third-generation Cephalosporin and monobactam antibiotics. The most ESBL-producing bacteria are found in the family Enterobacteriaceae, especially Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. The purpose of this research was to determine the sensitivity pattern of ESBLproducing bacteria in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) of Ulin Hospital, Banjarmasin, in the period of 2016-2018. This research was a descriptive study with a cross-sectional approach using data from the laboratory medical records of patients with positive ESBL in the ICUs of Ulin Hospital, Banjarmasin, between 2016 and 2018. The research sample was taken by the total sampling method. This research obtained 216 isolates of ESBL-producing bacteria consisting of 155 (71.8%) isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and 61 (28.2%) Escherichia coli. It was found that the Cephalosporin antibiotics (Cefazolin, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone, and Cefepime) and monobactam antibiotic (Aztreonam) had the lowest sensitivity. Aminoglycoside antibiotics (Amikacin), Carbapenem (Ertapenem and Meropenem), and Tetracycline (Tigesycline) were the most sensitive antibiotics. It was concluded that both Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli were the most dominant ESBL-producing bacteria and showed good sensitivity to the Amikacin, Ertapenem, Meropenem, and Tigecycline.
Susceptibility Pattern of ESBL Urine Specimens in Non-Intensive Care Room at Ulin General Hospital
Authors: Wulandhany Alicia Fitri , Pratiwi Dewi Indah Noviana , Muthmainah Noor , Biworo Agung
Published: January 2022

Beta-lactam antibiotic resistance can occur in ESBL-producing bacteria such as E.coli and K.pneumoniae, which can cause UTI. One of the risk factors for infection is the non-intensive care space density level. The objective of this study was to determine the sensitivity pattern of ESBL-producing bacteria in urine specimens of patients in the non-intensive care of Ulin General Hospital, Banjarmasin, in the period of 2016-2018. A descriptive study with a cross-sectional design using data results of urine culture and antibiotic susceptibility patterns data in non-intensive care patients at Ulin General Hospital from 2016 to 2018. The urine test results showed 96 positive isolates of ESBL-producing bacteria, consisting of ESBL-E.coli (69.8%) and ESBL-K.pneumonia (30.2%). Antibiotics with low sensitivity tests were Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Monobactam, and Penicillin/beta-lactam inhibitor combinations. Contrastingly, antibiotics with high sensitivity were Aminoglycoside, Carbapenem, and Glycylcycline. It was concluded from this study that the ESBL-producing bacteria in urine specimens for non-intensive care patients of Banjarmasin Ulin General Hospital in the period of 2016-2018 showed varying sensitivity to antibiotics
The Levels of Inhibitory Cytokines in the Serum of Patients with Hepatitis B and C
Authors: Rohmah Ainor , Setyawan Sigit , Susilawati Tri Nugraha
Published: January 2022

Hepatitis B and C Viruses (HBV dan HCV) can cause acute or chronic hepatitis that may develop into fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocarcinoma. Previous studies have reported that hepatocyte damage is mainly due to overactive immune responses rather than viral infection. Cytokines are essential mediators in the immune response. This study aimed to determine the correlation between the levels of serum inhibitory cytokines, i.e., IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-Î², and the development of liver disease in patients with hepatitis B and C. The levels of serum IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-Î² from 58 patients with hepatitis B or hepatitis C were determined by ELISA. The progression of liver disease is inferred from the levels of serum transaminases and the degree of liver fibrosis. Data were analyzed using the Spearman correlation test with a p-value of < 0.05 is considered statistically significant. This study showed no correlation between the levels of serum IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-Î² and the development of liver disease in patients with hepatitis B and C (p > 0.05). Therefore, cytokine testing using ELISA was unable to replace liver biopsy to assess liver disease progression in patients with hepatitis B and C.
Correlation between Adiponectin and Triglyceride Levels in Pregnancy with and without Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Sudana I Nyoman Gde , Windarwati Windarwati , Mulyono Budi
Published: January 2022

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is glucose intolerance during pregnancy. Adiponectin causes a decrease in glucose transporter 4 translocation, which reduces glucose uptake due to downstream insulin signal delivery and decreases non-esterified fatty acids so that triglyceride synthesis decreases in pregnancy. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between adiponectin and triglyceride levels in pregnancy, especially in a pregnant female with and without gestational diabetes mellitus. This observational cross-sectional study was conducted by measuring the levels of adiponectin and triglycerides in pregnancy, with and without gestational diabetes mellitus. Researchers proved by analyzing 75 subjects, 24-28 weeks pregnant females who were examined at the primary health center and Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta. Adiponectin levels have a moderate negative correlation with triglycerides in pregnant females (r= -0.420 and p=0.002), a strong negative correlation with GDM (r = -0.680 and p=0.001), and moderate negative correlation (r= -0.455, and p=0.022) with those without GDM. Based on this research can be concluded that adiponectin has a moderate negative correlation with triglycerides in pregnancy, a strong negative correlation in pregnant females with gestational diabetes mellitus, and a moderate negative correlation in those without gestational diabetes.
The Association of CD4, CD8, and CD4/CD8 Ratio with Thyroid Dysfunction in HIV/AIDS
Authors: Mulyani Sri , Pramudianti MI. Diah , Ariningrum Dian
Published: January 2022

Incidence of thyroid dysfunction increases in HIV/AIDS patients. It can be a hypothyroid or hyperthyroid, with subclinical hypothyroid predomination. Thyroid dysfunction is associated with the progression of HIV and low CD4 counts. There has been controversy over how HIV affects thyroid function. Opportunistic infections and HBV/HCV co-infections might increase the probability of thyroid dysfunction. Medication of HIV is also an important factor of thyroid dysfunction. Research shows that the use of ART increases the probability of thyroid dysfunction. This study aimed to analyze the association between CD4 counts, CD8, CD4/CD8 ratio, and HIV RNA viral load with thyroid dysfunction in HIV/AIDS patients. An observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted from August to September 2020 in Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta on 60 HIV/AIDS patients. All subjects were 18-60 years old. The research data were analyzed with a 2x2 test table to determine the Prevalence Ratio (PR) of each variable, then multivariate analysis with logistic regression was continued. The study showed 6.7% thyroid dysfunction in HIV/AIDS patients, 5% subclinical hyperthyroidism, and 1.7% subclinical hypothyroidism. The CD4 counts [PR 13.36 (95% CI: 1.53-116,65; p=0.017) and CD8 counts [PR 0.91 (95% CI: 3 0.02-0.51; p=0.032)] significantly associated with thyroid dysfunction in HIV/AIDS patients. CD4 counts < 200 cells/mm and 3 CD8 counts â‰¥500 cells/mm were associated with the incidence of thyroid dysfunction in HIV/AIDS patients, while CD4/CD8 ratio and HIV RNA viral load were not associated. CD4 count was not an independent predictor of thyroid dysfunction in HIV/AIDS patients.
Comparison between Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio and Derived Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio as the Risk Factor of COVID-19
Authors: Aryani Dwi , Pramatik Dea Noviana
Published: January 2022

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Respiratory disorders were the most common sign and symptom of COVID-19. Inflammation on SARS-CoV-2 infection is presumed to play a role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. The Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) is one of many biomarkers that has been widely used to assess the risk factors of COVID-19. The derived Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio (d-NLR) is a simple, inexpensive, and widely available inflammation biomarker. However, its usage for COVID-19 remains to be further studied. This study aimed to determine the NLR and d-NLR ratio as a risk factor of COVID-19. This study was a retrospective study with a study population of 84 subjects, consisting of 33 patients with positive COVID-19 and 51 patients with negative COVID-19. The result showed that the odds ratio of NLR to COVID-19 was 2.665 with the p-value of 0.047 and confidence interval of 95% 0.998-7.038 at cut-off â‰¥ 3.1. The odd ratio of d-NLR to COVID-19 was 2.808 with the p-value of 0.026 and confidence interval of 95% 1.129-7.038 at cut-off â‰¥ 2.0. In conclusion, despite a higher odd ratio of d-NLR compared to NLR, both NLR and d-NLR can be used as a biomarker for the risk factor of COVID-19.
Hairy Cell Leukemia (Morphologic and Immunophenotypic Profile)
Authors: Damayanti Anindita Novia , Hajat Arifoel
Published: January 2022

Hairy Cell Leukemia (HCL) is a lymphoproliferative B cell abnormality dominated by mature lymphocytes with cytoplasmic projections and often misunderstood as Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL). Misdiagnosis can be caused by errors in the preparation of peripheral Blood Smear Evaluation (BSE). Immunophenotyping is an option to differentiate HCL from CLL. A 56-year-old female presented with complaints of weakness. Physical examination showed conjunctival anemia 3 3 and hepatosplenomegaly. Hematological test results were as follows: Hb 7.4 g/dL; WBC 131.24x10 /uL; and Plt 61x10 /uL. BSE And Bone Marrow Aspiration (BMA) showed predominantly mature lymphocytes with cytoplasmic projections and suspected CLL with HCL as the differential diagnosis. Immunophenotyping with peripheral blood samples showed CD19+, CD20+, CD79a+, HLA-DR+, CD5-, and CD7- suggesting an increasing mature lymphocytes population (74.16%) that expressed B lymphoid lineage. White Precursor Cell (WPC) channel test showed an abnormal lymphocytes population. The differential diagnosis of patients with dominant mature lymphocytes BSE with cytoplasmic projections was CLL and HCL. Immunophenotyping of CLL showed positive results on B cell markers (CD19, CD20, CD79a, and HLA-DR) with aberrant CD5. However, in such an HCL case like this, there were strongly positive results on B cell markers but the absence of aberrant CD5. This study was supported by the presence of abnormal lymphocytes population in the WPC test. The diagnosis of HCL in this patient was based on interpretation of BSE and immunophenotyping, supported by the WPC test.
Pancreatic Cancer: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Laboratory Tests
Authors: Rikarni Rikarni
Published: January 2022

Pancreatic cancer is the eleventh cause of cancer death in Indonesia in 2020. However, pancreatic cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States after lung cancer. Although it is substantially less common than the other malignancies, pancreatic carcinoma is near the top of the list of killers because it is a highly aggressive cancer. Pancreatic cancer has multistep carcinogenesis, starting from the Pancreatic Intraductal Neoplasia (PanINs IA, IB, II, and III) and is ended with an invasive neoplastic lesion. The different incidence of pancreatic cancer between countries also shows the important role of environmental factors for the disease. A better understanding of the risk factors, genetics, molecular pathogenesis, symptoms associated with this disease, and the laboratory aspect is essential to inform both health professionals and the general population as the potential preventive and/or early detection measures.
Selection of Hormonal Reference Values for Undescended Testicle Case in 8-Year-Old Boy with Abnormal Chromosome
Authors: Corry Vina , Pasaribu Merci M.
Published: January 2022

Establishing the diagnosis of undescended testicles requires appropriate hormonal laboratory reference values basedon age and gender. An 8-year-old boy with an undescended testicle, mental retardation, and stunting had a blood test thatwas carried out at the Clinical Pathology Laboratory, dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) Hospital on February 6, 2020, withtestosterone levels of 0.69 nmol/L (N male: 4.94-32.01 nmol/L) indicating decreased testosterone levels. The patient wasconsulted from urological surgery to pediatric endocrinology to determine the presence or rudiment of the patient'stesticles. Using the reference range of testosterone values assists clinicians in determining the diagnosis, monitoringtherapy, and prognosis of a disease. There are some testosterone reference values, which are currently available, includingCanadian Laboratory Initiative on Pediatric Reference Intervals Database (CALIPER) and the Tanner stage reference value.Later is more applicable because it is based on chronological age and secondary sexual development in assessing pubertydevelopment. A case of an 8-year-old boy with a clinical diagnosis of an undescended testicle, the laboratory test resultsshowed normal-low testosterone levels using the CALIPER and Tanner stage ranges according to the patient's age. Noincrease of testosterone levels after the second HCG stimulation test might be due to differences in the HCG administrationprotocol; therefore, the diagnosis of anorchia had not been established, and chromosome abnormalities of 46 XY, +6 Mar,17 dmin on chromosome analysis suggested the suspected syndrome. These findings were consistent with the suspicion ofprimary hypogonadism in children with suspected syndrome caused by bilateral cryptorchidism with a suspectedseminiferous tubular defect.
Prognostic Value of Platelet-Lymphocyte Ratio and High-Density Lipoprotein in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarct
Authors: Lestari Lestari , Wibawa Sulina Yanti , Lopa Amaliyah Tahir , Rauf Darmawaty
Published: January 2022

Acute Myocardial Infarct (AMI) is the main reason for mortality. Platelet to Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR) describesthrombocyte aggregation and inflammation that is linked to cardiovascular disease. High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) is antiatherogenic.This study aims to analyze the prognostic value of PLR and HDL in patients with AMI. This study was aretrospective observational study by obtaining laboratory results from complete blood count and lipid profiles frominpatients with AMI (STEMI and NSTEMI) medical records during Mei 2019–August 2020. Receiver Operating Characteristics(ROC) analysis was done to get the PLR and HDL cut-off. Prognostic value evaluation was based on sensitivity, specificity,positive and negative predictive value, and accuracy. Results obtained were from 302 subjects with a mean age of 58.4+9.6years old, with most male patients (74.5%). Receiver operating characteristics curve analysis showed an 0.514 Area UnderCurve (AUC) for PLR with p=0.685. High-density lipoprotein ROC was 0.573 with a p=0.033 (p< 0.05), with HDL cut-off = 50.0;sensitivity 72.7%, specificity 32.3%, positive predictive value 63.3%, negative predictive value 42.0% and 57.3% accuracy.Platelet to lymphocyte ratio mean was lower in the HDL <50 group (187.9) compared to the HDL > 50 (210.8), (p=0.009).High-density lipoprotein can be concluded as a potential prognostic factor of acute myocardial infarct. The lower the HDL,the greater the risk for a poor prognosis. A big-scale prospective study should be held to clarify and confirm these findings.
Analysis of Blood Availability During the COVID-19 Pandemic Period in Blood Bank Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital
Authors: Putra Antariksa , Samad Raehana , Julyani Sri , Muhiddin Rachmawati Adiputri
Published: January 2022

Blood Bank's challenge during the COVID-19 era is securing and protecting blood supplies even though countries aretaking precautionary measures with social distancing to prevent or reduce the number of infections caused by COVID-19.This study aimed to compare blood availability before and during the COVID-19 pandemic at the blood bank of Dr. WahidinSudirohusodo Hospital. A Descriptive-analytic study with an observational approach using the Shapiro-Wilk test todetermine the normality of the sample and the paired T-test. Sample data was taken between March-August 2019 andMarch-August 2020. A significant difference was found in blood demand (p-value=0.004), amount of blood transfusion(p-value=0.006), stock and reference report (p-value=0.005), blood service report (p-value=0.005), cito waiting time(p-value=0.002) and regular waiting time (p-value=0.016). There was no significant difference in blood indicator Packed RedCell (PRC) (p-value=0.119). The Large-Scale Social Restriction Policy (PSBB) and reduction of elective surgery in hospitalsaffect the fulfillment of Blood Bank and faster attendance time of blood during the pandemic. The decrease in a number ofblood demands during the COVID-19 pandemic affected the number of blood transfusions, blood service reports, stocks,referrals, and cito and regular waiting time services.
METHODS FOR QUANTIFYING BREAST CANCER-RELATED LYMPHEDEMA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING A CONTRALATERAL PROPHYLACTIC MASTECTOMY
Authors: Roberts S.A. , Brunelle C.L. , Gillespie T.C. , Shui A.M. , Daniell K.M. , Lavoie M.W. , Naoum G.E. , Taghian A.G.
Published: January 2022

Patients treated for breast cancer are at risk of developing breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL). A significant proportion of patients treated for breast cancer are opting to undergo a contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM). Currently, it remains unclear as to whether the relative volume change (RVC) equation may be used as an alternative to the weight adjusted change (WAC) equation to quantify BCRL in patients who undergo CPM. In order to simplify BCRL screening, our cohort of patients who underwent a CPM (n=310) was matched by BMI to a subset of patients who underwent unilateral breast surgery (n=310). Arm volume measurements were obtained via an optoelectronic perometer preoperatively, postoperatively, and in the follow-up setting every 6-12 months. The correlation of ipsilateral RVC and WAC values for those who underwent bilateral surgery was calculated (r=0.60). Contralateral WAC values for patients in both cohorts were compared, and there was no significant difference between the two distributions in variance (p=0.446). The RVC equation shows potential to be used to quantify ipsilateral postoperative arm volume changes for patients who undergo a CPM. However, a larger trial in which RVC and WAC values are prospectively assessed is needed.
TREATMENT OF SECONDARY LOWER LIMB LYMPHEDEMA AFTER GYNECOLOGIC CANCER WITH COMPLEX DECONGESTIVE THERAPY
Authors: Liu F. , Liu N. , Wang L. , Chen J. , Han L. , Yu Z. , Sun D.
Published: January 2022

Secondary lower extremity lymphedema is a common complication of treatment for gynecological cancers. Conservative therapy plays an important role in the treatment of patients with secondary lower extremity lymphedema; in particular, complex decongestive therapy (CDT) has been recognized as an effective nonoperative technique for these patients. But CDT therapy for secondary lower extremity lymphedema remains a problem in China because this technique and its effectiveness have not achieved widespread use and popularity. Our goal was to assess effects of CDT in patients with secondary lower limb lymphedema after treatment for gynecological cancers. The retrospective study consisted of 60 patients who were treated with 20 sessions of CDT. Assessments included objective changes in limb circumference, degree of LE, imaging features, and incidence of erysipelas before and after CDT treatment. We found that CDT can effectively improve lymph stasis and promote backflow, and decrease circumference, interstitial fluid content, and incidence of erysipelas of lymphedematous lower limb. Our results demonstrate that CDT is an effective treatment method for patients with secondary lower limb lymphedema following treatment for gynecologic cancers. This technique should be more widely utilized and popularized in China to improve the quality of life of millions of patients with secondary lower limb lymphedema.
CLEANING THE BRAIN THROUGH TURBULENT GLYMPHATIC FLOW: THE WASHING MACHINE HYPOTHESIS
Authors: Kuo P.H.
Published: January 2022

LYMPHSPIRATION:
In a thought experiment, a "washing machine" model is proposed based on turbulent flow from complex multi-dimensional forces to characterize fluid dynamics in the brain. The glymphatic system's hypothetical role in this system is illustrated in a series of diagrams. Implications of this model are discussed in terms of normal physiology and a variety of pathologic conditions such as brain atrophy and Alzheimer disease.
The women of N. K. Jemisin: Representations of women and gender roles in the science-fantasyThe Fifth Season
Authors: György Erik
Published: January 2022

The following paper deals with representations of women and gender roles in science-fiction and fantasy. It briefly discusses the issue in these genres in general, but it is primarily concerned with one specific example, i.e. N. K. Jemisin’s science-fantasy novel The Fifth Season. The paper’s main aim is to highlight the changing nature of representations of women in science fiction and fantasy and pay tribute to a literary work depicting women from a modern perspective. Thus, it presents the analysis of said novel from the perspective of feminist criticism and gender studies, focusing on how the novel explores through its main and side women characters, ideas of representation, biological sex versus “gendering”, and related notions of femininity, gender roles and gender stereotypes and myths.
An Overview of Urban Park Development in Zhengzhou, China
Authors: Yang Yang , He Ruizhen , Ning Dongge , Wang Guifang , Liu Manshu , Fekete Albert
Published: January 2022

As essential elements of green spaces and social spaces in cities, urban parks significantly improve the quality of life and promote urban sustainability. Research on the development process of urban parks can be meaningful for coping with the current issues and future opportunities facing cities. This study takes Zhengzhou as the case aiming to outline the development process and characteristics of urban parks within the city. We adopted the empirical analysis to review the evolution processes and trends of Zhengzhou’s urban parks from the perspective of implementation approaches, spatial layout, and functions and uses. Results reveal four subsequent phases: the emergence phase (1949–1977), the growth phase (1978–1996), the acceleration phase (1997–2012), and the promotion phase (after 2012), according to the periods of urban development and the opportunities for green space development. The discussion includes development issues and strategies regarding land use approaches, user group needs, and public participation. The findings may help formulate adaptive and effective policies and planning tools for urban parks and provide a basis for further research on urban parks and Zhengzhou’s road to the ideal “Park City”.
Evaluating the Performance of Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) In Various Vegetation Regions of the Ethiopian Highlands
Authors: Lemenkova Polina
Published: January 2022

This paper focuses on the environment of Ethiopia, a country highly sensitive to droughts severely affecting vegetation. Vegetation monitoring of Ethiopian Highlands requires visualization of environmental parameters to assess droughts negatively influencing agricultural sustainable management of crops. Therefore, this study presented mapping of several climate and environmental variables including Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). The data were visualized and interpreted alongside the topographic data to evaluate the environmental conditions for vegetation. The datasets included WorldClim and GEBCO and Digital Chart of the World (DCW). Research has threefold objectives: i) environmental mapping; ii) technical cartographic scripting; iii) data processing. Following variables were visualized on seven new maps: 1) topography; 2) soil moisture; 3) T °C minimum; 4) T °C maximum; 5) Wind speed; 6) Precipitation; 7) Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). New high-resolution thematic environmental maps are presented and the utility of GMT for mapping multi-source datasets is described. With varying degrees of soil moisture (mean value of 15.0), min T°C (−1.8°C to 24°C), max T°C (14.4°C to 40.2°C) and wind speed (0.1 to 6.1 m/s), the maps demonstrate the variability of the PDSI fields over the country area (from −11.7 to 2.3) induced by the complex sum of these variables and intensified by the topographic effects notable over the Ethiopian Highlands which can be used for vegetation analysis. The paper presents seven new maps and contributes to the environmental studies of Ethiopia.
Indonesian Teachers’ Attitudes Toward Inclusive Education
Authors: Ediyanto Ediyanto , Kawai Norimune , Hayashida Masashi , Matsumiya Nagako , Siddik Md Abu Bakor , Almutairi Areej Talea
Published: January 2022

Since the Bandung Declaration of 2004, Indonesia has become concerned with the development of inclusive education. Even though teachers’ attitudes toward inclusive education are important for successful implementation, there have been few research studies on them in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to understand Indonesian teachers’ attitudes toward inclusive education. This study surveyed 243 Indonesian teachers using the Teacher Attitudes toward Inclusion Scale (TATIS) instrument. The findings showed that 79.4 % of Indonesian teachers held a moderate attitude toward inclusive education. In addition, the number of teachers who had a high (8.6 %) attitude toward inclusive education was less than those who held a low one (11.9 %). Moreover, there were no significant differences based on demographic data such as gender, age, province, school type, highest education, teaching experience in general education, and teaching experience in inclusive education. A significant difference was found only when the level of schools grouped the teachers: teachers who teach in secondary schools had more positive attitudes toward inclusive education than teachers who teach in primary schools. The positive attitude of teachers towards inclusive education can make them more capable of controlled learning environments. Meanwhile, to improve their attitude, a sustainable training program can be carried out. Sustainable training organized by the Ministry of Education to improve teacher pedagogical and professional competence must be in line with Education for Sustainable Development (EDS).