bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Timing and Accumulation of Judicial Sanctions Among Drug Court Clients
Authors: McRee Nick , Drapela Laurie A.
Published: February 2009

Judicial sanctions are used by drug courts to encourage clients to comply with program requirements. However, few studies have explored the application of sanctions in drug courts or the relationship between sanctions and drug court graduation. This article reports the results of a study of sanctions as applied in a drug court in southwest Washington State. Results reveal no significant difference in the number of sanctions accrued between drug court graduates and noncompleters. However, noncompleters are significantly more likely than graduates to accrue sanctions within the first 30 days of entering drug court. Furthermore, accrual of an early sanction is highly predictive of eventual program failure. Severity of the first sanction (regardless of when it was received) is also related to a lower probability of graduation. The authors conclude that information about how offenders accrue sanctions may be useful to drug court personnel as they monitor clients and determine appropriate intervention strategies.
Racial and Ethnic Representation in Gifted Programs
Authors: So Yoon Yoon  , Gentry Marcia
Published: February 2009

The Elementary and Secondary School Survey data and Civil Rights Data Collection of the Office for Civil Rights (OCR) were analyzed to describe the issue of overrepresentation of gifted Asian American students in gifted education programs in the United States. Nationally, Asian and Whites have been overrepresented in gifted education since 1978, whereas, students from other ethnic backgrounds, such as those from American Indian or Alaska Native, Hispanic, and African American groups, have been underrepresented with gradual increases in this underrepresentation since 1994. When the data were disaggregated by state for the period from 2002 to 2006, each racial and ethnic group displayed varied ranges of representation. Those varied distributions can be attributed to each state's unique demographic profile, varied definitions of giftedness, identification procedures, and identification policies. By focusing on Asian American students, this study addressed some difficulties that gifted Asian American students may face concerning the image of model minority and through the acculturation processes as immigrants or descendents of immigrants. Furthermore, this study suggests a need for disaggregated data collection and more research concerning gifted Asian American students from various ethnic Asian groups.

Putting the Research to Use: Findings from this study highlight the need for carefully collected data in the field of gifted education concerning race and ethnicity of students in programs and provide the reader with a picture of both underrepresentation and overrepresentation of students by state and ethnic group. Attention needs to be paid to sub-groups within categories of race and ethnicity to understand representation. By considering the issue of Asian Americans and their overrepresentation, this research has raised awareness about factors, such as identification processes, acculturation, and academic motivation that might promote recognition of giftedness among some ethnic groups. Finally, this research offers readers with a new, multiple-year, current, analysis of the representation in gifted programs nationally and by state for racial/ethnic groups, an area of continued concern to those in the field of gifted education.
Competitive Goal Orientations, Quality, and Stability in Gifted and Other Adolescents' Friendships
Authors: Schapiro Michelle , Schneider Barry H. , Shore Bruce M. , Margison Judith A. , Udvari Stephen J.
Published: February 2009

Competitive goal orientations were rated by self, peers, and teachers for 38 gifted- and 38 regular-program, same-sex, friendship dyads (19 female and 19 male) from grades 7 and 8 (N = 152). Gifted dyads were reassessed on friendship quality and stability at the end of the school year and after the summer. Gifted students were more task-oriented and comparison students more other-referenced. Task-orientation was related to fewer friendship conflicts, more friendly competition, and, for gifted students, greater friendship stability. Being other-referenced was related to negative friendship qualities and unstable friendships regardless of sex, grade, or program, and instability in gifted female students' friendships. Friends reporting positive friendship qualities at the end of the school year more likely remained friends over the summer. Comparison group friendships had more numerous positive qualities (companionship, help, security, closeness) than those of gifted adolescents. Competitive goal orientation rather than competition itself affects friendship success.
The Perils of Predicting Proliferation
Authors: Montgomery Alexander H. , Sagan Scott D.
Published: February 2009

Studies of nuclear proliferation share five serious problems. First, nuclear programs' initiation and completion dates are ambiguous and difficult to code, but findings are rarely subjected to sufficient robustness tests using alternative codings. Second, independent variables overlook important factors such as prestige and bureaucratic power and often use poor proxies for concepts such as the nonproliferation regime. Third, methodologies and data sets should be tightly coupled to empirical questions but are instead often chosen for convenience. Fourth, some findings provide insights already known or believed to be true. Fifth, findings can ignore or gloss over data crucial for policy making and wider debates. This article reviews new quantitative research on nuclear proliferation, noting improved analysis and lingering problems. It highlights the 1999 Kargil war to explore dangers of relying on stock data sets and the need for research on statistical outliers. It concludes with a future research agenda aimed at correcting problems and a cautionary note regarding hasty application of quantitative results to policy making.
The World Economy: Economic downturn in Asia
Authors: Holland Dawn , Barrell Ray , Fic Tatiana , Hurst Ian , Liadze Iana , Orazgani Ali , Pillonca Vladimir
Published: February 2009

Recent economic developments in Asia have proved significantly worse than anticipated. Year-on-year GDP growth in China slowed to 6.8 per cent in the final quarter of 2008, the slowest rate of growth since 1991 and well below the government's target rate of growth of 8 per cent that is required to maintain a stable employment rate. It is difficult to establish the source of the Chinese slowdown with the available data. Fixed capital investment continued to expand rapidly, and the trade surplus in value terms rose to record high levels in the final quarter of the year. This suggests that consumption was weak, although retail sales figures indicate strong growth in the final quarter of the year. We have assumed that the slowdown observed in the fourth quarter was driven primarily by domestic demand. The collapse in global trade this year will have a significant impact on Chinese exports, given that nearly 50 per cent of Chinese goods exports are in the machinery and transport equipment sector. We expect GDP growth to average about 5½ per cent this year, with growth reverting above 8 per cent per annum only in 2012.
Evaluating Policy Reactions to the Financial Crisis
Authors: Barrell Ray , Fic Tatiana , Holland Dawn
Published: February 2009

The current financial crisis has evolved slowly over the past eighteen months, and policy reactions have responded to events. In August 2007 it became clear that a number of banks had lost some of their capital base as a result of defaults on home loans in the US. The impacts of these defaults had been spread across the Atlantic as they were contained within bundles of assets that had been constructed into securities and sold to European banks. By the autumn of 2007 it was clear that there was a strong risk of a banking crisis, as discussed by Barrell and Holland (2007) in the October 2007 Review. We considered that this was a risk, but that the costs were so obviously large that policymakers would strive to avoid it, and hence it was not our main scenario. We were wrong on both counts, and a crisis at least as large as that we discussed emerged after the US authorities let Lehman Brothers fail in September 2008. We argued that a crisis would lead to a reduction in growth of a cumulated 3 per cent in the US and a cumulated loss of about 2 ½ per cent in the UK and the Euro Area. If a crisis burst, we expected US interest rates to reach zero in 2009 with deflation toward the end of the year.
Fiscal Policy Effectiveness in the Banking Crisis
Authors: Barrell Ray , Fic Tatiana , Liadze Iana
Published: February 2009

We investigate the effects of changes in taxes using the National Institute international macro model, NiGEM. A comparison on fiscal impulses worth 1 per cent of GDP for one year is made, with a comparison of a direct tax change, indirect tax change, and a lump sum payment. Multipliers are assessed one country at a time and when policy is coordinated to increase its impacts. We look at the importance of releasing borrowing constraints in a banking crisis. The analysis assumes financial and foreign exchange markets are forward looking.
Prospects for the Uk Economy
Authors: Kirby Simon , Barrell Ray , Pillonca Vladimir
Published: February 2009

Since our October forecast events have conspired to worsen the outlook for the UK and global economy. Concerns about the solvency of banks across the globe have continued, and in some cases intensified. The inter-linkages of the global economy continue to be highlighted as the list of economies slipping into recession grows, even for those who have not suffered the direct shock of a crisis in their domestic banking system. Indeed what started as a problem in securities markets related to sub-prime lending in the US mortgage market has evolved into the near collapse of the global banking system. The UK has enjoyed the fruits of the rapid growth of financial intermediation over the past decade. However, such gains are being sharply reversed, as discussed on pp. 4–8 of this Review. The problem of access to credit for households and non-financial corporations still persists and, if anything, the situation seems to have deteriorated. As discussed on pp. 71–2 of this Review, Bank of England data suggest that lending by banks to households and businesses contracted in the final quarter of last year, even though £37 billion (2.6 per cent of money GDP) of new capital was injected into two major UK banking groups, effectively nationalising one of them (Royal Bank of Scotland).
Data on the Credit Crunch
Authors: Weale Martin
Published: February 2009

One might expect bank borrowing to rise during a recession as businesses seek extra credit to tide them over; the data have to be seen in this context. Indeed, in the 1990s recession lending by banks adjusted for inflation continued to rise (with one interruption) until almost the end of the recession. However, recently lending to UK businesses has been declining, as figure 1 shows. This indicates lending by UK and foreign banks to non-bank businesses with data available up to the end of the third quarter of 2008 after deflating with the GDP deflator.
Differences in Affect, Life Satisfaction, and Depression Between Successfully and Unsuccessfully Rehabilitated Persons With Spinal Cord Injuries
Authors: Chapin Martha H. , Holbert Donald
Published: February 2009

This study assessed whether persons with spinal cord injuries who were successfully rehabilitated differed from those who were not with regard to positive and negative affect, life satisfaction, and depression. An ex post facto research design compared persons with spinal cord injuries who were previously employed with persons with spinal cord injuries who were not employed after receiving services from a southeastern state Division of Vocational Rehabilitation Services program. There were no significant differences between the two groups based on age, gender, race, current level of education, and time employed prior to their injury.The unsuccessfully rehabilitated had lower positive affect and higher negative affect, were less satisfied with life and more depressed, and had a higher percentage of cervical and lumbar injuries than the successfully rehabilitated. Positive psychotherapy techniques are recommended to see if they can decrease depression and improve satisfaction with life and positive affect, while decreasing negative affect.
Human Capital Assets and Structures of Work in the US Metropolitan Hierarchy (An Analysis Based on the O*NET Information System)
Authors: Scott Allen J. , Mantegna Agostino
Published: February 2009

The O*NET database provides a wealth of information on the qualitative aspects of different occupations. On the basis of these data, we carry out an investigation of the forms of human capital and work that can be found at different levels in the urban hierarchy of the United States. The study proceeds, first, by means of factor analysis of the original O*NET data, second, by constructing a derivative set of indexes of human capital and work activities for metropolitan areas, and third, by subjecting these indexes to multiple regression analysis. The results indicate that human capital and work activities in US metropolitan areas vary systematically across the urban hierarchy, as revealed by the relative concentration of occupations that rely heavily on cognitive and behavioral resources at the top end of the hierarchy and a relative concentration of occupations that rely on physical work at the bottom. However, there are some important exceptions to this general pattern.
The Outsourcing of Industrial Design Services by Large US Manufacturing Companies
Authors: MacPherson Alan , Vanchan Vida
Published: February 2009

This article examines the extent to which US producers of durable goods outsource design and development work to external organizations. Evidence from a sample of sixty-eight large manufacturing companies suggests that independent design consultancies and other design service vendors contribute significantly to the product development efforts of major corporations. External organizations are increasingly expected to deliver innovative design solutions with respect to materials selection, aesthetics, ergonomics, product performance, and ease of manufacture. These vendors vary from single-person establishments to firms that employ over 500 people. We find that the outsourcing of industrial design has been driven primarily by the ability of external companies to offer innovative services that complement the core competencies of client firms. Our data also point to the rising importance of design service imports, notably from the United Kingdom, France, and Italy. Such imports currently account for about 35 percent of externalized design expenditures, compared to less than 15 percent ten years ago.
CAPTA Referrals for Infants and Toddlers
Authors: Herman-Smith Robert L.
Published: February 2009

In 2003, Congress amended the Child Abuse Protection and Treatment Act (CAPTA) to require that all child victims of substantiated abuse or neglect under the age of 3 years be assessed for developmental concerns. To date, there has been little study of CAPTA’s implementation in Part C early intervention programs. The Professional Interventionist CAPTA Survey (PICS) was developed to assess perceptions of Part C providers related to serving children and families referred from child welfare. The PICS provides a measure of providers’ perceptions of the CAPTA mandate. Initial results of the PICS suggest that it holds promise for future implementation research and program assessment for Part C early childhood intervention related to CAPTA.
Planning for Complex Metropolitan Regions
Authors: Abbott John
Published: February 2009

Issues, organizations and plans interact in complex ways in metropolitan regions. Planning seeks to influence this interaction to produce a better future: But there are tensions between seeking a better future and a more certain one. The concept of planning as managing uncertainties is used to explore these tensions in two examples: the 1929 Regional Plan of New York and the SEQ 2001 Project in Australia. The article explores how uncertainties, the intentions and plans of organizations, and processes of agreement interact to affect the efforts of planners, visionary individuals, and governments to deliver plans for a better future.
In What Circumstances Should Plans Be Public?
Authors: Kaza Nikhil , Hopkins Lewis
Published: February 2009

Characterizing plans as means of interaction and influence among organizations rather than as mechanisms of control over a complex multiorganizational environment frames the question: In what circumstances should plans be shared widely? Organizations have persistent and repeated interactions about many issues, have fractured capabilities and authorities, and make multiple, overlapping, and interacting plans. Some of these plans are public and some of them are kept private because the plan makers and plan users can benefit from doing so. The public-ness or privateness of plans and that of the processes that make plans serve distinct purposes. Examples from recent recovery planning in New Orleans illustrate why and in what circumstances individuals, voluntary groups, and governments choose to plan in public, make their resulting plans public, and find the public plans of others credible. Plans as rhetorics of action, intention, commitment, and influence can be more effective if revealed strategically to particular audiences at particular times.
Breastfeeding in America: A History of Influencing Factors
Authors: Thulier Diane
Published: February 2009

The author explores the history of breastfeeding in America. Popular belief is that medicine, science, and the formula industry have had the most impact on women's decisions to bottle versus breastfeed. What cannot be overlooked are other areas of influence. Cultural practices, including the beliefs of colonial Americans, the increased social value of children in the 20th century, and the emergence of a middle class, have influenced maternal decision making. The first and second waves of feminism affected women's choices. Politics and religion have had multiple and varied influences. It is this author's position that culture, gender, politics, and religion, as well as medicine, science, and industry, have combined to affect feeding choices. All of these influences, as well as others, both unforeseen and unpredictable, will continue to affect the future of breastfeeding in our society. J Hum Lact. 25(1):85-94.
Factors Associated With Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Latina Women Giving Birth at an Inner-city Baby-Friendly Hospital
Authors: Newton Kimberly Niles , Chaudhuri Jana , Grossman Xena , Merewood Anne
Published: February 2009

Latina women living in the United States initiate breastfeeding at high rates, but their exclusivity is low. We examined factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding prior to discharge among 349 healthy Latina women giving birth at a Baby-Friendly™ hospital in Massachusetts in 2004 to 2005. Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding included maternal age <25 years ( P = .017), US-born mother ( P = .023), and having a Birth Sistersm (doula) ( P = .030). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, maternal age <25 years (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.28-4.10), US-born mother (AOR 3.16; 95% CI, 1.20-8.29), and Birth Sister involvement (AOR 2.16; 95% CI, 1.18-3.97) remained positively associated with exclusive breastfeeding. Compared with women who gave 4 or more formula feeds, women who gave only 1 to 3 formula feeds were more likely to have a Birth Sister (AOR 1.95; 95% CI, 1.05-3.63), to deliver vaginally (AOR 3.05; 95% CI, 1.32-7.05), and to delay the first formula feed (AOR 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02-1.06). J Hum Lact. 25(1):28-33.
Framed Before We Know It
Authors: Ridgeway Cecilia L.
Published: February 2009

In this article, I argue that gender is a primary cultural frame for coordinating behavior and organizing social relations. I describe the implications for understanding how gender shapes social behavior and organizational structures. By my analysis, gender typically acts as a background identity that biases, in gendered directions, the performance of behaviors undertaken in the name of organizational roles and identities. I develop an account of how the background effects of the gender frame on behavior vary by the context that different organizational and institutional structures set but can also infuse gendered meanings into organizational practices. Next, I apply this account to two empirical illustrations to demonstrate that we cannot understand the shape that the structure of gender inequality and gender difference takes in particular institutional or societal contexts without taking into account the background effects of the gender frame on behavior in these contexts.
Labor Markets, Breadwinning, and Beliefs
Authors: Cha Youngjoo , Thébaud Sarah
Published: February 2009

Abundant research has found that men's economic status shapes their gender ideology such that men who are breadwinners are less likely to endorse egalitarian ideology than men in nontraditional arrangements. This article investigates how the association between men's breadwinning status and gender ideology is influenced by the institutional arrangements of different types of labor markets. Rigid labor markets support men's ability to be breadwinners in the long term, whereas flexible labor markets provide men with more frequent, but less permanent, experiences of nontraditional arrangements. The authors anticipate that breadwinner status will have stronger effects on men's gender ideology in rigid labor markets because men can expect less fluctuation in their employment situations in those contexts. Results from a multilevel analysis of 27 countries indeed demonstrate that individual men's economic dependency on their partners influences men's gender egalitarian ideology more strongly in rigid labor markets than in flexible markets.
Outcomes of Older Cognitively Impaired Individuals With Current and Past Depression in the NCODE Study
Authors: Steffens David C. , McQuoid Douglas R. , Potter Guy G.
Published: February 2009

We examined the frequency and course of cognitive impairment, no dementia among a group of older patients enrolled in a longitudinal study of depression. Among 230 participants, 29 with baseline dementia diagnosis were excluded from further analyses. Among the remaining 201 participants, 69 were classified with cognitive impairment, no dementia—broadly defined (34.3%) and 28 (13.9%) with cognitive impairment, no dementia—narrowly defined. At 2-year follow-up, individuals with cognitive impairment, no dementia either narrowly or broadly defined had varied outcomes including (1) improvement to normal cognition, (2) continued cognitive impairment, and (3) progression to dementia. Patients with cognitive impairment, no dementia were more likely to be assigned a later diagnosis of dementia. Our results characterize the concept of cognitive impairment, no dementia as a risk factor for dementia among older individuals with current and past depression; however, just as with the general population, the course of this condition is heterogeneous.
Mild Cognitive Impairment and Everyday Function: An Investigation of Driving Performance
Authors: Wadley Virginia G. , Okonkwo Ozioma , Crowe Michael , Vance David E. , Elgin Jennifer M. , Ball Karlene K. , Owsley Cynthia
Published: February 2009

Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) involves subtle functional losses that may include decrements in driving skills. We compared 46 participants with MCI to 59 cognitively normal controls on a driving evaluation conducted by a driving rehabilitation specialist who was blinded to participants' MCI classification. Participants with MCI demonstrated significantly lower performance than controls on ratings of global and discrete driving maneuvers, but these differences were not at the level of frank impairments. Rather, performance was simply less than optimal, which to a lesser degree was also characteristic of a subset of the cognitively normal control group. The finding of significantly lower global driving ratings, coupled with the increased incidence of dementia among people with MCI and the known impact of dementia on driving safety, suggests the need for increased vigilance among clinicians, family members, and individuals with MCI for initially benign changes in driving that may become increasingly problematic over time.
Association Between Cytokines and Cerebral MRI Changes in the Aging Brain
Authors: Baune Bernhard T. , Ponath Gerald , Rothermundt Matthias , Roesler Andreas , Berger Klaus
Published: February 2009

The association between cytokines (IL-1β, sIL-4R, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α) and subcortical white matter lesions, cortical atrophy and lacunar infarctions of the aging brain was investigated among 268 elderly community participants. Single pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were neither associated with WML nor with atrophy and lacunar infarction. An association between atrophy and the chemokine-cytokine factor (containing sIL-4R, IL-6, IL-8) remained significant after adjustment for age, gender, education, depressive symptoms, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases (stroke, TIA, myocardial infarction, myocardial insufficiency, arrhythmic heart), hypertension, body-mass index, smoking status and aggregation inhibitors as opposed to single cytokines. Atrophy of the parietal, temporal and occipital lobes was associated with the same cytokinechemokine factor for both the whole sample or restricted to those without history of stroke/TIA. The results indicate that a combination of chemokine-cytokines rather than single cytokines may contribute to inflammatory processes associated with cortical atrophy in the aging brain.
Predicting Everyday Functional Abilities of Dementia Patients With the Mini-Mental State Examination
Authors: Razani Jill , Wong Jennifer T. , Dafaeeboini Natalia , Edwards-Lee Terri , Po Lu  , Alessi Cathy , Josephson Karen
Published: February 2009

The Mini-Mental State Examination is a widely used cognitive screening measure. The purpose of the present study was to assess how 5 specific clusters of Mini-Mental State Examination items (ie, subscores) correlate with and predict specific areas of daily functioning in dementia patients, 61 patients with varied forms of dementia were administered the Mini-Mental State Examination and an observation-based daily functional test (the Direct Assessment of Functional Status). The results revealed that the orientation and attention subscores of the Mini-Mental State Examination correlated most significantly with most functional domains. The Mini-Mental State Examination language items correlated with all but the shopping and time orientation tasks, while the Mini-Mental State Examination recall items correlated with the Direct Assessment of Functional Status time orientation and shopping tasks. Stepwise regression analyses found that among the Mini-Mental State Examination subscores, orientation was the single, best independent predictor of daily functioning.
Fostering Cross-Cultural Empathy With Non-Western Curricular Structures
Authors: Haigh Martin
Published: February 2009

It is easier to introduce international content and components into a curriculum than to internationalise the curriculum itself. Learners find it easier to deal with international material embedded in a traditional curriculum but harder to accommodate to a curriculum constructed on different foundations to the norm. Here, in general, the problem learners are not those who are already dealing with cultural diversity but local learners whose expectations are limited by local tradition and who may resist the intrusion of outside ways of doing things. In this case study, learners cope with an exercise that has them assessing the emotional impacts of their habitat using Sāmkhya's three modes of nature ( gunas). However, they are less comfortable with a curriculum founded in notions of dharma, which emphasises personal introspection: self-awareness, self-realisation, and self-improvement. Although lately Western education has been thinking harder about personal responsibility and development, learners find turning the lens of enquiry inward on themselves unusual and are uncomfortable being thus placed in the role of “international learners.” Despite such problems, such experiments benefit learners and teachers by encouraging them to question the worldviews and presuppositions that presently underpin Western educational structures.
International Experience
Authors: Hamza Aswan
Published: February 2009

This qualitative study examines the role of international experience in the transformative learning of female educators as it relates to professional development in a higher education context. It also investigates how the learning productions of these experiences were transferred to the participants’ home country. Nine American female faculty and administrators who worked at universities in Arab countries in the Gulf region participated in this study. The results suggest that the transformative learning of the female educators was reflected in three themes: changes in personal and professional attitudes, experiencing a new classroom environment that included different students’ learning style and unfamiliar classroom behavior, and broadening of participants’ global perspectives. Conclusions are provided, implications are discussed, and recommendations for future research are suggested.
Memantine (Namenda) for Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Rogers Mailien , Rasheed Atif , Moradimehr Abdolali , Baumrucker Steven J.
Published: February 2009

Neuropathic pain is common in the palliative care population; unless adequately treated, the pain can lead to chronic anxiety, depression, and social impairment. Many treatments have been proposed for neuropathic pain; however, it remains underdiagnosed, under-treated, and often requires long-term therapy with risk of adverse effects. Memantine (Namenda), an N-Methyl, D-aspartate receptor inhibitor currently marketed for the treatment of dementia, has been proposed as a medication for the treatment of neuropathic pain for its mechanism, safety, lack of serious adverse effects, and relatively rapid onset of action. However, clinical trials have not been promising so far and its routine use in neuropathic pain is not currently recommended.
Abusive Supervision and Employee Emotional Exhaustion
Authors: Wu Tsung-Yu , Changya Hu
Published: February 2009

The authors examined the relationship between subordinates' core self-evaluations and supervisors' abusive supervision. Furthermore, they examined whether subordinates' perceived coworker support and subordinates' susceptibility to emotional contagion moderated the relationship between supervisors' abusive supervision and subordinates' emotional exhaustion. They analyzed data from 290 subordinates who had immediate supervisors using hierarchal multiple regression. Results show that core self-evaluations were negatively related to abusive supervision, whereas abusive supervision was positively related to emotional exhaustion. Both perceived coworker support and susceptibility to emotional contagion moderated the relationship between abusive supervision and emotional exhaustion. It is surprising that the moderating effect of perceived coworker support showed an unexpected pattern such that a stronger relationship between abusive supervision and emotional exhaustion existed when coworker social support was high. The authors conclude with a discussion of these findings.
A Longitudinal Study of Team Conflict, Conflict Management, Cohesion, and Team Effectiveness
Authors: Tekleab Amanuel G. , Quigley Narda R. , Tesluk Paul E.
Published: February 2009

This study examines the relationships among team conflict, conflict management, cohesion, and team effectiveness. Data are collected longitudinally from 53 teams, and the results indicate that conflict management has a direct, positive effect on team cohesion and moderates the relationship between relationship conflict and team cohesion as well as that between task conflict and team cohesion. These results suggest that a high level of conflict management not only has a direct impact on team cohesion but also alters the negative and positive effects of relationship conflict and task conflict, respectively, on team cohesion. We also found team cohesion to be positively related to perceived performance, satisfaction with the team, and team viability. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Cultural Trait Transmission and Missing Data as Sources of Bias in Cross-Cultural Survey Research
Authors: Dow Malcolm M. , Eff E. Anthon
Published: February 2009

Ember, Ember, and Low (2007) recently reported male mortality in warfare and environmental pathogen stress as statistically significant predictors of nonsororal polygyny. Two sources of bias can be identified in their data analysis: 1) omitted variable bias due to not including a variable for cultural trait transmission, that is, Galton's Problem; and 2) bias caused by extensive deletion of cases when the basic assumption required by listwise deletion, that the missing data are missing completely at random, does not hold. We first re-estimated Ember et al.'s model after adding a trait transmission variable using the listwise deletion subsample, and then again after using contemporary multiple imputation procedures to deal with missing data. Our findings indicate that the significant effects reported for male mortality and pathogen stress are the result of these two sources of bias. The only significant predictor of the world-wide distribution of nonsororal polygyny in the current analyses is cultural trait transmission.
Therapeutic Letters
Authors: Rodgers Neil
Published: February 2009

This article explores the impact of letter writing on therapeutic boundaries. Letters challenged and extended the spatial and temporal boundaries of the therapeutic relationship, and especially the boundary between the personal and the professional, resulting in greater relational connectedness and therapeutic intimacy between the author as therapist and his client participants. By crossing boundaries traditionally posited to keep clients safe, letter writing evoked a carefully considered use of boundary that, perhaps paradoxically, brought the author and the participants into a fuller relationship with self and with each other. A revisioning of therapeutic boundary that challenges “professionalism” and patriarchal constructions of boundary is followed by an exploration of how letters contributed to therapeutic intimacy by giving expression to therapist availability, mutuality, and vulnerability. The experiences of five of the author's clients who agreed to be interviewed are used to illustrate and enrich this narrative.
Modeling Loose Joints in Elastic Structures— Experimental Results and Validation
Authors: Foster John T. , Barhorst Alan A. , Wong C.N. (Simon) , Bement Matthew T.
Published: February 2009

This article is the last of a set of four companion articles. In these articles, a hybrid parameter multiple body system (HPMBS) methodology is utilized to model the frictional contact/impact of a loose bolted joint between two sections of a cantilever beam undergoing planar slewing motion. In this preliminary model, a “rigid” joint is utilized, which allows the members of the joint to be rigid, each attached to the elastic beam sections. Frictional contact/impact is modeled at four contact points. The contact constraints and momentum transfer are modeled with the idea of instantly applied nonholonomic constraints. This article addresses the experimental justification for the model, and our experimental apparatus is described herein. Simulation results and experimental results for the rigid joint configuration are compared and discussed. The theoretical model, the momentum transfer equations utilizing the concept of instantly applied nonholonomic constraints, and the numerical solution scheme are presented in the three companion articles. The motivation for this work is the need for low order but nonetheless accurate models of complicated nonlinear phenomena in structural systems.
A Central Difference Numerical Scheme for Fractional Optimal Control Problems
Authors: Baleanu Dumitru , Defterli Ozlem , Agrawal Om P.
Published: February 2009

This paper presents a modified numerical scheme for a class of fractional optimal control problems where a fractional derivative (FD) is defined in the Riemann—Liouville sense. In this scheme, the entire time domain is divided into several sub-domains, and a FD at a time node point is approximated using a modified Grünwald—Letnikov approach. For the first-order derivative, the proposed modified Grünwald— Letnikov definition leads to a central difference scheme. When the approximations are substituted into the fractional optimal control equations, it leads to a set of algebraic equations which are solved using a direct numerical technique. Two examples, one time-invariant and the other time-variant, are considered to study the performance of the numerical scheme. Results show that 1) as the order of the derivative approaches an integer value, these formulations lead to solutions for the integer-order system, and 2) as the sizes of the sub-domains are reduced, the solutions converge. It is hoped that the present scheme would lead to stable numerical methods for fractional differential equations and optimal control problems.
A Procedure for Solving Under-actuated Optimal Attenuation of Vibrations by means of Symbolic Operators
Authors: Szyszkowski W. , Dhotre N.
Published: February 2009

The problem of optimal attenuation of vibrations with the number of controlled modes greater than the number of independent discrete actuators is analyzed. The modal variables are coupled via non-holonomic constraints that are satisfied with the help of time-dependent Lagrange's multipliers. A given configuration of actuators is characterized by a normalized matrix of constraints with constant coefficients. The coefficients are used to evaluate controllability and overall effectiveness of the actuators as configured. For the quadratic performance index the optimality equations are derived from Pontryagin's principle in a compact form containing time derivatives of the controlled modal variables and Lagrange's multipliers. The problem is formulated as a two-points-boundary-value problem for the modes involved. The equations are solved automatically by applying symbolic differential operators and standard mathematical software. The proposed procedure consists of structural and control phases, and permits determining the optimal histograms of forces in each actuator and the expected response of the structure, including the active damping ratios. It also provides hints for adjusting the configuration of actuators to improve their performance in the case where some of the modes are too difficult to control. Numerical examples illustrate the procedure.
Characteristics of a Reverse Guided Structure for Vibration Suppression
Authors: Hsiao C.Y. , Teng C.K. , Wang C.S.
Published: February 2009

In this paper, based on the concept of vibration waves' guiding and suppression, we present mechanisms that can guide the vibration wave in the reverse direction and apply these mechanisms to design a reverse guided structure for vibration suppression system. The related dynamic equations are derived. Both the frequency responses and the transient responses are conducted from the dynamic model. The simulation results are good in showing the characteristics of the mechanism and the designed system of a reverse guided structure for vibration suppression. After observing the effects of system parameter variation on the performance of vibration suppression, we conclude some design guidelines for implementation in future design references.
A Linear Parameter-varying Framework for Adaptive Active Microgravity Isolation
Authors: Mehendale Charudatta S. , Fialho Ian J. , Grigoriadis Karolos M.
Published: February 2009

This paper presents a novel approach to the design of adaptive active vibration isolation systems using linear parameter-varying (LPV) control techniques. The proposed LPV controller is scheduled based on the relative position of the vibrating system, as well as a parameter that characterizes the harshness of the base motion. By scheduling on relative position, the controller is able to shift its focus from a “soft” setting to a “stiff” setting depending on the need for acceleration minimization or relative displacement reduction. An outer loop that is scheduled based on a parameter that quantifies base motion harshness controls the way in which the system transitions between the “soft” and “stiff” settings. Parameter-dependent weighting functions are used to achieve these objectives. A single degree-of-freedom rack-level microgravity vibration isolation model is used to demonstrate the proposed adaptive design framework. The objective is to provide stringent closed-loop isolation characteristics and at the same time restrict the relative motion of the system, so as to prevent it from bumping into its hardstop bumpers. Simulations show that the parameter-varying controller provides excellent isolation with simultaneous position control despite the large variability in the harshness of environmental disturbances.
Placement of Multiple Piezo Patch Sensors and Actuators for a Cantilever Beam to Maximize Frequencies and Frequency Gaps
Authors: Spier C. , Bruch J.C. , Sloss J.M. , Adali S. , Sadek I.S.
Published: February 2009

Active vibration control is implemented using multiple piezoelectric actuators and sensors bonded to the top and bottom surfaces of a cantilever beam. The control is exercised using closed-loop displacement feedback. The objective of the study is to determine the optimal locations of patch actuators and sensors such that the fundamental frequency or the frequency gap between higher frequencies of the beam is maximized. Maximizing the fundamental frequency is useful to avoid resonance when the excitation frequency is less than the fundamental frequency. Alternatively, the excitation frequency can also be placed in between two higher order frequencies and the difference between the two higher order frequencies can be maximized. In the present study the fundamental frequency and the frequency gaps between the higher order frequencies are investigated with respect to actuator and sensor locations with a view towards determining their optimal locations for largest frequency gaps. The locations of the piezo patches to maximize first, second and third frequencies are also given. The differential equation governing the vibrations of a feedback controlled beam/piezo patch system is solved using an integral equation approach. The numerical results are given for various patch combinations and the optimal locations of the actuators and the sensors are determined. It is observed that the optimal locations of the piezo patches depend on the specific frequency gap as well as the patch configurations.
A Stochastic Controller Design Using an Approximate Solution of FPK Equation
Authors: Lee J.B. , Cho Y.H. , Yang I.B. , Ko I.K. , Kwon D.C. , Heo H.
Published: February 2009

The Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov (FPK) equation is a powerful tool with Markovian response for analyzing dynamic systems. In this study we consider the design of a stochastic controller using FPK for a system subjected to a wide band random disturbance with constant power spectral density. The time-domain dynamic system equation is transformed into a general dynamic statistical moment equation in the stochastic domain via the FPK equation. The system transformation cannot be realized in real time. In order to improve stochastic controller design in real time, a new method of designing a stochastic controller and its implementation are proposed. The practical efficiency of the proposed method using the approximate probability density function is verified via numerical simulation.
Sliding Motions on a Periodically Time-varying Boundary for a Friction-induced Oscillator
Authors: Gegg B.C. , Luo A.C.J. , Suh S.C.
Published: February 2009

In this paper, the analytical conditions for sliding and passable motions on the periodically time-varying boundary in a friction-induced oscillator are presented first through the relative force product. The force product for the sliding motion in such a friction-induced oscillator is less than zero. However, the force product is greater than zero for the passable motion. Based on such analytical conditions, the criteria for the onset and vanishing of the sliding motion are developed. The sliding fragmentation for such an oscillator is discussed. The effects of system parameters to the sliding motion are discussed by use of the sliding mapping. Finally, the sliding motions for such a friction-induced oscillator are illustrated. From this investigation, the force product criterion is very useful to determine existence of the sliding and passable motions in such discontinuous dynamical systems. Such an investigation may provide a different way for sliding mode controls in dynamical systems.
Energy Minimization Approach for a Two-link Flexible Manipulator
Authors: Faris W.F. , Ata A.A. , Sa'adeh M.Y.
Published: February 2009

Robot motion planning between two given configurations in the time domain has a great impact on robotic applications. In the presence of link flexibility, the problem becomes more difficult and critical to be solved. A two-link flexible manipulator is proposed in this study, where the manipulator's joints are required to undergo a rest-to-rest maneuvering. Two trajectories are assumed, a fourth order polynomial and soft motion trajectories1 the Genetic Algorithm is employed to optimize the unknown parameters of the fourth order trajectory in such away that minimizes the energy consumption during motion. The mathematical model of the manipulator is obtained using the extended Hamilton's principle, where the flexible links are treated using Euler-Bernoulli's beam theory. Simulation study for the optimized joints' torques for the two trajectories is introduced and a comparison between them is carried out based on the minimum energy consumption.
Quantifying Separate and Unequal
Authors: Osypuk Theresa L. , Galea Sandro , McArdle Nancy , Acevedo-Garcia Dolores
Published: February 2009

Researchers measuring racial inequality of neighborhood environment across metropolitan areas have traditionally used segregation measures; yet such measures are limited for incorporating a third axis of information, including neighborhood opportunity. Using Census 2000 tract-level data for the largest U.S. metropolitan areas, the authors introduce the interquartile-range overlap statistic to summarize the substantial separation of entire distributions of neighborhood environments between racial groups. They find that neighborhood poverty distributions for minorities overlap only 27%, compared to the distributions for Whites. Furthermore, the separation of racial groups into neighborhoods of differing poverty rates is strongly correlated with racial residential segregation. The overlap statistic provides a straightforward, policy-relevant metric for monitoring progress toward achieving more equal environments of neighborhood opportunity space.