bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die Darstellung des Holocausts in Italien und Deutschland
Authors: Speccher Tommaso
Published: July 2016

Die Darstellung des Holocausts spiegelt sich heute in Form von symbolisch stark geprägten nationalen Mahnmalen und Museen wider. In einer Fallstudie über die politische Funktion des Holocausts und dessen architektonische und museale Darstellung im heutigen Europa vergleicht Tommaso Speccher zwei nationale Mahnmale miteinander: das Museo della Shoah in Rom und das Denkmal für die ermordeten Juden Europas in Berlin. Er analysiert die unterschiedlichen Debatten zu ihrer Entstehung und veranschaulicht die religiös-symbolischen Bedeutungen der Darstellung des Holocausts für die soziale Konstruktion eines legitimierenden, kollektiven und post-nationalen Selbstbewusstseins. Dabei stellt er mithilfe des Begriffs der »messianischen Dringlichkeit« Verbindungen zur zeitgenössischen Philosophie her.
Menschlichkeit als ästhetische, pädagogische und politische Idee
Authors: Fopp David
Published: July 2016

Was zeichnet die Idee der Menschlichkeit aus? Kann man sie künstlerisch erforschen, pädagogisch vermitteln, politisch umsetzen? David Fopp entwickelt eine gesellschaftlich relevante Theorie des menschlichen Geistes, nimmt dabei Methoden und Lehrmittel von (Schauspiel-)Schulen in den Blick und analysiert Filme (u.a. »Billy Elliot«) und Jugendbücher. Im Anschluss an Merleau-Pontys Gestalttheorie sowie durch die Konzepte des In-Kontakt- und Neben-sich-Stehens werden die entwicklungspsychologischen Grundlagen gelingender Begegnungen aufgedeckt. Welche sozialen Räume ermöglichen diese? Wie können solche demokratischen Räume in den Bereichen Bildung, Ökonomie und Politik durchgesetzt werden?
Perception of Environmental Risk Factors Scale for the primary school students
Authors: Özabacı Nilüfer , Yeşilkaya Eda
Published: July 2016

The purpose of this study was to develop a scale to determine the effect of perception of environmental risk factors on primary school students. The participants of this study were 409 students of both low and high socio-economic level from 2 primary schools in Gaziantep. Confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis were used for scale development study. As a result of the analysis, it has been determined that the scale has a structure composed of six subscales and 55 items. Subscales of the scale are; perceptions of in school experience, perceptions of oneself, perceptions of family attitudes, perceptions of family interactions, perceptions of problems within the family, perceptions of the nearest living area. Cronbach Alpha for the scale was found to be .85.
Leisure times of their children from mother’s percpective: The effect of rural and urban life
Anne perspektifinden çocuklarının serbest zamanları: Kırsal ve kentsel yaşamın etkisi
Authors: Ertüzün Ezgi , Gökçe Hüseyin , Alabay Erhan
Published: July 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate the leisure time activities of the children from mothers’ perspective dwelling in rural and urban area. Totally 23 mothers from rural and urban life formed the sample of the study. It was a qualitative research in terms of the techniques used in the resolution of the obtained data. Semi-structured observation form developed by the researchers was used in the study. The matters of semi-structured interview consisted of some questions evaluating the perception of mothers’ leisure time concept and the leisure time activities of the children from mothers’ perspective. Sub-themes were formed from the each question and these themes were supported by mother’s opinion. In both areas children spend their leisure times with their mothers the most. After that, children mostly spend time with their friends in rural areas, and fathers in urban areas secondly. It is stated that none of the urban based children spend time with their friends. ÖzetYaşamın ilk dönemi olan çocukluk döneminde serbest zaman aktiviteleri çocuklara oyun kavramı ile yansır. Oyunun çocuk üzerindeki etkisi açıktır ve buna bağlı olarak kırsal ve kentsel alanlarda yaşayan annelerin bakış açılarının çocuklarının serbest zaman aktivitelerine nasıl yansıdığı merak uyandırmaktadır. Bu nedenle çalışmada kırsal ve kentsel yaşam süren annelerin, kendilerinin çocukluk dönemine ilişkin ve çocuklarının serbest zaman etkinliklerinin değerlendirilmesine ilişkin görüşleri incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın örneklemini kırsal ve kentsel yaşam süren toplam 23 anne oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma elde edilen verilerin çözümlenmesi açısından nitel bir çalışmadır. Araştırmada araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilmiş yarı yapılandırılmış gözlem formu kullanılmıştır. Yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme maddeleri, annelerin serbest zaman kavramı algılarını ve anne perspektifinden çocuklarının serbest zaman etkinliklerini değerlendiren sorulardan oluşmuştur. Her bir sorudan alt temalar oluşturulmuş ve bu temalar anne görüşleri ile desteklenmiştir. Her iki bölgede yaşam süren çocukların serbest zamanlarını en çok anneleri ile geçirdikleri, daha sonrasında ise kırsal bölgelerde arkadaşlarla, kentsel bölgelerde babalarla vakit geçirildiği tespit edilmiştir. Kentsel bölgedeki çocukların hiç birinin serbest zamanlarını arkadaşlarıyla geçirmedikleri tespit edilmiştir.
On the control of the difference between two
Brownian motions: an application to energy
markets modeling
Authors: Deschatre Thomas
Published: July 2016

We derive a model based on the structure of dependence between a Brownian motion and its reflection
according to a barrier. The structure of dependence presents two states of correlation: one of comonotonicity
with a positive correlation and one of countermonotonicity with a negative correlation. This model
of dependence between two Brownian motions B1 and B2 allows for the value of
to be higher than 1/2 when x is close to 0, which is not the case when the dependence is modeled by a constant correlation.
It can be used for risk management and option pricing in commodity energy markets. In particular, it allows
to capture the asymmetry in the distribution of the difference between electricity prices and its combustible
prices.
IRE-1α regulates expression of ubiquitin specific peptidases during hypoxic response in U87 glioma cells
Authors: Minchenko Oleksandr H. , Tsymbal Dariia O. , Minchenko Dmytro O. , Riabovol Olena O. , Halkin Oleh V. , Ratushna Oksana O.
Published: July 2016

IRE-1α (inositol requiring enzyme-1α), the most evolutionarily conserved of the endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling pathways, is highly implicated in sustaining the proliferation of glioma cells and subsequent tumor growth, which is decreased by the inhibition of IRE-1α. To explore the IRE-1α mediated regulation of ubiquitin system in glioma cells, the expression of a subset of ubiquitin specific peptidases (USP) and of ubiquitin activating enzyme E1-like protein/autophagy related 7 (GSA7/ATG7) genes was studied, during hypoxic stress in wild type and U87 glioma cells with inhibited IRE-1α. Hypoxic treatment of wild type glioma cells leads to the up-regulation of USP25 and the concomitant downregulation of USP1, USP10, USP14, and GSA7 genes. USP4 and USP22 genes expression did not significantly change with hypoxic treatment. Inhibition of IRE-1α activity led to up-regulation of USP1, USP4, USP10, USP22, and USP25, while USP14 and GSA7 genes were down-regulated. Therefore, IRE-1α activity modifies substrate-targeting specificity to proteasome during hypoxic stress, which in turn can affect cell survival. Inhibition of IRE-1α correlates directly with deregulation of ubiquitin specific peptidases and GSA7 in a fashion that ultimately slows tumor growth.
Characteristics of Subcritical Water Extraction and Kinetics of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids from Dry Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) Leaves
Authors: Mlyuka Erasto , Zhang Shuang , Wang Linxiang , Zheng Zongping , Chen Jie
Published: July 2016

In this study, pentacyclic triterpenoids (PTTs) were extracted from loquat leaves by subcritical water extraction (SWE) technique in a dynamic mode. The results revealed that PTTs yield increased up to 5.38±0.12 mg/g with the increasing temperature at 180 °C for corosolic acid (CA) and up to 7.20±0.11 mg/g at 200 °C for ursolic acid (UA) within experimental times. The optimum flow rates to obtain concentrated CA and UA extracts were found to be 33.33 and 41.67 mL/min, respectively. Furthermore, extraction temperatures strongly influenced the extraction rate as demonstrated by the rate constant of each temperature tested. Moreover, the kinetic rate constant decreased as the function of temperature indicating the yield of both CA and UA were significantly influenced by subcritical temperatures and extraction times.
Laplace homotopy perturbation method for Burgers equation with space- and time-fractional order
Authors: Johnston S. J. , Jafari H. , Moshokoa S. P. , Ariyan V. M. , Baleanu D.
Published: July 2016

The fractional Burgers equation describes the physical processes of unidirectional propagation of weakly nonlinear acoustic waves through a gas-filled pipe. The Laplace homotopy perturbation method is discussed to obtain the approximate analytical solution of space-fractional and time-fractional Burgers equations. The method used combines the Laplace transform and the homotopy perturbation method. Numerical results show that the approach is easy to implement and accurate when applied to partial differential equations of fractional orders.
Rotational surfaces in isotropic spaces satisfying weingarten conditions
Authors: Öğrenmiş Alper Osman
Published: July 2016

In this paper, we study the rotational surfaces in the isotropic 3-space 𝕀3satisfying Weingarten conditions in terms of the relative curvatureK(analogue of the Gaussian curvature) and the isotropic mean curvatureH. In particular, we classify such surfaces of linear Weingarten type in 𝕀3.
Application of kinetic approach to porous medium flow simulation in environmental hydrology problems on high-performance computing systems
Authors: Chetverushkin Boris N. , Churbanova Natalia G. , Kuleshov Andrey A. , Lyupa Anastasiya A. , Trapeznikova Marina A.
Published: July 2016

A kinetically-based system of equations for three-phase porous media flow simulation is considered. A simple case with the following assumptions is discussed: phase transitions are absent, phases do not dissolve and do not mix, the rock compressibility is negligible. Such systems are under consideration in applied problems when the pressure changes slightly and thermal processes are absent, for example, in environmental problems. The continuity equation is modified via introduction of the regularizing term and the second-order time derivative. Due to conversion to the hyperbolic type the corresponding difference equation stability is improved. An explicit algorithm is developed and adapted to high-performance computing systems. High parallelization efficiency is achieved on a classical cluster as well as on a hybrid cluster with graphics accelerators.
Weighted statistical modelling algorithms with branching and extension of a model ensemble of interacting particles
Authors: Rogasinsky Sergey V.
Published: July 2016

A modification of the weighted statistical modelling of the evolution of an ensemble of interacting particles is constructed for approximate solution of a nonlinear kinetic equation. If the auxiliary weight exceeds one, we propose to use randomized branching of trajectory of the model ensemble of particles or its corresponding extension. Numerical analysis of constructed algorithms is performed for specifically formulated model problem on relaxation of a mixture of two gases with very different concentrations.
A Framework for Implementing Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experiences (CUREs) in Freshman Biology Labs
Authors: Bakshi Arundhati , Patrick Lorelei E. , Wischusen E. William
Published: July 2016

There have been many calls to make research experiences available to more undergraduate students. One way to do this is to provide course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs), but providing these on a scale large enough to accommodate many students can be a daunting undertaking. Indeed, other researchers have identified time to develop materials and course size as significant barriers to widespread implementation of CUREs. Based on our own experiences implementing CUREs at a large research university, we present a flexible framework that we have adapted to multiple research projects, share class materials and rubrics we have developed, and suggest logistical strategies to lower these implementation barriers.
Histories of 1938 in Turkey
Authors: Göner Özlem
Published: July 2016

In 1938, the Turkish state massacred thousands of people in Dersim, and forced thousands to move out of the city. Unacknowledged within official Turkish history, the event has a paradoxical existence in Dersim. Absent in the form of a collective memory, 1938 was simultaneously being referred to in life stories as well as within social gatherings and political discussions. In this paper I look into different relationships between past, present, and future in the shaping of subjectivity, identity, and movements in the absence of a collective memory. Combining oral history, life narrative interviews, and ethnography, this research reveals that temporality is experienced, thought of, imagined, and transferred by subjects in multiple and complex forms. Fragmented stories and life narratives break the silences, and they attain meanings within a consciousness of history, a sense of history and time, an implicit understanding of past, present, and future, which shapes identity and subjectivity.
From Reeducation Camps to Little Saigons
Authors: Hoang Tuan
Published: July 2016

This article re-examines Vietnamese diasporic anticommunism in the context of twentieth-century Vietnamese history. It offers an overview of the Vietnamese anticommunist tradition from colonialism to the end of the Vietnam War, and interprets the effects of national loss and incarceration on South Vietnamese anticommunists. These experiences contributed to an essentialization of anticommunism among the prisoners, who eventually provided a critical mass for anticommunist activism in the United States since the early 1990s.
Finding the American Dream Abroad? Narratives of Return Among 1.5 and Second Generation Vietnamese American Skilled Migrants in Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen-Akbar Mytoan
Published: July 2016

This essay, using multi-sited ethnographic methods, discusses the motivations for the en masse longer-term migration of 1.5 and second generation Vietnamese American professionals to their parents’ ancestral homeland during the 2000s. Social class dynamics, gender, racial, and national identity in the United States and migrant selectivity inform their decisions to migrate to the ancestral homeland for personal growth and to help develop the country. The interviewees’ framing of return experiences reflects the social ambivalence of returning as “in between” subjects in pursuit of a liberal capitalist American Dream abroad.
Interpretação de confrontos em perícias de crimes violentos baseados em anatomia foliar
Authors: Amaral Marina Milanello do , Bittencourt Eloisa Aurora Auler , Lima Carolina Gonçalves Palanch de , Ortega Ricardo Lopes , Angyalossy Veronica
Published: July 2016

A megadiversidade de plantas no território brasileiro representa um grande potencial forense. No entanto, conhecimentos botânicos estabelecidos há séculos são esporadicamente empregados em procedimentos forenses. A Botânica Forense, em particular o estudo da morfologia externa e interna (anatomia) das plantas, possibilita a caracterização de amostras e a identificação da espécie, oferecendo grande auxílio para o embasamento de linhas investigativas e, em alguns casos, configurando-se como importante prova material. Nas perícias de crimes violentos letais intencionais, como homicídio, execução sumária, estupro e roubo seguido de morte, é comum se encontrarem folhas ou fragmentos foliares aderidos a solas de calçado e tapetes de veículos de suspeitos. Confrontar esses vestígios com as amostras de folhas e fragmentos foliares do local de crime pode representar a única alternativa de materialidade, na falta de impressões dígito-papilares, pegadas ou material biológico humano. Neste estudo de caso, apresentamos três exames de confronto de amostras vegetais em investigações de roubo seguido de morte e execução sumária no Estado de São Paulo. Folhas e fragmentos foliares do local de crime foram comparados com folhas e fragmentos foliares de peças associadas ao(s) suspeito(s) a partir da observação da morfologia externa e da anatomia. Em todos os casos foi possível obter informações sobre a morfologia externa e, principalmente, sobre a anatomia dos fragmentos foliares, permitindo realizar comparações e apresentar como resultados dois confrontos negativos e um confronto parcialmente positivo. A experiência obtida com esses exames revelou que o planejamento das coletas de amostras botânicas nos locais de crime condiciona a interpretação dos resultados.
Fenotipagem forense pelo DNA através de SNPs
Authors: Virmond Marina Barreiros , Robert Anny Waloski , Brito Priscila Bitencourt , Massuda Thiago Yuiti Castilho
Published: July 2016

A fenotipagem forense pelo DNA se apresenta como uma abordagem promissora para suprir lacunas na busca de pessoas desconhecidas, em investigações criminais, e na identificação de vítimas de catástrofes e de pessoas desaparecidas. Essa metodologia permite a previsão individual de características externamente visíveis (CEVs) a partir de análises com SNPs informativos de fenótipos. Entre esses SNPs, os mais bem descritos são aqueles relacionados com as características de pigmentação, como cor dos olhos, pele e cabelo. Estudos vêm demonstrando o elevado poder de predição dessas CEVs, apresentando resultados satisfatórios na predição da cor de íris castanha e azul e cabelo ruivo, enquanto para as demais ainda são necessárias mais pesquisas para predizer com precisão esses fenótipos. Embora seja muito promissora, a aplicação prática da fenotipagem forense pelo DNA levanta diversas questões de ordem ética e legal. No Brasil, avanços ainda precisam acontecer, uma vez que a população brasileira é heterogênea e grande parte dos marcadores descritos é relacionada às populações europeias. Neste sentido, o Brasil já conta com a Rede Integrada de Bancos de Perfis Genéticos (RIBPG), a qual visa compartilhar e comparar os perfis genéticos entre os bancos do país. Em um futuro próximo essa metodologia estará apta a integrar às rotinas forenses, com grande aplicabilidade e confiabilidade.
La tutela del turista tra inadempimento e vacanza rovinata: nuovi strumenti di diritto europeo e rimedi tipici di diritto nazionale privato
Authors: Cimmino Maria
Published: July 2016

L’articolo si propone di analizzare i rapporti che intercorrono tra l’inadempimento del contratto turistico e la figura del danno da vacanza rovinata, alla luce delle recenti novità normative nell’ordinamento italiano e nel diritto comunitario. In particolare, secondo l’autore, attraverso l’analisi della rilevanza contrattuale del principio di conformità è possibile, stabilire una distinzione tra le sopraindicate fattispecie al fine di migliorare la tutela del turista.
Aplicación judicial de las inmunidades internacionales en España. Análisis de la práctica reciente
Authors: López Martín Ana Gemma
Published: July 2016

Hasta la entrada en vigor el 17 de noviembre de 2015 de la LO sobre inmunidades de los Estados extranjeros y las Organizaciones internacionales, la referencia normativa con la que han contado nuestros jueces en la materia ha sido un reenvío a las inmunidades reconocidas por el Derecho internacional, tanto por la LOPJ como por la LEC.Tan deficiente normativa, unida a la compleja regulación jurídica internacional al respecto, ha provocado serios problemas a nuestros jueces en la correcta identificación de la inmunidad en juego, de su alcance y del sujeto beneficiario de la misma, que se verán mitigados con esta nueva ley.Este trabajo afronta un análisis acerca de cuál ha sido esa práctica judicial sobre inmunidades internacionales hasta la fecha, a los efectos de valorar su correcta o incorrecta aplicación, en la confianza de que el nuevo marco normativo supondrá un punto de inflexión en su progreso.
Presidente ideal y comunicación política. Expectativas de los ciudadanos e imágenes proyectadas en los spots de las campañas presidenciales argentinas 2003, 2007 y 2011
Authors: García Beaudoux Virginia , D'Adamo Orlando , Zubieta Elena
Published: July 2016

Este trabajo presenta los resultados de dos estrategias de investigación desarrolladas en simultáneo. La primera, mediante dos sondeos de opinión pública, indagó si existe en los ciudadanos argentinos la imagen de un presidente ideal y, de ser así, qué atributos la caracterizan. La segunda, sistematizó los contenidos de 129 anuncios electorales televisivos de las campañas presidenciales argentinas de los años 2003, 2007 y 2011, y exploró las características de las imágenes de liderazgo que los candidatos proyectan desde la propaganda televisiva. Se analizan y discuten las claves que partidos y candidatos utilizan para intentar guiar el voto de los ciudadanos, la clase de imágenes de liderazgo presidencial que proyecta la comunicación de campaña, así como su sintonía o discrepancia con las expectativas de la ciudadanía cuando imagina al “presidente ideal”.
Una aproximación al transmedia, el storytelling y los nuevos modelos narrativos electorales actuales en la comunicación política actual.
Authors: Cárcar Benito Jesús Esteban
Published: July 2016

El fenómeno de las narrativas transmediáticas se ha convertido en uno de los temas de investigación más interesantes en el mundo de la comunicación política. Su impacto ha superado otros ámbitos (la ficción, el periodismo y la comunicación comercial) para convertirse en una práctica de la comunicación política/estratégica hasta dar lugar a la "transpolítica”. En las narraciones transmedia, se deben tener en cuenta a las audiencias (entendidas como prosumidores) para construir las historias formando parte de ese proceso expansivo del relato., que ayudan  a la conformación  del propio storytelling de la campaña. El trabajo aborda una aproximación a la consistencia de los universos políticos narrativos transmedia con su poderoso efecto de engagement sobre los electores y ciudadanos. Por último, bucea en los  casos  sobre las narrativas transmedia, relativas a universos ficcionales del mundo político actual, nuevos modelos.
La sociedad civil y el primer debate presidencial en Argentina
Authors: Acosta Marina
Published: July 2016

Durante 2015, la democracia argentina vivió por primera vez en la historia un debate presidencial televisivo. La realización del primer debate, en el marco de las elecciones generales de ese año, no fue obra del sistema político argentino sino una iniciativa de la sociedad civil. El objetivo general de este artículo es ofrecer una descripción de un conjunto de factores que posibilitó la realización de tal evento. Para contextualizar la problemática, recurrimos al aparato conceptual de la comunicación política que nos permite abordar la compleja interacción entre sistema político, medios de comunicación y opinión pública. Presentamos el análisis como un estudio de caso en tanto estrategia de investigación empírica sustentada en múltiples fuentes de evidencia.
Radio y televisión local. Ciudad y ciudadanía en los medios audiovisuales/ Radio and Local television. City and Citizenship in the audiovisual media.
Authors: García Castillejo Angel
Published: July 2016

Hablar de democratización audiovisual supone hablar de medios de comunicación audiovisuales basados en la proximidad, es decir, televisiones y radios locales, que sirvan de impulso en la creación de un sector basado en el pluralismo y ligado a un sentimiento reivindicativo de la identidad, cultura, las tradiciones y costumbres de cada ámbito territorial. En el presente artículo se servirá de un análisis pormenorizado en torno al proceso de aparición de las televisiones y radios locales así como de los textos legales reguladores de los mismos.
О славянской лексикографии в Эстонии
Authors: Чекада Алисия
Published: July 2016

Estonian–Slavic lexicography has a long tradition and is rich in achievements. In total, more than 120 Russian–Estonian and Estonian–Russian lexicographic manuals were released in the form of phrasebooks and printed or online dictionaries. Estonian–Polish lexicography is represented by several phrasebooks and pocket-size dictionaries. For the Estonian and Czech languages, there is only one dictionary and a phrasebook. Recently, a few projects have appeared for the production of the Estonian–Ukrainian, Estonian–Bulgarian, and Bulgarian– Estonian dictionaries but none of them have yet been completed. For other Slavic languages, no compilation of bilingual dictionaries is conducted.
Miroslav Krležas Mehrsprachigkeit
Authors: Fried István
Published: July 2016

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how M. Krleža takes advantage of the adaptabilities of multilingualism in his short story Hrvatski bog Mars. Soldiers from different linguistic areas served in the Austro-Hungarian multilingual army who needed to acquire the military language as well. However, establishing conversations with officers and soldiers of other languages was detained by misunderstandings and incomprehension, which lead to tragic and tragicomic consequences. The different social dialects created situations for talking at cross purposes, while the voided multilingualism of the upper classes signed cultural decadence, the coming of the end.
Evaluation of chemical grouted soil by electrical resistivity
Authors: Komine H.
Published: July 2016

Chemical grouting is frequently used as a groundimprovement method for the construction of underground structures. However, it is difficult to evaluate the qualities of region solidified by chemical grouting. To solve this problem, we note that the electrical resistivity of chemical grout is much lower than that of the ground or ground water. We measured the electrical resistivity of some saturated sands and grouted sands in the laboratory, in order to investigate the electrical resistivity of the grounds before and after chemical grouting. On the basis of the results obtained, we propose a model of the electrical resistivity of ground before and after chemical grouting, and evaluate the grout void ratio, which is the volume ratio of grout occupying the void space of the improved ground. The validity of this evaluation is demonstrated by a comparison of the calculated and laboratory test results.
Soil improvement experiences in Belgium: Part III. Case histories
Authors: Van Impe W. F. , De Cock F. , Van Der Cruyssen J. P. , Maertens J.
Published: July 2016

The previous papers in this series concerning soil improvement experiences in Belgium dealt with a general overview of soil improvement techniques and an overview of performance practice and design aspects. To conclude this series, some relevant case histories are presented.
Pressure behaviour: an important monitoring tool in grouting
Authors: Warner J.
Published: July 2016

The relationship between grout pressure and injection rate is almost linear, all other things being equal; i.e. grout pressure increases with increasing injection rate, and decreases as the injection rate is reduced. At a uniform injection rate, an increase in the rate of pressure build-up indicates increased restriction within the formation or injection system, whereas a drop in pressure build-up indicates a reduction of restraint to injection. A sudden pressure drop nearly always accompanies uplift or hydraulic fracturing of the formation, and will almost always occur with leakage within the system. Conventional rock grouting has traditionally been controlled by maintaining a predetermined maximum pressure, resulting in ever variable injection rates, whereas much structural and compaction grouting is done using uniform injection-rate increments. This enables precise monitoring of the otherwise invisible grout movement, through continuous observation of the pressure behaviour. Injection control based solely on the pressure behaviour at a constant injection rate, and the advantages and limitations thereof are addressed. Use of such control in a wider range of grouting applications is discussed.
State of the art of grouting in North America
Authors: Welsh J. P.
Published: July 2016

Grouting techniques in North America are generally categorized as follows: slurry grouting, permeation grouting, compaction grouting, jet grouting and soil fracture grouting. In addition to reporting on the state of the art of grouting, this paper traces the history of each of the grouting techniques in North America. Significant case histories reported in the technical literature are cited so that engineers can glean more information on a project of interest.
State of the art in European grouting
Authors: Gouvenot D.
Published: July 2016

European grouting methods are undergoing rapid change at all levels, from site survey to ultimate quality control. Recent developments are mostly the outcome of environmental conservation pressures. Certain conventional grouts that are potential sources of pollution have been almost completely abandoned in many countries in favour of pure mineral grouts containing no organic materials. Computer power is benefiting grouting in widely different areas, such as soil survey by new geophysical methods, computer-aided design, computer-aided grout pump control, database display of all grouting parameters, and in situ monitoring and control by logging and geophysics. Modern grouts display better durability and less creep. Soil treatment is more closely controlled during and after grouting. It will soon be possible to design projects with grouted soil foundations that have well-defined, durable geotechnical properties.
Improved surface-treated cements for cement powder grouting
Authors: Nakamura A. , Yamaguchi Y. , Onuma E. , Sasaki Y. , Hashimoto T. , Wada M. , Tahara N.
Published: July 2016

Surface-treated microfine cements were prepared as a grouting material for a cement powder grouting method. This method is applied to dam foundations that are almost impermeable to cement slurry. Laboratory tests revealed that a decrease in the amount of size fractions coarser than 10 µm and finer than 1 µm in surface-treated cements remarkably improved the permeation to sand specimens. By using the cement powder grouting method with such a cement, a remarkable improvement in the watertightness of dam foundations with minute pores that are almost impermeable to cement slurry can be achieved.
Simplified approach to the analysis of a reinforced soil bed as a two-layer soil system
Authors: Raghavendra H. B. , Sitharam T. G. , Srinivasa Murthy B. R.
Published: July 2016

It is a well-established fact that the behaviour of reinforced soil beds can be predicted to a reasonable degree of accuracy using a rigorous finite element method of analysis at each increment of loading. However, there is much scope for establishing a simple and reasonable method to predict the load-carrying capacity of a reinforced soil bed, as the finite element method of analysis is not yet popular among practising engineers. In this paper it is attempted to analyse a reinforced soil bed system subjected to a strip load by treating it as a non-homogeneous two-layer soil system. The proposed design methodology is an extension of Binquet and Lee’s procedure for the analysis of a reinforced soil bed. In comparison with the results of a rigorous non-linear finite element analysis of a reinforced two-layer soil bed, the proposed simplified approach provides satisfactory estimates.
Speculations on methods of stabilizing slopes
Authors: Greenwood D. A.
Published: July 2016

Economic pressures dictate that most artificial slopes are formed as steeply as possible, and natural slopes revert to the maximum angle consistent with stability. Structural methods of slope stabilization are well established and their limitations known. This paper speculates on some of the more esoteric methods recently, or yet to be, applied. Shallow and deep instability mechanisms in embankments and cuttings are outlined, noting the influence of ground water and rainfall. Some aspects of relatively new methods of stabilization are described, for which longterm experience is lacking. This paper also speculates on longevity of soil nails and on methods of their protection from corrosion; and it gives data on two case histories monitored for 4 and 6 years. Test results are given on pullout resistance of quicklime nails and dowels in clay, comparing with those for cement-grouted reinforcements on the same site. A technique that was used to stabilize an active railway embankment is described which used horizontal mixed-in-place 600 mm diameter grouted inserts. The mechanism of stabilization of clay embankments by cement grout injection is proposed, and a scheme for controlling annual cycles of shrinkage and swelling in clay embankments by electro-osmotic processes is suggested.
Stabilization of coal mine waste with soil nails
Authors: Drumm E. C. , Mauldon M. , Tant C. R.
Published: July 2016

Surface mine operations in the southern Appalachian mountains of the USA have left numerous unstable or marginally stable waste rock slopes. These slopes, which were created by dumping waste material downslope, comprise low-density, random-size material ranging from clay particles to boulders, and often include debris such as trees and stumps. Typical remediation measures include reducing the slope angle or constructing expensive retaining structures. An investigation was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of soil nailing in these waste rock slopes. A slope that had failed previously was cut back and stabilized with soil nails. The lower portion of the slope was steepened from the existing 1H:1V slope to about 1H:3·7V (75°), thus creating a ‘cut slope’ requiring support to maintain stability. Rather than facing with shotcrete, an erosion control material was placed on the slope, and geogrid facing material was applied over the steeper portions of the slope. The slope was monitored by means of slope inclinometers. Upon completion of the nail installation, a control section of the slope was excavated to the same inclination as the nailed sections, and permitted to fail. Recommendations are provided for stabilizing mine waste slopes with soil nails. Due to the boulders, tree stumps, and debris found in mine waste, nail positions must be changed from the original design. While this flexibility during construction is an advantage of the soilnailing method of stabilization, the as-built nail configuration may bear little resemblance to the design slope. Furthermore, the irregular nail pattern is not amenable to analysis by traditional methods based on constant horizontal and vertical spacing. A method for the determination of an equivalent horizontal and vertical spacing was developed based on the nail density. This method permits the analysis of irregular nailing patterns with traditional twodimensional procedures, and yields the variation in factor of safety across the slope. The method is demonstrated for the project slope.
On the durability and strength of soil–cement
Authors: Baghdadi Z. A. , Shihata S. A.
Published: July 2016

The paper presents an experience with soil±cement in a research project to investigate alternative pavement systems. The Portland Cement Association procedure was followed to design the soil–cement mixes. To assess the obtained material, it should satisfy durability and compressive strength criteria. As no freezing is experienced in this region of the world, it was decided to concentrate on wet–dry durability. This test is time-consuming and depends to a great extent on the skill and consistency of the operator. This might affect its reliability and reproducibility. To overcome these shortcomings, this paper proposes to substitute the weight loss from the test as a criterion with the strength of soil±cement samples, prepared in the same way as required by the standard procedure and subjected to cycles of wetting and drying. The results obtained appear to encourage the pursuit of this concept, which might, hopefully, serve the soil–cement industry.
International knowledge database for ground improvement technologies
Authors: Levy O. , Juran I. , Dimillio A. F.
Published: July 2016

The prime mission of the International Knowledge Database for Ground Improvement Technologies (IKDGIT) is to foster worldwide technology transfer and know-how exchange, which will effectively contribute to advancing the state of engineering and construction practice and accelerate reliable use of innovative ground improvement geosystems for a variety of engineering applications. To achieve this goal, specifically in the areas of ground improvement, reinforcement and grouting, where practice has always preceded research and analytical developments, effective interaction between government, industry and academia must be established. For this purpose, the Technical Committee for Ground Improvement, Reinforcement and Grouting of the International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE TC-17) has undertaken the development of the IKDGIT, which provides a user-friendly framework for collecting data, conducting statistical analyses, screening and presenting data via the Internet in order to provide widespread dissemination to engineers around the world. For the development of the IKDGIT, it is envisioned that through the network of Regional Centers to be established in ISSMGE country members, TC-17 members will participate not only in data collection but also in the evaluation of the available data, so that any data accessible to the international community through the IKD would have been evaluated by the experts of TC-17.
Technology of air-transported stabilized dredged fill. Part 1: pilot study
Authors: Porbaha A. , Hanzawa H. , Shima M.
Published: July 2016

One major concern in highly developed urban coastal areas is to obtain quality soil for various construction purposes. In addition, the frequent maintenance of ports, lakes and navigation channels to facilitate navigation for ships importing and exporting goods has resulted in the production of a large volume of dredgings. This paper presents a technique in which the dredged material obtained from the seabed is transported and stabilized in a pipeline using compressed air. The technique aims for effective use of marine resources for various construction purposes in the coastal areas, while reducing the manufacturing cost of the geomaterial. A pilot study was launched for a trial construction to investigate the feasibility of the technique and to characterize the geomaterial through field tests, using a modified cone penetrometer, and conventional laboratory tests. Several application areas of the technology for infrastructure development or rehabilitation in coastal areas are presented.
Technology of air-transported stabilized dredged fill. Part 2: quality assessment
Authors: Porbaha A. , Tsuchida T. , Kishida T.
Published: July 2016

A framework for the quality assessment of cement-treated ground, based on considerations of reliability, the regionalized variable theory and the observational method, is presented. From the results of laboratory and preconstruction field tests, the reliability-based quality index is defined on the basis of a function representing the actual strength of the stabilized ground normalized by the design strength. Quality control during construction is carried out by adopting a threshold quality index satisfying the designated probability of failure. Taking advantage of the regionalized variable theory, the technique employs the results of cone penetration tests for semivariogram analysis and applies the kriging technique for optimal interpolation and development of isostrength contours within the stabilized ground for quality assurance. The applicability of the proposed technique is examined by means of a field pilot study presented in the previous phase of this study.
Permeability evaluation of soft-rock foundations for dams
Authors: Yamaguchi Y. , Matsumoto N.
Published: July 2016

Because many of the recent dam sites in Japan are composed of soft rocks with low strength, the injection pressure should be carefully controlled when performing the Lugeon water test (LWT). Particularly, where the groundwater level is low, the minimum injection pressure for the LWT generated by pressure control at the ground surface is extremely high in deep parts of the foundation. Consequently, there is a possibility of overestimating the permeability because of fracturing of the rock mass surrounding the test section. Under these circumstances, injection pressure should be applied by adjusting the water level inside the borehole to begin the test at a low effective injection pressure.
A study of soil-nailed wall behaviour at limit states
Authors: Hajialilue-Bonab Masoud , Razavi Seyyed Kazem
Published: July 2016

A detailed study of soil-nailed wall behaviour is investigated under limit states by the three-dimensional finite-difference method. To simulate failure conditions and to investigate the failure surface, two kinds of limit states are modelled: (a) by applying a uniform pressure on top of the wall (called load collapse) and (b) by reducing the shear strength of the soil (called the strength reduction method). For cohesion soils where the soil friction angle is low, the slip surface is in good agreement with circular shapes. However, tension cracking is caused and the factor of safety obtained is smaller than those found by the limit equilibrium method. For granular soils, the shape of the slip surface is trilinear and bilinear under the associated and non-associated flow rule, respectively. Moreover, some results support and improve the current method of design in using the assumptions of interaction between the nail and soil at the limit state which is discussed in this paper.
Ground surface settlements of sands densified with explosives
Authors: Vega-Posada Carlos A. , Finno Richard J.
Published: July 2016

Blast densification has long been used to densify loose, saturated sand deposits. Although it is an economically feasible approach to densify large areas, it is not widely used in engineering practice as the design is mostly empirical and some verification tests, such as the cone penetration test, standard penetration test and shear wave velocity test, indicate that the strength and stiffness of the soil do not improve after blasting, even though significant ground surface settlements are measured at the surface. This paper presents ground surface settlements measured at a sanitary landfill located in South Carolina, where 15 zones have been improved with explosives. The results show that blast densification is an effective ground-improvement technique to induce significant ground settlements, increase the soil density and therefore to decrease the liquefaction susceptibility of the blasted layer. The final relative density of the improved sandy layer was > 80% in some areas.
Behaviour of lignosulfonate-treated soil under cyclic loading
Authors: Chen Qingsheng , Indraratna Buddhima , Rujikiatkamjorn Cholachat
Published: July 2016

In this paper, the effectiveness of an environmentally-friendly stabilising agent for soil, lignosulfonate (LS), is examined through a series of cyclic triaxial tests. The deformation characteristics of the contents of LS-treated sandy silt when subjected to undrained cyclic triaxial loading are investigated at different confining pressures and cyclic stress levels. Test results indicate that under a given confining pressure and cyclic deviator stress, the rate of increase in axial strain is controlled by the addition of LS, which results in a smaller value of plastic axial strain (εa,p). For all the untreated and LS-treated specimens, the rate of increase in εa,p increases with the increasing cyclic stress ratio (CSR). A critical value of CSR exists for a given LS content (i.e. CSRCR), below which the specimens could remain stable irrespective of the number of load cycles. The longevity of treated specimens is improved significantly, especially for the specimens with LS = 2% by weight. As the treated specimens are subjected to a high level of cyclic stress, the excess pore pressure shows a decreasing trend with the increasing number of cycles, but then increases again rapidly when the failure becomes imminent. Compared with the untreated soil, the resilient modulus increases significantly as a result of LS treatment, especially for LS = 2%. When the LS > 2%, there is no additional advantage, implying that 2% LS treatment is an optimum for this soil.
Re-examination of compaction parameters of fine-grained soils
Authors: Sreelekshmy Pillai Geethalakshmi Amma , Vinod Parameswaran Pillai
Published: July 2016

The reported methods for prediction of compaction parameters of fine-grained soils are critically re-examined in this paper. It is shown that correlations involving just any one index property do not yield satisfactory prediction of optimum moisture content and maximum dry unit weight of soil at any rational compactive effort. By defining a fine-grained soil by its liquid limit and plastic limit, the interrelationship between compaction energy and compaction parameters is brought within a definite framework. Plastic limit is found to influence the maximum dry unit weight of soil to a greater extent than the liquid limit at all energy levels considered in the study. On the other hand, the optimum moisture content–compaction energy–index property relationship is more complex. The degree of accuracy of optimum moisture content prediction is improved when separate correlation equations are used for low-to-medium plastic and highly plastic soils.
Properties of soil after surcharge or vacuum preloading
Authors: Gangaputhiran Sridhar , Robinson Retnamony G. , Karpurapu Rajagopal
Published: July 2016

This paper compares the results of laboratory studies carried out to determine the engineering properties, response under cyclic loading and the microstructure of soft clay after subjecting it to preloading by surcharge and vacuum. The samples for these tests were prepared at different initial consolidation pressures of 25, 50 and 100 kPa under K0 conditions to simulate the overburden pressure due to depth. These samples were further subjected to an additional pressure of 80 kPa under surcharge or vacuum loading conditions and then tested for engineering properties such as compressibility, permeability and shear strength. The response under cyclic loading was also studied. The changes in microstructure due to preloading were evaluated through scanning electron microscope studies. The consolidation properties of the vacuum preloaded samples were not very different from those of the surcharge preloaded samples. The vacuum preloaded samples showed less anisotropy of permeability compared with the surcharge preloaded samples. The undrained shear strength of the vacuum preloaded samples was slightly higher than the corresponding surcharge preloaded samples. The pore water pressure response under cyclic loading of the vacuum preloaded samples was significantly lower than the corresponding surcharge preloaded samples. The vacuum preloaded samples generally had a more flocculated microstructure, whereas the surcharge preloaded samples showed a more dispersed structure.