bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular Genetic Manipulation of Sarcocystis neurona
Authors: Howe Daniel K. , Yeargan Michelle , Simpson Landon , Dangoudoubiyam Sriveny
Published: February 2018

Sarcocystis neurona is a member of the important phylum Apicomplexa and the primary cause of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM). Moreover, S. neurona is the best‐studied species in the genus Sarcocystis, one of the most successful parasite taxa, as virtually all vertebrate animals may be infected by at least one species. Consequently, scientific investigation of S. neurona will aid in the control of EPM and neurologic disease in sea mammals, while also improving our understanding of a prominent branch on the apicomplexan phylogenetic tree. These protocols describe methods that expand the capabilities to study this prominent member of the Apicomplexa. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Generation of High‐Specificity Antibodies against Membrane Proteins Using DNA‐Gold Micronanoplexes for Gene Gun Immunization
Authors: Hansen Debra T. , Craciunescu Felicia M. , Fromme Petra , Johnston Stephen A. , Sykes Kathryn F.
Published: February 2018

Membrane proteins are the molecular interface of the cell and its environs; however, studies of membrane proteins are highly technically challenging, mainly due to instability of the isolated protein. Towards the production of antibodies that recognize properly folded and stabilized forms of membrane protein antigen, we describe a DNA‐based immunization method for mice that expresses the antigen in the membranes of dendritic cells, thus allowing direct presentation to the immune system. This genetic immunization approach employs a highly efficient method of biolistic delivery based on DNA‐gold micronanoplexes, which are complexes of micron‐sized gold particles that allow dermal penetration and nanometer‐sized gold particles that provide a higher surface area for DNA binding than micron gold alone. In contrast to antibodies derived from immunizations with detergent‐solubilized protein or with protein fragments, antibodies from genetic immunization are expected to have a high capacity for binding conformational epitopes and for modulating membrane protein activity. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
BODIPY‐Pyrene and Perylene Dyads as Heavy‐Atom‐Free Singlet Oxygen Sensitizers
Authors: Filatov Mikhail A. , Karuthedath Safakath , Polestshuk Pavel M. , Callaghan Susan , Flanagan Keith J. , Wiesner Thomas , Laquai Frédéric , Senge Mathias O.
Published: February 2018

Dyads combining BODIPY as an electron acceptor and pyrene or perylene as electron donor subunits were prepared and their photophysical properties were studied by steady‐state and transient spectroscopy. Depending on the structure of the subunits and the polarity of the media, the dyads show either bright fluorescence or photo‐induced electron transfer (PeT) in solution. Charge‐transfer (CT) states formed as a result of PeT and were found to yield triplet excited states of the BODIPY. In the presence of molecular oxygen, the dyads sensitize singlet oxygen (1O2) with quantum yields of up to 0.75.
Effect of Charge State of L‐Aspartic and L‐Arginine Amino Acids on Morphology of Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate Crystals
Authors: Taranets Yuliia Volodymyrivna , Pritula Igor Mikhaylovich , Bezkrovnaya Olga Nikolaevna , Mateychenko Pavel Victorovich , Sofronov Dmitriy Semyonovich , Puzan Anna Nikolaevna
Published: February 2018

The influence of amino acids of different nature (L‐aspartic acid (L‐asp) and L‐arginine (L‐arg)) on the morphology and size of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals (COM), one of the main components of pathogenic organomineral aggregates in the human organism, is studied. Addition of L‐asp and L‐arg is found to inhibit the processes of COM crystal growth, thereby decreasing the crystal size by more than twice compared to pure COM crystals. The increase in the concentration of L‐asp and L‐arg amino acids in the reaction mixture to 4 × 10−3 m and higher leads to the appearance of individual COM crystal. At 20 × 10−3 m concentration of the amino acid, individual crystals of size between 3 to 5 µm are mainly formed. L‐asp and L‐arg amino acids can block the growth of the {121} face due to the formation of hydrogen bonds, and the growth of the {100} and {010} faces by electrostatic interaction.
Effects of gum chewing exercise on maximum bite force according to facial morphology
Authors: Shirai Manami , Kawai Nobuhiko , Hichijo Natsuko , Watanabe Masahiko , Mori Hiroyo , Mitsui Silvia Naomi , Yasue Akihiro , Tanaka Eiji
Published: February 2018

Development of the masticatory system is influenced by functional needs. Furthermore, masticatory exercise can improve masticatory function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential effect of the gum chewing exercise on the maximum bite force (MBF) in adult subjects with different facial morphologies. MBF was measured by a portable occlusal force gauge and lateral cephalogram was used for evaluation of craniofacial morphology in 19 individuals (7 males and 12 females) with a mean age of 25.4 years (SD ± 4.3). The volunteers underwent gum chewing exercise for 5 min twice a day for 4 weeks. MBF was measured before (T1) and after the 4‐week exercise (T2). The facial morphology of the subjects was classified into the brachy (n = 7), mesio (n = 7), and dolicho (n = 5) facial types. In all three groups, exercise was associated with a significant increase in MBF, though the percent increase was highest in the dolicho facial type. We conclude that gum chewing exercise can improve masticatory performance, especially in individuals with dolicho facial morphology.
Heterojunction Engineering for High Efficiency Cesium Formamidinium Double‐Cation Lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Wu Yihui , Wang Peng , Wang Shubo , Wang Zenghua , Cai Bing , Zheng Xiaojia , Chen Yu , Yuan Ningyi , Ding Jianning , Zhang Wen‐Hua
Published: February 2018

Invited for this month′s cover is the group of Wen‐Hua Zhang at the China Academy of Engineering Physics. The image shows a novel device structure for perovskite solar cells, based on which the trap‐state and carrier transfer energy barrier are significantly reduced. The Communication itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.201702221.
Accommodating disabilities when enforcing the student code of conduct
Authors: Bohler Stephanie Russo
Published: February 2018

Most universities have a code of conduct that students are expected to follow and a disciplinary process for when they do not. Students who fail to comply with campus rules will often face a student conduct board, during which they have an opportunity to share their account of the reported incident and then a panel determines what an appropriate sanction is. What happens when a person with a disability violates institutional policy? Should the student conduct board adhere to the same standards and sanctions? The answer is yes; however, the process may vary if accommodations are needed.
Schools must provide nonacademic services to students with disabilities
Authors: Charmatz Marc
Published: February 2018

Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act applies to public entities, including state and community colleges. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act applies to programs and activities receiving federal financial assistance. Virtually all colleges and universities receive federal financial assistance, and “all of the operations of” a school are subject to Section 504. Most of the case law has focused on admission and expulsion, academic adjustments, auxiliary aids and services, and testing. See 34 C.F.R. 104.44. However, schools are also required to ensure nondiscrimination in nonacademic services — housing, health insurance, counseling, financial aid, physical education and athletics, recreation, transportation, and extracurricular activities. See 34 C.F.R. 104.43.
Clinicians' perspective on an app for patient self‐monitoring in eating disorder treatment
Authors: Lindgreen Pil , Clausen Loa , Lomborg Kirsten
Published: February 2018

Objective

The Recovery Record smartphone app is a self‐monitoring tool for individuals recovering from eating disorders. Oppositely to traditional pen‐and‐paper meal diaries, the app allows for in‐app patient–clinician linkage enabling clinicians to access patient app data anytime. The aim of our study was to explore the interdisciplinary clinical perspective on Recovery Record and its impact on treatment.

Method

Thirty‐one clinicians from a Danish eating disorder treatment facility participated in field studies and 23 of these in interviews. Data were generated and analyzed concurrently applying the inductive methodology of Interpretive Description.

Results

We found two overarching themes: “Access to app data between treatment sessions”, and “The patient–clinician relationship”. Sub‐themes associated with the former were “Online obligations” in relation to the added workload of continuously monitoring patient app data, and “Prepared or prejudiced” relating to advantages and disadvantages of using patient app data as preparation for treatment sessions. Sub‐themes pertaining to the latter were “Expectation discrepancy” in relation to patients' and clinicians' divergent expectations for app usage, and “Pacified patients” regarding the clinicians' experience that the app potentially compromised the patient initiative in treatment sessions.

Discussion

Recovery Record induced new and affected pre‐existing treatment and work conditions for clinicians. Clinicians were preoccupied with challenges associated with the app, for example, an added work load and potential harm to the patient–clinician collaboration. Thus, prior to adopting the app, we encourage clinicians and managements to discuss the objectives, advantages and disadvantages of adopting the app, and outline specific guidelines for patient and clinician app usage.
Constructing and evaluating a continent‐wide migratory songbird network across the annual cycle
Authors: Knight Samantha M. , Bradley David W. , Clark Robert G. , Gow Elizabeth A. , Bélisle Marc , Berzins Lisha L. , Blake Tricia , Bridge Eli S. , Burke Lauren , Dawson Russell D. , Dunn Peter O. , Garant Dany , Holroyd Geoffrey L. , Hussell David J. T. , Lansdorp Olga , Laughlin Andrew J. , Leonard Marty L. , Pelletier Fanie , Shutler Dave , Siefferman Lynn , Taylor Caz M. , Trefry Helen E. , Vleck Carol M. , Vleck David , Winkler David W. , Whittingham Linda A. , Norris D. Ryan
Published: February 2018

Determining how migratory animals are spatially connected between breeding and non‐breeding periods is essential for predicting the effects of environmental change and for developing optimal conservation strategies. Yet, despite recent advances in tracking technology, we lack comprehensive information on the spatial structure of migratory networks across a species’ range, particularly for small‐bodied, long‐distance migratory animals. We constructed a migratory network for a songbird and used network‐based metrics to characterize the spatial structure and prioritize regions for conservation. The network was constructed using year‐round movements derived from 133 archival light‐level geolocators attached to Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) originating from 12 breeding sites across their North American breeding range. From these breeding sites, we identified 10 autumn stopover nodes (regions) in North America, 13 non‐breeding nodes located around the Gulf of Mexico, Mexico, Florida, and the Caribbean, and 136 unique edges (migratory routes) connecting nodes. We found strong migratory connectivity between breeding and autumn stopover sites and moderate migratory connectivity between the breeding and non‐breeding sites. We identified three distinct “communities” of nodes that corresponded to western, central, and eastern North American flyways. Several regions were important for maintaining network connectivity, with South Florida and Louisiana as the top ranked non‐breeding nodes and the Midwest as the top ranked stopover node. We show that migratory songbird networks can have both a high degree of mixing between seasons yet still show regionally distinct migratory flyways. Such information will be crucial for accurately predicting factors that limit and regulate migratory songbirds throughout the annual cycle. Our study highlights how network‐based metrics can be valuable for identifying overall network structure and prioritizing specific regions within a network for conserving a wide variety of migratory animals.
Local energy agencies and cities’ participation in translocal climate governance
Authors: Lee Taedong
Published: February 2018

When and under what conditions do cities commit to participating in translocal climate networks? This study examines the initial driving factors behind city participation in the Covenant of Mayors in Europe. Studying cities’ adherence or non‐adherence to transnational climate governance enhances our understanding of the links between local and national institutions, socioeconomic conditions, and transnational climate activities. Event history analyses of 261 cities in 27 European countries examine associations between when cities signed the Covenant and local and national political–economic factors. My analysis suggests that the existence of local energy agencies, other translocal climate network memberships, a high level of employment and the national adoption of renewable energy are factors that facilitate cities’ participation in the Covenant. However, country‐level drivers such as years of European Union accession, climate change awareness and gross domestic product growth are not as significant as cities’ individual attributes. The results of the analysis testify to the growing significance of local institutional capacities—knowledge, relational resources and mobilization—in expediting cities’ participation in transnational climate governance.
Cognitive performance in late adolescence and long‐term risk of early heart failure in Swedish men
Authors: Lindgren Martin , Eriksson Peter , Rosengren Annika , Robertson Josefina , Schiöler Linus , Schaufelberger Maria , Åberg David , Torén Kjell , Waern Margda , Åberg Maria
Published: February 2018

Aims

Heart failure (HF) incidence appears to increase among younger individuals, raising questions of how risk factors affect the younger population. We investigated the association of cognitive performance in late adolescence with long‐term risk of early HF.

Methods and results

We followed a cohort of Swedish men enrolled in mandatory military conscription in 1968–2005 (n = 1 225 300; mean age 18.3 years) until 2014 for HF hospitalization, using data from the Swedish National Inpatient Registry. Cognitive performance (IQ) was measured through a combination of tests, separately evaluating logical, verbal, visuospatial, and technical abilities. The results were standardized, weighted, and presented as stanines of IQ. The association between IQ and risk of HF was estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. In follow‐up, there were 7633 cases of a first HF hospitalization (mean age at diagnosis 50.1 years). We found an inverse relationship between global IQ and risk of HF hospitalization. Using the highest IQ stanine as reference, the adjusted hazard ratio for the lowest IQ with risk of HF was 3.11 (95% confidence interval 2.60–3.71), corresponding to a hazard ratio of 1.32 (95% CI 1.28–1.35) per standard deviation decrease of IQ. This association proved persistent across predefined categories of HF with respect to pre‐existing or concomitant co‐morbidities; it was less apparent among obese conscripts (P for interaction =0.0004).

Conclusion

In this study of young men, IQ was strongly associated with increased risk of early HF. The medical profession needs to be aware of this finding so as to not defer diagnosis.
Getting (back) on track
Authors: Carrick Alexandra
Published: February 2018

The world conference (Conference of the Parties (COP23)) under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change took place in Bonn (Germany) from 6 to 17 November. Speakers at the meeting stressed the severity of the threat from global warming and the urgent need to act but what commitments came out of the COP23 meeting? Alexandra Carrick gives a short summary of the meeting and some of the energy outcomes of the conference.
Natural occurrence and production of tenuazonic acid in wine grapes in Argentina
Authors: Prendes Luciana P. , Fontana Ariel R. , Merín María G. , D´ Amario Fernández Agustina , Bottini Rubén , Ramirez María L. , Morata de Ambrosini Vilma I.
Published: February 2018

A survey was carried out to determine natural occurrence of tenuazonic acid (TA) in healthy and rotten wine grapes samples from different varieties (n = 37) collected during 2016 vintage in the region ofDOCSan Rafael (Argentina). In addition, inoculation experiments with threeAlternaria alternatastrains in wine grapes were done to elucidateTAproduction and its major influencing factors. The 16.2% (6/37) of total wine grape samples showedTAcontamination with 4% (1/25) of incidence in healthy samples (77 μg·kg−1) and 42% (5/12) in rotten samples (10–778 μg·kg−1). Malbec, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Syrah varieties showedTAcontamination, whereas Bonarda, Ancelota, Torrontés, Semillón, and Chenin did not. During inoculation experiments in wine grapes, two of three strains were able to produceTAamong the evaluated conditions and the highestTAproduction was observed at 15°C and 25°C after 24 days of incubation. Nutritional composition of grapes results appropriate forA. alternatainfection andTAproduction and, together with the adequate field conditions, favorsTAnatural occurrence in wine grapes.
Reconstruction of the History of the Byeokgolje Dam Constructed in the Tidal Lowlands in Korea
Authors: Park Sang‐Hyun , Kim Ju‐Chang , Choi Kang‐Won , Lee Kwang‐Ya , Um Myung Chul , Ahn Jung Sic
Published: February 2018

It was long thought that seadike construction in Korea's tidal areas had begun in Ganghwa Island, located in the Yellow Sea, after the Mongolian invasion of Korea in ad 1235. In the history books, the Byeokgolje Dam, which was built across the tidal Wonpyeongcheon Stream and Lowland around ad 330, was only described as a water reservoir, but nowadays several historians assume that the Byeokgolje Dam was the first dike constructed in Korean tidal lowlands, but was also used to store fresh water. In this study, we investigate whether the Byeokgolje Dam was indeed constructed as a seadike and we assess its contribution to the sustainable development of this tidal area. We conclude that the dam was indeed built as a seadike because we have discovered that the bottom elevation of the dam is below seawater level during high tide. In 1415, the Byeokgolje Dam was rehabilitated and enlarged to store more water; however, it was ruined by an extreme flood in 1420. Since that time and until the Saemangeum Seadike was closed in 2006, the reservoir area inside the dam was gradually reclaimed for agricultural land and residential areas. This was possible because enough sediment was available both from the coastal water and the upstream river. We describe that in the course of time, sequential tidal reclamation works have been carried out in the estuaries of the Dongjingang and Mangyeonggang rivers. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental Radioactivity Prior to Nuclear Power Plant Operation
Authors: Nehemias John V. , Whipple G. Hoyt , Kothary Navnit C.
Published: February 2018

The procedures and techniques used in a preoperational survey of the radiologic environment of the Enrico Fermi atomic power plant near Monroe, Michigan, and the results obtained in 1958 have been reported previously. This paper summarizes the results obtained in 1959, compares these with the results obtained in 1958, and outlines the modifications in the program. The survey was conducted for the Power Reactor Development Company of Detroit, Michigan, by the National Sanitation Foundation (NSF), Ann Arbor, Michigan. The data collected prior to routine operation of the reactor, scheduled to begin in 1961, provide basic information on the levels of radioactivity present in the environment and the kinds of variation to which these levels are subject. This information, in conjunction with continuing measurements of environmental radioactivity after routine operation has begun, should provide a sound basis for an evaluation of the impact of reactor operation on the radiologic environment. All samples have been analyzed for gross beta activity. In addition, radio‐chemical procedures have been used to provide a measure of the levels of specific radionuclides present in the environment. Particular emphasis here is on Sr90. A sample has been examined with a gamma spectrometer in order to identify specific radionuclides by their characteristic gamma radiation energies.
Zinc Concentrations in Rivers of the Chesapeake Bay Region
Authors: O'Connor John T. , Renn Charles E. , Wintner Irmgard
Published: February 2018

This article begins by briefly reviewing sampling data on the range of zinc concentrations found in natural waters free from mine drainage and industrial wastes. The article then focuses on samples of stream water collected from 33 stream sampling points on twenty streams in the Chesapeake Bay region for zinc analysis. The region was divided into four subregions. The solubility of zinc in distilled water is governed by the zinc hydroxide or zinc carbonate equilibriums. Zinc salts precipitated from supersaturated solution are reported to be mixtures of carbonate and hydroxide, described as the basic carbonate. Comparison of the zinc levels of natural waters with the solubility of zinc as the carbonate and as the hydroxide shows that the concentrations of zinc found in natural waters are well below these solubility limitations. In addition, the solubility of zinc in Shenandoah River water was determined. These values compare reasonably well with those predicted from the solubility of zinc as the hydroxide in distilled water.
USEPA offers first glimpse of Stage 2 D/DBPR
Authors: Scharfenaker Mark A.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the new Stage 2 Disinfectants/Disinfection By‐products Rule that essentially seeks to prevent delivery to some customers of tap water that regularly contains disinfection by‐products (DBPs) in amounts that exceed standards as measured on a systemwide basis. The article discusses compliance methods for the Stage 2 D/DBPR requirements for community water systems and nontransient‐noncommunity water systems that use surface water or groundwater and add disinfectants other than ultraviolet light or deliver water treated in such a manner. The Stage 2 rule aims to strengthen the Stage 1 rule by requiring a two‐phased transition over nine years that will have all systems start by conducting an initial distribution system evaluation (IDSE) to identify the best monitoring sites, simultaneously comply in three years with State 1 RAA standards and “transitional” Stage 2 LRAA standards at Stage 1 monitoring sites, and eventually switch to complying only with final Stage 2 LRAA standards at IDSE‐identified monitoring sites.
As‐built Drawings: As Good as Gold
Authors: Angers Jim
Published: February 2018

This article discusses how as‐built drawings are essential tools that provide critical system information in emergency and nonemergency situations (such as information on isolation valves or valves used in unidirectional flushing). During the process of building infrastructure, it is not always possible to follow the original plans to the letter; therefore, as‐builts show the changes made to the original plans during construction.
A Psychologically Healthy Workplace
Authors: Parmelee Mary A.
Published: February 2018

This article describes how a professional design services firm in Virginia created a model for a healthy workplace that encompasses employee involvement in the company and the community, family support, professional growth and development, and health and safety.
Using Biological Indicators to Meet NELAC Certification Requirements
Authors: Nyberg Russ
Published: February 2018

An increasing number of water‐testing laboratories are seeking National Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Conference (NELAC) certification. Those seeking this type of accreditation must ensure implementation of all of the NELAC quality‐assurance policies, procedures, and methods specified by NELAC for quality systems. Weekly use of biological indicators to check the efficacy of the laboratories' steam autoclaves and dry heat ovens is one requirement for meeting NELAC certification of equipment. Because many laboratories have never done this procedure before, many questions are surfacing. This article provides information that is intended to help answer many of these questions.
Colorado Supreme Court Extends Water Court's Jurisdiction
Authors: Stiegler Mayo H.
Published: February 2018

The Supreme Court of Colorado has ruled that the state's Water Court had the jurisdiction to determine whether the water quality of effluent discharged from an upstream wastewater treatment plant rendered a river's water unsuitable for a city's use.
Survey of DOC and UV measurement practices with implications for SUVA determination
Authors: Karanfil Tanju , Schlautman Mark A. , Erdogan Ilke
Published: February 2018

This article presents the results of a survey conducted to determine practices currently being utilized by drinking water practitioners and researchers to measure dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and ultraviolet (UV) absorbances that are also used for specific UV‐absorbance (SUVA) determinations. Overall survey results show general compliance with current US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) requirements, but there are major differences among practices in the areas where no specific USEPA guidelines or recommendations exist. Inconsistencies among various USEPA requirements and referenced documents (e.g., Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater) appear to create confusion for some survey participants in selected areas, particularly with respect to filter selection (pore size and type), filter cleaning, and sample filtration. It is expected that the survey results presented here will serve as a useful resource to drinking water practitioners and researchers on issues related to DOC and UV measurements and will provide valuable information for developing a unified SUVA protocol in a current AWWA Research Foundation project.
Effectiveness of coagulation, ozonation, and biofiltration in controlling DBPs
Authors: Chaiket Thom , Singer Philip C. , Miles Amy , Moran Melissa , Pallotta Catherine
Published: February 2018

The objective of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of coagulation, ozonation, and biofiltration in controlling disinfection by‐product (DBP) formation in a drinking water with a low specific ultraviolet (UV) absorbance. Because such waters are not amenable to removal of dissolved organic carbon by coagulation, ozonation and biofiltration have been suggested as complementary treatment processes to increase removal of DBP precursors. This study was conducted at pilot scale, and the variables in the treatment train included the point of ozonation with respect to coagulation; the ozone dosage required for various disinfection objectives; the pH of coagulation, ozonation, and biofiltration; and the type of biofiltration media. Results indicated that the combination of ozonation, coagulation, and biofiltration achieved significant reductions in trihalomethane and haloacetic acid formation potential. The reduction in DBP formation potential closely paralleled the reduction in UV absorbance. Preozonation appeared to be more effective than intermediate ozonation when evaluated as a singular process. However, the total reduction in DBP formation potential was the same for the overall treatment process, regardless of the point of ozonation relative to coagulation.
Leadership
Authors: Hoffbuhr Jack W.
Published: February 2018

In his column, AWWA Executive Director Jack Hoffbuhr discusses good leadership in an organization and how followers can confront their leaders with bad news without fearing reprisal. Hoffbuhr offers his definition of leadership, “the effective leader is one who mobilizes others toward a goal shared by the leader and followers.”
Water Education: Protecting our future
Authors: Peckumn Gail
Published: February 2018

Educating consumers is key to maintaining adequate and cleaner water supplies now and into the future. Thus, all utilities can, and should, be involved in educating their customers about water treatment and watershed protection. The options in this article, which describes the educational programs of Des Moines (Iowa) Water Works, can be easily adapted by any utility to meet this vital goal. The author addresses the problem of people making poor environmental choices that can lead directly to pollution in watersheds and shows ways utilities can teach the people in their watersheds about becoming better environmental stewards. Keeping pollution out of source water can lead to a reduction in the cost of treating water, enhanced water recreational opportunities, and better public health.
Actinomycetes in Lake Ontario: habitats and geosmin and MIB production
Authors: Zaitlin Beryl , Watson Susan B. , Ridal Jeff , Satchwill Trevor , Parkinson Dennis
Published: February 2018

Actinomycete isolations were made from water, suspended sediment, periphyton, macrophytes, and mussels in the Lake Ontario system. Isolated actinomycetes were tested for production of the taste and odor compounds geosmin and 2‐methyl‐isoborneol. Actinomycetes found in this system were associated with suspended sediment, indicating a terrestrial origin, or were associated with mussels, indicating that some species may reside in association with mussel beds. Actinomycetes in the genus Streptomyces and actinomycetes in other genera both produced taste and odors, but not all isolates produced taste and odors, and those that did, did not do so under all conditions. This research highlights the reasons for the lack of correlation between actinomycete isolations and taste and odor levels, and the need for further study on actinomycetes in relation to mussels.
Court gives USEPA slam‐dunk win on radionuclides rule
Authors: Scharfenaker Mark A.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses how a February 25th federal appeals court ruling upholding the US Environmental Protection Agency's revised radionuclides rule of December 2000 is all but sure to set Waukesha, Wisconsin, and several hundred other community water systems with radionuclides problems, on the compliance path to drop concentrations of radium and gross alpha and beta/photon emitters to the retained maximum contaminant levels (MCLS) first set in 1976 and to meet the new uranium standard of 30 ug/L.
Strategic Planning—Should You?
Authors: Thomas John D.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the importance of strategic planning and how the process can provide a water system's manager with a road map for resolving the issues he or she may face. It lists the key steps that should be taken to achieve a workable strategic plan that include: confirming core values; articulating a vision; developing a mission; identifying strategic issues; developing goals and objectives; and, formulating and implementing an action plan.
Two‐Tier Systems: Part 2—Nontraditional Compliance Strategies and Preliminary Cost Estimates for Small Water Systems
Authors: Cotruvo Joseph A.
Published: February 2018

Small systems face numerous obstacles to treating and delivering high‐quality drinking water. Many small water providers have never had the financial or operational capability to solve water quality and compliance problems, and their customers have often had to put up with poor‐quality drinking water that does not meet regulatory standards. Central treatment and distribution may not be feasible for many small systems. Given that <1% of treated water is actually ingested, treating all of the water in a system to optimal drinking water specifications does not represent a practical use of resources, especially in light of increasingly stringent regulations, higher costs of excess treatment of water that will not be ingested, water quality deterioration and losses during distribution, and reduced access to high‐quality source water. In a two‐tier system, only the small percentage of water that is consumed is treated to the highest quality. The use of bottled water or point‐of‐use and point‐of‐entry approaches in a decentralized, two‐tier system represents an opportunity for small communities to achieve safer and higher‐quality drinking water than they might otherwise have had, more quickly and at reasonable cost. Although compliance obstacles must be overcome, applications currently in use are proving to be successful and are providing data that will help determine future guidelines for operation, regulation, and compliance.
ClO2 and by‐product persistence in a Drinking Water System
Authors: Hoehn Robert C. , Ellenberger Christine S. , Gallagher Daniel L. , Wiseman Eurman (“Toby”) V. , Benninger Robert W. , Rosenblatt Aaron
Published: February 2018

This research evaluated a chlorine gas–solid sodium chlorite chlorine dioxide (ClO2) generation system at the Roanoke County (Va.) Spring Hollow Water Treatment Facility and monitored concentrations of the oxidant and its by‐products within the facility and distribution system. Project objectives were to (1) document changes in ClO2, chlorite ion (ClO2–), and chlorate ion (ClO3–) concentrations throughout the facility and distribution system following raw water ClO2 pretreatment; (2) evaluate ClO2– removal by the postfilter granular activated carbon (GAC) contactors; and (3) determine distribution system ClO2 concentrations associated with odor complaints. The average raw water ClO2 dose was 0.4 mg/L, and overall ClO2– removals by GAC averaged 63% but declined markedly with increasing throughput volume. Distribution system ClO2– concentrations were generally <0.2 mg/L and decreased with increasing distance from the treatment facility; ClO3– never exceeded 0.1 mg/L. ClO2 was measured at low concentrations (0.017–0.17 mg/L) in the distribution system, and a measured concentration of 0.03 mg/L was found at the home of one customer who complained of odors.
Large‐scale Arsenic Treatment of Drinking Water Sources
Authors: Guter Gerald , Jensen Peter
Published: February 2018

This paper reports on the benefits of large‐scale process testing for arsenic and certain characteristics or properties of the ion exchange process (disposal of waste residuals in particular) that need to be demonstrated in large‐scale field studies using water obtained from the well to be treated. The paper describes how Basin Water Inc. has developed a proprietary ion exchange technology that is currently being used throughout California for the removal of arsenic, nitrate, chrome 6, perchlorate, and uranium. As part of its services, Basin Water has constructed several mobile ion exchange systems with capacities ranging from 100 to 550 gpm (6.31 to 34.7 L/s) that can be used for field demonstration projects. A case study is given.
USEPA readies to finalize delayed rulemakings
Authors: Scharfenaker Mark A.
Published: February 2018

The US Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA's) recent attention on implementing security initiatives and finalizing and implementing the revised arsenic standard has delayed progress on several other Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) rulemakings. This article reviews major rules and actions that have been proposed or will soon be proposed. Chief among them are proposals and preliminary determinations for the following rulemakings and related actions, which are considered priority rulemakings because they have statutory deadlines: Stage 2 D/DBPR and LT2ESWTR; Ground Water Rule; CCL regulatory determinations; six‐year review of current regulations; radon rule; and, MTBE.
Louisiana Systems Take On the Optimization Challenge
Authors: DeMers Larry D. , LeBlanc Julie Z.
Published: February 2018

Beginning in 2005, small water systems will be required to produce a combined filtered water turbidity that is less than or equal to 0.30 NTU, according to the Long‐Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule. This article discusses a valuable new training approach called performance‐based training (PBT), which will help meet the challenge of this new standard. PBT objectives include: establishing performance goals and developing performance data; developing priority setting and problem‐solving skills (special studies); developing coagulation control tools; assessing performance, and applying new skills and tools; and, reporting on success.
City's Incorporation Does Not Mean It Acquires Water System
Authors: Stiegler Mayo H.
Published: February 2018

The Supreme Court of Ohio, in a matter of first impression in that state, has ruled that neither Ohio's constitution nor any of its statutes provide that upon incorporation a city acquires an existing water system located within its boundaries.
Was Malthus Right?
Authors: Hoffbuhr Jack W.
Published: February 2018

In his column, AWWA Executive Director Jack Hoffbuhr refers to the doomsayer Reverend Thomas Malthus who predicted that civilization was destined to exist at the fringes of starvation and penury. Hoffbuhr makes a corollary to the value of water, stating that if water is not valued, it will be wasted as it is in the United States where water is the least expensive in the world, and yet has the highest per‐capita use. Hoffbuhr argues that to prove the doomsayer Malthus wrong, water resources will have to be managed more efficiently to convey the sense of how truly valuable a resource water is for human existence on this planet.
Cost savings and enhanced reliability for Main Rehabilitation and Replacement
Authors: Wilson Leonard L. , Moshavegh Feryal , Frey Jeffery , Kolokas Lee , Simpson Angus R.
Published: February 2018

Water utilities across the United States anticipate a growing need to rehabilitate and replace aging water mains because of a convergence of pipe life spans. Shortfalls in funding for this activity will contribute to an estimated water infrastructure funding gap of $480 billion over the next 20 years. The city of San Diego (California) Water Department (SDW) undertook this pilot study to determine whether significant cost savings could be achieved in its rehabilitation and replacement (R&R) program by using genetic algorithm (GA) optimization. Wilson and colleagues discuss how the use of GA optimization will save SDW millions of dollars compared with simulation trial and error. During this study, the GA evaluated millions of trial solutions to develop low‐cost alternatives that met all of the design and emergency criteria specified by SDW. The GA identified a near‐optimal mix of new pipe and R&R choices that were not only low cost but also redundant and reliable in the event of a source outage or a main break.
Should AWWA Promote Internships at Utilities?
Authors: Jones Sharon A. , Jones Douglas T.
Published: February 2018

In 2000, AWWA contracted with the authors to conduct a survey to determine whether utility managers and college professors would be interested in an AWWA‐sponsored, web‐based forum to encourage student internships at utilities. More than 2,000 surveys were distributed to more than 100 academic programs and more than 100 utilities. The response rate was more than 19% for utilities and between 11 and 33% for the academic programs, with overwhelming support (more than 90% of surveys received) for a web‐based forum. Respondents said that it is often hard to find qualified students for utility internships because of a lack of contacts, the distance between colleges and utilities, and a lack of a centralized repository for such information. The study also gathered benchmark data about existing student internships, and the respondents provided AWWA with suggestions for improving student experiences in the water utility industry. The authors concluded that AWWA needs to take the next step in establishing the web‐based internship forum as part of a larger effort to attract a younger generation to pursue careers at water utilities and increase their involvement with AWWA.
Independent Contractor Agreement Effectively Assigns Utility's Service Rights
Authors: Stielger Mayo H.
Published: February 2018

A rural water district in Oklahoma did not have the legal standing to claim an exclusive right to supply commercial water to an electric generating plant, according to the US Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit.
Now Is the Time to Invest in Your Utility
Authors: Goss Scott
Published: February 2018

This article discusses leveraging current economic realities to deliver the most cost‐effective, quality service possible to customers who are increasingly educated about cost and value. Topics covered include: favorable bidding climate; keeping the business cycle in mind; leveraging the business cycle to your advantage; municipal bonds and the industry standard; new debt; and, opening bids. Case studies are given.
evaluation of pH and ammonia for controlling bromate during Cryptosporidium disinfection
Authors: Williams Mark D. , Coffey Bradley M. , Krasner Stuart W.
Published: February 2018

This research evaluated pH suppression and/or ammonia addition for controlling bromate formation under disinfection conditions for Cryptosporidium. Lowering pH before ozonation substantially reduced bromate formation over a range of inactivation levels and bromide concentrations in two different source waters. Although pH suppression was an effective bromate control strategy, the cost of adjusting pH—in moderate‐ and high‐alkalinity waters and for high inactivation levels—may be from two to nine times greater than the cost of generating the ozone. The efficacy of ammonia was highly dependent on the source water. Adding ammonia was an effective bromate control strategy for one of the source waters tested; however, adding aqueous ammonia increased pH and exerted an additional ozone demand, thus lowering the disinfection credit.
Optimized Coagulation Assessment for a Highly Organic Surface Water Supply
Authors: Lovins William A. , Duranceau Steven J. , Gonzalez Roberto M. , Taylor James S.
Published: February 2018

Jar‐test experiments were used to study optimized coagulation for removal of nonpurgeable dissolved organic carbon (NPDOC), color, and turbidity for highly organic surface water. The coagulants alum, polyaluminum chloride, ferric sulfate, and ferric chloride were capable of meeting the required Step 1 50% total organic carbon removal criteria. Disinfection byproduct precursor removal was a function of coagulant type, coagulant dose, and flocculation pH. Iron‐based coagulants were capable of 10% higher NPDOC removal than aluminum‐based coagulants. However, aluminum‐based coagulants generally provided higher color removal. Based on treatment performance, cost, and other factors, sulfate‐based coagulants—alum and ferric sulfate—were the overall coagulants of choice for this water. Additional testing with alum and ferric sulfate demonstrated the benefit of optimizing rapid and slow mix conditions, polymer selection, and solids addition for enhanced turbidity removal. The benefits of impounding raw river water in a surface water reservoir before treatment were also identified.
Special Report: The Miccosukee Case: Utilities Await Landmark Decision from Supreme Court
Authors: Curtis Tom
Published: February 2018

This special report discusses the question of whether utilities should be required to obtain a Clean Water Act (CWA) permit for all diversions from one water body to another, even for such impoundments as run‐of‐the‐river dams. A case study is presented where Florida's Miccosukee Indian Tribe, dissatisfied with the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Planning process in which they participated, filed a citizen suit under the CWA, alleging that the S‐9 pumping facility is operating illegally because it lacks a National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit.
Enhanced Softening: Effects of Lime Dose and Chemical Additions
Authors: Roalson Shay Ralls , Kweon Jihyang , Lawler Desmond F. , Speitel Gerald E.
Published: February 2018

Enhanced softening is the removal of natural organic matter (NOM) during precipitative softening, with an objective of reducing the formation of disinfection by‐products (DBPs). A moderately hard water source (Lake Austin, Austin, Texas) was softened using a wide range of lime dosages and various other chemical additions (magnesium, iron, phosphate, silica, and sulfate). The results for hardness ions (calcium and magnesium), NOM (indicated by dissolved organic carbon and ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm), and 21 DBPs formed after chlorination at pH 9 are reported. Magnesium hydroxide, which precipitated above pH 11, was a better adsorbent for NOM than calcium carbonate (CaCO3) (which precipitates at lower lime doses), but removal of NOM by CaCO3 was by no means inconsequential. DBP formation generally followed the NOM trends but was complicated by the formation of bromine‐substituted DBPs because of the moderately high bromide concentration in this water.
Protecting ductile‐iron Water Mains: What protection method works best for what soil condition?
Authors: Rajani Balvant , Kleiner Yehuda
Published: February 2018

Ductile iron replaced gray cast iron as pipe material in the early 1970s. It has been estimated that almost half of all new water mains installed in North America are ductile iron. The main cause of structural deterioration of all metallic mains is external corrosion, which is induced by environmental and operational conditions. Internal corrosion, on the other hand, can cause significant functional (hydraulic, water quality) deterioration within the distribution system. Methods for external corrosion protection include passive means (coatings or wraps), active means (cathodic protection), or a combination of both. Successes and failures have been reported for the use of various methods under different conditions and circumstances. This article describes the various practices used to protect ductile‐iron mains from corrosion and details case histories that have been reported from around the world. The authors offer some conclusions about the suitability of the various methods to specific circumstances.
Introducing the Coagulation and Filtration Committee
Authors: Alvarez Matt
Published: February 2018

The primary goal of the Coagulation and Filtration Committee is to advance and disseminate knowledge that promotes the effective and economical application of coagulation and filtration in water treatment, especially as it relates to new processes, new applications, and new regulations. The committee has used AWWA's Opflow newsletter as a means of communicating information to the membership, along with “hands‐on” workshops that have proven to be a very effective means of communication. The article also discusses revising AWWA's M37 Manual, describes a committee report on high‐rate clarification, and lists the volunteers that serve on the committee.
Groundwater From Methane Gas Production Deemed a CWA Pollutant
Authors: Stiegler Mayo H.
Published: February 2018

Coal bed methane (CBM) groundwater is a pollutant under the Clean Water Act, according to the US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.