bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Different SWI/SNF complexes coordinately promote R-loop- and RAD52-dependent transcription-coupled homologous recombination
Authors: Davó-Martínez Carlota , Helfricht Angela , Ribeiro-Silva Cristina , Raams Anja , Tresini Maria , Uruci Sidrit , van Cappellen Wiggert A , Taneja Nitika , Demmers Jeroen A A , Pines Alex , Theil Arjan F , Vermeulen Wim , Lans Hannes
Published: July 2023

The SWI/SNF family of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes is implicated in multiple DNA damage response mechanisms and frequently mutated in cancer. The BAF, PBAF and ncBAF complexes are three major types of SWI/SNF complexes that are functionally distinguished by their exclusive subunits. Accumulating evidence suggests that double-strand breaks (DSBs) in transcriptionally active DNA are preferentially repaired by a dedicated homologous recombination pathway. We show that different BAF, PBAF and ncBAF subunits promote homologous recombination and are rapidly recruited to DSBs in a transcription-dependent manner. The PBAF and ncBAF complexes promote RNA polymerase II eviction near DNA damage to rapidly initiate transcriptional silencing, while the BAF complex helps to maintain this transcriptional silencing. Furthermore, ARID1A-containing BAF complexes promote RNaseH1 and RAD52 recruitment to facilitate R-loop resolution and DNA repair. Our results highlight how multiple SWI/SNF complexes perform different functions to enable DNA repair in the context of actively transcribed genes.
Experiencing the Blank
Authors: Sawday Jonathan
Published: July 2023

What is a blank? How do we know if it is intentional or a product of happenstance? Starting with the etymology of the word “blank” (related to the word “blink”), this chapter explores both Renaissance and modern conceptions of emptiness and gaps. The theoretical role of the blank in reading and interpretation is examined in the work of Roman Ingarden and Wolfgang Iser in the 1930s and 1970s. The history of the vacuum (as both a political and physical space) is discussed in the work of seventeenth-century natural philosophers (Pascal, Hobbes, Boyle) as well as the role of the gap in Christian iconography and contemporary ideas about knowledge production and discovery. This discussion leads into a consideration of silence and its representation on the printed page via punctuation (using John Milton’s Paradise Lost as an example) or parenthesis in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, which are related to temporal pauses or gaps considered as historical periods.
Reading the Early Modern Page
Authors: Sawday Jonathan
Published: July 2023

This chapter discusses different approaches to reading the Renaissance page. It shows, first, how layout has been used to “cope with what writing does not represent” (David Olsen). Drawing on examples taken from the work of (e.g.) Stephen Hawes, John Donne, Robert Southwell, and Lancelot Andrewes in the sixteenth and earlier seventeenth centuries, the chapter considers the oscillation between oral delivery, manuscript transmission, and the printed book. Different reading practices in the early modern period are explored, as well as the distinction between “quick” and “slow” reading, and the practice of silent reading. These are discussed in terms of modern cognitive approaches to the question of how we read. The transition between blackletter and roman type is considered in the work of Thomas Nashe, Edward Coke, James VI/I, and Sir Philip Sidney, as well as the use of page ornaments and other “space-filling” practices in works by Shakespeare and Edmund Spenser.
Dickens’s Christmases to 1836
Authors: Patten Robert L.
Published: July 2023

Dickens associates the winter solstice, Christmas to Twelfth Night, with youthful performances in pubs, snow rarely, rain often, but no special parties. At twelve in London, his father imprisoned for debt, he had to fend for himself at a blacking warehouse. When the debts were compounded, Dickens had some further schooling. He then started publishing sketches of urban working-class life. Christmas entails remembering the dead, celebrating the living with a feast, and reuniting with strays. One about New Year’s ends with church bells tolling that life has been shortened by a year. Dickens develops a persona who can sympathize with readers experiencing the polarities of death and new life, remembering, enjoying, and expecting.
Yuletide Celebrations in the 1840s
Authors: Patten Robert L.
Published: July 2023

After returning from America to London at the end of June 1842, Dickens embarked on an exceptionally busy eight years: two travel books, three twenty-part serial novels, five Christmas books, a life of Christ for his children, the planning and execution of a daily newspaper, the organization of the Amateur Company of actors, and the birth of four sons and one daughter to add to the two sons and two daughters already cramming the nursery. Amid this, he burst into action as a holiday entertainer. In 1843 he planned a big party for Charley’s birthday, trying out for the first time a set of magic tricks. Magic transformation became a key to subsequent years’ performances. The testimony of witnesses communicates the magic of his presence and the Bacchanalian excesses that might ensue. None of these occasions had much to do with celebrating the birth of Christ, another magic.
Chirping
Authors: Patten Robert L.
Published: July 2023

Here Dickens elects an agent of change associated with domesticity. The Cricket’s task is to heal a broken marriage between a middle-aged carrier of parcels, John Peerybingle, and his young bride Dot. This appears to be another version of unfortunate January-May marriages, set in late January when the carrier married a year ago. Complications are provided by a toymaker who deceives his blind daughter Bertha about deteriorating conditions in his home, and the grotesque character of his employer Tackleton. When an elderly stranger staying with Peerybingle seems to be wooing his young wife, the betrayal is seen as if it were staged by Tackleton, planning to marry Dot’s friend May. All the blindnesses are corrected by the end, thanks to the Cricket’s capacity to reanimate loving memories in the carrier’s heart and explanations that enlighten Bertha. The melodramatic structure seems designed for dramatization; Dickens is learning from previous Christmas-book stagings.
Bargain Haunters
Authors: Patten Robert L.
Published: July 2023

Many elements within the previous Christmas books reappear, altered. A Cratchit family is radically reconceived, and the news may sell on train platforms, but not from Jerusalem Buildings; old news testaments can model lessons. A chemist, Redlaw, is granted his wish, to forget his unhappy past. The phantom granter might be a doppelgänger, but it isn’t just Redlaw’s “double”: it possesses powers Redlaw lacks, but lacks Redlaw’s redemptive potential. Faust lies behind this story, as does Dickens’s repeated tale of buddy stealing girlfriend. The discovery that mind and spirit grow from disappointments as well as triumphs, consorts with Redlaw’s recognition that every atom counts. Dickens features change in natural, spiritual, and human modes of repairing broken lives. He leaves a prostitute and a ragged boy, last/best instances of what neglected children reduce to, as further reasons for education and domesticity. Nature, feast, and portrait all speak to green recovery.
Thereafter
Authors: Patten Robert L.
Published: July 2023

This chapter surveys the Christmas stories published between 1850 and 1867, a tumultuous time for Britain and Dickens himself. The stories increasingly don’t deal with Christmas, overtly teach Christ’s lessons, or imagine reformations. Death plays many parts. Its remit is Eternity, and its lesson is to conduct life justly. In his novels, death figures too, often as something in the past darkly influencing the present. That death may clear the way for new hopes and homes is something Dickens also continues to profess. But there are some exceptions: particularly the spooky Mugby Junction where the agent of death might be not supernatural, but the narrator himself. Dickens supplies few records of holiday festivities; Readings for profit kept him on tour three times during the winter solstice. In 1870, the Christmas Eve tempest that blows the hands off the ancient cathedral clock leaves unanswered whether God or Edwin Drood is dead.
Endings
Authors: Patten Robert L.
Published: July 2023

How do death and Christmas make endings and beginnings? Death is a source of stories, by the living about the dead, and vice versa. Life is change, kairos moments interrupting chronos duration. In a place, Britain, and a time, Victorian, racked by religious and secular disputes, the uses of Time itself were reconsidered. The misfits between historic, archeological, legendary, national, utilitarian, familial, and personal time, and providential and resurrectionist time, are the foundation of Dickens’s discourses. Death itself may not be writeable, but the other side of life can be imagined and projected back to educate the living. Time affords reconstitution, of lives, of histories, of the Dombey household, Bleak House, and Miss Havisham’s garden. What narrator can we trust to tell these stories faithfully? How can we know what changes are beneficial? And what is change, but life itself? Wallace Stevens says “Death is the mother of beauty, mystical.”
Introduction
Authors: Dosi Giovanni
Published: July 2023

This introductory chapter offers an overview of the whole analysis of the book. The economy is interpreted as a complex evolving system. We start from a broad historical overview of ‘what there is to be explained’. There are three basic questions at the core of the whole economic discipline since its inception: first, the drivers and patterns of change of the capitalistic machine of production and innovation and, second, the mechanisms of coordination among a multitude of self-seeking economic agents often characterized by conflicting interests. Behind them there is an even more ambitious question, that is, third, why some countries succeeded in industrializing and others remained dramatically poor. Next, we outline the major building blocks of the interpretation, concerning the patterns of innovation, the nature and behaviour of economic agents—individuals and firms, their mechanisms of interaction, and the structure and dynamics of the industries in which they are nested. The processes of innovation, together with the far-from-equilibrium interactions yield as emergent properties the higher-level regularities which one historically observes in terms of technologies, industries, and whole economies.
Formal Models of Learning, Innovation, and Diffusion
Authors: Dosi Giovanni
Published: July 2023

This chapter presents a concise guide to modelling the dynamics of learning, innovation, and diffusion. A first ensemble of models, with their roots in the seminal contributions of Herbert Simon, attempts to formally grasp the procedural aspects of knowledge together with the combinatorial nature of organizational activities and learning. Many models of organizational ‘cognition’, memory, adaptation, and learning refine on the formalism of so-called ‘NK models’, while others build on ‘classifier systems’. A second, more blackboxed approach to technological knowledge represents learning in the space of input–output relations, generally as stochastic dynamics, made possible by expensive search efforts and with uncertain probabilities of success, depending also on the nature of innovative opportunities, discussed in Chapter 3 and organizational capabilities, as in Chapter 4. Finally, third, we address models of innovation along paths often characterized by various forms of increasing returns, network externalities, social adaptation, co-evolution between the features of supplied goods and demand, and path-dependencies.
Knowledge, Procedures, and Input–Output Relations
Authors: Dosi Giovanni
Published: July 2023

Modifications and refinements of procedures and designs are ‘where the action is’, but they result in changes in input–output relations as the outcome of successful attempts to achieve effective procedures and designs with certain performances and to change them in the desired directions. In that, first, each organization knows only one or very few of them. Second, even for apparently similar recipes, any two organizations might master them with very different degrees of effectiveness. Heterogeneity across firms is, thus, the rule, even in the presence of identical relative prices. Third, in general, there is at any point in time one or very few best-practice techniques which dominate the others, irrespective of relative prices. Different firms are likely to be characterized by persistently diverse (better and worse) techniques. Fourth, over time the observed aggregate dynamics of technical coefficients in each particular activity is the joint outcome of the process of imitation/diffusion of existing best-practice techniques, of the search for new ones, of the death of some others, and of the changing shares of the firm carrying them over the total. The chapter discusses the formal representation of the (changing) distribution of these techniques, which, for sure, cannot be reduced to standard production functions.
Consumer Behaviours
Authors: Dosi Giovanni
Published: July 2023

This chapter builds on some general empirical properties of consumption decisions and their evolution. We present a simple model which tries to capture—albeit in a quite rudimentary form—phenomena like the existence of recognizably different ‘lifestyles’, lexicographic orders on consumption acts, (limited) path-dependency of individual and collective consumption patterns, innovation, and social imitation. It turns out that, despite its simplicity, the model generates emerging aggregate patterns of consumption with statistical properties quite in tune with empirically observed regularities, such as S-shaped diffusion of new commodities and Engel-type dynamics of budget shares. It is also able to generate, under quite a few micro-parametrizations, distributions of consumption coefficients yielding, in the aggregate, notional downward-sloping demand curves.
Partisanship, Policy, Compromise, and the Non-Political
Authors: Dyck Joshua J. , Pearson-Merkowitz Shanna
Published: July 2023

Chapter 3 demonstrates how partisanship affects preferences—policy preferences, preferences for compromise, and preferences for things that are not expressly political. The analyses presented in this chapter suggest not only that partisan-motivated reasoning exists, but that it has found its way into the public psyche on policy issues, system values, and even seemingly inane everyday non-political preferences. The findings suggest several important takeaways: First, party identification can drive policy preferences and that it is not always the other way around. Second, partisan policy preferences on policy issues like the minimum wage and foreign intervention change to align with the parties’ positions. Third, being a member of the party that is in the minority in the legislature is more likely to lead to ideological entrenchment than a desire for bipartisanship. And fourth, learning about the food preferences of partisan elites changes the way partisans rate these items.
Independents, Political Knowledge, and Alienation
Authors: Dyck Joshua J. , Pearson-Merkowitz Shanna
Published: July 2023

Chapter 7 builds on the findings of Chapter 6 by revisiting the literature on partisanship and political knowledge. The chapter investigates what independents know about politics, and if it matters. It argues that political information as commonly measured by political scientists is entwined with partisanship, and as a result the supposition that more partisan information is a tonic for what ails democracy is problematic. Partisans with increased political information use it to bolster their political biases. The data in this chapter show that while pure independents have lower levels of political knowledge than partisans, there are many pure independents who are politically aware—more than a quarter are highly informed and more than half score 50% or better on a political knowledge battery that includes both policy and politically relevant information. However, recent political science measures of “political knowledge” favor partisans. The data in this chapter also suggest that pure independents are less trusting and less efficacious than partisans. They are also more likely to believe that all politicians are corrupt and to have very negative views of the parties. These two things may decrease their likelihood of seeking out and attaining partisan political knowledge. The chapter concludes that pure independents may come to politics with fewer political resources, but they also come with less bias.
Ensuring Treatment Fidelity and Clean Data Collection
Authors: Mariani Melissa , Chance Ellen
Published: July 2023

This chapter highlights implementation fidelity as the cornerstone of sound research practice. Various components of treatment fidelity, particularly those that should be considered prior to the design stage when one is outlining a study’s methodology, are covered. The authors illustrate aspects of treatment fidelity at various stages of the research process (from literature review, dissertation study, pilot study, to rigorous outcome study) and provide checklists to assist researchers in this process. They also present culturally responsive considerations regarding implementation fidelity from the system (school) and stakeholder perspectives and offer suggestions for addressing these issues. Lastly, the chapter offers a case study for readers to apply the concepts, considerations, and checklists provided in order to increase their understanding of treatment fidelity practices.
Homerocentones biblici
Authors: Lefteratou Anna
Published: July 2023

This chapter traces the evolution of Homeric centos into Biblical centos and examines the ancient audiences’, as opposed to that of the early modern editors’, reception of secular and Christian centos-, the techniques of excerpting and reusing Homer in the Empire, and the apologetic motivation of the centonists within the context of classicizing Christian poetic production in Greek and Latin. This analysis unweaves the Homeric from the biblical threads in the I HC in order to show how they are used in the new Christian context and demonstrates the variety of secular and religious cento compositions that had existed in antiquity. It shows how the I HC is Homeric with respect not only to its compositional units but also to other Homeric features yet is still a late antique epic poem. The conclusions emphasize that the I HC is stitched with both Homeric and biblical threads in a dense composition whose craft offers insight into both the classicizing technique and the Christian message.
Crucifixus etiam pro nobis
Authors: Lefteratou Anna
Published: July 2023

This chapter examines the cento exegesis of the Jesus’ Passion and Crucifixion in Late Antiquity and provides an in-depth analysis of Jesus’ encounter with Pilate (4.2), who is presented in a positive light. The last two sections focus on the scenes of the Crucifixion and Christ’s victorious Descent in the Underworld that vividly evoke both epic-heroic models and apocryphal and canonical narratives. In terms of the reception of the Gospel, this chapter debunks the claim that the author’s goal was harmonization, illustrates instead the reuse of non-canonical sources and emphasizes the exegetic originality of the hexametric account. Regarding the Homeric material the analysis shows how the I HC drew on Homer to achieve a subtle balance between the canonical narrative of the Crucifixion, its apocryphal variants, and its Christian exegesis.
Cleavages and divides in voting and political theory
Authors: Bartolini Stefano
Published: July 2023

This chapter sketches the elements of a theory of groups’ divisions as relevant for politics. It starts with a discussion of the excessive stretching of the concept of ‘cleavages’. It moves next to a classification of ‘divides’, a general category that covers all sorts of groups’ oppositions/conflicts. This analysis proposes seven types of ‘simple’ and ‘compound’ divides combining in a different way the divisions rooted into the ‘social stratification’, the ‘normative’ and the ‘behavioural’ systems. In the second section, the chapter discusses the concept of ‘cleavages’ as a special type of compound divide, the process of cleavage formation, and cleavage change in the interaction of the social, normative, and behavioural dimensions. The third section applies this framework to the religious cleavage, which is the object of this volume. The chapter concludes with a reflection on how voting studies could profit from a theory of different types of divides.
Comparative religious voting
Authors: Sanz Alberto , Camatarri Stefano , Segatti Paolo , Montero José Ramón
Published: July 2023

This chapter claims that religious voting is a mechanism of politicization different from the previous ones, such as cleavage politics. This chapter theorizes and tests two distinct (re)politicization mechanisms of religious voting in Europe. The first one, labelled as party-based religious voting mode, is a mechanism through which parties trigger religious considerations in voters’ minds based on long-term identities or images. The second one, defined as election-based religious voting mode, is instead a process revolving around party competition, usually in election time, whereby political actors mobilize voters’ consensus by emphasizing specific positions on religious and/or moral issues. Empirical analyses, derived from individual and party-level data related to a series of post-cleavage general elections held between 1989 and 2014, show not only that religiosity matters in European voters’ choices over the selected period, but also that both (re)politicization mechanisms are to some extent at play.
France
Authors: Cautrès Bruno
Published: July 2023

This chapter assesses how the importance of the Catholic religion in French society resulted in a protracted conflict between practising, conservative Catholics and non-religious people on the left. Even today, the religious divide is crucial, and in general turns out to be more important than the class divide. In France, the religious vote remains a reality despite secularization and the decline in mass attendance. At the same time, the religious landscape has diversified: the number of declared Catholics is declining, and Islam is the second religion. The chapter analyses the effects of these different religious affiliations on political behaviour, using the French national elections studies series up to 2017.
Germany
Authors: Elff Martin , Roßteutscher Sigrid
Published: July 2023

The chapter discusses the relation between religion and voting in Germany. In particular, it focuses on the relation between membership in a Protestant or Catholic Church, church attendance, and voting for the Christian Democratic parties in Germany (the CDU and CSU). It combines a historical perspective—which traces the roots of the relation between religion and voting back to the politics of the late nineteenth century—with a more contemporary perspective, highlighting the development of the relation between religion and voting from 1980 to 2010 with data from the German General Social Survey (ALLBUS). The survey data show that denominational differences and church attendance continue to influence the vote for the Christian Democrats. Although Church membership and church attendance are in decline, their influence on Christian Democratic voting has only slightly weakened, even if left–right self-placement is controlled for.
Norway, Sweden, and Denmark
Authors: Aardal Bernt , Oscarsson Henrik
Published: July 2023

Religion has a different background in Scandinavia than in the rest of Europe. Due to the dominance of the Lutheran Church—officially sanctioned as the State’s Church—denominational affiliation has not played the same role as in countries with strong non-Lutheran confessions. Despite the fact that Scandinavia is one of the most secular parts of the world, all three countries have a Christian party, with the Norwegian party serving as a ‘role model’ and also gathering most votes. Despite a limited electoral base, all three parties have been influential through their participation in coalition governments. The Scandinavian parties have a narrower appeal than some of their European sister parties, attracting first and foremost religiously active and committed voters.
The United States
Authors: Giurcanu Magda , Wald Kenneth D.
Published: July 2023

This chapter embarks on an empirical analysis of voting patterns in American national elections from 1990 to 2012. The chapter aims to clarify the mechanisms that translate religious consciousness into politically relevant cues for the American electorate. It does so by combining the so-called ethno-religious and restructuring perspectives. The chapter confirms that, for an appropriate understanding of religious effects and religious involvement in the vote choice and partisanship in the United States, attention needs to be paid both to matters of belonging (religious family/tradition linked to denomination) and behaving (variations in religious commitment). The main conclusion therefore is that denominational belonging still shapes political preferences, with mainline and Evangelical Protestants having higher propensities to cast Republican votes and express Republican identifications, while Jews and Black Protestants display strong Democratic preferences. Also, voters who highly value religion in their lives will most likely express a Republican preference and cast a Republican vote. At the same time, the level of religious involvement matters more than in the past, especially for Catholics.
A history of the early description of Australian languages
Authors: Stockigt Clara
Published: July 2023

This chapter provides an overview of the nineteenth and early twentieth-century description of Australian languages. A small minority of Australian languages were described in this pre-academic descriptive era. Most of these grammars were written by missionaries from a range of denominations. Amid widespread loss of Australian languages, the earliest missionary grammarians noted that the languages they had described were no longer being spoken. The inability to aurally distinguish Australian phonemes, coupled with the lack of any shared systematic orthographic conventions compromised early records. Phonological science in Australia lagged behind European developments. The application of the word and paradigm descriptive model was reasonably well suited to the synthetic character of Australian languages, although authors innovated common-sense descriptive responses to Australian agglutinative structure, recognizing word-internal units. The comparative reading of early sources on Australian languages evinces three discrete nineteenth-century schools of descriptive practice, each demarcated by different politically autonomous pre-federation Australian colonies.
Australian languages and interdisciplinary approaches to the past
Authors: Miceli Luisa , Bowern Claire
Published: July 2023

This chapter discusses the role that Australian languages can play in building an integrated history of the Australian past, and the challenges that must be overcome in order to make genuine progress. We first discuss linguistic-internal issues that have arisen in the course of reconstructing a picture of the linguistic past more specifically—e.g. missing information, paucity of sound change, and the effects of language contact. We then go on to present a case study to illustrate some of the issues encountered in integrating interdisciplinary findings for a broader reconstruction of the past—focussing on linguistics and genetics in the context of Pama-Nyungan—and how these may best be addressed.
Nineteenth-century classifications of Australian languages
Authors: Stockigt Clara
Published: July 2023

This chapter examines nineteenth-century ideas about the relatedness and internal classification of Australian languages. After recognizing linguistic diversity across the continent, a single linguistic family was soon postulated based on lexical and grammatical evidence taken from a small and unevenly distributed sample of languages. In the 1840s, lexico-statistical analyses were conducted, linguistic typologies were produced, and similarities in pronominal systems were taken as evidence of shared heritage. While these studies were made in Australia, later early classifications tended to be made by European philologists using primary materials produced mostly by Australian missionaries. A division of mainland Australian languages into northern and southern groups was first proposed in the mid nineteenth century. The chapter further traces the development of terminology used to refer to some Australian languages and linguistic subgroups.
Articulatory and acoustic phonetics
Authors: Tabain Marija
Published: July 2023

Australian Aboriginal languages are well-known for their multiple coronal place of articulation contrasts, which extend across the stop, nasal, and lateral manners of articulation. This chapter looks at the articulatory properties of these consonants, and considers their place within the wider system of lingual consonant contrasts. A special consideration is given to the apical contrast between alveolars and retroflexes, which phonetically shows much overlap between the two place categories, and which may be mediated by prosodic factors. An outline is also provided of the key acoustic correlates of place of articulation in these languages (both in terms of formant output and in terms of broader spectral characteristics); and it is suggested that there are important similarities in acoustic output for the various places of articulation across all three manners of articulation.
Segment inventories
Authors: Round Erich R.
Published: July 2023

The phonologies of Australia can now be investigated with new tools for large-scale phonological typology. Here we draw on an empirical dataset covering the reported phonemic inventories of nearly four hundred Australian language varieties. Variation is observed in terms of major genealogical groupings of languages, comparing the variation among them and within them. Five topics are selected based on their importance to our understanding of continental phonological diversity in Australia, and their potential to shed new light within the space available. They are: the main parameters of variation in Australian segment inventories; less frequent, additional consonant types; infrequent absences from consonant inventories; diversity among systems with two series of stops; vowel systems.
Nasal cluster dissimilation
Authors: Round Erich R.
Published: July 2023

One of the more intriguing phenomena in Australian phonologies is nasal cluster dissimilation (NCD), in which two nasal+stop clusters interact in such a way that one cluster dissimilates, so that it is no longer a nasal+stop. The focus here is on NCD in which the second of two NC clusters loses its nasal. This kind is an order of magnitude more common than any other NCD pattern in Australian languages, with at least twenty-five Australian languages exhibiting it. This chapter provides the missing typological overview of NCD which has been called for since McConvell’s seminal study (1988b), primarily of languages in the Ngumpin family. Sections cover: McConvell’s classic account of progressive NCD nasal deletion in Gurindji; cross-linguistic parameters of variation; NCD triggers; NCD targets; the application of NCD over long distances and in multiple locations; and interactions of NCD with other processes.
Lexical stress
Authors: Jepson Kathleen , Ennever Thomas
Published: July 2023

Australian languages have been drawn upon extensively to exemplify aspects of the design space of metrical structure, including rhythmical patterns, foot structure, and other stress-related phonological features. While some auditory properties have emerged in descriptions (e.g. duration, loudness, pitch, vowel quality), we are only beginning to examine what the acoustic correlates are that underlie these rhythmic structures. In this chapter, we proffer a broad overview of stress in Australian languages, highlighting some of the under-reviewed phonological and phonetic aspects of stress, along with a summary of the ranges of metrical structures found across the continent. Looking to the future, we see great value in the re-examination of primary data (where possible) and the acoustic properties underlying reported stress patterns. We also view ongoing work in the relationship between morphological and prosodic structure and the unpicking of the relationship between lexical stress and prosody above the word as areas which promise to yield many exciting insights.
Intonation
Authors: Fletcher Janet
Published: July 2023

Australian languages display many intonational features that are similar to other intonation languages. The overall intonational profile of languages that have fully worked out intonational systems suggests that they show demarcative phrasal prosody with strong right-edge marking contours. The dominant declarative intonational contour is falling, and rising or mid- to high level tunes signal discourse continuation. More distinctive patterns are also evident. Question intonation resembles patterns associated with narrow focus and imperative intonation resembles patterns associated with an extreme upwards reset of pitch range at the beginning of the intonational phrase. Other distinctive tunes include linear lengthening intonation used for specific semantic affect and there are particular contours associated with various expressive functions. Focus prosody is strongly associated with position in the utterance with the focal constituent often syntactically dislocated or fronted, and realized in its own intonational phrase and realized in expanded pitch range relative to surrounding non-focal material.
Semantic case
Authors: Simpson Jane
Published: July 2023

Many Australian languages express meanings relating events and participants through endings, ‘semantic cases’, which share properties with cases such as Ergative and Accusative that express grammatical relations. Four classes of meaning are discussed: location in space and time (Locative, Allative, Perlative, and Ablative/Elative cases), purpose (intent, desire, and avoidance), association (which includes possession (Genitive and Proprietive), association with a place, accompaniment (Comitative), Instrumental, and the absence of something (Privative)), and finally resemblance (Semblative or Similative). Also discussed is the relation between adpositions and semantic cases, their morphological properties (allomorphy and derivation), their syntactic properties including whether they can act as the main predicate of a clause, where case-markers appear inside nominal phrases, and how agreement and case-stacking work. Examples are provided from 27 Pama-Nyungan and non-Pama-Nyungan languages across the continent.
Pronouns
Authors: Gaby Alice , Shoulson Oliver
Published: July 2023

Pronouns sit at the heart of grammar, comprising a tightly structured, (mostly) closed class of (typically) high frequency lexemes. This chapter surveys both the typologically typical and atypical features of Aboriginal pronouns alike. We begin by sketching the basic architecture of these pronominal paradigms (person, number, and gender/class), along with coexpressed categories such as case, tense, mood, and aspect, and the systematic encoding of kin/generational relationships between referents. Following this, we consider the respective morphosyntax of bound and free pronouns, which co-exist within many Australian languages, as well as the relationships between pronouns and the noun/determiner phrase. Next, we survey the various pronominal (sub)classes, including: possessive pronouns; intensifier pronouns; reflexive/reciprocal pronouns; demonstrative pronouns; and interrogative/indefinite pronouns. We conclude with a consideration of the historical dynamics of pronouns, tracing both their etymological sources and destinations, as well as their important role in establishing genetic relationships between languages.
Complex predication and serialization
Authors: Osgarby David , Bowern Claire
Published: July 2023

This chapter surveys complex predicate strategies in Australian languages, concentrating on light verb constructions and verb serialization. The chapter discusses the formation of these structures, the word classes that combine to form complex predication, the morphology that characterizes such constructions, and how they differ across the continent. Complex predicates are contrasted with other structures which are also multi-partite but which, for an array of reasons, differ from complex predications. These include auxiliary constructions, associate motion serialization, and verb compounds. Examples are drawn from languages across the continent.
Modality and mood
Authors: Bednall James
Published: July 2023

This chapter surveys modal and mood systems characteristic of Australian languages. It examines the formal make-up of the inflectional modal systems of different (genetically and geographically distinct) languages and language families, as well as considering how modal force and flavour is specified in these languages. While Australian languages show much diversity in their modal systems, we can observe a fairly general formal distinction in inflectional modal marking between (i) those (mainly non-Pama-Nyungan) languages in which TAM expression involves the unification of two dislocated exponents of the verbal template, and (ii) those (mainly Pama-Nyungan) languages in which inflectional modal marking is largely isolated to suffixal verbal marking. We can make some broad generalizations about how modal force and flavour are specified in these languages, however it is clear that Australian languages show much variation with respect to these modal parameters.
Negation
Authors: Phillips Josh
Published: July 2023

This chapter comprises a general overview of the strategies that Australian languages deploy to realize ‘negation’—broadly defined as the set of devices that relate a linguistic expression to another with an opposed meaning. While a number of broad generalizations can be formulated, Australian languages exhibit significant variation with respect to the encoding of clausal (‘standard’) negation (Section 34.2), imperative negation (‘prohibitives’, Section 34.3), and nominal negation (‘privatives, Section 34.4). The chapter additionally includes discussion about interactions between negation and the verbal paradigm (that is, ‘asymmetries’ between negative and positive clauses), especially with respect to finiteness as well as tense and mood marking. It also includes a short discussion of ‘suppletive negatives’ (unanalysable predicates denoting the lack of some property.)
Antipassives
Authors: Denniss Jessica
Published: July 2023

This chapter provides an introduction to antipassive constructions, predominantly in Pama-Nyungan languages. It takes as its starting point a broad definition of antipassive as a syntactic construction which contrasts with a canonical transitive by expressing a two-participant event with intransitive morphosyntax. The transitive–antipassive alternation is used for a range of functions which can be broadly categorized as either primarily semantic or syntactic. In its syntactic function, the antipassive is employed to satisfy certain coreferential restrictions on the grammatical function of arguments. In its semantic function, the antipassive typically signals that the event is conceived of as less transitive than the corresponding transitive construction (Hopper and Thompson 1980). The features relevant to this general semantic contrast are those to do with the conceptual transitivity of the predicate, rather than the agentiveness of the subject. The chapter ends with a brief comparison with other types of semi-transitive constructions including the conative alternation, unexpressed object alternation, and pseudo noun incorporation, as well as a discussion of other constructions within a particular language containing the same verb marking that is found in the antipassive, such as the passive.
Morphological change
Authors: Alpher Barry , Bowern Claire
Published: July 2023

This chapter provides an overview of morphological change across the languages of Australia, concentrating on types of change which are under-surveyed elsewhere and which are interesting and important for classification and reconstruction. We concentrate, to the extent possible, on changes which are primarily morphological (in contrast to those which are primarily phonological or syntactic. However, we recognize of course that languages are integrative, that language change does not operate by picking out subdomains of speech. The material covered in the chapter includes clitic changes (semantic and morphological), changes involving paradigmatic structure, the reanalysis of complex morphology, changes in word internal constituent order, tense-based case marking, and analytical issues in the reconstruction of verbal conjugation classes in Pama-Nyungan.
Direction and location
Authors: Hoffmann Dorothea
Published: July 2023

Intimate knowledge and communication of space, landscape, and motion is of central cultural importance to humans all over the world. The traditional hunter-gatherer societies of Australia are no exception and interacted intimately with the land and landscape they occupy. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the language of space in Australian languages with particular emphasis on descriptions of location and direction highlighting the role of deixis, motion, and Frames of Reference. It is shown that a wide variety of spatial systems exist alongside one another. Additionally, a short overview of the role of space in narratives and multimodal representations of space incorporating gesture and sand drawings is provided. While Australian languages are well represented in global typologies of space, very limited overviews exist into the nature and structure of spatial language across the continent’s languages.
Interjections
Authors: Ponsonnet Maïa
Published: July 2023

This chapter presents a preliminary typology of interjections in Australia, based on a balanced sample of 37 languages. We first discuss the classification of interjections into classes, then specific semantic profiles, as well as resemblances in forms where applicable. Most of the interjections in our data fit within one of the three classes identified by Ameka (1992)—conative, phatic, and expressive. Yet, two additional small classes, labelled ‘constative’ and ‘social’, are needed to reach a satisfying classification. Of the major classes, conative interjections are the most frequently reported; and among them, attention-seekers are the most frequent semantic profile. Phatic interjections are less consistently described, except for the very widespread ‘yes’ and ‘no’. Among expressive interjections, pain, surprise and compassion are the most common types, and pain and surprise present remarkable resemblances in form. Further research is needed to assess whether these observations are specific to Australia, or reflect universal trends.
Language names
Authors: Rosenberg Katherine , Bowern Claire
Published: July 2023

Language names are a key source of information on linguistic identity, naming conventions, interactions between languages, and language change. This chapter provides an overview of semantic and morphological composition of named varieties of Australia’s Indigenous languages. Language names can be endonyms or exonyms, and can refer to the language (glossonyms), the group (ethnonyms), or a place where the language is associated (toponym). The most common strategies for naming include unanalysable clan or group names, names referring to places, evaluative names (e.g. ‘good language’), and shibbolethnonyms: names that relate to a particular word in the language, such as words for ‘no’, ‘go’, or demonstratives
Gender-based dialects
Authors: Bradley John , Gaby Alice
Published: July 2023

Yanyuwa women speak differently from Yanyuwa men. Yanyuwa is the only Australian Aboriginal language so far documented to obligatorily and systematically distinguish genderlects through the grammar itself. This chapter explores how Yanyuwa speakers exploit the system of noun class marking to index speaker gender. It details the morphosyntax of the Yanyuwa noun classes and the various patterns of isomorphism in the marking of male and masculine classes for women and men speakers respectively. It considers whether these are merely surface-level differences in form, or whether they reflect distinct underlying noun class systems.
Multilingualism
Authors: Vaughan Jill
Published: July 2023

Aboriginal Australia was, and is, fundamentally multilingual, and multilingualism is embedded in social, cultural, spiritual, and economic life. Linguistic repertoires are typically highly complex, and deployed in diverse ways from community to community. This chapter explores the shape and function of multilingual practices in Aboriginal Australia by considering the nature of individual language repertoires and community language ecologies, and by highlighting associated cultural phenomena. The chapter traces the evolution of scholarly work on multilingualism in the region, and contrasts the contemporary context with a historical perspective on language practices in the region. Multilingualism in pre-colonial Australia is revealed to have been fundamentally implicated in territoriality, kinship, mobility, and relationships between social groups. In contemporary Australia these connections persist, but the deployment of multilingual repertoires additionally reflects new communicative goals and is shaped by the emergence of widely spoken post-colonial contact varieties like Australian Kriol.
Code-switching
Authors: Hamilton-Hollaway Amanda
Published: July 2023

Code-switching is the active use of two or more languages by a single speaker within one conversation or clause. This chapter examines the social, discourse, and morphosyntactic characteristics of code-switching among Australian languages, as well as between these languages and English-based lects, and compares these findings to predictions made in the general contact literature. Code-switches comprising clauses or multi-word strings are discussed first, with a focus on their relevance to social and discourse structures. Single-word switches are then analysed. Those in syntactically-peripheral and syntactically-required positions are compared, as the latter are described in the literature as more constrained than the former. Interestingly, however, the data presented here indicate that neither of these switch types is consistently constrained beyond the rules of the monolingual grammars involved. It is therefore suggested that Australian code-switching patterns might be better examined through studies of the relative frequencies—rather than occurrence/non-occurrence—of different code-switch types.
Technology for Australian languages
Authors: Bow Catherine
Published: July 2023

Digital technologies are entangled in Australian Indigenous language work in a variety of ways, and may be differently mobilized according to how they support and enable some of the social functions of language. This chapter focusses on three social functions: language documentation practices, language in pedagogical practices, and language in practices of identity politics. It presents a snapshot of current tools and resources, with a focus on the contexts and purposes of their development and implementation, and a discussion of some of the challenges and opportunities inherent in the use of technology for this work.