bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of fermented soybean meal on growth performance, diarrheal incidence and immune‐response of neonatal calves
Authors: KIM Myung H. , YUN Cheol H. , KIM Hyun S. , KIM Jong H. , KANG Suk J. , LEE Chan H. , KO Jong Y. , HA Jong K.
Published: July 2010

The effects of partial substitution of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) for soybean meal (SBM) on immune‐physiological parameters, growth performance and diarrheal incidence in neonatal calves after microbial infection were investigated. Holstein calves (n = 12) were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments: the SBM and the FSBM group. The latter group received a calf starter containing 5% FSBM instead of SBM. In order to evaluate the immunocompetence against microbial infection, all calves were challenged with porcine live vaccine by intramuscular injection at 21 days of age. The incidence and severity of diarrhea were significantly less (P < 0.05) in the FSBM group compared to those in the SBM group at 21 and 42 days of age. Feeding FSBM starter resulted in a higher (P < 0.05) relative amount of bacterial‐specific IgA than those on SBM at days 5 and 14 post‐microbial infection (DPMI). Viral‐specific IgA also increased (P < 0.05) at 5 DPMI in the FSBM group when compared to the SBM group. The average concentration of haptoglobin of calves fed FSBM was generally higher at 3 DPMI. Our results indicate that FSBM plays a role in the alleviation of diarrhea and in the production of immune‐related effector cells such as IgA and haptoglobin in calves.
Connecting Complex Processes: A Decade of Research on Immigrant Families
Authors: Glick Jennifer E.
Published: July 2010

This review examines research on immigrant families in the United States from the past decade from multiple disciplinary perspectives. This work has used variations on assimilation and acculturation perspectives. In the case of the assimilation perspectives, the focus has largely been on family formation, whereas research using acculturation perspectives has focused more on intrafamily relationships. But, over the course of the decade, an interesting integrative model has emerged to address interactions of attitudes and values with structural conditions in the receiving and sending communities. Some of this effort to integrate perspectives can be found in studies of transnational families. The review concludes with some suggestions for continuing this integration and expanding studies to include dynamics of migration and family processes simultaneously.
The Potential for Antitick Plants as Components of an Integrated Tick Control Strategy
Authors: KAYAA GODWIN P.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Extracts from various African plants have been shown to possess strong acaricidal and/or tick repellent properties. Some of the plant extracts are capable of reducing tick feeding, molting, fecundity, and viability of eggs. Pasture grasses capable of repelling, trapping, and killing ticks have also been reported. These grasses possess hairs (trichomes) that retard ticks from climbing to the top of the grasses in order to attach themselves to passing animals. Furthermore, some grass species, such as Stylosanthes, produce viscous fluids that poison and kill ticks. Results obtained with antitick plants are presented in this paper and feasibility of using them in an integrated tick control strategy is discussed.
Control of Salivary Secretion by Nitric Oxide and Its Role in Neuroimmunomodulation
Authors: RETTORI V. , LOMNICZI A. , ELVERDIN J. C. , SUBURO A. , FALETTI A. , FRANCHI A. , McCANN S. M.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: In many in vivo systems exposure to endotoxins (LPS) leads to the co‐induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), which is important to the regulation of the function of different systems during infection. In submandibular glands (SMG) neural (n)NOS is localized in neural terminals and in striated, granular convoluted and excretory ducts, endothelial (e) NOS in vascular endothelium and ducts, and iNOS in macrophages and in tubules and ducts. In normal adult male rats, injection of an inhibitor of NOS decreased the stimulated salivary secretion and a donor of NO potentiated it, indicating that NO exerts a stimulatory role. A single high dose of LPS (5 mg/kg, i.p.) induced an increase in NOS activity measured by the 14C‐citrulline method, increased PGE content almost 100% as measured by RIA, and blocked stimulated salivary secretion. The administration of a specific iNOS inhibitor, aminoguanidine (AG), with LPS not only decreased NOS activity but significantly decreased PGE content, indicating that NO triggered the activation of COX‐2. LPS increased conversion of labeled arachidonate to prostaglandins (PGs) showing that COX was induced. Since a PGE1 analogue blocked stimulated salivation, the LPS‐induced inhibition of salivation is probably due to release of PGs. Therefore, the use of inhibitors of iNOS and COX‐2 could be very useful to increase salivation during infection since saliva has antimicrobial actions.
Perifollicular Vascularity and Its Relationship with Oocyte Maturity and IVF Outcome
Authors: BORINI ANDREA , MACCOLINI ANDREA , TALLARINI ALESSANDRA , BONU MARIA ANTONIETTA , SCIAJNO RAFFAELLA , FLAMIGNI CARLO
Published: July 2010

New markers of embryo ability to implant are pursued continuously. Understanding whether an oocyte is really “mature,” that is, ready to be fertilized, would be of great help in choosing an embryo that will implant. It is usual to pay attention to the phase of meiosis, considering the extrusion of the polar body (metaphase II) to be the only sign of the maturity of the oocytes. Nevertheless, understanding more about how the cytoplasm contributes to an oocyte's competency also shows promise as a method of predicting which embryos will implant. Some studies about perifollicular vascularity have demonstrated that embryos originating from oocytes developed in well‐vascularized follicles have a higher implantation rate than those originating from oocytes developed in follicles with poor vascularization. Here, we report our results from a preliminary study in which embryos were transferred according to the degree of vascularization of the follicle. Women who received embryos originating from oocytes developed in well‐vascularized follicles had a statistically higher pregnancy rate than women who received embryos deriving from oocytes grown in more poorly vascularized follicles (34% vs. 13.7%).
Comparison of Endothelial Pleiotropic Actions of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Statins
Authors: GRYGLEWSKI RYSZARD J. , URACZ WOJCIECH , SWIES JÓZEF , CHLOPICKI STEFAN , MARCINKIEWICZ EWA , LOMNICKA MAGDALENA , MADEJ JÓZEF
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Two in vitro and one in vivo assay were performed to study the endothelial pleiotropic actions of “tissue type” angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE‐Is) such as perindopril and quinapril, their active forms, that is, quinaprilat and peridoprilat, or of statins belonging to natural (lovastatin), semisynthetic (simvastatin), and synthetic enantiomeric (atorvastatin, cerivastatin) classes. Cytoplasmic [Ca2+]i levels in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells and endothelium‐dependent nitric oxide‐mediated coronary vasodilatation in the Langendorff preparation of guinea pig heart constituted our in vitro assays. The in vivo assay consisted of study of PGI2‐mediated thrombolytic response in arterial blood of rats after intravenous administration of drugs. In this last assay, perindopril and quinapril proved to be, by two orders of magnitude, more potent PGI2‐dependent thrombolytics than the most potent statin (atorvastatin). However, in both in vitro assays we found a higher endothelial efficacy of statins as compared to ACE‐Is. In particular, those statins that contain the lactone ring in their molecules (lovastatin, simvastatin) were the most potent coronary vasodilators. In summary, the in vivo profile of action of ACE‐Is and statins contrasted with their reversed order of potency in vitro. We hypothesize that the endocrine‐like function of the pulmonary circulation [28‐31] may be responsible for the in vivo bradykinin‐triggered, PGI2‐mediated thrombolysis by ACE‐Is, whereas the pleiotropic action of statins, possibly involving inhibition of prenylation [14‐19], is diffused throughout many vascular beds.
External Genitalia Formation
Authors: OGINO YUKIKO , SUZUKI KENTARO , HARAGUCHI RYUMA , SATOH YOSHIHIKO , DOLLE PASCAL , YAMADA GEN
Published: July 2010

Abstract: The process of fetal external genitalia development might be divided into two processes. The first process accomplishes the initial outgrowth of the anlage, genital tubercle (GT). Previous analysis suggests that the distal urethral epithelium (DUE) of the GT, the Fgf8‐expressing region, regulates the outgrowth of the GT. The second process eventually generates the sexually dimorphic development of the external genitalia, which is dependent on the action of steroid hormones. Several key genes, for example, RARs, RXRs, RALDH2, and CYP26, were dynamically expressed during GT development. The teratogenic dose of RA at 9.0 d.p.c. induced a drastic malformation of the urethral plate during GT formation, but did not show gross abnormalities in its outgrowth. In RA‐treated embryos, Fgf8 expression was still detected in the distal GT regions. Possible regulatory roles of the FGF and RA signaling systems in external genitalia formation are discussed.
Estrogen Replacement Therapy for the Potential Treatment or Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: MILLER MARILYN M. , MONJAN ANDREW A. , BUCKHOLTZ NEIL S.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible, progressive brain disorder that occurs gradually and results in memory loss, behavior and personality changes, and a decline in cognitive abilities. Although basic biological data suggest that estrogen may have neuroprotective and neuroenhancing functions, a number of studies have produced conflicting findings on the use of estrogen for maintaining cognitive function in older people. This review summarizes clinical studies that have examined the effects of estrogen in women with AD.
What Would Be the Properties of an Ideal SERM?
Authors: ANTHONY MARIETTA , WILLIAMS J. KOUDY , DUNN BARBARA K.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are drugs that bind to the estrogen receptor (ER); in some tissues they act like estrogen (agonists), while in other tissues they oppose the action of estrogen (antagonists). The SERM tamoxifen acts as an estrogen antagonist in the breast in that it prevents and treats breast cancer, but it acts as an estrogen agonist in the endometrium, where it can induce cancer. Estrogen, and to a lesser extent SERMs, are effective in preventing and treating osteoporosis. Contrary to the prevalent hypothesis that estrogen provides benefit to women with regard to secondary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD), randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that estrogen is associated with an increased risk of CHD in this population of women. Conflicting results have been reported on the effect of estrogens on cognitive function. The latest and largest randomized clinical trials have demonstrated a beneficial role in short‐term memory in nondemented women, in contrast to the absence of such benefit in improving symptoms in women with Alzheimer's disease. Although estrogens have been used successfully to treat some menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, the SERMs tamoxifen and raloxifene actually induce or increase hot flashes. Data on the beneficial and adverse effects of estrogen and SERMs are reported along with an elaboration of the constellation of properties that would characterize an ideal SERM working through the ER.
Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration in Prion Diseases
Authors: Kim Jae‐Il , Choi Seung‐Il , Kim Nam‐Ho , Jin Jae‐Kwang , Choi Eun‐Kyoung , Carp Richard I. , Kim Yong‐Sun
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), also termed prion diseases, are a group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases that affect humans and a number of other animal species. The etiology of these diseases is thought to be associated with the conversion of a normal protein, PrPC, into an infectious, pathogenic form, PrPSc. The PrPSc form shows greater protease resistance than PrPC and accumulates in affected individuals, often in the form of extracellular plaques. The pathogenesis and the molecular basis of neuronal cell death in these diseases are not well understood. Oxidative stress has been proposed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders. In the present study, evidence of oxidative stress in scrapie, the archetype disease of the TSEs, is discussed. In addition, the mechanisms whereby oxidative stress could lead to neuronal degeneration are described.
Antioxidant and Immunostimulating Activities of the Fruiting Bodies of Paecilomyces japonica, a New Type of Cordyceps sp.
Authors: Shin Kuk Hyun , Lim Soon Sung , Lee Sang Hyun , Lee Yeon Sil , Cho Sae Yun
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Cordyceps is negative for its many biological activities and a tonic for restoring vital functions in traditional Chinese medicine. In an effort to evaluate the pharmacological effects, including the antiaging effect of the fruiting bodies of the cultivated Paecilomyces japonica fungus, a new type of Cordyceps sp. was investigated. This investigation was focused on ultimately revealing its biologically active principles, its effects on free‐radical scavenging enzymes, lipid peroxidation, as well as its immunological functions. As a result, both water and methanol extracts were found to cause not only significant increases in rat liver cytosolic SOD, catalase, and GSEH‐px activities, but also a significant decrease in MDA production in TBA reactant assay in rats. The extracts also showed immunostimulating activity as measured by carbon clearance, weight‐loaded forced swimming performances, and immobilizing stress in mice. Using bioassay‐guided systematic fractionation of the extracts, two pure compounds were isolated as active principles from low molecular‐weight fraction, a protein‐bound polysaccharide was isolated that showed a marked increase in the liver enzyme activities, as well as a significant inhibition of lipid peroxidation.
Consciousness, the Brain, and Spacetime Geometry: An Addendum
Authors: Penrose Roger
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Brain action is both physically controlled and beyond computational simulation. Accordingly, there is a strong case for examining brain organization in a way that specifically seeks out structures in the brain that might plausibly support such putative non‐computational action at the ill‐understood borderline between quantum and classical physics. Thus, we must seek out structures in the brain where the actual physics that operates at this level could plausibly have important influence on brain action. This is the basis of the Orch‐OR model that Stuart Hameroff and I have been proposing, and which he describes in the foregoing article. The case is strongly put forward that the neuronal microtubules play a key role in the required quantum/classical borderline activities which might have an essential relevance to the phenomenon of consciousness. The exploration of such deeper level of neuronal structure and function is very much a continuation of the line of work so wonderfully initiated by Cajal.
ADHD, Aggression, and Antisocial Behavior across the Lifespan
Authors: McKAY KATHLEEN E. , HALPERIN JEFFREY M.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: The progression to adult antisocial behavior is the least desirable developmental trajectory for children with ADHD. An unremitting pattern of physical aggression appears of great import when predicting long‐term outcome. However, a profile characterized by behavioral and cognitive impulsivity and emotional lability may indicate a greater likelihood of the progression to adult antisocial behavior and violent impulse‐control disorders. This constellation of behaviors appears to be, at least in part, mediated by brain serotonergic systems. The contribution of cognitive impairments, as manifested by executive function deficits, diminished moral reasoning, and impaired empathic ability, to the emergence and persistence of antisocial behavior has yet to be discerned.
Suicide in Elders
Authors: Conwell Yeates , Duberstein Paul R.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Older persons in the United States are at higher risk for suicide than any other segment of the population. The epidemiology and risk factors for suicide in later life and the most promising approaches to its prevention are reviewed. Available data suggest that psychiatric and physical illnesses, functional impairment, personality traits of neuroticism and low openness to experience, and social isolation are important correlates of late‐life suicide. Affective illness is the risk factor with the strongest association. As treatable conditions in most cases, mood disorders are critical targets for preventive interventions. Because 70% of older adults who committed suicide saw their primary care provider within 30 days of death, the primary care setting is an important venue for intervention. Mood disorders are common in primary care practice, but often go undiagnosed and inadequately treated. One important approach to late‐life suicide prevention, therefore, is to optimize the ability of primary care providers to diagnose and treat late‐life mood disorders and suicidality effectively. Other elders at high risk have no active relationship to primary care. Strategies designed to identify this group and provide them with preventive services through outreach to the community have shown promise as late‐life suicide prevention measures as well.
The Role of Cytokines in Physiological Sleep Regulation
Authors: Krueger James M. , Obál Ferenc , Fang Jidong , Kubota Takeshi , Taishi Ping
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Several growth factors (GFs) are implicated in sleep regulation. It is posited that these GFs are produced in response to neural activity and affect input‐output relationships within the neural circuits where they are produced, thereby inducing a local state shift. These GFs also influence synaptic efficacy. All the GFs currently identified as sleep regulatory substances are also implicated in synaptic plasticity. Among these substances, the most extensively studied for their role in sleep regulation are interleukin‐1β (IL‐1) and tumor necrosis factor a (TNF). Injection of IL‐1 or TNF enhances non‐rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS). Inhibition of either IL‐1 or TNF inhibits spontaneous sleep and the sleep rebound that occurs after sleep deprivation. Stimulation of the endogenous production of IL‐1 and TNF enhances NREMS. Brain levels of IL‐1 and TNF correlate with sleep propensity; for example, after sleep deprivation, their levels increase. IL‐1 and TNF are part of a complex biochemical cascade regulating sleep. Downstream events include nitric oxide, growth hormone releasing hormone, nerve growth factor, nuclear factor kappa B, and possibly adenosine and prostaglandins. Endogenous substances moderating the effects of IL‐1 and TNF include anti‐inflammatory cytokines such as IL‐4, IL‐10, and IL‐13. Clinical conditions altering IL‐1 or TNF activity are associated with changes in sleep, for example, infectious disease and sleep apnea. As our knowledge of the biochemical regulation of sleep progresses, our understanding of sleep function and of many clinical conditions will improve.
Film cooling from rows of holes—effect of cooling hole shape and row arrangement on adiabatic effectiveness
Authors: DITTMAR J. , JUNG I. S. , SCHULZ A. , WITTIG S. , LEE J. S.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: In the present study the film cooling performance in terms of the adiabatic film cooling effectiveness on the scaled suction side model of an actual guide vane was investigated. An infrared thermography measurement system was used to determine highly resolved distribution of models surface temperature. Two different film cooling hole configurations were investigated: a single row of fanshaped holes and a double row of cylindrical holes in staggered arrangement. The influence of blowing rate and mainstream turbulence level on effectiveness was investigated in a wide range for both of the injection configurations.
MHC Class I Chain‐Related Gene Alleles 5 and 5.1 Are Transmitted More Frequently to Type 1 Diabetes Offspring in HBDI Families
Authors: ZAKE L. NIKITINA , GHADERI M. , PARK Y. S. , BABU S. , EISENBARTH G. , SANJEEVI C. B.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease characterized by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells. Genetic and environmental factors contribute in this disease. There is evidence that MHC class I chain‐related gene (MIC‐A) plays a role in the susceptibility to this and other autoimmune diseases. There are five alleles of the MIC‐A gene, which consist of different repetitions of GCT. In particular, MIC‐A alleles 5 and 5.1 (the former with five repetitions of GCT, the latter with five repetitions and one additional insertion of nucleotide G) have been found to be associated with susceptibility to and age at onset of T1DM. The aim of our study was to analyze the transmission of these MIC‐A alleles to T1DM‐affected offsprings in HBDI families. These are multiplex families with affected offsprings and unaffected parents. DNA samples were amplified for MIC‐A using fluorescence‐labeled primers and analyzed on an ABI prism DNA sequencer. The transmission of alleles was then analyzed using pedigrees of families also obtained from HBDI. We analyzed 78 families and found that MIC‐A alleles 5 and 5.1 are present and transmitted more frequently than expected. Heterozygotic parents for MIC‐A alleles 5 and 5.1 were excluded from the study. Our results suggest that MIC‐A alleles 5 and 5.1 are associated with susceptibility to T1DM in family studies.
Treatment‐Seeking Behavior and Compliance of Diabetic Patients in a Rural Area of South India
Authors: SRINIVAS G. , SURESH E. , JAGADEESAN M. , AMALRAJ E. , DATTA MANJULA
Published: July 2010

Abstract: India, being a rural country, has unique problems regarding the treatment compliance of diabetic patients. This community‐based study was undertaken in a rural primary health center area near Chennai (Madras) in order to better understand treatment‐seeking behavior, compliance patterns, and reasons for noncompliance among rural diabetics. Compliance was indirectly measured through patient interviews and drug use charts. Of the 112 patients interviewed, 72% had some symptoms at the time of diagnosis, and the majority of them were diagnosed in government health centers. Noncompliance was seen in 57% of the 112 patients interviewed, and reasons were elicited. Interruption of treatment was significantly associated with lack of education. The study identified the lack of a patient‐friendly, flexible health care system as the primary reason for noncompliance.
An Atomistic Approach to Conduction Between Nanoelectrodes Through a Single Molecule
Authors: REIMERS JEFFREY R. , SHAPLEY WARWICK A. , LAMBROPOULOS NICHOLAS , HUSH NOEL S.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Capacitance and other properties of nanoelectrodes, finite‐size metal clusters envisaged for use in complex molecular‐electronic devices, are discussed. The applicability of classical electrostatics (Coulomb's and Gauss' law, Poisson's equation, etc.) to atomistic systems is investigated and the self‐energy necessary to store a finite charge on an atom is found to be of central importance. In particular, the neglect of electron exchange is found to introduce severe limitations, with quantum calculations predicting fundamentally different electronic structures. Also, the well‐known poor representation of the atomic self‐energy inherent to modern DFT is discussed, along with its implications for molecular electronics calculations. An INDO/S method is introduced with new parameters for gold. This is the simplest approximate computational scheme that correctly includes quantum electrostatic, resonance, and spin effects, and is capable of describing arbitrary excited electronic states. Encouraging results are obtained for some trial problems. In particular, voltage differential between the electrodes in electrode‐molecule‐electrode conduction is obtained, not through an a priori prescription but rather by moving whole electrons between the electrodes and analyzing the response. The voltage drops across the molecule‐electrode junctions and the central molecular region are then deduced. This alternative to the current Landauer‐based 1‐particle transmission equations for electrode‐molecule‐electrode conduction is discussed in terms of the use of the electronic states of the system. It provides a proper description not only of conduction via electrode‐to‐molecule charge or hole transfer but also of conduction via simultaneous charge and hole transfer via low‐lying excited molecular electronic states, including the ability to account for electroluminescence and other chemical effects. In addition, various aspects of our research on the quantitative prediction of the I(V) curves for electrode‐molecule‐electrode conduction are reviewed, including demonstration of the equivalence of the formalisms generated by the Datta and the Mujica‐Ratner groups, and the development of analytically solvable paradigms, including the conduction through a linear‐chain Hückel wire.
Postnatal Cocaine Exposure: Effects on Behavior of Rats in Forced Swim Test
Authors: MAGALHÃES ANA , TAVARES MARIA AMÉLIA , DE SOUSA LILIANA
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Exposure to cocaine in early periods of postnatal life has adverse effects on behavior, namely, it induces the display of anxiety and fear‐like behaviors that are associated with stress and depression. This study examined the effects of early developmental cocaine exposure in several categories of behavior observed in forced swim test. Male and female Wistar rats were given 15 mg/kg of cocaine hydrochloride/body weight/day, subcutaneously, in two daily doses, from postnatal day (PND) 1 to PND27. Controls were saline injected in the same protocol. In PND26‐PND27, rats were placed in a swimming pool during 5 min in two sessions. The categories of behavior studied in this work included horizontal and vertical rotation, vibrissae clean, head clean, fast and slow swim, struggling, floating, sliding, diving, head‐diving, and wagging head. Results showed differences in the frequencies of several behavioral categories that allowed the discrimination of the behaviors that may constitute “behavioral despair” indicators, as well as which behaviors are most affected by cocaine exposure. Cocaine groups were less active and more immobile than controls. These results suggest that postnatal exposure to cocaine can produce depression‐like effects and affect the ability of these animals to cope with stress situations.
Effect of Iron Depletion on Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Authors: FACCHINI FRANCESCO S. , SAYLOR KAMI L.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Controversy surrounds the role of iron (Fe) in atherosclerosis (ASCVD), mainly due to the inaccuracy of assessing body Fe stores with serum ferritin and transferrin saturation. Quantitative phlebotomy was used to test whether or not (a) Fe stores are increased in individuals at high risk for ASCVD and (b) Fe depletion to near‐deficiency (NID) levels is associated with reduction of risk factors for ASCVD. Thirty‐one carbohydrate‐intolerant subjects completed the study. Fe stores were within normal limits (1.5 ± 0.1 g). At NID, a significant increase of HDL‐cholesterol (p < 0.001) and reductions of blood pressure (p < 0.001), total and LDL‐cholesterol (p < 0.001), triglyceride (p < 0.001), fibrinogen (p < 0.001) and glucose and insulin responses to oral glucose loading (p < 0.001) were noted, while homocysteine plasma concentration remained unchanged. These effects were largely reversed by a 6‐month period of Fe repletion with reinstitution of Fe sufficiency. Thus, although individuals at high risk for ASCVD are not Fe‐overloaded, they seem to benefit, metabolically and hemodynamically, from lowering of body Fe to levels commonly seen in premenopausal females.
Trans Fatty Acids in Subcutaneous Fat of Pregnant Women and in Human Milk in the Czech Republic
Authors: DLOUHÝ PAVEL , TVRZICKÁ EVA , STANKOVÁ BARBORA , BUCHTÍKOVÁ MARTA , POKORNÝ RAJMUND , WIEREROVÁ OLGA , BÍLKOVÁ DIANA , RAMBOUSKOVÁ JOLANA , ANDEL MICHAL
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Using capillary gas chromatography, we determined total content of trans fatty acids (TFA) and C18:1 trans fatty acids in human milk and subcutaneous fat in 35 healthy Prague women. The average content of TFA in human milk fat was 4.22% (SD = 1.87%) of all fatty acids, and the value of trans C18:1 isomers was 3.63% (SD = 1.81%). The average concentration of total trans fatty acids in subcutaneous fat was 4.41% (SD = 0.79%) and the average content of C18:1 trans isomers was 2.81% (SD = 0.61%).
Glucose Transporter 4 Gene
Authors: FRIEDEL SUSANN , ANTWERPEN BENJAMIN , HOCH ANNE , VOGEL CONSTANZE , GRASSL WOLFGANG , GELLER FRANK , HEBEBRAND JOHANNES , HINNEY ANKE
Published: July 2010

Abstract: The human insulin‐responsive glucose transporter 4 gene (GLUT4) has been related to non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in several studies. Obesity is commonly found in patients with NIDDM. Hence, genes involved in NIDDM might also be relevant for obesity. We have analyzed 212 extremely obese children and adolescents, 82 normal‐weight students, and 94 underweight students for two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs: promoter −30G/A; exon 4a: silent 2061T/C) in the vicinity of the GLUT4 by polymerase chain reaction with subsequent restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses (PCR‐RFLP) or single‐strand conformation polymorphism analyses (SSCP). Allele and genotype distributions were similar in all study groups (all p values > 0.05). Hence, we did not detect association of any of the analyzed SNP alleles in the GLUT4 to different weight extremes, so these seem not to be involved in weight regulation in our study groups.
Na/Ca Exchange Function in Intact Ventricular Myocytes
Authors: BERS DONALD M. , WEBER CHRISTOPHER R.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Here, we address three issues in intact ventricular myocytes that specifically relate to the role of Na/Ca exchange (NCX) current under physiological conditions. First, we revisit the issue of NCX stoichiometry in light of some recent findings that the stoichiometry of the NCX may not be fixed at 3Na: 1Ca. We discuss some data that strongly favor the 3:1 stoichiometry, at least under physiological conditions. Second, we address the controversy over the role of allosteric Ca regulation in intact myocytes. We show that outward and inward INCX can be activated dynamically by changing [Ca]i over the physiological range and that outward INCX can be activated quite rapidly with sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca release. These data are well described using an instantaneous equation for NCX current that includes an allosteric activation factor with KmCaAct= 125 nM. Finally, we consider the effect on NCX current of submembrane elevations in [Ca]i (that are far greater than are measured in the bulk cytoplasm). Taken together with a NCX stoichiometry of 3, these findings have allowed us to make some predictions of the role of INCX during an AP. Our simulations suggest that NCX current is outward for less than approximately 10 ms at the beginning of the action potential.
Legislative Responses to Sexual Violence
Authors: JANUS ERIC S.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: In the past three decades, the legislative response to sexual violence has undergone two sets of reforms. The feminist reforms, beginning in the 1970s, sought to modify legal forms and practices to reflect new theories of the nature of sexual violence. The ‘regulatory’ reforms of the 1990s were atheoretical, and adopted a ‘preventive’ strategy to close perceived gaps in the system of social control. This article examines the second wave of reform, with special emphasis on Sexually Violent Predator (SVP) laws. It summarizes the current legal controversies generated by these laws, and suggests that the underlying assumptions and forms adopted by the 1990s reforms may undercut some of the advances achieved by the feminist reforms in understanding and addressing sexual violence.
Restorative Justice for Sexual Violence
Authors: KOSS MARY P. , BACHAR KAREN J. , HOPKINS C. QUINCE
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Problems in criminal justice system response to date and acquaintance rape, and the nonpenetration sexual offenses are identified: (1) these crimes are often markers of a career of sexual offense, yet they are widely viewed as minor; (2) perpetrators of these crimes are now held accountable in ways that reduce their future threat of sex offending; and (3) current criminal justice response to these crimes disappoints and traumatizes victims and families. In response to these identified problems, we are implementing and evaluating RESTORE, an innovative victim‐driven, community‐based restorative justice program. Restorative justice views crime as harm for which the person responsible must be held accountable in meaningful ways. RESTORE uses a community conference to involve the victim, offender, and both parties' family and friends in a face‐to‐face dialogue directed at identifying the harm, and developing a plan for repair, rehabilitation, and reintegration into the community.
The Cast of Molecular Characters in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: LIM KAH LEONG , DAWSON VALINA L. , DAWSON TED M.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopamine neurons and the accumulation of Lewy bodies and neurites. Recent advances indicate that PD is due in some individuals to genetic mutations in α‐synuclein, parkin, and ubiquitin C‐terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1). All three PD‐linked gene products are related directly or indirectly to the functioning of the cellular ubiquitin proteasomal system (UPS), suggesting that UPS dysfunction may be important in PD pathogenesis. Indeed, emerging evidence indicates that derangements of the UPS may be one of the underlying mechanisms of PD pathogenesis. The function of parkin as an ubiquitin protein ligase positions it as an important player in both familial and idiopathic PD. We recently demonstrated that parkin mediates a nondegradative form of ubiquitination on synphilin‐1 that could contribute to synphilin‐1's aggregation in PD. Our results implicate parkin involvement in the formation of Lewy bodies associated with sporadic PD. This review discusses the role of the UPS, as well as the modus operandi of the three PD candidate felons (α‐synuclein, parkin, and UCHL1) along with their conspirators in bringing about dopaminergic cell death in PD.
Immune‐Modulating Effects of Melatonin, N‐Acetylserotonin, and N‐Acetyldopamine
Authors: PERIANAYAGAM MARY C. , OXENKRUG GREGORY F. , JABER BERTRAND L.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Melatonin and N‐acetylserotonin (NAS) have antioxidant properties. In the present study, we examined whether melatonin, NAS, and N‐acetyldopamine (NAD) have a modulatory effect on tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) synthesis and superoxide production. Differentiated THP‐1‐derived human monocytes were coincubated with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and rising concentrations of melatonin, NAS, or NAD. After 24 h, TNF‐α was measured in cell supernatants. In addition, the production of superoxide by HL‐60‐derived human neutrophils upon stimulation with 4‐β‐phorbol 12‐β‐myristate 13‐α‐acetate (PMA) or N‐formyl methionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine (fMLP) and increasing concentrations of melatonin, NAS, or NAD was determined. Incubation of THP‐1‐derived monocytes with increasing concentrations of melatonin, NAS, or NAD resulted in a marked decrease in LPS‐stimulated TNF‐α production, which was dose‐dependent and on the order of 96‐98%. Incubation of HL‐60‐derived neutrophils with increasing concentrations of melatonin, NAS, or NAD resulted in a modest decrease in PMA‐stimulated superoxide production, which was dose‐dependent. At the 100 μM dose, melatonin, NAS, or NAD resulted in a 14 ± 4%, 30 ± 1%, and 29 ± 1% decrease in PMA‐stimulated superoxide production, respectively. Coincubation of HL‐60 cells with melatonin, NAS, or NAD also resulted in a modest dose‐dependent decrease in fMLP‐stimulated superoxide production. At the 100 μM dose, melatonin, NAS, or NAD resulted in a 13 ± 1%, 14 ± 1%, and 14 ± 1% decrease in superoxide production, respectively. Our results indicate that the inhibitory effect of melatonin, NAS, or NAD on LPS‐induced TNF‐α production is robust and dose‐dependent. These compounds are equally effective in attenuating the generation of oxidant radicals, although to a lesser degree.
RelB regulates manganese superoxide dismutase gene and resistance to ionizing radiation of prostate cancer cells
Authors: Holley Aaron K. , Xu Yong , Clair Daret K. St. , Clair William H. St.
Published: July 2010

Radiation therapy is in the front line for treatment of localized prostate cancer. However, a significant percentage of patients have radiation‐resistant disease. The NF‐κB pathway is an important factor for radiation resistance, and the classical (canonical) pathway is thought to confer protection of prostate cancer cells from ionizing radiation. Recently, the alternative (non‐canonical) pathway, which is involved in prostate cancer aggressiveness, has also been shown to be important for radiation resistance in prostate cancer. The alternative NF‐κB pathway component RelB protects prostate cancer cells from the detrimental effects of ionizing radiation, in part, by stimulating expression of the mitochondria‐localized antioxidant enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). Blocking RelB activation suppresses MnSOD expression and sensitizes prostate cancer cells to radiation. These results suggest that RelB‐mediated modulation of the antioxidant capacity of prostate cancer cells is an important mechanism of radiation resistance. Therefore, targeting RelB activation may prove to be a valuable weapon in the oncologist's arsenal to defeat aggressive and radiation‐resistant prostate cancer.
A role for the CISD2 gene in lifespan control and human disease
Authors: Chen Yi‐Fan , Wu Chia‐Yu , Kirby Ralph , Kao Cheng‐Heng , Tsai Ting‐Fen
Published: July 2010

CISD2, the causative gene for Wolfram syndrome 2 (WFS2), is an evolutionarily conserved novel gene. Recently, we have demonstrated that CISD2 is involved in mammalian lifespan control; this work also establishes WFS2 as a mitochondria‐mediated disorder and effectively links CISD2 gene function, mitochondrial integrity, and aging in mammals. In wild‐type mice, the expression levels of CISD2 decrease in an age‐dependent manner during the naturally aging process; this correlates with mitochondrial breakdown and parallels the development of an aged phenotype. Future work will examine how the CISD2 knockout mouse helps us to understand WFS2 pathogenesis, as well as exploring the potential effects of increased CISD2 expression. In addition, it will be of great interest to compare gene activity and/or protein function between normal human populations and long‐lived centenarian groups. Together, human and mouse genetic studies should provide evidence as to whether CISD2 is a “master gene” for extreme old age.
Mitochondrial Q cycle–derived superoxide and chemiosmotic bioenergetics
Authors: Liu Shu‐Sen
Published: July 2010

We examined the intrinsic relation between two interdependent and interacted processes, namely, chemiosmotic energy coupling partition and redox signaling involved in mitochondrial respiration. The following aspects of research were conducted and discussed: generation sites and release sidedness of superoxide from the Q cycle of complex III of the mitochondrial respiratory chain; the different physiological roles of PMF components, ΔΨ and ΔpH (ΔpHS), of the Q cycle in mitochondrial superoxide generating and partitioning; and direct feedback effects of Q cycle–derived O2•− on PMF energy partition through its interaction with protons in ΔpHS to form HO2•, leading to decreasing ΔpHS and ATP synthesis due to its increasing effects of basic proton leak of mitochondria. The present experimental data give new evidence for our hypothesis of reactive oxygen species cycle cooperation with Q cycle and H+ cycle in respiratory chain in keeping PMF energy partition and its equilibrium with redox signaling regulation of mitochondrial respiration.
Evaluating mitochondrial DNA in cancer occurrence and development
Authors: Shen Lijun , Fang Hezhi , Chen Tao , He Jing , Zhang Mei , Wei Xiaosong , Xin Yijuan , Jiang Yulin , Ding Zhinan , Ji Jingzhang , Lu Jianxin , Bai Yidong
Published: July 2010

Abnormal mitochondria have long been hypothesized to be involved in tumorigenesis. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations have been found in various cancer cells, yet their role in tumorigenesis remains largely unknown. Our long‐term goal is to understand the role of mtDNA polymorphism and mtDNA mutations in tumorigenesis. We focused on the role of the mtDNA haplogroup; a 4,977 bp common mtDNA deletion; mtDNA mutations in the main control region of mtDNA or displacement loop; and mtDNA heteroplasmy in cancer occurrence and cancer development. Our results indicate that qualitative and quantitative changes in mtDNA play an important role in cancer development.
PEGylation of osteoprotegerin/osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor (OPG/OCIF) results in decreased uptake into rats and human liver
Authors: Saito-Yabe Motoko , Kasuya Yuji , Yoshigae Yasushi , Yamamura Naotoshi , Suzuki Yukie , Fukuda Nao , Honma Masashi , Yano Kazuki , Mochizuki Shin-ichi , Okada Fumihiko , Okada Akiko , Nagayama Yuki , Tsuda Eisuke , Fischer Thomas , Höpner Ursula , Zaja Silvia , Mueller Juergen , Okada Junichi , Kurihara Atsushi , Ikeda Toshihiko , Okazaki Osamu
Published: July 2010

Objectives

Our aim was to investigate the effect of PEGylation on the uptake of osteoprotegerin/osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor (OPG/OCIF) into rat liver, kidney and spleen, and human liver.

Methods

Copolymer of polyethyleneglycol allylmethylether and maleamic acid sodium salt with OCIF (poly(PEG)-OCIF) (0.5 mg/kg) was administered to rats and the concentrations of poly(PEG)-OCIF in the liver, kidney and spleen at 15 min after administration were measured by ELISA. For human liver uptake, the liver perfusion of OCIF and 3H-labelled poly(PEG)-OCIF was conducted using fresh human liver block.

Key findings

The tissue uptake of poly(PEG)-OCIF in rats was significantly lower compared with that of OCIF. In fresh human liver perfusion, 3H-poly(PEG)-OCIF was rarely taken up into the liver. On the other hand, more than 50% of the perfused OCIF was taken up.

Conclusions

PEGylation of OCIF using poly(PEG) dramatically suppressed the uptake of OCIF into human liver as well as into rat liver and could be a promising approach for improving the pharmacokinetic and pharmacological effects of OCIF in the clinical setting.
Central nervous system activity of the proanthocyanidin-rich fraction obtained from Croton celtidifolius in rats
Authors: Moreira Eduardo L G , Rial Daniel , Duarte Filipe S , De Carvalho Cristiane Ribeiro , Horst Heros , Pizzolatti Moacir G , Prediger Rui D S , Ribeiro-do-Valle Rosa Maria
Published: July 2010

Objectives

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible neurobehavioural effects in rats of the proanthocyanidin-rich fraction (PRF) isolated from the bark of Croton celtidifolius (Euphorbiaceae).

Methods

Adult Wistar rats were treated with the PRF (0.3–30 mg/kg) and evaluated in different behavioural paradigms classically used for the screening of drugs with psychoactive effects.

Key findings

Acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of PRF decreased spontaneous locomotor activity (open field arena and activity cage), enhanced the duration of ethyl ether-induced hypnosis, increased the latency to the first convulsion induced by pentylenetetrazole (60 mg/kg, i.p.) and attenuated apomorphine-induced (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) stereotyped behaviour. In lower doses, PRF (0.3 or 3 mg/kg, i.p.) increased the frequency of open arm entries in the elevated plus-maze test.

Conclusions

The present findings suggest that the systemic administration of PRF induces a wide spectrum of behavioural alterations in rats, consistent with the putative existence of hypnosedative, anticonvulsant and anxiolytic compounds.
In-vitro characterisation of the nebulised dose during non-invasive ventilation
Authors: Abdelrahim Mohamed E , Plant Paul , Chrystyn Henry
Published: July 2010

Objectives

Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) with nebulised bronchodilators helps some patients to maintain effective ventilation. However, the position of the nebuliser in the ventilation circuit may affect lung delivery.

Methods

We placed the nebuliser proximal (A) and distal (B) to a breathing simulator in a standard NIV circuit with inspiratory (I) and expiratory (E) pressures of 20 and 5 cm H2O, 1 : 3 I : E ratio, 15 breaths/min and a tidal volume of 500 ml. Five milligrams of terbutaline solution was nebulised using an Aeroneb Pro (AERO) and a Sidestream (SIDE) nebuliser. The fate of the nebulised dose was determined and the aerodynamic droplet characteristics were measured using a cooled Next Generation Impactor.

Key findings

More terbutaline was entrained on the inhalation filter in position A than in position B (P < 0.001) for both nebulisers. These amounts were greater (P < 0.001) for AERO than SIDE due to a smaller (P < 0.001) residual volume. The mean (SD) fine particle doses for AEROA, AEROB, SIDEA and SIDEB were 1.31 (0.2), 1.13 (0.14), 0.56 (0.03) and 0.39 (0.13) mg. These amounts from AEROA were significantly greater (P < 0.001) than those of the other three methods.

Conclusions

The results highlight the differences between nebulisers and the influence on the placement of the nebuliser in the NIV circuit.
Slurry Pump Impeller Wear: Testing
Authors: Batalović Veselin
Published: July 2010

Erosion wear is a process that accompanies the facility for hydraulic transportation of solids. Since the pump is one of the vital parts of this facility, the working life of the pump is conditioned by the amount of wear. The working life can be realized only if the parameters chosen, for the pump elements, slurry, and transport conditions, will provide economic transport with minimal wear. Testing is the most reliable method for acquiring valid data. The two issues that need to be solved while planning the testing process are the choice of valid similarity criteria (test-industrial facility) and data selection. After the theoretical analyses, technically acceptable similarity criteria are obtained. A group of data needs to be defined through the experiment.
Elastohydrodynamic Line-Contact of Compressible Shear Thinning Fluids With Consideration of the Surface Roughness
Authors: Jang J. Y. , Khonsari M. M.
Published: July 2010

Applications involving highly loaded elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL), particularly when the lubricant experiences shear thinning, operating with small film thicknesses may necessitate consideration of surface asperities. A modified Reynolds equation with provision for surface roughness and shear thinning is treated to predict the pressure and surface asperity effect in an EHL line-contact. The unknown in the Reynolds equation is the hydrodynamic pressure instead of the total pressure to ensure that the pressure boundary condition at the outlet is properly posed. The Carreau viscosity model is used for characterizing the shear thinning behavior, Patir and Cheng flow factors for taking into the influence of roughness on the lubricating film, and Greenwood–Trip for determination of pressure at the asperity level. The modified Reynolds equation is solved for the hydrodynamic pressure instead of the total pressure with appropriately defined boundary conditions.