bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contesting criminality
Authors: Coutin Susan Bibler
Published: December 2004

As a field, criminology has paid insufficient attention to societal processes that obscure the distinction between legality and illegality, decriminalize formerly objectionable behavior or redefine law-breakers as deserving members of society. An analysis of undocumented immigrants’ efforts to redefine themselves as legal residents highlights ways that the category of the criminal is rendered unstable, suggests that logics of social control create opportunities to challenge exclusion and shows how law and illegality are entangled. For instance, individuals who are deemed socially dangerous can argue that they are low risk, or can redefine risk, highlighting the social costs of situating offenders exclusively in a domain of illegitimacy. Through such arguments, the licit can seep into and reconstitute the illegal, and vice versa
’Con me if you can’
Authors: Tzanelli Rodanthi , Yar Majid , O’Brien Martin
Published: December 2004

This article deals with current re-dramatizations of crime and popular criminologies. It analyses key elements of the popular criminological imaginaries underpinning a recent and highly successful film— Catch Me If You Can—in order to tease out the discursive, mythical and fabulist techniques by which it communicates particular imaginations of crime. Additionally, the article offers some conceptual and analytical anchors for interpreting filmwork so that other popular representations might be more easily situated within criminological analysis. We argue that popular media portrayals of crime are highly effective in sustaining particular conceptions of the interaction between crime and wider social conditions, and we explore four layers of discursive work through which this film communicates the causes and consequences of criminal behaviour
Film Noir and Automotive Isolation in Los Angeles
Authors: Fotsch Paul Mason
Published: December 2004

This essay examines the emergence of a now dominant transportation system through the critical perspective of film noir. In the 1940s, Los Angeles began redesigning itself to better accommodate the automobile. At the same time, two films by Billy Wilder provided a subtle critique of this accommodation. The criminality of Double Indemnity (1944) depends on the same fantasy in technical rationality that legitimized highway planning. Sunset Boulevard(1950) mocks the planned obsolescence inspired by the automobile industry. Both films depict the landscape created by cars as deeply isolating. The analysis of T. W. Adorno and Max Horkheimer, who also lived in Los Angeles at this time, is used to draw out the theoretical implications of Wilder’s films and to further locate a pessimism toward the automobile lifestyle at the time and place of its rise to power.
Precautionary principles: a jurisdiction-free framework for decision-making under risk
Authors: Ricci Paolo F , Cox Louis A , MacDonald Thomas R
Published: December 2004

Fundamental principles of precaution are legal maxims that ask for preventive actions, perhaps as contingent interim measures while relevant information about causality and harm remains unavailable, to minimize the societal impact of potentially severe or irreversible outcomes. Such principles do not explain how to make choices or how to identify what is protective when incomplete and inconsistent scientific evidence of causation characterizes the potential hazards. Rather, they entrust lower jurisdictions, such as agencies or authorities, to make current decisions while recognizing that future information can contradict the scientific basis that supported the initial decision. After reviewing and synthesizing national and international legal aspects of precautionary principles, this paper addresses the key question: How can society manage potentially severe, irreversible or serious environmental outcomes when variability, uncertainty, and limited causal knowledge characterize their decisionmaking? A decision Rational choice of an action from among various alternatives-requires accounting for costs, benefits and the change in risks associated with each candidate action. Decisions under any form of the precautionary principle reviewed must account for the contingent nature of scientific information, creating a link to the decision/response models to the current set of regulatory defaults such as the linear, non-threshold models. This increase in the number of defaults is an important improvement because most of the variants of the precautionary principle require cost-defined as a choice that makes preferred consequences more likely-analytic principle of expected value of information (VOI), to show the relevance of new information, relative to the initial (and smaller) set of data on which the decision was based. We exemplify this seemingly simple situation using risk management of BSE. As an integral aspect of causal analysis under risk, the methods developed in this paper permit the addition of non-linear, hormetic dose-analytic solution is outlined that focuses on risky decisions and accounts for prior states of information and scientific beliefs that can be updated as subsequent information becomes available. As a practical and established approach to causal reasoning and decision-making under risk, inherent to precautionary decision-making, these (Bayesian) methods help decision-makers and stakeholders because they formally account for probabilistic outcomes, new information, and are consistent and replicable. benefit balancing. Specifically, increasing the set of causal defaults accounts for beneficial effects at very low doses. We also show and conclude that quantitative risk assessment dominates qualitative risk assessment, supporting the extension of the set of default causal models.
Hormesis, the precautionary principle, and legal regulation
Authors: Ellman Lisa M , Sunstein Cass R
Published: December 2004

Many nations have shown mounting interest in a simple idea for the regulation of risk: In case of doubt, follow the precautionary principle (O'Riordan T, Cameron J eds. Interpreting the precautionary principle, 2002). Avoid steps that will create a risk of harm. Until safety is established, be cautious; do not require unambiguous evidence. In a catchphrase: Better safe than sorry.
Vitreous humour as a complementary sample to blood for the detection/confirmation of diazepam: ante-mortem and post-mortem studies in an animal model
Authors: Teixeira H M , Reis F , Proença P , Ramos P , Quińtela O , López-Rivadulla M , Marques E , Vieira D N
Published: December 2004

The quantification of medical or toxic substances in vitreous humour (VH) could be very useful in forensic toxicology when blood sample determinations are impossible due to absence or deterioration. However, few studies have been made in this area and even fewer have tried to find a relationship between drug levels in both samples. To determine a correlation ratio between blood and VH diazepam (DZ) levels, we performed an experimental study using rabbits administered with a sub-toxic dose of DZ under known and controlled conditions. Blood and VH samples were collected 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 6 hours after the drug administration in order to determine DZ and its main active metabolite, desmethyldiazepam (DMD). In addition, we have studied an animal group sacrificed 2 hours after intramuscular (i.m.) drug administration with blood and VH collection 24 hours later, to evaluate the existence of possible post-mortem changes.

After DZ administration, a fast absorption phase was observed with a plasma Cmax value 1 hour after, followed by a rapid concentration decrease, with a half-life of 1 hour, indicating that, besides elimination, a fast distribution to other organs and tissues and/or hepatic metabolism occurred. Diazepam Cmax value in VH was achieved between 1 and 2 hours, when plasma concentrations had already decreased to half the value. The plasma/VH DZ ratio calculated at this time was 10. In the post-mortem study, while plasma DZ concentration at 24 hours was smaller, DMD levels were higher than those at the time of death. In the VH, both DZ and DMD concentrations at 24 hours were higher than those obtained at the time of death. That is, in both fluids DZ and DMD concentrations were different from those at the time of death and post-mortem distribution and redistribution phenomena occurred. The combination of antemortem and post-mortem studies has allowed the determination of a correlation ratio for DZ in the rabbit of 6×, comparing the concentrations in VH collected 24 hours after death with the concentrations detected in plasma at the time of death.

This study opens new perspectives for the use of VH as a complementary sample to blood for DZ detection and confirmation. The putative relevance of the correlation ratio obtained, for forensic toxicology practice with medical substances, namely benzodiazepines, recommends further studies in humans.
Nursing Ethics Education: are we really delivering the good(s)?
Authors: Woods Martin
Published: December 2004

The vast majority of research in nursing ethics over the last decade indicates that nurses may not be fully prepared to ‘deliver the good(s)’ for their patients, or to contribute appropriately in the wider current health care climate. When suitable research projects were evaluated for this article, one key question emerged: if nurses are educationally better prepared than ever before to exercise their ethical decision-making skills, why does research still indicate that the expected practice-based improvements remain elusive? Hence, a number of ideas gleaned from recent research about the current nature of nursing ethics, and especially teaching nursing ethics to student nurses, are analysed and critiqued in this article, which concludes with a cluster of ideas and conclusions based on that analysis. It is hoped that such a review may serve as a catalyst for nurse educators to re-examine their teaching practices with a view to enhancing good (i.e. ethical) nursing practice through educational means.
Physical and chemical stability of palonosetron HCl with cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin during simulated Y-site administration
Authors: Trissel Lawrence A. , Zhang Yanping
Published: December 2004

The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical and chemical stability of undiluted palonosetron HCl 50 mcg/mL with cisplatin 0.5 mg/mL, carboplatin 5 mg/mL, and with oxaliplatin 0.5 mg/mL in infusion solutions during simulated Y-site administration.

Triplicate test samples were prepared by admixing 7.5 mL of palonosetron HCl with 7.5 mL of the cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin dilutions. Physical stability was assessed using a multistep evaluation procedure that included both turbidimetric and particulate measurement as well as visual inspection. Chemical stability was assessed using stability-indicating HPLC analytical techniques based on the determination of drug concentrations. Evaluations were performed initially upon mixing and 1 and 4 hours after mixing.

The samples were clear and colourless when viewed in normal fluorescent room light and when viewed with a Tyndall beam. Measured turbidity remained unchanged and particulate content was low and exhibited little change. HPLC analysis found palonosetron HCl, cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin remained stable throughout the 4-hour test with no drug loss.

Palonosetron HCl is physically compatible and chemically stable with cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin during Y-site administration.
Washback and the classroom: the implications for teaching and learning of studies of washback from exams
Authors: Spratt Mary
Published: December 2004

This paper reviews the empirical studies of washback from external exams and tests that have been carried out in the field of English language teaching. It aims to do so from the point of view of the teacher so as to provide teachers with a clearer idea of the roles they can play and the decisions they can make concerning washback. The paper begins by defining its use of the term ‘washback’, then goes on to identify the areas in which washback has been noted by the studies. It next examines what intervening factors the studies have indicated influence whether and to what degree washback occurs. This examination highlights how much washback cannot be considered an automatic or direct effect of exams. Finally, the paper pulls together suggestions from the washback literature on how to teach towards exams and indicates areas of classroom practice that these could be applied to. The paper shows how crucial a role the teacher plays in determining types and intensity of washback, and how much teachers can therefore become agents for promoting positive washback.
Emerging Diseases and Their Impact on Animal Commerce: The Argentine Lesson
Authors: CANÉ B G. , LEANES L F. , MASCITELLI L O.
Published: December 2004

Abstract: As a result of the Argentine experience with foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) in 2001, a need was postulated for the establishment of efficient supranational schemes for continuous surveillance of the interrelations between tropical extractives livestock systems and the prairies that are optimal for the feeding of livestock in the southern region of South America. FMD in Argentina and in other countries, new or re‐emerging risks from avian influenza with potential risks for public health, the spongiform encephalopathies, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, and classical swine fever, among other animal diseases, have generated a strong reaction and evolution within the veterinary services of the country. These present lessons will influence decision‐making within countries and should be accepted by the technical and scientific community. From the perspective of the official animal health sector and with the FMD eradication plan as a basis within the national territory, we have worked not only to achieve international recognition and credibility within animal health systems, but also to realize the formation of a regional block of countries that can be recognized internationally as an area with equivalent animal health status. We emphasize not only that this lesson is useful in FMD, but also that it is possible to apply the valuable conclusions reached for other emerging or re‐emerging diseases.
Animal Health Organizations: Roles to Mitigate the Impact of Ecologic Change on Animal Health in the Tropics
Authors: ACORD BOBBY R. , WALTON THOMAS E.
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Production of livestock across North and South America is extensive. The opportunities for production, commerce, and thriving economies related to animal agriculture are balanced against the devastating threats of disease. Commitment by livestock and poultry producers in exporting countries to production methods, herd health management, and biosecurity in their operations must be coupled with an animal health and marketing infrastructure that allows the industries to thrive and offers assurances to trading partners that their livestock industries will not be jeopardized. National and international animal health organizations play a key role in providing this infrastructure to the industries that they serve. The incentive for the successful World agricultural production economies to provide direction and support for improving animal health and conveying principles for competitive and safe production to lesser developed nations is the assurance that the expanding economies of these nations offer an eager and hungry market for the products of the other industries of an export‐dependent economy. The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established after the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The WTO provides the permanent international multilateral institutional framework for implementing dispute resolution agreements and the agreement on the application of sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures. The SPS agreements allow for the protection of animal and plant health.
Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease in Tropical Wildlife
Authors: PINTO ARAMIS AUGUSTO
Published: December 2004

Abstract: This review of foot‐and‐mouth disease in cloven‐hoofed, free‐living animals, describes the disease, the wide range of the hosts, the carrier state, and the interrelationship between disease in domestic livestock and wildlife. This information becomes even more crucial to the development of control strategies when linked to the process of pathogenesis and the epidemiology of the disease.
Babesia bigemina: Sporozoite Isolation fromBoophilus microplusNymphs and Initial Immunomolecular Characterization
Authors: MOSQUEDA JUAN , RAMOS JUAN A. , FALCON ALFONSO , ALVAREZ J ANTONIO , ARAGON VICENTE , FIGUEROA JULIO V.
Published: December 2004

Abstract:It has been hypothesized that babesial sporozoites express specific antigens that induce protective immunologic responses in cattle. However, they remain uncharacterized, partly for lack of research on the sporozoite stage ofBabesiaspp. This field suffers from complete knowledge of parasite development in the tick salivary gland; limited amounts of sporozoites from ticks, and a lack of protocols for induction and purification of sporozoites. In this work,Boophilus micropluslarvae infected withB. bigeminawere fed on susceptible cattle. Nymphs were collected and macerates were separated by a Percoll density gradient. Microscopic analysis of Giemsa‐stained smears showed a larger number of sporozoites from nymphs fed for 9 days. Percoll‐purified sporozoites were observed in large numbers in groups or individually and free of tick cells. RT‐PCR analysis of total RNA extracted from purified sporozoites indicated transcription of the rhoptry associate protein 1 (rap‐1) genes:rap‐1a, rap‐b, rap‐1c, as well as the heat shock protein 20 (hsp‐20) gene. Purified sporozoites were culturedin vitroanalyzed for RAP‐1a expression using an immunocytochemistry assay. Erythrocyte‐attached sporozoites reacted with a specific RAP‐1a monoclonal antibody. This is the first report ofBabesia bigeminasporozoite antigens. Moreover, purified sporozoites will allow the characterization of stage‐specific antigens involved in immunologic protection.
Microscopic Features of Tick‐Bite Lesions in Anteaters and Armadillos: Emas National Park and the Pantanal Region of Brazil
Authors: LIMA E SILVA M F , SZABÓ M P J , BECHARA G H
Published: December 2004

Abstract: The naturally occurring wildlife host associations between ticks and tick‐borne pathogens found in the neotropics are poorly described. Understanding tick‐bite lesions is important as these are the site of host reaction to and pathogen delivery by ticks. As part of a comprehensive study concerning established and emerging tick‐host relationships. the present work describes some aspects of tick‐bite lesions in anteaters and armadillos captured at the Emas National Park and the Pantanal region of Brazil. Biopsies were of skin were taken and examine. Tick feeding sites of all animals displayed an eosinophilic homogeneous mass, the cement cone, and, occasionally, a feeding cavity underneath the tick attachment site. At these locations the epidermis was usually thickened due to keratinocyte hyperplasia. The main dermal changes included tissue infiltration with a varying number of inflammatory cells, edema, hemorrhage. and vascular dilatation. Cellular infiltration of the dermis was predominantly composed of mononuclear cells, neutrophils. and eosinophils. Mast cells were also seen in both non‐parasitized and parasitized skin but were found in higher numbers at perivascular sites and in parasitized skin. Basophils were not seen at tick attachment sites of anteaters or armadillos.
Partial Protection Induced by a BHV‐1 Recombinant Vaccine against Challenge with BHV‐5
Authors: SPILKI FERNANDO R. , SILVA ALESSANDRA D. , HÜBNER SILVIA , ESTEVES PAULO A. , FRANCO ANA CLÁUDIA , DRIEMEIER DAVID , ROEHEA PAULO M.
Published: December 2004

Abstract: Bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BHV‐5) is the causative agent of bovine herpetic encephalitis, a major concern for cattle farming in Brazil and Argentina. We recently developed a differential, gE‐negative vaccine (265 gE‐), based on a Brazilian BHV‐1 strain. The present study was carried out to examine whether such a vaccine would confer protection to BHV‐5 infections. It was concluded that the recombinant BHV‐1 vaccine tested here is not capable of conferring full protection to BHV‐5 challenge.
Finite element simulation of a rolling automobile tyre to understand its transient macroscopic behaviour
Authors: Hall W , Mottram J T , Jones R P
Published: December 2004

This paper presents explicit finite element results for the transient macroscopic behaviour of a rolling automobile tyre. The aim of the research has been to develop the modelling methodology for an advanced LS-DYNA finite element simulation of a rolling tyre that can be used to provide internal transient stresses (and strains) to support the development of sensor systems technology. The methodology has been developed with an experimental 195 / 65 R15 tyre, which has provided physical test data to benchmark the performance of the numerical predictions for the free-rolling analysis on a rigid horizontal surface. Simulation results for a normal load of 3 kN and a speed of 20 km / h are presented to show the characteristics of stresses at the tyre / ground interface and, for the first time, internal stresses and strains at specific locations inside the tyre's structure. Such numerical results of the internal behaviour will be invaluable to tyre technologists who want to determine the optimal location for their sensor systems, and also to vehicle dynamists who want to establish the dynamic relationships between the contact patch stresses and the global tyre forces.
Human rights: above politics or a creature of politics?
Authors: Klug Francesca
Published: December 2004

For the last forty years or more, this country has appeared to be in the grip of one kind of national panic or another. In the 1960s and 1970s it was a moral panic that took hold of ‘middle England’. Self-styled hippies and lefties were charged by an older generation with threatening the fabric of society. In the 1980s it was threats to national security that appeared to strike fear in the heart of the nation, from IRA terrorists to the spectre of a Soviet nuclear attack. As the 1990s progressed we were back to a moral panic again. The view that contemporary society was characterised by ‘too many rights and not enough responsibilities’ was shared by politicians, priests and political commentators alike.
Laryngeal Mask Airway for the Interhospital Transport of Neonates
Authors: Trevisanuto Daniele , Verghese Chandy , Doglioni Nicoletta , Ferrarese Paola , Zanardo Vincenzo
Published: December 2004

Airway control during interhospital transport may present enormous management difficulties, even for experienced personnel. The laryngeal mask airway is an airway management device that has been established as a safe reliable tool in adult and pediatric practice. We describe 2 cases of successful interhospital transfer of infants with congenital airway malformations with the use of the laryngeal mask airway, and we review the literature.
Exploring Bicultural Identities of Asian High School Students Through the Analytic Window of a Literature Club
Authors: Vyas Sapna
Published: December 2004

The process of forming a sense of identity is a crucial developmental task for all high school students, but it can be particularly challenging for those students who find themselves at the intersection of ethnically and socially diverse cultures. Literacy activities can serve as a means through which we can learn more about such bicultural students' identity experiences. This article explores the role of literacy activities in supporting bicultural identity‐making processes within the context of an after‐school Asian literature club at a suburban U.S. high school. The study participants were seven high school students of varying Asian backgrounds. Qualitative data from club meetings, semistructured interviews, and written reflections reveal that literacy activities serve as an analytic window through which we can learn more about bicultural high school students' interpretations and beliefs, and, subsequently, their personal choices and decisions. This research holds important implications for both educators and researchers invested in learning more about the identity experiences of all students who are seeking guidance and support for their participation in multiple worlds.
Promoting Reading Comprehension in Social Studies
Authors: Massey Dixie D. , Heafner Tina L.
Published: December 2004

Researchers suggest there is a reading crisis in middle and secondary schools. However, many content area teachers do not consider themselves reading teachers, nor do they know how to help students develop comprehension skills. Using the Scaffolded Reading Experience approach as a framework, this article provides content area teachers with concrete techniques for teaching reading and content through textbook, primary, and fictional sources.
No Child Left Behind: What It Means for U.S. Adolescents and What We Can Do About It
Authors: Conley Mark W. , Hinchman Kathleen A.
Published: December 2004

For the past three decades and more, researchers in adolescent literacy have illuminated the challenges and opportunities facing adolescent learning. This article explores the connection between what we know about adolescent literacy and the mandates and initiatives of the No Child Left Behind Act in the United States. It connects what we know about adolescents with the federal government's newly authorized educational programs, and it considers ways in which research and policy could be more forcefully directed toward supporting adolescents and their literacy learning. Areas of convergence between adolescent literacy research and No Child Left Behind include emphasis on continuous reading instruction, developing knowledge of strategic reading and attention to individual differences. However, No Child Left Behind says little if anything about the contexts for literacy, specific understandings of adolescence, and what teachers need to know and be able to do in order successfully promote adolescent literacy. The article concludes with a recommendation for greater dialogue about adolescent literacy and research and policy concerned with building literacy from preschool through the middle and secondary years.
Why Mei Still Cannot Read and What Can Be Done
Authors: Li Xiaoping , Zhang Mingyuan
Published: December 2004

Reading difficulty is often the result of a host of interacting factors, including cognitive, linguistic, psychological, social, emotional, physical, and educational, but educational factors are at the heart of many instances of low achievement in English learning. This study explores the educational factors that failed Mei, a 14‐year‐old sixth grader from China, in her attainment of proficiency in English in a U.S. public school. Four sources of data were collected: researcher's field notes, interview transcripts, textbooks used in class, and informal reading inventory test results. Analysis of the data revealed the following: (a) all of Mei's teachers expressed positive attitudes toward ESL students but said that they were not well prepared to teach ESL students; (b) Mei's teachers needed not only effective instructional methods but also age‐appropriate materials for Mei; (c) Mei was left out by both the state and local assessment and accountability systems; and (d) there was a lack of communication and collaboration among Mei's classroom teachers, her ESL teacher, and her parents. The article concludes with discussions on how schools can prevent ESL students like Mei from failing to learn.
Misconceptions About Teaching English‐language Learners
Authors: Harper Candace , de Jong Ester
Published: December 2004

English language learners (ELLs) are the fastest growing group of K‐12 students in the United States. Most ELLS spend the entire school day in mainstream classrooms where instruction is in English. It is therefore important for all teachers to have the knowledge and skills needed to facilitate these students' academic language development and content area achievement. However, efforts to include ELLs in general education reforms are often based on misunderstandings about effective instruction for linguistically and culturally diverse learners. These misunderstandings stem from two basic assumptions that guide much current teacher preparation for diversity: (a) the needs of ELLs do not differ significantly from those of other diverse learners, and (b) effective instruction for ELLs is primarily a menu of pedagogical adaptations. This article examines the problematic nature of four popular misconceptions about teaching ELLs and discusses the implications for effective instruction in truly inclusive mainstream classrooms.
At Play in Fields of Ideas
Authors: Schofield Andrew , Rogers Theresa
Published: December 2004

The authors have come to believe, based on several years of collaborative work in an alternative literacy program, that developing the multiple literacies of struggling youth requires a curricular playfulness with students' ideas, biographies, and imaginations across genres and media. Social literacy and multiliteracy theories are powerful and important reminders that literacy practices are varied and situated across different media and that school‐based literacy practices need to be inclusive of a broad range of students, cultures, and text formats. The youth literacy program described in this article leans on this work and recent reconceptualizations of adolescent literacy by integrating verbal and visual imagination, the material contexts and biographies of student lives, traditional print‐based literacies, and opportunities for students to express themselves across multiple literacies. The authors build on language and nonlanguage skills, which may or may not be valued in many schools, and scaffold literacy skills needed to augment student life skills and talents. To bring these arguments to life, the authors provide examples of the ways students rearticulate, transform, and integrate their own narratives into curricular texts through poetry, art, music, and video—activities that can, at times, lessen or mitigate their resistances to schooling.
Turning on a Dime: Making Change in Literacy Classrooms
Authors: Cobb Charlene
Published: December 2004

In today's environment of school change and reform, teachers are often challenged by limited time and resources to reach new goals. The author observes that schools need teachers who not only revise their instruction but also can reshape their perspectives on teaching and learning. Four strategies are consistently found in classrooms and schools that have a commitment to change and increased achievement for all students: differentiating, interacting, monitoring, and extending time for learning—or “DIME.” The author goes on to examine how teachers can “turn on a dime and make change in their literacy practices—how they can move within the tight confines of their time and resources to make a difference in teaching and learning.”
English as an Accelerated Language: A Call to Action for Reading Teachers
Authors: Mohr Kathleen A.J.
Published: December 2004

This article challenges reading teachers to use their rich literacy repertoires to make English an accelerated language for English‐language learners in their classrooms. The introduction argues that educators must discard a remedial approach for second‐language learners and afford more integrated, forward‐looking experiences in order to enable English‐language learners to build on their first‐language strengths and be successful in English‐speaking classrooms. Effective reading teachers are able to offer comprehensible and comprehensive language instruction in rich reading and writing contexts. This article uses the example of one first grader to exemplify how inferior literacy instruction can be transformed to facilitate both language and literacy development. The author synthesizes several areas of research to provide a list of recommended practices that, when combined as instructional components, can expedite student progress. Reading teachers are encouraged to offer these best practices, enhanced by insights on second‐language learning needs, to the English‐language learners in regular classrooms.
Tableaux Vivants in the Literature Classroom
Authors: Tortello Rebecca
Published: December 2004

Tableaux vivants provide fun and interesting ways to begin class discussion of ideas about new books and reactions to books already read. A drama technique somewhat like charades, a tableau vivant is interactive and involves cooperative learning and creative and critical thinking.
Focused Anecdotal Records Assessment: A Tool for Standards‐based, Authentic Assessment
Authors: Boyd‐Batstone Paul
Published: December 2004

This article describes the tension between standards‐based assessment on a macrolevel and authentic assessment on a microlevel. Content standards arguably supply systematic criteria for quantitative measures to report trends and establish policy. Qualitative measures, such as rubrics, student profiles, and observational records, fill in the gaps to give teachers immediate feedback for instructional planning. The purpose of the article is to describe an observational tool for standards‐based authentic assessment. Focused anecdotal records assessment (ARA) is a collection of techniques for recording, maintaining, and analyzing observational records. Five components are described: (1) observing children in instructional settings, (2) maintaining a standards‐based focus, (3) recording anecdotal records, (4) managing anecdotal records, and (5) using anecdotal records for assessment. The article includes formats for recording specific standards, observational data, summaries of strengths and needs, and instructional recommendations. Focused ARAs help organize assessment data and facilitate communication with students, parents, and other members of the educational community.
Poetry Top 10: A Foolproof Formula for Teaching Poetry
Authors: Linaberger Mara
Published: December 2004

While a wealth of knowledge about the teaching of poetry exists, many teachers are still fearful about teaching it. Others have tried unsuccessfully to write poetry with students and have turned to merely reading poetry on occasion as a means to teach the genre. This article seeks to debunk the mystery surrounding the teaching of poetry through concrete examples. The two main assertions are that teachers can use the lessons of other poetry teachers to begin and then may make the transition to “what they know” and begin creating poetry lessons of their own. A variety of student examples are shared in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of several of the poetry lessons used by the author. One child's work is offered as a case study of the changes that can occur in writing when students are encouraged to take inspiration from the work of other poets. Finally, a top 10 list is provided to give the reader additional support. It contains suggested steps to follow in order to achieve success in the poetry classroom.
Cobalt‐Mediated Mizoroki–Heck‐Type Reaction of Epoxide with Styrene
Authors: Ikeda Yousuke , Yorimitsu Hideki , Shinokubo Hiroshi , Oshima Koichiro
Published: December 2004

Treatment of a mixture of epoxide and styrene with trimethylsilylmethylmagnesium bromide in the presence of a cobalt‐phosphine complex afforded homocinnamyl alcohol in good yield. The reaction should begin with ring opening of the epoxide by the action of magnesium bromide which leads to the formation of a magnesium 2‐bromoethoxide derivative and not with a direct single electron transfer from a cobalt complex to the epoxide.
Palladium‐Indium‐Indium(III) Chloride‐Mediated Allyl Cross‐Coupling Reactions Using Allyl Acetates
Authors: Lee Phil Ho , Seomoon Dong , Lee Kooyeon , Kim Sundae , Kim Hyunseok , Kim Hyun , Shim Eunkyong , Lee Miae , Lee Seokju , Kim Misook , Sridhar Madabhushi
Published: December 2004

Allylindiums in situ generated by reductive transmetalation of π‐allylpalladium(II) complexes, obtained from allyl acetates and palladium(0) catalyst, with indium and indium(III) chloride are effective nucleophilic cross‐coupling partners in Pd‐catalyzed allyl cross‐coupling reactions with a variety of electrophilic cross‐coupling partners.
Sonogashira Cross‐Coupling Reactions Catalysed by Copper‐Free Palladium Zeolites
Authors: Djakovitch Laurent , Rollet Patrick
Published: December 2004

A heterogeneous copper‐free [Pd(NH3)4]2+/(NH4)Y catalyst was employed to achieve the heterogeneous Sonogashira reaction of aryl halides with terminal alkynes. Several reaction parameters like solvent, base and temperature were evaluated. When optimised, the coupling reaction of bromobenzene with phenylacetylene gave a 45% yield of diphenylacetylene within 3 h using only 1 mol % Pd. This catalyst was successfully applied to the coupling reaction of a range of aryl iodides and bromides: aryl iodides and activated aryl bromides gave almost quantitative yields and non‐activated aryl bromides led to reasonable yields (20% to 45%). This heterogeneous [Pd(NH3)4]2+/(NH4)Y catalyst was shown to be efficient, stable towards leaching and recyclable for the copper‐free Sonogashira reaction.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Coupling Reaction of Aroyl Chlorides with Alkenes
Authors: Sugihara Toru , Satoh Tetsuya , Miura Masahiro , Nomura Masakatsu
Published: December 2004

Aroyl chlorides react with acyclic and cyclic alkenes in the presence of a rhodium catalyst to give Mizoroki–Heck type and cyclization products, respectively. A rhodium‐ethylene complex, [{RhCl(C2H4)2}2], showed excellent performance for these reactions. Notably, the reactions can be conducted effectively under base‐ and phosphane‐free conditions.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Coupling of Amino‐Tethered Vinyl Halides with Ketones, Esters, and Nitriles Using Potassium Phenoxide as the Base
Authors: Solé Daniel , Urbaneja Xavier , Bonjoch Josep
Published: December 2004

Vinyl halides undergo intramolecular coupling with amino‐tethered ketones, esters, and nitriles in the presence of a palladium catalyst and potassium phenoxide as the base. This reaction constitutes a useful methodology for the synthesis of monocyclic, bridged, and spirocyclic nitrogen‐containing compounds.
Industrial R&D on Catalytic CC and CN Coupling Reactions: A Personal Account on Goals, Approaches and Results
Authors: Blaser Hans‐Ulrich , Indolese Adriano , Naud Frédéric , Nettekoven Ulrike , Schnyder Anita
Published: December 2004

R&D issues for the application of Pd‐ and Ni‐catalyzed CC and CN coupling reactions in the fine chemicals industry are discussed. In a first part, some background is given on industrial R&D and the role of CC and CN coupling for preparative applications is described. The following principal approaches to industrial research are illustrated with relevant examples from the literature and from our own laboratories: i) development of catalysts and catalytic methodologies with industrial potential; ii) finding shorter routes to target molecules using catalytic methods; iii) development of industrial catalytic processes in multi‐step syntheses.
Combinatorial Explosion in Homogeneous Catalysis: Screening 60,000 Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Burello Enrico , Farrusseng David , Rothenberg Gadi
Published: December 2004

A new approach to the selection of Heck cross‐coupling catalysts and reaction conditions is presented, based on a quantitative structure‐activity relationship (QSAR) descriptor set that is coupled to linear and non‐linear analysis models. A set of steric and electronic descriptors is defined and calculated. The correlations between ligands, substrates, catalyst precursors and reaction conditions in a dataset of 412 Heck reactions are then analyzed using artificial neural networks, classification tree methods, and linear models. The regression and classification models are powerful, with prediction confidence levels as high as 93%. These models are then used to predict the performance (turnover numbers and turnover frequencies) of 60,000 combinations of virtual catalysts and reaction conditions in silico. Furthermore, the models are used to pinpoint mechanistic effects, in this case the important role that small palladium clusters play in Heck cross‐coupling. The pros and cons of linear and non‐linear models and the application of this approach to the selection of new experiments in high‐throughput systems are discussed.
Chelation‐Induced Catalytic Multiple Arylation of Allylic 2‐Pyridyl Sulfones
Authors: Llamas Tomás , Arrayás Ramón Gómez , Carretero Juan Carlos
Published: December 2004

The development of a chelation‐assisted, transition metal‐catalyzed protocol for the sequential multiarylation of cyclic allyl sulfones is described. The metal‐coordinating ability of the 2‐pyridyl group on the sulfone promotes the otherwise difficult intermolecular Heck monoarylation and diarylation of trisubstituted alkenes, as well as the copper‐catalyzed allylic arylation with Grignard reagents.
Terminal Heck Vinylations of Chelating Vinyl Ethers
Authors: Stadler Alexander , von Schenck Henrik , Vallin Karl S. A. , Larhed Mats , Hallberg Anders
Published: December 2004

Terminal chelation‐controlled Heck vinylations of electron‐rich amino‐functionalized vinyl ethers were performed with high regioselectivity furnishing moderate to good isolated yields of the corresponding 1‐alkoxy‐1,3‐butadienes. DFT calculations support an amine‐palladium(II) coordination strength reactivity/selectivity rationale, where the dimethylamino group was the preferred metal presenting functionality. Controlled microwave heating effectively accelerated these palladium‐catalyzed reactions and full conversion could be achieved within 30 minutes. Subsequent Diels–Alder reactions with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate under microwave irradiation resulted exclusively in partly aromatized bi‐ and tricyclic compounds by elimination of the aminoalkoxy group. Thus, the selected dimethylamino auxiliary both controlled the regiochemistry in the palladium‐catalyzed vinylation and was easily displaced in the aromatization process.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reaction by Means of Organogermanium Trichlorides
Authors: Enokido Tatsuki , Fugami Keigo , Endo Mayuko , Kameyama Masayuki , Kosugi Masanori
Published: December 2004

Easily accessible arylgermanium trichlorides were found to undergo palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions with aryl bromides and iodides in good yields. The reaction is performed in an aqueous medium with sodium hydroxide as an activator. Some base‐sensitive functionalities such as acetyl and trifluoromethyl survived the reaction.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Heck and Carbonylation Reactions of a Dinaphthaleneiodonium Salt Forming Functionalized 2‐Iodo‐1,1′‐binaphthyls
Authors: Kina Asato , Miki Hiroyuki , Cho Yong‐Hwan , Hayashi Tamio
Published: December 2004

The Heck‐type olefination and carbonylation of a binaphthaleneiodonium salt 1 in the presence of a palladium catalyst gave high yields of the corresponding 2‐iodo‐2′‐functionalized‐1,1′‐binaphthyls with high selectivity.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Substituted Aryl(dimethyl)silanols
Authors: Denmark Scott E. , Ober Michael H.
Published: December 2004

Cesium carbonate and cesium hydroxide monohydrate are effective activators for the palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of aryl(dimethyl)silanols with substituted aryl halides. Extensive optimization studies led to the identification of key variables (solvent, catalyst, additive, and hydration level) that influence the rate and selectivity of the process. Manipulation of these factors provides an effective coupling method of wide scope and generality. Electron‐rich aryl(dimethyl)silanols undergo cross‐coupling with aryl iodides and aryl bromides in high yields and high selectivity for the desired cross‐coupling products. Alternatively, high yields of cross‐coupling products could be obtained with electron‐poor or ortho‐substituted aryl(dimethyl)silanols when activated with cesium hydroxide monohydrate.
Dialkylphosphinoimidazoles as New Ligands for Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling Reactions of Aryl Chlorides
Authors: Harkal Surendra , Rataboul Franck , Zapf Alexander , Fuhrmann Christa , Riermeier Thomas , Monsees Axel , Beller Matthias
Published: December 2004

N‐Aryl‐2‐(dialkylphosphino)imidazoles and ‐benzimidazoles are conveniently prepared in one step from the corresponding heterocycles by selective deprotonation and quenching with chlorophosphines. The novel ligands are easily tunable and show good to excellent performance in palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki reactions and Buchwald–Hartwig aminations of aryl and heteroaryl chlorides.
Palladium‐Catalyzed CN and CO Coupling–A Practical Guide from an Industrial Vantage Point†
Authors: Schlummer Björn , Scholz Ulrich
Published: December 2004

The palladium‐catalyzed coupling of amines with aryl halides or aryl alcohol derivatives, commonly dubbed Buchwald–Hartwig amination, has matured from a synthetic laboratory procedure to a technique that is widely used in natural product synthesis as well as in other fields of academic interest. Furthermore, due to the versatility and reliability of this reaction, researchers in industrial environments have included this methodology in their toolbox as a standard procedure for the synthesis of amine derivatives. Therefore, it is not surprising that first industrial processes up to ton‐scale have been performed using this cross‐coupling reaction. The authors who are involved in the application of this reaction to industrial processes on this scale give an overview of the recent developments in this field of chemistry, also including fundamental principles, with a special focus on the industrial approach and issues to be considered relevant in scaling‐up this transition metal‐catalyzed chemistry. This review differs from the already existing excellent academic reviews by focusing on the practical problems arising during implementing the methodology in an industrial environment as well as giving practical hints to this end.
Catalytic Carbometalation/Cross‐Coupling Sequence across Alkynyl(2‐pyridyl)silanes Leading to a Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis of Tamoxifen‐Type Tetrasubstituted Olefins
Authors: Kamei Toshiyuki , Itami Kenichiro , Yoshida Jun‐ichi
Published: December 2004

A general synthetic scheme for tamoxifen‐type tetrasubstituted olefins based on the novel Cu‐catalyzed carbomagnesation across alkynyl(2‐pyridyl)silane has been developed. A wide array of electronically and structurally diverse tetrasubstituted olefins can be prepared in a regiocontrolled, stereocontrolled, and diversity‐oriented manner. Noteworthy features are that (i) the three aryl groups, which are believed to be important (essential) for anti‐estrogenic activity, can be varied at will because they all stem from readily available aryl iodides, and (ii) any stereo‐ and regioisomers can, in principle, be prepared by simply changing the order use of the aryl iodides in the sequence.