bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Locating the Qurʾan and Early Islam in the ‘Epistemic Space’ of Late Antiquity
Authors: Neuwirth Angelika
Published: July 2017

Locating the qur’anic event in Late Antiquity, understood not as a historical epoch but an epistemic space, the chapter focuses on textual strategies rather than on the transfer of semantic knowledge or extra-textual circumstances. Qurʾanic speech oscillates between literal and ‘allegorical’ expression. Among the last mentioned, typology, hitherto widely neglected—although perhaps the most representative textual practice in the late antique culture of debate—appears a useful key to the question of the qur’anic community’s rapid development of a theology of its own and its attainment of social coherence. Sifting the changing modes of qur’anic typology—from the ‘simple’ mode of restaging biblical events and the mimesis of biblical figures via the more demanding pattern of promise and fulfilment to the daringly innovative mode: mythopoiesis—allows us to trace the successive stages of the first listeners’ construction of a communal identity of their own.
Early Medieval Christian and Muslim Attitudes to Pagan Law
Authors: Cook Michael
Published: July 2017

This chapter compares early-medieval Christian and Islamic ideas regarding the acceptability or otherwise of pagan law under the monotheist dispensation. It argues that by and large there is a clear contrast between the two approaches. The default attitude among early-medieval Christians is that pagan law is acceptable in the absence of specific grounds for rejecting it, whereas the default among Muslims is that it is unacceptable unless there are specific grounds for adopting it. The chapter also seeks to identify the motivations involved—both the reasons actually advanced by jurists on both sides and the underlying historical causes of the divergence.
Introduction
Authors: Bakhos Carol , Cook Michael
Published: July 2017

The Introduction describes the way in which the volume originated and briefly surveys the chapters contained in it. Four chapters (by Joseph Witztum, Patricia Crone, Gerald Hawting, and Michael Cook) originate from papers delivered at the conference ‘Islam and its Past: Jahiliyya and Late Antiquity in the Qurʾan and Tradition’. The other four chapters (by Devin Stewart, Nicolai Sinai, Angelika Neuwirth, and Iwona Gajda) were not presented at this conference. All the chapters are concerned directly or indirectly with Islamic revelation, and for the most part with the Qurʾan. We live in a time when the study of the Qurʾan has been making a remarkable comeback after spending a generation on the backburner. This volume will give the interested reader a broad survey of what has been happening in the field and concrete illustrations of some of the more innovative lines of research that have recently been pursued.
The Effects of Manifesto Politics on Programmatic Change
Authors: Hennl Annika , Franzmann Simon Tobias
Published: July 2017

The formulation of policies constitutes a core business of political parties in modern democracies. Using the novel data of the Political Party Database (PPDB) Project and the data of the Manifesto Project (MARPOR), the authors of this chapter aim at a systematic test of the causal link between the intra-party decision mode on the electoral manifestos and the extent of programmatic change. What are the effects of the politics of manifesto formulation on the degree of policy change? Theoretically, the authors distinguish the drafting process from the final enactment of the manifesto. Empirically, they show that a higher autonomy of the party elite in formulating the manifesto leads to a higher degree of programmatic change. If party members constrain party elite’s autonomy, they tend to veto major changes.
Party Organization and Party Unity
Authors: Little Conor , Farrell David M.
Published: July 2017

This chapter examines the crucial role that political parties play in maintaining a unified voting bloc in parliament. This party-based approach sets it apart from most existing studies in this area. The focus of this chapter is on the factors that incentivize MPs to vote in a unified manner. The chapter tests three hypotheses: (1) whether party unity is improved by greater party organizational strength; (2) whether the greater threat of disciplinary sanctions increases party unity; and (3) whether greater access to resources by MPs reduces party unity. The authors use the Political Party Database (PPDB) dataset to test these hypotheses in thirteen of Europe’s democracies, finding strong support for the third hypothesis, some support for the first hypothesis, but little support for the second hypothesis. This study adds an important new dimension to research on how institutions affect party unity by showing the distinct role party organizations can play in this regard.
Primitive Colors
Authors: Gert Joshua
Published: July 2017

This book is both an account of the nature of color and color perception, and an exercise in neo-pragmatist theorizing. Neo-pragmatism rejects representationalism, which is the standard strategy for solving “placement problems” in philosophy. Instead, it makes use of deflationary accounts of truth and reference. In the domain of color, the result is color primitivism: a view of color according to which colors are sui generis properties of objects, irreducible to physical or dispositional properties. Objective colors are also—contrary to current dogma—insufficiently determinate in their nature to allow them to be associated with precise points in standard color spaces. Rather, standard color spaces are appropriate for the description of color appearances, which are to be understood in line with a moderate form of adverbialism. A central analogy here is between the perceptible three-dimensional shape of an object and the various ways in which that shape appears from various perspectives. The book also offers an account of color constancy, a moderated version of representationalism about visual experience, and a criticism of the thesis of the transparency of experience. Also included are detailed discussions of rival views, including those of Alex Byrne and David Hilbert, C. L. Hardin, Jonathan Cohen, Mark Kalderon, Keith Allen, and Derek Brown.
A Hybrid View
Authors: Gert Joshua
Published: July 2017

This chapter presents a hybrid view of color that depends on a view of objective color that can be called “the multiple-aspect view.” The multiple-aspect view of color holds that we can perceive the unchanging objective color of an object, even while it presents us with a variety of color appearances. On the hybrid view, it is only these color appearances that can be truly characterized using precise color language. Objective colors, on the other hand, can only be truly described at a coarser level of grain. The hybrid view allows us to capture the common-sense claims we would like to make about color while still allowing that there is considerable variation in precise color appearance across viewers and viewing circumstances, and that it would be arbitrary to pick out only a very small subset of these appearances as uniquely correct. The chapter also defends adverbialism as a view of color appearances.
Building, Investing, and Displaying on Delos
Authors: Constantakopoulou Christy
Published: July 2017

This chapter explores the history of monumentalization of the landscape of Delos, with a focus on the sanctuary. The discussion is structured around the processes of funding. It examines the building activity of both public and religious buildings (to the extent that we can propose such a distinction). By exploring the different funding sources for building activity on Delos, it shows the active engagement of the Delian community, the Hellenistic kings, and other non-royal individuals in the monumentalization processes. It argues that the two important factors in shaping processes of monumentalization were insularity and the presence of a large regional sanctuary. We can see on Delos similar developments to other large regional sanctuaries, such as Samothrace.
Proxenies, Statues, Crowns
Authors: Constantakopoulou Christy
Published: July 2017

This chapter examines the extensive Delian epigraphic record (proxeny and other honorific decrees, references to crowns and other honours as these appear in the Delian accounts), in order to reconstruct the Delian network of honours. The focus is proxeny decrees, because of their significantly large number. The chapter discusses the issues of audience and purpose of publication of decrees. Using the ethnic names of the honorands as the basis of the study, it shows that the network of honours was geographically immense, with the southern Aegean as the primary region of local interaction, and with specific clustering beyond this primary region. This character of the network may be related to Delos’ insularity, on one hand, and the presence of a large regional sanctuary, on the other.
The Social Dynamics of Dedication
Authors: Constantakopoulou Christy
Published: July 2017

This chapter provides a methodological discussion on how to use the evidence included in the Delian inventories in order to write the social history of the dedicants. The inventories were produced by the Delian hieropoioi and recorded on an annual basis the dedications kept in the Delian treasuries. The chapter focuses particularly on dedications which are attached to named individuals and communities. It then discusses the material according to the parameters of gender, individual versus community dedications, elite dedicants, and distance of travel. Using the inventories we are able to reconstruct who came to the Delian sanctuary to dedicate objects.
‘Qwhen Alexander our Kynge was Dede’
Authors: Wingfield Emily
Published: July 2017

The eight lines of verse in Andrew of Wyntoun’s Original Chronicle beginning ‘Qwhen Alexander our kynge was dede’ are commonly read divorced from their original context. Although this can lead to distorted interpretation, the lines are nevertheless representative of one of the most significant but under-studied themes of the whole work: kingship and good governance. Wyntoun offers us models of good kingship or tyranny, and he focuses on certain key topics related to governance, such as the relationship between the Church and State, the nature of royal lineages, and moments of transition between reigns, and the role of a king or leader as proponent of justice and peace. This aspect of Wyntoun’s Chronicle has never before been noted but it is worthy of far greater attention, not least because it repositions the Prior’s often dismissed work as one of the foundational texts in the Scots Advice to Princes tradition.
Appetite, Desire, and Excess in Bower’s Scotichronicon and Older Scots Poetry
Authors: Murray Kylie
Published: July 2017

This essay is about the central role of Walter Bower’s prose Latin Scotichronicon (1440s) in Older Scottish literary culture. Its principal focus is two thirteenth-century Scottish Cistercian visions which have hitherto been overlooked by literary scholars. Both visions take food and appetite as their principal frame of reference: the first concerns the corrupt Abbot, Adam of Kendal, whose greed leads to an ominous gustatory otherworld vision, and the second concerns an encounter between Radulf, Abbot of Kinloss, and an Ethiopian diabolus, summoned by the consumption of forbidden food. The essay provides the first discussion of possible sources for these visions, and their reception in Older Scots poetry. The visions can themselves be understood as provocative, lively sources for the treatment of appetite and desire in the poetry of Henryson, Dunbar, and others. The essay concludes by newly identifying Bower’s Ethiopian vision as Scotland’s earliest extant eldritch work.
The Noble Identity of Gavin Douglas
Authors: Royan Nicola
Published: July 2017

This essay takes up Sally Mapstone’s contention that Scottish Advice to Princes was directed as much to magnates and their supporters as it ever was to the king, and applies it to Gavin Douglas’ Eneados. It considers the manner in which Douglas’ translation represents nobility, national identity, and political violence, with reference to Douglas’ own magnatial identity and that of the poem’s patron, William Sinclair. It considers both the prologues and the translated texts, examining further the relationship between them. In so doing, it places the Eneados in the context of Virgilian criticism as well as Older Scots poetic traditions, and demonstrates parallels in language choices regarding war, government, and rule.
Afterword
Authors: Hanna Ralph
Published: July 2017

Among the imperatives I was given when I renewed my acquaintance with Oxford in 1997 was, ‘Go meet Sally Mapstone; she’s the real thing’. This instruction, of course, followed upon one of Sally’s great public triumphs, her Bodleian exhibit, certainly the outstanding, if not the first, demonstration of Scots book-arts outwith Scotland—and an important demonstration of Sally’s most abiding contribution. Her demonstration to the Scots of their own culture has always relied upon evidence of book-history, as well as upon their scarcely plumbed historical archive....
Basic Principles
Authors: Martin Keith M.
Published: July 2017

This chapter serves as an introduction to the environment in which cryptography finds common use today. We discuss the need for cryptography, as well as the basic language and concepts that are used to describe a cryptographic system. We introduce the core security services, such as confidentiality, data integrity, and authentication, which are delivered by cryptography in order to support modern security technologies. We introduce both symmetric and public-key cryptosystems, and discuss the differences between them. Finally, we consider ways in which cryptosystems can be attacked or compromised.
Key Management
Authors: Martin Keith M.
Published: July 2017

This chapter provides an understanding of the fundamental principles behind key management. We consider the typical stages in the lifecycle of a cryptographic key and then review each of these stages in some detail. We discuss the choosing of key lengths and look at different techniques for key generation, including key derivation and generation from components. We then look at different techniques for key establishment, including the use of key hierarchies, key wrapping, and quantum key establishment. We then look at key storage and discuss the role of hardware security modules. We also consider key separation, key change, and key destruction, before closing with a short discussion on governance of key management.
Cryptographic Applications
Authors: Martin Keith M.
Published: July 2017

This chapter considers eight applications of cryptography. These essentially act as case studies relating to all the previous material. For each application, we identify the security requirements, the application constraints, the choice of cryptography used, and the ways that the keys are managed. We begin with the SSL/TLS protocols used to secure Internet communications. We then examine the cryptography used in W-Fi networks, showing that early cryptographic design mistakes have subsequently been corrected. We then examine the evolving cryptography used to secure mobile telecommunications. This is followed by a discussion of the cryptography that underpins the security of payment card transactions. We look at the cryptography of video broadcasting and identity cards. We then examine the cryptography behind the Tor project, which use cryptography to support anonymous communication on the Internet. Finally, we examine the clever cryptographic design of Bitcoin, showing how use of cryptography can facilitate digital currency.
Cryptography for Personal Devices
Authors: Martin Keith M.
Published: July 2017

In this chapter, we consider some of the cryptography which can be used to protect data stored on personal devices. We begin by looking at various forms of cryptographic file protection, including full disk encryption. We then consider the cryptography which can be used to support two applications widely used on personal devices, namely, email and asynchronous messaging. To illustrate the latter, we discuss the cryptography deployed by the application WhatsApp. Finally, we obtain a slightly different perspective by providing an overview of the cryptography supported by one particular device platform, Apple’s iOS operating system.
Closing Remarks
Authors: Martin Keith M.
Published: July 2017

We have now completed our introduction to everyday cryptography. We have seen that cryptography is essentially a toolkit of mathematical techniques for implementing the core security services required to protect information. We have learnt many important lessons about cryptography along the way. In particular:

Cryptography is much more than encryption...
The ‘New Welfare State’ under Fiscal Strain
Authors: Mertens Daniel
Published: July 2017

This chapter raises concerns regarding the possibility of increasing social investment due to the persistence of austerity regimes in Europe and beyond. On the one hand, austerity policies have put severe constraints on the expansion of social investment, mainly because of the budgetary institutions and politics that have evolved around these spending areas. On the other hand, demand of and supply for credit in order to pursue private alternatives to traditional social policies have increased significantly in the face of persistent fiscal restraint. Against this background, the rise of microfinance in Western countries aiming at job creation, and the growth of student loan schemes fostering human capital investment, have been conducive to the realization of social investment goals, but at the same time have shifted risks to households—a move that is likely to have dramatic consequences on economic and social progress.
Capacitating Services and the Bottom-Up Approach to Social Investment
Authors: Sabel Charles , Zeitlin Jonathan , Quack Sigrid
Published: July 2017

A crucial component of the new social investment paradigm is the provision of capacitating social services aimed at the early identification and mitigation of problems. We argue that conceiving of this paradigm change as a comprehensive and concerted investment is misguided. That perspective ignores more practical, piecemeal approaches in which costs and benefits are clarified through efforts at implementation, rather than estimated ex ante. Similarly, in this bottom-up approach, reform coalitions are not formed through comprehensive initial bargaining, but rather developed on the fly as programmes demonstrate their benefits and create clienteles. A crucial proviso is that decentralized efforts are carefully monitored to rapidly identify dead ends and generalizable successes. To illustrate the possibilities of the bottom-up approach, we discuss the Perspective 50plus programme for the activation of older workers in Germany and the current decentralization of social care in the Netherlands.
Social Investment and Its Discount Rate
Authors: Begg Iain
Published: July 2017

Like any form of investment, social investment will generate a rate of return and will represent a good use of public funding only if that rate of return is high enough compared to alternative uses of the resources. As with assessments of the benefits of action to prevent climate change, it is important to identify the main costs and benefits over time and to take into account the cumulative results of longer-term effects. However, because many of the consequences of social investment only materialize in the longer run, the justification for making social investments will be crucially affected by the discount rate chosen. This chapter examines how social investment can best be assessed from an economic standpoint, drawing attention to aspects that may prove contentious.
Diplomas
Authors: Bovens Mark , Wille Anchrit
Published: July 2017

Life sometimes imitates art. Written in the 1950s as science fiction, Michael Young’s The rise of the meritocracy has turned out to be surprisingly realistic in hindsight. Many Western European countries underwent major educational transformations in the second half of the past century, which have strongly enhanced the meritocratic nature of society. First, we describe the relationship between education and meritocracy and how we classify educational levels. Second, we describe how the enormous educational expansion in the second half of the twentieth century has constituted a critical juncture for the rise of new social and political divides. The chapter documents how the number of well-educated citizens has risen spectacularly in the past decades, and it explores competing claims with respect to the impact of this educational revolution.
The Meritocratization of Civil Society
Authors: Bovens Mark , Wille Anchrit
Published: July 2017

Civil society organizations are, if not schools, at least pools of democracy. In the ‘third sector’, too, active engagement and participation ‘by the people’ have given way to meritocracy, or, in other words, to rule by the well-educated. Many popularly rooted mass organizations have witnessed a decline in membership and political influence. Their role as intermediary between politics and society has been taken over by professionally managed advocacy groups that operate with university educated public affairs consultants. First, the chapter describes the associational revolution, the enormous increase in the number of civil society organizations. Then it in analyses the education gap in membership and the shift from large membership organizations to lean professional advocacy groups, which has occurred over the past three decades. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the net effect of this meritocratization of civil society for political participation and interest representation.
Political Elites as Educational Elites
Authors: Bovens Mark , Wille Anchrit
Published: July 2017

In twenty-first-century Western Europe, almost all incumbents in political office have very high formal credentials. Aristocracy, rule by the nobility, has given way to meritocracy, rule by the well-educated. This dominance of the well-educated in the legislative and executive branches is a relatively modern phenomenon. We document how citizens with primary and secondary education have disappeared from Western European parliaments in the past decades. Cabinets are even more tilted towards the well-educated. Then we show how the connection between social class and the opportunities for a political career has weakened. A university education has almost become a condition sine qua non for recruitment for political office. Thirdly, we describe how various supply and demand factors in the selection process have led to extraordinarily large numbers of highly educated citizens among the political elites.
Remedying Diploma Democracy
Authors: Bovens Mark , Wille Anchrit
Published: July 2017

How can we remedy some of the negative effects of diploma democracy? First, we discuss the rise of nationalist parties. They have forced the mainstream political parties to pay more attention to the negative effects of immigration, globalization, and European unification. Next we discuss strategies to mitigate the dominance of the well-educated in politics. We start with remedies that address differences in political skills and knowledge. Then we discuss the deliberative arenas. Many democratic reforms contain an implicit bias towards the well-educated. A more realistic citizenship model is required. This can be achieved by bringing the ballot back in, for example, by merging deliberative and more direct forms of democracy through deliberative polling, corrective referendums, and more compulsory voting. The chapter ends with a discussion of ways to make the political elites more inclusive and responsive, such as descriptive representation, sortition, and plebiscitary elements.
Arts in Health
Authors: Fancourt Daisy
Published: July 2017

Arts in Health: Designing and Researching Interventions provides a complete overview of how to go about undertaking research and practice in the field of arts in health. Part I explores the context for arts in health interventions, including the history of the use of arts in health and the theoretical and political developments that have laid the foundations for its flourishing. It also considers what ‘arts in health’ encompasses and the range of disciplines involved. Part II examines how to design an arts in health intervention, develop partnerships, and find funding, and considers the sensitivities around working in health care. Part III considers the value of research for the field of arts in health and how to design and undertake a research project. Finally, Part IV provides a fact file of arts in health research and practice, showing how the arts can be applied and the benefits they can bring across a range of medical disciplines. The title is aimed at researchers, practitioners, healthcare professionals, and those interested in learning more about the field.
Partnerships and funding
Authors: Fancourt Daisy
Published: July 2017

This chapter will discuss how to develop partnerships between the arts world and the health world, including how artists or arts organizations can pitch intervention ideas to healthcare professionals or organizations, and the different models for those health professionals or organizations to work with artists. It explains how to undertake a tender process, including developing a brief for a project and evaluating submissions. It considers preparation for projects, including drawing up contracts and designing preparation materials, induction days, and training programmes. Finally, the chapter considers 12 different ways of funding arts in health projects, from fundraising activities to grant funding, sponsorship, investment, and commissioning.
Introduction
Authors: Fancourt Daisy
Published: July 2017

This section comprises a fact file of arts in health research and practice designed to stimulate ideas. Thirteen areas of medicine are explored: critical care and emergency medicine; dentistry; geriatric medicine; healthcare staff; neurology; obstetrics, gynaecology and neonatology; oncology; paediatrics; palliative care; public health; psychiatry; rehabilitation medicine; surgery. For each, a brief overview of the field is provided alongside key findings from arts in health research projects, suggested ideas for new projects and further reading and resources. The aim of this fact file is to provide inspiration and ideas, serving as a reference guide for people working in the field.
Fact file 3: Geriatric medicine
Authors: Fancourt Daisy
Published: July 2017

From the Greek ‘γ‎
έ‎
ρ‎
ω‎
ν‎’ (geron) meaning old man, and ‘ι‎
α‎
τ‎
ρ‎
ό‎
ς‎’ (iatros) meaning doctor or healer, geriatric medicine focuses on the health of elderly people. Geriatric medicine includes preventing and treating impairments, such as impaired vision, hearing, memory or intellect, immobility and incontinence, and dealing with increasing health complexities such as multiple health conditions and multi-medication usage. One of the main areas of attention is around dementias including Alzheimer’s disease. The field also encompasses practical and ethical issues around supporting independence, daily functioning. and self-care in elderly people as well as attention on wellbeing and quality of life....
Fact file 4: Healthcare staff
Authors: Fancourt Daisy
Published: July 2017

The field of medicine involves a wide range of jobs including doctors/physicians, dentists, nurses, midwives, radiologists, dieticians, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, psychologists, psychiatrists, porters, healthcare managers, data analysts, healthcare assistants, support workers, technicians, and many others. Recent reviews have highlighted the effects of demanding healthcare jobs and shift work on the functioning and wellbeing of staff, with particular focus on negative working conditions such as long hours and short-staffing leading to staff burnout. Consequently, many countries are now placing an emphasis on providing additional support for staff to improve retention rates and optimize the level of care provided for patients....
Fact file 6: Obstetrics, gynaecology, and neonatology
Authors: Fancourt Daisy
Published: July 2017

Obstetrics (a branch of medicine focusing on childbirth and midwifery), gynaecology (a field of medicine specific to women and girls with a particular focus on the reproductive system), and neonatology (a subspecialty of paediatrics focused on the care of newborn infants, especially those who are premature) cover the whole span of pre-conception, pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period for both mothers and babies. The topics covered by these disciplines include family planning, reproductive medicine, menopausal and geriatric (older adult) gynaecology, maternal medicine, and female urology. Because of the breadth of these disciplines, care teams involve hospital clinicians, surgeons, family doctors, nurses, midwives, doulas, and health visitors, among others....
Fact file 7: Oncology
Authors: Fancourt Daisy
Published: July 2017

Oncology is a branch of medicine focusing on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancers; one of the leading causes of death in the world. Early records of cancer have been found in fossils from mummies in ancient Egypt and are discussed in some ancient manuscripts, attesting to the long history of the condition. Oncology teams often encompass medical oncologists (who can specialize in chemotherapy, immunotherapy, hormonal therapy, and targeted therapy), surgical oncologists, radiation oncologists, and doctors with specialities in the organs affected....
Fact file 9: Palliative care
Authors: Fancourt Daisy
Published: July 2017

Palliative care is support for seriously ill patients and their families. The aim of palliative care is to minimize pain and discomfort as much as possible and provide psychological, social, and spiritual support. An important part of palliative care is end-of-life care, which aims to improve quality of life as much as possible while patients are alive and then help them to die with dignity....
Symbols and Motifs
Authors: Wickerson Erica
Published: July 2017

This chapter takes a broader approach to the analysis of subjective temporal experience. It explores the ways in which particular images that have symbolic value or motifs that gain additional significance through their repetition further the sense of temporal movement across a text. The analysis focuses on Buddenbrooks, The Magic Mountain, Tonio Kröger, and includes a comparative analysis with Theodor Storm’s Immensee, which served as an inspiration for Mann. It builds on Genette’s terminology to suggest that there is a difference between shifts in temporal perspective and shifts in temporal location, both of which, it is argued, can be prompted by or encapsulated through symbolic images. The chapter also proposes the concept of ‘meta-muthos’ whereby a single image may contain the overall plot structure of a narrative in miniature and thereby have multidirectional temporal power, which complicates the reader’s sense of narrative time.
Taken For A Ride
Authors: Rizzo Matteo
Published: July 2017

The growth of cities and informal economies are two central manifestations of globalization in the developing world. Taken for a Ride addresses both, drawing on long-term fieldwork in Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) and charting its public transport system’s journey from public to private provision. The book investigates this shift alongside the increasing deregulation of the sector and the resulting chaotic modality of public transport. It reviews state attempts to regain control over public transport, the political motivations behind these, and their inability to address its problems. The analysis documents how informal wage relations prevailed in the sector, and how their salience explains many of the inefficiencies of public transport. The changing political attitude of workers towards employers and the state is investigated: from an initial incapacity to respond to exploitation, to political organization and unionization, which won workers concessions on labour rights. A longitudinal study of workers throws light on patterns of occupational mobility in the sector. The book ends with an analysis of the political and economic interests that shaped the introduction of Bus Rapid Transit in Dar es Salaam and local resistance to it. Taken for a Ride is an interdisciplinary political economy of public transport, exposing the limitations of market fundamentalist and postcolonial scholarship on economic informality and the urban experience in developing countries, and its failure to locate the agency of the urban poor within their economic and political structures. It is both a contribution to and a call for the contextualized study of ‘actually existing neoliberalism’.
The Politics of Labour 2
Authors: Rizzo Matteo
Published: July 2017

Chapter 5 investigates the factors and circumstances that allowed the workers to switch from managing the effects of precarious employment to challenging its causes, first through the founding of an association of daladala workers, and then through a partnership with the Tanzanian transport trade union. Drawing on correspondence between the Transport Union and the workers’ association, and on interviews with the leaders of the workers’ association, of the trade union, and with transport workers themselves, the chapter explores the strategy chosen by workers to make demands for rights at work on employers and the state. The analysis stresses the significance of this case study by engaging with the wider literature on globalization and its impact on labour possibilities, and more specifically on how to organize the unorganized in the informal economy and the goals which workers’ political mobilization can (or cannot) achieve in increasingly liberalized and informalized economies.
‘Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius’
Authors: Fiddian Robin
Published: July 2017

Approached on occasions as a depiction of Argentina’s vulnerability to fascism and Nazism, ‘Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius’ is read here in light of the theoretical concept of ‘coloniality’, illustrated by the negative effects of neocolonialism in 1940s Buenos Aires. The historical frame of reference evoked in the story also encompasses the first and second waves of European imperialism (as construed by Wallerstein, Mignolo et al.); having begun in 1492, modern European imperialism entered a second phase around the time of the Enlightenment. The twin motifs of encyclopedias and mirrors are crucial to the meanings of ‘Tlön’, where they reflect a scenario of marginality and belatedness that is to be explained in terms of geopolitics. Through references to authors including Shakespeare and Aldous Huxley, the chapter also addresses issues of language and creative responsibility under conditions of dystopia.
Self, Family, Nation
Authors: Fiddian Robin
Published: July 2017

The chapter sets ‘Theme of the Traitor and the Hero’ within the matrix of Romantic nationalism in several locations including South America in the 1820s, after the Battle of Junín was fought and won in the Andes. Going on to consider locations such as Greece and Poland at the time of the Second World War, the chapter argues that Borges’s kernel of a story permits comparisons in terms of history and political development, between those locations and Ireland on the one hand, and Argentina on the other. The time of writing endows Borges’s story with pointed contemporary relevance in which the Argentine military establishment is discredited. The chapter incorporates some additional material connecting members of the Borges family line to the history of Argentina as a postcolonial nation.
Borges the Post-Orientalist
Authors: Fiddian Robin
Published: July 2017

The chapter examines several works including ‘The East’, ‘A Thousand and One Nights’, and ‘Buddhism’, which are on subjects relating to the East, and finds conclusive evidence of a post-Orientalist optic in Borges’s writing at this point in his life. Japan inspires ‘The Stranger’ and ‘Nihon’, both included in The Limit and outstanding examples of Borges’s wit and craftsmanship. A comparison between ‘Nihon’ and ‘Story of the Warrior and the Captive Woman’ from an earlier collection illustrates Borges’s evolved approach to the binary opposition between civilization and barbarism, across the East–West divide. Two milongas are also studied in the context of the war in the South Atlantic (1982) and point to a disillusioned conclusion about Argentina 170 years on from formal independence in 1810.
The Roar of the Solway
Authors: Stafford Fiona
Published: July 2017

This chapter considers the places where rivers meet the sea, and the imaginative, anthropomorphic impulses evident in the language of confluence. In particular, it focuses on the Solway Firth, and its peculiar situation as a border between England and Scotland, opening towards the Isle of Man, Ireland, Wales, and the rest of the world. The purpose of the regional focus is to show the constant interaction of history and geography and the associated shifts in understanding the coast. Taking its cue from John Ruskin’s claim for the international importance of the Solway, the chapter explores Ruskin’s own attachment to the area, magnified as it was by Scott, Burns, and Wordsworth. It goes on to consider Ciaran Carson’s thoughtful response to Ruskin’s description in Praeterita, when Carson imagines Ruskin crossing the Irish Sea to encounter modern Belfast.
Maude Delap’s Domestic Science
Authors: Cronin Nessa
Published: July 2017

This chapter explores the gendered practice and cultures of fieldwork through a critical examination of the life and work of the Irish Victorian natural scientist, Maude Delap (1866–1953). Drawing on previously unpublished primary sources such as field notebooks and other archival material from Delap’s scientific laboratory, the chapter offers a critical evaluation of the different registers of Delap’s ‘spaces’ in the study of natural history. In particular, it examines the interplay and crossover between private and public, between ‘inner’ spaces and the official spaces of the ‘built’ environment (from the domestic, laboratory, fieldwork, and international intellectual spheres), with regard to Delap’s contribution to Irish and European maritime cultures through her correspondence with various national and academic institutions, including the National Museum of Ireland, the Royal Irish Academy, and the University of London.
Seeing Through Water
Authors: Cohen Margaret
Published: July 2017

In recent decades, interdisciplinary scholars have become interested in the role of the world’s oceans in shaping society and culture. While they have primarily considered travel across the ocean’s surface, the submarine environment is part of this history too. The imagination of the undersea world was particularly rich and varied from the middle of the nineteenth century, when it became a frontier of science and technology. We might think, for example, of the crystalline enchantment of illustrations for Jules Verne’s 20,000 Leagues under the Sea. This chapter contrasts such speculative imaginings with the work of an artist who, thanks to the latest developments in diving suits, was able to work en pleine mer. Walter Howlison ‘Zarh’ Pritchard (1866–1956) was the first painter to don a diving suit and take oil crayons and paints beneath the surface of the seas. What emerges is a submarine aesthetic based on careful observation.
Introduction
Authors: Wrathall Mark A.
Published: July 2017

This chapter reviews Dreyfus’s hermeneutical methodology, and the constant interplay between phenomenological description and textual interpretation in his work. It explains why Dreyfus always philosophizes in a kind of dialogue with thinkers in the history of philosophy, and how he interprets these thinkers in such a way as to illuminate through their works contemporary problems in philosophy. It then offers a theory of Dreyfus’s understanding of practices, before reviewing the concept of a background practice as it functions in Dreyfus’s work. For Dreyfus, the background practices embodied in a culture are the key to making sense of the understanding of being that grounds a world.
Foreign Direct Investment
Authors: Akyüz Yilmaz
Published: July 2017

Recent years have also seen increased openness of EDEs to foreign direct investment (FDI) in search for faster growth and greater stability. However, FDI is one of the most ambiguous and least understood concepts in international economics. Common debate is confounded by several myths regarding its nature and impact. It is often portrayed as a stable, cross-border flow of capital that adds to productive capacity and meets foreign exchange shortfalls. However, the reality is far more complex. FDI does not always involve inflows of financial or real capital. Greenfield investment, unlike mergers and acquisitions, makes a direct contribution to productive capacity, but can crowd out domestic investors. FDI can induce significant instability in currency and financial markets. Its immediate contribution to balance-of-payments may be positive, but its longer-term impact is often negative because of high-profit remittances and import contents.
Introduction
Authors: Akyüz Yilmaz
Published: July 2017

Before the world economy can fully recover from the crisis that began more than eight years ago, there is a widespread concern that it may be poised for yet another crisis. In several ways it looks no less fragile now than it did on the eve of the subprime debacle. Global income growth remains well below the levels recorded in the period before the 2009 crisis. The US and European economies have not got back to a decent shape and Japan is still grappling with deflation. Exceptional monetary policy measures introduced to deal with financial instability and recession are still in place. The economic landscape is not much better in the emerging and developing economies (EDEs),...
The Problem of Time
Authors: Callender Craig
Published: July 2017

In early childhood we come to model the world as having a special present that carves the world up into a past, present, and future. We regard the past as fixed and the future open, and we feel that this structure updates itself, or flows. The core features of this conception of time—manifest time—appear to be virtually universal, and they pervade our language, thought, and behavior. Yet manifest time seems to conflict with time as understood by physics. This conflict worried Albert Einstein, but the philosopher Rudolph Carnap pointed toward a way forward.
Lost Time
Authors: Callender Craig
Published: July 2017

None of our physical theories have ever employed a distinguished present. Until relativity theory, however, it was always easy to imagine taking some structure, treating it as the present, and then “animating” it so it flows. This chapter shows that buried within relativity there isn’t structure suitable for “animation” á la manifest time; there are not good relativistic candidates for a flowing now. An informal dilemma seems to hold: the better a structure represents manifest time, the “less” relativistic it is; the “more” relativistic it is, the worse it represents manifest time.
Looking at the World Sideways
Authors: Callender Craig
Published: July 2017

When physics tells its story of the world, it writes on spatial pages and we flip pages in the temporal directions. The present moment contains the seeds of what happens next. Relativity challenges many of our pre-theoretical thoughts about time, yet even this would-be destroyer of time adheres to the idea that production or determination runs along the set of temporal directions. We might think of this fact as one of the last remnants left of manifest time in physics. Is even this residue of manifest time safe from physics? Looking at the world sideways, can we march “initial” data from “east” to “west” as well as from earlier to later? Or put even more loosely: can physics tell its stories if we write on non-spatial pages and read in non-temporal directions?
Explaining the Temporal Value Asymmetry
Authors: Callender Craig
Published: July 2017

An important feature of life is the past/future value asymmetry. Not to be confused with proximal/distant discounting, the past/future value asymmetry is the fact that we prefer future rather than past preferences be satisfied. Misfortunes are better in the past, where they are “over and done,” than in the future. Some philosophers take this value asymmetry to warrant positing a radical metaphysical asymmetry between the past and future. By contrast, others contend that the value asymmetry is due to the causal asymmetry. Thanks to the causal asymmetry, there is a mechanism between future desires and future fulfilment, but no such mechanism between past desires and past fulfilment. Opponents of this view deride it as a piece of “socio-biological mythology.” Here, appealing to recent work in cognitive science, neuroscience, and evolution, a rich and powerful version of the “causal asymmetry” explanation of the value asymmetry is built.
Past and Present: The Virtues of Anachronism
Authors: Pollmann Judith
Published: July 2017

Many scholars have argued that modernity and modern memory became possible only once people in the West gave up on a much older, pre-modern and anachronistic way of thinking about the past, which privileges the similarities rather than the differences between past and present. Yet early modern people were both well aware of, and interested in, the existence of change. The widespread use of historical analogies, and the anachronistic thinking that enabled this, was therefore not the result of ignorance or innocence. Rather it was a matter of choice and one, very effective, rhetorical technique for structuring a spin on the present. It could be used to persuade with, to play with, to do politics with, to give status, and to pre-empt criticism. Anachronisms continue to be used for such purposes today.
Imagining Communities
Authors: Pollmann Judith
Published: July 2017

Scholars of nationalism have argued that any national consciousness before 1800 was the province of small elites, who had little interest in engaging subjects in a national project, and lacked the technologies to do so. Highlighting the wide range of media available to early modern communities, this chapter argues that forms of national memory spread through the lively practice of local memory. Local memory practices, initially mostly associated with religious purposes, were used both to shape communal identities and to distinguish that community from other communities. They could be used to assert one’s importance to the larger world of region, state, kingdom, and nation, and conversely, rulers might forge a relationship with a community by becoming a stakeholder in a local memory culture. In this way notions of the national could spread and be used as a rhetorical tool in early modern society, without destroying alternative ways of thinking about the past, like the local.
Acts of Oblivion
Authors: Pollmann Judith
Published: July 2017

Acts and peace treaties that ended civil wars and revolutionary upheaval in early modern Europe, routinely contained clauses in which former enemies or their victors declared that all that had happened in the past would be ‘forgotten’. Since memories did demonstrably persist, many scholars have concluded that such acts of oblivion did not work. Comparing the acts of oblivion agreed after wars of religion in early modern France, the Netherlands, and England, this chapter shows how acts of oblivion could nevertheless be a viable strategy for peacekeeping. Oblivion was never an end in itself. The acts aspired to a form of closure that relegated the past to the past and enabled both societies and the people in them to reinvent themselves along new lines. In this sense they bear an interesting resemblance to the Truth and Reconciliation commissions which modern societies use as a tool for peacemaking and transitional justice.