bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Magnetron Sputtered TiAlSiN-Based Thin Films as Protective Coatings for Tool Steel Surfaces
Authors: Lungu Magdalena Valentina , Tălpeanu Dorinel , Ciobanu Romeo Cristian , Cojocaru Anca , Pătroi Delia , Marinescu Virgil , Caramitu Alina Ruxandra
Published: September 2024

Steel surface protection with hard coatings is essential in metalworking, yet developing high-performance coatings is challenging. TiAlSiN coatings grown on various substrates using commercial targets have been extensively studied, but consistent data on their properties are lacking. This study focused on TiAlSiN single layers (SL) and TiAlSiN/TiN bilayers (BL), with an 800 nm thick TiAlSiN top layer and a 100 nm thick TiN mid layer. These coatings were grown on C120 tool steel discs via reactive DC magnetron sputtering using TiAlSi 75–20–5 at.% and Ti targets fabricated in-house through spark plasma sintering. The stability of coatings was assessed after thermal treatment (TT) in air at 800 °C for 1 h. SEM analysis revealed a columnar microstructure with pyramidal grains in the SL and BL coatings, and coarser pyramidal and prismatic grains in both TT coatings. EDS analysis showed a decrease in Ti, Al, Si, and N content after annealing, while O content increased due to oxide formation. High indentation hardness (9.19 ± 0.09 GPa) and low effective elastic modulus (148 ± 6 GPa) were displayed by the BL TT coating, indicating good resistance to plastic deformation and better load distribution. The highest fracture toughness was noted in the BL TT coating (0.0354 GPa), which was 16.4 times greater than the steel substrate. Better scratch resistance and low coefficient of friction (COF ≤ 0.35) were exhibited by both TT coatings. Tribological tests showed a mean COF of 0.616–0.773, comparable to the steel substrate (0.670). The lowest corrosion current density (0.1298 µA/cm²), highest polarization resistance (46.34 kΩ cm²), and a reduced corrosion rate (1.51 µm/year) in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution was also exhibited by the BL TT coating. These findings indicate TiAlSiN/TiN films as effective protective coatings for tool steel surfaces.
The Association between Self-Reported Long COVID Symptoms and COVID-19 Conspiracy Theories in Jordan and Kuwait
Authors: Sallam Malik , Al-Mahzoum Kholoud , Alenezi Moudhi Ahmad , Alsaeed Maryam , Alsaeed Fatmah , Albayati Noor , Alkhaldi Sarah , Obeidat Rawan J. , Barakat Muna
Published: September 2024

Long COVID comprises persistent symptoms that extend beyond four weeks post-SARS-CoV-2 infection. The potential association between long COVID and the endorsement of COVID-19 conspiracy theories has not been explored, particularly in Arab countries, where high endorsement of these theories has been reported. This study aimed to explore the association between endorsing COVID-19 conspiracy theories and the prevalence of self-reported long COVID symptoms among adults in Jordan and Kuwait in addition to other Arab countries. The study employed a cross-sectional design using Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing (CAWI), conducted in Arabic. Recruitment utilized convenience-based snowball sampling via social media and the survey was distributed in July 2024. Long COVID manifestations were assessed across ten recognized symptoms, and belief in conspiracy theories was measured using a five-point Likert scale across five items. The final study sample comprised 755 respondents, the majority of whom self-reported a history of confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis at least once (n = 493, 65.2%). The results indicated a neutral average attitude towards COVID-19 conspiracy theories (mean score = 15.18 ± 4.64 out of 30.00). Participants with high COVID-19 conspiracy theories scores were more likely to report high (aOR = 6.85, p < 0.001) or middle long COVID symptoms (aOR = 2.82, p = 0.008) compared to those with lower scores. Additional predictors of higher long COVID reporting included female sex, lower household income, frequent COVID-19 infections, and hospitalizations. The study results revealed a significant correlation between the endorsement of COVID-19 conspiracy theories and a higher frequency and magnitude of long COVID symptom reporting. The findings also highlighted the influence of sociodemographic factors and COVID-19 infection history on long COVID reporting, which suggests that public health strategies should address these factors to mitigate long COVID challenges effectively.
Ferroelectric/Piezoelectric Materials in Energy Harvesting: Physical Properties and Current Status of Applications
Authors: Karageorgou Maria-Argyro , Tsakmakidis Kosmas , Stamopoulos Dimosthenis
Published: September 2024

The inevitable feedback between the environmental and energy crisis within the next decades can probably trigger and/or promote a global imbalance in both financial and public health terms. To handle this difficult situation, in the last decades, many different classes of materials have been recruited to assist in the management, production, and storage of so-called clean energy. Probably, ferromagnets, superconductors and ferroelectric/piezoelectric materials stand at the frontline of applications that relate to clean energy. For instance, ferromagnets are usually employed in wind turbines, superconductors are commonly used in storage facilities and ferroelectric/piezoelectric materials are employed for the harvesting of stray energy from the ambient environment. In this work, we focus on the wide family of ferroelectric/piezoelectric materials, reviewing their physical properties in close connection to their application in the field of clean energy. Among other compounds, we focus on the archetypal compound Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (or PZT), which is well studied and thus preferred for its reliable performance in applications. Also, we pay special attention to the advanced ferroelectric relaxor compound (1−x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3−xPbTiO3 (or PMN-xPT) due to its superior performance. The inhomogeneous composition that many kinds of such materials exhibit at the so-called morphotropic phase boundary is reviewed in connection to possible advantages that it may bring when applications are considered.
Changing Asian Mountain Steppes Require Better Conservation for Endangered Argali Sheep
Authors: Callaghan Terry V. , Volkova Irina I. , Volkov Igor V. , Kuzhlekov Alexey O. , Gulyaev Denis I. , Shaduyko Olga M.
Published: September 2024

We present a rare insight into the biodiversity of a remote, mountainous area of central Asia and outline challenges to conserve the critically endangered keystone argali (Ovis ammon ammon L.), the largest subspecies of mountain sheep. Existing conservation is set in the context of competition with livestock grazing and disturbance by local pastoralists. We suggest how this pressure would increase as pastures become degraded by a future more arid climate. Focusing on the transboundary population, migrating between the Russian and Mongolian Altai over the Sailugem Ridge, we track historical population numbers. Due to increased protection, the argali’s local population is currently growing. However, most argali populations live outside the protected areas where they are forced to compete for forage with livestock. Due to ever-increasing anthropogenic pressures, argali has almost reached the region’s environmental capacity, so the number of local populations is decreasing. Consequently, even the current situation requires more areas of protection, and climate change will accelerate pasture degradation, thereby further increasing competition with livestock. We present various ways to predict the impacts of changes in climate, e.g., the “7 M’s approach” and grazing pressure and then recommend additional conservation measures acceptable for the indigenous population of traditional pastoralists.
Impacts of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Events on Trophodynamic Structure and Function in Taiwan Bank Marine Ecosystem
Authors: Hsiao Po-Yuan , Lan Kuo-Wei , Lee Wen-Hao , Liang Ting-Yu , Liao Cheng-Hsin , Su Nan-Jay
Published: September 2024

Taiwan Bank (TB) is located in the southern Taiwan Strait (TS). The uplifted continental slope and bottom currents in this area result in the formation of upwelling areas, which serve as crucial fishing grounds. Climate-induced fluctuations in fish populations occur in the TS. However, how predation and competition affect the interspecies relationships in the TB ecosystem warrants clarification. In this study, we collected high-grid-resolution data on fishery activity (2013–2019) and constructed ecosystem models using Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE). Three mass-balanced models for determining the influence of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events on the TB ecosystem were constructed using EwE. A range of groups, including representative pelagic, benthic, and reef species, were collected for analyzing the relationship between migratory and sedentary species in terms of ecosystem structure variation due to climate change. The results demonstrated that the total system throughput (TST) was 10,556–11,122 t km−2 year−1, with an average transfer efficiency of 12.26%. According to the keystoneness index, calculated through mixed trophic impact analysis, Polydactylus sextarius and Scomber japonicus were the key species with top–down control and relatively high impact on the ecosystem in normal years. The keystone species also shifted to the predator fish Thunnus albacares and Katsuwonus pelamis during El Niño and La Niña events, respectively. Moreover, total biomass, TST, consumption, and respiration were noted to increase during ENSO events. However, during La Niña events, the diversity and connectance indexes were relatively low but pelagic species’ biomass was relatively high, whereas the biomass of most benthic and reef species was relatively high during El Niño events.
The Systemic Risk Factors for the Development of Infectious Keratitis after Penetrating Keratoplasty: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Hsu Yung-Nan , Chiang Whei-Ling , Huang Jing-Yang , Lee Chia-Yi , Su Shih-Chi , Yang Shun-Fa
Published: September 2024

Penetrating keratoplasty (PK) is a corneal surgery that is employed to repair the full-thickness corneal lesion. This study aimed to survey the possible systemic risk factors of infectious keratitis after penetrating keratoplasty (PK) via the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). A retrospective case–control study was conducted, and 327 patients who received the PK were enrolled after exclusion. The main outcome was the development of infectious keratitis, and people were divided into those with infectious keratitis and those without the outcome. Cox proportional hazard regression was conducted to produce adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of specific demographic indexes and systemic diseases on infectious keratitis. There were 68 patients who developed infectious keratitis after the whole follow-up period. The diabetes mellitus (DM) (aHR: 1.440, 95% CI: 1.122–2.874, p = 0.0310) and chronic ischemic heart disease (aHR: 1.534, 95% CI: 1.259–3.464, p = 0.0273) groups demonstrated a significant association with infectious keratitis. The DM group also revealed significant influence on infectious keratitis development in all the subgroups (all p < 0.05). Nevertheless, the effect of chronic ischemic heart disease on infectious keratitis was only significant on those aged older than 60 years (p = 0.0094) and both sexes (both p < 0.05). In conclusion, the presence of DM and chronic ischemic heart disease are associated with infectious keratitis after PK. However, local risk factors for infectious keratitis developed in those receiving PK had not been evaluated.
Prevalence of Septate Uterus in a Large Population of Women of Reproductive Age: Comparison of ASRM 2016 and 2021, ESHRE/ESGE, and CUME Diagnostic Criteria: A Prospective Study
Authors: Carriles Isabel , Brotons Isabel , Errasti Tania , Ruiz-Zambrana Alvaro , Ludwin Artur , Alcazar Juan Luis
Published: September 2024

In this study, we aimed to assess and compare the prevalence of septate uterus using the diagnostic criteria of the ESHRE-ESGE, ASRM 2016, ASRM 2021, and CUME classifications. This prospective observational study included 977 women of reproductive age. Each participant underwent a transvaginal ultrasound, and a 3D volume of the uterus was obtained for further analysis. Offline assessment of the uterine coronal plane was conducted to measure uterine wall thickness, fundal indentation length, and indentation angle. The diagnosis of a septate uterus was determined according to the criteria of the ESHRE-ESGE, ASRM, and CUME classifications. The prevalence of septate uterus was then calculated and compared across these classifications. The ESHRE-ESGE classification identified 132 women (13.5%) with a septate uterus. The 2016 ASRM classification identified nine women (0.9%), with an additional nine women falling into a grey zone. The 2021 ASRM classification identified fourteen women (1.4%), with eleven women in the grey zone. The CUME classification identified 23 women (2.4%). The prevalence of septate uterus was significantly higher when using the ESHRE-ESGE criteria compared to the 2016 ASRM [relative risk (RR): 7.33 (95% CI: 4.52–11.90)], the 2021 ASRM [RR: 5.28 (95% CI: 3.47–8.02)], and the CUME [RR: 5.94 (95% CI: 3.72–8.86)] (p < 0.001). Our findings indicate that the ESHRE-ESGE criteria result in a significantly higher prevalence of septate uterus compared to the ASRM and CUME criteria. The ASRM 2016 criteria may underdiagnose more than half of the cases.
Multifactorial Contributors to the Longevity of Dental Restorations: An Integrated Review of Related Factors
Authors: Santos Maria Jacinta Moraes Coelho , Zare Elham , McDermott Peter , Santos Junior Gildo Coelho
Published: September 2024

Purpose: This integrated review aims to identify and analyze the multifactorial contributors to the longevity of direct restorations, focusing on tooth-, patient-, and dentist-related factors. Materials and Methods: A search of the literature was performed using an electronic database, PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus, on papers published between 1980 and 2024. The titles and abstracts of papers that evaluated aspects categorized into tooth-related, patient-related, and dentist-related factors influencing restoration failure were selected and screened. Full-text assessments were conducted, and the extracted data were compiled, summarized, and synthesized. The reference lists of the collected papers were also screened, and relevant citations were included in this review. Data were gathered from clinical and laboratorial studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses to provide a comprehensive understanding of restoration longevity. Results: Among the tooth-related factors, multiple-surface restorations, deep margins, tooth location, and tooth vitality significantly impact restoration survival. Patient-related factors such as medical conditions, risk predictors of caries, age, sex, parafunctional habits, smoking, periodontal health, number of restorations, and socioeconomic status all play crucial roles. Regarding dentist-related factors, the decision-making process, age, experience, and dentist manual dexterity are vital aspects. Furthermore, the technique used, including isolation methods for moisture control, as well as the type of dental practice (large group vs. small practice), notably influenced the restoration survival. Conclusions: The longevity of dental restorations is influenced by a complex interplay of tooth-related, patient-related, and dentist-related factors. Strategies to improve restoration outcomes should consider all these multifactorial contributors. Continuing professional education, diligent patient guidance on the factors that influence restoration survival, careful material selection and restorative technique, and tailored individual treatment are crucial factors to reduce failure rates and improve the lifespan of restorations.
Deep Learning for Network Intrusion Detection in Virtual Networks
Authors: Spiekermann Daniel , Eggendorfer Tobias , Keller Jörg
Published: September 2024

As organizations increasingly adopt virtualized environments for enhanced flexibility and scalability, securing virtual networks has become a critical part of current infrastructures. This research paper addresses the challenges related to intrusion detection in virtual networks, with a focus on various deep learning techniques. Since physical networks do not use encapsulation, but virtual networks do, packet analysis based on rules or machine learning outcomes for physical networks cannot be transferred directly to virtual environments. Encapsulation methods in current virtual networks include VXLAN (Virtual Extensible LAN), an EVPN (Ethernet Virtual Private Network), and NVGRE (Network Virtualization using Generic Routing Encapsulation). This paper analyzes the performance and effectiveness of network intrusion detection in virtual networks. It delves into challenges inherent in virtual network intrusion detection with deep learning, including issues such as traffic encapsulation, VM migration, and changing network internals inside the infrastructure. Experiments on detection performance demonstrate the differences between intrusion detection in virtual and physical networks.
A MCDM-Based Analysis Method of Testability Allocation for Multi-Functional Integrated RF System
Authors: Zhang Chao , Huang Yiyang , Zhou Dingyu , Dong Zhijie , He Shilie , Zhou Zhenwei
Published: September 2024

The multi-functional integrated RF system (MIRFS) is a crucial component of aircraft onboard systems. In the testability design process, traditional methods cannot effectively deal with the inevitable differences between system designs and usage requirements. By considering the MIRFS’s full lifecycle characteristics, a new testability allocation method based on multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the testability framework was constructed and more than 100 indicators were given, which included both different system-level and inter-system indicators. Secondly, to manage parameter diversity and calculate complexity, the basic 12 testability indicators were optimized through the Analytic Hierarchy Process and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (AHP-TOPSIS) method. Thirdly, the detailed testability parameters were obtained by using the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory and Analytic Network Process (DEMATEL-ANP) to reduce the subjectivity and uncertainty. Finally, an example was utilized, and the results show that the MCDM method is significantly better than traditional methods in terms of accuracy and effectiveness, which will provide a more scientific basis for the MIRFS testability design process.
A Review of Current Differencing Buffered Amplifiers: Performance Metrics and Technological Advances
Authors: Borah Shekhar Suman , Sundaravadivel Prabha
Published: September 2024

Current Differencing Buffered Amplifiers (CDBAs) are a critical class of analog circuit components capable of handling both current and voltage signals with minimal power consumption. Due to their low impedance voltage output, they play a significant role in modern electronics for developing high-performance, high-precision analog and mixed-signal circuits. But, designing and characterizing CDBAs pose several challenges, such as ensuring stability at high frequencies, minimizing noise impact for high-precision applications, and enhancing adaptability. Integrating CDBAs with other analog components to create multifunctional integrated circuits opens many opportunities in the analog signal-processing domain. This paper reviews the evolution and applications of CDBAs in analog signal processing. Various implementation schemes, including those using commercial Current Feedback Amplifiers (CFAs) and novel CMOS configurations, are analyzed for their performance metrics such as supply voltage, power dissipation, input/output impedances, and technology node. Future trends and challenges in advancing CDBA technology towards higher integration and lower-voltage operation are discussed, highlighting potential applications in next-generation electronics.
American Football Play Type and Player Position Recognition
Authors: Hong Audrey , Orr Benjamin , Pan Ephraim , Lee Dah-Jye
Published: September 2024

American football is one of the most popular team sports in the United States. There are approximately 16,000 high school and 890 college football teams, and each team plays around 10–14 games per football season. Contrary to most casual fans’ views, American football is more than speed and power, it requires preparation and strategies. Coaches analyze hours of video of their own and opponents’ games to extract important information such as offensive play formations, personnel packages and opposing coaches’ tendency to gain competitive advantages. This time-consuming and slow process called “tagging” takes away the coaches’ time from other duties and limits the players’ time for preparation and training. In this work, we created three datasets for our experiments to demonstrate the importance of player detection accuracy, which is easily affected by camera placement and player occlusion issues. We applied a unique data augmentation technique to generate data for each specific experiment. Our model achieved a remarkable 98.52% accuracy in play type recognition and 92.38% accuracy in player position recognition for the experiment that assumes no missing players or no occlusion problem, which could be achieved by placing the camera high above the football field.
Interactions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Isolated from Light-Flavor Jiupei at Various Fermentation Temperatures
Authors: Yang Pu , Xi Bo , Han Ying , Li Jiayang , Luo Lujun , Qu Chaofan , Li Junfang , Liu Shuai , Kang Le , Bai Baoqing , Zhang Ben , Zhao Shaojie , Zhen Pan , Zhang Lizhen
Published: September 2024

Chinese Baijiu is a famous fermented alcoholic beverage in China. Interactions between key microorganisms, i.e., Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, have recently been reported at specific temperatures. However, empirical evidence of their interactions at various temperatures during fermentation is lacking. The results of this study demonstrated that S. cerevisiae significantly suppressed the viability and lactic acid yield of L. plantarum when they were cocultured above 15 °C. On the other hand, L. plantarum had no pronounced effect on the growth and ethanol yield of S. cerevisiae in coculture systems. S. cerevisiae was the main reducing sugar consumer. Inhibition of lactic acid production was also observed when elevated cell density of L. plantarum was introduced into the coculture system. A proteomic analysis indicated that the enzymes involved in glycolysis, lactate dehydrogenase, and proteins related to phosphoribosyl diphosphate, ribosome, and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis in L. plantarum were less abundant in the coculture system. Collectively, our data demonstrated the antagonistic effect of S. cerevisiae on L. plantarum and provided insights for effective process management in light-flavor Baijiu fermentation.
A Comparative Study on the Characteristics of Different Types of Camellia Oils Based on Triacylglycerol Species, Bioactive Components, Volatile Compounds, and Antioxidant Activity
Authors: Duan Beibei , Tin Hoe-Seng , Mao Chengwen , Tong Xing , Wu Xuehui
Published: September 2024

This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of different varieties of camellia oils and their diacylglycerol (DAG)-enriched derivatives in terms of triacylglycerol (TAG) species, bioactive components, volatile compounds, and antioxidant activity. Six types of camellia oils, including C. oleifera (C.O), C. semiserrata (C.S), C. gauchowensis (C.G), along with commercially refined C. oleifera oil (C-C.O) and its DAG-enriched counterparts (at 40% and 80% enrichment), were analyzed and compared. Unique patterns of TAG profiles, fatty acid distributions on different glycerol backbones, tocopherol, squalene, total polyphenols, and volatile compounds were observed, suggesting that these characteristics can be utilized as a criterion to differentiate them. DAG-enriched oils exhibited increased levels of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) compared to C-C.O, albeit with decreased contents of tocopherol, squalene, and total polyphenols. Moreover, diverse volatile compounds were identified across all types of camellia oils, among which the DAG-enriched oils had distinct distribution characteristics compared with their crude oils, indicating the influence of the enrichment process on volatile compounds. Furthermore, DAG-enriched oils demonstrated reduced antioxidant activity abilities compared to their counterparts, with the highest activity observed in C.O, followed by C.G. Additionally, strong correlations were observed between antioxidant activity and tocopherol, as well as squalene content.
Approximate Solutions of Fractional Differential Equations Using Optimal q-Homotopy Analysis Method: A Case Study of Abel Differential Equations
Authors: Şengül Süleyman , Bekiryazici Zafer , Merdan Mehmet
Published: September 2024

In this study, the optimal q-Homotopy Analysis Method (optimal q-HAM) has been used to investigate fractional Abel differential equations. This article is designed as a case study, where several forms of Abel equations, containing Bernoulli and Riccati equations, are given with ordinary derivatives and fractional derivatives in the Caputo sense to present the application of the method. The optimal q-HAM is an improved version of the Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) and its modification q-HAM and focuses on finding the optimal value of the convergence parameters for a better approximation. Numerical applications are given where optimal values of the convergence control parameters are found. Additionally, the correspondence of the approximate solutions obtained for these optimal values and the exact or numerical solutions are shown with figures and tables. The results show that the optimal q-HAM improves the convergence of the approximate solutions obtained with the q-HAM. Approximate solutions obtained with the fractional Differential Transform Method, q-HAM and predictor–corrector method are also used to highlight the superiority of the optimal q-HAM. Analysis of the results from various methods points out that optimal q-HAM is a strong tool for the analysis of the approximate analytical solution in Abel-type differential equations. This approach can be used to analyze other fractional differential equations arising in mathematical investigations.
Research Progress on miRNAs and Artificial miRNAs in Insect and Disease Resistance and Breeding in Plants
Authors: Ma Zengfeng , Wang Jianyu , Li Changyan
Published: September 2024

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that are expressed in a tissue- and temporal-specific manner during development. They have been found to be highly conserved during the evolution of different species. miRNAs regulate the expression of several genes in various organisms, with some regulating the expression of multiple genes with similar or completely unrelated functions. Frequent disease and insect pest infestations severely limit agricultural development. Thus, cultivating resistant crops via miRNA-directed gene regulation in plants, insects, and pathogens is an important aspect of modern breeding practices. To strengthen the application of miRNAs in sustainable agriculture, plant endogenous or exogenous miRNAs have been used for plant breeding. Consequently, the development of biological pesticides based on miRNAs has become an important avenue for future pest control methods. However, selecting the appropriate miRNA according to the desired target traits in the target organism is key to successfully using this technology for pest control. This review summarizes the progress in research on miRNAs in plants and other species involved in regulating plant disease and pest resistance pathways. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms of relevant target genes to provide new ideas for future research on pest and disease resistance and breeding in plants.
The Protective Role of L-Cysteine in the Regulation of Blood–Testis Barrier Functions—A Brief Review
Authors: Justin Margret Jeffrey , Jain Sushil K.
Published: September 2024

Blood–testis barrier (BTB) genes are crucial for the cellular mechanisms of spermatogenesis as they protect against detrimental cytotoxic agents, chemicals, and pathogens, thereby maintaining a sterile environment necessary for sperm development. BTB proteins predominantly consist of extensive tight and gap junctions formed between Sertoli cells. These junctions form a crucial immunological barrier restricting the intercellular movement of substances and molecules within the adluminal compartment. Epithelial tight junctions are complex membrane structures composed of various integral membrane proteins, including claudins, zonula occludens-1, and occludin. Inter-testicular cell junction proteins undergo a constant process of degradation and renewal. In addition, the downregulation of genes crucial to the development and preservation of cell junctions could disrupt the functionality of the BTB, potentially leading to male infertility. Oxidative stress and inflammation may contribute to disrupted spermatogenesis, resulting in male infertility. L-cysteine is a precursor to glutathione, a crucial antioxidant that helps mitigate damage and inflammation resulting from oxidative stress. Preclinical research indicates that L-cysteine may offer protective benefits against testicular injury and promote the expression of BTB genes. This review emphasizes various BTB genes essential for preserving its structural integrity and facilitating spermatogenesis and male fertility. Furthermore, it consolidates various research findings suggesting that L-cysteine may promote the expression of BTB-associated genes, thereby aiding in the maintenance of testicular functions.
The Long Haul to Surgery: Long COVID Has Minimal Burden on Surgical Departments
Authors: Goldhaber Nicole Hamilton , Ramesh Karthik , Horton Lucy E. , Longhurst Christopher A. , Huang Estella , Horgan Santiago , Jacobsen Garth R. , Sandler Bryan J. , Broderick Ryan C.
Published: September 2024

Many patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID-19) continue to experience symptoms for weeks to years as sequelae of the initial infection, referred to as “Long COVID”. Although many studies have described the incidence and symptomatology of Long COVID, there are little data reporting the potential burden of Long COVID on surgical departments. A previously constructed database of survey respondents who tested positive for COVID-19 was queried, identifying patients reporting experiencing symptoms consistent with Long COVID. Additional chart review determined whether respondents had a surgical or non-routine invasive procedure on or following the date of survey completion. Outcomes from surgeries on patients reporting Long COVID symptoms were compared to those from asymptomatic patients. A total of 17.4% of respondents had surgery or a non-routine invasive procedure in the study period. A total of 48.8% of these patients reported experiencing symptoms consistent with Long COVID. No statistically significant differences in surgical outcomes were found between groups. The results of this analysis demonstrate that Long COVID does not appear to have created a significant burden of surgical disease processes on the healthcare system despite the wide range of chronic symptoms and increased healthcare utilization by this population. This knowledge can help guide surgical operational resource allocation as a result of the pandemic and its longer-term sequelae.
Clinical Effectiveness, Safety, and Compliance of Two Compounded Formulations of Tacrolimus Eye Drops: An Open-Label, Sequential Prospective Study
Authors: Puente-Iglesias María , Cuartero-Martínez Andrea , Touriño-Peralba Rosario , Rodríguez-Ares María Teresa , Giráldez María Jesús , Yebra-Pimentel Eva , García-Quintanilla Laura , García-Otero Xurxo , González-Barcia Miguel , Zarra-Ferro Irene , Otero-Espinar Francisco J. , Fernández-Ferreiro Anxo , Castro-Balado Ana
Published: September 2024

Ophthalmic tacrolimus compounded formulations are usually made from the commercial intravenous presentation, which contains ethanol as a solubilizer due to the low solubility of tacrolimus. The use of cyclodextrins is presented as an alternative to ethanol, an ocular irritant excipient, to avoid its long-term irritant effects. Open-label, sequential, prospective study to compare effectiveness, safety, and adherence of a new formulation of 0.015% tacrolimus with cyclodextrins (TCD) versus 0.03% tacrolimus with ethanol (TE). The ocular evaluation was assessed by ocular signs, corneal staining, subjective questionnaires as Visual Function Questionnaire (VFQ-25) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) of symptoms, lacrimal stability, ocular redness, and intraocular pressure. Compliance was assessed by VAS of adherence and empirically (difference between theoretical and actual consumption). Clinical ocular signs and corneal staining score remained stable for most patients 3 months after switching formulations. The TCD formulation did not modify the tear stability and intraocular pressure of the treated patients compared to the TE formulation. TCD eye drops significantly decreased the subjective pain values on VFQ-25 scale and burning sensation on the VAS symptom scale in comparison to TE formulation after 3 months after the change to TCD formulation. The novel tacrolimus in cyclodextrins formulation is a promising alternative for treating inflammatory ocular pathologies refractory to first-line treatments.
Recent Advancements in Cell-Based Therapies in Melanoma
Authors: Nassief George , Anaeme Angela , Moussa Karen , Mansour Abdallah , Ansstas George
Published: September 2024

Malignant melanoma outcomes have drastically changed in recent years due to the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). However, many patients still experience intolerable side effects, therapy resistance, and disease progression on ICI therapy. Therefore, there remains a need for novel therapeutics that address this gap in treatment options. Cell-based therapies have gained wide attention as a therapeutic option that could address this gap in treatment options for advanced melanoma. These therapies work by extracting certain cell types produced in the human body such as T-cells, modifying them based on a specific target, and transfusing them back into the patient. In the realm of cancer therapy, cell-based therapies utilize immune cells to target tumor cells while sparing healthy cells. Recently, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the usage of lifileucel, a tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy, in advanced melanoma. This came following recent results from the C-144-01 study (NCT02360579), which demonstrated the efficacy and safety of TILs in metastatic melanoma patients who otherwise failed on standard ICI/targeted therapy. Thus, the results of this trial as well as the recent FDA approval have proven the viability of utilizing cell-based therapies to fill the gap in treatment options for patients with advanced melanoma. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of major cell-based therapies that have been utilized in melanoma by delineating results of the most recent multi-center phase II/ III clinical trials that evaluate the efficacy and safety of major cell-based therapies in melanoma. Additionally, we provide a summary of current limitations in each cell-based therapeutic option as well as a future direction of how to further extrapolate these cell-based therapies in advanced melanoma.
Daily Brain Metabolic Rhythms of Wild Nocturnal Bats
Authors: Wang Tianhui , Wang Hui , Chu Yujia , Bao Mingyue , Li Xintong , Zhang Guoting , Feng Jiang
Published: September 2024

Circadian rhythms are found in a wide range of organisms and have garnered significant research interest in the field of chronobiology. Under normal circadian function, metabolic regulation is temporally coordinated across tissues and behaviors within a 24 h period. Metabolites, as the closest molecular regulation to physiological phenotype, have dynamic patterns and their relationship with circadian regulation remains to be fully elucidated. In this study, untargeted brain metabolomics was employed to investigate the daily rhythms of metabolites at four time points corresponding to four typical physiological states in Vespertilio sinensis. Key brain metabolites and associated physiological processes active at different time points were detected, with 154 metabolites identified as rhythmic. Analyses of both metabolomics and transcriptomics revealed that several important physiological processes, including the pentose phosphate pathway and oxidative phosphorylation, play key roles in regulating rhythmic physiology, particularly in hunting and flying behaviors. This study represents the first exploration of daily metabolic dynamics in the bat brain, providing insights into the complex regulatory network of circadian rhythms in mammals at a metabolic level. These findings serve as a valuable reference for future studies on circadian rhythms in nocturnal mammals.
Unraveling the Genetic Control of Pigment Accumulation in Physalis Fruits
Authors: Zhao Wennan , Wu Haiyan , Gao Xiaohan , Cai Huimei , Zhang Jiahui , Zhao Chunbo , Chen Weishu , Qiao Hongyu , Zhang Jingying
Published: September 2024

Physalis pubescens and Physalis alkekengi, members of the Physalis genus, are valued for their delicious and medicinal fruits as well as their different ripened fruit colors—golden for P. pubescens and scarlet for P. alkekengi. This study aimed to elucidate the pigment composition and genetic mechanisms during fruit maturation in these species. Fruit samples were collected at four development stages, analyzed using spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and complemented with transcriptome sequencing to assess gene expression related to pigment biosynthesis. β-carotene was identified as the dominant pigment in P. pubescens, contrasting with P. alkekengi, which contained both lycopene and β-carotene. The carotenoid biosynthesis pathway was central to fruit pigmentation in both species. Key genes pf02G043370 and pf06G178980 in P. pubescens, and TRINITY_DN20150_c1_g3, TRINITY_DN10183_c0_g1, and TRINITY_DN23805_c0_g3 in P. alkekengi were associated with carotenoid production. Notably, the MYB-related and bHLH transcription factors (TFs) regulated zeta-carotene isomerase and β-hydroxylase activities in P. pubescens with the MYB-related TF showing dual regulatory roles. In P. alkekengi, six TF families—bHLH, HSF, WRKY, M-type MADS, AP2, and NAC—were implicated in controlling carotenoid synthesis enzymes. Our findings highlight the intricate regulatory network governing pigmentation and provide insights into Physalis germplasm’s genetic improvement and conservation.
Putative Role of Adenosine A1 Receptors in Exogenous Ketone Supplements-Evoked Anti-Epileptic Effect
Authors: Kovács Zsolt , Rauch Enikő , D’Agostino Dominic P. , Ari Csilla
Published: September 2024

Approximately 30% of patients with epilepsy are drug-refractory. There is an urgent need to elucidate the exact pathophysiology of different types of epilepsies and the mechanisms of action of both antiseizure medication and metabolic therapies to treat patients more effectively and safely. For example, it has been demonstrated that exogenous ketone supplement (EKS)-generated therapeutic ketosis, as a metabolic therapy, may decrease epileptic activity in both animal models and humans, but its exact mechanism of action is unknown. However, it was demonstrated that therapeutic ketosis, among others, can increase adenosine level, which may enhance activity of A1 adenosine receptors (A1Rs) in the brain. It has also been demonstrated previously that adenosine has anti-epileptic effect through A1Rs in different models of epilepsies. Thus, it is possible that (i) therapeutic ketosis generated by the administration of EKSs may exert its anti-epileptic effect through, among other mechanisms, increased adenosine level and A1R activity and that (ii) the enhanced activity of A1Rs may be a necessary anti-epileptic mechanism evoked by EKS administration-generated ketosis. Moreover, EKSs can evoke and maintain ketosis without severe side effects. These results also suggest that the therapeutic application of EKS-generated ketosis may be a promising opportunity to treat different types of epilepsies. In this literature review, we specifically focus on the putative role of A1Rs in the anti-epileptic effect of EKS-induced ketosis.
HLA-A, -B, -C and -DRB1 Association with Autism Spectrum Disorder Risk: A Sex-Related Analysis in Italian ASD Children and Their Siblings
Authors: Guerini Franca Rosa , Bolognesi Elisabetta , Mensi Martina Maria , Zanette Michela , Agliardi Cristina , Zanzottera Milena , Chiappedi Matteo , Annunziata Silvia , García-García Francisco , Cavallini Anna , Clerici Mario
Published: September 2024

Autism Spectrum disorders (ASD) are diagnosed more often in males than in females, by a ratio of about 3:1; this is likely to be due to a difference in risk burden between the sexes and/or to “compensatory skills” in females, that may delay the diagnosis of ASD. Identifying specific risk factors for ASD in females may be important in facilitating early diagnosis. We investigated whether HLA- class I: -A, -B, -C and class II -DRB1 alleles, which have been suggested to play a role in the development of ASD, can be considered as sex-related risk/protective markers towards the ASD. We performed HLA allele genotyping in 178 Italian children with ASD, 94 healthy siblings, and their parents. HLA allele distribution was compared between children with ASD, sex-matched healthy siblings, and a cohort of healthy controls (HC) enrolled in the Italian bone marrow donor registry. Allele transmission from parents to children with ASD and their siblings was also assessed. Our findings suggest that HLA-A*02, B*38, and C*12 alleles are more frequently carried by females with ASD compared to both HC and healthy female siblings, indicating these alleles as potential risk factors for ASD in females. Conversely, the HLA-A*03 allele was more commonly transmitted to healthy female siblings, suggesting it might have a protective effect. Additionally, the HLA-B*44 allele was found to be more prevalent in boys with ASD, indicating it is a potential risk factor for male patients. This is the first Italian study of sex-related HLA association with ASD. If confirmed, these results could facilitate early ASD diagnosis in female patients, allowing earlier interventions, which are crucial in the management of neurodevelopmental disorders.
A Qualitative Study on Engaged Families’ Experiences with Long-Term Follow-Up Care in the Colorado/Wyoming Newborn Screening System
Authors: Quesada Stacey , Barringer Lauren , Sontag Marci K. , Kellar-Guenther Yvonne
Published: September 2024

Understanding whether the long-term follow-up (LTFU) system is working for families is critical to measuring the success of newborn screening (NBS) and understanding why some families are lost to follow-up. Caregivers were recruited from six pediatric specialty care clinics. Data were gathered from caregivers via five focus groups and one individual interview (n = 24). Caregiver participants represented a wide range of children’s ages and conditions identified through NBS. While this is not the first study to gather caregivers’ input on LTFU, it provides a wide breadth of perspectives (e.g., metabolic, endocrine, hemoglobinopathy, etc.). When asked about goals for their children, caregivers identified health-related goals (i.e., children able to care for themselves, not hindered by diagnosis) and non-health related goals (i.e., defining themselves outside of disease, participating in sports, making friends). In describing the LTFU care they want and need for their child and the key factors that influence access and engagement, caregivers identified three themes: communication and relationships with providers; care team roles and factors; and care access and utilization factors. The themes identified are not disjointed; they are intertwined and illustrate the lived experiences of a sample of families engaged in LTFU care.
Analysing the Value of Digital Twinning Opportunities in Infrastructure Asset Management
Authors: Vieira João , Almeida Nuno Marques de , Poças Martins João , Patrício Hugo , Morgado João Gomes
Published: September 2024

Many studies and technology companies highlight the actual or potential value of Digital Twins, but they often fail to demonstrate this value or how it can be realised. This gap constitutes a barrier for infrastructure asset management organisations in their attempt to innovate and incorporate digital twinning opportunities in their decision-making processes and their asset management planning activities. Asset management planning activities often make use of existing value-based decision-support tools to select and prioritise investments in physical assets. However, these tools were not originally designed to consider digital twinning investments that also compete for funding. This paper addresses this gap and proposes a value-based analysis for digital twinning opportunities in infrastructure asset management. The proposed analysis method is tested with three rail and road infrastructure case studies: (i) real-time monitoring of a power transformer; (ii) BIM for the design, construction, and maintenance of a new railway line; and (iii) infrastructure displacement monitoring using satellite data (InSAR). The study shows that the proposed method provides a conceptual construct and a common language that facilitates the communication of digital twinning opportunities in terms of their relevance in different contexts. The proposed method can be used to support the investment decision-making process for investments in both physical and non-physical assets and help derive maximum value from the limited available resources.
The Effect of Elevation Gradient on Distribution and Body Size of Carabid Beetles in the Changbaishan Nature Reserve in Northeast Asia
Authors: Liu Shengdong , Tong Jiaqi , Xu Mingfeng , Meng Qingfan , Shi Ying , Zhao Hongrui , Li Yan
Published: September 2024

The environment of mountain ecosystems can change greatly in short distances as elevation increases. The effects of elevation change on the distribution and body size of carabid beetles were investigated at elevations of 750–2600 m in the Changbaishan Nature Reserve (Northeast China). The richness and abundance of carabid species decreased significantly as elevation increased. However, the change trends are different in forests and tundra. In the broad-leaved Korean pine forest and coniferous forest at low elevations, carabid beetle species have high richness and abundance. The community composition of carabid beetles was significantly different at different elevations and among different vegetation types. Some species only occurred at specific elevations. There were fewer indicator species in high-elevation areas, but Carabus macleayi Dejean, Nebria pektusanica Horratovich and Pterostichus jaechi Kirschenhofer were mainly found in high-elevation areas. The average body size of species in the carabid beetle community was negatively correlated with elevation. The sizes of the larger Carabus canaliculatus Adams and Carabus venustus Morawitz were negatively correlated with elevation. Their body sizes decreased obviously in the tundra at elevations above 2000 m. Changes in vegetation types at high elevations affect the distribution and body sizes of beetles along the elevation gradient. Some large carabid species may be smaller at high elevations where a unique insect fauna has developed. The body size and distribution range of the carabid may be the factors that affect body size reduction at high elevation. Although some high-elevation species also occur in low-elevation areas, the protection of species diversity in high-elevation areas should be emphasized in the context of global climate change. The results illustrate the mechanisms of carabid beetles’ response to elevation change and the need for carabid beetles’ diversity conservation under global climate change.