bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Apple, Insecticide Evaluation, 1987
Authors: Howitt A. , Biddinger D. J.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied to 35-yr-old 'Jonathon' standard trees in unreplicated blocks of approximately 3/4 acre, with about 30 trees in each. Applications were made with a Bean C-336 CP sprayer, which traveled at 4.03 km/h and delivered 250 gal/acre. Dates of application were 1 Jul (4th cover), 13 Jul (5th cover), 24 Jul (6th cover), 6 Aug (7th cover), 19 Aug (8th cover), 1 Sep (9th cover), and 11 Sep (10th cover) for all materials except TD 2207 which, due to lack of material, was applied only up to 8 Aug on the spray program above and was evaluated on 24 Aug. All other treatments were evaluated on 16 Sep. The fungicide program consisted of Difolitan 80DF (3 lb/acre) on 16 Apr (green tip). Vanguard on 19 May (petal fall), and Cyprex 65W in all 7 maggot control applications as listed above. Treatments were evaluated by randomly picking 100 fruit from each of 4 centrally located trees in each block for a total of 400 apples per treatment. The apples were examined for AM injury. Ovipositional marks per apple were averaged for each treatment. Percent damaged fruit is also reported.
Foliar Insecticides for Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potato, 1987
Authors: Lagnaoui Abdelaziz , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

Certified B-size potatoes were planted 25 May at the University of Minnesota Experimental Station, Rosemount. Experimental plots were 25 ft long with 40-inch row spacing. Treatments were randomized in complete blocks with 3 replications. Insecticide sprays were applied 3 times with a CO2-powered handsprayer delivering 36 gal of water/acre. CPB populations were very high. Plots sprayed 26 Jun were counted 29 Jun and 2, 6, and 9 Jul. Plots sprayed 29 Jun were counted 2, 6, 9, and 13 Jul. Plots sprayed 4 Aug were counted 7 and 11 Aug. Larvae were counted by instar on each date. Percent control was based on comparison to mean CPB numbers in the 5 untreated control plots and corrected by Abbott's formula. Control ranged from 4.8 to 100% for first-instar larvae and from 0 to 100% for second-, third-, and 4th-instar larvae. Addition of Butacide (piperonyl butoxide) to pyrethroid sprays appreciably enhanced CPB control.
Control of Pyrethroid Resistant Colorado Potato Beetle—Trial 2, 1986
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Ricard Michele , Holen Carlyle , Holder Bobby , Preston Duane
Published: March 2022

Plots were planted in early May on the Red River Valley Potato Growers Association experimental farm at Grand Forks, N. Dak. B-size certified seed was planted in 4 40-inch rows × 35-ft plots in early May. Treatments were replicated 4 times in randomized complete block design. Soil systemics were applied over the row following planting and covered with soil. The soil was fine textured and had more than adequate moisture at planting time. Foliars were applied on 26 Jun, 11 Jul, and 12 Aug. Three applications of fungicide were made independently of insecticide treatments. Larval counts were taken on 4 dates, as were defoliation estimates. The data presented illustrate CPB response to the insecticide regimes. Yields were taken on the center two plot rows, graded, and recorded.
Irish Potato, Control of Potato Infesting Aphids, 1986
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H.
Published: March 2022

The foliar and systemic experiments were randomized complete block designs with 6 replicates each and were conducted at Presque Isle, Maine, on land that was in clover in 1985. The planting dates were 3 Jun for the systemic experiment and 27 May for the foliar experiment. In each experiment the 3.0-m space between blocks and the 1.4-m space between columns and at the sides and ends of the experiments were sown to oats after planting. Each plot consisted of 4 rows of potatoes, each row 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long. The healthy Katahdin seed pieces (75 g each) were planted with a tractor-pulled, assisted-feed planter. Fertilizer and hilling practices were normal for the area. Late blight was controlled by 7 foliar applications of Dithane M-45 (1681 g/ha on 14, 21, and 28 Jul; 2242 g/ha on 4, 11, 18, and 25 Aug). Side-dress applications of insecticides were made by hand with a plastic tube applying previously weighed amounts of insecticide. Measured amounts of insecticide were applied on each seed-piece for the seed-piece treatments. Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, 3 nozzles/row at 7.0 kg/cm2 pressure and 1.2 kl/ha. Numbers of aphids (by species) were counted on top, middle, and bottom leaves of 25 plants in the middle rows of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, aphid counts were made prior to applications of the insecticide. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformation of the data using log10(i + 1). Means of the total number of wingless aphids were compared using DMRT and then reconverted. The soil was classified as Caribou loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rainfall for June, July, and August was 5.5, 10.5, and 12.6 cm, respectively. The average temperature for each of the same months was 14.5, 17.8, and 17.2°C.
Control of Sweetpotato Flea Beetle Larvae on Sweet Potatoes, 1987
Authors: Linduska James J. , Bouwkamp John C.
Published: March 2022

Goldmar sweet potato sprouts were planted in single row plots (36-inch row spacing), 45 ft long, on 2 Jun. Each treatment row was buffered on either side by an untreated guard row. The spacing between plants within the row was 12 inches. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Granular band treatments were applied in a 12-inch band using a shaker can and then incorporated 2-4 inches into the soil on 2 Jun. Furrow treatments were chiseled into the soil to a depth of 4 inches using an electric drive Gandy on 2 Jun. Side-dress treatments were applied on 17 Jun behind the cultivator shoe with an electric drive Gandy. Soil temperature at the 4-inch depth at the time of preplant application was 28°C. Yield data were taken from the entire 45-ft row. All roots were examined for flea beetle larvae injury (shallow writing on the roots). None of the products were phytotoxic.
Bacillus Thvmngiensis for Armyworm Control on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Fall 1986
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set 4 Sep on 2.5-ft-wide by 8-inch-high beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 10 staked plants set in a single row on 18-inch centers. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 23 and 29 Sep; 6, 13, 20, and 27 Oct; and 3 Nov with a 2.5-gal, hand-held CO2-pressurized sprayer operated at 40 psi and delivering 50-120 gal/acre (volume increased as plants grew). On 30 Sept each plant in each plot was visually inspected, and the numbers of beet armyworm (BAW) larvae counted. The numbers of southern armyworm (SAW) larvae were counted during 5- and 2-minute searches, respectively, of each plot on 21 Oct and 10 Nov. On 12 Nov, 50 fruit were harvested from each plot and the numbers of undamaged fruit and the numbers of fruit damaged by armyworm larvae were determined. The percentages of damaged fruit were calculated, and analyses of variance were performed on all data.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1987
Authors: Bailey W. C. , Munson R. E. , Arne C. N.
Published: March 2022

The trial was conducted on 24 Apr near Cook Station, Mo., on a 1-yr-old stand of alfalfa. Plots were 20 × 40 ft and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The alfalfa was 15 inches tall at time of treatment. Temperature was 77°F, skies were cloudy, and winds were 0-3 mph. Sprays were applied with a 20-ft spray boom, 8002 flat-fan nozzles, and 50-mesh screens. Sprays were applied at 16.5 gal/acre and 20 psi. Measurable precipitation fell on 5 of the 28 days following treatment. Evaluations were conducted at 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days posttreatment by taking 10 180-degree sweeps with a 15-inch-diam sweep net. The data were transformed by × + 0.5 for analytical purposes, but actual means are presented in the table.
Control of Alfalfa Weevil Larvae in Minnesota, 1987
Authors: Chen Chien-chung , RadclifFe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station in Rosemount on 1st regrowth, 3rd-year alfalfa. Treatments were 22 × 50 ft and replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Spray treatments were applied 23 May with a tractor-drawn boom sprayer delivering 37.5 gal water/acre at 200 psi. Insects were sampled 3 and 7 days posttreatment by taking 20 sweeps/plot with a 38-cm-diam sweep net.
Control of Alfalfa Weevil Larvae in Southwest Kansas, 1987
Authors: DePew L. J.
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots measuring 3.6 × 9.0 m were established in a 5-yr-old stand of alfalfa at the Southwest Kansas Branch Experiment Station near Garden City. Eight treatments, including the untreated check, were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticidal treatments were applied on 28 Apr using a CO2-activated backpack sprayer equipped with a 1.9-m boom. The boom was fitted with 4 hollow-cone nozzles (6x) on 48.3-cm centers. Treatments were applied at a pressure of 2.1 kg/cm2 and at a rate of 165.5 liters/hectare. Plants were in the vegetative growth stage and 30 cm tall. Temperature at application (early morning) was 8.9°C and reached a high of 28.9°C during the day. Winds were recorded at 0-2.5 km/h. Larval densities were determined 3 and 7 days posttreatment by collecting 20 stems/ plot and extracting larvae by using Berlese funnels. Rainfall amounts of 0.25 and 0.18 cm were recorded on 3 and 4 May, respectively.
Control of Alfalfa Weevil in Maryland, 1986
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W.
Published: March 2022

The test was establised in a 2-yr-old stand of alfalfa located near Beltsville. Precount weevil populations were heavy and averaged 100-120 2nd- and 3rd-instar larvae/sweep. Treatments were applied on 27 May. Treatment plots were 10 × 10 ft replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a hand-held CO2 backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 40 psi. Posttreatment counts were made with a standard 15-inch-diam sweep net. One 180-degree sweep per plot was made on 29 May and 5 Jun.
Control of Alfalfa Webworm on Alfalfa, 1987
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W.
Published: March 2022

The test was established on a 1-yr-old stand of alfalfa near Worton in Kent County, Md. The field had been completely defoliated except for a small area where the test was conducted. At time of treatment on 1 Sep the alfalfa had been severely stressed by drought. Treatment plots were 10 × 20 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Treatments were applied with a hand-held CO2 backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 40 psi. Posttreatment counts were made on 3 Sep. Five random 180- degree sweeps were made in each plot.
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1987
Authors: Whalen J. , Breeding R.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted at the Delaware State College Farm in Dover on a 2-year stand of ‘Saranac AR’ alfalfa. Plots were 16 × 20 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. In Experiment 1, treatments were applied with a bicycle design, C02-pressurized sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 40 psi on 6-inch-tall alfalfa. All treatments were applied on 30 Jun. Leafhopper density was evaluated prior to treatment on 30 Jun and on 1, 3, 6, and 18 days posttreatment by taking 10 sweeps/plot with a 15-inch-diam sweep net. Treatments in Experiment 2 were similarly applied. Leafhopper density was evaluated prior to treatment on 28 Jul and 1, 7, and 14 days posttreatment.
Barley Thrips Control, 1987
Authors: Noetzel David , Ricard Michele , Holder Bobby , Holen Carlyle
Published: March 2022

Plots were located in a commercial field which the grower intended to treat for barley thrips. The area selected for plots was uniformly in the late boot stage. Plots of 15 × 30 ft replicated 3 times were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Four-day posttreatment samples of 20 stems/plot were gathered, and adult and nymphal thrips were counted. Heads were collected from 1-m2 in the best section of each plot at least 3 ft from the edge. These were dried and threshed, and the yield was adjusted for moisture before comparisons were made.
Barley Thrips Control—Trial 1, 1986
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Ricard Michele , Holen Carlyle
Published: March 2022

Plots were located in a commercial field near Crookston, Minn. Plots were 10 × 30 ft, arranged ir a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Applications were broadcast with a hand-held C02 sprayer using 40 psi pressure and a fina volume of 25 gal/acre. The stage of the barley at application time (11 Jul) was early heading. Pretreatment counts were taken on a 20 stem/plot sample. Posttreatment counts were taken 10 days after treatment. A total count consisted of adults plus nymphs, and percent reduction/plot was calculated. Percent control was transformed and then compared. Yields were taken from 3 sq. yards and adjusted for moisture before comparison.
Sweet Corn, Corn Earworm Control, 1987
Authors: All J. N. , Guillebeau L. P. , All J. D.
Published: March 2022

A small-plot field experiment was conducted to screen insecticides for control of ear damage by the corn earworm. Corn was planted 4 May in an Appling loamy coarse sand. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with 2-row plots, 20 ft long, 38 inches wide, with 5-ft alleys, replicated 5 times. Full-cone sprays were applied at 30 psi, directed on ears in a final volume of 25 gal/acre. Sprays were initiated when silks first appeared. Plants were sprayed on 22, 24, and 26 Jun and 1, 3, 6 and 8 Jul. On 10 Jul all ears in the middle 18 ft of each plot were examined for damage and the presence of live corn earworms.
Apple, Mite Control, 1987
Authors: Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

Test chemicals were applied to 10- to 31-yr-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays using a handgun and a hydraulic sprayer operating at 250 psi and at 325-350 (Tests 1 and 2) to 375-400 gal/acre. Spray dates were 16 May (full pink), 29 May (petal fall), 12- 17 Jun (first cover) and 16 Jul (third cover). The standard pesticide program consisted of Difolatan 80 Sprill (8 lb/100) on 16 Apr (the only cover pesticide applied in Test 4), Captan 80W (1 lb) on 6-9 dates, Manzate 200 80W (1.5 lb) and Sevin 80S (1-1.2 lb) on 2 dates, and Pydrin 2.4EC (2.7 oz) on 4 dates. There were no mixtures of acaricides with other pesticides. There were 4 single-tree replications for each treatment. A randomized complete block design was used, with 2 'Red Delicious' and 2 'Cortland' cultivars in Tests 1 and 3, 3 'Red Delicious' and 1 'Cortland' in Test 2, and 4 'Cortland' in Test 4. From each tree 25 leaves were collected at chest height around the periphery of the tree, brought into the laboratory, and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20 and alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. May, June, July, and August were generally warmer than normal; all except June were relatively dry. Of special note were 94°F maximum temperatures recorded 1 and 2 days after the petal fall spray (Test 2).
Apple, Acaricide Test, 1987
Authors: Hall F. R. , Zajac M. A.
Published: March 2022

Test materials were applied as dilute sprays to 23-yr-old apple trees planted 10 by 35 ft apart. A completely randomized design was used, with 4 replicates per treatment. Each replication consisted of 4 apple trees (one of each cultivar). Compounds were applied (to runoff) with an airblast sprayer on either 25 Apr or 19 Jun (as indicated). Mite populations were assessed by sampling 25 leaves, collected at chest height from the periphery of each tree; in the laboratory, mites were brushed from the leaves onto glass plates coated with Tween 20.
Evaluation of two Insecticides for Adult Corn Rootworm Control, 1987
Authors: Calvin Dennis , Hoffman Lynn
Published: March 2022

Two insecticides were evaluated for control of dult corn rootworm at Rocksprings, Pa. Both insecticides were applied on 24 Jul using a mounted boom sprayer. The corn field was planted on 11 May. A randomized complete block design with 5 replications of 3 treatments was used. Plots were 8 rows wide by 100 ft long. Pretreatment counts of adult beetles per plant were taken on 24 Jul prior to the insecticide application. Posttreatment counts were taken on 25 Jul. The number of beetles/plant was counted on r> plants within each plot. Corn plants were in the green silk stage of development when treatments were applied. No yield data were taken. Rainfall measurements were 2.75, 2.82, 2.8, and 3.88 inches for May, June, July, and August, respectively.
First-Generation European Corn Borer Control with Ground, Aerial, and Center Pivot Applications, 1987
Authors: Gray M. E. , Hein G. L. , Boetel M. A. , Walgenbach D. D.
Published: March 2022

Insecticide trials were established at 3 locations in South Dakota. The experimental design for 2 ground trials was a randomized complete block with 4 replications at Redfield and 3 replications at Beresford. Individual plots were single-row treatments 30 m long for the ground trials. A center pivot trial was conducted at Redfield and an aerial study was established at Armour. Ten plants with shot-hole injury midrib feeding, or both, were evaluated per replicate from each treatment for the ground trial locations. Damage was measured on the basis of one cavity equaling 2.5 cm of tunneling. Four sites were chosen randomly from within the aerial and center pivot treatments, and 10 plants/site were evaluated for damage. Experimental and registered products were tested at Redfield and Beresford. Pioneer 3475 was planted at a seeding rate of 60,540 seeds/ha on 22 Apr at Beresford. Granular materials were applied with a pneumatic applicator powered by a 3.5-horsepower engine mounted on a high-clearance ground applicator. Insecticide was metered by Noble metering units that were chain driven by a 12 V DC motor. Insecticide was banded (20 cm) over the whorl. Liquid insecticides were applied with a backpack sprayer. One 1.5 LE Even Flat Nozzle/row, pressurized at 15 psi was used to apply 19.5 gal/acre at 3.5 mph. All insecticides were applied at Beresford on 26 Jun. Stalks were split on 3 Aug and damage measured. Pioneer 3737 was planted at a seeding rate of 63,500/ha on 1 May at Redfield. Insecticides were applied on 29 Jun at Redfield. Plants were evaluated for injury on 4 Aug. Pioneer 3901 was planted at a seeding rate of 73,388/ha on 1 May at the center pivot trial in Redfield. Insecticides were injected with a Northern chemigation unit into a Valley electric drive center pivot irrigation system from 26 to 27 Jun. Plants were evaluated for damage on 4 Aug. Two irrigation rates of 0.53 and 2.5 cm water/day were used. The aerial trial was conducted at Armour. Dekalb 1100 was planted on 28 Apr at a rate of 63,010 seeds/ha. Insecticides were applied on 26 Jun with a fixed-wing aircraft in single swath treatments 13.7 × 402 m long. Stalks were split on 3 Aug and damage assessed.
Control of European Corn Borer in Field Corn, 1987
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W.
Published: March 2022

Test was conducted on a commercial field planted in 30-inch rows near Queen Anne in Queen Anne’s County, Md. Corn was planted on 20 Apr. Second- and third-instar larvae infested 100% of the corn, which was in the midwhorl stage. Plots were 4 rows × 15 ft replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were broadcast on 4 Jun with a hand-held C02 backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 40 psi. Granules were applied by shaker can on 5 Jun. On 16 and 17 Jul, 10 corn stalks were selected at random from the center 2 rows of each plot, cut open, and the number of borer tunnels was recorded.
First Generation European Corn Borer Larvae, Efficacy Trials, Kansas, 1987
Authors: Higgins R. A. , Blodgett S. , Rice M. E. , Gibb T. , Evans B. , Vap S.
Published: March 2022

Naturally infested late-whorl-stage yellow held corn was treated on 13 Jun. Eighteen insecticides and 2 untreated controls were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All plots consisted of 4 contiguous rows, each 12 m in length with 90-cm row spacing. Sprays were applied in water (20 gal/acre) with a C02-powered system held above the canopy on a modified backpack frame. Each treated row received spray from 2 opposing nozzles suspended over the row at a 45-degree angle (dp size HC-6) and applied at 40 psi. Granular products were applied using modified electric drive Nobel applicators mounted on a self-propelled highi clearance sprayer or manually banded using a funnel and bander system. Band spreaders were positioned approximately 5 cm above the whorl and distributed products over a 20-cm band.
Second-Generation European Corn Borer Efficacy Trials, Kansas, 1987
Authors: Higgins R. A. , Blodgett S. , Rice M. E. , Evans B. , Vap S.
Published: March 2022

Naturally infested silk-blister-stage yellow field corn was treated on 23, 24, and 29 Jul. Four insecticides and 1 untreated control were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All plots consisted of 4 contiguous rows, each 12 m long with 90-cm row spacing. Sprays were applied in water (20 gal/acre) with a COa-powered system held above the canopy on a modified backpack frame. Each treated row received spray from 2 opposing nozzles suspended over the row at a 45-degree angle (Tip size HC-6) and applied at 40 psi. Granular products were applied with a modified electric drive Nobel applicator. Band spreaders were positioned approximately 5 cm above the whorl and distributed products over a 20-cm band.
Field Corn, Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1986
Authors: Meinke L. J. , Barnhart M. R. , Brown J. F.
Published: March 2022

Corn rootworm planting-time and first-cultivation soil insecticide trials wt conducted at Mead, Neb. The test plots were in trap crop during 1985 and had been in a trap crop (no insecticide)/insecticide test plot annual rotation at least 8 yr. The soil type was a silty clay loam. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Each replication consist of single-row treatments that were 35 ft long and 30 inches apart. Planting-time application equipment consisted of modified V-belt seeders mounted oi model 80 John Deere® flex planter. Preweighed amounts of insecticide granules were placed on the V-belts and directed into the seed furrow or band over the row in front of the press wheel. Noble® metering units mounted on a hand-powered bicycle applicator were used to apply granular insectici formulations at first cultivation. Liquid insecticide formulations were applied with a small plot sprayer pressurized with C02 . A Tee Jet® 8004 nozzle v used at 30 psi to deliver 16.4 gal/acre. Granules were banded directly over the plant whorl, and liquids were sprayed in a 7- to 10-inch band directed at t plant base. All treatments were immediately incorporated by a cultivator. Corn was planted on 7 May, and first-cultivation treatments were applied 6 Ji Soil moisture conditions were excellent when insecticides were applied. Initial corn rootworm egg hatch was detected on 3 Jun. Stand counts were taken 2 Jun and 15 Oct. Plant evaluations were made on 2 Jun in the planting-time test to determine whether any insecticide treatments adversely affected cc development. Plants were considered abnormal if they were stunted or exhibited deformed growth patterns (i.e., buggy whipping). Rootworm feeding dama - was evaluated (8 Jul, planting-time test; 17 Jul, cultivation test) by digging 5 roots from each treatment row and rating the damage by means of the Iowa 6 scale (1, no feeding to 6, 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Lodging counts were taken in October. A plant was recorded as lodged if t angle between the soil surface and the plant stem was ≤67.5 degrees. Data were subjected to an analysis of variance, and an LSD test was used for me separation where significant differences occurred.
In-Whorl Treatments for Fall Armyworm in Late-Planted Field Corn, 1987
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Hunter P. P.
Published: March 2022

Pioneer 3147' corn was planted on 24 Jun at the Tobacco Experiment Station, Greeneville, Tenn. Fourteen in-whorl insecticide treatments were replicated 4 times and arranged in a complete block design. Plots were 4 rows × 30 ft. Blocks were separated by 5-ft alleys and rows were spaced 40 inches apart with 45 plants/30 row-ft. Insecticides were applied on 30 Jul, when 67% of the plants were infested with an average of 1 larva/plant. Liquid formulations were applied using 2.5-gal compressed-CO2 sprayers at 30 psi and 30 gal/acre. Granular insecticides were applied with shaker jars. Whorls with new damage caused by the fall armyworm (FAW) were counted in the middle 2 rows and expressed as number damaged/90 plants. The 2nd row of each plot was harvested for ensilage yield on 5 Oct. Soil type was Waynesboro silt loam, pH 6.0.
In-Whorl Treatments for Fall Armyworm and Second-Hrood European Corn Horer in Late-Planted Field Corn, 1987
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Onks D. O.
Published: March 2022

Corn was planted on 22 Jun and 2 Jul at the Highland Rim Experiment Station, Springfield, Tenn. Twelve and 20 treatments in the 1st and 2nd plantings, respectively, replicated 4 times were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 3 rows × 30 ft in the 1st planting and 4 rows × 30 ft in the second planting. Blocks were separated by 5-ft alleys, and rows were spaced 40 inches apart with 45 plants/30 row-ft. The middle row was evaluated for whorl damage and ensilage yield in the 1st planting, and the 2 middle rows in the 2nd planting were evaluated for whorl damage and stalk feeding. Liquid formulations were applied using 2.5-gal compressed-CO2 sprayers at 30 psi and 30 gal/acre. Granular insecticides were applied with shaker jars. In the 1st planting, 1 insecticide application was made on 28 Jul, when 57% of the plants were infested with an average of 1.9 larvae/plant. Ensilage yield was determined on 7 Oct at 46.3% moisture. In the 2nd planting, the 1st insecticide application was made on 3 Aug, when 78% of the plants were infested with an average of 2 larvae/plant; the 2nd application was made on 18 Aug. Whorls with new damage caused by the fall armyworm (FAW) were counted 14 days after each application. European corn borer (ECB) stalk feeding counts (average number of basal tunnels/45 stalks) were made on 7 Oct at harvest. Soil type was Dixon silt loam, 2-5% slope. Total rainfall for the growing season was 8.64 inches.
Apple, Effect of Vydate on Fruit Thinning, 1987
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

A study was designed to examine grower complaints about the effect of Vydate applications on fruit set when applied at pink and petal fall stages on apple. Treatments were applied from a truck-mounted sprayer using a handgun operating at 375 psi. Each treatment was replicated 6 times on 'Golden Delicious' (4 yr old). Spray dates were pink, 23 Apr, petal fall, 13 May. Blossoms were counted and circumference was measured on one tagged limb/tree on 22 Apr. The number of applies remaining on each tagged limb was determined on 15 Jun, after fruit drop.
Apple, Broad Spectrum Control with Insecticides, All-Season Test, 1986
Authors: Johnson James W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to 12-yr-old mature trees in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Treatments were applied as dilute sprays to the point of drip with an FMC DP-20 handgun sprayer at 375 psi, using approximately 5 gal finished spray/tree. Cover sprays of dormant oil, mancozeb, Funginex, Plictran, and Omite were applied separately to all trees. Samples consisted of 50 fruit/replicate, 150 fruit/treatment. The fruit was collected randomly from around the tree at chest height. Samples were visually inspected, and the numbers of clean and damaged fruit were recorded. Rating fruit for russeting was not possible due to severe freeze damage on 29 Apr. Climatic conditions were typical for Missouri growing conditions, with less than average rainfall until late summer. An early freeze (28 deg. F.) on 29 Apr caused severe crop loss, with the remaining crop having a high percentage of russetting due to the freeze.
Apple, Mid-Season European Red Mite Control with Acaricides, 1987
Authors: Johnson James W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to 12-yr-old mature trees in a randomized complete block design with 3 single-tree replications. Treatments were applied as dilute sprays to the point of drip with an FMC DP-20 handgun sprayer at 375 psi, using approximately 5 gal finished spray/tree. Applications of treatments were made on 24 Jun and 21 Jul. Samples consisting of 25 leaves per replicate, 75 per treatment, were taken at chest height from the periphery of the tree. The leaves were inspected with a hand lens. Leaves were scored as infested if they had one or more mites or mite eggs per leaf and as uninfested if no mites or eggs were found.
Pear, Insecticide Evaluation, 1987
Authors: Howitt A. , Biddinger D. J. , Howard J.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied to 27-yr-old 'Bartlett" trees in unreplicated blocks of approximately one-third acre with 36 trees. Applications were made with a Bean C-336 CP sprayer, which traveled at 4.03 km/h and delivered 200 gal/acre. Dates of application were 21 Apr (white bud), 20 May (petal fall), 3 Jun (2nd cover), 15 Jun (3rd cover), 29 Jun (4th cover), 12 Jul (5th cover), 23 Jul (6th cover), 5 Aug (7th cover), and 18 Aug (8th cover) for all materials. Rust mites were evaluated on 5 Jun, 26 Jun, and 24 Jul for all materials, and all other pests were evaluated for damage at harvest on 25 Aug. For broad-spectrum evaluations, 50 fruit were picked from each of 4 centrally located trees in the block for a total of 200 fruit/ replication. Fruit were examined for injury categorized according to pest. The 3 pear rust mite evaluations taken during the season consisted of 50 leaf samples from 4 centrally located trees in each block. The leaves were then brushed in a mite-brushing machine. The resulting plates were examined under a microscope, and the number of eggs and mites were recorded.
Pear, Insecticide Evaluation, 1987
Authors: Howitt A. , Biddinger D. J. , Howard J.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied to 20-yr-old 'Bartlett' trees in unreplicated blocks of one-quarter acre, containing 30 trees. Applications were made with a 32 TMG Meyer sprayer, which traveled at 4.03 km/h and delivered 100 gal/acre. Dates of application were 12 May (petal fall) and 13 Jun (3rd cover), the only times when the psylla reached a threshold of 1 nymph/leaf. The fungicide program consisted of Cyprex 65WP at 454 g/acre included with the insecticides on the 2 application dates above. Seven evaluations were made throughout the season. For each evaluation, 25 leaves were picked from each of 4 centrally located trees in each block for a total of 100 leaves/treatment. All 100 of these leaves were then examined for psylla and eggs using a stereo microscope.
Apple, Summer Mite Control with Savey and Apollo, 1987
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Crim Larry , Annan Richard
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to 4 single-tree replications of 33-yr-old trees in a randomized block design. Applications were made with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer which traveled at 3.86 k/h and delivered 935 liters/ha. Date of application was 3 Jul for all treatments, with the Carzol treatment receiving a second application on 24 Jul. Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Bayleton, Benlate, Bordeaux mixture, Captan, Lannate, Manzate 200, Polyram, Sevin, and Streptomycin. European red mite control was evaluated by sampling 25 leaves from the periphery of each tree, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine, and counting active stages with a binocular microscope.
Pear, Prebloom Control of Pear Psylla with Pyrethroids, 1987
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W.
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied dilute by handgun operating at 200 psi to 14-yr-old pear trees. Test plots consisted of 4 single-tree replicates in a randomized block. Treatments consisted of single sprays applied on 18 Mar (delayed dormant) or two sprays applied on 18 Mar and 8 Apr (white bud). Treatments were evaluated by beating-tray counts of PP adults (2 trays/tree) and counts of PP eggs and nymphs on 5 spurs/tree.
Control of Eastern Tent Caterpillar on Black Cherry, 1987
Authors: Williams Michael L. , Miller Gary L. , Hendricks Harlan J.
Published: March 2022

Eleven insecticides were sprayed on nests of eastern tent caterpillar Malacosoma americanum (F.), found in black cherry, Prunus serotina. Selected trees were growing along roadsides near Auburn, in Lee County, Ala. Tes materials were applied 14 Apr to active colonies and surrounding foliage. Insecticides were applied to runoff using hand-pumped, compressed-air sprayers Chevron Spray Sticker™ was added to all spray mixtures at the rate of 0.5 pt/100 gal. Treatments were replicated 3 times, with each colony constituting. a replication. Efficacy of test materials was determined 7 days posttreatment by removing the colonies from trees, dismantling the webbing, and counting tit number of dead and living larvae.
Bioassay Evaluation of Insecticides on Blueberries, 1987
Authors: Williams R. N. , Ellis M. A. , Fickle D. S.
Published: March 2022

A 12-yr-old experimental blueberry planting at Wooster, Ohio, was used. Plots consisted of 2 blueberry bushes, with 4 replications/treatment in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at a rate of 150 gal/acre (1,403 liter/ha) on 28 May, 10 and 25 Jun, and 10 Jul, using a hand-held C02 sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) and equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle. On 11 Jun, 24 h after insecticides were applied, 5 leaves from each replicate were placed in ventilated 1-gal round ice cream containers Ten rose chafers and driedfruit beetle adults were then placed in each container. After 24 h the dead insects were counted. On 25 Jun, a similar bioassay was set up, but, in addition to the leaves, we placed 5 ripe berries in each container. Ten adult tarnished plant bugs and strawberry sap beetles were added to each container (replicate) 1 day posttreatment. The number of dead insects was recorded 24 h after exposure to treated fruit and foliage. On 10 Jul, a final bioassay was begun using the same procedure. Ten adult Japanese beetles and 10 adults of each of the 2 species of picnic beetle were set up per replicate on 0 and 3 days posttreatment. Insect mortality was once again read 24 h after exposure to treated fruit and foliage.
Insecticide Evaluation for the Early Control of Foliar Form of Grape Phylloxera, 1987
Authors: Williams R. N. , McLeod M. J. , Fickle D. S.
Published: March 2022

The test at Wooster, Ohio, consisted of 5 treatments applied on 7, 22, and 27 May and 5 Jun. Plots consisted of 3 grape vines, with 4 replications/treatment in a randomized block design. Vine spacing was 2.7 m between rows and 2.4 m within the row. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays using a hand-operated CO2 sprayer equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle and operated at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2). Sprays were applied at the rate of 200 gal/acre (1,870 liter/ha). The spreader sticker Triton-B was added to each treatment at the rate of 1 oz/25 gal (30 ml/95 liters) of water. Prior to the first insecticide application (7 May), the total number of galls in each plot was recorded. In the final reading 25 Jun, 10 shoots were examined at random from each plot. The number of galls was recorded from the 10 apical leaves on each of these shoots.
Field and Bioassay Evaluation of Insecticides on Raspberries, 1987
Authors: Williams R. N. , Fickle D. S.
Published: March 2022

A 9-yr-old experimental red raspberry planting at Wooster, Ohio, was used for this evaluation. Plots consisted of an 18-ft2 area, with 4 replicates per treatment in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at a rate of 100 gal/acre (935 liters/ha) on 10 and 20 Jul, using a hand-held C02 sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) and equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle. Readings of the number of live Japanese beetles in each plot were taken 2, 3, and 5 days posttreatment. On 20 Jul, after insecticides had dried on foliage, 5 leaves and 5 berries were sampled from each replicate and placed in ventilated 1-gal round ice cream containers. Ten adult Japanese beetles and 10 each of the 2 species of picnic beetle were then added to each container. The number of dead insects was recorded 24 h after exposure to the treated fruit and foliage. There was no rainfall during insecticide evaluations.
Apple, Periodical Cicada Control, 1987
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Baugher Tara A. , Crim Larry
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied to 5 single-tree plots of 2-yr-old trees in a randomized block design. Applications were made with a Century handgun sprayer operated at 200 psi and delivering approximately 3.8 liters of spray per tree. Dates of application were 1, 5, 9, 13, and 17 Jun, with Asana also applied on an 8-day interval (1, 9, and 17 Jun). Cicada knockdown was determined by counting the immobilized cicadas on the ground beneath each tree in the early morning of 2 Jun following the evening application on 1 Jun. Damage to trees was evaluated on 20 Jul, by counting the oviposition scars in a 40-cm section (previously marked with spray paint) on each of 3 branches per tree.
Apple, Insecticide Evaluation, 1987
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Crim Larry , Annan Richard
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied to 6 single-tree plots (3 'Rome Beauty,' 3 'Golden Delicious') of 33-yr-old trees in a randomized block design. Applications were made with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 3.86 km/h and delivered 935 liters/ ha. Dates of application were 9 Apr (delayed dormant [DD]), 14 Apr (tight cluster [TC]), 21 Apr (prepink [PP]), 7 May (petal fall [PF]), 26 May (first cover [1C]), 11 Jun (second cover [2C]), 25 Jun (third cover [3C]), 8 Jul (fourth cover [4C]), 23 Jul (fifth cover [5C]), 6 Aug (sixth cover [6C]), 20 Aug (seventh cover [7C]) and 3 Sep (eighth cover [8C]). Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Bayleton, Benlate, Bordeaux mixture, Captan, Manzate 200, Polyram, and Streptomycin. Control of RAA was determined by counting colonies on the periphery of each tree. WALH control was evaluated by counting nymphs found on 25 leaves selected from the periphery of each tree. Effect of treatments on ERM was determined by sampling 33 leaves from the periphery of each 'Rome Beauty' tree, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine and counting active stages with a binocular microscope. Treatment effect on S. punctum was determined by counting adults and larvae observed on the periphery of each 'Rome Beauty' tree during a 3-min period. Effect of treatments on fruit-feeding insects was determined by scoring for injury 600 apples per treatment (100/replication) and all fallen apples sampled on 28 Sep. Fruit picked from 'Golden Delicious' trees were rated for finish (0-5 worst).
Citrus Rust Mite (CRM) Pesticide Efficacy Tests in Florida, 1987
Authors: Childers C. C. , Keen P. M.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were replicated 5 times on single-tree plots in a randomized complete block design in both tests. An unsprayed buffer tree separated treatment trees within and between rows. Sprays were applied with a handgun using a truck-mounted sprayer at 350 psi on 9-10 Jun (ca. 5 gal/tree) in test 1 and 3-4 Aug (ca. 4 gal/tree) in test 2. Water pH was 7.9 (test 1) and 7.7 (test 2). Twenty fruit were examined around the canopy of each sample tree at various times before and after spraying. A 1 cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides per fruit. The combined 2 cm2 count per fruit of living motile CRM was recorded as one observation. Cumulative mite day totals were calculated (Allen, 1976. Environ. Entomol. 5: 1083-88).
Texas Citrus Mite and Citrus Red Mite Pesticide Efficacy Tests in Florida, 1986
Authors: Childers C. C.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were replicated 5 times on single tree plots in a randomized complete block design. An unsprayed buffer tree separated treatment trees within and between rows. Sprays were applied dilute using a handgun at 350 psi from a truck-mounted sprayer on 10 Apr. Ca. 2.5 gal of finished spray were applied to each treatment tree (= ca. 239 gal/ acre). Water pH was 7.8. Twenty five leaves from the spring flush were picked at random around the perimeter of each sample tree at various time intervals before and after spraying of test materials. Each 25-leaf sample was placed in a separate labeled paper bag and returned to the laboratory. A stereomicroscope was used to examine the entire upper and lower leaf surfaces for living motile spider mites. The spider mite count on each leaf was recorded as one observation.
Aphid Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1987
Authors: Hall Michael J. , Shelton Richard R.
Published: March 2022

Three insecticides were evaluated for control of the blackmargined aphid and the yellow pecan aphid on pecan. The study was conducted at the LSU Pecan Research-Extension Station, Robson, La. Trees were selected on the basis of the number of aphids per tree rather than cultivar. Trees were 6-yr old and planted on a 35 ft-by-35 ft spacing. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design consisting of 3 blocks, with 1 tree per treatment per block. Pretreatment counts were made on 24 Aug. Applications of foliar applied materials were made on 25 Aug using an FMC61VS sprayer and handgun. Three gallons of finished spray were applied per tree (107 gal per acre). Posttreatment counts were made at 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after treatment. Samples consisted of counting the number of aphids (nymphs and adults on 10 compound leaves. Zolone and RH-7988 provided good control of aphids.
Insect Control in Early Snap Beans, 1987
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Mullins C. A.
Published: March 2022

‘Podsquad’ snap beans were planted in 4 row plots 15 ft long on 6 May at the Plateau Experiment Station, Crossville, Tenn. Ten treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design with 5-ft alleys between blocks. The distance between rows was 38 inches. Spray treatments were applied on 3 Jun, 17 Jun, and 1 Jul using a 2.5-gal compressed-C02 sprayer at 50 gal/acre and 50 psi. Mexican bean beetle larvae (MBBL) precounts averaged 16.5 larvae/15 row ft. The middle two rows from each plot were harvested using a mechanical 2- row picker on 8 Jul. A subsample (5 lb) of beans from each plot was rated for damaged pods by MBBL and European corn borer (ECB) and expressed as a percent.
Control of Imported Cabbageworm and Cabbage Looper Using Pyrethrin, Rotenone, or Asana with or Without One of Four “Synergists,” 1987
Authors: Noetzel David , Ricard Michele
Published: March 2022

The experiment was located in a commercial transplanted cabbage field near Belle Plaine, Minn. Plots were two 38 inch rows, 25 ft long, replicated 4 times, and arranged in a randomized complete block. Insecticide applications were made on 28 Jul with a handheld CO2 sprayer using 40 psi pressure and 17 gal total material/acre. Temperature at application was 90°F. Numbers of living and dead larvae were counted on 5 plants 24 h posttreatment in reps 1 to 3 and 48 h posttreatment in rep 4. Larval counts were converted to % control, transformed using ARCSINE, and the means were compared. Phytotoxicity was observed particularly due to Rotacide earlier, so a l-to-3 scale was used, with the most intense purple and brown cabbage discolorations considered a 3.
Lepidopterous Larvae Control on Collards, 1988
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

‘Vates’ collards were transplanted 3 May near Benson, NC. Single row plots, 10 ft long on 60 inch centers were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 5 ft were used between replicates. Black plastic mulch and trickle irrigation were used in all plots. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer using a single hollow cone nozzle (18 x). Application rate was 54 gal/acre delivered at 60 psi, and Triton B-1956 spreader-sticker was used with all treatments. Applications were made 22 Jun, 1, 6, 14, 21 Jul, 3, 10, 17, and 25 Aug. Foliar damage ratings were made 12, 19, 26 Jul, 9, 16, 22, and 30 Aug. Counts of larvae on 3 plants/plot were made in the untreated check on all sampling dates after 12 Jul.
Insect Control on Sweet Corn, 1989
Authors: Henry P. , Grafius E. , Bishop B. , Maier R. , Stehr M. , Mann A.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted at the Michigan State University Entomology Research Farm, East Lansing, 26 Jun. Plots were one row wide (30 inch row spacing, 9 inch plant spacing) and 25 ft long. Two untreated buffer rows were left between adjacent plots. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with 4 replications/treatment. Pheromone traps (european corn borer, ECB-2 strains and corn ear worm, CEW) were placed in close proximity to the trial and throughout the farm. These were used to predict peak adult flight and schedule sampling and sprays. Treatments were applied with a hand-held carbon dioxide sprayer at 30 gal/acre and 40 psi on 17, 25, 30 Aug and 8 Sep. The sprayer boom had 3 nozzles, one directed over the top of the plant, and the other 2 directed at each side of the plant. Insects were counted on 32 plants (1 plant/plot) and corn root worm (CRW) adults were counted on 90 plants throughout the trial on 17 Aug (pre-spray count). Three plants/plot were sampled for insects (10 plants/ plot for CRW adults) on 23 and 29 Aug. On 6 and 14 Sep, 10 ears/plot were harvested and inspected for ECB and CEW larvae and damage.
Soil Insect Control in Sweet Corn, 1989
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Koch Timothy A. , McCartney David L.
Published: March 2022

‘Sundance’ sweet corn was planted 18 May at the Beef Unit, OARDC. Corn had been seeded in the plots after 1 Jun 1988, and no insecticide treatments were used that year. Plant spacing was 30 inches between rows. Plots consisted of 2 rows, 40 ft in length. Treatments were applied at planting with an electric Gandy applicator metering granular formulations in 7 inch bands or in the seed furrow. Band applications were placed in front of the press wheel and were immediately incorporated. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Plots were inspected for signs of phytotoxicity after emergence and during the final evaluation. On 18 Jul, 4 root systems/plot were dug, washed, and rated according to the following scale: 1) no damage, 2) up to 2 roots pruned, 3) 3-6 roots pruned, 4) Vn of root mass pruned, 5) % root mass pruned, 6) all roots pruned.
Sweetcorn, Corn Earworm Control, 1989
Authors: Nault B. A. , All J. N. , Guillebeau L. P. , Hsiao W. F. , Roberts P. M.
Published: March 2022

Corn was planted on 21 Apr at the University of Georgia Experiment Station, Oconee Co. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 2-row plots × 20 ft long × 38 inch row width × 3 ft alleys and 5 replicates. Plants were treated with a full cone spray directed at the corn silks using a CO2 pressure sprayer at 30 psi in a final volume of 25 gal/acre. Plots were sprayed 8 times beginning at the initiation of silking on 21 Jun, and continuing on 28, 30, Jun 3, 5, 7, 10, and 12 Jul. All ears in the center 16 ft of the row were examined on 14 Jun for the presence of corn earworm larvae or damage.