bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of intradialytic blood pressure variability between conventional thrice‐weekly hemodialysis and short daily hemodialysis
Authors: MURASHIMA Miho , KUMAR Dinesh , DOYLE Alden M. , GLICKMAN Joel D.
Published: March 2010

Intradialytic blood pressure (BP) variability may be associated with increased mortality. We examined the effect of short daily hemodialysis (SDHD) on intradialytic BP variability relative to conventional thrice‐weekly HD (CHD). This is a retrospective cohort study. Subjects were those converted from CHD to SDHD (n=12). All intradialytic BPs were collected on the last month of CHD, and on month 6 of SDHD. Absolute predialysis BP level and intradialytic BP variability were defined as the intercept and average residual terms, respectively, from a mixed‐effects linear regression model of time on BP. Dialysis modality was a predictor variable (CHD vs. SDHD). Outcome variables were intradialytic BP variability and hypotension (BP<90/55 mmHg at any time during HD). In addition to a predictor and outcomes, the demographics, estimated dry weight, and ultrafiltration ratio were examined. The median (range) age of the patients was 48 (34–77); all had hypertension, and 4 (33%) had diabetes. By a mixed effects linear regression model, the intradialytic systolic BP variability was 13.2 (quartile range 9.5–14.0) mmHg and 10.0 (8.3–10.9) mmHg for CHD and SDHD, respectively (P<0.006). Intradialytic diastolic BP variability was also significantly reduced (7.7 [6.4–9.2] vs. 6.1 [5.5–6.6] mmHg, P=0.005). Relative to CHD, less hypotension was observed during treatment on SDHD: the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) was 0.36 (0.16–0.81; P=0.008). In this retrospective study, SDHD was associated with less intradialytic BP variability and with fewer episodes of hypotension during treatments. Further studies are necessary to generalize these findings.
Prenatal Stretching Exercise and Autonomic Responses: Preliminary Data and a Model for Reducing Preeclampsia
Authors: Yeo SeonAe
Published: March 2010

Purpose: Preeclampsia is a leading cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity, and it increases maternal risk for future cardiovascular disease. The purpose of the study was to explore the relationships among stretching exercise, autonomic cardiac response, and the development of preeclampsia.

Design: Secondary data analysis.

Methods: Heart rate and pulse pressure were longitudinally examined in this secondary data analysis among women who engaged in stretching exercise daily from 18 weeks of gestation to the end of pregnancy compared with women who did walking exercise daily during the same time period. A total of 124 women were randomized to either stretching (n=60) or walking (n=64) in the parent study.

Findings: Heart rates in the stretching group were consistently lower than those in the walking group.

Conclusions: Based on the results of this secondary data analyses, a physiologic framework for possible beneficial effects of stretching exercise by enhancing autonomic responses on reducing risks for preeclampsia is proposed and discussed.

Clinical Relevance: If the protective effect is established, stretching exercise can be translated into nursing intervention for prenatal care.
Morphology and Notes on Morphogenesis during Cell Division of Deviata polycirrata n. sp. and of Deviata bacilliformis (Gelei, 1954) Eigner, 1995 (Ciliophora: Kahliellidae) from Argentina
Authors: KÜPPERS GABRIELA C. , CLAPS MARÍA C.
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT. Described herein are the morphology and certain morphogenetic stages of a new freshwater ciliate species, Deviata polycirrata n. sp., and of Deviata bacilliformis recorded in the soil of a dried temporary pond from Argentina. Ciliates were studied alive and after silver impregnation with Protargol. Deviata polycirrata n. sp. measures 130–180 × 45–70 μm in vivo. The species possesses 8–9 long cirral rows on the right and 9–13 on the left of the oral zone, and 3 dorsal rows of dikinetids. The adoral zone is composed of 39–48 membranelles. There are four macronuclear nodules and usually two micronuclei. A single contractile vacuole is located equatorially on the left body margin. This new species mainly differs from its congeners in having a higher number of cirral rows, the three long dorsal rows of dikinetids (vs. usually one to two dorsal rows of dikinetids), and a higher number of adoral membranelles. The other species reported here, D. bacilliformis, is recorded for the first time in Argentina. Unlike previous observations on this species, on the dorsal surface there are cirral rows that are preceded by cilia (combined cirral rows), and stomatogenesis begins with the proliferation of non‐ciliferous basal bodies some distance posterior to the buccal vertex.
Thyroid Cartilage Ossification and Multislice Computed Tomography Examination: A Useful Tool for Age Assessment?
Authors: Dang‐Tran Kim‐Diêp , Dedouit Fabrice , Joffre Francis , Rougé Daniel , Rousseau Hervé , Telmon Norbert
Published: March 2010

Abstract:  Many authors have studied the thyroid cartilage ossification process using radiographic features for age estimation of individuals. Their results were various: Sugiyama reported excellent correlation coefficients between ossification rates and civil age, unlike most other authors. We hypothesized that recent advances in imaging techniques would enable more precise evaluation of the ossification of the thyroid cartilage. We retrospectively analyzed the CT scans of 312 French patients using postprocessing software to examine the pattern of thyroid cartilage ossification, calculating the ossified volume of the cartilage on 3D reconstructions. Pearson’s correlation coefficients for volume were 0.73 for men and 0.75 for women (standard error 18.02 and 17.06), indicating considerable inter‐individual variability. Although a correlation between civil age and morphological changes was found, these methods based on thyroid cartilage ossification were not accurate enough for the assessment of individual age.
Postmortem Measurement of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin in Vitreous Humor and Bile
Authors: Fanton Laurent , Bévalot Fabien , Cartiser Nathalie , Palmiere Cristian , Le Meur Catherine , Malicier Daniel
Published: March 2010

Abstract:  Postmortem human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) blood assay can confirm postmortem diagnosis of pregnancy or document situations in which HCG levels are elevated. In some cases, however, blood sampling is not possible at autopsy. In this study, HCG was quantified by enzyme‐linked fluorescent assay (ELFA) in the bile (n = 5), vitreous humor (n = 4), and postmortem blood (n = 4) of five pregnant women. There were no false negatives in the pregnant subjects (n = 5) or false positives in controls (n = 34), enabling this test to be recommended for routine use in forensic contexts in which the detection of elevated HCG levels could be of interest.
The Odontology Victim Identification Skill Assessment System*,†
Authors: Zohn Harry K. , Dashkow Sheila , Aschheim Kenneth W. , Dobrin Lawrence A. , Glazer Howard S. , Kirschbaum Mitchell , Levitt Daniel , Feldman Cecile A.
Published: March 2010

Abstract:  Mass fatality identification efforts involving forensic odontology can involve hundreds of dental volunteers. A literature review was conducted and forensic odontologists and dental educators consulted to identify lessons learned from past mass fatality identification efforts. As a result, the authors propose a skill assessment system, the Odontology Victim Identification Skill Assessment System (OVID‐SAS), which details qualifications required to participate on the Antemortem, Postmortem, Ante/Postmortem Comparison, Field, and Shift Leader/Initial Response Teams. For each qualification, specific skills have been identified along with suggested educational pedagogy and skill assessment methods. Courses and assessments can be developed by dental schools, professional associations, or forensic organizations to teach and test for the skills required for dental volunteers to participate on each team. By implementing a system, such as OVID‐SAS, forensic odontologists responsible for organizing and managing a forensic odontology mass fatality identification effort will be able to optimally utilize individuals presenting with proven skills.
Reconstruction of Deformed Bite Marks Using Affine Transformations
Authors: Stols Gerrit , Bernitz Herman
Published: March 2010

Abstract:  Bite marks inflicted on animate and inanimate objects will undergo a certain degree of deformation. This fact remains one of the biggest stumbling blocks when analyzing evidence for court presentation. It has been demonstrated that the reliability of pattern association analysis will not be affected by minimal degrees of warping, shrinkage, and distortion. In this study, affine transformations were applied to bite marks to establish if minimal distortions would affect the mathematically determined relationships of the defined features. In a real case study, it was then tested whether the distorted bite mark matched the dentition of the perpetrator by applying an affine transformation. This was confirmed to be the case. Affine transformations will thus not affect the relationships of the individual features found in bite marks. The numerical calculations validate the reliability of pattern association analysis in the presence of minimal amounts of warping, shrinkage, and distortion.
Proficiency Testing as a Basis for Estimating Uncertainty of Measurement: Application to Forensic Alcohol and Toxicology Quantitations
Authors: Wallace Jack
Published: March 2010

Abstract:  While forensic laboratories will soon be required to estimate uncertainties of measurement for those quantitations reported to the end users of the information, the procedures for estimating this have been little discussed in the forensic literature. This article illustrates how proficiency test results provide the basis for estimating uncertainties in three instances: (i) For breath alcohol analyzers the interlaboratory precision is taken as a direct measure of uncertainty. This approach applies when the number of proficiency tests is small. (ii) For blood alcohol, the uncertainty is calculated from the differences between the laboratory’s proficiency testing results and the mean quantitations determined by the participants; this approach applies when the laboratory has participated in a large number of tests. (iii) For toxicology, either of these approaches is useful for estimating comparability between laboratories, but not for estimating absolute accuracy. It is seen that data from proficiency tests enable estimates of uncertainty that are empirical, simple, thorough, and applicable to a wide range of concentrations.
Implementation and Validation of the Teleshake Unit for DNA IQ™ Robotic Extraction and Development of a Large Volume DNA IQ™ Method
Authors: Grubb Jennifer C. , Horsman‐Hall Katie M. , Sykes Karen L.V. , Schlisserman Rebecca A. , Covert Vanessa M. , Rhee Han Na , Ban Jeffrey D. , Greenspoon Susan A.
Published: March 2010

Abstract:  Automated platforms used for forensic casework sample DNA extraction need to be versatile to accommodate a wide variety of sample types, thus protocols frequently need modification. In this study, DNA IQ™ methods previously developed for the Biomek® 2000 Automation Workstation were adapted for the Teleshake Unit using normal volumes and all deepwell extraction, and a large volume DNA IQ™ method developed. DNA purification without detectable contamination of adjacent reagent blanks is reported in the extraction of tissue samples containing several micrograms of DNA. Sensitivity and contamination studies demonstrated similar performance with the manual organic extraction method for bloodstain dilution samples. Mock casework samples demonstrated the effectiveness of the Teleshake and Teleshake large volume methods. Because of the performance and increased versatility of the DNA IQ™ extraction with these modifications, the Teleshake Unit has been implemented in both normal and large volume automated DNA extractions at the Virginia Department of Forensic Science.
Burden of Neurodegenerative Diseases in a Cohort of Medical Examiner Subjects*
Authors: Uryu Kunihiro , Haddix Terri , Robinson John , Nakashima‐Yasuda Hanae , Lee Virginia M.‐Y. , Trojanowski John Q.
Published: March 2010

Abstract:  Here we report studies of the burden of neurodegenerative neuropathologies in a cohort of Medical Examiner (ME) subjects from the County of Santa Clara (California) to determine if this unique population of decedents manifested evidence of neurodegeneration that might underlie causes of death seen in an ME practice. We found that 13% of the brains from ME cases showed significant tau pathology, including 55% of those 65 years old and older and 63% of those 70 years old and older. The histochemical and immunohistochemical findings were consistent with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in 7 subjects and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) tauopathy type in six cases. There were no cases of Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy Bodies or other neurodegenerative conditions. Our study suggests that decedents >65 years of age in an ME practice are afflicted by common causes of dementia such as AD and FTLD which could contribute wholly or in part to their causes of death.
Noise Trauma Induced by a Mousetrap—Sound Pressure Level Measurement of Vole Captive Bolt Devices
Authors: Frank Matthias , Napp Matthias , Lange Joern , Grossjohann Rico , Ekkernkamp Axel , Beule Achim G.
Published: March 2010

Abstract:  While ballistic parameters of vole captive bolt devices have been reported, there is no investigation on their hazardous potential to cause noise trauma. The aim of this experimental study was to measure the sound pressure levels of vole captive bolt devices. Two different shooting devices were examined with a modular precision sound level meter on an outdoor firing range. Measurements were taken in a semi‐circular configuration with measuring points 0° in front of the muzzle, 90° at right angle of the muzzle, and 180° behind the shooting device. Distances between muzzle and microphone were 0.5, 1, 2, 10, and 20 m. Sound pressure levels exceeded 130 dB(C) at any measuring point within the 20‐m area. Highest measurements (more than 172 dB[C]) were taken in the 0° direction at the 0.5‐m distance for both shooting devices proving the hazardous potential of these gadgets to cause noise trauma.
Machinery‐Related Deaths: Relevance of Workplace Investigation and Antemortem Radiological Data in Reconstructing the Fatality
Authors: Cecchetto Giovanni , Viel Guido , De Lotto Federica , Manara Renzo , Montisci Massimo , Zancaner Silvano , Ferrara S. Davide
Published: March 2010

Abstract:  Machinery‐related fatalities are one of the leading causes of traumatic occupational deaths. In our report, we present the case of a 40‐year‐old male who suffered a severe head trauma while working in a cut‐foam industry and died despite an early craniectomy. The radiological reconstruction of the skull based on preoperative computed tomography scans disclosed a large depressed conical fracture of the left parietal bone. The 3D‐reconstruction of the work area, combined with a fit‐matching analysis between the machinery and the depressed skull fracture allowed us to conclude that the head was crushed between the sliding bar of the cutting device and the metallic protuberance on the opposite side. The case underlines the importance of a detailed workplace investigation and of a thorough evaluation of all circumstantial, clinical, radiological, and autopsy data in the reconstruction of machinery‐related fatalities to identify any possible legal responsibilities of the worker and/or the employer.
Association for Methodology and Documentation in Psychiatry Profiles Predict Later Risk for Criminal Behavior and Violent Crimes in Former Inpatients with Affective Disorder*
Authors: Soyka Michael , Zingg Christina
Published: March 2010

Abstract:  Few studies have investigated criminal and violent behavior in patients with affective disorders. We reviewed the national crime register for records of criminal offenses committed by 1561 patients with affective disorders and studied the predictive value of certain psychopathological symptoms assessed with the Association for Methodology and Documentation in Psychiatry (AMDP) system concerning future criminal behavior. Sixty‐five (4.2%) patients had been convicted in the 7–12 years after discharge (307 cases). Patients with the AMDP syndrome mania had a significantly higher risk for later criminal behavior. The combination with the hostility syndrome further increased the risk. These findings are in line with previous data indicating a higher risk for later criminal behavior in patients with a manic/bipolar disorder compared to depressive disorder. As previously demonstrated in another sample of schizophrenic patients, the AMDP syndromes mania (and hostility) is associated with a higher risk of later criminal behavior.
Host plant genotype determines bottom‐up effects in an aphid‐parasitoid‐predator system
Authors: Schädler Martin , Brandl Roland , Kempel Anne
Published: March 2010

Plant genotypes are known to affect performance of insect herbivores and the community structure of both herbivores and higher trophic levels. Still, only a limited number of studies demonstrate differences in the performance of predators and parasitoids because of plant genotypic effects and most of these focus on gall formers. We designed a greenhouse experiment to investigate the effects of host plant genotype on fitness components in a grass‐aphid‐carnivore system. We used clones of quackgrass [Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex Nevski (Poaceae)], the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), the parasitoid wasp Aphidius colemani (Viereck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and the predatory lacewing Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). The number of aphid offspring differed considerably among plant genotypes. These differences were only in part because of differences in the production of biomass among host genotypes. Therefore, genotypes may differ in their nutritional value for phytophages. The number of aphids attacked by the parasitoid also differed among genotypes and aphid numbers only partly accounted for this effect. Moreover, pupal development time of female parasitoids was affected by plant genotype. We found no differences in mortality, body size, or sex ratio of hatching wasps between genotypes of quackgrass. Development time of the larvae and larval weight of the predatory lacewings differed among genotypes, but not weight of pupae and adults. Generally, the proportion of the total variance explained by the plant genotype was smaller for parasitoids and predators than for aphids. Overall, our experiments indicated that the plant genotype affects tri‐trophic interactions, but also that the strength of these effects decreases along the food chain.
A synthesis of laboratory and field studies on the effects of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) maize on non‐target Lepidoptera
Authors: Lang A. , Otto M.
Published: March 2010

One of the major applications of transgenic crops in agriculture are the so‐called Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) plants, in particular Bt maizes, which produce insecticidal Cry proteins that target specific orders, such as the Lepidoptera or Coleoptera. We reviewed publications that reported on the direct toxic effects of Bt‐maize and/or Cry proteins of current Bt‐maize events on larvae of non‐target butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera). In total, 20 peer‐reviewed publications were identified, of which 16 papers contributed laboratory‐based data and seven field‐based data. An adverse effect on caterpillars was recorded in 52% of all laboratory‐based and in 21% of all field‐based observations. The variables most often studied and having the highest occurrence of effects were larval survival, body mass, and developmental time. Parameters of the adult stage were under‐represented in the studies. Overall, 11 lepidopteran species were tested. The majority of the studies originated from the USA, with the Monarch butterfly being the most studied, whereas other species and other parts of the world were widely neglected. Laboratory experiments were often run under unrealistic conditions from an ecological point of view. Although the papers we reviewed indicated a potential hazard for Lepidoptera that are exposed to and feed on lepidopteran‐specific Bt‐maize pollen, a general conclusion on the level of risk for butterflies and moths cannot as yet be drawn. A comprehensive risk characterization would require thorough hazard identification, exposure assessment, and impact assessment. However, our review showed that even the basic level of hazard characterization is as yet incomplete. Reasons for this are the still‐limited numbers of publications and concurrent lack of knowledge, the restriction of data to only a few species, the over‐representation of North American species, and the identified limitations of both laboratory and field experiments. The findings of this review suggest that more realistic, ecologically meaningful, and detailed experiments and analyses are crucial to improve the present assessment of Bt‐maize cultivation effects on Lepidoptera.
Relationships between subgingival microbiota and GCF biomarkers in generalized aggressive periodontitis
Authors: Teles Ricardo P. , Gursky Lauren C. , Faveri Marcelo , Rosa Edvaldo A. , Teles Flavia R. F. , Feres Magda , Socransky Sigmund S. , Haffajee Anne D.
Published: March 2010

Teles RP, Gursky LC, Faveri M, Rosa EA, Teles FRF, Feres M, Socransky SS, Haffajee AD. Relationships between subgingival microbiota and GCF biomarkers in generalized aggressive periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37: 313–323. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2010.01534.x.

Aim: To examine relationships between subgingival biofilm composition and levels of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) cytokines in periodontal health and generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAP).

Materials and Methods: Periodontal parameters were measured in 25 periodontally healthy and 31 GAP subjects. Subgingival plaque and GCF samples were obtained from 14 sites from each subject. Forty subgingival taxa were quantified using checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization and the concentrations of eight GCF cytokines were measured using Luminex. Cluster analysis was used to define sites with similar subgingival microbiotas in each clinical group. Significance of differences in clinical, microbiological and immunological parameters among clusters was determined using the Kruskal–Wallis test.

Results: GAP subjects had statistically significantly higher GCF levels of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) (p<0.001), granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) (p<0.01) and IL‐1β/IL‐10 ratio (p<0.001) and higher proportions of Red and Orange complex species than periodontally healthy subjects. There were no statistically significant differences in the mean proportion of cytokines among clusters in the periodontally healthy subjects, while the ratio IL‐1β/IL‐10 (p<0.05) differed significantly among clusters in the aggressive periodontitis group.

Conclusions: Different subgingival biofilm profiles are associated with distinct patterns of GCF cytokine expression. Aggressive periodontitis subjects were characterized by a higher IL‐1β/IL‐10 ratio than periodontally healthy subjects, suggesting an imbalance between pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines in aggressive periodontitis.
Effect of systemic parathyroid hormone (1–34) and a β‐tricalcium phosphate biomaterial on local bone formation in a critical‐size rat calvarial defect model
Authors: Yun Jonathan I. , Wikesjö Ulf ME , Borke James L. , Bisch Frederick C. , Lewis Jill E. , Herold Robert W. , Swiec Gary D. , Wood Joseph C. , McPherson James C.
Published: March 2010

Yun JI, Wikesjö UME, Borke JL, Bisch FC, Lewis JE, Herold RW, Swiec GD, Wood JC, McPherson III JC. Effect of systemic parathyroid hormone (1–34) and a β‐tricalcium phosphate biomaterial on local bone formation in a critical‐size rat calvarial defect model. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37: 419–426 doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2010.01547.x

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate local bone formation following systemic administration of parathyroid hormone (1–34) (PTH), a surgically implanted synthetic β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) bone biomaterial serving as a matrix to support new bone formation.

Materials and Methods: Critical‐size, 8 mm, calvarial through‐and‐through osteotomy defects were surgically created in 100 adult male Sprague–Dawley rats. The animals were randomized into five groups of 20 animals each to receive one of the following treatments: PTH (15 μg PTH/kg/day; subcutaneously), PTH/β‐TCP, β‐TCP, or particulate human demineralized freeze‐dried bone (DFDB), and sham‐surgery controls. Ten animals/group were euthanized at 4 and 8 weeks post‐surgery for radiographic and histometric analysis.

Results: The histometric analysis showed that systemic PTH significantly enhanced local bone formation, bone fill averaging (±SE) 32.2±4.0% compared with PTH/β‐TCP (15.7±2.4%), β‐TCP (12.5±2.3%), DFDB (14.5±2.3%), and sham‐surgery control (10.0±1.5%) at 4 weeks (p<0.014). Systemic PTH showed significantly enhanced bone formation (41.5±4.0%) compared with PTH/β‐TCP (22.4±3.0%), β‐TCP (21.3±4.4%), and with the sham‐surgery control (23.8±4.2%) at 8 weeks (p<0.025). The DFDB group showed significantly increased bone formation from 4 (14.5±2.3%) to 8 weeks (32.0±3.2%) (p<0.006). The PTH/β‐TCP and β‐TCP groups both showed limited biomaterials resorption. The radiographic analysis was not diagnostic to distinguish local bone formation from the radiopaque β‐TCP biomaterial.

Conclusions: Systemic administration of PTH significantly stimulates local bone formation. Bone formation was significantly limited by the β‐TCP biomaterial.
Ovarian pathology in rhesus macaques: a 12‐year retrospective
Authors: Marr‐Belvin A.K. , Bailey C.C. , Knight H.L. , Klumpp S.A. , Westmoreland S.V. , Miller A.D.
Published: March 2010

Background  Ovarian pathology is an important cause of decreased fertility and reproductive capability and may impact multiple systems, particularly in aging rhesus macaques.

Methods  Retrospective histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 458 female rhesus macaque necropsies over 12 years at the New England Primate Research Center in Southborough, MA.

Results  Degenerative and inflammatory changes in the ovaries included mineralization, infiltration by lymphocytes, macrophages and multinucleated giant cells, endometriosis, and arteriopathy. Cystic changes included follicular cysts, cystic rete, and mesonephric duct cysts with cystic rete the most common. Neoplasms included granulosa cell tumors, cystadenoma, cystadenocarcinoma, and teratoma.

Conclusions  Ovarian lesions of the rhesus macaque are similar to those of cynomolgus macaques and humans. These lesions are frequently incidental findings but may impact metabolic and neurocognitive studies.
Evaluation of a rapamycin‐regulated serotype 2 adeno‐associated viral vector in macaque parotid glands
Authors: Zheng C , Voutetakis A , Metzger M , Afione S , Cotrim AP , Eckhaus MA , Rivera VM , Clackson T , Chiorini JA , Donahue RE , Dunbar CE , Baum BJ
Published: March 2010

Oral Diseases (2010) 16, 269–277

Objectives:  Salivary glands are useful target organs for local and systemic gene therapeutics. For such applications, the regulation of transgene expression is important. Previous studies by us in murine submandibular glands showed that a rapamycin transcriptional regulation system in a single serotype 2, adeno‐associated viral (AAV2) vector was effective for this purpose. This study evaluated if such a vector was similarly useful in rhesus macaque parotid glands.

Methods:  A recombinant AAV2 vector (AAV‐TF‐RhEpo‐2.3w), encoding rhesus erythropoietin (RhEpo) and a rapamycin‐inducible promoter, was constructed. The vector was administered to macaques at either of two doses [1.5 × 1011 (low dose) or 1.5 × 1012 (high dose) vector genomes] via cannulation of Stensen’s duct. Animals were followed up for 12–14 weeks and treated at intervals with rapamycin (0.1 or 0.5 mg kg−1) to induce gene expression. Serum chemistry, hematology, and RhEpo levels were measured at interval.

Results:  AAV‐TF‐RhEpo‐2.3w administration led to low levels of rapamycin‐inducible RhEpo expression in the serum of most macaques. In five animals, no significant changes were seen in serum chemistry and hematology values over the study. One macaque, however, developed pneumonia, became anemic and subsequently required euthanasia. After the onset of anemia, a single administration of rapamycin led to significant RhEpo production in this animal.

Conclusion:  Administration of AAV‐TF‐RhEpo‐2.3w to macaque parotid glands was generally safe, but led only to low levels of serum RhEpo in healthy animals following rapamycin treatment.
Son Preference and Access to Social Insurance: Evidence from China's Rural Pension Program
Authors: Ebenstein Avraham , Leung Steven
Published: March 2010

Many scholars argue that the persistence of son preference in China is driven by greater anticipated old‐age support from sons than from daughters and the absence of formal financial mechanisms for families to save for retirement. The introduction of a voluntary old‐age pension program in rural China in the 1990s presents the opportunity to examine (1) whether parents with sons are less likely to participate in pension plans and (2) whether providing access to pension plans affects parental sex‐selection decisions. Consistent with the first hypothesis, we find that parents with sons are less likely to participate in the pension program and have less financial savings for retirement. Consistent with the second hypothesis, we find that an increase in county‐level pension program availability is associated with a slower increase in the sex ratio at birth.
Gender Gaps in Educational Attainment in Less Developed Countries
Authors: Grant Monica J. , Behrman Jere R.
Published: March 2010

Conventional wisdom holds that gender gaps in schooling favoring males in developing countries generally are large, though probably declining. In this article we re‐examine recent gender gaps in schooling in the developing world and come to a more nuanced characterization of their nature, which suggests that the developing countries are becoming more like the developed countries, with gender gaps that increasingly favor, rather than discriminate against, females. Using data from 38 countries with multiple Demographic and Health Surveys, we examine how the gender gaps in current school enrollment and grade completion emerge across the educational life course from age 6 to 18. We also examine how these age‐specific measures have changed over time, comparing the periods 1990–99 and 2000–06. Our analyses indicate that among children who have ever attended school, girls younger than 16 years of age have equal or greater schooling progress than boys of the same age in all regions of the developing world.
The Correspondence Between Fertility Intentions and Behavior in the United States
Authors: Morgan S. Philip , Rackin Heather
Published: March 2010

Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we describe the correspondence between intended family size and observed fertility for US men and women in the 1957–64 birth cohorts. Mean fertility intentions calculated from reports given in the mid‐20s modestly overstate completed fertility. But discrepancies between stated intent and actual fertility are common—the stated intent at age 24 (for both women and men) is more likely to miss than to match completed fertility. We focus on factors that predict which women and men will have fewer or more children than intended. Consistent with life‐course arguments, those unmarried, childless, or (for women) still in school at approximately age 24 were most likely to underachieve their intended parity (i.e., had fewer children than intended at age 24). We discuss how such discrepancies between intentions and behavior may cumulate to produce sizable cross‐group fertility differences.
Counting Child Domestic Servants in Latin America
Authors: Levison Deborah , Langer Anna
Published: March 2010

Trends in the use of child domestic servants in six Latin American countries are detailed using IPUMS‐International census samples for 1960 to 2000. Child domestics are among the most vulnerable of child workers and the most invisible. They may be treated well and allowed to attend school, or they may be secluded in their employers' homes, ill‐treated, overworked, and unable to leave or report their difficulties to kin. Estimates and imputations are based on labor force and relationship‐to‐head‐of‐household information. We find that domestic service makes up a substantial fraction of girls' employment in some countries. We also analyze trends in live‐in versus live‐out status and school enrollment of child domestic servants. While all child workers are disadvantaged in enrollment relative to non‐workers, domestics are sometimes better off than non‐domestic workers. In some of the censuses examined, live‐ins are more likely to go to school than live‐out child domestics. In others, they are substantially worse off.
Neuroanatomical Evidence for a Role of Central Melanocortin-4 Receptors and Oxytocin in the Efferent Control of the Rodent Clitoris and Vagina
Authors: Gelez Helene , Poirier Sarah , Facchinetti Patricia , Allers Kelly A. , Wayman Chris , Alexandre Laurent , Giuliano François
Published: March 2010

Introduction

The clitoris and the vagina are the main peripheral anatomical structures involved in physiological changes related to sexual arousal and orgasm. Their efferent control and, more particularly, the neurochemical phenotype of these descending neuronal pathways remain largely uncharacterized.

Aim

To examine if brain neurons involved in the efferent control of the clitoris and the vagina possess melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) and/or contain oxytocin (OT).

Methods

Neurons involved in the efferent control of the vagina and clitoris were identified following visualization of pseudorabies virus (PRV) retrograde tracing. PRV was injected into the vagina and clitoris in adult rats in estrous. On the fifth day postinjection, animals were humanely sacrificed, and brains were removed and sectioned, and processed for PRV visualization. The neurochemical phenotype of PRV-positive neurons was identified using double or triple immunocytochemical labeling against PRV, MC4-R, and OT. Double and triple labeling were quantified using confocal laser scanning microscopy.

Main Outcome Measure

Neuroanatomical brain distribution, number and percentage of double-labeled PRV/MC4-R and PRV-/OT-positive neurons, and triple PRV-/MC4-R-/OT-labeled neurons.

Results

The majority of PRV immunopositive neurons which also expressed immunoreactivity for MC4-R were located in the paraventricular and arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus. The majority of PRV positive neurons which were immunoreactive (IR) for OT were located in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), medial preoptic area (MPOA), and lateral hypothalamus. PRV positive neurons were more likely to be IR for MC4-R than for OT. Scattered triple-labeled PRV/MC4-R/OT neurons were detected in the MPOA and the PVN.

Conclusion

These data strongly suggest that MC4-R and, to a less extent, OT are involved in the efferent neuronal control of the clitoris and vagina, and consequently facilitate our understanding of how the melanocortinergic pathway regulates female sexual function.
Effect of Sexual Function on Health-Related Quality of Life Mediated by Depressive Symptoms in Cardiac Rehabilitation. Findings of the SPARK Project in 493 Patients
Authors: Kriston Levente , Günzler Cindy , Agyemang Anja , Bengel Jürgen , Berner Michael M.
Published: March 2010

Introduction

Empirical evidence suggests associations between cardiovascular diseases, sexual functioning, depressive symptoms, and quality of life. However, to date, the interrelation of these constructs has not been examined simultaneously in a structural analysis.

Aim

To estimate the prevalence of sexual disorders and depressive symptoms and to examine the association between sexual disorders, depressive symptoms, and quality of life in patients in the rehabilitation of cardiovascular disorders.

Aim

A postal survey in five German inpatient rehabilitation centers for cardiovascular diseases was conducted. Prevalence of sexual disorders and depressive symptoms were assessed using psychometrically sound instruments. To analyze complex associations, structural equation modeling was used.

Main Outcome Measures

For epidemiological questions, proportions with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. The strength of association in structural equation models was expressed as a standardized regression coefficient.

Results

Data from 493 patients were analyzed (response rate 22.7%). At least moderate erectile dysfunction proved to be present in 20.3% of men. The prevalence of female sexual dysfunction lay at 43.1%. At least moderate depressive symptoms were present in 14.4% of men and 16.5% of women. A considerable association between sexual functioning and quality of life was found in both sexes, which was largely mediated by depressive symptoms. Major drawbacks of the study are imprecision of the estimates due to limited sample size and questionable generalizability of the findings due to possible self-selection bias.

Conclusions

Considering the high prevalence of depressive symptoms and their role as a mediating factor between sexual functioning and quality of life, it is recommended to routinely screen for depression in men and women with cardiac disease.
The Efficacy and Safety of Testosterone Undecanoate (Nebido®) in Testosterone Deficiency Syndrome in Korean: A Multicenter Prospective Study
Authors: Moon Du Geon , Park Min Gu , Lee Sung Won , Park Kwangsung , Park Jong Kwan , Kim Sae Woong , Park Nam Cheol , Ahn Tai Young , Paick Jae Seung , Seo Ju Tae , Yang Dae Yul , Lee June Young , Kim Je Jong
Published: March 2010

Introduction

Long-acting injectable testosterone undecanoate (TU, Nebido®), a new parenteral testosterone preparation, has recently been introduced to avoid frequent injections of the conventional injectable esters.

Aims

To assess the efficacy and safety of long-acting injectable testosterone undecanoate (TU, Nebido®) in Korean patients with testosterone deficiency syndrome (TDS).

Methods

One hundred thirty-three patients who complain of erectile dysfunction with serum testosterone level less than 3.5 ng/mL were injected with 1,000 mg of TU (4 mL/ample) on day 1, followed by another injection after 6 weeks and 18 weeks. For the safety profiles, serum hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), glucose, lipid profile, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) were measured.

Main Outcome Measures

Body mass index (BMI) was measured at the time of the first visit and after 12, 24 weeks. Primary efficacy was evaluated according to changes in the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) from the initial visit to the final visit (24 weeks) and from the initial visit to each visit. Secondary efficacy was assessed with changes of the Aging Males’ Symptoms (AMS) Scale and the Global Efficacy Question (GEQ) for improvement of erectile function.

Results

Mean age of patients was 54 ± 9.6 years. Compared with pretreatment, no significant improvement in BMI was observed. Serum total testosterone and free testosterone were significantly increased at 12 weeks and were maintained until 24 weeks (P <0.001). TU significantly decreased cholesterol (P <0.0001). TU significantly improved total IIEF, all five domain scores of IIEF (P <0.0001) and total AMS, all three domain scores of AMS (P <0.0001). On GEQ, TU improved erectile function in 76.9% of subjects. On safety profile, TU significantly elevated Hb, Hct, and PSA at 24 weeks but within normal range. No serious adverse reactions were observed. Drop-out rate was 15.0%.

Conclusions

In this prospective multicenter study, TU was effective, safe, and tolerable until 24 weeks in Korean TDS patients. Further well-controlled, long-term study should follow.
HLA‐B*15 subtypes distribution in Han population in Beijing, China, as compared with those of other populations
Authors: Yang G. , Deng Y.‐J. , Qin H. , Zhu B.‐F. , Chen F. , Shen C.‐M. , Sun Z.‐M. , Chen L.‐P. , Wu J. , Mu H.‐F. , Lucas R.
Published: March 2010

To identify HLA‐B*15 subtypes distribution in Han population in Beijing, People’s Republic of China, 826 unrelated healthy individuals were typed using the polymerase chain reaction‐sequence‐based typing method. Within the 246 HLA‐B*15 positive individuals, 29 HLA‐B*15 alleles were identified, the most predominant of which is B*1501 (40.07%), followed by B*1502 (12.87%), B*1511 (12.87%), B*1518 (9.19%) and B*1532 (3.31%). The distribution of HLA‐B*15 subtype frequencies was compared between the Beijing Han, eight other Chinese ethnic minorities and six Chinese populations covering the mainland of China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore. A neighbor‐joining phylogenetic tree was constructed and revealed that the Beijing Han population clustered into the northern populations group and had a closer relationship with northern Han and Hui than with southern Han or other ethnic minorities. These results thus provide useful information that can be used in anthropology, selection for bone marrow transplantation as well as in disease‐association study, such as in carbamazepine (CBZ)‐induced Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis.
The scarab gut: A potential bioreactor for bio‐fuel production
Authors: Huang Sheng‐Wei , Zhang Hong‐Yu , Marshall Sean , Jackson Trevor A.
Published: March 2010

Abstract  Cellulose and hemicelluloses are the most prevalent sources of carbon in nature. Currently many approaches employ micro‐organisms and their enzyme products to degrade plant feedstocks for production of bioenergy. Scarab larvae are one such model. They consume celluloses from a variety of sources including plant roots, soil organic matter and decaying wood, and are able to extract nutrients and energy from these sources. In this paper, we review the physicochemical properties of the scarab larval gut, the diversity and digestive role that microflora play in the scarab gut and discuss the potential for applying these digestive processes in bioreactors for improving bio‐fuel production. Scarab larvae are characterised by their highly alkaline midgut which is dominated by serine proteinase enzymes, and a modified hindgut which harbors the majority of the intestinal microbiota under anaerobic conditions. Evidence suggests that digestion of recalcitrant organic matter in scarab larvae likely results from a combination of endogenous gut proteinases and cellulolytic enzymes produced by symbiotic micro‐organisms. Most of the easily digestible proteins are mobilized and absorbed in the midgut by endogenous proteinases. The hindgut contents of scarab larvae are characterized by high concentrations of volatile fatty acids, the presence of fermenting bacteria, and typical anaerobic activities, such as methanogenesis. The hindgut typically contains a wide diversity of micro‐organisms, some of which appear to be obligate symbionts with cellulolytic potential. As a result, the scarab larval gut can be regarded as a small bioreactor resembling the rumen of sheep or cattle, where solid food particles composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and polysaccharides are degraded through enzymatic and fermentation processes. Together these observations suggest scarab larvae have potential to assist the bio‐fuel industry by providing new sources of (hemi)cellulolytic bacteria and bacterial (hemi)cellulolytic enzymes.
Characteristics, Drug Therapy, and Outcomes From a Database of 500,000 Hospitalized Patients With a Discharge Diagnosis of Heart Failure
Authors: Ng Tien M.H. , Dasta Joseph F. , Durtschi Amy J. , McLaughlin Trent P. , Feldman David S.
Published: March 2010

Knowledge related to acute heart failure (HF) and its management in “real‐world” clinical practice is limited. The authors delineated characteristics and drug therapy for hospitalized HF patients and their association with clinical and economic outcomes. The NDCHealth (National Data Corporation, Atlanta, GA) database, containing billing data from a geographically diverse sample of approximately 300 hospitals, was screened for admissions in 2003 of either a primary or secondary discharge diagnosis of HF. Of 2.5 million admissions screened, 496,534 patients (19.7%) had a primary (131,057) or secondary (365,477) discharge diagnosis of HF. Mean age was 73.1±13.9 years, and 55.4% were women. Mean length of hospital stay was 8.7±28.6 days, and in‐hospital mortality was 7.1%. Mean hospital cost per admission was $18,667. Admissions with HF as a secondary diagnosis were associated with a worse prognosis. HF commonly exists in hospitalized patients and is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and economic burden, irrespective of whether it is the primary diagnosis or a secondary comorbidity.
Validity of a Discharge Diagnosis of Heart Failure: Implications of Misdiagnosing
Authors: Fonseca Cândida , Sarmento Pedro Morais , Marques Filipa , Ceia Fátima
Published: March 2010

Heart failure (HF) costs are largely due to hospitalization. The validity of a death/discharge diagnosis of HF (DDHF) is largely unknown. The authors assessed the validity of DDHF and the impact of misdiagnosing. The case notes of patients consecutively admitted to a medical department between January and June 2001 were reviewed. Cases with DDHF or cardiovascular diseases, potential precursors of HF (PPHF), were included. The diagnosis of HF (European Society of Cardiology guidelines) was classified as definite, possible, or miscoded. Of the 1038 patients admitted, 234 were enrolled: 157 with DDHF and 77 with PPHF. One hundred eighty patients had a definite diagnosis of HF. Of the 157 diagnoses coded as definite HF, 130 were correct, 21 had possible HF, and 6 were miscoded. Of the 77 patients classified as having PPHF, 38 had definite HF. The accuracy of the DDHF diagnosis was 72.2%: 21.1% were underdiagnosed and 8.3% overdiagnosed. DDHF failed to capture many HF admissions and therefore alone underestimates the prevalence, burden, and costs of the syndrome.
Effect of Treatment With Continuous Positive Airway Pressure or Oxygen on Sleep‐Disordered Breathing in Patients With Heart Failure: Results of the Sleep Events, Arrhythmias, and Respiratory Analysis in Chronic Heart Failure (SEARCH) Study
Authors: Abraham William T. , Trupp Robin J. , Phillips Barbara , Bourge Robert C. , Harding Susan M. , Schofield Peter , Pilsworth Samantha , Shneerson John M. , Salvo Thomas Di , Camuso Janice , Johnson Douglas C. , King Martin
Published: March 2010

The response to sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB)–directed therapy was evaluated using the Clear Path home‐based monitoring system. There were 26 patients with heart failure enrolled in the Sleep Events, Arrhythmias, and Respiratory Analysis in Chronic Heart Failure (SEARCH) study with SDB requiring treatment (apnea‐hypopnea index [AHI] ≥15 events/h). Patients were monitored using both standard polysomnography and the Clear Path system to determine the change in SDB parameters before and after initiation of therapy. Accuracy of the Clear Path system compared with polysomnography was ≥87% to detect SDB events. A marked reduction in the mean number of sleep time respiratory disturbances was observed by both techniques after the initiation of SDB‐directed therapy, and 21 patients (87.5%) experienced a 16.7‐events/h mean reduction in AHI. Thus, the Clear Path system appears to be a useful device to monitor response to SDB‐directed treatment for apnea in patients with heart failure.