bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
T Cell Defect in Essential Mixed Cryoglobulinaemia
Authors: Meroni P.L. , Ciboddo G.F. , Colombo Gisella , Bonara Paola , Invernizzi F.
Published: July 2009

Peripheral blood lymphocytes from untreated patients with essential cryoglobulinaemia were studied for their surface markers and for their in vitro mitogenic reactivity. No differences in lymphocyte subpopulations were observed between cryoglobulinaemic patients and normal controls. Cultures of separated lymphocytes were stimulated with different concentrations of phytohaemagglutinin, Con-A and pokeweed mitogen. Incorporation of [3H]-thymidine in patients’ cultures was compared with that of normal controls. Significantly decreased reactivity to phytohaemagglutinin and Con-A, but not to pokeweed mitogen, was found in all patients studied. The depressed mitogenic reactivity to phytohaemagglutinin and Con-A might be referred to a qualitative T cell defect.
Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta) Allotypes
Authors: Iannelli Domenico
Published: July 2009

Three rhesus monkey allotypes are described, which are located on distinct low density lipoprotein molecules. These three markers have been detected using double immunodiffusion in agar. They are inherited in a simple Mendelian manner and controlled by three independent genes.
Humoral Mediator of Antigenic Competition Demonstrated in vivo
Authors: Zolla-Pazner Susan , Koehne Catherine , Oratz Ruth
Published: July 2009

To determine if a soluble mediator of antigenic competition could be demonstrated in vivo, various groups of mice received implants of intraperitoneal Millipore diffusion chambers containing normal spleen cells and sheep erythrocytes (SRC). Priming and boosting the chamber hosts so that a vigorous secondary immune response to horse erythrocytes (HoRC) coincided with chamber implantation resulted in the suppression of the anti-SRC response of the chamber-enclosed cells. Similarly, passive immunization of the chamber hosts with SRC-absorbed anti-HoRC hyperimmune serum suppressed the response of the chamber-enclosed cells to SRC. Thus, serum from hyperimmune mice contains a humoral supressor substance which mediates antigenic competition.
Cholinergic Modulation of Anaphylactic Dopamine Release from Calf Lung
Authors: Eyre P. , Deline T.R.
Published: July 2009

Dopamine was released by specific antigen from sensitized calf lung in vitro. Dopamine release was potentiated by carbachol and inhibited by atropine. Nicotine enhanced dopamine release and this action was enhanced by tubocurarine. It is suggested that anaphylactic dopamine release is modulated by a vagal (muscarinic) mechanism in calf lung.
Relationship between Serum IgE Levels and Intestinal Parasite Load in African Populations
Authors: Scaglia M. , Tinelli M. , Revoltella R. , Peracino A. , Falagiani P. , Jayakar S.D. , Desmarais J.C. , Siccardi A.G.
Published: July 2009

Serum IgE determinations and coproparasitological analyses were carried out on 161 individuals from two distinct ethnic groups (Hutus and Twas) from two regions in Rwanda (North and South). The cumulative parasitosis index (calculated for each individual as the sum of the scores for the four most frequent intestinal parasites) shows a linear relation with IgE levels up to a plateau, with no clear pattern of correlation between the score for any given parasite and the IgE level. Such a direct quantitative (but not qualitative) relation reproposes the question on the role of IgE immunoglobulins in intestinal parasitoses.
Partial Purification and Characterization of Two Cladosporium herbarum Allergens
Authors: Aukrust L. , Borch S.M.
Published: July 2009

Two important Cladosporium herbarum allergens (Ag-54 and Ag-32) were partly purified by means of diafiltration, gel filtration and isoelectric focusing. Modifications of quantitative immunological techniques, including autoradiography, were used as assay systems for allergenic activity and to provide a basis for evaluation of the immunological purity of the allergens. Ag-54 appeared to have a molecular weight of approximately 25,000 daltons and an isoelectric point of 5.0. The molecular weight of Ag-32 appeared to be approximately 13,000 daltons. It consisted of 5 molecular species differing in isoelectric points from 3.4 to 4.4 in intervals of approximately 0.25 pH units. These variants of Ag-32 seemed to be antigenically and allergenically identical.
Is DNA Synthesis a Requisite for the Differentiation of B Lymphocytes into Immunoglobulin-Secreting Plasma Cells?
Authors: Attallah A.M. , Yeatman T.J. , Noguchi P.D. , Petricciani J.C.
Published: July 2009

A great amount of conflicting evidence has been reported concerning the relationship between DNA synthesis and the differentiation of immunoglobulin-secreting cells. With the development of flow cytometry, it has become possible to analyze lymphocyte populations by making rapid and accurate measurements of cellular DNA content, and by estimating the fraction of cells that synthesize DNA. Application of these techniques to an in vitro culture system stimulated by the T-dependent sheep red blood cell antigen has allowed us to investigate cell division in populations of antibody-forming cells. DNA synthesis is apparently not a requisite for the differentiation of immunoglobulin-secreting cells.
Antigens of Micropolyspora faeni Strains
Authors: Kurup Viswanath P. , Fink Jordan N.
Published: July 2009

Exocellular antigens from Micropolyspora faeni and Micropolyspora rectivirgula were prepared by growing them in a synthetic broth culture at 50°C for 1 week under continuous shaking. The broth was separated from the organisms by filtration and the filtrate was dialyzed and freeze-dried. The cross-reactivity of these antigens were studied by antigen-antibody crossed-immunoelectrophoresis and the presence of similar antigens in different strains by tandem crossed-immunoelectrophoresis using rabbit anti-M. faeni and anti-M. rectivirgula sera. The results indicate that a number of antigenic components are common to the different strains of M. faeni and M. rectivirgula, while each strain demonstrates several specific antigenic determinants. Of the 26 clearly demonstrable precipitin arcs formed by crossed-immunoelectrophoresis, only 1 was detected in all the strains while 2 more were detected frequently. This study indicates that M. rectivirgula and M. faeni strains are not distinguishable from each other by morphological, biochemical or immunological criteria.
Quantitation of Immediate and Delayed Hypersensitivity Responses in Trichinella-Infected Mice
Authors: Gabriel B.W. , Justus D.E.
Published: July 2009

The developmental relationships between active cutaneous or local anaphylaxis, delayed hypersensitivity and worm expulsion were quantitatively examined in Trichinella-infected mice. The onset of both types of hypersensitivities and increase in sensitivity to antigen following an initial infection correlated with the onset and rate of elimination of adult worms. Mice passively sensitized with serum containing both IgG1 and IgE antibodies, but not IgG1 alone, expelled their worms at a faster rate in comparison to the controls. On the basis of these findings it is suggested that local allergic reactions mediated by anaphylactic antibodies are involved in the development of resistance to Trichinella infection.
Use of Glutaraldehyde-Modified Timothy Grass Pollen Extract in Nasal Hyposensitisation Treatment of Hay Fever
Authors: Johansson S.G.O. , Deuschl H. , Zetterström O.
Published: July 2009

12 patients suffering from grass pollen hay fever were treated for 14 weeks pre- and co-seasonally by intranasal self-administration of an aqueous solution of a glutaraldehyde-treated timothy grass pollen allergen. These patients had a statistically significant decrease in nasal symptom scores during the grass pollen peak period and in nasal challenge end-point titre after the season compared to placebo-treated patients. No significant effect was seen on the eye symptoms. 1 patient withdrew from the trial as a consequence of too strong local nasal reactions during treatment. Most other patients treated with active material reported mild local reactions during the first minutes after administration of the nasal spray. In the actively treated group a significant increase in serum and nasal secretion of grass pollen specific IgE, IgG and IgA antibodies was obtained during the treatment. In contrast, in the placebo group a significant increase in IgE antibody levels in serum and secretion occurred during the pollen season. The reduction in symptoms and increase in antibody production together with the simplicity of the procedure makes this approach to immunotherapy attractive.
Early Rheumatoid-Like Joint Lesions in Rabbits Injected with Foreign Serum or Milk Proteins
Authors: Oldham G. , Coombs R.R.A.
Published: July 2009

The presence of circulating IgE-like antibody was found not to enhance the induction of joint lesions, of moderate or greater intensity, by intravenous injection of bovine serum, but did make mild joint lesions more frequent. There was a positive correlation between increased white cell effusion into the joint fluid and joint lesions of moderate or greater intensity. Different breeds of rabbit were shown to produce different incidences of lesions suggesting a genetic influence on the development of rheumatoid-like joint lesions. The Old English breed was found to be particularly sensitive.
Enumeration and Characterization of Bovine Blood, Spleen and Lymph Node Cells Containing Immunoglobulins
Authors: Rothlein Robert , Johnson Donald W. , Muscoplat Charles C.
Published: July 2009

In this study, the average percentage of bovine spleen and lymph node cells with surface immunoglobulin (S-Ig) was found to be 19.62 and 23.18%, respectively. The average percentage of these cells with cytoplasmic immunoglobulin (C-Ig) was 14.46 and 17.21%. Only the percentage of cells with S-Ig showed a strong correlation between the spleen and the lymph node. Also, several methods of removing S-Ig from bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells were investigated. It was found that the loss of passively bound S-Ig by warm washing was minimal, and that the anti-Ig-treated mononuclear blood cells would lose their caps after 24 h of incubation at 37 °C, but not after 45 min of incubation, although 95% of the cells with S-Ig were capped within 15 min.
Preparation of Antisera Specific for Guinea Pig B Cells
Authors: Ota F. , Parker Darien , Dwyer J.M. , Turk J.L.
Published: July 2009

Heterologous antisera against guinea pig B lymphocytes have been prepared in rabbits. Sera, obtained 1 week after a third injection of cells from a guinea pig leukemic B cell line (L2C), were absorbed with guinea pig and sheep erythrocytes and guinea pig thymocytes. In the presence of complement, selected antisera killed both L2C cells (85%) and B cells from Hartley outbred guinea pigs (85%). Normal rabbit serum kills guinea pig thymocytes and this ability was enhanced in the sera obtained from rabbits immunized with L2C cells. After three absorptions with thymocytes the antisera retained their cytotoxicity for B cells but did not kill guinea pig thymocytes or peripheral T lymphocytes. The antigenic determinants on the L2C cells that simulate anti-B cell activity are unknown but surface membrane immunoglobulins were excluded. The development of methodology for obtaining a potent and specific anti-guinea pig B cell serum should significantly improve the usefulness of guinea pigs as animals for in vitro studies.
The Nature of Secretory Agglutinins and Aggregating Factors
Authors: Eggert Michael
Published: July 2009

Secretory conglutinin-like factor (SKF) and secretory bacterial aggregating factors (SBAF) of saliva and amniotic fluid were characterized as high molecular weight non-mucin glycoproteins. Most biochemical tests or procedures used in previous investigations did not permit an unequivocal distinction among immunoglobulins, non-mucin glycoprotein, or mucin factors. Partitioning with hot phenol enabled the separation of a high molecular weight non-mucin glycoprotein fraction from saliva and amniotic fluid with SKF and SBAF activity that was distinct from mucins and antibodies. Non-mucin glycoproteins, immunoglobulins and mucins represent three classes of secreted molecules capable of clumping bacteria.
Clonal Induction of Helper T Cells: Conversion of Specific Signals into Nonspecific Signals
Authors: Schreier Max H. , Tees Reet
Published: July 2009

The mechanism by which murine helper T cells specific for sheep erythrocytes (SRC) or horse erythrocytes (HRC) exert their effect in an antibody response has been studied in a specific in vitro helper assay in which T cells specific for SRC (T’SRC) do not support an antibody response against HRC and in which T cells specific for HRC (T’HRC) do not support an antibody response against SRC. Either population of helper T cells can support an antibody response to both antigens if the homologous and an unrelated antigen are present at the same time. The helper effect is mediated by stable soluble products, the induction of which is antigen specific and independent of B cells. To exclude T cell-T cell interactions, pure populations of specific helper T cells were obtained by long-term culture in vitro of in vivo primed T cells followed by single cell cloning. Clones of TSRC or T’HRC are highly specific both in vitro and in vivo. For in vivo experiments syngeneic nude mice, selectively and specifically reconstituted with cloned helper T cells, were used. While specific helper T cells can also provide help in vitro for an unrelated antigen, in vivo only specific T cell help is revealed. The results indicate that the specificity of helper T cells is restricted to the interaction of a specific T cell receptor with the antigen which leads to the release of biologically active mediators which themselves have no antigen specificity.
Cellular and Reaginic Immune Responses to Ragweed Antigen E in Inbred Rats
Authors: Yoo T.J. , Kuo C.Y.
Published: July 2009

The cellular and reaginic immune responses to ragweed were examined in six strains of inbred rats. Three differentiable patterns of primary reaginic responses were observed: (a) Lewis rats – good uniform responders – produced high titers of IgE antibody for a short (less than 2 weeks) time; (b) Brown Norway rats – good uniform responders -produced high titers of IgE antibody for a long time (more than 1 month), and (c) intermediate responders – Buffalo, ACI, Fischer 344 and Wistar-Furth rats – produced poor-to-moderate titers of IgE for an intermediate time. There were no secondary reaginic immune responses to ragweed AgE in these six strains of rats. Furthermore, extensive study of Lewis rats indicated that IgE antibody production in primary immunization could be suppressed by passive transfer of either AgE-primed spleen lymphocytes, AgE-primed blood lymphocytes, or Con-A stimulated lymphocytes. Cellular responses to AgE and PHA stimulation were suppressed in rats receiving AgE-primed lymphocytes or Con-A stimulated lymphocytes.
Effect of a Low Protein Diet on IgE Antibody Responses in Balb/c Mice
Authors: Rose Alison H. , Turner Keven J.
Published: July 2009

Mice maintained on a low protein diet (4% casein initiated at weaning) produced IgE antibody responses to both ovalbumin and Ascaris body fluid proteins. The titres in young mice were comparable to those of mice maintained on a normal (20% protein) diet particularly at high doses of immunogen. However, following immunization with low doses of immunogen the initiation of antibody response in malnourished mice was delayed and the levels finally obtained were significantly suppressed below normal levels. This effect was more apparent in animals maintained for prolonged periods on diet. Possible mechanisms for this suppression are presented.
Augmentation of Guinea Pig T Lymphocyte Proliferative Response to Antigens in the Presence of Purified B Cells
Authors: Hiramine Chiharu , Hojo Kenji
Published: July 2009

The effect of supplemental B lymphocytes on the antigen-induced in vitro proliferative response of highly purified lymph node T cells was studied in two immune systems of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) and testicular antigen (TA) sensitized guinea pigs. When the T lymphocytes obtained from animals 2 weeks after CFA sensitization, though unresponsive to purified protein derivate of tuberculin (PPD) by themselves, were cultured together with mitomycin C-treated autologous B (Bm) lymphocytes (1:0.5 ratio), they responded well to PPD. The enhancing effect of Bm lymphocytes was less than that of mitomycin C-treated macrophages (Mφm) from the same animals. Analogous helper effect of Bm lymphocytes on the T cell proliferation was observed also in TA-sensitized animals. Additionally, it is noteworthy that the PPD-induced proliferation of T lymphocytes at 2 weeks after CFA sensitization was absolutely dependent on Mφ and B lymphocytes, whereas T lymphocytes at 10–14 weeks exhibited a low but significant response by themselves, although their response to PPD was markedly augmented with supplemental Mφm or Bm lymphocytes.
Decreased Autologous Rosette-Forming T Lymphocytes in Alcoholic Cirrhosis
Authors: Lang J.M. , Ruscher H. , Hasselmann J.P. , Grandjean P. , Bigel P. , Mayer S.
Published: July 2009

Autologous rosette-forming T lymphocytes were enumerated in periphal blood of patients with established alcoholic cirrhosis and compared with T lymphocytes forming rosettes with sheep red blood cells (total and ‘active’ rosette-forming cells; RFC). Decreased autologous RFC was the most frequent T lymphocyte abnormality observed in 43 patients and was shown to occur even in patients with normal total and ‘active’ RFC. No correlation was found between autologous RFC and total or ‘active’ RFC. Skin anergy to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene was noted in 44% of the patients tested. Autologous RFC did not correlate with delayed cutaneous hypersensivity to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene.
Quantitation and New Antigenic Determinant Specificity of Antibodies Induced by Inhalation of Trimellitic Anhydride in Man
Authors: Zeiss Raymond , Levitz Doris , Chacon R. , Wolkonsky Peter , Patterson Roy , Pruzansky Jacob J.
Published: July 2009

We have studied the immune response of chemical workers who are exposed to trimellitic anhydride (TMA), a biologically reactive anhydride used in the manufacture of plastics. Serum antibody activity to TMA haptenized human serum albumin (TM-HSA) was measured in workers with three clinically defined respiratory tract syndromes; asthma-rhinitis, a late respiratory systemic syndrome (LRSS), and an irritant syndrome. IgE antibody binding of 125I TM-HSA was quantitated by polystyrene tube radioimmunoassay and total serum antibody binding of 125I-TM-HSA by an ammonium sulfate technique. IgE antibody activity ranged from 2 to 55 ng TM-HSA bound per milliliter and was associated with the asthma-rhinitis syndrome. Total serum antibody activity ranged from 0.4 to 56 μg TM-HSA bound per milliliter and was associated with either the asthma-rhinitis syndrome or LRSS. Antibody specificity for TM-HSA was determined by inhibition studies using sodium trimellitate (NaTM) and a variety of TM substituted carriers. The hapten, NaTM, was an extremely poor inhibitor of IgE or total antibody binding of TM-HSA. The other TMA haptenized carriers were either noninhibitory or had to be added in milligram quantities to effect any inhibition as contrasted with complete inhibition achieved by microgram quantities of TM-HSA. These specificity studies indicate that the inhalation of TMA results in an antibody response with specificity for unique new antigenic determinants (NAD) which arise from the coupling of TMA with autologous respiratory tract proteins.
Stimulation of Human Lymphocyte Subpopulations by Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Sumiya Morito , Kano Shogo , Oshimi Kazuo , Gonda Nobuyuki , Takaku Fumimaro
Published: July 2009

Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus is known to stimulate human lymphocytes. Using 3H-thymidine incorporation, virus plaque assay and induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), this study showed that soluble or insoluble protein A stimulated different lymphocyte subpopulations. Soluble protein A is highly mitogenic to T lymphocytes. In both 3H-thymidine incorporation and virus plaque assay, its maximum stimulation was as high as the stimulation by the nonspecific mitogens phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A, and a higher CTL response than that induced by phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin A was induced. Mitogenic activity to B lymphocytes was negligible. S. aureus (Cowan I strain) is itself considered to be an insoluble form of protein A and is 3–4 times more mitogenic to B lymphocytes than pokeweed mitogen without any increase in virus plaque-forming cells. No mitogenicity was noted to T lymphocytes. Sepharose CL-4B-protein A, also known as insoluble protein A, stimulated both T and B lymphocytes effectively, but its mitogenicity to T lymphocytes was considered to be due to the soluble protein A released from the Sepharose CL-4B beads.
Antibody Response following Prolonged Hyposensitization with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus Extract
Authors: Chapman M.D. , Platts-Mills T.A.E. , Gabriel M. , Ng H.K. , Allan W.G.L. , Hill L.E. , Nunn A.J.
Published: July 2009

An antigen-binding radioimmunoassay was used to measure IgG, IgA and IgE antibody (ab) to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in sera from patients who had been hyposensitized with either aqueous D. pteronyssinus extract or placebo. An allergen, F4P1, was obtained from D. pteronyssinus culture and 125I-labelled for use in the assay. The radio-allergosorbent test was also used to measure IgE ab to D. pteronyssinus and IgE ab to Dermatophagoides farinae. The radioimmunoassay results showed a selective rise in IgG ab in sera from D. pteronyssinus-treated (DP) patients. An increase of greater than twofold in IgG ab in post-treatment sera was found in 27 of 29 DP patients compared to 1 of 29 placebo-treated (‘placebo’) patients (p < < 0.001). The mean rise in IgG ab in DP patients was sixfold, and the maximum rise was 50-fold. There was little change in the levels of IgA ab or IgE ab in either DP or ‘placebo’ patients during treatment. The DP patients showed significant clinical improvement compared with the ‘placebo’ patients (p < 0.01). However, no correlation was found between post-treatment IgG ab and post-treatment symptom scores, or between the changes in IgG ab and the changes in symptom scores during treatment. The time course of the antigen-binding assay was investigated using very low concentrations of F4P1 The results showed that antigen-binding was slow, even in the presence of an excess of IgG ab. The role of IgG ab in hyposensitization is discussed.
Parasite-Reactive Serum IgE Antibodies in African Populations. Relation to Intestinal Parasite Load
Authors: Revoltella R. , Jayakar S.D. , Tinelli M. , Scaglia M. , Peracino A. , Desmarais J.C. , Siccardi A.G.
Published: July 2009

Serum IgE levels and IgE antibodies against four intestinal parasites, and the presence and abundance of parasites in stool samples were investigated in 161 Rwanda natives. Most of the IgE turn out to be helminth-reacting antibodies. The stimulation and production of these antibodies are much different from those of anti-amoeba antibodies in their relation to the specific intestinal parasite load; helminth infestations seem to play a major role in the development of anti-amoeba antibodies as well.
The Nature of Secretory Agglutinins and Aggregating Factors
Authors: Eggert Michael
Published: July 2009

By themselves the non-mucin glycoproteins of saliva and amniotic fluid produce secretory conglutinin-like factor (SKF) and secretory bacterial aggregating factor (SBAF) activity. These glycoproteins also bind immunoglobulins; a secretory binding factor for immunoglobulins (SBFI) with EDTA-reversible activity is found in amniotic fluid. Agglutination of particles by very small amounts of secretory antibody is facilitated by reversible and irreversible binding of antibody to SKF/SBAF active glycoproteins. EDTA effects on the carrier glycoproteins make the bound antibody activity EDTA-sensitive. The SKF/SBAF glycoproteins also have EDTA-sensitive interactions with each other and possibly with mucins. These complex interactions of secretory glycoproteins and immunoglobulins are of importance in mucosal protection.
Specificity of Receptors for IgG on Human Cytotoxic Plaque-Forming Mononuclear Leukocytes
Authors: Thorsteinsson L. , Michaelsen T.E. , Frøland S.S.
Published: July 2009

Intact rabbit IgG antisheep erythrocyte antibodies, and the corresponding F(ab′)2 fragments and partially reduced and alkylated IgG were studied for the capacity to induce cytotoxic plaque formation by normal human mononuclear leukocytes in surface monolayers of sheep erythrocytes. The F (ab′)2 fragments did not induce plaque formation, whereas partially reduced and alkylated IgG antibodies had a good plaque-inducing capacity compared to untreated IgG anti-SRBC antibodies. The plaque formation was inhibited by human IgG, but not by IgM, IgA, IgD or IgE. Normal and myeloma IgG in aggregated form gave a stronger inhibition than the corresponding proteins. Strong inhibition was observed with IgG1, IgG3, and IgG4, and with IgG2 after aggregation. Both the Fc and pFc’ corresponding to the C terminal domain gave a strong inhibition. Thus, the region of the IgG molecule involved in binding to the Fc receptor of the plaque-forming cells appears to be located within the CH3 domain. These observations, therefore, indicate that the plaque-forming cells are of monocytic origin.
Experimental Erythrocyte Autoimmunity
Authors: Gare N.F. , Cox K.O.
Published: July 2009

Mice injected with rat RBC produce RBC autoantibodies and spleen cells that delay autoantibody production. In this report it is shown that transfer of 5 × 106 blood leukocytes from mice producing autoantibodies to syngeneic recipients before the injections of rat RBC were started, significantly delayed autoantibody production. These circulating suppressor cells were effective if transferred up to 3 weeks before the first injection of rat RBC and were destroyed by 2,000 rad of irradiation before transfer.
Gene Therapy: Design and Prospects for Craniofacial Regeneration
Authors: Scheller E.L. , Krebsbach P.H.
Published: July 2009

Gene therapy is defined as the treatment of disease by transfer of genetic material into cells. This review will explore methods available for gene transfer as well as current and potential applications for craniofacial regeneration, with emphasis on future development and design. Though non-viral gene delivery methods are limited by low gene transfer efficiency, they benefit from relative safety, low immunogenicity, ease of manufacture, and lack of DNA insert size limitation. In contrast, viral vectors are nature’s gene delivery machines that can be optimized to allow for tissue-specific targeting, site-specific chromosomal integration, and efficient long-term infection of dividing and non-dividing cells. In contrast to traditional replacement gene therapy, craniofacial regeneration seeks to use genetic vectors as supplemental building blocks for tissue growth and repair. Synergistic combination of viral gene therapy with craniofacial tissue engineering will significantly enhance our ability to repair and replace tissues in vivo.
Effects of Intense Chewing Exercises on the Masticatory Sensory-Motor System
Authors: Koutris M. , Lobbezoo F. , Naeije M. , Wang K. , Svensson P. , Arendt-Nielsen L. , Farina D.
Published: July 2009

Nociceptive substances, injected into the masseter muscle, induce pain and facilitate the jaw-stretch reflex. It is hypothesized that intense chewing would provoke similar effects. Fourteen men performed 20 bouts of 5-minute chewing. After each bout, 20 min and 24 hrs after the exercise, muscle fatigue and pain scores and the normalized reflex amplitude from the left masseter muscle were recorded. Before, 20 min, and 24 hrs after the exercise, signs of temporomandibular disorders and pressure-pain thresholds of the masticatory muscles were also recorded. Fatigue and pain scores had increased during the exercise (P < 0.001), but the reflex amplitude did not (P = 0.123). Twenty minutes after the exercises, 12 participants showed signs of myofascial pain or arthralgia. Pressure-pain thresholds were decreased after 20 min (P = 0.009) and 24 hrs (P = 0.049). Intense chewing can induce fatigue, pain, and decreased pressure-pain thresholds in the masticatory muscles, without concomitant changes in the jaw-stretch reflex amplitude.
Efficacy of Silver Diamine Fluoride for Arresting Caries Treatment
Authors: Yee R. , Holmgren C. , Mulder J. , Lama D. , Walker D. , van Palenstein Helderman W.
Published: July 2009

Arresting Caries Treatment (ACT) has been proposed to manage untreated dental caries in children. This prospective randomized clinical trial investigated the caries-arresting effectiveness of a single spot application of: (1) 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) with tannic acid as a reducing agent; (2) 38% SDF alone; (3) 12% SDF alone; and (4) no SDF application in primary teeth of 976 Nepalese schoolchildren. The a priori null hypothesis was that the different treatments have no effect in arresting active cavitated caries. Only the single application of 38% SDF with or without tannic acid was effective in arresting caries after 6 months (4.5 and 4.2 mean number of arrested surfaces; p < 0.001), after 1 year (4.1 and 3.4; p < 0.001), and after 2 years (2.2 and 2.1; p < 0.01). Tannic acid conferred no additional benefit. ACT with 38% SDF provides an alternative when restorative treatment for primary teeth is not an option.
Surfactant Release from Hydrophilized Vinylpolysiloxanes
Authors: Balkenhol M. , Haunschild S. , Lochnit G. , Wöstmann B.
Published: July 2009

Vinylpolysiloxane impression materials (VPS) exhibit an apolar (hydrophobic) backbone chemistry. Hence, surfactants are added to improve their hydrophilicity for impression-taking in moist environments. However, the mechanisms at the liquid-VPS-interface regarding the surfactant are unknown. We hypothesized that surfactant is leached from the VPS. Four experimental VPS formulations were fabricated containing 0 (control), 1.5, 3, and 5 wt% non-ionic surfactant. Samples were prepared (n = 6) and contact angles determined 30 min after mixing. After 60 sec, droplets were transferred onto the control. Mass spectrometry was used to analyze the droplets. Contact angles were inversely correlated with the surfactant concentration (p < 0.05). Droplets transferred from hydrophilized specimens onto the control showed similar contact angles. Surfactant could be clearly identified inside the droplets from the hydrophilized samples, however, not inside the control. Surfactants reduced the surface tension of the liquid in contact and did not change the surface properties of the VPS itself.
Dental Pulp and Periodontal Ligament Cells Support Osteoclastic Differentiation
Authors: Uchiyama M. , Nakamichi Y. , Nakamura M. , Kinugawa S. , Yamada H. , Udagawa N. , Miyazawa H.
Published: July 2009

Odontoclasts and cementoclasts are considered to play major roles in the internal resorption of dentin and the external resorption of tooth roots. In this study, we evaluated the osteoclast-inducing ability of human dental pulp and periodontal ligament cells, which are mesenchymal cells in dental tissues. These cells expressed RANKL and OPG mRNA constitutively. As osteoclast precursors, CD14+ monocytes derived from human peripheral blood were isolated, and incubated together with human dental pulp or periodontal ligament cells. Both cell types spontaneously induced the differentiation of CD14+ monocytes into osteoclasts without osteotropic factors. These results suggest that dental pulp and periodontal ligament cells are involved in regulating the differentiation and function of osteoclasts.
Ovariectomy vs. Hypofunction: Their Effects on Rat Mandibular Bone
Authors: Rawlinson S.C.F. , Boyde A. , Davis G.R. , Howell P.G.T. , Hughes F.J. , Kingsmill V.J.
Published: July 2009

Previous studies have suggested that the mandible may be more influenced by mechanical loading than by circulating hormone levels. We tested the hypothesis that hypofunction has a greater influence than ovariectomy on mandibular bone. Two-month-old rats were ovariectomized (OVX) or had maxillary molars removed from one side to induce unilateral mandibular hypofunction. Control animals remained untreated. After 5 months, animals were killed, and bones were assessed by micro-tomography (μCT), quantitative back-scattered electron analysis in an SEM (qBSE-SEM), and light microscopy. Mineralization density was reduced in calvarial, maxillary, and mandibular alveolar bone following OVX, yet was increased in lingual mandibular alveolar bone of the hypo-function animals compared with controls. OVX caused a reduction in osteocyte density in alveolar bone, while hypofunction showed an increase compared with controls. Hypofunction led to alveolar bone becoming more highly mineralized and more cellular, while ovariectomy caused a reduction in both mineralization density and osteocyte numbers.
Effect of Age on Gingival Crevicular Fluid Concentrations of MIF and PGE2
Authors: Nonnenmacher C. , Helms K. , Bacher M. , Nüsing R.M. , Susin C. , Mutters R. , Flores-de-Jacoby L. , Mengel R.
Published: July 2009

We used an experimental gingivitis study design to compare crevicular fluid concentrations of Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in younger (18 to 30 yrs) and older (46 to 77 yrs) healthy adults. PGE2 increased after 1 wk in younger participants, whereas it decreased in older individuals after 1 wk of plaque accumulation. A significant interaction between age and time was observed for PGE2 (p = 0.04). High concentrations of MIF were identified in both age groups at baseline. MIF increased in the younger participants, whereas in the older individuals a decrease over time was observed. MIF concentration was positively correlated with plaque index and gingival index in the older age group. Total counts of bacteria, Parvimonas micra and Prevotella intermedia, were significantly correlated with MIF concentration in older participants. In conclusion, MIF and PGE2 production in response to bacterial accumulation seems to be modified by age.
Fuzzy set-based uncertainty analysis of HVAC&R systems: a simulation study
Authors: Min Ning  , Zaheeruddin M.
Published: July 2009

The accuracy of model predictions plays an important role in model-based applications. However, mathematical models exhibit more or less uncertainties. In this study, a full-scale dynamic model of a two-zone variable air volume heating, ventilation, air-conditioning and refrigeration (VAV-HVAC&R) system is considered. A fuzzy set-based uncertainty analysis method is employed to study the effects of uncertain parameters on HVAC&R system modelling and describe the associated inaccuracies in HVAC&R system model predictions. In this study, uncertain parameters, i.e. zone cooling loads, heat transfer coefficient, chilled water and condenser water mass flow rate and water temperature at condenser inlet are considered and treated as fuzzy parameters. The extended transformation approach is used to evaluate the uncertainties in the model outputs including time history of the zone temperature, discharge air temperature, temperature of chilled water and condenser water. The upper and lower bounds of these outputs are determined for each a-cut level, and the probability distributions of the outputs are presented.

Practical applications: Compared to monitoring of real systems, model-based simulation provides an easier, faster and cheaper substitute to gather operating information and evaluate operating performance of HVAC&R systems. However, simulation results obtained from traditional methods by which model equations are solved with predetermined values cannot accurately represent the possible responses of the system. Thus investigating the probability distributions of the simulation results under parameter uncertainties is very important to ensure the accuracy of the model predictions. The fuzzy set-based uncertainty analysis method presented here helps in identifying the upper and lower bounds of model outputs by quantifying the range within which the responses fall under parameter uncertainties. Also, the contributions of individual uncertain parameters to the uncertainties of model outputs help in identifying the impact parameters.
An Iterative Maximum a Posteriori Estimation of Proficiency Level to Detect Multiple Local Likelihood Maxima
Authors: Magis David , Raîche Gilles
Published: July 2009

In this article the authors focus on the issue of the nonuniqueness of the maximum likelihood (ML) estimator of proficiency level in item response theory (with special attention to logistic models). The usual maximum a posteriori (MAP) method offers a good alternative within that framework; however, this article highlights some drawbacks of its use. The authors then propose an iteratively based MAP estimator (IMAP), which can be useful in detecting multiple local likelihood maxima. The efficiency of the IMAP estimator is studied and is compared to the ML and MAP methods by means of a simulation study.
Successful Reentry
Authors: Bahr Stephen J. , Harris Lish , Fisher James K. , Harker Armstrong Anita
Published: July 2009

In this research the authors examine the reentry of 51 parolees during the 3 years following their release from prison. The objective is to gain increased understanding of what differentiates successful parolees from those who fail. Success is defined as being discharged from parole by 3 years after release. The study examines the extent to which drug treatment, friendships, work, family bonds, and age are associated with reentry success. Contrary to expectations, it is found that closeness to mother, closeness to father, having a partner, being a parent, and education level are not associated with parole success. Those who succeed on parole are more likely to have taken a substance abuse class while in prison and on release tend to spend more time in enjoyable activities with friends. Among the employed, those that worked at least 40 hours a week are more likely to complete parole successfully. Qualitative data indicate that successful parolees had more support from family and friends and had more self-efficacy, which help them stay away from drugs and peers who use drugs. The findings are consistent with an integrated life course theory.
Is Employment Associated With Reduced Recidivism?
Authors: Tripodi Stephen J. , Kim Johnny S. , Bender Kimberly
Published: July 2009

This article explores the association between employment and recidivism for parolees released from Texas prisons. Along with determining whether obtaining employment on release from prison is associated with decreased odds of reincarceration, this article analyzes whether obtaining employment is associated with increased time to reincarceration. Proportional hazard models were used to examine the effect of employment on reincarceration over time. This analysis allowed a unique view of desistance from crime as a process of behavioral change with multiple stages. Results generally support this perspective, finding that although obtaining employment is not associated with a significant decrease in likelihood of reincarceration, it is associated with significantly greater time to reincarceration. Thus, among parolees who are reincarcerated, those who obtain employment spend more time crime-free in the community before returning to prison. This article argues that increased time crime-free is an indicator of positive behavior change that should be supplemented with clinical interventions to help formerly incarcerated persons maintain the initial motivation associated with employment.
Geographic information science: emerging research on the societal implications of the geospatial web
Authors: Elwood Sarah
Published: July 2009

This review examines emerging research on the geoweb, particularly recent efforts to assess the social, political and disciplinary shifts associated with it. The rise of the geoweb is associated with shifts in the processes and power relations of spatial data creation and use, reconfigurations in previously bounded disciplinary knowledge sets, and shifts in the subjectivities and social relations that are produced through the geoweb’s technologies, data, and practices. This early research on the societal implications of the geoweb is drawing productively upon conceptual frameworks from critical GIS, public participation GIS, and spatial data infrastructure research, but must also theorize beyond these existing bodies of work.
Using an IADL Assessment to Identify Older Adults Who Need a Behind-the-Wheel Driving Evaluation
Authors: Dickerson Anne , Reistetter Timothy , Trujillo Leonard
Published: July 2009

Occupational therapists need to routinely assess driving ability in hospital and/or rehabilitation settings. The purpose of this study is to determine if the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS), an observational tool of instrumental activities of daily living, could discriminate between older adult drivers who pass, pass with restrictions, or fail a behind-the-wheel (BTW) evaluation. Forty-six participants were evaluated with a BTW driving assessment and the AMPS. Two one-way ANOVAs found significant differences for both the motor and process scores suggesting the AMPS can be used as a screening tool for driving. Results also showed no significant difference in age between those participants who passed, failed, or needed restrictions supporting the concept that driving abilities are related more to function, not age. Exploration of minimum scores is discussed.
Lead Encephalopathy in an Infant Mimicking a Neurometabolic Disorder
Authors: Sahu Jitendra K. , Sharma Suvasini , Kamate Mahesh , Kumar Atin , Gulati Sheffali , Kabra Madhulika , Kalra Veena
Published: July 2009

We report the case of a 7-month-old child who presented with regression of milestones, seizures, altered sensorium, and vomiting. An elder sibling had died of similar complaints. Lead encephalopathy was considered because of presence of microcytic hypochromic anemia and dense metaphyseal bands on wrist radiogram. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed diffuse dysmyelination involving both periventricular and subcortical white matter. Such diffuse changes have not been described previously. The child’s father was operating an illicit lead-acid battery manufacturing unit at home. The child was subjected to chelation therapy, which was accompanied by environmental exposure source modification. He showed significant improvement. Our case highlights the importance of taking a detailed occupational history and considering lead poisoning in the differential diagnosis of encephalopathy of unidentifiable cause.
Muscular Dystrophy: Central Nervous System α-Dystroglycan Glycosylation Defects and Brain Malformation
Authors: Fagiolari Gigliola , Cappellini Anna , Cagliani Rachele , Prelle Alessandro , Lucchini Valeria , Fortunato Francesco , Locatelli Federica , Crugnola Veronica , Comi Giacomo Pietro , Bresolin Nereo , Moggio Maurizio , Lamperti Costanza
Published: July 2009

The authors describe the case of a patient affected with congenital muscular dystrophy with lack of muscle α-dystroglycan. Brain gross anatomy showed lissencephaly and pachygyria. Light microscopy showed heterotopias in white matter. The brain stem and cerebellum were normal. They found no expression of α-dystroglycan either in the frontal cortex or in the heterotopic nuclei, while a normal expression was found in the cerebellum. These results suggest that α-dystroglycan glycosylation defects may account for both the muscle disease and the brain supratentorial malformation in our patient. The authors did not identify any mutations in the genes most frequently related to these syndromes. Therefore, this case suggests that a new gene may be associated with congenital muscular dystrophy with α-dystroglycan glycosylation defects, cortical migration defects, and sparing of the cerebellum.
Full-width Disbonding Effect on Repaired Cracks in Structural Panels with Bonded Composite Patches
Authors: Ouinas D. , Hebbar A.
Published: July 2009

The process of repair of structures by using bonded composite patch is an effective and economical method to increase the service life of damaged structures. In this study, the finite element method is used to analyze the behavior of a crack repaired by a circular patch by computing the stress intensity factor (SIF) at the crack tip with and without the disbond. The obtained results show that the boron/epoxy 0° fiber perpendicular to the crack, considerably influences the reduction of the SIF with regard to the boron/epoxy 0° fiber oriented in the parallel direction to the crack. Moreover, the increase of the disbond area amplifies the SIF of the repaired crack and the rate of this increase strongly depends on the disbond area. When the disbond is significant between the patch and the plate, it reduces the repair effectiveness and the crack growth under loading becomes important. The disbond growth results in patch separation.
Thermal Degradation and Combustion Behavior of a Modified Intumescent Flame-retardant ABS Composite
Authors: Dai Pei-Bang , Wang De-Yi , Wang Yu-Zhong
Published: July 2009

With the aim of improving compatibility between intumescent flame-retardant (IFR) acrylonitrile—butadiene—styrene (ABS) composites, we have prepared a modified intumescent flame-retardant composite (IFRC) powder by compounding the three components of the IFR normally used with TX-10 surfactant/polyacrylate latex. The ABS/IFRC composites were compared with the unfilled ABS by investigating their thermal degradation and combustion behaviors with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and a cone calorimeter (CONE). The DSC and TGA data showed that the thermal stability of the ABS/IFRC at high temperature could be enhanced and the char residue formation was effectively increased by comparison with the ABS. The CONE results revealed that IFRC was clearly able to change the decomposition behavior of ABS and form a char layer on the surface of the composites, resulting in an efficient reduction of their flammability parameters compared with the ABS, such as the heat release rate, total heat release, rate of smoke release, total smoke release, and so on.
Annexation, Local Government Spending, and the Complicating Role of Density
Authors: Edwards Mary M. , Yu Xiao
Published: July 2009

Annexation is often touted as a strategy to improve the overall fiscal environment of a municipality. The empirical literature on the role of annexation in municipal finance, however, has yielded inconsistent results. This article examines annexation in nearly 1,000 municipalities for its effects on local government spending. Results show that spending is influenced by annexation, but the effects on spending are complicated by accompanying changes in municipal density levels. If annexation is accompanied by higher densities, the local government will certainly experience lower increases in per-capita spending levels. However, if annexation is accompanied by lower densities, the local government may or may not experience lower increases in per-capita spending levels, depending on changes in land area relative to changes in density.