bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High resolution diffusion‐weighted imaging using readout‐segmented echo‐planar imaging, parallel imaging and a two‐dimensional navigator‐based reacquisition
Authors: Porter David A. , Heidemann Robin M.
Published: May 2009

Single‐shot echo‐planar imaging (EPI) is well established as the method of choice for clinical, diffusion‐weighted imaging with MRI because of its low sensitivity to the motion‐induced phase errors that occur during diffusion sensitization of the MR signal. However, the method is prone to artifacts due to susceptibility changes at tissue interfaces and has a limited spatial resolution. The introduction of parallel imaging techniques, such as GRAPPA (GeneRalized Autocalibrating Partially Parallel Acquisitions), has reduced these problems, but there are still significant limitations, particularly at higher field strengths, such as 3 Tesla (T), which are increasingly being used for routine clinical imaging. This study describes how the combination of readout‐segmented EPI and parallel imaging can be used to address these issues by generating high‐resolution, diffusion‐weighted images at 1.5T and 3T with a significant reduction in susceptibility artifact compared with the single‐shot case. The technique uses data from a 2D navigator acquisition to perform a nonlinear phase correction and to control the real‐time reacquisition of unusable data that cannot be corrected. Measurements on healthy volunteers demonstrate that this approach provides a robust correction for motion‐induced phase artifact and allows scan times that are suitable for routine clinical application. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo differentiation of two vessel wall layers in lower extremity peripheral vein bypass grafts: Application of high‐resolution inner‐volume black blood 3D FSE
Authors: Mitsouras Dimitris , Owens Christopher D. , Conte Michael S. , Ersoy Hale , Creager Mark A. , Rybicki Frank J. , Mulkern Robert V.
Published: May 2009

Lower extremity peripheral vein bypass grafts (LE‐PVBG) imaged with high‐resolution black blood three‐dimensional (3D) inner‐volume (IV) fast spin echo (FSE) MRI at 1.5 Tesla possess a two‐layer appearance in T1W images while only the inner layer appears visible in the corresponding T2W images. This study quantifies this difference in six patients imaged 6 months after implantation, and attributes the difference to the T2 relaxation rates of vessel wall tissues measured ex vivo in two specimens with histologic correlation. The visual observation of two LE‐PVBG vessel wall components imaged in vivo is confirmed to be significant (P < 0.0001), with a mean vessel wall area difference of 6.8 ± 2.7 mm2 between contrasts, and a ratio of T1W to T2W vessel wall area of 1.67 ± 0.28. The difference is attributed to a significantly (P < 0.0001) shorter T2 relaxation in the adventitia (T2 = 52.6 ± 3.5 ms) compared with the neointima/media (T2 = 174.7 ± 12.1 ms). Notably, adventitial tissue exhibits biexponential T2 signal decay (P < 0.0001 vs monoexponential). Our results suggest that high‐resolution black blood 3D IV‐FSE can be useful for studying the biology of bypass graft wall maturation and pathophysiology in vivo, by enabling independent visualization of the relative remodeling of the neointima/media and adventitia. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interleaved spiral‐in/out with application to functional MRI (fMRI)
Authors: Law Christine S. , Glover Gary H.
Published: May 2009

The conventional spiral‐in/out trajectory samples k‐space sufficiently in the spiral‐in path and sufficiently in the spiral‐out path to enable creation of separate images. We propose an “interleaved spiral‐in/out” trajectory comprising a spiral‐in path that gathers one half of the k‐space data, and a complimentary spiral‐out path that gathers the other half. The readout duration is thereby reduced by approximately half, offering two distinct advantages: reduction of signal dropout due to susceptibility‐induced field gradients (at the expense of signal‐to‐noise ratio [SNR]), and the ability to achieve higher spatial resolution when the readout duration is identical to the conventional method. Two reconstruction methods are described; both involve temporal filtering to remove aliasing artifacts. Empirically, interleaved spiral‐in/out images are free from false activation resulting from signal pileup around the air/tissue interface, which is common in the conventional spiral‐out method. Comparisons with conventional methods using a hyperoxia stimulus reveal greater frontal‐orbital activation volumes but a slight reduction of overall activation in other brain regions. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contamination of single‐voxel multiple quantum filters by external water signals arising from intermolecular multiple quantum coherences
Authors: Thompson Richard B. , Allen Peter S.
Published: May 2009

Multiple‐quantum filtered pulse sequences simplify overlapping metabolite spectra by the elimination of peaks from uncoupled spin species, most notably from methyl groups and water, and the minimization of unwanted coupled‐spin peaks. However, it is shown in this study that a significant contaminant water signal can pass through this family of filters in the form of intermolecular multiple‐quantum coherences. An imaging evaluation of a single‐voxel multiple quantum filter experiment confirms that the water contamination is excited from outside of the voxel of interest, thus having an increased potential for broad spectral contamination. Phantom and in vivo experiments at 3.0 T are used to illustrate, first, significant water contamination of a single‐voxel double quantum filter experiment optimized for the observation of glutamate, and second, the elimination of the unwanted water signal with conventional phase cycling and optimized filter gradient orientations. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Public participation and the concept of space in environmental governance: An application of PPGIS
Authors: Sun Milan Tung‐Wen , Tsai Yun‐Tung , Shih Mei‐Chiang , Lin Jessica Yu‐Wen
Published: May 2009

Citizen participation ought to be important in environmental governance. However, environmental issues are usually defined as science‐related ones, wherein expert knowledge is more important than the opinions, demands or needs of citizens. On the other hand, environmental issues involve spatial dimensions, the geographic characteristics of which require specific techniques to analyse. PPGIS is applied to study An‐Shun, the site of a well‐known pollution case in Taiwan, to reveal, through a participatory process, the perception of space of citizens of a nearby community. The results of this study suggest that the government needs to ensure more citizen participation in its future plans for the decontamination and renovation of the An‐Shun site. Lay knowledge or citizen perceptions of space should not replace scientific knowledge, but can supplement it. They are additional views that ought to be considered by government agencies in dealing with environmental issues. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of Armenian local government corruption potential
Authors: Coxson Samuel Louis
Published: May 2009

Local government in many developing countries is prone to institutional and individual corruption. Using a set of questions developed for a Baseline Review of the status of procedures and practices of Armenian local governments, a general matrix was developed that may be applied to any local government in any country. The matrix looks at three broad areas where the potential for corruption has historically been high: awareness and reporting suspected corruption, procurement practices, and internal control practices and procedures. This article presents a methodology (the matrix questions) that will enable the development practitioner to rapidly assess the corruption potential and develop training or technical assistance to reduce the corruption potential. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Different problems associated with the stress trajectories element method (Poster Presentation)
Authors: Galybin A. N.
Published: May 2009

This study deals with the determination of stresses in statically determined solids of arbitrary rheology. The stress trajectory concept is used as the basic element in numerical formulations. Different types of data can be employed, which necessitates consideration of different mathematical problems associated with the stress identification. Three classes of data are discussed and an example from geodynamic is presented. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Acoustic scattering by a thin cylindrical screen with Dirichlet and impedance boundary conditions on opposite sides of the screen
Authors: Krutitskii Pavel , Kolybasova Valentina
Published: May 2009

A problem on scattering acoustic waves by a thin cylindrical screen is studied. In doing so, the Dirichlet condition is specified on one side of the screen, while the impedance boundary condition is specified on the other side of the screen. The solution of the problem is subject to the radiating condition at infinity and to the propagative Helmholtz equation. By using the potential theory the scattering problem is reduced to a system of singular integral equations with additional conditions. By regularization and subsequent transformations, this system is reduced to a vector Fredholm equation of the second kind and index zero. It is proved that the obtained vector Fredholm equation is uniquely solvable. Therefore the integral representation for a solution of the original scattering problem is obtained. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Efficient calibration for problems in option pricing
Authors: Giese A. M. , Kaebe C. , Maruhn J. H. , Sachs E. W.
Published: May 2009

The pricing of derivatives has gained considerable importance in the finance industry and leads to challenging problems in numerical optimization. We focus on the numerical solution of a stochastic model for option prices. In particular, we are concerned with the calibration of these models to real data, which leads to large scale optimization problems. We consider the numerical solution of these optimization problems and give some indication how to reduce the complexity of these problems. Special emphasis is devoted to a multi‐layer strategy which is embedded into the optimization iteration. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis and degradation of biomedical materials based on linear and star shaped polyglycidols
Authors: Keul Helmut , Möller Martin
Published: May 2009

Linear and star shaped polyglycidols (synonym with polyglycerols) are prepared in a controlled ring opening polymerization of protected glycidols. Beside the molar mass and the polydispersity, the architecture of the polyglycidols is controlled by using mono‐ and multifunctional mono‐ and polydispers initiators. Copolymers of dissimilarly protected glycidols as well as copolymers with nonfunctional oxiranes were prepared by means of anionic polymerization while copolymers of protected glycidol with tetrahydrofuran were prepared by means of cationic polymerization. Polyethers with functional groups in the side chains (functional polyethers) with special emphasis on polyglycidols (containing hydroxymethyl groups in the side chains) were used to prepare multifunctional polymers and (hetero)grafted polymer brushes via chemical and enzyme catalyzed reaction. The potential of poly(glycidol‐graft‐ε‐caprolactone)‐co‐glycidol) prepared via enzyme catalyzed grafting of polyglycidols using ε‐caprolactone as a monomer and Lipase B from Candida antarctica as a catalyst is presented. Finally, comparative degradation studies of densely and loosely grafted polyglycidols are presented and discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 3209–3231, 2009
Negative ion fragmentations of deprotonated peptides containing post‐translational modifications: diphosphorylated systems containing Ser, Thr and Tyr. A characteristic phosphate/phosphate cyclisation. A joint experimental and theoretical study
Authors: Andreazza Hayley J. , Wang Tianfang , Bilusich Daniel , Hoffmann Peter , Bowie John H.
Published: May 2009

[M–H]− anions from small diphosphopeptides (phosphate groups on Ser, Thr or Tyr) show characteristic peaks corresponding to m/z 177 (H3P2O), 159 (HP2O) and sometimes [(M‐H)−–H4P2O7]−. M/z 177 and m/z 159 are major peaks in the spectra of small peptides with 1,2, 1,3, 1,4, 1,5 and 1,6 diphosphate substitution, which means that the decomposing [M–H]− anions must have flexible structures in order for the two phosphate groups to interact with each other. Peptides where the two phosphate groups are more than six amino acid residues apart have not been studied. Theoretical calculations indicate that m/z 177 is formed in a strongly exothermic reaction involving facile nucleophilic interaction between the two phosphate groups: m/z 159 is formed by loss of water from energised m/z 177. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conformational changes in Akt1 activation probed by amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange and nano‐electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Guo Mingquan , Huang Bill X. , Kim Hee‐Yong
Published: May 2009

Amide hydrogen exchange coupled to nano‐electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (nano‐ESI‐MS) has been used to identify and characterize localized conformational changes of Akt upon activation. Active or inactive Akt was incubated in D2O buffer, digested with pepsin, and analyzed by nano‐ESI‐MS to determine the deuterium incorporation. The hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange profiles revealed that Akt undergoes considerable conformational changes in the core structures of all three individual domains after activation. In the PH domain, four β‐strand (β1, β2 β5 and β6) regions containing membrane‐binding residues displayed higher solvent accessibility in the inactive state, suggesting that the PH domain is readily available for the binding to the plasma membrane for activation. In contrast, these β‐strands became less exposed or more folded in the active form, which is favored for the dissociation of Akt from the membrane. The beginning α‐helix J region and the C‐terminal locus (T450‐470P) of the regulatory domain showed less folded structures that probably enable substrate entry. Our data also revealed detailed conformational changes of Akt in the kinase domain due to activation, some of which may be attributed to the interaction of the basic residues with phosphorylation sites. Our H/D exchange results indicating the conformational status of Akt at different activation states provided new insight for the regulation of this critical protein involved in cell survival. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increasing physical function through physiatric intervention for children with paediatric neurotransmitter disorders
Authors: Evans S. , Forester K. , Pettiford J. M. , Morozova O.
Published: May 2009

Most children with paediatric neurotransmitter diseases have global functional deficits secondary to central nervous system damage. Paediatric physiatrists, working in conjunction with a multi‐disciplinary team, help to improve physical function by normalizing muscle tone and improving body position. Components of spasticity, rigidity, and dystonia may all need to be considered in a comprehensive treatment programme. Complications of disordered tone include skin breakdown, pain, sleep disturbance, and dysphagia. With an integrated approach to use of medications and equipment as well as implementation of therapy and therapeutic exercise, physiatrists can help maximize functional independence for children with this group of disorders. Pharmacological treatment includes GABA‐agonists including baclofen and benzodiazepines, alpha‐2 adrenergic agonists, l‐dopa and dopaminergic agents, and dantrolene. Intrathecal baclofen may be used in patients refractory to these medications. In addition, physicians may utilize botulinum toxin, phenol, or surgical interventions such as selective dorsal rhizotomy or tendon lengthening. Pharmacological treatment must be used in conjunction with appropriate adaptive equipment in order to maximize therapeutic benefit. Focus on function in an attempt to increase independence is targeted to improve the child′s quality of life. We present a framework and rationale to the management of the functional consequences of the paediatric neurotransmitter diseases.
Keeping secrets from parents: Daily variations among poor, urban adolescents
Authors: Smetana Judith G. , Villalobos Myriam , Rogge Ronald D. , Tasopoulos‐Chan Marina
Published: May 2009

Daily variations in secrecy with mothers and fathers were examined in 108 poor, urban, diverse middle adolescents (M = 15.16 years, SD = 0.89). Adolescents completed online diaries over 14 days assessing secrecy from parents about school, personal, and multifaceted activities (e.g., staying out late), and bad behavior. Three‐level hierarchical linear models indicated that there were significant daily fluctuations in adolescents' secrecy with mothers and that adolescents kept more secrets from mothers about personal than other activities. Secrecy with mothers also was associated with greater involvement in problem behavior. For both mothers and fathers, secrecy on the current day was associated with greater secrecy on the previous day and with poorer overall relationships (as aggregated across study days) with that parent. Thus, for mothers, secrecy appeared to be associated with both stable factors and daily variations, whereas for fathers, secrecy was associated primarily with stable factors. The results provide a detailed picture of secrecy in diverse adolescents' everyday lives.
The Consumption of Music as Self-Representation in Social Interaction
Authors: Larsen Gretchen , Lawson Rob , Todd Sarah
Published: May 2009

Although it is widely accepted that music can be used as a tool to communicate symbolic meaning, there has been little inquiry into how music is consumed to represent the self in social interaction. This paper seeks to provide new insights into the ways in which individuals symbolically consume recorded music. Through the interpretation of phenomenological data gathered from 16 sources, a conceptual framework is developed which depicts the relationship between the consumer's self-concept, the symbolic properties of music and the consumption situation. The conceptual framework of the consumption of music as self-representation proposes that individuals can use music to represent themselves in social interaction when the meaning of that music is congruent with the image of themselves that they wish to present. This framework clearly illustrates the strength of situational influence and the role of fluid and multiple self-conceptions identities in the symbolic consumption of music.
The New BAUS Section of Academic Urology: A Survey of the Urological Community
Authors: Nelson A.W. , Ahmad I. , Pickard R.S. , Leung H.Y.
Published: May 2009

Objective:

In 2007 the Section of Academic Urology was established as the fifth subspecialty section of the British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS). We conducted a survey of urologists and scientists involved in urological research in order to see how the new section could best serve the needs of the academic and clinical community.

Materials and methods:

A ten-part questionnaire was distributed to members of BAUS and BURST (British Urological Researchers in Training) via invitation, email and face-to-face contact. Results were collated using internet-based survey software.

Results:

Fifty-eight surveys were returned of which fifty-three (91.4%) were complete; forty-one respondents were career-grade clinicians, forty-six respondents were clinicians with prior research experience, forty respondents indicated a high level of interest in joining the academic section. Establishment of clinical research networks, face-to-face networking, contribution to scientific research in urology and provision of academic training emerged as priority areas for the section to address.

Conclusions:

Our survey population is a young and highly qualified group, with previous research experience and a desire to conduct further research. Priority areas for the new section to meet were highlighted, however a larger survey population, including non-clinical scientists would help to better establish the views of the wider urological community.
Parallel Imaging Artifacts in Body Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Noël Patricia , Bammer Roland , Reinhold Caroline , Haider Masoom A.
Published: May 2009

Objective

To familiarize the reader with the fundamental concepts of partial parallel imaging (PPI); to review the technical aspects of PPI including calibration scan, coil geometry, and field of view (FOV); and to illustrate artifacts related to parallel imaging and describe solutions to minimize their negative impact.

Results

PPI has led to a significant advance in body magnetic resonance imaging by reducing the time required to generate an image without loss of spatial resolution. Although PPI can improve image quality, it is not free of artifacts, which can result in significant image degradation. Knowledge of these artifacts and how to minimize their effect is important to optimize the use of parallel imaging for specific body magnetic resonance imaging applications.

Conclusions

The reader will be introduced to the fundamental principles of PPI. Common imaging characteristics of PPI artifacts will be displayed with an emphasis on those seen with image-based methods, the principles behind their generation presented, and measures to minimize their negative impact will be proposed.
Apigenin inhibits proliferation of ovarian cancer A2780 cells through Id1
Authors: Li Zhao-dong , Hu Xiao-wen , Wang Yu-tian , Fang Jing
Published: May 2009

Apigenin, a common dietary flavonoid, has been shown to possess anti‐tumor properties. However, the mechanism by which apigenin inhibits cancer cells is not fully understood. Id1 (inhibitor of differentiation or DNA binding protein 1) contributes to tumorigenesis by stimulating cell proliferation, inhibiting cell differentiation and facilitating tumor neoangiogenesis. Elevated Id1 is found in ovarian cancers and its level correlates with the malignant potential of ovarian tumors. Therefore, Id1 is a potential target for ovarian cancer treatment. Here, we demonstrate that apigenin inhibits proliferation and tumorigenesis of human ovarian cancer A2780 cells through Id1. Apigenin suppressed the expression of Id1 through activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3). Our results may elucidate a new mechanism underlying the inhibitory effects of apigenin on cancer cells.
The yeast MAPK Hog1 is not essential for immediate survival under osmostress
Authors: Maayan Inbal , Engelberg David
Published: May 2009

The yeast HOG pathway is activated in response to increased osmolarity and affects many cellular activities. As cells lacking Hog1 are osmo‐sensitive it is believed that Hog1 is essential for survival under osmostress. We show, however, that hog1Δ cells survive and even proliferate to some degree under high osmostress for many hours. If forced to enter G1/G0 prior the exposure to osmostress, hog1Δ cells survive for at least 6 days. We suggest that the primary role of Hog1 is not to preserve viability upon exposure to stress. We discuss the possibility that Hog1 is needed for proliferation under osmostress.
Crime, organised crime and corruption in post-communist Europe and the CIS
Authors: Holmes Leslie
Published: May 2009

This article examines the incomplete and sometimes contradictory evidence on the crime, organised crime and corruption situations in post-communist states, and then seeks to explain the apparent increase in all three in early post-communism. Among the factors considered are the impact of weak states and economies, neo-liberalism, globalisation, Schengen and Fortress Europe, the Communist legacy (the ‘ghost from the past’), and collusion. The article then examines the dynamics of criminality and malfeasance in the region, and provides evidence to suggest that the crime and corruption situation has stabilised or even improved in most post-communist countries in recent times. The factors considered for explaining this apparent improvement are the role of external agents (notably the EU), the move from transition to consolidation, and the role of political will.
Economical Elimination of Cycles in the Torus
Authors: ALON NOGA
Published: May 2009

Let m > 2 be an integer, let C2m denote the cycle of length 2m on the set of vertices [−m, m) = {−m, −m + 1, . . ., m − 2, m − 1}, and let G = G(m, d) denote the graph on the set of vertices [−m, m)d, in which two vertices are adjacent if and only if they are adjacent in C2m in one coordinate, and equal in all others. This graph can be viewed as the graph of the d-dimensional torus. We prove that one can delete a fraction of at most $O(\frac{\log d}{m})$ of the vertices of G so that no topologically non-trivial cycles remain. This is tight up to the logd factor and improves earlier estimates by various researchers.
Soziale Phobie
Authors: Bohn Christiane , Stangier Ulrich
Published: May 2009

Soziale Phobie gehört epidemiologischen Studien zufolge zu den häufigsten psychischen Störungen und führt bei Betroffenen zu einer erheblichen Beeinträchtigung der Lebensqualität. Im vorliegenden Übersichtsartikel werden zunächst die Symptomatik und diagnostische Instrumente beschrieben und biologische, lerntheoretische und kognitive Theorien zur Ätiologie der sozialen Phobie erläutert. Anschließend werden Interpersonelle und Psychodynamische Therapie, Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie basierend auf dem Modell von Clark und Wells (1995 ) sowie Vorgehensweisen bei komorbiden Störungen als mögliche Behandlungsansätze vorgestellt und diskutiert.
Masked Primes Can Be Genuinely Semantically Processed
Authors: Van den Bussche Eva , Notebaert Karolien , Reynvoet Bert
Published: May 2009

Van den Bussche and Reynvoet (2007) argued that since significant priming was observed for novel primes from a large category, subliminal primes can be processed semantically. However, a possible confound in this study was the presence of nonsemantic effects such as orthographic overlap between primes and targets. Therefore, the first aim of this study was to validate our previous claim when nonsemantic influences are avoided. The second aim was to investigate the impact of nonsemantic stimulus processing on priming effects by manipulating target set size. The results showed that when nonsemantic effects are eliminated by presenting primes as pictures and targets as words, significant priming emerged for large stimulus categories and a large target set. This cannot be explained by nonsemantic accounts of subliminal processing and shows that subliminal primes can be truly semantically processed. However, when using a limited amount of targets, stimulating nonsemantic processing, priming disappeared. This indicates that the task context will determine whether stimuli will be processed semantically or nonsemantically, which in turn can influence priming effects.
Irrelevant Tapping and the Acoustic Confusion Effect
Authors: Guérard Katherine , Jalbert Annie , Neath Ian , Surprenant Aimée M. , Bireta Tamra J.
Published: May 2009

When items in a to-be-remembered list sound similar, recall performance is worse than when items are acoustically distinct, what is known as the acoustic confusion effect (ACE). When participants are asked to tap a syncopated rhythm during list presentation, the difference between the acoustically similar and dissimilar conditions is abolished; however, simple temporal and simple spatial tapping tasks have no effect. The objective of the present study is to examine whether spatial complexity is a property of the tapping task that interferes with the ACE. Participants were asked to tap a simple (Experiment 1) or a complex spatial pattern (Experiment 2) at a regular pace during a verbal serial recall task in which acoustic similarity was manipulated. The results showed that simple spatial tapping had no effect on the ACE, whereas complex spatial tapping significantly reduced the effect. Implications for three theories of memory are discussed.
The Effect of Searching Versus Surfing on Cognitive and Emotional Responses to Online News
Authors: Wise Kevin , Kim Hyo Jung , Kim Jeesum
Published: May 2009

A mixed-design experiment was conducted to explore differences between searching and surfing on cognitive and emotional responses to online news. Ninety-two participants read three unpleasant news stories from a website. Half of the participants acquired their stories by searching, meaning they had a previous information need in mind. The other half of the participants acquired their stories by surfing, with no previous information need in mind. Heart rate, skin conductance, and corrugator activation were collected as measures of resource allocation, motivational activation, and unpleasantness, respectively, while participants read each story. Self-report valence and recognition accuracy were also measured. Stories acquired by searching elicited greater heart rate acceleration, skin conductance level, and corrugator activation during reading. These stories were rated as more unpleasant, and their details were recognized more accurately than similar stories that were acquired by surfing. Implications of these results for understanding how people process online media are discussed.
The Effects of Censored and Uncensored Sexually Explicit Music on Sexual Attitudes and Perceptions of Sexual Activity
Authors: Sprankle Eric L. , End Christian M.
Published: May 2009

The effects of censored versus uncensored sexually explicit music on undergraduate students’ attitudes toward premarital sex, perception of peer sexual activity, and attitudes toward women were examined. Under the guise of a lyrical memory task, the experiment involved groups of participants who were randomly assigned to listen to an uncensored sexually explicit song, a censored version of the same song, a nonsexual song by the same artist, or no music. The lyrical content did not have a significant impact the participants’ self-reported sexual attitudes and perceptions of peer sexual activity. Additionally, the music (or lack of) did not significantly alter attitudes toward premarital sex, perceptions of peer sexual activity, or attitudes toward women. The nonsignificant difference between the sexually explicit songs and the nonsexual songs challenges the psychological and lay theories that exposure to sexually explicit music instigates attitudinal change.
Applying Latent Growth Models to the Analysis of Media Effects
Authors: Schemer Christian , Matthes Jörg , Wirth Werner
Published: May 2009

The present article demonstrates the use of random-effects models, such as latent growth models (LGM), for the estimation of media effects on attitudes in longitudinal designs. On the basis of data from a three-wave panel study on the asylum law campaign in Switzerland, we show that the attitude change process can be modeled more appropriately relying on LGM compared to conventional procedures. Specifically, we demonstrate that LGM is likely to unmask media effects that were not obtained with conventional autoregressive fixed-effects models (ARM). In fact, applying LGM reveals moderate effects of media use on political attitudes toward the asylum law in the course of the campaign.
Secondary Transfer Effect of Contact
Authors: Pettigrew Thomas F.
Published: May 2009

This paper reviews the evidence for a secondary transfer effect of intergroup contact. Following a contact’s typical primary reduction in prejudice toward the outgroup involved in the contact, this effect involves a further, secondary reduction in prejudice toward noninvolved outgroups. Employing longitudinal German probability samples, we found that significant secondary transfer effects of intergroup contact exist, but they were limited to specific outgroups that are similar to the contacted outgroup in perceived stereotypes, status or stigma. Since the contact-prejudice link is bidirectional, the effect is inflated when prior prejudice reducing contact is not controlled. The strongest evidence derives from experimental research. Both cognitive (dissonance) and affective (evaluative conditioning) explanations for the effect are offered.
Self-Focused Attention, Perspective-Taking, and False Consensus
Authors: Gendolla Guido H.E. , Wicklund Robert A.
Published: May 2009

A quasi-experimental study examined the effects of self-focused attention on acknowledging or ignoring others’ perspectives. University students scoring high vs. low in private and public self-focus estimated the opinion of a fellow student. For these estimates, a relevant cue for the fellow student’s most probable opinion was provided or not. The results replicate earlier studies that have demonstrated that attention focused on the self enhances perspective-taking and reduces egocentrism when a cue for others’ perspectives is provided: High private self-focus (self-awareness) turned out to further perspective-taking and, thus, to reduce egocentrism under the critical condition of a cue being presented for the other’s perspective. These results, as well as earlier research, contradict findings by Fenigstein and Abrams (1993) , which were interpreted as showing that self-focus enhances egocentrism in a false consensus paradigm.
Men on the “Pull”
Authors: Hofmann Wilhelm , Friese Malte , Gschwendner Tobias
Published: May 2009

In the present study, we adapted and validated a measure of automatic approach-avoidance tendencies toward sexual stimuli in a male heterosexual sample (N = 29). As expected, automatic approach-avoidance tendencies, as measured via push and pull reactions in a joystick task, primarily predicted an unobtrusive measure of the time participants viewed erotic slides but not a more deliberate measure of forced-choice between an erotic and an art calendar. Conversely, participants’ explicit attitudes primarily predicted the forced-choice measure but not viewing time. Furthermore, automatic approach-avoidance tendencies discriminated reliably between those participants who were and those who were not currently engaged in a romantic relationship.
Listing and Structuring of Discussion Content
Authors: Voigtlaender Denise , Pfeiffer Felix , Schulz-Hardt Stefan
Published: May 2009

Groups often fail to solve so-called “hidden profiles.” Common explanations for this failure focus on group processes. However, recent findings show that group members stick to their individual faulty preferences even in the absence of such group processes. The present study examines whether listing and structuring of discussion content improves individual decision quality in hidden profile tasks. We found that the probability of detecting the best and the worst alternative was higher in the experimental conditions where participants listed and structured all information concerning decision alternatives, as compared to a control condition without any listing and structuring. Additional structuring criteria, namely structuring according to valence and novelty of information did not affect solution rates.
Incidental Similarity Facilitates Behavioral Mimicry
Authors: Guéguen Nicolas , Martin Angélique
Published: May 2009

Research has shown that mimicry increases the social influence of the mimicker and leads to greater liking of the mimicker. It has been proposed that mimicry is exhibited to create affiliation and rapport during social interaction. In two experiments (total N = 95) we manipulated the role of incidental similarity between two individuals on mimicry behavior. Undergraduates who believed they had (vs. did not have) the same first name (Study 1) or same subject of study (Study 2) as a target presented on videotape were more likely to mimic the target’s nonverbal behavior. Results support the notion that mimicry helps to create affiliation and rapport because the desire to build such a relationship is higher in the similarity condition.
Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Social Dominance Orientation
Authors: Crowson H. Michael
Published: May 2009

The purpose of this study was to test an integrative model in which worldview beliefs were treated as antecedents of right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO), and two sets of attitudes related to the War on Terror: endorsement of restrictions on human rights/civil liberties and support for the US military invasion of Iraq in 2003. Dangerous and competitive world beliefs significantly predicted RWA and SDO, respectively, during structural equation modeling. Whereas both RWA and SDO predicted endorsement of human rights/civil liberties attitudes, only RWA predicted support for military aggression against Iraq. Tests of indirect effects suggested that RWA mediated the effects of dangerous world beliefs on attitudes toward human rights/civil liberties and support for military aggression, whereas SDO mediated the effects of competitive world beliefs on attitudes toward human rights/civil liberties only.
Managing the Pediatric Facial Fracture
Authors: Cole Patrick , Kaufman Yoav , Hollier Larry H.
Published: May 2009

Facial fracture management is often complex and demanding, particularly within the pediatric population. Although facial fractures in this group are uncommon relative to their incidence in adult counterparts, a thorough understanding of issues relevant to pediatric facial fracture management is critical to optimal long-term success. Here, we discuss several issues germane to pediatric facial fractures and review significant factors in their evaluation, diagnosis, and management.
Management of Chronic Facial Pain
Authors: Williams Christopher G. , Dellon A. Lee , Rosson Gedge D.
Published: May 2009

Pain persisting for at least 6 months is defined as chronic. Chronic facial pain conditions often take on lives of their own deleteriously changing the lives of the sufferer. Although much is known about facial pain, it is clear that those physicians who treat these conditions should continue elucidating the mechanisms and defining successful treatment strategies for these life-changing conditions. This article will review many of the classic causes of chronic facial pain due to the trigeminal nerve and its branches that are amenable to surgical therapies. Testing of facial sensibility is described and its utility introduced. We will also introduce some of the current hypotheses of atypical facial pain and headaches secondary to chronic nerve compressions and will suggest possible treatment strategies.
Posttraumatic Frontal Bone Osteomyelitis
Authors: Jung S. Heredero , Aniceto G. Sánchez , Rodríguez I. Zubillaga , Diaz R. Gutiérrez , Recuero I.I. García
Published: May 2009

We present the clinical case of a patient with open bilateral frontal sinus fractures who developed a frontal osteomyelitis. A review of the problem and management ascending to the different alternatives for central anterior skull base defects and fronto-orbital reconstruction is also presented. After extensive radical debridement of the necrotic bone, final reconstruction of the skull base was performed by using a rectus abdominis free flap. A custom-made hard tissue replacement implant was used for the fronto-orbital reconstruction. Extensive debridement is required for the treatment of frontal osteomyelitis. An appropriate isolation of the skull base from the upper aerodigestive system must be obtained to prevent continuous infectious complications. Free flaps are especially useful for skull base reconstruction when traditional methods are not available or have failed because of the lack of available tissue for vascularized reconstruction. Custom-made alloplastic implants are a good reconstructive option for large fronto-orbital defects once the infection is gone and vascularized tissue has been transferred.
Facial Gunshot Wounds: Trends in Management
Authors: Kaufman Yoav , Cole Patrick , Hollier Larry H.
Published: May 2009

Facial gunshot wounds, often comprising significant soft and bone tissue defects, pose a significant challenge for reconstructive surgeons. Whether resulting from assault, accident, or suicide attempt, a thorough assessment of the defects is essential for devising an appropriate tissue repair and replacement with a likely secondary revision. Immediately after injury, management is centered on advanced trauma life support with patient stabilization as the primary goal. Thorough examination along with appropriate imaging is critical for identifying any existing defects. Whereas past surgical management advocated delayed definitive treatment using serial debridement, today's management favors use of more immediate reconstruction. Recent advances in microsurgical technique have shifted favor from local tissue advancement to distant free flap transfers, which improve cosmesis and function. This has resulted in a lower number of surgeries required to achieve reconstruction. Because of the diversity of injury and the complexity of facial gunshot injuries, a systematic algorithm is essential to help manage the different stages of healing and to ensure that the best outcome is achieved.
Posttraumatic Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
Authors: Giannakopoulos Helen E. , Quinn Peter D. , Granquist Eric , Chou Joli C.
Published: May 2009

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has many essential functions. None of its components are exempt from injury. Facial asymmetry, malocclusion, disturbances in growth, osteoarthritis, and ankylosis can manifest as complications from trauma to the TMJ. The goals of initial treatment include achievement of pretraumatic function, restoration of facial symmetry, and resolution of pain. These same objectives hold true for late repairs and reconstruction of the TMJ apparatus. Treatment is demanding, and with opposing approaches. The following article explores various treatment options for problems presenting as a result of a history of trauma to the TMJ.
Complications in Pediatric Facial Fractures
Authors: Chao Mimi T. , Losee Joseph E.
Published: May 2009

Despite recent advances in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of pediatric facial fractures, little has been published on the complications of these fractures. The existing literature is highly variable regarding both the definition and the reporting of adverse events. Although the incidence of pediatric facial fractures is relative low, they are strongly associated with other serious injuries. Both the fractures and their treatment may have long-term consequence on growth and development of the immature face. This article is a selective review of the literature on facial fracture complications with special emphasis on the complications unique to pediatric patients. We also present our classification system to evaluate adverse outcomes associated with pediatric facial fractures. Prospective, long-term studies are needed to fully understand and appreciate the complexity of treating children with facial fractures and determining the true incidence, subsequent growth, and nature of their complications.
Secondary Infection Affecting One of Two Simultaneously Placed Orbital Wall Implants
Authors: Babar Sonya , Iliff Nicholas T. , MacQuaid Emily
Published: May 2009

A 10-year-old boy experienced traumatic injuries to the right bony orbit, which were repaired with a nylon foil and a barrier porous polyethylene orbital implant. Three years after surgery, he presented with maxillary and ethmoid sinusitis with infection of the nylon foil plate. This plate was removed, yielding complete recovery.
Single-cell imaging of retinal ganglion cell apoptosis with a cell-penetrating, activatable peptide probe in an in vivo glaucoma model
Authors: Barnett Edward M. , Zhang Xu , Maxwell Dustin , Chang Qing , Piwnica-Worms David
Published: May 2009

Molecular imaging probes have potential for in vivo identification of apoptosis and other intracellular processes. TcapQ, a cell-penetrating, near-infrared fluorescent peptide probe designed to be optically silent through intramolecular fluorescence quenching and activated by effector caspases, has been previously described and validated in vitro. Herein, using NMDA-induced apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), representing an in vivo rat model of glaucoma, we assessed the ability of TcapQ to image single-cell apoptosis through effector caspase activity. Following intravitreal injection, intracellular TcapQ activation occurred specifically in RGCs, identified individual apoptotic cells, showed a clear dose-response relationship with NMDA, and colocalized with TUNEL labeling in the retina. There was a significant diminution of probe activation following pretreatment with a specific inhibitor of caspase-3. Stereospecificity was also exhibited by the lack of intracellular fluorescence upon administration of the noncleavable isomer,
d
TcapQ. TcapQ has potential utility in detecting and monitoring single-cell apoptosis in glaucoma in vivo.
Gender differences in expression of the human caspase-12 long variant determines susceptibility to
Listeria monocytogenes
infection
Authors: Yeretssian Garabet , Doiron Karine , Shao Wei , Leavitt Blair R. , Hayden Michael R. , Nicholson Donald W. , Saleh Maya
Published: May 2009

Inflammatory caspases are important effectors of innate immunity.
Caspase-12
, of the inflammatory caspase subfamily, is expressed in all mammals tested to date, but has acquired deleterious mutation in humans. A single-nucleotide polymorphism introduces a premature stop codon in
caspase-12
in the majority of the population. However, in 20% of African descendants, caspase-12 is expressed and sensitizes to infections and sepsis. Here, we examined the modalities by which human caspase-12 confers susceptibility to infection. We have generated a fully humanized mouse that expresses the human caspase-12 rare variant (Csp-12L) in a mouse
casp-12
−/−
background. Characterization of the humanized mouse uncovered sex differences in Csp-12L expression and gender disparity in innate immunity to
Listeria monocytogenes
infection. The Csp-12L transgene completely reversed the knockout resistance-to-infection phenotype in
casp-12
−/−
males. In contrast, it had a marginal effect on the response of female mice. We found that estrogen levels modulated the expression of caspase-12. Csp-12L was expressed in male mice but its expression was repressed in female mice. Administration of 17-β-estradiol (E2) to humanized male mice had a direct suppressive effect on Csp-12L expression and conferred relative resistance to infection. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that
caspase-12
is a direct transcriptional target of the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and mapped the estrogen response element (ERE) to intron 7 of the gene. We propose that estrogen-mediated inhibition of Csp-12L expression is a built-in mechanism that has evolved to protect females from infection.
High frequency of cephalic neural crest cells shows coexistence of neurogenic, melanogenic, and osteogenic differentiation capacities
Authors: Calloni Giordano W. , Le Douarin Nicole M. , Dupin Elisabeth
Published: May 2009

The neural crest (NC) is a vertebrate innovation that distinguishes vertebrates from other chordates and was critical for the development and evolution of a “New Head and Brain.” In early vertebrates, the NC was the source of dermal armor of fossil jawless fish. In extant vertebrates, including mammals, the NC forms the peripheral nervous system, melanocytes, and the cartilage and bone of the face. Here, we show that in avian embryos, a large majority of cephalic NC cells (CNCCs) have the ability to differentiate into cell types as diverse as neurons, melanocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes. Moreover, we find that the morphogen Sonic hedgehog (Shh) acts on CNCCs to increase endochondral osteogenesis while having no effect on osteoblasts prone to membranous ossification. We have developed culture conditions that demonstrate that “neural–mesenchymal” differentiation abilities are present in more than 90% of CNCCs. A highly multipotent progenitor (able to yield neurons, glia, melanocytes, myofibroblasts, chondrocytes, and osteocytes) comprises 7–13% of the clonogenic cells in the absence and presence of Shh, respectively. This progenitor is a good candidate for a cephalic NC stem cell.