bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low responsiveness to Dk or Db plus vaccinia virus or to Kk plus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus assessed by availability of D or K products
Authors: Zinkernagel R. M. , Callahan G. N.
Published: July 2010

The possibility was examined that K or D regulated responsiveness of virus specific cytotoxic T cells was due to the virus‐specific and differential effects on expression and/or accessibility of H‐2K or D products on virus‐infected target cells. Cells from established lines of fibroblasts kept in tissue culture, uninfected, infected with either vaccinia virus, with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) or with both LCMV plus vaccinia virus, were compared with respect to expression of Kk, Dk and Db. H‐2K or D expression was assessed by: 1) absorption of defined anti‐K or anti‐D antisera: 2) susceptibility to alloreactive cytotoxic T cells; and 3) susceptibility to K or D restricted virus‐specific cytotoxic T cells. In all 3 tests, no virus‐specific effect on Kk, Dk or Db expression on all target cells (uninfected, LCHV, or vaccinia virus infected, or doubly infected) was noticed. Most importantly, H‐2k target cells infected with both LCMV plus vaccinia virus, that were not lysed by low‐responder Derestricted vaccinia specific T cells were lysed by high‐responder Dk restricted LCMV‐immune T cells; in contrast, these targets were lysed by Kk‐restricted vaccinia specific T cells but only poorly by Kk‐restricted LCMV‐immune T cells. Thus, expression or accessibility of Dk could not have limited responsiveness to vaccinia virus on this target cell since Dk was accessible to Derestricted LCMV‐specific T cells; a similar argument can be made for the accessibility of Kk. These experiments suggest that expression and/or accessibility of Kk, Dk or Db on target cells does not explain the virus‐and K or D dependent responsiveness differences of virus‐specific effector T cells.
HLA‐A,B,C and DR antigens in psoriasis
Authors: Marcusson Jan A. , Johannesson Anders , Möller Erna
Published: July 2010

51 psoriasis vulgaris patients and 93 controls were tested for HLA‐A,B,C and DR antigenic frequencies. Significant increases of B17, Cw6 and DR7 were documented in the patient group, as well as a decreased frequency of DR1. The significance of these findings is discussed. DR7 occurred more often together with Cw6 in psoriasis patients than in controls, which might suggest that there are at least two interacting HLA linked genes which increase the disease susceptibility and possibly one DR1 linked gene associated with resistence to the disease.
Assessment of the specificity of human Iaalloantisera and alloantigens by the use of radioiodinated human Ia antigens
Authors: TANIGAKI NOBUYUKI , TOSI ROBERTO
Published: July 2010

A method for preparing radiolabelled human Ia antigens and a utilization of the labelled antigens in defining the la specificity of antigens and antisera are presented.

The standard preparation procedure involves solubilization with Renex 30 (a non‐ionic detergent), purification by gel filtration and lectin‐affinity chromatography, and radioiodination, and yields an Ia preparation with immunological purity of 48–62%.

The basic procedure for defining the Ia specificity of antisera is a direct binding assay: it allows to react a given antiserum with a panel of labelled la preparations of different specificities and measures the extent of binding by the double antibody technique. The major or putative specificity can be deduced from the reaction pattern. The specificity can be further evaluated by a sequential binding test or a binding inhibition test.

The Ia tissue typing is performed by the binding inhibition assay: it measures the ability of test tissues to inhibit the binding of a reference labelled Ia preparation with a reference Ia antiserum. This assay permits Ia typing with unseparated blood leukocytes of 2 to 3 × 1057. These radioimmunoassay procedures can offer a solution to problems involved in human Ia serology.
HLA and susceptibility to type I diabetes
Authors: BACH FRITZ H. , SEGALL MIRIAM , RICH STEPHEN , BARBOSA JOSE
Published: July 2010

Positive associations between the antigens D(R)3 and D(R)4 and negative associations of D(R)2 have been reported with insulin dependent or type I diabetes mellitus. It has been suggested that susceptibility factor(s) associated with the D(R)3 and D(R)4 haplotypes and a resistance factor associated with the D(R)2 haplotype may be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. We propose a hypothesis herein which attempts to unify these findings based on our present understanding suggesting (a) the existence of multiple antigenic determinants associated with any one D(R) haplotype and (b) the sharing of “single” D region encoded determinants between what we now refer to as different D(R) haplotypes. The hypothesis, in its simplest form, focuses on a single D region determinant which can be found associated at different frequencies with the various D haplotypes as potentially explaining the findings.
The heterophile transplantation antigen (HT‐A) system: a unique heterophile system exhibiting multiple specificities
Authors: PRUETT STEPHEN B. , WOLCORR MICHAEL
Published: July 2010

Although many characteristics o f the heterophile transplantation antigen (HT‐A) system have been determined, definitive information regarding certain aspects of the system is still lacking. In an effort to obtain such information concerning the number of HT‐antigen and antibody specificities (i.e. single or multiple) and the distribution of HT‐A among selected mammalian and avian species, the present study was conducted. In this study, the ability of erythrocytes from several species to absorb the anti‐HT‐A activity from 6 anti‐HT‐A sera was determined with a quantitative inhibition of hemagglutination assay utilizing an electronic particle counter. Careful analysis of the results of these experiments indicated the existence of multiple (i.e. 5 or more) HT‐antigen and antibody specificities. The distribution of these HT‐antigens among selected mammalian and avian species was not identical to the distribution of any well‐characterized heterophile antigen of which we are aware. Therefore, none of the HT‐A specificities defined in this study are identical to previously described heterophile antigens. These findings confirm and expand previous knowledge of the HT‐A system and have facilitated formulation of hypotheses regarding the role of multiple specificities in acute renal allograft rejection and the genetics of HT‐A expression in humans.
Changes in HLA‐DR antigen expression on cultured human melanoma cells during theophylline treatment
Authors: LIAO SHUEN‐KUEI , KWONG PAK C. , DENT PETER B. , JERRY L. MARTIN
Published: July 2010

Two human malignant melanoma cell lines, differing in their patterns of HLA‐DR antigen expression, were examined for changes in antigen expression following theophylline treatment. In one line, the basal HLA‐DR antigen content of which remained constant during culture, theophylline decreased HLA‐DR expression, accompanied by morphological changes indicating increased differentiation. In the second line, the surface HLA‐DR antigen expression decreased with time during culture and showed no decrease in antigen expression or morphological changes when cultured in the presence of theophylline.
Lack of association between HLA and age in an aging population
Authors: BLACKWELDER WILLIAM C. , MITTAL KAMAL K. , MCNAMARA PATRICIA M. , PAYNE FRED J.
Published: July 2010

In a sample of 228 Framingham Study participants aged 58 to 86 who were typed for HLA, neither frequencics of individual antigens nor heterozygosity at the A or B loci appeared to be related to age. Previously found associations could be chance occurrences, or HLA‐related effects on longevity in thc general population might be small. It is also possible that such effects occur at younger ages than those included in our study or that HLA is related to the aging process in a way that is detectable only at very advanced ages.
HLA antigens in Bali (Indonesia) with a special reference to an isolated community
Authors: BREGUET G. , WOLNIZER C. M. , DORAN T. , BASHIR H. , JEANNET M. , BENZONANA G. , NEY R. , ADIPUTRA N. , SCHERZ R. , BLAKE N. M.
Published: July 2010

One hundred eighty‐two Balinese were typed for HLA‐A and ‐B locus antigens. From these, 103 were also typed for HLA ‐C, 51 for HLA‐DR, 172 for Bf and 173 for GLO. These results and the significant phenotypic associations are situated with respect to other South‐East Asian populations. In addition to this first study, 175 individuals from an isolated Balinese village typed for HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐DR, Bf and GLO are presented, The effect of isolation on haplotype (HLA‐A/‐B/Bf/‐DR) variability is discussed.
Detection, isolation and characterization of cell free HLA A and B antigens from human amniotic fluid
Authors: DEH M. E. , KLOUDA P. T. , LEVINE M. , HARRIS R. , DONNAI P.
Published: July 2010

Cell‐free HLA A and B antigens, paternal and maternal, have been detected in human amniotic fluids obtained from women at 16‐18 weeks’gestation. Fractionation of amniotic fluid samples on sephadex showed that HLA A and B antigen activity was mainly in the 40,000 to 70,000 mol. wt. fractions. Lentil lectin sepharose 4B affinity chromatography of 30,000 to 70,000 sephadex molecular weight fraction of amniotic fluids isolated proteins which gave 2 bands, M and N, on discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (disc PAGE without SDS). SDS disc PAGE of the LcH bound glycoproteins recovered from amniotic fluids indicated 4 main protein bands approximately 12,900, 32,000, 52,600 and 78,500 mol. wt. Schiff's stain of the SDS gels showed that all the proteins except the 12,900 mol. wt. polypeptide contained carbohydrate.

It was suggested that the 12,900 and 32,000 mol. wt. proteins obtained on disc PAGE gels represented the 2 subunits of the HLA A and B antigen molecule, i.e., β2,‐microglobulin and the allospecific heavy chains, similar to the papain‐solubilized moiety of membrane antigens. In the absence of SDS the 2 polypeptides migrate in polyacrylamide gels as l protein band M, representing the intact (undissociated) antigen molecules. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays were proposed for the estimation of cell‐free HLA antigens.
The major histocompatibility complex of outbred chickens: II, Analysis of the typing response in mixed lymphocyte culture stimulated by homozygous typing cells
Authors: Schou Marianne , Simonsen Morten
Published: July 2010

MLR phenotypes of outbred and inbred chickens typing B13 of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the chicken were compared. F1 hybrids of outbred and inbred B13 positive chickens were analysed in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). The intermediate strength responses of cells from B13 heterozygous outbred chickens stimulated by inbred B13 homozygous chicken cells were not due to minor variations of B encoded lymphocyte activating determinants (Lads). Nor were Lads encoded by genes unlinked to the B complex responsible for these reactions. In contrast, F1 anti‐parental type reactions were observed, and these alone are probably responsible for the intermediate strength reactions so often seen in typing of heterozygous outbreds with homozygous typing cells.
HLA typing in non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas: Comparative study in Caucasoids, Mexican‐Americans and Negroids
Authors: Van Den T weel J. G. , Dugas D. J. , Loon J. , Lukes R. J.
Published: July 2010

Over 200 cases of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma were typed for HLA‐A, B, C and DR antigens, and typing was correlated with the morphologic diagnosis according to the Lukes‐Collins classification system of non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas. Three major racial groups were represented: Caucasoids, Mexican‐Americans and Negroids. Significant associations were observed between HLA‐AW33 and Caucasoid B‐cell lymphomas, and for HLA AW24, HLA‐B37 and HLA‐B40 and B cell lymphomas in Negroids. No significant correlations were found within the Mexican‐American patient population. The number of T cell lymphomas was insufficient to draw any conclusions. The DR antigens were not significantly associated with any of the diagnostic subgroups.
Inheritance and further crossing‐over of an HLA‐A/HLA‐C recombinant haplotype
Authors: Laundy G. J.
Published: July 2010

A recombinant haplotype found in a three‐generation English Caucasoid family was inherited intact by one child but was involved in a further cross‐over event in a younger sib.
Granulocyte specific cytotoxic antibodies in pregnancy and multitransfused sera
Authors: Gazit E. , Gil R.
Published: July 2010

The myeloid cell line K562 was used to screen for specific antibodies in sera obtained from pregnant women and multitransfused patients. The alloantisera thus procured reacted with random granulocytes in a pattern suggestive of a polymorphic system. Some antibodies were found to react only in the cold. A simple reproducible method for the simultaneous separation of granulocytes and lymphocytes for microcytotoxicity is described.
New recombinants within the MHC (B‐complex) of the chicken
Authors: Koch Claus , Skjosdt Karsten , Toivanen Auli , Toivanen Paavo
Published: July 2010

In a search for genetic recombinations within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the chicken, the B‐complex, the offspring from matings between heterozygous B15/B21 and B4/B6 animals were analysed by red cell agglutination. Among the progeny, 8,912 informative typings were performed. Four recombinants were found, all separating the B‐complex loci B‐F and B‐G (B‐F codes for Class I antigens, B‐G codes for an antigen of which there is no known homologue in mammals). B‐L (Class II antigen) always followed B‐F. Stimulation in graft versus host reactions and in mixed lymphocyte cultures followed B‐F/B‐L. The mapping distance between the two loci B‐F and B‐G is in the range of 0.04 centimorgan. The lack of recombinants separating individual B‐F loci in this study and in the studies of others might indicate that chicken MHC is less complex than those of mammalian species, but alternative explanations are also possible. So far no serologically defined recombinant separating Class I (B‐F) and Class II (B‐L) loci has been found.
HLA–D and –DR antigens on human amniotic fluid cells
Authors: Valentine‐Thon Elizabeth , Kreeb Gerlinde , Grosse‐Wilde Hans , Passarge Eberhard
Published: July 2010

Human amniotic fluid cells, known to express HLA–A, –B, and –C antigens, were tested for the presence of lymphocyte‐stimulating antigens (LD or HLA–D) using modifications of the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) and primed lymphocyte typing (PLT) tests. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were co‐cultured with various concentrations of allogeneic amniotic fluid cells, either growing as a monolayer culture in microtiter plates or suspended in medium following treatment with trypsin. The kinetics of such mixed lymphocyte amniotic fluid cell culture (MLAC) reactions were followed during days 3 to 8. Under none of these conditions did amniotic fluid cells significantly stimulate allogeneic lymphocytes, even after lymphocytes were specifically primed in the PLT assay to the HLA–D antigens segregating in the family of the amniotic fluid cell donor. Furthermore, in three‐cell experiments, amniotic fluid cells failed to inhibit an ongoing MLC reaction, indicating that the absence of proliferative response to amniotic fluid cells is not due to active suppression. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that amniotic fluid cells either do not express HLA–D antigens or do not express them in a form that is detectable in either primary or secondary MLC.
Expression of cell surface antigens during allogeneic response studies with monoclonal antibodies to a polymorphic marker of activated lymphocytes and HLA class I and class II antigens
Authors: WOLLMAN E. E , KALIL J
Published: July 2010

The kinetics of expression of cell surface antigens were studied during allogeneic stimulation and compared to 3H‐thymidine incorporation. Two markers of T cell activation identified by monoclonal antibodies (monomorphic HLA‐DR and a polymorphic blastic antigen) were compared to an ubiquitous antigen (β2m). β2m (Class I) and DR (Class II) antigens showed enhanced expression on alloactivated lymphocytes while the blastic antigen was only detected on alloactivated lymphocytes from serologically positive donors. The increased expression of these antigens could distinguish positive and negative mixed lymphocyte reactions and they preceeded the rise in 3H‐thymidine uptake.
Allo‐immune anti‐Iak sera of individual mice detect HLA—DR‐associated polymorphism on human B cells
Authors: MOURIK P. VAN , PETRANYI GY , GYODI EVA , LINDBLOM B , HOLMLUND GUMILLA , KASTELAN A , REIJDEN H. J. VAN DER , IVÁNYI P
Published: July 2010

A murine allo‐immune A.TH anti‐A.TL (anti‐Iak) serum pool and sera from individual immunized mice were tested on a large panel of human DR typed B cells, obtained from peripheral blood (PBL—B cells), and human lymphoid tumour cells. The anti‐Iak serum pool appeared to be a useful reagent both in cytotoxicity and immunofluorescence for the examination of the presence of class‐2 HLA molecules on tumour cells. Only one discrepancy was observed when the pool was tested in parallel with a xeno‐anti‐human B‐cell serum on the cells of 56 lymphoid tumours. Nine sera from individual mice were tested on a panel of 93 PBL—B cells. Some of these sera reacted significantly more weakly with human B cells positive for the DR5 and/or DR7 antigens.
Influence of HLA‐D/DR antigen disparity in CTL generation in vitro
Authors: JOHNSEN H. E , MADSEN M , MOSSIN J , KRISTENSEN T
Published: July 2010

This report describes the influence of HLA‐D/‐DR antigen disparity upon the level of cytotoxicity in allogeneic in vitro cultures.

Allogeneic cultures, between unrelated HLA‐D/‐DR full house donors, tested in CML gave three different levels of cytotoxicity, termed weak, intermediate and strong cytotoxicity. HLA‐D/‐DR compatibility predictsweakcytotoxicity and two HLA‐B antigen incompatibility predictsstrongcytotoxicity. On the contrary, HLA‐A antigens have no major influence upon the strength of cytotoxicity.

Accepting that the MLC/CML reaction is an in vitro parallel to the in vivo transplantation of allogeneic tissue, the observations are in accordance with the results of HLA‐D/‐DR matching for graft survival in human renal transplantation.
B8, DR3 antigens and production of human leucocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF) by mononuclear cells stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A)
Authors: CARUSO CALOGERO , BELLINA LIVIA
Published: July 2010

LIF release by Con A stimulated mononuclear cells was evaluated in 67 randomly selected healthy Sicilians typed for HLA antigens. The results show that B8 and/or DR3 positive subjects release less LIF than negative ones, suggesting that this immunological response might be controlled by HLA‐linked immune response (Ir) gene(s).
HLA antigens in rubella seronegative young adults
Authors: Ilonen J. , Anttila A.‐C. , Lehtinen M. , Hkkarainen K. , Pietiläinen M. , Tiilikainen A. , Leinikki P.
Published: July 2010

HLA antigen frequencies, including those of five HLA‐D specificities, were studied in 91 rubella seronegative subjects who were found in screening programs for rubella vaccination. No significant differences in antigen frequencies between rubella seronegative subjects and the reference population could be found.
HLA polymorphisms in a Shanghai Chinese population
Authors: JARAQUEMADA D. , ALONSO A. , AWAD J. , D'AMARO J. , OLLIER W. , DOYLE P. , OKOYE R. C. , WILLIAMS E. , FESTENSTEIN H. , LIAN FAN , GOUANGYAN ZHOU , RENBIAO CHEN , JENCHIEH TSANG
Published: July 2010

The frequencies of the HLA‐A, B, C, D, DR and MB antigens have been determined in a homogeneous Shanghai Chinese population. Comparisons with the HLA‐A and ‐B frequencies in other subsets of the Chinese population revealed some marked differences. No comparisons were possible for the D, DR and MB antigens since there were no previous studies of the antigens in those loci.

We suggest that studies of the Chinese population should be confined to clearly defined homogeneous subsets. In this manner, the confounding effect of population heterogeneity may be avoided, and it is this heterogeneity which calls for extensive surveys of the huge Chinese population.
A serological study of the HLA‐B17 cross‐reactive group
Authors: DARKE C.
Published: July 2010

The HLA‐B17 cross‐reactive group and the participation of the subdivisions of B17 (Bw57 and Bw58) in cross‐reactivity were investigated by the serological analysis of 81 cytotoxic HLA antisera (produced by pregnancy alone), the HLA typing of the antiserum donors and the identification of their immunizing antigens. The sera, all of which contained B17 activity, were produced in response to one of 10 HLA antigens (A2, Bw44, Bw49, Bw51, Bw55, Bw56, Bw57, Bw58, Bw62 and Bw63). Antisera stimulated by Bw57 and Bw58 cross‐reacted with Bw49 and both subdivisions of B5 and B15, with bidirectional cross‐reactivity occurring in many instances. Bidirectional cross‐reactivity was also observed between Bw57 and A2 (an A2 stimulated antiserum also reacted with Bw58), and Bw57 and Bw55. Immunization by Bw62 produced some antisera which showed strong cross‐reactivity with Bw57 but no reactivity with Bw58. Significant HLA‐B antigen frequency disturbances were found in the responders to the B17 cross‐reactive group antigens. Twenty‐five HLA antigens were found to comprise the B17 cross‐reactive group and its related cross‐reactions. The multideterminant nature of the HLA antigens is again emphasized by these findings.
HLA‐A and ‐B (but not ‐C, ‐Bw4, Bw6 or ‐DR antigens) are expressed on purified spermatozoa
Authors: Rdríguez‐Córdoba S. , Arnaiz‐Villena A.
Published: July 2010

HLA‐A and ‐B antigens have been found in purified spermatozoa using a double fluorescence cytotoxicity tecnique and specific absorptions. HLA‐C, ‐Bw4, Bw6 and ‐DR antigens have not been found using the same techniques. Controversial results regarding HLA expression on spermatozoa have been presumably obtained because of a lack of both seminal cell purification and an appropriate more accurate cytotixicity technique. The presence of HLA antigens on seminal cells may be of relevance to explain the postulated immunosuppressive alloimmunization which may occur in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Frequency of naturally occurring H‐2‐specific antibodies in mouse sera monitored by “superreactive” rabbit complement
Authors: ÇErná‐Provaznik Radka , IvÁNYI Pavol
Published: July 2010

Naturally occurring antibodies against MHC polymorphic determinants were recently reported in humans, rats, chickens and mice (see Cerny‐Provaznik et al. 1985a). These antibodies are mostly weak and the frequency of their detection might be influenced by technical factors ‐ the kind of assay and its sensitivity.
HLA antigens in schistosomal hepatic fibrosis patients with haematemesis
Authors: Abaza H. , Asser L. , Sawy M. El , Wasfy S. , Montaser L. , Hagras M. , Shaltout A.
Published: July 2010

20 patients of schistosomal hepatic fibrosis and splenomegaly (SHF) with and without haematemesis were examined. Typing for HLA‐A, B and C antigens in these patients were compared with those of a group of 100 Egyptian controls. The study showed the presence of an association between HLA‐A1 and B5 antigens in SHF cases. However, there was no significant association between HLA antigens and SHF cases with haematemesis.
A monoclonal antibody recognizing a polymorphic determinant on HLA‐DR antigens except DR 7 and DRw9
Authors: Ogasawara K. , Kasahara M. , Nakayama T. , Ishikawa N. , Kunikane H. , Hawkin S. , Kojima H. , Ikeda H. , Wakisaka A. , Kikuchi Y. , Aizawa M.
Published: July 2010

A monoclonal antibody, HU‐26, was shown to recognize a polymorphic determinant on HLA‐DR molecules except DR7 and DRw9 by serological and immunochemical analyses.
HLA associations in insulin‐dependent diabetes: search for heterogeneity in different groups of patients from a homogeneous population
Authors: Svejgaard A. , Jakobsen B. K. , Platz P. , Ryder L. P. , Nerup J. , Christy M. , Borch‐Johnsen K. , Parving H.‐H. , Deckert T. , Mølsted‐Pedersen L. , Kühl C. , Buschard K. , Green A.
Published: July 2010

A total of 317 unrelated Danish patients with insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) have been HLA‐DR typed and the antigen and phenotype frequencies compared with those in 1177 unrelated Danish controls. The strong positive associations with DR3 and 4 and the strong negative one with DR2 were confirmed, and the remaining antigens showed a hierarchy from weakly positive to strongly negative associations: DRw9, w8, 1, 5, w6, 7. The study population included various special groups of patients selected in order to study heterogeneity: very early (< 5 years) and very late (> 40 years) onset IDDM, pregnancy induced IDDM, IDDM nephropathy, and long‐term (> 40 years) survivors without complications. When comparing these groups, the following minor differences were seen: the DR3,4 phenotype is significantly (p = .02) more frequent in IDDM with onset before age 20 (35%) than in other cases (24%), and in familial IDDM (48%) than in other cases (28%); the frequency of the DR4 antigen was significantly (p = .008) more frequent in long‐term survivors (86%) than in other patients (69%), while it was significantly (p = .02) less frequent in IDDM nephropathy (63%) than in long‐term survivors. However, apart from the age‐at‐onset heterogeneity, which was suspected a priori, these differences may be due to chance, and the main conclusion of this study is that the HLA‐DR associations in IDDM are indeed extraordinarily homogeneous irrespective of the clinical characteristics at onset and course of the disease.
Further studies on psoriasis‐associated HLA‐Dw/DR7 using PLT cells primed against a familial psoriasis‐linked HLA haplotype
Authors: Marcusson Jan A. , Möller Erna
Published: July 2010

The products of the HLA‐D region and their correlation to psoriasis vulgaris was studied using the primed lymphocyte typing (PLT) assay. In families with one healthy and one psoriatic parent and one psoriatic child primary MLC (mixed lymphocyte culture) stimulation was carried out between responder cells from the healthy parent and stimulator cells from the psoriatic child. In this way 21 PLT reagents directed against putative psoriasis‐associated lymphocyte activating determinants were produced. Three reagents that gave clear bimodal stimulation patterns against lymphocytes of 51 psoriasis patients were further tested against 78 controls. Specificity of these reagents was studied using homozygous typing cells (HTC's) as stimulators.

Compiled data show that cells from DR7 positive psoriatic patients give higher res‐timulation of these PLT reagents than do cells from healthy DR7 positive controls. In addition, a higher frequency of psoriasis patients compared to controls gave significant restimulation. Therefore we concluded that these PLT reagents recognized at least partly different DR7 associated determinants in the psoriasis patients and in controls. The reason is either that psoriasis patients carry a different lymphocyte activating DR associated specificity or, alternatively, that restimulation was caused by products of a distinct psoriasis associated locus in linkage disequilibrium with D/DR7 or of a determinant recognized together with D/DR7 as a restriction element. These data further support the notion that psoriasis is a disease with primary HLA associations to both class I and class II MHC genes.
A murine monoclonal antibody specific for a novel broad antigen associated with HLA‐Bw4
Authors: Wong Dennis M. , Mittal Kamal K.
Published: July 2010

Serological analysis of the reactivity of a murine monoclonal antibody, HA113, towards lymphocytes from a random panel of 85 cell donors, and members of four families, indicated that HA113 recognizes a public specificity, which is different from the classical Bw4 antigen as defined by human alloantisera.
HLA, MLR, P and Lewis antigens and living donor renal transplantation in a single centre in the Middle East
Authors: White Arthur G. , Kumar M. S. Anil , Abouna George M.
Published: July 2010

One hundred and fifty‐one living donor renal transplants performed in a single centre in Kuwait were analysed for graft survival in relation to HLA matching, mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), P and Lewis antigens.

There was a significant difference in graft survival (P = .05) but only at 3, 4 and 5 years between HLA identical (97%, 94%, 94%) and haploidentical combinations (83%, 81% and 79%), respectively. The zero haplotype matched combinations were not significantly different in graft survival from the identical or haploidentical groups. Compatibility or incompatibility for P or Lewis antigens did not influence graft survival.

The MLR was significant (P = .05) with the MLR negative recipients having 100% graft survival at 4 years compared to 84% in the MLR positive group.

In conclusion with an overall actuarial graft survival of 84% at 6 years none of the factors examined ‘dramatically’ influenced graft survival. The ‘Centre Effect’ is the main factor influencing graft survival in our Centre.
A major histocompatibility complex Class III allotype (C4B 2) associated with Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC)
Authors: Briggs D. C. , Donaldson P. T. , Hayes P. , Welsh K. I. , Williams R. , Neuberger J. M.
Published: July 2010

Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC) is a female associated disease of unknown aetiology, although there is evidence of immunological abnormalities. There is no known cure; liver damage is progressive and eventually fatal, although transplantation can prevent patient death. Data presented here show, for the first time, a strong association in Caucasoids between PBC and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). 45% of patients studied, compared with only 17% in a control group, expressed an MHC Class III allotype C4B 2 (pc = 0.014). Polymorphisms of MHC Class I, Class II, and other Class III gene products which flank the C4 genes were not found to be associated with the disease. Although we cannot rule out the involvement of other loci linked to the C4B 2 complement gene, the data provide strong evidence that this genetic area is implicated in the pathogenesis of this disease.
HLA class I‐ like antigen expression on human leukemic cells
Authors: Peruccio D. , Crepaldi T. , Lovisone E. , Paolino F. , Foa R. , Castagnoli C. , Gabrielli A. , Cappa P. M. A. , Richiardi P.
Published: July 2010

The expression of HLA class I‐ like molecules was analyzed on human acute and chronic leukemic cells. The presence on leukemic cells of class I‐ like molecules, absent on the patient's normal lymphocytes, was examined by complement‐ dependent lymphocytotoxicity using platelet absorbed alloantisera that recognize HLA‐linked, 45–12 kd, beta‐2‐microglobulin associated molecules, selectively expressed on PHA‐ activated cells. A positive reactivity of the anti‐ class I‐ like alloantisera was found in 50% of the acute leukemias (cALL, T‐ALL and AML), independently of the lineage of differentiation, while chronic lymphocytic leukemias (B‐CLL) were constantly negative. It is suggested that beta‐2‐microglobulin associated HLA molecules may represent markers of leukemic blast activation and/or maturation state.
Genomic HLA‐typing by RFLP‐analysis using DRβ and DQβ cDNA probes reveals normal DR‐DQ linkages in patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Olerup O. , Carlsson B. , Wallin J. , Olsson T. , Fredrikson S. , Ernerudh J. , Möller E.
Published: July 2010

Eighteen MS patients were HLA‐typed by RFLP‐analysis using DRβ and DQβ cDNA probes. A closer association to the DQ than to the DR locus was not found in this small material, not even within DR‐specificities.
Rapid haplotyping of mutations in the Duffy gene using the polymerase chain reaction and sequence‐specific primers
Authors: Mullighan C.G. , Marshall S.E. , Fanning G.C. , Briggs D.C. , Welsh K.I.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: The molecular basis for the antigenic variation and red cell expression of the Duffy antigen system has recently been elucidated. We have developed a simple one‐step method for genotyping the single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter and exon of the Duffy gene using the polymerase chain reaction and sequence‐specific primers (PCR‐SSP). This method is also capable of haplotyping alleles at the two polymorphisms as being in cis or trans orientation. Twenty‐four serologically typed Caucasoid and Afro‐Caribbean samples were examined to validate the method, with absolute correlation between phenotype and genotype. A further 30 Gamb‐ian samples were genotyped, confirming homozygosity for the FY*null‐FY*B haplotype. Allele, gene and haplotype frequencies were examined in 100 Caucasoid controls. This method permits the rapid genotyping of large numbers of samples and will prove useful as a clinical and research tool.
MICA exon 5 microsatellite typing by DNA heteroduplex analysis: a new polymorphism in the transmembrane region
Authors: Vitiani L.R. , Potolicchio I. , D'Amato M. , Baricordi O.R. , Sorrentino R.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: MICA (MHC class I chain‐related gene A) is localized 47 kb upstream from HLA‐B on the short arm of chromosome 6. It has been postulated that MICA protein folds similarly to the class I chain and may have the capacity to bind short ligands. Short tandem repeats (STR) within the transmembrane (TM) region of this gene have been described and five alleles consisting of 4 to 9 GCT codons, each encoding an alanine residue have been defined. We have applied DNA heteroduplex analysis to type MICA trinucleotide repeats in order to develop a simple and reliable method for their identification. This approach allowed the characterization of all MICA alleles. Moreover, a new polymorphism within the TM region was identified.
Killer immunoglobulin receptor gene and allele frequencies in Caucasoid, Oriental and Black populations from different continents
Authors: Middleton D. , Meenagh A. , Moscoso J. , Arnaiz‐Villena A.
Published: July 2010

Parallel to the growth in interest in the past few years in the killer immunoglobulin‐like receptor (KIR) genes has been the elucidation of the presence/absence of these genes and to a very limited extent, the frequency of alleles of these genes in many populations. In the present study, we have chosen seven populations to investigate the presence/absence of the KIR genes and their alleles, i.e. Cuban, Brazilian, Oman, Hong Kong Chinese, Singapore Chinese, South African Xhosa and South African San. The populations were chosen to represent different continents of the world. We show the divergence in the frequencies of these genes, and their alleles, in the different populations. Many new sequence‐specific oligonucleotide probe patterns represent new alleles, each occurred in only one of the populations. The KIR gene frequencies of these seven populations were calculated and genetic distances were represented by neighbour‐joining dendrograms and correspondence analyses. Also, the presence or absence of 17 KIR loci in the presently studied populations was compared with the presence or absence of the same loci in 56 worldwide populations (available on the website www.allelefrequencies.net). In total, 5134 individuals were analysed and the populations grouped, with some exceptions, according to a geographical gradient.
Evaluating the role of HLA‐DQ polymorphisms on immune response to bacterial superantigens using transgenic mice
Authors: Rajagopalan G. , Polich G. , Sen M. M. , Singh M. , Epstein B. E. , Lytle A. K. , Rouse M. S. , Patel R. , David C. S.
Published: July 2010

Bacterial superantigens bind directly to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules and vigorously activate T cells expressing certain T‐cell receptor variable region families. As interaction with HLA class II molecules is the primary step in this process, polymorphic variations in HLA class II can determine the extent of superantigen binding to HLA class II molecules, govern the magnitude of immune activation induced by given superantigens and determine the outcome of superantigen‐mediated diseases. As direct assessment of the influence of HLA class II polymorphism in humans is impossible because of expression of more than one HLA class II alleles in a given individual and toxicity of superantigens, transgenic mice expressing HLA‐DQ6 (HLA‐DQA1*0103 and HLA‐DQB1*0601) and HLA‐DQ8 (HLA‐DQA1*0301 and HLA‐DQB1*0302) were used to achieve this goal. HLA‐DQ6 and HLA‐DQ8 elicited comparable in vitro and in vivo immune response to staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) A, SEB, SEH and SEK, toxic shock syndrome toxin‐1, streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin (SPE) A and SPEC and streptococcal mitogenic exotoxin Z (SMEZ). However, each superantigen had a unique T‐cell receptor activation profile. In vivo challenge with Streptococcus pyogenes, H305, capable of elaborating SPEA and SMEZ, yielded a similar clinical outcome in HLA‐DQ6 and HLA‐DQ8 transgenic mice. In conclusion, HLA‐DQ6 and HLA‐DQ8 elicited comparable response to certain bacterial superantigens. Our report highlights the advantages of HLA class II transgenic mice in such studies.
Effect of post‐teneral diets on the performance of sterileAnastrepha ludensandAnastrepha obliquafruit flies
Authors: Liedo P. , Orozco D. , Cruz‐López L. , Quintero J. L. , Becerra‐Pérez C. , del Refugio Hernández M. , Oropeza A. , Toledo J.
Published: July 2010

The effect of post‐teneral diets on the mating performance, pheromone production and longevity of sterileAnastrepha ludensandAnastrepha obliquafruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) was investigated. Enriched pre‐release diets improved male mating performance. Wild and sterile males fed on mango and orange fruits achieved the greatest copulatory success, followed by those fed on a 3 : 1 sugar : yeast (SY) diet. Males fed only on a sugar diet achieved the lowest number of matings. The mean numbers of copulas achieved by wild males were significantly higher than those by sterile males fed on a sugar‐only diet, while there were no significant differences between wild males and sterile males fed on yeast diets. There was a trend of reduced mean number of copulas as the proportion of yeast was reduced in the diet, but differences were not significant. Pre‐release diets had a significant effect on pheromone production. Males fed on a 3 : 1 SY diet produced the greatest amount of the three main pheromone components inA. ludensmales and two major components inA. obliquamales, followed by males fed on fruits or pasteurized fruit juice. Males fed on a sugar only diet produced the lowest amounts. The longevity response to post‐teneral diets was complex. The most yeast‐rich diet and the poorest diet (sugar only) resulted in the lowest life expectancies. Flies fed on 24 : 1 SY diets showed the highest life expectancies for both males and females of the two species. Considering the tradeoffs between mating performance and longevity, the 24 : 1 SY diet would be recommended for programmes integrating the sterile insect technique, but the effects of these diets on field survival and dispersal still need to be investigated.
A short review on the onychomycosis by dermatophytes isolated in Bucharest
Authors: Alteraş I.
Published: July 2010

Klinische und mykologische Befunde über ein Krankengut von 525 Fällen durch Dermatophyten verursachter Onychomykosen sind wiedergegeben. Die Fälle wurden in den letzten 20 Jahren in Bukarest gesammelt. Die Zehennägel waren am meisten befallen (65 % allein und 15 % zusammen mit Fingernägeln); der Befall der Fingernägel betrug 20 % allein und 15 % zusammen mit Fußnägeln. Der Haupterreger war T. rubrum (55 % aller Fälle), an den Fußnägeln zu 70 %. An zweiter Stelle folgte T. mentagrophytes (interdigitale) bei 26% aller Fälle, überwiegend (88 %) an Fußnägeln. Bei 3 Patienten war T. mentagrophytes (granulare) der Erreger. In der Reihenfolge der Häufigkeit folgte T. violaceum (12 %); bevorzugt befallen wurden die Fingernägel (83 %). E. floccosum war nur in 3 % der Fälle verantwortlich. Der Anteil von T. schönleinii war zahlenmäßig nur von geringer Bedeutung (1,3%). Andere Arten, z. B. T. tonsurans, T. verrucosum, T. quinckeanum, M. canis und M. audouinii wurden nur sporadisch gefunden. In 83 % der Fälle waren außer dem Nagelbefall auch verschiedene Hauterscheinungen zu verzeichnen.
Gefahr sekundärer Mykosen bei gefährdeten Personen:* Danger of Secondary Mycoses in Compromised Patients
Authors: Tomšíkova Alena , Štêpková Ivana , Nováčková Dana
Published: July 2010

Zusammenfassung: Eine Analyse des Vorkommens der opportunistisch‐pathogenen Pilze in verschiedenem Untersuchungs‐Material von Tumorkranken, Diabetikern, Leukämikern, von Patienten nach Nierentransplantation und nach Kortikosteroidtherapie wurde durchgeführt.

In alien Fällen kam es während der schwächenden Grundkrankheit und während der die Abwehrmechanismen hemmenden Therapie zu einem erheblichen Anstieg im Vor‐kommen verschiedener Pilzarten, an erster Stelle der Sproßpilze.

Die parasitische Wirkung dieser Pilze wurde durch hohes Niveau der antifungalen komplementfixierenden und präzipitierenden Antikörper und durch den Nachweis von Früh‐ und Spätallergie‐Reaktionen bestatigt.

Die Ergebnisse bei den gefährdeten Patienten wurden mit entsprechenden Unter‐suchungen bei gesunden und an Candidose erkrankten Menschen verglichen.

Summary: An analysis of the occurrence of opportunistic fungi was carried out in different infectious material with persons suffering from cancer, diabetes mellitus, leucemia, further in patients with renal transplants and corticosteroid therapy.

In all cases a significant increase of different fungi species, especially of yeasts, appeared during a debilitating disease as well as during therapy suppressing the defense system.

The parasitic effect of these fungi was confirmed by a high level of the fungal antibodies as well as the fungal allergy.

The results from the compromised patients were compared with investigations of healthy persons and persons suffering from candidiasis.
Ketoconazole in the Treatment of Combined Infection with Dermatophytosis and Candidosis
Authors: Kamalam A. , Thambiah A. S.
Published: July 2010

Summary: A boy of 5 years with dominant ichthyosis vulgaris with no immune deficiencies and who had extensive dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes and candidosis of oral mucosa, nails and paronychia was successfully treated with oral ketoconazole.

Zusammenfassung: Ein 5jähriger Junge, bei dem auf dem Boden einer dominanten Ichthyosis vulgaris, jedoch ohne Immundefekte, eine ausgedehnte Dermatophytose durch Trichophyton mentagrophytes und eine Candidose der Mundschleimhaut sowie der Nägel entstanden war, wurde erfolgreich mit oraler Ketoconazoltherapie behandelt.
Das Zusammenwirken von Pilzarten bei Hautkrankheiten:Multiple Fungal Infections in Skin Diseases
Authors: Grigoriu A. , Grigoriu D. , Delacrétaz J.
Published: July 2010

Zusammenfassung: Beim Auftreten mehrerer pilzarten in Hautveräderungen können unter‐schiedliche Konstellationen vorliegen, die im Hinblick auf die ätiologische und pathogenetische Rolle dieser Pilze differenziert betrachtet werden müssen. Prinzipiell künnen die folgenden Kombinationen vorkommen: 1. Die zwei oder drei isolierten Pilze sind pathogen. 2. Ein oder mei der Isolate sind pathogen, ein weiterer Pilz ist als Kontaminant zu betrachten. 3. Alle isolierten Arten sind Kontaminanten. An einer Reihe eigener Beobachtungen illustriert der Verfasser die bei Mehrfachinfektionen auftretenden Probleme.

Summary: Multiple fungal infections in skin lesions may represent a variety of combinations with different aspeds with regard to their aetiological and pathogenetic role. The followingconstellations could be considered as possible: 1 The two or three isolated fungi are pathogenic 2 One or two of the isolates are pathogenic and the other one is a contaminant. 3 All the isolated species are contaminants. The author presents some of his observations to illustrate the arising problems.
Use of Triton‐X‐100 for Improving Aspergillus fumigatus Antigen(s) and Antigenicity: Über die Verwendung von Triton‐X‐100 zur Verbesserung der Antigene und der Antigenität von Aspergillus fumigatus
Authors: Arrena Abha , Saxena S. K. , Agarwal A. K. , Srivastava O. P.
Published: July 2010

Summary: Triton‐X‐100, a non‐ionic detergent solubilized the particulate proteins/antigens in the cells of Aspergillus fumigatus and resulted in their higher yields in the cytoplasmic extract. More precipitin lines were observed in extracts with Triton‐X‐100 as compared to those without it and these were more distinct too in the former case. Also, in the presence of Triton‐X‐100 antigenic property of the extract was retained on storage.

Zusammenfassung: Triton‐X‐100 1st ein nicht‐ionisches Detergens. Es trägt zur Lösung von partikulären Proteinen (Antigenen) in den Zellen von Aspergillus fumigatus bei und bewirkt daher eine höhere Ausbeute in der Herstellung von zytoplasmatischen Extrakten. Gegenüber den Extrakten ohne Triton‐X‐100 fanden sich unter Verwendung dieses Detergens mehr und deutlicher dargestellte Präzipitinlinien. Darüber hinaus ließen sich in der Gegenwart von Triton‐X‐100 die antigenen Eigenschaften des Extraktes länger erhalten.
Relapsing severe Trichophyton rubrum infections in an immunocompromised host: evidence of onychomycosis as a source of reinfection based on lectin typing
Authors: Gruseck E. , Abeck D. , Ring J.
Published: July 2010

Summary. A 64‐year‐old patient developed recurrent (about 3–6 times a year) generalized skin lesions due to Trichophyton rubrum during long‐term steroid treatment of lung fibrosis. Additionally, he suffered for years from onychomycosis of all toes. In the past, short‐term internal treatment with griseofulvin and ketoconazole resulted in fast clearing of skin symptoms. Since 1991 relapses have been treated with itraconazole orally. In 1992 material was collected from diseased nails and toe and other skin lesions during three severe attacks of fungal infections and in addition once from toenails during a period without skin manifestations. Trichophyton rubrum was isolated from each sample. Lectin typing of the isolates using five lectins of plant origin resulted in identical lectin patterns for all isolates, thus localizing the toenails as the source of reinfection. The results indicate that lectin typing may play an important role in clinical and epidemiological analysis of dermatophytes.

Zusammenfassung. Bei einem 64‐jährigen Patienten, der aufgrund einer Lungenfibrose unter einer Steroiddauermedikamentation stand, kam es über Jahre rezidivierend (3 bis 6 mal jährlich) zum Auftreten generalisierter

Hautveränderungen, aus denen jeweils Trichophyton rubrum isoliert werden konnte. Zusätzlich bestand eine ebenfalls durch Trichophyton rubrum hervorgerufene Onychomykose sämtlicher Zehennägel. Die Veränderungen der freien Haut heilten jeweils unter kurzzeitiger systemischer Behandlung mit Griseofulvin und Ketokonazol ab. Seit 1991 wurden Rückfalle mit interner Itraconazolgabe therapiert. 1992 wurden während drei erneuter Exazerbationen jeweils Isolate aus Zehenmaterial sowie von verschiedenen Körperarealen gewon‐nen. Zusätzlich wurde in einer erscheinungsfreien Periode Erreger aus Zehennagelmaterial isoliert. Sämtliche Isolate, bei denen es sich in allen Fällen um Trichophyton rubrum handelte, wurden einer Typisierung mit funf Lektinen pflanzlichen Ursprungs im Rahmen eines Agglutinationstestes unterzogen. Hierbei zeigten alle Isolate übereinstimmende Reaktionen, was als Ausgangs‐punkt der beobachteten Reinfektionen eine nicht ausreichend behandelte Onychomykose nahelegt. Die gewonnen Ergebnisse weisen auf eine mög‐liche künftige Bedeutung der Lektintypisierung bei der Bearbeitung klinischer und epidemiologischer Fragestellungen bezüglich Dermatophyten hin.