bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Phenomenon Of The Public Wife: An Exercise In Goffman's Impression Management*
Authors: Gillespie Joanna B.
Published: January 2008

Approaching the topic of American leader‐image from the perspective of politics‐as‐theater (political communication as exchange of symbols), this paper examines a taken‐for‐granted visual symbol which a national political leader is invariably expected to present: a wife. Her contributions to her husband's “impression management” techniques (Goffman, 1959) are studied in Goffman's “defensive” categories of dramaturgical loyalty, dramaturgical discipline, and dramaturgical circumspection.

This analysis suggests that the visible presence of a wife in public leadership rituals offers the public voter or viewer important reassurances or symbolic guarantees about her husband's “morality”—and, therefore, his appropriateness for public trust. She has become a necessary partof his public performance because of our everyday need for “cultural absolutes” (Furay, 1977) in the image of our leadership figures.
Self‐Accomplishment Through Running*
Authors: Altheide David L. , Pfuhl Erdwin H.
Published: January 2008

Self transformation as a personal and shared social experience is shown to be achievable through distance running. Ethnographic materials, extensive interviews, and questionnaire results obtained over a two‐year period show how distance running becomes a meaningful activity that is central to a runner's daily routine as well as a progressive personal identity. The researchers examine the motives and felt self‐accomplishments for a wide range of runners, e.g., “joggers” to “marathoners” to “world‐class” competitors, and then show how each is informed by other realms of meaning, especially the work and the family contexts. The place of running in the context of broader social changes which promote the enhancement of physical well‐being is shown, as are the runners' concerns that the unique running experience may be coopted by organizational and bureaucratic demands.
If Simmel Were A Fieldworker: On Formal Sociological Theory And Analytical Field Research*
Authors: Zerubavel Eviatar
Published: January 2008

In this paper, an attempt is made to apply the methodological principles of SimmeFs formal sociology to fieldwork and, thus, to lay out systematically the methodological foundations of “analytical field research.” The paper centers around three major methodological principles: (a) shifting the emphasis from actual facts to the particular analytical perspectives from which they are viewed; (b) establishing concern with formal patterns which are abstracted from reality rather than with its concrete contents; (c) studying only selected aspects of concrete phenomena and making a commitment to particular analytical concerns and foci. Based on these methodological principles, certain guidelines for analytical field researchers are then recommended.
Individuation In Facework: Theoretical Implications From A Study Of Facework In Medical School Admissions*
Authors: Broadhead Robert S.
Published: January 2008

In analyzing the process of facework engaged in by medical students in applying for medical school admission, data were collected on a number of theoretical problems which are in need of greater research and empirically‐based theorizing. In terms of theory on facework, it was found that future research is needed into the stages of individuation and normalization. In terms of theory on professional socialization, analyses are required which reveal (1) the interpenetration of multiple socialization processes which invididuals participate in simultaneously; and (2) how individuals may use specific socialization processes to prepare them for multiple identities and roles.
SYMBOLIC INTERACTION AND SOCIAL POLICY ANALYSIS*
Authors: Estes Carroll L. , Edmonds Beverly C.
Published: January 2008

This paper explores the contribution that interactionist approaches may make to the study and understanding of social policy based on a discussion of: (1) the general orientation of the interactionist line on inquiry and the general assumptions which the theoretical stance makes about the character of the world, (2) the problems that are of primary interest to those who work within this perspective, and (3) the methodological and technical aspects of this approach.

Fruitful foci for basic and applied research from the interactionist perspective include: (1) how policy is constructed through negotiation within a structural context, (2) the multiple interpretations of policy intent and implementation, (3) the experience and meaning of social “problems” for those who are the intended objects of the social policies, and (4) the consequences of policies for the social order. Some of the major properties of the social policy context (uncertainty, decentralization, and political pluralism) are explored for their relevance to social policy analysis. Finally, we discuss the contribution of an institutional‐contextual‐social worlds approach as a macro‐micro bridging mechanism in social policy studies.
George Herbert Mead and the “Division Of Labor”: Macrosociological Implications Of Mead'S Social Psychology*
Authors: Joas Hans
Published: January 2008

By presenting some results of an extensive reconstruction of George Herbert Mead's work published as yet only in German it is argued that Mead's work as a whole and particularly his social psychology contain an implicit conception of social order. This can be characterized as the idea that it is not normative integration as such, but communicative coordination that makes possible human society and social order. This is shown by findings on the early development of Mead's ideas (Hegelianism, Definition of the Psychical), on German influences in Mead, and on the meaning of democracy as self‐government in Mead's political biography. Some hints to a comparison of Mead with other concepts of social order (Durkheim; negotiated order approach) are given.
Queimadura solar em jovens: estudo de base populacional no Sul do Brasil
Authors: Haack Ricardo Lanzetta , Horta Bernardo Lessa , Cesar Juraci Almeida
Published: January 2008

OBJETIVO: Analisar a prevalência e fatores de risco para queimadura solar em jovens com idade entre 10 e 29 anos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de base populacional com amostragem em múltiplos estágios, realizado com residentes da zona urbana de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, entre os meses de outubro e dezembro de 2005. Para a coleta de dados foram feitas entrevistas com 1.604 indivíduos, utilizando questionário padronizado e pré-codificado com informações sobre a família e outro questionário aos indivíduos com idade entre dez e 29 anos para avaliação da ocorrência de episódios de queimadura solar. Queimadura solar foi definida como ardência na pele após exposição ao sol. Para as comparações entre proporções, utilizou-se teste do qui-quadrado com correção de Yates. Na análise multivariada utilizou-se a regressão de Poisson com controle para efeito de delineamento e ajuste robusto da variância. RESULTADOS: Das pessoas com idade entre 10 e 29 anos, 1.412 relataram exposição ao sol no último verão. As perdas e recusas somaram 5,5%. Queimadura solar no último ano foi relatada por 48,7% dos entrevistados. As variáveis associadas à ocorrência de queimadura segundo a análise multivariada foram: cor da pele branca (RP=1,41; IC 95%: 1,12;1,79), maior sensibilidade da pele quando exposta ao sol (RP=1,84; IC 95%: 1,64;2,06), idade entre 15 e 19 anos (RP=1,30; IC 95%: 1,12;1,50), pertencer ao quartil de maior renda (RP=1,20; IC 95%: 1,01;1,42) e fazer uso irregular de fotoprotetor (RP=1,23; IC 95%: 1,08;1,42). CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de queimadura solar na população estudada foi alta, principalmente entre jovens, de pele branca, com maior sensibilidade da pele, de maior renda e que faziam uso irregular de fotoprotetor. A exposição solar em horários seguros e com métodos de proteção adequados deve ser estimulada.
Etnografia de sujeitos em sofrimento psíquico
Authors: Dalmolin Bernadete Maria , Vasconcellos Maria da Penha
Published: January 2008

OBJETIVO: Analisar como pessoas com doenças mentais vivenciam suas necessidades especiais e interagem com a comunidade local nos espaços públicos urbanos. METODOLOGIA: Pesquisa realizada na cidade de Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, utilizando como abordagem teórico-metodológica a etnografia. A partir de estudo de um sujeito, buscou-se compreender o que caracteriza as pessoas como doentes mentais e como as adversidades decorrentes de seus quadros mentais não as impossibilitam de construir circuitos, trajetos e redes sociais no espaço urbano. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: O estudo identificou os processos de subjetivação dos sujeitos no espaço da cidade. Uma vez que os serviços de saúde reconhecem esses sujeitos, podem criar formas de intervenção mais adequadas às suas necessidades especiais.
Clinical and functional aspects of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among active workers
Authors: Walsh Isabel A P , Oishi Jorge , Coury Helenice J C Gil
Published: January 2008

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate musculoskeletal disorders among active industrial workers. METHODS: The study was carried out in São Carlos, Southeastern Brazil, in 2005. One hundred and thirty-four female workers were physically evaluated and answered questions about their physical symptoms, filled out a pain scale and gave responses in the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire, and the Work Ability Index questionnaire. The data were analyzed descriptively, and in correlation tests and through applying logistic regression. The outcome was evaluated in relation to the perceptions of pain, symptoms, physical assessment, ability to work and disability. RESULTS: Clinical evaluations and sick leave presented positive correlations with the subjective variables. The Work Ability Index presented a negative correlation with the physical disability index (r=-0.69). Symptoms reported at the time of the assessment presented a good correlation with the results from the pain scale and the clinical findings. Previous sick leave showed an association with disability (OR=1.13; 95% CI:1.08;1.18). CONCLUSION: Symptom reports and pain scales may be useful for assessing current conditions at the time of evaluating individuals with work-related musculoskeletal disorders, as they are easier to apply. In more severe cases of such injuries, clinical and functional evaluations and questionnaires such as those relating to ability to work and disability are preferable. Precise and specific evaluations of these disorders may contribute towards fairer legal and administrative decisions.
Concentração de flúor em águas engarrafadas comercializadas no município de São Paulo
Authors: Grec Roberto Henrique da Costa , Moura Patrícia Garcia de , Pessan Juliano Pelim , Ramires Irene , Costa Beatriz , Buzalaf Marília Afonso Rabelo
Published: January 2008

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a concentração de flúor na água engarrafada comercializada, comparando-a aos valores impressos no rótulo da embalagem. Foram coletadas 229 amostras de água das 35 marcas disponíveis em diversos supermercados, mercearias e lanchonetes de grande circulação nas diferentes regiões do município de São Paulo, em 2006. A concentração de flúor foi determinada por análise em duplicata, utilizando o eletrodo íon-específico. A concentração de flúor variou entre 0,01 e 2,04 mg/l, com diferenças significantes entre os valores estipulados nos rótulos e os encontrados com a análise. Esses resultados reforçam a importância do controle dos níveis de flúor na água engarrafada por parte da vigilância sanitária.
Reservoir-Fluid Sampling Revisited— A Practical Perspective
Authors: Bon Johannes , Sarma Hemanta , Rodrigues Teof , Bon Jan
Published: January 2008

Pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) fluid properties are an integral part of determining the ultimate oil recovery and characterization of a reservoir, and are a vital tool in our attempts to enhance the reservoir's productive capability. However, as the experimental procedures to obtain these are time consuming and expensive, they are often based on analyses of a few reservoir-fluid samples, which are then applied to the entire reservoir. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to ensure that representative samples are taken, as they are fundamental to the reliability and accuracy of a study.

Critical to the successful sampling of a reservoir fluid is the correct employment of sampling procedures and well conditioning before and during sampling. There are two general methods of sampling—surface and subsurface sampling. However, within these, there exist different methods that can be more applicable to a particular type of reservoir fluid than to another. In addition, well conditioning can differ depending on the type of reservoir fluid. Sampling methods for each reservoir type will be discussed with an emphasis on scenarios where difficulties arise, such as near-critical reservoir fluids and saturated reservoirs. Methods, including single-phase sampling and isokinetic sampling, which have been used increasingly in the last decade, will also be discussed with some detail, as will preservation of the representatives of other components in the sample including asphaltenes, mercury, and sulfur compounds.

The paper presents a discussion aimed at better understanding the methods available, concepts behind the methods, well conditioning, and problems involved in obtaining representative fluid samples.
An Analytical Bottomwaterdrive Aquifer Model for Material-Balance Analysis
Authors: Yildiz Turhan , Khosravi Ahmedreza
Published: January 2008

In this study, we present a new analytical model to predict water influx from finite bottomwaterdrive aquifers (BWDAs). The new model can be used for aquifer representation in reservoir simulators and material-balance analysis. The new model is computationally fast. The model has been verified against the results from the Coats (1962) and Allard and Chen (1988) models. Using the new model, we compare the cumulative water influx from bottomwaterdrive (BWD) and edgewaterdrive (EWD) aquifers.

In the second part, we couple the new aquifer model with the material-balance equation (MBE) and demonstrate its use in reserves estimate. Production data from a BWD oil reservoir simulated by Allard and Chen (1988) is analyzed. We conducted a McEwen analysis (1962) to predict the reserves.
Tools To Manage Gas/Condensate Reservoirs; Novel Fluid-Property Correlations on the Basis of Commonly Available Field Data
Authors: Ovalle Adriana P. , Lenn Chris P. , McCain William D.
Published: January 2008

Certain fluid properties are required for studies related to management of gas/condensate reservoirs or prediction of condensate reserves. Often these studies must begin before laboratory data become available, or possibly when laboratory data are not available. Correlations to estimate values of these properties have been developed that are based solely on commonly available field data.

These properties are the dewpoint pressure of the reservoir fluid, changes in the surface yield of condensate as reservoir pressure declines, and changes in the specific gravity of the reservoir gas as reservoir pressure declines. No correlations based solely on field data have been published for any of these properties.

The field data required are initial producing gas/condensate ratio from the first-stage separator, initial stock-tank liquid gravity in °API, specific gravity of the initial reservoir gas, reservoir temperature, and selected values of reservoir pressure.

The dewpoint pressure correlation is based on data of 615 samples of gas condensates with worldwide origins. The other two correlations are based on 851 lines of constant-volume-depletion data from 190 gas-condensate samples, also with worldwide origins.
The Technology of Microbial Treating Drained Water of Oil Field
Authors: Wang Weidong , Li Ximing , Chen Yong , Zhang Songting , Jiang Yan
Published: January 2008

Some of the oily produced water can't be reinjected, there are nearly 20 thousand cubic meters oily sewage being drained every day now in Shengli oilfield. The oil content of the drained sewage is above 300ppm, and the COD is about 250—480mg/l. In order to protect environment, the sewage must be treated before venting. This paper describes the method of microbial processing oily sewage. We applied the hydrocarbon deterioration bacterial with gas lift processing to treat the oily sewage. After the treatment, the oil content was reduced to 10ppm while COD was cut down to lower than 120mg/l. This microbiological process improved the drained water's quality, reduced the impact to the environment.
Workplace Safety Management @ GPIC – A Case Study Approach
Authors: Mohammed Ahmed Yasser A. Rahim
Published: January 2008

This paper highlights the Gulf Petrochemical Industries Company (GPIC's) approach in proactively managing workplace health and safety. The paper describes the methodologies by which a company was transformed from a standard performer in the field of health and safety to one which safety is a business culture that is not only considered as a modal of excellence but also a true success story in the field of establishing and instilling workplace safety prominence.

GPIC's workplace safety management system is well appreciated by professional international safety and occupational health organizations including the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA) of Great Britain and the National Safety Council (NSC) of the United States as well as regional recognition. GPIC's workplace safety management system received eight RoSPA Gold and Gold Medal Awards starting from 1991. In 2001, RoSPA awarded GPIC the International Sector Award in recognition for its outstanding establishment and continual improvement of its workplace safety management system. In 2003, RoSPA awarded GPIC the ultimate prize of the Chemical Sector Award to endorse it as a leading international company that maintains and implements a safety management system that is of merit status.

GPIC's workplace health and safety management system is not only recognized by RoSPA, but NSC of the United States has awarded it the council's Award of Merit for continually achieving lost-time accident free work hours that exceeds millions of person-hours. The GPIC's workplace safety system is also regionally recognized and appreciated through the achievement of the Kingdom of Bahrain His Highness the Prime Minister's Major Industries Excellence Award in 2002. Also in 2002, GPIC received H.H. Shaikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum Certificate of Excellence Award for Arab Management for the outstanding Arab Establishment category.

The paper sheds light on the numerous management systems, approaches and resources that enables GPIC to accomplish renowned success in the area of workplace safety. The paper also, demonstrate that workplace safety must be incorporated as a strategic business endeavor for it to establish and maintains the inertia and thrust necessary for its continual success. Furthermore, the paper explains that workplace safety is part and parcel of a total business culture that should be integrated and augmented into a one team spirit.
Phase Behavior Assessment of Deposition Compound (Asphaltene) in Heavy Oil
Authors: Tabibi Mohammad , Nikookar Mohammad , Ganbarnezhad Rouzbeh , Pazuki Gloam Reza , Hosienbeigi Hamid Reza
Published: January 2008

In this paper, the soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) Eos is modified based on perturbation theory. The parameter of the new cubic equation of state considered reduced temperature and a centric factor dependent. The average of absolute deviations of predicted vapor pressure, vapor volume and saturated liquid density of 30 pure compounds are 0.814.2.G14 and 5.814%, respectively. Also comparison with the new equation of vaporization of pure compounds are given. The florry-Hugines (FH) model is similarly modified by an adjustable parameter. This parameter is defined based on molecular weight of asphaltene to molecular weight of heavy oil ratio in form of polynomial function. The phase behavior of asphaltene was extended by these modifications and the precipitation of asphaltene is calculated by three n-alkanes solvents. The comparison between results is shown. The new model relatively accurate for predicting phase behavior of asphaltene in heavy oil.
A Pore-Network-Modeling Approach To Predict Petrophysical Properties of Diatomaceous Reservoir Rock
Authors: Jia L. , Ross C. M. , Kovscek A. R.
Published: January 2008

A 3D pore-network model of two-phase flow was developed to compute permeability, relative permeability, and capillary pressure curves from pore-type, -size, and -shape information measured by means of high-resolution image analysis of diatomaceous-reservoir-rock samples. The diatomite model is constructed using pore-type proportions obtained from image analysis of epoxy-impregnated polished samples and mercury-injection capillary pressure curves for diatomite cores. Multiple pore types are measured, and each pore type has a unique pore-size and throat-size distribution that is incorporated in the model. Network results present acceptable agreement when compared to experimental measurements of relative permeability. The pore-network model is applicable to both drainage and imbibition within diatomaceous reservoir rock. Correlation of network-model results to well log data is discussed, thereby interpolating limited experimental results across the entire reservoir column. Importantly, our method has potential to predict the petrophysical properties for reservoir rocks with either limited core material or those for which conventional experimental measurements are difficult, unsuitable, or expensive.
Spectroscopic and Wet Chemical Characterization of Solid Waste Organic Matter of Different Age in Landfill Sites, Southern Germany
Authors: Bäumler Rupert , Kögel‐Knabner Ingrid
Published: January 2008

Landfill sites are potential sources of hazardous emissions by degradation and transformation processes of waste organic matter. Its chemical composition and microbial degradability are key factors for risk management, after‐care, and estimation of potential emissions. The aim of the study is to provide information about composition and extent of transformation of waste organic matter in four landfill sites in Bavaria, Southern Germany by means of 13C NMR spectroscopy, acid‐hydrolyzable carbohydrates, chloroform‐methanol extractable lipids, acid‐hydrolyzable proteins, and lignin compounds after CuO oxidation. Ten samples of about 20 to 25 yr, 15 to 20 yr, and 5 to 10 yr of deposition each were taken at 2 m depth intervals by grab drilling till 10‐m depth. Increasing temperatures from about 15°C at 2‐m depth to >40°C at 10‐m depth are found at some of the sites, representing optimum conditions for mesophile methane bacteria. Moisture contents of 160 to 310 g kg−1 (oven dry), however, provide limiting conditions for anaerobic biodecay. Spectroscopic and chemical variables generally indicate a low extent of biodegradation and transformation at all sites despite a considerable heterogeneity of the samples. Independent of the time and depth of deposition more than 50% of the carbohydrate fraction of the waste organic matter provide a high potential for methane emissions and on‐site energy production. There was no significant accumulation of long‐chain organic and aromatic compounds, and of lignin degradation products even after more than 25 yr of rotting indicating higher extent of decomposition or stabilization of the waste organic matter. Installation of seepage water cleaning and recirculation systems are recommended to increase suboptimal moisture contents with respect to microbial methanogenesis, energy production, and long‐term stabilization of municipal solid waste.
A Basin‐Scale Approach to Estimating Stream Temperatures of Tributaries to the Lower Klamath River, California
Authors: Flint Lorraine E. , Flint Alan L.
Published: January 2008

Stream temperature is an important component of salmonid habitat and is often above levels suitable for fish survival in the Lower Klamath River in northern California. The objective of this study was to provide boundary conditions for models that are assessing stream temperature on the main stem for the purpose of developing strategies to manage stream conditions using Total Maximum Daily Loads. For model input, hourly stream temperatures for 36 tributaries were estimated for 1 Jan. 2001 through 31 Oct. 2004. A basin‐scale approach incorporating spatially distributed energy balance data was used to estimate the stream temperatures with measured air temperature and relative humidity data and simulated solar radiation, including topographic shading and corrections for cloudiness. Regression models were developed on the basis of available stream temperature data to predict temperatures for unmeasured periods of time and for unmeasured streams. The most significant factor in matching measured minimum and maximum stream temperatures was the seasonality of the estimate. Adding minimum and maximum air temperature to the regression model improved the estimate, and air temperature data over the region are available and easily distributed spatially. The addition of simulated solar radiation and vapor saturation deficit to the regression model significantly improved predictions of maximum stream temperature but was not required to predict minimum stream temperature. The average SE in estimated maximum daily stream temperature for the individual basins was 0.9 ± 0.6°C at the 95% confidence interval.
Agricultural Drainage Ditches Mitigate Phosphorus Loads as a Function of Hydrological Variability
Authors: Kröger R. , Holland M. M. , Moore M. T. , Cooper C. M.
Published: January 2008

Phosphorus (P) loading from nonpoint sources, such as agricultural landscapes, contributes to downstream aquatic ecosystem degradation. Specifically, within the Mississippi watershed, enriched runoff contributions have far‐reaching consequences for coastal water eutrophication and Gulf of Mexico hypoxia. Through storm events, the P mitigation capacity of agricultural drainage ditches under no‐till cotton was determined for natural and variable rainfall conditions in north Mississippi. Over 2 yr, two experimental ditches were sampled monthly for total inorganic P concentrations in baseflow and on an event‐driven basis for stormflows. Phosphorus concentrations, Manning's equations with a range of roughness coefficients for changes in vegetative densities within the ditches, and discharge volumes from Natural Resources Conservation Service dimensionless hydrographs combined to determine ranges in maximum and outflow storm P loads from the farms. Baseflow regressions and percentage reductions with P concentrations illustrated that the ditches alternated between being a sink and source for dissolved inorganic P and particulate P concentrations throughout the year. Storm event loads resulted in 5.5% of the annual applied fertilizer to be transported into the drainage ditches. The ditches annually reduced 43.92 ± 3.12% of the maximum inorganic effluent P load before receiving waters. Agricultural drainage ditches exhibited a fair potential for P mitigation and thus warrant future work on controlled drainage to improve mitigation capacity.
Evaluation of Cover Crop and Reduced Cultivation for Reducing Nitrate Leaching in Ireland
Authors: Hooker K. V. , Coxon C. E. , Hackett R. , Kirwan L. E. , O'Keeffe E. , Richards K.G.
Published: January 2008

Nitrate (NO3) loss from arable systems to surface and groundwater has attracted considerable attention in recent years in Ireland. Little information exists under Irish conditions, which are wet and temperate, on the effects of winter cover crops and different tillage techniques on NO3 leaching. This study investigated the efficacy of such practices in reducing NO3 leaching from a spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) system in the Barrow River valley, southeast Ireland. The study compared the effect of two tillage systems (plow‐based tillage and noninversion tillage) and two over‐winter alternatives (no vegetative cover and a mustard cover crop) on soil solution NO3 concentrations at 90 cm depth over two winter drainage seasons (2003/04 and 2004/05). Soil samples were taken and analyzed for inorganic N. During both years of the study, the use of a mustard cover crop significantly reduced NO3 losses for the plowed and reduced cultivation treatments. Mean soil solution NO3 concentrations were between 38 and 70% lower when a cover crop was used, and total N load lost over the winter was between 18 and 83% lower. Results from this study highlight the importance of drainage volume and winter temperatures on NO3 concentrations in soil solution and overall N load lost. It is suggested that cover crops will be of particular value in reducing NO3 loss in temperate regions with mild winters, where winter N mineralization is important and high winter temperatures favor a long growing season.
EPA Worst Case Water Microcosms for Testing Phage Biocontrol of Salmonella
Authors: McLaughlin Michael R. , Brooks John P.
Published: January 2008

A microplate method was developed as a tool to test phages for their ability to control Salmonella in aqueous environments. The method used EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) worst case water (WCW) in 96‐well plates. The WCW provided a consistent and relatively simple defined turbid aqueous matrix, high in total organic carbon (TOC) and total dissolved salts (TDS), to simulate swine lagoon effluent, without the inconvenience of malodor and confounding effects from other biological factors. The WCW was originally defined to simulate high turbidity and organic matter in water for testing point‐of‐use filtration devices. Use of WCW to simulate lagoon effluent for phage testing is a new and innovative application of this matrix. Control of physical and chemical parameters (TOC, TDS, turbidity, temperature, and pH) allowed precise evaluation of microbiological parameters (Salmonella and phages). In a typical application, wells containing WCW were loaded with Salmonella enterica susp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (ATCC14028) and treated with phages alone and in cocktail combinations. Mean Salmonella inactivation rates (k, where the lower the value, the greater the inactivation) of phage treatments ranged from −0.32 to −1.60 versus −0.004 for Salmonella controls. Mean log10 reductions (the lower the value, the greater the reduction) of Salmonella phage treatments were −1.60 for phage PR04‐1, −2.14 for phage PR37‐96, and −2.14 for both phages in a sequential cocktail, versus −0.08 for Salmonella controls. The WCW microcosm system was an effective tool for evaluating the biocontrol potential of Salmonella phages.
Predicting Estuarine Sediment Metal Concentrations and Inferred Ecological Conditions: An Information Theoretic Approach
Authors: Hollister Jeffrey W. , August Peter V. , Paul John F. , Walker Henry A.
Published: January 2008

Empirically derived relationships associating sediment metal concentrations with degraded ecological conditions provide important information to assess estuarine condition. Resources limit the number, magnitude, and frequency of monitoring activities to acquire these data. Models that use available information and simple statistical relationships to predict sediment metal concentrations could provide an important tool for environmental assessment. We developed 45 predictive models for the total concentrations of copper, lead, mercury, and cadmium in estuarine sediments along the Southern New England and Mid‐Atlantic regions of the United States. Using information theoretic model‐averaging approaches, we found total developed land and percent silt/clay of estuarine sediment were the most important variables for predicting the presence of all four metals. Estuary area, river flow, tidal range, and total agricultural land varied in their importance. The model‐averaged predictions explained 78.4, 70.5, 56.4, and 50.3% of the variation for copper, lead, mercury, and cadmium, respectively. Overall prediction accuracies of selected sediment benchmark values (i.e., effects ranges) were 83.9, 84.8, 78.6, and 92.0% for copper, lead, mercury, and cadmium, respectively. Our results further support the generally accepted conclusion that sediment metal concentrations are best described by the physical characteristics of the estuarine sediment and the total amount of urban land in the contributing watershed. We demonstrated that broad‐scale predictive models built from existing monitoring data with information theoretic model‐averaging approaches provide valuable predictions of estuarine sediment metal concentrations and show promise for future environmental modeling efforts in other regions.
Experimental Design Techniques for Optimization of Analytical Methods. Part I: Separation and Sample Preparation Techniques
Authors: Bianchi Federica , Careri Maria
Published: January 2008

A review is presented on recent applications of experimental design and optimization techniques for the analysis of compounds of food, biomedical, toxicological and environmental concern. The main features and the significant advantages of chemometric approaches are discussed. Examples related to the determination of substances like xenobiotics or naturally occurring compounds using different analytical techniques, i.e. gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) are provided in this Part. The use of experimental design techniques for optimization of extraction techniques is emphasized as well as the importance of experimental design in checking robustness of analytical methods. This survey will attempt to cover the state-of-the-art from 2004 to 2006.
Crossover Second Toe: Demographics, Etiology, and Radiographic Assessment
Authors: Kaz Ari J. , Coughlin Michael J.
Published: January 2008

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the demographics, etiology, and radiographic findings associated with a crossover second toe deformity. Methods: Patients treated operatively for a crossover second toe deformity between 2001 and 2006 were identified. Charts were reviewed for clinical information, and radiographs were examined for pertinent angular measurements. Results: Of 169 patients in the study, 146 (86%) were women. The mean age at surgery was 59 (range 33 to 87) years. The most common complaints of preoperative pain were at the second (156 patients) and first (35 patients) metatarsophalangeal joints (several patients had more than one area of pain). A positive drawer sign was noted in 112 patients. The mean second and third metatarsophalangeal joint angles were −3 degrees and 6 degrees, respectively. There was a significant association of hallux valgus with first metatarsophalangeal joint arthritis ( p < 0.01). The relative length of the second metatarsal averaged 0.2 mm less than the first metatarsal. Conclusions: Crossover second toe deformity had a peak incidence in women over the age of 50 years. There was an increased incidence of both hallux valgus and first metatarsophalangeal joint degenerative arthritis in the patient cohort. A positive drawer sign was a reliable and consistent physical examination finding. The most reliable radiographic indicator of a second crossover toe was medial angular deviation of the second metatarsophalangeal joint in relationship to the third metatarsophalangeal joint angle, although the angle was not necessarily a negative value. There was no correlation between a crossover second toe deformity and second metatarsal length, medial cortex thickness or shaft thickness, the 1–2 intermetatarsal angle, metatarsus adductus, metatarsus primus elevatus, or pes planus.
Opinions on Lesser Toe Deformities Among Dutch Orthopaedic Departments
Authors: Schrier Joost C.M. , Louwerens Jan Willem , Verheyen Cees C.P.M.
Published: January 2008

Background: Wide variations in definitions of lesser toe deformities exist. In addition, a general consensus regarding treatment of lesser toe deformities is lacking. The objective of this study was to evaluate of the definitions, current concepts, and treatment protocols for lesser toe deformities among orthopaedic departments in The Netherlands. Methods: A questionnaire with statements regarding lesser toe deformities was sent to all 101 Dutch departments of orthopaedic surgery. Results: In total 76 (75%) completed forms were analyzed. A wide variation regarding definitions, concepts, and treatment strategies of lesser toe deformities was reported among the Dutch orthopaedic departments. Only half of all responding departments had a protocol or consensus in the treatment. Conclusions: The definitions of lesser toe deformities used in Dutch orthopaedic departments do not coincide. This might explain the variations in indications and the various performed interventions for different deformities. The differences of opinion among the Dutch orthpaedic departments may have important clinical consequences because an indication for surgery depends on the correct diagnosis. To correctly interpret and improve treatment results, a consensus on this topic should be introduced.
A Survey of Reading, Writing, and Oral Communication Skills in North American Veterinary Medical Colleges
Authors: Hendrix Charles M. , Thompson Isabelle K. , Mann Curt J.
Published: January 2008

In the 1989 report by the Pew National Veterinary Education Program (PNVEP), communication skills topped the list of characteristics the veterinary graduate should possess in order to function effectively in the twenty-first century. To determine the reading, writing, and oral communication requirements and opportunities in veterinary curricula in the US and Canada, and to determine the perceived communication tasks that might be commonly required of practicing veterinarians in the next century, we sent a 15-item communications skills questionnaire to the academic deans of the 31 veterinary curricula in the US and Canada. The results reinforce the importance of communication skills in veterinary medicine, as detailed by the PNVEP over 10 years ago. Based on the responses to our questionnaire and on our own experiences with veterinary medical students, we make several recommendations to enhance communication instruction in veterinary medical curricula.
The 2001 Carl J. Norden Distinguished Teacher Award Teaching the Basic Sciences to Veterinary Students: Science or Art or Both? One Teacher’s Journey into Self-Examination
Authors: Klein Bradley G.
Published: January 2008

Veterinary faculty do not often get the chance to reflect on their own teaching practices. Recent circumstances dictated that the author perform such a self-analysis. This article represents the fruits of that reflection process. A personal philosophy of teaching is presented, along with impressions of the student experience. Using these as a guide, ideas are presented about the package of material that should be delivered to the students, how that package should be delivered, and some special tools to aid delivery. A personal wish list of items that might lead to a better teaching experience is also included. Although the teaching game plan presented here is unlikely to be the best strategy, it is hoped that it may provide some helpful hints for other instructors of veterinary medicine or, at least, stimulate further thinking about how the teaching and learning experience can be improved for both teacher and student.
Editorial
Authors: Smith Gavin
Published: January 2008

It is an old trick and one most of us get our students to do some time or other: Look up the word “culture” in a standard English dictionary. The usual first two entries are always good for a debate. There is the anthropological one, “as customs, values, etc., ‘especially at a particular time’”; and there’s the lit-crit one “as appreciation of art, literature, etc.” Which is right? How do they connect?—and so on. Then there’s the older meaning, “as improvement and development through care . . . cultivation.”
Social security and care after socialism
Authors: Read Rosie , Thelen Tatjana
Published: January 2008

State frameworks for welfare and social security have been subject to processes of privatization, decentralization, and neoliberal reform in many parts of the world. This article explores how these developments might be theorized using anthropological understandings of social security in combination with feminist perspectives on care. In its application to post-1989 socioeconomic transformation in the former socialist region, this perspective overcomes the conceptual inadequacies of the "state withdrawal" model. It also illuminates the nuanced ways in which public and private (as spaces, subjectivities, institutions, moralities, and practices) re-emerge and change in the socialist era as well as today, continually shaping the trajectories and outcomes of reforms to care and social security.
Muslim transnationalism in Indo-Guyana
Authors: de Kruijf Johannes Gerrit
Published: January 2008

Contemporary cultural processes, comprising tendencies toward transformation and reproduction, are inevitably affected by the (re)formative force of globalization. Increased mobility and intensified interconnectedness have expanded our ability to recreate culture, enforce a redefinition of social realities, and transform power structures. Globalization has thus also had an effect on religious realms. Religious concepts, practices, and organizations everywhere are increasingly subject to transnational forces. This article looks at the intersection of these forces and the local powers that determine religious developments by analyzing contemporary Indo-Guyanese Islam as a manifestation of this connection. Rather than stressing globalization's universalizing propensities, it investigates how local conditions determine the relationship between growing interconnectedness and the development of Muslim faith, practice, and collectivity. It is argued that globalization stirs opposing processes of deculturalization and reculturalization in Guyana because of the economic, social, religious, political, and historical context in which local Muslims consume the fruits of transnationalization.
Anthropology goes to war, again
Authors: Gill Lesley
Published: January 2008

Debates about the relationship of anthropology to the U.S. national security establishment are not new, and anthropologists are now forced to confront the issue again. Since the 11 September attacks, the U.S. military has stepped up efforts to recruit anthropologists to fight the so-called "war on terror," and a group of self-identified "security anthropologists" have organized for more recognition and legitimation within the American Anthropological Association. The article considers what is new about the current controversy, and it examines the issues at stake for anthropologists and the people who they study. It argues that anthropologists need to raise anew basic questions about their disciplinary and intellectual endeavors and that they must re-educate themselves on the realities of power.
Self report of skin problems among farmworkers in North Carolina
Authors: Vallejos Quirina M. , Schulz Mark R. , Quandt Sara A. , Feldman Steven R. , Galvan Leonardo , Verma Amit , Fleischer Alan B. , Rapp Stephen R. , Arcury Thomas A.
Published: January 2008

Background

This study estimates the prevalence of self‐reported skin problems among Latino farmworkers and identifies associated risk factors.

Methods

The study used a longitudinal surveillance design. Participants were interviewed up to five times and reported skin problems and personal, work, and environment characteristics. Frequencies and counts were calculated for 13 skin problems. Adjusted odds ratios were obtained for six skin problems.

Results

More than one‐third of participants reported skin problems, including skin and nail fungus; sunburn; bumps, pimples, or acne; calluses; itching; rash; and insect bite. A variety of work and environment factors were associated with higher rates of skin problems. One of the strongest predictors was working in wet clothes or shoes.

Conclusions

Programs are needed to educate farmworkers about measures they can take to decrease their risk of skin problems. Changes in work practices and personal protective equipment provided could help decrease the prevalence of skin problems. Am. J. Ind. Med. 51:204–212, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic analysis of 14 families with Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy reveals clues to UBIAD1 protein function
Authors: Weiss Jayne S. , Kruth Howard S. , Kuivaniemi Helena , Tromp Gerard , Karkera Jayaprakash , Mahurkar Sunil , Lisch Walter , Dupps William J , White Peter S. , Winters R. Scott , Kim Chaesik , Rapuano Christopher J. , Sutphin John , Reidy Jim , Hu Fung‐Rong , Lu Da Wen , Ebenezer Neil , Nickerson Michael L.
Published: January 2008

Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy (SCCD) is a rare autosomal dominant disease characterized by progressive corneal opacification resulting from abnormal deposition of cholesterol and phospholipids. Recently, six different mutations on the UBIAD1 gene on chromosome 1p36 were found to result in SCCD. The purpose of this article is to further characterize the mutation spectrum of SCCD and identify structural and functional consequences for UBIAD1 protein activity. DNA sequencing was performed on samples from 36 individuals from 14 SCCD families. One affected individual was African American and SCCD has not been previously reported in this ethnic group. We identified UBIAD1 mutations in all 14 families which had 30 affected and 6 unaffected individuals. Eight different UBIAD1 mutations, 5 novel (L121F, D118G, and S171P in exon 1, G186R and D236E in exon 2) were identified. In four families with DNA samples from both affected and unaffected individuals, the D118G, G186R, T175I, and G177R mutations cosegregated with SCCD. In combination with our previous report, we have identified the genetic mutation in UBIAD1 in 20 unrelated families with 10 (including 5 reported here), having the N102S mutation. The results suggest that N102S may be a mutation hot spot because the affected families were unrelated including Caucasian and Asian individuals. There was no genotype phenotype correlation except for the T175I mutation which demonstrated prominent diffuse corneal haze, typically without corneal crystals. Protein analysis revealed structural and functional implications of SCCD mutations which may affect UBIAD1 function, ligand binding and interaction with binding partners, like apo E. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Remote monitoring of primates using automated GPS technology in open habitats
Authors: Markham A. Catherine , Altmann Jeanne
Published: January 2008

Automated tracking using a satellite global position system (GPS) has major potential as a research tool in studies of primate ecology. However, implementation has been limited, at least partly because of technological difficulties associated with the dense forest habitat of many primates. In contrast, primates inhabiting relatively open environments may provide ideal subjects for use of GPS collars, yet no empirical tests have evaluated this proposition. Here, we used an automated GPS collar to record the locations, approximate body surface temperature, and activity for an adult female baboon during 90 days in the savannah habitat of Amboseli, Kenya. Given the GPS collar's impressive reliability, high spatial accuracy, other associated measurements, and low impact on the study animal, our results indicate the great potential of applying GPS technology to research on wild primates. Am. J. Primatol. 70:495–499, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.