bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
T‐MYCOPLASMAS IN THE GENITO‐URINARY TRACT OF THE FEMALE
Authors: Mårdh Per‐Anders , Weström Lars
Published: August 2010

Cervical and urethral specimens from 247 females were cultured for T‐mycoplasmas. The occurrence of T‐mycoplasmas in clean‐voided, mid‐stream and catheterized urine specimens was also investigated. There was no significant difference in the recovery rate of T‐mycoplasmas in the genito‐urinary tract between healthy non‐pregnant women and women with signs of genital infections (45.8 and 55.4 per cent respectively). In healthy, pregnant females the incidence of T‐mycoplasmas was significantly higher, or 68.4 per cent. In women taking oral contraceptives, T‐mycoplasmas were found more frequently than in women of comparable ages and groups not taking oral contraceptives. Prepubertal girls and postmenopausal women had a low incidence of T‐mycoplasmas (8.0 and 4.3 per cent respectively). T‐mycoplasmas were cultured from 15.4 per cent of catheterized urine specimens collected from women harbouring these organisms in the urethra, while the corresponding figure in clean‐voided, mid‐stream urine specimens was 84.9 per cent. This study indicates that T‐mycoplasmas occur as commensals in the female genital tract. The hormonal status of the individual seems to be an important factor for their occurrence. T‐mycoplasmas often occur in urine specimens as contaminants from the urethra or the vulva. Sampling from the urethra or the cervix is more reliable than collection of urine for the demonstration of T‐mycoplasmas in the female genito‐urinary tract.
STUDIES ON FUNGAL NEPHROTOXICITY
Authors: KROGH P. , HASSELAGER E. , FRIIS P.
Published: August 2010

Nephrotoxic compounds were isolated from a strain ofPenicillium viridicatumWestling. This strain was isolated from a batch of barley which by feeding caused a chronic kidney degeneration in pigs and rats. Liquid corn steep medium was inoculated and incubated as stationary culture. After fractionation of the liquid medium fractions and isolated compounds were perorally administered to rats during a period of 2–3 weeks. Two compounds were found nephrotoxic: Citrinin and oxalic acid. Oxalates cause in rats during a long‐term experiment a chronic kidney damage, characterized by dilated tubules, formation of cysts and connective tissue and crystals of calcium oxalate in the tubules. No nuclear alterations were observed. Citrinin‐induced kidney damage is characterized by enlarged kidneys. Degeneration of the proximal tubules in the form of hydropic degeneration, loss of brush border, and pyknotic nuclei are observed. These lesions are accompanied by thickening of the tubular basement membranes, activation of interstitial cells and formation of collagen. Some tubules are dilated into cysts. This kidney degeneration is comparable to the kidney damage in rats and pigs caused by feeding barley inoculated withP. viridicatumas well as by feeding the batch of barley from which the fungus was isolated. The kidney damage in pigs is comparable to the chronic kidney degeneration observed among Danish pigs fed mouldy feed. Thus it is assumed that the kidney degeneration naturally occurring among Danish pigs is a mycotoxicosis caused by citrinin, although a synergistic effect with other compounds may exist.
COMPARISON OF ANTIGENIC STRUCTURE AND PHAGE PATTERN WITH BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS STRAINS ISOLATED FROM DOGS AND PIGEONS
Authors: OEDING P. , MARANDON J.‐L. , HÁJEK V. , MARŠÁLEK E.
Published: August 2010

Seventy‐five strains of coagulase‐positive staphylococci isolated from the nostrils of healthy dogs and 67 strains isolated from the nostrils of pigeons have been typed both serologically and with the standard set of human phages as well as with selected bovine phages. Biochemically 10 of the dog strains were of the human biotype. All of these were typable serologically and 8 were sensitive to the phages vised. Sixty‐three dog strains and all the pigeon strains showed to a great extent biochemical properties corresponding to the canine biotype. Of the whole group of these white‐pigmented isolates only one strain of pigeon origin was typable by phage. The dog strains and the pigeon strains differed serologically. Eighty‐five per cent of the true canine strains isolated from dogs were easily typable. The dominant antigen was a5 and there were only few antigenic patterns. Of the pigeon strains only 24 per cent were typable. In agreement with other investigations the present investigation shows that canine strains can quite successfully be typed serologically whereas the human and bovine phage sets are of little use. This reflects a fundamental difference between the two typing systems.
SV40‐TUMORIGENESIS IN MOUSE
Authors: WESSLÉN TORE
Published: August 2010

SV40‐transformed cell lines from 8 kidneys and 2 embryos of inbread CBA mice were grown in vitro and repeatedly tested for oncogenicity in adult syngeneic hosts by subcutaneous inoculation of about 50 × 106 cells. In contrast to spontaneously developing permanent mouse embryo lines, these in vitro lines never induced any progressive tumours. After prolonged cultivation, one of the embryonic lines induced progressively growing tumours in irradiated mice, but not in normal ones. When the tumour was passed in vitro the oncogenic potential increased and after 3 passages, tumours were also obtained in untreated animals. The oncogenic potential was retained by in vitro cultivation and increased to a certain degree by in vivo passages. The oncogenic cell titre increased from a TPD50 of about 107 to 104. Corresponding increase in the oncogenic potential was also obtained when the same implantation procedure was carried out upon a population from a single cell derived from the mixed low oncogenic population and shown to be non‐malignant for normal mice. Attempts to correlate the increase in malignancy to other parameters studied failed except for the demonstration of a higher cloning ability of the malignant population. Tumour tissue contained 3 types of clones, 2 of which were present also in the original population otherwise found non‐malignant for normal mice. Irrespective of the type, 7 of 8 clones from the tumours and none of 5 clones from the latter population produced tumours in normal mice. The oncogenic cell titres of most clones were the same as those found for the mixed population. No virus or subviral infectivity could be recovered from cultures of transformed cells or tumours. All cells were positive both in CF tests and in immunofluorescence tests with sera from tumour‐bearing hamsters. No correlation between the amount of complement‐fixing neoantigen and malignancy was found. Tumour development could be prevented by SV40 immunization, indicating that the increase in oncogenicity was not due to loss of tumour specific transplantation antigens. Simultaneous inoculation of a malignant population and the one grown only in vitro did not support a growth of the latter or prevent a tumour production by the former. Tumour‐bearing, not pretreated mice and most of the irradiated ones with tumours had complement‐fixing antibodies against SV40 neoantigens and immunofluorescent antibodies to the nuclear antigen in their sera. High titres were found in animals carrying tumours for a longer time and low or no titres were recorded in animals which died early due to rapidly growing tumours.
ISOLATION OF A HERPES‐TYPE VIRUS FROM CHICKENS WITH ACUTE MAREK'S DISEASE IN DENMARK
Authors: SETTNES O. P.
Published: August 2010

Isolation in vivo and in vitro of a strain of Marek's Disease virus (MDV) from chickens with acute Marek's Disease is described. In 6 in vivo transmission experiments the per cent of positive chickens varied between 71 per cent and 100 per cent. Between 15 per cent and 75 per cent of the positive chickens showed lymphoid tumours in different organs, chiefly the gonades. In cultures of primary chicken kidney cells foci of refractile cells were produced in four days and microplaques developed in 7 to 9 days. The cell‐propagated virus proved infectious and oncogenic for day‐old chickens, and infectious cell‐suspensions contained cells with herpes‐like virions in the nuclei.
THE HL‐A SYSTEM. GENETIC AND BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS
Authors: DAUSSET JEAN
Published: August 2010

This paper includes lectures given in February 1970 at Rikshospitalet, Oslo; The Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; The Institute for Medical Microbiology, University of Lund; and at The Danish Society of Pathology, Copenhagen.
DISTRIBUTION OF THE ABO, MNS, P, RHESUS, LUTHERAN, KELL, LEWIS AND DUFFY BLOOD GROUPS AND FREQUENCY OF IRREGULAR RED CELL ANTIBODIES IN A POPULATION OF DANES AGED FIFTY YEARS AND A POPULATION OF DANES AGED SEVENTY YEARS
Authors: SKOV FLEMMING , ERIKSEN MARIE , HAGERUP LEIF
Published: August 2010

The blood group and gene frequencies within the ABO, MNS, P, Rhesus, Lutheran, Kell, Lewis and Duffy systems have been determined in samples from 802 Danes aged 50 years and 427 Danes aged 70 years, living in a suburban area of Copenhagen. An antibody screening test was performed on sera from the same persons. When the results of the blood groupings in the two materials were compared, no significant difference could be demonstrated. When the present materials were compared with those reported earlier for Danish populations, no significant difference was observed. The frequency of irregular antibodies against erythrocytes in the two materials was lower than that in materials of patients in Rigshospitalet, but the difference was not significant.
PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES AND BIOLOGICAL INHIBITORS
Authors: Fossum Kåre
Published: August 2010

By use of the casein precipitating inhibition test (CPI‐test), sera from various species were found to contain inhibitors against trypsin, α‐chymotrypsin, a number of microbial proteinases, ficin and papain. A semiquantitative measure for the inhibitory capacity of the different sera upon the various enzymes is given. By combination of paper electrophoresis of the sera and the CPI‐test (electrophoretic CPI‐test) it was found that sera from most of the species tested contained two different inhibitors against trypsin, α‐chymotrypsin and proteinases from Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus oryzae. In the sera from man, pig, cattle, sheep, goat, and horse only one inhibitor could usually be demonstrated against the other bacterial proteinases tested. In sera from rabbit, dog, and hen usually two or more, inhibitors could be demonstrated also against these enzymes. The proteinases were inhibited linearly according to the amount of serum added up to 70 per cent inhibition or more. The inhibiting capacity of the different sera for trypsin, α‐chymotrypsin, and ficin is given.
NON‐PHOTOCHROMOGENIC MYCOBACTERIA SEROTYPE DAVIS
Authors: Engbæk H. C. , Vergmann B. , Baess I.
Published: August 2010

Non‐photochromogenic mycobacteria belonging in serotype Davis deviate from the typical pattern of M. avium. The divergencies in the in vitro experiments occurred especially in connection with drug resistance, effect of temperature, and catalase test. In the in vivo examinations, there were divergencies in all the animal studies. The Davis strains are unstable in subcultures on Löwenstein‐Jensen and 7H‐10 agar media and pure cultures of smooth, transparent colonies (“light”) were dominated by opaque variants (“dark”) after 7–8 passages. It is probable that the variants are the chief reason for the inhomogeneity within the Davis group. On the basis of virulence experiments, the strains were divided into three groups. The most virulent (Group A, virulent for hens, rabbits, guinea pigs) gave growth of “light” colonies and the attenuated (Group C) “dark” colonies. However, the correlation between the two characteristics is not absolute, since both types of colonies were represented in pure culture in Group B (virulent for hens and guinea pigs, attenuated for rabbits), i.e. also the strains which give growth of “dark” colonies may possess virulence for the classical experimental animal, the hen. In the in vitro experiments, the attenuated strains (Group C) were more sensitive to streptomycin, viomycin, rifampicin, and penicillin than the strains in the other groups. This greater sensitivity of the variants must be taken into consideration when selecting test strains for assay of the effect of new drugs or drug combinations.
THE IN VIVO SPLEEN RESPONSE TO SHEEP ERYTHROCYTES IN BURSECTOMIZED‐IRRADIATED CHICKENS
Authors: Alm Gunnar V.
Published: August 2010

The proliferative and plaque forming cell (PFC) responses in the spleens of control‐irradiated and bursectomized‐irradiated chickens 4 days after a single i.v. injection of sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) were studied. Both the proliferative and the PFC response was deficient in the bursectomized‐irradiated chickens. The “background” anti‐SRBC PFCs found in the spleens of unimmunized control‐irradiated chickens were absent in bursectomized‐irradiated animals.
THE EFFECT OF TRIMETHOPRIM ON ACUTE EXPERIMENTAL TOXOPLASMOSIS IN MICE
Authors: Sander Jan , Midtvedt Tore
Published: August 2010

The effect of trimethoprim alone and in combination with sulphamethoxazole was investigated on mice experimentally infected with Toxoplasma gondii. The treatment was given per os. No effect was achieved with trimethoprim alone. Trimethoprim had, however, a significant sulphonamide potentiating effect on the survival‐time of mice intraperitoneally infected with T. gondii. The carrier rate after the treatments were concluded was higher among sulphonamide treated animals than among animals treated with both sulphonamide and trimethoprim, but the difference was not significant.
ISOLATION OF TOXOTOXIN AS A LARGE MOLECULE OR PARTICLE BY A METHOD CALLED “ICE‐FILTRATION”
Authors: Pettersen Eiliv K.
Published: August 2010

Centrifugation of frozen mouse peritoneal exudate gave a concentrated solution of the bulk of the solute at the bottom of the centrifuge tube. The Toxotoxin present in the exudate remained embedded in the ice above, a fact which was utilized as a means for its isolation by a method called “ice filtration”. Toxotoxin was thus obtained as a large molecular entity which had the same lethal activity on mice as that of the exudate from which it was isolated. It was shown that Toxotoxin was formed by the aggregation of smaller, inactive molecules. The lethality of Toxotoxin was, therefore, considered related to its molecular weight. In view of these facts it would probably be more appropriate to call Toxotoxin a particle rather than a molecule.
VARIATION IN STAPHYLOCOCCAL PROTEIN A REACTIVITY WITH γG‐GLOBULINS OF DIFFERENT SPECIES
Authors: Lind Inga , Live Israel , Mansa Bendt
Published: August 2010

The reactivity between protein A of S. aureus and serum globulins from various species was found to vary. Sera from three species (man, dog and swine) gave high titre for non‐specific staining in the fluorescent antibody test (FAT), formed distinct precipitation lines with protein A and absorption with Cowan type I removed all γG‐globulin components to such a degree that only traces were left. Sera from two other species (cow and sheep) showed a less marked or weak reaction in FAT, did not readily precipitate protein A and by absorption with Cowan type I the slow γG‐globulin component was completely removed, whereas the fast γG‐globulin seemed to be unaltered.
THE GENETIC BASIS FOR REACTIVITY IN HUMAN MIXED LYMPHOCYTE CULTURE
Authors: Sorensen S. Freiesleben , Nielsen L. Staub
Published: August 2010

Currently used serological methods permit the definition of the two HL‐A subloci called “LA” and “Four”. Ten pairs of unrelated cell donors typing identical for four different well defined HL‐A antigens, i.e. two “LA” and two “Four” antigens, were tested in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). In all cases unequivocal stimulation was seen indicating that none of these pairs were truly HL‐A identical. This finding may be explained by heterogeneity of the seemingly well defined HL‐A antigens or by the existence of additional subloci of the HL‐A system not recognized by the serological methods. The MLC stimulation provoked by the unspecified HL‐A antigens was compared with results of MLC between siblings being different with respect to two, one or no haplotypes.
A ROLE FOR RED CELLS IN PHYTOHAEMAGGLUTININ‐INDUCED LYMPHOCYTE STIMULATION
Authors: Tärnvik A.
Published: August 2010

The phytohaemagglutinin‐induced lymphocyte stimulation was studied in the presence of various types of blood cells. The response of purified lymphocytes to PHA was reduced compared with the response of lymphocytes from buffy coat of whole blood. When red cells were added to the purified lymphocytes the response was restored. Leucocytes also had some restoring effect.
PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES AND BIOLOGICAL INHIBITORS
Authors: Fossum Kåre
Published: August 2010

Extracts from disintegrated cells of some Gram‐negative bacteria, including Proteus mira‐bilis, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, a Klebsiella species, Serratia marcescens, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were shown to inhibit the activity of trypsin, α‐chymotrypsin, and the extracellular proteinases of certain microorganisms, as tested by the casein precipitating inhibition test (CPI‐test). The crude extracts of the various proteolytic Gram‐negative bacteria did, in all cases, inhibit the extracellular proteinase produced by the homologous species. Ficin and papain were not inhibited by any of the bacterial inhibitors tested. Disintegrated cells of Gram‐positive microorganisms showed no inhibitory activity. By electrophoresis of the inhibitor‐containing material, combined with the CPI‐test (electro‐phoretic CPI‐test), two electrophoretically distinguishable inhibitors were demonstrated from the Proteus bacteria, one which inhibited only trypsin and α‐chymotrypsin, and another which, in addition to affecting these two enzymes to some extent, also inhibited microbial proteinases. Only one inhibitor was demonstrated by this method from each of the other Gram‐negative bacteria. The inhibitors, which are assumed to be proteins, were non‐dialysable, they were precipitable by ammonium sulphate, but not by streptomycin sulphate. They were inactivated by the action of pepsin, and were fairly heat stable in the crude preparation.
IMPROVED TECHNIQUE FOR SEPARATION AND ANALYSIS OF SOLUBLE IMMUNE COMPLEXES
Authors: Steensgaard J. , Funding L.
Published: August 2010

An improved technique for separation and analysis of soluble immune complexes by ratezonal ultracentrifugation is described. The separation is achieved with a B‐XIV titanium zonal rotor and a 3 to 23 per cent (w/w) optimized isokinetic sucrose gradient. This method allows an accurate calculation of sedimentation coefficients for separated complexes.
AN EXPLANATION OF THE BIOLOGICAL ACTION OF TOXOTOXIN BASED ON SOME IN VITRO EXPERIMENTS
Authors: Pettersen Eiliv K.
Published: August 2010

The present investigation has failed to show any correlation between the lethal activity of Toxotoxin and the viscosity of its solutions. In vitro experiments in the presence of mouse plasma revealed a dual character of Toxotoxin, this being partly thromboplastin and partly coprecipitant to fibrin. In vivo, the thromboplastic activity, though in itself checked by fibrinolysis, was thought to initiate the coprecipitation of Toxotoxin, thus causing the formation of a massive clot which fibrinolysis would be unable to resolve.
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF CARDIOBACTERIUM HOMINIS*
Authors: Reyn A. , Birch‐Andersen A. , Murray R. G. E.
Published: August 2010

Three strains of Cardiobacterium hominis (31) were studied with the electron microscope. Thin sections showed slender rods with a cell wall of the coherent Gram‐negative type and with a cytoplasm containing numerous intrusive membranes disposed around the periphery of the cells, especially at the poles. The cell wall consisted of a unit membrane sandwiched between dense outer and inner layers, the outer dense layer showing a 4–5 nm thick regular structure. Polar caps of a dense tufty material were noted on the ends of cells. The substructure of the surface layer was studied in negatively stained cell wall preparations obtained after ultrasonic treatment. It consisted of a close packing of nearly spherical units (averaging 3.5 nm in diameter and with a repeat frequency of 5.5 nm) in a rectangular array; it was also demonstrated after freeze‐etching. This layer represents an unusual type of surface structure on a Gram‐negative bacterium.
HAEMOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF ACINETOBACTER CALCOACETICUS
Authors: Lehmann Vidar
Published: August 2010

The haemolytic activity of broth culture filtrate of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus grown at 22°C has been investigated. The haemolytic activity was enhanced by Mg++ and Mn++ and inhibited by Zn++ and Hg++. Red cells from different species exhibited different haemolytic patterns. The temperature coefficient (Q10°C) was estimated at 1.8, the reaction being rectilinear for 1 hr at 37°C. The haemolytic material was non‐dialysable, sensitive to heat and proteolytic enzymes and antigenic on injections of filtrate into rabbits. The nature of the haemolytic material is briefly discussed.
AN IMMUNODIFFUSION MICROMETHOD FOR COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE HEMOLYTIC ACTIVITY AND ANTIGENICITY OF STREPTOLYSIN O
Authors: Holm S. E. , MoUller Å.
Published: August 2010

An immunodiffusion micromethod for determination and characterization of hemolytic activity based on streptolysin O experiments is described. The hemolytic activity of Sl O and its inhibition by its corresponding antibody is illustrated. The technique offers an alternative way to identify hemolytically active antigens among other precipitating factors in a crude antigen preparation.
THE FORMATION OF STREPTOLYSIN O UNDER STABILIZED pH CONDITIONS
Authors: Holm S. E. , Möller Å.
Published: August 2010

Employing a system for continued pH adjustment and a growth medium containing factors essential for streptococcal growth and SI O production, the formation of SI O at different growth phases was studied. The SI O formed during the early phase of exponential growth could not be completely neutralized by its corresponding antibody thus indicating a lack of or a lower antigenicity of this streptolysin. The mechanism for SI O formation is probably an active process where a feed back system might be involved.
SYNERGISTIC EFFECT IN VIRAL‐BACTERIAL INFECTION
Authors: Degré Miklos
Published: August 2010

Polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte accumulation in different sections of the respiratory tract of mice is a prominent sign after inoculation with parainfluenza 1 virus. Spontaneous invasion of bacteria to the lung, normally present in the upper respiratory tract, was frequently observed from the 2. day after viral inoculation. Penicillin‐G, administered in drinking water during the entire course of experiment eliminated the bacteria from the lungs. The extent of PMN leukocytosis was also reduced in the lungs and to a lesser extent in the circulating blood. The same treatment also reduced significantly the mortality which normally follows the virus infection. It is reasonable to believe that a bacterial invasion, secondary to the effect of primary virus inoculation, is responsible to some extent for the leukocyte accumulation in the respiratory organs, and it may participate in the infectious disease.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF A SALIVARY GLYCOPROTEIN WITH BLOOD‐GROUP SUBSTANCE‐AND VIRUS INHIBITION ACTIVITIES
Authors: Sønju Torleif , Rølla Gunnar
Published: August 2010

A human salivary glycoprotein which exhibits blood‐group substance activity in the ABO and Lewis systems, and which also inhibits the haemagglutinins of influenza virus (Rølla &Jonsen 1968) has been analysed. Glycoprotein preparations from a non‐secretor (O, Le a+b‐) and from a secretor (O, Le a‐b+) showed very similar amino acid composition, indicating identical protein cores in the two glycoproteins, whereas the secretor preparation contained more amino sugars and fucose. The salivary blood‐group active glycoproteins had an amino acid composition different from the ovarian cyst blood‐group substances and contained more protein than these preparations.
STUDIES ON THE COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST WITH MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE ANTIGEN
Authors: Eng Jan
Published: August 2010

M. pneumoniae cell suspensions prepared by 4 different techniques were examined with regard to the degree of contamination with broth medium constituents, using quantitative protein measurements and gel diffusion tests with antisera against broth medium constituents. Unwashed pellets from high‐speed centrifugation of broth cultures were found to be highly impure. Washing the pellets by repeated resuspensions and centrifugations resulted in an only partial purification, broth medium constituents precipitated as a result of the centrifugation being largely unremovable by this procedure. Prefiltration of the broth medium yielded less contaminated, but still impure, pellet antigens. Suspensions prepared by scraping off washed layers of M. pneumoniae grown on a plastic surface did not show gel precipitation reactions of broth medium constituents; their protein figures were relatively high. The significance of this finding is discussed. The yields from cultures on plastic surfaces were found to be greatly increased by a renewa of the broth medium during the incubation period. A filter disc method for harvesting . pneumoniae cells from broth cultures is described, the cells being washed upon, and thereafter scraped off from, the surface of Millipore filter discs type GS (0.22 μ). This method yielded cell antigens of significantly higher purity than the centrifugation method. The filter disc method, in combination with prefiltration of the broth medium, is easily practicable for harvesting washed cell suspensions of broth‐grown M. pneumoniae for experimental studies and the production of diagnostic antigens.
REGULATION OF ANTIBODY FORMATION AGAINST HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN IN RABBITS
Authors: Rubin B. , Spärck J. V.
Published: August 2010

Both the time interval between two antigenic stimuli and the size of the primary and secondary antigen doses have been varied in a study on antibody formation against human serum albumin (HSA) in rabbits. It was found that the variation of the time interval between the primary and secondary stimulation did not significantly influence the amount of antibody produced in the secondary response. This was true whatever the size of the primary dose of antigen. However, when‐rabbits were stimulated with the same primary antigen dose, the amount of antibody produced in the secondary response was closely correlated with the dose of antigen used for restimulation. The results are discussed in relation to present theories regarding the regulation on immunological memory.
THE BURNS UNIT IN COPENHAGEN
Authors: Thomsen Mogens
Published: August 2010

In the Burns Unit, Copenhagen, Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 80 per cent of patients showing clinical infection in the burns. Most strains were resistant to penicillin, streptomycin, tetracyclines, erythromycin, neomycin, and bacitracin. These multiresistant strains of S. aureus were found to occur with increasing frequency in extensive burns, the incidence increasing parallel with the duration of patient's stay in hospital and increasing duration of infection. The total incidence increased in the Unit in the course of the study period, and in 1968 multiresistant strains were isolated from 94 per cent of the patients infected with S. aureus. This endemic occurrence is explained by the use of neomycin and bacitracin for the local treatment of the burns. Erythromycin has never been used. Moreover, in the case of fusidic acid a relationship between the antibiotic consumption and the appearance of strains with reduced sensitivity was demonstrated. At admission, 30 per cent of the patients were found to harbour S. aureus in the nose, but only 2.5 per cent were subsequently infected by their own nasal staphylococci, and in most cases these staphylococci were later overgrown by the multiresistant strains.
THE BURNS UNIT IN COPENHAGEN
Authors: Thomsen Mogens
Published: August 2010

In the Burns Unit, Copenhagen, Staphylococcus aureus was demonstrated in 80 per cent of burns which showed clinical infection. All strains were phage typed. The strains of the complex 52, 52A, 80, 81 decreased in frequency in the course of 1962. At the same time, there was an increase in the occurrence of the complex 84, 85, 6557, to which, in 1967, 80 per cent of the isolated S. aureus strains belonged. 93 per cent of these strains were resistant to penicillin, streptomycin, tetracyclines, erythromycin, neomycin, and bacitracin and were found to occur at increasing frequency in extensive burns, in cases of prolonged infection, and in patients showing a poor take of skin grafts. Owing to this endemic occurrence, the material does not permit conclusions to be drawn concerning virulence, and distribution of the phage types demonstrated was the same as that in other hospital infections. The spread of type 84/85/6557 was followed. The sensitivity of these strains to erythromycin, neomycin, and bacitracin was studied by the tube dilution method. Gradual transitions to resistance or dissociated resistance could not be demonstrated. The resistance to erythromycin was of the inducible form, but an increasing resistance to oleandomycin developed. The possibility that this strain may have arisen from 83A by lysogenic conversion is discussed.
A SUBDIVISION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS STRAINS BELONGING TO THE 83A, 84, 85, 6557, 592 COMPLEX WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
Authors: Rosendai Kirsten , Bülow Per
Published: August 2010

844 staphylococcal bacteraemia strains out of 2237 were, on re‐typing, found to be lysed by the phages 83A, 84, 85, and the two Danish experimental phages 6557‘ and 592’ in various patterns. Evidence is produced which suggests that these strains are related to one another. In the course of time an abbreviation of the phage‐patterns has been noticed from 83A/84/85/6557/592 (PST) — 84/85/6557/592 (PSTEN) —“6557” (PSTEM) —“592” (PSTM) caused by lysogenization. It is found that the phage‐patterns most frequently encountered are characterized by individual pattern of antibiotic‐resistance. It is suggested that the development of resistance depends on a transduction of the property, whereas the accompanying, changes of the phage‐patterns are due to a simultaneous lysogenization.
A CONTINUOUS PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF EXTRACELLULAR PROTEINS BY STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Holme Tord , Wadström Torkel
Published: August 2010

A continuous process has been developed for the production of staphylococcal enzymes and toxins. In order to obtain sufficient quantities of these extracellular proteins, 40 1 volumes of culture were produced by a short‐term continuous process in a stirred fermentor with a working volume of 2.2 1. Three strains of Staphylococcus aureus, selected for high capacity in producing various enzymes and toxins, were used. Yeast extract was required as a medium component for optimal yields of the extracellular proteins. Active aeration, pH control, and prevention of foaming were ajso essential for high yields. In a series of cultivations the following growth conditions were selected: dilution rate 0.5 h‐1, pH 6.8, air flow 0.5 1 per min, and impeller speed 800 rpm. Each run was terminated after approximately 36 h. Constant levels were obtained after 4 h of the continuous run for bacterial dry weight, α‐toxin, leucocidin, DNase, phosphatase, protease, and staphylokinase. Lipase activity increased during 20 h before constant levels were obtained. Hyaluronate lyase decreased during the whole period of each experiment. The activity levels of phosphatase, protease, and staphylokinase were approximately the same as those in batch cultures, grown under the same conditions (2). The yields of a‐toxin and DNase were approximately half of those obtained in batch cultures. The average yield of hyaluronate lyase per 40 1 of culture supernatant from continuous culture was lower, and the average yield of lipase was higher than that obtained by the corresponding batch process.
RED CELLS, ERYTHROAGGLUTINATING ACTIVITY OF PHYTOHAEMAGGLUTININ, AND LYMPHOCYTE STIMULATION
Authors: Tärnvik A.
Published: August 2010

Lymphocytes purified from human blood responded poorly, to each of two different fractions of a phytohaemagglutinin preparation. One of the fractions agglutinated red cells and a mixture of mononuclear leucocytes and platelets (leucocytes‐platelets); the lymphocyte response to this fraction was increased by red cells as well as by leucocytes‐platelets. The other phytohaemagglutinin fraction agglutinated leucocytes‐platelets but not red cells; the response to this fraction was increased by leucocytes‐platelets but not by red cells. The results are compatible with the assumption that a component of phytohaemagglutinin bound to the red cell membrane induces lymphocyte stimulation more effectively than does phytohaemagglutinin in the absence of cells other than lymphocytes.
PROTEIN A FROM ST APHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS XI
Authors: Stålenheim G.
Published: August 2010

Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus inactivates human complement and complement from rabbit as well as from guinea pig. Complement fixation at different temperatures gives different results; possible reasons for this are discussed. Very large amounts of protein A are needed for inactivation of rabbit complement even in the presence of human IgG. EDTA inhibits the fixation of human complement and of guinea pig complement by protein A.
RAPID IDENTIFICATION OF PROMPT LACTOSE‐FERMENTING GENERA WITHIN THE FAMILY ENTEROBACTERIACEAE
Authors: Gloss O. , Digranes A.
Published: August 2010

Two hundred and two strains of prompt lactose‐fermenting enterobacteria were examined, using 12 biochemical tests. In addition the susceptibility to several antibiotics was recorded. Identification on the basis of H2S production, ornithine decarboxylase activity, motility and citrate utilization (HOMoC) was compared with the results obtained using the classical IMV iC tests: indol, methyl red, Voges‐Proskauer and citrate. Only the former set of reactions seemed suitable for clear‐cut identification of the 4 genera Escherichia, Citrobacter, Enterobacter and Klebsiella. In showing low sensitivity to cephalotin Citrobacter and Enterobacter seemed to differ from the other 2 genera, and this could be used as an additional criterion for their identification.
QUANTISATION OF VIBRIOCIDAL ANTIBODIES USING AGAR PLAQUE TECHNIQUES
Authors: Holmgren Jan , SvennerhoI.M Ann‐Mari , Ouchteriony öRjan
Published: August 2010

An agar‐plaque technique for titration of vibriocidal antibodies was studied. The elaborated technique is based upon application of microdrops of serum diluted with complement on the surface of a nutrient agar plate with incorporated live vibrios. After incubation at 37dGC for some 4 hours clear plaque:; in the layer of confluent bacterial growth at the sites for the serum‐complement mixture indicate the complement‐dependent vibriocidal effect of serum antibodies. This spot method is more sensitive than bacterial agglutination and conventional vibriocidal tests in fluid medium and it shows the same reproducibility as these methods. A modification of the spot method was developed employing radial pre‐diffusion of the antibodies before addition of complement and the subsequent multiplication of bacteria. The antibody concentration of the tested sample was found to be correlated to the area of the growth inhibition zone. This correlation is utilized for the establishment of a zone vs concentration curve for a standard serum which can be used for the evaluation of test samples. By means of the radial diffusion method 20 per cent or less vibriocidal antibody differences could be discriminated and the sensitivity was as high as that of the spot agar‐plaque method. With the spot as well as the diffusion techniques vibriocidal activity could be demonstrated for 7S as well as 19S antibodies and in absorption experiments serotype specific vibriocidal antibodies were revealed in addition to cross‐reacting antibodies.
IMMUNE PRECIPITATION OF NOT CELL‐BOUND ANTIGEN OF MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE
Authors: Eng Jan
Published: August 2010

A precipitin reaction with not cell‐bound antigen of Mycoplasma pneumoniae is described. Immune precipitates are formed with human and rabbit anti‐M. pneumoniae sera in fluid medium, whereas attempts at precipitation in agar gel were negative. The immune precipitation proceeds well without fresh serum, but the addition of 5 per cent fresh guinea pig serum to the reaction mixture increases the sentitivity of the reaction. Rising precipitin titres are demonstrated in patients with pneumonia caused by M. pneumoniae.
IMMUNE ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF NOT CELL‐BOUND ANTIGEN OF MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE
Authors: Eng Jan
Published: August 2010

Specific immune precipitates of not cell‐bound antigen of Mycoplasma pneumoniae have been examined in the electron microscope using negative staining. The precipitates were found to contain aggregates of;lobular elements measuring 10–100 nm. The results provide evidence that the small globular elements are formed during the growth of M. pneumoniae in broth culture.
PRODUCTION OF PHOSPHOLIPASE C IN ACINETOBACTER CALCOACETICUS
Authors: Lehmann Vidar
Published: August 2010

The production of phospholipase C (haemolysin) of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus in a chemically defined medium is described. A molecular weight of the enzyme of 25—35, 000, and an isoelectric point of 6.75 were estimated by gel‐filtration and isoelectric focusing experiments.
STUDIES ON THE PRECIPITINOGENIC RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DIFFERENT SEROTYPES OF M. AFIUM AND M. INTRACELLULARE*
Authors: Kubin M. , Lind A. , Matuskova E. , Noriin M.
Published: August 2010

Antigenic preparations from 4 M. avium and 20 M. intracellulare strains belonging to 11 serotypes (Schaefer) were obtained by desintegration in a cooled high‐pressure device. The material was compared with an M. avium reference antigen prepared from a culture filtrate of strain Faisan IV (MA 4) employing an immune serum corresponding to the reference antigen. Ouchterlony's double diffusion‐in‐gel technique in a micromodification was applied. The presence or absence of two common mycobacterial precipitinogens (γ and α) and two precipitinogens (d and e) earlier mainly demonstrated only in M. avium strains was determined. The common precipitinogen γ was found in all except three strains and that designated α in all of them. The precipitinogen d was detected in 10 strains representing 7 different serotypes. The precipitinogen e was found in all M. avium strains representing two serotypes and in some M. intracellulare strains belonging to three different serotypes. The serological relationships of the two species are discussed.
SYNERGISTIC EFFECT IN VIRAL‐BACTERIAL INFECTION
Authors: Degré Miklos , Solberg Lars Aage
Published: August 2010

The effect of infection with parainfluenza 1 virus or Haemophilus influenzae b on the mucosa of respiratory tract of mice was studied. A section of trachea just above the bifurcation was examined histologically for the presence of destructive changes and leukocyte accumulation in the epithelium and lamina propria. Polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte accumulation was a prominent sign after both viral and bacterial inoculation. Viral inoculation produced more frequent and more pronounced inflammatory changes than bacterial inoculation. Disruption of the basement membrane was observed only following virus inoculation. Gross evidence of pneumonia was seen more frequently among virus inoculated animals. The histological changes were progressive with time of survival up to the third day after inoculation. The bacterial titer in homogenates of lung tissue correlated with the number of lobes affected with pneumonia and to some extent with the accumulation of PMN leukocytes in the tracheal epithelium. Bacteria, normally present in the upper respiratory tract, were isolated from a high proportion of virus inoculated lungs. The findings are compatible with the concept that parainfluenza 1 virus infection facilitates a secondary bacterial invasion because of functional impairment or destruction of the epithelium.
SYNERGISTIC EFFECT IN VIRAL‐BACTERIAL INFECTION
Authors: Degré Miklos
Published: August 2010

The role of the tracheal ciliary activity in the host defence against bacterial respiratory infections was studied. In vivo infection of the mouse and in vitro infection of the mouse trachea organ cultures with parainfluenza 1, Sendai virus resulted in a patchy inhibition of ciliary activity. Lidocain chloride also inhibited reversibely the ciliary activity of organ culture systems in concentrations from 0.3 to 2 mg per ml medium. The same concentration had no effect on the phagocytic ability of alveolar macrophages. Intranasally inoculated Hemophilus influenzae were eliminated at a slower rate from the lungs of Lidocain treated mice than from normal animals, during the initial phase of infection. Slightly more mice died following H. influenzae infection after Lidocain treatment than without it, but the difference was not significant. The data support the concept that Sendai virus infection results in a reduced ciliary activity in the trachea, which again results in a delayed elimination of bacteria from the lungs.
AUSTRALIA‐SH ANTIGEN IN PATIENTS WITH LIVER DISEASES
Authors: Solaas Marit Hornberg , Helle Ivar , Laake Helge , Berg Kåre
Published: August 2010

Among 84 patients with jaundice and liver disease, the Australia‐SH antigen was demonstrated in the serum of ten. Nine of these patients were scored as suffering from serum hepatitis or “possible serum hepatitis”. The last patient who had the Australia‐SH antigen in her serum suffered from chronic hepatitis. The Australia‐SH antigen was not demonstrated in serum of any of the 35 patients with infectious hepatitis. Thus, the present limited data appear to confirm that there is a specific association between serum hepatitis and occurrence of the Australia‐SH antigen, as reported by Prince (1968) and Giles et al. (1969).
HUMAN SECRETORY IMMUNOGLOBULINS
Authors: Brandtzaeg P.
Published: August 2010

Human secretory IgA is mainly a disulfide‐bonded dimer whose polymer conformation is secondarily stabilized by conjugation with one molecule of “secretory piece” (SP). The noncovalent interactions between SP and IgA are highly dependent upon an apparently variable number of disulfide bridges between the same units, and are responsible for a packing of the composite molecule to a degree that the most immunogenic region of SP is masked. This inaccessible (I) determinant, as well as one of its accessible (A1) antigenic groups, is extremely susceptible to reduction‐alkylation. Antigenically intact SP can therefore hardly be obtained by degradation of secretory IgA. The released molecules are of the same size as native free SP, but a proportion of them may have only one (A2) or two (A2 and A1) unimpaired determinants. Maximum release of SP with three reactive determinants occurs after reduction with 5 mM dithioerythritol, 0.075 M β‐mercaptoethanol, or 0.05–0.075 M cysteine‐HCl—the first two followed by alkylation.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE ENDOTOXIN
Authors: M.æland J. A. , Kristoffersen T.
Published: August 2010

Phenol‐water extracted endotoxin from three strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were composed mainly of carbohydrate and lipid and contained much less protein than aqueous ether extracted endotoxin from the same strain. All phenol‐water preparations contained glucose, galactose, glucosamine and heptose, i. e. the same sugars as those found in aqueous ether preparations. In addition, 2‐keto‐3‐deoxy‐octulosonic acid (KDO) was demonstrated in the phenol‐water preparations. Haemagglutination‐inhibition showed that, like aqueous ether preparations, all phenol‐water extracted endotoxins contained an antigenic determinant probably of polysaccharide nature (determinant a). With respect to this determinant, they tended to exhibit a higher degree of serological activity than the corresponding aqueous ether preparations. An antigenic determinant probably of protein nature (determinant b) found in aqueous ether preparations from all three strains was present in phenol‐water preparations from only two of the three gonococcal strains.
STUDIES ON ENDO‐β‐N‐ACETYLGLUCOSAMINIDASE, STAPHYLOLYTIC PEPTIDASE, AND N‐ACETYLMURAMYL‐L‐ALANINE AMIDASE IN LYSOSTAPHIN AND FROM STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Wadstrøm T. , Vesterberg O.
Published: August 2010

Staphylococcus aureus, strain M18, produces extracellular bacterial cell wall degrading enzymes of three different classes: endo‐β‐N‐acetylglucosaminidase, endopeptidase, and N‐acetylmuramyl‐L‐alanine amidase. All are basic proteins, adsorbed on CM‐Sephadex, with isoelectric points (pI) in the range pH 9.5–10.5. Separation of lysostaphin by isoelectric focusing in a very shallow pH gradient resolved these enzymes that have not previously been separated. The charge of each of these enzymes is similar to that on the corresponding ones from strain M18. The isoelectric point of the staphylolytic peptidase was 10.4, the pI of the amidase 9.8, and the pI of the glucosaminidase 9.5. Separation by Sephadex G‐100 gel chromatography also showed the similarity in size of the corresponding enzymes from the two sources. Digestion of staphylococcal peptidoglycan with the purified staphylolytic peptidase with a pI of 10.4 and the staphylococcal endo‐β‐N‐acetyIglucosaminidase of strain M18 gave a high recovery of disaccharide peptide monomer which was purified by Sephadex G‐50 and G‐25 chromatography and used as substrate for the amidases. Neither the amidase of S. aureus nor the one of lysostaphin was found to be bacteriolytic per se. The heterogeneity of the bacteriolytic activity of strain M18 was further studied by isoelectric focusing and acrylamide electrophoresis. Component A (pI 9.5) and B (pI 7) are probably isoenzymes of the endo‐β‐N‐acetylglucosaminidase, since they had similar properties and were not separable by molecular sieve chromatography. Immunodiffusion experiments show that the glucosaminidase of S. aureus, strain M18, and the corresponding enzyme of lysostaphin are probably not structurally related which is remarkable due to the rare occurrence of bacteriolytic endo‐β‐N‐acetylglucosaminidases in nature.
ELIMINATION OF GENETIC ELEMENTS GOVERNING COMPETENCE IN TRANSFORMATION OF NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS BY TREATMENT WITH ETHIDIUM BROMIDE AND ACRIFLAVIN
Authors: Jyssum Kaare
Published: August 2010

Competence in the DNA‐mediated transformation of Neisseria meningitidis Strain M1 and Strain Ne15 depends upon a heritable factor called cp. Ethidium bromide was found to be a powerful agent in eliminating competence in genetically competent (cp+) variants of the two strains. The strain Ne15 could also be rendered genetically incompetent (cp‐) by acriflavin at low frequencies. When suspensions of meningococci were treated with ethidium bromide, the frequency of streptomycin resistant mutants could be increased around ten‐fold above the spontaneous frequency. With acriflavin the frequency could be increased approximately two‐fold. Both drugs seemed preferentially to mutagenize at the replication point of the chromosome. The mutagenic effect as well as the killing effect of ethidium bromide and acriflavin was higher in cp+ variants than in cp‐ ones. In growing cultures a mutagenic effect of ethidium bromide could also be demonstrated, whereas no significant mutagenic effect of acriflavin could be found. The inhibiting effect of the two drugs seemed to be the same in growing cultures of cp+ variants as it was in cultures of cp‐ variants. The findings from N. meningitidis have been discussed in relation to the action of these dyes on various genetic determinants of plasmid type in other microbes.