bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HMGB1-induced autophagy facilitates hepatic stellate cells activation: a new pathway in liver fibrosis
Authors: Li Jing , Zeng Chuxiong , Zheng Beishi , Liu Chun , Tang Min , Jiang Yan , Chang Yizhong , Song Weiping , Wang Yingxin , Yang Changqing
Published: June 2018

High-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) plays a context-dependent role in autophagy, which is required for hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation. However, the significance of HMGB1-induced HSCs autophagy in liver fibrosis has not been elucidated. Here, we first documented an enrichment of peripheral and intrahepatic HMGB1 signal in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related liver fibrosis progression, and presented a direct evidence of anatomic proximity of HMGB1 with a-SMA (a marker for HSCs activation) in cirrhotic liver specimens. Then, we demonstrated the autophagy-inducing effects by serum-sourced HMGB1 in both primary murine HSCs and human HSCs cell line (LX-2), reflected by increased number of autophagic vacuoles (AVs) under the transmission electron microscope (TEM) and up-regulated protein expression of lipidated microtubule-associated light chain 3 (LC3-II) (a marker for autophagosome) in Western blot analysis. Intriguingly, there is a possible translocation of endogenous HMGB1 from the nucleus to cytoplasm to extracellular space, during exogenous HMGB1-induced HSCs autophagy. Meanwhile, the dose- and time-dependent effects by recombinant HMGB1 (rHMGB1) in enhancing LX-2 autophagy and fibrogenesis have been revealed with activated extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and restrained mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/STAT3 signaling pathways. Additionally, the ERK or JNK inhibitor could not only inhibit rHMGB1-induced autophagy and fibrogenesis in LX-2 cells, but also restore the suppressed mTOR and STAT3 pathways. Furthermore, using LC3-siRNA transfected LX-2, we found HMGB1-induced fibrogenesis is dependent on its autophagy-inducing effects. Finally, we elucidated the involvement of extracellular HMGB1-receptor for advenced glycation end product (RAGE) axis and endogenous HMGB1 in exogenous HMGB1-induced effects. Our findings could open new perspectives in developing an antifibrotic therapy by targetting the HSCs autophagy.
Phenology of overland dispersal in the invasive crayfish Faxonius immunis (Hagen) at the Upper Rhine River area
Authors: Herrmann Alexander , Schnabler Adam , Martens Andreas
Published: June 2018

The non-indigenous crayfish Faxonius immunis (Hagen) is the dominant crayfish species at the Upper Rhine River system since his detection in 1993. As an invasive alien species, it is one of the biggest threats to aquatic biodiversity in the area. By dispersing over land, the species has a high potential to colonize small ponds created for threatened amphibians and dragonflies. Shortly after invasion, the fast growing population of F. immunis is changing the habitat drastically. In June 2016, our team started a local information campaign including citizen science project where the local people south of Karlsruhe, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany, could contact us when they spot a crayfish migrating over land to assess the activity of overland dispersal on a regional scale. Until January 2018, we got a total of 98 responses. Thirty-nine include suitable information including 33 records of overland dispersal of F. immunis. The species was recorded on land throughout the year, except February and July. Additionally, single observations of overland dispersal of other invasive crayfish species, naming Procambarus clarkii (Girard), Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana), Procambarus virginalis (Lyko) and Faxonius limosus (Rafinesque), were recorded.
Influence of the w/c ratio and aggregate composition on the autogenous shrinkage in self-consolidating concrete
Authors: Zielinski Adam , Kaszynska Maria
Published: June 2018

Paper presents the analysis of shrinkage development in selfconsolidating concretes (SCC). Concretes were cured for 28 day in an insulated environment. The shrinkage was tested on 35x150x1150 mm samples. The specimen had the same volume as ring specimen proposed in the ASTM method of testing the susceptibility of concretes to cracking caused by the restricted radial shrinkage. Linear deformation of concrete samples was measured in constant periods of 500 s using dial gauges with digital data loggers. Conducted tests showed the influence of w/c ratio of 0.28, 0.34, 0.42 and aggregate composition on the development of the autogenous shrinkage in self-consolidating concretes. Additionally, rheological properties of the concrete mixes were tested and compressive and splitting strength was determined. Conducted research allowed to evaluate the influence of w/c ratio and natural aggregate composition on the development of autogenous shrinkage in different stages of curing of SCC.
Application of the nanoindentation method in assessing of properties of cement composites modified with silica-magnetite nanostructures
Authors: Horszczaruk Elzbieta , Jedrzejewski Roman , Baranowska Jolanta , Mijowska Ewa
Published: June 2018

The results of investigation of the cement composites modified with 5% of silica-magnetite nanostructures of the core-shell type are presented in the paper. The nanoindentation method employing three-sided pyramidal Berkovich indenter was used in the research. The mechanical properties and microstructure of the modified cement composites were evaluated on the basis of the values of hardness and indentation modulus measured inside the cement matrix and in the aggregate-paste interfacial zone. The results were compared with those obtained for the reference composites without nanostructures. The positive influence of the presence of silica-magnetite nanoparticles on the tested properties was found out.
Failure mode in shear of steel fiber reinforced concrete beams
Authors: Krassowska Julita , Kosior-Kazberuk Marta
Published: June 2018

Experimental tests were carried out to assess the failure model of steel fiber reinforced concrete beams. Experimental research was focused on observing changes in the behavior of the tested elements depending on the amount of shear reinforcement and the fiber. Model two-span beams with a cross-section of 80x180 mm and a length of 2000 mm were tested. The beams had varied stirrup spacing. The following amounts of steel fibres in concrete were used: 78.5 kg/m3 (1.0%) i 118 kg/m3 (1.5%). Concrete beams without fibres were examined at the same time. The beams were loaded in a five-point bending test until they were destroyed. Shear or bending capacity of the element was observed. Fibre reinforced concrete beams were not destroyed rapidly, but they kept their shape consistent under load. Larger number of diagonal cracks with a smaller width were observed in fibre reinforced concrete beams. Failure of concrete beams without fibres was rapid, with a characteristic brittle cracking. Steel fibres revealed the ability to transfer significant shear stress after cracking in comparison to plain concrete.
Effect of boron-containing aggregates on setting and hardening of Portland cement mortars
Authors: Antolik Aneta , Glinicki Michał A. , Gawlicki Marek
Published: June 2018

Multicomponent cement-based composites are known as versatile structural materials for enhanced radiation shielding. The use of selected elements, like boron, cadmium, or rare earth elements, provides an increased neutron shielding capacity. Because of profusion, reasonable costs and large cross-section for neutron capture, boron containing minerals are suggested as aggregates for radiation shielding concrete. Despite many advantages, boron additives may act as cement setting retarders. Uncontrolled setting and hardening is not acceptable in radiation shielding concrete technology. In this work we present results from isothermal calorimetry measurements on cement mortars with boron-containing aggregates. Four types of boron aggregates were used in the studies: colemanite, ulexite, borax and boron carbide. Based on calorimetric curves, the beginning of setting time was determined. Additionally early mortar strength was investigated and linear relationship between the heat generated in the isothermal calorimeter and the early compressive strength has been observed. The use of isothermal calorimetry allowed us to estimate the limits for the content of boron compounds to be used cement mortar.
Hydrophobisation of mortars containing waste polyurethane foam
Authors: Barnat-Hunek Danuta , Duda Sylwia , Garbacz Monika , Łagód Grzegorz
Published: June 2018

This paper investigates the physical and mechanical properties of mortars modified with waste polyurethane foam (WPF) and the influence of hydrophobising agents on the physical characteristics. The sand was substituted with WPF (2-4 mm grain size) in the mortars which consisted of 5, 10 and 15% of foam, respectively. The contact angle of lightweight mortars was determined (θw) in the function of time, prior to and after the frost resistance test. The surface free energy characterizing the wettability and adhesion of mortars under normal conditions and following frost erosion was calculated with Neumann’s method based on the obtained data. The structure of mortars, adhesion of lightweight aggregate to cement paste and the structure of thin hydrophobic film were demonstrated by means of scanning electron microscopy. The mortars subjected to hydrophobisation process revealed a slight mass change caused by freezing and thawing processes: 0.1% for methyl silicone resin, 2.1% for alkyl-alkoxy-silane, and 9.2% for the samples which were not hydrophobized. On average, the contact angle of the standard mortars was 3 times lower than the one of hydrophobic material. The best results illustrating the efficiency of hydrophobisation were obtained for methyl silicone resin.
Frost resistance of concretes containing ground granulated blast-furnace slag
Authors: Łukowski Paweł , Salih Ali , Sokołowska Joanna J.
Published: June 2018

The paper deals with the influence of addition of ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) on the frost resistance of concrete. GGBS is a valuable modifier of concrete, having the latent hydraulic properties and particularly improving the chemical resistance of concrete. However, the performance of concretes with blast-furnace slag under freezing and thawing action is still not explained fully and remains a subject to discussion. The authors have investigated the concretes containing various amounts of GGBS and the portland cement CEM I, with various values of water to binder ratio, with and without the use of air-entraining admixture. The results of research show that the addition of blast-furnace slag causes some worsening of the frost resistance of concrete. The extent of this worsening depends on the water to binder ratio and the aeration of the concrete. However, even under the least favourable conditions, the concretes with GGBS addition have met the requirements of frost resistance after 200 cycles of freezing and thawing, given in the Standard PN-B-06265.
Application of acrylic-based coatings for concrete protection
Authors: Kozak Aleksander
Published: June 2018

The paper presents a description of acrylic-based polymers used in civil engineering for concrete protection. Some information on chemistry and properties of the acrylic coatings is included together with current trends in coating technology. Moreover, the paper shows test results, that is barrier properties and SEM observations of a commercial elastic acrylic-based polymer subject to artificial weathering for 1000h. The studies showed that the weathering did not change carbon dioxide permeability of the tested coating and its influence on water vapour permeability of the material was also very small. The test results show that an assessment of coating performance based only on barrier properties is not enough.
Effect of High Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Geopolymer Mortar
Authors: Sitarz Mateusz , Hager Izabela , Kochanek Joanna
Published: June 2018

The advent of modern aluminosilicate binders has resulted in practical uses for fly ash, which belongs to the group of secondary mineral raw materials; this provides an interesting alternative to cementitious binders, which have a large carbon footprint. Geopolymers mineral binders with a growing range of applications in construction. Their inorganic, amorphous structure endows them with better resistance to high temperature compared to cementitious binders. In this study, the alkaline activation of aluminosilicate Połaniec Fly Ash made it possible to obtain noncementitious material with compressive strength of 18.5 MPa. The article presents the results of a comparison of characteristics of geopolymer mortar and Portland cement mortar after thermal exposure.
Energy and hygrothermal performance of builtin mineral wool thermal insulations
Authors: Nagy Balázs , Simon Tamás K.
Published: June 2018

The paper analyses the monitoring measurement results on energy performance and hygrothermal behaviour of built-in rock and glass mineral wool thermal insulations in an energy efficiently refurbished typical single-family dwelling house in Hungary. The experimental monitoring measurements included an external weather station; internal air condition measurements; temperature, relative humidity and heat flux sensors in the layers of the facade and attic. An energy meter was installed into the heating systems. Apart from the insulated one, the energy consumption of an uninsulated but identical family house close by to the refurbished one was monitored as control. In the paper, apart from comparing the energy performance of the monitored buildings, the conjugated heat and moisture behaviour of the built-in mineral wool insulations were examined and compared to their design values and conditions. The temperature and moisture correction factors were evaluated. The paper presents laboratory measurements on the thermal conductivity of built-in and etalon mineral wool insulation samples also. The circumstances were set according to the experienced built-in conditions in the monitored buildings and compares the energy and hygrothermal performance of new and aged insulations.
Inverted roof insulation kits and their durability
Authors: Francke Barbara , Geryło Robert
Published: June 2018

In the paper there was analyzed a mechanism of loss of performance properties of inverted roof insulation kits resulted by moisture increase of the insulation layers. This problem is very important in such systems because the thermal insulation is placed above the waterproofing layer and is not protected against water absorption. Abovementioned problem is more and more common in the course of building’s utilization in Polish climate conditions. Because inverted roof kits are based on extruded polystyrene (XPS) and expanded polystyrene (EPS), those materials have been used in tested samples. The results of laboratory tests showed the phenomenon and its effect on durability and sustainability of roof covering performance. It was also found that the biggest influence on the increase of moisture in the thermal insulation layer has not the long term water absorption by immersion but freeze –thaw cycles.
Galaktografie mit Tomosynthese (Galaktomosynthese) – Renaissance einer Methode?
Authors: Schulz-Wendtland Rüdiger , Preuss Caroline , Fasching Peter , Loehberg Christian , Lux Michael , Emons Julius , Beckmann Matthias , Uder Michael , Mueller-Schimpfle Markus
Published: June 2018

Einleitung Die konventionelle Galaktografie stellte jahrzehntelang das einzige bildgebende Verfahren zur Darstellung von Milchgängen in der Brust dar. Heute verfügen wir in der Diagnostik über ein multimodales Konzept aus hochauflösendem Ultraschall, der Magnetresonanz-(MR-)Mammografie und der Duktoskopie/Galaktoskopie mit Sensitivitäten und Spezifitäten bis zu 95%. Ziel unserer Untersuchung war es, erstmalig die Tomosynthesetechnik in der Galaktografie einzusetzen und die daraus generierten synthetischen digitalen 2-D-Vollfeld-Mammografien mit der etablierten Methode der duktusorientierten Sonografie zu vergleichen. Es sollen mit beiden Methoden invasive Mammakarzinome und deren Vorstufen wie duktale Carcinoma in situ (DCIS) sowie benigne Befunde erkannt werden.

Material und Methoden Wir führten bei 5 Patientinnen mit pathologischer Mamillensekretion sowohl eine duktusorientierte Sonografie, eine kontrastmittelunterstützte Galaktografie mithilfe der Tomosynthese in 3-D sowie auch den daraus generierten synthetischen digitalen 2-D-Vollfeld-Mammografien durch. Die Auswertung der unterschiedlichen Untersuchungsmodalitäten erfolgte durch 3 in der komplementären Mammadiagnostik erfahrene Untersucher (1, 5 und 15 Jahre) und wurde mit der endgültigen Histologie korreliert.

Ergebnisse Alle 3 Untersucher beurteilten unabhängig voneinander die Bilder des duktusorientierten Ultraschalls und der kontrastmittelunterstützten Galaktografie in Tomosynthesetechnik in 3-D und den daraus generierten, synthetischen digitalen 2-D-Vollfeld-Mammografien. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit den histopathologischen Befunden der Operationspräparate korreliert, wobei sich bei den 5 Patientinnen 1 invasives Mammakarzinom, 2-mal ein duktales Carcinoma in situ (DCIS) und 2 benigne Befunde ergaben. Alle 3 Untersucher lagen bei der Verdachtsdiagnose in der Standardbildgebung der duktusorientierten Sonografie seltener richtig als bei der erstmalig durchgeführten, kontrastmittelunterstützten Galaktografie in Tomosynthesetechnik und den daraus generierten, synthetischen digitalen 2-D-Vollfeld-Mammografien.

Schlussfolgerung Erstmalig wurde die Brusttomosynthese in der Galaktografie (Galaktomosynthese) eingesetzt und ermöglichte eine digitale, 3-dimensionale Darstellung von suspekten Befunden. Zusammen mit den daraus synthetisierten, digitalen 2-D-Vollfeld-Mammografien könnte dies in Zukunft eine sinnvolle Ergänzung der komplementären Mammadiagnostik sein – und eine Renaissance dieser Methode. Im Vergleich mit dem duktusorientierten Ultraschall in Hochauflösung erzielten die Untersucher mit der kontrastmittelunterstützten Galaktografie in Tomosynthesetechnik und den daraus generierten, synthetischen digitalen 2-D-Vollfeld-Mammografien bessere Ergebnisse in Korrelation mit den histopathologischen Befunden.
Toward the Future of Early Intervention for Adult Hearing Loss
Authors: Barbee Christi , Danhauer Jeffrey , Jilla Anna , Kimball Suzanne , Seever Katie , Johnson Carole
Published: June 2018

This issue of Seminars in Hearing has focused on the early intervention of adult sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Contributions to this monograph have taken a contemporary issues approach to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of mild SNHL. This article looks toward the future and discusses clinical and research implications for the early intervention of adult SNHL.
Optical properties and decomposition mechanisms of SF6 at different partial discharge determined by infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Luo Zong-Chang , Han Fang-Yuan , Tang Bin , Zhang Long-Fei , Liu Chen-Yao , Liang Qin-Qin , Zhu Li-Ping , Zhang Jie-Ming
Published: June 2018

Probing the decomposition products of Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) under partial discharge provides important information for fault diagnosis of Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS). Here, the effects of discharging time, gas pressure, and discharging voltage on SF6 decomposition products have been investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The infrared spectra of decomposition products such as CF4, SOF2, and SO2F2 have been obtained. It can be found that the CF4, SOF2, and SO2F2 concentrations increase over increased discharging time up to 96 hours. The SO2F2 concentration increases while the discharging voltage is raised from 20 kV to 46 kV, due to the rapid deceleration to the lower energy of electron capture and dissociative attachment. The SO2F2 concentration is reduced while the gas pressure is increased from 0.3 MPa to 0.4 MPa. The present results about the SF6 decomposition can be useful for electrical fault diagnosis.
Research on the simulation of PF-LBM model based on MPI+CUDA mixed granularity parallel
Authors: Zhu Changsheng , Liu Jieqiong , Feng Li , Deng Xin
Published: June 2018

A microstructure numerical model is an intensive computational problem, for which the simulation time is too long and the simulation scale is too small. To solve these two problems, in this article, we use MPI+CUDA hybrid particle heterogeneous parallel computing to implement the dendrite growth simulation of a PF-LBM phase-field 3D model. Message Passing Interface (MPI) can be used to conduct coarse granularity division, to break through the limitation of the simulate scale in a single machine. In each node, fine-grained division is implemented by the Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) parallel way to realize the completely parallelism intra-node, and to improve overall computational efficiency. At the same time, in this article, the "pseudo three-dimensional array" programming method is brought up in CUDA programming, and also to improve the CUDA random number generation method, in order to simplify the CUDA array programming and reduce the CUDA random number generation time purposes. Experiments show that at the same simulation scale, the speed-up ratio with 21 nodes MPI+CUDA was 57, which was increased 54% over the 21 nodes MPI. Under the condition of computing efficiency close, the largest simulation scale with 21 nodes MPI+CUDA was 4203, which is 13 times to single GPU. Therefore, the MPI + CUDA hybrid granularity parallel method proposed in this paper also has the advantages of high computational efficiency of the GPU and MPI to expand the simulation scale.
Anomalous transport properties of Dirac and Weyl semimetals (Review Article)
Authors: Gorbar E. V. , Miransky V. A. , Shovkovy I. A. , Sukhachov P. O.
Published: June 2018

In this review we discuss a wide range of topological properties of electron quasiparticles in Dirac and Weyl semimetals. Their nontrivial topology is quantified by a monopole-like Berry curvature in the vicinity of Weyl nodes, as well as by the energy and momentum space separations between the nodes. The momentum separation, which is also known as the chiral shift, is one of the key elements of this review. We show that it can be dynamically generated in Dirac materials in a background magnetic field. We also pay a special attention to various forms of interplay between the background electromagnetic fields and the topological characteristics of Dirac and Weyl semimetals. In particular, we discuss their signature features in the transport of the electric and chiral charges, heat, as well as the quantum oscillations associated with the Fermi arc states. The origin of the dissipative transport of the Fermi arc states is critically examined. Finally, a consistent chiral kinetic theory for the description of Weyl semimetals is reviewed and its applications are demonstrated.
Rashba proximity states in superconducting tunnel junctions
Authors: Entin-Wohlman O. , Shekhter R. I. , Jonson M. , Aharony A.
Published: June 2018

We consider a new kind of superconducting proximity effect created by the tunneling of “spin split” Cooper pairs between two conventional superconductors connected by a normal conductor containing a quantum dot. The difference compared to the usual superconducting proximity effect is that the spin states of the tunneling Cooper pairs are split into singlet and triplet components by the electron spin-orbit coupling, which is assumed to be active in the normal conductor only. We demonstrate that the supercurrent carried by the spin-split Cooper pairs can be manipulated both mechanically and electrically for strengths of the spin-orbit coupling that can realistically be achieved by electrostatic gates.
The cult of Señor de los Milagros of Peruvians in Italy.
Authors: Cruzzolin R.
Published: June 2018

This chapter reflects on the worship of the Señor de los Milagros by Peruvian immigrants in Italy, and the related pilgrimages held in Perugia and Rome. The chapter intends to illustrate the way in which the members of the Peruvian diaspora have been able to realize and use a counter-hegemonic discourse that redefines the boundary between visibility and invisibility in Italian society, giving rise to a discussion on the relationship between Catholicism and migration.
Cultural diversity in a local French pilgrimage.
Authors: Etienne G.
Published: June 2018

This chapter describes the Sainte-Solange pilgrimage in the Berry region of France, focusing particularly on specifically Portuguese-related practices in order to understand their role. The chapter also describes how the participants have become more diverse, and particularly how the local clergy see the presence of 'tourists' and 'sightseers', as the unwanted participants they are referred to. Finally, the chapter analyses how the various pilgrims perceive the event today. It is thus shown that, over and above its religious character, the pilgrimage has acquired a variety of meanings, which are now either accepted or deliberately left unspoken, thanks notably to the Portuguese, who are acknowledged by the local clergy and organizers to have saved the event.
Conclusion.
Authors: Griffin K. , Giacalone F.
Published: June 2018

This chapter brings together some concluding observations on the individual chapters and their overall contributions, particularly on the themes of: (1) contemporary pilgrimages in specific local circumstances; and (2) the creation of dynamics that expand cults to other places.
Degradation of dendritic cargos requires Rab7-dependent transport to somatic lysosomes
Authors: Yap Chan Choo , Digilio Laura , McMahon Lloyd P. , Garcia A. Denise R. , Winckler Bettina
Published: June 2018

Neurons are large and long lived, creating high needs for regulating protein turnover. Disturbances in proteostasis lead to aggregates and cellular stress. We characterized the behavior of the short-lived dendritic membrane proteins Nsg1 and Nsg2 to determine whether these proteins are degraded locally in dendrites or centrally in the soma. We discovered a spatial heterogeneity of endolysosomal compartments in dendrites. Early EEA1-positive and late Rab7-positive endosomes are found throughout dendrites, whereas the density of degradative LAMP1- and cathepsin (Cat) B/D–positive lysosomes decreases steeply past the proximal segment. Unlike in fibroblasts, we found that the majority of dendritic Rab7 late endosomes (LEs) do not contain LAMP1 and that a large proportion of LAMP1 compartments do not contain CatB/D. Second, Rab7 activity is required to mobilize distal predegradative LEs for transport to the soma and terminal degradation. We conclude that the majority of dendritic LAMP1 endosomes are not degradative lysosomes and that terminal degradation of dendritic cargos such as Nsg1, Nsg2, and DNER requires Rab7-dependent transport in LEs to somatic lysosomes.
Sodium Intake Is associated With Endothelial Damage Biomarkers and Metabolic Dysregulation
Authors: Campino Carmen , Baudrand Rene , Valdivia Carolina A , Carvajal Cristian , Vecchiola Andrea , Tapia-Castillo Alejandra , Martínez-Aguayo Alejandro , Garcia Hernán , García Lorena , Allende Fidel , Solari Sandra , Fuentes Cristóbal A , Lagos Carlos F , Rojas Maria Paulina , Muñoz Doris , Fardella Carlos E
Published: June 2018

BACKGROUND

Mounting evidence has associated high sodium (HS) intake with hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and stroke. We investigated whether HS intake modulates the parameters of endothelial damage, inflammation, and oxidative stress.

METHODS

We used a cross-sectional study design including 223 Chilean subjects (6.9–65.0 years old). We measured aldosterone, renin activity, cortisol, cortisone, adiponectin, leptin, hsCRP, interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and MMP-2 activity, and malondialdehyde. Sodium and creatinine were measured in 24-hour urine samples. The subjects were divided by sodium intake, high sodium (HS): ≥150 mEq/day, n = 118, and adequate sodium (AS): <150 mEq/day, n = 105.

RESULTS

We observed a positive correlation between urinary sodium excretion and blood pressure (r = 0.1669, P = 0.0124 for systolic and r = 0.2416, P = 0.0003 for diastolic), glycemia (r = 0.2660, P < 0.0001), and triglycerides (r = 0.1604, P = 0.0175) and a highly significant correlation between sodium excretion and PAI-1 (r = 0.2701, P < 0.0001). An inverse correlation was observed between urinary sodium and HDL-cholesterol (r = −0.2093, P = 0.0018) and adiponectin (r = −0.2679, P < 0.0001). In a linear regression model, urinary sodium excretion remained significantly associated with PAI-1 values even after adjusting for age, gender, and BMI. The HS group had higher blood pressure, glycemia, HOMA-IR, atherogenic index of plasma, and PAI-1 values than the group with AS intake.

CONCLUSIONS

HS intake is associated with endothelial damage (high PAI-1) and metabolic dysregulation. On the other hand, inflammation and oxidative stress parameters are not modified by sodium intake.
Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibition in a Murine Model of Cavitary Tuberculosis Paradoxically Worsens Pathology
Authors: Ordonez Alvaro A , Pokkali Supriya , Sanchez-Bautista Julian , Klunk Mariah H , Urbanowski Michael E , Kübler André , Bishai William R , Elkington Paul T , Jain Sanjay K
Published: June 2018

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) degrade extracellular matrix and are implicated in tuberculosis pathogenesis and cavitation. In particular, MMP-7 is induced by hypoxia and highly expressed around pulmonary cavities of Mycobacterium tuberculosis–infected C3HeB/FeJ mice. In this study, we evaluated whether administration of cipemastat, an orally available potent inhibitor of MMP-7, could reduce pulmonary cavitation in M. tuberculosis–infected C3HeB/FeJ mice. We demonstrate that, compared with untreated controls, cipemastat treatment paradoxically increases the frequency of cavitation (32% vs 7%; P = .029), immunopathology, and mortality. Further studies are needed to understand the role of MMP inhibitors as adjunctive treatments for pulmonary tuberculosis.
Radiation Exposure and Neuroimaging During Pregnancy
Authors: Gilmandyar Dzhamala
Published: June 2018

Although ideally the best time for elective radiologic testing is prior to pregnancy, at times it is necessary to perform diagnostic testing during pregnancy. Basic knowledge of radiation exposure and its possible fetal effects (or lack thereof) is helpful in counseling pregnant women regarding radiologic testing. It is important to advise pregnant women that the benefit of qualifying and quantifying pathology far outweighs the theoretical risk from the small amount of radiation exposure that the fetus may receive.
Prehospital Assessment of Stroke
Authors: Buletko Andrew Blake , Mathew Jason , Thacker Tapan , Sheikhi Lila , Russman Andrew , Hussain M. Shazam
Published: June 2018

Mobile stroke units (MSUs) are a major advancement in prehospital stroke treatment. Compared to standard care, current evidence shows MSUs are able to deliver intravenous alteplase faster, have higher rates of intravenous alteplase administration, and transport patients more often to appropriate levels of care. Though still in its early stages, prehospital stroke assessment with a MSU is becoming more widely recognized as an efficient, feasible, and integral component of acute advanced stroke systems of care. This chapter covers important concepts in the advent and growth of MSUs including time-based treatment benefit, clinical process efficiency, application of telemedicine, imaging capabilities, transport destination and triage, cost effectiveness, and clinical outcomes.
Evaluation of Stroke in the Emergency Department
Authors: Sawyer Robert , Jauch Edward C.
Published: June 2018

Acute stroke remains a challenge due to the myriad of presentations and the narrow therapeutic windows for reperfusion therapies. This chapter reviews the Emergency Department (ED) initial evaluation and treatment of stroke, recognition of potential stroke patients, and ED-based systems of care to optimize stroke care for the various forms of stroke encountered in the ED. The chapter also covers therapy options, including intravenous alteplase, endovascular thrombectomy, and supportive therapy. Quality assurance and feedback is addressed through Get with the Guidelines-Stroke. Common scenarios and pitfalls that are frequently encountered when evaluating patients with acute stroke in the ED are discussed.
Telemedicine for Evaluation of Stroke Patients
Authors: Limaye Kaustubh , Wechsler Lawrence R.
Published: June 2018

Telemedicine uses video communication to evaluate patients at an originating site by a distant physician. Telestroke was developed to apply telemedicine for the delivery of stroke expertise to hospitals with limited or no available stroke capability. This chapter reviews the most commonly used models of telestroke networks. It discusses the evidence for telestroke, including its value in managing patients with ischemic stroke who are candidates for intravenous alteplase and endovascular thrombectomy, as well as patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Economic, legislative, and legal issues of treating patients within a telestroke network are also reviewed. Future advances in telemedicine will continue to deliver expert care in a way that brings comprehensive care to patient’s doorstep.
Medical Management of Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Mokin Maxim , Ramos-Canseco Juan
Published: June 2018

This chapter reviews the main principles of the initial medical management of ischemic stroke. The fundamental principles of initial medical management of ischemic stroke are discussed. Based on the American Heart Association’s guidelines, these medical management standards include general supportive care (i.e., patient positioning, control of temperature, blood pressure), the use of antiplatelet and lipid-lowering agents, blood glucose control, dyslipidemia, and neuroprotection. This chapter also reviews and discusses the most recent data on the indication and timing of anticoagulation and the use of newer anticoagulation agents. Stroke clinical cases resulting from intracranial atherosclerosis, carotid and vertebral artery dissection, and fibromuscular dysplasia are presented.
Gene–environment interactions
Authors: Franke Barbara , Buitelaar Jan K.
Published: June 2018

ADHD is highly heritable, but environmental factors also play significant roles in disease aetiology and outcome. Genetic and environmental influences are likely to show different types of interplay, with gene–environment interactions (G×E) playing a part. Different models of G×E exist, with the most frequently investigated in ADHD up to the present being the diathesis–stress and differential susceptibility models. The most frequently studied have been monoaminergic genes, often based on a single genetic variant. Only a single genome-wide study has been reported thus far. Environmental factors investigated include prenatal and postnatal risk factors for ADHD, in particular prenatal exposure to smoking or alcohol and aspects of parenting.
Neurophysiology
Authors: Brandeis Daniel , Loo Sandra K. , McLoughlin Grainne , Heinrich Hartmut , Banaschewski Tobias
Published: June 2018

Neurophysiology allows us to understand and modulate the neural mechanisms in ADHD with high time- and/or frequency-resolution. These non-invasive methods include electroencephalographic recordings at rest and during tasks, with spontaneous and event-related oscillations and potentials tracking covert processing and transcranial neuromodulation through magnetic or electric fields. The findings indicate consistent cognitive and neural deficits in ADHD related to impaired attention and deficient inhibition. Advanced signal processing and source imaging methods often converge with other imaging approaches. Neurophysiological findings also reveal considerable heterogeneity in ADHD regarding cognitive, affective, and genetic subtypes. This illustrates the importance of dimensional approaches and of pathophysiological mechanisms partly shared with other disorders. Although several potential neurophysiological markers of ADHD have been considered, a clinical use for individual diagnostics and classification is not supported to date. More research should clarify the clinical potential of multivariate multimodal classification and prediction of treatment outcome to advance individualized treatment.
ADHD and reading disorder
Authors: Willcutt Erik G.
Published: June 2018

This chapter provides an overview of current knowledge regarding the frequency, implications, and aetiology of comorbidity between ADHD and reading disorder (RD), a common childhood disorder that is defined by significant underachievement in reading. Results from community studies indicate that 20–50% of individuals with ADHD also meet criteria for RD, and the presence of comorbid RD is associated with increased functional impairment and less positive long-term outcomes. Family and twin studies indicate that RD and ADHD are both significantly familial and heritable, and multivariate analyses indicate that nearly all of the phenotypic covariance between RD and ADHD is due to shared genetic influences that are associated with slower and more variable cognitive processing speed. Key future directions include studies that incorporate a broader range of measures of reading and more sophisticated neuropsychological and neuroimaging phenotypes, along with studies of the treatment implications of comorbidity between ADHD and RD.
Culturally sensitive communication
Authors: Flynn Maria , Mercer Dave
Published: June 2018

The world population is becoming increasingly ethnically diverse, reflecting patterns of global migration. Nursing care requires consideration of nuances of culture to respond sensitively to diversity needs in contemporary demography. The opportunity to nurse within multi-cultural communities makes nursing an interesting and rewarding occupation. Responding sensitively to people from different cultures can be enriching and fulfilling, much appreciated by recipients of care. Sadly, for some black and minority ethnic groups, the experience can be very different. Prejudice and discrimination seen in the wider society can extend into healthcare settings. Nursing staff can feel under-prepared to respond in culturally aware or non-discriminatory ways without adequate training. The concept of ‘otherness’ is a central strand of healthcare debate about individuals who exist outside the boundaries of mainstream society, groups of people who either fail to use health services or are failed by health services. This includes people from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds, travellers, refugees, and asylum seekers. Marginalized, and easily identifiable, people are too often viewed as an aggregate through the prejudicial lens of stigma and stereotype(s). This chapter suggests that the nursing profession is well placed to challenge discrimination and health inequalities as a part of everyday practice.
Breaking ‘bad news’
Authors: Flynn Maria , Mercer Dave
Published: June 2018

The communication of sensitive or upsetting information is now routinely undertaken by specialist nurses. This is typically spoken about as ‘breaking bad news’ and often involves disclosing a life-changing diagnosis. However, an understanding of what constitutes ‘bad news’ will very much depend on the culture and context of an interaction, and general adult nurses will often find themselves in everyday situations where they have to break bad news. Whilst this may not be life-changing information, in the context of everyday healthcare, bad news may be telling an inpatient they are unable to go home or that their routine surgery has been cancelled. These everyday realities can be very upsetting for people and mean that nurses need to be skilled in assessing when information is likely to have an emotional impact. This chapter locates the concept of ‘breaking bad news’ in the context of contemporary nursing and discusses one recognized model of managing the process.
Respiratory conditions
Authors: Flynn Maria , Mercer Dave
Published: June 2018

Respiratory conditions can be an acute health problem or a long-term and debilitating health condition. They are common in the adult population, and many aspects of respiratory care are carried out by advanced practitioners and specialist nurses. General adult nurses are likely to encounter people with respiratory disease across all care settings. This chapter outlines key facts about respiratory disease which are likely to be useful to the general nurse. These include an overview of acute and chronic respiratory conditions and a summary of associated clinical investigations and treatment approaches, including a section on oxygen therapy. The chapter also has a short section on key facts related to surgical interventions. Key nursing considerations for working with people with respiratory disease, in hospital and at home, are outlined, and an overview of frequently prescribed medicines is presented in a summary table.
In the emergency department
Authors: Cascarini Luke , Schilling Clare , Gurney Ben , Brennan Peter
Published: June 2018

This chapter discusses oral and maxillofacial surgery in the A&E department, including, The paediatric OMFS patient, Overview of maxillofacial trauma, Mandibular fractures, Zygomatic fractures, Orbital floor fractures, Maxillary fractures, Nose, naso-ethmoidal, and frontal bone fractures, Face and scalp soft tissue injuries, Penetrating injuries to the neck, Intra-oral injuries, Dento-alveolar trauma, Dento-alveolar infections, Post-extraction complications, Head and neck soft tissue infections, Salivary gland diseases, and Miscellaneous conditions
In the clinic
Authors: Cascarini Luke , Schilling Clare , Gurney Ben , Brennan Peter
Published: June 2018

This chapter discusses oral and maxillofacial surgery in the clinic, including, Mandible fractures, Orbital floor fractures, Zygoma fractures, Maxillary fractures, Nose, naso-ethmoidal, and frontal bone fractures, Face and scalp soft tissue injuries, Dento-alveolar: assessment for extractions, Dento-alveolar: impacted teeth, Dento-alveolar: jaw pathologies, Temporomandibular joint problems, Oral and facial pain, Management of oral lesions, Management of neck lumps, Skin tumours, Work-up for major head and neck oncoplastic surgery, Reviewing head and neck cancer patients, Salivary gland diseases, Orthognathic patients, and Miscellaneous conditions in the clinic
In the theatre
Authors: Cascarini Luke , Schilling Clare , Gurney Ben , Brennan Peter
Published: June 2018

This chapter discusses oral and maxillofacial surgery in the theatre, including operations, Overview of maxillofacial trauma surgery -Mandibular fractures, Zygomatic fractures, Orbital floor fractures, Other fractures, Dento-alveolar surgery, Head and neck oncology and reconstructive surgery, Salivary gland surgery, Orthognathic surgery, Facial plastic surgery, and Miscellaneous operations
On the ward
Authors: Cascarini Luke , Schilling Clare , Gurney Ben , Brennan Peter
Published: June 2018

This chapter discusses oral and maxillofacial surgery on the ward, including Trauma patients, Dento-alveolar patients, Head and neck oncology patients, Flap monitoring, The tracheostomy patient, and Orthognathic patients
Commonly used drugs and dental materials
Authors: Cascarini Luke , Schilling Clare , Gurney Ben , Brennan Peter
Published: June 2018

This chapter discusses commonly used drugs and dental materials in oral and maxillofacial surgery, including local anaesthetics, Analgesics and sedatives, Antimicrobials, Dental materials, and Miscellaneous drugs
People with whom you will be working
Authors: Cascarini Luke , Schilling Clare , Gurney Ben , Brennan Peter
Published: June 2018

This chapter discusses the team in oral and maxillofacial surgery, including Other surgeons, Dental specialists, and Members of the multidisciplinary head and neck team
Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
Authors: Mazin David A. , Desai Mehul J.
Published: June 2018

Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a common, painful spine condition. It generally occurs in older patients who have degenerative changes in the lumbar spine. A careful history will aid in the appropriate diagnosis of LSS, although the physical examination findings may be nonspecific. While exact diagnostic criteria for LSS have not been agreed upon, radiologic and electrodiagnostic studies can help confirm the diagnosis. Treatment generally progresses from conservative to aggressive. High-quality evidence regarding definitive treatment options is lacking, so therapeutic options should be discussed on a case-by-case basis.
‘I was professor in India and here I am a taxi driver’: Middle class Indian migrants to New Zealand
Authors: Hussain Yasmin
Published: June 2018

This paper examines the experiences of middle class Indian migrants to New Zealand. Using qualitative data from interviews with this under-researched group the paper analyses their migratory strategies, labour market experiences and reasons for choosing New Zealand over other potential destinations. In the New Zealand labour market they experience an under valuation of their Indian qualifications, and interviewees reported taking low level service employment, and only sometimes progressing to middle class forms of employment. In addition, data from the interviews suggests that there is evidence of a ‘brain drain’ from India to New Zealand rather than a circulation of talent that has been the focus of recent theories. Unlike other studies of migration of highly qualified Indian labour this study finds that they are attracted by the environment and family friendly lifestyle of New Zealand as marketed by the New Zealand government to potential immigrants. Contrary to many previous studies, the findings suggest that migration is a family rather than an individual strategy.
Regional variation in the treatment and prevention of peritoneal dialysis-related infections in the Peritoneal Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study
Authors: Boudville Neil , Johnson David W , Zhao Junhui , Bieber Brian A , Pisoni Ronald L , Piraino Beth , Bernardini Judith , Nessim Sharon J , Ito Yasuhiko , Woodrow Graham , Brown Fiona , Collins John , Kanjanabuch Talerngsak , Szeto Cheuk-Chun , Perl Jeffrey
Published: June 2018

Background

Peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related infections lead to significant morbidity. The International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (ISPD) guidelines for the prevention and treatment of PD-related infections are based on variable evidence. We describe practice patterns across facilities participating in the Peritoneal Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (PDOPPS).

Methods

PDOPPS, a prospective cohort study, enrolled nationally representative samples of PD patients in Australia/New Zealand (ANZ), Canada, Thailand, Japan, the UK and the USA. Data on PD-related infection prevention and treatment practices across facilities were obtained from a survey of medical directors’.

Results

A total of 170 centers, caring for >11 000 patients, were included. The proportion of facilities reporting antibiotic administration at the time of PD catheter insertion was lowest in the USA (63%) and highest in Canada and the UK (100%). Exit-site antimicrobial prophylaxis was variably used across countries, with Japan (4%) and Thailand (28%) having the lowest proportions. Exit-site mupirocin was the predominant exit-site prophylactic strategy in ANZ (56%), Canada (50%) and the UK (47%), while exit-site aminoglycosides were more common in the USA (72%). Empiric Gram-positive peritonitis treatment with vancomycin was most common in the UK (88%) and USA (83%) compared with 10–45% elsewhere. Empiric Gram-negative peritonitis treatment with aminoglycoside therapy was highest in ANZ (72%) and the UK (77%) compared with 10–45% elsewhere.

Conclusions

Variation in PD-related infection prevention and treatment strategies exist across countries with limited uptake of ISPD guideline recommendations. Further work will aim to understand the impact these differences have on the wide variation in infection risk between facilities and other clinically relevant PD outcomes.