bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tracking a large‐scale and highly toxic Arctic algal bloom: Rapid detection and risk communication
Authors: Fachon Evangeline , Pickart Robert S. , Sheffield Gay , Pate Emma , Pathare Mrunmayee , Brosnahan Michael L. , Muhlbach Eric , Horn Kali , Spada Nathaniel N. , Rajagopalan Anushka , Lin Peigen , McRaven Leah T. , Lago Loreley S. , Huang Jie , Bahr Frank , Stockwell Dean A. , Hubbard Katherine A. , Farrugia Thomas J. , Lefebvre Kathi A. , Anderson Donald M.
Published: July 2024

In recent years, blooms of the neurotoxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella have been documented in Pacific Arctic waters, and the paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) that this species produces have been detected throughout the food web. These observations have raised significant concerns about the role that harmful algal blooms (HABs) will play in a rapidly changing Arctic. During a research cruise in summer 2022, a massive bloom of A. catenella was detected in real time as it was advected through the Bering Strait region. The bloom was exceptional in both spatial scale and density, extending > 600 km latitudinally, reaching concentrations > 174,000 cells L−1, and producing high‐potency PST congeners. Throughout the event, coastal stakeholders in the region were engaged and a multi‐faceted community response was mobilized. This unprecedented bloom highlighted the urgent need for response capabilities to ensure safe utilization of critical marine resources in a region that has little experience with HABs.
Tip‐Enhanced Imaging and Control of Infrared Strong Light‐Matter Interaction
Authors: Wang Yueying , Johnson Samuel C. , Nookala Nishant , Klem John F. , Turner Samuel R. , Puro Richard L. , Hu Min , Brener Igal , Muller Eric A. , Belyanin Alexey , Belkin Mikhail A. , Raschke Markus B.
Published: July 2024

Optical antenna resonators enable control of light‐matter interactions on the nano‐scale via electron–photon hybrid states in strong coupling. Specifically, mid‐infrared (MIR) nano‐antennas coupled to saturable intersubband transitions in multi‐quantum‐well (MQW) semiconductor heterostructures allow for the coupling strength to be tuned through antenna resonance and field intensity. Here, tip‐enhanced nano‐scale variation of antenna‐MQW coupling across the antenna is demonstrated, with a spatially‐dependent coupling strength varying from 73 (strong coupling) to 24 (weak coupling). This behavior is modeled based on the spatially dependent local constructive and destructive interference between tip and antenna fields. Using a quantum‐mechanical density‐matrix model of the MQW system with its designed values of transition dipole moment, doping density, and population decay time, the picosecond IR pulse coupling to intersubband transitions and the associated tip induced strong‐field saturation effects are described. These results present a new regime of nonlinear IR light‐matter control based on the dynamic manipulation of quantum hybrid states on the nanoscale and in the infrared, with a perspective regarding extension to molecular vibrations.
Unraveling the Deep‐Level Defects Induced Optical Losses in LilnSe2 Crystal toward Enhancement of Mid‐Infrared Laser Radiation
Authors: Wang Shilei , Ma Chao , Xu Kaihui , Zhang Jingjing , Yang Feng , Tao Xutang , Wang Shanpeng
Published: July 2024

Mid‐infrared (MIR) lasers generated by nonlinear optical (NLO) crystals have aroused extensive attention in various military and civilian applications. Among the MIR NLO crystal family, LiInSe2 (LISe) is a promising candidate in the generation of MIR lasers due to its wide transmission range, large bandgap, and high laser‐induced damage threshold. However, the intrinsic defects in LISe induce optical losses, which will induce laser damage and hinder the performance of MIR laser generation. In this work, the mechanism of optical absorption induced by defects is revealed in LISe through transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy. It is verified that the deep‐level defects in LISe give rise to the extra optical absorption, which is owing to the excited state absorption (ESA) and photo‐induced absorption (PIA). Accordingly, for improving the optical properties of LISe crystals, Li2Se vapor‐mediated annealing to reduce defects concentration is rationally designed. The results confirmed that the optical properties of annealed LISe are improved due to the decrease of defects concentration. Ultimately, the performance of MIR laser generation is successfully enhanced by using the annealed LISe crystal. This work provides deep insights into the defect‐induced absorption losses in LISe crystals and promotes the application of LISe crystals in MIR laser generation.
Single‐staged revascularization and reconstruction after crush injury of the wrist and distal forearm: A protocolized approach
Authors: Li Jianchi , Wu Xiang , Peng Songgen , Guo Qiahong , Liu Ming , Li Shengshan , Shaffrey Ellen C. , Zeng Weifeng , Pan Xianhua , Liao Xuan , Liu Hongwei
Published: July 2024

Background

Amputation of the wrist or distal forearm after high‐energy trauma due to a crushing mechanism is associated with complex tissue defects, making repair, and reconstruction challenging. Given the difficulty of this type of salvage, patients unfortunately experience a high revision amputation rate. However, a higher quality of life has been reported in patients with successful reconstructions. Herein, we described a protocolized approach for revascularization and reconstruction for functional hand salvage after traumatic amputation from a crushing mechanism using an anterolateral thigh flap (ALT).

Methods

A retrospective review was performed between October 2016 and October 2023 for all patients who underwent single‐stage emergent debridement, revascularization, and soft tissue coverage using the ALT after amputation at the level of the wrist or distal forearm secondary to high‐energy crush injury. Charts were reviewed for the preoperative Mangled Extremity Salvage Score, intraoperative details including what structures were injured and the reconstructive method performed, and postoperative data such as follow‐up duration, outcomes, and complications.

Results

Eleven patients met the inclusion criteria with an average age of 35.5 (21–49) years old. The average size of the skin soft tissue defects was 17.3 × 8 cm (range, length: 13–25 cm, width: 6–13 cm), and all cases had associated injury to the underlying bone, nerves, and blood vessels. The average size of the ALT flap used for reconstruction was 19.2 × 9.8 cm (range, length: 14–27 cm, width: 7–15 cm). All patients had survival of the replanted limb. One patient experienced partial flap necrosis that required secondary debridement and skin graft. Nine patients healed without requiring any additional debridement procedures. Patient follow‐up averaged 24.6 (12–38) months. All patients achieved satisfactory functional recovery with Grade II to III of Chen's criteria.

Conclusions

For patients with traumatic crush amputation to the wrist with surrounding soft tissue injury, thorough debridement, revascularization, and reconstruction of amputated limbs can be performed in a single stage using the ALT. A protocolized approach from two institutions is presented, demonstrating improved survival and reduced complications of the traumatized limb with improved long‐term patient outcomes.
Polar Lipids Supplementation Enhances Basal Excitatory Synaptic Transmission in Primary Cortical Neuron
Authors: Yeo Xin Yi , Tam Dao , Jo Yunju , Kim Jung Eun , Ryu Dongryeol , Chan Jia Pei , Jung Sangyong
Published: July 2024

Scope

Polar lipids, such as gangliosides and phospholipids, are fundamental structural components that play critical roles in the development and maturation of neurons in the brain. Recent evidence has demonstrated that dietary intakes of polar lipids in early life are associated with improved cognitive outcomes during infancy and adolescence. However, the specific mechanisms through which these lipids impact cognition remain unclear.

Methods and results

This study examines the direct physiological impact of polar lipid supplementation, in the form of buttermilk powder, on primary cortical neuron growth and maturation. The changes are measured with postsynaptic current response recordings, immunohistochemical examination of functional synapse localization and numbers, and the biochemical quantification of receptors responsible for neuronal synaptic neurotransmission. Chronic exposure to polar lipids increases primary mouse cortical neuron basal excitatory synapse response strength attributed to enhanced dendritic complexity and an altered expression of the excitatory α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunit 2 (GluR2).

Conclusion

The present finding suggests that dietary polar lipids improve human cognition through an enhancement of neuronal maturation and/or function.
Isorhamnetin Improves Oocyte Maturation by Activating the Pi3k/Akt Signaling Pathway
Authors: Li Xiaoya , Cheng Jianyong , Yao Qichun , Duan Jiaxin , Chen Huali , Zhang Zelin , Yang Li , Hua Rongmao , Li Qingwang
Published: July 2024

Scope

Isorhamnetin is a natural flavonoid with various pharmacological activities, which can be widely and continuously ingested by humans and animals through their daily diet. The aim of this study is to explore the benefits and molecular mechanisms of isorhamnetin on oocyte maturation.

Methods and results

Oocytes are incubated with isorhamnetin (5, 10, 20, and 30 µM) for 44 h. Isorhamnetin (10 µM) increases the polar body extrusion rate of oocytes. Furthermore, isorhamnetin alleviates oxidative stress by inhibiting reactive oxygen species levels and stimulating SOD2 protein expression. The changes in intracellular mitochondrial autophagy and apoptosis‐related proteins (Bcl‐2, Bax/Bcl‐2, and C‐Casp3) indicate that isorhamnetin inhibits oocyte apoptosis. Isorhamnetin inhibits endoplasmic reticulum stress by reducing the protein expression of CHOP and GRP78 and improving the normal distribution rate of endoplasmic reticulum. Mechanistic studies show that isorhamnetin activates the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Conclusion

Isorhamnetin promotes oocyte maturation by inhibiting oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysregulation, apoptosis, and endoplasmic reticulum stress, which have important potential for improving oocyte quality and treating female infertility.
Design of modulated signal waveform in fully digital programmable optical frequency comb
Authors: Ru Mengyuan , Xue Jiayin , Zhang YiQiong , Xie Xiaolong , Jin Lukui , Xue Quan
Published: July 2024

This paper presents a new design method of digital baseband signal for generating fully digital programmable optical frequency comb (OFC), which solves the problem of how to optimally select the digital baseband signal when OFC is generated by binary digital signal modulation. The inverse Fourier transform is used to study the waveform of binary digital signal which is used to generate OFC. It is found that the number of “0” bits of digital signal determines the flatness of comb lines. Based on this, a tunable ultra‐fine and ultra‐flat OFC was obtained by using a digital signal containing a large number of “0” bits in the experiment. This saves substantial computing time and resources compared to the current method of the k‐means clustering algorithm.
Isolation enhancement of compact co‐polarized circular patch antennas using embedded series resonator
Authors: Wan Zhengyuan , He Yijing , Shi Ruisong , Bai Yuming , Sun Houjun
Published: July 2024

An embedded series resonator for compact co‐polarized circular patch antenna pairs is presented in this paper. With a compact center spacing (CS) of 0.32λ0 and edge spacing (ES) of 0.03λ0 (λ0 is the free‐space wavelength at the center frequency), strong mutual coupling inevitably arises. However, by introducing a cross‐shaped fence and two quarter‐wavelength open‐ended slots onto a circular patch, port isolation of the first proposed antenna pair is significantly enhanced by 25.2 dB within a bandwidth of 6.2%. Moreover, the effectiveness of the embedded series resonator is demonstrated by achieving a wider 20‐dB decoupling bandwidth of 10.4% for the second proposed compact bandwidth‐enhanced antenna pair. For validation, both proposed prototypes are fabricated and measured, showing good agreement between measurements and simulations. To demonstrate the universality, a 1 × 8 patch array with an embedded series resonator can achieve a beam scanning angle of ±70◦ with a gain attenuation of 2.6 dB. Benefiting from compact size, high isolation, and enhanced decoupling bandwidth, the proposed designs hold promising potential for application in multiple‐input multiple‐output system and antenna array.
An intelligent impulsive noise mitigation with deep learning method
Authors: Yang Guo , Qian Yuwen , Wang Zikun , Zhou Xiangwei , Wu Wen
Published: July 2024

To enable message transmission among sensors and equipment, power line communication (PLC) is a widely adopted smart grid. However, due to the occurrence of impulsive noise (IN), reliable transmissions over PLC channels in the smart grid are challenging. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an adaptive noise mitigation scheme to clip the IN with the sliding window‐based method, where the altitude of the received signal in the current time slots is obtained by computing the average altitude of signals in the previous and next time slots. To detect the states of IN and dynamically estimate the power threshold of signals for the IN mitigation scheme, we develop an intelligent algorithm based on the long short‐term memory network. To prevent the useful signals from being eliminated as IN signals, we propose the accelerated proximal gradient method (APGM) based on tone reservation to reduce the peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR) for the transmitting signals with low computational complexity. In addition, the closed‐form expression of the bit error rate (BER) is derived for the proposed sliding window‐based IN mitigation scheme according to the probability density function of the IN. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed IN mitigation scheme achieves a better BER performance than the conventional IN mitigation schemes. In addition, the APGM aided by IN mitigation can further improve BER performance due to the PAPR reduction.
Capturing the dilution effect of risk‐based grouping with application to COVID‐19 screening
Authors: Chatterjee Sohom , Aprahamian Hrayer
Published: July 2024

We investigate the problem of screening a large population for an infectious disease (i.e., classifying subjects as positive or negative) using group testing while considering important test and population‐level characteristics. Group testing, in which multiple samples are pooled together into a master sample and tested simultaneously, has the potential to significantly expand screening efforts, and, owing to the COVID‐19 pandemic, the topic has seen a surge of interest recently. In this paper, we construct optimal group testing designs that consider a heterogeneous population (i.e., with subject‐specific risk), imperfect tests, and while also modeling the dilution effect of grouping (a phenomenon in which the test accuracy of the master sample is affected by the concentration of the virus in the pool), which is often ignored in the literature. We conduct an exhaustive analysis under both a general dilution function and a specific (yet still calibratable) form of the dilution function. Our analytical results of the resulting challenging optimization problems unveil key structural properties that hold in an optimal solution, which we utilize to construct efficient solution schemes. We complement the analysis with two case studies, one on the screening of blood for the Hepatitis B Virus and the other on the screening of subjects for COVID‐19. Our results reveal significant benefits over current practices, individual testing, as well as prior studies that ignore the dilution effect. Such results underscore the importance of incorporating both test and population‐level characteristics into the modeling framework.
Flow Analysis of Central Venous Outflow Tract: A New Approach to Understanding Pulse‐Synchronous Tinnitus
Authors: Reddy Adithya , Pan Yu , Finberg Ariel , Dong Haibo , Kesser Bradley
Published: July 2024

Objective

Pulse‐synchronous tinnitus (PST) has been linked to multiple anatomical variants of the central venous outflow tract (CVOT) including sigmoid sinus (SS) dehiscence and diverticulum. This study investigates flow turbulence, pressure, and wall shear stress along the CVOT and proposes a mechanism that results in SS dehiscence and PST.

Study Design

Case series.

Setting

Tertiary Academic Center.

Methods

Venous models were reconstructed from computed tomography scans of 3 patients with unilateral PST. Two models for each patient are obtained: a symptomatic and contralateral asymptomatic side. A turbulent model‐enabled commercial flow solver was used to simulate the pulsatile blood flow over the cardiac cycle through the models. Fluid flow through the transverse and SS junction was analyzed to observe the velocity, pressure, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), and shear stress over a simulated cardiac cycle.

Results

Fluid flow on the symptomatic side showed increased vorticity in the presence of an SS diverticulum. Higher TKE with periodicity following the cardiac cycle was observed on the symptomatic side, and a sharp increase was observed if SS diverticulum was present. Shear stress was highest near the narrowest segments of the vessel. Pressure was observed to be lower on the symptomatic side at the transverse‐SS junction for all 3 patients.

Conclusion

Computational fluid dynamics modeling of blood flow through the CVOT in PST suggests that low pressure may be the cause of dehiscence, and tinnitus may result from periodic increases in TKE.
β‐Carotene‐reinforced Poly(methyl methacrylate): A step forward in bioactive bone cements
Authors: Marin Elia , Idrus Daniel Muhammad Bin , Boschetto Francesco , Honma Taigi , Adachi Tetsuya , Lanzutti Alex , Rondinella Alfredo , Zhu Wenliang , Morita Tatsuro , Kanamura Narisato , Yamamoto Toshiro , Pezzotti Giuseppe
Published: July 2024

By making use of the outstanding osteoinductive effects of β‐carotene, in this innovative research, we investigate the potential for application of β‐carotene‐reinforced PMMA resins. Different amounts of β‐carotene, from 0% to 5%, have been mixed with standard bone cements and characterized by various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques before testing with KUSA‐A1 murine mesenchymal cells. In vitro results showed that not only the amount of bone produced by the cells on the composite is comparable if not superior to modern bioglasses but also both adhesion and cellular proliferation are strongly promoted by the presence of β‐carotene. The increased biological properties came at the price of a small loss in elastic modulus, but it was observed that the presence of β‐carotene leads to an increase of ultimate strength, reaching an increase of about 30% at a concentration of about 2.5%. The enhanced bioactivity and mechanical strength make β‐carotene‐reinforced PMMA a promising, innovative material for biomedical applications.
In‐situ polymerizable thermoplastic and bio‐epoxy based composites for offshore renewable energy applications
Authors: Bhatia Gursahib Singh , Hejjaji Akshay , Pothnis Jayaram R. , Portela Alexandre , Comer Anthony J.
Published: July 2024

This study evaluates various quasi‐static mechanical properties of an in‐situ polymerizable thermoplastic and a bio‐based thermosetting composite comprising of non‐crimp fabric reinforcement for potential use in the next generation of Offshore Wind and Tidal Power platforms. Mechanical properties are characterized under tensile, flexural, in‐plane shear and interlaminar shear loading. Results reveal that the evaluated properties differ based upon matrix type. Fractographic evidence from scanning electron microscopy is used to explain the differences observed and was generally consistent in terms of revealing cohesive failure at the fiber‐matrix interface for the thermoplastic composite and contrasting adhesive failure for the thermosetting composite. For glass fiber reinforcement, the thermoplastic composite is superior in terms of flexural 90° properties (+20%) while the thermosetting composite performed better in flexure 0° in terms of both strength (+15%) and modulus (+25%). In terms of interlaminar shear, the thermosetting composite exhibited higher strength (+14%) while Tensile and in‐plane shear properties are similar for composites of both resin systems. Overall, neither composite is superior in terms of overall mechanical properties and both matrices show promise as a stepping stone towards the use of more sustainable constituents in offshore structures.

Highlights

Quasi‐static mechanical performance and failure analysis of relatively sustainable composites are presented.

Failure analysis indicate cohesive failure of the thermoplastic based composite and interfacial failure of the thermosetting based composite.

Proposed composites are benchmarked against the composites manufactured using conventional resins.

Overall, both matrices show promise as a stepping stone towards more sustainable offshore structures.
Psychosocial characteristics of the general population who habitually use hypnotics: Results from a national survey on drug use among the Japanese
Authors: Mizuno Satomi , Shimane Takuya , Inoura Satoshi , Matsumoto Toshihiko
Published: July 2024

Aim

The aim of this study was to examine the characteristics of habitual hypnotic users in Japan.

Methods

This nationwide, cross‐sectional survey used self‐administered questionnaires. Data were collected from four national surveys conducted every 2 years between 2015 and 2021. The participants were Japanese individuals who had taken prescription hypnotics in the past year or had never taken them. We divided 13,396 participants into three groups to compare the social background and status of taking medication and controlled drugs, drinking, and smoking among the three groups: people who use hypnotics habitually daily (habitual hypnotic users [HUs]), people who use them only occasionally (occasional hypnotic users [OUs]), and people who do not use them (hypnotic non‐users [NUs]). We compared the perception of using hypnotics between the HU and OU groups.

Results

HUs were more likely to be older, unemployed, and to habitually use anxiolytics and analgesics than NUs. The main reasons for taking anxiolytics in HUs were alleviating insomnia and reducing anxiety, whereas the main reason for taking analgesics was improving joint pain. Additionally, the HU group had a higher proportion of habitual smokers than the OU group. There was no difference in drinking status or taking of controlled drugs among the three groups. HUs were more likely to use hypnotics and to have concerns about their side‐effects than OUs.

Conclusion

HUs were more likely to be unemployed, habitually use anxiolytics and analgesics, smoke heavily, and take hypnotic drugs with concerns regarding side‐effects. These results may help encourage the appropriate use of hypnotics.
Neighborhood deprivation is not associated with abortion consideration or completion in patients with fetal myelomeningocele
Authors: Papastefan Steven T. , Bian Yuqi , Singh Manmeet , Marriott William S. , Ito Joyceline A. , Fry Jessica , Shaaban Aimen F. , Premkumar Ashish
Published: July 2024

Objective

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether patient‐level neighborhood deprivation index (NDI) was associated with termination of pregnancy consideration and completion in patients presenting with fetal myelomeningocele.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort analysis of patients with fetal myelomeningocele presenting to a fetal treatment center (FTC) in Illinois between 2018 and 2024. The exposure was NDI calculated from patient zip codes. The NDI was analyzed as both a dichotomous and ordinal exposure. The co‐primary outcomes were abortion consideration prior to FTC consultation, ascertained by nurse intake, and abortion completion after consultation. Bivariate and log‐binomial regression analyses were performed. Covariates were selected based on p < 0.10 on bivariate analyses. Otherwise, p < 0.05 indicated statistical significance.

Results

A total of 157 participants were included. Evaluation of neighborhood deprivation as a dichotomous exposure revealed no association with abortion consideration or completion. AdditionallLy, no association was found on log binomial modeling after controlling for gestational age at presentation to the FTC and maternal race or ethnicity for abortion consideration (aRR 0.87, 95% CI 0.59–1.28) or completion (aRR 0.86, 95% CI 0.59–1.28). These results were similar when treating the NDI as an ordinal exposure.

Conclusions

Contrary to our hypothesis, NDI is not associated with abortion consideration or completion in patients with fetal myelomeningocele.
The optimization of mechanical properties of polypropylene/styrene butadiene rubber/silicon carbide nanocomposites using response surface methodology
Authors: Hajibeigi Mohsen , Nakhaei Mohammad Reza , Rahi Abbas , Naderi Ghasem
Published: July 2024

Polypropylene is a useful and widely consumed thermoplastic with very good properties that can be mixed with a combination of rubber and nanoparticles in order to eliminate its shortcomings. In this paper, the simultaneous combination of both the toughening effect of styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) and the reinforcing effect of silicon carbide (SiC) nanoparticles were investigated in polypropylene matrix. Mechanical properties (tensile and impact strength [TS and IS]) of compounds were analyzed using the central composite design approach in Design‐Expert software. With two factors for input variables of SBR and SiC weight percentages, and their five levels (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25) and (0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6), respectively, the central composite design approach employs 11 experiments for creation of models and the analysis of variance investigations with two output responses of TS and IS. Statistical results revealed that SBR and SiC contents had a significant effect on TS, IS, and the microstructure of compounds, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive spectroscopy images. To maximize all mechanical properties simultaneously with desirability functions, TS and IS of the optimum sample were computed to be 21.98 MPa and 8.66 kJ/m2 in amounts of 13.45 and 2.80 weight percentage (wt%) of SBR and SiC, respectively.

Highlights

By increasing silicon carbide (SiC) in polypropylene/styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR), tensile strength decreases after a peak due to agglomeration effect.

By increasing SiC in polypropylene/SBR, impact strength decreases after a peak due to agglomeration effect.

By increasing SiC, the rubber particles' dimensions decrease according to scanning electron microscopy analysis.

Simultaneous maximum of tensile strength and impact strength are 21.98 MPa and 8.66 KJ/m2, respectively.

Optimum value of SBR and SiC in above maximums are 13.45 and 2.8 wt%, respectively.
Soy‐based polyester: Sustainable solutions for emerging materials
Authors: Chaudhary Mayankkumar L. , Patel Rutu , Parekh Sonu , Chaudhari Sujal , Gupta Ram K.
Published: July 2024

Innovative and renewable polymers and additives are the focus of increased research due to public and environmental pressure. There has been a recent uptick in interest from scientists in biobased “green” plasticizers that can be covalently bonded to replace harmful and migratory phthalate‐based plasticizers. Vegetable oils (VOs) are one of the biosources, as they are both plentiful and sustainable. This review aims to highlight the synthesis methods for soy‐based polyesters. Therefore, the chemistry of soybean oil as a polymeric material and its role in the synthesis of polyesters derived from soybeans are the primary topics of this review. This review covers the many ways in which soybean oil and its derivatives can be used to synthesize polyester, either directly or indirectly.

Highlights

The need for sustainable polymers is explored.

Soybean oil‐based polyesters are covered.

Modification and chemistry to convert soybean oil into polyester are described.

Applications of soybean‐based polyesters are provided.
Students' perspectives and utilization of school resource officers after experiences with school discipline or law enforcement
Authors: Jancaric Michelle , Jewett Patricia , Borowsky Iris W.
Published: July 2024

School resource officer (SRO) programs were expanded to improve school safety, but limited research has assessed factors impacting students' perspectives on and intended utilization of SROs. We analyzed the relationships of students' experiences with law enforcement and school discipline with views and intended use of SROs. We used multilevel logistic regression models based on the 2019 Minnesota Student Survey to estimate odds ratios of negative attitudes toward SROs. Among all students, 94.4% agreed having an SRO at school was a good idea, 62.1% said they would feel comfortable going to their SRO with a problem, and 68.1% that they would tell their SRO if they saw something unsafe. Among students with recent suspensions, a parent/guardian who was ever in prison, or attending alternative learning centers, there was still widespread support for SROs, albeit lower support for SROs. Furthermore, only about half of students with recent suspensions or impacted by parental incarceration stated they would utilize SROs. These findings highlight discrepancies in students' attitudes toward versus utilization of SROs, especially for those disproportionately impacted by law enforcement or school discipline. This is relevant, as having trusted adults to turn to with problems has been identified as a cornerstone of school safety.
Supramolecular hydrogels based on hydrogen bonding: Impact of ionic comonomers
Authors: Jangizehi Amir , Sprenger Cora , Seiffert Sebastian
Published: July 2024

The polymerization of N‐acryloyl glycineamide (NAGA) in water results in the creation of robust supramolecular hydrogels, exhibiting a network structure through inter‐chain crosslinking formed by hydrogen bonds between NAGA units. The stability of these hydrogen bonds in water is based on the aggregation of NAGA units into microdomains or clusters, thereby effectively shielding the hydrogen bonds from the surrounding aqueous medium. Beyond the inherent water absorption characteristics of these hydrogels, the unique ability for the dissociation and re‐association of their physical crosslinks imparts features such as reversible swelling and shrinking as well as self‐healing and remolding capabilities. In this study, we synthesize a series of supramolecular hydrogels through copolymerization of NAGA and ionic sodium acrylate comonomers for a dual purpose: first, to regulate water absorption levels, and second, to introduce a salt partitioning effect into the hydrogels during their swelling in salt solution. Our findings indicate that the properties of these hydrogels are intricately influenced by the volume fraction of the solid network, the concentration of ionic units, and temperature. Notably, supramolecular samples with ionic units exhibit a 16% salt rejection in a single cycle of salt partitioning during their swelling in a 1 g·L−1 sodium chloride solution.
Has the human biological interaction with SARS‐CoV2 variants entered a pliant “Faustian bargain”?
Authors: Head Richard J. , Popovic Marko , Martin Jennifer H.
Published: July 2024

We hypothesize that a “Faustian bargain”—the trading of increased SARS—CoV2 viral infection with a concurrent potential for prevention of life‐threatening lower lung infection explains the previous and future morbidity and mortality from COVID‐19. Further, this trade‐off is made feasible by fundamental principles of thermodynamics and receptor affinity.
Leading by example: Culture, leadership, and accountability
Authors: Broadribb Michael P.
Published: July 2024

Process safety practices and management systems have been in place for many years and have been widely credited for reductions in major accident risk. However, many organizations today are challenged by inadequate management system performance, resource pressures, and stagnant or declining process safety performance. Systems for managing process safety have not been fully successful in some organizations due to a variety of issues; major, frequent contributors include a lack of senior management commitment and poor safety culture. Senior management commitment and safety culture are inextricably linked, as the quality of an organization's leadership and their commitment will drive or limit the culture. Changes to improve management systems are relatively easy to implement, but extremely difficult to sustain without strong leadership commitment and total line management support. It is not just a case of changing the systems, but also changing the safety culture of the organization. Safety culture tends to be the result of everything that happened or failed to happen and represents the organization's shared values, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors with respect to safety (occupational safety and process safety). To change the safety culture and sustain the change, leadership must care and explicitly show that they care all of the time. Only then can an organization begin to improve its culture. The first step for any organization is identifying and understanding their existing culture. This paper will present the essential features of a sound safety culture and a methodology for identifying safety culture weaknesses based upon a culture, leadership, and accountability (CLA) review protocol used at different levels of the organization. Other key steps involved in changing and sustaining an improved safety culture will also be addressed.
Construction of a beneficial microbes‐enriched rhizosphere system assists plants in phytophagous insect defense: current status, challenges and opportunities
Authors: Liu Zhongwang , Xia Yihan , Tan Jinfang , Wei Mi
Published: July 2024

The construction of a plant rhizosphere system enriched with beneficial microbes (BMs) can efficiently help plants defend against phytophagous insects. However, our comprehensive understanding of this approach is still incomplete. In this review, we methodically analyzed the progress made over the last decade, identifying both challenges and opportunities. The main methods for developing a BMs‐enriched rhizosphere system include inoculating exogenous BMs into plants, amending the existing soil microbiomes with amendments, and utilizing plants to shape the soil microbiomes. BMs can assist plants in suppressing phytophagous insects across many orders, including 13 Lepidoptera, seven Homoptera, five Hemiptera, five Coleoptera, four Diptera, and one Thysanoptera species by inducing plant systemic resistance, enhancing plant tolerance, augmenting plant secondary metabolite production, and directly suppressing herbivores. Context‐dependent factors such as abiotic and biotic conditions, as well as the response of insect herbivores, can affect the outcomes of BM‐assisted plant defense. Several challenges and opportunities have emerged, including the development of synthetic microbial communities for herbivore control, the integration of biosensors for effectiveness assessment, the confirmation of BM targets for phytophagous insect defense, and the regulation of outcomes via smart farming with artificial intelligence. This study offers valuable insights for developing a BM‐enriched rhizosphere system within an integrated pest management approach. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Effect of RNAi mediated silencing of DIB, JHE, and CAM on the diapause termination of Calliptamus italicus (Orthoptera: Acrididae) eggs
Authors: Zhao Na , He Wei , Hu Hongxia , Lv Xuefeng , Yu Fei , Ji Rong , Ye Xiaofang
Published: July 2024

BACKGROUND

Calliptamus italicus L. is a major pest in Xinjiang grassland. The diapause overwintering strategy is one of the important reasons for the large population of this pest. This study investigated the function of the genes associated with the release of diapause (DIB, JHE and CAM) in Calliptamus italicus by RNA interference (RNAi) technology to aid in its biological control.

RESULTS

The expression levels of DIB and its downstream‐associated genes (EcR and FTZ‐F1) in the eggs injected with dsDIB for 12 h decreased by 96.6%, 55.8% and 81.8%, respectively. Diapause began to terminate on day 3, and development was almost complete on day 6. However, the head was significantly smaller. The expression levels of JHE and its downstream‐associated genes (JHEH and VgR) at 48 h after dsJHE treatment decreased by 76.5%, 85.6% and 85.9%, respectively. The termination of diapause occured on day 3 of incubation. The development was basically complete on day 6, but the yolk had been incompletely absorbed. The expression of CAM and its downstream‐associated genes (CAMK4 and MYL) at 24 h after dsCAM treatment decreased by 42.4%, 95.3% and 82.7%, respectively. Diapause termination was completed on day 4 for incubation, and development was abnormal on day 6. The absorption of yolk was incomplete.

CONCLUSION

DIB, JHE and CAM can delay the diapause termination of Calliptamus italicus eggs to different degrees and can be developed as potential target genes for its biological control. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Current Saturation Behavior in GaN Polarization Superjunction Hybrid Diode
Authors: Du Yangming , Sankara Narayanan Ekkanath Madathil , Kawai Hiroji , Yagi Shuichi , Narui Hironobu
Published: July 2024

This is the first report on the current saturation behavior observed in the forward characteristics of polarization superjunction (PSJ)‐based hybrid PiN‐Schottky GaN power diodes fabricated on Sapphire. In the current saturation region, most of the applied anode voltage is dropped across the regions immediately adjacent to the edge of the doped P‐GaN region closest to the cathode. This significant potential drop occurs within a short distance, resulting in a high electric field and depletion of electrons, causing the current saturation behavior via velocity saturation in these PSJ hybrid diodes.
An adult patient with pulmonary arterial hypertension, a NOTCH3 mutation, and leflunomide exposure
Authors: Fenner Elizabeth G. , Simpson Catherine E.
Published: July 2024

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a poorly understood disease of the small pulmonary arteries. Pulmonary vascular remodeling and progressively rising pulmonary vascular resistance are hallmarks of the disease that ultimately result in right heart failure. Several genetic mutations, most notably in bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2, have a causal association with heritable forms of PAH. Mutations in neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 3 (NOTCH3) have been reported in adults and children with PAH, but whether NOTCH3 is causally associated with PAH is debated. With this case report, we describe the clinical characteristics, comorbidities, and exposure history of an adult patient with PAH and multiple sclerosis who was found to have a NOTCH3 missense mutation and exposure to leflunomide.
Prevention and home‐based management of childhood diarrhoea in an urban informal settlement in Northern Ghana; a cross‐sectional study of maternal knowledge, attitude and practices
Authors: Vicar Ezekiel K. , Walana Williams , Marfo Mildred G. O. , Darko George K. , Folorunsho Majeed S. , Osabutey Emmanuel K. , Obeng‐Bempong Mauvina , Opare‐Asamoah Kwame
Published: July 2024

Background

The burden of diarrhoea morbidity and mortality among children under 5 years is higher in developing countries than in developed regions. Residents of informal settlements in many developing lower‐and‐middle‐income countries (LMICs) have a relatively high prevalence of diarrhoea and diarrhoea‐related diseases. Mothers are the burden bearers during children's diarrhoea episodes. Therefore, maternal knowledge and management skills are important to minimise the effects of morbidity and mortality associated with diarrhoeal diseases.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study was conducted among mothers residing in an informal settlement to assess their knowledge of diarrhoea prevention and home‐based management practices. An interviewer‐based questionnaire was used to gather information, imported into Microsoft Excel (Microsoft) and exported to STATA software version 13.1 (Stata) for data analysis. We performed descriptive multivariable analysis to find out participants knowledge of diarrhoea prevention and home‐based management practices and associated factors.

Results

A total of 428 participants participated in this study, with the majority, 6 64.5% (276/428) having good knowledge of prevention and home‐based management of diarrhoea among children under 5 years. Multivariable logistic regression analysis, participants who were multiparous and completed tertiary were 4.01 [confidence interval (CI) = 3.23–7.15; p = <0.0001] and 2.02 (CI = 2.16–4.91; p = 0.005) times likely to have good knowledge. Participants who had attained tertiary education and earned monthly income above Gh¢ 4000 were 7.21 (CI = 5.24–16.5; p < 0.0001) and 12.4 (CI = 4.80–33.3; p < 0.0001) likely to have good practice of prevention and home‐based management of diarrhoea among children under 5 years.

Conclusion

These findings may serve as a basis for developing specific interventions to enhance good knowledge and good practice regarding home‐based management of diarrhoea among children under five. Practitioners can provide targeted education, empower mothers to implement proper preventive measures and timely interventions thereby reducing the impact and severity of diarrhoeal episodes in children under 5 years in urban informal settlements.
Decentralized asymptotic tracking control for time‐varying interconnected nonlinear systems with prescribed performance
Authors: Li Yuan‐Yuan , Li Yuan‐Xin
Published: July 2024

This article studies decentralized adaptive asymptotic tracking control of time‐varying interconnected nonlinear systems. To address the obstacles caused by interactions and these unknown time‐varying parameters, a smooth function and a bound estimation approach are introduced. Additionally, by means of a class of funnel functions and barrier Lyapunov function approach, a prescribed performance control strategy is constructed, allowing tracking accuracy and the settling time to be predetermined in accordance with control requirements, without relying on initial conditions or design parameters. Particularly, reasoned proofs have been given to confirm that the presented control method not only guarantees the prescribed transient performance, but also achieves the asymptotic tracking without requiring knowledge of high‐order derivatives of the reference signal. Ultimately, the efficiency of our approach is verified by simulation results.
The asynchronous DeGroot dynamics
Authors: Elboim Dor , Peres Yuval , Peretz Ron
Published: July 2024

We analyze the asynchronous version of the DeGroot dynamics: In a connected graph with nodes, each node has an initial opinions in and an independent Poisson clock. When a clock at a node rings, the opinion at is replaced by the average opinion of its neighbors. It is well known that the opinions converge to a consensus. We show that the expected time to reach ‐consensus is poly in undirected graphs and in Eulerian digraphs, but for some digraphs of bounded degree it is exponential. Our main result is that in undirected graphs and Eulerian digraphs, if the degrees are uniformly bounded and the initial opinions are i.i.d., then for every fixed . We give sharp estimates for the variance of the limiting consensus opinion, which measures the ability to aggregate information (“wisdom of the crowd”). We also prove generalizations to non‐reversible Markov chains and infinite graphs. New results of independent interest on fragmentation processes and coupled random walks are crucial to our analysis.
Investigation of the Properties of 1,2,4‐Triazole‐3‐thione Schiff Base Derivatives by Urease Inhibition as Therapeutic or Agrochemical Candidate Molecules
Authors: Zehir Kirkbir Gamze , Gultekin Ergun , Kolcuoglu Yakup , Bekircan Olcay , Colak Ahmet
Published: July 2024

With the production of bacterial urease, bacteria can provide the best conditions for colonization and survival of the stomach in acidic environment. Due to this reproductive ability, H. pylori can cause various diseases such as cancer, urinary tract infections, and peptic ulcer in human metabolism. Consequently, the discovery of substances that can inhibit urease activity holds great promise for treating certain diseases. In this study, Schiff base derivatives of 1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐thione were synthesized in good to excellent yields. The structures of the obtained compounds were elucidated using spectroscopic techniques, such as FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR. The urease inhibitory activities of the obtained products were evaluated against the reference inhibitor thiourea. Out of these compounds, compound 6 c exhibited the highest inhibitory effectiveness, with an IC50 value of 0.0109 μM against refenrence inhibitor (IC50=11 μM). Kinetic studies revealed that compound 6 c acts as a non‐competitive inhibitor. According to the results of the docking studies, compound 6 c exhibited the highest binding affinity (with the lowest ΔG value as −8.4 kcal/mol) and efficiently interacted with the enzyme as a potent inhibitor among all the molecules examined in the study.
A Deep Dive into Thiourea‐Based Sensors for Cation Sensing
Authors: Khan Adeeba , Dawar Palak , De Suranjan
Published: July 2024

Thioureas are preferred structures in the disciplines of chemosensors, organic, and pharmaceutical field. Thioureas, a class of tuneable organosulfur compounds, and their derivatives are widely used in both biological and nonbiological fields. These compounds, which include sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) atoms, have nucleophilic characteristics that assist in intra‐ or intermolecular H‐bonding among the molecules or analytes. Hence, the incorporation of the thiourea moiety into a wide spectrum of organic molecules has resulted in very versatile compounds with widespread applications in a variety of domains. Thiourea derivatives have been frequently produced and researched due to their chemosensing capability. Finally, in this work, a detailed comparison and analysis of the detecting capabilities of thiourea‐based cation sensor is performed. The knowledge gained in this work will be extremely useful in future endeavours to create organic sensors based on Fluorescence (Fl) and colorimetry, for the recognition of physiologically relevant metal ions.
Aptamer Encapsulated Inside the Array Channel of Ni‐MOF for Bisphenol A Determination in Multi‐interference System
Authors: Zhang Xiaokuan , Zhang Jinbo , Yan Dingfan , Chen Zheng , Song Shuaibo , Yuan Fang
Published: July 2024

As an endocrine disruptor, bisphenol A (BPA) has many adverse effects on environmental safety and human health. Aiming at the existing problems at the current detection methods, herein, a 3D metal‐organic framework (Ni‐MOF) was fabricated as a carrier to achieve BPA aptamers immobilization inside its array channels under Mg2+ regulation. Based on the reversible quenching of 6‐FAM (6‐carboxyfluorescein) fluorescence labeled on the BPA aptamers during the encapsulation process, a fluorescent aptamer sensing platform was constructed for the quantitative detection of BPA in water. Morphology analysis, VASP (Vienna ab‐initio simulation package) and other kinetic simulations were performed to elaborate the mechanism of the influence of pore size, medium ions, etc. on the recognition process. Due to the in‐hole fixation strategy of aptamers, Ni‐MOF played an obvious protection aptamers. Not only the activity of BPA aptamer@MOF composite was maintained more than 50 % in complex environments such as pH 3.0–11.0, 30–70 °C and organic solvents, but also the aptamer was protected from nuclease hydrolysis under physiological conditions. The stability and application range of the sensor are greatly improved, detection limit of 0.34 μM. The result was expected to provide theoretical guidance for the rapid detection of pollutants in complex environments.