bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Homeomorphy in Paleozoic bryozoans: a search for explanations
Authors: Blake Daniel B.
Published: July 2016

Many apparent homeomorphs have been recognized among genera assigned to the Paleozoic stenolaemate bryozoan orders Trepostomata and Cryptostomata. Morphologies are evaluated to determine whether such homeomorphy should be expected, or is likely to have resulted from incomplete taxonomic analysis. Historical and constructional constraints prevalent in the phylum appear to provide ample opportunity for adaptive convergence, a conclusion supported by the occurrence of similar morphologies in distantly related post-Paleozoic bryozoans.

Cryptostomes are distinguished in part by the presence of restricted budding loci. Loci pattern is hypothesized to be the key innovation in the establishment of the clade and the pattern also is considered critical to the evolution of the relatively slender branches and short zooecia typical of cryptostomes.

Loci development does not provide a taxonomic panacea. This is because the hypothesis does not preclude convergent evolution of broadly similar restricted loci in Paleozoic non-cryptostome groups, although presumably the cryptostomes in general would have been best equipped to succeed under conditions favoring restricted loci.

Environmental conditions for the cryptostomes in general and changing life history strategies for rhabdomesoids in particular provide possible controlling factors for the evolution of these bryozoans.
Life histories of colonial invertebrates
Authors: Winston Judith E.
Published: July 2016

Life history theory has undergone considerable scrutiny since Stearns (1976) pointed out that neither the deterministic nor the stochastic theories, then current, provided an adequate fit for much of the empirical data he reviewed. Today, opinions on the future of life history studies may vary according to one's view of the mode of operation of evolution itself, the gradualist recommending detailed intraspecific studies and selection experiments, and the punctuationist aiming toward models involving laboratory speciation experiments (Stearns 1980).
The Pattern of Phyletic Speciation
Authors: Petry Doug
Published: July 2016

Phyletic speciation arising from a shift between adaptive peaks in the selective surface is modeled. At a locus initially monomorphic, a new allele is introduced that triggers phenotypic evolution by making a new adaptive peak available. A phenotypic model is used to describe the evolution of a quantitative character that is important for fitness but not directly affected by the new allele. Recursion equations are derived for both the allele frequency and the mean of the quantitative character. It is shown that the dynamics of the quantitative trait fit a “punctuated equilibrium” pattern of evolution. Phyletic speciation is seen to occur over a time span so short as to make observation of the transition in the fossil record unlikely.
Testing for evolutionary equilibria
Authors: Cowen Richard , Stockton William L.
Published: July 2016

Mark and Flessa (1977) have argued that the evolutionary equilibrium hypothesis requires that there should be significant correlation between generic origins and extinctions, and they presented data on Phanerozoic brachiopods and Cenozoic mammals. Their data are re-examined and the correlations are found not to support their version of the evolutionary equilibrium hypothesis. We argue that the equilibrium hypothesis may not be falsifiable using paleontological data.
Modes of evolution and their chronostratigraphic significance: evidence from Devonian invertebrates in the Michigan Basin
Authors: Fagerstrom J. A.
Published: July 2016

The origin and evolutionary histories of the two most abundant and diverse genera of invertebrates (Prosserella: Brachiopoda and Syringostroma: Stromatoporoidea) in the Detroit River Group and associated rocks in the vicinity of the Michigan Basin appear to support the models of either allopatric speciation and punctuated equilibria (Eldredge and Gould, 1972) or quantum evolution (Simpson, 1944; 1953). Four morphotypes of Prosserella arose almost simultaneously (a “burst”) just below the base of the Detroit River in sandstone deposited near the axis of the Findlay Arch and persisted without evidence of significant progressive evolutionary change (a “trend”) until their almost simultaneous extinction by lineage termination near the top of the Detroit River. Neither ancestors nor descendants of Prosserella have been recognized and even the familial placement of the genus is uncertain. The genus, its species and morphotypes probably arose by means of very profound genetic or chromosomal “revolutions” that probably took place in small allopatric populations; each population quickly increased in abundance and geographic range and persisted without further significant morphologic modification until its extinction.

S. ristigouchense from the Lower Devonian of New Brunswick is the probable ancestor to six (or seven) species of Syringostroma that appear almost simultaneously (another “burst”) in lower Detroit River carbonate rocks deposited near the eastern margin of the Michigan Basin. Two of these new species are known only from reefs of early Detroit River age (a “crash”), four species persist without significant morphological change to at least the end of Detroit River deposition, and one of these was the probable ancestor to yet another newly evolved species that is abundantly represented in the conformably overlying Columbus Limestone.

The “founding fathers” of chronostratigraphy were pre-Darwinian and based their concepts and methods on assemblages of co-occurring taxa of unknown phylogenetic relations (assemblage-zones, concurrent range-zones and Oppel-zones) rather than on the range-zones of successional species in the same phylogenetic lineage (lineage-zones). Assumptions of these early biostratigraphers concerning the temporal relations of taxa are in close accord with the premises of punctuated equilibria and quantum evolution. The development of the chronostratigraphic system during the 19th century attests to the success of these early methods which depend for their precision on the number of taxa used and determination of the significance of morphologic differences among these taxa and their geographic and stratigraphic distributions.
Asexual colony multiplication by fragmentation: an important mode of genet longevity in the Carboniferous bryozoan Archimedes
Authors: McKinney Frank K.
Published: July 2016

Bases of attachment of Archimedes colonies are very rare, but many colonies show evidence of origination from a pre-existing set of branches. The evidence consists of spiralled supports (axial screws) originating from fragments of pre-existing sets of branches, proximal taper of colonies or axial screws to a diameter smaller than that of bases of attachment, early stages of new colonies originating from the whorl margins of older colonies, and sets of laterally fused colonies. In the most favorable environments Archimedes populations were dominated by a few genets that consisted of hundreds to perhaps thousands of genetically identical colonies.

The ability to reproduce by colony fragmentation was probably an important cause of Archimedes' abundance in the Chesterian seas of eastern North America, especially where it occurred in dense populations in the lee of submarine carbonate shoals. Colony fragmentation, the importance of which is becoming increasingly recognized in modern corals and bryozoans, was also of importance in Paleozoic seas.
The role of within-species differentiation in macroevolution of Chesapeake Group bivalves
Authors: Kelley Patricia H.
Published: July 2016

Discriminant function analysis is used to examine the role of within-species differentiation in macroevolution of four Miocene bivalve genera. According to the punctuational model, macroevolution is decoupled from microevolution; within-species trends may be unrelated to between-species differences. The reductionist alternative suggests that intraspecific (primarily geographic) differentiation is the basis of macroevolution. If macroevolution depends on within-species differentiation, discriminant function analysis should separate interspecific and intraspecific populations of a genus using the same set of characters.

Chesapecten macroevolution apparently involved within-species differentiation. Shell length, height, and posterior auricle length differentiate geographic populations within species as well as interspecific populations. Results for Astarte, Anadara, and Eucrassatella are more consistent with the punctuational model. Characters which readily separate species of a genus are much less successful at differentiating intraspecific populations. Rank correlation techniques indicate that, for all three genera, the order of importance of characters in interspecific discrimination is not significantly related to their order in intraspecific discrimination. Decoupling of macroevolution from microevolution is implied for these taxa.
Delayed recovery and the spacing of major extinctions
Authors: Stanley Steven M.
Published: July 2016

Approximate periodicity for peak rates of global extinction during the past 250 m.y. may have resulted from delayed recovery following major extinction events. Two components can be envisioned for such delays: persistence of inimical environmental conditions for some time after the onset of the crisis, and slow restoration of vulnerable taxa. This general hypothesis is consistent with statistical evidence of linkage between measured rates of extinction of marine invertebrate genera for contiguous stages and substages of the geologic column. The nine broad valleys between the “periodic” peak rates for the past 250 m.y. exhibit only three trivial secondary peaks, indicating that, if the pattern is not artifactual, trends in global rates of extinction have not readily been abruptly reversed. Moreover, the smooth observed trends reflect the fact that regional crises tend to remove many species but few genera. To some degree, high rates of extinction that precede peak rates must represent bias of the incomplete fossil record (the Signor-Lipps effect). High rates that immediately follow peak rates also may, to a degree, reflect biological legacy: (1) final extinction of weakened genera or (2) extinction of new genera that contain few species or represent failed evolutionary “experiments.” Nonetheless, there is evidence that protracted intervals of stressful environmental conditions contributed to high rates of extinction preceding or following certain peak intervals, including the Scythian, Cenomanian, Early Paleocene, and Early Oligocene. The reef-building rudists, for example, suffered heavy extinction during both Cenomanian and Turonian time and then failed to recover quickly.

The late Neogene record of bivalve molluscs in the Western Atlantic offers a more detailed picture of delayed recovery. Here early intervals of glacial expansion caused heavy extinction, leaving an impoverished, eurythermal fauna that was virtually unaffected by late Pleistocene glacial episodes. The episode of heavy extinction in Late Eocene time exhibits a similar phenomenon on a worldwide scale. Among the planktonic foraminifera, warm-adapted stenothermal species died out, and eurythermal forms predominated throughout Oligocene time; restoration of vulnerable, stenothermal species proceeded gradually during the Miocene Epoch. This example of delayed recovery and others like it following earlier global crises may have prevented such crises from following one another in rapid succession, yielding an appearance of periodicity.
Arthropod paleobiology
Authors: Briggs Derek E. G.
Published: July 2016

An international conference on “Fossil Arthropods as Living Animals” was held at the Royal Society of Edinburgh on October 25–27, 1984. Major international conferences devoted to fossil arthropods are rare events. The previous one, which was held in Oslo in July 1973 as a NATO Advanced Study Institute, resulted in a volume on “Evolution and Morphology of the Trilobita, Trilobitoidea and Merostomata” (Martinsson 1975). Participants in the Edinburgh meeting heard 28 contributions covering all aspects of arthropod paleobiology. Most are published as a special issue of theTransactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences(Waterston 1985). All four major arthropod groups are treated (trilobites, crustaceans, chelicerates, and uniramians), as well as trace fossils and some groups of problematic status.
Fractal geometry of ammonoid sutures
Authors: Lutz Timothy M. , Boyajian George E.
Published: July 2016

Interior chamber walls of ammonites range from smoothly undulating surfaces in some taxa to complex surfaces, corrugated on many scales, in others. The ammonite suture, which is the expression of the intersection of these walls on the exterior of the shell, has been used to assess anatomical complexity. We used the fractal dimension to measure sutural complexity and to investigate complexity over evolutionary time and showed that the range of variation in sutural complexity increased through time. In this paper we extend our analyses and consider two new parameters that measure the range of scales over which fractal geometry is a satisfactory metric of a suture. We use a principal components analysis of these parameters and the fractal dimension to establish a two-dimensional morphospace in which the shapes of sutures can be plotted and in which variations and evolution of suture morphology can be investigated. Our results show that morphospace coordinates of ammonitic sutures correspond to visually perceptible differences in suture shape. However, three main classes of sutures (goniatitic, ceratitic, and ammonitic) are not unambiguously discriminated in this morphospace. Interestingly, ammonitic sutures occupy a smaller morphospace than other suture types (roughly one-half of the morphospace of goniatitic and ceratitic sutures combined), and the space they occupied did not change dimensions from the Jurassic to the late Cretaceous.

We also compare two methods commonly used to measure the fractal dimension of linear features: the Box method and the Richardson (or divider) method. Both methods yield comparable results for ammonitic sutures but the Richardson method yields more precise results for less complex sutures.
Internal reconstruction of elephantid molars: applications for functional anatomy and systematics
Authors: Froehlich David J. , Kalb Jon E.
Published: July 2016

The unique manner in which molars from members of the family Elephantidae erupt in the jaw and wear obliquely and sequentially has profound effects upon dental function and phylogenetic change within the group. Three-dimensional modeling using a “molar matrix” of elephantid dentition, and application of such models to systematic and functional studies, allows a more refined description of dental morphology. A method of examining variation within elephantid teeth is presented based on successive staging of worn molars. Results indicate that individual plates exhibit increasingly derived features with wear (relative to the systematic analysis used here), while successively worn plates exhibit successively more plesiomorphic features apically and posteriorly. Further, results indicate that the patterns developed by wear on the surface of elephantid molars are conserved throughout life despite their unique successive replacement pattern. The cheek teeth in a molar series act as a single, continuous masticating unit, here termed a “cheek tooth battery.” Overall, the tools developed here, wear staging and molar matrices, allow for a more refined understanding of morphological variation within and between elephantids, with application to more conservative elephantoid taxa.
Shell morphology and suture complexity in Upper Carboniferous ammonoids
Authors: Saunders W. Bruce , Work David M.
Published: July 2016

Principal components analysis of Upper Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) ammonoids (all 117 genera), using 21 variables to measure shell geometry, sculpture and suture complexity, shows that following a sharp decline (∼30%) in generic diversity after the mid-Carboniferous boundary, seven morphotypes persisted throughout the Pennsylvanian (ca. 30 m.y.). Six of these were polyphyletically adopted at different times, while the seventh was monopolized by the prolecanitids, a group whose evolution accelerated during the Pennsylvanian and later gave rise to Mesozoic ammonoids. Innovations in suture geometry distinguished at least 17 of 39 (44%) Pennsylvanian ammonoid families. Average suture complexity increased almost threefold; this was achieved by various methods (lobe serration, insertion of umbilical elements, prong subdivision, lobe trifurcation, and secondary bifurcation), which were recurrent and crossed morphotype boundaries. The Pennsylvanian record supports suggestions that Paleozoic ammonoids were confined to a certain suite of basic shell geometries, showing preference for a limited number of sites in the spectrum of available morphospace. However, these morphic constraints did not, with one possible exception (the prolecanitids), control the emergence of increasing sutural complexity during the Pennsylvanian, which occurred among different lineages in all seven morphotypes.
Paedomorphosis and the origin of the Paleogene planktonic foraminiferal genusMorozovella
Authors: Kelly D. Clay , Arnold Anthony J. , Parker William C.
Published: July 2016

The evolutionary origin ofMorozovella angulatafrom its immediate ancestor,Praemurica uncinata, is preserved in Paleocene sediments from the Gulf of Mexico. This event represents the beginning of the morozovellid radiation and marks the first appearance of keeled planktonic foraminifera after the Cretaceous/Tertiary extinction. Parallel biometric and isotopic analyses were performed on size-segregated specimens from a succession of stratigraphic horizons. The biometric data reveal a temporal pattern of variation consistent with paedomorphosis. The appearance of angulose juvenile chambers in the otherwise rounded ancestral form (Praemurica uncinata) results in an allometry that becomes more pronounced upsection. At the origin ofM. angulata, the juvenile morphology of the ancestor is retained throughout the entire ontogeny. Isotopic analysis of this sequence reveals the gradual acquisition of an increasingly heavy adult δ13C signal relative to that of the juvenile, while the δ18O data display no temporal or size-related trends. The temporal increase seen in the slope of the δ13C/size relationship may reflect the evolution of an increased dependency on photosymbionts.
Morphometrics of the Paleocene coccolith genera Cruciplacolithus, Chiasmolithus, and Sullivania: a complex evolutionary history
Authors: Bralower Timothy J. , Parrow Matthew
Published: July 2016

Investigation of the evolution of calcareous nannoplankton is hindered by the extremely small size (5-10 μm) of their fossils. We introduce new technology, a scanning electron microscope connected to an image analysis system (SEM-IAS), which allows this field to be explored as never before. This system enables a host of morphocharacters to be measured and included in studies of phylogeny and evolutionary dynamics. We have applied the SEM-IAS to study the evolution of Paleocene coccolith genera Cruciplacolithus, Chiasmolithus, and Sullivania. A variety of detailed measurements have been made on over 4000 coccoliths from Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 384 in the temperate North Atlantic and Ocean Drilling Program Site 690 in the Weddell Sea off Antarctica. Our results indicate no simple relationships between morphocharacters, the shapes of all three genera are both complex and highly variable. Although most morphocharacters possess little phylogenetic significance, the areas of different shield cycles show gradual divergence between Chiasmolithus and Sullivania through the Paleocene. Change of most other morphocharacters occurs at variable rates and reversals in trends are common. Minimal correlation exists between the trends and oscillatory shape changes observed at the two sites. We conclude that these trends and oscillations represent local, transitory ecophenotypic variation of the complex form. There is little stasis in the ten-million-year record studied.
A likelihood approach for evaluating estimates of phylogenetic relationships among fossil taxa
Authors: Wagner Peter J.
Published: July 2016

Estimates of phylogenetic relationships among fossil taxa implicitly provide hypotheses about the quality of the fossil record. Phylogenetic inferences also provide hypotheses about character evolution. The likelihood of any hypothesis that makes predictions about two data sets is simply the likelihood of the hypothesis given the first data set times the likelihood of the same hypothesis given the second data set. In this case, data set 1 represents stratigraphy and data set 2 represents morphology. Statistical methods exist for determining the likelihood of hypothesized levels of sampling. The likelihood of a hypothesized amount of character change yielding a particular most-parsimonious solution (i.e, L[hypothesized length | parsimony length] can be evaluated with simulations. A reanalysis of hyaenid phylogeny based on published character and stratigraphic data is presented here, using the maximum likelihood method. Two trees are found, depending on assumptions about ambiguous species, which are 11 and 10 steps longer than the most parsimonious tree (61 or 60 vs. 50 steps). However, the trees invoke far less stratigraphic debt (9 or 12 units vs. 47 units as measured in Mammal Zones). An important feature of the results is that the most likely tree length given hyaenid character data is estimated to be 56 to 62 steps (depending on the model of character evolution) rather than 50 steps. The likelihood tree suggests stronger trends toward bone-crushing specializations than does the parsimony tree and further suggests that high levels of homoplasy caused parsimony to underestimate the true extent of those trends. Simulations based on the character data and fossil record of hyaenids suggest that the maximum likelihood method is better able to estimate correct trees than is parsimony and somewhat better able to do so than previously proposed phylogenetic methods incorporating stratigraphy.
Disparity and constraint in olenelloid trilobites and the Cambrian Radiation
Authors: Smith Loren H. , Lieberman Bruce S.
Published: July 2016

The Cambrian Radiation marks the appearance of representatives of virtually all major skeletonized phyla in the fossil record and clearly represents a fundamental episode in the history of life. Furthermore, the tempo and mode of this evolutionary event have been the subject of intense debate. One area that has been debated is how so many phylum-level body plans can have evolved in such a geologically brief period. Some have argued that there was enhanced morphological flexibility and fewer evolutionary constraints at this time, leading to greater morphological disparity of Early Cambrian faunas. Others have claimed that this is not true because the evolution of most of the animal phyla significantly predates the radiation or because they failed to detect a signature of decreasing morphological disparity through time. At present, the higher-level patterns of diversification during this time period and the relevant implications for Early Cambrian uniqueness are areas of active research interest and debate. Recognizing this debate, we used both a phylogenetic and a morphometric framework to study whether there is a signature of increasing morphological constraint and decreasing flexibility through time within one of the clades that is a significant constituent of the Early Cambrian biota, specifically, the olenelloid trilobites. In this species-rich clade, we found no evidence that morphological changes were becoming either increasingly constrained or less flexible in one of the dominant Early Cambrian metazoan clades as it passed through the Cambrian Radiation.
V. Mr. Pegge, on the Rudston Pyramidal Stone
Authors: Pegge
Published: July 2016

Rudston, a village in the East-Riding of Yorkshire, on the Wolds, near Burlington, is thus noticed in bishop Gibson's edition of Camden, col. 901. “More inward into the “land, is Ruston, where, in the church-yard, is a kind of “pyramidal stone of great height. Whether the name of the “town may not have some relation to it, can be known only “from the private history of the place; but if the stone bear “any resemblance to a cross, rod in Saxon doth imply so much.” This cross, as the bishop calls it, and I think not improperly, is a very curious monument; and, no doubt, of very remote antiquity. I am not aware that it has ever been engraved, and therefore I here present the Society with an accurate drawing* of it, which I received A. 1769, from the friendly hand of Mr. Willan, whose account I shall take the liberty to subjoin. “This stone stands about four yards from the North East “corner of Rudston church, which is situated on a high hill. “Its depth under ground equal to its height above, as appeared “from an experiment made by the late Sir William Strickland. “All the four sides are a little convex, and the whole covered “with moss. No tradition in this country of any authorrity, either concerning the time, manner, or occasion of its “erection.”
XI. Mr. Barrington's Observations on St. Justin's (or Justinan's) Tomb. In a Letter to the Reverend Mr. Norris
Authors: Barrington
Published: July 2016

As the Council of the Society hath so far approved of a drawing, which I presented to them, from the Tomb-stone of the Saint to whom the church of Laniestin, in Anglesey, is dedicated, as to have ordered it to be engraved in the Archaeologia; it is incumbent upon me to give the best account I am able of this British Saint.
XVIII. Description of two Roman Camps in Gloucestershire. By Hayman Rooke, Esq. F.A.S. In a Letter to the Secretary
Authors: Rooke Hayman
Published: July 2016

I take the liberty of sending you the inclosed drawings and description of two Roman forts in Lydney Park, Gloucestershire, hitherto undescribed. If you think them worthy the notice of the Society, I must beg you to communicate them in such manner as you shall judge proper.
XIX. An Account of an ancient Seal of Robert, Baron Fitz-Walter, produced at the Society of Antiquaries, 30th January 1777. In a Letter to the Hon. Daines Barrington, Vice-President. By John-Charles Brooke, Esq. of the Herald's College
Authors: Brooke John-Charles
Published: July 2016

The elegant Seal [a] produced by you at the last meeting of the Society, belonged to Robert the 5th Baron Fitz-Walter, who was son of Walter, and grandson of Robert, Lord Fitz-Walter, Marshal of the Army of God and Holy Church, as appears by the shield of arms under the horse's head, which bears the coat of his 2d wife, who was a Ferrers.
VI. An Account of some Antiquities discovered, on digging into a large Roman Barrow, at Ellenborough, in Cumberland, 1763, by the Reverend Mr. Head, Prebendary of Carlisle
Authors: Head
Published: July 2016

That judicious Antiquary Mr. Horsely says, there is no one Roman station in Britain, where, he believes, so great a number of inscriptions have been discovered, as at Ellenborough, in Cumberland, and most of the original inscribed stones were yet preserved at Ellenborough hall (now called Nether-hall) the seat of Humphry Senhouse, esq; proprietor of the ground where the station was, and lineal descendant from John Senhouse, esq; praised by Mr. Camden, for his great civility to Sir Robert Cotton and himself when they visited these parts; also for his excellent skill in antiquities, and for the care he took in preserving such valuable literary curiosities.
XXII. Observations on Caesar's Invasion of Britain, and more particularly his Passage across the Thames. By the Hon. Daines Barrington. In two Letters, addressed to the late Bishop of Carlisle
Authors: Barrington Daines
Published: July 2016

Having lately had occasion to trouble you with remarks concerning the antiquity of most of the Welsh castles, some of which have been supposed to be the works of the Romans, it naturally occasioned my looking into such ancient writers as have given any account of what passed in this country, from the first invasion by Julius Caesar, to the time it was totally abandoned by the Roman legions.
XIV. Remarks on Belatucader. By the Rev. Mr. Pegge
Authors: Pegge
Published: July 2016

Something was said in the Essay on the Coins of Cunobelin, p. 15, on Belatucadrus, a deity either of the Romanized Britons, or of the Romans resident in Britain; and it was there asserted, he was the same with Mars, being esteemed a local name of this deity. Since then, an inscription, accompanied with a memoir, has been produced by my late most respectable friend Bishop Lyttelton; in which paper his Lordship, concurring with the late Prosessor Ward, reckons him to be a local deity, as do most others, but with a reference to Apollo, who was worshiped, as they observe, by the Druids. And herein they have on their side, Sammes, Selden, Hearne, Montsaucon, and the authors of the Universal History. Notwithstanding the weight of all this authority; I see no reason to depart from my former assertion and hope I may stand acquitted by the candid, if, in justification thereof, I here resume the further consideration of the subject.
XXVI. An Account of an undescribed Roman Station in Derbyshire. By the Reverend Mr. Watson; in a Letter to the Reverend Mr. Norris, Secretary
Authors: Watson
Published: July 2016

On the south side of the river Mersey, (or as some call it, the Edrow) near Wooley-bridge, in the township of Gamesley, and parish of Glossop, in Derbyshire, is a Roman station, which no writer has mentioned, nor did any one know (as far as can be informed) that it had been constructed by that people, till July 1771, when I made the discovery. The country people give it the name of Melandra Castle; the area of it is called the Castle-yard, and eleven fields adjoining to it are named in old deeds the Castle Carrs.
XXVII. Extract of two Letters from Dr. John Burton, of York, to Dr. Ducarel, concerning Roman Antiquities discovered in Yorkshire, 1770
Authors: Burton John
Published: July 2016

Since the consular coin of Marius was found, there have been other Roman coins dug up near the same place. Lately also several urns and Roman coins, about three miles east by north of Horden. Also in digging lately about a mile south of York for gravel, many pieces of urns were found, some of a beautiful red clay; some were impressed with letters. Mr. Smithe, of New Buildings, near Thirsk, is very assiduous in searching after Roman antiquities, and takes great pleasure in collecting them. Last summer, in digging for gravel near Huddersfield, in the West Riding, several urns were found with coins in them.
XXVIII. Conjectures respecting the ancient Sculptures and Inscriptions on two Pillars in the Abbey Church of Rumsey. By William Latham, Esq, F.R.S. and F.A.S. in a Letter to the Rev. John Brand, Secretary
Authors: Latham William
Published: July 2016

It is with great deference I presume to offer any conjectures towards an attempt at explaining the ancient sculptures and inscriptions on the two pillars in the abbey church of Rumsey, which appear in the last volume of theArchaeologia, after those ingenious observations contained in the subsequent paper to that account; but, as the following thoughts occurred to me upon reading it, I take the liberty of communicating them to you, whose judgment is so well able to ascertain how likely they may be to merit the attention of the learned Society of Antiquaries.
XXXV. Extracts from the Rotulus Familiæ in the eighteenth Year of the Reign of K. Edw. I. preserved among his Majesty's Records in the Tower. Communicated by Samuel Lysons, Esq. F.R.S. Director, with a Translation and Notes, by the Rev. John Brand, Secretary
Authors: Lysons Samuel
Published: July 2016

The roll from which the following extracts are taken, contains an account of the expenses of the king's family [p] for seventeen weeks, beginning with Midlent Sunday, in the 18th year of his reign, when they were at Langley in Buckinghamshire.
VI. Observations upon a Passage in Pliny's Natural History, relative to the Temple of Diana at Ephesus. By Joseph Windham, Esq.
Authors: Windham Joseph
Published: July 2016

The subject of our present enquiry is a passage in the 36th book of Pliny, relating to the celebrated Temple of Diana at Ephesus: it is very concise, but so comprehensive as to have engaged the attention of many learned commentators: who in their various explanations agree in little more than in considering the text, taken as it usually stands, as genuine and uncorrupted; no verbal correction therefore can readily be admitted.
XXXVI. Roman remains in Sherwood Forest, discovered by Hayman Rooke, Esq. F.A.S. and communicated by him in a Letter to the Right Hon. Sir George Yonge, Bart.
Authors: Rooke Hayman
Published: July 2016

Since I had the honour of transmitting to you a description of some remains of Roman works on Sherwood Forest, I have met with a considerable, part of a very large camp, which probably contained the main body of the Roman army; it is, therefore, I think well worthy of notice.
XXVIII. An Account of certain remarkable Pits or Caverns in the Earth, in the County of Berks. By the Hon. Daines Barrington, V.P.S. In a Letter to the Rev. Dr. Douglas, F.S.A.
Authors: Barrington Daines
Published: July 2016

The Society having so often indulged me in laying before them what hath occurred in relation to antiquities, emboldens me (through your friendly introduction) to give some account of a large extent of pits, which I conceive to have been excavated in most remote ages, before the inhabitants of this island were the least civilized.
XXXIX. Observations on the Remains of the Amphitheatre of Flavius Vespasian at Rome, as it was in the year 1777. By Mr. Thomas Hardwick, F.A.S. In a Letter to Mr. Bridgen, Treasurer to the Society of Antiquaries
Authors: Hardwick Thomas
Published: July 2016

I have the honour of sending you for the inspection of the Society a model of the remains of the amphitheatre of Flavius Vespasian at Rome, which from the minuteness and accuracy with which it is executed, I flatter myself will deserve their attention. The purposes to which a Roman amphitheatre was appropriated are so generally known, and particularly to the Society of Antiquaries, that I shall here beg leave only to offer a few remarks, which occurred to me on the spot, and which you will do me the honour of communicating to the Society.
XV. Copy of a Letter to Sir Robert Atkyns, Knight of the Bath, Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer, and Speaker of the House of Lords, in the Reign of King William, from his brother Sir Edward Atkyns, who was also Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer. Written from London during the Fire 1666, to his Brother at Sapperton, his residence in Gloucestershire. Communicated by the Rev. Stephen Weston, B.D. F.R.S.
Authors: Weston Stephen
Published: July 2016

I received your letter, and shall give you the best account I can of our late sad fire, tho' it is scarcely possible for any man fully to describe it. It began at a Bakers house in Puddinglane, near Thames Street, on Sunday morning, about two or three of the clock; and burnt doune several houses, but could not be quencht, in regard it was a narrow place where ye engines could not play, & ye Lord Maior did not thinke fit to pull doune any houses to prevent ye further spreading of ye fire.
XXV. Observations on Antient Castles. By Edward King, Esq.
Authors: King Edward
Published: July 2016

Permit me, through your hands, to lay before the Society over which you so worthily preside, the enclosed papers, relating to a subject not foreign to their enquiries. I am sensible indeed there needs some apology for the many imperfections and errors that may be found therein; but, as I am persuaded, they will meet with the greatest degree of candor; I venture without any further hesitation to introduce this little essay, under your sanction, to the consideration of those, who I trust will both rectify the errors, and add many more curious observations to these imperfect hints.
V. Description of another Roman Pig of Lead found in Derbyshire, in a Letter from the Rev. Mr. Pegge to Robert Banks Hodgkinson, Esq.
Authors: Pegge
Published: July 2016

Matlock moor appears to be fruitful in producing ancient blocks of Roman Lead, since in April last a second mass was there found, of which the description, as sent me by my good friend the rev. John Mason, curate of Elton, in Derbyshire, goes thus:
The Chronicles of the English Poor Clares Of Rouen—II
Authors: Forster Ann M. C.
Published: July 2016

This Chronicle opens in 1702, the first year of the long rule of Abbess Mary of the Holy Cross, elected the previous December by 42 votes out of 64. She proved an outstanding superior whose works (printed and MS.) gain her a niche in Gillow'sBibliographical Dictionary, whose life drew a written tribute from Bishop Bonaventure Giffard and whose teachings inspired a book by Alban Butler. After the dissensions of the previous decade she restored spiritual health and harmony to the community and placed it on a more flourishing footing than for many years, receiving to profession thirty-four religious in 25 years (1707–32). Abbess Howard—if that was indeed her surname— entered into association with other religious houses by mutual agreement to participate in good works, prayers and merits: with the Benedictine Abbey of St. Amand at Rouen, whose Abbess was a great friend; with that of Val de Grace in Paris where she herself had lived and been converted; in 1711 with the Carmelites and in 1714 (a renewal of a former association) with the Capuchins. In addition the community's friend and benefactor M. de Tot had in 1703 founded a confraternity in honour of Our Lady and St. Joseph which some of the English nobility joined, including Lady Middleton and Lady Strickland.
The English Jesuits and Episcopal Authority: The Liverpool Test Case, 1840–43
Authors: Whitehead Maurice
Published: July 2016

THE SUPPRESSION of the Society of Jesus by Clement XIV in 1773 brought an abrupt end to Jesuit activity in many parts of the world. However, after 1773 many ex-Jesuits of the former English Province stationed in England, Wales, Maryland and Pennsylvania continued their work as chaplains and missionaries. On the continent the English ex-Jesuits, having been obliged to transfer their college from Saint-Omer first to Bruges and later to Liège, were protected by the prince bishop of the latter city in their work of educating boys. Even after the college's final migration to Stonyhurst in 1794 as a result of the upheaval of the French Revolution, the English ex-Jesuits continued operating without total loss of their pre-Suppression way of life.’
The Anti-Catholic Activity of the S.P.C.K., C. 1698–1740
Authors: Haydon C. M.
Published: July 2016

THE SOCIETY for Promoting Christian Knowledge was established in 1698. From its inception, one of its aims was to combat the spread of Catholicism in Britain and elsewhere. At the end of the seventeenth century, the Counter-Reformation seemed to be enjoying great successes: as one of the Society's memorials noted, ‘the progress of Popery … by little and little ruins the Reformed Religion all over Europe’. This occurred, the memorial went on, because the Protestants had little regard for their own defence. The remedy was to form a ‘union of Protestants’, with a council to organize its correspondence among those of the reformed faith in all parts of the continent; and to put a stop the activity of Popish priests, though ‘without Persecution and violence’. A bulwark, it was argued, was unquestionably needed against so formidable and zealous a body as the Congregation de Propaganda Fide. The Crown was to be informed of these designs and the Society was soon given a watching brief on ‘the practices of priests to pervert His Majesty's subjects’.
Nontriviality results for the characteristic algebra of a DGA
Authors: RIZELL GEORGIOS DIMITROGLOU
Published: July 2016

Assume that we are given a semifree noncommutative differential graded algebra (DGA for short) whose differential respects an action filtration. We show that the canonical unital algebra map from the homology of the DGA to its characteristic algebra, i.e. the quotient of the underlying algebra by the two-sided ideal generated by the boundaries, is a monomorphism. The main tool that we use is the weak division algorithm in free noncommutative algebras due to P. Cohn.
Whatever happened to tutor librarian ship?
Authors: Houghton Beth
Published: July 2016

The post of Academic Librarian for Art and Design was established at Leicester Polytechnic in 1973, as part of a team of tutor librarians having no library duties other than reader instruction. Several kinds and degrees of instruction have been attempted, ranging from formal lectures to the ‘point-of-need’ method, and most have been found to have both advantages and disadvantages. Interest can be aroused by drawing attention to the variety of materials, access to which is gained through familiarity with bibliographic tools. The tutor librarian’s role implies involvement in the presentation of the library by means of guiding and publications; but when the tutor librarian’s is a separate post, additional to those professional library staff who are responsible for running the library, difficulties and conflict may be unavoidable.
Bibliographic instruction for graduate art history students
Authors: Irvine Betty Jo
Published: July 2016

Given the complexity and diversity of resources in art history, the research student needs a thorough and systematic programme to guide him through the range of information sources from catalogues and indexes to esoteric and elusive art works and individuals. Such a programme is described in detail and also a survey made of the literature on bibliographic instruction in art history.

Special thanks are extended to Phillip Heagy for bibliographic assistance and manuscript preparation and to Sue Ramage for manuscript review.
Videodiscs and art documentation
Authors: Sorkow Janice
Published: July 2016

Optical videodisc technology is a very effective tool for art research, archival preservation and the presentation of visual materials. In fact, this new technology has the potential to revolutionise the current methods of conducting research and the storage and retrieval of art documentation. There are, however, many issues concerning videodisc technology which should be identified before disc can become a practical reality for the art world.

This paper outlines:

(1) How a videodisc works, including specific advantages and limitations of the technology for the field of art librarianship, and, (2) How the videodisc may be applied to visual resources and art documentation from the collection manager’s point of view. Various art related videodisc projects completed between 1980 and 1983 will be used as illustrations, and the videodisc done at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (MFA) will be used as a case study.

The paper was delivered to the IFLA Section of Art Libraries, Munich, 1983.
10 Jahre Graphotek in der Stadtbibliothek Bremen
Authors: Patz Gerd-Peter
Published: July 2016

Although the idea of lending works of art originated in Germany in 1885, the first library to actually do so was that of Newark, U.S.A., through the initiative of John Cotton Dana in 1903-4. Other countries followed suit - Britain before the end of the Second World War, Scandinavia by the late 1950s, and France, where in recent years over 30 picture libraries have been established with state support under Mitterand’s Minister for Culture, Jack Lang.

While in East Germany there are over 100 picture libraries lending mainly reproductions, in West Germany there are 61, lending exclusively original works. The Graphotek in Bremen Public Library is the third largest of these, and all citizens over 16 can borrow from its collection of over 2,200 works for eight weeks at a time, choosing either directly or, at any of the six branch libraries, from colour slides and catalogues.

The Bremen Graphotek has set out to build up a representative collection of German and international art from all periods, with special emphasis on contemporary art; prints make up the greater part of the collection, and reproductions are excluded. 720 artists are represented; 50% of funding is reserved for Bremen artists. Over 33,000 loans have been made in the Graphotek’s first ten years, with 75%-80% of the collection being out on loan at any given time. There has been a gradual trend towards more borrowing by schools, hospitals, etc.

The Graphotek has promoted 88 exhibitions. The last of these, on the occasion of the Graphotek’s 10th anniversary, displayed work by 70 artists illustrative of new directions in art since 1970.

The Graphotek also functions as a centre for information on art, artists, art galleries, etc., with reference books and art journals available for consultation.
Forgetting our past
Authors: McPhee John
Published: July 2016

While a great deal of the material evidence of Australian art of the past has been lost as a result of bushfires, other natural causes, accidents, or carelessness, even more has been deliberately destroyed. Artists or their families have often wished to erase the memory of convict or immigrant origins, youthful indiscretions, or previous marriages. The failure of national and state governments to formulate policies to ensure the preservation of business archives (including the archives of architectural firms and art galleries) continues to allow valuable material to be lost. Surviving archival material is often dispersed, occasionally inaccessible, and not infrequently inadequately catalogued. Fortunately nationwide initiatives have been launched – not a moment too soon – by the National Library of Australia and the Library of the Australian National
The Carlo Gamba collection of fashion plates in the Biblioteca Maruceluana
Authors: Todros Rossella
Published: July 2016

The Biblioteca Marucelliana, a public amenity and a reflection of Florentine cultural life since its foundation early in the 18th century, is the home of a collection of 19th century and early 20th century fashion plates, donated in 1965 by Count Carlo Gamba. This collection is used by both scholars and students, including students training to be theatre and fashion designers.
Les Collections Iconographiques de la Direction du Patrimoine
Authors: Berce Françoise
Published: July 2016

La Direction du Patrimoine is the successor of the Commission des Monuments historiques, which from its inception in 1837 was responsible for identifying, compiling an inventory of, and restoring, historic buildings. During the 19th century, this meant, in effect, medieval ecclesiastical structures and sites. From the beginning the Commission was careful to safeguard its papers, including drawings and plans of specific buildings; a number of volumes illustrating the nation’s architectural heritage were published in the second half of the 19th century; drawings, and photographs, were commissioned, and a library was assembled. From the 1860s the Commission employed photographers on its staff and efforts were made to record those buildings for which the state was responsible. The documentary resources which accumulated became known as the Bibliothèque des Monuments historiques. Recent decades have witnessed the devolution of the management of historical monuments, while the documentary collections are being cared for, exploited, and developed in a wider context, embracing secular, industrial, vernacular, and modern architecture, as well as art, photography itself, and artefacts from everyday life, to provide the broadest possible documentation of the French cultural heritage. A computer system is used, and many photographic images are being transferred to videodisc.