bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ ТЕХНІКИ ПЛАВАННЯ НА ЕТАПІ ПОПЕРЕДНЬОЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ
Authors: Силантьєв Д. О. , Симонік А. В. , Пономарьов В. О.
Published: June 2024

Розглянуто особливості методики вдосконалення техніки плавання на етапі попередньої підготовки як найважливішого напряму, що визначає спортивні досягнення. Метою дослідження стали розробка й апробація методики вдосконалення техніки плавання на етапі попередньої підготовки у спортсменів віком 10–12 років. У дослідженні взяли участь 14 спортсменів-плавців групи спортивного вдосконалення, які тренуються на базі спортивного комплексу «Мотор Січ». Учасники дослідження були розподілені на дві групи – контрольну й експериментальну, по 7 осіб у кожній. Особливістю запропонованої авторами методики було те, що завдання на воді складалися здебільшого з коротких відрізків із застосуванням спеціальних вправ, що коригують техніку виконання елементів спортивного плавання. До 30% від усього об’єму роботи на суші відводилося спеціалізованим засобам, що сприяють ефективній корекції та вдосконаленню техніки. Основними технічними засобами були гімнастична палиця, шведська стінка, перекладина, гриф, скакалка. Під час навчання та вдосконалення техніки переважали спеціальні вправи з використанням методу поділу спортивного способу на окремі частини: робоча частина гребка (захоплення, підтягування, відштовхування); підготовча частина гребка (вихід руки з води, пронос, вхід руки у воду). Експертна оцінка елементів техніки плавання підтверджує позитивний вплив запропонованої авторами дослідження експериментальної методики. Це засвідчується паралельним покращенням показників як економічності техніки, так і технічної майстерності. У техніці плавання на руках вільним стилем відзначено покращення траєкторії робочої частини гребка. Відбулося збільшення довжини гребка, це виразилося в зниженні кількості гребкових рухів (зміна результатів становила 24,2% в експериментальній та 17,06% у контрольній групі. Більше виражені поліпшення відзначені. Це пов’язано з меншою координаційною складністю елемента техніки. Зміна результатів у техніці плавання на ногах вільним стилем – 34,8% в експериментальній групі та 28,1% – у контрольній. Експертна оцінка техніки плавання в повній координації вільним стилем підтверджує тенденцію до покращення, проте динаміка результатів менш виражена. Найбільші труднощі викликало узгодження рухів рук, ніг і дихання. Динаміка результатів становить 17,8% в експериментальній групі та 14,6% – у контрольній.
SYNERGY OF PHYSIOLOGY, PSYCHOLOGY AND TACTICS: KEY TO SUCCESS IN HANDBALL
Authors: Тищенко Д. Г. , Нікулічев Д. С. , Plummer Steven
Published: June 2024

This article highlights the unique experience of the development of handball in Australia. The study focuses on the participation of the Sydney Uni Handball Club team in the “Europe Tour 2024”, which is an important step towards international recognition and exchange of experience with leading European clubs. The purpose of the study is to assess the relationship between physiological training, psychological stability, tactical flexibility and their contribution to the sports performance of the team. The object of study is the process of training in handball at the professional level. The subject of the study is the physiological aspects of training in the context of the specifics of the training process in handball. Research methods: theoretical analysis and generalization of scientific and methodological sources on the topic of the research, pedagogical observations. Research results. The authors analyze key aspects that influence team performance, including adaptation to new conditions, tactical flexibility, fatigue and recovery management, and the effectiveness of finishing attacks. Particular attention is paid to the impact of jet lag on the physical and cognitive functionality of the athletes, emphasizing the need to develop strategies to adapt to flights and time zone changes. The proposed measures are aimed at minimizing the negative impact of jet lag and increasing the competitiveness of the athletes at international competitions. The study highlights the role of tactical flexibility and cognitive adaptation in dynamic gaming environments. Attention is focused on how important it is for the athletes and the coaching staffs not only to develop a variety of tactical plans, but also the ability to reassess quickly the game situation and adapt to the strategies of the opponents in real time. This requires players not only to have a high level of physical fitness, but also to developed cognitive abilities such as attention, concentration under stress, pressure and uncertainty. Conclusions. Success in international competitions requires not only a high level of technical, tactical and physical preparation, but also the development of effective recovery strategies, adaptation to various competition conditions and psychophysiological stress management. The study contributes to the understanding of how little-known sports can develop and achieve significant success on the international stage, highlighting the importance of intercultural and sporting exchange in the globalized world. Thus, to achieve optimal results, teams need to implement training programs that stimulate the development of both physical and mental qualities of the athletes, preparing them for the high demands of competitive activity. The results of the study are of interest not only to specialists in the field of sports science, but also to coaches, sports psychologists and managers involved in the development of handball and other sports in conditions of limited popularity and resources.
СТАНОВЛЕННЯ ЗМАГАНЬ У ПРОФЕСІЙНОМУ ФУТБОЛІ (НА ПРИКЛАДІ СУПЕРКУБКУ, ЛІГИ КОНФЕРЕНЦІЙ UEFA ТА КЛУБНОГО ЧЕМПІОНАТУ СВІТУ)
Authors: Хіменес Х. Р. , Бріскін Ю. А. , Пітин М. П. , Човган Р. Я. , Еделєв О. С.
Published: June 2024

У практиці спорту за останнє століття розвинувся потужний напрям професійного спорту. На думку багатьох дослідників, однією з самостійних моделей професійного спорту є європейська модель. З’ясування й інтерпретація ключових чинників розвитку європейського професійного футболу дасть змогу визначити еволюцію моделі змагань у цьому виді спорту. Мета – охарактеризувати становлення змагань у професійному футболі (на прикладі Суперкубку, Ліги конференцій UEFA та клубного Чемпіонату світу). Методи: теоретичний аналіз та узагальнення, системний аналіз, історико-логічний, абстрагування, порівняння, формалізація, моделювання. Результати. Організації FIFA та UEFA опікуються змаганнями як національного, так і клубного рівнів. Зважаючи на специфіку розвитку окремих професійних видів спорту, увагу зосереджено на історичних і сучасних аспектах становлення та розвитку систем змагань клубних футбольних змагань як яскравого прояву професійного напряму розвитку виду спорту, зокрема, у Європі. Аналізуючи історичні факти розвитку професійного футболу у Європі, слід відзначити, що до сьогодні в цій частині світу футбол – найбільш популярний вид спорту. Саме цей факт зумовлює постійні зміни форматів змагань, появу нових турнірів тощо для забезпечення ще більшого рівня видовищності та, як наслідок, зростання прибутків керівних організацій. Сучасна система змагань у європейському професійному футболі характеризується своєрідною пірамідою, внизу якої розташовані чемпіонати національних асоціацій-членів UEFA, наступним щаблем є загальноєвропейський турнір – Ліга конференцій UEFA. Крім того, з переважно комерційною метою проводиться розіграш Суперкубку між чемпіонами Ліги Європи та Ліги чемпіонів. Висновки. Європейські турніри на сьогодні також здебільшого уніфікували системи розіграшів. Існують окремі відмінності в кількості команд, кваліфікаційних раундів тощо, проте загальна структура збережена в усіх трьох ключових змаганнях.
PESQUISA METATEÓRICA SOBRE A LEITURA NA BNCC – ENSINO MÉDIO
Authors: Conde Érica Pires , Lopes Iveuta De Abreu
Published: June 2024

É nossa intenção, nesse estudo, verificar como os artigos, presentes no Google Acadêmico, de 2018 a 2022, abordam a leitura na BNCC- Ensino Médio. Assim, elaboramos como pergunta norteadora: de que maneira os artigos presentes no Google Acadêmico, no período de 2018 a 2022, abordam a leitura na BNCC- Ensino Médio? Fizemos uma pesquisa qualitativa de vertente metateórica. Para isso, selecionamos cinco artigos científicos, presentes no Google Acadêmico, que possuíam no título leitura/BNCC/ensino médio. Tomamos como base teórica os textos de Kleiman (1989), Rojo (2004), Carleti (2007), Koch e Elias (2009) e Silva (2011). O resultado indica que o tratamento da leitura no ensino médio, na BNCC, dá-se no contexto da literatura, destacando a ampliação do repertório do que é lido em sala de aula, considerando as diferentes manifestações artísticas.
Shunt-mediated decompression sickness in a compressed air worker with an atrial septal defect
Authors:   Tunnelmed Services Ltd, Dunblane, United Kingdom, Colvin Andrew P , Hogg Ryan ,   TRHA Ltd, Surlingham, United Kingdom, Wilmshurst Peter T ,   Royal Stoke University Hospital, Stoke on Trent, United Kingdom
Published: June 2024

We report a compressed air worker who had diffuse cutaneous decompression sickness with pain in his left shoulder and visual disturbance characteristic of migraine aura after only his third hyperbaric exposure. The maximum pressure was 253 kPa gauge with oxygen decompression using the Swanscombe Oxygen Decompression Table. He was found to have a very large right-to-left shunt across a 9 mm atrial septal defect. He had transcatheter closure of the defect but had some residual shunting with release of a Valsalva manoeuvre. Thirty-two other tunnel workers undertook the same pressure profile and activities in the same working conditions during the maintenance of a tunnel boring machine for a total of 233 similar exposures and were unaffected. As far as we are aware this is the first report of shunt-mediated decompression sickness in a hyperbaric tunnel worker in the United Kingdom and the second case reported worldwide. These cases suggest that shunt-mediated decompression sickness should be considered to be an occupational risk in modern compressed air working. A right-to-left shunt in a compressed air worker should be managed in accordance with established clinical guidance for divers.
Drinker driver flyer diver
Authors:   Clinical Hyperbaric Facility, Hull and East Riding Hospital, Anlaby, UK, Laden Gerard , Mathew Bruce ,   Clinical Hyperbaric Facility, Hull and East Riding Hospital, Anlaby, UK
Published: June 2024

Blood alcohol concentrations above defined levels are detrimental to cognitive performance. Empirical and published evidence suggest that nitrogen narcosis is analogous to alcohol intoxication with both impairing prefrontal cortex function. Nitrogen narcosis is also known to have been a factor in fatal accidents. To examine the effects of nitrogen narcosis, a recent publication used the Iowa Gambling Task tool, to simulate dynamic real-life risky decision-making behaviour. If the reported outcomes are corroborated in larger rigorously designed studies it is likely to provide further evidence that divers may well experience the negative effects of a ‘narcotic agent’, even at relatively shallow depths. These deleterious effects may occur regardless of diving experience, aptitude or professional status. In 1872, English law made it an offence to be ‘drunk’ whilst in charge of horses, carriages, cattle and steam engines. Understanding the danger was easy, establishing who is ‘drunk’ in the eyes of the court required a legal definition. Driving above a ‘legal limit’ for alcohol was made illegal in the United Kingdom in 1967. The limit was set at 80 milligrams of alcohol per 100 millilitres of blood. It took just short of one hundred years to get from first introducing a restriction to specific activities, whilst under the influence of alcohol, to having a clear and well-defined enforceable law. The question surely is whether our modern society will tolerate another century before legally defining safe parameters for nitrogen narcosis?
Formulating policies and procedures for managing diving related deaths: a whole of state engagement from frontline and hospital services in Tasmania
Authors:   Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine Unit, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, Elliott Elizabeth J , Price Karl ,   Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine Unit, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, Peters Bernard ,   Tasmania Police Marine and Rescue Services, Tasmania, Australia
Published: June 2024

Introduction: Tasmania is a small island state off the southern edge of Australia where a comparatively high proportion of the 558,000 population partake in recreational or occupational diving. While diving is a relatively safe sport and occupation, Tasmania has a significantly higher diving death rate per head of population than other States in Australia (four times the national diving mortality rate). Methods: Three compressed gas diving deaths occurred in seven months between 2021–2022 prompting a review of the statewide approach for the immediate response of personnel to diving-related deaths. The review engaged first responders including the Police Marine and Rescue Service, hospital-based departments including the Department of Hyperbaric and Diving Medicine, and the mortuary and coroner’s office. Results: An aide-mémoire for all craft groups, digitalised checklists for first responders (irrespective of diving knowledge), and a single-paged algorithm to highlight inter-agency communication pathways in the event of a diving death were designed to enhance current practices and collaboration. Conclusions: If used, these aids for managing diving related deaths should ensure that time-critical information is appropriately captured and stored to optimise information provided for the coronial investigation.
The use of hyperbaric oxygen for avascular necrosis of the femoral head and femoral condyle: a single centre’s experience over 30 years
Authors:   Department of Hyperbaric Medicine, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia, Currie John RB , Gawthrope Ian C ,   Department of Hyperbaric Medicine, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia, Banham Neil D ,   Department of Hyperbaric Medicine, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia
Published: June 2024

Introduction: Avascular necrosis (AVN) is a rare progressive degenerative disease leading to bone and joint destruction. Patients often require surgical intervention. Femoral AVN is the most common anatomical location. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT) has been shown to be effective in AVN. We present data collected from one centre over a 30-year period and compare the results with other published data. Methods: A retrospective chart review of all patients receiving HBOT for AVN at Fremantle and Fiona Stanley Hospitals since 1989 was performed. The primary outcome was radiological appearance using the Steinberg score, with secondary outcomes being subjective improvement, the need for joint replacement surgery and rates of complications. Results: Twenty-one joints in 14 patients (14 femoral heads and seven femoral condyles) were treated with HBOT since 1989. Two patients were excluded. Within the femoral head group, nine of the 14 joints (64%) had stable or improved magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans post treatment and at six months (minimum); 10 joints (71%) had good outcomes subjectively, three joints required surgical intervention, and three patients developed mild aural barotrauma. Within the femoral condyle group, all five joints had stable or improved post-treatment MRI scans (four had visible improvement in oedema and/or chondral stability), four joints reported good outcomes subjectively, none of the patients required surgical intervention (follow-up > six months). Conclusions: This single centre retrospective study observed prevention of disease progression in femoral AVN with the use of HBOT, comparable to other published studies. This adds to the body of evidence that HBOT may have a significant role in the treatment of femoral AVN.
THE RESETTLEMENT POLICY OF GERMANY IN THE COLONIES. THE RESETTLEMENT OF THE BOERS TO EAST AFRICA
Authors:   University of Regensburg, Schmidt Waldemar
Published: June 2024

The proposed article on the history of the Boer resettlement movement to the colonial possessions of Kaiser Germany in East Africa is of undoubted interest, first of all in terms of exposing completely previously unknown archival materials of the Federal Archive of Germany, as well as periodical press materials addressing the issue. The emergence of Boer migration was caused by their defeat in the Anglo–Boer War, which the colonial circles of Germany took advantage of. In addition, the author of the article tried to analyze historical events, as well as the activities of the colonial office of Kaiser Germany and the colonial administration of the East African colonies on the issue of the resettlement of Boers from various regions of South Africa: Natal, Transvaal, as well as Rhodesia and their use primarily for economic purposes to strengthen German colonial rule in East Africa. Archival materials reveal the specifics of the resettlement of migrant Boers to East Africa, the attitude of the colonial circles of Germany and the departmental employees of the colony to that process. The author of the article tried to show the features of Boer resettlement and their involvement in the creation of farms in the northern regions of East Africa. In addition, he considered the Schutze project as a basis for large-scale resettlement of Boers from the South African Boer republics to the colony of Kaiser Germany in East Africa.
BASIC SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM IN GERMANY (2005–2023)
Authors:   Belarusian State University, Savateyeva Daria V.
Published: June 2024

Ensuring the basic social needs of the population, especially the most vulnerable groups of society, is an important area of social policy. The paper is dealing with the study of basic social security in Germany in 2005–2023, identifying the structure and special system for providing social benefits to the population. The chronological scope of the research is defined by significant changes in the structure and legislative regulation of basic assistance. Since 2005, the Twelfth Book of the Social Code has come into force, regulating the allocation of the first element of basic social security – social assistance. It consists of livelihood assistance, basic security for old age and disability, health aids, care assistance, assistance in overcoming certain social difficulties and assistance in other life situations. In 2023, the second element of the system, unemployment benefits-2, was replaced by a citizen benefit. In the course of the research, the author came to the conclusion that the features of the basic social security system in Germany at the present stage of development are its continuous process of reform and adaptation to the challenges of modern times, annual indexation of payments in accordance with socio-economic development, modernization in accordance with demographic factor and expansion of categories of applicants for social benefits.
DYNAMICS OF ADAPTATION OF SOCIETY IN CONDITIONS OF GLOBAL DISTRESS. ANALYSIS OF THE SITUATION FROM FEBRUARY 2022 - FEBRUARY 2023
Authors:   Russian State University for the Humanities, Ershova Galina G. , Kuleshova Anna A. ,   Russian State University for the Humanities
Published: June 2024

The article considers the public reaction to the Special Military Operation launched in February 2022, which certainly became a stress for the Russian population. The data from different companies, that conducted polls between March and november, were collected and the subsequent analysis of the polling materials showed a curious dynamics of public opinion change. The reaction of the population, characterized by anxiety and fears and initially quite inert, gradually began to transform towards more and more support – both verbal and effective – for the Special Operation and the State. In addition, the phenomenon of individual self-organization of citizens to provide various kinds of assistance to combatants, the wounded, residents of new territories, institutions, animals, etc. has emerged. Active participation in providing assistance becomes an adaptive factor that relieves stress. In addition, active assistance to the Special Operation on the part of citizens becomes a model and an incentive for others, who until a certain time were in a state of waiting, to be included in that process. The positive tendencies of the process are obvious. Such reactions are anthroposystemic in nature and require special approaches to preserve social stability and consolidation of society as a whole
DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNICATIONS OF THE NORTHERN BLACK SEA REGION AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY
Authors:   Russian State University for the Humanities, Senin Alexandr S.
Published: June 2024

The article gives description of the transport system of Novorossia and Crimea at the beginning of the 20-th century: the state and functioning of horse-drawn, rail and river transport in the Ekaterinoslav, Taurida, Kherson and southeastern parts of the Kharkov provinces. It shows the influence of natural and climatic conditions on transport development. Based on a wide range of sources and scientific literature the author considers plans for highway construction, improvement of navigation along the Dnieper, Southern Bug, Seversky Donets, projects for new railways, the bridge across the Kerch Strait. He notes the role of transport in the transformation of the south of Russia into the second mining and metallurgical base of the country, into one of the leading industrial centers of the Russian Empire. The results of the discussion of the state of the road network and the protection of the country’s water resources in the work of the Special Council on the needs of the agricultural industry, the role of zemstvo institutions in the construction and operation of the local road network, and the importance of the special Road Fund are noted. The article also characterizes technical condition of the river and railway infrastructure.
NAZI CRIMES AGAINST THE SOVIET POPULATION ON THE TERRITORY OF THE OCCUPIED DONBASS, 1941-1943
Authors:   Donetsk State University, Saenko Anton S.
Published: June 2024

The article, based on archival materials, considers the crimes of the Nazis and their accomplices against the civilian population living in the Donbass in 1941–1943. Based on the Acts of the Extraordinary State Commission for the identification and investigation of atrocities of the Nazi invaders and other historical sources, it analyzes the crimes of the Nazis against representatives of the Slavic, Jewish and Gypsy nationalities in the region under consideration during the Great Patriotic War. The article presents the atrocities of the nazis committed in the cities of Stalino, Makeevka, Enakievo, Mariupol, Artemovsk, Kramatorsk, also in the Gorlovsky, Avdeevsky districts of the Stalino (Donetsk) region, the cities of Voroshilovgrad, Krasny Luch of the Voroshilovgrad (Lugansk) region. Following the sources studied, the author comes to a conclusion that the Nazis and their accomplices carried out a policy of exterminating the population of Donbass during the Great Patriotic War racially motivated.
FORCED LABOR OF FINNISH CONCENTRATION CAMP PRISONERS
Authors:   Petrozavodsk State University, Eloshin Dmitrii A.
Published: June 2024

The purpose of the article is to study the organization organization by the Eastern Karelia Military Administration (EKMA) of forced labor of concentration camp prisoners in the occupied territory of Karelia in 19411944. Based on an analysis of available sources, such as protocols of interrogations of concentration camp prisoners, Soviet intelligence reports and reports of the Eastern Karelia Military Administration, various areas of the use of forced labor for the most intensive development of the resources of the occupied territory of the KFSSR were considered. The relevance of the topic is caused by the creation of an interdepartmental working group at the Prosecutor’s Office of the Republic of Karelia to form an evidence base in order to recognize the policy of Finland in the occupied territory of Karelia in 1941–1944 genocide against the non-Finno-Ugric population. It implies the necessity to consider the attitude of the Eastern Karelia Military Administration towards prisoners of concentration camps. The forced labor is one of the most common subjects in the memories of prisoners. In memoirs and historiography, the terror policies of the Finnish authorities and slave labor are divided into two separate topics. In this article, the author argues that the policy of terror served as the sole motivating factor for increasing the efficiency of prisoners in the logging industry, both in relation to non-combatants and prisoners of war alike.
A MODERN APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF RUSSIAN NATIONAL POLICY
Authors:   Russian State University, Arkhipova Tatiana G.
Published: June 2024

The review analyzes the content of one of the latest monographs by the famous Soviet and Russian historian N.F. Bugai, on the status of study and experience of regulating ethnic processes in Russia during one of the most difficult periods of history – from the nineties of the last century to the early 20s of the present century. The author, having analyzed in detail the historiography of the issue that exists today, considers in chronological order the national policy in the Russian Federation carried out at different levels of the government and institutions of civil society. The retrospective presentation of information allows understanding the complexity of the issues accumulated by the end of the 90s, requiring not only optimal, but also quick solutions. The monograph contains a huge amount of information not only about the life of the indigenous peoples of Russia, but also representatives of other ethnic groups who have historically found themselves on its territory. Of particular interest are the conclusions and suggestions of the author concerning both the actual state national policy and the issues of its further study, although not all of them can be agreed with.
MASS PROTESTS IN IRAN IN THE AUTUMN OF 2022. FACTORS, DYNAMICS, REACTION OF THE AUTHORITIES
Authors:   Russian State University for the Humanities, Filin Nikita A. , Koklikov Vladimir O. ,   Russian State University for the Humanities, Khodunov Alexander S. ,   Russian State University for the Humanities
Published: June 2024

The protests in the autumn of 2022 began after the death of the Kurdish woman Mahsa Amini, for which the opposition blamed the Islamic regime’s morality police. The initial demands for the abolition of the morality police very quickly gave way to radical demands for the elimination of the Islamic regime and the resignation of the Supreme Leader. The protests quickly spread to hundreds of cities and villages in all provinces of the country. Up to 2 million people took part in them. The protests were emphatically secular in nature, and the main slogan of the protesters was the slogan “Woman, life, freedom”. By and large, the mass protests in the autumn of 2022 proved to be the most intense, radical and bloody since the Islamic revolution, as the regime officials themselves admit. Despite the fact that the regime was able hold on, there are the risks of recurrence of similar mass actions in the coming years. If Iran manages to reach an agreement with the United States to lift sanctions, it will have a positive impact on economic development, but political reasons for discontent will remain. Therefore, Iran needs serious domestic political and economic reforms. The protest movement in Iran is in many ways similar to the mass protests in the Arab East during the Arab Spring, which indicates similar socio-political issues.
THE “INITIATIVE” FIELD OF TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY AT THE PRESENT STAGE. THE CASE OF SOMALIA
Authors:   Ural Federal University, named after the first President of Russia, B.N. Yeltsin, Vafina Margarita R.
Published: June 2024

The article attempts to comprehensively analyze a new phase of transformation of Turkish foreign policy at the present stage, using Ankara’s policy towards Somalia as an example. By using a significant source base of materials in Turkish, including the program documents of the Turkish Foreign Ministry “Towards a foreign policy...”, as well as academic literature, the author defines a relatively new concept of “initiative and humanitarian” foreign policy of Turkey, identifies tools and assesses the effectiveness of the implementation of its “initiative” field on the example of Somalia, where Turkey managed to strengthen its influence in a short period of time and take one of the key positions among non-regional actors. The author comprehends Ankara’s experience of applying the “Turkish model” of the foreign policy cooperation and identifies the key lines for applying the model in an “initiative field” within the framework of promoting Turkish national interests in Somalia and on the African continent on the whole. The author concludes that the Turkish model of cooperation, as demonstrated by the example of Somalia, in the mid-term and long-term perspective may quite provide Turkey in the future with the necessary strategic advantages in comparison with other non-regional players due to the effectiveness in the organization of coordinated multi-vector and multi-level work of state structures and non-governmental organizations.
SAUDI ARABIA AND STATE OF ISRAEL IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PALESTINIAN-ISRAELI CONFRONTATION
Authors:   National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Ryzhov Igor V. , Komakha Anna A. ,   National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod,, Borodina Maria Yu. ,   National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod
Published: June 2024

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and Israel are very significant players in the Middle East region and influence the regional agenda. Officially, the countries have never had diplomatic relations, and Saudi Arabia denies Israel’s right to exist at all. The official reason for the refusal to establish contacts between the countries is the disagreement of the States on the settlement of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, which has the status of the protector of the entire Islamic world, systematically advocates the return of Israel to the 1967 borders, considering assistance to the Palestinians its sacred duty. However, the current realities of the regional political agenda have made their own adjustments to the irreconcilable position of the KSA, which suggests that Saudi-Israeli relations will soon warm up, not without the participation of the United States. Such a factor cannot but affect the state of affairs of the entire Middle East region, which gives extreme relevance to the topic under consideration. The authors investigate the evolution of the position of the Saudi authorities towards the Palestinian-Israeli confrontation, analyze informal bilateral contacts, as well as statements by officials on the issue. The contribution of the United States to the possible normalization of bilateral relations is analyzed, and a forecast for the short-term perspective is made.
ON THE QUESTION OF THE RUSSIAN ULTIMATUM OF 1911 AND ITS IMPACT ON THE INTERNAL POLITICAL SITUATION IN PERSIA
Authors:   Russian State University for the Humanities, Nakhaei Mohammad
Published: June 2024

In 1910, the Persian government appointed an American adviser, Morgan Schuster, head of the Treasury to reform the country’s financial system. Schuster’s actions endangered the position of some influential politicians in Persia from the very beginning and also antagonized Russia, which had significant interests in Persia. The contradictions between the American adviser and the Russian government were growing until in 1911 Russia presented an ultimatum to the Persian government, with a demand for the dismissal of Schuster. The Russian ultimatum led to a split among the former pro-constitutional forces and provided an opportunity for Shuster’s opponents to remove him and strengthen their position in the Majlis, which actively supported the American adviser. In the end, under pressure from Russia and with the support of the government and some top Persian politicians, the Persian government accepted the ultimatum, Shuster was forced to end his mission in Persia and the Majlis was dismissed by supporters of the ultimatum
GERMAN-JAPANESE BILATERAL RELATIONS GENESIS IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY
Authors:   Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Semenov Oleg Yu.
Published: June 2024

The paper provides a retrospective historical overview of forming and developing bilateral relations between Germany and Japan in the second half of the 19th century on the basis of documents and materials, previously largely not introduced into Russian scientific discourse. Taking as an example the commemorative events marking the 160th anniversary of the f irst diplomatic treaty, the relevance of the research subject which allows a clearer logic and features understanding of the modern dialogue between the two countries. The prerequisites and historical conditions for the interaction genesis as well as the contractual and factual basis of cooperation are studied. The article highlights the preparatory stage, negotiation process, practical results and strategic consequences of the expedition of Friedrich zu Eulenburg in 1859–1862 as well as the Treaty of Friendship, Trade and Navigation conclusion between Prussia and Japan, the contribution of Iwakura 1871–1873 mission in the political and cultural rapprochement between Japan and Germany, the role of Major Clemens Meckel in the modernization of the Japanese army, the assistance of lawyer Hermann Roesler in forming Japanese Meiji statehood, government institutions and legal framework. The influence of German military doctors on the development of Japanese military medicine is shown as well as the reflection of Japanese topics in German public life and art is illustrated.
ELECTORAL SYSTEM TRANSFORMATION IN EGYPT. PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS 2015-2020
Authors:   Russian State University for the Humanities, Burova Anna N.
Published: June 2024

The author analyzes the transformation of the electoral system and electoral legislation in the Arab Republic of Egypt after the events of the Arab Spring. The article reveals electoral preparation, process and results of the 2015 and 2020 parliamentary elections that took place under the new political circumstances resulting from the 2011–2013 revolutionary developments. It considers the relevant provisions of the 2014 Constitution, as well as the fundamental electoral laws and the amendments thereto, the political and the party landscape and the current parliament composition. The electoral system, which has a long history in Egypt, has undergone major changes in the last decade; in particular, the electoral legislation has been changed several times. It was due to the political development of this country that has been affected by revolutionary upheavals since 2011. Currently, a new electoral system is being formed, and the process, which is still far from completion, is taking place in difficult socio-economic conditions. Along with the search for new advanced electoral models, there is maintenance of historical continuity and traditions specific to the political life of Egypt.
NOT ALONGSIDE WITH ISIS. ABOUT THE BOOK BY N. MELLOR “VOICE OF THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD: DA’WA, DISCOURSE, AND POLITICAL COMMUNICATION” (L.; N.Y.: ROUTLEDGE, 2018. 240 P.)
Authors:   Russian State University for the Humanities, Samoilova Elena E.
Published: June 2024

The article deals with the issues that were posed in Noha Mellor’s monograph “Voice of the Muslim Brotherhood**: Da’wa, discourse, and political Communication”. Despite the large amount of literature about the Muslim Brotherhood (MB or Brotherhood) knowledge about the organization is still quite limited. In particular, little information is available about their communication strategy. Research into that aspect of the organization’s activities explains why Egyptians continued to support the Brotherhood even in years of opposition and repression. “Voice of the Muslim Brotherhood**: Da’wa, discourse, and political communication” is a first analysis of the Brotherhood’s early media, tracing its media discourse from the late 1920s to the overthrow of Mohammed Morsi in 2013. The author considers the movement’s media strategy looking beyond publications in periodicals, works or biographies of prominent figures but also by studying the Brotherhood’s Internet products. It makes the research important not only for the history of modern Egypt but also the study of the Muslim Brotherhood**. Mellor provides a noteworthy analysis of how MB’s personal brand was shaped throughout decades. The study contributes to a broader understanding of the relationship between the secular and the religious in contemporary discourses.
ON THE ISSUE OF THE FORMATION OF A RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT (MINISTRY) OF WITTE - STOLYPIN. FACTS AND THEIR INTERPRETATION
Authors:   St. Petersburg Institute (branch), Rybin Danil V. ,   All-Russian State University of Justice
Published: June 2024

The article considers an issue that is actively discussed in modern historical science. It is the story of the unsuccessful formation of a coalition government of officials and public figures at the height of the first Russian revolution. Despite important discoveries in the sphere, many aspects of the formation of a government of public trust remain unknown. We present some of them in this publication. Three attempts were made to form a government by the chairmen of the government: S.Yu. Witte, I.L. Goremykin and P.A. Stolypin. The closest they came to forming a government was the combination discussed in June 1906. For several reasons it did not take place. Each side pursued its own interests, often the group or selfish ones. Everyone blamed each other for the failure of the negotiations. Thus, an important opportunity to bring urban societies closer to the state was missed, what played a negative role in the future history of the country.
FINANCING OF HOLIDAYS IN ATHENS OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE 5TH - EARLY 4TH CENTURIES BС ACCORDING TОLEASE AGREEMENTS OF TEMENOS
Authors:   Russian State University for the Humanities, Bulycheva Elena V.
Published: June 2024

The article deals with the issue of financing festive ceremonies in ancient Athens in the middle of the 5th – early 4th centuries BC Epigraphic material is used as the main source – inscriptions dedicated to the leasing of sacred land plots (temenos). In ancient Greece, there were a large number of holidays that were held pompously. Judging by the information of ancient authors, data from archeology and epigraphy, a large expenditure of funds was spent on their conduct, which came from various sources. The analysis of the content of the inscriptions on the leasing of temenos suggests how festivals were financed in ancient Attica during the leasing of sacred lands. The analysis of the epigraphic data shows that, in accordance with the terms of the temenos lease agreements, landlords (demes, phratries and religious communities) ordered tenants to transfer funds to finance public celebrations (Panathenaea, Apaturia, Dionisii), as well as for local holidays. In addition, part of the grown crops and livestock were sent to the solemn sacrifices that accompanied every Greek holiday. The receipt of those funds was monitored by officials of the Athens polis.
REFLECTION OF HOLOCAUST VICTIMS’ SPIRITUAL RESISTANCE IN THE TESTIMONIES OF AUSCHWITZ SONDERCOMMANDO MEMBERS
Authors:   Independent researcher, Sherman Leonid
Published: June 2024

Among the numerous crimes of Nazi Germany and its accomplices during the Second Word War, they attempted the mass extermination of the Jewish people. Those events entered word history under the name Holocaust, in Hebrew – “Shoa” (disaster, catastrophe). Even though the literature on various aspects of the life and death of Jews in Holocaust period in general and in the extermination camps in particular is quite extensive, there is no particular analysis of the spiritual resistance of prisoners. The article analyzes the reflection of Sondercommando members’ spiritual resistance in the Auschwitz death camp, which became an ominous symbol of the atrocities committed by the Nazis and their collaborators, as presented in their testimonies, called “Scrolls from the Ashes”. The composition of Sondercommando members and their “position” were studied. The authorship issues of the “Scrolls” and the motives for their creation are considered. It gives surviving witnesses’ and descendants’ assessments are given to their activities. The analyzed sources indicate that despite the inhuman conditions and constant threat of immediate destruction, the members of the Sondercommando not only retained their moral spirit, but also demonstrated the will to resist. A striking example of which is the uprising that broke out on October 7th, 1944, near the ovens of Auschwitz-Birkenau crematorium.
THE INTRODUCTION OF MARTIAL LAW IN THE GRAND DUCHY OF FINLAND IN THE PROJECTS OF RUSSIAN INSTITUTIONS AND OFFICIALS (1907-1911)
Authors:   Russian State University for the Humanities, Bakhturina Aleksandra Yu.
Published: June 2024

The article considers the projects of the introduction of martial law in the Grand Duchy of Finland after the end of the first Russian Revolution in 1907–1911 and the discussions in the ruling circles on that issue. It analyzes the reasons for the desire of the bureaucratic elite to introduce martial law in the Principality. Based on documents from the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire of the Russian Foreign Ministry, the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the Russian State Historical Archive funds and published sources, it is concluded that the introduction of martial law was associated with the need to fight the Russian revolutionary movement, whose participants actively used the Finland’s special status when hiding from the Russian police and gendarmerie. A comparison is made of the positions of Nicholas II, Grand Duke nikolai nikolaevich, P.A. Stolypin, A.F. Zein, V.n. Kokovtsov regarding the possibility of martial law in Finland. Their views, as well as the position of representatives of the ministries, show that the imposition of martial law has always been considered by the Russian side as an extreme measure, an undesirable and ineffective way of governing the Grand Duchy. That is why, despite the difficult political circumstances, it was not introduced and official St. Petersburg sought to resolve issues through negotiations.
ABOLITION OF THE INSTITUTION OF ZEMSTVO DISTRICT CHIEFS IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN MARCH 1917 (ON THE EXAMPLE OF BELARUSIAN PROVINCES)
Authors:   BIP- University of Law and Social-Information Technologies, Hushchynski Ihar	H.
Published: June 2024

The article deals in an abolition of the positions of Zemstvo district chiefs in the Belarusian provinces during the February Revolution of 1917. Positions were introduced in the Russian Empire in 1889 in order to strengthen government control over the peasantry. As a rule, the positions of Zemstvo district chiefs were taken over by local landlords. Those officials were subordinated to the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Along with administrative powers, they were given judicial functions in relation to peasants (previously it was under the jurisdiction of justices of the peace). It contradicted the principle of separating the judiciary from administrative authority and put the peasants in an unequal legal position compared to other estates. In the Belarusian provinces the positions of Zemstvo district chiefs existed until March 1917, when their activity was terminated by the Provisional Government. The liquidation of those positions during the February Revolution looked like a completely natural measure in the context of trend of renewal and democratization of public life. At the same time, in practice, then often led to vacuum of judicial power in rural areas and made it almost impossible for local authorities to maintain law and order.
THE ARMORED FORCES OF THE RED ARMY IN KHASAN’S AND KHALKHIN GOL’S ARMED CONFLICTS. REFLECTIONS OF THE MILITARY ELITE
Authors:   Russian State University for the Humanities, Kilichenkov Aleksei A.
Published: June 2024

In the article, based on documents from the collections of the Russian State Military Archive (RGVA), an attempt is made to analyze the process of understanding by representatives of the Red Army command the experience of the actions of Armored forces during local military conflicts at lake Khasan and Khalkhin Gol river in 1938–1939. The conclusions made by commanders at various levels, in general, accurately recorded the main shortcomings and errors in the use of tank units and formations, which completely repeated those during the Civil War in Spain. It is concluded that by the time the conflicts began, that experience was unknown to tank and combined arms commanders. In addition, based on content analysis, the inability of specialists to assess the weak armoring of tanks is revealed as the main reason for heavy losses. Attention is drawn to the fact that while correctly recording the extremely low level of training of commanders and personnel of the tank forces, the final conclusions of the reports to the higher command contained exceptionally high assessments of combat effectiveness and assurances of readiness to carry out any order. At the same time, the country’s top military-political leadership received a sufficient amount of truthful information from its representatives from the conflict zone, but preferred to broadcast to the public a picture of the highest combat readiness of the armored forces, which was clearly and convincingly reflected in mass Soviet culture.
Tanzimat’tan Cumhuriyet’e Kadar Türk Basınında Brahmanizm ve Budizm
Authors: Safi İhsan , Kurnaz Mehmet
Published: June 2024

Brahmanizm ve Budizm; Hindistan’da doğan ve geniş coğrafyalarda taraftar bulan iki dindir. Bu dinlerin; ilahları, kutsal kitapları, mabetleri, ibadetleri, ilahlarının heykelleri, cenazelerin yakılması, tenasüh inancı, Nirvana anlayışı, yeniden doğuşu simgeleyen nilüfer çiçeği gibi dinî unsurları vardır. Bunlar arasında birbirine aykırı ve birbirine benzeyen pek çok özellik bulunmaktadır. Zamanla Hintlilere ve onların inançlarına farklı din ve milletler ilgi duymuşlardır. Hindistan’a giden araştırmacı yazarlar ve seyyahlar, buradaki dinî yaşantıyı da gözlemlemiş ve bunlar hakkında çeşitli eserler meydana getirmişlerdir. Bu eserler vasıtasıyla hakkında bilgi edinilen Brahmanizm ve Budizm, basının ve edebiyatçıların da ilgisini çekmiştir. Cumhuriyet’e kadar Osmanlı devletinde de aynı durum olmuş ve Türk basınında ve edebiyatında Hindistan, Brahmanizm ve Budizm geniş yer bulmuştur. Bu çalışmada Tanzimat’tan Cumhuriyet’e kadar olan dönemde yayımlanan gazete ve dergilerden taramalar yapılmış, Brahmanizm ve Budizm ile ilgili yayımlanmış haber, makale ve yazılar tespit edilerek Türk basınında bu dinlerin nasıl ve ne şekilde yer aldıkları gösterilmiştir. Basında çıkan bu yazılar ve haberlerin edebiyatçıların Brahmanizm’e ve Budizm’e ilgi duymalarına, eserlerinde onlara yer vermelerine etkili oldukları açıktır. Bu çalışmayla, Türk edebiyatında Brahmanizm ve Budizm’e edebî eserlerde yer verilmesinde Türk basınının katkısı, basında çıkan yazı ve haber örnekleri üzerinden gösterilmiştir.