bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Binuclear Complexes of Tetraketones.
Authors: FENTON D. E. , REGAN C. M. , CASELLATO U. , VIGATO P. A. , VIDALI M.
Published: April 2016

Die beiden Tetraketonliganden (I) und (II) werden durch Kondensation der entsprechenden Diacetylbenzole mit Ethylacetat in Gegenwart von Na‐Draht dargestellt und IR‐ und 1H‐ und 13 C‐NMR‐spektroskopisch charakterisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: DIMERIC COPPER(II) COMPOUNDS WITH A TRIPODAL IMIDAZOLE‐CONTAINING LIGAND AND BRIDGED BY IMIDAZOLATE, BENZIMIDAZOLATE, AND BENZOTRIAZOLATE IONS. CRYSTAL AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE O
Authors: HENDRIKS H. M. J. , BIRKER P. J. M. W. L. , VERSCHOOR G. C. , REEDIJK J.
Published: April 2016

Die dirneren Cu(II)‐Komplexe (I) werden durch Umsetzung entsprechender Cu(II)‐Salze mit Na‐irnidazolat, Nabenzimidazolat oder Na‐benzotriazolat und dem Tripodliganden im molaren 2:1:2‐ Verhältnis in Methanol synthetisiert (keine Ausb.‐Angaben).
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON NUCLEOSIDES AND NUCLEOTIDES. X. DESULFURIZATION OF 2′,3′‐O‐ISOPROPYLIDENE‐2‐THIOURIDINES BY DIBENZOYLDIAZENE
Authors: MITSUNOBU O. , ITO N. , SAITA S. , OGIHARA T. , TAMAOKI H. , NAGASAWA H. , SUZUKI H. , KIMURA J.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Umsetzung mit Dibenzoyl‐diazen (II) erhält man aus den Thio‐nucleotiden (I) die schwefelfreien Verbindungen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: ON POTASSIUM SILICATE (K2SIO3), THE FIRST ALKALI METAL CYCLOTRISILICATE, AND RUBIDIUM SILICATE (RB2SIO3), CESIUM SILICATE (CS2SIO3), RUBIDIUM GERMANATE (RB2GEO3) AND CESIUM GERMANATE (CS2GEO3)
Authors: WERTHMANN R. , HOPPE R.
Published: April 2016

Die besser als K6[Si3O9] formulierte Titelverbindung, die durch Erhitzen inniger Gemenge von K2O und SiO2 mit dem Verhältnis K:Si = 2.1:1 (Ni‐Bömbchen, 870°C, 11 d) dargestellt wird, kristallisiert in der Raumgruppe P21/c mit Z=4.
ChemInform Abstract: SHEET STRUCTURES WITH VACANT OCTAHEDRAL SITES: NONSTOICHIOMETRIC TITANATES CS4XTI2‐XO4
Authors: HERVIEU M. , RAVEAU B.
Published: April 2016

Die nichtstöchiometrischen Titanate Cs4 x[Ti, ‐xDx 104, die ausgehend von Cs2CO3 und TiOg dargestellt werden, kristallisieren für 0.58 4x 0.90 rhombisch.
ChemInform Abstract: SOLUBILITY AND THERMODYNAMIC DATA OF CADMIUM HYDROXYLAPATITE IN AQUEOUS MEDIA
Authors: MAHAPATRA P. P. , MISHRA H. , CHICKERUR N. S.
Published: April 2016

Für den Apatit Cd10(PO4)6(OH)2 werden die Ionengleichgewichte in der Lösung, an denen Cd2+, PO43‐, OH‐, HPO42‐ und H2PO4‐ beteiligt sind, sowie die Löslichkeit (im pH‐Bereich 1‐8) untersucht und die thermodynamischen Parameter für die Auflösung (bei pH 5 zwischen 37 und 52°C) bestimmt.
ChemInform Abstract: A REINVESTIGATION OF THE BASIC BEHAVIOR OF THE OXIDE ION IN MOLTEN SODIUM TETRACHLOROALUMINATE AT 175°C
Authors: TAULELLE F. , PIOLET C. , TREMILLON B.
Published: April 2016

Mit dem Ziel, Literaturunstimmigkeiten zu erklären, wird das grundlegende Verhalten des O2− in NaAlCl4 bei 175°C nochmals untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: REGIOSELECTIVITY OF β‐VINYL‐β‐PROPIOLACTONE TOWARD VARIOUS NUCLEOPHILES
Authors: FUJISAWA T. , SATO T. , TAKEUCHI M.
Published: April 2016

β‐Vinylpropiolacton (III) und Methanol (II) liefern die Methoxypentensäure (I), Na‐Methyllat (IV) und (III) hingegen den Hydroxypentensäuremethylester (V); die Amine (VI) und (III) bilden ein Gemisch aus den Amiden (VII) und den Aminosäuren (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: A DIELS‐ALDER ROUTE TO PYRIDONE AND PIPERIDONE DERIVATIVES
Authors: SAINTE F. , SERCKX‐PONCIN B. , HESBAIN‐FRISQUE A. M. , GHOSEZ L.
Published: April 2016

Es wird zunächst gezeigt, daß bei der Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion von 2‐Aza‐1,3‐dienen konformative Faktoren eine wesentliche Rolle spielen.
ChemInform Abstract: STERIC ASPECTS OF THE OXIDATION OF THIOKETONES BY SINGLET OXYGEN
Authors: RAMNATH N. , RAO V. J. , RAMESH V. , RAMAMURTHY V.
Published: April 2016

Die Oxidation der sterisch abgeschirmten Thioketone (I) mit (Singulettsauerstoff) liefert neben den Ketonen (II) in einigen Fällen die Thioketon‐S‐oxide (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Assisted Reactions. Part 11. Rapid Reduction of N‐Nitrosoamines to N,N‐Disubstituted Hydrazines.
Authors: ENTWISTLE I. D. , JOHNSTONE R. A. W. , WILBY A. H.
Published: April 2016

Das nach Methode A) aus TiCl4 und Mg dargestellte Titanreagenz führt die N‐Nitrosoamine (I) in rascher und selektiver Reaktion (andere funktionale Gruppen werden nicht angegriffen) in die Hydrazine (II) über.
ChemInform Abstract: HYDROGEN TRANSFER OF 2,5‐DIHYDROANISOLE TO HYDROGEN ACCEPTORS PROMOTED BY BUTYLLITHIUM
Authors: HIRAMATSU M. , FUJINAMI T. , SAKAI S.
Published: April 2016

Dihydroanisol (I) wird mit n‐Butyllithium (II) zu (III) metalliert.
ChemInform Abstract: COMPLETE KINETIC ANALYSIS OF THE THERMAL STEREOMUTATIONS OF (+)‐(1S,2S,3R)‐R‐1‐CYANO‐T‐2‐METHYL‐1,2,T‐3‐TRIDEUTERIOCYCLOPROPANE
Authors: BALDWIN J. E. , CARTER C. G.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Diaryl‐D‐alaninester (I) läßt sich nach Kondensation mit Salicylaldehyd (II) zum Diimin (III) mit Cu‐acetat der optisch aktive Cu‐Komplex (IV) als viskoses Öl erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF 4‐CYANO‐1,3‐DIOXOLANES FROM 2,3‐EPOXYNITRILES
Authors: ALTHOFF W. , TINAPP P.
Published: April 2016

Die aus Ketonen (I) mit Chloracetonitril (II) zugänglichen 2,3‐Epoxynitrile (III) reagieren mit Aceton (IV) in Gegenwart von Bortrifluoridetherat oder Zinntetrachlorid zu den Dioxolanen (V).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF FOUR STEREOISOMERS OF 4‐AMINO‐2‐(HYDROXYMETHYL)TETRAHYDROFURAN‐4‐CARBOXYLIC ACID
Authors: YOSHIMURA J. , KONDO S. , IHARA M. , HASHIMOTO H.
Published: April 2016

Das Ribosid (I) wird in einer Mehrstufensynthese in die beiden Tetrahydrofuranderivate (V) und (VI) umgewandelt.
ChemInform Abstract: A CONVENIENT SYNTHESIS OF 2‐OXAZOLIN‐5‐ONES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS VIA AMIDE CYCLIZATION
Authors: OBRECHT D. , HEIMGARTNER H.
Published: April 2016

Die sauer katalysierte Cyclisierung der Diamide (I) führt zu den Oxazolinonen (II).
ChemInform Abstract: METABOLITES OF THE PYRIDYLALLYLAMINE ZIMELIDINE. SYNTHESES VIA α,β‐UNSATURATED ALDEHYDES WITH CONSERVATION OF STEREOCHEMISTRY
Authors: HOEGBERG T. + , LUNDSTROEM J. +
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Alkohol (I) werden über den Aldehyd (II) bzw. das N‐Oxid (VI) das Hydroxylamin (III) und das Nitron (IV) bzw. die Pyridin‐N‐Oxide (VII) (von Zimelidin) und (VIII) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDY OF PYRROLO(3,2‐F)INDOLIZINES. VIII. SYNTHESIS AND STUDY OF THE PROPERTIES OF FREE PYRROLOINDOLIZINE BASES
Authors: ABRAMENKO T. V. , MIRONOV A. F. , EVSTIGNEEVA R. P.
Published: April 2016

Die 6H‐Pyrrolo[3,2‐f]indolizin‐ basen (II) lagern sich beim Aufbewahren langsam, in siedendem Tetrachlorkohlen‐ 87 stoff sehr schnell zu Verbindungen des Typs (III) um.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF PSEUDOCOFACTOR ANALOGS AS POTENTIAL INHIBITORS OF THE FOLATE ENZYMES
Authors: TEMPLE C. JUN. , BENNETT L. L. JUN. , ROSE J. D. , ELLIOTT R. D. , MONTGOMERY J. A. , MANGUM J. H.
Published: April 2016

Synthesis of Pseudo Cofactor Analogues as Potential Inhibitors of the Folate Enzymes.
ChemInform Abstract: SUBSTITUTED N‐METHYLPHENYLHYDRAZONES OF GLYOXYLIC ACID AND THEIR PROPERTIES
Authors: BODNAR V. N. , LOZINSKII M. O. , PEL'KIS P. S.
Published: April 2016

Aus Dichloressigsäure (II) und den N‐Methylhydrazinen (I) entstehen die Glyoxylsäure‐hydrazone (III), sie werden in die Chloride (IV) und weiter in Azide (V) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐OXO‐1,3,2‐DIOXATHIANES. I. PREPARATION OF THE ALKYL‐SUBSTITUTED DERIVATIVES
Authors: VIRTANEN T. , NIKANDER H.
Published: April 2016

Die Diole (I), die durch Reduktion mit LiAlH4 aus den entsprechenden 1,3‐Dionen dargestellt werden, kondensieren mit SOCI, zu den Titelverbindungen (II), die als Isomerengemische mit axial oder äquatorial ausgerichteter SO‐Gruppe anfallen.
ChemInform Abstract: SILICON IN SYNTHESIS. RING EXPANSION AND 1,4 DIFUNCTIONALIZATION USING SILYLCYCLOPROPANES
Authors: MAGNUS P. , COOKE F. , SARKAR T.
Published: April 2016

Am Beispiel der Alkohole (II), erhalten als isomere Mischung bei der Reduktion von (I), wird wie aufgezeichnet gezeigt, daß ihre Behandlung mit Elektrophilen unter Ringerweiterung zu Allylsilanen fuhrt, die in substituierte Cycloheptene umgewandelt werden können.
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANIC PHOTOCHEMISTRY. XLIII. DIPHENYLPHOSPHINOUS ACID, HETEROCYCLES AND CARBOCYCLES FROM ORTHO‐Π‐FUNCTIONALIZED AROYLDIPHENYLPHOSPHINES BY UV IRRADIATION IN SOLUTION
Authors: DANKOWSKI M. , PRAEFCKE K.
Published: April 2016

Die aus den Benzoylchloriden (I) mit Trimethylsilyldiphenylphosphin (II) leicht zugänglichen Aroyldiphenylphosphine (III) werden in Benzol photolytisch in die Aldehyde (IV) und Diphenylphosphinigsäure (V) gespalten, die die Diphenylphosphinylalkohole (VI) bilden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF α‐(DIPHENYL(DIISOPROPYL)PHOSPHINYL)‐β‐PHENYLPROPIONIC ACID ESTERS
Authors: ISMAGILOV R. K. , RAZUMOV A. I. , BEZBORODOVA T. A.
Published: April 2016

Diphenyl‐ bzw. Di‐isopropyl‐phosphinyl‐essigsäureethylester (I) werden in die Kaliumverbindungen (II) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: ISOMERIZATION OF METHYLENEAMIDOPHOSPHITES
Authors: KHUSAINOVA N. G. , BREDIKHINA Z. A. , SINITSA A. D. , KAL'CHENKO V. I. , PUDOVIK A. N.
Published: April 2016

Die Amidophosphite (Ia) lagem sich bei höherer Temperatur quantitativ zu den Methyl‐phosphonsäurederivaten (II) um.
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW REACTIVITY OF 1,3‐DIPOLAR SPECIES RESULTING FROM THE ADDITION OF A PHOSPHITE TO AN ACTIVE ACETYLENE COMPOUND
Authors: EL MANOUNI D. , LEROUX Y. , BURGADA R.
Published: April 2016

Die Addition des Phosphits (I) an die Acetylenderivate (II) führt zu dem Dipol (III), der sich mit einem geeigneten nucleophilen Reagenz unter Bildung eines Phosphorans abfangen läßt. Im Falle der Reaktion von (IIa) entsteht mit Methanol das Phosphoran (V), mit Phenol dagegen das Ylid (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: N6‐PHOSPHORYLATED SYDNONE IMINES. I. SYNTHESIS VIA PHOSPHORUS(III) DERIVATIVES AND CHLORIMIDOPHOS INTERMEDIATES
Authors: BORISOV E. V. , AKHLEBININ A. K. , NIFANT'EV E. E.
Published: April 2016

N‐Nitroso‐2‐phenylisopropyl‐amino‐aeetonitril (I) reagiert mit den cyclischen Chlorphosphiten (II) bzw. (IV) zu den phosphorylierten Sydnoniminen (III) bzw. (V).
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOTELLURIUM COMPOUNDS. 6. SYNTHESIS AND REACTIONS OF SOME HETEROCYCLIC LITHIUM TELLUROLATES
Authors: ENGMAN L. , CAVA M. P.
Published: April 2016

α‐Lithio‐Derivate von Thiophen, Furan, N‐Tosylpyrrol, N‐Tosylindol und Pyridin reagieren bei Raumtemp. mit Te in THF.
ChemInform Abstract: SOLVENT INFLUENCE ON LIGAND FIELD STRENGTH IN FLUORO COMPLEXES OF CHROMIUM(III)
Authors: GLOVER S. G. , KIRK A. D.
Published: April 2016

Für die Übergangsenergien in den Absorptionsspektren der Fluorochromkomplexe (I) und (II) werden Lösungsmitteleffekte beobachtet.
ChemInform Abstract: TRANSITION METAL‐METHYLENE COMPLEXES. XXX. STEPWISE FORMATION OF METHYLENE BRIDGES BY CARBENE ADDITION TO METAL‐METAL DOUBLE BONDS
Authors: HERRMANN W. A. , HUGGINS J. M. , BAUER C. , SMISCHEK M. , PFISTERER H. , ZIEGLER M. L.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Halbsandwich‐Komplex (I) wird thermisch der zweikernige Komplex (II) mit Cobalt‐ Cobalt‐Doppelbindungen erhalten, aus dem durch Carben‐Übertragung mit den Diazoalkanen (III) bzw. (VI) die u‐Alkyliden‐Komplexe (IV) und (VII) zugänglich sind.
ChemInform Abstract: MECHANISTIC INFORMATION ON SOLVENT‐INITIATED LIGAND SUBSTITUTION FROM KINETIC SOLVENT EFFECTS AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH THE SOLVENT POLARITY PARAMETER ET(30)
Authors: ELIAS H. , WANNOWIUS K. J.
Published: April 2016

Betrachtet wird die Ligandsubstitution in dem quadratisch‐planaren trans‐NzOz‐Cu‐Komplex (I) durch N‐Ethylsalicylidenamin in den Alkoholen Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol‐l , ‐2, Butanol‐1, ‐2, 2‐Methylpropanol‐1 , ‐2, Pentanol‐3, Benzylalkohol, 2‐Phenyl‐, 2‐ChJor‐, 2‐Methoxy‐ und 2‐Cyanoethanol.
ChemInform Abstract: IN SITU GENERATION OF THE HYDROGENATION CATALYSTS RHH(TTP) AND RHH(CYTTP), TTP = PHP(CH2CH2CH2PPH2)2 AND CYTTP = PHP(CH2CH2CH2PCY2)2, BY TREATING THE RHCL(TRIPHOSPHINE) COMPLEXES WITH EITHER TRIETHYLALUMINUM OR CHLORODIETHYLALUMINUM
Authors: NIEWAHNER J. , MEEK D. W.
Published: April 2016

Die Chlorotitelkomplexe (Ia) in Gegenwart sowohl von Triethylaluminium als auch von Diethylaluminium‐ Chlorid sind wirkungsvolle homogene Katalysatoren für die Hydrierung von 1‐Olefinen und 1‐Octin.
ChemInform Abstract: N,N′‐BRIDGED PORPHYRINS. NOVEL SYNTHESIS, METAL COMPLEXES, AND CONVERSION INTO N‐MONOSUBSTITUTED PORPHYRINS. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE O (N,N′‐((BENZYLOXY)METHYLENE)TETRAPHENYLPORPHYRIN‐N′′,N′′′)DIBROMOPALLADIUM(II)
Authors: CALLOT H. J. , FISCHER J. , WEISS R.
Published: April 2016

Die Bildung einer einatomigen C‐Brücke zwischen zwei benachbarten Pyrrol‐N‐Atomen in meso‐Tetraplienylporphyrin (I) wird erreicht unter Verwendung von Chloroform/NaOH/R′ OH in Gegenwart eines Phasentransferreagenzes.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS INVOLVING TRANSITION METALS. PART 16. RHODIUM, IRIDIUM, PLATINUM, AND GOLD COMPLEXES CONTAINING THE BIS(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)AMINOOXY LIGAND
Authors: BOOTH B. L. , HASZELDINE R. N. , HOLMES R. G. G.
Published: April 2016

Die stabilen Komplexe (III) werden durch oxidative Addition des Radikals (II) an die trans‐Komplexe (I) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: Kinetics and Structural Studies on the Intermediates Formed in the Reactions of 5′‐ Adenosine Monophosphate and 5′‐Guanosine Monophosphate with cis‐Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) Using 1H and 195Pt Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.
Authors: CLOEE G. M. , GRONENBORN A. M.
Published: April 2016

Die "Titelreaktion liefert bei pH 6,5 und überschüssigen Mengen des Pt‐Komplexes mit dem Adenosinphosphat zunächst die Intermediärprodukte (I) oder (II), die dann mit weiteren Mengen des Pt‐Komplexes zu dem Endprodukt (III) reagieren.
ChemInform Abstract: ACETONATION OF LINEAR (1 → 3)‐β‐D‐GLUCAN
Authors: KATO K. , OKAMOTO Y. , YAMAUCHI R. , UENO Y.
Published: April 2016

Lineares β‐(l ‐ 3)‐D‐Glucan vom Molgewicht 56.200 ergibt bei der Umsetzung mit Dimethoxypropan das Isopropylidenglucan (I), bei dem die Ketalgruppen nicht zwischen zwei Glycosylresten angeordnet sind, sondern die 4‐ und 6‐Stellung der Zucker überbrücken.
ChemInform Abstract: TRANSIENT PROTECTION: EFFICIENT ONE‐FLASK SYNTHESES OF PROTECTED DEOXYNUCLEOSIDES
Authors: TI G. S. , GAFFNEY B. L. , JONES R. A.
Published: April 2016

Die Anwendung eines Konzeptes zum vorübergehenden Schutz von Desoxynucleosiden wird beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Stable Prostacyclin Mimic, 7‐Oxoprostaglandin I2.
Authors: KOVACS G. , SIMONIDESZ V. , TOEMOESKOEZI I. + , KOERMOECZY P. + , SZEKELY I. , PAPP‐BEHR A. , STADLER I. , SZEKERES L.
Published: April 2016

PGFza‐methylester (I) reagiert mit Thallium(III)‐acetat zu einem Gemisch der Verbindungen (II) und (III) von denen (II) durch Transacetalisierung mit Methanol/Bortrifluoridetherat zu isomeren Diolmethylacetalen (IVa) führt.
A stochastic game net‐based model for effective decision‐making in smart environments
Authors: Sandhu Rajinder , Sood Sandeep K.
Published: April 2016

Internet of Things (IoT) in today's smart environments has many applications in gerontology, health care, transportation, and smart cities. Many challenges still exist in developing IoT‐based smart environments. Dynamic generation of action strategies based on multiple IoT object's input is one of the major challenges. In this paper, stochastic Petri nets and game theory are combined to create stochastic game nets (SGNs) for IoT‐based smart environment where each IoT device acts as a player with predefined place and action sets. Complete SGN will be created dynamically using individual sensor SGNs which will make IoT‐based smart environments highly interoperable and scalable. Proposed model is used to predict activities performed by two‐single person in their respective home with more than 70 sensors. Simulation results show suitability of proposed model in smart environments. Proposed model is tested for smart homes, but it can be used in any IoT‐based smart environment. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation of Two‐Dimensional Copper Selenide on Cu(111) at Very Low Selenium Coverage
Authors: Walen Holly , Liu Da‐Jiang , Oh Junepyo , Yang Hyun Jin , Kim Yousoo , Thiel Patricia A.
Published: April 2016

Using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), we observed that adsorption of Se on Cu(111) produced islands with a (√3×√3)R30° structure at Se coverages far below the structure's ideal coverage of 1/3 monolayer. On the basis of density functional theory (DFT), these islands cannot form due to attractive interactions between chemisorbed Se atoms. DFT showed that incorporating Cu atoms into the √3‐Se lattice stabilizes the structure, which provided a plausible explanation for the experimental observations. STM revealed three types of √3 textures. We assigned two of these as two‐dimensional layers of strained CuSe, analogous to dense planes of bulk klockmannite (CuSe). Klockmannite has a bulk lattice constant that is 11 % shorter than √3 times the surface lattice constant of Cu(111). This offers a rationale for the differences observed between these textures, for which strain limits the island size or distorts the √3 lattice. STM showed that existing step edges adsorb Se and facet toward ⟨1
1⟩, which is consistent with DFT.
Exploiting Co‐solubilization of Warfarin, Curcumin, and Rhodamine B for Modulation of Energy Transfer: A Micelle FRET On/Off Switch
Authors: Bhat Parvaiz Ahmad , Chat Oyais Ahmad , Dar Aijaz Ahmad
Published: April 2016

Two new FRET pairs, warfarin (WF)–curcumin (CUR) and curcumin–rhodamine B (RhB), are explored by using surfactant‐based self‐assembled soft systems as scaffolds. The study is extended to design a two‐step concurrent FRET system based on these three fluorophores, which is an important mechanism to devise artificial light‐harvesting/antenna systems. Surfactant systems of varying nature (cationic, anionic, nonionic, and zwitterionic) are exploited to modulate the energy transfer in different FRET systems. Interestingly, micelle/water interfacial‐charge‐responsive FRET is observed owing to selective solubilization of the fluorophores during co‐solubilization. The step‐one FRET (WF→CUR) is switched on in cationic and zwitterionic media but switched off in anionic/nonionic media, whereas the step‐two FRET from CUR to RhB is switched on in anionic/nonionic and zwitterionic media. However, both the FRET steps (WF→CUR→RhB) are observed to be active only in zwitterionic medium. Co‐solubilized, appropriately mixed fluorophores having multistep FRET possibilities can be switched on/off selectively as and when required and energy efficiency can be tuned to an optimal level by varying the nature and geometry of the micellar scaffold. Thus, the two FRET pairs selectively acknowledge all types of media for their anticipated applications in biological systems, as structural tools, and for the development of artificial light‐harvesting/antenna systems and lasers.
Novel Chloroimidazolium‐Based Ionic Liquids: Synthesis, Characterisation and Behaviour as Solvents to Control Reaction Outcome
Authors: Hawker Rebecca R. , Panchompoo Janjira , Aldous Leigh , Harper Jason B.
Published: April 2016

Novel ionic liquids containing chlorine atoms on the imidazolium cation were synthesised. The physicochemical properties of these ionic liquids were investigated extensively, including glass transition, melting and decomposition temperatures, density, viscosity, miscibility with common solvents and electrochemical window. The behaviour of these ionic liquids as solvents was examined through temperature‐dependent kinetic analyses on two reactions: a nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reaction and a bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2) reaction. The properties and effects on reaction outcome of these new ionic liquids were shown to correlate with the change in the nature of the cation.
Self‐Reports of Increased Prospective and Retrospective Memory Problems in Adults with Developmental Dyslexia
Authors: Smith‐Spark James H. , Zięcik Adam P. , Sterling Christopher
Published: April 2016

Short‐term and working memory problems in dyslexia are well‐documented, but other memory domains have received little empirical scrutiny, despite some evidence to suggest that they might be impaired. Prospective memory is memory for delayed intentions, whilst retrospective memory relates to memory for personally experienced past events. To gain an understanding of subjective everyday memory experience, a self‐report measure designed to tap prospective and retrospective memory was administered to 28 adults with dyslexia and 26 IQ‐matched adults without dyslexia. Adults with dyslexia reported experiencing significantly more frequent problems with memory than the adults without dyslexia. Group differences were found across seven out of the eight questionnaire scales. Further to these analyses, the participants' own ratings were compared with proxy ratings provided by close associates. The perception of poorer memory abilities in the participants did not differ between respondent types. The self‐reported difficulties are, thus, unlikely to be the result of lowered self‐esteem or metacognitive awareness. More frequent difficulties with both types of memory would seem, therefore, to be experienced by adults with dyslexia in everyday life. Further laboratory‐based research is recommended to explore both memory domains in dyslexia and to identify the cognitive mechanisms by which these problems occur. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systematic review and meta‐analysis of iron therapy in anaemic adults without chronic kidney disease: updated and abridged Cochrane review
Authors: Clevenger Ben , Gurusamy Kurinchi , Klein Andrew A. , Murphy Gavin J. , Anker Stefan D. , Richards Toby
Published: April 2016

Aims

Anaemia is increasingly recognized as having an independent impact upon patient outcomes in cardiac disease. The role of novel iron therapies to treat anaemia is increasing. This systematic review and meta‐analysis assesses the efficacy and safety of iron therapies for the treatment of adults with anaemia.

Methods and results

Electronic databases and search engines were searched as per Cochrane methodology. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of iron vs. inactive control or placebo, as well as alternative formulations, doses, and routes in anaemic adults without chronic kidney disease or in the peri‐partum period were eligible. The primary outcome of interest was mortality at 1 year. Secondary outcomes were blood transfusion, haemoglobin levels, quality of life, serious adverse events, and length of hospital stay. A total of 64 RCTs (including five studies of heart failure patients) comprising 9004 participants were included. None of the studies was at a low risk of bias. There were no statistically significant differences in mortality between iron and inactive control. Both oral and parenteral iron significantly reduced the proportion of patients requiring blood transfusion compared with inactive control [risk ratio (RR) 0.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.48–0.90; and RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.73–0.97, respectively]. Haemoglobin was increased more by both oral and parenteral iron compared with inactive control [mean difference (MD) 0.91 g/dL, 95% CI 0.48 to 1.35; and MD 1.04, 95% CI 0.52 to 1.57, respectively], and parenteral iron demonstrated a greater increase when compared with oral iron (MD 0.53 g/dL, 95% CI 0.31–0.75). In all comparisons, there were no differences in the results comparing patients with and without heart failure.

Conclusion

Both oral and parenteral iron are shown to decrease the proportion of people who require blood transfusion and increase haemoglobin levels, without any benefit on mortality. Further trials at a low risk of bias, powered to measure clinically significant endpoints, are still required.
Developments of 3D Printing Microfluidics and Applications in Chemistry and Biology: a Review
Authors: He Yong , Wu Yan , Fu Jian‐zhong , Gao Qing , Qiu Jing‐jiang
Published: April 2016

Three‐dimensional (3D) printing, also called additive manufacturing (AM) or rapid prototyping (RP), is a layer by layer manufacturing method and now has been widely used in many areas such as organ printing, aerospace and industrial design. Now 3D printed microfluidics attract more and more interests for its rapid printing in the lab. In this review, we focused on the advances of 3D printed microfluidic chips especially the use in the chemistry and biology (vascularization and organs on chips). Based on the brief review of different 3D printing methods, we discussed how to choose the suitable 3D printing methods to print the desired microfluidics. We predict that microfluidics will be evolved from 2D chips to 3D cubes, printed hydrogel‐based microfluidics will be reported and widely used, sensors & actuators could be integrated in the microfluidics during printing, and rapid assembling chips with printed microfluidic modules will be popular in the near future.
Neurofeedback Against Binge Eating: A Randomized Controlled Trial in a Female Subclinical Threshold Sample
Authors: Schmidt Jennifer , Martin Alexandra
Published: April 2016

Brain‐directed treatment techniques, such as neurofeedback, have recently been proposed as adjuncts in the treatment of eating disorders to improve therapeutic outcomes. In line with this recommendation, a cue exposure EEG‐neurofeedback protocol was developed. The present study aimed at the evaluation of the specific efficacy of neurofeedback to reduce subjective binge eating in a female subthreshold sample. A total of 75 subjects were randomized to EEG‐neurofeedback, mental imagery with a comparable treatment set‐up or a waitlist group. At post‐treatment, only EEG‐neurofeedback led to a reduced frequency of binge eating (p = .015, g = 0.65). The effects remained stable to a 3‐month follow‐up. EEG‐neurofeedback further showed particular beneficial effects on perceived stress and dietary self‐efficacy. Differences in outcomes did not arise from divergent treatment expectations. Because EEG‐neurofeedback showed a specific efficacy, it may be a promising brain‐directed approach that should be tested as a treatment adjunct in clinical groups with binge eating. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Validating Policy‐Induced Economic Change Using Sequential General Equilibrium SAMs
Authors: Cardenete M. Alejandro , Lima M. Carmen , Sancho Ferran
Published: April 2016

We present a novel sequential approach that explores the capacity of Computable general equilibrium (CGE) models to track down policy‐induced economic changes and their ability to generate contrastable data. We use an empirical Social accounting matrix (SAM) of the region of Andalusia, in the south of Spain, to construct an initial CGE model. This model is then perturbed with a set of policy shocks related to EU Structural Funds invested into Andalusia. These shocks are accompanied by some parameter adjustments that pick up the main external changes not explained by the model. We generate a sequence of model‐produced virtual SAMs. We then compare the last virtual SAM in the sequence with a new available empirical SAM. This allows us to check relatedness, for the same year, between the model produced and the empirical SAMs. The results show a good fit to the empirical data, providing further support to the CGE modelling tool. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatio‐temporal variability of water and energy fluxes – a case study for a mesoscale catchment in pre‐alpine environment
Authors: Hingerl Luitpold , Kunstmann Harald , Wagner Sven , Mauder Matthias , Bliefernicht Jan , Rigon Riccardo
Published: April 2016

Water and energy fluxes at and between the land surface, the subsurface and the atmosphere are inextricably linked over all spatio‐temporal scales. Our research focuses on the joint analysis of both water and energy fluxes in a pre‐alpine catchment (55 km2) in southern Germany, which is part of the Terrestrial Environmental Observatories (TERENO). We use a novel three‐dimensional, physically based and distributed modelling approach to reproduce both observed streamflow as an integral measure for water fluxes and heat flux and soil temperature measurements at an observation location over a period of 2 years. While heat fluxes are often used for comparison of the simulations of one‐dimensional land surface models, they are rarely used for additional validation of physically based and distributed hydrological modelling approaches. The spatio‐temporal variability of the water and energy balance components and their partitioning for dominant land use types of the study region are investigated. The model shows good performance for simulating daily streamflow (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency > 0.75). Albeit only streamflow measurements are used for calibration, the simulations of hourly heat fluxes and soil temperatures at the observation site also show a good performance, particularly during summer. A limitation of the model is the simulation of temperature‐driven heat fluxes during winter, when the soil is covered by snow. An analysis of the simulated spatial fields reveals heat flux patterns that reflect the distribution of the land use and soil types of the catchment. The water and energy partitioning is characterized by a strong seasonal cycle and shows clear differences between the selected land use types. Copyright © 2016 The Authors Hydrological Processes Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Relationship of prediagnostic body mass index with survival after colorectal cancer: Stage‐specific associations
Authors: Kocarnik Jonathan M. , Chan Andrew T. , Slattery Martha L. , Potter John D. , Meyerhardt Jeffrey , Phipps Amanda , Nan Hongmei , Harrison Tabitha , Rohan Thomas E. , Qi Lihong , Hou Lifang , Caan Bette , Kroenke Candyce H. , Strickler Howard , Hayes Richard B. , Schoen Robert E. , Chong Dawn Q. , White Emily , Berndt Sonja I. , Peters Ulrike , Newcomb Polly A.
Published: April 2016

Higher body mass index (BMI) is a well‐established risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC), but is inconsistently associated with CRC survival. In 6 prospective studies participating in the Genetics and Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer Consortium (GECCO), 2,249 non‐Hispanic white CRC cases were followed for a median 4.5 years after diagnosis, during which 777 died, 554 from CRC‐related causes. Associations between prediagnosis BMI and survival (overall and CRC‐specific) were evaluated using Cox regression models adjusted for age at diagnosis, sex, study and smoking status (current/former/never). The association between BMI category and CRC survival varied by cancer stage at diagnosis (I‐IV) for both all‐cause (p‐interaction = 0.03) and CRC‐specific mortality (p‐interaction = 0.04). Compared to normal BMI (18.5–24.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9) was associated with increased mortality among those with Stage I disease, and decreased mortality among those with Stages II–IV disease. Similarly, obesity (BMI ≥30) was associated with increased mortality among those with Stages I–II disease, and decreased mortality among those with Stages III–IV disease. These results suggest the relationship between BMI and survival after CRC diagnosis differs by stage at diagnosis, and may emphasize the importance of adequate metabolic reserves for colorectal cancer survival in patients with late‐stage disease.
Longer duration of the Pringle maneuver is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence following curative resection
Authors: Liu Shuang , Li Xiaoqiang , Li Hui , Guo Lei , Zhang Bo , Gong Zijun , Zhang Jubo , Ye Qinghai
Published: April 2016

Objectives

To evaluate the effect of Pringle maneuver time on tumor recurrence following liver resection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Methods

In this single‐center study, we retrospectively evaluated the effect of Pringle maneuver time on HCC recurrence over a 10‐year period from 1999 to 2008 using a Cox regression analysis.

Results

This study enrolled a total of 2,368 patients. A Pringle maneuver time of 15 min was associated with HCC recurrence (log likelihood ratio test, P = 0.001). A Pringle maneuver time less than 15 min was not a significant risk factor for HCC recurrence (hazard ratio, HR = 0.97, P = 0.708). However, a Pringle maneuver time greater than 15 min was an independent predictor of HCC recurrence (HR = 1.41, P < 0.001). The patients who underwent the Pringle maneuver for over 15 min had lower overall survival (OS) and recurrence‐free survival (RFS) than did those who either did not undergo the maneuver or underwent the maneuver for less than 15 min (both P < 0.001).

Conclusions

These results suggest that a longer duration of the Pringle maneuver increases the risk of tumor recurrence in patients with HCC. However, a shorter duration of the Pringle maneuver decreases this risk. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;114:112–118. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rapid analysis of six trace trichlorophenols in seawater by magnetic micro‐solid‐phase extraction and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Chen Mei‐Lan , Min Jian‐Qing , Cai Mei‐Qiang , Pan Sheng‐Dong , Jin Mi‐Cong
Published: April 2016

A new facile, rapid, inexpensive, and sensitive method for the analysis of six trace trichlorophenols in seawater samples was developed by magnetic micro‐solid‐phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Core–shell covalently functionalized ferroferric oxide coated with aminated silicon dioxide and decorated with multiwalled carbon nanotubes was applied as an adsorbent to perform the extraction process. The effect of factors including solution pH, contact time, adsorbent amount, and ionic strength were investigated in detail. The obtained results revealed that the proposed adsorbent was a highly effective and low‐cost magnetic micro‐solid‐phase extraction material for the enrichment of 2,3,4‐trichlorophenol, 2,3,5‐trichlorophenol, 2,3,6‐trichlorophenol, 2,4,5‐trichlorophenol, 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol, and 3,4,5‐trichlorophenol from seawater. Under the optimized conditions, the recoveries ranged from 88.0 to 99.5% at the three spiking levels, the limits of detection and the limits of quantification were 0.002 and 0.007 μg/L for the six trichlorophenols, respectively. The intra‐ and interday relative standard deviations were 2.0–6.7 and 4.5–8.9%, respectively. The calibration curves showed a good linearity in the range of 0.02–5.0 μg/L. The routine run analyses showed that the developed method was fast, simple, accurate, solvent‐saving and high resolution, and it was suitable for the determination of trace trichlorophenols in seawater.
Modular, Flexible, and Continuous Plant for Radical Polymerization in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Kohlmann Daniel , Chevrel Marie‐Claire , Hoppe Sandrine , Meimaroglou Dimitrios , Chapron David , Bourson Patrice , Schwede Christian , Loth Wolfgang , Stammer Achim , Wilson James , Ferlin Patrick , Falk Laurent , Engell Sebastian , Durand Alain
Published: April 2016

The European project F3 Factory aims at designing small to medium scale plants consisting of standardized container assemblies for delocalized production of various chemicals. Within the framework of the F3 Factory project, the design of a modular, multiproduct, and continuous plant for manufacturing water‐soluble polymers is addressed. Free radical polymerization in aqueous solution is examined through two industrial cases: polymerization of acrylic acid (AA) in the presence of chain transfer agent (CTA) and copolymerization of AA with one comonomer. A methodology for performing the transition from batch recipes to continuous operations is proposed. Offline and inline monitoring of monomer consumption is achieved using Raman spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. A modular pilot plant meeting the requirements of F3 Factory project is designed and demonstrated at INVITE (Bayer, Leverkusen). The two polymerization processes are successively operated in the same pilot plant separated by an intermediate extensive washing. For each process, several polymer grades are produced by modification of reaction conditions (inlet flow of CTA or reactor temperature). Transition dynamics are characterized using inline monitoring. The flexibility of the modular plant is demonstrated.

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B‐cell–activating factor is elevated in serum of patients with myasthenia gravis
Authors: Kang Sa‐Yoon , Kang Chul‐Hoo , Lee Keun‐Hwa
Published: April 2016

Introduction: Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a B‐cell–mediated autoimmune disease. B‐cell–activating factor (BAFF) is a major factor in B‐cell development and activation. In this study we investigated serum BAFF levels in MG patients. Methods: We compared the serum BAFF levels of 20 MG patients with gender‐matched healthy controls. We assayed serum concentrations of BAFF and anti‐acetylcholine receptor antibody (AChR) titers. Results: Serum BAFF levels of MG patients with AChR antibodies were significantly higher than those of healthy controls. A significant positive correlation was observed between serum BAFF levels and anti‐AChR antibody titers. BAFF values did not correlate with disease severity. Conclusions: BAFF may play a major role in the pathogenesis of MG, and it may provide a potential target for therapy in patients with MG. Muscle Nerve 54: 1030–1033, 2016
Mechanical, thermal, and dielectric properties of poly(lactic acid)/chitosan nanocomposites
Authors: Elsawy Moataz A. , Saad Gamal R. , Sayed Aisha M.
Published: April 2016

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) loaded with various levels of chitosan nanoparticles (CsNP) (0–5.0%) were prepared by twin‐screw extrusion. The nanocomposites were investigated based on their morphology, thermal, mechanical and dielectric properties. The SEM morphology showed that CsNP was dispersed uniformly in the PLA matrix. Thermal analysis through DSC revealed that the cold crystallization temperature of PLA in the case of nanocomposites slightly decreased with increasing content of CsNP; indicating a limit nucleating effect of CsNP. TGA analysis revealed that the incorporation CsNP slightly decreased the thermal stability of the PLA matrix. The mechanical analysis indicated that the incorporation of the CsNP in the PLA matrix improved the elongation and the impact strength, but decreased the tensile strength. The dielectric properties of these materials have been investigated for the α‐relaxation process as a function of the temperature and frequency. The α‐relaxation process was analyzed with Vogel–Fulcher–Tamman and Havriliak–Negami models and fitting parameters and their evolution were obtained. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 56:987–994, 2016. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Polymerization induced viscoelastic phase separation of porous phenolic resin from solution
Authors: Yi Xiaolin , Kong Lei , Dong Xia , Zuo Xiaobiao , Kuang Xiao , Feng Zhihai , Wang Dujin
Published: April 2016

The porous structure evolution of thermosetting phenolic resin controlled by polymerization induced viscoelastic phase separation from solution was investigated in this work. The ultimate morphology and the evolution of a porous texture for the resol resin/solvent system were characterized by digital camera and optical microscopy. In-situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and a rheological method were used to trace the curing reaction of the resol resin/solvent system. The impacts of solvent content and curing temperature on the foaming behavior were quantitatively and systematically investigated. Based on the relationship between the morphology evolution and curing dynamics, the foaming mechanism of the polymerization induced viscoelastic phase separation was elucidated. The present work provides new insight into the foaming mechanism of thermosetting materials and may be helpful for morphological control in the preparation of lightweight porous phenolic material. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of graphene oxide on the formation, structure and properties of bionanocomposite films made from wheat gluten with chitosan
Authors: Lee Dan Bi , Kim Dong Won , Shchipunov Yury , Ha Chang‐Sik
Published: April 2016

Graphene oxide (GO) was combined with wheat gluten (WG) and chitosan (CS) to prepare bionanocomposite films using a casting method. The films were characterized using a variety of techniques, including scanning and transmission electron microscopies, atomic force microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, mechanical testing, water swelling, oxygen permeability and contact angle measurements, to determine the effects of GO on the formation, structure and properties of the bionanocomposites. Their formation and properties were found to be dependent on the mixing order of the three components. The added GO was found to strengthen the films, as well as to decrease water absorption and oxygen permeability. These effects were attributed to the good dispersion of GO in the WG/CS matrix enabled by hydrogen bonds. The decreased water absorption could be explained by the increased hydrophobicity. The notable improvement of the properties of the WG/CS films as a result of GO addition makes the films suitable as packaging materials. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Atmospheric‐pressure photoelectron emission from H‐terminated and amino‐terminated diamond
Authors: Hamers Robert J. , Bandy Jason
Published: April 2016

We report investigations of the ultraviolet‐induced emission of electrons from diamond into air, argon, and SF6 gases at atmospheric pressure. Although diamond has long been known to be a facile emitter of electrons in vacuum, the present results show that H‐terminated and amino‐terminated diamond can also act as emitters of low‐energy electrons into gases at atmospheric pressure. Present results show that emission currents follow the trend Ar > air > SF6. We attribute these differences to the fact that Ar does not form stable anions and the emitted electrons remain as free electrons with very low effective mass, while electrons in air form O2− and electrons in SF6 form SF6− anions. The observed trends are consistent with trends reported in ion mobility measurements.

Photoemission of electrons from diamond into argon gas at atmospheric pressure.
Gender Equality Reforms on an Uneven Playing Field: Candidate Selection and Quota Implementation in Electoral Authoritarian Tanzania
Authors: Bjarnegård Elin , Zetterberg Pär
Published: April 2016

This article investigates the dynamics that gender quota reforms create within and between government and opposition parties in electoral authoritarian dominant-party states. A dominant-party state regularly holds relatively competitive elections, but the political playing field is skewed in favour of the government party. We investigate the circumstances under which gender quotas’ goal of furthering political gender equality within political parties can be reconciled with parties’ electoral concerns. We address these issues by analysing the implementation of reserved seats by the three largest parties in the dominant-party state of Tanzania. The empirical analysis suggests that the uneven playing field leaves an imprint on the specific priorities parties make when implementing candidate selection reforms. Because of large resource gaps between parties, the ruling party, Chama Cha Mapinduzi – (CCM), is able to reconcile gender equality concerns with power-maximizing partisan strategies to a greater extent than the opposition parties.
Particle-resolved direct numerical simulation of homogeneous isotropic turbulence modified by small fixed spheres
Authors: Vreman A. W.
Published: April 2016

A statistically stationary homogeneous isotropic turbulent flow modified by 64 small fixed non-Stokesian spherical particles is considered. The particle diameter is approximately twice the Kolmogorov length scale, while the particle volume fraction is 0.001. The Taylor Reynolds number of the corresponding unladen flow is 32. The particle-laden flow has been obtained by a direct numerical simulation based on a discretization of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations on 64 spherical grids overset on a Cartesian grid. The global (space- and time-averaged) turbulence kinetic energy is attenuated by approximately 9 %, which is less than expected. The turbulence dissipation rate on the surfaces of the particles is enhanced by two orders of magnitude. More than 5 % of the total dissipation occurs in only 0.1 % of the flow domain. The budget of the turbulence kinetic energy has been computed, as a function of the distance to the nearest particle centre. The budget illustrates how energy relatively far away from particles is transported towards the surfaces of the particles, where it is dissipated by the (locally enhanced) turbulence dissipation rate. The energy flux towards the particles is dominated by turbulent transport relatively far away from particles, by viscous diffusion very close to the particles, and by pressure diffusion in a significant region in between. The skewness and flatness factors of the pressure, velocity and velocity gradient have also been computed. The global flatness factor of the longitudinal velocity gradient, which characterizes the intermittency of small scales, is enhanced by a factor of six. In addition, several point-particle simulations based on the Schiller–Naumann drag correlation have been performed. A posteriori tests of the point-particle simulations, comparisons in which the particle-resolved results are regarded as the standard, show that, in this case, the point-particle model captures both the turbulence attenuation and the fraction of the turbulence dissipation rate due to particles reasonably well, provided the (arbitrary) size of the fluid volume over which each particle force is distributed is suitably chosen.
Feeding ecology and habitat preferences of top predators from two Miocene carnivore-rich assemblages
Authors: Domingo M. Soledad , Domingo Laura , Abella Juan , Valenciano Alberto , Badgley Catherine , Morales Jorge
Published: April 2016

Carnivore-rich fossil sites are uncommon in the fossil record and, accordingly, provide valuable opportunities to study predators from vantages that are rarely applied to ancient faunas. Through stable isotopes of carbon and a Bayesian mixing model, we analyze time-successive (nearly contemporaneous), late Miocene carnivoran populations from two fossil sites (Batallones-1 and Batallones-3) from central Spain. Stable isotopes of carbon in tooth enamel provide a reliable and direct methodology to track ancient diets. These two carnivoran-dominated fossil sites display differences in the composition and abundance of the carnivoran species, with some species present at both sites and some present only at one site. This disparity has been interpreted as the consequence of habitat differences between Batallones-1, the older site, and Batallones-3, the younger site. However, carbon isotope values of carnivore and herbivore tooth enamel suggest a common habitat of C3 woodland originally present at both sites. The differences in the carnivoran faunas rather may be the consequence of the dynamics of species entrance and exit from the Madrid Basin during the time elapsed between Batallones-1 and Batallones-3 and changes in population densities due to biotic factors. We infer higher levels of interspecific competition in Batallones-3 than in Batallones-1 because of the larger number of similar-sized, sympatric predators; the clear overlap in their δ13C values (except for the amphicyonid Magericyon anceps); and similarity of their preferred prey: the hipparionine horses. Finally, carbon stable isotopic composition of Indarctos arctoides teeth implies that this ursid was a carnivorous omnivore rather than a herbivorous omnivore. This work demonstrates the insights that stable isotopes can provide in characterizing the feeding ecology and trophic interactions of ancient carnivoran taxa.