bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Cathode‐Electrolyte Interphase for Prolonged Cycling Stability of Aluminum‐Selenium Batteries Using Locally Concentrated Ionic Liquid Electrolytes
Authors: Xu Cheng , Diemant Thomas , Zhang Shuting , Liu Xu , Passerini Stefano
Published: February 2025

Al‐Se batteries with high theoretical specific capacity and discharge voltage are promising energy storage devices. However, the detrimental shuttle effect occurring in conventional ionic liquid electrolytes (ILEs) challenges their development. Herein, a thicker cathode/electrolyte interphase (CEI) is constructed via employing locally concentrated ionic liquid electrolytes (LCILEs) to overcome these issues. It is demonstrated that LCILEs facilitate the incorporation of Emim+ into the electrode/electrolyte interphases, and, meanwhile, more Al‐Cl species deposits are observed in the CEI. The formed CEI effectively prevents the dissolution of poly‐selenides and inhibits their related parasitic reactions. These result in Al‐Se cells, employing the LCILE, to deliver a specific discharge capacity of 218 mAh g‐1 at 0.5 A g‐1 after 100 cycles at 20 °C, while the cell using the neat ILE only maintains 38 mAh g‐1 under the same conditions. Moreover, an Al‐S cell operated in LCILEs reaches 578 mAh g‐1 at 0.1 A g‐1 after 150 cycles, which is also significantly better than 317 mAh g‐1 in the neat ILE. This study provides an LCILE‐based strategy to reinforce the CEI in order to suppress the shuttle effect, realizing Al‐chalcogen batteries with better performance.
Sulfur Conversion to Donor‐Acceptor Ladder Polymer Networks through Mechanochemical Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution for Efficient CO2 Photoreduction
Authors: Yang Na , Zhou Zi‐Jian , Zhu Xiang , Wu Jiwei , Zhang Yifan , Wang Tao , Wu Xin‐Ping , Tian Chengcheng , Jiang Xia , Dai Sheng
Published: February 2025

The development of synthetic methods capable of converting elemental sulfur into conjugated porous sulfur‐rich polymers remains a great challenge, although direct utilization of this readily available feedstock can significantly enrich its uses and circumvent environmental problems during sulfur storage. We report herein mechanochemical (MC) nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) that enables sulfur conversion into thianthrene‐bridged porous ladder polymer networks with dense donor‐acceptor (D−A) molecular junctions. We demonstrate that the key lies in the generation of bent thianthrene units through a solid‐state ball‐milling condensation reaction between 1,2‐dihaloarenes and elemental sulfur. We also show that the assembling of D−A structural motifs into porous networks affords efficient visible‐light‐driven photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) with water (H2O) vapor, in the absence of any additional photosensitizer, sacrificial agents or cocatalysts. Exceptional photoinduced charge separation along with boosted exciton dissociation results in a high‐performance of carbon monoxide (CO) production rate of 306.1 μmol g−1 h−1 with near 100 % CO selectivity, which is accompanied by H2O oxidation to O2, as confirmed by both experimental and theoretical results. We anticipate this novel MC SNAr approach will advance processing techniques for direct sulfur utilization and facilitate new possibilities for the synthesis of D−A ladder polymer networks with promising potential in photocatalysis.
A Novel Z‐Scheme Ag3PO4/SrTiO3 Heterojunction for Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation
Authors: Zheng Yanzhi , Sun Yu , Yang Zihan , Liu Yuqing , Sun Xiaotong , Li Lixia , Cao Wanning , Yang Jingkai
Published: February 2025

There are still challenges to eliminate and reduce the harmful persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the water, especially the dye‐based POPs. Two big obstacles the Ag3PO4 photocatalyst faces are serious carrier recombination and photocorrosion, which presents a limitation for its application in water purification. Therefore, in this work, a novel Ag3PO4/SrTiO3 heterojunction was synthesized by a simple in situ deposition method. Ag3PO4/SrTiO3 10:1 exhibits the highest photocatalytic activity with rhodamine B (RhB) degradation of 98.8% in only 20 min and methyl orange (MO) degradation of 97.5% in 80 min under simulated sunlight irradiation, which is much higher than that of pure Ag3PO4 and the mixed photocatalysts. During the photocatalytic reaction, h+ and •O2− are the main active species, and the charge transfer path is satisfied with the Z‐scheme mechanism. Additionally, the possible degradation pathways of RhB and MO were proposed by analyzing the intermediate products via HPLC‐MS.
Rapid Synthesis of Molybdenum Disulfide@Ferric Oxide Nanomaterials Using Gamma Rays for the Efficient Improvement of the Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Properties of EVA/Magnesium Hydroxide Composites
Authors: Qin Huijie , Zhang Tongwei , Bao Lihong , Dang Bo , Li Jianxi
Published: February 2025

In this research, iron tetroxide (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles were in situ synthesized on the surface of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) via a radiation technique to fabricate a MoS₂@Fe₃O₄ hybrid. Notably, the tensile strength and elongation at break of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)/magnesium hydroxide (MH) composites were enhanced by 62.5% and 59.1%, respectively, with the addition of one part of the MoS₂@Fe₃O₄ hybrid, attributed to its excellent reinforcing effect. Simultaneously, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release of the EVA/MH composite decreased by 45.9% and 14.4%, respectively, while the residue content increased to 43.4%. Furthermore, EVA/MH/MoS₂@Fe₃O₄ composites with one part of the MoS₂@Fe₃O₄ hybrid generated significantly fewer toxic gases (such as CO) compared to EVA/MH composites, demonstrating enhanced fire safety. This study underscores the potential of creating noble metal‐free layered composites by integrating cost‐effective and eco‐friendly Fe₃O₄ co‐catalysts, such as MoS₂@Fe₃O₄ hybrids, to improve the fire safety of EVA composites.
Advances in 2D Materials for Infrared Photodetection: Synthesis, Heterostructures, and Device Innovations
Authors: Jiang Mingjia , Kong Denan , Zhang Minghao , Lan He , Hu Qingmei , Zhou Yao , Zhou Jiadong
Published: February 2025

Two‐dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as transformative candidates for infrared photodetection, showcasing exceptional properties such as high carrier mobility, tunable bandgaps, and strong light‐matter interactions. Despite their potential, challenges remain in achieving broadband spectral responses (e.g., ultraviolet to far‐infrared), minimizing dark currents (<10−10 A), and maximizing on/off ratios (>103). This review explores recent advancements in synthesis techniques, intrinsic material properties, and the design of innovative heterostructures to address these issues. Key topics include van der Waals heterostructures, photodetection mechanisms, and mixed‐dimensional device architectures. Additionally, challenges in scalable fabrication are highlighted and artificial intelligence driven material discovery is proposed as a pathway toward practical applications in commercial infrared detection.
Metarhizium anisopliae JEF‐197 Loses Glucose Metabolism in Surviving Japanese Pine Sawyer Beetle Against the Fungal Pathogen
Authors: Song Gahyeon , Lee Mi Rong , Kim Jong Cheol , Kim Jae Su
Published: February 2025

Japanese pine sawyer beetle (JPSB), Monochamus alternatus is a forest insect pest with damaging to pine trees through vectoring plant‐parasitic nematodes. In our previous work, the entomopathogenic Metarhizium anisopliae JEF‐197 was effective in controlling JPSB adults. However some of JPSB adults survived well even against the fungal treatment. Now here in this work, we analyzed the transcriptome of JEF‐197 from the fungus‐treated JPSB adults which still survived in 8 days after the treatment. The day was determined based on the lethal time 50 (LT50) in our previous study. As a control, JEF‐197 was cultured on 1/4SDA for 8 days. The plate‐cultured JEF‐197 transcripts were used for building‐up an index in the abundance analysis using kallisto to investigate the gene regulation. Additionally, transcripts from the JEF‐197‐treated PSB were analyzed to find possible fungal transcripts to enlarge the index of abundance analysis. In the following differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis, most JEF‐197 transcripts showed significant down‐regulations in JPSB adults 8 days after treatment, which were presented as clustering heatmap, PCA, MA and Volcano plots. The GO enrichment analysis showed similar results, in which most of pathways were significantly suppressed. Metabolic and biosynthesis metabolisms were most dominantly downregulated pathways. Particularly, many genes of glucose metabolisms were significantly suppressed, including genes for glycolysis, TCA, ATP & nucleotide synthesis, and glycogen & chitin production. This work suggests that JEF‐197 lost its own glucose metabolism in the survived JPSB adults, and the survival could be involved in the active and continuous host defense mechanisms. It gives us questions what factors would be involved in the different response of individual to the fungal treatment and what happens if live and dead hosts were pooled in RNA‐sequencing.
A Consecutive Two‐Step Radical‐Mediated Cyclization of gem‐Difluorinated Diynes to Access gem‐Difluorinated Cedrenes
Authors: Thaharn Watcharaporn , Soorukram Darunee , Kuhakarn Chutima
Published: February 2025

A consecutive two‐step radical‐mediated cyclization of gem‐difluoromethylenated bis(3‐arylpropagyl)‐indane‐1,3‐diones to access structurally unique gem‐difluoromethylenated cedrenes is described. Substituents located on the aryl rings of the two propagyl units play an important role in governing the consecutive cyclization pattern. Upon treatment of gem‐difluoromethylenated 1,3‐diane with Bu3SnH/AIBN, a tributylstannyl radical‐mediated radical cyclization between the two diyne units chemoselectively took place, leading to the corresponding gem‐difluoromethylenated acoradienes in good yields, after removal of tributylstannyl group by TFA. Subsequently, Bu3SnH/AIBN promoted reductive cleavage of the phenylsulfanyl group leading to difluoroalkyl radicals which spontaneously underwent radical cyclization to give a series of gem‐difluoromethylenated cedrenes.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Ynones with Aryl Bromides Enabled by C(O)‐C(sp) Bond Activation
Authors: Zhang Yanqiong , Tao Qinyue , Li Qiang , Jin Zewei , Long Yang , Zhou Xiangge
Published: February 2025

Transition metal‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions have emerged as one of the most attractive methods in organic synthesis in recent years. However, due to the inertness of C−C bonds, C−C bond activation enabled cross‐coupling reactions are far less common. In this work, the first example of palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of ynones with aryl bromides for the synthesis of diarylacetylenes via C(O)‐C(sp) bond activation was described. The reaction exhibited directing group‐free unstrained C−C bond activation, wide substrate scope, and good functional group tolerance. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggested that a cross‐electrophile coupling reaction pathway might be involved rather than the conventional nucleophilic addition/β‐C elimination pathway.
Controllability counterexamples of linear systems and bilinear systems arising in Euler discretization
Authors: Tie Lin
Published: February 2025

Since controllability of continuous‐time nonlinear systems is quite difficult to study, whether it can be explored through their discretized systems becomes an important issue. In this paper, we show that, although controllability of linear time‐invariant systems keeps invariant in Euler discretization, controllability of continuous‐time nonlinear systems and even linear time‐varying systems may be different from controllability of their discretized systems by Euler discretization. In particular, we present arbitrary‐finite‐dimensional controllability counterexamples through linear time‐varying systems and bilinear systems to reveal that controllability of a continuous‐time control system may be changed after Euler discretization. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the presented controllability counterexamples.
Learning estimator‐based fault‐tolerant control for robot manipulators with partial loss of actuator effectiveness
Authors: Huang Jianbang , Cao Teng , Zhang Zhe , Yang Shaohua
Published: February 2025

This paper proposes a fault‐tolerant control approach for robot manipulators, addressing challenges such as parameter uncertainties, external disturbances, control input limitations, and partial loss of actuator effectiveness. As an essential step, an improved learning estimator is designed to identify actuator faults by introducing a sign function. Based on the estimated fault information, a fault‐tolerant control law is subsequently developed. To address the challenge of control input saturation, a saturation compensation mechanism is integrated into the control law. Finally, numerical simulations are performed to verify the performance and efficacy of the proposed learning estimator and control strategy, confirming its feasibility and robustness under various fault conditions.
Lithium Removal From Drinking Water
Authors: Keithley Asher E. , Jordan Page , Muhlen Christy , Pinelli Matthew , Lytle Darren A.
Published: February 2025

Lithium (Li) is listed on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's fifth Contaminant Candidate List (CCL 5), and its occurrence in drinking water is being quantified under the fifth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR5). Little information is available on its removal from drinking water. The current study evaluated 19 historical pilot‐ and full‐scale studies and conducted sampling at 13 water treatment plants. The 32 sites included 3 surface water and 29 groundwater sources, and 8 treatment process categories. Conventional surface water treatment, adsorptive media, biological aerobic groundwater treatment, and manganese removal filters were not effective at removing Li. Cation exchange sometimes achieved Li removal, but removals were inconsistent. Lime softening often removed 11%–54% Li, but treated water Li typically was > 10 μg/L. RO removed > 90% of Li, although finished water concentrations depended on blending rates. This study fills a critical gap in evaluating Li treatability through the existing water treatment infrastructure.
Biomass to biofuel: Optimizing sustainable biodiesel production from fish waste and thermodynamic‐kinetic analysis
Authors: Shalfoh Ehsan , Ahmad Mardiana Idayu , Binhweel Fozy , Shaah Marwan Abdulhakim , Senusi Wardah , Alsaadi Sami , Shakir Mohammad Aliff
Published: February 2025

The increasing volume of organic waste, particularly from landfills, presents a serious environmental challenge, and reliance on petrodiesel has intensified concerns over diminishing fuel resources. Optimizing the conversion of biomass, such as fish waste, into biodiesel while improving process efficiency and understanding the reaction dynamics represents a key challenge. This study explores fish waste as a renewable feedstock for biodiesel production, contributing to sustainable energy solutions. Supercritical fluid extraction using carbon dioxide was employed to extract fish lipid efficiently, achieving a maximum yield of 77.2% under optimal conditions of 80 °C, 30 MPa pressure, and 60 min of extraction time. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to identify the optimal conditions for maximizing biodiesel yield during catalytic transesterification by varying the temperature (55–75 °C), the molar ratio (3:1–15:1), catalyst concentration (NaOH 0.5–2.5 wt%), and the reaction time (45 to 105 min). The optimized transesterification conditions, consisting of a reaction temperature of 60 °C, 2 wt% NaOH as the catalyst, and a reaction time of 90 min, resulted in a biodiesel yield of 92.1%. A second‐order kinetic model and Eyring's theory were used to investigate the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the reaction, providing deeper insights into the efficiency of the process. The biodiesel produced conformed to established commercial standards, specifically EN 14214 and ASTM D6751. These findings emphasize the potential of utilizing fish waste as a viable, sustainable feedstock for biodiesel and reducing environmental waste while advancing renewable energy technologies.
Design of Histidine Sequence‐Associated Tripeptide Sequences for Recognition of Copper Ions and Their Application to Live Cells
Authors: Wang Xue‐jiao , Hao Jun‐lei , Lin Peng‐cheng , Li Xiao , Li Shen‐ao , Wang Jing‐xuan , Liu Shui‐juan , Wang Zhong‐chang , Gao Ming‐yong , Wu Jiang
Published: February 2025

Copper is central to many enzymes in living organisms, and imbalances in copper levels are linked to various diseases. Therefore, developing probes to detect copper ions is essential. Histidine, especially in the polypeptide sequences at the first three N‐terminal positions (His1, His2, and His3), uniquely binds to copper ions. This study introduces three groups of tripeptide probes designed to monitor copper ion levels in living cells and organisms. The results show that tripeptides with histidine at the −2 position, specifically HDQL‐2 (Asp‐His‐Gln‐Dansyl), HMFM‐2 (Met‐His‐Phe‐Dansyl), and HDMB‐2 (Asp‐His‐Met‐Dansyl), exhibit a higher affinity for copper ions. These probes responded quickly to copper ions, demonstrating excellent fluorescence turn‐off performance and stable detection within a pH range of 6.0–11.0. The detection limits for fluorescence titration, calculated using the 3σ/k equation, were 17.65 nM (HDQL‐2), 18.04 nM (HMFM‐2), and 15.50 nM (HDMB‐2). Peptide probes are ideal for detecting copper ions in living cells via fluorescence imaging because of their low toxicity and good biocompatibility. The fluorescence intensity decreases as copper ion content changes.
Bio‐Inspired Synthesis of Luminescent AgNPs Using Groundnut Oil Cake Extract for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Orange II Dye
Authors: Manikandan Velu , Subash Velu , Jayanthi Palaniyappan , Geremew Bontu Habtamu , Mythili R. , Song Kwang Soup
Published: February 2025

The development of bio‐fabrication techniques for nanoparticles has gained significant attention due to their cost‐effectiveness, sustainability, and prospective for environmental applications. In this research, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were successfully fabricated using groundnut oil cake (GOC) extract as a reducing agent. The bioactive compounds in GOC, such as phenolic acids and flavonoids, played a crucial role in reducing silver nitrate into stable AgNPs in an aqueous solution. The use of GOC extract as a green reducing agent highlights the eco‐friendly nature of the synthesis process. UV–visible spectroscopy confirmed the successful fabrication of AgNPs. The synthesis process was most efficient at a neutral pH of 7. The structural and morphological characteristics of the AgNPs were examined using advanced characterization methods such as EDS, TEM, FTIR, and XRD. TEM analysis revealed that the AgNPs ranged in size from 14 to 50 nm on average. The green‐synthesized AgNPs showed outstanding photocatalytic performance, degrading 99.3% of Orange II dye in 120 min under visible light. Their spherical shape enhances charge separation and photocatalytic efficiency. The eco‐friendly and cost‐effective synthesis approach using GOC extract emphasizes the potential of these AgNPs for sustainable water purification and environmental remediation.
Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress Related Diagnostic Model Accurately Assesses Rheumatoid Arthritis Risk Stratification and Immune Infiltration Characterization
Authors: Wang Dexun , Li Qianqian , Diao Xiaopeng , Wang Qizun
Published: February 2025

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects synovial joints, leading to joint destruction, impaired physical function, and reduced quality of life. However, no accurate method for assessing RA risk currently exists. Given the critical role of early detection and intervention in RA management, further comprehensive risk assessments are essential. Mitochondrial oxidative stress (MOS) is a key factor in the initiation and progression of RA. The bidirectional interaction between RA and MOS supports the feasibility of MOS‐based risk stratification for RA. Using public databases, we first applied the weighted gene co‐expression network analysis (WGCNA) model to identify key genes involved in RA among MOS‐related genes. Differential expression patterns of MOS‐related genes were then analyzed using various machine learning algorithms to identify potential biomarkers. A nomogram model was established using CDKN1A, GADD45B, and MAFF genes to predict RA risk, followed by an evaluation of its reliability and stability. Additionally, we analyzed MOS‐associated molecular subtypes and immune infiltration characteristics. Our findings highlight the significant role of MOS in RA development and underscore the clinical value of personalized treatment strategies.
A Neural Network Approach to Identify Left–Right Orientation of Anatomical Brain MRI
Authors: Nishimaki Kei , Iyatomi Hitoshi , Oishi Kenichi ,   for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, the Australian Imaging Biomarkers and Lifestyle flagship study of ageing
Published: February 2025

Purpose

This study presents a novel application of deep learning to enhance the accuracy of left–right orientation identification in anatomical brain MRI scans. Left–right orientation misidentification in brain MRIs presents significant challenges due to several factors, including metadata loss or ambiguity, which often occurs during the de‐identification of medical images for research, conversion between image formats, software operations that strip or overwrite metadata, and the use of older imaging systems that stored orientation differently.

Method

A three‐dimensional convolutional neural network model was trained using 350 MRIs and evaluated on the basis of eight distinct brain MRI databases, totaling 3056 MRIs, to assess its performance across various conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases.

Finding

The proposed deep‐learning framework demonstrated a 99.8% accuracy in identifying the left–right orientation, thus, addressing challenges associated with the loss of orientation metadata. GradCAM was used to visualize areas of the brain where the model focused, demonstrating the importance of the right planum temporale and surrounding areas in judging left–right orientation. The planum temporale is known to exhibit notable left–right asymmetry related to language functions, underscoring the biological validity of the model. The half of the four left–right misidentified MRIs involved notable brain feature variations, such as a large arachnoidal cyst adjacent to the temporal lobe or ventricular asymmetry, indicating areas for further investigation.

Conclusion

This approach offers a potential solution to the persistent issue of left–right misorientation in brain MRIs and supports the reliability of neuroscientific research by ensuring accurate data interpretation.
Risk of and Mortality After Acute Kidney Injury Following Cancer Treatment: A Cohort Study
Authors: Munch Philip Vestergaard , Nørgaard Mette , Jensen Simon Kok , Birn Henrik , Schmidt Henrik , Christiansen Christian Fynbo
Published: February 2025

Background

Acute kidney injury (AKI) can be a severe complication in cancer patients. However, uncertainty remains regarding the risk of and prognosis after AKI following cancer treatments. We therefore aimed to examine the risk of and mortality after AKI following a wide range of specific cancer treatments, including surgical procedures, anticancer drugs, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantations (HSCTs).

Methods

We conducted a nationwide population‐based cohort study. We included adult patients receiving cancer treatment in Denmark from 2010 to 2024. We calculated the risk of AKI within 7 days after surgeries, 1 year after initiation of anticancer drugs, and 100 days after HSCTs. Furthermore, we examined the 1‐year mortality in patients with and without AKI following cancer treatment.

Results

We identified 357,870 cancer patients. The 7‐day risk of AKI after surgery ranged from 0.3% (breast cancer surgery) to 68.9% (radical nephrectomy in kidney cancer) while the 1‐year risk following anticancer drug treatment ranged from 3.5% (cyclophosphamide in breast cancer) to 79.3% (all drugs in acute lymphatic leukemia). The 100‐day AKI risk following HSCT ranged from 20.7% (multiple myeloma) to 81.8% (leukemia). For most treatments, AKI was associated with a higher 1‐year hazard ratio and risk of death, with exceptions including radical nephrectomy in kidney cancer.

Conclusion

In conclusion, several cancer treatments were associated with a high risk of AKI, and AKI was associated with increased mortality in most treatments. These findings highlight the prognostic value of assessing kidney function following specific cancer treatments in clinical practice.
Dietary Quality and Intake of Cancer Caregivers: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies and Recommendations for Future Research
Authors: Ayre Susannah K. , Collins Katelyn E. , Bourdaniotis Xanthia E. , Rose Grace L. , Boardman Gosia , Depaune Constantina , Goodwin Belinda C. , Johnston Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2025

Aims

As more people live with and beyond a cancer diagnosis, the role of informal caregivers becomes increasingly vital. Despite emotional, physical, and financial challenges, the impact of caregiving on health behaviors, including diet, has been largely overlooked. This systematic review synthesized quantitative evidence on dietary quality and intake among cancer caregivers.

Methods

Five databases (CINAHL, Embase, PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science) were searched in February 2024 using keywords including cancer, caregiver, and diet. Articles published since 2013 that quantitatively assessed the dietary quality or intake of cancer caregivers were eligible. Articles were independently screened in Rayaan by two authors, with discrepancies resolved by a third author. Data on study design, aims, methods, sample characteristics, and results were extracted and summarized using descriptive analyses. One author performed data extraction, with a second author reviewing results for accuracy.

Results

Of 12,584 records identified, 22 met eligibility criteria. Most studies were conducted in the United States (68%), were cross‐sectional (77%), and included caregivers who were partners (68%) of people with cancer. Four (18%) studies reported on energy or nutrient intakes, 13 (59%) reported on food or food group intakes, and 10 (45%) reported on diet quality or dietary patterns. Results varied widely due to differences in assessment methods used. Dietary changes due to caregiving were described in 8 (36%) studies, mostly using retrospective self‐reported data. Negative, positive, and no dietary changes were reported in 7 (32%), 5 (23%), and 4 (18%) studies, respectively. Two (9%) studies did not specify the direction of change. Eight (36%) studies assessed adherence to dietary recommendations, with mixed results.

Conclusions

Evidence of the dietary quality and intake of cancer caregivers is inconclusive. Larger, longitudinal studies using validated measures, repeated observations, and comparison to dietary guidelines are needed to better understand the impacts of caregiving on diet.
Pharmacological Strategies for Providing Patients With Delirium Relief From Terminal Dyspnea: A Secondary Data Analysis
Authors: Hasegawa Takaaki , Mori Masanori , Yamaguchi Takashi , Imai Kengo , Matsuda Yoshinobu , Maeda Isseki , Hatano Yutaka , Yokomichi Naosuke , Hamano Jun , Morita Tatsuya ,   East Asian Collaborative Cross‐Cultural Study to Elucidate the Dying Process (EASED) investigators
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Systemic opioids are recommended as a pharmacological treatment for dyspnea, and antipsychotics are widely used for delirium. Because little is known about optimal palliative pharmacological strategies for dyspnea in patients with delirium, this study explored the symptom course in such cases, including the use of opioids and antipsychotics.

Methods

This was a secondary analysis of a multicenter prospective and observational study. We consecutively enrolled adult patients with advanced cancer at palliative care units in Japan. The eligibility criteria for their participation were a dyspnea Integrated Palliative care Outcome Scale (IPOS) score ≥ 2 and the presence of delirium. We investigated pharmacological strategies, IPOS for dyspnea, and delirium symptoms using item 9 of the Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale.

Results

Of the 1896 patients, 141 were found eligible and were analyzed. Eighty‐two (58%) patients had agitated delirium, and the median survival period was 4 days. Regarding pharmacological strategy, 31 (22%) received opioid initiation or dose escalation, whereas 92 (65%) used regular antipsychotics. Although mean dyspnea IPOS scores significantly decreased from Day 1 to Day 2 (0.44, 95% CI: 0.24–0.64), the proportion of responders (IPOS score ≤ 1) was 21% (30/141). In the agitated delirium group, the proportion of remaining agitation symptoms at Day 2 was 74% (61/82).

Conclusions

The combined distressing symptoms of dyspnea and delirium during the last days of life are likely to be refractory suffering, which shows a poor response to pharmacological interventions, including opioids and antipsychotics.
Ellagic Acid‐Conjugated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Inhibit the Cell Cycle in the G0/G1 Phase and Induces Extrinsic Apoptosis in Gastric Cancer Cell Line
Authors: Rahi Mashkoor Nabeel , Heydarnezhad Mahsa , Aghabali Tina , Ghaderi Barmi Fatemeh , Sangani Helia , Nikoujamal Negin , Hedayati Mohammad , Ghasemipour Taraneh , Vakili Nezami Parastoo , Abedini Bajgiran Fahimeh , Gasid Shlash Nada , Salehzadeh Ali
Published: February 2025

In this study, the effects of iron oxide nanoparticles functionalized with glucose and conjugated with Ellagic acid (EA) on gastric cancer cells were evaluated. (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) FT‐IR, (X‐ray diffraction) XRD, (Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy) EDS, (Field emission scanning electron microscopy) FE‐SEM, (Transmission electron microscopy) TEM, (Thermogravimetric analysis) TGA, (Dynamic light scattering) DLS and zeta potential analyses were used for physical and chemical characterizations. The percentage of cell viability was determined by MTT assay, and cell apoptosis level and cell cycle analysis were assayed using flow cytometry. Also, the expression level of the caspase‐8 gene was evaluated using real‐time PCR. The results showed that the IC50 of Fe3O4@Glu‐EA nanoparticles for the human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line (AGS) and human dermal fibroblasts cell line (HDF) was 109 and 211µg/mL. Based on the flow cytometry results, the synthesized nanoparticles increased cell cycle inhibition at the G0/G1 phase and caused a significant increase in early and late apoptosis in cancer cells. Alterations in nuclear morphology such as chromatin condensation and fragmentation in favor of apoptosis were evident in cancer cells treated with the nanoparticles, and the expression of the caspase‐8 (CASP8) gene in these cells was elevated by 4.91 folds.
Jatrorrhizine Exhibits an Antitumor Effect Against Gefitinib‐resistant Non‐small Cell Lung Cancer via Inhibiting PI3K/mTOR Phosphorylation
Authors: Yao Kainan , Li Zeli , Muhetaer Gulizeba , Guan Huiting , Su Ming , Zhang Li , Liang Jian , Li Hang , Zhou Jihong
Published: February 2025

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) L858R/T790 M mutation‐mediated gefitinib resistance (GR) is a frequent dilemma in the treatment of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study aimed to explore the effect of jatrorrhizine on treating GR NSCLC and its possible mechanism of action. Cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis detection were used to study the effect of jatrorrhizine on suppressing H1975 cells. Swiss Target Prediction and Traditional Chinese Medicine Database, GeneCards, and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man databases and molecular docking were carried out to explore the targets of jatrorrhizine. Western blot was conducted to detect the effect of jatrorrhizine on inhibiting the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway. Jatrorrhizine has a similar anti‐tumor effect on inhibiting the proliferation and migration of H1975 cells. Jatrorrhizine could dose‐dependently inhibit the proliferation, and invasion and promote the apoptosis of human NSCLC cells. The PI3K‐Akt signaling pathway was preliminarily predicted (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) and verified (Molecular docking) to be a critical pathway of jatrorrhizine against NSCLC. The cytotoxic assay of PI3K/mTOR inhibitor PKI‐402 on H1975 cells and ADP‐Glo Kinase assay of the inhibitory effect of jatrorrhizine on PI3K kinase activity. Western blot verified that jatrorrhizine down‐regulates the phosphorylation of PI3K/mTOR in H1975 cells. Our results revealed that jatrorrhizine is a potentially novel compound that inhibits GR NSCLC by inhibiting PI3K/mTOR phosphorylation.
Bacterial Profiling of Brined Grapevine Leaves Collected From Different Local Markets in Türkiye
Authors: Ucak Samet , Yegin Zeynep , Yurt Mediha Nur Zafer , Sudagidan Mert , Altunbas Osman , Ozalp Veli Cengiz
Published: February 2025

Microorganisms linked to the grapevine, Vitis vinifera, can impact crop quality, plant growth, and human and plant health. This study examined the bacterial community structures of brined grapevine leaves (n = 56) taken from seven distinct regions in Türkiye using next‐generation sequencing technology. Investigations were also conducted into the samples' chemical properties. Firmicutes was the dominant phylum, followed by Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Bacillaceae was the predominant family in the analyzed samples, followed by Clostridiaceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae. Bacillus was the dominant genus, followed by Lysinibacillus and Clostridium sensu stricto. The samples exhibited differences in terms of pH, total acidity, and salt content. The pH values of the brined grapevine leaves ranged from 2.31 to 6.91, the acidity levels ranged from 0.09% to 1.80%, and the salt percentages ranged from 3.39% to 49.14%. This research provides pioneering information for bacterial community analysis of brined grapevine leaves.
Green Microextraction, Paper‐Based Technique, and Smartphone Sensing for Sustainable Determination of Nicotinamide in Pharmaceuticals and Blood Samples
Authors: Ali Diyar Salahuddin , Othman Hazha Omar , Hassan Rebwar Omar
Published: February 2025

This study presents the development of two simple, sensitive, and selective microextraction and preconcentration procedures for determining nicotinamide (NAM) in pharmaceutical formulations and blood samples. The methods utilize the König reaction, where cyanogen chloride, formed by reacting potassium thiocyanate with sodium hypochlorite in an acidic medium, interacts with NAM and couples with buffered barbituric acid at pH 3.5 to form a pink polymethine dye. This dye is extracted into an isobutanol layer using tetrabutylammonium bromide and exhibits maximum absorption at 560 nm for spectrophotometric quantification. In the smartphone paper‐based (SPB) method, the dye is applied to a paper strip, captured by a smartphone, and analyzed for red, green, and blue components. Both methods were thoroughly evaluated for key parameters, demonstrating adherence to Beer's law over a NAM concentration range of 1.0–7.8 µg/mL, with limits of detection of 0.76 µg/mL for the spectrophotometric method and 0.91 µg/mL for the SPB method. Our SPB combines paper‐based analysis, smartphone detection, and microextraction for the first time, offering a cost‐effective, portable, and sensitive solution for NAM assay in plasma. A comparison with the established high‐performance liquid chromatography method, using statistical tests, showed no significant differences, confirming the reliability of these novel methods.
Protective Effect of Carvedilol Against Oxidative Stress Induced by Palmitic Acid in Primary Rat Hepatocytes
Authors: Salas Sandra A. Serna , Damba Turtushikh , Buist‐Homan Manon , Moshage Han
Published: February 2025

Hepatocyte lipotoxicity (HL) is an important factor in the pathogenesis of Metabolic Dysfunction‐Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD). It is defined as the detrimental effects of exposure to (excessive) amounts of toxic lipid species, leading to increased mitochondrial β‐oxidation, oxidative stress (OxS), and organellar dysfunction. Carvedilol (CV) is a β‐adrenergic blocker with antioxidant properties. To elucidate whether CV protects hepatocytes against lipotoxicity induced by palmitic acid (PA) by reducing OxS and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Primary rat hepatocytes (rHep) were used. Lipotoxicity was induced by PA (1 mmol/L). Cell damage was evaluated by Sytox Green staining. Mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species (mROS) was assessed by MitoSox. mRNA and protein expression were measured by qPCR and Western blot, respectively. Lipid accumulation was measured by Oil Red O staining and triglyceride (TG) content. PA induced cell death in > 80% of cells and increased mROS generation. PA increased mRNA expression of ER stress markers CHOP and sXBP1 and slightly increased lipid accumulation. Expression of the β‐oxidation‐related gene Cpt1a was increased. CV (10 µmol/L) significantly reduced PA‐induced cell death to control levels (< 8% of total cells), and mROS generation and expression of the mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes Sod2 and Cat were increased by 40% by CV in the presence of PA. CV did not change the expression of ER stress markers. CV, added before PA, protects rHep against PA‐induced cytotoxicity by reducing OxS and increasing the expression of antioxidant enzymes without any additional protective effect on ER stress or lipid accumulation.
Boronic Acid‐Linked Apo‐Zinc Finger Protein for Ubiquitin Delivery in Live Cells
Authors: Ghosh Pritam , Seitz Oliver
Published: February 2025

Delivering cargo into live cells has extensive applications in chemistry, biology, and medicine. Cell‐penetrating peptides (CPPs) provide an ideal solution for cellular delivery. Enhancing CPPs with additional functional units can improve delivery efficiency. We investigate the conjugation of boronic acid modules to enhance internalization through interactions with cell surface glycans. The aim of this study is to determine whether adding boronic acid can transform a peptide that typically lacks CPP properties into one that functions as a CPP, enabling the delivery of crucial biological cargo like ubiquitin (Ub). The zinc finger protein in its apo state was selected as a “boronate‐enabled” CPP. Results indicate that skeletal point mutations and post‐synthetic modifications, combined with conjugated benzoboroxole derivatives, enable the apo‐ZFP the ability to transport Ub within A549 cells, confirmed through microscopy and flow cytometry. This effective internalization of cargo offers valuable insights for advancing the development of boronic acid‐mediated cell‐penetrating peptides.
Regulation of N‐Glycosylation of CDNF on Its Protein Stability and Function in Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Model of H9C2 Cells
Authors: Huang Qingwen , Dong Haibin , Jia Wenjuan , Ren Yanxin , Li Wei , Zhong Lin , Gong Lei , Yang Jun
Published: February 2025

Myocardial ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury is a cause of high post‐interventional mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI). Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident protein, and its expression and secretion are induced when tissues and cells are subjected to hypoxia, ischemia, or traumatic injury. As a novel cardiomyokine, CDNF plays a crucial role in the progression of myocardial I/R injury. In our previous study, we reported that the overexpression of CDNF inhibited tunicamycin‐induced H9C2 cell apoptosis. Moreover, there is a unique N‐glycosylation site at Asn57 in the CDNF protein, which likely affects its function in H9C2 cells. However, the detailed impact remains unexplored. In our current study, we observed elevated levels of CDNF in the serum of acute MI patients, myocardial tissue of I/R model mice, and H/R model H9C2 cells. To detect the effect of N‐glycosylation on the CDNF protein, we constructed an Asn57 mutant (N57A) plasmid and found that the N57A protein presented similar intracellular localization to those of the wild‐type CDNF protein. However, the N57A protein demonstrated reduced stability, and the mutant protein could not protect H/R‐induced H9C2 cells from apoptosis. Moreover, this process may occur through the downregulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Therefore, N‐glycosylation of CDNF may be essential for protein stability and its protective role in H/R injury in H9C2 cells.
A Small Cut, a Big Challenge: Pediatric Mucormycosis in an Unexpected Host
Authors: Tanvir Marriam , Tanvir Ali , Khan Saad , Henna Fathimathul , Fatima Syeda Mashal , Munir Aqsa , Iqbal Javed
Published: February 2025

Mucormycosis is an infrequent fungal infection commonly seen in immunocompromised individuals. However, it can also occur in immunocompetent patients, especially following trauma. We present a case of a 15‐month‐old girl with increasing swelling and redness in her left eye after a minor traumatic injury. Imaging showed sinusitis with orbital involvement. Histopathology validated the diagnosis of mucormycosis caused by Rhizopus species. The patient had emergency surgery, followed by antifungal and antibiotic therapy. Despite febrile reactions to the treatment, the infection was managed, and the patient was discharged after 2 months. This case highlights the importance of considering mucormycosis in immunocompetent patients with unexplained ocular symptoms after trauma. Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment are essential for improving outcomes, especially in pediatric patients.
A Case Report of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) Treatment in Resource‐Limited Setup: An Ethiopian Experience
Authors: Mulate Sebhatleab T. , Molla Bereket A. , Abera Berhanu M. , Hailemariam Tseganesh M. , Zewde Yared Z.
Published: February 2025

MOSD is a rare and disabling immune‐mediated inflammatory Astrocytopathic disease characterized by demyelination and axonal destruction, typically involving the spinal cord and the optic nerve. Here we present a case report of a 53‐year‐old female patient who had a pertinent history of treatment for optic neuritis a few months back, currently diagnosed with Neuromyelitis Optica after she presented with a three‐week history of weakness of lower extremity, headache, and neuropathic pain. She was pulsed with methylprednisolone and started on azathioprine, which significantly improved her clinical condition. When patients with optic neuritis and transverse myelitis occur, a high index of suspicion for NMOSD is essential. Establishing a diagnosis based on clinical and MRI findings is crucial for initiating therapy quickly, halting more harm, and avoiding a delay in diagnosis. Our experience treating our patient shows that Azathioprine is still a practical choice in resource‐limited setups.
Brainwave Activity Localization, Mood Symptoms, and Balance Impairment in a Male South African Rugby Player With Persisting Symptoms After Concussion: A Case Report
Authors: Lumb M. J. , Snegireva N. , Coetzee A. M. , Welman K. E.
Published: February 2025

The case sets the foundation for clinical protocols to incorporate mobile EEG and qEEG techniques, instrumental balance testing, and mood symptom screening in athletes who have suffered a sports‐related concussion. The protocol provides a framework for clinicians to monitor a patient's recovery progress in terms of brainwave activity, general cognition, moods, and motor control. Objective data obtained through the protocol may assist in developing personalized treatment plans, improving follow‐up care, and identifying residual brain function deficits that may be missed in standardized clinical exams. Finally, this case highlights a need for more thorough communication and testing procedures that screen for mood symptoms and provide an opportunity for athletes to discuss their mental health after suffering from an SRC.
Formation of high‐molecular hydrocarbons by CO‐based Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis using Na‐promoted Fe catalysts
Authors: Schmidt Christian , Wollmerstädt Hendrik , Kureti Sven
Published: February 2025

The present study deals with the CO conversion to high‐molecular hydrocarbons using the Fischer‐Tropsch (FT) synthesis. Fe2O3 samples with Na surface contents between 0 and 10 wt.% were prepared, carbidized and characterized using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, temperature‐programmed reduction by H2 and N2 physisorption. The correlation of catalytic FT activity‐selectivity and physical‐chemical properties of the samples showed that the Na promoter electronically activated the Fe sites enhancing the CO adsorption and carbon coverage. As a result, the Na‐doped catalysts revealed a very high chain growth probability (α = 0.95) substantiating the pronounced formation of long‐chain hydrocarbons.
FT investigations with different catalyst bed lengths evidenced that the carbon chain propagation mainly occurred in the inlet area referred to the increasing transformation of the active Fe carbides into FT‐inactive Fe3O4 along the bed. Additionally, with the decreasing proportion of Fe carbides, bulk carbon and wax deposits formed. Moreover, the activation energies of CO conversion (33 kJ/mol) and CH4 formation (54 kJ/mol) were estimated using Arrhenius plots.
Improved Degradation of Phenanthrene in Soil Washing Eluent by Photo‐Fenton Like Process with Citric Acid
Authors: Tao Yufang , Brigante Marcello , Sun Shenshen , Zhang Hui , Mailhot Gilles
Published: February 2025

Herein, improved degradation of phenanthrene (PHE), one of the common polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), was explored in a citric acid (CA) photo‐Fenton like system under UVB irradiation. Degradation of PHE in soil washing (SW) eluent by the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 (TW80) using Fe(III)‐CA complex was compared with other iron complexes showing a faster degradation with a rate constant of 3.07 × 10−2 min−1. The stability as well as photochemical transformation of Fe(III)‐CA under UVB radiation was evaluated, followed by comparison of PHE oxidation with traditional Fenton or Fenton like process. Fe(III)‐CA complex was found to be stable in dark but quickly photo dissociated under irradiation. The system using Fe(III)‐CA was proved oxidizing PHE more efficiently than traditional Fenton reaction with a rate constant of 3.92 × 10−3 min−1 and Fe(II)‐CA involved system with a rate constant of 1.74 × 10−2 min−1. A two‐stage pattern of PHE decay was observed in the UVB/H2O2/Fe(III)‐CA system. The effects of operational factors including Fe(III)‐CA dosage, Fe(III)/CA ratio, H2O2 and TW80 dosage on PHE degradation were explored. The checked parameters exhibited different influence on PHE degradation. This work provided a cost‐effective strategy for remediating soil pollutants in SW effluent with the presence of surfactant.