bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LEAF and Pornography: Litigating on Equality and Sexual Representations
Authors: Busby Karen
Published: July 2014

In February 1991, the Supreme Court of Canada released R. v. Butler, a decision which upheld Canada's Obscenity Law by recognizing a relationship between pornography and sex inequality. This paper outlines the arguments made by the Women's Legal Education and Action Fund (LEAF) as intervenors in Butler, reviews how this decision could be interpreted, and offers for discussion arguments on some of the issues not addressed in Butler. In particular, it examines how LEAF's position affects lesbians and gay men and how the Butler decision can be used to advance equality arguments for sexual minorities. Given that Canada Customs have continued to discriminate against lesbians and gay men by targeting materials for these communities, feminists and other equality seekers must participate in the debate on how Butler will be interpreted and enforced.
Moral Capital
Authors: Valverde Mariana
Published: July 2014

Foucault's innovative and influential explorations of sexual and moral regulation did not sufficiently explore the connections or contradictions between moral regulation and economic processes. This paper draws on Pierre Bourdieu's materialist concept of “cultural capital” in the elaboration of a model for the study of moral regulation based on the concept of “moral capital”. The accumulation of moral capital, it is argued here, mimics that of economic capital, and yet it also acts as an external limit to economic capital accumulation. This dialectical model is both elaborated and tested through a historical overview of philanthropic techniques for the moral regulation of the urban poor.
Paradigmes et innovation: les professeurs de droit et l'avenir des professions juridiques
Authors: Belley Jean-Guy
Published: July 2014

La thèse soutenue par l'auteur est que le paradigme du positivisme juridique qui a assuré le succès professionnel des juristes depuis le milieu du 19e siècle est devenu préjudiciable à leur capacité d'innover. Un processus de changement de paradigme se manifeste à trovers trois évolutions majeures: la spécialisation croissante des juristes universitaires et praticiens; le brouillage dialectique de la séparation entre le droit, la politique et la morale; le déclin de l'autonomie intellectuelle de la science du droit au contact des technosciences. La segmentation des intérêts et le conflit de classes qui oppose les nouvelles générations à leurs prédécesseurs annoncent peut-être la fin du corporatisme professionnel comme mode officiel de représentation et d'organisation de la communauté juridique. Les professeurs de droit et, de façon privilégiée, les spécialistes des rapports entre le droit et la société peuvent jouer un role névralgique en produisant une meilleure connaissance de la transition actuelle vers un nouveau paradigme du droit.
Droit constitutionnel et rapports de pouvoir: Les droits scolaires des francophones minoritaires du Canada avant 1960
Authors: Martel Angéline , Villeneuve Daniel
Published: July 2014

Les droits constitutionnels conférés à l'intention des francophones minoritaires au Canada par l'article 23 de laCharte canadienne des droits et libertéss'avèrent fragiles dans leur reconnaissance et leur mise en oeuvre. Dans cet article, nous tentons de comprendre les raisons profondes de cette situation. À cet effet, nous analysons les forces idéologiques qui, historiquement, ont soustendu l'interprétation et la mise en oeuvre des droits constitutionnels relatifs à l'éducation des minorités francophones entre 1867 et 1960. Une idée de fond se dégage de cette analyse: les droits éducatifs des minorités, en dépit du caractère argumentatif et rationnel qui leur confère une apparente neutralité, ne sont pas à l'abri des rapports sociaux. Ils sont une construction sociale qui s'enracine profondément dans les oppositions idéologiques et les rapports de pouvoir traversant la société. Ainsi, l'élaboration, l'interprétation et la mise en oeuvre des droits scolaires consacrés aux minorités en vertu de l'article 93 de laLoi constitutionnelle de 1967sont largement influencées par les tensions qui, à travers l'histoire canadienne depuis les origines de la Confédération, ont opposé les tenants de l'idéologie homogénéiste et ceux de l'idéologie dualiste. Dans sa conception même, l'article 93 porte la marque des rapports de pouvoir qui prévalaient au moment de la Confédération. Pour leur part, les tribunaux ont entériné l'idéologie homogénéiste en interprétant l'article 93 de manière statique, ce qui a eu pour effet en pratique d'avaliser la vague d'homogénéisation qui a frappé les écoles des francophones minoritaires avant les années 1960.
L'évolution des normes dans l'institution carcérale
Authors: Lemonde Lucie
Published: July 2014

Sommaire

Après avoir analysé les caractéristiques de l'institution carcérale et du rôle traditionnel du droit dans cet ordre juridique totalitaire, l'auteure tente d'identifier les facteurs et les mouvements sociaux ayant contribué à l'émergence, depuis la fin des années soixante-dix, d'une normativité des droits fondamentaux des personnes incarcérées. Elle soutient que les développements récents sont principalement le résultat de la lutte du mouvement des droits des détenus devant les tribunaux. Au fur et à mesure que les tribunaux ont élaboré des critères pour juger de la légalité d'une pratique ou d'un processus décisionnel, il y a eu, au cours des années quatre-vingt, intégration progressive par le législateur canadien de ces exigences jurisprudentielles. L'intervention judiciaire en droit carcéral canadien a eu un impact important sur l'élaboration de nouvelles normes de justice carcérale consacrant le devoir d'agir équitablement envers les détenus et les droits fondamentaux des personnes incarcérées.
Les êtres humains et les animaux aussi: la protection des sujets d'expérimentation en recherche biomédicale au Canada
Authors: Leroux Thérèse , Létourneau Lyne
Published: July 2014

L'utilisation de sujets d'expérimentation humains et animaux dans le domaine biomédical est universellement acceptée. À défaut d'une telle méthode, dit-on, qu'adviendrait-il du progrès de la science et du soulagement des misères dans le monde? Quoi qu'il en soit, un fait demeure: l'expérimentation humaine et animale, de par sa nature même, appelle la protection des êtres humains et des animaux qui y sont soumis. Au Canada, qu'en est-il de la protection offerte aux sujets d'expérimentation humains et animaux? En lieu et place d'une loi fédérale, des systèmes de contrôle volontaire ont été instaurés par la communauté scientifique. Ceux-ci sont fondés sur la création de comités d'éthique institutionnels. Ils sont complétés par un contrôle a posteriori de l'expérimentation. Dans le c dre de cet article, les auteures décrivent ces systèmes de contrôle et les analysent. D'apparence rassurante, ils révèlent toutefois certaines faiblesses.
Introduction: Law as Source of Popular Culture and Popular Culture as Source of Law
Authors: Howes David
Published: July 2014

The relationship between law and popular culture is a complex and multi-faceted one. The essays in this special issue examine this relationship from different angles, and at the same time seek to sharpen our sense of “popular justice.”

The lead article by Alan Hunt traces the attitudes of Europe's governing elites to the culture of the masses from the 1400s on, and shows how law has traditionally been used to “reform” popular culture—or in other words, to contain and neutralize its perceived threat to the established order. Yet popular culture may also contribute to the maintenance of the established order, precisely because of the way it diverts the masses, as Anne Warner La Forest shows in her analysis of the way the film The Piano was received by critics. “Law and order” may also serve as the subject or source of popular culture, as in the case of the American television programme called “Law & Order,” or the numerous reflections of law and lawyers in Canadian television drama discussed by Mary Jane Miller.
Administering Justice Without the State: A Study of the Private Justice System of the Hudson's Bay Company to 1800
Authors: Smandych Russell , Linden Rick
Published: July 2014

In 1670, a royal charter granted by the English monarchy gave the Hudson's Bay Company the exclusive right to rule over an area that encompasses most of what is now the western part of Canada. As part of its original charter, the Hudson's Bay Company was given the power to enact any laws and regulations not repugnant to the laws of England that were deemed necessary to govern its relations with its servants and to maintain social order throughout the vast territory known as Rupertsland. This paper examines the development of the “private” legal system of the Hudson's Bay Company to 1800. Particular attention is given to examining the specific methods of legal ordering and social control that were used within the Company to discipline Company employees. The data examined in the study provide an empirical foundation for broader theorizing about the nature of non-state forms of governance, legal pluralism, and social control. Specifically, the study provides evidence which shows the complex and varied ways in which legal ordering and social control occur outside the state
Introduction: Law as a Means of Exclusion
Authors: Bertrand Marie-Andrée
Published: July 2014

In our call for papers for this special issue of the Canadian Journal of Law and Society on “Law as a factor of exclusion,” we announced that we were seeking contributions on the discriminatory and exclusionary power of legal and non-legal norms and institutions. We also intimated that the use of historical approaches might prove revealing in analyses of statutes and other legislation, especially for their potential to uncover otherwise hidden legislative agenda.

The articles in this issue of the Journal meet and surpass our expectations. Each of the authors brings into sharp focus the central issues at stake in the announced theme. While the majority of the contributions take legislation and judicial decisions as their primary material, some are directed to exploring non-legal norms and social rules. Moreover, even in those contributions taking the state law as their object, the authors display a keen awareness of the power of social norms and social institutions; one of these deals specifically with the practices of the legal profession and the legal academy. Nearly all of the authors historicize their subject.
The Paradox of Hong Kong Colonialism: Inclusion as Exclusion
Authors: Cheung Anne S. Y.
Published: July 2014

This paper examines the British legal policy in Hong Kong which preserved Chinese customary law as a subtle and indirect form of social control. The initial takeover of Hong Kong by the British in 1841 was motivated by economic interest in China. Hong Kong was to be developed into an entrepôt under a laissez-faire government. In order to pacify the local subjects and the Chinese government, English law was applied to British subjects but the local Chinese were governed by Chinese customary law. Gradually, the interpretation of customary law by English judges and common law courts transformed and even created a new understanding of this law. The preservation of customary law had the paradoxical effect of ousting the local narrative. One hundred and fifty-six years have passed; Hong Kong has fulfilled the British dream of being a flamboyant commercial centre. However, in less than 150 days, Hong Kong will be elevated from the status of a British colony to that of “special administrative region” of China. Nonetheless, the rhetoric of laissez-faire government continues to be reflected in the policy of “high degree of autonomy.” The fate of Hong Kong is certainly unknown. Hopefully, the study of its past experience will shed some light on its future.
National Identity, Ethnic Surnames and the State
Authors: Scassa Teresa
Published: July 2014

Surnames tend to be indicators of a particular linguistic or ethnic background. For this reason, many states have sought, directly or indirectly, to influence the language of the surnames of their nationals. In this paper, the author demonstrates how surname policies have tended to reflect certain national identity objectives: to assimilate or to segregate particular ethnic communities, or to engage in national building exercises around a shared ethnic identity. These surname policies are particularly interesting in the context of ethnically diverse countries like the United States and Canada. The author draws on examples from these countries to illustrate how attitudes towards surnames reflect the inclusion or exclusion of particular communities from articulations of a national identity.
Le Droit, l'exclusion et les Autochtones
Authors: Jaccoud Mylène
Published: July 2014

L'exclusion sociale des autochtones est définie comme une condition de non-citoyenneté qui résulte d'une rupture entre un peuple et son «historicité.» Ce processus de rupture implique que certains individus et certains groupes ont perdu l'accès à des droits sociaux, civils et politiques. Historiquement, la marginalisation des autochtones s'inscrit dans le cursus d'une incorporation à l'État-nation qui s'est traduite par une politique de réduction et de ségrégation internes ayant contribué à l'appropriation des terres auxquelles les autochtones étaient liés matériellement et symboliquement. Cet article tente de comprendre le rôle joué par le droit dans ce processus de rupture, en examinant plus particulièrement les effets de la Loi sur les Indiens. L'auteure conçoit que l'imposition du droit aux premières nations, consécutive à leur incorporation à l'État-nation, a été producteur d'exclusions en amorçant puis en renforçant des ruptures matérielles et identitaires. En guise de conclusion, l'auteure propose six principes théoriques permettant d'analyser la complexité des rapports entre le droit et l'exclusion.
La Vengeance, l'tat et la peine
Authors: Robert Philippe
Published: July 2014

L'auteur commence par soupeser le thème du numéro, «le droit comme facteur d'exclusion», en cherchant à débusquer la forte polysémie des termes pour conclure que les rapports du droit et de l'exclusion sont probablement ambigus. Comparer les différentes acceptions, jouer sur le flou que suscite leur coexistence, voilà l'objet de cet article qui s'attache au droit pénal car la suspicion d'exclusion y prend beaucoup de relief. Cependant la théorie pénaliste le présente, à l'inverse, comme un effort pour arracher l'humanité au jeu archaïque du vindicatif. S'appuyant sur des travaux souvent récents d'anthropologie, l'auteur propose de voir, au contraire, dans le vindicatoire et dans le pénal deux formes de juridicité également réglées dont la plus excluante, au moins dans son principe, est probablement la seconde. Mais comme rien n'est simple dans ce jeu du droit et de l'exclusion, il cherche ensuite à vérifier le propos en examinant les opérations contemporaines du pénal—la création de l'incrimination et sa mise en œuvre. En démontant plusieurs cas-types, l'auteur parvient finalement à montrer la complexité de la relation du droit et de l'exclusion et l'impossibilité d'une conclusion trop brève ou trop aprioriste.
Keeping Oshawa Beautiful: Policing the Loiterer in Public Nuisance By-Law 72–94
Authors: Hermer Joe
Published: July 2014

Abstract—This essay documents how the city of Oshawa, Ontario engaged in a campaign of “civic sanitation” through the enactment of a public nuisance by-law that constructed the discursive form of the loiterer. The relationship between visualization and regulation inherent in this “vision” of social hygiene is examined. The author concludes by reflecting on the forged character of law in late modernity.
Ways Not to Think About Social Theory: Rethinking Environment, Law and Society
Authors: Leane Geoffrey W.G.
Published: July 2014

It is possible to broadly characterize social theory in terms of routine moves which are shaped by aprioricontexts, and deep structure moves which seek to delineate those shaping contexts and, sometimes, to call for new ones. Thus, for example, in the environmental literature we see the routine moves of so-called “shallow ecologists,” who tend to privilege natural systems only to the extent that they serve human ends, and the deep structure moves of “deep ecologists,” who value non-human life forms and systems for their intrinsic value. The author discusses those moves and demonstrates two deep structure theories in the progression of the spiritual view of nature from animism to its current form of instrumental rationality, together with the implications of liberal political ideology for environmentalism. He then advocates an alternative approach to social theory, grounded in the notion that institutional innovation, properly understood and “managed” along a trajectory free of the dead hand of deep structure theory, may hold the promise of transformative possibilities that are neither trivial nor unrealizably utopian. The implications for environmental reform are considered, together with an example taken from the practices of industrial production.
Cultural Studies Encounters Legal Pluralism: Certain Objects of Order, Law and Culture
Authors: Duncanson Ian
Published: July 2014

Cultural studies provides an interesting conceptual perspective on legal pluralism for a number of reasons. Rather than asking ontological questions about parallel legal systems, cultural studies frameworks encourage questions about the meanings which might be generated for “law” at the plural sites of intersection of regulatory phenomena: legal meanings must defer to questions about how a subject is positioned, subjected. Narratives of culture, broadly conceived, also allow us to notice the diverse, fluid and often contradictory patterns of regulation and discipline created when there are politically powerful beliefs in the singularity of order and certainty. The efforts in Anglophone cultures to create an “English” heritage safe from various threatening others is echoed in jurisprudential specifications of the criteria of legality.
Du droit d'association au droit social: Essai sur la crise du droit libéral et l'émergence d'une alternative pluraliste à la norme étatique, 1850–1930
Authors: Fecteau Jean-Marie
Published: July 2014

La mise en place du système normatif libéral au XIXesiècle est un phénomène dont on ne cesse de découvrir la complexité. En substance, il s'agit, pour des sociétés en profonde mutation politique et économique, d'adapter la légalité aux nouveaux impératifs de la démocratie et de l'économie de marché, moteurs centraux du mode de régulation qui tisse ses ramifications sur tout l'Occident à l'époque. Au-delà des difficultés de mise en place du système de lois et d'institutions juridiques et des pesanteurs historiques qui traversent ce processus, le développement du droit d'association vient instituer, au coeur du droit libéral, une contradiction potentielle entre les droits des individus et l'organisation des collectifs. C'est l'évolution de cette contradiction et ses implications que l'on esquisse dans ce bref article.
Global Human Rights and Local Social Movements in a Legally Plural World
Authors: Merry Sally Engle
Published: July 2014

The problem of universalism and relativism in human rights needs to be considered through ethnographic examinations of the mobilization of global human rights in local political struggles. Using the example of a local movement against gender violence in the United States, this article argues that the rights approach provides important resources for local movements but contains particular Western concepts and categories of subjectivity. Given the extent to which legal strategies are subverted within and outside the legal system, here the rights strategy creates new cultural spaces far more than it produces coercive intervention. A framework of legal pluralism and local mobilization provides a perspective which moves beyond the dichotomies of the universalism/relativism debate.
La Perception du risque technologique: Le droit entre Janus et Prométhée
Authors: Boustany Katia , Halde Normand , Antaki Mark
Published: July 2014

Avec, sous l'effet des théories néo-libérales, la remise en cause du processus étatique de réglementation, notamment dans les secteurs technonologiques, de nombreuses questions se posent quant à la capacité des personnes ayant subi un préjudice du fait d'activités technoscientifiques à en obtenir réparation par voie judiciaire. Après avoir exposé les principaux éléments théoriques du débat sur les rapports entre normativité, valeurs démocratiques et économie, l'article s'intéresse à la perception de la science et du risque technoscientifique par les juges, à travers l'analyse de certaines jurisprudences québécoise et canadiennes sous l'angle des rapports entre la preuve scientifique et la preuve en droit. Les auteurs discutent ainsi le problème du poids et de de l'importance de la preuve scientifique dans le processus judiciaire et se réfèrent également aux termes du débat tel qu'il se déroule aux États-Unis.
Mechanisms and processes of relational and physical victimization, depressive symptoms, and children's relational-interdependent self-construals: Implications for peer relationships and psychopathology
Authors: Kawabata Yoshito , Tseng Wan-Ling , Crick Nicki R.
Published: July 2014

This short-term longitudinal study examined the associations between relational and physical victimization and depressive symptoms, and the moderating role of school-aged children's relational-interdependent self-construals in these associations. The participants were 387 children (51.8% boys) who were in the fifth grade (M= 10.48 years,SD= 0.55) in Taiwan and followed at two time points (a 6-month interval) during a calendar year. A multiple-informant approach was used where forms of peer victimization, depressive symptoms, and relational-interdependent self-construals were assessed via peer nominations, teacher reports, and child reports, respectively. All measures had favorable psychometric properties. The results of a multigroup cross-lagged model demonstrated that relational victimization (not physical victimization) was positively predictive of subsequent depressive symptoms, and the effect was evidenced for highly interdependent children only. The opposite link was also significant, such that depressive symptoms predicted subsequent relational victimization (not physical victimization) for children who exhibited low and high levels of relational-interdependent self-construals. In contrast, physical victimization predated a lower level of depressive symptoms for highly interdependent children. These effects were unaffected by the gender of the child. The findings, especially the interactive effects of relational victimization (as a contextual factor) and relational-interdependent self-construals (as an individual vulnerability) on depressive symptoms, are discussed from a developmental psychopathology perspective.
Dwelling on it may make it worse: The links between relational victimization, relational aggression, rumination, and depressive symptoms in adolescents
Authors: Mathieson Lindsay C. , Klimes-Dougan Bonnie , Crick Nicki R.
Published: July 2014

Although there is considerable evidence that relational victimization is associated with depressive symptoms in youth, our understanding about the mechanisms by which victimization and depressive symptoms are linked is limited. The current study explored ruminating about victimization experiences as a potential mechanism that might contribute to an understanding of the association between relational victimization and depressive symptoms. We also tested the specificity of the proposed models by controlling for and testing parallel models of a highly related behavior: relational aggression. A sample of 499 adolescents from sixth through eighth grades participated. Teacher reports were used to assess relational victimization and relational aggression. Self-reports were used to assess depressive symptoms and rumination. The results showed that rumination partially mediated the association between relational victimization and depressive symptoms. No moderation effect was found. In contrast, rumination moderated the association between relational aggression and depressive symptoms. Specifically, relational aggression was associated with depressive symptoms for those adolescents who were also ruminators. Thus, ruminating about victimization experiences appears to be an important mechanism that functions differently for relational aggression and relational victimization in conferring risk for depressive symptoms. The findings offer important practical implications for those working with adolescents and also lay the groundwork for future research.
Parenting, relational aggression, and borderline personality features: Associations over time in a Russian longitudinal sample
Authors: Nelson David A. , Coyne Sarah M. , Swanson Savannah M. , Hart Craig H. , Olsen Joseph A.
Published: July 2014

Crick, Murray-Close, and Woods (2005) encouraged the study of relational aggression as a developmental precursor to borderline personality features in children and adolescents. A longitudinal study is needed to more fully explore this association, to contrast potential associations with physical aggression, and to assess generalizability across various cultural contexts. In addition, parenting is of particular interest in the prediction of aggression or borderline personality disorder. Early aggression and parenting experiences may differ in their long-term prediction of aggression or borderline features, which may have important implications for early intervention. The currrent study incorporated a longitudinal sample of preschool children (84 boys, 84 girls) living in intact, two-parent biological households in Voronezh, Russia. Teachers provided ratings of children's relational and physical aggression in preschool. Mothers and fathers also self-reported their engagement in authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and psychological controlling forms of parenting with their preschooler. A decade later, 70.8% of the original child participants consented to a follow-up study in which they completed self-reports of relational and physical aggression and borderline personality features. The multivariate results of this study showed that preschool relational aggression in girls predicted adolescent relational aggression. Preschool aversive parenting (i.e., authoritarian, permissive, and psychologically controlling forms) significantly predicted aggression and borderline features in adolescent females. For adolescent males, preschool authoritative parenting served as a protective factor against aggression and borderline features, whereas authoritarian parenting was a risk factor for later aggression.
Borderline personality features in childhood: The role of subtype, developmental timing, and chronicity of child maltreatment
Authors: Hecht Kathryn F. , Cicchetti Dante , Rogosch Fred A. , Crick Nicki R.
Published: July 2014

Child maltreatment has been established as a risk factor for borderline personality disorder (BPD), yet few studies consider how maltreatment influences the development of BPD features through childhood and adolescence. Subtype, developmental timing, and chronicity of child maltreatment were examined as factors in the development of borderline personality features in childhood. Children (Mage = 11.30,SD= 0.94), including 314 maltreated and 285 nonmaltreated children from comparable low socioeconomic backgrounds, provided self-reports of developmentally salient borderline personality traits. Maltreated children had higher overall borderline feature scores, had higher scores on each individual subscale, and were more likely to be identified as at high risk for development of BPD through raised scores on all four subscales. Chronicity of maltreatment predicted higher overall borderline feature scores, and patterns of onset and recency of maltreatment significantly predicted whether a participant would meet criteria for the high-risk group. Implications of findings and recommendations for intervention are discussed.
Viewing relational aggression through multiple lenses: Temperament, personality, and personality pathology
Authors: Tackett Jennifer L. , Kushner Shauna C. , Herzhoff Kathrin , Smack Avante J. , Reardon Kathleen W.
Published: July 2014

Dispositional trait frameworks offer great potential to elucidate the nature and development of psychopathology, including the construct of relational aggression. The present study sought to explore the dispositional context of relational aggression across three dispositional frameworks: temperament, personality, and personality pathology. Participants comprised a large community sample of youth, aged 6 to 18 years (N= 1,188; 51.2% female). Ratings of children's relational aggression, temperament, personality, and personality pathology traits were obtained through parent report (86.3% mothers). Results showed convergence and divergence across these three dispositional frameworks. Like other antisocial behavior subtypes, relational aggression generally showed connections with traits reflecting negative emotionality and poor self-regulation. Relational aggression showed stronger connections with temperament traits than with personality traits, suggesting that temperament frameworks may capture more relationally aggressive content. Findings at the lower order trait level help differentiate relational aggression from other externalizing problems by providing a more nuanced perspective (e.g., both sociabilityandshyness positively predicted relational aggression). In addition, there was little evidence of moderation of these associations by gender, age, or age2, and findings remained robust even after controlling for physical aggression. Results are discussed in the broader context of conceptualizing relational aggression in an overarching personality-psychopathology framework.
Conservation of animal genetic resources: approaches and technologies forin situandex situconservation
Authors: Woolliams J.A. , Matika O. , Pattison J.
Published: July 2014

Livestock production faces major challenges through the coincidence of major drivers of change, some with conflicting directions. These are:

1. An unprecedented global change in demands for traditional livestock products such as meat, milk and eggs.

2. Large changes in the demographic and regional distribution of these demands.

3. The need to reduce poverty in rural communities by providing sustainable livelihoods.

4. The possible emergence of new agricultural outputs such as bio-fuels making a significant impact upon traditional production systems.

5. A growing awareness of the need to reduce the environmental impact of livestock production.

6. The uncertainty in the scale and impact of climate change. This paper explores these challenges from a scientific perspective in the face of the large-scale and selective erosion of our animal genetic resources, and concludes thai there is a stronger and more urgent need than ever before to secure the livestock genetic resources available to humankind through a comprehensive global conservation programme.
Discretion in the accounting for defined benefit obligations – an empirical analysis of German IFRS statements
Authors: SALEWSKI MARCUS , ZÜLCH HENNING
Published: July 2014

Following the research approach of Hannet al.(2007), this study investigates how discretion in the determination of the defined benefit obligation (DBO) is perceived by investors using a sample of listed German companies in the period of 2005–2011. For this, actuarial assumptions – discount interest rates, compensation growth rate and projected future pension increases – are replaced by their respective industry medians to obtain that component of the DBO, which can be attributed to discretion. We find that the discretionary component is not value relevant in overall terms, which is in contrast to prior research. We provide an explanation in the country-specific characteristics of Germany. Furthermore, we find weak evidence that the discretionary component is incorporated in investor's equity valuations when pension plans are distinctly underfunded.
On a bivariate risk process with a dividend barrier strategy
Authors: Liu Luyin , Cheung Eric C. K.
Published: July 2014

In this paper, we study a continuous-time bivariate risk process in which each individual line of business implements a dividend barrier strategy. The insurance portfolios of the two insurers are correlated as they are subject to common shocks that induce dependent claims. To analyse the expected discounted dividends until the joint ruin time of the bivariate process (i.e. exit from the positive quadrant), we propose a discrete-time counterpart of the model and apply a bivariate extension of the Dickson−Waters discretisation with the use of a bivariate Panjer-type recursion. Detailed numerical examples under different dependencies via common shocks, copulas and proportional reinsurance are discussed, and applications to optimal problems in reinsurance, capital allocation and dividends are given. It is also illustrated that the optimal pair of dividend barriers maximising the dividend function is dependent on the initial surplus levels. A modified type of dividend barrier strategy is proposed towards the end.
Entwicklung einer pflegegeleiteten Familienberatung für Familien älterer Menschen: Der erste Zyklus eines gemeindebasierten Aktionsforschungsprojektes (CBPR)
Authors: Mahrer-Imhof Romy , Hediger Hannele , Naef Rahel , Bruylands Michelle
Published: July 2014

Hintergrund: Mit der Unterstützung von Familienmitgliedern gelingt es Menschen bis ins hohe Alter, ein eigenständiges Leben zu Hause zu führen. Für viele alte Menschen und ihre Angehörigen ist es aber eine große Herausforderung, Unterstützung und Pflege anzunehmen respektive anzubieten. Familien erhalten oft wenig Hilfe in dieser Situation. Ziel: Deshalb wurde ein pflegegeleitetes Beratungsangebot für Familien älterer Menschen aufgebaut. Methode: Mittels gemeindebasierter Aktionsforschung (Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR)) wurde, basierend auf Fokusgruppen- und Einzelinterviews, sowie einem Survey, das pflegegeleitete Beratungsangebot entwickelt und in einer Pilotstudie getestet. Ergebnisse: In individuellen Beratungen mit Familienangehörigen wurden der Umgang mit Krankheit und Behinderung im Alltag; hilfreiche Pflegemaßnahmen zu Hause; Veränderungen der familialen Beziehungen; Informationen zu Hilfsangeboten und die Navigation des Gesundheitssystems thematisiert. In der Pilotstudie zeigte sich eine statistisch nicht signifikante, leichte Verbesserung des Wohlbefindens und der Bereitschaft zur Pflege bei pflegenden Angehörigen. Die Zufriedenheit mit der Beratung war hoch. Schlussfolgerungen: Familien älterer Menschen konnten sich aktiv in die Entwicklung eines Beratungsangebotes einbringen. Betroffene Familienangehörige nahmen im Rahmen des CBPR aktiv am Entwicklungs- und Forschungsprozess teil und tragen weiterhin zur Weiterentwicklung des Beratungsangebotes bei.
Family Health Nursing – eine Herausforderung für Aus- und Weiterbildung? Ergebnisse eines europäischen Projektes
Authors: Galatsch Michael , Moser-Siegmeth Verena , Blotenberg Britta , große Schlarmann Jörg , Schnepp Wilfried , Team des internationalen Family Health Nursing Projektes
Published: July 2014

Hintergrund: Seit der WHO-Studie «Family Health Nursing» (FHN) hat sich das FHN-Konzept in Europa unterschiedlich etabliert und entwickelt. Aus diesem Grund werden im internationalen Projekt «Family Health Nursing in European Communities» ein einheitliches Ausbildungskonzept für die Family Health Nurse entwickelt. Ziel: Ziel war es, die unterschiedlichen Voraussetzungen in den beteiligten Ländern darzustellen und aktuelle Problemfelder auf Länder- und EU-Ebene zu verdeutlichen. Methode: Hierzu wurden ein Review über grundlegende und länderspezifische Informationen, eine Delphi-Studie, eine Kompetenz- und Anforderungsanalyse und eine Übersicht über vorhandene Aus- und Weiterbildungskonzepte mit FHN-ExpertInnen aus den Projektländern durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse des Reviews spiegeln auch im internationalen Kontext deutliche Unterschiede im Grad der Implementierung des FHN-Konzeptes wieder. Neben unterschiedlichen konzeptionellen Ausrichtungen haben sich mit der Zeit verschiedene Berufsbezeichnungen etabliert. Die Ergebnisse der Delphi-Studie ergaben, dass die Bezeichnung «Family Nurse» (46,3 %) bevorzugt wird, als Hauptaufgaben werden Gesundheitsförderung und Präventionsarbeit betrachtet (85,8 %). Aus diesem Grund sehen die befragten ExpertInnen den Bedarf einer spezialisierten Ausbildung auf Bachelorniveau (81,5 %). Schlussfolgerung: Das Projekt verdeutlicht das Streben der Länder nach einer hochwertigen familialen Versorgung, die durch ein einheitliches FHN-Konzept nachhaltig unterstützt werden könnte.
Erratum: Microbial ecology of an Antarctic hypersaline lake: genomic assessment of ecophysiology among dominant haloarchaea
Authors: Williams Timothy J , Allen Michelle A , DeMaere Matthew Z , Kyrpides Nikos C , Tringe Susannah G , Woyke Tanja , Cavicchioli Ricardo
Published: July 2014

Correction to: The ISME Journal (2014) 8, 1645–1658; doi:10.1038/ismej.2014.18; published online 20 February 2014 Since the publication of this article, the authors have noticed an error in Supplementary Table S2. The correct table is shown below. The error has now been rectified, and the correct Supplementary Information accompanies the online version of the original article.
Erratum: A novel approach, based on BLSOMs (Batch Learning Self-Organizing Maps), to the microbiome analysis of ticks
Authors: Nakao Ryo , Abe Takashi , Nijhof Ard M , Yamamoto Seigo , Jongejan Frans , Ikemura Toshimichi , Sugimoto Chihiro
Published: July 2014

Correction to: The ISME Journal (2013) 7, 1003–1015; doi:10.1038/ismej.2012.171; published online 10 January 2013 Since the publication of this article, it has come to the attention of the authors that there were errors contained within the ‘Results’ and the ‘Discussion’ sections, namely that sequencing data derived from two tick species (IO and IP) were incorrectly transposed.
Suppressing subordinate reproduction provides benefits to dominants in cooperative societies of meerkats
Authors: Bell M. B. V. , Cant M. A. , Borgeaud C. , Thavarajah N. , Samson J. , Clutton-Brock T. H.
Published: July 2014

In many animal societies, a small proportion of dominant females monopolize reproduction by actively suppressing subordinates. Theory assumes that this is because subordinate reproduction depresses the fitness of dominants, yet the effect of subordinate reproduction on dominant behaviour and reproductive success has never been directly assessed. Here, we describe the consequences of experimentally preventing subordinate breeding in 12 groups of wild meerkats (Suricata suricatta) for three breeding attempts, using contraceptive injections. When subordinates are prevented from breeding, dominants are less aggressive towards subordinates and evict them less often, leading to a higher ratio of helpers to dependent pups, and increased provisioning of the dominant’s pups by subordinate females. When subordinate breeding is suppressed, dominants also show improved foraging efficiency, gain more weight during pregnancy and produce heavier pups, which grow faster. These results confirm the benefits of suppression to dominants, and help explain the evolution of singular breeding in vertebrate societies.
Developing Hypothetical Inhibition Mechanism of Novel Urea Transporter B Inhibitor
Authors: Li Min , Tou Weng Ieong , Zhou Hong , Li Fei , Ren Huiwen , Chen Calvin Yu-Chian , Yang Baoxue
Published: July 2014

Urea transporter B (UT-B) is a membrane channel protein that specifically transports urea. UT-B null mouse exhibited urea selective urine concentrating ability deficiency, which suggests the potential clinical applications of the UT-B inhibitors as novel diuretics. Primary high-throughput virtual screening (HTVS) of 50000 small-molecular drug-like compounds identified 2319 hit compounds. These 2319 compounds were screened by high-throughput screening using an erythrocyte osmotic lysis assay. Based on the pharmacological data, putative UT-B binding sites were identified by structure-based drug design and validated by ligand-based and QSAR model. Additionally, UT-B structural and functional characteristics under inhibitors treated and untreated conditions were simulated by molecular dynamics (MD). As the result, we identified four classes of compounds with UT-B inhibitory activity and predicted a human UT-B model, based on which computative binding sites were identified and validated. A novel potential mechanism of UT-B inhibitory activity was discovered by comparing UT-B from different species. Results suggest residue PHE198 in rat and mouse UT-B might block the inhibitor migration pathway. Inhibitory mechanisms of UT-B inhibitors and the functions of key residues in UT-B were proposed. The binding site analysis provides a structural basis for lead identification and optimization of UT-B inhibitors.
Model based variable selection as a tool to highlight biological differences in Raman spectra of cells
Authors: Hedegaard Martin A. B. , Cloyd Kristy L. , Horejs Christine-Maria , Stevens Molly M.
Published: July 2014

Here we present a novel approach to analyse cells using Partial Least Squares – Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) Variable Importance Projection (VIP) scores normally used for variable selection as heat maps combined with group difference spectra to highlight significant differences in Raman band shapes and position.
Dual amplification of single nucleotide polymorphism detection using graphene oxide and nanoporous gold electrode platform
Authors: Mehdi Khoshfetrat Seyyed , Mehrgardi Masoud A.
Published: July 2014

In the present manuscript, a strategy to prompt the sensitivity of a biosensor based on the dual amplification of signal by applying a nanoporous gold electrode (NPGE) as a support platform and soluble graphene oxide (GO) as an indicator has been developed.
Rapid determination of tricaine mesylate residues in fish samples using modified QuEChERS and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Li Jincheng , Liu Huan , Yu Meiqi , Wu Lidong , Wang Qun , Lv Haiyan , Ma Bing , Song Yi
Published: July 2014

A rapid and effective modified, quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method was developed for the determination of tricaine mesylate (MS-222) in fish samples using HPLC-MS/MS.
Methods of multivariate analysis of NIR reflectance spectra for classification of yerba mate
Authors: Alexandre Marcelo Marcelo Caetano , Martins Camila Alves , Pozebon Dirce , Ferrão Marco Flôres
Published: July 2014

A methodology based on multivariate analysis of the NIR reflectance spectra was developed for yerba mate classification. All brands of yerba mate analyzed were correctly classified according to the country of origin.
The development, characterization, and cellular response of a novel electroactive nanostructured composite for electrical stimulation of neural cells
Authors: Depan D. , Misra R. D. K.
Published: July 2014

Electrical stimulation induced cytoskeletal protein reorganization of neural cells on a PEDOT-CNT coated stainless steel neural probe.
An organocatalytic cascade reaction of 2-nitrocyclohexanone and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes with unusual regioselectivity
Authors: Xuan Yi-ning , Chen Zhen-yu , Yan Ming
Published: July 2014

An organocatalytic cascade reaction of 2-nitrocyclohexanone and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes was developed.
Deformable nature of various damaged DNA duplexes estimated by an electrochemical analysis on electrodes
Authors: Chiba J. , Aoki S. , Yamamoto J. , Iwai S. , Inouye M.
Published: July 2014

The local bending flexibility was electrochemically estimated for damaged DNA duplexes containing CPD, APTHF, and 6-4PP compared with those of their corresponding undamaged counterparts.
Multifunctional upconverting nanoparticles for near-infrared triggered and synergistic antibacterial resistance therapy
Authors: Yin Meili , Li Zhenhua , Ju Enguo , Wang Zhenzhen , Dong Kai , Ren Jinsong , Qu Xiaogang
Published: July 2014

A novel nanomaterial with CuS nanoparticles decorated onto the surface of NaYF4:Mn/Yb/Er@photosensitizer doped SiO2 was synthesized for synergistic multidrug-resistant bacteria therapy.
Formation of a nickel carbon dioxide adduct and its transformation mediated by a Lewis acid
Authors: Kim Yeong-Eun , Kim Jin , Lee Yunho
Published: July 2014

The first 5-coordinate Ni–CO2adduct (PPMeP)Ni(η2-CO2) reveals a unique different character in structure and reactivity compared with previous 4-coordinate analogues.
Direct observation of the cyclic dimer in liquid acetic acid by probing the CO vibration with ultrafast coherent Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Lütgens Matthias , Friedriszik Frank , Lochbrunner Stefan
Published: July 2014

The coalescing CO vibrational bands of liquid acetic acid, caused by a mixture of hydrogen bonded aggregates, are decomposed via time and frequency resolved CARS in the specific structural contributions.
N-doped TiO2/C nanocomposites and N-doped TiO2 synthesised at different thermal treatment temperatures with the same hydrothermal precursor
Authors: Wang Jia , Fan Chenyao , Ren Zhimin , Fu Xinxin , Qian Guodong , Wang Zhiyu
Published: July 2014

A hydrothermal precursor method for the synthesis of coloured titania and its enhanced visible light photocatalytic properties.
Proton conductivity of hexagonal and cubic BaTi1−xScxO3−δ (0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.8)
Authors: Rahman Seikh M. H. , Norberg Stefan T. , Knee Christopher S. , Biendicho Jordi J. , Hull Stephen , Eriksson Sten G.
Published: July 2014

Scandium substituted BaTiO3 reveals hexagonal and cubic structures, and the proton conductivity is several orders higher in the cubic materials.
Gold compounds as aquaporin inhibitors: new opportunities for therapy and imaging
Authors: de Almeida Andreia , Soveral Graça , Casini Angela
Published: July 2014

A review on the development of gold-based compounds as aquaglyceroporin inhibitors with potential as therapeutic agents or as chemical probes.
Adsorption of carboxylic modified latex particles at liquid interfaces studied by the gel trapping technique
Authors: Al-Shehri Hamza , Horozov Tommy S. , Paunov Vesselin N.
Published: July 2014

We have studied how carboxylic modified latex (CML) microparticles adsorb at liquid surfaces and the preferred type of emulsion they can stabilise depending on the particle size and the surface density of carboxylic groups.
Multifunctional hydroxyapatite nanoparticle-based affinity adsorbent with sensing and fluorescence imaging capacity
Authors: Yao Shasha , Zhang Yu , Zhang Junli , Zhang Xu , Li Binjie , Zhao Yanbao
Published: July 2014

Nickel hydroxide/hydroxyapatite (Ni(OH)2/HAP) nanoparticles (NPs) coated with rhodamine B hydrazide (RBH) were successfully synthesized in three steps.