bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High Performance Software Computing Enables Accurate Downhole Pressure Predications for Gas Wells
Authors: Al-Hajri Nasser M. , Ureiga Sulaiman , Barghouti Akram
Published: February 2022

A reservoir's static bottomhole pressure is an integral component of many reservoir evaluation disciplines. The static bottomhole pressure is normally acquired through gauge measurements; however, this method has disadvantages such as cost and mechanical risk. Accordingly, the ability to accurately estimate the static bottomhole pressure would provide a cost-effective and safe alternative to well intervention. In this work, a new cloud computing method is introduced to predict the static bottomhole pressure of a natural gas well. The method reaps the benefits of available IR 4.0 technologies, namely multi-layered high performance software computing. The utilization of an advanced software codes enabled accurate and timely prediction of gas wells’ bottomhole pressures. This method differs from existing methods by utilizing the apparent molecular weight profiling concept. Based on the inputs of pressure and temperature gradient data, an iterative calculation scheme is applied to produce a well-specific molecular weight profile. This profile is used along with a modified form of the equation of state to perform top node pressure calculations and ultimately predict the static bottomhole pressure for gas wells. The new calculation method was applied on two calculation modes: calibration mode and time lapse mode.

In the calibration mode, the static bottomhole pressure is predicted on the same gradient survey used to generate the apparent molecular weight profile. On the other hand, the time lapse calculation mode predicts the static bottomhole pressure after a period of time has elapsed from the gradient survey used to build the molecular weight profile. The top node method was tested rigorously, and the prediction results were found accurate with low error percentages.
Combinational Membrane Technique to Support Low Salinity Water Flooding Lswf
Authors: Sakthivel Manikandan
Published: February 2022

Oil reservoirs comprise layers of sandstone with oil and gas held in the spaces between the grains that make up the rock. Allowing an oil reservoir to produce oil through declining natural pressure results in relatively low recoveries (10 to 30%), therefore most fields inject water (waterflooding sweeps oil towards the producing wells) into the oil-bearing rocks which typically increase the oil recovery by 5 to 10%. This means only 30 to 40 % of the oil in place is extracted and to further increase recovery various enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques are required including: gas-lift, polymer flood, steam injection depending on the reservoir and oil characteristics. In some reservoirs membranes are already used for low sulphate seawater injection to minimizes potential scaling or souring issues due to interactions with the formation rocks or water, however, this is for production maintenance rather than EOR.

Waterflooding was first practiced for the purposes of pressure maintenance after primary depletion and displacing oil by taking advantage of viscous forces and has become the most widely adopted improved oil recovery (IOR) technique. Its high availability and simple injection, as well as lower cost and capital investment, are the other key operational and economical features of water flooding.

Historically, little attention has been given to the role of injected water chemistry on the displacement efficiency or its recovery. However, over the past decade, many studies have shown that injecting brine with a salinity in the range of 1000–2000 ppm can affect crude oil/brine/rock (COBR) interactions in a favorable manner to reduce the remaining oil saturation.
Far Field Petrophysics for Saturation Mapping Beyond the Wellbore
Authors: Manuaba Ida Bagus Gede Hermawan , Ghanim Rayan Adil , Bikchandaev Eduard , Taher Ahmed
Published: February 2022

Most conventional logging-while-drilling (LWD) tools acquire real-time measurements from a few inches to a few feet away from the wellbore for lithology, porosity, and saturation evaluation. Deep and ultra-deep resistivity tools were developed primarily for well placement and geomapping applications and can detect resistivity variations further away, in all directions around the wellbore. This article describes integration of deep and ultra-deep resistivity measurements for saturation mapping beyond the wellbore.

Deep and ultra-deep resistivity tools can map multiple formation layers and determine the resistivity of those layers far from the wellbore. Since saturation is dependent on porosity and resistivity, a workflow has been developed to combine real-time shallow measurements with inverted LWD resistivity measurements and logging data from offset wells. The geological model is updated based on deep resistivity measurements, and petrophysical parameters for each layer, combined with inverted resistivity values, are used to derive saturation. Uncertainty is defined based on weighted uncertainty in porosity from offset wells and variation in resistivity across the mapped layers. Azimuthal resistivity measurements were also used to validate the inverted values and reduce uncertainties in cases of boundaries close to the wellbore.

The workflow has been tested on several wells and different reservoirs. Several wells were presented in this study utilizing a combination of shallow and deep azimuthal data along with offset logs. Different layers of different formation characteristics and saturation profiles have been crossed and the data was utilized to validate the mapped saturation values compared to the nearby measurements. The resulting saturation profile provided critical information that enhanced understanding of the reservoir and gave better insight into variation in the far field. Such information is critical for completion-design and well-placement decisions and aligns with the industry's direction toward increased data analytics combining offset wells with real-time data. A continuous improvement of the model is expected as more wells are drilled and the database increases.
Auto-Curve: Downhole Trajectory Automation with Cost Reduction to the Operator by Reducing the Time-to-Target
Authors: Gabriel Shamlan , Brovko Katerina , Ignova Maja , Mantle Katharine , Vie Gilles , Li Ling
Published: February 2022

This paper presents the next level of downhole trajectory automation and control of RSS tools for drilling a consistent curve and placing the well within the given geometrical target. This method transfers the decision-making process to a smart downhole control system that reduces inconsistencies due to human inputs, formation uncertainties and produces an improvement in borehole quality.
Evaluation of Novel Surfactant Based Metal to Metal Friction Reducer
Authors: Farouk Mohammad , Al-Jalal Ziad , Hassan Islam , Marine Hope C. , Al-Hameli Saleem , Al-Abdrabalnabi Ridha
Published: February 2022

Horizontal and deviated well architectures are now quite common as they facilitate drainage of reservoir in a cost-effective manner, such architectures introduce a challenging environment for subsequent completions and bottom hole operations performed through Coiled Tubing (CT) mainly due to friction between the coiled tubing string and well casing or reservoir formation rocks.

To address this, a variety of techniques have been used over the years to reduce the friction between the metallic surfaces and extend the reach of the coiled tubing string to desired depths.

Several Such techniques included-but were not limited to- using a specifically designed CT string (tapered CT strings, Pipe surface smoothing treatments), using mechanical aids (downhole coiled tubing tractors, coiled tubing agitators or vibrators) and increasing lubricity of the annulus fluid through the use of lubricants, there has also been many cases in which multiple techniques have been used at the same time to further extend the CT reach.4

The use of lubricants has always been the easiest technique as it does not require investment into equipment which would increase the complexity of the operation in addition to their cost.

In this study, we are evaluating the friction reduction performance of an environmentally friendly surfactant-based metal friction reducer which will be called Lubricant A, the chemistry of Lubricant A has been used before in oilfield applications, but the authors believe this is the first time this chemistry is used for lubricity enhancement.

We will be assessing Lubricant A performance at room temperature and 170°F to investigate its thermal stability and we will be evaluating its compatibility with common brines used during CT operations, especially at high concentrations of salt.

We will also be comparing the performance of Lubricant A to that of a Co-polymer based Lubricant -which will be labeled Lubricanr B- in terms of Coefficient of Friction (CoF) reduction at room temperature and at 170°F.

A core flood test has also been performed to investigate the impact of brines containing Lubricant A on reservoir rocks permeability.

Based on our lab testing, Lubricant A manages to drop the coefficient of friction (CoF) by 60-70% in most cases and shows relatively high compatibility with different brines at different salt concentrations, outperforming Lubricant B in most cases.

Lubricant A has also shown insignificant reduction in permeability during core flood tests, increasing the potential for its use in operations where formation damage might be a concern.
Successful Development, Scale-Up and Field Deployment of High Activity Liquid Polymers
Authors: Alexis Dennis Arun , Kim Do Hoon , Dwarakanath Varadarajan , Malik Taimur , Winslow Greg , Thach Sophany , Jackson Adam , New Peter , Poulsen Anette , Aujla Sukhjit , Pin Erica
Published: February 2022

In this work, we present the development and deployment of high activity liquid polymer that improves logistics for field deployment in supply chain constrained locations. Such polymers show superior performance in terms of dissolution times, increased neat polymer stability, and improved injectivity during tertiary oil displacement in comparison to traditional emulsion polymers. The initial screening process comprised of testing for viscosity yields in the desired brine, filterability, and long term injectivity corefloods in surrogate rocks. Additional tests included long term aging studies with contaminants to measure shelf life of the neat polymer. Finally, yard scale tests were conducted to identify mixing configuration and system pressures for optimal mixing conditions to scale up for field deployment. The liquid polymer developed for this application shows superior performance with rapid viscosity yields both in lab scale and yard scale mixing tests. Long term injection shows good injectivity (stable pressure for greater than 25 PV injected). Aging tests demonstrated the improved shelf life and higher stability of the neat material in the presence of iron. Application of mechanical shear and imposing temperature vaiations to the neat polymer did not affect the quality of the diluted polymer solution. QA/QC of field supplied batches indicate consistent quality of commercial scale polymer production thus demonstrating the applicability of liquid polymer for piloting at the field scale. The developed liquid polymers improve upon the limitation of traditional emulsion polymers with higher activity, better injectivity, faster dissolution times and better neat polymer stability. These features combined lead to enhanced product performance thus further de-risking polymer flooding in logistically challenging environments.
One of a Kind BHA Design for ERD Wells in Bahrain
Authors: Moncayo Sergio , Szlapa Sandra , Zayed Zeyad , AlJanahi Ahmed , Abdelrady Sayed
Published: February 2022

An innovative BHA was designed to fit slim extended reach wellbore profiles. Precise BHA design was essential to reach the bottom of the well with a scrapper and circulate to clean the hole efficiently for enabling fracking operations with Plug & Perf technology to be performed in extended reach horizontal wells in Bahrain.

Plug & Perf operations for multistage fracking required to run plugs through a cased extended horizontal section with an internal diameter of 4" to isolate the different stages to be stimulated. The max OD of the plug was 3.625 in leaving a marginal clearance between the plug and the casing, making hole cleaning the primary risk to deal with.

For hole cleaning it was important to design the slim BHA with a maximum OD of 3.125 in and ensure reaching bottom. Torque & drag simulations were run using Extended Reach Architect software specialized for drilling ERD wells. This innovative use of the program required creating a fictional section in the well schematic where the new BHA design was simulated. During the execution phase, the simulations proved their accuracy while pointing out the depths where the string weight is lost, and a change in pipe diameter and weight is crucial to continue running in hole.

This unconventional BHA design met not only the technical requirements, but also the logistics challenges coming from the current working pipe inventory. The team looked for alternatives by designing several BHA scenarios, changing the position, amount, weight, and diameter of pipes to be used.

Innovation and accurately applied well engineering created a BHA design process that unlocked the possibility to perform the completion operations of ERD horizontal wells. Ultimately 6 ERD wells were successfully prepared for fracking operations. The implementation of this BHA design workflow decreased the number of clean out runs from 5 attempts to 1 successful run in every well, therefore reducing the operational time by 12 days per well, in overall saving 75 days. Helping to bring oil production faster in Bahrain.
First Successful Deployment of Nonmetallic Casing Strings: A Case History
Authors: Waluyo Fauzia , Hijles Ali , Alhelal Muhammad
Published: February 2022

For the first time, two different sizes of nonmetallic casing strings were installed in water wells to cover shallow potable aquifers. This paper describes the reasons for deployment, planning and design, logistics, operational challenges, lessons learned, and the way forward for this newly deployed technology.

In the initial stages of the project, fiberglass-reinforced thermoset resin (RTR) pipes manufactured locally were evaluated in terms of ratings, dimension, and method of connection and feasibility for downhole applications. Two nonmetallic casing strings, 19.7″ and 11″, were selected to be run in hole. Design consideration also included compatibility with available casing running and handling tools to ensure safe and efficient field handling and running. At this stage, carbon steel casings were still needed to connect the nonmetallic casing to the surface wellhead equipment and to the float equipment at the bottom of the string. Specially designed crossovers were manufactured and tested prior to enabling combination of nonmetallic and carbon steel casing. All manufactured casing joints and crossovers were tested based on the best available criteria for the nonmetallic industry.

Different challenges were encountered in the design stage, such as overcoming the buoyancy force while running and cementing the nonmetallic casing, all of which to be tackled. Cement slurry design and casing accessories were modified based on the simulations scenarios that were run. These designs were subsequently modified in response to issues, i.e., total losses, encountered while drilling.

Successful evaluation of the nonmetallic casing deployment was conducted from multiple aspects, including running efficiency, casing wear, and cement quality. Drillpipe protectors were utilized to reduce the possible casing damage due to wear.

The nonmetallic casing joints were connected through crossovers to a top metallic casing and float equipment at bottom. Both casing strings were successfully run to depth and cemented in place.

Both casings were pressure tested successfully after performing the logging jobs that indicated the level and quality of cement pumped around the strings. Logs showed no considerable change in both nonmetallic casing thickness.

The well was completed with open hole, tested and flowed naturally to surface. A conventional power water injector wellhead was installed before release.

The design, review and assessment processes, as well as several lessons learned from the first ever deployment of the nonmetallic casing in a water supply well, are the key takeaways from this paper.
Langmuir Parameters Prediction: New Insights into the Porosity of the Nanoporous Media of Organic Media of Organic-Rich Shale
Authors: Afagwu Clement Chekwube , Al-Afnan Saad Fahaid , Mahmoud Mohamed , Patil Shirish
Published: February 2022

Shale is a type of unconventional reservoir with a significant potential for storing natural gas attributed to its ability to host hydrocarbons as both free and sorbed phases. However, modeling this multi-physics storage capacity requires redefining some macroscopic parameters such as the porosity to capture the adsorption behavior and pore compressibility, which changes over the entire production life of the asset. Besides, a distinct confining stress phenomenon occurs in a reservoir with a different faulting system and degree of stress heterogeneity. Such mechanisms at nanoscale are complex and difficult to isolate through conventional experimental approaches. Alternatively, computational frameworks like molecular simulation can provide a proxy to accurately describe such intervening mechanisms. The study starts with recreating realistic organic matter structures from a given macromolecule kerogen unit using a molecular dynamics protocol. The created structures were subject to adsorption analysis and mechanical properties assessment while tracking the changes in porosity and pore size distribution. The analyses were used to redefine the porosity considering the adsorption behavior, mechanical properties, pore, and confining pressures. Furthermore, a correlation between stress-induced porosity and Langmuir quantities was developed to predict the Langmuir parameters. The logarithmic function-based model showed that a 33.3% change in stress-dependent kerogen porosity could result in a Langmuir amount, pressure and maximum adsorbed gas density variation of around 100%, 100%, and 50% respectively. Consequently, nanoporosity influence on Langmuir parameters should be critically understood as it plays a significant role in adsorbed gas storage and molecular transport processes in organic-rich shale.
Leveraging Opportunities in the Implementation of a Digital Approach to Site Materials Management in the Construction of Onshore Plant Mega-Projects
Authors: Tamat Mat Sahnizam , Baharudin A Rahim
Published: February 2022

Effective management of construction material is one of main success factors in construction execution because typically 50% up to 70% of the total project cost is on the materials [1][2]. The purpose is to ensure the right construction materials are in the right place and in the right quantity when needed on site. It is highly dependent on a reliable workflow and system, requiring competent personnel and sufficient resources to implement. This technical paper addresses the challenges and utilizes opportunities in the implementation of a digital approach for construction site materials management in one of recently completed onshore plant mega projects in Malaysia.
Impacto da Covid-19 na vida de crianças e adolescentes: uma revisão narrativa
Authors: Costa Ester Maria de Almeida , Goulart Anna Laura Gomes , Ribeiro Victória Santos , Oliveira Iácara Santos Barbosa , Borges Amanda Aparecida , Alves Mateus Goulart , Santos Edna Messias de Freitas , Lenza Nariman de Felício Bortucan
Published: February 2022

Objetivo: Revisar na literatura acerca do impacto físico e psicológico da Covid-19 a vida de crianças e adolescentes. Revisão bibliográfica: aponta com o advento da pandemia por SARS-CoV-2, houve a necessidade de novas estratégias para a garantia do cuidado e saúde das pessoas, como distanciamento social, o uso de máscaras e álcool gel, lavagem das mãos, uma nova organização e adaptação dos serviços de saúde e em geral e relativa pausa das atividades escolares por certo período. Todos esses fatores trouxeram muitas consequências à vida das pessoas no que tange a questões emocionais, físicas, sociais e laborais. Esses impactos afetaram grandemente a vida de crianças e adolescentes. Considerações finais: As crianças e adolescentes estão mais vulneráveis a psicopatologias e violências digitais e auto infligidas, ganho de peso, depressão, por conta da exposição prolongada a estressores, redução de atividades físicas, superexposição aos meios digitais e a telas. No entanto, crianças e adolescentes que já experienciaram situações de vulnerabilidade, como relações consideradas conturbadas e promotoras de desajustes emocionais com familiares, cenário de insegurança alimentar, desigualdade social e histórico de psicopatologias, foram ainda mais afetados negativamente.
REGULATION OF THE QUANTITY OF POTATO TUBER MOTH AND ALGORITHMS FOR DIAGNOSING ITS DEVELOPMENT USING IMAGES OF THEIR LEAVES
Authors: Яхяев Х.К. , Бабаханова М. , Нафасов З.Н.
Published: February 2022

Рассмотрены вопросы регуляции численности картофельной моли по данным феромонных ловушек, которые позволяют упростить систему мониторинга за развитием вредителя и принимать оптимальные решения в борьбе против них. Рассмотрена задача диагностики развития картофельной моли, исходной информацией которого являются изображения листьев картофеля. Для решения рассматриваемой задачи предложена модель алгоритмов диагностики, основанных на принципе потенциалов. Основная идея предлагаемых алгоритмов состоит в формировании набора предпочтительных признаков и принятия диагностических решений на основе сопоставления этих признаков.

Consideration of issues of the quantity of potato tuber moths according to the data of pheromone traps, which make it possible to simplify the monitoring system for the development of the pest and make optimal decisions in their extermination. We have considered the regulation of the number of potato moths according to the data of pheromone traps. These data make it possible to simplify the monitoring system for the development of the pest and make optimal decisions in their extermination. The idea of the proposed algorithms is to form a set of preferred features and make diagnostic decisions based on comparing these features.
COMPREHENSIVE SOLUTION OF ECOLOGICAL SAFETY AND LABOR PROTECTION PROBLEMS IN RECULTIVATION OF COAL FIELDS IN NALAIKH DISTRICT (MONGOLIA)
Authors: Суздалева А.Л. , Жаргалсайхан Б.
Published: February 2022

Добыча угля в районе Налайх (Монголия) частными лицами вызвала ухудшение экологических условий. Несоблюдение правил охраны труда привела к гибели более 200 человек. Ситуацию можно изменить на основе создания управляемых природно-технических систем. После рекультивации территорию Налайх можно использовать для организации резортов.

Coal mining in the Nalaikh District (Mongolia) by private individuals has caused environmental degrada- tion. Non-compliance with labor protection rules led to the death of more than 200 people. The situation can be changed by creating managed natural-technical systems. After recultivation, the territory of Nalaikh can be used to organize resorts.
AUXIN-PRODUCING HERBICIDE RESISTANT STRAIN OF PSEUDOMONAS PROTEGENS 1.2 - THE DESTRUCTOR OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
Authors: Четвериков С.П. , Валиуллин Э.Г.
Published: February 2022

Охарактеризован штамм Pseudomonas protegens 1.2, обладающий способностью окислять нефть и нефтепродукты (68-144 мг СО2/г субстрата), устойчивостью к гербицидам групп 2,4-Д и сульфонилмочевины, способностью к синтезу ауксинов (до 500 нг/мл). Штамм перспективен для использования в технологиях ремедиации нефтезагрязненных объектов и реабилитации почвенных систем, загрязненных химическими средствами защиты растений.

The Pseudomonas protegens 1.2 strain was characterized, which has oxidative activity towards petroleum and petroleum products (68-144 mg CO2/g of substrate), resistance to the herbicides of 2,4-D and sulfonylurea groups (in the ranges of their working concentrations), the ability to synthesize auxins. The strain is promising for use in technologies for remediation of oil-contaminated sites and rehabilitation of soil systems contaminated with chemical plant protection agents.
NAVIGATION SYSTEM OF AIRCRAFT TAKEOFF AND LANDING ZONE
Authors: Бестугин А.Р. , Завьялов В.А. , Петухов С.Г. , Киршина И.А. , Филонов О.М.
Published: February 2022

В статье предложена и описана структура многопозиционной радиотехнической системы зоны взлета и посадки беспилотных летательных аппаратов. Рассмотрены особенности траекторной об- работки информации в предложенной системе и способы повышения потенциальной точности оцени- вания координат и параметров движения беспилотного летательного аппарата.

The article suggests and describes a structure for a multiple radiotechnical system for the takeoff and land- ing zone of unmanned aerial vehicles. It considers the specificity of the trajectory-based information processing within the suggested system and the ways of improving the potential precision of estimating the coordinates and motion parameters of unmanned aerial vehicles.
Evaluation of CD64 biomarker expression on neutrophils and HLA-DR on monocytes in patients with traumatic brain injury as an early predictor of infectious complications
Authors: Ананьева О.В. , Мухачева С.Ю. , Суплотов С.Н. , Шень Н.П. , Пашкина И.В. , Ананьев В.Н.
Published: February 2022

Уровень экспрессии биомаркера CD64 проведен на проточном цитофлюориметре BD FacsCanto2 у пациентов с инфекционными осложнениями и показал положительную взаимосвязь с стресс-реакцией белковой фазы С-реактивного белка (CRP) и с уровнем прокальцитонина (РСТ) к 5-м суткам пребывания в отделении реанимации. При этом уровень экспрессии HLA-DR на моноцитах снижался. В результате проведенных исследований назначалось больным более адекватное лечение.

The expression level of the CD64 biomarker was carried out on a flow cytofluorimeter BD FacsCanto2 in patients with infectious complications and showed a positive relationship with the stress response of the protein phase of C-reactive protein (CRP) and with the level of procalcitonin (PCT) by the 5th day of stay in the intensive care unit. At the same time, the level of HLA-DR expression on monocytes decreased. As a result of the conducted research, patients were assigned more adequate treatment.
Intensification of borehole oil production from Mesozoic deposits of the fields of the Grozny oil region
Authors: Халадов А.Ш. , Алиев И.И. , Газабиева З.Х. , Дудаев М.М. , Адылханов М.С. , Лазиев М.Р.
Published: February 2022

Одной из задач, стоящих перед нефтяной промышленностью, является устойчивое обеспечение потребностей республики в углеводородном сырье, решение которой существенно зависит от ускорения научно-технического прогресса отрасли. Это предполагает увеличение уровня добычи нефти и попутного газа не только за счет ускоренного ввода в разработку новых месторождений, но и широкое использование прогрессивных методов воздействия на пласт, обеспечивающих увеличение дебитов скважин на разрабатываемых залежах.Одним из основных методов повышения эффективности добычи нефти является физико-химическое воздействие на призабойную зону пласта с целью увеличения ее проницаемости и обеспечения связи забоя скважины с пластом, среди применяемых растворов наибольшее распространение получила грязевая кислота и гидрофобные кислотные эмульсии на её основе.

One of the tasks facing the oil industry is the sustainable provision of the republic’s needs in hydrocarbon raw materials, the solution of which depends significantly on the acceleration of the scientific and technological progress of the industry. This implies an increase in the level of oil and associated gas production not only due to the accelerated commissioning of new fields, but also the widespread use of progressive methods of stimulating the formation, ensuring an increase in well flow rates in the developed deposits.One of the main methods of increasing the efficiency of oil production is the physicochemical impact on the bottomhole formation zone in order to increase its permeability and ensure the connection of the wellbore with the formation; mud acid and hydrophobic acid emulsions based on it are the most widely used solutions.
Methodological aspects of monitoring the reactivityof sapropelites during thermohydrolysis: estimationof the stage of carbonization of organic matter
Authors: Рокосов Ю.В. , Горюнова П.В. , Рокосова Н.Н. , Рокосова В.Ю.
Published: February 2022

Цель исследования заключалась в определении стадии карбонизации органического вещества сапропелитов Кушмурунского месторождения Казахстана, исходя из занимаемого ими места на диаграммах относительного распределения образцов других сапропелитов, включающих органическое вещество разной степени карбонизации, в зависимости от содержания основных фракций соединений, образующихся в процессе термогидролиза. Авторы пришли к выводу, что согласно расположению этих сапропелитов на диаграммах относительного распределения образцов с органическим веществом разной степени карбонизации в зависимости от содержания углеводородов, нейтральных и кислых гетероатомных соединений, образующихся при термогидролизе, стадия карбонизации их органического вещества оценивается как длиннопламенная.

The aim of the study was to determine the stage of organic matter carbonization of sapropelites from the Kushmurun field in Kazakhstan, based on their place in the diagrams of the relative distribution of samples of other sapropelites, including organic matter of varying degrees of carbonization, depending on the content of the main fractions of compounds formed during thermohydrolysis. The authors came to the conclusion that according to the arrangement of these sapropelites on the diagrams of the relative distribution of samples with organic matter of different degrees of carbonization depending on the content of hydrocarbons, neutral and acidic heteroatomic compounds formed during thermohydrolysis, the stage of carbonization of their organic matter is assessed as long-flame.
NAMING BASICS OF ADVERTISING
Authors: Гарипова Г.Р. , Силиванец А.В.
Published: February 2022

В статье исследуется сфера нейминга как части брендинга, имеющего маркетинговую природу, отмечена и историко-культурная составляющая рекламной деятельности, определена взаимообусловленность нейминга и рекламы, проанализированы известные неймы с точки зрения их рекламности. Цель – рассмотрение роли нейминга в рекламе.

The article explores the scope of naming as part of branding, which has a marketing nature, the historical and cultural component of advertising activity is noted. The interdependence of naming and advertising is determined. The well-known names are analyzed from the point of view of their sensitizing.
Sources of ambient PM2.5 exposure in 96 global cities
Authors: Tessum Mei , Anenberg Susan , Chafe Zoe , Henze Daven , Kleiman Gary , Kheirbek Iyad , Marshall Julian , Tessum Christopher
Published: February 2022

To improve air quality, knowledge of the sources and locations of air pollutant emissions is critical. However, for many global cities, no previous estimates exist of how much exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), the largest environmental cause of mortality, is caused by emissions within the city vs. outside its boundaries. We use the Intervention Model for Air Pollution (InMAP) global-through-urban reduced complexity air quality model with a high-resolution, global inventory of pollutant emissions to quantify the contribution of emissions by source type and location for 96 global cities. Among these cities, we find that the fraction of PM2.5 exposure caused by within-city emissions varies widely (µ=51%; σ=23%) and is not well-explained by surrounding population density. The list of most-important sources also varies by city. Compared to a more mechanistically detailed model, InMAP predicts urban measured concentrations with less bias but more error. Predictive accuracy in urban areas is not particularly high with either model, suggesting an opportunity for improving global urban air emission inventories. We expect the results herein can be useful as a screening tool for policy options and in many cases may be robust enough to inform policy action to improve public health.
MODEL IDENTIFICATION CONTROL FOR REFINERY PROCESS
Authors: Krishnadevarajan Karthik
Published: February 2022

Study of refinery process model identification
Legislación Ambiental en Ecuador
Authors: Velasco Hurtado María Del Carmen , Caicedo Leones Mónica Annabelle , Sarango Herrera Ericka Viviana
Published: February 2022

Ecuador es uno de los países de Latinoamérica con una gran riqueza en lo que a biodiversidad se refiere, en donde se resguardan un gran número de áreas protegidas dedicados exclusivamente a la conservación. En vista de dichas características y compromiso con la naturaleza, el Ecuador es uno de los pioneros en consagrar diversas novedades y singularidades en el manejo de los temas ambientales en su Constitución y demás instrumentos legales. El objetivo fundamental de la presente investigación es compendiar lo relativo a la Legislación Ambiental en Ecuador, con énfasis en la Constitución, la Ley de Gestión Ambiental y el Código Orgánico del Ambiente. La investigación se realizó bajo una metodología de tipo documental bibliográfica, bajo la modalidad de revisión. De la revisión se desprende que Ecuador posee un cuerpo legal que crea precedente en materia ambiental, comenzando con su normativa constitucional la cual se considera que evolucionó respecto al reconocimiento de los derechos vinculados al medio ambiente, asimismo, a la par, se han ido aprobando otras normativas secundarias a nivel de leyes, acuerdos ministeriales y otras directrices que contribuyen a que desde el Estado se generen políticas que protejan la naturaleza. En conclusión, la legislación ecuatoriana a lo largo del tiempo ha sufrido grandes y positivos cambios en lo que a materia ambiental se refiere. Partiendo desde la Constitución de 2008 que generó un cambio de paradigma en la concepción del ambiente, en donde se supera la mera protección de ésta, basada en el ambiente como objeto de derecho, por la consagración del ambiente como sujeto de derecho. En este sentido, y desde esta evolución, a la par se ha promulgado todo un cuerpo de leyes, acuerdos ministeriales y otras directrices, los cuales permiten que se generen las políticas de Estado necesarias para la protección y conservación de la naturaleza.
Análises de tendências e de periodicidades de séries pluviométricas da Zona Costeira Sul do Estado da Paraíba
Authors: Malzac Marie Eugénie , De Oliveira Bruno Lima , Barros Maria Caroline Vitoriano , Da Silva Tarciso Cabral
Published: February 2022

Na Zona Costeira Sul do estado da Paraíba (ZC-Sul/PB) ocorrem os maiores índices pluviométricos do estado. As bacias hidrográficas na região apresentam rios perenes e, por conseguinte, há diversas captações de água para alguns usos. Ademais, há preocupação com a vulnerabilidade ambiental, referida à perda de solos, decorrente do uso e ocupação. A existência de informações divergentes acerca das tendências de séries de precipitações na região, anuais e das quadras chuvosas (QC), motivou a elaboração deste trabalho relativo a uma investigação sobre a existência de tendências. Foram realizadas verificações sobre a aleatoriedade dos valores das precipitações componentes das séries pluviométricas, o que poderia indicar oscilações e tendências. Os métodos utilizados foram os não paramétricos de Mann-Kendall, para verificar se há tendências positivas e negativas das séries pluviométricas, e o teste de frequência de fases de Wallis e Moore, buscando examinar se a sequência dos elementos da série é aleatória, considerando o nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados não revelaram haver tendências estatisticamente significativas nas séries temporais de precipitação dos postos estudados. Similarmente, o exame dos arranjos dos valores das séries indicou aleatoriedade nas séries de precipitação, do que se presume não haver tendências ou periodicidades.Palavras-chave: séries temporais de precipitação, mudanças climáticas, análises de tendências. Trend and periodicity analysis of pluviometric series in the South Coastal Zone of the State of ParaíbaA B S T R A C TThe highest rainfall indexes in the state of Paraíba occur in the Southern Coastal Zone (ZC-Sul/PB). In the watersheds of the region several perennial rivers occur and there are several abstractions of water for diversified uses. Furthermore, thre is the concern with environmental vulnerability, referring to soil loss, arises mainly from use and occupation. The existence of divergent information about the rainfall series trends in the region, annual and rainy season (QC), led to the elaboration of this work concerning an investigation in the ZC-Sul/PB about the existence of trends. Thus, checks are made on the randomness of rainfall values component of rainfall series, which could indicate oscillations, as well as trends. The Mann-Kendall nonparametric method was used to check for the existence of positive and negative rainfall trends and the Wallis and Moore phase frequency test to examine whether the sequence of the series elements is random, taking into account the significance level of 5%. The results did not reveal statistically significant trends in the rainfall series of the studied stations. Similarly, examination of the arrangement of the series values indicated randomness in the precipitation series, and it is assumed that there are no trends or periodicities.Keywords: precipitation time series, climate change, trend analysis.
Efecto de la aplicación de soluciones nutritivas en la calidad bromatológica del forraje verde hidropónico de Avena sativa y Hordeum vulgare
Authors: Salvador-Castillo José Manuel , Bolaños-González Martín Alejandro , Cedillo-Aviles Ana Karen , Vázquez-Chena Yaneth , Varela-de Gante Sergio Antonio , Meza-Discua José Luis
Published: February 2022

La calidad del forraje se determina mediante un análisis bromatológico, el cual mide variables como: peso seco (PS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra detergente ácido (FDA), fibra detergente neutro (FDN) y cenizas. La calidad es importante, ya que interviene en aspectos relacionados con la nutrición animal y su productividad; y en efectos ambientales como la generación de metano (CH4). Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto del agua potable y dos soluciones nutritivas, con diferente relación nitrato/amonio (NO3-/NH3+); en el peso fresco (PF) y la calidad bromatológica del forraje verde hidropónico (FVH) de avena (Avena sativa) y cebada (Hordeum vulgare), muestreado a los 5, 10 15, 20, 25 y 30 días después de la siembra. Se midieron las variables PF, PS, PB, FDN, FDA y cenizas. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó un modelo factorial 3×2 (tres soluciones nutritivas y dos especies de semilla) con medidas repetidas en el tiempo; y la comparación de medias de Tukey (P ≤ 0.05). De acuerdo con el análisis de varianza (P ≤ 0.05), se observó que: i) el tiempo tuvo un efecto significativo en todas las variables estudiadas; ii) las soluciones nutritivas solo afectaron a la PB, y iii) la especie utilizada tuvo efecto en la PB, FDN, FDA y cenizas. Acorde con la comparación de medias se observó que: i) existió un incremento en el valor de todas las variables conforme avanzó el tiempo de muestreo; ii) el porcentaje de PB fue mayor con las soluciones nutritivas que con el agua potable, pero no se observó diferencia entre las soluciones; y iii) el FVH de avena tuvo mayores valores de PB, FDN, FDA y cenizas; por lo cual se concluyó que dicho FVH posee mejores características nutritivas para el ganado que el FVH de cebada.
Concussion knowledge and attitudes amongst competitive cyclists
Authors: Hardwicke Jack , Hurst Howard
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this study was to examine the concussion knowledge and attitudes of UK competitive road cyclists to identify gaps in knowledge and assess attitudes.  This was a cross-sectional study using 118 UK competitive cyclists, spanning a range of ages and abilities. An adapted Rosenbaum Concussion Knowledge and Attitudes Survey (RoCKAS) was administered to the participants. The RoCKAS contained separate knowledge and attitude sections (possible scores ranged from 0-33 and 15-75, respectively). A cohort analysis was conducted to examine for differences in attitudes amongst the participants. The mean score for concussion knowledge was 26.4 ± 4.12 and 63.1 ± 6.4 for concussion attitude. Statistically significant differences were found in attitudes between the 49-58 age group and the 19-28 age group (p=0.013). Significant differences were also found between competitive cyclists and recreational cyclists who trained but did not race. The results of this study suggest that UK competitive cyclists have moderate concussion knowledge and good concussion symptom recognition. A cohort analysis shows that youth are less concerned about concussion than older participants and higher ability groups were associated with more dangerous attitudes. These findings can help inform targeted educational interventions in cycling to improve concussion awareness, reporting behaviors, and concussion management behaviors.
Applications of Muscle Oxygen Saturation Analysis in Cycling Performance Assessment: A Systematic Review
Authors: Cesanelli Leonardo , Ylaitė Berta , Leite Nuno , Calleja-González Julio
Published: February 2022

Purposeː Cycling performance is the results of the interplay among a wide range of variables.  Different methodological approaches have been described during last 50 years in order to evaluate and understand cycling performance. Our main aim was to systematically review the applications of muscle oximetry in cycling performance assessment. Methods: A structured search was carried out following the PRISMA guidelines in MEDLINE®/PubMed and Scopus databases were searched with additional integration from external sources, between 1 February and 31 March 2020. To meet the inclusion criteria studies published from 2000 to 2020 and that applied muscle oxygen saturation analysis to investigate cyclists’ performance were selected. This review included studies with experimental designs. There were no filters applied to the cyclists’ level, sex, ray or age. Results: Starting from the 955 identified records, 21 items were finally included for the review. Three main investigation topics, related to application of muscle oximetry in cycling science, emerged: cycling performance analysis protocols (n=8); training response and adaptations evaluation (n=8) and impact of different pedaling cadences on cycling performance (n=6). From the studies analyzing performance assessment protocols (38%), emerged how only one threshold, also named breakpoint, seems to be recognizable through NIRS during cycling tests.  Studies that focused on training metabolic adaptations (38%) and cadence analysis (25.6%) evidenced how NIRS device may represent a valid tool to analyze cyclists’ metabolic adaptations and optimize pedaling cadence strategy.  Conclusionː Despite the wide range of applications and promising data emerging from NIRS studies, further investigations evaluating cycling performance are needed to better delineate possible, laboratory and field, applications, and methodologies.
Arte y Contexto: Obras y textos de Arte Contextual
Authors: Arizpe Pita Bertha Alicia , Ledezma Campos Miguel Ángel , Reyes Lamothe Eric , Rodríguez Arévalo Jesús
Published: February 2022

La investigación es una de las fortalezas que distinguen a la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de proyectos que impulsan el avance de diversas disciplinas, como es el caso de las artes visuales. Existen varios caminos o métodos, ya sea en el ámbito de las ciencias exactas o de las ciencias sociales, plantea al artista desarrollar una investigación, este se encuentra frente a varios obstáculos debido a las peculiaridades de su práctica profesional.
Kelayakan Media Pembelajaran Berbasis Laboratorium Virtual pada Sub Materi Kimia Unsur Periode Ketiga
Authors: Dzikro Aida Zahwa Talia , Dwiningsih Kusumawati
Published: February 2022

Penelitian dan pengembangan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelayakan media pembelajaran berbasis laboratorium virtual pada materi kimia unsur sub materi periode ketiga. Kelayakan media pembelajaran diperoleh dari 2 kriteria yakni validitas media berdasarkan penilaian validator dan keefektifan media berdasarkan peningkatan hasil belajar peserta didik. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah model penelitian dan pengembangan 4P (pendefinisian, perancangan, pengembangan, dan penyebarluasan), namun hanya dibatasi pada tahap uji coba produk. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan meliputi lembar telaah media, lembar validasi media, serta soal pretest dan posttest. Hasil penelitian yang dilakukan memperoleh persentase kevalidan isi sebesar 85,12% dan pada validitas konstruk sebesar 86,73% yang dikategorikan sangat valid. Persentase keefektifan media berdasarkan peningkatan hasil belajar peserta didik diperoleh skor N-gain dengan rentang 75-100% yang dikategorikan tinggi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut, maka media pembelajaran berbasis laboratorium virtual layak digunakan sebagai media pembelajaran pada materi kimia unsur sub materi periode ketiga.Kata Kunci: media pembelajaran, laboratorium virtual, kimia unsur periode ketiga
Pengembangan Modul Praktikum Mandiri Terintegrasi Green Chemistry Pada Pokok Bahasan Asam Basa
Authors: Kusuma Baiq Fanesa Rizkilia , Hakim Aliefman , Anwar Yunita Arian Sani , Junaidi Eka
Published: February 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: 1) karakteristik modul praktikum mandiri terintegrasi green chemistry pada pokok bahasan asam basa yang dikembangkan, 2) tingkat kelayakan serta kepraktisan modul praktikum untuk menunjang pembelajaran mandiri. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian Research and Development dengan model penelitian 4D (define, design, develop, disseminate). Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas XI-IPA SMAN 1 Selong pada tahun akademik 2020/2021, sedangkan sampelnya adalah 22 siswa yang diambil secara acak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai validitas (kelayakan) modul praktikum yang dikembangkan dari 4 validator dengan menggunakan indeks Aiken (V) sebesar 0,86 dalam kategori sangat valid. Tingkat kepraktisan diukur melalui respon siswa terhadap modul praktikum. Hasil analisis respon siswa berada pada kategori sangat praktis dengan persentase praktikalitas sebesar 87,2%. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa modul praktikum mandiri terintegrasi green chemistry pada pokok bahasan asam basa yang dikembangkan bersifat layak dan praktis sehingga dapat digunakan dalam pembelajaran mandiri di masa pandemi.