bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of interaction partners of H4 histone by a new proteomics approach
Authors: Saade Evelyne , Mechold Undine , Kulyyassov Arman , Vertut Damien , Lipinski Marc , Ogryzko Vasily
Published: October 2009

We describe a modification of the tandem affinity purification method for purification and analysis of multiprotein complexes, termed here DEF‐TAP (for differential elution fractionation after tandem affinity purification). Its essential new feature is the use for last purification step of 6×His‐Ni++ interaction, which is resistant to a variety of harsh washing conditions, including high ionic strength and the presence of organic solvents. This allows us to use various fractionation schemes before the protease digestion, which is expected to improve the coverage of the analyzed protein mixture and also to provide an additional insight into the structure of the purified macromolecular complex and the nature of protein–protein interactions involved. We illustrate our new approach by analysis of soluble nuclear complexes containing histone H4 purified from HeLa cells. In particular, we observed different fractionation patterns of HAT1 and RbAp46 proteins as compared with RbAp48 protein, all identified as interaction partners of H4 histone. In addition, we report all components of the licensing MCM2‐7 complex and the apoptosis‐related DAXX protein among the interaction partners of the soluble H4. Finally, we show that HAT1 requires N‐terminal tail of H4 for its stable association with this histone.
Detection of ketyl radicals using 31P NMR spin trapping
Authors: Zoia Luca , Argyropoulos Dimitris S.
Published: October 2009

Our recent work has allowed the development of 31P NMR spin trapping techniques for the detection and, at times, absolute quantification of many oxygen‐ and carbon‐centered free radical species. These methods are based on the ability of the nitrone phosphorus compound, 5‐diisopropoxy‐phosphoryl‐5‐methyl‐1‐pyrroline‐N‐oxide (DIPPMPO), to react with free radical species and form stable radical adducts, which are suitably detected and accurately quantified using 31P NMR. Our continuing efforts have now been focused on the application of this powerful system for the trapping of ketyl radicals, which are very difficult intermediates to be detected and quantified with traditional techniques (i.e., EPR). Ketyl radicals were initially produced using photochemical reactions of acetophenone, whose excited triplet state is able to abstract hydrogen from an H donor. As such, the 31P NMR signals for the radical adducts of the DIPPMPO spin trap with the ketyl radicals were assigned. Furthermore, in an effort to confirm the structure of these adducts, their mass spectra and fragmentation patterns were carefully examined under Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) conditions. Subsequently, the DIPPMPO spin trapping system was applied to the oxidation of 1‐(3,4‐dimethoxyphenyl)ethanol in the presence of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), hydrogen peroxide, and 1‐hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT) as the electron carrier (mediator). Our work confirmed that the mechanism consists of a hydrogen abstraction reaction from the α position, involving the ketyl radical: during the oxidation, the hydroxyl, hydroperoxyl, and ketyl radical intermediates were all detected. These efforts demonstrate the efficacy of our methodology that provides for the first time a facile means for the detection of the otherwise elusive ketyl radical species, with important implications in biology, chemistry, and biochemistry. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of the N‐substituent s‐trans to the carbonyl group of N‐methylacrylamide derivatives on the stereospecificity of radical polymerizations
Authors: Hirano Tomohiro , Nasu Shou , Morikami Akihiro , Ute Koichi
Published: October 2009

Radical polymerization of N‐methylacrylamide (NMAAm), N,N‐dimethylacrylamide (DMAAm), and N‐methyl‐N‐phenylacrylamide (MPhAAm) was investigated in toluene at low temperatures. Atactic, isotactic, and syndiotactic polymers were obtained by the polymerization of NMAAm, DMAAm, and MPhAAm, respectively, indicating that the stereospecificity of the radical polymerization of acrylamide derivatives depended on the N‐substituents of the monomer used. From the viewpoint of monomer structure, the origin of the stereospecificity of radical polymerization of NMAAm derivatives is discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 6534–6539, 2009
Synthesis and characterization of polyfluorenevinylene with cyano group and carbazole unit
Authors: Song Suhee , Jin Youngeup , Kim Sun Hee , Shim Joo Young , Son Sooyeon , Kim Il , Lee Kwanghee , Suh Hongsuk
Published: October 2009

The present investigation deals with the synthesis, characterization, and EL properties of new polyfluorenevinylenes, CzCNPFVs, with cyano‐substituted vinylene unit and carbazole pendant. In CzCNPFVs, synthesized by the Knoevenagel condensation, the carbazole pendant was introduced to improve the efficiency of reported CNPFV. The PL emission spectra of the CzCNPFVs in chloroform solution show maximum peaks at 476–479 nm. In thin films, maximum peaks of the CzCNPFVs appeared at 501–504 nm, red‐shifted around 25 nm as compared to those in solution. The emission maxima of the EL spectra of the polymers appear at around 496–504 nm. The maximum luminescence (Lmax) of CzCNPFV2 of the device with the configuration of ITO/PEDOT/CzCNPFVs/Ca/Al is 1724 cd/m2 at 8 V. The maximum luminescence efficiency of CzCNPFV1 is 0.18 cd/A. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 6540–6551, 2009
Preparation of crosslinked microspheres and porous solids from hydrocarbon solutions: A new variation of precipitation polymerization chemistry
Authors: Wu Wei , Parent J. Scott , Sengupta Saurav S. , Chaudhary Bharat I.
Published: October 2009

A new variation of precipitation polymerization is described wherein CH bond addition to a triallyl monomer contributes to molecular weight growth, thereby incorporating a significant amount of saturated hydrocarbon into the solid phase. The extent of monomer oligomerization relative to hydrocarbon addition is shown to increase with the concentration of allyl benzoate in cyclooctane. An extension to the trifunctional monomer, triallyl trimesate, results in phase separation of hydrocarbon‐monomer adducts to give a dispersed phase whose continued reactivity leads to crosslinked microspheres. The relationships between reaction conditions and solid‐phase composition and morphology are discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 6561–6570, 2009
Propagation rate coefficients of isobornyl acrylate, tert‐butyl acrylate and 1‐ethoxyethyl acrylate: A high frequency PLP‐SEC study
Authors: Dervaux Bart , Junker Tanja , Schneider‐Baumann Maria , Du Prez Filip E. , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: October 2009

Pulsed laser polymerization (PLP) coupled to size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is considered to be the most accurate and reliable technique for the determination of absolute propagation rate coefficients, kp. Herein, kp data as a function of temperature were determined via PLP‐SEC for three acrylate monomers that are of particular synthetic interest (e.g., for the generation of amphiphilic block copolymers). The high‐Tg monomer isobornyl acrylate (iBoA) as well as the precursor monomers for the synthesis of hydrophilic poly(acrylic acid), tert‐butyl acrylate (tBuA), and 1‐ethoxyethyl acrylate (EEA) were investigated with respect to their propagation rate coefficient in a wide temperature range. By application of a 500 Hz laser repetition rate, data could be obtained up to a temperature of 80 °C. To arrive at absolute values for kp, the Mark‐Houwink parameters of the polymers have been determined via on‐line light scattering and viscosimetry measurements. These read: K = 5.00 × 105 dL g−1, a = 0.75 (piBoA), K = 19.7 × 105 dL g−1, a = 0.66 (ptBA) and K = 1.53 × 105 dL g−1, a = 0.85 (pEEA). The bulky iBoA monomer shows the lowest propagation rate coefficient among the three monomers, while EEA is the fastest. The activation energies and Arrhenius factors read: (iBoA): log(A/L mol−1 s−1) = 7.05 and EA = 17.0 kJ mol−1; (tBuA): log(A/L mol−1 s−1) = 7.28 and EA = 17.5 kJ mol−1 and (EEA): log(A/L mol−1 s−1) = 6.80 and EA = 13.8 kJ mol−1. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 6641–6654, 2009
Synthesis of polar block grafted syndiotactic polystyrenes via a combination of iridium‐catalyzed activation of aromatic CH bonds and atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Brownell Lacie V. , Shin Jihoon , Bae Chulsung
Published: October 2009

A combination of iridium‐catalyzed CH activation/borylation and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was used to generate polar graft copolymers of syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS). The borylation at aromatic CH bonds of sPS and subsequent oxidation of boronate ester proceeded without negatively affecting the molecular weight properties and the tacticity of sPS. A macroinitiator suitable for ATRP could be synthesized by the esterification of 2‐bromo‐2‐methylpropionyl bromide and hydroxy‐functionalized sPS. The graft polymerizations of methyl methacrylate and tert‐butyl acrylate from the macroinitiator using ATRP afforded polar block grafted sPS materials, syndiotactic polystyrene‐graft‐poly(methyl methacrylate) (sPS‐g‐PMMA) and syndiotactic polystyrene‐graft‐poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) (sPS‐g‐PtBA). The latter was hydrolyzed to yield an amphiphilic graft copolymer, syndiotactic polystyrene‐graft‐poly(acrylic acid) (sPS‐g‐PAA). The structures of the copolymers were characterized by NMR and FTIR spectroscopies. Size exclusion chromatography and 1H NMR spectroscopy were used to study any changes in the molecular weight properties from the parent polymer. A decrease in the hydrophobicity of the graft copolymers was confirmed by water contact angle measurements. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 6655–6667, 2009
A re‐examination of the sub‐Tm exotherm in polyamide 6: The roles of thermal history, water and clay
Authors: Xie Shaobo , Séguéla Roland , Lefebvre Jean‐Marc , Gloaguen Jean‐Michel
Published: October 2009

The sub‐Tm exotherms in polyamide 6 (PA6) have been carefully re‐examined by differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray diffraction, considering the effects of processing and thermal history, addition of water and clay. The results obtained cast doubt on Khanna's proposal that sub‐Tm exotherm in PA6 comes from the release of strain energy absorbed during processing, and suggested that the origin of sub‐Tm exotherm is the γ−α transformation at the premelting temperature, namely, the less thermodynamically stable γ‐form (γns) transforming into the more thermodynamically stable α‐form (αs). The presence of water or clay in PA6 samples facilitated the formation of γns at corresponding cooling rates, and enhanced the development of sub‐Tm exotherms. During the heating scan of PA6/clay composites, the initial γns can be transformed into more stable (γs)t and αs at the same time, which can be thought as the origin of their sub‐Tm events. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 2385–2393, 2009
Pulsed Breakdown and Plasma‐Aided Phenol Polymerization in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Sub‐Critical Water
Authors: Kiyan Tsuyoshi , Sasaki Mitsuru , Ihara Takeshi , Namihira Takao , Hara Masanori , Goto Motonobu , Akiyama Hidenori
Published: October 2009

This paper deals with two fundamental experimental studies with respect to plasma processes in highly pressurized carbon dioxide (CO2) and water: pulsed discharge phenomena in CO2 up to supercritical condition as a basic study of plasma production and polymerization of phenol with a pulsed discharge plasma in sub‐critical water as an application of a discharge plasma for chemical reactions. The experiments showed that: 1) the measured electrical breakdown voltage in supercritical CO2 had a relatively large dispersion compared with that in the gas and liquid phases, and was almost independent of the CO2 density, 2) the delay time for breakdown increased gradually with increasing density, and there was a large fluctuation around the sub‐critical phase or high‐pressure gas phase, 3) the highest conversion of phenol into products in the water experiments under temperatures of 301 to 525 K and pressures of 0.1 to 20 MPa was about 17% under the experimental condition of 523 K, 20 MPa and 4 000 pulsed discharge shots and 4) phenol synthesis could only be obtained at higher temperatures in pulsed discharge plasma.

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Confinement levels in SiGe quantum wells studied by charge spectroscopy
Authors: KaganFF Miron , Antonova Irina , Neustroev Efim , Smagulova Svetlana , Alekseev Pavel , Ray Samit , Sustersic Nathan , Kolodzey James
Published: October 2009

Quantum confinement levels in SiGe quantum wells (QW) with different Ge contents were observed by means of charge deep‐level transient spectroscopy (Q‐DLTS) and transport measurements in the temperature range from 80 to 300 K. This turns out to be possible due to a passivation of structure surface with an organic monolayer. The confined levels became apparent through DLTS measurements as various activation energies in temperature dependence of the rate of carrier emission from the QW. It was found that the recharging of SiGe QWs and carrier emission accomplish due to thermo‐stimulated tunneling. The steps in the current‐voltage characteristics originated from direct tunneling via the confined states were found to determine the current flow at high fields. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical properties of Ga(NAsP) lattice matched to Si
Authors: Karcher C. , Grüning H. , Güngerich M. , Klar P. J. , Kunert B. , Volz K. , Stolz W. , Heimbrodt W.
Published: October 2009

III/V semiconductors containing dilute amounts of N exhibit remarkable features such as a strong increase of the effective mass of the electrons, a huge red‐shift of the band gap compared to the host material and a weak pressure dependence of the PL band position. We examined these features by studying the affect of N incorporation onto the band formation of the alloys Ga(NAs) and Ga(NP). The dispersion‐free N‐related impurity band interacts in a repulsive way with the conduction band of the host material. The novel As‐rich Ga(NAsP) alloy exhibits both the electronic as well as the mechanical properties to serve as an active laser material for III/V integration onto Si substrates. We studied the optical properties by means of photoluminescence, excitation and modulation spectroscopy as well as pressure dependence. Energies of the interband transitions within the MQW have been successfully simulated by a type I QW calculation, yielding a CB to VB offset ration of about 1:2. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Surface morphology of indium phosphide grown on silicon by nano‐epitaxial lateral overgrowth
Authors: Junesand Carl , Olsson Fredrik , Xiang Yu , Gau Ming‐Horng , Lourdudoss Sebastian
Published: October 2009

InP is grown on Si by nano‐epitaxial lateral overgrowth (NELOG or nano‐ELOG) on patterns consisting of net‐type openings under different growth conditions. Surface morphology is characterized with AFM and profilometer and optical quality assessed by Micro Photoluminescence measurements (μ‐PL). Results show that growth conditions affect both morphology and optical quality, with thicker layers generally corresponding to better surface morphology. Lower growth temperature seems to improve surface morphology irrespective of thickness, and ELOG layers exhibit significantly better morphology than the planar layer. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Crystal growth and p‐type conductivity control of AlGaN for high‐efficiency nitride‐based UV emitters
Authors: Mori T. , Nagamatsu K. , Nonaka K. , Takeda K. , Iwaya M. , Kamiyama S. , Amano H. , Akasaki I.
Published: October 2009

Microstructural analysis was carried out to clarify the compositional dependence of the generation of dislocations in AlxGa1‐xN on an underlying AlN layer grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. When the film thickness is less than 1.5 μm, the threading dislocation density (TDD) increases with decreasing AlN molar fraction. However, when the film thickness exceeds 1.5 μm, TDD becomes maximum at x around 0.5. The growth of AlGaN on a grooved AlN template is effective in reducing TDD for all AlN molar fractions. TDD in AlGaN, which is close to binaries such as GaN and AlN, is a few 107 cm–2, while for the intermediate composition with x around 0.5, TDD is still at mid 108 cm–2. The activation energy of Mg in AlGaN is found to show a strong Mg concentration dependence with a negative one‐third power law in Al0.25Ga0.75N and Al0.5Ga0.5N as well as in GaN. Overdoping of Mg causes an increase in the activation energy for every composition; from this, the optimum Mg concentration for realizing the highest hole concentration can be deduced. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical absorption of rutile SnO2 and TiO2
Authors: Thomazi Fabiano , Roman Lucimara Stolz , Silva Antonio Ferreira da , Persson Clas
Published: October 2009

The electronic band‐edge structure and optical response of rutile SnO2 and TiO2 are studied, employing a fully relativistic projected augmented wave method within the local density approximation (LDA). A quasi‐particle model corrects the LDA band‐gap energies, which is used to fit the on‐site self‐interaction correction (SIC) potential LDA+USIC. We show that inclusion of this k‐dependent SIC‐like potential correction, as well as inclusion of polaronic screening are of outermost importance for accurately determining the electronic structure and optical properties. For both SnO2 and TiO2, the calculated absorption coefficient α (ω) reveals a very small optical band‐edge absorption in the photon energy region Eg ≤ ħω ≤ ∼Eg +Δ (Δ = 0.8 eV and 0.5 eV for SnO2 and TiO2, respectively). The main difference between SnO2 and TiO2 is the presence of the unoccupied low‐energy 3d conduction‐band states in TiO2 which yield flat conduction bands and a very strong optical absorption for ħω > Eg +Δ. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrical transport in carbon nanotube coatings of silica fibers
Authors: Ksenevich Vitaly , Dauzhenka Taras , Seliuta Dalius , Kasalynas Irmantas , Kivaras Tomas , Valusis Gintaras , Galibert Jean , Helburn Robin , Lu Qi , Samuilov Vladimir
Published: October 2009

Electrical properties and magnetoresistance (MR) of single‐wall carbon nanotubes coatings of silica fibers were investigated in temperature range 1.8‐300 K and magnetic fields up to 8 T. The dependence of resistance vs temperature, R (T), and MR within the range of 2∼8 K can be explained by a 3D variable range hopping transport. In the temperature range of 8‐300 K, R (T) dependencies can be interpreted by fluctuation‐induced tunnelling model. The determined carrier transport features were supported by additional measurements of change in conductivity in strong 10 GHz microwave fields and measurements of THz radiation induced photocurrent at various lattice temperatures. The features of carrier transport in SWCNTs‐SiO2 coatings are compared with those in free‐standing single walled carbon nanotube fibers. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Equivalent potential of water for electronic structure of asparagine
Authors: Gao Yang , Shen Xiaohong , Zheng Haoping
Published: October 2009

The equivalent potential of water for the electronic structure of asparagine(Asn) is constructed by using the first‐principles, all‐electron, ab initio calculation. The process is composed of three steps. The first step is to determine the geometric structure of Asn+nH2O system with a minimum energy. The second step is to calculate the electronic structure of Asn with the potential of water molecules by using the self‐consistent cluster‐embedding (SCCE) method, based on the result obtained in the first step. The last step is to calculate the electronic structure of Asn with the potential of dipole after replacing water molecules with dipoles. The results show that the major effect of water molecules on Asn' electronic structure be raising the occupied electronic states by 0.034 Ry on average and narrowing energy gap by 0.91%. The effect of water on the electronic structure of Asn can be well simulated by using dipole potential. The obtained equivalent potential can be applied directly to the electronic structure calculation of protein in solution by using the SCCE method. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Positron emission tomography kinetic modeling algorithms for small animal dopaminergic system imaging
Authors: Topping Geoffrey J. , Dinelle Katie , Kornelsen Rick , McCormick Siobhan , Holden James E. , Sossi Vesna
Published: October 2009

Small animal positron emission tomography (PET) imaging allows in vivo quantification of lesion‐ or treatment‐induced neurochemical changes in animal models of disease. Important for quantification are the kinetic modeling methods used to determine biologically‐relevant parameters of tracer‐tissue interaction. In this work, we evaluate modeling algorithms for the dopaminergic tracers 11C‐dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ), 11C‐methylphenidate (MP), and 11C‐raclopride (RAC), used to image the dopaminergic system in the unilateral 6‐hydroxydopamine lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease. For the presynaptic tracers, PET measures are compared with autoradiographic binding measurements using DTBZ and [3H]WIN 35,428 (WIN). We independently developed a new variant of the tissue‐input Logan graphical modeling method, and compared its performance with the simplified Logan graphical method and the simplified reference tissue with basis functions method (SRTM), for region of interest (ROI) averaged time activity curves (TACs) and parametric imaging. The modified graphical method was found to be effectively unbiased by target tissue noise and has advantages for parametric imaging, while all tested methods were equivalent for ROI‐averaged data. Synapse 64:200–208, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Industrial impact in the Canadian north
Authors: Brody Hugh
Published: October 2009

[A Commission of Inquiry into the terms and conditions that would have to be established in the event of a natural gas pipeline corridor being built along the Mackenzie Valley heard evidence for about 18 months in all the potentially affected communities, as well as in Yellowknife and some southern cities. The Commission was headed by Justice Thomas Berger, and came to be known as the Berger Inquiry. This article is based on material contained in two papers, entitled ‘Industrial impact’ and ‘An overview’, presented at the Inquiry by the author in August 1976. We are grateful to the Inquiry for allowing us to make use of the material.
A 1976 radio echo sounding expedition to the Vatnajökull ice cap, Iceland
Authors: Björnsson H. , Ferrari R. L. , Miller K. J. , Owen G.
Published: October 2009

This brief report describes the first year of a joint Cambridge University—Iceland University two-year project to develop radio echo depth-sounding apparatus suitable for the temperate ice of the Vatnajökull ice cap. There is much interest in obtaining detailed ice thickness measurements for the 8 400 km2 Vatnajökull area, where only limited ice-depth surveys, using bore-hole and seismxic techniques, have been carried out in the past. A line of volcanic and geothermal activity extends through the western regions of the ice and creates a sub-glacial lake, Grimsvotn, which collapses every five years or so giving rise to the jökulhlaups, a catastrophic flooding which affects considerable areas of the Icelandic coast to the south of Vatnajökull. Proper understanding of the jökulhlaups phenomena can only be achieved if detailed knowledge of ice thickness and related data are available. Established radio echo sounding techniques which have been successfully applied in the polar regions do not work in water-laden ice such as is to be found in the Vatnajökull area.
A British submarine expedition to the North Pole, 1976
Authors: Wadhams Peter
Published: October 2009

In October 1976 HM nuclear submarine Sovereign was sent into the Arctic Ocean on a voyage to the North Pole. This was the second Royal Naval submarine deployment in the Arctic Ocean, the first being the voyage of the Dreadnought in 1971. Sovereign was accompanied by HM submarine Narwhal as far as 80°N, and within the Arctic Basin the submarine's track was flown over by a Canadian Argus maritime patrol aircraft. The Scott Polar Research Institute carried out a scientific programme from both vessels, with Dr P. Wadhams aboard Sovereign and V. A. Squire aboard Narwhal.
Cambridge University Vatnajökull Expedition, 1977
Authors: Bishop J. F. , Cumming A. D. G. , Ferrari R. L. , Miller K. J.
Published: October 2009

This expedition to Iceland was concerned with ice depth soundings of the largest ice cap in Europe and involved both the development of impulse radar systems and the use of satellite survey equipment for locating experimental stations and ice depth traverses (Fig 1). Vatnajökull, which translated means ‘water-ice’, is a temperate ice sheet and measures approximately 140 km east to west and 100 km north to south, thereby occupying more space than all other glaciers in Europe combined. Ice depth studies had previously been limited to seismic experiments conducted during the French-Icelandic expedition of 1951 when some 33 individual soundings were recorded. A few gravitational studies have also been made. It was not until 1976, however, that a first glacier base profile was obtained by a joint Cambridge-Icelandic expedition using electronic equipment developed at the University of Cambridge (see Polar Record, Vol 18, No 115, p 375–77). From that expedition some understanding of the electrical properties of ice was deduced and it became possible to design equipment that, theoretically, could measure the deepest parts of the ice cap. It was agreed in Reykjavik, in July 1976, to carry out a joint expedition in 1977 using a Mark II British instrument to survey Vatnajökull, at least in part, time and weather permitting. Owing to unforseen difficulties it was only possible for Cambridge University members to carry out this work.
The Harald Drever Memorial Project, 1977
Authors: Gribbon Philip
Published: October 2009

For more than 30 years the late Professor Harald Drever, of the Department of Geology, University of St Andrews, was intimately concerned with the people of the village of Igdlorssuit, near Umanak in west Greenland. Almost every year he spent some weeks in the summer visiting and working in the area. He always hoped that the villagers could maintain their traditional lifestyle by hunting seals and he made a lasting contribution to the preservation of one of their cultural skills when he initiated a kayak endurance race across 80 km of open sea from Umanak to Igdlorssuit. He provided the prize monies, and he donated a handsome trophy for the winner. With his death in 1975 this race was in doubt. However, in 1976 the Umanak Kommune formed a committee to run the race and started to raise support for future races. The Harald Drever Memorial Fund to help the race funds was begun the same year. A sum of about £1 700 (US$3 300) was raised from over 100 contributors and this sum has been matched by contributions from the Umanak Kommune and the Greenex Mining Company, which operates at Mârmorilik in the Umanak district. Thus a substantial basis for the financial future of the race has been laid.
International co-operation for Antarctic development: the test for the Antarctic Treaty
Authors: Roberts Brian
Published: October 2009

It has been suggested to me that I should take this opportunity to initiate discussion about the Antarctic Treaty: in particular to review how far the Treaty is meeting our present practical needs. During the forty years or more during which I have been associated with Antarctic affairs, I have seen some degree of international order evolved out of chaos; harmony has replaced discord; many apparently insoluble problems have been resolved one after another. I have seen that good co-operation and compromise can be and have been achieved repeatedly without any significant sacrifice of national autonomy and to the common advantage of all concerned.
Radio communications for travellers on the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Church F. W.
Published: October 2009

The Arctic Ocean covers an area of roughly 10 million km2. The terrain, in reality an ocean of ice, varies in altitude from sea level to pressure ridges and floes up to 60 m high, in which extensive leads of open water may well be encountered. In the short summer period the temperature can rise significantly above freezing point but during winter the air temperature will drop to levels well below —48°C. During the winter, high winds will buffet radio antenna installations and ice storms render an aerial array virtually useless. In the Arctic basin, periods of mist and fog frequently occur, and during these it will be impossible to determine bearing or position by conventional navigation methods. During any extended journey beyond the land mass surrounding the Arctic Ocean it is important, therefore, to establish communication with base headquarters at an early stage and at regular intervals thereafter to ensure adequate re-supply, provide a homing aid for the re-supply aircraft and to call for assistance or instructions in the event of an emergency.
Amundsen's route to the South Pole
Authors: Drewry D. J. , Huntford R.
Published: October 2009

In victory, there are no questions asked. After Roald Amundsen won the race for the South Pole on 14 December 1911 very few cared how he did it, least of all himself. As Fridtjof Nansen put it in his preface to Amundsen's book, The South Pole, ‘When the discoverer comes home in triumph, everybody cheers him. We are all proud of the accomplished deed…. We feel we have got a new feather in our cap, and got it cheaply’. Only the cognoscenti brood over the whys and wherefores, and the little question—how?
Field experiments on wave-ice interaction in the Labrador and east Greenland currents, 1978
Authors: Wadhams Peter
Published: October 2009

Two field experiments took place in 1978 as part of a project to study ocean wave attenuation in the marginal pack ice zone and the effect of ocean waves on floe break-up and ice dynamics. The main partners in the project are the Scott Polar Research Institute and the Electromagnetics Institute, Technical University of Denmark (TUD), Lyngby, with funding from the Office of Naval Research (ONR), Washington DC, and the Danish government. The first experiment was a pilot study carried out in co-operation with C-CORE (Centre for Cold Oceans Resources Engineering) at Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, and took place in the Labrador Sea. The second experiment was a major field study carried out in September 1978 from Mesters Vig, east Greenland. The project will be completed by a second main experiment at Mesters Vig in summer 1979, with supporting experiments in the Bering Sea and west Greenland in spring 1979.
Education among the native peoples of Alaska
Authors: Darnell Frank
Published: October 2009

Many indigenous minorities throughout the Arctic are presently enduring severe social and economic adversity. Although residents of the Arctic are fewer in number than most other minority ethnic groups, their difficulties are not. This article is a review of one aspect of those difficulties, in one sector of the north: education among the native residents of rural Alaska.
Eider husbandry in the North Atlantic: trends and prospects
Authors: Doughty Robin W.
Published: October 2009

Mankind's relationships with animals consist mainly of preying on them or selecting and controlling useful traits through domestication. The tradition of manipulating populations to conserve animals is ancient. Old laws in western Europe restricted hunting to the upper classes, and regulations have governed the killing of mammals and birds for food. Inhabitants of Britain's remote St Kilda Island, for example, lived off sea birds for 150 years, taking into account the breeding requirements and reproductive potential of several species. Marine birds provide good examples of how different patterns of animal exploitation and conservation have become established. The utilization of one such bird the Common EiderSomateria mollissimademonstrates a rare mutual dependence between man and animal.
International southern ocean studies of circumpolar dynamics
Authors: Neal Victor T. , Nowlin Worth D.
Published: October 2009

The Southern Ocean has unique features that have aroused the interest of the scientific community. As the site of the only circumpolar current, it is the principal region where waters from the major ocean basins may be mixed and/or interchanged. It is also the formation region for Antarctic Bottom Water and Antarctic Intermediate Water, which penetrate far northward into the major ocean basins.
Application of satellite images for monitoring snow-line in the Yukon and Northwest Territories
Authors: Dey B. , Moore H. , Gregory A. F.
Published: October 2009

Each year, more and more of Canada's vast northern territories are being explored in the search for untapped mineral resources. But the area is covered with snow for seven to ten months a year, which hampers most activities connected with mineral exploration. Snow cover also affects changes in albedo and temperature and hydrologic forecasting. The surface hydrology in most areas is only active for two to five months a year. Historically, snow hydrologists have been limited to the use of ground source measurements for estimating the spatial and temporal variability of snow cover. In the Yukon and Northwest Territories hydrometeorological stations are few and tend to be clustered around settlements. Moreover, the ground source data are subject to error and do not necessarily provide a complete picture of current conditions. The synoptic view provided by satellite images presents an economical way to monitor the retreat and advance of the snow-line and of mapping snow cover in remote and sparsely populated areas. The information may eventually be useful for extrapolating conventional ground source data more effectively over the entire Yukon and Northwest Territories.
First voyage to the Kolyma: The Soviet North-East Polar Expedition 1932–33
Authors: Barr William
Published: October 2009

Shipping on the Kara Sea section of the Soviet Northern Sea Route—to and from the mouth of the Yenisey river from the west—had been established on a regular, indeed routine, basis by the 1931 navigation season, when 16 freighters took part (Belov, 1959, p 379). At the other end of the sea route, however, the situation was radically different. Between 1923 and 1931 the mouth of the Kolyma had been served each season by only one, occasionally two, of the freighters Stavropol', Kolyma and Leytenant Shmidt; without icebreaker escort, these vessels would fight their way through the ice of the Chukchi Sea and Proliv Longa to the mouth of the Kolyma (Belov, 1959, p 216–56, p 385–403). The 1932 season saw a dramatic change.
Antarctic Seabird and Seal Monitoring Studies
Authors: Croxall John P. , Prince Peter A.
Published: October 2009

The need to investigate and understand the nature of changes in abundance of economically important marine living resources has been widely recognized. They may be naturally occurring fluctuations, cycles or undirectional processes, or changes in response to artificial influences such as pollution or commercial harvesting. As direct investigation of status and population structure of some of these resources can often prove difficult, or incompatible with continuing exploitation, attention has also focussed on the identification and study of more convenient species which may be used as indices of environmental change.
International Whaling Commission/International Decade of Cetacean Research (IWC/IDCR) Southern Minke Whale assessment cruise, 1978–79
Authors: Best Peter B. , Ohsumi Seiji
Published: October 2009

The Minke Whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) represents the last major baleen whale resource of the Southern Ocean. Concerted exploitation for Minke Whales began in the 1971–72 season, so that it is especially important now that management of this species be placed on an adequate scientific basis.

Despite the accumulation of a considerable amount of basic information on the biological and population parameters of the species remarkably early in its history of exploitation (Ohsumi and others, 1970; Ohsumi and Masaki, 1975; Masaki, 1979), reliable estimates of stock size have proved extremely elusive. Initially, population estimates had to be based entirely on sightings (Ohsumi and Masaki, 1971) as trends in catch per unit of effort were not discernible. These estimates were variable, and sensitive to the extrapolation procedures used to cover areas or seasons for which no data were available. Eventually a decline in catch per unit effort was detected in one Southern Hemisphere Area, Area IV (70°E to 130°E), although this was not statistically significant (IWC, 1977). Most of the recent population estimates have been calculated (directly or indirectly) from an analysis of the decline in Area IV, with the results extrapolated to other Southern Hemisphere areas, based on relative densities from sightings information. Despite a rigorous analysis of catch per unit effort data at the Seattle meeting of the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission (IWC) in May 1978, there was much variability in the Minke Whale population estimates—as much as 3.5 times, depending on the assumptions made (IWC, 1979)—causing the adequacy of assessments based solely on data from catch per unit effort to be questioned. The variability arose with the adoption of a deliberately conservative regime of exploitation (which should produce only a small change in relative abundance), and the reduced amount (and localized nature) of the effort used. Moreover, the only independent data available was based on sightings, and was too variable to place any confidence in detecting significant changes in abundance.
General Miller's flight from Arkhangel'sk, February 1920
Authors: Barr William
Published: October 2009

On 27 September 1919, having destroyed most of their military equipment to prevent it from falling into the hands of the Bolsheviks, the last of the allied troops involved in the ‘Intervention’ at Arkhangel'sk led by General Edmund Ironside were evacuated from the city by sea. The White forces of General Yevgeniy K. Miller were then left to face the Bolsheviks alone (Strakhovsky, 1971, p 229; Silverlight, 1970, p 256; Maclaren, 1976, p 121; Halliday, 1961, p 208). The outcome was inevitable and could only be a matter of time, but when the final collapse of the White regime in Arkhangel'sk did occur, it was accompanied by one of the most bizarre episodes in Arctic marine history.
Benjamin Leigh Smith: a forgotten pioneer
Authors: Credland Arthur G.
Published: October 2009

Benjamin Leigh Smith was born on 12 March 1828 at Whatlington, East Sussex, a son of Benjamin Smith (1783–1860). The family into which he was born carried a strong independent line of thought and adherence to often unpopular views from one generation to the next. William Smith, our subject's grandfather, was a staunch supporter of William Wilberforce and his advocacy of the abolition of slavery. William also supported the views of the American rebels and refused to seek compensation for the loss of family estates in Savannah after the Declaration of Independence. William's son Benjamin, a friend of Thackeray and Member of Parliament for Norwich, 1834–37, was a radical politician and advocate of the repeal of the corn laws. Benjamin senior, a convinced Unitarian, had strong views on the education of his children, and when very young they were taught in what, even now, might be regarded as a progressive manner. A committee, headed by Smith and Lord Brougham, gave funds for the Westminster Infant School which provided elementary education for about 100 poor children in the neighbourhood. Whenever young Benjamin and his brothers and sisters were in London they attended this school which was run by James Buchanan: he had begun life as a weaver in Lanarkshire, and ran the school with the aid of his wife on Swedenborgian principles. There was no corporal punishment; outbreaks of indiscipline were overcome by Buchanan calling all the children to dance together to the sound of his flute. The lack of conventional discipline scandalized the committee and they all withdrew their support leaving Smith to foot the bill. He generously gave £1000 for building baths and a small theatre at the school. Progress was made nonetheless, and Benjamin Senior was sufficiently impressed to invite this unconventional pedagogue to the family estates and continue his children's education during the holidays.
Field experiments on wave-ice interaction in the Bering Sea and Greenland waters, 1979
Authors: Wadhams Peter , Squire Vernon A.
Published: October 2009

Three field experiments in widely separated parts of the Arctic were carried out during 1979 to complete a study of the interaction between ocean waves and sea ice in the marginal ice zone. The aim of the project is to determine the distribution of floe sizes that is generated by a given incident wave field, and this requires measurements of wave decay, of the bending and body responses of floes, and of the strain necessary to cause fracture. The first series of experiments was carried out in 1978 (Wadhams, 1979) off Labrador and east Greenland. The 1979 series consisted of participation in a University of Washington cruise aboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) ship Surveyor to the Bering Sea; participation in the ground truth component of the Sursat remote sensing experiment off west Greenland; and finally a main summer experiment at Mesters Vig, east Greenland, in the same location as the 1978 main experiment. The Office of Naval Research (ONR), Washington DC, funded the study, and the two Greenland experiments were carried out in cooperation with the Electromagnetics Institute, Technical University of Denmark (TUD), Lyngby, with Danish government finance.
Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse and Geodætiske Institut North Greenland expeditions, 1978–80
Authors: Higgins A. K.
Published: October 2009

The second year of the three-year programme of geological investigations in eastern North Greenland has been successfully completed by the Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse (GGU) [Geological Survey of Greenland], in close cooperation, for logistic purposes, with the Geodætiske Institute (GI) [Danish Geodetic Institute] and the Royal Danish Air Force. This programme is the culmination of many years’ planning and the results from it are to be used in the compilation of sheet 8 of the 1:500 000 Greenland geological and Quaternary map series (Watt, 1976), in addition to more detailed maps of specific areas at 1: 100 000.
The politics of non-renewable resource development in Greenland, North Norway and Svalbard
Authors: Morton Nicholas
Published: October 2009

Only recently has the importance of politics in northern resource development been apparent. Governments, resource companies, and the public thought that lack of technology would be the major obstacle in the way of exploiting non-renewable resources in northern areas. The political difficulties encountered by British Petroleum and its Alaska North Slope partners, when trying to obtain government approval for the trans-Alaska (Alyeska) oil pipeline in the late 1960s, were the first clear sign that there exist widely varying political attitudes towards non-renewable resource development in northern lands (Arnold and others, 1976). Native groups in Canada's Northwest Territories were later successfully to argue their case against a Mackenzie valley gas pipeline before the public and a special inquiry (Morton, 1978). The attitude of the Canadian public towards the native position was sympathetic and open to compromise. Recent political emphasis in northern North America has been on the impact of non-renewable resource development upon native peoples and the environment. This has been true of Greenland but less so of North Norway (Nord Norge). Political attitudes over Svalbard have focused almost exclusively upon the international implications of non-renewable resource development (Sollie and others, 1974).
Aleksandr Vasil'yevich Kolchak: Arctic Scientist and Explorer
Authors: Barr William
Published: October 2009

Aleksandr Vasil'yevich Kolchak is undoubtedly best remembered by history for the role he played in the Russian civil war, and especially for his role as ‘Supreme Ruler of All the Russias’, in sole command of the White Russian armies in Siberia and with his seat of government at Omsk (Fleming, 1963, p 111). Probably the best-known incident of his entire career is the one that ended it: in the early hours of 7 February 1920, by the light of a lorry's headlights, he was executed by a Bol'shevik firing squad beneath the walls of Irkutsk prison, and his body bundled through a hole in the ice of the Ushakovka, where it flows past the prison to its confluence with the Angara (Fleming, 1963, p 216; Grondijs, 1939, p 55).
The katabatic winds of Cape Denison and Port Martin
Authors: Parish Thomas R.
Published: October 2009

The Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 1912–14, led by Douglas Mawson, encountered incredibly strong, persistent katabatic winds at Cape Denison and along the coastal stretches of Terre Adélie and George V land (Fig 1). The mean wind speed at Cape Denison was 19.3 ms−1 [43.2 mph] which far surpassed all previous surface wind records. The French expedition of 1950–52 to Port Martin, some 60 km west of Cape Denison, provided confirmation of extraordinary windiness of the region. ordinary windiness of the region. According to Mather and Miller (1967), the winds at coastal Terre Adélie and George V Land are about 70 per cent greater than those recorded at stations similarly located at the foot of the steep ice escarpment. Table 1 lists the mean monthly resultant winds at Cape Denison and Port Martin, along with four other coastal stations known to be influenced by katabatic winds. Included in the table is the record of Dumont d'Urville, situated along the same coastal stretch as Cape Denison and Port Martin. Despite its location on an island 5 km from the base of the ice slopes, Dumont d'Urville frequently experiences strong katabatic winds comparable to most stations located at the base of the steep coastal ice slope. Its wind record reflects the strong katabatic component along Terre Adelie and George V Land.
Cenozoic Glacial and Tectonic History of the Transantarctic Mountains in the McMurdo Sound Region: Recent Progress from Drilling and Related Studies
Authors: Barrett P. J. , McKelvey B. C.
Published: October 2009

Two of the outstanding problems in Antarctic earth sciences are the early history of the East Antarctic ice sheet, and the history of the Transantarctic Mountains. These two problems may well be linked, for if the initial uplift of the Transantarctic Mountains was sufficient to promote a permanent ice cap, this may have triggered formation of the East Antarctic ice sheet in the manner oudined by Drewry (1975, p 266). Glomar Challenger in 1973 made the first major breakthrough concerning early history of the ice sheet by recovering cores from the centre of the Ross Sea; they show that ice rafting began there 25 Ma BP and has been going on ever since (Hayes and others, 1975). However, the core data give little indication of the extent of ice cover, or of the climatic changes that led to expanded ice cover which produced the ice-rafted debris.