bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Depot-Specific mRNA Expression Programs in Human Adipocytes Suggest Physiological Specialization via Distinct Developmental Programs
Authors: Clemons Heather J. , Hogan Daniel J. , Brown Patrick O.
Published: January 2024

Adipose tissue is distributed in diverse locations throughout the human body. Not much is known about the extent to which anatomically distinct adipose depots are functionally distinct, specialized organs, nor whether depot-specific characteristics result from intrinsic developmental programs, as opposed to reversible physiological responses to differences in tissue microenvironment. We used DNA microarrays to compare mRNA expression patterns of isolated human adipocytes and cultured adipose stem cells, before and afterex vivoadipocyte differentiation, from seven anatomically diverse adipose tissue depots. Adipocytes from different depots displayed distinct gene-expression programs, which were most closely shared with anatomically related depots. These depot-specific differences in gene expression were recapitulated when adipocyte progenitor cells from each site were differentiatedex vivo,suggesting that progenitor cells from specific anatomic sites are deterministically programmed to differentiate into depot-specific adipocytes. mRNAs whose expression differed between anatomically diverse groups of depots (e.g., subcutaneous vs. internal) suggest important functional specializations. Many developmental transcription factors showed striking depot-specific patterns of expression, suggesting that adipocytes in each anatomic depot are programmed during early development in concert with anatomically related tissues and organs. Our results support the hypothesis that adipocytes from different depots are functionally distinct and that their depot-specific specialization reflects distinct developmental programs.
Non-contact detection of pyrethroids widely used in vector control byAnophelesmosquitoes
Authors: Kambou Sassan Simplice , Valente Adeline , Agnew Philip , de Sales Hien Domonbabele François , Yerbanga Rakiswendé Serge , Moiroux Nicolas , Dabire Kounbobr Roch , Pennetier Cédric , Cohuet Anna , Carrasco David
Published: January 2024

Pyrethroids are the most widely used insecticides to control vector borne diseases including malaria. Physiological resistance mechanisms to these insecticides have been well described, whereas those for behavioral resistance remain overlooked. Field data suggest the presence of spatial sensory detection byAnophelesmosquitoes of the pyrethroid molecules used in insecticide-based control tools, such as long-lasting insecticide nets or insecticide residual spraying, opening the way to the emergence of a wide range of behavioral adaptations among malaria vectors. However, the spatial sensory detection of these molecules is controversial and needs to be demonstrated. The goal of this study was to behaviorally characterize the non-contact detection of three of the most common pyrethroids used for malaria vector control: permethrin, deltamethrin an ⍺-cypermethrin.

To reach this goal, we recorded the behavior (takeoff response) ofAnopheles gambiaepyrethroid-sensitive and resistant laboratory strains, as well as field collected mosquitoes from the Gambiae complex, when exposed to the headspace of bottles containing different doses of the insecticides at 25 and 35°C, in order to represent a range of laboratory and field temperatures.

We found the proportion of laboratory susceptible and resistant female mosquitoes that took off was, in all treatments, dose and the temperature dependent. Sensitive mosquitoes were significantly more prone to take off only in the presence of ⍺-cypermethrin, whereas sensitive and resistant mosquitoes showed similar responses to permethrin and deltamethrin. Field-collected mosquitoes of the Gambiae complex were also responsive to permethrin, independently of the species identity (An. gambiae,An. coluzziandAn. arabiensis) or their genotypes for thekdrmutation, known to confer resistance to pyrethroids.

The observed ability ofAnophelesspp. mosquitoes to detect insecticides without contact could favor the evolution of behavioral modifications that may allow them to avoid or reduce the adverse effect of insecticides and thus, the development of behavioral resistance.
Nine-month, all-oral regimens for rifampin-resistant tuberculosis
Authors: Guglielmetti Lorenzo , Khan Uzma , Velasquez Gustavo E. , Gouillou Maelenn , Abubakirov Amanzhan , Baudin Elisabeth , Berikova Elmira , Berry Catherine , Bonnet Maryline , Cellamare Matteo , Chavan Vijay , Cox Vivian , Dakenova Zhanna , de Jong Bouke C. , Ferlazzo Gabriella , Karabayev Aydarkhan , Kirakosyan Ohanna , Kiria Nana , Kunda Mikanda , Lachenal Nathalie , Lecca Leonid , McIlleron Helen , Motta Ilaria , Mucching-Toscano Sergio , Mushtaque Hebah , Nahid Payam , Oyewusi Lawrence , Panda Samiran , Patil Sandip , Phillips Patrick , Ruiz Jimena , Salahuddin Naseem , Sanchez-Garavito Epifanio , Seung Kwonjune J. , Ticona Eduardo , Trippa Lorenzo , Vargas Dante , Wasserman Sean , Rich Michael L. , Varaine Francis , Mitnick Carole D.
Published: January 2024

Background After a history of poor treatments for rifampin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB), recent advances have resulted in shorter, more effective treatments. However, they are not available to everyone and have shortcomings, requiring additional treatment options. Methods endTB is an international, open-label, Phase 3 non-inferiority, randomized, controlled clinical trial to compare five 9-month all-oral regimens including bedaquiline (B), delamanid (D), linezolid (L), levofloxacin (Lfx) or moxifloxacin (M), clofazimine (C) and pyrazinamide (Z), to the standard (control) for treatment of fluoroquinolone-susceptible RR-TB. Participants were randomized to 9BLMZ, 9BCLLfxZ, 9BDLLfxZ, 9DCLLfxZ, 9DCMZ and control using Bayesian response-adaptive randomization. The primary outcome was favorable outcome at week 73 defined by two negative sputum culture results or by favorable bacteriologic, clinical and radiologic evolution. The non-inferiority margin was 12 percentage points. Results Of 754 randomized patients, 696 and 559 were included in the modified intention to treat (mITT) and per-protocol (PP) analyses, respectively. In mITT, the control had 80.7% favorable outcomes. Regimens 9BCLLfxZ [adjusted risk difference (aRD): 9.5% (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.4 to 18.6)], 9BLMZ [aRD: 8.8% (95%CI, -0.6 to 18.2)], and 9BDLLfxZ [3.9% (95%CI, -5.8 to 13.6)] were non-inferior in mITT and in PP. The proportion of participants experiencing grade 3 or higher adverse events was similar across the regimens. Grade 3 or higher hepatotoxicity occurred in 11.7% of the experimental regimens overall and in 7.1% of the control. Conclusions The endTB trial increases treatment options for RR-TB with three shortened, all-oral regimens that were non-inferior to a current well-performing standard of care. ClinicalTrials.gov:NCT02754765
Decreasing ganglioside synthesis delays motor and cognitive symptom onset inSpg11knockout mice
Authors: Fortier Manon , Cauhapé Margaux , Buono Suzie , Becker Julien , Menuet Alexia , Branchu Julien , Ricca Ivana , Mero Serena , Dorgham Karim , Hachimi Khalid-Hamid El , Dobrenis Kostantin , Colsch Benoit , Samaroo Dominic , Devaux Morgan , Durr Alexandra , Stevanin Giovanni , Santorelli Filippo M. , Colombo Sophie , Cowling Belinda , Darios Frédéric
Published: January 2024

Biallelic variants in theSPG11gene account for the most common form of autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia characterized by motor and cognitive impairment, with currently no therapeutic option. We previously observed in aSpg11knockout mouse that neurodegeneration is associated with accumulation of gangliosides in lysosomes. To test whether a substrate reduction therapy could be a therapeutic option, we downregulated the key enzyme involved in ganglioside biosynthesis using an AAV-PHP.eB viral vector expressing a miRNA targetingSt3gal5. Downregulation ofSt3gal5inSpg11knockout mice prevented the accumulation of gangliosides, delayed the onset of motor and cognitive symptoms, and prevented the upregulation of serum levels of neurofilament light chain, a biomarker widely used in neurodegenerative diseases. Importantly, similar results were observed upon treatment ofSpg11knockout mice with venglustat, a pharmacological inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase expected to decrease ganglioside synthesis. Downregulation ofSt3gal5or venglustat treatment ofSpg11knockout mice strongly decreased the formation of axonal spheroids, previously associated with impaired trafficking. Venglustat had similar effect on cultured human SPG11 neurons. In conclusion, this work identifies the first disease-modifying therapeutic strategy in SPG11, and provides data supporting its relevance for therapeutic testing in SPG11 patients.
Encoding of vibrotactile stimuli by mechanoreceptors in rodent glabrous skin
Authors: Medlock Laura , Al-Basha Dhekra , Halawa Adel , Dedek Christopher , Ratté Stéphanie , Prescott Steven A.
Published: January 2024

Somatosensory coding in rodents has been mostly studied in the whisker system and hairy skin, whereas the function of low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs) in rodent glabrous skin has received scant attention, unlike in primates where glabrous skin has been the focus. The relative activation of different LTMR subtypes carries information about vibrotactile stimuli, as does the rate and temporal patterning of LTMR spikes. Rate coding depends on the probability of a spike occurring on each stimulus cycle (reliability) whereas temporal coding depends on the timing of spikes relative to the stimulus cycle (precision). Usingin vivoextracellular recordings in rats and mice, we measured the reliability and precision of LTMR responses to different tactile stimuli including sustained pressure and vibration. Similar to other species, rodent LTMRs were separated into rapid-adapting (RA) or slow-adapting (SA) based on their response to sustained pressure. However, unlike the dichotomous frequency preference characteristic of RAI and RAII afferents in other species, rodent RAs fell along a continuum. Fitting generalized linear models (GLMs) to experimental data reproduced the reliability and precision of rodent RAs. The resulting model parameters highlight key mechanistic differences across the RA spectrum; specifically, the integration window of different RAs transitions from wide to narrow as tuning preferences across the population move from low to high frequencies. Our results show that rodent RAs can support both rate and temporal coding, but their heterogeneity suggests that co-activation patterns play a greater role in population coding than for dichotomously tuned primates RAs.

Significance Statement

Our sense of touch starts with activation of nerve fibres in the skin. Although response properties of various fibre types are well-established in other species (e.g. primates), quantitative characterization in rats and mice is limited. To fill this gap, we performed a comprehensive electrophysiological investigation into the coding properties of tactile fibres in rodent non-hairy skin and then simulated these fibres to explain differences in their responses. We show that rodent tactile fibres resemble those from other species, but that their heterogeneity at the population level may differ, with potentially important implications for encoding of touch. Simulations reveal intrinsic mechanisms that support this heterogeneity and provide a useful tool to explore somatosensation in rodents.
Evidence for novelty reward cross-cueing in the odor span task in rats: implications for odor-based reward-motivated tasks
Authors: Onofrychuk Timothy J. , Glass Aiden E. , Greba Quentin , Howland John G.
Published: January 2024

The odor span task (OST) infers working memory capacity (WMC) by requiring rodents to discriminate between previously presented and session-novel odors to obtain a hidden food reward. Here, rats’ responses to session-novel odors and food rewards were assessed to determine whether rats use mitigating strategies in the OST. Rats accurately responded to session-novel odors but also reliably responded to the food reward alone and performed at chance when both a session-novel odor and food reward were presented in separate locations. The inclusion of unscented sand in the cups holding the food reward significantly reduced the rats’ responses to the food reward alone. Collectively, these results demonstrate the need for rigorous tests of potential mitigating strategies and hold wide implications for rodent odor discrimination-based behavioral tasks.
Retrograde amnesia for the stress-induced impairment of extinction: time-dependent and not so forgotten
Authors: Briggs James F. , McMullen Kaitlyn M.
Published: January 2024

We investigated whether retrograde amnesia for the stress-induced impairment of extinction retrieval shares similar characteristics with original acquisition memories. The first experiment demonstrated that cycloheximide administered shortly after a single restraint stress session alleviated the impairment of extinction retrieval but not when administered following a longer delay (i.e., the amnesia for stress is time-dependent). A second experiment showed that the retrograde amnesia for stress could be alleviated by a second brief exposure to the stressor. These results demonstrating that amnesia for stress shares characteristics similar to original memories are explained using a retrieval-based memory integration model of retrograde amnesia.
Necropsy Guide for the Collection of Tissues from Mice with or without Tumors
Authors: Papaioannou Virginia E. , Behringer Richard R.
Published: January 2024

Mice that die at any stage of a mutational analysis, whether during early life or during ageing or longitudinal studies such as tumor survival studies, can yield important information. This protocol provides a necropsy guide for the collection and processing of tissue samples to provide material for complete histological or immunostaining analysis.
Ultrafast all-electrical universal nanoqubits
Authors: Perkins David T. S. , Ferreira Aires
Published: January 2024

We propose how to create, control, and read out real-space localized spin qubits in proximitized finite graphene nanoribbon (GNR) systems using purely electrical methods. Our proposed are formed of in-gap singlet-triplet states that emerge through the interplay of Coulomb and relativistic spin-dependent interactions in GNRs placed on a magnetic substrate. Application of an electric field perpendicular to the GNR heterostructure leads to a sudden change in the proximity couplings, i.e., a quantum quench, which enables us to deterministically rotate the nanoqubit to any arbitrary point on the Bloch sphere. We predict these spin qubits to undergo Rabi oscillations with optimal visibility and frequencies in excess of 10 GHz. Our findings open up an avenue for the realization of graphene-based quantum computing with ultrafast all-electrical methods.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Correlations of dihadron polarization in central, peripheral, and ultraperipheral heavy-ion collisions
Authors: Li Xiaowen , Chen Zhao-Xuan , Cao Shanshan , Wei Shu-Yi
Published: January 2024

While jet quenching in relativistic heavy-ion collisions has been extensively studied over decades, the polarization of quenched hadrons has rarely been discussed. It has recently been proposed that the correlations of dihadron polarization in e+e− and pp collisions provide a novel probe of the longitudinal spin transfer from hard partons to hadrons without requiring the colliding beams to be polarized. To support realistic experimental measurement of dihadron polarization with sufficient luminosity, we extend the aforementioned study to relativistic heavy-ion collisions by convoluting the vacuum fragmentation of partons with their energy loss inside the quark-gluon plasma. We find that while the correlation functions of Λ−Λ (or Λ−Λ¯) polarization in peripheral collisions is consistent with those in pp collisions, clear enhancement can be seen in central collisions. These correlation functions appear sensitive to different assumptions in the de Florian-Stratmann-Vogelsang (DSV) of parton fragmentation functions and, therefore, could place additional constraints on the spin-dependent fragmentation functions of quarks and gluons. The correlation of dihadron polarization has also been explored in ultraperipheral heavy-ion collisions, which provides a cleaner probe of fragmentation functions of quarks produced by energetic photon-photon and photon-Pomeron interactions.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Jet quenching in anisotropic flowing matter
Authors: Kuzmin Matvey V. , Mayo López Xoán , Reiten Jared , Sadofyev Andrey V.
Published: January 2024

We study the interplay between the flow and hydrodynamic gradients in jet quenching at first order in opacity. We find that the mixed flow-gradient contributions in jet quenching are enhanced by the medium length and survive in the eikonal limit, dominating over other medium evolution effects. The resulting modification to the jet quenching parameter and energy loss rate can be substantial, leading to ample phenomenological implications. We also compute the leading corrections to the jet broadening due to the flow velocity gradients and consider the leading gradient effects in the medium-induced branching for general kinematics, extending the recent considerations of jets in inhomogeneous media. These results can be straightforwardly coupled to matter simulations, providing new opportunities for jet tomography in heavy-ion collisions.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Measuring axion gradients with photon interferometry
Authors: Fedderke Michael A. , Thompson Jedidiah O. , Cervantes Raphael , Giaccone Bianca , Harnik Roni , Kaplan David E. , Posen Sam , Rajendran Surjeet
Published: January 2024

We propose a novel search technique for axions with a CP-violating monopole coupling g˜Q to bulk Standard Model charges Q∈{B,L,B−L}. Gradients in the static axion field configurations sourced by matter induce achromatic circular photon birefringence via the axion-photon coupling gϕγ. Circularly polarized light fed into an optical or (open) radio-frequency (RF) Fabry-Pérot (FP) cavity develops a phase shift that accumulates up to the cavity finesse: the fixed axion spatial gradient prevents a cancellation known to occur for an axion dark-matter search. The relative phase shift between two FP cavities fed with opposite circular polarizations can be detected interferometrically. This time-independent signal can be modulated up to nonzero frequency by altering the cavity orientations with respect to the field gradient. Multiwavelength co-metrology techniques can be used to address chromatic measurement systematics and noise sources. With Earth as the axion source, we project reach beyond current constraints on the product of couplings g˜Qgϕγ for axion masses mϕ≲10−5  eV. If shot-noise-limited sensitivity can be achieved, an experiment using high-finesse RF FP cavities could reach a factor of ∼105 into new parameter space for g˜Qgϕγ for masses mϕ≲4×10−11  eV.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Single-Photon Source Over the Terahertz Regime
Authors: Groiseau Caspar , Fernández-Domínguez Antonio I. , Martín-Cano Diego , Muñoz Carlos Sánchez
Published: January 2024

We present a proposal for a tunable source of single photons operating in the terahertz (THz) regime. This scheme transforms incident visible photons into quantum THz radiation by driving a single polar quantum emitter with an optical laser, with its permanent dipole enabling dressed THz transitions enhanced by the resonant coupling to a cavity. This mechanism offers optical tunability of properties such as the frequency of the emission or its quantum statistics (ranging from antibunching to entangled multiphoton states) by modifying the intensity and frequency of the drive. We show that the implementation of this proposal is feasible with state-of-the-art photonics technology.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Acceptance of the metaverse: a laboratory experiment on augmented and virtual reality shopping
Authors: Xi Nannan , Chen Juan , Gama Filipe , Korkeila Henry , Hamari Juho
Published: January 2024

Purpose

In recent years, there has been significant interest in adopting XR (extended reality) technologies such as VR (virtual reality) and AR (augmented reality), particularly in retail. However, extending activities through reality-mediation is still mostly believed to offer an inferior experience due to their shortcomings in usability, wearability, graphical fidelity, etc. This study aims to address the research gap by experimentally examining the acceptance of metaverse shopping.

Design/methodology/approach

This study conducts a 2 (VR: with vs. without) × 2 (AR: with vs. without) between-subjects laboratory experiment involving 157 participants in simulated daily shopping environments. This study builds a physical brick-and-mortar store at the campus and stocked it with approximately 600 products with accompanying product information and pricing. The XR devices and a 3D laser scanner were used in constructing the three XR shopping conditions.

Findings

Results indicate that XR can offer an experience comparable to, or even surpassing, traditional shopping in terms of its instrumental and hedonic aspects, regardless of a slightly reduced perception of usability. AR negatively affected perceived ease of use, while VR significantly increased perceived enjoyment. It is surprising that the lower perceived ease of use appeared to be disconnected from the attitude toward metaverse shopping.

Originality/value

This study provides important experimental evidence on the acceptance of XR shopping, and the finding that low perceived ease of use may not always be detrimental adds to the theory of technology adoption as a whole. Additionally, it provides an important reference point for future randomized controlled studies exploring the effects of technology on adoption.
Market shared liability: an alternative to proportionally impose guilt in civil lawsuits against corporations causing land degradation
Authors: Anand Ghansham , Putri Dita Elvia Kusuma , Adam Tristania Faisa
Published: January 2024

Purpose

This paper aims to analyze the legal framework of land degradation in Asia and provide market shared liability as a new theory to solve a problem regarding the difficulty for judges to determine the percentage of compensation for corporations responsible for land degradation. This paper aims also presents a theory to solve the problem of the vacuum of legal responsibility theory, which can make corporations proportionally responsible in terms of causing land degradation.

Design/methodology/approach

This was done through legal research methods, mainly with systematical interpretation. The approach used in this paper is conceptual, statute and comparative approach.

Findings

By analyzing the related legal norms, it can be understood that in Asian countries, such as Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia, there are regulations regarding land degradation. However, the regulations in these countries are not specific and tend to focus on nature conservation, which has an impact on handling land degradation. Therefore, it needs special regulation to deal with land degradation. One of the things that need to be regulated about land degradation is a market shared liability.

Research limitations/implications

This research is limited to regulation in the Asia region. By analyzing the regulation, this paper will provide an analysis about the land degradation regulation mechanism in Asia and give an analysis about market shared liability as one of the solution to handling land degradation. Having the same ground rules will create synergies between countries in Asia to handle land degradation.

Originality/value

This paper is the first systematic legal research comparing regulations from three nations in Asia on land degradation and the first paper to provide market shared liability as a solution to handling land degradation.
The use of technology in facing the COVID-19 negative consequences and the associated opportunity for digital entrepreneurship in KSA
Authors: Alanzi Sami , Ratten Vanessa
Published: January 2024

Purpose

This article introduces the key findings from investigating technology's role in mitigating the business slowdown enforced by the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated increased reliance on technological means among Saudi firms and citizens to facilitate business operations and other daily life routines, and the impact of this increase in technology adoption on the Saudi digital ecosystem and creating an inviting environment to digital entrepreneurship.

Design/methodology/approach

A qualitative interview methodology is undertaken to understand Saudi managers’ perceptions about the COVID-19 pandemic and digital entrepreneurship.

Findings

A significant finding is that now than ever before, the Saudi market is ready to accommodate more digital entrepreneurial ventures and digitalisation support services. Due to the pandemic's negative implications on the Saudi economy and the business slowdown associated with social distancing measures, a substantial increase in digital orientation and a need for technological solutions were noticed among Saudi firms. This means more attention needs to be placed on how Saudi firms can capitalise on the knowledge economy and digital revolution.

Originality/value

Saudi citizens have become more reliant on technology to manage daily activities and shop for their needs, creating opportunities for digital entrepreneurship to serve and fulfil firms' and people's increased demand for technology solutions.
Filling the SME credit gap: a systematic review of blockchain-based SME finance literature
Authors: Kumar Deepak , Phani B.V. , Chilamkurti Naveen , Saurabh Suman , Ratten Vanessa
Published: January 2024

Purpose

The review examines the existing literature on blockchain-based small and medium enterprise (SME) finance and highlights its trend, themes, opportunities and challenges. Based on these factors, the authors create a framework for the existing literature on blockchain-based SME financing and lay down future research paths.

Design/methodology/approach

The review follows a systematic approach. It includes 53 articles encompassing multiple dimensions of blockchain-based SME finance, including peer-to-peer lending platforms, supply chain finance (SCF), decentralized lending protocols and tokenization of assets. The review critically evaluates these approaches' theoretical underpinnings, empirical evidence and practical implementations.

Findings

The review demonstrates that blockchain-based SME finance holds significant promise in addressing the credit gap by leveraging blockchain technology's decentralized and transparent nature. Benefits identified include reduced information asymmetry, improved access to financing, enhanced credit assessment processes and increased financial inclusion. However, the literature acknowledges several challenges and limitations, such as regulatory uncertainties, scalability issues, operational complexities and potential security risks.

Originality/value

The article contributes to the growing knowledge of blockchain-based SME finance by synthesizing and evaluating the existing literature. It also provides a framework for the existing literature in the area and future research paths. The study offers insights for researchers, policymakers and practitioners seeking to understand the potential of blockchain technology in filling the SME credit gap and fostering economic development through improved access to finance for SMEs.
Perceptions of older people about the use of cell phones in Argentina: a contribution from the gerontotechnological perspective
Authors: Revollo Sarmiento Elsa Araceli , Krzemien Deisy , López Moreno Maria Celeste , Vivas Leticia
Published: January 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to describe the perceptions that older people in Argentina have about the use of cell phones and to analyze their influence on user behavior. At the same time, it was intended to analyze whether sociodemographic factors influence these perceptions.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors conducted a study with a non-experimental, cross-sectional and cross-correlational design; a non-probabilistic sample of 138 intentionally selected older people was chosen.

Findings

The frequency and years of cell phone use, as well as the applications used, are influenced by the perceptions that older people have about cell phone use. In addition, it was found that age, gender and socio-educational level determine the perceptions that older people have about cell phone use.

Originality/value

This research has implications for interventions aimed at improving older people’s functional health. Understanding the perceptions of older people in relation to technology will enable the enhancement of its utility to foster an autonomous lifestyle and social integration in old age.
Exploring mixed-mode fracture behavior and mechanical properties of selective laser sintered polyamide 12 components
Authors: Zehir Burçak , Seyedzavvar Mirsadegh , Boğa Cem
Published: January 2024

Purpose

This study aims to comprehensively investigate the mixed-mode fracture behavior and mechanical properties of selective laser sintering (SLS) polyamide 12 (PA12) components, considering different build orientations and layer thicknesses. The primary objectives include the following. Conducting mixed-mode fracture and mechanical analyses on SLS PA12 parts. Investigating the influence of build orientation and layer thickness on the mechanical properties of SLS-printed components. Examining the fracture mechanisms of SLS-produced Arcan fracture and tensile specimens through experimental methods and finite element analyses.

Design/methodology/approach

The research used a combination of experimental techniques and numerical analyses. Tensile and Arcan fracture specimens were fabricated using the SLS process with varying build orientations (X, X–Y, Z) and layer thicknesses (0.1 mm, 0.2 mm). Mechanical properties, including tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and critical stress intensity factor, were quantified through experimental testing. Mixed-mode fracture tests were conducted using a specialized fixture, and finite element analyses using the J-integral method were performed to calculate fracture toughness. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for detailed morphological analysis of fractured surfaces.

Findings

The investigation revealed that the highest tensile properties were achieved in samples fabricated horizontally in the X orientation with a layer thickness of 0.1 mm. Additionally, parts manufactured with a layer thickness of 0.2 mm exhibited favorable mixed-mode fracture behavior. The results emphasize the significance of build orientation and layer thickness in influencing mechanical properties and fracture behavior. SEM analysis provided valuable insights into the failure mechanisms of SLS-produced PA12 components.

Originality/value

This study contributes to the field of additive manufacturing by providing a comprehensive analysis of the mixed-mode fracture behavior and mechanical properties of SLS-produced PA12 components. The investigation offers novel insights into the influence of build orientation and layer thickness on the performance of such components. The combination of experimental testing, numerical analyses and SEM morphological observations enhances the understanding of fracture behavior in additive manufacturing processes. The findings contribute to optimizing the design and manufacturing of high-quality PA12 components using SLS technology.
Empagliflozin attenuates liver fibrosis in high‐fat diet/streptozotocin‐induced mice by modulating gut microbiota
Authors: Huang Chuxin , Qian Jiali , Liu Ying , Zhang Li , Yang Yehong
Published: January 2024

The effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on hepatic fibrosis in diabetes remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of empagliflozin on liver fibrosis in high‐fat diet/streptozotocin‐induced mice and the correlation with gut microbiota. After the application of empagliflozin for 6 weeks, we performed oral glucose tolerance and intraperitoneal insulin tolerance tests to assess glucose tolerance and insulin resistance, and stained liver sections to evaluate histochemical and hepatic pathological markers of liver fibrosis. Moreover, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was performed on stool samples to explore changes in the composition of intestinal bacteria. We finally analysed the correlation between gut microbiome and liver fibrosis scores or indicators of glucose metabolism. The results showed that empagliflozin intervention improved glucose metabolism and liver function with reduced liver fibrosis, which might be related to changes in intestinal microbiota. In addition, the abundance of intestinal probiotic Lactobacillus increased, while Ruminococcus and Adlercreutzia decreased after empagliflozin treatment, and correlation analysis showed that the changes in microbiota were positively correlated with liver fibrosis and glucose metabolism. Overall, considering the contribution of the gut microbiota in metabolism, empagliflozin might have improved the beneficial balance of intestinal bacteria composition. The present study provides evidence and indicates the involvement of the gut–liver axis by SGLT2 inhibitors in T2DM with liver fibrosis.
Robotic‐assisted bronchoscopy for the diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary lesions: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhang Chunxi , Xie Fangfang , Li Runchang , Cui Ningxin , Herth Felix J. F. , Sun Jiayuan
Published: January 2024

Robotic‐assisted bronchoscopy (RAB) is a newly developed bronchoscopic technique for the diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary lesions (PPLs). The objective of this meta‐analysis was to analyze the diagnostic yield and safety of RAB in patients with PPLs. Five databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov) were searched from inception to April 2023. Two independent investigators screened retrieved articles, extracted data, and assessed the study quality. The pooled diagnostic yield and complication rate were estimated. Subgroup analysis was used to explore potential sources of heterogeneity. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and the Egger test. Sensitivity analysis was also conducted to assess the robustness of the synthesized results. A total of 725 lesions from 10 studies were included in this meta‐analysis. No publication bias was found. Overall, RAB had a pooled diagnostic yield of 80.4% (95% CI: 75.7%–85.1%). Lesion size of >30 mm, presence of a bronchus sign, and a concentric radial endobronchial ultrasound view were associated with a statistically significantly higher diagnostic yield. Heterogeneity exploration showed that studies using cryoprobes reported better yields than those without cryoprobes (90.0%, 95% CI: 83.2%–94.7% vs. 79.0%, 95% CI: 75.8%–82.2%, p < 0.01). The pooled complication rate was 3.0% (95% CI: 1.6%–4.4%). In conclusion, RAB is an effective and safe technique for PPLs diagnosis. Further high‐quality prospective studies still need to be conducted.
What to do after smoking relapse? A sequential multiple assignment randomized trial of chronic care smoking treatments
Authors: Schlam Tanya R. , Baker Timothy B. , Piper Megan E. , Cook Jessica W. , Smith Stevens S. , Zwaga Deejay , Jorenby Douglas E. , Almirall Daniel , Bolt Daniel M. , Collins Linda M. , Mermelstein Robin , Fiore Michael C.
Published: January 2024

Aim

To compare effects of three post‐relapse interventions on smoking abstinence.

Design

Sequential three‐phase multiple assignment randomized trial (SMART).

Setting

Eighteen Wisconsin, USA, primary care clinics.

Participants

A total of 1154 primary care patients (53.6% women, 81.2% White) interested in quitting smoking enrolled from 2015 to 2019; 582 relapsed and were randomized to relapse recovery treatment.

Interventions

In phase 1, patients received cessation counseling and 8 weeks nicotine patch. Those who relapsed and agreed were randomized to a phase 2 relapse recovery group: (1) reduction counseling + nicotine mini‐lozenges + encouragement to quit starting 1 month post‐randomization (preparation); (2) repeated encouragement to quit starting immediately post‐randomization (recycling); or (3) advice to call the tobacco quitline (control). The first two groups could opt into phase 3 new quit treatment [8 weeks nicotine patch + mini‐lozenges plus randomization to two treatment factors (skill training and supportive counseling) in a 2 × 2 design]. Phase 2 and 3 interventions lasted ≤ 15 months.

Measurements

The study was powered to compare each active phase 2 treatment with the control on the primary outcome: biochemically confirmed 7‐day point‐prevalence abstinence 14 months post initiating phase 2 relapse recovery treatment. Exploratory analyses tested for phase 3 counseling factor effects.

Findings

Neither skill training nor supportive counseling (each on versus off) increased 14‐month abstinence rates; skills on versus off 9.3% (14/151) versus 5.2% (8/153), P = 0.19; support on versus off 6.6% (10/152) versus 7.9% (12/152), P = 0.73. Phase 2 preparation did not produce higher 14‐month abstinence rates than quitline referral; 3.6% (8/220) versus 2.1% [3/145; risk difference = 1.5%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −1.8−5.0%, odds ratio (OR) = 1.8, 95% CI = 0.5–6.9]. Recycling, however, produced higher abstinence rates than quitline referral; 6.9% (15/217) versus 2.1% (three of 145; risk difference, 4.8%, 95% CI = 0.7–8.9%, OR = 3.5, 95% CI = 1.0–12.4). Recycling produced greater entry into new quit treatment than preparation: 83.4% (181/217) versus 55.9% (123/220), P < 0.0001.

Conclusions

Among people interested in quitting smoking, immediate encouragement post‐relapse to enter a new round of smoking cessation treatment (‘recycling’) produced higher probability of abstinence than tobacco quitline referral. Recycling produced higher rates of cessation treatment re‐engagement than did preparation/cutting down using more intensive counseling and pharmacotherapy.
Canine coat color E locus updates: Identification of a new MC1R variant causing ‘sable’ coat color in English Cocker Spaniels and a proposed update to the E locus dominance hierarchy
Authors: Honkanen Leena , Loechel Robert , Davison Stephen , Donner Jonas , Anderson Heidi
Published: January 2024

The coat color phenotype ‘sable’ occurs in the English Cocker Spaniel dog breed. It closely resembles other canine color patterns known as domino/grizzle/pied (eA allele) and grizzle/domino (eG allele) determined by variants in the melanocortin 1 receptor gene (MC1R; ‘extension’ or E locus), a key multi‐allele regulator of coat color. We examined genetic variation in MC1R, and found one new non‐synonymous variant, c.250G>A (p.(Asp84Asn)), consistently associated with the English Cocker Spaniel ‘sable’ phenotype. We propose calling this newly identified allele eH and further show that the eA, eH and eG (previously known as EG) alleles associate with similar phenotypes in dogs impacting genotypes regulated by beta‐defensin 103 gene (CBD103; K locus) and agouti signaling protein gene (ASIP; A locus) in the absence of the EM and E alleles. This suggests that all three alleles are putative reduced‐function variants of the MC1R gene. We propose the revised and updated E locus dominance hierarchy to be EM > E > eA/eH/eG > e1–3.
Does Audit Committee Busyness Affect Financial Restatement? Evidence from Audit Committee Share Ownership
Authors: Uddin Bhuiyan Md. Borhan , Opare Solomon , Ahmed Zahir
Published: January 2024

We examine the association between audit committee (AC) busyness and financial restatement and determine whether AC share ownership moderates this relationship. Using logit regression analysis, we test our hypotheses on a sample of 6408 firm‐year observations from 2004 to 2015 for companies listed on the Australian Securities Exchange. The study reveals that firms with busy ACs engage more in financial restatements. We also find that AC share ownership reduces financial restatements and attenuates the association between AC busyness and financial restatement. Our results are robust to endogeneity concerns emanating from firms’ deliberate decisions to grant shares to AC members. The findings of this research have several important policy implications. For instance, shareholders can benefit from AC members’ monitoring ability by allowing for share ownership. Further, our findings suggest that principles‐based corporate governance guidelines have a beneficial effect on financial reporting quality. While prior studies offer mixed evidence, our research contributes to the auditing literature by providing evidence that AC share ownership moderates the association between AC busyness and financial restatement.
Heterotrophy in marine animal forests in an era of climate change
Authors: Denis Vianney , Ferrier‐Pagès Christine , Schubert Nadine , Coppari Martina , Baker David M. , Camp Emma F. , Gori Andrea , Grottoli Andréa G. , Houlbrèque Fanny , Maier Sandra R. , Mancinelli Giorgio , Martinez Stephane , Yalçın Özdilek Şükran , Radice Veronica Z. , Ribes Marta , Richter Claudio , Viladrich Nuria , Rossi Sergio
Published: January 2024

Marine animal forests (MAFs) are benthic ecosystems characterised by biogenic three‐dimensional structures formed by suspension feeders such as corals, gorgonians, sponges and bivalves. They comprise highly diversified communities among the most productive in the world's oceans. However, MAFs are in decline due to global and local stressors that threaten the survival and growth of their foundational species and associated biodiversity. Innovative and scalable interventions are needed to address the degradation of MAFs and increase their resilience under global change. Surprisingly, few studies have considered trophic interactions and heterotrophic feeding of MAF suspension feeders as an integral component of MAF conservation. Yet, trophic interactions are important for nutrient cycling, energy flow within the food web, biodiversity, carbon sequestration, and MAF stability. This comprehensive review describes trophic interactions at all levels of ecological organisation in tropical, temperate, and cold‐water MAFs. It examines the strengths and weaknesses of available tools for estimating the heterotrophic capacities of the foundational species in MAFs. It then discusses the threats that climate change poses to heterotrophic processes. Finally, it presents strategies for improving trophic interactions and heterotrophy, which can help to maintain the health and resilience of MAFs.
Uncertainty and instability in social and health services impact well‐being of mothers with lived and living history of substance use
Authors: Daari Laura , Nichol Emily , Peak Julia , Urbanoski Karen , Valeriote Hanna , Milligan Karen
Published: January 2024

Mothers who use substances often experience gender‐based and structural inequities that can jeopardize maternal and family wellness. Instability in the availability of services, particularly during public health crises (e.g., COVID‐19 pandemic), often results in changes in population health needs/funding/services, which may magnify experiences of disadvantage. Limited research has focused on times of change/crisis and its impact on maternal and family wellness. We examined the experiences of structural disadvantage, service access, and well‐being among mothers who use or formerly used substances during the first year of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 26 mothers with current or past engagement in outpatient substance use treatment programs for pregnant and parenting women in Ontario, Canada. Transcripts were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis, revealing that instability of services and decreased access to/quality of informal and formal relationships often magnified the mental and affective toll of stressors, both pre‐existing and new. The impact on well‐being appeared to be greater for families who were actively engaged with child protective services. Findings are discussed in relation to literature examining systemic and societal factors that perpetuate gender‐based and structural inequities experienced by mothers with lived and living histories of substance use. The potential impact of changes in public health service delivery requires thoughtful and proactive attention for and by all stakeholders, including integrated attention across systems (e.g., health, social, education) that provide services to support maternal and family well‐being.
The biodiversity adaptation gap: Management actions for marine protected areas in the face of climate change
Authors: Corelli Vincenzo , Boerder Kristina , Hunter Karen L. , Lavoie Isabelle , Tittensor Derek P.
Published: January 2024

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a crucial component of international biodiversity conservation commitments, yet are increasingly affected by climate change. No synthesis or analysis exists of the specific on‐the‐ground management actions that have been taken by MPA managers in response to climate change. Here, we extract, evaluate, classify, and analyze adaptation responses from 646 existing, English‐language MPA management plans preselected for their consideration of climate change. Our synthesis documents 213 unique management actions, of which only a fraction (4.7%) were on‐the‐ground adaptative measures directed at enhancing biodiversity conservation; in contrast, almost half (45.5%) were monitoring measures. Our analysis highlights the apparent paucity of documented management actions addressing the challenging task of limiting climate change impacts on biodiversity within MPAs—a “biodiversity adaptation gap”. By compiling a community resource of adaptation approaches that can be further expanded and disseminated, we hope to contribute to the effort to adapt MPA networks to climate change.
Whether to Abolish or Introduce Dual Regulation as Trade and Environmental Policy?
Authors: Hamaguchi Yoshihiro
Published: January 2024

China, which has already introduced an environmental tax in an effort to decarbonize, has recently begun emissions trading and is using two environmental policies in tandem, but there are concerns about the impact on growth and trade. Trade and environmental policies affect firms' entry and exit, resulting in changes in aggregate productivity and pollution emissions. This study compares the impacts of single regulation and dual regulation on welfare, using a research‐and‐development based growth model with heterogeneous firms. Under single regulation, the cleansing effect of trade liberalization could be undermined. Under dual regulation, trade liberalization decreases pollution and improves average productivity whereas decreasing total permits reduces pollution. From the perspective of improving welfare it is desirable to choose dual regulation because trade liberalization can reduce total pollution emissions via the cleansing effect of trade liberalization.