bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Microwave-Osmotic Pretreatment of Apples with Subsequent Air-Drying for Preparing High-Quality Dried Product
Authors: Azarpazhooh Elham , Ramaswamy Hosahalli S.
Published: June 2011

Prepared apple (Red Gala) cylinders were subjected to microwave-osmotic dehydration treatment under continuous flow medium spray (MWODS) conditions and then air-dried to a final 20% moisture content. The dried samples were evaluated for color and textural properties, and rehydration capacity. The MWODS pretreatments were based on a central composite rotatable design and a response surface methodology using five levels of sucrose concentration, temperature, and contact time at a constant flow rate of 2800 mL/min. The air-drying was carried out at 60°C, 15±1% relative humidity, and 0.64±0.02 m/s air velocity. The results were compared to untreated air-dried (AD) (worst-case scenario) and freeze-dried (FD) (best-case scenario) apples without the MWODS treatment. Color properties were affected regardless of the type of treatment. Conventional AD apples were darker in color, whereas MWODS-treated samples were lighter with higher L∗ and b∗ values, higher Hue and Chroma values but lower a∗ value and ΔE. Further the color parameters of MWODS-treated samples were closer or equal to the FD apples. The texture properties were also affected by the osmotic variables with MWODS treatment resulting in softer and chewier products. The AD samples were hard, and FD apples were brittle.
Endogenous Fertility and Development Traps with Endogenous Lifetime
Authors: Fanti Luciano , Gori Luca
Published: June 2011

We extend the literature on endogenous lifetime and economic growth by Chakraborty (2004) and Bunzel and Qiao (2005) to endogenous fertility. We show that development traps due to underinvestments in health cannot appear when fertility is an economic decision variable and the costs of children are represented by a constant fraction of the parents′ income used for their upbringing.
On Random Topological Structures
Authors: Agarwal Ravi P. , Cho Yeol Je , Saadati Reza
Published: June 2011

We present some topics about random spaces. The main purpose of this paper is to study topological structure of random normed
spaces and random functional analysis. These subjects are important to the study of nonlinear analysis in random normed spaces.
Factors Influencing Risk of Premature Mortality in Community Cases of Depression: A Meta-Analytic Review
Authors: Baxter Amanda J. , Page Andrew , Whiteford Harvey A.
Published: June 2011

Background. Depressive disorders are associated with substantial risk of premature mortality. A number of factors may contribute to reported risk estimates, making it difficult to determine actual risk of excess mortality in community cases of depression. The aim of this study is to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of excess mortality in population-based studies of clinically defined depression. Methods. Population-based studies reporting all-cause mortality associated with a clinically defined depressive disorder were included in the systematic review. Estimates of relative risk for excess mortality in population-representative cases of clinical depressive disorders were extracted. A meta-analysis was conducted using Stata to pool estimates of excess mortality and identify sources of heterogeneity within the data. Results. Twenty-one studies reporting risk of excess mortality in clinical depression were identified. A significantly higher risk of mortality was found for major depression (RR 1.92 95% CI 1.65–2.23), but no significant difference was found for dysthymia (RR 1.37 95% CI 0.93–2.00). Relative risk of excess mortality was not significantly different following the adjustment of reported risk estimates. Conclusion. A mortality gradient was identified with increasing severity of clinical depression. Recognition of depressive symptoms in general practice and appropriate referral for evidence-based treatment may help improve outcomes, particularly in patients with comorbid physical disorders.
First Record ofLenomyrmex inusitatus(Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Ecuador and Description of the Queen
Authors: Delsinne T. , Fernández F.
Published: June 2011

The rarely collected antLenomyrmex inusitatusFernández 2001 is recorded for the first time in Ecuador. The queen is described. The new record is the southernmost limit of distribution for the genus. A key to the workers of the sixLenomyrmexspecies and a key for the known queens are provided.
Analysis of Digoxin and Metildigoxin in Whole Blood Using Solid-Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Melo Paula , Machado Rita , Teixeira Helena M.
Published: June 2011

A simple and rapid UPLC/MS/MS method has been developed and validated for the analysis of digoxin and metildigoxin in whole blood. Samples were prepared by SPE extraction with Oasis HLB columns. Separation was achieved with an ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column (2.1×100; 1.8 μm), at 35°C. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile (70%) and ammonium formate 5 mM (30%). Total run time was 1.5 min operating at isocratic mode with a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. Mass spectrometry detection was performed by positive modeelectrospray, on the ammonium adducts with two transitions for each analyte and one for the IS (d3-digoxin). The method proved to be specific and linear over the range (0.3–10) ng/mL. This technique also showed high sensitivity with a 0.09 ng/mL LOD and a 0.28 ng/mL LOQ, for both substances. Percentage recovery ranged from 83 to 100% for digoxin and from 62 to 94% for metildigoxin. The intra- and interday precision CV were ≤10%.
Pharmacological Enhancement of ex vivo Gene Therapy Neuroprotection in a Rodent Model of Retinal Degeneration
Authors: Gregory-Evans Kevin , Po Kelvin , Chang Francis , Gregory-Evans Cheryl Y.
Published: June 2011

Aims: We have previously shown the benefits of cell-based delivery of neuroprotection in a rodent model of retinitis pigmentosa (RP). In order to maximise the effectiveness of this approach, we hypothesised that this could be augmented by combination with an aminoglycoside known to limit the abnormal RNA translation seen in this model. Methods: A rhodopsin TgN S334ter-4 rat model of RP underwent daily subcutaneous injection of 12.5 µg/g gentamicin from postnatal day 5 (P5). At P21, selected rats also underwent intravitreal injection of cells genetically engineered to oversecrete glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor. Histological imaging was undertaken to evaluate photoreceptor survival at P70 and compared with images from untreated TgN S334ter-4 rats and control Sprague-Dawley rats. Results: Statistically significant (p < 0.05) improvements in outer retinal indices were seen with this combination strategy when compared with results in rats treated with individual therapies alone. This improvement was most apparent in the peripheral retina, where the greatest degeneration was observed. Conclusions: We have shown that the combination of neuroprotection plus aminoglycoside read-through in an animal model of retinal degeneration improved the histological appearance of the retina such that it was statistically indistinguishable from unaffected controls. Further functional and longitudinal studies of this approach are warranted.
Tilting the Head Changes Cerebral Haemodynamics in Neonates
Authors: Tax Nina , Pichler Gerhard , Grossauer Karin , Pocivalnik Mirjam , Zotter Heinz , Raith Wolfgang , Mueller Wilhelm , Urlesberger Berndt
Published: June 2011

Background: Tilting only the head influences cerebral haemodynamics in term and preterm neonates. Objective: To evaluate near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as a method to detect changes of cerebral oxygenated (HbO2) and deoxygenated haemoglobin (Hb) and ‘cerebral tissue-oxygenation-index’ (cTOI) while tilting. Furthermore to investigate whether the comparison of cTOI and ‘cerebral mixed venous oxygen saturation’ (tiltSvO2), calculated out of the increase of HbO2 and Hb, improves reproducibility. Methods: During five ‘reapplication’ periods of NIRS optodes on the left forehead of 40 neonates, five tilting manoeuvres of the head were performed. Changes of NIRS parameters during tilting were analysed. The first quality criterion was defined by a linear increase of total haemoglobin (HbT; r2 > 0.95). The second quality criterion was: cTOI > tiltSvO2 (= cTOI – tiltSvO2> 0). Analysis of variance components and comparison of mean of standard deviations were applied to data after introduction of each quality criterion. Results: While HbO2, Hb and HbT showed a linear increase in all neonates during tilting, cTOI did not change. With the introduction of the second criterion, mean cTOI increased from 73.7 ± 6.9 to 75.1 ± 6.9%, mean tiltSvO2 decreased from 72.6 ± 7.1 to 65.3 ± 6.9% and mean of standard deviations of both parameters decreased. The analysis of variance components showed no significant change. Conclusion: A tilting-down manoeuvre of the head of term and preterm neonates can cause an increase of HbO2, Hb and HbT. tiltSvO2 can be calculated out of these changes. By introducing two quality criteria, reproducibility of cerebral NIRS measurements (cTOI and tiltSvO2) improved.
Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm Expressing the CD13 Myeloid Antigen
Authors: Inoue Daichi , Maruyama Kyoko , Aoki Kazunari , Nagano Seiji , Maruoka Hayato , Imai Yukihiro , Ito Kiminari , Ishikawa Takayuki , Takahashi Takayuki
Published: June 2011

Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN), currently considered to originate from immature plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DC), is a rare and aggressive CD4+CD56+ neoplasm that frequently involves the skin and bone marrow. We present a case of an 80-year-old man with a CD4+CD56+ BPDCN that affected the orbital cavity and bone marrow. Although BPDCN has not been reported to express any lineage-specific markers, the neoplastic cells strongly expressed the CD13 antigen. Therefore, in addition to pathological examination, we attempted to induce in vitro morphological and surface marker changes with IL-3 and CD40 ligand. After treatment with these cytokines, the tumor cells enlarged markedly, acquired many fine dendrites, similar to mature DC, and showed enhanced expression of antigens specific to DC or antigen-presenting cells, such as CD40, CD80, CD83 and CD86. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of BPDCN expressing a myeloid antigen, CD13, although CD33 expression has been described in some cases. The present patient received 2 courses of combination chemotherapy consisting of cytarabine and etoposide, which resulted in complete remission. Given that the cellular origin of plasmacytoid DC is still controversial, myeloid antigen expression involving CD13 may not exclude a diagnosis of BPDCN.
Age Differences in Brain Activity during Emotion Processing: Reflections of Age-Related Decline or Increased Emotion Regulation
Authors: Nashiro Kaoru , Sakaki Michiko , Mather Mara
Published: June 2011

Despite the fact that physical health and cognitive abilities decline with aging, the ability to regulate emotion remains stable and in some aspects improves across the adult life span. Older adults also show a positivity effect in their attention and memory, with diminished processing of negative stimuli relative to positive stimuli compared with younger adults. The current paper reviews functional magnetic resonance imaging studies investigating age-related differences in emotional processing and discusses how this evidence relates to two opposing theoretical accounts of older adults’ positivity effect. The aging-brain model [Cacioppo et al. in: Social Neuroscience: Toward Understanding the Underpinnings of the Social Mind. New York, Oxford University Press, 2011] proposes that older adults’ positivity effect is a consequence of age-related decline in the amygdala, whereas the cognitive control hypothesis [Kryla-Lighthall and Mather in: Handbook of Theories of Aging, ed 2. New York, Springer, 2009; Mather and Carstensen: Trends Cogn Sci 2005;9:496–502; Mather and Knight: Psychol Aging 2005;20:554–570] argues that the positivity effect is a result of older adults’ greater focus on regulating emotion. Based on evidence for structural and functional preservation of the amygdala in older adults and findings that older adults show greater prefrontal cortex activity than younger adults while engaging in emotion-processing tasks, we argue that the cognitive control hypothesis is a more likely explanation for older adults’ positivity effect than the aging-brain model.
Drinking Motives in Clinical and General Populations
Authors: Mezquita Laura , Stewart Sherry H. , Ibáñez Manuel I. , Ruipérez María A. , Villa Helena , Moya Jorge , Ortet Generós
Published: June 2011

Aims: This paper had three aims: (1) to validate a Spanish adaptation of the Modified Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised (M DMQ-R), (2) to explore the relationship of each drinking motive with different patterns of alcohol use, and (3) to compare the drinking motives of moderate drinkers, heavy drinkers, and alcohol abusing/dependent individuals. Methods: Two studies were carried out. In Study 1, a sample of 488 participants completed the M DMQ-R and a self-report scale of alcohol consumption in order to study the factor structure and different indices of reliability and validity of the Spanish M DMQ-R. In Study 2, we compared the drinking motives of moderate and heavy drinkers from Study 1 and an additional sample of 59 clinical drinkers. Results: The M DMQ-R demonstrated sound reliability and validity indices. Coping-with-anxiety, social, and enhancement motives predicted higher alcohol use on weekends, but only coping-with-anxiety and social motives were related to consumption on weekdays. Furthermore, moderate drinkers had the lowest scores for all motives, whereas alcohol-dependent participants obtained the highest scores for negative reinforcement drinking motives. Conclusion: The Spanish M DMQ-R is a reliable and valid measure of drinking motives and has potential for assisting with treatment planning for problem drinkers.
Education Level Explains Differences in Stroke Incidence among City Districts in Joinville, Brazil: A Three-Year Population-Based Study
Authors: Cabral Norberto L. , Longo Alexandre , Moro Carla , Ferst Priscila , Oliveira Fabiano A. , Vieira Celso V. , Eluf-Neto Jose , Fonseca Luiz Augusto M. , Gonçalves Anderson R.R.
Published: June 2011

Background: Current evidence suggests an inverse association between socioeconomic status and stroke incidence. Our aim was to measure the variation in incidence among different city districts (CD) and their association with socioeconomic variables. Methods: We prospectively ascertained all possible stroke cases occurring in the city of Joinville during the period 2005–2007. We determined the incidence for each of the 38 CD, age-adjusted to the population of Joinville. By linear regression analysis, we correlated incidence data with mean years of education (MYE) and mean income per month (MIPM). Results: Of the 1,734 stroke cases registered, 1,034 were first-ever strokes. In the study period, the crude incidence in Joinville was 69.5 per 100,000 (95% confidence interval, 65.3–73.9). The stroke incidence among CD ranged from 37.5 (22.2–64.6) to 151.0 per 100,000 (69.0–286.6). The stroke incidence was inversely correlated with years of education (r = –0.532; p < 0.001). MYE and MIPM were strongly related (R = 0.958), resulting in exclusion of MIPM by collinearity. Conclusions: Years of education can explain a wide incidence variation among CD. These results may be useful to guide the allocation of resources in primary prevention policies.
Pathways Responsible for Apoptosis Resulting from Amadori-Induced Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress in Human Mesothelial Cells
Authors: Sánchez-Rodríguez Carolina , Peiró Concepción , Vallejo Susana , Matesanz Nuria , El-Assar Mariam , Azcutia Verónica , Romacho Tania , Sánchez-Ferrer Carlos Félix , Rodríguez-Mañas Leocadio , Nevado Julián
Published: June 2011

Background: Apoptosis and inflammatory/oxidative stress have been associated with hyperglycemia in human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) and other cell types. We and others have highlighted the role of early products of non-enzymatic protein glycation in inducing proinflammatory conditions and increasing apoptotic rates in HPMCs. Loss of HPMCs seems to be a hallmark of complications associated with peritoneal membrane dysfunction. The aim of this work is to elucidate the mechanisms by which Amadori adducts may act upon HPMC apoptosis. Methods: HPMCs isolated from different patients were exposed to different Amadori adducts, i.e. highly glycated hemoglobin (10 nM) and glycated bovine serum albumin (250 µg/ml), to study cell death and several proapoptotic markers by different experimental approaches. Results: Amadori adducts, but not their respective controls, impaired cell proliferation and cell viability by means of apoptosis in a time-dependent manner. They regulated the intrinsic mitochondrial cell death signaling pathway and modulated activation of caspases, Bax, iNOS, p53, NF-ĸB, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 and JNK) through different reactive oxygen and nitrosative species. Conclusions: Our data strongly support the idea that long-term hyperglycemia could act as an inducer of apoptosis in HPMCs through Amadori adducts, involving different oxidative and nitrosative reactive species.
Does the Use of Nursing-Care Services Reduce the Information about Dementia Patients Provided by Their Caregivers
Authors: Nakamura Yu , Homma Akira
Published: June 2011

Background: The rate of use of nursing-care services has been increasing dramatically in recent years with the upgrading of the public long-term care insurance system in Japan. We addressed how the increased use of the nursing-care services might affect the information on the patients provided by their caregivers. Methods: A questionnaire survey of 531 family caregivers caring for dementia patients at home was carried out to investigate how the use of these services might affect the information about the patients provided by the caregivers. The survey revealed that the use of the nursing-care services reduced the burden (quality, quantity, time of nursing care, and feeling) on the caregivers. Results: According to the observation provided by the caregivers, the patients’ behaviors and activities at home tended to decrease. These results indicated that the use of the nursing-care services resulted in a reduction in the opportunity for and the time spent on observation of the patients by the caregivers, making it more difficult for the caregiver to provide an appropriate assessment of the patient’s condition. Conclusions: We discussed the impact of the use of the nursing-care services on the Clinician’s Interview-Based Impression of Change plus (CIBIC-plus) rating. Due to the reduction in the time spent on nursing care and in the opportunity for observation of the patient’s activities of daily living by the caregiver resulting from the use of the nursing-care services, it is difficult to obtain an accurate picture of the patient’s clinical condition using the CIBIC-plus, probably leading to an inappropriate CIBIC-plus rating.
Early Impact of Prescription Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Platelet Biomarkers in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease and Hypertriglyceridemia
Authors: Serebruany Victor L. , Miller Michael , Pokov Alex N. , Lynch Donald , Jensen Jesper K. , Hallén Jonas , Atar Dan
Published: June 2011

Background: Prescription omega-3-acid ethyl esters (PO-3A) have been tested for outcome benefits in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), arrhythmias and heart failure. Some evidence suggests that PO-3A may exert their benefit via inhibiting platelets. We tested the hypothesis that PO-3A may inhibit platelet activity in patients with documented stable CAD, beyond the antiplatelet properties of aspirin and statins. Methods: Thirty patients with documented CAD and triglycerides over 250 mg/dl treated with aspirin (70–160 mg/daily) and statins (simvastatin equivalence dose: 5–40 mg/daily) were randomized 1:1:1 to Omacor™ 1 g/day (DHA/EPA ratio 1.25:1.0), Omacor 2 g/day, or a placebo for 2 weeks. Platelet tests including aggregometry and flow cytometry and cartridge analyzer readings were performed at baseline and at 1 and 2 weeks following PO-3A therapy. Results: ADP-induced platelet aggregation (p = 0.037), GP IIb/IIIa antigen (p = 0.031) and activity (p = 0.024), and P-selectin (p = 0.041) were significantly reduced after PO-3A, while platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule (p = 0.09), vitronectin receptor (p = 0.16), formation of platelet-monocyte microparticles (p = 0.19) and the VerifyNow IIb/IIIa test (p = 0.27) only exhibited nonsignificant trends suggestive of reduced platelet activity. Finally, collagen- and arachidonic acid-induced aggregation, closure time with the PFA-100 device and expression of thrombospondin (CD36), GP Ib (CD42b), LAMP-3 (CD63), LAMP-1 (CD107a), CD40-ligand (CD154), GP37 (CD165), and PAR-1 receptor intact (SPAN 12) and cleaved (WEDE-15) epitopes were not affected by 2 weeks of PO-3A. Conclusion: Independently of the dose and already at 1 week, short-term therapy with PO-3A provided a modest reduction of platelet activity biomarkers, despite concomitant aspirin and statin therapy, when compared to a placebo. The effect of PO-3A is unique, differs from other known antiplatelet agents and suggests potential pleiotropism. These preliminary randomized data call for confirmation in prospective studies.
Iron Deficiency in Community-Dwelling US Adults With Self-Reported Heart Failure in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III
Authors: Parikh Ankit , Natarajan Sundar , Lipsitz Stuart R. , Katz Stuart D.
Published: June 2011

Background—

Iron deficiency has been proposed as a potential therapeutic target in heart failure, but its prevalence and association with anemia and clinical outcomes in community-dwelling adults with heart failure have not been well characterized.

Methods and Results—

Using data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we evaluated the associations between iron deficiency, hemoglobin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in 574 adults with self-reported heart failure. Iron deficiency was defined in both absolute and functional terms as a ferritin level <100 μg/L or between 100 and 299 μg/L if the transferrin saturation was <20%. Iron deficiency was present in 61.3% of participants and was associated with reduced mean hemoglobin (13.6 versus 14.2 g/dL,
P
=0.007) and increased mean CRP (0.95 versus 0.63 mg/dL,
P
=0.04). Over a median of 6.7 years of follow-up, there were 300 all-cause deaths, 193 of which were from cardiovascular causes. In age- and sex-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models, hemoglobin, CRP, and transferrin saturation but not iron deficiency were significantly associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. In multivariate models, hemoglobin remained an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality, whereas CRP remained an independent predictor of both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.

Conclusions—

Iron deficiency is common in heart failure and is associated with decreased hemoglobin and increased CRP. In multivariate analysis, hemoglobin was associated with cardiovascular mortality while CRP was associated with both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Iron deficiency was not associated with all-cause or cardiovascular mortality in this cohort.
Climate Hazard Assessment for Stakeholder Adaptation Planning in New York City
Authors: Horton Radley M. , Gornitz Vivien , Bader Daniel A. , Ruane Alex C. , Goldberg Richard , Rosenzweig Cynthia
Published: June 2011

This paper describes a time-sensitive approach to climate change projections that was developed as part of New York City’s climate change adaptation process and that has provided decision support to stakeholders from 40 agencies, regional planning associations, and private companies. The approach optimizes production of projections given constraints faced by decision makers as they incorporate climate change into long-term planning and policy. New York City stakeholders, who are well versed in risk management, helped to preselect the climate variables most likely to impact urban infrastructure and requested a projection range rather than a single “most likely” outcome. The climate projections approach is transferable to other regions and is consistent with broader efforts to provide climate services, including impact, vulnerability, and adaptation information. The approach uses 16 GCMs and three emissions scenarios to calculate monthly change factors based on 30-yr average future time slices relative to a 30-yr model baseline. Projecting these model mean changes onto observed station data for New York City yields dramatic changes in the frequency of extreme events such as coastal flooding and dangerous heat events. On the basis of these methods, the current 1-in-10-year coastal flood is projected to occur more than once every 3 years by the end of the century and heat events are projected to approximately triple in frequency. These frequency changes are of sufficient magnitude to merit consideration in long-term adaptation planning, even though the precise changes in extreme-event frequency are highly uncertain.
A New Single-Layer Urban Canopy Model for Use in Mesoscale Atmospheric Models
Authors: Ryu Young-Hee , Baik Jong-Jin , Lee Sang-Hyun
Published: June 2011

A new single-layer urban canopy model for use in mesoscale atmospheric models is developed and validated. The urban canopy model represents a built-up area as a street canyon, two facing buildings, and a road. In this model, the two facing walls are divided into sunlit and shaded walls on the basis of solar azimuth angle and canyon orientation, and individual surface temperature and energy budget are calculated for each wall. In addition, for better estimation of turbulent energy exchange within the canyon, a computational fluid dynamics model is employed to incorporate the effects of canyon aspect ratio (height-to-width ratio) and reference wind direction on canyon wind speed. The model contains the essential physical processes occurring in an urban canopy: absorption and reflection of shortwave and longwave radiation, exchanges of turbulent energy and water between surfaces (roof, two facing walls, and road) and adjacent air, and heat transfer by conduction through substrates. The developed urban canopy model is validated using datasets obtained at two urban sites: Marseille, France, and Basel, Switzerland. The model satisfactorily reproduces canyon air temperatures, surface temperatures, net radiation, sensible heat fluxes, latent heat fluxes, and storage heat fluxes for both sites. Extensive experiments are conducted to examine the sensitivities of the urban surface energy balance to meteorological factors and urban surface parameters. The reference wind speed is found to be a more crucial meteorological factor than the reference air temperature in altering urban surface energy balance, especially for weak winds. The urban surface energy balance is most sensitive to the roof albedo among urban surface parameters. The roof fraction, canyon aspect ratio, and ratio of roughness length for momentum to that for heat for the roof play important roles in altering urban surface energy balance.
Dependency of Feedbacks on Forcing and Climate State in Physics Parameter Ensembles
Authors: Yoshimori Masakazu , Hargreaves Julia C. , Annan James D. , Yokohata Tokuta , Abe-Ouchi Ayako
Published: June 2011

Climate sensitivity is one of the most important metrics for future climate projections. In previous studies the climate of the last glacial maximum has been used to constrain the range of climate sensitivity, and similarities and differences of temperature response to the forcing of the last glacial maximum and to idealized future forcing have been investigated. The feedback processes behind the response have not, however, been fully explored in a large model parameter space. In this study, the authors first examine the performance of various feedback analysis methods that identify important feedbacks for a physics parameter ensemble in experiments simulating both past and future climates. The selected methods are then used to reveal the relationship between the different ensemble experiments in terms of individual feedback processes. For the first time, all of the major feedback processes for an ensemble of paleoclimate simulations are evaluated. It is shown that the feedback and climate sensitivity parameters depend on the nature of the forcing and background climate state. The forcing dependency arises through the shortwave cloud feedback while the state dependency arises through the combined water vapor and lapse-rate feedback. The forcing dependency is, however, weakened when the feedback is estimated from the forcing that includes tropospheric adjustments. Despite these dependencies, past climate can still be used to provide a useful constraint on climate sensitivity as long as the limitation is properly taken into account because the strength of each feedback correlates reasonably well between the ensembles. It is, however, shown that the physics parameter ensemble does not cover the range of results simulated by structurally different models, which suggests the need for further study exploring both structural and parameter uncertainties.
Future Change in Extratropical Cyclones Associated with Change in the Upper Troposphere
Authors: Mizuta Ryo , Matsueda Mio , Endo Hirokazu , Yukimoto Seiji
Published: June 2011

Future changes in Northern Hemisphere wintertime storm activity as a consequence of global warming are investigated using the AGCM of Meteorological Research Institute (MRI-AGCM) with horizontal grid sizes of 60 and 20 km. A future (2075–99) climate experiment, in which the change in sea surface temperature (SST) derived from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3) multimodel ensemble mean is added to observed SST, is compared with a present-day (1979–2003) climate experiment. Results of three-member simulations using the 60-km model are presented. A single simulation using the 20-km model is also presented, showing that similar results are obtained.

In the future climate experiment, the number of intense cyclones (sea level pressure below 980 hPa) shows a significant increase whereas the number of total cyclones shows a significant decrease, similar to the results obtained from the CMIP3 models themselves. The increase in intense cyclones is seen on the polar side and downstream side of Atlantic and Pacific storm tracks. At the same time, the growth rate of the cyclones increases in areas upstream of these regions.

For the regions with the increasing growth rate, a high correlation is seen between the growth rate of the surface cyclones and upper-tropospheric zonal wind at a monthly-mean time scale. Months of high cyclone growth rate with strong zonal wind in these regions become more frequent, and months of low cyclone growth rate with weak zonal wind become less frequent. One of the possibilities that can explain this relationship is changes in the wave-breaking pattern, that is, a decrease in wave breakings in areas of cyclonic shear and an increase in wave breakings in areas of anticyclonic shear. Associated with these changes, rapid cyclone developments are more commonly seen, and weak, long-lived cyclones become less frequent.
Interannual Variability of High-Wind Occurrence over the North Atlantic*
Authors: Cheng Xuhua , Xie Shang-Ping , Tokinaga Hiroki , Du Yan
Published: June 2011

Interannual variability of high-wind occurrence over the North Atlantic is investigated based on observations from the satellite-borne Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I). Despite no wind direction being included, SSM/I data capture major features of high-wind frequency (HWF) quite well. Climatology maps show that HWF is highest in winter and is close to zero in summer. Remarkable interannual variability of HWF is found in the vicinity of the Gulf Stream, over open sea south of Iceland, and off Cape Farewell, Greenland. On interannual scales, HWF south of Iceland has a significant positive correlation with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). An increase in the mean westerlies and storm-track intensity during a positive NAO event cause HWF to increase in this region. In the vicinity of the Gulf Stream, HWF is significantly correlated with the difference between sea surface temperature and surface air temperature (SST − SAT), indicative of the importance of atmospheric instability. Cross-frontal wind and an SST gradient are important for the instability of the marine atmospheric boundary layer on the warm flank of the SST front. Off Cape Farewell, high wind occurs in both westerly and easterly tip jets. Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) data show that variability in westerly (easterly) HWF off Cape Farewell is positively (negatively) correlated with the NAO.
Forcing of the Arctic Oscillation by Eurasian Snow Cover
Authors: Allen Robert J. , Zender Charles S.
Published: June 2011

Throughout much of the latter half of the twentieth century, the dominant mode of Northern Hemisphere (NH) extratropical wintertime circulation variability—the Arctic Oscillation (AO)—exhibited a positive trend, with decreasing high-latitude sea level pressure (SLP) and increasing midlatitude SLP. General circulation models (GCMs) show that this trend is related to several factors, including North Atlantic SSTs, greenhouse gas/ozone-induced stratospheric cooling, and warming of the Indo-Pacific warm pool. Over the last approximately two decades, however, the AO has been decreasing, with 2009/10 featuring the most negative AO since 1900. Observational and idealized modeling studies suggest that snow cover, particularly over Eurasia, may be important. An observed snow–AO mechanism also exists, involving the vertical propagation of a Rossby wave train into the stratosphere, which induces a negative AO response that couples to the troposphere. Similar to other GCMs, the authors show that transient simulations with the Community Atmosphere Model, version 3 (CAM3) yield a snow–AO relationship inconsistent with observations and dissimilar AO trends. However, Eurasian snow cover and its interannual variability are significantly underestimated. When the albedo effects of snow cover are prescribed in CAM3 (CAM PS) using satellite-based snow cover fraction data, a snow–AO relationship similar to observations develops. Furthermore, the late-twentieth-century increase in the AO, and particularly the recent decrease, is reproduced by CAM PS. The authors therefore conclude that snow cover has helped force the observed AO trends and that it may play an important role in future AO trends.
Diagnosing the Observed Seasonal Cycle of Atlantic Subtropical Mode Water Using Potential Vorticity and Its Attendant Theorems
Authors: Maze Guillaume , Marshall John
Published: June 2011

Analyzed fields of ocean circulation and the flux form of the potential vorticity equation are used to map the creation and subsequent circulation of low potential vorticity waters known as subtropical mode water (STMW) in the North Atlantic. Novel mapping techniques are applied to (i) render the seasonal cycle and annual-mean mixed layer vertical flux of potential vorticity (PV) through outcrops and (ii) visualize the extraction of PV from the mode water layer in winter, over and to the south of the Gulf Stream. Both buoyancy loss and wind forcing contribute to the extraction of PV, but the authors find that the former greatly exceeds the latter. The subsequent path of STMW is also mapped using Bernoulli contours on isopycnal surfaces.
Stratospheric Sudden Warmings as Self-Tuning Resonances. Part II: Vortex Displacement Events
Authors: Esler J. G. , Matthewman N. Joss
Published: June 2011

Vortex displacement stratospheric sudden warmings (SSWs) are studied in an idealized model of a quasigeostrophic columnar vortex in an anelastic atmosphere. Motivated by the fact that observed events occur at a fixed orientation to the earth’s surface and have a strongly baroclinic vertical structure, vortex Rossby waves are forced by a stationary topographic forcing designed to minimize excursions of the vortex from its initial position. Variations in the background stratospheric “climate” are represented by means of an additional flow in solid body rotation. The vortex response is determined numerically as a function of the forcing strength M and the background flow strength Ω.

At moderate M it is found that a large response, with many features resembling observed displacement SSWs, occurs only for a narrow range of Ω. Linear analysis reveals that for this range of Ω the first baroclinic azimuthal wave-1 Rossby wave mode is close to being resonantly excited. A forced nonlinear oscillator equation is proposed to describe the nonlinear behavior, and a method for determining the relevant coefficients numerically, using unforced calculations of steadily propagating vortex “V states,” is adopted. The nonlinear equation predicts some qualitative details of the variation in the response at finite M. However, it is concluded that strongly nonlinear processes, such as wave breaking and filament formation, are necessarily quantitatively important in determining the amplitude of the near-resonant response at finite M.
People Transitioning Across Places
Authors: Ruback R. Barry , Collins Robert T. , Koon-Magnin Sarah , Ge Weina , Bonkiewicz Luke , Lutz Clifford E.
Published: June 2011

Stokols and Shumaker suggested that places can be characterized in terms of whether they are occupied primarily by individuals, aggregates, or groups. The authors propose a fourth type of place, one occupied primarily by groups within an aggregate. This research used a multimethod approach to examine whether people go to football games alone or with others and, if with others, how many others. Observations of cars entering parking lots or parking decks indicated that on average each vehicle contained about 2.5 individuals. Surveys of individuals about to enter the stadium also indicated that on average people were in groups of about four. Computer vision tracking of pedestrians next to the stadium about 2 hr before the game indicated that, although about one quarter of the pedestrians were alone, groups averaged about four. Thus, the results suggested that informal groups became larger as a function of proximity to the stadium. Analyses of the space occupied by groups of different sizes indicated that as groups got larger, the amount of space per person got smaller. These results, which indicate that people go to football games in small groups, have implications for the built environment and security.
The King James Bible and Biblical Scholarship*
Authors: Hurtado L.W.
Published: June 2011

As well as a product of statecraft and religious aspirations, the King James Version of the Bible (KJV) was also a product of the biblical scholarship of its day. The company of translators included a number of the best scholars in Hebrew and Greek, and they drew upon then-recent advances in the study of ancient languages, as well as the prior translation efforts of Tyndale and many others. In the centuries after its publication, the KJV both reflected and contributed to the spread of a popular interest in the Bible and in developments in biblical scholarship. These developments, however, also resulted in a critical appraisal of the KJV, especially concerning the Greek text on which the translation of the New Testament depended. So, ironically, the KJV was both a product and then itself, in a manner of speaking, a victim of biblical scholarship.
Big Dam, Big Failures: A Study of the Canal Irrigation System and the Deprived Tail-End Farmers in the Hirakud Command Area of Orissa, India
Authors: Meher Rajkishor
Published: June 2011

Since its liberation from colonial rule, India, a largely populated country, has always banked on mega projects to accelerate its economic development. However, such mega-development projects are found to generate very limited socioeconomic benefits for the very people for whom they were initially designed and planned. On the other hand, many such projects are benefiting the rich ‘omnivores’ and adversely affecting the livelihood of the land-dependent ‘ecosystem people’. This article deals with just such a story of ephemeral development, that of Independent India’s first mega project, the Hirakud Dam on the Mahanadi River. By making its main focus the issues of irrigation-water management and the plight of the tail-end farmers in recent years, this article highlights how the key objectives of India’s multipurpose river dam project, Hirakud, have failed during the last 50 years of its operation in terms of flood control, irrigation coverage and electricity generation.
Dialect Effects in Speech Perception: The Role of Vowel Duration in Parisian French and Swiss French
Authors: Miller Joanne L. , Mondini Michèle , Grosjean François , Dommergues Jean-Yves
Published: June 2011

The current experiments examined how native Parisian French and native Swiss French listeners use vowel duration in perceiving the /ɔ/-/o/ contrast. In both Parisian and Swiss French /o/ is longer than /ɔ/, but the difference is relatively large in Swiss French and quite small in Parisian French. In Experiment 1 we found a parallel effect in perception. For native listeners of both dialects, the perceived best exemplars of /o/ were longer than those of /ɔ/. However, there was a substantial difference in best-exemplar duration for /ɔ/ and /o/ for Swiss French listeners, but only a small difference in best-exemplar duration for Parisian French listeners. In Experiment 2 we found that this precise pattern depended not only on the native dialect of the listeners, but also on whether the stimuli being judged had the detailed acoustic characteristics of the native dialect. These findings indicate that listeners use fine-grained information in the speech signal in a dialect-specific manner when mapping the acoustic signal onto vowel categories of their language.
Water vapor absorption properties of a novel filament composed of maleic anhydride polypropylene, polypropylene and super absorbent polymer
Authors: Eskin Burcu , Uçar Nuray , Demir Ali
Published: June 2011

The aim of this study is to develop a prototype filament that can absorb water vapor without creating any feeling of wetness and can be durable against the cleaning processes. A blend of polypropylene (PP) and maleic anhydride polypropylene (MAPP) is used for the outer surface; super absorbent polymer is placed into the cavity of prototype filament. The new prototype filament can absorb water (approximately 23%) without creating any feeling of wetness and dries totally in 20 minutes. Different blend ratios have been investigated for water vapor absorbency after washing treatment and it has been found that 50% MAPP—50% PP blend with high super absorbent polymer has better washing performances.
Street Vendor Livelihoods and Everyday Politics in Hanoi, Vietnam
Authors: Turner Sarah , Schoenberger Laura
Published: June 2011

The alternative ‘diverse economies’ vision of J. K. Gibson-Graham and supporters regarding how people make a living outside the capitalist framework, lists street vendors and informal economies of the global South as potential components. This article critiques the relevance of this vision for street vendor livelihoods in a politically socialist locale, albeit one embracing neo-liberal modernity. In their drive to create a modern, ‘civilised’ capital, Vietnam’s central government and Hanoi’s municipal authorities have a particular image of security, orderliness and development. Street vendors disrupt this picture and since 2008 have been negotiating a ban in many preferred locales. Building upon urban livelihoods, everyday politics and resistance concepts, an analysis is made of in-depth interviews with itinerant and fixed-stall vendors to unravel their heterogeneous responses to such revanchist policies. Despite subtle covert and overt resistance tactics, the study reveals that celebrated ‘community economies’ and alternative economic visions remain rare in this context.
Promoting a culture for reading in a diverse world
Authors: Doiron Ray , Asselin Marlene
Published: June 2011

Drawing on the research linking literacy and libraries, this paper provides a conceptual framework for promoting and encouraging children’s reading for librarians working in diverse library settings around the world. Current successful examples of reading promotion programs from around the world are shared to demonstrate how different libraries take the lead in promoting literacy and building a culture for reading in their communities.
Market Socialism Is Not Market Capitalism
Authors: DiQuattro Arthur
Published: June 2011

In his recent work, Robin Hahnel defends a monolithic metric of economic desert: to each according to effort or sacrifice. I criticize from an egalitarian standpoint this meritocratic distributive principle on theoretical, practical, and normative grounds. I also question his argument that in market socialism the allocation of labor cannot accommodate an egalitarian distribution of labor income; his not unfamiliar argument rests on a fatal theoretical error that conflates the allocative and distributive functions of market prices. I treat Hahnel’s work in the context of larger issues about competing concepts of justice and the distributive institutions that might suit them.

JEL classification: A13, P1, P2
Neonatal Cerebral Sinovenous Thrombosis
Authors: Kersbergen Karina J. , Groenendaal Floris , Benders Manon J. N. L. , de Vries Linda S.
Published: June 2011

Neonates are known to have a higher risk of cerebral sinovenous thrombosis than children of other age groups. The exact incidence in neonates remains unknown and is likely to be underestimated, as clinical presentation is nonspecific and diagnosis can only be made when dedicated neuroimaging techniques, including computed tomographic venography or magnetic resonance venography, are performed. Associated intracranial lesions are common and some, such as a unilateral thalamic hemorrhage, should suggest cerebral sinovenous thrombosis as the underlying etiology. Neurodevelopmental outcome is poor in approximately 50% of these infants and is adversely affected by associated parenchymal lesions. Anticoagulation therapy will limit propagation of the clot and possibly the development or enhancement of parenchymal lesions. Multicenter randomized clinical trials are urgently needed to address many of these important issues.