bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Edge‐hydroxylated Boron Nitride for Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane to Propylene
Authors: Shi Lei , Wang Dongqi , Song Wei , Shao Dan , Zhang Wei‐Ping , Lu An‐Hui
Published: May 2017

The front cover artwork for Issue 10/2017 is provided by the Advanced Energy Materials and Catalysis Research Group, Dalian University of Technology and the Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The image shows that a metal‐free catalyst, edge hydroxylated boron nitride, can efficiently catalyze the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propylene with superior selectivity and negligible CO2 emission. See the Full Paper itself at https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201700004.
Recent Advances in Synthetic α‐Glucosidase Inhibitors
Authors: Liu Zhiyang , Ma Shutao
Published: May 2017

Over the past few years, the number of people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes has increased owing to an unhealthy diet, a limited amount of exercise, and obesity. The search for novel and efficient antidiabetes agents has become an urgent task for scientists. Among the antidiabetes drugs, α‐glucosidase inhibitor drugs have been proven to have many advantages over other drugs, and therefore, a large number of new compounds as α‐glucosidase inhibitors has recently been reported. In this review, we summarize these newly found α‐glucosidase inhibitors and their structure–activity relationships in antidiabetic studies and provide better structures for α‐glucosidase inhibitors or even preclinical candidates. Beyond that, some enlightening strategies for the synthesis of relevant compounds are highlighted.
Additional cytogenetic abnormalities and variant t(9;22) at the diagnosis of childhood chronic myeloid leukemia: The experience of the International Registry for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Millot Frédéric , Dupraz Christelle , Guilhot Joelle , Suttorp Meinolf , Brizard Françoise , Leblanc Thierry , Güneş Adalet Meral , Sedlacek Petr , De Bont Evelyne , Li Chi Kong , Kalwak Krzysztof , Lausen Birgitte , Culic Srdjana , Dworzak Michael , Kaiserova Emilia , De Moerloose Barbara , Roula Farah , Biondi Andrea , Baruchel André , Guilhot François
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUND

In the adult population with newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), variant translocations are usually not considered to be impairing the prognosis, whereas some additional cytogenetic abnormalities (ACAs) are associated with a negative impact on survival. Because of the rarity of CML in the pediatric population, such abnormalities have not been investigated in a large group of children with CML.

METHODS

The prognostic relevance of variant t(9;22) and ACAs at diagnosis was assessed in 301 children with CML in the chronic phase who were enrolled in the International Registry for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in Children and Adolescents.

RESULTS

Overall, 19 children (6.3%) presented with additional cytogenetic findings at diagnosis: 5 children (1.7%) had a variant t(9;22) translocation, 13 children (4.3%) had ACAs, and 1 had both. At 3 years, for children with a classic translocation, children with ACAs, and children with a variant t(9;22) translocation who were treated with imatinib as frontline therapy, the probability of progression‐free survival (PFS) was 95% (95% confidence interval [CI], 91%‐97%), 100%, and 75% (95% CI, 13%‐96%), respectively, and the probability of overall survival (OS) was 98% (95% CI, 95%‐100%), 100% (95% CI, 43%‐98%), and 75% (95% CI, 13%‐96%), respectively. No statistical difference was observed between the patients with classic cytogenetic findings and those with additional chromosomal abnormalities in terms of PFS and OS.

CONCLUSIONS

In contrast to adults with CML, additional chromosomal abnormalities observed at diagnosis do not seem to have a significant prognostic impact. Cancer 2017;123:3609‐16. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Hydrolysis‐Initiated Domino Process on the Rim of Open‐Cage C60 Derivatives Including Decarbonylation and Double Dehydration
Authors: Zhang Hao , Xu Liang , Gan Liangbing
Published: May 2017

Hydrolysis of an open‐cage C60 derivative in a mixture of HCl/AcOH/H2O resulted in removal of two hydroxyl groups, one carbonyl group and one aniline group in one step. A domino mechanism is proposed for the process. The newly formed open‐cage C60 derivative has three carbonyl groups on the rim of the orifice, one of which could be converted into an oxime group by treatment with hydroxylamine.
One Electron‐Initiated Two‐Electron Oxidation of Water by Aluminum Porphyrins with Earth's Most Abundant Metal
Authors: Kuttassery Fazalurahman , Mathew Siby , Sagawa Shogo , Remello Sebastian Nybin , Thomas Arun , Yamamoto Daisuke , Onuki Satomi , Nabetani Yu , Tachibana Hiroshi , Inoue Haruo
Published: May 2017

Invited for this month′s cover is the group of Haruo Inoue at Tokyo Metropolitan University. The image shows the reaction mechanism of the two‐electron oxidation of water to form hydrogen peroxide initiated by a one‐electron oxidation of a new class of molecular catalysts, aluminum porphyrins, that contains the earth's most abundant metal as the central ion with bauxite (Al2O3) and water as the background. The Full Paper itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.201700322.
Genetic identification of source and likely vector of a widespread marine invader
Authors: Krueger‐Hadfield Stacy A. , Kollars Nicole M. , Strand Allan E. , Byers James E. , Shainker Sarah J. , Terada Ryuta , Greig Thomas W. , Hammann Mareike , Murray David C. , Weinberger Florian , Sotka Erik E.
Published: May 2017

The identification of native sources and vectors of introduced species informs their ecological and evolutionary history and may guide policies that seek to prevent future introductions. Population genetics provides a powerful set of tools to identify origins and vectors. However, these tools can mislead when the native range is poorly sampled or few molecular markers are used. Here, we traced the introduction of the Asian seaweed Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Rhodophyta) into estuaries in coastal western North America, the eastern United States, Europe, and northwestern Africa by genotyping more than 2,500 thalli from 37 native and 53 non‐native sites at mitochondrial cox1 and 10 nuclear microsatellite loci. Overall, greater than 90% of introduced thalli had a genetic signature similar to thalli sampled from the coastline of northeastern Japan, strongly indicating this region served as the principal source of the invasion. Notably, northeastern Japan exported the vast majority of the oyster Crassostrea gigas during the 20th century. The preponderance of evidence suggests G. vermiculophylla may have been inadvertently introduced with C. gigas shipments and that northeastern Japan is a common source region for estuarine invaders. Each invaded coastline reflected a complex mix of direct introductions from Japan and secondary introductions from other invaded coastlines. The spread of G. vermiculophylla along each coastline was likely facilitated by aquaculture, fishing, and boating activities. Our ability to document a source region was enabled by a robust sampling of locations and loci that previous studies lacked and strong phylogeographic structure along native coastlines.
Yield curve forecast combinations based on bond portfolio performance
Authors: Caldeira João F. , Moura Guilherme V. , Santos André A. P.
Published: May 2017

We propose an economically motivated forecast combination strategy in which model weights are related to portfolio returns obtained by a given forecast model. An empirical application based on an optimal mean–variance bond portfolio problem is used to highlight the advantages of the proposed approach with respect to combination methods based on statistical measures of forecast accuracy. We compute average net excess returns, standard deviation, and the Sharpe ratio of bond portfolios obtained with nine alternative yield curve specifications, as well as with 12 different forecast combination strategies. Return‐based forecast combination schemes clearly outperformed approaches based on statistical measures of forecast accuracy in terms of economic criteria. Moreover, return‐based approaches that dynamically select only the model with highest weight each period and discard all other models delivered even better results, evidencing not only the advantages of trimming forecast combinations but also the ability of the proposed approach to detect best‐performing models. To analyze the robustness of our results, different levels of risk aversion and a different dataset are considered.
Brain Structure Linking Delay Discounting and Academic Performance
Authors: Wang Song , Kong Feng , Zhou Ming , Chen Taolin , Yang Xun , Chen Guangxiang , Gong Qiyong
Published: May 2017

As a component of self‐discipline, delay discounting refers to the ability to wait longer for preferred rewards and plays a pivotal role in shaping students’ academic performance. However, the neural basis of the association between delay discounting and academic performance remains largely unknown. Here, we examined the neuroanatomical substrates underlying delay discounting and academic performance in 214 adolescents via voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) by performing structural magnetic resonance imaging (S‐MRI). Behaviorally, we confirmed the significant correlation between delay discounting and academic performance. Neurally, whole‐brain regression analyses indicated that regional gray matter volume (rGMV) of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was associated with both delay discounting and academic performance. Furthermore, delay discounting partly accounted for the association between academic performance and brain structure. Differences in the rGMV of the left DLPFC related to academic performance explained over one‐third of the impact of delay discounting on academic performance. Overall, these results provide the first evidence for the common neural basis linking delay discounting and academic performance. Hum Brain Mapp 38:3917–3926, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Factors influencing decisions about a career in hepatology: A survey of gastroenterology fellows
Authors: Ordway Sarah M. , Singla Manish B. , Young Patrick E. , Satoskar Rohit , Kwok Ryan M.
Published: May 2017

Despite an unmet need for hepatologists in the United States, every year transplant hepatology (TH) fellowship positions remain unfilled. To address this, we investigated factors that influence trainee decisions about pursuing a career in hepatology. We invited current gastroenterology (GI) and TH fellows from all Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education‐accredited programs for the academic year 2014‐2015 to participate in an online survey about factors influencing decisions to train in hepatology. The same paper‐based survey was distributed at a nationally recognized GI board review course. The survey was completed by 180 participants of which 91% were current GI or TH fellows and 24% were not aware of the pilot 3‐year combined GI and TH training program. A majority of respondents (57%) reported that a shorter time (3 versus 4 years) to become board certification eligible would influence their decisions to pursue TH. The most common reasons for not pursuing hepatology were less endoscopy time (67%), additional length of training (64%), and lack of financial compensation (44%). Personal satisfaction (66%), management of complex multisystem disease (60%), and long‐term relationships with patients (57%) were the most attractive factors. Sixty‐one percent of participants reported having a mentor, and 94% of those with mentors reported that their mentors influenced their career decisions. Conclusion: We have identified several factors that affect fellows' decision to pursue TH. Shorter training, increased financial compensation, and increased endoscopy time are potentially modifiable factors that may increase the number of trainees seeking careers in hepatology and help alleviate the deficit of hepatologists. (Hepatology Communications 2017;1:347–353)
Effector and regulatory dendritic cells display distinct patterns of miRNA expression
Authors: Lombardi Vincent , Luce Sonia , Moussu Hélène , Morizur Lise , Gueguen Claire , Neukirch Catherine , Chollet‐Martin Sylvie , Mascarell Laurent , Aubier Michel , Baron‐Bodo Véronique , Moingeon Philippe
Published: May 2017

Introduction

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) contribute to the regulation of dendritic cell (DC) polarization, thereby influencing the balance of adaptive immune responses. Herein, we studied the expression of miRNAs in polarized DCs and analyzed whether expression of these miRNAs could be associated with allergic rhinitis and allergen immunotherapy (AIT) outcome.

Method

Using specific culture conditions, we differentiated immature human monocyte‐derived DCs into DC1, DC2, and DCreg subsets (supporting the differentiation of TH1, TH2 or regulatory T cells, respectively). Profiling of miRNA expression was performed in these DC subpopulations using microarrays. Levels of miRNAs specific for polarized DCs were then evaluated in a cohort of 58 patients with allergic rhinitis and 25 non‐allergic controls, as well as in samples from 30 subjects treated with sublingual grass pollen tablets or placebo for four months.

Results

We successfully identified 16 miRNAs differentially regulated between immature DCs, DC1, DC2, and DCreg cells. In allergic rhinoconjunctivitis patients, the expression of two of those miRNAs (miR‐132 and miR‐155), was down‐regulated compared to non‐allergic individuals. However, the levels of these miRNAs were not significantly modified following four months of grass pollen immunotherapy.

Conclusions

Studying polarized DCs and clinical samples from subjects with or without allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, we demonstrated that the expression of two miRNAs linked to effector DCs (i.e., DC1 and/or DC2 cells), was reduced in the blood of patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Nevertheless, these miRNAs did not represent relevant biomarkers to predict or follow‐up AIT efficacy.
Differences Between Military‐Connected Undergraduates: Implications for Institutional Research
Authors: Molina Dani , Morse Andrew
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses how understanding differences between National Guard members, reservists, active duty personnel, and veterans in higher education can better inform institutional evidence‐based decision‐making to support military‐connected individuals’ college access and success.
Conclusion and Final Thoughts
Authors: Eagan Kevin , McBain Lesley , Jones Kevin C.
Published: May 2017

The final chapter in this issue provides a summary of the key ideas presented throughout the issue and offers recommendations for future research and practice as related to studying and serving veterans in higher education.
Raman spectroscopy as a tool for magnesium estimation in Mg‐calcite
Authors: Borromeo Laura , Zimmermann Udo , Andò Sergio , Coletti Giovanni , Bersani Danilo , Basso Daniela , Gentile Paolo , Schulz Bernhard , Garzanti Eduardo
Published: May 2017

Despite their strong Raman scattering and importance in several applications in the geological and biological sciences, Mg‐calcites have not been thoroughly investigated by Raman spectroscopy. In this study, we investigated whether Raman spectra of carbonates are sensitive to the structural and chemical changes occurring when Mg2+ substitutes Ca2+ in the calcite lattice. Different carbonate samples with variable Mg content (from 0 to 20 mol% MgCO3) of biological and inorganic origin have been first beamed under a Raman spectrometer and then analysed by scanning electron microscopy‐energy dispersive spectrometer and electron microprobe analysis‐wavelength dispersive spectrometer microprobes to determine their chemistry. The biological samples (foraminifers, algae, barnacles and echinoderms) were collected from areas situated at different latitudes and water temperature and saturation, factors affecting the chemical and isotopic composition of shells in marine organisms. The Raman band positions are directly linked to the amount of magnesium present in the calcite lattice, and all peaks of Mg‐calcite spectra show a consistent and linear increase in Raman shifts according to their Mg content, which is a consequence of the decreased inter‐atomic distances following the substitution of Ca2+ with the smaller Mg2+ ion.

This study demonstrates that Raman spectroscopy provides an innovative work perspective in marine biology, provenance studies and oil exploration when estimates of mineralogical and chemical changes are the focus of the study. Raman spectroscopy is even more attractive – for the mentioned fields of research – than many other methods because of the non‐destructive nature and its very short analytical time. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Esophageal dilation in head and neck cancer patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Moss William J. , Pang John , Orosco Ryan K. , Weissbrod Philip A. , Brumund Kevin T. , Weisman Robert A. , Brigger Matthew T. , Coffey Charles S.
Published: May 2017

Objective

To characterize the safety profile and effectiveness of esophageal dilation in head and neck cancer patients.

Methods

A systematic review was undertaken for articles reporting outcomes of esophageal dilation in head and neck cancer patients. The Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases were searched in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines. Complications related to esophageal dilation in head and neck cancer patients was the primary outcome of interest. Success rates, demographic data, cancer staging, and treatment data were assessed secondarily. Statistical analyses included both qualitative and quantitative assessments. A limited meta‐analysis and pooling of the data was performed using a random effects model.

Results

Of the collective 8,243 initial candidate articles, 15 retrospective studies containing data for a collective 449 patients were ultimately included in the analysis. There was significant heterogeneity in the outcomes data. With an overall complication rate of 10.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.1%,17%) and a pooled success rate of 72.9% (95% CI: 65.7%,80.1%) per patient, the articles generally supported the use of dilation.

Conclusion

Head and neck cancer patients experience a higher rate of complications following dilation compared to patients with other causes of benign stricture. Esophageal dilation is effective in improving dysphagia, but these benefits are often transient and thus necessitate repeat interventions. Laryngoscope, 128:111–117, 2018
How does radioactive iodine affect the nose?
Authors: Server Ela Araz , Kirgezen Tolga , Celebi Ozlem Onerci , Yildiz Muhammet , Yigit Ozgur , Cermik Tevfik Fikret
Published: May 2017

Objectives/Hypothesis

To determine the effect of radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment on the nasal mucosa and nasal functions.

Study Design

Prospective clinical study.

Methods

This study included 41 patients (31 female and 10 male) who were treated with RAI for papillary thyroid carcinoma. A visual analogue scale (VAS) was used for subjective evaluation of nasal symptoms. The saccharine test, nasal Schirmer test, and acoustic rhinometry were used for objective evaluation of nasal functions. All tests were administered at baseline (before RAI treatment), and then 1 month and 1 year post‐RAI treatment. Only 21 of the patients could be evaluated after 1 year of treatment and were included in the study's analysis.

Results

VAS obstruction and dryness scores 1 month and 1 year post‐RAI were significantly higher than the baseline scores (P < .05 and P < .05, respectively). Mean cross‐sectional area values 1 month and 1 year post‐RAI did not differ significantly from baseline values (P > .05 and P > .05, respectively). Schirmer test results 1 month and 1 year post‐RAI treatment were significantly lower than at baseline (P < .05 and P < .05, respectively). Saccharine test results 1 month and 1 year post‐RAI were significantly higher than at baseline (P < .05).

Conclusions

RAI treatment can adversely affect the nasal mucosa. Nasal dryness and obstruction can occur immediately after RAI treatment. Additional research is warranted to further elucidate the effects of RAI treatment on nasal function.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 127:2698–2702, 2017
The differential response of kelp to swell and infragravity wave motion
Authors: Mullarney Julia C. , Pilditch Conrad A.
Published: May 2017

We present field measurements of the movement of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera under wave forcing. We resolve the depth and frequency‐dependent responses along the stipe and find different and counterintuitive patterns of response at the infragravity and swell wave forcing frequencies. At swell frequencies, tilting of the stipe is largest toward the holdfast, whereas at infragravity frequencies, the stipe tilting is largest closer to the water surface. It is postulated that the stretching of blades and subsequent pull on the stipe is, in part, responsible for these patterns. This conclusion is supported by results of manipulative experiments, which show a more along‐stipe uniform response after removal of blades from the kelp. The length of the kelp also exerts a strong control on the relative magnitudes of movements in the different frequency bands, with the swell band becoming more important relative to the infragravity band for shorter length kelp. These results indicate that kelp will differentially dissipate energy over both frequencies and varying depths within the water column. The variety of movement responses over differing wave forcing frequencies may also imply that there exist differing rates of breakage for kelp exposed to hydrodynamics stressors of multiple frequencies.
Stimuli‐Responsive Polymeric Nanoparticles
Authors: Liu Xiaolin , Yang Ying , Urban Marek W.
Published: May 2017

There is increasing evidence that stimuli‐responsive nanomaterials have become significantly critical components of modern materials design and technological developments. Recent advances in synthesis and fabrication of stimuli‐responsive polymeric nanoparticles with built‐in stimuli‐responsive components (Part A) and surface modifications of functional nanoparticles that facilitate responsiveness (Part B) are outlined here. The synthesis and construction of stimuli‐responsive spherical, core‐shell, concentric, hollow, Janus, gibbous/inverse gibbous, and cocklebur morphologies are discussed in Part A, with the focus on shape, color, or size changes resulting from external stimuli. Although inorganic/metallic nanoparticles exhibit many useful properties, including thermal or electrical conductivity, catalytic activity, or magnetic properties, their assemblies and formation of higher order constructs are often enhanced by surface modifications. Section B focuses on selected surface reactions that lead to responsiveness achieved by decorating nanoparticles with stimuli‐responsive polymers. Although grafting‐to and grafting‐from dominate these synthetic efforts, there are opportunities for developing novel synthetic approaches facilitating controllable recognition, signaling, or sequential responses. Many nanotechnologies utilize a combination of organic and inorganic phases to produce ceramic or metallic nanoparticles. One can envision the development of new properties by combining inorganic (metals, metal oxides) and organic (polymer) phases into one nanoparticle designated as “ceramers” (inorganics) and “metamers” (metallic).

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The use of inverted‐L posteromedial thigh (L‐PMT) flap for autologous breast reconstruction: A case report
Authors: Scaglioni Mario F. , Eder Maximilian , Giovanoli Pietro
Published: May 2017

The posteromedial thigh (PMT) flap has been described for breast reconstruction in vertical fashion (vPMT). However, it might not incorporate enough soft tissue for reconstruction of a medium size breast. Here, we present a case utilizing the free inverted‐L posteromedial thigh (L‐PMT) flap for autologous reconstruction of the breast. A 65‐year‐old woman with a body max index (BMI) of 24.5 kg/m2underwent nipple sparring mastectomy and received immediate unilateral breast reconstruction. The flap was raised based on the first medial perforator of the profunda femoris artery (PFA). The internal mammary artery and vein were dissected as recipient vessels. The flap size was 25 cm × 25 cm. The mastectomy specimen and weight of the flap was 260 g and 310 g, respectively. The flap survived completely after surgery. The donor site was primarily closed with minimal morbidities. Follow‐up observations were conducted from 1 to 6 months. The patient was satisfied with the reconstruction. The free L‐PMT flap may be suitable for breast reconstruction in women with moderate breast size. The inverted‐L pattern of the PMT flap allows the surgeon to include a bigger quantity of flap soft tissue enabling a more anatomical shape of the breast and represents an alternative design that may be used for autologous breast reconstruction in selected patients.
Resolution of singularities via deep complex‐valued neural networks
Authors: Nitta Tohru
Published: May 2017

It has been reported that training deep neural networks is more difficult than training shallow neural networks. Hinton et al. proposed deep belief networks with a learning algorithm that trains one layer at a time. A much better generalization can be achieved when pre‐training each layer with an unsupervised learning algorithm. Since then, deep neural networks have been extensively studied. On the other hand, it has been revealed that singular points affect the training dynamics of the learning models such as neural networks and cause a standstill of training. Naturally, training deep neural networks suffer singular points. As described in this paper, we present a deep neural network model that has fewer singular points than the usual one. First, we demonstrate that some singular points in the deep real‐valued neural network, which is equivalent to a deep complex‐valued neural network, have been resolved as its inherent property. Such deep neural networks are less likely to become trapped in local minima or plateaus caused by critical points. Results of experiments on the two spirals problem, which has an extreme nonlinearity, support our theory. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel simulation methodology of fractional order nuclear science model
Authors: Akgül Ali , Khan Yasir
Published: May 2017

In this paper, a novel simulation methodology based on the reproducing kernels is proposed for solving the fractional order integro‐differential transport model for a nuclear reactor. The analysis carried out in this paper thus forms a crucial step in the process of development of fractional calculus as well as nuclear science models. The fractional derivative is described in the Captuo Riemann–Liouville sense. Results are presented graphically and in tabulated forms to study the efficiency and accuracy of method. The present scheme is very simple, effective, and appropriate for obtaining numerical simulation of nuclear science models. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Saudi National Mental Health Survey: Methodological and logistical challenges from the pilot study
Authors: Shahab Mona , Al‐Tuwaijri Feda , Bilal Lisa , Hyder Sanaa , Al‐Habeeb Abdulhameed Abdullah , Al‐Subaie Abdullah , Mneimneh Zeina , Pennell Beth‐Ellen , Sampson Nancy , Kessler Ronald C. , Altwaijri Yasmin
Published: May 2017

Several challenges exist in carrying out nation‐wide epidemiological surveys in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) due to the unique characteristics of its population. The objectives of this report are to review these challenges and the lessons learnt about best practices in meeting these challenges from the extensive piloting of the Saudi National Mental Health Survey (SNMHS), which is being carried out as part of the World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative. We focus on challenges involving sample design, instrumentation, and data collection procedures. The SNMHS will ultimately provide crucial data for health policy‐makers and mental health specialists in KSA.
Impact of polyethyleneglycol addition on diffusion coefficients in binary ionic liquid electrolytes composed of dicationic ionic liquid and polyethyleneglycol
Authors: Wu Tzi‐Yi , Su Shyh‐Gang , Chiu Chuen‐Lin , Kuo Chung‐Wen , Tung Yi‐Hsuan
Published: May 2017

We conduct a comparative study of conductivity and diffusion coefficient of two dicationic ionic liquids (3,3′‐(octane‐1,8‐diyl)bis(1‐ethyl‐3‐imidazolium) bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide ([IMCI][TFSI], S1) and 3,3′‐(2,2′‐(ethane‐1,2‐diylbis(oxy))bis(ethane‐2,1‐diyl))bis(1‐ethyl‐3‐imidazolium) bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide ([IMOI][TFSI], S2)) at various temperatures. The diffusion coefficients of cation and anion in ionic liquids are determined by using pulse gradient spin‐echo nuclear magnetic resonance method. S2 shows lower viscosity, higher conductivity, and higher diffusion coefficient than those of S1. Moreover, the influence of polyethyleneglycol (PEG200, Mw = 200) addition in PEG200/IL binary solutions is investigated. PEG200/S1 binary solutions show lower viscosity, higher conductivity, and higher diffusion coefficient than those of neat S1. The experimental molar conductivity (Λ) of neat IL and PEG200/IL binary solutions is lower than that of the calculated molar conductivity (ΛNMR) from pulse gradient spin‐echo nuclear magnetic resonance method at various temperatures, indicating that not all the diffusion species belong to the ionic conduction. In other words, NMR diffusion measurements comprise charged and paired (without charge) ions. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CEST MRI of 3‐O‐methyl‐D‐glucose on different breast cancer models
Authors: Rivlin Michal , Navon Gil
Published: May 2017

Purpose

To test the ability of chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI of 3‐O‐methyl‐D‐glucose (3OMG) to detect tumors in several breast cancer models of murine and human origin, for different routes of administration of the agent and to compare the method with glucoCEST and with 18FDG‐PET on the same animals.

Methods

In vivo CEST MRI experiments were performed with a 7T Biospec animal MRI scanner on implanted orthotopic mammary tumors of mice before and after administration of 3OMG.

Results

A marked 3OMG‐CEST MRI contrast that was correlated with the administrated dose was obtained in different breast cancer models and by intravenous, intraperitoneal, and per os methods of administration. The most aggressive breast cancer model yielded the highest CEST contrast. 3OMG‐CEST contrast reached its maximum at 20 min after administration and lasted for more than an hour, while that of glucose was lower and diminished after 20 min. 3OMG‐CEST showed comparable results to that of FDG PET.

Conclusion

The sensitivity of the 3OMG‐CEST MRI method indicates its potential for the detection of tumors in the clinic. Magn Reson Med 79:1061–1069, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Non‐zero‐sum nonlinear network path interdiction with an application to inspection in terror networks
Authors: Goldberg Noam
Published: May 2017

A simultaneous non‐zero‐sum game is modeled to extend the classical network interdiction problem. In this model, an interdictor (e.g., an enforcement agent) decides how much of an inspection resource to spend along each arc in the network to capture a smuggler. The smuggler (randomly) selects a commodity to smuggle—a source and destination pair of nodes, and also a corresponding path for traveling between the given pair of nodes. This model is motivated by a terrorist organization that can mobilize its human, financial, or weapon resources to carry out an attack at one of several potential target destinations. The probability of evading each of the network arcs nonlinearly decreases in the amount of resource that the interdictor spends on its inspection. We show that under reasonable assumptions with respect to the evasion probability functions, (approximate) Nash equilibria of this game can be determined in polynomial time; depending on whether the evasion functions are exponential or general logarithmically‐convex functions, exact Nash equilibria or approximate Nash equilibria, respectively, are computed. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 64: 139–153, 2017
What could cognitive capital mean for China's children?
Authors: Noble Douglas J. , Martin Kathryn , Qin Lisa , Britto Pia , O'sullivan Margo , Popkins Jillian , Pouwels Ron , Scherpbier Robert W. , Flowers Rana
Published: May 2017

Cognitive capital is an emerging paradigm that captures the criticality of investing in children whilst neural proliferation and development of brain architecture are at their peak. Distinct from financial capital, cognitive capital represents investment in future human potential from interventions in nutrition, health, education, child protection, and social welfare systems that optimize brain development. The return on investment is significant given the plasticity of the developing brain in response to positive stimuli. Investment in brain development results in improved health and well‐being, educational outcomes, skills, employment, and quality of life. The inverse is also true. Negative stimuli lead to depreciating cognitive capital, poorer mental and physical health and educational outcomes, and decreased life chances. Cognitive capital could be an organizing framework for China's next phase of development to ensure the building of a prosperous society. Through significant commitment from the government, China has seen remarkable improvements in under‐five mortality, literacy rates, access to basic education, life expectancy, and gross domestic product in the past few decades as the result of an expansion of publicly funded social services. Yet, inequities remain within and across communities and regions. In 2015, China had a country ranking of 97 for gross national income per capita, highlighting remaining challenges across the whole population. Cognitive capital relies on a package of forward‐looking policies that lead to equitable, efficient, and effective use of existing and future resources. This is consistent with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Investments in interventions that maximize optimal brain development in children, realize children's rights, and contribute to future economic growth, defined as “cognitive capital,” represent a significant opportunity for improving children's lives, nation‐building, and future economic growth in China.
Recommended practice for laboratory reporting of non‐invasive prenatal testing of trisomies 13, 18 and 21: a consensus opinion
Authors: Deans Zandra C. , Allen Stephanie , Jenkins Lucy , Khawaja Farrah , Hastings Ros J. , Mann Kathy , Patton Simon J. , Sistermans Erik A. , Chitty Lyn S.
Published: May 2017

Objective

Non‐invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) for trisomies 13, 18 and 21 is used worldwide. Laboratory reports should provide clear, concise results with test limitations indicated, yet no national or local guidelines are currently available. Here, we aim to present minimum best practice guidelines.

Methods

All laboratories registered in the three European quality assurance schemes for molecular and cytogenetics were invited to complete an online survey focused on services provided for NIPT and non‐invasive prenatal diagnosis. Laboratories delivering NIPT for aneuploidy were asked to submit two example reports; one high and one low risk result. Reports were reviewed for content and discussed at a meeting of laboratory providers and clinicians held at the ISPD 2016 conference in Berlin.

Results

Of the 122 laboratories that responded, 50 issued reports for NIPT and 43 of these submitted sample reports. Responses and reports were discussed by 72 attendees at the meeting. Consensus opinion was determined in several areas and used to develop best practice guidelines for reporting of NIPT results.

Conclusions

Across Europe, there is considerable variation in reporting NIPT results. Here, we describe minimum best practice guidelines, which will be distributed to European laboratories, and reports audited in subsequent external quality assurance cycles. © 2017 The Authors. Prenatal Diagnosis published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semi‐global cooperative output regulation of a class of nonlinear uncertain multi‐agent systems under switching networks
Authors: Li Ranran , Hong Yiguang
Published: May 2017

In this paper, we consider the semi‐global cooperative output regulation problem for a class of nonlinear uncertain multi‐agent systems under switching networks. At first, we study the nonadaptive case when the exosystem has no parametric uncertainties and construct a common Lyapunov function to achieve the output regulation for general switching connected networks. Next, we study the case when the exosystem contains some parametric uncertainties. To solve the problem, we establish a stability result for a class of time‐varying system, which is then used in the design of distributed adaptive internal model‐based control. Then we construct multiple Lyapunov functions for the switching signal with its average dwell time lower bounded by a given constant. Throughout the paper, we treat the closed‐loop multi‐agent system from the viewpoint of singular perturbation. In fact, the singular perturbation‐based method provides an effective tool to handle the multi‐agent system under switching networks. Finally, we give numerical simulations based on Duffing systems and flexible manipulator systems to illustrate the effectiveness of our method. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of extreme floods on macroinvertebrate assemblages in tributaries to the Mohawk River, New York, USA
Authors: Calderon M. R. , Baldigo B. P. , Smith A. J. , Endreny T. A.
Published: May 2017

Climate change is forecast to bring more frequent and intense precipitation to New York which has motivated research into the effects of floods on stream ecosystems. Macroinvertebrate assemblages were sampled at 13 sites in the Mohawk River basin during August 2011, and again in October 2011, following historic floods caused by remnants of Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee. The annual exceedance probabilities of floods at regional flow‐monitoring sites ranged from 0.5 to 0.001. Data from the first 2 surveys, and from additional surveys done during July and October 2014, were assessed to characterize the severity of flood impacts, effect of seasonality, and recovery. Indices of total taxa richness; Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) richness; Hilsenhoff's biotic index; per cent model affinity; and nutrient biotic index‐phosphorus were combined to calculate New York State Biological Assessment Profile scores. Analysis of variance tests were used to determine if the Biological Assessment Profile, its component metrics, relative abundance, and diversity differed significantly (p ≤ .05) among the four surveys. Only total taxa richness and Shannon–Wiener diversity increased significantly, and abundance decreased significantly, following the floods. No metrics differed significantly between the July and August 2014 surveys which indicates that the differences denoted between the August and October 2011 surveys were caused by the floods. Changes in taxa richness, EPT richness, and diversity were significantly correlated with flood annual exceedance probabilities. This study increased our understanding of the resistance and resilience of benthic macroinvertebrate communities by showing that their assemblages were relatively impervious to extreme floods across the region.
On assessing bioequivalence and interchangeability between generics based on indirect comparisons
Authors: Zheng Jiayin , Chow Shein‐Chung , Yuan Mengdie
Published: May 2017

As more and more generics become available in the market place, the safety/efficacy concerns may arise as the result of interchangeably use of approved generics. However, bioequivalence assessment for regulatory approval among generics of the innovative drug product is not required. In practice, approved generics are often used interchangeably without any mechanism of safety monitoring. In this article, based on indirect comparisons, we proposed several methods to assessing bioequivalence and interchangeability between generics. The applicability of the methods and the similarity assumptions were discussed, as well as the inappropriateness of directly adopting adjusted indirect comparison to the field of generics' comparison. Besides, some extensions were given to take into consideration the important topics in clinical trials for bioequivalence assessments, for example, multiple comparisons and simultaneously testing bioequivalence among three generics. Extensive simulation studies were conducted to investigate the performances of the proposed methods. The studies of malaria generics and HIV/AIDS generics prequalified by the WHO were used as real examples to demonstrate the use of the methods. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recommendations for the design of grouped headed studs
Authors: Spremic Milan , Markovic Zlatko , Veljkovic Milan
Published: May 2017

Grouped headed studs may be successfully utilized to achieve the longitudinal shear connection between prefabricated slabs and steel beams. The behaviour of the studs and the ultimate resistance of the group were analysed using the results of experimental push tests and by employing advanced FE analyses. Different arrangements of studs in the group were investigated, focusing on minimal distance between the studs. It is demonstrated that the full shear resistance of a group of headed studs is achieved even when the distances between the studs are less than the minimum requirement according to EN 1994‐1‐1. Concrete class C30/37 is the minimum that should be used. Furthermore, the paper presents a new model for calculating the shear resistance of grouped headed studs. The proposed design model is based on an equivalent stud diameter and can be used for various arrangements of headed studs in a group. The shear resistance formula and the requirements for ductility are consistent with the existing Eurocodes. Fatigue loading is not considered in this paper, so the proposed recommendations are valid for buildings including multi‐storey car parks.
Harmonic spectrum analysis of the output voltage and grid‐side filter design for three‐level voltage‐source converters
Authors: Li Hongliang , Jiang Jianguo
Published: May 2017

Because of the complex arithmetic computation of the traditional three‐level space vector modulation (SVM), its hardware implementation is difficult to achieve. Moreover, the normal approach of acquiring the output voltage harmonic is sensitive to the simulation step, measurement accuracy, system noise, etc. This paper proposes a new method for analyzing the voltage harmonic spectrum of the three‐level converter. Furthermore, the minimum value of the inductance of the grid‐side filters is designed on this basis. First, the formulas of the duty cycle and the modulation waveform of the three‐level SVM algorithm are easily derived using some simple linear calculations under the 120° coordinate. Then, considering the characteristics of the digital circuits, the harmonic components of the output voltage are calculated using Fourier analysis. Third, a precise analytical design of the minimum inductance value of grid‐connected converters with LCL and L input filters is presented. Finally, the validity of this approach is verified by using experimental results. © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Implementing shared decision making in routine mental health care
Authors: Slade Mike
Published: May 2017

Shared decision making (SDM) in mental health care involves clinicians and patients working together to make decisions. The key elements of SDM have been identified, decision support tools have been developed, and SDM has been recommended in mental health at policy level. Yet implementation remains limited. Two justifications are typically advanced in support of SDM. The clinical justification is that SDM leads to improved outcome, yet the available empirical evidence base is inconclusive. The ethical justification is that SDM is a right, but clinicians need to balance the biomedical ethical principles of autonomy and justice with beneficence and non‐maleficence. It is argued that SDM is “polyvalent”, a sociological concept which describes an idea commanding superficial but not deep agreement between disparate stakeholders. Implementing SDM in routine mental health services is as much a cultural as a technical problem. Three challenges are identified: creating widespread access to high‐quality decision support tools; integrating SDM with other recovery‐supporting interventions; and responding to cultural changes as patients develop the normal expectations of citizenship. Two approaches which may inform responses in the mental health system to these cultural changes – social marketing and the hospitality industry – are identified.
Risk of suicide, deliberate self‐harm and psychiatric illness after the loss of a close relative: A nationwide cohort study
Authors: Guldin Mai‐Britt , Ina Siegismund Kjaersgaard Maiken , Fenger‐Grøn Morten , Thorlund Parner Erik , Li Jiong , Prior Anders , Vestergaard Mogens
Published: May 2017

The loss of a close relative is a common event, yet it is associated with increased risk of serious mental health conditions. No large‐scale study has explored up to now the importance of the bereaved person's relation to the deceased while accounting for gender and age. We performed a nationwide Danish cohort study using register information from 1995 through 2013 on four sub‐cohorts including all persons aged ≥18 years exposed to the loss of a child, spouse, sibling or parent. We identified 1,445,378 bereaved persons, and each was matched by gender, age and family composition to five non‐bereaved persons. Cumulative incidence proportions were calculated to estimate absolute differences in suicide, deliberate self‐harm and psychiatric illness. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to calculate hazard ratios while adjusting for potential confounders. Results revealed that the risk of suicide, deliberate self‐harm and psychiatric illness was increased in the bereaved cohorts for at least 10 years after the loss, particularly during the first year. During that year, the risk difference was 18.9 events in 1,000 persons after loss of a child (95% CI: 17.6‐20.1) and 16.0 events in 1,000 persons after loss of the spouse (95% CI: 15.4‐16.6). Hazard ratios were generally highest after loss of a child, in younger persons, and after sudden loss by suicide, homicide or accident. One in three persons with a previous psychiatric diagnosis experienced suicide, deliberate self‐harm or psychiatric illness within the first year of bereavement. In conclusion, this study shows that the risk of suicide, deliberate self‐harm and psychiatric illness is high after the loss of a close relative, especially in susceptible subgroups. This suggests the need for early identification of high‐risk persons displaying adjustment problems after loss of a close family member, in order to reduce the risk of serious mental health outcomes.