bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A narrative journey into the borderland of patient safety: Toward an expanded, relational concept of safety
Authors: Lauge Andersen Lisbeth
Published: January 2024

“Patient safety” is routinely defined in health services globally as “safety for patients against harm and risk of injury in health care.” (Danish Board of Quality in Health Care, 2022, p. 28; translated by the author). This is a standardized, broad, and general definition of what counts as safety. In this article, I argue for an expanded, relational concept of patient safety revolving around experienced patient safety. Recognizing safety as vital for all groups of patients, I follow a dialogical, critical-reflexive approach to focus on safety in a somatic hospital setting in Denmark as it is experienced by people with lived experience of mental distress. Safety in this context is often compromised, contributing to inequity in health for people with mental distress. I present and analyze the narratives of two experts by experience about their somatic hospital stay. As an analytical approach, I draw on Frank’s dialogical narrative analysis together with elements from Bakhtin’s theory of dialogue and Foucault’s theory of power/knowledge. Forefronting voices of those rarely asked and seldom heard, dialogical narrative analysis provides insight into how “patient safety” is enacted through situated negotiations of meaning in the narratives of people with lived experience. The storytellers are continuously struggling to fit in and to be seen as human beings, trying to resist public narratives on mental distress that threaten to limit their scope of action and who they can become. The discussion highlights how unintended emotional and psychosocial harm limit the benefits of patient safety for certain groups in society. In particular, shame, individualized responsibility, and internalized inferiority hinder equity in health. Building on my analysis, I suggest a collaborative, participatory approach for coproducing further knowledge through joint analysis with people with lived experience and nurses from somatic hospital wards.
A study on metformin-induced anemia using red blood cell indices and red cell distribution width
Authors: Lingam Sasank , Gara Himavathy Kodandarao , Vanamali Dharma Rao
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Background:

Diabetic patients on metformin may have increased risk of developing anemia. Hematological parameters can easily reflect anisocytosis and differential analysis of anemia. Hence, the study aimed to compare red blood cell (RBC) indices and red cell distribution width (RDW) among metformin and non-metformin users and to determine the association of the RBC indices and RDW with the dosage and duration of metformin.

Materials and Methods:

This hospital-based observational study comprised 100 type-2 diabetic patients, dichotomized as metformin users and non-metformin users. They underwent face-to-face interview, clinical review, and laboratory investigations focused on hematological parameters and glycemic profile.

Results:

Participants of the age group of 51-60 years constituted 67% and females comprised 55%. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose (FBG), and post-prandial blood glucose (PPBG) were significantly higher among metformin users as compared to non-metformin users. Average dosage of metformin was 1281 ± 562.69 mg, and the average duration of metformin usage was 79.84 ± 20.39 months. The mean Metformin Usage Index (MUI) was 8.584 ± 4.4. The metformin users had significantly lower RBC count and higher values for hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and RDW than non-metformin group. Anemia was observed among 50% metformin users and 42% non-metformin users. Normocytic, macrocytic, and microcytic anemia were observed in 69.56%, 21.74%, and 8.7%, respectively, among anemic diabetics. MCV, MCH, and RDW showed a significant positive correlation with MUI.

Conclusion:

This study revealed anemia in 46% of diabetics, with normocytic anemia being the commonest type, followed by macrocytic and microcytic anemia. Metformin therapy had a significant positive association with MCV and RDW, which was both dose- and duration-dependent. MUI and hematological parameters can be effectively used as a risk assessment for anemia among diabetics on metformin.
Effect of donor parameters and cell separators on yield of apheresis platelet and their impact on corrected count increment in aplastic anemia patients
Authors: Srivastava Anubha , Yadav Brijesh Kumar , Das Indranil , Katharia Rahul , Chaudhary Rajendra K. , Rani Pallavi , Priyadarshi Atul
Published: January 2024

BACKGROUND:

The new cell separators make it simple to collect single donor platelets (SDP), although the platelet yield may vary depending on the cell separator used and donor-related clinical and laboratory variables.

AIMS:

This study aims to study the factors affecting SDP yield and corrected count increment (CCI).

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

This retrospective study was carried out at a tertiary care facility in northern India, over 4 years (May 2017–April 2020), data were retrieved and analyzed.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:

Categorical variables were presented as proportions, while continuous variables were presented as mean with standard deviation, P < 0.05 was considered significant.

RESULTS:

We found a positive correlation between predonation platelet count and yield (r = 0.243, P = 0.000). No such significant correlation was found with Hb concentration (r = 0.025, P = 0.720), age (r = 0.016, P = 0.820), sex (r = −0.038, P = 0.584), and weight (r = −0.025, P = 0.714). Maximum platelet yield and minimum time were seen with Trima. Only 39.3% (33/84) meet the 24 h CCI. The majority of patients did not meet the desired CCI could be due to the patients’ clinical condition. On logistic regression, we found a significant association of 24 h CCI with product yield (odds ratio [OR] = 0.168, P = 0.015) and posttransfusion platelet count (OR = 0.454, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION:

The only donor-related factor that influences yield is predonation platelet count, whereas 24 h CCI may depend on the clinical status of the patient and yield.
Hemolysis in reverse grouping: Evaluation and implication of high titer isoagglutinin of two blood donors
Authors: Routray Suman Sudha , Tripathy Sukanta , Ray Gopal Krushna
Published: January 2024

Hemolysis is a positive agglutination reaction and is primarily associated with high anti-A or anti-B antibody titers. This high titer may result in no agglutination due to the “prozone” phenomenon. Platelet concentrate of high titer has an adverse effect on the recipient of the non-identical ABO blood group. Similarly, the blood products with higher titers of isoagglutinin have recently increased the incidence of intravenous immunoglobulins-related hemolysis. In this Asian subcontinent, the impact of O blood donors with high antibody titers or ABO incompatible platelets is hardly addressed. Blood was collected from two healthy donors and subjected to blood grouping as done routinely. Hemolysis was observed in the reverse grouping with the “B-“cell. Blood grouping was repeated with the conventional tube technique (CTT) where there was no agglutination with the “B”-cell. Suspecting the “prozone” phenomenon, serial dilution of anti-B was done by CTT, and the titer was found to be 1:256 and 1:128 in both cases. Then, the reverse grouping was repeated with a diluted serum (1:8), and the blood group was confirmed to be A RhD-positive and O RhD-positive, respectively. The absence of agglutination in a reverse grouping is not only an indicator of weak antibody but also a presentation of the “prozone” phenomenon. This could be differentiated by doing the titer of isoagglutinin. Hemolysis due to high agglutinin levels should be documented and evaluated, and blood components should be properly labeled to ensure that the product is transfused to the same blood group patients.
Accuracy of linear mandibular measurements on conventional and cone beam computed tomography reconstructed panoramic radiographs
Authors: Chauhan Nidhi Pathak , Sujir Nanditha , Saha Anindita , Chauhan Deepak , Ahmed Junaid , Pai Keerthilatha Muralidhar
Published: January 2024

Introduction: The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the precision of dimensional measurements in digital panoramic radiographs (PRs) and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)-generated panoramic images. Materials and Methods: Ten dry human mandibles were subjected to direct anthropometric measurements, digital panoramic radiography, and CBCT scans. Vertical and horizontal measurements were made between predetermined points by two observers. Paired t-test was applied for the comparative analysis. p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done followed by post-hoc Bonferroni test to correlate the measurements got by the three modalities. Results: Except for two vertical measurements (V2 and V4) there was statistically significant difference in relation to all the measurements. The highest mean difference was observed in relation to H4, which was 12.60 mm lesser on digital PR in comparison to the anatomic measurements. Also, except for two vertical measurements V1 and V5, all the other measurements were underestimated by the digital PR.Conclusion: Measurement done in reconstructed PR and digital PRs in the region of posterior tooth-bearing region and condylar region are statistically similar.
Contribution of Enhanced Locoregional Control to Improved Overall Survival with Consolidative Durvalumab after Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy in Locally Advanced Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer: Insights from Real-World Data
Authors: Jang Jeong Yun , Song Si Yeol , Shin Young Seob , Kim Ha Un , Choi Eun Kyung , Kim Sang-We , Lee Jae Cheol , Lee Dae Ho , Choi Chang-Min , Yoon Shinkyo , Kim Su Ssan
Published: January 2024

Purpose This study aimed to assess the real-world clinical outcomes of consolidative durvalumab in patients with unresectable locally advanced non–small cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC) and to explore the role of radiotherapy in the era of immunotherapy.Materials and Methods This retrospective study assessed 171 patients with unresectable LA-NSCLC who underwent concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) with or without consolidative durvalumab at Asan Medical Center between May 2018 and May 2021. Primary outcomes included freedom from locoregional failure (FFLRF), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS).Results Durvalumab following CCRT demonstrated a prolonged median PFS of 20.9 months (p=0.048) and a 3-year FFLRF rate of 57.3% (p=0.008), compared to 13.7 months and 38.8%, respectively, with CCRT alone. Furthermore, the incidence of in-field recurrence was significantly greater in the CCRT-alone group compared to the durvalumab group (26.8% vs. 12.4%, p=0.027). While median OS was not reached with durvalumab, it was 35.4 months in patients receiving CCRT alone (p=0.010). Patients positive for programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression showed notably better outcomes, including FFLRF, DMFS, PFS, and OS. Adherence to PACIFIC trial eligibility criteria identified 100 patients (58.5%) as ineligible. The use of durvalumab demonstrated better survival regardless of eligibility criteria.Conclusion The use of durvalumab consolidation following CCRT significantly enhanced locoregional control and OS in patients with unresectable LA-NSCLC, especially in those with PD-L1–positive tumors, thereby validating the role of durvalumab in standard care.
Minimal extension for the $\alpha$-Manhattan norm
Authors: Campbell Daniel , Kauranen Aapo , Radici Emanuela
Published: January 2024

Let

\partial\mathcal{Q}

be the boundary of a convex polygon in

\mathbb{R}^2

,

e_\alpha=(\cos\alpha,\sin\alpha)

and

e_{\alpha}^{\bot}=(-\sin\alpha,\cos\alpha)

a basis of

\mathbb{R}^2

for some

\alpha\in[0,2\pi)

and

\varphi:\partial\mathcal{Q}\to\mathbb{R}^2

a continuous, finitely piecewise linear injective map. We construct a finitely piecewise affine homeomorphism

v:\mathcal{Q}\to\mathbb{R}^2

coinciding with

\varphi

on

\partial\mathcal{Q}

such that the following property holds:

|\langle Dv, e_{\alpha}\rangle|(\mathcal{Q})

(resp.,

\langle Dv, e_{\alpha}^{\bot}\rangle|(\mathcal{Q})

) is as close as we want to

\inf|\langle Du, e_{\alpha}\rangle|(\mathcal{Q})

(resp.,

\inf|\langle Du, e_{\alpha}^{\bot}\rangle|(\mathcal{Q})

) where the infimum is meant over the class of all

BV

homeomorphisms

u

extending

\varphi

inside

\mathcal{Q}

. This result extends that already proven by Pratelli and the third author in [Atti Accad. Naz. Lincei Rend. Lincei Mat. Appl. 29 (2018), no. 3, 511–555] in the shape of the domain.
Safer Buses for Passengers and Pedestrians: Crashes and Injury Analyses from Indian and German In-Depth Data
Authors: Ranmal Aarti , Jeppsson Hanna , Strandroth Johan , Lubbe Nils
Published: January 2024

Bus transport is an important element in a sustainable transport strategy. The objective of this study is to understand crashes and injuries involving buses, suggest potential passive-safety interventions, estimate their effectiveness, and compare their effectiveness between Germany and India. Descriptive analysis of crash data from the German In-depth Accident Study (GIDAS) and the Road Accident Sampling System India (RASSI) database was performed in two parts: First, bus passengers and their injuries were analyzed and second, pedestrian injuries in bus-to-pedestrian crashes were analyzed. Lastly, interventions were suggested, and their effectiveness was estimated. Analysis of bus passengers showed that most moderate-to-critical injuries in the GIDAS data were to the head caused by interior bus components. In the RASSI data, head injuries were also frequent, often due to bus interior contact, but also due to ejection and impact to the ground or bus exterior. As many as 31% of all moderate-to-critical injuries in RASSI occurred due to ejection, none in the GIDAS data. Negligible seatbelt usage in the GIDAS data and non-existent use in RASSI demands some explanation. In bus-to-pedestrian crashes, impacts to the front of the bus were the most frequent scenario in both countries. Head injuries were frequent in both GIDAS and RASSI, predominantly due to an impact with the bus front or the ground. To mitigate these injuries, the suggested interventions are seatbelts, pedestrian airbags, and pedestrian underrun protection. These interventions were estimated to annually save up to 175 injured pedestrians and 968 injured bus occupants in Germany, and 6,682 injured pedestrians and 36,271 injured bus occupants in India. To conclude, while the need for better data and more rigorous intervention analysis in future work are discussed, the highlighted safety issues and potential interventions can guide discussion and action plans for safer buses.
Occupant Injury Severity Prediction in Road Traffic Accidents Using Machine Learning Techniques
Authors: G Santhosh Kumar , Khatavkar Akshay , Kulkarni Prasad , Koralla Sivaprasad , Sahu Dilip
Published: January 2024

The automotive industry has achieved remarkable advances in passenger car safety systems to mitigate the risk of injuries and fatalities caused by road accidents. However, to further improve vehicle safety, it is essential to have a deeper understanding of real-world accidents and the true safety benefits of various safety systems in the field. This requires a framework to evaluate the effectiveness of safety systems in reducing occupant injury and fatalities.

This study aims to use machine-learning techniques to predict occupant injury severity by considering accident parameters and safety systems, using the Road Accident Sampling System - India (RASSI) real-world accident data. The RASSI database contains comprehensive accident data, including various factors that contribute to occupant injury. The study focused on fifteen accident parameters that represent key aspects of crash scenarios such as vehicle type, accident type, vehicle speed, and occupant details. Multiple machine learning algorithms such as decision tree, random forest, and neural network are applied to build robust models for predicting injury severity. The performance of each machine-learning model is assessed using appropriate metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. Furthermore, a feature importance analysis is performed to identify the critical factors that influence the injury severity.

The results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach in accurately predicting occupant injury severity across different crash scenarios. Moreover, the study provides an opportunity to gain valuable insights into the underlying factors that affect occupant injury severity. This will help safety engineers to conduct studies to understand the effectiveness of safety systems independently. This will assist selection and prioritization of various safety systems towards enhancing occupant safety considering real-world accident scenarios.
A Review on Fire Prevention and Suppression Solutions for EV Battery Packs
Authors: H Manjunatha , Nambisan T M Praveen Kumar , R Pavan , P Hari Prasad Reddy , G M Bharath , Kulkarni Mukund Aravind , Sundaram Saravanan
Published: January 2024

The lithium-ion batteries are susceptible to fires or explosions due to their extremely volatile nature. The energy-dense batteries, such as Li Ni0.8Mn0.1Co0.1 O2/Graphite(NMC811) battery that meets the consumer range demands, are most vulnerable under thermal events. A wide number of solutions are being explored to suppress or prevent battery fires. The solutions range from integrating active cooling techniques, passive heat dissipation using heat carrier pads, thermal insulating materials to prevent thermal propagation, safety vents to remove ejecta, and protection circuitry with an advanced battery management system. This paper reviews various safety solutions employed in battery packs for preventing or suppressing potential fire during any thermal runaway event. The identified safety solutions also feature distinctive methods such as using hydrogel agents, aerosol fire suppressants, and design features. Among the reviewed countermeasures, we provide a detailed analysis of the recent heat mitigation techniques that use thermal barrier pads in battery pack design. Overall, our analysis highlights the need for a multi-layered approach to battery safety, including both active and passive measures.
Development & Testing of a Camera-Based Driver Monitoring System
Authors: Bhagat Ajinkya , Kale Jyoti Ganesh , Pachhapurkar Ninad , Karle Manish , Karle Ujjwala
Published: January 2024

One of the primary reasons for road accidents is driving while distracted or drowsy. Often, long and monotonous road journeys lead to distracted or drowsy driving. Therefore, there is a need for a system which alerts a distracted or drowsy driver. Moreover, as the levels of autonomy move beyond SAE Level 2, the system assumes a larger share of the dynamic driving task. Under challenging circumstances, the system might ask the driver to take back vehicle control. To guarantee safety, it’s crucial to monitor the driver’s condition in order to assess their readiness to regain control of the vehicle. An advanced safety feature known as a driver monitoring system (DMS), sometimes referred to as a driver state sensing (DSS) system, is designed to monitor a driver’s attentiveness and alertness, providing warnings or alerts to refocus their attention on driving when drowsiness or distraction is detected. This paper presents a novel camera-based driver drowsiness system developed using a standard webcam and an embedded hardware. This system utilizes deep learning for tasks such as detecting faces, extracting facial landmarks, and estimating head pose. Key facial landmarks are used to determine blink rate and track eye gaze. To improve robustness against brightness changes, the software also implements an auto calibration feature. The system uses multiprocessing capabilities of the embedded hardware for improved performance. The system was tested for functionality and performance inside the lab and on a real vehicle.
A Novel Method to Select Hyperparameters of the DBSCAN Algorithm for RADAR Applications
Authors: Payghan Vaibhav Santosh , Prajapati Miit , Chauhan Abhisha
Published: January 2024

As the automotive industry is coming up with various ADAS solutions, RADAR is playing an important role. There are many parameters concerning RADAR detections to acknowledge. Unsupervised Clustering methods are used for RADAR applications. DBSCAN clustering method which is widely used for RADAR applications. The existing clustering DBSCAN is not aligned very well with its hyperparameters such as epsilon (the radius within which each data point checks the density) and minimum points (minimum data points required within a circle to check for core point) for which a calibration is needed. In this paper, different methods to choose the hyperparameters of DBSCAN are compared and verified with different clustering evaluation criteria. A novel method to select hyperparameters of the DBSCAN algorithm is presented with the paper. For testing the given algorithm, ground truth data is collected, and the results are verified with MATLAB-Simulink.
Brake Pad Life Monitoring System Using Machine Learning
Authors: Iqbal Shoaib , Bhambri Mihir , lahase Rahul
Published: January 2024

In the context of vehicular safety and performance, brake pads represent a critical component, ensuring controlled driving and accident prevention. These pads consist of friction materials that naturally degrade with usage, potentially leading to safety issues like delayed braking response and NVH disturbances. Unfortunately, assessing brake pad wear remains challenging for vehicle owners, as these components are typically inaccessible from the outside. Moreover, Indian OEMs have not yet integrated brake pad life estimation features. This research introduces a hybrid machine learning approach for predicting brake pad remaining useful life, comprising three modules: a weight module, utilizing mathematical formulations based on longitudinal vehicle dynamics to estimate vehicle weight necessary for calculating braking kinetic energy dissipation; and temperature and wear modules, employing deep neural networks for predictive modeling. Notably, the model’s training leverages rig-level data, with limited vehicle-level data for validation, achieving a validation accuracy of 94.8%. This innovative indirect approach holds the potential to be deployed universally in vehicles, enhancing safety without imposing additional burdens on customers or the environment.
Cost Effective Pathways toward Highly Efficient and Ultra-Clean Compression-Ignition Engines, Part II: Air-Handling and Exhaust Aftertreatment
Authors: Kumar Praveen , Shah Ashish , Lago Rafael , Echeverri Marquez Manuel , Cleary David , Gothekar Sanjeev , G Bhat Prasanna , Thipse Sukrut S
Published: January 2024

Currently, on-road transport contributes nearly 12% of India’s total energy related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions that are expected to be doubled by 2040. Following the global trends of increasingly stringent greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and criteria emissions, India will likely impose equivalent Bharat Stage (BS) regulations mandating simultaneous reduction in CO2 emissions and nearly 90% lower nitrogen oxides (NOx) from the current BS-VI levels. Consequently, Indian automakers would likely face tremendous challenges in meeting such emission reduction requirements while balancing performance and the total cost of ownership (TCO) trade-offs. Therefore, it is conceivable that cost-effective system improvements for the existing internal combustion engine (ICE) powertrains would be of high strategic importance for the automakers. In this second part of a two-part article, several component-level advancements are discussed, including both the engine and the aftertreatment system (ATS) for heavy-duty (HD) diesel engine based powertrains. For engine system level, the role of efficient air-handling systems (AHS), including turbochargers and EGR configurations to reduce engine out NOx emissions, was reviewed. For thermal efficiency improvements, potential of millerization and its implications on the AHS performance were presented. For an efficient ATS performance during the engine cold-start warm-up period, critical to meeting criteria emissions compliance, thermal management strategies, including valve variability, were reviewed. Finally, market-relevant HD engine system recipes with a minimal TCO implications were highlighted.
Experimental Analysis of Multi-Link Rigid Axle Suspension Camber Variation with Vehicle Load
Authors: Jani Harshil , Rasal Shraddhesh , Hussain Inzamam , Asthana Shivam , Ahire Manoj , Vellandi Vikraman , Senniappan Moorthy
Published: January 2024

Increased popularity on SUV category in the market has led to high focus on performance attributes of SUVs. Considering high weight & CoG achieving target handling performance is always a challenge. Static Wheel Alignment parameters, especially Camber have shown significant contribution in Handling attributes of vehicle. This paper presents an experimental study on change in wheel camber under the influence of different vehicle loading conditions. In SUVs, generally wheel is subjected to large deflection from its high static loads which makes it quite difficult to maintain an ideal camber angle. Hence, it is important to analyze the camber angle variations under actual loading conditions.

An in-house fixture is developed to emulate the actual vehicle loading conditions at rear wheel end. The multi-link rigid axle suspension with watt’s link assembly is mounted on the chassis-frame which is rigidly fixed to ground, and loads are achieved through hydraulic actuators at Wheels. Axle deflections are captured through CMM measurements for Calculation of Camber Angle Variation. The experimental results validate the actual phenomenon of camber change with respect to different loading. The current analysis helps in understanding the effect of rear axle load on vehicle level camber measurement.

This unique setup allows us to identify structural deflections in suspension components contributing to camber variation & corresponding axle design specification off-set required to achieve Target Camber Specifications in laden vehicle condition.
Influence of Rear Suspension Local Stiffness on Full Vehicle Ride & Handling Performance
Authors: Asthana Shivam , Rasal Shraddhesh , Nidasosi Basavraj , V Jesse Daniel , Ganesh Lingadalu , Ramkumar J , Nayak Bhargav , M Sudhan , Vellandi Vikraman
Published: January 2024

One of the biggest challenges for automotive industry is with respect to material saving and to have control on cost of development and still meeting performance in each aspect. Stringent weight targets help industries to have good margin on component costs. In recent times we have seen vehicle underbody contribution to total vehicle is significant in range of 12% to 18%. Total weight directly impacts the range of electric vehicle which is a key metric for success from real-world usage point of view and customer appeal. Hence control on suspension and frame design for light weighting is prominent trend in industry, this leads to deterioration of suspension compliance as well as vehicle ride and handling performance. Sub-frame and knuckle play crucial role in definition of overall suspension stiffness.

Present Study focusses on electric vehicle rear cradle design for weight saving with minimum reduction of stiffness. Understanding compliance which obtained from frame\cradle in vehicle cannot be negated if not improved in early stage of projects. This study focuses on vehicle’s rear suspension links, knuckle, and cradle performance for enhancing vehicle integrity, this later reflects in improved compliance. Total compliance at subframe level have big impact on full vehicle ride and handling performance. Analysis was performed on MSC ADAMS offline simulation tool for rigid suspension links & flex bodies. Lateral, longitudinal, and aligning torque compliances as well as full vehicle handling tests data was used to formulate compliance contribution matrix and identify areas of improvements. New design solutions were identified to enhance corresponding local stiffness with minimal weight addition. As a result of the study target component stiffnesses were defined for future design requirements.+
Finite Element Analysis and Correlation with Physical Test of Tractor Hood Bang Endurance Test
Authors: Pandey Manoj Kumar , Kumar Arun , Redkar Dinesh , Perumal Solairaj , Thankaraj Pratheesh , Udayakumar S
Published: January 2024

Tractors primarily serve agricultural functions but are also employed in various other applications such as loading, construction, and hauling. Tractors comprise several key assembly, including the engine, transmission, front hood assembly, and skid, among others. The hood is a critical assembly of the tractor, enclosing the engine and its associated parts. It is constructed from sheet metal with a 'Class A' surface finish for aesthetic purposes. The Hood is locked using latch mechanism mounted on the tractor chassis. The primary function of the hood is to facilitate the opening and closing of the hood assembly during servicing, and it often undergoes rough handling. Therefore, it becomes imperative to validate the durability of the hood assembly to ensure it can withstand the real-world conditions it encounters during these operations. One such test used to validate the hood assembly is the Hood Bang Test, which helps predict potential failures in the hood assembly due to the rigorous usage it experiences during repeated opening and closing.

This paper primarily concentrates on establishing the finite element (FE) methodology for simulating hood bang test and establishing a correlation between computer-aided engineering (CAE) simulations and physical tests. The FE model of the hood assembly was constructed using Hypermesh, and dynamic simulations, involving the latch mechanism, were executed with LS-DYNA, considering the actual impact velocity measurements. Subsequently, the model was used to predict the hood assembly durability based on the simulation results.

Correlation is a pivotal step in ensuring the reliability of CAE results. To achieve this, a hood bang test was conducted to measure acceleration (expressed in 'g' units) and strain. While the acceleration trends between CAE and the test closely aligned, there were still minor disparities. Following a thorough examination of the behavior and subsequent improvements to the FE model, a strong strain correlation was attained, and the acceleration trends were in close agreement.
Experimental Investigation of Effect of Various Diesel-Ethanol Blends on In-Use Multi-Cylinder Engine Performance and Emission
Authors: Sonawane Shailesh Balkrishna , Sekhar Ravi , Warke Arundhati , Thipse Sukrut S , Rairikar Sandeep , Sutar Prasanna S , Jadhav Ajinkya
Published: January 2024

In India, B7 (a biodiesel mix of 7% by volume in diesel) has been approved for use in diesel engines. Due to the depletion of fossil fuel supplies and tight pollution requirements, alternative diesel fuel has become critical. However, given the properties of diesel, no direct renewable alternative fuel can totally replace diesel. As a result, one of the solutions may be to replace part of the diesel with ethanol. In this inquisition, the impact of various diesel-ethanol blends, counting ED7.7, ED10, ED15 and ED20, were examined on two in-use multi-cylinder engines complying to different emission norms. The two engines under consideration complies with CPCB-I and CPCB-II, which is an Indian legal requirement for stationary Genset engines. For both engines, a 5-mode steady-state test cycle was considered. For each mode, the engine’s performance characteristics, including power, torque, and BSFC, were tested and described. The prime goal of adding this research is to delve into the possibility of running diesel gensets with blended fuels in an in-use diesel engine. Also, the emission causing pollutants such as NOx, CO, HC, Smoke and PM were measured for each individual mode. Almost all of the pollutants were seen to have reduced. The drastic reduction level in PM and smoke levels to the tune of almost 30-40% was found promising. ED7.7 and ED10 blends were found to be promising for reducing the overall emissions without changing the existing engine configuration. This research presents a thorough analysis of each mode and the response of two different vintage engines to the use of a diesel ethanol blends. This paper also discusses the methodical process used to select the best blend out of all the tested blends.
The Scope of Autonomous Vehicle Mobility with an Indian Context
Authors: Shetty Sharan Harish
Published: January 2024

The advent of autonomous vehicles promises to revolutionize the transportation sector globally, and India, as one of the world's fastest-growing economies, stands at the forefront of this transformative technology. This paper presents a brief overview of the current state and potential implications of autonomous vehicles in the Indian context.

With its densely populated cities, diverse traffic conditions, and complex road infrastructure, India presents unique challenges and opportunities for the deployment of autonomous vehicles. This technology has the potential to address critical issues such as road safety, congestion, and pollution while transforming the mobility experience for millions of people. However, several hurdles must be overcome to fully harness its benefits.

The paper explores key considerations for the implementation of autonomous vehicles in India. These include adapting the technology to navigate chaotic traffic scenarios, addressing infrastructure limitations, and ensuring regulatory frameworks are in place to support safe and efficient operations.

The paper also highlights ongoing initiatives and pilot projects in India, showcasing the progress made in integrating autonomous vehicles into the transportation ecosystem. It discusses the potential impact on various sectors, including ride-hailing services, public transportation, logistics, and delivery services.

Furthermore, the paper touches upon the economic implications of autonomous vehicles in India, including job displacement and the emergence of new employment opportunities in fields such as technology development, data analysis, and vehicle maintenance.
Study on Hardware and Software Requirements of Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicles to Support Megawatt Charging
Authors: Venugopal Karthick Babu , Penta Amar , Kumar Rohit , Mudavath Lehitha Sai , Arya Harshita
Published: January 2024

To achieve CO2-neutral mobility, various OEMs are launching Heavy Duty (HD) Electric Vehicle (EV) throughout the globe. HD EVs are equipped with high-power battery packs to sustain intercity trips in laden conditions. Compared to passenger EVs, commercial EVs require higher charging duration due to high-capacity batteries with existing CCS charging standard. This results in increased trip duration low power charging and overnight charging will result in higher idle time therefore decreasing the effective vehicle utilization. To mitigate these challenges, CharIN proposes Megawatt Charging System (MCS) in SAE J3271. This paper aims at providing a comprehensive analysis between the Megawatt Charging System and Combined Charging System. In addition to this, this paper emphasis the hardware and software changes required in the Charging Control Unit (CCU) to meet SAE J3271 standards and hardware solutions to operate the vehicle within its respective thermal limit during megawatt charging.
A Multistage Adaptive Charging Algorithm for Li-Ion Battery-Based EV Applications
Authors: Rajawat Shiv Pratap , Moorthi Sathiya , Soni Lokesh
Published: January 2024

With the increase of electric vehicles and lack of standardization in charging infrastructure, the variance in the charger cable length, battery health, and battery capacity can result in unevenness in the charging of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which increases the charging time and can deteriorate the battery’s health. Enabling adaptive charging of LIBs can accelerate the commercial application of electric vehicles (EVs). Charging of LIBs is critical and can be optimized to curtail the effective charging time. In this paper, a multistage adaptive charging strategy is presented for LIB-based EV applications to boost the SOC of the battery system in the shortest time. In the proposed charging strategy, initially, multiple pre-charge CC stages are employed to bring the battery out of the deep discharge state and to simultaneously calculate the resistances of the harness (line resistance), and the battery. These resistance values are then used to estimate the charging currents as the terminal voltage reaches the charging cut-off voltage to extend the charging process. The algorithm also employs the topping-up action based on battery SOC to overcome the loss incurred due to the self-discharge phenomenon of the batteries. The multistage adaptive charging algorithm is developed in Matlab/Simulink simulation environment and is tested and validated on a LIB-based electric two-wheeler system, and the charging results of the proposed strategy obtained are compared with the results of CC-CV and two-stage CC-CC strategies.
Detection of Unintended Vehicle Behaviour for Driver Safety
Authors: Ghube Aditya Purushottam , Chauhan Abhisha , Nidubrolu Kranthi kumar
Published: January 2024

The functional safety of electric vehicles has attracted a great deal of attention among automobile industries globally. A tricky yet necessary dual gamut of operational ease along with operational safety is something that cannot be ignored while using electric vehicles. Safety paired with vehicle reliability will go a long way in the market. Therefore, abnormal vehicle behavior due to factors such as unintended acceleration should not be kept in hindsight. Unintended acceleration is a phenomenon where the vehicle accelerates involuntarily without the knowledge of the driver which leads to accidents and fatal injuries. Thus, prior detection of unintended acceleration becomes mandatory for driver’s safety.

Unintended acceleration is a result of various uncontrolled conditions like road driving conditions and system malfunction. This paper aims to estimate the load torque of a vehicle by utilizing the vehicle drive train model thereby ensuring the timely detection of unwanted acceleration in a vehicle. Two hazard mitigation methods have also been proposed based on the severity and cause of unintended acceleration.
A Comparison of Wire Bonding Vs. Spot Welding Vs. Soldering in the Prevention of Thermal Runaway in a Battery Pack
Authors: Pawar Aniruddha , Khan Faiz , Shah Harsh , Malani Shekhar
Published: January 2024

EVs are a fast-growing market and appear as a promising option against the high emission of gasoline and diesel vehicles. The growth in the EV market has been decent and a regular buyer is still skeptical due to fire incidents occurring with EVs. Complex electronics, improper thermal management, mechanical abuse, improper cell grading activities and control in production, lack of testing in a production plant, and of course, uneven degradation of cells can be one of the reasons this promising technology is facing thermal runaway and in turn, the wrath of the government and public alike.

One of the reasons thermal runaways can be triggered after a cell catches fire is because a part of heat travels via busbars to the neighboring cells, as the busbars can conduct heat faster than the air.

For the heat that is conducted, it is easily understandable that we need to break the electrical, as well as thermal conduction connection to the neighboring cells. This paper presents a comparison of the common cell joining methods- spot welding, and wire bonding and a comparison of them with another non-production method of soldering. A simulation study under different cases has been carried out on a 4p cell model while triggering the thermal runaway in a cell and its effect on the neighboring cells has been studied for the three joining methods mentioned above. A comparison of the three mentioned cases is presented with the temperature of trigger cells and neighboring cells.

It is apparent from the study that soldering appears as the best joining method among all of the methods but industrial methods are not cap as it offers a lower melting point and successfully break the connection earlier during thermal runaway.
Methodology Development for E-Axle NVH Performance Evaluation through Virtual Simulation
Authors: Jain Tanmay , Desai Ankit , Kurna Srinivas
Published: January 2024

Demand for electrically driven vehicles has increased significantly in recent years, due to its subsidized rate, economical operation and environmentally friendly features. If discussed about India, the sales have increased by 174% in a single year. This drastic jump in sales has encouraged the current automobile manufacturers to come up with more and more electric-driven vehicle platforms in a crunch time frame. And to fulfill these requirements, manufacturers have to work a lot to introduce new technologies like E-axle, which can be space effective, less expensive and easy to assemble.

But the introduction of such new technologies brings an even bigger requirement for new validation methodologies, and in the case of electric vehicles (EV) where the development time has been very less, as brought a bigger challenge of more dependency on virtual simulation. As the operational procedure of E-axles is completely different from the conventional axles, the loads that are coming will also be different and unexpected. Now modeling these loads in a virtual interface and correlating the results with the physical measurements requires a robust methodology that is multi-disciplinary and closer to the physical world.

This paper describes a methodology of E-axle virtual simulation with a correlation of 81% with the measurement. The methodology incorporates forces experienced by E-axle, due to powertrain fluctuations, road excitation, vibration load and vehicle functional loads. The methodology also includes the noise and vibration simulation of the axle, which governs a major portion of the validation of EV.
Effect of Busbar Design on the Thermal Performance of Battery Packs
Authors: Jagtap Aditya , Khan Faiz , Shah Harsh , Malani Shekhar
Published: January 2024

Li-ion batteries face challenges that are not usually present with other chemistries is cell balancing. If a high imbalance occurs within a parallel circuit, possibly because of poor cell - grading or due to temperature localization, the adjacent cells will charge the unbalanced cell and it may be possible that the imbalance never completely fades away and the other cells also end up unbalanced. One of the key solutions to maintaining cell balance is to ensure that all cells within a battery pack are kept at a uniform temperature. This requires careful thermal management, which can be achieved through a combination of conduction and convection circuits. In this paper, a 1D-3D simulation study has been performed on a 12V 4s-4p pack by varying the thickness of HV busbars and temperature localization effects and temperature uniformity has been observed. The holder has 16 cells with a 4×4 grid pattern, each cell has a diameter of 18 mm and a length of 65 mm. The cells are connected in series using nickel busbars using a thickness of 0.25 mm and width of 28 mm which runs along the top and bottom of the cells. Cells are connected to HV busbars at the ends of cell grids. The HV busbars are 0.25 mm in thickness and 180 mm in length under natural convection environment and for variations. A pure copper strip has been used at different locations in other variations on nickel busbars to observe the effect of temperature localization. The output temperature contours under various loadings have been studied and the temperature of each cell in the matrix has been plotted to observe the variation and non-uniformity of temperature among cells for different busbar thicknesses.
Design Evolution of an Exhaust After Treatment System Development for a High-Power Diesel Engine Adhering Global Emission Norms
Authors: Kulkarni Shrihari , Dharan R Bharani , Ramkumar J
Published: January 2024

With the advent of stricter emission norms such as Bharat Stage VI - Phase I and II, the design of the exhaust after treatment system becomes crucial for the internal combustion engine. Inadvertently, the size of the after-treatment system also becomes bigger to cater to the latest emission norms, which leads to increased resistance to the flow of exhaust gases through them. However, the resultant back pressure generated in these devices deteriorates the engine performance. Hence, the onus is on the engine designer to design the after-treatment system and the bracketing concept for mounting in such a way that the engine performance remains intact, and the entire system is packaged within the vehicle boundary conditions. The after-treatment system experiences severe vibrational loads as well as thermal loads. Hence, the designer faces the challenge of carefully designing the system and its brackets to survive the desired engine life and to package the entire system within the vehicle boundaries considering the thermal expansion of the system. Current work depicts the design evolution of the after-treatment system for 2.2-liter, 4-cylinder, high power diesel engine. Initially, commercially available AVL Boost software predicted the exhaust gas state along with the engine performance. With the one-dimensional simulation results and preliminary exhaust system design, a 3D CFD analysis was carried out. This predicted the temperatures at different locations of the computational domain of the after-treatment system. Subsequently, CAE analysis were carried out for modal analysis which predicted the first mode of 189Hz which was 9Hz above the target of 180Hz considering a factor of safety of 1.2. FRF analysis and fatigue analysis (TMF and HCF) were carried out to further predict the stresses on each part of the after-treatment system and to ensure that there were no stress peaks due to resonances. Thus, the exhaust after treatment design evolved in steps to ensure the durability of the exhaust system.
Development of a C-Shaped Exhaust After-Treatment System with an Auricle Mixer
Authors: Giridharan Jyothivel , L Suresh , Chandrasekar Vasu
Published: January 2024

Internal combustion engines have been there for nearly a century and half and will continue to remain and play a major role in the mobility industry. Exhaust After-Treatment system (EATS) is like a sibling to the internal combustion engine, since both work in tandem, complementing each other’s functions and contributing to the overall goal of reducing emissions and improving environmental sustainability. The faster adoption of Euro VI emission norms globally and announcement of Euro VII norms, emphasizes the need to continually improve our exhaust after-treatment systems. This paper presents a breakthrough in the development of a C-shaped compact, modular and cost-effective EATS with an auricle mixer, designed at Ashok Leyland. This system is specifically engineered to meet the stringent requirements of BS VI OBD-II emission norms for diesel engine applications and can be upgraded for H2 ICE. This paper explains the development of C-shaped EATS contributing to lower backpressure, lower thermal loss, better urea mixing, minimum child parts compared to existing EATS in the market, with ease of manufacturing and modular in design such that it can be packaged in minimum space, with minimum number of variants, across complete portfolio of M&HCV Trucks and Buses. Comprehensive evaluations of the C-shaped EATS demonstrated that the new architecture excelled in packaging space, weight, and performance parameters, surpassing the base system. The design achieves a harmonious balance between modularity and performance, providing a cost-effective solution for meeting the stringent performance and emission requirements.