bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sorting Model of Optimization Order in Traffic Signal Planning
Authors: Lu Ting , Wagner Peter
Published: October 2014

In optimizing the signal timings of a network, determining the sequence in which the intersections will be optimized is an important issue. Determining the critical intersection in the network is another important problem. Optimization order and the critical intersection are determined by users on the basis of experience or by a simple greedy method such as the saturation degree sorting method. However, the signal timing plan that is generated may not be the true optimal plan. This issue is addressed by a new method, the Sorting Model of Optimization Order (SMOO), for finding the optimal order for optimization and the critical intersection. The intersection in first position on the optimization order list is defined as the critical intersection. Two cases are used to test the model. In experiments, SMOO computes an order that is closer to optimal than those of other greedy sorting methods. According to measures of effectiveness, the signal plans produced by SMOO outperform those produced by other methods.
Coupled Linear Programming Approach for Decentralized Control of Urban Traffic
Authors: Li Jia , Zhang H. Michael
Published: October 2014

Management of urban traffic systems is a challenging task, partly because queue spillbacks, which bring about loss of intersection capacities and lead to systemwide congestion, arise easily in moderately congested networks. One possible way of ensuring mobility is through proactive spatial distribution of queues to contain their impact locally. In this paper, a traffic signal control strategy based on this idea is proposed. The strategy is traffic adaptive and operates in a decentralized fashion. It is formulated as a coupled system of linear programs, each optimizing a local queuing pattern according to real-time queue information and history of boundary flows. The proposed control is constructed to be scalable and robust to system uncertainties. Its properties (e.g., avoidance of queue spillback and stabilization of traffic) are demonstrated through numerical experiments.
Use of Event-Based Traffic Data in Generating Time–Space Diagrams for Evaluation of Signal Coordination
Authors: Zheng Jianfeng , Liu Henry X. , Misgen Steve , Schwartz Kevin , Green Bob , Anderson Mike
Published: October 2014

The time–space (TS) diagram is a popular visualization tool in evaluating progression quality for signalized arterials, and most signal optimization software products (such as Synchro) can generate TS diagrams as part of the optimization output. During the signal retiming process, TS diagrams generated by optimization software need to be validated by field observations, and minor changes will be made to signal control parameters if a discrepancy is observed. The validation process is time-consuming and costly. Through the use of high-resolution event-based traffic data collected from existing traffic signal controllers, a practical procedure for constructing TS diagrams for signalized arterials is proposed. The diagrams can be used as a convenient visualization tool in evaluating the performance of traffic signals and in identifying opportunities for fine-tuning in a timely manner. Reasonable agreement was found between the TS diagram and vehicle trajectory data collected from the field. A field experiment was carried out to illustrate how signal parameter changes could be made by intuitive evaluation of the TS diagram. Recommendations and limitations of the proposed approach are discussed.
Sustainable Development, Architecture and Modernism: Aspects of an Ongoing Controversy
Authors: Vandevyvere Han , Heynen Hilde
Published: October 2014

In some discourses on sustainability, modernism in architecture is blamed for its technocratic beliefs that supposedly generated a lot of the social and environmental problems the world is facing today. At the same time, many architectural critics seem to be convinced that the present call for sustainability with its “green buildings”, is but another screen behind which well-known old power structures hide. In this paper, we react to these viewpoints in different ways. First we clarify the issues that are haunting current architectural discourses by unraveling the logics behind the viewpoints of the critics of the “environmental doctrine” on the one hand and the technical environmentalists on the other hand. We will offer, secondly, a new framing to these debates by relying upon the modal sphere theory of the Dutch philosopher Herman Dooyeweerd. This new framing will allow us to reconnect, thirdly, with the discourse of modernism, which, we will argue, is all too often conflated with a technocratic paradigm—a partial, incomplete and even misleading representation. In conclusion, we present a different framing of modernism, which allows understanding of it as a multilayered and multifaceted response to the challenges of modernity, a response that formulated a series of ideals that are not so far removed from the ideals formulated today by many advocates of sustainability. We are, thus, suggesting that the sustainability discourse should be conceived as a more mature and revised version of the paradigm of modernism, rather than its absolute counterpoint.
Optical Effects Accompanying the Dynamical Bragg Diffraction in Linear 1D Photonic Crystals Based on Porous Silicon
Authors: Maydykovskiy Anton , Novikov Vladimir , Svyakhovskiy Sergey , Murzina Tatiana
Published: October 2014

We survey our recent results on the observation and studies of the effects accompanying the dynamical Bragg diffraction in one-dimensional photonic crystals (PhC). Contrary to the kinematic Bragg diffraction, the dynamical one considers a continuous interaction between the waves travelling within a spatially-periodic structure and is the most pronounced in the so called Laue geometry, leading to a number of exciting phenomena. In the described experiments, we study the PhC based on porous silicon or porous quartz, made by the electrochemical etching of crystalline silicon with the consequent thermal annealing. Importantly, these PhC are approximately hundreds of microns thick and contain a few hundreds of periods, so that the experiments in the Laue diffraction scheme are available. We discuss the effect of the temporal splitting of femtosecond laser pulses and show that the effect is quite sensitive to the polarization and the phase of a femtosecond laser pulse. We also show the experimental realization of the Pendular effect in porous quartz PhC and demonstrate the experimental conditions for the total spatial switching of the output radiation between the transmitted and diffracted directions. All described effects are of high interest for the control over the light propagation based on PhC structures.
Opportunities for Energy Crop Production Based on Subfield Scale Distribution of Profitability
Authors: Bonner Ian , Cafferty Kara , Muth David , Tomer Mark , James David , Porter Sarah , Karlen Douglas
Published: October 2014

Incorporation of dedicated herbaceous energy crops into row crop landscapes is a promising means to supply an expanding biofuel industry while benefiting soil and water quality and increasing biodiversity. Despite these positive traits, energy crops remain largely unaccepted due to concerns over their practicality and cost of implementation. This paper presents a case study for Hardin County, Iowa, to demonstrate how subfield decision making can be used to target candidate areas for conversion to energy crop production. Estimates of variability in row crop production at a subfield level are used to model the economic performance of corn (Zea mays L.) grain and the environmental impacts of corn stover collection using the Landscape Environmental Analysis Framework (LEAF). The strategy used in the case study integrates switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) into subfield landscape positions where corn grain is modeled to return a net economic loss. Results show that switchgrass integration has the potential to increase sustainable biomass production from 48% to 99% (depending on the rigor of conservation practices applied to corn stover collection), while also improving field level profitability of corn. Candidate land area is highly sensitive to grain price (0.18 to 0.26 $·kg−1) and dependent on the acceptable subfield net loss for corn production (ranging from 0 to −1000 $·ha−1) and the ability of switchgrass production to meet or exceed this return. This work presents the case that switchgrass may be economically incorporated into row crop landscapes when management decisions are applied at a subfield scale within field areas modeled to have a negative net profit with current management practices.
Development and Characterization of an Electrically Rechargeable Zinc-Air Battery Stack
Authors: Ma Hongyun , Wang Baoguo , Fan Yongsheng , Hong Weichen
Published: October 2014

An electrically rechargeable zinc-air battery stack consisting of three single cells in series was designed using a novel structured bipolar plate with air-breathing holes. Alpha-MnO2 and LaNiO3 severed as the catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The anodic and cathodic polarization and individual cell voltages were measured at constant charge-discharge (C-D) current densities indicating a uniform voltage profile for each single cell. One hundred C-D cycles were carried out for the stack. The results showed that, over the initial 10 cycles, the average C-D voltage gap was about 0.94 V and the average energy efficiency reached 89.28% with current density charging at 15 mA·cm−2 and discharging at 25 mA·cm−2. The total increase in charging voltage over the 100 C-D cycles was ~1.56% demonstrating excellent stability performance. The stack performance degradation was analyzed by galvanostatic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The charge transfer resistance of ORR increased from 1.57 to 2.21 Ω and that of Zn/Zn2+ reaction increased from 0.21 to 0.34 Ω after 100 C-D cycles. The quantitative analysis guided the potential for the optimization of both positive and negative electrodes to improve the cycle life of the cell stack.
Modeling and Control of a Parallel Waste Heat Recovery System for Euro-VI Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines
Authors: Feru Emanuel , Willems Frank , De Jager Bram , Steinbuch Maarten
Published: October 2014

This paper presents the modeling and control of a waste heat recovery systemfor a Euro-VI heavy-duty truck engine. The considered waste heat recovery system consists of two parallel evaporators with expander and pumps mechanically coupled to the engine crankshaft. Compared to previous work, the waste heat recovery system modeling is improved by including evaporator models that combine the finite difference modeling approach with a moving boundary one. Over a specific cycle, the steady-state and dynamic temperature prediction accuracy improved on average by 2% and 7%. From a control design perspective, the objective is to maximize the waste heat recovery system output power.However, for safe system operation, the vapor state needs to be maintained before the expander under highly dynamic engine disturbances. To achieve this, a switching model predictive control strategy is developed. The proposed control strategy performance is demonstrated using the high-fidelity waste heat recovery system model subject to measured disturbances from an Euro-VI heavy-duty diesel engine. Simulations are performed usinga cold-start World Harmonized Transient cycle that covers typical urban, rural and highway driving conditions. The model predictive control strategy provides 15% more time in vaporand recovered thermal energy than a classical proportional-integral (PI) control strategy. In the case that the model is accurately known, the proposed control strategy performance can be improved by 10% in terms of time in vapor and recovered thermal energy. This is demonstrated with an offline nonlinear model predictive control strategy.
Invasion of Winter Moth in New England: Effects of Defoliation and Site Quality on Tree Mortality
Authors: Simmons Michael , Lee Thomas , Ducey Mark , Dodds Kevin
Published: October 2014

Widespread and prolonged defoliation by the European winter moth, Operophtera brumata L., has occurred in forests of eastern Massachusetts for more than a decade and populations of winter moth continue to invade new areas of New England. This study characterized the forests of eastern Massachusetts invaded by winter moth and related the duration of winter moth defoliation estimated using dendrochronology to observed levels of tree mortality and understory woody plant density. Quercus basal area mortality in mixed Quercus and mixed Quercus—Pinus strobus forests in eastern Massachusetts ranged from 0–30%; mortality of Quercus in these forests was related to site quality and the number of winter moth defoliation events. In addition, winter moth defoliation events lead to a subsequent increase in understory woody plant density. Our results indicate that winter moth defoliation has been an important disturbance in New England forests that may have lasting impacts.
Alcohol Misuse and Associations with Childhood Maltreatment and Out-of-Home Placement among Urban Two-Spirit American Indian and Alaska Native People
Authors: Yuan Nicole , Duran Bonnie , Walters Karina , Pearson Cynthia , Evans-Campbell Tessa
Published: October 2014

This study examined associations between alcohol misuse and childhood maltreatment and out-of-home placement among urban lesbian, gay, and bisexual (referred to as two-spirit) American Indian and Alaska Native adults. In a multi-site study, data were obtained from 294 individuals who consumed alcohol during the past year. The results indicated that 72.3% of men and 62.4% of women engaged in hazardous and harmful alcohol use and 50.8% of men and 48.7% of women met criteria for past-year alcohol dependence. The most common types of childhood maltreatment were physical abuse among male drinkers (62.7%) and emotional abuse (71.8%) among female drinkers. Men and women reported high percentages of out-of-home placement (39% and 47%, respectively). Logistic multiple regressions found that for male drinkers boarding school attendance and foster care placement were significant predictors of past-year alcohol dependence. For female drinkers, being adopted was significantly associated with a decreased risk of past-year drinking binge or spree. Dose-response relationships, using number of childhood exposures as a predictor, were not significant. The results highlight the need for alcohol and violence prevention and intervention strategies among urban two-spirit individuals.
Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Surface Water: A Case Study from Michigan, USA to Inform Management of Rural Water Systems
Authors: Dreelin Erin , Ives Rebecca , Molloy Stephanie , Rose Joan
Published: October 2014

Cryptosporidium and Giardia pose a threat to human health in rural environments where water supplies are commonly untreated and susceptible to contamination from agricultural animal waste/manure, animal wastewater, septic tank effluents and septage. Our goals for this paper are to: (1) explore the prevalence of these protozoan parasites, where they are found, in what quantities, and which genotypes are present; (2) examine relationships between disease and land use comparing human health risks between rural and urban environments; and (3) synthesize available information to gain a better understanding of risk and risk management for rural water supplies. Our results indicate that Cryptosporidium and Giardia were more prevalent in rural versus urban environments based on the number of positive samples. Genotyping showed that both the human and animal types of the parasites are found in rural and urban environments. Rural areas had a higher incidence of disease compared to urban areas based on the total number of disease cases. Cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis were both positively correlated (p < 0.001) with urban area, population size, and population density. Finally, a comprehensive strategy that creates knowledge pathways for data sharing among multiple levels of management may improve decision-making for protecting rural water supplies.
Lactate Transporters in the Context of Prostate Cancer Metabolism: What Do We Know?
Authors: Pértega-Gomes Nelma , Baltazar Fátima
Published: October 2014

Metabolic changes during malignant transformation have been noted for many years in tumours. Otto Warburg first reported that cancer cells preferentially rely on glycolysis for energy production, even in the presence of oxygen, leading to the production of high levels of lactate. The crucial role of lactate efflux and exchange within the tumour microenvironment drew attention to monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs). MCTs have been recognized as promising targets in cancer therapy, and their expression was described in a large variety of tumours; however, studies showing how these isoforms contribute to the acquisition of the malignant phenotype are scarce and still unclear regarding prostate cancer. In this review, we focus on the role for MCTs in cell metabolism, supporting the development and progression of prostate cancer, and discuss the exploitation of the metabolic nature of prostate cancer for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes.
Jellyfish and Ctenophores in Limfjorden (Denmark)—Mini-Review, with Recent New Observations
Authors: Riisgård Hans , Goldstein Josephine
Published: October 2014

Limfjorden is a major Danish water system that connects the North Sea via Thyborøn Kanal in the west and to the Kattegat in the east. Limfjorden is heavily eutrophicated and certain areas suffer from oxygen depletion each summer. Bottom-dwelling fish have disappeared as the number of jellyfish and ctenophores has increased. The abundance and predation impact of jellyfish and ctenophores in Limfjorden have been described in a number of studies conducted during the last decade, and a mini-review of this literature is given here in Section 2. The common jellyfish Aurelia aurita may, in a few years, be very abundant and exert a considerable predatory impact on zooplankton and fish larvae. Abundance, species composition, and population dynamics of A. aurita may, at irregular time intervals, be strongly influenced not only by the water brought into Limfjorden from the North Sea, but also by competition with the invasive ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi that occurred for the first time in extremely high numbers in 2007, brought into the fjord system with North Sea water. It has been suggested that Limfjorden may function as an incubator for M. leidyi with the potential to further seed M. leidyi into the Kattegat and adjacent Danish waters, and recent observations seem to support this hypothesis. In Section 3, we report on two bloom events of ctenophores, Pleurobrachia pileus and M. leidyi, along with their predators (Beroe spp.) in Limfjorden in the autumns of 2012 and 2013, when the usually dominating A. aurita was absent. However, the present observation of B. ovata being M. leidyi’s native predator and a new species in Limfjorden may in the future reduce the abundance of M. leidyi.
Re-Imagining Punishment: An Exercise in “Intersectional Criminal Justice”
Authors: Barak Maya
Published: October 2014

Over the last 40 years a number of scholars have called upon fellow criminologists to rethink the field’s priorities and methods, as well as the American criminal justice system and current punishment practices. Drawing on alternative criminologies, including constitutive and peacemaking criminologies, as well as the practice of reintegrative shaming, this paper presents a new model of criminal justice that combines aspects of adversarial, restorative, social, and transformative justice frameworks. The resulting “intersectional criminal justice” offers a holistic harm-reduction model that moves the focus of our criminal justice system away from “rough justice” and towards collective restorative healing and positive social change.
Biota and Biomolecules in Extreme Environments on Earth: Implications for Life Detection on Mars
Authors: Aerts Joost , Röling Wilfred , Elsaesser Andreas , Ehrenfreund Pascale
Published: October 2014

The three main requirements for life as we know it are the presence of organic compounds, liquid water, and free energy. Several groups of organic compounds (e.g., amino acids, nucleobases, lipids) occur in all life forms on Earth and are used as diagnostic molecules, i.e., biomarkers, for the characterization of extant or extinct life. Due to their indispensability for life on Earth, these biomarkers are also prime targets in the search for life on Mars. Biomarkers degrade over time; in situ environmental conditions influence the preservation of those molecules. Nonetheless, upon shielding (e.g., by mineral surfaces), particular biomarkers can persist for billions of years, making them of vital importance in answering questions about the origins and limits of life on early Earth and Mars. The search for organic material and biosignatures on Mars is particularly challenging due to the hostile environment and its effect on organic compounds near the surface. In support of life detection on Mars, it is crucial to investigate analogue environments on Earth that resemble best past and present Mars conditions. Terrestrial extreme environments offer a rich source of information allowing us to determine how extreme conditions affect life and molecules associated with it. Extremophilic organisms have adapted to the most stunning conditions on Earth in environments with often unique geological and chemical features. One challenge in detecting biomarkers is to optimize extraction, since organic molecules can be low in abundance and can strongly adsorb to mineral surfaces. Methods and analytical tools in the field of life science are continuously improving. Amplification methods are very useful for the detection of low concentrations of genomic material but most other organic molecules are not prone to amplification methods. Therefore, a great deal depends on the extraction efficiency. The questions “what to look for”, “where to look”, and “how to look for it” require more of our attention to ensure the success of future life detection missions on Mars.
Stumps of Eucalyptus globulus as a Source of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Polyphenols
Authors: Luís Ângelo , Neiva Duarte , Pereira Helena , Gominho Jorge , Domingues Fernanda , Duarte Ana
Published: October 2014

These past years have seen an enormous development of the area of natural antioxidants and antimicrobials. Eucalyptus globulus is widely cultivated in subtropical and Mediterranean regions in intensive short rotation coppice plantations. In the Portuguese context, E. globulus is the third species in terms of forest area. The stump is the basal part of the tree, including the near-the-ground stem portion and the woody roots that remain after stem felling. The purpose of this work was to study the phytochemical profile and to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of several crude stump wood and stump bark extracts of E. globulus, comparing it with similar extracts of E. globulus wood (industrial chips). The results showed the presence of high concentrations of total phenolic compounds (>200 mg GAE/g extract) and flavonoids (>10 mg QE/g extract) in E. globulus stump extracts. Generally the stump wood extracts stands out from the other ones, presenting the highest percentages of inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation. It was also possible to conclude that the extracts were more active against Gram-positive bacteria, presenting low MIC values. This study thus provides information supporting the economic valorization of E. globulus stump wood.
Bioactivity and Chemical Synthesis of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester and Its Derivatives
Authors: Zhang Pengxuan , Tang Yuping , Li Nian-Guang , Zhu Yue , Duan Jin-Ao
Published: October 2014

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), as one of the main active ingredients of the natural product propolis, shows the unique biological activities such as anti-tumor, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, immune regulation, and so on. These have attracted the attention of many researchers to explore the compound with potent biological activities. This review aims to summarize its bioactivities, synthetic methods and derivatives, which will be helpful for further study and development of CAPE and its derivatives.
Design of Composite Photocatalyst of TiO2 and Y-Zeolite for Degradation of 2-Propanol in the Gas Phase under UV and Visible Light Irradiation
Authors: Kamegawa Takashi , Ishiguro Yasushi , Kido Ryota , Yamashita Hiromi
Published: October 2014

Hydrophobic Y-zeolite (SiO2/Al2O3 = 810) and TiO2 composite photocatalysts were designed by using two different types of TiO2 precursors, i.e., titanium ammonium oxalate and ammonium hexafluorotitanate. The porous structure, surface property and state of TiO2 were investigated by various characterization techniques. By using an ammonium hexafluorotitanate as a precursor, hydrophobic modification of the Y-zeolite surface and realizing visible light sensitivity was successfully achieved at the same time after calcination at 773 K in the air. The prepared sample still maintained the porous structure of Y-zeolite and a large surface area. Highly crystalline anatase TiO2 was also formed on the Y-zeolite surface by the role of fluorine in the precursor. The usages of ammonium hexafluorotitanate were effective for the improvement of the photocatalytic performance of the composite in the degradation of 2-propanol in the gas phase under UV and visible light (λ > 420 nm) irradiation.
Forest Stand Size-Species Models Using Spatial Analyses of Remotely Sensed Data
Authors: Al-Hamdan Mohammad , Cruise James , Rickman Douglas , Quattrochi Dale
Published: October 2014

Regression models to predict stand size classes (sawtimber and saplings) and categories of species (hardwood and softwood) from fractal dimensions (FD) and Moran’s I derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data were developed. Three study areas (Oakmulgee National Forest, Bankhead National Forest, and Talladega National Forest) were randomly selected and used to develop the prediction models, while one study area, Chattahoochee National Forest, was saved for validation. This study has shown that these spatial analytical indices (FD and Moran’s I) can distinguish between different forest trunk size classes and different categories of species (hardwood and softwood) using Landsat TM data. The results of this study also revealed that there is a linear relationship between each one of the spatial indices and the percentages of sawtimber–saplings size classes and hardwood–softwood categories of species. Given the high number of factors causing errors in the remotely sensed data as well as the Forest Inventory Analysis (FIA) data sets and compared to other studies in the research literature, the sawtimber–saplings models and hardwood–softwood models were reasonable in terms of significance and the levels of explained variance for both spatial indices FD and Moran’s I. The mean absolute percentage errors associated with the stand size classes prediction models and categories of species prediction models that take topographical elevation into consideration ranged from 4.4% to 19.8% and from 12.1% to 18.9%, respectively, while the root mean square errors ranged from 10% to 14% and from 11% to 13%, respectively.
Multivariate Spatial Condition Mapping Using Subtractive Fuzzy Cluster Means
Authors: Sabit Hakilo , Al-Anbuky Adnan
Published: October 2014

Wireless sensor networks are usually deployed for monitoring given physical phenomena taking place in a specific space and over a specific duration of time. The spatio-temporal distribution of these phenomena often correlates to certain physical events. To appropriately characterise these events-phenomena relationships over a given space for a given time frame, we require continuous monitoring of the conditions. WSNs are perfectly suited for these tasks, due to their inherent robustness. This paper presents a subtractive fuzzy cluster means algorithm and its application in data stream mining for wireless sensor systems over a cloud-computing-like architecture, which we call sensor cloud data stream mining. Benchmarking on standard mining algorithms, the k-means and the FCM algorithms, we have demonstrated that the subtractive fuzzy cluster means model can perform high quality distributed data stream mining tasks comparable to centralised data stream mining.
Shunjō restaurateur des principes disciplinaires au XIIIe siècle
Authors: Girard Frédéric
Published: October 2014

Frédéric Girard

Shunjō restaurateur des principes disciplinaires au XIIIe siècle

Le présent article est la traduction de la seconde partie de la biographie la plus fiable du moine Shunjō (1166-1227), personnage qui s'est rendu en Chine au début du XIIIe siècle durant une décennie (1199-1211). Cette section finale de sa biographie rapporte ses faits et gestes dans la capitale, Kyōto, où il a rapporté des textes relevant de presque toutes les écoles et dispensé les enseignements qu'il avait étudiés de près sur le continent. Il apparaît que l'œuvre de Shunjō répond clairement aux attentes du clergé et des autorités de son époque, en particulier celle de réformer les milieux monastiques du point de vue de la discipline. Tel avait été le but des voyages en Chine d'un religieux comme Eisai (1141-1215), pour ne citer qu'un exemple célèbre. La présente étude cherche à circonscrire la place et le rôle qu'a pu jouer Shunjō à partir du centre de rayonnement qu'était le Sennyūji de Kyōto où il s'était installé, et l'influence qu'il a pu exercer tant dans le clergé de Kyōto que dans celui de Nara qui sont traditionnellement concurrents et opposés. Ce personnage, dont l'œuvre écrite est pourtant très modeste, semble avoir pesé un certain poids dans l'évolution de l'histoire du bouddhisme, en raison des connaissances nouvelles qu'il apportait du continent, tant sur le plan religieux que profane, et des réactions qu'il a suscitées. C'est, par exemple, en opposition avec son éclectisme que Dōgen a voulu élaborer une forme de Dhyāna épuré et donné aux règles disciplinaires une interprétation non formaliste.
Les institutions « hors codes » de Koryŏ (918-1392). Le bouddhisme et la construction de l'État dans la Corée médiévale
Authors: Bruneton Yannick
Published: October 2014

Yannick Bruneton

« Out of the Code » institutions in Koryŏ (918-1392) Buddhism and State building process in medieval Korea

During the Wang's Dynasty of Koryò (918-1392), the State and the buddhist schools constructed one another through an interplay of influences. This phenomenon consisted in adjusting the original model of institutions inspired by the Chinese Tang Dynasty (618-907) administration to the Koryò's State needs. Close relationship between State and Buddhism produced a lot of institutions « out of the (Tang's) Code », mainly represented by the « temporary council » togam. Such adjusting institutions were a concrete application of the so-called « State-protector » Buddhism, by supporting a rich and complex buddhist liturgy involved in the cult of the Dynasty. The « togam councils » made the State management more flexible and effective, and were largely used for making economical and political reforms. The institutions « out of the Tang's Code » made easier the economical exchanges, and the spreading of « capitalist » practices, contributing to the economical prosperity. Thus, monastical modes of self-organization, partly inherited from the Great Silla (668-935), influenced the Koryò's State building process. However, official History, old and recent, is reporting such facts only in a laconic way, this posing serious problems for the historiography related to « medieval » times in Korea.
La troisième intervention vietnamienne au Cambodge (1679-1688)
Authors: Phoen Mak , Dharma Po
Published: October 2014

Mak Phoen et Po Dharma

La troisième intervention vietnamienne au Cambodge (1679-1688)

La troisième intervention vietnamienne au Cambodge débuta en 1679 avec l'arrivée sur le territoire viêt contrôlé par les Nguyên de militaires chinois qui avaient quitté leur pays après la défaite des Ming. Craignant qu'ils ne menacent son autorité, le seigneur Nguyên s'en débarrassa en les dirigeant vers le Cambodge et en installant un poste militaire à Prei Nokor (Sài-côn), en plein territoire khmer. S'ensuivit alors dans ce pays, de 1682 à 1688, une « phase militaire » qui opposa les partisans du roi Jayajeṭṭhā III et ceux de l'ubhayorāj Padumarājā. Mais alors que les textes ne faisaient état pratiquement que d'unités viêt envoyées par les Nguyên pour épauler l'ubhayorāj khmer, cette fois ce sont surtout les Chinois anciens partisans des Ming précédemment évoqués, que les textes mettent en avant. Si plusieurs documents khmers et occidentaux font jouer à ces Chinois un rôle déterminant à côté de troupes viêt en faveur de l'ubhayorāj, un certain nombre d'entre eux mentionnent aussi la présence de troupes siamoises dans le camp du roi Jayajeṭṭhā III. En revanche, aucun texte vietnamien ne parle d'un engagement de troupes viêt au Cambodge pendant cette période.
Is over-reporting a problem in mandatory communicable disease reporting? The taiwanese experience on Enterovirus 71
Authors: Chu-Chun Tseng , Che-Ming Yang
Published: October 2014

Introduction: In Taiwan, severe enteroviral infections must be reported to the government within 24 hours to ensure that severe enterovirus 71 (EV71) infections can be detected early. The objective of this research was to ascertain whether over-reporting is a problem in mandatory disease-reporting systems. Methodology: A multiyear cross-sectional study methodology was applied based on secondary data analyses. Data from the national notifiable communicable disease surveillance system of Taiwan Centers for Disease Control were analyzed to assess the trends and factors influencing reporting accuracy. Results: From July 1999 to December 2008, 2,611 cases of severe enteroviral infection were reported in Taiwan. Among these cases, 1,516 were confirmed to be EV71 cases, and the remaining 1,095 were confirmed to be non-EV71 infections. The overall accuracy rate was 58%. The accuracy rate was 60%–70% higher during epidemics (2000–2002, 2005, and 2008) and high seasons than it was in other seasons. The accuracy rate was highest among medical centers and lowest among district hospitals. Conclusions: The results indicated that reports are more accurate during high seasons and peak years than during other periods. This might be attributable to the adequate level of specific educational programs for professionals when more cases occur, which could facilitate identification. Based on experiences in Taiwan, optimal training can ensure that surveillance systems are not inundated by false-positive reports.
Evaluation of broad-range 16S rRNA PCR for the diagnosis of bloodstream infections: two years of experience
Authors: Hassan Reem Mostafa , El Enany Mervat G , Rizk Hussien H
Published: October 2014

Introduction: Diagnosis of bloodstream infections using bacteriological cultures suffers from low sensitivity and reporting delay. Advanced molecular techniques introduced in many laboratories provide rapid results and may show improvements in patient outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of a molecular technique, broad-range 16S rRNA PCR followed by sequencing for the diagnosis of bloodstream infections, compared to blood culture in different patient groups. Methodology: Conventional PCR was performed, using broad-range 16S rRNA primers, on blood cultures collected from different patients with suspected bloodstream infections; results were compared with those of blood culture. Results: Though blood culture is regarded as the gold standard, PCR evaluation showed sensitivity of 86.25%, specificity of 91.25%, positive predictive value of 76.67%, negative predictive value of 95.22%, and accuracy of 88.8%. Conclusions: Molecular assays seem not to be sufficient to replace microbial cultures in the diagnosis of bloodstream infections, but they can offer a rapid, good negative test to rule out infection due to their high negative predictive value.
Investigation of the effectiveness of antibacterial prophylaxis in renal transplant recipients
Authors: Alkatheri Abdulmalik M , Albekairy Abdulkareem M , Alharbi Shemylan , Aldekhael Saleh N. , Khalidi Nabil , Alsayyari Abdullah A. , Abdel-Razaq Wesam S. , Qandil Amjad M
Published: October 2014

Introduction: Bacterial urinary tract infections (UTIs) are very common complications in renal transplant recipients (RTRs). Methodology: This study is a follow-up to a previous investigation of post-renal transplant UTIs, which led to changes in the antibacterial agents used for prophylaxis and its duration. In this retrospective study of the medical records of 86 RTRs, the incidence, risk factors, causative bacteria, and duration prophylaxis were investigated. Results: The average age of the RTRs was 41.55 ± 14.06 years, and two-thirds of them were males. A total of 57.3% of the RTRs received cadaveric kidneys; the rest received kidneys from living related donors. The prescribed regimen (one month or three months of co-trimoxazole and norfloxacin) was completed by 75% of the RTRs. The incidence of UTIs in the RTRs who received this prophylaxis was 32.3%, which was significantly lower than the incidence with norfloxacin alone (56%). Female gender was found to be a risk factor for post-renal transplant UTIs. Escherichia coli was the most common pathogen (51.7%), followed by Klebsiella and Enterobacter (17.2% each). Most UTIs (86.2%) were detected within the first post-transplant month. Conclusions: There was no clear advantage to prescribing antibacterial prophylaxis for three months versus one month, as 86.2% of the UTIs occurred within the first month post-transplant regardless of prophylaxis duration. Using co-trimoxazole/norfloxacin compared to norfloxacin alone did positively affect patient outcome by reducing the incidence of UTIs. This study recommends antimicrobial sensitivity-guided modification of the antibacterial agents used for prophylaxis rather than extension of its duration.
Un film entre deux rives
Authors: Buisson-Fenet Emmanuel
Published: October 2014

Résumé Peu de témoignages, et moins encore d’œuvres produites par des Algériens racontent l’exil vécu par les centaines d’artistes, de journalistes, de médecins, d’enseignants et bien d’autres vivant en France, depuis 1993 et les premiers assassinats d’intellectuels en Algérie. En montrant cet exil, L’Oasis de la belle de Mai , film de J.P. Lledo toujours en attente d’une diffusion télévisée, raconte aussi à sa manière trente années passées à remodeler l’identité algérienne.
La cage de verre
Authors: Mesnard Philippe
Published: October 2014

Résumé Le 11 mai 1960, les services secrets israéliens kidnappent Otto Adolf Eichmann en Argentine, où il coule des jours paisibles. Le 11 avril 1961, il comparaît devant le tribunal de Jérusalem. Ce procès est organisé comme un véritable spectacle. C’est une des dimensions qui a retenu l’attention d’Eyal Sivan et de Roni Braumann.
Fairness doctrine
Authors: Sève Bernard , Zaoui Pierre
Published: October 2014

Résumé Vacarme a choisi d’interroger Bernard Manin. Ce n’est pas un « expert en experts » (il y en a !), mais un théoricien de la politique et des systèmes démocratiques, chercheur au CNRS et professeur à la New York University. Ses Principes du gouvernement représentatif viennent de paraître dans la collection Champs.
Famille nombreuse
Authors: Mangeot Philippe
Published: October 2014

Résumé Ils sont deux hommes ; ils vivent ensemble depuis bientôt sept ans. Ils ont sept petites filles. A une époque où des groupes militants réclament de plus en plus fermement, outre un contrat d’union sociale, un droit pour les gays et les lesbiennes d’adopter des enfants, nous avons voulu leur donner la parole pour témoigner d’une expérience singulière, et faire tomber au passage un certain nombre d’idées reçues. Portrait de groupe, avec des parents très ordinaires et des enfants qui le sont peut-être un peu moins.
Riches, peuples, marginaux : qui est minoritaire ?
Authors: Quesde Jacques
Published: October 2014

Résumé L’idée d’une politique minoritaire nous vient des États-Unis, non du « Black Power » des années 1960, mais déjà des Fédéralistes du XVIIIe siècle : avant d’être reprise par des populations marginalisées, elle fut élaborée par la minorité des riches propriétaires. Cette histoire mérite d’être interrogée, dès lors qu’on se demande quel peut être, en droit, le rêve politique des minorités.
Developmental biology and human evolution
Authors: Schwartz Jeffrey H.
Published: October 2014

The Evolutionary or Modern Evolutionary Synthesis (here identified as the Synthesis) has been portrayed as providing the foundation for uniting a supposed disarray of biological disciplines through the lens of Darwinism fused with population genetics. Rarely acknowledged is that the Synthesis’s success was also largely due to its architects’ effectiveness in submerging British and German attempts at a synthesis by uniting the biological sciences through shared evolutionary concerns. Dobzhansky and Mayr imposed their bias toward population genetics, population (as supposedly opposed to typological) thinking, and Morgan’s conception of specific genes for specific features (here abbreviated as genes for) on human evolutionary studies. Dobzhansky declared that culture buffered humans from the whims of selection. Mayr argued that as variable as humans are now, their extinct relatives were even more variable; thus the human fossil did not present taxic diversity and all known fossils could be assembled into a gradually changing lineage of time-successive species. When Washburn centralized these biases in the new physical anthropology the fate of paleoanthropology as a non-contributor to evolutionary theory was sealed. Molecular anthropology followed suit in embracing Zuckerkandl and Pauling’s assumption that molecular change was gradual and perhaps more importantly continual. Lost in translation was and still is an appreciation of organismal development. Here I will summarize the history of these ideas and their alternatives in order to demonstrate assumptions that still need to be addressed before human evolutionary studies can more fully participate in what is a paradigm shift-in-the-making in evolutionary biology.
Gli Uccelli nidificanti della Riserva Naturale di Monte Catillo. Check-list, distribuzione locale e status di conservazione
Authors: Ceccolini Filippo
Published: October 2014

Battisti C. & Guidi A., 2012 - Gli Uccelli nidificanti della Riserva Naturale di Monte Catillo. Check-list, distribuzione locale e status di conservazione - Provincia di Roma, Assessorato alle Politiche dell’Agricoltura, 144 pp.
Breeding record of Pygmy Cormorant, Phalacrocorax pygmaeus, in Friuli Venezia Giulia (North East Italy).
Authors: Cosolo Mauro , Sponza Stefano
Published: October 2014

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Ricordo di Sergio Frugis
Authors: Massa Bruno
Published: October 2014

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Sustainable forest management and habitat of diurnal raptors in the SIC Alpe della Luna-Bocca Trabaria (province of Pesaro and Urbino).
Authors: Urbinati Carlo , Renzaglia Francesco , Bartolucci Andrea , Giacchini Paolo
Published: October 2014

For the definition of methodology in a naturalistic silviculture in a Site of Community Importance (Marche Region), documents relating to the physiognomic-structural data of forest vegetation and ecological requirements of 4 species of raptors (Goshawk, Sparrow hawk, Buzzard, Honey Buzzard) were superimposed. A wildlife suitability index of forest habitats (IIHF) was calculated, according to which forestry interventions, aimed at improving and preserving the raptor habitats, are proposed.
Frequency of 11q23/MLL gene rearrangement in Egyptian childhood acute myeloblastic leukemia: Biologic and clinical significance
Authors: Hagag Adel Abdelhaleim , Shebl Shebl S. , El-Fadaly Nabih H.
Published: October 2014

Background: Molecular cytogenetic abnormalities involving 11q23 are among the most common cytogenetic abnormalities in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. Aim of the work: we aimed to evaluate the frequency of MLL/AF9 fusion gene in de novo AML patients, its impact on clinical features, and its prognostic significance. Patients and Methods: Twenty-eight children patients with AML and 20 healthy controls were subjected to complete clinical examination and laboratory investigations including, complete hemogram and bone marrow (BM) examination. Diagnosis was based on FAB morphologic and immunophenotypic criteria. Detection of (MLL/AF9) fusion gene was assessed by dual color fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Follow-up were carried out clinically and by blast count in BM, and response to therapy to detect the outcome of the disease. Results: The incidence of MLL-fusion gene MLL/AF9 in AML cases was about (6/28) (21%). Four patients with MLL/AF9 fusion gene were newly diagnosed, two cases were at relapse and no patient at remission showed positivity. As regard the clinical outcome, five out of six MLL positive cases died, three of them during induction and two during relapse. The FAB AML subtypes with MLL/AF9 fusion were one M2, three M4, and two M5. Conclusion: MLL-fusion gene MLL/AF9 was found in about 21% of studied AML patients when assessed by FISH technique and this is of high clinical relevance as most of these abnormalities have been associated with poor prognosis.
Prognostic value of metastatic lymph nodal ratio in squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus: A three-step extrapolative study
Authors: Ravishankaran Praveen , Krishnamurthy Arvind
Published: October 2014

Background: Transthoracic esophagectomy (TTE) and transhiatal esophagectomy (THE) are the two most common surgical approaches for carcinoma esophagus. Several studies have shown lymph nodal involvement to be one of the most important prognostic factors in carcinoma esophagus. Aims: The primary objective of this study was to explore the effectiveness of the ratio of positive lymph nodes to excised lymph nodes, namely the metastatic lymph nodal ratio (MLNR) as a prognostic factor in the survival of patients with carcinoma esophagus. Settings and Design: Retrospective analysis of a prospective database. Materials and Methods: A review of the operated esophageal cancer patients treated at a tertiary cancer center in South India between January 2002 and December 2006. Statistical analysis was done with the help of SPSS version 17 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Proportions were compared using the Chi-square test. Survival data was generated using life table methods. Differences in survival estimates were compared using log-rank test. Results and Conclusions: Our study emphatically showed that the survival outcomes of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus can be discriminated based on the MLNR groups, and it can be a reliable prognostic indicator. The overall survival for patients undergoing TTE, or THE for the entire cohort of patients was however not statistically significant. Whether a more aggressive TTE is a better esophageal cancer operation or whether MLNR is the factor that can significantly impact survival regardless of the technique is an issue that would require further investigation.