bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Savižudybių prevencijos aktualijos ikiteisminių tyrimų medžiagos apžvalgos duomenimis
Authors: Benošis Alvydas , Aliukonienė Rita , Navickas Alvydas , Aliukonis Vygintas
Published: April 2016

Darbo tikslas. Apžvelgti ir įvertinti retais būdais įvykdytų kai kurių savižudybių ikiteisminio tyrimo medžiagos duomenis savižudybių prevencijos Lietuvoje požiūriu. Tyrimo medžiaga ir metodai. Išanalizuota 5 savižudybės atvejų 2012-2014 m. ikiteisminio tyrimo archyvinių duomenų medžiaga teisiniu, medicininiu, savižudybių prevencijos, mirties priežasčių statistinės apskaitos požiūriu. Rezultatai ir išvados. Lietuvoje, ikiteisminio tyrimo metu nustatant žmogaus mirties aplinkybes, savižudybės fakto įrodomumui atliekama visa eilė procesinių veiksmų, siekiant įrodyti ne tik savižudybės faktą, bet ir galimas nusikalstamas veikas, už kurias Lietuvos Respublikos baudžiamojo kodekso 133 straipsnyje yra numatyta baudžiamoji atsakomybė, tai už: 1) sukurstymą nusižudyti ir 2) privedimą prie savižudybės. Žmogaus mirties priežasties aplinkybėms nustatyti surinkti išsamūs ikiteisminio tyrimo duomenys svarbūs ne tik savižudybės įrodymui ir jos priežastiniams ryšiams atskleisti, bet ir savižudybių prevencijai. Nustatyta, kad įvykdytos savižudybės ikiteisminio tyrimo duomenų priežastiniams ryšiams pagrįsti būtini psichologijos ir psichiatrijos specialistų vertinimai, kurių nebuvo, t. y. tokie specialistai ikiteisminio tyrimo procese nedalyvavo. Psichologinė pagalba mirusiųjų artimiesiems, tyrimo proceso dalyviams nebuvo organizuota. Duomenys apie nusižudžiusiųjų sveikatos būklę nebuvo surinkti, medicinos paslaugų teikimo kokybė nevertinta, nors 3 atvejais apie paslaugas buvo teikta liudytojų. 3 atvejais nustatyti išankstinio pasiruošimo savižudybei požymiai, tačiau nusižudžiusiųjų aplinkoje buvę asmenys jokių prevencinių priemonių nesiėmė, pagalbos į specialistus nesikreipė. Nustatyta, kad savižudybių Lietuvoje yra daugiau, nei skelbiama oficialiai: 4 iš 5 tirtų savižudybės atvejų nebuvo įtraukti į mirties priežasčių registro tyčinių susižalojimų apskaitą. Būtina, kad ikiteisminio tyrimo įstaigos būtų pripažintos duomenų apie mirties priežastis pagal ketinimą teikėjais mirties priežasčių registrui, kadangi pagal medicininius mirties liudijimus gaunami tokie duomenys būna nepakankami ir subjektyvūs. Nustatyta, kad savižudybių prevencijos Lietuvoje organizacinėje veikloje trūksta tarpinstitucinio bendradarbiavimo, nepakankamas savalaikės psichologinės pagalbos bei psichikos sveikatos paslaugų prieinamumo organizavimas gyventojams, nepatenkinamas savižudybių prevencijos tarnybų, psichologijos ir psichiatrijos specialistų veiklos organizavimas tiriant įvykdytas savižudybes ir atskleidžiant priežastinius ryšius. Savižudybių ikiteisminio tyrimo kokybei pagerinti būtina parengti ir įdiegti savižudybių tyrimo metodiką, atsižvelgiant į teisės, teismo medicinos, psichologijos, psichiatrijos, bioetikos specialistų rekomendacijas.
Teismo psichiatrijos pacientų smurtinio elgesio rizikos veiksniai
Authors: Šileikaitė Aldona , Čėsnienė Ilona , Germanavičius Arūnas
Published: April 2016

Teismo psichiatrija – specifinė sritis, kurioje susipina teisiniai, klinikiniai ir socialiniai aspektai. Svarbu teisingai įvertinti ir apsaugoti abi puses: tiek visuomenę, tiek nepakaltinamais dėl psichikos sutrikimo pripažintus asmenis, siekiant jų resocializacijos. Tarp jų dažniausiai nustatomi psichikos sutrikimai yra psichoziniai, ypač šizofrenija, intelekto sutrikimas. Priklausomybė nuo psichoaktyvių medžiagų yra ir gretutinė lydinti liga, ir smurtinį elgesį provokuojantis veiksnys. Studijose išskiriama, kad reikia atkreipti dėmesį į asmenybės sutrikimus, asmenybines charakterio ypatybės, kadangi tai turi įtakos smurtinio elgesio prognozei. Nagrinėjant teismo psichiatrijos klausimus bene daugiausia dėmesio skiriama smurtinio elgesio rizikos veiksnių nustatymui, diagnostinių skalių kūrimui. Kaip biologiniai smurtinio elgesio rizikos veiksniai įvardijami neuroanatominiai, neurobiocheminiai pakitimai galvos smegenyse, kurie aptinkami atliekant pažangius neurovizualinius galvos smegenų tyrimus. Be to, neuromediatorių, hormonų koncentracijos pokyčiai, pacientų patirtos galvos traumos yra susiję su didesne jų smurto rizika.
Fiziologinio afekto būsenos reikšmė nužudymui ir sunkiam sveikatos sutrikdymui kvalifikuoti
Authors: Aliukonienė Rita , Aliukonienė Neringa , Aliukonis Vygintas
Published: April 2016

Lietuvos ir visų demokratinių valstybių teisėje žmogaus gyvybė bei jo sveikata yra laikomos svarbiausiomis vertybėmis, kurios unikalios tuo, kad yra visų kitų žmogaus vertybių sąlyga ir pagrindas. Žmogaus gyvybė ir sveikatos apsauga gali būti užtikrinama priimant įvairių teisės šakų normas, taip pat nustatant baudžiamąją atsakomybę už kėsinimąsi į žmogaus gyvybę ir sveikatą. Lietuvos Respublikos baudžiamajame kodekse (toliau – BK) atsakomybė už paprastą ir kvalifikuotą nužudymą numatyta 129 straipsnyje, o už sunkų sveikatos sutrikdymą - 135 straipsnyje. Be to, šios nusikalstamos veikos gali būti padaromos kaltininkui esant riboto pakaltinamumo būsenoje (fiziologinis afektas), todėl įstatymų leidėjas tokias veikas laiko privilegijuotomis ir įtvirtina atsakomybę už nužudymą ir sunkų sveikatos sutrikdymą labai susijaudinus atskirose kodekso normose (BK 130 str. ir 136 str.). Nužudymo ir sunkaus sveikatos sutrikdymo afekto būsenoje kvalifikavimo ir atribojimo klausimai yra pakankamai sudėtingi praktiniu aspektu ne tik teisininkams, bet ir teismo psichiatrams, nes dažniausiai tiriamojo asmens psichikos būsena nusikalstamos veikos metu yra ištiriama žymiai vėliau, t. y. ekspertai turi duoti išvadą apie tiriamojo subjekto psichikos būseną praeityje. Šio tiriamojo darbo metu atlikta 20 baudžiamųjų bylų medžiagos analizė leidžia padaryti išvadą, jog tik pavieniais atvejais konstatuojama, kad kaltininkas padarė nužudymą ar sunkų sveikatos sutrikdymą fiziologinio afekto sukeltoje būsenoje. Dažniausiai analizuojamas nusikalstamas veikas padaro pakaltinami subjektai, o žymiai rečiau – psichikos ligoniai, t. y. nepakaltinami asmenys.
Aggression And Life Satisfaction In Adult Children Of Alcoholics
Authors: Ślaski Sławomir
Published: April 2016

Aim: to verify hypotheses about differences in the level of satisfaction with life and its aspects, as well as aggression in the ACoA and the control group, and the relationship between satisfaction and aggression in these groups. Method: The sample consisted of 100 people living in Warsaw. Among the respondents were 58 men and 42 women. Everyone involved in the study was over 18 years of age, the oldest tested was 25 years old. The average age was 23.3. The study used The Life Satisfaction Questionnaire (KZZ), to examine the level of aggression Inventory of Psychological Aggression Syndrome (IPSA) and to explore the emergence of the group of ACoA - Questionnaire for Research Place in the Family. Results: ACoA show lower life satisfaction and higher levels of aggression than the control group.
Penitentiary Reform In Poland, Self-Injurious Behaviours By Inmates Between 2001 And 2014
Authors: Pobocha Jerzy
Published: April 2016

The paper presents the nomenclature, types and statistical data on self-mutilation among prisoners in different countries. The research on self-mutilation among children and youth in some European countries indicate that they most often occur in Belgium, and often carried out by girls. It presents how the problem of self-injury to the eyeballs among prisoners in Poland was resolved in the years 1980-84. It further presents statistical data on the number of prisoners on temporary detention and those convicted in Poland in the years 2001-2014. In Poland, thanks to multi-directional actions, including the introduction of electronic monitoring, increased scope of activities of educators, psychologists, and psychiatric doctors a drop in self-mutilation was recorded, per 100,000 prisoners from 788 in 2001 to 36 in 2014, i.e. by 90%. After 2010, as result of the reform of the prison system, a significant drop was also recorded in deaths due to illness and self-mutilation. The suicide rate among prisoners decreased after 2001, resulting in 20 per 100,000 prisoners in 2012. This is a lower rate than in penitentiary institutions, e.g. in England and Wales. These results were achieved despite the fact that expenditure on penitentiary institutions in Poland are several times lower than equivalent institutions in Europe and the US. The results obtained are the effect of the work of all prison officers, doctors, psychiatrists, psychologists, observance of human rights and humanization of the execution of penalties.
Application of Krueger’s Model in Explaining Entrepreneurial Intentions among Employees in Morocco
Authors: Yatribi Taoufik
Published: April 2016

Today, the entrepreneurship became an orientation of career among several employees. In spite of this attraction towards entrepreneurship, the study of the entrepreneurial intention is necessary to understand why certain employees decide to leave their employment to create their company. This research thus suggests to explain the entrepreneurial intention among the employees, specifically among the executives-engineers.The method used rests on the technique of the structural equations of a theoretical model widely accepted in the literature, namely Krueger’s model. The test leans on the statistical treatment of 376 questionnaires administered by electronic way.The results of the statistical analyses allow to validate globally Krueger’s model, we find that the perceived desirability and feasibility influences the entrepreneurial intention. Then, if the experience has an effect on the perceived feasibility, it has not impact on the perceived desirability. We conclude that the used theoretical model remains insufficient to explain the entrepreneurial intention in an organizational context. Our study allows to highlight the necessity of using other complementary theoretical approaches to explain and predict better the entrepreneurial intention among the employees. The theoretical and managerial implications of this research will be presented, and avenues of research will be proposed.
Mechanical Blood Trauma in Assisted Circulation: Sublethal RBC Damage Preceding Hemolysis
Authors: Olia Salim E. , Maul Timothy M. , Antaki James F. , Kameneva Marina V.
Published: April 2016

After many decades of improvements in mechanical circulatory assist devices (CADs), blood damage remains a serious problem during support contributing to variety of adverse events, and consequently affecting patient survival and quality of life. The mechanisms of cumulative cell damage in continuous-flow blood pumps are still not fully understood despite numerous in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies of blood trauma. Previous investigations have almost exclusively focused on lethal blood damage, namely hemolysis, which is typically negligible during normal operation of current generation CADs. The measurement of plasma free hemoglobin (plfHb) concentration to characterize hemolysis is straightforward, however sublethal trauma is more difficult to detect and quantify since no simple direct test exists. Similarly, while multiple studies have focused on thrombosis within blood pumps and accessories, sublethal blood trauma and its sequelae have yet to be adequately documented or characterized. This review summarizes the current understanding of sublethal trauma to red blood cells (RBCs) produced by exposure of blood to flow parameters and conditions similar to those within CADs. It also suggests potential strategies to reduce and/or prevent RBC sublethal damage in a clinically-relevant context, and encourages new research into this relatively uncharted territory.
A Two-stage Rotary Blood Pump Design with Potentially Lower Blood Trauma: A Computational Study
Authors: Thamsen Bente , Mevert Ricardo , Lommel Michael , Preikschat Philip , Gaebler Julia , Krabatsch Thomas , Kertzscher Ulrich , Hennig Ewald , Affeld Klaus
Published: April 2016

Aim

In current rotary blood pumps, complications related to blood trauma due to shear stresses are still frequently observed clinically. Reducing the rotor tip speed might decrease blood trauma. Therefore, the aim of this project was to design a two-stage rotary blood pump leading to lower shear stresses.

Methods

Using the principles of centrifugal pumps, two diagonal rotor stages were designed with an outer diameter of 22 mm. The first stage begins with a flow straightener and terminates with a diffusor, while a volute casing behind the second stage is utilized to guide fluid to the outlet. Both stages are combined into one rotating part which is pivoted by cup-socket ruby bearings. Details of the flow field were analyzed employing computational fluid dynamics (CFD). A functional model of the pump was fabricated and the pressure-flow dependency was experimentally assessed.

Results

Measured pressure-flow performance of the developed pump indicated its ability to generate adequate pressure heads and flows with characteristic curves similar to centrifugal pumps. According to the CFD results, a pressure of 70 mmHg was produced at a flow rate of 5 L/min and a rotational speed of 3200 rpm. Circumferential velocities could be reduced to 3.7 m/s as compared to 6.2 m/s in a clinically used axial rotary blood pump. Flow fields were smooth with well-distributed pressure fields and comparatively few recirculation or vortices. Substantially smaller volumes were exposed to high shear stresses >150 Pa.

Conclusions

Hence, blood trauma might be reduced with this design. Based on these encouraging results, future in vitro investigations to investigate actual blood damage are intended.
Microfluidic Approaches for the Assessment of Blood Cell Trauma: A Focus on Thrombotic Risk in Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices
Authors: Consolo Filippo , Dimasi Annalisa , Rasponi Marco , Valerio Lorenzo , Pappalardo Federico , Bluestein Danny , Slepian Marvin J. , Fiore Gianfranco Beniamino , Redaelli Alberto
Published: April 2016

Introduction

Mechanical circulatory support devices (MCSDs) are emerging as a valuable therapeutic option for the management of end-stage heart failure. However, although recipients are routinely administered with anti-thrombotic (AT) drugs, thrombosis persists as a severe post-implant complication. Conventional clinical assays and coagulation markers demonstrate partial ability in preventing the onset of thrombosis. Through years, different laboratory techniques have been proposed as potential tools for the evaluation of platelets' hemostatic response in MCSD recipients. Most rely on platelet aggregation tests; they are performed in static or low shear conditions, neglecting the prominent contribution of MCSD shear-induced mechanical load in enhancing platelet activation (PA). On the other hand, those tests able to account for shear-induced PA have limited possibility of effective clinical translation.

Aims and Methods

Advances on this side have been addressed by microfluidic technology. Microfluidic devices have been developed for AT drug monitoring under flow, able to replicate physiological and/or constant shear flow conditions in vitro. In this paper, we present a newly developed microfluidic platform able to expose platelets to MCSD-specific dynamic shear stress patterns. We performed in vitro tests circulating human platelets in the microfluidic platform and quantifying the dynamics of PA by means of the Platelet Activity State (PAS) assay.

Results

Our results prove the feasibility of using microfluidics for the diagnosis of MCSD-related thrombotic risk. This study paves the way for the development of a miniaturized point-of-care device for monitoring AT drug regimen. Such a system may have significant impact on limiting the incidence of thrombosis in MCSD recipients.
In vitro Evaluation of Microleakage of Class V Cavities Restored with new Flowable Compomers on the Primary Teeth
Authors: Gungor Ozge Erken , Erdogan Yildirim , Güngör Ahmet Yalçin , Alkis Huseyin
Published: April 2016

Introduction

The aim of the study was to evaluate the in vitro microleakage of new flowable compomers in the class V cavities of primary teeth.

Methods

Thirty freshly extracted, non-carious, primary molars without visible defects were used in this study. Class V cavities (n = 60), with the occlusal and cervical margins located in the enamel, were prepared on the buccal and lingual surfaces. The samples were randomly divided into 3 groups of 20 each. Group 1: restored with Twinky Star Flow (Voco, Cuxhaven, Germany), Group 2: restored with Dyract Flow (Dentsply, Konstanz, Germany) and Group 3: restored with R&D Series Nova Compomer Flow (Imicryl, Konya, Turkey) according to the manufacturer's instructions. After a thermocycling regimen of 1000 cycles between 5°C and 55°C, the samples were isolated, immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsine solution for 24 h at 37°C and sectioned longitudinally in a buccolingual direction. The sections were evaluated for values of microleakage with a stereomicroscope.

Results

All materials showed microleakage but no statistically significant difference was observed among the groups (p>0.05). The highest microleakage score was observed in group II (1.65 ± 0.49) and group I (1.75 ± 0.44) at occlusal and gingival margins, respectively.

Conclusions

Flowable compomers showed insignificantly least amount of microleakage in class V cavities prepared on primary molars.
Serum Markers Measured in FNA Fluids of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Occurring as a Cyst
Authors: Trimboli Pierpaolo , Guidobaldi Leo , Locuratolo Nicola , Piro Francesca R. , Giordano Marco , Giovanella Luca
Published: April 2016

Background

Diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is still a challenge, and the measurement of calcitonin in fine-needle aspiration (FNA) washout has been recently introduced. Rarely, MTC presents as a cyst and its preoperative detection is difficult.

Methods

A 66-year-old woman was referred to us with high serum calcitonin. Ultrasound evaluation showed one cystic and one solid nodule. FNA was performed in both nodules and calcitonin, procalcitonin and CEA were measured in the aspirate fluids.

Results

The markers showed elevated levels in the FNA washout of the cyst and the patient was operated on. Final histology demonstrated MTC of the cystic nodule. Four weeks later, all serum markers were undetectable.

Conclusions

In the presence of a cystic thyroid lesion the diagnosis of MTC should be taken into account, and measuring calcitonin in FNA fluid is relevant. The determination in FNA of other markers is technically feasible but its role should be evaluated in larger series.
Improved Arterial Exposure and Ergonomics with use of Elasticated Retractors in Vascular Surgery
Authors: Guthrie Graeme , Mountain Rodney , Suttie Stuart
Published: April 2016

Traditional self-retaining retraction devices do not always provide adequate exposure and, on occasion, hamper economy of movement during vascular surgical procedures. We report the novel use of elasticated retractors to improve surgical exposure for vascular access procedures that may be transferable to other vascular surgical procedures.
رهانات الترجمة وسيادة الهوية في
الرواية النسائية السعودية
Authors: الزمني بهية الحبيب
Published: April 2016

ملخص

لقد تحول البحث في رهانات الترجمة نتيجة تأثره بعوامل معرفية مستحدثة في علم اللغة وعلم اللسانيات
عامة إلى الاهتمام بقضية الهوية وسلطة التأويل بوصفها مسألة ذات طبيعة متعددة ومختلفة الحدود
بسبب اختلاف التجارب الأدبية التي نتناولها بالدراسة والتحليل. والترجمة تدعونا للانتباه إلى تعددية المعاني
التي ينتجها النص الإبداعي، إذ أن كل نموذج روائي اعتمدنا عليه في هذا البحث إنما هو في جوهره ناجم
عن تحولات حصلت في النموذج الروائي الأصلي خلال هجرته إلى بيئة ثقافية ولغوية مغايرة. فهل يعني ذلك
أن كل عملية ترجمة لعمل روائي هي تحول يبشر بنموذج جديد محافظ على جميع المستويات الاجتماعية
التاريخية والثقافية المحمول عليها النموذج الأصلي؟ أم أن هذا التحول في لغة الخطاب الروائي يبقى دائمًا
رهين خيانة غير مقصودة لهوية الأصل، باعتبار أن كل مجتمع هو بمثابة نموذج له نسقه ومنظومته الفكرية
والثقافية التي تتكفل دائمًا ببلورة رؤية عامة تحدد علاقة ذلك المجتمع مع تاريخه وحضارته.
Reseña: Fundamentos didácticos de la lengua y la literatura, por Amando López Valero y Eduardo Encabo Fernández (2013)
Authors: Cremades Raul
Published: April 2016

El propósito esencial de los autores de esta obra avalada por el prestigio académico del sello editorial Síntesis queda claro desde las primeras líneas de su introducción: contribuir a la construcción de una filosofía de trabajo y de pensamiento para un área esencial del sistema educativo: la didáctica de la lengua y la literatura. (...)
Analyse du matériel pédagogique en matière de ponctuation dans l’école primaire algérienne
Authors: Addou Hassiba
Published: April 2016

Savoir écrire, lire et communiquer nécessite un apprentissage particulier. L’acquisition des compétences démarcatives dans l’enseignement/apprentissage du français langue étrangère, suppose un usage à bon escient de la ponctuation. A l’école primaire algérienne, ce genre d’apprentissage reste sensible puisqu’il dépend, essentiellement, des programmes et de l’âge des apprenants. C‘est dans cette optique que nous développerons une analyse du matériel pédagogique afin d’examiner l’adéquation entre la conception et l’élaboration de l’objet à enseigner  la ponctuation, et les composantes des compétences visées, notamment dans les manuels scolaires et les cahiers d’activités.
Meriderma species (Myxomycetes) from the Polish Carpathians: a taxonomic revision using SEM-visualized spore ornamentation
Authors: Janik Paulina , Ronikier Anna
Published: April 2016

Meriderma represents a recently described genus of nivicolous myxomycetes with high morphological variability. Due to many complications in its taxonomy and species recognition in the past, the group was considered a morphologically variable complex. Recent clarifications and recognition of morphological boundaries into species and morphotypes has fostered a classification revision of specimens found in the Carpathians. Material used in this study was systematically collected in the Polish part of the Carpathians from 2004 to 2009. As a result of micro- and macroscopic observations of 54 collections, we recorded nine taxa of Meriderma. Seven of these (all but M. carestiae and M. cribrarioides) are the first records for Poland and for the Carpathians overall. Our observations based on analysis of spore ornamentation by SEM are in accordance with recently proposed classification and confirm segregation of taxa based on spore ornamentation pattern.
saltPAD: A New Analytical Tool for Monitoring Salt Iodization in Low Resource Settings
Authors: Myers Nicholas M. , Strydom Emmerentia Elza , Sweet James , Sweet Christopher , Spohrer Rebecca , Dhansay Muhammad Ali , Lieberman Marya
Published: April 2016

We created a paper test card that measures a common iodizing agent, iodate, in salt. To test the analytical metrics, usability, and robustness of the paper test card when it is used in low resource settings, the South African Medical Research Council and GroundWork performed independent validation studies of the device. The accuracy and precision metrics from both studies were comparable. In the SAMRC study, more than 90% of the test results (n=1704) were correctly classified as corresponding to adequately or inadequately iodized salt. The cards are suitable for market and household surveys to determine whether salt is adequately iodized. Further development of the cards will improve their utility for monitoring salt iodization during production.
Comparison of Valuation of Financial Instruments according to the International and Czech Accounting Standards in the Context of Performance Reporting
Authors: Sedláček Jaroslav
Published: April 2016

The paper is devoted to a comparison of the valuation of financial instruments according to the international and Czech accounting standards in the context of performance reporting of trade corporations. Differences in valuation and reporting of financial instruments are examined in connection with the upcoming amendments to the international accounting standards, which are currently the subject of scientific and expert discussions. The research focused on the comparison of classification methods of financial instruments according to the international and Czech standards and the resultant methods of recognition, valuation and reporting with the aim of identifying possible differences. The research arrived at the discovery of what causes the differences and the assessment of their impact on the financial statements of trade corporations. A different concept of accruals on long-term receivables and variant calculations of present value affected the amount of the reported balance sheet as well as performance. Calculations of specific values of differences in financial instruments are made in two model examples in the categories Held-to-maturity investments (HTMI) and Loans and receivables (L&R), both from the viewpoint of owners, as well as from the perspective of debtors. The development of these differences in time is described graphically. The differences in the reported values manifested themselves in overvaluation or undervaluation during the life of the financial instrument, but the values were identical at the time of their maturity. It has been proved that differences between the reported financial situation and the performance of trade corporations persist even after the amendment to the Czech accounting legislation, and it is necessary to take them into account in financial analysis.
Koncept Standardů společného základu ve Spojených státech amerických: výuka čtení v primárním vzdělávání
Authors: Sýkorová Pavla
Published: April 2016

Cílem tohoto článku, který se pohybuje na pomezí přehledové a teoretické studie, je představit čtenáři kurikulární dokument Standardy společného základu Spojených států amerických (Common core state standards). První část kapitoly přibližuje pojetí Standardů společného základu napříč celým školním vzděláváním. Další pasáže jsou věnovány analýze standardů pro vzdělávací oblast anglický jazyk se zaměřením na závěrečné výstupy jednotlivých ročníků koncipovaných pro výuku čtení, blíže prezentují standardy zacílené na čtvrtý ročník primární školy a nabízí komparativní pohled výuky čtení ve Standardech společného základu a v Rámcovém vzdělávacím programu pro základní vzdělávání. Studie naznačuje rozdílnosti v závěrečných výstupech pro výuku čtení na základní škole, v nichž bylo např. zjištěno, že české kurikulum oproti americkému plně neakceptuje esteticko-výchovnou složku literatury.
Učení a vyučování cizích jazyků a identita
Authors: Janíková Věra
Published: April 2016

V posledních přibližně šedesáti letech dochází k dynamickému rozvoji výzkumu procesů učení a vyučování cizích jazyků, s podobnou mírou intenzity jsou rovněž vytvářeny nové teorie, které ozřejmují intencionální a incidentální procesy osvojování jazyků. V obou těchto oblastech se odrážejí nejen nejnovější poznatky relevantních vědních disciplín, ale i požadavky současné společnosti na jazykové vzdělávání. Předložená studie se soustřeďuje na jednu z oblastí, která se stává v poslední době zejména v zahraničí velmi frekventovaným tématem odborného diskurzu v rámci didaktiky cizích jazyků. Touto oblastí jsou komplexní a mnohodimenzionální vztahy mezi jazykem/jazyky a identitou/identitami jedince. V úvodní části příspěvku je podán stručný vhled do konceptualizace identity a nástin vybraných teorií učení a osvojování jazyků, v nichž lze zřetelně identifikovat společné jmenovatele se současným chápáním identity. Poté následuje souhrnná charakteristika vztahů jazyka a identity. Následující část představuje oblasti výuky cizích jazyků, v nichž se konstrukt identity zrcadlí zvláště zřetelně, a v závěru je exemplárně představen dosavadní výzkum zaměřený na zkoumání jazyka a identity v kontextu učení a vyučování cizích jazyků.
Školní psycholog jako výzkumník: zamyšlení nad možnostmi
Authors: Mareš Jiří
Published: April 2016

Přehledová studie v první části konstatuje, že školní psychologové na celém světě mají v náplni práce nejen poskytovat psychologické služby žákům, učitelům a rodičům, ale také se aktivně zapojovat do výzkumu. Druhá část předkládá novou typologii školních psychologů: (1) ti, co působí na vysokých školách; (2) ti, co současně působí jak na vysoké škole, tak v terénu; (3) ti, co se připravují na dráhu školního psychologa jak na vysoké škole, tak v terénu; (4) ti, co působí jen v terénu. Třetí část studie upozorňuje, že zrušením rezortního ústavu, který se zabýval školním poradenstvím, se zredukovala výzkumná základna školní psychologie. Izolované snahy učitelů na katedrách psychologie českých vysokých škol nemohou tento deficit nahradit. Čtvrtá část se věnuje zájemcům, kteří se teprve připravují na profesi školního psychologa. Jejich pregraduální nebo postgraduální příprava končí mj. obhajobou kvalifikační práce. Studie porovnává témata obhájených kvalifikačních prací v ČR s tématy v USA a upozorňuje na témata, která jsou u nás opomíjena. Pátá část si všímá školních psychologů, kteří již působí na základních a středních školách. S oporou o koncepci S. Štecha uvádí čtyři základní typy výzkumných činností, které mohou školní psychologové ve škole realizovat. Závěr studie zní: školní psychologie u nás vstupuje do nové vývojové etapy, v níž je třeba posílit roli školního psychologa jako badatele školy. Bude to výhodné jak pro obor samotný, tak pro české školství.
Být sama sebou: případová studie subjektivních teorií učitelky v kontextu profesního rozvoje
Authors: Koubek Petr
Published: April 2016

Případová studie představuje subjektivní teorie řídící jednání učitelky humanitních předmětů ve škole s obtížnými podmínkami. Navazuje na předchozí publikace autora, které šíře vymezily výzkumný koncept, cíle a metodologii. Studie představuje základní analytické přístupy ke zpracování dat sebraných v přirozeném prostředí realizace výuky: (a) rekonstruování subjektivních teorií učitelky, (b) ověření jejich adekvátnosti porovnáním s reálnou výukou, (c) sémantické porovnání subjektivních teorií řídících jednání učitelky s informacemi o jejím profesním rozvoji, (d) analýza a diskuse kongruence zjištění v kontextu pedagogické vědy; a otevírá tak možnosti pro další analýzy a syntetické zpracování sebraných dat, které svým rozsahem již překračují rámec a možnosti této studie. Případová studie naznačuje, že sledovaná učitelka sdílí některé charakteristiky s učiteli experty (Píšová et al., 2013). Ukázala se též vysoká míra konzistence jejího myšlení a jednání, stejně jako vysoká míra zvažování a uvažování o vlastním jednání v širším kontextu jejího profesního rozvoje (Hargreaves & Fullan, 2012). V závěru studie jsou shrnuty poznatky a formulována doporučení pro další výzkum subjektivních teorií učitelky v kontextu jejího profesního rozvoje.
The British species of Enicospilus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae)
Authors: Broad Gavin R. , Shaw Mark R.
Published: April 2016

The nine British and Irish species of Enicospilus are revised, mapped and an identification key provided. One species, Enicospilus myricae sp. nov., is described as new; Enicospilus merdarius (Gravenhorst, 1829) is a senior synonym of E. tournieri (Vollenhoven, 1879) syn. nov.; the only available name for E. merdarius auctt. is Enicospilus adustus (Haller, 1885) stat. rev., and a neotype is designated for Ophion adustus Haller, 1885. Enicospilus cerebrator Aubert, 1969 and E. repentinus (Holmgren, 1860) are newly recorded from Britain. Some host data are available for eight of the nine species.
El uso emergente de drones civiles en España. Estatuto jurídico e impacto en el derecho a la protección de datos
Authors: Pauner Chulvi Cristina
Published: April 2016

ResumenLos drones son una tecnología de moda y su uso civil ha comenzado a popularizarse en todo el mundo. España fue uno de los países pionerosen Europa en aprobar una legislación técnica sobre la materia con el objetivo de garantizar un alto nivel de seguridad. Ahora el foco de atención se centra en los retos que estas aeronaves pilotadas por control remoto plantean para la protección de datos y la intimidad.A la luz de las condiciones impuestas en la normativa española sobre protección de datos, nuestro estudio analiza las problemáticas que genera la explotación civil de los drones y presenta diversas propuestas doctrinales e institucionales para resolverlas.AbstractDrones are a growth industry and their civilian uses are becoming popular all around the world. Spain was one of the first European countries to pass a technical regulation on RPAS with the aim of assuring a high security standard. Nowadays, attention is paid on the challenges that these technologies pose on privacy and data protection. In the light of the conditions imposed by the Spanish legislation on data protection, this paper analyses the concerns posed by the explotation of civil drones and and looks at the major doctrinal and institutional attempts to address them.
El derecho del menor a ser educado conforme a su propia conciencia según los estándares del TEDH
Authors: Pérez Álvarez Salvador
Published: April 2016

ResumenEl derecho a la educación puede ser definido como en el derecho a formar en y para la libertad la propia conciencia. Su pleno disfrute por parte de infantes y niños puede dar lugar a conflictos con respecto al derecho de sus padres a elegir la formación moral o religiosa que estimen más oportunas durante el ciclo vital de la niñez. Situaciones polémicas que deberían ser resueltas por las autoridades nacionales dentro del margen de apreciación del que les ha otorgado el TEDH en relación con el alcance y significado de los derechos y libertades enjuego contemplados en el primer Protocolo Adicional del Convenio de Roma.AbstractRight to education can be defined as the right to form in and freedom one’s consciousness. Their full enjoyment of this right by infants and children may lead conflicts regarding the right of parents to choose their moral and religious education in the childhood. Controversial situations should be judgment by national authorities according to the margin of appreciation doctrine of the ECHR about the scope and of the Human Rights established in the first Additional Protocol of the Rome Convention.
Da Organização das Nações
Authors: Afonso da Silva Daniel
Published: April 2016

Resenha da obra:DEJAMMET, Alain. L’incendie planétaire. Que fait l’ONU? Paris: Cerf, 2015.
“Se mataban entre ellos.” El rumor y la desconfianza: dos armas en la contrainsurgencia del México de los años 1970
Authors: Merino Alicia de los Ríos
Published: April 2016

Este artículo aborda el fenómeno insurgente y contrainsurgente del México de los años 1970 desde el estudio del “rumor” y la “desconfianza” como estrategias de desarticulación de organizaciones insurgentes. Se sustenta metodológicamente en la triangulación de entrevistas a militantes, archivos hemerográficos y documentos oficiales de la Dirección Federal de Seguridad (DFS). También traza de forma general la vinculación de los militantes que compusieron la generación fundadora de la Liga Comunista 23 de Septiembre en el norte del país y analiza el carácter de las acciones de violencia política más recurrentes en sus primeros años de existencia. Por último, reflexiona sobre los procesos de represión política en la década estudiada.
Utilización de la historia oral para el aprendizaje de contenidos históricos en Educación Secundaria y su relación con la identidad local, la motivación y el autoconcepto social
Authors: Ibañez-Etxeberria Alex , Gillate Iratxe , Madariaga Jose Maria
Published: April 2016

La enseñanza de la historia en entornos formales es un campo en transformación, donde la enseñanza tradicional memorística, va dejando poco a poco paso a otro tipo de enseñanza de la historia más práctica, en el que el uso de fuentes, y el recurso a programas externos de apoyo, es cada vez más habitual. Uno de estos recursos, son los programas de historia oral basados en testimonios personales, que permiten llevar experiencias cercanas en el espacio geográfico y lejas en el tiempo a las aulas, y trabajar contenidos históricos y conceptos como la identidad local. Esta investigación de corte experimental y metodología cuantitativa, busca indagar desde su carácter exploratorio, en  la incidencia que pueden tener este tipo de programas en la adquisición de contendidos de carácter histórico en alumnado de educación secundaria, y su relación con algunas variables psicosociales. Para ello se ha trabajado sobre el programa educativo “Barakaldo ayer...” (País Vasco, España), y se ha analizado si tras la participación en el mismo, se producen cambios en el conocimiento de contenidos conceptuales sobre la historia minero-industrial general y de la zona, así como en la motivación hacia el estudio de la historia, el autoconcepto social o la identificación con lo local. Los resultados, dentro de las limitaciones propias, confirman el avance del alumnado en el conocimiento de contenidos conceptuales, y un aumento de la identidad en clave local. Para el autoconcepto, se registran mejoras en la dimensión responsabilidad social. Finalmente, no se registra ningún aumento motivacional significativo.
História do Tempo Presente - Simbioses, tessituras e conectividade. Uma entrevista com o professor Dilton Cândido Santos Maynard
Authors: Boeira Daniel Alves , Weissheimer Felipe Salvador
Published: April 2016

Durante o II Simpósio Internacional História do Tempo Presente, ocorrido em Florianópolis entre 13 e 15 de outubro de 2014, o pesquisador Dilton Cândido Santos Maynard se dispôs a conceder esta entrevista em que expôs suas interpretações sobre História do Tempo Presente e as relações da abrangência deste campo historiográfico associado com as chamadas novas tecnologias com a conjuntura sociopolítica do Brasil e do Mundo. Foi entrevistado por Daniel Alves Boeira e Felipe Salvador Weissheimer, doutorandos do Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina.
“They killed each other.” Rumor and distrust: two weapons in Mexico’s counterinsurgency in the 1970s
Authors: Ríos Merino Alicia de los
Published: April 2016

This article addresses the insurgency and counterinsurgency Mexican phenomenon in the 1970s by studying “rumor” and “distrust” as strategies for dismantling insurgent organizations. It is methodologically grounded in triangulation of interviews with militants, hemerographic archives, and official documents of the Dirección Federal de Seguridad (DFS). Also, it generally outlines the relationship of militants who participated in the founding generation of the Liga Comunista 23 de Septiembre in northern Mexico and examines the nature of the most recurrent political violence actions in its early years. Finally, it thinks through political repression procedures in the decade under study.
Social classes, ideology, and national issue in the debate between the FAR and the PRT-ERP
Authors: Campos Esteban
Published: April 2016

The purpose of this paper is addressing the main argumentative cores in the debate between the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias (FAR) and the Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores-Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (PRT-ERP), two armed organizations in the 1970s. The discussion took place between April and November 1971 and its trigger was a report on the FAR published by the serial Cristianismo y Revolución. This document was followed by “Responde el ERP,” a brief replica prepared by political prisoners, and then the response by the FAR with its “Aportes al proceso de confrontación de posiciones y polémica pública que abordamos con el ERP.” In this paper, we address in detail the role assigned in the debate to social classes, to deepen its relation with other topics, such as the national issue and ideology. We are interested in studying the meaning of these categories from the viewpoint of historical players, to track which ideological and discursive constellation they are in.
A picture is worth a thousand words: maps of HIV indicators to inform research, programs, and policy from NA‐ACCORD and CCASAnet clinical cohorts
Authors: Althoff Keri N , Rebeiro Peter F , Hanna David B , Padgett Denis , Horberg Michael A , Grinsztejn Beatriz , Abraham Alison G , Hogg Robert , Gill M John , Wolff Marcelo J , Mayor Angel , Rachlis Anita , Williams Carolyn , Sterling Timothy R , Kitahata Mari M , Buchacz Kate , Thorne Jennifer E , Cesar Carina , Cordero Fernando M , Rourke Sean B , Sierra‐Madero Juan , Pape Jean W , Cahn Pedro , McGowan Catherine ,   for the North American Aids Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design (na‐Accord) and the Caribbean, Central and the South America Network for Hiv Epidemiology (ccasanet)
Published: April 2016

Introduction

Maps are powerful tools for visualization of differences in health indicators by geographical region, but multi‐country maps of HIV indicators do not exist, perhaps due to lack of consistent data across countries. Our objective was to create maps of four HIV indicators in North, Central, and South American countries.

Methods

Using data from the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design (NA‐ACCORD) and the Caribbean, Central, and South America network for HIV epidemiology (CCASAnet), we mapped median CD4 at presentation for HIV clinical care, proportion retained in HIV primary care, proportion prescribed antiretroviral therapy (ART), and the proportion with suppressed plasma HIV viral load (VL) from 2010 to 2012 for North, Central, and South America. The 15 Canadian and US clinical cohorts and 7 clinical cohorts in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, and Peru represented approximately 2–7% of persons known to be living with HIV in these countries.

Results

Study populations were selected for each indicator: median CD4 at presentation for care was estimated among 14,811 adults; retention was estimated among 87,979 adults; ART use was estimated among 84,757 adults; and suppressed VL was estimated among 51,118 adults. Only three US states and the District of Columbia had a median CD4 at presentation >350 cells/mm3. Haiti, Mexico, and several states had >85% retention in care; lower (50–74%) retention in care was observed in the US West, South, and Mid‐Atlantic, and in Argentina, Brazil, and Peru. ART use was highest (90%) in Mexico. The percentages of patients with suppressed VL in the US South and Northeast were lower than in most of Central and South America.

Conclusions

These maps provide visualization of gaps in the quality of HIV care and allow for comparison between and within countries as well as monitoring policy and programme goals within geographical boundaries.
Arabidopsis heterotrimeric G proteins regulate immunity by directly coupling to the FLS2 receptor
Authors: Liang Xiangxiu , Ding Pingtao , Lian Kehui , Wang Jinlong , Ma Miaomiao , Li Lin , Li Lei , Li Meng , Zhang Xiaojuan , Chen She , Zhang Yuelin , Zhou Jian-Min
Published: April 2016

The Arabidopsis immune receptor FLS2 perceives bacterial flagellin epitope flg22 to activate defenses through the central cytoplasmic kinase BIK1. The heterotrimeric G proteins composed of the non-canonical Gα protein XLG2, the Gβ protein AGB1, and the Gγ proteins AGG1 and AGG2 are required for FLS2-mediated immune responses through an unknown mechanism. Here we show that in the pre-activation state, XLG2 directly interacts with FLS2 and BIK1, and it functions together with AGB1 and AGG1/2 to attenuate proteasome-mediated degradation of BIK1, allowing optimum immune activation. Following the activation by flg22, XLG2 dissociates from AGB1 and is phosphorylated by BIK1 in the N terminus. The phosphorylated XLG2 enhances the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) likely by modulating the NADPH oxidase RbohD. The study demonstrates that the G proteins are directly coupled to the FLS2 receptor complex and regulate immune signaling through both pre-activation and post-activation mechanisms.
Structural change induced by thermal annealing of red-light-emitting ZnSnF6 ∙ 6H2O:Mn4+ hexahydrate phosphor
Authors: Hoshino Ryosuke , Nakamura Toshihiro , Adachi Sadao
Published: April 2016

Effects of thermal annealing on the red-emitting ZnSnF6 ∙ 6H2O:Mn4+ hexahydrate phosphor properties were investigated using X-ray diffraction measurement (XRD), photoluminescence (PL) analysis, and Raman scattering spectroscopy. Thermal annealing was performed at T
a = 50 to 400 °C in air for 1 h. Mn4+-related red emission wavelengths were redshifted about 5 nm after annealing at T
a ≥ 200 °C with greatly decreased emission intensities. This change in PL spectral feature was attributed to the dehydration of the hexahydrate phosphor, supported by the XRD and Raman scattering results. The XRD and PL intensity analyses determined thermal decomposition energies of ∼0.3 eV from the ZnSnF6 ∙ 6H2O hexahydrate to anhydrate and of ∼0.9 eV from the ZnSnF6 anhydrate to metallic fluorid/oxide (ZnF2/SnO2). A comparative discussion was given on the PL properties of two different Mn4+-activated phosphors, Ba–IV–F6:Mn4+ anhydrate and Zn–IV–F6 ∙ 6H2O:Mn4+ hexahydrate phosphors with IV = Si, Ge, and Sn.
Acute effects of traditional Japanese alcohol beverages on blood glucose and polysomnography levels in healthy subjects
Authors: Kido Megumi , Asakawa Akihiro , Koyama Ken-Ichiro K. , Takaoka Toshio , Tajima Aya , Takaoka Shigeru , Yoshizaki Yumiko , Okutsu Kayu , Takamine Kazunori T. , Sameshima Yoshihiro , Inui Akio
Published: April 2016

Background.Alcohol consumption is a lifestyle factor associated with type 2 diabetes. This relationship is reportedly different depending on the type of alcohol beverage. The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of traditional Japanese alcohol beverages on biochemical parameters, physical and emotional state, and sleep patterns.

Methods.Six healthy subjects (three men and three women; age, 28.8 ± 9.5 years; body mass index, 21.4 ± 1.6 kg/m2) consumed three different types of alcohol beverages (beer,shochu, andsake, each with 40 g ethanol) or mineral water with dinner on different days in the hospital. Blood samples were collected before and 1, 2, and 12 h after drinking each beverage, and assessments of physical and emotional state were administered at the same time. In addition, sleep patterns and brain waves were examined using polysomnography.

Results.Blood glucose levels at 1 h and the 12-h area under the curve (AUC) value after drinkingshochuwere significantly lower than that with water and beer. The 12-h blood insulin AUC value after drinkingshochuwas significantly lower than that with beer. Blood glucose × insulin level at 1 h and the 2-h blood glucose × insulin AUC value withshochuwere significantly lower than that with beer. The insulinogenic indexes at 2 h with beer andsake, but notshochu, were significantly higher than that with water. The visual analogue scale scores of physical and emotional state showed that the tipsiness levels with beer,shochu, andsakeat 1 h were significantly higher than that with water. These tipsiness levels were maintained at 2 h. The polysomnography showed that the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep latency withshochuandsakewere shorter than that with water and beer.

Conclusions.Acute consumption of alcohol beverages with a meal resulted in different responses in postprandial glucose and insulin levels as well as REM sleep latency. Alcohol beverage type should be taken into consideration for people with impaired glucose tolerance.