bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self-assembly of metal nanostructures on binary alloy surfaces
Authors: Duguet T. , Han Yong , Yuen Chad , Jing Dapeng , Ünal Barış , Evans J. W. , Thiel P. A.
Published: November 2010

Deposition of metals on binary alloy surfaces offers new possibilities for guiding the formation of functional metal nanostructures. This idea is explored with scanning tunneling microscopy studies and atomistic-level analysis and modeling of nonequilibrium island formation. For Au/NiAl(110), complex monolayer structures are found and compared with the simple fcc(110) bilayer structure recently observed for Ag/NiAl(110). We also consider a more complex codeposition system, (Ni + Al)/NiAl(110), which offers the opportunity for fundamental studies of self-growth of alloys including deviations for equilibrium ordering. A general multisite lattice-gas model framework enables analysis of structure selection and morphological evolution in these systems.
Type II protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) is required for circadian period determination in
Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Hong Sunghyun , Song Hae-Ryong , Lutz Kerry , Kerstetter Randall A. , Michael Todd P. , McClung C. Robertson
Published: November 2010

Posttranslational modification is an important element in circadian clock function from cyanobacteria through plants and mammals. For example, a number of key clock components are phosphorylated and thereby marked for subsequent ubiquitination and degradation. Through forward genetic analysis we demonstrate that protein arginine methyltransferase
5
(
PRMT5
; At4g31120) is a critical determinant of circadian period in
Arabidopsis
.
PRMT5
is coregulated with a set of 1,253 genes that shows alterations in phase of expression in response to entrainment to thermocycles versus photocycles in constant temperature.
PRMT5
encodes a type II protein arginine methyltransferase that catalyzes the symmetric dimethylation of arginine residues (Rsme2). Rsme2 modification has been observed in many taxa, and targets include histones, components of the transcription complex, and components of the spliceosome. Neither arginine methylation nor PRMT5 has been implicated previously in circadian clock function, but the period lengthening associated with mutational disruption of
prmt5
indicates that Rsme2 is a decoration important for the
Arabidopsis
clock and possibly for clocks in general.
Psychodynamic therapists' dilemmas in providing personal therapy to therapists in training: An exploratory study
Authors: King Gail
Published: November 2010

Aim: This study explores dilemmas facing psychodynamic therapists who provide personal therapy to therapists in training. Method: Eight experienced psychodynamic psychotherapists were interviewed using a semi‐structured interview format during which they were asked about the importance of personal therapy, if they encountered any dilemmas and, if so, how they resolved those dilemmas. Their responses were analysed using a qualitative form of content analysis. Findings: Two categories of dilemma emerged: clinical and personal. Clinical dilemmas arose out of the mandatory requirement for therapy, boundaries, fitness to practice and the suitability of trainees. Personal dilemmas included pressure to model, sense of responsibility, therapeutic narcissism, countertransference reactions, over‐use of self and stressful involvement. The therapists' strategies for resolving the dilemmas are described. Conclusion: The results show participants considered personal therapy to be essential for trainees and thought it should be mandatory even though it led to difficulties in the therapy. Questions arose about the suitability of some trainees, the person of the therapist and stressful involvement. Further research into these important areas is recommended.
The spiritual organization: critical reflections on the instrumentality of workplace spirituality
Authors: Case Peter , Gosling Jonathan
Published: November 2010

This article offers a theoretical contribution to the current debate on workplace spirituality by: (a) providing a selective critical review of scholarship, research and corporate practices which treat workplace spirituality inperformativeterms, that is, as a resource or means to be manipulated instrumentally and appropriated for economic ends; (b) extending Etzioni’s analysis of complex organizations and proposing a new category, the “spiritual organization”, and; (c) positing three alternative positions with respect to workplace spirituality that follow from the preceding critique. The spiritual organization can be taken to represent the development of a trajectory of social technologies that have sought, incrementally, to control the bodies, minds, emotions and souls of employees. Alternatively, it might be employed to conceptualize the way in which employees use the workplace as a site for pursuing their own spiritualities (a reverse instrumentalism). Finally, we consider the possible incommensurability of “work organization” and “spirituality” discourses.
An insider’s view: reflections on teaching a graduate education course onSpirituality in the Workplace
Authors: Groen Janet
Published: November 2010

This paper is a reflective account of instructing a graduate course, entitledSpirituality in the Workplace, in a Faculty of Education. Using the framework of instructor authenticity, the author moves back and forth between internal instructor dialogues and reflective discussion pieces to explore the unique opportunities and challenges inherent in teaching this course.
Images of God and their role in the workplace
Authors: Hardesty Amber , Westerman James W. , Beekun Rafik I. , Bergman Jacqueline Z. , Westerman Jennifer H.
Published: November 2010

This study investigated the relationship between an individual’s religious beliefs, conscientiousness, and ethical development. A survey was given to 250 business and psychology students at a mid‐sized university in the southeastern United States that included questions
pertaining to ethics, conscientiousness, and the students’ beliefs about God based on the Baylor Institute Typology. Our findings indicate that God Image had significant but differential effects on conscientiousness and ethical development. Recognition of these important relationships
may assist managers in developing an improved understanding of values, attitudes, and resulting behaviors of employees in the workplace, and may present opportunities for organizational interventions to improve employee and team performance.
The Spiritual Leadership Balanced Scorecard Business Model: the case of the Cordon Bleu‐Tomasso Corporation
Authors: Fry Louis W. , Matherly Laura L. , Ouimet J.‐Robert
Published: November 2010

Developments in strategic scorecards, performance measurement and quality, e.g. Baldrige Award Criteria, point out the pivotal role that employee well‐being and performance plays in predicting all other key strategic indicators. The purpose of this paper is to offer the Spiritual Leadership Balanced Scorecard Business Model as a driver of employee well‐being, organizational commitment and productivity, corporate social responsibility and, ultimately, financial performance, via its impact on internal processes, output quality, and customer satisfaction. An illustrative case study of is offered as an example of how the Spiritual Leadership Balanced Scorecard Business Model can be applied, through Cordon Bleu‐Tomasso Corporation’s innovative human and economic ISMAs (Integrated System of Management Activities), in the daily management of a company deeply committed to the constant pursuit of the reconciliation of human well‐being with productivity and profits through an emphasis on workplace spirituality with openness to religion and transcendence in full freedom.
PCL-R Psychopathy and its Relation to DSM Axis I and II Disoders in a Sample of Male Forensic Patients in a Belgian Security Hospital
Authors: Pham ThierryH. , Saloppé Xavier
Published: November 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the psychopathy, assessed using the PCL-R, and DSM Axis I and II disorders in a Belgian adult male forensic patients ( N= 84). Regarding Axis I disorders, diagnoses of psychopathy were associated only with diagnoses of substance abuse/dependence. Regarding Axis II disorder, psychopathy diagnoses were associated with antisocial personality disorder. This relationship was asymmetrical, as psychopathy was highly predictive of antisocial personality disorder but not vice versa. Furthermore, there was a significant positive association between antisocial personality disorder and PCL-R total scores, Factor 1 and 2 scores, and Facet 1, 3, and 4 scores. There was also a significant positive correlation between narcissistic personality disorder and PCL-R Factor 1 and Facet 1 scores. These findings are congruent with the international research literature and have potential therapeutic relevance, as Cluster B disorders including antisocial personality disorders are associated with low treatment motivation and compliance ( Widiger & Corbitt, 1997 ; Robins, Tipp, & Przybeck, 1991 ). Overall, diagnoses of psychopathy were rather specific and unrelated to most major mental disorders (psychoses, mood or anxiety disorders) and personality disorders (Clusters A and C).
Tracking Risk Profiles and Outcome in a Medium Secure Service for Women: Use of the HoNOS-Secure
Authors: Long CliveG. , Dickens Geoff , Sugarman Philip , Craig Lorraine , Mochty Ursula , Hollin Clive
Published: November 2010

Female forensic mental health patients are a highly selected group who present exceptional clinical and behavioral challenges along with highly complex treatment needs. St. Andrew's Healthcare Women's Service offers a ‘best practice’ psychosocial treatment program in conditions of medium security. The outcomes of 60 women residents between 2003 to 2008 are described in terms of risk, behavior, symptomatology, and social functioning using HoNOS-secure. The instrument was sensitive to change in this population, including the security scale, which captured highly significant clinical improvements. Some of the challenges associated with measuring outcomes for this group are discussed. The needs of women in secure services can be effectively addressed, enabling movement to less secure settings and further improvement.
Structure and Correlates of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) in Offenders: Implications for Psychopathy and Externalizing Pathology
Authors: Ruiz MarkA. , Skeem JenniferL. , Poythress NormanG. , Douglas KevinS. , Lilienfeld ScottO.
Published: November 2010

Based on a large sample of offenders (male, n= 1,316; female, n= 267), we (a) tested the relative fit of alternative factor models for the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), and (b) assessed the pattern of relationships among BIS-11 scales and theoretically relevant measures of psychopathy and externalizing pathology. Of four alternative factor models, none yielded satisfactory fit to these data in confirmatory factor analyses. Although the BIS-11 subscales generated from models were, as predicted, associated primarily with the socially deviant features of psychopathy, these subscales exhibited a pattern of associations with externalizing pathology that was generally inconsistent with expectations. These results call into question the validity of previously reported BIS-11 factor models. The findings are discussed within the context of the externalizing spectrum of pathology and the construct validation of impulsivity measures.
Understanding and Evaluating Contrasting Unfitness to Stand Trial Practices: A Comparison between Canada and the Netherlands
Authors: Wolf Michaëlvan der , van Marle Hjalmar , Mevis Paul , Roesch Ronald
Published: November 2010

Canada and the Netherlands represent two extremes in unfitness to stand trial practices. In Canada, a substantial number of defendants are found unfit annually, while in the Netherlands the practice has been limited to just a few cases in the past two centuries. In explaining this contrast, most comparisons point solely at differences in criminal procedure. The authors conclude that for a complete understanding, it is necessary also to explore areas of substantive criminal law and (civil) mental health law. The relationship with the responsibility criterion and with the values underlying civil commitment and enforced treatment for example are found to be of significance for the unfitness to stand trial practice. As a result of this improved understanding of the contrast, it is possible to evaluate the two systems, the one in light of the other.
Challenges in the Assessment of Aggression in High-Risk Youth: Testing the Fit of the Form-Function Aggression Measure
Authors: Lee Zina , Penney StephanieR. , Odgers CandiceL. , Moretti MarleneM.
Published: November 2010

Recent efforts have focused on disentangling the forms (e.g., overt and relational) and functions (e.g., instrumental and reactive) of aggression. The Form-Function Aggression Measure (FFAM; Little, Jones, Henrich, & Hawley, 2003) shows promise in this regard; however, it is a new measure and its psychometric properties across different populations are unknown. The current study tested the underlying structure of the FFAM using confirmatory factor analysis in male and female high-risk adolescents ( n= 381). Results indicated that none of the models tested demonstrated an acceptable fit in either males or females. However, a 6-factor model comprised of pure-overt, reactive-overt, instrumental-overt, pure-relational, reactive-relational, and instrumental-relational subtypes provided an improved fit relative to other models in both males and females. A multi-form, multi-function model equivalent to the model proposed by Little and colleagues (2003) also evidenced a relatively improved fit, highlighting the utility of disentangling form from function when examining aggression. Implications and challenges for assessing the forms and functions of aggression among high-risk adolescents are discussed.
Somewhere over the Rainbow: Improving Violence Risk Management in Institutional Settings
Authors: Cooke DavidJ. , Johnstone Lorraine
Published: November 2010

Tackling violence in prisons and forensic institutions is a key role for mental health professionals. Major strides have been made in the last twenty years in the evaluation and management of individual risk factors. However, the understanding of situational—or institutional—risk factors is less well developed. This special section considers PRISM. PRISM is a set of structured professional guidelines for assessing and managing the risk of violence in institutions. In contrast to better known forms of structured judgment approaches the focus of concern is the functioning of the institution, not the individual patient or prisoner. In this introductory paper we describe the development of PRISM, its conceptual and empirical base, and demonstrate and propose a range of applications for the approach. We argue that PRISM can have value in a range of important practical tasks, but also, PRISM can be used to enhance our theoretical understanding of the risk processes that underpin institutional violence.
PRISM Applied to a Critical Incident Review: A Case Study of the Glendairy Prison Riot and Its Aftermath in Barbados
Authors: Cooke DavidJ. , Wozniak Ed
Published: November 2010

PRISM (Promoting Risk Interventions by Situational Management) has multiple uses. In this paper we describe case studies that consider, first, the riot and the consequent loss of Glendairy prison in Barbados, and second, the functioning of the temporary prison at Harrison's point created to contain, on a short-term basis, over 1000 prisoners. We analyze the organizational processes that led to the violence at Glendairy and we consider the processes that maintained the high level of violence at Harrison's Point. We conclude by providing recommendations about changes in institutional practice designed to prevent the transmission of the culture of acceptance of violence to the new state-of-the art prison being created. Moving from the practical to the theoretical, we argue that the application of PRISM can promote the understanding of the theoretical processes—risk processes—that operate to increase or decrease the likelihood of violence in institutions, whether prisons or forensic mental health facilities.
Beyond Punishment: Applying PRISM in a New Zealand Maximum Security Prison
Authors: Wilson NickJ. , Tamatea Armon
Published: November 2010

Institutional violence has typically in the past focused on individual risk factors (substance abuse, impulsivity, personality, mental health functioning, etc.). Over recent years, the focus in assessing for violence in institutional settings has shifted from internal variables to environmental (or situational) factors. A newly developed institutional measure, Promoting Risk Intervention by Situational Management (PRISM), a structured approach to examine situational risk factors was applied to New Zealand maximum security prison units. Assessment found distorted views of violence and safety (confirmed that violence was sporadic and not predictable and more likely to relate to situational risk factors), problems in leadership on violence management, a lack of specific training or recruitment for working in maximum security or consistent specialist training. The area of most concern related to a restricted unlock regime with no treatment options and limited recreational activities. Specific issues included population mix with gang issues preventing prisoner movement to maintain gang parity, and “siltage,” with other prisons reluctant to take transfers. Stiltage in this case refers to prisoner flow through the institution being choked up. Staff found use of risk scenarios a ‘natural’ move to a future rather than past risk consideration. Changes as a result of PRISM included attention to staff mix, implementation of an active management approach, and some flexibility regarding quality-of-life experiences. The application of PRISM to each unit endorsed the need for a differential approach with varying needs found. Unfortunately, the lack of a more flexible prison environment and continued serious violence in these units prevented major changes at this stage. The implications of applying PRISM in the face of such issues, as well as increasing level of imprisonment with limited funding are discussed.
AIDS Promotion within the Black Church: Social Marketing in Action
Authors: Harris Angelique
Published: November 2010

This study examines how a community-based organization, the Balm in Gilead, has created social marketing campaigns targeted at the Black Church to promote AIDS awareness and education. This research examines how these social marketing campaigns were carefully framed within a religious and moral narrative so that it resonated with the values of the Black Church. Data consist of participant observation, in-depth interviews, and content analysis. Findings reveal that the Balm in Gilead marketed AIDS awareness to the Black Church's Christian obligation and duty to care for the sick and suffering. The Balm in Gilead created social marketing campaigns targeted at four key themes found within the tenets of the Black Church: responsibility to care for others, love, acceptance, and forgiveness. Discussions on possible policy implications along with the limitations of this study are also provided.
The Opportunities and Challenges of School-Based Research for Social Marketers
Authors: Kelly Kathleen , Pechmann Cornelia , Reibling Ellen Thomas
Published: November 2010

Children and adolescents are often the primary target audience of social marketing campaigns and interventions. The prevalence of youth-directed campaigns has risen dramatically in the past decade, in part due to the increase in children's health problems (e.g., obesity, asthma, substance use). As a result, researchers increasingly approach schools and ask them to be collaborative partners in helping them to evaluate social marketing campaigns prior to more widespread dissemination. Just as social marketers must understand the facilitators of and barriers to behavior change in their primary target audience(s), schools must also be thoroughly understood and supported for collaborative success. While schools are a convenient and often effective channel for conducting youth-based social marketing evaluation research, partnering with schools can present some unique challenges. This article describes some of the issues social marketers should consider when working with schools on evaluation research.
Maximizing Recall of Gruesome Images for Health Effects Advertising: An Experimental Investigation
Authors: Mills Brennen W. , Carter Owen B. J. , Donovan Robert J.
Published: November 2010

The objective of this case study was to experimentally manipulate the impact on arousal and recall of two characteristics frequently occurring in gruesome depictions of body parts in smoking cessation advertisements: the presence or absence of an external physical insult to the body part depicted; whether or not the image contains a clear figure/ground demarcation. Three hundred participants (46% male, 54% female; mean age 27.3 years, SD = 11.4) participated in a two-stage online study wherein they viewed and responded to a series of gruesome 4-s video images. Seventy-two video clips were created to provide a sample of images across the two conditions: physical insult versus no insult and clear figure/ground demarcation versus merged or no clear figure/ground demarcation. In stage one, participants viewed a randomly ordered series of 36 video clips and rated how “confronting” they considered each to be. Seven days later (stage two), to test recall of each video image, participants viewed all 72 clips and were asked to identify those they had seen previously. Images containing a physical insult were consistently rated more confronting and were remembered more accurately than images with no physical insult. Images with a clear figure/ground demarcation were rated as no more confronting but were consistently recalled with greater accuracy than those with unclear figure/ground demarcation. Makers of gruesome health warning television advertisements should incorporate some form of physical insult and use a clear figure/ground demarcation to maximize image recall and subsequent potential advertising effectiveness.
Using Market Research to Characterize College Students and Identify Potential Targets for Influencing Health Behaviors
Authors: Berg Carla J. , Ling Pamela M. , Guo Hongfei , Windle Michael , Thomas Janet L. , Ahluwalia Jasjit S. , An Lawrence C.
Published: November 2010

Marketing campaigns, such as those developed by the tobacco industry, are based on market research, which defines segments of a population by assessing psychographic characteristics (i.e., attitudes, interests). This study uses a similar approach to define market segments of college smokers, to examine differences in their health behaviors (smoking, drinking, binge drinking, exercise, diet), and to determine the validity of these segments. A total of 2,265 undergraduate students aged 18–25 years completed a 108-item online survey in fall 2008 assessing demographic, psychographic (i.e., attitudes, interests), and health-related variables. Among the 753 students reporting past 30-day smoking, cluster analysis was conducted using 21 psychographic questions and identified three market segments – Stoic Individualists, Responsible Traditionalists, and Thrill-Seeking Socializers. We found that segment membership was related to frequency of alcohol use, binge drinking, and limiting dietary fat. We then developed three messages targeting each segment and conducted message testing to validate the segments on a subset of 73 smokers representing each segment in spring 2009. As hypothesized, each segment indicated greater relevance and salience for their respective message. These findings indicate that identifying qualitatively different subgroups of young adults through market research may inform the development of engaging interventions and health campaigns targeting college students.
Inferring social attributes from different face regions: Evidence for holistic processing
Authors: Santos Isabel M. , Young Andrew W.
Published: November 2010

Two experiments investigated the role that different face regions play in a variety of social judgements that are commonly made from facial appearance (sex, age, distinctiveness, attractiveness, approachability, trustworthiness, and intelligence). These judgements lie along a continuum from those with a clear physical basis and high consequent accuracy (sex, age) to judgements that can achieve a degree of consensus between observers despite having little known validity (intelligence, trustworthiness). Results from Experiment 1 indicated that the face's internal features (eyes, nose, and mouth) provide information that is more useful for social inferences than the external features (hair, face shape, ears, and chin), especially when judging traits such as approachability and trustworthiness. Experiment 2 investigated how judgement agreement was affected when the upper head, eye, nose, or mouth regions were presented in isolation or when these regions were obscured. A different pattern of results emerged for different characteristics, indicating that different types of facial information are used in the various judgements. Moreover, the informativeness of a particular region/feature depends on whether it is presented alone or in the context of the whole face. These findings provide evidence for the importance of holistic processing in making social attributions from facial appearance.
How do we process novel conceptual combinations in context?
Authors: Middleton Erica L. , Rawson Katherine A. , Wisniewski Edward J.
Published: November 2010

Most theories of how people interpret novel noun–noun combinations (e.g., ghost forest) do not sufficiently address the role of context, which is surprising given that novel combinations are generally encountered in discourse contexts. We evaluated three hypotheses for the role of context in interpretation. The generation hypothesis states that interpretation is based on sense generation both in and out of context. The anaphor resolution hypothesis states that interpretation initially involves identifying a referent from the prior discourse context, and meaning generation occurs only if anaphoric processing fails. The dual-process hypothesis states that sense generation and anaphor resolution operate in parallel, and both may influence initial interpretation. In two experiments, we examined reading times on novel combinations when the dominant meaning (most likely interpretation) or subordinate meaning (infrequent interpretation) preceded or followed the combination in text. Results supported the dual-process hypothesis.
Rapid communication: Impaired conditional task performance in a high schizotypy population: Relation to cognitive deficits
Authors: Haddon Josephine E. , George David N. , Grayson Lois , McGowan Christopher , Honey Robert C. , Killcross Simon
Published: November 2010

Cognitive impairments in schizophrenia have been characterized as reflecting a core deficit in the maintenance or use of task-setting cues to mediate appropriate ongoing behaviour. This analysis suggests that cognitive deficits in schizophrenia will be particularly evident when different task-setting cues dictate when different responses are required by the same stimuli. One simple task in which task-setting cues are required is a biconditional discrimination. Here we examined the performance of participants with high and low schizotypy scores (Mason, Claridge, & Jackson, 1995) on a biconditional discrimination and an otherwise equivalent, control discrimination that did not require the use of task-setting cues. Participants scoring highly on the Introvertive Anhedonia subscale (which has been allied to the negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia) performed poorly on the biconditional, but not on the control, discrimination. No other subscales demonstrated a significant influence on either biconditional or control performance.
Rapid communication: The own-age face recognition bias in children and adults
Authors: Hills Peter J. , Lewis Michael B.
Published: November 2010

Children recognize children's faces more accurately than adult faces, and adults recognize adult faces more accurately than children's faces (e.g., Anastasi & Rhodes, 2005). This is the own-age bias. Research has shown that this bias is at least partially based on experience since trainee teachers show less of an own-age bias than do other adults (Harrison & Hole, 2009). The present research tested the own-age bias in three groups of children (age 4–6, 7–9, 10–12 years) and a group of adults in the recognition of three age groups of faces (age 7–9, 20–22, and 65–90 years). Results showed an own-age bias for 7- to 9-year-old children and adults. Specifically, children could recognize faces more accurately if they were less than two years different from their own age than if they were more than two years older or younger. These results are discussed in terms of short-term experience with faces creating biases, and this rapidly changes with age.
Grammaticality is inferred from global similarity: A reply to Kinder (2010)
Authors: Jamieson Randall K. , Mewhort D. J. K.
Published: November 2010

Jamieson and Mewhort (2009b) proposed an account of performance in the artificial-grammar judgement-of-grammaticality task based on Hintzman's (1986) model of retrieval, Minerva 2. In the account, each letter is represented by a unique vector of random elements, and each exemplar is represented by concatenating its constituent letter vectors. Although successful in simulating several experiments, Kinder (2010) showed that the model fails for three selected experiments. We track the model's failure to a constraint introduced by concatenating letter vectors to construct the exemplar representation. To fix the problem, we use a holographic representation. Holographic representation not only provides the flexibility missing with the concatenation scheme but also acknowledges variability in what subjects notice when they inspect training exemplars. Armed with holographic representations, we show that the model successfully captures the three problematic data sets. We argue for retrospective accounts, like the present one, that acknowledge subjects’ skill in drawing unexpected inferences based on memory of studied items against prospective accounts that require subjects to learn statistical regularities in the training set in anticipation of an undefined classification test.
The relationship between allocentric and egocentric frames of reference and categorical and coordinate spatial information processing
Authors: Ruotolo Francesco , van Der Ham Ineke J. M. , Iachini Tina , Postma Albert
Published: November 2010

We report two experiments on the relationship between allocentric/egocentric frames of reference and categorical/coordinate spatial relations. Jager and Postma (2003) suggest two theoretical possibilities about their relationship: categorical judgements are better when combined with an allocentric reference frame and coordinate judgements with an egocentric reference frame (interaction hypothesis); allocentric/egocentric and categorical/coordinate form independent dimensions (independence hypothesis). Participants saw stimuli comprising two vertical bars (targets), one above and the other below a horizontal bar. They had to judge whether the targets appeared on the same side ( categorical) or at the same distance ( coordinate) with respect either to their body-midline ( egocentric) or to the centre of the horizontal bar ( allocentric). The results from Experiment 1 showed a facilitation in the allocentric and categorical conditions. In line with the independence hypothesis, no interaction effect emerged. To see whether the results were affected by the visual salience of the stimuli, in Experiment 2 the luminance of the horizontal bar was reduced. As a consequence, a significant interaction effect emerged indicating that categorical judgements were more accurate than coordinate ones, and especially so in the allocentric condition. Furthermore, egocentric judgements were as accurate as allocentric ones with a specific improvement when combined with coordinate spatial relations. The data from Experiment 2 showed that the visual salience of stimuli affected the relationship between allocentric/egocentric and categorical/coordinate dimensions. This suggests that the emergence of a selective interaction between the two dimensions may be modulated by the characteristics of the task.
A model for the time-order error in contrast discrimination
Authors: Alcalá-Quintana Rocío , García-Pérez Miguel A.
Published: November 2010

Trials in a temporal two-interval forced-choice discrimination experiment consist of two sequential intervals presenting stimuli that differ from one another as to magnitude along some continuum. The observer must report in which interval the stimulus had a larger magnitude. The standard difference model from signal detection theory analyses poses that order of presentation should not affect the results of the comparison, something known as the balance condition (J.-C. Falmagne, 1985, in Elements of Psychophysical Theory). But empirical data prove otherwise and consistently reveal what Fechner (1860/1966, in Elements of Psychophysics) called time-order errors, whereby the magnitude of the stimulus presented in one of the intervals is systematically underestimated relative to the other. Here we discuss sensory factors (temporary desensitization) and procedural glitches (short interstimulus or intertrial intervals and response bias) that might explain the time-order error, and we derive a formal model indicating how these factors make observed performance vary with presentation order despite a single underlying mechanism. Experimental results are also presented illustrating the conventional failure of the balance condition and testing the hypothesis that time-order errors result from contamination by the factors included in the model.
Novosphingobium sediminicola sp. nov. isolated from freshwater sediment
Authors: Baek Sang-Hoon , Lim Ju Hyoung , Jin Long , Lee Hyung-Gwan , Lee Sung-Taik
Published: November 2010

A yellow-pigmented, Gram-negative, short rod-shaped, non-motile and non-spore-forming bacterial strain, designated HU1-AH51T, was isolated from freshwater sediment and was characterized using a polyphasic approach, in order to determine its taxonomic position. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain HU1-AH51T was shown to belong to the genus Novosphingobium, showing the highest level of sequence similarity with respect to Novosphingobium resinovorum NCIMB 8767T (96.0 %), Novosphingobium naphthalenivorans TUT562T (96.0 %) and Novosphingobium panipatense SM16T (96.0 %). Strain HU1-AH51T had a genomic DNA G+C content of 62.6 mol% and Q-10 as the predominant respiratory quinone. Furthermore, the major polyamine component (spermidine) in the cytoplasm and the presence of sphingoglycolipids suggested that strain HU1-AH51T belongs to the family Sphingomonadaceae. On the basis of its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain HU1-AH51T represents a novel species of the genus Novosphingobium, for which the name Novosphingobium sediminicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HU1-AH51T ( = LMG 24320T  = KCTC 22311T).
Chthonomonas calidirosea gen. nov., sp. nov., an aerobic, pigmented, thermophilic micro-organism of a novel bacterial class, Chthonomonadetes classis nov., of the newly described phylum Armatimonadetes originally designated candidate division OP10
Authors: Lee Kevin C.-Y. , Dunfield Peter F. , Morgan Xochitl C. , Crowe Michelle A. , Houghton Karen M. , Vyssotski Mikhail , Ryan Jason L. J. , Lagutin Kirill , McDonald Ian R. , Stott Matthew B.
Published: November 2010

An aerobic, saccharolytic, obligately thermophilic, motile, non-spore-forming bacterium, strain T49T, was isolated from geothermally heated soil at Hell’s Gate, Tikitere, New Zealand. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, T49T is the first representative of a new class in the newly described phylum Armatimonadetes, formerly known as candidate division OP10. Cells of strain T49T stained Gram-negative and were catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. Cells possessed a highly corrugated outer membrane. The major fatty acids were 16 : 0, i17 : 0 and ai17 : 0. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 54.6 mol%. Strain T49T grew at 50–73 °C with an optimum temperature of 68 °C, and at pH 4.7–5.8 with an optimum growth pH of 5.3. A growth rate of 0.012 h−1 was observed under optimal temperature and pH conditions. The primary respiratory quinone was MK-8. Optimal growth was achieved in the absence of NaCl, although growth was observed at NaCl concentrations as high as 2 % (w/v). Strain T49T was able to utilize mono- and disaccharides such as cellobiose, lactose, mannose and glucose, as well as branched or amorphous polysaccharides such as starch, CM-cellulose, xylan and glycogen, but not highly linear polysaccharides such as crystalline cellulose or cotton. On the basis of its phylogenetic position and phenotypic characteristics, we propose that strain T49T represents a novel bacterial genus and species within the new class Chthonomonadetes classis nov. of the phylum Armatimonadetes. The type strain of Chthonomonas calidirosea gen. nov., sp. nov. is T49T ( = DSM 23976T = ICMP 18418T).
Snuella lapsa gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from tidal flat sediment
Authors: Yi Hana , Chun Jongsik
Published: November 2010

A yellow-coloured, rod-shaped, Gram-reaction-negative, aerobic bacterial strain, designated JC2132T, was isolated from a tidal flat sediment sample from Ganghwa Island, Korea. The isolate required sea salts for growth. Cells produced non-diffusible carotenoid pigments, but flexirubin-type pigments were absent. Gliding motility was observed. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain JC2132T represented a distinct phyletic line that reflected a novel generic status within the family Flavobacteriaceae with relatively low sequence similarities (<95 %) to members of other genera with validly published names. The predominant isoprenoid quinone (MK-6) and DNA G+C content (35 mol%) were consistent with assignment of the isolate to the family Flavobacteriaceae, but overall phenotypic traits demonstrated that strain JC2132T was not closely affiliated with any previously described genera. Based on taxonomic data obtained using a polyphasic approach, it is proposed that strain JC2132T represents a novel species in a new genus belonging to the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Snuella lapsa gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain of the type species is JC2132T ( = KACC 14152T = JCM 17111T).
Schleiferia thermophila gen. nov., sp. nov., a slightly thermophilic bacterium of the phylum ‘Bacteroidetes’ and the proposal of Schleiferiaceae fam. nov.
Authors: Albuquerque Luciana , Rainey Fred A. , Nobre M. Fernanda , da Costa Milton S.
Published: November 2010

A bacterial isolate, with an optimum growth temperature of about 50 °C and an optimum pH for growth between 7.5 and 8.5, was recovered from a hot spring in the Furnas area of the Island of São Miguel in the Azores. The novel isolate is orange-pigmented, forms non-motile, rod-shaped cells that stain Gram-negative, is strictly aerobic, oxidase-positive and catalase-negative. The major fatty acids of strain TU-20T are 16 : 1ω6c, 17 : 0 iso 3-OH and 15 : 0 iso. Menaquinone 6 is the major respiratory quinone. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, physiological and biochemical characteristics, we describe a novel species of a novel genus represented by strain TU-20T ( = DSM 21410T  = LMG 24594T) for which we propose the name Schleiferia thermophila gen nov., sp. nov. We also propose the family Schleiferiaceae fam. nov. to accommodate this new genus.
The exclusive induction of extinction is gated by BDNF
Authors: Kirtley Anne , Thomas Kerrie L.
Published: November 2010

We have previously reported that the reconsolidation and extinction of hippocampal-dependent contextual fear memory can be initiated by a single context conditioned stimulus (CS) presentation of either short or long duration, and that both processes require protein synthesis in this brain region. Furthermore, reconsolidation depends on Zif268 activity in this region. Here we show that by infusing a recombinant brain-derived neurotrophic factor (rBDNF) directly into the brain of rats, that high levels of mature BDNF in the hippocampus at retrieval constrain the extinction of the fear memory after prolonged memory recall. We also show after a short CS exposure that reconsolidation was impaired using antisense oligonucleotides targeting Zif268, and that, similarly, reductions in conditioned behavior were observed after prolonged CS presentation when extinction is constrained by high levels of BDNF. This is direct evidence that in the mammalian brain extinction proceeds exclusively after prolonged CS exposure. In addition, that BDNF activity in the hippocampus contributes to a molecular switch for the extinction of hippocampal-dependent memory.
Involvement of Arabidopsis RACK1 in Protein Translation and Its Regulation by Abscisic Acid
Authors: Guo Jianjun , Wang Shucai , Valerius Oliver , Hall Hardy , Zeng Qingning , Li Jian-Feng , Weston David J. , Ellis Brian E. , Chen Jin-Gui
Published: November 2010

Earlier studies have shown that RACK1 functions as a negative regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) responses in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), but the molecular mechanism of the action of RACK1 in these processes remains elusive. Global gene expression profiling revealed that approximately 40% of the genes affected by ABA treatment were affected in a similar manner by the rack1 mutation, supporting the view that RACK1 is an important regulator of ABA responses. On the other hand, coexpression analysis revealed that more than 80% of the genes coexpressed with RACK1 encode ribosome proteins, implying a close relationship between RACK1’s function and the ribosome complex. These results implied that the regulatory role for RACK1 in ABA responses may be partially due to its putative function in protein translation, which is one of the major cellular processes that mammalian and Saccharomyces cerevisiae RACK1 is involved in. Consistently, all three Arabidopsis RACK1 homologous genes, namely RACK1A, RACK1B, and RACK1C, complemented the growth defects of the S. cerevisiae cross pathway control2/rack1 mutant. In addition, RACK1 physically interacts with Arabidopsis Eukaryotic Initiation Factor6 (eIF6), whose mammalian homolog is a key regulator of 80S ribosome assembly. Moreover, rack1 mutants displayed hypersensitivity to anisomycin, an inhibitor of protein translation, and displayed characteristics of impaired 80S functional ribosome assembly and 60S ribosomal subunit biogenesis in a ribosome profiling assay. Gene expression analysis revealed that ABA inhibits the expression of both RACK1 and eIF6. Taken together, these results suggest that RACK1 may be required for normal production of 60S and 80S ribosomes and that its action in these processes may be regulated by ABA.
Arabidopsis Transcription Factor ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 Plays a Role in the Feedback Regulation of Phytochrome A Signaling
Authors: Li Jigang , Li Gang , Gao Shumin , Martinez Cristina , He Guangming , Zhou Zhenzhen , Huang Xi , Lee Jae-Hoon , Zhang Huiyong , Shen Yunping , Wang Haiyang , Deng Xing Wang
Published: November 2010

Phytochrome A (phyA) is the primary photoreceptor responsible for perceiving and mediating various responses to far-red light in Arabidopsis thaliana. FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL1 (FHY1) and its homolog FHY1-LIKE (FHL) are two small plant-specific proteins essential for light-regulated phyA nuclear accumulation and subsequent phyA signaling processes. FHY3 and its homolog FAR-RED IMPAIRED RESPONSE1 (FAR1) are two transposase-derived transcription factors that directly activate FHY1/FHL transcription and thus mediate subsequent phyA nuclear accumulation and responses. Here, we report that ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5), a well-characterized bZIP transcription factor involved in promoting photomorphogenesis, directly binds ACGT-containing elements a few base pairs away from the FHY3/FAR1 binding sites in the FHY1/FHL promoters. We demonstrate that HY5 physically interacts with FHY3/FAR1 through their respective DNA binding domains and negatively regulates FHY3/FAR1-activated FHY1/FHL expression under far-red light. Together, our data show that HY5 plays a role in negative feedback regulation of phyA signaling by attenuating FHY3/FAR1-activated FHY1/FHL expression, providing a mechanism for fine-tuning phyA signaling homeostasis.
Amino Acid Homeostasis Modulates Salicylic Acid–Associated Redox Status and Defense Responses inArabidopsis
Authors: Liu Guosheng , Ji Yuanyuan , Bhuiyan Nazmul H. , Pilot Guillaume , Selvaraj Gopalan , Zou Jitao , Wei Yangdou
Published: November 2010

The tight association between nitrogen status and pathogenesis has been broadly documented in plant–pathogen interactions. However, the interface between primary metabolism and disease responses remains largely unclear. Here, we show that knockout of a single amino acid transporter, LYSINE HISTIDINE TRANSPORTER1 (LHT1), is sufficient for Arabidopsis thaliana plants to confer a broad spectrum of disease resistance in a salicylic acid–dependent manner. We found that redox fine-tuning in photosynthetic cells was causally linked to the lht1 mutant-associated phenotypes. Furthermore, the enhanced resistance in lht1 could be attributed to a specific deficiency of its main physiological substrate, Gln, and not to a general nitrogen deficiency. Thus, by enabling nitrogen metabolism to moderate the cellular redox status, a plant primary metabolite, Gln, plays a crucial role in plant disease resistance.
Sociable knowledge sharing online: philosophy, patterns and intervention
Authors: Matthews Paul , Stephens Rob
Published: November 2010

Purpose

This paper seeks to outline a social epistemological and ethical warrant for engaging in knowledge exchange on the social web, and to emphasise socio‐cognitive and emotional factors behind motivation and credibility in communities supported by social software. An attempt is made to identify positive and negative patterns of interaction from this perspective and to argue for more positive intervention on the part of the information profession.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper outlines social epistemological and related theory, cognitive and social drivers of behaviour and then draws together evidence to justify the definition of patterns that will be important to the project.

Research limitations/implications

A programme of evaluating online knowledge exchange behaviour using a social epistemological framework is needed. In order to do this, methodological development coupling formal epistemological with interpretive techniques for examining belief formation are also necessary.

Practical implications

Considerations for the design and deployment of knowledge platforms and for engagement with existing communities are outlined.

Social implications

The ideas presented attempt to define an important role for the information profession within a new paradigm of participation and social interaction online.

Originality/value

The connection between social epistemology theory and LIS has long been appreciated, but social epistemology is rarely applied to practice or to online social platforms and communities.