bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Welsh Settlers and Native Americans in Patagonia
Authors: Williams Glyn
Published: February 2009

One of the geographical areas most neglected by historians of Latin America is Patagonia. This is particularly true of the second half of the nineteenth century, a period during which the area began to be opened up to European settlement. While it is true that some attention has been given to early European settlement on the one hand, and to the fate of the native Americans during the ‘Conquest of the Desert’ on the other, no one has thus far attempted to outline the nature of the relationships between the two populations. In this article I would like to initiate such an enquiry by focusing upon the relationship between the Welsh settlers in Chubut, who were the first Europen settlers successfully to occupy Argentinian Patagonia, and the nomadic populations which occupied the region at the time of arrival of these settlers. As is the case with most frontier histories, such a study should throw new light upon the ethnohistory of the native American population, especially as it focuses upon their relationship with the Argentine Government. Events such as the ‘Conquest of the Desert‘ are often viewed as a direct confrontation between the central government and the native Americans rather than as a phenomenon which must inevitably involve the frontier settlements as well.
The Valparaíso Maritime Strike of 1903 and the Development of a Revolutionary Labor Movement in Chile
Authors: De Shazo Peter
Published: February 2009

The historical attachment of the organized labor movement of Chile to revolutionary ideologies has been unique in Latin America. Anarchosyndicalists controlled most labor unions in Santiago and Valparaíso, and the Communists those of the nitrate and coal mining zones during the 1920s. From the late 1930S to the fall of Allende, a majority of Chilean labor unionists manifested their desire for socio-economic change by supporting the Communist and Socialist Parties at the polls and in the streets.
The Influence of the Agency for International Development (AID) on Ecuadors's Agrarian Development Policy
Authors: Redclift M. R.
Published: February 2009

Since the Alliance for Progress was first established over fifteen years ago, a number of interpretations have been offered for United States agrarian development policy in Latin America. This paper examines two of these interpretations in the light of a detailed study of peasant organization and agrarian reform in Ecuador, a country which received considerable attention from AID from the early 1960s. It has been suggested that AID staff in Latin America are often confused about the role the Agency should play. Indeed, the former Peruvian President, Belaunde, is said to have remarked that ‘AID is very feminine: it never says “no”, but it always says “maybe”‘. It might be added that such prevarication does not seem to have prevented AID from curtailing its more ambitious proposals so as to make them ‘…acceptable to prevailing elites’ However, neither the undoubted conservatism of the Agency, nor its lack of decisiveness are its only notable features. A more penetrating analysis of AID's role in Latin America must begin with the context in which AID operated in specific cases, and consider the legacy of its involvement in particular countries. In this paper it is suggested that AID was instrumental in establishing the outlines of the agrarian development strategy currently being pursued by the Ecuadorian State. As such, its role cannot be considered in inflated conspiratorial terms, nor can AID's activities be interpreted as of only marginal significance in the continent as a whole.
Changing Criminal Patterns in Buenos Aires, 1890 to 1914
Authors: Blackwelder Julia Kirk , Johnson Lyman L.
Published: February 2009

Despite the recent development of a broad literature on urbanization in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Latin America, the topics of public order and crime have eluded careful study.1The historiography of Argentine urbanization evokes questions about social control, but we know little more about changing patterns of crime and policing than did contemporary observers. Immigration, labor organization, class struggle, and political violence have all been the subjects of scholarly inquiries that suggest both high levels of disorder and the necessity of official responses.2
The Search for a Series of Small Successes: Frontiers of Settlement in Eastern Bolivia
Authors: Fifer J. Valerie
Published: February 2009

Few thinly populated regions of the world represent genuine frontiers of settlement. The tendency to describe almost any area of sparse population as a settlement ‘frontier’ is not uncommon, especially in studies of Latin America. What matters, however, is what is going on within such sparsely populated zones, or indeed within more densely populated zones which are in an active frontier stage.
The Politics of Intervention: The United States and Argentina, 1941–1946
Authors: MacDonald C. A.
Published: February 2009

In Argentina during World War II the US stepped outside the limits of the Good Neighbor policy proclaimed by the Roosevelt administration in 1933 and attempted to overthrow the government of a major Latin American power.1Between 1941 and 1945 Argentina was not only treated differently from the rest of Latin America by the United States, but was also singled out for harsher treatment than other neutrals, despite its large material contribution to the Allied cause. In 1944 Washington was readier to compromise with Franco's Spain, a country whose Axis connections were notorious, than it was to seek a settlement with the government in Buenos Aires.2The purpose of this paper is to examine the development of US interference in Argentine affairs after Pearl Harbor and the reasons for US hostility to the rise of Perón following the military coup of June 1943.
‘Business Imperialism’ and Argentina, 1875–1900: A Theoretical Note
Authors: Jones Charles
Published: February 2009

The facts are by now sufficiently clear for it to be common ground in any discussion of late nineteenth-century imperialism that the British State was disinclined to interfere on behalf of British capitalists with Latin American interests when these were threatened by local firms or States. Equally it is clear that British capitalists did not invest in Argentina in the belief that, by so doing, they were actively assisting the foreign policy of the British State. The State provided no grounds for this belief and no inducement to invest, and had it done so it is unlikely that the capitalists concerned – a pretty liberal bunch by and large – would have responded to any greater extent than they felt was consistent with their economic advantage. Again, there were not, in Britain, territorially ambitious militarists and aristocrats with their sights set on the South American republics. This element was quite adequately catered for in the Empire. In short, the models of imperialism favoured by Hobson, Schumpeter, and other conspiracy theorists, however appropriate they may be in particular cases, cannot be generalized and have very little relevance to Argentina.
Forgotten Workers: British West Indians and the Early Days of the Banana Industry in Costa Rica and Honduras
Authors: Echeverri-Gent Elisavinda
Published: February 2009

The Central America of books, and indeed of our imaginations, does not have very many black actors. That is not because blacks have not been present in the unfolding of Central American history. It is because their participation has been selectively ignored. During the last decade there have been a few welcome exceptions to this trend; however, a lacuna still remains. This article focuses on the role played by the first generation of black British West Indian immigrants in the development of the Costa Rican and Honduran labour movements - an area of history in which blacks have been particularly ignored.

To this day the populations of black British West Indian descent living on the Atlantic Coast of Costa Rica and Honduras have remained outside the mainstream of political and cultural life in these two countries. It is not surprising, therefore, that they have also been neglected historically.

Nowhere is this tendency more glaring than in the literature on labour history – especially that concerned with the important banana exporting sector. With few exceptions, the role of the British West Indian workers in the early period of the banana industry is dismissed. Those that acknowledge their role minimise the workers' importance by arguing that they failed to act collectively in challenging their employers. In brief, this view argues that black West Indian workers are not important to a study of labour politics in Honduras and Costa Rica.

Historical evidence renders this suggestion invalid. The British West Indian workers who came to Honduras and Costa Rica during the last century in search of employment were neither indifferent to, nor totally accepting of, their situation.
Bread or Solidarity?: Argentine Social Policies, 1983–1990
Authors: Midré Georges
Published: February 2009

This article describes the introduction of two social policy programmes aiming to provide adequate nourishment to poor families in Argentina between 1983 and 1990. They were called PAN (Programa Alimentario Nacional), and theBono Nacional Solidario de Emergencia.

A study of the introduction of social policy measures during these years can help us to understand parts of the value-structure upon which Argentine society is built. Such a study also highlights some of the main social functions that welfare programmes perform in structuring the relationship between the political system and society. Finally, the management of the programmes and the political debate surrounding them illustrate some key features of the Argentine political system and its ability to formulate a coherent social policy project.

The debates concerning the organisation of social welfare schemes, in 1983 as well as in 1989, must be seen in relation to the general structure of the social welfare system in the country. Both by European and Latin American standards, Argentina's first ‘labour laws’ were passed at an early stage.2However, Argentina never became a ‘Welfare State’ in the sense that all of the population was included. One of the reasons for this is connected with the impotence of the State. Several analysts have underlined the particular weakness of many Latin American States, a consequence of a pronounced corporative logic that dominates the implementation of public policies.3In fact, the social impact of welfare policies reflects the overall power structure in society in a more clear-cut way than we see in most European Welfare States.4
The Economic Consequences of Cocaine Production in Bolivia: Historical, Local, and Macroeconomic Perspectives
Authors: de Franco Mario , Godoy Ricardo
Published: February 2009

Cocoa, coca, cotton, and sugar are of great interest. The development of any one of the four crops would bring about great relief to people's present miseries and would not hurt nearby provinces… The development of one province need not occur at the expense of another. (Francisco de Viedma, 1787).2
Paradigms of Conquest: History, Historiography, and Politics
Authors: Stern Steve J.
Published: February 2009

The Quandary of 1492

The year 1492 evokes a powerful symbolism.1The symbolism is most charged, of course, among peoples whose historical memory connects them directly to the forces unleashed in 1492. For indigenous Americans, Latin Americans, minorities of Latino or Hispanic descent, and Spaniards and Portuguese, the sense of connection is strong. The year 1492 symbolises a momentous turn in historical destiny: for Amerindians, the ruinous switch from independent to colonised history; for Iberians, the launching of a formative historical chapter of imperial fame and controversy; for Latin Americans and the Latino diaspora, the painful birth of distinctive cultures out of power-laden encounters among Iberian Europeans, indigenous Americans, Africans, and the diverse offspring who both maintained and blurred the main racial categories.

But the symbolism extends beyond the Americas, and beyond the descendants of those most directly affected. The arrival of Columbus in America symbolises a historical reconfiguration of world magnitude. The fusion of native American and European histories into one history marked the beginning of the end of isolated stagings of human drama. Continental and subcontinental parameters of human action and struggle, accomplishment and failure, would expand into a world stage of power and witness. The expansion of scale revolutionised cultural and ecological geography. After 1492, the ethnography of the humanoid other proved an even more central fact of life, and the migrations of microbes, plants and animals, and cultural inventions would transform the history of disease, food consumption, land use, and production techniques.2In addition, the year 1492 symbolises the beginnings of the unique world ascendance of European civilisation.
Indian Communities, Political Cultures, and the State in Latin America, 1780–1990
Authors: Mallon Florencia E.
Published: February 2009

In Tlatelolco, in the symbolically laden Plaza of the Three Cultures, there is a famous plaque commemorating the fall of Tenochtitlán, after a heroic defence organised by Cuauhtemoc. According to the official words there inscribed, that fall ‘was neither a victory nor a defeat’, but the ‘painful birth’ of present-day Mexico, the mestizo Mexico glorified and institutionalised by the Revolution of 1910. Starting with the experiences of 1968 – which added yet another layer to the archaeological sedimentation already present in Tlatelolco – and continuing with greater force in the face of the current wave of indigenous movements throughout Latin America, as well as the crisis ofindigenismoand of the postrevolutionary development model, many have begun to doubt the version of Mexican history represented therein.1Yet it is important to emphasise that the Tlatelolco plaque, fogged and tarnished as it may be today, would never have been an option in the plazas of Lima or La Paz. The purpose of this essay is to define and explain this difference by reference to the modern histories of Peru, Bolivia and Mexico. In so doing, I hope to elucidate some of the past and potential future contributions of indigenous political cultures to the ongoing formation of nation-states in Latin America.

As suggested by the plaque in Tlatelolco, the process and symbolism ofmestizajehas been central to the Mexican state's project of political and territorial reorganisation. By 1970, only 7.8 % of Mexico's population was defined as Indian, and divided into 59 different linguistic groups.
The Peculiarities of Mexican History: Mexico Compared to Latin America, 1821–1992
Authors: Knight Alan
Published: February 2009

This is a piece of comparative history, not an exercise in folkloric whimsy. It does not attempt to probe the secrets oflo mexicano, la mexicanidad, or any of the other quasi-metaphysical concepts which litter the field of Mexican cultural history.1Nor does it pay too much attention to those more positivistic analyses which try to encapsulate Mexican (political) culture in terms of statistical comparisons.2Rather, it offers some comparative generalisations about Mexican history in the national period, stressing both broad patterns of socio-economic development and specific politico-cultural factors. Thus – for better or worse – its model is Barrington Moore rather than, say, Octavio Paz or Gabriel Almond. It also draws inspiration – and borrows its title – from the work of E. P. Thompson, which in turn has been developed by Eley and Blackbourn in the German context, Corrigan and Sayer in the English.3Its purpose is to offer some explanations of the distinctiveness (as well as the commonality) of Mexico's history, compared to the history of Latin America, in the national period.4

Let us begin at the end. In the last fifty years, Mexico has experienced relatively rapid economic growth coupled with relative political and social stability.5The achievements of the ‘stabilised development’ of the 1950s and 1960s are well known: a solid regime, rapid growth rates, low inflation, rising per capita income.6And, while the 1980s were a decade of relative stagnation, Mexico's relative position within Latin America has not deteriorated.7Furthermore, the prospects for future development – of a capitalist kind, with all that that entails – look better now than they did in the late 1980s; all the more if the Free Trade Agreement with the U.S.A. is concluded, as now seems probable.
Backward Looks and Forward Glimpses from a Quincentennial Vantage Point
Authors: Donghi Tulio Halperín
Published: February 2009

As the quincentennial of what we do not dare to call the discovery of the New World approaches, Spanish America remains impervious to the festive mood reigning in Spain. The reasons are painfully obvious: a region facing an at best uncertain future, while trying to close the wounds opened by a quarter-century of acute sociopolitical confrontation, and still reeling under the blows inflicted to its economy during the unlamented ‘lost decade’ just closed, has good reason to wonder whether it has anything to celebrate.

Justified as it may be, the despondency caused by recent misfortunes does not offer the best inspiration to achieve a fair and balanced view of a five-centuries long historical experience. It is enough to compare the assessments inspired by the current centennial milestone with those of one century ago to discover how dangerous it is to pass judgement on such an experience by projecting onto it the dominant features of the immediate present.

Yet in 1892 the times were not much more brilliant than today; several among the largest neo-hispanic countries were suffering the devastating impact of the worst economic crisis in their history: these circumstances did not, however, seriously undermine the optimism with which they looked at their future, an optimism that encouraged the founding fathers of their national historiographies to take in their stride the sombre aspects of the national past. If today a very different approach seems in order, it is not only because the atrocious history of our century has all but killed the faith nineteenth-century historians deposited in all kinds of manifest destinies, but perhaps also because of the justified suspicion that what Latin America faces today is different in kind from the streaks of bad luck all too frequent in its short history, that the world-wide transformations that reached spectacular culmination in the breakdown of the ‘really existing socialism’ are full of menace for the region, and the practical wisdom distilled from the experience of the past five centuries cannot offer any valid guidance for the challenges of the ‘new world order’ that is currently striving to be born.
Persistence and Decline: Slave Labour and Sugar Production in the Bahian Recôncavo, 1850–1888
Authors: Barickman B. J.
Published: February 2009

Focusing on the last decades before abolition (1888), this study examines slave labour and sugar production in the Bahian Recôncavo in Northeastern Brazil, one of the oldest slaveholding regions in the Americas. It demonstrates the marked contrast between the Recôncavo and the other main sugar-producing areas of Northeastern Brazil. In Bahia, the years 1850–88 did not witness an increase in sugar exports; on the contrary, exports stagnated and then, with abolition, suffered a nearly complete collapse. Furthermore, sugar planters in the Recôncavo, unlike other Northeastern planters, relied overwhelmingly on slave labour until the very eve of abolition. The study suggests that the explanation for the contrast between the Recôncavo and other Northeastern sugar regions lies in alternatives to sugar production for a significant segment of the planter class and in alternatives to work on sugar plantations for a substantial part of the poor free population in the Recôncavo.
The Chilean Copper Smelting Industry in the Mid-Nineteenth Century: Phases of Expansion and Stagnation, 1834–58
Authors: Valenzuela Luis
Published: February 2009

This article looks at the beginnings and early development of the modern copper smelting industry in Chile. It analyses the factors which led to its occurrence, contrasting it with other countries where no smelting industry developed. It argues that the development of the Chilean smelting industry stimulated copper mining and reinforced the expansion of coal mining. Furthermore, it permitted the retention in the country of a larger part of the rent generated by copper mining than would have been the case had all the copper ore been exported, and was therefore an important factor in the development of the Chilean economy as a whole.

Until 1879 tne Chilean copper industry was the most dynamic sector of the economy of the Republic. During the period 1844—79 it generated exports of 341 million pesos (around £64 million), or 42.3 % of the total value of the exports of the country, and contributed 29 million pesos, or almost 10% of the ordinary fiscal income, through the export duty levied.1 Most of this copper left Chile in the shape of ingots of over 99% fine (that is pure) copper, bar copper ofc. 96 % fine or regulus, a semi-processed form of copper of around 50% fine; only 12.1 % left in the shape of copper ores of different types.2 The smelting and, to an even greater extent, the refining of the copper ore in Chile permitted the miners to develop a wider variety of potential markets. It also facilitated the Luis Valenzuela is a Lecturer at the Centre for Development Studies, University College of Swansea.
Relative and absolute in intonation analysis
Authors: Crystal David
Published: February 2009

Most intonation analysts would consider it a truism to insist that any model of the formal properties of a language's intonation system has to be relativistic in character. By this one would mean that the linguistic constants in the system are the contrasts between the features involved (pitch, loudness, or whatever) and not the values of the features themselves, as defined in any absolute, physical way. The point hardly needs quotation to support it, but it will be useful to refer to one person's formulation of the relativity claim as a reminder of how the position is typically presented. Abercrombie, for example, says (1967: 107):
Pitch and compass of the speaking voice
Authors: Jassem Wiktor
Published: February 2009

There are many unsolved problems concerning the linguistic interpretation of intonation curves obtained instrumentally. Among the major ones are (1) How accurate must the instrumental data be to make sure that no linguistically relevant information is missed? (2) Which of the details of the intonation curve are linguistically relevant? (3) How should the graph be scaled? (4) How should the curves be normalized so as to neutralize individual (speaker-dependent) differences?
Some laryngographic data for Korean stops
Authors: Abberton Evelyn
Published: February 2009

The purpose of this note is to present and discuss more direct data than has hitherto been available on the vibration of the vocal folds following the release of Korean stops.
The problem of unstressed vowels and the coarticulation within consonantal clusters for English
Authors: Scully Celia
Published: February 2009

In his book An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English A. C. Gimson (1970) describes the articulation of the English plosives in different phonetic contexts. He demonstrates here (146–54 and 156–8) and elsewhere (Gimson, 1960) the articulatory instability of, in particular, the alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/ in English. As W. S. Allen (1960) points out, the predominance of instability associated with the alveolar plosives, rather than with the bilabials /p/ and /b/ or velars /k/ and /g/ may correlate with the more common occurrence of the alveolars rather than with articulatory or other kinds of constraints specific to consonantal clusters containing /t/ and /d/.
Labels for voices
Authors: Laver John
Published: February 2009

If semiotics is the general theory of communicative signs (Morris, 1938: 80), then phonetics constitutes part of that theory, in the sense that phonetics tries to model the means by which communication is achieved through the use of spoken signs. The technical vocabulary of phonetics is thus a sub-set of the meta-language of semiotics, and one might reasonably expect that other terms and concepts from semiotic theory, such as that of INDEXICAL and ICONIC signs (Feibleman, 1946: 91), might be illuminating when applied to the subject-matter of phonetics.
A formal analysis of the intonation of modern colloquial Russian
Authors: Baldwin J. R.
Published: February 2009

1. In this article and the one to follow I shall be describing my approach to the problem of extracting a system of intonation from a corpus of unscripted colloquial Russian conversation, and discussing in detail the results obtained by this approach.
Contrastive sentence phonology
Authors: Kohler K. J.
Published: February 2009

Contrastive phonology has been preoccupied with the phoneme concept and the isolated word. The Contrastive Structure Series demonstrates this quite clearly. In Moulton's contrastive comparison of English and German sounds (Moulton, 1962), to take a representative example of the series and of contrastive phonological studies in general, 107 pages out of 145 deal with the consonant and vowel phonemes in English and German words and with their contrastive analysis. Only 31 pages treat stress (largely word stress), intonation and the inevitable juncture, which is the epitome of word phonemics in that it looks at the incidence of boundary signals at word and morpheme boundaries, e.g. antrat and das Kitzeln with strongly aspirated stops as against Landrat and die Skizze with weakly aspirated or unaspirated stops indicating different divisions between word final and initial consonants (p. 142). I would like to mention in passing that this opposition is artificially constructed in word material by a linguist on the basis of the equally artificial codification in Siebs (de Boor et al., 1969), where again hardly any tribute is paid to segmental sentence phonology (Kohler, 1970).
The ‘transferred negative’ and nuclear tone in English
Authors: Tibbitts E. L.
Published: February 2009

It has been observed (Halliday 1967: 33–34, 54–55 ; cf. Crystal 1969: 273, ix, and Lee 1960: 58–59, with different tonality treatment) that the fall-rise nuclear tone in such sentences as

I ˈdidn't ˈcome because of the ˅food.
Linking /r/ in the General British pronunciation of English
Authors: Lewis J. Windsor
Published: February 2009

Linking /r/ concerns words having as final phoneme in isolate pronunciation either /ɑ/ or /ɔ/ or one of the five phonemes involving a (final) central vowel /ə, ɜ, ɪə, eə, ʊə/. When any of these is followed closely by a word beginning with one of the English vowel sounds an /r/ may be heard. The Gimson 1970 treatment of this topic contains detailed comments on the limitation of the operation of this pattern in situations where many or most speakers are inhibited from applying the rule to link owing to the influence of popular conceptions of incorrectitude in regard to the uttering of /r/ where no r is represented in the traditional orthography. However, it contains no explicit reference to the dependence of the r-link on either the segmental or the prosodic environments which the words involved in the r-link provide. On the other hand, Ward 1939 and various works of Jones (1918, 1956a, 1956b, 1956c) described at some length ‘special circumstances in which a final r has no consonantal value even when the following word begins with a vowel’ (Jones 1956b : § 757). Gimson 1970 makes no reference to such cases nor to Jones's mention of them. The enquirer must therefore wonder whether there is no reference to such exceptional cases because they are no longer current or merely from pressures of space or possibly from uncertainty. Gimson's revision of the Jones 1956a text of Jones's Explanations in Jones-Gimson 1967, which makes several minor amendments, leaves the fairly lengthy treatment of linking /r/ unaltered.
Ordering the alphabet
Authors: Walsh Gordon
Published: February 2009

Some current applications of the Association's alphabet, for example in EFL practice materials or in dictionaries, make it desirable to establish an ‘alphabetical order’ for the symbols. Various ad hoc orders have been used in the past, especially when giving lists of symbols in practice books, but no generally-agreed ordering has yet emerged (which, in the case of English at least, is perhaps surprising).
The IPA alphabet: a case for reform
Authors: McClure J. Derrick
Published: February 2009

It is surely incontestable that the IPA alphabet, like the system of vowel and consonant classification on which it is based, contains obvious anomalies; some or others of which have been discussed in recent proposals for reform (e.g. Breckwoldt 1971, McClure 1972, Hammarström 1973). Fox (1975), in an interesting attempt to widen the scope of the discussion, has argued that the anomalies are less serious than they appear, on the grounds that (a) they do not interfere with the practical usefulness of the alphabet, and (b) a more positive and more fundamental point—they reflect in some cases what appear to be linguistic universals, such as the potential use of retroflex consonants as a distinctive category and the widespread preference for voiced over voiceless nasals.
Sweet to Storm on narrow and wide
Authors: Foldvik Arne Kjell
Published: February 2009

The University Library of Oslo has a collection of letters from Henry Sweet to the Norwegian phonetician Johan Storm written over a period of twenty years from 1876. We here present extracts from the letters, selected with a view to showing Sweet's views on the terms narrow and wide during this period.
Phonation types: a re-appraisal
Authors: Sprigg R. K.
Published: February 2009

The Eighth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (Leeds, 1975) provided an opportunity, at a discussion seminar called specially for that purpose, ‘The larynx and language’, for phoneticians anxious to put phonation distinctions on a more systematic footing to appeal to specialists in the aerodynamic aspects of laryngal activity and in the physiology of the larynx to help them with criteria to define the phonation distinctions so far observed in languages. In introducing the topic at the discussion seminar E. J. A. Henderson confined her examples to Cambodian, to illustrate the ‘sepulchral’ phonation appropriate to what she terms the lower register (Henderson 1952: 157); but a number of languages are listed in Catford 1964 as making lexically distinctive use of phonation types, Danish, Hindi, Nilotic, Javanese, and Gujerati (p. 36); and Ladefoged 1971 lists some of these and a considerable number of others, including Sindhi, Zulu, Hausa, Wolof, and French (pp. 12–19). In part this article is a continuation of that attempt to attract the attention of instrumental phoneticians to problems posed by phonation differences in languages such as these; but to a large extent it results from a re-examination of various published accounts of phonation distinctions that I undertook in the course of teaching general phonetics. The most comprehensive of these accounts, and the one that I shall chiefly refer to, is Catford 1964, and the tape-recording in which he illustrates a number of the phonation types that he distinguishes in that article; but I have also drawn on Sweet 1877 (3rd edition, 1906), guided by Henderson 1971, Pike 1943, Heffner 1950, Abercrombie 1967, and Ladefoged 1971.
A Stockport teenager
Authors: Lodge K. R.
Published: February 2009

The present article is a preliminary analysis and detailed phonetic description of a taped conversation (between friends) as an example of the everyday linguistic habits of a teenager from Stockport. When the recording was made, she was sixteen years old (August 1975); she is the granddaughter of the main informant for Lodge (1966). She attended a comprehensive school in Stockport. As an example of a more formal style the informant was asked to read a passage from a newspaper.
The epiglottis as an articulator
Authors: Laufer Asher , Condax I. D.
Published: February 2009

We believe that the importance of the epiglottis in speech has been generally underestimated in the phonetic literature. Our evidence leads us to conclude that the epiglottis is an active and independent articulator in the production of pharyngeal consonants and that it is involved in the production of the vowel [a] and in whisper. In earlier phonetic works that we have examined, to the extent that the epiglottis is mentioned at all, it is generally said to have no speech function. An exception to this is the work of Russell (1931), Appelman (1967) and Wilson (1976), where they suggest that the epiglottis is crucial to the production of [a], but because they rely on lateral x-rays, they are unable to complete a convincing case.
An emphatic alveolar affricate
Authors: Odisho Edward Y.
Published: February 2009

The Neo-Aramaic (NA) language makes noticeable use of the phenomena of aspiration and emphasis (pharyngealization) to enhance its inventory of linguistic units. Aspiration is mainly restricted to plosives and affricates. Except for /q/ and /?/, each plosive and affricate joins in a three-way opposition based on voicing and aspiration. Thus they appear as follows: /b/, /p/, /ph/; /d/, /t/, /th/, /ɟ/, /c/, /ch/; /dʒ/, /t∫/, /t∫h/. Emphasis is more widely exploited than aspiration. Almost all the units of NA have direct emphatic counterparts. What draws the attention is that sounds produced at what could be broadly labelled as the palatal area are the least susceptible to emphasis. For instance, no emphatic counterparts of /ʒ/ or /c/ are attested. Although /t∫/, too, lacks any direct emphatic counterpart, there is nevertheless a linguistic unit describable as a voiceless unaspirated emphatic alveolar affricate, thus /ts/. The existence of this unit, together with certain other phonetic observations, raises the possibility of a phonetic and phonological relationship between /t∫/ and /ŧs/ in the sense that the latter has emerged in the system to function as the emphatic counterpart of the former.
Cognitive implications of labels for voices
Authors: Brown Roger
Published: February 2009

An experiment is reported which investigates the acceptability for English speakers of various syntactic constructions in conjunction with labels for voices (Laver, 1974). A regularity is observed in the co-occurrence possibilities; subjects differentiate between labels for temporal aspects of speech (tempo, continuity and rhythmicality) and for non-temporal (pitch, loudness and quality) in terms of the constructions which may accompany them. No purely syntactic motivation is found for this regularity and it is suggested instead that it is indicative of a basic phonetic difference between cognitively governed temporal parameters in speech and physiologically determined non-temporal parameters. This view is supported by examples from other languages.
Aspects of Hausa intonation, 2: continuous text
Authors: Miller Jennifer , Tench Paul
Published: February 2009

In the introduction to Part 1 (Miller and Tench, 1980) we claimed that although we were not presenting a comprehensive account of Hausa intonation, we were presenting aspects of it that had not received specific attention before. In the first part, we presented our findings in respect of isolated utterances; in this part, we wish to extend that analysis to cover features of Hausa intonation in connected text. Our procedure is to present an intonational analysis of two fables, each with a detailed commentary, and to accompany this up with some general comments.
A spectrographic investigation of three Welsh diphthongs
Authors: Ball Martin J.
Published: February 2009

Studies of Welsh have generally relied upon traditional accounts of the phonetics of the language, in terms of descriptions of articulation with little reference to instrumental investigation (e.g. S. Jones, 1926; Morris-Jones, 1913; Arwyn Watkins, 1961; and most of the unpublished dialect studies presented as theses to the University of Wales). However, certain instrumental studies of Welsh phonetics do exist, although their number and range of topics is limited.
Linking /r/ in RP: some facts
Authors: Bauer Laurie
Published: February 2009

This paper is an account of facts gleaned from the auditory analysis of thirty-seven recordings made in the Department of Phonetics, University of Edinburgh, between 1949 and 1966. Every student and staff member in the Department (which was merged with the Department of Linguistics in 1967) was recorded reading a standard passage, ‘The Story of Arthur the Rat’. There were actually two versions of the story used. The earlier one, used until 1957, contains two fewer potential linking /r/s than the later version, which is that published in Abercrombie (1964).
Roger Kingdon 1891–1984: an appreciation
Authors: Lewis J. Windsor
Published: February 2009

The main facts of Roger Kingdon's biography may be found at pp. 57–8 of Vol. 1 No. 2 of thisJournalof December 1971. His phonetic interests were wide. His earliest contributions to these pages, in 1939, were Specimens of ‘General South West English’ and ‘South Hams Dialect’ (pp. 9, 10) and ‘East Devon’ (p. 50). For the first of these, wishing to distinguish three kinds of r-sound, a fricative, a strong retroflex and a weak retroflex, he introduced the completely new symbol. In 1973 this form was officially adopted into the Association's alphabet. His most modest contributions to these pages were two paragraphs of Spanish (a language of which he had a truly impressive command) in narrow transcription to the Students' Corner series again in 1939 (pp. 16 and 57). In that same fateful year he published his most important contribution toLe Maître Phonétique‘Tonetic Stress Marks for English’ (pp. 60–4) which opened up a new era in English intonation studies.
Fante: the orthography versus speech
Authors: Adjaye Sophia A.
Published: February 2009

This paper aims to show the relationship between the writing system of Fante and its spoken form, and to explore the extent to which Fante orthography can be said to be phonemic. This involves a consideration of the correlation between the vowel and consonant phonemes and their symbolization in the orthography, and of the account taken of nasalization, length, elision, assimilation, and vowel harmony. The proposed Unified Akan Orthography (The Bureau of Ghana, Legon: 1978) is discussed in this light. The term Akan is used to refer to the Fante and Twi dialects of Southern Ghana.
Word-final /r/ in a Northern English accent
Authors: French J. P.
Published: February 2009

It is widely recognized that during the eighteenth century a sound change began in English concerning the consonant /r/. This change, referred to as “R dropping’ (Wells, 1982a: 218), involved the elision of /r/ in non-prevocalic positions.
The perception of word-initial consonant length: Pattani Malay
Authors: Abramson Arthur S.
Published: February 2009

In experimental phonetic research, we often come across cases of multiple perceptual cues to a phonemic distinction, even though this distinction may be seen traditionally as dependent on some single phonetic feature. The question arises as to the relative power of these cues. How equally do they share the burden of communicative relevance? For example, among the several cues that emanate from the timing of the valvular action of the larynx (Lisker and Abramson (1965); Abramson (1977)), fundamental-frequency perturbations (House and Fairbanks (1953)) have been shown by some studies, apparently starting with Haggard, Ambler and Callow (1970) and Fujimura (1971), to help in the perceptual differentiation of voiced and voiceless stop consonants; however, recent work (Abramson and Lisker (1985)) suggests that this cue has very limited efficacy compared with other acoustic consequences of voice timing.
Paul Passy et les sons de l'italien
Authors: Fiorelli Piero
Published: February 2009

Un verset de l'Évangile selon saint Jean (III, 16), on le sait, a été le texte sur lequel Paul Passy (1859–1940) a essayé pour la première fois, il y a cent ans, d'appliquer de manière systématique l'alphabet de l'association Phonétique à un grand nombre de langues.
The International Phonetic Association: The first 100 years
Authors: Macmahon M. K. C.
Published: February 2009

In the space available it is impossible to do full and proper justice to all of the IPA's activities over the past 100 years. I shall, therefore, restrict myself to considering only a number of aspects, namely the origins and growth of the Association, the importance of the journal in underpinning its work, and the character of the Association as it expressed itself under the secretaryship of Paul Passy. Something of the Association's earlier history can be found on the covers of The Principles of the International Phonetic Association, in Daniel Jones' survey of the Association's history, published in 1935, and in Robert Albright's monograph on the development of the IPA's alphabet and related matters.
Revision of the IPA: linguo-labials as a test case
Authors: Maddieson Ian
Published: February 2009

The president of the International Phonetic Association has called for a discussion of issues concerning the revision of the International Phonetic Alphabet (Ladefoged (1987 a; b)). This discussion needs to be concerned with the actual use to which the IPA is put by its ‘consumers’ as well as with the way that the design of the Alphabet reflects and interacts with the notion of a phonetic theory. However, for many phoneticians perhaps the first issue to come to mind will be the need for possible additions to the Alphabet to represent sounds that at present have no recognized transcription. The present paper discusses suggestions for the transcription of one class of such sounds, namely, linguo-labials. A number of proposals are evaluated in the light of their advantages and drawbacks and the implications they have for principles of transcription and phonetic theory.
Why Educational Phonetics in JIPA?
Authors: Jenner Bryan
Published: February 2009

From Winter 1987 JIPA will incorporate, in the second edition of each year, a section devoted to Educational Phonetics. Contributions, in the form of articles, notes, statements of problems, and correspondence, are therefore invited from colleagues whose professional activity lies within this broad area: that is to say, language teachers, speech therapists, clinical audiologists, language pathologists and teachers of acting and singing.
Articulation and phonation in non-native English: The example of Dutch-English
Authors: Jenner Bryan R. A.
Published: February 2009

Any attempt to define and describe a non-native pronunciation of English is beset with a variety of difficulties. In the first place the researcher is dealing with something acquired, at least in part, by a conscious effort of the speaker. Although, as I have argued elsewhere (Jenner, 1984), English has a special status in the Netherlands, approximating to that of a second language in other countries, it is nonetheless true that the average Dutch learner has no opportunity for actual productive practice of the language until he is already 10 or 12 years old. His ears may be familiar with the sounds of native English, owing to the extensive use of English in Dutch television and cinema, but they are also conditioned by a much greater exposure to Dutch. His perceptual norms are Dutch. In the case of pronunciation this implies that the learner will initially perceive the phonological features of English with reference to the systems of Dutch, and will tend to interpret them as deviant surface exponents of underlying Dutch norms.
The 1989 Kiel Convention
Authors: Ladefoged Peter
Published: February 2009

The plans for the Convention for the revision of the Association's alphabet are proceeding well; anyone wishing to attend who has not yet sent in a preregistration form should contact me at the above address as soon as possible. Coordinators of the different interest groups have been appointed as shown on the list below. They are all preparing preliminary reports, some of which are being published or summarized in this issue of the Journal. Members of the Association who sent in a preregistration form before September 1988 should have heard from the coordinators of the groups in which they expressed an interest. Anyone else who has material that should be considered at the Convention is urged to contact the appropriate coordinator as soon as possible. A complete list of names and addresses follows this note. The more discussion we can have before the meeting, the better it will be.
2.2 Vowels
Authors: Nolan Francis
Published: February 2009

This paper summarizes the discussion which has taken place up to December 1988 in preparation for the Vowel group at the Association's Convention to be held in Kiel in August 1989. As coordinator of the Vowel group I sent out a questionnaire to those prospective participants who, on their pre-registration form, had listed vowel classification as being among their first five interests. Thirty-eight questionnaires were dispatched, and 24 responses were received by shortly after the deadline specified. Allowing for one case where the participant was ‘not known’ at the address listed, and possibly a couple of other questionnaires going variously astray, this relatively high rate of return within the short time-span available must reflect the importance with which this topic is viewed.
7.1 Computer coding of IPA symbols and 7.3 Detailed phonetic representation of computer data bases
Authors: Esling John H.
Published: February 2009

Several systems have been developed to produce the complete inventory of IPA symbols in computer-coded form. Each has its own detail of coding, with a common core (albeit fairly small) of phonetically or graphemically logical key and ASCII assignments that can be identified across systems. Variation in the assignment of symbols to codes and keystroke locations is the result of different configurations of input device and of output device, and of differences in local convention and ease of character entry, of immediate needs in the transcription task, and of project objectives. The two major categories of coding objectives are: (a) for the purpose of identifying individual graphic IPA symbols by number, and (b) for the purpose of specifying the phonetic properties of the sound represented by each symbol or combination of symbols for the efficient encoding, recall, and manipulation of that information in a computerized data base.
9. Recorded illustrations of the IPA
Authors: Bernstein Jared
Published: February 2009

The idea of preparing an updated or revised recording that illustrates the symbols or categories of the IPA was first proposed by Ladefoged and Roach (1986). These authors noted (ibid.: 28) that ‘Thanks to John Wells and Susan Ramsaran we already have a cassette recording illustrating the symbols in the current chart.’ Of the many phoneticians who responded to the announcement of the meeting in Kiel, about 25 expressed interest in planning recorded illustrations of the revised alphabet. Acting as coordinator for this activity, I sent out a tentative plan for the illustrations as a starting point for discussion.
French intonation: Tone or tune?
Authors: Leach Patrick
Published: February 2009

The question of whether to analyse the intonation of a particular language in terms oftuneortonehas been extensively discussed for English; recent accounts include Gibbon (1976: 101–92), Ladd (1980: 14–16), Cruttenden (1986: 55–8) and Couper-Kuhlen (1986: 67–72). It cannot, for all that, be said to be resolved. When it comes to French, however, the question has scarcely been aired at all, although Crompton (1980) does discuss the related question of ‘configurations’ versus levels versus tonetic stress marks (the latter surely an unlikely candidate for annotating the intonation of a language without lexical stress).