bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS ON THE FORMING OF WELDING ARC
Authors: Vakulenko I. O. , Plitchenko S. O. , Makarevich D. M.
Published: February 2015

Purpose. The purpose of work is a comparative analysis of chemical compounds influence on the process of forming arc welding and condition of its burning. Methodology. A wire with diameter 3 mm of low carbon steel with contain of carbon 0.15% was material for electrode. As chemical compounds, which determine the terms of arc welding forming the following compounds were used: kaolin; with admixtures of gypsum up to 60%;  and with the iron concentration up to 50%. Researches were conducted using the direct electric current and arc of reverse polarity. As a source of electric current a welding transformer of type PSO-500n was used. On the special stand initial gap between the electrode and metal plate was 1-1.5 mm. The inter electrode space was filled with the probed chemical compound and the electric arc was formed. At the moment of arc forming the values of electric current and arc voltage were determined. After the natural break of electric arc, the final gap value between electrodes was accepted as a maximal value of arc length. Findings. Experimentally the transfer of metal in interelectrode space corresponded to the tiny drop mechanism. According to external signs the relation between maximal arc length and the power of electric current has the form of exponential dependence. Specific power of electric arc at the moment of arc forming per unit of its length characterizes the environment in the interelectrode space. Originality. 1) Based on the analysis of influence of the studied chemical compounds on the formation processes of electric arc the inversely proportional relationship between the power of the electric current and the maximum arc length until the moment of its natural break is defined. 2) Ratio between the maximal arc length and the power of electric current, with the sufficiently high coefficient of correlation is submitted to the exponential dependence. Influence of the compounds under study on the process of electric arc forming is determined using the indexes of degree of the above mentioned correlation. 3) The value of specific power of electric current at the moment of electric arc forming per unit of arc length can be accepted as the parameter, which characterizes the state of interelectrode space environment. Practical value. In the conditions of identical adjusting force of electric current the sequence of location of the studied compounds in the order of increase of their influence on the process of arcing is determined. Minimum influence is observed from kaolin, and maximal one – from .
DEVELOPMENT OF (Fe–B–C)-BASED FILLER FOR WEAR-RESISTANT COMPOSITE COATINGS
Authors: Sukhova O. V. , Zdorovets N. O.
Published: February 2015

Purpose. Development of multi-alloyed filler for abrasive wear-resistant composites. Methodology. The methods of microstructural, X-ray and energy-dispersive X-ray analyses were used to achieve research purpose. Micro-mechanical properties of structural constituents and abrasive wear-resistance of composites were determined. Findings. The complete dissolution of chromium and vanadium in the borides of Fe2В and FeВ that are initial structural constituents of Fe–В–С peritectic alloys has been established. These elements primarily dissolve in iron monoboride. Dissolution of molybdenum and niobium is not practically observed. As a result the phases of Мо2В, Мо2(В,С) or NbВ2 can be seen in the structure. Alloying with chromium and vanadium increases compression strength and crack resistance coefficient, but that with molybdenum and niobium enhances total microhardness and hardness of the alloys. Structure formation of the interfaces between the filler and the binder of the composites based on МNМts 20-20 binder is governed by dissolution and diffusion processes when multi-alloyed (Fe–В–С) alloy is applied as filler of the composites. The phase and the structural composition of contact interaction zones canbe explained by re-crystallization of the filler surface layers after dissolution caused by contact with the molten binder. Consequently the macroheterogeneous structure of the composites is free of defects and strong adhesion between the filler and the binder is assured. Contact interaction intensity can be controlled by the choice of temperature-and-time infiltration regimes. Originality. The peculiarities in the formation of structure and properties of Fe2В- and FeВ-based solid solutions observed in the structure of the Fe–В–С peritectic alloys were investigated that allowed us to recommend composition of multicomponent alloy to be applied as filler of (Cu–Ni–Mn)-matrix macroheterogeneous composites. Practical value. Owing to multiple alloying of the filler based on Fe–В–С peritectic alloy with chromium, vanadium, molybdenum and niobium the abrasive wear resistance of composite coatings can be compared with that of tungsten-containing coatings, which ensures saving of expensive and deficient materials.
APPLICABILITY ANALYSIS OF HEXAHEDRAL HOLLOW PROFILES AS COMPONENT ELEMENTS OF SUPPORTING SYSTEMS FOR GONDOLA CARS
Authors: Fomin O. V.
Published: February 2015

Purpose. The purpose of work is presentation of features and results of the conducted works on determination of introduction expedience of hexahedral hollow profiles as the component elements of the modern supporting systems of railway freight gondola cars. Methodology. During the research an introduction methodology of different types of profiles as alternative to the existent supporting elements of the body module for freight car was used. This methodology had been developed by the author before. It is oriented to the reduction in material consumption and providing of strength requirements and operating reliability of the car design under study. The developed methodology includes the procedures of admissible values calculation of the resistance moments of the section of the hexahedral hollow profile, which is being introduced. It also includes the determination of optimum (i.e. characterized by the minimum material consumption when meeting the durability requirements) values of height and minimum thickness of profile in the conditions of construction limitations. At the same time the admissible resistance moments are calculated as such, which are equal to the value of existent implementation of supporting element or as such that are determined taking into account the surplus design reserve. The first direction is applied in this work. Findings. As a result of the conducted research the introduction expedience of hexahedral hollow profiles as vertical rods of the lateral and latitude belts of the walls of the butt-end freight gondola cars is grounded and the optimum parameters of such replacements are determined. Originality. The problem of the use expedience of hexahedral hollow profiles as the supporting elements of the freight gondola cars bodies was first considered in the article. To solve this problem the mathematical models describing the dependence of basic strength and mass indexes of the proper profiles on varying the geometrical parameters, as well as the auxiliary graph are developed. Practical value. Practical implementation of the results of conducted research for universal freight gondola cars will reduce their empty weight and accordingly increase their lifting capacity for almost 100 kg. upon the implementation of durability and operating reliability requirements. This taking into account the large scale of their park will provide a considerable economic effect at their producing and operation. The materials developed and presented in the article can be used for consideration and solution of analogical tasks for other types of freight cars, and also for other facilities of the transport engineering. According to the results of the work an invention application of Ukraine was applied.
DESIGN REVIEW OF GONDOLA CAR
Authors: Myamlin S. V. , Kebal I. U. , Kolesnykov S. R.
Published: February 2015

Purpose. To ensure the constantly growing volume of freight transportations it is necessary to introduce the innovation rolling stock. It should have the best technical and economic parameters in comparison with the existing fleet. Gondola car is the most popular type of railway freight car. Designs of the modern gondolas are based on many years of operating experience and numerous tests carried out by design and research organizations in the field of car building. To improve the body structure of gondolas it is necessary to perform a review of the existing structures and to identify the trends in their improvement. Methodology. The works on improvement the designs of produced gondolas are held by many engineering organizations in almost all industrialized countries. Analysis of the existing body designs of gondola cars is possible by analyzing the research in the field of transport engineering, namely patents, scientific articles, producers catalogues and so on. Findings. When analyzing it was determined that there are gondolas of different designs, but the most common are the gondolas with a solid floor and unloading hatches, the covers of which form the floor of gondola design. An effective method for reducing the gondola empty weight and increasing the body volume is also the use of aluminum alloy instead of steel. Results of the improvement analysis of the gondola bodies` designs showed that the creation of the modern gondola car requires from designers and scientists the implementation of scientific and technical solutions providing the increase of carrying capacity and the body volume, reduction of the gondolas empty weight, increase in repair intervals while improving the strength and dynamic qualities at the same time. Originality. For the first time the gondolas designs were analyzed, their advantages and disadvantages were considered and the trends in improvement of the given structures of gondola cars were determined. Practical value. The generalization of theoretical, scientific and methodological, experimental studies aimed at further improving the technical and economic parameters of gondola cars are urgent when improving the body structure of the gondola cars. The above mentioned design features of the bodies of some models of modern gondola cars have practical value and can be used in further developments.
Patterns of seizure control in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with and without hippocampus sclerosis
Authors: Coan Ana Carolina , Campos Brunno M. , Bergo Felipe P.G , Kubota Bruno Y. , Yasuda Clarissa L. , Morita Marcia E. , Guerreiro Carlos A.M , Cendes Fernando
Published: February 2015

Objective Patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) may present unstable pattern of seizures. We aimed to evaluate the occurrence of relapse-remitting seizures in MTLE with (MTLE-HS) and without (MTLE-NL) hippocampal sclerosis. Method We evaluated 172 patients with MTLE-HS (122) or MTLE-NL (50). Relapse-remitting pattern was defined as periods longer than two years of seizure-freedom intercalated with seizure recurrence. “Infrequent seizures” was considered as up to three seizures per year and “frequent seizures” as any period of seizures higher than that. Results Thirty-seven (30%) MTLE-HS and 18 (36%) MTLE-NL patients had relapse-remitting pattern (X2, p = 0.470). This was more common in those with infrequent seizures (X2, p < 0.001). Twelve MTLE-HS and one MTLE-NL patients had prolonged seizure remission between the first and second decade of life (X2, p = 0.06). Conclusion Similar proportion of MTLE-HS or MTLE-NL patients present relapse-remitting seizures and this occurs more often in those with infrequent seizures.
Artificial gait in complete spinal cord injured subjects: how to assess clinical performance
Authors: Pithon Karla Rocha , Abreu Daniela Cristina Carvalho de , Vasconcelos-Neto Renata , Martins Luiz Eduardo Barreto , Cliquet-Jr Alberto
Published: February 2015

Objective Adapt the 6 minutes walking test (6MWT) to artificial gait in complete spinal cord injured (SCI) patients aided by neuromuscular electrical stimulation. Method Nine male individuals with paraplegia (AIS A) participated in this study. Lesion levels varied between T4 and T12 and time post injured from 4 to 13 years. Patients performed 6MWT 1 and 6MWT 2. They used neuromuscular electrical stimulation, and were aided by a walker. The differences between two 6MWT were assessed by using a paired t test. Multiple r-squared was also calculated. Results The 6MWT 1 and 6MWT 2 were not statistically different for heart rate, distance, mean speed and blood pressure. Multiple r-squared (r2 = 0.96) explained 96% of the variation in the distance walked. Conclusion The use of 6MWT in artificial gait towards assessing exercise walking capacity is reproducible and easy to apply. It can be used to assess SCI artificial gait clinical performance.
Nuss procedure for Pectus excavatum repair: critical appraisal of the evidence
Authors: Araújo Maria Elizete de Almeida , Penha Anderson da Paz , Westphal Fernando Luiz , Silva Marcus Tolentino , Galvão Taís Freire
Published: February 2015

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of correction of pectus excavatum by the Nuss technique based on the available scientific evidence.Methods: We conducted an evidence synthesis following systematic processes of search, selection, extraction and critical appraisal. Outcomes were classified by importance and had their quality assessed by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE).Results: The process of selection of items led to the inclusion of only one systematic review, which synthesized the results of nine observational studies comparing the Nuss and Ravitch procedures. The evidence found was rated as poor and very poor quality. The Nuss procedure has increased the incidence of hemothorax (RR = 5.15; 95% CI: 1.07; 24.89), pneumothorax (RR = 5.26; 95% CI: 1.55; 17.92) and the need for reintervention (RR = 4.88; 95% CI: 2.41; 9.88) when compared to the Ravitch. There was no statistical difference between the two procedures in outcomes: general complications, blood transfusion, hospital stay and time to ambulation. The Nuss operation was faster than the Ravitch (mean difference [MD] = -69.94 minutes, 95% CI: -139.04, -0.83).Conclusion: In the absence of well-designed prospective studies to clarify the evidence, especially in terms of aesthetics and quality of life, surgical indication should be individualized and the choice of the technique based on patient preference and experience of the team.
Bariatric surgery: impact on sexuality of the obese person
Authors: Mariano Maria Luiza Lobato , Paula Maria Angela Boccara de , Bassi Deomir Germano , Paula Pedro Roberto de
Published: February 2015

Objective: To assess the impact of surgical treatment in the sexuality of the obese.Methods: We conducted a qualitative / quantitative research with 30 patients who had undergone Fobi-Capella Roux-Y gastric bypass for at least one year. We collected data through individual interviews using a questionnaire with 10 mixed questions and one open, between May and June 2011. The objective data were quantified in absolute numbers and percentages, and the subjective ones were analyzed using the Discourse of the Collective Subject (DCS) and discussed in view of reference published on the subject.Results: 30 patients were enrolled, with a mean age 44 ± 12 years, 24 (80%) were female and six (20%) were male, 23 (77%) were married, 23 (96%) were hypertensive and eight (33%) were diagnosed with Diabetes Mellitus. After the operation, 11 (37%) individuals reported no change in the number sexual intercourses, but 19 (63%) reported that this number was altered, 16 (53%) informed increased frequency, one (3%) reported a decrease in frequency, one (3%) did not practice sexual intercourse anymore and one (3%) did not report the frequency. The central ideas (CI) raised originated four DCSs: Experience of female sexuality; No experience of female sexuality; Experience of male sexuality; and improvements of comorbidities and psychological factor.Conclusion: there are positive repercussions of physical and emotional orders of the surgical treatment of obesity, favoring the quality of life, including sexuality.
Use of local muscle flaps to cover leg bone exposures
Authors: d'Avila Francisco , Franco Diogo , d'Avila Bianca , Arnaut Jr. Marcio
Published: February 2015

Objective: To evaluate the use of the medial gastrocnemius muscle and/or soleus muscle flaps as surgical treatment of the leg bone exposure.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of patients undergoing transposition of the medial gastrocnemius and / or soleus for treating exposed bone in the leg, from January 1976 to July 2009, gathering information on epidemiological data, the etiology the lesion, the time between the initial injury and muscle transposition, the muscle used to cover the lesion, the healing evolution of the skin coverage and the function of the gastrocnemius-soleus unit.Results: 53 patients were operated, the ages varying between nine and 84 years (mean age 41); 42 were male and 11 female. The main initial injury was trauma (84.8%), consisting of tibia and / or fibula fracture. The most frequently used muscle was the soleus, in 40 cases (75.5%). The rank of 49 patients (92.5%) was excellent or good outcome, of three (5.6%) as regular and of one (1.9%) as unsatisfactory.Conclusion: the treatment of bone exposure with local muscle flaps (gastrocnemius and/or soleus) enables obtaining satisfactory results in covering of exposed structures, favoring local vascularization and improving the initial injury. It offers the advantage of providing a treatment in only one surgical procedure, an earlier recovery and reduced hospital stay.
Ureteral reconstruction with abdominal wall muscle flap: experimental study in rabbits
Authors: Smith Nelson Alfred , Silva Paulo Cesar , Ferreira Manoel Luiz , Schanaider Alberto
Published: February 2015

The authors detail the experimental development of a technique for the reconstruction of the ureter using a tubular shape, muscle flap of the abdominal wall. the preliminary results indicate the feasibility of this surgical technique.
OCORRÊNCIA DE MASTITE SUBCLÍNICA OVINA DURANTE DUAS LACTAÇÕES CONSECUTIVAS EM REBANHO DA RAÇA SANTA INÊS
Authors: Zafalon Luiz Francisco , Veschi Josir Laine Aparecida , Martins Katheryne Benini , Santana Raul Costa Mascarenhas
Published: February 2015

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência da mastite subclínica ovina em duas lactações e a evolução da doença em duas lactações consecutivas. As amostras de leite foram originadas de um rebanho com 160 ovelhas da raça Santa Inês. Na primeira lactação, colheram-se amostras em ovelhas aos 14 dias pós-parto e no período próximo ao desmame. Na segunda lactação, as amostras de leite foram colhidas dos mesmos animais aos 14 dias pós-parto, 52 dias pós-parto e ao desmame. A triagem dos casos de mastite subclínica foi feita preliminarmente por meio do California Mastitis Test (CMT). As amostras de leite para a investigação microbiológica foram obtidas de metades mamárias positivas e negativas ao CMT. Os estafilococos coagulase-negativos foram os micro-organismos de maior ocorrência nas duas lactações. Houve a predominância de ovelhas que permaneceram com mastite subclínica durante a Lactação 1. As curas espontâneas foram significativamente inferiores no período entre 52 dias de lactação e o desmame dos cordeiros. Nenhuma diferença foi observada quanto à evolução dos casos de mastite subclínica infecciosa quando comparadas duas lactações (P>0,05).
Comunicação entre trabalhadores de saúde e usuários no cuidado à criança menor de dois anos no contexto de uma unidade de saúde da família
Authors: Coriolano-Marinus Maria Wanderleya de Lavor , Andrade Rebecca Soares de , Ruiz-Moreno Lidia , Lima Luciane Soares de
Published: February 2015

O estudo teve como objetivo conhecer a concepção que trabalhadores de saúde e usuários possuem sobre a comunicação no cuidado à criança menor de dois anos, adotando a Teoria da Ação Comunicativa de Habermas. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo que teve como técnica de coleta entrevistas semiestruturadas com trabalhadores de saúde e cuidadoras de crianças menores de dois anos, de modo a obter subsídios para o estudo da comunicação. Os dados foram submetidos à analise de conteúdo temática. Identificaram-se duas categorias temáticas, a partir do referencial teórico proposto: uma instrumental, por suas características voltadas ao domínio e repasse de informações; e outra, denominada compartilhada, por ser entendida como comunhão de saberes entre o trabalhador de saúde e usuário, contendo aproximações aos pressupostos da Teoria da Ação Comunicativa. Sugerem-se mudanças no contexto estudado, na perspectiva de construção de práticas comunicativas dialógicas.
Da invisibilidade à epidemia: a construção narrativa do autismo na mídia impressa brasileira
Authors: Rios Clarice , Ortega Francisco , Zorzanelli Rafaela , Nascimento Leonardo Fernandes
Published: February 2015

Embora o autismo não seja uma doença contagiosa, fala-se de uma “epidemia de autismo”, em alusão ao aumento vertiginoso do número de casos num período curto de tempo. O artigo traça um panorama das concepções socialmente partilhadas sobre o autismo no Brasil, a partir das narrativas que vêm conferindo visibilidade ao tema na mídia impressa brasileira no período de 2000 a 2012. Entendemos tais narrativas não como representações de uma realidade a priori, mas em sua função estruturante da experiência humana. Por um lado, essas narrativas dão forma e conteúdo às questões e às controvérsias ligadas ao autismo no Brasil, e, por outro, contribuem ativamente para esses debates, pois produzem determinados efeitos de sentido nos leitores.
Aplicação do triglicerídeos de cadeia média (TCM) na prevenção de úlceras de decúbito
Authors: Declair Vânia
Published: February 2015

Aproximadamente 75.000 das 1.000.000 pessoas hospitalizadas a cada ano desenvolvem Úlceras de Decúbito. Graças à tecnologia avançada, hoje temos várias opções de tratamento destas úlceras, ainda que isto seja dispendioso para os pacientes e hospitais. Porém, melhor que desenvolver um processo curativo, é poder desenvolver um processo preventivo eficaz. Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia do uso tópico de triglicerídeos de cadeia média (TCM) na prevenção de Úlceras de Decúbito, a autora utilizou o método duplo-cego em 86 pacientes, onde 50% foi submetido ao uso de solução com TCM e 50% ao uso Solução Glicerinada. Em ambos os casos, houve diminuição da instalação de Úlceras de Decúbito, porém, dos pacientes que se submeteram ao uso de solução com TCM, apenas de 2 (dois) desenvolveram Úlcera de Decúbito (Grau 1); e dos pacientes que se submeteram ao uso de Solução com Glicerina, 12 (doze) desenvolveram Úlcera de Decúbito (Graus 1 e 2). Concluiu-se que o TCM é de grande auxílio na prevenção de Úlceras de Decúbito, tem excelente absorção para uso tópico, forma uma película protetora à pele, previne escoriações devido à sua alta capacidade de hidratação e proporciona nutrição celular local.
Indissociabilidade ensino/pesquisa/extensão: buscando a essência e engendrando o novo
Authors: Fernandes Josicélia Dumêt
Published: February 2015

A autora, objetivando um patamar crítico de compreensão da indissociabilidade Ensino/Pesquisa/Extensão no trabalho da docência em enfermagem, apresenta uma aproximação renovada da composição dessas funções acadêmicas com a realidade, onde as mesmas se desenvolvem. Nessa aproximação são explicitadas as contradições e conflitos que perpassam a tríade, buscando caminhos para transformação da realidade.
Mercado comum do Sul: saúde e enfermagem
Authors: Vargas Glaci de Oliveira Pinto
Published: February 2015

A discussão e a compreensão sobre as questões que envolvem o MERCOSUL e a abrangência desta realidade tomam-se significativas, pois envolvem todos os segmentos da sociedade. O estudo visa proporcionar aos profissionais de saúde, especialmente aos de Enfermagem, o conhecimento básico sobre o Tratado de Assunção, que envolve a participação dos quatro países do Cone Sul - Brasil, Argentina, Uruguai e Paraguai; objetivos, características, sistemas de saúde dos países integrantes, recursos humanos em saúde e partir para a contextualização da referida área de atuação. A integração vem ocorrendo a passos largos em vários setores, principalmente na área econômica, uma vez que as relações devem consolidar-se em 1995. Neste sentido, a corrida contra o tempo não pode constituir fator imobilizante de outros segmentos. É bem verdade, que alguns grupos de profissionais de saúde e da previdência social mantêm-se atentos e receptivos às iniciativas dos seus setores, ainda que de maneira esparsa e pontual.
Vivenciando uma relação de ajuda com paciente no pós-operatório de transplante hepático
Authors: Scarelli Eliana María , Rodrigues Antonia Regina Furegato
Published: February 2015

A relação de ajuda é, muitas vezes, uma forma própria de trabalho, característica de certos profissionais. O enfermeiro, na sua prática diária, pode estar ajudando o paciente durante a execução de procedimento técnicos de rotina. Ele precisa ter consciência do que está fazendo, avaliar sua atuação com base num referencial humanista e procurar aperfeiçoar-se nesta prática. Este estudo apresenta a análise crítica de uma vivência de interações enfermeiro-paciente (internado em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva após Transplante hepático) segundo o referencial teórico das relações interpessoais. Das 3 interações podemos destacar a importância do nosso posicionamento claro e objetivo, de como lidamos com as ansiedades, da avaliação da adequacidade da comunicação e dos benefícios que podemos estar oferecendo à pessoa que necessita de ajuda.
O uso de catéter heparinizado em hospitais de Belo Horizonte
Authors: Saraiva Margareth Fátima , Campos Sibylle Vogt , Silva Terezinha Francisca da
Published: February 2015

Estudou-se a técnica de utilização do catéter heparinizado, através de entrevistas com profissionais da enfermagem encarregados da administração de drogas em hospitais de Belo Horizonte, incluindo concentração da diluição, volume injetado, destino do restante da solução, existência de padronização e conhecimento a respeito de indicação e contra indicação. Verificou- se que há pouco conhecimento referente às situações em que o uso do catéter heparinizado é indicado e contraindicado assim como a falta de padronização e embasamento científico.
Enfermagem e instâncias colegiadas de decisão: um estudo da representação da enfermagem nos Conselhos Municipais de Saúde
Authors: Marino Selma Regina de Andrade , Ortiga Ângela Maria Blatt
Published: February 2015

Este trabalho procura levantar aspectos atuais sobre a operacionalização de uma efetiva integração do enfermeiro e da enfermagem na formulação de políticas de saúde, analisando sua representação junto aos Conselhos Municipais de Saúde em Santa Catarina, até 1992. Adotou-se, como base teórica, as concepções organizacionais de mecanismos de coordenação entre administração pública e sociedade civil. Esta análise inclui o relato do processo histórico de integração de profissionais de saúde nas instâncias colegiadas do setor. Utilizou-se a técnica de análise documental cujos dados, extraídos de fonte secundária, apontam uma baixa frequência de representação da categoria nestes Conselhos, principalmente na condição de representante de profissionais de saúde. A importância e necessidade de um aumento nestas atividades são discutidas.
Estudo dos aspectos éticos dos transplantes na América Latina
Authors: Holanda Virgínia Maria Coelho de , Nery Francélia Loureiro , Azevedo Marta Barrozo , Mendes Tânia Cristina Botelho
Published: February 2015

Respeitando recomendações da OMS, foi feito estudo retrospectivo comparativo das Legislações de 16 Países da América Latina, a saber Argentina, Bolívia, Brasil, Colômbia, Costa Rica, Chile, Cuba, Equador, Guatemala, Honduras, México, Panamá, Paraguai, Peru, República Dominicana e Venezuela, do período de 1963 a 1992, enfatizando-se os aspectos éticos referentes a doação, determinação da morte, conflito de interesses, seleção do receptor, comercialização e intercâmbio internacional de órgãos.
Access to continued-use medication among older adults, Brazil
Authors: Viana Karynna Pimentel , Brito Alexandre dos Santos , Rodrigues Claudia Soares , Luiz Ronir Raggio
Published: February 2015

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence and associated access factors for all continued-use prescription drugs and the ways in which they can be obtained.METHODS Data was obtained from the 2008 Household National Survey. The sample comprised 27,333 individuals above 60 years who reported that they used continued-use prescription drugs. A descriptive analysis and binary and multiple multinomial logistic regressions were performed.RESULTS 86.0% of the older adults had access to all the medication they needed, and among them, 50.7% purchased said medication. Those who obtained medication from the public health system were younger (60-64 years), did not have health insurance plans, and belonged to the lower income groups. It is remarkable that 14.0% of the subjects still had no access to any continued-use medication, and for those with more than four chronic diseases, this amount reached 22.0%. Those with a greater number of chronic diseases ran a higher risk of not having access to all the medication they needed.CONCLUSIONS There are some groups of older adults with an increased risk of not obtaining all the medication they need and of purchasing it. The results of this study are expected to contribute to guide programs and plans for access to medication in Brazil.
Violence against metropolitan bus drivers and fare collectors in Brazil
Authors: Assunção Ada Ávila , Medeiros Adriane Mesquita de
Published: February 2015

OBJECTIVE To analyze the correlation between sociodemographic factors and working conditions of bus workers in a metropolitan area and violence against them.METHODS This cross-sectional study used a nonprobabilistic sample estimated according to the number of workers employed in bus companies located in three cities in the Belo Horizonte metropolitan region in 2012 (N = 17,470). Face-to-face interviews were conducted using a digital questionnaire. The factors associated with violence were analyzed in two stages using Poisson regression, according to each level. The magnitude of the association was evaluated using prevalence ratios with robust variance and a statistical significance of 5%, and 95% confidence intervals were obtained.RESULTS The study sample comprised 782 drivers and 691 fare collectors; 45.0% participants reported at least one act of violence in the workplace in the last 12 months, with passengers being predominantly responsible. The age of the bus workers was inversely associated with violence. Chronic diseases, sickness absenteeism, and working conditions were also associated with violence.CONCLUSIONS The findings on the correlation between violence and working conditions are essential for implementing prevention strategies by transportation service managers.
Validity and reliability of a health care service evaluation instrument for tuberculosis
Authors: Scatena Lucia Marina , Wysocki Anneliese Domingues , Beraldo Aline Ale , Magnabosco Gabriela Tavares , Brunello Maria Eugênia Firmino , Netto Antonio Ruffino , Nogueira Jordana de Almeida , Silva Sobrinho Reinaldo Antonio , Brito Ewerton William Gomes , Alexandre Patricia Borges Dias , Monroe Aline Aparecida , Villa Tereza Cristina Scatena
Published: February 2015

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the validity and reliability of an instrument that evaluates the structure of primary health care units for the treatment of tuberculosis.METHODS This cross-sectional study used simple random sampling and evaluated 1,037 health care professionals from five Brazilian municipalities (Natal, state of Rio Grande do Norte; Cabedelo, state of Paraíba; Foz do Iguaçu, state of Parana; Sao José do Rio Preto, state of Sao Paulo, and Uberaba, state of Minas Gerais) in 2011. Structural indicators were identified and validated, considering different methods of organization of the health care system in the municipalities of different population sizes. Each structure represented the organization of health care services and contained the resources available for the execution of health care services: physical resources (equipment, consumables, and facilities); human resources (number and qualification); and resources for maintenance of the existing infrastructure and technology (deemed as the organization of health care services). The statistical analyses used in the validation process included reliability analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis.RESULTS The validation process indicated the retention of five factors, with 85.9% of the total variance explained, internal consistency between 0.6460 and 0.7802, and quality of fit of the confirmatory factor analysis of 0.995 using the goodness-of-fit index. The retained factors comprised five structural indicators: professionals involved in the care of tuberculosis patients, training, access to recording instruments, availability of supplies, and coordination of health care services with other levels of care. Availability of supplies had the best performance and the lowest coefficient of variation among the services evaluated. The indicators of assessment of human resources and coordination with other levels of care had satisfactory performance, but the latter showed the highest coefficient of variation. The performance of the indicators “training” and “access to recording instruments” was inferior to that of other indicators.CONCLUSIONS The instrument showed feasibility of application and potential to assess the structure of primary health care units for the treatment of tuberculosis.
Cervical cancer screening coverage in a high-incidence region
Authors: Navarro Cibelli , Fonseca Allex Jardim da , Sibajev Alexander , Souza Camila Iasmim de Andrade , Araújo Daniela Souza , Teles Daniele Aparecida de Freitas , Carvalho Stéphanie Gomes Lins de , Cavalcante Kyldery Wendell Moura , Rabelo Wendell Lima
Published: February 2015

OBJECTIVE To analyze the coverage of a cervical cancer screening program in a city with a high incidence of the disease in addition to the factors associated with non-adherence to the current preventive program.METHODS A cross-sectional study based on household surveys was conducted. The sample was composed of women between 25 and 59 years of age of the city of Boa Vista, RR, Northern Brazil who were covered by the cervical cancer screening program. The cluster sampling method was used. The dependent variable was participation in a women’s health program, defined as undergoing at least one Pap smear in the 36 months prior to the interview; the explanatory variables were extracted from individual data. A generalized linear model was used.RESULTS 603 women were analyzed, with an mean age of 38.2 years (SD = 10.2). Five hundred and seventeen women underwent the screening test, and the prevalence of adherence in the last three years was up to 85.7% (95%CI 82.5;88.5). A high per capita household income and recent medical consultation were associated with the lower rate of not being tested in multivariate analysis. Disease ignorance, causes, and prevention methods were correlated with chances of non-adherence to the screening system; 20.0% of the women were reported to have undergone opportunistic and non-routine screening.CONCLUSIONS The informed level of coverage is high, exceeding the level recommended for the control of cervical cancer. The preventive program appears to be opportunistic in nature, particularly for the most vulnerable women (with low income and little information on the disease). Studies on the diagnostic quality of cervicovaginal cytology and therapeutic schedules for positive cases are necessary for understanding the barriers to the control of cervical cancer.
Readability of medicinal package leaflets: a systematic review
Authors: Pires Carla , Vigário Marina , Cavaco Afonso
Published: February 2015

OBJECTIVE To review studies on the readability of package leaflets of medicinal products for human use.METHODS We conducted a systematic literature review between 2008 and 2013 using the keywords “Readability and Package Leaflet” and “Readability and Package Insert” in the academic search engine Biblioteca do Conhecimento Online,comprising different bibliographic resources/databases. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses criteria were applied to prepare the draft of the report. Quantitative and qualitative original studies were included. Opinion or review studies not written in English, Portuguese, Italian, French, or Spanish were excluded.RESULTS We identified 202 studies, of which 180 were excluded and 22 were enrolled [two enrolling healthcare professionals, 10 enrolling other type of participants (including patients), three focused on adverse reactions, and 7 descriptive studies]. The package leaflets presented various readability problems, such as complex and difficult to understand texts, small font size, or few illustrations. The main methods to assess the readability of the package leaflet were usability tests or legibility formulae. Limitations with these methods included reduced number of participants; lack of readability formulas specifically validated for specific languages (e.g., Portuguese); and absence of an assessment on patients literacy, health knowledge, cognitive skills, levels of satisfaction, and opinions.CONCLUSIONS Overall, the package leaflets presented various readability problems. In this review, some methodological limitations were identified, including the participation of a limited number of patients and healthcare professionals, the absence of prior assessments of participant literacy, humor or sense of satisfaction, or the predominance of studies not based on role-plays about the use of medicines. These limitations should be avoided in future studies and be considered when interpreting the results.
Between the foreign and the local: French midwifery, traditional practitioners, and vernacular medical knowledge about childbirth in Lima, Peru
Authors: Warren Adam
Published: February 2015

This article examines the politics of midwifery and the persecution of untitled female assistants in childbirth in early republican Peru. A close reading of late colonial publications and the works of Benita Paulina Cadeau Fessel, a French obstetriz director of a midwifery school in Lima, demonstrates both trans-Atlantic and local influences in the campaign against untitled midwives. Cadeau Fessel's efforts to promote midwifery built upon debates among writers in Peru's enlightened press, who vilified untrained midwives' and wet nurses' vernacular medical knowledge and associated them with Lima's underclass. One cannot understand the transfer of French knowledge about professional midwifery to Peru without reference to the social, political, and cultural context.
Transnational dialogues between specialist and institutional knowledge in occupational accident legislation, first half of the twentieth century
Authors: Ramacciotti Karina Inés
Published: February 2015

In the early twentieth century, Argentina began legislating occupational safety. Law no.9.688 legislated accidents in the workplace (1915) and granted legal jurisdiction to work-related problems. The approval of this legislation was in dialogue with proposals being produced in other regions. The links established between local figures and colleagues elsewhere are useful for examining the circulation, reception and legitimation of knowledge on a regional scale. The objective of this article is to examine the transnational references in local discussions about occupational accidents in Peru and Chile during the first half of the twentieth century.
The impact that the influenza A (H1N1) pandemic had on news reporting in the state of Paraná, Brazil
Authors: Maciel-Lima Sandra Mara , Rasia José Miguel , Bagatelli Rodrigo Cechelero , Gontarski Giseli , Colares Máximo José D.
Published: February 2015

This study aims to analyze how influenza A (H1N1) in 2009 was reported in the state of Paraná. A total of 189 articles were analyzed in two newspapers from Paraná. Pursuant to analysis, four themes were identified: the spread of the virus; the pandemic and fear; influenza in the health service; and influenza in public policies. By studying how influenza A was reported in the media, it was possible to see the social impact that the H1N1 pandemic represented for society, presenting challenges for public institutions and ordinary citizens, who sensed that they were in a high-risk group exposed to a potentially lethal virus. This disease radically changed the habits of a globalized community seeking to escape from vulnerability.
ACCELERATED AGING AND ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY TESTS IN CRAMBE SEEDS
Authors: Lima Juliana Joice Pereira , Freitas Marcella Nunes de , Guimarães Renato Mendes , Vieira Antônio Rodrigues , Ávila Maria Alice Bento
Published: February 2015

The aim of this study was to adapt the methodology of the accelerated aging and electrical conductivity tests for determination of physiological potential in crambe seeds. Six seed lots of crambe (cv. FMS Brilhante) were subjected to determination of moisture content, germination test, first count germination, emergence, and emergence speed index. For the accelerated aging test, the traditional methodology was used with water, and with a saturated potassium chloride and sodium chloride solution in three periods of exposure (24, 48, and 72 hours) at 41°C; the electrical conductivity test was performed with four pre-soaking treatments (0, 2, 4, and 8 hours) and four soaking periods (4, 8, 16, and 24 hours) at 25°C. The accelerated aging test with water for 72 hours and the electrical conductivity test with 2 hours of pre-soaking and assessment after 16 hours were effective for classification of the crambe seed lots in regard to physiological quality.
SOIL MOISTURE SPACE-TIME ANALYSIS TO SUPPORT IMPROVED CROP MANAGEMENT
Authors: Silva Bruno Montoani , Santos Walbert Junior Reis dos , Oliveira Geraldo César de , Lima José Maria de , Curi Nilton , Marques João José
Published: February 2015

The knowledge of the water content in the soil profile is essential for an efficient management of crop growth and development. This work aimed to use geostatistical techniques in a spatio-temporal study of soil moisture in an Oxisol in order to provide that information for improved crop management. Data were collected in a coffee crop area at São Roque de Minas, in the upper São Francisco River basin, MG state, Brazil. The soil moisture was measured with a multi-sensor capacitance (MCP) probe at 10-, 20-, 30-, 40-, 60- and 100-cm depths between March and December, 2010. After adjusting the spherical semivariogram model using ordinary least squares, best model, the values were interpolated by kriging in order to have a continuous surface relating depth x time (CSDT) and the soil water availability to plant (SWAP). The results allowed additional insight on the dynamics of soil water and its availability to plant, and pointed to the effects of climate on the soil water content. These results also allowed identifying when and where there was greater water consumption by the plants, and the soil layers where water was available and potentially explored by the plant root system.
A instrução secundária na província da Parahyba do Norte: o Lyceu provincial entre os anos de 1836-1846
Authors: Ferronato Cristiano , Amorim Simone Silveira , Santana Leyla Menezes de , Silva Joseane Gonçalves da , Santos Joelson Silva dos
Published: February 2015

O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar algumas questões iniciais sobre o processo de organização da instrução secundária na província da Parahyba do Norte, entre os anos de 1836 a 1846, tendo como objeto de análise os Estatutos do Lyceu Provincial da Parahyba do Norte publicados em 1846. O corpus documental inclui, além dos citados estatutos, a documentação levantada pelo Grupo de Pesquisa de História da Educação no Nordeste Oitocentista, da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, no Arquivo Público do Estado da Paraíba. A análise dHistoria dao processo de normatização da instrução secundária no XIX, na supracitada Província, baseou-se nos referenciais teóricos da História Cultural (BURKE, 1992), da História das instituições (MAGALHÂES, 1998/1999) e da cultura escolar (JULIA, 2001). A História das instituições tem tomado fôlego no contexto dos estudos de História da Educação no Brasil, inserindo-se em um processo de renovação na área e constituindo-se como um novo campo temático da historiografia da educação brasileira.
Qualidade da educação: consensos e dissensos entre o discurso oficial e dos seus críticos
Authors: Santos Betisabel Vilar de Jesus
Published: February 2015

O debate sobre a qualidade constitui-se em um dos principais desafios da educação na contemporaneidade, uma vez que aprender circunscreve-se como direito do cidadão e instrumento fundamental no combate às desigualdades ainda existentes em nosso país. Embora haja concordância quanto à necessidade de assegurar aos cidadãos uma educação e um sistema de ensino de qualidade, nas políticas públicas da educação brasileira, o sentido atribuído à qualidade e as ações voltadas à sua promoção, são muitas vezes objeto de críticas contundentes, daí, torna-se necessário verificar a lógica que fundamenta o discurso oficial da qualidade da educação, identificando o contexto social do qual e com o qual se fala e as críticas a ele feitas.
From genes to populations: how fisheries‐induced evolution alters stock productivity
Authors: Dunlop Erin S. , Eikeset Anne Maria , Stenseth Nils C.
Published: February 2015

By removing individuals with certain heritable characteristics such as large body size, harvesting may induce rapid evolutionary change in fish life history. There is controversy, however, as to the prevalence of fisheries‐induced evolution (FIE) and to what extent it should be considered as part of sustainable resource management. Recent research has shown that FIE can be difficult to detect and its economic effects might not always be significant. Here, we show how population growth rate (r), a critical factor affecting sustainability and recovery, is affected by FIE through the analysis of a simulation model that demonstrates the link between individual‐level genetic processes and stock dynamics. We examine how different levels of evolvability, fishing intensity, and density‐dependence interact to influence r in three commercially harvested species: Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), and yellow perch (Perca flavescens). We demonstrate that at low harvest levels, evolution has minimal effect on r for all three species. However, at the harvest rates experienced by many fish stocks, evolution increases r and reduces the risk of collapse for cod and whitefish. During the initial stages of a harvest moratorium, a switch occurs, and r becomes reduced as a consequence of evolution. These results explain how evolution increases stock resilience, but also impedes recovery after periods of intense harvesting.