bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Church Stays Silent
Authors: Blackbourn David
Published: November 2023

The Council of Trent had laid down clearly how the church should proceed when claims of private revelations arose. A rigorous canonical enquiry was to be undertaken. In the case of apparitions, this meant interrogating the visionaries and examining their state of mind, taking statements from other witnesses, and investigating any claims of sudden or miraculous cures. Until the enquiry had been concluded and a formal judgement reached, the clergy was expected to maintain a neutral position; any support for the apparitions by individual priests or members of the laity had a purely private, unofficial status. This procedure was intended to preserve the integrity of the faith and the hierarchy of authority within the church.1 Matters were rarely so straightforward in practice. It was particularly difficult for the parish priest to remain neutral. Where claims of apparitions did not collapse in the face of his initial remonstrations, the priest in question usually came to the private opinion that there must be something to them. He was all the more likely to adopt a position of benevolent neutrality rather than cool distance, given the popular local support for the apparitions that invariably developed and the consequent danger of cutting himself off entirely from his parishioners. The parish priest, as we have seen, found himself in the middle: clerical caution and the demands of office pulled him in one direction, popular sentiment and often his own instincts pulled him in another. At the same time, any sustained series of apparitions was likely to enlist a variety of individual priests, publicists, and other lay Catholics on both sides of the question. In that respect the German apparitions of the 1870s were no different from La Salette or Lourdes, except that the rapid growth in communications during the third quarter of the nineteenth century made the battle of opinions more fierce and more public. In these circumstances it became even more essential, from the standpoint of the church, that a decisive canonical verdict be pronounced as speedily as possible.
Introduction
Authors: Evans Richard J
Published: November 2023

The starting-point for this book is the obvious change that has come about in the way society has dealt with deviance over the last four centuries. In medieval and early modern Europe, crime and transgression were punished by measures which appeared to later ages to be cruel, barbarous, and sadistic: physical mutilation, whipping, and branding, and everywhere executions on a scale, and by means, from hanging, drawing, and quartering to breaking on the wheel, that we now regard with incredulity and revulsion. Criminal investigation was accompanied by the bodily torture of the accused; capital and corporal punishments were carried out in public, before crowds that sometimes took an active part in the proceedings themselves. Such practices were an everyday part of European life for many hundreds of years, and were still commonplace in the eighteenth century. Yet a mere hundred years later most of them had vanished, and had been replaced by the almost universal use of monetary fines and imprisonment. Custodial sentences had consigned the branding-iron, the pillory, and the scaffold to a past seemingly gone forever.
Proposals
Authors: Vital David
Published: November 2023

It can be said of the Jews of Europe that as late as the final decades of the eighteenth century they all displayed substantially similar political, social, and economic features. For this reason among others, the question of their admission to civil society appeared to lend itself to being cast—and at any rate debated—in terms of universal application. Where it was so conceived, there, as we shall see, it appeared to admit of correspondingly clear and unambiguous answers. Initially, such were the terms on which the Jews themselves tended to approach the question and the relatively simple operative conclusions they were apt to draw depended on whether they judged the prospect of emancipation a blessing or a curse. However, what the Jews thought of the matter counted for very little. At least a century would pass before Jews of any standing anywhere in Europe were in a position to play a role of some import in those political arenas, large or small, in which their fate, and the matter of their emancipation in particular, was the subject of debate. Even then the influence they were able to bring to bear in their own cause would prove to be exceedingly limited. The power to bestow the gift (if gift it was) of emancipation or, contrariwise, to withhold it lay exclusively with others—with the governments of the day in the first instance, of course, but no less fundamentally, if less directly, with those elements of society to which those who held formal power were inclined to lend an ear. In general, the approach to the matter of the emancipation of the Jews tended to correspond to the favoured approach to other major aspects of political and constitutional policy.
Peace
Authors: Vital David
Published: November 2023

The formal and unambiguous grant of civil rights to all citizens decreed by the Russian Provisional government on 20 March 1917, was confirmed in the aftermath of the subsequent October Revolution. As a constitutional principle it remained unquestioned under subsequent Bolshevik rule; and the consequences for the lives of those Jews who now found themselves in what would be the Soviet Union were dramatic. Overt and unashamed (as opposed to allusive and deliberately subliminal) dissemination of anti-Semitic ideas and programmes was forbidden. Pogroms (on which more below), once the civil war was over, became a thing of the past. The massive entry of Jews into civil and military state service from which they had been totally excluded from office of virtually any kind in the past was both revolutionary in spirit and revolutionary in its social consequences. So, of course, was the notorious and still more remarkable presence of Jews in the true centres of power in the USSR, the party and the secret police. Their numbers were never as great as was commonly thought either within or without Russia to be the case, but they were not negligible, at all events at the outset. In 1917 five of the twenty-one members of the Communist Party’s Central Committee were Jews, and it has been estimated that at the early post-1917 party congresses between 15 and 20 per cent of the delegates were Jewish.4 Later, these numbers would fall absolutely and proportionately.
Captivity
Authors: Vital David
Published: November 2023

When the Peace Conference was over and the Jewish delegations took stock they could hardly be in doubt about the outcome. What the minorities treaties marked in practice was less the inauguration of an era of generosity and good will towards the Jews than the point beyond which the European powers, great and small, had refused to go on their behalf. The Alliance Israelite Universelle, always the flag-bearer of the anti-nationalist school in Jewry, did promptly pro-nounce itself well satisfied with the Polish Treaty. The Alliance had always argued, its spokesmen pointed out, and had affirmed before the Peace Conference itself, that what the Jews needed before all else was full citizenship in each one of the new states: citizenship as individuals, that is to say, citizenship such as all inhabitants were entitled to enjoy without distinction of race, language, or religion—unless, indeed, they explicitly desired otherwise.
Introduction
Authors: Henningsen Gustav , Ankarloo Bengt
Published: November 2023

The study of early modern European witchcraft has to a great extent been the domain of English and American scholars, and this has affected our general understanding and formulation of problems. Some of the questions in the current debate are simply wrong or have to be redefined because they were raised from an oblique, Anglo-Saxon angle. To take an example, the cross-cultural approach launched by the two English historians Alan Macfarlane and Keith Thomas has provoked a discussion of whether historical European witchcraft was comparable to African witchcraft today. As Robert Rowland demonstrates below, the real problem is that Macfarlane and Thomas drew on African anthropological studies for keys to interpret village-level witchcraft in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Essex. ‘Both authors appear to have been led astray by the undoubted similarities between what is the general situation in African witch-believing societies and what is, in the European context, a problematic special case’, observes Rowland. English witches did not fly, did not go to the sabbath, copulate with devils, or feast on the flesh of murdered infants. What made the comparison easy, he concludes, was that ‘most of the features which distinguished European from African witchcraft were absent in England’.
Estonia II: The Crusade against Idolatry
Authors: Kahk Juhan
Published: November 2023

DURING the 1650s various disasters befell some families of Vana Kasti village in western Estonia, all of whom had had dealings with Kopsu Maie or her daughter Ello shortly before the accidents. At a wedding party, for example, Maie had thrown ale on the hearthstone. Within a few years, three children from this family fell into the fire place, and one was burned to death. The family summoned an exorcist, who blamed Maie’s gesture at the wedding as the source of their misfortune.
Enemy Property In Paris: Confiscations And Grants
Authors: Thompson Guy Llewelyn
Published: November 2023

From the first days after the entry of the Burgundians, indiscriminate pillage had been directed against the goods of suspected Armagnacs ‘sans commission et sans inventaire’, as Clement de Fauquembergue observed legalistically. The wife of the late Guillaume Boisseau hid her valuables down a well in fear that her house would be ransacked, since her husband had died in the prisons of the Chatelet as a suspected Armagnac. During the chaos in the summer of 1418 the Burgundian soldier Raolin de Hallus appropriated certain handsome tapestries from the house of the Armagnac marshal Jean de Rieux which, as it turned out, bore the arms of the d’Orgemont family from whom they had been stolen two years before. Indeed, as this last example reminds us, confiscation of property had become an intrinsic part of the oscillations in political fortunes during the second decade of the fifteenth century. It is therefore important to know how successive ‘Burgundian’ and ‘Anglo-Burgundian’ governments dealt with the problem of enemy property, and especially with confiscated buildings. Furthermore, this can tell us a great deal about the politics and society of the period, about the people who lost and the people who gained.
Religious Innovations and Royal Injunctions, 1535–1538
Authors: Haigh Christopher
Published: November 2023

HENRY VIII had not exactly been dragged kicking and screaming to the royal supremacy, but nor did he stride purposefully towards it. In hesitant and stumbling steps he had asserted the claims his divorce had made necessary, and by 1534 he had been forced to make reality of the slogans he had been using since 1530: national sovereignty and monarchical supremacy. But however slowly and unwillingly Henry had achieved his supremacy, once he had it he found he rather liked it; it appealed to his self-importance as a king and to his self-image as a concerned Christian. What had been designed as a weapon to gain a new queen and implemented to protect the new marriage became an essential attribute of kingship. In the right circumstances Henry would no doubt have modified (or even abandoned) his supremacy, and his agents hinted as much to pope and emperor; but the more Henry grew into his new role, the more he exercised and enjoyed his new powers, the less likely right circumstances became. The king, it seems clear, actually believed he was rightful supreme head, and, as the sceptics found to their cost, he expected others to believe it too.
Edward’s Reformation, 1547–1553
Authors: Haigh Christopher
Published: November 2023

IT is easy to suppose that, with Hertford’s seizure of power, the Reformation was all over bar the Marian burnings. On 31 January 1547 the regency Council named Hertford protector of the realm and governor of the young king; on 12 March he was commissioned as virtual regent with near-sovereign powers. Then there was a clockwork Reformation. In 1547 there were new reformist Injunctions and new evangelical Homilies;endowed prayers were suppressed, and the laity allowed communion in both bread and wine. In 1548 church images were pulled down, and an Order of Communion introduced English prayers to the Latin mass. In 1549 the Latin rites were replaced by a half-Protestant Book of Common Prayer, and the clergy were permitted to marry. In 1550 altars were exchanged for communion tables, and a new Ordinal provided Protestant pastors rather than Catholic priests. In 1551 the episcopate was remodelled and a corps of missionary preachers created. In 1552 there was a decisively Protestant second Prayer Book. In 1553 redundant mass equipment was confiscated, the Protestant theology of the Church defined in Forty-Two Articles, and a Catechism published to teach the new religion.
Catholic Restoration, 1553–1558
Authors: Haigh Christopher
Published: November 2023

ON the night of 4July 1553, Mary Tudor fled in darkness from her house at Hunsdon in Hertfordshire. She had been warned that her half-brother Edward VI was about to die, and she followed a pre-arranged plan. Her small party rode through the night, and on to Sawston Hall in Cambridge-shire; on 6 July she travelled in disguise to the earl of Bath’s house, Hengrave Hall in Suffolk, and on the 7th to Lady Burgh at Euston Hall. Probably on 8 July, she was told of Edward’s death; she moved on to her own house at Kenninghall, and next day she received firm confirmation that the king was dead. Mary then wrote to the Privy Council in London, claiming the throne by statute and her father’s will and ordering the councillors to proclaim her queen, ‘not failing hereof, as our very trust is in you’. But on 10 July Jane Grey, granddaughter of one of Edward’s aunts, was proclaimed queen in London; a young tapster who defended Mary’s right was nailed by the ears to the pillory. On 11 July the Council’s reply to Mary dismissed her claim, and warned her to ‘surcease by any pretence to vex and molest any of our sovereign lady Queen Jane her subjects from their true faith and allegiance due unto her grace’.
Seigneurial Resources II: The Example of Galilee
Authors: Tibble Steven
Published: November 2023

There is clear evidence that almost all the lordships of the Latin Kingdom were in financial straits even in the twelfth century, and that after the collapse of the first kingdom those that survived were greatly reduced: Caesarea is merely the seigneury for which most documentation still exists.
Political Patterns
Authors: Bartlett Robert
Published: November 2023

The first and fundamental issue in English politics was who should be king. In our period this question was invariably complicated by the fact that the king of England claimed also to be ruler of a large part of Prance. The struggle for the English succession and the politics of Prance are thus interwoven stories.
England and Beyond
Authors: Bartlett Robert
Published: November 2023

Although English people sometimes forget it, England is not an island. It occupies, in fact, somewhat less than 60 per cent of the land surface of the island of Britain. Both to the west and to the north the medieval kingdom of England had land boundaries. The western and northern regions thus faced the problems and opportunities of a territorial frontier in a way that no other parts of the realm did.
The Rural Foundations
Authors: Bartlett Robert
Published: November 2023

Writing at the very end of the eleventh century, the Flemish monk Goscelin was struck by England’s physical resources:There stretch before you the most fertile fields, flourishing meadows, broad swathes of arable land, rich pastures, flocks dripping with milk, spirited horses and flocks. It is watered by fountains of leaping spray, bubbling streams, notable and excellent rivers, lakes and pools crowded with fish and birds and the coming and going of boats, all well suited for cities and people. Groves and woods are in leaf, field and hill full of acorns and woodland fruit, rich in game of all kinds.
Towns and Trade
Authors: Bartlett Robert
Published: November 2023

Norman and Angevin England shared in the general revival of urban life that took place throughout Europe in the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries. Urban growth meant, on the one hand, the multiplication of places where clusters of population made a living from non-agricultural activities trading, artisanal production, and the urban services such as law, tavern keeping, and prostitution.
From Warriors to Functionaries: The Falangist Syndical Élite, 1939-1976
Authors: Balfour Sebastian
Published: November 2023

One of the more obscure and fascinating comers of the Francoist state was that occupied by the Syndical Organization or OS. Set up at the end of the Civil War by the victorious regime, the OS was given formal control of industrial relations, social security, employment exchanges, and an extraordinary range of medical, welfare, housing, cultural, and recreational activities. By 1968, according to its head or national delegate, the OS had set up over 23,000 co-operatives and agricultural colonies whose members numbered two-and-a-half million, had constructed half-a-million buildings, including many working-class estates, was running 125 training schools for workers through which 40,000 trainees had passed, and had represented almost two-and-ahalf million workers in the labour courts. Its income for the year 1972 amounted to over 12,000 million pesetas (about £72 million at the time).
The Ideological Conversion of the Leaders of the Psoe, 1976-1979*
Authors: Juliá Santos
Published: November 2023

During the 1976 Summer School of the Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE), the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party, the party secretary, Felipe González, delivered a long speech to an audience composed mainly of Socialists who had joined the party before Franco’s death in 1975, or, at the latest, before the initiation of the transition to democracy. González devoted his lecture to defining the identity of the PSOE. He felt compelled to do so, for, from the beginning of the 1950s onwards, the PSOE had been losing prominence among the forces which had fought against the Francoist dictatorship until, in the regime’s final years, it was far from being hailed as an organization with a political future.
Patterns of Crime and Patterns of Deprivation
Authors: King Peter
Published: November 2023

In view of the highly personal, selective, and discretionary nature of the prosecution process, and of the varied and widely used escape routes that enabled the vast majority of those accused of property theft to avoid formal indictment in the major courts, it could be argued that the number of offenders who finally reached those courts has little value as an indicator of changing levels of appropriation. However, most contemporaries used them in precisely that way and to some extent historians have done the same. The length of the assizes gaol calendar was frequently, although not consistently, reported by most eighteenth-century provincial newspapers. In the mid-r77os the Chelmsford Chronicle noted that ‘so great a number of felons is not remembered to have been in our gaol at any one time for upwards of fifty years past’, while at the beginning of the French wars it remarked on ‘the smallest number ever remembered upon the calendar’. The length of the assize calendar was clearly seen as a guide to changes in the number of crimes actually being committed. In the 1780s Madan assumed that lengthening calendars ‘plainly testify’ to the growth of crime. In r 8or the Chelmsford assize judge, after referring to the unprecedented size of the calendar, went on to inform the court that offences ‘are doubling and trebling upon us’. He then announced that his approach to sentencing would therefore be less lenient. Sentencing decisions, jury verdicts, and pardoning processes were all affected by changes in the number of offenders reaching the courts (Chapters 7 and 8). Both victims and officials were not only aware of the approximate numbers being indicted; they also allowed their sense of the prevalence of crime to affect their attitudes and policies. Pretrial processes were also affected. When it was thought that crime was increasing, the courts became more willing to grant legal aid to prosecutors, and victims became more willing to join or form prosecution associations.
Churchmanship
Authors: Fincham Kenneth
Published: November 2023

Consider the memorial brasses of two Jacobean bishops, one of Henry Robinson (d. 1616), the other of Samuel Harsnett (d. 1631).* Robinson is portrayed as a good shepherd, holding in his right hand a candle representing the light of the gospel. Assisting him is a team of sheepdogs, the parochial clergy of Carlisle, who guard their flocks from the marauding Roman wolf. Robinson’s task has been, the inscription informs us, ‘to give light to them that sit in darkness’ and ‘to guide our feet into the way of peace’ (Luke 1:79). Episcopal authority is here interpreted as a device to further the work of conversion;
The New Middle Class and the Remaking of the Central City
Authors: Ley David
Published: November 2023

What factors lay behind the rehabilitation of central city districts across the world? Set against the contexts of international transformations in a post-industrial postmodern society, this book examines the creation and self-creation of a new middle class of professional and managerial workers associated with the process of gentrification. These are amongst the privileged members in the growing polarisation of urban society. The book examines their impact on central housing markets, retailing and leisure spaces in the inner city. Taking as its focus six large canadian cities, the author identifies a distinctive cultural new class of urbane social and cultural professionals inspired in part by the critical youth movements of the 1960s for whom old inner city neighbourhoods served as oppositional sites to assail the boureois suburbs. The study looks at their close links with reform movements, neighbourhood activism and a welfare state that often provided their employment, in a progressive aesthetisation of central city spaces since the 1980s. The New Middle Class and the Remaking of the Central City offers the first detailed and comparitive study of gentrification which locates the phenomenon in broader historical and theoretical contexts.
The Geography of Gentrification
Authors: Ley David
Published: November 2023

We have already seen that variation exists between innercity neighbour hoods in the incidence of reinvestment by the middle class, and this chapter becomes more specific about the geography of gentrification. Of course there is a range of geographical scales to consider. Internationally, no truly comparative data exist to permit an assessment of the variation of inner-city reinvestment by country. In the United States the tendency has often been to downplay the phenomenon as ‘islands of renewal in seas of decay’.
The Central-City Labour-Market
Authors: Ley David
Published: November 2023

While it may appear to be a truism that housing-markets and labour markets are closely intertwined, none the less the interdependencies of jobs and shelter have often been obscured in scholarship and policy. Separate data sources, divergent theoretical traditions, and sub-disciplinary boundaries have forced an analytical detachment between housing and employment. In government agencies, this separation has reached the level of institutionalization, as different departments and even different levels of the state reify and, through their discourses and policies, normalize the binary administrative categories they alone have created.
The New Urbanism: The Neighbourhood Movement
Authors: Ley David
Published: November 2023

In 1968, in their own response to American policy in Vietnam, Jane Jacobs and her family left Greenwich Village and moved to Toronto. Jacobs was the author of The Death and Life of Great American Cities,first published in 1961, and perhaps the most important critique written on post-war design and planning in the United States, that Fordist compact of power and money that was assembling the corporate city.
The New Urbanism: Political Reform
Authors: Ley David
Published: November 2023

We have seen that the neighbourhood movement undertook a partial challenge to the Fordist vision of the modern city. But it was only one of a number of social movements which aimed to broaden the one-dimensional agenda of city governance. of a unitary new class empirically and theoretically untenable.
A Conclusion-or the End?
Authors: Ley David
Published: November 2023

During the past twenty years of gentrification research, there have been a few voices that have queried the whole enterprise. Gentrification, they say, is a small and temporary phenomenon that scarcely merits the degree of attention it has received. Such arguments have been renewed in the recession of the early 1990s when newspaper reports suggested that new investment in the inner-city housing-market for the benefit of the middle class might be weakening. In this final chapter I shall examine some of these arguments and then assess the wider significance of gentrification, a re search emphasis that I shall suggest is justified not only for its own sake, but also because of the related questions it has raised, and continues to raise, in the much broader field of the restructuring of metropolitan society at the close of the twentieth century.
Introduction
Authors: Telban Borut
Published: November 2023

When I was a boy in primary school a friend gave me a book for my birthday. The dedication was from Richard Bach’s Jonathan Livingston Seagull:

If our friendship depends on things like space and time, then when we finally overcome space and time, we’ve destroyed our own brotherhood! But overcome space, and all we have left is Here. Overcome time, and all we have left is Now. And in the middle of Here and Now, don’t you think that we might see each other once or twice? (1970: 63)

Much as I liked this saying I was somewhat puzzled by it. Over the years, as I travelled through Europe, North and Central America, South-East Asia, and Australasia, I began to grasp those Heres and Nows, but I still wondered about that ‘middle of Here and Now’.
Person, Time, and Identity
Authors: Telban Borut
Published: November 2023

Mi ngok. Kwas-ikain ama kuriyaktr. Ama sayn auraur ama kuriyaktr. ‘You wait. I will come now (I just have to do something) but I will hurry and come.’ I was sitting in a large motorized canoe waiting for my Ambonwari friend to do what he had to do, expecting that we would leave in a few minutes. The time went by, and I rolled another cigarette while children were cheerfully jumping around teasing each other. After two hours I had to stretch my legs. Women brought a few more things for our trip: a cluster of betel nuts and dry coconuts, a sleeping mat, some smoked fish. A young man asked me if he could join us on our trip. I agreed. It seemed that people were deliberately delaying our departure and, by not leaving immediately, we were showing them our compassion and care. Another half an hour went by before my friend returned saying that we could leave now. And we left. I had to realize, all over again, that it is unwise to be the first in a canoe and that ‘now’ means ‘when we are all ready’, including those who stay. It meant ‘today’.
Myth and Identity
Authors: Telban Borut
Published: November 2023

Mariawk (talk, discourse, story) refers to all forms of discourse including myth, everyday speech, and those important occasions such as public moots, discussions in a men’s house, and disputes when oratory comes to the fore. Every event is told and retold several times, from the different perspectives of individuals and groups. Such reconstructions should be considered as extensions of the events themselves, as their continuation in a verbal medium—as parts, that is, of collective and personal kay. Continuous communication, as well as people’s relation to their past and future through the recollection and narration of events, constitutes the narrative time of the village. Such public time ‘is not the anonymous time of ordinary representation but the time of interaction. In this sense, narrative time is, from the outset, time of being-with-others’ (Ricoeur 1980: 188). Mariawk might be seen as constituting identity and temporality on two different axes: vertical, relating people who lived in the past with those who live in the present; and horizontal, between consociates.
Ethnographic Fieldsites
Authors: Hastrcp Kirsten
Published: November 2023

Ethnographers are travellers; for them travel is not a metaphor and their theoretical landscapes are real. They may be more or less pedestrian, but ethnographers must ground their work in places that are real and practised by people—including their own temporary practice. In this chapter I shall present the principal sites of my own fieldwork, those corners of the Icelandic world that I came to know well through my interlocutions with people who were already there, and who remained and continued to transform their world when I left.
The Contact Zone
Authors: Hastrcp Kirsten
Published: November 2023

Social life unfolds in a community of potential conversational partners. The audience is implied in any reasoning, any social action, however unrecognized. This also applies to the social action of scholarship. When studying a world anthropologically we are doubly caught in the contact zone, the space wherein we meet and where our histories become mutually implicated. The life world of people is established in practice, and for the anthropologist to get near to it, she has to enter the contact zone. In some sense localized, but certainly not a place or a simple locality that can be organized visually; most of its defining parameters are invisible and exist only in action.
Community and Honour
Authors: Hastrcp Kirsten
Published: November 2023

From the preceding discussion of space and spatial practices in Iceland we shall now turn towards the people practising. The attempt is to understand how people, and here Icelanders, contribute to history through their daily practices, and how the world becomes embodied in them, on the assumption that there is a relation of mutual embeddedness between people and their world. It is the dynamics of this mutuality within the local community which is in focus in the present chapter.
The Dynamics of Regional Growth in Europe
Authors: Rodríguez-Pose Andrés
Published: November 2023

In a period of deep economic, social, and political transformation, regional disparities seem to be particularly resistant to change. The emergence of a global economy, the shift in production methods, and the greater mobility of capital, labour, and raw materials have not brought about a radical reshuffling of the prevailing regional disparities. There is a greater concentration of economic activity in core areas and very few peripheral regions are taking advantage of the process of global restructuring. The Dynamics of Regional Growth in Europe looks for the reasons behind this persistence in the social, political, and institutional arrangements of a large set of European regions, by trying to relate two scientific approaches concerned with regional economic performance, which share very little in common: the literature on socio-economic restructuring and structural change, and neoclassical and endogenous growth theories. OXFORD GEOGRAPHICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AIMS TO PUBLISH THE BEST ORIGINAL RESEARCH STUDIES IN THE RELATED FIELDS OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES. IT'S SCOPE IS INTERNATIONAL, PRESENTING A BROAD AND DIVERSE RANGE OF SCHOLARLY APPROACHES FROM ACROSS THE WORLD. SERIES EDITORS: GORDON CLARK, ANDREW GOUDIE, AND CERI PEACH.
Introduction: Gathering People
Authors: Widlok Thomas
Published: November 2023

Living on Mangetti continues the original anthropological project of discussing general comparative and theoretical questions in the light of an ethnographic case-study. In fact my account consists largely of an extensive number of small cases, which I have called ‘case situations’ because attention is given more to a spectrum of unfolding situational factors than to temporal depth. These case situations differ from fleeting and isolated observations in at least three ways: they are systematically connected to underlying issues; they are interconnected with regard to the persons involved; and they are interconnected with regard to specific places. I feel therefore justified in generalizing from a case-study—not in a statistical manner but in an analytical manner. Similarly, I provide multiple case situations not in order to demonstrate representativeness, but in order to present the theoretically important parameters which are essential for a valid description.
Subsistence Flexibility
Authors: Widlok Thomas
Published: November 2023

The position of the Hai‖om is not only a matter of discourses, situationally used ethnic labels, and stories of origin. There are, after all, material circumstances which form part of the conditions for their way of life and the role of hunting and gathering within it. Hai‖om life histories show that hunting initially intensified as European traders arrived but then declined within a generation. Gathering, too, has changed as exchange has become increasingly commercialized.
Social and Spatial Permeability
Authors: Widlok Thomas
Published: November 2023

It used to be standard practice among ethnographers of hunter-gatherer societies in southern Africa and elsewhere to analyse the social organization of these groups in terms of territorially based ‘bands’. These were regarded as the ‘key unit’ of social aggregation (Barnard 1992: 226). Living in a band was accepted as the distinctive feature suggested by a comparative study of forager societies (Leacock and Lee 1982: 7). The term ‘band’ received a distinctly ecological meaning in order to accommodate ‘the flexibility of foraging life’ (Leacock and Lee 1982: 8). In its most universal sense a band was defined as ‘a group of families that habitually camp together’ (Barnard 1992: 66).
Familiar Places
Authors: Edwards Jeanette
Published: November 2023

BACUP is at the head of the Rossendale Valley, in the north of England. It is surrounded on three sides by higher moorland, which means that to travel in any direction from the town centre, except west along the valley, is to travel uphill. The road to the west meanders along the valley floor to Rawtenstall, the seat of local government, while to the east it climbs over the moors into Yorkshire. To the north, the road travels over the moors past the source of the river Irwell before descending onto the Burnley plain, and to the south it climbs to cross the border between the counties of Lancashire and Greater Manchester. A ribbon development of dwellings punctuated by shops, public houses, and small factories lines the radial roads and it is difficult for the untutored eye to discern distinct localities sometimes named by residents as if they were separate villages and at other times as if they were neighbourhoods of Bacup. When one travels north through the sprawling conurbation of Greater Manchester and looks down on Bacup from its southern boundary, it appears to be discrete and self-contained. I imagined initially (and naïvely) that its perimeter, or at least some of it, being discernible would contain the study, providing, as it were, its own limits. But the English are adept at conceptualizing boundaries, and where they locate them, and what and whom they enclose within them, depends on the view taken and the purpose for taking it.
In-Migration and Out-Migration
Authors: Edwards Jeanette
Published: November 2023

SITUATED, as many Bacup people claim, at the heart of the industrial revolution, Bacup’s histories are full of industry. Industry has entailed, at different times, a need for labour—labour which has subsequently become surplus to requirements. A demographic history of the region shows successive waves of in- and out-migration since the beginning of the nineteenth century. In 1660, the population of the area covering present-day Bacup and its satellite villages is reported to comprise only 200 people, and in 1798, 1,426 people (Bowden 1972). No reliable figures are available, however, until 1851 when the census recorded a population of 10,313.1 Table 4. shows a rapid growth between 1861 and 1881 and then a steady and continuous decrease in numbers until the present. The census of 1991 recorded a population of 14,706.
Houses and Homes
Authors: Edwards Jeanette
Published: November 2023

LOOKING across Bacup from one side of the valley to the other, one can see parallel rows of tiled roofs with chimneys. Some of the acclivitous streets, lined with terraced houses, are still cobblestoned but many have been ‘landscaped’. In 1987, in different neighbourhoods of Bacup, many shrubs and saplings had been planted and were struggling to establish themselves. During the post-Second World War ‘slum-clearance’ programmes, whole neighbourhoods (or sometimes only a street here or there) of back-to-back and terraced houses were demolished. Since then the tendency has been to build council and private houses in clusters rather than rows, to contain them within perimeter roads, and to call them estates. The largest council estate in Bacup was by the end of the 1980s mixed in terms of rented and owner-occupied dwellings. It is named after the road linking what were originally three smaller estates built at different times, and I refer to it here as Mount Pleasant. There is another smaller council estate, the Meadows, on the opposite side of town. Both are backed by open land, neither contain high-rise dwellings, and the majority of houses have gardens to the back and front, which gives an appearance of spaciousness which is often missing from the council estates in northern English cities.
An Expertise in Kinship
Authors: Edwards Jeanette
Published: November 2023

I WENT to visit Laura Gray in the autumn of 1990. It was the kind of light, bright October day in Bacup when a watery sun shines weakly through a thin, translucent layer of cloud. We sat on her front doorstep with a cup of tea and talked of things that had happened since we last met. She told me she had recently been working in a shoe factory, but had to give it up because by the time she paid for child-minding ‘it wasn’t worth it’. She also told me about her son’s debut at school, her mother’s house move away from Bacup, and a quarrel with her neighbour; and she asked me about my son, my ex-partner, and my work. We talked about these continuing and broken relationships in our lives and I told her I was now working on a project about NRT: ‘things like sperm and egg donation, IVF, surrogate motherhood, things like that’.1 Laura’s response was swift and laden. She had already told me who should and who should not be ‘allowed’ to donate eggs or sperm, to whom, and why, before I thought to make a note of what she was saying.
Gametes Need Names
Authors: Edwards Jeanette
Published: November 2023

PATTY COOPER and her friend Sarah Daley were neighbours and partners in their own business. After leaving school, both women worked in shoe factories and became skilled sewing machinists. In their early thirties, they were each married with two children, and since becoming mothers had mostly continued working either from home as outworkers or in local shoe factories in shifts that fit in with the school day. When I returned to Bacup in 1990, they were self-employed and working from Patty’s house making and fitting elegant and ornate domestic ‘window wear’. They designed, sewed, and assembled sumptuous curtains and window blinds from bold, Laura Ashley-type, printed fabric. The prints were often larger than life-size flora and fauna in designs and colours reminiscent of the late nineteenth century. Patty and Sarah skilfully and creatively dressed windows by hanging and draping large quantities of ruched fabric from pelmets covered in matching or contrasting material. The curtains were held in required places with tasselled tie-backs and/ or rosettes, while blinds were opened by threaded ribbon which pleats the material neatly and elegantly. Patty and Sarah designed and made all the accessories and trimmings (such as pelmets, tie-backs, and rosettes) by hand, and did the fitting themselves. I used to visit them when the children were at school and chat with them while they were working or taking a break.
Introduction
Authors: Galton Antony
Published: November 2023

Spatial change occurs whenever objects possess different spatial attributes at different times. Involving as it thus does some of the most fundamental elements of our experience-space, time, and objects-it is inevitable that in various ways we all care about spatial change. All of us experience spatial change in ourselves and in others every day of our lives. Throughout our environment, things are constantly changing their positions, shapes, sizes, orientations, and since these are spatial attributes the changes we see in them are examples of spatial change. Spatial change is clearly ubiquitous; but this in itself does not explain why anyone should want to read or write a whole book on the subject!
Varieties of Spatial Change
Authors: Galton Antony
Published: November 2023

In this chapter the survey of spatial attributes from Chapter 4 is combined with the temporal dimension to generate a survey of varieties of spatial change. The plan for the chapter is straightforward. For each spatial attribute, I shall consider what kinds of change objects can undergo in respect of that attribute. I shall be interested both in collecting illustrative examples, and in classifying these in terms of the nature of the change involved. I shall consider the attributes in the same order as they were presented in Chapter 4.
Introduction
Authors: Rheubottom David
Published: November 2023

During the fifteenth century Ragusa/Dubrovnik survived when other city-states were collapsing or were being swallowed up by larger territorial states. Not only did it remain intact, but this classic little city-state also managed to preserve the institutional arrangements of an earlier age. Braudel has argued that fifteenthcentury Ragusa was unique in the Mediterranean for it represented the ‘living image of Venice in the thirteenth century’ (1972-3: 339-41). What made it stable and enduring was an aristocratic republicanism. This was embedded in the culture of its ruling elite and in their governing institutions.
Ragusa: Trade and Territory
Authors: Rheubottom David
Published: November 2023

Dubrovnik lies on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea at nearly the same latitude as Barcelona and Rome (Carter 1972: 9). The old city lying within its encircling walls is so small and jewel-like that it is difficult to grasp its importance in the Mediterranean world of the fifteenth century. Whether one regards Dubrovnik as part of the Mediterranean world or as part of the Balkans depends on whether one stands atop its Minceta Tower and looks upward and inland towards Mount Srd and the unending white wall of mountains, as Braudel refers to them, which separate the coastline from the Balkan interior, or turns around and looks at the flat horizon of the Adriatic Sea (1972-3: 125).
Ragusan Government and the Quest for Offices
Authors: Rheubottom David
Published: November 2023

The Great Council was the centre of government. This council was the ultimate source of power in the state. Its members were summoned by the Great Bell about five times a month in their own chambers for regular meetings.1 There they established governing ordinances, determined policy, and elected the numerous officials who staffed the state apparatus. Diversis says, ‘here in short is all the power of the republic’.2 Only adult patrician males over the age of 18 were eligible to sit on this body. Its membership had become exclusive in 1332. In that year the Great Council directed that a committee of three should draw up a list of sitting members and all those who might deserve membership.
The Casata
Authors: Rheubottom David
Published: November 2023

Only patricians were eligible to sit on the Great Council. This council had ‘closed’ its membership about 1332, becoming a hereditary body thereafter. Very little is known about the circumstances and even the date of the closing is uncertain.1 It is known that a committee of ‘three good men’ had been given the task of drawing up a list of all currently sitting members and those others whose fathers or grandfathers had been members. Hereafter membership was restricted to these men and their legitimate male offspring. At the time of closing Ragusa belonged to Venice and was administered by a Venetian Count.2 It is significant that Venice’s own Great Council had become hereditary thirty-five years earlier in 1297.
Conclusion
Authors: Rheubottom David
Published: November 2023

As the fifteenth century drew to a close, Ragusa was rapidly moving into her Golden Age. This was to become a period of territorial consolidation, of growth in her mercantile strength and maritime power, and of relative peace at home. This was to provide the basis for the development of civic splendour, cultural achievement, and great material prosperity.1 While she may have been dwarfed by the power and splendour of Venice and Istanbul, part of her historical significance derives from her pivotal and mediating position on the great historical divide between the Ottoman East and Christian West.
Introduction: Historical Background
Authors: Sneath David
Published: November 2023

More than half a century ago Owen Lattimore wrote that in the early twentieth century’ Throughout Inner Mongolia, the Chinese were encroaching and the Mongols being wiped out.’ His work described a unique phase in what Lattimore considered to be an ancient cycle of relations between the agricultural societies of China and those of the pastoralists to their north. He wrote’ The underlying problems of Inner Mongolia are social and economic, more than political, although antagonisms between China and the Mongols usually take political forms. The interests of the Mongols, for geographical and climatic reasons, are as predominantly pastoral as those of the Chinese are, or have been in the past, agricultural.’ Lattimore reached these conclusions in the 1930s, at a time when Inner Mongolia’s future hung in the balance, caught between the Japanese, Chinese communist, and Guomindang (nationalist) forces. Since then Inner Mongolia has become part of the People’s Republic of China, but there has been surprisingly little written in English about the pastoral Mongolians of this region under communist rule. This book is an attempt to redress the balance, to outline the upheavals that pastoral Mongolian communities in Inner Mongolia have faced since the advent of communist control of the region, and to describe the society to emerge from the decollectivization of the livestock economy in the 1980s.