bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The ways of optimization of legal education in Russia
Authors: Ramazanova Pati Kazihanovna , Gadjiyeva Zumhurizhat Abdullaevna
Published: December 2020

The article reveals the problems that arise during the preparation of law specialists. Moreover, the increasing number of universities are not able to resolve the situation. The authors analyze the reasons of deterioration of the quality of law education. An attempt to identify gaps in the field of law education has been made, as only proper diagnosis of the disease allows you to select effective treatment. In order to reform law education, it is necessary to involve members of the community who will watch the process of the university optimization, establish contacts between the faculties and various organizations. It is necessary to be more exacting to the teaching staff. The core problem is a drop in the quality of secondary education. The reforms have had a negative impact on the educational process. The opportunity to graduate for a fee leads to a further devaluation of education, to the unprecedented scale of corruption in educational institutions, to the rapid increase in the number of low-grade law schools and faculties producing ignoramuses with lawyer diplomas from year to year. Unjustified multiplication of the university branches has not led to either an increase in competition between them or to improvement of the quality of law education in our country. A serious drawback in preparation of future lawyers is a lack of attention to the practical aspect of the training, as a result, having textbook knowledge only, the students getting down to real work experience a kind of inferiority complex. Ways of optimization of legal education aresuggested.
Soil spider (Arachnida, Aranei) fauna of Samara parks zones
Authors: Belosludtsev Evgeny Alexandrovich
Published: December 2020

The aim of the work is to identify the species composition of aranei fauna and quantitative ratio of soil spiders in the parks of Samara in different seasons. The paper contains the results of the study of spider fauna in six parks of Samara. The author has used the original material collected in Samara from May to October 20022006. The author has identified 3081 individuals from 17 families of spiders. 77 spider species from 54 genera and 17 family have been found, it is 80% of the list of species of ground tier Samara spiders. Species range from 19 to 33 in each park. In the studied parks Linyphiidae family, Lycosidae and Gnaphosidae dominate in the number of species. The analysis of the number of spider species in different seasons of the year showed a gradual decline of species diversity from spring to autumn. According to Jaccard index, each of the studied fauna of spiders has a distinct originality. Only 4 species are present in all parks (Diplostyla concolor (Wider, 1834), Pardosa lugubris (Walckenaer, 1802), Trochosa ruricola (De Geer, 1778) и Tr. terricola (Thorell, 1856).
Some aspects of raccoon dog’s (Nyctereutes procyonoides Gray, 1834) food behavior in depend on depth of snow cover on the floodplain territory of national park «Samarskaya Luka»
Authors: Martynova Victoria Vladimirovna
Published: December 2020

The raccoon dog, which is inhabit the territory of national park Samarskaya Luka, considered an invasive species with the high ecological plasticity. It has been acclimatized successfully and still continues to expand its range. Taking into account this fact, it is particularly relevant to reveal some aspects of its behavior. The important point is the adaptation of the species in the conditions of anthropogenic press, which are observed in the national parks territory. The studies was carried out on the riparian territories of the national park Samarskaya Luka (village Mordovo and village Malaya Ryazan), because the raccoon dog tends to inhabit the floodplain areas, river banks, islands and channels, and avoid large open fields. The research object is the raccoon dogs population on riparian territories of the national park. The study was carried out by detailed winter footprints tracking method. The article presents data on the weather's severity conditions, Bodman index was calculated for the areas of tracking in the study period. The data compared detailed winter tracking in the snowy (2012) and snowless (2013) research period materials are presented. The obtained data illustrate differences in research, food and food searching behavioral activity of raccoon dogs males and females depending on the depth of the snow cover and weather conditions. The results are consistent with the literature data on the weather's severity in the Samara region and changes of canids behaviors in different seasons. The data obtained can be used by staff of specially protected natural areas, forestry and hunting organizations for introduced species population monitoring.
Morphological features of Hylotelephium triphillum (Haw.) Holub (Crassulaceae DC.) under different light conditions when introduced into the steppe zone
Authors: Privalko Lidiya Vasilyevna
Published: December 2020

In recent decades floral devices in a natural style has been becoming more common in gardening. In this connection there was a need for the introduction and study of the natural flora of plants in order to attract them to simulate the decorative and resistant plants. The article presents the results of studies of the effect of different light conditions on the habitat features and decorative biomorphological Hylotelephium triphyllum (Haw.) Holub (Crassulaceae DC.) when introduced in SE Donetsk Botanical Garden. This species is found naturally in the flora of Donbass, a decorative, but, according to the results of our analysis, is rarely used in green construction. Bioecological certification of this type has been done. It has been determined that the impact of site lighting conditions on the growth and development of H. triphyllum expressed in significantly smaller numbers of vegetative and generative shoots in the shaded areas. However, since the diameter of the plants does not change, more thickened planting in these areas is not recommended. The author found the dependence of the variation of the biometric data on the lighting conditions. In the study of seasonal dynamics of H. triphyllum the author revealed that the development of above-ground organs of his passes with a positive amount of average daily air temperatures. The growing season lasts an average of 225 days. Start of spring regrowth is observed in the second half of March early April, flowering in August September, fruits in September October. Vegetation stops when temperature goes below zero. Illumination of this type of habitat affect the time of vegetation beginning, budding, flowering, fruit set and fruit-bearing. On the shaded areas due to the later start of budding and flowering the most decorative period of H. triphyllum is shorter by an average of 10 days. This type is recommended for creation of group planting, stony hills, dry streams, rock gardens, rockeries, mixborders, curbs, ornamental compositions in the coastal zone of ornamental ponds and fountains in the steppe zone in areas with different light conditions, taking into account the above factors.
Algoflora of the Zarafshan River middle stream and its relationship with indicator-saprobic species
Authors: Tashpulatov Yigitali Shawkatillaevich
Published: December 2020

The author studies taxonomic, floristic, comparative, ecological and indicator-saprobiс features of algoflora of the Zarafshan River middle stream. The study was conducted at 10 observation points located along the river. These points are selected by location of such polluting sources as river channels, large reservoirs, sewage domestic, industrial areas and major cities. It is revealed that in the river there are 331 species and varieties of algae. They belong to 81 genus, 38 families, 16 orders, 11 classes and 5 departments. 97 species and varieties of these are an indicator-saprobic algae. The first three points of the environmental conditions are almost the same. In these areas 119 species and varieties are defined, 37 species of them are indicator-saprobic species. The middle saprobic index is 1.27; alpha-oligosaprob, class 2, category 2b; the water is cleaner in 47 observation points of the river. Here 200 species are identified, 56 species of them are considered to be indicator-saprobic species. The middle saprobic index is 1.61; .beta.1-mezosaprob, class 3, category 3a, the water is clean enough. In 810 observation posts only 125 species were found, 44 species of them are indicator-saprobic species. Middle saprobic index reached 1.84; beta.1-mezosaprob, class 3, category 3a, the water is clean enough. Down the river stream the saprobic index, saprobic Educastional level of algae and water pollution gradually increases.
Neolithic complex of Kedroviy mys-1 site
Authors: Mosin Vadim Sergeevich , Yakovleva Ekaterina Sergeevna
Published: December 2020

The paper contains the preliminary study results of multilayer site Kedroviy mys-1 on Lake Small Miassovo in the Southern Trans-Urals. The site which is a non-durable habitat of ancient population is fully investigated. No construction is revealed, but approximate contours of dwellings, probably of easy construction type of tepee with no trace were found by a planigraphy method. In the complex of finds which represents the era of stone and metal a group of artifacts of the Neolithic period in the history was found, the cultural identity and the relative chronology of the complex were established. Vessels of kozlovskaya, poludenskaya and boborykinskaya traditions were reconstructed, hence new data have been added to the complex of sources of the accumulated materials of Trans-Ural Neolithic, as it remains an urgent task for the Southern Trans-Urals, more sparsely represented by ceramics, and especially archaeologically intact vessels, compared with adjacent territories. The authors consider some methodological aspects of field research related to an attempt to highlight the stratigraphic and planigraphic intact of Neolithic layer that because of specific geomorphological conditions of the region is traditionally among the most difficult tasks of archaeological research in the mountain-forest zone of South Ural.
The Marriage of Konstantin Mihkailovich with Sophia Yurievna and its significance in political relations between Moscow and Tver’ in the XIV сentury
Authors: Abukov Sergey Navilievich
Published: December 2020

The article is devoted to the marriage of prince Konstantin Mihkailovich with princess Sophia Yurievna in 1320 and its place in dramatic period relations between Moscow and Tver relations. This family-run alliance between Moscow and Tver, which opened the series of marriages between the two ruling dynasties in the XIV-XV centuries, has not received comprehensive study by historians. The author made an analysis of the reasons and consequences of this marriage, and its influence on policy in Rus in the XIV сentury. The article is devoted to the origin in the maternal line of sons Tver Prince Konstantin Mikhailovichs sons due to tha material line, who ruled in the XIV-th. century and who was married twice. This problem is controversial in scientific literature. The author made the analysis of the available data sets the precedence of Konstantins sons from different marriages and their assumed mothers. Family conflict between the princes of Tver had significant political consequences for the history of the Tver Principality and its subsequent destiny in struggle with Moscow. The author tries to determine their posterity. It is denied that the nobles Poroshins can be the descendants of the princes of Tver, who lost the title.
Educational and cultural-educational work in the Red Army in 1920s–1930s: the Orenburg Region on materials
Authors: Petrich Larisa Vladimirovna
Published: December 2020

The article is sanctified important aspect in eradicating illiteracy in the years of Soviet power training soldiers and youth of premilitary age. From the state of literacy of the population category to a large extent dependent on the fighting capacity of the Red Army. Having analyzed the historical scientific literature on the subject, the conclusion is made that the topic under consideration was studied to date is not enough. It is noted that in its entirety the problem of improving the combat training of the Red Army stood in 1923, when she moved to a peacetime footing. At the same time it developed a decree the Central Executive Committee and the CPC to bring to mandatory classes in literacy of youth of premilitary age during the passage of pre-conscription military training. The paper revealed that in the late 1920s early 1930s. work on training soldiers and youth of premilitary age continued during the cultural campaign. It is indicated that the organization of training, considerable attention was paid to the content of educational material related to the political education of soldiers. The peculiarities, difficulties and shortcomings in the organization of work with the staff of the Red Army in Orenburg: low attendance of paragraph literacy, large dropout of them. The article concludes that the system of eradication of illiteracy in the difficult war years, has proven to be extremely vital importance and necessity in the case of direct protection, strengthening and building of the state. This was an important factor in the victory of the Great Patriotic War.
Surkhuri: new year holidays in traditional and modern rituals of the Chuvash
Authors: Iagafova Ekaterina Andreevna , Petrov Igor Georgievich
Published: December 2020

Festive and ritual calendar of the Chuvash as agricultural and stock-raising people included rites and rituals, which ensured the success of production. Significant for the economic well-being of the Chuvash peasant was winter calendar, culminating in the New Year rites surkhuri / sēnē sul / nartukan. They have typological differences in genetic ethnographic and ethno-territorial groups in the form of implementation, content and terminology making three ceremonial complexes. Cultural and dialectal features are preserved in New Year rituals in Chuvash villages till present. Transformation of social life and family relations of the Chuvash in the XX-XXI centuries resulted in significant changes not only in the content and form of implementation, but also in understanding New Year rituals. In addition to authentic forms still observed in Chuvash villages reconstruction of ceremonies is practiced. Connection with the traditional forms is observed in ritual actions, attributes, and interpretation of the sacred meaning of the holiday. Surkhuri as a celebration of the Chuvash regional communities (since late 2000s) has lost characteristics of a sacred action, turning into a mass ethnic show. At the same time, its role as a factor of ethnic consolidation and ethnic identity of the Chuvash in an urban multicultural environment is obvious, due to the transformation of the Chuvash society in the context of globalization.
Comprehensive assessment of the MA graduates’ readiness for professional work
Authors: Mikhelkevich Valentin Nikolaevich , Kravtsov Pavel Grigoryevich
Published: December 2020

In accordance with the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education as a result of the development of the graduate program a graduate should develop general cultural, general professional and professional competences in the field of training and educational organization is obliged to provide a guarantee of the quality of graduates. However, educational standards do not regu-late the procedure of evaluation of quality of educational programs mastering, but merely set out com-mon requirements for it. Therefore, for evaluation of students in accordance with their personal achievements to the requirements of the basic educational program of magistracy many universities make their own funds assessment tools to evaluate knowledge, skills and level of item competencies. The article analyzes the existing in the teaching practice assessment systems, based on development levels of separate professional competence components. The authors note that such systems often have a high complexity and a lack of complexity in solving the problem of estimation of masters graduates readiness for professional work. The authors propose an alternative innovative solution to this problem through the use of the complex control fund as a diagnostic tool for the final certification of under-graduates. This corresponds to the guidelines of the educational standards and our evaluative tools as-sess the quality of developed students competences as well as the degree of general readiness of grad-uates for professional work. The authors present the experience of designing and use of the complex control tasks fund in the educational process of the Chair of Electric Drive and Industrial Automation of Samara State Technical University.
Comparative analysis of cadets’ satisfaction with vocational training in departmental institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia
Authors: Oshchepkova Olga Vladimirovna , Popov Igor Vadimovich
Published: December 2020

Satisfaction of students of higher educational institutions with their professional activities in todays reality is one of the key indicators which diagnoses the quality of specialists training and efficiency of professional competence development. Satisfaction assumes personal students inclusion in educational process which is inseparably linked with the personality relation to the quality of these or those objects, to living conditions and activity as well as to himself or herself. The assessment is the most important element of the emotional sphere of the person, emotions stimulate motivation to activity. We understand the integrated characteristic including motivational and emotional spheres of the personality as satisfaction. This estimated relations between trainers according to the activity which they carry out, its results and implementation conditions. Vocational training of cadets is carried out in specific conditions of their stay in barracks on the territory of departmental higher education institution. In the integrated characteristic of satisfaction of trainees vocational training included three criteria: satisfaction with the educational process; satisfaction with extracurricular activities; relationship satisfaction. The first criterion contains satisfaction: 1) organization of educational process; 2) level of teachers professionalism; 3) quality of teaching. We put satisfaction indicators into the second criterion: 1) organization of work of circles, sections and clubs; 2) organization of sports and mass actions; 3) organization of events which help to develop professional competence of a future officer of Penitentiary system. The third criterion assumes satisfaction with relations with teachers, with collective and the direct management. Questioning of the 2nd and the 5th year cadets of Samara Law Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia showed that by the 5th course the positive tendency in a satisfaction assessment is found with vocational training. The criterion satisfaction with extracurricular activities needs a separate additional analysis, as by the 5th course the amount of students satisfied with circles, sections and clubs is less than a third of a total number of the course students. By the third criterion some complexity in relationship with the direct management (with commanders of front divisions) is found out and it also should become a subject of special additional consideration.
Meta-subject competence development of future bachelors and specialists
Authors: Timoschuk Nina Alexandrovna
Published: December 2020

Federal State Educational Standard of basic common education sets the demands to personal, meta-subject and subject results of learning after basic educational program of common education. So, according to the succession principle we should develop the competence of the students following these three directions transforming them into educational environment of the university. Thus, meta-subject competence should include ability to use intersubject definitions and universal learning activities performing them at learning, knowledge and social practice. The achievement of meta-subject results is connected with the nature of universal activity. The basis of nature-coordinated education should be basic values and the most important is morality which is formed from the human nature. That is why the standards of the second generation formulate four blocks of universal learning activities: personal, regulative, common knowledge and communicative. According to their nature meta-subject activities are functional-oriented ones and they form the psychological basis and determine condition of the success of subject task solution. Meta-subject competence development supposes various forms of studying process organization. Problem learning implies active interrelation of the subjects of learning process allowing to form such students categories as readiness, activeness, ability to appreciate which are the key ones for the term competence. One of such organization forms can be the business game which can be used as the means of diagnosis and forecast of personal behavior in various situations. Project technology is also aimed to develop wide range of competence and creative abilities and that is why it suggests the integrity of research, searching, problem solving and comparison methods. It has been shown that nowadays the role of each discipline in meta-subject competence development has been growing rapidly.
The chemicals (formaldehyde and toluene) influence on soil microorganisms of leached chernozem
Authors: Ilyina Natalya Anatolyevna , Fufaeva Tatyana Valentinovna , Kazakova Natalya Anatolyevna , Kasatkina Nataliya Mikhailovna , Vilkova Evgeniya Alexandrovna
Published: December 2020

The paper assesses the status of the soil cover associated with the pollution of its waste chemical production and consumption. The authors present the data of formaldehyde and toluene influence on the abundance of actinomycetes, heterotrophic bacteria and fungi, as these groups of microorganisms provide self-purification capacity of the soil and participate in soil formation processes. In this paper microbiological and physico-chemical methods of research are used. The study of species composition changes of some soil microorganisms groups of leached chernozem under the influence of formaldehyde and toluene showed that this factor causes changes in the complex of soil microorganisms. This factor is reflected in the decreased species richness and diversity and increase of pollution-tolerant microorganisms. These studies investigate a number of microorganisms that provide self-purification capacity of the soil and participate in soil formation. The results show the nature of the influence of different doses of formaldehyde and toluene on the structure and functioning of the complex of soil microorganisms, as well as reveal the mechanism of action of chemicals (formaldehyde and toluene) on soil microbiota associated with its resistance and the manifestation of toxicity of the soil.
Some data on raccoon dog’s distribution in the Samara Region
Authors: Kamalova Ekaterina Sagitovna , Martynova Victoria Vladimirovna , Fokina Mariya Evgenyevna
Published: December 2020

Raccoon dog is an invasive species which has successfully expanded on the new territory in the Samara region. The paper presents data on its distribution on the Samara Region areas. The studies were conducted on the floodplain, steppe, forest and riparian areas of the region, including both national park Samarskaya Luka and Zhiguli State Nature Biosphere Reserve areas. Collected data proves studied species presence (such as footprints, burrows, temporary shelters) in 12 municipal districts of the region. The paper contains information on the GPS-mapping of burrows and temporary shelters which have been found in the southern part of the protected area of the national park Samarskaya Luka during 20022015. Fifteen burrows and temporary shelters, footprints, urinary points, feces have been found in this area, and the detailed burrows descriptions were provided. Further spread of the population depends on the places suitable for temporary shelters and burrows, presence of water reservoirs areas where raccoon dogs may find food, as well as minimized influence of disturbing factor (anthropogenic press). The data obtained may be useful for employees of nature biosphere reserves, forestry and hunting organizations for invasive species monitoring.
The assessment of bio-ecological features of plants Tulipa biebersteiniana Schult. et Schult. fil. in the model forest habitats of the Krasnosamarsky forest
Authors: Kotelnikova Mariya Gennadevna
Published: December 2020

The paper presents some preliminary results of the monitoring ofTulipa biebersteinianaSchult. et Schult. fil. plants (category of rare and endangered plant species). By summarizing the available sources of science literature we have compiled a general description of morphological and bio-ecological species characteristics. The results of the field study fulfilled in 20122015 in two population groups of the Krasnosamarsky forestry (Samara region) were used to determine morphometric parameters ofTulipa biebersteinianaplants. The data also helped us to assess the variability level and to make a comparison with plant quantitative traits given in the literature. It was found that the shoot length ofTulipa biebersteinianaplants varied in the range of 23 50 cm, the maximum average length of 40 cm are presented in plants of population group number two.The distribution of shoot length among individuals of the second population group is more stable, changes depending on the year of vegetation are poorly expressed.The lengths of shoots inside the range specified for the various parts of the area in the literature with a significant proportion of high plants in the population is studied. This may be a sign of good growth conditions forFritillaria ruthenicathat gives an opportunity to the plant conservation in natural communities in the absence of limiting anthropogenic factors.
Research of microflora of soils in forest nurseries of the Vologda region
Authors: Khamitova Svetlana Mikhailovna , Avdeyev Yury Mikhailovich , Snetilova Valeria Sergeevna
Published: December 2020

Soil is a separate natural unit, its protection is a top priority issue when it is used by industry or agriculture. Urban environment is subjected to different changes because of the intensive anthropogenic influence. The soil surface of urban areas needs much attention as well as traffic influence consequences. Industrial and building sites have great impact on soil diverting its components (agrochemical and physical ones). It interferes with its important ecological function. Microbiota, biochemical parameters of the soils, its biological activity are the first to change that is why they are considered by many explorers to be the most sensitive to pollution of soil layers. Green areas play an important role for the urban population. The scientists often do not take that areas into consideration because their soils are traditionally believed not to be subjected to intensive anthropogenic influence and do not cause much of pollution and hereby are not dangerous. Meanwhile small recreational zones within cities are often influenced by industrial factors, as a result the vegetation and soils worsen though they play an important role in environmental recovery and fulfil recreational and sanitary functions. We have measured soil fungi and bacteria by a reproduction and insemination method by placing the soil suspension into dense nutrient medium.
The results of the technical-technological analysis of Grenada camp ceramics (Central Kazakhstan)
Authors: Loman Valeriy Grigoryevich
Published: December 2020

One of the problems in archaeology of Kazakhstan is the uneven study of the sites belonging to different epochs. For example, in Central Kazakhstan there is a clear bias towards the study of antiquities of the middle and late Bronze Ages, Early Iron Age and Middle Ages. The study of the Stone Age stopped since the 90-es of XX century, the Early Bronze Age is practically not investigated. This article publishes the results of technical-technological analysis of the ceramics of the Grenada camp (Karaganda, Kazakhstan) dated from the late Chalcolithic to the beginning of the Early Bronze Age. Author studied raw materials (three kinds), the clay paste composition (six recipes), the features of the design of the beginning (two programs) and the hollow body. The diversity of pottery traditions, marked for all levels of ceramic production, speaks of the heterogeneous composition of the camp population. The vessels belonged at least to two groups of different origin. Mixed recipes with gruss and grog in the presence of pure demonstrate this process of cultural mixing that took place within the camp. The conclusion is made that the materials of the Grenada camp, including the features of pottery traditions, reflect the complexity of the cultural-historical processes that have taken place in the territory of the Central Kazakhstan in the end of Chalcolithic in the beginning of Early Bronze Age.
The contribution of B.F. Zhelezchikov to the study of early nomads of the Southern Urals
Authors: Duisengali Meyram Nurlanuly
Published: December 2020

This article is devoted to the heritage analysis of the Boris Fedorovich Zhelezchikov the sarmatology scientist.It considers its contribution to the study of early nomads of the Southern Urals. The main target of the article is the generalization of theoretical development of famous researcher of Volga-Ural region. The scientific interests of researsher were linked with genesis questions of Savromatian and early Sarmatian cultures, with household activity and social and religious beliefs of nomads.He was elaborating the problem of the origin, of the chronology and the process of creating a culture of nomads of the Early Iron Age of the Southern Urals. Many of the provisions made by him, ideas and hypotheses are not lost its relevance todayHistorical adjustments introduced by B. Zhelezchikov in the reconstruction of historical and cultural situation in the region were developed in the works of his students and followers. Article describes field researchers work in 70-ies of Twentieth century. During this period, Zhelezchikov teamed up with archaeologists G.A.Kushaev, M.G.Moshkova and V.A.Krieger conducted extensive archaeological excavations at the previously little-studied areas of Western Kazakhstan. As a result of many years of field work at times was increased the range of the studied monuments, the new unique complexes became the property of the science. The research base of history was refilled for further summarizing works.
Najib Hamadani and Ahmed at-Tusi’s Bulgarian oikonyms and their location in the former Volga Bulgaria
Authors: Belenov Nikolay Valeryevich
Published: December 2020

This article attempts to localize the fortresses of the Volga Bulgars (first of all, fortresses Marj and Tehshu) known from medieval authors reportedly Najib Hamadani and Ahmed at-Tusi. In the course of solving this problem the question of these authors data reliability is raised, as well as the common source of this information borrowing. There is a good reason to see this in the source known among the Arab-Persian historical and geographical medieval manuscripts as Rizal by Ahmed ibn Fadlan, the Secretary of Abbasid embassy to the Volga Bulgars Elteber Almush, who visited the Volga in 922. This fact explains the absence of Bulgarian cities known from other sources in the given lists as well as the question of uniqueness of Hamadani and at-Tusis information. On the basis of the sources synthesis, place-and folklore studies, the article proposes some options for localization of some of these forts and etymology options of Bulgarian oikonyms mentioned in the papers by the considered authors. The author proves the importance of place names data at the present stage of Bulgar study research, especially of Volga Bulgaria historical geography as well as further studies are planned.
The epidemiological status of the Russian Empire: history of research in domestic science and practice
Authors: Mifteeva Diana Maratovna
Published: December 2020

This article discusses the history of the study of epidemic diseases in domestic science, analyses the main tendencies of epidemiology as a science in Russia. The importance of the work of scientists practitioners is the fight against infectious diseases in previous centuries, the positive experience which is the basis of modern science of epidemiology. This fight against infectious diseases in previous centuries had mixed results. On the one hand, domestic and foreign epidemiologists outstanding results have been achieved in the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases, which allowed significantly reduce of the morbidity and mortality rates in the XXXXI centuries. At the same time, the history of the modern period is characterized by a set of social and economic changes: the growth of cities, the intensity of migration, transformation also affected the age structure of the population of the world. All these factors have led to a change in one of the main characteristics of the majority of infectious diseases the limited territorial localization in the XXI century. It is observed the tendency of spread of epidemics to a considerable distance, they become global. New and unknown diseases such as SARS, swine and bird flu (H1N1 and H5N1), Ebola virus, the middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS), etc. arise at this time. It is registered the return of liquidated infections: typhoid, cholera, yellow fever, etc. These processes show that humanity is still a long way to complete victory over infectious diseases, and to study the experience achieved in the previous century scientists epidemiologists. They would make a significant contribution in the unequal struggle with the human virus.
Organization of the Village of Cossack self-government as the basis of everyday life
Authors: Lyubichankovskiy Sergey Valentinovich , Godovova Elena Victorovna
Published: December 2020

The paper presents the evolution of the formation of the system of local government in the Cossack armies in Russia. Cossacks living in villages with towns belonging to it were Cossack society. Local Cossacks authority It was Village chieftain, Village descent, Village court, Cossack community. Organization of the Village government in the Cossack army was virtually identical to that due to the fact that the reform of the Cossack troops went on the model of the Don and Kuban troops.This system has been transformed at the beginning of the twentieth century. Fall elective responsibility, a manifestation of laziness and indifference of the Cossacks it was due to property, education and psychological disunity. Contemporaries noted that many members of the village office turn of the century were literate, prone to drunkenness and extortion. An increasing number of the Cossacks did not attend gatherings and did not pay the dues. But, despite this, the Cossack communities continued to live, to regulate agrarian relations, contributed to the development of health and education.
Difficulties of developing secondary school students’ spelling skills
Authors: Bukovtsova Nina Ivanovna
Published: December 2020

The paper presents theoretical approaches to secondary school students spelling rule acquisition. It defines the main terms: spelling, skill, spelling skill, spelling activities, spelling task, spelling observation and control skill, dysgraphia, dysorthography. The author describes types of spelling skills developed at school: finding parts of words spelt according to the spelling rules, spelling words according to the rules, graphic marking of difficult spelling, finding and correcting spelling mistakes. The paper reveals conditions and criteria of successful school students spelling skills development: high scientific level of teaching spelling, correlation of spelling skills and speech development, knowledge of spelling rules and the scheme of their application, a thoroughly developed system of exercises to practice the rules. The author focuses on difficulties of using these rules in writing: difficulties of spelling rules acquisition caused by spelling rules variety, poor formedness of cognition, low motivation level, inability to process information and difficulties in applying spelling rules related to spelling task setting and its solution. The author describes mistakes caused by poor spelling rules acquisition such as mistakes in words and their significant parts, mistakes in cursive, separate and hyphenate word spelling, mistakes in capital and small letter usage, mistakes in word break. Differential diagnostics of specific spelling mistakes is presented. The types of dysorthography and their characteristics are defined. The paper lists the principles of Russian spelling the breach of which results in mistakes.
The problem of assessing the quality of specialized university graduate training
Authors: Yezhova Olesya Nikolaevna , Ulendeeva Natalia Ivanovna
Published: December 2020

The paper analyzes the problem of assessing the development degree of the specialized university graduate competencies that are found in state standards of higher education and the departmental order. We consider the existing practices and approaches to making a collection of evaluation tools. The paper presents the requirements for assessment tools to check the development of competencies: integrative, problem-activity tasks, focus on the application of skills and knowledge in the field of special situations in the actualization of the content of professional work tasks, expertise in the professional community, link criteria with planned results. These requirements are considered for innovative forms of control: level test (recognition substitution productive activity decision-making in problem situations); test action (practical test); situational test (analysis of the situation of the future professional activity). Special attention is devoted to the consideration of this form of professional competence assessment as interdepartmental exercises that allow you to check special developed students competences when students demonstrate their knowledge, skills and personal qualities and carry out their professional activities in practice. Developed professional competence assessment tools for specialized university cadets and students can serve as a basis for further coordination of the educational process.
Implementation of synergetic approach in education based on the meta-project method
Authors: Noskov Sergey Aleksandrovich
Published: December 2020

The paper analyzes the approaches to understanding the educational synergy and concludes that the key moment in the realization of the synergistic approach in education is the integration of a variety of knowledge-based interdisciplinary connections. Analysis of Russian universities training plans for different areas of training showed that they differ in a small number of integrated courses, and therefore concluded that it is necessary to implement alternative methods of interdisciplinary connections formation in the educational process, taking into account the multidimensional professional and educational environment. The author considers the possibility of implementing a synergetic approach to the meta-project-based method. The educational meta-project as a special form of independent activity of students is defined; specifics and peculiarities of meta-projects implementation and stages of cognitive meta-project technology are described. Meta-projects implementation may include a variety of forms and methods of training from different educational technologies, but cause the specific challenges facing the lecturer which are presented in the content of the paper. The results of experimental testing confirmed the positive impact of the meta-project method application on the formation of interdisciplinary relationships and integral vision of the future professional work of students, as well as on the development of learners basic skills: thinking, understanding, communication, reflection and action.
Training handbook as means of organization of interdisciplinary connections in the process of bachelors training
Authors: Plekhanova Tatiana Mikhaylovna
Published: December 2020

This paper discusses the theoretical aspects and relevance of the interdisciplinary approach in the pedagogical process. An interdisciplinary teaching aid for public relations, developed at Psychology and Pedagogy Department of SSTU, is considered to be a form of interdisciplinary connections formation in the process of bachelors training whose major is 42.03.01 Advertising and public relations. This study guide is a part of the educational complex for the courses Theory and Practice of Public Relations, Theory and Practice of the media, Fundamentals of communication theory and is supposed to be used as part of their practical training. Interdisciplinary potential of this training manual is that the content and didactic units of different disciplines complement each other, forming a single integral perception of the subject. In terms of developing competencies students acquire a wide range of knowledge and skills as well as perceive a continuity and consistency between the results of the planned development of the disciplines. Implementation benefits Bachelors 3rd year learning process and lets the students majoring in Advertising and public relations improve the level of training due to the accumulation of knowledge and skills from different disciplines to solve professional problems.
University students’ creative activity development as a pedagogical problem
Authors: Statsenko Elena Rudolfovna
Published: December 2020

The author of the paper considers the problem of university students creative activity development as an urgent social and pedagogical problem. Much attention is paid to the role of the concepts creation and activity that has equal meanings for the concept creative activity. Creativity is regarded as a form of productive activity and autonomy of a person; creativity and innovation relationship is focused on. It is proved that human activity as a vitality sign is a prerequisite and the result of human development. It is alleged that a person gains experience activities on reproductive and imitative activity level referring to the experience of another person; takes tasks and seeks ways of performing on search and performing activity level; sets tasks and chooses new, unconventional, original ways of performing on creative activity level. The author proves that university students creative activity is the quality of an individuals activity. The paper also contains characteristics of university students creative activity, forms, methods and means of university students creative activity development and some examples of the design studio work at Arts and Service Department. The efficiency of the design studio is proved and the principles of university students creative activity development, realized in the design studio, are noted.
Organism chronic intoxication influence on pig intestines parasitocenoses structure changes
Authors: Ilyina Natalya Anatolyevna , Kasatkina Nataliya Mikhailovna , Vilkova Evgeniya Alexandrovna , Zotov Oleg Gennadyevich
Published: December 2020

This paper deals with the quantitative and qualitative composition change of pig intestinal microflora in the presence of Candida spp . and presents a technique of Candida spp . pure cultures isolation. The authors show the role of normal intestinal microflora in disease origin and development. The paper presents the study that let the authors find a phenomenon of chronic intoxication of various severity in animals. This study was conducted with the help of the diagnostic System, authored by N.A. Ilyina (2006) during summer months on the basis of pig-breeding complexes OOO Stroiplastmass - Agroprodukt, OOO Kurortniy in the clinical laboratory of the city hospital № 1 in Ulyanovsk. The authors studied the quantitative and qualitative intestinal microflora composition change in the presence of pathogenic Candida spp . and showed the correlation of chronic intoxication degree and dysbiotic changes nature of intestines microbiocenosis. The study also showed a high level of contamination of the pigs with intestinal parasites. The increase of the infestation depended on the pig organism chronic intoxication degree and the level of Candida spp . inoculation.
Concerning the prospects of quantitative valuing of leaf surface functional activity for different plants
Authors: Kavelenova Lyudmila Mikhailovna , Petrova Anna Borisovna , Trubnikov Artyom Mikhailovich , Yankov Nikolay Viktorovich , Savitskaya Kristina Andreevna , Kravtseva Anastasia Pavlovna , Antipenko Mariya Ivanovna , Kuznetsov Anatoly Aleksandrovich
Published: December 2020

The following paper discusses the problem of ecophysiological indicators evaluation and comparison for trees foliage formed in dynamic environment conditions. In addition to the already used methods of leaf parameters screening we propose to use one more indicator, characterizing foliage functional activity. In these aims, after performing some analytical procedures with leaf mass samples, some calculations must be made allowing to determine the quantity of active components (for instance, photosynthetic pigments, ash, etc.), per unit of leaf surface area. The prospects of proposing parameter use seem to be fruitful for a variety of purposes, including: - analysis of the seasonal dynamics features of the leaf metabolic activity; - comparison of ecophysiological characteristics of various plants (species and varieties, local and introduced objects); - reactions to stress factors, a comparison of various objects in resistance to stress. The article bases on the original data relating to the vegetation period of 2013-2015. The leaf mass samples were taken: for wild tree or shrub species - in the Krasnosamarsky forests, for fruit crops - in the gardens of Samara regional research institute Zhiguliovskye Sady, for exotic tree and shrub species - in the dendrarium of the Botanical Garden of the Samara University. The leaf samples treatment mass procedure was performed according to the algorithm previously developed. In general, all aforementioned objects demonstrated more smooth dynamics of pigments component content per surface area unit than per mass unit. This situation seems to be connected with age-related changes of the leaf blades, saturated during the vegetative period with a certain amount of ballast substances or osmotically active compounds during stress periods, and so forth. The screening of photosynthetic surface unit quality allows us to note that the plants maintain a certain level of the metabolic activity of the leaf during variable weather conditions, producing a rapid adjustment pool of photosynthetic pigments on the basis of specific and varietal characteristics of their ecological plasticity.
Succession and features distribution plant associations in row of railways
Authors: Nikitin Nikolay Alexandrovich , Solovieva Vera Valentinovna
Published: December 2020

ROW is a specific man-made landscape, in which the processes of change occur in its direction and intensity. Erosion processes, in particular the processes of water erosion of soil, lead not only to changes in the soil, but the plant through changes in soil fertility, nutrient richness, and by changing moisture exchange, structure and texture of soils. The main characteristics of flora undergo structural, quantitative and other changes. Vegetation characteristics, composition of plant associations, the speed and direction of succession, from the initial stage of overgrown weeds and ruderal vegetation to sustainable tree and shrub communities also modify. An ecological and geomorphological zoning shows the prevalence of the most eroded soils in the vicinity of the web. The regularity according to which in most habitats anthropogenic disturbed grow motley-grass-wheatgrass association with a reduction of anthropogenic load becomes dominant forb meadow-grass association. The role of indication of Eletrygia repens L. was also identified as an indicator of habitat disturbance.