bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Online Phase Detection Using Wearable Sensors for Walking with a Robotic Prosthesis
Authors: Goršič Maja , Kamnik Roman , Ambrožič Luka , Vitiello Nicola , Lefeber Dirk , Pasquini Guido , Munih Marko
Published: February 2014

This paper presents a gait phase detection algorithm for providing feedback in walking with a robotic prosthesis. The algorithm utilizes the output signals of a wearable wireless sensory system incorporating sensorized shoe insoles and inertial measurement units attached to body segments. The principle of detecting transitions between gait phases is based on heuristic threshold rules, dividing a steady-state walking stride into four phases. For the evaluation of the algorithm, experiments with three amputees, walking with the robotic prosthesis and wearable sensors, were performed. Results show a high rate of successful detection for all four phases (the average success rate across all subjects >90%). A comparison of the proposed method to an off-line trained algorithm using hidden Markov models reveals a similar performance achieved without the need for learning dataset acquisition and previous model training.
Concise, stereodivergent and highly stereoselective synthesis of cis- and trans-2-substituted 3-hydroxypiperidines – development of a phosphite-driven cyclodehydration
Authors: Huy Peter H , Westphal Julia C , Koskinen Ari M P
Published: February 2014

A concise (5 to 6 steps), stereodivergent, highly diastereoselective (dr up to >19:1 for both stereoisomers) and scalable synthesis (up to 14 g) of cis- and trans-2-substituted 3-piperidinols, a core motif in numerous bioactive compounds, is presented. This sequence allowed an efficient synthesis of the NK-1 inhibitor L-733,060 in 8 steps. Additionally, a cyclodehydration-realizing simple triethylphosphite as a substitute for triphenylphosphine is developed. Here the stoichiometric oxidized P(V)-byproduct (triethylphosphate) is easily removed during the work up through saponification overcoming separation difficulties usually associated to triphenylphosphine oxide.
Informační revoluce, vojensko-technická revoluce, nebo revoluce ve vojenských záležitostech?
Authors: Fučík Jakub , Kříž Zdeněk
Published: February 2014

The article deals with the issue of Information Revolution (IR), Military-Technical Revolution (MTR) and Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA). Since 1980s it is possible to identify changes in military- strategic dimension which are associated with these concepts. On the other hand, their nature is often confused. The aim of this article is to provide detailed conceptualization of IR, MTR and RMA. First, we analyse the development of debate about these concept which provide initial insight into the formation and establishment of these phenomena. Then, we examine all three concepts in terms of their common and different features. Identification of these characteristics should help to more accurately distinguish among IR, MTR and RMA. This article seeks to contribute into the debate about these concepts and help to precisely classify changes in military-strategic dimension.
The Political Regime Change and Security: The Political Science Theory and Reform of Security Bodies
Authors: Zetocha Karel
Published: February 2014

The paper deals with the topic of security bodies and their transformation during the transition to democracy. Theoretical framework for studying the security area lies in the transition and consolidation theory. Applying the theory to the security area is based on the hypothesis that theoretical assumptions with regard to the nature of the prior regime and the way the change of regime takes place can be applied to the area of security policy. At the same time, other significant factors may exist affecting the transformation process in the given area. The source of data consists in case studies of intelligence agency reforms following the transition to democracy. Conclusions conceived based on the example of intelligence services are consequently applied to the state security bodies as a whole. Selected cases have shown that assumptions of the transition and consolidation theory are applicable also in the area of security policy. Beside the original regime and the transition changes, the transformation of security bodies is also significantly influenced by the security situation and personal capacities of the new government.
A Decade of HIV-1 Drug Resistance in the United States: Trends and Characteristics in a Large Protease/Reverse Transcriptase and Co-Receptor Tropism Database from 2003 to 2012
Authors: Paquet Agnes C , Solberg Owen D , Napolitano Laura A , Volpe Joseph M , Walworth Charles , Whitcomb Jeannette M , Petropoulos Christos J , Haddad Mojgan
Published: February 2014

Background

Drug resistance testing and co-receptor tropism determination are key components of the management of antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1-infected individuals. The purpose of this study was to examine trends of HIV-1 resistance and viral evolution in the past decade by surveying a large commercial patient testing database.

Methods

Temporal trends of drug resistance, viral fitness and co-receptor usage among samples submitted for routine phenotypic and genotypic resistance testing to protease inhibitors (PIs), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), as well as for tropism determination were investigated.

Results

Within 62,397 resistant viruses reported from 2003 to 2012, we observed a decreasing trend in the prevalence of three-class resistance (from 25% to 9%) driven by decreased resistance to PIs (43% to 21%) and NRTIs (79% to 57%), while observing a slight increase in NNRTI resistance (68% to 75%). The prevalence of CXCR4-mediated entry among tropism testing samples ( n=52,945) declined over time from 47% in 2007 to 40% in 2012. A higher proportion of CXCR4-tropic viruses was observed within samples with three-class resistance (50%) compared with the group with no resistance (36%).

Conclusions

Decreased prevalence of three-class resistance and increased prevalence of one-class resistance was observed within samples reported between 2003 and 2012. The fraction of CXCR4-tropic viruses has decreased over time; however, CXCR4 usage was more prevalent among multi-class-resistant samples, which may be due to the more advanced disease stage of treatment-experienced patients. These trends have important implications for clinical practice and future drug discovery and development.
Plasma Lopinavir Concentrations Predict Virological Failure in a Cohort of South African Children Initiating a Protease-Inhibitor-Based Regimen
Authors: Moholisa Retsilisitsoe R , Schomaker Michael , Kuhn Louise , Meredith Sandra , Wiesner Lubbe , Coovadia Ashraf , Strehlau Renate , Martens Leigh , Abrams Elaine J , Maartens Gary , McIlleron Helen
Published: February 2014

Background

Poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy contributes to pharmacokinetic variability and is the major determinant of virological failure. However, measuring treatment adherence is difficult, especially in children. We investigated the relationship between plasma lopinavir concentrations, pretreatment characteristics and viral load >400 copies/ml.

Methods

A total of 237 HIV-infected children aged 4–42 months on lopinavir/ritonavir oral solution were studied prospectively and followed for up to 52 weeks. Viral load and lopinavir concentration were measured at clinic visits 12, 24, 36 and 52 weeks after starting treatment. Cox multiple failure events models were used to estimate the crude and adjusted effect of lopinavir concentrations on the hazard of viral load >400 copies/ml.

Results

The median (IQR) pretreatment CD4+ T-lymphocyte percentage was 18.80% (12.70-25.35) and 53% of children had a pretreatment viral load >750,000 copies/ml. The median (IQR) weight-for-age and height-for-age z-scores were -2.17 (-3.35—2.84) and -3.34 (-4.57—3.41), respectively. Median (IQR) lopinavir concentrations were 8.00 mg/l (4.11-12.42) at median (IQR) 3.50 h (2.67-4.25) after the dose. The hazard of viral load >400 copies/ml was increased with lopinavir concentrations <1 mg/l versus ≥1 mg/l (adjusted hazard ratio 2.3 [95% CI 1.63, 3.26]) and lower height-for-age z-scores.

Conclusions

Low lopinavir concentrations (<1 mg/l) are associated with viraemia in children. This measure could be used as a proxy for adherence and to determine which children are more likely to fail.
« Backing our men »
Authors: Belot Céline
Published: February 2014

Intervenir ou non, telle est la question qui se trouve désormais posée pour les forces occidentales à chaque nouveau conflit. Si la décision d’engager des troupes est une prérogative des dirigeants, le soutien des citoyens apparaît désormais comme l’un des éléments pris en compte dans la décision. Dans cette perspective, le présent article propose d’évaluer le soutien des citoyens en France et au Royaume-Uni aux interventions armées, d’en saisir les variations et de s’interroger sur le processus dont il découle à travers l’analyse d’un double jeu de données : l’enquête sur les valeurs des Européens ( evs ) autour de la question de la confiance en l’armée et des corpus médiatiques ( Le Monde, Ouest-France, The Independent et The Sun ). Nos résultats indiquent que si l’armée nationale est désormais perçue très positivement, ce qui permet d’envisager plus facilement son déploiement hors des frontières nationales, ses actions sont cependant justiciables des valeurs en vigueur dans les démocraties occidentales et elle ne saurait s’en abstraire sans risquer d’être blâmée. L’armée apparaît donc à la fois comme investie de fortes demandes et sous le contrôle des citoyens.
De la professionnalisation à la reconnaissance professionnelle
Authors: Jorro Anne , Wittorski Richard
Published: February 2014

La question des liens entre professionnalisation et reconnaissance professionnelle conduit à discuter une conception d’ensemble sur ce que font les individus en situation de formation ou de travail, à partir de qualités attendues ou attribuées dans des dispositifs spécifiques, et la manière dont ils sont reconnus dans ces mêmes situations. L’intention de ce texte est de relier les éléments fondateurs de la professionnalisation aux processus de valorisation et de légitimation auxquels conduit la reconnaissance professionnelle. Nous chercherons à étudier une double question : comment penser les liens entre environnements-sujets-activités ? Comment penser les liens entre activités et compétences, et notamment comment concevoir la reconnaissance professionnelle des acteurs ? À partir de ce double questionnement, nous proposerons une conceptualisation du parcours du sujet agissant, de la professionnalisation à la reconnaissance professionnelle.
La reconnaissance du « travail » des malades : un enjeu pour le champ de l'éducation et de la formation
Authors: Tourette-Turgis Catherine , Thievenaz Joris
Published: February 2014

Cette contribution interroge les rapports entre « reconnaissance » et « développement professionnel » à partir de recherches conduites sur plusieurs années dans le champ du soin et de l’éducation thérapeutique et prenant pour objet le « travail des malades » (Tourette-Turgis, 1996, 2007 et 2013 ; Tourette & Thievenaz, 2013). Les résultats de nos travaux mettent en évidence les enjeux entourant la « reconnaissance » (Jorro, 2011) de la singularité du travail du sujet malade mais aussi des dynamiques de « professionnalisation » (Wittorski, 2007) qui en découlent. En nous appuyant sur le postulat théorique de Strauss (1982), nous identifions trois dimensions du travail du malade, sur lesquelles nous reviendrons plus particulièrement.
La marque, levier stratégique dans le monde des affaires du sport
Authors: Richelieu André
Published: February 2014

Cet article permet de tirer cinq enseignements sur la marque comme levier stratégique des organisations sportives. Premièrement, une marque sportive prend naissance dans un produit concurrentiel qui entretient l’espoir des fans. Deuxièmement, pour ne pas diluer la marque, il convient de trouver un équilibre entre le noyau et les caractéristiques auxiliaires du produit sportif. Troisièmement, plus les supporters sont impliqués, plus ils se sentent attachés à leur équipe, au point de l’internaliser et de se l’approprier, et ainsi de devenir des « fans-acteurs ». Quatrièmement, avec la mondialisation du sport, de nouvelles occasions s’offrent aux organisations occidentales, que certaines tardent malheureusement à saisir. Enfin, la mondialisation du sport ouvre ses portes aux pays émergents; ces nouveaux acteurs redéfinissent les contours de l’écosystème des affaires du sport ( sport business ).
Le marketing du sport : réflexions de dirigeants européen et canadien
Authors: Richelieu André , Partipilo Anthony , Durbac Bobby
Published: February 2014

Cet article résume la rencontre réalisée avec deux dirigeants chevronnés qui sont pleinement engagés dans le marketing du sport. Anthony Partipilo évoque son expérience de gestion avec le club de baseball, les Blue Jays de Toronto, tandis que Bobby Durbac possède une expérience de marketing avec une équipe professionnelle de soccer en Roumanie. Il ressort de leurs propos que le marketing du sport implique d’établir un lien direct avec les fans actuels et potentiels et de rapprocher le monde du sport du monde des affaires. Pour cela, il faut concevoir des activités – notamment au moyen de la technologie – qui feront vivre aux fans une expérience de divertissement unique, en plus d’apporter des revenus supplémentaires au club et une visibilité accrue aux commanditaires. Ainsi, toute organisation sportive devrait placer les fans au centre de ses priorités et les inciter à interagir le plus possible avec le club.
La participation des consommateurs aux campagnes publicitaires : ses formes, ses avantages et ses limites
Authors: Divard Ronan
Published: February 2014

Depuis l’avènement du Web 2.0 s’est développé le marketing participatif, qui vise à faire des consommateurs des acteurs du marketing des organisations. On observe notamment un fort développement des opérations qui ont pour but de faire participer les consommateurs à la création ou au choix des publicités. Cet article tente de répondre à deux questions fondamentales : pourquoi s’engager dans une opération publicitaire participative et comment le faire de manière efficace? Après avoir présenté les différentes formes que peut revêtir une opération de publicité participative, nous mettons en évidence les avantages potentiels, mais également les limites et les risques d’une telle opération, ainsi que ses conditions de succès.
Comment transmettre l'entreprise familiale à plusieurs enfants ?
Authors: Cisneros Martinez Luis Felipe , Deschamps Bérangère
Published: February 2014

Transmettre son entreprise à tous ses enfants peut sembler la solution rêvée pour un dirigeant, dans la mesure où ces derniers sont compétents et volontaires. Mais la manière de procéder n’est pas si simple : s’agit-il de transférer de manière égale la propriété et la direction ? Comment le prédécesseur transmet-il l’entreprise à plusieurs successeurs ? Comment ces successeurs s’organisent-ils pour diriger ensemble l’entreprise ? Cet article décrit les difficultés qu’une telle situation entraîne, illustre celles-ci au moyen de neuf minicas et propose cinq conseils susceptibles d’aider les praticiens, les consultants et les dirigeants d’entreprise à optimiser le succès de tels transferts d’entreprise à plusieurs membres d’une fratrie.
Application of Factor Analysis in Policy Decision
Authors: Verma J. P.
Published: February 2014

Public policy is a major focus in the government agenda. To identify the factors that govern the implementation of different policy in public or private sectors, researchers may use certain advanced multivariate statistical techniques. One such tool is the factor analysis, which can be implemented to resolve varieties of policy-related research issues to an extent. Factor Analysis may provide useful inputs to decision makers to focus on a limited number of factors rather than a large number of parameters while making practically implementable policy. The factor analysis is a multivariate technique that is used to reduce the large number of variables into few underlying factors to explain the variability of the group characteristics. The factor analysis can also be used to develop a test battery for assessing group characteristics. This chapter deals with explaining factor analysis in detail along with explaining different situations where it can be used in the policy framework. Further, to clarify the functionality involved in factor analysis, a solved example related to policy issue is discussed by using the SPSS software.
A Formal Knowledge Retrieval System for Cognitive Computers and Cognitive Robotics
Authors: Wang Yingxu , Tian Yousheng
Published: February 2014

Intelligent knowledge base theories and technologies are fundamentally centric in machine learning and cognitive robotics. This paper presents the design of a formal knowledge retrieval system (FKTS) for intelligent knowledge base modeling and manipulations based on concept algebra. In order to rigorously design and implement FKTS, real-time process algebra (RTPA) is adopted to formally describe the architectures and behaviors of FKTS. The architectural model of FKTS in the form of a set of unified structure models (USMs) is rigorously described. On the basis of USMs, functional models of FKTS are hierarchically refined by a set of unified process models (UPMs). The UPMs of FFTS are divided into two subsystems known as those of the knowledge visualization and knowledge base retrieval subsystems where the content-addressed searching mechanism is implemented in knowledge bases manipulations. The FKTS system is design and implemented as a part of the cognitive learning engine (CLE) for cognitive computers and cognitive robots.
Combined Inhibition of Complement and CD14 Efficiently Attenuated the Inflammatory Response Induced byStaphylococcus aureusin a Human Whole Blood Model
Authors: Skjeflo Espen W. , Christiansen Dorte , Espevik Terje , Nielsen Erik W. , Mollnes Tom E.
Published: February 2014

The complement and TLR systems are activated in sepsis, contributing to an unfavorable inflammatory “storm.” Combined inhibition of these systems has been documented to efficiently attenuate the inflammatory responses induced by Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, we hypothesized that the combined inhibition would attenuate the inflammatory responses induced by Gram-positive bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (strains Cowan and Wood), as well as S. aureus cell wall lipoteichoic acid (LTA), were incubated in thrombin-inhibited human whole blood. Complement was inhibited at the level of C3 and C5, and the TLRs by inhibiting CD14 and TLR2. Thirty-four inflammatory markers were measured by multiplex technology and flow cytometry. Thirteen markers increased significantly in response to Cowan and Wood, and 12 in response to LTA. Combined inhibition with the C3 inhibitor compstatin and the anti-CD14 Ab 18D11 significantly reduced 92 (Cowan, LTA) and 85% (Wood) of these markers. Compstatin alone significantly reduced 54 (Cowan), 38 (Wood), and 83% (LTA), whereas anti-CD14 alone significantly reduced 23, 15, and 67%, respectively. Further experiments showed that the effects of complement inhibition were mainly due to inhibition of C5a interaction with the C5a receptor. The effects on inhibiting CD14 and TLR2 were similar. The combined regimen was more efficient toward the bacterial effects than either complement or anti-CD14 inhibition alone. Complement was responsible for activation of and phagocytosis by both granulocytes and monocytes. Disrupting upstream recognition by inhibiting complement and CD14 efficiently attenuated S. aureus–induced inflammation and might be a promising treatment in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive sepsis.
Pharmacologic Inhibition of RORγt Regulates Th17 Signature Gene Expression and Suppresses Cutaneous Inflammation In Vivo
Authors: Skepner Jill , Ramesh Radha , Trocha Mark , Schmidt Darby , Baloglu Erkan , Lobera Mercedes , Carlson Thaddeus , Hill Jonathan , Orband-Miller Lisa A. , Barnes Ashley , Boudjelal Mohamed , Sundrud Mark , Ghosh Shomir , Yang Jianfei
Published: February 2014

IL-17–producing CD4+Th17 cells, CD8+Tc17 cells, and γδ T cells play critical roles in the pathogenesis of autoimmune psoriasis. RORγt is required for the differentiation of Th17 cells and expression of IL-17. In this article, we describe a novel, potent, and selective RORγt inverse agonist (TMP778), and its inactive diastereomer (TMP776). This chemistry, for the first time to our knowledge, provides a unique and powerful set of tools to probe RORγt-dependent functions. TMP778, but not TMP776, blocked human Th17 and Tc17 cell differentiation and also acutely modulated IL-17A production and inflammatory Th17-signature gene expression (Il17a, Il17f, Il22, Il26, Ccr6, and Il23) in mature human Th17 effector/memory T cells. In addition, TMP778, but not TMP776, inhibited IL-17A production in both human and mouse γδ T cells. IL-23–induced IL-17A production was also blocked by TMP778 treatment. In vivo targeting of RORγt in mice via TMP778 administration reduced imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like cutaneous inflammation. Further, TMP778 selectively regulated Th17-signature gene expression in mononuclear cells isolated from both the blood and affected skin of psoriasis patients. In summary, to our knowledge, we are the first to demonstrate that RORγt inverse agonists: 1) inhibit Tc17 cell differentiation, as well as IL-17 production by γδ T cells and CD8+ Tc17 cells; 2) block imiquimod-induced cutaneous inflammation; 3) inhibit Th17 signature gene expression by cells isolated from psoriatic patient samples; and 4) block IL-23–induced IL-17A expression. Thus, RORγt is a tractable drug target for the treatment of cutaneous inflammatory disorders, which may afford additional therapeutic benefit over existing modalities that target only IL-17A.
Temporal Lineage Tracing of Aire-Expressing Cells Reveals a Requirement for Aire in Their Maturation Program
Authors: Nishikawa Yumiko , Nishijima Hitoshi , Matsumoto Minoru , Morimoto Junko , Hirota Fumiko , Takahashi Satoru , Luche Hervé , Fehling Hans Joerg , Mouri Yasuhiro , Matsumoto Mitsuru
Published: February 2014

Understanding the cellular dynamics of Aire-expressing lineage(s) among medullary thymic epithelial cells (AEL-mTECs) is essential for gaining insight into the roles of Aire in establishment of self-tolerance. In this study, we monitored the maturation program of AEL-mTECs by temporal lineage tracing, in which bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mice expressing tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase under control of the Aire regulatory element were crossed with reporter strains. We estimated that the half-life of AEL-mTECs subsequent to Aire expression was ∼7–8 d, which was much longer than that reported previously, owing to the existence of a post-Aire stage. We found that loss of Aire did not alter the overall lifespan of AEL-mTECs, inconsistent with the previous notion that Aire expression in medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) might result in their apoptosis for efficient cross-presentation of self-antigens expressed by AEL-mTECs. In contrast, Aire was required for the full maturation program of AEL-mTECs, as exemplified by the lack of physiological downregulation of CD80 during the post-Aire stage in Aire-deficient mice, thus accounting for the abnormally increased CD80high mTECs seen in such mice. Of interest, increased CD80high mTECs in Aire-deficient mice were not mTEC autonomous and were dependent on cross-talk with thymocytes. These results further support the roles of Aire in the differentiation program of AEL-mTECs.
Practical Theology and providing service: The service through love of the Mamas Africa in the South African society
Authors: Du Plessis Amanda L.
Published: February 2014

A fundamental principle of the Christian faith is that man is saved by the grace and by faith in the Triune God, not by deeds. Yet, James emphasises the importance of works after the Christian has been saved. Jesus said during his ministry on earth that he did not come to be served, but to serve. Faith is therefore seen in deeds, specifically deeds of love, that is, deeds that indicate that the Christian is not leading an egocentric life anymore, but a life characterised by considering his or her fellow human beings and reaching out to them. Eighteen years after apartheid, South Africa is still a country striving to build a nation and to be healed. Marches and protests against poor public service deliveries have become a well-known sight in society. Despite the larger picture of inadequate service, there are those who serve their fellow humans and society every day. The Mamas Africa utilising the minimum resources available, are examples of people who make a difference in society every day. The concept Mama Africa indicates all women from all races who are making a difference in the South African society by promoting mutual bonding. The motivation for their deeds is a deep faith in God, who is the source of hope and a conviction that a Christian has to serve others.
Encephalitis-Associated Hospitalizations among American Indians and Alaska Natives
Authors: Mehal Jason M. , Holman Robert C. , Vora Neil M. , Blanton Jesse , Gordon Paul H. , Cheek James E.
Published: February 2014

Encephalitis produces considerable morbidity in the United States, but morbidity rates among American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) people have not been described. Hospitalization records listing an encephalitis diagnosis were analyzed by using Indian Health Service direct/contract inpatient data. For 1998–2010, there were 436 encephalitis-associated hospitalizations among AI/AN people, an average annual age-adjusted hospitalization rate of 3.1/100,000 population. The rate for infants (11.9) was more than double that for any other age group. Death occurred for 4.1% of hospitalizations. Consistent with reports for the general U.S. population, the rate was high among infants and most (53.9%) hospitalizations were of unexplained etiology. The average annual rate during the study period appeared lower than for the general U.S. population, due particularly to lower rates in the elderly. Future community-based surveillance and mortality studies are needed to confirm these findings and examine reasons underlying the low rates of encephalitis in AI/AN people.
Epidemiology and Control of Child Toxocariasis in the Western Brazilian Amazon – A Population-Based Study
Authors: Oliart-Guzmán Humberto , Delfino Breno M. , Martins Antonio C. , Mantovani Saulo A. S. , Braña Athos M. , Pereira Thasciany M. , Branco Fernando L. C. C. , Ramalho Alanderson A. , Campos Rhanderson G. , Fontoura Pablo S. , de Araujo Thiago S. , de Oliveira Cristieli S. M. , Muniz Pascoal T. , Rubinsky-Elefant Guita , Codeço Cláudia T. , da Silva-Nunes Mônica
Published: February 2014

Toxocara spp. infection and the seroconversion rate in the Amazon have been poorly investigated. This study analyzed individual and household-level risk factors for the presence of IgG antibodies to Toxocara spp. in urban Amazonian children over a period of 7 years and evaluated the seroconversion rates over a 1-year follow-up. In children < 59 months of age, the overall prevalence rate was 28.08% in 2003 and 23.35% in 2010. The 2010–2011 seroconversion rates were 13.90% for children 6–59 months of age and 12.30% for children 84–143 months of age. Multilevel logistic regression analysis identified child age, previous wheezing, and current infection with hookworm as significant associated factors for Toxocara spp. seropositivity in 2003. In 2010, age, previous helminthiasis, and having a dog were associated with seropositivity, whereas having piped water inside the household was a protective factor. Control programs mainly need to target at-risk children, water quality control, and animal deworming strategies.
A Phase One Safety Study of Lactobacillus reuteri Conducted in the Peruvian Amazon: Observations from the Field
Authors: Oberhelman Richard A. , Kosek Margaret N. , Peñataro-Yori Pablo , Paredes-Olórtegui Maribel , Connolly Eamonn
Published: February 2014

Clinical research on probiotics presents challenging issues for researchers, regulators, and funding agencies, and these issues become more complex when United States federally funded research is conducted outside the United States. Here, we describe the design and results of a Phase I safety study of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 conducted as a community-based trial under the Food and Drug Administration Investigative New Drug (FDA IND) program in a small town in the Peruvian Amazon. Forty-five healthy adults 18 to 65 years of age were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to receive either Lactobacillus reuteri 108 organisms once daily for 5 days or an identical appearing placebo. Results showed no evidence of invasive infection resulting from probiotic administration and no differences between groups. Although we encountered several challenges in conducting an FDA-approved safety trial in this setting, the rigorously collected contextually relevant data will be very valuable to support later Phase II/III studies of L. reuteri for use in similar settings.
Ambient measurements of biological aerosol particles near Killarney, Ireland: a comparison between real-time fluorescence and microscopy techniques
Authors: Healy D. A. , Huffman J. A. , O'Connor D. J. , Pöhlker C. , Pöschl U. , Sodeau J. R.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Primary biological aerosol particles (PBAP) can contribute significantly to the coarse particle burden in many environments, may thus influence climate and precipitation systems as cloud nuclei, and can spread disease to humans, animals, and plants. Measurements of PBAP in natural environments taken at high time- and size- resolution are, however, sparse and so large uncertainties remain in the role that biological particles play in the Earth system. In this study two commercial real-time fluorescence particle sensors and a Sporewatch single-stage particle impactor were operated continuously from 2 August to 2 September 2010 at a rural sampling location in Killarney National Park in south western Ireland. A cascade impactor was operated periodically to collect size-resolved particles during exemplary periods. Here we report the first ambient comparison of the waveband integrated bioaerosol sensor (WIBS-4) with the ultraviolet aerodynamic particle sizer (UV-APS) and also compare these real-time fluorescence techniques with results of fluorescence and optical microscopy of impacted samples. Both real-time instruments showed qualitatively similar behaviour, with increased fluorescent bioparticle concentrations at night when relative humidity was highest and temperature was lowest. The fluorescent particle number from the FL3 channel of the WIBS-4 and from the UV-APS were strongly correlated and dominated by a 3 μm mode in the particle size distribution. The WIBS FL2 channel exhibited particle modes at approx. 1 and 3 μm, and each were correlated with the concentration of fungal spores commonly observed in air samples collected at the site (ascospores, basidiospores, Ganoderma spp.). The WIBS FL1 channel exhibited variable multi-modal distributions turning into a broad featureless single mode after averaging and exhibited poor correlation with fungal spore concentrations, which may be due to the detection of bacterial and non-biological fluorescent particles. Cladosporium spp., which are among the most abundant fungal spores in many terrestrial environments, were not correlated with any of the real-time fluorescence channels, suggesting that the real-time fluorescence instruments are insensitive to PBAP classes with dark, highly absorptive cell walls. Fluorescence microscopy images of cascade impactor plates showed large numbers of coarse mode particles consistent with the morphology and weak fluorescence expected of sea salt. Some of these particles were attached to biological cells, suggesting that a marine source influenced the PBAP observed at the site and that the ocean may be an important contributor to PBAP loadings in coastal environments.
Surface matters: limitations of CALIPSO V3 aerosol typing in coastal regions
Authors: Kanitz T. , Ansmann A. , Foth A. , Seifert P. , Wandinger U. , Engelmann R. , Baars H. , Althausen D. , Casiccia C. , Zamorano F.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. In the CALIPSO data analysis the surface type (land/ocean) is used to augment the aerosol characterization. However, this surface-dependent aerosol typing prohibits a correct classification of sea-breeze-related marine aerosol over land. This might result in a systematic overestimation of the particle extinction coefficient and of the aerosol optical thickness (AOT) of up to a factor of 3.5 over land in coastal areas. We present a long-term comparison of CALIPSO and ground-based lidar observations of the aerosol conditions in the coastal environment of southern Latin America (Punta Arenas, Chile, 53° S), performed in December 2009–April 2010. Punta Arenas is almost entirely influenced by marine particles throughout the year, indicated by a rather low AOT of 0.02–0.04. However, we found an unexpectedly high fraction of continental aerosol in the aerosol types inferred by means of CALIOP observations and, correspondingly, too high particle extinction values. Similar features of the CALIOP data analysis are presented for four other coastal areas around the world. Since CALIOP data serve as important input for global climate models, the influence of this systematic error was estimated by means of simplified radiative-transfer calculations.
Impacts of sea ice on the marine iron cycle and phytoplankton productivity
Authors: Wang S. , Bailey D. , Lindsay K. , Moore K. , Holland M.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Iron is a key nutrient for phytoplankton growth in the surface ocean. At high latitudes, the iron cycle is closely related to sea ice. In recent decades, Arctic sea ice cover has been declining rapidly and Antarctic sea ice has exhibited large regional trends. A significant reduction of sea ice in both hemispheres is projected in future climate scenarios. To study impacts of sea ice on the iron cycle, iron sequestration in ice is incorporated to the Biogeochemical Elemental Cycling (BEC) model. Sea ice acts as a reservoir of iron during winter and releases iron to the surface ocean in spring and summer. Simulated iron concentrations in sea ice generally agree with observations, in regions where iron concentrations are lower. The maximum iron concentrations simulated in the Arctic sea ice and the Antarctic sea ice are 192 nM and 134 nM, respectively. These values are much lower than observed, which is likely due to missing biological processes in sea ice. The largest iron source to sea ice is suspended sediments, contributing fluxes of iron of 2.2 × 108 mol Fe month−1 to the Arctic and 4.1 × 106 mol Fe month−1 to the Southern Ocean during summer. As a result of the iron flux from ice, iron concentrations increase significantly in the Arctic. Iron released from melting ice increases phytoplankton production in spring and summer and shifts phytoplankton community composition in the Southern Ocean. Simulation results for the period of 1998 to 2007 indicate that a reduction of sea ice in the Southern Ocean will have a negative influence on phytoplankton production. Iron transport by sea ice appears to be an important process bringing iron to the central Arctic. Impacts of iron fluxes from ice to ocean on marine ecosystems are negligible in the current Arctic Ocean, as iron is not typically the growth-limiting nutrient. However, it may become a more important factor in the future, particularly in the central Arctic, as iron concentrations will decrease with declining sea ice cover and transport.
Coupled ice sheet–climate modeling under glacial and pre-industrial boundary conditions
Authors: Ziemen F. A. , Rodehacke C. B. , Mikolajewicz U.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. We studied the climate of the last glacial maximum (LGM) in a set of coupled ice sheet–climate model experiments. They are based on the standard Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project Phase 2 (PMIP-2) experiments and extend the PMIP-2 (and PMIP-3) protocol by explicitly modeling the ice sheets. This adds a new layer of complexity and yields a set of ice sheets and climate that interact and are consistent with each other. We studied the behavior of the ice sheets and the climate system and compared our results to proxy data. The setup consists of the atmosphere-ocean-vegetation general circulation model ECHAM5/MPIOM/LPJ bidirectionally coupled with the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM). We validated the setup by comparing the LGM experiment results with proxy data and by performing a pre-industrial control run. In both cases, the results agree reasonably well with reconstructions and observations. This shows that the model system adequately represents large, non-linear climate perturbations. Under LGM boundary conditions, the surface air temperature decreases by 3.5 K, and the precipitation north of 45° N by 0.12 m yr−1 (−18%) compared to the pre-industrial conditions. The North Atlantic Deep Water cell strengthens from 17.0 to 22.1 Sv (1 Sv = 106 m3 s−1) and the deep water formation shifts from the Labrador and GIN Seas to southeast of Iceland. Under LGM boundary conditions, different ice sheet configurations imply different locations of deep water formation. The major ice streams form in topographic troughs. In large parts, the modeled ice stream locations agree with sedimentary seafloor deposits. Most ice streams show recurring surges. The Hudson Strait Ice Stream surges with an ice volume equivalent to about 5 m sea level and a recurrence interval of about 7000 yr.
Numerical modeling and analysis of the effect of Greek complex topography on tornado genesis
Authors: Matsangouras I. T. , Pytharoulis I. , Nastos P. T.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Tornadoes have been reported in Greece over the last decades in specific sub-geographical areas and have been associated with strong synoptic forcing. It is well known that meteorological conditions over Greece are affected at various scales by the significant variability of topography, the Ionian Sea at the west and the Aegean Sea at the east. However, there is still uncertainty regarding topography's importance on tornadic generation and development. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of topography in significant tornado genesis events that were triggered under strong synoptic scale forcing over Greece. Three tornado events that occurred over the last years in Thiva (Boeotia, 17 November 2007), Vrastema (Chalkidiki, 12 February 2010) and Vlychos (Lefkada, 20 September 2011) have been selected for numerical experiments. These events were associated with synoptic scale forcing, while their intensity was T4–T5 (Torro scale) and caused significant damage. The simulations were performed using the non-hydrostatic Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF), initialized with ECMWF gridded analyses, with telescoping nested grids that allow the representation of atmospheric circulations ranging from the synoptic scale down to the meso scale. In the experiments the topography of the inner grid was modified by: (a) 0% (actual topography) and (b) −100% (without topography). The aim was to determine whether the occurrence of tornadoes – mainly identified by various severe weather instability indices – could be indicated by modifying topography. The main utilized instability variables concerned the Bulk Richardson number shear (BRN), the energy helicity index (EHI), the storm-relative environmental helicity (SRH) and the maximum convective available potential energy (MCAPE, for parcel with maximum theta-e). Additional a verification of model was conducted for every sensitivity experiment accompanied with analysis absolute vorticity budget. Numerical simulations revealed that the complex topography was denoted as an important factor during 17 November 2007 and 12 February 2010 events, based on EHI and BRN analyses. Topography around 20 September 2011 event was characterized as the least factor based on EHI, SRH, BRN analyses.
Is there a layer deep in the Earth that uncouples heat from mechanical work?
Authors: Burns S. J. , Burns S. P.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. The thermal expansion coefficient is presented as the coupling between heat energy and mechanical work. It is shown that when heat and work are uncoupled then very unusual material properties occurs: for example, acoustic p waves are not damped and heat is not generated from mechanical motion. It is found that at pressures defined by the bulk modulus divided by the Anderson–Grüneisen parameter, then the thermal expansion coefficient approaches zero in linear-elastic models. Very large pressures always reduce thermal expansion coefficients; the importance of a very small or even negative thermal expansion coefficient is discussed in relation to physical processes deep in the core and mantle of Earth. Models of the thermal expansion coefficients based on interatomic potentials which are always relegated to isometric conditions preclude any changes in volume due to temperature changes. However, it is known that the pressures in the Earth are large enough to effectively reduce thermal expansion coefficients to near zero which decouples heat from mechanical work.
Micro-Sized Enterprises, Innovation and Universities: A Welsh Perspective
Authors: Jones Paul , Patz Ralf , Thomas Brychan , McCarthy Simon
Published: February 2014

This study considers the linkage between micro-sized enterprises and other organizations, especially universities, in relation to the innovation process. The focus of the research is on non-start-up enterprises in Wales and how they develop their products. The research methodology adopted is a thematic literature review and the case study approach. The findings demonstrate that there are additional barriers to innovation in terms of legislation and regulation when micro-sized enterprises endeavour to overcome their knowledge gap through collaborating with universities. It is noted that there has been minimal research examining the knowledge gap encountered by micro-sized enterprises and how they attempt to overcome the barriers to collaborating with universities.
The Interplay of Entrepreneurial and Network Activities in the Entrepreneurial Process
Authors: Pellinen Katja
Published: February 2014

Research on the entrepreneurial process has focused on either structural or agency-related aspects from the point of view of an individual entrepreneurial actor, while the concrete activities and their relationality have gained less scholarly attention. This study analyses the interplay between entrepreneurial and network activities in the entrepreneurial process through a case study of technology incubator firms. The study shows how entrepreneurial actors' understanding of their resources and positions varies and develops during the process, and how they use networks and relationships in various ways. The results help to explain the variety inherent in entrepreneurial processes and highlight the multifaceted role of networks in those processes.
Sustainable High-Growth Entrepreneurship
Authors: Gabrielsson Jonas , Dahlstrand Åsa Lindholm , Politis Diamanto
Published: February 2014

The importance of high-growth entrepreneurship is widely acknowledged. Previous studies, however, have shown that only a few rapidly growing firms manage to sustain their growth trajectory over long periods. This paper addresses high-growth entrepreneurship in the Scania region of Sweden. The authors analyse a sample of high-growth firms and find that only a minority exhibit sustained high growth. They also compare sustainable high-growth firms with temporary high-growth firms, using unique data about their innovation and R&D activities. The analysis shows that sustainable high-growth firms are more often involved in activities aimed at developing and improving existing production processes, and are also less committed to international operations in new foreign markets. The results can be used to advise policy makers on how to understand and support high-growth entrepreneurship in regional innovation systems.
Can Farmers Receive Their Expected Seasonal Tomato Price in Ghana? A Probit Regression Analysis
Authors: Attoh Caleb , Martey Edward , Kwadzo G.T. M. , Etwire Prince M. , Wiredu Alexander N.
Published: February 2014

Tomato price is an important indicator for farmers to continue producing the crop in Ghana. There are sometimes alleged reports that farmers tend to commit suicide when they are unable to meet their expected tomato price and thereby unable to recover their cost of production. However, data available indicate that the domestic production of fresh tomato is on the decline. The paper therefore, assesses the factors that affect whether or not farmers can receive their expected tomato price. A multistaged sample survey of 215 farmers across three regions was subjected to the binomial probit model. Results indicate that for farmers to receive their expected price, they have to adapt to produce the crop in the drier seasons, where tomato shortage can be observed. Farmer education and experience are also important factors that are likely to help farmers receive their expected tomato price. The studytherefore recommends the promotion of strategies that are cost reducing especially in the dry season and also to improve access to critical production techniques.
A Stakeholder–Human Capital Perspective on the Link between Social Performance and Executive Compensation
Authors: Madsen Peter M. , Bingham John B.
Published: February 2014

The link between firm corporate social performance (CSP) and executive compensation could be driven by a sorting effect (a firm’s CSP is related to the initial levels of compensation of newly hired executives), or by an incentive effect (incumbent executives are rewarded for past firm CSP). Existing empirical work focuses exclusively on the incentive effect. In contrast, in this paper we explore the sorting effect of firm CSP on the initial compensation of newly hired executives. In doing so, we develop a novel theoretical approach based on an integration of stakeholder theory and human capital theory, suggesting a positive association between the initial compensation of executives and firm CSP strengths and concerns. It also suggests that the strength of this relationship varies between different executive roles (as a function of stakeholder-management responsibilities). We find support for this theoretical framework in a large sample of newly-hired executives employed by Standard & Poor 1500 firms.
The Oncological Outcome of HIFU for the Treatment of Localized Prostate Cancer
Authors: Francesco Ziglioli  , Umberto Maestroni
Published: February 2014

Introduction: Prostate cancer is considered one of the most important health problems. Due to the increased number of diagnosed patients and the inability to distinguish aggressive tumors, minimally-invasive procedures have become increasingly interesting. High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is an alternative option to radical surgery to treat prostate cancer. To date, however, no data are available on the efficacy of this technique in comparison to standard treatment. Methods and Results: We reviewed the literature to concentrate on the oncological outcome of HIFU treatment of prostate cancer with the following key words: hifu, high intensity focused ultrasound, ultrasonic therapy, transrectal hifu, prostate ablation. MedLine and Embase via Ovid database were searched. Selection criteria were: English language, articles published between 2006 and 2013, case series including more than 150 participants and reported data on oncological outcome. Thirteen uncontrolled studies were identified. No randomized controlled trials (RCT) were found in the literature comparing HIFU to other routine approaches to prostate cancer treatment. Conclusion: HIFU seems to be a promising minimally-invasive treatment for low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer, especially for patients who are unfit for radical surgery. Prospective studies with longer follow-up periods and RCT are required to properly assess the benefits of HIFU and to compare this treatment with standard treatment.