bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation of an efficient catalyst through injection of CuI on modified poly (styrene‐co‐maleic anhydride) and theoretical investigation of the structural and electronic properties of catalyst
Authors: Zoghi Rozita , Heravi Majid M. , Montazeri Naser , Zeydi Masoud Mohammadi , Hosseinnejad Tayebeh
Published: January 2020

A novel polymer supported [poly (styrene‐co‐maleic imide) (SMI)]Cu(I) nano‐particles was prepared via in situ reaction of 4‐amino‐5‐methyl‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐thione with [poly (styrene‐co‐maleic anhydride)] (SMA) along with immobilization of CuI. These nano‐particles were fully characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis, Xray (EDAX), inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis, 1H NMR and FT‐IR techniques. Moreover, the structural and electronic features of metal–ligand interactions in the complex model of polymer‐supported copper nanocatalyst were assessed using density functional theory calculations. The catalytic activity of these supported Cu(I) nonoparticles was examined in one of the classiest name reaction so–called “click reaction” which is coined K. B Sharpless for the regioselective synthesis of 1,2,3‐triazole derivatives using a multicomponent reaction (MCR) involving benzyl halides, sodium azide and terminal alkynes in water as a green solvent. This heterogeneous catalyst showed excellent catalytic activity and was separated by simple filtration and was used at least in five consecutive runs without a significant decrease in its activity.
Biodegradable starch particles for controlled release applications: Swelling and leaching mechanisms
Authors: Dias Maia Juliana , Schmiele Marcio , Ubbink Job , Prata Ana Silvia
Published: January 2020

Starch‐extruded particles have only found infrequent use as delivery systems for active ingredients. We have previously shown that these particles are attractive for releasing hydrophobic compounds in water media. Here, we cover a range of amylose–amylopectin ratios and evaluate the presence of the thyme essential oil (TEO) as active compound to understand the dominant release mechanism in relation to the physicochemical properties of the starch matrices. Starch blends with high amylopectin content (1.8 and 15% amylose) could not be shaped into regular particles. For amylose contents higher than 28%, the equilibrium degree of swelling in water decreased with increasing amylose contents, from nearly 300% for an amylose content of 28–90% at an amylose content of 70%. For both lowest amylose contents, 1.8 and 15%, leaching of solids and disintegration of the particles resulted in a low apparent degree of swelling. The presence of TEO reduces the degree of swelling of the gelatinized starch matrix. This is explained by the formation of thymol–amylose complexes, which is confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis and X‐ray diffraction.
Highly robust and transparent flexible cover window films based on UV‐curable polysilsesquioxane nano sol
Authors: Kim Do‐Gwan , Jung Bokyung , Kim Kang‐Han , Cho Kuk Young , Jeong Yong‐Cheol
Published: January 2020

Flexible cover window films based on the ultraviolet‐curable polysilsesquioxane are prepared to have enhanced mechanical, optical properties, and bending performance. To figure out the factors determining those properties, post–treatment conditions are varied into the light source, temperature, and relative humidity. Then, the effect of such variables is examined in respect of surface hardness, yellow index (YI), and bending cycle reliability of flexible hard coating. Also, the effect of photoinitiator type in terms of their chemical structure is also investigated. Notably, the relative humidity and thermal treatment are more effective to enhance the mechanical properties rather than light exposure. Indeed, compared to that of reference condition, the cover windows treated with 99% relative humidity and thermal aging at 85°C exhibit improved surface hardness by 24.4 and 19.5%, respectively. However, only the relative humidity is rather effective to enhance the optical properties such as the YI by lowering to the most 2.6. The YI is also improved by varying the chemical structure of the photoinitiator. By virtue of post–treatment and a different photoinitiator, we could achieve flexible cover window films with bending reliability at bending radius of 3 mm for 100,000 cycles, showing good mechanical and optical properties simultaneously.
Highly efficient supported AlCl3‐based cationic catalysts to produce polyα‐olefin oil base stocks
Authors: Dehghani Sevda , Hanifpour Ahad , Nekoomanesh‐Haghighi Mehdi , Sadjadi Samahe , Mirmohammadi Seyed Amin , Farhadi Ali , Bahri‐Laleh Naeimeh
Published: January 2020

The main aim of this research is to decrease the amount of AlCl3content that is very corrosive and hazardous in the catalytic system, required for the α‐olefin oligomerization without substantial change of final oil features. This was successfully achieved by supporting AlCl3on different carriers. More precisely, a series of supported bimetallic catalysts was synthesized by immobilization of AlCl3and TiCl4onto Al2O3, SiO2, and mixed supports, that is, Al2O3/FeCl3and SiO2/FeCl3. It was found that silica and alumina‐based catalysts had higher catalytic activities compared to support free AlCl3; however, this enhancement for silica‐based supports was more significant. According to gel permeation chromatography (GPC) results, the use of single supports, that is, Al2O3and SiO2, increased oligomer's molecular weight, while the application of mixed supports resulted in the decrease of molecular weight of the oligomers. Viscosity characteristics of the synthesized oligomers have also been studied at two different temperatures of 40 and 100°C (KV40and KV100). The viscosity index (VI) values, derived from KV40and KV100, of the prepared oligomers were in the range of 126–145. The molecular weight and termination mechanisms of the oligomers were studied by1H‐NMR spectroscopy. The obtained results disclosed that the employed reaction conditions led to the production of oligomer chains with various structures including vinylidene (Vd), and di and three‐substituted vinylene (2Vn, 3Vn) structures.
Phylogeography, genetic stocks, and conservation implications for an Australian endemic marine turtle
Authors: FitzSimmons Nancy N. , Pittard Stewart D. , McIntyre Nathan , Jensen Michael P. , Guinea Mick , Hamann Mark , Kennett Rod , Leis Brett , Limpus Colin J. , Limpus Duncan J. , McCann Megan J. , MacDonald Anna J. , McFarlane Glenn , Parmenter C. John , Pendoley Kellie , Prince Robert T. , Scheltinga Leigh , Theissinger Kathrin , Tucker Anton D. , Waayers David , Whiting Andrea , Whiting Scott
Published: January 2020

Identification of the geographic extent of population boundaries, the distribution of genetic lineages, and the amount of genetic exchange among breeding groups is needed for effective conservation of vulnerable marine migratory species. This is particularly true of the flatback turtle (Natator depressus), which only breeds in Australia but has extensive migrations that can include international waters.

This study investigated the phylogeography and genetic structure among 17 flatback turtle rookeries across their range by sequencing an 810 bp portion of the mitochondrial DNA in 889 samples and genotyping 10 microsatellite loci in 598 samples.

There was low phylogenetic divergence among haplotypes and evidence of recent population expansion, likely in the late Pleistocene. A predominant haplotype was found across all rookeries, but other haplotype groups were regionally specific.

In general, there was agreement in patterns of genetic differentiation in the mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite data, and in some pairwise comparisons a higher mutation rate of microsatellites provided stronger evidence of differentiation.

These results suggest natal philopatry operates in the choice of breeding locations for males as well as females.

Evidence of genetic connectivity among neighbouring rookeries led to the identification of seven genetic stocks. Geographic boundaries of rookeries used by genetic stocks varied widely (160–1,300 km), highlighting a need for field studies to better understand movement patterns.

Hierarchical analysis of molecular variance identified significant genetic differentiation based upon genetic stock, nesting phenology (summer vs. winter nesters), and a west–east discontinuity across Torres Strait. A pattern of isolation by distance was identified, which was most strongly observed in the microsatellite data.

In combination with tagging and telemetry studies, these results will allow better quantification of stock‐specific threats along migratory routes and in foraging habitats. Implications of climate change will be stock specific and may depend upon the extent of genetic connectivity between neighbouring stocks.
Assessment gaps and biases in knowledge of conservation status of fishes
Authors: Miqueleiz Imanol , Bohm Monika , Ariño Arturo Hugo , Miranda Rafael
Published: January 2020

More than 33,500 fish species inhabit freshwater and marine environments, according to FishBase database records. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed the conservation status of approximately half of them, the lowest percentage in any vertebrate group.

In order to identify what factors may underlie this assessment gap, several traits were examined related to distribution, life‐history, taxonomy, conservation, and the economic relevance of species according to their assessment status. IUCN assessment patterns were explored and separate analyses were included for freshwater and marine species.

The results showed that IUCN assessments were biased towards economically developed regions, species with early description dates and species covered by current IUCN specialist groups. Species living in remote areas or habitats were more likely to be unassessed. In particular, South America had low assessment levels. Other traits such as commercial importance did not influence the assessment status of fish species.

We therefore encourage assessment in poorly assessed areas and taxonomic subgroups to prompt timely conservation action to prevent species extinctions.
Quantifying the transboundary contribution of nitrogen oxides to UK air quality
Authors: Stirling Ellen L. , Pope Richard J. , Graham Ailish M. , Chipperfield Martyn P. , Arnold Stephen R.
Published: January 2020

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) pollution is an important contributor to poor air quality (AQ) and a significant cause of premature deaths in the UK. Although transboundary (i.e., international) transport of pollution to the UK is believed to have an impact on UK pollutant concentrations, large uncertainties remain in these estimates. Therefore, the extent to which emission reductions in neighbouring countries would benefit UK AQ relative to local emission reductions also remains unknown. We have used a back‐trajectory model in conjunction with synoptic scale classifications of UK circulation patterns (Lamb Weather Types [LWT]), to quantify the accumulation of nitrogen oxide (NO
x = NO2 + NO) emissions in air masses en‐route to the UK. This novel method presents a computationally inexpensive and useful method of quantifying the accumulation of pollutants under different circulation patterns. We find the highest accumulated NO
x totals occur under south‐easterly and southerly flows (>15 μg⋅m−2), with a substantial contribution from outwith the UK (>25%). In contrast, the total accumulated NO
x under northerly and westerly flows is lower (∼10 μg⋅m−2), and dominated by UK emissions (>95%). This indicates that European emissions can contribute substantially to UK local‐scale pollution in urban areas under south‐easterly and southerly flows. The sensitivity of integrated NO
x emission totals under different air masses is investigated by modelling future European emission contributions based on emission reduction targets. Under targets set by the European Union, there would be a decrease in accumulated NO
x emissions in London under most wind directions except for north‐westerly, westerly and northerly flow. The largest benefits to UK AQ from transboundary contributions occur with emission reductions in the Benelux region, due to its close proximity and high NO
x emission rates, emphasising the importance of international cooperation in improving local AQ.
Lignin‐derived electrochemical energy materials and systems
Authors: Wu Xiaoyu , Jiang Junhua , Wang Chongmin , Liu Jian , Pu Yunqiao , Ragauskas Arthur , Li Songmei , Yang Bin
Published: January 2020

Electrode and electrolyte materials with higher performance, longer life, and lower cost need to be developed, given the substantial growing demand for advanced electrochemical energy systems. Lignin, the second most abundant natural polymer, has been successfully demonstrated to be a viable precursor or feedstock for the preparation of high‐performance electrochemical energy materials and components such as electrodes, electrolyte additives, membrane separators, and binders. Moreover, techno‐economic analyses indicate that it is possible to prepare cost‐effective carbon structures from lignin at engineering scale, in contrast with current carbon products. These facts suggest that the scalable conversion of lignin into high‐value energy materials will offer a promising pathway to not only promote the utilization and valorization of lignin but also boost the development of advanced electrochemical energy systems. This review examines cutting‐edge renewable energy materials derived from various lignin compounds and their applications in electrochemical energy systems with an emphasis on supercapacitors, rechargeable batteries, and fuel cells. Meanwhile, this review also aims to carve out the critical barriers for lignin‐derived high‐performance materials for energy applications, and to identify viable approaches for the synthesis of sustainable new energy materials. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Construction of yeast producing patchoulol by global metabolic engineering strategy
Authors: Mitsui Ryosuke , Nishikawa Riru , Yamada Ryosuke , Matsumoto Takuya , Ogino Hiroyasu
Published: January 2020

Patchoulol is a sesquiterpene alcohol found in the leaves of the patchouli plant that can be extracted by steam distillation. Notably, patchoulol is an essential natural product frequently used in the chemical industry. However, patchouli produces an insignificant amount of patchoulol, not to mention steam distillation, and requires a lot of energy and time. Recombinant microorganisms that can be cultured in mild conditions and can produce patchoulol from renewable biomass resources may be a promising alternative. We previously developed the global metabolic engineering strategy (GMES), which produces a comprehensive metabolic modification in yeast, using the cocktail δ‐integration method. In this study, we aimed to produce patchoulol by modifying engineered yeast. The expression of nine genes involved in patchoulol synthesis was modulated using GMES. Regarding patchoulol production, the resultant strain, YPH499/PAT167/MVA442, showed a concentration of 42.1 mg/L, a production rate of 8.42 mg/L/d, and a yield of 2.05 mg/g‐glucose, respectably. These concentration values, production rate, and yield obtained through batch‐fermentation in this study were high level when compared to previously reported recombinant microorganism studies. GMES could be used as a potential strategy for producing secondary metabolites from plants in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Exploiting nonionic surfactants to enhance fatty alcohol production in Rhodosporidium toruloides
Authors: Liu Di , Geiselman Gina M. , Coradetti Samuel , Cheng Ya‐Fang , Kirby James , Prahl Jan‐Philip , Jacobson Oslo , Sundstrom Eric R. , Tanjore Deepti , Skerker Jeffrey M. , Gladden John
Published: January 2020

Fatty alcohols (FOHs) are important feedstocks in the chemical industry to produce detergents, cosmetics, and lubricants. Microbial production of FOHs has become an attractive alternative to production in plants and animals due to growing energy demands and environmental concerns. However, inhibition of cell growth caused by intracellular FOH accumulation is one major issue that limits FOH titers in microbial hosts. In addition, identification of FOH‐specific exporters remains a challenge and previous studies towards this end are limited. To alleviate the toxicity issue, we exploited nonionic surfactants to promote the export of FOHs in Rhodosporidium toruloides, an oleaginous yeast that is considered an attractive next‐generation host for the production of fatty acid‐derived chemicals. Our results showed FOH export efficiency was dramatically improved and the growth inhibition was alleviated in the presence of small amounts of tergitol and other surfactants. As a result, FOH titers increase by 4.3‐fold at bench scale to 352.6 mg/L. With further process optimization in a 2‐L bioreactor, the titer was further increased to 1.6 g/L. The method we show here can potentially be applied to other microbial hosts and may facilitate the commercialization of microbial FOH production.
Processing two environmental chemical signals with a synthetic genetic IMPLY gate, a 2‐input‐2‐output integrated logic circuit, and a process pipeline to optimize its systems chemistry in Escherichia coli
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Sayak , Sarkar Kathakali , Srivastava Rajkamal , Pal Arijit , Bagh Sangram
Published: January 2020

Synthetic genetic devices can perform molecular computation in living bacteria, which may sense more than one environmental chemical signal, perform complex signal processing in a human‐designed way, and respond in a logical manner. IMPLY is one of the four fundamental logic functions and unlike others, it is an “IF‐THEN” constraint‐based logic. By adopting physical hierarchy of electronics in the realm of in‐cell systems chemistry, a full‐spectrum transcriptional cascaded synthetic genetic IMPLY gate, which senses and integrates two environmental chemical signals, is designed, fabricated, and optimized in a single Escherichia coli cell. This IMPLY gate is successfully integrated into a 2‐input‐2‐output integrated logic circuit and showed higher signal‐decoding efficiency. Further, we showed simple application of those devices by integrating them with an inherent cellular process, where we controlled the cell morphology and color in a logical manner. To fabricate and optimize the genetic devices, a new process pipeline named NETWORK Brick is developed. This pipeline allows fast parallel kinetic optimization and reduction in the unwanted kinetic influence of one DNA module over another. A mathematical model is developed and it shows that response of the genetic devices are digital‐like and are mathematically predictable. This single‐cell IMPLY gate provides the fundamental constraint‐based logic and completes the in‐cell molecular logic processing toolbox. The work has significance in the smart biosensor, artificial in‐cell molecular computation, synthetic biology, and microbiorobotics.
Breast cancer in young black women
Authors: Walsh S M , Zabor E C , Flynn J , Stempel M , Morrow M , Gemignani M L
Published: January 2020

Background

Young age at breast cancer diagnosis is associated with negative prognostic outcomes, and breast cancer in black women often manifests at a young age. This study evaluated the effect of age on breast cancer management and outcomes in black women.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study of all black women treated for invasive breast cancer between 2005 and 2010 at a specialized tertiary-care cancer centre. Clinical and treatment characteristics were compared by age. Kaplan–Meier methodology was used to estimate overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS).

Results

A total of 666 black women were identified. Median BMI was 30 (range 17–56) kg/m2 and median tumour size was 16 (1–155) mm. Most tumours were oestrogen receptor-positive (66·4 per cent). Women were stratified by age: less than 40 years (74, 11·1 per cent) versus 40 years or more (592, 88·9 per cent). Younger women were significantly more likely to have a mastectomy, axillary lymph node dissection and to receive chemotherapy, and were more likely to have lymphovascular invasion and positive lymph nodes, than older women. The 5-year OS rate was 88·0 (95 per cent c.i. 86·0 to 91·0) per cent and the 5-year DFS rate was 82·0 (79·0 to 85·0) per cent. There was no statistically significant difference in OS by age (P = 0·236). Although DFS was inferior in younger women on univariable analysis (71 versus 88 per cent; P < 0·001), no association was found with age on multivariable analysis.

Conclusion

Young black women with breast cancer had more adverse pathological factors, received more aggressive treatment, and had worse DFS on univariable analysis. Young age at diagnosis was, however, not an independent predictor of outcome.
The relative survival and cure fraction of gastric cancer estimated through flexible parametric models using data from population‐based cancer registration during 2003‐2012 in Linzhou, China
Authors: Chen Qiong , Liu Shu‐Zheng , Zhang Shao‐kai , Cao Xiao‐Qin , Li Bian‐Yun , Quan Pei‐Liang , Guo Lan‐Wei , Dong Lee , Sun Xi‐Bin , Zhang Yawei , Zhang Jian‐Gong
Published: January 2020

Purpose

The proportion of cured gastric cancer patients has drawn the attention of patients, physicians, and healthcare providers after comprehensive prevention and control measures were carried out for several years. Therefore, the relative survival and cure fraction were estimated in our study.

Methods

Population‐based cancer registration data were used to estimate survival and cure fraction. A total of 7585 gastric cancer cases (ICD10:C16.0 ~ C16.9) were extracted and included in the final analysis. Cases were diagnosed in 2003‐2012 and followed until the end of 2017. Relative survival was calculated as the ratio between the observed survival through the life‐table method. The expected survival was estimated by the Ederer II method. The cure fraction was estimated using flexible parametric cure models stratified by age and calendar period when the cases were diagnosed.

Results

The 5‐year relative survival of cardia gastric cancer increased with the calendar period of 2003‐2004, 2005‐2006, 2007‐2008, 2009‐2010, and 2011‐2012 (27.5%, 28.3%, 33.5%, 38.2%, and 46.8%, respectively). The increasing trend along with the calendar periods was also observed in cure proportion of cardia gastric cancer (24.8%, 25.2%, 31.7%, 36.0%, and 43.1%, respectively). Notable improvement of cure proportion was observed in the period of 2011‐2012, compared with the initial period of 2003‐2004. There was an improvement of 79.8% among all gastric cancer subjects, and it was 74.1% and 55.7% in cardia gastric and noncardia gastric cancer subjects, respectively. The median survival of “uncured” patients showed no significant improvement along with the calendar periods in all age groups.

Conclusions

Notable improvement of gastric cancer relative survival and cure proportion was observed in Linzhou during 2003‐2012.
Shorea roxburghii Leaf Extract Ameliorates Hyperglycemia Induced Abnormalities in High Fat/Fructose and Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Zhang Wei , Meng Jie , Liu Qian , Makinde Emmanuel Ayobami , Lin Qing , Olatunji Opeyemi Joshua
Published: January 2020

This study investigated the hypoglycemic effect of the methanol extract of Shorea roxburghii leaves (SRL) in high fat diet/high fructose solution (HFDHF) and streptozotocin (STZ) induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in rats as well as evaluating its ameliorative potentials in altered biochemical and hematological parameters in the treated rats. T2DM was induced in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats by feeding with HFDHF for 4 weeks and administering STZ (35 mg/kg, i. p.). Diabetic rats were given SRL extract at doses of 100 and 400 mg/kg for 30 days. The food and water intake were monitored on a daily basis, while the fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels and body weight were measured weekly. Biochemical and hematological parameters as well as histopathological studies of the pancreas were also evaluated. SRL significantly decreased FBG and improved the body weight, food and water intake of treated diabetic rats. Furthermore, biochemical and hematological parameters including liver and kidney function enzymes, lipid profiles, white blood and red blood cells parameters were markedly ameliorated by SRL. Histopathological analyses of the pancreas indicated reconstitution of β‐cells architecture in SRL treated rats. The results of this study suggest that SRL has antidiabetic potential and can be considered for the treatment of T2DM.
Successful treatment with oral methylprednisolone and cyclosporine for refractory pyoderma gangrenosum in children: Report of a case and review of the literature
Authors: Huang Xiaowen , Han Kai , Xue Ruzeng , Li Li , Zeng Kang , Liang Liuping
Published: January 2020

We reported the successful treatment with oral methylprednisolone and cyclosporine in combination with topical wound care on a boy with pyoderma gangrenosum presenting as huge and deep ulceration on buttocks and legs.
A rare case of hypercalcemic encephalopathy from ectopic secretion of parathyroid hormone
Authors: Gabriel Franchesca Gabrielle Concha , Picar Rosalina Espiritu
Published: January 2020

Altered mental status can be the initial presenting symptom of an ectopic hyperparathyroidism from severe hypercalcemia. A high index of suspicion for paraneoplastic hypercalcemia and a systematic approach to diagnosis should be considered.
Left retroperitoneal abscess caused by injury of the right knee
Authors: Imai Chie , Fujino Hisanori , Nomura Anryu , Sumimoto Shinichi
Published: January 2020

Minor trauma rarely triggers a retroperitoneal abscess. The patient' history, careful evaluation of their symptoms, and general examination with a detailed inspection of the skin are helpful to diagnose retroperitoneal abscess.
Tetraalkylammonium Functionalized Hydrochars as Efficient Supports for Palladium Nanocatalysts
Authors: Duarte Tiago A. G. , Favier Isabelle , Pradel Christian , Martins Luísa M. D. R. S. , Carvalho Ana P. , Pla Daniel , Gómez Montserrat
Published: January 2020

With the aim of preparing bio‐sourced supports with enhanced properties in catalysis, we devised an original strategy allowing the immobilization of metal nanoparticles. Thus, size‐controlled hydrochars with a high degree of hydroxyl functionalities, from both neat sucrose or modified with acrylic acid (10 wt.%), were derivatized with ether linkers containing ammonium groups. These non‐porous carbon‐based materials were used as suitable supports for the immobilization of palladium nanoparticles. The catalytic materials were synthesized by reduction of Pd(OAc)2 to Pd(0) under H2 atmosphere in the presence of the corresponding hydrochar, and fully characterized by standard methods. Among the different hydrochar‐supported palladium materials, those functionalized with tetraalkylammonium groups afforded heterogeneous catalysts, exhibiting high activity in hydrogenations of different types of substrates (alkynes, alkenes, and carbonyl and nitro derivatives). The most efficient catalyst was recycled up to ten runs without loss of catalytic behavior, in agreement with the unchanged composite materials after catalysis (Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analyses) and the lack of metal leaching in the extracted organic products (no palladium detected by Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP‐AES)); these systems exhibited enhanced recyclability properties as compared to commercial Pd/C catalyst.
A Flexible and Conductive Binder with Strong Adhesion for High Performance Silicon‐Based Lithium‐Ion Battery Anode
Authors: Tang Ruixian , Ma Lei , Zhang Yu , Zheng Xiao , Shi Yongji , Zeng Xiangyu , Wang Xiaoyu , Wei Liangming
Published: January 2020

Silicon is considered to be one of the most promising anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries due to its high capacity. But the silicon anodes undergo huge volume changes during the charge and discharge process, leading to fast capacity fade of Si anodes. To solve this problem, we design a ternary polymer binder composed of poly (vinyl alcohol), poly(dopamine hydrochloride) and poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) for Si anodes. In this polymer composite binder, polydopamine and poly(vinyl alcohol) exhibit strong adhesion with the silicon particles and the copper foils. Additionally, poly (vinyl alcohol) compounded with poly (dopamine hydrochloride) shows high stretchability up to 243.7 %, which benefits for buffering large volume change of Si anodes during cycling. The conducting poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) : poly (styrene sulfonate) in this binder improves the rate performance. Using this multi‐functional binder, the Si anodes show excellent cycling stability even under high Si mass loading.
Dual‐Role Surface Modification of Layered Oxide Cathodes for High‐Power Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yang Ying , Feng Yuzhang , Ma Cheng , Huang Qun , Zhou Liangjun , Wang Peng , Wei Weifeng
Published: January 2020

P2‐type layered oxides have attracted extensive attentions due to their high reversible capacity and operating voltage when applied as cathode materials for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). However, the large ionic radius of Na+ and restricted 2D diffusion channels account for the inferior Na+ conductivity, limiting their practical application under large current densities. Herein, a facile dual‐role surface treatment on oxide precursors using KMnO4 solution is employed to generate K+ pillar and spinel‐like surface nanolayer in the layered oxide cathodes simultaneously. The substantial enhancement of Na kinetics is ascribed to the enlarged interlayer spacing in the lattice induced by K+ pillar and the formation of coherent spinel‐like surface structure derived from the decomposition of KMnO4, which satisfies the timely Na+ insertion/extraction and improves the rate performance. It is anticipated that this dual‐role strategy may provide a promising pathway for the development of the high‐power‐capability SIBs.
Plate meter calibrations for forage mass follow a continuum of sward basal density
Authors: Rayburn Edward
Published: January 2020

The ability to quantify forage mass (FM) is needed when budgeting pasture supply. Calibrated sward height is an indirect measure of FM. In a previous study, it was observed that the regression intercept and slope of forage density vs. height (FDint and FDslope, respectively) had a strong linear relation, giving rise to the hypothesis that there is a calibration continuum across pastures. This hypothesis was tested using 121 plate meter calibrations conducted across a range of plant species, defoliation managements, land resource areas, latitude, and elevation. Sward compressed height (CHt) was measured using a resting plate meter. Within calibrations, 30 to 60 paired CHt and FM samples were collected: half pre‐grazing and half post‐grazing. Within calibrations, the linear relation between CHt and forage density (FD) was calculated. Across calibrations, the linear relation between FDint and FDslope was calculated. Forage mass available for grazing (FMAG) was predicted using individual calibrations and the continuum calibration and compared with forage mass grazed (FMG) measured using pre‐ and post‐grazing clipped samples. Across calibrations, there was a strong linear relation between FDint and FDslope (R2 = 0.83). Within calibrations, predicted FMAG vs. FMG was accurate and precise. Across events, predicted FMAG using the continuum was accurate but less precise. Using the continuum to estimate FMAG provided estimates within 10% for recommended grazing heights. Factors that determine the relation between FDint and FDslope include morphology of the dominate grass, species composition, tiller size/density compensation, sward growth to optimize light interception, and tiller dynamics relative to time of year.
Combined Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy Using Polyfunctionalised Nanoparticles Bearing Robust Gadolinium Surface Units
Authors: Chabloz Nicolas G. , Perry Hannah L. , Yoon Il‐Chul , Coulson Andrew J. , White Andrew J. P. , Stasiuk Graeme J. , Botnar René M. , Wilton‐Ely James D. E. T.
Published: January 2020

A robust dithiocarbamate tether allows novel gadolinium units based on DOTAGA (q=1) to be attached to the surface of gold nanoparticles (2.6–4.1 nm diameter) along with functional units offering biocompatibility, targeting and photodynamic therapy. A dramatic increase in relaxivity (r1) per Gd unit from 5.01 mm−1 s−1 in unbound form to 31.68 mm−1 s−1 (10 MHz, 37 °C) is observed when immobilised on the surface due to restricted rotation and enhanced rigidity of the Gd complex on the nanoparticle surface. The single‐step synthetic route provides a straightforward and versatile way of preparing multifunctional gold nanoparticles, including examples with conjugated zinc–tetraphenylporphyrin photosensitizers. The lack of toxicity of these materials (MTT assays) is transformed on irradiation of HeLa cells for 30 minutes (PDT), leading to 75 % cell death. In addition to passive targeting, the inclusion of units capable of actively targeting overexpressed folate receptors illustrates the potential of these assemblies as targeted theranostic agents.
Functionalised N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands in Bimetallic Architectures
Authors: Evans Kieren J. , Mansell Stephen M.
Published: January 2020

N‐Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have become immensely successful ligands in coordination chemistry and homogeneous catalysis due to their strong terminal σ‐donor properties. However, by targeting NHC ligands with additional functionalisation, a new area of NHC coordination chemistry has developed that has enabled NHCs to be used to build up bimetallic and multimetallic architectures. This minireview covers the development of functionalised NHC ligands that incorporate additional donor sites in order to coordinate two or more metal atoms. This can be through the N‐atom of the NHC ring, through a donor group attached to the N‐atom or the carbon backbone, coordination of the π‐bond or an annulated π‐donor on the backbone, or through direct metalation of the backbone.
Process for the Preparation of Fatty Aldehydes from Renewable Resources
Authors: Johannsen Jens , Meyer Francesca , Fieg Georg , Waluga Thomas
Published: January 2020

Common methods for the chemical production of fatty aldehydes, widely applied as artificial flavors and fragrances, use fossil starting materials, harsh reaction conditions, and hazardous chemicals. This contribution introduces a novel, environmentally friendly process for the preparation of fatty aldehydes from the natural, renewable resource plant oil. It has successfully been shown that bringing a fatty acid into contact with zerovalent iron leads to the reduction of the fatty acid to the corresponding fatty aldehyde. In this paper, the three‐step process is presented and discussed, exemplary for the preparation of dodecylaldehyd from dodecanoate.
Urine flow analysis using double J stents of various sizes in in vitro ureter models
Authors: Kim Kyung‐Wuk , Kim Hyoung‐Ho , Choi Young Ho , Lee Seung Bae , Baba Yasutaka
Published: January 2020

A double J stent (DJS) is used to alleviate the congestion of urine in the upper urinary tract when there is ureteral stenosis, which causes the interruption of normal urine flow and results in renal failure. The purpose of placing DJSs is to ensure sufficient urine flow in the ureter, but the DJS acts as a foreign body in the urinary system and sometimes acts as an obstacle in achieving sufficient urine flow. Here, to evaluate the performance of various sizes of DJSs, 5Fr (1.666 mm) to 8Fr (2.666 mm), in the ureter, silicon ureter models without stenosis, and a circulation setup were constructed. The total flow rates (TFRs) in the stented ureters were evaluated with an in vitro experiment. The TFRs in the 5Fr DJS were larger than those in the other sizes of DJS. As the size of DJS increased, the TFR decreased. Computational fluid dynamics was also applied to validate the experimental results. It was shown that the experimental results agreed well with the numerical results.
Basicity and Electrolyte Composition Dependent Stability of Ni‐Fe‐S and Ni‐Mo Electrodes during Water Splitting
Authors: Wijten Jochem H. J. , Garcia‐Torregrosa Iván , Dijkman Eva A. , Weckhuysen Bert M.
Published: January 2020

Non‐noble metal electro‐catalysts for water splitting are highly desired when we are moving towards a society where green electrons are becoming abundantly available, offering clear prospects to make our society more sustainable. In this work, Ni−Fe−S is reported as a high performing anode material for the water splitting reaction, operating at low overpotentials and showing high apparent stability. Furthermore, Ni−Mo electrodes are developed on metallic foam substrates and optimized in terms of their performance. The Ni−Fe−S material as anode, combined and integrated with Ni−Mo as cathode in a cell configuration, splits water at 10 mA cm−2 and a potential of 1.55 V. Similar to previous reports, we confirm that Mo leaches from Ni−Mo/Ni foam electrodes. Cycling tests and ICP‐AES measurements show that the stability of Ni−Fe−S is apparent, and that in reality S is leaching from the material as was already suggested in literature. We expand on this knowledge and show that the leaching of S is dependent on both pH and the cation used during electrocatalysis. Furthermore, we find that applying an oxidative potential is in truth stabilizing towards S and that the alkalinity causes leaching. S was furthermore mobile and found to segregate towards the surface. Finally, using too low pH values (11 and lower) result in the passivating hydroxide metal layers being destroyed and the Ni−Fe−S dissolving completely.
Can Winter Canola Be Grown on Wide Row Spacing?
Authors: Wysocki Don
Published: January 2020

Stand establishment is the most difficult aspect of winter canola production in the Pacific Northwest. A method that has been tried by innovative producers is to plant canola using row spacings much wider than used for winter wheat. This allows wide shovel openers to move dry soil to the areas between the rows and creates a seed row that is shallow to moist soil, allowing the seed to be placed relatively shallow with a minimum of soil cover. Earn 1 CEU in Crop Management by reading this article and taking the quiz at https://www.certifiedcropadviser.org/education/classroom/classes/695.
Sunflower Response to Nitrification Inhibitor Application
Authors: Chatterjee A.
Published: January 2020

Adding a nitrification inhibitor to fertilizer nitrogen (N) has potential to reduce N loss and increase N use efficiency. On‐farm trials were conducted to determine sunflower seed yield and soil inorganic N responses to spring‐applied urea N rates (100, 75, and 50% of the recommended N rate) and nitrification inhibitor (nitrapyrin) addition in eastern North Dakota. Earn 0.5 CEUs in Nutrient Management by reading this article and taking the quiz at www.certifiedcropadviser.org/education/classroom/classes/731.
Tree‐to‐Tree Nutrient Variability in Pecan Orchards
Authors: Walworth James L.
Published: January 2020

Tree‐to‐tree uniformity is desirable for nutrient management in orchards, particularly with the prevalence of nutrient application via fertigation, which makes it very difficult to tailor nutrient distribution for individual trees. The goals of this study were to measure the degree of variability of foliar nutrient concentrations exhibited by pecan trees in an Arizona orchard as well as to determine the importance of different sources of variation. Earn 0.5 CEUs in Nutrient Management by reading this article and taking the quiz at www.certifiedcropadviser.org/education/classroom/classes/757.
Positive‐negative DC‐DC converter using amorphous‐InGaZnO TFTs
Authors: Tiwari Bhawna , Bahubalindruni Pydi Ganga , Goes João , Barquinha Pedro
Published: January 2020

This paper presents two DC‐DC converters capable of generating either positive or negative output DC voltage using amorphous‐indium gallium zinc oxide (a‐IGZO) thin‐film transistors (TFTs). While one uses conventional diode‐connected cross‐coupled (design‐1), the other employs a bootstrapped cross‐coupled (design‐2) DC‐DC converter, which overcomes the limitations of design‐1 but requires boosted clock pulses. Therefore, an on‐chip clock booster is proposed to generate all the required signals without any external clock pulses. The performance of the proposed circuits (DC‐DC converters and clock booster) has been demonstrated using in‐house a‐IGZO TFT models in the Cadence environment. The simulation results have shown that design‐1 (design‐2) generates negative or positive output DC voltage of 7.25 V (7.8 V) or 12.7 V (15.2 V), respectively, for a supply voltage of 8 V, using a single DC‐DC converter. Therefore, the output DC voltage of design‐2 is close to the theoretical value, and it ensures robust performance against different load currents when compared with design‐1. Besides, design‐2 has shown a maximum power efficiency of 90%, superior compared with design‐1, where power efficiency is 60.7%. Therefore, this circuit finds potential applications in the next generation flexible displays.
Design of integrated all‐pass filters with linear group delay for analog signal processing applications
Authors: de França Ferreira João Alberto , Avignon‐Meseldzija Emilie , Maris Ferreira Pietro , Sarrazin Julien , Bénabès Philippe
Published: January 2020

This article describes the design of integrated linear group delay filters for analog signal processing (ASP) applications and their implementation through constant‐resistance lattice and bridged‐T networks. Unlike previously published works, our design method uses a recursive procedure as the basis for the synthesis of a suitable transfer function. Thanks to this method, filters with a more linear group delay characteristic and flat magnitude response can be obtained. Two filters are designed in a 0.13‐μm BiCMOS technology to demonstrate the method: a balanced lattice with a negative slope and an unbalanced bridged‐T of positive slope.
Deep Learning‐Based Single‐Cell Optical Image Studies
Authors: Sun Jing , Tárnok Attila , Su Xuantao
Published: January 2020

Optical imaging technology that has the advantages of high sensitivity and cost‐effectiveness greatly promotes the progress of nondestructive single‐cell studies. Complex cellular image analysis tasks such as three‐dimensional reconstruction call for machine‐learning technology in cell optical image research. With the rapid developments of high‐throughput imaging flow cytometry, big data cell optical images are always obtained that may require machine learning for data analysis. In recent years, deep learning has been prevalent in the field of machine learning for large‐scale image processing and analysis, which brings a new dawn for single‐cell optical image studies with an explosive growth of data availability. Popular deep learning techniques offer new ideas for multimodal and multitask single‐cell optical image research. This article provides an overview of the basic knowledge of deep learning and its applications in single‐cell optical image studies. We explore the feasibility of applying deep learning techniques to single‐cell optical image analysis, where popular techniques such as transfer learning, multimodal learning, multitask learning, and end‐to‐end learning have been reviewed. Image preprocessing and deep learning model training methods are then summarized. Applications based on deep learning techniques in the field of single‐cell optical image studies are reviewed, which include image segmentation, super‐resolution image reconstruction, cell tracking, cell counting, cross‐modal image reconstruction, and design and control of cell imaging systems. In addition, deep learning in popular single‐cell optical imaging techniques such as label‐free cell optical imaging, high‐content screening, and high‐throughput optical imaging cytometry are also mentioned. Finally, the perspectives of deep learning technology for single‐cell optical image analysis are discussed. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Apply involuntary withdrawal procedures for students who pose a direct threat
Authors: Masinter Michael R.
Published: January 2020

A recent court decision, R.W. v. Columbia Basin College, No. 4:18‐CV‐5089‐RMP (E.D. Wash. 10/04/19) (see https://bit.ly/2sVOX2Y), demonstrates the importance of enacting and applying involuntary withdrawal policies for students whose words or actions pose a direct threat to the safety of others without regard to whether students have violated conduct codes.
Electrophysiological correlates of action observation treatment in children with cerebral palsy: A pilot study
Authors: Quadrelli Ermanno , Anzani Anna , Ferri Matteo , Bolognini Nadia , Maravita Angelo , Zambonin Fabio , Turati Chiara
Published: January 2020

Action Observation Treatment (AOT) has been shown to be effective in the functional recovery of several clinical populations. However, little is known about the neural underpinnings of the clinical efficacy of AOT in children with Cerebral Palsy (CP). Using electroencephalography (EEG), we recorded µ rhythm desynchronization as an index of sensorimotor cortex modulation during a passive action observation task before and after AOT. The relationship between sensorimotor modulation and clinical outcomes was also assessed. Eight children with CP entered the present randomized controlled crossover pilot study in which the experimental AOT preceded or followed a control Videogame Observation Treatment (VOT). Results provide further evidence of the clinical efficacy of AOT for improving hand motor function in CP, as assessed with the Assisting Hand Assessment (AHA) and Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral Upper Limb Function Scale (MUUL). The novel finding is that AOT increases µ rhythm desynchronization at scalp locations corresponding to the hand representation areas. This effect is associated to functional improvement assessed with the MUUL. These preliminary findings, although referred to as a small sample, suggest that AOT may affect upper limb motor recovery in children with CP and modulate the activation of sensorimotor areas, offering a potential neurophysiological correlate to support the clinical utility of AOT.