bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Divorce versus Intact Parental Marriage and Perceived Risk and Dyadic Trust in Present Heterosexual Relationships
Authors: Johnston Stacy Glaser , Thomas Amanda McCombs
Published: August 2011

The relationship between parental divorce and intimate relationships in late adolescence was estimated for 60 undergraduates (17 men, 43 women). Subjects from divorced families were assessed to address whether they perceived their present heterosexual relationship to be risky and if they were less trusting of their partners than were subjects from intact families. Divorce appears to be transmitted through generations in a family. Dyadic Trust and Perceived Risk were investigated as two learned components passed down within families, thereby contributing to a cycle of divorce. A correlation was found between parents' marital status and children's trust in their dating partners. An inverse relationship was indicated; when ratings of trust are low, ratings of perceived risk are high. A possible order of this relationship was discussed, i.e., low dyadic trust preceded perceived risk. One implication of these findings was that children of divorced parents may benefit from being shown how failures in relationships may result from negative expectations.
Environment is not the Most Important Variable in Determining Oral Morphine Consumption in Wistar Rats
Authors: Petrie B. F.
Published: August 2011

The role of differential housing on sucrose-morphine consumption in outbred Wistar rats was investigated in two studies. The results of earlier research, indicating rats housed in a quasinatural colony drank significantly less sucrose-morphine than rats isolated in standard laboratory cages, could not be replicated, as the consumption of sucrose-morphine by the isolated animals in the present two studies was reduced. It is possible that during a colony conversion the supplier inadvertently introduced strain differences making the present rats more resistant to xenobiotic consumption. Discussion documents the role of genetics in morphine consumption.
Religiosity in Adolescence and Young Adulthood: Implications for Identity Formation
Authors: Glover Rebecca J.
Published: August 2011

Based on previous correlations between religiosity and descriptions of character traits related to meaning and purpose in life described by Gladding, et al. in 1981, this study hypothesized significant differences in religiosity scores as a function of age. Variables of religious group and gender were also included. Subjects included 147 adolescents and young adults, 70 males and 77 females, largely Caucasian, attending fundamental, moderate, and liberal churches in Central and Northwest Arkansas. A 3 × 3 × 2 analysis of variance yielded significant main effects for age group and religious group but not gender. No interactions were found. Findings suggest relationships between religiosity and identity formation during adolescence.
Robustness of the Photo Anxiety Questionnaire: Changing the Sequence of Stimuli and Photographs
Authors: Schouwstra Sanneke J. , Hoogstraten Johan , Hartman Catharina A. , Stouthard Marlies E. A.
Published: August 2011

In a split-ballot experiment ( N = 458) we tested, first, to what extent the logical presentation of the Photo Anxiety Questionnaire forces respondents into the usual response pattern, that is, a higher reported anxiety on items mentioning a time closer to dental treatment. Secondly, we tested whether subjects use the nonverbal response scale or merely use the position of the photographs on the scale when answering the questions. The original questionnaire had the highest reliability and was least influenced by response bias. Changing the order of the photographs on the response scale did not alter the response pattern, implying that subjects do react to the intensity displayed in the photographs and not just to the position of the photograph on the scale. Because changing the order of the items altered the response pattern only marginally, the response pattern usually found does not seem to be the direct consequence of the logical presentation of the Photo Anxiety Questionnaire.
The Rorschach in Contemporary Forensic Psychology
Authors: Piotrowski Chris
Published: August 2011

Recent empirical data attest to the fact that the Rorschach is frequently used in expert witness testimony. Popularity of the Rorschach in forensic psychology is evident in the Psychological Abstracts database.
Risk-Taking Behavior: A Cognitive Approach
Authors: Kohler Maxie P.
Published: August 2011

In examining the associations of critical thinking skills and risk-taking behavior, scores on the Sensation Seeking Scale, Form V, Rotter's I-E Scale, and the Cornell Critical Thinking Scale confirm earlier research on sensation seeking in pointing to gender differences that predict more risk-taking behavior by men ( n = 52) than women ( n = 48).
The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition: A Preliminary Study of Validity
Authors: Lavin Claire
Published: August 2011

The concurrent validity of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Third Edition (WISC–III) and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition was investigated using a sample of 40 nonreferred children. There were significant correlations between the WISC-III Full Scale IQ, Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, and Composite (.817, .789, .609) and Area Scores (.357 to .763) of the Stanford-Binet–IV. There were no significant differences between the mean WISC–III and Stanford-Binet–IV scores. Despite differences in content, format, and administration, both tests yielded comparable results.
Pragmatism and the Cognitive and Neural Sciences
Authors: Schulkin Jay
Published: August 2011

Two prominent intellectual disciplines dominate the discipline of psychology, the cognitive and neural sciences. Separate departments for both are now commonplace at major universities across America. I suggest, however, that the discipline of psychology asks key questions about experience, mind, or central states not found in other disciplines. Psychology is embodied in both the cognitive and neural sciences, and an important common thread is the Jamesian-Deweyian emphasis on experience. The Jamesian-Deweyian tradition emphasized the sense of experience in problem-solving and functional adaptations. The pragmatists' sense of experience is the way by which one engages the world, is inherently cognitive, and orchestrated by central states of the brain. Any attempt within the neural and cognitive sciences to capture human experience will need to resurrect this tradition.
Self-Statements, Self-Esteem, and Locus of Control in Discriminating College Students' Scores on the Beck Depression Inventory
Authors: Madonna Stephen , Philpot Vincent D.
Published: August 2011

To study the use of the ratio of positive to negative self-statements, locus of control, and self-esteem in discriminating between scores on the Beck Depression Inventory 145 undergraduate college students were administered the Beck Depression Inventory, Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire-Revised, Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory-Adult Form, and the Rotter Locus of Control scale in their classrooms. A stepwise discriminant analysis indicated that five variables combined to yield a statistically significant discrimination among low, middle, and high scores on the Beck Depression Inventory. The classification analysis indicated that 77.1% ( n = 111) of the undergraduate students were correctly classified; 93.2% (82 of 88) were correctly classified as low scorers and 73.3% (18 of 46) were correctly classified as high scorers.
Assessment of Global Social Responsibility
Authors: Starrett Raymond H.
Published: August 2011

The emerging reality of a global community has led to development of a construct of global social responsibility and to a scale as described here. A sample of 219 adults assigned to four levels of social activism responded to a pool of items judged to be indicative of the construct, and a 160-person subsample provided additional data concerning social activism. The data were used in the development of a global social responsibility scale and two related scales. Internal consistency for all scales and the expected correlations between the scale and related measures (3 scales and 3 behaviors) produced evidence of validity and support for the construct.
My School is like a Home: Using Metaphors to Assess Students' Attitudes toward Parenting, Teaching, and Schools
Authors: Sputa Cheryl L. , Marchant Gregory J. , Rothlisberg Barbara A. , Paulson Sharon E.
Published: August 2011

This study explored the metaphors 186 students used and the relations these metaphors have to scores on an attitude inventory of parenting, teaching, and schools. Analyses suggested relations among the descriptions used to define parents, teachers, and schools. Generally, when students characterized parents using positive terms, a positive view of teachers was given as well. Likewise, when negative statements were given for parenting, this negativity also was seen in similes used to describe teachers and schools. Responses to the metaphors were predictive of students' ratings on the attitude inventory, suggesting that assessment of metaphors by practitioners might be an effective means of determining students' attitudes about the learning environment. Students' perceptions can have a pronounced effect on performance, therefore, the use of such data could facilitate understanding of the complex interactions of learners with parents, teachers, and schools.
Confounded versus Nonconfounded Correlations among the Neo-Personality Inventory's Domain and Facet Scales
Authors: Hurley John R.
Published: August 2011

The 18 subscales constituting the Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Openness domain scales of Costa and McCrae's NEO-Personality Inventory were correlated with all five NEO-PI domain measures using data from 303 university students. Their residual domain scale scores correlated less than .50 with those on nine facet scales. A divergent domain scale correlated ±.30 or more with 11 facets, including correlations of –.34 or more by Conscientiousness with the Impulsiveness, Vulnerability, and Depression facets of Neuroticism. These latter values were even stronger in the NEO-Personality Inventory–Revised. The correlation of a facet scale with its preassigned residual domain scale and with a divergent domain scale did not differ significantly in 6 of the 18 cases. Unconfounded (part vs whole-minus-part) correlations had a median value of .52 versus .68 for their confounded (part vs whole) counterparts. A full report of unconfounded correlations clarifies the structure of composite personality measures.
Estimating the Reliability of a Single-Item Measure
Authors: Wanous John P. , Reichers Arnon E.
Published: August 2011

Single-item measures of employees' attitudes and beliefs are generally discouraged because their (internal consistency) reliability cannot be estimated. This results in the concern that reliability may be unacceptably low, particularly when compared to scales used to measure the same construct. A method for estimating the reliability of a single-item measure is demonstrated on original data that included both a single-item and a multiple-item measure of three constructs, namely, Over-all Job Satisfaction, Perceived Amount of Participation, and Desired Amount of Participation in decision-making. The average minimum estimated reliability for these single-item measures is .57; however, a realistic yet conservative estimate of their likely minimum reliability is at least .70.
Does Self-Concept Depend on Body Image? a Gender Analysis
Authors: Stowers Deborah A. , Durm Mark W.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was twofold, to estimate positive correlations between scores on the Tennessee Self-concept Scale for body image and self-concept within each gender and to assess differences between genders on measures of these two concepts, thereby testing the hypothesis that women have a more diminished body image than men. The study included 36 subjects, 18 male and 18 female. Within each gender were significant and positive correlations between measures of body image and self-concept. Between the genders, there was no significant difference in scores on self-concept but there was a difference in ratings of body image, with women being significantly less satisfied.
Behavioral Contrast on Mixed Schedules
Authors: Steinhauer Gene D.
Published: August 2011

Keypecking by 4 pigeons was studied on mixed schedules of reinforcement. Positive behavioral contrast was found when the schedule was shifted from Mixed VI VI to Mixed VI Extinction only when the VI schedule value was small relative to the component duration.
Unplanned Imparting of Teachers' Personalities to Students in a Russian School
Authors: Novojenova Rima , Sawilowsky Shlomo S.
Published: August 2011

This study examined unplanned imparting of teachers' personalities to their students in the classroom. A check list was administered to 300 students in a Russian school before and after a class period. Analysis of their self-perceptions obtained by self-reported egograms indicated changes on this measure of their Parent, Adult, and Child ego states.
MMPI-2 Profiles of Men Charged with Murder or other Offenses
Authors: Shea Steven J. , McKee Geoffrey R.
Published: August 2011

This study describes MMPI-2 profiles of men charged with murder or other offenses and examines how well the MMPI-2 differentiates between these groups. Records of 135 men charged with murder and 82 charged with other offenses were examined. Results do not support the use of the MMPI-2 to differentiate between murder and other defendants. Both groups may be described as having 6–8/8–6 profiles. The mean MMPI-2 profile for the murder group was compared to the MMPI profile described by Holcomb, Adams, Ponder, and Anderson in 1984. These mean profiles have generally the same configuration and scale elevations but show important differences. This suggests that further research needs to be conducted examining the psychometric equivalence of the MMPI and the MMPI-2. Also, caution should be used when making predictions based solely on MMPI-2 profiles.
Empirical Findings on the Aces Decision-Making Technique
Authors: Pate Larry E. , Nielson Troy R.
Published: August 2011

Preliminary findings from four empirical studies of the ACES Decision-making Technique, for a combined sample of 366 students, suggest the technique is moderately to highly effective. The strongest results were obtained among women and with individuals who express preferences for “high information use” in their decision styles.
Effect of Ego and Task Instructions on Cognitive Performance
Authors: Turner Lisa A. , Johnson R. Burke , Pickering Shannon
Published: August 2011

To evaluate whether motivation is influenced by the way a task is presented, 80 college students were randomly assigned to receiving either ego or task instructions for an anagram and a coding task. Attributional beliefs were assessed. Scores on the anagram task were related to instructions and attributional beliefs. Persons receiving task instructions and persons with beliefs indicating ability to control academic outcomes had higher scores. Performance on the coding task was not related to beliefs and instructions. Finally, persons receiving task instructions rated themselves as performing better, enjoying the tasks more, and being more willing to participate in similar research again. It was concluded that performance in a difficult verbal task can be supported by the use of task-oriented instructions.
MMPI-2 Items Which Correctly Identified Women with Histories of Childhood Sexual Abuse
Authors: Griffith Penny L. , Myers Rita W. , Tankersley Melody J
Published: August 2011

This study examined whether MMPI-2 items could be used to discriminate between 58 women who experienced childhood sexual abuse and 57 women who did not. A set of 48 items were identified which correctly classified 95% of the subjects.
Social Desirability Scores of South African and Canadian Students
Authors: Mwamwenda Tuntufye S.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to assess the scores of 161 African (97 girls and 64 boys) and 190 Canadian students (107 girls and 83 boys) on Eysenck's social desirability scale which indicates the extent to which one is Likely to describe his personality favourably. Analysis showed South African students scored higher than Canadian students, both boys and girls, but there were no gender differences between African or Canadian boys and girls. Cross-cultural differences may be attributable to cultural and child-rearing practices of South Africans and Canadians.
Cranial Irradiation with Gaalas Laser Leads to Naloxone Reversible Analgesia in Rats
Authors: Wedlock Pauline M. , Shephard Robert A.
Published: August 2011

Laser irradiation of the rat cranium can produce analgesia. The present experiment investigated the mechanism of such action. 27 rats received all possible combinations of laser (0, 6.4, and 12J/cm2) and naloxone (0, 5, and 10 mg/kg) prior to a hot plate test. Laser (820 nm, KHz pulsing, Omega Laser Systems, London) was applied to the rats' skulls and hind paw lick latencies (in seconds) were recorded immediately, 30 min., and 24 hr. after the administration of treatment. When animals were rested immediately following laser irradiation at 12J/cm2 significant analgesia resulted. Treatment with naloxone at either dose antagonised this effect, but naloxone produced no significant hyperalgesia when given alone. This suggests that opioid peptide mechanisms mediate the analgesic action of low-intensity laser irradiation of the cranium.
Predictiveness of Orientation toward God at the Workplace
Authors: Juhasz Joseph B. , Griffin George H.
Published: August 2011

We hypothesized that people's cognitive styles characterized as concrete or abstract and expressed by orientation toward God are the fundamental belief relevant to their attitudes in general. We predicted that people's answers to questions having to do with their personal relationship to God, their obedience to God's will, and their trust in God ties their attitudes toward a particular context to their most basic beliefs about the world. Participants were presented 12 scenarios describing specific workplace situations known to be of concern to a wide variety of persons and a selection of possible responses characteristic of different cognitive styles. The participants were then asked to rate the likelihood that they would use each of the possible responses. Analysis showed that “God-centered” persons' scores on these questionnaires had substantially stronger correlations with more general attitudes and that there was more consistency in selection of response styles across all workplace situations than were those of persons not characterized as “God-centered.”
Eliminating Inappropriate Classroom Behavior Using a Dro Schedule: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Ramasamy Rangasamy , Taylor Ronald L. , Ziegler Edward W.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to eliminate out-of-seat behavior of a 14-yr.-old boy with learning disabilities using a single-subject design. Based on functional analysis, a Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior interval schedule was used to eliminate an inappropriate behavior. During baseline, an average of 15 out-of-seat behavior problems were recorded. After 4 wk. of intervention, the inappropriate out-of-seat behavior was eliminated and on-task behavior improved.
Unit Size, Work Experiences and Satisfactions: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: August 2011

This study explored relationships between the number of employees working in a unit and measures of work experience and satisfaction. Data were collected from 1608 women and men from a single large professional services firm comprising 22 units. Individuals working in larger units described their work environment more negatively and reported less satisfying work outcomes. The effects of unit size were consistent but modest. Possible explanations for the observed relationships are offered.
Comparison of Attitudes of Teachers of Physical and Musical Education toward Inclusion of Children with Disabilities
Authors: Sideridis Georgios D. , Chandler Judy P.
Published: August 2011

56 elementary teachers of physical education and 54 teachers of elementary music education responded to the Teacher Integration Attitudes Questionnaire which assesses teachers' attitudes regarding inclusion of children with disabilities into regular education settings. Analysis indicated that children with emotional and behavioral disorders were perceived less favorably by teachers of music education and children with orthopedic handicaps were perceived less favorably by teachers of physical education. The type and severity of disability appeared to influence teachers' attitudes towards including children with disabilities in regular education classrooms.
Marriage Trends in the U.S. Army
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Rice Rose E. , Bell D. Bruce , Schuman P. Michelle
Published: August 2011

Since the early 1950s, the percentage of enlisted personnel who were married at any one time has climbed from approximately 30% of the force to nearly 60% today, while the percentage of married officers has fluctuated between 70 and 90%. Retaining a higher percentage of married enlisted personnel has helped the all volunteer Army reach its strength objectives and has led to the force being older and more experienced than it might otherwise have been. Although evidence is confounded by the correlation of marital status with age, rank, years of service, having children, and gender, it appears that marriage after entering the service is associated with increased retention at least for male soldiers. Marital status has a complex association with combat readiness as both advantages and disadvantages are observed when comparing readiness factors for unmarried and married soldiers.
Evaluating Questions Used to Assess Cognitive Orientation for Very Old Adults
Authors: Youn Gahyun
Published: August 2011

A number of standardized tools have been developed to assist in the diagnosis of suspected dementia in aged people. In this study, 9 orientation questions were administered to 186 elderly Koreans, aged 60 to 108 years. Analysis showed a significantly inverse relation ( r = −.70) between their ages and their performance on the questionnaire. The finding raises questions about the suitability of using standard measures of orientation with very old or with uneducated persons.
Perceived Problem-Solving and Vocational Identity: Implication for Nontraditional Premedical Students
Authors: Henry Paul
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between vocational identity and self-appraised problem solving. A total of 86 students enrolled in a special program took the Vocational Identity subscale of My Vocational Situation and the Problem Solving Inventory one week apart. Pearson product-moment correlations indicated a relationship between personal problem-solving appraisal and vocational identity, suggesting the inventories assess one construct. Implications for intervention strategies for the present population are discussed.
Musa Latrinalis: Gender Differences in Restroom Graffiti
Authors: Otta Emma , Santana Paulo Reinhardt , Lafraia Luciana Menin , Hoshino Rachel Lenneberg , Teixeira Renata Plaza , Vallochi Silvia Lima
Published: August 2011

The purpose was to analyze gender differences in the graffiti written on restroom walls by Brazilian students. We compared graffiti produced by men and women at secondary schools and on the university campus. We expected that the gender gap would be narrower in the older and more schooled group of undergraduates. Of the total of 1349 graffiti collected in 56 restroom stalls, 37% came from the university and 63% from secondary schools. At secondary schools we found less graffiti in women's than in men's restrooms, but no significant difference on the university campus In both places romantic contents predominated in women's restrooms but in men's restrooms they were virtually absent. A striking finding, which is contrary to previous studies, was the high frequency of sexual graffiti in women's restrooms on campus, comparable to that found in men's restrooms. Sex became a more central theme of both men's and women's graffiti on campus than in secondary schools. On the whole, a greater number of categories distinguished the sexes at the secondary school than on campus (7 vs 2). This supports the hypothesis of a narrower gender gap with increasing education.
Revisiting Fee Policies
Authors: Herron William G.
Published: August 2011

Charging for missed sessions is presented as part of an ethical flexible fee policy that is being challenged and will require continued appraisal.
Factorial Structure of Individualism-Collectivism in Sri Lanka
Authors: Freeman Mark A.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the dimensionality of a 21-item questionnaire measure of idiocentrism-allocentrism (the within-culture measure of individualism-collectivism) within the context of Sri Lankan culture. A survey of 438 Sri Lankan respondents, sampled from a wide variety of demographic contexts, provided data. Factor analysis indicated that idiocentrism and allocentrism are two independent, unipolar factors, rather than opposite poles of a single, bipolar dimension. The implications are discussed in the context of existing and future cross-cultural (etic) and within-cultural (emic) research on individualism-collectivism.
Relationships between Type a Behavior, Narcissism, and Maternal Closeness for College Students in Japan, the United States of America, and the People's Republic of China
Authors: Fukunishi Isao , Nakagawa Takayuki , Nakamura Hiroshi , Li Ke , Hua Zhang Qiu , Kratz Tomie Sasaki
Published: August 2011

The authors examined the relationships between Type A behavior and narcissism based on scores of college students in Japan, the United States of America, and the People's Republic of China. The scores on narcissism and Type A behavior differed significantly across the groups, being highest among the Chinese. In all three groups, the Type A scores were significantly and positively correlated with the scores on narcissism, and the latter were significantly and negatively correlated with the scores of mother's care. We refer in this study to cross-cultural comparisons from viewpoints of sociocultural and psychological family structure.
Psychology of Computer Use: XXXVII. Computer-Related Stress and Amount of Computer Experience
Authors: Ballance Collin T. , Ballance Vickie V.
Published: August 2011

57 college students were surveyed using Hudiburg's revised Computer Technology Hassles Scale. From additional information, groups with various amounts of experience were formed. Comparison suggests that computer-related stress is not simply a by-product of increased interaction with computers.
Personality, Prayer, and Church Attendance in a Sample of Male College Students in the USA
Authors: Lewis Christopher Alan , Maltby John
Published: August 2011

Recent studies have suggested that, within Eysenck's dimensional model of personality, psychoticism rather than extraversion or neuroticism is fundamental to both positive religious attitude and frequency of religious practice. 1995 data of Maltby were further analysed to examine the relationship between the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised-Abbreviated and frequency of personal prayer and church attendance among 100 male college students in the USA. A significant negative association was found between scores on the Psychoticism scale and frequency of personal prayer, with lower Psychoticism scores being associated with greater frequency in personal prayer. However, no significant association was found between scores on the Psychoticism scale and frequency of church attendance or between frequency of personal prayer and frequency of church attendance. These findings therefore only partly replicate those of Maltby among female students in the USA and lend some further support to the view that psychoticism is fundamental to religiosity.
Keep Labels of Variables Simple and Consistent: Comment on the Study of Televised Violence by Sutil, Et Al.
Authors: Boor Myron
Published: August 2011

The 1995 research by Sutil, Esteban, Takeuchi, Clausen, and Scott is made unclear by the circuitous and inconsistent labels used to identify their variables.
Psychology of Computer Use: XXXIX. Prevalence of Computer Anxiety in British Managers and Professionals
Authors: Bozionelos Nicholas
Published: August 2011

The prevalence of computer anxiety among British managers and professionals was investigated. Questionnaire data were obtained from a sample of 235 British managers and professionals. Prevalence was defined as the percentage of individuals in the sample with scores above the midpoint on the computer-anxiety scale. A prevalence rate of 21.3% was found. The prevalence among women was double that among men. This rate is considered very high and may have significant negative effects on productivity or ability to adapt to new computer-based technology Further, the results imply that scales assessing constructs relevant to rapidly changing issues such as computers need to be constantly updated.
Scores of Middle-School-Age Students on the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale
Authors: Hagborg Winston J.
Published: August 2011

Using a middle-school age sample of 120 an investigation of the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale's construct validity was undertaken. Specifically, the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale total score and two factor scores were correlated with scores on Harter's (1985) multidimensional Self-perception Profile for Children. Using a series of stepwise multiple regression analyses, for both factors of the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale and total score, the first identified predictor variable was Global Self-worth among Harter's six subscales. Other findings were the high internal consistency (α .84) and the lack of statistically significant differences by gender or grade. Findings are supportive of the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale as a unidimensional measure of global self-esteem with middle-school age children.
Error and Feedback: Relation between Content Analysis and Confidence of Response
Authors: Dempsey John V. , Driscoll Marcy P.
Published: August 2011

Prior studies using science concepts and rules have indicated that learners spend twice as much time studying feedback after fine discrimination errors as they do after gross errors. Likewise, other researchers have suggested that learners had longer feedback study times after errors for which they had a high confidence that the response was correct. The purpose of the present study was to see if a relationship between discrimination error (based on content analysis) and confidence in response (based on self-report) could be established. Analysis indicated that, as in prior studies, the correlation between fine discrimination error and feedback study time was positive. The correlation between fine discrimination error and confidence in response, however, was negative. Possible explanations for these results are discussed.
Scores on Indicators of Leadership Skills, Locus of Control, and Self-Actualization for Student Leaders in Grades 6 to 10
Authors: Karnes Frances A. , McGinnis J. Christopher
Published: August 2011

Measures of leadership skills, self-actualization, and locus of control for 105 student leaders in Grades 6 through 10 (36 boys and 69 girls) were examined using the Leadership Skills Inventory, Reflections of Self by Youth, and the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children. Several significant grade differences but no significant gender differences were found on the measures. Correlations (.23 to .91) between scores were significantly different from zero.
Did Desert Storm Reduce Marital Satisfaction among Army Enlisted Personnel?
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Hemesath Karla , Bell D. Bruce , Palmer-Johnson C. Elizabeth , Elig Timothy W.
Published: August 2011

Data from over 800 enlisted soldiers were analyzed to assess differences in marital satisfaction as related to participation in Operation Desert Storm. Among those soldiers who had remained married between August 1990 and mid-1992, our results indicated no significant over-all change with respect to marital satisfaction.
Should Peers' Evaluations be Used in Class Projects?: Questions regarding Reliability, Leniency, and Acceptance
Authors: Morahan-Martin Janet
Published: August 2011

This is a description of use of a rating system in which both students (peers) and an instructor evaluated the performance of 32 debate teams and 136 peer team members, with peers' and the instructor's evaluations being equally weighted in assigning grades. Peer evaluation was psychometrically reliable. Peers and instructor were similar in evaluating defensive and offensive debate performance, but peers gave more favorable ratings than the instructor for presentation and research. Over-all, the rating system was perceived by participants as fair and not a popularity contest. Most peers reported that they were comfortable as evaluators.
Choices of Task by Preschool Children: A Model for Explaining Choices of Easy, Intermediate, and Difficult Tasks
Authors: Tanaka Sachiyo
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to offer a model that explained choices of easy, intermediate, and difficult tasks by preschool children. From the author's past studies, three goals were assumed to be associated with children's choices of tasks. Preschool children choose an easy task when their goals are to receive a favorable estimation by others (estimation goal), an intermediate task when they are interested in the task (task goal), and a difficult task when their concerns are focused on the value of success (value of success goal).
Trends in Dual Military Couples in the U.S. Army
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Rice Rose E. , Bell D. Bruce , Sanders Diane
Published: August 2011

Dramatic percentage increases in female soldiers, married enlisted soldiers, spouses in the labor force, female single-parent soldiers, and dual military couples have changed the demography of the Army substantially since the end of the Vietnam War and the institution of the All Volunteer Army. The presence of dual-career military families is one change that has shifted the traditional pattern of the unmarried male soldier led by a married male officer. This report documents the changes in dual military families since the early 1970s in the U.S. Army and discusses what effects, if any, there may be on family adaptation, retention, readiness, and use of services and what effects current downsizing initiatives might have on the prevalence of dual military couples in the Army.
Getting the Most Out of Image: An Example from the Fast-Food Industry
Authors: Schori Thomas R.
Published: August 2011

Using a fast-food industry example, this study was designed to illustrate how a marketing practitioner might use a model of the brand choice process to identify a brand's optimal image, that is, an image which would be expected to maximize that brand's share. 219 upper-divisional college students expressed their beliefs about three fast-food restaurants, plus their preferred restaurant, and what constituted their ideal restaurant on 15 attributes. Also, they indicated the relative importance of each attribute. Using their image data, we then chose a brand-choice model to identify those changes in image that would be expected to maximize (and minimize) each restaurant's share of market.
State versus Trait Loneliness in Elderly New Zealanders
Authors: Hector-Taylor Loma , Adams Peter
Published: August 2011

505 elderly people in Auckland, New Zealand were administered state and trait versions of the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale, Version 3, and a battery of psychosocial and health measures. The Pearson correlation for scores on the loneliness measures was .86. Neither age nor gender was predictive of state or trait loneliness scores. Less education, insufficient income, and living alone were predictive of state but not trait loneliness. Having experienced the death of a spouse within the past year was predictive of trait but not state loneliness. The predictive variance for all health outcome variables was lower for trait than state loneliness.
Dubious Value of Affirmative Action, with Emphasis on Making up for past Discrimination
Authors: Eisenman Russell
Published: August 2011

A report by Woody, et al. (1996) raises the issue of making up for past discrimination by granting special treatment to women now. The ideological basis of this view is analyzed. It is a feminist argument based on (1) assumptions of affirmative action for “protected” groups, (2) an argument for “group rights” instead of equal opportunity “individual rights,” and (3) the identification by the person with the “victim's” role. These points question the value of affirmative action and the claim for group rights especially when based on past discrimination.
How to Improve Your Teaching Evaluations without Improving Your Teaching
Authors: Neath Ian
Published: August 2011

The current increased interest in evaluating the teaching of college and university faculty has made course evaluations even more important to the careers of academic faculty. The most important use of teaching evaluations is to guide instructors in revising courses and altering teaching methods to become more effective educators. A second use is becoming more frequent: comparing scores on teaching evaluations across faculty to make major personnel decisions, including hiring, firing, promotion, and tenure. The soundness of these decisions depends upon the validity of the evaluation instrument, and even the most reliable and consistent instrument can easily be compromised if administered inappropriately. Based on a review of the literature, I list 20 ways to compromise teaching evaluations and improve ratings without improving teaching.
An Analysis of the Factor Structure of the Ethical Climate Questionnaire
Authors: Vaicys Cheryl , Barnett Tim , Brown Gene
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to provide additional empirical evidence concerning the factor structure of the Ethical Climate Questionnaire. A random sample of 1,000 members of the American Marketing Association were selected and mailed a copy of the survey. Usable responses were received from 207 marketers, representing 207 organizations from various industries across the United States. The results provide relatively strong support for the dimensions of ethical work climate conceptualized by Victor and Cullen (1988). Factor analysis yielded six dimensions of ethical work climate, namely, (1) Team Spirit, (2) Rules and Codes, (3) Social Responsibility, (4) Self-interest, (5) Efficiency, and (6) Personal Morality.
Teachers' Views towards Corporal Punishment in Lesotho Schools
Authors: Monyooe L. A.
Published: August 2011

To examine randomly selected teachers' views regarding corporal punishment at secondary schools in Lesotho 36 women and 24 men whose ages ranged from 23 to 60 years responded to a questionnaire. Analysis of responses confirmed that corporal punishment was the most frequently used disciplinary method although dismissal from class, retention after school, and verbal reprimand were used.
Unemployment and Alcohol Consumption
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

From 1950 to 1972 unemployment rates were negatively associated wirh per capita alcohol consumption in eight nations studied.
Reliability and Validity of Aids Victim Blaming Scales
Authors: Mulford Charles L. , Lee Motoko Y.
Published: August 2011

Scales were developed to measure the tendencies to blame AIDS victims or the society in which victims live. Data from a sample of 874 students were used to examine the construct validity and reliability of the scales. The list-wise deletion reduced the sample size to the usable sample size of 824. The data showed satisfactory validity and reliability of the scales so they may be used to study attitudes toward those who are suffering from AIDS and related problems.
Accurate Knowledge about Suicide and Personality
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Accuracy of information about suicide was not related to age, gender, extraversion or neuroticism for 106 undergraduates.
Relationship between Exhaustion and Postnatal Depression
Authors: Caltabiano Nerina J. , Caltabiano Marie L.
Published: August 2011

The period after the birth of a child may be characterized by occasions of physical exhaustion. Mothers who self-reported having experienced postnatal depression in the past year and physical exhaustion were examined.
Characteristics and Motives of Volunteers in Wildlife Rehabilitation
Authors: Hdd Aline H. , Kidd Robert M. , Zasloff R. Lee
Published: August 2011

Although wildlife rehabilitation relies heavily on volunteers, the characteristics and motivations of such volunteer workers have not been studied. 80 volunteers from three San Francisco Bay Area Rehabilitation Centers, were interviewed about their preferences in working with animals and people, their methods of dealing with grief and failure over animals' deaths, and the onset of their interest in and motives for working in a difficult field. A significant number had owned pets in childhood as well as currently. 40% preferred working only with animals to working with both animals and people. 34% stayed in rehabilitation because they loved and wanted to help animals; 23% enjoyed hands-on nurturing; and the remainder primarily felt they were giving back to Nature a part of what people have taken from it.
Using Computerized Study Guides to Increase Performance on General Psychology Examinations: An Experimental Analysis
Authors: Flora Stephen R. , Logan Richard E.
Published: August 2011

The effectiveness of using a commercially available computerized study guide to improve performance on examinations in two general psychology courses was investigated. The experimental design required 37 students to use a computerized study guide on two examinations and not on two others, counterbalanced across two classes. Analysis suggested that use of the study guides was associated with an increase in examination scores. These commercially available computerized study guides may be effective because they use many empirically established general principles of learning.
Elements of Behavioral Health Intervention in Geriatric Long-Term Care Settings
Authors: Curtis John M.
Published: August 2011

The effectiveness of using a commercially available computerized study guide to improve performance on examinations in two general psychology courses was investigated. The experimental design required 37 students to use a computerized study guide on two examinations and not on two others, counterbalanced across two classes. Analysis suggested that use of the study guides was associated with an increase in examination scores. These commercially available computerized study guides may be effective because they use many empirically established general principles of learning.
Robustness of Taxometric Analysis with Skewed Indicators: I. a Monte Carlo Study of the Mambac Procedure
Authors: Cleland Charles , Haslam Nick
Published: August 2011

A small Monte Carlo study was conducted to determine whether Meehl and Yonce's (1994) MAMBAC procedure—a taxometric method for testing between discrete and continuous models of latent variables—is robust when the latent variable and its manifest indicators are skewed Analysis of constructed data sets containing three levels of skew indicated that the MAMBAC procedure is highly unlikely to yield spurious findings of discreteness (“taxonicity”) even when skewness is considerable. MAMBAC appears to be a robust and promising addition to the family of taxometric procedures.
On-Line Sexual Addiction: A Contemporary Enigma
Authors: Bingham John E. , Piotrowski Chris
Published: August 2011

On-line computer bulletin boards, although screened for offensive content, have become a breeding ground for sexually related material and erotic-chat networks. Participants can interact individually or in groups (chat rooms) on a host of sexually perverse subjects. Persons afflicted with various erotic predilections via ‘cyber-sex’ have recently gained the attention of mental health professionals. The authors report on a ‘cybersex’ group in treatment for sexual addiction.
Instructors of Psychotherapy in M.A. and Ph.D. Clinical Programs
Authors: Stevens Heather B.
Published: August 2011

The present study investigated the characteristics and orientations of the instructors of the initial psychotherapy course of the 44 members and affiliates of the Council of Applied Master's Programs in Psychology. Also examined were the focus of instruction in the course and the teachers' style of instruction. Responses for 26 completed surveys (58%) were compared with responses from instructors of initial psychotherapy courses in 69 of the 170 APA accredited doctoral programs. Five general theoretical orientations were represented by the M A instructors with 28% self-identifying as humanistic, 24% as dynamic, 20% as cognitive behavioral, 16% as interpersonal, and 12% as behavioral. No significant differences were found on demographic characteristics, theoretical orientation, focus of instruction, or method of instruction between instructors in M.A. and those in Ph.D. programs.
Cross-Cultural Validation of Measures of Social Support
Authors: Tate Uday
Published: August 2011

To examine the applicability of social support scales in a cross-cultural context measures of supervisory support, coworkers' support, and support from family members and close friends were obtained from retail sales personnel, 262 from the United States, 195 from Japan, and 183 from Colombia. Reliability and the factorial validity suggest that these measures may be applied across different cultures or nations.
A Cross-Cultural Study of Attitudes towards Seeking Psychological Help
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Andrew Rachel
Published: August 2011

Among 98 Asian and 78 Caucasian British subjects physicians' ratings of somatisising predicted patients with less positive attitudes towards psychotherapy. Whether a psychotherapist had been seen previously was also significant as was years lived in Great Britain.
Eating Disorders, Depression and Suicidal Preoccupation in a Nonclinical Sample
Authors: Pook Rebecca , Conti Tressa , Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 140 college students, eating disorder scores were associated with depression and general irrational thinking scores.
Loneliness, Perceived Social Support, and Anxiety among Israeli Adolescents
Authors: Ginter Earl J. , Lufi Dubi , Dwinell Patricia L.
Published: August 2011

This study was designed to investigate the variables of social support, loneliness, and anxiety among two groups, i.e., participants who identified with the label “I am a lonely person” (Lonely group; n = 37) and those who did not identify with this label (Not lonely group; n = 107). Based on the findings of a 1994 study of South Pacific participants, hypotheses were formulated and tested using the grouping variable. As expected, significant correlations for scores on loneliness with social support and with anxiety were noted. Also, as expected, there were significant differences between the two groups on social support, loneliness, and anxiety. While such results support earlier findings it appears the association of loneliness and perceived social support may be more complex than proposed earlier. For the lonely group anxiety is significantly correlated with a need to seek acceptance.
Comparison of Four Health-Care Disciplines on the Facts on Aging and Mental Health Quiz
Authors: Cole Elizabeth , Dancer Jess
Published: August 2011

Professionals in four health-care disciplines were given the Facts on Aging and Mental Health Quiz to assess their knowledge in these areas. All groups scored means above 70%, indicating considerable knowledge which would help in their provision of services to older adults.