bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Context on the Production of Hostile Associates to Ambiguous Verbal Stimuli
Authors: Pollio Howard R. , Wilcox Roger , Sundland Donald M.
Published: July 2017

Six groups of 50 subjects each produced word-associates to 12 stimulus words which are subject to both a hostile and a non-hostile interpretation. For 3 of the 6 groups, the stimulus words were preceded by either a 1, 2, or 3 word hostile context, while for the 3 other groups, the stimuli were preceded by a 1, 2, or 3 word neutral context. The results showed that increasing context length for both hostile and neutral contexts served to produce more different responses. The hostile context was found to be effective in increasing the number of hostile responses in proportion to the length of the context. The results were interpreted to mean that hostile context exercises a selective effect in resolving the ambiguity of stimulus words which are ambiguous with respect to hostility, and that this effect is dependent upon the evocation of appropriate representational responses.
Bi-Alphabetical Lexical Decision
Authors: Lukatela G. , Savić M. , Gligorijević B. , Ognjenović P. , Turvey M.T.
Published: July 2017

The Serbo-Croatian language is written in two alphabets, Roman and Cyrillic. The majority of the total number of alphabet characters are unique to one or the other alphabet. There are, however, a number of shared characters, some of which receive the same reading in the two alphabets, and some of which receive a different reading in the two alphabets. Letter-strings were constructed, all of which could be given a phonological interpretation in Roman, but only some of which could be given a phonological interpretation in Cyrillic; some of these letter-strings had a lexical entry in Roman, some had a lexical entry in Cyrillic, some had a lexical entry - the same or different - in both alphabets, and some had no lexical entry in either alphabet. In three experiments, subjects reading in the Roman alphabet mode decided as rapidly as possible whether a given letter-string was a word. Taken together, the experiments suggest that in the lexical decision task, Serbo-Croatian letter-strings (where their structure permits) receive simultaneously two phonologic interpretations. Whether or not this phonologic bivalence impedes lexical decision in the assigned alphabet mode depends on whether or not the letter-string has a lexical entry in at least one of the alphabets.
Role of Verbal Representations in Testing Recognition of Naturalistic Sounds
Authors: Lawrence David M.
Published: July 2017

This paper reports two experiments concerned with verbal representations in the test stage of recognition memory for naturalistic sounds. In Study I 10 subjects produced verbal descriptions to 50 sounds and after a 7-day delay 5 subjects reviewed self-produced verbal descriptions while 5 did not prior to testing for recognition. Review of descriptions increased recognition to 94.4% compared to 88.5% for those with no review. In Study II 16 subjects produced verbal descriptions to 50 naturalistic sounds. After a 7-day delay all subjects reviewed descriptions of one-half of the items which were “targets” and 8 subjects reviewed descriptions of 25 “non-targeted” items. The latter condition produced interference, observed as a significant decrement in recognition from 90.3% to 86.5%.
Visual Imagery and the Corpus Callosum: A Theoretical Note
Authors: Prigatano George P.
Published: July 2017

Can visual imagery training substantially improve verbal paired-associate learning in a partial callosal patient? A 20-yr.-old male with the posterior half of his corpus callosum sectioned did show substantial improvement in such learning after 3 mo. of modified visual imagery training. Such training seems useful when there is a disconnection of visual-imagery and verbal-semantic modes of encoding, but basic memory capacities are retained.
Severe Abdominal Pain in Women: A Case Report of an Hepatic Adenoma
Authors: Quasim T. , Horgan P.
Published: July 2017

As the use of the oral contraceptive pill increases, so does the incidence of hepatic adenomata. This condition can present as an acute surgical emergency in the previously healthy female but is often overlooked as a possible diagnosis. This report illustrates such a case and its sometimes unusual presentation.
Detection of Breast Disease in A Family Planning Association Clinic
Authors: Hamilton T. , Loudon Nancy B. , Prescott R. J. , Rankin Mary E.
Published: July 2017

The incidence and prevalence of disorders of the breast have been assessed in 13,456 women examined annually at a family planning clinic over 5 years. Screening for disorders of the breast was by clinical examination alone and abnormalities were detected in 1 of every 58 women attending the clinic and these were referred for hospital opinion: biopsy was required in 1 in 114. Only 12 cancers of the breast were detected and all of these in women over 35 years. It is suggested that the usual policy of examining the breasts of women taking oral contraceptive preparations should be restricted to those over 40 years.
Cervical cancer in developing countries: How can we reduce the burden? Awareness raising, screening, treatment and palliation
Authors: Ansink Anca C
Published: July 2017

Cervical cancer is an important health problem in developing countries. Most women present with advanced disease, resulting in low cure rates. Screening by Visual Inspection with the Aid of Acetic Acid and optionally HPV DNA detection as a second test is technically feasible. However, the majority of women appear to be reluctant to attend a screening clinic. This is probably due to lack of knowledge and a low priority of women's health in local communities. There is an obvious need to obtain more knowledge on communities’ perceptions and understanding of cervical cancer. Furthermore, we need more information on what issues should be addressed in order to perform cervical cancer screening in an acceptable manner.

Treatment of cervical cancer in developing countries is highly dependent on the resources and skills available.

Efforts to provide adequate palliation should be enhanced as relief of troublesome symptoms can often be achieved by relatively simple and low-cost measures.
Missing maternal deaths: Lessons from Souro Sanou University Hospital in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
Authors: Sombie I , Meda N , Hounton S , Bambara M , Ouedraogo T W , Graham W
Published: July 2017

We investigated the location of maternal deaths in the Souro Sanou University Hospital of Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. In all, the deaths of 585 women of reproductive age (12-49 years) were reviewed, and 132 (22.6%) were found to be maternal. Of these 132,43 (33.6%) occurred outside of the maternity unit. Some direct causes of death (eclampsia and sepsis) and indirect causes of death (cardiac illness and HIV/AIDS) would be omitted if only cases occurring on the maternity ward are investigated. Alarmingly, 93 (70%) of the 132 maternal deaths would have been missed in this hospital if we had used a narrow search process (excluding non-maternity wards) and narrow definition (excluding indirect causes). In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate the potential for seriously underestimating the magnitude of maternal mortality within facilities and for neglecting pregnant or recently pregnant women dying in non-maternity wards and from indirect complications.
The Emergence and Significance of the “Mallott Rule”: The Legal History
Authors: Johnson Matthew B.
Published: July 2017

The Mallott rule refers to the requirement, in effect in Minnesota and Alaska, that police electronically record all custodial questioning of suspects. The purpose of the rule is to ensure an objective record of all questioning/interrogation to assist trial and appellate courts in resolving any factual disputes regarding the voluntariness, and thus the admissibility, of incriminating statements. Minnesota and Alaska are the only states that have adopted this rule. This article presents the case law history that resulted in the Mallott rule adoption in Minnesota and Alaska. The legal and logical basis for the Mallott rule is discussed, and its adoption in other jurisdictions is advocated.
Advance Directives and the Treatment of Patients with Mental Illness: Can an Advance Directive Avert Court Intervention When the Patient Refuses the Administration of Antipsychotic Medication?
Authors: McArdle Edward F.
Published: July 2017

This article reviews the use of advance directives in the treatment of mental illness and finds that they hold untapped potential to improve outcomes while reducing time spent in court and damage to the physician–patient relationship resulting from litigation.

Most state advance-directives laws apply to mental health treatment. However, their use in the treatment of mental illness has lagged behind their use in other medical conditions. Although there are unique risks to the use of advance directives in treating mental illness, they retain a legitimacy and persuasiveness in the wake of a later rejection by an impaired-capacity patient. Concerns that patients will seek to override directives or to use them to affirmatively refuse later treatment can largely be overcome; however, their possible use to avoid later treatment underscores the need for state law protections to ensure a patient's competency at the time the proxy is signed.

Anecdotal evidence suggests that advance directives hold value in psychiatry. Clinicians need to explore their use before an assessment can be made of whether the overall success of advance directives will carry over to the treatment of mental illness.
Juvenile Miranda Case Law in New Jersey, from Carlo, 1966, to JDH, 2001: The Relevance of Recording All Custodial Questioning
Authors: Johnson Matthew B.
Published: July 2017

The U.S. Supreme Court's In re Gault decision guaranteed juveniles right to counsel and privilege against self-incrimination. Since Gault the courts, in all jurisdictions, have elaborated the specific protections and procedures that are to apply to ensure adherence to the basic rights guaranteed by the U.S. Supreme Court. The juvenile Miranda case law in New Jersey has addressed several issues related to the reliability and voluntariness of juveniles' incriminating statements, such as intellectual and cognitive immaturity, vulnerability to suggestion, parental notification, coercion, proper recording and corroboration. The policy of requiring the electronic recording of all custodial questioning would be protective of juveniles' due process rights and substantially assist the courts in determining the admissibility statements derived from the interrogation of juveniles.
The Red Hook Community Justice Center: An Evaluation of a Community Court
Authors: Flynn Susan
Published: July 2017

The archival data base of the Red Hook Community Justice Center was analyzed to describe the defendant population, the nature of the cases, the types of sanctions imposed, and the extent of compliance with sanctions. The data base contained a total of 6,245 cases that came under the jurisdiction of the court between June 2000 and June 2003. As anticipated, the data indicated that the most frequent type of offense was drug related and the most frequent sanction was mandatory substance abuse treatment. Incarceration was infrequent (4.9% of all cases). Other sanctions included community service, mandatory academic or vocational training and social service interventions such as anger management groups. Compliance with sanctions ranged from 63.7% for mandatory drug treatment sanctions to 75.5% for community service.
A Literature Review of the Utility of Selected Violence and Sexual Violence Risk Assessment Instruments
Authors: Fabian John Matthew
Published: July 2017

The rationale for this article is to comprehensively outline and describe the strengths and weaknesses of various risk assessment instruments/tools relevant to the evaluation of sexually violent and violent offenders. The author will briefly discuss ethical obligations the forensic mental health professional (FMHP) must consider when conducting risk assessments.
Investigation and treatment of thyroglossal cysts in children
Authors: Brewis C , Mahadevan M , Bailey C M , Drake D P
Published: July 2017

Thyroglossal cysts are the commonest midline neck masses in children. To evaluate current practice questionnaires were sent to all ear, nose and throat (ENT) and paediatric surgeons in the UK and 72% responded. The commonest investigation requested was an ultrasound scan (54%) and the commonest operation was a variant of Sistrunk's procedure (78%). Paediatric surgeons did fewer investigations than ENT surgeons and tended to excise more of the thyroglossal tract. Review of the published work suggests that ultrasound scanning and Sistrunk's procedure are the best management policy. The scan can avoid inadvertent excision of an ectopic thyroid gland. Extensive thyroglossal tract excisions give lower recurrence rates.
Elder abuse: Do general practitioners know or care?
Authors: Mccreadie Claudine , Bennett Gerry , Gilthorpe Mark S , Houghton Guy , Tinker Anthea
Published: July 2017

A pilot survey in Tower Hamlets, London, indicated that many general practitioners (GPs) might not be recognizing abuse of elderly patients through lack of training. The survey was replicated on a large scale in Birmingham, to allow further analysis.

561 Birmingham GPs were mailed questionnaires and responses from 291 were analysed, providing data from 95% of the practices. The findings were similar to those in Tower Hamlets: just under half had diagnosed elder abuse in the previous year. Regression analysis of the combined data-sets (n=363) indicated that the strongest factor predicting GP diagnosis of abuse was knowledge of 5 or more risk situations (odds ratio 6.77, 95% confidence interval 4.19, 10.93).

The findings of these surveys suggest that research-based education and training would help GPs to become better at identifying and managing elder abuse.
Hospital referrals for low back pain: More coherence needed
Authors: Silman Alan J , Jayson Malcolm I V , Papageorgiou Ann C , Croft Peter R
Published: July 2017

Low back pain is a common reason for hospital referral but little is known of the resulting workload in different specialties. All new outpatient attendances for conditions with low back pain were recorded over one month in a teaching hospital and a district general hospital. The patients were seen in at least ten specialties and two-fifths of them had been seen previously with the same symptom in another department. In the two hospitals, low back pain accounted for 15% and 12% of all new outpatient attendances. A more coherent referral policy is needed.
Sonoclot coagulation analysis of in-vitro haemodilution with resuscitation solutions
Authors: Brazil E V , Coats T J
Published: July 2017

The colloid and crystalloid solutions used for resuscitation should preferably be free from effects on coagulation. In 10 volunteers, the effects of haemodilution with various concentrations of 0.9% sodium chloride and 4% succinylated gelatin were assessed by Sonoclot analysis, which describes the whole coagulation process. Small and moderate haemodilution (up to 40%) with 0.9% sodium chloride promoted coagulation. Similar haemodilution with 4% succinylated gelatin impaired coagulation, and at 60% haemodilution coagulation was very poor. These findings need to be confirmed in vivo and their clinical relevance determined.
Sexual health—what are users’ views?
Authors: Belfield Toni
Published: July 2017

This article is the fifth in a series of articles on sexuality and sexual health.

People's understanding of and needs in sexual health are complex. In recognition of this, fpa—with funding from the Department of Health—published The Handbook of Sexual Health in Primary Care in 2006.a This multi-authored book is written by practising professionals working in sexual health providing evidence-guided and accessible information to support practice. This article is adapted from Chapter 10 and published with permission from fpa.
Life Style as a Blood Pressure Determinant
Authors: Staessen Jan A , Bieniaszewski Leszek , Pardaens Karel , Petrov Victor , Thijs Lutgarde , Fagard Robert
Published: July 2017

In Belgium, an affluent Western European country, participation in sports, alcohol intake, and living in a working class area were identified as the life style factors with the closest associations with the blood pressure level. Obesity was another important blood pressure correlate. Sodium intake, determined from the 24 h urinary output, and smoking were not associated with blood pressure. Controlled intervention studies have proven that weight reduction, endurance training and alcohol abstinence effectively reduce blood pressure. In the light of these intervention studies, the Belgian findings and the published work highlight the potential of preventive strategies aimed at these major life style factors.
Wheelchair Use: A Physical Sign in Gastroenterological Practice
Authors: Chiotakakou-Faliakou E , Dave U , Forbes A
Published: July 2017

Diagnosis of functional abdominal pain requires exclusion of organic causes, and many patients undergo considerable investigation. A positive physical sign supporting a functional diagnosis could therefore be of benefit. Wheelchair use specifically for abdominal symptoms was suspected to represent such a sign.

Review of 300 consecutive new referrals to a gastroenterology clinic revealed 10 wheelchair users. In four women the chair was used because of the abdominal condition. The final diagnosis (with follow-up to at least 12 months) was functional abdominal pain in each of these cases. All four had had surgery without symptom relief, and all had used their chairs intermittently (mainly for social occasions and hospital visits) for at least 12 months. They believed that normal walking was rendered impossible by abdominal pain whereas the other six wheelchair users gave a clear account of lower limb pain or weakness. Secondary gain with reinforcement of the ‘sick role’ was felt to be the probable explanation for wheelchair use in the former group.

Wheelchair attendance at the gastroenterology clinic, in the absence of lower limb symptoms, is a rare observation but one that may usefully be added to criteria for diagnosis of a functional disorder.
Multiple Use of Disposable Syringe Units by Insulin-Dependent Diabetics
Authors: Turner Joan G. , Lancaster Jeanette
Published: July 2017

Previous research on reuse of disposable syringe and needle units has reported no incidence of inflammation at subjects' injection sites. Even though many diabetic individ uals may reuse insulin syringe and needle units without the approval and/or knowledge of their physician, there have been few studies to document the actual incidence of reuse.

This study examined reuse practices among 302 ambu latory insulin-dependent persons. A total of 134 subjects reported reusing syringe units for 3 to 10 times before dis carding the syringe unit. Subjects who reused disposable syringe units were female more often than male, black rather than white, and tended to be older than their non- reuse counterparts. Those who reused the units typically had been insulin dependent over five years.

Individuals who reused syringe units were comparable to non-reusers in their ability to correctly and aseptically self-administer insulin. Inflammation at injection sites in subjects retrospectively over a five year period of time amounted to a rate of 9.93%. Reusers demonstrated a slightly higher rate of inflammation at injection sites, but there was no statistically significant difference between groups at an alpha of .05.
Eligibility of Historically Underrepresented Students Referred for Gifted Education in a Rural School District: A Case Study
Authors: Pendarvis Edwina , Wood Ellen Wallace
Published: July 2017

This case study describes a rural school district's efforts to identify historically underrepresented gifted students (HUGS) more effectively than in the past. The district developed new policy; disseminated the policy with lists of characteristics of HUGS; provided a workshop for first-grade teachers to encourage early referrals; and provided alternative tests to students who were referred for evaluation and who scored at least one standard deviation above the mean on an individually administered comprehensive intelligence test, but who did not score high enough to qualify for placement according to state regulations. Of the historically underrepresented children referred for testing, 29% qualified for placement in the gifted program. The county's efforts appeared to increase placement of HUGS; however, the new policy excluded some HUGS who would have been identified under the old policy. Consequently, the county made a decision to combine elements of the new and old policies.
Testing Statistical Hypotheses about Rat Liver Foci
Authors: Morris Richard W.
Published: July 2017

Tests of statistical hypotheses concerning treatment effect on the development of hepatocellular foci can be carried out directly on two-dimensional observations made on histologic sections or on estimates of the density and volume of foci in three dimensions. Inferences about differences in the density or size of foci from tests based on two-dimensional observations, however, can be misleading. This is because both the number of focus cross-sections observed in a tissue section and the percent area occupied by foci can be expressed in terms of the number of foci per unit volume of liver tissue and the mean focus size. As a consequence, a treatment difference may be caused by a difference in the density of foci, their average size, or both. Of more serious concern is the possibility that failure to detect a treatment effect may occur not only when there is no treatment effect but also when the density and size of foci differ between treatments in such a way that their product is unchanged. This can happen if the effect of treatment is to increase the number of foci and decrease their average size, or vice versa. A similar difficulty of interpretation is associated with hypothesis tests based on average focus cross-section area. Tests based on estimates of the number of foci per unit volume and mean focus volume allow direct inference about the quantities of interest, but these estimates are unstable because they have large variances. Empirical estimates of statistical power for the Wilcoxon rank sum test and the t-test from data on control rats suggest power may be limited in experiments with group sizes of ten and low observed numbers of focus cross-sections. If hypothesis tests based on estimates of the density and size of foci are to form the basis for a bioassay, then the power of statistical tests used to identify treatment effects should be investigated.
Effects of Non-Genotoxic Hepatocarcinogens Phenobarbital and Nafenopin on Phenotype and Growth of Different Populations of Altered Foci in Rat Liver
Authors: Schulte-Hermann R. , Kraupp-Grasl B. , Bursch W. , Gerbracht U. , Timmermann-Trosiener I.
Published: July 2017

Non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens share the ability to induce liver growth in rodents. Phenobarbital (PB), as one prototype compound, promotes the development of liver tumors; altered cell foci of the clear-eosinophilic phenotype, also identified by gamma-glutamyltransferase expression, appear to be precursor lesions. These foci seem to over-respond to the growth-inducing effect of PB. In contrast, the question as to whether peroxisome inducers are also tumor promoters is still unsettled. We will present evidence which strongly suggests that the peroxisome inducer, nafenopin (Naf), promotes tumor development in rat livers by stimulating selective growth of a hitherto undescribed subtype of altered foci. This subtype is characterized by weak diffuse cytoplasmic basophilia of its hepatocytes. Initiation in rats by aflatoxin B1 followed by promotion with Naf produced numerous adenomas and carcinomas; their morphology resembled that of the weakly basophilic foci. Both clear-eosinophilic and weakly basophilic foci appear “spontaneously” in the liver of aging rats. Promotion of such lesions by PB-type compounds or peroxisome inducers may explain cancer formation by these non-genotoxic agents.
Evaluation and Grading of Rat Liver Foci in Carcinogenicity Tests
Authors: Squire Robert A.
Published: July 2017

The significance of rat liver foci in carcinogenesis testing received major attention following their description in the National Cancer Institute workshop of 1974. However, the biological nature of foci remains uncertain despite numerous studies during the past 15 years. That is, in part, because criteria to define foci have been inconsistent, and studies of spontaneous foci in rats have been very few. This symposium has demonstrated that the induction or enhancement of rat liver foci, per se, may not provide sufficient evidence to classify a test compound as a carcinogen. Evidence presented suggests that some types of rat liver foci may not be related to carcinogenesis, and there is, consequently, a basis to further subclassify these lesions. In cases where foci are considered to be a part of the neoplastic process, semi-quantitative grading of these lesions, as well as of tumors, according to the extent of their development or progression, may assist in the interpretation of equivocal carcinogenicity test findings.
Interspecies Differences in Renal Localization of Cyclooxygenase Isoforms: Implications in Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug-Related Nephrotoxicity
Authors: Khan Kanwar Nasir M. , Venturini Catherine M. , Bunch Roderick T. , Brassard Jacquline A. , Koki Alane T. , Morris Dale L. , Trump Benjamin E. , Maziasz Timothy J. , Alden Carl L.
Published: July 2017

Cyclooxygenase (COX) exists in 2 related but unique isoforms: one is constitutive (COX-1) and functions in normal cell physiology, and the other is inducible (COX-2) and is expressed in response to inflammatory stimuli. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) cause renal toxicity following inhibition of renal cyclooxygenases. Humans and animals exhibit differences in susceptibility to NSAID-related renal toxicity, which may be associated with differences in expression of 1 or both isoforms of COX in the kidney. In this study, we evaluated COX-1 and COX-2 expression in the kidneys of mixed-breed dogs, Sprague-Dawley rats, cynomolgus monkeys, and humans. In addition, the effect of volume depletion on renal COX expression was investigated in rats, dogs, and monkeys. COX expression was evaluated using 1 or more of the following procedures: reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. We demonstrated that both COX isoforms are expressed in the kidneys of all species examined, with differences in the localization and level of basal expression. COX-1 is expressed at high levels in the collecting ducts and renal vasculature of all species and in a small number of papillary interstitial cells in rats, monkeys, and humans. Basal levels of COX-2 are present in the maculae densa, thick ascending limbs, and papillary interstitial cells in rats and dogs and in glomerular podocytes and small blood vessels in monkeys and humans. COX-2 expression is markedly increased in volume-depleted rats and dogs but not monkeys. These results indicate that significant interspecies differences exist in the presence and distribution of COX isoforms, which may help explain the difference in species susceptibility to NSAID-related renal toxicity.
Altered p53 Expression in Early Stages of Chemically Induced Rodent Hepatocarcinogenesis
Authors: Wirnitzer Uta , Topfer Roman , Rosenbruch Martin
Published: July 2017

Most available data on the involvement of p53 in rodent carcinogenesis are based on results of the end point of chemically or virally induced carcinogenesis, i.e., tumors. To investigate the role of altered p53 expression in early stages of rodent hepatocarcinogenesis in a systematic way, we treated male Wistar rats for 6 wk, for 13 wk, and for 6 wk followed by a 7-wk recovery period with chemicals classified as genotoxic (200 ppm acetylaminofluorene [AAF], 100 ppm N-nitrosomorpholine [MMN], 200 ppm ben-zo(a)pyrene), as tumor promoters and carcinogenic in experimental animals (5 ppm ethinylestradiol, 500 ppm phenobarbitone, 3,000 ppm clofibric acid), as carcinogenic in animal experiments (600 ppm thioacetamide), as noncarcinogenic (200 ppm thyroxine), and as tumor promoters in experimental animals (20,000 ppm tryptophan, 120,000 ppm fructose). Immunohistochemical assessment of altered p53 expression on liver sections with polyclonal serum (CM5) resulted in positive staining in 17/21 benzo(a)pyrene-, 1/18 thioacetamide-, 2/21 clofibric acid-, 2/21 phenobarbitone-, 7/19 ethinylestradiol-, 1/21 tryptophan-, 3/19 thyroxine-, and 1/21 fructose-treated rats and in 2/19 controls. These data support earlier results obtained from analogous investigations with a high incidence of altered p53 expression after NNM and AAF treatment. Thus, altered p53 expression appears to be an early and frequent event in rodent carcinogenesis induced by genotoxic chemicals in contrast to most epigenetically acting chemicals.
Frequency of ras Mutations in Liver Neoplasms from B6C3F1 Mice Exposed to Tetrafluoroethylene for Two Years
Authors: Hong Hue-Hua L. , Devereux Theodora R. , Roycroft Joseph H. , Boorman Gary A. , Sills Robert C.
Published: July 2017

Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) was evaluated for carcinogenicity in inhalation studies because of its high use in the production of Teflon. There was clear evidence of hepatocarcinogenic activity in B6C3F1 mice after 2 yr of TFE exposure. The present study was designed to characterize the mutation profiles of H- and K- ras oncogenes in liver neoplasms in mice after exposure to 0, 312, 625, or 1,250 ppm TFE. ras mutations were identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism, single-stranded conformation polymorphism analysis, and direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction amplified-DNA isolated from frozen or paraffin-embedded liver neoplasms. A low frequency (15%, 9/59) of H- ras codon 61 mutations was detected in hepatocellular neoplasms when compared with the higher frequency (59% of this study and 56% of historical data) in spontaneously occurring liver neoplasms. There was no difference in the mutation frequency or spectrum among exposure groups or between benign and malignant hepatocellular neoplasms. K- ras mutations at codons 12, 13, and 61 and H- ras mutations at codon 117 were not detected in hepatocellular neoplasms. These data suggest that TFE-induced hepatocellular neoplasms are developed by pathways that are mostly independent of ras mutations. The ras mutation frequency and spectrum were similar to those of the structurally related chemical tetrachloroethylene.
Spontaneous Synovitis in Wistar Rats
Authors: Sasaki Satoshi , Nagai Hirofumi , Mori Ikuo , Kandori Hitoshi , Anayama Hisashi
Published: July 2017

Spontaneous synovitis has been detected in the stifle joints of control Wistar rats in 4-wk and 2-yr toxicity studies, and a specific site was found to be predisposed to synovitis. The incidence of synovitis was 27.5% for males in the 4-wk study and 40.0% for males and 16.0% for females in the 2-yr study. The severity was not increased with aging. The degenerative changes, including chondroid metaplasia of the cruciate ligaments of the stifle and/or the surrounding connective tissue at the border of the cruciate ligaments of the stifle, were present even in younger animals, and moreover there was a good correlation between synovitis and chondroid metaplasia of the cruciate ligaments of the stifle and the surrounding connective tissue at the border of the cruciate ligaments of the stifle. Vascular changes, including the development of fibrin-containing thrombi, were observed in the surrounding connective tissue at the border of the cruciate ligaments of the stifle. It is speculated that the pathogenesis of the observed synovitis reflects joint instability that induces mechanical damage of the synovium.
Specific cellular immunity in acoustic neuroma patients
Authors: Rasmussen Niels , Bendtzen Klaus , Thomsen Jens , Tos Mirko
Published: July 2017

An indirect leukocyte migration agarose technique to detect cell‐mediated immunity was modified to obtain a specific assay for release of human leukocyte migration inhibitory factor. Acoustic neuroma patients exhibited a significant cellular immune response against acoustic neuroma extract (P <. 01) as well as perilymph from acoustic neuroma patients (P <. 01) when compared to healthy control persons. All 19 patients tested reacted to acoustic neuroma extract. Seven of 21 perilymph samples did not elicit migration inhibition. Crossover determination of antigenicity of two negative and four positive perilymph samples against three patients revealed highly reproducible results, uncorrelated to perilymph concentration of potassium and protein. Flow cytofluorometry did not reveal malignant DNA patterns in 10 acoustic neuromas examined. Immunofluorescence studies did not reveal autoantibodies against acoustic neuromas in sera from 11 patients. The responsible antigen(s), the mechanism of Immunization, and the diagnostic implications remain to be determined.
Treatment of tinnitus with intravenous lidocaine: A double‐blind randomized trial
Authors: Duckert Larry G. , Rees Thomas S.
Published: July 2017

Several recent reports have suggested that intravenous (IV) lidocaine is an effective form of therapy to relieve tinnitus; however, many of these studies were not well controlled. A double‐blind randomized trial to assess the effectiveness of IV lidocaine on tinnitus was conducted at the University of Washington‐affiliated hospitals on a total of 50 patients. Tinnitus was evaluated before and after injection by subjective assessment and audiometric matching. Although 40% of the lidocaine group reported a decrease in tinnitus, over 30% of the lidocaine group reported increased tinnitus after administration of the drug. There was also a high incidence of side effects, including disequilibrium, slurred speech, numbness, and tingling of the extremities in the drug group. The results of the study suggest that the clinical usefulness of IV lidocaine in relieving tinnitus may be less than was previously reported.
Prosthetic auricular reconstruction
Authors: Chen Douglas , Johnson Jonas T. , Zini Ivo , Myers Eugene N. , Aramany Mohamed A.
Published: July 2017

Large lesions may necessitate resection of critical amounts of auricle, such that surgical reconstructive efforts may prove to be futile. We favor the prosthetic rehabilitation of patients requiring near total auriculectomy. Fifteen patients seen for the treatment of auricular lesions from 1976 to the present were reviewed. Near total auriculectomy with postoperative prosthetic management provided satisfactory functional and aesthetic results. This presentation will highlight the significant technical features of the surgical ablation and subsequent prosthetic management of patients with tumors of the auricle, such that postoperative rehabilitation will be facilitated.
The petrous carotid artery: Anatomic relationships in skull base surgery
Authors: Leonetti John P. , Smith Peter G. , Linthicum Fred H.
Published: July 2017

Advanced transcranial lesions may be successfully resected through a variety of contemporary skull base approaches. The identification and isolation of the internal carotid artery throughout its petrous course is essential in most of these surgical techniques. Anatomic landmarks normally used to identify this vital structure, however, may be severely distorted by tumor involvement or previous operative dissection. In an effort to define surgical landmarks that may be used in the identification of the petrous carotid artery, histologic sections of 100 temporal bones from adults were examined and microscopic measurements were recorded from the anatomic dissection of 10 fresh cadaver halfheads. On the basis of these studies, structures we have found useful in identification of the vertical petrous carotid artery during lateral skull base approaches include the: base of the styloid process, bony vascular crest, basal turn of the cochlea, medial wall of the eustachian tube, and the cochleariform process. Identification of the horizontal segment can be achieved by the preliminary delineation of the middle meningeal artery, greater petrosal nerve, tensor tympani muscle, mandibular and maxillary divisions of the trigeminal nerve, and the eustachian tube. Specific anatomic relationships with associated measurements are detailed and correlated with selected, illustrative cases.
Salicylate, mefenamate, meclofenamate, and quinine on cochlear potentials
Authors: Fuel Jean‐Luc , Bobbin Richard P. , Fallon Maureen
Published: July 2017

The perilymphatic spaces of guinea pig cochleae were perfused with artificial perilymph, with and without drug, at a rate of 2.5 μl/minute for 10 minutes. The compound action potential of the auditory nerve, cochlear microphonics, and the summating potential evoked by 10 kHz tone bursts of varying intensities were recorded from a wire inserted in the basal turn scala vestibull. The endocochlear potential was recorded from the scala media. Sodium salicylate (1.25 to 10 mmol/L) reduced the magnitude of the compound action potential evoked by low‐sound intensities without affecting the compound action potential evoked by high‐sound intensities. Sodium salicylate also reduced cochlear microphonics and had no effect on summating potential. Cochlear perfusions of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors, mefenamate (200 μmol/L), and meclofenamate (200 μmol/L), had no effect on the cochlear potentials. Quinine (10 to 100 μmol/L) reduced the compound action potential input‐output function in a parallel fashion rather than selectively affecting the low‐intensity compound action potential. Quinine (100 μmol/L) reduced cochlear microphonics and summating potential. Neither quinine (100 μmol/L) nor salicylate (5 mmol/L) affected endocochlear potential. These results suggest that salicylate‐induced hearing loss is not caused by either antagonism of the hair cell transmitter or cyclooxygenase inhibition, nor is it caused by the same mechanism that causes quinine‐induced hearing loss.
Surgical management of chondroblastoma of the temporal bone
Authors: Horn Karl L. , Hankinson Hal , Nagel Barry , Erasmus Mark
Published: July 2017

Chondroblastoma of the skull is a benign but locally aggressive tumor. In the past, simple curettage and radiation therapy have been advocated for treatment of this tumor. We present two patients with chondroblastoma of the temporal bone. The tumor extended through the dura in both patients and into the temporal lobe in one patient. Both patients were treated with wide local excision using a combined extended transmastoid and middle cranial fossa approach. On the basis of these two cases and a review of the literature, we recommend complete surgical excision as the primary treatment for chondroblastoma of the temporal bone.
Can one Predict the Long-Term Outcome of Hospitalized Depressives?
Authors: Lee Alan S. , Duggan Connor , Murray Robin M.
Published: July 2017

This paper summarizes the methodological aspects and findings of a long-term study involving 89 depressed patients who were admitted to the Royal Maudsley Hospital between 1965 and 1966, and who were followed-up 18 years later. Less than 20% of the survivors had remained well and > 33% of the series suffered unnatural death or severe chronic distress and handicap. Patients whose index episode marked their first psychiatric contact had a 50% chance of readmission within their lifetime, but those with previous admissions had a 50% chance of readmission within 3 years. High neuroticism scores on the Eysenck Personality Inventory on recovery, and when ill but referring to the pre-morbid state, were associated with poor overall outcome and chronicity. High obsessional interference scores on the Leyton Obsessional Inventory on recovery were also associated with poor long-term outcome, impaired social adjustment, more time spent in hospital and with the subsequent development of schizophrenic or schizoaffective episodes. Subtyping according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria, DSM-III, Newcastle Index and PSE/Catego criteria had little prognostic utility. However, DSM-III melancholia was shown to have an interactive effect with the personality measure neuroticism such that melancholic individuals, who at index had high neuroticism scores, were very likely to have a poor outcome.
The Effects of Treatment on Mortality in Affective Illness
Authors: Goodwin Guy M.
Published: July 2017

All studies of mortality in patients with a diagnosis of affective illness agree that the death rate is increased. The excess mortality appears primarily to result from suicide; any excess mortality from physical illness, most notably cardiovascular disease, now appears unlikely to be a simple consequence of affective illness. Historical comparisons suggest that acute treatment of affective disorder reduces the immediate risk of death. It is much more difficult to assess the impact of treatment upon the subsequent rates of suicide. This is true of all aspects of the acute and short-term continuation of treatment for an episode of illness, from the need for hospital admission to the choice of drug treatment. Adequate treatment of refractory depression and the possibility that some actions of drugs may increase the risks of suicide are emergent therapeutic issues that are still providing more questions than answers. Prophylaxis should also reduce the risk of suicide. However, although standardized mortality rates, reflecting relative risk, are very high, only ~2% of patients with affective disorder will commit suicide in a follow-up interval of 2 years. Comparison of mortality data for patients on lithium registers with that from lithium clinics shows important reductions in specialized clinics. Indeed, mortality from suicide may actually be lower than expected. It raises the question of whether long-term hospital follow-up by personnel with a specialist interest in drug treatment of major mental illness is safer than a potentially more erratic provision of care in the community. The future issues in the prevention of suicide include whether to treat patients by admission to a hospital in-patient unit or not, whether to treat for at least a year with adequate doses of tricyclic drugs or a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) re-uptake inhibitor, and whether to maintain patients with a second episode of affective illness or a prolonged first illness indefinitely with lithium or antidepressants.
The SSRIs: Advantages, disadvantages and differences
Authors: Lane Roger , Baldwin David , Preskorn Sheldon
Published: July 2017

The highly specific mechanism of action of the selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) confers advantages on this group, relative to other classes of antidepressant, and thus represents a significant advance in the pharmacotherapy of depression. Whilst their clinical efficacy is equivalent to that of the tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), the SSRIs have a greatly reduced risk of toxicity in overdose and have been shown to be significantly better tolerated. Specifically, the SSRIs have a low incidence of anticholinergic effects and are essentially devoid of cardiotoxicity. This tolerability advantage may be of significance in improving compliance and hence cost-effectiveness of treatment, particularly in the long term. Despite a lack of sedative effect, there is evidence that SSRIs are more effective than TCAs in the treatment of depression with anxiety. In addition, the SSRIs have been shown to be effective in obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and social phobia. Although superior efficacy has not been demonstrated for any one of the SSRIs, the structural diversity of this group is reflected in emerging qualitative and quantitative differences in side effects and drug interaction potential. Many of these differential features reflect important variations in pharmacological and pharmacokinetic profiles, including dosage flexibility, washout times, dose-plasma level proportionality and age-related changes in plasma levels. Fluoxetine, for example, has a considerably longer half-life than other SSRIs and side effects and drug interactions may thus occur for an extended period following discontinuation of treatment. Significant differences in the potential for drug interactions in this group are related to their relative potency for inhibition of important liver drug-metabolising enzymes including CYPIID6, CYPIA2 and CYPIIA4. Large comparative clinical trials of the different SSRIs have yet to be undertaken; however, the differences that have already become apparent provide important information enabling the physician to choose an SSRI appropriate to the individual patient.
Zum histochemischen und färberischen Verhalten des Koriums bei der Solardermatitis des Rindes
Authors: Herrmann H.-J.
Published: July 2017

Early changes in photodynamic dermatitis of a 12-year-old black-spotted cow (Holstein cross) were characterized by splitting of collagen fibers and loss of acid mucopolysaccharides which were believed to be the result of a process of disaggregation and depolymerization. The resorcin- and fuchsinophilic material in the chronically inflammed corium was shown histochemically to be a mucoprotein similar to the cement substance in pathologically altered elastic fibers. Necrosis of connective tissue and a defective but increased synthesis of fibers were considered responsible for the production of this material. Finally, the comparative pathological aspects of this “elastotic” degeneration of connective tissue were discussed.
Bovine Protothecosis: A Report of Three Cases
Authors: Migaki G. , Garner F. M. , Imes G. D.
Published: July 2017

This is the first report of the presence of organisms of Prototheca sp. in the tissue of cattle. Three cases are reported, and in each the organisms histologically resembled Prototheca segbwena. They provoked an extensive granulomatous lymphadenitis characterized by large accumulations of epithelioid cells. In 1 case, the organism caused multiple foci of proliferative peritonitis characterized by marked proliferation of mesothelial cells.
Medulloblastoma in Calves: A Report of Three Cases
Authors: Jolly R. D. , Alley M. R.
Published: July 2017

Three calves with a history of neurological disturbances suggesting cerebellar dysfunction were submitted for necropsy. In each case a tumour was found attached to, and continuous with, the anterior cerebellum. Histologically all were medulloblastomas.