bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Suppresses the Proliferation of Human Prostate Cancer Cells through Inhibition of p70S6K and Akt Signaling Networks
Authors: Chuu Chih-Pin , Lin Hui-Ping , Ciaccio Mark F. , Kokontis John M. , Hause Ronald J. , Hiipakka Richard A. , Liao Shutsung , Jones Richard Baker
Published: May 2012

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is a bioactive component derived from honeybee hive propolis. CAPE has been shown to have antimitogenic, anticarcinogenic, and other beneficial medicinal properties. Many of its effects have been shown to be mediated through its inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathways. We took a systematic approach to uncover the effects of CAPE from hours to days on the signaling networks in human prostate cancer cells. We observed that CAPE dosage dependently suppressed the proliferation of LNCaP, DU-145, and PC-3 human prostate cancer cells. Administration of CAPE by gavage significantly inhibited the tumor growth of LNCaP xenografts in nude mice. Using LNCaP cells as a model system, we examined the effect of CAPE on gene expression, protein signaling, and transcriptional regulatory networks using micro-Western arrays and PCR arrays. We built a model of the impact of CAPE on cell signaling which suggested that it acted through inhibition of Akt-related protein signaling networks. Overexpression of Akt1 or c-Myc, a downstream target of Akt signaling, significantly blocked the antiproliferative effects of CAPE. In summary, our results suggest that CAPE administration may be useful as an adjuvant therapy for prostate and potentially other types of cancers that are driven by the p70S6K and Akt signaling networks. Cancer Prev Res; 5(5); 788–97. ©2012 AACR.
Sensitization to Common Ragweed in Southern Bavaria: Clinical and Geographical Risk Factors in Atopic Patients
Authors: Ruëff Franziska , Przybilla Bernhard , Walker Annett , Gmeiner Jennifer , Kramer Matthias , Sabanés-Bové Daniel , Küchenhoff Helmut , Herzinger Thomas
Published: May 2012

Background: Sensitization to common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) is associated with a variety of risk factors, which are incompletely defined. Our aim was to evaluate the association of a variety of clinical, geographical and demographical variables with ragweed sensitization and also to determine its frequency in southern Bavaria. Methods: In this cross-sectional multicentre study, we enrolled 977 patients with a documented or suspected atopic disease or food allergy. Data were collected on aeroallergen sensitization, age, sex, type and history of allergic disease, place of residence and potential local ragweed exposure. For this last variable, county ragweed cover was taken as a surrogate variable. Relative rates were calculated with multiple additive logistic regression models. Randomly selected patients with ragweed sensitization had a conjunctival provocation test. Results: According to skin prick tests, 190 patients (19.5%) were sensitized to ragweed. The frequency of this finding increased significantly with a rising number of additional sensitizations. Other less important predictors for a ragweed sensitization were male gender, mugwort sensitization, food allergy and a maximum of complaints in September or October. County of residence, extent of local ragweed cover or type of residential area were without relevance. Of 48 sensitized patients, 26 (54.2%) had a positive conjunctival provocation test. Discussion: Patients with multiple sensitizations may be more readily sensitized to a new aeroallergen. Local geographic or environmental conditions are presumably of minor importance for becoming sensitized to ragweed. The frequency of ragweed allergy among sensitized patients might be high.
Omalizumab versus ‘Usual Care’: Results from a Naturalistic Longitudinal Study in Routine Care
Authors: Wittchen H.-U. , Mühlig S. , Klotsche J. , Buhl R. , Kardos P. , Ritz T. , Riedel O.
Published: May 2012

Background: It is unclear how far the superior efficacy of omalizumab, established in randomized controlled clinical trials of patients with severe allergic asthma (SAA), translates into routine practice and when compared to matched controls. Methods: New-onset omalizumab-treated (OT) patients with SAA (n = 53) were compared to a matched control group of usual-care (UC) patients (n = 53). Treatment and procedures were naturalistic. Subsequent to a baseline assessment, patients were followed up over at least 6 months with at least two follow-up assessments. Primary clinical outcomes were the number of asthma attacks, persistence of asthma symptoms and degree of control [asthma control test (ACT), Global Initiative for Asthma]. Secondary outcome criteria were quality of life (Euro-Qol 5D) and number of medications. For each outcome we compared within-group effects from baseline to 6-month follow-up as well as between-group effects. Results: OT patients showed significant improvements in number [effect size (ES) = 0.03] and frequency (ES = 0.04) of asthma attacks as well as asthma control (ES = 0.09), whereas controls revealed no significant improvements in these measures. Further improvements in the OT group were found for ‘perceived control always’ (ACT, p = 0.006), no impairment (ACT, p = 0.02), reduction of sickness days (p = 0.002) and number of medications needed (p = 0.001). Conclusions: Substantial beneficial effects of omalizumab, similar to those observed in controlled trials and after marketing studies, were confirmed, particularly with regard to the reduction of asthma attacks, persistence of symptoms, asthma control and reduction of concomitant asthma medications. This study provides a tougher test and generalizable evidence for the effectiveness of omalizumab in routine care.
From Genotypes of Immunoglobulin Constant Heavy G Chains (Fcγ) (GM) Genes (IGHG) to Phenotypes in Childhood Asthma
Authors: Oxelius Vivi-Anne
Published: May 2012

Background: IgE-mediated allergy is associated with immunoglobulin heavy constant G chain (Fcγ) (GM) genes (IGHG) on chromosome 14q32.3. Investigation of the alternative GM allotypes of γ3, γ1 and γ2 chains has disclosed new structural and functional IgG subclasses and B-cell variants, with possible effects on childhood asthma. Objective: To investigate different IGHG (GM) gene complexes in a childhood asthma population for allergy parameters. Methods:IGHG alleles and correlated allotypic (allelic) IgG subclass levels were analyzed with a sensitive indirect competitive ELISA in 10-year-old children with bronchial asthma. Individual IGHG diplotype-, genotype- and haplotype-related B cells were compared for allelic IgG subclass levels, IgE sensitization, IgE, IgA and IgM levels, and numbers of peripheral blood eosinophils and lymphocytes. Results: The group with homozygous IGHG*bfn/*bfn (B1/B1 cells) demonstrated low IgG1*f levels (p < 0.001) but increased IgG2*n levels (p < 0.001) together with increasd IgE and IGHG2*n gene dose-dependent IgE sensitization (atopic phenotype). The IGHG*bf–n/*bf–n (B2/B2 cells) demonstrated low IgG1*f (p < 0.05) and IgG2*–n (p < 0.001) and the IGHG*ga–n/*ga–n (B4/B4 cells) low IgG1*a (p < 0.001) and IgG2*–n (p < 0.02) together with low IgE sensitization (non-atopic phenotype). B*bfn (B1) and B*bf–n (B2) demonstrated increased numbers of peripheral blood eosinophils, compared to B*gan (B4) cells, which demonstrated increased peripheral blood CD8 lymphocytes instead. Conclusion:IGHG diplotypes present different phenotypes in childhood asthma. The IGHG2*n dose relationship to IgE sensitization and increased IgG2*n levels in IgE sensitized are risk markers for IgE-mediated asthma. The opposite IGHG2*–n presents non-IgE-mediated asthma and IgG subclass deficiencies.
Colonic Diverticular Disease: Abnormalities of Neuromuscular Function
Authors: Bassotti Gabrio , Villanacci Vincenzo
Published: May 2012

Although diverticular disease of the colon (diverticulosis) is a frequent finding in Western countries, its pathophysiologic grounds are still only partially understood. Traditionally considered as an age-related condition, colonic diverticulosis is probably the final result of several factors concurring together to determine the anatomo-functional abnormalities eventually causing outpouching of the viscus’ mucosa. Among these factors, a relevant role seems to be played by an abnormal neuromuscular function of the large bowel, as shown by abnormal myoelectrical and motor function repeatedly described in these patients, as well as by altered visceral perception. These anomalies might be related to the recent demonstration of derangement of enteric innervation (especially involving interstitial cells of Cajal and enteric glial cells), mucosal neuropeptides, and mucosal inflammation. The latter may have a role of paramount importance in the development of visceral hypersensitivity, responsible for abdominal pain in a subset of patients.
Is Diverticular Disease Associated with Colonic Malignancy?
Authors: Ekbom Anders
Published: May 2012

Colon cancer and diverticular disease have common characteristics; there are increases in the incidences in both disease entities and these diseases are more common in the westernized world. There is also an increase in the age-specific incidence with advancing age. Similar dietary features have been implicated for both diseases and already during the 1960s it was postulated by Burkitt that there is an association. Observational studies initially were able to demonstrate that patients with a history of diverticular disease of the colon had an increased risk of colon cancer, especially in the left side. However, the results from these studies have not been consistent, and problems like selection bias and confounding by indication have been major drawbacks in order to interpret the results and infer causality. Recent studies, which have had a better assessment of diverticular disease by new diagnostic methods, do not support such an association to the same extent as previously. Moreover, surveillance bias has become an increasing problem as patients with diverticular disease of the colon are subjected to a higher diagnostic intensity than other individuals in a population-based setting. A critical evaluation of the studies published so far therefore clearly indicates that the proposed association between diverticular disease and colonic malignancy is not evidence based, which should have an impact on clinical practice as well as on how to deal with these patient groups within the realms of a screening program.
Value of CT for Acute Left-Colonic Diverticulitis: The Surgeon’s View
Authors: Ambrosetti Patrick
Published: May 2012

Aim: To determine the immediate and later role(s) of initial CT in patients presenting with their first episode of acute left-colonic diverticulitis. Methods: Prospective inclusion of 542 patients hospitalized in the University Hospital of Geneva between 1986 and 1997. 465 (86%) patients had a CT. CT grading of diverticulitis was divided between moderate diverticulitis (no sign of colonic perforation) and severe diverticulitis (signs of colonic perforation). Results: During the index hospitalization, surgical treatment of the first episode of acute diverticulitis was needed in 26% of patients with CT-severe diverticulitis compared to 4% for patients with CT-moderate diverticulitis. At 5 years of follow-up after medical treatment of the first episode, incidence of remote complications was the highest (49%) for patients with CT-severe diverticulitis and the lowest (22%) for patients with CT-moderate diverticulitis. Finally, we found that the location of the diseased segment, which is important to guide the type of resection in case of elective surgery, varies in 35% of patients who had 2 episodes of acute diverticulitis. Conclusion: CT is the indispensable tool both to confirm the suspected diagnosis of acute diverticulitis and to appreciate the risk of surgical treatment during the initial acute episode. Moreover, CT grading of diverticulitis is a statistically significant prognostic parameter of the chance of secondary complicated outcome after a first acute diverticulitis episode successfully treated medically. Finally, CT gives the exact location of diverticulitis. In case of elective surgery this colonic segment should be removed.
Clinical Presentation and Risks
Authors: Binda Gian Andrea , Amato Antonio , Serventi Alberto , Arezzo Alberto
Published: May 2012

Background: A recurrent episode of diverticulitis is a new distinct episode of acute inflammation after a period of complete remission of symptoms. Outdated literature suggested a high recurrence rate (>40%) and a worse clinical presentation with less chance of conservative treatment. More recent studies showed a more benign course with no need toward an aggressive policy of treatment. Methods: We report data from revised literature and from our study: a 4-year multicenter retrospective and prospective database analysis of 743 patients hospitalized for acute diverticulitis (AD) treated medically or surgically and then followed for a minimum of 9 years. Results: The literature showed a recurrence rate of 25–35% at 5 years of follow-up, with a reduced risk of severe complications (i.e. perforations), a risk of subsequent emergency surgery of 2–14% and a risk of stoma and related death of 0–2.7%. Several risk factors of recurrence have been advocated: family history, abscess, severe CT stage, comorbidities (renal failure, collagen vascular disease) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Young age is still a matter of debate. These studies have different limitations: retrospective, lack of definition of AD, small number of patients, long recruiting time, short follow-up, study population or hospital-system based. In our study of 320 followed-up, medically treated patients, 61% were asymptomatic and 22% complained of chronic symptoms: the 12-year actuarial risk of recurrence, emergency surgery, stoma and death was 21.2, 8.3, 1 and 0%, respectively. Recurrence was related to very young age (<40 years) and more than 3 previous episodes of AD. Conclusion: This study confirms the benign course of diverticulitis treated conservatively, with a low long-term risk of serious complications and death, and does not support an aggressive surgical policy to prevent them.
Differences in Early Outcomes after Open or Laparoscopic Surgery: What Is the Evidence?
Authors: Papagrigoriadis Savvas
Published: May 2012

Laparoscopic surgery has been widely studied in colorectal cancer and its feasibility and safety have been proven to the extent that in the UK a national laparoscopic colorectal surgery programme has been established. The advantages of laparoscopic surgery have been studied less systematically in diverticular disease. Several prospective uncontrolled studies have demonstrated that laparoscopic surgery for diverticular disease is feasible with low morbidity and mortality rates. A large population study in the USA has demonstrated elective laparoscopic surgery for diverticular disease to have reduced hospital stay by 1 day, and a lower rate of intra-operative and post-operative complications over open surgery. Some of the reported differences may be attributable to selection bias of more complex cases to open surgery. A Cochrane systematic review examining 11 non-randomized and 1 randomized study showed laparoscopic surgery to be feasible in diverticular disease, although there might be a higher minor complications rate in laparoscopic resections. Attention has been focused on surgical techniques as means to reduce complications. There is a belief that preservation of the inferior mesenteric and superior rectal artery protects from anastomotic leak, but a study from the USA looking into that point did not find a difference. The application of hand-assisted laparoscopy seems to help cope with complex diverticular masses and colovesical fistulas. New hybrid techniques incorporating specimen extraction via rectum may reduce complications further. Single incision laparoscopic surgery has recently been shown to be feasible. Although minimally invasive techniques appear superior in terms of early outcomes than open surgery the choice of minimally invasive technique seems to be less relevant to outcomes if accompanied by an appropriate level of surgical experience and expertise. Patient-related factors such as comorbidities or degree of disease complexity are more likely to be related to complication rates.
Ultrasound of Colon Diverticulitis
Authors: Puylaert Julien B.C.M.
Published: May 2012

Overall, the diagnosis of diverticulitis is more reliably made by computed tomography (CT) than by ultrasound (US). However, since US is often used as a first modality in acute abdomen, it is important to be aware of the US signs of diverticulitis. Besides, in not too obese patients, US may be superior to CT. US is most useful in early, uncomplicated diverticulitis. Daily, repeated US examinations in patients with diverticulitis have taught that diverticulitis, in the majority of cases, runs a predictable and benign course. Initially, there is local wall thickening of the colon with preservation of the US layer structure. Within the inflamed diverticulum, a fecolith is present, and the diverticulum is surrounded by hyperechoic, noncompressible tissue, which represents the inflamed mesentery and omentum ‘sealing off’ the imminent perforation. US follow-up shows evacuation of the fecolith to the colonic lumen, with or without the transient development of a small paracolic abscess, sometimes with disintegration of the fecolith. This process of spontaneous evacuation of pus and fecolith via local weakening of the colonic wall at the level of the original diverticular neck towards the colonic lumen takes place within 1 or 2 days, rarely longer. The residual inflammatory changes remain present for several days after the evacuation, and it is not uncommon to find an empty diverticulum at first presentation. If, in such cases, patients are specifically asked for their symptoms, they invariably declare that ‘the worst pain is over’. Whenever diverticulitis takes a complicated course, CT is superior to US, especially in the detection of free air, fecal peritonitis and deeply located abscesses, and in general in obese patients. Finally, US, if necessary followed by CT, has an important role in the diagnosis of alternative conditions: ureterolithiasis, pyelonephritis, perforated peptic ulcer, appendicitis, Crohn’s disease, epiploic appendagitis, gynecological conditions, colonic malignancy, pancreatitis, etc. Right-sided colonic diverticulitis in many respects differs from its left-sided cousin. Diverticula of the right colon are usually congenital, solitary, true diverticula containing all bowel wall layers. The fecoliths within these diverticula are larger and the diverticular neck is wider. There is no hypertrophy of the muscularis of the right colonic wall. My observations with US and CT in 110 patients with right colonic diverticulitis clearly show that it invariably has a favorable course and never leads to free perforation or large abscesses. Although relatively rare (left:right = 15:1), it is crucial to make a correct diagnosis since the clinical symptoms of acute right lower quadrant pain may lead to an unnecessary appendectomy or even right hemicolectomy.
Aberrant Immunoreactivity of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Methyltransferases in Adenomyosis
Authors: Liu Xishi , Guo Sun-Wei
Published: May 2012

Objectives: To investigate the expression and localization of deoxyribonucleic acid methyltransferases (DNMTs) in women with and without adenomyosis. Study Design: Ectopic and homologous eutopic endometrium from 50 women with adenomyosis and endometrium from 18 age- and menstrual phase-matched women without adenomyosis were used for immunohistochemical analysis. Tissue sections were immunostained with DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B. Microscopic evaluation to assess the presence and localization of DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B throughout the menstrual cycle in both eutopic endometrial and endometriotic tissues of women with adenomyosis was performed, and comparison with normal endometrium was made. Results: Compared with normal endometrium, immunoreactivity to DNMT1 and DNMT3B was higher in ectopic endometrium, while DNMT3A staining levels were significantly reduced in both eutopic and ectopic endometrium. DNMT1 immunoreactivity in eutopic endometrium was positively associated with heavier menses. Increased DNMT3B immunoreactivity in ectopic, but not eutopic, endometrium was associated with the severity of dysmenorrhea. Conclusions: The immunoreactivity to DNMTs in adenomyosis differs significantly from that in normal endometrium, suggesting that adenomyosis may be an epigenetic disease. The finding that DNMT3B correlates with the severity of dysmenorrhea suggests that DNMTs may be involved in adenomyosis-caused dysmenorrhea and its severity. Thus, therapeutics based on epigenetic rectification may hold promise in the management of adenomyosis.
Expression Profile of Genes Associated with the Dopamine Pathway in Vitiligo Skin Biopsies and Blood Sera
Authors: Reimann Ene , Kingo Külli , Karelson Maire , Reemann Paula , Loite Ulvi , Keermann Maris , Abram Kristi , Vasar Eero , Silm Helgi , Kõks Sulev
Published: May 2012

Background: Dopamine has been proven to be toxic for melanocytes. In vitiligo patients the level of dopamine is increased and the functioning of several enzymes participating in the dopamine pathway is changed. Methods: With the use of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and ELISA the expression of genes connected to the dopamine pathway (PAH, PCD, TH, DDC, DBH, PNMT, GPX1, MAOA, MAOB, COMT, DRD1–DRD5, VMAT1 and VMAT2) was observed in vitiligo patients’ and control subjects’ skin and blood. Results: The mRNA expression of GPX1, DDC, MAOA, DRD1 and DRD5 differs in vitiligo skin and the protein level of DDC, MAOA, MAOB, DRD1 and DRD5 is changed in vitiligo patients’ skin and/or blood sera. Conclusions: The dopamine pathway probably influences melanogenesis directly or through the melanocortin pathway. We provide new data about changes of expression profile of the dopamine-synthesizing enzyme DDC, the dopamine-degrading enzymes MAOA and MAOB and the D1-like family dopamine receptors in vitiligo skin and blood sera.
Three-Dimensional Arrangement of Genes Involved in Lipid Metabolism in Nuclei of Porcine Adipocytes and Fibroblasts in Relation to Their Transcription Level
Authors: Kociucka B. , Cieslak J. , Szczerbal I.
Published: May 2012

The 3-dimensional arrangement of chromosomes and genes within a nuclear space is considered to represent the level of transcriptional regulation. Understanding how the nuclear architecture of adipocyte cells contributes to gene expression has become the subject of great interest in the context of obesity research. In this study we investigated nuclear positioning of 3 gene loci involved in lipid metabolism in the pig (Sus scrofa, SSC) which is considered as an important animal model for obesity in humans. We found that the position of the SCD gene in the 3-dimensional space of the cell nucleus is not correlated with transcriptional activity. The gene locus as well as chromosome territory SSC14 occupied the same peripheral location in adipocyte and fibroblast cells, in spite of the fact that their transcription level differs significantly between both cell types. For the 2 other investigated genes, i.e. ACACA and SREBF1 and their chromosome territory (SSC12), slightly different nuclear locations were found. They occupied intermediate nuclear positions in fibroblast nuclei, while in adipocytes they were positioned in the nuclear interior. The more internal location of these genes corresponds to increased transcription levels in fat cells. Our results confirm the non-random position of genes and chromosome territories in nuclei of adult porcine cells and indicate that relationship between transcription activity and gene positioning exists only for some but not all genes.
European Migration Governance
Authors: Zapata-Barrero Ricard
Published: May 2012

This article discusses the need for an ethical code for states in international migration management (IMM). IMM is interpreted as an ethical context characterized by moral dilemmas, insofar as it is difficult to irrefutably know if the decision to “allow entry” or “deny entry” of people is good and right. This calls for an applied ethics approach drawing a normative map in a world in motion, and then for an ethical code of practice regulating state behavior at three levels: admission policies, diplomatic relations with sending states, and inter-European state relations. The discussion is framed within the current five-year strategy of the EU Stockholm Programme and the migration polices of European states.
Newborn Screening for Metabolic Disorders
Authors: Buchbinder Mara , Timmermans Stefan
Published: May 2012

Positive newborn screening (NBS) results cause significant parental distress, but little is known about how parents find out about children’s screening results and what they are told. This qualitative, exploratory study reports on parents’ perceptions of the initial communication of NBS results. Participants included the parents of 75 infants referred to a metabolic clinic in California over a 3-year period (2007-2010). Parents provided information about the initial communication of NBS results during audiotaped clinical encounters and open-ended interviews. Transcripts were analyzed inductively using thematic coding. Responses fell into 3 primary themes: sources of news delivery, providing information, and mitigation strategies. The findings suggest that health care providers have access to a range of communicative resources to buffer the impact of positive screening results that may be mobilized in future interventions. Recommendations for improving the communication process and future research directions are discussed.
Sharing Control With Haptics
Authors: Mulder Mark , Abbink David A. , Boer Erwin R.
Published: May 2012

Objective:

Haptic shared control was investigated as a human–machine interface that can intuitively share control between drivers and an automatic controller for curve negotiation.

Background:

As long as automation systems are not fully reliable, a role remains for the driver to be vigilant to the system and the environment to catch any automation errors. The conventional binary switches between supervisory and manual control has many known issues, and haptic shared control is a promising alternative.

Method:

A total of 42 respondents of varying age and driving experience participated in a driving experiment in a fixed-base simulator, in which curve negotiation behavior during shared control was compared to during manual control, as well as to three haptic tunings of an automatic controller without driver intervention.

Results:

Under the experimental conditions studied, the main beneficial effect of haptic shared control compared to manual control was that less control activity (16% in steering wheel reversal rate, 15% in standard deviation of steering wheel angle) was needed for realizing an improved safety performance (e.g., 11% in peak lateral error). Full automation removed the need for any human control activity and improved safety performance (e.g., 35% in peak lateral error) but put the human in a supervisory position.

Conclusion:

Haptic shared control kept the driver in the loop, with enhanced performance at reduced control activity, mitigating the known issues that plague full automation.

Application:

Haptic support for vehicular control ultimately seeks to intuitively combine human intelligence and creativity with the benefits of automation systems.
Parametric study on processing parameters and resulting part quality through thermoplastic tape placement process
Authors: Khan Muhammad Amir , Mitschang Peter , Schledjewski Ralf
Published: May 2012

Thermoplastic tape placement with in situ consolidation is a unique process, in which prepreg tape is precisely positioned, laid-up and immediately consolidated on the tool surface in a single step. This study addresses some of the remaining issues that restrict the industrialisation of the thermoplastic tape placement. The consolidation quality of the laminates depends on several parameters underlying the consolidation mechanism, for example the tape placement setup, the processing parameters, and the material characteristics. In order to identify the critical parameters of the process, simulations were carried out to study the process sensitivity on individual parameters.
Bio-inspired stretchable network-based intelligent composites
Authors: Salowitz Nathan , Guo Zhiqiang , Li Yu-Hung , Kim Kyunglok , Lanzara Giulia , Chang Fu-Kuo
Published: May 2012

The human skin hosts an array of sensors that are capable of detecting and interpreting many traits important to how we function and survive. The goal of mimicking this capability in composites to create intelligent composite materials has led to the development of a bio-inspired stretchable network composed of numerous micro-fabricated sensors capable of detecting multiple stimuli. The components of the network are small scale and flexible making the network embeddable within complexly shaped composite layups and flexible structures with minimal impact on the host structure. This paper outlines recent progress in ongoing work to develop the bio-inspired network in order to create intelligent composite materials.
Molecular dynamics simulations of interfacial adhesion between carbon fibers and various epoxies/hardeners and its calorimetric validation
Authors: Xiaoqun Wang , Awan Imran Sadiq , Guiyong Chen , Pengcheng Huang , Shanyi Du
Published: May 2012

Separate molecular dynamics simulations are carried out to study interfacial interactions between various monomers of epoxies and their hardeners with T300 and CCF300 carbon fibers. Atomistic models of T300 and CCF300 carbon fibers, both in sized and unsized states, are prepared on the basis of their X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy data. Calorimeteric measurement of heat of adsorption is used to validate the simulated values of interfacial interactions. Results demonstrate a ranking of epoxies and hardeners on the basis of their interfacial adhesion with T300 and CCF300 carbon fibers.
Housing in the welfare state: Partitioning places and people
Authors: Murie Alan
Published: May 2012

The language of disadvantaged neighbourhoods, social exclusion and social and spatial segregation has been prominent in policy debates in the UK in recent decades and has been associated with failures in health, education, employment, crime and other policies. But while these patterns are seen as creating problems the underlying trend towards increased social and spatial division has been speeded by policy changes. Cities, towns and neighbourhoods in the UK have been shaped and reshaped by the national and local welfare state especially through housing and planning policies. This short article examines the likely effects of the current round of welfare reform and policy change, and argues that they promise to further erode the effects of earlier interventions and create a more difficult context for social and economic success.
Is modified constraint-induced movement therapy more effective than bimanual training in improving arm motor function in the subacute phase post stroke? A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Brunner Iris Charlotte , Skouen Jan Sture , Strand Liv Inger
Published: May 2012

Objective:

To compare the effect of modified constraint-induced movement therapy (mCIMT) to bimanual task-related training for patients in the subacute phase post stroke.

Design:

A single-blinded randomized controlled trial.

Settings:

Inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation clinics and the patient’s home.

Subjects:

Thirty patients in the subacute phase post stroke (2–16 weeks) were randomized to modified constraint-induced movement therapy with an emphasis on unimanual tasks, or bimanual task-related training, emphasizing bimanual tasks. All trained with a therapist 4 hours a week for four weeks, followed by a 2–3 hours daily self-training program. Patients in the modified constraint-induced movement therapy group were supposed to wear a restraining mitt on the unaffected hand for 4 hours a day for four weeks.

Main measures:

Blinded assessments at pre and post treatment and after three months with Action Research Arm Test as a primary outcome measure, Nine-Hole Peg Test and Motor Activity Log.

Results:

Power calculations suggested an inclusion of 60 patients, but due to recruitment difficulties the trial was stopped after an interim analysis at 30 patients. There was no difference in change ( P > 0.05) between the groups on any of the measures, neither at post treatment nor at follow-up assessments. From pre-intervention to follow-up assessment the modified constraint-induced movement therapy group obtained a mean change score of 17.77 (14.66) on Action Research Arm Test, the bimanual group 15.47 (13.59).

Conclusion:

Bimanual training was as effective as modified constraint-induced movement therapy in improving arm motor function. Wearing a mitt seems unnecessary for most patients in the subacute phase post stroke when focused affected arm training is provided.
Boundary-Crossing in Perceptual Deterrence
Authors: Jacobs Bruce , Piquero Alex R.
Published: May 2012

Severe punishments have historically been the bedrock of criminal deterrence, but criminologists have long documented that such threats are often ineffective. Instead, it has been the certainty of sanctions that has been most emphasized and that has garnered empirical support. In a departure from prior research, the question motivating this study is whether increases in the threatened severity of sanction threats alter the perceived certainty of detection irrespective of any objective changes in detection certainty, and then how such perceptions relate to offending. To the authors’ knowledge, scant attention has been paid to examining the possibility of this “boundary-crossing,” or the extent to which two core dimensions of deterrence, objective and perceptual certainty, cross, intersect, or interact with one another. Using data from a sample of young adults, the authors find mixed support for “boundary-crossing”: Although combinations of objective certainty and severity did not necessarily result in substantive differences in perceptions of certainty and severity, an individual’s own perceived certainty and severity related to offending differently depending on the information provided to them about the objective certainty and severity of punishment.
Midterm Results of Surgical Hip Dislocation for the Treatment of Femoroacetabular Impingement
Authors: Naal Florian D. , Miozzari Hermes H. , Schär Michael , Hesper Tobias , Nötzli Hubert P.
Published: May 2012

Background:

Surgical treatment of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) includes both open and arthroscopic procedures. Encouraging results have been reported for the majority of patients after surgical hip dislocation; however, most of these reports were short term and included only small cohorts.

Purpose:

To determine the results of surgical hip dislocation in a large cohort of FAI patients at a midterm follow-up.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

A retrospective study including 185 consecutive patients (mean age, 30 years; 40% female) with 233 hips treated was conducted. We determined clinical outcomes in terms of range of motion and analyzed radiographs for several criteria including the alpha angle preoperatively and at 1 year postoperatively. At latest follow-up, on average 61 months postoperatively, patient satisfaction, the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), Hip Outcome Score, SF-12, and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) activity scale scores were determined. All revisions and conversions to total hip arthroplasty (THA) were recorded.

Results:

Both hip flexion and internal rotation improved from preoperatively to postoperatively. Alpha angles decreased from 65.1° ± 14.2° to 42.4° ± 4.9°. At 5 years, 82% of the patients were satisfied or very satisfied with the results of surgery, and 81% would undergo the same surgery again. There were 83% who rated their overall hip function as normal or nearly normal. Mean scores for the WOMAC pain, stiffness, and function subscales were 10.3 ± 15.8, 15.9 ± 17.4, and 9.6 ± 13.0 points; for Hip Outcome Score activities of daily living and sport subscales were 89.0 ± 13.1 and 75.6 ± 23.0 points; and for the SF-12 Physical Component Scale and Mental Component Scale were 47.4 ± 6.3 and 52.3 ± 7.4 points, respectively. The mean UCLA activity level was 7.7 ± 1.9. Conversion to THA was performed in 7 hips (3%). Seven hips (3%) underwent other major revisions, and 11 (4.7%) underwent minor revisions. Female patients had a significantly increased risk for conversion to THA (odds ratio, 13.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-92.6) and major revision (odds ratio, 19.2; 95% CI, 2.4-152.9). The mean body mass index was significantly lower in those patients who underwent conversion to THA. The need for microfracture because of residual full-thickness cartilage defects after rim trimming was a significant ( P = .04) predictor of subjective dissatisfaction.

Conclusion:

This study demonstrates that surgical hip dislocation is a successful procedure for the treatment of FAI. A majority of patients were satisfied with the results of surgery at a midterm follow-up. Older and slim female patients were at an increased risk for a less successful outcome in terms of conversion to THA and revision surgery.
The effects of hyaluronic acid incorporated as a wetting agent on lysozyme denaturation in model contact lens materials
Authors: Weeks Andrea , Boone Adrienne , Luensmann Doerte , Jones Lyndon , Sheardown Heather
Published: May 2012

Conventional and silicone hydrogels as models for contact lenses were prepared to determine the effect of the presence of hyaluronic acid on lysozyme sorption and denaturation. Hyaluronic acid was loaded into poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)/TRIS – methacryloxypropyltris (trimethylsiloxy silane) hydrogels, which served as models for conventional and silicone hydrogel contact lens materials. The hyaluronic acid was cross-linked using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide in the presence of dendrimers. Active lysozyme was quantified using a Micrococcus lysodeikticus assay while total lysozyme was determined using 125-I radiolabeled protein. To examine the location of hyaluronic acid in the gels, 6-aminofluorescein labeled hyaluronic acid was incorporated into the gels using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide chemistry and the gels were examined using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Hyaluronic acid incorporation significantly reduced lysozyme sorption in poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) ( p < 0.00001) and poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)/TRIS – methacryloxypropyltris (trimethylsiloxy silane) ( p < 0.001) hydrogels, with the modified materials sorbing only 20% and 16% that of the control, respectively. More importantly, hyaluronic acid also decreased lysozyme denaturation in poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) ( p < 0.005) and poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)/TRIS – methacryloxypropyltris (trimethylsiloxy silane) ( p < 0.02) hydrogels. The confocal laser scanning microscopy results showed that the hyaluronic acid distribution was dependent on both the material type and the molecular weight of hyaluronic acid. This study demonstrates that hyaluronic acid incorporated as a wetting agent has the potential to reduce lysozyme sorption and denaturation in contact lens applications. The distribution of hyaluronic acid within hydrogels appears to affect denaturation, with more surface mobile, lower molecular weight hyaluronic acid being more effective in preventing denaturation.
Breastfeeding and Neonatal Weight Loss in Healthy Term Infants
Authors: Davanzo Riccardo , Cannioto Zemira , Ronfani Luca , Monasta Lorenzo , Demarini Sergio
Published: May 2012

Background:

Neonatal weight loss is universally recognized, yet poorly understood. Limited professional consensus exists on the definition of lower limit of safe weight loss.

Objective:

Our aim was to assess the extent of neonatal weight loss and its association with selected clinical variables in a population of healthy term infants cared for using a specific protocol on weight loss.

Methods:

We retrospectively considered 1003 infants consecutively admitted to the regular nursery of the Institute for Maternal and Child Health “Burlo Garofolo” (Trieste, Italy). We studied the relationship of selected variables with neonatal weight loss recorded during the hospital stay. We also analyzed all readmissions in the first month of life as a result of weight loss and its complications.

Results:

We observed a mean absolute weight loss of 228 g ± 83g, and a mean percent weight loss of 6.7% ± 2.2%. Weight loss ≥ 10% and > 12% were 6% and 0.3%, respectively. In multivariate logistic regression, cesarean section, hot season, any formula feeding, and jaundice not requiring phototherapy were independently associated with neonatal weight loss ≥ 8%. Conversely, low gestational age status was associated with lower weight loss. Readmission within the first month of life because of dehydration occurred in 0.3% of infants.

Conclusions:

Breastfeeding, compared to formula feeding, may not be a risk factor for greater early neonatal weight loss, at least in contexts in which weight is routinely monitored, breastfeeding is repeatedly assessed and appropriately supported, and careful supplementation is prescribed to limit and promptly treat excess weight loss and its related complications.
Dynamic stiffness of a lift mechanism for forklift truck
Authors: Wang Jian-Yi , Zhao Jing-Shan , Chu Fu-Lei , Feng Zhi-Jing
Published: May 2012

This article investigates the over constraints and dynamic stiffness of a spatial multi-link lift mechanism for forklift trucks. It focuses on the stiffness of the mechanism whose structural parameters are uncertain. Therefore, the interval analysis method is adopted to establish the stiffness. The forces and moments exerted on the fork frame and connection rods are firstly discussed via coordinate transformations between different Cartesian coordinate systems. The elastic deformation of rods and compatibility equations, and the rigid displacement of frame are then analyzed. An equation system is ultimately established to describe the dynamic stiffness of the mechanism. Considering the uncertainty of some parameters in engineering, the trend and interval area of the equivalent stiffness during work is investigated with interval analysis method. Numerical simulations show that this kind of mechanism can provide very good stiffness intervals in both vertical and torsional directions for engineering applications.
Current State of Pain Care for Hospitalized Patients at End of Life
Authors: Yao Yingwei , Keenan Gail , Al-Masalha Fadi , Lopez Karen Dunn , Khokar Ashfaq , Johnson Andrew , Ansari Rashid , Wilkie Diana J.
Published: May 2012

We report findings on the current state of pain care in hospitals for end-of-life (EOL) patients using longitudinal data from 8 diverse medical–surgical units located in 4 different Midwestern hospitals over 24 months. We identified 1425 EOL care episodes, 596 (41.3%) of which had a pain diagnosis. The percentage of EOL patients with pain varied significantly across units ( P < .001) and was even lower (27.7%) for those with “acute confusion.” Additionally, 30% of EOL patients had severe or significant pain at death or discharge to hospice and only 42.7% actually met the expected pain-related outcome ratings. Pain often improved within 48 hours of admission ( P < .005), the improvement, however, stagnated following this initial time period ( P = .92). A sizable gap between pain science and clinical practice continues.
Correlates of Delinquency and Victimization in a Sample of Hispanic Youth
Authors: Miller Holly Ventura
Published: May 2012

Research on Hispanic crime and victimization in the United States has lagged behind the demographic changes of the last four decades. Very little is known about the etiology of Hispanic offending and few studies have examined the correlation between crime and victimization within this group. This study attempts to remedy this gap in the literature by examining the factors associated with both crime and victimization among a homogenous sample of Hispanic adolescents. Negative binomial and logistic regression are utilized to assess the relationship between generational status, self-control, delinquent peers, parental supervision, and demographic variables on the incidence and frequency of delinquency and victimization. Results suggest that generational status, delinquent peers, gender, and age are the most consistent predictors of delinquency and victimization for Hispanic youth.
Modes of immersion and stress induced by commercial (off-the-shelf) 3D games
Authors: Bouchard Stéphane , Bernier François , Boivin Éric , Guitard Tanya , Laforest Mylène , Dumoulin Stéphanie , Robillard Geneviève
Published: May 2012

Developing a stress-management training (SMT) system and protocol for soldiers can help them cope better with stress experienced in theatre operations. Using 3D horror games in virtual reality (VR) can present an attractive simulation method for soldiers. This study was conducted to find out whether it is possible to stress soldiers moderately using VR and which technology is more efficient to do so. A total of 47 soldiers returning from Afghanistan played two 3D first-person shooter (FPS)/horror games (Killing Floor and Left 4 Dead) on three different types of immersive technologies (a 22-inch stereoscopic monitor, a 73-inch stereoscopic TV and a CAVE™). As a control and reference comparison of induced stress, participants were exposed to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), a standardized stress-inducing procedure. Results were supporting of our work, devising an effective low-cost and high-buy-in approach to assist in teaching and practicing stress-management skills. Repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs) revealed statistically significant increases in the soldiers’ respiration rates and heart rates while playing the 3D games and during the TSSTs. No significant interactions were found. Increases in physiological arousal among the soldiers were significant when comparing the baseline to the immersion and to the TSST, but not when comparing both stressors. Immersion in 3D games is proposed as a practical and cost-effective option to create a context that allows practicing SMT.
Team Cognitive Work Analysis
Authors: Ashoori Maryam , Burns Catherine
Published: May 2012

Today’s complex sociotechnical systems involve more than just single operators and often include rich team interactions. In this article, the authors explore cognitive work analysis (CWA), a method typically used for deriving design requirements to support single operators, and rework this methodology into a version that is intended to show requirements required to support successful team collaboration. Team-suitable approaches are presented for the first two steps of CWA, work domain analysis and control task analysis. These approaches are collected from past attempts to model teams with CWA and two new teamwork visualizations, collaboration tables and decision wheels. The applicability of the extended models is demonstrated with a health care example.