bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PERAN ORANG TUA DALAM MELAKUKAN FINANCIAL EDUCATION PADA ANAK USIA DINI
Authors: Pujianti Tiara , Syaodih Ernawulan , Djoehaeni Heny
Published: April 2020

Tingkat literasi keuangan di Indonesia, menurut hasil survei yang dilakukan oleh OJK menunjukkan sebesar 29.7%. Untuk meningkatkan financial education perlu diawali oleh orang tua yang menjadi pendidik pertama di keluarga dalam memberikan pengetahuan mengenai financial education pada anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana peran orang tua dalam melakukan financial education pada anak usia dini. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah fenomenologi dengan empat responden yang berdomisili di Bandung. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peran orang tua dalam melakukan financial education meliputi: 1) kegiatan yang dilakukan orang tua berupa persiapan diskusi antara ayah dan ibu, persiapan untuk sumber materi, menyampaikan materi diantaranya konsep tentang uang, menabung, kebutuhan dan keinginan, dan lembaga keuangan, cara orang tua melakukan financial education, waktu dalam pelaksanaan financial education, penggunaan media, serta tujuan melakukan financial education pada anak; 2) kendala-kendala yang dialami dalam pelaksanaan financial education diantaranya pengetahuan yang kurang, mood anak, dan faktor lingkungan. Adapun solusinya adalah mengalihkan perhatian anak, adanya peran ayah sebagai mediator, dan mengkomunikasikan apa yang diajarkan. Direkomendasikan bagi orang tua untuk memperhatikan dan mengkaji kembali mengenai materi financial education yang dapat dijadikan pedoman dalam mengenalkan financial education. Bagi peneliti selanjutnya, disarankan untuk menggunakan variasi teknik penelitian yang lain dengan cakupan yang lebih luas.
Bestandsanlagen in der smarten Produktion
Authors: Voigt Tim , Kohlhase Martin , Peter Armin
Published: April 2020

Moderne Unternehmen im produzierenden Gewerbe stellen sich täglich den Herausforderungen des Marktes und der globalen Wirtschaft. Ein Schlüssel zum Erfolg ist die smarte Produktion. Eine Aufgabe, die es zur Einführung einer smarten Produktion zu bewältigen gilt, stellt die Einbindung von Bestandsanlagen in einen Industrie-4.0-Kontext dar. In diesem Artikel werden die wesentlichen Schritte und datenbasierten Ansätze beschrieben, um Bestandsanlagen in eine smarte Produktion einzubetten. Dazu zählen die Datenerfassung, der Einsatz von maschinellen Lernverfahren sowie die Abbildung von Expertenwissen mit einem Random Forest.
Teacher Action, Student Action and its Connections in Mathematics Classes Planned with Manipulative Materials
Authors: Dias Mariana Passos , Arruda Sergio De Mello , Passos Marinez Meneghello
Published: April 2020

This article describes the results of an investigation that sought to characterize the teacher and student actions, as well as their connections, in mathematical classes planned with manipulative materials. Data were collected through video, audio, and field notes and analysed according the procedures of Content Analysis. Fourteen categories were obtained for the teacher action: Threaten; Argue; Get Attention; Move; Write; Wait; Explain; Organize; Request; Ask; Provide; Disapprove; Answer; Supervise, and fourteen categories for the student action: Play; Call the teacher; Collaborate; Comment; Communicate; Talk; Copy; Move; Run; Request; Ask; Complain; Answer; Value. The results pointed out that the action Disapprove, which occurred when a student anticipates the procedures without the teacher indicating what was to be done and the action Supervise, which occurred at various moments, including during drawing, using scissors, and the pasting process, seem to be more appropriate for classes planned with manipulative materials. Regarding the connections between the teacher action and the student action, it was possible to identify three types that we call simple, multiple and random. We also noticed that these types of connections varied according to the moment of the class and/or stage.
A Teaching Experience through the use of Tasks: Limits and possibilities for learning Mathematics in a university context
Authors: Ribeiro Alessandro , Paulin Juliana
Published: April 2020

Context: Rethinking mathematics teaching practices in a university context is an emerging research theme. Objectives: In this article, we aim to discuss the limits and possibilities of using mathematical tasks in the teaching and learning processes of the concepts of Derivative, Integral and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Design: The study is based on a qualitative-interpretative perspective of research, with methodological procedures inspired by a Design-Based Research. Environment and participants: The research was developed with students attending a Functions of a Variable class in a public university in the state of São Paulo. Data collection and analysis: Data were collected through mathematical tasks on Differential and Integral Calculus solved by students. The protocols produced were analysed, pointing out the main aspects identified, which led us to organize categories of analysis and dimensions (i) knowledges mobilized and developed by students in relation to mathematical concepts; (ii) main errors and difficulties presented by students in the development of tasks; (iii) limits and possibilities of the practice of exploratory teaching in the university context. Results: The results reveal aspects that characterize a process of resignifying the mathematical concepts discussed with the students and a deepening of their knowledge about the concepts of the DIC. Conclusions: As future notes, we suggest rethinking university teaching practice, since the study indicated possibilities and potentialities of the use of exploratory tasks in the teaching of Differential and Integral Calculus.
About general solutions of Euler’s and Navier-Stokes equations
Authors: Rozumniuk V. I.
Published: April 2020

Constructing a general solution to the Navier-Stokes equation is a fundamental problem of current fluid mechanics and mathematics due to nonlinearity occurring when moving to Euler’s variables. A new transition procedure is proposed without appearing nonlinear terms in the equation, which makes it possible constructing a general solution to the Navier-Stokes equation as a combination of general solutions to Laplace’s and diffusion equations. Existence, uniqueness, and smoothness of the solutions to Euler's and Navier-Stokes equations are found out with investigating solutions to the Laplace and diffusion equations well-studied.
Unsteady processes in stiffened by thin shell viscoelastic cylinder under pulse loading
Authors: Senchenkov I. K. , Chervinko O. P.
Published: April 2020

Solid propellant rocket motor is considered as hollow viscoelastic cylinder inserted in multilayered elastic shell-like case. The material of propellant is considered to be compressible. An estimation of maximum unsteady stresses on cylinder-shell boundary and shell under growing pressure on interior or external cylindrical surface were calculated by FEM. Four corner isoparametric finite element is utilized. Numark method to integrate by time the dynamic equations is used. The problem of linear viscoelasticity have been employing of the Schapery method. `In the case of internal pressure, the possibility of tensile radial stresses on the contact surface of the propellant-shell during the transition process has been established. The dependence of the maximum contact stresses as well as circumferential stresses in the shell on the shell thickness is established. In the case of external pressure pulse, the presence of significant tensile radial stresses on the propellant-shell interface is shown. Insignificant tensile circumferential stresses in the transient wave process are possible in the shell.
The mixed unsteady heat conduction problem for a half-infinite hollow cylinder
Authors: Turchyn I. M. , Vasylko G. V. , Ivaskevych O. Ya.
Published: April 2020

Analysis of temperature fields is important for many engineering applications. The account of actual operating conditions of these structures frequently leads to mixed heating condition. The authors of this paper developed a new effective method of solutions derivation for mixed boundary-value unsteady heat conduction problems. This paper considers the cylinder with at the part of surface of which the temperature distribution is known. Outside this area the heat transfer by Newton's law is performed.

To the heat conductivity problem it is applied the Laguerre integral transformation in time variables and integral Fourier transformation in spatial variable. As a result the triangular sequence of ordinary differential equations is obtained. The general solution of these sequences is obtained in the form of algebraic convolution. Taking into account the mixed boundary conditions leads to dual integral equations. For solution of this problem it is proposed the method of Neumann's series. By this method the problem is reduced to the infinite system of algebraic equations, for which the convergence of reduction procedure is proved. Finally, the unknown temperature is submitted as a series of Laguerre polynomials. The coefficient of these series is Fourier integrals.
The borders of art
Authors:   National University of Kyiv-Mohila Academy, Bondarevska I. A.
Published: April 2020

The paper examines delimitation art and non-art as a crucial issue in contemporary philosophy of art. This thesis is developed with a special reference to Thierry de Duve’s nominalistic theory and is argued that this theory traces some opportunity for seeking answer the question indicated in the title. The author agrees with the main idea that name of an art is a performative, which makes changes in our mind and transform a mere thing into a work of art. This is an actual way to create the borders of art, which means to accept a unique point of view with a unique attitude to the world. The article states that the provocative statement "all can be art, but not all is art" gives us necessary tension to overcome the traditional essentialist mode of thinking. However, the author puts in question the ideas, which have implicit essentialist connotations. Duve’s theory argues that aesthetic judgement is a main condition for establishing the borders of art. The theory explores a crucial change of judgement about art. The judgment "this is art" is functioning like the judgment “this is beautiful” in the previous time and they two have equivalent attributes in the art and human life. I refute these ideas as not convincing and prove the alternative theses: the name of art performative power is determined primarily with social and cultural factors (not aesthetic judgment). The author offer the TV show episode The National Anthem (Black Mirror) as a model for testing the theory. It is evident that modern notion of art is tied to existence of the autonomous social "artworld" (Arthur Danto), or cultural field (Pierre Bourdieu) or social system (Niclas Luhmann). Any judgment about art cannot escape its destiny to divide people and social opinion. As a result, we have at least two subjects (instead of one) with different statuses and authority to say and to be heard. The author concludes that judgment “this is art” is political as such but judgment “this is beautiful” is not.
PREFIGURATIVE POLITICS IN PRACTICE: CONCRETE UTOPIAS IN ITALY'S FOOD SOVEREIGNTY ACTIVISM*
Authors: Koensler Alexander
Published: April 2020

What and how we eat have once again become prominent in debates on the fight for global justice. Proponents of alterglobalism consider experiments with food sovereignty a prefigurative practice that anticipates broader ecocultural change. Critics, however, remain skeptical about its capacity to enhance social change. In social movement research, the practical implications of these prefigurative politics have rarely been investigated empirically. Based on an ethnographic analysis, this article illustrates the multifaceted dynamics of a continuously evolving experiment with Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS) in a neorural microeconomic network, a cornerstone of food sovereignty activism. An ethnographic perspective can grasp the shifting terrain of the political mobilization, frictions and unintended consequences of these types of politics. The article demonstrates the importance of understanding the complexities of prefiguration as not a simple linear, coherent process. Also, the case study allows a critique of re-emerging neorural populism.
CLAIM SPECIALIZATION, TACTICAL DIVERSITY AND THE PROTEST ENVIRONMENT IN THE SUCCESS OF U.S. ANTINUCLEAR ACTIVISM*
Authors: Piazza Alessandro , Wang Dan J.
Published: April 2020

Why are some protests from a seemingly unified social movement more effective against similar organizational targets than others? In this article, we make the claim that protests are more likely to succeed when: (1) their claims are more specialized to their targets; and (2) when they draw on a more diverse repertoire of tactics. We also contend that the extent to which claim specialization facilitates protest success is a function of competition in the form of other geographically proximate protests advancing alternative claims. Finally, we argue that the effect of claim specialization on protest success is contingent on the features of the surrounding protest environment. A study of planned nuclear generating units in the U.S. and the antinuclear protests that targeted them between 1960 and 1995 provides support for our arguments, with implications for how the pace of social change can be linked to intensity of cross-movement alliances.
Economic Crisis and Popular Protest in Iceland, January 2009: The Role of Perceived Economic Loss and Political Attitudes in Protest Participation and Support*
Authors: Bernburg Jón Gunnar
Published: April 2020

The recent wave of protest associated with the global financial crisis provides opportunity to examine the link between economic crisis and collective action in the context of affluent democratic society. I study the mobilization of individual citizens in one of the first of these protests occurring in Iceland in January 2009. Using a survey representing the adult population of the Reykjavík area (N = 610), I examine the role of perceived economic loss and political attitudes in protest behavior (controlling for biographical availability). I find that perceived financial loss predicts both protest participation and support, but only if individuals believe their losses to be greater than the losses of others. Moreover, political attitudes congruent with the political opportunities emerging in the crisis (and the resulting collective action framing)—that is, having a left-wing political attitude and belief in extensive corruption— predict protest participation and support.
The Moral Issue in Collective Behavior and Collective Action
Authors: Turner Ralph
Published: April 2020

Emergent norm theory is clarified and expanded through analysis of the processes and circumstances by which the normative element emerges and persists in general and in collective behavior and collective action. An interdependency in risk principle is suggested, coupled with triggering conditions to evoke a specifically moral sense. The paper concludes with brief discussions of the sources of normative content and social structural conditions that are conducive to normative emergence.
Informal Organizations as Agents of Change: Notes From The Contemporary Women's Movement in India
Authors: Desai Manisha
Published: April 2020

Some social movement scholars suggest a division of outcomes between bureaucratic and collective organizations. Bureaucratic organizations are more likely to achieve political and mobilization outcomes because of their ability to mobilize resources, while the structural flexibility of smaller collective organizations is more suitable for cultural goals. Others argue that women's movement organizations incorporate elements of both bureaucratic and collective structures. This article brings new empirical evidence from the women's movement in India to the debate. Based on an analysis of two informally structured movement organizations, it demonstrates that informal organizations can achieve both political outcomes as well as cultural outcomes. In India, they did so by working at two levels: the national or regional level, mobilizing action with other social movement organizations to achieve political goals; and the local level, mobilizing consensus to initiate cultural innovation. Low cost, informal structures also facilitated a punctuated survival pattern marked by periods of activity alternating with inactivity.
The Sociopolitical Context of Mobilization: The Case of The Antimilitary Movement in The Basque Country
Authors: Casquette Jesus
Published: April 2020

A growing body of literature emphasizes how the political system affects the development of social movements. In this article, I take a complementary position-one that has been relatively underemphasized-that accounts for how social movements might transform their political environment. I underscore the interaction between the movement and civil society as a key process by which movements shape political structures and, in part, make their own political opportunities. I develop this argument by focusing on the civil disobedience campaign carried out by the antimilitary movement in the Basque Country during the period 1989-1993.
Character Building: The Dynamics of Emerging Social Movement Groups
Authors: Blee Kathleen , Currier Ashley
Published: April 2020

Few studies have collected contemporaneous data on social movements at their earliest stages. Thus, we know little about how social movement groups develop the characteristics that will later become assumed as what the group is. This study explores how social movement groups come to take on a particular character by collecting longitudinal, contemporaneous, comparative, and interactional data on what we term "emerging social movement groups" (ESMGs). Using concepts from time-geographic theory, we examine how three paired ESMGs develop distinctive interpersonal, organizational, and ideological characteristics.
The Missing Link Between Structure and Agency: Outline of an Evolutionary Approach to Social Movements
Authors: Koopmans Ruud
Published: April 2020

Theories of political opportunity structure (POS) have received ambiguous empirical support. Quite a few studies make a convincing case for POS, some find it to have no measurable effect, others show that it can have different effects in different contexts. The lack of a theory of the mechanisms that link POS to movement action is identified as the fundamental problem behind these divergent results. I suggest a dynamic and relational solution to the structureagency problem that employs an evolutionary mode of causal explanation. I show how such an approach helps us to understand why in spite of limited information and frequent errors of judgment, actors' choices may ultimately reflect structural opportunities. I also discuss how an evolutionary approach can help explain deviations from the predictions of POS theory, e.g., why adaptation to changes in POS is slow, why opportunities are sometimes missed, and why those that are perceived cannot always be seized. I conclude with a discussion of some methodological implications.
Scholarship on Social Movement Organziations: Classic Views and Emerging Trends
Authors: Caniglia Beth , Carmin JoAnn
Published: April 2020

This essay examines research on social movement organizations (SMOs) within each of the three major schools of social movement theory: resource mobilization, political process, and cultural-cognitive approaches. We map the general terrain of these perspectives and demonstrate how they have established enduring and emerging trends in SMO scholarship. By briefly revisiting some of the central findings and theoretical arguments of SMO research, we provide a background for future research in social movement organizational processes and a foundation for the articles contained in this special issue.
Coalitions and Political Context: U.S. Movements Against Wars in Iraq
Authors: Meyer David , Corrigall-Brown Catherine
Published: April 2020

Although social movements in the United States are staged by coalitions, the politics of movement coalitions and the internal and external factors that affect their formation, maintenance, and dissolution are understudied. Here, we use the 2002-2003 movement against the impending war in Iraq to refocus analytical attention and sharpen theory on social movement coalitions. We contend that external circumstances, or political opportunities, are critically important factors that affect the propensity of social movement organizations to cooperate in common cause. Further, we contend that cooperation among groups can best be seen as variable, rather than dichotomous, and argue that political context affects the extent of cooperation among cooperating groups. We examine the importance of political context through a comparison of the first and second Gulf Wars. The decision of social movement organizations to join a coalition is akin to the process whereby individuals join social movements, involving an assessment of costs, benefits, and identity. As the political context changes, the costs and benefits are assessed differently and, for this reason, actively engaged coalitions are difficult to sustain over a long period as circumstances change. By looking at the antiwar movement generally, and the Win Without War coalition in particular, we show that cooperation was born in the second Gulf War out of the political opportunities presented by the George W. Bush's administration. We conclude with a call for more research on social movements as coalitions.
Criminal Prosecution and the Legal Control of Protest
Authors: Barkan Steven
Published: April 2020

Criminal prosecutions and trials are normal events in the life cycle of many protest efforts and often have important consequences for the struggle between social movements and their opponents. Even so, social movement and law and society scholars have neglected protest prosecutions and trials since some initial work twenty to thirty years ago. This article discusses the relevance of these legal events for issues in contemporary research and offers several hypotheses for future investigation. More generally, it argues that the study of the social control of social movements will benefit from addressing the criminal proceedings arising from political dissent.
Who Rules the Social Control of Protest? Variability in the State-Countermovement Relationship
Authors: Irons Jenny
Published: April 2020

Drawing theoretical insight from political sociology's state-society literature and organizational theory's new institutionalism, I examine the case of the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission and its relationship with the Citizens' Council to illustrate that the state-countermovement relationship can be highly variable-much more so than the existing literature often assumes. As different actors came to occupy positions of power within the state of Mississippi, they responded differently to relevant audiences and affected the degree to which the council could exercise leverage with the commission to control protest. The analysis focuses on how the state-countermovement ties of ideology and funding changed over time, even though membership overlap between the commission board and the council remained relatively constant. Three relational structures-frustrated, aligned, and stifled-are identified and discussed as influencing the degree to which the council could gain leverage in Mississippi's multilevel state structure where multiple audiences mattered.
Who Joined the Sit-Ins and Why: Southern Black Students in the Early 1960s
Authors: Biggs Michael
Published: April 2020

The wave of sit-ins that swept the American South in 1960 has become a crucial episode in the literature on social movements. To investigate who joined the sit-ins and why, this article analyzes a sample survey of 255 students in Southern black colleges in 1962. The survey includes measures of integration into preexisting social networks and measures of beliefs and sentiments. Most surprisingly, students who attended church frequently were less likely to join the sit-ins, though the presence of activist ministers made protest more likely. Protesters were motivated by strong grievances, for they had an especially negative evaluation of race relations. Yet they were also motivated by optimism about the prospects of success, for they believed that there was no white majority for strict segregation. The analysis underscores the importance of beliefs and sentiments, which cannot easily be reduced to objective measures of social location.
Protest Avoidance: Labor Mobilization and Social Policy Reform in France
Authors: Béland Daniel , Marier Patrik
Published: April 2020

Students of public policy and social mobilization alike should pay more attention to the political strategies of protest avoidance. Distinct from traditional blame-avoidance strategies, protest avoidance occurs when elected officials, facing direct and nearly inescapable blame, attempt to reduce the scope of social mobilization triggered by unpopular reforms. In recent decades, successive French governments have introduced major, unpopular reforms in the field of public pensions, and because of the concentration of state power in France, avoidance of blame was nearly inescapable. Focusing on the 2003 pension reform, we argue that by dividing the labor movement through strategic bargaining, and by launching controversial reforms during or immediately before the summer holiday season, French governments reduced the scope of labor mobilization and facilitated the enactment of these proposals. Beyond the field of social policy, the concept of protest avoidance could shed new light on an understudied phenomenon: the strategies political actors pursue to reduce the scope of social mobilization against them.
Explaining The Outcomes of Antisuperstore Movements: A Comparative Analysis of Six Communities
Authors: Halebsky Stephen
Published: April 2020

This research investigates the outcomes of local social movements through a comparative analysis of superstore siting controversies. Data were generated by qualitative case studies of six attempts by local social movement organizations to prevent the siting of a Wal-Mart superstore in their communities. A comparison of the cases reveals that the SMOs were most likely to succeed when they produced evidence of widespread opposition, framed the issue broadly, received backing from the media, did not have to contend with a counter social movement organization, and benefited from blunders by Wal-Mart. It is suggested that these five factors can be generalized to help explain the outcomes of other local social movements. It is suggested further that the first three of these factors combine in a mutually reinforcing fashion to enable a small SMO to expand its influence and thereby increase its ability to prevail against a more powerful target.
Internet-Savvy U.S. and Middle Eastern Extremist Groups
Authors: Reid Edna , Chen Hsinchen
Published: April 2020

Using an interdisciplinary perspective, this study provides a hyperlink and content analysis of 44 U.S. domestic and 40 Middle Eastern extremist groups' websites to analyze their use of computer-mediated communication (CMC) to support collective identity and mobilization. The findings contrast Middle Eastern extremist groups' use of the Internet to develop virtual communities and support their virtual command/control operations with the U.S. domestic groups' focus on communication and ideological indoctrination. Finally, the results suggest that the usages of CMC are underpinned by the geographical reach of extremist groups' campaign as well as their strategic goals, ideologies, needs, and political legitimacy, driving the various groups to use CMC in a distinctive manner.
Niche Activism: Constructing a Unified Movement Identity in a Heterogeneous Organizational Field
Authors: Levitsky Sandra
Published: April 2020

This article draws on a study of interorganizational relations in the Chicago gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender movement to elaborate a theory for how activists integrate divergent organizational approaches to social reform into a coherent "movement identity." Departing from the resource mobilization and collective identity literatures, which tend to reduce organizational specialization either to a competition over resources or to ideological differences among movement participants, I argue that organizational interests and shared beliefs play interrelated, but nonreducible roles in the construction of movement identity. Activists understand social reform as requiring competencies in a wide range of cultural and political venues. Focusing on specific forms of movement activity, or niches, organizations develop proficiencies that activists share as part of a collective effort in which each organization is seen as playing a necessary, but insufficient part. Rather than undermining a unified movement identity, then, organizational specialization is seen here as producing it.
The Impact of the Local: Police Public-Order Strategies During the G8 Justice and Home Affairs Ministerial Meetings
Authors: Waddington David , King Mike
Published: April 2020

Much public order policing research attempts to, first, elucidate general trends of public order policing change and, secondly with respect to the policing of transnational summits in particular, focus on the deterministic effects of international and national priorities concerning the way they are policed. While the authors recognize the important contribution of such research towards an understanding of policing in this arena, in this article they put forward a crucial further dimension, namely the complementary need for a more nuanced understanding of the dynamic relationships involved in protest policing at the local level. To this end, this study not only draws from participant observation of a specific event, namely the policing of one round of G8 meetings between Justice and Home Affairs Ministers taking place in Sheffield, England, in June 2005, but also a wealth of interviews undertaken with city council officials, media representatives, police and protesters alike.
Forestalling Violence: Police Knowledge of Interaction with Political Activists
Authors: Wahlström Mattias
Published: April 2020

This article explores the reflexive processes among police during a transitional period following a large and traumatic protest event in Sweden, the 2001 European Union summit in Göteborg. The discussion revolves around transformations of the Swedish approach to protest policing and the subsequent attempt to revise "police knowledge" in relation to protest policing. Police constructions of external reality are analyzed with reference to two organizing concepts: provocation and dialogue. Particular attention is paid to attempts by the police to increase their awareness of "counterpart perspectives," and the concomitant use of stereotypes of protesters to maintain police officers' own reality constructions. Perceptions of negotiation with protesters are located in a tension between the poles: dialogue and control. Furthermore, it is argued that the policing philosophy of the Swedish police force has developed from a predominantly reactive approach into one most aptly described as "proactive management" of protest.
"More Than A March in a Circle": Transgressive Protests and the Limits of Negotiated Management
Authors: Gillham Patrick , Noakes John
Published: April 2020

We examine how tactical innovations introduced by transgressive protesters during the Seattle cycle of protests contributed to the end of a long, relatively stable period of détente between police and protesters in the United States. Case studies of the demonstrations staged by the AFL-CIO and the Direct Action Network (DAN) during the 1999 WTO protests are used to reveal the divergent capacity of the negotiated management style of policing protest to control contained and transgressive protesters. We argue that the transgressive protesters' tactics, organizational structure, and decision-making processes all frustrated police attempts to control their demonstrations and contributed to DAN's ability to shut down the opening day of the WTO. We conclude by developing a framework for understanding how police responded in subsequent protests using what we describe as "strategic incapacitation" and by proposing research questions about the impact of this style of policing on subsequent protests in the U.S. and other Western democracies.
Forming Coalitions: A Network-Theoretic Approach to the Contemporary South Korean Environmental Movement
Authors: Park Hyung
Published: April 2020

This article investigates how multiple movement structures interplayed with each other in collective action/social movements in South Korea over the period, 2003-2004. By employing advanced methods in social network analysis, meta-network representation, analysis of structural association, and analysis of structural sequence, this article aims to complement existing paradigms of social movement research. Specifically, it investigates the forces that led environmental movement organizations (EMOs) to form coalitions based on the structured relations between governing personnel, movement ideologies and coalitions. The findings suggest that sharing similar ideologies facilitated coalition formation among EMOs and the role of coordination between governing personnel across the EMOs was marginal. Furthermore, a few leading EMOs were central actors across different movement structures, though religiously affiliated Green Christ and Catholic Environmental Network were also active in coalition formation. The framework and the findings further scholarship on collective action among organizations of varying forms (e.g., firms, unions) in the environ-mental movement sector and in other societal settings as well.
A Theory of Practice for Social Movements: Environmentalism and Ecological Habitus*
Authors: Haluza-DeLay Randolph
Published: April 2020

This article draws on Bourdieu's sociological approach to expand social movement theory, while offering sociologically robust direction for movements themselves. In Bourdieu's theory, practical action is produced by the habitus. Generated in its social field, habitus conveys cultural encoding yet in a nondeterministic manner. In a Bourdieusian approach, environmental social movement organizations become the social space in which a logic of practice consistent with movement goals can be "caught" through the informal or incidental learning that occurs as a result of participation with social movement organizations. I compare Bourdieu's theory of practice with Eyerman and Jamison's view of social movements as cognitive praxis. I argue that the environmental movement would be better served by conceptualizing itself as working to create an ecological habitus which would underpin ecological lifestyles and environmental social change
Networks and Political Contention Over Unemployment: A Comparison of Britain, Germany, and Switzerland
Authors: Cinalli Manlio , Füglister Katharina
Published: April 2020

This article focuses on networks that are built in the field of unemployment in three main European states: namely, Britain, Germany, and Switzerland. It analyzes channels of exchanges between political parties, trade unions, pressure groups, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), organizations of the unemployed, as well as main policy actors and institutions. The main aim is to compare cross-nationally the extent to which similar sets of actors in different national fields build different patterns of exchange, and the dynamic relationship between these patterns of exchange and unemployment-related mobilization. Network variation is matched against cross-national differences of collective action. Networks, it is argued, are an additional and necessary dimension of any investigation of collective action.
Welfare States, Political Opportunities, and the Mobilization of the Unemployed: A Cross-National Analysis
Authors: Giugni Marco
Published: April 2020

This article follows a revised political opportunity approach to argue that mobilization of underprivileged groups is constrained by the political opportunity structures provided by the institutional context of the country in which they act. Contrary to traditional opportunity theories, it is suggested that their mobilization also depends on a set of opportunities specific to the political or issue field most directly addressed by their claims. I propose to look for these specific opportunities in the institutional approaches to unemployment. I further maintain that such opportunities stem largely from the ways in which a given political or issue field is collectively defined. I apply a theoretical framework stressing both general and specific opportunities as well as the discursive context of claim making to original data on claim making in the unemployment political field in six European countries for the 1995-2002 period. The findings provide some support for the proposed theoretical framework, but also point to its shortcomings, especially in the lack of attention to economic factors.
Core-Periphery Divisions Among Labor Activists at the World Social Forum
Authors: Kwon Roy , Reese Ellen , Anantram Kadambari
Published: April 2020

This article examines, through a quantitative analysis of survey data, the extent to which union members and labor activists attending the World Social Forum from different world system zones vary in their political goals and activities. Consistent with world systems theory, we find that labor activists from the semiperiphery protested most frequently whie their counterparts from the periphery protested the least frequently. We also found that union members and labor activists from the periphery were significantly more supportive of reforming (rather than abolishing and replacing) capitalism and international financial and trade institutions compared to their counterparts from other zones, although this finding disappears after local (Kenyan) participants are excluded from the analysis. Finally, we find that representatives of organized labor from the semiperiphery were the least supportive of proposals for creating a democratic world government, while those from the core were the most supportive of global/international strategies for social change.
Why Cooperate? Cooperation Among Environmental Groups in the United Kingdom, France, and Germany
Authors: Poloni-Staudinger Lori
Published: April 2020

This study asks under what domestic conditions environmental groups in the United Kingdom, France, and Germany will overcome the collective action, resource, and ideological impediments to cooperative activity. A political opportunity structure (POS) approach is employed which looks at the relationship between elite alliances and domestic cleavages and the choice to engage in domestic as well as transnational cooperation. Using data gathered through content analysis over a nearly twenty-five year period, I find that changes in domestic opportunities influence the choice of environmental groups to engage in cooperative activities. An open POS is found to depress both domestic and transnational cooperation, while a closed POS increases cooperative activities.
Social Movements and Industry Development: The Environmental Movement's Impact on the Wind Energy Industry
Authors: Vasi Ion
Published: April 2020

This article builds a theoretical framework that highlights the role of social movements in industry emergence and growth. Using insights from the literature on social movement outcomes and industry creation, the article shows that the environmental movement has shaped the development of the wind energy industry at both the national and subnational levels. During the past two decades, wind power has transformed from a small, "alternative" energy industry into a multibillion-dollar global industry that produces electricity for millions of people. Quantitative analysis shows that the wind energy industry grows the fastest in countries and regions that have not only a high density of environmental groups but also good wind potential or a favorable political opportunity structure. Case studies deepen this picture by examining how environmental organizations contribute to the development of the wind energy industry. also like to thank Rory McVeigh and three anonymous reviewers for Mobilization for their suggestions.
Defenders of Nature and the Comarca: Collective Identity and Frames in Panama
Authors: Horton Lynn
Published: April 2020

This article examines collective identities as both a resource and constraint in framing processes of social mobilization through a case study of Panama's Kuna Indians, one of Latin America's most effectively organized indigenous peoples. It highlights tensions between movement nurturance of distinct indigenous identity as intrinsically valuable and to a degree counterhegemonic and instrumental use of an environmental frame to advance indigenous land claims. This article also explores shifts in dominant discourse and institutional practices that provide both opportunities for identity-based movements as well as risks. One way identity groups address tensions between appropriation of externally generated frames for instrumental goals and the nurturing of distinct collective identities is to manage multiple frames aimed at distinct audiences with distinct content. errors are the sole responsibility of the author.
John D. Mccarthy Lifetime Achievement Award
Authors: TAYLOR VERTA
Published: April 2020

Editors Note: In 2007, The Center for the Study of Social Movements at the University of Notre Dame began sponsorship of an annual award named for its first recipient, John McCarthy. The John D. McCarthy Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Scholarship of Social Movements and Collective Action has subsequently been presented to Verta Taylor (2008), Mayer Zald (2009), and Doug McAdam (2010). As part of each year's award ceremony, the McCarthy Award winner gives a public lecture that reflects on her or his past contributions to the field of social movement research, while also looking forward to promising lines of future inquiry. The publication in Mobilization of these lectures highlights both the important role recipients have played in shaping the field of social movement research, as well as their unique perspectives on where the field is headed. To this end each award winner has generously collaborated with Mobilization in the publication of an article based on the original McCarthy Award lecture. We are pleased to offer Verta Taylor's contribution in this issue. McCarthy Award lectures from other recipients will appear in future issues as they become available to us.
Activists Online and Offline: The Internet as an Information Channel for Protest Demonstrations
Authors: Van Laer Jeroen
Published: April 2020

Using individual-level data of protest participants in nine different protest demonstrations in Belgium, this article compares activists using the Internet and activists not using the Internet as an information channel about an upcoming demonstration. We find that "online" and "offline" activists differ significantly in terms of sociodemographic and political backgrounds, formal network and organizational embeddedness, and, to some extent, motivational aspects. The findings suggest that using digital communication channels likely extends and narrows the mobilizing potential to a public of experienced, organizationally embedded activists. The Internet is principally used by "superactivists" who are experienced and highly educated, and, who simultaneously combine multiple engagements. The article then discusses these results in light of two focal problems: that the Internet reinforces participation inequalities, and that the Internet might prove insufficient for sustained collective action participation and the maintenance of future social movement organizations.
Territoriality and Mobilization: The Civil Rights Campaign in Northern Ireland
Authors: Dochartaigh Niall , Bosi Lorenzo
Published: April 2020

This article assesses how the concept of territoriality can expand our understanding of the relationship between space and political mobilization. While the spatial aspects of social movement mobilization have received increased attention over the last decade, the specifically territorial aspects of mobilization remain undertheorized. This article elaborates on Sack's (1986) characterization of territoriality as a means to exert power by delimiting area. We analyze territoriality's role in the civil rights campaign in Northern Ireland through the late 1960s. The empirical analysis indicates that significant campaign power was rooted in the territorial boundaries and contexts that were deployed in the course of mobilization. Our intent in introducing the concept of territoriality is threefold: first, to help explain how mobilization is interwoven, through agency, with local context; second, to emphasize the utility of spatial concepts in the social movement literature; and third, to broaden the comparative range of case studies in the field of collective action by considering societies where boundaries are actively contested (weakly "naturalized"). We conclude with a discussion of how the concept of territoriality enhances a new reading of our empirical case and an analysis of the study's theoretical implications for our understanding of the relationship between mobilization and boundaries.
Mechanisms of Maidan: The Structure of Contingency in the Making of the Orange Revolution
Authors: Beissinger Mark
Published: April 2020

This study evaluates the validity and causal weight of competing causal mechanisms that purport to explain a single set of choices (and critical turning point) within a contentious episode: the decision to participate in the Orange Revolution protests in Ukraine in November 2004. These protests were characterized by extraordinarily high levels of participation, despite freezing temperatures and the threat of violence. Using evidence from public-opinion surveys and eyewitness accounts, the study shows how causal processes unfolded and accumulated and at several levels (structural, conjunctural, endogenous). Overall, participation represented more a short-term fluctuation than a general shift in societal values and behaviors, was fueled more by a long train of abuses than by suddenly imposed grievances, and was aided by a robust form of electoral campaigning. Events functioned as occasions for crafting together a diverse coalition of participants motivated by a variety of concerns—national, economic, and civic.
Insularity or Solidarity? The Impacts of Political Opportunity Structure and Social Movement Sector on Alliance Formation
Authors: Lee Jung-eun
Published: April 2020

Past democratization processes revealed a rise of interorganizational collaboration between social movement organizations. This paper investigates this sociopolitical phenomenon by analyzing the conditions under which alliances form within or across social movement industries in the context of democratizing Korea. A negative binomial regression analysis examines the impacts of the political opportunity structure and the social movement sector on different forms of protests: single, intramovement, and intermovement protests. Statistical results show that various dimensions of the political opportunity structure render differential effects, rather than a uniform effect, on alliance patterns. At the organizational level, coalitions and organizational diversity positively affect all forms of protests. The establishment of a strong alliance structure broadly empowers movements by providing a locus of organizational interactions and supports.