bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Jet Design on the Properties of Air-Jet Spun Yarns
Authors: Oxenham W. , Basu A.
Published: March 2007

The application of air-jet spinning to processing of 100% cotton fibers has been limited by poor yam strength, which is due to inadequate frequency and extent of wrapper fibers. These inadequacies can be reduced by modifying the design of the jets. The effects of orifice angle, twisting chamber diameter, and friction of the twisting chamber are examined and their influence on the tenacity of 15 and 18 tex cotton yams is reported.
Taxing Hotel Room Rentals In The U.S
Authors: Mak James
Published: March 2007

Previous findings that the hotel room tax can be passed on are contradicted in this re-examination of the tax. Tax incidence analysis is used to illustrate the extent to which hotel operators can pass on the tax, and evidence is presented that tourists are moreprice sensitive than previously believed. The suggestion is made that earmarking the tax funds to develop the tourist industry may help overcome negative effects.
Highlights Of The 19th Annual TTRA Conference Montreal, Canada, June 19-23, 1988
Authors: Guernsey Cindy , Hayden Gin , Richardson Sarah , Goeldner C.R.
Published: March 2007

The following paragraphs briefly summarize the 19th Annual Conference ofthe Travel and Tourism Research Association held in Montreal, Canada. Conference registrants and members of TTRA will automatically receive a copy of the conference proceedings when they arepublished. Other readers who wish to receive a copy of theproceedings may order copies from Mari Lou Wood, Executive Director, TTRA, Bureau of Economic and Business Research, University of Utah, P. O. Box 8066, Foothill Station, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108.
Travel Agent Attitudes Toward China After Tiananmen Square
Authors: Roehl Wesley S.
Published: March 2007

This study examines travel agents' attitudes toward the People's Republic of China (PRC) following the events of Summer 1989. Travel agents opposed both a government ban on travel and an industry-organized boycott of travel to the PRC, and emphasized letting the public make an informed choice concerning travel to China. The opinion of these agents was that it will take at least until the period of Fall 1990 to Fall 1991 for travel to China to return to pre-June 1989 levels. Recovery may be slower, however, because agents who historically booked the most travel to the PRC expressed the most hostile attitudes toward the PRC. '
Emerging Markets for China's Tourism Industry
Authors: Yu Lawrence
Published: March 2007

International tourist arrivals showed a rebound in 1990 after the devastating loss in 1989 due to political turmoil. An analysis of the top five tourist-generating countries or regions reveals Taiwan and the U.S.S.R. as the two emerging markets for China's tourism industry. The author discusses the forces shaping such new international travel patterns and suggests further research needs on the new markets.
Working with Groups
Authors: Anderson Joseph D.
Published: March 2007

Eight "myths"-that is, commonly held assumptions-about small group processes and outcomes are presented and matched against research and practice evidence. These myths are found wanting; and conclusions are drawn concerning benefits of group experience, group composition, leader impact, role of structural exercises, function of the "here-and-now, "self-disclosure andfeedback, understandinggroup processes, and the long-term effects of group experiences.
Rationalization and Ritualism in Committee Decision Making
Authors: Parrillo Vincent N. , Stimson John , Stimson Ardyth
Published: March 2007

Symbolic interactionists and negotiated order theorists have attempted to use their perspectives to understand behavior in complex organizations. The two approaches are similar, but differ in their practical application. The negotiated order theory stresses power relationships within the informal structure, whereas symbolic interacting emphasizes the perception and exchange of meanings as the basis of interaction patterns. This article suggests that the concept of quasi-theories (Hewitt and Hall, 1973) may offer the link between these two schools of thought. The authors ground the proposal theory in a conceptually oriented case study of a small group within an academic organizational structure. A definition evolved that explains situational response principally in terms of the microsocial processes of cure selection and cure justification, based on the current culturally acceptable stock of meanings, rather than a heavy reliance upon macrosocial issues.
Sex Differences in Occupational Aspirations and Expectations
Authors: Marini Margaret Mooney , Greenberger Ellen
Published: March 2007

The research reported in this paper examines sex differences in the prestige and sex-type of occupational aspirations and expectations held by adolescents. Sex differences in the discrepancy between aspirations and expectations are examined, and the effects of socioeconomic background and academic achievement on the unmeasured construct of occupational ambition are compared for the two sexes. The study is based on a random sample of eleventh-grade students in Pennsylvania. The findings indicate that: (I) occupational aspirations and expectations held by adolescents are highly differentiated by sex according to the pattern of sexual segregation in the occupational structure; (2) boys aspire to and expect higher levels of occupational attainment than girls; (3) boys' occupational aspirations and expectations are characterized by greater variability than those of girls; (4) the discrepancy between the prestige of occupations aspired to and expected is greater for girls than boys at higher levels of aspiration; (5) there is no difference in the sex-type of occupations aspired to and expected by boys, but girls are more likely to aspire to male-dominated occupations than to expect they will enter them; and (6) both socioeconomic background and academic achievement have a greater effect on occupational ambition for boys than girls, although these variables have a greater effect on girls than has been found in previous studies.
Job Satisfaction among Female Clerical Workers
Authors: Grandjean Burke D. , Taylor Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

The most influential theoretical explanation for the job dissatisfaction of clerical workers has been that of Mills, who attributed their dissatisfaction to the declining prestige of clerical work and the unreliability of traditional bases for status claims by individual clerical workers. Kanter's alternative perspective directs attention instead to restricted opportunities for advancement and accomplishment. Specific predictions developed from these two perspectives are tested using multivariate analysis of survey data on female clerical workers in a federal agency. Perceived opportunities for training and for the full use of one's skills are most strongly associated with satisfaction, supporting the latter perspective, while hypotheses drawn from Mills's premise of "status panic" receive at best weak support. Research literature is briefly reviewed which suggests that these results are by no means unique to the federal agency studied.
Short Fiber-Elastomer Composites
Authors: Derringer George C.
Published: March 2007

A tncomponent system of hexamethylenetetramme, resorcinol and high surface area hydrated silica provides good adhesion in bonding discontinuous fibers to elastomeric matrices. While this system (HRH) has made it possible to study many types of fiber elastomer composites with good fiber matrix adhesion, questions such as effect of fiber length, orientation, etc. remain unanswered.
Compounding Chlorinated Polyethylene Elastomers for High Temperature Service
Authors: Blanchard Robert R.
Published: March 2007

The inherent chemical inertness of peroxide cured, chem ically saturated CPE elastomers provides an opportunity for the formula tion of compounds with excellent resistance to high temperature environ ments. Data contained in this paper demonstrate that, with the proper choice of compounding ingredients, elongation and tensile losses less than 25% after aging 7 days at 302° F (150°C) in air can be attained. In the same compounds compression set can be kept below 30% (70 hrs at 302° F).

To take advantage of these desirable heat aging properties, low mole cular weight plasticizers or extender oils, the mineral fillers evaluated in this study, and high reactive lead stabilizers must be avoided. Polymers with lower chlorine content should be chosen when heat aging is im portant. The antioxidant level should be minimized because antioxidants usually interfere with peroxide cure systems Compound contaminants, such as zinc oxide, should be minimized in CPE elastomer compounds that are expected to heat age.

It is hoped that the information contained in this paper will assist the rubber chemist in developing new or improved elastomeric compounds that meet many of the current and future requirements for high temperature service
Reinforcement of Radial Tire Casing With Nylon 66
Authors: Agee R.D. , Brownlee J.L. , Schary E. , Tolbert T.L.
Published: March 2007

The radial tire, now widely accepted by the American motor ing public, differs markedly from bias and bias belted tires in the demands placed on the casing reinforcement. The requirement for fatigue resistance is less and there is much less tendency toward "flatspotting," for example. This significantly broadens opportunities for cord selection and allows the full range of properties and economics offered by the various cord candi dates to be taken into account. A case in point is use of nylon 66 cord as a radial carcass reinforcement. While polyester, and to a much lesser extent, rayon cords are used in the U.S. as casing reinforcements for passenger radials, nylon appears to offer significant advantages in added durability and reduced manufacturing cost without sacrifice of performance or aesthetics. Nylon 66 is, in fact, used as the casing reinforcement of some passenger and light truck radials produced in Europe and Japan. This paper summarizes results from exploratory studies to define ways and the extent to which nylon 66 can be used effectively for radial casings. Standard polyester and nylon yarns were evaluated both as cords with conventional and reduced twist and as twisted yarns in 2-ply radial tires representative of passenger tires now on the market. Satisfactory performance was obtained from both types of reinforcement in many cases, but nylon emerged as the reinforcement offering the greatest potential for attaining maximum per formance at minimum cost.
Toxicity of Gases Produced From Pyrolysis of Polychloroprene Flexible Foams
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Schneider Jane E. , Morford Ralph H.
Published: March 2007

Three samples of polychloroprene flexible foams were evalu ated for toxicity of pyrolysis gases, using the toxicity screening test method developed at the University of San Francisco. On the basis of time to death, ALS, LS, and LS200 foams ranked among the least toxic of the over 300 materials evaluated using the particular test conditions of USF Procedure B.
Integration of Temperature Effects in Toxicity of Off-Gases From Plastics
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Huttlinger Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

A rising temperature program appears to be a reason ably precise means of integrating the effects of successive fixed temperatures on animal responses to toxic off-gases from certain plastics. These plastics share a common characteristic in that carbon monoxide appears to be the principal toxic off-gas.
Diallyl Phthalate/Epoxy Interpenetrating Polymer Network Encapsulating Materials
Authors: Usmani A.M.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes diallyl phthalate/epoxy interpenetrating encapsulating resins as a replacement for the moisture sensitive epoxies now used in light emitting diode (LED) displays. These encapsulation re sins will find application in the electronics industry in potting the small LEDs used in display devices for watches, calculators, and computers.
Reactive Polymeric Colorants for Polyurethanes
Authors: Miley John W. , Moore Patrick D.
Published: March 2007

Novel and reactive liquid colorants for poly urethanes are described. These products, offered by Milliken under the tradename REACTINT™, are polyols with chemically bound chromophores. These colors react with isocyanates during polyurethane formation and become an integral part of the poly mer. At present the color line consists of two yellows, a red and a blue which can be blended to yield a rainbow of shades all of which are compatible with both polyether and polyester systems.
Low Molecular Weight Ionomers as Processing Aids and Additives
Authors: Danneels D.F.
Published: March 2007

The recently introduced line of AClyn® low molecular weight ionomers are particularly suited for use as additives and processing aids in plastic materials. The unique balance of physical and chemical properties of these ionomers is a direct result of the special ionomer morphology. The link between this morphology and resulting performance benefits is elaborated and illustrated with several practical applications.
Ozone Resistance of Highly Saturated Nitrile Rubber (HNBR)
Authors: Nakagawa T. , Toya T. , Oyama M.
Published: March 2007

Ozone resistance of highly saturated nitrile rubber (HNBR) has been studied; the effect of hydrogenation progress of HNBR was evaluated at various ozone test conditions such as static, dynamic, and sequential condi tions.

Dependence of its hydrogenation progress on ozone resistance is discussed by using parameters of Ii, Iodine value which enhanced ozone resistance of base NBR, Io, Iodine value which demonstrates no cracks for 1000 hours, and Δ, the slope of ozone crack initiation time against Iodine value.

Ozone resistance of HNBR was compared with that of typical specialty elastomers. Fully saturated HNBR exhibits excellent ozone resistance.
Management of Low and Intermediate Level Radioactive Wastes by Incorporation into Water Extended Polyesters
Authors: Ikladious N.E. , Tawfik M.E. , Ghattas N.K.
Published: March 2007

Two water extended polyester (WEP) resins were prepared and used as incorporation media for simulated spent ion exchange resin used at the Inshas Reactor (Egypt). The suitability of the final waste forms to fulfil the re quirements needed for the final disposal has been tested under different ex perimental conditions. Factors affecting the mechanical stability of the end products such as damp ion exchange resin/polymer ratio, styrene content, type and concentration of initiator were investigated. Radiation stability of polymer waste forms incorporating inactive resin was studied. The samples showed a significant increase in compressive strength values with an increase in irradia tion dose, until a maximum is reached at a dose rate of 2.5 x 108 rads. At higher irradiation doses the values decreased, but they were still higher than those of unirradiated ones. The resistance of WEP resins as well as their final waste forms to most chemical environments was excellent. Oxygen index values illustrated the flame retardancy of WEP waste forms. Leaching experi ments on incorporated blocks of active resin labelled with Cs-137 and Co-60 showed that improved leach resistance was obtained by using deionized water as the leaching solution rather than underground water. The leach factors for Cs-137 were always higher than those for Co-60 using either leachants.
The Effect of Moulding Time on Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Thermoplastic-Elastomer Blends of XLPE and "XL-20"
Authors: Khastgir D. , Chaki T.K.
Published: March 2007

Different thermoplastic-elastomer blends of XLPE and "XL-20" (Polysar Corporation, Canada) were prepared. It was found that both mechan ical and electrical properties of these blends were influenced with the change in moulding time. Prolonged moulding time degraded the mechanical proper ties of the blend richest in XLPE, whereas it was found to be beneficial for other blends. The moulding time has a somewhat similar effect on the varia tion of dielectric loss and mechanical properties of different blends; thus, the basic mechanism that influences these properties is expected to be the same.
Miscibility Studies in Blends of Bromobutyl Rubber and Natural Rubber
Authors: Dutta Naba K. , Tripathy D.K.
Published: March 2007

The dynamic mechanical and thermal analysis properties have been studied for the binary blends of natural rubber (NR) and bromobutyl rub ber (BIIR). The effect of various crosslinking systems such as sulfur, sulfur donor, maleimide and phenolic formaldehyde resin on physical properties and co-vulcanization of the blend have been investigated. The curative formulation retains the factor that governs formation of interfacial bonds in the co- vulcanized network structure. Dynamic mechanical analysis reveals that the blends are microhomogeneous. Thus, mechanical, thermal, and important physical properties of the polymer blend depend very much on the miscibility of the components.
The Homecomer
Authors: Granjo Paulo
Published: March 2007

Unlike in most wars involving Western countries, when veterans from Mozambican civil war began to return home, the first concern of communities was to make them confront their traumatic experiences and guilt. This was done through cleansing rituals, which were and are based on the local exegesis about misfortune. They allow, simultaneously, the confinement of past war actions as an exceptional situation and expurgate the individual veteran from being in danger and being considered a danger to the community. It allows him to be proclaimed a new man, entitled to a fresh start inside the community. In addition to its importance for the individual reintegration of veterans, the generalized performance of such rituals also played and plays an important role in allowing the community members to accept previous enemies/veterans as “people like the others”.
“Trauma Junkies” and Street Work
Authors: PALMER C. EDDIE
Published: March 2007

Paramedics and emergency medical technicians develop a need for role validation associated with ambulance runs that call forth advanced lifesaving, rescue, and medical skills. Metaphorically, this need turns paramedics into “trauma junkies,” because answering calls involving multiple casualties, physical trauma, and fast-paced action becomes the “real” work of emergency medical services personnel. Calls evoking less sophistication of response behavior are devalued. Within an occupational milieu of excitement, danger, and public attention, paramedics perform a variety of roles constituting street work similar to that documented for police officers. Playing the roles of authority figure, lifesaver, information specialist, partner, grief manager, and counselor, paramedics are immersed in a work world replete with teamwork demands, conflicts with medical and nonmedical personnel, vaguely defined legal standards, and occupational uncertainty due to the newness of their medical niche.
The Micropolitics of Trouble in a Psychiatric Board and Care Facility
Authors: EMERSON ROBERT M. , ROCHFORD E. BURKE , SHAW LINDA L.
Published: March 2007

This article examines a variety of micropolitical processes characteristic of a psychiatric board and care facility. Within the relatively “loose” organizational structure, troubles and their subsequent handling by staff become particularly critical determinants of resident fates. Staff understandings of and response to resident troubles are shaped by the nature and level of staff support and by the distinctive institutional reputations residents acquire with staff members. The article examines the interactional processes through which support and reputations are negotiated, and suggests that one consequence of these processes is to exaggerate residents' sense of the subjectively determined and unpredictable character of their local environment.
Argot Roles in Horseracing
Authors: CASE CAROLE
Published: March 2007

The community of workers in thoroughbred horseracing attaches language-specific names to the typical social roles enacted by horsetrainers and jockeys. Since these “argot roles” illustrate common behaviors and expectations, differentiate between and rank the social positions of trainer and jockey, and reflect the community focal concerns of knowledge, hard work, honesty, and style, they create a type of social order. Actual discourse that names the meaningful categories and organizes interaction between the community actors is used to demonstrate the social system that emerges.
Urban Views
Authors: HUMMON DAVID M.
Published: March 2007

Contemporary Americans feel differently about cities. Although many Americans are antiurban, some love cities, and still others are ambivalent. Such varied sentiment is best understood in terms of a variety of popular perspectives on cities, collective interpretations of urban life that are the product of an antiurban culture, community ideology, and urban experience. Using focused interviews from a comparative sample of urban, suburban, and small-town residents, this article documents the diverse urban imageries of these perspectives, contrasting the antiurban conceptions of small-town residents, the varied views of cosmopolitan, local, and reluctant urbanites, and the ambivalent beliefs of suburban enthusiasts.
The Synoptic Parables of the Mustard Seed and the Leaven: a Test-Case for the Two-Document, Two-Gospel, and Farrer-Goulder Hypotheses
Authors: Crook Zeba Antonin
Published: March 2007

It is not uncommon to read studies that either state explicitly or work under the assumption that the synoptic problem has been solved. Using the parables of the Mustard Seed and the Leaven as a test-case, it becomes clear that the problem is far from a solution. Each of the three major source hypotheses has its strengths (and weaknesses) when it attempts to account for the data generated by these two peri copae. Although this paper concludes that the Two-Document Hypothesis (2DH) deals with the data with the fewest problems, the strengths of the other hypotheses coupled with the weaknesses of the 2DH should help keep the 2DH honest.
Barnabas in Galatians
Authors: Bauckham Richard
Published: March 2007

Because of Barnabas' prominent role in the evangeli zation of Galatia his minor role in Paul's letter to the Galatians requires explanation. An examination of the relevant passages shows how Paul's language reflects his recent disappointment over Barnabas' behaviour in the crisis at Antioch (Gal.2:13), and illuminates the Sitz im Leben of the letter.
'The Works of the Law' in the Epistle To the Romans
Authors: Cranfield C.E.B.
Published: March 2007

The article questions J.D.G. Dunn's contention in his commentary Romans and elsewhere that by 'the works of the law' Paul meant not obedience to the law gener ally but specifically adherence to those practices prescribed by the law which most obviously marked off Jews from Gentile neighbours, in particular circumcision, keeping the sabbath and observance of food laws. On the basis of an examination of the two occurrences of 'the works of the law' in Romans and of the five occurrences of 'works', in which it appears to be used with the same sense as 'the works of the law', the article concludes that Dunn's contention should be rejected and the interpre tation of 'the works of the law' as meaning obedience to the law generally should be retained.
The Matthaean Understanding of the Sabbath: a Response To G.N. Stanton
Authors: Wong Eric Kun-Chun
Published: March 2007

G.N. Stanton argues against the members of the Matthaean community keeping the Sabbath strictly, and suggests that they do not adhere to the Sabbath commandments, but that they are afraid of antagonizing their Jewish persecutors. This article counters Stanton's argument by pointing out that Mt. 12.1-14 (the most relevant Matthaean text to the Sabbath issue) cannot be taken to legitimate abolition of the Sabbath, as Stanton maintains, if enough attention is paid to a general exegetical principle and the Matthaean redactional changes. Moreover, if the historical background of the two Gospels is considered, it can be seen that the persecutors in Mk 13.14-23 and Mt. 24.20-28 could not have been Jews, but were Romans. Finally, a tentative alternative to account for the Matthaean redactional addition 'on a Sabbath' in the verse 'pray that your flight may not be in winter or on a Sabbath' (Mt. 24.20) is put forward from an examination of the probable readers of Matthew 24 and the situation of the Matthaean community implied therein.
Yet Once More—'the Works of the Law': a Response
Authors: Dunn James D.G.
Published: March 2007

This is a response to C.E.B. Cranfield's rebuttal of Dunn's earlier treatment of 'the works of the law' in JSNT 43 (1991), pp. 89-101. Dunn first clarifies that the phrase 'works of the law' is Paul's characterization of (1) what the law requires, (2) focused in particular test cases, (3) as paralleled by Qumran usage where it denotes sectarian halakhah. Secondly, in response to the charge that in Romans the phrase indicates a universal indictment, he argues (1) that the thrust of Rom. 2.1-3.20 is to include the 'Jew' within the universal indictment, and (2) to indict the 'Jew' of both actual disobedience and assumption of a privileged position before God which dulls the seriousness of that sin. (3) Rom. 3.27ff. confirms that the thrust of Paul's argument is directed against Jewish boasting; and (4) Rom. 4.4-5 does not disturb that conclusion. Finally, a brief study of Gal. 2.16 and 3.10 clarifies how it is that 'those who are of the works of the law' can be said to be under the curse of the law.
The Historical Setting of Mark's Gospel: Problems and Possibilities
Authors: Botha Pieter J.J.
Published: March 2007

Some proposals for the setting of Mark's Gospel are reviewed, highlighting the complexities of identifying a particular Markan community. Mark's Gospel provides very little indication of its supposed immediate context. To explain this fact it is suggested that the Gospel should be approached as oral-traditional literature, such as was performed in many contexts before various audiences: a story told by an itinerant radical teacher. Possible role models for such an itinerant storyteller are discussed to show the historical possibility and plausibility of an oral performer (storyteller) with links to a written text. Some methodological and theoretical issues are elaborated, emphasizing the interrelationship of contents (the story), the linguistic characteristics of the text (its 'texture') and context.
Which Was the Fourth Gospel? The Order of the Gospels and the Unity of Scripture
Authors: Morgan Robert
Published: March 2007

This article calls for consideration of the Cribbs—Shellard hypothesis that the fourth canonical Gospel to be written was Luke's. The evidence is not decisive and certainty is impossible, but is sufficient to require that the hypothesis be seriously entertained. Looking at the four canonical Gospels in the different light of a new hypothesis about their probable literary relationships proves theologically suggestive for Christian reading of Scripture. Studying the Gospels in the proposed order, and considering how each Evangelist may have responded to his predecessors yield better New Testament theology than the modern tendency to marginalize John. Gospel criticism can thus make surprising new impacts upon Christology.
The Gospel Prohibition of Divorce: Tradition History and Meaning
Authors: Nolland John
Published: March 2007

Each of the present Gospel forms of the tradition of Jesus' words prohibiting divorce (Mt. 5.32; Mk 10.11-12; Lk. 16.18) is a natural development of a single original form which (1) lacked the exception clause (which probably arose in a Jewish Christian context where adultery was understood as causing the total destruction of a marriage, and which in any case represents a re-formulation of the moral vision of Jesus for practical implementation as a rule of life); (2) included the man's remarriage as an essential part of the action being criticized (this is where the adultery against the former wife takes place); and (3) contained a form of the second clause about marrying a divorced women which is to be understood as referring to a woman who has deliberately precipitated a divorce from her husband in order to contract a more desirable liason. This original is traced to the historical Jesus.
Interpretative Genres and the Inevitability of Pluralism
Authors: Young Frances
Published: March 2007

The genre of interpretation affects the way biblical texts are read. A range of interpretative genres are explored: the commentary, the homily, the theme-study, the literary-critical study, the church report, the sermon, liturgy and hymnography, even systematic theology. The first, namely the commentary, is characterized by reference to its origins in the grammatical and rhetorical schools of Antiquity, and then provides a benchmark for considering the advantages and disadvantages of the various interpretative genres. Commentaries and homilies follow the sequence of the text, whereas other genres create a 'metatext' by deduction. A genre of interpretation may affect the implicit genre of the biblical text: the church report seeks 'rulings' from scripture, for example. Can exegesis deriving from one genre be expected to function in another? Perhaps we should not expect scholarship and preaching to be related as master and slave. A plurality of approaches to interpretation is surely inevitable.
The Social Profiles in the Colossian Debate
Authors: Van Broekhoven Harold
Published: March 2007

Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann note that '... there will always be a social- structural base for competition between rival definitions of reality... ' This essay seeks to analyze that base at Colossae as a means to understanding the debate between the New Testament writer and his rivals, as seen in Colossians 2, rather than to interpret the 'rival definitions' relative to external conceptual parallels and the religious or philosophical background of the rivals. The Wisdom Christology of the 'hymn' in Col. 1.15-20, held largely in common by both writer and rivals is nonetheless subject to different interpretation and emphasis depending upon their social profiles. Using the lens of the grid-group paradigm of Mary Douglas, one may highlight the differences between the social identities of the writer and his rivals and hypothesize probable differences in their cosmologies.
The Narrative Rhetoric of Mark's Ambiguous Characterization of the Disciples
Authors: Danove Paul
Published: March 2007

The article investigates the manner in which the evocation of narrative frames in Mark permits the construction of a complex and ambiguous characterization of Jesus' disciples and inquires into the narrative function of this characterization. The discussion first examines the nature of the implied reader's pre-existent knowledge and beliefs about the disciples. Analysis of the narrative rhetoric of the Gospel then reveals that the narration builds on the reader's pre-existent positive esteem for the disciples by encouraging certain positive aspects of their characterization while introducing negative elements into other aspects. The discussion concludes with a proposal concerning the narrative function of the disciples' characterization within Mark.
Time-stability and adjective use by child and adult English speakers
Authors: Saylor Megan M.
Published: March 2007

English is a language with a large, homogeneous class of adjectives. English speakers can choose to use a property term as part of a noun phrase (e.g., 'The big man') or adjectival predicate (e.g., 'He is a big man'). Speech samples from natural interactions between three English-speaking children (Abe, Adam and Sarah included in the CHILDES corpus, MacWhinney 1995) and their caretakers were evaluated for any correspondence between the semantic notion of time-stability and the use of adjectives in either predicate or noun-modifying form. The analysis revealed that these speakers appeared to be guided by the underlying time- stability (Givon 1984) of the concept encoded in the term and utterance when making choices about whether a term was used in a noun phrase or in an adjectival predicate. In particular, more time-stable meanings tended to occur in noun-modifying form, and more time-unstable meanings tended to occur in predicate form. This tendency was examined with regard to Dixon's (1977) semantic types. Both the children and their caretakers evidenced the same general pattern of usage. Implications of the findings for language acquisition and directions for future research are discussed.
Language characteristics of a linguistically precocious child
Authors: Loeb Diane Frome , Schwartz Richard G.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the language skills of a two-year-old child who displayed apparently advanced communication skills. Analysis of 1,258 child utterances in relation to surrounding discourse structures indicated a high functioning level of contingent forms (retrieved forms). Utterances that contained retrieved forms displayed a higher index of language abilities than utterances that lacked such forms. This type of contingent speech elevated language abilities by the manipulation of discourse features.
Maternal control over conversations with hearing and deaf infants and young children
Authors: Power D.J. , Wood D.J. , Wood H.A. , Macdougall J.
Published: March 2007

Mothers talking with their hearing or deaf children aged one to five years were compared on measures of maternal control over conversations and child response to different levels of such control. Groups were matched separately on age and expressive language ability. Maternal input depended upon children's linguistic receptive capacity rather than age or cognitive level, confirming a multi-factor theory of control of maternal input to language learners. Negative correlations were found between maternal repair of deviant child utterances and child initiative and length of turn and positive ones between these maternal behaviours and child misunderstanding. Correlations between mater nal control and child measures were positive when children were beginning to speak, but negative once children were able to contribute more to the exchange.
Signed English in the classroom, IV. Aspects of children's speech and sign
Authors: Wood Heather , Wood David
Published: March 2007

This paper explores the use of Signed English by children and their teachers in classroom conversations. Analyses of children's loquacity in sign (measured by their mean length of turn) are compared with previous analyses of the children's loquacity in speech to reveal high correlations between the two. Children's length of utterance in both speech and sign increased with age. However, their reliance on sign, relative to speech, declined with both age and IQ. The implications of these findings for the efficacy of Signed English as a vehicle for assisting the acquisition of spoken English are discussed.

Analyses of the relations between teaching style and children's use of sign parallel those found between the same measures of teacher language and children's use of speech, implying that children may use speech and sign to perform similar communicative functions. Whether children communicate in words alone or in signs and speech, their levels of initiative, loquacity and misunderstanding relate to the manner in which teachers manage discourse. No evidence was found to suggest that teachers react differently to children as a function of their pupils' relative use of speech and sign.

Morpho-syntactic analyses of the speech and sign of a sub-group of children reveal marked similarities with the 'input' they receive from teachers on two measures. The relative use of 57 morpho-syntactic categories by teachers and children were highly correlated as were the relative frequencies with which a sub-set of 28 categories were spoken, signed or both spoken and signed. The close correspondence between the content and expression of teachers' and children's communication implies that pupils may be acquiring a system of communication similar to that being displayed by their partners in communication. The implications of these results for theoretical debates about the 'impossibility' of the task of acquiring speech/sign hybrids are discussed.

The paper ends with a general discussion of the theoretical and educational implications of the findings presented in the whole series of papers on the use of Signed English in the classroom (S.E.C. I-IV).
Toddler language and play in the second year: stability, covariation and influences of parenting
Authors: Bornstein Marc H. , Vibbert Martha , Tal Joseph , O'Donnell Kim
Published: March 2007

This paper reports the findings of a prospective longitudinal study of the development of representation and communication in toddlers from middle-class Caucasian families. Toddler language and play were assessed independently at 13 and 20 months. These two abilities covaried at 13, but not at 20 months. Toddlers showed individual stability in language from 13 to 20 months, but not in play. Two domains of parent-child interactions were also evaluated in separate mother-toddler and father-toddler observations at 13 months. The two domains included social interactions (verbal and non-verbal affectively-oriented, dyadic communications) and didactic interactions (verbal and non-verbal encouragement of attention to extradyadic properties, objects, and events in the environment). Mothers and fathers behaved similarly, and the two domains were independent. Mothers' and fathers' interactions covaried with specific toddler abilities at 13 months, but neither parent nor interaction domain uniquely or consistently predicted toddlers' abilities from 13 to 20 months.
Patterns of verb usage in Swedish children with SLI: an application of recent theories
Authors: Hansson Kristina
Published: March 2007

Data from several languages, including Swedish, have shown that children with specific language impairment (SLI) have particular difficulties with verb morphology. In the present study, the verb morphology of six Swedish children with SLI was further explored in longitudinal and cross-sectional data. It was found that the children with SLI had significant problems with the use of auxiliary and modals, compared with younger MLU-matched controls. Although the children with SLI omit auxiliary and modals less frequently with increasing age, their levels of omission are not compatible with their MLU levels. The results are discussed with reference to recent accounts of the underlying nature of SLI.
Mean length of utterance and other language sample measures in early Icelandic
Authors: Thordardottir Elin T. , Weismer Susan Ellis
Published: March 2007

Adaptations of the widely used MLU measure have been developed in several languages. Such adaptations require numerous modifications, especially in languages that are highly inflected. This study involved the development of a systematic procedure for coding language samples from Icelandic toddlers. Results are reported in terms of mean length of utterance in morphemes (MLU), total vocabulary, total number of different words and type-token ratio (TTR). These measures are analogous to their English counterparts, though not directly comparable. The Icelandic MLU measure was found to be developmentally sensitive in the age range of the study, which included a cross- sectional sample of 36 children aged 15 to 36 months. MLU correlated more strongly with sentence complexity than did age. Consistent with studies in Dutch and Irish, MLU in morphemes was very highly correlated with MLU in words in normally developing children. This relationship remains to be tested in children with language impairments. A secondary goal of this study was to provide descriptive data on the early acquisition of inflectional morphology in Icelandic, derived from language sample analysis.
The acquisition of lexical and grammatical aspect in Chinese
Authors: Ping Li  , Bowerman Melissa
Published: March 2007

This study reports three experiments on how children learning Mandarin Chinese comprehend and use aspect markers. These experiments examine the role of lexical aspect in children's acquisition of grammatical aspect. Results provide converging evidence for children's early sensitivity to (1) the association between atelic verbs and the imperfective aspect markers zai, -zhe, and -ne, and (2) the association between telic verbs and the perfective aspect marker -le. Children did not show a sensitivity in their use or understanding of aspect markers to the difference between stative and activity verbs or between semelfactive and activity verbs. These results are consistent with Slobin's (1985) basic child grammar hypothesis that the contrast between process and result is important in children's early acquisition of temporal morphology. In contrast, they are inconsistent with Bickerton's (1981, 1984) language bioprogram hypothesis that the distinctions between state and process and between punctual and nonpunctual are preprogrammed into language learners. We suggest new ways of looking at the results in the light of recent probabilistic hypotheses that emphasize the role of input, prototypes and connectionist representations.
Vietnamese Refugee Children in the Chicago Public Schools
Authors: Berthold Michael C.
Published: March 2007

The Chicago Board of Education has responded to the educational needs of its 572 non-English speaking Vietnamese refugee students with two programmes for learning English: TESL (Teaching English as a Second Language) and Bilingual. While the former allows more students to be served, the latter has the advantage of utilizing the refugee Asian students' primary language. Cul tural problems in the regular class prompt placement in the bilingual classes. Critics say that the use of non-English speaking students' native language slows their full assimilation into the mainstream of American culture. Al though parents favour the bilingual approach, the dispersement of the Asian refugee student population throughout the system makes it difficult to pro vide needed services.
Book Review : Issues in the Education of Southeast Asian Refugees
Authors: Berthold Michael C.
Published: March 2007

The January/February issue of School Psychology International(Volume 1 Number 3) included an article entitled 'Vietnamese Refugee Children in the Chicago Public Schools'. A variety of questions and reactions were generated by the article. Some of these questions have been listed by the author followed by his response.
Education Comes of Age The Nature of Modern Teaching
Authors: Montgomery Diane
Published: March 2007

A critical appraisal is made of current theory and research on teaching and a parallel is drawn between Piaget's stages of intellectual development and the developmental stages observable in a century of teaching theory and practice (1880-1980). In conclusion a new model of teaching is proposed from which changes in practice may be derived.
The Community Approach of a Psycho-Educational Service in Israel
Authors: Zaki Moshe
Published: March 2007

Tirat Carmel is a community of 17,000 inhabitants, composed of ethnic groups with a culture dissonant to that of Israel: It is a geographically and socially 'closed' community - thus 'school' is the main agent of socialization for improving social change.

The Psycho-Educational Service has adopted a community approach in school psychology: general educational problems are diagnosed by an inter disiplinary professional staff, and systematically resolved through a com munity education program:

Maladjustment in the early years of elementary school is the main educa tional problem of Tirat Carmel, characterizing culturally deprived settlements in Israel. This phenomenon has been tackled through a structured and syste matic preventive model starting from early childhood, and has been signifi cantly reduced.
The Relationship of Information Exchange During Medical Visits to Patient Satisfaction: A Review
Authors: Tabak Ellen R.
Published: March 2007

Being able to receive and pro vide information during medical visits affects patient satisfaction with care more than any socio- demographic characteristic of patients. However, studies reveal little patient participation in information exchange during medical interactions, as well as a perception that little informa tion is provided by practitioners. The research in this field is reviewed, and efforts to increase patients' information-seeking skills are discussed.
State of the Art: Islet Cell Antibody Tests
Authors: Hale Paula M. , Pasquarello Timothy J. , Vardi Pnina
Published: March 2007

The discovery of anti-islet cell antibodies (ICAb's) in the sera of individuals with insulin- dependent diabetes (IDDM) was a significant milestone in the history of diabetes research. ICAb's have been found in the sera of 60%-85% of new-onset diabetic patients. It has been suggested that ICAb's play a role in the destruction of beta cells possibly by complement- mediated beta cell lysis, or by acting as mediators in antibody- dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. ICAb's have been shown to be markers of ongoing beta cell destruction. The presence of ICAb's has preceded the appearance of clinical evidence of IDDM by as long as eight years. The detection of ICAb's in first-degree relatives of individuals with IDDM identifies a population at risk for developing IDDM. Means of intervention need to be established to prevent progressive beta cell destruction in these individuals.
Insulin Resistance and the Use of U-500 Insulin: A Case Report
Authors: Fain James A.
Published: March 2007

U-500 regular pork insulin offers some patients with insulin resistance improvement in metabolic regulation. This case report describes a 59-year-old diabetic woman with severe insulin resistance due to obesity. Discussion focuses on the types of insulin resistance, appropriate treatment, and benefits from U-500 insulin therapy.
Parents' Understanding of and Guilt Over Their Children's Blood Glucose Control
Authors: Betschart Jean
Published: March 2007

Parents (n =145) of 86 children with diabetes who attended an educational seminar wrote anonymous responses to questions about poor glycemic control, guilt feelings, and coping behaviors. Children from this group were similar to our clinic population in age, sex, duration of diabetes, and HbA1 levels. Results revealed a wide range of ideas about the meaning of poor control, intense feelings of guilt, and maladaptive responses. The largest number of parents had feelings of guilt relating to dietary issues. Parents of children with diabetes have stresses that frequently may go unrecognized and may require professional help to overcome.
Diabetic Cranial Mononeuropathies: A Patient's Perspective
Authors: Leese Dorothylumb
Published: March 2007

Diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus. The cranial mononeuropathies are most prevalent among the elderly. The incidence, classifi cation, pathophysiology, assessment, and treatment of diabetic cranial mononeuropa thies are presented. The author also includes a personal experience to help diabetes educators understand the effects of these disorders so they will be better able to explain them to affected patients.
Diabetic Diet Compliance: Student Dietitians Reverse Roles
Authors: Cotugna Nancy , Vickery Connie E.
Published: March 2007

Eleven student dietitians attempted to comply with a calorie-controlled, diabetic diet for 1 week. Pre- and posttest questionnaires, as well as food diaries, were used to assess projected versus actual compliance, obstacles to adherence, and thoughts and feelings about following a prescribed medical regimen. Scores of deviation from the meal plan and food exchanges were calculated to describe dietary compliance. Only one student indicated she was able to adhere to the diet for the entire week. Twenty-seven percent of the students complied with their meal plan 90 % of the time. All students felt they would be more empathetic in their relationships with patients and involve patients to a greater extent in planning their diets.