bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Field production and functional evaluation of chloroplast‐derived interferon‐α2b
Authors: Arlen Philip A. , Falconer Regina , Cherukumilli Sri , Cole Amy , Cole Alexander M. , Oishi Karen K. , Daniell Henry
Published: May 2007

Type I interferons (IFNs) inhibit viral replication and cell growth and enhance the immune response, and therefore have many clinical applications. IFN‐α2b ranks third in world market use for a biopharmaceutical, behind only insulin and erythropoietin. The average annual cost of IFN‐α2b for the treatment of hepatitis C infection is $26 000, and is therefore unavailable to the majority of patients in developing countries. Therefore, we expressed IFN‐α2b in tobacco chloroplasts, and transgenic lines were grown in the field after obtaining United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA‐APHIS) approval. Stable, site‐specific integration of transgenes into chloroplast genomes and homoplasmy through several generations were confirmed. IFN‐α2b levels reached up to 20% of total soluble protein, or 3 mg per gram of leaf (fresh weight). Transgenic IFN‐α2b had similar in vitro biological activity to commercially produced PEG‐Intron™ when tested for its ability to protect cells against cytopathic viral replication in the vesicular stomatitis virus cytopathic effect (VSV CPE) assay and to inhibit early‐stage human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The antitumour and immunomodulating properties of IFN‐α2b were also seen in vivo. Chloroplast‐derived IFN‐α2b increased the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) on splenocytes and the total number of natural killer (NK) cells. Finally, IFN‐α2b purified from chloroplast transgenic lines (cpIFN‐α2b) protected mice from a highly metastatic tumour line. This demonstration of high levels of expression of IFN‐α2b, transgene containment and biological activity akin to that of commercial preparations of IFN‐α2b facilitated the first field production of a plant‐derived human blood protein, a critical step towards human clinical trials and commercialization.
Risk perception in Taiwan
Authors: Yen Nai‐Shing , Tsai Fang‐Chih
Published: May 2007

In a questionnaire study, 51 Taiwanese college students were asked to judge 48 natural and human‐made hazards on nine risk characteristics. Another group of 61 students were asked to rate the magnitude of 80 hazards and their attitudes toward these hazards. To evaluate the dimensionality of risk perception, participants' ratings for the nine risk characteristics were analyzed using Profile Analysis via Multidimensional Scaling approach. Two dimensions of risk perception were identified: (i) Involuntary versus Immediate Effect; and (ii) Delayed Effect versus Known to Science and Chronic. The relationships of risk perceptions and perceived public and private responsibilities in risk management were examined. Catastrophic, certain‐to‐be‐fatal, dreaded, and uncontrollable risks were perceived as more deserving of public risk management, while controllable risks that were known to science, known to those exposed, and chronic were perceived as more deserving of private management. In particular, diseases are perceived as most deserving of private risk management and least deserving of public risk management; and technologies are perceived as most deserving of public risk management and least deserving of private risk management.
The demand for alcohol: a meta‐analysis of elasticities*
Authors: Gallet Craig A.
Published: May 2007

Numerous studies have estimated elasticities of alcohol demand using different procedures. Because of widespread differences in demand estimates, however, it is difficult to synthesise the literature into coherent meaning. This study improves our understanding of alcohol demand by reporting results from a meta‐analysis of 132 studies. Specifically, regressing estimated price, income and advertising elasticities of alcohol on variables accounting for study characteristics, we find alcohol elasticities to be particularly sensitive to demand specification, data issues and various estimation methods. Furthermore, compared to other alcoholic beverages, beer elasticities tend to be more inelastic.
The economics of land fragmentation in the north of Vietnam*
Authors: Van Hung Pham , MacAulay T. Gordon , Marsh Sally P.
Published: May 2007

Land fragmentation, where a single farm has a number of parcels of land, is a common feature of agriculture in many countries, especially in developing countries. In Vietnam, land fragmentation is common, especially in the north. For the whole country, there are about 75 million parcels of land, an average of seven to eight plots per farm household. Such fragmentation can be seen to have negative and positive benefits for farm households and the community generally. Comparative statics analysis and analysis of survey data have led to the conclusion that small‐sized farms are likely to be more fragmented, and that fragmentation had a negative impact on crop productivity and increased family labour use and other money expenses. Policies which allow the appropriate opportunity cost of labour to be reflected at the farm level may provide appropriate incentives to trigger farm size change and land consolidation. Policies which tip the benefits in favour of fewer and larger plots, such as strong and effective research and development, an active extension system and strong administrative management, may also lead to land consolidation.
Immigration, Labour Markets and Employment Relations: Problems and Prospects
Authors: McGovern Patrick
Published: May 2007

In this review essay, I argue that immigration presents employment researchers with a promising strategic research site because it raises a number of theoretically significant problems with mainstream economic approaches to labour and labour markets. Despite the tendency to view economic migrants as homo economicus personified, I argue that immigration brings the institutional nature of labour markets into sharp relief as it exposes, among other things, the influence of the state, processes of labour market segmentation, and the role of trade union policy and practice. Having identified a number of empirical anomalies that contradict neoclassical economic theory, I proceed to sketch out three areas where a more institutionally oriented approach should prove more fruitful.
Labour Market Assimilation of Recent Immigrants in Spain
Authors: Amuedo‐Dorantes Catalina , De La Rica Sara
Published: May 2007

This article provides a preliminary analysis of the employment and occupational assimilation of recent immigrant waves to the Spanish labour market as their residencies lengthen. Using Spanish data from the 2001 Population Census and the 2002 Earnings Structure Survey, we find evidence of immigrant employment and occupational assimilation significantly varying by gender, origin and educational attainment.
Industrial Districts and Migrant Labour in Italy
Authors: Andall Jacqueline
Published: May 2007

Both the flexibility of labour and wider sociocultural issues have historically been identified as important dimensions of the economic success of Italy's industrial districts. Increasing numbers of labour migrants from Africa, Asia and Eastern Europe are now working in industrial districts and living in local communities previously characterized as socially cohesive. Immigration status, Italian employment legislation and the micro‐level conditions prevailing in districts appear as key issues affecting employment relationships for labour migrants, and the social cohesiveness seen to contribute to the success of industrial districts is being undermined through the treatment of labour migrants as people outside the national Italian community in terms of rights and other markers of citizenship.
Parent and Sibling Influences on the Quality of Children's Conflict Behaviours across the Preschool Period
Authors: Perlman Michal , Garfinkel Daniel A. , Turrell Sheri L.
Published: May 2007

Parent and sibling influences on children's development of conflict management strategies were examined. Data consist of naturally occurring, in‐home sibling disputes of 37 families at two time points. The siblings were approximately two and four years old at Time 1, and four and six years old at Time 2. Parents' and children's use of conflict strategies that reflect proactive autonomy assertions such as opposition and verbal and physical power were the focus of the current study. Results suggest that parents and siblings play an important role in shaping children's conflict behaviours over time. For instance, parents' reliance on unelaborated opposition to the child, and older siblings' increased use of physical power predicted decreases in younger siblings' ability to assert themselves during conflict. In addition, increased proportions of opposition from a younger sibling was associated with the older siblings using less verbal aggression and using more mature conflict strategies such as justifying their own behaviour to their younger sibling. As sibling conflict is a salient child rearing concern for parents, practical implications are discussed.
‘Generally Speaking People are in it for the Cycling and the Beer': Bicycle Couriers, Subculture and Enjoyment
Authors: Fincham Ben
Published: May 2007

From a study comprising of interviews, ethnography and a survey, this paper examines the cultural affiliation of a group of workers in a dangerous and unconventional occupation – bicycle couriering. Returning to the work of Howard Becker, this article examines cultural practices and sensibilities of bicycle couriers, principally in the UK. The idea of a distinct ‘courier culture’ is found to be important to couriers. The article also contributes to debates surrounding the concept of ‘subculture’, arguing that it is still a relevant descriptive concept. Further, the role of enjoyment as a factor in the subcultural affiliation of bicycle messengers is examined.
The Lives We Choose to Remember: A Quantitative Analysis of Newspaper Obituaries
Authors: Fowler Bridget , Bielsa Esperança
Published: May 2007

Collective memory is intertwined with remembering the dead. Systematic forgetting affects certain ethnic groups, nationalities and classes disproportionately. This study assesses whom we choose as our heroes by commemorating them in obituaries. It is the first cross-national, historical approach to this subject.

Constant structures are shown in different Western countries over time in terms of the selection of individuals for this honour. In particular, there are still a high proportion of the subjects in British newspapers who have attended private schools and Oxford and Cambridge. The impact of elite higher educational establishments is also evident, on a reduced scale, in Le Monde and The New York Times. Yet certain signs of movement within the obituary world can also be detected: women start to appear in their own right, the Third World begins to be represented and a wider array of occupations have become the source of obituary portraits.
Meritums, Spectrums and Narrative Memories of ‘Pre-Virtual’ Computing in Cold War Europe
Authors: Kirkpatrick Graeme
Published: May 2007

The paper describes narrative interviews with 12 first generation users of home or personal computers (PCs) in Poland and the UK. Insights are gained into how computers were perceived and interpreted on either side of the Cold War divide in the decade prior to the end of the socialist system and the period of transition in the early 1990s. The narratives are suggestive in their implications for contemporary social theory, much of which has tended to implicate widespread use of PCs in the idea of an aesthetic regime distinctive to a new, informational kind of capitalism. This aesthetic regime attaches importance to visual experience and to the idea that increasingly we operate in environments that are ‘virtual’. Although the sample in the study is very limited, its findings are suggestive for theorists who have tended to take the salience of this aesthetic for granted as if it were a necessary consequence of widespread computerisation, rather than viewing its construction and maintenance as themselves sociologically problematic. The interviews subvert this, as subjects remember different uses of computer technology, including some that are suggestive of possible alternative aesthetic regimes.
‘Ladettes’ and ‘Modern Girls’: ‘Troublesome’ Young Femininities
Authors: Jackson Carolyn , Tinkler Penny
Published: May 2007

‘Ladettes’ are argued to be a sign, and product, of contemporary development and change; their fortunes are presented as inextricably related to the conditions of late modernity. Using the past to shed light on the present, this paper considers whether fears and claims about the behaviour of some contemporary young women in Britain are exclusive to the present. Two data sets inform the discussion: first, representations of ladettes in national and local newspapers from 1995 to 2005; second, materials relating to the ‘modern girl’ published in the popular print media between 1918 and 1928. Although there have been important changes in the conditions of girlhood since the 1920s, this historical comparison highlights continuities in the representation of ‘troublesome’ youthful femininities. We explore similarities and differences in the characteristics attributed to the modern girls of the twenties and the ladettes of recent years, and the dominant discourses that underpin popular constructions of troublesome young women.
They Are All ‘Doing Gender’ but are They are All Passing? a Case Study of the Appropriation of a Sociological Concept
Authors: Wickes Rebecca , Emmison Michael
Published: May 2007

The concept of ‘doing gender’ was placed on the sociological agenda by West and Zimmerman. In their seminal paper published in 1987, they provided a systematic theory of gender as a routine and ongoing process and outlined a distinctly ethnomethodological approach to investigating how gender is enacted, understood and rendered accountable. West and Zimmerman's notion of ‘doing gender’ has subsequently become a central concept in many fields of sociological research, however, upon closer examination although many authors claim to be using the concept – in effect to be doing ‘doing gender’ – the concept's intellectual roots in ethnomethodology are not always recognised or reflected: in short not all are passing. The purpose of our study is to explore the career trajectory of this concept and to systematically assess the manner in which ‘doing’ has been employed. From a review of 226 journal articles, books, dissertations and association papers, we provide an overview of the uses of this construct and examine the ways in which ‘doing gender’ has been assimilated into current theoretical and methodological practice.
Choice and Chance: Negotiating Agency in Narratives of Singleness
Authors: Reynolds Jill , Wetherell Margaret , Taylor Stephanie
Published: May 2007

This article presents a discursive analysis of interview material in which single women reflect on their relationships and reasons for being single. Despite changing meanings of singleness, it remains a ‘deficit identity’ ( Reynolds and Taylor, 2005 ) and the problem for a woman alone is to account positively for her single state. Our analysis challenges theorisations which would suggest autonomy and agency in how identity and self are constructed. It employs the methodological approaches developed in critical discursive psychology (for instance Wetherell, 1998 ) to look at the detailed identity work of speakers as part of the identity project proposed by Giddens (1992 , 2005 ), Bauman (1998) and other writers associated with the ‘reflexive modernisation’ thesis ( Adkins, 2002 ). By approaching ‘choice’ as one of the cultural resources available to speakers, we present a more complex view of the dilemmas around a speaker's identity work in her accounting for her relationships and the course her life has taken
In Good Company: Risk, Security and Choice in Young People'S Drug Decisions
Authors: Pilkington Hilary
Published: May 2007

This article draws on original empirical research with young people to question the degree to which ‘individualisation of risk’, as developed in the work of Beck and Giddens, adequately explains the risks young people bear and take. It draws on alternative understandings and critiques of ‘risk’ not to refute the notion of the reflexive individual upon which ‘individualisation of risk’ is based but to re-read that reflexivity in a more hermeneutic way. It explores specific risk-laden moments – young people's drug use decisions – in their natural social and cultural context of the friendship group. Studying these decisions in context, it suggests, reveals the meaning of ‘risk’ to be not given, but constructed through group discussion, disagreement and consensus and decisions taken to be rooted in emotional relations of trust, mutual accountability and common security. The article concludes that ‘the individualisation of risk’ fails to take adequate account of the significance of inter-subjectivity in risk-decisions. It argues also that addressing the theoretical overemphasis on the individual bearer of risk requires not only further empirical testing of the theory but appropriate methodological reflection.
MARGARET THATCHER'S CHRISTIAN FAITH: A Case Study in Political Theology
Authors: Smith Graeme
Published: May 2007

Throughout the 1980s Margaret Thatcher dominated British and global politics. At the same time she maintained an active Christian faith, which she understood as shaping and informing her political choices and policies. In this article I argue that we can construct from Thatcher's key speeches, her memoirs, and her book on public policy a cultural “theo‐political” identity which guided her political decisions. Thatcher's identity was as an Anglo‐Saxon Nonconformist. This consisted of her belief in values such as thrift and hard work, care for the family and local neighbor, and charitable generosity; her belief in the renewal of the national British Christian spirit; and her notion of morality as the opportunity for free choice. Without a recognition of the centrality of her theo‐political identity, it is difficult to understand the values and beliefs which were central to her political life. The methodological issues raised by the construction of this theo‐political identity are examined in this article. The aim of the proposed methodology is to develop theological insights into a political phenomenon like Thatcher rather than make policy judgments or recommendations.
SHARVY'S THEORY OF DEFINITE DESCRIPTIONS REVISITED
Authors: BROGAARD BERIT
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  The paper revisits Sharvy's theory of plural definite descriptions. An alternative account of plural definite descriptions building on the ideas of plural quantification and non‐distributive plural predication is developed. Finally, the alternative is extrapolated to account for generic uses of definite descriptions.
THE MYTH OF CARTESIAN QUALIA
Authors: DE ROSA RAFFAELLA
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  The standard view of Cartesian sensations (SV) is that they present themselves as purely qualitative features of experience (or qualia). Accordingly, Descartes’ view would be that in perceiving the color red, for example, we are merely experiencing the subjective feel of redness rather than seeming to perceive a property of bodies. In this paper, I establish that the argument and textual evidence offered in support of SV fail to prove that Descartes held this view. Indeed, I will argue that there are textual and theoretical reasons for believing that Descartes held the negation of SV. Qualia aren't Descartes’ legacy.
Using Solution‐Focused Approaches in Motivational Interviewing with Young People
Authors: ATKINSON CATHY , AMESU MAWULI
Published: May 2007

This article explores the theory and practice of using the solution‐focused approach of motivational interviewing (MI) with young people. MI is based on the premise that people are not always at a stage of readiness to change behaviours, such as smoking, drinking or drug use, which are perceived by others to be problematic. The article explores the theoretical and research background to the approach as well as the practical application. There then follows an illustrative case study of the work with a boy approximately 12 years old. The article concludes with a critical look at the work and suggestions for its potential application in schools. The authors conclude that this is a useful approach and recommend further research in educational settings.
Did owner‐occupation lead to smaller families for interwar working‐class households?1
Authors: SCOTT PETER
Published: May 2007

This article examines the links between working‐class home ownership and family limitation in interwar Britain. Purchasing a suburban house enabled families to buy into a new, aspirational model of working‐class respectability. Embracing this model entailed increased accommodation costs and higher levels of conspicuous consumption, placing great strains on many household budgets. Owner‐occupiers therefore sought to limit the size of their families in order to sustain their new lifestyles. Meanwhile the new suburban ideology strongly emphasized improved standards of childcare, based around creating a high‐quality domestic environment, and thus directly encouraged families to aim for fewer, but better‐resourced children.
Cross‐Listing, Bonding Hypothesis and Corporate Governance
Authors: Charitou Andreas , Louca Christodoulos , Panayides Stelios
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  This paper examines the relationship between cross‐listing and corporate governance for Canadian firms, that were cross‐listed on US stock exchanges during the period 1997–2003. We find that cross‐listed firms have more independent boards and audit committees after the listing relative to a non‐cross‐listed matched sample of firms and relative to the pre‐listing period. Moreover, cross‐listed firms experience changes in their ownership structure after the listing. Finally, we provide evidence that the sensitivity of the relation between cross‐listed firm valuation with audit committee independence and ownership structure becomes more important after the listing. The results are robust after adjusting for various firm risk characteristics. Overall, the results are consistent with the literature on the bonding role of cross‐listings on US stock exchanges.
Bank Relationships and the Value Relevance of the Income Statement: Evidence from Income‐Statement Conservatism
Authors: Choi Wooseok
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  This study examines the effects of a firm's debt financing decision on the informativeness of the income statement. This study specifically examines the association between a firm's bank dependence and the value relevance of the income statement by investigating the income‐statement conservatism of firms with bank loans. Focusing on relatively small businesses, this study finds that income‐statement conservatism, measured as timely loss recognition, is increasing in a firm's bank dependence. This study also finds that the value relevance of the income statement is increasing in a firm's bank dependence. The findings of this paper suggest that the usefulness of the income statement varies with a firm's bank dependence, indicating that the value relevance of the income statement is a function of a firm's debt financing decision. The findings further suggest that bank relationships affect the value relevance of the income statement through their influence on income‐statement conservatism.
Contrasting fluid regimes along the Dead Sea Transform
Authors: JANSSEN C. , ROMER R. L. , PLESSEN B. , NAUMANN R. , HOFFMANN‐ROTHE A. , MATAR A. ,   THE DESERT RESEARCH GROUP
Published: May 2007

Fault‐related veins and cements from two segments [Arava Fault (AF), Ghab Fault (GF)] and one branch [Serghaya Fault (SF)] of the major transform plate boundary between Africa and the Arabian plate, the Dead Sea Transform, were investigated geochemically. The results document considerable differences in the nature and degree of fluid–rock interactions among these faults. Within the area of the AF, fluid activity has neither led to intensive exchange reactions between fluids and rocks nor to notable cementation of the fault damage zones. Strontium and carbon and oxygen isotopes indicate infiltration of predominantly descending (meteoric water) and only subordinate involvement of ascending hydrothermal fluids from deep sources. For the SF, fluid‐enhanced weakening mechanisms (chemical alteration processes) and fracture cementation are dominant. Along the GF, alteration processes and fracture healing by cementation are more intense than in the AF, but less intense than in the SF branch. For the SF and GF, δ18O, strontium isotopes, and major and minor element contents of veins indicate (i) near‐surface, low‐temperature meteoric fluids that show little or no interaction with carbonate host rocks; and (ii) meteoric fluids that were buffered by the surrounding host rocks. We suggest that the contrasting fluid–rock interactions along the Dead Sea Transform are related to local variations in climate (precipitation).
Practitioner Review: Clinical applications of pediatric hypnosis
Authors: Gold Jeffrey I. , Kant Alexis J. , Belmont Katharine A. , Butler Lisa D.
Published: May 2007

Background:  Over the past quarter century, hypnosis has been employed in a broad range of pediatric clinical settings; however, its efficacy and feasibility as a treatment approach for children and adolescents remain in question.

Method:  Published studies on the role of clinical hypnosis in the management of specific pediatric medical and psychological conditions were identified and reviewed.

Results:  Pediatric clinical hypnosis has been employed in diverse medical settings to treat primary conditions (e.g., enuresis), as well as to address factors related to management of the condition (e.g., skills training for asthma) or its treatment (e.g., burn dressing changes). Despite great breadth to the possible applications of pediatric hypnosis and many reported successes, much of the present research comprises case histories and small, uncontrolled group studies.

Conclusion:  To date, research in pediatrics views clinical hypnosis as a promising tool with the potential to help manage a variety of conditions. However, additional research, particularly utilizing randomized, controlled methodologies and adequate sample sizes, is required.
Personal bank account access and awareness: an analysis of the technological and informational constraints of Australian consumers
Authors: Worthington Andrew C.
Published: May 2007

Logit models are used to predict access and awareness of personal bank accounts. Access is defined as the ability and willingness to use automated teller machines, electronic funds transfer point of sale, telephone and internet banking. Awareness relates to the understanding of bank statements, fee and charges, account shopping around and internet calculators. Newer ways of accessing bank accounts are confined to young, urban, well educated, white‐collar occupations. Awareness is lower for respondents with less education, non‐workers, farm workers, unskilled and renting households, and higher for white‐collar occupations, couples and those with higher incomes and savings.
Measuring customer value and satisfaction in services transactions, scale development, validation and cross‐cultural comparison
Authors: Huber Frank , Herrmann Andreas , Henneberg Stephan C.
Published: May 2007

Customer value and customer satisfaction are pivotal but at the same time elusive concepts in services marketing theory. This paper focuses on discussing the relationship between these two concepts. We propose operationalization by developing and testing scales, especially operational indicators, for important dimensions and drivers of the services‐value construct. A multitrait‐multimethod design is used to test the robustness of the operationalization. Furthermore, a cross‐cultural data set is used to explore country influences using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation models. Results indicate that the measurement construct is robust and useful in country‐comparative studies.
Comparison of the washing efficiencies of a laboratory washing device (Launder‐Ometer) and of automatic household washing machines with horizontal drums
Authors: Kymäläinen Hanna‐Riitta
Published: May 2007

The objective of this study was to compare the cleaning result of a laboratory washing machine – Launder‐Ometer (LOM) – with that of drum‐type household washing machines, using detergent without bleaching agent, standard soiled fabrics and a colorimeter for assessing the washing result. The mechanical effect applied to the laundry in the household washers was not obtained in the LOM by increasing mechanical impact or the number of metal balls. Extended washing time did not improve removal of blood soil in the LOM, although it did increase removal of mayonnaise soil containing chlorophyll. However, in practice a washing time of 60–85 min is relatively long for a laboratory device considering the claimed time‐saving nature of these devices. None of the examined parameters affected removal of a red wine soil containing tannins, which was poor in all test combinations both in the household machines and in the laboratory washing machine. Bleaching agent is recommended for removal of this type of soil. In conclusion, conformity between washing results of the laboratory washing machine and the drum‐type household washing machines depends on the type of soiled test fabrics and other parameters in the washing process. Removal of blood soil differed most between the household machines and the LOM.
Consumers’ green commitment: indication of a postmodern lifestyle?
Authors: Haanpää Leena
Published: May 2007

Green consumer behaviour is one of the key focuses of contemporary research on the sociology of consumption. The constant presence of environmental issues related to consumption and the changes consumer society has faced during the 20th century are presumed to reflect on present consumer behaviour. The focus of this paper is twofold: first, the postmodern elements of consumer society will be discussed; second, the study analyses to what extent these elements of postmodernism fit with the phenomenon of contemporary green consumerism. The empirical part utilizes Finnish consumer behaviour‐related data from 2003, which were analysed by applying various statistical methods. In this part, the study reports of the connection between lifestyle and green commitment. Lifestyle is measured by consumption styles and green commitment by certain environment‐related consumption choices. The results suggest that different lifestyles explain green commitment better than traditional socio‐economic background variables. The effect of postmodernism on green consumer behaviour is, thus, discussed.
Promoting sustainability through social marketing: examples from New Zealand
Authors: Frame Bob , Newton Bronwyn
Published: May 2007

This paper investigates the social marketing of sustainability in New Zealand and examines the usefulness of advertising campaigns to enlist and empower people, as both consumers and citizens, towards environmental care. It draws on discussions about ‘citizen‐consumer subjectivities’ and the model of the ‘political economic person’, which link sustainability and consumption through asserting people’s capacities as reflecting citizens. Printed advertisements by local and national government agencies about air pollution, fuel dependency and energy consumption are analysed to see whether advertising campaigns can operate on multiple levels for a range of audiences – desirable for broadening understanding of sustainable consumption and dealing with the complexity and experiential aspects of ‘doing’ sustainability. The advertisements analysed have an authoritative dimension that downplays this complexity and variability. The paper concludes that these advertisements do not go far enough to involve individuals in processes of co‐producing knowledge about sustainability, and to vest them with expertise in exercising sustainability in their daily lives. The implications are that advertising campaigns that engage with the complexity surrounding consumption in people’s modern lives, and with variability in meanings of sustainability, have the possibility of inciting citizen‐consumer political subjectivities.
Steps to an ecology of transnational sports
Authors: ERIKSEN THOMAS HYLLAND
Published: May 2007

Abstract
It is sometimes said that if you are on the team that wins the Irish championship in Gaelic football, you will never have to pay for a pint in your village pub again. However, if you are an outstanding soccer player, you may end up very rich and world famous. Sports are global, transnational or international to varying degrees: Scandinavians are deeply involved in Winter Olympics, which are unknown in most of the world, while many of the New Commonwealth countries participate in international cricket events which must seem global to them, but which are never heard about elsewhere. This essay discusses the factors that lead to the uneven globalization of different sports and the impact of transnational processes on local football, and briefly considers a few sports which have not succeeded (or tried) to become global. The biological concepts of natural selection and ecological niches are used metaphorically to account for the uneven spread, and alternative strategies, of transnational sports.
The global footballer and the local war‐zone: George Weah and transnational networks in Liberia, West Africa
Authors: ARMSTRONG GARY
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Elite sport is the vehicle for global interactions via both its shared practices and the relations engendered by its governing bodies and its global tournaments. This capability has attracted the attentions of those seeking both nation‐building and reconciliation in war‐damaged nations. The narrative that follows has global implications, telling as it does the story of George Weah, a Liberian‐born footballer who became a humanitarian ambassador, and later aspired to become his country's president. Weah's story informs debates on globalization, illustrating the transnational career of a man who developed a keen understanding of institutional politics and patronage and who allowed himself to be courted by various global figures. These scenarios took place in Liberia, a war‐devastated African nation. This tale thus provides for reflection on how sport can encourage and undermine practises of nationhood. As a former World Footballer of the Year, Weah was a Liberian success story and well aware of his populist appeal. However, the issue of who a people are and who is to be their national political representative has proven to be a very fraught issue in the Liberian context. Whether global sporting networks have made the world smaller and the people more knowing in the Liberian context is an issue this article raises in considering its most famous citizen.
An intracellular motif of P2X3 receptors is required for functional cross‐talk with GABAA receptors in nociceptive DRG neurons
Authors: Toulmé Estelle , Blais Dominique , Léger Claire , Landry Marc , Garret Maurice , Séguéla Philippe , Boué‐Grabot Eric
Published: May 2007

Functional cross‐talk between structurally unrelated P2X ATP receptors and members of the ‘cys‐loop’ receptor‐channel superfamily represents a recently‐discovered mechanism for rapid modulation of information processing. The extent and the mechanism of the inhibitory cross‐talks between these two classes of ionotropic receptors remain poorly understood, however. Both ionic and molecular coupling were proposed to explain cross‐inhibition between P2X subtypes and GABAA receptors, suggesting a P2X subunit‐dependent mechanism. We show here that cross‐inhibition between neuronal P2X3 or P2X2+3 and GABAA receptors does not depend on chloride and calcium ions. We identified an intracellular QST386–388 motif in P2X3 subunits which is required for the functional coupling with GABAA receptors. Moreover the cross‐inhibition between native P2X3 and GABA receptors in cultured rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons is abolished by infusion of a peptide containing the QST motif as well as by viral expression of the main intracellular loop of GABAAβ3 subunits. We provide evidence that P2X3 and GABAA receptors are colocalized in the soma and central processes of nociceptive DRG neurons, suggesting that specific intracellular P2X3‐GABAA subunit interactions underlie a pre‐synaptic cross‐talk that might contribute to the regulation of sensory synaptic transmission in the spinal cord.
Apelin, an endogenous neuronal peptide, protects hippocampal neurons against excitotoxic injury
Authors: O’Donnell Lauren A. , Agrawal Arpita , Sabnekar Praveena , Dichter Marc A. , Lynch David R. , Kolson Dennis L.
Published: May 2007

Several G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate neuronal cell migration and survival upon activation by their native peptide ligands but activate death‐signaling pathways when activated by certain non‐native ligands. In cultured neurons, we recently described expression of the unique seven‐transmembrane (7TM) ‐G protein‐coupled receptor, APJ, which is also strongly expressed in neurons in the brain and various cell types in other tissues. We now demonstrate that the endogenous APJ peptide ligand apelin activates signaling pathways in rat hippocampal neurons and modulates neuronal survival. We found that (i) both APJ and apelin are expressed in hippocampal neurons; (ii) apelin peptides induce phosphorylation of the cell survival kinases AKT and Raf/ERK‐1/2 in hippocampal neurons; and (iii) apelin peptides protect hippocampal neurons against NMDA receptor‐mediated excitotoxicity, including that induced by human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Thus, apelin/APJ signaling likely represents an endogenous hippocampal neuronal survival response, and therefore apelin should be further investigated as a potential neuroprotectant against hippocampal injury.
The F Word: Is Feminism Incompatible with Beauty and Romance?
Authors: Rudman Laurie A. , Fairchild Kimberly
Published: May 2007

Three studies examined the predictive utility of heterosexual relationship concerns vis-à-vis support for feminism. Study 1 showed that beauty is perceived to be at odds with feminism, for both genders. The stereotype that feminists are unattractive was robust, but fully accounted for by romance-related attributions. Moreover, more attractive female participants (using self-ratings) showed decreased feminist orientations, compared with less attractive counterparts. Study 2 compared romantic conflict with the lesbian feminist stereotype and found more support for romantic conflict as a negative predictor of support for feminism and women's civil rights. Study 3 showed that beliefs about an incompatibility between feminism and sexual harmony negatively predicted support for feminism and women's civil rights. In concert, the findings indicate that a marriage between research on romantic relationships and the factors underlying sexism is overdue for understanding gender inequities.
Growing Up and Growing Older: Feminism as a Context for Women's Lives
Authors: Zucker Alyssa N. , Stewart Abigail J.
Published: May 2007

Social science research shows that contemporary women endorse feminist goals at rates similar to women in the 1970s. However, generations may differ in some aspects of their relationship to feminism. This study of 333 university alumnae examined expressions of feminism across three generations. We provide the first empirical evidence to support Stewart and Healy's (1989 ) prediction about the impact of social events experienced in childhood; only the youngest cohort recalled holding feminist beliefs as children. Additionally, each cohort identified feminist influences from the period coinciding with their own identity-forming adolescence as most important, although feminism was related to other beliefs in a similar way for each cohort. The Women's Movement appears to be internalized differently depending on developmental life stage.
Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Interpersonal Sexual Objectification Scale
Authors: Kozee Holly B. , Tylka Tracy L. , Augustus-Horvath Casey L. , Denchik Angela
Published: May 2007

This study reports on the development and psychometric evaluation of the Interpersonal Sexual Objectification Scale (ISOS). Data from 576 college women were collected in three studies. Exploratory factor analysis uncovered two factors: Body Evaluation and Unwanted Explicit Sexual Advances; confirmatory factor analysis supported this factor structure. ISOS scores were internally consistent and stable over a 3-week period. Supporting its construct validity, ISOS scores were (a) strongly related to sexist degradation; (b) slightly to moderately related to other sexist events, self-objectification (i.e., body surveillance and internalization of the thin-ideal), and body shame; and (c) unrelated to socially desirable responding. The relationship between ISOS scores and body shame was fully mediated by self-objectification, providing additional evidence for its construct validity. Furthermore, the ISOS garnered incremental validity, as it predicted self-objectification above and beyond the variance accounted for by sexist events.
Mechanical ventilation of a cloned calf in respiratory failure
Authors: Buczinski Sébastien , Boysen Søren R. , Fecteau Gilles
Published: May 2007

Objective:To report the use of mechanical ventilation in a calf suffering from respiratory failure.

Case summary:A full‐term clone calf born by cesarean section showed signs of respiratory failure that did not respond to intranasal oxygen therapy. Thoracic radiographs were compatible with a diffuse interstitial and alveolar pattern. The calf was successfully managed with 3 days of mechanical ventilation and was eventually discharged from the hospital following further therapy for sepsis.

Unique information provided:This is the first description of mechanical ventilation in a calf suffering from hypercapnic respiratory failure. Mechanical ventilation may be useful in the treatment of high pedigree merit calves. The procedure was well tolerated and the calf was able to drink easily during nasotracheal ventilation.
Indirect measurement of blood pressure using a pulse oximeter in isoflurane anesthetized dogs
Authors: Dyson Doris H.
Published: May 2007

Objective:To determine the accuracy of indirect blood pressure (BP) measurements obtained with a pulse oximeter as compared with direct measurements in dogs under isoflurane anesthesia. The Doppler and oscillometric BP monitors were included for comparison.

Design:Prospective, experimental study.

Animals:Twenty healthy dogs (23 ± 8 kg) anesthetized for research or teaching.

Interventions:Dogs were anesthetized with propofol or thiopental and maintained using positive pressure ventilation with isoflurane in 100% O2. Random adjustment of BP was achieved by inhalant adjustment or dopamine infusion to achieve low (≤85 mmHg), normal (90–120 mmHg), or high systolic BP (≥125 mmHg). Triplicate measurements for BP were taken with direct (dorsal pedal artery), Doppler (forelimb), oscillometric (same forelimb), and plethysmographic (pulse oximeter on tongue) methods.

Measurements and main results:Using regression analysis and a modified Bland–Altman's technique, the lowest bias was achieved with the Doppler. Systolic BP readings at low, normal, and high BP were within 10 mmHg of direct recordings 95%, 70%, and 30% of the time for pulse oximetry; 95%, 85%, and 55% of the time for Doppler; 42%, 65%, and 30% of the time for oscillometric determination, respectively. Oscillometric mean BP readings were within 10 mmHg of direct measurements 53%, 60%, and 45% of the time, respectively.

Conclusions:The pulse oximeter is an acceptable method for measuring BP in anesthetized dogs if assessment of trends is sufficient. All indirect methods showed greater bias and poorer precision at high BP. The Doppler may be the preferred indirect method.
Biochemical and biophysical assessment of MTX‐induced liver fibrosis in psoriasis patients: Fibrotest predicts the presence and Fibroscan® predicts the absence of significant liver fibrosis
Authors: Berends Maartje A. M. , Snoek Josje , De Jong Elke M.G.J. , Van Krieken J. Han , De Knegt Robert J. , Van Oijen Martijn G. H. , Van De Kerkhof Peter C. M. , Drenth Joost. P. H.
Published: May 2007

Background: Methotrexate (MTX) use is associated with hepatic fibrosis in psoriasis patients. To monitor this serial liver biopsies were performed. The Fibroscan® and the Fibrotest are two novel, non‐invasive methods that might be able to assess MTX‐induced hepatic fibrosis.

Aim: Evaluating the accuracy and feasibility of the Fibroscan® and Fibrotest to detect significant MTX‐induced liver fibrosis in psoriasis patients.

Methods: We assessed 24 psoriasis patients who had a recent liver biopsy during MTX use. The results from the Fibroscan® and Fibrotest were compared with liver histology.

Results: Fibroscan® values (n=20) ranged between 3.3 and 18.4 kPa (median value 6.4 kPa) and correctly identified 88% of the patients without significant liver fibrosis (Metavir score 0.31).

Conclusion: In this population, Fibrotest accurately predicted the presence of significant liver fibrosis while the Fibroscan® accurately predicted the absence of significant liver fibrosis in MTX users. This suggests that a combination of Fibrotest and Fibroscan® should prospectively be evaluated in monitoring and detecting significant MTX‐induced liver fibrosis in psoriasis patients.
A novel prognostic model based on serum levels of total bilirubin and creatinine early after liver transplantation
Authors: Xu Xiao , Ling Qi , Wu Jian , Chen Jun , Gao Feng , Feng Xiao‐Ning , Zheng Shu‐Sen
Published: May 2007

Background/aim: We aim to evaluate the impact of early renal dysfunction (ERD), early allograft dysfunction (EAD) on post‐transplant mortality, and further explore a simple and accurate model to predict prognosis.

Patients: A total of 161 adult patients who underwent liver transplantation for benign end‐stage liver diseases were enrolled in the retrospective study. Another 38 patients were used for model validation.

Results: Poor patient survival was associated with ERD or EAD. A post‐transplant model for predicting mortality (PMPM) based on serum levels of total bilirubin and creatinine at 24‐h post‐transplantation was then established according to multivariate logistic regression. At 3 months, 6 months and 1 year, the area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) of PMPM score at 24‐h post‐transplantation (0.876, 0.878 and 0.849, respectively) were significantly higher than those of pre‐transplant model for end‐stage liver diseases (MELD) score (0.673, 0.674 and 0.618, respectively) or the post‐transplant MELD score at 24‐h post‐transplantation (0.787, 0.787 and 0.781, respectively) (P<0.05). Patients with PMPM score ≤−1.4 (low‐risk group, n=114) achieved better survival than those with PMPM score >−1.4 (high‐risk group, n=47) (P<0.001). The patients in the high‐risk group showed a relatively good outcome if their PMPM scores decreased to ≤−1.4 at post‐transplant day 7. The subsequent validation study showed that PMPM functioned with a predictive accuracy of 100%.

Conclusion: The PMPM score could effectively predict short‐ and medium‐term mortality in liver transplant recipients.