bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Descrição fonética eletropalatográfica de fones alveolares
Authors: Jesus Marisa de Sousa Viana , Reis Cesar
Published: November 2012

OBJETIVO: Realizar a descrição articulatória do Português Brasileiro, examinando-se o contato da língua com o palato na produção de fones consonantais. MÉTODOS: Foi utilizada a eletropalatografia (EPG) de consoantes alveolares do Português Brasileiro de um sujeito com fala típica, considerando-se o índice alveolar, pós-alveolar, palatal e velar e a porcentagem de contatos ativados no ponto de máxima constrição, assim como a inspeção visual dos palatogramas. RESULTADOS: Observou-se, conforme o esperado, que todos os fones avaliados têm, no ponto de máxima constrição, maior contato na região alveolar. Os fones /t/, /d/ e /n/ foram os que apresentaram maior contato alveolar, com obstrução total da corrente aérea; os fones fricativos /s/ e /z/ caracterizaram-se pela ausência de contato no eixo longitudinal central; o fone lateral /l/ não apresentou contato no eixo longitudinal lateral e o tapa, /ɾ/, apresentou poucos contatos da língua com o palato e foi produzido com o menor tempo de duração. CONCLUSÃO: Por meio da eletropalatografia, pode-se fazer uma descrição detalhada da forma e da extensão do contato língua-palato nos diferentes fones alveolares do Português.
Um julgamento de concretude de palavras
Authors: Calais Lucila Leal , Lima-Gregio Aveliny Mantovan , Arantes Pablo , Gil Daniela , Borges Alda Christina Lopes de Carvalho
Published: November 2012

OBJETIVO: Descrever o julgamento de concretude de um conjunto de 162 palavras da Língua Portuguesa, visando a elaboração de um teste de reconhecimento de fala, bem como verificar a influência de variáveis como frequência de ocorrência das palavras, idade e série do curso de graduação dos participantes neste julgamento. MÉTODOS: Cinquenta estudantes universitários de um curso de Fonoaudiologia de uma universidade pública julgaram 162 palavras quanto à concretude, por meio de uma escala de sete pontos, sendo o menor grau de concretude representado pelo número um e o grau de concretude máximo, representado pelo número sete. Foi permitido ao sujeito escolher qualquer ponto da escala. RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostraram uma distribuição tri-modal, sugerindo que as palavras fossem classificadas em três categorias quanto ao grau de concretude. A faixa de julgamento das palavras de baixa concretude variou de 1,76 a 3,45, as de média concretude, na faixa de 3,46 a 4,95 e as de alta concretude, de 4,96 e até 6,70. Houve correlação positiva entre o grau de concretude das palavras e o coeficiente de variação de forma que, quanto maior a nota atribuída para a palavra, menor foi a variação de respostas. Não ocorreu correlação significativa entre a frequência de ocorrência das palavras e o julgamento de concretude. A influência da idade e da série do curso de graduação no julgamento foi significativa para algumas correlações. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados revelaram três categorias quanto ao grau de concretude e sugerem que a concretude pode ser considerada um atributo independente das palavras, uma vez que a frequência de ocorrência das palavras, bem como a idade e a série do curso de graduação dos participantes não influenciou o julgamento de concretude. As palavras categorizadas com alto grau de concretude foram utilizadas em etapas posteriores da elaboração de um teste de reconhecimento de fala.
Distúrbios da voz em docentes: revisão crítica da literatura sobre a prática da vigilância em saúde do trabalhador
Authors: Santana Maria da Conceição C. Pessoa de , Goulart Bárbara Niegia Garcia de , Chiari Brasilia Maria
Published: November 2012

OBJETIVO: Analisar a produção bibliográfica científica sobre a prática da vigilância à saúde do trabalhador relacionada aos distúrbios vocais em professores. ESTRATÉGIA DE PESQUISA: Foram seguidos os preceitos do Cochrane Handbook, que envolveu a formulação da questão a ser investigada, a localização, a seleção dos estudos e a avaliação crítica dos artigos. CRITÉRIOS DE SELEÇÃO: Os artigos publicados entre 2000 e 2011 foram selecionados por meio das bases de dados PubMed, LILACS, MEDLINE e Biblioteca Cochrane, utilizando-se os descritores distúrbio da voz/voice disorders, docentes/faculty, saúde do trabalhador/occupational health, vigilância em saúde do trabalhador/surveillance of the workers health. AnÁLISE DE DADOS: Os textos foram analisados utilizando-se um formulário padronizado, quando os seguintes dados foram coletados: objetivos, desenho da pesquisa, características do grupo pesquisa, resultados obtidos e discussão sobre a prática da vigilância relacionada ao distúrbio da voz. RESULTADOS: Inicialmente, foram identificados 141 estudos. Após revisão dos títulos e resumos, consideração dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, verificação da coerência com a temática pesquisada e eliminação por estarem concomitantemente em mais de uma base de dados, 32 foram efetivamente analisados por referirem nos resultados e/ou nas conclusões a prática da vigilância relacionada aos distúrbios vocais em professores. CONCLUSÃO: A prática da vigilância em saúde do trabalhador foi evidenciada nesta pesquisa principalmente enquanto identificação dos fatores de riscos associados aos distúrbios vocais em professores, visando à transformação das condições de trabalho e à garantia da qualidade da assistência a esses profissionais como trabalhadores.
Discharge coefficient of a rectangular labyrinth weir
Authors: Kabiri-Samani Abdorreza , Javaheri Amir , Borghei Seyed Mahmood
Published: November 2012

A rectangular labyrinth weir has a very good flood release capacity as well as strong economical and structural advantages. In this study, combined analytical and experimental investigations were undertaken for a rectangular labyrinth weir. The analytical model is based on the synthesis of general weir equations and spatially varied flow dynamic equations. A comprehensive set of experiments led to characterisation of the flow behaviour for low and high heads over the weir and indicated the influences of weir geometry on the release capacity. The results show that this type of weir represents an effective weir alternative and could be five times more efficient than a corresponding traditional broad-crested weir. These types of weirs may thus find great use in water and dam engineering projects. An equation for the free-flow discharge coefficient of a rectangular labyrinth weir is presented.
Scheduling and operating costs in water distribution networks
Authors: Hashemi Seyed Saeed , Tabesh Massoud , Ataeekia Behzad
Published: November 2012

This paper aims to assess the reduction in level of leakage and excess pressure in water distribution networks (WDNs) after imposing a schedule to a pumping station. This is of particular importance where managers, due to financial considerations, may be forced to construct WDNs that are directly connected to water resources. In such WDNs there is no tank, leading to unreasonable water loss and excess pressure in the WDN. Also, in such circumstances, the size of the search space is reduced so that no need is felt to use optimisation algorithms to find the optimal pumping schedule. In this study, the pumping schedule was obtained for two real WDNs in Iran, using single-speed pumps and variable-speed pumps. The results showed that through smart scheduling energy cost savings can be up to 24%, and the existing leakage and excess pressure can be reduced by 11% and 53%, respectively. It was noted that an increase in the number of pumps could improve the amount of savings made. Finally, it was demonstrated that the pumping schedule obtained by the method suggested in this study was optimal and can still be functional when the demand pattern varies stochastically.
Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Resistance to Phytophthora sojae and Flooding Tolerance in Soybean
Authors: Nguyen V. T. , Vuong T. D. , VanToai T. , Lee J. D. , Wu X. , Mian M. A. Rouf , Dorrance A. E. , Shannon J. G. , Nguyen H. T.
Published: November 2012

Phytophthora root rot (PRR), caused by Phytophthora sojae Kaufm. and Gerd., and flooding injury can limit growth and productivity of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], especially on poorly drained soils. The objective of this research was to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with flooding tolerance and/or resistance to P. sojae. Mapping was conducted using F7 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between the flooding‐tolerant and PRR‐resistant accession PI 408105A and the flooding‐intolerant line S99‐2281. A genetic linkage map consisting of 613 simple sequence repeat (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers was developed. Flooding tolerance was determined by measuring both plant injury and flooding yield index. Both Rps gene and partial resistance to P. sojae were measured for each RIL using the hypocotyl and layer tests. Genomic regions on four chromosomes were associated with genetic control of decreased plant injury and higher yield under flooded conditions. Of these, one region near markers Sct_033 and BARC‐024569‐04982 on chromosome 13 and one near BARC‐016279‐02316 on chromosome 11 were associated with partial resistance to P. sojae. The results indicate that genes for both flooding tolerance and P. sojae resistance were necessary to reduce injury and yield loss under saturated soil conditions and that these genes can contribute to increasing soybean productivity on soils prone to waterlogging.
Effects of Maturity and Phomopsis longicolla on Germination and Vigor of Soybean Seed of Near‐Isogenic Lines
Authors: Gillen Anne M. , Smith James R. , Mengistu Alemu , Bellaloui Nacer
Published: November 2012

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed quality has declined in the mid‐southern United States due to the shift to soybeans that mature during mid August through September as opposed to October to November, which was common in the past. This decline was shown to be related to increased temperatures during seed maturation, increased levels of Phomopsis seed decay (PSD), and potentially maturity per se. In this study, the effects of maturity and Phomopsis longicolla Hobbs, the cause of PSD, on seed quality were evaluated in a field trial of two sets of near‐isogenic soybean lines (‘Clark’ and ‘Harosoy’), where the maturity of each line within a set varied. No effects of maturity on germination, accelerated aging germination (AA), or hardseededness were detected. Phomopsis longicolla level had a significant negative effect on germination in both isoline sets. Year had a significant effect on germination in both isoline sets. In addition, year and P. longicolla level had a significant negative effect on AA for the Clark set, and only year had an effect on AA in the Harosoy set. Phomopsis longicolla level, not maturity, was the most significant factor in seed germination and vigor. Therefore, there continues to be a great need to develop varieties of soybeans with resistance to P. longicolla and high germinability when seed are produced in conditions of high humidity and high temperatures.
Genetic Diversity in Maintainer and Restorer Lines of Pearl Millet
Authors: Nepolean T. , Gupta S. K. , Dwivedi S. L. , Bhattacharjee R. , Rai K. N. , Hash C. T.
Published: November 2012

Molecular markers facilitate rapid and environment‐neutral characterization of the pattern of genetic diversity. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi‐Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) at Patancheru, India, has developed a large number and diverse range of maintainer lines (B‐lines) and restorer lines (R‐lines) of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] in last three decades. In the present study, 213 lines (98 B‐lines and 115 R‐lines) were genotyped using high throughput assay and 38 polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, which detected 308 alleles averaging 8.1 alleles per locus. Restorer lines were genetically more diverse than B‐lines, as higher average gene diversity was detected among R‐lines (0.62) than among B‐lines (0.50). A neighbor‐joining tree based on simple matching dissimilarity distance matrix clearly differentiated B‐lines from R‐lines into two clusters, with further subdivision of B‐lines into four subclusters and R‐lines into five subclusters. Seven B‐lines clustered with R‐lines, and only two R‐lines clustered with B‐lines. Few unique alleles (1 to 3) were detected in 14 B‐ and 30 R‐lines, which could be used to distinguish them from each other as well as from the remaining lines used in this study. The SSR alleles of each of the parental lines along with distinctness, uniformity, and stability (DUS) characterization may enable ICRISAT to protect these lines from any kind of infringement by the multiple users who have received these lines for hybrid development.
Diet Composition and Dry Matter Intake of Beef Steers Grazing Tall Fescue and Alfalfa
Authors: Boland Holly T. , Scaglia Guillermo , Notter David R. , Rook Andrew J. , Swecker William S. , Abaye Azenegashe O.
Published: November 2012

Alkanes are a noninvasive method to estimate dry matter intake (DMI) of grazing herbivores. Other cuticular wax components such as long chain fatty alcohols (LCOH) have been used for estimation of diet composition of ruminants eating mixed diets. This study estimated diet composition using n‐alkanes and LCOH and estimated DMI using naturally occurring and dosed n‐alkanes. Beef steers (Bos taurus) (16 mo. old, 358 ± 9 kg) grazing vegetative adjacent monocultures of tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceaSchreb.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativaL. subsp.sativa) were used in this study, which also evaluated diet preference. The LCOH (C26, C28, and C30) added additional characterization of the forages, but diet composition estimates were not different (P≥ 0.22) than when estimated using four n‐alkanes (C27, C29, C31, and C33). Diet composition estimation indicated that steers consumed similar (P= 0.13) diets of 79 and 70% alfalfa in Year 1 and Year 2, respectively, corresponding to previous work showing a partial preference for legumes. Dry matter intake in Year 2 was lower (P= 0.0002, 4.7 kg d−1) than Year 1 (9.2 kg d−1), likely due to hot weather in Year 2. This study suggests that if n‐alkane profiles of the forages being grazed are distinct, the additional analysis needed to determine LCOH concentrations may not be necessary. Analyzing preliminary forage and fecal samples for n‐alkanes to estimate diet composition could reduce labor and expenses by eliminating additional laboratory analyses.
Quantitative Trait Loci and Candidate Loci for Heading Date in a Large Population of a Wide Barley Cross
Authors: Ponce‐Molina Luis Jonatan , María Casas Ana , Pilar Gracia María , Silvar Cristina , Mansour Elsayed , Thomas William B.T. , Schweizer Günther , Herz Markus , Igartua Ernesto
Published: November 2012

Spanish barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) landraces exhibit good adaptation to Mediterranean conditions. This study aims at revealing the genetic control of heading date on a large population of 464 doubled haploid lines from the cross between the Spanish line SBCC145 (a 6‐row barley with low vernalization requirement and good agronomics) and the German cultivar Beatrix (a 2‐row, spring‐type, short stature, high yield, malting quality barley). The population was evaluated using augmented designs in two field trials with contrasting sowing dates. The study was done in a two‐step process to optimize cost effectiveness of genotyping. First, a sample of 184 lines was genotyped with 1536 single nucleotide polymorphisms, which allowed building a map with 408 markers. Then the entire population was further genotyped with markers from flowering time genes VrnH1, VrnH2, VrnH3, and PpdH1 and a simple sequence repeat linked to Eam6. Quantitative trait loci were detected for growth habit, heading date, plant height, and individual grain weight on chromosome 3H in a region that possibly contains the denso gene. The effect of VrnH3 on heading date confirmed previous results from association mapping, and showed an interaction with PpdH1, to which it is linked in the photoperiod pathway. PpdH1 had an opposite effect on heading date at the two trials. Besides revealing interesting effects for particular alleles of the genes studied, this population demonstrates that it is possible to combine short stature with early heading date and good grain size in six‐row barley and shows good prospects for its use in breeding.
Grazing Behavior of Steers on Different Annual Ryegrass and White Clover Forage Systems
Authors: Solomon Juan K. Q. , Macoon Bisoondat , Lang David J. , Vann Rhonda C.
Published: November 2012

Studying grazing behavior of ruminants may help increase the understanding of the use of forage systems of varying forage types and composition. This study was conducted during 2008 at Raymond, MS, to evaluate grazing time by ruminants on various forage systems to examine any relationship with pasture composition and stocking rate (SR). Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. ‘Marshall’) and white clover (Trifolium repens L. ‘Durana’) were used to create forage system treatments of either monoculture grass (MG) or monoculture legume (ML), a binary mixture of grass and legume (MIX), or a spatial system of adjacent grass and legume monocultures in a 50:50 land area ratio within the same paddock (SS). Two levels of SR (3 or 6 steers [Bos taurus] ha−1) were imposed on each of the four forage systems to give a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with two replicate paddocks of each treatment combination in a completely randomized design experiment. Two Angus crossbred yearling beef steers (236 ± 24 kg initial body weight [BW]) were randomly assigned to each of the 16 paddocks. Time spent grazing per animal on continuously stocked pastures was recorded for 10 d selected randomly during the months of April and May, with each day of observation lasting for 14 h (0615 to 2015 h). Forage system had an effect (P < 0.001) on time spent grazing daily. Animals grazing MG and MIX spent similar time grazing (mean = 442 min per animal), which was greater than daily grazing time on SS (380 min per animal). Grazing time was least on ML (341 min per animal). Also, SR had an effect (P < 0.001) on daily grazing time. Animals on high SR (431 min per animal) spent greater time grazing than those on low SR (371 min per animal). There was no difference in time spent grazing on each component of the adjacent monocultures of grass and legume within the SS (P = 0.23; 197 [the monoculture legume component of a SS] vs. 182 min per animal [monoculture grass component of a SS]). Less grazing time by animal on SS than MG and MIX may have implications for performance of animals grazing such a system because of expected lesser energy expenditure for grazing.
Genetic Diversity of Bolivian Accessions of Phaseolus Species Evaluated with Fluorescent Microsatellite Markers
Authors: Blair Matthew W. , Dávila Andrea M. , Reyes Ximena , Ávila Teresa
Published: November 2012

The Andes of South America is a center of origin for common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and lima beans (P. lunatus L.) that has been less well studied than other regions due to its high diversity and multitude of subenvironments. The objective of this study was to evaluate 174 accessions from five Phaseolus species native to Bolivia to determine their relationships and total genetic diversity using a set of 36 fluorescent microsatellite markers that are highly polymorphic and differentiate both between and within species. The results showed that the common beans were divided into a range of Andean groups and one disperse group of Mesoamerican accessions. The other species were well differentiated, including two scarlet runner beans (P. coccineus L.), 22 lima beans, and wild relatives P. augusti Harms and P. bolivianus Piper. Within the Andean groups, accessions with bicolor seeds were frequent and were typical of race Peru, subgroup I. These “vaquita” type beans were different from other subrace Peru genotypes without bicolor seeds and were also different from type I growth habit beans from race Nueva Granada. This latter race was unexpected for the region as it is from the northern Andes but occurred with some frequency in Bolivia. The diversity of Phaseolus beans found in Bolivia is high with implications on germplasm conservation and the source of diversity in the Andean gene pool and in surrounding countries.
Identification of New Sources of High Levels of Resistance to Dwarf Bunt and Common Bunt among Winter Wheat Landraces in the USDA‐ARS National Small Grains Collection
Authors: Goates Blair J. , Bockelman Harold E.
Published: November 2012

Although seed treatments are available for control of common bunt and dwarf bunt of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. and other Triticum species), host resistance is an important part of cultivar development in many areas of the world. Few resistance genes are used, creating vulnerability to new pathogenic races. Thousands of landraces from the USDA National Small Grains Collection were screened for resistance to common bunt and dwarf bunt race composites. Fifty‐five resistant lines were screened with six races of common bunt and three races of dwarf bunt that have characteristics that are useful for elucidating resistance factors. All previously known sources of useful bunt resistance and most of the other lines tested were susceptible to one or more races. Seven lines were identified that were resistant or immune to all of the races indicating the presence of unknown resistance genes. Some wheat versus race interactions indicated unknown resistance genes and also indicated the presence of unknown virulence factors in some of the bunt races. Previously, most resistant lines were identified on the basis of a high level of resistance to composites of pathogenic races. Using bunt races identified various common resistance factors among the lines that will enable the selection of diverse sources of resistance to be used as parents in breeding programs. The seven new lines that were resistant to all the bunt races should be valuable for the introgression of new sources of resistance, broadening the genetic diversity of bunt resistance in cultivars.
Selection Strategy for Sorghum Targeting Phosphorus‐limited Environments in West Africa: Analysis of Multi‐environment Experiments
Authors: Leiser Willmar L. , Rattunde H. Frederick W. , Piepho Hans‐Peter , Weltzien Eva , Diallo Abdoulaye , Melchinger Albrecht E. , Parzies Heiko K. , Haussmann Bettina I. G.
Published: November 2012

Although sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] in West Africa (WA) is generally cultivated with limited or no fertilization on soils of low phosphorus availability, no assessments of the genetic variation among WA sorghum varieties for adaptation to low soil P are known. We assessed grain yields of 70 diverse sorghum genotypes under −P (no P fertilization) and +P conditions at two locations in Mali over 5 yr. Genetic variation for grain yield under −P conditions and the feasibility and necessity of sorghum varietal testing for grain yield under −P conditions were evaluated. Delayed heading dates (0–9.8 d) and reductions of grain yield (2–59%) and plant height (13–107 cm) were observed in −P relative to the +P trials. High estimates of genetic variance and broad‐sense heritabilities were found for grain yield across both −P (h2 = 0.93) and +P (h2 = 0.92) environments. The genetic correlation for grain yield performance between −P and +P conditions was high (rG = 0.89), suggesting that WA sorghum varieties generally possess good adaptation to low‐P conditions. However, genotype × phosphorus crossover interaction was observed between some of the highest yielding genotypes from the −P and +P selected sets, with the variety IS 15401 showing specific adaptation to −P. Direct selection for grain yield in −P conditions was predicted to be 12% more efficient than indirect selection in +P conditions. Thus, selection under −P conditions should be useful for sorghum improvement in WA.
Physiological Response, Cell Wall Components, and Gene Expression of Switchgrass under Short‐Term Drought Stress and Recovery
Authors: Jiang Yiwei , Yao Yuan , Wang Yi
Published: November 2012

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) grown in marginal soils may frequently be subjected to water deficit conditions. The study was designed to determine physiological response, cell wall components, and expression of genes involved in cell wall biosynthesis of switchgrass under short‐term drought stress and recovery. Grasses were exposed to drought for 4 d in 2007 (Exp. 1) and 7 d in 2008 (Exp. 2) in a greenhouse and then rewatered for 1 d in both experiments, respectively. Drought stress reduced tissue water content, leaf dry weight, and chlorophyll fluorescence and increased total carotenoid concentration and electrolyte leakage, and the values of these parameters returned to those of the control levels after rewatering. Reductions in leaf hemicellulose and total plant hemicellulose concentrations and increases in stem and total plant lignin concentrations were observed in Exp. 1; however, LH and TH were not recovered after rewatering. The concentration of leaf acid detergent fiber increased under drought stress and was back to the control level after recovery while leaf neutral detergent fiber remained unchanged under drought stress but decreased after recovery. The transcript levels of CesA1, CesA6, and CesA12 encoding cellulose synthesis and CslH1 encoding hemicellulose were suppressed by drought stress but the suppressions were reversed by rewatering. These candidate genes can be used for further studying the mechanisms that regulate cell wall biosynthesis in switchgrass.
Downregulation of Maize Cinnamoyl‐Coenzyme A Reductase via RNA Interference Technology Causes Brown Midrib and Improves Ammonia Fiber Expansion‐Pretreated Conversion into Fermentable Sugars for Biofuels
Authors: Park Sang‐Hyuck , Mei Chuansheng , Pauly Markus , Ong Rebecca Garlock , Dale Bruce E. , Sabzikar Robab , Fotoh Hussien , Nguyen Thang , Sticklen Mariam
Published: November 2012

Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars for biofuels requires expensive pretreatment processes involving the breakdown of the cell wall structure and/or removal of lignin to increase accessibility of enzymes to the crop structural carbohydrates. Lignin is synthesized from precursors through a complex biosynthesis pathway. One of the important enzymes in this pathway is cinnamoyl‐coenzyme A reductase (CCR), which catalyzes the transformation of feruloyl and p‐coumaryl thioesters to their respective aldehydes. In an attempt to reduce lignin content and potentially accelerate deconstruction of maize (Zea mays L.) stover structural carbohydrates into fermentable sugars, expression of maize CCR (ZmCCR1; EC 1.2.1.44) was downregulated via ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi). Thirty first generation independent ZmCCR1_RNAi transgenic lines were produced. Among 10 out of 30 randomly tested, six lines showed significantly reduced ZmCCR1 transcription. The second generation of these ZmCCR1 downregulated transgenic plants exhibited brown coloration of midribs, husk, and stems and 7.0 to 8.7% reduction in Klason lignin. Also, crystalline cellulose was slightly increased in the lignin downregulated maize stover and further increased conversion of the ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX)‐pretreated maize stover into fermentable sugars. The third generation of CCR downregulated plants showed further reduced CCR transcription as compared to their second generation of transgenic (T1) plants.
Leaf Transpiration Efficiency in Four Corn Cultivars Grown at Elevated Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Bunce James A.
Published: November 2012

High leaf transpiration efficiency (TE) occurs in some cultivars of corn (Zea mays L.) and could be a useful trait to improve yield under water deficits. The CO2 concentration in the atmosphere continues to increase rapidly, and it is not certain that cultivar differences in leaf TE occurring at the current CO2 concentration would still occur at elevated CO2. Two cultivars of sweet corn with high leaf TE and two with low TE were grown for two seasons in plots with free‐air CO2 enrichment systems to determine whether elevated CO2 altered the ranking of the cultivars in leaf TE. Measurements were also made at ambient CO2 2 h and 5 d after termination of the CO2 application. The results indicated that growth at 1.4 times the current CO2 concentration resulted in one cultivar having about 25% higher leaf TE than the other three cultivars, which had similar values of TE. The changed ranking of one cultivar was a result of growth at elevated CO2 and not the elevated measurement concentration. Thus, in one cultivar, the high leaf TE trait was stable across growth CO2 conditions, but in another cultivar, the high TE trait was no longer evident when the plants were grown at elevated CO2. Screening of corn genotypes for high leaf TE at projected future CO2 concentrations may be more efficiently accomplished at those concentrations.
Potential Physiological Frameworks for Mid‐Season Field Phenotyping of Final Plant Nitrogen Uptake, Nitrogen Use Efficiency, and Grain Yield in Maize
Authors: Ciampitti Ignacio A. , Zhang Hao , Friedemann Pete , Vyn Tony J.
Published: November 2012

Improved phenotyping tools for simultaneously characterizing maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes with superior grain yield (GY) and N use efficiency (NUE) would be beneficial for breeding progress. Possible phenotypic predictors of the crowding intensity and N availability effects on maize plant N uptake, GY, and NUE were evaluated for different genotypes in two environments. Our objectives were to develop phenotyping framework tools to predict plant N uptake, GY, and NUE via (i) identification of important mid‐season morpho‐physiological traits (from a total of 80 parameters), (ii) assessment of correlations between predictive traits (principal component analyses identified 21 traits), and (iii) arrangement of key traits into sequential pathways of mechanistic functions (3 traits). Plant phenotyping measurements taken during vegetative stages were poor predictors of GY and NUE. Plant N status at silk emergence was strongly associated with grain components. At silking, the chlorophyll contents (Soil Plant Analysis Development [SPAD] readings) were highly correlated to leaf N concentration, and the latter with the N nutrition index (NNI). As expected, NNI fairly reflected plant N uptake at silking and correlated well to relative GY. Maize plant biomass and N uptake at maturity were predicted via stem volume estimation at silking. The latter predictive model accurately simulated both GY and NUE in other field experiments. Physiologically based frameworks for mid‐season prediction of maize GY and NUE require further testing but hold promise.
Yield Response to Cultivar and Sowing Pattern in High‐Yielding Rice
Authors: Nakano H. , Tsuchiya S.
Published: November 2012

Forage rice (Oryza sativa L.) has attracted attention as a potential crop in Japan, but no optimal agricultural product system has been extensively established. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of cultivar (high‐yielding indica cultivar Hokuriku 193, high‐yielding indica‐japonica hybrid cultivar Mizuhochikara, or standard japonica cultivar Akisayaka) and sowing pattern (broadcast or drilling) on grain yield using a new sowing machine for a well‐drained paddy field. Hokuriku 193 had the highest grain yields. Hokuriku 193 and Mizuhochikara had much more spikelets than Akisayaka. Hokuriku 193 and Akisayaka had a higher percentage of filled spikelets than Mizuhochikara. At full heading, Hokuriku 193 had the highest nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) amount. Thus, the high NSC amount of Hokuriku 193 supported a high grain yield and high percentage of filled spikelets in spite of its very many spikelets. Broadcast gave a higher rough grain yield, grain yield, and number of panicles than that of drilling, but it had no effect on the percentage of filled spikelets or the 1000‐grain weight. At full heading, broadcast gave a higher NSC amount than drilling. Therefore, broadcast of high‐yielding indica or indica‐japonica hybrid cultivars might increase grain yield, in spite of its very high panicle number, without decreasing the percentage of filled spikelets or the 1000‐grain weight by increasing the NSC amount at full heading.
On algebraic closure in pseudofinite fields
Authors: Beyarslan Özlem , Hrushovski Ehud
Published: November 2012

We study the automorphism group of the algebraic closure of a substructureAof a pseudo-finite fieldF. We show that the behavior of this group, even whenAis large, depends essentially on the roots of unity inF. For almost all completions of the theory of pseudofinite fields, we show that overA, algebraic closure agrees with definable closure, as soon asAcontains the relative algebraic closure of the prime field.
Definable well-orders of H(ω2) and GCH
Authors: Asperó David , Friedman Sy-David
Published: November 2012

Assuming 2ℵ0 = ℵ1 and 2ℵ1 = ℵ2, we build a partial order that forces the existence of a well-order of H(ω2) lightface definable over ⟨H(ω1), ∈⟩ and that preserves cardinal exponentiation and cofinalities.
Topological differential fields and dimension functions
Authors: Guzy Nicolas , Point Françoise
Published: November 2012

We construct a fibered dimension function in some topological differential fields.
A generalization of Sierpiński's paradoxical decompositions: Coloring semialgebraic grids
Authors: Schmerl James H.
Published: November 2012

A structure is an n-grid if each Ei, is an equivalence relation on A and whenever X and Y are equivalence classes of, respectively, distinct Ei, and Ej, then X ∩ Y is finite. A coloring χ: A → n is acceptable if whenever X is an equivalence class of Ei, then {x ∈ X: χ(x) = i} is finite. If B is any set, then the n-cube Bn = (Bn; E0, …, En−1) is considered as an n-grid, where the equivalence classes of Ei are the lines parallel to the i-th coordinate axis. Kuratowski [9], generalizing the n = 3 case proved by Sierpihski [17], proved that ℝn has an acceptable coloring iff 2ℵ0 ≤ ℵn−2. The main result is: if is a semialgebraic (i.e., first-order definable in the field of reals) n-grid, then the following are equivalent: (1) if embeds all finite n-cubes, then 2ℵ0 ≤ ℵn−2: (2) if embeds ℝn, then 2ℵ0 ≤ ℵn−2; (3) has an acceptable coloring.
The range property fails for H
Authors: Polonsky Andrew
Published: November 2012

We work in, the untypedλ-calculus in which all unsolvables are identified. We resolve a conjecture of Barendregt asserting that the range of a definable map is either infinite or a singleton. This is refuted by constructing aλ-term Ξ such that ΞM= ΞI ⇔ ΞM≠ ΞΩ. The construction generalizes to ranges of any finite size, and to some other sensible lambda theories.
Kurepa trees and Namba forcing
Authors: König Bernhard , Yoshinobu Yasuo
Published: November 2012

We show that strongly compact cardinals and MM are sensitive to λ-closed forcings for arbitrarily large λ. This is done by adding ‘regressive’ λ-Kurepa trees in either case. We argue that the destruction of regressive Kurepa trees requires a non-standard application of MM. As a corollary, we find a consistent example of an ω2-closed poset that is not forcing equivalent to any ω2-directed-closed poset.
Finitely generated free Heyting algebras: the well-founded initial segment
Authors: Elageili R. , Truss J. K.
Published: November 2012

In this paper we describe the well-founded initial segment of the free Heyting algebra α on finitely many, α, generators. We give a complete classification of initial sublattices of 2 isomorphic to 1 (called ‘low ladders’), and prove that for 2 ≤ α < ω, the height of the well-founded initial segment of α is ω2.
Simultaneous reflection and impossible ideals
Authors: Eisworth Todd
Published: November 2012

We prove that ifholds for a singular cardinalμ, then any collection of fewer than cf(μ) stationary subsets ofμ+must reflect simultaneously.
Investigation of cultivated lavender (Lavandula officinalis L.) extraction and its extracts
Authors: Nadjalin Vesna , Lepojevic Zika , Ristic Mihailo , Vladic Jelena , Nikolovski Branislava , Adamovic Dusan
Published: November 2012

In this study essential oil content was determined in lavender flowers and
leaves by hydrodistillation. Physical and chemical characteristics of the
isolated oils were determined. By using CO2 in supercritical state the
extraction of lavender flowers was performed with a selected solvent flow
under isothermal and isobaric conditions. By the usage of gas chromatography
in combination with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatography with
flame ionisation detector (GC/FID) the qualitative and quantitative analysis
of the obtained essential oil and supercritical extracts (SFE) was carried
out. Also, the analysis of individual SFE extracts obtained during different
extraction times was performed. It turned out that the main components of the
analysed samples were linalool, linalool acetate, lavandulol, caryophyllene
oxide, lavandulyl acetate, terpinen-4-ol and others. Two proposed models were
used for modelling the extraction system lavender flower - supercritical CO2
on the basis of experimental results obtained by examining the extraction
kinetics of this system. The applied models fitted well with the experimental
results.
The Culture of Teaching and the Teaching of Culture
Authors: Keith Kenneth D.
Published: November 2012

In a world made smaller by information technology and convenient travel, the teaching of a psychology of all people has become increasingly important. However, the content of western psychology, in both research and teaching, has failed to encompass the complexities of culture and the importance of the role of cultural understanding in the modern world. This article presents some of the culture-based challenges facing psychology and teachers of psychology, including ethnocentrism, development of cultural competence, and integration of cultural concepts in teaching. The author concludes that the contributions of psychology to the solution of important world problems depend in part upon broader cultural understanding.
Preparing Students for Cross-Cultural Practice: Indigenous Australians as a Case Study
Authors: McConnochie Keith , Ranzijn Rob
Published: November 2012

This article discusses a successful evidence-based strategy for embedding teaching of cultural competence in relation to Indigenous Australians within undergraduate psychology. A multistage project commencing in 2004 led to the development of new courses in psychology, and subsequently to curriculum guidelines to assist other lecturers in developing such courses. The authors describe the model of cultural competence that underpins these courses, arguing that its principles are equally applicable to working in diverse cultural contexts, not just with Indigenous Australians. Student feedback has been overwhelmingly positive and suggests that students can generalise the knowledge and skills learned in Indigenous-related courses to interacting and working with people from other cultural contexts.
Internationalizing Postsecondary Education in Psychology: A Global Endeavor
Authors: Grenwald Gloria , Oberlechner Thomas , Velayo Richard
Published: November 2012

The twenty-first century has witnessed a widespread call for internationalizing postsecondary psychology education. The authors discuss the rationale for recent efforts to enrich psychological contents, methods, and practices by internationalizing the teaching of psychology. They present aims and results of an online survey on how psychology instructors, primarily in the United States, can make psychology education more international. They also discuss strategies to incorporate international psychology perspectives in such aspects of teaching as lectures, classroom activities, assignments, and the use of Internet-based technologies. They describe the aims of a second online survey that compares European and US faculty perspectives on internationalization in psychology. Future research should empirically explore the effectiveness of instructional strategies and assess specifically defined learning outcomes of an internationalized psychology education.
Enhancing the Role of International Human Rights in the Psychology Curriculum
Authors: Hulsizer Michael R. , Woolf Linda M.
Published: November 2012

International human rights are an important concern among psychologists. Consequently, many psychological professional organizations across the globe have begun to incorporate fundamental tenets of human rights into policy statements and ethics codes. As a result of these changes, psychology educators need to expand the curriculum to include human rights. This article provides examples aimed at the integration of human rights content into existing courses (e.g., lecture topics, activities, and service learning opportunities) as well as suggestions for creating courses which are focused solely on human rights. Given the fact that psychological and physical health has been tied to respect for international human rights, it is imperative that our students, as global citizens and future psychologists, understand and value these rights.
Developing Critical Global Consciousness in the Psychology Classroom
Authors: Diaz Jeannette
Published: November 2012

In this article, the author describes an undergraduate course entitled Psychology and Globalization. The intent of this course is to facilitate students' critical global consciousness. Content analysis of narrative data from the course showed that students developed a complex and nuanced understanding of globalization that integrated cultural, economic, and psychological elements. In addition, many students grasped both the positive and negative aspects of globalization and developed an awareness of themselves as individuals situated within globalized systems of production and distribution of food and non-consumable goods. The author also presents students' suggestions for action responses to some of the negative aspects of globalization discussed in class.
International Community-Based Work Placements for UK Psychology Undergraduates: An Evaluation of Three Cohorts' Experiences
Authors: Akhurst Jacqueline , Mitchell Carol
Published: November 2012

In the UK, current governmental discourse is placing growing pressure on psychology programmes to demonstrate the development of students' employability skills in an increasingly globalised world, and work-based learning is gaining currency. Many psychology students are motivated to do community-based work, prompted by their desires to contribute to social justice. The authors' purpose in this article is to explore UK psychology students' experiences of community-based work placements in two African contexts. Drawing from data collected from three cohorts of students at the debriefing stage of their studies, they illustrate the richness of the students' learning. Students reported having their cultural preconceptions challenged and the deepening of their cross-cultural awareness. The experiences had an emotional impact on them, and many students reported their desires to help others and the influence on their future planning.
Empowering Culturally Diverse Students within a Collaborative Learning Community: A Student Perspective
Authors: Sánchez Orlando , De Paul Chism Nicola F. , Serafini Kelly , Judd Tedd
Published: November 2012

Psychologists are typically obliged to learn about the cultures of their minority clients and students before working with them, refining their specific cultural knowledge and deepening their understanding of the influence of cultural factors on their clients and students through direct interaction. Likewise, professors of psychology can utilize these principles to empower minority students by (a) modeling cultural openness, (b) acknowledging students' rich cultural knowledge and experiences, (c) tailoring assignments to minority students' culturally influenced learning needs, and (d) seizing teachable moments. Empowering minority students in such a collaborative learning environment allows the burden of incorporating cultural views to shift from minority students to the larger classroom community, in which cultural dynamics may be safely explored, respected, and valued.
Helping Study-Abroad Students Design and Conduct a Psychological Study
Authors: White Lawrence T.
Published: November 2012

Psychology students who conduct research as part of a study-abroad program are likely to benefit in numerous ways, yet no published reports are available to help instructors who supervise such students. This article offers specific recommendations about how to assist students prior to departure, provide necessary resources while abroad, and ensure that students' projects are practical, ethical, and culturally sensitive.
A Cultural Scavenger Hunt: Tools of Engagement
Authors: Wesp Richard , Baumann Aletha
Published: November 2012

The authors describe the use of a cultural scavenger hunt to engage visiting students in cultural conversations within a short-term study-abroad course in the Caribbean. Students from a host university developed questions designed to engage visiting students in dialog with local residents and encouraged the students to return with artifacts and answers to questions. The authors outline how they developed the scavenger hunt, the activities it required of the students, and possible variations for use in other settings. Students reported that the scavenger hunt helped them develop an appreciation for cultural diversity.
Assigning Culture: An Example of a Cross-Cultural Assignment for Teaching Introductory Psychology
Authors: Gharib Afshin , Phillips William
Published: November 2012

Psychology teachers and textbooks continually introduce content into courses that emphasizes diversity in all forms, particularly those attributed to culture. The present study examined the effect of an assignment involving a book report and literature review that incorporated cross-cultural psychology into an introductory course. Students were assigned a book on cross-cultural applications of psychology in addition to a standard introductory textbook. Students selected a mental illness as a report topic that included a discussion of cross-cultural applications of western concepts of mental illness. A pre-test/post-test design surveying students' attitudes and knowledge revealed significant improvement in understanding how culture influences the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness. The authors discuss the effectiveness of the assignment in terms of changing student attitudes and knowledge of cross-cultural issues.
Internationalizing Research Methods in the Western Psychology Curriculum
Authors: Simon Andrew F. , Galazyn Magdalena , Nolan Susan A.
Published: November 2012

The authors propose means by which faculty might internationalize undergraduate psychology research methods courses. In addition to highlighting the value of introducing internationalized psychology to undergraduate students, they focus on opportunities for doing so in this particular course. They address major components of research methods courses – namely, investigators, topics, methods, measures, and participants - and consider these components in a way that emphasizes the influence of culture and, ultimately, leads to a more global psychology. Finally, they offer suggestions for class activities that might be adopted by instructors.