bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Translating Local Issues in Global Formats: The Case of Memes
Authors: Canepari Michela
Published: January 2020

The present article aims to study the phenomenon of memes, in the attempt to identify the level of globalization vis à vis localization these communicative, social and cultural products voice. This article therefore presents a small selection of memes from both the United Kingdom and Italy, and briefly analyses them from a linguistic and visual perspective. For reasons of space, the quantitative analysis of the corpus will not be discussed at length here. However, the qualitative analysis of the memes selected for this study will prove that the majority of the existing material, while adapting to global formats and visuals, often exploits regional and local varieties of language. Thus, since language is the expression of specific cultures, the analysis demonstrates how, despite globalization, local (and localized) features of the communities that create memes survive in their uniqueness. Hence, since memes are privileged forms of communication among younger members of society, the results point to a generation of youth that, despite the tendency to follow global models, is well aware of the traditional and local cultures they stem from and strive to keep them alive. On the basis of this analysis, the article finally argues that memes – like many other products of popular culture – represent a privileged arena which, if studied systematically through the tools of discourse analysis and sociolinguistics, can reveal important aspects of the societies that produce them and their evolution.
Viviendas pasivas a favor del medio ambiente
Authors: Ortíz Héctor , Quizamán Estefani
Published: January 2020

Ante la evidente crisis energética y la creciente contaminación ambiental, es imperante buscar alternativas para satisfacer las necesidades habitables y caloríficas del ser humano, enfocándonos principalmente en la energía natural más grande existente: el sol. Las casas pasivas utilizan recursos de la naturaleza para obtener diferentes eficiencias e implementarlas de manera pasiva o transformándola por medio de tecnologías que funcionan en pro a las exigencias de los habitantes. Las construcciones pasivas son diseñadas y construidas bajo parámetros establecidos por la ‘Passivhaus’ con la finalidad de ofrecer a los usuarios espacios habitables llevando de la mano considerables ahorros económicos en el importe energético, ofreciendo un ahorro anual significativo a comparación con viviendas construidas de manera convencional.
Call of Cthulhu: a imagem das criaturas lovecraftianas no jogo Dark Corners of the Earth
Authors: Bittencourt Neto Levy Henrique
Published: January 2020

Este artigo tem como objetivo estudar a imagem de três criaturas – Shoggoth, Cthulhu e Dagon - baseadas nos livros do escritor H.P. Lovecraft e presentes no jogo Call of Cthulhu: Dark Corners of the Earth. A abordagem principal é sob a perspectiva das categorias fenomenológicas e a semiótica de C. S. Peirce. Através dos nove tipos de signo e das categorias fenomenológicas de primeiridade, secundidade e terceiridade, fez-se uma análise dos componentes visuais das imagens do jogo, em comparação com os escritos de Lovecraft. Através da análise semiótica, percebe-se que o jogo conseguiu, de maneira bem-sucedida, transpor signos fundamentais presentes na literatura de Lovecraft.
A mulher no telejornalismo esportivo: ponderações sobre o programa Globo Esporte São Paulo
Authors: Gebhardt Jéssica Beatriz Backer , Negrini Michele , Nunes Christian Dias
Published: January 2020

O artigo tem como objetivo pesquisar a participação da mulher no telejornalismo esportivo, com foco no programa Globo Esporte São Paulo. Vamos analisar a relevância das matérias realizadas por jornalistas mulheres e verificar os valores notícia e critérios de noticiabilidade presentes em cada reportagem, fazendo um parâmetro comparativo com o que é apresentado por jornalistas homens, tendo como método a Análise de Conteúdo. Pretendemos retomar a história da mulher no telejornalismo e fazer uma análise histórica da mulher na sociedade. A questão de gênero também será abordada, assim como um breve histórico telejornalístico.
Timber sheathed walls for wind and earthquake resistance
Authors: Dowrick D. J. , Smith P. C.
Published: January 2020

This paper discusses the principles of timber sheathed walls (shear walls), gives guidance on modelling, analysis and details, and reviews the relevant research on behaviour under cyclic loading. The scope of the paper is limited to walls sheathed with plywood, particle or fibre board sheets, nailed to the framing. With appropriate nailing details, good performance under wind and earthquake loads can be obtained.
The influence of non-geometric factors on the seismic behaviour of bridges on isolating bearings
Authors: Cooke N. , Carr A. J. , Moss P. J. , Kwai Tan Fun
Published: January 2020

A study of the sensitivity of bridge response to changes in non-geometric parameters was carried out using mainly the El Centro 1940 N-S earthquake component. The response of bridge decks supported on elastomeric or a combination of elastomeric and lead-rubber bearings is computed. The effects of variations in the following parameters on response were studied;  a) a range of bearing properties,  b) a range of abutment stiffnesses and abutment weights,  c) different earthquake records and  d) the effect of seismic waves propagating at various velocities and angles of attack with respect to the bridge centreline.
The behaviour, overview of damage and retrofit of steel buildings after the earthquakes of September 1985
Authors: Martinez-Romero Enrique
Published: January 2020

A brief introduction on the earthquake history of Mexico is made.

A description of the various types of steel structures built in Mexico City is made, including comparisons of the other types of steel construction with more modern practices.

Performance of steel buildings in the September 1985 earthquake are discussed and related to the local geotechnical conditions, including foundation behaviour.

The evolution of seismic design Codes in Mexico City is presented and the Emergency Provisions recently issued, are discussed.

Finally, some ideas of repairing damaged steel structures to improve their seismic performance meeting the higher demands of the reformed Code, are given as a retrofit.
Shake table tests of an industrial building
Authors: Takanashi Koichi , Ohi Kenichi , Sakai Yoshiro
Published: January 2020

Shake table tests are conducted on a scaled frame model of an industrial building, which has irregular story heights, different beam span lengths, and uneven weight distribution. Its elastic and inelastic responses are observed under simulated earthquakes. The test results are used to verify the validity of a computer response analysis, which is based on the plastic hinge model of flexural members and a hysteresis rule for brace members. Additionally, the load effects derived from the test results are discussed comparing with the equivalent static load method in the design practice.
The influence of earthquake fault-lines on town planning
Authors: Moss Peter J.
Published: January 2020

This paper is an edited version of a decision by the Planning Tribunal concerning alterations to a building now known to be situated directly on the Wellington Fault. The Tribunal considered the requirements of the relevant zoning in the Wellington City district planning scheme and heard evidence from a number of people, including two structural engineers and a geologist. While the engineering evidence was in conflict, the geological evidence about the Wellington Fault is of general interest and is included here for the benefit of the wider readership.
Edgecombe earthquake
Authors: Pender M. J. , Robertson T. W.
Published: January 2020

On March 2 1987, at 01h 42m 34s UT an earthquake of magnitude (ML) 6.3 occurred near 37.91°S, 176.79°E close to the town of Edgecumbe in the North Island, New Zealand. The depth is provisionally estimated to be 12 ± 1 km. Seismic activity in the general area during the previous week culminated in a foreshock on March 2 of ML 5.2 at 01h 35m 37s. Four aftershocks with magnitudes in excess of 5.0 occurred on March 2 at 01h 51m 08s (ML 5.6), 02h 07m 23s (ML 5.1), 06h 56m 32s (ML 5.2) and 07h 55m 09s (ML 5.2).
The earthquakes occurred at the end of summer after a long period of dry weather.
Modified Mercalli Intensities of MM IX have been reported in and around Edgecumbe, with possible instances of MM X. Strong motion accelerographs recorded peak ground acceleration of up to 0.33 g within 15 km of the epicentre. The main shock produced a complex series of surface scarps, the longest being about 7 km long striking SW from Edgecumbe. About 1.3 m maximum extension occurred across the scarp with the area to the north-west being downthrown by about a maximum of 1.5 m which continued to subside slowly. Other smaller normal fault traces have also been detected as well as compressional rolls.
There was extensive evidence of level ground liquefaction and lateral spreading near rivers. Both these phenomena produced eruption of sands at the ground surface. Some wells were observed to have increased flows or increased pressures whilst others were had decreased flows.
General regional subsidence of the alluvial plains in the area up to 2m has been confirmed by levelling completed within three weeks of the earthquake.
Structural damage was confined to the alluvial plains in which the town of Edgecumbe is centred. The depth of sediments on the plains is not less than 350 m.
There was extensive minor damage to roads. Severe damage to many houses and other single storey structures. A dairy factory complex in Edgecumbe, two paper mills in Kawerau and a paperboard mill in Whakatane all sustained damage, in some cases considerable. At present information on the damage in the paper mills is not available.
The static substructure method for dynamic analysis of structures
Authors: Lou Menglin
Published: January 2020

In this paper, the static substructure method based on the Ritz vector direct superposition method is suggested for analysing the dynamic response of structures. The advantage of this algorithm is that the computer cost can be reduced and the static analysis and the dynamic analysis of large structures can be simplified by using the identical static substructure method.
The energy dissipation effects of redundant members in silos under earthquakes
Authors: Li Zhiming , Geng Shujiang
Published: January 2020

An analytical study is made of the response to strong base motion of reinforced concrete silo structures having energy dissipation redundant members. The structural model consists of an axisymmetric silo body supported by reinforced concrete columns. Analytical methods used include inelastic dynamic response history analysis, inelastic static analysis, and elastic modal spectral analysis (Building Code of China). The sensitivity of the structural parameters, such as the location of redundant members, relative linear stiffness, and reinforcement ratios, are examined for lateral force and ground motions. Based on the data presented, it is concluded that the advantages of energy dissipation redundant members are of ensuring yielding hinges occur in selected elements, improving the distribution of internal forces, and providing increased ductility. Numerical examples are discussed to show the application potential.
A base-isolation design using spherically-ended rollers and telescopic shock absorbers
Authors: Pham L. T.
Published: January 2020

The seismic strength of 16 valve damping resistors in the HVDC transmission network of the Electricity Corporation of New Zealand (Electricorp) were upgraded to current design requirements using a base- isolation design. This paper discusses the design, the prototype-testing and outlines briefly the usefulness and limitations of spherically-ended rollers as a base-isolation support.
Book reviews
Authors: Editor
Published: January 2020

Title:  Dynamic Behaviour of Concrete structures - Report of the RILEM 65 MDB Committee" being vol. 13 in the Developments in Civil Engineering Series

Editor: G. P. Tilly

Title: "Analysis of Dynamic Effects on Engineering Structures" being volume 16 in the Developments in Civil Engineering Series.

Authors: M. Bata and V. Placy

Title: "Earthquake Engineering - Fifth Canadian Conference"

Publisher: A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 1987
Effect of the Edgecumbe earthquake on mechanical and process equipment at the Tasman Mill
Authors: Hodge W. C. , Macfarlane M.
Published: January 2020

This paper reviews the mechanical damage and the impact on the processes resulting from the March 2 1987 earthquake. Despite the potential hazards present in a pulp and paper mill as a result of the operating processes, there were no process related failures although there was significant damage to structures and some mechanical plant.

Mechanical damage can be seen to be relatively small being about one third of the total material damage and representing less than one per cent of the replacement value of the mill complex, highlighting the fact that such mechanical plants are not particularly high risks.
Time for a break
Authors: Van Brink D. J.
Published: January 2020

The following paper recounts the loss of supply and subsequent restoration of the Bay of Plenty Electric Power Board' s sub transmission and distribution systems following the advent of the Edgecumbe earthquake of 2 March 1987. The paper details the effects on the Board's customers and staff, restoration procedures, and matters relating to the restoration of supply and repair of the distribution system. The emphasis is more on the operational and organisational aspects of the event, rather than being a report of structural damage and remedial repairs. Technical aspects of this sort are dealt with in greater detail by other organisations.
Earthquake damage at Edgecumbe and Kawarau electricorp substations in the Bay of Plenty earthquake on 2 March 1987
Authors: Rutledge A. L.
Published: January 2020

This paper describes the major damage to Edgecumbe and Kawerau substations in the Bay of Plenty earthquake on 2 March 1987. Questions such as why the equipment failed and what actions should be taken to strengthen the equipment are addressed.
Workshop on the deformation of the Wellington region
Authors: Smith E. G. C. , Anderson H.
Published: January 2020

The workshop was held in Wellington on September 19 and 20, 1988. It was preceded by a field trip on September 18 to look at the evidence of recent movements on the Wairarapa Fault, and followed by a similar trip to sites on the Wellington Fault on September 25. It was attended by 33 scientists and engineers interested in earthquakes, earth deformation and seismic hazard from Geophysics Division, NZ Geological Survey, Division of Land and Soil Science, Division of Water Sciences, and Physics and Engineering Laboratory of DSIR, Works and Development Corporation, and the Research School of Earth Sciences of Victoria University of Wellington. The purpose of the workshop was to determine the extent of existing data on the subject and then identify what new, feasible projects could fill gaps in the knowledge with an ultimate objective, among others, of enabling a refined estimate of seismic hazard in the region to be made. Those making presentations at the workshop were asked to provide in advance an abstract of their material that was as quantitative as possible, both to stimulate discussion and act as a permanent record of the workshop. It was judged that many of those attending would have been unable to provide full papers, and these were not sought. A good deal of the material has in fact been previously published, but it was felt that the consolidated Abstracts represented a very useful document for those interested in or working on the Wellington Region.
United States / New Zealand / Japan / China collaborative research project on the seismic design of reinforced concrete beam-column-slab joints
Authors: Park R.
Published: January 2020

General report on the project
3rd U.S. - Japan workshop on the improvement of building structural design and construction practices, 29 July-1 August 1988 Tokyo, Japan
Authors: Billings I. J.
Published: January 2020

The workshop was held in Tokyo immediately  prior to 9th World Conference on Earthquake  Engineering. Two previous workshops have been held in 1984 and 1986 both with an  emphasis on seismic building design and  construction practices. New Zealand and  China were invited to participate in the  3rd Workshop which was attended by 17 U.S.  and 23 Japanese representatives. I was  privileged to attend the third workshop  which was organised by the Japan Structural  Consultants Association. 21 papers were  presented covering building seismic analysis and design, and comparison of design codes and practices. The conference concluded with a working session which allowed a useful exchange of information. In the notes below I have summarized several items of particular interest to New Zealand practitioners.
Planning for disaster
Authors: Hodge W. C.
Published: January 2020

The Author relates the post event activities and the successful reconstruction work at the Bay of Plenty Mill operated by Tasman Pulp and Paper Company Limited following the 1987 Edgecumbe Earthquake. The paper outlines suggestions, based on actual experience, which may be used as a guide in Planning for Disaster.
An overview of earthquake insurance in Japan
Authors: Matsushima M.
Published: January 2020

Presented at the Conference on  information needs of the Earthquake Insurance Industry held in Christchurch, November 1989
The Loma Prieta, California, earthquake of October 17, 1989
Authors: Shephard R. B. , Wood P. R. , Berrill J. B. , Gillon N. R. , North P. J. , Perry A. K. , Bent D. P.
Published: January 2020

This report on the Loma Preita earthquake of October 1989 describes the earthquake itself, its effects on the surrounding region, and San Francisco in particular, and reports on the resulting damage along with the effect on local communities.
The December 28, 1989 Newcastle, Australia earthquake
Authors: Brunsdon D. R.
Published: January 2020

The December 28, 1989 Newcastle earthquake resulted in the loss of twelve lives and caused significant damage to many masonry buildings. Although Australia has previously experienced earthquakes of greater magnitude and intensity, this was the first such event to occur near a highly populated area in that country. While this earthquake is a relatively moderate event in international terms, it is nevertheless of particular interest to New Zealand earthquake engineers and researchers and the insurance industry because of the social and organisational similarities between Newcastle and a number of large New Zealand cities. The nature of the damage to buildings and services is summarised, along with insurance aspects and the response of local authorities.
Progress in earth science research of benefit to the Earthquake Insurance Industry
Authors: Berryman Kelvin R. , Darby Desmond J.
Published: January 2020

Presented at the Conference on  information needs of the Earthquake Insurance Industry held in Christchurch, November 1989
How well is the insurance industry served by existing research and technology?
Authors: Smith Warwick D.
Published: January 2020

The question which forms my theme is well posed. When a damaging earthquake occurs, it is left to society to meet the cost, in both human and economic terms. A scientific understanding of the physical process responsible for the devastation is clearly desirable. But does continued study of the earthquake phenomenon help society, and in particular does it help the Insurance Industry?
Managing the New Zealand economy at a time of natural disaster
Authors: Knight R. L.
Published: January 2020

Presented at the Conference on  information needs of the earthquake insurance industry held in Christchurch, November 1989
The role of the state as an insurer of last resort?
Authors: Quigley Hon. D.
Published: January 2020

Presented at the Conference on  information needs of the earthquake insurance industry held in Christchurch, November 1989
Earthquake hazard in New Zealand
Authors: Smith Warwick D.
Published: January 2020

The intensities experienced near the epicentre of the Edgecumbe earthquake, 1987 March 2, were higher than expected for an earthquake of magnitude 6.3. If this earthquake can be regarded as typical for that part of New Zealand, previous estimates of earthquake hazard must be increased. This has been done by modifying the intensity formula used in an earlier study, and recomputing the hazard figures. Mean return periods of seismic shaking in the Bay of Plenty, Waikato and Northland are reduced in consequence.
An immediate and preliminary report on  the Manjil, Iran earthquake of 20 June 1990
Authors: Moinfar A. A. , Naderzadeh A.
Published: January 2020

This article is based on a brief English version of a fuller report by the authors originally published as Publication No. 119, July 1990 of the Building and Housing Research Centre.
Vulnerability and seismic risk assessment of buildings following the 1989 Newcastle, Australia earthquake
Authors: Chandler A. M. , Pappin J. W. , Coburn A. W.
Published: January 2020

Ten days after the Newcastle, Australia earthquake of 28 December, 1989, the UK-based Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team (EEFIT) mounted a five day mission to the affected area. This paper presents the findings of the EEFIT investigation and subsequent follow up studies in relation to the extent of building damage and its distribution within the City of Newcastle and the surrounding urban area. Results are based on both detailed street surveys and general damage surveys, the former carried out in two areas, namely the heavily damaged suburban district of Hamilton (3km west of the city centre) and the Newcastle central business district. The findings of these surveys have provided valuable information on the vulnerability of building stock of types common to other parts of Australia, the UK and elsewhere, and hence form an important database for the accurate assessment of seismic risk to buildings in regions of low seismicity. This information will assist the development of realistic, economical seismic code provisions for building design and construction in low-risk areas. An important feature arising from the surveys and subsequent analytical studies of site response in the heavily damaged districts within the Hunter River alluvial basin is that, contrary to reports published by the Institution of Engineers, Australia amongst others, the areas of deep alluvial soil and fill do not correlate strongly with the more heavily damaged districts determined from post-earthquake assessments. Hence, suggestions that this form of site soil amplification effect played a major part in the distribution and extent of heavy damage in this earthquake are somewhat misleading for the future development of planning and design regulations. Furthermore, the results of site response analyses show that it is more likely to be the shallower soils near the border of the alluvial basin which tend to amplify bedrock ground motions generated by this type of earthquake.
The June 28, 1991 Sierra Madre California earthquake
Authors: Shepherd R.
Published: January 2020

Although not a major event compared with the 1989 Loma Prieta one, the Sierra Madre earthquake of June 28, 1991 served to remind Californians that seismic hazard mitigation programs require constant monitoring to ensure their effectiveness and that the stock of precode, high risk buildings continues to prove difficult to eliminate. In this paper aspects of damage suffered by constructed facilities are summarized, specific examples of the behaviour of selected structures are reported and ongoing problems with earthquake insurance and the enforcement of state law requiring cities to identify buildings particularly prone to earthquake damage are described.
The seismic response of nonstructural elements in buildings
Authors: Arnold C.
Published: January 2020

This paper reviews some current aspects of the problems of nonstructural earthquake damage and hazard mitigation. The paper reviews some of the axiomatic thinking about the problem and discusses some recent experience, primarily the Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989. A summing-up expresses some opinions and conclusions. One finding is that as long as the present seismic code philosophy continues, nonstructural damage, and in particular, considerable contents upset, will be sustained.
N. Z. parliament buildings seismic protection by base isolation
Authors: Poole R. A. , Clendon J. E.
Published: January 2020

Parliament House is to be partially demolished and rebuilt, extended within the existing perimeter envelope, refurbished and replanned except for the major public spaces, seismically upgraded by means of base isolation and enhancement of existing foundations, basement walls, ground floor, upper floor walls and floors.

This paper describes the assessment of appropriate seismic loads, the structural system, the analysis and design of the retrofitted structure. Anticipated construction procedures and difficulties are also addressed.
Seismic isolation of bridges in Italy
Authors: Parducci Albert , Mezzi Marco
Published: January 2020

A great number of Italian highway bridges have been provided with seismic isolating devices. As a typical  example of the criteria for the design of such structures the bridges of a new highway are illustrated. They are composed of various continuous multi-span sections. The seismic isolating systems have been designed on the basis of the dissipating behaviour of elastic-plastic restrainers. With reference to the cases studied, general considerations concerning the design of optimum structural configuration suggested by the use of seismic isolation, are also discussed.
Microzone effects in the Hutt Valley in records from a strong-motion accelerograph array
Authors: Sritharan S. , McVerry G. H.
Published: January 2020

Ground motions recorded in several earthquakes by the Hutt Valley strong-motion accelerograph array are analyzed to demonstrate and quantify microzone effects. Spectral amplifications in low to moderate ground shaking are calculated at sites with different soil conditions with respect to a reference site located on rock adjacent to the edge of the valley. It is shown that the response characteristics of various sites correlate well with the soil conditions underlying the sites. A shallow site located on 20 m of sediment adjacent to the edge of the valley produces short-period amplification, with the average amplification curve for the 5% damped acceleration response, spectrum peaking at 0.35 s with a value of 4. Deeper sites with up to 300 m of stiff sediments yield broad-band amplifications up to 2 s period, with typical maximum amplifications of 5-10. The greatest amplifications, exceeding 10, are obtained at two sites which are located on shallow very soft deposits.
Seismic amplification determined from microtremor monitoring at alluvial and rock sites in Newcastle
Authors: Somerville M. R. , Kagami H. , McCue K. F.
Published: January 2020

In the magnitude 5.6 Newcastle, N.S.W. earthquake of 28 December 1989, the area with highest seismic intensity (MM VIII) was located some 10 km from the epicentre. In the absence of local instrumental data for the event, various explanations of the intensity distribution have been advanced. A causative relationship has been suggested, with support from wave propagation calculations, in the close spatial correlation between the area with highest seismic intensity and the area with alluvial and/or fill cover. An alternative interpretation correlates intensity primarily with structural vulnerability rather than site geology. New evidence for amplified response of alluvial sites has been obtained from a microtremor monitoring experiment using 1-Hz seismometers.

Amplified response was observed at frequencies ranging from 1.5 Hz to 10 Hz, at sites with alluvial depth ranging from 40m to 5m. Most of these observations have a straightforward interpretation in terms of fundamental-mode (quarter-wavelength) resonance of the alluvium overlying a substratum of much greater rigidity. At some sites there is amplification but the quarter-wavelength resonance is not identifiable, due to a steep interface between the alluvium and the substratum, or perhaps the lack of a sharp rigidity contrast. The microtremor results, while useful for determining site resonance frequencies, are not expected to replicate the degree of amplification under strong earthquake excitation. The microtremor amplification factors are generally higher than the factor 3 ± 1 inferred from the seismic intensity distribution of the 28 December, 1989 earthquake.
An evaluation of the New Zealand code torsional provision
Authors: Tso W. K. , Wong C. M.
Published: January 2020

This study evaluates the New Zealand torsional provision in the 1984 and 1992 editions of the New Zealand loading code (NZS 4203) based on the inelastic responses of a single mass model having lateral load resisting elements in two orthogonal directions and subjected to bidirectional base excitations. It is shown that for systems having torsional stiffnesses that exceed a minimum value, the provision in NZS 4203:1984 will restrict the ductility demands on the resisting elements no more than those of a similar but torsionally balanced system. This minimum torsional stiffness depends on the structural eccentricity of the system. For systems with torsional stiffness less than the minimum, the stiff edge elements can experience additional ductility demand because the 1984 edition of the Code permits excessive strength reduction on the stiff edge elements. In the 1992 edition, the Code imposes a minimum torsional stiffness of a structure in the farm of edge displacement ratios. With this new requirement, the danger of additional ductility demand on the stiff edge element is eliminated. Therefore, the torsional provision in the current edition will ensure no additional ductility demands on all lateral force elements caused by torsion.
Lifelines in earthquakes
Authors: Hopkins D. C. , Lumsden J. L. , Norton J. A.
Published: January 2020

This paper outlines the 1990 Centre for Advanced Engineering project which considered the vulnerability to earthquakes of all lifelines, including building services, in the Wellington region. A case study approach was used involving representatives from service companies, consultants, academics and technical specialists.

Five task groups considered various aspects of lifelines services, including definition of earthquake hazards in the region, descriptions o f the services, analysis of vulnerability and identification of mitigation measures. Results of this work are outlined.

Specific conclusions were reached on recommended mitigation measures and, through wide involvement of service company engineers and managers in the project, further work is continuing in Wellington and the methodology is being adapted for use elsewhere.
Earthquake of 7 December 1988, Spitak, Armenia report of the NZNSEE team visit of 1989
Authors: Wood P. R. , Berrill J. B. , Gillon N. R. , North P. J.
Published: January 2020

Report of the NZNSEE team visit of 1989
The Hokkaido-Nansei-Oki earthquake
Authors: Butcher G. W. , Beetham R. D. , Millar P. J. , Tanaka H.
Published: January 2020

At 10.17 pm on the evening of 12 July 1993 an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.8 occurred in the Sea of Japan off the south west coast of Hokkaido, the most northerly of the Japanese islands. The earthquake was located at a depth of 34 km with its epicentre about 55 km from the west coast of Hokkaido and some 75 km north of the small offshore island of Okushiri, according to the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). At this point the depth of water is estimated to be 3500 m. The location of the earthquake is shown in Figure 1.

The earthquake caused extensive damage and loss of life on Okushiri Island and to a lesser extent on the Hokkaido mainland. Some loss of life and damage was reported on the Russian Pacific coast and in addition fishing boats were lost off the east coast of South Korea. Most of the damage and loss of life was caused by tsunamis generated by the earthquake. In addition major ground damage consisting principally of liquefaction, rockslides and landslides occurred in southern Hokkaido and on Okushiri Island. The damage to structures as a direct result of ground shaking was minimal apart from the collapse of a recently completed snow shelter over a road on Okushiri. Most damage to structures occurred as a result of ground damage.

After reviewing reports of damage received from Japan and after seeking information from people in the region, the NZNSEE decided to despatch a reconnaissance team to investigate the earthquake and to identify lessons of value to New Zealand. From the early reports it appeared that the areas of particular interest would be ground damage, damage to lifelines, fire following earthquake and tsunami, performance of time houses and the effects of tsunami.

Accordingly, a team of four members of the Society spent eight days in Japan during late July observing the effects of the earthquake. Two days were taken up with briefings at universities in Tokyo and Sapporo on the latest situation in the damaged region and six days were spent in the field.

The aim of this Preliminary Report is to provide readers of the Bulletin with up-to-date first-hand information on the event and a brief account of the initial impressions of team members. A detailed Final Report will be published in the December issue of the Bulletin.
The August 8, 1993 Guam earthquake
Authors: Brunsdon D. R.
Published: January 2020

This report on the 1993 Guam earthquake summarises the earthquake and resulting damage to stmctures and lifelines. The particular interest in this event, which is considered to represent a serviceability limit state earthquake, was the response of relatively modem high-rise buildings.
Liquefaction
Authors: Berrill J. B. , Beetham R. , Tanaka H.
Published: January 2020

In studies of liquefaction case histories, particle size distributions of ejected sand have been useful in identifying layers which have liquefied. The aim of this note is to describe samples of ejecta that were retrieved by the New Zealand reconnaissance team to the M7.8 Hokkaido-Nansei-Oki, Japan earthquake in the hope that these might be useful in subsequent investigations.

Three samples of ejected sand were brought back to New Zealand for analysis: two from Hakodate, where many port facilities were damaged by liquefaction, and one from the Nakanosawa Primary School at Oshamanbe, where piles failed in shear due to liquefaction and lateral spreading of the surrounding soil. The Hakodate samples were both retrieved from the Hokodate Port area, sample HAKDl from near the 2500 tonne Nittetsu Cement Company silo which had tilted by about 3° and whose base had displaced about 200 mm horizontally, and sample HAKD2 from the clearly reclaimed land of the wharf area some 300 m to the south.

Hakodate is 172 km from the epicentre and Oshamanbe 107 km. The two sites are shown on a magnitude-distance plot in Figure 1, and it is seen that the Hakodate sites lie just inside the criterion of Kuribayashi and Tatsuoka (1974) for distance to furthest site of liquefaction.
Seismic design of glulam structures
Authors: Buchanan A. H. , Fairweather R. H.
Published: January 2020

This paper gives an overview of the seismic performance of glue laminated (glulam) timber frame buildings. It describes the wide range of connections that can be used in glulam frames, for both single storey and multi-storey buildings, with particular reference to seismic loading.

Several new connections incorporating epoxied steel bars are described in detail. Testing of these connections under simulated seismic loading is reported, with recommendations for seismic design.

A design procedure is given for low rise multi-storey glulam frame buildings.
The Fiordland earthquake of 10 August, 1993
Authors: Van Dissen R. , Cousins J. , Robinson R. , Reyners M.
Published: January 2020

On 10 August, 1993, a ML 6.7 (Ms 7.1, Mw 7.0) earthquake occurred c. 10 km offshore of western Fiordland, New Zealand (45.2° S, 166.7° E). Its hypocentre is approximately 20 km deep which places it on, or close to, the interface between the subducted Australian plate and the overriding Pacific plate. The focal mechanism for the mainshock indicates reverse faulting on either a steep west-dipping, or shallow southeast-dipping plane. Analysis of a subset of the over 7,000 recorded aftershocks defines a shallow (c. 15°) southeast-dipping plane, roughly 25 km long and 15 km wide, that probably represents the rupture surface of the mainshock.

The earthquake was strongly felt by fishermen offshore in the epicentral region. Onshore, there were no reports of damage to man-made structures. The maximum peak ground acceleration recorded was 0.08 g at Te Anau, about 73 km from the epicentre. The attenuation of peak horizontal ground acceleration for this event is similar to the attenuation of other shallow crustal earthquakes in New Zealand.

The number of landslides triggered by this event is at least an order-of-magnitude less than the number of pre-existing landslide scars. The highest concentration of new slides appears to be in the Vancouver Arm/Hall Arm region, c. 45 km south-southeast from the epicentre. Many of the new slides were narrow, shallow seated failures, or small reactivated portions of older slides. The two largest earthquake-triggered landslides observed are located near Hall Arm, and in the Freeman Burn north of Lake Manapouri. Except perhaps for these two slides, all other observed earthquake-triggered slides will be indistinguishable from storm-generated slides once re-vegetated.
Seismic restraint of building contents
Authors: Charleson A. W.
Published: January 2020

This paper describes the background to and development of the first New Zealand Standard on the seismic restraint of building contents. The implications of its targeted non-specialist use are discussed, and new concepts such as "frequently occupied areas" explained.
Seismic hazard in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Dowrick D. J. , Gibson G. , McCue K.
Published: January 2020

As a prelude to the planned harmonization of building codes in Australia and New Zealand, this paper illustrates the seismic hazard in the two countries for discussion purposes. Hazard maps for peak ground acceleration for a 475 year return period are presented, and also for 2500 year return period in New Zealand, along with typical response spectra. It is shown that the hazard in the least seismic parts of New Zealand is similar to that of the more seismically active parts of Australia. The eventual harmonized loadings code would accommodate regional differences in hazard by using different response spectra and zone factors appropriate to the different regions of the two countries.
Restoration of road and rail transportation following the Great Hanshin earthquake of 17 January 1995
Authors: Billings I. J.
Published: January 2020

This paper describes the restoration of the rail and road routes which were seriously damaged in the Great Hanshin Earthquake of 17 January 1995. It is based on observations and data provided during a visit to Kobe, Japan in July 1995, 6 months after the earthquake.
Lessons for New Zealand lifelines organisations from the 17 January 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake
Authors: Brunsdon D.R. , Britton N.R. , Carter R. J. , Crimp R. F. , Gates E. F. , Gordon M. A. , Hughson G. J. , Lamb A. J. W. , Leslie P.D. , Wabnitz G. , Watson A. C.
Published: January 2020

This report outlines the observations and findings with regard to lifelines and other infrastructural items from each of the various New Zealand post-earthquake visits to Kobe subsequent to the NZNSEE reconnaissance team visit. The preliminary assessments on lifelines aspects made in the NZNSEE reconnaissance team report are developed further. Lessons and recommendations for New Zealand are presented.

In addition to lifelines aspects, observations are also made on the political decision-making process, subsequent economic trends and temporary housing and emergency management issues.
Recent developments in earthquake hazard mitigation in the United States
Authors: Holmes W. T.
Published: January 2020

Recent research and development projects in the United States that could significantly affect the future mitigation of seismic risk are summarized. Specific activities described include a report to the governor of California on the Northridge earthquake, the ongoing effort to develop a new national seismic zoning map, development of a comprehensive regional seismic loss estimation methodology, and development of guidelines for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings. Interest in performance based seismic design is discussed and several new large-scale mitigation programs are described.
US-Japan workshop on geotechnical aspects of recent earthquakes
Authors: McManus K. J.
Published: January 2020

The US-Japan Workshop on Geotechnical Aspects of Recent Earthquakes was held at the Kansai Kenshu Centre, Osaka, Japan on 22-24 January 1996. The objectives of the workshop were to summarise lessons learned from the Lorna Prieta, Northridge, and Kobe earthquakes, to identify ongoing research needs, to summarise available data, and to identify areas of possible co-operation for future research.

The society was invited to send a representative from New Zealand with observer status provided that person present a report summarising current and ongoing research on geotechnical earthquake engineering within New Zealand. The author was selected to be the New Zealand observer and the summary report accompanies this article.

Thirty two participants attended from the US and thirty from Japan including most of the well known, active researchers from the two countries. A complete list of participants is given in Appendix A.

The draft workshop report, with contributions from many of the participants, is summarised below. A full copy of the report is held by the author.
Geotechnical earthquake engineering in New Zealand
Authors: McManus K. J.
Published: January 2020

The following information is the result of a survey carried out during December 1995 of all known researchers in New Zealand. The information is as complete as possible being based on responses received by 15 January 1996. A bibliography of relevant recent publications is given together with affiliation and address information for the active researchers. Information is arranged under the same topic headings as for the main body of the proceedings.
An analysis of the failure of the columns of a 600 metre length of the Hanshin elevated expressway during the Great Hanshin Earthquake of 17 January 1995
Authors: Park R.
Published: January 2020

An analysis of the failure of the reinforced concrete columns of a 600 m length of the Hanshin elevated expressway in Kobe which collapsed during the Great Hanshin Earthquake of 17 January 1995 is presented.
Liquefaction susceptibility based on dissipated energy
Authors: Davis R. O. , Berrill J. B.
Published: January 2020

This paper presents a novel approach to characterization of liquefaction susceptibility for deposits of saturated cohesionless soils. The method we propose is based on an assumed relationship between pore pressure increase and dissipated energy density within the soil layer. Use of dissipated energy is not new. What makes the present work different is our approach to the energy calculation. Earlier analyses used simple attenuation models based on earthquake magnitude and epicentral distance to determine the dissipated energy and hence the pore pressure increase within a sand deposit. In this work, instead of magnitude and distance, we will use the response spectrum for surface motion at the site as input information. This permits us to carry out liquefaction susceptibility analyses which are more closely aligned with other types of analyses such as structural response. In particular, we can employ code-prescribed spectral loads exactly as are used by structural designers. This leads to an analysis of liquefaction which is consistent with other earthquake engineering practice in New Zealand.
The Modified Mercalli earthquake intensity scale
Authors: Dowrick D. J.
Published: January 2020

The 1992 New Zealand version of the Modified Mercalli (MM) intensity scale, was the result of a major multi-disciplinary review, and comments were invited. This paper results from considerable use of the 1992 scale in recent studies of twenty two New Zealand earthquakes including two of magnitude Ms7.8, and insights into the scale gained from studies of the well-documented Mw6.6 1987 Edgecumbe earthquake. Improvements to the 1992 New Zealand MM intensity scale are offered, including criteria for chimney damage at MM6 to MM8, and also criteria for MM10 to MM12 based on a simple matrix procedure of logical extrapolation from lower intensities, and the use of new construction categories. Discussions of the influence of ground conditions at high intensities, and on definitions of the key terms "partial collapse", "collapse" and "destroyed", are included.
Case study
Authors: Hare H. J.
Published: January 2020

The Government Building in Christchurch was purchased by the Christchurch City Council in 1992, to avoid possible demolition. After a period in which no developers could be found, the building is to be strengthened and refurbished for use primarily as apartments. The strengthening scheme adopted involves demolition of two areas of the building which are otherwise difficult to use, and replacement with new reinforced concrete shear wall structures. This has resulted in more useable space, and has allowed strengthening to full code loads. Work will be completed in late 1996.
Earthquake risk (prone) buildings
Authors: Wells J. D.
Published: January 2020

Recent completion of the Earthquake Risk (Prone) survey of unreinforced masonry buildings in the Gisborne District provides an opportunity to review the results achieved and, bearing in mind the re-draft of the Red Book, reflect on observed behaviour of local buildings in two "moderate" or close to "moderate" earthquakes. This paper gives a brief summary of the results of the Gisborne survey then discusses some of the actual damage sustained by the unreinforced masonry building stock in comparison with ground accelerations recorded in the 1966 "Gisborne" and 1993 "Ormond" earthquakes. Further comparison is made against theoretical loadings as represented by the 1965 and current design codes, and strengths as represented by the "Red Book" and its successor. The paper concludes with comment on the Earthquake Risk (Prone) Buildings survey process and "capture" threshold strength levels to be embodied in future legislative changes.
Earthquake resistant design of foundations
Authors: Pender M. J.
Published: January 2020

This paper reviews the main issues to be addressed in the design of shallow and deep foundations which may be subject to earthquake loading. Information is presented on the soil properties required as well as the various design analysis techniques with a view to assessing the current state-of-the-art and highlighting areas in which further techniques need to be developed. The paper sets out, by way of an overview, a sequence of steps that a designer may follow in developing a foundation system. It is concluded that, at present, the greatest deficiencies lie in the areas of most potential use to designers. A secondary aim of the paper is to enhance communication between geotechnical and structural engineers on aseismic foundation design.