bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conversionist Churches and Social Action
Authors: Unruh Heidi Rolland , Sider Ronald J.
Published: October 2005

The current conversation about faith-based initiatives calls for closer attention to socially active conversionist churches—those that serve society alongside, or motivated by, a desire to save souls. Five main dialectical qualities depict these churches' public mission: engaged orthodoxy that balances this-worldly engagement with anticipation of other-worldly salvation; a whole-person anthropology, concerned with meeting both spiritual and social needs; invitational voluntarism that recruits others to Christian faith while respecting their free will; expressive relationalism that promotes caring relationships as a channel for communicating the gospel; and expanded individualism that values personal regeneration and structural reform as mutually reinforcing objectives. These attributes help to explain how conversionist churches are able to adapt and diversify their outreach strategies to expand their access to secular resources. The impact of socially engaged conversionist churches is likely disproportionate to their number, particularly among evangelical, inner-city and ethnic minority congregations.
Six Myths about Informal Networks— and How to Overcome Them
Authors: Cross Rob , Nohria Nitin , Parker Andrew
Published: October 2005

This chapter dispels six commonly held assumptions about networks in organizations. These myths include: (i) to build better networks, we have to communicate more; (ii) everyone should be connected to everyone else; (iii) we can't do much to aid informal networks; (iv) how people fit into networks is a matter of personality (which can't be changed); (v) central people who have become bottlenecks should make themselves more accessible; and (vi) I already know what is going on in my network.
Keeping Communities of Practice Afloat: Understanding and Fostering Roles in Communities
Authors: Fontaine Michael A.
Published: October 2005

This chapter illustrates the importance of formal and informal roles within a community of practice. These roles, which range from planning community events to maintaining a community website, can help foster community participation and ensure that both individuals and organizations are making the most of their community investment. The chapter describes a study of communities in eighteen firms, which led to the identification of eleven formal and informal community roles.
Knowledge Resource Exchange in Strategic Alliances
Authors: Parise Salvatore , Henderson John C.
Published: October 2005

This chapter focuses on the different types of knowledge that are shared within an alliance relationship, and how the knowledge exchanges between different partners can influence the development of a larger alliance strategy. It presents a conceptual model, the Partner Resource Exchange Model, that addresses the nature of the knowledge resource exchange based on three critical dimensions of knowledge (tacitness, specificity, and complexity), as well as the role of the partner in an industry context (complementor, competitor, supplier, customer, and other). Alliance announcements from two major computer hardware firms: Sun Microsystems, Inc. and Dell Computer Corporation, from 1990 to 1998, were analyzed to illustrate the application of the model.
The Rite of Dedication
Authors: Bado-Fralick Nikki
Published: October 2005

This chapter discusses the Rite of Dedication, the first formal, ritualized step toward initiation into the coven. This ceremony of self-blessing and dedication to study marks a change in the status of the student from the merely curious to the serious seeker. The rite formally blesses and dedicates the student to a path of self-discovery that may lead to initiation. Dedication marks a significant step in the acquisition of skills for the student and demands an intensified commitment to the learning process from both the student and the teaching Witch.
The Slaying of Meghanada
Authors: Datta Michael Madhusudan
Published: October 2005

“The poem is rising into splendid popularity. Some say it is better than Milton — but that is all bosh — nothing can be better than Milton; many say it licks Kalidasa; I have no objection to that. I don't think it impossible to equal Virgil, Kalidasa, and Tasso.” Michael Madhusudan Datta wrote this in a letter to a friend about his verse narrative, The Slaying of Meghanada (1861). The epic, a Bengali version of the Ramayana story in which Ravana, not Rama, is the hero, has become a classic of Indian literature. Datta lived in Bengal at the height of what is frequently called the Bengal Renaissance, a time so labeled for its reinvigoration and reconfiguration of the Hindu past and for the florescence of the literary arts. It was also a period when the Bengali city of Kolkata was a center of world trade-the second city of the British empire — and thus a site of cultural exchange between India and the West. Datta was the perfect embodiment of this time and place. The Slaying of Meghanada is deeply influenced by western epic tradition, and is sprinkled with nods to Homer, Milton, and Dante. Datta's deft intermingling of western and eastern literary traditions brought about a sea change in South Asian literature, and is generally considered to mark the dividing line between pre-modern and modern Bengali literature. Datta's masterpiece is now accessible to readers of English in this translation, which captures both the sense and the spirit of the original. The poem is supplemented by an extensive introduction, notes, and a glossary.
Preparations
Authors: Datta Michael Madhusudan
Published: October 2005

This chapter presents an English translation of the fifth canto of Michael Madhusudan Datta's epic poem The Slaying of Meghanada.
The Slaying
Authors: Datta Michael Madhusudan
Published: October 2005

This chapter presents an English translation of the sixth canto of Michael Madhusudan Datta's epic poem The Slaying of Meghanada.
City of the Spirits
Authors: Datta Michael Madhusudan
Published: October 2005

This chapter presents an English translation of the eight canto of Michael Madhusudan Datta's epic poem The Slaying of Meghanada.
Shall They Till with Their Own Hoes?
Authors: Mwase Isaac M. T.
Published: October 2005

This chapter recounts the development of a Baptist community in Zimbabwe, founded by Southern Baptist missionaries from the United States. Missionaries built religious institutions to support extensive denominational work: a theological seminary, a hospital, a media center, bookstores, and schools. Following Zimbabwe’s formation out of formerly white-ruled southern Rhodesia, the Southern Baptists began to hand over the work to local leaders and began to reduce subsidies for the mission-founded institutions. Most have declined or disbanded, but Zimbabwean Baptists have struggled to sustain theological education. Debates ensued over the meaning of partnership and the problem of dependency, and a significant tension has grown in the cross-cultural relationship between the Zimbabwean and the Southern Baptist churches.
Christian Witness in the Public Sphere
Authors: Bediako Kwame
Published: October 2005

This chapter describes the role of Christian churches, leaders and ideas in the democratization of Africa, with a focus on Ghana. The author argues first that African Christianity needs to be understood on African terms. European and American assumptions about religion and politics are framed by the history of the “Christendom” cultural ideal and the current secular outlook of the North Atlantic world and thus are less relevant for African politics. There is a new public theology arising that contests the tendency in traditional Africa to vest political power with sacred authority. Recounting the election of a democratic challenger to succeed Ghana’s authoritarian president, Jerry Rawlings, Bediako sees evidence that this new Christian public theology is changing the political culture in a genuinely democratic direction.
The Damage of Moral Damage
Authors: Tessman Lisa
Published: October 2005

This chapter explores problems with utilizing the concept of moral damage for discussing oppressed people. Highlighting what are actually wounds due to oppressive conditions can unintentionally lend credibility to a victim-blaming stance that attributes a group’s subordination to an inherent or self-perpetuating inferiority. Indeed, this is exactly the fate met by African-Americans who have been persistently portrayed as damaged and as exhibiting character traits such as “criminality” and “dependency.” Even if one exposes the systemic sources of moral damage and points to this moral damage in the oppressed as evidence of injustices against them, such an argument may not be heard against a background in which the supposed character flaws of members of subordinated groups have been used to condemn these groups as the source of their own problems. And yet, simply denying that there is anything wrong with the self obscures from the view of liberatory thinkers the need to theorize what sort of a self one ought to try to be to survive and resist oppression, and steers activists away from projects—difficult as they may be—of transforming the self.
Two Baptist Girls
Authors: Smith Christian , Denton Melinda Lundquist
Published: October 2005

This chapter presents the stories of two white 16-year-old Baptist girls, who shared their views about various topics including their families, school, religion, and sex. Their stories provide a human face to the statistics presented in this book, and highlight the central themes that emerged from interviews with various American teenagers. Among these are that American teens experience and represent in their lives various religious and spiritual beliefs, practices, experiences, identities, and attitudes; that there are many adolescents in the United States for whom religion and spirituality are important; and that religious faith and practice in American teenagers’ lives operate in a social and institutional environment that is highly competitive for time, attention, and energy.
Mapping the Big Picture
Authors: Smith Christian , Denton Melinda Lundquist
Published: October 2005

This chapter presents data from the National Survey of Youth and Religion. Among the survey’s findings are that three quarters of U.S. teens between 13 and 17 years old are Christians. About one-half are Protestant, and one-quarter are Catholic. Teenagers who are pagan or Wiccan represent less than one-third of 1 percent of U.S. teens. The Protestant denominations of the congregations teens attend, religious self-identities of the parents of teens, belief similarity of religions adolescents, religious tradition, religious service attendance, characteristics of religious faith, religious and spiritual beliefs and experiences, personal religious practices, religious groups activities, and teens’ evaluations of religious congregations are discussed.
Spiritual Seekers, the Disengaged, and Religiously Devoted Teens
Authors: Smith Christian , Denton Melinda Lundquist
Published: October 2005

This chapter examines three specific groups of American teenagers: “religious seekers” who claim to be “spiritual but not religious”, teenagers who identify themselves as nonreligious and who never attend religious services, and teens who are highly religiously active and devoted. It is shown that most American teenagers espouse rather inclusive, pluralistic, and individualistic views about religious truth, identity boundaries, and need for religious congregation. Parents of teenagers strongly influence the character of their children’s religious lives. Teens who are more religiously serious and active are also more likely to be involved in a larger number of other programs — clubs, hobby groups, sports, or other organized activities; less religiously active teens tend to be involved in fewer.
God, Religion, Whatever
Authors: Smith Christian , Denton Melinda Lundquist
Published: October 2005

This chapter explores American adolescents’ thoughts, beliefs, and feelings about and experiences of religious faith and spirituality, drawing from interviews of 267 teens in 45 states. In most cases, teenage religion and spirituality in the US can be seen as a reflection of the world of adult religion, especially parental religion. Few teenagers are rejecting or reacting against the adult religion into which they are being socialized. Rather, most are living out their religious lives in very conventional and accommodating ways.
On Catholic Teens*
Authors: Smith Christian , Denton Melinda Lundquist
Published: October 2005

This chapter explores the question of why U.S. Catholic teenagers seem less religiously engaged than their teenage counterparts in other U.S. Christian traditions. Several reasons were identified to explain the lack of religious engagement of Catholic teens. One is that Catholic teenagers significantly reflect the relative religious laxity of their parents. Thus, the evident “problem” of Catholic teens can be viewed in part as a larger challenge of Catholic adults generally, and parents specifically.
Concluding Unscientific Postscript
Authors: Smith Christian , Denton Melinda Lundquist
Published: October 2005

This chapter discusses some of the possible implications of the National Study of Youth and Religion’s survey for communities of faith. Religious communities should stop presuming that U.S. teenagers are actively alienated by religion, are dropping out of their religious congregations in large numbers, cannot relate to adults in their congregations, and need some radically new “postmodern” type of program or ministry. Instead, parents, pastors, ministers, religious educators, and congregational leaders must improve their ability to engage and challenge the youth already at their disposal, and help them make faith a more active and relevant part of their lives.
Quantities of Lifetime Wellbeing
Authors: Broome John
Published: October 2005

This chapter defines a quantitative notion of a person’s lifetime wellbeing. It does so on the basis of betterness among uncertain prospects, using expected utility theory (which the chapter explains) and a theorem of John Harsanyi. It adopts the assumption of Daniel Bernoulli that wellbeing is risk-neutral. It gives an account of interpersonal comparisons of wellbeing.
Same‐Number Aggregation
Authors: Broome John
Published: October 2005

This chapter uses separability of lives to apply the same-number addition theorem, which derives originally from John Harsanyi, to arrive at a broadly utilitarian conclusion about aggregation across people when the population is constant. It outlines the assumptions required by the theorem.
On the Chances of Ethnocultural Justice in East Central Europe
Authors: Várady Tibor
Published: October 2005

This chapter argues that ethnocultural neutrality and group-neutral regulation cannot accommodate cultural pluralism nor guarantee stability and peace between ethnic majorities and minorities in East Central Europe. Traditional liberal attitudes lack empathy towards maintaining diversity. When faced with the hard facts of ethnic pluralism and rivalry, traditional liberal precepts are unable to find viable models of accommodation and cohabitation.
Ethnocultural Justice in East European States and the Case of the Czech Roma
Authors: Barša Pavel
Published: October 2005

This paper comments on the proposals put forth by Kymlicka’s paper. It shows that a desired reconstruction of liberalism cannot be completed unless liberal nationalism is assessed alongside the liberal neutralism criticised by Kymlicka. It defends the distinction between immigrant and European countries as empirically important. It then applies Kymlicka’s approach of ethnocultural diversity to Czech Roma to show that these concepts and their practical implications are helpful, even for the descriptive and normative assessment of groups that do not fit neatly into either of the two basic categories he proposes.
Universal Thought, Eastern Facts: Scrutinizing National Minority Rights in Romania
Authors: Andreescu Gabriel
Published: October 2005

This paper analyses minority rights in Romania. It argues that the costs of minority rights are not very high, and that many societies can pay them. Minority rights are often a matter of political will rather than cost; real limits exist only under circumstances of severe scarcity. This is true to a certain extent in Romania, and its main minorities — the Hungarians and the Roma. Although there is no real financial obstacle to solving the Hungarian demand for a Hungarian language state university, there are limits in promoting an affirmative action programme for the Roma.
Can Will Kymlicka Be Exported to Russia?
Authors: Opalski Magda
Published: October 2005

This paper examines how liberal political theory addresses the issue of ethnocultural diversity in Russia. Russian liberals are still in the early stage of efforts to articulate a vision of post-Soviet Russia. Slow to liberate itself from the legacy of the Soviet system, the culture relies on the language of institutionalised ethnicity, ethnic federalism, and ethnic group rights. Built on assumptions of ascribed status, collectivism, and primordialism, Russia’s current political culture provides not fertile soil for the adoption of Kymlicka’ model of liberal pluralism.
Arbitrage Theory in Continuous Time
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: October 2005

This book presents an introduction to arbitrage theory and its applications to problems for financial derivatives. This second edition includes more advanced materials; appendices on measure theory, probability theory, and martingale theory; and a new chapter on the martingale approach to arbitrage theory. The chapters cover the binomial model, a general one period model, stochastic integrals, differential equations, portfolio dynamics, arbitrage pricing, completeness and hedging, parity relations and delta hedging, the martingale approach, incomplete markets, dividends, currency derivatives, barrier options, stochastic optimal control, bonds and interest rates, short rate models, forward rate models, and LIBOR and swap market models.
A More General One period Model
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: October 2005

This chapter examines the absence of arbitrage and completeness in slightly more general terms than in the binomial model. Although a one period model is considered, the financial market and the underlying sample space will be more general than for the binomial model. Practice exercises are included.
Completeness and Hedging
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: October 2005

In the previous chapter, the derivation of the pricing equation required the assumption that the derivative asset a priori possessed a price process, and actually was traded on the market. This chapter examines arbitrage pricing from a different perspective, which eliminates the need for the aforementioned assumption, and explains the fact that the simple claims investigated earlier can be given a unique price. Practice exercises are included.
Parity Relations and Delta Hedging
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: October 2005

The structure of the hedging portfolio is quite complicated, and is continuously rebalanced. This continuous rebalancing presents a problem since real life trading has a cost. For managerial purposes, it would be better to replicate a claim with a portfolio that remains constant over time — the buy-and-hold portfolio. This chapter analyses the buy-and-hold portfolio, sensitivity measures known as “the greeks”, and delta and gamma hedging. Practice exercises are included.
Multidimensional Models: Martingale Approach
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: October 2005

This chapter analyses a multidimensional model using the martingale machinery of Chapter 10. This model is more general than the one used in the previous chapter to obtain more general results, and enhance the understanding of the pricing and hedging problems for Wiener driven models. A self-contained proof of the Second Fundamental Theorem is presented. A practice exercise is included.
Barrier Options
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: October 2005

This chapter presents a systematic overview of the pricing theory for financial derivatives, which are, in some sense, connected to the extremal values of the underlying price process. It focuses on barrier options, ladders, and lookbacks, and is limited to the case of one underlying asset. Practice exercises are included.
Forward Rate Models
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: October 2005

The drawbacks associated with short rate models have prompted various authors to propose models that use more than one state variable. In the method proposed by Heath-Jarrow-Morton (HJM), the entire forward rate curve is chosen as the (infinite dimensional) state variable. This chapter discusses the HJM framework, martingale modelling, and the Musiela parameterization. Practice exercises are included.
LIBOR and Swap Market Models
Authors: Björk Tomas
Published: October 2005

A number of models have been successfully developed wherein the theoretical prices for caps, floors, and swaptions produced by the model are of the Black-76 form. In these models, discrete market rates are modelled like LIBOR rates in the LIBOR market models or forward swap rates in the swap market models; and under a suitable choice of numeraires, market rates can be modelled log normally. LIBOR caps and the market practice for pricing and quoting these instruments are discussed. It is shown that given a swap market model, the LIBOR rates will not be lognormal; thus, LIBOR market models and swap models are generally incompatible. Practice exercises are included.
The Life and Thought of Evagrius Ponticus
Authors: Dysinger OSB Luke
Published: October 2005

This chapter discusses the life and writings of Evagrius Ponticus. The main source of information on Evagrius’ life is Palladius, Bishop of Helenopolis, who spent nine years as a disciple of Evagrius in the desert of Kellia. Evagrius’ writings are classified along a spectrum, with narrative treaties at one end, and collections of gnomic sentences at the other. His understanding of the spiritual life is summarized as ‘the mind’s long journey to the Holy Trinity’.
The Psalter as Contemplative Vision
Authors: Dysinger OSB Luke
Published: October 2005

Evagrius believed that that Book of Psalms afforded a vision of the whole creation, including the daily struggles of the praktike, as refulgent with divine meaning. The psalter can serve as a training ground for the Christian contemplative, a kind of workshop in which the gnostikos learns to perceive the divine logoi in the events of salvation history recounted in the psalms. This chapter examines the dynamic relationship between praktike and theoretike, and suggests a reciprocal relationship between spiritual progress and biblical exegesis.
The Epistemic Approach to Avowals' Security: Introspection and Transparency
Authors: Bar-On Dorit
Published: October 2005

This chapter explains and criticizes two contemporary accounts of the Epistemic Asymmetry between avowals and other empirical reports. First, the introspectionist view suggests that the security of avowals is because of the operation of a mechanism for ‘tracking’ our own mental states. Secondly, a view offered by Richard Moran argues that avowals of propositional attitudes are marked by a special feature: their ‘transparency-to-the-world’. When a subject avows ’I believe its raining’, she says something about her mental state, but in her assessment she directs her attention to the world rather than events ’internal’ to her. Although both introspectionism and Moran’s view respect Semantic Continuity, the author argues that they fail to accommodate Epistemic Asymmetry in its full scope.
Speaking My Mind: Grammar, Epistemology, and (Some) Ontology
Authors: Bar-On Dorit
Published: October 2005

The final chapter explains how the Neo-Expressivist account developed meets the theoretical desiderata outlined in the introduction. It then offers reflections on possible implications of the account of avowals defended in the book for certain metaphysical issues in the philosophy of mind. In particular, the author addresses the issue of the reality of mental states, and the extent to which mental states are ontologically independent of expressive behaviour.
In Defence of Christianity
Authors: Hebblethwaite Brian
Published: October 2005

This short book of Christian apologetics attempts to show the main reasons that can be advanced in support of the Christian faith. These reasons do not constitute the foundations of Christianity, but are more like buttresses supporting a faith position already held or considered hypothetically. They fall into three groups: appeals to facts and ideas available to anyone, irrespective of time or place; appeals to particular events and strands in human history; and appeals to the inner rationale of developed Christian doctrine. The book stresses the ways in which the first group of appeals (traditionally called natural theology) and the other two groups (traditionally called revealed theology) are equally rational, and indeed, reinforce each other’s plausibility. All of them are open to critical scrutiny, and to discussion by people of any faith or none. Nevertheless, the overall aim of the book is apologetic, that is to say, the rational defence and commendation of the Christian faith as offering the best explanation of the world in which people find themselves, the most telling diagnosis of the human predicament, and the most plausible account of where God’s creation is heading.
The Appeal to History III: Universal History
Authors: Hebblethwaite Brian
Published: October 2005

This chapter considers a further appeal to history that can be made within the cumulative case for Christianity, namely the appeal to a providential reading of universal history as making, despite all evidence to the contrary, most sense of the way in which world history is moving. There are, in the so-called Christian centuries, and even in the secularised post-Christian world, signs of the admittedly partial penetration of society by the Christian Gospel’s ‘Kingdom values’ of justice, freedom, peace, and truth, and — some would argue — of democracy. In support of this view, the work of Hendrikus Berkhof and Oliver O’Donovan is cited and contrasted with that of Stanley Hauerwas and Samuel Huntington.
Chapter 2 Taxation of Tobacco
Authors: Cnossen Sijbren , Smart Michael
Published: October 2005

Cigarette taxes (specific and ad valorem excises plus VAT) in the EU at more than 300 per cent of the pre-tax retail price are the highest on any single product in the world (by comparison, the VAT is, on average, 19 per cent.) In the US, the overall average level is only half the EU level. Within the EU and the US, the level of cigarette taxation differs widely between states. Interestingly, the ad valorem excise is mainly an EU phenomenon; it tends to protect the cheap tobaccos grown in southern member states. Concern about revenue and the restraining effect high cigarette taxes appear to have on the young are the main reasons for the high level of tobacco taxation. The young tend to undervalue future health damage. But apart from this special case of information failure, the case for high tobacco taxes appears weak. If individuals are fully informed about the consequences of smoking, the net external costs, which allow for the cost savings of premature deaths, may be low or even negligible. Furthermore, illegal bootlegging and smuggling, which undermine public revenue and health objectives, have reached alarming proportions, particularly in the EU. Accordingly, the authors conclude that there are conceptual and empirical limits to excessively high levels of tobacco taxation.
Chapter 6 An Excise Tax on Municipal Solid Waste?
Authors: Fullerton Don
Published: October 2005

Under current policies in US states, the marginal cost to an individual household for disposal of another bag of garbage is essentially zero, even though collection and disposal costs increase with the amount of garbage. Instead, the social cost per bag of garbage should be the product’s price plus the optimal tax rate. This chapter develops a theoretical model to characterize optimal waste taxes and tax-subsidy policies. It shows that an appropriately designed excise can achieve efficient levels of waste disposal and recycling, as well as raise revenue for state governments. The recommended approach would be a tax-subsidy or deposit-refund system, under which product sales would be taxed at retail stores and the recycling and legal garbage collection subsidized. It is shown that this Pigouvian type of environmental tax reform can match all the effects of having both the tax on garbage and the unavailable ‘tax on dumping’. In addition, the empirical literature is reviewed on how unit pricing of solid waste affects disposal and recycling, whilst the welfare costs of illicit disposal are analysed.
Chapter 7 Road User and Congestion Charges
Authors: Newbery David Michael
Published: October 2005

Designing an efficient set of road user taxes and charges involves charging for scarce road space, setting corrective taxes for environmental externalities, and possibly employing additional taxes to improve the overall efficiency and equity of the tax system. As illustrated with data from the UK, congestion costs comprise the largest part of the efficient road user charge, with road damage costs and externalities a relatively small part. The best approach to internalising congestion costs is a cordon toll, although its efficient design turns out to be very complex. Road fuel taxes should probably be set at a level that accounts for the average long-run marginal cost of inter-urban roads for typical cars, with the vehicle excise duty set to adjust total payments by type of vehicle. Furthermore, the external cost of emissions of greenhouse gases, nitrogen oxides, and particulates can be reduced through tailpipe emission standards as well as met by differentially higher excises on, say, leaded than on unleaded petrol. An ad valorem tax on the component of car insurance that covers accident costs would internalise accident externalities. The study calculates the pure road charge and green tax elements in the UK at 0.60 euros/litre for petrol and 0.67 euros for diesel. If this applied generally across the EU, the Netherlands and Germany would be charging petrol at about the right rate and only the UK would be overcharging it. All countries except the UK are probably undercharging diesel. Overall, a strong argument can be made for revenue-neutral adjustments in total revenue from road use to improve efficiency by shifting over to better-targeted congestion taxes, such as cordon tolls and road pricing.
What's Wrong with Development Aid?
Authors: Gibson Clark C.
Published: October 2005

This chapter argues that the incentives generated by development aid’s institutions are important in explaining its lackluster outcomes. Understanding the incentives that confront donors and recipients requires knowledge of the fundamental collective-action problems that these actors face. Such problems may lead individuals seeking to improve their lot to choose actions that actually undermine their well-being. Even before aid flows into a country, these basic, day-to-day problems need solutions if foreign assistance is to produce successful and sustainable results.
The Years of High Theory: II
Authors: Screpanti Ernesto , Zamagni Stefano
Published: October 2005

Deals with the reaction of the Neoclassical School to the criticism levied against it in the inter-war period. Emphasizes the developments of general equilibrium theory and the birth of the new welfare economics due to L. Robbins. Examines the debate on economic calculation under socialism and the birth of the institutional school due to T. Veblen.
Contemporary Macroeconomic Theory
Authors: Screpanti Ernesto , Zamagni Stefano
Published: October 2005

The first of three chapters dedicated to the post-war period. Compares and contrasts the 'neoclassical synthesis' and the monetarist counter-revolution. Shows the rational expectation revolution as an offspring of Friedman's approach. Considers the non-Walrasian equilibrium theory and analyses the research programme of microfoundations of macroeconomics in some detail. Finally, assesses the post-Keynesian and new Keynesian approaches.
What Kind of Europe?
Authors: Tsoukalis Loukas
Published: October 2005

This introductory chapter begins with a discussion on the political, social, and economic changes in Europe. It explains the core idea of the book — specifically the kind of Europe being sought — highlighting the main issues at stake and the political choices associated with these. An overview of the chapters included in this volume is presented.
and the Rest of the World: Americans and Others
Authors: Tsoukalis Loukas
Published: October 2005

This chapter examines the relationships of the European Union with the United States and the rest of the world, focusing on trade policies, preferential trade agreements with various countries, and common foreign and security policy (CFSP). It argues that the EU remains a political dwarf despite being an economic giant. European political cooperation in the form of the CFSP was aimed at paving the transition to an international political role. However, many Europeans were not ready to accept the consequences for national sovereignty, and failed to agree on how the CFSP would operate in the context of the Atlantic alliance. Deepening integration and rapid changes in the external environment could accelerate the pace.
Economic Governance and Policy Choices
Authors: Tsoukalis Loukas
Published: October 2005

Economic integration in Europe has fuelled debates on the division of powers and responsibilities between the European and national levels, and between regional and local levels. This distribution of powers and responsibilities has implications for market integration, and the conditions under which economic agents compete for market shares. The term ‘economic governance’ has emerged in reference to the appropriate mix between the state and the market, public and private interests, as well as trade-offs between economic efficiency, stability, and equity. This chapter argues that the European debate simply hides or transforms many of the crucial trade-offs and policy choices relating to the kind of Europe, and the kind of society people want to live in. Specific policy areas in European integration are examined.
2 When Experts Make Mistakes
Authors: Frances Bryan
Published: October 2005

The main themes of the book are introduced in a preliminary and intuitive way.
4 The First Live Sceptical Hypothesis
Authors: Frances Bryan
Published: October 2005

The argument template used to generate new sceptical arguments was presented in chapter 3. In this chapter, the template is used to generate the first live sceptical argument by plugging ‘No one believes anything’, or belief eliminativism, into the template. It is argued that in some close possible worlds, eliminativism is a live hypothesis (even though false!), and many (not all) philosophers and cognitive scientists are mere mortals with respect to it. The obvious objections are addressed, and this live sceptical argument is compared with arguments concerning evidence one does not possess.
6 The Sceptical Solution
Authors: Frances Bryan
Published: October 2005

It is argued that most of the counterintuitive elements of traditional sceptical theories do not apply to the live sceptical theories, and that the live sceptic’s argument is identical in form to arguments we rely on without hesitation. The live sceptic is not denying anyone of the warrant they think they have; neither are they denying its quality. The knowledge denied by the live sceptic (knowledge of our own beliefs, the locations of our own pains, and the colours of objects in perfect view) is frequently ruled out in uncontroversial circumstances. This is important to the live sceptic’s case because it might be objected that it’s nearly impossible not to know one’s own beliefs, pain locations, or sock colours when the beliefs are formed in maximally veridical ways.
Pleasure and Moral Psychology in Republic IV and IX
Authors: Russell Daniel
Published: October 2005

In Republic IX, Plato argues that the supreme pleasantness of the virtuous life is a particularly great consideration in demonstrating that the virtuous life is happy. This raises the question of whether this argument spouses the additive or the directive conception of happiness. On the additive conception, the argument is straightforward: the virtuous life is happy because the virtuous life is also the life of supreme pleasure, and the life of supreme pleasure is happy. On the directive conception, the argument is much more subtle: the virtuous life is happy because the virtuous life is the life of a fully integrated, healthy, and flourishing psyche, as demonstrated by (among other things) the transformation of the affective dimensions of the virtuous person's psyche, and such a life is the happy life. This chapter set out this need for interpretive care in more detail by looking at its connection to a more general problem for understanding how Plato thinks virtue benefits its possessor in the Republic, to which any adequate reconstruction of the ‘pleasure arguments’ in book IX must respond. It is argued that Plato's strategy is to demonstrate that virtue benefits its possessor on the grounds that the virtuous person, and only the virtuous person, possesses a healthy and harmonious psyche. Plato's conception of pleasure in book IX is a form of apprehending one's life as satisfying and worth living, and his argument is that having the true form of such pleasure means that one's life is, in fact, satisfying and worth living, and that one's psyche is healthy and harmonious. And such pleasure is to be found only in the virtuous person.
Pleasure, Value, and Moral Psychology in the Republic, Laws, and Timaeus
Authors: Russell Daniel
Published: October 2005

In the so-called agreement model of psychic conformity, the passions do not retain their former character, only under tighter rein, but take on a new character altogether. In the competing control model, the passions may conform to reason, but they never change their character so as to cooperate with reason, just as a trained lion conforms to the commands of a tamer whose direction it is never capable of internalizing and cooperating. This chapter argues that these two models appear together in Plato for the simple reason that each captures, in its own way, aspects of our psychology Plato finds too important to ignore. It is further argued that without a psychological model of the agent as a whole, Plato lacks the psychological underpinnings for an account of virtue as the transformation of the agent as a whole, and thus for an account of happiness that is holistic rather than dimensional, consisting not in one's flourishing in some dimension of one's life but in one's flourishing as a harmoniously integrated whole. Consequently, Plato offers a compelling ethical and value-theoretical account of pleasure as a conditional good that is rationally incorporated by practical intelligence, but lacks an adequate unified psychology of the affective and rational activities of the soul to underwrite that ethical and value-theoretical account.
The Side Payments Game
Authors: Barrett Scott
Published: October 2005

This chapter considers the role that compensating payments can play in promoting international cooperation. The theory developed here explains that such payments cannot increase cooperation when countries are alike, but that they can have a huge effect when countries are very different. Side payments can therefore only really help when the conditions allow them to play this role. The theory is again applied to the Montreal Protocol.
Maternal Care and Individual Differences in Defensive Responses
Authors: Parent Carine , Zhang Tie-Yuan , Caldji Christian , Bagot Rose , Champagne Frances A. , Pruessner Jens , Meaney Michael J.
Published: October 2005

Familial transmission of mental illness is common. Recent studies in behavioral neuroscience and biological psychiatry reveal the importance of epigenetic mechanisms of transmission that center on the developmental consequences of variations in parental care. Studies with rats suggest that environmental adversity results in patterns of parent–offspring interactions that increase stress reactivity through sustained effects on gene expression in brain regions known to regulate behavioral, endocrine, and autonomic responses to stress. While such effects might be adaptive, the associated cost involves an increased risk for stress-related illness.
What Do We Know About Gay and Lesbian Couples?
Authors: Kurdek Lawrence A.
Published: October 2005

Research on gay and lesbian couples is highlighted with regard to household labor, conflict, satisfaction, perceived social support, stability, and the variables that predict relationship quality. Relative to partners from married heterosexual couples, partners from gay and lesbian couples tend to assign household labor more fairly, resolve conflict more constructively, experience similar levels of satisfaction, and perceive less support from family members but more support from friends. The limited data available indicate that gay and lesbian couples may be less stable than married heterosexual couples. The factors that predict relationship quality tend to be the same for gay, lesbian, and heterosexual married couples. Overall, research paints a positive picture of gay and lesbian couples and indicates that they tend to be more similar to than different from heterosexual couples.
Empirically Supported Complexity
Authors: Westen Drew , Bradley Rebekah
Published: October 2005

Over the last 10 years, evidence-based practice in psychology has become synonymous with a particular operationalization of it aimed at developing a list of empirically supported therapies. Although much has been learned since the emergence of the empirically supported therapies movement, its restrictive definition of evidence (excluding, for example, basic science as a source of evidence to be used by clinicians) is problematic, and the assumptions inherent in its nearly exclusive focus on brief, focal treatments for specific disorders are themselves not generally supported by the available data. Recent meta-analytic data support a more nuanced view of treatment efficacy than one that makes dichotomous judgments of empirically supported or unsupported, suggesting the need for a more refined concept of evidence-based practice in psychology.
Dynamic Text Comprehension
Authors: Rapp David N. , van den Broek Paul
Published: October 2005

Reading is one of the most complex and uniquely human of cognitive activities. Our understanding of the processes and factors involved in text comprehension is quite impressive, but it also is fragmented, with a proliferation of “mini-theories” for specific components that in reality are intertwined and interact with one another. Theories of dynamic text comprehension (DTC) aim to capture the integration of these components. They depict reading comprehension as an ongoing process involving fluctuations in the activation of concepts as the reader proceeds through the text, resulting in a gradually emerging interpretation of the material. Features of texts and characteristics of the reader jointly and interactively affect these fluctuations, influencing and being influenced by the reader's understanding and memory of what is read. We illustrate the DTC approach by describing one theory, called the Landscape model, and summarize how its simulations match empirical data. We conclude with some implications of the DTC framework for basic and applied reading research.
The impact of the Northern Territory's Living With Alcohol program, 1992–2002: revisiting the evaluation
Authors: Chikritzhs Tanya , Stockwell Tim , Pascal Richard
Published: October 2005

Aims  To evaluate the effects of the Living With Alcohol (LWA) program and the LWA Alcoholic Beverage Levy on alcohol‐attributable deaths in the Northern Territory (NT) controlling for simultaneous trends in death rates from a control region and non‐alcohol related death trends in the NT, between 1985 and 2002.

Design  The LWA program was introduced in 1992 with funding from a special NT tax (Levy) on beverages with greater than 3% alcohol content by volume. The Levy was removed in 1997 but the LWA program continued to be funded by the federal government until 2002. Trends in age standardised rates of acute and chronic alcohol‐attributable deaths in the NT were examined before, during and after the combined implementation of the LWA program and Levy and before and during the full length of the LWA program. Auto‐regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) time series analyses included internal and external control series and adjustments for possible confounders. Separate estimates were made for Indigenous and non‐Indigenous NT residents.

Findings  When combined, the Levy and the LWA program were associated with significant declines in acute alcohol‐attributable deaths in the NT as well as Indigenous deaths between 1992 and 1997. A significant but delayed decline in chronic deaths was evident towards the end of the study period between 1998 and 2002.

Conclusions  The combined impact of the LWA program Levy and the programs and services funded by the Levy reduced the burden of alcohol‐attributable injury to the NT in the short term and may have contributed to a reduction in chronic illness in the longer term. The results of this study present a strong argument for the effectiveness of combining alcohol taxes with comprehensive programs and services designed to reduce the harm from alcohol, and underline the need to distinguish between the acute and chronic effects of alcohol in population level studies.
High expression of calcium‐binding proteins, S100A10, S100A11 and CALM2 in anaplastic large cell lymphoma
Authors: Rust Renata , Visser Lydia , van der Leij Judith , Harms Geert , Blokzijl Tjasso , Deloulme Jean C. , van der Vlies Pieter , Kamps Willem , Kok Klaas , Lim Megan , Poppema Sibrand , van den Berg Anke
Published: October 2005

Anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL) are characterised by the presence of CD30‐positive large cells, which usually are of T‐cell type. Based on the presence or absence of translocations involving the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) locus, ALCL cases can be divided into two groups. To gain more insight in the biology of ALCL, we applied serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) on the Karpas299 cell line and identified 25 up‐ and 19 downregulated genes. Comparison of the differentially expressed genes with DNA copy number changes in Karpas299 revealed that two overexpressed genes, S100A10 and S100A11, were located in an amplicon suggesting that the increased mRNA levels were caused by DNA amplification. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction on 5 ALCL cell lines and 12 ALCL tissues confirmed the SAGE data for 13 out of 14 up‐ and one out of four downregulated genes. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed the presence of S100A10, a calcium‐binding protein, in three out of five ALK+ and all 7 ALK− ALCL cases. S100A11 staining was confirmed in all ALK+ and six of seven ALK− ALCL cases. Three of the upregulated genes represented calcium‐binding proteins, which suggest that altered intracellular signaling might be associated with the oncogenesis of ALCL.