bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical Activity from Adolescence through Midlife and Associations with Obesity and Endometrial Cancer Risk
Authors: Saint-Maurice PF , Sampson JN , Michels KA , Moore SC , Loftfield E , McClain K , Cook MB , Trabert B , Matthews CE
Published: April 2021

PURPOSE: This study sought to describe the physical activity-endometrial cancer association and potential mediation of this relationship by obesity in midlife. METHODS: Participants were 67,705 women (aged 50–71 years) enrolled in the NIH-AARP cohort who reported their historical leisure-time physical activity patterns starting at age 15–18 years. We identified five long-term physical activity patterns between adolescence and cohort entry (i.e., inactive, maintained-low, maintained-high, increasers, decreasers). We used Cox regression (Hazard ratio - HR [95% CI]) to assess the relationship between these patterns and midlife obesity and endometrial cancer, adjusting for covariates. Mediation analysis was used to decompose the physical activity patterns-endometrial cancer association to estimate the proportion of the physical activity-endometrial cancer association mediated by midlife obesity. RESULTS: During an average 12.3 years of follow-up 1,468 endometrial cancers occurred. Long-term physical activity patterns were inactive, maintained-low, maintained-high, increasers, and decreasers. Compared to long- term inactive women, women who maintained-high or increased activity levels had a 19–26% lower risk for endometrial cancer (maintained-high: HR = 0.81 [0.67, 0.98]; increasers: HR = 0.74 [0.61, 0.91]). They also had a 45–77% lower risk for obesity in midlife (e.g., maintained-high, BMI 30–39.9: HR = 0.50 [0.46, 0.55]; maintained- high, BMI 40+: HR = 0.32 [0.26, 0.39]). Obesity was a significant mediator and appeared to account for 55–63% of the physical activity-endometrial cancer associations observed. CONCLUSIONS: Both initiating and maintaining physical activity throughout adulthood can play a role in preventing obesity and in turn, lowering the risk for endometrial cancer.
Voices of Community Organizations: How Cancer Centers Can Support Communities in the Face of COVID-19
Authors: Austin JD , Lee E , Shelton RC , Hillyer G , Schmitt K , Tehranifar P
Published: April 2021

Purpose: As part of an ongoing effort to support the equitable delivery of cancer care to historically underserved communities in New York City (NYC), we examined the impact of COVID-19 on community outreach organizations working with an NCI-comprehensive cancer center Methods: We conducted 16 semi-structured interviews (30–90 minutes; July-September 2020) with stakeholders (SH) including patient navigators, patient advocates, faith-based leaders, community health, and non-profit organizations in NYC – the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. Using thematic analysis, we characterized experiences and challenges in supporting cancer care delivery during COVID-19. Results: Per SH, COVID-19 required organizations to shift priorities to address day-to-day needs exacerbated by COVID-19 (food insecurity, financial/housing instability, misinformation, emotional distress). Organizations adapted by leveraging existing partnerships, including the cancer center, and partnering with new local/state organizations to broaden their work scope (e.g., COVID-19 testing centers, food pantries, technology training), and disseminate reliable COVID-19 information to communities. All organizations transitioned to virtual platforms creating challenges for those with limited technical resources and often excluded older or isolated populations; thus, many organizations retained a socially distanced in-person component to remain visible and trustworthy within the community. Importantly, SH emphasized the importance of cancer center support via proactive involvement and communication with community members, providing a supportive infrastructure (funding, technical support, personnel), and incorporating community voices into new programs and projects during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: In addition to or in lieu of cancer care delivery efforts, community organizations are compelled to develop innovative approaches that address the more immediate needs of the community resulting from COVID-19. Cancer centers can support their community partners by being responsive and flexible to the community needs, building trust within the community, and strengthening community organizational capacity to reduce the long-term damage of COVID-19 and achieve equity.
Therapeutic Targeting of the Tumor Microenvironment
Authors: Bejarano Leire , Jordāo Marta J.C. , Joyce Johanna A.
Published: April 2021

Strategies to therapeutically target the tumor microenvironment (TME) have emerged as a promising approach for cancer treatment in recent years due to the critical roles of the TME in regulating tumor progression and modulating response to standard-of-care therapies. Here, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the most advanced TME-directed therapies, which have either been clinically approved or are currently being evaluated in trials, including immunotherapies, antiangiogenic drugs, and treatments directed against cancer-associated fibroblasts and the extracellular matrix. We also discuss some of the challenges associated with TME therapies, and future perspectives in this evolving field.

Significance:

This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current therapies targeting the TME, combining a discussion of the underlying basic biology with clinical evaluation of different therapeutic approaches, and highlighting the challenges and future perspectives.
T Cells as the Future of Cancer Therapy
Authors: Ribas Antoni
Published: April 2021

In the next 10 years, gene-engineered T-cell therapies have the potential to provide broad benefit for the treatment of patients with cancer. Advances in immunology, molecular biology, and bioengineering allow the design of gene-engineered T cells that actively target metastatic lesions, specifically recognize and kill cancer cells, and maintain long-term immunologic memory.
Emerging Trends in Cancer Drug Discovery—From Drugging the “Undruggable” to Overcoming Resistance
Authors: Rudolph Joachim , Settleman Jeff , Malek Shiva
Published: April 2021

Technology advancement and the courage to challenge dogma have been key elements that have continuously shifted druggability limits. We illustrate this notion with several recent cancer drug-discovery examples, while also giving an outlook on the opportunities offered by newer modalities such as chemically induced proximity and direct targeting of RNA. Treatment resistance is a major impediment to the goal of durable efficacy and cure, but the confluence of new biological insights, novel drug modalities, and drug combinations is predicted to enable transformative progress in this decade and beyond.
АНАЛІЗ ПЕРСПЕКТИВ РОЗВИТКУ ДЕРМАТОВЕНЕРОЛОГІЧНОЇ СЛУЖБИ З УРАХУВАННЯМ ДУМКИ ПАЦІЄНТІВ ТА МЕНЕДЖЕРІВ ОХОРОНИ ЗДОРОВ’Я
Authors: Korolenko V. V. , Gruzieva T. S. , Inshakova H. V.
Published: April 2021

Мета: оцінити сучасний стан та проблеми надання дерматовенерологічної допомоги з позиції пацієнтів та менеджерів охорони здоров’я.
Матеріали і методи. Застосовано бібліографічний, медико-статистичний, соціологічний методи. Науковою базою стали дані наукової літератури, дані власних соціологічних досліджень з вивчення думки пацієнтів та менеджерів охорони здоров’я щодо якості та доступності дерматовенерологічної допомоги.
Результати. Соціологічним дослідженням встановлено проблеми доступності та якості дерматологічної допо­-моги. Понад третина пацієнтів оцінила як недостатню територіальну (34,6±2,1 на 100 опитаних) та фінансову (31,3±2,0) доступ­ність дерматовенерологічної допомоги, як низьку – 13,3±1,5 та 28,5±2,0 відповідно. Якість допомоги вважали недостатньою 27,3±2,0 на 100 респондентів. Виявлено причини проблем і шляхи підвищення доступності та якості дерматологічної допомоги, у тому числі удосконалення організації обслуговування, запровадження електронної охорони здоров’я, поліпшення ресурсного забезпечення, комунікації. Менеджери охорони здоров’я вказали на причини недостатньої ефективності дерматовенерологічної допомоги, у тому числі недостатнє медичне оснащення (71,9±3,9) та інформаційне забезпечення (40,7±4,2), брак комп’ютерного обладнання (57,8±4,3), незадовільну координацію діяльності з колегами, допоміжними підрозділами, брак міжгалузевої взаємодії, відсутність мотиваційних важелів тощо. Виявлено потребу в запровадженні дистанційних технологій – телемедицини, мобільної медицини, а також в поширенні практики використання цифрової дерматоскопії, ультразвукової діагностики шкіри, патогістології шкіри, лазерних та радіохвильових апаратних технологій лікування. Підтверджено думку пацієнтів та менеджерів охорони здоров’я про негативний вплив пандемії COVID-19 на доступність і якість медичних послуг.
Висновки. Вивчення думки пацієнтів та менеджерів охорони здоров’я стосовно сучасного стану дерматовенерологічної служби, кадрового потенціалу, доступності та якості її послуг дозволило виявити низку організаційно-управлінських проблем та визначити пріоритети діяльності з подальшої розбудови системи дерматовенерологічної допомоги населенню за умов реформування охорони здоров’я, обґрунтувати концептуальні засади побудови її удосконаленої функціонально-організаційної моделі.
ЙОДОДЕФІЦИТНІ ЗАХВОРЮВАННЯ У ПАЦІЄНТІВ ІЗ КОГНІТИВНИМИ ПРОЯВАМИ ТА ЇХ ПРОФІЛАКТИКА
Authors: Gruba S. O. , Naumova U. O.
Published: April 2021

Йодну профілактику на сьогодні вважають одним з найдієвіших методів попередження станів, пов’язаних із дефіцитом йоду, а саме запобігання ендемічному зобу та зобу після резекції; лікування йододефіциту та дифузного еутиреоїдного зоба. Крім того, вчасно призначена йодна профілактика позитивно впливає на розумові здібності та посилює працездатність у людей різної вікової категорії.
Improved Detectability of Brain Stem Ischemia by Combining Axial and Coronal Diffusion-Weighted Imaging
Authors: Steffen Paul , Beyer Lara-Sophie , McDonough Rosalie , Thaler Christian , Faizy Tobias , Fiehler Jens , Gbadamosi Joystone , Habermann Christian R. , Schönfeld Michael H.
Published: April 2021

Background and Purpose:

To evaluate the benefit of a coronal diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in addition to standard axial DWI for the detection of brain stem infarctions.

Methods:

A retrospective analysis of patients with symptoms consistent with acute and subacute brain stem infarction who received magnetic resonance imaging, including axial and coronal DWI. Diffusion restrictions were identified by 2 independent raters blinded for the final clinical diagnosis in 3 separate reading steps: axial DWI, coronal DWI, and combined axial and coronal DWI. Lesion location and certainty level were both documented for each reading step. In cases of reader disagreement, an additional consensus reading was performed.

Results:

Two hundred thirty-nine patients were included. Of these, 124 patients (51.9%) were clinically diagnosed with brain stem infarction. Sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values were best for combined DWI assessment (90.3%, 99.1%, 99.1%, and 90.5%) compared with axial (85.5%, 94.9%, 94.6%, and 85.8%) and coronal DWI alone (87.9%, 96.5%, 96.5%, and 88.1%). Diffusion restriction on combined DWI was diagnosed in 112/124 patients compared with 106/124 on axial DWI and 109/124 on coronal DWI. Interobserver agreement for the detection of brain stem lesions was the highest in the combined rating step (Cohen κ coefficient=0.94).

Conclusions:

Coronal DWI sequences might improve the detection rate of brain stem infarction compared with standard axial DWI. The combined coronal and axial DWI provides the best detection rate while minimally increasing scan times.
ÖRGÜTSEL DESTEK ALGISININ İŞE TUTKUNLUK ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: CİNSİYETİN DÜZENLEYİCİ ROLÜ
Authors: ERKAL Pınar
Published: April 2021

ÖRGÜTSEL DESTEK ALGISININ İŞE
TUTKUNLUK ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ:  CİNSİYETİN
DÜZENLEYİCİ ROLÜ

ÖZET

Bu çalışmanın amacı; işe tutkunluk
ile örgütsel destek algısı ilişkisini tespit etmek ve işe tutkunluk düzeyinin
demografik değişkenlere göre farklılık oluşturup oluşturmayacağını test
etmektir. Ayrıca araştırmanın diğer bir amacı, örgütsel destek algısının işe
tutkunluk üzerindeki etkisinde cinsiyetin düzenleyici rolünü tespit etmektir.
Araştırmada veriler anket yöntemi ile elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler SPSS
programı ve SPSS programına eklenen PROCESS makrosu yazılımı ile analiz
edilmiştir. Araştırma örneklemini Balıkesir ilindeki 375 çalışan katılımcı oluşturmaktadır.  Araştırma sonuçlarına göre örgütsel destek
algısı ile işe tutkunluk arasında pozitif yönlü anlamlı ilişki bulunmuştur.
Örgütsel destek algısının işe tutkunluk üzerindeki etkisinde cinsiyetin
düzenleyici rolü bulunmaktadır.  Ayrıca
t-testi sonucunda cinsiyete göre işe tutkunluk düzeyinin farklılaştığı sonucuna
ulaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Örgütsel
Destek Algısı, İşe Tutkunluk, Cinsiyet

Jel Sınıflandırması :
M12, M54, D23
Seeing at a Glance
Authors: Marcacci Flavia
Published: April 2021

During the 17th century, the debate over the true world system (sistema mundi) was essentially between the heliocentric and geo-heliocentric models. Comparisons were made between tables that recorded more and more celestial observations in various printed astronomical works. Giovanni Battista Riccioli’s Almagestum novum (1651) provides an excellent example of how tables were used. Riccioli wanted to find the best hypothesis (hypothesis absoluta) with the help of a rigorous database from which he could proceed to make mathematical deductions. Tables in early modern astronomical books were important because they showed the results of observations. Presented in a clear way they became persuasive visual arguments.
Interpretation in Good Faith and Its Relevance in International Investment Law
Authors: Sipiorski Emily
Published: April 2021

The principle of good faith drives forward the interpretation of provisions of international investment treaties. While the tribunal must interpret the treaty in good faith, the parties – as well as the tribunal – are also obliged to fulfil their treaty and contractual obligations in good faith. This creates a complex interplay of interpreting customary international law in the form of behavioural obligations. During this period of reconsideration of the system, these interpretative and behavioural aspects of the principle of good faith may provide an opening to a more cohesive system of investment protection. The following contribution approaches the tribunals’ power to interpret the good faith behavioural obligations of parties and considers its future value.
Hurricanes vs Nor’easters: The Effects of Storm Type on Perceived Severity and Protective Actions
Authors: Cuite Cara L. , Morss Rebecca E. , Demuth Julie L. , Hallman William K.
Published: April 2021

Both hurricanes and nor’easters can be destructive and deadly. The current study investigates whether, when all other features of a storm warning message are held constant, people perceive the risks posed by nor’easters and hurricanes differently and whether these differences affect their attitudes and decisions about taking protective action. We conducted an online experiment involving 1,700 Americans residing in northeastern coastal ZIP codes to test the effects of storm type (hurricane vs nor’easter). Participants were told that their area was under an evacuation order due to either a predicted hurricane or nor’easter. Reported message comprehension and perceived relevance were similar across storm type; however, storm type had small but significant effects on other dependent measures. Those in the hurricane condition were more likely to believe the storm would be severe (p = 0.007). They were also more likely to say that it is important to evacuate, that they would evacuate their homes, and that they would recommend to their neighbors that they evacuate (p < 0.001). Additional analysis demonstrated that the effect of storm type on evacuation likelihood is mediated, at least in part, by perceived severity. These findings provide evidence that people perceive hurricanes as more severe and more likely to require taking protective action than nor’easters, even when other attributes of the storms remain the same. Forecasters, broadcast meteorologists, and emergency management professionals should consider these small but important differences in perceptions when communicating about these types of storms.
Lightning Fatalities and Injuries in Nepal
Authors: Adhikari Basanta Raj
Published: April 2021

Lightning is one of the most devastating hazards in Nepal because of a large amount of atmospheric water vapor coming from the Indian Ocean and a large orographic lifting of this moist air. In 2019, a total of 2884 people were affected, with loss of USD 110,982, and the fatality number was the highest (94) in reported lightning events since 1971. The long-term analysis of this hazard is very scanty in Nepal. Therefore, this study analyzes lightning fatality events, fatality rates, and economic loss from 1971 to 2019 collected from the DesInventar dataset and the Disaster Risk Reduction portal of the government of Nepal using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and geographic information system (ArcGIS) tools. The analysis shows that the overall countrywide lightning fatality rate of the entire period is 1.77 per million per year. District lightning fatality rates range from 0.10 to 4.83 per million people per year, and the Bhaktapur district has the highest fatality density (0.067). Furthermore, there were a total of 2501 lightning fatality events in which 1927 people lost their lives and 20 569 people were affected. The increase in lightning fatality events in recent years is due to internet penetration and other measures of information gathering that result in lightning fatality reports reaching agencies collecting information. The high and low concentrations of loss and damage are mainly due to geographic distribution, population density, and economic activities. This study recommends the establishment of lightning early warning systems in the Nepal Himalayas to save life and property.
Housing Trajectories, Risk Factors, and Resources among Individuals Who Are Homeless or Precariously Housed
Authors: Aubry Tim , Agha Ayda , Mejia-Lancheros Cilia , Lachaud James , Wang Ri , Nisenbaum Rosane , Palepu Anita , Hwang Stephen W.
Published: April 2021

This study identifies time-patterned trajectories of housing stability among homeless and vulnerably housed individuals who participated in a multisite four-year longitudinal study in Canada. Findings show four distinct trajectories for the homeless and vulnerably housed: high levels of sustained housing stability, improving levels over time leading to high levels of housing stability, decreasing levels of housing stability over time, and low levels of housing stability over time. The presence of resources rather than risk factors differentiated the trajectories of participants who achieved housing stability from those who had low levels of housing stability. Participants who had better housing stability were more likely to live in subsidized housing. Findings highlight the need for programs and policies directed at addressing the housing affordability problem through income support strategies and the creation of affordable housing.
Racial Inequity and Homelessness: Findings from the SPARC Study
Authors: Olivet Jeffrey , Wilkey Catriona , Richard Molly , Dones Marc , Tripp Julia , Beit-Arie Maya , Yampolskaya Svetlana , Cannon Regina
Published: April 2021

This study examines racial inequities and homelessness in the United States through mixed methods research in eight communities. We compare the race and ethnicity of those experiencing homelessness to the general population and to people in poverty, and we also explore how race and ethnicity are associated with housing outcomes. Interviews with 195 individuals of color explore pathways into homelessness and drivers of outcomes. We find that Black/African Americans and Native Americans were the most overrepresented among those experiencing homelessness in each community, and interview data suggest that factors associated with homelessness for people of color include barriers to housing and economic mobility, racism and discrimination within homeless services, and involvement in multiple systems, including criminal justice. How race and ethnicity were associated with outcomes varied for youth, single adults, and families. We argue that researchers and policy-makers need to address homelessness with attention to racial justice.
Homelessness among Formerly Incarcerated Men: Patterns and Predictors
Authors: Remster Brianna
Published: April 2021

This study investigates patterns of homeless shelter use among formerly incarcerated men for nearly eight years postrelease and risk factors associated with pattern variation. I use life course theory and administrative data from Pennsylvania to identify four distinct forms of homelessness among formerly incarcerated men: persistent homelessness beginning soon after release, a short spell of homelessness years after release, long periods of homelessness years after release, and intermittent homelessness. The results also indicate that risk factors such as age, race, drug dependency, and full sentence completion are better at distinguishing whether formerly incarcerated men become homeless than they are at predicting what kind of homelessness the men experience.
Cross-Sector Collaboration to Improve Homeless Services: Addressing Capacity, Innovation, and Equity Challenges
Authors: Mosley Jennifer E.
Published: April 2021

Homeless services are plagued by resource scarcity and fragmentation, making the field a poster child for cross-sector collaboration—a policy trend where nonprofits and government come together to address problems that cannot be solved by one sector alone. The continuum of care (CoC) system mandates this—through coordination, regions are thought to be better able to integrate services to improve homeless outcomes. This study uses qualitative data from eighteen CoC networks to investigate (1) the collaborative challenges that CoCs experience and (2) the role that network managers play in addressing those challenges. Findings indicate three primary challenges: lack of capacity, inability to create momentum around innovative practices, and inequities across service populations. Together, these can affect the trajectories of people who are homeless by making the system less efficient and creating service gaps, but leaders can address them by promoting a collective vision and sharing power.
Finding Security on Skid Row: The Positive Role of Organizational and Social Ties in Service Hubs in the United States and Japan
Authors: Marr Matthew D.
Published: April 2021

Service hubs are neighborhoods where homelessness and efforts to address it cluster. Are these “skid rows” jails without bars, or are there ways that service hubs bolster residents’ feelings of security about their lives? To address these questions, I analyze ethnographic interview data from sixty residents of four hubs—Skid Row, Los Angeles; Overtown, Miami; Kamagasaki, Osaka; and San’ya, Tokyo. I find that in these service hubs, residents’ ontological security is supported by a combination of engagement with organizations, access to subsidized housing and income, and ties with family and friends. However, this sense of security can be undermined by negative experiences with police and crime, poor sanitation, welfare and aid bureaucracy, and redevelopment projects. I argue that these threats should be addressed to enhance the strengths of service hubs, which can provide important insights for efforts toward more even geographic distribution of housing and aid.
Defining relationships between geometry and behavior of bistable composite laminates
Authors: Phatak Salil , Myers Oliver J , Li Suyi , Fadel George
Published: April 2021

Bistability is exhibited by an object when it can be resting in two stable equilibrium states. Certain composite laminates exhibit bistability by having two stable curvatures of opposite sign with the two axes of curvature perpendicular to each other. These laminates can be actuated from one state to the other. The actuation from the original post-cure shape to the second shape is called as ‘snap-through’ and the reverse actuation is called as ‘snap-back’. This phenomenon can be used in applications for morphing structures, energy harvesting, and other applications where there is a conflicting requirement of a structure that is load-carrying, light, and shape-adaptable. MW Hyer first reported this phenomenon in his paper in 1981. He found that thin unsymmetric laminates do not behave according to the predictions of the Classical Lamination Theory (CLT). The CLT is a linear theory and predicts the post-cure shape of thin unsymmetric laminates to be a saddle. MW Hyer developed a non-linear method called the “Extended Classical Lamination Theory” which accurately predicted the laminate to have two cylindrical shapes. Since then, a number of researchers have tried to identify the key parameters affecting the behavior of such laminates. Geometric parameters such as stacking sequence, fibre orientation, cure cycle, boundary conditions, and force of actuation, have all been studied. The objective of this research is to define a relation between the length, width and thickness of square and rectangular laminates required to achieve bistability. Using these relations, a 36 in × 36 in bistable laminate is fabricated with a thickness of 30 CFRP layers. Also, it is proved that a laminate does not lose bistability with an increase in aspect ratio, as long as both sides of the rectangular laminate are above a certain ‘critical length’. A bistable laminate with dimensions of 2 in × 50 in is fabricated. Further, for laminates that are bistable, it is necessary to be able to predict the curvature and force required for actuation. Therefore, a method is developed which allows us to predict the curvature of both stable shapes, as well as the force of actuation of laminates for which the thickness and dimensions are known. Finite Element Analysis is used to carry out the numerical calculations, which are validated by fabricating laminates. The curvature of these laminates is measured using a profilometer and the force of actuation is recorded using a universal test set-up.
Rethinking the Mental Element in Involuntary Manslaughter
Authors: Baker Dennis J
Published: April 2021

In this article, it is argued that the mental element for gross negligence manslaughter requires subjective fault. It is argued that the negligent conduct is evaluated objectively but does not mean a person cannot be subjectively aware of the fact that he or she is engaging in such conduct. Wilful negligence is not contradictory, because the noun refers to the conduct while the adjective refers to the fault of the wrongdoer. It is submitted the ancient authorities strongly support the theory of that grossness in negligence required subjective fault—and was not referring to the noun.
Reframing the narrative: Renewing power resources and capabilities in union campaigns for public education
Authors: Gavin Mihajla
Published: April 2021

Neoliberal logics have put teacher unions on the defensive, requiring evaluation of the resources and capabilities necessary to improve teachers’ industrial and professional conditions and broader public education issues. This article examines the case of a teachers' union in Australia – the NSW Teachers’ Federation – and their renewal of resources and capabilities in recent public education campaigns. In applying a power resources and capabilities framework to the analysis of two prominent campaigns, this article develops the argument for renewal of power resources and capabilities through mobilising and transforming narrative resources and reframing public education issues in order to challenge ideological narratives around public education, build discursive power and sustain influence within a neoliberal environment.
Bringing Data-Based Individualization to Scale: A Call for the Next-Generation Technology of Teacher Supports
Authors: Fuchs Lynn S. , Fuchs Douglas , Hamlett Carol L. , Stecker Pamela M.
Published: April 2021

The purpose of this narrative synthesis of the curriculum-based measure (CBM) instructional utility literature is to deepen insight into the supports required to enrich teachers’ instructional decision-making within curriculum-based measure –data-based individualization (CBM-DBI) in ways that enhance the learning outcomes of students with intensive intervention needs, including students with learning disabilities. We begin by summarizing a recent meta-analysis of CBM-DBI studies focused on academic outcomes. We then reconsider studies from that meta-analysis to further explore the supports required to enrich teachers’ instructional decision-making within CBM-DBI and improve student learning. We next draw conclusions and propose a renewed program of instructional utility CBM-DBI research for capitalizing on technology’s potential to enhance productive instructional decision-making for students who require intensive intervention, fulfill DBI’s potential, and bring CBM-DBI to scale.
Measurement Invariance of Claremont Purpose Scale Across Gender Among Indonesian Youth
Authors: Yuliawati Livia
Published: April 2021

The present study assesses the factor structure of the Claremont Purpose Scale (CPS)-Indonesian version among youth, the measurement invariance of the Indonesian CPS across gender, and its concurrent validity with wellbeing scales. Though several studies have investigated purpose in life among Indonesian adolescents, few have tested the psychometric properties of the scale. CPS is unique in that it measures purpose as a multidimensional construct, comprising personal meaningfulness, goal directedness, and beyond-the-self orientation. This study tested the Indonesian CPS’s measurement invariance between male ( N = 245) and female ( N = 288) adolescents. The Indonesian CPS, a hierarchical model based on the original version, provided an adequate fit to the data. Using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, full strict invariance could be established. There were no significant differences across gender for purpose or its subscales. Internal consistency of the total score was satisfactory for purpose and its subscales scores. The results showed evidence of concurrent validity with life satisfaction and perceived meaningfulness.
Urban index and lifestyle risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in China: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Chen Zhichong , Liu Menghui , Zhang Shaozhao , Xiong Zhenyu , Zhong Xiangbin , Yang Daya , Kong Jianqiu , He Xin , Zhu Yuan , Hu Xun , Zhuang Xiaodong
Published: April 2021

China is at a stage of rapid urbanization over the past decades, and the association of urbanization with cardiovascular disease has been confirmed by previous studies. However, few studies assessed the association of urbanization with cardiovascular risk factors, especially in Chinese population. We conducted a cross-sectional, populational-based study, using data from China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) in 2009. The logistic regression was used to assess the association of urbanization measured by urban index with cardiovascular risk factors (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, smoking, physical activity and fruits and vegetables consumption), varied with sex. The current study included 18,887 participants enrolled (mean age 39.8 ± 19.8 years; 52.2% female) who live in China. In regression model, the urban index was significantly associated with the variations of cardiovascular risk factors for male, including diabetes (OR 1.34, 95% CI: 1.22–1.48), hypercholesterolemia (OR 1.15, 95% CI: 1.09–1.22), never smoking (OR 0.92, 95% CI: 0.89–0.96), higher fruits and vegetables consumptions (OR 0.93, 95% CI: 0.87–0.99), higher body mass index (BMI) (OR 1.16, 95% CI: 1.10–1.22), and higher physical activity (OR 0.69, 95% CI: 0.66–0.73). Compared with the male, the associations of urban index with cardiovascular risk factors for female were similar, but not for BMI (OR 1.00, 95% CI: 0.96–1.05). The present finding emphasizes the changes of cardiovascular risk factors associated with urbanization in China, and indicated that close attention should be paid to the risk of hypercholesterolemia, diabetes and men’s obesity in the process of urbanization.
Bioinformatic analysis of potential hub genes in gastric adenocarcinoma
Authors: Liu Hao , Qu Yidan , Zhou Hao , Zheng Ziwen , Zhao Junjiang , Zhang Jian
Published: April 2021

Gastric adenocarcinoma is the most common histologic type of gastric cancer; however, the pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear. To improve mechanistic understanding and identify new treatment targets or diagnostic biomarkers, we used bioinformatic tools to predict the hub genes related to the process of gastric adenocarcinoma development from public datasets, and explored their prognostic significance. We screened differentially expressed genes between gastric adenocarcinoma and normal gastric tissues in Gene Expression Omnibus datasets (GSE79973, GSE118916, and GSE29998) using the GEO2R tool, and their functions were annotated with Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes signaling pathway enrichment analyses in the DAVID database. Hub genes were identified based on the protein-protein network constructed in the STRING database with Cytoscape software. A total of 10 hub genes were selected for further analysis, and their expression patterns in gastric adenocarcinoma patients were investigated using the Oncomine GEPIA database. The expression levels of ATP4A, CA9, FGA, ALDH1A1, and GHRL were reduced, whereas those of TIMP1, SPP1, CXCL8, THY1, and COL1A1 were increased in gastric adenocarcinoma. The Kaplan–Meier online plotter tool showed associations of all hub genes except for CA9 with prognosis in gastric adenocarcinoma patients; CXCL8 and ALDH1A1 were positively correlated with survival, and the other genes were negatively correlated with survival. These 10 hub genes may be involved in important processes in gastric adenocarcinoma development, providing new directions for research to clarify the role of these genes and offer insight for improved treatment.
Anti-Black Racism and Historical Trauma: Pushing the Positive Youth Development Paradigm
Authors: Ortega-Williams Anna , Harden Troy
Published: April 2021

Positive youth development (PYD), while embraced in many sectors of youth work, has faced criticism for its primary emphasis on positive personal change and adaptation, without a strong emphasis on social justice and culture, especially relevant for African Americans. Additional models of PYD addressing these conceptual gaps have emerged, however few explicitly address anti-Black racism and historical trauma impacting African American youth development. In this paper, expanded models of PYD, specifically Empowerment-Based Positive Youth Development (EBPYD) and Critical Positive Youth Development (CPYD) will be examined for their strengths and limitations in responding to (1) anti-Black racism and (2) historical trauma among African American youth. Key strategies of these models, such as promoting prosocial behavior and civic engagement will be reconceptualized and expanded to account for developmental needs imposed by historical oppression and contemporary racism against African American youth. Implications for PYD programing will be discussed.
Seeing and believing: Observing desistance-focused practice and enduring values in the National Probation Service
Authors: Ainslie Sam
Published: April 2021

This article focuses on the feasibility of using a desistance-focused approach in the National Probation Service (NPS) in the post-Transforming Rehabilitation (TR) context. Findings are drawn from an exploratory study undertaken in one NPS Division, which used triangulation of three data collection methods: observations of one-to-one supervision sessions, documentary analysis and practitioner focus groups. Findings show that practitioners use elements of a desistance-focused approach, although not exclusively. Values based upon belief in the capacity to change and the need to offer support endure, despite mass organisational upheaval. The article concludes by suggesting that this ‘enduring habitus’ of probation could be an enabler for a desistance-focused approach but instrumentalism in policy and practice is a significant barrier.
Clinical effectiveness of shockwave therapy in lateral elbow tendinopathy: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Karanasios Stefanos , Tsamasiotis Georgios K. , Michopoulos Konstantinos , Sakellari Vasiliki , Gioftsos George
Published: April 2021

Objective:

To evaluate the effectiveness of extracorporeal shockwave therapy compared with other interventions on pain, grip strength and disability in patients with lateral elbow tendinopathy.

Data Sources:

MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, PEDro, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library and clinical trial registries.

Review methods:

We included randomized controlled trials assessing the effectiveness of extracorporeal shockwave therapy alone or as an additive intervention compared with sham or other interventions. Pain intensity, grip strength and elbow disability were used as primary outcome measures. We assessed methodological quality with the PEDro score and quality of evidence with the GRADE approach.

Results:

Twenty-seven studies with 1871 patients were finally included. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy reduced pain intensity at mid-term follow-up (standardized mean difference: −1.21, 95% confidence interval:−1.53, −0.89, P < 0.001) and improved grip strength at very short- (mean difference:3.92, 95% confidence interval: 0.91, 6.94, P = 0.01) and short-term follow-up (mean difference:4.87, 95% confidence interval:2.24, 7.50, P < 0.001) compared with sham treatment. However, no clinically significant results were found between comparators in all outcomes and follow-up times. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy presented clinically better compared to Laser in grip strength at short-term (mean difference:3.50, 95% confidence interval:2.40, 4.60, P < 0.001) and ultrasound in pain intensity at very-short-term follow-up (standardized mean difference: −1.54, 95% confidence interval: −2.60, −0.48, P = 0.005).

Conclusion:

Low to moderate certainty of evidence suggests that there are no clinical benefits of extracorporeal shockwave therapy compared to sham interventions or corticosteroid injections. Based on very-low and moderate certainty of evidence, extracorporeal shockwave therapy outperforms against Laser and ultrasound, respectively. Level of Evidence: Therapy, level 1a.
A large portion of the astrocyte proteome is dedicated to perivascular endfeet, including critical components of the electron transport chain
Authors: Stokum Jesse A , Shim Bosung , Huang Weiliang , Kane Maureen , Smith Jesse A , Gerzanich Volodymyr , Simard J Marc
Published: April 2021

The perivascular astrocyte endfoot is a specialized and diffusion-limited subcellular compartment that fully ensheathes the cerebral vasculature. Despite their ubiquitous presence, a detailed understanding of endfoot physiology remains elusive, in part due to a limited understanding of the proteins that distinguish the endfoot from the greater astrocyte body. Here, we developed a technique to isolate astrocyte endfeet from brain tissue, which was used to study the endfoot proteome in comparison to the astrocyte somata. In our approach, brain microvessels, which retain their endfoot processes, were isolated from mouse brain and dissociated, whereupon endfeet were recovered using an antibody-based column astrocyte isolation kit. Our findings expand the known set of proteins enriched at the endfoot from 10 to 516, which comprised more than 1/5th of the entire detected astrocyte proteome. Numerous critical electron transport chain proteins were expressed only at the endfeet, while enzymes involved in glycogen storage were distributed to the somata, indicating subcellular metabolic compartmentalization. The endfoot proteome also included numerous proteins that, while known to have important contributions to blood-brain barrier function, were not previously known to localize to the endfoot. Our findings highlight the importance of the endfoot and suggest new routes of investigation into endfoot function.
United States Utility Algorithm for the EORTC QLU-C10D, a Multiattribute Utility Instrument Based on a Cancer-Specific Quality-of-Life Instrument
Authors: Revicki Dennis A. , King Madeleine T. , Viney Rosalie , Pickard A. Simon , Mercieca-Bebber Rebecca , Shaw James W. , Müller Fabiola , Norman Richard
Published: April 2021

Background

The EORTC QLU-C10D is a multiattribute utility measure derived from the cancer-specific quality-of-life questionnaire, the EORTC QLQ-C30. The QLU-C10D contains 10 dimensions (physical, role, social and emotional functioning, pain, fatigue, sleep, appetite, nausea, bowel problems). The objective of this study was to develop a United States value set for the QLU-C10D.

Methods

A US online panel was quota recruited to achieve a representative sample for sex, age (≥18 y), race, and ethnicity. Respondents undertook a discrete choice experiment, each completing 16 choice-pairs, randomly assigned from a total of 960 choice-pairs. Each pair included 2 QLU-C10D health states and duration. Data were analyzed using conditional logistic regression, parameterized to fit the quality-adjusted life-year framework. Utility weights were calculated as the ratio of each dimension-level coefficient to the coefficient for life expectancy.

Results

A total of 2480 panel members opted in, 2333 (94%) completed at least 1 choice-pair, and 2273 (92%) completed all choice-pairs. Within dimensions, weights were generally monotonic. Physical functioning, role functioning, and pain were associated with the largest utility weights. Cancer-specific dimensions, such as nausea and bowel problems, were associated with moderate utility decrements, as were general issues such as problems with emotional functioning and social functioning. Sleep problems and fatigue were associated with smaller utility decrements. The value of the worst health state was 0.032, which was slightly greater than 0 (equivalent to being dead).

Conclusions

This study provides the US-specific value set for the QLU-C10D. These estimated health state scores, based on responses to the EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire, can be used to evaluate the cost-utility of oncology treatments.
Public Administration Training in Basic Police Academies: A 50-State Comparative Analysis
Authors: Cohen Galia
Published: April 2021

Recent controversial interactions of police with the public have become an issue of important concern for public and governmental leaders, who have openly questioned current models of police training and their effectiveness. This study is asking whether basic police academies utilize curricula that reflect the contemporary challenges of modern policing today and prepare recruits to become not only police officers but also competent and skilled, street-level bureaucrats who can provide an effective and impartial service to their increasingly diverse communities. The aim of this study is to quantify, analyze, and compare the content dedicated to the public administration domain in state-mandated basic training curricula across all 50 states. The study utilizes a mixed-methods research design with content analysis. Data were generated from 49 basic training curricula (with one state not having mandated training standards) and 17 interviews with police training officials. The result shows that despite the paradigm shift in the role of the modern-day police officer, police academies have made little to no progress in bridging the gap between the academy curriculum and the practicality of police work. On average, only 3.21% of basic training curricula are explicitly dedicated to public administration training—a training focused on public service values of fundamental importance to the practice of law enforcement. This article gives public administration scholars a voice in the national debate about the crisis in police–public relations by contributing to the literature on police training reform from a much-needed public administration lens.
Delayed diagnosis of myelitis in a patient with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease: a case report
Authors: Yu Dongwoo , Kim Tae Uk , Chang Min Cheol
Published: April 2021

A case of myelitis following Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease is reported, in which diagnosis and treatment were delayed. A 43-year-old male patient diagnosed with VKH disease presented at the Spine Centre of Yeungnam University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea, with motor weakness, sensory deficit in both lower extremities, and dysuria for the previous 3 months. VKH disease had been diagnosed 15 months previously, based on vision loss in both eyes and the presence of bilateral nontraumatic granulomatous iridocyclitis, exudates, and retinal oedema. The patient exhibited severe motor weakness (right lower extremity, Medical Research Council (MRC) muscle scale, grade 2–0; left lower extremity, MRC grade 0). On cervical magnetic resonance imaging, a high-intensity T2 signal was observed in the spinal cord C4–C7 segments. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed slightly elevated white blood cell counts. The patient was diagnosed with myelitis complicating VKH disease. Intravenous and oral corticosteroid therapy was administered. After steroid treatment, the patient’s motor function in the right lower extremity was significantly improved (MRC grade 4–3). However, the left lower extremity did not show any improvement (MRC grade 0). To achieve a good treatment outcome, the diagnosis and treatment of myelitis in VKH disease should not be delayed.
Benefit of lag screw placement by a single- or two-screw nailing system in elderly patients with AO/OTA 31-A2 trochanteric fractures
Authors: Zhao Fulong , Guo Lijuan , Wang Xuefei , Zhang Yakui
Published: April 2021

Objective

To retrospectively analyze the clinical outcomes of two intramedullary fixation devices, the INTERTAN nail and Gamma3 nail, for treatment of AO/OTA 31-A2 trochanteric fractures in elderly patients.

Methods

In total, 165 elderly patients underwent treatment for AO/OTA 31-A2 trochanteric fractures in our hospital from June 2017 to June 2018 (INTERTAN group, n = 79; Gamma3 group, n = 86). All patients underwent radiological and clinical investigations and were followed up for an average of 12 months. Age, sex, fracture type, surgical time, intraoperative blood loss, fracture healing time, and complications were compared between the two groups.

Results

The surgical time was significantly shorter and the intraoperative blood loss volume was significantly lower in the Gamma3 than INTERTAN group (58.2 ± 2.5 vs. 81.7 ± 14.2 minutes and 170 ± 29 vs. 220 ± 16 mL, respectively). However, there were no significant differences in the reduction quality, hospital stay, fracture healing time, Harris hip score, postoperative complications, or 1-year postoperative mortality.

Conclusion

Both INTERTAN and Gamma3 nails may be effective for surgical treatment of AO/OTA 31-A2 trochanteric fractures in elderly patients. However, the Gamma3 nail was superior to the INTERTAN nail in terms of surgical time and intraoperative blood loss.