bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression and activation of ephexin is altered after spinal cord injury
Authors: Rosas Odrick R. , Figueroa Johnny D. , Torrado Aranza I. , Rivera Mónica , Santiago José M. , Konig‐Toro Franchesca , Miranda Jorge D.
Published: October 2010

Failure of axon regeneration after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is attributable in part to the presence of inhibitory molecular interactions. Recent evidence demonstrates that activation of Eph signaling pathways leads to modulation of growth cone dynamics and repulsion through the activation of ephexin, a novel guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). However, little is known about the expression and modulation of Eph molecular targets in the injured spinal cord. In this study, we determined the expression profile of ephexin after a moderate spinal cord contusion at thoracic level (T10) in young adult rats. Western‐blot studies showed increased protein expression in injured rats at 4 and 7 days postinjury (DPI) when compared with control animals. The protein levels returned to normal at 14 DPI and remained steady until 28 DPI. However, immunoprecipitation studies of the phosphorylated ephexin demonstrated that this protein is activated by day 2 until 14 DPI. Expression of ephexin was noticeable in neurons, axons, microglia/macrophages, and reactive astrocytes, and co‐localized with EphA3, A4, and A7. These results demonstrate the presence of ephexin in the adult spinal cord and its activation after SCI. Therefore, we show, for the first time, the spatiotemporal pattern of ephexin expression and activation after contusive SCI. Collectively, our data support our previous findings on the putative nonpermissive roles of Eph receptors after SCI and the possible involvement of ephexin in the intracellular cascade of events. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 595–607, 2011
Approximation of generalized Stokes problems using dual‐mixed finite elements without enrichment
Authors: Howell Jason S.
Published: October 2010

In this work a finite element method for a dual‐mixed approximation of generalized Stokes problems in two or three space dimensions is studied. A variational formulation of the generalized Stokes problems is accomplished through the introduction of the pseudostress and the trace‐free velocity gradient as unknowns, yielding a twofold saddle point problem. The method avoids the explicit computation of the pressure, which can be recovered through a simple post‐processing technique. Compared with an existing approach for the same problem, the method presented here reduces the global number of degrees of freedom by up to one‐third in two space dimensions. The method presented here also represents a connection between existing dual‐mixed and pseudostress methods for Stokes problems. Existence, uniqueness, and error results for the generalized Stokes problems are given, and numerical experiments that illustrate the theoretical results are presented. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Runoff in two semi‐arid watersheds in a geoarcheological context: A case study of Naga, Sudan, and Resafa, Syria
Authors: Berking Jonas , Beckers Brian , Schütt Brigitta
Published: October 2010

This study is a geoarcheological approach to compare two ancient cities, focusing on the relation of their present water availability to their past water‐storage volumes. The first is the Meroitic city of Naga in the dry savanna of Sudan, where around the turn from Before the Common Era (B.C.E.) to the Common Era (C.E.), the citizens built the “Great Hafir” with a capacity of 45 × 103m3to collect surface runoff. The second city is Resafa in the desert steppe of Syria, where, around 300 years C.E., the Romans built large cisterns with a total capacity of 21 × 103m3to store surface water. We aim to evaluate the physical catchment characters of two semi‐arid watersheds and their present‐day water availability by applying the rainfall‐runoff model HEC HMS. The main input is contemporary rainfall data, classified through a magnitude‐frequency analysis to determine rainfall intensity of one‐hour events. This analysis suggests that the water reservoirs of each now long‐abandoned city would be completely filled by a 35.9mm h−1rain event in the Resafa basin and a 39.1mm h−1rain event in the basin of the Great Hafir. Such events occur nearly annually, which in turn implies that water harvesting in the two semi‐arid regions would still be feasible today. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using paleoshoreline and site location modeling in the northern great lakes: Geoarchaeological approaches to prehistoric archaeological survey in the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore
Authors: Legg Robert J. , Anderton John B.
Published: October 2010

Archaeologists commonly utilize spatial technologies to determine the occurrence probability of archaeological sites over large areas. Heavily forested areas of the northern Great Lakes have proven to be especially difficult places to carry out archaeological surveys. In this study, paleoshoreline mapping and site location analysis was used to develop a predictive model to identify likely prehistoric site locations from the Archaic Period in the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore. Field survey efforts targeted locations where modeling efforts indicated high site probability, discovering 23 new prehistoric sites within this National Lakeshore. Based on associations with Nipissing Phase (mid‐Holocene age) paleoshorelines, the presence of distinct lithic artifact technologies, paired with limited radiometric dating, the newly found sites are thought to be Late Archaic in cultural affiliation. Analysis of site settings indicates a preference for lagoon, barrier, and estuarine environments. The application of these spatial technologies demonstrates a targeted yet successful approach to field archaeology with limited field time and expansive areas. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A strategy for distinguishing optimal cancer subtypes
Authors: Begg Colin B.
Published: October 2010

Much attention is directed currently to identifying subtypes of cancers that are genetically and clinically distinct. The expectation is that subtyping on the basis of somatic genomic characteristics will supplant traditional pathological subtypes with respect to relevance for targeted therapies and clinical course. Less attention has been paid to the goal of validating subtypes on the basis of the distinctiveness of their etiologies. In this article it is shown that studies of individuals with double primary malignancies provide uniquely valuable information for establishing the etiologic distinctiveness of candidate tumor subtypes. Studies of double primaries have the potential to definitively rank candidate taxonomic systems with respect to their etiological relevance by determining which subtypes are most highly correlated in the double primaries. The concept is illustrated with data from studies of the concordance of estrogen and progestin status in bilateral breast cancers, where it is shown that double primaries are much more likely to be concordant with respect to estrogen receptor (ER) status than for PR status. The high concordance of ER status is consistent with a growing literature demonstrating the etiologic distinctiveness of ER+ and ER− tumors.
Overexpression of SOCS3 exhibits preclinical antitumor activity against malignant pleural mesothelioma
Authors: Iwahori Kota , Serada Satoshi , Fujimoto Minoru , Nomura Shintaro , Osaki Tadashi , Lee Chun Man , Mizuguchi Hiroyuki , Takahashi Tsuyoshi , Ripley Barry , Okumura Meinoshin , Kawase Ichiro , Kishimoto Tadamitsu , Naka Tetsuji
Published: October 2010

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive tumor with poor prognosis for which an effective therapy remains to be established. Our study investigated the therapeutic potential of the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), an endogenous inhibitor of intracellular signaling pathways, for treatment of MPM. We infected MPM cells (H226, EHMES‐1, MESO‐1 and MESO‐4) with an adenovirus‐expressing SOCS3 (AdSOCS3) to examine the effect of SOCS3 overexpression on MPM cells. SOCS3 overexpression reduced MPM proliferation and induced apoptosis and partial G0/G1 arrest. SOCS3 also inhibited the proliferation of MPM cells via multiple signaling pathways including Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and p53 pathways. Notably, AdSOCS3 treatment inhibited tumor growth in an MPM pleural xenograft model. These findings demonstrate that overexpression of SOCS3 has a potent antitumor effect against MPM both in vitro and in vivo and indicate the potential for clinical use of SOCS3 for MPM treatment.
Endometriosis as a prognostic factor for cancer survival
Authors: Melin A. , Lundholm C. , Malki N. , Swahn M.‐L. , Sparen P. , Bergqvist A.
Published: October 2010

Studies have shown an increased risk of malignancies in women with endometriosis. Little is known about the impact of endometriosis on cancer survival. We investigated whether the survival after a diagnosis of a malignancy differs in women with a previously diagnosed endometriosis compared to other women. Women with a first time diagnosis of a malignancy in 1969–2005, were identified using the National Swedish Cancer Register (NSCR). By use of the National Swedish Patient Register (NSPR) we identified all women with a diagnosis of endometriosis during the same period and linked these patients with the data from the NSCR. The cohort comprised 4,278 women with endometriosis and a malignancy, and 41,831 randomly selected matched women without endometriosis. Cox regression was used for all calculations to obtain crude and adjusted cause specific mortality rates, measured as hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). A total of 46,109 women entered the study. There was a statistically significant better survival for women with endometriosis for all malignancies combined (HR = 0.92) and for breast cancer (HR = 0.86) and ovarian cancer (HR = 0.81) specifically. For breast cancer the survival enhancing effect in women with endometriosis decreased with increasing parity. There was poorer survival in malignant melanoma for women with endometriosis (HR = 1.52). The survival in a malignancy is better in women with a previously diagnosed endometriosis compared to women without endometriosis especially for breast and ovarian cancers. The prognosis of malignant melanoma is poorer in women with endometriosis.
Adenocarcinoma in situ and associated human papillomavirus type distribution observed in two clinical trials of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine
Authors: Ault Kevin A. , Joura Elmar A. , Kjaer Susanne K. , Iversen Ole‐Erik , Wheeler Cosette M. , Perez Gonzalo , Brown Darron R. , Koutsky Laura A. , Garland Suzanne M. , Olsson Sven‐Eric , Tang Grace W.K. , Ferris Daron G. , Paavonen Jorma , Steben Marc , Bosch F. Xavier , Majewski Slawomir , Muñoz Nubia , Sings Heather L. , Harkins Kathy , Rutkowski Mary Anne , Haupt Richard M. , Garner Elizabeth I.O. ,   for the FUTURE I and II Study Group
Published: October 2010

The primary objective of this report is to describe the detection of adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) and associated human papillomavirus (HPV) type distribution that was observed in the context of two phase 3 clinical trials of a quadrivalent HPV6/11/16/18 vaccine. In this intention‐to‐treat analysis, we include all women who had at least one follow‐up visit postenrollment. Healthy women (17,622) aged 15–26 with no history of HPV disease and a lifetime number of less than five sex partners (average follow‐up of 3.6 years) were randomized (1:1) to receive vaccine or placebo at day 1, months 2, and 6. Women underwent colposcopy and biopsy according to a Papanicolaou triage algorithm. All tissue specimens were tested for 14 HPV types and were adjudicated by a pathology panel. During the trials, 22 women were diagnosed with AIS (six vaccine and 16 placebo). There were 25 AIS lesions in total, with HPV16/18 present in 96% (24 of 25 with 15 of 25 as single infections). Only two of 22 women had concomitant cytology results suggesting glandular abnormality. Colposcopic impressions (25 total) were either negative or indicated squamous lesions only. Of women with AIS, all six in the vaccine cohort and seven of 16 in the placebo cohort were infected at baseline with the same HPV type that was detected in the AIS lesion. Concurrent squamous lesions were detected in 20 of these 22 women. In summary, our findings show that AIS evades colposcopic and cervical cytologic detection. As most AIS lesions were HPV16/18‐related, prophylactic HPV vaccination should reduce the incidence of invasive adenocarcinoma.
Improving the blood compatibility of material surfaces via biomolecule‐immobilized mussel‐inspired coatings
Authors: Wei Qiang , Li Beijia , Yi Nan , Su Baihai , Yin Zehua , Zhang Fulong , Li Jie , Zhao Changsheng
Published: October 2010

In this article, we presented a general protocol to prepare biomolecule‐immobilized mussel‐inspired polydopamine (PDA) coatings to improve the blood compatibility of broad ranges of material surfaces. It needs only a simple immersion of substrates in dopamine solution at alkaline pH to form mussel‐inspired PDA coating, and then immersing the PDA coated substrates into biomolecule solution to conjugate biomolecules. XPS, water contact angle analysis, and protein assay confirmed that biomolecules could be successfully coated on several material surfaces, including nylon, cellulose, and polyethersulfone membrane surfaces. For the protein fouling resistance, the bovine serum albumin (BSA) modified surfaces were more effective than the amino acid modified surfaces. And the platelet adhesion on the BSA‐modified material surfaces was obviously depressed. These results indicated that the blood compatibility of the surfaces was improved by the biomacromolecule‐immobilized mussel‐inspired coating which might be considered as a universal coating to modify a wide variety of materials. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Frameshift mutations in dentin phosphoprotein and dependence of dentin disease phenotype on mutation location
Authors: Nieminen Pekka , Papagiannoulis-Lascarides Lisa , Waltimo-Siren Janna , Ollila Päivi , Karjalainen Sara , Arte Sirpa , Veerkamp Jaap , Tallon Walton Victoria , Chimenos Küstner Eduard , Siltanen Tarja , Holappa Heidi , Lukinmaa Pirjo-Liisa , Alaluusua Satu
Published: October 2010

We describe results from a mutational analysis of the region of the dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) gene encoding dentin phosphoprotein (DPP) in 12 families with dominantly inherited dentin diseases. In eight families (five mutations in the N-terminal third of DPP), the clinical and radiologic features were uniform and compatible with dentin dysplasia type II (DD-II) with major clinical signs in the deciduous dentition. In the other families (four mutations in the more C-terminal part), the permanent teeth also were affected, and the diseases could be classified as variants of dentinogenesis imperfecta. Attrition was not prominent, but periapical infections were common. Discoloring with varying intensity was evident, and pulps and root canals were obliterated in the permanent dentition. All mutations caused a frameshift that replaced the Ser-Ser-Asx repeat by a code for a hydrophobic downstream sequence of approximately original length. We conclude that frameshift mutations in DSPP explain a significant part of dentin diseases. Furthermore, we propose that the location of the mutation is reflected in the phenotypic features as a gradient from DD-II to more severe disease that does not conform to the classic definitions of DI-II. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Electronic and vibrational linear and nonlinear polarizabilities of Li@C60 and [Li@C60]+
Authors: Reis H. , Loboda O. , Avramopoulos A. , Papadopoulos M. G. , Kirtman B. , Luis J. M. , Zaleśny R.
Published: October 2010

Electronic and vibrational nuclear relaxation (NR) contributions to the dipole (hyper)polarizabilities of the endohedral fullerene Li@C60 and its monovalent cation [Li@C60]+ are calculated at the (U)B3LYP level. Many results are new, while others differ significantly from those reported previously using more approximate methods. The properties are compared with those of the corresponding hypothetical noninteracting systems with a valence electron transferred from Li to the cage. Whereas the NR contribution to the static linear polarizabilities is small in comparison with the corresponding electronic property, the opposite is true for the static hyperpolarizabilities. A relatively small, but non‐negligible, NR contribution to the dc‐Pockels effect is obtained in the infinite frequency approximation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2011
Crystal molecular dynamics simulations to speed up MM/PB(GB)SA evaluation of binding free energies of di‐mannose deoxy analogs with P51G‐m4‐Cyanovirin‐N
Authors: Vorontsov Ivan I. , Miyashita Osamu
Published: October 2010

Complexes of two Cyanovirin‐N (CVN) mutants, m4‐CVN and P51G‐m4‐CVN, with deoxy di‐mannose analogs were employed as models to generate conformational ensembles using explicit water Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations in solution and in crystal environment. The results were utilized for evaluation of binding free energies with the molecular mechanics Poisson‐Boltzmann (or Generalized Born) surface area, MM/PB(GB)SA, methods. The calculations provided the ranking of deoxy di‐mannose ligands affinity in agreement with available qualitative experimental evidences. This confirms the importance of the hydrogen‐bond network between di‐mannose 3′‐ and 4′‐hydroxyl groups and the protein binding site BM as a basis of the CVN activity as an effective HIV fusion inhibitor. Comparison of binding free energies averaged over snapshots from the solution and crystal simulations showed high promises in the use of the crystal matrix for acceleration of the conformational ensemble generation, the most time consuming step in MM/PB(GB)SA approach. Correlation between energy values based on solution versus crystal ensembles is 0.95 for both MM/PBSA and MM/GBSA methods. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2011
Activated carbons prepared from biogas residue: characterization and methylene blue adsorption capacity
Authors: Yuan Xianzheng , Shi Xiaoshuang , Zeng Shujuan , Wei Yueli
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND: In China, some biogas residue, which cannot be utilized by microbes in the anaerobic process, has been used as fertilizer. More has been deposited in biogas plants or on land around the plants. This has an effect on the environmental protection of the biogas plant, especially if the high lignin content in the biogas residue is not handled properly.

RESULTS: In this study biogas residue has been used for the preparation of activated carbons by phosphoric acid activation. Textural characterization and feasibility of employing the prepared activated carbon to remove methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution were investigated. The results show that the activated carbons have high surface area (1950 m2 g−1) and pore volume (1.232 cm3 g−1). Equilibrium data were best described by the Langmuir isotherm model, with a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 344.83 mg g−1 at 25 °C. Among the kinetic models studied, the pseudo‐first‐order model was found to be the most applicable to describe the adsorption of MB.

CONCLUSIONS: The adsorption performance of activated carbons prepared from biogas residues (BR‐AC) was comparable with that of commercial material and other adsorbents reported in earlier studies and presents a high value added application for biogas residues. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
The diagnosis of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery by echocardiography: Case report
Authors: Huang He , Zhang Ju‐qian , Li Chen , Rao Li , Feng Yuan , Dian Ke , Tang Hong
Published: October 2010

The anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery is a rare congenital heart disease that affects 1 of 300,000 live births. We present the case of an 18‐year‐old female presenting with chest pain and dyspnea after vigorous exercise, and whose two‐dimensional echocardiogram initially displayed a “normal connection” between the left coronary artery with the aortic sinus of Valsalva. Using a systematic diagnostic echocardiography approach, we rightfully diagnosed it as anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2011
Effects of ultramorphological changes on adhesion to lased dentin—Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis
Authors: Moretto Simone G. , Azambuja Nilton , Arana‐Chavez Victor E. , Reis Andre F. , Giannini Marcelo , Eduardo Carlos de P. , De Freitas Patricia M.
Published: October 2010

Dentin irradiation with erbium lasers has been reported to alter the composite resin bond to this treated surface. There is still a lack of studies reporting the effect of erbium lasers on dentin organic content and elucidating how laser treatment could interfere in the quality of the resin–dentin interface. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of erbium laser irradiation on dentin morphology and microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of an adhesive to dentin. Seventy‐two dentin disks were divided into nine groups (n = 8): G1‐Control (600‐grit SiC paper); Er:YAG groups: G2‐ 250 mJ/4 Hz; G3‐ 200 mJ/4 Hz; G4‐ 180 mJ/10 Hz; G5‐ 160 mJ/10 Hz; Er,Cr:YSGG groups: G6‐ 2 W/20 Hz; G7‐ 2.5 W/20 Hz; G8‐ 3 W/20 Hz; G9‐ 4 W/20 Hz. Specimens were processed for cross‐sectional analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (n = 3), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (n = 2), and adhesive interface (n = 3). Forty‐five dentin samples (n = 5) were restored and submitted to μTBS testing. ANOVA (α = 5%) revealed that G1 presented the highest μTBS values and irradiated groups did not differ from each other. TEM micrographs showed a superficial layer of denatured collagen fibrils. For SEM micrographs, it was possible to verify the laser effects extending to dentin subsurface presenting a rough aspect. Cross‐sectional dentin micrographs of this hybridized surface revealed a pattern of modified tags with ringlike structures around it. This in vitro study showed that erbium laser irradiation interacts with the dental hard tissue resulting in a specific morphological pattern of dentin and collagen fibrils that negatively affected the bond strength to composite resin. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Secular and seasonal variations of winter monsoon weather patterns in Japan since the early 20th century
Authors: Hirano Junpei , Matsumoto Jun
Published: October 2010

Winter weather conditions in Japan are characterized by a clear contrast between the regions on the Japan Sea side and those on the Pacific Ocean side of the Japanese Islands. Weather conditions in the Japan Sea side are characterized by snowfall or rainfall under winter monsoon outbreak conditions. However, the Pacific Ocean side has fine weather because the central ridges of mountains block snow clouds coming from the Japan Sea. This particular weather pattern can easily be recognized from the daily precipitation distributions. In this study, we used the daily precipitation data recorded by the Japan Meteorological Agency since 1901 to define winter monsoon weather pattern based on the contrast in the spatial distribution of daily precipitation between the regions on the Japan Sea side and those on the Pacific Ocean side. On the basis of seasonal changes in the occurrence frequencies of winter monsoon weather pattern, we delimited the beginning and ending pentads of the winter monsoon season for each year. We aimed to clarify the characteristics of long‐term variations in the lengths of the winter monsoon season and in the seasonal march of winter weather conditions in Japan since the early 20th century. The results revealed a significant decreasing trend in the lengths of the winter monsoon season since the early 20th century. We also found that the occurrence frequencies of winter monsoon weather pattern have been decreasing significantly since the early 20th century. In addition to the long‐term decreasing trend, we detected an abrupt decrease in the occurrence frequencies of winter monsoon weather pattern in the mid‐1980s, which suggests a weakening of the winter monsoon after the mid‐1980s. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Differences in patellofemoral kinematics between weight‐bearing and non‐weight‐bearing conditions in patients with patellofemoral pain
Authors: Draper Christine E. , Besier Thor F. , Fredericson Michael , Santos Juan M. , Beaupre Gary S. , Delp Scott L. , Gold Garry E.
Published: October 2010

Patellar maltracking is thought to be one source of patellofemoral pain. Measurements of patellar tracking are frequently obtained during non‐weight‐bearing knee extension; however, pain typically arises during highly loaded activities, such as squatting, stair climbing, and running. It is unclear whether patellofemoral joint kinematics during lightly loaded tasks replicate patellofemoral joint motion during weight‐bearing activities. The purpose of this study was to: evaluate differences between upright, weight‐bearing and supine, non‐weight‐bearing joint kinematics in patients with patellofemoral pain; and evaluate whether the kinematics in subjects with maltracking respond differently to weight‐bearing than those in nonmaltrackers. We used real‐time magnetic resonance imaging to visualize the patellofemoral joint during dynamic knee extension from 30° to 0° of knee flexion during two conditions: upright, weight‐bearing and supine, non‐weight‐bearing. We compared patellofemoral kinematics measured from the images. The patella translated more laterally during the supine task compared to the weight‐bearing task for knee flexion angles between 0° and 5° (p = 0.001). The kinematics of the maltrackers responded differently to joint loading than those of the non‐maltrackers. In subjects with excessive lateral patellar translation, the patella translated more laterally during upright, weight‐bearing knee extension for knee flexion angles between 25° and 30° (p = 0.001). However, in subjects with normal patellar translation, the patella translated more laterally during supine, non‐weight‐bearing knee extension near full extension (p = 0.001). These results suggest that patellofemoral kinematics measured during supine, unloaded tasks do not accurately represent the joint motion during weight‐bearing activities. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:312–317, 2011
A rat model of massive rotator cuff tears
Authors: Liu Xuhui , Manzano Givenchy , Kim Hubert T. , Feeley Brian T.
Published: October 2010

Rotator cuff tears (RCTs) are the most common tendon injury seen in orthopedic patients. Massive RCT does not heal spontaneously and results in poor clinical outcomes. Muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration in rotator cuff muscles are major complications of chronic massive RCT and are thought to be the key factors responsible for the failure of attempted massive RCT repair. However, the pathophysiology of rotator cuff muscle atrophy and fat infiltration remains largely unknown, and no small animal model has been shown to reproduce the histologic and molecular changes seen in massive RCT. In this article, we report a novel rat massive RCT model, in which significant and consistent muscle atrophy and fat infiltration were observed in the rotator cuff muscles after rotator cuff tendon transection and denervation. The supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscle lost 25.4% and 28.9% of their wet weight 2 weeks after complete tendon transection, respectively. Six weeks after surgery, the average wet weight of supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles decreased 13.2% and 28.3%, respectively. Significant fat infiltration was only observed in infraspinatus 6 weeks after tendon transection. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:588–595, 2011
Resolution of multicomponent mixture of amino acids using environmentally benign eluents: A green chromatographic approach
Authors: Mohammad Ali , Haq Nazrul , Siddiq Asma
Published: October 2010

A new green TLC has been used for identifying and monitoring the migration behavior of amino acids through silica and kieselguhr static flat bed in contact of n‐butyl alcohol, ethyl acetate or ethylene glycol and their mixtures. From the point of view of chromatographic performance, a mixture of n‐butyl alcohol–70% aqueous ethylene glycol–ethyl acetate ratio 5:3:2 by volume proves to be more efficient than the individual components for separation of amino acids from their binary, ternary and quaternary mixtures and the chromatographic parameters like ΔRF, separation factor (α) and resolution (RS) for the separation were calculated. Effect of the presence of foreign substances such as metal cations, anions, vitamins and pesticides as impurities in the sample on the separation was also examined. Effect of substitution of butanol by various alcohols has been examined to assess the impact of hydrophobicity of alcohols on the separation of amino acids. The limits of detection for tyrosine, tryptophan, alanine, isoleucine, methionine and serine were found to be 0.10 μg/spot, whereas for lysine it is 0.05 μg/spot. Application of the selected TLC system for the identification and separation of amino acids present in drugs/pharmaceuticals has been performed.
Characterization of synthetic copolymers by interaction polymer chromatography: Separation by microstructure
Authors: Brun Yefim , Foster Peggy
Published: October 2010

Gradient elution of synthetic polymers has been studied both theoretically and experimentally using normal and reversed‐phase HPLC systems. An accurate equation describing the gradient elution of polymer‐homologous series in the context of continuous random‐flight model of a flexible polymer chain interacting with attractive surface of the porous material has been derived and experimentally verified against a series of narrow polystyrene standards. Both the theory and the experiment predict the existence of molar mass‐independent gradient elution at critical point of adsorption (CPA). The extension of the theory to synthetic copolymers predicts the existence of the CPA for statistical copolymers and describes its dependence on chemical composition and microstructure (blockiness) of the polymer chains. One of the important theoretical conclusions is that blockiness always increases the retention, so that blockier polymer chains elute later than their more random counterparts with the same chemical composition. This prediction has been confirmed experimentally using block and statistical styrene‐methylmethacrylate copolymers. Block copolymers do not have CPA and always elute between critical points of the corresponding homopolymers. The retention depends on the polymer molar mass and increases with the length of the blocks from a stronger absorbing monomer. These findings provide theoretical and experimental bases for separation of statistical and block copolymers by chemical composition and microstructure of polymer chains.
A review of clinical diagnostic applications of liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Shushan Bori
Published: October 2010

Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) technology is emerging as a complementary method to traditional methodology used for clinical applications. Enhanced specificity and high‐throughput capabilities are providing significant benefits to clinical diagnostic laboratories conducting routine analyses. This technology is expected to expand rapidly as scientists focus on more complicated challenges that can be solved efficiently by adding LC/MS/MS to their arsenal of techniques. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 29:930–944, 2010
Mass spectrometry‐based clinical proteomics: Head‐and‐neck cancer biomarkers and drug‐targets discovery
Authors: Matta Ajay , Ralhan Ranju , DeSouza Leroi V. , Siu K.W. Michael
Published: October 2010

Mass spectrometry (MS)‐based proteomics is a rapidly developing technology for both qualitative and quantitative analyses of proteins, and investigations into protein posttranslational modifications, subcellular localization, and interactions. Recent advancements in MS have made tremendous impact on the throughput and comprehensiveness of cancer proteomics, paving the way to unraveling deregulated cellular pathway networks in human malignancies. In turn, this knowledge is rapidly being translated into the discovery of novel potential cancer markers (PCMs) and targets for molecular therapeutics. Head‐and‐neck cancer is one of the most morbid human malignancies with an overall poor prognosis and severely compromised quality of life. Early detection and novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed for more effective disease management. The characterizations of protein profiles of head‐and‐neck cancers and non‐malignant tissues, with unprecedented sensitivity and precision, are providing technology platforms for identification of novel PCMs and drug targets. Importantly, low‐abundance proteins are being identified and characterized, not only from the tumor tissues, but also from bodily fluids (plasma, saliva, and urine) in a high‐throughput and unbiased manner. This review is a critical appraisal of recent advances in MS‐based proteomic technologies and platforms for facilitating the discovery of biomarkers and novel drug targets in head‐and‐neck cancer. A major challenge in the discovery and verification of these cancer biomarkers is the typically limited availability of well‐characterized and adequately stored clinical samples in tumor and sera banks, collected using recommended procedures, and with detailed information on clinical, pathological parameters, and follow‐up. Most biomarker discovery studies use limited number of clinical samples and verification of cancer markers in large number of samples is beyond the scope of a single laboratory. The validation of these potential markers in large sample cohorts in multicentric studies is needed for their translation from the bench to the bedside. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 29:945–961, 2010
The pre‐ovulatory luteinizing hormone surge is followed by down‐regulation of CYP19A1, HSD3B1, and CYP17A1 and chromatin condensation of the corresponding promoters in bovine follicles
Authors: Nimz Marika , Spitschak Marion , Fürbass Rainer , Vanselow Jens
Published: October 2010

The pre‐ovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH) surge induces an extensive molecular, physiological, and morphological reorganization of the bovine follicle. This study was designed to elucidate if chromatin modulation is involved in the LH‐induced gene regulation. Granulosa and theca of well‐characterized large bovine follicles were isolated before and after the LH surge. CYP19A1, HSD3B1, and CYP17A1 transcripts, which encode key enzymes of steroid hormone biosynthesis, were quantified by real‐time PCR (qPCR) and the degree of chromatin condensation was determined by DNase I protection assays. After LH, granulosa‐specific CYP19A1 and theca‐specific CYP17A1 transcripts were almost completely down‐regulated. Also, the abundance of HSD3B1 transcripts was reduced. The promoter chromatin of HSD3B1 and particularly of CYP19A1 was significantly less accessible to DNAse I in both cell types after LH, whereas the chromatin accessibility of the CYP17A1 promoter changed only in the theca. Correlation analysis revealed partly, highly significant negative correlations between transcript abundance and protection from DNase I digestion of the corresponding chromatin. The data strongly suggest that LH induces cell type‐ and gene‐specific chromatin condensation in the pre‐ovulatory bovine follicle. This epigenetic mechanism might be involved in the pre‐ovulatory down‐regulation of genes. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 77:1040–1048, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
B1 and B0 inhomogeneity mitigation in the human brain at 7 T with selective pulses by using average Hamiltonian theory
Authors: Boulant N. , Cloos M. A. , Amadon A.
Published: October 2010

A novel method based on average Hamiltonian theory to design selective pulses is reported. With this tool, it is first shown how to shape the radiofrequency and gradient pulses to generate a desired rotation matrix, which is independent of the position through the slice of interest. After theoretical examination of the concept, it is applied to the strongly modulating pulses' recipe developed by the same authors and initially designed to be nonselective, to mitigate the amplitude of (excitation) radiofrequency field and amplitude of static (polarizing) field inhomogeneity problems at high field. Two in vivo human brain imaging experiments at 7 T are reported to prove the validity of the technique. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Office‐based Management of Obesity
Authors: Fujioka Ken , Bakhru Nitasha
Published: October 2010

Appropriate recognition and management of obesity is imperative given the fact that one‐third of Americans are clinically obese. Up to 25% of patients with a body mass index ≥ 30 are not appropriately identified by primary care physicians as being obese. An even smaller portion of recognized patients is offered any form of weight‐loss treatment. This may be the result of approximately 40% of physicians possessing negative attitudes toward such patients given the challenges in managing this population. In the near future, physicians will be empowered with further knowledge regarding metabolic and neurologic adaptations that make weight loss so difficult. Along with this new information will come novel treatment options. It is predicted that many of the barriers preventing appropriate management of obesity will diminish as further knowledge and treatment options become available. Mt Sinai J Med 77:466–471,2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Therapeutic Options for the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Lukacova‐Zib Ivana , Gopalakrishnan Geetha
Published: October 2010

The increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome has created an impetus to prevent complications such as diabetes. There are no defined treatments for metabolic syndrome apart from addressing each of its components such as obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia. To evaluate diabetes‐prevention strategies, we performed a Medline search and identified evidence suggesting that lifestyle intervention and certain medications can prevent diabetes. In addition, there are several agents on the horizon that seem promising. The mechanism responsible for diabetes prevention relates to improved insulin resistance as a result of weight loss or other processes. Lifestyle interventions and medications such as metformin are effective and safe in long‐term prevention studies. However, the safety and efficacy of newer agents need clarification. Mt Sinai J Med 77:524–532, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Surgical Therapy for Diabesity
Authors: Arroyo Kervin , Kini Subhash U. , Harvey John E. , Herron Daniel M.
Published: October 2010

Type 2 diabetes mellitus affects more than 170 million people worldwide. Because this disease is strongly linked to obesity, the term “diabesity” has been coined to describe the confluence of the 2 disease processes. Bariatric surgery has been performed for many years to achieve sustained weight loss in the morbidly obese population. As a secondary effect, a remarkable improvement in glycemic control is commonly achieved postoperatively. This has led to substantial interest in the use of bariatric procedures to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. Surgical procedures in common use include the adjustable gastric band, the Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass, the biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch, and the sleeve gastrectomy. Additionally, several investigational procedures including the ileal interposition and duodenal‐jejunal bypass have been proposed as primary interventions for type 2 diabetes mellitus. These operations achieve their metabolic effects through a combination of volume restriction, intestinal bypass, and hormonal changes. As more data become available on the positive effect of bariatric procedures on type 2 diabetes mellitus, the use of such operations may grow. Bariatric surgery may ultimately become a major tool in the long‐term treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This manuscript presents an extensive review of the literature supporting these concepts. Mt Sinai J Med 77:418–430, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Dietary Approaches to Obesity
Authors: Dubnov‐Raz Gal , Berry Elliot M.
Published: October 2010

The treatment of obesity demands a negative energy balance, which obviously necessitates reducing the quantity of food intake. Yet the optimal diet composition quality for weight loss is far from known. The major controversy seems to be between choosing low‐fat or low‐carbohydrate diets, with additional debates on the importance of the glycemic index and the amounts of dairy products and calcium. It is evident from many large, randomized trials that the “best diet” that can suit everyone has yet to be identified. The different options for low‐calorie diets should be prescribed on an individual basis, in order to best fit each patient's personal preferences. All hypocaloric regimens are suitable, as long as they work, for any given subject. The problem, of course, is long‐term maintenance and adherence to an altered lifestyle. Mt Sinai J Med 77:488–498, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Metabolic Management following Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Strohmayer Erika , Via Michael A. , Yanagisawa Robert
Published: October 2010

Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment option for obesity. Commonly utilized procedures are either restrictive, malabsorptive, or both. Substantial weight loss can be achieved. Postoperatively, patients experience nutritional, metabolic, and hormonal changes that have important clinical implications. The postoperative diet should be advanced carefully, according to protocol. Micronutrient deficiencies such as vitamin C, vitamin A, and zinc deficiencies are common, especially following malabsorptive procedures. Bone metabolism is greatly affected, in part due to vitamin D deficiency, decreased calcium absorption, and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Diabetes improves acutely in malabsorptive procedures and in sequence with weight loss in restrictive procedures. Polycystic ovarian syndrome improves in nearly all women with this condition who undergo bariatric surgery. Testosterone levels in men also improve after surgery. Consideration of these nutritional, metabolic, and hormonal changes allows for optimal medical management following bariatric surgery. Mt Sinai J Med 77:431–445, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Usefulness of Anti‐Infective Lock Solutions for Catheter‐Related Bloodstream Infections
Authors: Kim Esther Y. , Saunders Patricia , Yousefzadeh Nina
Published: October 2010

Central venous catheters are commonly used for the administration of medications in both the inpatient and outpatient settings, but their use carries the risk of developing catheter‐related bloodstream infections, increasing morbidity and mortality. Guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America include use of antibiotic lock solutions as a therapeutic option for intraluminal infections when the device is difficult to remove, but these lock solutions are not indicated routinely for the prophylaxis of catheter‐related bloodstream infections. Because catheter removal is not always possible in patients who require chronic catheterization or who have multiple catheters, antibiotic lock therapy can be utilized with the goal of sparing removal of the catheter while sterilizing the lumen. The use of an antibiotic lock solution is an appealing option for localized infections because it is easy to use, is associated with a low cost, and is usually without systemic side effects if the catheter remains closed. Patients with long‐term or short‐term catheters with no signs of exit‐site or tunnel infection for whom salvage is the goal may benefit from this technique when treated with systemic antibiotics. Consider antibiotic lock therapy only in uncomplicated infections, typically nontunneled catheter or port infections with coagulase‐negative staphylococci or gram‐negative bacilli. Generally, a short‐term regimen of 7 to 14 days is recommended. Several studies have supported antimicrobial lock therapy with vancomycin, gentamicin, cefazolin, or ethanol. Antibiotic locks have the potential to positively impact mortality and cost savings. A protocol at the Mount Sinai Medical Center is in development. Mt Sinai J Med 77:549–558, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Mechanisms of Yogic Practices in Health, Aging, and Disease
Authors: Kuntsevich Viktoriya , Bushell William C. , Theise Neil D.
Published: October 2010

Mechanisms underlying the modulating effects of yogic cognitive‐behavioral practices (eg, meditation, yoga asanas, pranayama breathing, caloric restriction) on human physiology can be classified into 4 transduction pathways: humoral factors, nervous system activity, cell trafficking, and bioelectromagnetism. Here we give examples of these transduction pathways and how, through them, yogic practices might optimize health, delay aging, and ameliorate chronic illness and stress from disability. We also recognize that most studies of these mechanisms remain embedded in a reductionist paradigm, investigating small numbers of elements of only 1 or 2 pathways. Moreover, often, subjects are not long‐term practitioners, but recently trained. The models generated from such data are, in turn, often limited, top‐down, without the explanatory power to describe beneficial effects of long‐term practice or to provide foundations for comparing one practice to another. More flexible and useful models require a systems‐biology approach to gathering and analysis of data. Such a paradigm is needed to fully appreciate the deeper mechanisms underlying the ability of yogic practice to optimize health, delay aging, and speed efficient recovery from injury or disease. In this regard, 3 different, not necessarily competing, hypotheses are presented to guide design of future investigations, namely, that yogic practices may: (1) promote restoration of physiologic setpoints to normal after derangements secondary to disease or injury, (2) promote homeostatic negative feedback loops over nonhomeostatic positive feedback loops in molecular and cellular interactions, and (3) quench abnormal “noise” in cellular and molecular signaling networks arising from environmental or internal stresses. Mt Sinai J Med 77: © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine