bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elektrochemische Rastermikroskopie zur direkten Abbildung von Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten
Authors: Wittstock Gunther , Burchardt Malte , Pust Sascha E. , Shen Yan , Zhao Chuan
Published: February 2007

Eine entscheidende Rolle in der Elektrochemie, aber auch in biologischen Systemen oder beim Transport durch Membranen, spielen lokale Prozesse an Fest‐flüssig‐Grenzflächen oder Flüssig‐flüssig‐Grenzflächen, die z. B. an Defektstellen, an Poren oder an einzelnen Zellen ablaufen und sich durch integrale Untersuchungsverfahren nur schwer erfassen lassen. Mit der elektrochemischen Rastermikroskopie steht eine Untersuchungsmethode für lokale Grenzflächenreaktionen zur Verfügung, die nach zwei Jahrzehnten Entwicklung eine solide theoretische Basis und eine große Zahl von Anwendungen aufweist. Sie bietet die Möglichkeit, Geschwindigkeiten heterogener Reaktionen direkt abzubilden und Oberflächen durch elektrochemisch erzeugte Reaktanten lokal zu modifizieren. Die Vielfalt der Anwendungen reicht von klassischen elektrochemischen Fragestellungen bei der Untersuchung lokaler Korrosionsphänomene und elektrokatalytischer Reaktionen in Brennstoffzellen, von Sensoroberflächen, Biochips und mikrostrukturierten Analysesystemen bis hin zum Massentransport durch synthetische Membranen, Haut und Gewebe sowie interzellulären Kommunikationsprozessen. Außerdem können Prozesse an Flüssigkeitsoberflächen oder an Flüssig‐flüssig‐Grenzflächen untersucht werden.
Standardplanung versus Simulationen – wirtschaftlicher Nutzen höherwertiger Planungswerkzeuge am Beispiel der Sanierung des Festsaales im Palmengarten Frankfurt
Authors: Pültz Gunter
Published: February 2007

Gegenwärtig ist der normale Planungsablauf gemäß der Honorarordnung für Architekten und Ingenieure (HOAI) [1] aufgeteilt in einzelne Fachgebiete und Gewerke, wobei in jedem Fachgebiet eigene, spezifische Planungswerkzeuge zum Einsatz kommen. Im technischen Bereich kommen dabei aus traditionellen und wirtschaftlichen Gründen meist vereinfachende, stationäre Berechnungsmethoden (simple Tabellenverfahren) zum Einsatz. Im Rahmen des vorliegende Beitrags wird anhand eines Beispiels aus der Praxis zunächst aufgezeigt, warum moderne, höherwertige Planungswerkzeuge in Form von Computersimulationen den Standardmethoden prinzipiell überlegen sind. Anschließend wird veranschaulicht, welche enormen Einsparungen mit Hilfe von Computersimulationen bei der Planung von Anlagentechnik erreicht werden können. Abschließend wird der Einsatz von Simulationstechnik kostenmäßig bewertet und somit auch der wirtschaftliche Vorteil des Einsatzes von höherwertigen Planungswerkzeugen im Planungsprozeß exemplarisch quantifiziert.
Effekte der Luftströmung auf das hygrothermische Verhalten von leichten Umfassungskonstruktionen
Authors: Grunewald John , Nicolai Andreas
Published: February 2007

In dem Beitrag werden die Bilanzgleichungen eines neu entwickelten Programms zur gekoppelten Wärme‐, Luft‐, Feuchte‐ und Schadstoffberechnung (CHAMPS) und ein Modell zur Berücksichtigung der Effekte dreidimensionaler Luftströmung vorgestellt. Die Leistungsfähigkeit des numerischen Verfahrens wird anhand von praxisrelevanten Anwendungsfällen, der Simulation des hygrothermischen Verhaltens einer leichten Wandkonstruktion und eines durchlüfteten Daches demonstriert.
Trehalose and calcium exert site‐specific effects on calmodulin conformation in amorphous solids
Authors: Li Yunsong , Williams Todd D. , Schowen Richard L. , Topp Elizabeth M.
Published: February 2007

We have adapted hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) to study protein conformation and excipient interactions in lyophilized solids. Using calmodulin (CaM, 17 kD) as a model protein, we demonstrate that trehalose and calcium exert site‐specific effects on protein conformation. The effects of calcium are observed primarily in the calcium binding loops, while those of trehalose are observed primarily in non‐terminal α‐helical regions. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of site‐specificity in the effects of excipients on protein structure in the solid state, and of the utility of H/D exchange with ESI‐MS to characterize proteins in amorphous solids. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007; 97: 1650–1653. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Computational Method to Characterize Framework Aluminum in Aluminosilicates.
Authors: Garcia‐Perez Elena , Dubbeldam David , Liu Bei , Smit Berend , Calero Sofia
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Low‐Temperature Form of Rb2KCrF6 and Rb2KGaF6: The First Example of an Elpasolite‐Derived Structure with Pentagonal Bipyramid in the B‐Sublattice.
Authors: Zuniga Francisco Javier , Tressaud Alain , Darriet Jacques
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Local Atomic Order and Infrared Spectra of Biogenic Calcite.
Authors: Gueta Rachel , Natan Amir , Addadi Lia , Weiner Steve , Refson Keith , Kronik Leeor
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Wet Chemical Synthesis of Pure LiNbO3 Powders from Simple Niobium Oxide Nb2O5.
Authors: Liu Meinan , Xue Dongfeng , Luo Chao
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Intermolecular Tandem Addition—Cyclization of Bromoallenes: A Facile Synthesis of Methylenecyclopropyl Carboxylates and Polysubstituted Furans.
Authors: Xu Lubin , Huang Xian , Zhong Fangrui
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Efficient Dinitration of Aromatic Compounds in Fluorous Media Using Ytterbium Perfluorooctanesulfonate and Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid as Catalysts.
Authors: Yi Wen‐Bin , Cai Chun
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Heterogeneous Silica‐Supported Scandium/Ionic Liquid Catalyst System for Organic Reactions in Water.
Authors: Gu Yanlong , Ogawa Chikako , Kobayashi Juta , Mori Yuichiro , Kobayashi Shu
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones in the Presence of Ruthenium N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysts.
Authors: Enthaler Stephan , Jackstell Ralf , Hagemann Bernhard , Junge Kathrin , Erre Giulia , Beller Matthias
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mild and General Conditions for the Cross‐Coupling of Aryl Halides with Pentafluorobenzene and Other Perfluoroaromatics.
Authors: Lafrance Marc , Shore Daniel , Fagnou Keith
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Direct‐Type Catalytic Three‐Component Mannich Reaction in Aqueous Media.
Authors: Ollevier Thierry , Nadeau Etienne , Guay‐Begin Andree‐Anne
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Epoxidation of Terminal Alkenes with Hydrogen Peroxide Catalyzed by Pentafluorophenyl PtII Complexes.
Authors: Colladon Marco , Scarso Alessandro , Sgarbossa Paolo , Michelin Rino A. , Strukul Giorgio
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Highly Efficient and Practical Method for Catalytic Asymmetric Vinylogous Mannich (AVM) Reactions.
Authors: Carswell Emma L. , Snapper Marc L. , Hoveyda Amir H.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 2‐Benzoylethynylpyrroles by Cross Coupling of 2‐Arylpyrroles with 1‐Benzoyl‐2‐bromoacetylene over Aluminum Oxide.
Authors: Trofimov B. A. , Sobenina L. N. , Stepanova Z. V. , Demenev A. P. , Mikhaleva A. I. , Ushakov I. A. , Vakul'skaya T. I. , Petrova O. V.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chemoselective and Solvent‐Free Thioacetalization of Aldehydes by a Catalytic Amount of NBS.
Authors: Hajipour Abdol Reza , Pourmousavi Seied Ali , Ruoho Arnold E.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Advantageous Synthesis of New Indazolone and Pyrazolone Derivatives.
Authors: Correa Arkaitz , Tellitu Imanol , Dominguez Esther , SanMartin Raul
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Junjappa‐IIa (JI) Heteroaromatic Annulation: A New General α‐Oxoketene Dithioacetals Mediated Inverse Method for Synthesis of Substituted Benzothiazoles.
Authors: Hegde Vinayak S. , Kolavi Gundurao D. , Khazi Imtiyaz Ahmed M.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Synthesis of 2‐(Trifluoromethyl)‐ and 2‐(Perfluoroalkyl)‐2‐hydroxy‐2H‐chromenes and Their Regiospecific Reaction with Silyl Enol Ethers.
Authors: El Kharrat Salem , Laurent Philippe , Blancou Hubert
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Expedient Five‐Step Synthesis of SIB‐1508Y from Natural Nicotine.
Authors: Wagner Florence F. , Comins Daniel L.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Crotonization in the Benzo[a]acridine Series. Synthesis of Naphtho[2,1‐j][1,7]phenanthroline Derivatives.
Authors: Kadutskii A. P. , Kozlov N. G. , Bondarev S. L.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ring Opening and Ring Closure in an Indolizine Structure Activated Through SNAr Coupling with Superelectrophilic 4,6‐Dinitrobenzofuroxan, an Unusual Intramolecular Oxygen Transfer from a N‐Oxide Functionality.
Authors: Kurbatov Sergey , Tatarov Artem , Minkin Vladimir , Goumont Regis , Terrier Francois
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Amino Derivatives of Triazolopyrimidine.
Authors: Vas'kevich R. I. , Savitskii P. V. , Zborovskii Yu. L. , Staninets V. I. , Rusanov E. B. , Chernega A. N.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis Towards Complex Bridged Alkaloids Derived from Diketopiperazines: A Cationic Cascade Approach to Stephacidins, Paraherquamides and Related Systems.
Authors: Pichowicz Mark , Simpkins Nigel S. , Blake Alexander J. , Wilson Claire
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Phosphaisoquinolin‐1‐ones by Pd(II)‐Catalyzed Cyclization of o‐(1‐Alkynyl)phenylphosphonamide Monoesters.
Authors: Tang Wei , Ding Yi‐Xiang
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Approach to the Neoglycopeptides: Synthesis of Urea‐ and Carbamate‐Tethered N‐Acetyl‐D‐glucosamine Amino Acid Conjugates.
Authors: Ichikawa Yoshiyasu , Ohara Fumiyo , Kotsuki Hiyoshizo , Nakano Keiji
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Secondary Metabolites from Asphodelus aestivus
Authors: Calis Ihsan , Birincioglu S. Serap , Kirmizibekmez Hasan , Pfeiffer Bernhard , Heilmann Joerg
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Exploring Skeletal Diversity via Ring Contraction of Glycal‐Derived Scaffolds.
Authors: Yeager Adam R. , Min Geanna K. , Porco John A. Jr. , Schaus Scott E.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Constituents from the Leaves of Phellodendron amurense and Their Antioxidant Activity
Authors: Leu Chien‐Hsing , Li Chia‐Ying , Yao Xinsheng , Wu Tian‐Shung
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Single‐Source‐Precursor CVD: Alkoxy and Siloxy Aluminum Hydrides
Authors: Veith Michael
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Al—Nb—Ni—V (Aluminum—Niobium—Nickel—Vanadium)
Authors: Raghavan V.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Al—Ir—Nb—Ni (Aluminum—Iridium—Niobium—Nickel)
Authors: Raghavan V.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Al—Cr—Ni—Re (Aluminum—Chromium—Nickel—Rhenium)
Authors: Raghavan V.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reactivity of Al(III) Complexes with Substituted Phthalocyanines
Authors: Suslova E. E. , Lomova T. N.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
β‐Lithiocarboxylic Acids and Related Lithium Compounds
Authors: Caine Drury
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Alkenyllithium Compounds
Authors: Brandsma Lambert , Zwikker Jan W.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Utility of Fluorinated Acylsilanes
Authors: Welch John T. , Chung Woo Jin , Higashiya Seiichiro , Ngo Silvana C. , Lim Dong Sung
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Morphology Control of Aromatic Polymers in Concert with Polymerization
Authors: Kimura Kunio , Kohama Shin‐ichiro , Yamazaki Shinichi
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Microchips with Two Sharpened Stretching Tips and Its Application to Protein Separation Using Dynamic Coating
Authors: Liu Chun‐Ye , Xu Xu , Gao Hong‐Jun , Chen Jie‐Rong
Published: February 2007

An integrated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microchip with two sharpened stretching tips for convenient sample injecting, running buffer refreshing and channel cleaning has been presented. The sample was directly introduced into the separation channel through the stretching inlet tip without complicated power switching supplies and injection cross channel. The operation of running buffer refreshing or channel cleaning was simplified by vacuuming one end of the tip and placing the other tip into the solution vial. Therefore, this fabrication method can be easily applied to most analytical laboratories economically without soft lithography and plasma bonding equipments. The attractive performance of the novel PDMS microchips has been demonstrated by using laser‐induced fluorescence detection for separation of proteins. The addition of 0.04% Brij 35 in 0.04 mol/L phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) can reduce the adhesion of proteins in multienzyme tablet and make separation more easily. The electroosmotic flow (EOF) exhibits pH‐independence in the range of 3–11 in dynamic modified microchannel.
Toxicity Assessment of Cyanide and Tetramethylene Disulfotetramine (Tetramine) Using Luminescent Bacteria Vibrio‐qinghaiensis and PbO2 Electrochemical Sensor
Authors: Liu Wei , Jiang Jin‐Gang , Shi Guo‐Yue , He Yan , Liu Ye , Jin Li‐Tong
Published: February 2007

The toxicities of cyanide and tetramethylene disulfotetramine (tetramine) were evaluated by two methods of luminescent bacteria and PbO2 electrochemical sensor. Vibrio‐qinghaiensis, a kind of luminescent bacteria, can produce bioluminescence and the bioluminescence was decreased with the addition of toxicants. The toxicities of cyanide and tetramine were expressed as 10 min‐EC50 value, which was the concentration of chemical that reduces the light output by 50% after contact for 10 min. Nano PbO2 modified electrode, a rapid toxicity determination method was also described in this work. By the PbO2 modified electrode, the current responses of Escherichia coli (E. coli) were changed with the addition of toxicants. The value of 10 min‐EC50 was also provided with the PbO2 electrochemical sensor. Compared with the 10 min‐EC50 and detection limits (38.38 and 0.60 µg/mL for cyanide, 0.24 and 0.02 µg/mL for tetramine) with luminescent bacteria, the PbO2 sensor provided a simple and convenient method with lower 10 min‐EC50 and detection limits (26.37 and 0.52 µg/mL for cyanide, 0.21 and 0.01 µg/mL for tetramine) and fast response time.
Cancer cachexia syndrome in head and neck cancer patients: Part I. Diagnosis, impact on quality of life and survival, and treatment
Authors: Couch Marion , Lai Victor , Cannon Trinitia , Guttridge Denis , Zanation Adam , George Jonathan , Hayes D. Neil , Zeisel Steven , Shores Carol
Published: February 2007

Background

Cancer cachexia is a debilitating, wasting condition that affects many cancer patients, including those with head and neck cancer. The overall incidence of cancer cachexia is quite high for some types of cancer, and cachexia will be the main cause of death for more than 20% of all cancer patients. This syndrome uniquely challenges patients with head and neck cancer. This article outlines the diagnosis of cancer cachexia, reviews its impact on patient quality of life (QOL) and survival, and updates the reader on potential therapies that may suppress it.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed of the National Library of Medicine, which includes more than 15 million citations back to the 1950s. The Cochrane Library and Google search engine were used as well.

Results

This syndrome differs significantly from starvation, and thus accurate and timely diagnosis is essential. Nutritional therapy alone is insufficient. Current management strategies include corticosteroids and megesterol acetate, in conjunction with nutritional therapy. Future strategies may include nutraceuticals, omega‐3 fatty acids, inflammatory antagonists, and other targeted treatments.

Conclusions

Because cancer cachexia differs significantly from starvation, nutritional supplementation must be used in conjunction with other anti‐cachexia agents to reverse the chronic systemic inflammatory state and the effects of circulating tumor‐derived factors seen in cachexia. Careful identification of patients at risk and those suffering from this syndrome will lead to better outcomes and treatments. Ultimately, more research is needed to better treat this devastating condition. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2007
Bionomy of Macrobenthic Polychaetes in the Evros Delta (North Aegean Sea)
Authors: Gouvis Nestoras , Kevrekidis Theodoros , Koukouras Athanasios , Voultsiadou Eleni
Published: February 2007

The composition and distribution of the macrobenthic polychaete fauna in the Evros Delta (North Aegean Sea) have been investigated by means of 4 replicate quantitative samples collected at 35 sites. 10 species were found and, in additional qualitative samples, the sedentary species Ficopomatus enigmaticus was collected. On the basis of the similarity in distribution among stations, 3 groups of species have been distinguished. One of these groups includes the species Spio decoratus and Hediste diversicolor which were both dominant and present at almost all stations. The distribution of species in the study area seems to depend on factors such as salinity, granulometric composition and organic matter of the sediment and interspecific competition, but mainly on the degree of “confinement”, namely the degree of exchange with the open sea. At the most isolated stations, the lowest number of species and the highest values of abundance and biomass were recorded.
The Distribution of Polychaete Feeding Guilds in Organic Enriched Sediments of San Vicente Bay, Central Chile
Authors: Carrasco Franklin D. , Carbajal Wilmer
Published: February 2007

The benthic macroinfauna (>500 μm) of San Vicente Bay, Central Chile (36°44′S; 73°09′W) was studied at 8 sublittoral stations along a 6.5 km length transect from the San Vicente fishery harbor out to the open sea, during October 1991, January 1992 and October 1992. Structural changes of the benthic macroinfauna were evaluated a) functionally in terms of polychaete trophic guilds, and b) numerical classification and ecological ordination. Multivariate analysis was used to explore polychaete fedding guild responses to environmental variables. The principal objective of the study was to test whether changes in functional groups (within and between stations) are related to perturbation induced by anthropogenic organic enrichment, or are a consequence of natural environmental fluctuations. Trophic guilds of polychaetes associated with the sandy environment of the bay, showed a clear seasonal dominance of carnivores during the spring 1991–1992 and of surface suspension ‐ deposit feeders, sessiles or discretely motile and tentacled polychaetes (F‐SD‐SDT, see Annex) in summer 1992. This guild distribution could be due to the sediment stability and a greater niche diversification in the more sandy stations. However, there were only a few significant relationships between trophic guilds and total organic matter and silt‐clay fraction. This limits the utility of the guilds as indicators of perturbations induced by organic enrichment. Over 95% of the variation in the guild data was explained by environmental factors such as water depth, station distance from the harbor, silt‐clay, sand, grain size and organic matter content. The comparison between reported faunistic and sedimentary data and the data obtained in this study, suggests that there is an increase of the organic enrichment of the sediments in the most inner area of this embayment. However, there is no evidence of this being directly responsible for the polychaete feeding guild distribution of San Vicente Bay.
Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Epibenthic Macroinvertebrates (EMI) from the San Pedro Shelf, California: Ten‐Year Study
Authors: Maurer Don , Diener Douglas , Robertson George , Mengel Mike , Gerlinger Tom
Published: February 2007

Temporal and spatial changes of epibenthic macroinvertebrates (EMI) were described from a ten‐year (1985–1995) trawl study on the San Pedro Shelf, California. Community measures including number of species, individuals, biomass, dominance (DI), evenness (J'), and diversity (H' and SR) per trawl were computed for eight trawl stations representing four isobaths. Two reference stations and a test station (located at an ocean outfall) were featured in statistical analyses examining whether the outfall had any effect on EMI. During the ten‐year period 127,389 individuals provided 106 EMI taxa. Water depth was the most important factor affecting EMI composition. Although some statistically significant differences in EMI community measures among trawl stations were found. differences between the outfall and both reference stations were either insignificant or inconsistent, providing no obvious ecological impacts attributable to the outfall.
Larval Size and Leaf Conditioning in the Breakdown of Nothofagus pumilio Leaves by Klapopteryx kuscheli (Insecta, Plecoptera) in a South Andean Stream
Authors: Albariño Ricardo J. , Balseiro Esteban G.
Published: February 2007

The effect of the shredder Klapopteryx kuscheli (Plecoptera, Austroperlidae) on the breakdown of Nothofagus pumilio leaves was studied in field experiments. Decay rates due to leaching and shredder activity were measured on conditioned and unconditioned leaves. Two sizes of shredder were tested in order to establish if the consumption per unit of shredder biomass varied with insect development. In three days weight losses due to leaching were 8.5%, and decay rates due to shredders were significantly higher than in control replicates. There were no differences in decay rates between conditioned and unconditioned leaves. Small larvae consumed more leaf biomass per unit of insect biomass than large ones. Growth efficiencies of K. kuscheli larva were low, but smaller larvae showed higher efficiencies than larger ones.
Competition between Phyto‐ and Bacterioplankton of Lake Balaton in Continuous Cultures
Authors: Shafik Hesham M. , Mastala Zoltán , Vörös Lajos
Published: February 2007

Aliquots of a water sample taken from the mesotrophic basin of Lake Balaton in August were incubated in three identical (2 liter) chemostats. Nutrients (35 μg PO4‐P · 1−1 week−1 and 350 μg NO3‐N · 1−1 week−1) were added by weekly pulses to the first culture and by continuous supply to the other two. The third culture was enriched continuously with Na‐acetate (5 mg · 1−1 week−1). Pulsed nutrient supply resulted in permanent coexistence of three algal species (Mougeotia sp., Synedra acus v. radians and Lyngbya limnetica) while the continuous supply (second culture) led to the predominance of Lyngbya limnetica. The Na‐acetate addition experiment showed, that in the absence of carbon limitation, picophytoplankton were able to compete successfully with bacteria. The results indicate that indigenous phytoplankton can only thrive when bacterial growth is limited by carbon.
Infra‐ and Circalittoral Soft Substratum Macrofaunal Assemblages of Kavala Gulf (Aegean Sea)
Authors: Papazacharias A. , Koukouras A. , Kevrekidis T. , Voultsiadou E.
Published: February 2007

Five macrobenthic assemblages of the infralittoral and circalittoral zones located in the Gulf of Kavala, North Aegean, are described: (i) the assemblage of gravely sand with Parvicardium roseum and Clausinella brogniartii, (ii) the assemblage of sandy silt with Loripes lacteus and Nephthys hombergii. (iii) the clayey silt assemblage with Terebellides stroemi and Sternaspis scutata, (iv) the sandy silt assemblage with Amphiura chiajei and (v) the assemblage of silt with Labioleanira yhleni, the latter being described for the first time. Their composition is statistically tested, discussed in relation to abiotic factors, and compared with that of the corresponding assemblages from the Aegean and other Mediterranean and Atlantic areas.
Trace Metals in Tripton, Zooplankton, Zoobenthos, Reeds and Sediments of Selected Lakes in North‐Central Poland
Authors: Zauke Gerd‐Peter , Bohlke Jürgen , Żytkowicz Roman , Napiórkowski Pawel , Giziński Andrzej
Published: February 2007

The trace elements Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn were assayed in settling particles (tripton), biota (zooplankton, Asellus aquaticus, midge larvae, the moss Drepanocladius fluitans and the reed Phragmites australis) and profundal and littoral sediments from a dam reservoir of the Vistula River and a nearby forest lake and from six further lakes within the Masurian lake district and the Brodnica Park area. The amounts of metals in tripton differed greatly between lakes, while concentrations in zooplankton were almost homogeneous; only for an acidified clearwater lake (pH 4.8) were exceptional Pb and Cd levels recorded in zooplankton (56 mg Pb kg−1 and 12.8 mg Cd kg−1 d.w.). Similarly elevated levels were found in A. aquaticus, suggesting a metal‐mediated retardation in growth of isopods in this lake. Great variability was also noted for profundal sediments, with highest concentrations in the Vistula dam reservoir, reaching 9–12 mg Cd kg−1 and 580–730 mg Zn kg−1 d.w. Apart from these exceptional values, most of our data were well within the reported literature range. Nevertheless, only Cu concentrations in profundal sediments of the lakes investigated are (with two exceptions) smaller than threshold effect levels below which biological effects are unlikely to occur.
Upregulation of retinoic acid receptor‐β by the epidermal growth factor‐receptor inhibitor PD153035 is not mediated by blockade of ErbB pathways
Authors: Grunt Thomas W. , Tomek Katharina , Wagner Renate , Puckmair Klaudia , Kainz Birgit , Rünzler Dominik , Gaiger Alexander , Köhler Gottfried , Zielinski Christoph C.
Published: February 2007

Inhibiting epidermal growth factor‐receptor (ErbB‐1) represents a powerful anticancer strategy. Activation of retinoid pathways is also in development for cancer treatment. Retinoic acid receptor‐β—the tumor suppressor and main retinoid mediator—‐is silenced in many tumors. The ErbB‐1 inhibitor PD153035 cooperates with retinoic acid during growth inhibition and induces retinoic acid receptor‐β suggesting that ErbB‐1 controls retinoic acid receptor‐β. However, here we demonstrate that ErbB pathways are not involved in PD153035‐mediated retinoic acid receptor‐β‐upregulation. PD153035 inhibits ErbB‐1‐phosphorylation, whereas its derivative EBE‐A22 is inactive. Yet both inhibit cell growth and upregulate retinoic acid receptor‐β in ErbB‐1‐overexpressing (MDA‐MB‐468), moderately expressing (OVCAR‐3), ErbB‐1‐negative (MDA‐MB‐453) or ErbB‐negative cells (CEM, Jurkat). Both bind DNA, whereas the closely related ErbB‐1 inhibitors AG1478 and ZD1839, which are inactive on retinoic acid receptor‐β, do not significantly bind DNA. None of the other ErbB‐1/ErbB‐2 inhibitors tested (RG‐14620, LFM‐A12, AG879, AG825) affect retinoic acid receptor‐β. PD153035 decreases methylation of the retinoic acid receptor‐β2 promoter. In OVCAR‐3, it stimulates dislodgement of histone deacetylase 1 from the promoter and acetylation of histones H3 and H4. Consequently, PD153035 facilitates recruitment of RNA polymerase II to the promoter and stimulates transcriptional activity. Moreover, PD153035 increases the retinoic acid receptor‐β mRNA half‐life. No other retinoid receptor, nor estrogen receptor‐α, nor RASSF1A is upregulated by PD153035. Thus PD153035 induces retinoic acid receptor‐β by ErbB‐independent transcriptional and post‐transcriptional mechanisms. This report highlights a triple action for an ErbB‐1 inhibitor (ErbB‐1 inhibition, DNA intercalation, retinoic acid receptor‐β‐induction). Such multitargeting drugs bear great potential for cancer treatment. J. Cell. Physiol. 211: 803–815, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigation of Stabilization and Kinetics in the Semi‐Continuous Emulsion Copolymerization of Vinyl Acetate and Butyl Acrylate using Carboxylic Monomers
Authors: Araújo Pedro H. H. , Sayer Cláudia , Caldas Elba , Santos Alexandre F. , Fortuny Montserrat
Published: February 2007

This work investigates the influence of carboxylic monomers such as acrylic acid (AA) and methacrylic acid (MAA) on the reaction rate and the colloidal stability during semicontinuous vinyl acetate (VA) and butyl acrylate (BA) emulsion copolymerizations. A number of copolymerization runs was carried out under different reaction temperatures and concentrations of AA and MAA. Samples were collected for off‐line analysis of particle size and conversion, allowing calculations of particle number values giving an indication of the particle stability. Additionally, partitioning analysis using conductometric and potentiometric titrations were performed in order to assess the distribution of carboxylic monomers among the main phases of the latex. Results showed that for both carboxylic monomers the increasing of the reaction temperature produces an increase in the coalescence rate and that the increasing of the concentration of these monomers leads to the increase in the amount of adsorbed COOH groups on the particle surface, which enhances latex stability. Nevertheless, when the concentration of methacrylic acid was increased a strong reduction of the polymerization rate was observed with a greater incorporation of acid groups buried in the particles.
Analysis of Conducting Poly(o‐methoxyaniline) Blends by Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Machado Wagner S. , Moreira José C. , Onmori Roberto K. , Wang Shu H. , Soares Demétrio A. W.
Published: February 2007

Impedance measurements were carried out in flexible, conducting and semi crystalline films obtained by casting poly(p‐hydroxystyrene)‐b‐polyisoprene (PHS‐b‐IR) and p‐toluene sulfonic acid (TSA)‐doped poly(o‐methoxyaniline) (POMTS) mixtures from N,N‐dimethylformamide solutions. The measures ac were made in LCR Meter HP4284A equipment, in the range 102–106 Hz. The results were analyzed using a program in LabView platform for the attainment of the impedance arcs to obtain the conducting blends parameters. The obtained results had allowed evaluating some characteristics of studied conducting POMTS blends as conductivity ac, dielectric relaxation time, and capacitance. Analysis by optical microscopy (OM) allowed the observation of quasi‐spherical particles dispersed morphology for blends with 5 to 50‐wt% of POMTS. However, this morphology was not observed for blends presenting more than 50% of POMTS.
X‐Ray Study of Herbaspirilum Seropedicae GlnB Protein Adsorbed on Silicon
Authors: Lubambo Adriana Freire , Benelli Elaine Machado , Mazzaro Irineu , Yokaichyia Fabiano , Giles Carlos , de Camargo Paulo César
Published: February 2007

GlnB‐Hs protein is a globular member of PII‐like family involved in the nitrogen control fixation in diazothoph organisms like H. seropedicae. In this work, GlnB‐Hs is deposited by spin‐coating on Si (111) and its self‐assembling is investigated by AFM (atomic force microscopy) and X‐ray at grazing incidence angles. GlnB‐Hs forms circular 100 nm to 150 nm wide face‐up donut shaped protein aggregates on silicon. Reflectivity and diffraction profiles from the protein deposits on Si(111) and Si(100), suggest ordered domains that are stable under the X‐ray beam and have d‐spacing compatible with protein dimensions already determined by classical protein crystallography.
Morphology of Poly(ethylene oxide)‐block‐Polycaprolatone Block Copolymer Micelles Controlled via the Preparation Method
Authors: Giacomelli Cristiano , Borsali Redouane
Published: February 2007

Biocompatible poly(ethylene oxide)‐b‐polycaprolatone (PEO‐b‐PCL) micelles have been successfully tested in many fields as nano‐carries, especially in drug delivery. We demonstrate herein that using indirect dissolution methods to prepare PEO‐b‐PCL nano‐objects in water, copolymers with volume fractions of PCL (ϕPCL) ranging from 0.35 to 0.58 self‐assemble into spherical micelles when either DMF or THF is used as organic solvent to dissolve the diblocks before the micellization. Striking different, regular wormlike morphologies are however obtained using acetone as solvent for copolymers with ϕPCL = 0.50–0.58. These results emphasize, therefore, that control over the shape of PEO‐b‐PCL micelles can be achieved not only by precise macromolecular engineering but also through clever processing strategies.
Molecular Orientation and Morphology of Organized Molecular Films for Fluorinated Comb Copolymers
Authors: Fujimori Atsuhiro , Kobayashi Satoshi , Masuya Ryosuke , Masuko Toru , Ito Eisuke , Hara Masahiko , Kanai Kaname , Ouchi Yukio , Seki Kazuhiko , Nakahara Hiroo
Published: February 2007

Surface morphology of monolayers related to solid‐state structure for methacrylate comb copolymers having fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon side‐chains was investigated by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). From the XRD profiles, two kinds of short spacing peaks were confirmed at 5.0 and 4.2 Å, which assigned the sub‐cells for both side‐chains. Furthermore, two kinds of endothermic peaks, which corresponded to melting peaks of the both side‐chain crystals, appeared in the thermograms. From the AFM observation, it was found that there were hydrogenated domains at a few hundred nm diameter in their monolayers, whereas corresponding acrylate copolymer monolayers form the phase‐separated structure at 10–30 nm order scales.
Catalysis of an Alkaline Hydrolysis Reaction by Ionenes Immobilized on Silica
Authors: Munhóz Maria Fernanda , Quina Frank H.
Published: February 2007

In this work, a novel approach for the covalent coupling of ionene polyelectrolytes to chloropropyl silica surfaces is described. The immobilized ionenes catalyze the alkaline hydrolysis of N‐dodecyl‐4‐cyanopyridinium (DCP) bromide, suggesting that, like the [3,22]‐ionene in solution, these immobilized ionenes are also capable of forming micelle‐mimetic microdomains.
Composition, Size Distribution and Characteristics of Aphron Dispersions
Authors: Spinelli Luciana , Bezerra Amanda , Aquino Aline , Lucas Elizabete , Monteiro Vitor , Lomba Rosana , Michel Ricardo
Published: February 2007

This work evaluates the composition, bubble size distribution and properties of aphron dispersions. The aphrons were prepared using two types of surfactants and three different continuous phases: distillated water, brine and ester. Xanthan gum and organophilic clay were used as viscosifiers and hydroxipropilated starch as a stabilizer. The dispersions were digitally imaged under an optical microscope at 60× magnification. These images were used to determine the size distribution. Phase separation was observed in ester‐based aphrons, and the phase separation progress was followed by image analysis. The percentage of incorporated air was determined by image analysis and by air compressibility. Aphrons produced from distillated water presented more bubbles and a smaller average diameter than those produced from brine or ester. Ester‐based aphrons incorporated a smaller percentage of air.
The Osmotic Behavior of Short Stiff Polyelectrolytes
Authors: Antypov Dmytro , Holm Christian
Published: February 2007

We report our recent advances in understanding when a simple cell model of a single, short polyelectrolyte is able to correctly reproduce the osmotic coefficient of a bulk solution. To this end we proposed a self‐consistent geometry optimized cell model. In contrast to the usual monotonic Poisson‐Boltzmann prediction, the cell model predicts the correct non‐monotonic dependence of the osmotic coefficient on concentration. A lower degree of polymerization is found to reduce significantly the counterion condensation for a typical dilute strong polyelectrolyte solution, thus increasing the osmotic coefficient. The results agree quantitatively with simulations of a corresponding many‐body bulk system up to a dense semi‐dilute regime. We investigate the effect of chain flexibility and on residual salt on the osmotic properties, and give a short overview about other effects which might be responsible for the observed discrepancy to recent experimental results on a PPP polyelectrolyte system.
Morphology and Microchemistry of Colloidal Polymers
Authors: Galembeck Fernando , Valadares Leonardo , Bragança Fábio do Carmo , Gouveia Rubia F. , da Silva Maria do Carmo V. M.
Published: February 2007

Colloidal polymers are highly versatile due to the variety of properties and functions that can be created by changing monomer composition, surfactant, initiator and reaction protocol. Microchemical and morphological observation of the particles and particle aggregates as well as films and monoliths made with them is allowing us to understand the connections between nanosized structural features and macroscopic properties and this is essential for the creation of valuable new polymer materials. Electron spectroscopy imaging (ESI) in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) uses electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) to provide a wealth of information on particle constituents and their topological distribution, allowing a number of correlations with the polymer mechanical, thermal, optical and electrical properties. On the other hand, scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques allow direct measurement of particle and film properties such as adhesion, stiffness, electrostatic potential as well as rheology information with high spatial resolution, down to 10‐20 nm and under many different experimental conditions. Information from the joint use of these techniques is revealing a wealth of nanostructures within colloidal polymers requiring a revision of many preconceived ideas on these materials.
Influence of Bentonite Type in Waterborne Polyurethane Nanocomposite Mechanical Properties
Authors: Ayres Eliane , Oréfice Rodrigo L. , Sousa Denise
Published: February 2007

Abstract: Aqueous dispersion of polyurethane ionomer (PUD), based on poly (propylene glycol) (PPG) as soft segment, isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) as diisocyanate, dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA) as ionic center, hydrazine (HZ) as crosslinker and triethyl amine (TEA) as neutralizer, was reinforced with 1 to 5 wt % of clay to obtain nanocomposites. Substitution of Na+‐montmorillonite for bentonite was made by using three types of bentonite. The tensile strength and elongation at break decreased for all nanocomposites having 5% clay in comparison to pristine polyurethane. The enhancement of mechanical properties over pristine polyurethane was achieved only by using 1% of clay. The structure of layered silicates in polyurethane was found to be maintained in some extent as evidenced from wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction analysis. Nevertheless, the rather weak and broad diffraction peaks appearing in the curves of bentonite clays nanocomposites indicated that a nanostructure of silicate in waterborne PU system has been formed using a low cost raw material and an environmental friendly aqueous polymer precursor.
Effect of Foster Swelling Degree in Polystyrene/Clay Nanocomposites Obtained by In Situ Incorporation
Authors: Arioli Rafael , Gonçalves Odinei H. , Castellares Lizabeth G. , da Costa João Manoel , Araújo Pedro H. , Machado Ricardo , Bolzan Ariovaldo
Published: February 2007

During the in‐situ incorporation of an organophilic clay into the polymer matrix in a free radical polymerization, the radical should penetrate the basal space between the layers of the clay increasing the distance between these layers and leading to a nanocomposite with an intercalated or exfoliated morphology. The final morphology depends on the affinity of the monomer for the cation used to change the organophilicity of the clay. In this work, Foster swelling is applied as a method to obtain a degree of affinity of the clay for the monomer. The objective of this work is to study the effect of the Foster swelling degree on the final polystyrene/clay composite obtained by free‐radical polymerization of styrene containing organophilic clay. Some commercial organophilic clays with different Foster swelling degree were employed and the incorporation of the clays into polymer was carried out in bulk styrene polymerization reactions. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) reveals the basal spacing of the clays before and after in‐situ incorporation indicating the morphology of the nanocomposite. The nanocomposites were also characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Results showed a correlation between Foster swelling degree and the morphology obtained. High values of Foster swelling degree lead to exfoliated polystyrene/clay nanocomposites, whereas decreasing this value intercalated, partially intercalated and only dispersed composites were obtained depending on the degree of affinity of the monomer for the clay.
Magnetite/Polymer Composite Particles Prepared by Molecular Assembling Followed by In‐Situ Magnetite Formation
Authors: Yamagata Mika , Abe Masanori , Handa Hiroshi , Kawaguchi Haruma
Published: February 2007

Magnetic nano‐particles composed of superparamagnetic iron oxide in the core and hydrophilic polymer in the shell were prepared for the use of MRI contrast agents. Ferric and ferrous ions were added to an aqueous solution of block copolymer, poly(ethylene oxide)‐block‐poly(glycelol methacrylate‐co‐acrylic acid), which was prepared by living radical polymerization using iniferter. After iron ions‐polymer complex formation, the pH of the solution was raised to 11 to get magnetite nanoparticles which were encapsulated with polymer. Use of the polymer having the molecular weight of ca. 10,000 and the 100 × AAc/GLM of 1–10 and incubation of the mixture of iron ions and water‐soluble polymers at a moderate temperature resulted in the formation of favorable composite particles of 10–20 nm in diameter. The saturation magnetization and other instrumental analysis of composite particles suggested that the iron oxide formed in the above‐mentioned procedure was magnetite.