bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High‐Performance Hazy Silver Nanowire Transparent Electrodes through Diameter Tailoring for Semitransparent Photovoltaics
Authors: Fang Yunsheng , Wu Zhicong , Li Jia , Jiang Fangyuan , Zhang Kui , Zhang Yanli , Zhou Yinhua , Zhou Jun , Hu Bin
Published: January 2018

Solution‐processed metal nanowire networks have attracted substantial attention as clear transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) to replace metal oxides for low‐cost and flexible touch panels and displays. While targeting photovoltaic applications, TCEs are expected to be more hazy for enhancing light absorption in the active layer, but are still required to retain high transmittance and low sheet resistance. Balancing these properties (haze, transmittance, and conductivity) in TCEs to realize high performance but high haze simultaneously is a challenge because they are mutually influenced. Here, by precisely tailoring the diameter of thick–long silver nanowires using rapid radial electrochemical etching, high hazy flexible TCEs are fabricated with high figure of merit of up to 741 (4 Ω sq−1 at 88.4% transmittance with haze of 13.3%), surpassing those of commercialized brittle hazy metal oxides and exhibiting superiority for photovoltaic applications. Laminating such TCEs onto the perovskite solar cells as top electrodes, the obtained semitransparent devices exhibit power efficiencies up to 16.03% and 11.12% when illuminated from the bottom and top sides, respectively, outperforming reported results based on similar device architecture. This study provides a simple strategy for flexible and hazy TCEs fabrication, which is compatible with mild solution‐processed photovoltaic devices, especially those containing heat‐sensitive or chemical‐sensitive materials.
Copper Iodide Based Hybrid Phosphors for Energy‐Efficient General Lighting Technologies
Authors: Liu Wei , Fang Yang , Li Jing
Published: January 2018

Solid‐state‐lighting (SSL) is a new lighting technology that is rapidly replacing conventional lighting sources because it is much more energy efficient, longer lasting, and contributes significantly to environmental protection. A main branch of SSL technology is light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), and white‐light LEDs (WLEDs) are in the greatest demand for general lighting and illumination applications. Current WLED devices rely heavily on rare‐earth elements (REEs), which will likely suffer from cost and supply risks and environmental consequences in the near future. Crystalline inorganic–organic hybrid materials based on I–VII binary semiconductors represent a promising material class as REE‐free phosphor alternatives. This article provides a brief overview of recent advancement on this material family, with a focus on the rational design, energy‐efficient and low‐cost synthesis, systematic modification, and optimization of their electronic, optical, and thermal properties. A particular emphasis will be made on our own progress over the past several years in developing four classes of CuI(L) structures with substantially improved performance as energy‐saving lighting phosphors. General strategies for structural design, synthesis, and property optimization of these materials will also be discussed.
Radiopaque Highly Stiff and Tough Shape Memory Hydrogel Microcoils for Permanent Embolization of Arteries
Authors: Zhang Yinyu , Gao Haijun , Wang Hao , Xu Ziyang , Chen Xiaowei , Liu Bo , Shi Yuan , Lu Ying , Wen Lianfang , Li Yan , Li Zhisheng , Men Yongfeng , Feng Xuequan , Liu Wenguang
Published: January 2018

Transcatheter arterial embolization of aneurysm with metal microcoils is notoriously prone to recanalization arising from the low filling ratio due to their extreme rigidity. Smart hydrogel microcoils with tunable modulus may essentially significantly improve the therapeutic efficacy. Here, a radiopaque highly stiff body‐temperature‐triggered shape memory (SM) hydrogel is fabricated for the first time by introducing reversible hydrophobic dipole pairing microdomains in the flexibly crosslinked network, followed by BaSO4 precipitation. This radiopacification does not affect their mechanical performances as well as the SM effect. It is demonstrated that the mechanical properties of SM hydrogels are comparable to those of rubbers and can be modulated by adjusting temperature ranging from 20 to 40 °C. Benefiting from the thermoresponsive mechanical properties, the stiff radiopaque hydrogel strip can easily pass through a catheter under the protection of cool saline for delivery into pig's renal artery, and spontaneously and rapidly transformed into a microcoil upon contacting blood. Real‐time angiogram reveals that continuous delivery of several hydrogel microcoils can efficiently occlude the blood supply. The kidneys are atrophied considerably over three month postoperative follow‐up, and no recanalization occurs throughout the experimental time. These novel hydrogel microcoils are promising to be developed as novel permanent embolic agents for treating aneurysm.
Coordinating Thermogel for Stem Cell Spheroids and Their Cyto‐Effectiveness
Authors: Ko Du Young , Patel Madhumita , Lee Hyun Jung , Jeong Byeongmoon
Published: January 2018

A polymer (mP) with thermogelling and metal coordinating properties is prepared by pyridine‐dicarboxylate (PDC) connected poly(ethylene glycol)‐poly(propylene glycol)‐poly(ethylene glycol) triblock copolymers. Tonsil‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (TMSCs) are incorporated in the mP hydrogel by increasing the temperature of the cell‐suspended aqueous mP solution to 37 °C. The TMSCs are randomly embedded in the in situ formed hydrogel at first; however, they aggregated to form live cell spheroids on day 7. In contrast, the spheroid formation is blocked in the Fe3+‐incorporating mP thermogel. Compared with the conventional 2D‐cultured stem cells, the stem cell spheroid in the 3D mP culture system exhibits significantly enhanced stemness biomarkers, angiogenic biomarkers, and anti‐inflammatory biomarkers in the growth medium. In addition, the stem cell spheroid exhibits significantly greater biomarker expression for osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic differentiations than the stem cells cultured in the 2D system in each induction medium. This study suggests that a simple injection of stem cells suspended in the current aqueous mP solution can lead to the spontaneous formation of stem cell spheroids with excellent multipotency and retention in the in situ formed thermogel, and thus opens a direct injectable method for the application of the stem cells at a target site.
Porous Iron–Cobalt Alloy/Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Cages Synthesized via Pyrolysis of Complex Metal–Organic Framework Hybrids for Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Guan Bu Yuan , Lu Yan , Wang Yong , Wu Minghong , Lou Xiong Wen (David)
Published: January 2018

Efficient and stable nonprecious metal electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction are of great significance in some important electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems. As a unique class of porous hybrid materials, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and their composites are recently considered as promising precursors to derive advanced functional materials with controlled structures and compositions. Here, an “MOF‐in‐MOF hybrid” confined pyrolysis strategy is developed for the synthesis of porous Fe–Co alloy/N‐doped carbon cages. A unique “MOF‐in‐MOF hybrid” architecture constructed from a Zn‐based MOF core and a Co‐based MOF hybrid shell encapsulated with FeOOH nanorods is first prepared, followed by a pyrolysis process to obtain a cage‐shaped hybrid material consisting of Fe–Co alloy nanocrystallites evenly distributed inside a porous N‐doped carbon microshell. Of note, this strategy can be extended to synthesize many other multifunctional “nanosubstrate‐in‐MOF hybrid” core–shelled structures. Benefiting from the structural and compositional advantages, the as‐derived hybrid cages exhibit superior electrocatalytic performance for the oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline solution. The present approach may provide some insight in design and synthesis of complex MOF hybrid structures and their derived functional materials for energy storage and conversion applications.
Accelerated Discovery of Large Electrostrains in BaTiO3‐Based Piezoelectrics Using Active Learning
Authors: Yuan Ruihao , Liu Zhen , Balachandran Prasanna V. , Xue Deqing , Zhou Yumei , Ding Xiangdong , Sun Jun , Xue Dezhen , Lookman Turab
Published: January 2018

A key challenge in guiding experiments toward materials with desired properties is to effectively navigate the vast search space comprising the chemistry and structure of allowed compounds. Here, it is shown how the use of machine learning coupled to optimization methods can accelerate the discovery of new Pb‐free BaTiO3 (BTO‐) based piezoelectrics with large electrostrains. By experimentally comparing several design strategies, it is shown that the approach balancing the trade‐off between exploration (using uncertainties) and exploitation (using only model predictions) gives the optimal criterion leading to the synthesis of the piezoelectric (Ba0.84Ca0.16)(Ti0.90Zr0.07Sn0.03)O3 with the largest electrostrain of 0.23% in the BTO family. Using Landau theory and insights from density functional theory, it is uncovered that the observed large electrostrain is due to the presence of Sn, which allows for the ease of switching of tetragonal domains under an electric field.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Rhenium Disulfide
Authors: Hämäläinen Jani , Mattinen Miika , Mizohata Kenichiro , Meinander Kristoffer , Vehkamäki Marko , Räisänen Jyrki , Ritala Mikko , Leskelä Markku
Published: January 2018

2D materials research is advancing rapidly as various new “beyond graphene” materials are fabricated, their properties studied, and materials tested in various applications. Rhenium disulfide is one of the 2D transition metal dichalcogenides that has recently shown to possess extraordinary properties such as that it is not limited by the strict monolayer thickness requirements. The unique inherent decoupling of monolayers in ReS2 combined with a direct bandgap and highly anisotropic properties makes ReS2 one of the most interesting 2D materials for a plethora of applications. Here, a highly controllable and precise atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique is applied to deposit ReS2 thin films. Film growth is demonstrated on large area (5 cm × 5 cm) substrates at moderate deposition temperatures between 120 and 500 °C, and the films are extensively characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy/energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffractometry using grazing incidence, atomic force microscopy, focused ion beam/transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and time‐of‐flight elastic recoil detection analysis techniques. The developed ReS2 ALD process highlights the potential of the material for applications beyond planar structure architectures. The ALD process also offers a route to an upgrade to an industrial scale.
Inductor‐Free Wireless Energy Delivery via Maxwell's Displacement Current from an Electrodeless Triboelectric Nanogenerator
Authors: Cao Xia , Zhang Meng , Huang Jinrong , Jiang Tao , Zou Jingdian , Wang Ning , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: January 2018

Wireless power delivery has been a dream technology for applications in medical science, security, radio frequency identification (RFID), and the internet of things, and is usually based on induction coils and/or antenna. Here, a new approach is demonstrated for wireless power delivery by using the Maxwell's displacement current generated by an electrodeless triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) that directly harvests ambient mechanical energy. A rotary electrodeless TENG is fabricated using the contact and sliding mode with a segmented structure. Due to the leakage of electric field between the segments during relative rotation, the generated Maxwell's displacement current in free space is collected by metal collectors. At a gap distance of 3 cm, the output wireless current density and voltage can reach 7 µA cm−2 and 65 V, respectively. A larger rotary electrodeless TENG and flexible wearable electrodeless TENG are demonstrated to power light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) through wireless energy delivery. This innovative discovery opens a new avenue for noncontact, wireless energy transmission for applications in portable and wearable electronics.
Conformal Nanocoatings with Uniform and Controllable Thickness on Microstructured Surfaces: A General Assembly Route
Authors: Hou Yi , Wang Zhen , Cai Chao , Hao Xi , Li Dongdong , Zhao Ning , Zhao Yiping , Chen Li , Ma Hongwei , Xu Jian
Published: January 2018

Assembling nanoparticles (NPs) on various surfaces are intensively investigated for the construction of functional nanocoatings; however, it is still a challenge to fabricate conformal nanocoatings uniformly on surfaces having micro‐ or nanostructures. Herein, it is demonstrated that the negatively charged SiO2 NPs and the positively charged silicon coupling agent can be assembled layer‐by‐layer on the microstructures based on the combination of electrostatic interaction and condensation reaction. Conformal nanocoatings with controllable thickness are formed on the microstructured surfaces with different compositions and morphologies. The formation mechanism is confirmed by using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM‐D) to study the assembly process in real time. The universality of this method is illustrated by using other reactive building blocks with opposite charge to build up the conformal nanocoatings. Application in the preparation of antireflective nanocoatings on nonplanar optical materials is demonstrated. This simple, versatile, and scalable strategy for the preparation of conformal nanocoatings is promising for practical applications.
An Unusual Strong Visible‐Light Absorption Band in Red Anatase TiO2 Photocatalyst Induced by Atomic Hydrogen‐Occupied Oxygen Vacancies
Authors: Yang Yongqiang , Yin Li‐Chang , Gong Yue , Niu Ping , Wang Jian‐Qiang , Gu Lin , Chen Xingqiu , Liu Gang , Wang Lianzhou , Cheng Hui‐Ming
Published: January 2018

Increasing visible light absorption of classic wide‐bandgap photocatalysts like TiO2 has long been pursued in order to promote solar energy conversion. Modulating the composition and/or stoichiometry of these photocatalysts is essential to narrow their bandgap for a strong visible‐light absorption band. However, the bands obtained so far normally suffer from a low absorbance and/or narrow range. Herein, in contrast to the common tail‐like absorption band in hydrogen‐free oxygen‐deficient TiO2, an unusual strong absorption band spanning the full spectrum of visible light is achieved in anatase TiO2 by intentionally introducing atomic hydrogen‐mediated oxygen vacancies. Combining experimental characterizations with theoretical calculations reveals the excitation of a new subvalence band associated with atomic hydrogen filled oxygen vacancies as the origin of such band, which subsequently leads to active photo‐electrochemical water oxidation under visible light. These findings could provide a powerful way of tailoring wide‐bandgap semiconductors to fully capture solar light.
Printable Transparent Conductive Films for Flexible Electronics
Authors: Li Dongdong , Lai Wen‐Yong , Zhang Yi‐Zhou , Huang Wei
Published: January 2018

Printed electronics are an important enabling technology for the development of low‐cost, large‐area, and flexible optoelectronic devices. Transparent conductive films (TCFs) made from solution‐processable transparent conductive materials, such as metal nanoparticles/nanowires, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and conductive polymers, can simultaneously exhibit high mechanical flexibility, low cost, and better photoelectric properties compared to the commonly used sputtered indium‐tin‐oxide‐based TCFs, and are thus receiving great attention. This Review summarizes recent advances of large‐area flexible TCFs enabled by several roll‐to‐roll‐compatible printed techniques including inkjet printing, screen printing, offset printing, and gravure printing using the emerging transparent conductive materials. The preparation of TCFs including ink formulation, substrate treatment, patterning, and postprocessing, and their potential applications in solar cells, organic light‐emitting diodes, and touch panels are discussed in detail. The rational combination of a variety of printed techniques with emerging transparent conductive materials is believed to extend the opportunities for the development of printed electronics within the realm of flexible electronics and beyond.
Near‐Infrared Upconversion Mesoporous Cerium Oxide Hollow Biophotocatalyst for Concurrent pH‐/H2O2‐Responsive O2‐Evolving Synergetic Cancer Therapy
Authors: Yao Chi , Wang Wenxing , Wang Peiyuan , Zhao Mengyao , Li Xiaomin , Zhang Fan
Published: January 2018

Tumor hypoxia is typically presented in the central region of solid tumors, which is mainly caused by an inadequate blood flow and oxygen supply. In the conventional treatment of hypoxic human tumors, not only the oxygen‐dependent photodynamic therapy (PDT), but also antitumor drug‐based chemotherapy, is considerably limited. The use of direct oxygen delivering approach with oxygen‐dependent PDT or chemotherapy may potentiate the reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐mediated cytotoxicity of the drug toward normal tissues. Herein, a synergetic one‐for‐all mesoporous cerium oxide upconversion biophotocatalyst is developed to achieve intratumorally endogenous H2O2‐responsive self‐sufficiency of O2 and near‐infrared light controlled PDT simultaneously for overcoming hypoxia cancer. Furthermore, the sufficient O2 plays an important role in overcoming the chemotherapeutic drug‐resistant cancer caused by hypoxia, therefore inducing tumor cell apoptosis significantly.
Activatable Protein Nanoparticles for Targeted Delivery of Therapeutic Peptides
Authors: Yu Xi , Gou Xingchun , Wu Peng , Han Liang , Tian Daofeng , Du Fengyi , Chen Zeming , Liu Fuyao , Deng Gang , Chen Ann T. , Ma Chao , Liu Jun , Hashmi Sara M. , Guo Xing , Wang Xiaolong , Zhao Haitian , Liu Xinran , Zhu Xudong , Sheth Kevin , Chen Qianxue , Fan Louzhen , Zhou Jiangbing
Published: January 2018

Clinical translation of therapeutic peptides, particularly those that require penetration of the cell membrane or are cytolytic, is a major challenge. A novel approach based on a complementary mechanism, which has been widely used for guided synthesis of DNA or RNA nanoparticles, for de novo design of activatable protein nanoparticles (APNPs) for targeted delivery of therapeutic peptides is described. APNPs are formed through self‐assembly of three independent polypeptides based on pairwise coiled‐coil dimerization. They are capable of long circulation in the blood and can be engineered to target diseases. Peptides to be delivered are incorporated into APNPs and released into the disease microenvironment by locally enriched proteases. It is demonstrated that APNPs mediate efficient delivery of NR2B9c, a neuroprotective peptide that functions after cell penetration, and melittin, a cytolytic peptide that perturbs the lipid bilayer, for effective treatment of stroke and cancer, respectively. Due to their robust properties, simple design, and economic costs, APNPs have great potential to serve as a versatile platform for controlled delivery of therapeutic peptides.
An Artificial Flexible Visual Memory System Based on an UV‐Motivated Memristor
Authors: Chen Shuai , Lou Zheng , Chen Di , Shen Guozhen
Published: January 2018

For the mimicry of human visual memory, a prominent challenge is how to detect and store the image information by electronic devices, which demands a multifunctional integration to sense light like eyes and to memorize image information like the brain by transforming optical signals to electrical signals that can be recognized by electronic devices. Although current image sensors can perceive simple images in real time, the image information fades away when the external image stimuli are removed. The deficiency between the state‐of‐the‐art image sensors and visual memory system inspires the logical integration of image sensors and memory devices to realize the sensing and memory process toward light information for the bionic design of human visual memory. Hence, a facile architecture is designed to construct artificial flexible visual memory system by employing an UV‐motivated memristor. The visual memory arrays can realize the detection and memory process of UV light distribution with a patterned image for a long‐term retention and the stored image information can be reset by a negative voltage sweep and reprogrammed to the same or an other image distribution, which proves the effective reusability. These results provide new opportunities for the mimicry of human visual memory and enable the flexible visual memory device to be applied in future wearable electronics, electronic eyes, multifunctional robotics, and auxiliary equipment for visual handicapped.
Triboelectric Nanogenerator Tree for Harvesting Wind Energy and Illuminating in Subway Tunnel
Authors: Bian Yaoxing , Jiang Tao , Xiao Tianxiao , Gong Wenping , Cao Xia , Wang Zhaona , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: January 2018

As an important green energy in our life, natural wind energy is widely applied to generate electricity. In this work, a bionic triboelectric nanogenerator tree composed of supercells with cell I of leaf and cell II of stem is designed for harvesting wind energy by utilizing the coupling effect of contact electrification and electrostatic induction. At the wind speed of 11 m s−1, the fabricated triboelectric nanogenerator tree produces an open‐circuit voltage of 330 V and a short‐circuit current of 59.6 µA. The corresponding output power is 3.6 mW at the matched resistance of 60 MΩ, and 145 light‐emitting diodes can be lightened. Furthermore, a flexible device of a triboelectric nanogenerator tree is fabricated to present potential applications for illumination and advertisement in the long tunnel through harvesting the moving‐generated wind energy. Due to the advantages of light weight, low cost, easy fabrication, and beautiful appearance, the triboelectric nanogenerator tree can find important applications in billboard illuminating, vehicle speed measuring, and so on.
How Does the Neighborhood “Come through the Door?” Concentrated Disadvantage, Residential Instability, and the Home Environment for Preschoolers
Authors: May Emily M. , Azar Sandra T. , Matthews Stephen A.
Published: January 2018

Living in a disadvantaged neighborhood is associated with heightened risk for poor school readiness and health outcomes in early childhood, and the home environment is thought to be a primary mechanism by which neighborhood context impacts preschoolers. This study examined the effects of neighborhood concentrated disadvantage and neighborhood residential instability on the home physical environment and home learning environment for preschoolers in economically disadvantaged families (N = 187). Using structural equation modeling, mothers' perceived neighborhood disorder and depressive symptoms were examined as mechanisms by which neighborhood context “comes through the door.” Mothers' neighborhood social embeddedness was also explored as a protective factor. Results showed that concentrated disadvantage was negatively associated with the quality of the home physical environment, and residential instability was negatively associated with the quality of the home learning environment. Concentrated disadvantage had an indirect effect on the home learning environment through mothers' perceived neighborhood disorder and depressive symptoms. The effects of concentrated disadvantage on the home environment were buffered by mothers' neighborhood social embeddedness. Study findings advance understanding of socioeconomic‐ and place‐based disparities in developmental outcomes and identify potential targets for interventions aimed at lessening effects of neighborhood disadvantage on families with young children.
Biopolymer‐Aerogele und ‐Schäume: Chemie, Eigenschaften und Anwendungen
Authors: Zhao Shanyu , Malfait Wim J. , Guerrero‐Alburquerque Natalia , Koebel Matthias M. , Nyström Gustav
Published: January 2018

Biopolymer‐Aerogele gehören zu den ersten Aerogelen, die hergestellt wurden, aber erst im letzten Jahrzehnt kam es zu einer Belebung der Forschung über Biopolymer‐ und Biopolymer‐Verbundstoff‐Aerogele, die durch Fragen der Nachhaltigkeit, einstellbare spezielle Eigenschaften und einfache Funktionalisierung motiviert wird. Biopolymer‐Aerogele und offenzellige Biopolymer‐Schäume haben Potenzial für klassische Aerogel‐Anwendungen wie Wärmedämmung und neue Anwendungen bei der Filtration, Öl‐Wasser‐Trennung, CO2‐Abscheidung, Katalyse und in der Medizin. Das Gebiet der Biopolymer‐Aerogele wird heute von der empirischen Materialentwicklung auf dem Labormaßstab beherrscht und benötigt eine bessere theoretische Grundlage und Test in Pilotanlagen. Unser Aufsatz umfasst eine Datenbank mit über 3800 Biopolymer‐Aerogel‐Eigenschaften, beurteilt den Forschungsstand auf dem Gebiet und diskutiert wissenschaftliche, technologische und wirtschaftliche Hindernisse bei der Kommerzialisierung dieser faszinierenden Materialien.
Selective Production of Renewable para‐Xylene by Tungsten Carbide Catalyzed Atom‐Economic Cascade Reactions
Authors: Dai Tao , Li Changzhi , Li Lin , Zhao Zongbao Kent , Zhang Bo , Cong Yu , Wang Aiqin
Published: January 2018

Tungsten carbide was employed as the catalyst in an atom‐economic and renewable synthesis of para‐xylene with excellent selectivity and yield from 4‐methyl‐3‐cyclohexene‐1‐carbonylaldehyde (4‐MCHCA). This intermediate is the product of the Diels–Alder reaction between the two readily available bio‐based building blocks acrolein and isoprene. Our results suggest that 4‐MCHCA undergoes a novel dehydroaromatization–hydrodeoxygenation cascade process by intramolecular hydrogen transfer that does not involve an external hydrogen source, and that the hydrodeoxygenation occurs through the direct dissociation of the C=O bond on the W2C surface. Notably, this process is readily applicable to the synthesis of various (multi)methylated arenes from bio‐based building blocks, thus potentially providing a petroleum‐independent solution to valuable aromatic compounds.
Rapid Capture and Release of Nucleic Acids through a Reversible Photo‐Cycloaddition Reaction in a Psoralen‐Functionalized Hydrogel
Authors: Zhang Yizhe , Chan Peggy P. Y. , Herr Amy E.
Published: January 2018

Reversible immobilization of DNA and RNA is of great interest to researchers who seek to manipulate DNA or RNA in applications such as microarrays, DNA hydrogels, and gene therapeutics. However, there is no existing system that can rapidly capture and release intact nucleic acids. To meet this unmet need, we developed a functional hydrogel for rapid DNA/RNA capture and release based on the reversible photo‐cycloaddition of psoralen and pyrimidines. The functional hydrogel can be easily fabricated through copolymerization of acrylamide with the synthesized allylated psoralen. The psoralen‐functionalized hydrogel exhibits effective capture and release of nucleic acids spanning a wide range of lengths in a rapid fashion; over 90 % of the capture process is completed within 1 min, and circa 100 % of the release process is completed within 2 min. We observe no deleterious effects on the hybridization to the captured targets.
Templated Growth of InP Nanocrystals with a Polytwistane Structure
Authors: Ritchhart Andrew , Cossairt Brandi M.
Published: January 2018

We have synthesized InP nanocrystals of an unprecedented crystal phase at low temperature (35–100 °C) by templated growth of InP magic‐sized clusters. With the addition of stoichiometric equivalents of P(SiMe3)3 to the starting cluster, we demonstrate nanocrystal growth mediated through a partial dissolution and recrystallization pathway. This growth process was monitored using a combination of in situ UV/Vis and 31P NMR spectroscopy, revealing the intermediacy of smaller cluster species of higher symmetry. The nanocrystals that result from this templated growth exhibit a crystal structure that is neither zincblende nor wurtzite, and instead is derived from the original cluster. This structure is best described as a 3D polytwistane phase as deduced from a combination of X‐ray diffraction, Raman, and solid‐state NMR spectroscopy methods.
Cation‐Tuned Synthesis of Fluorooxoborates: Towards Optimal Deep‐Ultraviolet Nonlinear Optical Materials
Authors: Wang Ying , Zhang Bingbing , Yang Zhihua , Pan Shilie
Published: January 2018

The development of new nonlinear optical (NLO) materials for deep‐ultraviolet (DUV) applications is in great demand. However, the synthesis of an ideal DUV NLO crystal is a serious challenge. Herein, three new alkali‐metal fluorooxoborates, AB4O6F (A=K, Rb, and Cs, and a mixed cation between two of them), were successfully synthesized by cation regulation. It is found that all reported compounds exhibit short UV absorption edges (<190 nm), and show second harmonic generation (SHG) responses ranging from 0.8 to 1.9 KH2PO4 (KDP). Interestingly, by judicious selection of the A‐site alkali‐metal cations, the arrangement of NLO‐active structural units is fine‐tuned to an optimal configuration, which contributes to large SHG responses.
Direct Synthesis of Polysubstituted Aldehydes via Visible‐Light Catalysis
Authors: Wu Fengjin , Wang Leifeng , Chen Jiean , Nicewicz David A. , Huang Yong
Published: January 2018

Aldehydes are among the most versatile functional groups for synthetic chemistry. However, access to polysubstituted alkyl aldehydes is very limited and requires lengthy synthetic routes that involve multiple‐step functional‐group conversion. This paper reports a one‐step synthesis of polysubstituted aldehydes from readily available olefin substrates using visible‐light photoredox catalysis. Despite a number of competing reaction pathways, commercial styrenes react with vinyl ethers selectively in the presence of an acridinium salt photooxidant and a disulfide hydrogen‐atom‐transfer catalyst under blue LED irradiation. Alkyl aldehydes with different substitution patterns are prepared in good yields. This strategy can be applied to structurally sophisticated substrates.
Influence of Syzygium cumini leaves extract on morphological, thermal, mechanical, and antimicrobial properties of PVA and PVA/chitosan blend films
Authors: Kasai Deepak , Chougale Ravindra , Masti Saraswati , Chalannavar Raju , Malabadi Ravindra B. , Gani Ramesh
Published: January 2018

In the present work, poly(vinyl alcohol)/Syzygium cumini leaves extract (PSN) and poly(vinyl alcohol)/chitosan/S. cumini leaves extract blend films were prepared by solution casting technique. The films were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X‐ray diffraction study, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and universal testing machine. The results indicated that the appreciable physical interaction at lower concentrations of S. cumini leaves extract in the PVA and PVA/chitosan films contribute to the smooth uniform morphology, increased the degree of crystallinity, degradation temperature, and improved mechanical properties. Further, films were analyzed with water contact angle analyzer which illustrates that blend films were hydrophilic (PSN‐1) and hydrophobic (PCS‐1) in nature. However, blend films were also subjected to the antimicrobial study, which revealed that inclusion of S. cumini leaves extracts significantly enhanced the antibacterial activity in the PVA and PVA/chitosan film. With all of these results, fabricated blends can find potential applications in packaging material to extend the shelf life of foodstuffs. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46188.
Integrating Fast and Frugal Heuristics with a Model of Memory‐based Cue Generation
Authors: Lawrence Ashley , Thomas Rick P. , Dougherty Michael R.
Published: January 2018

Although the fast and frugal heuristics have been studied extensively, relatively little attention has been paid to how cues are generated to be used within the heuristics. The goal of this paper is to propose and test a memory‐based model of how cues are generated and used in cue‐based inferences. The current study advances theory by integrating the fast and frugal heuristics with HyGene, a memory‐based model of how decision makers generate and evaluate hypotheses. Using archival data in which memory retrieval variables were not directly manipulated, we demonstrate that participants' cue selection behavior is consistent with memory‐based retrieval. Further, by directly manipulating memory retrieval within a cue‐based stock‐forecasting task, we demonstrate that memory processes underlie cue use. Participants' cue use varied depending on the relationship between cue validity and the frequency with which the cues were seen during learning. The HyGene model provided the best account of the empirical data, providing further evidence for the critical role of memory in judgment and decision making. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carotid plaque volume in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy
Authors: Ball S , Rogers S , Kanesalingam K , Taylor R , Katsogridakis E , McCollum C
Published: January 2018

Background

The main indication for carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is severity of carotid artery stenosis, even though most strokes in carotid disease are embolic. The relationship between carotid plaque volume (CPV) and symptoms of cerebral ischaemia, and the measurement of CPV by minimally invasive tomographic ultrasound imaging, were investigated.

Methods

The volume of the endarterectomy specimen was measured using a validated saline suspension technique in patients undergoing CEA. Time from last symptom and severity of stenosis measured by duplex ultrasonography were recorded. Middle cerebral artery emboli were counted using transcranial Doppler imaging (TCD) in a subset of patients.

Results

Some 339 patients were included, 270 with symptomatic and 69 with asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Mean(s.d.) CPV was higher in symptomatic than in asymptomatic patients (0·97(0·43) versus 0.74(0·41) cm3; P < 0·001). CPV did not correlate with severity of carotid stenosis (P = 0·770). Mean CPV was highest at 1·03(0·46) cm3 in the 4 weeks following cerebral symptoms, declining to 0·78(0·36) cm3 beyond 8 weeks. Among 33 patients who had TCD, mean CPV was 1·00(0·48) cm3 in the 27 patients with ipsilateral cerebral emboli compared with 0·67(0·16) cm3 in those without (P = 0·142). There was excellent correlation between CPV measured by tomographic ultrasound imaging and the endarterectomy specimen in 34 patients (r = 0·93, P < 0·001).

Conclusion

CPV correlated with symptoms of cerebral ischaemia, but not carotid stenosis. It could be a potential indicator for CEA.
Conformers of Zwitterionic Glycine in Aqueous Phase
Authors: Ghosh Manik Kumer , Choi Tae Hoon , Choi Cheol Ho
Published: January 2018

Zwitterionic glycine was investigated for its major conformers and their isomerizations in aqueous phase by QM/MM‐MD. The rotameric barrier of zwitterionic glycine along C−C bond is approximately 2 kcal/mol higher than that of non‐ionized one. It can be attributed to the strong electrostatic effects of zwitterion, which attracts water solvents more tightly. Unlike the previous quantum mechanical calculations, our QM/MM‐MD found that only the gauche conformer as stable minima along the C−N bond rotation. Overall, the preferred conformers in real solution are different from those found with limited clusters, necessitating the use of QM/MM‐MD.
Encapsulation of Dual‐Emitting Fluorescent Magnetic Nanoprobe in Metal‐Organic Frameworks for Ultrasensitive Ratiometric Detection of Cu2+
Authors: Wang Jing , Chen Haiyong , Ru Fan , Zhang Zhen , Mao Xiang , Shan Duoliang , Chen Jing , Lu Xiaoquan
Published: January 2018

An effective dual‐emission fluorescent metal‐organic framework (MOF)‐based nanoprobe has been established for ultrasensitive and rapid ratiometric detection of Cu2+. Such a nanoprobe was prepared by encapsulating fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), and Eu(III) complex‐functionalized Fe3O4 into the zeolitic imidazolate framework material (ZIF‐8). In this nanoprobe, FITC was used as a reference signal, thus improving the influence of external uncertainties. The Eu‐complex signal could be quenched after adding an amount of Cu2+. The ZIF‐8 could enrich the target analytes, which can amplify the fluorescence signal due to the good adsorption properties of the ZIF‐8. Based on above structural and compositional features, the detection limit of the nanoprobe is 0.1 nm for Cu2+, almost 2×104 times lower than the maximum allowable amount of Cu2+ in drinking water, which constructed a platform for effective detection of Cu2+. Using the nanoprobe to detect Cu2+ in aqueous solution is rapid and the probe still remained stable. Additionally, this sensor for the ratiometric fluorescence imaging of copper ions was also certified in real samples and live cells.
Synthesis and Reactivity of Donor‐Stabilized Bis(pentafluoroethyl)stannylene [Sn(C2F5)2(D)n] (D=THF, DMAP, PMe3, [Sn(C2F5)3]−)
Authors: Klösener Johannes , Wiesemann Markus , Niemann Mark , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Hoge Berthold
Published: January 2018

In this contribution we report on the synthesis of bis(pentafluoroethyl)stannane, H2Sn(C2F5)2. In the reaction with donor molecules a ready elimination of hydrogen and the formation of the corresponding donor‐stabilized monomeric bis(pentafluoroethyl)stannylene, Sn(C2F5)2, becomes apparent. With dependence on the Lewis basicity and steric demand of the donor, varying coordination numbers are realized. Whereas the reaction with nitrogen bases like 4‐(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) leads to the complexation of two donor molecules, [Sn(C2F5)2(dmap)2], treatment with PMe3 or [Sn(C2F5)3]− furnished the corresponding neutral or anionic monoadducts, [Sn(C2F5)2(D)] (D=PMe3, [Sn(C2F5)3]−). In contrast, the utilization of sterically demanding donors, such as iPr2O, as well as the thermal treatment of ether complexes, [Sn(C2F5)2(D)n] (D=Et2O, THF), leads to the formation of oligomeric and cyclic stannylene moieties [Sn(C2F5)2]n. The reactivity of H2Sn(C2F5)2 and the donor‐stabilized stannylenes was proven by hydrostannylation and complexation reactions with tetracarbonylnickel and bimetallic compounds. In the latter case, a donor‐dependent stannylene or distannylene insertion into the metal–metal bond was observed.
Assemblies of Boron Dipyrromethene/Porphyrin, Phthalocyanine, and C60 Moieties as Artificial Models of Photosynthesis: Synthesis, Supramolecular Interactions, and Photophysical Studies
Authors: Chen Xiao‐Fei , El‐Khouly Mohamed E. , Ohkubo Kei , Fukuzumi Shunichi , Ng Dennis K. P.
Published: January 2018

A series of light‐harvesting conjugates based on a zinc(II) phthalocyanine core with either two or four boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) or porphyrin units have been synthesized and characterized. The conjugation of BODIPY/porphyrin units can extend the absorptions of the phthalocyanine core to cover most of the visible region. Upon addition of an imidazole‐substituted C60 (C60Im), it can axially bind to the zinc(II) center of the phthalocyanine core through metal–ligand interactions. The resulting complexes form photosynthetic antenna‐reaction center mimics in which the BODIPY/porphyrin units serve as the antennas to capture the light and transfer the energy to the phthalocyanine core by efficient excitation energy transfer. The excited phthalocyanine is then quenched by the axially bound C60Im moiety by electron transfer, which has been supported by computational studies. The photoinduced processes of the assemblies have been studied in detail by various steady‐state and time‐resolved spectroscopic methods. By femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopic studies, the lifetimes of the charge‐separated state of the bis(BODIPY) and bis(porphyrin) systems have been determined to be 3.2 and 4.0 ns, respectively.
SnS2/Sb2S3 Heterostructures Anchored on Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets with Superior Rate Capability for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Shijian , Liu Shuaishuai , Li Xuemei , Li Cong , Zang Rui , Man Zengming , Wu Yuhan , Li Pengxin , Wang Guoxiu
Published: January 2018

Tin disulfide, as a promising high‐capacity anode material for sodium‐ion batteries, exhibits high theoretical capacity but poor practical electrochemical properties due to its low electrical conductivity. Constructing heterostructures has been considered to be an effective approach to enhance charge transfer and ion‐diffusion kinetics. In this work, composites of SnS2/Sb2S3 heterostructures with reduced graphene oxide nanosheets were synthesized by a facile one‐pot hydrothermal method. When applied as anode material in sodium‐ion batteries, the composite showed a high reversible capacity of 642 mA h g−1 at a current density of 0.2 A g−1 and good cyclic stability without capacity loss in 100 cycles. In particular, SnS2/Sb2S3 heterostructures exhibited outstanding rate performance with capacities of 593 and 567 mA h g−1 at high current densities of 2 and 4 A g−1, respectively, which could be ascribed to the dramatically improved Na+ diffusion kinetics and electrical conductivity.
Introduction of Boron Functionalities into Silsesquioxanes: Novel Independent Methodologies
Authors: Kaźmierczak Joanna , Kuciński Krzysztof , Stachowiak Hanna , Hreczycho Grzegorz
Published: January 2018

Owing to their versatile application possibilities, silsesquioxanes (SQs) are of considerable interest for creating hybrid inorganic–organic materials. In this report, two novel and independent strategies for the direct attachment of boron functionalities to silsesquioxanes are presented. Encouraged by our previous work concerning the synthesis of borasiloxanes through the catalyst‐free dehydrogenative coupling of silanols and boranes, we decided to apply our method to a synthesis of various boron‐functionalized silsesquioxanes. During our tests, we also investigated the activity of scandium(III) triflate, which we have previously used as an excellent catalyst for the obtaining of Si‐O‐Si and Si‐O‐Ge moieties. As a result, we also discovered a novel approach for theO‐borylation of Si−OH groups in silsesquioxanes with allylborane. Both routes are highly chemoselective and efficiently lead to the obtaining of Si‐O‐B moiety under air atmosphere and at room temperature.
Die faszinierende bioanorganische Chemie der Selten‐Erd‐Elemente
Authors: Jahn Bérénice , Daumann Lena Josefine
Published: January 2018

Die Selten‐Erd‐Elemente haben Naturwissenschaftler schon seit Jahrzehnten fasziniert und ihnen Kopfzerbrechen bereitet. Diese Elemente sind heute aus unserem täglichen Leben nicht mehr wegzudenken. Das verdanken sie ihren einzigartigen physikochemischen Eigenschaften. Aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse zeigen zudem, dass manche dieser Elemente essentiell für methanotrophe Bakterien sind. Wir stehen erst am Anfang einer Entdeckungsreise in die faszinierende bioanorganische Chemie dieser Elemente und warten gespannt, welche Überraschungen sie noch für uns bereithalten.
Pyridin als Hoffnungsträger für die Goldlaugung?
Authors: Rehfeld Annette Hille
Published: January 2018

Um die ungebrochene Nachfrage nach Gold zu bedienen, werden jährlich Erze und Abraum in der Größenordnung von Mega‐Tonnen ausgebeutet, neuerdings auch Elektroschrott. Da die seit dem Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts gebräuchliche Cyanid‐Laugerei enorme Risiken für Mensch und Umwelt mit sich bringt, sind Alternativen gefragt.
Who is at risk after risk reduction?
Authors: Walsh Christine S.
Published: January 2018

After gynecologic risk‐reducing surgery, BRCA1/2 mutation carriers remain at risk of developing primary peritoneal cancer. The study by Harmsen et al in this issue of Cancer provides information regarding who might be at greater risk after risk‐reduction surgery.

See also pages 952‐9.
Long‐term outcome of dasatinib first‐line treatment in gastrointestinal stromal tumor: A multicenter, 2‐stage phase 2 trial (Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research 56/07)
Authors: Montemurro Michael , Cioffi Angela , Dômont Julien , Rutkowski Piotr , Roth Arnaud D. , von Moos Roger , Inauen Roman , Toulmonde Maud , Burkhard Roger O. , Knuesli Claudio , Bauer Sebastian , Cassier Philippe , Schwarb Heike , Le Cesne Axel , Koeberle Dieter , Bärtschi Daniela , Dietrich Daniel , Biaggi Christine , Prior John , Leyvraz Serge
Published: January 2018

BACKGROUND

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have improved the outcome of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), but most patients eventually develop resistance and progress. Dasatinib is a potent inhibitor of BCR‐ABL, KIT, and SRC family kinases as well as imatinib‐resistant cells. In GISTs, response evaluation is routinely done using computed tomography (CT) and 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography coupled to CT (FDG‐PET/CT) for early response assessment and outcome prediction.

METHODS

This was a 2‐stage, phase 2 trial investigating dasatinib 2 × 70 mg per day in patients with histologically proven, TKI‐naïve, FDG‐PET/CT‐positive GIST. The primary endpoint was FDG‐PET/CT response.

RESULTS

Of 52 planned patients, 47 were enrolled from January 2008 to November 2011, when the trial was terminated because of slow accrual. In total, 42 patients were eligible. The median patient age was 61 years, 24 patients were men, and 18 were women. Performance status was 0 in 29 patients and 1 in 13 patients. The median follow‐up was 67.2 months. Patients went off trial for elective surgery (n = 8), after 26 cycles as per protocol (n = 5), for disease progression (n = 14), for toxicity (n = 7), and for other reasons (n = 5); and 3 patients died (2 had discontinued drug and 1 was still receiving drug). Toxicity was grade 4 in 5% and grade 3 in 48% of patients and was most often gastrointestinal or pulmonary. Dose was interrupted or reduced in 25% of cycles. The FDG‐PET/CT response rate (complete plus partial responses) at 4 weeks was 74% (95% confidence interval, 56%‐85%; 14 patients had a complete response, 17 had a partial response, 6 had stable disease, 3 had progressive disease, and 2 were not evaluable). The median progression‐free survival was 13.6 months, and the median overall survival was not reached.

CONCLUSIONS

Dasatinib produced high metabolic response rates in TKI‐naive patients with FDG‐PET/CT‐positive GIST. Cancer 2018;124:1449‐54. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
Advanced practitioner in anatomic pathology: The time has come
Authors: Sweeney Brenda J. , Wilbur David C.
Published: January 2018

Appropriately trained cytotechnologists have been shown to have the skills necessary to safely assist the pathologist in nontraditional tasks. These advanced‐level individuals may be necessary to stem the leakage of traditional pathology services to other specialties or even prevent them from not being done at all. The time has arrived to move this concept forward.

See also pages 232‐5.
A high‐level library for multidimensional arrays programming in computational science
Authors: Chakroun Imen , Vander Aa Tom , De Fraine Bruno , Haber Tom , Costanza Pascal , Wuyts Roel
Published: January 2018

This paper describes ExaShark, a hybrid n‐dimensional array toolkit offered as a high‐level library for scientists to compute large‐scale simulations. It offers a global‐array–like interface while its runtime can be configured to use shared memory threading techniques, inter‐node distribution techniques, or combinations of both. ExaShark takes advantage of the latest HPC technologies, helping to scale to future generation systems. It has been used to develop several scientific applications including stencil codes, solvers, and matrix factorization algorithms. These applications are used to demonstrate that it improves on the state of the art by providing a user‐friendly, generic API without sacrificing performance.