bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nematode diversity indices application to determine the soil health status of Lembo Agroecosystem in West Kutai, East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia
Authors: SUYADI Suyadi , SILA SURYA , SAMUEL JEMI
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Suyadi, Sila S, Samuel J. 2021. Nematode diversity indices application to determine the soil health status of Lembo agroecosystem in West Kutai, East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 2861-2869. Lembo is a typical agroecosystem developed by the people of East Kalimantan, especially in the West Kutai District. Lembo agroecosystems (LA) are generally built on the former of sifting cultivation rice fields. The fertile condition of tropical rainforest land in East Kalimantan, if converted to a rice field agroecosystem, its fertility decreases drastically. However, Lembo is an agroecosystem similar to the forest, and its soil health status in this study was determined by using nematode diversity indices as the indicator. Nematode diversity indices are very useful as indicators because nematodes occupy all positions of the micro food web in the rhizosphere. They can support the increase in soil fertility or pose risks as a pest. This study was aimed to determine the health status of LA soil by using evaluation indicators: (i) nematode absolute abundance, (ii) nematode diversity indices [Shannon-Wiener index (H'), genera richness index (GR), and dominance index (?)], and (iii) nematode maturity indices (?MI, MI, MI2-5, PPI, and the PPI/MI-ratio), and using the oil palm plantation (OPP) as the comparison agroecosystem. Based on nematode maturity indices, LA soil health status was categorized as good with MI value > 2.6, the community abundance of nematode genera in the colonizers' group (c-p2) ? 50%, and community abundance of nematode genera in the persisters group (c-p4) > 10%. Then based on the nematode diversity indices (H', GR, and ?), the LA soil health status was higher than the OPP soil health status, in LA the values of H', GR, and ? were 30%-43%, 60%-91%, and 12%-88%, respectively higher than OPP. The pest status of plant-parasitic nematodes in both agroecosystems is relatively light because their presence is counterbalanced by predatory, carnivore, and omnivore nematodes.
Population estimation of freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus novaeguineae) and tree vegetation diversity at wildlife reserve of Mamberamo Foja, Papua, Indonesia
Authors: SUHARNO SUHARNO , KADIR AKHMAD , SEMBIRING EDWARD , MASIKI ASKHARI DG. , MUBARAK TAUFIK , RATNAWATI LUSIANA D. , LESSIL NAFLI , IDRIS DANIAL , IMBENAI JOHAN G.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Suharno, Kadir A, Sembiring E, Masiki AD, Mubarak T, Lessil N, Ratnawati LD, Idris D, Imbenai JG. 2021. Population estimation of freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus novaeguineae) and tree vegetation diversity at wildlife reserve of Mamberamo Foja, Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 2928-2936. The structure and composition of vegetation in the conservation area have a major influence on the existence of other flora and fauna, including freshwater crocodiles (C. novaeguineae). Wildlife Reserve of Mamberamo Foja (WRMF) is a conservation area in Papua that aims to protect the habitat and existence of freshwater crocodiles. The purpose of this study was to estimate the number of freshwater crocodile populations and tree species diversity in the WRMF, Papua. The method used was a field survey. The crocodile survey was carried out using the spotlight night count method. Tree species diversity was assessed using the line-transect plot method in 6 different locations representing the Upper, Central, and Lower Mamberamo. The results of the investigation showed that the freshwater crocodile population in the WRMF was around 0.3-19.7 individuals per kilometer. The population of this freshwater crocodile was very high, with an average of 4.5 individuals per 1-kilometer distance. The highest population numbers were found in the upstream Mamberamo River area 6.22 ind./km, followed by the central Mamberamo (2.21 ind./km) and downstream Mamberamo area (2.05 ind./km). Crocodiles were found in the Mamberamo River and other river systems, such as swamps and lakes. The tree vegetation in this area is still relatively good, and there are 112 species, dominated by the Moraceae, Burseraceae, Myrtaceae, Rubiaceae, Lauraceae, Dipterocarpaceae, and Euphorbiaceae families. The results of this study are important as a basis for determining the conservation policy for freshwater crocodiles that have limited distribution.
Molecular identification of Gracilaria species (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) obtained from the South Coast of Java Island, Indonesia
Authors: Meinita Maria Dyah Nur , Akromah Nashiatul , Andriyani Nuraina , SETIJANTO Setijanto , Harwanto Dicky , Liu Tao
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Meinita MDN, Akromah N, Andriyani N, Setijanto, Harwanto D, Liu T. 2021. Molecular identification of Gracilaria species (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) obtained from the South Coast of Java Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3046-3056. The study of seaweeds diversity and species identification is an important component of marine resource management. However, seaweed identification based on morphological characteristics has several limitations. Besides, DNA barcodes or the partial sequences of cytochrome c oxidase I (COX1) have been proved to identify seaweeds at the species level. To date, Gracilaria species molecular diversity has not been studied in the South Coast of Java Island. Hence, this study aimed to identify the Gracilaria spp. obtained from 6 different beaches along the South Coast of Java, based on the COX1 gene. COX1 gene utilization for identifying and observing the genetic diversity, both intraspecific (genetic variation within species) and interspecific (variations between species) of Gracilaria species in this study has produced good results. A total of 13 seaweed samples collected from beaches in this study were identified as Gracilaria salicornia, G. edulis, G. firma, and G. textorii. The results of genetic diversity analysis conducted using the COX1 gene showed the intraspecific diversity of G. edulis obtained from the beaches of Kondang Merak, Kukup, Nusakambangan, and Karapyak was included in the moderate diversity category. Also, the intraspecific diversity of G. salicornia obtained from the beaches of Kondang Merak, Kukup, and Nusakambangan was included in the moderate diversity category, while the intraspecific diversity of G. textorii from Menganti and Karapyak Beach had no diversity.
Isolation, identification, and analysis of the invertase-producing bacteria abundance in sugarcane rhizosphere soil with different plant productivity levels
Authors: Lase Ester Raisa K. , Giyanto Giyanto , SANTOSA DWI ANDREAS
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Lase ERK, Giyanto Santosa DA. 2021. Isolation, identification, and analysis of the invertase-producing bacteria abundance in sugarcane rhizosphere soil with different plant productivity levels. Biodiversitas 22: 3156-3162. microbes and enzymes play an important role in maintaining the stability of soil ecosystems. Invertase is one of the soil enzymes produced by microbes to hydrolyze sucrose in the environment. The aims of this study were to investigate the abundance of invertase-producing bacteria and soil invertase activity in sugarcane rhizosphere soil with different plant productivity levels and their correlation with soil chemical and physical properties and to obtain invertase-producing bacteria from the sugarcane rhizosphere. The samples of sugarcane rhizosphere soil were collected using a randomized sampling method and determine their physical-chemical properties, the abundance of invertase-producing bacteria, and soil invertase activity. Twenty invertase-producing bacteria were successfully isolated and tested their abilities to produce invertase qualitatively and quantitatively. The three best isolates (ScT112, ScT124, and ScR301) were molecularly identified using the 16S rRNA gene and phylogenetic tree analysis. The results of this study indicate that there is a significant correlation between invertase bacterial abundance and soil invertase activity. The abundance of invertase-producing bacteria correlates with pH, organic C, total N, and soil sand content. Invertase activity in the soil correlates with pH and organic C. Based on the phylogenetic tree, the isolates of ScT112 had the closest homology with Cupriavidus sp., ScT124 was homologous with Klebsiella variicola, while ScR301 was homologous with Pantoea sp. These three isolates have the potential to be developed in industrial biotechnology to produce invertase. The hydrolysis zones of ScT112, ScT124, and ScR301 were 3.12 cm, 2.76 cm, and 2.55 cm, respectively with the invertase activity of 27.82 U mL-1, 24.56 U mL-1, and 24.08 U mL-1.
Vegetation structure, aboveground biomass, and carbon storage of wono¸ a local forest management in Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, across three geomorphological zones
Authors: Tohirin Tohirin , Suryanto Priyono , Sadono Ronggo
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Tohirin, Suryanto P, Sadono R. 2021. Vegetation structure, aboveground biomass, and carbon storage of wono¸ local forest management in Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, across three geomorphological zones. Biodiversitas 22: 3207-3218. Wono is local community-based forest management in Gunungkidul District, Yogyakarta. This land use has the potential to reduce carbon dioxide emissions through their carbon sequestration capacity as well as to produce renewable energy sources through wood biomass for charcoal and wood pellet. Since Gunungkidul is unique in terms of geomorphological characteristics, study on the vegetation structure, biomass estimation, and carbon storage of wono across geomorphological zones are important. Therefore, this study describes the vegetation structure of wono in three geomorphological zones of Gunungkidul District, as well as estimates the aboveground living biomass (AGB) and aboveground living carbon storage (AGC). The quadratic sampling technique was used to collect data for vegetation analysis with the size of the plots were 20 m x 20 m, 10 m x 10 m, 5 m x 5 m, and 2 m x 2 m for trees, poles, saplings, and seedlings, respectively. A total of 32 plots were established, consisting of 18 plots in Nglanggeran Village, 12 plots in Dengok Village, and six plots in Girisekar Village, each village representing geomorphological zones of Batur Agung, Ledok Wonosari, and Pegunungan Seribu, respectively. The AGB was performed non-destructively and estimated using referenced allometric equations. Furthermore, the AGC was calculated using a conversion factor of 0.47 from the obtained AGB. The results showed that the identified species at wono in Batur Agung, Ledok Wonosari, and Pegunungan Seribu zones were 13, 7, and 8, respectively. Swietenia macrophylla had the highest important value index (IVI) of 185.22% in the Batur Agung zone, while Tectona grandis was the most important species in both the Ledok Wonosari and Pegunungan Seribu zones with IVI= 238.27% and 178.60%, respectively. The biodiversity in these three zones was very low in terms of species diversity (H' < 2) and species richness (R1 < 3.4). The estimated AGB and calculated AGC in the Batur Agung, Ledok Wonosari, and Pegunungan Seribu zones were 210.96 ton ha-1 and 99.15 ton C ha-1, 73.58 ton ha-1 and 34.58 ton C ha-1, and 57.92 ton ha-1 and 27.22 ton C ha-1, respectively.
Population genetics analysis of Phytophthora nicotianae associated with heart rot in pineapple revealed geneflow between population
Authors: Afandi Auliana , Subandiyah Siti , Wibowo Arif , Hieno Ayaka , AFANDI Afandi , Loekito Supriyono , Suga Haruhisa , Kageyama Koji
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Afandi A, Subandiyah S, Wibowo A, Hieno A, Afandi, Loekito S, Suga H, Kageyama K. 2021. Population genetics analysis of Phytophthora nicotianae associated with heart rot in pineapple revealed gene flow between populations. Biodiversitas 22: 3342-3348.  Phytophthora nicotianae has caused heart rot in pineapple. This study identified the population genetic diversity of P. nicotianae, collecting 90 isolates of P. nicotianae from the pineapple plantation sites in three provinces of Indonesia and, as comparisons, seven isolates from non-pineapple sites. Six polymorphic microsatellite markers amplified the non-coding region was used to characterize the population diversity. The phylogenetic tree constructed by MEGA revealed three major clades; the first and second clades were dominated by the isolates from pineapple plantation sites, and the third clade contained isolates from the non-pineapple sites. The allelic pattern analysis using Genalex software revealed the local alleles specific to Lampung and Blitar populations. The AMOVA of microsatellite genotypes data showed that the isolates had a low diversity among the population (6%) but high diversity within individual. Conclusively, P. nicotianae population associated with heart rot in pineapple showed geneflow between populations.
Diversity, structure and composition of vegetation in post-coal mining reclamation area in Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: YUNINGSIH LULU , Hermansyah Hermansyah , Ibrahim Eddy , MARSI Marsi
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Yuningsih L, Hearmansyah, Ibrahim E, Marsi. 2021. Diversity, structure and composition of vegetation in post-coal mining reclamation area in Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3392-3400. The majority of coal mines are operated through an open-pit system which has a significant impact on the environment. Therefore, reclamation and revegetation activities are required to recover ecological sustainability. This study aimed to analyze the diversity, structure, and composition of vegetation resulting from the post-mining revegetation process in a mining concession in Sumatra, Indonesia at various intervals of post-reclamation periods, namely 11 years, 10 years, 8 years, and 5 years. Data collection was conducted by sampling with a 2.5 percent intensity. The study discovered 23 species of naturally grow understory plants and 25 species of woody plants. The stand structure at the eleventh, tenth, and eighth years of revegetation resembled an inverted J curve. The Species Richness Index (R) was determined to be low, the Shannon diversity index (H’) was is low to moderate, whereas the evenness index was moderate to high. We concluded that the structure of vegetation in the post-mining reclamation region resembled that of a natural forest ecosystem, yet the biodiversity indicators remain low and below those of natural forest. We expected the result of this study can enrich the limited knowledge of the ecology of post-mining reclamation in the tropics.
Microsatellites to reveal genetic diversity and to distinguish four mangoes of Tegal District, Central Java, Indonesia
Authors: HIDAYAT ANNUR , RAHAYU ENNI SUWARSI , ABDULLAH MUHAMMAD , Retnoningsih Amin
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Hidayat A, Rahayu ES, Abdullah M, Retnoningsih A. 2021. Microsatellites to reveal genetic diversity and to distinguish four mangoes of Tegal District, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3467-3473. The Wirasangka mango is Tegal District’s flora of identity, which requires recognition, and its existence deserves to be preserved. However, based on the morphology of the fruit, most of the people of Tegal still have difficulty distinguishing the wirasangka mango from other mangoes. Molecular markers are needed to ascertain the differences between these mango varieties. Microsatellite DNA is a repeating DNA of stable DNA markers with high repeatability and polymorphism. This study analyzes the level of genetic diversity and microsatellite alleles that can differentiate four mangoes from Tegal District, Central Java, Indonesia, i.e. wirasangka, tengkueh, golek, and okyong. Eleven accessions of six locations in Tegal District were analyzed using ten microsatellite loci. The microsatellite amplification result was separated using electrophoresis in 6% polyacrylamide gel and then visualized with silver dye. A total of 35 microsatellite alleles were found measuring 100-1000 bp, ranging from 1-7 alleles for each locus. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) of 0.54 indicates that genetic diversity is relatively high and informative. Therefore, the microsatellite alleles can be used to differentiate mango varieties. The specific allele characteristic of wirasangka mango accession is locus AJ63516, with an allele size of 600-700bp.
Evaluation of Toraja (Indonesia) local aromatic rice mutant developed using heavy-ion beam irradiation
Authors: Okasa Andi Muliarni , Sjahril Rinaldi , Riadi Muhammad , Mahendradatta Meta , Sato Tadashi , Toriyama Kinya , Ishii Kotaro , Hayashi Yoriko , Abe Tomoko
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Okasa AM, Sjahril R, Riadi M, Mahendradatta M, Sato T, Toriyama K, Ishii K, Hayashi Y, Abe T. 2021. Evaluation of Toraja (Indonesia) local aromatic rice mutant developed using heavy-ion beam irradiation. Biodiversitas 22: 3474-3481. The aromatic local Toraja rice "Pare Bau" has a good grain quality and aroma. However, it has some disadvantages, including a late heading and low yield for a modern farming system. This study aims to evaluate and select early heading as well as high yield mutant lines induced by heavy-ion beam irradiation. Furthermore, dry seeds of Pare Bau were irradiated with Argon-ion (300 keV/?m) and Carbon-ion (30 keV/?m) at RI-beam factory, RIKEN Nishina Center, Japan. The germination percentages of the M1 seeds were 49% for Pare Bau irradiated with Argon-ion (PB-A), 53% for Pare Bau irradiated with Carbon-ion (PB-C), and 70% for the Control. The 13 PB-A and 13 PB-C M1 plants were selected, and the seeds were sampled in the paddy field of Hasanuddin University (20 m asl.), Makassar. During the following planting season, the M2 generation plant was examined in Enrekang District (650 m asl.), South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Based on the early heading and a larger number of panicles, the 18 PB-A and one PB-C M3 line were selected from a total of 404 M2 survival plants. The selected lines and control were grouped into seven clusters based on the quantitative phenotypic traits, indicating the existence of genetic variability. The plant yield was significantly correlated with plant height, the number of tillers, the number of panicles, as well as grain weight per panicle, which showed that these traits are good criteria for selection.
Syzygium myrtifolium Walp. flowering stages and its visitor insects
Authors: Mudiana Deden , ARIYANTI ESTI E.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Mudiana D, Ariyanti EE. 2021. Syzygium myrtifolium Walp. flowering stages and its visitor insects. Biodiversitas 22: 3489-3496. “Pucuk merah” or Red lip (Syzygium myrtifolium Walp.) is widely known as an ornamental plant used as garden components. This species belongs to the Myrtaceae family with the scientific name Syzygium myrtifolium Walp. This paper specifically aimed to observe the stages of flowering and visiting insects of S. myrtifolium, while the determination of insects as pollinators was not carried out in this study, and was intended merely to make a species list of visiting insects, without counting the number of individuals and the times of their visits. These are done by examining two individual trees of S. myrtifolium (which have flowered and fruited several times) during its flowering season, recording all visible flower developments and the visitor insects. The visitor insects were observed during flower bloom. The results showed ten stages of flowering process in S. myrtifolium starting from emerging flower buds until fruits riped, which took 105-124 days. Twelve species of insects were recorded visiting flowers of S. myrtifolium during full blooming period, namely Euploea core, Hypolimnas bolina, Telicota colon, Eurema hecabe, Rapala pheretima, Apis cerana, Apis mellifera, Trigona sp., Dysphania sagana, Amata trigonophora, Chrysomya megacephala, Lucilia caesar. They belong to three orders, i.e. Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera; and eight families, namely Calliphoridae, Apidae, Hesperiidae, Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae, Geometridae, Erebidae, and Pieridae.
Plant diversity of Petungkriyono Forest of Dieng Plateau, Central Java, Indonesia
Authors: Damayanti Irma , Bambang Azis N. , Soeprobowati Tri R.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Damayanti I, Nurbambang A, Soeprobowati TR. 2021. Plant diversity of Petungkriyono Forest of Dieng Plateau, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3497-3507. Petungkriyono is one of the remaining forests considered as the key biodiversity site in Central Java, Indonesia. The study aimed to analyze the composition, structure, and diversity of flora. The research used 60 circular plots with 0.04 hectares on five sites: Tlogopakis, Kasimpar, Yosorejo, Kayupuring, and Tlogohendro. The result indicated that the forest was dominated by 54.6% mixed forests, 29.1% pine forests, 10.7% puspa forests, and 5.6% unproductive areas. A total of 979 individuals belong to 108 species, among 88 genera and 43 families. The dominant family was Moraceae (32.6%) and has 10 species of Ficus spp as a key pioneer in a dry habitat. According to the Red List, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), there were 4 species categories of endangered species (EN), 11 species as vulnerable category (VU), 46 species as least concern (LC), and 45 species not evaluated (NE). The horizontal and vertical structure of trees was dominated by 10-20 cm diameter classes and 82% at a medium level of the Shannon-Weiner index (H’). The conclusion is that plant diversity plays a significant role to maintain ecosystem stability, therefore conservation activities have to be developed properly. Ecosystem services are produced in the social-ecological system to increase human well-being and resilience.
Tannins in mangrove plants in Segara Anakan Lagoon, Central Java, Indonesia
Authors: Hilmi Endang , Sari Lilik Kartika , Siregar Asrul Sahri , Sulistyo Isdy , Mahdiana Arif , Junaedi Teuku , Muslih MUSLIH , Pertiwi Rika Prihati Cahyaning , Samudra Sesilia Rani , Prayogo Norman Arie
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Hilmi E, Sari LK, Siregar AS, Sulistyo I, Mahdiana A, Junaedi T, Muslih, Pertiwi RPC, Samudra SR, Prayogo NA. 2021. Tannins in mangrove plants in Segara Anakan Lagoon, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3508-3516. Mangrove tannin is polyphenol compound and extractive matter in mangrove vegetation. Mangrove tannins have the potentials to support paint industry, animal feed, tanners and wood adhesives industry. This research is aimed to investigate the mangrove species in Segara Anakan, Central Java, Indonesia that produce tannins, and to analyze the distribution and contents of tannin in the part of mangrove plant. A total of 342 samples from 19 mangrove species was collected from 37 sampling points in Segara Anakan. UV-Visible Spectrophotometry was used to analyze the tannin content in the samples. The results showed that the tannins contained in bark and stems were higher (66.6%) than those in leaves (33.4%). Mangrove vegetation can be classified into five classes in terms of tannin percentage with Heritiera littoralis, Nypa fruticans, and Rhizophora mucronata had highest tannin percentage. The clustering analysis of mangrove tannin showed that Ceriops decandra-Ceriops tagal, Acacia auriculiformis-Sonneratia alba, Sonneratia caseolaris-Xylocarpus granatum, and Avicennia marina-Rhizophora apiculata had high similarity of tannin percentage. The distribution of tannins in mangrove species is as follow: 0.59-10.14 kg trees-1 (bark and stem of mangrove diameter > 10 cm) and 0.20-3.74  kg trees-1 (leaves of mangrove diameter > 10 cm) until 8.84-158.96 kg trees-1 (bark and stem of mangrove diameter > 40 cm) and 4.60-91.65 kg trees-1 (leaves of mangrove diameter > 40 cm). R. mucronata and R. apiculata had the highest total tannin content, ranged between 386.60-460.38 kg trees-1.
Diversity of non-symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria and their potential in andisols affected by the eruption of Mount Sinabung, North Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Sembiring Mariani , SABRINA T.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Sembiribg M, Sabrina T. 2021. Diversity of non-symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria and their potential in andisols affected by the eruption of Mount Sinabung, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3539-3544. Nitrogen is the main macro-nutrient that is very important for plant growth. Nitrogen is absorbed by plants in the form of NO3-or NH4+ ions from the soil. The andisols affected by the eruption of Mount Sinabung alter the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of the soil. As a result, the population of beneficial microbes in the soil decreased, so soil fertility also decreased. The aim of this research is to determine the diversity of nitrogen-fixing microbes in andisol soil affected by the Mt. Sinabung eruption. The soil samples used in this research were collected from andisols affected by the eruption of Mount Sinabung. The isolation of non-symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria was carried out using a nitrogen-free Jensen medium. The results showed that five non symbiotic N-fixing bacteria can increase the N content in andisols affected by Mount Sinabung eruption. Enterobacter cloacae can increase soil N by 111.76% as compared to without microbial application.
Application of edible film incorporated with Portulaca oleracea extract to inhibit microbiological and oxidative damage in sausages
Authors: QOEROTI BINTI , Pangastuti Artini , SUSILOWATI ARI
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Qoeroti B, Pangstuti A, Susilowati A. 2021. Application of edible film incorporated with Portulaca oleracea extract to inhibit microbiological and oxidative damage in sausages. Biodiversitas 22: 3556-3561. Environmental pollution by plastic from food packaging can be reduced by applying edible film as a biodegradable casing and safe for consumption. Utilization of Indonesia's biodiversity, especially purslane plants (Portulaca oleracea L.) at Boyolali, Central Java, Indonesia as an antimicrobial compound that can improve the quality of chitosan edible films. This study aims to determine the effect of purslane extract (Portulaca oleracea L.) as an antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant agent in edible films in inhibiting microbiological and oxidative damage to sausages. The film was made by mixing the extract (0%; 2.5%; 5%; 10%) into the chitosan solution and sorbitol, then applied to casing the sausage. The sausage was then stored at room temperature (27°C) and in refrigerator (4°C). Sausage quality testing was carried out on days 0; 3; 6; 9; 12; 15 during storage, including determination of Total Plate Count, Yeast Mold Count, and thiobarbituric acid test. The results of tensile strength, water vapor permeability, elongation, antioxidant, FTIR film, and morphology observed by using SEM of the films with and without the purslane extract addition were different. After 15 days of storage, Kruskal-Wallis analysis also revealed that the addition of purslane extract significantly inhibited the growth of microorganisms and oxidative damage to sausages.
Isolation and identification of indigenous Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) of forest clove rhizosphere from Maluku, Indonesia
Authors: Mahulette Asri Subkhan , Alfian Anggra , KILKODA ABDUL KARIM , LAWALATA IMELDA JEANETTE , MARASABESSY DESSY ARIYANI , TANASALE VILMA LAURIEN , MAKARUKU MARLITA HERLIN
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Mahulette AS, Alfian A, Kilkoda KA, Lawalata IJ, Marasabessy DA, Tanasale VL, Makaruku MH. 2021. Isolation and identification of indigenous Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) of forest clove rhizosphere from Maluku, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3613-3619. Forest clove is classified as wild-type and endemic to the Maluku (Moluccas) Islands, Indonesia. The different condition of growing areas causes various types of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) associated with forest clove. The study aimed to identify and obtain indigenous AMF inoculums from the forest clove rhizosphere from two distribution areas in Maluku. The results of AMF identification found two types of spores from the genus Glomus in the rhizosphere of forest cloves from Ambon Island with a spore density of 35/50 g of soil. In comparison, three spores were found in Seram Island, two from the genus Scutellospora and one from the Acaulospora. With an overall spore density of 5/50 g of soil. After culture trapping, there was a change in type and an increase in spore density in soil samples from the rhizosphere of the two forest clove distribution areas. Soil samples from Ambon after trapping culture obtained two new types of spores from the genus Acaulospora with a total spore number of 57/50 g soil while in soil samples from Seram found three new types of spores from the genus Glomus with a total spore count of 104/50 g of soil.
Clinical characteristics, treatment strategies and oncologic outcomes of primary retroperitoneal tumours: a retrospective analysis in the Chinese population
Authors: Xu J , Cheng R , Ou L , Wei Z , Wang Y , Cui L , Shi B
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Primary retroperitoneal tumours (PRTs) are rare soft tissue tumours originating from the retroperitoneum. Although there has been considerable progress recently in diagnosis and treatment, the overall survival rate has not improved qualitatively. This study aimed to explore the clinical features, therapeutic strategies and prognosis of PRTs.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of clinical data for 121 PRT patients admitted to Peking University Shenzhen Hospital from April 2003 to February 2017.

Results

A total of 113 patients underwent surgery and 8 chose nonsurgical palliative treatment. There were 53 males and 68 females (ratio, 1:1.3; average age, 40.75 years), and the average tumour diameter was 9.69(2–40)cm. A total of 104 patients (92.04%) underwent complete resection, 5 (4.42%) underwent palliative resection and 21 (18.58%) underwent combined visceral resection. The pathological diagnosis was benign in 88 cases (72.73%) and malignant in 33 cases (27.27%). A total of 101 patients (83.47%) were followed for an average of 5.82 years. At the end of follow up, the recurrence and survival rates were 2.63% and 93.42% for benign tumours, respectively, and 24.00% and 60.00% for malignant tumours (p<0.01).

Conclusions

Imaging plays important roles in localising and characterising tumours, guiding treatment strategies. Complete tumour resection is key to reducing postoperative recurrence and improving survival. According to the postsurgical pathological results, combinations including radiotherapy, chemotherapy or targeted therapy are beneficial for improving prognosis.
Diaphyseal Fracture of the Humerus during Elective Cesarean Section – A Rare Case Report
Authors: Goyal Nishant D. , Pahwa Anshul H. , Rathod Jay , Jeyaraman Madhan , Jain Shuchi , Dungarwal Smita
Published: August 2021

Introduction: Humeral fractures are the second common long bone fractures of the neonatal period after clavicle. Most cases of birth-related humerus fracture are reported during a vaginal breech delivery. The cesarean section does not eliminate the risk of long bone fractures. A humerus fracture is less common but still can happen due to forceful maneuvers like traction during cesarean which can go unnoticed to operating obstetrician or misinterpreted as brachial plexus injury by an inexperienced orthopedic surgeon.
Case Report: We received a call from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for a 2-day-old 2.4 kg male baby delivered to primigravida at 37 weeks by elective cesarean for transverse lie, for not moving his right upper limb. On examination by orthopedic surgeon, swelling, contusion, crepitus, and abnormal mobility at the right arm were noticed. Gentle manipulation made the neonate cry. Range of movements (ROMs) of wrist, elbow, and hand were within normal limit without any neurovascular deficit. Hence, the initial diagnosis of brachial plexus injury/Erb’s palsy was revised. X-ray of the right upper limb was ordered which showed an isolated mid-shaft humerus bicortical fracture. A high above elbow slab was applied with an arms chest bandage for a week and the baby was discharged with proper advice to the mother to follow-up on the next week.
Conclusion: Obstetricians and pediatricians should remain vigilant for the rare occurrence of humerus fracture during cesarean so that they are not missed and managed timely to prevent future disability and deformity.
Keywords: Humerus, neonate, long bone, fractures, brachial plexus injury.
Contiguous Three-Level Vertebral Collapse in Thoracic Spine: A Novel Presentation of Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis in 12 years old and Review of Literature
Authors: Batheja Dheeraj , Munigangaiah Sudarshan , Jayanna Harsha H , Ghodke Aashish
Published: August 2021

Introduction: Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) is a rare autoimmune disorder of childhood and adolescence which often manifests as recurring episodes of inflammatory bone pains. Spinal involvement is rare; however, recent studies advocate full body magnetic resonance imaging in all suspected cases to pick up asymptomatic lesions early to prevent complications. Spinal involvement may manifest as fractures, scoliosis, or kyphotic deformity.
Case Report: We present a case of a 12-year-old boy who had three-level involvement of thoracic spine, T6-T8, and was worked up and managed for pathological fracture of spine. He underwent biopsy for the same and was later diagnosed as CRMO. Here, we discuss the diagnostic challenges involved in CRMO, need for biopsy, and the management options available.
Conclusions: Identifying CRMO is challenging and remains a diagnosis of exclusion. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs often constitute the first line of treatment and other drugs such as bisphosphonates and biologics such as TNF-alpha antagonists are reserved for more severe cases. Although CRMO is considered a benign disease, recent data suggest up to 50% rate of residual impairments despite optimal management.
Keywords: Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis, spine, contiguous, child.
Analytical design for full-space spatial power dividers using metagratings
Authors: Rajabalipanah Hamid , Abdolali Ali
Published: August 2021

We present a rigorous theoretical framework for designing full-space
spatial power dividers using metagratings. In our study, the current
restrictions of spatial power dividing platforms such as
reflection-only performance, operating at normal incidence, and small
reflection/refraction angles have been totally relaxed. A modal
expansion analysis based on the Floquet–Bloch theorem is established
so that a discrete set of spatial harmonics is considered in both
reflection and transmission sides of a compound metallic grating in
which the unknown coefficients are calculated by applying proper
boundary conditions. By eliminating the unwanted scattering harmonics,
the proposed metagrating has the ability to realize different
functionalities from perfect anomalous refraction to
reflection/transmission spatial power dividing, without resorting to
full-wave numerical optimizations. Our findings not only offer
possibilities to realize arbitrary spatial power dividers but also
reveal a simple platform for beam-forming applications.
A unique death pathway keeps RIPK1 D325A mutant mice in check at embryonic day 10.5
Authors: Zhang Yingying , Huang Kai , Zhang Yuxia , Han Tao , Li Lang , Ruan Chenchen , Sun Ye-hsuan , Shi Wenke , Han Wei , Wu Su-qin , Song Jing , Liu Jun , Han Jiahuai
Published: August 2021

Tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (TNFR1) signaling, apart from its pleiotropic functions in inflammation, plays a role in embryogenesis as deficiency of varieties of its downstream molecules leads to embryonic lethality in mice. Caspase-8 noncleavable receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 1 (RIPK1) mutations occur naturally in humans, and the corresponding D325A mutation in murine RIPK1 leads to death at early midgestation. It is known that both the demise ofRipk1D325A/D325Aembryos and the death ofCasp8−/−mice are initiated by TNFR1, but they are mediated by apoptosis and necroptosis, respectively. Here, we show that the defects inRipk1D325A/D325Aembryos occur at embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5), earlier than that caused byCasp8knockout. By analyzing a series of genetically mutated mice, we elucidated a mechanism that leads to the lethality ofRipk1D325A/D325Aembryos and compared it with that underliesCasp8deletion-mediated lethality. We revealed that the apoptosis inRipk1D325A/D325Aembryos requires a scaffold function of RIPK3 and enzymatically active caspase-8. Unexpectedly, caspase-1 and caspase-11 are downstream of activated caspase-8, and concurrent depletion ofCasp1andCasp11postpones the E10.5 lethality to embryonic day 13.5 (E13.5). Moreover, caspase-3 is an executioner of apoptosis at E10.5 inRipk1D325A/D325Amice as its deletion extends life ofRipk1D325A/D325Amice to embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5). Hence, an unexpected death pathway of TNFR1 controls RIPK1 D325A mutation-induced lethality at E10.5.
Characterizing and forecasting the responses of tropical forest leaf phenology to El Nino by machine learning algorithms
Authors: Lamjiak Taninnuch , Kaewthongrach Rungnapa , Sirinaovakul Booncharoen , Hanpattanakit Phongthep , Chithaisong Amnat , Polvichai Jumpol
Published: August 2021

Climate change and global warming have serious adverse impacts on tropical forests. In particular, climate change may induce changes in leaf phenology. However, in tropical dry forests where tree diversity is high, species responses to climate change differ. The objective of this research is to analyze the impact of climate variability on the leaf phenology in Thailand’s tropical forests. Machine learning approaches were applied to model how leaf phenology in dry dipterocarp forest in Thailand responds to climate variability and El Niño. First, we used a Self-Organizing Map (SOM) to cluster mature leaf phenology at the species level. Then, leaf phenology patterns in each group along with litterfall phenology and climate data were analyzed according to their response time. After that, a Long Short-Term Memory neural network (LSTM) was used to create model to predict leaf phenology in dry dipterocarp forest. The SOM-based clustering was able to classify 92.24% of the individual trees. The result of mapping the clustering data with lag time analysis revealed that each cluster has a different lag time depending on the timing and amount of rainfall. Incorporating the time lags improved the performance of the litterfall prediction model, reducing the average root mean square percent error (RMSPE) from 14.35% to 12.06%. This study should help researchers understand how each species responds to climate change. The litterfall prediction model will be useful for managing dry dipterocarp forest especially with regards to forest fires.
Analysis and numerical calculation of a coupled creep and strain-softening model for soft rock tunnels
Authors: Zhang Jianjun , Yao Baicong , Ao Yunhe , Jin Chunzhe , Sun Chuang
Published: August 2021

Proper mechanical model selection is critical in tunnel support design and stability analysis, especially to reflect the creep and strain-softening behavior of soft rock. We present a coupled nonlinear Burgers strain-softening (NBSS) model and numerical calculation method to investigate the coupled effects of creep and strain-softening of soft rock tunnels. The nonlinear elastic-viscous model is used to simulate the steady creep behavior of mudstone, and the nonlinear viscoplastic strain-softening model is used to simulate the accelerated creep behavior and post-peak strength attenuation behavior. The experimental results show that the viscoplastic parameters and post-peak softening parameters of mudstone are highly sensitive to confining pressure and exhibit nonlinear characteristics. The accelerated creep curve obtained by the numerical calculation is consistent with the experiments, which verifies the model reliability. We use the NBSS and nonlinear Burgers Mohr-Coulomb (NBMC) models to calculate the plastic zone distribution characteristics and deformation law. The distribution of the plastic zone calculated by the NBSS model is larger with more localized fractures. The NBSS model is useful for studying the evolution of stress and displacement fields of complex surrounding rock mass, which provides important theoretical guidelines for the support design and stability analysis of soft rock tunnel engineering.
Children’s vicarious ratings of social touch are tuned to the velocity but not the location of a caress
Authors: Haggarty Connor J. , Trotter Paula D. , McGlone Francis , Walker Susannah C.
Published: August 2021

Affective sharing is a bottom-up process involving automatic processing of sensory inputs that facilitate vicarious experience of another’s emotional state. It is grounded directly in the prior experiences of the perceiver. In adults, vicarious ratings of affective touch match the known velocity tuning and hypothesised anatomical distribution of C-tactile afferents (CT), a subclass of C-fibre which respond preferentially to low force/velocity stroking touch, typically perceived as pleasant. Given the centrality of touch to early nurturing interactions, here we examined whether primary school aged children’s vicarious ratings of affective touch show the same anatomical and velocity specific patterns reported in adults. Forty-four children aged between 8 and 11 (mean age 9, 24 male) rated a sequence of video clips depicting one individual being touched by another on 5 different upper-body sites (palm, dorsal forearm, ventral forearm, upper-arm and back) at 3 different velocities (static, CT optimal, slow stroking and non-CT optimal, fast stroking). Immediately after viewing each clip, participants were asked to rate how pleasant they perceived the touch to be. While children rated the CT optimal velocity significantly higher than static or non-CT optimal touch, unlike adults their ratings did not vary across skin sites. This difference may reflect the fact children’s ratings are grounded in bottom-up affective resonance while adults also draw on top-down cognitive evaluation of the broader social context when rating the stimuli.
Influences of Social Distancing and attachment styles on the strength of the Halo Effect
Authors: Gabrieli Giulio , Lim Yun Yee , Esposito Gianluca
Published: August 2021

The Halo Effect is a widely studied phenomenon that interests multiple disciplines. The relationship between Aesthetics Appearance and perceived Trustworthiness has especially gathered the attention of social scientists. While experimental works compared the strength of the Halo Effect in different situations (e.g. different genders’ faces), little is known about the stability of the Halo. During the COVID-19 pandemic, we have been urged to distance ourselves from others. Similar suggestions may alter the relationship between Aesthetic Appearance and Perceived Trustworthiness. Moreover, previous works reported that individuals’ attachment styles affected their emotional responses to the pandemic. Individuals’ attachment styles may influence the magnitude of change of the Halo. Here we investigate how priming (Social Distancing or Contact with others) affects the strength of the Halo Effect, with respect to individuals’ attachment styles. Participants (N = 298) rated the Aesthetics and Perceived Trustworthiness of strangers’ faces (N = 96) presented twice, before and after the presentation of a prime. Results revealed that individuals’ attachment styles affect the strength of the Halo. However, we found no evidence supporting the fact that different attachment styles lead to differences in the magnitude of changes after priming. Results help shed light on how attachment styles influence individuals’ impression formation.
Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder among Palestinian children and adolescents exposed to political violence: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Agbaria Nisreen , Petzold Stephanie , Deckert Andreas , Henschke Nicholas , Veronese Guido , Dambach Peter , Jaenisch Thomas , Horstick Olaf , Winkler Volker
Published: August 2021

Objective

We undertook a systematic review of the literature to explore the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Palestinian children and adolescents exposed to political violence. This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of PTSD in this population.

Methods

PubMed, Embase, PsycInfo, Google Scholar and Cochrane library were searched until June 2020. To estimate the prevalence of PTSD, sub-group and meta-analysis were conducted.

Results

The search resulted in 2786 studies, of which 28 articles representing 32 samples with a total of 15,121 participants from Gaza Strip and West Bank met either the DSM-4 or DSM-5 criteria and were included. The pooled prevalence of PTSD was 36% (95% CI 30–41%;I298.6%) and ranged from 6% to 70%. Sub-group analysis showed that the PTSD prevalence did not differ according to region (West Bank, Gaza Strip) and tended to decrease after including only studies using a representative sample (p<0.001), and among those with low risk of bias (p<0.001). Visual inspection of the included studies revealed significant discrepancies in study design and assessment measures.

Conclusion

We identified high prevalence of PTSD among Palestinian children and adolescents exposed to political violence. However, the pooled results should be interpreted with caution, due to the high heterogeneity and risk of bias in the included studies. These limitations also reflect the challenge in conceptualizing and measuring PTSD in the Palestinian context with a background of continuous and cumulative trauma. Understanding the contextual factors and developing locally adapted survey measures are of relevance to future research, public health planning, and the provision of mental healthcare in Palestine.
Conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex genes functioning in defense are expressed in root cells undergoing a defense response to a pathogenic infection and exhibit regulation my MAPKs
Authors: Klink Vincent P. , Darwish Omar , Alkharouf Nadim W. , Lawaju Bisho R. , Khatri Rishi , Lawrence Kathy S.
Published: August 2021

The conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex maintains correct Golgi structure and function during retrograde trafficking. Glycine max has 2 paralogs of each COG gene, with one paralog of each gene family having a defense function to the parasitic nematode Heterodera glycines. Experiments presented here show G. max COG paralogs functioning in defense are expressed specifically in the root cells (syncytia) undergoing the defense response. The expressed defense COG gene COG7-2-b is an alternate splice variant, indicating specific COG variants are important to defense. Transcriptomic experiments examining RNA isolated from COG overexpressing and RNAi roots show some COG genes co-regulate the expression of other COG complex genes. Examining signaling events responsible for COG expression, transcriptomic experiments probing MAPK overexpressing roots show their expression influences the relative transcript abundance of COG genes as compared to controls. COG complex paralogs are shown to be found in plants that are agriculturally relevant on a world-wide scale including Manihot esculenta, Zea mays, Oryza sativa, Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare, Sorghum bicolor, Brassica rapa, Elaes guineensis and Saccharum officinalis and in additional crops significant to U.S. agriculture including Beta vulgaris, Solanum tuberosum, Solanum lycopersicum and Gossypium hirsutum. The analyses provide basic information on COG complex biology, including the coregulation of some COG genes and that MAPKs functioning in defense influence their expression. Furthermore, it appears in G. max and likely other crops that some level of neofunctionalization of the duplicated genes is occurring. The analysis has identified important avenues for future research broadly in plants.