bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Health consequences of obesity and projected future obesity health burden in China
Authors: Sun Xiaomin , Yan Alice Fang , Shi Zumin , Zhao Bingtong , Yan Na , Li Ke , Gao Liwang , Xue Hong , Peng Wen , Cheskin Lawrence J. , Wang Youfa
Published: August 2022

Objective

This study examined the effects of overweight/obesity on mortality and morbidity outcomes and the disparities, time trends, and projected future obesity health burden in China.

Methods

Cohort studies that were conducted in China and published in English or Chinese between January 1, 1995, and July 31, 2021, were systematically searched. This study focused on overweight/obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, cancers, and chronic kidney disease.

Results

A total of 31 cohorts and 50 cohort studies reporting on mortality (n = 20) and morbidities (n = 30) associated with obesity met study inclusion criteria. Overall, BMI was nonlinearly (U‐shaped) associated with all‐cause mortality and linearly associated with risks of T2DM, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, cancer, metabolic syndrome, and chronic kidney disease. In 2018, among adults, the prevalence of overweight/obesity, hypertension, and T2DM was 51.2%, 27.5%, and 12.4%, respectively. Their future projected prevalence would be 70.5%, 35.4%, and 18.5% in 2030, respectively. The projected number of adults having these conditions would be 810.65 million, 416.47 million, and 217.64 million, respectively. The urban‐rural disparity in overweight/obesity prevalence was projected to shrink and then reverse over time.

Conclusions

The current health burden of obesity in China is high and it will sharply increase in coming years and affect population groups differently. China needs to implement vigorous interventions for obesity prevention and treatment.
Preliminary study of particleboards manufactured with pine cones and Eucalyptus globulus capsules with a bio‐based polyurethane adhesive
Authors: Wechsler‐Pizarro Andrea , Núñez‐Decap Mario
Published: August 2022

The following research aims to evaluate the feasibility of manufacturing particleboards based in Pinus radiata D. DON (PC) and Eucalyptus globulus (EC) capsules bonded with a natural oil polyurethane adhesive (PU). The particles of PC and EC were ground and dried. Particleboards were manufactured with PC and EC bonded with a natural oil‐based polyurethane adhesive (PC–PU and EC–PU). Boards composed of radiata pine wood and bio based polyurethane adhesive (RP–PU) and with radiata pine wood bonded with urea formaldehyde resin (RP–UF) were manufactured as reference samples. The physical and mechanical properties and formaldehyde emissions were evaluated according to international standards. The superficial morphology of the particleboards was studied through optical microscopy (OP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The novel particleboards showed high resistance to moisture, low thickness swelling and a high internal bond strength, when compared with particleboards manufactured with the radiata pine wood particleboards bonded with PU and UF. Flexural properties in the new particleboards were slightly lower than the flexural properties of the reference samples RP–PU and RP–UF, since the distribution and geometry of the particles were different. The results of this research validate the use of P. radiata D. DON cones and E. globulus capsules, bonded with a bio‐based polyurethane adhesive, for the manufacture of novel particleboards. This research opens the possibility of an alternative use for the pine cones and Eucalyptus capsules as a new prime source for the manufacture of particleboards and other composite materials.
Screening for early‐onset neonatal sepsis on the Kaiser Permanente sepsis risk calculator could reduce neonatal antibiotic usage by two‐thirds
Authors: Fernandes Michelle , Winckworth Lucinda , Lee Lyrille , Akram Madiha , Struthers Simon
Published: August 2022

Importance

Effective screening strategies for early‐onset neonatal sepsis (EONS) have the potential to reduce high volume parenteral antibiotics (PAb) usage in neonates.

Objective

To compare management decisions for EONS, between CG149 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines and those projected through the virtual application of the Kaiser Permanente sepsis risk calculator (SRC) in a level 2 neonatal unit at a district general hospital (DGH).

Methods

Hospital records were reviewed for maternal and neonatal risk factors for EONS, neonatal clinical examination findings, and microbial culture results for all neonates born at ≥34 weeks’ gestation between February and July 2019, who were (1) managed according to CG149‐NICE guidelines or (2) received PAb within 72 h following birth at a DGH in Winchester, UK. SRC projections were obtained using its virtual risk estimator.

Results

Sixty infants received PAb within the first 72 h of birth during the study period. Of these, 19 (31.7%) met SRC criteria for antibiotics; 20 (33.3%) met the criteria for enhanced observations and none had culture‐proven sepsis. Based on SRC projections, neonates with ‘≥1 NICE clinical indicator and ≥1 risk factor' were most likely to have a sepsis risk score (SRS) >3. Birth below 37 weeks’ gestation (risk ratio [RR] = 2.31, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02–5.22) and prolonged rupture of membranes (RR = 3.14, 95% CI: 1.16–8.48) increased the risk of an SRS >3.

Interpretation

Screening for EONS on the SRC could potentially reduce PAb usage by 68% in term and near‐term neonates in level 2 neonatal units.
Side‐chain modifications of phyllobilins may not be essential for chlorophyll degradation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Hauenstein Mareike , Hörtensteiner Stefan , Aubry Sylvain
Published: August 2022

Disposing efficiently and safely chlorophyll derivatives during senescence requires a coordinated pathway that is well conserved throughout green plants. The PAO/phyllobilin pathway catalyzes the degradation of the chlorophyll during senescence and allows detoxification of the pigment and its subsequent export from the chloroplast. Although most of the chloroplastic reactions involved in chlorophyll degradation are well understood, the diversity of enzymes responsible for downstream modifications of non‐phototoxic phyllobilins remains to be explored. More than 40 phyllobilins have been described to date, but only three enzymes catalyzing side‐chain reactions have been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana, namely, TIC55, CYP89A9, and MES16. Here, by generating a triple mutant, we evaluate the extent to which these enzymes are influencing the rate and amplitude of chlorophyll degradation at the metabolite as well as its regulation at the transcriptome level. Our data show that major side‐chain modifications of phyllobilins do not influence significantly chlorophyll degradation or leaf senescence, letting the physiological relevance of their striking diversity an open question.
Registration of ‘ARTPEA/BBT/72/B’ and ‘ARTPEA/BBT/22/W’, brown blotch‐tolerant and early‐maturing cowpea cultivars for humid ecologies of Nigeria
Authors: Adetumbi Johnson A. , Akinyosoye Solomon T. , Oduwaye Olubusola F. , Kareem Kehinde T. , Olakojo Samuel A. , Kehinde Tolu O. , Adekoya Modinat A. , Adeniji Olawale T. , Fayeun Lawrence S.
Published: August 2022

Brown blotch disease, caused by Colletotrichum truncatum (Schew), is one of the most destructive diseases affecting cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] in the humid agro‐ecologies of southwestern Nigeria. Development of resistant or tolerant cowpea cultivars was identified as the most economical and effective means of addressing the threat of this disease. Two improved cowpea cultivars, ‘ARTPEA/BBT/72/B’ (Reg. no. CV‐347, PI 700856; also known as Remilekun) and ‘ARTPEA/BBT/22/W’ (Reg. no. CV‐346, PI 700855; also known as Boluyo) (National Code numbers NGVU‐22‐41 and NGVU‐22‐42), were developed through the pedigree breeding method from reciprocal crosses between IT‐95K‐193‐12 and ‘Ife‐Brown’ and released by the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria, in 2022. They were bred for early maturity, high yield, and enhanced tolerance to brown blotch disease in the humid agro‐ecologies of southwestern Nigeria. ARTPEA/BBT/72/B and ARTPEA/BBT/22/W along with their parents and other breeding lines were evaluated in 10 locations for 2 yr on 16 farmers’ fields between 2020 and 2021. ARTPEA/BBT/72/B (Remilekun) and ARTPEA/BBT/22/W (Boluyo) are tolerant to brown blotch disease, early maturing (60–75 d), high yielding (1–1.2 t/ha), non‐photoperiod sensitive, and adaptable to Nigeria's humid agro‐ecologies. They can be cultivated twice a year for enhanced cowpea production in Nigeria.
A two‐fluid single‐column model of turbulent shallow convection. Part II: Single‐column model formulation and numerics
Authors: Thuburn John , Efstathiou Georgios A. , McIntyre William A.
Published: August 2022

The two‐fluid single‐column model of Thuburn et al. (Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 2019, 145, 1535–1550) is extended to include moisture and horizontal wind shear. Turbulent kinetic energy is introduced as a prognostic variable, dependence on a diagnosed boundary‐layer height is removed, and subfilter fluxes are approximated using a two‐fluid version of a Mellor–Yamada scheme. Three mechanisms for entrainment and detrainment processes are introduced, which represent entrainment of unstable air at the surface, forced detrainment of air at the top of the boundary/cloud layers, and turbulent mixing that relaxes the convective fluid to a reference profile. A semi‐implicit Eulerian discretization replaces the semi‐implicit semi‐Lagrangian implementation of Thuburn et al. (Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 2019, 145, 1535–1550) to improve numerical stability and conservation. The equations for the implicit time step are solved using a quasi‐Newton method, which is shown to perform well in numerical tests for conservation and convergence. The two‐fluid single‐column model presented in this article will be applied to simulations of shallow cumulus convection in Part III.
A fast gas chromatography coupled with electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring mode screening method for short‐chain and medium‐chain chlorinated paraffins
Authors: Schweizer Sina , Schulz Tobias , Vetter Walter
Published: August 2022

Rationale

Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are a group of anthropogenic pollutants that consist of complex mixtures of polychlorinated n‐alkanes of different chain lengths (~C10 to C30). Persistence, bioaccumulation, toxicity, and long‐range transport of short‐chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs, C10‐ to C13‐CPs) have prompted their classification as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by the Stockholm Convention in 2017. Due to the varying chain lengths and chlorination degrees, quantification of SCCPs and medium‐chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs, C14‐ to C17) using gas chromatography coupled with electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring mode (GC/ECNI‐MS‐SIM) is not only challenging but also very time consuming. In particular, up to eight GC runs per sample are required for the comprehensive GC/ECNI‐MS‐SIM quantification of SCCPs and MCCPs. These efforts are high especially if the samples do not contain CPs above the limit of detection (LOD), subsequently.

Methods

We developed a semi‐quantitative and sensitive method for the examination of SCCPs and MCCPs in one GC run. This GC/ECNI‐MS‐SIM screening method was based on the recording of Cl− (m/z 35 and 37), Cl2− (m/z 70 and 72), and HCl2− (m/z 71 and 73) isotope ions and evaluation of the ratios between them.

Results

Correctness of the results of the screening method was verified by analysis of edible oils with and without CPs, CP standards, as well as a technical CP mixture. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and other polyhalogenated aromatic compounds, as well as brominated flame retardants, do not form all of the fragment ions analyzed by the screening method.

Conclusions

After the screening, only CP‐positive samples may need to be measured in detail. Measurement time will already be gained in the case of ~10% samples without CPs.
Behavioral responses to risk promote vaccinating high‐contact individuals first
Authors: Rahmandad Hazhir
Published: August 2022

How should communities prioritize COVID‐19 vaccinations? Prior studies found that prioritizing the elderly and most vulnerable minimizes deaths. However, prior research has ignored how behavioral responses to risk of disease endogenously change transmission rates. We show that incorporating risk‐driven behavioral responses enhances fit to data and may change prioritization to vaccinating high‐contact individuals. Behavioral responses matter because deaths grow exponentially until communities are compelled to reduce contacts, with deaths stabilizing at levels that oblige higher‐contact groups to sufficiently cut their interactions and slow transmissions. More lives may be saved by vaccinating and taking those high‐contact groups out of transmission chains earlier because the remaining groups will take more precautions while waiting for their turn for vaccination. These findings are especially important considering the need for further vaccination in many countries, the emergence of new variants, and the expected challenge of distributing new vaccines in the coming months and years. © 2022 The Author. System Dynamics Review published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of System Dynamics Society.
Quantifying the COVID‐19 endgame: Is a new normal within reach?
Authors: Rahmandad Hazhir , Sterman John
Published: August 2022

Eradication of COVID‐19 is out of reach. Are we close to a “new normal” in which people can leave behind restrictive non‐pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) yet face a tolerable burden of disease? The answer depends on the ongoing risks versus communities' tolerance for those risks. Using a detailed model of the COVID‐19 pandemic spanning 93 countries, we estimate the biological and behavioral factors determining the risks and responses, and project the likely course of COVID‐19. Infection fatality rates have fallen significantly due to vaccination, prior infections, better treatments, and the less severe Omicron variant. Yet based on their estimated tolerance for deaths, most nations are not ready to live with COVID‐19 without any NPIs. Across the world the increased transmissibility of Omicron, combined with the decay of immunity, leads to repeated episodes of reinfections, hospitalizations, and deaths, complicating the emergence of a new normal in many nations. © 2022 The Authors. System Dynamics Review published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of System Dynamics Society.
The Accidental Properties of Numbers and Properties
Authors: Noonan Harold , Jago Mark ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2022

According to genuine modal realism, some things (including numbers and properties) lack distinct counterparts in different worlds. So how can they possess any of their properties contingently? Egan (2004) argues that to explain such accidental property possession, the genuine modal realist must depart from Lewis and identify properties with functions, rather than with sets of possibilia. We disagree. The genuine modal realist already has the resources to handle Egan’s proposed counterexamples. As we show, she does not need to amend her analysis of possibility statements, or her theory of what properties are.
Strong Connexivity
Authors: Kapsner Andreas ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2022

Connexive logics aim to capture important logical intuitions, intuitions that can be traced back to antiquity. However, the requirements that are imposed on connexive logic are actually not enough to do justice to these intuitions, as I will argue. I will suggest how these demands should be strengthened.
Meaning, Expression, and Evidence
Authors: Buchanan Ray ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2022

Grice’s (1957) analysis of non-natural meaning generated a huge industry, where new analyses were put forward to respond to successively more complex counterexamples. Davis (2003) offers a novel and refreshingly simple analysis of meaning in terms of the expression of belief, where (roughly) an agent expresses the belief that p just in case she performs a publicly observable action with the intention that it be an indication that she occurrently believes that p. I argue that Davis’s analysis fails to capture the essentially overt nature of our meaning-intentions, and with it, a plausible sufficient condition for meaning.
Equine skeletal scintigraphy: Comparing normal bone‐to‐soft tissue ratio 2 and 4 hours after injection with either hydroxymethylene diphosphonate or methylene diphosphonate
Authors: Pelli Anna C. , Winter Karsten , Offhaus Julia , Brehm Walter , Gerlach Kerstin
Published: August 2022

Background

In equine skeletal scintigraphy, there is no information about the possible influence of different phosphonate compounds on image quality.

Methods

This prospective randomised study determined bone uptake changes and image quality for hydroxymethylene diphosphonate (HDP) and methylene diphosphonate (MDP) in equine patients at different time points. Scintigraphic images of the radius and the tibia of 20 horses were acquired at 2 and 4 hours after injection of either technetium‐labelled HDP or MDP. Three regions of interest were identified—in the bone diaphysis, adjacent soft tissue and background area—to determine the normal bone‐to‐soft tissue ratio (BSR). Qualitative analysis was performed using a modified scoring system.

Results

In terms of BSR and count rates, HDP showed a slightly better incorporation into bone compared to MDP, but significant differences were only detected for count rates at 4 hours after injection (p = 0.048). The radiopharmaceutical used did not influence qualitative image scoring, which was correlated with the BSR (ρ = 0.49; p ≤ 0.001).

Conclusion

The choice of HDP or MDP for equine skeletal scintigraphy does not seem to substantially affect BSR and qualitative image scoring. Further studies with a larger sample size, including the evaluation of lesion detection ability for both bone‐seeking agents, are needed.
Variational geometric approach to the thermodynamics of porous media
Authors: Gay‐Balmaz François , Putkaradze Vakhtang
Published: August 2022

Many applications of porous media research involves high pressures and, correspondingly, exchange of thermal energy between the fluid and the matrix. While the system is relatively well understood for the case of nonmoving porous media, the situation when the elastic matrix can move and deform, is much more complex. In this paper, we derive the equations of motion for the dynamics of deformable porous media, which includes the effects of friction forces, stresses, and heat exchanges between the media, by using the new methodology of variational approach to thermodynamics. This theory extends the recently developed variational derivation of the mechanics of deformable porous media to include thermodynamic processes and can easily include incompressibility constraints. The model for the combined fluid‐matrix system, written in the spatial frame, is developed by introducing mechanical and additional variables describing the thermal energy part of the system, writing the action principle for the system, and using a nonlinear, nonholonomic constraint on the system deduced from the second law of thermodynamics. The resulting equations give us the general version of possible friction forces incorporating thermodynamics, Darcy‐like forces, and friction forces similar to those used in the Navier–Stokes equations. The equations of motion are valid for arbitrary dependence of the kinetic and potential energies on the state variables. The results of our work are relevant for geophysical applications, industrial applications involving high pressures and temperatures, food processing industry, and other situations when both thermodynamical and mechanical considerations are important.
Safety Planning and Lethal Means Counseling with Youth
Authors: Monahan Maureen F. , Stanley Barbara
Published: August 2022

Lethal means counseling and safety planning (i.e., a written list of individualized coping strategies and sources of support) are empirically supported strategies to prevent suicidal behavior. Both approaches are often prescribed as ways to manage clients’ risk of suicide. However, there is limited guidance on how to effectively implement these strategies with youth. In this chapter, we review current literature on safety planning and lethal means counseling and highlight adaptations for working with youth. We further recommend areas for future research in training and implementation of safety planning and lethal means counseling.
Besonderheiten der kreativen Umgebung: Auswahl offener Aufgaben und Einsatz (meta-)kognitiver Prompts
Authors: Bruhn Svenja
Published: August 2022

Um erste unterrichtspraktische Konsequenzen zur Gestaltung eines Mathematikunterrichts abzuleiten, in dem Schüler*innen bei der Bearbeitung offener Aufgaben kreativ werden können,
wurde zum einen die Auswahl der arithmetisch offenen Aufgaben fokussiert. Die Analyse ergab, dass die individuelle mathematische Kreativität ein aufgabenspezifisches Konstrukt ist. Zum
anderen zeigen die Ergebnisse aus der Analyse der verschiedenen eingesetzten Lernprompts, dass eine individuelle Unterstützung der Elaborationsfähigkeit der jungen Schulkinder
insbesondere durch metakognitive Prompts möglich und bedeutsam war.
Offene Aufgaben zum Anregen der individuellen mathematischen Kreativität
Authors: Bruhn Svenja
Published: August 2022

Ausgehend von der Darstellung verschiedener mathematikdidaktischer Bezeichnungen für Aufgaben, welche die individuelle mathematische Kreativität von Schüler*innen anregen, wird der Begriff der offenen Aufgabenbegründet ausgewählt und dieser Aufgabentyp mit Blick auf eine kreative Bearbeitung konkret charakterisiert. Damit alle Schüler*innen ihre individuelle mathematische Kreativität zeigen können, werden nachfolgend arithmetisch offene Aufgaben spezifiziert, die mithilfe des Zahlenblicks kreativ bearbeitet werden können.
Topological strings and Wilson loops
Authors: Huang Min-xin , Lee Kimyeong , Wang Xin
Published: August 2022

Abstract

We propose the refined topological string correspondence to the expectation values of half-BPS Wilson loop operators in 5d $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 gauge theory partition function on the Omega-deformed background $$ {\mathbb{R}}_{\upepsilon_{1,2}}^4 $$

ℝ

ϵ

1
,
2

4

× S1. We provide the refined topological vertex method and the refined holomorphic anomaly equation method in the topological string theory, from which we have exact computations on the 5d Wilson loops partition functions in both A- and B-models. Finally, with the exact results we have in B-model, we recover the quantum periods of local ℙ1 × ℙ1 model and local ℙ2 model in the study of quantum geometry and we further give a refined generalization of A-period.
The growth of operator entropy in operator growth
Authors: Fan Zhong-Ying
Published: August 2022

Abstract

We study upper bounds on the growth of operator entropy SK in operator growth. Using uncertainty relation, we first prove a dispersion bound on the growth rate |∂tSK| ≤ 2b1∆SK, where b1 is the first Lanczos coefficient and ∆SK is the variance of SK. However, for irreversible process, this bound generally turns out to be too loose at long times. We further find a tighter bound in the long time limit using a universal logarithmic relation between Krylov complexity and operator entropy. The new bound describes the long time behavior of operator entropy very well for physically interesting cases, such as chaotic systems and integrable models.
Modulating Mitochondrial DNA Heteroplasmy with Mitochondrially Targeted Endonucleases
Authors: Mikhailov Nikita , Hämäläinen Riikka H.
Published: August 2022

Mitochondria, mainly known as energy factories of eukaryotic cells, also exert several additional signaling and metabolic functions and are today recognized as major cellular biosynthetic and signaling hubs. Mitochondria possess their own genome (mitochondrial DNA—mtDNA), that encodes proteins essential for oxidative phosphorylation, and mutations in it are an important contributor to human disease. The mtDNA mutations often exist in heteroplasmic conditions, with both healthy and mutant versions of the mtDNA residing in patients’ cells and the level of mutant mtDNA may vary between different tissues and organs and affect the clinical outcome of the disease. Thus, shifting the ratio between healthy and mutant mtDNA in patients’ cells provides an intriguing therapeutic option for mtDNA diseases. In this review we describe current strategies for modulating mitochondrial heteroplasmy levels with engineered endonucleases including mitochondrially targeted TALENs and Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and discuss their therapeutic potential. These gene therapy tools could in the future provide therapeutic help both for patients with mitochondrial disease as well as in preventing the transfer of pathogenic mtDNA mutations from a mother to her offspring.
“Digital biomarkers” in preclinical heart failure models — a further step towards improved translational research
Authors: Schmidt Alexander , Balitzki Jakob , Grmaca Ljubica , Vogel Julia , Boehme Philip , Boden Katharina , Hüser Jörg , Truebel Hubert , Mondritzki Thomas
Published: August 2022

Innovations in the development of novel heart failure therapies are essential to further increase the predictive value of early research findings. Animal models are still playing a pivotal role in ‘translational research’. In recent years, the transferability from animal studies has been more and more critically discussed due to persistent high attrition rates in clinical trials. However, there is an increasing trend to implement mobile health devices in preclinical studies. These devices can increase the predictive value of animal models by providing more accurate and translatable data and protect from confounding factors. This review outlines the current prevalence and opportunities of these techniques in preclinical heart failure research studies to accelerate the integration of these important tools. A literature screening for preclinical heart failure studies in large animals implementing telemetry devices over the last decade was performed. Twelve out of 43 publications were included. A variety of different hemodynamic and cardiac parameters can be recorded in conscious state by means of telemetry devices in both, the animal model and the patient. The measurement quality is consistently rated as valid and robust. Mobile health technologies functioning as digital biomarkers represent a more predictive approach compared to the traditionally used invasive measurement techniques, due to the possibility of continuous data collection in the conscious animal. Furthermore, they help to implement the 3R concept (reduction, refinement, replacement) in animal research. Despite this, the use of these techniques in preclinical research has been restrained to date.
Indigenous Sundanese Leadership: Eco-Systemic Lessons on Zero Emissions
Authors: Widianingsih Ida , McIntyre Janet Judy , Rakasiwi Ugi Sugriana , Iskandar Gustaff Harriman , Wirawan Rudolf
Published: August 2022

‘Ecology of mind’ (Bateson, 1972) is a key concept applied to this project engaged in by a social anthropologist, a policy researcher, and a Sundanese Chief. Together we explore how the agendas for COP 26 could be attained and to what extent the Nobel economist Elinor Ostrom’s (2018) eight principles are relevant for managing the commons and key learnings that can be shared more broadly.The paper details the Sundanese forest community’s organisational systems to support living in ways that re-generate and sustain the forest and the way that the community has connected with Universitas Padjadjaran and an NGO called the Common Room Networks (common room.id), in order to support and extend their learning with nature program within and beyond Indonesia. Decolonising and learning from Indigenous leadership can be fostered through forming communities of practice between universities and indigenous leaders. The paper discusses how the Ciptagelar community demonstrates low carbon living and how they have organised agriculture in terms of a seasonal calendar. It makes the case that sharing their agricultural methods and community lifestyle to lower emissions could help to inspire others to follow their re-generative approach to governance and their organisational strategies. The paper demonstrates the relevance of Ostrom’s principles which are considered in relation to the case study. On the basis of a series of conversations held via zoom and email we make a case for learning from the leadership rooted in the Sundanese culture and demonstrated in West Java First Nations. It can be read as a twin paper with the paper on the Venda forest, titled ‘Eco-centric living: a way forward towards zero carbon’.
Analysing the Effect of Test-and-Trace Strategy in an SIR Epidemic Model
Authors: Zhang Dongni , Britton Tom
Published: August 2022

Consider a Markovian SIR epidemic model in a homogeneous community. To this model we add a rate at which individuals are tested, and once an infectious individual tests positive it is isolated and each of their contacts are traced and tested independently with some fixed probability. If such a traced individual tests positive it is isolated, and the contact tracing is iterated. This model is analysed using large population approximations, both for the early stage of the epidemic when the “to-be-traced components” of the epidemic behaves like a branching process, and for the main stage of the epidemic where the process of to-be-traced components converges to a deterministic process defined by a system of differential equations. These approximations are used to quantify the effect of testing and of contact tracing on the effective reproduction numbers (for the components as well as for the individuals), the probability of a major outbreak, and the final fraction getting infected. Using numerical illustrations when rates of infection and natural recovery are fixed, it is shown that Test-and-Trace strategy is effective in reducing the reproduction number. Surprisingly, the reproduction number for the branching process of components is not monotonically decreasing in the tracing probability, but the individual reproduction number is conjectured to be monotonic as expected. Further, in the situation where individuals also self-report for testing, the tracing probability is more influential than the screening rate (measured by the fraction infected being screened).
No Effects of a Brief Mindfulness Intervention on Controlled Motivation and Amotivation, but Effect Moderation Through Trait Mindfulness: a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Oberleiter Sandra , Wainig Hannah , Voracek Martin , Tran Ulrich S.
Published: August 2022

Objectives

Mindfulness is associated with the different forms of motivation according to self-determination theory (intrinsic, identified, and external motivation, and amotivation). However, causal evidence for reported negative associations of mindfulness with external motivation and amotivation is currently lacking. Therefore, this study investigated causal effects of a brief mindfulness intervention on motivation towards a personal goal. We differentiated distinct forms of motivation and also controlled for baseline motivation and trait mindfulness, which could act as a moderator of the interventional effects.

Methods

Data of N = 91 participants were used, who were randomly assigned to either audio-guided meditation or a control condition. Situational motivation for a personal goal was assessed before and after the intervention. Trait mindfulness was measured with the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire.

Results

The intervention had a positive effect on the more autonomous forms of motivation (d = 0.48), which was, however, qualified by trait mindfulness; i.e., the effect was larger among participants low in trait mindfulness (d = 1.13 at 1 SD below the overall mean). There were no practically relevant effects on external motivation and amotivation.

Conclusions

Mindfulness has a positive causal effect on more autonomous forms of motivation, but probably no relevant effects on external motivation and amotivation. Moderating effects of trait mindfulness need to be considered more systematically in this field of research, but also in research of mindfulness intervention more generally. Mindfulness interventions could be beneficially offered to persons low in trait mindfulness.
Evaluation of water quality and dam for sustaining the fish population dynamics
Authors: Tiwari Poonam , Tiwari Mahidhar Prasad
Published: August 2022

Bhagirathi is a Himalayan River, which flows in Uttrakashi district in Uttarakhand state. It is one of the most important streams of the Ganga River. This river is famous for dam construction and fisheries development. The fishes of commercial importance in cold water are Mahaseer, Snow Trout. The fish production depends on the physical, chemical as well as biological qualities of water. In the present paper, water quality evaluation and dam in the sustaining fish population dynamics have been reviewed to make aware the fish culturist and environmentalist about the water quality factors which influence health of a pond and to increase the fish yields to meet the growing demands of present time scenario of the our country. The construction of dams causes many problems. Water quality and discharge of water from the dam wall systems also indirectly affect the fish populations. In this study, we also review some of the important impacts associated with dams and their recommended mitigation measures. There is a negative impact on fish population dynamics, especially for downstream habits due to dams. Water quality is measured like temperature, turbidity, carbon dioxide, pH, alkalinity, hardness, BOD, TDS, Turbidity. The maximum oxygen content of water was recorded in January 13.02 ± 0.166 mg l−1 and minimum 9.4 ± 0.05 mg l−1 in July in site I phase I (before the reservoir dam wall). While in site II and phase I (After the dam), the maximum DO was observed in the month of January of 12.1 mg l−1 and minimum in July of 8.93 mg l−1. This is because water level is minimized in site II almost dried in winter. The CO2 of the Maneri Bhali phase I -Site I (before dam) was recorded maximum in April 3.10 ± 0.012 mg l−1. In Maneri Bhali phase I -Site II (After dam), the CO2 was recorded maximum 3.01 ± 0.003 mg l−1 in the month July. The river of Garhwal Himalaya harbors a rich aquatic diversity, the most common endemic fish species that inhabit this fresh water is the Schizothorax species. The maximum no. of fish were observed in winter and minimum in monsoon. At present, the production of these fishes from the streams is very poor and is not well managed from recreational and conservation point of view. If such is developed properly, it can have revenue potential for our state government. Sports, fisheries, tourism should be promoted.
Laboratory evaluation of operating conditions for chloride removal from diethanolamine using ion exchange resin and introduction of optimal parameters
Authors: Farahbod Farshad
Published: August 2022

In this study, a strong anionic resin was used to remove the chloride ion in the diethanolamine of sweetening unit of gas refinery. A laboratory pilot has been investigated as a resin-filled bed to evaluate the reaction temperature, chloride ion concentration, resin saturation, resin recovery rate, optimal reaction temperature, diethanolamine flow rate, hydrogen strength and resin performance in this work. The resin saturation time, capacity of resin, optimal reaction temperature and changes in chloride concentration of the output stream from resin were determined in this research. Finally, the optimal amount of water to regulate the pH of the resin and the optimal amount of 4% sodium hydroxide solution to recycle the resin were calculated. It was found that one liter of resin is able to absorb 20.77 g of chloride. The temperature of 50 °C was considered as the optimal temperature of ion exchange reaction by comparing the amount of caustic and water consumption for resin recovery and regulation of neutral acidity, respectively. In this study, the amount of 4 wt.% caustic and water at a temperature of 50 °C for recovery of 134 g of resin obtained was equal to 8.5 and 5 L, respectively.
An autoethnography of an international doctoral student’s multidimensional identity construction
Authors: Xu Xing
Published: August 2022

There is a scarcity of scholarship that sheds light on international doctoral students’ identity construction in quotidian encounters beyond the formal curriculum. In this autoethnographic study, based on my diary entries, via a socio-constructivist lens, I teased out my multidimensional identity construction by referring to situations, activities and relations embedded in daily experiences during my overseas study sojourn. My autoethnography reveals that how I make sense of my becoming and being as a Chinese sojourning in Australia for doctoral education transcends the experientiality of doing research alone, but incorporates gendered, sociocultural and professional facets within my past-present-future life trajectory. As I navigated these encounters, strategically mobilising my agency and utilising structural contexts towards the aim of achieving ontological security, I engaged in negotiating a transformative identity. The research calls for more studies in the future that explore the complexities and nuances of international doctoral students’ identity construction in quotidian realities.
Utilization of chemically modified coal fly ash as cost-effective adsorbent for removal of hazardous organic wastes
Authors: Eteba A. , Bassyouni M. , Saleh M.
Published: August 2022

Disposal of dyes wastewater into aquatic streams is considered as a  major challenge due to its effect on water ecosystem. Direct dyes have a complex aromatic structure. Therefore, it is difficult to separate them from industrial wastewater. Conversely, fly ash is a main by-product pollutant generated from coal burning to fulfill energy requirements. In this study, thermochemical treatment process was applied to coal fly ash (CFA) in order to increase its surface area, improve its pore’s structure and enhancing its adsorption capacity for direct blue 78 dye (DB78) removal. The treated coal fly ash (TCFA) was characterized by physicochemical analyses such as XRD, XRF, TGA, SEM, FTIR, surface area (SBET) and particles size analysis. Batch experiments were conducted to analyze the adsorption behavior for TCFA and to examine the DB78 dye removal efficiency. The physicochemical analysis results indicated that a higher increase in CFA surface area from 9.6 to 60.4 m2g−1 was obtained due to the modification process. The maximum removal efficiency using TCFA was 99.7% for initial dye concentration 10 mg/L and TCFA dose 2 g/L. The adsorption isotherm was studied by Langmuir and Freundlich model using different dye concentrations. The results showed that equilibrium data followed closely Langmuir isotherm model (R2 = 0.99) indicating monolayer and homogeneous adsorption process.
Effect of abiotic factors on the stability of chosen oligopeptides isolated from the freshwater cyanobacterium Woronichinia naegeliana
Authors: Bober B. , Bialczyk J. , Chrapusta-Srebrny E.
Published: August 2022

Cyanobacterial blooms have a significant impact on water quality. Implementing appropriate treatment methods to remove cyanobacterial secondary metabolites requires assessing their stability. In contrast to cyanotoxins, the effect of abiotic factors on cyanopeptides has been poorly studied. The present study analysed the impact of pH, temperature, visible and ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the stability of chosen oligopeptides found in a freshwater cyanobacterium Woronichinia naegeliana bloom that frequently appears in drinking water reservoirs worldwide. The tested cyanopeptolin 1081 (CYA-1081) and anabaenopeptin 899 (ANB-899) were relatively stable at room temperature for 12 weeks regardless of pH. However, boiling (100 °C) for one hour affected the partial decomposition of the compounds in a pH-dependent manner; the highest decrease in the initial content of CYA-1081 to 47.0% was recorded at pH 9, while for ANB-899 to 42.4% at pH 3. The tested cyanopeptolin was resistant to visible radiation, but UV radiation in an acidic condition caused its degradation by 32.3%. Treatment of ANB-899 with visible or UV radiation for 3 h caused its partial decomposition with a maximum reduction of 40.4 and 70.8%, respectively, at acidic pH. The presented data provided information on factors affecting the cyanopeptides persistence and may be useful in the search for and development of effective methods of removing cyanobacterial metabolites.
Zusammenhänge zwischen sozialer Herkunft, Unterrichtsform und Learning Outcomes während der Pandemie
Authors: Obermeier Ramona , Lenz Sonja , Helm Christoph
Published: August 2022

Die COVID-19 Pandemie hat zu flächendeckenden Schulschließungen geführt, was mit massiven Veränderungen in den Lehr- und Lernprozessen sowie den Lernergebnissen der Schüler*innen verbunden war. Während erste Leistungsstudien Lerneinbußen aufgrund der Schulschließungen im Frühjahr 2020 untersuchen, liegen bisher kaum Befunde vor, die Hinweise auf zentrale Prädiktoren für die Entwicklung von Schüler*innenoutcomes (Belastungserleben, Lernzuwachs und Lernzeit) während späterer Schulschließungen liefern. Die vorliegende Studie nähert sich dieser Frage an, indem Schüler*innenoutcomes vor und während der Schulschließungen durch die Herkunft (Akademikerhaushalt, zuhause gesprochene Sprache) und die Unterrichtsform (offen vs. traditionell) vorhergesagt werden. Die vorgestellten Mehrebenen-Regressionsmodelle werden durch Theorien zur Entstehung von Bildungsungleichheit und Konzepten offenen Unterrichts motiviert. Die Ergebnisse der Mehrebenenmodelle (N = 1566 Schüler*innen der Sekundarstufe II) zeigen, dass das Belastungserleben der Schüler*innen während der Schulschließungen für Kinder ohne deutsche Muttersprache höher war als bei Kindern mit deutscher Muttersprache. Hinsichtlich der retrospektiven Angaben zum selbsteingeschätzten Lernzuwachs und der Lernzeit bestehen dagegen keine (über die Unterschiede in den Eingangswerten vor COVID hinausgehende) Zusammenhänge mit der Herkunft. Bezüglich der Beziehung offener Unterrichtsformen und der retrospektiv eingeschätzten Schüler*innenoutcomes zeigt sich, dass Schüler*innen aus traditionell unterrichteten Klassen während der Schulschließungen eine statistisch signifikant höhere Lernzeit angeben als Schüler*innen, die offen unterrichtet wurden. Offen unterrichtete Schüler*innen schätzen allerdings trotz geringerer Lernzeit ihren Lernzuwachs nicht geringer ein als traditionell unterrichtete Schüler*innen.
Deep History, Climate Change, and the Evolution of Human Culture
Authors: Westling Louise
Published: August 2022

This Element follows the development of humans in constantly changing climates and environments from Homo erectus 1.9 million years ago, to fully modern humans who moved out of Africa to Europe and Asia 70,000 years ago. Biosemiotics reveals meaningful communication among coevolving members of the intricately connected life forms on this dynamic planet. Within this web hominins developed culture from bipedalism and meat-eating to the use of fire, stone tools, and clothing, allowing wide migrations and adaptations. Archaeology and ancient DNA analysis show how fully modern humans overlapped with Neanderthals and Denisovans before emerging as the sole survivors of the genus Homo 35,000 years ago. Their visions of the world appear in magnificent cave paintings and bone sculptures of animals, then more recently in written narratives like the Gilgamesh epic and Euripides' Bacchae whose images still haunt us with anxieties about human efforts to control the natural world.
The direct-connectedness function in the random connection model
Authors: Jansen Sabine , Kolesnikov Leonid , Matzke Kilian
Published: August 2022

We investigate expansions for connectedness functions in the random connection model of continuum percolation in powers of the intensity. Precisely, we study the pair-connectedness and the direct-connectedness functions, related to each other via the Ornstein–Zernike equation. We exhibit the fact that the coefficients of the expansions consist of sums over connected and 2-connected graphs. In the physics literature, this is known to be the case more generally for percolation models based on Gibbs point processes and stands in analogy to the formalism developed for correlation functions in liquid-state statistical mechanics.

We find a representation of the direct-connectedness function and bounds on the intensity which allow us to pass to the thermodynamic limit. In some cases (e.g., in high dimensions), the results are valid in almost the entire subcritical regime. Moreover, we relate these expansions to the physics literature and we show how they coincide with the expression provided by the lace expansion.
Adult experiences of constraint-induced movement therapy programmes: a qualitative study using the Theoretical Domains Framework and Capability, Opportunity, Motivation – Behaviour system
Authors: Christie Lauren J. , Rendell Reem , McCluskey Annie , Fearn Nicola , Hunter Abigail , Lovarini Meryl
Published: August 2022

Aim:

To explore the experiences of adults who completed a constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) programme, and the barriers and enablers to their participation.

Methods:

Qualitative design using semi-structured interviews. Stroke and brain injury survivors (n= 45) who had completed CIMT as part of their usual rehabilitation were interviewed 1 month post-CIMT. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and imported into Nvivo for analysis. Inductive coding was used to identify initial themes. Themes were then deductively mapped to the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation – Behaviour system, a behaviour change model, to identify barriers and enablers to CIMT programme adherence and engagement.

Results:

Enablers influencing participation included being provided with education about the programme (Capability – psychological), seeing improvements in arm function (Motivation – reflective), being committed to the programme (Motivation – reflective) and having strong social support from staff, family and allied health students (Opportunity – social). The structured programme was a motivator and offered a way to fill the time, particularly during inpatient rehabilitation (Opportunity – physical). Barriers to participation included experiencing physical and mental fatigue (Capability – physical) and frustration early in the CIMT programme (Motivation – automatic), and finding exercises boring and repetitive (Motivation – automatic).

Conclusion:

Therapist provision of educational supports for CIMT participants and their families is important to maximise CIMT programme uptake. During CIMT delivery, we recommend the provision of positive feedback and coaching in alignment with CIMT principles, and the inclusion of social supports such as group-based programmes to enhance participant adherence.
Hume’s Conventionalist Account of Property and the History of English Land Law
Authors: Jensen Darryn
Published: August 2022

The central theoretical assumption of English land law (and land law in related legal systems) that all rights in land are derivative of the Crown’s rights does not provide a full account of the origins of rights in land. ‘Liberal’ theories of the origin of property rights, which see property rights as something that emerged independently of state action, retain considerable explanatory value. The paper begins with a discussion of the principal features of David Hume’s account of the origins of property. The paper then engages with historical scholarship that shows that (1) it is a mistake to see the medieval English hierarchy of administration as implying a hierarchy of property rights ultimately derived from the Crown’s ‘title,’ and (2) the idea that communal medieval agricultural practices were super-imposed upon a pre-existing system of individual property rights is plausible.