bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New version of midpoint-type inequalities for co-ordinated convex functions via generalized conformable integrals
Authors: Kiriş Mehmet Eyüp , Vivas-Cortez Miguel , Uzun Tuğba Yalçin , Bayrak Gözde , Budak Hüseyin
Published: May 2024

In the current research, some midpoint-type inequalities are generalized for co-ordinated convex functions with the help of generalized conformable fractional integrals. Moreover, some findings of this paper include results based on Riemann–Liouville fractional integrals and Riemann integrals.
Distance optimization and directional overcurrent relay coordination using edge-powered biogeography-genetic algorithms
Authors: Aminian Mohammadreza , Shahbazzadeh Mehdi Jafari , Eslami Mahdiyeh
Published: May 2024

The effective functioning and regulation of power systems crucially rely on the coordination of distance and directional overcurrent relays. Accurate fault detection and successful clearing sequences require support for each relay and the maintenance of the coordination time interval (CTI) between major distance relays, directional overcurrent relay support, and other relay zones. Efficiently initiating relays while adhering to complex coordination limitations poses a challenging task that demands innovative solutions. This study addresses the intricate problem of relay coordination by employing heuristic methods, specifically genetic algorithms (GA) and biogeography-based optimization (BBO), in both a 9-bus and 39-bus system. The primary objective is to determine the most efficient time setting factor (TSM) that minimizes the duration of relay operation. Additionally, the intelligent features of the overcurrent relay are carefully chosen to enhance the research's results. The integration of edge computing capabilities plays a significant role in advancing this coordination method. By incorporating advanced algorithms and communication technologies at the edge, the prompt activation of relays becomes possible, thereby meeting coordination demands. This study explores the combination of edge-based servers with genetic algorithms (GA) and biogeography-based optimization (BBO) techniques to enhance relay coordination. The findings indicate a notable enhancement compared to conventional approaches. However, comparative research suggests that BBO's performance is similar to GA, without a distinct advantage in achieving higher outcomes.
Variation in care for inpatients with avoidant restrictive food intake disorder leads to development of a novel inpatient clinical pathway to standardize care
Authors: Bern Elana M. , Milliren Carly E. , Tsang Kevin K. , Mancini Lisa A. , Carmody Julia K. , Gearhart Marina G. , Eldredge Olivia , Samsel Chase , Crowley McGreggor , Richmond Tracy K.
Published: May 2024

Introduction

There is limited evidence to guide management of patients with avoidant restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) admitted for medical stabilization. We describe variations in inpatient care which led to the development of a multidisciplinary inpatient clinical pathway (ICP) to provide standardized management and examine differences after the ICP was implemented.

Methods

A retrospective review of patients with ARFID admitted to Adolescent Medicine, Gastroenterology, and General Pediatrics at a single academic center was conducted. We compare hospital utilization and use of consulting services during the pre-ICP (2015–2017) and post-ICP (2018–2020) periods.

Results

110 patients were admitted with ARFID (n = 57 pre- vs. n = 53 post-ICP). Most presented with moderate/severe malnutrition (63% pre vs. 81% post; p = 0.11) and co-morbid anxiety and/or depression (74% pre vs. 92% post; p = 0.01). There was some variation in use of enteral tube feeding by service in both periods (p = 0.76 and p = 0.38, respectively), although overall use was consistent between periods (46% pre vs. 58% post; p = 0.18). Pre-ICP, use of the restrictive eating disorder protocol differed across services (p < 0.001), with only AM using it. Overall, utilization of the restrictive eating disorder protocol decreased from 16% pre-ICP to 2% post-ICP (p = 0.02). There was variation by service in psychiatry/psychology (range 82–100% by service; p = 0.09) and social work consultations (range 17–71% by service; p = 0.001) during the pre-ICP period, though variation was reduced in the post-ICP period (p = 0.99 and p = 0.05, respectively). Implementation of the ICP led to improvements in these consultative services, with all patients in the post-ICP period receiving psychiatry/psychology consultation (p = 0.05) and an increase in social work consults from 44 to 64% (p = 0.03). Nutrition consults were consistently utilized in both periods (98% pre vs. 100% post; p = 0.33).

Conclusion

The ICP was developed to standardize inpatient medical stabilization for patients with ARFID. In this single center study, implementation of the ICP increased standardized care for inpatients with ARFID with variation in care reduced: there were improvements in the use of consulting services and a reduction in the use of the restrictive eating disorder protocol. The ICP demonstrates the potential to further standardize and improve care over time.
A pilot cost-analysis study comparing AI-based EyeArt® and ophthalmologist assessment of diabetic retinopathy in minority women in Oslo, Norway
Authors: Karabeg Mia , Petrovski Goran , Hertzberg Silvia NW , Erke Maja Gran , Fosmark Dag Sigurd , Russell Greg , Moe Morten C. , Volke Vallo , Raudonis Vidas , Verkauskiene Rasa , Sokolovska Jelizaveta , Haugen Inga-Britt Kjellevold , Petrovski Beata Eva
Published: May 2024

Background

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of adult blindness in the working age population worldwide, which can be prevented by early detection. Regular eye examinations are recommended and crucial for detecting sight-threatening DR. Use of artificial intelligence (AI) to lessen the burden on the healthcare system is needed.

Purpose

To perform a pilot cost-analysis study for detecting DR in a cohort of minority women with DM in Oslo, Norway, that have the highest prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in the country, using both manual (ophthalmologist) and autonomous (AI) grading. This is the first study in Norway, as far as we know, that uses AI in DR- grading of retinal images.

Methods

On Minority Women’s Day, November 1, 2017, in Oslo, Norway, 33 patients (66 eyes) over 18 years of age diagnosed with DM (T1D and T2D) were screened. The Eidon - True Color Confocal Scanner (CenterVue, United States) was used for retinal imaging and graded for DR after screening had been completed, by an ophthalmologist and automatically, using EyeArt Automated DR Detection System, version 2.1.0 (EyeArt, EyeNuk, CA, USA). The gradings were based on the International Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy (ICDR) severity scale [1] detecting the presence or absence of referable DR. Cost-minimization analyses were performed for both grading methods.

Results

33 women (64 eyes) were eligible for the analysis. A very good inter-rater agreement was found: 0.98 (P < 0.01), between the human and AI-based EyeArt grading system for detecting DR. The prevalence of DR was 18.6% (95% CI: 11.4–25.8%), and the sensitivity and specificity were 100% (95% CI: 100–100% and 95% CI: 100–100%), respectively. The cost difference for AI screening compared to human screening was $143 lower per patient (cost-saving) in favour of AI.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that The EyeArt AI system is both a reliable, cost-saving, and useful tool for DR grading in clinical practice.
A proposed One Health approach to control yellow fever outbreaks in Uganda
Authors: Mensah Emmanuel Angmorteh , Gyasi Samuel Ofori , Nsubuga Fred , Alali Walid Q.
Published: May 2024

Yellow Fever (YF) is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease. Uganda is located within the Africa YF belt. Between 2019 and 2022, the Ugandan Health Authorities reported at least one outbreak of YF annually with an estimated 892 suspected cases, on average per year. The persistent recurrence of this disease raises significant concerns about the efficacy of current response strategies and prevention approaches. YF has been recognized as a One Health issue due to its interrelatedness with the animal and environmental domains. Monkeys have been recognized as the virus primary reservoir. The YF virus is transmitted through bites of infected Aedes or Haemagogus species mosquitoes between monkeys and humans. Human activities, monkey health, and environmental health issues (e.g., climate change and land use) impact YF incidence in Uganda. Additionally, disease control programs for other tropical diseases, such as mosquitoes control programs for malaria, impact YF incidence.

This review adopts the One Health approach to highlight the limitations in the existing segmented YF control and prevention strategies in Uganda, including the limited health sector surveillance, the geographically localized outbreak response efforts, the lack of a comprehensive vaccination program, the limited collaboration and communication among relevant national and international agencies, and the inadequate vector control practices. Through a One Health approach, we propose establishing a YF elimination taskforce. This taskforce would oversee coordination of YF elimination initiatives, including implementing a comprehensive surveillance system, conducting mass YF vaccination campaigns, integrating mosquito management strategies, and enhancing risk communication. It is anticipated that adopting the One Health approach will reduce the risk of YF incidence and outbreaks.
Immunotherapy in Sarcoma: Current Data and Promising Strategies
Authors: Wood Georgina E. , Meyer Christian , Petitprez Florent , D'Angelo Sandra P.
Published: May 2024

Traditionally sarcomas have been considered immunologically quiet tumours, with low tumour mutational burden (TMB) and an immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (TME), consisting of decreased T-cell infiltration and elevated levels of H1F1α, macrophages and neutrophils. 1 , 2 However, research has shown that a subset of sarcomas are immunologically ‘hot’ with either high TMB, PDL-1 expression, CD8+ T cells or presence of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) demonstrating sensitivity to immunotherapy. 3 , 4 Here, we review the current evidence for immunotherapy use in bone sarcomas (BS) and soft tissue sarcomas (STS), with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and adoptive cellular therapies including engineered T-cell therapies, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies, tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and cancer vaccines and biomarkers of response.
Prostitute
Authors: Marquez Kate
Published: May 2024

“Reflections” are short essays by sex work activists, scholars, and advocates about their personal experiences with a “troubling term” of their choice. They are exemplary of a methodological approach that never takes for granted the histories, legacies, and effects of linguistic choices.
The Idea of Sex Work
Authors: Walkowitz Judith R.
Published: May 2024

Focusing on the UK case, this essay explores how ideas and political practices around sex as work took root in a particular national space and shifted over time. Sex work helped to alter the political and social perception of sex traders, repudiating their marginality and positioning them in the mainstream of ordinary working lives. Beginning in the 1970s, political activists aligned the idea of sex as work with a defense of female practitioners as “ordinary” women doing ordinary women’s work. Sex work offered substantial rhetorical advantages for rights activists, who linked a work paradigm to practical demands for criminal justice reform and social and health initiatives. At the same time, the idea of sex as work provoked challenges inside and outside the ranks of sex traders. Antiviolence campaigners disputed that prostitution was a “job like any other” and competed with sex work projects for state resources and recognition. The discourse of sex work also occasioned some resistance within the ranks of sex traders, revealing disparate views about identity politics, the state and the market, and even what sex and work meant.
Demand
Authors: Camiscioli Elisa , Payne Eva
Published: May 2024

This article traces how social reformers, state actors, physicians, feminists, and people who sell sex have described the demand for prostitution, a term that has provided ideological support for policy approaches both supporting and opposing commercial sex over the last two centuries. In Europe, the United States, and more globally, critics have employed demand in an ostensibly neutral sense to suggest that sex functions like a commodity. For some it is the inevitable result of an inherent male sexual drive, while for others it is the mutable product of social, economic, and cultural forces. The article shows how the market abstraction of “supply and demand” obscures the complex web of causal factors that shape the sex industry in particular contexts. It begins with late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century debates on the regulation of prostitution, along with calls for its abolition, and then turns to transnational discussions of prostitution demand in multistate organizations like the League of Nations and the United Nations. The article closes with an analysis of postwar feminists debates on the purported links between demand and violence against women, and the recent ascendance of the “End Demand” model, which criminalizes the sex buyer.
Experimental Poetry in Yugoslav and Post-Yugoslav Literary Spaces: Socialism, War Transition, and Beyond
Authors: Djurić Dubravka
Published: May 2024

From historical perspectives, this article points to the interactions between official politics, official literary culture, and radical poetry in socialist Yugoslavia and postsocialist post-Yugoslav cultures. The complexity of parallel political and poetically antagonistically opposed poetry formations and the role of feminism are discussed within this constantly changing social and political environment. At the same time, connections and interactions between different parts of this cultural spaces are revealed, which are concealed within the dominant methodological nationalism approach to poetry studies. The focus is put on the intensive relation between radical poetry and radical art practice connected with transnational flows in Yugoslav socialism from the late 1960s and 1970s, and later its reappearance in 1990s during the war in Yugoslavia. At the end, the article discusses the function of translation of American poetry in articulation of radical postsocialist poetry in Serbia, and the role of feminism as a political frame for this kind of work.
The Bildungsroman of an Artist for New China:Fu Lei's Family Letters, 1954–1966
Authors: Zheng Yi
Published: May 2024

This essay explores Fu Lei's Family Letters, 1954–1966 (1981) as an accidental then aborted künstlerroman for the newly established People's Republic of China. It suggests that Fu's private epistolary transformation of the bildungsroman is an important undercurrent of Chinese socialist literature and a telling participation in the utopian historical-aesthetic project of socialist subject formation. Reading the Family Letters as a coincidental socialist bildungsroman allows us to see Fu's “heart and mind's journey” in the early decades of the People's Republic, challenging the dichotomous framework with which the relationship between the Chinese state and its intellectuals is often understood. More importantly, it allows insights into Fu's vision of the artistic bildung and its implication for a New China. Through Fu's narrative preoccupation with Jean-Christophe, and in contrast to the officially orchestrated New Folk Songs movement (1958), this understanding of the correspondence as a Romantic bildungsroman with two protagonists probes the question of the possibilities of a socialist developmental narrative, of agency and participation in the emergence of new subjectivity, and of the role of the artist in New China.
Edward Said and the Western Humanities
Authors: During Simon
Published: May 2024

This essay offers a conspectus of Said's work as a whole. It focuses on why Said chose four writers in particular to lionize and engage with. These writers are Jonathan Swift, Giambattista Vico, Joseph Conrad, and Erich Auerbach, and what they share is their conservatism. Why then did Said, a pioneering critic of empire, place these conservative writers in his private canon? The reason, the essay argues, is that Said sensed the structural connection between progressivism and imperialism, that is to say, the overwhelming force of the connection between improving the world, making it fairer and more affluent, and taking control of territories who are not interested or committed to progress.
It Is Easier to Hate Gay Shame than to Hate a Murderous World
Authors: Spade Dean , Shame Gay
Published: May 2024

Gay Shame is a direct-action collective that has been active in the San Francisco Bay Area for over twenty years. The group has never had any funding, and its members have met almost every week for decades and produced a wide range of interventions articulating an anti-capitalist, anti-imperialist, abolitionist queer politics. The author has been following the work of Gay Shame since its beginnings, engaging in related work in other cities and sometimes overlapping and collaborating with Gay Shame's members, since the early 2000s. Gay Shame's work has been prophetic. Compared to the other groups and people the author has worked with on this same intersecting set of concerns and interventions since the mid-2000s, Gay Shame has anticipated the conditions of reductive identity politics, the conditions of gentrification, and the methods of neoliberal co-optation with more accuracy and precision than anyone else. Again and again, Gay Shame has anticipated these conditions before others, making interventions that were often quite controversial because others were not yet ready to identify and name the contradictions and antagonisms that Gay Shame was naming. At this moment, when resistance is more necessary than ever, but groups and projects struggle under the weight of conflict, co-optation, and counterinsurgency, it is particularly useful to study how a group like Gay Shame has initiated and sustained this work.
No Blank Slates
Authors: Branson Shuli , Ornelas E , Rajala Kai
Published: May 2024

In this roundtable discussion, the interlocutors interrogate the settler utopian logics underlying apparently liberatory movements within a North American context—such as radical queer and trans movements—to examine how these identities and politics tell narratives of liberation that reinscribe the aims of the settler colonial project under new names. Visions of radical utopias as yet to be realized (or, as yet to be colonized) discount the ongoing presence of Indigenous alternatives to the current settler colonial dystopian reality, and instead preserve a view of geographic and social space as blank and ready to be “improved” with a “new” model. In this discussion, the interlocuters argue against linear narratives of societal and environmental collapse that promise to bring about a future idealized world and instead propose ways for radical politics, particularly those espoused by non-Indigenous people, to disavow settler colonial mindsets.
“A Reminder of How to Live in One's Body”
Authors: Lu Zhi (Yu) , Hwang Ren-yo , Lee Christopher Joseph
Published: May 2024

Special issue editors Ren-yo Hwang and Christopher Joseph Lee interview Zhi (Yu) Lu (@hotbirdbath), a trans Han/Hakka artist working in tattoo and other media as a collaborative sculptural practice, and an organizer with Trans Revolutionary Action Network (@tran4ny). In this interview, Hwang, Lee, and Lu discuss the connections between tattoo art events, nightlife, and mutual aid fundraising, while reflecting on the importance of body adornment for trans people. Alongside examples of their art, Lu explains how they see tattoo as a therapeutic medium that connects diasporic and trans communities through retellings of migration and transformation.
The Economics of the Global Energy Challenge
Authors: Greenstone Michael
Published: May 2024

This lecture argues that, rather than facing an isolated climate change challenge, the world must confront the Global Energy Challenge (GEC) that requires all countries to make trade-offs between three often competing and interrelated goals: inexpensive and reliable energy, clean air, and limiting damages from climate change. I present seven facts that help illuminate the contours of the GEC and the interactions between the three goals. Finally, it concludes by outlining potential solutions: pricing energy at its full social cost, investing in technical and policy innovation, improving information on pollution and climate damages, and treating energy as a private good.
Heterogeneous Effects of Monetary Policy on Job Flows across Income, Race, Gender, and Age
Authors: Faia Ester , Shabalina Ekaterina , Wiczer David
Published: May 2024

We study the heterogenous impact of monetary policy, through high-frequency identified shocks, across demographic and income groups. Our evidence shows significant heterogeneity in the monetary transmission across income groups, while significant differences across demographics emerge only for individuals whose income is below the median. We then build a model with idiosyncratic risk and occupational choices that provides a rationale for the channels we uncover: with uninsurable risk, low earners experience a larger decline in earnings, which reduces their likelihood of participating in the labor market and moving across occupations.
Monopsony Amplifies Distortions from Progressive Taxes
Authors: Berger David , Herkenhoff Kyle , Mongey Simon , Mousavi Negin
Published: May 2024

Progressive income taxes distort hiring and wages when firms have labor market power. We characterize this novel monopsony cost of progressivity in a simple monopsony economy and derive efficiency wedges that depend on progressivity. A simple quantification of these wedges points to the possibility that the monopsony cost may be of similar magnitudes to redistribution and insurance benefits.
Media Slant and Public Policy Views
Authors: Djourelova Milena , Durante Ruben , Motte Elliot , Patacchini Eleonora
Published: May 2024

We study how exposure to partisan news channels (i.e., Fox News vs. MSNBC) affects individual views on four policy issues — climate change, gun rights, abortion, and immigration. First, using GPT to annotate news transcripts, we document large differences in the way the two networks cover these issues. Second, exploiting exogenous variation in viewership due to channels' positions in cable lineups, we show that exposure to Fox News (MSNBC) is associated with more conservative (progressive) views, even when controlling for self-reported ideology and party affiliation. Our findings indicate that partisan media contribute to the rise of political polarization in the US.
Family Structure and Childcare in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Donald Aletheia , Lowes Sara , Vaillant Julia
Published: May 2024

Extended family members can help women with childcare. Using data from 32 sub-Saharan African countries, we find that the prevalence of nuclear families relative to extended families is increasing over time. The overall share of nuclear families is 56 percent and is higher in rural areas. We then use detailed time-use data on childcare provision from 110 rural villages in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. We find that while women do receive childcare assistance from their extended family, they provide 84 percent of childcare hours. These results highlight the need for formal childcare provision, particularly in rural areas.
Getting Students to Show Up: Generational Differences in the Effect of Teachers on Black and White Student Absences
Authors: Nguyen Nhu , Ost Ben , Qureshi Javaeria A.
Published: May 2024

We provide the first evidence on the effect of teacher generation on student absences. Using administrative matched student-teacher data, we find that Millennial teachers are more effective at reducing absences compared to teachers from earlier generations. This effect is heterogeneous across Black and White students, with Black students deriving a larger benefit from assignment to a Millennial teacher. Although both Black and White Millennial teachers are more effective at reducing student absences than Baby Boomer teachers, the race-specific improvement of Millennial teachers is driven by White teachers.
Export-Platform FDI: Cannibalization or Complementarity?
Authors: Antràs Pol , Fadeev Evgenii , Fort Teresa C. , Tintelnot Felix
Published: May 2024

We develop a model of export-platform foreign direct investment (FDI) in which final goods are produced only with labor and there are no fixed costs of exporting. We derive a simple condition that determines whether an MNE's plants are substitutes or complements. This condition is shaped by the relative size of (i) the cross-firm elasticity of demand the MNE faces for its goods and (ii) the within-firm elasticity of labor substitution across the MNE's plants. In two extensions of the model, we show that this complementarity is enhanced by firm-level (rather than plant-level) fixed costs of exporting and of sourcing inputs.
Impact versus Inclusion in the Economics Profession: Insights from the Papers and Proceedings
Authors: Bansak Cynthia , Dunn Wendy , Meade Ellen , Starr Martha
Published: May 2024

We examine trends in author representation, research topics, and impact of citations to articles in the American Economic Review and what was formerly its Papers & Proceedings (P&P). Over what we refer to as the P&P expansion period (2008-2017), we see a significant shift toward greater diversity of P&P authors with respect to gender and institutions, and the range of topics covered. Importantly, the rise in inclusivity during this time period occurred without any loss of impact, with P&P article citations actually rising relative to regular-issue articles. Thus, our analysis suggests there is no trade-off between impact and inclusion.
Teaching-Track Economists in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States
Authors: Arico Fabio , Birdi Alvin , Cohen Avi J. , Elliott Caroline , Emerson Tisha , Hoyt Gail , Jenkins Cloda , Lait Ashley , Murdock Jennifer , Spielmann Christian
Published: May 2024

For Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, we illuminate the landscape for a relatively new and evolving role: full-time, teaching-track economists who work in the same departments as research-track economists, but with a greater emphasis on te aching. We use in-depth interviews and a large-scale survey. We employ a mixed-methods approach. A cohesive, cross-country, multi-institution comparison enables learning from a variety of contexts. Our findings inform decision-making processes, initiate co nversations among multiple constituents, generate ideas, raise salient questions, and identify relative strengths and weaknesses of different teaching-track models.
Teaching-Track Faculty at US National Universities
Authors: Emerson Tisha L. N. , Hoyt Gail M.
Published: May 2024

This paper (alongside the other papers in this session) reports the findings from a mixed-methods study of teaching-track faculty in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada. Our approach combines a qualitative analysis of interviews with a quantitative analysis of survey responses. A key finding is that US teaching-track faculty are much less likely to have the possibility of job security through tenure relative to their counterparts in Canada and the United Kingdom. And while US teaching-track faculty have multifaceted jobs that might include research, service, and administrative duties, their roles are more teaching focused than UK teaching-track faculty.
Refundable Credits by Race/Hispanic Ethnicity, Income, and Filing Status
Authors: Cronin Julie-Anne , DeFilippes Portia , Fisher Robin
Published: May 2024

Using the US Department of the Treasury's tax model with an updated race and Hispanic ethnicity (RH) imputation, we find that Hispanic and Black families are not more likely than White families to benefit from the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) or Child Tax Credit (CTC) within strata defined by income, RH, filing status, and the presence of children. Average EITC and CTC benefits are still generally higher for Hispanic families, but average CTC benefits are generally lower for Asian and Hispanic families who are married with children.
Family Matters: Exposure to Gender-Affirming or Gender-Denying Practices Following Gender Identity Milestones
Authors: Campbell Travis , Mann Samuel , Rodgers Yana van der Meulen , Tran Nathaniel M.
Published: May 2024

This study examines the relationship between gender identity milestones, family support, and exposure to gender-affirming or gender-denying practices. Leveraging a retrospective panel from the 2015 US Transgender Survey, we compare changes in exposure to hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and conversion therapy among transgender youth who initiate gender identity milestones and those who initiate a year later–stratified by level of family support. Results indicate that transgender youth initiating milestones in supportive families have increased access to HRT and are shielded from conversion therapy, whereas children in unsupportive families have limited access to HRT and are more exposed to conversion therapy.
Negative Weights Are No Concern in Design-Based Specifications
Authors: Borusyak Kirill , Hull Peter
Published: May 2024

Recent work shows that popular partially-linear regression specifications can put negative weights on some treatment effects, potentially producing incorrectly-signed estimands. We show this is not an issue in design-based specifications, in which low-dimensional controls span the conditional expectation of the treatment. Specifically, the estimands of such specifications are convex averages of causal effects with ex-ante weights that average the potentially negative ex-post weights across possible treatment realizations. This result extends to design-based instrumental variable estimands under a first-stage monotonicity condition and applies to formula treatments and instruments such as shift-share instruments.
Temporal Aggregation for the Synthetic Control Method
Authors: Sun Liyang , Ben-Michael Eli , Feller Avi
Published: May 2024

The synthetic control method (SCM) is a popular approach for estimating the impact of a treatment on a single unit with panel data. Two challenges arise with higher-frequency data (e.g., monthly versus yearly): (i) achieving excellent pretreatment fit is typically more challenging, and (ii) overfitting to noise is more likely. Aggregating data over time can mitigate these problems but can also destroy important signal. In this paper, we bound the bias for SCM with disaggregated and aggregated outcomes and give conditions under which aggregating tightens the bounds. We then propose finding weights that balance both disaggregated and aggregated series.
Social Media as an Identity Barometer: Evidence from the Russia-Ukraine War
Authors: Abramenko Serhii , Korovkin Vasily , Makarin Alexey
Published: May 2024

This study investigates how social media data can be used to study shifts in identity, focusing on Ukraine during the Russia-Ukraine war. We analyze VK users' reported language proficiency and the language of tweets and note a significant shift from Russian to Ukrainian during both the early (2014-2022) and later (2022-) phases of the war. Additionally, we observe a positive association at the province level between these language changes and shifts in ethnic identity reported in nationally representative surveys. The findings underscore the effectiveness of social media data in tracking and quantifying shifts in identity.
Maternal Mental Health Responses to COVID-19 Shocks and Uncertainty in Rural Pakistan
Authors: Carias Michelle Escobar , Baranov Victoria , Maselko Joanna , Biroli Pietro , Bhalotra Sonia
Published: May 2024

In this paper, we investigate the association between a battery of mental health measures and experienced morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19, worry about disease risk, experienced economic shocks, and economic uncertainty about the future. We find that an environment of heightened economic uncertainty might impact mental health above and beyond the effects of realized shocks. A 1 standard deviation increase in economic uncertainty is associated with a 0.223 standard deviation decrease in mental health. This association is strongest among women who were depressed at baseline. We also find that current uncertainty is associated with future economic shocks.
Depression, Poverty, and Economic Shocks: Evidence from India
Authors: Angelucci Manuela , Bennett Daniel
Published: May 2024

This paper examines the correlations between socioeconomic status, economic shocks, and depression, and how these vary by gender, in a sample of adults from India. Poverty and the exposure to negative shocks are both associated with depression. However, the frequency of negative shocks varies only slightly by socioeconomic status and gender. Instead, poor people and women appear to be more vulnerable to negative shocks. These patterns suggest that social protection programs may foster mental health for these groups and reduce mental health disparities.
Tailoring Mentorship: Evidence on Diverse Needs and Application Patterns for High School Students
Authors: Calsamiglia Caterina , Garcia-Brazales Javier , Loviglio Annalisa
Published: May 2024

We investigate enrollment in a mentoring program aimed at promoting transition to tertiary education for high school students. Females exhibit both higher initial interest and application completion, while immigrants and financially constrained students initially express higher interest, but ultimately are not more likely to apply. Survey results highlight a common preference for shared academic interests, but variations emerge: females prefer same-gender mentors, immigrants value shared cultural traits, and financially constrained individuals lean towards mentors from the same municipality. This suggests that programs targeting underrepresented students should be aware of potential barriers to take-up and promote recruiting mentors with similar background.
Auditability in School Choice
Authors: Grigoryan Aram , Möller Markus
Published: May 2024

In centralized public school admissions, participants may not fully observe other participants' preference rankings and priorities. In this paper, we evaluate prominent assignment rules in terms of their auditability properties. We show that Serial Dictatorship and Immediate Acceptance rules are maximally auditable, in a sense that any deviation from running them as promised can be detected with only two applicants' private information. The Deferred Acceptance and Top Trading Cycles rules are minimally auditable, in a sense that some deviations will not be detected unless one has close to full information about the preference rankings and priorities.
Borrowing from China and Sovereign Credit Risk
Authors: Kondo Illenin , Mkhitaryan Astghik , Sosa-Padilla César
Published: May 2024

China's lending to developing nations has surged since the mid-2000s, making it these nations' largest official creditor. Contracts frequently feature unique terms, indicating China's substantial privileges as a lender. However, other lenders are also involved. We examine how these lending relationships with China affect access to credit from international bondholders. Combining data on external marketable debt and prices with Chinese lending data, we find that Chinese funding events decrease marketable debt issuance and sovereign yields. Conversely, debt restructuring with China leads to higher spreads. These findings underscore the impact of China's lending on international credit access.
Algorithmic Recommendations When the Stakes Are High: Evidence from Judicial Elections
Authors: Angelova Victoria , Dobbie Will , Yang Crystal S.
Published: May 2024

We ask whether increased public scrutiny leads to the more effective use of predictive algorithms. We focus on the context of bail, where judges face heightened public scrutiny during competitive partisan elections. We find that judges up for reelection are much more likely to follow the algorithmic recommendation to detain high-risk defendants just before an election. However, release decisions return to normal shortly after the election, and there is little change in pretrial misconduct rates, indicating that heightened public scrutiny, at least through competitive partisan elections, will not lead to the more effective use of predictive algorithms in bail.
Regional Differences in Public-Sector Productivity and Managerial Talent
Authors: Fenizia Alessandra
Published: May 2024

This paper studies whether regional differences in the productivity of Italian Social Security Agency offices can be explained by variation in manager characteristics. Consistent with other settings, offices in the North are more productive on average than those in the South. However, managers differ primarily in demographic characteristics, attaining similar levels of education. Because most of the variation in office productivity is within rather than across region, reassigning managers to more productive offices increases total (and within-region) inequality in productivity while decreasing across-region inequality.
Employment Effects of Job Search Assistance for the Long-Term Unemployed
Authors: Cottier Lionel , Flückiger Yves , Kempeneers Pierre , Lalive Rafael
Published: May 2024

We analyze the effects of a job search assistance (JSA) program for the long-term unemployed. JSA increases employment in the first year after assignment by about 4 percentage points. However, averaged over five years, JSA decreases employment, albeit insignificantly so. JSA increases job finding chances early on, but two to four years after it starts, job seekers assigned to JSA are 6 percentage points less likely to have a job compared to job seekers in the control group. JSA manages to find jobs quickly for the long-term unemployed, but the duration of the new jobs is shorter.
Heterogeneity in Corporate Tax Incidence by Worker Characteristics
Authors: Kennedy Patrick J. , Dobridge Christine L. , Landefeld Paul , Mortenson Jacob
Published: May 2024

We study how corporate tax incidence on worker earnings varies across worker characteristics: gender, age, and employment tenure. To do so, we examine effects of the corporate tax cuts introduced by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), using data from federal tax records and a difference-in-differences empirical design. We find no systematic differential effects by gender but find that TCJA resulted in larger earnings gaps for older workers and long-tenured workers. These gaps become larger towards the top of the within-firm earnings distribution.
Gender and Racial Behavior in Consumer Payment Methods under Economic Uncertainty
Authors: Garcia Raffi E. , Harithsa Jyothsna G.
Published: May 2024

This paper analyzes the effects of high economic uncertainty on racial and gender behavior in payment methods. Using US consumer transaction-level data, we find that consumers alter their payment behavior patterns in periods of high economic uncertainty by moving away from costly and risky payment methods with high interest rates, such as credit cards. We find that females reduce their cash usage but increase their credit card usage relative to males, thus exposing themselves to higher financial vulnerability. We find no major differences in payment behavior between Blacks and Whites.
Racial Wealth Inequality and Access to Care with High-Deductible Health Insurance
Authors: Zewde Naomi
Published: May 2024

This paper evaluates racial inequalities in health-care affordability between high-deductible and conventional insurance. Using the 2011-2017 National Health Interview Survey, the study finds that Blacks in high-deductible plans are not disproportionately higher income, nor more engaged in other savings vehicles, unlike their White counterparts, indicating they may be income constrained rather than desiring to partially self-insure. Furthermore, conditional on income, wealth explained more of the racial disparity in health-care access among high-deductible enrollees than conventional enrollees, consistent with the hypothesis that benefit designs relying on households' cash reserves would yield greater disparities due to the magnitude of racial inequalities in assets.
American Indian Wealth in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Feir Donn. L. , Jones Maggie E. C. , Redish Angela
Published: May 2024

We use data from the Bureau of Indian Affairs annual reports between 1912 and 1927 to examine the wealth of Indigenous nations in the contiguous United States during the early twentieth century. Our estimates reveal considerable heterogeneity in wealth holdings across Indigenous nations. In 1912, the average real per capita wealth of Indigenous nations was high relative to other groups, but it declined systematically throughout the period of our study. Given the available contemporary evidence, our estimates imply a dramatic widening of the wealth gap over the last century.
Moving in Academia: Who Moves and What Happens After?
Authors: Gualavisi Melany , Kleemans Marieke , Thornton Rebecca
Published: May 2024

We study labor mobility among academic economists in the United States. Analyzing CV data from over 6,000 economists at Research 1 institutions, we document that female assistant and associate professors are 8 percentage points less likely to move with promotion than their male counterparts. Women are also more likely than men to relocate to lower-ranked institutions. Event study graphs reveal that men working in departments that receive a new faculty member see their publication output increase by more than twice as much as that of women in these departments. Our findings highlight significant gender differences in who moves and what happens after.
Racial Disparities in the US Mortgage Market
Authors: Hurtado Agustin , Sakong Jung
Published: May 2024

We study racial disparities in the US mortgage market. Using new data from Hurtado and Sakong (2024), we present three findings. First, we document access disparities between minority and otherwise-identical White borrowers even within the same bank and with the same loan officer. In contrast, cost disparities are nearly zero. Second, the use of automated underwriting algorithms is associated with smaller access disparities but slightly larger cost disparities. Third, individual factors such as loan officers' race and whether borrowers' race is observed at application do not seem to matter much.
Immigration Policies, Backlash, and School Bullying
Authors: Amuedo-Dorantes Catalina , Arenas-Arroyo Esther
Published: May 2024

This study leverages the rollout of restorative practices (RP) within Chicago Public Schools to investigate whether younger siblings in elementary school who are not directly exposed to RP are affected by their older siblings' RP exposure in high school. We find suggestive evidence that younger siblings' absent days decline in response to indirect RP exposure. In contrast, we do not find any evidence that indirect exposure affects perceived behavior or academic outcomes. Our analysis is intended to provide a useful data point for future work that more comprehensively assesses the scope for spillover effects associated with non-cognitive skill development.
Research Design with Weighted Lotteries in School Choice
Authors: Abdulkadiroğlu Atila , Back Inkoo
Published: May 2024

Centralized admissions are an integral part of parental school choice programs. Most districts use a version of the deferred acceptance algorithm to assign applicants to schools. Centralized admissions produce data with quasi-experimental variation in student assignment that is integral in program evaluation. Recent developments in research design consider the basic version of the deferred acceptance algorithm. However, most districts adapt advanced versions of the deferred acceptance algorithm to implement their diversity policy in admissions, such as favoring applicants from disadvantaged backgrounds in lottery tie-breaking. We develop research design for data from the deferred acceptance algorithm with weighted lotteries.
Σταθερότητα σωματικής σύστασης παιδιών
Authors: Ψαρρά Γλυκερία
Published: May 2024

Οι στόχοι της διατριβής αυτής ήταν η μελέτη της σταθερότητας της παιδικής παχυσαρκίας και των προβλεπτικών παραγόντων, η επίδραση της καρδιοαναπνευστικής ευρωστίας (CRF) και της διατροφικής συχνότητας στην παιδική παχυσαρκία και η επίδραση της παιδικής παχυσαρκίας στην ινσουλινοαντίσταση. Επιπλέον, σχεδιάσαμε ένα διατροφικό δείκτη (CODI) για την πρόβλεψη της παχυσαρκίας και ένα θεραπευτικό πρωτόκολλο για την αντιμετώπιση της παιδικής παχυσαρκίας. Αποτελέσματα : 1) Ο ΒΜΙ (r=0.77, p<0.001) και η περίμετρος μέσης (WaistC) (r=0.81, p<0.001) εμφάνισαν την υψηλότερη σταθερότητα μεταξύ των αξιολογούμενων δεικτών. Το 76,5% των παιδιών παρέμεινε παχύσαρκο μετά τα 5 χρόνια, ενώ τα μισά από τα παχύσαρκα παιδιά στην τελική αξιολόγηση ήταν αρχικά παχύσαρκα, 2) Το φύλο, η ωρίμανση του παιδιού και η αρχική WaistC, η CRF και ο ΒΜΙ της μητέρας εξήγησαν το 76% της μεταβλητότητας του ΒΜΙ και της WaistC μετά τη διετή παρακολούθηση, 3) Τα υπέρβαρα και παχύσαρκα παιδιά με υψηλή CRF είχαν χαμηλότερες τιμές δερματικών πτυχών, ΒΜΙ και σωματικό λίπος, από τα παιδιά της ίδιας κατηγορίας ΒΜΙ με χαμηλότερη CRF (p>0.01), 4) Τα παχύσαρκα παιδιά παρουσίασαν υψηλότερα ΗΟΜΑ-IR, CRP και λιπίδια αίματος, συγκρινόμενα με αδύνατα παιδιά (p<0.01), 5) Τα παιδιά με υψηλή διατροφική συχνότητα παρουσίασαν χαμηλότερη ολική και κεντρική παχυσαρκία, από αυτά με χαμηλή διατροφική συχνότητα (p<0.05), παρά το ότι την υψηλότερη ενεργειακή πρόσληψη στα παιδιά με συχνή πρόσληψη τροφής, 6) Ο CODI συσχετίστηκε αντίστροφα με το ΒΜΙ (r=0.83, p<0.01) και με την πιθανότητα υπέρβαρου/παχύσαρκου (odds ratio=0.94, 95%CI 0.91-0.98), 7) Το ποσοστό υπέρβαρου και παχύσαρκου μειώθηκε σημαντικά (p<0.05), στους εφήβους που συμμετείχαν στο 6μηνο πρόγραμμα διαχείρισης βάρους, συγκρινόμενοι με την ομάδα ελέγχου.
Ο ρόλος του κοινωνικού κεφαλαίου κατά την πορεία μετάβασης από την εκπαίδευση στην αγορά εργασίας των Αλβανών μεταναστών δεύτερης γενιάς
Authors: Κούρτης Ιωάννης
Published: May 2024

Βασικός ερευνητικός στόχος της συγκεκριμένης διατριβής αποτελεί η διερεύνηση του ρόλου του κοινωνικού κεφαλαίου στους εργαζόμενους Αλβανούς μετανάστες δεύτερης γενιάς, κατά τη διάρκεια φοίτησης ή αμέσως μετά την αποφοίτησή τους από οποιαδήποτε βαθμίδα του ελληνικού εκπαιδευτικού συστήματος, έως και την πρώιμη ενήλικη ζωή τους. Κρίσιμης σημασίας ζήτημα είναι ο ακριβής προσδιορισμός του βαθμού που οι εργαζόμενοι Αλβανοί μετανάστες πράγματι αξιοποιούν το κοινωνικό κεφάλαιο για να βρουν εργασία, καθώς και ο προσδιορισμός συγκεκριμένων τύπων κοινωνικού κεφαλαίου που συσσωρεύουν και αξιοποιούν, με δεδομένα τα οφέλη που μπορεί να αποκομίσουν από τη συμμετοχή τους σε κοινότητες υψηλής συσσώρευσης κοινωνικού κεφαλαίου. Επίσης, σημαντικό ζήτημα αποτελεί η σύγκριση των νεότερων Αλβανών, τόσο με τους Έλληνες, όσο και με τους μεγαλύτερους σε ηλικία Αλβανούς, αναφορικά με την εκπαίδευση, την εργασία, το εισόδημά και κυρίως με τον τύπο κοινωνικού κεφαλαίου που η κάθε μια από τις παραπάνω ομάδες αξιοποιεί πριν και μετά την κρίση της ευρωζώνης. Υπερβαίνοντας τα θεσμικά προβλήματα της χώρας μας, διαπιστώθηκε η διάθεση των Αλβανών δεύτερης γενιάς να τα καταφέρουν καλύτερα από τους προγόνους τους, και να συμμετέχουν στην κοινωνική ζωή επί ίσοις όροις με τους συνομηλίκους τους Έλληνες.