bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF ANTISERUM AGAINST THE SOLUBLE TOXIC SUBSTANCE OF BACILLUS COLI IN BACILLUS COLI PERITONITIS
Authors: Steinberg Bernhard , Ecker E. E.
Published: June 2004

When colon bacilli in sufficient numbers were injected into the peritoneal cavity of rabbits the animals died within a few hours. There was an incubation period of 1 to 1½ hours which was followed by a set of symptoms that culminated in death. The peritoneum, however, showed only very slight changes.

It was thought that the soluble toxic substance of B. coli which was demonstrated by Aronovitch, Zinsser, and Branham may be an important lethal factor. Young cultures of B. coli in broth were centrifugalized and after killing the remaining bacteria by heat the supernatant fluid was injected into the peritoneal cavity of rabbits. There ensued the same set of symptoms terminating in death which were seen on the injection of the whole culture when the supernatant fluid alone was given.

The potency of the toxic substance is variable. This variability is probably in part inherent in the material and in part depends upon the individual resistance of the animals.

Rabbits were injected intravenously with the supernatant fluid of centrifugalized young cultures of B. coli and an antiserum was elaborated against the soluble toxic substance of this organism.

When this antiserum was given intravenously to rabbits immediately or ½ hour after receiving intraperitoneally five times the usual lethal dose of B. coli, ten out of twelve animals survived.
THE REACTION OF COW'S MILK TO BLOOD SERUM PRECIPITIN
Authors: Jones F. S.
Published: June 2004

It seems well established that during normal lactation there passes a slight but well defined quantity of blood protein into the udder. When a specific serum precipitin is applied to diluted milk the reaction occurs at a relatively uniform level of dilution. This line may well be considered the normal level of blood protein elimination. In the main the serum protein level is the same when mastitis streptococci are present as when they are absent, provided they are not too numerous. On the other hand it has been shown that when streptococci are present in large numbers the milk while apparently normal reacts at dilutions considerably higher than the normal.

In the non-lactating udder, particularly during the latter end of gestation, serum proteins accumulate. Little and Orcutt have shown that certain antibodies tend to become greatly concentrated within the udder. Howe and others have shown that the colostrum of cows is rich in blood proteins. It is to be noted, however, that colostrum while rich in serum proteins usually reacts with serum precipitin to about one-half the titer of the blood serum itself. It may well be that certain proteins of the blood passing into the acini are reabsorbed, leaving a portion of the antigen within the udder. Thus a gradual accumulation of antigen may occur. Shortly after parturition the udder may be drained with a consequent marked fall in serum content. There, however, apparently exists for the next few days considerable permeability of the capillaries for serum proteins. This is borne out by the reaction of the milk to the serum precipitin, since it may react above the normal level for as long as 10 days or 2 weeks after parturition.

During the course of inflammation there may occur a considerable outpouring of blood protein. In the severe cases the exudate may give a titer at as great a dilution as the blood serum. In other milder cases where the inflammation may be confined only to the mucosa of the milk cystern, there is usually little that is abnormal in the appearance of the milk. The precipitin test, however, indicates that serum proteins are present in definitely greater concentration than in normal milk.

Of practical interest is the effect of heating the milk on the reaction of serum precipitin. Milk heated to a temperature as high as 66°C. for 20 minutes will react at the same dilutions as the raw milk. Milk pasteurized at 68–69°C. for 20 minutes will no longer react. The precipitin test, then, affords a ready means of detecting milk heated above 68–69°C.

It is assumed that the precipitin test may have some further practical application. The evidence presented indicates a well defined serum proportion in the milk which may be increased during inflammation of the udder. The experiments in which mastitis exudate was mixed with varying quantities of market milk indicate that such mixtures can readily be detected with serum precipitin. It seems not improbable that some such procedure might be applied as a presumptive test to the product of small herds or to the mixed milk of a number of cows.
ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK CAUSED BY ANTIBODY IN ANIMALS SENSITIZED BY ANTIGEN—REVERSED PASSIVE ANAPHYLAXIS
Authors: Opie Eugene L. , Furth J.
Published: June 2004

Anaphylactic shock occurs (in rabbits) when the usual procedure for the production of passive anaphylaxis is reversed; that is, when an animal previously treated with antigen receives the corresponding antiserum by way of the circulating blood.

This susceptibility to the action of anti-horse serum produced by injection of antigen reaches maximum intensity after an interval of 4 hours presumably required to permit penetration of the antigen in sufficient concentration into the tissues.

Desensitization to the action of a shock-producing dose of anti-horse serum can be brought about by repeated small doses of the same antiserum.

Anaphylactic shock and local anaphylaxis manifested by the acute inflammation of an immunized animal when injected with the antigen used for immunization (Arthus phenomenon) occur under analogous conditions; that is, when antigen and antibody meet within the tissues. The peculiar characters of these reactions are dependent upon the site of entry of the irritating agent, which is the vascular system in one instance and tissue spaces in the other, and upon the concentration of antigen and antibody within susceptible tissues.

Meeting of antigen and antibody within susceptible tissues is sufficient to explain the phenomena of local and general anaphylaxis so that it is unnecessary to assume the sudden formation of a toxic substance (anaphylatoxin).
EFFECT OF JEJUNOSTOMY IN EXPERIMENTAL OBSTRUCTION OF THE JEJUNUM OF THE DOG
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G.
Published: June 2004

1. Jejunostomy does not prevent the development of the chemical changes of the blood characteristic of obstruction of the jejunum in the dog.

2. Jejunostomy following experimental obstruction of the jejunum has no beneficial effect upon the duration of life. There is some evidence that life may be shortened by early jejunostomy.

3. Treatment of jejunal obstruction with sodium chloride solution tends to prolong the life of animals regardless of jejunostomy.
SYPHILITIC MYOCARDITIS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise
Published: June 2004

In the course of routine postmortem examinations of rabbits infected with Treponema pallidum, six cases of pronounced granulomatous myocarditis were encountered. Treponemata were not demonstrated in the lesions, but the clinical history, and the gross and microscopic appearance of the lesions seemed to warrant a diagnosis of syphilitic myocarditis. The lesions measured 1.0 cm. or more in diameter and histologically were practically identical with those described by Warthin in cases of syphilitic myocarditis in man.

These are the first cases of syphilitic myocarditis or of visceral syphilis in the rabbit that have been reported.
EXPERIMENTAL BONE MARROW REACTIONS
Authors: Muller Gulli Lindh
Published: June 2004

1. The effect produced by the intravenous administration of collargol on the bone marrow of rabbits varies directly with the amount of collargol injected, and three fairly well defined stages could be recognized.

(a) An initial stage after comparatively few and small doses, with erythrocytic and endothelial hyperplasia in the bone marrow and with evidences of this stimulation in the peripheral blood in the form of young erythrocytes and normoblasts.

(b) An intermediary stage which followed the injection of larger amounts of collargol, and which was characterized by a predominant myeloid hyperplasia.

(c) A final stage with marked bone marrow aplasia and with colloidal silver deposited in endothelial cells, as well as in clasmatocytes. This was associated with a high grade anemia with low color index, resembling aplastic anemia in its main features. This stage terminated fatally.

2. There was no evidence of injury to blood cells in the peripheral circulation. The erythrocytic bone marrow aplasia was present before any appreciable decrease of red blood cells was found in the peripheral blood.

3. The results were less clear-cut in a series of rats, but anemia of a similar type was produced in all animals when sufficiently large doses were injected.

4. Splenectomy did not alter the course in rats materially.

5. It is fair to conclude that the cause of the anemia produced may be sought in the deviation of the parental endothelial cell toward clasmatocyte formation at the expense of the development of erythrocytes.

6. It is suggested that the results may be offered in support of the theory of the endothelial origin of both clasmatocytes and red blood cells.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Webster Leslie T.
Published: June 2004

1. Four general types of spontaneous pneumonia, associated with strains of Bact. lepisepticum similar in biology and virulence, are described: (1) an acute, diffuse form, with subpleural and perivascular orientation of the exudate, (2) lobar, (3) pleuro-, and (4) abscess pneumonia.

2. The acute, diffuse, lobar, and pleuro pneumonias may be induced experimentally by intranasal instillation of a virulent strain of Bact. lepisepticum.

3. These same types occur when the organisms are inoculated intravenously, intratesticularly, and subcutaneously.

4. Intrabronchial insufflation of the organisms brings about infection in less than half of the animals. When effective, a sharply circumscribed, peribronchial lesion is found at the base of the lung, which spreads peripherally by direct extension, and generally by invasion of the blood stream.

5. It is concluded that differences in the types of pneumonia following infection with similar strains of Bact. lepisepticum depend upon the resistance of the animal, and that the usual portal of entry of this organism into the lungs, in cases of acute and lobar pneumonia, is by way of the blood stream.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Webster Leslie T.
Published: June 2004

Rabbits with no previous exposure to Bact. lepisepticum were given, intranasally, a known dose of one strain or another of this organism, or of B. bronchisepticus. The results give grounds for the following conclusions.
ON THE DIALYSABILITY OF THE GROWTH-ACTIVATING PRINCIPLE CONTAINED IN EXTRACTS OF EMBRYONIC TISSUES
Authors: Wright G. Payling
Published: June 2004

These experiments appear to indicate that whatever substance in embryonic tissue extracts excites mitosis, and therefore would appear to be the growth-stimulating substance, is capable of passing through a collodion membrane which is impermeable to proteins, at all events in such concentration as would give rise to any biuret reaction. The substance is therefore diffusible.
THE RELATION BETWEEN ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND INGESTED CHOLESTEROL IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Clarkson Sarah , Newburgh L. H.
Published: June 2004

1. The range of free cholesterol in the blood of rabbits, as determined by the Windaus method, varies from 35 to 125 mg. with a mean of 71 mg. per 100 cc. of blood.

2. The small amount of cholesterol contained in the high protein diet used by us in earlier work and causing atherosclerosis does not affect the blood cholesterol nor does it cause arterial disease.

3. In order to produce atherosclerosis it is necessary to feed at least ten times that amount of cholesterol.

4. In rabbits receiving such amounts both hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis occur, but it is not possible to establish any close parallelism between the two. High blood readings are found in rabbits with normal aortæ and atherosclerotic rabbits in this series sometimes have shown a normal blood cholesterol.

5. With still greater doses of cholesterol one finally reaches an amount which regularly produces hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis within a few weeks.

6. A new series of rabbits fed the high protein diet shows that those rabbits which become atherosclerotic also develop hypercholesterolemia. We attribute this elevation of the blood cholesterol to a metabolic disturbance directly referable to the excess of protein in the diet and not to its cholesterol content.
THE RÔLE OF THE RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM IN IMMUNITY
Authors: Jungeblut C. W. , Berlot J. A.
Published: June 2004

1. Following massive doses of India ink injected intravenously into guinea pigs before a subcutaneous injection of diphtheria toxin-antitoxin mixture, no antitoxin was found in the blood serum for 3 weeks, as indicated by intracutaneous tests, whereas an appreciable amount could be detected in non-blocked, immunized control animals.

2. During the 4th week following immunization, the titer of the serum of blocked animals equaled that of non-blocked controls within the limits of the intracutaneous test dose.

3. The smaller doses of India ink used in these experiments, given before immunization, had no stimulating effect on the production of diphtheria antitoxin but, on the contrary, also inhibited the appearance of this antibody, although to a less extent.
STUDIES ON PNEUMOCOCCUS GROWTH INHIBITION
Authors: Woo Shutai T.
Published: June 2004

Employing a method, described in an earlier publication, for testing the pneumococcidal activity of serum-leucocyte mixtures, a study has been made of the pneumococcus-destroying properties of the blood of a relatively susceptible animal, the rabbit, for pneumococci of low virulence for the species. It was found that rabbit serum-leucocyte mixtures possessed the power to kill avirulent pneumococci in relatively large numbers but failed to inhibit the growth of virulent organisms even in minute quantities. The results of numerous experiments in which all three types of pneumococci were employed indicated that the ability of a strain of pneumococcus to grow in rabbit blood is dependent on its virulence for the rabbit. The extreme susceptibility of the very young rabbit to strains of pneumococcus of low virulence for the full grown animal, was found to be associated with an absence of pneumococcidal properties in the blood of the young rabbit. These findings suggest that the relatively susceptible animals possess the same type of defense mechanism against pneumococcus infection as do the highly pneumococcus-resistant species.
CHANGES IN THE REACTION POTENTIAL OF A TRANSPLANTABLE TUMOR
Authors: Strong Leonell C.
Published: June 2004

A transplantable tumor, known as dBrD, gave very uniform results in a series of mice of known pedigree for a period of about a year.

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We may say that the reaction potential existing between the tumor and individuals inoculated was the same during this first part of the experiment. This tumor will grow in a mouse progressively provided there be present simultaneously at least from six to eight independently segregating genetic factors (genes) in the fundamental make-up of the host derived from the zygote that gave rise to the individual. In the course of routine transplantation of this tumor, there was a sudden change in this hitherto constant reaction potential resulting in at least three types of transplantable tumors—new types as far as their physiological activity and reaction potential are concerned. From a single original transplantable mass, I have therefore obtained four masses that remain true to type at least for some months of continued experimentation. These four types are (1) the original tumor, dBrD, still giving a six to eight Mendelian factor ratio, (2) dBrDm giving a two factor ratio, (3) dBrDBl showing another two factor ratio, and (4) dBrDBs giving a one factor ratio. The number of factors involved in the transplantability for the several tumors investigated are given in Table III.
THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SPONTANEOUS ENCEPHALITIS IN RABBITS
Authors: Cowdry E. V.
Published: June 2004

The observations reported in this paper seem to justify the hope that the obstacle afforded to experimentation by the frequent presence of spontaneous encephalitis and nephritis in American and European rabbits does not exist to the same degree in rabbits from certain other localities. The observations are, furthermore despite their obvious limitations, in conformity with the theory that the disease is not one common to domestic rabbits everywhere, but rather that it occurs in special localities from which, given favorable conditions, it may spread. Thus far it has not been reported in tropical climates or south of the equator.
ORGAN WEIGHTS OF NORMAL RABBITS
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise , Van Allen Chester M.
Published: June 2004

The results of a second series of organ weight determinations on normal rabbits are reported and the values obtained are compared with those for the first series. Figures are also given which represent the results obtained by combining the two series of animals or from weight determinations made on 645 apparently normal rabbits selected from stocks used for various experimental purposes.
STUDIES ON REGENERATION OF BACTERIOPHAGE
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory
Published: June 2004

The investigations of the influence of oxygen on the bacteriophage phenomenon recorded in this paper show that this factor plays an important role which is due exclusively to its ability to induce certain changes in the behavior of bacterial cells towards lytic principle. At certain H ion concentrations both aerobic and anaerobic cultures can be made resistant in the absence of lytic principle. The resistance thus acquired is of a stable nature under suitable conditions. If the lytic principle is added to aerobic or anaerobic types of resistant strains the cultures are able to regenerate it to a certain extent. However they do not undergo any visible lysis themselves even under the action of lytic principles which were passed through several generations of these types. The principles regenerated by both types of resistant cultures are identical in action with each other as well as with the stock lytic principle.

These experiments suggest a new method of investigation into the hitherto unexplained nature of resistance of bacteria towards bacteriophage.
STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN BACTERIAL CULTURES ON THE MOVEMENT OF THE INTESTINES
Authors: Ecker E. E. , Rademaekers A.
Published: June 2004

Following intravenous injection, filtrates of young cultures of B. paratyphosus B often produce marked diarrhea in rabbits. A study was made of the effect of these toxic filtrates on the motility of the small intestines of the rabbit. The observations were made on a segment of the small intestines in situ, and in the living animal. It was found that an immediate slight rise of tone of the longitudinal muscles occurred following intravenous injection of sterile broth. The same rise was noted after the injection of the toxic filtrate; but with these it was followed later (10 minutes elapsing at least) by a very strong but gradual rise of the diastolic and systolic tone, i.e., by spasmodic contraction of the intestinal muscle, which persisted at times for as long as 2 hours. In order to record simultaneously the effect on the longitudinal and circular muscles, and the propulsive efficiency of the segment the Sollmann and Rademaekers modification of Baur's technique was employed. This arrangement showed that the stimulation of the longitudinal muscles is accompanied by a similarly strong stimulation of the circular muscles, by peristalsis, and therefore by a greatly increased propulsion of intestinal contents which was sufficient to overcome the inhibition that usually occurs after preparation of the animal. With this arrangement an instance of peristaltic spasm was also noted. Broth alone failed to produce the phenomenon. Isotonic magnesium chloride or sulfate added to the bath relaxed the muscles again. Animals under deep urethane anesthesia did not show the diarrhea occurring in the intact controls, but sometimes exhibited it after the effect of the anesthetic had disappeared. So far no effects have been observed on the isolated strip (Magnus method), and further studies are being made to localize the effect, to neutralize it with a specific antiserum, and to observe the effect of filtrates of other members of the bacterial group including the dysentery bacilli.
MELANOMA (SARCOMA) OF THE EYE IN A SYPHILITIC RABBIT
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise
Published: June 2004

A melanotic tumor developed in a defective eye of a syphilitic rabbit following repeated genital inoculations with Treponema pallidum. The appearance of the tumor coincided with the development of a syphilitic lesion in the same eye, suggesting a relation between the occurrence of the two lesions.
THE PRESENCE OF DESQUAMATED ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, THE SO CALLED CLASMATOCYTES, IN NORMAL MAMMALIAN BLOOD
Authors: Sabin Florence R. , Doan Charles A.
Published: June 2004

1. There is a practically constant desquamation of endothelial cells into the circulating blood in rabbits and man.

2. These endothelial cells represent the entire range in size of endothelium from very small cells, possibly from capillaries, up to the type of the large Kupffer cell.

3. These desquamated cells can be discriminated from monocytes.

4. There are common morphological and functional characteristics among the following cells: the clasmatocytes from the specific endothelia, such as the cells from the sinuses of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow; the clasmatocytes of the diffuse connective tissues; and desquamated endothelial cells occurring in normal and pathological blood.

5. There are four strains of white cells in the normal circulating human and rabbit blood, granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, and endothelial phagocytes.
NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL FRAGMENTATION OF RED BLOOD CELLS; THE PHAGOCYTOSIS OF THESE FRAGMENTS BY DESQUAMATED ENDOTHELIAL CELLS OF THE BLOOD STREAM; THE CORRELATION OF THE PEROXIDASE REACTION WITH PHAGOCYTOSIS IN MONONUCLEAR CELLS
Authors: Doan Charles A. , Sabin Florence R.
Published: June 2004

1. There is constantly some breaking down of red cells in the circulation by fragmentation.

2. The fragments of red cells, as well as whole red cells, are phagocytized and destroyed by clasmatocytes or endothelial phagocytes.

3. When there is an increase in fragmentation in abnormal or pathological states, desquamated endothelial cells of the blood stream, as well as the clasmatocytes of the tissues, increase proportionately and take in these fragments. These cells are to be distinguished from eosinophilic leucocytes by the nature of their granules, by the type of motility of the cells, and by a negative peroxidase test.

4. The desquamated endothelial cells, clasmatocytes, in the circulating blood are positive to the peroxidase test only when they have taken in positive material.

5. The monocytes show marked variations of the oxidase reaction in different species and to different techniques. With the Sato and Sekiya technique most monocytes of human blood are positive, while most of them in rabbit blood are negative, but both positive and negative reactions are found in both human and rabbit blood.
ETIOLOGY OF OROYA FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo , Battistini Telémaco S.
Published: June 2004

A pure culture of a microorganism resembling in morphology and pathogenic action Bartonella bacilliformis has been obtained from blood taken during life from a case of Oroya fever which ended fatally. The blood taken at Lima into citrate solution and transported to New York at refrigerator temperature yielded positive cultures 28 days after its withdrawal from the patient.

The strain of Bartonella bacilliformis thus isolated grows well on the semisolid leptospira medium, and also on slant agar containing animal blood. The initial growth is not readily recognizable to the naked eye, but the presence of the organisms can be determined by means of the dark-field microscope and by Giemsa and Gram staining methods. No growth has been obtained on the more ordinary culture media. The organism is an obligate aerobe, is Gram-negative, and under certain cultural conditions motile. All the forms which have been described as occurring in human red corpuscles may be found in the cultures, and in addition many granular and coarsely irregular forms have been met with.

The inoculation of cultures of Bartonella bacilliformis into Macacus rhesus produces infection and gives rise to effects which differ with the mode of inoculation. The intravenous injection of the culture into young macaques induces a prolonged irregularly remittent fever. The organism can be cultivated from the blood over a long period, and it has been detected within the red corpuscles of the monkeys, reproducing the precise appearances observed in human cases of Oroya fever.

The intradermal injection of the culture into the eyebrow of young macaques gives rise to nodular formations rich in new blood vessels and showing the bacilliform organism within the endothelial cells. From the experimentally induced nodules cultures of the organism are readily recovered.
A FILTER-PASSING VIRUS OBTAINED FROM DERMACENTOR ANDERSONI
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo
Published: June 2004

An invisible, filter-passing virus, pathogenic for the guinea pig, and capable of cultivation on special media for at least seven generations, has been isolated from a tick of the species Dermacentor andersoni. One of two monkeys (Macacus rhesus) inoculated became infected, and in one rabbit the result was negative.

The virus has been transmitted from infected guinea pigs to ticks as also in one instance by tick feeding from an infected tick to a guinea pig The presence of the virus in the tick is more easily demonstrated by the inoculation of guinea pigs with a suspension of the tick viscera. Continuous high fever (104.5–106.5°F.) and enlargement of the spleen are the chief symptoms of the infection in guinea pigs. After the febrile attack the guinea pigs are not susceptible to reinoculation with the cultured virus but are subject to infection with the virus of spotted fever, and vice versa.
THE ORGANISM ASSOCIATED WITH SPECIFIC INFECTIOUS CYSTITIS AND PYELONEPHRITIS OF COWS
Authors: Jones F. S. , Little Ralph B.
Published: June 2004

A Gram-positive diphtheroid isolated from spontaneous cases of cystitis and pyelonephritis of cows on five farms has been studied. All the strains obtained were of the same general morphology. They possess similar cultural characteristics and to a great degree similar agglutination affinities. The organism is not pathogenic for the ordinary laboratory animals. It produces no toxin. Cows injected intravenously with broth cultures failed to develop the disease. On the other hand, small quantities of cultures introduced into the bladder by way of the urethra gave rise to a typical persistent cystitis.

There is evidence for a transmission of the disease by contact infection, as when the same individual curries both normal and infected cows.
THE RÔLE OF THE RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM IN IMMUNITY
Authors: Jungeblut C. W. , Berlot J. A.
Published: June 2004

1. Guinea pigs injected intravenously with massive doses of India ink before active sensitization exhibited occasionally a more or less marked, decreased sensitiveness to the reinjection of the antigen.

2. The serum of rabbits which had received massive doses of India ink before the sensitizing injections, showed approximately the same titer of anaphylactic antibodies as that of sensitized normal control animals, as demonstrated by the degree of passive sensitization induced in guinea pigs.

3. The precipitin titer of sensitized rabbits blocked with massive doses of India ink was somewhat lower than that of sensitized normal controls. In one instance, the intravenous injection of smaller doses of India ink was followed by a higher precipitin titer. No uniform relation was found between the height of the precipitin titer and the anaphylactic power of the antiserums.

4. One blocking injection of India ink given to guinea pigs before passive sensitization did not interfere with the occurrence of anaphylactic shock nor alter its nature.
THE SKIN RESPONSE OF RABBITS TO NON-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Andrewes Christopher H. , Derick Clifford L. , Swift Homer F.
Published: June 2004

1. Rabbits inoculated intradermally with certain strains of green streptococci have well marked lesions which, after reaching a maximum size in 24 to 48 hours and then beginning to retrogress, show in over 50 per cent of the animals a secondary increase in size and other signs of inflammation about 8 or 9 days after inoculation.

2. This secondary reaction may follow the inoculation of a variety of strains of green-producing streptococci from various sources, of indifferent streptococci, and occasionally of pneumococci.

3. The inoculation of hemolytic streptococci, staphylococci, Micrococcus catarrhalis, or Bacillus coli has not been followed by this secondary reaction.

4. The secondary reaction is not due to increased activity of the injected bacteria since the lesions are usually sterile at the time it occurs and since the secondary reaction occurs after inoculation of killed organisms as well as after that of living ones.

5. A second inoculation of green streptococci into a rabbit within 9 weeks of a first injection is followed by a primary but not by a secondary reaction. This inhibition of the secondary reaction is not specific; for the phenomenon of secondary reaction can be completely inhibited by previous inoculations of the rabbit with any living streptococcus and usually with pneumococci. Killed organisms are less effectual.

6. Preliminary injection with staphylococci, Micrococcus catarrhalis, and Bacillus coli has not prevented the appearance of a secondary reaction in response to subsequent injections of green streptococci.

7. The agent responsible for the secondary reaction has not as yet been determined; its nature is discussed. The phenomenon is possibly a form of allergic reaction.
THE SKIN RESPONSE OF RABBITS TO NON-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Derick Clifford L. , Andrewes Christopher H.
Published: June 2004

An attempt has been made to interpret on the lines of the Arthus phenomenon the secondary reaction which follows the intradermal inoculation of certain non-hemolytic streptococci into rabbits; but evidence in support of this interpretation of the reaction has not been obtained. The facts make it seem probable that if this secondary reaction is due to a hypersensitive state it must be one more closely allied to the tuberculin reaction than to the Arthus phenomenon.
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIATIONS IN RESISTANCE TO BILE FLOW TO THE INTESTINE
Authors: Elman Robert , McMaster Philip D.
Published: June 2004

Under specially controlled conditions in the healthy unanesthetized dog we have measured the resistance offered to the flow of bile through the lower common duct.

The average resistance 4 to 12 hours after a feeding was found to correspond to the pressure of a column of bile 100 to 120 mm. in height.

After a 24 to 72 hour fast the resistance was such as to support a much higher column of bile, one of 300 mm. at times. The exhibition of food to the fasting animal usually precipitated a reflex lessening in the resistance to the flow of bile to the intestine, the actual taking of food always brought it about. This was transient and was soon followed by a period of increased resistance lasting 10 to 30 minutes after food had entered the stomach. There succeeded a drop in resistance which was gradual and fluctuating.

We have observed an increase in the resistance to the flow of bile into the intestine after alkali has entered the stomach, and a decrease after acid has been administered.

We attribute the sudden changes chiefly to the activity of the sphincter of Oddi.
STUDIES ON THE OXIDATION AND REDUCTION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES
Authors: Neill James M.
Published: June 2004

Pneumococcus hemotoxin, an antigenic substance of bacterial origin,is converted by oxidation to a product devoid of hemolytic action. The oxidation product of the hemotoxin may be converted to the original hemolytic substance by reduction, by the anaerobic action of certain bacteria, or by sodium hydrosulfite. The active lysin, or hemotoxin, produced by the reduction of the inactive oxidized extracts is identical with the original, active, reduced hemotoxin; it possesses the same degree of thermolability and is neutralized by the same specific antibody. The inactive products formed by heating the hemotoxin anaerobically cannot be "reactivated" by reducing agents. The immunological significance of these relations will be discussed in a subsequent paper.
THE FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF THE FIBROBLAST AND THE MACROPHAGE
Authors: Carrel Alexis , Ebeling Albert H.
Published: June 2004

1. Monocytes and tissue macrophages become identical in appearance when they live under identical conditions. Macrophages cultivated in nutrient and non-nutrient media acquire different structures. Monocytes and tissue macrophages are mere functional variations of a single type.

2. The structure of the segregation apparatus and of the mitochondria of monocytes and macrophages depends on the composition of the pericellular fluid and on the metabolic state of the cells.

3. The monocyte and the macrophage are endowed with a number of physiological properties which become apparent when they grow in pure cultures.

4. The knowledge of these fundamental characteristics explains the behavior of the cells within the organism.
STUDIES ON X-RAY EFFECTS
Authors: Hance Robert T. , Murphy James B.
Published: June 2004

1. Hard x-rays prevent the formation of pigment in the hair follicles of mice, with result that hair previously black comes in white.

2. Exposure of the ventral side of a mouse to the x-rays causes the hair on the back to come in white about 40 to 50 days after it has whitened the hairs on the abdomen.
BIOLOGY OF BACTERIUM LEPISEPTICUM
Authors: Webster Leslie T. , Burn Caspar G.
Published: June 2004

1. From 1922 to 1926, mucoid types of Bact. lepisepticum have proved more prevalent that "D" types in certain rabbit communities.

2. The bacteria from the mucoid colonies are larger than the "D" type; "G" variants are very small. All types are largest during the period of logarithmic growth. Differences in size appear to be determined chiefly by the amount of "cytoplasmic" substance.

3. The mucoid colony is larger and appears watery as compared with the "D" colony.

4. Fermentation tests, indole and nitrate reduction reactions of mucoid and "D" types and their variants are similar.

5. The acid agglutination zone of the mucoid type is similar to that of the "D" type.

6. The mucoid type is more stable in suspension than the "D" type.

7. The negative potential of mucoid types is similar to that of the "D" and higher than that of "G" variants.

8. The behavior of the mucoid type of bacilli in fluid media differs from that of the "D" strains in the following respects. About 500 or more mucoid organisms per c., inoculated into plain broth, will grow; "D" strains require seedings of at least 100,000. A lag of 3 to 48 hours duration occurs in the growth of mucoid strains, according to the amount of original seeding. This is considerably longer than that observed for the "D" strains. The period of multiplication is relatively long—24 to 48 hours—and the maximum number per cc. does not exceed 600,000,000. "D" strains reach 1,000,000,000 per cc. within 24 hours. "G" variants appear very slowly in mucoid cultures as contrasted with "D" strains, where their occurrence is rapid and abundant. The presence in the broth of blood or other oxygen-absorbing substances enables less than ten mucoid organisms per cc. to multiply without lag and to reach a maximum number of about 600,000,000 per cc. in 24 to 48 hours. "D" strains reach a count of 1,000,000,000 per cc. within 12 hours under similar conditions.

9. "D" and mucoid strains, inoculated into 750 cc. of plain or blood broth, and incubated at 37°, remain alive for more than 12 months. The numbers per cc. decrease to about 1/1000 of the maximum after the first 6 weeks. Subsequently, the rate of decrease is slower. The original strains are gradually replaced by "intermediate" and "G" colonies.

10. The various mucoid strains proved similar in their antigenic properties. "D" strains were also mutually related, but no cross-agglutination between "D" and mucoid types was demonstrable.
EFFECT OF THE AMINO ACIDS AND DIALYZABLE CONSTITUENTS OF EMBRYONIC TISSUE JUICE ON THE GROWTH OF FIBROBLASTS
Authors: Baker Lillian E. , Carrel Alexis
Published: June 2004

The ultrafilterable constituents of embryonic tissue extract are unable to support cell life in vitro. They stimulate cell migration and possibly multiplication, without increasing the mass of the tissue.

Embryonic tissue extract freed from amino acids by dialysis still retains a considerable part of its growth-promoting properties.

The area of growth of tissues in embryonic tissue extract free from amino acids is appreciably less than that with the whole extract, probably owing to the denaturation of part of the protein, or perhaps to the inactivation or loss of an enzyme.

The addition of either the ultrafilterable components or an artificial mixture of amino acids to this dialyzed extract increases the area of cell migration but does not restore all the activity lost on dialysis.

The observed differences in growth of tissue, due to the addition or removal of dialyzable and ultrafilterable constituents of the extract, prove that the amino acids produce a more active cell migration and possibly multiplication, but no building up of new protoplasm.
THE VISCOSITY OF THE BLOOD OF THE DOG AFTER OBSTRUCTION OF THE UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G.
Published: June 2004

Estimations of the viscosity of the whole blood and plasma of the dog after experimental upper gastrointestinal tract obstruction are reported.

With cardiac obstruction there is a rapid and marked rise in the viscosity of the whole blood and some increase in the viscosity of the plasma.

The changes after pyloric obstruction are similar to those observed after cardiac obstruction.

After obstruction of the upper jejunum only slight changes are observed.

The increase in viscosity parallels quite closely the degree of the toxemia. It is unaccompanied by any marked concentration of the blood.
SURFACE TENSION OF THE BLOOD SERUM OF THE DOG AFTER UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G.
Published: June 2004

After obstruction of the upper gastrointestinal tract the surface tension of the blood serum of the dog shows no marked change. There is a tendency of the time-drop to increase 24 hours after operation. There is no characteristic course of the time-drop.
EFFECTS OF LIGHT ON NORMAL RABBITS, WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ORGANIC REACTION
Authors: Pearce Louise , Van Allen Chester M.
Published: June 2004

A group of 50 normal male rabbits kept under conditions of constant light that had none of the shorter ultra-violet rays and another group kept in constant darkness for 2 to 12 weeks were observed clinically and subjected to postmortem examination for the purpose of determining the effect of these environmental conditions upon general body health and the weights of organs. A similar group of 50 rabbits caged in an ordinary animal room for the same period, and two groups of 40 and 20 rabbits respectively, which had recently been brought into the laboratory, served as controls.

It was found that the general health of the rabbits was not impaired by the artificial light or the exclusion of light. The gain in body weight which occurred in all groups was especially marked in the case of those kept under conditions of constant light.

The incidence of spontaneous disease recognizable clinically during the experiment was extremely low and of a mild character and did not obviously disturb the health of the animal. It was found at postmortem examination, on the other hand, that 59.3 per cent of the rabbits caged indoors, that is in the light, dark, or unaltered rooms, and 58.3 per cent of those recently brought to the laboratory had visible lesions of some kind. The great majority of these lesions, however, were of a slight grade, and none appeared to have any deleterious effects upon the general physical state of the animals.
ETIOLOGY OF OROYA FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo
Published: June 2004

1. Animals immunized with the formalinized filtrates of young toxic cultures of B. botulinus produce an antitoxic serum poor in precipitins.

2. Animals immunized with the formalinized filtrates of old and partly autolyzed toxic cultures produce an antitoxic serum containing precipitins.

3. Animals immunized with toxin-free autolyzed bacteria produce a serum free from antitoxin but rich in specific precipitins.

4. Animals immunized with the filtrates of an atoxic variant produce a serum free from antitoxin but rich in precipitins for the homologous toxin.

5. Animals immunized with the washed bacteria of the atoxic variant produce a serum that contains no antitoxin, but is rich in precipitins for the homologous toxin.

6. Removal of the precipitins by flocculation with a non-toxic antigen does not materially reduce the antitoxic value of a serum.

7. Removal of the proteins of the antigen by add coagulation removes the specific precipitable substance.

8. All the sera that contain precipitins produce the specific flocculus when combined with homologous toxins, anatoxins, or with the filtrates of the atoxic variant. The flocculation is restricted within the type. The amount of the precipitate and the width of the zone vary approximately with the estimated amount of bacterial protein in the antigen that is used for the immunization of animals.

We conclude, therefore, that the toxin-antitoxin flocculation is a specific bacterial precipitation phenomenon.
THE NATURE OF THE TOXIN-ANTITOXIN FLOCCULATION PHENOMENON
Authors: Bronfenbrenner J. J. , Reichert Philip
Published: June 2004

1. Animals immunized with the formalinized filtrates of young toxic cultures of B. botulinus produce an antitoxic serum poor in precipitins.

2. Animals immunized with the formalinized filtrates of old and partly autolyzed toxic cultures produce an antitoxic serum containing precipitins.

3. Animals immunized with toxin-free autolyzed bacteria produce a serum free from antitoxin but rich in specific precipitins.

4. Animals immunized with the filtrates of an atoxic variant produce a serum free from antitoxin but rich in precipitins for the homologous toxin.

5. Animals immunized with the washed bacteria of the atoxic variant produce a serum that contains no antitoxin, but is rich in precipitins for the homologous toxin.

6. Removal of the precipitins by flocculation with a non-toxic antigen does not materially reduce the antitoxic value of a serum.

7. Removal of the proteins of the antigen by add coagulation removes the specific precipitable substance.

8. All the sera that contain precipitins produce the specific flocculus when combined with homologous toxins, anatoxins, or with the filtrates of the atoxic variant. The flocculation is restricted within the type. The amount of the precipitate and the width of the zone vary approximately with the estimated amount of bacterial protein in the antigen that is used for the immunization of animals.

We conclude, therefore, that the toxin-antitoxin flocculation is a specific bacterial precipitation phenomenon.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF RABBITS TO INFECTION BY THE INHALATION OF VIRULENT PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Stillman Ernest G. , Branch Arnold
Published: June 2004

1. Rabbits are very susceptible to infection by inhalation of Type I pneumococci.

2. When rabbits are exposed to a pneumococcus spray the bacteria readily penetrate into the lower respiratory tract. The pneumococci which reach the periphery of the lungs as a result of this procedure usually disappear within a few hours but a generalized and fatal septicemia frequently later appears. Pneumococci may then be recovered from the periphery of the kidney, liver, and spleen. In the animals which die pleurisy and pericarditis are common but pneumonia does not occur.

3. Rabbits may recover from pneumococcus septicemia.
THE OCCURRENCE AND TREND OF SPONTANEOUS VARIATIONS IN ORGAN WEIGHTS OF NORMAL RABBITS
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise , Van Allen C.M.
Published: June 2004

Records of organ weights of normal rabbits covering a period of 3½ years were analyzed with a view to determining first, whether any significant variations of an orderly character could be demonstrated and, second, the general trend of the variations that occurred.

It was found that many organs showed decided variations in weight which assumed the form of definite annual cycles. In addition, there was some evidence of a second cycle covering a period of years. These changes were most marked in the case of the endocrine glands (including the testicles), the lymphoid organs, and the liver.
STUDIES IN AGGLUTINATION
Authors: Shibley Gerald S.
Published: June 2004

From the foregoing evidence, specific bacterial agglutination may be conceived of as follows: When bacteria are mixed with their homologous agglutinative sera, specific union between organism and agglutinin occurs. This interaction consists of specific coating of the bacteria by globulin. By virtue of the fact, noted by Loeb and illustrated in Fig. 6, that protein film formation gives the coated particle the characteristics of denatured protein, the bacteria now take on the character of particles of denatured globulin. Particles of denatured protein flocculate whenever their charge is reduced by electrolyte to a critical level lying somewhere between 12 and 14 millivolts. This is true even when the salt is strong, as, unlike bacterial particles, their cohesive force is not readily depressed by salt. The sensitized bacteria, now being essentially particles of denatured protein, likewise agglutinate as soon as their charge is reduced by electrolyte to this potential level.
ETIOLOGY OF OROYA FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo
Published: June 2004

The inoculation of a chimpanzee with cultures and a passage strain of Bartonella bacilliformis induced local reactions which, while definite and characteristic, progressed less rapidly and were much less striking than those in the control rhesus monkey. Bartonella bacilliformis was demonstrated in the blood corpuscles with difficulty, and the fever was slight compared with the high and persistent fever of the rhesus monkey. In both the swelling of the lymph glands was an early symptom and constantly present. Definite anemia developed in the chimpanzee only after accidental infection with Rocky Mountain spotted fever and may have been due to either one or both infections, though it disappeared when the blood had become negative by culture for Bartonella bacilliformis and the local lesions had disappeared. Incidentally, the chimpanzee was found in this one instance to be less susceptible to the spotted fever than Macacus rhesus and guinea pigs.

In the ourang-utan, also, Bartonella bacilliformis induced a mild systemic and local infection. A rise of temperature occurred 10 days after inoculation) and fever continued for a week, though it was decidedly less severe than that in the control rhesus. The lesions induced by scarification were less definite than those which arose at the sites of intradermal inoculation. Bartonella bacilliformis was recovered from the blood on the 9th and on the 16th days after inoculation and from nodules excised on the 33rd and 53rd days. A few erythrocytes containing the organism were demonstrated in stained smears, but prolonged search was required to find them.

The symptoms and lesions observed in the chimpanzee and ourangutan as a result of infection with Bartonella bacilliformis are far milder than those of rhesus monkeys and show less resemblance to human Oroya fever or verruga.