bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of Present and Future Climate Change Impacts on Water Availability for Agricultural Systems in the Western Mediterranean Region
Authors: Nguyen Thi , Mula Laura , Cortignani Raffaele , Seddaiu Giovanna , Dono Gabriele , Virdis Salvatore , Pasqui Massimiliano , Roggero Pier
Published: November 2016

Many Mediterranean countries have experienced water shortages during the last 20 years and future climate change projections foresee further pressure on water resources. This will have significant implications for irrigation water management in agricultural systems in the future. Through qualitative and quantitative empirical research methods carried out on a case study on four Mediterranean farming systems located in Oristano, Italy, we sought to understand the relationship between farmers’ perceptions of climate change (i.e., increased temperature and decreased precipitation) and of present and future water availability for agriculture as forecasted by climatic and crop models. We also explored asymmetries between farmers’ perceptions and present and future climate change and water scenarios as well as factors influencing perceptions. Our hypotheses were that farmers’ perceptions are the main drivers of actual water management practices and that sustainable practices can emerge from learning spaces designed from the understanding of the gaps between perceptions and scientific evidences. Results showed that most farmers perceived that climate change is occurring or will occur in their area. They also perceived that there has been an increased temperature trend, but also increased precipitation. Therefore, they are convinced that they have and will have enough irrigation water for agriculture in the near future, while climate change projections foresee an increasing pressure on water resources in the Mediterranean region. Such results suggest the need for (i) irrigation management policies that take into account farmers’ perceptions in order to promote virtuous behaviors and improve irrigation water use efficiency; (ii) new, well-designed learning spaces to improve the understanding on climate change expectations in the near future in order to support effective adaptive responses at the farm and catchment scales.
Solvent-free, visible-light photocatalytic alcohol oxidations applying an organic photocatalyst
Authors: Obst Martin , König Burkhard
Published: November 2016

A method for the solvent-free photocatalytic conversion of solid and liquid substrates was developed, using a novel rod mill apparatus. In this setup, thin liquid films are realized which is crucial for an effective photocatalytic conversion due to the low penetration depth of light in heterogeneous systems. Several benzylic alcohols were oxidized with riboflavin tetraacetate as photocatalyst under blue light irradiation of the reaction mixture. The corresponding carbonyl compounds were obtained in moderate to good yields.
THE CORONAL LOOP INVENTORY PROJECT: EXPANDED ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
Authors: Schmelz J. T. , Christian G. M. , Chastain R. A.
Published: November 2016

We have expanded upon earlier work that investigates the relative importance of coronal loops with isothermal versus multithermal cross-field temperature distributions. These results are important for determining if loops have substructure in the form of unresolved magnetic strands. We have increased the number of loops targeted for temperature analysis from 19 to 207 with the addition of 188 new loops from multiple regions. We selected all loop segments visible in the 171 Å images of the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) that had a clean background. Eighty-six of the new loops were rejected because they could not be reliably separated from the background in other AIA filters. Sixty-one loops required multithermal models to reproduce the observations. Twenty-eight loops were effectively isothermal, that is, the plasma emission to which AIA is sensitive could not be distinguished from isothermal emission, within uncertainties. Ten loops were isothermal. Also, part of our inventory was one small flaring loop, one very cool loop whose temperature distribution could not be constrained by the AIA data, and one loop with inconclusive results. Our survey can confirm an unexpected result from the pilot study: we found no isothermal loop segments where we could properly use the 171-to-193 ratio method, which would be similar to the analysis done for many loops observed with TRACE and EIT. We recommend caution to observers who assume the loop plasma is isothermal, and hope that these results will influence the direction of coronal heating models and the effort modelers spend on various heating scenarios.
ALMA REVEALS THE ANATOMY OF THE mm-SIZED DUST AND MOLECULAR GAS IN THE HD 97048 DISK
Authors: Walsh Catherine , Juhász Attila , Meeus Gwendolyn , Dent William R. F. , Maud Luke T. , Aikawa Yuri , Millar Tom J. , Nomura Hideko
Published: November 2016

Transitional disks show a lack of excess emission at infrared wavelengths due to a large dust cavity, that is often corroborated by spatially resolved observations at ∼ mm wavelengths. We present the first spatially resolved ∼ mm-wavelength images of the disk around the Herbig Ae/Be star, HD 97048. Scattered light images show that the disk extends to ≈640 au. ALMA data reveal a circular-symmetric dusty disk extending to ≈350 au, and a molecular disk traced in CO J = 3-2 emission, extending to ≈750 au. The CO emission arises from a flared layer with an opening angle ≈30°–40°. HD 97048 is another source for which the large (∼ mm-sized) dust grains are more centrally concentrated than the small (∼μm-sized) grains and molecular gas, likely due to radial drift. The images and visibility data modeling suggest a decrement in continuum emission within ≈50 au, consistent with the cavity size determined from mid-infrared imaging (34 ± 4 au). The extracted continuum intensity profiles show ring-like structures with peaks at ≈50, 150, and 300 au, with associated gaps at ≈100 and 250 au. This structure should be confirmed in higher-resolution images (FWHM ≈ 10–20 au). These data confirm the classification of HD 97048 as a transitional disk that also possesses multiple ring-like structures in the dust continuum emission. Additional data are required at multiple and well-separated frequencies to fully characterize the disk structure, and thereby constrain the mechanism(s) responsible for sculpting the HD 97048 disk.
TESTING RELATIVISTIC REFLECTION AND RESOLVING OUTFLOWS IN PG 1211+143 WITH XMM-NEWTON AND NuSTAR
Authors: Lobban A. P. , Pounds K. , Vaughan S. , Reeves J. N.
Published: November 2016

We analyze the broad-band X-ray spectrum (0.3–50 keV) of the luminous Seyfert 1/quasar PG 1211+143—the archetypal source for high-velocity X-ray outflows—using near-simultaneous XMM-Newton and NuSTAR observations. We compare pure relativistic reflection models with a model including the strong imprint of photoionized emission and absorption from a high-velocity wind, finding a spectral fit that extrapolates well over the higher photon energies covered by NuSTAR. Inclusion of the high signal-to-noise ratio XMM-Newton spectrum provides much tighter constraints on the model parameters, with a much harder photon index/lower reflection fraction compared to that from the NuSTAR data alone. We show that pure relativistic reflection models are not able to account for the spectral complexity of PG 1211+143 and that wind absorption models are strongly required to match the data in both the soft X-ray and Fe K spectral regions. In confirming the significance of previously reported ionized absorption features, the new analysis provides a further demonstration of the power of combining the high throughput and resolution of long-look XMM-Newton observations with the unprecedented spectral coverage of NuSTAR.
X-RAY DETECTED ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI IN DWARF GALAXIES AT 0 < z < 1
Authors: Pardo K. , Goulding A. D. , Greene J. E. , Somerville R. S. , Gallo E. , Hickox R. C. , Miller B. P. , Reines A. E. , Silverman J. D.
Published: November 2016

We present a sample of accreting supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in dwarf galaxies at

. We identify dwarf galaxies in the NEWFIRM Medium Band Survey with stellar masses of

that have spectroscopic redshifts from the DEEP2 survey and lie within the region covered by deep (flux limit of

) archival Chandra X-ray data. From our sample of 605 dwarf galaxies, 10 exhibit X-ray emission consistent with that arising from active galactic nucleus (AGN) activity. If black-hole mass scales roughly with stellar mass, then we expect that these AGNs are powered by SMBHs with masses of

and typical Eddington ratios of

. Furthermore, we find an AGN fraction consistent with extrapolations of other searches of

for

and

. Our AGN fraction is in good agreement with a semi-analytic model, suggesting that, as we search larger volumes, we may use comparisons between observed AGN fractions and models to understand seeding mechanisms in the early universe.
A NON-PARAMETRIC APPROACH TO CONSTRAIN THE TRANSFER FUNCTION IN REVERBERATION MAPPING
Authors: Li Yan-Rong , Wang Jian-Min , Bai Jin-Ming
Published: November 2016

Broad emission lines of active galactic nuclei stem from a spatially extended region (broad-line region, BLR) that is composed of discrete clouds and photoionized by the central ionizing continuum. The temporal behaviors of these emission lines are blurred echoes of continuum variations (i.e., reverberation mapping, RM) and directly reflect the structures and kinematic information of BLRs through the so-called transfer function (also known as the velocity-delay map). Based on the previous works of Rybicki and Press and Zu et al., we develop an extended, non-parametric approach to determine the transfer function for RM data, in which the transfer function is expressed as a sum of a family of relatively displaced Gaussian response functions. Therefore, arbitrary shapes of transfer functions associated with complicated BLR geometry can be seamlessly included, enabling us to relax the presumption of a specified transfer function frequently adopted in previous studies and to let it be determined by observation data. We formulate our approach in a previously well-established framework that incorporates the statistical modeling of continuum variations as a damped random walk process and takes into account long-term secular variations which are irrelevant to RM signals. The application to RM data shows the fidelity of our approach.
CATASTROPHIC DISRUPTION OF COMET ISON
Authors: Keane Jacqueline V. , Milam Stefanie N. , Coulson Iain M. , Kleyna Jan T. , Sekanina Zdenek , Kracht Rainer , Riesen Timm-Emmanuel , Meech Karen J. , Charnley Steven B.
Published: November 2016

We report submillimeter 450 and 850 μm dust continuum observations for comet C/2012 S1 (ISON) obtained at heliocentric distances 0.31–0.08 au prior to perihelion on 2013 November 28 (r

h
 = 0.0125 au). These observations reveal a rapidly varying dust environment in which the dust emission was initially point-like. As ISON approached perihelion, the continuum emission became an elongated dust column spread out over as much as 60″ (>105 km) in the anti-solar direction. Deconvolution of the November 28.04 850 μm image reveals numerous distinct clumps consistent with the catastrophic disruption of comet ISON, producing ∼5.2 × 1010 kg of submillimeter-sized dust. Orbital computations suggest that the SCUBA-2 emission peak coincides with the comet's residual nucleus.
GALEX–SDSS–WISE LEGACY CATALOG (GSWLC): STAR FORMATION RATES, STELLAR MASSES, AND DUST ATTENUATIONS OF 700,000 LOW-REDSHIFT GALAXIES
Authors: Salim Samir , Lee Janice C. , Janowiecki Steven , Cunha Elisabete da , Dickinson Mark , Boquien Médéric , Burgarella Denis , Salzer John J. , Charlot Stéphane
Published: November 2016

In this paper, we present the GALEX–SDSS–WISE Legacy Catalog (GSWLC), a catalog of physical properties (stellar masses, dust attenuations, and star formation rates [SFRs]) for ∼700,000 galaxies with Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) redshifts below 0.3. GSWLC contains galaxies within the Galaxy Evolution Explorer footprint, regardless of a UV detection, covering 90% of SDSS. The physical properties were obtained from UV/optical spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting following Bayesian methodology of Salim et al., with improvements such as blending corrections for low-resolution UV photometry, flexible dust attenuation laws, and emission-line corrections. GSWLC also includes mid-IR SFRs derived from IR templates based on 22

Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer observations. These estimates are independent of UV/optical SED fitting, in order to separate possible systematics. The paper argues that the comparison of specific SFRs (sSFRs) is more informative and physically motivated than the comparison of SFRs. The sSFRs resulting from the UV/optical SED fitting are compared to the mid-IR sSFRs and to sSFRs from three published catalogs. For “main-sequence” galaxies with no active galactic nucleus (AGN) all sSFRs are in very good agreement (within 0.1 dex on average). In particular, the widely used aperture-corrected SFRs from the MPA/JHU catalog show no systematic offsets, in contrast to some integral field spectroscopy results. For galaxies below the main sequence (log sSFR

), mid-IR (s)SFRs based on fixed luminosity–SFR conversion are severely biased (up to 2 dex) because the dust is primarily heated by old stars. Furthermore, mid-IR (s)SFRs are overestimated by up to 0.6 dex for galaxies with AGNs, presumably due to nonstellar dust heating. UV/optical (s)SFRs are thus preferred to IR-based (s)SFRs for quenched galaxies and those that host AGNs.
Seamless language learning: Second language learning with social media
Authors: Wong Lung-Hsiang , Sing-Chai Ching , Poh-Aw Guat
Published: November 2016

This conceptual paper describes a language learning model that applies social media to foster contextualized and connected language learning in communities. The model emphasizes weaving together different forms of language learning activities that take place in different learning contexts to achieve seamless language learning. It promotes social interactions with social media about the learners’ day-to-day life using the targeted second or foreign language. The paper first identifies three key features of the language learning approach, namely, authenticity, contextualization and socialization. How these features are related to the communicative approach of language learning are subsequently explicated. This is followed by further explication on how the notion of seamless language learning could inform learning designers and learners in synergizing the desired characteristics of language learning together. Eventually, we propose the SMILLA (Social MedIa as Language Learning Artifacts) Framework to operationalize seamless language learning with the use of social media. A case of seamless language learning environment design known as MyCloud will be described to illustrate the practicality of the SMILLA Framework.

Este artículo describe un modelo de aprendizaje de lenguas que se sirve de las redes sociales para promover un aprendizaje contextualizado y conectado en comunidades. El modelo propone la interconexión entre diferentes tipos de actividades de aprendizaje en contextos diversos con el objetivo de lograr un aprendizaje discontinuo. Promueve las interacciones sociales a través de los medios compartiendo aspectos de la vida cotidiana en la lengua meta. Este trabajo identifica en primer lugar aspectos clave del enfoque de aprendizaje tales como la autenticidad, la contextualización y la socialización, al tiempo que explica cómo se relacionan estos aspectos con el enfoque comunicativo en el aprendizaje de lenguas. A continuación se presenta una discusión acerca de cómo la noción de aprendizaje discontinuo puede orientar a los creadores de materiales, docentes y aprendientes en la sinergia de todas las características del aprendizaje de lenguas. Para concluir, se propone el modelo SMILLA (Redes sociales como instrumentos para el aprendizaje de lenguas) para poner en práctica la noción de aprendizaje discontinuo con la ayuda de las redes sociales. Los resultados de su aplicación sugieren un potencial efecto sobre los aprendientes, generando usuarios más activos en contextos socialmente significativos, preparados para la autorreflexión sobre el uso que hacen de esa lengua, y con una menor necesidad de intervención del docente.
Teachers’ use of ICTs in public language education: Evidence from second language Secondary-School classrooms
Authors: Izquierdo Jesús , de-la-Cruz-Villegas Verónica , Aquino-Zúñiga Silvia-Patricia , Sandoval-Caraveo María-del-Carmen , García-Martínez Verónica
Published: November 2016

Worldwide, curricular changes and financial investments are currently underway to promote the integration of technology in public education and English language learning at a young age. This study examines the ICTs that have become part of the daily instructional practices and educational settings of teachers of English who work with young learners in public schools. To this end, this mixed-methods study draws on a quantitative descriptive-exploratory design and a qualitative multiple-case study. The quantitative data were collected through a Likert questionnaire administered to 28 secondary school teachers of English across 17 municipalities in five regions of Southeast Mexico and 2,944 learners. The qualitative data were gathered from a subsample of six teachers through longitudinal classroom observations, teacher and administrator interviews, and school visits. The non-parametric analyses of the quantitative data and the categorical aggregation analyses of the qualitative data reveal that the use of some multimedia and mobile-assisted communication resources is emerging in the L2 public classrooms. In line with findings from other international contexts, variables that seem particular to public education for young learners and their school setting, however, led teachers to prefer using their own technological devices that included laptops, multimedia material, and cellphones, rather than those in the schools.

La educación pública en diversos países está experimentando una serie de reformas que favorecen la integración de la tecnología en la educación pública y el aprendizaje del inglés a una temprana edad. El presente estudio mixto, examinó el empleo de la tecnología en las prácticas pedagógicas cotidianas de los profesores de inglés en la educación secundaria pública y los recursos tecnológicos de los que disponen normalmente en sus escuelas. Para la fase cuantitativa se empleó un diseño descriptivo-exploratorio, a través de un cuestionario tipo Likert aplicado a 28 profesores y 2.944 alumnos en 17 municipios del sureste mexicano. Para la cualitativa, se empleó un estudio de múltiples casos con un sub-grupo de seis profesores del cual se recolectó información a través de observaciones de clases, entrevistas con docentes y directivos, y visitas a las instalaciones de las escuelas. El empleo de análisis no-paramétrico con los datos cuantitativos y de agregación categórica con los datos cualitativos permitió identificar algunos recursos multimedia y de comunicación móvil que los profesores tienden a emplear de manera cotidiana en el aula. No obstante, diversos factores relacionados con aspectos propios de la educación pública y el contexto escolar influyeron para que los profesores prefirieran sus propios medios tecnológicos tales como ordenadores portátiles, teléfonos inteligentes y materiales multimedia a los disponibles en su institución.
Telling the Quants from the Quacks
Authors: Lanius Candice
Published: November 2016

Determining the credibility of statistical research has traditionally been done through peer-reviewed journal publications. With the recent increase in research shared in online forums comes emerging challenges for authors sharing results and for readers determining if research is valid. This chapter introduces a heuristic for evaluating the credibility of statistics based on methods used to counteract claims made in The Bell Curve. The approaches gleaned from this case are then updated for online environments and demonstrated using contemporary online debates about climate change science and skepticism. The heuristic for evaluating credibility of statistical arguments online is useful for readers and as a guide for authors adapting their research for online publication and debate.
Ethos Construction, Identification, and Authenticity in the Discourses of AWSA
Authors: Gamie Samaa
Published: November 2016

The chapter explores the complex emergent feminist ethos in two virtual spaces created by the San Francisco chapter of AWSA—the Arab Women's Solidarity Association International, an Arab women's activist group. First, the chapter discusses ethos and identity construction in cyberspace. Second, the chapter analyzes AWSA's cyber discourses to uncover the characteristics of its feminist ethos and the opportunities allowed or lost for authenticity and the role of anonymity in constructing its feminist ethos. Third, the chapter questions whether anonymity allows for the critical examination of the discourses and ideologies of the powerful in addition to the creation of a sustainable counter-hegemonic discourse or whether it heightens the threat of homogeneity and streamlining in cyberspace. The chapter, in its conclusion, calls for a critical investigation of the potential of the digital domain to challenge the concentration of power in virtual spaces and uncover frameworks through which revolutionary discourses can be sustained and disseminated.
Determinants of Brand Recall in Social Networking Sites
Authors: Varnali Kaan , Gorgulu Vehbi
Published: November 2016

This research aims to contribute to the understanding of how brand impressions in social networking sites influence brand recall. Further, the relationship between the built-in metrics offered by social networking sites and brand recall are also examined to assess the validity of these metrics as measures of advertising effectiveness. Results indicate a positive relationship between brand recall and self-brand congruence, tie-strength with, trust toward, and perceived popularity of the profile associated with the post, and clicking a link embedded in the post / ad in which the brand appears. On the other hand, there is not a significant difference between the levels of brand involvement, homophily with the profile associated with the post / ad, like-count, and four types of built-in user-interaction options including liking, sharing, posting a comment and tagging among the brands that were successfully retrieved from the memory and those were not.
Opinion Mining
Authors: Khasawneh Rawan T. , Alsmadi Izzat
Published: November 2016

In recent years social media sites become very popular communication tools among Internet users where a significant amount of information is exchanged via computers, smart phones, etc. Internet now is not only a source of information for users to search for; regular users are now a major source of Internet information; where now regular people post daily life activities, share online pictures, and express their opinions about products, news, political debates, etc. Such noticed growing of opinion-rich resources along with user-generated content makes it worthwhile to use information technologies to collect, analyze, and understand human factors and behaviors. This chapter covers three main sections where the first section introduces the field of opinion mining in general along with a detailed exploration of its definitions and goals. Then a discussion of opinion mining related challenges is presented in the second section. The last section explores opinion mining available approaches along with possible future directions.
Sentiment Analysis of Social Media as Tool to Improve Customer Retention
Authors: Al-Rabayah Wafaa A. , Al-Zyoud Ahmad
Published: November 2016

Sentiment analysis is a process of determining the polarity (i.e. positive, negative or neutral) of a given text. The extremely increased amount of information available on the web, especially social media, create a challenge to be retrieved and analyzed on time, timely analyzed of unstructured data provide businesses a competitive advantage by better understanding their customers' needs and preferences. This literature review will cover a number of studies about sentiment analysis and finds the connection between sentiment analysis of social network content and customers retention; we will focus on sentiment analysis and discuss concepts related to this field, most important relevant studies and its results, its methods of applications, where it can be applied and its business applications, finally, we will discuss how can sentiment analysis improve the customer retention based on retrieved data.
Encountering the Unknown Knowns
Authors: Blackshields Daniel
Published: November 2016

This chapter reviews a pedagogy scaffolding undergraduates' contemplative reading of scholarly economics texts. Structuring contemplative reading through Lectio Divina and Bohmian Dialogue transforms learning spaces into sacred spaces inviting student investment in their spiritual as well as cognitive and intellectual capital. Educators should cultivate spaces for students to integrate the self with their studies to engage the postnormality of the 21st century's contextual environment.
Corpora as Tools for Self-Driven Learning
Authors: Jablonkai Reka R. , Čebron Neva
Published: November 2016

Can EFL students be profitably introduced to compilation of DIY corpora for various ESP domains even at the undergraduate level? How can they benefit from self-directed exploitation of language corpora at such an early stage? What language skills can a corpus-based ESP course enhance? This chapter discusses the advantages and limitations of a structured approach to pedagogical corpus consultation and corpora as self-directed learning tools as applied in an innovative corpus-based ESP course. A multifaceted enquiry of students' assessment and perception of the course - initial feedback, questionnaire, and focus group – was conducted. Results indicate that although students perceived corpus use as a complex activity, their attitude to the corpus approach was positive and they recognised the benefits of corpora as self-directed tools. Suggestions for further improvements of such practices are also discussed.
Behavioral Health Workforce Development in the United States
Authors: Hoge Michael A. , Stuart Gail W. , Morris John A. , Huey Leighton Y. , Flaherty Michal T. , Paris Jr. Manuel
Published: November 2016

Mental health and substance use conditions are among the most prominent causes of illness and disability in the U.S. Yet less than half of the individuals with these conditions receive treatment (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [SAMHSA], 2011; Office of National Drug Control Policy [ONDCP], 2013). While there are many impediments to accessing care, the absence of a workforce that is of sufficient size and adequately trained is a significant factor (Olfson, 2016). This chapter provides an overview of the U.S. behavioral health workforce and describes seven strategic areas in which activity has been undertaken to strengthen it. The initiatives of the Annapolis Coalition on the Behavioral Health Workforce are presented to highlight these strategic areas, which include assessment and planning; competency identification and development; roles for persons in recovery and family members; integrated care and interprofessional collaboration; workforce development in substance use; diversity and cultural competency; and knowledge dissemination and adoption of best practices.
Mental Health Support Workers
Authors: Hennessy Julia L. , Smythe Liz , Abbott Max , Hughes Frances A.
Published: November 2016

This chapter provides the background for policy setting, educational preparation, and emergence of mental health support workers (MHSWs) in New Zealand and examines the work they do in mental health services. New Zealand formally introduced the MHSW role in the early 1990's to provide non-clinical services for mental health consumers or clients through either hospital or community-based services. The work MHSWs undertake and their relationship with other health professionals is discussed. Also discussed, is the relationship that MHSWs have with mental health consumers/clients and the attributes that the MHSW brings to the relationship. Consideration is given to the debate as to whether the role of the MHSW should be regulated, what it means to be considered a health professional, and the possibilities of expanding the scope of practice for MHSWs.
Workforce Development and E-Competency in Mental Health Services
Authors: Rodda Simone N. , Abbott Max W. , Dowling Nicki A. , Lubman Dan I.
Published: November 2016

Online chat and email are two of the most popular ways of providing e-mental health. Online chat is synchronous communication in a virtual chat room where client and counselor meet at the same time. In contrast, email is referred to as asynchronous because it can be accessed without the synchronous presence of client and counselor. There has been a rapid increase in the demand for chat and email over recent years and much of the demand has been met by services that have traditionally provided helplines or crisis support. This chapter provides an overview of the key issues associated with the delivery of e-mental health services and workforce development. This includes an examination of the range of options for providing e-mental health and key issues to consider when working online. The chapter concludes with a brief exploration of issues associated with client suitability for e-mental health via chat and email.
Use of physical restraint in hospital patients: A descriptive study in a tertiary hospital in South Africa
Authors: Kalula Sebastiana Z. , Petros Sabela G.
Published: November 2016

Background: The use of physical restraint in patient management is a common and emotive issue, and has legal and ethical dimensions.Objective: To document the prevalence of physical restraint use, patient characteristics associated with physical restraint use, and nurses’ and doctors’ knowledge and perceptions towards the practice.Methods: A cross-sectional study of 572 patients, of whom 132 were physically restrained, was conducted in acute wards of a tertiary hospital. Data were collected on the 132 physically restrained patients. Fifty-nine doctors and 159 nurses completed a specially constructed questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were derived and expressed as numbers and percentages.Results: Prevalence of restraint use was 23% (132/572). The distribution in acute wards was: medical 54.5%; surgical 44.7%; maternity 0.8%; psychiatry none. Mean age (SD) of the restrained patients was 49 years (20.5); 53.8% were male. The commonest types of restraints used were bed rails 93% and wrist belts 12%. Restraints were used largely to protect medical devices and as protection from harm. Less than 15% of the nurses reported having received training and 36% of the doctors reported having received some guidance on the use of restraints. Only a minority of nurses and doctors knew of a hospital policy on restraint use. Documentation on the prescription and indication for the use of restraint was poor.Conclusion: Prevalence of restraint use is high and poorly coordinated. A policy on the use of restraint and comprehensive guidelines should be developed to guide health care practitioners in the management of patients where restraint cannot be avoided.
Prophylactic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy and a Staged Breast Reconstruction Technique: Preliminary Results
Authors: Tondu Thierry , Thiessen Filip , Tjalma Wiebren A.A.
Published: November 2016

More high-risk women with breast cancer are identified using genetic testing at a younger age. These young women often opt for prophylactic surgery. Most patients are reluctant for extra donor-site scars besides infections and necrosis. In order to reduce these risks, a two-stage breast reconstruction technique is used for high-risk women with large or ptotic breasts. We presume that this procedure will reduce the risk of skin envelope and nipple–areola complex (NAC) necrosis to less than 1%. In the first stage, an inferior pedicle reduction is performed to obtain large volume reduction with maximal safety for the NAC. The ptosis, skin excess, and malpositioning of the NAC are corrected safely at this stage. In the second stage, the skin-sparing mastectomy is performed with or without nipple sparing. During this procedure, the areola is never removed. A bilateral breast reconstruction is then performed with an immediate subpectoral prothesis or delayed with the use of a subpectoral tissue expander. In this way, we aim to meet the patient's wish to undergo bilateral risk reducing mastectomy in breasts that need ptosis correction without donor-site scarring. This article describes the procedure and reports the preliminary data.
Perioperative Evaluation of Patients with Pulmonary Conditions Undergoing Non-Cardiothoracic Surgery
Authors: Diaz-Fuentes Gilda , Hashmi Hafiz Rizwan Talib , Venkatram Sindhaghatta
Published: November 2016

This review describes the perioperative management of patients with suspected or established pulmonary conditions undergoing non-cardiothoracic surgery, with a focus on common pulmonary conditions such as obstructive airway disease, pulmonary hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea, and chronic hypoxic respiratory conditions. Considering that postoperative pulmonary complications are common and given the increasing number of surgical procedures and the size of the aging population, familiarity with current guidelines for preoperative risk assessment and intra- and postoperative patient management is recommended to decrease the morbidity and mortality. In particular, smoking cessation and pulmonary rehabilitation are perioperative strategies for improving patients’ short- and long-term outcomes. Understanding the potential risk for pulmonary complications allows the medical team to appropriately plan the intra- and postoperative care of each patient.
Spatiotemporal variability and contribution of different aerosol types to the aerosol optical depth over the Eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Georgoulias Aristeidis K. , Alexandri Georgia , Kourtidis Konstantinos A. , Lelieveld Jos , Zanis Prodromos , Pöschl Ulrich , Levy Robert , Amiridis Vassilis , Marinou Eleni , Tsikerdekis Athanasios
Published: November 2016

Abstract. This study characterizes the spatiotemporal variability and relative contribution of different types of aerosols to the aerosol optical depth (AOD) over the Eastern Mediterranean as derived from MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) Terra (March 2000–December 2012) and Aqua (July 2002–December 2012) satellite instruments. For this purpose, a 0.1° × 0.1° gridded MODIS dataset was compiled and validated against sun photometric observations from the AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET). The high spatial resolution and long temporal coverage of the dataset allows for the determination of local hot spots like megacities, medium-sized cities, industrial zones and power plant complexes, seasonal variabilities and decadal averages. The average AOD at 550 nm (AOD550) for the entire region is ∼ 0.22 ± 0.19, with maximum values in summer and seasonal variabilities that can be attributed to precipitation, photochemical production of secondary organic aerosols, transport of pollution and smoke from biomass burning in central and eastern Europe and transport of dust from the Sahara and the Middle East. The MODIS data were analyzed together with data from other satellite sensors, reanalysis projects and a chemistry–aerosol-transport model using an optimized algorithm tailored for the region and capable of estimating the contribution of different aerosol types to the total AOD550. The spatial and temporal variability of anthropogenic, dust and fine-mode natural aerosols over land and anthropogenic, dust and marine aerosols over the sea is examined. The relative contribution of the different aerosol types to the total AOD550 exhibits a low/high seasonal variability over land/sea areas, respectively. Overall, anthropogenic aerosols, dust and fine-mode natural aerosols account for ∼ 51, ∼ 34 and ∼ 15 % of the total AOD550 over land, while, anthropogenic aerosols, dust and marine aerosols account ∼ 40, ∼ 34 and ∼ 26 % of the total AOD550 over the sea, based on MODIS Terra and Aqua observations.
Global height-resolved methane retrievals from the Infrared
Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) on MetOp
Authors: Siddans Richard , Knappett Diane , Waterfall Alison , Hurley Jane , Latter Barry , Kerridge Brian , Boesch Hartmut , Parker Robert
Published: November 2016

Abstract. This paper describes the global height-resolved methane (CH4) retrieval scheme for the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) on MetOp, developed at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL). The scheme is novel in: (a) precisely fitting measured spectra in the 7.9 micron region to allow information to be retrieved on two independent layers centred in the upper and lower troposphere and (b) making specific use of nitrous oxide (N2O) spectral features in the same spectral interval to directly retrieve effective cloud parameters to mitigate errors in retrieved methane due to residual cloud and other geophysical variables. The scheme has been applied to analyse IASI measurements between 2007 and 2015. Results are compared to model fields from the MACC greenhouse gas inversion and independent measurements from satellite (GOSAT), airborne (HIPPO) and ground (TCCON) sensors. The scheme is shown to be capable of retrieving column average methane with random errors of ~20–40 ppbv on individual soundings. Systematic differences with the other datasets are typically
nonlinMIP contribution to CMIP6: model intercomparison project for non-linear mechanisms: physical basis, experimental design and analysis principles (v1.0)
Authors: Good Peter , Andrews Timothy , Chadwick Robin , Dufresne Jean-Louis , Gregory Jonathan M. , Lowe Jason A. , Schaller Nathalie , Shiogama Hideo
Published: November 2016

Abstract. nonlinMIP provides experiments that account for state-dependent regional and global climate responses. The experiments have two main applications: (1) to focus understanding of responses to CO2 forcing on states relevant to specific policy or scientific questions (e.g. change under low-forcing scenarios, the benefits of mitigation, or from past cold climates to the present day), or (2) to understand the state dependence (non-linearity) of climate change – i.e. why doubling the forcing may not double the response. State dependence (non-linearity) of responses can be large at regional scales, with important implications for understanding mechanisms and for general circulation model (GCM) emulation techniques (e.g. energy balance models and pattern-scaling methods). However, these processes are hard to explore using traditional experiments, which explains why they have had so little attention in previous studies. Some single model studies have established novel analysis principles and some physical mechanisms. There is now a need to explore robustness and uncertainty in such mechanisms across a range of models (point 2 above), and, more broadly, to focus work on understanding the response to CO2 on climate states relevant to specific policy/science questions (point 1). nonlinMIP addresses this using a simple, small set of CO2-forced experiments that are able to separate linear and non-linear mechanisms cleanly, with a good signal-to-noise ratio – while being demonstrably traceable to realistic transient scenarios. The design builds on the CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5) and CMIP6 DECK (Diagnostic, Evaluation and Characterization of Klima) protocols, and is centred around a suite of instantaneous atmospheric CO2 change experiments, with a ramp-up–ramp-down experiment to test traceability to gradual forcing scenarios. In all cases the models are intended to be used with CO2 concentrations rather than CO2 emissions as the input. The understanding gained will help interpret the spread in policy-relevant scenario projections. Here we outline the basic physical principles behind nonlinMIP, and the method of establishing traceability from abruptCO2 to gradual forcing experiments, before detailing the experimental design, and finally some analysis principles. The test of traceability from abruptCO2 to transient experiments is recommended as a standard analysis within the CMIP5 and CMIP6 DECK protocols.
Dynamic influence of pinning points on marine ice-sheet stability: a numerical study in Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica
Authors: Favier Lionel , Pattyn Frank , Berger Sophie , Drews Reinhard
Published: November 2016

Abstract. The East Antarctic ice sheet is likely more stable than its West Antarctic counterpart because its bed is largely lying above sea level. However, the ice sheet in Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, contains marine sectors that are in contact with the ocean through overdeepened marine basins interspersed by grounded ice promontories and ice rises, pinning and stabilising the ice shelves. In this paper, we use the ice-sheet model BISICLES to investigate the effect of sub-ice-shelf melting, using a series of scenarios compliant with current values, on the ice-dynamic stability of the outlet glaciers between the Lazarev and Roi Baudouin ice shelves over the next millennium. Overall, the sub-ice-shelf melting substantially impacts the sea-level contribution. Locally, we predict a short-term rapid grounding-line retreat of the overdeepened outlet glacier Hansenbreen, which further induces the transition of the bordering ice promontories into ice rises. Furthermore, our analysis demonstrated that the onset of the marine ice-sheet retreat and subsequent promontory transition into ice rise is controlled by small pinning points, mostly uncharted in pan-Antarctic datasets. Pinning points have a twofold impact on marine ice sheets. They decrease the ice discharge by buttressing effect, and they play a crucial role in initialising marine ice sheets through data assimilation, leading to errors in ice-shelf rheology when omitted. Our results show that unpinning increases the sea-level rise by 10 %, while omitting the same pinning point in data assimilation decreases it by 10 %, but the more striking effect is in the promontory transition time, advanced by two centuries for unpinning and delayed by almost half a millennium when the pinning point is missing in data assimilation. Pinning points exert a subtle influence on ice dynamics at the kilometre scale, which calls for a better knowledge of the Antarctic margins.
Iceberg calving of Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica: Full-Stokes modeling combined with linear elastic fracture mechanics
Authors: Yu Hongju , Rignot Eric , Morlighem Mathieu , Seroussi Helene
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Thwaites Glacier (TG), West Antarctica, has been losing mass and retreating rapidly in the past few decades. Here, we present a study of its calving dynamics combining a two-dimensional flowband Full Stokes (FS) model of its viscous flow with linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) theory to model crevasse propagation and ice fracturing. We compare the results with those obtained with the higher-order (HO) and the shallow-shelf approximation (SSA) models coupled with LEFM. We find that FS/LEFM produces surface and bottom crevasses that match the distribution of crevasse depth and width observed from NASA's Operation IceBridge radar depth sounders, whereas HO/LEFM and SSA/LEFM do not generate crevasses that match observations. We attribute the difference to the non-hydrostatic condition of ice near the grounding line, which facilitates crevasse formation, and is accounted for by the FS model but not by the HO or SSA model. We also find that calving is enhanced when pre-existing surface crevasses are present, when the ice shelf is shortened or when the ice shelf front is undercut. The role of undercutting depends on the time scale of calving events. It is more prominent for glaciers with rapid calving rates than glaciers with slow calving rates. Glaciers extending into a shorter ice shelf are more vulnerable to calving than glaciers developing a long ice shelf, especially as the ice front retreats close to the grounding line region, which leads to a positive feedback. We conclude that the FS/LEFM combination yields substantial improvements in capturing the stress field near the grounding line for constraining crevasse formation and iceberg calving.
Pre-Service Elementary School Teachers Becoming Mathematics Teachers: Their Participation in an Online Professional Community
Authors: Savard Annie , Lin Terry Wan Jung , Lamb Natasha
Published: November 2016

This pilot study sought to examine the mathematical knowledge for teaching that pre-service teachers used when participating in an online community, and to gain insight into their epistemological stance. The participants of this study were among the pre-service teachers in a large urban university, chosen as they were completing their mathematics methods course in their teacher-education program and before entering a field experience in the same academic year. A qualitative analysis of the online discussions of our participants was done using Ball and her colleagues’ (2008) framework for mathematical knowledge for teaching and that of communities of practice (Wenger, 1998). These theories provided insight into the development of pre-service teachers as they moved from “student” to “teacher”. Our findings show that pre-service teachers struggle to shed their student-perspective as they transition from theory to practice. This was readily evident in how they used their mathematical knowledge for teaching in their online exchange. Our work contributes to understanding the complexity of becoming a mathematics teacher in elementary school.
Questões que atravessam os tempos: os discursos e a construção do corpo feminino
Authors: Taner de Lima Nicolle
Published: November 2016

Resenha da obra:COLLING, Ana Maria. Tempos diferentes, discursos iguais: a construção do corpo feminino na história. Dourados, MS: Ed. UFGD, 2014. 114 p.
Humor e política na desconstrução dos super-heróis na América Latina durante a Guerra Fria: o olhar dos quadrinhos
Authors: Gomes Ivan Lima
Published: November 2016

Mídia associada ao cotidiano e entretenimento juvenil, as histórias em quadrinhos (HQs) alcançaram plena consolidação na América Latina durante os anos após a 2ª Guerra Mundial. Quando da Guerra Fria e da forte penetração cultural dos Estados Unidos (EUA) na região, as HQs já se encontravam presentes em jornais, nos quais, por vezes, eram publicadas em suplementos específicos, além de serem editadas no formato revista por editoras especializadas. Em meio aos debates sobre as vantagens e desvantagens das HQs para a vida que já mobilizavam aqueles envolvidos no mundo das HQs, a questão do imperialismo cultural também motivou críticos e a produção local a buscar redefinir os sentidos desta mídia na América Latina. Uma das etapas passou pela efetiva defesa de uma “substituição de importações” da produção estrangeira, focando na criação local de quadrinhos que representassem a realidade nacional. Para tanto, era necessário desconstruir algumas das referências dos comics, de forma a colocá-los em xeque perante sua comunidade de leitores. O presente artigo analisa tal processo a partir de dois estudos de caso: a cooperativa brasileira CETPA (Cooperativa Editora de Trabalhos de Porto Alegre) e a editora chilena Quimantú. Em ambas, o foco recaiu principalmente sobre os super-heróis, mesclando paródia e crítica política ao problematizar a atuação do super-herói na América Latina. A partir das situações em análise, o artigo procura destacar tal etapa para o estabelecimento dos quadrinhos enquanto prática cultural na região. Palavras-chave: História em Quadrinhos; Super-heróis; América Latina – História.