bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interaction between Plants and Bacteria: Glucosinolates and Phyllospheric Colonization of Cruciferous Vegetables by Enterobacter radicincitans DSM 16656
Authors: Schreiner Monika , Krumbein Angelika , Ruppel Silke
Published: June 2009

For determining interactive plant-bacterial effects between glucosinolates and phyllospheric colonization by a plant growth-promoting strain, Enterobacter radicincitans DSM 16656, in cruciferous vegetables, the extent of bacterial colonization was assessed in 5 cruciferous vegetables (Brassica juncea, Brassica campestris, Brassica oleracea var. capitata, Brassica rapa var. alboglabra, Nasturtium officinale) using a species-specific TaqMan™ probe and quantitative real-time PCR. Colonization ability of inoculated E. radicincitans in the phyllosphere of these species varied from inability to colonize B. rapa up to a very good colonization rate of B. campestris. In addition to morphological factors and other plant compounds, the colonization rate was affected by different individual aromatic and aliphatic glucosinolates and their concentration, revealing that both plant pathogens and plant growth-promoting bacteria were affected by glucosinolates in their colonization behavior. In contrast, after E. radicincitans inoculation neither the total nor the individual glucosinolate concentrations in the phyllosphere of the 5 cruciferous species were affected, indicating that the nonpathogenic E. radicincitans might cause only poor cell damage by metabolizing plant cell components and does not induce a plant defense response and thus subsequently an increased glucosinolate concentration in the phyllosphere. Moreover, E. radicincitans induced no stimulation of indole glucosinolate biosynthesis by additional bacterial auxin supply.
Aggregated LDL in Contact With Macrophages Induces Local Increases in Free Cholesterol Levels That Regulate Local Actin Polymerization
Authors: Grosheva Inna , Haka Abigail S. , Qin Chunbo , Pierini Lynda M. , Maxfield Frederick R.
Published: June 2009

Objective—

Interaction of macrophages with aggregated matrix-anchored lipoprotein deposits is an important initial step in atherogenesis. Aggregated lipoproteins require different cellular uptake processes than those used for endocytosis of monomeric lipoproteins. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that engagement of aggregated LDL (agLDL) by macrophages could lead to local increases in free cholesterol levels and that these increases in free cholesterol regulate signals that control cellular actin.

Methods and Results—

AgLDL resides for prolonged periods in surface-connected compartments. Although agLDL is still extracellular, we demonstrate that an increase in free cholesterol occurs at sites of contact between agLDL and cells because of hydrolysis of agLDL-derived cholesteryl ester. This increase in free cholesterol causes enhanced actin polymerization around the agLDL. Inhibition of cholesteryl ester hydrolysis results in decreased actin polymerization.

Conclusions—

We describe a novel process that occurs during agLDL–macrophage interactions in which local release of free cholesterol causes local actin polymerization, promoting a pathological positive feedback loop for increased catabolism of agLDL and eventual foam cell formation.
The Erythropoietin NeuroProtective Effect: Assessment in CABG Surgery (TENPEAKS)
Authors: Haljan Gregory , Maitland Andrew , Buchan Alastair , Arora Rakesh C. , King Michael , Haigh John , Culleton Bruce , Faris Peter , Zygun David
Published: June 2009

Background and Purpose—

Neurocognitive dysfunction complicates coronary artery bypass surgery. Erythropoietin may be neuroprotective. We sought to determine whether human recombinant erythropoietin would reduce the incidence of neurocognitive dysfunction after surgery.

Methods—

We randomly assigned 32 elective first-time coronary artery bypass graft patients to receive placebo or 375 U/kg, 750 U/kg, or 1500 U/kg of recombinant human erythropoietin divided in 3 daily doses, starting the day before surgery. Primary outcomes were feasibility and safety, and secondary outcomes were neurocognitive dysfunction at discharge and 2 months.

Results—

All subjects were male, mean age 60 years (range 46 to 73). No significant differences were found in pump time, cross-clamp time, or hospital length of stay. Mortality and pure red cell aplasia were not observed. One patient in the 375 U/kg group had ST changes compatible with myocardial injury immediately postoperative, but no other thrombotic complications were observed. Neurocognitive dysfunction occurred in 21/32 (66%) of patients at discharge and 5/32 (16%) at 2 months. Neurocognitive dysfunction at discharge by group was: placebo 6/8 (75%), 375 U/kg 4/8 (50%), 750 U/kg 6/8 (75%), and 1500 U/kg 5/8 (63%). Neurocognitive dysfunction at 2 months by group was: placebo 3/8 (38%), 375 U/kg 1/8 (13%), 750 U/kg 1/8 (13%), and 1500 U/kg 0/8 (0%). Neurocognitive dysfunction at 2 months for erythropoietin at any dose was 2/24 (8.3%) versus 3/8 (38%) for placebo (
P
=0.085).

Conclusions—

This study demonstrates feasibility and safety for the use of human recombinant erythropoietin as a neuroprotectant in coronary artery bypass graft surgery. A trend in the reduction of neurocognitive dysfunction at 2 months was associated with erythropoietin use. A multicenter randomized controlled trial is warranted.
Outcome of Symptomatic Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease
Authors: Samaniego Edgar A. , Hetzel Scott , Thirunarayanan Supriya , Aagaard-Kienitz Beverly , Turk Aquilla S. , Levine Ross
Published: June 2009

Background and Purpose—

Patients with intracranial atherosclerotic disease have a 3.6% to 22% annual risk of stroke. In this study, we sought to evaluate the natural history and prognosis of patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic disease who received medical therapy versus percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting (PTAS) at our institution.

Methods—

Charts of all patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic disease from July 2004 to September 2007 were reviewed and assessed for history of transient ischemic attack or stroke. Patients were either treated with “best medical therapy” (Medical Therapy Group) or PTAS plus antiplatelet agents (PTAS Group) and followed prospectively. A favorable outcome was defined as the absence of transient ischemic attacks, strokes, or vascular death; modified Rankin Scale of ≤3; and no endovascular reintervention of symptomatic in-stent restenosis.

Results—

One hundred eleven patients fulfilled entry criteria, with 58 (52.3%) and 53 patients (47.7%) enrolled in the Medical Therapy and PTAS Groups, respectively. Thirty-eight patients of the Medical Therapy Group (65.5%) had a favorable outcome compared with 37 patients of the PTAS Group (69.8%). Combined ischemic end point data for the occurrence of transient ischemic attack, stroke, and vascular death was similar with 14 (24%) events in the Medical Therapy Group versus 15 (28.3%) events in the PTAS Group.

Conclusion—

Overall, the combined ischemic end point was the same in the Medical Therapy and PTAS Groups.
Descriptive Analysis of the Boston Criteria Applied to a Dutch-Type Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy Population
Authors: van Rooden Sanneke , van der Grond Jeroen , van den Boom Rivka , Haan Joost , Linn Jennifer , Greenberg Steven M. , van Buchem Mark A.
Published: June 2009

Background and Purpose—

Validation of the Boston criteria for the in vivo diagnosis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is challenging, because noninvasive diagnostic tests do not exist. Hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis–Dutch type is an accepted monogenetic model of CAA and diagnosis can be made with certainty based on DNA analysis. The aim of this study was to analyze and refine the existing Boston criteria in patients with hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis–Dutch type.

Methods—

We performed T2*-weighted MRI in 27 patients with hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis–Dutch type to assess the presence and location of microbleeds, intracranial hemorrhages, and superficial siderosis. Using the Boston criteria, subjects were categorized as having: no hemorrhages, possible CAA, probable CAA, and hemorrhagic lesions not qualifying for CAA. The sensitivity of the Boston criteria was calculated separately using intracranial hemorrhages only and using intracranial hemorrhages and microbleeds.

Results—

The sensitivity of the Boston criteria for probable CAA increased from 48% to 63% when microbleeds were included. For symptomatic subjects only, the sensitivity was 100%. No hemorrhages were identified in the deep white matter, basal ganglia, thalamus, or brainstem. Superficial siderosis, observed in 6 patients, did not increase the sensitivity of the Boston criteria in our study group.

Conclusions—

Our data show that using T2*-weighted MRI and including microbleeds increase the sensitivity of the Boston criteria. The exclusion of hemorrhages in the deep white matter, basal ganglia, thalamus, and brainstem does not lower the sensitivity of the Boston criteria.
Reproducibility of Fibrous Cap Status Assessment of Carotid Artery Plaques by Contrast-Enhanced MRI
Authors: Kwee Robert M. , van Engelshoven Jos M.A. , Mess Werner H. , ter Berg Johannes W.M. , Schreuder Floris H.B.M. , Franke Cees L. , Korten Arthur G.G.C. , Meems Bé J. , van Oostenbrugge Robert J. , Wildberger Joachim E. , Kooi Marianne E.
Published: June 2009

Background and Purpose—

Reproducibility in identifying the fibrous cap (FC) of carotid artery plaques by noncontrast-enhanced MRI has been shown to be poor. The objective of this study was to assess the reproducibility of multisequence MRI, including contrast-enhanced images, in assessing FC status.

Methods—

Forty-five symptomatic patients with 30% to 69% carotid artery stenosis underwent a multisequence MRI protocol, which included contrast-enhanced images. FC status (ie, discrimination between fibrotic and/or calcified plaques, plaques with a lipid-rich necrotic core and an intact and thick FC, and plaques with a lipid-rich necrotic core and a thin and/or ruptured FC) was independently assessed by 3 observers of which one also scored all images on a different occasion. Linear weighted kappa coefficients (κ) were calculated as indicators of inter- and intraobserver agreement.

Results—

On a per-slice basis, interobserver agreement was good (κ=0.60, 0.64, and 0.71), whereas intraobserver agreement was very good (κ=0.86). On a per-plaque basis, interobserver agreement was good (κ=0.64, 0.69, and 0.78), whereas intraobserver agreement was very good (κ=0.96).

Conclusion—

This study found good interobserver and very good intraobserver agreement in assessing FC status of carotid artery plaques. Future studies are warranted to determine the predictive value of FC status assessment by multisequence MRI, including contrast-enhanced images, on the occurrence of (recurrent) cerebral ischemic events.
Complex Traditional Chinese Medicine for Poststroke Motor Dysfunction
Authors: Junhua Zhang , Menniti-Ippolito Francesca , Xiumei Gao , Firenzuoli Fabio , Boli Zhang , Massari Marco , Hongcai Shang , Yuhong Huang , Ferrelli Rita , Limin Hu , Fauci Alice , Guerra Ranieri , Raschetti Roberto
Published: June 2009

Background and Purpose—

For its current dimensions, stroke represents the world’s primary health challenge. In China stroke is the second most common cause of death. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has for many centuries been used, and it is still widely used today in countries of south and east Asia for the treatment of people with stroke. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate whether complex Traditional Chinese Medicine (cTCM) improves poststroke motor recovery. In particular, we defined cTCM as intervention that included at least acupuncture and Chinese herbal medicine.

Methods—

An extensive search including PubMed, EMBASE, CBM, and the Cochrane Library was performed up to December 2007. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) about cTCM for motor dysfunction of poststroke were searched irrespective of any language. The quality of each trial was assessed according to the Cochrane Reviewers’ Handbook 4.2.6.

Results—

After selection of 11 234 articles, 34 RCTs and quasi-RCTs were included. All these trials were conducted in China and published on Chinese journals. All trials but one reported results in favor of cTCM treatments suggesting a strong publication bias. Because of the significant clinical and methodological heterogeneity, no meta-analysis was performed and thus no cumulative result was obtained pooling data of RCTs.

Conclusions—

What appears from this systematic review is that scant data are available to evaluate efficacy of cTCM for poststroke motor dysfunction. Most of the primary studies available for this review were inadequately designed trials characterized by unknown dropout rates and definitional vagueness in outcomes measures. None of the studies approached important end points like death, survival times, rate of dependency, reduction in length of stay in hospital, etc. The key to lead to evidence-based practices is establishing a consensus on standardized relevant outcome measures and then designing and conducting appropriate RCTs that adopt those standards.
Constraint on the Number of Synaptic Inputs to a Visual Cortical Neuron Controls Receptive Field Formation
Authors: Tanaka Shigeru , Miyashita Masanobu
Published: June 2009

To date, Hebbian learning combined with some form of constraint on synaptic inputs has been demonstrated to describe well the development of neural networks. The previous models revealed mathematically the importance of synaptic constraints to reproduce orientation selectivity in the visual cortical neurons, but biological mechanisms underlying such constraints remain unclear. In this study, we addressed this issue by formulating a synaptic constraint based on activity-dependent mechanisms of synaptic changes. Particularly, considering metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated long-term depression, we derived synaptic constraint that suppresses the number of inputs from individual presynaptic neurons. We performed computer simulations of the activity-dependent self-organization of geniculocortical inputs with the synaptic constraint and examined the formation of receptive fields (RFs) of model visual cortical neurons. When we changed the magnitude of the synaptic constraint, we found the emergence of distinct RF structures such as concentric RFs, simple-cell-like RFs, and double-oriented RFs and also a gradual transition between spatiotemporal separable and inseparable RFs. Thus, the model based on the synaptic constraint derived from biological consideration can account systematically for the repertoire of RF structures observed in the primary visual cortices of different species for the first time.
Evaluation of Trajectory Planning Models for Arm-Reaching Movements Based on Energy Cost
Authors: Nishii J. , Taniai Y.
Published: June 2009

Computational studies have suggested that many characteristics of reaching trajectories in a horizontal plane can be effectively predicted by certain models, including, the minimum end point variance model and minimum torque change model. It has also been reported that these characteristics appear to differ from those obtained by the minimum energy cost model that has been reported to explain the characteristics of locomotor patterns. Do these results imply that the human nervous system uses different strategies to resolve the redundancy problem for different tasks? In order to reexamine the optimality of reaching trajectories from a viewpoint of energy cost, we considered the corrective submovements to compensate for positional error due to signal-dependent noise in motor commands and computed the expected value of the total energy costs required to reach a target by repetition of submovements planned by each of the following models: the minimum energy cost model, minimum end point variance model, and minimum torque change model. The results revealed that when the noise is large, the total energy cost required by the minimum end point variance model and the minimum torque change model can be lower than that required by the minimum energy cost model which assumes minimizing energy cost under noise-free condition. This result indicates that the minimization of the expected value of the energy cost would be an important factor in determining the reaching trajectories.
Stochastic Properties of Coincidence-Detector Neural Cells
Authors: Krips Ram , Furst Miriam
Published: June 2009

Neural information is characterized by sets of spiking events that travel within the brain through neuron junctions that receive, transmit, and process streams of spikes. Coincidence detection is one of the ways to describe the functionality of a single neural cell. This letter presents an analytical derivation of the output stochastic behavior of a coincidence detector (CD) cell whose stochastic inputs behave as a nonhomogeneous Poisson process (NHPP) with both excitatory and inhibitory inputs. The derivation, which is based on an efficient breakdown of the cell into basic functional elements, results in an output process whose behavior can be approximated as an NHPP as long as the coincidence interval is much smaller than the refractory period of the cell's inputs. Intuitively, the approximation is valid as long as the processing rate is much faster than the incoming information rate. This type of modeling is a simplified but very useful description of neurons since it enables analytical derivations. The statistical properties of single CD cell's output make it possible to integrate and analyze complex neural cells in a feedforward network using the methodology presented here. Accordingly, basic biological characteristics of neural activity are demonstrated, such as a decrease in the spontaneous rate at higher brain levels and improved signal-to-noise ratio for harmonic input signals.
Receptive Field Self-Organization in a Model of the Fine Structure in V1 Cortical Columns
Authors: Lücke Jörg
Published: June 2009

We study a dynamical model of processing and learning in the visual cortex, which reflects the anatomy of V1 cortical columns and properties of their neuronal receptive fields. Based on recent results on the fine-scale structure of columns in V1, we model the activity dynamics in subpopulations of excitatory neurons and their interaction with systems of inhibitory neurons. We find that a dynamical model based on these aspects of columnar anatomy can give rise to specific types of computations that result in self-organization of afferents to the column. For a given type of input, self-organization reliably extracts the basic input components represented by neuronal receptive fields. Self-organization is very noise tolerant and can robustly be applied to different types of input. To quantitatively analyze the system's component extraction capabilities, we use two standard benchmarks: the bars test and natural images. In the bars test, the system shows the highest noise robustness reported so far. If natural image patches are used as input, self-organization results in Gabor-like receptive fields. In quantitative comparison with in vivo measurements, we find that the obtained receptive fields capture statistical properties of V1 simple cells that algorithms such as independent component analysis or sparse coding do not reproduce.
Belief Propagation in Networks of Spiking Neurons
Authors: Steimer Andreas , Maass Wolfgang , Douglas Rodney
Published: June 2009

From a theoretical point of view, statistical inference is an attractive model of brain operation. However, it is unclear how to implement these inferential processes in neuronal networks. We offer a solution to this problem by showing in detailed simulations how the belief propagation algorithm on a factor graph can be embedded in a network of spiking neurons. We use pools of spiking neurons as the function nodes of the factor graph. Each pool gathers “messages” in the form of population activities from its input nodes and combines them through its network dynamics. Each of the various output messages to be transmitted over the edges of the graph is computed by a group of readout neurons that feed in their respective destination pools. We use this approach to implement two examples of factor graphs. The first example, drawn from coding theory, models the transmission of signals through an unreliable channel and demonstrates the principles and generality of our network approach. The second, more applied example is of a psychophysical mechanism in which visual cues are used to resolve hypotheses about the interpretation of an object's shape and illumination. These two examples, and also a statistical analysis, demonstrate good agreement between the performance of our networks and the direct numerical evaluation of belief propagation.
Orientation Disparity: A Cue for 3D Orientation?
Authors: Greenwald Hal S. , Knill David C.
Published: June 2009

Orientation disparity, the difference in orientation that results when a texture element on a slanted surface is projected to the two eyes, has been proposed as a binocular cue for 3D orientation. Since orientation disparity is confounded with position disparity, neither behavioral nor neurophysiological experiments have successfully isolated its contribution to slant estimates or established whether the visual system uses it. Using a modified disparity energy model, we simulated a population of binocular visual cortical neurons tuned to orientation disparity and measured the amount of Fisher information contained in the activity patterns. We evaluated the potential contribution of orientation disparity to 3D orientation estimation and delimited the stimulus conditions under which it is a reliable cue. Our results suggest that orientation disparity is an efficient source of information about 3D orientation and that it is plausible that the visual system could have mechanisms that are sensitive to it. Although orientation disparity is neither necessary nor sufficient for estimating slant, it appears that it could be useful when combined with estimates from position disparity gradients and monocular perspective cues.
Enhanced Classifications of Engineered Paved Surfaces for Urban Systems Modeling
Authors: Golden Jay , Chuang W. C. , Stefanov W. L.
Published: June 2009

There is a greater need than ever for the ability to accurately model urban system impacts resulting around the planet. Rapid urbanization is transforming landscapes from vegetation to an engineered infrastructure and thus altering land cover and land use. These alterations impact urban and global climate change, energy demand, human health, and ecological service functions. This article presents an overview of a refined land-cover classification protocol that seeks to refine current land-cover classifications of engineered paved surfaces. This new approach provides those who model urban systems and engineer the environment as well as other scientists and policy makers an expanded understanding of how intervention to the system can most effectively be accomplished through enhanced modeling. An object-oriented analysis regime is presented for an industrial park utilizing commercial software in conjunction with multispectral and panchromatic Quickbird satellite imagery. A detailed examination of hot-mix asphalt paved surfaces was undertaken in relation to the materials’ engineered function such as various types of streets, parking, etc. The results were validated using a commercial raster graphics editor and data analysis software as well as on-site inspections. An overall accuracy of 95% was achieved.
Studying The Interpretation of Dreams in the Company of Analytic Candidates
Authors: Levy Joshua
Published: June 2009

Seminars serve as an important, though undervalued, component of psychoanalytic education. The focus of this paper is on the teaching of Freud’s The Interpretation of Dreams through a series of seminars presented to analytic candidates at the Toronto Psychoanalytic Institutes. This has been an essential book for introducing generations of candidates to the psychoanalytic concept of the mind and for shaping candidates’ understanding and attitudes toward working with their patients’ dreams. Four of Freud’s basic dream concepts—(1) the method and its application to the exploration of the relationship between manifest and latent dream content, (2) the sources of dreams (day residues), (3) the dream-work, and (4) wish fulfillment—are critically studied in the seminars. Detailed discussion of these basic dream concepts among the candidates and with the teacher, as well as the candidates’ feedback at the conclusion of the seminars, are summarized and discussed. Through the teaching and study within the seminar framework of the fundamentals of Freud’s dream theory, a shared growth experience results for both teacher and candidates.
Natural Weathering of Poly (Lactic Acid): Effects of Rice Starch and Epoxidized Natural Rubber
Authors: Yew G.H. , Chow W.S. , Mohd Ishak Z.A. , Mohd Yusof A.M.
Published: June 2009

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites consisting of PLA, rice starch (RS), and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR50) are compounded using a twinscrew extruder followed by compression molding. Two types of thermoplastic starch are prepared by mixing RS with glycerol and water. Natural weathering tests are performed on the PLA/RS composites in Penang, Malaysia for 2 months. The average mean temperature and mean relative humidity are 29°C and 70%, respectively. Tensile tests are performed to characterize the mechanical properties of the weathered PLA/RS composites. Morphological studies are performed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The tensile properties of weathered PLA/RS composites decreased slightly, on the other hand, the tensile properties of weathered PLA/SG and PLA/SGW composites decreased drastically. The retention-ability of the PLA composites are relatively low, which may be attributed to the photo-degradation of PLA, chain scission of PLA, oxidation degradation on ENR, moisture absorption of RS, and leaching of RS particles. In addition, discoloration, surface roughness, surface cracking, and embrittlement are observed for all PLA/RS composites. The extent of degradation is increased by the addition of ENR, owing to the fact that ENR is susceptible to oxygen attack, and consequently facilitates degradation. The morphological properties of the weathered PLA/RS composites are transformed to a more brittle behavior, indicating that severe degradation has occurred on the PLA/RS composites.
Parenteral Feeding Depletes Pulmonary Lymphocyte Populations
Authors: Hermsen Joshua L. , Gomez F. Enrique , Sano Yoshifumi , Kang Woodae , Maeshima Yoshinori , Kudsk Kenneth A.
Published: June 2009

Background: The effect of parenteral nutrition (PN) on lymphocyte mass in the lung is unknown, but reduced mucosal lymphocytes are hypothesized to play a role in the reduced immunoglobulin A–mediated immunity in both gut and lung. The ability to transfer and track cells between mice may allow study of diet‐induced mucosal immune function. The objectives of this study are to characterize lung T‐cell populations following parenteral feeding and to study distribution patterns of transferred donor lung T cells in recipient mice. Methods: In experiment 1, cannulated male Balb/c mice are randomized to receive chow or PN for 5 days. Lung lymphocytes are obtained via collagenase digestion, and flow cytometric analysis is used to identify total T (CD3+) and B (CD45/B220+) cells. In experiment 2, isolated lung T cells from chow‐fed male Balb/c mice are pooled and labeled in vitro with a fluorescent dye (carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester [CFSE]), and 1.1 × 108 CFSE+ cells (3.1 × 106 T cells) are transferred to chow‐fed Balb/c recipients. Cells recovered from recipient lungs and intestinal lamina propria (LP) are analyzed by flow cytometry to determine CFSE/CD3+ T cells at 1, 2, and 7 days. In experiment 3, cells are transferred to PN‐fed recipients. Results: In experiment 1, PN significantly decreases lung T‐ and B‐cell populations compared with chow feeding. In experiment 2, CFSE+ T‐cell retention is highest on day 1 in lung and LP, and decreases on day 2. Cells are gone by day 7; 98.1% of retained donor lung T cells migrate to recipient lungs and 1.9% to the intestine on day 1. Similar results are seen in experiment 3 after transfer of cells to PN‐fed recipients. Conclusions: PN reduces pulmonary lymphocyte populations consistent with impaired respiratory immunity. Transferred lung T cells preferentially localize to recipient lungs rather than intestine with maximal accumulation at 24 hours. Limited cross‐talk of transferred lung T cells to the intestine indicates that mucosal lymphocyte traffic might be programmed to localize to specific effector sites.
Feeding Jejunostomy for the Treatment of Severe Hyperemesis Gravidarum: A Case Series
Authors: Saha Sumona , Loranger Donna , Pricolo Victor , Degli‐Esposti Silvia
Published: June 2009

Background: Hyperemesis gravidarum is severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy leading to dehydration, nutrition deficiency, and fetal morbidity and mortality. Treatment must maintain fluid and electrolyte balance and caloric intake. Parenteral nutrition is often attempted; however, complication rates are high. Nutrition via nasoenteric and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubes is limited by poor patient tolerance, tube dislodgement, and altered anatomy in pregnancy. Methods: Women with hyperemesis gravidarum who failed standard therapy were offered jejunostomy. All patients underwent surgical jejunostomy in the second trimester. Isotonic tube feeds were administered to a goal caloric factor calculated by the Harris‐Benedict equation with a correction added for pregnancy. Patients were monitored until delivery. Results: Five women underwent jejunostomy placement at our institution between 1998 and 2005. One patient underwent jejunostomy placement twice for consecutive pregnancies. The mean body weight loss from prepregnancy was 7.9% (range, 4.0%–15.9%). Patients underwent jejunostomy placement between 12 and 26 weeks of gestation (median 14 weeks). Twelve to 16 Fr catheters were placed in the proximal jejunum. Maternal weight gain occured in 5 of 6 pregnancies. The mean duration of tube placement was 19 weeks (range, 8–28 weeks). All pregnancies ended with term deliveries (range, 36–40 weeks of gestation). The mean infant birth weight was 2885 g (range, 2270–4000 g). Tube‐related complications were limited to dislodgement in 2 patients in the third trimester. No cases of infection, bleeding, or preterm labor occured. Conclusions: Feeding via jejunostomy is a potentially safe, effective, and well‐tolerated mode of nutrition support therapy in hyperemesis gravidarum.
Position Tracking for Non-linear Teleoperators with Variable Time Delay
Authors: Nuño Emmanuel , Basañez Luis , Ortega Romeo , Spong Mark W.
Published: June 2009

In this paper the problem of position tracking in the presence of variable time delay is studied. It is proved that simple P-like and PD-like controllers can stabilize the teleoperator under variable time delays and, moreover, they provide position tracking. Then, a controller based on the scattering transformation that also provides position tracking is proposed. In this paper we present the conditions under which the velocities and position error of the non-linear teleoperator, for the three controllers, are bounded, and if the human does not move the local manipulator and the remote manipulator does not interact with the environment, then it is proved that velocities and position error converge to zero. Simulations and real experiments, using the Internet from Urbana-Champaign (USA) to Barcelona (Spain), validate the proposed schemes.
Scaling Inertia Properties of a Manipulator Payload for 0-g Emulation of Spacecraft
Authors: Aghili Farhad , Namvar Mehrzad
Published: June 2009

This paper presents a method to control a manipulator system grasping a rigid-body payload so that the motion of the combined system as a consequence of external applied forces is the same as any other free-floating rigid-body (with different inertial properties). This allows 0-g emulation of a scaled spacecraft prototype under the test in a 1-g laboratory environment. The controller consisting of motion feedback and force/moment feedback adjusts the motion of the test spacecraft so as to match that of the flight spacecraft, even if the latter has flexible appendages (such as solar panels) and the former is rigid. The stability of the overall system is analytically investigated, and the results show that the system remains stable provided that the inertial properties of two spacecraft are different and that an upperbound on the norm of the inertia ratio of the payload to the manipulator is respected. Important practical issues such as calibration and sensitivity analysis to sensor noise and quantization are also presented. Finally, experimental results obtained from a robotic setup for spacecraft emulation with a milli-gravity accuracy are presented.
Control for Actuator Arrays
Authors: Bedillion Mark , Messner William
Published: June 2009

Actuator arrays are planar arrangements of simple actuators that cooperate to translate and orient objects. This paper derives the equations of motion for manipulating an object in stick/slip contact with the actuators. A controller derived from kinematics considerations is presented and its stability analyzed with the multivariable circle criterion. Stability results are verified through simulation and experimental results on a 20 unit macroscopic actuator array.
Hybrid Adaptive Vision—Force Control for Robot Manipulators Interacting with Unknown Surfaces
Authors: Leite Antonio C. , Lizarralde Fernando , Liu Hsu
Published: June 2009

A hybrid control scheme based on adaptive visual servoing and direct force control is proposed for robot manipulators to perform interaction tasks on smooth surfaces. The camera parameters, as well as the constraint surface, are considered to be uncertain. A fixed camera with optical axis non-perpendicular to the robot workspace is used for position control, while a force sensor mounted on the robot wrist is used for force regulation. In order to solve the interaction problem on unknown surfaces, a method is developed to estimate the constraint geometry and keep the end-effector orthogonal to the surface at the contact point, during the task execution. Experimental results are presented to illustrate the performance and feasibility of the proposed scheme.
Hand Posture Subspaces for Dexterous Robotic Grasping
Authors: Ciocarlie Matei T. , Allen Peter K.
Published: June 2009

In this paper we focus on the concept of low-dimensional posture subspaces for artificial hands. We begin by discussing the applicability of a hand configuration subspace to the problem of automated grasp synthesis; our results show that low-dimensional optimization can be instrumental in deriving effective pre-grasp shapes for a number of complex robotic hands. We then show that the computational advantages of using a reduced dimensionality framework enable it to serve as an interface between the human and automated components of an interactive grasping system. We present an on-line grasp planner that allows a human operator to perform dexterous grasping tasks using an artificial hand. In order to achieve the computational rates required for effective user interaction, grasp planning is performed in a hand posture subspace of highly reduced dimensionality. The system also uses real-time input provided by the operator, further simplifying the search for stable grasps to the point where solutions can be found at interactive rates. We demonstrate our approach on a number of different hand models and target objects, in both real and virtual environments.
Sexual Abuse in Childhood and the Mentally Disordered Female Offender
Authors: Silberman Matthew
Published: June 2009

This study examines the role that a history of child sexual abuse played in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders in a sample of 321 female offenders incarcerated in a maximum-security prison for women. The results show that a history of child sexual abuse increases the likelihood that an inmate would receive mental health treatment. Psychotropic medication is frequently prescribed in response to adjustment problems associated with childhood sexual abuse. White women who exhibit adjustment problems associated with a history of child sexual abuse are especially likely to be diagnosed as mentally disordered at admission and to be sent to the mental health unit for treatment. In the absence of a diagnosed mental disorder at admission, women who receive psychotropic medication to help them adjust to prison life are likely to be diagnosed with a mental disorder later on.
The Long-term Effect of 2 Postoperative Rehabilitation Programs After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Risberg May Arna , Holm Inger
Published: June 2009

Background

There is no consensus regarding the optimal postoperative rehabilitation program after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine the long-term outcome of a 6-month neuromuscular exercise (NE) training program versus a traditional strength exercise (SE) training program after ACL reconstruction.

Study Design

Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1.

Methods

Seventy-four patients were randomly assigned to either a NE program or a SE program and tested preoperatively and at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years after ACL reconstruction. Outcome measurements were as follows: Cincinnati knee score, visual analog scale for pain and global function, Short Form 36, functional knee tests, and isokinetic muscle strength tests.

Results

There were no significant differences between the NE and SE programs 1 and 2 years after ACL reconstruction for the primary outcome measurement (Cincinnati knee score). There were significantly improved knee function (global function) and reduced pain during activity for the NE group, compared with the SE group, and significantly improved hamstring muscle strength for the SE group, compared with the NE group, 2 years after ACL reconstruction.

Conclusion

On the basis of these results, a postoperative program combining both NE and SE should be included after ACL reconstruction to improve knee function.
The Adam Walsh Act
Authors: Freeman Naomi J. , Sandler Jeffrey C.
Published: June 2009

With the enactment of the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act (AWA), states are required to standardize their registration and community notification practices by categorizing sex offenders into three-tier levels in the interest of increasing public safety. No empirical research, however, has investigated whether implementation of the AWA is likely to increase public safety. Using a sample of registered sex offenders in New York State, the current study examined the effectiveness of the Adam Walsh-tier system to classify offenders by likelihood of recidivism. Results indicated that the AWA falls short of increasing public safety. In fact, registered sex offenders classified by AWA as Tier 1 (lowest risk) were rearrested for both nonsexual and sexual offenses more than sex offenders in Tier 2 (moderate risk) or Tier 3 (highest risk).
Determinants of Hospitalist Efficiency
Authors: Dynan Linda , Stein Rebecca , David Guy , Kenny Laura Cancilla , Eckman Mark , Short Amy Diane
Published: June 2009

Using qualitative and quantitative methods, the authors develop and test hypotheses about the impact of hospitalists on efficiency and quality of care relative to teaching teams. Departure of actual from self-perceived benefits for hospitalists, both individually and collectively, is studied. It was found that hospitalists are, on average, more efficient diagnosticians and/or enhance throughput, as evidenced by having relatively lower charges, through reductions in testing and length-of-stay, than teaching teams. Much of that benefit is concentrated among patients admitted by intensivists. The authors find little evidence of quality focus or of greater use of community resources among hospitalists. Indeed, hospitalists were found to have no effect on the choice of postdischarge outlets. The authors document variation in care delivery among hospitalists. In particular, it was found that among hospitalists there is more variation in achieving shorter length of stay but less variation in use of diagnostic testing.
Understanding Observed and Unobserved Health Care Access and Utilization Disparities Among U.S. Latino Adults
Authors: Vargas Bustamante Arturo , Fang Hai , Rizzo John A. , Ortega Alexander N.
Published: June 2009

This study hypothesizes that differences in health care access and utilization exist across Latino adults (>18 years), with U.S. Latino adults of Mexican ancestry demonstrating the worst patterns of access and utilization. The analyses use the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data from 1999 to 2007 ( N = 33,908). The authors first estimate the disparities in health care access and utilization among different categories of Latinos. They also implement Blinder—Oaxaca techniques to decompose disparities into observed and unobserved components, comparing Latinos of Mexican ancestry with non-Mexican Latinos. Latinos of Mexican ancestry consistently demonstrate lower health care access and utilization patterns than non-Mexican Latinos. Health insurance and region of residence were the most important factors that explained observable differences. In contrast, language and citizenship status were relatively unimportant. Although a significant share of these disparities may be explained by observed characteristics, disparities because of unobserved heterogeneity among the different Latino cohorts are also considerable.
A Zigzag-formed Truss Core and its Mechanical Performances
Authors: Kim Heonsoo , Kang Ki-Ju , Joo Jai-Hwang
Published: June 2009

Core with a high load-bearing capacity can be advantageous in improving the overall performance of a sandwich panel. For periodic cellular metal (PCM) cores in shapes such as an octet, pyramid, or Kagome truss, higher load capacity could be achieved by increasing the relative density of the core. Namely, short and thick truss struts composing the truss PCM results in high load capacity. However, the limit inherent in the topology or fabrication process of truss cores has been an obstacle to designing high-strength sandwich panels with single-layered truss PCM cores. In this work, a truss PCM core with new topology, essentially a variation of a conventional pyramidal truss, is introduced. With the new type of core structure, it is possible to increase the relative density of the core more easily, and consequently achieve higher load capacity of the core. Analytic solutions for normal and shear strength are derived, and compared with those for a pyramidal core. Experimental results are presented to show the structural performance of the new core structure under out-of-plane compression and in-plane shear loading. The design flexibility of sandwich panels with the new core is demonstrated, and potential applications are discussed.
Glypican 5 is an interferon-beta response gene: a replication study
Authors: Cénit MDC , Blanco-Kelly F , de las Heras V , Bartolomé M , de la Concha EG , Urcelay E , Arroyo R , Martínez A
Published: June 2009

Background

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Interferon-beta is the most usual therapy in relapsing-remiting MS. However, approximately 50% of the treated patients do not respond adequately. Very recently, a genome-wide association study on interferon-beta pharmacogenetics has described polymorphisms at several genes that are associated with response to this treatment. Our aim is to replicate the results obtained at the two loci most strongly implicated in the response to interferon-beta treatment, HAPLN1 and GPC5.

Patients and methods

We performed a case–control study, analyzing 199 patients with MS treated with interferon-beta for at least 2 years and at least two documented relapses over the 2 years, previous to treatment onset. Responders had neither relapses nor increase in expanded disability status scale (EDSS) over the 2-year follow-up period, whereas nonresponders had at least two relapses or an increase in EDSS of at least 1 point. We studied three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the GPC5 locus and three SNPs in the HAPLN1 locus by TaqMan technology. Allelic frequencies between responders and nonresponders were compared by a chi-square test.

Results

An association was found between GPC5 polymorphisms and the response to interferon-beta therapy in patients with MS, in agreement with earlier data (responder vs nonresponder patients: rs10492503, P = 0.0005). The other locus studied ( HAPLN1) did not show association with treatment response to interferon-beta (all SNPs P > 0.05).

Conclusions

We confirm the association of polymorphisms within GPC5 with response to interferon-beta therapy in patients with MS.
The development of patient-reported outcome indices for multiple sclerosis (PRIMUS)
Authors: Doward LC , McKenna SP , Meads DM , Twiss J , Eckert BJ
Published: June 2009

Background

Complex diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) present dilemmas over the choice of patient-reported outcome measures as no single scale can inform on all types of MS impact from the patient’s perspective.

Objective

To develop an outcome tool, the Patient-Reported Indices for Multiple Sclerosis (PRIMUS), to assess MS symptoms, activities, and quality of life.

Methods

PRIMUS content was derived from qualitative interviews with UK MS patients and checked by clinical experts. Semi-structured cognitive debriefing interviews assessed scale face and content validity. PRIMUS scaling properties, reliability, and construct validity were assessed by a test–retest postal survey.

Results

Cognitive debriefing interviews ( n = 15) demonstrated scale clarity, relevance, and comprehensiveness. The postal survey was completed by 135 patients with MS. After removal of misfitting items and those exhibiting differential item functioning, all scales fitted the Rasch model, confirming unidimensionality. For all scales, test–retest reliability exceeded 0.80. Scale scores were related to perceived MS severity, general health, and symptoms of depression. Moderate correlations were observed between PRIMUS and Nottingham Health Profile scores.

Conclusions

Clinicians and researchers can have confidence in scores obtained by respondents on the PRIMUS. The PRIMUS will aid the assessment of the impact of MS from the patient’s perspective.