bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Severe Cold Winter in North America Linked to Bering Sea Ice Loss
Authors: Iida Mizuki , Sugimoto Shusaku , Suga Toshio
Published: August 2020

North America experienced an intense cold wave with record low temperatures during the winter of 2017/18, at the time reaching the smallest rank of sea ice area (SIA) in the Bering Sea over the past four decades. Using observations, ocean reanalysis, and atmospheric reanalysis data for 39 winters (1979/80–2017/18), both the Bering SIA loss and cold winters in North America are linked robustly via sea level pressure variations over Alaska detected as a dominant mode, the Alaska Oscillation (ALO). The ALO differs from previously identified atmospheric teleconnection and climate patterns. In the positive ALO, the equatorward cold airflow through the Bering Strait increases, resulting in surface air cooling over the Bering Sea and an increase in Bering SIA, as well as surface warming (about 4 K for the winter mean) for North America in response to a decrease of equatorward cold airflow, and vice versa for negative phase. The northerly winds with the cold air over the Bering Sea result in substantial heat release from ocean to atmosphere over open water just south of the region covered by sea ice. Heating over the southern part of Bering Sea acts as a positive feedback for the positive ALO and its related large-scale atmospheric circulation in a linear baroclinic model experiment. Bering SIA shows no decreasing trend, but has remained small since 2015. CMIP6 climate models of the SSP5–8.5 scenario project a decrease of Bering SIA in the future climate. To explain severe cold winters in North America under global warming, it is necessary to get an understanding of climate systems with little or no sea ice.
How Well Do CMIP6 Historical Runs Match Observed Northeast U.S. Precipitation and Extreme Precipitation–Related Circulation?
Authors: Agel Laurie , Barlow Mathew
Published: August 2020

Sixteen historical simulations (1950–2014) from phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) are compared to Northeast U.S. observed precipitation and extreme precipitation–related synoptic circulation. A set of metrics based on the regional climate is used to assess how realistically the models simulate the observed distribution and seasonality of extreme precipitation, as well as the synoptic patterns associated with extreme precipitation. These patterns are determined byk-means typing of 500-hPa geopotential heights on extreme precipitation days (top 1% of days with precipitation). The metrics are formulated to evaluate the models’ extreme precipitation spatial variations, seasonal frequency, and intensity; and for circulation, the fit to observed patterns, pattern seasonality, and pattern location of extreme precipitation. Based on the metrics, the models vary considerably in their ability to simulate different aspects of regional precipitation, and a realistic simulation of the seasonality and distribution of precipitation does not necessarily correspond to a realistic simulation of the circulation patterns (reflecting the underlying dynamics of the precipitation), and vice versa. This highlights the importance of assessing both precipitation and its associated circulation. While the models vary in their ability to reproduce observed results, in general the higher-resolution models score higher in terms of the metrics. Most models produce more frequent precipitation than that for observations, but capture the seasonality of precipitation intensity well, and capture at least several of the key characteristics of extreme precipitation–related circulation. These results do not appear to reflect a substantial improvement over a similar analysis of selected CMIP5 models.
The Role of Tropical, Midlatitude, and Polar Cloud-Radiative Changes for the Midlatitude Circulation Response to Global Warming
Authors: Albern Nicole , Voigt Aiko , Thompson David W. J. , Pinto Joaquim G.
Published: August 2020

Previous studies showed that global cloud-radiative changes contribute half or more to the midlatitude atmospheric circulation response to global warming. Here, we investigate the relative importance of tropical, midlatitude, and polar cloud-radiative changes for the annual-mean, wintertime, and summertime circulation response across regions in AMIP-like simulations. To this end, we study global warming simulations from the ICON model run with the cloud-locking method and prescribed sea surface temperatures, which isolate the impact of changes in atmospheric cloud-radiative heating. Tropical cloud changes dominate the global cloud impact on the 850 hPa zonal wind, jet strength, and storm track responses across most seasons and regions. For the jet shift, a more diverse picture is found. In the annual mean and DJF, tropical and midlatitude cloud changes contribute substantially to the poleward jet shift in all regions. The poleward jet shift is further supported by polar cloud changes across the Northern Hemisphere but not in the Southern Hemisphere. In JJA, the impact of regional cloud changes on the jet position is small, consistent with an overall small jet shift during this season. The jet shift can be largely understood via the anomalous atmospheric cloud-radiative heating in the tropical and midlatitude upper troposphere. The circulation changes are broadly consistent with the influence of cloud-radiative changes on upper-tropospheric baroclinicity and thus the mean potential energy available for conversion into eddy kinetic energy. Our results help to explain the jet response to global warming and highlight the importance of tropical and midlatitude cloud-radiative changes for this response.
Trends and Variability in Airmass Frequencies: Indicators of a Changing Climate
Authors: Lee Cameron C.
Published: August 2020

Recent international efforts at communicating climate change have begun using the notion of a climate indicator—a climate-related metric that can be used to track changes in the Earth system over time. Based upon a recently developed global-scale classification of daily air masses, this research examines the trends and variability in the frequencies of these air masses and then utilizes them to develop two nontraditional climate indicators: a warm/cool index (WCI) and a global extremes index (GEI). Results show that both indices trend significantly upward over the 40-yr period of record, indicating an increase in warm-based air masses (WCI) and extreme air masses (GEI). The two indices also exhibit a moderate (GEI) to strong (WCI) association with the global mean temperature record, multiple near-surface climate variables, and other existing climate indicators over that same time, showing promise as global indicators. Shorter-term variability in these indices also show a linear relationship between the WCI and changes in the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation and a nonlinear relationship between GEI and El Niño–Southern Oscillation. While many published climate indicators are based upon a single variable, and/or are regional in scope, the two indices presented herein are unique in that they are representative of the trends in the multivariate (and extreme, in the case of the GEI) weather conditions that are experienced near Earth’s surface, while also being global in scope.
The Leading Intraseasonal Variability Mode of Wintertime Surface Air Temperature over the North American Sector
Authors: Guan Weina , Jiang Xianan , Ren Xuejuan , Chen Gang , Lin Pu , Lin Hai
Published: August 2020

In this study, detailed characteristics of the leading intraseasonal variability mode of boreal winter surface air temperature (SAT) over the North American (NA) sector are investigated. This intraseasonal SAT mode, characterized by two anomalous centers with an opposite sign—one over central NA and another over east Siberia (ES)/Alaska—bears a great resemblance to the “warm Arctic–cold continent” pattern of the interannual SAT variability over NA. This intraseasonal SAT mode and associated circulation exert a pronounced influence on regional weather extremes, including precipitation over the northwest coast of NA, sea ice concentration over the Chukchi and Bering Seas, and extreme warm and cold events over the NA continent and Arctic region. Surface warming and cooling signals of the intraseasonal SAT mode are connected to temperature anomalies in a deep-tropospheric layer up to 300 hPa with a decreasing amplitude with altitude. Particularly, a coupling between the troposphere and stratosphere is found during evolution of the intraseasonal SAT variability, although whether the stratospheric processes are essential in sustaining the leading intraseasonal SAT mode is difficult to determine based on observations alone. Two origins of wave sources are identified in contributing to vertically propagating planetary waves near Alaska: one over ES/Alaska associated with local intraseasonal variability and another from the subtropical North Pacific via Rossby wave trains induced by tropical convective activity over the western Pacific, possibly associated with the Madden–Julian oscillation.
The Contribution of Boreal Spring South Pacific Atmospheric Variability to El Niño Occurrence
Authors: Min Qingye , Zhang Renhe
Published: August 2020

Despite the fact that great efforts have been made to improve the prediction of El Niño events, it remains challenging because of limited understanding of El Niño and its precursors. This research focuses on the influence of South Pacific atmospheric variability on the development of the sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) in the tropical Pacific. It is found that as early as in the boreal spring of El Niño years, the sea level pressure anomaly (SLPA) shows a configuration characterized by two significant negative anomaly centers in the north and a positive anomaly center in the south between the subtropics and high latitudes in South Pacific. Such an anomalous SLPA pattern becomes stronger in the following late boreal spring and summer associated with the strengthening of westerly anomalies in the tropical Pacific, weakening the southeasterly trade winds and promoting the warming of tropical eastern Pacific, which is conducive to the development of El Niño events. It is demonstrated that the SLPA pattern in boreal spring revealed in this study is closely associated with boreal summer South Pacific Oscillation (SPO) and South Pacific meridional mode (SPMM). As a precursor in boreal spring, the prediction skill of the South Pacific SLPA in boreal spring for the SSTA in the eastern equatorial Pacific is better than that of the SPMM. This study is helpful to deepen our understanding of the contribution of South Pacific extratropical atmospheric variability to El Niño occurrence.
Differences in Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Activity among Three El Niño Phases
Authors: Song Jinjie , Klotzbach Philip J. , Duan Yihong
Published: August 2020

The impacts of El Niño on tropical cyclone (TC) activity over the western North Pacific (WNP) are examined through investigation of three types of tropical Pacific warming episodes according to where the maximum sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies occur in the equatorial Pacific: the eastern Pacific El Niño (EPE), the central Pacific El Niño (CPE), and the mixed El Niño (ME). More TCs form over the eastern part of the WNP in all three El Niño types, whereas the frequency of TCs over the western part of the WNP increases as the peak SST anomalies migrate from east to west. Although TCs more frequently recurve at higher latitudes during EPE and CPE, the most frequent region for recurving is much closer to the East Asian continent in CPE years than in EPE years. In contrast, more TCs track westward and threaten the Philippines in ME years. The increased TC genesis over the western part of the WNP can be explained by enhanced low-level relative vorticity, reduced vertical wind shear, and increased maximum potential intensity during CPE and increased midlevel moisture during EPE and ME. This increase is further related to updraft anomalies near the date line driven by an anomalous Walker circulation and an anomalous low-level cyclonic circulation over the WNP. The TC track differences among the different El Niño types are linked to the east–west shift of the western Pacific subtropical high, possibly caused by an anomalous Hadley circulation from 120° to 130°E that is strongly coupled with the anomalous Walker circulation.
Decline in Temperature Variability on Svalbard
Authors: Hølleland Sondre , Karlsen Hans Arnfinn
Published: August 2020

The variability in the temperature on Svalbard, Norway, has been decreasing over the last four decades. This may be due to the reduction in sea ice, transitioning the regional climate to a more stable, coastal one. We quantify this transition in terms of decreasing volatility in a daily average temperature time series at Svalbard Airport from 1976 to 2019. We use two different approaches: a nonstochastic model and a time-dependent generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model. These parametric approaches include a time-dependent trend, where the slope depends on the day of the year. For Svalbard, the slope has a minimum in late August and the steepest slope during winter is estimated to be −0.1°C2 yr−1. The nonstochastic model, for which the conditional and unconditional variances are the same, only depends on the marginal distribution and is perhaps the easiest to interpret. The GARCH model extends the nonstochastic model by including short-range temporal dependence in the volatility and is thus more locally adapted. Volatility modeling is important for a complete statistical description of the temperature dynamics on Svalbard as an Arctic representative. In combination with increasing temperatures, the volatility reduction makes the extremely cold days during winter occur less frequently. Although we focus exclusively on the Svalbard Airport series, the models should be suitable for other temperature or climatic time series.
Tracing North Atlantic Oscillation Forecast Errors to Stratospheric Origins
Authors: Kolstad Erik W. , Wulff C. Ole , Domeisen Daniela I. V. , Woollings Tim
Published: August 2020

The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is the main driver of weather variability in parts of Eurasia, Greenland, North America, and North Africa on a range of time scales. Successful extended-range NAO predictions would equate to improved predictions of precipitation and temperature in these regions. It has become clear that the NAO is influenced by the stratosphere, but because this downward coupling is not fully reproduced by all forecast models the potential for improved NAO forecasts has not been fully realized. Here, an analysis of 21 winters of subseasonal forecast data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts monthly forecasting system is presented. By dividing the forecasts into clusters according to their errors in North Atlantic Ocean sea level pressure 15–30 days into the forecasts, we identify relationships between these errors and the state of the stratospheric polar vortex when the forecasts were initialized. A key finding is that the model overestimates the persistence of both the negative NAO response following a weak polar vortex and the positive NAO response following a strong polar vortex. A case in point is the sudden stratospheric warming in early 2019, which was followed by five consecutive weeks of an overestimation of the negative NAO regime. A consequence on the ground was temperature predictions for northern Europe that were too cold. Another important finding is that the model appears to misrepresent the gradual downward impact of stratospheric vortex anomalies. This result suggests that an improved representation and prediction of stratosphere–troposphere coupling in models might yield substantial benefits for extended-range weather forecasting in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes.
Precipitation Downscaling with Gibbs Sampling: An Improved Method for Producing Realistic, Weather-Dependent, and Anisotropic Fields
Authors: Bellier Joseph , Scheuerer Michael , Hamill Thomas M.
Published: August 2020

Downscaling precipitation fields is a necessary step in a number of applications, especially in hydrological modeling where the meteorological forcings are frequently available at too coarse resolution. In this article, we review the Gibbs sampling disaggregation model (GSDM), a stochastic downscaling technique originally proposed by Gagnon et al. The method is capable of introducing realistic, weather-dependent, and possibly anisotropic fine-scale details, while preserving the mean rain rate over the coarse-scale pixels. The main developments compared to the former version are (i) an adapted Gibbs sampling algorithm that enforces the downscaled fields to have a similar texture to that of the analysis fields, (ii) an extensive test of various meteorological predictors for controlling specific aspects of the texture such as the anisotropy and the spatial variability, and (iii) a review of the regression equations used in the model for defining the conditional distributions. A perfect-model experiment is conducted over a domain in the southeastern United States. The metrics used for verification are based on the concept of gridded, stratified variogram, which is introduced as an effective way of reproducing the abilities of human eyes for detecting differences in the field texture. Results indicate that the best overall performances are obtained with the most sophisticated, predictor-based GSDM variant. The 600-hPa wind is found to be the best year-round predictor for controlling the anisotropy. For the spatial variability, kinematic predictors such as wind shear are found to be best during the convective periods, while instability indices are more informative elsewhere.
An Anisotropic Subgrid-Scale Parameterization for Large-Eddy Simulations of Stratified Turbulence
Authors: Khani Sina , Waite Michael L.
Published: August 2020

Subgrid-scale (SGS) parameterizations in atmosphere and ocean models are often defined independently in the horizontal and vertical directions because the grid spacing is not the same in these directions (anisotropic grids). In this paper, we introduce a new anisotropic SGS model in large-eddy simulations (LES) of stratified turbulence based on horizontal filtering of the equations of motion. Unlike the common horizontal SGS parameterizations in atmosphere and ocean models, the vertical derivatives of the horizontal SGS fluxes are included in our anisotropic SGS scheme, and therefore the horizontal and vertical SGS dissipation mechanisms are not disconnected in the newly developed model. Our model is tested with two vertical grid spacings and various horizontal resolutions, where the horizontal grid spacing is comparatively larger than that in the vertical. Our anisotropic LES model can successfully reproduce the results of direct numerical simulations, while the computational cost is significantly reduced in the LES. We suggest the new anisotropic SGS model as an alternative to current SGS parameterizations in atmosphere and ocean models, in which the schemes for horizontal and vertical scales are often decoupled. The new SGS scheme may improve the dissipative performance of atmosphere and ocean models without adding any backscatter or other energizing terms at small horizontal scales.
On the Consequences of PBL Scheme Diffusion on UTLS Wave and Turbulence Representation in High-Resolution NWP Models
Authors: Muñoz-Esparza Domingo , Sharman Robert D. , Trier Stanley B.
Published: August 2020

Mesoscale numerical weather prediction (NWP) models are routinely exercised at kilometer-scale horizontal grid spacings (Δx). Such fine grids will usually allow at least partial resolution of small-scale gravity waves and turbulence in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). However, planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterization schemes used with these NWP model simulations typically apply explicit subgrid-scale vertical diffusion throughout the entire vertical extent of the domain, an effect that cannot be ignored. By way of an example case of observed widespread turbulence over the U.S. Great Plains, we demonstrate that the PBL scheme’s mixing in NWP model simulations of Δx = 1 km can have significant effects on the onset and characteristics of the modeled UTLS gravity waves. Qualitatively, PBL scheme diffusion is found to affect not only background conditions responsible for UTLS wave activity, but also to control the local vertical mixing that triggers or hinders the onset and propagation of these waves. Comparisons are made to a reference large-eddy simulation with Δx = 250 m to statistically quantify these effects. A significant and systematic overestimation of resolved vertical velocities, wave-scale fluxes, and kinetic energy is uncovered in the 1-km simulations, both in clear-air and in-cloud conditions. These findings are especially relevant for upper-level gravity wave and turbulence simulations using high-resolution kilometer-scale NWP models.
The Strong, Dry Winds of Central and Northern California: Climatology and Synoptic Evolution
Authors: McClung Brandon , Mass Clifford F.
Published: August 2020

Strong, dry downslope winds over Northern and central California have played a critical role in regional wildfires. These events, sometimes called Diablo or North winds, are more frequent over the Bay Area and nearby coastal terrain than along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, where the highest frequency occurs over the midslopes of the barrier. For the Bay Area, there is a frequency minimum during midsummer, a maximum in October, and a declining trend from November to June. The Sierra Nevada locations have their minimum frequency from February to August, and a maximum from October to January. There is little trend in event frequency during the past two decades over either region. For the Bay Area sites, there is a maximum frequency during the early morning hours and a large decline midday, while the Sierra Nevada locations have a maximum frequency approximately three hours earlier. Before the onset of these downslope wind events, there is substantial amplification of upper-level ridging over the eastern Pacific, with sea level pressure increasing first over the Pacific Northwest and then over the Intermountain West. The coincident development of a coastal sea level pressure trough leads to a large pressure gradient over the Sierra Nevada and Northern California. Diablo–North wind events are associated with below-normal temperatures east of the Sierra Nevada, with rapid warming of the air as it subsides into coastal California. The large horizontal variability in the frequency and magnitude of these events suggests the importance of exposure, elevation, and mountain-wave-related downslope acceleration.
Evaluating Benefits of Two-Way Ocean–Atmosphere Coupling for Global NWP Forecasts
Authors: Vellinga Michael , Copsey Dan , Graham Tim , Milton Sean , Johns Tim
Published: August 2020

We evaluate the impact of adding two-way coupling between atmosphere and ocean to the Met Office deterministic global forecast model. As part of preoperational testing of this coupled NWP configuration we have three years of daily forecasts, run in parallel to the uncoupled operational forecasts. Skill in the middle and upper troposphere out to T + 168 h is generally increased compared to the uncoupled model. Improvements are strongest in the tropics and largely neutral in midlatitudes. We attribute the additional skill in the atmosphere to the ability of the coupled model to predict sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the (sub)tropics with greater skill than persisted SSTs as used in uncoupled forecasts. In the midlatitude, ocean skill for SST is currently marginally worse than persistence, possibly explaining why there is no additional skill for the atmosphere in midlatitudes. Sea ice is predicted more skillfully than persistence out to day 7 but the impact of this on skill in the atmosphere is difficult to verify. Two-way air–sea coupling benefits tropical cyclone forecasts by reducing median track and central pressure errors by around 5%, predominantly from T + 90 to T + 132 h. Benefits from coupling are largest for large cyclones, and for smaller storms coupling can be detrimental. In this study skill in forecasts of the Madden–Julian oscillation does not change with two-way air–sea coupling out to T + 168 h.
Omental Flap Provides Definitive Management for Pediatric Patient With Multiple Tracheoesophageal Fistula Recurrences
Authors: Mangat Sabrina , Haithcock Benjamin E. , Mclean Sean E.
Published: August 2020

A term female infant with tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) and esophageal atresia (EA) underwent primary operative repair that failed with 3 TEF recurrences, which all presented with feeding and respiratory issues. Recurrences were managed with reoperation and an interpositional flap of pleura and a flap of intercostal muscle on 2 separate occasions. The third recurrence was managed with complete dissection of the esophagus prior to the division of the fistula and the interposition of an omental flap between the esophageal and tracheal repair. We present the use of a viable omental flap and complete esophageal mobilization to prevent subsequent TEF recurrences and avoid the additional morbidity of reconstructive surgery.
Implications for Telemedicine for Surgery Patients After COVID-19: Survey of Patient and Provider Experiences
Authors: Zhu Clara , Williamson John , Lin Andrew , Bush Kathryn , Hakim Abraham , Upadhyaya Kirtan , Hunter Krystal , Sensenig Richard , Spitz Francis , Atabek Umur , Hong Young Ki
Published: August 2020

Introduction

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has expanded the utilization of telemedicine in clinical practice to minimize potential risks to both patients and providers. We aim to describe the perception of telemedicine by both surgical patients and providers to understand the preferences for future incorporation in future surgical practice.

Methods

An anonymous survey was administered to providers that transitioned clinic visits to telemedicine encounters since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. In the second part of the study, patients who underwent video telemedicine appointments answered survey questions via telephone.

Results

Twenty-six out of 36 (72.7%) providers responded. Over 75% reported that they could effectively communicate with patients over telemedicine. Six (23.1%) reported that they could adequately assess surgical sites. Of 361 patients, 187 consented to the study (consent rate 51.8%). Among patients, the most common result to choose a telemedicine appointment was to avoid the risk of COVID-19 transmission (84, 44.9%), though the minority reported that they would choose telemedicine after the pandemic (64, 34.2%). Those patients who would choose an in-person visit were more likely to have a higher Charlson Comorbidity Score, body mass index, and use friends or family for transportation. In open-ended feedback, patients suggested that telemedicine would be better suited for long-term follow-up rather than the immediate postoperative setting.

Conclusions

Patients and providers reported a high degree of satisfaction using telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic but noted concern with limited physical examinations. Telemedicine may be suited for preoperative evaluation and medium-term and long-term postoperative follow-up for surgical patients.
Attitude heading reference algorithm based on transformed cubature Kalman filter
Authors: Yu Yong-jun , Zhang Xiang , Khan M Sadiq Ali
Published: August 2020

Stable and accurate attitude estimation is the key to the autonomous control of unmanned aerial vehicle. The Attitude Heading Reference System using micro-electro-mechanical system inertial measurement unit and magnetic sensor as measurement sensors is an indispensable system for attitude estimation of the unmanned aerial vehicle. Aiming at the problem of low precision of the Attitude Heading Reference System caused by the nonlinear attitude model of the micro unmanned aerial vehicle, an attitude heading reference algorithm based on cubature Kalman filter is proposed. Aiming at the nonlocal sampling problem of cubature Kalman filter, the transformed cubature Kalman filter using orthogonal transformation of the sampling point is presented. Meanwhile, an adaptive estimation algorithm of motion acceleration using Kalman filter is proposed, which realizes the online estimation of motion acceleration. The car-based tests show that the algorithm proposed in this paper can accurately estimate the carrier’s motion attitude and motion acceleration without global positioning system. The accuracy of acceleration reaches 0.2 m/s2, and the accuracy of attitude reaches 1°.
Experimental investigation on the forming and evolution process of cell structure in gas counter pressure assisted chemical foaming injection molded parts
Authors: Li Shuai , Sun Xuemei , Wang Rui , Hu Yanyan , Ma Xiaofei , Wang Jiachang
Published: August 2020

By using a standard stretch spline as the research object, the influence of gas counter pressure (GCP) technology on melt foaming behavior in chemical foaming injection molding (CFIM) process was investigated. Related experimental line for GCP assisted CFIM foam was designed, and the effect of GCP technology on melt flow front, spline surface quality and internal cell was studied. According to the results obtained from the experiment, two critical GCP pressures and one critical GCP holding time were innovation proposed. Two critical GCP pressures are the critical GCP pressure of melt flow front cell not cracking and the critical GCP pressure of melt not foaming, respectively. The critical GCP holding time is the secondary foaming behavior time. Based on the proposed critical GCP pressures and critical GCP holding time, the influence mechanism of GCP technology on melt foaming action during CFIM process was revealed.
Cutting Calories: The Preference for Lower Caloric Density Versus Smaller Quantities Among Restrained and Unrestrained Eaters
Authors: Liu Peggy J. , Haws Kelly L.
Published: August 2020

The marketplace includes many attractive high-calorie indulgent food offerings. Despite their appeal, consumers may often be prompted to consider lower-calorie-package offerings instead (e.g., 100-calorie packs). The question thus arises: What predicts consumers’ preferences between different kinds of lower-calorie offerings? The authors conceptualize two different routes to lower-calorie versions of indulgent foods: a lower-caloric-density version (e.g., baked potato chips) or a smaller-portion-size version (e.g., a smaller bag of potato chips). The authors examine how such versions are differentially preferred and why, focusing on the key role of dietary restraint. The authors show that as dietary restraint increases, the preference for a lower-calorie version created via lower caloric density (vs. a smaller portion size) increases. Differential weights placed on health and fullness goals help explain differing preferences across dietary restraint (as the lower-caloric-density version is perceived as healthier and more filling, albeit less tasty, than the smaller-portion-size version). This framework offers theoretical implications for understanding two routes to cutting calories, practical implications for food marketers, and methodological implications for studying food choices.
Using Community Conversations to Inform Transition Education in Rural Communities
Authors: Carter Erik W. , Schutz Michele A. , Gajjar Shimul A. , Maves Erin A. , Bumble Jennifer L. , McMillan Elise D.
Published: August 2020

Nearly one quarter of all youth with disabilities attend rural schools. Supporting the successful postschool transitions of these youth can be a complex and challenging endeavor. In this study, we used “community conversation” events as a methodology for identifying the practices and partnerships needed to improve transition outcomes for students with disabilities in rural school districts. We analyzed the diverse ideas ( N = 656) for preparing youth with disabilities for adulthood generated by a cross section of the local community in five participating rural school districts. Although practices related to employment and family engagement were prominent, fewer suggestions addressed postsecondary education and community living. Perceptions of existing school–community partnerships varied within and across districts. We offer recommendations for research and practice aimed at strengthening the capacity of rural communities to prepare their students with disabilities well for life after high school.
Perceived Overqualification and Collectivism Orientation: Implications for Work and Nonwork Outcomes
Authors: Luksyte Aleksandra , Bauer Talya N. , Debus Maike E. , Erdogan Berrin , Wu Chia-Huei
Published: August 2020

In this research, we simultaneously examined the relative applicability of person-environment fit and relative deprivation theories in explaining the interactive effects of perceived overqualification and collectivism cultural orientations on positive outcomes. We hypothesized that the negative (positive) influence of perceived overqualification on person-environment fit (relative deprivation) will be weaker among employees with high collectivism cultural orientation. We also examined which of these two different mechanisms would explain the hypothesized interactive effects in predicting these workers’ citizenship behavior, personal initiative, work engagement, and life satisfaction. We tested our hypotheses in two studies. In Study 1, we recruited professional staff (n = 852) and their coworkers (n = 301) from 95 universities and tested our hypotheses in a matched sample of 190 employees and their peers. The moderated mediation results supported the idea of person-environment fit (but not relative deprivation) as the mechanism explaining why collectivism orientations assuaged the negative effects of perceived overqualification on these outcomes. We constructively replicated these results in Study 2, which was a time-lagged design with full-time employees (n = 224). Study 2’s results further supported the robustness of our model by testing alternative moderators, mediators, and outcomes.
Using Assistive Technology to Support Science Instruction in the Inclusive Elementary Classroom
Authors: Taylor Matthew S. , Lohmann Marla J. , Kappel Alexandria
Published: August 2020

In 2004, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act outlined specific considerations for students with individual education programs in relation to their needs and application of assistive technology (AT) devices and services used to access school curriculum. Teachers will interact with a variety of assistive technologies during their career and must have an understanding of how their individual students are accessing lessons and school-based activities. This practitioner article presents a vignette about a hypothetical second-grade teacher and two of his students using AT during a science lesson. Steps the teacher should consider in understanding and embedding AT are presented, as well as discussion about how future technologies may play into students’ access to curriculum.
After the post-public sphere
Authors: Schlesinger Philip
Published: August 2020

The idea of a public sphere has long been central to discussion of political communication. Its present condition is the topic of this essay. Debate about the public sphere has been shaped by the boundary-policing of competing political systems and ideologies. Current discussion reflects the accelerating transition from the mass media era to the ramifying entrenchment of the Internet age. It has also been influenced by the vogue for analysing populism. The present transitional phase, whose outcome remains unclear, is best described as an unstable ‘post-public sphere’. This instability is not unusual as, over time, conceptions of the public sphere’s underpinnings and scope have continually shifted. Latterly, states’ responses to the development of the Internet have given rise to a new shift of focus, a ‘regulatory turn’. This is likely to influence the future shape of the public sphere.
Experience of Administering Life Grid in the Qualitative Interviews with Adolescent Children of Parents with Mental Illness
Authors: Ballal Divya , Janardhana N , Chandra Prabha
Published: August 2020

Background:

Methodological literature on qualitative research with children and young people suggests that traditional data collection methods can be strengthened through the use of creative and task-based methods. This article discusses the experience of using one such task-based method called the life grid, to explore the experiences of adolescent children who have a parent with psychotic illness, in the Indian context.

Methods:

The life grid was adapted for the present study and used with 24 adolescents aged 15–19 years. Feedback about their experience was collected on a five-point rating scale and via open-ended questions. The researchers’ observations and reflections were noted down as field notes.

Results:

A majority of the adolescents (83%) reported liking the activity. They appreciated the opportunity to use the life grid to generate a holistic perspective of their lives. Difficulties in recalling negative past events and language barriers were some of the challenges in the activity.

Conclusions:

The life grid appears to be an appropriate and useful tool for qualitative research with adolescents in India. This article contributes to ongoing discussions over culturally relevant methodologies and issues among child researchers in India.
Perceptions and attitudes of gifted and talented secondary school students towards plants
Authors: Özarslan Murat
Published: August 2020

The aim of this research is to determine the perceptions and attitudes of gifted and talented students towards plants. The study group was consisted of 140 gifted and talented students, who were attending the Science and Art Centre (BILSEM) in the Marmara region during the autumn semester of the 2015–2016 academic year. The study group was determined through the convenience sampling method. Relational model (one of the descriptive models) and phenomenological research design were implemented in line with the purpose of the study. Quantitative data were obtained using the ‘Plant Attitude Questionnaire’ and qualitative data were acquired with survey form. Quantitative data were subjected to descriptive statistics, independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the SPSS 20 software program. Similarly, the qualitative data were subjected to content analysis. According to the results of the study, it was determined that, for the concept of ‘plant’, the gifted and talented students mostly mentioned human, life, water, breath, lung, air, oxygen, and sun metaphors. The metaphors of the students were categorized as ‘benefit’, ‘characteristic’, ‘environment’, and ‘negative thinking’. It was determined that the general attitudes of the gifted and talented students towards the plants were at a good level. It was also specified that the students’ interests towards the plants, the importance they gave to them and their attitudes to their daily use were also at a good level, but their attitudes towards the city trees were at a low level. It is understood that certain variables such as gender, grade, and duration of attendance at BILSEM did not have a statistically significant effect on general plant attitudes of gifted and talented students.
Friends or foes? Europe and ‘the people’ in the representations of populist parties
Authors: Roch Juan
Published: August 2020

This article seeks to shine a light on the diversity of populist discourses about Europe and the European Union (EU). It is built upon the existing literature on populist Euroscepticism to elaborate on two underexplored aspects of the relationship between populist discourses and EU contestation. First, it explores the variable and even ambivalent representations of the EU and its main political processes exhibited by populist actors. Second, it focuses on the precise relationship between populism and the representations of the EU to determine whether there is a hierarchical relation, reciprocal influence, or they function as separated ideational ensembles. This research takes a corpus-assisted approach to discourse analysis that is based on the exploration of manifestos and party leadership speeches between 2013 and 2017 of Podemos in Spain, a left-wing populist party, and the Alternative für Deutschland in Germany, a right-wing populist party. The findings reveal that the populist discourse has variable effects on the forms of EU contestation depending on its centrality and that ambivalence is a crucial feature to capture the forms of EU contestation of populist parties. Finally, the article draws several theoretical implications for the research on populism and EU contestation.
Different effects of attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance on depressive symptoms: A meta-analysis
Authors: Zheng Leying , Luo Yadan , Chen Xu
Published: August 2020

Although insecure adult attachment is thought to be associated with depressive symptoms, results of research on the link between attachment dimensions (attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance) and depressive symptoms have been inconsistent. The aim of this study was to use meta-analysis to examine the strength of the correlations between the two attachment dimensions and depressive symptoms. A total of 64 papers and 78 independent samples were included in this meta-analysis. Results showed significant associations between both attachment dimensions and depressive symptoms. Additional analyses indicated that attachment anxiety was more strongly related to depressive symptoms, whereas attachment avoidance was weakly related to depressive symptoms. Cultural orientation and sex were found to moderate the relationship between attachment anxiety and depressive symptoms. Age was a significant moderator of the relationships between both attachment anxiety and avoidance and depressive symptoms. Results of the meta-analysis and the implications were discussed.
Industry Certifications in Digital Marketing and Media Education: An Examination of Perceptions and Use Among Educators
Authors: Cowley Scott , Humphrey William , Muñoz Caroline
Published: August 2020

Technology and media have created skill needs that modern educators are compelled to address to stay relevant. As a result, an emerging educational tool in marketing and media courses is the integration of third-party certifications that give students an industry credential for current topics or media platforms (i.e., Google, HubSpot, Hootsuite, etc.). To understand the diffusion of these certifications among educators, how they are being integrated, and current perceptions of their effectiveness, we conducted a cross-disciplinary survey of 122 college faculty who teach digital marketing and media topics. Findings revealed that certifications enjoy high awareness, with a small number receiving higher adoption rates. Users report a variety of benefits to themselves and students, along with some challenges. We also identify sources of major perception gaps between users and nonusers. These findings suggest that certifications are a permanent course fixture and are perceived as directly contributing to job and career readiness. An understanding of current perceptions and practices can guide educators in improving their use of certifications as well as industry partners looking to facilitate adoption and positive educator experiences.
Ultrasound evaluation of postsurgical shoulder after rotator cuff repair: comparison of clinical results
Authors: Kim Haejung , Park Hee Jin , Lee So Yeon , Kim Ji Na , Moon Juhee , Kim Mi Sung , Kim Eugene
Published: August 2020

Background

The relationship between the imaging parameters on postoperative ultrasound (US) other than repaired tendon integrity with clinical outcome such as postoperative residual pain has not been well defined.

Purpose

To investigate whether the repaired tendon thickness and subdeltoid fluid collection after rotator cuff repair are correlated with early postoperative clinical outcome.

Material and Methods

This retrospective study included 54 patients who underwent repair of the arthroscopic rotator cuff either by suture-bridge or single-row technique and postoperative US. We assessed the relationship between the sonographic parameters, including repaired supraspinatus tendon thickness and subdeltoid fluid collection, with the clinical outcome represented by the Korean Shoulder Scoring system (KSS) score using correlation coefficients (R). Also, the subgroup analysis was done to assess the differences by surgical technique and patients’ age.

Results

There was a significant inverse relationship between the amount of subdeltoid fluid collection and degree of self-assessed pain improvement of the patients ( P < 0.05), although every KSS category showed statistically insignificant tendency of inverse relationship with the fluid thickness. However, there was no statistically significant relationship between the thickness of repaired supraspinatus tendon and KSS scores. In patients aged >60 years, a statistically significant inverse relationship between thickness of subdeltoid fluid collection and difference value of the KSS scores in category of function was observed with both interpreters ( P = 0.015 and P = 0.04, respectively).

Conclusion

Subdeltoid fluid collection measured on US after repair of the arthroscopic rotator cuff in the early postoperative period has significant association with the patients’ subjective clinical outcome.
Evaluation of gravity effect on inferior vena cava and abdominal aortic flow using multi-posture MRI
Authors: Kadoya Yoshisuke , Miyati Tosiaki , Kobayashi Satoshi , Ohno Naoki , Gabata Toshifumi
Published: August 2020

Background

Inferior vena cava flow (IVCF) and abdominal aortic flow (AAF) are essential components of the systemic circulation. Although postural changes might alter IVCF and AAF by the gravity effect, the exact details are unknown.

Purpose

To evaluate the effect of gravity on IVCF and AAF using a novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system that can image in any position.

Material and Methods

Caval velocity-mapped images were obtained using the cine phase-contrast technique in the upright and supine positions with multi-posture MRI (n = 12). The mean IVCF/AAF velocity, maximum IVCF/AAF velocity, cross-sectional area of IVC/AA, mean IVCF/AAF, maximum IVCF/AAF, and heart rate in the two positions were assessed.

Results

The mean IVCF velocity, maximum IVCF velocity, cross-sectional area of IVC, mean IVCF, maximum IVCF, mean AAF velocity, maximum AAF velocity, mean AAF, and maximum AAF were significantly lower in the upright position compared with the supine position ( P < 0.05 for all), with differences of 52% ± 33%, 36% ± 19%, 56% ± 18%, 26% ± 18%, 19% ± 11%, 33% ± 13%, 33% ± 22%, 42% ± 21%, and 37% ± 28%, respectively. Heart rate was significantly higher in the upright position compared with the supine position (116% ± 9.2%; P = 0.003). There were no differences in cross-sectional area of AA between the two positions (108% ± 22%; P = 0.583).

Conclusion

The effect of gravity decreases IVCF and AAF. Clarifying the effect of gravity on IVCF and AAF during a postural change may help to improve the management of patients with circulatory disease.