bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calculation of radial material removal and the thickness of the layer with the current roughness when grinding brittle non-metallic materials
Authors:   Sevastopol State University, Russian Federation, Bratan Sergey , Roshchupkin Stanislav ,   Sevastopol State University, Russian Federation, Kharchenko Aleksander ,   Sevastopol State University, Russian Federation, Chasovitina Anastasia ,   Sevastopol State University, Russian Federation
Published: September 2021

Introduction. The quality parameters of products, which determine its performance and functionality, are finally formed in the finishing operations, which include the internal grinding process. In this case, the removal of material from the rough surface of the workpiece occurs due to the presence of several simultaneously running random processes of shaping, occurring during the contact of the grinding wheel and the workpiece. A probabilistic theoretical approach is used to simulate grinding operations. However, for determination of radial material removal and thickness of layer with current roughness, the known models cannot be used, as it does not allow taking into account specific features of machining products made of brittle non-metallic materials. Purpose of the work. Creation of a new theoretical and probabilistic model allowing to calculate radial material removal and layer thickness, in which current roughness is distributed during grinding of brittle non-metallic materials. The aim is to investigate the regularities of brittle non-metallic material particles removal by radial removal and study the current (for the moment) roughness formed after every radial removal in the contact area. In the work, radial material removal and the layer with current roughness are determined by grinding modes, tool surface condition, workpiece and wheel dimensions, and the initial condition of the machined surface after the previous contact. The research methods are mathematical and physical simulation using basic probability theory, distribution laws of random variables, as well as the theory of cutting and the theory of deformable solids. Results and discussion. The developed mathematical models make it possible to trace the dimensions and shape of the contact zone when grinding holes in billets made of silicon, which are somewhat different from those known when machining billets made of metal. The proposed dependencies show that with an increase in the depth of micro-cutting, the radial material removal and the thickness of the layer with the current surface roughness increase for all values of wheel speed and workpiece speed. From the experimental values obtained, the maximum micro-cutting depth and the thickness of the layer with current surface roughness are calculated. The thickness of the said layer is compared with the experimental values obtained from the ground surface profilographs. A comparison of the calculated and experimental data indicates its compliance with almost all feed values, which confirms the adequacy of the obtained equations, which model the real process of grinding holes made of brittle non-metallic materials quite well.
Realization of the Concept Distance Learning in the Modern Russian Linguistic Culture
Authors:   Higher School of Economics (Moscow, Russian Federation), Abdrashitova Maria O. , Bogdanova Anna G. ,   Tomsk State Pedagogical University (Tomsk, Russian Federation)
Published: September 2021

The article describes the concept distance learning which represents a certain fragment of the national world view typical of the native speakers of modern Russian. The study is based on the comparison of the interpretations of lexicographic data with the data obtained in the course of receptive and association experiments conducted with representatives of the modern Russian ethnic group. On the basis of the obtained linguistic material, the status of the studied concept in the minds of modern Russian speakers is determined and specified, its current semantic content is revealed. Besides, transformations that occur in its structure due to the influence of global extralinguistic factors are discovered. As a result of the research, the priority of conceptual cognitive features of the concept distance learning was established. Among the features of the concept that form its structure are characteristics indicating the possibility of receiving knowledge remotely, staying mainly at home as well as the need to develop students’ personal qualities associated with the ability to work independently, self-control and time management. Application of a comprehensive methodology for studying the structure of the concept also made it possible to reveal the additional cognitive attributes of the studied concept that are not stated in modern lexicographic sources. The inclusion of two new groups of features in the conceptual structure – a promising and perspective form of education and training in a home setting accompanied by relaxing comfort and procrastination can be observed. The analysis of the collected actual language material allowed identifying cognitive characteristics of the evaluation component of the concept distance learning. It facilitated concluding that the cognitive features forming the structure of the concept under study are characterized by various features of antinomian nature. This fact can, presumably, be explained by the insufficient development and representation of the concept in the minds of modern Russian language speakers. It should be noted that, at present, the concept distance learning is perceived as a mental product that actualizes mainly negative reactions from the participants of the educational process. Interpretation of the data obtained during a series of psycholinguistic experiments also allowed studying and comparing the content of the concept distance learning represented in the minds of Russian native speakers of different age groups. It can be concluded that the ideas implied in the concept under study are varied. The greatest variety of definitions of the concept name, as well as the actualization of numerous and versatile evaluative features, was revealed mainly in the younger age group. This fact can be explained by the greater involvement of its representatives in distance education
History of Activities of the Akmola District Union of Cooperatives (1917–1922)
Authors:   Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University (Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan), Alpyspaeva Galya A.
Published: September 2021

Based on the analysis of the previously unused archival sources and research works on the history of Russian cooperation, the main areas of the activities of the Akmola District Union of Cooperatives in 1917–1922 are studied and generalized. In terms of methodology, the study is based on the works of ideologists of Russian cooperation (M.I. Tugan-Baranovsky, V.F. Totomianets, A.V. Chayanov, and others) and the original concepts they developed. The article analyzes the activities of the Union of Cooperatives of a particular micro-region: the number of employees, organizational structure and management, organization of industrial production, financial and social policies, cultural and educational activities. The author substantiates the role of the District Union of Cooperatives in the development of economic relations in the region and in the district peasant farms’ entry into the all-Russian market. Despite the difficult political circumstances and the relatively short period of existence (from August 1917 to the end of 1922), the Akmola District Union of Cooperatives became an economic and organizational center, contributed to the establishment and development of the consumer cooperation system not only in the district, but also in the region: it initiated the establishment of the regional Union of Steppe Cooperatives. In the conditions of the territorial remoteness from industrial centers and the underdeveloped transport infrastructure, the District Union of Cooperatives significantly facilitated and promoted the production activities of the peasants of the region connecting them with the market, expedited the involvement of Kazakh farms in the regional economy. The Union carried out an active social policy and diversified cultural and educational work, allocated significant amounts from its profits to the development of education in the district. According to the author, the activities of the Akmola District Union of Cooperatives can be considered as an integral part of the national cooperative movement, and its success was due to the application of the allRussian experience during the heyday of cooperation in the country.
Excommunicated Princes in Medieval Wales
Authors:   Higher School of Economics (Moscow, Russian Federation), Loshkareva Maria E.
Published: September 2021

Excommunication as a punishment for violating church rules on marriage and family relations was repeatedly imposed on members of Welsh dynasties during the 12th century. The aim of the research is to define the true reasons of such strict measures by means of analyzing historical sources: Welsh and English chronicles, including the Chronicle of the Princes, Annales Monastici, the corpus of Welsh native law texts known as the Law of Hywel Dda, the Historical Works of Gerald of Wales, some legal acts and official correspondence concerning Wales, including Thomas Becket’s letters. The Welsh native law was considered as a “barbarian” one by the Church. Undoubtedly, Welsh native customs contradicted canon law to some extent, allowing marriages between relatives, permitting divorces without reference to ecclesiastical procedures, and tolerating extramarital relationship. Incest marriages between members of major Welsh dynasties were a widespread phenomenon in Wales till the 13th century. Such marriages seemed to be an inevitable part of creating native political alliances in the face of danger from the Norman invaders. Welsh dynasties were often closely interrelated through marriages, but far not always this fact drew attention of the church. Owain Gwynedd and the Lord Rhys, who are believed to be the most powerful Welsh leaders of the 12th century, were both married to their first cousins. Owain Gwynedd was excommunicated for refusal to have his marriage annulled on the grounds of consanguinity. Meanwhile, the same circumstances of the Lord Rhys’ marriage went unnoticed. It must be taken into account that Owain Gwynedd’s canonically unacceptable marriage became a subject of the Pope’s attention only when the question of the Bishop of Bangor’s election and subsequent conflict with the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket, erupted. The Lord Rhys suffered the penalty of anathema just before his death not because of his scandalous marriage or immoral relationship but on account of disrespectful treatment of the Bishop of St. David’s, Peter de Leia. Obviously, conflicts between the Welsh rulers and the Anglo-Norman senior clergy as an essential part of Anglo-Welsh confrontation were the underlying reasons for such measures as excommunication. It is noteworthy that both of the aforementioned great Welsh princes were buried with due honor in the consecrated land despite the fact of excommunication, which demonstrated that the Welsh native clergy were loyal to their Welsh patrons rather than to the supreme ecclesiastical authorities.
The “Abrahamic Metacivilization” of the 8th –13th Centuries
Authors:   Udmurt Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Izhevsk, Russian Federation), Puzanov Daniil V.
Published: September 2021

The article substantiates the expediency of considering the system of Christian and Islamic medieval civilizations as a single Abrahamic metacivilization. Heuristic possibilities of the term are revealed on the basis of research works on sociology, philosophy, world and domestic history. The features of the perception of civilizations and religions are analyzed from the point of view of the world-system perspective and global history. The definition of local civilization is being clarified. The definition of metacivilization is given. It is noted that, since the 8th century, on the territory of Asia Minor, North Africa and Europe, a system was forming whose unity was based on a combination of two universal cultures: the Hellenistic (science and law) one and the system of teachings of the Abrahamic religions. The expediency of designating this system as “Abrahamic metacivilization” is substantiated. It could not have arisen before the 7th–8th centuries. Along with the Arab conquests, the importance of religions in communications in the designated territories was growing, and the zone of influence of the Abrahamic religions was seriously expanding. The author proposes to leave open the question of the upper chronological framework of the phenomenon. The Abrahamic metacivilization disappears either in the 13th century (when its Hellenistic component begins to erode) or in the 15th century (with the formation of the capitalist worldsystem). Like world-systems, the Abrahamic civilization had a hierarchical structure, which depended on the degree of political power centralization and the completeness of the state ideology formation. The metacivilization center was represented by Byzantium and the empires of Islam. It seems promising to use the term to study some aspects of the legal, cultural, social and economic history of medieval states with an official Abrahamic religion, including the study of interfaith transactions. It seems promising to study from such positions the early history of Eastern Europe, whose many regions still preserved the tribal structure. The possibility of using the term “Abrahamic metacivilization” in historical ethnography (for example, based on some provisions of R. Redfield’s theory, in which the mechanisms of globalization and global processes were for the first time considered from the standpoint of social anthropology) is also substantiated. An advantage of the term is its specific territorial-chronological reference. It is noted that the term “Abrahamic metacivilization” can be used in studies with different methodological bases.
Scientific Production Associations and Scientific Production Systems in the Agriculture of Siberia
Authors:   Omsk State Technical University (Omsk, Russian Federation), Rychkov Aleksandr V.
Published: September 2021

On the example of Siberia, the article addresses the problems of organizing the introduction of scientific recommendations in agricultural production in the USSR in the 1980s. The failure of directive methods of introduction and the weak influence of agrarian science on the state of affairs in agricultural production were the reason for active searches for the most effective scientific and innovative forms. It was also considered necessary to bring the implementation process out of the influence of bureaucratic administrative and departmental structures. In the 1980s, scientific production associations, established on the basis of leading agrarian scientific research institutes, were widely spread in the Siberian region. The associations included scientific, engineering and production structures, which allowed accelerating development and bringing scientific recommendations to production to a new target level. Thanks to such recommendations, attempts were made to introduce intensive spring wheat cultivation technologies into a wide production practice in Siberia. However, the resistance of officials from agricultural agencies that focused on the gross quantitative indices of the branch’s development, as well as the indifferent attitude to the science of agricultural practitioners, clearly revealed the limited possibilities of scientific production associations as implementation centers. It became obvious that, in order to have production workers use scientific recommendations, more flexible management decisions, more effective scientific and innovative structures based on mutual interest of scientists and production workers in achieving a high final result, were required. Such structures were scientific production systems. The “head organizations” in scientific production systems were agrarian research institutes, universities, experimental stations. Scientific institutions and agricultural enterprises that became parts of scientific production systems maintained economic independence, and their relations were built on a contract basis, on the mutual interests and economic benefits of the participants. Scientists considered scientific production associations and scientific production systems as effective scientific and innovative forms, through which it was possible to significantly increase the level of scientific support of production in a short time. However, according to the author, the remaining administrative restrictions and the growing destructive processes in the country did not allow taking advantage of these promising innovative structures.
Lenin: Problems of Comprehension of Own History
Authors:   Moscow State Regional University (Moscow, Russian Federation), Shults Eduard E.
Published: September 2021

The article examines the figure of Vladimir Ulyanov-Lenin, whose 150th birthday anniversary was celebrated in April 2020. With all the discrepancy of public opinion on Lenin, this political figure is part of world history: Lenin became one of the most considerable historical persons of the 20th century and had a rather strong impact on the historical process. The author sees the aim of comprehending the Russian Revolution in (1) the abolition of the unnecessary mythologization of its leader, which not only hinders the understanding of his personality, the situation and events of that time, but also will constantly produce a rejection reaction that will continue to create the irreconcilable groups of “admirers” and “haters”; (2) an adequate scientific analysis that will evaluate the political leader logically, not emotionally, in the conditions of historical realities. In the author’s opinion, the problem of the attitude to Lenin eventually becomes the problem of the discontinuity of perception of own history in Russia and in the countries of the former Russian Empire and USSR. It is the problem of political culture and culture of society in general. The problem of attitude to Lenin in many respects is the problem of transferring modern realities and “post factum” evaluations to another historical environment. From scientific positions and public evaluation, it is necessary to understand that Lenin objectively became the most successful politician of the contemporary history. Few historical figures can be compared with him in terms of the impact on world history. It is due to Lenin that the Russian Revolution became what it became: the third great revolution in the world, an equal to the Great French Revolution in importance and scale. The Russian Revolution became a new model of imitation, replacing the French predecessor, gave a different way of modernization, more imposing for the revolutionaries of Latin America, Africa and Southeast Asia. Lenin is strongly distinguished against the background of all leaders of the previous revolutions in terms of morals, justice and goals. The leader’s sacralization, his subsequent ousting (due to his inconsistency with myths people themselves created), or initially negative attitude to a head of the state are features of an undeveloped political culture which will change with the maturing of society.
Memories About Grandparents in the Structure of an Autobiographical Story (On the Material of Siberian Villagers’ Speech)
Authors:   Tomsk State University (Tomsk, Russian Federation), Voloshina Svetlana V. , Demeshkina Tatiana A. ,   Tomsk State University (Tomsk, Russian Federation)
Published: September 2021

The article analyzes Siberian villagers’ memories about grandparents as an important element of the speech genre of the autobiographical story. The aim of the article is to describe the themes, types of genres and functions of memories about grandparents in the structure of autobiographical stories of residents of Siberian villages. The material of the research is 200 oral autobiographical stories recorded on the territory of Tomsk Oblast from the 1960s to 2020. It is determined that memories about grandparents perform genreforming, text-building, and didactic functions, as well as participate in the self-presentation and self-identification of the informants. Possible types of intra-genre and inter-genre intersections are analyzed. Memories, being an independent complex speech genre, can at the same time be a part of another genre – an autobiographical story, a story about a case. Participants of the speech genre (sender and receiver) are in certain kinship relationships (grandchildren and grandparents: grandmothers and grandfathers). The author of the text, referring to the history of their family and the experience of previous generations, realize a self-identification process, comprehending their belonging to the genus, family by various identification characteristics: nationality, education, upbringing, and others. The micro-themes of memories are revealed; they allow determining the most significant parameters that the author of the text uses for self-presentation, including oneself into the family history (place of residence, profession, features of character, etc.). Reference to the axiological dominants of the previous generation is one of the strategies of self-presentation and self-identification of the residents of the modern village. The stories of the informants serve as a means of creating an ideal image of their grandparents, who appear in memories as kind, gentle, literate, telling fairy tales, non-drinkers, long-living, having good health, hardworking, economical, clean, and able to feed, to treat, to teach, to educate. The grandparents’ role in preserving and transmitting cultural and moral values to the younger generation, in forming behavioral patterns (commandments, instructions), such as the need to work, not to steal, not to drink, and to believe in God, is great. Thus, memories of grandparents are one of the elements of the speech genre of the autobiographical story, which performs self-presentation, self-identification, didactic, text-building, and genre-forming functions. The informants recall the place of birth and residence, nationality, profession, character traits, appearance, and other characteristics of their grandparents.
Professionally Oriented Foreign Language Teaching to Non-Linguistic Students: International Professional Competitions
Authors:   Petrozavodsk State University (Petrozavodsk, Russian Federation), Abramova Irina E. , Shishmolina Elena P. ,   Petrozavodsk State University (Petrozavodsk, Russian Federation)
Published: September 2021

The article deals with the issues of training a new generation of professional staff with a set of hard and soft skills on the example of foreign language training of lawyers. Special attention is paid to the development of both communicative and universal competencies such as the ability to defend personal position, teamwork, cooperation and interpersonal communication, presentation skills, stress resistance. The aim of this article is to describe the technology of professionally integrated foreign language teaching by preparing law students to participate in international competitions in English, as well as to analyze advantages of this technology. The model of technology of professionally integrated foreign language teaching is described. The method of modeling professional situations by mock trials is presented in detail. The authors describe the components and stages of implementation of the described technology, and justify its effectiveness. The results of a two-year study of the pedagogical potential of the technology in training students of Petrozavodsk State University for international competitions, such as the Amicus Curiae competition for trial lawyers, are given. To prove the statistical significance of the obtained data, Student’s t-test was applied. In the experimental group, after the completion of training, the average arithmetic indicator of the level of competence in reading, writing, speaking and listening in English is 0.84 – 1.33 points, which is a statistically significant result (texpl5>tcrit2.093, with the significance level α = 0.05). The technology proved to be effective for training students’ presentation skills, teamwork, collaboration and interpersonal communication skills, as well as their sense of confidence and self-control. The authors conclude that the inclusion of competitive elements in the learning environment encourages both the development of universal and professional competencies, and the improvement of foreign language proficiency of non-linguistic students.
German as a Second Foreign Language for Russian Students – A Dilemma of Choice: Classical or Pluricentric German?
Authors:   Higher School of Economics (Moscow, Russian Federation), Dementyeva Тamara М.
Published: September 2021

The article raises the problem of teaching German as a second foreign language within the framework of a pluricentric approach. Its relevance for the Russian undergraduate and graduate students is dictated by the modern needs and opportunities to obtain further education in the Common European higher institutions of Germany (D), Austria (A), the German-speaking part of Switzerland (CH), as well as the opportunity to participate in various international student exchange support programs of these countries. The aim of this article is to assess the willingness of the bachelor’s and master’s students undertaking the Foreign Languages and Intercultural Communication course not only to study the classical German language but also to get familiar with the features of the standard German language in Austria and Switzerland. The pluricentric approach is based on the generally recognized theory of pluricentrism, according to which the German language is considered as a single language incorporating the national linguistic specifics in the Federal Republic of Germany, Austria, and the German-speaking part of Switzerland. The article conveys the main ideas of the pluricentric theoretical research studies and covers the linguodidactic and methodological foundations in teaching pluricentric German developed by a special research group and described in the so-called ABCB theses. The readiness of students to learn German in the diversity of the linguistic and cultural national specifics of the DACH-Länder is one of the basic requirements of the pluricentric approach. The conducted research allowed assessing the readiness of the bachelor’s and master’s students to study the classical German language, taking into account the existing distinctive linguistic features of the standard German language in Austria and Switzerland. The research was based on the questionnaire method in the form of a written poll. Given the results of the research, students of the bachelor’s and master’s programs are equally willing to learn the standard Austrian and Swiss German vocabulary in the German language classes. Among bachelors, 70% prefer the vocabulary of the Austrian version and 65% of the Swiss version of German; among master’s students, 75% want to learn the vocabulary of both the Austrian and the Swiss versions of German. Besides, knowledge of the features of the standard German language DACH-Länder is considered as a prerequisite for traveling and further education in these countries. These statistics confirm the high motivation of the bachelor’s and master’s students to study German applying the pluricentric approach. The students also demonstrated the thoughtful choice of the Second Language Country Studies as a discipline for studying German, taking into account the diversity of the linguistic and cultural national specifics of DACH-Länder.
Monitoring and Management of Students’ Health, Lifestyle and Physical Activity
Authors:   Tomsk State University (Tomsk, Russian Federation), Zakharova Anna N. , Karvounis Yulia A. ,   Tomsk State University (Tomsk, Russian Federation), Kapilevich Leonid V. ,   Tomsk State University (Tomsk, Russian Federation)
Published: September 2021

The article presents a critical analysis and assessment of the current state of foreign experience in monitoring and management of health, lifestyle and physical activity of student youth. An important aspect of lifestyle monitoring is the assessment of physical activity. However, monitoring is not an end in itself; its results are used to develop approaches and methods of correction, and to manage the situation. The concept of health management is becoming more and more popular as a set of measures to preserve and restore the health of large social groups. One such methodological approach is Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility (TPSR), a model that uses sports and physical activity to teach adolescents to become personally and socially responsible people. This model focuses on two sets of values: personal responsibility and social responsibility. Effort and self-reliance are goals of personal responsibility, while respecting and helping others is social responsibility. The model has been widely adopted as a program for at-risk youth. The Personal and Social Responsibility Questionnaire (PSRQ) was developed as an indicator for assessing young people’s perceptions of personal and social responsibility. Perceptions of personal and social responsibility are positively correlated with intrinsic motivation. Physical education programs based on health and lifestyle management principles can provide students with positive motivational and emotional experiences that will encourage them to continue participating in physical activity. Physical skills are trasferred into other areas of life activity (SBYD – Sports-Based Youth Development), it is claimed that sports can be used as a tool for psychological, emotional and/or academic development. The research has shown that many sports-based youth development programs contribute to the acquisition of life skills (e.g., leadership, self-control) with the ultimate goal of promoting positive social and academic outcomes for young participants. Researchers call this “life skills transfer” (i.e., the idea that the physical, behavioral and cognitive skills that young people acquire in sports can be used in non-athletic settings to promote healthy development). An important result of the development of the concept of monitoring and managing the health and lifestyle of young people is the formation of a consensus on this issue. According to this consensus, physical activity is seen as an all-encompassing term that consists of many structured and unstructured forms in and outside educational settings, including organized sports, physical education, outdoor recreation, motor programs, breaks, and active modes of transportation. such as cycling and walking.
Experimental Verification of Methods for the Intercultural Competence Formation in the Professionally Oriented Informational Educational Environment of the University
Authors:   Vyatka State University (Kirov, Russian Federation), Kuklina Svetlana S. , Shevchenko Anna I. ,   Vyatka State University (Kirov, Russian Federation)
Published: September 2021

The article focuses on the problem of creating conditions for the preparation of university students for their future professional activities in the foreign language classroom. For this purpose, we took into account the external and internal factors of the organization of the educational process. The external factors include the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Education, the Cultural Studies syllabus; the combination of competence-based, environmental, professionally oriented and intercultural approaches. The internal factors include the conditions of the educational process in the first year, the level of the development of students’ personal and subjective qualities. These factors are determined by the principles of selection (intercultural and professional orientation, informational richness) and organization (personal and subject individualization, comparison, problematic sufficiency of educational material and its adequacy to components of the intercultural competence). The aim of the article is to present a methodology for the intercultural competence formation in a specifically selected and organized professionally oriented informational educational environment and the results of its experimental verification. The methodological basis of the research is a combination of competencebased, environmental, professionally oriented and intercultural approaches. The research methods include the analysis of literature, designing polls, experimental verification, quantitative and qualitative analysis of the results, statistic data verification. The article presents the methods of the intercultural competence formation in the professionally oriented informational educational environment designed for foreign language learners majoring in culturology. As a result of the purposeful selection and organization of the environment, the methodology is filled with the intercultural professionally oriented information and instrumentally equipped with the system of exercises to achieve the expected results. Controlling and evaluating tools for diagnosing the level of the intercultural competence formation are created. The process and results of experimental verification are described for determining the efficiency of the designed methods of the intercultural competence formation, which the future culture expert needs in order to take part in the professional foreign language communication. The results of the research and the statistic data verification have proved the efficiency of the designed methods of the intercultural competence formation in the purposefully selected and organized professionally oriented informational educational environment and its contribution to the professional training of students majoring in culturology.
Museum as an Active Participant in Continuing Education
Authors:   Higher School of Economics (St. Petersburg, Russian Federation), Sizova Irina A.
Published: September 2021

The article presents a qualitative analysis of museum educational products. These products have been studied in terms of the possibility of their use in formal, non-formal and informal education. Thus, the role of the museum as an actor of continuing education has been determined. The role of continuing education in the educational process is becoming more obvious for most participants, and informal education plays a huge role in this process. It is urgent now to develop high-quality educational environment. Due to museums and their offline and online educational products, it is possible to get success. The author analyzed educational activities of leading Russian and foreign museums. As a result, the possibilities of museums as an educational institution for formal, non-formal and informal education were determined. Formal education is characterized by the network interaction of educational organizations and museums when the museum educational resources are included in the educational process. The largest number of museum educational products in traditional and innovative forms is made for non-formal or supplementary education. The traditional forms of museum educational resources include excursions, game formats for acquaintance with the exposition/exhibition (quests), museum master classes, interactive classes, as well as offline continuing education programs for a professional audience. The innovative forms include intra-museum programs, for example, performances, thematic classes within the museum’s profile, and Internet resources such as pages of official museum sites, online academies of museums, museum groups on social media, official museum channels on YouTube, webinars, virtual museums. Thus, non-formal educations could be in onsite or online training forms. Informal education can apply the museum’s resources both in traditional forms and in an innovative one. The museum online resources such as online museum games, massive open online courses (MOOC), and podcasts have the highest priority in this area. Museums and universities cooperate to get high-quality competitive educational online resources. In conclusion, it is possible to speak about a new stage in the development of museum educational activity. This stage is characterized by increasing attention to professional education by adding formal and non-formal (supplementary) educational programs, and, simultaneously, increasing the role of informal education due to online technology. It should be emphasized that museum staff could develop museum educational products for formal and non-formal education independently, but it is advisable for museums to intensify cooperation with universities to enter the online education market.
Conventional Legal Regulation of Value-Added Taxation by the Member States of the Gulf Cooperation Counci
Authors:   Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow, Russian Federation), Bachurin Dmitry G.
Published: September 2021

The article discusses the legal aspects of supranational legal regulation of value added taxation in the Persian Gulf countries. The novelty of the research lies in the comparative aspect of the legal study of supranational law on the value-added tax in the Gulf countries, which allows formulating fundamentally new characteristics and interpretations that extend the theoretical and legal views on the legal mechanism of VAT, and analyzing the key provisions of the legal regulation of VAT of the states that are parties to the Common VAT Agreement. The issues of the Agreement for the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council, as well as acts of national legislation on this tax, were studied. The analysis of the provisions of the Agreement allows concluding that the tax instrument this Agreement regulates can be classified as a type of neutral legal regulation of value-added taxation. Its peculiarity is that the country for one reason or another introduces VAT into the national tax system with minimal tax rates and continues to keep it at a low level that does not have a restraining effect on the development of its own industry. This is the reference point for the Common VAT Agreement for the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council. The research shows that the supranational legislation of the Persian Gulf countries covers the most complex and fundamentally significant issues of legal regulation of value-added taxation, which developed taking into account the accumulated world experience in the administration of this tax. Conclusions have been obtained that the main direction of the adopted supranational legislation is the creation of a unified legal framework for the development of a coordinated legal regulation of VAT in each of the six Arab states of the Persian Gulf. The definitions of concepts that are crucial for VAT regulation are given, among which the following can be distinguished: reverse VAT accrual, input tax, deductible tax, net tax, mandatory registration threshold, voluntary registration threshold, and tax group. In the final part of the work, it is concluded that the second regional system of legal regulation of value-added taxation after the European one is being created, which begins its development on the basis of supranational legislation. Within its framework, the states that are parties to the Agreement shall organize administrative cooperation in the following areas: (1) exchange of information necessary for determining tax accuracy; (2) coordination of synchronized audit procedures and participation in audits; (3) assistance in tax collection and adoption of necessary procedures related to VAT collection.
A New Element in the Extradition Procedure
Authors:   Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia (Moscow, Russian Federation), Tarasov Maxim Yu.
Published: September 2021

The aim of the article is to justify a new element in the procedure for the extradition of a person for criminal prosecution or sentence execution. This element is the checking for compliance with internationally recognized standards of the conditions of the possible detention before trial, incarceration, as well as during transfer, in the country this person is extradited to. The source basis of the study were materials of the European Court of Human Rights, courts of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, the Main Directorate of International Legal Cooperation of the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation, materials of checks of confinement conditions in Russian penitentiary institutions. Materials of checks of confinement conditions in specific penitentiary institutions have been supplemented with materials of checks of conditions for transferring prisoners in the Russian Federation. The study is based on the application of the method of participatory observation expressed in the collection of factual material during direct participation in the work of the Main Directorate of International Legal Cooperation of the General Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation in organizing checks by foreign experts of the confinement conditions of prisoners when deciding on extradition. Methods of observation, interviewing, experiment, analysis, comparison, and others were also used. The analysis of the available materials and the author’s own practice showed that foreign partners began to actively use information about unsatisfactory confinement conditions in prisons in specific cases as a basis for refusal to extradite people to Russia. When deciding on the extradition of persons detained at the request of the Russian side for criminal prosecution, the practice of foreign partners has introduced the organization of regular checks of the alleged confinement conditions in the Russian Federation on specific criminal cases in relation to specific persons. In order to overcome the emerging problems, on a contractual basis, foreign authoritative specialists are organizing inspections of the conditions in various penitentiary institutions. The results of such inspections in specific penitentiary institutions are of direct importance in matters of extradition in specific cases. On the basis of this material, the need was justified to include an additional element in the theoretical and legislative model of extradition, which no one has yet mentioned in the legal literature – checking the conditions of the possible detention of the extradited person before trial and incarceration. In order to overcome the negative trends, a set of measures at three different levels has been proposed to bring the conditions of the person extradited during the transfer to Russia in line with internationally recognized standards.
Political Issues in Fyodor Dostoevsky’s Writings: American Reception
Authors:   Tomsk Polytechnic University (Tomsk, Russian Federation), Korotchenko Tatiana V.
Published: September 2021

The article explores the American reception of Fyodor Dostoevsky’s political ideology. The relevance of the study is due to the interdisciplinary character of modern literary criticism and perception of Dostoevsky not only as a talented writer, but also as an original philosopher and political thinker. It is for the first time when the reception of Dostoevsky’s political ideology is revealed on the basis of works by American philologists and political analysts; namely, the study unveils the image of Dostoevsky as a political thinker formed within American scientific discourse. In addition, the analysis of the reception of Dostoevsky’s writings in a foreign scientific culture contributes to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of cultural interaction. The analysis of literary works on the basis of comparative-historical and comparative-cultural approaches, as well as modern semiotic concepts, reveals the basic periods and trends in the reception of Dostoevsky’s writings on political issues in the USA in the 20th and the 21st centuries. The evolution of scholars’ views on the writer’s political ideology is disclosed. In the 1950s–1960s, Dostoevsky’s political philosophy is primarily analyzed in terms of its fictional representation. In the context of cultural interaction, this period can be termed as a preliminary one followed by the period of active transmission of the texts that explore the essence of Dostoevsky’s political ideology. Indeed, an intensive study of political views of the writer started in the 1970s–1980s. At this time, scholars addressed Dostoevsky’s opinion journalism, incorporating the writer’s political ideology into his social and religious views. A new period started in the 2000s. It is characterized by the synthesis of the most characteristic features of Dostoevsky’s artistic method, his philosophical and political ideas. Thus, the image of Dostoevsky as a political thinker in American literary studies is characterized by analyzing the writer’s political philosophy within his religious and social thoughts and considering Russian literature closely connected with the state policy. The most negative evaluation of Dostoevsky’s political ideology, accusatory statements on writer’s nationalism, imperialism, and chauvinism are found in the works whose authors investigate Dostoevsky’s political ideology beyond his religious views. The interest of American scholars in Dostoevsky’s political ideology is registered at all stages of Dostoevsky studies development. The changes in diplomatic relations between Russia and the Western world stimulate American scholars to address political issues in Dostoevsky’s writings. However, besides pure political circumstances, the alteration of periods in addressing political issues in Dostoevsky’s writings is due to the mechanisms of cultural interaction when the period of passive saturation with new semiotic material is followed by the period of active transmission of new texts.