bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Intramolecular [2 + 2] Cycloaddition of 1,6‐Enyne‐Derived Ketenimine: An Efficient Construction of Strained and Bridged 7‐Substituted‐3‐heterocyclo[3.1.1]heptan‐6‐one.
Authors: Li Bao‐Sheng , Yang Bin‐Miao , Wang Shao‐Hua , Zhang Yong‐Qiang , Cao Xiao‐Ping , Tu Yong‐Qiang
Published: September 2012

For the first time the efficient and economical title transformation is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of 3‐Substituted Hexahydro‐3H‐isochromenes via an Organocatalytic Triple Cascade/Yb‐Catalyzed Hetero‐Diels—Alder Sequence.
Authors: Erdmann Nico , Atodiresei Iuliana , Enders Dieter
Published: September 2012

The sequence allows the construction of 6 stereogenic centers, where the products are formed in a diastereomerically pure form.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of 1,1‐Diaryl‐2‐isopropylidene‐3‐methylenecyclopropanes with C,N‐Diarylnitrones and Nitrile Oxides.
Authors: Stepakov Alexander V. , Larina Anna G. , Boitsov Vitaly M. , Molchanov Alexander P. , Gurzhiy Vladislav V. , Starova Galina L.
Published: September 2012

The process does not yield the initially formed 1,3‐dipolar cycloadducts [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Amino‐4‐chloroquinolines via Smiles Rearrangement.
Authors: Kumar Devadoss Karthik , Rajendran Subramaniam Parameswaran
Published: September 2012

The alkylation reaction of 4‐chloro‐1H‐quinolin‐2‐ones with chloroacetamide is controlled by the substituent present in the benzene ring.
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Regioselective Friedlaender Reaction Mediated by Lanthanum Chloride.
Authors: Chen Ying , Huang Jinkun , Hwang Tsang‐Lin , Li T. J. , Cui Sheng , Chan Johann , Bio Matthew
Published: September 2012

The method allows the preparation of various substituted quinolines and the analogue (XI).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 4‐Quinolones Through Nickel‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Amination on the β‐Carbon of o‐(N‐Alkylamino)propiophenones.
Authors: Ueno Satoshi , Shimizu Ryosuke , Maeda Ryohei , Kuwano Ryoichi
Published: September 2012

The cyclization involves formation of β‐enaminone intermediates generated from the substrates (I) or (III) and morpholine followed by intramolecular transamination.
ChemInform Abstract: L‐Proline‐Catalyzed Diastereoselective Synthesis of cis‐Isoquinolonic Acids and Evaluation of Their Neuroprotective Effects.
Authors: Karimi Ali Reza , Momeni Hamid Reza , Pashazadeh Rahim
Published: September 2012

Preliminary investigations concerning the pharmaceutical effects reveal significant activity for derivative (IVd).
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Cyclization—Olefination of N‐Acetoxyl Ketoimine‐Alkynes.
Authors: Zhao Peng , Wang Fen , Han Keli , Li Xingwei
Published: September 2012

The process leads to isoquinolines containing ortho‐olefinated aryl groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Approaching a Stable, Green Twisted Heteroacene Through “Clean Reaction” Strategy.
Authors: Zhang Qichun , et al. et al.
Published: September 2012

The low homo‐lumo‐gap of the product (IV), which is comparable to hexacene, makes it a potential candidate for electronics.
ChemInform Abstract: Exploiting a Novel Size Exclusion Phenomenon for Enantioselective Acid/Base Cascade Catalysis.
Authors: Muratore Michael E. , Shi Lei , Pilling Adam W. , Storer R. Ian , Dixon Darren J.
Published: September 2012

A size exclusion phenomenon between PS‐BEMP and bulky BINOL phosphoric acid BPA allows for one‐pot base‐catalyzed Michael addition/acid‐catalyzed enantioselective N‐acyliminium cyclization cascade reactions [→(III); 10 examples].
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Potent Anticancer Thieno[2,3‐d]pyrimidine Derivatives.
Authors: Kandeel M. M. , Mounir Ashraf A. , Refaat Hanan M. , Kassab Asmaa E.
Published: September 2012

The compounds (IIIb), (IIIc), (IVa), (IVc), (VIIb), (VIIc), and (VIIIb) exhibit significant cytotoxicity against the human colon carcinoma cell line HCT 116 and are more potent than imatinib.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile and Efficient Cyclization of Anthranilonitrile to 2,4‐Dichloroquinazoline by Bis(trichloromethyl)carbonate and Catalytic Amount of Triphenylphosphine Oxide.
Authors: Li Zhenhua , Wu Danli , Zhong Weihui
Published: September 2012

Title reaction proceeds under mild reaction conditions to give the product dichloroquinazolines (III) in good yields for a wide substitution pattern.
ChemInform Abstract: A Three‐Component, Intramolecular Ugi Reaction Toward Unique Indoloketopiperazines.
Authors: Ghandi Mehdi , Zarezadeh Nahid , Taheri Abuzar
Published: September 2012

A bifunctional indole derivative (IV) containing as aldehyde and a carbonyl group is synthesized and applied in Ugi reactions to give novel fused title compounds of potential pharmaceutical interest.
ChemInform Abstract: Cu‐Mediated N‐Arylation of 1,2,3‐Triazin‐4‐ones: Synthesis of Fused Triazinone Derivatives as Potential Inhibitors of Chorismate Mutase.
Authors: Kumar K. Shiva , Adepu Raju , Sandra Sandhya , Rambabu D. , Krishna G. Rama , Reddy C. Malla , Misra Parimal , Pal Manojit
Published: September 2012

A rapid and direct access to N‐aryl substituted fused triazinone derivatives is accomplished via Cu‐mediated N‐arylation.
ChemInform Abstract: A Flexible Radical Approach to 5‐Substituted 4,5‐Dihydro‐3H‐pyrido[4,3‐b]azepin‐2‐ones. Some Mechanistic Observations on the Radical Cyclization—Aromatization Process.
Authors: Petit Laurent , Botez Iuliana , Tizot Andre , Zard Samir Z.
Published: September 2012

A convenient two‐step sequence allows the synthesis of the title compounds via radical addition of xanthates to substrate (I) followed by radical cyclization onto the pyridine ring.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antimycotic Properties of Hydroxy Sulfides Derived from exo‐ and endo‐4‐Phenyl‐3,5,8‐trioxabicyclo[5.1.0]octanes.
Authors: Pavelyev Roman S. , Gnevashev Sergey G. , Vafina Rusalia M. , Gnezdilov Oleg I. , Dobrynin Alexey B. , Lisovskaya Svetlana A. , Nikitina Liliya E. , Klimovitskii Evgenii N.
Published: September 2012

Both the endo‐ and exo‐isomers of epoxy acetals (II)/(III) are reacted with thiophenol to afford corresponding hydroxy sulfides, which are further transformed in search for new antimycotic substances.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of Tetracyclic Azepine and Oxazocine Derivatives and Their Potential as MAPKAP‐K2 (MK2) Inhibitors.
Authors: Rao Ashwin U. , et al. et al.
Published: September 2012

Several tetracyclic azepine and oxazocine pharmacophores are synthesized which show potent inhibition against MK2 with a non‐ATP competitive binding mode as well as inhibition of HSP27 phosphorylation in THP‐1 cells.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Stereoselective Cyclopropanation of Glycals with Cyclic Diazoamides: A Facile Synthesis of Spirooxindolyl Sugar Derivatives.
Authors: Reddy B. V. Subba , Rajasekaran Tamilselvan , Karthik Govindaraju , Rao T. Prabhakar
Published: September 2012

Intermolecular cyclopropanation of various glycals with cyclic carbenoids generated from 3‐diazo‐2‐oxindole, is achieved under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Mekongenines A (I) and B (II), Two New Alkaloids from Bousigonia mekongensis
Authors: Fu Yanhui , He Hongping , Di Yingtong , Li Shunlin , Zhang Yu , Hao Xiaojiang
Published: September 2012

isolation, structure determination and cell growth inhibitory activities against various human cancer cell lines
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Iodine‐Free Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells Employing Truxene‐Based Organic Dyes.
Authors: Zong Xueping , Liang Mao , Chen Tao , Jia Jiangnan , Wang Lina , Sun Zhe , Xue Song
Published: September 2012

The new truxene‐based organic sensitizers (I) in DSCs employing cobalt electrolyte show promising results.
ChemInform Abstract: Supramolecular Coordination Chemistry
Authors: Lusby Paul J.
Published: September 2012

Review: 97 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Investigation of Innovative Synthesis of Biologically Active Compounds on the Basis of Newly Developed Reactions
Authors: Honda Toshio
Published: September 2012

Review: 93 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Liquid Crystals Based on Schiff Base Compounds
Authors: Rananavare Shankar B. , Pisipati V. G. K. M.
Published: September 2012

Review: 110 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biology of Fluoroorganic Compounds
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Jian , Lai Ting‐Bong , Kong Richard Yuen‐Chong
Published: September 2012

Review: 147 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Conjugate Addition to Challenging Michael Acceptors and Synthesis of Relevant Target Molecules
Authors: Gremaud Ludovic , Palais Laetitia , Alexakis Alexandre
Published: September 2012

Review: 56 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Applications of Masked Oxo‐Sulfinamides in Asymmetric Synthesis
Authors: Edupuganti Ramakrishna , Davis Franklin A.
Published: September 2012

Review: ca. 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Different Strategies to Enhance the Activity of Lipase Catalysts
Authors: Marciello Marzia , Filice Marco , Palomo Jose M.
Published: September 2012

Review: 61 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Photo Touch on Amines: New Synthetic Adventures of Nitrogen Radical Cations
Authors: Maity Soumitra , Zheng Nan
Published: September 2012

Review: 67 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereocontrol Strategies in the Asymmetric Bioreduction of Alkenes
Authors: Oberdorfer Gustav , Gruber Karl , Faber Kurt , Hall Melanie
Published: September 2012

Review: about 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Simplifying the Synthesis of Dendrimers: Accelerated Approaches
Authors: Walter Marie V. , Malkoch Michael
Published: September 2012

Review: 72 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Branched and Linear Poly(ethylene imine)‐Based Conjugates: Synthetic Modification, Characterization, and Application
Authors: Jaeger Michael , Schubert Stephanie , Ochrimenko Sofia , Fischer Dagmar , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: September 2012

Review: 136 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Stimuli‐responsive Degradable Block Copolymer Micelles: Synthesis and Controlled Drug Delivery Applications
Authors: Zhang Qian , Ko Na Re , Oh Jung Kwon
Published: September 2012

Review: 151 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Assays for Human Telomerase Activity: Progress and Prospects
Authors: Zhou Xiaoming , Xing Da
Published: September 2012

Review: 71 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bioorganometallic Compounds with Antimalarial Targets: Inhibiting Hemozoin Formation
Authors: Navarro Maribel , Castro William , Biot Christophe
Published: September 2012

Review: 121 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Towards Hydrogen Energy: Progress on Catalysts for Water Splitting
Authors: Swiegers Gerhard F. , et al. et al.
Published: September 2012

Review: 42 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biosensors and Chemosensors Based on the Optical Responses of Polydiacetylenes
Authors: Chen Xiaoqiang , Zhou Guodong , Peng Xiaojun , Yoon Juyoung
Published: September 2012

Review: 76 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Designer Nanomaterials Using Chiral Self‐Assembling Peptide Systems and Their Emerging Benefit for Society
Authors: Luo Zhongli , Zhang Shuguang
Published: September 2012

Review: 255 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Temperature‐Responsive Compounds as in situ Gelling Biomedical Materials
Authors: Moon Hyo Jung , Ko Du Young , Park Min Hee , Joo Min Kyung , Jeong Byeongmoon
Published: September 2012

Review: 233 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Proton Transport in Functionalized Additives for PEM Fuel Cells: Contributions from Atomistic Simultations
Authors: Toelle Pia , Koehler Christof , Marschall Roland , Sharifi Monir , Wark Michael , Frauenheim Thomas
Published: September 2012

Review: 135 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Computational NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Alkorta Ibon , Elguero Jose
Published: September 2012

Review: 194 refs.
Synthesis and Physicochemical Properties of Strong Electron Acceptor 14,14,15,15‐Tetracyano‐6,13‐pentacenequinodimethane (TCPQ) Diimide
Authors: Li Jie , Xiong Yu , Wu Qinghe , Wang Shitao , Gao Xike , Li Hongxiang
Published: September 2012

14,14,15,15‐Tetracyano‐6,13‐pentacenequinodimethane (TCPQ) diimide, a new tetracyanoquinodimethane analogue with extended conjugation and imide substituents, was synthesized by double Diels–Alder reactions and a Knoevenagel condensation reaction. Experimental results showed that TCPQ diimide has a low LUMO energy level (–4.03 eV) and good solubility in organic solvents.
The prevalence of dementia in rural Tanzania: a cross‐sectional community‐based study
Authors: Longdon Anna R. , Paddick Stella‐Maria , Kisoli Aloyce , Dotchin Catherine , Gray William K. , Dewhurst Felicity , Chaote Paul , Teodorczuk Andrew , Dewhurst Matthew , Jusabani Ahmed M , Walker Richard
Published: September 2012

Objectives

Despite the growing burden of dementia in low‐income countries, there are few previous data on the prevalence of dementia in sub‐Saharan Africa. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of dementia in those who are 70 years and older in the rural Hai District of Tanzania.

Methods

This was a two‐phase cross‐sectional survey. Using census data, we screened individuals aged 70 years and older from six rural villages using the Community Screening Instrument for Dementia in Phase I. In Phase II, a stratified sample of those identified in Phase I were clinically assessed using the DSM‐IV criteria.

Results

Of 1198 people who fulfilled the inclusion criteria, 184 screened positive for probable dementia, and 104 screened positive for possible dementia using the Community Screening Instrument for Dementia. During clinical assessment in Phase II, 78 cases of dementia were identified according to the DSM‐IV criteria. The age‐standardised prevalence of dementia was 6.4% (95% confidence interval: 4.9 to 7.9). Prevalence rates increased significantly with increasing age.

Conclusions

The prevalence of dementia in this rural Tanzanian population is similar to that reported in high‐income countries. Dementia is likely to become a significant health burden in this population as demographic transition continues. Further research on risk factors for dementia in sub‐Saharan Africa is needed to inform policy makers and plan local health services. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semantic priming and verbal learning in current opiate users, ex‐users and non‐user controls
Authors: Battistella Stefania , Constantinou Natasha , Morgan Celia J. A. , Davis Paul , O'Ryan Dominic , Curran H. Valerie
Published: September 2012

Objective

Despite a growing interest in memory functions of chronic drug users, investigation of semantic and episodic memory in opiate users is limited, and findings of studies have been inconsistent. The present study aimed to assess semantic memory and episodic memory for both drug‐related and neutral stimuli in current and ex‐users of opiates.

Methods

Using an independent group design, we assessed semantic priming and verbal learning in 16 current opiate users on a methadone maintenance programme, 16 ex‐opiate users in rehabilitation programmes and 16 healthy controls. The groups were matched on verbal IQ, age and employment status.

Results

We found that current and ex‐users showed intact automatic and controlled semantic priming. Ex‐users who had been abstinent for an average of 19 months showed a verbal learning impairment compared with controls. Both current and ex‐users were impaired in recalling semantically unrelated words but unimpaired in recalling semantically related words.

Conclusion

The findings suggest a relative lack of spontaneous use of mnemonic strategies and imply that highly structured information would help opiate‐using clients in treatment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shoulder sonography after intraarticular fluid injection for evaluation of anterior labral tears: Comparison with conventional sonography
Authors: Jeong Woo Kyoung , Ah Ryu Jeong , Choi Seung Hong , Choi Jun‐ho , Ho Kim Seung , Kim Jinoo , Lee Seunghun
Published: September 2012

Purpose.

To compare shoulder sonography (US) after intraarticular fluid injection (“arthrosonography”) with conventional shoulder US for diagnosing anterior labral tears.

Methods.

Thirty consecutive patients who were to undergo shoulder MR arthrography were enrolled after written informed consent was obtained. A radiologist performed conventional US, using a 2‐ to 5‐MHz convex transducer on the subject whose arm was externally rotated, then abducted perpendicular to the trunk, and rotated internally and externally. After intraarticular injection of diluted gadolinium contrast for MR arthrography, arthrosonography was performed in the same manner as in the conventional method. Two other radiologists compared the two US methods in the diagnosis of anterior labral tears using a five‐point scale. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and weighted kappa values were calculated.

Results.

Fourteen patients proven to have anterior labral tears by arthroscopy constituted the disease group, and 16 patients, including the 4 patients who were negative on arthroscopy, constituted the normal group. The areas under the ROC curve of arthrosonography (mean, 0.977) were larger than those of conventional US (mean, 0.858). The kappa values for assessing the interobserver agreement of the two modalities were 0.40 and 0.82, respectively.

Conclusions.

Arthrosonography of the shoulder is more accurate and reliable than conventional US for diagnosing anterior labral tear. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 2013
Transformational change: Moving toward enterprise risk management through the Power of One™
Authors: Hilliard Mary Anne
Published: September 2012

My oldest daughter, Julia, graduated from high school in June of this year. She leaves for college in the fall. It's not easy letting go; change is hard. Transformational change is harder still. Fortunately, she is being launched into the world with some good principles to help her focus: Be kind to your neighbor. Make the world a better place.
Missouri's Just Culture collaborative
Authors: Shabel Wrenae , Dennis Johnnye L.
Published: September 2012

Under the leadership of the Missouri Center for Patient Safety, Missouri set the stage for healthcare providers and regulators to work together to improve patient safety by moving towards a Just Culture. By bringing together 67 healthcare providers, regulators and others with a goal to improve the patient safety culture, the collaborative led to an improved understanding of the key principles of Just Culture, its implementation and barriers to implementation, as well as how regulators could support providers in their efforts to improve the safety culture.
Kinetic and mechanistic differences in the interactions between caldendrin and calmodulin with AKAP79 suggest different roles in synaptic function
Authors: Seeger Christian , Gorny Xenia , Reddy Pasham Parameshwar , Seidenbecher Constanze , Danielson U. Helena
Published: September 2012

The kinetic and mechanistic details of the interaction between caldendrin, calmodulin and the B‐domain of AKAP79 were determined using a biosensor‐based approach. Caldendrin was found to compete with calmodulin for binding at AKAP79, indicating overlapping binding sites. Although the AKAP79 affinities were similar for caldendrin (KD = 20 n m) and calmodulin (KD = 30 n m), their interaction characteristics were different. The calmodulin interaction was well described by a reversible one‐step model, but was only detected in the presence of Ca2+. Caldendrin interacted with a higher level of complexity, deduced to be an induced fit mechanism with a slow relaxation back to the initial encounter complex. It interacted with AKAP79 also in the absence of Ca2+, but with different kinetic rate constants. The data are consistent with a similar initial Ca2+‐dependent binding step for the two proteins. For caldendrin, a second Ca2+‐independent rearrangement step follows, resulting in a stable complex. The study shows the importance of establishing the mechanism and kinetics of protein–protein interactions and that minor differences in the interaction of two homologous proteins can have major implications in their functional characteristics. These results are important for the further elucidation of the roles of caldendrin and calmodulin in synaptic function. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of phenoxy herbicides in water samples using phase transfer microextraction with simultaneous derivatization followed by GC‐MS analysis
Authors: Nuhu Abdulmumin A. , Basheer Chanbasha , Alhooshani Khalid , Al‐Arfaj Abdul Rahman
Published: September 2012

A sensitive and accurate method for the determination of two model phenoxy herbicides, 4‐chloro‐2‐methylphenoxy acetic acid and 4‐chloro‐2‐methylphenoxy propanoic acid, in water is explained. This method utilizes a simple phase transfer catalyst‐assisted microextraction with simultaneous derivatization. Factors affecting the performance of this method including pH of the aqueous matrix, temperature, extraction duration, type and amount of derivatization reagents, and type and amount of the phase transfer catalyst are examined. Derivatization and the use of phase transfer catalyst have proven to be especially vital for the resolution of the analytes and their sensitive determination, with an enrichment factor of 288‐fold for catalyzed over noncatalyzed procedure. Good linearity ranging from 0.1 to 80 μg L−1 with correlation of determination (r2) between 0.9890 and 0.9945 were obtained. Previous reported detection limits are compared with our new current method. The low LOD for the two analytes (0.80 ng L−1 for 4‐chloro‐2‐methylphenoxy propanoic acid and 3.04 ng L−1 for 4‐chloro‐2‐methylphenoxy acetic acid) allow for the determination of low concentrations of these analytes in real samples. The absence of matrix effect was confirmed through relative recovery calculations. Application of the method to seawater and tap water samples was tested, but only 4‐chloro‐2‐methylphenoxy propanoic acid at concentrations between 0.27 ± 0.01 and 0.84 ± 0.06 μg L−1 was detected in seawater samples.
Structure‐retention relationship study of polyoxygenated steroids
Authors: Tosti Tomislav , Natić Maja , Dabić Dragana , Milić Dragana , Milojković‐Opsenica Dušanka , Tešić Živoslav
Published: September 2012

The chromatographic behavior of 31 newly synthesized polyoxygenated steroids was investigated by the means of reversed‐phase planar chromatography. Retention data were correlated to molecular characteristics of the analytes with view to examine possible relationships by the means of multiple linear regression (MLR) and partial least square (PLS) regression. On the basis of comparison of the statistical parameters obtained for both MLR and PLS models, descriptors best describing the analyte behavior were selected. Statistically significant and physically meaningful structure‐retention relationships were obtained. Calculated lipophilicity expressed as XlogP as well surface tension and Hansen hydrogen bonding was included in both MLR and PLS models.
Star‐Shaped Block Copolymers by Copper‐Catalyzed Azide‐Alkyne Cycloaddition for Potential Drug Delivery Applications
Authors: von der Ehe Christian , Kempe Kristian , Bauer Marius , Baumgaertel Anja , Hager Martin D. , Fischer Dagmar , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: September 2012

Star‐shaped poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) is synthesized by ring‐opening polymerization and subsequently functionalized with alkyne groups. These are utilized for the attachment of linear poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether azide (mPEG‐N3) and poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline) azide (PEtOx‐N3) by copper‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). The resulting amphiphilic star‐shaped block copolymers are characterized by SEC, MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, and DLS. In order to elucidate the potential of both systems as drug carriers their loading capacity is studied with a model system, the hydrophobic dye fat brown RR. Furthermore, erythrocyte aggregation tests provide first indications that the two different star‐shaped block copolymers are compatible for potential applications in a biological context.
Introducing and applying a new Australian alcohol advertising code
Authors: Pettigrew Simone , Johnson Rebecca , Daube Mike
Published: September 2012

This article introduces the new Australian Alcohol Advertising Review Board (AARB) Code and assesses television advertising practices against its advertising content provisions. The Code is administered by independent experts to provide an alternative to the industry‐led Alcohol Beverages Advertising Code Scheme that has attracted substantial criticism. The new Code aims to balance the alcohol industry's right to promote a legal product against critical protections for young people and public health. To assess whether the new Code will require substantial changes to alcohol advertising practices, a content analysis was conducted of alcohol advertisements aired prior to its introduction on all four free‐to‐air commercial television channels over two months. A majority of the analysed advertisements (48 of 64) contained at least one element that could be construed as a breach of the AARB Code. The largest numbers of potential breaches were for the provisions relating to the association of alcohol with success and using appeals that are likely to be attractive to young people. The results demonstrate that the Australian alcohol industry will need to reassess current advertising practices to achieve compliance with the new Code. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flame retardancy and charring behavior of polystyrene‐organic montmorillonite nanocomposites
Authors: Liu Jichun , Fu Mengyue , Jing Mengmeng , Li Qingyuan
Published: September 2012

The fire performance of polystyrene‐organic montmorillonite (OMMT) nanocomposite was investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry. Scanning electron microscopy, electron dispersive spectroscopy and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were employed to study the charring process of the nanocomposite. The residue collected upon thermal degradation was analyzed by various means to determine its composition and to understand the flame‐retardant mechanism of the nanocomposite. It has been shown that the introduction of OMMT does not have much influence on LOI of the nanocomposite, but can greatly decrease the heat release rate (HRR) and mass loss rate (MLR) and enhance the flame retardancy of the material. The flame‐retardant mechanism is due to charring in the condensed phase. The intercalated nanostructure is destroyed, and the silicate nanolayers in the nanocomposite rearrange and accumulate on the material surface during pyrolysis. The charred residue has a honeycomb‐like porous structure, which covers on the material surface and serves as a protection barrier against heat transfer and mass exchange, leading to enhanced flame retardancy. The charred residue is composed of pyrolyzed silicate layers and graphitic char. The char is highly stable in nitrogen even at 800 °C, but thermo‐oxidative decomposition is allowed, and it can be removed completely in the presence of air. Due to the porous structure of the charred residue, the protection from it is mainly to reduce the HRR and MLR and retard burning of the material. It is not enough to make the nanocomposite self‐extinguish. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative and sensitive protein detection strategies based on aptamers
Authors: Yoshida Yoshihito , Waga Iwao , Horii Katsunori
Published: September 2012

Aptamers are functional oligonucleotides of single‐stranded RNA or DNA that can selectively recognize their targets with high affinity. Hence, they have been widely developed for analytical, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications. In this review, we have summarized recent advances in the development of aptamer‐based detection systems. Aptamers can be amplified exponentially by PCR, which is one of the advantages of aptamers over antibodies. Recently, we have developed immuno‐aptamers that bind to mouse or rabbit IgG and constructed a novel sensitive detection system based on a conventional ELISA, called the immuno‐aptamer PCR assay. In this article, the aptamer‐based ready‐to‐use sensors and another PCR‐based aptamer assays are also described; moreover, we have discussed highly sensitive aptamer‐based detection systems.
Luminescence of Tb3+‐doped oxide glasses with high Gd2O3 concentration under UV and X‐ray excitation
Authors: Chewpraditkul Weerapong , Sheng Qiuchun , Chen Danping , Beitlerova Alena , Nikl Martin
Published: September 2012

This report presents the luminescence properties of Tb3+‐doped oxide glasses with high Gd2O3 (25 mol%) concentration under UV and X‐ray excitation. The intense green 5D4 → 7FJ luminescence is observed with strong luminescence quenching of the 5D3 level due to cross‐relaxation process. Energy transfer from Gd3+ to Tb3+ ions is confirmed by both luminescence spectra and decay measurements. The integral scintillation efficiency obtained for the 0.5 wt% Tb3+‐doped glass under X‐ray excitation is of about 40% of that of the reference Bi4Ge3O12 crystal.
Joint modeling of hierarchically clustered and overdispersed non‐gaussian continuous outcomes for comet assay data
Authors: Ghebretinsae Aklilu Habteab , Faes Christel , Molenberghs Geert , Geys Helena , Van der Leede Bas‐Jan
Published: September 2012

Multivariate longitudinal or clustered data are commonly encountered in clinical trials and toxicological studies. Typically, there is no single standard endpoint to assess the toxicity or efficacy of the compound of interest, but co‐primary endpoints are available to assess the toxic effects or the working of the compound. Modeling the responses jointly is thus appealing to draw overall inferences using all responses and to capture the association among the responses. Non‐Gaussian outcomes are often modeled univariately using exponential family models. To accommodate both the overdispersion and hierarchical structure in the data, Molenberghs et al. A family of generalized linear models for repeated measures with normal and conjugate random effects. Statistical Science 2010; 25:325–347 proposed using two separate sets of random effects. This papers considers a model for multivariate data with hierarchically clustered and overdispersed non‐Gaussian data. Gamma random effect for the over‐dispersion and normal random effects for the clustering in the data are being used. The two outcomes are jointly analyzed by assuming that the normal random effects for both endpoints are correlated. The association structure between the response is analytically derived. The fit of the joint model to data from a so‐called comet assay are compared with the univariate analysis of the two outcomes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diurnal cycle of precipitation over complex Alpine orography: inferences from high‐resolution radar observations
Authors: Mandapaka P. V. , Germann U. , Panziera L.
Published: September 2012

The study describes the diurnal cycle of precipitation in the Alps and surrounding forelands using high‐resolution volumetric data from a network of three ground‐based radars. First, the study focused on the regional, seasonal and interannual variability in the diurnal behaviour of surface rainfall intensity, frequency and spatial correlations. Secondly, the study examined the diurnal variation in the vertical structure of summertime precipitation. Significant regional and seasonal differences are noticed in the diurnal cycle of precipitation features. The signal is strongest in the Alps, moderate in the plains north of the Alps and weak in the Po River Plain south of the Alps. The phase of the diurnal cycle is around 1630 UTC over the Alps for both spring and summer seasons. During autumn, the signal is weakest with no well‐defined phase. The spatial variogram analysis showed that rainfall patterns are most variable between 1200 and 1400 UTC, approximately 3 h before the occurrence of diurnal maximum in precipitation frequency and intensity. The vertical structure of precipitation is characterized using frequency–altitude diagrams, and its diurnal behaviour is analysed using Hovmöller diagrams. The results show that the diurnal cycle of precipitation varies significantly with height. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Nonsingular constraints in time‐dependent variational principle for parametrized wave functions
Authors: Ohta Katsuhisa
Published: September 2012

In this work, we consider two conditions required for the nonsingularity of constraints in the time‐dependent variational principle (TDVP) for parametrized wave functions. One is the regularity condition which assures the static nonsingularity of the constraint surface. The other condition is the second‐class condition of constraints which assures the dynamic nonsingularity of the constraint surface with a symplectic metric. For analytic wave functions for complex TDVP‐parameters, the regularity and the second‐class conditions become equivalent. The second‐class condition for expectation values is reduced to the noncommutability of the corresponding quantum operators. The symplectic singularity of the equation of motion of TDVP is also shown to be a local breakdown of the second‐class condition in an extended canonical phase‐space. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nonlinear FXLMS algorithm for active noise control systems with saturation nonlinearity
Authors: Sahib Mouayad A. , Kamil Raja , Marhaban Mohammad H.
Published: September 2012

In active noise control (ANC) applications, the saturation effect of the loudspeaker in the secondary path is considered as the most serious problem that could degrade performance of standard filtered‐x least mean square (FXLMS) control algorithm. When the loudspeaker exhibits nonlinearities, the linear modeling approach fails to identify the secondary path accurately. In the literature, the nonlinear FXLMS (NLFXLMS) algorithm has been proposed to update the ANC controller with a block‐oriented secondary path model. This model consists of nonlinear and linear filters whereby the nonlinear part which represents the saturation effect of the amplifier‐loudspeaker system is modeled by a scaled error function (SEF). The NLFXLMS algorithm requires an exact copy of the linear and nonlinear models of the secondary path. However, NLFXLMS cannot be implemented in real time because the modeling of the SEF cannot be realized. In this paper, a new method to model the secondary path using the Hammerstein model structure and tangential hyperbolic function (THF) is proposed. The THF can represent the SEF to a certain degree of accuracy. Furthermore, the modeling of the THF can be realized using least mean square (LMS) algorithm and utilized in the NLFXLMS control scheme. Simulation results show that the performance of the THF‐based NLFXLMS algorithm is comparable with the SEF‐based NLFXLMS. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Politics of Taxation and the “Armenian Question” during the Late Ottoman Empire, 1876–1908
Authors: Özbek Nadır
Published: September 2012

This article explores the social and political context of the Ottoman Armenian massacres during the reign of Sultan Abdülhamid II focusing on the empire's tax regime. Although important research has been done on the massacres of 1894–1897, little has been written on the role the tax regime and collection practices played in preparing the context for increased state and communal violence in the “six provinces” (vilayat-ı sitte)—Erzurum, Van, Bitlis, Mamretülaziz, Sivas, and Diyarbekir—where the great majority of Ottoman Armenians lived. Political and social historians have paid little attention to the Ottoman state's administrative practices in Eastern Anatolia, particularly its tax collection practices, as part of the larger context of the “Armenian Question.” Perhaps Ottoman economic and financial historians have been reluctant to consider tax collection as politics. In any case, key linkages between the tax regime and the social and political catastrophe it helped to create have been missed. In this paper I establish a bridge between social and political history and fiscal history. I analyze tax collection as everyday politics to offer a new window into the political disturbances in the empire's six provinces populated mostly by Armenians and Kurds. The study of the Ottoman tax system as an instance of state administrative practices at the quotidian level, rather than as merely a legal and institutional apparatus, illuminates the complicated realities of the late Ottoman state and society, and the “Armenian Question.”
“I felt a kind of pleasure in seeing them treat us brutally.” The Emergence of the Political Prisoner, 1865–1910
Authors: Kenney Padraic
Published: September 2012

The political prisoner is a figure taken for granted in historical discourse, with the term being used broadly to describe any individual held in captivity for oppositional activities. This article argues for understanding the political prisoner, for whom prison becomes a vehicle of politics, as the product of modern states and political movements. The earlier practices of the “imprisoned political,” for whom prison was primarily an obstacle to politics, gave way to prisoners who used the category creatively against the regimes that imprisoned them. Using the cases of Polish socialists in the Russian Empire, Fenians in Ireland, suffragettes in Britain, andsatyagrahiin British South Africa, this article explains how both regimes and their prisoners developed common practices and discourses around political incarceration in the years 1865–1910.
Pliny the Pessimist
Authors: STRUNK THOMAS E.
Published: September 2012

‘He is always enthusiastic, almost invariably cheerful, and amiable, and quite correct. One can well imagine how a sunny-tempered man of elegant tastes and universal humanity must have won easily the regard of a great number of friends’; so E. T. Merrill wrote of Pliny over a century ago. Such sentiments on the ebullient style and sunny personality of Pliny have perdured for decades, even up to the present. And why not? A reputation for optimism and even naiveté should not be so easily overcome for one who admits to a weakness for praising his friends too excessively (Ep. 7.28) and writes an entire letter for the sole purpose of demonstrating his unwillingness to say anything negative about someone (8.22.4). The Panegyricus, with its periods of fulsome praise and hopefulness, presents no reason to alter Pliny's image as a cheerful optimist.
Cyrus: A Forgotten Poet
Authors: VAN DER HORST PIETER W.
Published: September 2012

Upon seeing or hearing the name Cyrus, most readers will probably think of the famous Persian king, well known from Xenophon's Cyropaedia and the prophet Isaiah's enthusiastic message about this king as the one who set the Jewish people free from their exile in Babylon. This article, however, will deal with a Cyrus who lived some thousand years later, c.400–70 CE. Cyrus of Panopolis was well known in his day as politician, as (re)builder of Constantinople, as bishop, and as poet. I will first present a short biographical sketch of this remarkable man and thereafter dwell a bit longer upon his poetry.
Positivity of the two-dimensional Brown—Ravenhall operator
Authors: Walter Stefan
Published: September 2012

We determine the critical coupling of the two-dimensional Brown–Ravenhall operator with Coulomb potential. Boundedness from below has essentially been proven by Bouzouina. However, that work contains a trivial error leading to an incorrect constant that is exactly half of the actual critical constant. Furthermore, we show that the operator is in fact positive. Our proof of that is, for the most part, analogous to Tix's proof of the corresponding result for the three-dimensional operator.
Deep mesoscale eddies in the Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean
Authors: Carpenter J. R. , Timmermans M.‐L.
Published: September 2012

Numerous eddies have been identified in a seven year time series of mooring observations in the Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean. We focus on a series of deep eddies centered at ∼1200 m depth, and occupying up to 1500 m of the water column. The deep eddies are found to be spatially localized, only ever being observed at one of four mooring sites of the Beaufort Gyre Observing System in the Canada Basin. However, despite only a few previously reported observations of deep eddies in the Arctic Ocean, we find that they are the most prevalent eddy‐type at this location. Based on this observation, together with an analysis of the temperature‐salinity structure, and the exclusively anticyclonic rotation of the deep eddies, we hypothesize that they are formed by a density‐driven outflow from the Chukchi Borderland region. We also describe a simple analytical model to explain the observed vertical scales of the eddies.
Uncertainty in the ENSO amplitude change from the past to the future
Authors: Watanabe Masahiro , Kug Jong‐Seong , Jin Fei‐Fei , Collins Mat , Ohba Masamichi , Wittenberg Andrew T.
Published: September 2012

Due to errors in complex coupled feedbacks that compensate differently in different global climate models, as well as nonlinear nature of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO), there remain difficulties in detecting and evaluating the reason for the past and future changes in the ENSO amplitude,σniño. Here we use physics parameter ensembles, in which error compensation was eliminated by perturbing model parameters, to explore relationships between mean climate and variability. With four such ensembles we find a strong relationship between σniño and the mean precipitation over the eastern equatorial Pacific (
). This involves a two‐way interaction, in which the wetter mean state with greater
acts to increase the ENSO amplitude by strengthening positive coupled feedbacks. Such a relationship is also identified in 11 single‐model historical climate simulations in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 despite mean precipitation biases apparently masking the relationship in the multi‐model ensemble (MME). Taking changes inσniño and
between pre‐industrial and recent periods eliminates the bias, and therefore results in a robustσniño–
connection in MME, which suggests a 10–15% increase in the ENSO amplitude since pre‐industrial era mainly due to changing mean state. However, theσniño–
connection is less clear for their future changes, which are still greatly uncertain.
New detection of tremor triggered in Hokkaido, northern Japan by the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake
Authors: Obara Kazushige
Published: September 2012

The transient stress change caused by the passage of surface waves resulting from the 26 December 2004 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake triggered seismic tremor in two regions in Hokkaido, in the northernmost part of the Japanese islands, where tectonic tremor associated with the subducting plate has not previously been detected. The amplitude pattern of the tremor envelope in both regions is characterized by a periodic enhancement at an interval of about 20 s, which correlates with the surface wave. One tremor that was triggered in central Hokkaido at a depth of around 10–20 km coincides with active seismicity linked to previously known, deep low‐frequency microearthquakes related to volcanic activity. Another tremor occurred in northernmost Hokkaido, where there are no known active faults, volcanoes, or microearthquake seismicity. If the source of the northern tremor is located near the ground surface, it would be possible that the tremor is related to fluid pressure change, because the periodic enhancement of tremor amplitude is in phase with the largest compressional strain caused by surface waves.
Ubiquitous low‐level liquid‐containing Arctic clouds: New observations and climate model constraints from CALIPSO‐GOCCP
Authors: Cesana G. , Kay J. E. , Chepfer H. , English J. M. , de Boer G.
Published: September 2012

Ground‐based observations show that persistent liquid‐containing Arctic clouds occur frequently and have a dominant influence on Arctic surface radiative fluxes. Yet, without a hemispheric multi‐year perspective, the climate relevance of these intriguing Arctic cloud observations was previously unknown. In this study, Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) observations are used to document cloud phase over the Arctic basin (60–82°N) during a five‐year period (2006–2011). Over Arctic ocean‐covered areas, low‐level liquid‐containing clouds are prevalent in all seasons, especially in Fall. These new CALIPSO observations provide a unique and climate‐relevant constraint on Arctic cloud processes. Evaluation of one climate model using a lidar simulator suggests a lack of liquid‐containing Arctic clouds contributes to a lack of “radiatively opaque” states. The surface radiation biases found in this one model are found in multiple models, highlighting the need for improved modeling of Arctic cloud phase.
Fine scale structures of pulsating auroras in the early recovery phase of substorm using ground‐based EMCCD camera
Authors: Nishiyama Takanori , Sakanoi Takeshi , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Kataoka Ryuho , Hampton Donald , Katoh Yuto , Asamura Kazushi , Okano Shoichi
Published: September 2012

We have carried out ground‐based observations, optimized to temporal and spatial characteristics of pulsating auroras (PAs) in the micro/meso scale, using an electron multiplying charge coupled device (EMCCD) camera with a wide field of view corresponding to 100 × 100 km at an altitude of 110 km and a high sampling rate up to 100 frames per second. We focus on transient PAs propagating southward around 1100 UT, in the early recovery phase of the substorm, on 4th March 2011. Three independent patches (PA1–3) each with different periods between 4 and 7 s were observed, which means that the periodicity was not explained by the electron bounce motion and strongly depended on local plasma conditions in the magnetosphere or in the ionosphere. One more insight is that only PA1 had also a sharp peak of modulations around 1.5 Hz, with a narrow frequency width of 0.30 Hz, and the strong modulations existed as a small spot in the center of PA1. We have also conducted cross spectrum analysis and have obtained coherence and phase distributions for auroral variations between 0.1 and 3.0 Hz. The results indicated that low frequency variations from 0.2 to 0.5 Hz inside PA1–3 propagated as a collective motion in well‐defined directions. The estimated horizontal propagation velocities ranged from 50 to 120 km/s at the auroral altitude. The velocities are almost consistent with the Alfven speed at the magnetic equator, which suggests that compressional waves have an effect on PA via modulations of the ambient plasma environment.
The Extended Thiem's solution: Including the impact of heterogeneity
Authors: Zech Alraune , Schneider Christoph L. , Attinger Sabine
Published: September 2012

In this study we present a formula for the hydraulic head describing the mean drawdown of a three dimensional steady state pumping test in heterogeneous anisotropic porous media effectively. By modeling the hydraulic conductivity
as spatial random function and using the upscaling method Coarse Graining we succeed in deriving a closed form solution hefw (r) which we understand as an extension of Thiem's formula to heterogeneous media. The solution hefw (r) does not only depend on the radial distance r but accounts also for the statistics of
, namely geometric mean KG, variance σ2, horizontal correlation length ℓ and anisotropy ratio e. We perform a sensitivity analysis on the parameters of hefw (r) and implement an inverse estimation strategy. Using numerical pumping tests we show the applicability of hefw (r) on the interpretation of drawdown data. This will be done for both, an ensemble of as well as for single pumping tests. Making use of the inverse estimation method we find excellent agreement of estimated parameters with initial values, in particular for the horizontal correlation length.