bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ambiguity and context-dependent overloading
Authors: Ribeiro Rodrigo , Camarão Carlos
Published: March 2013

This paper discusses ambiguity in the context of languages that support context-dependent overloading, such as Haskell. A type system for a Haskell-like programming language that supports context-dependent overloading and follow the Hindley-Milner approach of providing context-free type instantiation, allows distinct derivations of the same type for ambiguous expressions. Such expressions are usually rejected by the type inference algorithm, which is thus not complete with respect to the type system. Also, Haskell’s open world approach considers a definition of ambiguity that does not conform to the existence of two or more distinct type system derivations for the same type. The article presents an alternative approach, where the standard definition of ambiguity is followed. A type system is presented that allows only context-dependent type instantiation, enabling only one type to be derivable for each expression in a given typing context: the type of an expression can be instantiated only if required by the program context where the expression occurs. We define a notion of greatest instance type for each occurrence of an expression, which is used in the definition of a standard dictionary-passing semantics for core Haskell based on type system derivations, for which coherence is trivial. Type soundness is obtained as a result of disallowing all ambiguous expressions and all expressions involving unsatisfiability in the use of overloaded names. Following the standard definition of ambiguity, satisfiability is tested—i.e., “the world is closed” —if only if overloading is (or should have been) resolved, that is, if and only if there exist unreachable variables in the constraints on types of expressions. Nowadays, satisfiability is tested in Haskell, in the presence of multi-parameter type classes, only upon the presence of functional dependencies or an alternative mechanism that specifies conditions for closing the world, and that may happen when there exist or not unreachable type variables in constraints. The satisfiability trigger condition is then given automatically, by the existence of unreachable variables in constraints, and does not need to be specified by programmers, using an extra mechanism.
Bayesian Probabilistic Projections of Life Expectancy for All Countries
Authors: Raftery Adrian E. , Chunn Jennifer L. , Gerland Patrick , Ševčíková Hana
Published: March 2013

We propose a Bayesian hierarchical model for producing probabilistic forecasts of male period life expectancy at birth for all the countries of the world to 2100. Such forecasts would be an input to the production of probabilistic population projections for all countries, which is currently being considered by the United Nations. To evaluate the method, we conducted an out-of-sample cross-validation experiment, fitting the model to the data from 1950–1995 and using the estimated model to forecast for the subsequent 10 years. The 10-year predictions had a mean absolute error of about 1 year, about 40 % less than the current UN methodology. The probabilistic forecasts were calibrated in the sense that, for example, the 80 % prediction intervals contained the truth about 80 % of the time. We illustrate our method with results from Madagascar (a typical country with steadily improving life expectancy), Latvia (a country that has had a mortality crisis), and Japan (a leading country). We also show aggregated results for South Asia, a region with eight countries. Free, publicly available R software packages called bayesLife and bayesDem are available to implement the method.
The (Dis)similarity of a Minority Religion to Its Broader Religious Context: The Case of American Jews
Authors: Hartman Harriet , Sheskin Ira M.
Published: March 2013

While much research shows the relationship between individual-level variables, such as Jewish background, education, age, and income and an individual's Jewish identity, very little research has systematically addressed the question of community context, either general or Jewish, as a factor influencing Jewish religious or ethnic identity. This lack of research has been partially a result of the lack of an adequate data set to facilitate such analysis. Using the newly-aggregated Decade 2000 data set, with its 19,800 cases spread across 22 Jewish communities, we find that despite the anecdotal evidence and the logic that suggests that environment impacts behavior, the environmental impact on Jewish identity is clearly weak. Individual characteristics are much stronger than community context in explaining variations in the strength of Jewish identity.
Written narrative feedback, reflections and action plans in single-encounter
observations: an observational study
Authors: Pelgrim Elisabeth A. M. , Kramer Anneke W. M. , Mokkink Henk G. A. , Van der Vleuten Cees P. M.
Published: March 2013

None
Optimal limiting embeddings for Δ-reduced Sobolev spaces in \( L^{1} \)
Authors: Fontana Luigi , Morpurgo Carlo
Published: March 2013

We prove sharp embedding inequalities for certain reduced Sobolev spaces that arise naturally in the context of Dirichlet problems with

L^{1}

data. We also find the optimal target spaces for such embeddings, which in dimension 2 could be considered as limiting cases of the Hansson–Brezis–Wainger spaces, for the optimal embeddings of borderline Sobolev spaces

W_{0}^{k,n/ k}

.
Blow-up set for type I blowing up solutions for a semilinear heat equation
Authors: Fujishima Yohei , Ishige Kazuhiro
Published: March 2013

Let

u

be a type I blowing up solution of the Cauchy–Dirichlet problem for a semilinear heat equation,

\left\{\begin{matrix} \partial _{t}u = \mathrm{\Delta }u + u^{p}, & x \in \Omega ,\:t > 0, \\ u(x,t) = 0, & x \in \partial \Omega ,\:t > 0, \\ u(x,0) = \varphi (x), & x \in \Omega , \\ \end{matrix}\right.

where

\Omega

is a (possibly unbounded) domain in

\mathbf{R}^{N}

,

N \geq 1

, and

p > 1

. We prove that, if

\varphi \in L^{\infty }(\Omega ) \cap L^{q}(\Omega )

for some

q \in [1,\infty)

, then the blow-up set of the solution
u
is bounded. Furthermore, we give a sufficient condition for type I blowing up solutions not to blow up on the boundary of the domain

\Omega

. This enables us to prove that, if

\Omega

is an annulus, then the radially symmetric solutions of (

P

) do not blow up on the boundary

\partial\Omega

.
Developmental regulation of neuronal genes by DNA methylation: Environmental influences
Authors: Wilson Melinda E. , Sengoku Tomoko
Published: March 2013

Steroid hormones have wide‐ranging organizational, activational and protective actions in the brain. In particular, the organizational effects of early exposure to 17β‐estradiol (E2) and glucocorticoids are essential for long‐lasting behavioral and cognitive functions. Both steroid hormones mediate many of their actions through intracellular receptors that act as transcription factors. In the rodent cerebral cortex, estrogen receptor mRNA and protein expression are high early in postnatal life and declines dramatically as the animal approaches puberty. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving this developmental regulation of gene expression is critical for understanding the complex events that determine lasting brain physiology and prime the plasticity of neurons. Gene expression can be suppressed by the epigenetic modification of the promoter regions by DNA methylation that results in gene silencing. Indeed, the decrease in ERα mRNA expression in the cortex during development is accompanied by an increase in promoter methylation. Numerous environmental stimuli can alter the DNA methylation that occurs for ERα, glucocorticoid receptors, as well as many other critical genes involved in neuronal development. For example, maternal behavior toward pups can alter epigenetic regulation of ERα mRNA expression. Additionally perinatal stress and exposure to environmental estrogens can also have lasting effects on gene expression by modifying DNA methylation of these important genes. Taken together, there appears to be a critical window during development where, outside factors that alter epigenetic programming can have lasting effects on neuronal gene expression.
4D ultrasound evaluation of fetal facial expressions during the latter stages of the second trimester
Authors: Kanenishi Kenji , Hanaoka Uiko , Noguchi Junko , Marumo Genzo , Hata Toshiyuki
Published: March 2013

Objective

To assess the frequency of fetal facial expressions at 25–27 weeks of gestation using 4D ultrasound.

Methods

Twenty‐four normal fetuses were examined using 4D ultrasound. The face of each fetus was recorded continuously for 15 minutes. The frequencies of tongue expulsion, yawning, sucking, mouthing, blinking, scowling, and smiling were assessed and compared with those observed at 28–34 weeks of gestation in a previous study.

Results

Mouthing was the most common facial expression at 25–27 weeks of gestation; the frequency of mouthing was significantly higher than that of the other 6 facial expressions (P < 0.05). Yawning was significantly more frequent than the other facial expressions, apart from mouthing (P < 0.05). The frequencies of yawning, smiling, tongue expulsion, sucking, and blinking differed significantly between 25–27 and 28–34 weeks (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The results indicate that facial expressions can be used as an indicator of normal fetal neurologic development from the second to the third trimester. 4D ultrasound may be a valuable tool for assessing fetal neurobehavioral development during gestation.
Is gold the best hedge and a safe haven under changing stock market volatility?
Authors: Hood Matthew , Malik Farooq
Published: March 2013

We evaluate the role of gold and other precious metals relative to volatility (Volatility Index (VIX)) as a hedge (negatively correlated with stocks) and safe haven (negatively correlated with stocks in extreme stock market declines) using data from the US stock market. Using daily data from November 1995 to November 2010, we find that gold, unlike other precious metals, serves as a hedge and a weak safe haven for US stock market. However, we find that VIX serves as a very strong hedge and a strong safe haven during our sample period. We also find that in periods of extremely low or high volatility, gold does not have a negative correlation with the US stock market. Our results show that VIX is a superior hedging tool and serves as a better safe haven than gold during our sample period. We highlight the practical significance of our results for financial market participants by conducting a portfolio analysis.
Thickness of the Earth’s crust in the deep Arctic Ocean: results of a 3D gravity modeling
Authors: Glebovsky V.Yu. , Astafurova E.G. , Chernykh A.A. , Korneva M.A. , Kaminsky V.D. , Poselov V.A.
Published: March 2013

The employed method of 3D gravity modeling is based on calculation of the gravity effects of the main density boundaries of the lithosphere, subtraction of these effects from the observed gravity field, and the subsequent conversion of the residual gravity anomalies first to the Moho depth and then to the total thickness of the Earth’s crust and the thickness of its consolidated part. On the modeling, we also took into account the gravity effects due to an increase in the sediment density with increasing sediment depth and a rise of the top of the asthenosphere beneath the mid-ocean Gakkel Ridge. The resulting 3D models of the Moho topography and crustal thickness are well consistent with the data of deep seismic investigations. They confirm the significant differences in crustal structure between the Eurasian and Amerasian Basins and give an idea of the regional variations in crustal thickness beneath the major ridges and basins of the Arctic Ocean.
Paleoproterozoic granitoids of the Chuya and Kutima complexes (southern Siberian craton): age, petrogenesis, and geodynamic setting
Authors: Donskaya T.V. , Gladkochub D.P. , Mazukabzov A.M. , Presnyakov S.L. , Bayanova T.B.
Published: March 2013

Detailed geochemical, isotope, and geochronological studies were carried out for the granitoids of the Chuya and Kutima complexes in the Baikal marginal salient of the Siberian craton basement. The obtained results indicate that the granitoids of both complexes are confined to the same tectonic structure (Akitkan fold belt) and are of similar absolute age. U–Pb zircon dating of the Kutima granites yielded an age of 2019 ± 16 Ma, which nearly coincides with the age of 2020 ± 12 Ma obtained earlier for the granitoids of the Chuya complex. Despite the close ages, the granitoids of these complexes differ considerably in geochemical characteristics. The granitoids of the Chuya complex correspond in composition to calcic and calc-alkalic peraluminous trondhjemites, and the granites of the Kutima complex, to calc-alkalic and alkali-calcic peraluminous granites. The granites of the Chuya complex are similar to rocks of the tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) series and are close in CaO, Sr, and Ba contents to I-type granites. The granites of the Kutima complex are similar in contents of major oxides to oxidized A-type granites. Study of the Nd isotope composition of the Chuya and Kutima granitoids showed their close positive values of εNd(T) (+ 1.9 to + 3.5), which indicates that both rocks formed from sources with a short crustal history. Based on petrogeochemical data, it has been established that the Chuya granitoids might have been formed through the melting of a metabasitic source, whereas the Kutima granites, through the melting of a crustal source of quartz–feldspathic composition. Estimation of the PT-conditions of granitoid melt crystallization shows that the Chuya granitoids formed at 735–776 °C (zircon saturation temperature) and > 10 kbar and the Kutima granites, at 819–920 °C and > 10 kbar. It is assumed that the granitoids of both complexes formed in thickened continental crust within an accretionary orogen.
Solving unsolvable problems in stratigraphy (Comments to the paper “New data on the magnetostratigraphy of the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary interval, Nordvik Peninsula (northern East Siberia)” by V.Yu. Bragin, O.S. Dzyuba, A.Yu. Kazansky, and B.N. Shurygin)
Authors: Guzhikov A.Yu.
Published: March 2013

In this study we analyze the importance of new magnetostratigraphic data on the Nordvik section for solving the problem of detailed Tethyan–Boreal correlation around the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary with a special emphasis on the aspects of interpretation of the paleomagnetic data in magnetostratigraphic studies and the need for the integrated (paleontological and paleomagnetic) approach to recognition of the base of the Berriasian.
Edges in models of shear flow
Authors: Lebovitz Norman , Mariotti Giulio
Published: March 2013

A characteristic feature of the onset of turbulence in shear flows is the appearance of an ‘edge’, a codimension-one invariant manifold that separates ‘lower’ orbits, which decay directly to the laminar state, from ‘upper’ orbits, which decay more slowly and less directly. The object of this paper is to elucidate the structure of the edge that makes this behaviour possible. To this end we consider a succession of low-dimensional models. In doing this we isolate geometric features that are robust under increase of dimension and are therefore candidates for explaining analogous features in higher dimension. We find that the edge, which is the stable manifold of a ‘lower-branch’ state, winds endlessly around an ‘upper-branch’ state in such a way that upper orbits are able to circumnavigate the edge and return to the laminar state.
Transient force generation during impulsive rotation of wall-mounted panels
Authors: Pierides Alexis , Elzawawy Amir , Andreopoulos Yiannis
Published: March 2013

Square and triangular shape actuator panels mounted on the wall of a wind tunnel beneath an air flow have been impulsively rotated with an angular velocity between 3 and $26~\mathrm{rad} ~{\mathrm{s} }^{- 1} $. A custom-designed balance was used to measure the time-dependent lift and drag forces during the deployment of the actuator, the position of which was monitored by a digital encoder. The measured forces have been compensated for inertia effects which are significant. The results indicated that all lift and drag force coefficients during the transient deployment are different than the corresponding coefficients under stationary conditions at the same deployment angle. It was found that these dynamic effects are augmented with increasing velocity ratio $\mathit{Str}$. The square actuator was found to have better aerodynamic performance than the triangular ones. Additional experiments within different boundary layers reveal that the generated unsteady forces on the moving panels are affected by the characteristics of the incoming boundary layers. The results showed that the thinner the boundary layer is the higher the forces are. Time-resolved flow visualization studies indicated that during the deployment of the panel the upstream turbulent boundary layer structures and the free stream fluid are decelerated and squeezed in the longitudinal direction as they approach the moving plate. A very thin and highly sheared wall layer develops over the moving panel, it generates a substantial amount of vorticity and it subsequently separates from the three edges of the panel to form a large-scale ring-like vortical structure which is responsible for the transient augmentation of the aerodynamic forces. This structure consists of wrapped around separated shear layers which contain pockets of compressed eddies and free stream fluid originated in the upstream incoming boundary layer and free stream. A horseshoe vortex starts to form over the moving plate and during the final stages of deployment it has been moved upstream while the incoming boundary layer turbulent structures are pushed and diverted upwards.
Variable density and viscosity, miscible displacements in horizontal Hele-Shaw cells. Part 1. Linear stability analysis
Authors: Talon L. , Goyal N. , Meiburg E.
Published: March 2013

A computational investigation of variable density and viscosity, miscible displacements in horizontal Hele-Shaw cells is presented. As a first step, two-dimensional base states are obtained by means of simulations of the Stokes equations, which are nonlinear due to the dependence of the viscosity on the local concentration. Here, the vertical position of the displacement front is seen to reach a quasisteady equilibrium value, reflecting a balance between viscous and gravitational forces. These base states allow for two instability modes: first, there is the familiar tip instability driven by the unfavourable viscosity contrast of the displacement, which is modulated by the presence of density variations in the gravitational field; second, a gravitational instability occurs at the unstably stratified horizontal interface along the side of the finger. Both of these instability modes are investigated by means of a linear stability analysis. The gravitational mode along the side of the finger is characterized by a wavelength of about one half to one full gap width. It becomes more unstable as the gravity parameter increases, even though the interface is shifted closer to the wall. The growth rate is largest far behind the finger tip, where the interface is both thicker, and located closer to the wall, than near the finger tip. The competing influences of interface thickness and wall proximity are clarified by means of a parametric stability analysis. The tip instability mode represents a gravity-modulated version of the neutrally buoyant mode. The analysis shows that in the presence of density stratification its growth rate increases, while the dominant wavelength decreases. This overall destabilizing effect of gravity is due to the additional terms appearing in the stability equations, which outweigh the stabilizing effects of gravity onto the base state.
Nonlinear analysis of shock–vortex interaction: Mach stem formation
Authors: Clavin Paul
Published: March 2013

Shock–vortex interaction is analysed for strong gaseous shock waves and a ratio of specific heats close to unity. A nonlinear wave equation for the wrinkles of the shock front is obtained for weak vortices. The solution breaks down after a finite time and the slope of the front develops jump discontinuities, indicating the formation of Mach stems. Shock–turbulence interactions are also briefly discussed.
Thermal boundary layer structure in turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection in a rectangular cell
Authors: Zhou Quan , Xia Ke-Qing
Published: March 2013

We report high-spatial-resolution measurements of the thermal boundary layer (BL) properties in turbulent thermal convection. The experiment was made near the lower conducting plate of a water-filled rectangular convection cell of height 0.76 m, with a Prandtl number$\mathit{Pr}= 4. 3$and over the Rayleigh-number range$2\times 1{0}^{10} \lt \mathit{Ra}\lt 7\times 1{0}^{11} $. Time series of the local temperature at various vertical distance$z$from the plate were measured. Statistical properties of the profiles of the temperature, i.e. the mean temperature$\langle T\rangle $, fluctuating temperature root mean square (r.m.s.)${\sigma }_{T} $, temperature skewness${S}_{T} $, and flatness${F}_{T} $, and those of the temperature time derivative, i.e. the r.m.s.${ \sigma }_{T}^{\prime } $, skewness${ S}_{T}^{\prime } $and flatness${ F}_{T}^{\prime } $of the derivative, are studied. It is found that most of these quantities exhibit some degree of invariability with$\mathit{Ra}$, especially for the regime inside the thermal BL. When comparing with the mean temperature profiles, the profiles of the second moment of temperature seem to possess a higher level of universality. It is shown that the distance${\delta }_{\sigma } $from the plate to the maximal temperature r.m.s. position provides a natural length scale for the characterization of the thermal BL, as the statistical properties of the temperature field, such as its r.m.s., skewness and flatness, are all sharply different below and above this length scale, i.e. below${\delta }_{\sigma } $,${\sigma }_{T} $increases linearly with the vertical distance$z$from the plate and${S}_{T} $is close to zero and${F}_{T} $is close to three and both quantities remains nearly constant, whereas above${\delta }_{\sigma } $the decay of${\sigma }_{T} $obeys a logarithmic behaviour and${S}_{T} $and${F}_{T} $both exhibit a hill-like structure. It is also found that near the plate$\langle T\rangle $,${\sigma }_{T} $and${ \sigma }_{T}^{\prime } $all increase linearly with$z$. Our observations further reveal that such linear dependence occurs within a self-similar region of the thermal BL, where the temperature probability density functions can be scaled onto a single distribution that differs slightly from the Gaussian distribution. The$\mathit{Ra}$-dependencies of various thermal BL properties are also studied and our results yield${\delta }_{th} / H= (6. 85\pm 0. 70){\mathit{Ra}}^{- 0. 33\pm 0. 03} $,${\delta }_{\sigma } / H= (2. 86\pm 0. 30){\mathit{Ra}}^{- 0. 31\pm 0. 03} $and${ \delta }_{\sigma }^{\prime } / H= (25\pm 3){\mathit{Ra}}^{- 0. 38\pm 0. 05} $, where$H$is the height of the cell,${\delta }_{th} $and${ \delta }_{\sigma }^{\prime } $are the BL thicknesses determined respectively from the profiles of$\langle T\rangle $and${ \sigma }_{T}^{\prime } $.
Zero-R2Hedge Funds and Market Neutrality
Authors: Bollen Nicolas P. B.
Published: March 2013

Factor models yield an R2 insignificantly different from 0 for one-third of hedge funds in a broad sample. These funds illustrate the concept of market neutrality and feature lower volatilities, higher Sharpe ratios, and higher alphas than other funds, indicating that they provide a successful alternative investment. However, large portfolios of zero-R2 funds contain fully half the volatility of portfolios of other funds, suggesting that they feature substantial systematic risk. Furthermore, these funds display an increased probability of failure even after controlling for idiosyncratic volatility. These results indicate the presence of an omitted factor that exposes investors to significant downside risk.
A Document Of Debatable Value – A Case Study Into The Use Of Master-Pilot Exchange Documentation In Selected UK Ports
Authors: Wild Richard , Constable Kevin
Published: March 2013

This paper will demonstrate that the Master Pilot Exchange (MPX) is a document of debatable value in pilotage waters. The MPX exists in many formats which are designed to reflect local navigational challenges and port requirements. A generic form exists which can aid the design of local MPX forms. Both the generic and port MPX forms may require the recording of information that has a neutral outcome on the planned act of pilotage. Analysis of significant incidents suggests that investigation recommendations are not consistently reflected in MPX forms and there is a gap between what should be recorded and reality.
Is aspirin still the drug of choice for management of patients with peripheral arterial disease?
Authors: Poredos Pavel , Jezovnik Mateja K.
Published: March 2013

Antiplatelet drugs represent one of the basic options for management of patients with different atherosclerotic diseases. Aspirin is the oldest and most often prescribed antiplatelet drug. The efficacy of aspirin depends on the clinical characteristics of the treated population and probably also on the type or location of atherosclerotic disease. It seems that it is most effective in coronary patients with clinically unstable disease, less effective in prevention of cerebrovascular incidents, and its efficacy is uncertain in peripheral artery disease (PAD) patients. One of the first meta-analyses (Antithrombotic Trialists Collaboration - ATC) indicated that antiplatelet drugs also significantly reduce cardiovascular events in patients with PAD. However, only one third of the PAD patients included were treated with aspirin, while the rest received other anti-platelet drugs. The latest ATC meta-analysis of randomized control trials of aspirin therapy involving patients with diabetes and PAD demonstrated no benefit of aspirin in reducing cardiovascular events. Also in patients with preclinical PAD (pathological ankle brachial index) aspirin did not result in a significant reduction of vascular events. The new anti-platelet drugs prasugrel, ticagrelor and picotamide seem to be more effective than aspirin in PAD patients, particularly in diabetic patients with PAD. In conclusion, antiplatelet drugs are effective in prevention of cardiovascular events in different atherosclerotic diseases, including PAD. However, recent studies indicated that in PAD patients aspirin is less effective than in coronary artery disease. New anti-platelet drugs showed marginal superiority over aspirin without definite advantages. Aspirin thus remains the first line of antiplatelet drug for secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in PAD patients and clopidogrel as its effective alternative. Further, new studies on PAD patients are necessary to better define the role of anti-platelet agents in these patients and one of the promising ways of access to anti-platelet treatment would be personalized anti-platelet therapy.
Impact of atherosclerotic risk factors on different ankle-brachial-index criteria - results of the Heinz Nixdorf recall study
Authors: Kröger Knut , Lehmann Nils , Moebus Susanne , Schmermund Axel , Stang Andreas , Kälsch Hagen , Bauer Marcus , Jöckel Karl-Heinz , Erbel Raimund , Möhlenkamp Stephan
Published: March 2013

Background: On the basis of the Heinz Nixdorf RECALL Study (HNR) we estimated the impact of classical atherosclerotic risk factors on different ankle-brachial-index (ABI) criteria. Patients and methods: In a subgroup of participants (n = 2586) who had normal ABI at baseline ABI measurement was repeated at a 5 years follow-up and 3 different ABIs were defined: ABI-high calculated from the higher pressure, ABI-low from the lower pressure of both foot arteries of each leg. Pure-ABI-low was defined by exclusion of participants with ABI-high from those with ABI-low. Mönckebergs Mediacalcinosis (MC) was accepted in case of ABI-high > 1.4 in one leg. Results: According to ABI-high 2 %, to ABI-low 7.8 % and pure-ABI-low 5.8 % of the participants developed peripheral arterial disease (PAD) (ABI < 0.9) and 3.6 % developed MC within the 5 years. Age did not play any role whereas female gender, diabetes mellitus and smoking were associated with an increased relative risk of pathologic ABI-high and ABI-low. Looking at the pure-ABI-low group only, female gender and smoking showed significant associations. None of the analysed risk factors except gender had an impact on the development of MC. Conclusions: Classical risk factors have different impact on incidence of PAD as defined by different ABI criteria.
Von der Gruppe zum Team
Authors: Eberhardt Doris
Published: March 2013

Das Führen und Begleiten von Gruppen ist wesentlicher Bestandteil der Aufgaben von Lehrpersonen. Das folgende Praxisbeispiel zeigt konkrete Möglichkeiten auf, wie sich eine Anfangssituation in Gruppen gestalten lässt, die für längere Zeit zusammenarbeiten werden.
Gruppenpuzzle – eine Methode, die geübt sein will!
Authors: Keikert Eva-Maria , Schneider Kordula , Wardenbach Christine
Published: March 2013

Die Methode „Gruppenpuzzle“ erfährt seit geraumer Zeit vor allem innerhalb des kooperativen Lernens großen Zuspruch innerhalb der Lehrerschaft. Die Vorbereitung ist jedoch zeitaufwändig und bei der Durchführung kann man auf zahlreiche Stolpersteine treffen. Der folgende Leitfaden könnte helfen, einigen Fehlern aus dem Weg zu gehen.
Die mündliche Gruppenprüfung – ein Experiment wird zum Erfolg
Authors: Elsner Heike
Published: March 2013

Eine mündliche Gruppenprüfung als Bestandteil der beruferechtlichen Abschlussprüfung in der Pflege durchzuführen, ist eine Herausforderung − und zugleich eine Bereicherung für Prüferinnen und Prüfungskandidatinnen. Der folgende Erfahrungsbericht aus dem Pflegebildungszentrum der St. Marien-Hospital gGmbH in Düren Birkesdorf gibt Einblicke in dieses Experiment.
Chronische Krankheit im Alltag bewältigen
Authors: Müller Annette
Published: March 2013

Patienten- und Angehörigenedukation sollten systematisch erfolgen, nach dem Motto: „Was wir nicht benennen können, lässt sich nicht kontrollieren, finanzieren, lehren, erforschen und praktisch umsetzen“ (Clark & Lang, 1992, Übers. d. Red.), gilt auch für die Patienten- und Angehörigenedukation mit den pflegerischen Aktivitäten informieren, schulen und beraten. Das Konzept der kooperativen Pflegeberatung von Hüper und Hellige (2007) kann eine handlungsleitende Basis bieten.
Habitat degradation impacts black howler monkey (Alouatta pigra) gastrointestinal microbiomes
Authors: Amato Katherine R , Yeoman Carl J , Kent Angela , Righini Nicoletta , Carbonero Franck , Estrada Alejandro , Rex Gaskins H , Stumpf Rebecca M , Yildirim Suleyman , Torralba Manolito , Gillis Marcus , Wilson Brenda A , Nelson Karen E , White Bryan A , Leigh Steven R
Published: March 2013

The gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome contributes significantly to host nutrition and health. However, relationships involving GI microbes, their hosts and host macrohabitats remain to be established. Here, we define clear patterns of variation in the GI microbiomes of six groups of Mexican black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) occupying a gradation of habitats including a continuous evergreen rainforest, an evergreen rainforest fragment, a continuous semi-deciduous forest and captivity. High throughput microbial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing indicated that diversity, richness and composition of howler GI microbiomes varied with host habitat in relation to diet. Howlers occupying suboptimal habitats consumed less diverse diets and correspondingly had less diverse gut microbiomes. Quantitative real-time PCR also revealed a reduction in the number of genes related to butyrate production and hydrogen metabolism in the microbiomes of howlers occupying suboptimal habitats, which may impact host health.
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii thermal tolerance enhancement mediated by a mutualistic interaction with vitamin B12-producing bacteria
Authors: Xie Bo , Bishop Shawn , Stessman Dan , Wright David , Spalding Martin H , Halverson Larry J
Published: March 2013

Temperature is one of the most important environmental factors affecting the growth and survival of microorganisms and in light of current global patterns is of particular interest. Here, we highlight studies revealing how vitamin B12 (cobalamin)-producing bacteria increase the fitness of the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii following an increase in environmental temperature. Heat stress represses C. reinhardtii cobalamin-independent methionine synthase (METE) gene expression coinciding with a reduction in METE-mediated methionine synthase activity, chlorosis and cell death during heat stress. However, in the presence of cobalamin-producing bacteria or exogenous cobalamin amendments C. reinhardtii cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase METH-mediated methionine biosynthesis is functional at temperatures that result in C. reinhardtii death in the absence of cobalamin. Artificial microRNA silencing of C. reinhardtii METH expression leads to nearly complete loss of cobalamin-mediated enhancement of thermal tolerance. This suggests that methionine biosynthesis is an essential cellular mechanism for adaptation by C. reinhardtii to thermal stress. Increased fitness advantage of METH under environmentally stressful conditions could explain the selective pressure for retaining the METH gene in algae and the apparent independent loss of the METE gene in various algal species. Our results show that how an organism acclimates to a change in its abiotic environment depends critically on co-occurring species, the nature of that interaction, and how those species interactions evolve.
microRNA-138 plays a role in hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodelling by targeting Mst1
Authors: Li Shanshan , Ran Yajuan , Zhang Dandan , Chen Jianguo , Li Shuzhen , Zhu Daling
Published: March 2013

Unbalanced apoptosis is a major cause of structural remodelling of vasculatures associated with PAH (pulmonary arterial hypertension), whereas the underlying mechanisms are still elusive. miRNAs (microRNAs) regulate the expression of several proteins that are important for cell fate, including differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. It is possible that these regulatory RNA molecules play a role in the development of PAH. To test this hypothesis, we studied the effect of several miRNAs on the apoptosis of cultured PASMCs (pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells) and identified miR-138 to be an important player. miR-138 was expressed in PASMCs, and its expression was subjected to regulation by hypoxia. Expression of exogenous miR-138 suppressed PASMC apoptosis, prevented caspase activation and disrupted Bcl-2 signalling. The serine/threonine kinase Mst1, an amplifier of cell apoptosis, seemed to be a target of miR-138, and the activation of the Akt pathway was necessary for the anti-apoptotic effect of miR-138. Therefore the results of the present study suggest that miR-138 appears to be a negative regulator of PASMC apoptosis, and plays an important role in HPVR (hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodelling).
Non-canonical functions of the DNA methylome in gene regulation
Authors: Reddington James P. , Pennings Sari , Meehan Richard R.
Published: March 2013

Methylation of the cytosine base in DNA, DNA methylation, is an essential epigenetic mark in mammals that contributes to the regulation of transcription. Several advances have been made in this area in recent years, leading to a leap forward in our understanding of how this pathway contributes to gene regulation during embryonic development, and the functional consequences of its perturbation in human disease. Critical to these advances is a comprehension of the genomic distribution of modified cytosine bases in unprecedented detail, drawing attention to genomic regions beyond gene promoters. In addition, we have a more complete understanding of the multifactorial manner by which DNA methylation influences gene regulation at the molecular level, and which genes rely directly on the DNA methylome for their normal transcriptional regulation. It is becoming apparent that a major role of DNA modification is to act as a relatively stable, and mitotically heritable, template that contributes to the establishment and maintenance of chromatin states. In this regard, interplay is emerging between DNA methylation and the PcG (Polycomb group) proteins, which act as evolutionarily conserved mediators of cell identity. In the present paper we review these aspects of DNA methylation, and discuss how a multifunctional view of DNA modification as an integral part of chromatin organization is influencing our understanding of this epigenetic mark's contribution to transcriptional regulation.
Simulation of overhead transmission line insulators under desert environments
Authors: Gouda Osama E. , El Dein Adel Z.
Published: March 2013

Till today, flashover because of pollution of insulators of overhead transmission lines (OHTL) is a major source of trouble in the electrical power transmission system. The importance of this problem can be assessed from fault statistics of high‐voltage transmission lines. In Egypt, for example, about 82% of the total faults of transmission and distribution OHTL are because of pollution. This study deals with laboratory tests, which have been carried out on polluted insulators of the OHTL that simulate desert environments. In this study, the effect of the variation of conductivity of the polluted layer by means of equivalent salt deposit density on flashover voltage (FOV) is investigated. The effect of variation of conductivity of the polluted, layer along the time required by the procedure needed to form dew, on FOV is also studied. This study is useful for indicating the worst period after the formation of dew, where the probability of flashover is increased.
Fodder yield and quality in forage sorghum: scope for improvement through diverse male sterile cytoplasms
Authors: Aruna C. , Shrotria P. K. , Pahuja S. K. , Umakanth A. V. , Bhat B. Venkatesh , Devender A. Vishala , Patil J. V.
Published: March 2013

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) has proved to be an effective and efficient genetic tool in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) hybrid breeding programs. The A1 (milo cytoplasm) CMS type has been widely exploited to produce both commercial grain and forage sorghum hybrids. To explore the possibility of using alternative CMS (non-milo cytoplasm) sources, we studied the effect of cytoplasm on forage yield and quality in sorghum. Nine female (CMS) lines (representing three each in A1, A2, and A3 cytoplasms) and five male lines were used to generate 45 hybrids, which were evaluated in three environments. Cytoplasm and its first-order interaction with location and male and female lines showed the presence of a cytoplasmic effect on the majority of fodder yield and quality traits examined. The CMS lines possessing A3 cytoplasm (A3N213 and A3N193) were good combiners for important fodder yield and quality traits. For hydrocyanic acid, the CMS lines possessing A1 cytoplasm were good combiners. Mean performance of hybrids and combining ability analysis of parents revealed that A3 cytoplasm can be used along with the widely used A1 cytoplasm, which helps in the diversification of the male sterile base of forage sorghum hybrids.
Quantification of vegetative development of faba bean, oats, and Italian ryegrass
Authors: Mohammed Yusoff M. , Moot D. J. , McKenzie B. A. , Hill G. D.
Published: March 2013

This study quantified the relationship between vegetative development and temperature of ‘Old New Zealand’ faba bean, ‘Milton’ oats, and ‘Feast II’ Italian ryegrass using thermal time (Tt, degree-days) calculations. Each species was sown on five dates in autumn and winter 2008 and three dates in autumn 2009. The linear model for rate of development calculated the Tt requirement of faba bean for 75% emergence as 217 degree-days (base temperature (Tb) = 1.2°C), compared with 132 (Tb = 1.6°C) for oats and 132 (Tb = 1.8°C) for Italian ryegrass. Leaf appearance had a Tb of 2.4°C for faba bean, 3.0°C for oats, and 0.7°C for Italian ryegrass. The mean phyllochron (degree-days leaf–1) was 66 ± 1 for faba bean, 123 ± 3.90 for oats, and 120 ± 4.21 for Italian ryegrass. Soil temperature at 20 mm depth was the most accurate predictor of Tb and the Tt requirements to reach 75% emergence. Conversely, air temperature on-site was required to predict the phyllochron for faba bean because of its elevated growing point. Either air or soil temperature at the experimental site or at a nearby meteorological station could be used to define the phyllochron for oats and Italian ryegrass. These results highlight the importance of both soil and air temperatures to accurately define vegetative development before the processes are included in simulation models for these winter annual forage crops.
On the conventionalisation and loss of pragmatic function of the passive in Late Modern English scientific discourse
Authors: Seoane Elena
Published: March 2013

This paper seeks to explain the radical decrease in the use of the passive voice in Present-day English scientific discourse. A number of different linguistic factors having been discounted in previous research, it is hypothesised here that passives are being omitted for two reasons. Firstly, they became conventionalised in scientific discourse and subsequently lost the pragmatic function which originally justified their high frequency in scientific texts. Secondly, over the course of the twentieth century two sociocultural circumstances converge that exert pressure on conventionalised passives to disappear, namely (i) the increasing competitiveness in the scientific community, and (ii) the democratisation of discourse. This hypothesis is tested in the present paper by analysing the function of passives in scientific discourse before the drop in frequency began, that is, in Late Modern English (1700–1900). With data from ARCHER and other sources I will try to show that passives in Late Modern scientific English exemplify the conventionalisation and loss of contextual function of pragmatic strategies, a scenario that, given the right sociohistorical conditions, leads to linguistic change.
Author manifestation and perceptions of self in Chinese academic discourse
Authors: Lee Tong King
Published: March 2013

This paper examines the manifestation of authorial identity in research articles by contrasting the phenomenon across two languages (English and Chinese) and three fields (Literature, Education, Chemistry). The study seeks to find patterns governing the use of self-mention devices among native Chinese and English writers, and to explain such patterns in terms of the Chinese perception of self. Based on a corpus-based investigation of pronominal and depersonalized forms of self-mention involving 180 research articles, the paper suggests that Chinese authors have a stronger tendency to use depersonalized forms over pronominal forms than their English counterparts. It is also found that in using first-person pronouns, Chinese authors in single-authored papers have a salient preference for the plural form, in particular the inclusive plural pronoun as compared to English authors. The paper attempts to link the linguistic phenomenon to the concept of the interdependent self inherent in Chinese social psychology, and proposes possible applications to research in bilingual scholarly writing and academic translation.
The development of the journey metaphor in political discourse
Authors: Cibulskienė Jurga
Published: March 2013

The present paper focuses on the variation and dynamics of cross-cultural conceptual metaphor national DEVELOPMENT is a journey in Lithuanian political discourse. The paper aims to answer the question: To what extent do we share the same or different understanding of politics as a journey? Employing Critical Metaphor Analysis (CMA) (Charteris-Black, 2005) as methodological background, an attempt is made to look at variation of conceptual metaphor and metaphorical linguistic expressions within one political party, i.e. the Conservative Party, but at different periods of time. It is assumed that linguistic metaphorical expressions underlying the conceptual metaphor NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IS a JOURNEY are likely to have a temporal character. The results show that metaphorical linguistic expressions underlying the JOURNEY metaphor alter significantly within one political discourse before joining the European Union and NATO and after it. Moreover, marked changes in conceptual metaphor have also been observed. Thus, the development of the JOURNEY metaphor shows ideological implications emerging in the political discourse of Lithuania.
Using money metaphors in banking discourse
Authors: Tomoni Bianca
Published: March 2013

Drawing on the theory of conceptual metaphors and on its socially and discursively oriented developments, this paper investigates the conceptualisation of money (and related notions like income, repayments, fees, interest rates or profit) in Romanian banking discourse. By analysing corpora composed of 74 documents issued by the National Bank of Romania (BNR) and by three other commercial banks, before and during the recent financial crisis, it aims to show how apparently unrelated metaphoric expressions (with source domains such as medicine, army or water) are in fact connected, giving rise to three coherent scenarios: a caring scenario, a physical force scenario and a river scenario. The article also highlights the role of (money) metaphor in persuading customers, creating identities and transferring ideologies.
Doing listenership
Authors: Holmes Janet , Marsden Sharon , Marra Meredith
Published: March 2013

The skills involved in contributing competently in workplace interaction include enacting attentive listenership and providing appropriate feedback to the talk of others. These sociopragmatic skills are often overlooked, and when non-native-like listener feedback does attract attention, cultural differences are commonly cited to account for differences observed. In this paper, we analyse data from recordings made by Chinese skilled migrants in New Zealand workplaces, focussing on their interactions with New Zealand mentors in authentic workplace encounters. We examine the range, frequency and placement of minimal audible feedback in their workplace talk, including a discussion of repetition and collaborative completions. The analysis provides evidence that overall, these learners have acquired appropriate norms for listenership in the New Zealand workplace contexts in which they have been placed, and supports an explanation which focuses on the negotiation and development of interactional norms in the process of joining a new social group.
The granny
Authors: Coupland Justine
Published: March 2013

The concept of ‘the granny’ is not uncommon in British media texts, in a range of stereotyped representations of older women and in (sometimes playful, sometimes serious) invocations of the grandmother role. ‘Granny parties’ are one genre of recreational social event where young people dress up as grannies. In this paper I bring together data from the media and from an ethnographic study of granny parties in order to assess the age-political and ideological significance of ‘granny’ in these very different contexts. In both cases, representations and performances prove to be fashioned dialectically, in relation to normative assumptions about grannies as conservative, passive and out-dated characters. Despite the ludic frames of many representations, it isargued that the granny concept recycles restrictive ideological values for gendered ageing.