bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimal Control for the Fuser System of Electro-Photographic Printer
Authors: Lee Ki Young , Park Jin Bae , Park Young Kook
Published: October 2015

In this paper, a linear quadratic Gaussian controller is proposed to achieve the robust temperature stability of the fuser system against measurement noise and system disturbance. The proposed controller is fitted to replace the PI controller and relative mathematical derivation is described. The system is implemented using MATLAB and SIMULINK with adding the noise and disturbance. Improvement of performance is verified by comparison with conventional PI controller results on several key factors of the fuser system.
Research on Extra-Atmospheric Aircraft Modeling and Control Based on Maneuvering Target
Authors: Liu Peng , Peng Cheng Yuan , Li Ge , Xue Feng , Liu Jia Qi
Published: October 2015

The extra-atmospheric aircraft model is established, and then the control system is designed. The control system consist of attitude control system and orbit control system, the attitude control system used PID controller and the orbit control system used augmented proportional navigation method. The traditional Proportional Navigation (PN) guidance law has higher accuracy. But for highly maneuvering targets, the accuracy of traditional PN guidance law is still not enough. An Augmented Proportional Navigation (APN) guidance law is designed, an acceleration compensation of the target is introduced on the basis of PN guidance law to overcome the effect of the acceleration on the guidance accuracy. And the engine control method is designed based on the fixed engine thrust. Simulation results indicated that, for homing against maneuverable targets, the APN guidance law is better than the PN guidance law in the following aspects: guidance accuracy is higher, miss distance is lower, interception time is shorter. And the new guidance law provides significant performance improvements over the commonly used classical proportional navigation law.
Object-Oriented Class Library for Resource Allocation Problems
Authors: Chekanin Vladislav A. , Chekanin Alexander V.
Published: October 2015

The object-oriented class library designed for solving various optimization problems of resource allocation, including problems of cutting materials and any dimensional packing problems, is described in this paper. The class library enables obtaining of suboptimal solutions of NP-completed resource allocation problems using standard evolutionary and modified heuristic optimization algorithms. The developed class library can be used in creation of an applied software for a wide class of optimization problems, including problems of resource allocation in storage systems and logistics, problems of cutting materials on machine tools with numerical control, scheduling problems and a large set of other practical problems.
Design of an Electromagnetic Servo Brake with ABS Function
Authors: Lostado Lorza Ruben , Somovilla Gomez Fatima , Corral Bobadilla Marina , Villanueva Pedro , Fernandez Martinez Roberto
Published: October 2015

The focus of this paper is to show a novel electromagnetic servo brake with ABS function. This electro-mechanical device is designed to be installed in mid-range commercial vehicles, and its operation is performed by the battery of the vehicle itself. A control system based on a linear controller was designed to regulate the electric current used by the servo brake. The device designed was constructed and experimentally validated using a test bench. The good agreement obtained from the experiments suggests that the servo brake with ABS function designed could be used in mid-range commercial vehicles in order to reduce the speed of the wheels while simultaneously preventing the wheels from locking safely.
Integral Sliding Mode Control of DC Servo-Driven Conveyor System
Authors: Ablay Günyaz , Eroğlu Yakup
Published: October 2015

DC servo systems which are utilized in many industries require efficient and robust control strategies for achieving specific duties accurately. An integral sliding mode control (ISMC) is designed for position control of DC servo-driven conveyor system in this work. The ISMC which maintains the robustness, linearization and systematic design procedure of the conventional sliding modes is aimed to solve robust position control problem under load uncertainties. Performance and robustness of the ISMC are compared with the PID controller. Numerical and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the validity, feasibility and effectiveness of the designed control technique.
Drag Analysis of Contractile Water Jet Locomoted Micro AUV in Laminar Fluid
Authors: Shaari Muhammad Farid
Published: October 2015

Drag analysis is vital to measure the performance of the autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) as well as the AUV thruster. Most of the previous drag studies is regarding to the shape and swimming method that contribute to the AUV performance. However, few attention was given on drag which influence the development of thruster. Hence, this research was conducted to analyze the drag of the micro AUV in a laminar fluid flow in order to find the optimum thrust that must be gained by a contractile water jet thruster (CWJT). Besides, these studies also focus on the dynamic pressure and skin friction that forms the total drag which acted on the AUV surface. Drag was measured by using pull technique and simulation technique for AUV speed below 0.5ms-1. The results show that the recorded drag was between 9.0 x 10-4N and 1.8 x 10-1N. The trend line between the simulation data and experimental data has no significant difference and thus it shows that the simulation data were verified. Both results exhibits that the drag increase tremendously regarding to the AUV speed increment.
Free Surface NC Machining Tool Path Optimization Algorithm Based on the Iso-Scallop Method
Authors: Cao Shu Kun , Deng Yong Hong , Zhang Kun , Liu Shi Ping , Meng Wen Jing
Published: October 2015

In order to solve the problem of free surface processing of tool redundancy,the tool lack problem, and the demerit of low machining efficiency, etc., based on the iso-scallop method, based on the iso-scallop method, we put forward a kind of free surface NC machining tool path optimization algorithm,make the surface boundary discrete point set, which is generated by point set ring machining path, diagonal connection and then use the path of the adjacent curve, forming cutting tool machining line.finally, the calculation of step size and line spacing in machining path based on the iso-scallop method and the process of feeding direction is optimized. Proved by the simulation process, the algorithm is feasible and can effectively avoid tool redundancy and tool lack problems,concesquently, processing efficiency improved significantly.
A Design of Microstrip Line Filter Using the Semicircle Defected Ground Structure
Authors: Chen Ping Cheng , Pan Chung Long , Qiu Y.C. , Jhuan G.P.
Published: October 2015

A design and simulation for microstrip line filter with semicircle defected ground structure has been researched. In this paper, simulated soft (Ansoft HFSS V.6.0) used to be simulated the frequency response under different parameters such as dimensions, amounts of SDGS.The results show good performance of SDGS in high cut-off frequency, erase of harmonic frequency, smaller dimension. Final, a filter with4.4GHz center frequency,high Q-factor had been design and fabricated.
Analysis of Earthing System Cabinet of Telekom Malaysia
Authors: Caulker David , Ramli Mohd Annuar
Published: October 2015

This paper investigated the impact on the earthing systems of cabinets of Telekom Malaysia (TM) when subjected to dangerous voltages due to current injection from remote sources. TM have received numerous cases regarding the failures of their cabinets due to power related issues (PRI) as well as lightning. These failures may have occurred partly due to the existing earthing systems installations. This research aims to determine earthing impedance of 5 ohms or less of TM cabinets with respect to local soil conditions. Low impedance earthing is not easy to realize mainly due to the local soil resistivity, layering and structures. To achieve a low impedance of below 5 ohms as per Telekom Malaysia's requirement, three types of earthing electrodes were modelled and simulated using CDEGS computer simulation software. Results have demonstrated that the existing earthing system of 3 rods practice by TM is sufficient for areas of resistivity less than 500ٹ-m. Combination of rectangular and vertical rods for resistivity of 500ٹ-m above is the preferred choice of earthing. Analysis and discussions presented in this study can be used as a guide for TM for their cabinet installations. Results also highlighted that achieving less than 5ٹ does not constitute a safe earthing system. Other parameters have to be taken into account before ascertain which type of earthing to be used in a specific location of a TM installation.
Security of Supply and Generation Reserve Management Delegation under Extremely High Load Curtailment Cost
Authors: Cedeno Enrique B.
Published: October 2015

Power failures in a number of electric systems worldwide emphasize the importance of security of electric supply. Security of supply involves long term resource adequacy and medium to short term generation reserve management. Generation reserve requirements are usually determined using empirical rules considering the demand as a deterministic quantity. Ignoring randomness could lead to suboptimal decisions. The research presented here differs from that prevailing in the literature by considering the demand as a random variable following a doubly truncated normal distribution this has the advantage of allowing considering day to day and seasonal variations. In this paper two new mathematical models are presented to determine generation reserve requirements for a market in which the regulator imposes an extremely high load curtailment cost in any unmet demand and delegates the role of buying generation reserves on the generators in a secondary market. These models are helpful tools to study analytically or by numerical simulation the interactions between the two markets. A potential scope for application of the proposed models is presented for the Colombian electric market.
Computer-Aided Custom Seismic Design for Capacitor Banks of High Voltage Direct Current Transmission
Authors: Lin Zhi Jia , Yang Xiao Liang
Published: October 2015

Capacitor banks are used widely in many different regions. Since seismic requirements are different from place to place, custom design is needed. Finite element simulation is used to help designers in this paper. All mechanical response of capacitor bank in different load cases are calculated. With these simulation support, custom design of capacitor banks is done for different regions safely and effectively.
The Impact of Distributed Generators Placements on the Reliability of Typical Industrial Power Distribution System
Authors: Al-Yami Ibrahim M.
Published: October 2015

Electrical Distribution systems that are radially configured with one utility power source are inherently exposed to higher rates of outages and interruptions, due to failures of system components, including: transformers, breakers and switching devices. In addition, fault conditions can also be caused by weather, animals or human error. Historically in Saudi Arabia, many industrial and residential distribution networks suffered from these problems. Large-size, growing demand and cost — with the time requirements for enhancement projects — results in distributed generation (DG) — as online or backup —playing a key role in the residential, commercial and industrial sectors of the power system. In this paper, the value of DG — installed as an online power source for typical industrial distribution network in Saudi Arabia — is quantified by reliability indices that include System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI), Customer Average Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI) and Energy Not Supplied (ENS). The study outcomes will provide power system engineers with the reliability benefits of DG penetration and an approach to assessing its installations, based on different factors such as size and location.
High-Order RSM for Dynamic Reliability of UHV Transmission Tower
Authors: Qin Li , Peng Wei Lin , Han Wei
Published: October 2015

As transmission tower system has the characteristics of large-span and spatial truss structure, the study of the reliability is also developed on the basis of space truss research and large-span structure system. As simple and suitable, RSM (response surface method), in particular, quadratic response surface without considering the cross term is often used in reliability calculation. However, strong nonlinear limit that corresponding to a complex surface, the accuracy of quadratic response surface is inadequate, causing greater reliability estimation error. High-order response surface solves it well. To this end, based on univariate analysis of multivariate function, a reasonable algorithm as to assure that the form of higher-order response surface is proposed; on the algorithm is verified by given examples, the result shows better accuracy and efficiency .
Method for Determining Line Drop Compensator Control Parameters of Low-Voltage Regulator Using Random Forest
Authors: Kikusato Hiroshi , Takahashi Naoyuki , Yoshinaga Jun , Fujimoto Yu , Hayashi Yasuhiro , Kusagawa Shinichi , Motegi Noriyuki
Published: October 2015

Compensation of a voltage within the appropriate range becomes difficult when a large number of photovoltaic (PV) systems are installed. As a solution to this problem, the installation of a low-voltage regulator (LVR) has been studied. In this paper, we propose a method for instantly and accurately determining the line drop compensator (LDC) method parameters as a part of a voltage management scheme, which consists of prediction, operation, and control. In the proposed method, the solution candidates of the proper LDC parameters are narrowed by using a random forest that learns the relationship between the power-series data and the properness of the LDC parameters, thereby reducing the computational cost. We performed numerical simulations to verify the validity of the proposed method. From the results, the LDC parameters can be rapidly and accurately determined. Additionally, the desirable voltage control performance is verified.
Use of Classification Trees and Rule-Based Methods to Predict Shapes of Nano-Aggregates of Reinforcement Fillers
Authors: Fernandez-Martinez R. , Jimbert Pello , Iturrondobeitia M. , Ibarretxe J. , Guraya-Díez T.
Published: October 2015

While manufacturing composite materials, reinforcement fillers inevitable collide with each other and subsequently they congregate to aggregates with different shapes. The shape of these nanoparticles aggregates are of great significance for the mechanical material properties and in consequence, knowing the percentage of aggregates of each shape within of a specific group of shapes can give an idea of the final properties of the material. This work classifies aggregates, a new dataset of 5713 carbon black aggregates gathered based on transmission electron microscopy image processing, using several classification trees and rule-based methods. Based on these methods several models are built, trained and tested to perform the classification. And then, the most reliable and accurate model to classify aggregates is selected, obtaining a testing accuracy of the 74.57% according to their shape.
Research on Jing-Jin-Tang Power Grid Coordinated Control Strategy
Authors: Niu Fang Ming , Wang Peng , Cheng Yu , Ren Xue Dong
Published: October 2015

The disadvantage of Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan power grid operation control mode is that the control effect is poorer and the spare capacity demand is big, this paper puts forward a new coordinated control strategy. First of all, this paper describes the relationship between the load, frequency, the output of generating unit, the tie line power and the area control error relationship of the whole power grid, according to the regional automatic generation control performance assessment criteria, concludes the characteristics of regional unit adjustment. This paper analyzes the contradiction between them, and then proposes a coordinated control strategy between the Beijing-Tangshan power grid and Tianjin power grid. The case simulation results prove the superiority and feasibility of the new coordinated control strategy. Compared with the original, the new strategy reduces the volatility of the unit, shortens the recovery time of frequency, and has a certain practical significance.
Dielectric Properties and Relaxation Behavior of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
Authors: Benabed F. , Seghier Tahar
Published: October 2015

The method of dielectric spectroscopy is an instrument of choice for the diagnosis of insulation used in high voltage and also to assess the quality of the insulation of HV equipment such as transformers, cables, capacitors, etc...This method allows to estimating the state and the quality of the insulation using the dielectric response of the frequency range. In this article, we have presented results of dielectric studies in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) by means of dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS) in frequency range 10-2 - 106 Hz and temperature between-60 and 60 °C, we will invest this method to measure the dielectric properties and evaluate the performance of this insulator witch has always been chosen as a model polymer material because it is the simplest polymer with respect to its chemical structure and is used in a wide range of applications in daily life.
Design of Multi-Layer Radar Absorbing Coating and Transparent Shielding Film for RCS Reduction of Complex Targets
Authors: Bae Geun Sik , Kim Che Young
Published: October 2015

A broadband multi-layer radar absorbing coating (RAC) and transparent shielding film (TSF) operating within the frequency range of 7 to 12 GHz are designed and fabricated for the purpose of a radar cross section (RCS) reduction of complex naval targets such as submarines and ships. The proposed RAC consists of three layers, a shop primer, a main absorbing material, and epoxy resin paint. In addition, a TSF was fabricated by coating an ITO/Ag/ITO multilayer on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate using roll-to-roll DC plasma deposition technique. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed RAC guarantees an RCS reduction of 10 to 15 dB from 7 to 12 GHz.
Adhesion Phenomenon of Titanium as Cathode in Aluminum Anodizing
Authors: Setyarini Putu Hadi , Soenoko Rudy , Suprapto Agus , Irawan Yudy Surya
Published: October 2015

This paper discusses the film coating formation mechanism after an anodizing process carried out in AA6061 with a varying potential between 15-30V. The electrolyte used to be 1M H3PO4 with titanium as the cathode. From this study, it was found that after the anodizing process the pore uniformity occurs with a size varied from 1.09-5.74 μm become 2.78-4.56 μm. There was also an increase in the titanium content on the deposition surface about 21% and was achieved at an electric potential of 25V where titanium in the pore penetration occurs up to the depth of 5 μm.
Using DOE for Implementation of Six Sigma to Reduce Non-Coaxiality Defect in Connecting Rods
Authors: Sadeghian Seyed Hamidreza , Sadeghian Seyedeh Raana
Published: October 2015

This paper is intended to determine all significant factors affecting one of the most important characteristic of connecting rod that is coaxiality, in one of the main suppliers of this part in Middle East, in order to achieve the optimum combination and levels of these factors. By sampling the connecting rods produced under different levels of factors and combinations, and measurement of non-coaxiality, enough data is gathered. To determine meaningful impact of each intended factor and to specify all effective and ineffective factors, the authors have used DOE method. Achievement of best combination consists of affecting factors is defined through DMAIC cycle steps to reduce the non-coaxiality defect and to reach intended sigma values for the production process. According to the analysis of the results, better rate of non-coaxiality is obtained.
Aluminophosphosilicate Glasses as an Alternative Source for Microporous Materials of Technically Attractive Compositions and Morphological Characteristics
Authors: Aboud Taufik
Published: October 2015

The glass-forming area in the system SiO2-P2O5-Al2O3-MgO-Na2O is determined utilizing reagent grade chemicals. The obtained glasses are characterized using FT-IR, DTA, DSC, TMA and SEM. The multicomponent, mixed network glasses exhibiting low coefficients of thermal expansion, fairly high softening temperatures (at Al2O3/P2O5 ˃1) and good chemical durability, are made of SiO4, AlO4 and PO4 polymerized tetrahedral units. AlPO4 groups incorporated in the network structure increase thermal stability and modify the crystallization behavior, rendering it a slow process requiring high temperatures and / or prolonged heating times. Ceramization is accomplished through a multistage process depending mainly on the AlPO4 content which is determined by the Al2O3/P2O5 ratio. At Al2O3/P2O5≈1, AlPO4-high cristobalitic form is the first to crystallize in bulk, followed by farringtonite Mg3(PO4)2. At Al2O3/P2O5˃ 2, platy corundum is the main crystallizing phase. Microporous glass-ceramics are obtained via acid leaching of either some or all of the crystallized phases, or through dissolving of the glassy matrix and preserving a network of one or more of the crystalline phases. Selected phases of less chemical durability have been removed, to leave a network of the most chemically resistant phases AlPO4 and amorphous silica. On the other hand, the amorphous silica matrix containing Na2O, MgO and P2O5 has been leached out in glasses having fibrous corundum as the main crystallizing phase to produce a microporous material with a unique morphology, being made of what looks like a house of cards structure made up of deformed, randomly oriented corundum blades or sheets. Such morphology, is believed to provide a microporous material with an extremely high surface area.
Performance Evaluation of a Solar TUNNEL Dryer for Paddy Drying at Prathum Tani, Thailand
Authors: Sookramoon Krissadang
Published: October 2015

A paddy solar tunnel dryer was designed, constructed and fabricated with a 2.112 m2 flat plate collector with drying chamber volume of 0.113 m3, this design was improved to satisfy the drying desires of small farmers. The collector-dryer system has been equipped with data acquisition system to evaluate the performance, such as a data logger, K-type thermocouples, and air velocity measuring equipment. No load tests on the dryer; with 1000 cfm (DC) driven fans have been conducted. The performance of the dryer during drying of paddy has also been analyzed for the two configurations. The results, shown by plotting the variation of air temperature, moisture content indicated that the dryer performs better with DC driven fans, as they considerably reduce the fluctuations in the drying air temperature with fluctuating solar radiation. The moisture content reduced from 49.96 to 17.64 MC (% w.b.) in 6 hours. The average drying temperature was 67.75 °C. The heated air was approximately 344.47 W, with the incoming heat in the solar tunnel dryer of 1738.34 W. The thermal efficiency of a solar tunnel dryer was on the average of 22.72%.
Hydrophilic Modification of PVDF Membrane by Using PHEMA-PDMS-PHEMA Amphiphilic Copolymer as Addictive
Authors: Li Dan , He Chun Ju
Published: October 2015

The hydrophilic modification of poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membrane is achieved by using amphiphilic copolymer poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-b-polydimethylsiloxane-b-poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA-b-PDMS-b-PHEMA) as addictive. The copolymer is synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and the membranes are prepared by non-solvent induced phase separation. The addition of amphiphlic copolymer has significant influence on membrane hydrophilicity and anti-fouling property. As the addictive content increasing, the water contact angle is decreased from 92° to 65°, water flux and pure water recovery rate are increased from 52.9L/m2h to 263.3 L/m2h and 71 to 95%, respectively.
Gas Sensitivity of Cr Doped BN Sheets
Authors: Ma Sheng Qian
Published: October 2015

Using Density Function Theory (DFT), the lattice parameters of Cr doped BN sheets are optimized, which are still kept on 2D planar geometry, and the band gap and the gas sensitivity are studied. The simulation results show that the gas molecule is very easy to be absorbed by Cr doped N in BN sheet, which is more stable structure. At the same time the band gap is very easy to be tuned by adsorption the gases on the Cr doped BN sheet. The band gap decreases from 4.704eV to 0.053eV. Through adsorption energy, we find Cr substitution N on BN sheet has strong sensitivity to the gases such as N2, O2, CO, NO, CO2, NO2, H2S, CH2O etc. In a word, Cr doped BN sheet is a promising material in gas sensors and tuning the band gap et al.
Microstructure Characterization on Silicon Carbide Formation from Natural Wood
Authors: Rahman Noor Leha Abdul , Hyie Koay Mei , Kalam Anizah , Teng W.D. , Elias Husna
Published: October 2015

Dark red meranti and kapur,are two important types of wood in Malaysia were used as precursors to fabricate porous silicon carbide. A carbon template was produced by pyrolysis at 850o C in an oxygen free atmosphere. The carbon template was further subjected to infiltration process with silicon. The infiltration process was carried out in a tube furnace in argon flow at 1500o C with two different holding times; 2 hours and 3 hours. Thermo gravimetric analysis was done to investigate the decomposition behavior of the two species. The resulting silicon carbide was characterized by XRD. The formation of silicon carbide and also excess silicon were found. The microstructure was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM). An increase in holding time during infiltration increased the density as well as formation of silicon carbide (SiC). Dark red meranti precursor is likely suitable for production of silicon carbide compared to kapur due to the higher SiC
Impact Strength of Laminated Floor Panel from Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) High Density Fibreboard
Authors: Ahmad Mansur , Mohd Khairuddin Nurul Nadia , Mohd Ayob Nurul Atiqah
Published: October 2015

This study provides a better understanding of the effect of density and thickness on impact strength of laminated floor panel from Kenaf high density fibreboard (KHDF). The objective of this study was therefore to determine the role of density and thickness on the impact strength of laminated floor panel. Laminated floor panels consisted of high density fibreboard (HDF) as core and decorative paper as surface layer and backing. Kenaf bast fibres were used for HDF with three different densities (850, 960 and 1000 kg/m3) with thickness of 8mm and 12mm for each panel. Energy (J) value was evaluated to determine the impact strength of all various floor panels. It was found that thickness has affected statistically on impact strength while there was no significantly difference existed on density of laminated floor panel on impact strength.
Thermal Properties of Si Mechanically Alloyed with FeSi2 and CrSi2
Authors: Galkin Konstantin Nickolaevich , Usenko Andrey A. , Voronin Andrey , Moskovskikh Dmitriy , Korotitskiy Andrey , Gorshenkov Mikhail , Galkin Nikolay G. , Khovaylo Vladimir
Published: October 2015

Thermal properties of Si mechanically alloyed with FeSi2 and CrSi2 were characterized for the samples with different volume fraction of the disilicides. An anomalously low thermal conductivity observed in the FeSi2-doped samples was ascribed to an enhanced porosity of the samples which triggered the size effect on the lattice thermal conductivity reported previously for nanomeshed and “holey” silicon structures. It was also found that alloying of Si with FeSi2 led to a reduction of thermal conductivity as compared to the reference sample of pure Si prepared under the same conditions. On the other hand, alloying of Si with CrSi2 resulted in an increase in the thermal conductivity as compared to the reference sample of pure Si. The observed trends in the thermal conductivity were ascribed to the formation of impurity levels in the band gap.
Effect of Nano TiO2 Treatment on Disperse Dyeing and Self-Cleaning Properties of PET Fabric
Authors: Tungtriratanakul Sinee , Setthayanond Jantip , Suwanruji Potjanart , Tooptompong Porntip
Published: October 2015

This research studied the finishing process of nano TiO2 on PET fabric by thermal treatment. The effect of different curing temperatures of nano TiO2 treatment on yellowness, hydrophilicity, self-cleaning of red wine stains and disperse dyeing properties of PET fabric was investigated. The results show that curing of nano TiO2 on the PET fabric should be done at the temperature not less than 180°C. With nano TiO2 treatment, the hydrophilicity and self-cleaning properties of PET fabric were increased. The effect of nano TiO2 treatment on the dyeing properties of three disperse dyes, viz. C.I. Disperse Red 60, C.I. Disperse Violet 33 and C.I. Disperse Red 167, was examined. Nano TiO2 treatment influenced on the color strength of each dyes in a different way.
A Probabilistic Model of Wood Defects
Authors: Huang Guo Xiang , Chaiprapat Supapan , Waiyagan Kriangkrai
Published: October 2015

Although widely used in construction and industrial applications, wood is more prone to defects of different kinds than other materials. These defects are unpredictable and differing randomly from plank to plank. This uncertain nature of the defects complicates establishment of manufacturing plans. In this study, a probabilistic model of wood defects was constructed as a function of three variables which were quantity of defects, position of defects and size of defects. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov hypotheses testing on distributional forms of these variables were carried out. Results showed that Poisson, uniform, and log-normal distributions were suitable to represent the variables statistically. Being knowledgeable of how the defects are distributed on the plank will be of benefit in profitability justification of a cutting plan.
Preparation and Performance Test of Shielding Fabric of Amorphous Ni-Fe-P Alloy
Authors: Zhang Xiao Yi , An Zhen Tao , Wu Xue Yan , Yao Kai
Published: October 2015

An amorphous Ni-Fe-P alloy coated shielding fabric with dense uniform coating was prepared by conducting electrical deposition of amorphous Ni-Fe-P alloy on copper-coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric. This research investigated the preparation process by using orthogonal test with 8 factors and 3 levels. It analyzed the influences of components of the plating solution on the ohms per square, weight gain rate, and shielding effectiveness of coating. Besides, the morphology, composition, and structure of the coating were analyzed by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectrdmeter (EDS), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The shielding effectiveness of the alloy fabric was also tested. The results indicated that the processing conditions of the amorphous Ni-Fe-P alloy coated fabric using electrical deposition consisted of 135 g/L of NiSO4•6H2O, 105 g/L of FeSO4•7H2O, 8 g/L of NaH2PO2•H2O, 24 g/L of C6H8O6, 36 g/L of C6H8O7, 22 g/L of H3PO3, 65°C, pH=1.5, and current density =13 A/dm2. The fabric obtained in the paper presented compact, smooth, and uniform coating with fine crystal. The coating was the amorphous Ni-Fe-P alloy with 18.67% of P (mass fraction). The shielding effectiveness of this coated fabric reached to 60.82 dB-73.63 dB in a broad frequency range of 300 kHz-1.5 GHz.
Effect of Double Shoulder Tool Rotational Speed on Thermo-Physical Characteristics of Friction Stir Welded 16mm Thick Nylon6
Authors: Zafar Adeel , Awang Mokhtar , Khan Sajjad Raza , Emamian Sattar
Published: October 2015

Friction stir welding (FSW) of polymers is relatively a new concept among modern polymer joining techniques. This study demonstrates the applicability of FSW on 16mm thick nylon-6 plates at constant welding rate of 25mm/min and varying rotational speed between 300 to 1000RPM. A special designed tool was fabricated which has double shoulder and right-hand threaded pin profile. It has shown excellent results at relatively lower rotation speeds. Visual inspection and microstructural examination of cross sections showed that the cavities and tunnel defects appeared only at higher rotational speeds. A linear relationship was observed between temperature and rotation speed.
Shape Optimization for Weight Reduction of Polymer Extrusion Die
Authors: Huang Tao , He Yan , Nie Yi , Wang Yan , Lin Yueh Jaw , Hao Jing
Published: October 2015

Polymer extrusion is one of the most widely utilized manufacturing processes across many industries including automotive, architecture, aerospace etc. However, in order to maintain normal operations, polymer extrusion dies are conventionally designed with large dimensions and thick walls which results in the overweight of them. In this paper, a shape optimization method is proposed to reduce the weight of polymer extrusion dies without sacrificing the required performances of extrudate. Firstly, Finite element simulation of the extrusion process is conducted using the commercial software HyperXtrude to study both the essential flow characteristics of polymer melts and the deformation and stress distribution of extrusion die. Secondly, shape optimization is conducted to find the minimum weight of extrusion die while satisfying the required properties and productivity of polymer product. The extrusion die is then redesigned according to the result of shape optimization and compared with the original one. A Medium-sized polymer profile extrusion die is selected as case study, the result of which shows that the weight of the extrusion die is reduced by 31.6%,though the maximal deformation and stress of the die are increased by 1.7% and 16.1% respectively. The proposed approach is demonstrated to be effective for the lightweight design of polymer extrusion die.
Interaction of Composite Brazing Alloy Sn-Cu-Co-W with Diamond at Brazing of Diamond Abrasive Tools
Authors: Sokolov Evgeniy Georgiyevich , Artemyev Vladimir Petrovich
Published: October 2015

It was researched the interaction of composite brazing alloy Sn-Cu-Co-W with surface of diamond during formation of a diamond-bearing layer on abrasive tool. It was determined the influence of the composite brazing alloy components on wetting of diamond grains and their subsequent retention in metal matrix. The prototypes of stone-machining routers were manufactured with use of the designed composite brazing alloy. Thickness of obtained diamond containing coating is even over the entire surface is 2 mm. Due to the high viscosity of the composite brazing alloy it is well retained on the contoured surface of the substrate including the vertical sections.
Modeling Methodology of Flexible Milling Force for Thin-Walled Component on High Speed Peripheral Milling Processing System
Authors: Zhang Li , Gao Wei Guo , Zhang Da Wei
Published: October 2015

This study has developed a model in order to show the relationship between deflection of the low-rigidity processing system such like thin-walled component and the flexible milling force. The new model takes the deflection of cutter-workpiece system into account. The cutting force is analyzed simulatively by utilizing modified Newton–Raphson iterative algorithm. The simulative results show that the total normal deflection of workpiece–cutter system is the main factor affecting the change of cutting force.
Electropolishing Parameters for Nickel Coating Replacement of Hard Disk Actuator Arm
Authors: Smutkupt Uttapol , Kamrungsee Supaluk
Published: October 2015

For hard disk drives (HDD), loose particles that are trapped between the head and disk during HDD operations can create damages to HDD. As a result, a nickel coating is used to minimize their loose particles. However, nickel is one of many carcinogenic metals known to be an environmental and occupational pollutant. Therefore, an electropolishing technique is proposed to replace a nickel coating process. To do experiments, a stainless steel actuator arm is set as an anode, a steel plate is set as a cathode, and a sulfuric acid is used as an electrolyte. With a design of experiment (DOE) technique, four parameters of the electropolishing technique which are an electrolyte concentration, an electrolyte temperature, a polishing time, and an electric intensity, are tested. The experiment result shows that the electrolyte concentration and electric intensity are not made any change for loose particles counts with liquid particle counter (LPC) testing whereas only two parameters which are the electrolyte temperature and polishing time play significant roles for LPC values. The lower LPC shows the smaller percentage of HDD failure. From these Box-Behnken DOE experiments, the optimal solution is 90 Celsius of the electrolyte temperature and 40 minutes of the polishing time. Although, the electrolyte concentration and electric intensity are not made any impact for LPC but they are set as a standard to be 0.2 mol/l and 0.25 A/cm2 consequently. With these parameters, the predicted LPC is only 442,106 counts/part. This LPC is still in an accepted level standard that will not cause failure to HDD. This means that the electropolishing technique initially can be used to replace a nickel coating process without loose particles.
Structural Investigation of Ceria and Copper Modified Silica from Agricultural Biomass
Authors: Andas Jeyashelly , Md Alyas Fatin Atiqah
Published: October 2015

Monometallic Ce, Cu and bimetallic Ce-Cu was successfully synthesized at room temperature using silica rice husk (RH) via sol-gel route and were characterized through several physicochemical techniques such as N2 adsorption-desorption, XRD and DR/UV-Vis analyses. The prepared materials were designated as RH-10Cu, RH-20Ce and RH-10Cu20Ce. High mesoporosity with Type IV characteristics were evidenced for all the materials. The BET surface area registered for RH-10Cu, RH-20Ce and RH-10Cu20Ce were 396.02, 245.54 and 194.87 m2g-1 respectively. Well-dispersion of metal species was clearly evidenced from XRD analysis. The strong interaction between ceria and copper was observed over RH-10Cu20Ce through DR/UV-Vis analysis.
Monitoring of Surface Roughness Based on Cutting Force and Cutting Temperature in Ball-End Milling Process by Utilizing Response Surface Analysis
Authors: Yaisuk Panrawee , Tangjitsitcharoen Somkiat
Published: October 2015

The surface roughness is monitored using the cutting force and the cutting temperature in the ball-end milling process by utilizing the response surface analysis with the Box-Behnken design. The optimum cutting condition is obtained referring to the minimum surface roughness, which is the spindle speed, the feed rate, the depth of cut, and the tool diameter. The models of cutting force ratio and the cutting temperature are proposed and developed based on the experimental results. It is understood that the surface roughness is improved with an increase in spindle speed, feed rate and depth of cut. The cutting temperature decreases with an increase in tool diameter. The model verification has showed that the experimentally obtained surface roughness model is reliable and accurate to estimate the surface roughness.
Study of Support Structure in Solid Based Rapid Prototyping Technique – FDM Approach
Authors: Mendonsa Cany , Naveen K.V. , Upadhyaya Prathik , Anoop Anoop , Madhu Gowda B.P.
Published: October 2015

Support structure plays a vital role in Rapid Prototyping system in producing quality and dimensional accurate prints for a product having bridges or overhangs in a Rapid Prototyping product. The paper reports the selection of best support structure for any given model based on build time, material requirement and quality output of the prints. It also discusses the effects of introducing raft layers on a given model. A CAD model in STL (stereo lithography) format is an input to the Rapid Prototyping system. The CAD data is sliced for 3 different support structures by keeping constant printing parameters. Based on the build time, material consumption and part quality obtained, thebest support structure of any given model is experimentally found.
Study of Simple Method for Extraction of Optimum Cutting Fluids in Incoloy 825 Reaming
Authors: Hikiji Rikio
Published: October 2015

The reaming deals with cutting and burnishing simultaneously and needs a severe cutting performance. The cutting mechanism is so complicated that the method of evaluating the effect of the cutting fluids on the finished surface integrity is not easy. In this study, the examination was carried out to extract an optimum cutting fluid in Incoloy 825reaming. That is, instead of reaming, the simple method was established to experimentally investigate the effect of the cutting fluids on the finished surface integrity, such as the maximum height and dimensional errors. This method is applicable to reaming processes supported by devising the tool geometry and the cutting conditions in facing with the lathe. As a result, it was clarified that the synthetic soluble showed good performance for the finished surface integrity and this simple method was effective for the evaluation of the optimum cutting fluids in Incoloy 825 reaming.
Minimization of Ovality of Circular Holes in Drilling Process
Authors: Pandya Parth , Shah Vaibhav , Parvezsh Ahamed H.M.S. , Apte Prakash R.
Published: October 2015

In drilling and boring process, the relief in clamping stress causes deformations that cause variations in the geometry of the drilled hole. In automobile industry, when such holes are used to hold gear systems or rods in place, this variation in geometry leads to poor fitting and subsequent failure. To avoid this, high level accuracy is required which is both expensive and time-consuming. Therefore, a high percentage of such drilled parts are rejected in industry. The present paper addresses this problem by characterizing the variations in hole geometry as a function of clamping force, hole diameter, hole eccentricity (distance of hole-center from center of drilled face) and angular position of hole with respect to clamp location. The analysis result quantifies the comparative effect of each aforementioned factor on hole geometry variation. Taguchi Method based Design of Experiments using L25 orthogonal array has been used for performing the parametric design to arrive at the best settings of the 4 parameters. The optimal settings minimize ovality and displacement of the hole-center, and thus increase hole-fitting and its reliability against manufacturing variability.
Improvement Corrosion Resistance of Gray Cast Iron Grade FC220 on Chromizing Process by Separate Cr Powder and NH4Cl Powder System
Authors: Chupong Pudsadee , Jornsanoh Pijan , Tuchinda Karuna , Tuchinda Anantawit
Published: October 2015

A new configuration of chromizing process was developed by separating Cr powder from NH4Cl. FC220 gray cast iron specimens were chromized in this new experimental setup at 450, 550, 650,750, 850 and 950°C during 13 hours in order to study the possibility of chromizing at “low” temperature. The chromized specimens were examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), macro-hardness, micro-hardness, compression test and salt spray test. The results shows that the specimen chromized at 650°C gives the best compromise between the corrosion resistance and the hardness of the FC220 with 1.73 ڌm of thickness of the chromized layer. However, after 13 hours of the process, the hardness of the FC220 specimens decreased considerably from 93 HRB to 64.2 HRB (31%).
Elimination of Clogging in PMMA Microchannels Using Water Assisted CO2 Laser Micromachining
Authors: Helmy Mohamed , Fath El-Bab Ahmed M. , El-Hofy Hassan
Published: October 2015

The accuracy and clogging of microchannels are important for assessing the quality of lab on chip (L-O-C) devices. The clogging affects the fluid mixing efficiency and influences the bonding of substrate. In this paper, inexpensive and quick method for microchannel fabrication in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) while reducing the thermal damage is introduced. Accordingly, the substrate was covered with a thin layer of water during CO2 laser ablation. The effect of water cooling on the clogging formation, heat affected zone and the microchannel geometry in terms of depth and width is investigated. Clogging formation mechanism in the intersection of Y-channel is studied to improve its quality for microfluidics applications. During the experimental work, the CO2 laser power was varied from 2.4 to 6 W at scanning speed from 5 to 12.5 mm/s. The results showed that covering the PMMA substrate with a thin layer of water prevented clogging formation and reduced the heat affected zone.
Study the Role of Friction Stir Welding Tilt Angle on Microstructure and Hardness
Authors: Hamid H.A.D. , Roslee A.A.
Published: October 2015

This paper presents an investigation of research objectives on the effect of tilt angle on microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar aluminum alloy sheets between AA5083 and AA6061, 5mm plates by using Friction Stir Welding (FSW) process in butt joint. The base materials of AA5083 and AA6061 were located on the retreating side (RS) and advancing side (AS), respectively. The welding process and the welding parameters such as tool pin profile, tool rotation speed, welding speed and tilt angle influenced the mechanical properties of the Friction Stir Welding joints significantly. For this experiment, the Friction Stir Welding materials joined under five different tilt angles (from 0oto 4o) with 86mm/min of welding speed and 910 rpm of tool rotation speed which were set similarly. Microscopic examination on the weld samples showed significant variation in the microstructure especially in the region of heat-affected zone (HAZ), weld nugget or dynamically recrystallized zone (DXZ) and in the base metal.
Theoretical Investigations and Simulation of the Hydroforming Processes Performed on C1010 Low Carbon Steel Tubes
Authors: Mohamed Mohamed , Abd El-Aty Ali , Hegazy Abdel Aziz , Farahat Nader
Published: October 2015

This research aims at analyzing and optimizing the hydroforming process parameters to achieve a sound bulged tube without failure. Theoretical constitutive model is formulated to build up a working diagram including process window, which is used to optimise the process parameters and predict the formability and the failure of the tube accurately. The model is validated using the published experimental and analytical results of previous research works for 37% bulging ration of low carbon steel (C1010). The model gave a very good agreement with the published data.