bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quadriceps protects the anterior cruciate ligament
Authors: Bodor Marko
Published: July 2002

The aim of this study is to show that the quadriceps is the primary muscular restraint to anterior tibial translation during closed kinetic chain activities such as running, jumping, walking, and standing. It is my hypothesis that the quadriceps vector is directed superiorly during open kinetic chain knee extension and inferiorly during closed kinetic chain knee extension. My methods involve vector analysis based on a lateral radiograph of the normal human knee and muscle ultrasound. My results show that the quadriceps vector is directed superiorly for open kinetic chain knee extension and inferiorly for closed kinetic chain knee extension. The inferiorly directed quadriceps vector has an anterior femoral—tibial or posterior tibial—femoral component, which protects the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) from anterior tibial—femoral shear. Therefore during closed kinetic chain activities, the quadriceps protects the ACL regardless of the activity of the hamstrings. Given that the quadriceps is much stronger than the hamstrings, has better leverage at low knee flexion angles, and a favorable vector with regard to the ACL during closed kinetic chain activities, and since most activities of daily living, sports, and non‐contact ACL injuries occur with the foot on the ground, then it can be concluded that the quadriceps is the primary ACL protagonist. My findings have the following implications: (1) weak quadriceps are a risk factor for non‐contact ACL injuries, (2) strong quadriceps are important for ACL injury prevention and rehabilitation, and (3) preservation of quadriceps strength is an important surgical goal. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Psychological evolution and assessment in patients undergoing orthotopic heart transplantation
Authors: Triffaux J.M. , Wauthy J. , Bertrand J. , Limet R. , Albert A. , Ansseau M.
Published: July 2002

Background. Orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) is a major surgical intervention inducing distress and anxiety. Psychiatric evaluation of organ transplant candidates is now routinely proposed. This study purposed to assess the psychological evolution in patients having received psychological and/or psychiatric assistance before and during 1–6 postoperative months.Methods. Twenty-two consecutive transplant candidates were psychically evaluated as part of the preoperative protocol. In the waiting period, 1 and 6 months after OHT, they were asked to fill out the following questionnaires: the General Health Questionnaire, the Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Perceived Social Support Scale, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale and the Personal Reaction Inventory.Results. A DSM-IV Axis I diagnosis was found in nine patients (41%); four patients (18%) presented with an Axis II diagnosis. One month after OHT, scores of depression, anxiety and general health significantly improved, while scores of social support, alexithymia and social desirability did not differ. In the sixth postoperative month, all psychological scores remained stable.Conclusions. A high prevalence of preoperative psychopathology was reported in 22 candidates who received OHT. Surgical intervention obviously improved the quality of life after cardiac transplantation. If the impact of psychological and/or psychiatric aid remains difficult to appraise, these results emphasize the positive impact of surgery on psychological status and the appropriateness of the psychosomatician’s social support intervention on patients facing the transplant process.
CEO compensation, option incentives, and information disclosure
Authors: Conyon Martin J , Sadler Graham V
Published: July 2002

This paper examines the impact of information disclosure on the valuation of CEO options and the incentives created by those options. Prior executive compensation research in the US has made assumptions about key input variables that can affect the calculation of option values and financial incentives. Accordingly, biases may have ensued due to incomplete information disclosure about noncurrent option grants. Using new data on a sample of UK CEOs, we value executive option holdings and incentives for the first time and estimate the levels of distortion created by the less than complete US‐style disclosure requirements. We also investigate the levels of distortion in the UK for the minority of companies that choose to reveal only partial information. Our results suggest that there have to date been few economic biases arising from less than complete information disclosure. Furthermore, we demonstrate that researchers using US data, who made reasonable assumptions about the inputs of noncurrent option grants, are unlikely to have made significant errors when calculating CEO financial incentives or option wealth. However, the recent downturn in the US stock market could result in the same assumptions, producing exaggerated incentive estimates in the future.
Non‐compliance and knowledge of prescribed medication in elderly patients with heart failure
Authors: Cline C.M.J. , Björck‐Linné A.K. , Israelsson B.Y.A. , Willenheimer R.B. , Erhardt L.R.
Published: July 2002

Aims:

To determine the extent of non‐compliance to prescribed medication in elderly patients with heart failure and to determine to what extent patients recall information given regarding their medication.

Methods and results:

Non‐compliance and knowledge of prescribed medication was studied in 22 elderly heart failure patients [mean age 79±6 (range 70–97); 14 (64%) male], using in‐depth interviews performed 30 days after having been prescribed medication. All patients received standardised verbal and written information regarding their medication. Only 12 (55%) patients could correctly name what medication had been prescribed, 11 (50%) were unable to state the prescribed doses and 14 (64%) could not account for when the medication was to be taken, i.e. at what time of day and when in relation to meals the medication was to be taken. In the overall assessment six (27%) patients were found non‐compliant and 16 (73%) patients were considered as possibly being compliant with their prescribed medication.

Conclusions:

Non‐compliance was common in elderly heart failure patients, as were shortcomings in patients knowledge regarding prescribed medication, despite efforts to give adequate information. There exists a need for alternative strategies to improve compliance in these patients.
Empty Substrate‐Integrated Waveguides: A Low‐Cost and Low‐Profile Alternative for High‐Performance Microwave Devices
Authors: Belenguer Ángel , Esteban Héctor , Borja Alejandro L. , Ballesteros José A. , Fernández Marcos , Morro José V. , de Dios Juan José , Bachiller Carmen , Boria Vicente E.
Published: September 2020

The new communication systems demand low‐cost, low‐profile, low‐weight, and high‐performance components (filters, diplexers, power dividers, antennas, etc.). Classical microwave technologies are either high performance but bulky and expensive (rectangular waveguides) or low cost and low profile but with poor performance (planar lines such as microstrip). Recently, an alternative has appeared by implementing a sort of rectangular waveguide embedded in a printed circuit board. It is the substrate‐integrated waveguide. Many attention has been given to this technology, but its performance can be further improved if the dielectric is removed and the fields propagate through air. So, several types of the so‐called empty substrate‐integrated waveguides have recently appeared, providing with very promising solutions for low‐cost and low‐profile devices with performance close to that of the classical rectangular waveguides.

This article presents all the advances up to date in the field of empty substrate‐integrated waveguides, comparing all those solutions and assessing their potential for implementing high‐quality and low‐cost microwave devices.
Behavioural and structural interventions in cancer prevention: towards the 2030 SDG horizon
Authors: Martin‐Moreno Jose M. , Ruiz‐Segovia Natalia , Diaz‐Rubio Eduardo
Published: September 2020

Traditionally, the prevention of cancer (and other chronic diseases) has been considered primarily linked to personal responsibility, for which interventions must be based on health education information enabling individuals to make knowledge‐based decisions to improve their lifestyle. However, lifestyle is conditioned by environmental factors (including dimensions such as the context of economics, transport, urbanism, agriculture or education) that may render healthy behavioural choices either easier or, alternatively, impossible. This article reviews the conceptual underpinnings of the behavioural‐structural dichotomy. We believe that it is advisable to opt for multilevel strategies that take into account all the determinants of health, using structural and behavioural approaches, rather than only the latter, as has been done until now.
Spiritual geographies
Authors: Maddrell Avril
Published: September 2020

Spiritual geographies address the sites and spatial practices associated with the nonmaterial, the non‐ or more‐than‐representational, and the posthuman arena that shapes the beliefs, practices, and identities of many of the world's population. A growing body of geographical work demonstrates the insights to be gained from studying the everyday, embedded, embodied, and occasionally extraordinary experiences stemming from a range of spiritual beliefs and practices, including spiritually derived transformative agency and politics, which may or may not be associated with institutionalized religion.
Temperate forest ecosystems
Authors: McCarragher Shannon , Rigg Lesley S.
Published: September 2020

Temperate forest ecosystems are most extensively found throughout the Northern Hemisphere, and less extensively in the Southern Hemisphere. The specific regions containing temperate forests include Europe, North America, Asia, South America, Australia, and New Zealand. Northern temperate forests are often composed of deciduous trees that drop their leaves each year, providing a supply of rich nutrients to animals and plants as they decompose. Southern temperate forests, on the other hand, are primarily composed of broad leaved evergreen trees that keep their leaves year round. Most temperate forest ecosystems are heavily exploited and degraded. The underlying bedrock and geology of temperate forests around the world are highly variable, as are the soils, vegetation communities, disturbances, and plant adaptations found within them.
Travel geographies
Authors: Zusman Perla , Castro Hortensia , Winter Cecilia Pérez
Published: September 2020

Traveling involves a displacement of people and cultures across space that impacts on the material and imaginary geographies of places. Poststructuralism and the cultural turn in geography have opened the field for the study of travel and travel narratives not just as objective information about places, and beyond travel as leisure, but of travel as a set of political and cultural practices involved in domination strategies. Viewed in this way, journeys are understood to play a part in the creation of geographical imaginations and landscapes that have contributed to the development of imperial practices and the formation of extra‐European nation‐states. At the same time, travel geographies have explored the ways in which class, gender, race, and ethnic differences affect how a journey is envisaged and how the bonds between places of origin and destination are negotiated.
Representation: 3‐D
Authors: Zlatanova Sisi
Published: September 2020

3‐D modeling has been the subject of increased attention in the past two decades. Technology has been developed to such a degree that large datasets can be collected, processed, analyzed, managed, and visualized in reasonable time. Domain applications are looking with much interest at 3‐D representations, acknowledging the increased possibilities for display and analysis of data. The tendency of using 3‐D data from different domains in one application is growing, and this poses many challenges. Developed independently through the years, 3‐D applications involve various representations (vector, raster, freeform curves, and surfaces), levels of detail (LOD), appearance, semantics, and topology. Representing the real world in 3‐D differs significantly from representation in 2‐D. Technology and approaches for data collection (detecting vertical elements of objects and overhanging sections, such as sheds, bridges, and roofs), data processing, data structures, data models, and visualization have to be adapted, extended, and/or improved to deal with vertical and overhanging elements as well as objects located inside, above, or below each other. Many of the well‐known approaches in 2‐D geographic information systems (GIS) are not readily applicable to 3‐D representation. This entry outlines the most commonly used 3‐D geometric representations and discusses some of the challenges in research and development.
Narrative cartography
Authors: Ryan Marie‐Laure
Published: September 2020

Narrative cartography is the graphic representation of the spatial configuration of the worlds represented by literary texts. This representation can take many forms, depending on the relation of the textual world to the real world: annotating real‐world maps when the setting corresponds to real‐world locations; augmenting real‐world maps with fictional toponyms, in the case of mixed, real–imaginary geographies; and drawing maps entirely based on textual data in the case of purely imaginary storyworlds such as those of fairy tales and fantasy. This entry examines the various purposes of literary mapping, the genetic relations between texts and maps (whether the map precedes, follows, or assists the writing of the text), and the possible identities of map‐makers (author, illustrator, reader). It also considers metaphorical interpretations of the notion of map, according to which the text itself fulfills a cartographic function.
Geographies of media
Authors: Adams Paul C.
Published: September 2020

Geographers understand media as heterogeneous systems including material infrastructures, symbolic systems, and social processes. Media geographies are generally considered in relation to one or more of the following questions: how media and their uses are incorporated into particular places through place‐making processes (media‐in‐places), how geographical images and ideas are conveyed through mediated discourses (places‐in‐media), how communication infrastructure and communication activities can be mapped to reveal geographical patterns (media‐in‐spaces), and how mediated connections relate to geographical connections as complementary processes constructing social networks (spaces‐in‐media). These interests engage with a fundamental dichotomy in geographic thought between space and place, as well as with the complex relationship between geographic phenomena and communication processes. Research in media geography offers theoretical insight into various aspects of human geography, as well as practical guidance for improving communications with the public.
Ktedonobacteraceae
Authors: Monciardini Paolo , Cavaletti Linda , Donadio Stefano
Published: September 2020

Kte.do.no.bac.ter.a.ce'ae. N.L. masc. n.
Ktedonobacter
, type genus of the family, suff. ‐
aceae
ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Ktedonobacteraceae
, the
Ktedonobacter
family.

Chloroflexi / Ktedonobacteria / Ktedonobacterales / Ktedonobacteraceae

Members of the family
Ktedonobacteraceae
are characterized by non‐fragmenting vegetative mycelium, aerial hyphae are produced. Single spherical and nonmotile spores are formed on the aerial mycelium, individual spores can be associated in clusters. Gram‐positive, non‐acid‐fast. Strains grow as mesophilic heterotrophs in aerobic conditions. Starch and casein are hydrolyzed. Growth occurs in presence of NaCl up to 2%. Optimal temperature for growth is 28–33°C, and optimal pH is 6. Catalase positive. The major cell‐wall sugars are mannose, xylose, and glucose. They contain
d
‐glutamic acid, glycine,
l
‐serine,
l
‐alanine,
d
‐alanine, β‐alanine, and
l
‐ornithine as peptidoglycan amino acids. The major menaquinone is MK‐9 (H
2
). Major fatty acids are C
16:1
2OH and iso‐C
17:0
. Phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylinositol are present in the polar lipid pattern. The family currently comprises only the type genus
Ktedonobacter
. Members of the family were isolated from soil.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 54–56.

Type genus
:
Ktedonobacter
Cavaletti et al. 2007 (Effective publication: Cavaletti et al. 2006).
Geminisphaera
Authors: Lin Jonathan Y. , Rodrigues Jorge L.M.
Published: September 2020

Ge.mi.ni.sphae'ra. L. masc. adj.
geminus
, twin‐born, twin; L. fem. n.
sphaera
, globe, sphere; N.L. fem. n.
Geminisphaera
, twin sphere.

Verrucomicrobia / Opitutae / Opitutales / Opitutaceae / Geminisphaera

Cells are Gram‐negative, nonmotile, coccoid, and occur almost exclusively in pairs. Cells are facultatively anaerobic and microaerophilic with fermentative and respiratory metabolisms, respectively. Cells grow under air with the highest cell yields and shortest generation times at 2–8% O
2
. Fermentation products from glucose are propionate, acetate, succinate, and CO
2
. Sulfate and nitrate are not reduced with glucose as the electron donor. Growth occurs at temperatures between 15 and 35°C, pH values between 5.5 and 7.5, and a NaCl concentration of 1.5% (w/v). Capable of utilizing a number of monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, and one or more components in yeast extract/casamino acids. Grows on a variety of media types. Capable of diazotrophic growth in a defined nitrogen‐free medium.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 60.8 (High‐quality draft genome sequence).

Type species
:
Geminisphaera colitermitum
Wertz et al. 2018b (Effective publication: Wertz et al. 2018a).
Thermosporothrix
Authors: Yabe Shuhei , Yokota Akira
Published: September 2020

Ther.mo.spo'ro.thrix. Gr. fem. n.
therme
heat; Gr. fem. n.
spora
a seed and, in biology, a spore; Gr. fem. n.
thrix
hair; N.L. fem. n.
Thermosporothrix
thermophilic spore‐forming hair.

Chloroflexi / Ktedonobacteria / Ktedonobacterales / Thermosporotrichaceae / Thermosporothrix

Members of the genus
Thermosporothrix
are Gram‐positive, thermophilic, aerobic, cellulolytic, heterotrophic bacteria that produce branched vegetative and aerial mycelia. Spores are formed in a cluster by budding. The spores are oval, with a fine parallel wrinkle. Spore cells are covered with thick walls. Spores are nonmotile. Growth occurs at 30–60°C (optimum 50°C). The major fatty acid is iso‐C
17:0
and the major menaquinone is MK‐9(H
2
). The cell wall contains
d
‐glutamic acid, glycine,
l
‐serine,
l
‐alanine,
d
‐alanine, β‐alanine, and
l
‐ornithine as peptidoglycan amino acids. The polar lipid pattern always includes phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, and diphosphatidylglycerol. The cell‐wall sugar is mannose. Members of the genus were isolated from compost and from leaves deposited on geothermally heated soil.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 52.5–53.1.

Type species
:
Thermosporothrix hazakensis
Yabe et al. 2010a.
Thermosulfuriphilus
Authors: Slobodkina Galina
Published: September 2020

Ther.mo.sul.fu.ri'phi.lus Gr. masc. adj
. thermos
, hot; L. neut. n.
sulfur
, sulfur; N.L. masc. adj
. philus
(from Gr. masc. adj.
philos
), friend, loving; N.L. masc. n.
Thermosulfuriphilus
thermophilic sulfur‐liking bacterium.

Thermodesulfobacteria / Thermodesulfobacteria / Thermodesulfobacteriales / Thermodesulfobacteriaceae / Thermosulfuriphilus

The genus
Thermosulfuriphilus
, represented by a single species,
Thermosulfuriphilus ammonigenes
, consists of Gram‐negative, strictly anaerobic, thermophilic, neutrophilic, nonmotile straight or slightly curved short rods. Spores are not produced. The genus is characterized by chemolithoautotrophic growth by oxidation of elemental sulfur coupled to nitrate reduction or by disproportionation of sulfur compounds. The major fatty acids are C
18:1
ω7 and C
16:0
. Member of the family
Thermodesulfobacteriaceae
, phylum
Thermodesulfobacteria
. The type species
, T. ammonigenes
ST65
T
was isolated from a deep‐sea hydrothermal vent along the Eastern Lau Spreading Center, SW Pacific Ocean.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 49.6 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Thermosulfuriphilus ammonigenes
Slobodkina et al. 2017a.
Fimbriimonas
Authors: Quan Zhe‐Xue , Im Wan‐Taek
Published: September 2020

Fim.bri.i.mo'nas. L. fem. pl. n.
fimbriae
, fibres, threads, fringe, and in biology, fimbriae; L. fem. n.
monas
, a unit, monad; N.L. fem. n.
Fimbriimonas
, fimbriae‐shaped monad.

Armatimonadetes / Fimbriimonadia / Fimbriimonadales / Fimbriimonadaceae / Fimbriimonas

Fimbriimonas ginsengisoli
Gsoil 348
T
, the only cultivated representative of the genus
Fimbriimonas
, was isolated from ginseng field soil with an exhaustive screening approach. Cells are mesophilic, strictly aerobic, nonmotile, and rod‐shaped. The strain only grows in low‐nutrient media such as half‐strength R2A, and utilizes peptone, casamino acid, or yeast extract as sole carbon source, but does not utilize most other substrates (such as glucose, ethanol, acetate, or amino acids) as sole carbon sources when 0.05% each carbon compound is added. The major respiratory quinones are menaquinones MK‐11 and MK‐10. The main fatty acids are iso‐C
15:0
, iso‐C
17:0
, C
16:0
, and C
16:1
ω11
c
. The cell walls contain a meso‐diaminopimelic isomer. Cells stain Gram‐negative and carry peritrichous fimbriae. The DNA G + C content is 60.8% according to the genome analysis.

DNA G
+
C content (mol%)
: 60.8 (genome analysis).

Type species:
Fimbriimonas ginsengisoli
Im et al. 2012b (Effective publication: Im et al. 2012a).
Caldilineales
Authors: Sekiguchi Yuji , Hanada Satoshi
Published: September 2020

Cal.di.li.ne.a'les. N.L. fem. n.
Caldilinea
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Caldilineales
order of the genus
Caldilinea
.

Chloroflexi / Caldilineae / Caldilineales

Cells are strictly anaerobic chemoheterotrophs that stain Gram‐negative. All described species are nonmotile, non‐spore‐forming, and filamentous. The order
Caldilineales
is circumscribed herein on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. The order forms a distinct monophyletic group and contains two families, the
Caldilineaceae
and the
Amarolineaceae
.

Type genus
:
Caldilinea
Sekiguchi et al. 2003.
Chitinivibrionales
Authors: Sorokin Dimitry Y. , Mardanov Andrey V. , Ravin Nikolai V.
Published: September 2020

Chi.ti.ni.vi.bri.o.na'les. N.L. masc. n.
Chitinivibrio
a bacterial genus; ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; N.L. fem pl. n.
Chitinivibrionales
the order of the genus
Chitinivibrio
.

Fibrobacterota / Chitinivibrionia / Chitinivibrionales

Type genus
:
Chitinivibrio
Sorokin et al. 2014, VL160.
Psychosocial Determinants of Total Knee Arthroplasty Outcomes Two Years After Surgery
Authors: Lopez‐Olivo Maria A. , Ingleshwar Aparna , Landon Glenn C. , Siff Sherwin J. , Barbo Andrea , Lin Heather Y. , Suarez‐Almazor Maria E.
Published: September 2020

Objective

To evaluate the association of preoperative psychosocial and demographic factors with total knee arthroplasty (TKA) outcomes and satisfaction in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee at 24 months after surgery.

Methods

A prospective cohort study of patients undergoing TKA was conducted. Outcome measures included: Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and Short Form 36 (SF‐36) scores at baseline and 24 months after surgery, and patient satisfaction with TKA at 24 months. Linear regression models were performed to evaluate the association of preoperative psychosocial determinants (ie, Medical Outcome Study Social Support Scale; Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale; Brief COPE inventory, The Life Orientation Test‐Revised; Multidimensional Health Locus of Control; and Arthritis Self‐Efficacy Scale) on outcomes.

Results

We included 178 patients. Increasing WOMAC pain scores at 24 months were associated with increasing age and body mass index (BMI); low tangible social support and low optimism were associated with higher levels of pain (R2 = 0.15). A decrease in WOMAC function scores was also associated with older age and higher BMI; low tangible support, increased stress, and low optimism were also associated with worse function (R2 = 0.22). When evaluating quality of life, lower SF‐36 physical functioning scores at 24 months were associated with age, high BMI, and comorbidity (R2 = 0.34). Lower SF‐36 mental functioning scores were associated with depression and low optimism (R2 = 0.38). Having a dysfunctional style of coping was associated with lower satisfaction with surgery after 24 months (adjusted R2 = 0.12).

Conclusion

Psychosocial factors, such as tangible support, depression, dysfunctional coping, and optimism, were associated with pain, function, and satisfaction 2 years after TKA. Perioperative programs identifying and addressing psychosocial problems may result in improvements in pain and function after TKA.
Parameter estimation for time‐delay systems based on the frequency responses and harmonic balance methods
Authors: Ni Jiayao , Xu Ling , Ding Feng , Gu Ya , Alsaedi Ahmed , Hayat Tasawar
Published: September 2020

Two parameter estimation methods for linear time‐delay systems are proposed based on the frequency responses and the harmonic balance methods. One is the stochastic gradient gradient‐based iterative (SG‐GI) algorithm and the other is the recursive least squares gradient‐based iterative (RLS‐GI) algorithm. These two methods can estimate the unknown parameters and the unknown time delays simultaneously by giving sinusoidal signals with different angular frequencies. Furthermore, a comparative study reveals that the RLS‐GI algorithm is more effective than the SG‐GI algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithms is illustrated by a numerical example.
Charge Separation and Charge Carrier Mobility in Photocatalytic Metal‐Organic Frameworks
Authors: Fumanal Maria , Ortega‐Guerrero Andres , Jablonka Kevin Maik , Smit Berend , Tavernelli Ivano
Published: September 2020

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are highly versatile materials owing to their vast structural and chemical tunability. These hybrid inorganic–organic crystalline materials offer an ideal platform to incorporate light‐harvesting and catalytic centers and thus, exhibit a great potential to be exploited in solar‐driven photocatalytic processes such as H2 production and CO2 reduction. To be photocatalytically active, UV–visible optical absorption and appropriate band alignment with respect to the target redox potential is required. Despite fulfilling these criteria, the photocatalytic performance of MOFs is still limited by their ability to produce long‐lived electron–hole pairs and long‐range charge transport. Here, a computational strategy is presented to address these two descriptors in MOFs and to translate them into charge transfer numbers and effective mass values. The approach is applied to 15 MOFs from the literature that encompass the main strategies used in the design of efficient photocatalysts including different metals, ligands, and topologies. The results capture the main characteristics previously reported for these MOFs and enable to identify promising candidates. In the quest of novel photocatalytic systems, high‐throughput screening based on charge separation and charge mobility features are envisioned to be applied in large databases of both experimentally and in silico generated MOFs.
A Single‐Celled Tri‐Functional Metasurface Enabled with Triple Manipulations of Light
Authors: Dai Qi , Guan Zhiqiang , Chang Sheng , Deng Liangui , Tao Jin , Li Zhongyang , Li Zile , Yu Shaohua , Zheng Guoxing , Zhang Shuang
Published: September 2020

Metasurfaces capable of controlling more than two types of optical properties have drawn a broad interest recently, as they can bring great flexibility and possibilities to the design of highly‐integrated multifunctional devices such as simultaneous nanoprint and holograms. However, current multifunctional metasurfaces can perform only two types of optical manipulations separately. Furthermore, their supercell or multilayer design strategies would complicate both the nanostructure design and manufacturing, and are difficult to implement the miniaturization, low‐cost, and multifunctionality of light integration. Herein, merely with a single‐cell design approach, a tri‐functional metasurface enabled with triple manipulations of light is proposed. By merging the spectrum, polarization and phase manipulations into a single metasurface, a “three‐in‐one” meta‐device simultaneously acting as a structural‐color nanoprint, a polarization‐controlled grayscale meta‐image displayer and a phase‐modulated meta‐hologram can be constructed. Specifically, the structural‐color image appears right at the metasurface plane under a natural light source while the grayscale meta‐image and holographic image are reconstructed by taking different optical setups as decoding keys, which can not only significantly increase the light integration but also improve the reliability of both images. The proposed metasurface represents a new paradigm in designing multifunctional meta‐devices, and has promising prospects in image displays, optical storage, optical anti‐counterfeiting, etc.
Density Asymmetry Driven Propulsion of Ultrasound‐Powered Janus Micromotors
Authors: Valdez‐Garduño Miguel , Leal‐Estrada Mariana , Oliveros‐Mata Eduardo Sergio , Sandoval‐Bojorquez Diana Isabel , Soto Fernando , Wang Joseph , Garcia‐Gradilla Victor
Published: September 2020

The ability of acoustically propelled micro and nanoscale motors to perform diverse tasks while moving in solutions can open up new applications in diverse fields such as medicine, biotechnology, and materials science. However, the current understanding of the underlying propulsion mechanisms of ultrasound‐driven structures is limited for translating their motion and operation to practical applications. Here, the behavior of Janus microparticles displaying acoustically driven propulsion is demonstrated. A new approach to harness the acoustically‐induced vibration and oscillation of a density asymmetric Janus microstructure into translational motion is presented, based on fixing the micromotor orientation with an external magnetic field. Such acoustic propulsion of Janus microparticles is realized through a judicious material selection based primarily on density and asymmetry considerations. Experimental data and theoretical models indicate that the density asymmetry provides an acoustic propulsive force for translational motion. The Janus structure presented here is also able to propel using chemical and magnetic actuations, paving the way for different hybrid nanovehicles. The new approach to harvest acoustic energy leads to a robust motile platform and expands the horizons of ultrasound‐propelled micro/nanomotors, offering new possibilities for their design and applications.
Bioinspired Robust All‐Aqueous Droplet via Diffusion‐Controlled Interfacial Coacervation
Authors: Huang Xin , Tian Li , Wang Zhaoyue , Zhang Jianqiang , Chan Yu Suen , Cheng Shuk Han , Yao Xi
Published: September 2020

All‐aqueous droplets demand structural and functional robustness to provide tailored microenvironments for various biomedical applications. Inspired by the structural supporting properties of eggshell membranes, all‐aqueous droplets with robust shells featuring optical transparence, compound permeability, and swelling resistance are developed. The dense coacervate shell encapsulates sodium alginate (Alg) droplets in a continuous ε‐poly‐l‐lysine (ε‐PL) solution, via diffusion‐controlled interfacial coacervation between Alg and ε‐PL. Benefiting from the permeability of the coacervate shell, the core of the droplet presents embryo‐like stiffness‐responsiveness between the fluid and gel states via the perception of external microenvironment. Particularly, in a benchmarking comparison with Alg‐Ca2+ hydrogel, the coacervate encapsulation presents boosted durability, mechanical robustness, and selective permeability in diverse conditions. This design strategy not only deepens the understanding on the design of all‐aqueous droplets with adaptive functions via one‐step interfacial coacervation between two miscible aqueous phases, but also broadens their feasibility as integrated platforms for biomedical applications.
Production of Metal‐Free C, N Alternating Nanoplatelets and Their In Vivo Fluorescence Imaging Performance without Labeling
Authors: Jang Dawoon , Ahn Heesu , Oh Junghoon , Lim Donggyu , Kim Chul Hee , Choi Seungjoo , Kim Young‐Hoon , Park Jinwoo , Jang Kyeong Yeon , Yoo Ran Ji , Lee Tae‐Woo , Kim Jeongho , Lee Yong Jin , Kim Dong Wook , Park Sungjin
Published: September 2020

The use of luminescent probes with proper optical and morphological properties, high serum stability, low cytotoxicity, and good biocompatibility is a cost‐effective method for bioimaging. In this work, a route is developed to produce a novel bioimaging probe framework. A C3N4 material (UCN‐H) is produced by thermal condensation of urea under humidified air treatment. Chemical characterizations reveal that the UCN‐H contains C3N4 networks with smaller grain sizes and more amine‐based functionalities at the edges than UCN, which is separately produced without the humidified air treatment. Highly stable aqueous dispersions including fluorescent C3N4 nanoplatelets are generated by sonication of the UCN‐H powder. The photoluminescence (PL), time resolved‐PL, and 2D excitation‐emission spectra of the dispersions show that the UCN‐H has less‐intra bandgap traps and longer PL lifetime than UCN. In confocal microscopic study using the nanoplatelets, clear fluorescent cell images are obtained without any cytosolic aggregation. In in vivo imaging studies with MDA‐MB‐231 tumor‐bearing mice models, persistently strong fluorescence signals are successfully observed on tumor lesions without any interference of autofluorescence from live tissues after their accumulation by passive tumor targeting. Ex vivo biodistribution and histology results are well‐matched with in vivo fluorescence imaging results.
InP/ZnS/ZnS Core/Shell Blue Quantum Dots for Efficient Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Zhang Wenda , Ding Shihao , Zhuang Weidong , Wu Dan , Liu Pai , Qu Xiangwei , Liu Haochen , Yang Hongcheng , Wu Zhenghui , Wang Kai , Sun Xiao Wei
Published: September 2020

As the concerns about using cadmium‐based quantum dots (QDs) in display are growing worldwide, InP QDs have drawn much attention in quantum dot light‐emitting diodes (QLEDs). However, pure blue InP based QLED has been rarely reported. In this work, first of all, pure blue InP/ZnS QDs with emission wavelength of 468 nm and quantum yield of 45% are synthesized. Furthermore, zinc oleate and S‐TOP are used as precursors to epitaxially grow the second ZnS shell. The residual zinc stearate reacted with S‐TOP to form ZnS shell, which increased the thickness and stability of QDs. Moreover, as the residual precursor of zinc stearate is removed, the current density increased from 13 mA cm−2 to 121 mA cm−2 at 8 V for the hole only device. External quantum efficiency increased from 0.6% of InP/ZnS QLED to 1.7% of InP/ZnS/ZnS QLED.
Ultrahigh Strength and Modulus Graphene‐Based Hybrid Carbons with AB‐Stacked and Turbostratic Structures
Authors: Jin Sunghwan , Chung Bongjin , Park Hyo Ju , Cunning Benjamin V. , Lee Jae‐Hyeok , Yoon Aram , Huang Ming , Seo Hojin , Lee Dongju , Lee Zonghoon , Ruoff Rodney S. , Ryu Seongwoo
Published: September 2020

Graphene‐based hybrid carbons composed of a mix of AB‐stacked and turbostratic regions are reported. Macroscopic graphene films consisting of stacked graphenes are prepared using a liquid crystal graphene oxide dispersion. The graphene films are then infiltrated with bioinspired adhesives, catecholamines, and polymerized to obtain graphene/poly(catecholamine) composites. After heat treatment up to 3000 ºC, the composite films are transformed to have both AB‐stacked (mainly from graphene oxide) and turbostratic (mainly from poly(catecholamines)) structures, and exhibit significantly improved mechanical properties compared to the films having a predominant AB‐stacked structure made from only graphene oxide. They have almost twice the fracture strength (1012 ± 146 MPa) and ≈1.5× increase of both Young's modulus (21.87 ± 2.24 GPa) and strain‐to‐failure (8.91 ± 0.50%). In addition, the films have an in‐plane electrical conductivity as high as 1320 ± 159 S cm−1. Such hybrid‐carbon films with the indicated mechanical and electrical properties have many promising uses, such as for light‐weight structural materials, and in flexible electronics such as for wearable heaters or in sensing electrodes.
3D Hybrid Nanofiber Aerogels Combining with Nanoparticles Made of a Biocleavable and Targeting Polycation and MiR‐26a for Bone Repair
Authors: Li Ruiquan , Wang Hongjun , John Johnson V. , Song Haiqing , Teusink Matthew J. , Xie Jingwei
Published: September 2020

The healing of large bone defects represents a clinical challenge, often requiring some form of grafting. 3D nanofiber aerogels could be a promising bone graft due to their biomimetic morphology and controlled porous structures and composition. miR‐26a has been reported to induce the differentiation of bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and facilitate bone formation. Introducing miR‐26a with a suitable polymeric vector targeting BMSCs could improve and enhance the functions of 3D nanofiber aerogels for bone regeneration. Herein, the comb‐shaped polycation (HA–SS–PGEA) is first developed, carrying a targeting component, biocleavable groups, and short ethanolamine (EA)‐decorated poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) (abbreviated as PGEA) arms as miR‐26a delivery vector. Thereafter, the cytotoxicity and transfection efficiency of this polycation and cellular response to miR‐26a‐incorporated nanoparticles (NPs) are assessed in vitro. HA–SS–PGEA exhibits a stronger ability to transport miR‐26a and exert its functions than the gold standard polyethyleneimine (PEI) and low‐molecular‐weight linear PGEA. The efficacy of HA–SS–PGEA/miR‐26a NPs loaded 3D hybrid nanofiber aerogels showing a positive effect on the cranial bone defect healing is finally examined. Together, the combination of 3D nanofiber aerogels and functional NPs consisting of a biodegradable and targeting polycation and therapeutic miRNA could be a promising approach for bone regeneration.
Redox Poly‐Counterion Doped Conducting Polymers for Pseudocapacitive Energy Storage
Authors: Zhang Ming‐Yue , Song Yu , Yang Duo , Qin Zengming , Guo Di , Bian Li‐Jun , Sang Xiao‐Guang , Sun Xiaoqi , Liu Xiao‐Xia
Published: September 2020

Conducting polymers (CPs) have been widely studied for electrochemical energy storage. However, the dopants in CPs are often electrochemically inactive, introducing “dead‐weight” to the materials. Moreover, commercial‐level electrode materials with high mass loadings (e.g., >10 mg cm−2) often encounter the problems of inferior electrical and ionic conductivity. Here, a redox‐active poly‐counterion doping concept is proposed to improve the electrochemical performance of CPs with ultra‐high mass loadings. As a study prototype, heptamolybdate anion (Mo7O246−) doped polypyrrole (PPy) is synthesized by electro‐polymerization. A 2 mm thick PPy electrode with mass loading of ≈192 mg cm−2 reaches a record‐high areal capacitance of ≈47 F cm−2, competitive gravimetric capacitance of 235 F g−1, and volumetric capacitance of 235 F cm−3. With poly‐counterion doping, the dopants also undergo redox reactions during charge/discharge processes, providing additional capacitance to the electrode. The interaction between polymer chains and the poly‐counterions enhances the electrical conductivity of CPs. Besides, the poly‐counterions with large steric hindrance could act as structural pillars and endow CPs with open structures for facile ion transport. The concept proposed in this work enriches the electrochemistry of CPs and promotes their practical applications.
Malleable Hydrogel Embedded with Micellar Cargo‐Expellers as a Prompt Transdermal Patch
Authors: Shin Sung‐Ho , Eom Youngho , Lee Eun Seong , Hwang Sung Yeon , Oh Dongyeop X. , Park Jeyoung
Published: September 2020

Although hydrogels are promising transdermal patches, they face spatiotemporal problems related to controlled drug release. From the “spatio” perspective, hydrogels are not malleable, therefore they do not fully contact curved skin, such as that found on the nose and fingers. From the “temporal” perspective, the internal network of a hydrogel retards cargo release. Herein, a malleable and rapid‐cargo‐releasing poly(vinyl alcohol)‐borax hydrogel that embeds freely mobile poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) micelles is prepared. The in situ polymerization of PHEMA within the matrix produces large compound micelle particles that are not bound by the matrix. The micelles act as expellers by sweeping out cargo upon exposure to wet conditions through a concentration gradient. The hydrogel embedded with the micellar cargo‐expellers delivers a 25‐fold larger 3‐min release quantity of Nile Red (a model cargo) than the control hydrogel. The particles absorb mechanical shocks and the dynamic borate‐diol bonds engender the hydrogel with self‐healing properties, which results in a hydrogel that tightly contacts highly curved skin. Moreover, the hydrogel shows no toxicity in in vivo and skin irritation tests. This malleable hydrogel will inspire novel prompt skin‐patch systems for pharmaceutical and cosmetics purposes.
A Review of Shape Memory Polymers and Composites: Mechanisms, Materials, and Applications
Authors: Xia Yuliang , He Yang , Zhang Fenghua , Liu Yanju , Leng Jinsong
Published: September 2020

Over the past decades, interest in shape memory polymers (SMPs) has persisted, and immense efforts have been dedicated to developing SMPs and their multifunctional composites. As a class of stimuli‐responsive polymers, SMPs can return to their initial shape from a programmed temporary shape under external stimuli, such as light, heat, magnetism, and electricity. The introduction of functional materials and nanostructures results in shape memory polymer composites (SMPCs) with large recoverable deformation, enhanced mechanical properties, and controllable remote actuation. Because of these unique features, SMPCs have a broad application prospect in many fields covering aerospace engineering, biomedical devices, flexible electronics, soft robotics, shape memory arrays, and 4D printing. Herein, a comprehensive analysis of the shape recovery mechanisms, multifunctionality, applications, and recent advances in SMPs and SMPCs is presented. Specifically, the combination of functional, reversible, multiple, and controllable shape recovery processes is discussed. Further, established products from such materials are highlighted. Finally, potential directions for the future advancement of SMPs are proposed.
Metal–Organic Charge Transfer Complexes of Pb(TCNQ)2 and Pb(TCNQF4)2 as New Catalysts for Electron Transfer Reactions
Authors: Hussain Zakir , Zou Wenyue , Murdoch Billy J. , Nafady Ayman , Field Matthew R. , Ramanathan Rajesh , Bansal Vipul
Published: September 2020

The fundamental properties and applications of organic charge transfer complexes based on Pb(TCNQ)2 (Pb = lead, TCNQ = 7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane) and its fluorinated derivatives are relatively unknown. Here, a facile solid–liquid approach for the synthesis of Pb(TCNQ)2 and Pb(TCNQF4)2 is reported. These materials are thoroughly analyzed to obtain insights into their unique morphological, vibrational and optical properties, the latter extending across the UV–Vis–IR region. Subsequently, the catalytic potential of these materials is evaluated by employing a model redox reaction, which revealed two orders of magnitude higher catalytic activity of the fluorinated derivative over non‐fluorinated Pb(TCNQ)2 crystals. Overall, the work presented here adds a new member to the growing yet limited library of metal–organic charge transfer complexes and validates the outstanding redox catalysis performance of this group of materials.
Atomic Scale Evolution of Graphitic Shells Growth via Pyrolysis of Cobalt Phthalocyanine
Authors: Zhang Xiaofang , Yang Feng , Tian Dongliang , Zhao Haofei , Wang Rongming , Lau Woon‐Ming
Published: September 2020

Nanostructured graphitic‐layer‐materials with precise control of the layer‐nanostructure, are known to surpass many benchmarks in electrical, optical, and mechanical properties. The development of such controlled synthesis is, however, stalled by the difficulty in tracking the exact growth mechanism and dynamics of the layer‐structure. Herein, the growth mechanism of onion‐like graphitic‐layer‐structures with an atomic precision is revealed by pyrolysis in an aberration‐corrected environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM). Specifically, the time‐evolution of cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc), bearing better contact between carbon atoms and metamorphosizing a graphitization‐catalyst, at 850°C in an ETEM are tracked to an intriguing Co‐Co3C nanocore enveloped by several graphitic layers. The growth dynamics of this onion‐like graphitic shell comprises, rather unexpectedly, out‐diffusion of carbon atoms from the core to fuel the growth of new outermost shell‐layers, plus lateral/inwards and intrashell/intershell diffusion of carbon atoms to amend shell‐defects. Thus, unusual dynamics of seemingly contracting shell‐expansion and shell‐consolidation is revealed, with the surprising phenomenon of a decrease in the number of atomic shell‐layers in exchange for layer‐perfectness towards the end of the controlled synthesis. These results indicate pyrolysis of an organometallic compound in an ETEM is a paradigm for understanding and developing controlled synthesis of novel high‐quality graphitic‐layer‐materials.
Selective Out‐of‐Plane Optical Coupling between Vertical and Planar Microrings in a 3D Configuration
Authors: Valligatla Sreeramulu , Wang Jiawei , Madani Abbas , Naz Ehsan Saei Ghareh , Hao Qi , Saggau Christian Niclaas , Yin Yin , Ma Libo , Schmidt Oliver G.
Published: September 2020

3D photonic integrated circuits are expected to play a key role in future optoelectronics with efficient signal transfer between photonic layers. Here, the optical coupling of tubular microcavities, supporting resonances in a vertical plane, with planar microrings, accommodating in‐plane resonances, is explored. In such a 3D coupled composite system with largely mismatched cavity sizes, periodic mode splitting and resonant mode shifts are observed due to mode‐selective interactions. The axial direction of the microtube cavity provides additional design freedom for selective mode coupling, which is achieved by carefully adjusting the axial displacement between the microtube and the microring. The spectral anticrossing behavior is caused by strong coupling in this composite optical system and is excellently reproduced by numerical modeling. Interfacing tubular microcavities with planar microrings is a promising approach toward interlayer light transfer with added optical functionality in 3D photonic systems.