bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Jarring Echoes
Authors: Foley Louis
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Different kinds of repetition of words may be very different in their effect. The words which are repeated most often are the very ones we notice least. When we are annoyed by irrelevant repetition of sound, analysis is likely to show that some word has been misused.
Economic and Social Trends and the Teaching of Modern Languages
Authors: Pence Edith E.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— The technological developments of the twentieth century have brought about economic and social changes, of national and international scope, that make the study of foreign languages and cultures very desirable. To meet this situation the program of foreign language study must provide for active correlation along two lines—with life itself and with the other subjects of the curriculum.
Foreign Languages in Junior Colleges
Authors: Gosch Marcella
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Though stressing vocational and semi‐professional work, junior colleges have a definite place for foreign languages. Students usually become interested in the language they need, while instructors are enthusiastic and co‐operative.
The Teaching of Modern Foreign Languages in the United States and Abroad
Authors: Russell Olivia
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— A comparison of the methods and objectives of modern foreign language teaching in France, Great Britain, Germany, Italy, and Brazil. The consensus of opinion of observers is that European methods of instruction are inferior to American ones, but that European language ability is of high quality. Probably this is due to a selected group in classes, small classes and greater length of time devoted to study, and general interest in stress on language by authorities.
Place Names in the United States as an Incentive to Foreign Language Study
Authors: Kuehne Oswald R.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Classification of European language place names by languages and by parts of speech or their combinations within languages, together with translations, some documented and others suggested.)
The Teaching of Italian in America in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Marraro Howard R.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— On the basis of information in American newspapers of the eighteenth century, the author reviews the efforts made in that period to teach the Italian language in several American cities. He also has studied the advertisements of American bookdealers to show what books were used in the teaching and study of Italian literature, history, and culture.)
Teachers Are Learning Spanish
Authors: Wachs William
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— A practical course for teachers in service.
The Place of Modern Foreign Languages in the Curriculum
Authors: Russell Olivia
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Recent changes and trends in modern language teaching. Four recommendations, 1. exploratory or orientation courses in language arts on the junior high level, 2. retention of the skill objective for those fitted to obtain it, 3. emphasis on reading method, 4. lengthening of time required for study.)
What Shall the Foreign Language Teacher Do about the Pupil of Lower Linguistic Ability?*
Authors: Guerra Emilio L.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Foreign language instruction is a challenging task in these days of un‐selected student bodies. The progressive teacher will do well to plan to meet the needs of the non‐academically‐minded student if the study of foreign languages is to perform an educational function and, incidentally, hold its place in the curriculum. This article describes what has been done for the pupil of lower linguistic ability in several parts of the country.)
French Spelling
Authors: Davis Edwin B.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— A review of proposals for changes in French orthography published in Le francais moderne.)
Foreign Languages in High School
Authors: Reinsch F. H.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Present‐day popular interest in the immediately useful subjects of instruction makes it necessary that foreign language teachers give emphasis to the importance of languages in the present emergency. The basic practical and potential values of foreign languages have been restated by a noted authority on vocational education, and the contribution which foreign language teachers may make by collaboration with their colleagues in other departments has been demonstrated by teachers conducting such projects. This article summarizes the address, papers, and discussion at the foreign language meeting during the San Francisco session of the American Association of School Administrators.
Problems in the Teaching of Portuguese
Authors: Ornstein Jacob
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— A review of the available texts and the methods of teaching in Portuguese.
Some Questions for a Language‐Vocabulary Course
Authors: Henninger George A.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— Language‐Vocabulary attempts to give the student a thorough foundation in vocabulary building by way of a systematic and extended study of derivatives, and to acquaint him with the tools with which he can better continue the study along any line he desires.
Transitions Between the European Languages
Authors: Furst Norbert
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— There are no sharp borderlines between the European languages. There was interpenetration (1) between Greek and Latin in Antiquity, between Romance and Germanic stock at the time of the formation of the modern languages, and (2) between all our “foreign” languages during all their history.)
Seven Reasons for Studying Foreign Languages
Authors: Holzhauser Emil K.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— These are seven practical and cultural reasons why foreign language studies are indispensable to a liberal education.)
Teachers' Standards and Teacher Improvement
Authors: Owens J. H.
Published: October 2011

The state certification codes must be directed by the colleges. Codes prescribe a minor which colleges must not cheapen. Colleges control minor definition, hence the quality and quantity of teachers. Code hour‐requirements must be raised to meet the minors. Should languages be classified as “special” subjects, demanding certain skills?
The Language of Linguists
Authors: Fay Eliot G.
Published: October 2011

Some linguists seem to feel that the speech of an individual is conditioned by geography alone, and that one English dialect is as good as another. But individual speech is influenced also by racial origin and social environment, and there is such a thing as good English opposed to bad English.
A College‐Level Service Course in General Language (Achievement and Methods)
Authors: Roehm A. I.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Good students having had two years in any one Romanic language can, with suitable method, acquire a practical pronunciation and reading ability in all the rest of the Romanic languages in one year. Authentic radio‐pronunciation of foreign words in world events is included in the bargain.)
Making the Background Visible
Authors: Wachs William
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— The use of sound films in teaching Spanish.
Wrong Division
Authors: Bottke Karl G.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Contamination of the definite or indefinite article with certain nouns has resulted, in some languages, in curious hybrid formations eventually accepted as correct.
The Place of the Vernacular Language in Colonial Education
Authors: Sauer Charles A.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Colonial education should begin in the mother tongue, and even on the secondary level the social sciences should be taught in the vernacular. The official language is a necessity in the secondary school, particularly in the sciences. The transition from the vernacular to the official language should be gradual and made on the upper elementary grades.
The Problem of Selecting a Foreign Language
Authors: Kettelkamp Gilbert C.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— The well‐known modern languages are still good choices for the pupil planning to take a linguistic course.
Pronunciation Plateaus
Authors: Simpson Lurline V.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Suggested devices for stimulating advancement in pronunciation in second year French classes.
The Humorous Side of Foreign Language Teaching
Authors: Bissell Clifford H. , Collaborators Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Various examples of comical errors in French translation and composition, with an attempt to analyze some of them.
A New Course in Basic Language
Authors: Eaton Helen S.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— A new Basic Language Course for high school or freshman college with the material arranged in groups of Latin word‐families in chart form showing the derivational steps in Latin, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, French, and the Latin element in English, has promising results for the learning of a basic vocabulary in any one of these foreign languages or for the enlarging of the English vocabulary.
The Leaders of French Intellectual Life—At Home and in Exile
Authors: Stinson Madeline
Published: October 2011

This article attempts to outline what little is known concerning those well‐known French writers and artists who have been forced into comparative obscurity in France. Many of those famous in the French intellectual world have come to the United States and have already contributed largely to American cultural life. The article covers the period only up to November 1943.
The Navy Language School and College Foreign‐Language Departments: Personnel and Organization
Authors: Axelrod Joseph
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— A second article describing aspects of the Navy Language School program. College language departments do not have such carefully selected students but in general they have better teachers. The Navy's experience with a stringently‐planned program, alternation of instructors, and centralized examinations makes these features worth considering for adoption in college departments.
Languages Anew*
Authors: Myron Herbert B.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— This article attempts, in the light of recent educational trends, to bring new classification to the problems of language study and teaching.
Functions of the Language Teacher
Authors: Morgan Bayard Quincy
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— No teacher can furnish the pupil with ability. The good teacher can do much to make the learning process more successful and more pleasurable.
THE RUTGERS FOREIGN LANGUAGE SURVEY
Authors: Jordan Emil L.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— A middle‐sized university revaluates its modern foreign language teaching program; its plans for the future are progressive but not revolutionary.
MLJ Reviews
Authors: BIRCKBICHLER DIANE W.
Published: October 2011

Book reviewed in this article:

THEORY AND PRACTICE: JACKSON, CLAIRE W., KAREN MASTERSWICKS, JUNE K. PHILLIPS, & DONALD H. REUTERSHAN, JR.

LYNCH, TONY. Communication in the Language Classroom.

WEAVER, CONSTANCE. Teaching Grammar in Context.

CHINESE: CHOU, CHIH‐P'ING, & DER‐LIN CHAO. A Trip to China: Intermediate Reader of Modern Chinese.

MCGINNIS, SCOTT. (Ed.). Chinese Pedagogy: An Emerging Field.

CULTURE: GANNON, MARTIN J., et al. Understanding Global Cultures: Metaphorical Journeys Through 17 Countries.

ESL: BARTELL, KAREN H. American Business English.

BURBIDGE, NICKY, PETA GRAY, SHEILA LEVY, & MARIO RINVOLUCRI. Letters. Resource Books for Teachers.

SINCLAIR, JOHN. (Ed.). Collins COBUILD English Collocations on CD‐ROM.

LOCK, GRAHAM. Functional English Grammar: An Introduction for Second Language Teachers.

FRENCH: BRAGGER, JEANNETTE D., & DELPHINE CHARTIER. La France dans tous ses états.

GAQUIN, AUDREY. Peuples et Langues de France.

HEMINWAY, ANNIE. Living Language. French 2. All the Way. Intermediate to Advanced Conversation/Grammar/Culture/Reading/Writing plus Business.

JUDGE, ANNE, & F. G. HEALEY. A Reference Grammar of Modern French.

KENDRIS, CHRISTOPHER. Master the Basics: French.

SISKIN, H. JAY, CHERYL L. KRUEGER, & MARYSE FAUVEL. Taches d'encre: Cours de composition.

GERMAN: Hammer's German Grammar and Usage.

RUG, WOLFGANG, & ANDREAS TOMASZEWSKI. Grammatik mit Sinn und Verstand.

GREEK: MASTRONARDE, DONALD J. Introduction to Attic Greek: An Electronic Workbook.

JAPANESE: LAMPKIN, RITA L. Learning and Using Japanese Numbers.

LINGUISTICS: FAIRCLOUGH, NORMAN. Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language.

KATZNER, KENNETH. The Languages of the World.

MAZZOLA, MICHAEL L. (Ed.). Issues and Theory in Romance Linguistics: Selected Papers from the Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages XXIII, April 1–4, 1993.

NUNAN, DAVID. Introducing Discourse Analysis.

READING: SMITH, FRANK. Between Hope and Havoc. Essays into Human Learning.

HOOD, SUSAN, NICKY SOLOMON, & ANNE BURNS. Focus on Reading.

PRESSLEY, MICHAEL, & PETER AFFLERBACH. Verbal Protocols of Reading: The Nature of Constructively Responsive Reading.

RUSSIAN: IORDANSKAJA, LIDIJA, & SLAVA PAPERNO. A Russian‐English Collocational Dictionary of the Human Body.

SPANISH: BROWN, JOAN L., & CARMEN MARTIN GAITE. Conversaciones creadoras.

BUTT, JOHN, & CARMEN BENJAMIN. A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish.

KNORRE, MARTY, THALIA DORWICK, WILLIAM GLASS, & HILDEBRANDO VILLARREAL. Puntos de partida.
Association of Two Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms from Genomewide Association Studies with Clinical Phenotypes of Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: van den Herik Evita G. , de Lau Lonneke M. L. , Mohamad Arezo , Ikram M. Arfan , Koudstaal Peter J.
Published: October 2011

Background

Recent genomewide association studies have revealed an association between two single nucleotide polymorphisms, rs11833579 and rs12425791, and ischemic stroke.

Aim

To gain more insight in pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the found associations by exploring relationships between these single nucleotide polymorphisms and clinical and radiological characteristics of patients with cerebral ischemia.

Methods

Our cohort consisted of 660 Caucasian patients with cerebral ischemia; from all patients detailed clinical and radiological data were available. Etiologic subtype of cerebral ischemia was determined according to the TOAST classification and an alternative classification. We studied associations between risk alleles and etiologic subtype, duration of ischemia, occurrence of multiple events, functional outcome and findings on CT-angiography by means of logistic regression analysis.

Results

The risk allele of rs11833579 was associated with an atherothrombotic etiology of cerebral ischemia, but not with other etiologic subtypes. Risk alleles of both single nucleotide polymorphisms were related to events of shorter duration (>24 ***h), the risk allele of rs11833579 with occurrence of multiple events. There was no association between single nucleotide polymorphism and clinical outcome. Both single nucleotide polymorphisms were associated with presence of stenotic calcifications and stenosis #<30% in a symptomatic artery on CT-angiography.

Conclusions

This is the first study to show an association of rs11833579 with multiple episodes of cerebral ischemia of atherothrombotic origin, and of rs11833579 and rs12425791 with short duration of ischemia. Also, we found an association of both single nucleotide polymorphisms with atherosclerotic lesions in the extracranial vessels on CT-angiography. Together this suggests a relationship between the two single nucleotide polymorphisms and large artery pathology.
Turmeric Powder and Starch: Selected Physical, Physicochemical, and Microstructural Properties
Authors: Kuttigounder Dhanalakshmi , Lingamallu Jaganmohan Rao , Bhattacharya Suvendu
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  Turmeric powder and its starch were characterized for physical, physicochemical, and microstructural characteristics. X‐ray diffractogram indicated that turmeric starch to be of B type. Dried and cured‐dried turmeric powder samples showed higher water‐holding capacity (3.62 and 4.78 g/g, respectively) compared to isolated starch (1.07 g/g) at 30 °C. Non‐Newtonian shear‐thinning characteristics were observed with turmeric powder dispersion containing 10% (w/w) solids. A power law model fitted well to correlate the shear‐rate and shear‐stress data (r= 0.993 to 0.999, P≤ 0.01) for both samples. Apparent viscosities of isolated turmeric starch and cured‐dried turmeric powder dispersion containing 10% (w/w) solids were 1.29 ± 0.03 and 7.57 ± 0.39 mPa s, respectively. Microstructure of starch particles showed a smooth flat outer surface. The approximate length and breadth of isolated elliptical starches were 25 and 10 μm while the thickness was about 5 μm.

Practical Application:  Isolation and characterization of starch from an unconventional source like turmeric rhizome indicate a potential application as a functional ingredient in foods and pharmaceutical industries including agglomerated products.
Antagonists Induce a Conformational Change in cIAP1 That Promotes Autoubiquitination
Authors: Dueber Erin C. , Schoeffler Allyn J. , Lingel Andreas , Elliott J. Michael , Fedorova Anna V. , Giannetti Anthony M. , Zobel Kerry , Maurer Brigitte , Varfolomeev Eugene , Wu Ping , Wallweber Heidi J. A. , Hymowitz Sarah G. , Deshayes Kurt , Vucic Domagoj , Fairbrother Wayne J.
Published: October 2011

Antagonist binding to an apoptosis inhibitor releases inhibition by promoting dimerization required for autoubiquitination.
Brevibacterium casei as a Cause of Brain Abscess in an Immunocompetent Patient
Authors: Kumar V. Anil , Augustine Deepthi , Panikar Dilip , Nandakumar Aswathy , Dinesh Kavitha R. , Karim Shamsul , Philip Rosamma
Published: October 2011

Coryneform bacteria belonging to the genus
Brevibacterium
have emerged as opportunistic pathogens. Of the nine known species of
Brevibacterium
isolated from human clinical samples,
Brevibacterium casei
is the most frequently reported species from clinical specimens. We report the first case of
B. casei
brain abscess in an immunocompetent patient successfully treated by surgery and antimicrobial therapy.
Percutaneous sacroplasty
Authors: Gupta Amar C , Yoo Albert J , Stone Jeffrey , Barr John C , Brook Allan , Tutton Sean , Ortiz Orlando , Hirsch Ariel E , Larvie Mykol , Frey Michael E , Jayaraman Mahesh V , Hirsch Joshua A
Published: October 2011

The recognition of sacral insufficiency fractures continues to be poor, and diagnosis is often delayed resulting in significant morbidity. Percutaneous sacroplasty is an image guided procedure that is safe and potentially effective for treating the pain and disability related to these fractures. Several cohort studies reviewed here report successful outcomes using this procedure, with patients experiencing nearly full pain relief immediately and longitudinally. As with the well proven results from percutaneous vertebral augmentation within the thoracic and lumbar spine, sacroplasty reduces the cost associated with bed rest and physical therapy and allows patients to return to activities of daily living sooner than with conservative therapy.
AN OPTIMAL INEQUALITY FOR CR-WARPED PRODUCTS IN COMPLEX SPACE FORMS INVOLVING CR δ-INVARIANT
Authors: CHEN BANG-YEN
Published: October 2011

We prove a new optimal inequality for CR-warped products in complex space forms involving a CR δ-invariant. Moreover, we completely classify CR-warped product submanifolds in complex Euclidean space which satisfy the equality case of the inequality.
A new measure of cortical inhibition by mechanomyography and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation in unanesthetized rats
Authors: Hsieh Tsung-Hsun , Dhamne Sameer C. , Chen Jia-Jin J. , Pascual-Leone Alvaro , Jensen Frances E. , Rotenberg Alexander
Published: October 2011

Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (ppTMS) is a safe and noninvasive tool for measuring cortical inhibition in humans, particularly in patients with disorders of cortical inhibition such as epilepsy. However, ppTMS protocols in rodent disease models, where mechanistic insight into the ppTMS physiology and into disease processes may be obtained, have been limited due to the requirement for anesthesia and needle electromyography. To eliminate the confounding factor of anesthesia and to approximate human ppTMS protocols in awake rats, we adapted the mechanomyogram (MMG) method to investigate the ppTMS inhibitory phenomenon in awake rats and then applied differential pharmacology to test the hypothesis that long-interval cortical inhibition is mediated by the GABAA receptor. Bilateral hindlimb-evoked MMGs were elicited in awake rats by long-interval ppTMS protocols with 50-, 100-, and 200-ms interstimulus intervals. Acute changes in ppTMS-MMG were measured before and after intraperitoneal injections of saline, the GABAA agonist pentobarbital (PB), and GABAA antagonist pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). An evoked MMG was obtained in 100% of animals by single-pulse stimulation, and ppTMS resulted in predictable inhibition of the test-evoked MMG. With increasing TMS intensity, MMG amplitudes increased in proportion to machine output to produce reliable input-output curves. Simultaneous recordings of electromyography and MMG showed a predictable latency discrepancy between the motor-evoked potential and the evoked MMG (7.55 ± 0.08 and 9.16 ± 0.14 ms, respectively). With pharmacological testing, time course observations showed that ppTMS-MMG inhibition was acutely reduced following PTZ ( P < 0.05), acutely enhanced after PB ( P < 0.01) injection, and then recovered to pretreatment baseline after 1 h. Our data support the application of the ppTMS-MMG technique for measuring the cortical excitability in awake rats and provide the evidence that GABAA receptor contributes to long-interval paired-pulse cortical inhibition. Thus ppTMS-MMG appears a well-tolerated biomarker for measuring GABAA-mediated cortical inhibition in rats.
Modeling and Simulation of Fiber Orientation in Injection Molding of Polymer Composites
Authors: Park Jang Min , Park Seong Jin
Published: October 2011

We review the fundamental modeling and numerical simulation for a prediction of fiber orientation during injection molding process of polymer composite. In general, the simulation of fiber orientation involves coupled analysis of flow, temperature, moving free surface, and fiber kinematics. For the governing equation of the flow, Hele‐Shaw flow model along with the generalized Newtonian constitutive model has been widely used. The kinematics of a group of fibers is described in terms of the second‐order fiber orientation tensor. Folgar‐Tucker model and recent fiber kinematics models such as a slow orientation model are discussed. Also various closure approximations are reviewed. Therefore, the coupled numerical methods are needed due to the above complex problems. We review several well‐established methods such as a finite‐element/finite‐different hybrid scheme for Hele‐Shaw flow model and a finite element method for a general three‐dimensional flow model.
H-Y Antigen Incompatibility Not Associated with Adverse Immunologic Graft Outcomes: Deceased Donor Pair Analysis of the OPTN Database
Authors: Keith Douglas Scott , Patrie James T.
Published: October 2011

Background. H-Y antigen incompatibility adversely impacts bone marrow transplants however, the relevance of these antigens in kidney transplantation is uncertain. Three previous retrospective studies of kidney transplant databases have produced conflicting results.Methods. This study analyzed the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network database between 1997 and 2009 using male deceased donor kidney transplant pairs in which the recipient genders were discordant. Death censored graft survival at six months, five, and ten years, treated acute rejection at six months and one year, and rates of graft failure by cause were the primary endpoints analyzed.Results. Death censored graft survival at six months was significantly worse for female recipients. Analysis of the causes of graft failure at six months revealed that the difference in death censored graft survival was due primarily to nonimmunologic graft failures. The adjusted and unadjusted death censored graft survivals at five and ten years were similar between the two genders as were the rates of immunologic graft failure. No difference in the rates of treated acute rejection at six months and one year was seen between the two genders.Conclusions. Male donor to female recipient discordance had no discernable effect on immunologically mediated kidney graft outcomes in the era of modern immunosuppression.
Rosiglitazone Induces Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Differentiated Murine 3T3-L1 and C3H/10T1/2 Adipocytes
Authors: Rong James X. , Klein Jean-Louis D. , Qiu Yang , Xie Mi , Johnson Jennifer H. , Waters K. Michelle , Zhang Vivian , Kashatus Jennifer A. , Remlinger Katja S. , Bing Nan , Crosby Renae M. , Jackson Tymissha K. , Witherspoon Sam M. , Moore John T. , Ryan Terence E. , Neill Sue D. , Strum Jay C.
Published: October 2011

Growing evidence indicates that PPARγagonists, including rosiglitazone (RSG), induce adipose mitochondrial biogenesis. By systematically analyzing mitochondrial gene expression in two common murine adipocyte models, the current study aimed to further establish the direct role of RSG and capture temporal changes in gene transcription. Microarray profiling revealed that in fully differentiated 3T3-L1 and C3H/10T1/2 adipocytes treated with RSG or DMSO vehicle for 1, 2, 4, 7, 24, and 48 hrs, RSG overwhelmingly increased mitochondrial gene transcripts time dependently. The timing of the increases was consistent with the cascade of organelle biogenesis, that is, initiated by induction of transcription factor(s), followed by increases in the biosynthesis machinery, and then by increases in functional components. The transcriptional increases were further validated by increased mitochondrial staining, citrate synthase activity, and O2consumption, and were found to be associated with increased adiponectin secretion. The work provided further insight on the mechanism of PPARγ-induced mitochondrial biogenesis in differentiated adipocytes.
Trichorionic Quadruplet Delivered Beyond 36 Weeks of Gestation: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Edris Fawaz E.
Published: October 2011

Following one year of secondary fertility, a couple conceived with a quadruplet after transfer of three embryos through IVF-ICSI. At 36 weeks and 2 days of gestation, the mother developed gestational induced hypertension and delivered the next day by caesarean section. Pathology confirmed the zygosity to be trichorionic quadramniotic and all four babies were discharged home with their mother on postoperative day 3. Herein, we describe a successfully managed high-risk pregnancy case. A review of the literature was conducted and to our knowledge no other cases with similar criteria ever reached such advanced gestational age.
Identification of Microbial and Proteomic Biomarkers in Early Childhood Caries
Authors: Hart Thomas C. , Corby Patricia M. , Hauskrecht Milos , Hee Ryu Ok , Pelikan Richard , Valko Michal , Oliveira Maria B. , Hoehn Gerald T. , Bretz Walter A.
Published: October 2011

The purpose of this study was to provide a univariate and multivariate analysis of genomic microbial data and salivary mass-spectrometry proteomic profiles for dental caries outcomes. In order to determine potential useful biomarkers for dental caries, a multivariate classification analysis was employed to build predictive models capable of classifying microbial and salivary sample profiles with generalization performance. We used high-throughput methodologies including multiplexed microbial arrays and SELDI-TOF-MS profiling to characterize the oral flora and salivary proteome in 204 children aged 1–8 years (n=118caries-free,n=86caries-active). The population received little dental care and was deemed at high risk for childhood caries. Findings of the study indicate that models incorporating both microbial and proteomic data are superior to models of only microbial or salivary data alone. Comparison of results for the combined and independent data suggests that the combination of proteomic and microbial sources is beneficial for the classification accuracy and that combined data lead to improved predictive models for caries-active and caries-free patients. The best predictive model had a 6% test error, >92% sensitivity, and >95% specificity. These findings suggest that further characterization of the oral microflora and the salivary proteome associated with health and caries may provide clinically useful biomarkers to better predict future caries experience.
Molecular Imaging: A Promising Tool to Monitor Islet Transplantation
Authors: Wang Ping , Medarova Zdravka , Moore Anna
Published: October 2011

Replacement of insulin production by pancreatic islet transplantation has great potential as a therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus. At present, the lack of an effective approach to islet grafts assessment limits the success of this treatment. The development of molecular imaging techniques has the potential to fulfill the goal of real-time noninvasive monitoring of the functional status and viability of the islet grafts. We review the application of a variety of imaging modalities for detecting endogenous and transplanted beta-cell mass. The review also explores the various molecular imaging strategies for assessing islet delivery, the metabolic effects on the islet grafts as well as detection of immunorejection. Here, we highlight the use of combined imaging and therapeutic interventions in islet transplantation and the in vivo monitoring of stem cells differentiation into insulin-producing cells.
Blocking TGFβvia Inhibition of theαvβ6 Integrin: A Possible Therapy for Systemic Sclerosis Interstitial Lung Disease
Authors: Katsumoto Tamiko R. , Violette Shelia M. , Sheppard Dean
Published: October 2011

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a commonly encountered complication of systemic sclerosis (SSc) and accounts for a significant proportion of SSc-associated morbidity and mortality. Its pathogenesis remains poorly understood, and therapies that treat SSc ILD are suboptimal, at best. SSc ILD pathogenesis may share some common mechanisms with other fibrotic lung diseases, in which dysregulation of lung epithelium can contribute to pathologic fibrosis via recruitment or in situ generation and activation of fibroblasts. TGFβ, a master regulator of fibrosis, is tightly regulated in the lung by the integrinαvβ6, which is expressed at low levels on healthy alveolar epithelial cells but is highly induced in the setting of lung injury or fibrosis. Here we discuss the biology ofαvβ6 and present this integrin as a potentially attractive target for inhibition in the setting of SSc ILD.
Evolution of -Cell Replacement Therapy in Diabetes Mellitus: Islet Cell Transplantation
Authors: Jahansouz Cyrus , Jahansouz Cameron , Kumer Sean C. , Brayman Kenneth L.
Published: October 2011

Diabetes mellitus remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately 23.6 million people in the United States are affected. Of these individuals, 5 to 10% have been diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), an autoimmune disease. Although it often appears in childhood, T1DM may manifest at any age, leading to significant morbidity and decreased quality of life. Since the 1960s, the surgical treatment for diabetes mellitus has evolved to become a viable alternative to insulin administration, beginning with pancreatic transplantation. While islet cell transplantation has emerged as another potential alternative, its role in the treatment of T1DM remains to be solidified as research continues to establish it as a truly viable alternative for achieving insulin independence. In this paper, the historical evolution, procurement, current status, benefits, risks, and ongoing research of islet cell transplantation are explored.
A Comparative Study on TIBA Imputation Methods in FCMdd-Based Linear Clustering with Relational Data
Authors: Yamamoto Takeshi , Honda Katsuhiro , Notsu Akira , Ichihashi Hidetomo
Published: October 2011

Relational fuzzy clustering has been developed for extracting intrinsic cluster structures of relational data and was extended to a linear fuzzy clustering model based on Fuzzyc-Medoids (FCMdd) concept, in which Fuzzyc-Means-(FCM-) like iterative algorithm was performed by defining linear cluster prototypes using two representative medoids for each line prototype. In this paper, the FCMdd-type linear clustering model is further modified in order to handle incomplete data including missing values, and the applicability of several imputation methods is compared. In several numerical experiments, it is demonstrated that some pre-imputation strategies contribute to properly selecting representative medoids of each cluster.
Surface-Emitting Metal Nanocavity Lasers
Authors: Hill Martin T. , Marell Milan J. H.
Published: October 2011

There has been considerable interest in metallic nanolasers recently and some forms of these devices constructed from semiconductor pillars can be considered as surface-emitting lasers. We compare two different realized versions of these nanopillar devices, one with a trapped cutoff mode in the pillar, another with a mode that propagates along the pillar. For the cutoff mode devices we introduce a method to improve the output beam characteristics and look at some of the challenges in improving such devices.
Tracking the Autumn Migration of the Bar-Headed Goose (Anser indicus) with Satellite Telemetry and Relationship to Environmental Conditions
Authors: Zhang Yaonan , Hao Meiyu , Takekawa John Y. , Lei Fumin , Yan Baoping , Prosser Diann J. , Douglas David C. , Xing Zhi , Newman Scott H.
Published: October 2011

The autumn migration routes of bar-headed geese captured before the 2008 breeding season at Qinghai Lake, China, were documented using satellite tracking data. To assess how the migration strategies of bar-headed geese are influenced by environmental conditions, the relationship between migratory routes, temperatures, and vegetation coverage at stopovers sites estimated with the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were analyzed. Our results showed that there were four typical migration routes in autumn with variation in timing among individuals in start and end times and in total migration and stopover duration. The observed variation may be related to habitat type and other environmental conditions along the routes. On average, these birds traveled about 1300 to 1500 km, refueled at three to six stopover sites and migrated for 73 to 83 days. The majority of the habitat types at stopover sites were lake, marsh, and shoal wetlands, with use of some mountainous regions, and farmland areas.
Uniformly Almost Periodic Functions and Almost Periodic Solutions to Dynamic Equations on Time Scales
Authors: Li Yongkun , Wang Chao
Published: October 2011

Firstly, we propose a concept of uniformly almost periodic functions on almost periodic time scales and investigate some basic properties of them. When time scale 𝕋 = ℝ or ℤ, our definition of the uniformly almost periodic functions is equivalent to the classical definitions of uniformly almost periodic functions and the uniformly almost periodic sequences, respectively. Then, based on these, we study the existence and uniqueness of almost periodic solutions and derive some fundamental conditions of admitting an exponential dichotomy to linear dynamic equations. Finally, as an application of our results, we study the existence of almost periodic solutions for an almost periodic nonlinear dynamic equations on time scales.
Positive Almost Periodic Solutions for a Time‐Varying Fishing Model with Delay
Authors: Li Xia , Li Yongkun , He Chunyan
Published: October 2011

This paper is concerned with a time‐varying fishing model with delay. By means of the continuation theorem of coincidence degree theory, we prove that it has at least one positive almost periodic solution.
Podocyte Protein, Nephrin, Is a Substrate of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B
Authors: Aoudjit Lamine , Jiang Ruihua , Lee Tae Hoon , New Laura A. , Jones Nina , Takano Tomoko
Published: October 2011

Glomerular podocytes are critical for the barrier function of the glomerulus in the kidney and their dysfunction causes protein leakage into the urine (proteinuria). Nephrin is a key podocyte protein, which regulates the actin cytoskeleton via tyrosine phosphorylation of its cytoplasmic domain. Here we report that two protein tyrosine phosphatases, PTP1B and PTP-PEST negatively regulate nephrin tyrosine phosphorylation. PTP1B directly binds to and dephosphorylates nephrin, while the action of PTP-PEST is indirect. The two phosphatases are also upregulated in the glomerulus in the rat model of puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis. Both overexpression and inhibition of PTP1B deranged the actin cytoskeleton in cultured mouse podocytes. Thus, protein tyrosine phosphatases may affect podocyte function via regulating nephrin tyrosine phosphorylation.
GPU-Accelerated Finite Element Method for Modelling Light Transport in Diffuse Optical Tomography
Authors: Schweiger Martin
Published: October 2011

We introduce a GPU-accelerated finite element forward solver for the computation of light transport in scattering media. The forward model is the computationally most expensive component of iterative methods for image reconstruction in diffuse optical tomography, and performance optimisation of the forward solver is therefore crucial for improving the efficiency of the solution of the inverse problem. The GPU forward solver uses a CUDA implementation that evaluates on the graphics hardware the sparse linear system arising in the finite element formulation of the diffusion equation. We present solutions for both time-domain and frequency-domain problems. A comparison with a CPU-based implementation shows significant performance gains of the graphics accelerated solution, with improvements of approximately a factor of 10 for double-precision computations, and factors beyond 20 for single-precision computations. The gains are also shown to be dependent on the mesh complexity, where the largest gains are achieved for high mesh resolutions.
Spatial Analysis and Fuzzy Relation Equations
Authors: Di Martino Ferdinando , Sessa Salvatore
Published: October 2011

We implement an algorithm that uses a system of fuzzy relation equations (SFRE) with the max-min composition for solving a problem of spatial analysis. We integrate this algorithm in a Geographical Information System (GIS) tool, and the geographical area under study is divided in homogeneous subzones (with respect to the parameters involved) to which we apply our process to determine the symptoms after that an expert sets the SFRE with the values of the impact coefficients. We find that the best solutions and the related results are associated to each subzone. Among others, we define an index to evaluate the reliability of the results.
Inflammatory Cytokines in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Ohl Kim , Tenbrock Klaus
Published: October 2011

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease of unknown origin affecting virtually all organ systems. Beyond genetic and environmental factors, cytokine imbalances contribute to immune dysfunction, trigger inflammation, and induce organ damage. The key cytokine that is involved in SLE pathogenesis is interferon alpha. Interferon secretion is induced by immune complexes and leads to upregulation of several inflammatory proteins, which account for the so‐called IFN signature that can be found in the majority of SLE PBMCs. Additionally IL‐6 and IFN‐y as well as T‐cell‐derived cytokines like IL‐17, IL‐21, and IL‐2 are dysregulated in SLE. The latter induce a T‐cell phenotype that is characterized by enhanced B‐cell help and enhanced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines but reduced induction of suppressive T cells and activation‐induced cell death. This paper will focus on these cytokines and highlights pathophysiological approaches and therapeutic potential.
Gastrointestinal Complications in 147 Consecutive Patients with Peritoneal Surface Malignancy Treated by Cytoreductive Surgery and Perioperative Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy
Authors: Casado-Adam Angela , Alderman Robert , Stuart O. Anthony , Chang David , Sugarbaker Paul H.
Published: October 2011

Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is increasingly used in the treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis from gastrointestinal malignancies. The purpose of this study is to reevaluate the incidence of gastrointestinal events and identify risk factors associated with this treatment approach. Between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2009, 147 patients with appendiceal and colorectal carcinomatosis were treated. Gastrointestinal events were analyzed. The overall incidence of grade I–IV gastrointestinal events was 17%. There were 4 grade III gastrointestinal events that occurred in 4 patients and 11 grade IV gastrointestinal events that occurred in 8 patients. On univariate analysis of grade I–IV events a statistically significant association was observed with the following variables: histological grade, peritoneal cancer index (PCI), small bowel resection, colorectal anastomosis, and the number of anastomoses performed per patient. By multivariate analysis, PCI was identified as the only independent risk factor for gastrointestinal complications. CRS combined with a uniform HIPEC regimen is associated with a 17% gastrointestinal morbidity rate (grade I–IV). The frequency of gastrointestinal complications was associated with a large extent of disease measured by PCI (>30).
A Possible Anticancer Agent, Type III Interferon, Activates Cell Death Pathways and Produces Antitumor Effects
Authors: Tagawa Masatoshi , Kawamura Kiyoko , Li Quanhai , Tada Yuji , Hiroshima Kenzo , Shimada Hideaki
Published: October 2011

Recently identified interleukin-28 and -29 belong to a novel type III interferon (IFN) family, which could have distinct biological properties from type I and II IFNs. Type I IFNs, IFN-α/β, have been clinically applied for treating a certain kind of malignancies for over 30 years, but a wide range of the adverse effects hampered the further clinical applications. Type III IFNs, IFN-λs, have similar signaling pathways as IFN-α/βand inhibits proliferation of tumor cells through cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Restricted patterns of type III IFN receptor expression in contrast to ubiquitously expressed IFN-α/βreceptors suggest that type III IFNs have limited cytotoxicity to normal cells and can be a possible anticancer agent. In this paper, we summarize the current knowledge on the IFN-λs-mediated tumor cell death and discuss the functional difference between type I and III IFNs.
Computational Vaccinology: An Important Strategy to Discover New Potential S. mansoni Vaccine Candidates
Authors: Pinheiro Carina S. , Martins Vicente P. , Assis Natan R. G. , Figueiredo Bárbara C. P. , Morais Suellen B. , Azevedo Vasco , Oliveira Sergio C.
Published: October 2011

The flatworm
Schistosoma mansoni is a blood
fluke parasite that causes schistosomiasis, a
debilitating disease that occurs throughout the
developing world. Current schistosomiasis
control strategies are mainly based on
chemotherapy, but many researchers believe that
the best long‐term strategy to control
schistosomiasis is through immunization with an
antischistosomiasis vaccine combined with drug
treatment. Several papers on Schistosoma
mansoni vaccine and drug development
have been published in the past few years,
representing an important field of study. The
advent of technologies that allow large‐scale
studies of genes and proteins had a remarkable
impact on the screening of new and potential
vaccine candidates in schistosomiasis. In this
postgenomic scenario, bioinformatic technologies
have emerged as important tools to mine
transcriptomic, genomic, and proteomic databases.
These new perspectives are leading to a new round
of rational vaccine development. Herein, we
discuss different strategies to identify
potential S. mansoni vaccine
candidates using computational
vaccinology.
A Large‐Scale Synthesis and Characterization of Quaternary CuInxGa1−xS2 Chalcopyrite Nanoparticles via Microwave Batch Reactions
Authors: Sun Chivin , Westover Richard D. , Long Gary , Bajracharya Cyril , Harris Jerry D. , Punnoose Alex , Rodriguez Rene G. , Pak Joshua J.
Published: October 2011

Various quaternary CuInxGa1−xS2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) chalcopyrite nanoparticles have been prepared from molecular single‐source precursors via microwave decomposition. We were able to control the nanoparticle size, phase, stoichiometry, and solubility. Depending on the choice of surface modifiers used, we were able to tune the solubility of the resulting nanoparticles. This method has been used to generate up to 5 g of nanoparticles and up to 150 g from multiple batch reactions with excellent reproducibility. Data from UV‐Vis, photoluminescence, X‐ray diffraction, TEM, DSC/TGA‐MS, and ICP‐OES analyses have shown high reproducibility in nanoparticle size, composition, and bandgap.
Robust Output Feedback Disturbance Rejection Control by Simultaneously Estimating State and Disturbance
Authors: Chang Jeang-Lin
Published: October 2011

This paper tackles the problem of simultaneous estimation of the state and the unknown disturbance of an MIMO disturbed system and designs the disturbance rejection controller according to the estimation information. Through a series of transformations, we can transform the original system into two subsystems and then propose a sliding mode observer and a descriptor system form observer, respectively. Our algorithm can simultaneously estimate the state and the unknown disturbance. The estimation error is shown to be bounded within a small region. Moreover, the controller algorithm developed in this paper can effectively avoid the peaking phenomenon. Finally, the feasibility and the performance using the proposed method are analyzed and demonstrated with two simulated examples.
Parietal Lobes in Schizophrenia: Do They Matter?
Authors: Yildiz Murat , Borgwardt Stefan J. , Berger Gregor E.
Published: October 2011

Objective. Despite observations that abnormal parietal lobe (PL) function is associated with psychotic-like experiences, our knowledge about the nature of PL involvement in schizophrenia is modest. The objective of this paper is to investigate the role of the PL in schizophrenia.Method. Medline databases were searched for English language publications using the following key words: parietal lobe, combined with schizophrenia, lesions, epilepsy, cognition, rare genetic disorders, MRI, fMRI, PET, and SPECT, respectively, followed by cross-checking of references.Results. Imaging studies in childhood onset schizophrenia suggest that grey matter abnormalities start in parietal and occipital lobes and proceed to frontal regions. Although, the findings are inconsistent, several studies with patients at risk to develop schizophrenia indicate early changes in the PL.Conclusions. We want to propose that in a proportion of individuals with emerging schizophrenia structural and functional alterations may start in the PL and progress to frontal regions.
A Statistical Texture Model of the Liver Based on Generalized N-Dimensional Principal Component Analysis (GND-PCA) and 3D Shape Normalization
Authors: Qiao Xu , Chen Yen-Wei
Published: October 2011

We present a method based on generalized N-dimensional principal component analysis (GND-PCA) and a 3D shape normalization technique for statistical texture modeling of the liver. The 3D shape normalization technique is used for normalizing liver shapes in order to remove the liver shape variability and capture pure texture variations. The GND-PCA is used to overcome overfitting problems when the training samples are too much fewer than the dimension of the data. The preliminary results of leave-one-out experiments show that the statistical texture model of the liver built by our method can represent an untrained liver volume well, even though the mode is trained by fewer samples. We also demonstrate its potential application to classification of normal and abnormal (with tumors) livers.