bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Critical role of mitogen-inducible gene 6 in restraining endothelial cell permeability to maintain vascular homeostasis
Authors: Xing Liying , Huang Guanqun , Chen Rongyuan , Huang Lijuan , Liu Juanxi , Ren Xiangrong , Wang Shasha , Kuang Haiqing , Kumar Anil , Kim Jong Kyong , Jiang Qin , Li Xuri , Lee Chunsik
Published: October 2022

Although mitogen-inducible gene 6 (MIG6) is highly expressed in vascular endothelial cells, it remains unknown whether MIG6 affects vascular permeability. Here, we show for the first time a critical role of MIG6 in limiting vascular permeability. We unveil that genetic deletion of Mig6 in mice markedly increased VEGFA-induced vascular permeability, and MIG6 knockdown impaired endothelial barrier function. Mechanistically, we reveal that MIG6 inhibits VEGFR2 phosphorylation by binding to the VEGFR2 kinase domain 2, and MIG6 knockdown increases the downstream signaling of VEGFR2 by enhancing phosphorylation of PLCγ1 and eNOS. Moreover, MIG6 knockdown disrupted the balance between RAC1 and RHOA GTPase activation, leading to endothelial cell barrier breakdown and the elevation of vascular permeability. Our findings demonstrate an essential role of MIG6 in maintaining endothelial cell barrier integrity and point to potential therapeutic implications of MIG6 in the treatment of diseases involving vascular permeability.

Graphical abstract

Xing et al. (2022) investigated the critical role of MIG6 in vascular permeability. MIG6 deficiency promotes VEGFA-induced vascular permeability via activation of PLCγ1-Ca2+-eNOS signaling and perturbation of the balance in RAC1/RHOA activation, resulting in endothelial barrier disruption.
Einflussfaktoren auf den Abschluss einer Versicherung – eine Analyse des Zusammenhangs zwischen Persönlichkeitseigenschaften und dem individuellen Risikomanagement
Authors: Stiefel Selina , Jeske Klaus-Jürgen
Published: October 2022

Das Verständnis des Versicherungsentscheidungsverhaltens durch eine Analyse von Einflussfaktoren auf den Abschluss einer Versicherung bietet Unternehmen vielfältige Ansatzpunkte. Der vorliegende Beitrag fokussiert grundlegende Persönlichkeitseigenschaften sowie Faktoren des individuellen Risikomanagements als relevante Einflussfaktoren. Im Rahmen einer empirischen Untersuchung werden Daten zu Persönlichkeitseigenschaften, der Risikoeinstellung, dem Risikobewusstsein, der Risikowahrnehmung und dem Abschluss ausgewählter Versicherungsprodukte erhoben und ausgewertet. Demnach beeinflusst die Persönlichkeitseigenschaft Extraversion den Abschluss einer Berufsunfähigkeits- und Rentenversicherung, die Anzahl der abgeschlossenen Versicherungen sowie die wahrgenommene Eintrittswahrscheinlichkeit bestimmter Risiken. Ein Einfluss auf den Abschluss einer Unfall- und Rechtsschutzversicherung sowie auf die Risikoeinstellung wird für die Persönlichkeitseigenschaft Verträglichkeit identifiziert. Für die Eigenschaft Gewissenhaftigkeit kann anhand der Stichprobendaten ein Einfluss auf den Abschluss einer Rechtsschutz- und Unfallversicherung sowie auf das wahrgenommene Schadenausmaß beim Eintritt bestimmter Risiken ermittelt werden.
Infected grasses as inoculum for Fusarium infestation and mycotoxin accumulation in wheat with and without irrigation
Authors: Gerling Marina , Petry Laura , Barkusky Dietmar , Büttner Carmen , Müller Marina E. H.
Published: October 2022

Grasses growing next to agricultural fields influence the Fusarium abundance, the species composition, and the mycotoxin accumulation of wheat plants, especially the field parts directly adjacent to grasses, are highly affected. Grasses are a more attractive and suitable habitat for Fusarium fungi compared to other arable weeds and occur at mostly every semi-natural landscape element (e.g., kettle holes, hedgerows, field-to-field-borders). In our study, we analyzed the ability of a highly Fusarium infected grass stripe (F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. sporotrichioides) to infect an adjacent wheat field with these species. Results show that the primary inoculated Fusarium species were as well the dominant species isolated from the wheat field. Regarding transects originating from the grass stripe going into the field, the results demonstrate that wheat ears next to the infected grass stripe have a higher Fusarium abundance and furthermore show higher mycotoxin accumulation in the wheat kernels. This effect was highly promoted by irrigation. Therefore, grass stripes next to arable fields must be considered as reservoirs for fungal infections and as a source for a contamination with mycotoxins.
Cell-size space effects on phase separation of binary polymer blends
Authors: Yanagisawa Miho
Published: October 2022

Within living cells, a diverse array of biomolecules is present at high concentrations. To better understand how molecular behavior differs under such conditions (collectively described as macromolecular crowding), the crowding environment has been reproduced inside artificial cells. We have previously shown that the combination of macromolecular crowding and microscale geometries imposed by the artificial cells can alter the molecular behaviors induced by macromolecular crowding in bulk solutions. We have named the effect that makes such a difference the cell-size space effect (CSE). Here, we review the underlying biophysics of CSE for phase separation of binary polymer blends. We discuss how the cell-size space can initiate phase separation, unlike nano-sized spaces, which are known to hinder nucleation and phase separation. Additionally, we discuss how the dimensions of the artificial cell and its membrane characteristics can significantly impact phase separation dynamics and equilibrium composition. Although these findings are, of themselves, very interesting, their real significance may lie in helping to clarify the functions of the cell membrane and space size in the regulation of intracellular phase separation.
The Impact of Immune-Modifying Treatments for Skin Diseases on the Immune Response to COVID-19 Vaccines: a Narrative Review
Authors: Liew Su-Yi , Tree Timothy , Smith Catherine H. , Mahil Satveer K.
Published: October 2022

Purpose of Review

SARS-CoV-2 has had a devastating global effect, with vaccinations being paramount in the public health strategy against COVID-19. Vaccinations have uncoupled infection from adverse COVID-19 outcomes worldwide. While immune-modifying therapies are effective for the management of skin diseases such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, these medications also impair protective immune responses. There has been longstanding uncertainty and concern over the impact of immune-modifying therapies on the effectiveness of vaccines; for example, it is well recognised that methotrexate impairs humoral responses to both influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. This narrative review aims to discuss the evidence to date on the impact of immune-modifying therapies on the immune response to COVID-19 vaccines, with a focus on the first two vaccine doses.

Recent Findings

Individuals receiving immune-modifying therapy are more likely to have attenuated humoral responses to a single dose of COVID-19 vaccine compared to healthy controls; however, this may be improved by a complete course of vaccination. B cell targeted biologics such as rituximab markedly impair the humoral response to both the first and second COVID-19 vaccination. There remains a paucity of data on cellular immune responses, with the few available studies indicating lower responses to two vaccine doses in individuals receiving immune-modifying therapies compared to healthy controls, which may impact the durability of immune responses.

Summary

Inadequate humoral immune responses to a single dose of vaccine in the context of immune-modifying therapy are improved by a complete course of vaccination. Individuals receiving immune-modifying treatments should be encouraged to take up a complete vaccine course to mitigate their risk against COVID-19. Research in large patient populations on the longevity/kinetics of the complex humoral and cellular response to subsequent vaccine doses, including against newer variants of concern, is warranted, in addition to data on immune correlates of vaccine clinical effectiveness.
Applications of advanced oxidative processes for the recovery of water from bilge water
Authors: Fontana D. , Cardenia C. , Pietrantonio M. , Pucciarmati S. , Forte F.
Published: October 2022

In the present study, two different advanced oxidation processes, the Fenton reaction and titanium dioxide photocatalysis process, were tested and compared with the aim of water recovery from bilge water. A suitable analytical method was developed in order to evaluate the efficiency of the processes. Wastewater and process products were characterized using analysis of the total carbon content, elemental analysis and permanganometry. The experimental tests were performed both on synthetic samples and on the real matrix. The percentages of carbon abatement in bilge water after the Fenton reaction and titanium dioxide photocatalysis were 67% and 64%, respectively. The Fenton reaction efficiency increased to 95% when the bilge water aqueous phase was pretreated by flocculation using a polyelectrolyte. This combined process can be considered as a valid method to treat bilge water which can then be discharged directly into the sea, sewer, or may be reused as gray water.
“Waking up” the sleeping metaphor of normality in connection to intersex or DSD: a scoping review of medical literature
Authors: De Clercq Eva , Starke Georg , Rost Michael
Published: October 2022

The aim of the study is to encourage a critical debate on the use of normality in the medical literature on DSD or intersex. For this purpose, a scoping review was conducted to identify and map the various ways in which “normal” is used in the medical literature on DSD between 2016 and 2020. We identified 75 studies, many of which were case studies highlighting rare cases of DSD, others, mainly retrospective observational studies, focused on improving diagnosis or treatment. The most common use of the adjective normal was in association with phenotypic sex. Overall, appearance was the most commonly cited criteria to evaluate the normality of sex organs. More than 1/3 of the studies included also medical photographs of sex organs. This persistent use of normality in reference to phenotypic sex is worrisome given the long-term medicalization of intersex bodies in the name of a “normal” appearance or leading a “normal” life. Healthcare professionals should be more careful about the ethical implications of using photographs in publications given that many intersex persons describe their experience with medical photography as dehumanizing.
Überprüfung der für die Begutachtung der BK-Ziffern 2108 und 2110 relevanten Zusatzkriterien „besonders intensive Belastung“ und „besonderes Gefährdungspotenzial durch hohe Belastungsspitzen“
Authors: Seidler Andreas , Ellegast Rolf , Ditchen Dirk , Jäger Matthias , Bolm-Audorff Ulrich
Published: October 2022

Zielsetzung

Die Konsensempfehlungen zur Begutachtung der Berufskrankheiten Nr. 2108 und Nr. 2110 (bandscheibenbedingte Erkrankungen der Lendenwirbelsäule) setzen bei der häufigsten Fallkonstellation, der sog. B2-Konstellation, voraus, dass mindestens eines von 3 Zusatzkriterien erfüllt ist. Zwei dieser Zusatzkriterien werden in der vorliegenden Sonderauswertung der Deutschen Wirbelsäulenstudie (DWS) empirisch überprüft.

Methoden

Untersucht wurden die einwirkungsabhängigen Zusatzkriterien „besonders intensive Belastung“ (2. Zusatzkriterium) und „Belastungsspitzen“ (3. Zusatzkriterium). Mittels logistischer Regressionsanalyse wurden für Alter und Studienzentrum adjustierte Odds-Ratios (als Schätzer des relativen Bandscheiben-Erkrankungsrisikos) mit 95 %-Konfidenzintervallen (95 % KI) berechnet. Es wurden jeweils im gleichen Regressionsmodell Odds-Ratios für die Erfüllung und für die fehlende Erfüllung eines Zusatzkriteriums ermittelt. Grundsätzlich ist ein Kriterium dann zur Unterscheidung zwischen beruflich verursachten und nicht beruflich verursachten bandscheibenbedingten Erkrankungen geeignet, wenn die Risikoschätzer bei Erfüllung des jeweiligen Kriteriums deutlich höher liegen als bei fehlender Erfüllung des Kriteriums. Bei den Belastungsspitzen wurde die Höhe der mit Hebe- oder Tragevorgängen verbundenen Druckkräfte in der Lendenwirbelsäule (LWS) variiert, ab der das Kriterium der Belastungsspitzen als erfüllt angesehen wurde; ferner wurde die Zahl der Schichten variiert, in denen das Kriterium der Belastungsspitzen erfüllt sein musste. Alle Berechnungen wurden getrennt für Männer und Frauen für die Dosismodelle „Original-MDD“ und „BSG-Modell“ durchgeführt.

Ergebnisse

Bei Vorliegen einer „besonders intensiven Belastung“ finden sich keine höheren bandscheibenbezogenen Erkrankungsrisiken als bei fehlendem Vorliegen dieses Zusatzkriteriums. Als „best estimate“ kann von der Erfüllung des Zusatzkriteriums „Belastungsspitzen“ dann ausgegangen werden, wenn beim BSG-Modell in mindestens 600 Schichten des gesamten Berufslebens Tagesdosen von mindestens 2,0 kNh (Kilonewton-Stunden = 1000 Newton-Stunden) pro Schicht bei Männern bzw. mindestens 0,5 kNh bei Frauen durch Belastungsspitzen (Druckkraft ≥ 6,0 kN bei Männern, ≥ 4,5 kN bei Frauen) erreicht werden.

Schlussfolgerung

Die Sonderauswertung der Deutschen Wirbelsäulenstudie kann keine Bestätigung des 2. Zusatzkriteriums der B2-Konstellation „besonders intensive Belastung“ erbringen. Das 3. Zusatzkriterium „Belastungsspitzen“ wird hingegen grundsätzlich bestätigt – es sollte über mindestens 600 Arbeitsschichten erfüllt sein, um als Positivkriterium für die Anerkennung einer bandscheibenbedingten Berufskrankheit fungieren zu können.
Beyond stress response: OST1 opening doors for plants to grow
Authors: Chong Leelyn , Xu Rui , Ku Lixia , Zhu Yingfang
Published: October 2022

The sucrose non-fermenting 1 (SNF1)-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2) family members have been discovered to regulate abiotic stress response via the abscisic acid (ABA)-independent and dependent signaling pathways. SnRK2.6, also known as Open Stomata 1 (OST1), is a serine/threonine protein kinase that plays critical roles in linking ABA receptor complexes and downstream components such as transcription factors and anion channels to regulate stress response. Asides from its well-known regulatory roles in stomatal movement and cold stress response, OST1 has also been demonstrated recently to modulate major developmental roles of flowering and growth in plants. In this review, we will discuss about the various roles of OST1 as well as the ‘doors’ that OST1 can ‘open’ to help plants perform stress adaptation. Therefore, we will address how OST1 can regulate stomata apertures, cold stress tolerance as well as other aspects of its emerging roles such as balancing flowering and root growth in response to drought.
Students, Participatory Design, and Serious Games in a Response to: ‘No Algorithmization without Representation: Pilot Study on Regulatory Experiments in an Exploratory Sandbox’
Authors: Ballsun-Stanton Brian
Published: October 2022

No Algorithmization without Representation tracked a cohort of ‘Lithopy’ crypto-government sandbox participants in a longitudinal study looking at COVID-19 contact tracing app acceptance. These survey responses extended experiences with theoretical blockchain town governance by also tracking reasons for and against compliance with contact tracing apps. They found that the expressed opinions of students were incoherent and demanded technical or policy responses outside of the students’ direct experiences. In this response to that paper, I leverage the paper’s (commendable) open data to suggest that the sandbox’s claims of ‘No Algorithmization without Representation’ is a rediscovery of participatory design within the context of the serious games movement. While Role-Playing Games and War Games are excellent pedagogic tools xor planning tools—using undergraduate students’ participation in them as the basis of a claim for increased representation in technology policy is a bold claim. This claim is not fully substantiated by the paper’s data. Nevertheless, there is a need for better decision-making and public representation within technology design and policy-making spaces—making the claim for serious games as a meaningful public policy contribution not without merit.
A nationwide survey of antimicrobial dispensation practices in pharmacies and bodegas in the Dominican Republic
Authors: Mena Lora Alfredo J. , Rojas-Fermin Rita , Bisono Bismarck , Almonte Marcos , Bleasdale Susan C.
Published: October 2022

In many developing countries, antimicrobials are available without prescriptions in pharmacies and stores. We performed a survey to describe antimicrobial availability, training, and use recommendations for common symptoms in the Dominican Republic. Pharmacy recommendations varied, whereas aminopenicillins are routinely recommended at bodegas. Frontline staff are gatekeepers and potential targets for stewardship education.
Cognition and Cognitive Fatigability: Association with Employment Status in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: MacAdam Elise S. , Berard Jason A. , Walker Lisa A.S.
Published: October 2022

Background:

Slowed processing speed impacts employment status in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). Studies on the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC), which includes the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), have demonstrated that the combined score predicts employment status. Whether PASAT performance alone is associated with employment status is less clear. In addition, no studies have yet evaluated whether cognitive fatigability (CF), as measured with the PASAT, is associated with employment status. The aim of the current study was to examine the association between PASAT performance, CF, and employment status in PwMS.

Methods:

Hundred and eighty-six PwMS completed the PASAT as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. ANOVAs and chi-squares analyzed group differences between employed and unemployed participants with respect to demographics, PASAT performance scores, and CF. Linear regression determined whether PASAT performance and/or CF scores were associated with employment status.

Results:

After controlling for demographic influences, group differences were noted between employed vs. unemployed individuals on PASAT performance scores only. Employment status was associated with PASAT performance scores but not CF.

Conclusions:

The current study confirmed that PASAT performance is associated with employment status in MS. Given that CF was not associated, it seems difficulties with information processing speed (IPS) and working memory have more impact on a PwMS’s ability to remain employed rather than within-task performance decline.
Design of a Ni-based superalloy for laser repair applications using probabilistic neural network identification
Authors: Markanday Freddie , Conduit Gareth , Conduit Bryce , Pürstl Julia , Christofidou Katerina , Chechik Lova , Baxter Gavin , Heason Christopher , Stone Howard
Published: October 2022

A neural network framework is used to design a new Ni-based superalloy that surpasses the performance of IN718 for laser-blown-powder directed-energy-deposition repair applications. The framework utilized a large database comprising physical and thermodynamic properties for different alloy compositions to learn both composition to property and also property to property relationships. The alloy composition space was based on IN718, although, W was additionally included and the limiting Al and Co content were allowed to increase compared standard IN718, thereby allowing the alloy to approach the composition of ATI 718Plus® (718Plus). The composition with the highest probability of satisfying target properties including phase stability, solidification strain, and tensile strength was identified. The alloy was fabricated, and the properties were experimentally investigated. The testing confirms that this alloy offers advantages for additive repair applications over standard IN718.
How International Organizations Change National Media Coverage of Human Rights
Authors: Chaudoin Stephen
Published: October 2022

How do international organizations change the discussion of human rights violations, and how does their message reach the broader public? I show that national media is a key conduit. I analyze media coverage from the Philippines to show that the content of media coverage of the “war on drugs” changed after a major decision by the International Criminal Court. The ICC increased the proportion of media coverage focusing on human rights by triggering contestation between pro- and anti-human-rights actors. Original survey experimental evidence shows that this coverage shift blunts the effect of ICC actions on support for the war on drugs. This highlights an indirect role for international organizations in shaping media coverage and helps explain why they have struggled to win public opinion battles. Though their actions amplify the voices of human rights supporters, media coverage concurrently amplifies the voices of their opponents, which can crowd out coverage that might otherwise have decreased support for problematic polices.
Four frames and a funeral: Commentary on Bermúdez (2022)
Authors: De Dreu Carsten K. W.
Published: October 2022

There is much to like in Bermúdez's analysis, yet it is incomplete and at times problematic for social decision making and, by extension, interpersonal conflict. Here I explain how four frames – gains, losses, me, we – operate in conjunction and how humans gravitate toward a “me–loss” frame that, without intervention, leads to a breakdown of cooperation and an arguably tragic funeral of the commons.
Framing, equivalence, and rational inference
Authors: Mandel David R.
Published: October 2022

Bermúdez's case for rational framing effects, while original, is unconvincing and gives only parenthetical treatment to the problematic assumptions of extensional and semantic equivalence of alternative frames in framing experiments. If the assumptions are false, which they sometimes are, no valid inferences about “framing effects” follow and, then, neither do inferences about human rationality. This commentary recaps the central problem.
Liver T1/T2 values with cardiac MRI during respiration
Authors: Oka Hideharu , Nakau Kouichi , Nakagawa Sadahiro , Imanishi Rina , Shimada Sorachi , Mikami Yuki , Fukao Kazunori , Iwata Kunihiro , Takahashi Satoru
Published: October 2022

Background:

Assessing the hepatic status of children with CHD is very important in the post-operative period. This study aimed to assess the usefulness of paediatric liver T1/T2 values and to evaluate the impact of respiration on liver T1/T2 values.

Methods:

Liver T1/T2 values were evaluated in 69 individuals who underwent cardiac MRI. The mean age of the participants was 16.2 ± 9.8 years. Two types of imaging with different breathing methods were possible in 34 participants for liver T1 values and 10 participants for liver T2 values.

Results:

The normal range was set at 620–830 msec for liver T1 and 25–40 ms for liver T2 based on the data obtained from 17 healthy individuals. The liver T1/T2 values were not significantly different between breath-hold and free-breath imaging (T1: 769.4 ± 102.8 ms versus 763.2 ± 93.9 ms; p = 0.148, T2: 34.9 ± 4.0 ms versus 33.6 ± 2.4 ms; p = 0.169). Higher liver T1 values were observed in patients who had undergone Fontan operation, tetralogy of Fallot operation, or those with chronic viral hepatitis. There was a trend toward correlation between liver T1 values and liver stiffness (R = 0.65, p = 0.0004); and the liver T1 values showed a positive correlation with the shear wave velocity (R = 0.62, p = 0.0006).

Conclusions:

Liver T1/T2 values were not affected by breathing patterns. Because liver T1 values tend to increase with right heart overload, evaluation of liver T1 values during routine cardiac MRI may enable early detection of future complications.
Dancers on a Grid: Musical Minimalism Arrives at New York City Ballet in 1983
Authors: Searcy Anne
Published: October 2022

On May 12, 1983, New York City Ballet became the first major ballet company to perform a work to minimalist music: Jerome Robbins's Glass Pieces, titled after its score by Philip Glass. The premiere came at a turning point for both minimalism and ballet. The dance world was reeling in the wake of the death of choreographer George Balanchine. Simultaneously, minimalist music was in the process of moving from countercultural avant-garde venues to wealthy, high-status institutions. Although previously minimalist music had helped postmodern choreographers create works that celebrated everyday movement and equality among dancers, for Robbins minimalist music conjured a sense of urban propulsion. In each of the ballet's first two sections, Robbins choreographed to Glass's music in two ways simultaneously: A group from the corps de ballet used the egalitarian techniques from postmodern dance to create a modern urban backdrop, while another group of soloists used virtuosic techniques from modernist ballet. This allowed audiences to shift their focus at any given moment between the anonymity of the corps and the heroic subjectivity of the soloists. In the third section of Glass Pieces, Robbins staged a virtuosic group dance for the corps de ballet, using Glass's exoticist music for Akhnaten to create an escape from the relentless modernity of the first two sections. Altogether, I argue that Glass Pieces is one of the earliest works of contemporary ballet and an important step in minimalist music's transition from its earlier heyday as a music representing countercultural egalitarianism to one representing the modern city.
Max Lifchitz: A Transmodern Composer in American Music?
Authors: Hudde Hermann
Published: October 2022

Latin American and Latinx composers continue to contribute to music by bringing a subtle universe of sounds shaped by their agency and cultural history. Composer Max Lifchitz (b. 1948) bridges his artistic output with entrepreneurship and pedagogy. Since migrating from Mexico to the United States, Lifchitz has constructed a multifaceted persona as a cultural broker. As a composer, Lifchitz's self-defined eclecticism forms the basis of his musical voice, which reconciles opposites and flows between contrasting compositional aesthetics, cultures, and techniques. In 1980, he created the North/South Consonance organization, which has been an open and anti-canonical space for composers from different aesthetics, traditions, and ethnic and gender identities to share their works with new music audiences. In Lifchitz's role as a pedagogue, he positions music as a pluriversal tool to generate epistemological equity and inclusion and a more intercultural educational experience. Despite his contributions to contemporary Western art music, his impact on new music has not yet been studied. Therefore, the article's purpose is to examine Lifchitz's extensive and complex contributions from a transmodern theoretical perspective as postulated by philosopher Enrique Dussel (b. 1934) to demonstrate how the composer's music and persona represent qualities of this philosophical theory and promote the redefinition of art music and the musician's role in the twenty-first century.
“They Have Been United As Sisters”: Women Leaders and Political Power in Black Lay Confraternities of Colonial Lima
Authors: Hayes Marcella
Published: October 2022

In Lima in the seventeenth century, both free and enslaved black women held elected leadership roles in black confraternities (corporate bodies of lay Catholics). These women occupied a public position generally reserved for men; their Spanish and indigenous counterparts did not hold comparable roles. Though their experiences have not been documented in scholarly literature, they were highly visible in their own lifetimes. In ecclesiastical court, they acted as the confraternity's legal agents. In everyday operations, they were primarily responsible for collecting and managing funds. This gave them a large say in how money ought to be spent, whether on festivals, members’ funerals, medical aid, or financial support for imprisoned members. Though black limeños made up a majority of the city's population, other forms of mutual aid were often inaccessible to them. Confraternity leaders in general, and these women in particular, managed one of their community's only officially recognized spaces for civic organization. As the century wore on, men successfully challenged the women's authority in court, and militia officers became more and more central to leadership. Yet even with that curtailment, these positions gave black women in Lima a degree of publicly acknowledged power highly unusual for early modern women.
Observations of a Solar Energetic Particle Event From Inside and Outside the Coma of Comet 67P
Authors: Wellbrock A. , Jones G. H. , Dresing N. , Coates A. J. , Simon Wedlund C. , Nilsson H. , Sanchez‐Cano B. , Palmerio E. , Turc L. , Myllys M. , Henri P. , Goetz C. , Witasse O. , Nordheim T. A. , Mandt K.
Published: October 2022

We analyze observations of a solar energetic particle (SEP) event at Rosetta's target comet 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko during 6–10 March 2015. The comet was 2.15 AU from the Sun, with the Rosetta spacecraft approximately 70 km from the nucleus placing it deep inside the comet's coma and allowing us to study its response. The Eastern flank of an interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) also encountered Rosetta on 6 and 7 March. Rosetta Plasma Consortium data indicate increases in ionization rates, and cometary water group pickup ions exceeding 1 keV. Increased charge exchange reactions between solar wind ions and cometary neutrals also indicate increased upstream neutral populations consistent with enhanced SEP induced surface activity. In addition, the most intense parts of the event coincide with observations interpreted as an infant cometary bow shock, indicating that the SEPs may have enhanced the formation and/or intensified the observations. These solar transient events may also have pushed the cometopause closer to the nucleus. We track and discuss characteristics of the SEP event using remote observations by SOHO, WIND, and GOES at the Sun, in situ measurements at Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory Ahead, Mars and Rosetta, and ENLIL modeling. Based on its relatively prolonged duration, gradual and anisotropic nature, and broad angular spread in the heliosphere, we determine the main particle acceleration source to be a distant ICME which emerged from the Sun on 6 March 2015 and was detected locally in the Martian ionosphere but was never encountered by 67P directly. The ICME's shock produced SEPs for several days which traveled to the in situ observation sites via magnetic field line connections.
The Effects of Substorm Injection of Energetic Electrons and Enhanced Solar Wind Ram Pressure on Whistler‐Mode Chorus Waves: A Statistical Study
Authors: Ma Jiuqi , Gao Xinliang , Chen Huayue , Tsurutani Bruce T. , Ke Yangguang , Chen Rui , Lu Quanming
Published: October 2022

Whistler‐mode chorus waves in the inner magnetosphere are typically excited by an electron temperature anisotropy. The anisotropy can be driven by two sources: particle injections from the tail (such as during substorms) and the solar wind ram pressure on the dayside magnetosphere. Based on 5 years of data from Van Allen Probe A, we have separately studied the effects of substorm injection of energetic ∼10–100 keV electrons and their gradient and curvature drifts () and enhanced solar wind ram pressure () on the generation of whistler‐mode chorus waves. We use time‐modified and indices to take into account time delays. We find that during the period of large but small , chorus waves are mainly observed in the midnight through dawn to noon sectors ( MLT  13) near the magnetic equator (|MLAT| < 10°) at L = 4.5–6.5. With an increase in both the chorus occurrence rates and the wave amplitudes increase. While under the condition of enhanced but small , chorus waves are preferentially detected on the dayside ( MLT  14) in a wide range of latitudes (|MLAT| < 20°) at outer L‐shells (L = 5.5–6.5). With the increase of , chorus occurrence rates also increase, while the amplitude remains relatively constant. Our study supports the two mechanisms for chorus excitation in the Earth’s magnetosphere and provides a better understanding of the global distribution and properties of chorus waves.
Equilibrium Kinetic Theory of Weakly Anisotropic Embedded Thin Current Sheets
Authors: Sitnov M. I. , Arnold H.
Published: October 2022

Statistical and case studies, as well as data‐mining reconstructions suggest that the magnetotail current in the substorm growth phase has a multiscale structure with a thin ion‐scale current sheet embedded into a much thicker sheet. This multiscale structure may be critically important for the tail stability and onset conditions for magnetospheric substorms. The observed thin current sheets are found to be too long to be explained by the models with isotropic plasmas. At the same time, plasma observations reveal only weak field‐aligned anisotropy of the ion species, whereas the anisotropic electron contribution is insufficient to explain the force balance discrepancy. Here we elaborate a self‐consistent equilibrium theory of multiscale current sheets, which differs from conventional isotropic models by weak ion anisotropy outside the sheet and agyrotropy caused by quasi‐adiabatic ion orbits inside the sheet. It is shown that, in spite of weak anisotropy, the current density perturbation may be quite strong and localized on the scale of the figure‐of‐eight ion orbits. The magnetic field, current and plasma density in the limit of weak field‐aligned ion anisotropy and strong current sheet embedding, when the ion scale thin current sheet is nested in a much thicker Harris‐like current sheet, are investigated and presented in an analytical form making it possible to describe the multiscale equilibrium in sharply stretched 2D magnetic field configurations and to use it in kinetic simulations and stability analysis.
Asymmetric Response of Sea Surface Salinity to Extreme Positive and Negative Indian Ocean Dipole in the Southern Tropical Indian Ocean
Authors: Sun Qiwei , Zhang Yuhong , Du Yan , Jiang Xingwei
Published: October 2022

Based on the Argo and multi‐satellite observations, this study investigates the asymmetric response of sea surface salinity (SSS) to two extreme positive and negative Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events in the southern tropical Indian Ocean (TIO). During positive IOD events, the easterly wind anomalies trigger zonal freshwater advection along the equator, decreasing SSS, while cold sea surface temperature (SST) depress the convective precipitation in the southeastern TIO (SETIO), increasing the SSS. Contrast SSS anomalies along the equator and in the SETIO show opposite phases during positive and negative IOD events. These SSS anomalies have enhanced in recent years, reaching the strongest in the extreme negative IOD in 2016 and positive IOD in 2019. The case study shows that positive SSS anomalies occurred in the southern TIO during both positive and negative IOD events in 2016 and 2019, suggesting significant asymmetry in SSS. Analysis of the mixed layer salinity budget shows that the local precipitation and the entrainment associated with the upwelling Rossby waves played an essential role in the SSS increase in 2016, while the decreased precipitation and horizontal advection caused by the westward South Equatorial Current contributed to the SSS increase in 2019. Further analyses suggest that SSS response is more sensitive to thermocline shoaling than deepening, and SSS response to precipitation is greater at shallower mixed layer than at deeper ones, which is the main reason for the asymmetric response of the SSS to negative and positive IOD events.
LRO‐LAMP Survey of Lunar South Pole Cold Traps: Implication for the Presence of Condensed H2O
Authors: Magaña L. O. , Retherford K. D. , Byron B. D. , Hendrix A. R. , Grava C. , Mandt K. E. , Raut U. , Czajka E. , Hayne P. O. , Hurley D. M. , Gladstone G. R. , Poston M. J. , Greathouse T. K. , Pryor W. , Cahill J. T. , Stickle A.
Published: October 2022

We employ nighttime observations from the Lyman Alpha Mapping Project (LAMP) ultraviolet (UV) spectrograph onboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter to investigate the presence of condensed water ice within lunar south pole cold traps. This study incorporates LAMP observations between 2009 and 2016, which more than doubles the number of observations from previous LAMP Permanently Shadowed Regions (PSRs) studies. In this study, we focus on cold traps within five south polar craters: Faustini, Shoemaker, Haworth, Cabeus, and Amundsen. An unnamed cold trap region adjacent to Haworth and Shoemaker was also investigated. We present On‐band (148–162 nm), Edge‐band (164–173 nm), and Off‐band (175–190 nm) albedo maps at 4‐km spatial resolution and far‐UV albedo spectra of cold traps at 2‐nm spectral resolution. We find Off‐band to On‐band albedo ratios (the UV wavelength ranges with high and low H2O ice reflectivity, respectively) within cold traps that are consistent with previous PSR studies. Spectral intimate mixture models considering 5 μm H2O grains and a range of regolith grain sizes (20–74 μm) with porosities between 0.3 and 0.75 yields abundances of ∼0.9–4.9 wt.%, where increasing the range of H2O and regolith grain sizes may increase the range of water abundance. We further find generally lower albedos within the cold trap regions than at the surrounding non‐cold trap regions across all wavelengths, consistent with increased regolith porosity within cold traps as suggested by Gladstone et al. (2012), https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JE003913.
Rock Magnetic Characterization of Returned Samples From Asteroid (162173) Ryugu: Implications for Paleomagnetic Interpretation and Paleointensity Estimation
Authors: Sato Masahiko , Kimura Yuki , Tanaka Satoshi , Hatakeyama Tadahiro , Sugita Seiji , Nakamuna Tomoki , Tachibana Shogo , Yurimoto Hisayoshi , Noguchi Takaaki , Okazaki Ryuji , Yabuta Hikaru , Naraoka Hiroshi , Sakamoto Kanako , Yada Toru , Nishimura Masahiro , Nakato Aiko , Miyazaki Akiko , Yogata Kasumi , Abe Masanao , Okada Tatsuaki , Usui Tomohiro , Yoshikawa Makoto , Saiki Takanao , Terui Fuyuto , Nakazawa Satoru , Watanabe Sei‐ichiro , Tsuda Yuichi
Published: October 2022

In this study, systematic rock magnetic measurements and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) paleointensity calibration experiments were conducted for the returned samples from C‐type asteroid (162173) Ryugu and two carbonaceous chondrites (Orgueil and Tagish Lake) to evaluate the remanence carriers of the Ryugu sample and its ability as a paleomagnetic recorder. Our magnetic measurements show that Ryugu samples exhibit signatures for framboidal magnetite, coarse‐grained magnetite, and pyrrhotite, and that framboidal magnetite is the dominant remanence carrier of Ryugu samples in the middle‐coercivity range. The SIRM paleointensity constant was obtained for two Ryugu samples, and the median value was 3,318 ± 1,038 μT, which is close to the literature's value based on the average among magnetite, titanomagnetite, pyrrhotite, and FeNi alloys and is widely used for SIRM paleointensity experiments. The paleointensity values estimated using the obtained SIRM paleointensity constant indicate a strong magnetic field of the protoplanetary disk, suggesting that Sun's protoplanetary disk existed at the disk location of Ryugu's parent planetesimal when framboidal magnetite precipitated from the aqueous fluid.
Orbital and In Situ Investigation of the Bagnold Dunes and Sands of Forvie, Gale Crater, Mars
Authors: Moreland E. L. , Arvidson R. E. , Morris R. V. , Condus T. , Hughes M. N. , Weitz C. M. , VanBommel S. J.
Published: October 2022

The Bagnold linear dune field investigated by Curiosity at Mount Desert Island (MDI) is north of the ∼5.5 km high Aeolis Mons mound in Gale crater. False‐color images (RGB: 2.496, 1.802, and 1.237 μm, respectively) generated from Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) data show the dune field has a reddish‐brown color. The Sands of Forvie (SoF), located ∼2.5 km to the southeast of MDI, is darker and lacks the reddish‐brown color. Single scattering albedo (SSA) spectra retrieved at 12 m/pixel using along‐track oversampled CRISM observation FRT00021C92 show a long wavelength (1.7–2.5 μm) increase in albedo for MDI dunes. For the same wavelength interval, SoF is characterized by a broad ∼2.2 μm absorption feature, consistent with color differences between the two deposits. Checkerboard un‐mixing of the SSA image cube was used to isolate spectral endmembers within the MDI and SoF deposits. Radiative modeling of these CRISM spectral endmembers using Hapke (2012, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139025683) theory implies finer grain sizes, more pigeonite, plagioclase, and olivine, and less basaltic glass and augite for MDI as compared to the SoF deposit. These results are consistent with Curiosity‐based observations that MDI contains smaller ripples with overall finer grains, whereas SoF has large ripples with coarser grains on the crests. Although these sand deposits are only located ∼2.5 km away from one another, wind and local topographic controls are interpreted to have modulated grain sizes and mineralogy.
Integrated 64 pixel UV image sensor and readout in a silicon carbide CMOS technology
Authors: Romijn Joost , Vollebregt Sten , Middelburg Luke M. , Mansouri Brahim El , van Zeijl Henk W. , May Alexander , Erlbacher Tobias , Leijtens Johan , Zhang Guoqi , Sarro Pasqualina M.
Published: October 2022

This work demonstrates the first on-chip UV optoelectronic integration in 4H-SiC CMOS, which includes an image sensor with 64 active pixels and a total of 1263 transistors on a 100 mm2 chip. The reported image sensor offers serial digital, analog, and 2-bit ADC outputs and operates at 0.39 Hz with a maximum power consumption of 60 μW, which are significant improvements over previous reports. UV optoelectronics have applications in flame detection, satellites, astronomy, UV photography, and healthcare. The complexity of this optoelectronic system paves the way for new applications such harsh environment microcontrollers.
Ectodermal origins of the skin-brain axis: a novel model for the developing brain, inflammation, and neurodevelopmental conditions
Authors: Jameson C. , Boulton K. A. , Silove N. , Nanan R. , Guastella A. J.
Published: October 2022

Early life development and its divergence is influenced by multiple genetic, neurological, and environmental factors. Atypical neurodevelopment, such as that observed in autism spectrum disorder, likely begins in early gestation during a period of entwined growth between the brain and epithelial barriers of the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and airway. This review coalesces epidemiological and neuroinflammatory evidence linking cutaneous atopic disease with both reduced skin barrier integrity and determinants of neurodivergence. We consider the shared developmental origin of epidermal and neural tissue with related genetic and environmental risk factors to evaluate potential pre- and postnatal modifiers of the skin-brain connection. Initial postnatal skin barrier integrity may provide a useful marker for both cortical integrity and meaningful subgroups of children showing early neurodevelopmental delays. It may also modify known risk factors to neurodevelopment, such as pathogen caused immune system activation. These novel insights of a skin-brain-neurodevelopment connection may advance detection and intervention opportunities.
The SUMO protease SENP1 promotes aggressive behaviors of high HIF2α expressing renal cell carcinoma cells
Authors: Lee Moon Hee , Sung Kyung , Beebe David , Huang Wei , Shapiro Dan , Miyamoto Shigeki , Abel E. Jason
Published: October 2022

While an important role for the SUMO protease SENP1 is recognized in multiple solid cancers, its role in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) pathogenesis, particularly the most dominant subtype, clear cell RCC (ccRCC), is poorly understood. Here we show that a combination of high HIF2α and SENP1 expression in ccRCC samples predicts poor patient survival. Using ccRCC cell models that express high HIF2α but low SENP1, we show that overexpression of SENP1 reduces sumoylation and ubiquitination of HIF2α, increases HIF2α transcriptional activity, and enhances expression of genes associated with cancer cell invasion, stemness and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Accordingly, ccRCC cells with high HIF2α and SENP1 showed increased invasion and sphere formation in vitro, and local invasion and metastasis in vivo. Finally, SENP1 overexpression caused high HIF2α ccRCC cells to acquire resistance to a clinical mTOR inhibitor, everolimus. These results reveal a combination of high SENP1 and HIF2α expression gives particularly poor prognosis for ccRCC patients and suggest that SENP1 may be an attractive new target for treating metastatic RCC (mRCC).
Hernandezine induces autophagic cell death in human pancreatic cancer cells via activation of the ROS/AMPK signaling pathway
Authors: Song Chang-feng , Hu Yu-heng , Mang Zhi-guo , Ye Zeng , Chen Hai-di , Jing De-sheng , Fan Gui-xiong , Ji Shun-rong , Yu Xian-jun , Xu Xiao-wu , Qin Yi
Published: October 2022

Hernandezine (Her) is a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid extracted from the traditional Chinese herbal medicine Thalictrum glandulosissimum. Evidence shows that Her is a natural agonist of adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and induces apoptosis and autophagy in tumor cells. In this study, we investigated the role of autophagy in Her-induced cell death in human pancreatic cancer cell lines. We showed that Her dose-dependently suppressed cell proliferation, promoted autophagy and induced autophagic death in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell lines Capan-1 and SW1990. The IC50 values of Her in inhibition of Capan-1 and SW1990 cells were 47.7 μM and 40.1 μM, respectively. Immunoblotting showed that Her (1−40 μM) promoted the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II, and Her exerted concentration-dependent and time-dependent effects on autophagy activation in PDAC cells. In transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence image analysis, we found that autophagic vacuoles were significantly increased in Her-treated cells. Knockdown of ATG5, a key gene in the autophagy pathway, alleviated the activation of autophagy by Her. These results demonstrated that Her induced autophagy in PDAC cells. Intensely activated autophagy could promote cell death. The autophagy inhibitors, BafA1 and HCQ significantly inhibited Her-induced cell death, implying that Her induced autophagic cell death in PDAC cells. Moreover, we showed that Her activated autophagy by increasing the phosphorylation of AMPK and decreasing the phosphorylation of mTOR/p70S6K. Knockdown of AMPKα relieves the autophagic cell death induced by Her. Furthermore, Her concentration-dependently enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in PDAC cells. Antioxidants could reduce the phosphorylation of AMPK and suppress autophagic cell death induced by Her. Our study provides evidence for the development of Her as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Cancer-associated fibroblasts in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Zhang Tianyi , Ren Yanxian , Yang Pengfei , Wang Jufang , Zhou Heng
Published: October 2022

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal cancer with a prominent extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and poor prognosis. High levels of ECM proteins derived from tumour cells reduce the efficacy of conventional cancer treatment paradigms and contribute to tumour progression and metastasis. As abundant tumour-promoting cells in the ECM, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are promising targets for novel anti-tumour interventions. Nonetheless, related clinical trials are hampered by the lack of specific markers and elusive differences between CAF subtypes. Here, we review the origins and functional diversity of CAFs and show how they create a tumour-promoting milieu, focusing on the crosstalk between CAFs, tumour cells, and immune cells in the tumour microenvironment. Furthermore, relevant clinical advances and potential therapeutic strategies relating to CAFs are discussed.