bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Science and Systemic Failure
Authors: Hanson Stephen E.
Published: September 2013

Invisible Hands, Russian Experience, and Social Science: Approaches to Understanding Systemic Failure. By Stefan Hedlund. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011. 324p. $95.00, cloth, $35.99 paper.

In recent decades the study of social phenomena has been characterized by the increasing specialization of academic subdisciplines. At the same time, social science has had great difficulty in accounting for instances of systemic failure that challenge the artificial typologies often promoted by specialized scholarship. Increasing theoretical sophistication thus arguably has come at the expense of grasping the particular and unique nature of historical events. In Invisible Hands, Russian Experience, and Social Science, Stefan Hedlund examines the postcommunist Russian encounter with capitalism and the global financial crisis as examples of unprecedented events that challenged social scientists' assumptions about the causes of human behavior and the functioning of social and political institutions. In this symposium a group of political scientists have been asked to critically assess the book's account and to comment more broadly on what systemic failure can tell us about social science theorizing.—Jeffrey C. Isaac, Editor
Response to Georg Sørensen's review of The Realist Case for Global Reform
Authors: Scheuerman William E.
Published: September 2013

One of the many strengths of Professor Sørensen's thorough critical response to my book is that it underlines the ways in which I tried to challenge what passes for conventional wisdom among IR scholars about realism. I readily confess to an interest in reviving heterodox thinking.
Between Science and Engineering: Reflections on the APSA Presidential Task Force on Political Science, Electoral Rules, and Democratic Governance
Authors: Krook Mona Lena , Moser Robert G.
Published: September 2013

Political scientists have contributed to the world of electoral systems asscientistsand asengineers. Taking stock of recent scientific research, we show that context modifies the effects of electoral rules on political outcomes inspecificandsystematicways. We explore how electoral rules shape the inclusion of women and minorities, the depth and nature of political competition, and patterns of redistribution and regulation, and we consider institutional innovations that could promote political equality. Finally, we describe the diverse ways that political scientists produce an impact on the world by sharing and applying their knowledge of the consequences of electoral rules and global trends in reform.
The MWT-B as an Estimator of Premorbid Intelligence in MCI and Dementia
Authors: Hessler Johannes , Jahn Thomas , Kurz Alexander , Bickel Horst
Published: September 2013

The estimation of premorbid intelligence is pivotal in the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. Our aim was to investigate the feasibility of the German MWT-B, which has been recommended for this purpose, as well as its sensitivity to cognitive impairment. Participants were 442 members of a catholic women’s order. Cognitive impairment was identified in 142 sisters. After adjusting for demographic variables and depressive symptoms, the degree of impairment was significantly associated with MWT-B scores. On the basis of the demographic variables of the unimpaired, a predictive model for MWT-B scores was developed. By means of this model, expected scores were calculated for the impaired and compared with observed scores. The differences between observed and predicted scores increased with the severity of impairment. Since performance on the MWT-B is even impaired in mild degrees of cognitive impairment, the test seems not to be suited as an estimator of premorbid intelligence in MCI and dementia.
Worte wie Medizin – Die richtigen Worte finden
Authors: Zech Nina , Seemann Milena , Hansen Ernil
Published: September 2013

Nicht nur die Medikamente, die Interventionen und die pflegerischen Maßnahmen selbst haben eine Wirkung und Bedeutung für den Patienten und seine Heilung. Darüber hinaus haben der Umgang und die Kommunikation mit dem Patienten erhebliche positive als auch negative Auswirkungen auf den Verlauf von Therapie und Pflege. Folgender Artikel soll helfen zu verstehen, welchen Belastungen der Patient im medizinischen Umfeld ausgesetzt ist und was sie im Patienten auslösen. Außerdem soll aufgezeigt werden, mit welchen einfachen Mitteln und Grundsätzen die Kommunikation mit dem Patienten angenehmer und sinnvoller gestaltet werden kann.
Sprich, damit ich Dich sehe, Profi!
Authors: Wiesner-Mantz Sandra , Müller-Dannecker Eva , Kunert Katrin
Published: September 2013

Ein gesprochenes Wort kann in einem Menschen ungeahnte Kräfte wecken oder in Sekunden etwas vernichten. Sie können mit einem einzigen Wort einen Menschen aufrichten, trösten und erleichtern und in genau der gleichen Sekunde jemanden kränken, Angst machen oder zum Weinen bringen. In diesem Beitrag wird die gegenwärtige Praxis reflektiert und für die Bedeutung von Sprachkompetenzförderung in Gesundheits- und Pflegeeinrichtungen sensibilisiert. Abschließend wird Einblick in das ESF-Projekt „Fachweiterbildung zum Sprachbegleiter und -mentor im Gesundheitswesen“ gegeben.
Erstgesprächsdokumente im Überblick
Authors: Evers Arne
Published: September 2013

Zur Dokumentation von Erstgesprächen liegen zahlreiche Instrumente vor, die wenig Einheitlichkeit aufweisen. Die folgende Arbeit beschreibt das Ausmaß, den Umfang und den Nutzen verschiedener Instrumente und gibt einen Anstoß für pflegepädagogische Forschung im Rahmen des Erstgesprächs.
Augmenting Collateral Blood Flow during Ischemic Stroke via Transient Aortic Occlusion
Authors: Winship Ian R , Armitage Glenn A , Ramakrishnan Gomathi , Dong Bin , Todd Kathryn G , Shuaib Ashfaq
Published: September 2013

Collateral circulation provides an alternative route for blood flow to reach ischemic tissue during a stroke. Blood flow through the cerebral collaterals is a critical predictor of clinical prognosis after stroke and response to recanalization, but data on collateral dynamics and collateral therapeutics are lacking. Here, we investigate the efficacy of a novel approach to collateral blood flow augmentation to increase collateral circulation by optically recording blood flow in leptomeningeal collaterals in a clinically relevant model of ischemic stroke. Using high-resolution laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) during thromboembolic middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo), we demonstrate that transiently diverting blood flow from peripheral circulation towards the brain via intra-aortic catheter and balloon induces persistent increases in blood flow through anastomoses between the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. Increased collateral flow restores blood flow in the distal middle cerebral artery segments to baseline levels during aortic occlusion and persists for over 1 hour after removal of the aortic balloon. Given the importance of collateral circulation in predicting stroke outcome and response to treatment, and the potential of collateral flow augmentation as an adjuvant or stand-alone therapy for acute ischemic stroke, this data provide support for further development and translation of collateral therapeutics including transient aortic occlusion.
Diversity of individual mobility patterns and emergence of aggregated scaling laws
Authors: Yan Xiao-Yong , Han Xiao-Pu , Wang Bing-Hong , Zhou Tao
Published: September 2013

Uncovering human mobility patterns is of fundamental importance to the understanding of epidemic spreading, urban transportation and other socioeconomic dynamics embodying spatiality and human travel. According to the direct travel diaries of volunteers, we show the absence of scaling properties in the displacement distribution at the individual level,while the aggregated displacement distribution follows a power law with an exponential cutoff. Given the constraint on total travelling cost, this aggregated scaling law can be analytically predicted by the mixture nature of human travel under the principle of maximum entropy. A direct corollary of such theory is that the displacement distribution of a single mode of transportation should follow an exponential law, which also gets supportive evidences in known data. We thus conclude that the travelling cost shapes the displacement distribution at the aggregated level.
Computing molecular correlation energies with guaranteed precision
Authors: Bischoff Florian A. , Valeev Edward F.
Published: September 2013

We present an approach to compute accurate correlation energies for atoms and molecules in the framework of multiresolution analysis (MRA), using an adaptive discontinuous multiresolution spectral-element representation for the six-dimensional (two-electron) pair function. The key features of our approach that make it feasible, namely (1) low-rank tensor approximations of functions and operators and (2) analytic elimination of operator singularities via explicit correlation, were retained from the previous work [F. A. Bischoff, R. J. Harrison, and E. F. Valeev, J. Chem. Phys. 137, 104103 (2012)]. Here we generalized the working equations to handle general (non-symmetric) many-electron systems at the MP2 level. The numerical performance is shown for the beryllium atom and the water molecule where literature data for the basis set limits could be reproduced to a few tens of μEh. The key advantages of molecular MRA-MP2 are the absence of bias and arbitrariness in the choice of the basis set, high accuracy, and low scaling with respect to the system size.
Reaction-diffusion approach to prevertebrae formation: Effect of a local source of morphogen
Authors: Dziekan P. , Signon L. , Nowakowski B. , Lemarchand A.
Published: September 2013

Periodic structure formation is an essential feature of embryonic development. Many models of this phenomenon, most of them based on time oscillations, have been proposed. However, temporal oscillations are not always observed during development and how a spatial periodic structure is formed still remains under question. We investigate a reaction-diffusion model, in which a Turing pattern develops without temporal oscillations, to assess its ability to account for the formation of prevertebrae. We propose a correspondence between the species of the reaction scheme and biologically relevant molecules known as morphogens. It is shown that the model satisfactorily reproduces experiments involving grafting of morphogen sources into the embryos. Using a master equation approach and the direct simulation Monte Carlo method, we examine the robustness of the results to internal fluctuations.
Morphology evolution and rheological properties of polybutadiene/polyisoprene blend after the cessation of steady shear
Authors: Liu Wei , Dong Xia , Zou Fasheng , Yang Jian , Wang Dujin , Han Charles C.
Published: September 2013

The morphology evolution and rheological response of a near-critical composition polybutadiene/polyisoprene blend after the cessation of steady shear was studied with an ARES rheometer and a shear light scattering photometer equipped with an optical microscope in this work. The relationship between the morphology of the blend during the relaxation after the cessation of steady shear with different shear rates and their corresponding rheological properties was successfully established. It was found that the different shear-induced morphologies under steady shear would relax to the equilibrium states via varied mechanisms after the shear cessation. The average size of the dispersed domains in the coarsening process was influenced by the pre-shear history. The results indicated that the pre-shear history could slow down the growth rate of phase domains during the coarsening process. It had effect on the coarsening mechanism on the early stage of relaxation after the cessation of very strong shear when the homogenization effects were strong, but no effect on the late stage. The storage modulus G′ increased significantly in the breakup process of the string-like phase. After all the string-like structures were broken up into small ellipsoids, then G′ gradually decreased and finally approached to an invariant value. The characteristic rheological behavior can be attributed to the different structure on the relaxation process.
Novel description of bonding and magnetism in 3d transition metal arsenides
Authors: Khosravizadeh Shekoufeh , Hashemifar S. Javad , Akbarzadeh Hadi
Published: September 2013

In this paper, density functional theory calculations by using ultrasoft pseudo-potential technique are performed to investigate the structural and magnetic properties of XAs (X = Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, and Co) binary compounds in the metastable zinc-blende structure. Accurate analysis of electron density is applied for novel interpretation of bonding and magnetism in these arsenides. It is shown that bond stiffness has a consistent behaviour with electron density at bond points, while bond strength may exhibit a different behavior. We show that the electronic density of states of VAs, CrAs, and MnAs satisfy the Stoner criterion and hence give rise to a ferromagnetic ground state. It is argued that the spin splitting of the bond properties is originated from the interatomic exchange interaction and hence is correlated with the Curie temperature of materials.
The mechanics of microparticle collection in an open fluid volume undergoing low frequency horizontal vibration
Authors: Agrawal Prashant , Gandhi Prasanna S. , Neild Adrian
Published: September 2013

Manipulation of particles suspended in a fluid can be achieved using low frequency vibrations in an open fluid volume. The collection of particles at the solid-liquid (lower) interface is attributed to the generation of resonant capillary waves at the liquid-air (upper) interface. The resulting periodic flow field points to a hydrodynamic focusing mechanism which collects the particles over multiple cycles. This collection process is demonstrated by modelling the flow field produced in an open rectangular chamber undergoing horizontal oscillation. A particle tracing algorithm is then used to predict the collection locations of particles at different regions in the chamber. The modelling allows the collection mechanism to be understood and the effect of particle inertia on the process to be investigated; as a result, the speed of collection can be described as a function of particle size and density. The modelling results are supported by experimental observations in a rectangular well filled with water; the data show that particles with higher inertia collect faster. The effect of streaming is also observed in the experiments for particles with lower inertia.
Dielectric-environment mediated quantum screening of two-dimensional electron gas
Authors: Konar Aniruddha , Bajaj Mohit , Pandey Rajan K. , Murali K. V. R. M.
Published: September 2013

Electronic screening is a many-body phenomenon that strongly depends on the electron-electron interaction in an electron gas. Here, relaxing the assumption of “infinite and homogeneous background,” we show that the dielectric environment surrounding the electron gas alters the electron-electron interaction leading to substantial re-normalization of static and dynamic response of the electron gas. The re-normalization of static screening function by dielectric environment impacts experimentally measurable mobility as shown for Si-inversion layer for illustration. Results are analytical and can be used for accurate prediction of transport quantity for any two dimensional gas system with inhomogeneous dielectric environment.
Aligned semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes: Semi-analytical solution
Authors: Elkadi Asmaa , Decrossas Emmanuel , Yu Shui-Q. , Naseem Hameed A. , El-Ghazaly Samir M.
Published: September 2013

This paper presents a semi-analytical model to study coupling between adjacent semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWCNT) and its effect on the energy band gap. A potential function is proposed to describe the charge density distribution of s-SWCNT based on the continuum model. The potential function is then used in solving Schrödinger's equation to obtain the ground state probability wave function for one s-SWCNT and aligned bundle of s-SWCNTs. Then, a parametric study of energy band gap is developed by varying the distance between adjacent s-SWCNTs and applying transverse electric field across the bundle axis. The energy band gap of aligned s-SWCNTs is 10% less than one s-SWCNT. When the distance (d) between the adjacent s-SWCNTs is increased, the change of the energy band gap vanishes. By applying transverse electric field, the energy band gap may reduce by as much as 20% and vanishes with the increase of d.
Band offsets at zincblende-wurtzite GaAs nanowire sidewall surfaces
Authors: Capiod P. , Xu T. , Nys J. P. , Berthe M. , Patriarche G. , Lymperakis L. , Neugebauer J. , Caroff P. , Dunin-Borkowski R. E. , Ebert Ph. , Grandidier B.
Published: September 2013

The band structure and the Fermi level pinning at clean and well-ordered sidewall surfaces of zincblende (ZB)-wurtzite (WZ) GaAs nanowires are investigated by scanning tunneling spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. The WZ-ZB phase transition in GaAs nanowires introduces p-i junctions at the sidewall surfaces. This is caused by the presence of numerous steps, which induce a Fermi level pinning at different energies on the non-polar WZ and ZB sidewall facets.
Origin of Dirac-cone-like features in silicon structures on Ag(111) and Ag(110)
Authors: Gori Paola , Pulci Olivia , Ronci Fabio , Colonna Stefano , Bechstedt Friedhelm
Published: September 2013

The recently reported synthesis of silicene in the form of nanoribbons on Ag(110) or 2D epitaxial sheets on Ag(111) aroused considerable interest in the scientific community. Both overlayers were reported to display signatures of Dirac fermions with linearly dispersing electronic bands. In this work, we study the electronic structure of these adsorbate systems within density functional theory. We show that the conical features apparent in angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy measurements are not due to silicon but to the silver substrate, as an effect of band folding induced by the Si overlayer periodicity.
Ignition criterion and safety prediction of explosives under low velocity impact
Authors: Ma Danzhu , Chen Pengwan , Zhou Qiang , Dai Kaida
Published: September 2013

Due to the complexity of impact-induced reaction, it is difficult to predict and evaluate the ignition and safety of explosives under low velocity impact. Plastic deformation is very important to explosive ignition under impact loading. At low strain rates, plastic deformation can be treated as an isothermal process. The deformation under high-strain-rate is usually seen as an adiabatic process, and the deformation work is transformed into heat with the attendant temperature increase of the explosive. In this paper, we proposed an ignition criterion in terms of effective plastic work and specific plastic power to predict the ignition of explosives under low velocity impact. The plastic work begins to accumulate, when the specific plastic power (i.e., the plastic strain rate) in a local region meets a threshold value; and when the plastic work is sufficient enough, the ignition occurs. The criterion parameters are determined by numerical simulation using LS-DYNA. Numerical simulation is compared with experimental data in order to calibrate the numerical model. The threshold values of this ignition criterion for different configurations are determined. In order to evaluate the validity of the criterion, the predictions of the ignition time, ignition zone, threshold velocities in Steven test with different PBX size designs and various projectiles, as well as the ignition threshold conditions in a modified drop weight test, Susan test, and Spigot test, are carried out. The predicted results show a good agreement with experimental results, and the errors of the ignition threshold are less than 15% for all the experimental configurations.
Semiconductor spintronics in a participating phonon medium: Macroscopic equations
Authors: Rossani A.
Published: September 2013

In the last two decades considerable interest has arisen on the spin related phenomena in semiconductor devices. In semiconductor materials two essential mechanisms act on the spin dynamics: the spin-orbit coupling and the spin-flip interactions. Here the novelty is that we adopt the asymptotic approach developed in previous papers of mine [A. Rossani, Physica A 305, 323 (2002); A. Rossani, G. Spiga, and A. Domaingo, J. Phys. A 36, 11955 (2003); A. Rossani and G. Spiga, J. Math. Phys. 47, 013301 (2006); A. Rossani and A. M. Scarfone, Physica B 334, 292 (2003); A. Rossani, J. Phys. A 43, 165002 (2010)]. The aim of this paper is to derive macroscopic equations starting from a kinetic approach. Moreover an equation for the evolution of the spin density is added, which account for a general dispersion relation. The treatment of spin-flip processes, derived from first principles, is new and leads to an explicit expression of the relaxation time as a function of the temperature.
Tumor suppressor p16
INK4A
is necessary for survival of cervical carcinoma cell lines
Authors: McLaughlin-Drubin Margaret E. , Park Donglim , Munger Karl
Published: September 2013

Significance

Here we report that addiction to histone lysine demethylase (KDM)6B expression is shared by a number of cervical carcinoma lines and arises as a direct and immediate consequence of human papillomavirus (HPV)16 E7 oncoprotein expression. We also report that the p16
INK4A
tumor suppressor is a mediator of KDM6B addiction and that p16 expression is necessary for survival of HPV E7-expressing cells. The addiction of p16
INK4A
is based on its ability to inhibit CDK4/CDK6 activity. We also present data that KDM6 inhibition may be evaluated as a therapeutic modality for high-risk HPV-associated lesions and cancers.
Neurons generated by direct conversion of fibroblasts reproduce synaptic phenotype caused by autism-associated neuroligin-3 mutation
Authors: Chanda Soham , Marro Samuele , Wernig Marius , Südhof Thomas C.
Published: September 2013

Significance

A major challenge in modeling human diseases is to replicate disease phenotypes in neurons that are differentiated from nonneuronal cells, such as pluripotent stem cells or fibroblasts. However, evidence that phenotypes observed with this approach replicate an endogenous disease phenotype is lacking. This study demonstrates that induced neuronal (iN) cells obtained by direct conversion of fibroblasts to neurons, when produced from a previously described mouse mutant in neuroligin-3 that is linked to autism, exhibited a phenotype similar to that observed in endogenous neurons. These data show that the mutation studied is highly penetrant phenotypically and also that iN cells can faithfully reproduce a phenotype observed in endogenous neurons, thus validating the use of iN cells for studying disease models.
How many rational points does a random curve have?
Authors: Ho Wei
Published: September 2013

A large part of modern arithmetic geometry is dedicated to or motivated by the study of rational points on varieties. For an elliptic curve over

Q

{\mathbb {Q}}

, the set of rational points forms a finitely generated abelian group. The ranks of these groups, when ranging over all elliptic curves, are conjectured to be evenly distributed between rank

0
0

and rank

1
1

, with higher ranks being negligible. We will describe these conjectures and discuss some results on bounds for average rank, highlighting recent work of Bhargava and Shankar.
The C-terminal domain of Brd2 is important for chromatin interaction and regulation of transcription and alternative splicing
Authors: Hnilicová Jarmila , Hozeifi Samira , Stejskalová Eva , Dušková Eva , Poser Ina , Humpolíčková Jana , Hof Martin , Staněk David
Published: September 2013

Brd2 is a member of the bromodomain extra terminal (BET) protein family, which consists of four chromatin-interacting proteins that regulate gene expression. Each BET protein contains two N-terminal bromodomains, which recognize acetylated histones, and the C-terminal protein–protein interaction domain. Using a genome-wide screen, we identify 1450 genes whose transcription is regulated by Brd2. In addition, almost 290 genes change their alternative splicing pattern upon Brd2 depletion. Brd2 is specifically localized at promoters of target genes, and our data show that Brd2 interaction with chromatin cannot be explained solely by histone acetylation. Using coimmunoprecipitation and live-cell imaging, we show that the C-terminal part is crucial for Brd2 association with chromatin. Live-cell microscopy also allows us to map the average binding time of Brd2 to chromatin and quantify the contributions of individual Brd2 domains to the interaction with chromatin. Finally, we show that bromodomains and the C-terminal domain are equally important for transcription and splicing regulation, which correlates with the role of these domains in Brd2 binding to chromatin.
Pattern search in BioPAX models
Authors: Babur Özgün , Aksoy Bülent Arman , Rodchenkov Igor , Sümer Selçuk Onur , Sander Chris , Demir Emek
Published: September 2013

Motivation: BioPAX is a standard language for representing complex cellular processes, including metabolic networks, signal transduction and gene regulation. Owing to the inherent complexity of a BioPAX model, searching for a specific type of subnetwork can be non-trivial and difficult.

Results: We developed an open source and extensible framework for defining and searching graph patterns in BioPAX models. We demonstrate its use with a sample pattern that captures directed signaling relations between proteins. We provide search results for the pattern obtained from the Pathway Commons database and compare these results with the current data in signaling databases SPIKE and SignaLink. Results show that a pattern search in public pathway data can identify a substantial amount of signaling relations that do not exist in signaling databases.

Availability: BioPAX-pattern software was developed in Java. Source code and documentation is freely available at http://code.google.com/p/biopax-pattern under Lesser GNU Public License.

Contact:  patternsearch@cbio.mskcc.org

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
First Report of Freesia sneak virus in Commercial Freesia hybrida Cultivars in Korea
Authors: Jeong M. I. , Choi Y. J. , Joa J. H. , Choi K. S. , Chung B. N.
Published: September 2013

In order to investigate the virus infection rate of commercial freesia cultivars in early February 2013, 19 freesia cultivars showing necrotic purple speckles or streaks on leaves, purple streaks parallel to the midrib, and necrotic speckles on leaves were collected from three different regions (Suwon and Icheon in Gyeonggi Province and Jeonju in North Jeonla Province) and used for virus detection. Nucleic acid extracts were analyzed for detection of major freesia-infecting viruses including Freesia sneak virus (FreSV) by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR with specific primer pairs. The FreSV CP gene was amplified using primer pair FreSV-F (5′-TTAGATAGTGAATCCATAAGCTGC-3′) and FreSV-R (5′-ATGTCTGGAAAATACTCCGTCCAA-3′). The approximately 1.3-kb fragment of the FreSV amplified product was cloned and sequenced (GenBank Accession No. KC771891 to 98). The nucleotide sequences of CP gene of FreSV korean isolates showed 99.2 to 99.8% similarity to other FreSV isolates DQ885455, FJ807730, and GU071089, which are registered in GenBank. FreSV was detected from 71.7% of 138 plants tested while the infection rate of Freesia mosaic virus (FreMV) was 34.8%. Neither Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) nor Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) were detected from any plants tested in this study. In certain cultivars, such as ‘Bluebau’ (II) and ‘Pretty women,’ most plants planted in the field showed purple streak symptoms on the leaves. In conclusion, FreSV was detected from some symptomatic freesia cultivars showing purple streak or speckles on leaves with or without necrotic spots and necrotic speckles on leaves. FreSV is currently widespread in Korea and some freesia plants were mixed infected with FreMV. FreSV has been occurring in the Netherlands for over 40 years (2). It is a plant virus in the family Ophioviridae and Ophiovirus genus. Once it occurs in freesia plantation fields, eradication is almost impossible because FreSV is transmitted by zoospores of Olpidium brassicae, which is a soilborne root-infecting fungus (3). Resting spores of O. brassicae can remain dormant in the soil and can be infective for 20 years (1). To produce virus-free freesia plants, growers should consider whether or not their fields are contaminated with O. brassicae carrying FreSV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of FreSV in freesia plants in Korea.

References: (1) R. N. Campbell. Can. J. Bot. 63:2288, 1985. (2) Y. Koot et al. Tijdschrift over Plantenziekten 60:157, 1954. (3) H. J. M. van Dorst. Neth. J. Plant Pathol. 81:45, 1975.
Leaf Gas Exchange and Chlorophyll a Fluorescence in Wheat Plants Supplied with Silicon and Infected with Pyricularia oryzae
Authors: Perez Carlos Eduardo Aucique , Rodrigues Fabrício Ávila , Moreira Wiler Ribas , DaMatta Fábio Murilo
Published: September 2013

This study investigated the effect of silicon (Si) on the photosynthetic gas exchange parameters (net CO2 assimilation rate [A], stomatal conductance to water vapor [gs], internal CO2 concentration [Ci], and transpiration rate [E]) and chlorophyll fluorescence a parameters (maximum quantum quenching [Fv/Fm and Fv′/Fm′], photochemical [qP] and nonphotochemical [NPQ] quenching coefficients, and electron transport rate [ETR]) in wheat plants grown in a nutrient solution containing 0 mM (–Si) or 2 mM (+Si) Si and noninoculated or inoculated with Pyricularia oryzae. Blast severity decreased due to higher foliar Si concentration. For the inoculated +Si plants, A, gs, and E were significantly higher in contrast to the inoculated –Si plants. For the inoculated +Si plants, significant differences of Fv/Fm between the –Si and +Si plants occurred at 48, 96, and 120 h after inoculation (hai) and at 72, 96, and 120 hai for Fv′/Fm′. The Fv/Fm and Fv′/Fm′, in addition to total chlorophyll concentration (a + b) and the chlorophyll a/b ratio, significantly decreased in the –Si plants compared with the +Si plants. Significant differences between the –Si and +Si inoculated plants occurred for qP, NPQ, and ETR. The supply of Si contributed to decrease blast severity in addition to improving gas exchange performance and causing less dysfunction at the photochemical level.
Extended disease resistance emerging from the faecal nest of a subterranean termite
Authors: Chouvenc Thomas , Efstathion Caroline A. , Elliott Monica L. , Su Nan-Yao
Published: September 2013

Social insects nesting in soil environments are in constant contact with entomopathogens but have evolved a range of defence mechanisms, resulting in both individual and social immunity that reduce the chance for epizootics in the colony, as in the case of subterranean termites.
Coptotermes formosanus
uses its faeces as building material for its nest structure that result into a ‘carton material’, and here, we report that the faecal nest supports the growth of Actinobacteria which provide another level of protection to the social group against entomopathogens. A
Streptomyces
species with
in vivo
antimicrobial activity against fungal entomopathogens was isolated from the nest material of multiple termite colonies. Termite groups were exposed to
Metarhizium anisopliae
, a fungal entomopathogen, during their foraging activity and the presence of
Streptomyces
within the nest structure provided a significant survival benefit to the termites. Therefore, this report describes a non-nutritional exosymbiosis in a termite, in the form of a defensive mutualism which has emerged from the use of faecal material in the nesting structure of
Coptotermes
. The association with an Actinobacteria community in the termite faecal material provides an extended disease resistance to the termite group as another level of defence, in addition to their individual and social immunity.
Malaria rapid diagnostic tests: challenges and prospects
Authors: Mouatcho Joel C. , Goldring J. P. Dean
Published: September 2013

In the last decade, there has been an upsurge of interest in developing malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT) kits for the detection ofPlasmodiumspecies. Three antigens –Plasmodiumfalciparumhistidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2), plasmodial aldolase and plasmodial lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) – are currently used for RDTs. Tests targeting HRP2 contribute to more than 90 % of the malaria RDTs in current use. However, the specificities, sensitivities, numbers of false positives, numbers of false negatives and temperature tolerances of these tests vary considerably, illustrating the difficulties and challenges facing current RDTs. This paper describes recent developments in malaria RDTs, reviewing RDTs detectingPfHRP2, pLDH and plasmodial aldolase. The difficulties associated with RDTs, such as genetic variability in thePfhrp2gene and the persistence of antigens in the bloodstream following the elimination of parasites, are discussed. The prospect of overcoming the problems associated with current RDTs with a new generation of alternative malaria antigen targets is also described.
Molecular identification of a novel gammaherpesvirus in the endangered Darwin’s fox (Lycalopex fulvipes)
Authors: Cabello Javier , Esperón Fernando , Napolitano Constanza , Hidalgo Ezequiel , Dávila José Antonio , Millán Javier
Published: September 2013

We report the detection and characterization of a novel gammaherpesvirus in the critically endangered Darwin’s fox (Lycalopex fulvipes; syn. Pseudalopex fulvipes) on Chiloé Island, Chile. Out of 28 analysed blood samples stored in alcohol, four were positive for this herpesvirus using a previously described pan-herpesvirus PCR assay targeting the herpesvirus DNA polymerase. Positive samples were subsequently characterized by means of a PCR targeting a 500 bp fragment of the glycoprotein B of the gammaherpesviruses. This novel herpesvirus was most closely related to other gammaherpesviruses from terrestrial carnivores, and is tentatively named Darwin’s fox gammaherpesvirus. No apparent lesions were observed in the surveyed foxes. This is the first report of a gammaherpesvirus infecting a canid worldwide, and also of one infecting a carnivore from South America.
The Great Indian Calorie Debate: Explaining Rising Undernourishment during India's Rapid Economic Growth
Authors: Smith Lisa C.
Published: September 2013

The prevalence of undernourishment in India – the percent of people consuming insufficient calories to meet their energy requirements – has been rising steadily since the mid‐1980s. Paradoxically, this period has been one of robust poverty reduction and rapid economic growth. The reasons for the apparent reductions in calorie consumption underlying increased undernourishment have been the subject of intense debate both within India and internationally. This paper critically reviews this debate, finding that is has taken place outside of the context of India's recent nutrition and epidemiological transitions, which appear to have brought with them increased, not decreased, food consumption. The debate has also taken place under the unchallenged assumption that the data on which the conflicting trends are based, collected as part of the country's Household Consumption and Expenditure Surveys (HCESs), are reliable. The paper provides supporting literature and empirical evidence that one key factor driving the measured calorie decline is incomplete collection of data on food consumed away from peoples’ homes, which is widespread and rapidly increasing. The India example shows that complete measurement of this food source in the HCESs of all countries is vital for accurate measurement of undernourishment and, indeed, poverty at national, regional and global levels.
Calculating Hyphal Surface Area in Models of Fungal Networks
Authors: Bakker Laurens , Poelstra Andrew
Published: September 2013

Filamentous fungi grow efficient nutrient transportation networks which are highly resilient to attacks by grazers. Understanding them may benefit the design of human-built networks, where such properties are sought after. We recently developed a mathematical model that improved previous 2-dimensional studies by representing the space in a 3-dimensional face-centered cubic lattice. While the model focused on structural aspects (hyphal orientation, branching, and fusion), these are closely tied to functional aspects, that is, the handling of nutrients. In this paper, we refine our previous model by modelling the hyphal network as a set of cylindrical tubes connecting spherical junction points, and calculating the exact local hyphal surface area. In further development of the model, this will allow the refinement and incorporation of existing nutrient consumption models - in particular, how nutrients are used for turgor maintenance at a particular network location.
Technical Basis for Application of Weight Function Method for Calculation of Stress Intensity Factor for Surface Flaws Proposed for ASME Section XI Appendix A
Authors: Xu Steven X. , Scarth Douglas A. , Cipolla Russell C.
Published: September 2013

Analytical evaluation procedures for determining the acceptability of flaws detected during in-service inspection of nuclear power plant components are provided in Section XI of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Linear elastic fracture mechanics based evaluation procedures in ASME Section XI require calculation of the stress intensity factor. A method for calculating the stress intensity factor is provided in Appendix A of ASME Section XI. This method consists of a two-step process. In the first step, the stress distribution, as calculated in the absence of the flaw, is obtained at the flaw location. For a surface flaw, the stress distribution at the flaw location is then fitted to a third-order polynomial equation. In the second step, the fitted polynomial representation of the stress distribution is used with standardized influence coefficients to calculate the stress intensity factor. An alternate method for calculation of the stress intensity factor for a surface flaw that makes explicit use of the universal weight function method and does not require a polynomial fit to the actual stress distribution is proposed in this paper for implementation into Appendix A of ASME Section XI. Universal weight function coefficients are determined from standardized influence coefficients through closed-form equations. Closed-form equations for calculation of the stress intensity factor are provided. The technical basis and verification for this alternate method for calculation of the stress intensity factor are described in this paper.
A Hydrogen Ignition Mechanism for Explosions in Nuclear Facility Piping Systems
Authors: Leishear Robert A.
Published: September 2013

Hydrogen explosions may occur simultaneously with fluid transients' accidents in nuclear facilities, and a theoretical mechanism to relate fluid transients to hydrogen deflagrations and explosions is presented herein. Hydrogen and oxygen generation due to the radiolysis of water is a recognized hazard in piping systems used in the nuclear industry, where the accumulation of hydrogen and oxygen at high points in the piping system is expected, and explosive conditions may occur. Pipe ruptures in nuclear reactor cooling systems were attributed to hydrogen explosions inside pipelines, i.e., Hamaoka, Nuclear Power Station in Japan, and Brunsbuettel in Germany (Fig. 1Fig. 1Hydrogen explosion damage in nuclear facilities Antaki, et al. [9,10–12] (ASME, Task Group on Impulsively Loaded Vessels, 2009, Bob Nickell)). Prior to these accidents, an ignition source for hydrogen was not clearly demonstrated, but these accidents demonstrated that a mechanism was, in fact, available to initiate combustion and explosion. A new theory to identify an ignition source and explosion cause is presented here, and further research is recommended to fully understand this explosion mechanism. In fact, this explosion mechanism may be pertinent to explosions in major nuclear accidents, and a similar explosion mechanism is also possible in oil pipelines during off-shore drilling.
Laser Cutting of Aluminum Foam: Experimental and Model Studies
Authors: Sami Yilbas Bekir , Akhtar S. S. , Keles Omer
Published: September 2013

Laser cutting of aluminum foam with 9 mm thickness is carried out and thermal stress field developed in the cut section is simulated using finite element code. Morphological changes in the cut section are examined through optical and scanning electron microscopes. The oxide compounds formed at the cut section during the cutting are identified using X-ray diffraction. It is found that parallel sided cut edges are resulted during laser cutting. The maximum von Mises stress in the cut section is on the order of few MPa, which is close to the yielding limit of the workpiece material. Some small scattered sideways burning resulting in local thermal erosion along the cut edges is observed.
On Measuring Engineering Risk Attitudes1
Authors: Van Bossuyt Douglas L. , Dong Andy , Tumer Irem Y. , Carvalho Lucila
Published: September 2013

Risk management is a critical part of engineering practice in industry. Yet, the attitudes of engineers toward risk remain unknown and are not measured. This paper presents the development of a psychometric scale, the engineering-domain-specific risk-taking (E-DOSPERT) test, to measure engineers' risk aversion and risk seeking attitudes. Consistent with a similar psychometric scale to assess general risk attitudes, engineering risk attitude is not single domain and is not consistent across domains. Engineers have different risk attitudes toward five identified domains of engineering risk: processes, procedures and practices; engineering ethics; training; product functionality and design; and legal issues. Psychometric risk profiling with E-DOSPERT provides companies a standard to assess domain-specific engineering risk attitude within organizations and across organizations. It provides engineering educators a standard to assess the understanding of engineering students to the types of risks they would encounter in professional practice and their personal attitude toward responding to those risks. Appropriate interventions can then be implemented to shape risk attitudes as appropriate. Risk-based design decisions can also be shaped by a better understanding of engineer and customer risk attitude. Understanding engineers' risk attitudes is crucial in interpreting how individual engineers will respond to risk in their engineering activities and the numerous design decisions they make across the various domains of engineering risk found in professional practice.
Designing a Hydraulic Continously Variable-Transmission (CVT) for Retrofitting a Rear-Wheel Drive Automobile
Authors: Manring Noah D. , Al-Ghrairi Taha S. , Vermillion Sean D.
Published: September 2013

This research shows that an existing rear-wheel drive vehicle may be easily retrofitted with a continuously variable-transmission for the purposes of reducing the overall fuel consumption of the automobile. The retrofit-ability of this transmission is the primary advantage that it exhibits over other continuously variable-transmissions. By retrofitting this vehicle with the transmission components that are shown in this paper, the existing vehicle transmission continues to be used with the exception of the driveshaft which is replaced by the hydraulic continuously variable-transmission itself. Using a standard model for the vehicle dynamics, this paper presents a detailed analysis for the speed ratios of all gears, and shows how to specify the size of the hydraulic pump and motor to insure a safe pressure level of operation. To illustrate the usefulness of this method, an actual transmission is designed for the 1997 Ford Ranger, and the range of adjustability for the transmission is evaluated by seeking to hold the engine speed constant for a ramped speed output of the vehicle. In conclusion, this research shows that the design methodology is valid and that only minor errors in engine speed are observed during low ground velocities for the vehicle.
MHC Class I–Associated Phosphopeptides Are the Targets of Memory-like Immunity in Leukemia
Authors: Cobbold Mark , De La Peña Hugo , Norris Andrew , Polefrone Joy M. , Qian Jie , English Ann Michelle , Cummings Kara L. , Penny Sarah , Turner James E. , Cottine Jennifer , Abelin Jennifer G. , Malaker Stacy A. , Zarling Angela L. , Huang Hsing-Wen , Goodyear Oliver , Freeman Sylvie D. , Shabanowitz Jeffrey , Pratt Guy , Craddock Charles , Williams Michael E. , Hunt Donald F. , Engelhard Victor H.
Published: September 2013

Immunity against phosphopeptide antigens lacking in leukemia patients can be restored with stem cell transplantation.
A Host-Based RT-PCR Gene Expression Signature to Identify Acute Respiratory Viral Infection
Authors: Zaas Aimee K. , Burke Thomas , Chen Minhua , McClain Micah , Nicholson Bradly , Veldman Timothy , Tsalik Ephraim L. , Fowler Vance , Rivers Emanuel P. , Otero Ronny , Kingsmore Stephen F. , Voora Deepak , Lucas Joseph , Hero Alfred O. , Carin Lawrence , Woods Christopher W. , Ginsburg Geoffrey S.
Published: September 2013

To improve the diagnosis of respiratory viral infection, a multiplex RT-PCR assay based on the host response was derived from experimentally infected subjects and validated in patients with febrile illness.
All Signals Lost
Authors: Wilke Kaelyn E. , Carlson Erin E.
Published: September 2013

Bacterial histidine kinase inhibitors that globally block bacterial signaling may offer a new offensive against antibiotic resistance.