bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Opioid Activity of β‐Endorphin‐like Proteins from Tetrahymena
Authors: RODRIGUEZ ENRIQUE , LAZARO MARIA I. , RENAUD FERNANDO L. , MARINO MICHAEL
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT. Morphine and other opioids have been reported to modulathd phagocytosis in the ciliate Tetrahymena. However, the endogenous signaling molecule responsible for these effects remains uncharacterized. In this work we present evidence for the presence of β‐endorphin‐like protein(s) in Tetrahymena thermophila. Subcellular extracts and cell‐free culture supernatants were fractionated by hydrophobic chromatography on Sep Pack C18 columns and by affinity chromatography on polyclonal anti‐β‐endorphin columns. Both preparations exhibited opioid‐like effects in two different systems: 1) they inhibited phagocytosis in murine peritoneal macrophages, and 2) they blocked the response to mechanical stimuli in the ciliate Stentor. Both of these effects were reversed by naloxone, consistent with an opioid receptor‐mediated mechanism. Chromatographic (HPLC) fractionation of the subcellular extracts resolved a component with β‐endorphin‐like immunoreactivity, whose retention time was similar to that of the human β‐endorphin standard. Fractions were also analyzed by immunoblots using a monoclonal antibody that recognizes the N‐terminus of human β‐endorphin. This antibody detected two antigenic components (corresponding to Mr 9,000 and Mr 12,000 polypeptides) in subcellular extracts, but only a single antigen (corresponding to a Mr 7,000 polypeptide) in culture supernatants. These results indicate that Tetrahymena produces one or more proteins that share some properties with β‐endorphin and that these may form part of an opioid mechanism that originated early in evolution.
Identification and Sequence Analysis of Six New Members of the NIMA‐related Kinase Family in Chlamydomonas
Authors: BRADLEY BRIAN A. , WAGNER JAMES J. D. , QUARMBY LYNNE M.
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT. The NIMA kinases are an evolutionarily conserved protein family with enigmatic roles in the regulation of mitosis. We report six new members of this family in Chlamydomonas, in addition to the previously identified NIMA‐related kinase, Fa2p. Chlamydomonas NIMA‐related kinases (CNKs) 1–6 were sequenced from subclones generated by RT‐PCR using information from EST libraries and the recently sequenced Chlamydomonas genome. Phylogenetic and bioinformatic approaches were used to determine the relationships of the six new members with known members of the NIMA‐related kinase family. Although humans express at least eleven NIMA‐related kinases, the eukaryotic microbes that have been studied to date express only one or two members of the family. Thus, the discovery that Chlamydomonas expresses a total of at least seven NIMA‐related kinases is intriguing. Our analyses suggest that members of this family may play roles in the assembly and function of cilia.
The Human Pathogen Leishmania donovani Secretes a Histidine Acid Phosphatase Activity that is Resistant to Proteolytic Degradation
Authors: JOSHI MANJU B. , MALLINSON DAVID J. , DWYER DENNIS M.
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT. Promastigotes of all pathogenic Leishmania species secrete acid phosphatase (SAcP) activity during their growth in vitro. It has been suggested that this enzyme may play a role in the survival of the parasite within its sandfly‐vector host. To carry out such functions, SAcP would have to be relatively resistant to endogenous sandfly gut‐proteases. Therefore, the current study was undertaken to ascertain whether L. donovani SAcP activity was affected by treatment with various proteases. Native L. donovani SAcP was treated with a variety of serine‐, thiol‐, metallo‐ and mixed proteases and subsequently assayed for enzymatic activity. Of the eleven proteases tested, only bromelain and subtilisin treatments caused a pronounced reduction in SAcP activity. Treatment of SAcP with seven out of the remaining nine proteases, resulted in an overall enhancement in SAcP enzymatic activity ranging from ∼ 10% (e.g. with trypsin) to > 90% (e.g. with ficin). The resistance of the Leishmania SAcP to various proteases may prolong its functional life within the sandfly gut and help to facilitate parasite infection in this host.
Actin and Ubiquitin Protein Sequences Support a Cercozoan/Foraminiferan Ancestry for the Plasmodiophorid Plant Pathogens
Authors: ARCHIBALD JOHN M. , KEELING PATRICK J.
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT. The plasmodiophorids are a group of eukaryotic intracellular parasitehd that cause disease in a variety of economically significant crops. Plasmodiophorids have traditionally been considered fungi but have more recently been suggested to be members of the Cercozoa, a morphologically diverse group of amoeboid, flagellate, and amoeboflagellate protists. The recognition that Cercozoa constitute a monophyletic lineage has come from phylogenetic analyses of small subunit ribosomal RNA genes. Protein sequence data have suggested that the closest relatives of Cercozoa are the Foraminifera. To further test a cercozoan origin for the plasmodiophorids, we isolated actin genes from Plasmodiophora brassicae, Sorosphaera veronicae, and Spongospora subterranea, and polyubiquitin gene fragments from P. brassicae and S. subterranea. We also isolated actin genes from the chlorarachniophyte Lotharella globosa. In protein phytogenies of actin, the plasmodiophorid sequences consistently branch with Cercozoa and Foraminifera, and weakly branch as the sister group to the foraminiferans. The plasmodiophorid polyubiquitin sequences contain a single amino acid residue insertion at the functionally important processing point between ubiquitin monomers, the same place in which an otherwise unique insertion exists in the cercozoan and foraminiferan proteins. Taken together, these results indicate that plasmodiophorids are indeed related to Cercozoa and Foraminifera, although the relationships amongst these groups remain unresolved.
Atomic‐Scale Structure of Glasses Using High‐Energy X‐Ray Diffraction
Authors: Petkov Valeri
Published: August 2005

The great potential of high‐energy X‐ray diffraction to determine fine details in the atomic scale structure is discussed and illustrated with an example of a successful study on GeSe2 glass.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Structure and Hydroxylation of Silica Glass Surfaces
Authors: Du Jincheng , Cormack Alastair N.
Published: August 2005

The surface structure of silica glasses has been simulated using molecular dynamics. The surface hydroxyl concentration was estimated to be 4.5/nm2, based on surface defect statistics. Hydroxyl‐silica potentials were developed and used to study the hydroxylation of silica surface. It is found that the energy of chemisorption of water declines in the sequence: three coordinated silicon (Si3) and non‐bridging oxygen (NBO) on separate sites, Si3and NBO on combined sites, two‐ and three‐membered rings. Partial hydroxylation of the most reactive sites, which leads to an OH coverage of 2.5/nm2, was studied. Structural relaxation after hydroxylation was observed.
Surface Chemical and Leakage Current Density Characteristics of Nanocrystalline Ag–Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 Thin Films
Authors: Jayadevan Kampurath P. , Liu Chi‐Yi , Tseng Tseung‐Yuen
Published: August 2005

Nanocrystalline xAg–(1−x)Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 (Ag–BST, 0≤x≤0.1, where x is the mole fraction of Ag) thin films have been deposited on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates by a sol–gel method. The films have been characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The core‐level XPS of oxygen (O1s) of the Ag–BST films indicate that an optimum amount of Ag (x=0.02 or 2 mol%) enhances the binding energy of oxygen, possibly through a mechanism in which the electrophilic oxygen dissociates from the Ag surface and fills the oxygen vacancies. Similarly, the binding energy of Ag (Ag3d) shows a shift toward a higher value with increasing Ag up to 4 mol%, probably because of the chemical shift of Ag in BST along the surface layers, surface relaxation, or changes in the Fermi level of small Ag particles in the solid solution range of Ag in BST films (x≤0.04). The leakage current density of 2 mol% Ag‐added BST (∼10−6 A/cm2) is less by about an order of magnitude than pure BST at an electric field of 200 kV/cm. A defect model is proposed to explain the observed leakage current density of Ag–BST films satisfactorily.
Electrical Conductivity of Inhomogeneous Cu2O–10CuAlO2–xCu Cermets
Authors: Xie N. , Shao W. Z. , Zhen L. , Feng L. C.
Published: August 2005

Cu2O–10CuAlO2–xCu cermets, as candidate inert anode materials for Al production, were prepared via hot‐pressing (HP) technology, and their electrical conductivity was studied. The results show that the Cu2O–10CuAlO2–xCu cermet materials can act as an electrical conductor when the Cu content is higher than 15 wt%. The electrical conductivity of the cermet material depends on the content, the particle size of the metal phase, and also on the porosity of the cermet material. The electrical conductivity increases with the decrease of particle size of the metal phase and the porosity. The particle size of the metal phase decreases with the increase of HP pressure, while it increases with increase of the HP temperature. The mathematic relationship connecting electrical conductivity and the influence factors was found.
Enhanced Sintering of Yttrium‐Doped Barium Zirconate by Addition of ZnO
Authors: Babilo Peter , Haile Sossina M.
Published: August 2005

The influence of transition metal oxides additives, especially zinc oxide, on the densification and electrical properties of doped barium zirconate have been examined. With the use of zinc oxide as a sintering aid, BaZr0.85Y0.15O3–δ was readily sintered to above 93% of theoretical density at 1300°C. Scanning electron microscopic investigations showed Zn accumulation in the intergranular regions. Thermogravimetric analysis of the material under flowing CO2 showed ZnO‐modified barium zirconate to exhibit excellent chemical stability. The conductivity, as measured by A.C. impedance spectroscopy under H2O saturated nitrogen, was slightly lower than that of unmodified barium zirconate. Electromotive force measurements under fuel cell conditions revealed the total ionic transport number to be ∼0.9 at 600°C. The combination of electrical and chemical properties and good sinterability render ZnO‐modified barium zirconate an excellent candidate for reduced temperature solid oxide fuel cell applications.
Solid‐State Synthesis of Ultrafine BaTiO3 Powders from Nanocrystalline BaCO3 and TiO2
Authors: Buscaglia Maria Teresa , Bassoli Marta , Buscaglia Vincenzo , Alessio Rocco
Published: August 2005

Barium titanate has been prepared by solid‐state reaction of nanocrystalline TiO2 (70 nm) with BaCO3 of different particle size (650, 140, and 50 nm). The results give evidence of a strong effect of the size of BaCO3 in the solid‐state synthesis of barium titanate. The use of nanocrystalline BaCO3 already leads to formation of the single‐phase BaTiO3 after calcination for 8 h at 800°C. The final powder consists of primary particles of ≈100 nm, has a narrow particle size distribution with d50=270 nm, and no agglomerates larger than 800 nm. For the coarser carbonate, 4 h calcination at 1000°C are required and the final powder is much coarser. Solid‐state reaction of nanocrystalline BaCO3 and TiO2 represents an alternative to chemical preparation routes for the production of barium titanate ultrafine powders.
Phase Evolution and Dielectric Properties of MgTiO3–CaTiO3‐Based Ceramic Sintered with Lithium Borosilicate Glass for Application to Low Temperature Co‐Fired Ceramics
Authors: Shin Hee‐Kyun , Shin Hyunho , Cho Seo‐Yong , Hong Kug Sun
Published: August 2005

Effects on phase evolution caused by the addition of a new sintering agent, lithium borosilicate, Li2O·B2O3·SiO2 (LBS) glass to 0.9MgTiO3–0.1CaTiO3 ceramic and resultant dielectric properties were investigated. The added LBS glass, a liquid phase sintering agent, significantly lowered the densification temperature from 1300° to about 950°C, while yielding decomposition of MgTiO3 into MgTi2O5 and Mg2TiO4. At the same time, the by‐products of the decomposition reaction, MgO and TiO2, were dissolved into the glass network. Such phase evolution partly compensated the influence of deleterious glass addition so that the specimen demonstrated fairly good apparent dielectric properties.
Phase Transformation of Mechanically Milled Nano‐Sized γ‐Alumina
Authors: Liu Shufeng , Zhang Ligong , An Linan , Fei Weifeng , Heinrich Helge
Published: August 2005

The phase transformation of mechanically milled nano‐sized γ‐alumina particles was investigated. The structures and phase presentation of the powders before and after milling were characterized using X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and photoluminescence measurement. The phase transformation kinetics was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that significant amounts of defects were generated by milling. These defects dramatically lowered the temperatures and activation energies of the transformation by promoting the nucleation and diffusion. The accumulation of the defects appears to show a logarithmic dependence of milling time.
Sub‐Solidus Synthesis and Microwave Dielectric Characterization of Plagioclase Feldspars
Authors: Krzmanc Marjeta Macek , Valant Matjaz , Jancar Bostjan , Suvorov Danilo
Published: August 2005

NaxCa1−xAl2−xSi2+xO8 plagioclase solid solutions (0≤x≤1) were synthesized under sub‐solidus conditions using a solid‐state reaction technique. The plagioclase formation and the sintering temperature decreased with an increase in x from the anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8; x=0) to the albite (NaAlSi3O8; x=1).

Microwave (MW) dielectric measurements revealed that slow‐cooled (P1) anorthite exhibited higher Q×f values than fast‐cooled (I1) anorthite. Slow cooling also considerably improved the Q×f values of the sodium‐rich NaxCa1−xAl2−xSi2+xO8 solid solutions (0.8≤x≤1), where the highest Q×f value of 17 600 GHz was obtained for slow‐cooled Na0.8Ca0.2Al1.2Si2.8O8. The temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) approached zero for 0.8≤x≤1.
Laser‐Assisted Growth of Superconducting MgB2 Films in an In Situ Annealing Process Using a Stoichiometric Target
Authors: Shim Seung Hwan , Shim Kwang Bo , Yoon Jong‐Won , Kawaguchi Kenji , Koshizaki Naoto
Published: August 2005

A superconducting MgB2 film with a superconducting transition temperature of ∼36 K was successfully prepared on an MgO substrate by pulsed‐laser ablation from a stoichiometric MgB2 target. A multilayer deposition process involving interposed Mg‐rich layers was performed at 200°C by controlling the laser energy density in order to maintain the correct stoichiometry, and followed by an in situ annealing process at temperature ranging from 700° to 900°C. It was found that smooth, fine‐grained films with superconducting transition temperatures of 24–36 K could be obtained from in situ annealing of the as‐deposited multilayer at 900°C without excess Mg addition.
Processing of Aqueous Aluminum Nitride Suspensions with High Solid Loading
Authors: Wildhack Stefanie , Rixecker Georg , Aldinger Fritz
Published: August 2005

The impact of different additives on the hydrolysis of AlN powder in aqueous suspensions at room temperature was studied. The results show that citric acid and polyacrylic acid are most effective in chemically protecting AlN against hydrolysis. The protected powder is hydrophilic, which facilitates aqueous processing, and the chemical stability is retained when basic dispersing agents are added. Based on these results, the solid loading of the aqueous slurries was maximized by utilizing bimodal particle size distributions. Combining bimodal powders with the dispersants Dolapix and citric acid, colloidally stable slurries with solid loadings in excess of 50 vol% were obtained.
A Comparative Study of Thermal Conductivity in ZnO‐ and SnO2‐Based Varistor Systems
Authors: Bueno P. R. , Varela J. A. , Barrado C. M. , Longo E. , Leite E. R.
Published: August 2005

We performed a comparative study of electrical and thermal properties of ZnO‐ and SnO2‐based varistor. The electrical properties of commercial ZnO‐based varistor are equivalent to that found in SnO2‐based varistor system. In spite of this, the SnO2 showed a thermal conductivity higher than commercial samples of ZnO‐based varistor, which allied with its simpler microstructure and lower dopant concentration is a remarkable result that point out to the use of this system to compete commercially with ZnO‐based varistor devices.
Conventional and Microwave‐Hydrothermal Synthesis of TiO2 Nanopowders
Authors: Corradi Anna Bonamartini , Bondioli Federica , Focher Bonaventura , Ferrari Anna Maria , Grippo Carmen , Mariani Emilia , Villa Carla
Published: August 2005

The objective of this study was to compare the conventional and microwave hydrothermal treatment of TiOCl2 solutions. Colloidal titania suspensions were prepared by forced hydrolysis at 195°C for different times ranging from 1 to 32 h for the conventional synthesis and from 5 min to 1 h for the microwave ones. The effect of the microwave technology on both the synthesis conditions and titania nanoparticles properties has been evaluated. Particles morphology and crystallinity were studied by using transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. The thermal and chemical stability of the obtained powders were determined by TG/DTA analysis.
Viscosity Measurement by Cylindrical Compression for Numerical Modeling of Precision Lens Molding Process
Authors: Jain Anurag , Firestone Gregory C. , Yi Allen Y.
Published: August 2005

Cylindrical compression tests were conducted on two different optical glass grades for determining the high‐temperature viscosity and elastic parameters. Numerical simulations of the compression tests and the precision lens molding process were performed by incorporating the data obtained from the compression tests using a commercial finite‐element method program. Excellent agreement between the viscosity data from the compression test and the beam bending test was obtained, and a good comparison between the measured and predicted deformation load results was also observed. Further issues that have emerged from this research that would be relevant to the ongoing research on the numerical modeling of the precision aspherical lens molding process include determination of high‐temperature elastic properties of glass (i.e. elastic and shear modulus) and friction characterization at the glass–mold interface.
Fabrication of Photonic Crystal with a Diamond Structure Having an Air Cavity Defect and its Microwave Properties
Authors: Kanehira Shingo , Kirihara Soshu , Miyamoto Yoshinari , Sakoda Kazuaki , Takeda Mitsuo Wada
Published: August 2005

Three‐dimensional photonic crystals with a diamond lattice structure consisting of 5 × 5 × 5 unit cells with the unit cell dimension of 15 mm were fabricated using TiO2‐based ceramic particles dispersed epoxy by stereolithography. The diamond lattice showed a perfect band gap between 14.3 and 15.8 GHz. An air cavity defect with a rectangular shape (15 mm × 45 mm × 15 mm) was introduced at the center of the crystal by extracting 3 unit cells in order to investigate the shape effect of the defect on the formation of localized defect modes of electromagnetic wave. When microwaves were radiated normal to the wide sides (45 mm × 15 mm) of the rectangular shape defect, a sharp localized mode appeared at the middle of the band gap. However, no localized mode was observed for incident waves normal to the smaller side (15 mm × 15 mm) because of the symmetry mismatching between internal eigenmodes in the defect cavity and incident plane waves. The mode analysis using a simple cavity model showed the penetration of the electric field of resonant modes about 2.4 mm into the host lattice.
Measurements and Finite‐Element Simulations of Residual Stresses Developed in Si3N4/Ni Diffusion Bonds
Authors: Vila M. , Prieto C. , Miranzo P. , Osendi M. I. , Del Río J. M. , Pérez‐Castellanos J. L.
Published: August 2005

High‐resolution X‐ray scanning diffractometry has been used to study the residual strain in Si3N4/Ni diffusion bonds. Bonds were made by directly joining Ni and Si3N4 samples of same geometry by applying high temperature and enough mechanical pressure. The axial and radial strain profiles have been determined by X‐ray diffraction in the ceramic bodies along selected lines perpendicular to the bonding interface. A very small absorption was assured as the X‐ray experiments have been performed at the energy of 60 keV, which allowed measurements of the strain and stress fields in the ceramic bulk. The finite‐element method calculations carried out showed an excellent agreement with the experimental data.
DADD‐Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis of t‐ZrO2 Nanoparticles
Authors: Chen Fengxi , Hong Qi , Xu Guo‐Qin , Andy Hor T. S. , Shen Shoucang
Published: August 2005

Tetragonal ZrO2 (t‐ZrO2) nanoparticles (diameter: ca. 10 nm; BET‐specific surface area: 100 m2/g) are hydrothermally prepared via crystallization of 1,12‐diaminododecane (DADD)‐hydrous zirconia gels at 230°C for 3 days. The volume content of monoclinic phase is ca. 0.1. The surface‐adsorbed hydrocarbon layer (ca. 3 wt%) is observed by FTIR and TGA. They account for the formation of our t‐ZrO2 nanoparticles with high‐phase purity.
Activity–Composition Relations in MnCr2O4–CoCr2O4 Solid Solutions and Stabilities of MnCr2O4 and CoCr2O4 at 1300°C
Authors: Koc N. , Timucin M.
Published: August 2005

Phase equilibria in the system MnO–CoO–Cr2O3 were investigated at 1300°C under controlled oxygen partial pressures by using the gas equilibration technique. The CoO activities in various phase assemblages of the system were measured by determining the partial pressures of oxygen in the gas phase for coexistence with metallic cobalt. The activity data revealed that at 1300°C, MnO–CoO and MnCr2O4–CoCr2O4 solid solutions exhibit mild positive departures from ideal behavior. The activities in the stoichiometric spinel solutions were found to be in good agreement with those predicted from a model based on cation distribution equilibria. The standard free energy of formation of the compound CoCr2O4 from its oxide components at 1300°C was determined as −37 636 J/mol, while that for MnCr2O4 was found as −44 316 J/mol.
Sodium–Bioglass/Polythene Composites
Authors: Pattanayak Deepak K. , Srivastava Devesh , Rao B. T. , Rama Mohan T. R. , Iyer Rajgopal C.
Published: August 2005

We present the studies conducted on sodium–bioglass/polythene (Na–BG/PE) composites and their bioactivity in simulated body fluid (SBF). Several compositions of Na–BG/PE composites were made by hot pressing and the activity studies of the samples were carried out by immersing the composites in SBF for periods of 7, 14, and 21 days. The activity of the samples was confirmed by the cauliflower‐like growth of phosphates on the surface of the samples observed in an environmental scanning electron microscope and further confirmed by energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry (EDS). X‐ray diffraction showed the presence of various types of calcium phosphate phases. Ionic movement was observed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy from the sample to the SBF solution and the reverse trend was observed on the surface of the sample by EDS. Modulus of rupture of the composites increased when the polymer content was increased up to 30% by weight of polythene, beyond which the processing of composites became difficult.
Al2O3/Ni Laminar Ceramics Shaped by Tape Casting and Electroless Plating
Authors: Zuo Kai Hui , Jiang Dong Liang , Lin Qing Ling
Published: August 2005

Tape casting and electroless plating were used to fabricate Al2O3/Ni laminar ceramic composites with close control of the thickness of the Al2O3 and Ni layers. Ninety‐seven percent relative density, macrodefect‐free composites were obtained by spark plasma sintering. In electroless plating solutions, the stable potential of grain boundary led to the first deposition of nickel on the grain boundary of Al2O3. Scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray, and X‐ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure, elements distribution, and phase composition of the Al2O3/Ni laminar composites.
Mechanics and Microstructures of Concentrated Particle Gels
Authors: Wyss Hans M. , Tervoort Elena V. , Gauckler Ludwig J.
Published: August 2005

It is often assumed that the viscoelastic properties of dense colloids are determined by the colloid volume fraction, the interaction potential, as well as the particle size distribution and shape. The dependence of the viscoelastic behavior of particle suspensions and gels on these parameters has been widely studied, and is well understood in many cases. In contrast, our knowledge on the influence of microstructure on mechanical and rheological properties, in particular for high solid loading suspensions as used in ceramic processing, is much less developed. This aspect has been the focus of recent experiments, which show that small changes in microstructure can have dramatic effects on the mechanics and dynamics of concentrated colloidal gels. In this article, we attempt to give an overview of the influence of microstructure on the mechanical and rheological properties of colloidal systems. Particular attention is given to colloidal particle gels at high volume fractions.
The effect of periodontal therapy on uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus in older subjects
Authors: Promsudthi A , Pimapansri S , Deerochanawong C , Kanchanavasita W
Published: August 2005

Objective:  The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of periodontal therapy on glycemic control in older type 2 diabetic patients.

Methods:  Fifty‐two diabetic patients, age 55–80 years (mean age = 61 years), with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) 7.5–11.0% (mean ± s.d. = 8.98 ± 0.88) and severe periodontitis were included in the present study. The treatment group received mechanical periodontal treatment combined with systemic doxycycline, 100 mg day−1 for 14 days. The control group received neither periodontal treatment nor systemic doxycycline. Clinical periodontal parameters, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and HbA1c levels were measures at baseline and 3 months.

Results:  Periodontal treatment significantly improved periodontal status of the treatment group (P < 0.05), however the reduction in the level of FPG and HbA1c did not reach significance. In the control group, no significant changes in clinical periodontal parameters, FPG and HbA1c levels were observed, except for significant increase in attachment loss (P < 0.05). Comparing the two groups, although the 3‐month level of HbA1c of the treatment group was lower than that of the control group, the difference did not reach significance.

Conclusions:  The results of the present study indicate that the periodontal condition of older Thais with uncontrolled diabetes is: (a) significantly improved 3 months after mechanical periodontal therapy with adjunctive systemic antimicrobial treatment, and (b) rapidly deteriorating without periodontal treatment. The effect of periodontal therapy on the glycemic control of older uncontrolled diabetics will require further studies that will have to include much larger sample sizes.
ProSystem GT: design, technique, and advantages
Authors: Buchanan L. Stephen
Published: August 2005

This article details the design features of the GT System of Instruments and outlines the technique for their safe, effective use. Specifically, crown‐down shaping is discussed, as well as the importance of measuring the apical diameter after initial shape has been completed. Finally the article addresses appropriate file selection for specific forms of anatomy, and suggests key elements that are important to consider when selecting an endodontic treatment system.
Hand instrumentation in root canal preparation
Authors: Elizabeth M. Saunders
Published: August 2005

Root canal preparation using traditional stainless‐steel ISO 0.01 tapered instruments by hand very often results in iatrogenic damage to curved root canals. A further disadvantage is their tendency to create narrow canal shapes which makes effective access for irrigants more difficult and apical extrusion of debris more likely. The major advantage of NiTi alloy is its ability to retain flexibility with increased taper. This has resulted in the development of two groups of NiTi hand instruments – The GT Instruments which have 2–6 times the taper of ISO 0.02 files and Hand ProTaper which have a variable taper. Both are used with a crown‐down sequence. These NiTi Hand instrumentation methods leave good tactile feedback and the start‐up costs are low. They are an excellent teaching tool and a useful introduction to NiTi Rotary Techniques. They can be used exclusively or in conjunction with or complementary to rotary techniques. Hand NiTi instruments can be selected in teeth with difficult canal anatomy, secure apical curvature or awkward access for a hand piece.
The LightSpeed root canal instrumentation system
Authors: Steve Senia E. , Wildey William L.
Published: August 2005

The LightSpeed® root canal instrument design is unique in that it has a non‐cutting pilot, a very short blade and a flexible, non‐cutting shaft. This allows negotiating 3‐dimensional canal curvatures with saftey and precision. The technique is simple, predictable and similar for all canals. As its name implies, the SimpliFill® obturation technique is simple to use and unique in that it is the only carrier‐based obturation system that does not leave the carrier in the canal. It consists of a 5 mm piece of gutta percha (also available in Resilon) that matches the size of the LightSpeed preparation for a predictable fit. Backfilling (coronal to the Apical Plug) can be done many different ways. This article describes a backfilling technique that is fast and simple utilizing a syringe and small gauge needle.
Eradication of endodontic infection by instrumentation and irrigation solutions
Authors: Haapasalo Markus , Endal Unni , Zandi Homan , Coil Jeffrey M.
Published: August 2005

Debridement of the root canal by instrumentation and irrigation is considered the most important single factor in the prevention and treatment of endodontic diseases. In clinical practice, instrumentation of the root canal(s) within the affected tooth is usually the most time consuming and technically demanding element of the treatment. The technical success of the treatment, as judged by the post‐operative radiograph after the root filling, is based on optimized root canal instrumentation. Mounting evidence from epidemiological research is also indicating that the combination of high‐quality coronal restoration and technically satisfactory root canal treatment is associated with the greatest long‐term prognosis. Therefore, it is not surprising that for several decades of endodontic research, a substantial number of articles on instruments and instrumentation have been published in the scientific literature. Although interest in the effects of instrumentation on intracanal infection is not new, it is obvious that during the last few years a renewed focus of interest has appeared on the relationship between instrumentation and infection control in the root canal. The ongoing discussion in international endodontics about one‐appointment therapy in the treatment of apical periodontitis has naturally further motivated the newly emerged research activities. The goal of this review is to gather the relevant and most recent literature and provide an updated analysis of the effect of preparation (instrumentation and irrigation) on the microbial infection in the necrotic root canal.
Mechanical preparation of root canals: shaping goals, techniques and means
Authors: Hülsmann Michael , Peters Ove A. , Dummer Paul M.H.
Published: August 2005

Preparation of root canal systems includes both enlargement and shaping of the complex endodontic space together with its disinfection. A variety of instruments and techniques have been developed and described for this critical stage of root canal treatment. Although many reports on root canal preparation can be found in the literature, definitive scientific evidence on the quality and clinical appropriateness of different instruments and techniques remains elusive. To a large extent this is because of methodological problems, making comparisons among different investigations difficult if not impossible. The first section of this paper discusses the main problems with the methodology of research relating to root canal preparation while the remaining section critically reviews current endodontic instruments and shaping techniques.
A morphological study of the development of the second inflorescences in strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa Duch.)
Authors: KUROKURA T , INABA Y , NERI D , SUGIYAMA N
Published: August 2005

To clarify the timing of the differentiation of the first and second inflorescences in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.), morphological changes on shoot apices during short day and low night temperature treatments were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy. Axillary buds just below the first inflorescence (axillary bud 1) became visible when sepal primordia of the primary flower were differentiated. By this time, other axillary buds had already developed. Axillary bud 1 developed four leaf primordia, and then a differentiated inflorescence at its summit. The phase transition of shoot apices from the vegetative to the reproductive phase may therefore trigger the differentiation of axillary bud 1 which is destined to develop into extension crowns.
Adapting wheat cultivars to resource conserving farming practices and human nutritional needs
Authors: TRETHOWAN R M , REYNOLDS M , SAYRE K , ORTIZ‐MONASTERIO I
Published: August 2005

As farmers increasingly adopt resource conserving farming practices, there is a need for wheat cultivars that better adapt to the changing environment and the nutritional needs of people, particularly those living in developing countries. Improved adaptation to zero and minimum tillage, better water use efficiency, improved root health, durable resistance to foliar diseases and enhanced nutritional value of the grain are key selection criteria for plant breeders. Significant responses to selection for these constraints have been achieved at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), by selecting segregating populations and advanced lines in carefully managed tillage, moisture deficit and heat stressed environments, that correlate with key spring wheat growing environments globally. Root health has been improved through a combination of marker assisted selection and disease bioassays, and the nutritional value of wheat grain has been enhanced using genetic variation for high Fe and Zn grain content found among tetraploid wheat ancestral species.
Evaluation of a damage threshold for two‐spotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), in hop culture
Authors: WEIHRAUCH F
Published: August 2005

Damage caused by two‐spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae) at harvest to yield, quality (measured in percentage α‐acids content) and cone infestation was assessed on hop cvs Hallertauer Magnum, Hallertauer Tradition and Perle. Acaricide‐untreated hop plants with known levels of T. urticae infestation were compared with neighbouring acaricide‐treated plants. Although in 24 of the 36 experimental harvests the untreated hop plants had spider mite infestations of > 100 mites leaf−1, yields and α‐acids content from the untreated plants were significantly lower than the treated plants in only four instances. However, although mite infestation of cones from untreated hops were significantly higher than acaricide‐treated plants in 27 of the 36 cases, in only one instance did that cause economic loss. Spider mite infestation levels of c. 90 mites leaf−1 are tolerable at harvest time with little or no risk of causing economic loss to hop growers.
Soft gamma-ray repeater giant flares in the BATSE short gamma-ray burst catalogue: constraints from spectroscopy
Authors: Lazzati Davide , Ghirlanda Giancarlo , Ghisellini Gabriele
Published: August 2005

The giant flare observed on 2004 December 27 from SGR 1806−20 has revived the idea that a fraction of short (<2 s) gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are due to giant flares from soft gamma-ray repeaters (SGRs) located in nearby galaxies. One of the distinguishing characteristics of these events is the thermal (blackbody) spectrum with temperatures ranging from ∼50 to ∼180 keV, with the highest temperature observed for the initial 0.2-s spike of the 2004 December 27 event. We have analysed the spectra of a complete sample of short GRBs with peak fluxes greater than 4 photon s−1 cm−2 detected by BATSE. Of the 115 short GRBs so selected, only 76 had sufficient signal-to-noise ratio to allow the spectral analysis. We find only three short GRBs with a spectrum well fitted by a blackbody, with 60 ≲kT≲ 90 keV, albeit with a considerably longer duration (i.e. ≳1 s) and a more complex light curve than the 2004 December 27 event. This implies a stringent limit on the rate of extragalactic SGR giant flares with spectral properties analogous to the December 27 flare. We conclude that up to 4 per cent of the short GRBs could be associated with giant flares (2σ confidence). This implies that either the distance to SGR 1806−20 is smaller than 15 kpc or the rate of Galactic giant flares is lower than the estimated 0.033 yr−1.
X-rays from the Type II quasar in the hyperluminous infrared galaxy IRAS F15307+3252
Authors: Iwasawa K. , Crawford C. S. , Fabian A. C. , Wilman R. J.
Published: August 2005

We report the detection of X-ray emission from the hyperluminous infrared galaxy IRAS F15307 + 3252 at z= 0.93 and its properties obtained from XMM–Newton observations. Although the X-ray emission is very faint and the data are noisy, a prominent line-like feature in the observed 3–4 keV range is inferred from both photometric and spectroscopic techniques. It indicates an X-ray spectrum dominated by 6.4-keV Fe Kα emission and the presence of a Compton-thick active galactic nucleus. Our estimate of the luminosity of the illuminating source (L2–10 keV≥ 1 × 1045 erg s−1), required to produce the observed Fe Kα emission in reflection from cold matter, means that the hidden quasar nucleus accounts for a significant fraction of the large bolometric luminosity. The soft X-ray emission below 2 keV is found to be spatially extended and probably of a separate origin. The temperature and bolometric luminosity (kT≃ 2 keV and LCLbol≃ 1 × 1044 erg s−1) obtained from a thermal spectrum place this X-ray source on the L–TX relation of galaxy clusters. The possible association with a galaxy cluster can be added to the list of remarkable similarities between IRAS F15307 + 3252 and another hyperluminous infrared galaxy IRAS 09104 + 4109 (z= 0.44), both of which have bolometric luminosities dominated by hidden quasar nuclei. Our result on IRAS F15307 + 3252 illustrates how difficult it is to detect Compton-thick Type II quasars at z= 1, particularly if their bolometric outputs do not rival the hyperluminous population.
Expectations for the Deep Impact collision from modelling of cometary nuclei
Authors: Mousis O. , Marboeuf U. , Petit J.-M. , Klinger J.
Published: August 2005

Using the cometary nucleus model developed by Espinasse et al., we calculate the thermodynamical evolution of Comet 9P/Tempel 1 over a period of 360 yr. Starting from an initially amorphous cometary nucleus which incorporates an icy mixture of H2O and CO, we show that, at the time of Deep Impact collision, the crater is expected to form at depths where ice is in its crystalline form. Hence the subsurface exposed to space should not be primordial. We also attempt an order-of-magnitude estimate of the heating and material ablation effects on the crater activity caused by the 370-kg projectile released by the Deep Impact spacecraft. We thus show that heating effects play no role in the evolution of crater activity. We calculate that the CO production rate from the impacted region should be about 300–400 times higher from the crater resulting from the impact with a 35-m ablation than over the unperturbed nucleus in the immediate post-impact period. We also show that the H2O production rate is decreased by several orders of magnitude at the crater base just after ablation.
On the frequency of close binary systems among very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs
Authors: Maxted P. F. L. , Jeffries R. D.
Published: August 2005

We have used Monte Carlo simulation techniques and published radial velocity surveys to constrain the frequency of very low-mass star (VLMS) and brown dwarf (BD) binary systems and their separation (a) distribution. Gaussian models for the separation distribution with a peak at a= 4 au and 0.6 ≤σlog(a/au)≤ 1.0, correctly predict the number of observed binaries, yielding a close (a < 2.6 au) binary frequency of 17–30 per cent and an overall VLMS/BD binary frequency of 32–45 per cent. We find that the available N-body models of VLMS/BD formation from dynamically decaying protostellar multiple systems are excluded at >99 per cent confidence because they predict too few close binary VLMS/BDs. The large number of close binaries and high overall binary frequency are also very inconsistent with recent smoothed particle hydrodynamical modelling and argue against a dynamical origin for VLMS/BDs.
Borehole Siting in Crystalline Basement Areas of Nigeria with a Microprocessor‐Controlled Resistivity Traversing System
Authors: Olayinka Abel , Barker Ron
Published: August 2005

A Microprocessor‐controlled Resistivity Traversing (MRT) System using the Wenner configuration has been developed to measure the distribution of resistivity in the subsurface down to depths of 200 m. The data are presented as a contoured apparent resistivity cross section, a type of electrical image, from which useful information about the structure of the subsurface can be obtained. Quantitative interpretation consists of iterative computer modeling using a two‐dimensional finite‐difference method.

Measurements conducted in Kwara State, Nigeria, in borehole siting surveys show that MRT surveys are an important aid in locating areas of deep weathering and fissure zones in structurally complex basement areas. The resistivity information obtained allows an appreciation of the subsurface structure which cannot be obtained easily with other geophysical techniques.
An Analytical Solution for Steady‐State Flow Between Aquifers Through an Open Well
Authors: Silliman Stephen , Higgins David
Published: August 2005

Vertical communication between aquifers via open wells may cause migration of a chemical plume from a contaminated aquifer into a water‐supply aquifer. Hence, quantifying the rate of flow through such wells may aid either in identifying likely transport paths or in designing a migration monitoring system. In this study, a steady‐state solution was developed which allows quantification of the volumetric flow rate which will occur within an inactive well which fully penetrates two confined aquifers. The solution is an adaptation of the Thiem solution and includes a well‐loss term based on the square of the flow rate. The solution for flow between a confined aquifer and an unconfined aquifer is also presented. Based on three examples concerning hypothetical flow problems, it was shown that the well‐loss term is insignificant unless both aquifers have high transmissivities and the well‐loss coefficient is large. Limitations of the solution are also presented.
Characterization of Transmissive Fractures by Simple Tracing of In‐Well Flow
Authors: Michalski Andrew , Klepp George M.
Published: August 2005

Under‐exploration of complex hydrogeologic settings may lead to the occurrence of short‐circuiting internal flows in monitoring wells. Susceptible settings include fractured formations with large thickness and monotonous lithology. The occurrence of internal flow may distort flow pattern and induce contaminant migration. Monitoring data from the affected wells may be misinterpreted if the flow is unaccounted for. In order to identify and measure well bore flow in several deep monitoring wells at a site, a technique of in‐well tracing was used. The vertical movement, dispersion, and dilution of an injected saline slug was tracked by periodic electrical conductivity logging.

Combining internal flow measurements with baseline conductivity and temperature logs provided estimates of the quality and origin of water entering well bores from major transmissive fractures. Identified locations of these fractures coincided with locations of larger fractures seen on video logs; only a few fractures were significant for the flow. Relative distributions of heads and fracture permeabilities in a well with internal flow could be evaluated easily, but determination of their absolute values would require measurement of static heads. In data quality, cost, and feasibility, the in‐well slug tracking compares favorably with conventional fracture characterization methods, such as coring, packer permeability testing, flowmeter and other specialized geophysical logging.
OASIS: A Graphical Decision Support System for Ground‐Water Contaminant Modeling
Authors: Newell Charles J. , Haasbeek John F. , Bedient Philip B.
Published: August 2005

Three new software technologies were applied to develop an efficient and easy to use decision support system for ground‐water contaminant modeling. Graphical interfaces create a more intuitive and effective form of communication with the computer compared to text‐based interfaces. Concepts from the field of hypertext were applied to design the extensive electronic documentation and databases. Finally, object oriented programming permitted scientists with little programming experience to develop the system by manipulating preexisting software objects instead of writing computer code, greatly increasing the productivity of the project team.

A decision support system is a class of software with different origins and characteristics than conventional programs or expert systems. Decision support systems are designed to help users with broad, semistructured problems, with the user directing the problem‐solving process. The decision support software described in this paper, the OASIS system, provides ground‐water modelers with a ground‐water biodegradation model, model documentation, background information, data from chemical and hydrogeologic databases, and data management tools. The system was developed using HyperCard software on a Macintosh personal computer. It currently has over 1700 different computer screens of information and occupies approximately 10 megabytes of hard disk storage.

OASIS is a new type of modeling software where ground‐water models, data, and knowledge are integrated together using a graphical interface and an easily modified software architecture. Two groups of users can benefit from the system: current modelers who need more efficient interfaces and data management tools, and people who are not using models now because the modeling process is too involved and requires specialized knowledge.
Sampling Radius of a Porous Cup Sampler: Experimental Results
Authors: Morrison R. D. , Lowery B.
Published: August 2005

Laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the radius of soil (sand) sampled (Sr) by a porous cup sampler. Sr was defined by the detection of potassium bromide (KBr) in a sample when KBr was injected at horizontal distances of 5, 10, 15, 30, and 45 cm from the sampler. For quasi‐static soil moisture conditions, the relation between Sr as defined by the arrival time of KBr (t) at the sampler (evacuated with a constant vacuum of 70kPa) after it was injected at a distance (x) was described by t = 1.4x2.3.

As expected, desaturation occurred most rapidly near the sampler (0‐5 cm). The amount of KBr collected on a mass balance basis was greatest when KBr was injected near the sampler and decreased with injection distance. The injection of KBr into the soil at a prescribed distance from the sampler was a better method for predicting Sr for a given time than change in matric potential of the soil.