bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘We have come to Mars for good’
Authors: Malpas Simon
Published: January 2023

The political status of an extraterrestrial colony, especially the degree of sovereignty it possesses and its relationships with the nations and corporations that established it, will define how colonists experience the hostile non-terrestrial environment in which they live. Space science has developed sophisticated models of the psychological challenges imposed by long-duration space flight but moving from a time-limited mission to permanent habitation marks a change from a ‘state of exception’ suspending terrestrial freedoms to a revision of liberty and sovereignty in a new social order. Empirically testing the psychological challenges in advance of colonisation is not possible, but this chapter argues that current political and psychological research might be supplemented with analyses of fictional depictions of colonisation that can function as analogues and testing-grounds for models of extraterrestrial sovereignty.
Securing the long-term peaceful use of space
Authors: McKenna Allan
Published: January 2023

Dark Skies: Space Expansionism, Planetary Geopolitics and the Ends of Humanity (Deudney 2020) claims that space expansionism will result in the destruction of the environment, hierarchical world government, interplanetary war, and human extinction. This chapter argues that its rejection of space expansionism is unwarranted. On the contrary, global security and the long-term sustainability of space activities would be served by expansionist projects. In support of this view, it traces the historical connection between negotiations for general and comprehensive disarmament and the “peaceful purposes” of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. Archival research from the period suggests that two fundamental problems of space arms control remain unsolved: the problem of verifying treaty compliance and the prevention of surprise attack. In addressing these problems, the chapter draws inspiration from proposals by space lawyers in the 1950s and early 1960s.
Indigenous inclusion within the democratization of space
Authors: Milligan Tony
Published: January 2023

This chapter attempts to find a distinctive role for Indigenous peoples within a democratically geared human expansion into space. The core case is set out via an ‘argument from belonging’ in which Indigenous knowledge about belonging can promote the sustainability of projects in space, given that the latter are multi-generational projects and therefore vulnerable to cultural change over time. Knowledge about what runs deep in our human concern with space can help us to deal with this vulnerability, and with the danger that our projects may be discarded by future generations who are unlikely to share all of our aspirations and concerns.
Anarchy and authority
Authors: Morden Simon J.
Published: January 2023

An extrapolation of future demands on space travel predicts an expansion in both the number and types of missions and a move away from meticulously planned, purely scientific prestige launches towards a more mercantile scenario. Current astronaut training regimes and quasi-military command structures obviate problems with crew competency, interpersonal conflict, and discipline. By comparing the similarities between future commercial space flights and current merchant shipping practices, and weighing them against the unique fragility, isolation, and immediacy of problems inherent in long-term space missions, a new crew-centred model of onboard governance is proposed, emphasizing the democratic exercise of authority.
(In)Visible Men
Authors: Klotz Kelsey
Published: January 2023

Chapter 3 centers on Brubeck’s 1954 appearance on the cover of Time magazine, which introduced him to a large mainstream readership and contributed significantly to the rapid growth of his career. He was the second of four jazz musicians to appear on Time’s cover at mid-century. The others featured were Louis Armstrong (1949), Duke Ellington (1956), and Thelonious Monk (1964). Chapter 3 analyzes these stories, using theories of recognition by Ralph Ellison, who writes that recognition means achieving a form of psychic agreement, and Judith Butler, who emphasizes mutual active engagement, interrogating the shifting levels of power among invisibility, visibility, and recognition between Time’s audience and Brubeck, Armstrong, Ellington, and Monk, respectively. In addition, focusing on “mainstream” or non-jazz critics and audiences in chapters 2 and 3 demonstrates the important roles these groups (often portrayed as outsiders to jazz) played in defining jazz within the broader commercial music industry.
From Selfish Sonatas to Egoistic Elements
Authors: Greenberg Yoel
Published: January 2023

This chapter imagines what a musical form that emerged bottom-up would look like. It proposes a process of self-organization rather than design, a “combinatory evolution” of sonata form, driven by the chance meeting of formal elements, rather than their deliberate combination to realize a governing formal ideal. Using an abstract model, it demonstrates how independent local formal elements may converge to create the right conditions for musical form, provided they appear commonly enough. It then discusses the aversion to reductionism in the study of creativity, and seeks to justify it nonetheless when studying musical grammar and form. The chapter concludes by considering the concept of independence between formal elements, and the way we might expect sonata forms to behave if they were independent.
Defiance and Black Students’ Resistance to Cultural Racism
Authors: Wallace Derron
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines defiance as a strategy for resisting cultural racism in schools. Black Caribbean students in London practiced institutional defiance, targeting the school rather than the individuals within it. In contrast, Black Caribbean students in New York practiced interpersonal defiance, identifying specific teachers, rather than the school, as problematic and culturally racist. In London and New York, Black Caribbean young people’s strategies were informed, not by ethnic culture, but by different school contexts. In a school where Black Caribbeans were advantaged but individual teachers consciously or unconsciously constrained their identities, like Newlands in New York, interpersonal defiance predominated. Where Black Caribbeans were disadvantaged by structures of power, not necessarily individual teachers, as in Londerville in London, institutional defiance emerged as a common form of resistance. In both cases, however, defiance emerged when the burden of cultural (mis)representation and the weight of cultural racism proved too much to bear.
Slavery, Freedom, and Human Value in Early Modern Philosophy
Authors: Jorati Julia
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on early modern views concerning the special status of human beings and its implications for the right to freedom. More specifically, the chapter examines whether, for several prominent early modern philosophers, it is legitimate for one human being to fully own, or have absolute power over, other human beings. The chapter concentrates on the views of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, though it also discusses several other early modern authors. Its thesis is that of these three philosophers, only Leibniz attributes an intrinsic value to human beings and argues that this special status is incompatible with chattel slavery. In contrast, Hobbes and Locke do not acknowledge such an intrinsic value and view the full ownership of human beings as legitimate in certain circumstances.
The Invention of Value and the Value of Humanity
Authors: Millgram Elijah
Published: January 2023

For far too long, Nietzsche thought, humanity has been actively trying to make itself worthless. His remedy for nihilism, so understood, was the invention of values, where activity under that heading was to be guided by a metavalue of his own invention, the value of the invention of values. (That metavalue is personified in Zarathustra by the infamous ‘Overman’.) Nietzsche’s program for restoring value to humanity was intended as, in the first place, a metaethical revolution, in that it rejected the common denominator of both what we now call moral realism and noncognitivism: that assessments have to appeal to something that is there already.
The Human Foundations of Our Political Ideals: An Essay on Gandhi’s Political Radicalism
Authors: Bilgrami Akeel
Published: January 2023

How does the concept of the “citizen,” so central to liberal political practice and the doctrines and arguments that underlie it, diminish the concept of the “human subject,” as Gandhi had claimed? Beginning with the chronic tension that has existed between the concepts of liberty and equality, this chapter expounds Gandhi’s view that the tension could not be resolved without removing these twin ideals from center stage, where they have defined the very idea of citizenship, placing there instead a more fundamental ideal that speaks directly to the concept of the human being: the ideal of an “unalienated life.” The chapter, then, explores the nature of alienation and the ideal that is sought in its overcoming, showing how liberty and equality, when reinterpreted as nesting within it, may, in turn, overcome the chronic trade-off relations that have afflicted them, while establishing the right priority of human being over citizen.
The Struggle for Existence
Authors: Pechenik Jan A.
Published: January 2023

In this chapter, Darwin emphasizes that, for all plants and all animals in nature, far more individuals are born than can possibly survive: predation, competition, and physical stresses all take their toll, often in amazingly complex and surprising ways. Competition will be most intense among individuals that are the most similar to each other (i.e., among members of the same species). This competition will, in a sense, have individuals pushing each other, over the course of many generations—through survival, reproductive success, and the inheritance of favorable characteristics—to become better and better adapted to their way of life.
Geographical Distribution
Authors: Pechenik Jan A.
Published: January 2023

In this chapter, Darwin explains why the same animal and plant species are often found living in many different places that are widely separated from each other, and why areas that are separated by physical barriers that prevent migration between them sometimes have similar species and sometime have different species. Darwin argues that the present geographical distribution of species is related to geological events and gradual changes in climate, along with differences in dispersal patterns and the impact of natural selection, and that these interesting species distributions make perfect sense if each species originated in a single location. Their later distributions will then be related to the ability of a given species to disperse over long distances and the amount of time that a separated population has been isolated from other members of the same species.
Geographical Distribution, Continued
Authors: Pechenik Jan A.
Published: January 2023

In this chapter, Darwin continues his examination of species distributions and the possible explanations for those distributions. He argues that such distributions are difficult to explain through the idea of divine creation but that they can be explained in a convincing, logical way through dispersal mechanisms—including the dispersal of eggs and hatchlings—and their limitations; gradual rises of land areas over time; and the processes of competition, natural selection, and speciation. Darwin’s theory of gradual evolution by natural selection explains all of these issues, and he presents evidence from a large variety of sources. As always, Darwin always admits his uncertainties.
Immunity, Government-Funded Religious Associations, and Nondiscrimination Rules
Authors: Perez Nahshon
Published: January 2023

The second chapter begins with descriptions of the two case studies that represent the category of discrimination within government-funded religious associations. Section 2.1.1 explores the Jewish Free School (JFS) case, in which the UK Supreme Court forced the JFS to change admission policies. Section 2.1.2 describes the Martínez European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) case, involving the right of Spain and the Catholic Church to refuse renewal of contract for Martínez, a teacher of religion in the Spanish public school system, whose views and actions were held to contradict Catholic doctrines. Section 2.2 explores why freedom of religious association matters, its justifications and extent. Section 2.3 presents a multivariable test that has been developed to evaluate cases of discrimination conducted by government-funded religious associations. Section 2.4 applies the multivariable test to the contested JFS and Martínez cases.
Advanced Horn Literature
Authors: Douglass Grana Natalie
Published: January 2023

The final portion of the book focuses on more challenging horn repertoire. Passages demand greater flexibility, technical proficiency, and transposition fluency, as well as include more advanced harmonies and preliminary chromaticism. Like the previous sections of the book, horn players work sequentially to sing, buzz, and play not only the horn parts but also important parts from the orchestra or accompaniment. Inner hearing exercises with the repertoire strengthen internal pitch while tapping rhythms or showing pitches on handstaff. Advanced exercises connect parts together with varied polyphonic tasks, building the ability to hear the score while playing. These studies may be done independently or with a partner.
Right Hand
Authors: van der Werff Ivo-Jan
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses creating the best, most resonant sound possible with the bow through maintaining a constant bow speed; a straight bow; creating a plane between the arm and the bow that never changes regardless of which string is being played; leading with the wrist rather than the elbow; keeping a constant “natural” bow hold that is relaxed, open, and flexible; always approaching the string from above.
Universalism, 1941–1945
Authors: Zeiler Thomas W.
Published: January 2023

In September 1940, Japan signed the Tripartite Pact, a ten-year alliance with Italy and Germany that solidified the fascist juggernaut. Failing to defeat Britain, Hitler launched a vicious war on the Soviet Union but within a few years was in retreat across Europe in the face of Allied armies. The United States also brutally pared back Imperial Japanese forces toward Tokyo in a multi-pronged land, sea, and air counter-offensive across the Pacific. In 1940, however, the Roosevelt administration was looking for ways to contain Axis power by aiding Britain and Russia and undermining Japan’s war machine. Liberal trade policy was not a war priority, but the United States’ entry into war in December 1941 ended its isolationism and convinced policymakers that a postwar world order of free trade was necessary. As protectionism abated in the emergency, planning went forth for a universal postwar capitalist peace through policies and institutions.
Revolt, 1964–1970
Authors: Zeiler Thomas W.
Published: January 2023

Like his predecessors, Lyndon Johnson believed in the capitalist peace. But the 1960s, though a high point for American economic power, also began a weakening of political influence worldwide. Just as the Vietnam War sapped American power, trade policy also hit three headwinds: from protectionism, from challenges from the global South, and from pressure to improve relations with the communist bloc. By the 1960s, with European and Japanese recovery complete for World War II, America began to seek the status quo as anti-communist fervor in foreign policy gave way to economic concerns at home and abroad. In an age of restiveness, rebellion, and détente, the capitalist peace argument was tougher to make than it had been before. Protectionism strengthened once again, and this time around, Big Labor and some Democrats joined the ranks criticizing free trade, particularly as the country’s relative decline in the world seemed more apparent.
Black Liberalism Can’t Save Us
Authors: Darby Derrick
Published: January 2023

This chapter builds upon the concerns raised in chapter 3 about the dim prospects for pursuing corrective justice by using race-first appeals. It argues that these prospects remain dim even when they are dressed up in liberal ideology to recruit philosophical liberals as allies. A prominent proponent of this strategy, philosopher Charles Mills, does this by attacking the dominant liberal theory of justice in contemporary philosophy and offering alternative principles to transform liberalism into a better tool for pursuing small-tent racial justice remedies. Mainstream liberals may be reluctant to support Mills’s redemption ideas, especially if this means supporting black reparations, affirmative action, and other race-specific policies. Doubts about Mills’s project are presented in this chapter.
Epilogue
Authors: Darby Derrick
Published: January 2023

This book has argued for lowering the race-first flag and for fostering a united front of marginalized groups to advance the cause of racial progress in postracial America. Some scholars who accept the standard story of racial progress appeal to thinkers within the black radical tradition to support the case for flying the race-first flag. There is ongoing debate concerning how to understand this tradition, over which black thinkers count as radical. However, there is a danger of ignoring lessons from this tradition that support the case for pursuing progress via a more united front among a broader cross section of marginalized groups. Thinking about the contributions of black thinkers to America’s understanding of its democratic experiment, the nation’s failure to realize its democratic values, and how to struggle productively in making it do better comprise a place to extract these valuable lessons.
The Icy Planet
Authors: Summerhayes Colin
Published: January 2023

This book is about the effects of climate change on planet Earth’s icy parts. The melting of ice will both raise sea level and warm the climate further by reducing the white surfaces that reflect solar energy back into space. The book sets out carbon dioxide’s role as the control knob of our climate over the past 1,000 million years, then explores what is happening to ice and snow in Antarctica, the Arctic, and the high mountains. Fluctuations in carbon dioxide over the past million years were aided by slow changes in the Earth’s orbit and the tilt of the Earth’s axis, which created switches between glacial times when ice sheets covered northernmost Europe and North America, and brief warm interglacial periods like that of the past 12,000 years during which human civilization developed. Those controls then cooled our climate into a “neoglacial” period during which glaciers advanced everywhere, culminating in the Little Ice Age of 1400–1850. Our increasing emissions of greenhouse gases helped to move our climate out of the Little Ice Age. More than 90% of all the fossil fuel ever burned has been burned since 1950, creating a rupture with the previous climate system, taking us into a new climate regime, that of the Anthropocene. While the increase in global temperature since 1900 seems low at 1.2°C, it is double that in the polar regions where ice is melting. To regain ice we must get off the fossil fuel train now and return to the CO2 concentrations of about 1930.
Women and War in the Modern Era
Authors: Barnhart Joslyn N. , Trager Robert F.
Published: January 2023

Within democracies, there are voters and there are leaders. But there are also many layers of social organization in between—interest groups and social movements that play a vital role in setting the tone and structure of political debate, altering norms of acceptable behavior and encouraging active political participation by others. This chapter shows that women’s greater on average preference for peace continues to shape international affairs. Traveling across three countries—Israel, Liberia, and Japan—and three continents, it looks not only at women voters and leaders in action but also at women’s social movements and the vital role they can play in shaping peace.
The Many Ramayanas of Lanka
Authors: Henry Justin W.
Published: January 2023

This chapter collates references to Ravana in Sinhala folklore, poetry, and topographical and historical prose texts from the fourteenth century to the British colonial period. I argue that formative Sinhala Buddhist impressions of Ravana were generated in large part through highly informal contexts; that is, through storytelling and the composition and augmentation of poetic verses, not as a derivation from the canonical sources or “high kāvya” which one might expect (the Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa or Kampan’s Tamil version of the epic). I argue that the establishment of Ravana’s character in Sri Lankan imagination during the early modern period appears to have been the result of exchanges between ordinary people—largely outside of the purview of courts, salons, and monastic colleges.
Conclusion
Authors: Thalmann William G.
Published: January 2023

The concluding chapter draws together the main themes of the preceding chapters. The space of the Ptolemaic empire provides a place and function for bucolic, urban, and even mythic spaces. The bucolic Idylls, as well as some others, speak to the conditions of mobility and rootlessness of the early Hellenistic world, ask what it would mean to be “in place,” and reflect questions of self and other in this multicultural world. The bucolic poems in particular raise the question of readers’ relations to fictional worlds. The desire they arouse in the reader for an always out-of-reach natural world of fullness and presence is the counterpart of the herdsmen’s erotic desire. This analogy offers perspective on the question of why one would want to read bucolic poetry in antiquity or today and how readers might negotiate the status differences between themselves and herdsmen.
How Understanding Genetics Can Benefit Mental Health Clinicians
Authors: Marilyn Weaver Lewis , Liyun Wu , Zachary Allan Hagen
Published: January 2023

STEM-H for Mental Health Clinicians, Chapter 1, introduces the science of genetics and its role in behavior. Classic experiments testing the influence of nature or nurture as they pertain to alcohol misuse and dependency are described. The gene–environment relationship of behavioral disorders is discussed with an emphasis on genotypic and phenotypic expression. Radiation exposure and carcinogens and their relationship to genetic injuries are presented. Asynchronous and synchronous communication technologies are introduced. Engineering of medications for chemotherapy of genetic-based disorders is discussed. The Asian flushing reaction is introduced as example of genetic predisposition to abstinence from alcohol. Ambiguous loss and stigmatized grief as reactions of families with a child expressing a genetic mutation are introduced.
How Understanding the Nervous System Can Benefit Mental Health Clinicians
Authors: Marilyn Weaver Lewis , Liyun Wu , Zachary Allan Hagen
Published: January 2023

STEM-H for Mental Health Clinicians, Chapter 2, introduces the development of the nervous system, the structure and function of the central and peripheral nervous system (CNS and PNS, respectively), and specific brain areas in regard to STEM-H (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics as applied to health). Meningitis is introduced as the signature illness and discussed in terms of its association with poverty. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is highlighted as the signature injury. Technological and engineering advances that treat TBIs are presented, including hyperbaric oxygen treatment and medications to reduce swelling of the brain after trauma. Epidemiological data that inform public health professionals are introduced that describe how to determine which population is at risk for illness or injuries. Caregiver burden, as it affects health of a patient and their family, is presented.
How Understanding the Lymphatic System Can Benefit Mental Health Clinicians
Authors: Marilyn Weaver Lewis , Liyun Wu , Zachary Allan Hagen
Published: January 2023

STEM-H for Mental Health Clinicians, Chapter 4, covers the structure and function of the lymphatic system in regard to STEM-H (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics as applied to health). Signature illnesses covered are human immunodeficiency virus positivity (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The signature injury is damage to the spleen caused by blunt force trauma. Female condoms are presented as a technological innovation associated with prevention of HIV and AIDS. Biomedical and pharmaceutical engineering concepts explain the action of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) medication and its use with pregnant women. This chapter introduces epidemiological data of global prevalence and incidence rates of the HIV+ diagnosis. Harm reduction is discussed as a clinical intervention recommended for breaking the relationship between intravenous drug use and HIV+/AIDS.
How Understanding the Sensory System Can Benefit Mental Health Clinicians
Authors: Marilyn Weaver Lewis , Liyun Wu , Zachary Allan Hagen
Published: January 2023

STEM-H for Mental Health Clinicians, Chapter 5, is a compound chapter that focuses on anatomical structures and functions of the auditory, visual, gustatory, and olfactory senses in regard to STEM-H (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics as applied to health). Technological inventions and engineering of apparatuses to treat signature illnesses and injuries are discussed for each system. Epidemiologic analysis of the prevalence of screening for hearing deficits and referrals to early intervention services for hard-of-hearing children, vision loss related to diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma and its treatment, including marijuana usage, is discussed. Empirical findings inform clinicians about depression and suicidal thoughts among clients with vision impairments. The importance of strengthening relationships of parents of hard-of-hearing children and their nontherapeutic schools are presented, as well as recovery from COVID-19-related loss of taste and smell.
Introduction
Authors: Mattiacci Eleonora
Published: January 2023

This chapter defines volatile states’ behaviors as behaviors that shift toward more cooperation and conflict in ways that appear inconsistent to observers. Leveraging data simulations and historical examples, this chapter explains how volatility’s inconsistent nature makes it different from other well-studied ideas of change in states’ behaviors (such as cycles, escalation, or instability). Scholars have so far dismissed volatility in states’ behaviors. But, this chapter explains, volatility can ignite conflict and hamper conflict by spurring fear. Given the wide-ranging consequences of states’ volatile behaviors, explaining where such behaviors come from is important for understanding international politics. The chapter then discusses how the prevalent mean-centric approach in the field of International Relations has kept scholars from studying volatility, a concept that has received much attention instead in other fields of inquiry. After briefly explaining why volatility emerges from the interaction of power and domestic interests, this chapter also presents the book’s mixed-method research design.
Theory
Authors: Mattiacci Eleonora
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores the role of power and interests in increasing volatility in states’ behaviors toward their counterparts. It argues that growing relative power acts as a permissive condition, thus making volatile behavior possible. The presence of a heterogeneous set of domestic interests with access to power, in contrast, catalyzes volatility. The chapter also explains why alternative explanations (mixed signals, foreign policy hedging, leaders’ type, and contentious issues) can often be effective at explaining change in states’ behaviors. Such explanations, however, are not sufficient to account for why such change is volatile in some circumstances but not others. In addition to putting forward a theory of variance, this chapter rejects an episodic understanding of international politics in favor of looking at dynamics.
Conclusions
Authors: Mattiacci Eleonora
Published: January 2023

This chapter delves into the value added of studying volatility in states’ behaviors. It is divided into three parts. The first part illuminates how understanding the root causes of volatility can stave off its worst consequences in international politics, including stifling trust and igniting escalation. The second part leverages findings in this book on the connection between power and interests on the one hand and volatility on the other to illuminate future paths of research on mixed findings regarding key issues such as compliance, reputation, credible commitments, and audience costs. Finally, the chapter charts out the ways in which the theory and findings in this book can help extend the study of volatility in International Relations beyond volatility in states’ behaviors. In particular, it points toward the study of nonstate actors and of the international system itself.
“Mired in Stalemate”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the year 1968 and America’s involvement in the Vietnam War. American involvement in the affairs of Vietnam had begun decades earlier when the Truman administration agreed to extend economic and military aid to France, which had been struggling against a communist-led independence movement that threatened colonial rule in Indochina. That commitment had been expanded by President Dwight Eisenhower and John Kennedy to include the creation and subsequent protection of a separate anticommunist government in South Vietnam. Under President Lyndon Johnson, the war rapidly became a massive, highly visible, and profoundly divisive affair. The American peace movement, which had struck its deepest roots on college campuses, also expanded rapidly during this time. By November 1968, when Richard Nixon was elected president of the United States, the public was bitterly split over issues of race, crime in the streets, sexual norms, cultural values, attitudes toward authority, and beliefs about the role of government in correcting social injustice.
“It Makes Our Position Murder”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the plans to withdraw US troops from South Vietnam, while the fighting continued. To antiwar critics, the pointless sacrifice of young Americans on Ap Bia Mountain exemplified the irrationality of the entire project. As the list of casualties increased, support for unilateral action grew. In public, Secretary Laird had defended US military action in the A Shau Valley and elsewhere. In private, he was more determined than ever to minimize US casualties regardless of its impact on the overall war effort. It was for this purpose that he had persuaded President Richard Nixon to approve NSSM-36 (National Security Studies Memorandum 36) requiring the Joint Chiefs of Staff to produce four possible timetables for the withdrawal of American troops from Vietnam. However, the Chiefs were plainly skeptical about the whole concept of “Vietnamization”—the idea that a strengthened South Vietnamese military could safely replace American soldiers. The chapter discusses Nixon’s meeting with President Thieu at Midway, and tight control over what might be said. A congressional delegation investigated the prisons of South Vietnam and found the “tiger cages.” Meanwhile, southern insurgents created the Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG). George McGovern lead opposition in the Senate. The Woodstock music festival expresses domestic rejection of Nixon’s policy.
“The Whole Ground Shakes”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods
Published: January 2023

Following Richard Nixon’s trip to Beijing, North Vietnamese troops stream into South Vietnam—coming from Cambodia, Laos, and across the DMZ. In most places, ARVN quickly retreats. Once again, Nixon and Kissinger scapegoat others for this disaster, notably General Abrams. Although Russian military assistance has made the Easter offensive possible, Kissinger continues to seek Moscow’s help. The president wants to “kick the shit out of them” by bombing Hanoi and Haiphong but is concerned that this will derail the upcoming Russian summit. To keep diplomacy on track, Kissinger goes to Moscow and meets with Leonid Brezhnev, Gromyko, and others. The chapter describes the domestic protest of Nixon’s bombing, including the leadership of Senator George McGovern on the issue. Once again, Alexander Haig becomes the most trusted White House advisor, and does a rapid fact-finding trip to South Vietnam. The chapter contrasts the observations of the Quakers, who work in a Rehab Center in Quang Ngai province, with the information provided by Alexander Haig.
“Miserable, Filthy People”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on the reelection of Richard Nixon and its impact on the war. Despite the president’s victory, more antiwar candidates win congressional elections, increasing the likelihood that congressional funding for the war will soon be cut off. Although McGovern’s candidacy had failed, his campaign had boosted the antiwar forces in Washington. In this chapter, Kissinger tries to obtain concessions from Hanoi that will gain Saigon’s approval, with the result that the deal he has negotiated begins to unravel. Meanwhile, Kissinger and Haig try to get a more accommodating attitude in Saigon, which does not materialize. A crucial point for Saigon’s leader is the presence of thousands of North Vietnamese troops in the South. General Haig is sympathetic to President Thieu’s outlook and begins to quietly undermine Kissinger. While the State Department is kept in the dark about the negotiations, more complete information is given to the Russians, whose help is sought. Le Duc Tho continues negotiating with Kissinger but indicates that because of disagreements in the Politburo, he needs to return to Hanoi for consultation. Nixon and Kissinger inaccurately claim that Hanoi has broken off negotiations and make this a reason to initiate massive bombing in the North (Christmas bombings). In Laos and Cambodia, the military situation deteriorates.
“Let the Americans See Me”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods
Published: January 2023

In the aftermath of the Paris Agreement, Nixon and Kissinger accelerate the bombing in Cambodia and Laos. This chapter focuses on the complex role of Secretary Laird in his efforts to limit the danger to civilians and to American pilots. With Elliot Richardson scheduled to replace Laird, the president carefully limits his role from the outset, centralizing more power in the White House. The chapter links the violation of procedural norms in the field of national security to the breach of domestic norms, slowly uncovered by Watergate investigators. A priority for the president is to improve the relationship with China as a prelude to another visit. A continuing problem is the status of Taiwan, a subject Nixon prefers to keep ambiguous. The chapter describes Kissinger’s second visit with Mao, and his excitement over their newly forged bond. Another goal is for the Chinese to convince North Vietnam to delay a fresh offensive. While relations with China and Russia are improving, the situation in Cambodia is dire. The chapter concludes with the accidental bombing of a pro-government military base and the resulting deaths of soldiers’ family members. In the ensuing months, Congress learns that the administration was secretly bombing Cambodia from early in Nixon’s first term.
Challenging Conceptions
Authors: Theidon Kimberly
Published: January 2023

The opening chapter to Challenging Conceptions calls for an explicitly, feminist policy of peacebuilding and postconflict reconstruction that focuses not only on incidents and types of violence, but on the outcomes of violence as well. In grappling with conflict-related sexual violence and its legacies, the author asks readers to consider the entire spectrum and life cycle of potential and obvious outcomes: pregnancy, abortion, forced maternity, and children conceived through acts of sexual coercion or outright violence. This chapter aims to rethink some of the assumptions that echo in the literature and in popular culture about children born of conflict-related sexual violence, their mothers, and their lives. By detailing the conceptual, theoretical, empirical, and methodological innovations of the book and its contributors, this chapter summarizes and generates new insights into the lives of children born of wartime sexual violence and its implications for how to study gender, ethnicity, sexuality, violence, and identity.
“They’re Called Bui Doi”
Authors: Seto Donna
Published: January 2023

This chapter questions why children born of war rape (CBWR) have been missing from the study of conflict and postconflict peacebuilding initiatives, and how their lives and realities challenge and enhance these fields. The author finds that most CBWR literature focuses on the experiences of children in connection with their mothers. At the same time, she notes a dearth of literature on these children’s agency and how they navigate the complexity of discriminatory restrictions such as the lack of citizenship, access to education, and knowledge of their identity. The author then focuses on the experiences of Amerasian children who are offspring of American military personnel and civilian Vietnamese women. In doing so, the author argues that the neglect of CBWR is not an accidental occurrence. Rather, this neglect serves as a strategy to position the child as a symbolic tool to construct a stable postconflict society, while reclaiming sovereign control over a given population.
Gender, Kinship, and Affiliation of Children Born of War in Patriarchal Northern Uganda
Authors: Apio Eunice Otuko
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores the importance of kinship for children born of war among the Langi ethnic group of northern Uganda. Based on the author’s extensive on ethnographic research, she explores the experiences of ten children conceived in the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), who after exiting the LRA joined their maternal families and communities in Lango. The author finds that these children could not benefit directly from the policies that regulated the descent affiliation of newborns. First, by not invoking Lango customary marriage procedures before conception, LRA parents failed to fulfil the customary rules and conditions that clarified the identity of their offspring. This ambiguity in their descent affiliation was reflected in their struggles to integrate. Second, some maternal families found it hard to invoke a peacetime remedy like that of luk in clarifying the descent affiliation of children born of war, because of the perceived use of rape by the LRA in the sexual relations between their daughters and the fathers of their children. Like marriage, luk was a means of lineage making for offspring resulting from such relations, and the subsequent creation of new bridges between clans in the language of kinship. The concepts, practices, and rituals of marriage and luk place children in a relational position within a kinship system, making them legitimate claimants of resources and opportunities.
Radical War
Authors: Ford Matthew , Hoskins Andrew
Published: January 2023

This book examines the digital explosion that has ripped across the battlefield, weaponizing our attention and making everyone a participant in wars without end. "Smart" devices, apps, archives, and algorithms remove the bystander from war, collapsing the distinctions between audience and actor, soldier and civilian, media and weapon. This has ruptured our capacity to make sense of war. Now we are all either victims or perpetrators. In Radical War, Ford and Hoskins reveal how contemporary war is legitimized, planned, fought, experienced, remembered, and forgotten in a continuous and connected way, through digitally saturated fields of perception. Plotting the emerging relationship between data, attention, and the power to control war, the authors chart the complex digital and human interdependencies that sustain political violence today. Through a unique, interdisciplinary lens, they map our disjointed experiences of conflict and illuminate this new, dystopian ecology of war.
Introduction
Authors: Ford Matthew , Hoskins Andrew
Published: January 2023

This chapter sets out the context for Radical War. We explain how connected ecosystems created out of civilian use of smartphone technology have re-visioned how we think about and engage with the world. Now, connected devices like the smartphone frame both how we work and how we fight. They link the battlefield to the world, enabling everyone to participate wherever they are. Users can amplify battlefield devastation over social media, but they can also crowdsource targeting. Participative war thus becomes the underlying feature of contemporary twentieth-century warfare. Smartphones have become weapons in this new war ecology.
Understanding the New War Ecology
Authors: Ford Matthew , Hoskins Andrew
Published: January 2023

This chapter sets out the analytical tools to help make sense of the changes that have been brought about by individualised representations of war. We discuss the old war ecology where war was depicted in a hierarchical and orderly manner by broadcast and mainstream media. This is contrasted with the twenty-first-century new war ecology where individuals and their smartphones now have the capacity to produce, publish, and consume images of war without the editorial process of fact-checking. The result is an information ecosystem that is out of control of the military censor. We define the hierarchies of violence and participation in war. This helps orientate readers to the implications which Radical War poses across our three organising dimensions: data, attention, and control.
The Ruptured Battlefield
Authors: Ford Matthew , Hoskins Andrew
Published: January 2023

Chapter 3 focuses on data trajectories from and beyond the battlefield. We consider how data moves at different speeds through the new war ecology depending on the information infrastructures it occupies. We spell out the narrative implications of this along two main axes. The first is in relation to accelerating warfighting. The second relates to how military bureaucracies make sense of war. We argue that these two dynamics are incompatible with each other and are rupturing our understanding of war. This has created a memory hole in which the military fight faster in an attempt to control the political narrative but struggle to make sense of and learn lessons from the battlefield.
The Radical Past
Authors: Ford Matthew , Hoskins Andrew
Published: January 2023

Chapter 4 shows how data trajectories emerge into and shape popular discussions as they combine and fold with established narratives about war. Drawing on the work of Winter (2017), we show how established narratives about war starkly contrast with perspectives that do not conform with official media representation. This we describe in terms of a relentless churn between mainstream and social media, between the studium and the punctum-as Winter would analyse it-of war. We show how the processes of digitalization shape a crisis of representation and guarantee that memory has more significance than history. Following this, the schematization of memory frames the way attention is being secured.
The Weaponised Archive
Authors: Ford Matthew , Hoskins Andrew
Published: January 2023

Chapter 5 considers the changing role of the digital archive as both a repository and the means for target identification through data mining. This sets out how attention is premediated through the technologies that are employed to watch, collect, and archive data points created through processes of datafication by the Internet of Things. These processes change patterns of adversary identification from viewing enemies in terms of their iconic status to viewing them through the lens of the archive. The result is an infinite capacity to produce targets from the iconic enemies of Saddam, Gaddafi, and bin Laden to the archival where anyone can be targeted just by dint of their data footprint.
Domestic Factors in Russia’s Middle East Policy
Authors: Issaev Leonid
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines how Russia's foreign policy, since the times of the Soviet Union, has been a service function in relation to the needs of the current political regime. This becomes obvious if one looks at Russia during the period of Vladimir Putin's second presidential term (2004–8). If, in the 2000s, Putin capitalized on the public request for domestic stability, in the 2010s, the president largely relied on his foreign policy "achievements." After the start of the Ukrainian crisis in 2014, the Russian leadership retreated from some of the principles adopted by the international community after the end of the Cold War, challenging the United States and its allies. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the key problem of Russian foreign policy has been the ruling elite's inability to suggest a viable alternative to Western models, both domestically and in the realm of foreign policy. In the contemporary era, Russian foreign policy is adrift. "Eurasianism" and "multipolarity" are concepts favored by the Kremlin, but they have failed to provide Moscow with long-term allies or soft power in the traditionally close post-Soviet space, let alone in the Middle East.
Russian Legal and Normative Claims for its Intervention in the Syrian Conflict since 2015
Authors: Allison Roy
Published: January 2023

Scholarly analyses of Russian military intervention in the Syrian conflict since September 2015 have focused mainly on explanations for this unprecedented post–Cold War case of Russian power projection beyond former Soviet borders. Russian motivations have also been examined, as well as Moscow's complicated diplomacy around the conflict with other regionally influential states. However, one dimension of this intervention has attracted little scholarly attention, although it is significant for Russian domestic politics, for regional state conduct, and for the wider international system: the legal and normative claims Russia has advanced to justify this major use of force. This chapter argues that such claims matter and should not be interpreted simply in terms of realist theory, as the instrumental language of states in a world governed by geopolitics. Legal and normative arguments seek to legitimize actions internationally and domestically, and the traction they gain is important for states in that it promotes both their international status and influence. Russian arguments have sought to attract the support of states in its favor, as part of a wider contestation in the international system over law and norms.
Making up for Lost Time
Authors: Zoubir Yahia H.
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines Russia's relations with the Maghreb. While Russia is a relatively important player in the Maghreb, the region itself is not vital for its interests. Nor did this region represent a strategic importance for the Soviet Union during the Cold War. However, like the United States, Russia did not view the Maghreb as a regional entity, it nonetheless succeeded in building good, lasting relations with the Maghreb states, particularly with Algeria. Like China today, Moscow seeks to revive those traditional relations to reassert its great power status on the world stage. To do that, Moscow has expressed more clearly its intent on defending its political, trade, security, and cultural interests. Indubitably, there are many parallels with the Soviet type of engagement in the region, without the ideological overtone that had characterized Moscow's policy during that era. Today, Moscow's policy in the Maghreb is more pragmatic and more appealing to the incumbent Maghreb governments seeking to balance out or even perhaps distance themselves from Western powers perceived as too intrusive in their domestic affairs or unsure about support from their traditional Western ally.