bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sol–gel synthesis of Ba‐doped ZnO nanoparticles and its use in varistor ceramics
Authors: Yang Rong , Qu Xiao , Wang Mao‐Hua
Published: July 2018

Un‐doped and Ba‐doped ZnO nanoparticles (Zn1−x Bax O 0 wt% ≤ x ≤4 wt%) were prepared by the sol–gel method and annealed at 500°C for 4 h under air atmosphere. Several techniques such as X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterise the as‐prepared samples. The samples exhibited hexagonal ZnO lattice structure and a secondary phase of BaO is evolved for the sample with x = 0.02 and 0.04. The calculated average crystalline size decreases from 38.27 to 33.74 nm for x = 0 to 0.02 then reaches 39.93 nm for x = 0.04 which is confirmed by TEM. The change in micro‐strain and a small shift in XRD peaks reveal the substitution of Ba2+ ions into the ZnO lattice. Additionally, using Ba‐doped ZnO powders via this sol–gel method after sintering in air at 1150°C for 2 h, the varistor possesses good electrical characteristics, with present nonlinear coefficient of ∼24.43 and breakdown voltage of ∼2487.27 V/cm.
Bewegungsförderung in der Bewegungstherapie – Konzept eines berufsbegleitenden E-Learning Angebots
Authors: Streber René , Pfeifer Klaus
Published: July 2018

Im Rahmen der Rehabilitation und des Krankheitsmanagements von Personen mit chronischen Erkrankungen sind bewegungstherapeutische Interventionen eine wesentliche Säule. Einem Großteil der Rehabilitanden gelingt es im Anschluss an eine stationäre Rehabilitation jedoch nicht, die in der Bewegungstherapie erworbenen Kenntnisse und Fertigkeiten für einen aktiven Lebensstil in den Alltag zu transferieren. Dies ist jedoch eine notwendige Voraussetzung, um langfristig von den positiven Wirkungen der körperlichen Aktivität zu profitieren. Die Motivierung und Befähigung der Rehabilitanden zu einer dauerhaften Fortführung regelmäßiger Sport- und Bewegungsaktivitäten ist dahingehend ein bedeutendes und mittlerweile zentrales Ziel der Bewegungstherapie geworden. Diesbezüglich besteht ein Qualifikationsbedarf bzw. der Bedarf eines Wissensaustauschs zwischen Wissenschaft und Praxis, der bisher noch unzureichend gedeckt ist. Das Medium des E-Learning bietet hierfür eine Reihe von Vorteilen gerade als berufsbegleitendes Angebot für Bewegungstherapeuten. Dieses Manuskript stellt ein berufsbegleitendes, web-basiertes Programm für Bewegungstherapeuten zu Methoden und Techniken der Motivierung und Verhaltensänderung im Zusammenhang mit dem Modell der bewegungsbezogenen Gesundheitskompetenz vor, mit denen Patienten beim Aufbau eines aktiven Lebensstils effektiv unterstützt werden können.
Effektivität von Übungen im Zirkeltraining auf Gehgeschwindigkeit, Gleichgewicht und funktionelle Mobilität bei Schlaganfallpatienten: Eine Metaanalyse
Authors: Neuendorf Tilo
Published: July 2018

Abstract aus dem Englischen übersetzt und zur Verstälichkeit leicht modifiziert von T. Neuendorf
Effect of Prolonged Fasting Duration on 50 Gram Oral Glucose Challenge Test in the Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Hancerliogullari Necati , Celik Hatice , Karakaya Burcu , Tokmak Aytekin , Tasci Yasemin , Erkaya Salim , Engin-Ustun Yaprak , Ozgu-Erdinc A.
Published: July 2018

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between fasting duration before screening with 50 g glucose challenge test (GCT) and the test outcome. For this cross-sectional study, we enrolled 508 low-risk pregnant women who underwent 50 g GCT between the 24 and 28 weeks of gestation. We excluded women with pregestational diabetes, multiple gestations or a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and macrosomia. We evaluated fasting durations, GCT results, and demographic features. A significant positive correlation was found between fasting duration and 50 g GCT values (r=0.122; p=0.006), and the best cut-off value was found to be 6.5 h, with 85.85% sensitivity and 38.61% specificity (relative risk, 2.73; 95% CI, 1.893–3.936; p<0.0001). Further, we divided the patients into two groups: study (fasting, <6.5 h; n=146) and control (fasting,>6.5 h; n=362) groups. Notably, the mean glucose levels, number of patients with GCT>140 mg/dl, and rates of unnecessary 100 g loadings were significantly higher in the study group. We found no significant differences between the groups in terms of the fasting plasma glucose levels and GDM prevalence. According to our findings, fasting duration of>6.5 h resulted in 2.7 times more unnecessary 100 g glucose tolerance tests (GTT). We recommend that patients having fasted for>6.5 h receive a one-step 75 g GTT after completing 8-h fasting.
Prothrombin Fragment 1+2, Thrombin- Antithrombin III-Complexes and Fibrinopeptide A in Spontaneously Clotting Whole Blood In Vitro
Authors: Herren Thomas , Werner Straub P , Haeberli André
Published: July 2018

Previous in vitro studies using spontaneously clotting whole blood revealed thrombin formation and high fibrinopeptide A (FPA) concentrations measured during incubation time. This occurred in spite of normal concentrations of thrombin antagonists present in the blood of the healthy subjects examined. However, there are several reports showing that in vivo increased thrombin- anti thrombin III-complex (TAT) concentrations and relatively low FPA concentrations may occur e. g. in patients with (pre)thrombotic disorders. These in vivo findings indicate more effective thrombin inhibition by antithrombin III, with almost no fibrin formation. To find an explanation for the differences observed in vitro and in vivo, we extended the in vitro studies by measuring concentrations of prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 (F1 + 2), TAT and FPA at several time points until 30 min. Our goal was to test whether thrombin at least initially is neutralized by antithrombin III, resulting in a lack of fibrin formation, either in the absence or in the presence of heparin (0.2 and 0.5 U/ml whole blood, respectively).

In the absence of heparin a simultaneous increase in the concentrations of F1+2, TAT and FPA was observed. Thrombin was only partially neutralized by antithrombin III and large amounts of fibrin were formed. The addition of heparin virtually suppressed thrombin formation since the F1 + 2 concentration remained low. Moreover, the small amounts of thrombin formed were neutralized by antithrombin III to a greater extent than in the absence of heparin. Thus, in the presence of heparin less fibrin was produced as evidenced by significantly lower FPA concentrations.

Experiments using blood of two patients with antithrombin III deficiency showed that fibrin formation was not different from the healthy controls in spite of the significantly higher initial F1 + 2 concentration measured. During incubation, the patients tended to form more thrombin, of which proportionally less was neutralized by antithrombin III, and more fibrin as compared to the healthy controls. Heparin addition suppressed thrombin formation less efficiently.
The Value of Phenformin and Ethyloestrenol in the Prevention of Deep Venous Thrombosis in Patients Undergoing Surgery
Authors: Atkins P , Brown I K , Downie R J , Haggart B G , Littler J , Robb P M , Santer G J , Jones I
Published: July 2018

The effect of phenformin and ethyloestrenol on the incidence of post-operative deep venous thrombosis was studied in 314 surgical patients in a double-blind randomised trial.

Although the laboratory tests suggested that the regime produced an increase in activators of the fibrinolytic system, the drugs used did not lower the incidence of post-operative deep venous thrombosis.

Possible explanations of this paradox are advanced.
Purification of a Fibrinolysis Inhibitor in Serum from Post-Traumatic Patients
Authors: Bagge Lars , Björk Ingemar , Saldeen Tom , Wallin Rolf
Published: July 2018

A fibrinolysis inhibitor was purified in serum from post-traumatic patients by the use of flat bed electrofocusing of serum desalted by gel chromatography followed by affinity chromatography on a column of matrix-linked plasminogen. Disc gel electrophoresis yielded one protein band. The inhibitor protein was also found in normal serum, but in a lower concentration.
Evaluation of Platelet Tests for Measurement of Cell Integrity
Authors: Akkerman J W N , Doucet-De Bruïne M H M , Gorter G , De Graaf S , Holme S , Lips J P M , Nijmeijer A , Over J , Starkenburg A E , Trieschnigg A M C , Veen J V D , Vlooswijk H A A , Wester J , Sixma J J
Published: July 2018

Various tests were evaluated for their capacity to differentiate between platelet suspensions with different degrees of cell damage. Those suspensions were prepared by simultaneous isolation of platelets from the same platelet-rich plasma (PRP) using the following procedures:

1. centrifugation at 4°C with EDTA

2. gel filtration in Tangen’s buffer

3. gel filtration in Ca2+-free Tyrode’s solution

4. gel filtration in Ca2+-free Tyrode followed by dehydration against polyethylene glycol 20,000 and

5. albumin density gradient centrifugation.

In these suspensions and in the original PRP the following parameters were studied: 1. morphology; 2. aggregability upon ADP addition; 3. platelet factor 3 availability; 4. uptake of 14C-serotonin and 3H-adenine; 5. metabolism of 3H-adenine and adenylate energy charge; 6. endogenous total ATP, ADP and serotonin and 7. lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity.

Quantitation of pseudopod formation in the light or electron microscope and log dose response studies for ADP-induced aggregation proved to be the most sensitive and reproducible of the tests studied. Additional information could be obtained from measurement of the 3H-label in the ATP and hypoxanthine-inosine fractions and calculation of the adenylate energy charge. Determination of platelet factor 3 availability or uptake studies of 14C-serotonin and 3H-adenine were less suitable for discriminating between cell suspensions. Data for total ATP and serotonin concentrations and LDH activity differed between the cell suspensions but instead of detecting various degrees of cell damage they reflected alterations in platelet population caused by the isolation procedures.
On the Preparation of Bovine α-Thrombin
Authors: Workman Erwin F , Lundblad Roger L
Published: July 2018

An improved method for the preparation of bovine α-thrombin is described. The procedure involves the activation of partially purified prothrombin with tissue thromboplastin followed by chromatography on Sulfopropyl-Sephadex C-50. The purified enzyme is homogeneous on polyacrylamide discontinuous gel electrophoresis and has a specific activity toward fibrinogen of 2,200–2,700 N.I.H. U/mg. Its stability on storage in liquid media is dependent on both ionic strenght and temperature. Increasing ionic strength and decreasing temperature result in optimal stability. The denaturation of α-thrombin by guanidine hydrochloride was found to be a partially reversible process with the renatured species possessing properties similar to “aged” thrombin. In addition, the catalytic properties of a-thrombin covalently attached to agarose gel beads were also examined. The activity of the immobilized enzyme toward fibrinogen was affected to a much greater extent than was the hydrolysis of low molecular weight, synthetic substrates.
The Preparation of Control Blood for External Quality Assessment Programs in Oral Anticoagulant Control
Authors: van Dijk-Wierda C A , van Halem-Visser L P , van der Hoeff-van Halem R , Loeliger E A
Published: July 2018

A method is described for the preparation of blood samples differing in coagulability, now used for external quality control in The Netherlands by laboratories employing thrombotest for the assessment of oral anticoagulant agents.
Preparation and Evaluation of an Antiserum to the Carboxymethylated Aα Chain of Human Fibrinogen
Authors: Conkie J A , Davidson J F
Published: July 2018

Antiserum to the carboxymethylated Aα chain of human fibrinogen has been produced in rabbits and its reactions investigated in a double diffusion system. The antiserum reacts with the carboxymethylated Aα chains, but not with carboxymethylatedγ chains, nor with carboxymethylated Bβ chains, provided that the antiserum had been absorbed with carboxymethylated Bβ chains.

The antiserum also reacts with Aα chains in the whole fibrinogen molecule, either in plasma or in the purified form, and spur formation was observed when intact fibrinogen was compared with high solubility fibrinogen, which contained little or no intact Aα chain.
The Determination of Antithrombin III
Authors: Bounameaux H , Duckert F , Walter M , Bounameaux Y
Published: July 2018

At III levels were measured with six methods in 36 people: 10 healthy controls, 10 women taking a progestagen Lynestrenol and 16 women taking a combined oestrogen-progestagen contraceptive pill.

The reproducibility and the sensitivity of these methods as well as the correlation between methods were studied.

The Hensen and Loeliger technique had a poor reproducibility and the results obtained with the Howie technique were not in good correlation with those obtained with the other methods, especially in the group taking oral contraceptives. The two amidolytic methods using chromogenic substrates were found to be very accurate for antithrombin III activity determination. The rocket Immunoelectrophoresis was more accurate and more practical than the radial immunodiffusion.

With all methods - except the one of Howie–the 10 women taking progestagen Lynestrenol and the 16 taking combined oestrogen-progestagen had a low AT III and differed significantly from the 10 normals tested. No difference was observed between women taking progestagen only or an oestrogen-progestagen combination.
Plasminogen Activator Levels in Plasma and Urine during Exercise and Oral Contraceptive Use
Authors: Hedlin Anne M , Milojevic Susan , Korey Andrew
Published: July 2018

The effect of Demulen (ethinyl estradiol 0.05 mg and ethynodiol diacetate 1 mg) and exercise on the level of plasminogen activators was studied in 25 women (12 controls and 13 contraceptive users).Plasma plasminogen activator level was increased by the use of the oral contraceptive and further increased by exercise. Urine plasminogen activator level was unchanged by the use of Demulen but, in both groups of subjects, was decreased by exercise.
Platelet Monoamine Oxidase and Epinephrine-Induced Platelet Aggregation
Authors: Rossi Ennio C , Louis Gerlinde , Bieber Martha , Zeller E Albert
Published: July 2018

Platelet MAO activity and the aggregation response to epinephrine, ADP, and collagen were measured in normal subjects. There was a direct correlation between the amount of platelet MAO activity and the per cent aggregation induced by 1 and 2 μM epinephrine. There were lesser correlations between platelet MAO and ADP or collagen-induced aggregation. These findings suggest that platelet MAO may play a role in determining the response of human platelets to epinephrine.
The Effect of Small Organic Anions on Aggregation and Shape Change of Rabbit Platelets
Authors: Anderson Esther R , Foulks J G
Published: July 2018

Sufficient concentrations of small organic anions inhibited ADP- or 5-HT-induced shape change and aggregation in rabbit PRP diluted with isotonic salt solutions. Both effects were concentration-dependent and varied with the size of the hydrocarbon chain. Carboxylate and sulfonate anions of corresponding size produced a similar degree of interference with aggregation but carboxylates were somewhat more effective than sulfonates in impairing shape change. The inhibitory effect of these anions was not potentiated by a phosphodiesterase inhibitor and therefore was not attributable to adenylate cyclase activation.

The inhibition of shape change by both series of anions was enhanced at acid pH, an effect which was greater with carboxylates than with alkyl sulfonates. The pH dependence of shape change on the alkaline side of the optimum range was unaffected by either type of anion. These results show that organic anions exert their inhibitory effects on platelets at least in part at the external platelet surface, and that their effects can be influenced by the degree of dissociations of protonatable membrane groups. Hence, surface negative charge and hydrophobic interactions both play an important role in platelet functional responses and their modification by organic anions. The inhibition of aggregation by these anions was opposed by the addition of calcium. Kinetic analysis indicated that both activation of aggregation by Ca++ and inhibition of aggregation by organic anions involved more than one site or mechanism of action. The more sensitive inhibitory effect was surmounted by increased Ca++ concentrations without apparent alteration in the affinity of Ca++ binding sites and competitive antagonism was evident only at high concentrations of organic anions. A simple model to account for these effects is proposed.
Effects of Autoprothrombin II-A on Epinephrine-Induced Platelet Aggregation of Normal- and Coumadin-Treated Dogs
Authors: Herman Gilbert E , Seegers Walter H , Henry Raymond L
Published: July 2018

Platelet-rich plasma from dogs and from coumadin-treated dogs aggregated at the same optimum concentration of epinephrine. Neither protein C nor its active form called autoprothrombin II-A was necessary for aggregation of dog platelets with epinephrine. For platelet aggregation, suboptimal concentrations of epinephrine were potentiated by addition of purified autoprothrombin II-A. The latter, by itself, induced platelet aggregation in high concentration.
Thromboxane Generation and Platelet Aggregation in Survivals of Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Szczeklik A , Gryglewski R J , Musiał J , Grodzińska L , Serwońska M , Marcinkiewicz E
Published: July 2018

Arachidonic acid (AA)-induced platelet aggregation was studied in platelet-rich plasma of 30 male patients who survived myocardial infarction and in 30 healthy men of similar age. Mean platelet aggregation thresholds to A A were 746 ± 62 μM, and 869 ± 57 μM, respectively. Only in 2 healthy subjects, but in 12 patients, irreversible platelet aggregation was induced consistently with low concentrations of AA, under 500 μM. The rate of conversion of AA to thromboxane A2 (TXA2) by platelets of these patients was augmented. Furthermore, less endogenous TXA2 was required to trigger aggregation of their platelets as compared to the controls. We have also shown that in platelet-poor plasma of these patients with “hyperreactive” platelets there exists a transferable factor which makes platelets of healthy subjects more prone to aggregatory action of AA.

It is proposed that the assessment of platelet aggregability with AA provides a tool for identifying a subgroup of patients with coronary heart disease who might substantially benefit from the secondary preventive treatment with aspirin and with other antiplatelet drugs which inhibit the generation of TXA2 in platelets.
Smoking and Risk Factors in Deep Vein Thrombosis
Authors: Prescott R J , Jones D R B , Vasilescu C , Henderson J T , Ruckley C V
Published: July 2018

The incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) as diagnosed by the 125I fibrinogen test (125IFT) was determined in a series of 300 newly admitted medical and 201 surgical patients. 6 medical patients died before 125IFT screening could be completed. The incidence of DVT was l4% in medical patients and 18% in surgical patients. Increasing age, a malignant condition and a past history of thromboembolism all increased the risk of DVT. Increasing levels of cigarette smoking were found to be associated with a reduced incidence of DVT. Although statistical significance was achieved at only the 10% level for this finding it is in agreement with the results from studies on patients with myocardial infarction. The protective effect of cigarette smoking was observed at all ages, and in both medical and surgical patients.
Cyclic Nucleotides in Platelet Function
Authors: Haslam R J , Davidson M M L , Fox J E B , Lynham J A
Published: July 2018

Inhibition of adenylate cyclase in intact platelets by addition of compounds such as 2’, 5’- dideoxyadenosine prevented the inhibition of platelet aggregation by PGE1 but did not affect the responses of platelets to aggregating agents in the absence of PGE1. This confirms that cyclic AMP mediates the effects of PGE1 but indicates that the level of cyclic AMP in unstimulated platelets is too low to affect the actions of aggregating agents. Studies on the phosphorylation of proteins in intact 32P-labelled platelets showed that PGE1 increased the phosphorylation of a membrane-bound polypeptide (P24) and prevented the increased phosphorylation of other polypeptides (P47 and P20) that occurred on addition of inducers of the release reaction. It is suggested that the cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation of P24 stimulates the active transport of Ca2+ out of the platelet cytosol, so preventing phosphorylation of P47 and P20, reactions which may be involved in the release mechanism. As increases in platelet cyclic GMP could be dissociated from both platelet aggregation and the release reaction, it is proposed that the bidirectional regulation of platelet function is achieved primarily by the opposing actions of increases in the concentrations of Ca2+ and cyclic AMP.
Characterization and Experimental Use of a Monospecific Antiserum to Factor IX
Authors: Pechet Liberto , Tiarks Cheryl Y , Chang Chin-Hai , Sudhindra Ramakrishna R , Lipworth Leslie
Published: July 2018

Purified human factor IX was used to develop xenogeneic neutralizing and precipitating antibodies. The final antiserum (R2) neutralized only factor IX and was equivalent to 220 Bethesda-inhibitory units. It showed two precipitating lines, one of which disappeared after absorption with human albumin. On immunodiffusion and Laurell immunoelectrophoresis, the albumin-absorbed R2 antiserum showed one precipitin line of identity, or one rocket respectively, with normal plasma, a Red Cross factor IX preparation (rich in factors IX, II and X), the orginal antigen, and Hemophilia-B antigen-positive plasmas. No line or rocket developed with normal plasma absorbed with aluminum hydroxide or with antigen-negative Hemophilia B plasmas. We concluded that after absorption with albumin the antiserum R2 contained only factor IX neutralizing and precipitating antibodies.

Experiments with various factor IX concentrates revealed that the majority contained excess factor IX antigen compared to their coagulant activity. In addition, crossed antigen-antibody electrophoresis uncovered differences in the migration of the factor IX of Konyne preparations, when done in the presence of EDTA or calcium.

This monospecific antiserum to human factor IX was subsequently used to investigate a large population of hemophilia B patients and carriers.
Platelet Thrombospondin Interactions with Human High and Low Molecular Weight Kininogens
Authors: DeLa Cadena Raul A , Wyshock Edward G , Kunapuli Satya P , Schultze Robert L , Miller Michelle , Walz Daniel A , Colman Robert W
Published: July 2018

Multifunctional proteins, e.g. high molecular weight kininogen (HK, 120 kDa) and the homotrimer, thrombospondin (TSP, 540 kDa), which have more than one domain on a single polypeptide chain, are particularly well-suited to be structural elements of extracellular matrices because of their ability to bind to several macromolecules. We now demonstrate that 125I-high molecular weight kininogen (HKa) cleaved by purified kallikrein forms a complex with purified intact platelet TSP (540 kDa). HK also complexed with a proteolytic fragment (450 kDa) of TSP, lacking its three identical heparin-binding domains (HBD, 30 kDa), but failed to bind to a more extensively proteolysed molecule (210 kDa) lacking the C-terminal globular domain indicating that the binding on TSP-450 kDa is confined to the C-terminus. The binding of HK to intact TSP and to its 450 kDa fragment was of high affinity (Kd = 17-52 nM), specific, concentration dependent and saturable. Furthermore, we found both forms of the light chain (LC) of HK (56 and 46 kDa) resulting from cleavage by plasma kallikrein bound to both intact TSP and HBD independent of the presence of calcium ions. However, neither the epitope recognized by monoclonal antibody (MAb) Cl 1C1 on domain 5 nor the prekallikrein binding site on domain 6 are involved, suggesting that the intervening proline-rich region may be the site of interaction. The heavy chain (HC) of HK required ionized calcium to bind to intact TSP or its 450 kDa homotrimer fragment. Purified immobilized low molecular weight kininogen (LK) which contains the identical HC as HK but a different LC was recognized by intact TSP but only in the presence of calcium ions. Since MAb 2B5 inhibited the interaction, domain 2 and/or domain 3 of the HC contains the binding site for TSP. The TSP-HK interaction may play a role in the platelet function since both glycoproteins are present within the a-granules of platelets.
A New, Automated and Accurate In Vitro Method to Quantify Endothelial Cells Attached to Vascular Prostheses
Authors: Visser Michel J T , van Lennep Alexander C D , Hajo van Bockel J , van Hinsbergh Victor W M , Slats Jan , Tanke Hans J
Published: July 2018

Over a decade ago the idea of endothelial cell seeding was introduced in an attempt to improve the function of small caliber vascular prostheses. Although endothelial cell seeding is currently being applied clinically, several questions regarding the functional properties of the seeded endothelial cells remain. Evaluation of functional properties of endothelial cells on various types of vascular prostheses can be performed partly in vitro, but it is hampered by the fact that commonly used methods to quantify endothelial cells do not adequately apply to these cells on prosthetic materials.

An accurate quantification method is described that is rapidly and easily applicable to endothelial cells attached to vascular prostheses. The method can also be used to quantify endothelial cells attached to culture dishes or microcarriers. Colorless, non-fluorescing, fluorescein-di-acetate was used, which was taken up by the attached endothelial cells, and which was then intracellularly converted to yellow fluorescein, emitting green fluorescence. Subsequently, triton-X-100 was appli-cated to release fluorescein and levels of fluorescence were measured with the automated aperture-defined microvolume (ADM) method, using an inverted fluorescence microscope to which a photometer was connected. The measured level of fluorescence is linearly related to endothelial cell numbers attached to prostheses. The accuracy and the reproducibility of cell countings are high.
Pulmonary Embolization in the Dog: Its Effects on Blood Coagulation and on Pulmonary Artery Pressures
Authors: Hampton James W. , Jaques William E. , Bird Robert M. , Selby David M.
Published: July 2018

1. Infusions containing particulate matter, viz. whole amniotic fluid, amniotic fluid sediment, and glass beads, produce in dogs changes in both early and late phases of the clotting reaction. These changes are associated with the development of pulmonary hypertension.

2. When dogs were given an active fibrinolysin followed by an infusion of whole amniotic fluid, the alterations in the clotting mechanism were either delayed or did not appear. No pulmonary hypertension developed in these animals.

3. We infer that infusions containing particulate matter will produce in dogs both pulmonary hypertension and changes in the clotting mechanism. Although these are independent changes, both are as closely related to the damage to the pulmonary vessels as they are to the biological nature of the infusions.
Über die Verwendung von Marcumar und Dicumarol bei der Langzeitbehandlung (Vergleichende Untersuchungen)
Authors: Clausen Johs , Andresen P , Gruelund Sv , Harsløf E , Holm Andersen U , Jørgensen J , Mose Chr
Published: July 2018

Eine alternierende Vergleichsprüfung bei Patienten, die einer Langdauerbehandlung mit Antikoagulantien unterzogen wurden, zeigte, daß sich die mit Marcumar behandelten Patienten leichter auf den optimalen Prothrombinwertbereich einstellen ließen als die mit Dicumarol behandelten Fälle. Bei den mit Dicumarol behandelten Kranken fanden sich in 13% Prothrombinwerte (bestimmt nach Owren) von > 30% oder <C 6%, während die entsprechende Vergleichszahl für Marcumar bei 7% lag. Im therapeutisch optimalen Bereich (8—16%) fanden sich 50% der mit Dicumarol behandelten Fälle und 63% der Kranken, denen Marcumar appliziert wurde. Unter den mit Marcumar behandelten Patienten fanden sich deutlich mehr gut eingestellte Fälle (62%) als unter den mit Dicumarol behandelten Kranken (46%). Auch die Zahl der ungenügend eingestellten Fälle war bei Marcumar mit 5% günstiger als bei Dicumarol mit 15%.
Glas Effect and Platelet Activity in Hageman Plasma
Authors: Ollendorff Preben
Published: July 2018

After addition of a suspension of normal platelets the coagulation defect in Hageman plasma was corrected. The recalcification time became nearly normal and it was possible to activate the plasma by treatment with glass.

Hageman serum was unable to accelerate thromboplastin activation in normal plasma. After addition of a platelet suspension and exposure to glass the Hageman serum became as active as normal serum treated in the same way.

The results suggest that the Hageman trait might be caused by the presence of an excess of an inhibitor against glass activation and not by a deficiency in a clotting factor.

A study of previously published data on the Hageman trait shows that it is possible to explain many observations by the presence of such an inhibitor.
The Role of Calcium and Divalent Metals in the Coagulation of Blood as Induced by Russell’s Viper Venom
Authors: Banerjee Renuka , Nath B. B , Devi Anima , Sakar N. K
Published: July 2018

1. The normal clotting time of plasma can be further reduced if Russell’s viper venom and calcium are preincubated and then added to the plasma instead of using them separately; the percentage of reduction in clotting time is dependent upon the time of incubation of RV venom and calcium.

2. Incubation of the venom with the plasma on the contrary destroys the thromboplastic activity of the venom; here too, the percentage loss of RV venom thromboplastic activity depends upon the time of incubation.

3. Among the many divalent metals tested such as Ba, Sr, Zn, Mg and Mn, only Ba and Sr were found to be capable of replacing Ca in the coagulation process (conversion of prothrombin to thrombin by RV venom), although they were less active than Ca when used at the same concentration range, furthermore Sr was more active than Ba.
Studies on Increased Heparin Resistance Measured by the Plasma Heparin Thrombin Time
Authors: Holger-Madsen T
Published: July 2018

Increased heparin resistance was found to remain unchanged in BaSO4-adsorbed plasma, but disappeared following adsorption with large quantities of Al(OH)3. The factor V content in the plasma could be considerably reduced without any alteration in the heparin resistance. Antihaemophilic globulin exerted no influence upon the heparin thrombin time. Tissue thromboplastin in quantities sufficient to accelerate the clotting of recalcified plasma considerably, did not affect the heparin thrombin time. Plasma thromboplastin had no antiheparin effect. Increased heparin resistance was — although usually less marked — still demonstrable in most cases in plasma defibrinated with thrombin from patients with a greatly shortened heparin thrombin time, but not in cases of less pronounced shortening. Fibrinogen prepared by the freeze-thaw technique from normal plasma and patient plasma showed no difference in reactivity to heparin and thrombin. In experiments on plasma mixtures, a shortening of the heparin thrombin time was still demonstrable at the ratio 9 parts of normal plasma to 1 part of plasma from patients with greatly increased heparin resistance. The antithrombin content of plasma was not reduced in increased heparin resistance.
Inhibition of Fibrinoid Deposition by Heparin
Authors: Gilson Saul B.
Published: July 2018

Conclusion

Experimental glomerulitis in rabbits following intravenous injection of gamma globulin was inhibited by heparinization. The physiological and patho-physiological significance of this observation is considered.
Normal Fibrinolytic System in Blood in Congenital Afibrinogenemia and its Significance
Authors: Astrup Tage , van Creveld S
Published: July 2018

1. Detailed studies in a patient with afibrinogenemia disclosed a normal fibrinolytic system. Activation by the urine activator and with streptokinase was normal.

2. The significance of this observation in relation to the role of fibrin formation in tissue repair and the specific problems of afibrinogenemic patients are discussed.
The Separation of AHF from Fibrinogen. III
Authors: van Creveld S , Pascha C. N , Veder H. A
Published: July 2018

A chromatographic method is outlined permitting to obtain quantitatively the AHF, contained in 250 ml of human plasma, in a fibrinogen-free state.
Die Beeinflussung des Gerinnungsfaktors IX durch Hydroxy-Cumarin- und Phenyl-Indandion-Derivate
Authors: Egli H , Schneider W
Published: July 2018

Es wurde der Einfluß eines Hydroxy-Cumarin- (Marcumar) und eines Phenyl-Indandion-Präparates (Indaliton) auf die Aktivität des Faktors IX in Plasma und Serum mit modifizierter Methodik untersucht. Eine Wirkung der genannten Antikoagulantien ließ sich dabei nur im Serum, das entweder mit Glaswolle kontaktaktiviert oder nach erfolgter Kontaktaktivierung dekalzifizier. worden war, nachweisen. Sie wurde hingegen in dem verwendeten Zitratplasma und in Serumproben vermißt, die vor der Kontaktaktivierung dekalzifiziert worden waren. Daraus wird gefolgert, daß durch die genannten Antikoagulantien ein im Serum nachweisbarer Gerinnungsfaktor mit kalziumabhängiger Kontaktaktivierbarkeit vermindert wird. Die Frage nach entsprechender Beeinflussung des Plasmas muß offenbleiben, da die Bestimmung von Gerinnungsfaktoren mit kalziumabhängiger Kontaktaktivierbarkeit in dem von uns verwendeten dekalzifizierten Plasma nicht möglich ist. Unter Berücksichtigung anderer und eigener Befunde wird geschlossen, daß die im Serum unter der Wirkung der genannten Antikoagulantien nachweisbaren Aktivitätsveränderungen auf den Faktor IX oder den Präphasenakzelerator von Fisch zurückzuführen sind.
L’Accolement des Plaquettes aux Fibres Sous-endothéliales
Authors: Bounameaux Y
Published: July 2018

1. L’auteur compare le comportement des plaquettes du lapin en présence de levures opsonisées, de particules de BaSO4 et de fragments d’aorte broyée.

2. Il ne semble pas qu’on puisse envisager un mécanisme commun pour expliquer l’accolement des plaquettes à ces diverses surfaces. En effet, le NaCl hypertonique inhibe électivement la fixation aux levures opsonisées, le chauffage des plaquettes empêchant leur accolement aux fragments vasculaires. Le traitement des plaquettes par la papaïne détruit leur possibilité de se fixer à l’un quelconque des systèmes considérés. Cet enzyme supprime l’opsonisation des levur’es sans altérer la propriété adhésive des fragments vasculaires.

3. Après 30 min à 60° C, les fragments aortiques ne permettent plus la fixation des plaquettes à leur niveau.

4. Le complexe antigène-anticorps se comporte comme les levures opsonisées.

5. Les plaquettes se fixent le mieux aux débris d’aorte à un pH de 6,5.

6. La discussion met en évidence le parallélisme entre les faits observés vivo et in vitro.
Elektronenoptische Beobachtungen an menschlichen Blutplättchen während der viskosen Metamorphose
Authors: Parmeggiani A
Published: July 2018

Der Ablauf der durch Thrombinzugabe ausgelösten viskösen Metamorphose (VM) menschlicher Blutplättchen in einem fibrinfreien System wurde an Hand von Ultradünnschnittpräparaten elektronenoptisch untersucht. Die Präpariertechnik wird beschrieben. Folgende Feststellungen wurden gemacht:

1. Bei Präparaten, die 10 Sekunden nach Thrombinzugabe fixiert wurden, finden sich schon erste Veränderungen der Plättchen, insbesondere elektronenoptische Dichteunterschiede im Inneren und eine zunehmende Aggregationstendenz.

2. Die rasch erfolgende Bildung großer Aggregate führt zu immer dichter gepackten Zellverbänden, in denen auch bei längerer Inkubationszeit die einzelnen Plättchen durch ihre intakten Membranen erkennbar bleiben.

3. Im Innern großer Aggregate bildet sich, wahrscheinlich durch aktive Kontraktionsprozesse bewirkt, eine Mosaikstruktur dichtest gepackter Zellen aus, die im Extremfall zu völlig kompakten Massen zusammentreten.

4. Innerhalb der 1. Minute nach Thrombinzugabe lösen sich die Granula im Innern der Plättchen auf. Es erklärt dies wahrscheinlich die Freisetzung von gerinnungs- und gefäßaktiven Substanzen im Laufe der VM.

5. Eine kleine Anzahl Plättchen verhält sich inert. Solche Thrombozyten lagern sich höchstens an Aggregate an, treten aber nicht in sie ein; sie zeigen den typischen Granulazerfall nicht. Ihre Zahl scheint von der Thrombinkonzentration abzuhängen.

6. Bei Anwesenheit von Fibrin wird die Plättchenmembran geschädigt.
Autoprothrombin C in Irregular Blood Clotting
Authors: Seegers Walter H. , Marciniak Eva
Published: July 2018

In this study autoprothrombin C was considered in relationship to the hemorrhagic diseases. Concentrates of autoprothrombin C were made from purified prothrombin known to be homogeneous by several criteria. These autoprothrombin C preparations were free of thrombin, and were almost a single component when analyzed by centrifugation. Autoprothrombin C corrected the partial thromboplastin time and produced prothrombin consumption in all the plasmas obtained from patients with hemorrhagic diseases except parahemophilia. In the case of hemophilia B prothrombin consumption was obtained with the addition of purified prothrombin or purified autoprothrombin II. In the case of Stuart plasma prothrombin consumption was rapid after the addition of purified prothrombin or purified prothrombin chromatographed on Amberlite ICR-50, but not after the addition of purified prothrombin that was chromatographed on DEAE cellulose. The latter prothrombin is an abnormal prothrombin molecule and does not readily yield autoprothrombin C. It is concluded that Stuart prothrombin is abnormal and that this is a molecular disease. There is no need to postulate the existence of factor X to account for the irregular prothrombin activation in Stuart plasma. The most important question considered was how can autoprothrombin C be generated from prothrombin to promote the autocatalytic activation of prothrombin. Certain prothrombin molecules do not yield this enzyme, but normal prothrombin does. However, it does so only under certain conditions of activation. By applying the new knowledge of prothrombin chemistry to blood clotting irregularities in hemorrhagic diseases the following main considerations highlight the common deviations: 1. Abnormal prothrombin molecule, 2. Changes related to the derivatives of prothrombin, 3. Accessories needed for the generation of autoprothrombin C so it can function in auto-catalysis are irregular, and 4. Accessories needed for the function of autoprothrombin C after it is out of the prothrombin molecule are irregular. In the first group is Stuart Plasma. In the second group falls hemophilia B (autoprothrombin II) and the so-called factor VII deficiency (autoprothrombin I). In the third group is hemophilia A. In the fourth group is parahemophilia, and the platelet abnormalities.
Methoden zur fluorimetrischen Bestimmung der fibrinolytischen Aktivität
Authors: Strässle R
Published: July 2018

Es werden zwei Methoden vorgeschlagen, welche erlauben, unter Verwendung von Fluorescein-markiertem Rinderfibrin als Substrat die fibrinolytische Totalaktivität biologischer Flüssigkeiten in kurzer Zeit mit einem relativen Fehler von etwa ± 2% zu ermitteln. Die Methoden lassen sich, den Erfordernissen entsprechend, modifizieren.
Severe Isolated Prothrombin Deficiency : an Acquired State with Complete Recovery
Authors: Karpatkin Simon , Ingram G.I.C , B. Graham John
Published: July 2018

A 62 year old man acquired a temporary, virtually complete, deficiency of prothrombin as measured by both the Iowa and Oxford 2-stage methods. The etiology agent (or agents) is not known, but one of the drugs listed in Table 1 or an interaction between several was probably responsible. There was no evidence of an inhibitor, and factors I (fibrinogen), V (AcG), VII (SPCA), VIII (AHF), IX (PTC), X (Stuart), and XII (Hageman) were demonstrated to be normal. There were other evidences of mild liver damage and the prothrombin deficiency did not respond immediately to injections of natural vitamin K. Greatly prolonged clotting times but only moderately prolonged prothrombin times and partial thromboplastin times were observed. Bleeding was very severe into many tissues. Thromboplastin generation proceeded normally in the patient’s pro-thrombin-deficient plasma, despite the appearance of only a trace of thrombin. This patient’s history and clotting profile argue against the concept that factor VII (SPCA) and IX (PTC) are derivatives of prothrombin.
Severe Congenital Hypoprothroinbinemia in a Negro Boy
Authors: Pool Judith G. , Desai Rajendra , Kropatkin Mona
Published: July 2018

A case of severe congenital hypoprothrombinemia (level ca. 3%), complicated only by a moderate deficiency of factor VII (level ca. 45%) is reported in a 6 year old Negro boy.
Molecular Weights of Factor VIII (AHF) and Factor IX (PTC) by Electron Irradiation
Authors: Aronson David L , Preiss John W , Mosesson Michael W
Published: July 2018

The molecular weights of AHF (factor VIII) and of PTC (factor IX) have been estimated by their sensitivity to inactivation by 7 kilovolt electrons. The molecular weight of AHF was found to be 180 000 by this method and that of PTC was found to be 110 000.
A Comparison of Plasma and Serum Factor VII Activity and the Formation of Tissue Thromboplastin
Authors: Fantl P , Osborn E. C
Published: July 2018

1. A mixture of human serum or plasma and bovine plasma free of factors VII and X gave, with human brain extract, identical clotting times.

2. An assay of factor VII in materials low in prothrombin using human plasma euglobulin was devised.

3. Factor VII isolated from human plasma or serum gave similar activity with human brain extract.

4. From a preparation containing factors VII and X which was added to human brain extract in the average 31% factor VII and 25% factor X was recovered. This was not dependent on the activity of factors VII and X in the original preparation. This indicates that factors VII and X are in equilibrium with tissue thromboplastin.

5. Factors VII and X are not species specific but a higher concentration of these factors is required for prothrombin conversion in a heterologous reaction mixture.

6. Factor VII activity is identical in silicone-coated or uncoated glass surfaces.
Determination of Fibrinogen and Fibrinogenolytic Activity
Authors: Nilsson Inga Marie , Olow Bertil
Published: July 2018

A method for determining plasma fibrinogen and fibrinogenolytic activity, with epsilonaminocaproic acid (ε-ACA) as an inhibitor of fibrinolysis, in patients with high fibrinolytic activity, is described in detail.

The fibrinogen was determined by a modification of Morrison’s syneresis method in parallel in 1. citrated plasma that was incubated for 2 hours at 37° C, after which further digestion was prevented by addition of ε-ACA and is referred to as fibrinogen A, and 2. in citrated plasma prepared from blood collected in tubes containing ε-ACA to prevent activation of plasminogen and is referred to as fibrinogen B.

The difference between fibrinogen B and fibrinogen A gives the amount of lysed fibrinogen in 2 hours at 37° C. Fibrinogen B gives the fibrinogen concentration at the moment of sampling.

The method is recommended to be used for evaluation of the true plasma fibrinogen level and the degree of fibrinogenolytic activity. This is particularly important during thrombolytic therapy.
The Measurement of Fibrinolytic Activity with I131-labelled Clots. II. Application
Authors: Wit C. Dudokde , den Ottolander G. J. H , Krijnen H. W
Published: July 2018

1. The application has been described of a method, using I131-labelled clots as a substrate for the measurement of plasmin, urokinase and streptokinase.

2. With this method the inhibition of these fibrinolytic agents by plasma has been studied.

3. A striking difference in the fibrinolytic and fibrinogenolytic effect of urokinase and streptokinase was found. Urokinase appeared to be an effective fibrinolytic agent in the presence of plasma and gave rise to little fibrinogenolysis, while streptokinase appeared much less effective in this respect in the presence of plasma, but gave marked fibrinogenolysis.
Factor V Leiden, C>T MTHFR Polymorphism and Genetic Susceptibility to Preeclampsia
Authors: Grandone Elvira , Margaglione Maurizio , Colaizzo Donatella , Cappucci Giuseppe , Paladini Dario , Martinelli Pasquale , Montanaro Sergio , Pavone G , Minno Giovanni Di
Published: July 2018

We performed a case-controlled study to investigate whether the FV Leiden mutation and the C>T677 polymorphism of the 5,10 methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) are associated with the occurrence of preeclampsia in 96 otherwise healthy preeclamptic women and 129 parous women as controls. FV Leiden carriers were 10 (10.5%) in cases and 3 (2.3%) in controls (OR: 4.9, 95% Cl: 1.3-18.3). MTHFR TT homozygotes were 28 (29.8%) in cases and 24 (18.6%) in the control group (OR: 1.8,95% Cl 1.0-3.5). No difference in any of the polymorphisms was found between proteinuric (n = 45) and non-proteinur-ic (n = 51) patients. Moreover, MTHFR polymorphism does not affect the association between FV Leiden and preeclampsia. In conclusion, FV Leiden mutation and MTHFR TT genotype are associated with the occurrence of preeclampsia, suggesting that, during pregnancy, women carrying these gene variants are prone to develop such a complication.
The Origin of P-selectin as a Circulating Plasma Protein
Authors: Fijnheer R , Frijns C J M , Korteweg J , Rommes H , Peters J H , Sixma J J , Nieuwenhuis H K
Published: July 2018

P-selectin is a 140 kD protein found in the α-granules of platelets and the Weibel-Palade bodies of endothelial cells. On cell activation it is expressed on the cell surface and also secreted into plasma. Whether the circulating soluble P-selectin (sP-selectin) originates from platelets, endothelial cells, or both, is not known. We studied the level of sP-selectin in diseases with different platelet counts, with or without evidence of endothelial cell activation. Endothelial cell activation was confirmed by the detection of sE-selectin and EDl-fibronectin. A significant positive correlation between platelet count and sP-selectin concentration was observed in healthy controls, and in patients with thrombocytopenia due to bone marrow aplasia, or with thrombocytosis (r = 0.85; n = 47; p <0.001). In patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) the sP-selectin concentration was 110 ± 39 ng/ml (n = 10), compared to 122 ± 38 ng/ml in healthy controls (n = 26). However, their mean platelet count was lower (58 X 109/1 versus 241 X 109/1 in the control group). Accordingly, the levels of sP-selectin expressed per platelet increased to significantly higher levels (2.0 ± 1.2 versus 0.6 ± 0.2 fg/platelet in the control group-; p <0.0001). This suggests increased platelet turnover in patients with ITP. High levels of sP-selectin were found in patients with sepsis (398 ± 203 ng/ml; n = 15) and with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP; 436 ± 162 ng/ml; n = 12). Compared with patients with ITP, the concentration of sP-selectin per platelet was higher in patients with sepsis (4.8 ± 4.3 fg/platelet; p <0.005) or TTP (17.1 ± 9.5 fg/platelet; p <0.001). Endothelial cells are very likely to be the source in these patients and the presence of endothelial cell activation was confirmed by increased levels of circulating E-selectin and ED 1 -fibronectin.

This study suggests that platelets are the major source of circulating sP-selectin in healthy individuals. Endothelial cell activation is associated with an increased sP-selectin concentration per platelet.