bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On perception as the basis for object concepts
Authors: Alessandroni Nicolás , Rodríguez Cintia
Published: August 2020

Within cognitive and developmental psychology, it is commonly argued that perception is the basis for object concepts. According to this view, sensory experiences would translate into concepts thanks to the recognition, correlation and integration of physical attributes. Once attributes are integrated into general patterns, subjects would become able to parse objects into categories. In this article, we critically review the three epistemological perspectives according to which it can be claimed that object concepts depend on perception:state non-conceptualism, content non-conceptualism, andcontent conceptualism. We show that the three perspectives have problems that make perception inadequate as a conceptual basis. We suggest that the inquiry about the origin and development of object concepts can benefit from a pragmatic perspective that considers objects’cultural functionsas a conceptual foundation. We address this possibility from the theoretical framework of thepragmatics of the object, considering the importance of objects’functional permanence.
Brain Substrates of Time-Based Prospective Memory Decline in Aging: A Voxel-Based Morphometry and Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study
Authors: Morand Alexandrine , Segobin Shailendra , Lecouvey Grégory , Gonneaud Julie , Eustache Francis , Rauchs Géraldine , Desgranges Béatrice
Published: August 2020

Time-based prospective memory (TBPM) allows us to remember to perform intended actions at a specific time in the future. TBPM is sensitive to the effects of age, but the neural substrates of this decline are still poorly understood. The aim of the present study was thus to better characterize the brain substrates of the age-related decline in TBPM, focusing on macrostructural gray matter and microstructural white matter integrity. We administered a TBPM task to 22 healthy young (26 ± 5.2 years) and 23 older (63 ± 5.9 years) participants, who also underwent volumetric magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging scans. Neuroimaging analyses revealed lower gray matter volumes in several brain areas in older participants, but these did not correlate with TBPM performance. By contrast, an age-related decline in fractional anisotropy in several white-matter tracts connecting frontal and occipital regions did correlate with TBPM performance, whereas there was no significant correlation in healthy young subjects. According to the literature, these tracts are connected to the anterior prefrontal cortex and the thalamus, 2 structures involved in TBPM. These results confirm the view that a disconnection process occurs in aging and contributes to cognitive decline.
Exposure Timing and Method Affect Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) Efficacy Against House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Larvae
Authors: White Roxie L , Geden Christopher J , Kaufman Phillip E
Published: August 2020

House flies, Musca domestica L., are widely recognized for their ability to develop resistance to chemical insecticides so alternative control strategies are desired. The use of entomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin to manage house fly populations has shown promising results; however, the success of using this fungus against larval house flies varies widely. The overall objective of this study was to examine factors that may influence efficacy of B. bassiana treatments against larvae. When a high concentration (4 × 1011 conidia/ml) was applied to first- and second-instar larvae in rearing medium, there was a significant reduction in pupation and adult emergence rates. Treating third-instar larvae at the same concentration did not result in a significant reduction of pupation or adult emergence. Temperature (22 versus 32°C) and media composition (diets with- and without propionic acid) did not affect the B. bassiana treatment efficacy against house fly larvae. The narrow time window of vulnerability of larvae and the high doses required to infect them indicate that B. bassiana has little potential as an operational biocontrol agent for house fly larvae.
The nuclear envelope protein KAKU4 determines the migration order of the vegetative nucleus and sperm cells in pollen tubes
Authors: Goto Chieko , Tamura Kentaro , Nishimaki Satsuki , Maruyama Daisuke , Hara-Nishimura Ikuko
Published: August 2020

A putative component protein of the nuclear lamina, KAKU4, modulates nuclear morphology in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, but its physiological significance is unknown. KAKU4 was highly expressed in mature pollen grains, each of which has a vegetative cell and two sperm cells. KAKU4 protein was highly abundant on the envelopes of vegetative nuclei and less abundant on the envelopes of sperm cell nuclei in pollen grains and elongating pollen tubes. Vegetative nuclei are irregularly shaped in wild-type pollen. However, KAKU4 deficiency caused them to become more spherical. After a pollen grain germinates, the vegetative nuclei and sperm cells enter and move along the pollen tube. In the wild type, the vegetative nucleus preceded the sperm cell nuclei in >90% of the pollen tubes, whereas, in kaku4 mutants, the vegetative nucleus preceded the sperm cell nuclei in only about half of the pollen tubes. kaku4 pollen was less competitive for fertilization than wild-type pollen after pollination. These results led us to hypothesize that the nuclear shape in vegetative cells of pollen grains affects the orderly migration of the vegetative nucleus and sperm cells in pollen tubes.
The Normative Framework of the Cuban Constitution and the Problems it Poses
Authors: Guanche Julio César , Fernández Estrada Julio Antonio , Hayes Bradley
Published: August 2020

This chapter anchors Cuba’s constitutional development in the cultural history of the region and world, starting with the struggles for Cuban independence from Spain, continuing with the 1930–33 revolution, followed by the successful Communist revolution in 1959, and lasting up to the present day, when a new series of reforms are currently being implemented. The chapter argues that the conception of rights and democracy enshrined in these texts, however related to regional and world historical events and trends, retains a distinctly Cuban notion of individual and collective rights. It concludes with an epilogue identifying positive aspects of the new reforms, new aspects that are problematic, and serious problems that are ignored.
The Constitutions of the Dominican Republic
Authors: Marsteintredet Leiv
Published: August 2020

According to some observers, the Dominican Republic holds the world record of number of constitutions. This chapter, however, argues that continuity rather than change best describes the country’s constitutional development. Since its first constitution in 1844, constitutional charters have never departed from the principles of a republican, liberal state based on popular sovereignty, separation of power and rule of law, or experimented with its presidential character. Although for a long time, Dominican constitutions functioned as a document that facilitated and legitimated absolute power, rather than as a fundamental law that restricted arbitrary power, no government has attempted to rule without a constitution that adopted the principles of a nominally liberal democracy. Recent constitutional reforms, however, have been relatively effective in implementing real checks on the traditionally strong presidency, thus potentially starting a process of aligning the constitutional liberal aspirations with the exercise of public authority.
Rights and National Security
Authors: Campbell Yonique
Published: August 2020

It is virtually impossible to engage in contemporary discourses about fundamental rights and freedoms in the Caribbean context without some explanation of national security practices, policies, and actors. In light of the US’s war on terror, the rise of transnational organized crime and high rates of criminal violence, national security laws and the way in which national security is pursued have conflicted with constitutional provisions which guarantee certain fundamental rights and freedoms. This has created tension between citizens and the state apparatus and between police, military, and civilian oversight bodies. The chapter draws on a wide range literature and outlines important dimensions of national security and rights in the Caribbean. I examine factors shaping the conflict between rights and national security and the way in which this conflict manifests in laws and policies, focusing specifically on mass surveillance, terrorism, gangs and the suspension of the constitution.
The Appellate Jurisdiction of the Caribbean Court of Justice
Authors: Vasciannie Stephen
Published: August 2020

Various Caribbean countries have established the Caribbean Court of Justice, and have taken steps to ensure its viability. The Court has two jurisdictions. One of these—the Original Jurisdiction—pertains to disputes arising under the Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas, the constituent treaty of the Caribbean Single Market and Economy. The other jurisdiction—the Appellate Jurisdiction—was intended from the outset to allow the Caribbean Court of Justice to serve as the final court of appeal for all Caribbean countries. The Appellate Jurisdiction, which forms the basis of this chapter, has been the subject of considerable debate. To date, only four Caribbean countries—Barbados, Guyana, Belize and Dominica—have entrusted their final appeals to the new court, with most former British colonies in the region retaining the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council for final appeals. What have been the main elements in the long and circuitous debate concerning the Appellate Jurisdiction of the Court? Why have some Caribbean States opted to retain appeals to the Privy Council? And what are the prospects concerning the Appellate Jurisdiction? The chapter considers these issues in light of the passage of more than a decade and a half since Caribbean States signed the Agreement Establishing the Caribbean Court of Justice.
Capturing Secularism in TurkeyThe Ease of Comparison
Authors: Akan Murat
Published: August 2020

Laiklik has been a major theme of the literature on Turkey and has turned Turkey into a critical case in world politics, area studies, and the comparative politics literatures on secularism, democracy, and modernity. A binary distinction setting Kemalism against Islam has been the problematization dominating the study of laiklik. The re-describing of the original formulation of Kemalist laiklik or uncovering of ever new meanings of laiklik emerging under changing conditions or articulated by rising political actors have shaped the direction of scholarship. This chapter highlights an argument from research on Turkey and France for the ease of capturing laiklik with comparison and pulling it out of the whirlpool of new meanings schools. French institutions of laïcité established during the Third French Republic parted with the premise of a Catholic majority country and were built on the premise of diversity. In contrast, the premise of a Muslim majority country undergirds institutions of laiklik since the founding of the Turkish republic. Ironically, Kemalist institutions eased the way for the Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi’s (AKP) politics of religion because these institutions were built on the premise of a Muslim Turkey. The post 9/11 secularism literature has had difficulty in situating Kemalist laicism and the AKP’s politics of religion in relation to each other and in a comparative-historical framework, because it confines itself to an analytical framework of secularism built on the premise of a majority religion.
Suicide Following Trauma
Authors: Roberge Erika M. , Leifker Feea R. , Baker Shelby N. , Rozek David C. , Bryan Craig J.
Published: August 2020

Suicide is a leading cause of death in the United States. About 9 percent of adults will experience serious suicide ideation in their lifetimes, but many fewer will go on to make a suicide attempt or die by suicide. Therefore, identification of who is likely to transition from suicidal thoughts to actions is imperative to preventing suicide deaths. Traumatic experiences and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are two of a limited number of risk factors that differentiate suicide ideators from suicide attempters. Further, certain types of trauma and groups of people are at increased risk for suicidal thoughts and actions. For example, childhood trauma and maltreatment, as well as history of sexual assault, are both associated with unique risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors after controlling for various additional risk factors and PTSD symptom severity. Additionally, military personnel/veterans and lesbian, gay, transgender, and bisexual individuals are two high-risk populations for death by suicide. Several theories of how traumatic experiences confer increased risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors, as well as theories within the ideation-to-action framework (which explain transition from suicidal thoughts to behaviors), are presented and discussed to increase understanding of this phenomenon, as well as possible targets of intervention.
Universities and Conservatories
Authors: Tregear Peter
Published: August 2020

This chapter explores the various influences that shaped the growth of music conservatoires and the inclusion of music in universities as a discrete branch of study. Arising foremost out of a desire to meet rising demands for professional accreditation and status both from musicians themselves and from those wishing to use their services, this growth in the institutionalization of music education was shaped in turn by tensions between idealistic and pragmatic views of the role of music in society, and by the rising significance given to music as a tool of the emergent modern nation-state, as much as it also inevitably reflects cultural prejudices of the age.
Landscape and Ecology
Authors: Grimley Daniel M.
Published: August 2020

Images of landscape lie at the heart of nineteenth-century musical thought. From frozen winter fields, mountain echoes, distant horn calls, and the sound of the wind moving among the pines, landscape was a vivid representational practice, a creative resource, and a privileged site for immersion, gothic horror, and the Romantic sublime. As Raymond Williams observed, however, the nineteenth century also witnessed an unforeseen transformation of artistic responses to landscape, which paralleled the social and cultural transformation of the country and the city under processes of intense industrialization and economic development. This chapter attends to several musical landscapes, from the Beethovenian “Pastoral” to Delius’s colonial-era evocation of an exoticized American idyll, as a means of mapping nineteenth-century music’s obsession with the idea of landscape and place. Distance recurs repeatedly as a form of subjective presence and through paradoxical connections with proximity and intimacy.
Criticism
Authors: Verzosa Noel
Published: August 2020

This chapter places French music criticism alongside parallel developments in intellectual thought, especially positivism, the belief in empirical observation as the basis for knowledge. Positivism raised many questions for music critics: Is music mere sensory stimulation? Is genius the result of specific historical circumstances rather than innate qualities? This chapter argues that French music criticism and positivism, whose births coincided exactly, were effectively part of the same cultural project. An examination of Edmond Hippeau in particular demonstrates the ways in which music criticism was an extension of broader intellectual debate in France.
Travel Writing
Authors: Allis Michael
Published: August 2020

This chapter discusses the ways in which music has been represented, referenced, and discussed in nineteenth-century travel literature. In the context of the expanding opportunities for travel in the nineteenth century, a plethora of travel-related literature was created—guidebooks (Murray, Baedeker), poetry, novels, and descriptions of travel by writers such as Goethe, Heine, Dickens, Stendhal, Henry James, and Mary Shelley. Focusing on the latter category (writings descriptive of travel) from c.1800 to 1914, the chapter begins by establishing the significance of these texts in terms of documenting performing practice, referencing composers and performers, and commenting upon the status and power of music, including its ability to intoxicate or evoke nostalgia. Tensions in the portrayal of musical “otherness” are identified, along with the sense of competing levels of musicality between nations, communicated by a range of literary strategies that include binary opposition, hyperbole, and scenic absorption. The invocation of musical metaphor or parallel is highlighted as an important feature of writing style in these narratives, and the significance of a particular group of travel writings by musicians such as Edward Holmes, Marquis Chisholm, Hector Berlioz, Jacques Offenbach and Granville Bantock is also established. Composers’ engagement with literary models of travel narrative offers clear parallels in the nature and sequence of events in several musical works, creating real potential for new readings of specific compositions.
ESCR Review
Authors: Yates Simeon J. , Wessels Bridgette , Hepburn Paul , Frame Alexander , Weerakkody Vishanth
Published: August 2020

This chapter describes the analyses and results for the ESRC Domain of Citizenship and Politics, guided by two main questions: How digital technology impacts on our autonomy, agency, and privacy; Whether and how our understanding of citizenship is evolving in the digital age. It first provides an initial overview of the major insights from the literature review and analysis, the Delphi surveys, and workshop discussions about the relevant range of the concepts of citizenship and politics in a digital age. Over time the literature shows a shift from issues of public sphere and use of the Internet by government and candidates to more focus on political participation and engagement, especially through online communities, social networks, and social media. Eight main topics emerged: public sphere, measurement, social network analysis, protest and activism, governance, elections, cyber hate crime, and partisan politics. The analyses also highlighted theory, methods, and approaches in the literature. The review provides examples of literature in the project’s time period that illustrate these topics. The chapter ends with a discussion of considerable future research directions (e.g., mobilization and radicalization) and research challenges (e.g., managing big data, and ethical issues).
Digital Ecology of Free Speech
Authors: Lee Yenn , Scott-Baumann Alison
Published: August 2020

Through a thematic mapping of the current literature and a gap analysis of the field, the chapter sheds light on the discrepancies between emerging digital practices and established theories of free speech. In the contemporary digital age, censorship and surveillance are exercised more and more by private actors such as social media platform operators, while self-expression increasingly takes the form of content forwarding, coded language, and non-human identities. We observe that the current literature shares a “pathological” approach; that is, undesirable content ought to be removed, avoided, and institutionally intervened upon. This approach, however, poses a new set of difficult questions such as who decides what is intolerably extreme and what is acceptably moderate; who designs and implements the filtering of extreme content; and how can the public ensure the accountability of the filtering mechanism.
Computer-Mediated Communication and Mental Health
Authors: Meier Adrian , Domahidi Emese , Günther Elisabeth
Published: August 2020

The relationship between computer-mediated communication (e.g., Internet or social media use) and mental health has been a long-standing issue of debate. Various disciplines (e.g., communication, psychology, sociology, medicine) investigate computer-mediated communication in relation to a great variety of negative (i.e., psychopathology) and positive (i.e., well-being) markers of mental health. We aim at charting this vast, highly fragmented, and fast growing literature by means of a scoping review. Using methods of computational content analysis in conjunction with qualitative analyses, we map 20 years of research based on 1,780 study abstracts retrieved through a systematic database search. Results reveal the most common topics investigated in the field, as well as its disciplinary boundaries. Our review further highlights emerging trends in the literature and points to unique implications for how future research should address the various relationships between computer-mediated communication and mental health.
The Distribution of Ministerial Posts in Parliamentary Systems
Authors: Bäck Hanna , Carroll Royce
Published: August 2020

The distribution of ministerial posts is an important step in the democratic process in parliamentary democracies, as ministers are likely to influence the policy outputs of governments. Several scholars have thus aimed to explain and predict portfolio allocation in parliamentary democracies. Some scholars have focused exclusively on predicting how many portfolios each party gets, whereas others have focused on predicting which party gets which post. There is also a growing field that focuses on understanding why certain individuals are selected to the cabinet, and why some individuals stay longer in their posts whereas others are shuffled out early. Few studies have connected these questions, fully aiming to explain the distribution of posts between and within political parties negotiating to enter government. We suggest that this is an important step for future research
Political Advisers in the Executive Branch
Authors: Ng Yee-Fui
Published: August 2020

Political advisers have become significant and entrenched actors within the executive in the Westminster, European, and American systems. This chapter discusses the diversity in the models of political advice that have been utilized in the developed world, and the increasing scholarly focus on the roles and influence of political advisers in executive government. It explores the three main dimensions of literature on political advisers: the empirical, relational, and legal. In doing so, the chapter explores the roles, performance, and influence of political advisers in the Westminster, European cabinet, and American systems, their interactions with ministers and the bureaucracy, as well as mechanisms to ensure their accountability. Finally, the chapter proposes a future research agenda based on empirical, jurisdictional, comparative, institutional, theoretical, and normative considerations, which will further enrich and deepen the study of political advisers.
Observational Drawing Research Methods
Authors: Ostrofsky Justin
Published: August 2020

This chapter provides a critical review of methods used in psychological research focused on understanding observational drawing performance. First, observational drawing is defined and distinguished from other types of drawing behaviors. Then, the general questions investigated in observational drawing research are described, along with a review of the methods used to address them and a discussion of each method’s general limitations. Next follows a description of basic drawing and tracing tasks administered in laboratory studies. Following this, subjective and objective measurement methods used to assess drawing performance (or accuracy) are reviewed in conjunction with a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of each measurement method. The chapter concludes with a discussion of possible directions of future research, specifically by discussing (a) ways that the approach of measuring drawing performance can be improved, and (b) methods one can adopt to better understand the causal relationship between drawing skill and cognitive and perceptual processing abilities.
Empirical Aesthetics of Poetry
Authors: Menninghaus Winfried , Blohm Stefan
Published: August 2020

Poetry enjoys greater liberties (“poetic license”) than all other uses of language to depart from a variety of grammatical and discourse-semantic constraints that typically shape verbal messages. At the same time, poetry frequently conforms to additional formal constraints on the selection and combination of linguistic elements, e.g., meter, rhyme, and other types of parallelism. Surveying empirical research into the cognitive, stylistic, and aesthetic effects of parallelistic features and poetic license, we argue that both types of deviation affect processing fluency in distinct ways and on distinct levels of processing. Poetic license renders verse cognitively more challenging, i.e., harder to comprehend and more ambiguous, but also more “poetic.” Parallelistic diction, by contrast, increases predictability and perceptual processing fluency; it underlies the rhythmical and melodic properties that link poetry and music. Sound parallelism has further been shown to enhance the memorability of verse, and to render humoristic verse more humorous and emotionally moving poems more moving, beautiful, melodic, and vivid, but also richer in meaning. We further survey investigations of the sound-iconic properties of verse, semantic figures (most notably, poetic metaphor), and mood representation, as well as of readers’ dispositions favoring poetry reading. We conclude by identifying directions for future research.
Representation and the European Union
Authors: Hobolt Sara B.
Published: August 2020

This chapter considers the nature and quality of representation in the European Union by examining the dual paths of representation available to European citizens: the direct path of electing representatives to the European Parliament and the indirect path of electing national parliamentarians, and in turn governments, who represent national interests in the Council. Both paths matter if we want to understand representation in the European Union. The chapter examines the extent to which each of these channels facilitates substantive policy representation in the EU. It explores the quality of the selection and sanctioning processes in European Parliament and national elections, and examines citizens’ attitudes towards democracy at both levels of government. It concludes that, while representation in the EU is imperfect, it reflects the hybrid nature of the EU’s political system and is still undergoing significant change as the EU evolves and its policymaking is becoming more politicized domestically.
Electoral Integrity
Authors: van Ham Carolien
Published: August 2020

Election integrity is crucial for political representation. If elections are flawed, rigged, or fraudulent, there is no level playing field for parties and candidates contesting the electoral race, and voters’ preferences are unlikely to be translated truthfully into election outcomes. Election fraud directly affects the formation of preferences, as well as the translation of preferences into votes in the chain of representation, thereby undermining the capacity of elections to generate accountability and responsiveness. This chapter discusses what election integrity is and how it can be measured and provides a review of what we know and do not know yet about election integrity. It then zooms in on election integrity in established democracies, mapping the specific challenges to election integrity experienced by democracies in Europe, North America, and Oceania. The chapter concludes by discussing the implications of challenges to election integrity for the quality of political representation.
Referendums in Denmark
Authors: Beach Derek
Published: August 2020

Referendums are a relatively frequently used instrument in Danish politics. While mostly known for EU-related referenda, there have been a range of national and subnational referendums held in Denmark. This chapter first presents the formal rules for referendums, including how they can be convened and who can participate. Given that almost all academic research on Danish referendums has focused on EU referendums, and that referenda are still a very active part of Danish EU politics, the rest of the chapter focuses on EU-related referendums: why they have been convened, the effects of campaigns, how voters behave, and the effects of referendum outcomes in terms of leading Denmark to opt-out of key areas of EU cooperation, and finally, the impact that the large percentage of no votes in the 1972 Accession Referendum had on the form of association between Denmark and Greenland,1 and the resulting exit of Greenland from the EU after a no-vote in a referendum in 1982.
Research Policy
Authors: Aagaard Kaare , Mejlgaard Niels
Published: August 2020

Danish research policy has changed significantly since the turn of the millennium. From being a slow and pragmatic adopter of international research policy ideas, Denmark has become a research policy frontrunner and—in some respects—an international role model. This chapter examines the Danish trajectory using an analytical framework highlighting inherent tensions in the formulation and implementation of research policies. It shows that the Danish development has accentuated output-based conceptions of research quality and societal impact and that political objectives have been backed by path-breaking reforms and massive investments. While this development can be characterized as a success, it has also led to a strict compartmentalization of different research policy aims and has happened at the expense of alternative, emerging research policy visions. The most dominant of these operate with more process-oriented research policy conceptions concerned with practices that support transparency, inclusivity, and integrity as mechanisms for enhancing both the epistemic quality of scientific knowledge claims and the societal impact of science. Recently, such conceptions have become prominent at both the EU level and in countries such as the Netherlands and Norway. But so far, Danish decision-makers have been reluctant to integrate these new visions in national research policy.
The Electoral System
Authors: Elklit Jørgen
Published: August 2020

The system used for electing the Danish Parliament (Folketinget) is a two-tier proportional representation system. It has worked well since its inception in 1920, and there are no plans of changing to another system. The system is seen as complicated by some, but Danish voters turn out in high numbers and do not seem to have problems understanding the basic elements of how the system works. The system is unique in that the individual political parties can each decide on what kind of list system they want to use and how the preferential votes cast for individual candidates will influence the eventual selection of elected candidates. The index of disproportionality shows remarkably low values, partly because the most important formal electoral threshold is only 2 per cent. Election administration is of high quality and scores generated by the Perception of Electoral Integrity project are, therefore, remarkably high.
Industrial Hubs and Economic Development
Authors: Oqubay Arkebe , Lin Justin Yifu
Published: August 2020

Industrialization, supported by industrial hubs, has been widely associated with structural transformation and catch-up in developing, emerging, and advanced economies. There are around 6,000 industrial hubs spread across 147 countries, with a high concentration in emerging and developing economies, particularly in Asia. While the direct economic benefits of industrial hubs are significant, their value lies first and foremost in their contribution as incubators of industrialization, productive and technological capability, and innovation, which can facilitate sustained growth and the climbing of the development ladder. This chapter introduces the three objectives of the volume: to examine the conceptual underpinnings and research methodologies associated with industrial hubs and economic development; to extract relevant lessons for policy researchers and practitioners from empirical evidence; and to provide alternative perspectives and approaches, embedded in an industrial policy framework, to economic structural transformation and technological catch-up. It will provide conceptual clarity around notions of the all-embracing term industrial hub, and widely used terms such as industrial districts, special economic zones, export-processing zones, technology parks, and industrial parks.
Industrial Districts in Europe
Authors: Garofoli Gioacchino
Published: August 2020

Industrial districts (IDs) have developed in many regions and countries of Europe, especially in Italy and southern countries, since the end of the 1970s. This chapter underlines the emerging of this territorial model of development, remembering both the discovery of the phenomenon in European countries and the introduction of the debate and the progressive awareness of territories’ stakeholders and policymakers on the specific features and needs of this kind of organization’s model. Specific attention has been devoted to the transformation’s trajectories of IDs to avoid the risks of collapse. All this requires the capability to introduce active strategies and policies to reproduce dynamic competitive factors. A shared interpretation of the transformation’s process and prospects for IDs should be the basis for collective actions to maintain sustainable development. Lessons for developmental industrial policies are drawn at the end, even for emerging countries and new industrial regions.
Cluster Dynamics and Regional Networks
Authors: Saxenian AnnaLee
Published: August 2020

Regional clusters and their competitive advantages have attracted growing research and policy focus. This chapter reviews cluster dynamics, regional advantages, and the talent flow amongst the leading innovation hubs, notably Silicon Valley, and new emerging hubs in newly industrializing economies. In exploring cluster dynamics, cultures, and networks, the chapter compares Silicon Valley and Route 128, the leading innovation hubs, in the United States. It provides an alternative network approach to examine and explain the dynamics of industrial hubs and cluster dynamics. It also shows that economies of the periphery (such as Hsinchuu Science Park in Taipei) can rely on strategies of talent circulation and brain gain through collaboration with leading innovation hubs. Through a comparative study of firms in Silicon Valley and Route 128, the chapter explains the uneven performance between the two regional hubs, and provides new insights on regional clusters. This has implications for countries exploring effective policy mechanisms for cluster dynamics to develop technological capabilities. The review focuses on a particularly significant period, the 1970s to 1990s.
Leapfrogging through Smart Manufacturing
Authors: Sampath Padmashree Gehl
Published: August 2020

Can shifting pathways from manufacturing to ‘smart’ manufacturing become a successful leapfrogging strategy? Can low-income countries use the new features of smart manufacturing activities to reboot their industrialization processes with smaller, but more targeted investments in high-technology manufacturing niches that have potential for expansion? If so, what is the role of industrial hubs in this context? These are the main questions that this chapter seeks to address, with a particular focus on Africa. The chapter argues that the changed nature of innovation—both the incrementality and modularity—lends itself to a leapfrogging paradigm, and a holistic framework can help countries embark on this important transition. The chapter considers the example of Germany, where the Industry 4.0 framework has focused on empowering small and medium-sized enterprises, and proposes a new, more calibrated vision of industrial hubs to support smart manufacturing, with policy recommendations.
A Flowchart Approach to Industrial Hubs
Authors: Kuchiki Akifumi
Published: August 2020

The chapter introduces the flowchart approach, a theory for the construction of an industrial hub or an agglomeration that consists of segments such as physical infrastructure and regulation. The workflow is the dynamic process of building the segments of an agglomeration. Economies of sequence are defined as the selection of any two out of all the segments of an agglomeration and efficiently building them. The integration of all the economies of sequence into a flowchart approach represents the overall process of building an agglomeration. In the flowchart approach to a manufacturing industry agglomeration policy, the optimum sequence involves the construction of traffic infrastructure such as ports and highways, institutional reforms such as liberalization and the formation of one-stop services, the construction of industrial zones to reduce fixed costs, and the invitation to anchor firms. By way of example, the chapter presents the flowchart approach to an information and communications technology agglomeration.
Industrial Hubs and Economic Development
Authors: Oqubay Arkebe
Published: August 2020

Industrial hubs are at the centre of economic development. However, the literature on industrial hubs is fragmented and characterized by diverse conceptual and methodological approaches. This chapter provides a synopsis of the literature on the theory and practice of industrial hubs and economic development drawn from various intellectual traditions. The chapter also reviews key themes drawn from structuralist development economics, with a special focus on industrial policy, structural transformation, and catch-up. The first section of this chapter provides an outline of the key approaches and issues. The second section discusses historical perspectives on industrial hubs and economic agglomeration starting from the early days of the first industrial revolution. The third section examines issues rooted in structural transformation and economic catch-up, and the connection between cluster dynamics and industrial policy framework. The fourth section maps empirical perspectives behind uneven global practices and outcomes, and on how industrial hubs can synergize industrialization and technological catch-up. The fifth section presents empirical synthesis and concluding notes.
Women, Working Conditions, and Industrial Hubs
Authors: Rossi Arianna
Published: August 2020

Industrial hubs and insertion in global value chains (GVCs) usually bring about new jobs for women in developing countries. Firms in industrial hubs employ a majority of women workers, providing them with a waged employment, often for the first time, and an opportunity for empowerment and self-reliance. However, these jobs are often characterized by low wages, poor working conditions, and labour-rights violations. This chapter provides an overview of opportunities and challenges for women’s empowerment, and gender equality in the context of jobs in industrial hubs, looking at empirical evidence from developing countries, and their linkages with existing cultural and gender norms. It also provides reflections on the governance of work and recommendations for gender-inclusive policies, showing that industrial hubs and GVCs can provide a path of economic upgrading for developing countries, but that only when that process is paired with social upgrading for women workers, will overall development gains be attained.
Explaining Reform and Special Economic Zones in China
Authors: Lin Justin Yifu , Xu Jiajun , Xia Junjie
Published: August 2020

This chapter looks at the origin of SEZs in China and examines the evolution of different types of Chinese SEZs. It explores how SEZs served as a catalyst for policy changes to facilitate China’s transition from planned economy to market economy by conducting experiments in demarcated areas and then rolling out nationwide. It evaluates SEZs as an engine of structural transformation to promote industrialization and urbanization, and distils the ingredients for success from the perspective of New Structural Economics. While China’s experience cannot be directly replicated elsewhere, it does provide insights into success factors for other developing countries. The chapter identifies conditions for success as commitment by top leadership; targeting sectors in line with latent advantages and adjusting sectoral focus dynamically; building capable public administration to lead investment promotion; and adopting an experimental approach and learning from mistakes. It comes with the caveat that not all SEZs are successful in China.
Location Choice for Industrial Complexes in South Korea
Authors: Sonn Jung Won , Kim Sang Hee
Published: August 2020

This chapter argues that two variables should be considered in deciding the location of an industrial hub: 1) whether the industries in the hub require heavy infrastructure; and 2) whether workers and their families need a full urban environment. The second is as important as the first because a hub without a living environment that fits the needs of the workers and their families will have trouble attracting and retaining workers. Focusing on these two variables, we propose a two-by-two matrix with four ideal types of industrial hubs. They are: 1) the industrial annex of metropolis; 2) the industrial town; 3) the metropolitan-immersed industrial hub; and 4) the new industrial city. For each of these types, a South Korean example is provided.
A Review of Industrial Clusters, Industrial Policy, and Industrialization in South Korea
Authors: Kim Sanghoon , Song Hah-Zoong
Published: August 2020

The development of South Korea, due to relevant and effective industrial policies, is unique in the modern history of industrialization. Within one generation, the country transformed itself from a poor agrarian society into a modern industrial power, all the more remarkably in that its rapid economic development was broad-based and supported by all stakeholders. From 1962, the South Korean government aggressively pursued an economic development strategy that centred on manufacturing-sector growth, driven largely by industrial complexes. Lately, more than 900 industrial clusters account for 62 per cent of the country’s manufacturing production and 80 per cent of total exports. South Korea’s policies designate physical sites and facilitate growth platforms that reinforce cooperation and coordination between industries, academia, and research. This chapter reviews the path of industrial development that South Korea took, with attention to the industrial complexes and clusters scattered across the country, and the measures and policies that enabled them.
An Evidence-based Analysis of Industrial Hubs
Authors: Yeo George , Giap Tan Khee , Yam Tan Kong , Loo Wilfred
Published: August 2020

The Singapore narrative of resilient industrial hubs accords high importance to the pragmatic approach and facilitative role of the government in first getting the fundamentals right, which can be at variance with textbook cases. Their determination to achieve their desired industrial hub development outcomes and their experimentation with new models is not restricted by any fixed ideology or mindset. The chapter illustrates phases of industrial development in Singapore over fifty years from the 1960s to the 2010s and beyond. Industrial development in each decade will be discussed under five themes: objective and mission; challenges encountered; strategies chartered; implementation process with institution building; and industries established. For Singapore to remain relevant, a national effort to seek synergies and complementarity with regional industrial hubs through a real-time monitoring online digitalized platform will be paramount. Given rising trade protectionism, potential disruption caused by rapid technological advancement, and rapid shifts in production networks and value chains, industrial hubs need to be recalibrated.
Modern Industrial Policy in Latin America
Authors: Pietrobelli Carlo
Published: August 2020

Industrial clusters have developed in many regions and countries of Latin America. They have often been supported by active policies undertaken at the national (federal) and local levels, sometimes with the financial and technical assistance of international organizations. These experiences have been most remarkable, and share several elements of the ‘modern’ industrial policies that enjoy an increasing consensus in the literature. The vast experience of locally based forms of active policies that have proliferated in Latin America reflects a modern approach to industrial policies, with clever interactions of private and government sectors, a process of discovery of the necessary public policy inputs, and interactive design and implementation of these policies.
FDI, Industrial Hubs, and Latin American Industrialization
Authors: González Anabel
Published: August 2020

Special economic zones are a flexible policy tool to attract foreign direct investment for economic diversification and upgrading. Success, however, is not guaranteed—there are many examples of zones where the cost–benefit analysis does not add up or just never took off. Experience across countries shows that understanding the conditions for setting up special economic zones is key for successful performance, as are complementary trade, education, and infrastructure policies. In addition, emerging technologies, policy repositioning, and sustainability trends reshaping the global business landscape impact special economic zones and their role in attracting investment. In this rapidly changing trade and investment context, Latin American governments and firms can build on these experiences to unlock the potential of nearshoring, increased services trade, e-commerce, new country sources of investment, and sustainability repositioning, while managing potential risks.
Industrial Hubs and Technology Transfer in Africa’s Apparel Export Sector
Authors: Whitfield Lindsay , Staritz Cornelia
Published: August 2020

In addition to static benefits, the dynamic benefits of special economic zones (SEZs), in terms of linkages with the national economy outside the zones and technology transfer from foreign to local firms, are crucial for structural transformation. This chapter assesses the extent to which the SEZ or SEZ-like policies and related FDI attraction have led to technology transfer in the leading sub-Saharan African apparel exporters, namely Mauritius, Madagascar, Kenya, Lesotho, Swaziland, and Ethiopia. In doing so, it focuses on local firm-level learning, which underpins technology transfer, and the conditions under which it occurs. It concludes that targeted infrastructure provision of physical zones is important, but that global economy dynamics such as global buyer and foreign investor strategies as well as the complexities related to local firm technological capability building are crucial to understanding technology transfer, arguing for more strategic industrial policies around SEZs.
Industrial Hubs
Authors: Kono Hisaki
Published: August 2020

Agglomeration economies, including economies of scale, better employee–employer matching and supplier–buyer matching, and knowledge spillovers, play a key role in the formation of large cities and industrial clusters. This chapter introduces models of economic geography that explain the process of agglomeration and formation of industrial clusters. These models describe how the reduction of transportation costs and development of labour productivity affect the formation of industrial clusters. Then we discuss important issues in empirical analysis, such as selection bias, sample selection bias, relocation effects, and external validity. Finally empirical studies on agglomeration economies, and the effects of industrial zones and infrastructure improvement, are reviewed. Empirical results of the effectiveness of industrial zones and infrastructure improvement are mixed, suggesting the importance of careful diagnosis of the economic conditions and an understanding of economic structure for choosing appropriate policies and interventions.