bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vallitalea
Authors: Fardeau Marie‐Laure , Postec Anne , Ollivier Bernard
Published: September 2023

Val.li.ta'le.a. L. gen. fem. n.
vallis,
a valley, vale; L. fem. N.
talea,
a rod; N.L. fem. n.
Vallitalea
, a rod isolated from a vale.

Firmicutes / Clostridia / Clostridiales / Vallitaleaceae / Vallitalea

The genus
Vallitalea
at the time of writing, comprises three species with validly published names,
Vallitalea guaymasensis
, which was isolated from sediments of Guaymas Basin,
Vallitalea okinawensis
, isolated from Okinawa Trough sediment, and
Vallitalea pronyensis
, obtained from a shallow submarine hydrothermal field in Prony Bay in the south of New Caledonia. The species of the genus are thermotolerant or mesophilic, moderately halophilic and strictly anaerobic, and they present a fermentative growth on some carbohydrates. Phylogenetic analyses using 16S rRNA gene sequences placed the three species as belonging to the phylum
Firmicutes
, class
Clostridia
, order
Clostridiales,
family
Vallitaleaceae
.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 31.2.

Type species
:
Vallitalea guaymasensis
Lakhal et al. 2013
VP
.
Hydrogenispora
Authors: Qiu Yan‐Ling
Published: September 2023

Hy.dro.ge.ni.spo'ra. N.L. neut. n.hydrogenum, hydrogen; from Gr. neut. n. hydôr, water; from Gr. ind. v. gennaô, to produce; Gr. fem. n.spora, a seed, and, in biology, a sporeHydrogenispora, a spore‐forming, hydrogen‐producing bacterium.

Bacillota / unnamed Class / Order OPB54 / Hydrogenispora

Long thin rods, nonmotile. Terminal spores with a bulging sporangium. Strictly anaerobic, chemoorganoheterotroph. Grows at 20–50°C (optimum of 37–45°C), pH 5.0–8.0 (optimum of pH 6.0–7.7), and 0–2.5% (w/v) NaCl. Fermentative growth with a range of carbohydrates, glycerol, fumarate, tryptone, and yeast extract. Major fermentation products from glucose include acetate, ethanol, and hydrogen. Represented by a single strain, namely the type strain LX‐BTof the type speciesHydrogenispora ethanolica, isolated from anaerobic sludge treating herbicide wastewater. The genome ofH. ethanolicaLX‐BTis 6.0 Mb in length, has a G + C content of 54.1 mol%, and contains 5,243 putative protein encoding and 71 RNA genes. Shares at most 90% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with other described species. Most closely affiliated with uncultured members of clade OPB54 in the Greengenes taxonomy, within the phylumBacillota.

DNA G + C content (mol%): 54.1% (genome sequence).

Type species:Hydrogenispora ethanolicaLiu et al. 2014VP.
Aquisalibacillus
Authors: Márquez María C. , Carrasco Inmaculada J. , Ventosa Antonio
Published: September 2023

A.qui.sa.li.ba.cil'lus. L. fem. n.
aqua
, water; L. masc. n. (gen.
salis
), salt; L. masc. n.
bacillus
, rod; N.L. masc. n.
Aquisalibacillus
, a rod living in salt water.

Bacillota / Bacilli / Bacillales / Bacillaceae / Aquisalibacillus

The genus
Aquisalibacillus
is classified within the family
Bacillaceae
and the order
Bacillales,
within the phylum
Bacillota
. The cells are long rod‐shaped, nonmotile, and stain Gram‐negative, but the cell wall is of the Gram‐positive type. KOH test is negative. Endospores are not observed. Strictly aerobic and moderately halophilic. Catalase positive and oxidase negative. Nitrate and nitrite are reduced. The cell wall contains an
l
‐Orn‐
d
‐Asp directly cross‐linked murein (type A4β) and the major menaquinone is MK‐7. Major cellular fatty acids are iso‐C
16:0
and iso‐C
15:0
. The only described species of the genus to date is
Aquisalibacillus elongatus
, which is represented by one strain isolated from water of a saline lake.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 37.4 (genome type strain of the species).

Type species
:
Aquisalibacillus elongatus
Márquez et al. 2008
VP
.
The Dynamic Recrystallization in a Hot‐Compressed Al–Zn–Mg–Cu–Sc–Zr Alloy: The Role of Strain Rate
Authors: Zhao Zhihao , Huang Jiwu , Chen Yonggang , Liu Shichao , Xu Chenglong , Xu Guofu
Published: September 2023

The effects of strain rates (0.001–1 s−1) on the microstructures and mechanical performance of the novel Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy through hot compression at 300 °C are investigated in detail. With the increase of strain rate, the dislocation density increases from 0.06 × 1013 to 3.77 × 1013 m−2, which promotes the dynamic precipitation kinetics. And the volume fraction of η precipitates is calculated by the differential scanning calorimetry curves increasing from 1.36% to 3.94%. Both dislocations and precipitates promote to increase the hardness of the Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy. The large number of η precipitates in high‐strain‐rate samples hinders the recrystallization process by impeding the movement of dislocations and grain boundaries, decreasing the volume fraction of recrystallized grains to 3.1%. Continuous/discontinuous dynamic recrystallization occurs preferentially at low strain rates, and discontinuous dynamic recrystallization is rarely observed in high‐strain‐rate samples. In addition, because the process of continuous dynamic recrystallization promotes the transformation from low‐angle grain boundaries to high‐angle grain boundaries, more continuous dynamic recrystallized grains and less low‐angle grain boundaries can be observed in low‐strain‐rate samples.
Polyhydroxylated Organic Molecular Additives for Durable Aqueous Zinc Battery
Authors: Liu Huan , Xin Zijun , Cao Bin , Xu Zhijing , Xu Bin , Zhu Qizhen , Yang Jin‐Lin , Zhang Bao , Fan Hong Jin
Published: September 2023

The large‐scale deployment of aqueous Zn‐ion batteries is hindered by Zn anode instability including surface corrosion, hydrogen gas evolution, and irregular Zn deposition. To tackle these challenges, a polyhydroxylated organic molecular additive, trehalose, is incorporated to refine the solvation structure and promote planar Zn deposition. Within solvation structure regions involving trehalose, the hydroxy groups participate in the reconstruction of hydrogen bond networks, which increases the overpotential for water decomposition reaction. Moreover, at the Zn metal–molecule interface, the chemisorption of trehalose onto the surface of the zinc anode enhances corrosion resistance and facilitates the deposition of zinc in a planar manner. The optimized electrolyte significantly improves Zn striping/plating reversibility and maintains stable potentials over 1600 h at 5 mA cm−2 with a cutoff capacity of 1 mA h cm−2 in symmetric cells. When combined with the MnO2 cathode, the assembled coin cell retains ≈89% of its capacity after 1000 cycles. This organic molecule additive, emphasizing the role of polyhydroxylated organic molecules in fine‐tuning solvation structures and anode/electrolyte interfaces, holds promise for enhancing various aqueous metal batteries.
A Multiscale, Dynamic Elucidation of Li Solubility in the Alloy and Metallic Plating Process
Authors: Li Shaowen , Chai Zhigang , Wang Zhaohui , Tai Cheuk‐Wai , Zhu Jiefang , Edström Kristina , Ma Yue
Published: September 2023

Li‐containing alloys and metallic deposits offer substantial Li+ storage capacities as alternative anodes to commercial graphite. However, the thermodynamically in sequence, yet kinetically competitive mechanism between Li solubility in the solid solution and intermediate alloy‐induced Li deposition remains debated, particularly across the multiple scales. The elucidation of the mechanism is rather challenging due to the dynamic alloy evolution upon the non‐equilibrium, transient lithiation processes under coupled physical fields. Here, influential factors governing Li solubility in the Li‐Zn alloy are comprehensively investigated as a demonstrative model, spanning from the bulk electrolyte solution to the ion diffusion within the electrode. Through real‐time phase tracking and spatial distribution analysis of intermediate alloy/Li metallic species at varied temperatures, current densities and particle sizes, the driving force of Li solubility and metallic plating along the Li migration pathway are probed in‐depth. This study investigates the correlation between kinetics (pronounced concentration polarization, miscibility gap in lattice grains) and rate‐limiting interfacial charge transfer thermodynamics in dedicating the Li diffusion into the solid solution. Additionally, the lithiophilic alloy sites with the balanced diffusion barrier and Li adsorption energy are explored to favor the homogeneous metal plating, which provides new insights for the rational innovation of high‐capacity alloy/metallic anodes.
Polarization‐ and Gate‐Tunable Optoelectronic Reverse in 2D Semimetal/Semiconductor Photovoltaic Heterostructure
Authors: Wang Hanyu , Li Yan , Gao Peng , Wang Jina , Meng Xuefeng , Hu Yin , Yang Juehan , Huang Zihao , Gao Wei , Zheng Zhaoqiang , Wei Zhongming , Li Jingbo , Huo Nengjie
Published: September 2023

Polarimetric photodetector can acquire higher resolution and more surface information of imaging targets in complex environments due to the identification of light polarization. To date, the existing technologies yet sustain the poor polarization sensitivity (<10), far from market application requirement. Here, the photovoltaic detectors with polarization‐ and gate‐tunable optoelectronic reverse phenomenon are developed based on semimetal 1T′‐MoTe2 and ambipolar WSe2. The device exhibits gate‐tunable reverse in rectifying and photovoltaic characters due to the directional inversion of energy band, yielding a wide range of current rectification ratio from 10−2 to 103 and a clear object imaging with 100 × 100 pixels. Acting as a polarimetric photodetector, the polarization ratio (PR) value can reach a steady state value of ≈30, which is compelling among the state‐of‐the‐art 2D‐based polarized detectors. The sign reversal of polarization‐sensitive photocurrent by varying the light polarization angles is also observed, that can enable the PR value with a potential to cover possible numbers (1→+∞/‐∞→−1). This work develops a photovoltaic detector with polarization‐ and gate‐tunable optoelectronic reverse phenomenon, making a significant progress in polarimetric imaging and multifunction integration applications.
Charge‐Selectively Permeable Self‐Healing Microcapsules
Authors: Li Chuen‐Ru , Lutz‐Bueno Viviane , Amstad Esther
Published: September 2023

Microcapsules possessing a selective permeability are well‐suited vessels for conducting cell studies or chemical reactions that require selective exchanges of reagents over a prolonged time. Most currently reported microcapsules are single‐use delivery carriers since cargo is only released in significant amounts if their shells are damaged or the release relies on passive diffusion. Stable capsules possessing a selective, rapidly interchangeable permeability, which enables their repeated loading and unloading with selected reagents remain to be shown. Here, capsules are introduced that are composed of thin, viscoelastic, charge‐selective shells made of surfactants that are functionalized with a chelator, 3‐hydroxy‐4‐pyridinonone and crosslinked with appropriate nm‐sized ion clusters, for example composed of Fe3+/Tris or Al3+/Tris ion clusters. The charge selectivity of the shell permeability can be conveniently tuned with the crosslinking ion clusters. It is demonstrated that these capsules can be repeatedly loaded and unloaded with well‐defined substances. This feature enables their application as re‐usable selectively permeable filters to remove certain pollutants from solutions. These capsules are envisaged to be well‐suited for waste water treatment and as picoliter‐sized reaction vessels to selectively conduct chemical reactions within capsule cores while continuously supplying new reagents.
Quasi‐Continuous Defect Levels in Broadband Gap: A New Strategy for High‐Temperature Long Persistent Luminescence Materials
Authors: Zhang Pan , Chen Xiang , Bai Yuxing , Zhao Xiaohui , Fu Xuewen , Wu Li , Wang Yuhua , Sun Tongqing , Kong Yongfa , Zhang Yi , Xu Jingjun
Published: September 2023

Long persistent luminescence (LPL) materials widely employed in the fields of emergency lighting and anti‐counterfeiting are mostly used at room temperature. As temperatures rise, the performance of LPL materials deteriorates dramatically, which hinders their application in in vivo imaging, high‐temperature display, and information storage. Herein, a multifunctional material LiGa5O8:Tb3+ (LGT) with green high‐temperature LPL (HT‐LPL) and blue cathodoluminescence (CL) is reported. Its LPL performance is anomalously enhanced with increasing temperature, and the duration time is more than 8 h at 423 K. With combined temperature‐dependent decay curves and thermoluminescence analyses, the unique quasi‐continuous defect levels are found in the band gap. The high‐concentration carriers in deep traps are frozen at room temperature and activated only at high temperatures, accompanied by changes in energy transfer pathways. The excellent HT‐LPL makes LGT a light‐emitting component of next‐generation smart wearable devices, as well as high‐temperature warning equipment in deep well exploration at a depth of 4500 m. The intense anti‐degradation blue CL makes it suitable for field emission displays, while the manipulable emission property makes it suitable for high‐level anti‐counterfeiting. This study fills a gap in HT‐LPL materials and opens up a new gateway for the efficient design of HT‐LPL and other multifunctional materials.
YWHAG Deficiency Disrupts the EMT‐Associated Network to Induce Oxidative Cell Death and Prevent Metastasis
Authors: Lee Jeannie Xue Ting , Tan Wei Ren , Low Zun Siong , Lee Jia Qi , Chua Damien , Yeo Wisely Duan Chi , See Benedict , Vos Marcus Ivan Gerard , Yasuda Tomohiko , Nomura Sachiyo , Cheng Hong Sheng , Tan Nguan Soon
Published: September 2023

Metastasis involves epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process that is regulated by complex gene networks, where their deliberate disruption may yield a promising outcome. However, little is known about mechanisms that coordinate these metastasis‐associated networks. To address this gap, hub genes with broad engagement across various human cancers by analyzing the transcriptomes of different cancer cell types undergoing EMT are identified. The oncogenic signaling adaptor protein tyrosine 3‐monooxygenase/tryptophan 5‐monooxygenase activation protein gamma (YWHAG) is ranked top for its clinical relevance and impact. The cellular kinome and transcriptome data are surveyed to construct the regulome of YWHAG, revealing stress responses and metabolic processes during cancer EMT. It is demonstrated that a YWHAG‐dependent cytoprotective mechanism in the regulome is embedded in EMT‐associated networks to protect cancer cells from oxidative catastrophe through enhanced autophagy during EMT. YWHAG deficiency results in a rapid accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), delayed EMT, and cell death. Tumor allografts show that metastasis potential and overall survival time are correlated with the YWHAG expression level of cancer cell lines. Metastasized tumors have higher expression of YWHAG and autophagy‐related genes than primary tumors. Silencing YWHAG diminishes primary tumor volumes, prevents metastasis, and prolongs the median survival period of the mice.
Genetically Engineered Cellular Nanovesicle as Targeted DNase I Delivery System for the Clearance of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Acute Lung Injury
Authors: Du Yang , Chen Yining , Li Fangyuan , Mao Zhengwei , Ding Yuan , Wang Weilin
Published: September 2023

Acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are prevalent critical illnesses with a high mortality rate among patients in intensive care units. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are implicated in the pathogenesis of ALI/ARDS and represent a promising therapeutic target. However, the clinical application of deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I), the only drug currently available to clear NETs, is limited due to the lack of precise and efficient delivery strategies. Therefore, targeted delivery of DNase I to the inflamed lung remains a critical issue to be addressed. Herein, a novel biomimetic DNase I delivery system is developed (DCNV) that employs genetically and bioorthogonally engineered cellular nanovesicles for pulmonary NETs clearance. The CXC motif chemokine receptor 2 overexpressed cellular nanovesicles can mimic the inflammatory chemotaxis of neutrophils in ALI/ARDS, leading to enhanced lung accumulation. Furthermore, DNase I immobilized through bioorthogonal chemistry exhibits remarkable enzymatic activity in NETs degradation, thus restraining inflammation and safeguarding lung tissue in the lipopolysaccharide‐induced ALI murine model. Collectively, the findings present a groundbreaking proof‐of‐concept in the utilization of biomimetic cellular nanovesicles to deliver DNase I for treating ALI/ARDS. This innovative strategy may usher in a new era in the development of pharmacological interventions for various inflammation‐related diseases.
Significant Suppression of Dark Current in a Surface Acoustic Wave Assisted MoS2 Photodetector
Authors: Zhao Qianru , Yan Haoran , Wang Xudong , Chen Yan , Zhang Shukui , Wu Shuaiqin , Huang Xinning , Di Yunxiang , Xiong Ke , Zeng Jinhua , Jiao Hanxue , Lin Tie , He Hu , Ge Jun , Meng Xiangjian , Shen Hong , Chu Junhao , Wang Jianlu
Published: September 2023

2D materials are considered as potential candidates for the next generation of optoelectronic materials. However, their optical absorption is typically weak due to thickness limitations, greatly restricting the photodetection capabilities of devices. To enhance the photoelectric gain of 2D materials or devices and improve detection sensitivity, various modulation methods such as strain, electric field, and magnetic field are commonly introduced. Among them, surface acoustic wave (SAW) represents a unique and effective modulation approach. In this study, photodetectors are fabricated based on few‐layer MoS2 on a SAW delay line on a LiTaO3 substrate. The interaction between SAW and MoS2 successfully manipulates the optoelectronic performance of the MoS2‐based devices. Under the influence of SAW, the dark current of the devices is significantly reduced by more than two orders of magnitude, while the photocurrent remains almost unchanged, resulting in excellent photoresponse performance. The devices provide a promising pathway for high‐performance optoelectronic applications and reveal a new possibility for acoustic devices in optoelectronics.
Influences of sex chromosome aneuploidy on height, weight, and body mass index in human childhood and adolescence
Authors: Hanson Claire , Blumenthal Jonathan , Clasen Liv , Guma Elisa , Raznahan Armin
Published: September 2023

Sex chromosome aneuploidies (SCAs) are collectively common conditions caused by carriage of a sex chromosome dosage other than XX for females and XY for males. Increases in sex chromosome dosage (SCD) have been shown to have an inverted‐U association with height, but we lack combined studies of SCA effects on height and weight, and it is not known if any such effects vary with age. Here, we study norm‐derived height and weight z‐scores in 177 youth spanning 8 SCA karyotypes (XXX, XXY, XYY, XXXX, XXXY, XXYY, XXXXX, and XXXXY). We replicate a previously described inverted‐U association between mounting SCD and height, and further show that there is also a muted version of this effect for weight: both phenotypes are elevated until SCD reaches 4 for females and 5 for males but decrease thereafter. We next use 266 longitudinal measures available from a subset of karyotypes (XXX, XXY, XYY, and XXYY) to show that mean height in these SCAs diverges further from norms with increasing age. As weight does not diverge from norms with increasing age, BMI decreases with increasing age. These findings extend our understanding of growth as an important clinical outcome in SCA, and as a key context for known effects of SCA on diverse organ systems that scale with body size.
Diet‐related factors strongly shaped the gut microbiota of Japanese macaques
Authors: Lee Wanyi , Hayakawa Takashi , Kiyono Mieko , Yamabata Naoto , Enari Hiroto , Enari Haruka S. , Fujita Shiho , Kawazoe Tatsuro , Asai Takayuki , Oi Toru , Kondo Takashi , Uno Takeharu , Seki Kentaro , Shimada Masaki , Tsuji Yamato , Langgeng Abdullah , MacIntosh Andrew , Suzuki Katsuya , Yamada Kazunori , Onishi Kenji , Ueno Masataka , Kubo Kentaro , Hanya Goro
Published: September 2023

Although knowledge of the functions of the gut microbiome has increased greatly over the past few decades, our understanding of the mechanisms governing its ecology and evolution remains obscure. While host genetic distance is a strong predictor of the gut microbiome in large‐scale studies and captive settings, its influence has not always been evident at finer taxonomic scales, especially when considering among the recently diverged animals in natural settings. Comparing the gut microbiome of 19 populations of Japanese macaques Macaca fuscata across the Japanese archipelago, we assessed the relative roles of host genetic distance, geographic distance and dietary factors in influencing the macaque gut microbiome. Our results suggested that the macaques may maintain a core gut microbiome, while each population may have acquired some microbes from its specific habitat/diet. Diet‐related factors such as season, forest, and reliance on anthropogenic foods played a stronger role in shaping the macaque gut microbiome. Among closely related mammalian hosts, host genetics may have limited effects on the gut microbiome since the hosts generally have smaller physiological differences. This study contributes to our understanding of the relative roles of host phylogeography and dietary factors in shaping the gut microbiome of closely related mammalian hosts.
CT‐based volumetric measures obtained through deep learning: Association with biomarkers of neurodegeneration
Authors: Srikrishna Meera , Ashton Nicholas J. , Moscoso Alexis , Pereira Joana B. , Heckemann Rolf A. , van Westen Danielle , Volpe Giovanni , Simrén Joel , Zettergren Anna , Kern Silke , Wahlund Lars‐Olof , Gyanwali Bibek , Hilal Saima , Ruifen Joyce Chong , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Westman Eric , Chen Christopher , Skoog Ingmar , Schöll Michael
Published: September 2023

INTRODUCTION

Cranial computed tomography (CT) is an affordable and widely available imaging modality that is used to assess structural abnormalities, but not to quantify neurodegeneration. Previously we developed a deep‐learning–based model that produced accurate and robust cranial CT tissue classification.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We analyzed 917 CT and 744 magnetic resonance (MR) scans from the Gothenburg H70 Birth Cohort, and 204 CT and 241 MR scans from participants of the Memory Clinic Cohort, Singapore. We tested associations between six CT‐based volumetric measures (CTVMs) and existing clinical diagnoses, fluid and imaging biomarkers, and measures of cognition.

RESULTS

CTVMs differentiated cognitively healthy individuals from dementia and prodromal dementia patients with high accuracy levels comparable to MR‐based measures. CTVMs were significantly associated with measures of cognition and biochemical markers of neurodegeneration.

DISCUSSION

These findings suggest the potential future use of CT‐based volumetric measures as an informative first‐line examination tool for neurodegenerative disease diagnostics after further validation.

Highlights

Computed tomography (CT)–based volumetric measures can distinguish between patients with neurodegenerative disease and healthy controls, as well as between patients with prodromal dementia and controls.

CT‐based volumetric measures associate well with relevant cognitive, biochemical, and neuroimaging markers of neurodegenerative diseases.

Model performance, in terms of brain tissue classification, was consistent across two cohorts of diverse nature.

Intermodality agreement between our automated CT‐based and established magnetic resonance (MR)–based image segmentations was stronger than the agreement between visual CT and MR imaging assessment.
Spinal cord injury without radiological abnormality due to a fall while using an abdominal roller: A report of two cases
Authors: Yamane Kenjiro , Matsumura Tomohiro , Sugita Manaho , Fujiya Shoma , Takanosu Tomotaka , Watanabe Nobutaka , Shinjo Takafumi , Izawa Yoshimitsu , Yonekawa Chikara , Mato Takashi
Published: September 2023

Background

In recent years, various home‐use health devices have gained popularity. The abdominal roller is one of these. Spinal cord injury without radiological abnormality is known to occur even with relatively minor injuries, but there are few reports of such injuries caused by a roller.

Case Presentation

Two cases of spinal cord injuries caused by a roller are reported. In both cases, injuries occurred during the standing rollout by a patient in an inebriated state, and the patients were rushed to an emergency department.

Conclusion

Because the use of abdominal rollers may result in extremely serious disabilities, it is necessary to emphasize the appropriate use of such equipment.
A Two‐Dimensional Hybrid Perovskite With Heat Switching Birefringence
Authors: Wang Ziyi , Chen Xu , Song Yipeng , Du Zhipeng , Zhou Yang , Li Minjuan , Huang Weiqi , Xu Qianting , Li Yanqiang , Zhao Sangen , Luo Junhua
Published: September 2023

Birefringent crystals that can switch light polarization have important applications in optoelectronics. In the last decades, birefringence is mostly optimized by chemical strategies. Recently, switching birefringence by physical means has attracted much attention. Here, this work reports the observation of heat switching birefringence in a 2D layered hybrid halide perovskite (C2N3H4)2PbCl4 ((C2N3H4)+=1,2,4‐triazolium). This heat switching birefringence leads to a significant change in the interference color for the crystal plate under the illumination of orthogonal polarized light. Structure analyses reveal a heat dependent structure transition in (C2N3H4)2PbCl4, whose birefringence is switched by the change in the distortion degree of PbCl6 octahedron. This discovery may be beneficial to the further development of stimuli‐responsive polarization optical devices.
Bacterial Cytochrome P450 Catalyzed Post‐translational Macrocyclization of Ribosomal Peptides**
Authors: He Bei‐Bei , Liu Jing , Cheng Zhuo , Liu Runze , Zhong Zheng , Gao Ying , Liu Hongyan , Song Zhi‐Man , Tian Yongqi , Li Yong‐Xin
Published: September 2023

Ribosomally synthesized and post‐translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) are a fascinating group of natural products that exhibit diverse structural features and bioactivities. P450‐catalyzed RiPPs stand out as a unique but underexplored family. Herein, we introduce a rule‐based genome mining strategy that harnesses the intrinsic biosynthetic principles of RiPPs, including the co‐occurrence and co‐conservation of precursors and P450s and interactions between them, successfully facilitating the identification of diverse P450‐catalyzed RiPPs. Intensive BGC characterization revealed four new P450s, KstB, ScnB, MciB, and SgrB, that can catalyze the formation of Trp‐Trp‐Tyr (one C−C and two C−N bonds), Tyr‐Trp (C−C bond), Trp‐Trp (C−N bond), and His‐His (ether bond) crosslinks, respectively, within three or four residues. KstB, ScnB, and MciB could accept non‐native precursors, suggesting they could be promising starting templates for bioengineering to construct macrocycles. Our study highlights the potential of P450s to expand the chemical diversity of strained macrocyclic peptides and the range of biocatalytic tools available for peptide macrocyclization.
A Journey from Benzoborirene to Benzoborole‐Supported 1,2‐Diimine and Antiaromatic Borolediide
Authors: Liu Xiaocui , Heinz Myron , Wang Junyi , Tan Leibo , Holthausen Max C. , Ye Qing
Published: September 2023

The reaction of benzoborirene with one equivalent of isocyanides leads to benzene‐fused boretes bearing one imine function, while the reaction with two equivalents of isocyanide affords 2,3‐dihydro‐2,3‐diiminoboroles with perfect regioselectivity. The isocyanide double insertion products represent a novel type of 1,2‐diimine with a benzoborole backbone. The reduction chemistry of the benzoborole‐supported 1,2‐diimine was investigated. Single‐ and two‐electron reduction allow for the isolation and full characterization of a radical anion and a dianion, respectively. In stark contrast to the ordinary boroles, which should turn aromatic by accepting two electrons, the antiaromatic character of the benzoborole backbone is highlighted upon reduction, thus presenting a rare example of antiaromatic borole dianion. Detailed quantum chemical calculations provide a rationale for the observed regioselectivity and the electronic structure of the reduced borole diimine species.
The Dipole Moment and Nature of the Chemisorption Bond
Authors: Culver R. , Pritchard J. , Tompkins F. C.
Published: September 2023

Experimental results are given for the change of work function of three sp metals, copper, silver, gold, and of three transition metals, iron, cobalt, nickel when hydrogen and carbon monoxide are separately chemisorbed at — 192 °C on these metals in the form of an evaporated film, using the space‐charge limited diode method. With the sp metals a predominantly electrostatic bond is formed, the dipole moment of which is largely controlled by the first ionization potential of the adsorbate and that of the atom of the adsorbent. This bonding is additional to the normal dispersion forces which usually are the most significant contribution to the forces operative in the ordinary van der Waals or physical adsorption. With the transition metals, definite covalent bonding involving empty d‐atomic orbitals takes place ‐ these are hybrid bonds, the character of which changes with increasing coverage of the adsorbent surface; these conclusions are consistent with those drawn from infra‐red spectrometric studies of other authors. The contribution of the dipole component to the heat of adsorption and to the variation of this heat with coverage is not large for the transition metals but is a substantial one with the sp metals.
Über die Oxydation metallischer Hartstoffe
Authors: Münster A.
Published: September 2023

The oxidation of TiN, TiC and TiB2 has been investigated between 600 and 1100°C. In the case of TiN. the rate of oxidation can be described by a linear‐parabolic law. The only oxidation product is TiO2 (rutile which is formed at the inner phase boundary. The nitrogen escapes almost completely to the gas phase. The activation energy of the diffusion through the oxide layer as calculated from the isothermes agrees fairly well with the value obtained for the oxidation of titanium metal. It is concluded that the kinetics of the oxidation is not influenced to a considerable extent by the diffusion of the nitrogen.

The oxidation of TiC is governed by a purely parabolic law yielding almost the same activation energie as obtained for Ti and TiN. The oxide layer is rutile containing 0,1–0,2 weight % of carbon. The rutile is formed at the inner phase boundary. Oxygen diffuses through the oxide layer to the inner phase boundary whereas carbon diffuses outwards, being oxidized to CO and CO2 at the outer surface.

The oxidation of TiB2 follows a parabolic law below 850 and above 950°C. The activation energies are different in both cases. The 900°C isotherme can be described by a cubic law. At 700°C the oxide layer is a fine‐grained mixture of TiO2 and B2O3. At higher temperatures we have phase separation on the macroscopic scale. Three zones may be distinguished: Glassy B2O3, TiO2 and the fine‐grained mixture. Above 1000°C the B2O3 begins to evaporate more and more. At 1100°C it is not found by X‐ray diffraction. Both oxides are formed at the inner phase boundary.
The role of ionic migration in electrolytic mass transport; Diffusivities of [Fe(CN)6]3− and [Fe(CN)6]4− in KOH and NaOH solutions
Authors: Gordon Stanley L. , Newman John S. , Tobias Charles W.
Published: September 2023

The role of migration in ionic mass transport is discussed, and a rigorous method is presented for the evaluation of the contribution of migration when a constant potential gradient can be assumed to exist in the mass transfer boundary layer.

The influence of supporting electrolytes is shown to depend on the relative mobilities of all ionic species present in the solution.

Theoretical results are applied to the Ks[Fe(CN)6] ‐ K4[Fe(CN)6] ‐ KOH or NaOH systems. Limiting currents were measured by a rotating disk electrode, and the apparent diffusivities calculated from these measurements were corrected taking into account the influence of the presence of nonreacting ionic species. It is shown that the corrected product, Dμ, shows only a slight dependence on ionic strength over a large range of concentrations

magnified image

where Γ is the ionic strength of the solution.
Pulsradiolytische Untersuchung der Reaktion des hydratisierten Elektrons mit Nitromethan
Authors: Asmus K.‐D. , Henglein A. , Beck G.
Published: September 2023

Das hydratisierte Elektron bildet mit Nitromethan das Ion CH3NO (k = 2,1 · 1010 mol−1 sec−1). Dieses Ion absorbiert maximal bei 2700 Å (ϵ = 2800 mol−1 cm−1). Es wird auch erzeugt, wenn das Elektron mit dem Anion CH2NO des Nitromethans in alkalischer Lösung reagiert (k = 6,6 · 109). OH‐Radikale reagieren mit Nitromethan in nicht nachweisbarem Maße (k < 5 · 106). Die Reaktion des H‐Atoms mit Nitromethan ist ebenfalls relativ langsam. CH3NO steht im Gleichgewicht mit der Radikalsäure CH3NO2H (pk = 4,4), die maximal bei 2500 Å (ϵ = 2000 mol−1 cm−1) absorbiert. Sowohl CH3NO als auch CH3NO2H übertragen ein Elektron an Tetranitromethan (k = 1,2 · 109 bzw. 1,1 · 108). Die Lebensdauer dieser beiden Teilchen, die nach einer Reaktion zweiter Ordnung verschwinden, wächst mit steigendem pH und beträgt einige 1000 μsec in stark alkalischem Medium. N2O wirkt als Elektronenfänger und inhibiert in neutraler Lösung die Bildung von CH3NO. In alkalischer Lösung ist N2O in dieser Hinsicht unwirksam, was auf die Ladungsübertragung von N2O− auf Nitromethan zurückgeführt wird (k = 4,7 · 109). Die Stabilität des N2O−‐Ions in alkalischer Lösung und seine oxydierenden und reduzierenden Wirkungen werden kurz diskutiert.
The effect of solvent, concentration and temperature on the spectra of a highly polar merocyanine
Authors: Lohr J. E. , Kortüm G.
Published: September 2023

Spectroscopic studies of a polar merocyanine dye subjected to a variety of conditions have been made. Extensive evidence is presented to substantiate the conclusion that in protonic solvents, the acid‐base reaction dye + solvent ⇄ protonated dye + solvent anion is dominant in determining the state of the dye molecule. Conversely, in non‐protonic solvents, the reaction n dye ⇄ (dye)n (n = 2.3…) leading to the formation of dimers and eventually higher aggregates dominates. The temperature effect on the aggregation reaction is illustrated and evidence is given that indicates aggregation may also be possible in alcohols, especially at low temperatures. An unusual temperature effect, whereby all visible absorption maxima decrease in intensity with increasing temperature, is observed in benzene and other aromatic solvents of low polarity. It is possible that at higher temperature these solvents are less able to solvate the polar dye. As a result, the reaction merocyanine ⇄ spiropyrane shifts to the right with increasing temperature rather than to the left as is the normal behavior.
Zur Bildung oxidischer Deckschichten auf Germaniumanoden in alkalischen Elektrolyten
Authors: Beckmann K. H.
Published: September 2023

Mittels polarisationsoptischer Methoden wurde ein stark potentialabhängiges Wachstum von Deckschichten auf Germaniumelektroden in alkalischen Elektrolyten festgestellt. Bestimmungen des Brechungsindex und Messung der Ultrarotabsorption dieser Schichten nach der Methode der inneren Totalreflexion ergaben, daß sie im wesentlichen aus saurem Alkaligermanat bestehen Die Ermittlung der räumlichen Änderung des pH‐Wertes vor der Probenoberfläche mit Hilfe einer Mikro‐Antimonelektrode zeigt starke Änderungen dieser Größe auch in Abhängigkeit vom Potential. Die Potentialabhängigkeit des Schichtwachstums läßt sich durch die Änderung des pH‐Wertes an der Elektrodenoberfläche erklären
Pulsradiolytische Untersuchung einiger Elementarprozesse der Nitrobenzolreduktion
Authors: Asmus K.‐D. , Wigger A. , Henglein A.
Published: September 2023

Das hydratisierte Elektron reagiert mit Nitrobenzol zum Anion C6H5NO. Das optische Absorptions‐spektrum dieses Teilchens wurde bestimmt (ϵmax bei 2850 Å = 1,4 · 104 mol−1 liter cm−1). In saurer Lösung existiert vorwiegend das C6H5NO2H‐Teilchen (ϵmax bei 2750 Å = 9250 mol−1 liter cm−1). Der pK‐Wert des Gleichgewichts

magnified image

beträgt 3,2. C6H5NO ist in alkalischer Lösung recht beständig (Lebensdauer: mehrere Sekunden). C6H5NO2H verschwindet aus saurer Lösung mit 2k = 6 · 108 mol−1 liter sec−1, indem es mit seinesgleichen disproportioniert. Das hierbei gebildete Teilchen C6H6N(OH)2 zerfällt unter Abspaltung von Wasser zu Nitroso‐benzol. Die monomolekulare Geschwindigkeitskonstante dieses Zerfalls hängt nach k = a ·√[H+] + b von der Wasserstoffionenkonzentration ab (a und b: Konstanten). Das C6H5NOIon vermag sein Elektron an Nitrosobenzol zu übertragen mit k = 4,1 · 107 mol−1 liter sec−1. Das freie H‐Atom reagiert nicht mit der Nitrogruppe des Nitrobenzols, sondern lagert sich an den aromatischen Ring unter Bildung des Nitro‐zyklohexadienyl‐Radikals an.

C6H5NO wird auch gebildet, wenn α‐Alkohol‐Radikale mit Nitrobenzol reagieren. Die basische Form der α‐Alkohol‐Radikale reagiert mit k = 3 · 109 mol−1 liter sec−1, unabhängig von der Struktur des Alkohols. Die saure Form reagiert langsamer mit Nitrobenzol; die Geschwindigkeit der Elektronenübertragung ist hier um so größer je größer der Taftsche σ*‐Wert für den induktiven Effekt der R1R2CH‐Gruppe im Alkohol R1R2CHOH ist.
Röntgenkleinwinkeluntersuchungen unter Verwendung der absoluten Streuintensität an Lösungen des Azofarbstoffes Chlorantinlichtviolett 2 RLL
Authors: Kratky O. , Ledwinka H. , Pilz I.
Published: September 2023

Das Assoziationsverhalten des Azofarbstoffes Chlorantinlichtviolett 2 RLL (Molekulargewicht 1116) wurde nach der Röntgenkleinwinkelmethode in wäßrigen Lösungen ohne und mit NaCI‐Zusatz bei 21 und 50°C untersucht. Obwohl die Teilchengewichte eine Größenordnung unter der Grenze liegen, bis zu welcher dieses Verfahren bisher angewendet werden konnte, ist es durch eine beträchtliche Steigerung der Meßgenauigkeit gelungen, ausreichend präzise Aussagen über Form (aus der Kurvengestalt) und Masse (aus der absoluten Streuintensität) der Assoziate zu machen. Bei 50 °C in wäßriger Lösung liegt der Farbstoff monomer vor, ein Zusatz von Salz hebt den mittleren Assoziationsgrad auf 1·30–1·50. Stärker assoziiert der Farbstoff bei 21 °C, hier wieder am schwächsten in Wasser und zunehmend mit der Menge an NaCl. Bei festem Salzgehalt nimmt der Assoziationsgrad linear mit der Farbstoffkonzentration zu. Aus Form und Masse der Teilchen ist zu schließen, daß sich die Moleküle mit ihrer großen Fläche aufeinanderstapeln.
Development, optimization, and scale‐up of suspension Vero cell culture process for high titer production of oncolytic herpes simplex virus‐1
Authors: Shen Chun Fang , Burney Elodie , Gilbert Rénald , Elahi S. Mehdy , Parato Kelley , Loignon Martin
Published: September 2023

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have emerged as a novel cancer treatment modality, and four OVs have been approved for cancer immunotherapy. However, high‐yield and cost‐effective production processes remain to be developed for most OVs. Here suspension‐adapted Vero cell culture processes were developed for high titer production of an OV model, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1). Our study showed the HSV‐1 productivity was significantly affected by multiplicity of infection, cell density, and nutritional supplies. Cell culture conditions were first optimized in shake flask experiments and then scaled up to 3 L bioreactors for virus production under batch and perfusion modes. A titer of 2.7 × 108 TCID50 mL−1 was obtained in 3 L batch culture infected at a cell density of 1.4 × 106 cells mL−1, and was further improved to 1.1 × 109 TCID50 mL−1 in perfusion culture infected at 4.6 × 106 cells mL−1. These titers are similar to or better than the previously reported best titer of 8.6 × 107 TCID50 mL−1 and 8.1 × 108 TCID50 mL−1 respectively obtained in labor‐intensive adherent Vero batch and perfusion cultures. HSV‐1 production in batch culture was successfully scaled up to 60 L pilot‐scale bioreactor to demonstrate the scalability. The work reported here is the first study demonstrating high titer production of HSV‐1 in suspension Vero cell culture under different bioreactor operating modes.
Microbial P450 repertoire (P450ome) and its application feasibility in pharmaceutical industry, chemical industry, and environmental protection
Authors: Wang Yongfa , Pan Hao , Wang Fuhao , Shen Chen
Published: September 2023

Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are heme‐thiolated enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of C‐H bonds in a regio‐ and stereo‐selective manner. CYPs are widely present in the biological world. With the completion of more biological genome sequencing, the number and types of P450 enzymes have increased rapidly. P450 in microorganisms is easy to clone and express, rich in catalytic types, and strong in substrate adaptability, which has good application potential. Although the number of P450 enzymes found in microorganisms is huge, the function of most of the microorganism P450s has not been studied, and it contains a large number of excellent biocatalysts to be developed. This review is based on the P450 groups in microorganisms. First, it reviews the distribution of P450 groups in different microbial species, and then studies the application of microbial P450 enzymes in the pharmaceutical industry, chemical industry and environmental pollutant treatment in recent years. And focused on the application fields of P450 enzymes of different families to guide the selection of suitable P450s from the huge P450 library. In view of the current shortcomings of microbial P450 in the application process, the final solution is the most likely to assist the application of P450 enzymes in large‐scale, that is, whole cell transformation combined with engineering, fusion P450 combined with immobilization technology.
Assessment of organization of cervical and breast cancer screening programmes in the Latin American and the Caribbean states: The CanScreen5 framework
Authors: Mosquera Isabel , Barajas Clara B. , Zhang Li , Lucas Eric , Benitez Majano Sara , Maza Mauricio , Luciani Silvana , Basu Partha , Carvalho Andre L.
Published: September 2023

Background

In the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC), breast cancer and cervical cancer are the first and third causes of cancer death among females. The objectives are to assess the characteristics of the cervical and breast cancer screening programmes in CELAC, their level of organization, and the association of screening organization and coverage of essential health services.

Methods

Representatives of the Ministries of Health of 33 countries were invited to the CanScreen5 project. Twenty‐seven countries participated in a “Train The Trainers” programme on cancer screening, and 26 submitted data using standardized questionnaires. Data were discussed and validated.

The level of organization of the screening programmes was examined adapting the list of essential elements of organized screening programmes identified in a recently published IARC study.

Results

Twenty‐one countries reported a screening programme for cervical cancer and 15 for breast cancer. For cervical cancer, 14 countries dedicated budget for screening (66.7%), and women had to pay in 3 countries for screening (14.3%), 9 for diagnosis (42.9%) and 8 for treatment (38.1%). Only 4 countries had a system to invite women individually (19.0%). For breast cancer, 8 countries dedicated budget for screening (53.3%), and women had to pay for screening in 3 countries (20.0%), diagnosis in 7 (46.7%) and treatment in 6 (40.0%). One country (6.7%) invited women individually.

There was variability in the level of organization of both cancer screening programmes. The level of organization of cervical cancer screening and coverage of essential health services were correlated.

Conclusion

Large gaps were identified in the organization of cervical and breast cancer screening services. CELAC governments need pragmatic public health policies and strengthened health systems. They should guarantee sustainable funding, and universal access to cancer diagnosis and treatment. Moreover, countries should enhance their health information system and ensure adequate monitoring and evaluation.
Clinical characteristics and risk factors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children with severe infection during maintenance treatment
Authors: Yin Tiantian , Han Juan , Hao Jinjin , Yu Hui , Qiu Yining , Xu Jiawei , Peng Yun , Wu Xiaoyan , Jin Runming , Zhou Fen
Published: September 2023

Background

Infection is the most common adverse event of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treatment and is also one of the main causes of death.

Methods

To investigate the clinical characteristics and risk factors of severe infections during the maintenance phase of ALL treatment, we conducted a retrospective study.

Results

A total of 181 children were eligible and 46 patients (25.4%) suffered from 51 events of severe infection, most of which occurred in the first half year of the maintenance phase (52.9%). The most common infection was pulmonary infection (86.3%) followed by bloodstream infection (19.6%). The main symptoms of ALL patients with pulmonary infection were fever, cough, and shortness of breath. The main manifestations of computer tomography (CT) were ground glass shadow (56.8%), consolidation shadow (27.3%), and streak shadow (25%). Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis showed that agranulocytosis, agranulocytosis ≥7 days, anemia, and low globulin level were independent risk factors for severe infection during the maintenance phase (all p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Taken together, blood routine examinations and protein levels should be monitored regularly for ALL patients in the maintenance phase, especially in the first 6 months. For ALL patients with risk factors, preventive anti‐infective or supportive therapies can be given as appropriate to reduce the occurrence of severe infections.