bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monopolistic competition with generalized additively separable preferences
Authors: Bertoletti Paolo , Etro Federico
Published: March 2020

We study monopolistic competition equilibria with free entry and social planner solutions under symmetric generalized additively separable preferences, which encompass known cases such as additive, homothetic, translog and other preferences. This setting can jointly produce competition and selection effects of entry, incomplete pass-through of cost changes and pricing to market. We discuss the inefficiencies of the market equilibrium under Gorman-Pollak preferences and show its optimality under implicit constant elasticity of substitution preferences. We propose a new specification of generalized translated power preferences, and discuss applications to trade and macroeconomics.
Introduction: The Battle over Race, Crime, and Gentrification
Authors: Doering Jan
Published: March 2020

The first chapter gives an overview of crime and gentrification in Rogers Park and Uptown. It explains why residents largely regarded efforts to tackle these interconnected problems as mutually exclusive. It also situates the local tensions about crime and gentrification in the broader historical and structural context of racial segregation and integration in the American city. In addition, the chapter introduces the book’s methodological approach, outlines its research questions, and develops its theoretical framework. Regarding the theoretical framework, the chapter introduces two simple concepts, “racial challenges” and “racial neutralizations,” which describe the contentious work of framing social phenomena as racially problematic or racially benign.
The Need for Forbearance in Space Settlement
Authors: Schwartz James S.J.
Published: March 2020

This chapter argues that there is not an urgent need for humans to establish space settlements. It defends the existence of an in-principle obligation to settle space to ensure long-term human survival, and shows that such an obligation is not defeated by various forms of skepticism about duties to future generations, including the “Non-Identity” problem. However, it argues that for the foreseeable future, space settlements will not be effective tools for ensuring long-term human survival, and that for the time being, the scientific exploration of space should be prioritized over space settlement. It also argues that space settlements would risk the wrongful exploitation of settlers and their descendants, and that space settlement would be impermissible if it led to diminution of reproductive autonomy.
Epilogue
Authors: Schwartz James S.J.
Published: March 2020

This concluding chapter argues that scientific exploration of the space environment should remain a priority even if space settlements are established, and even if technological breakthroughs decrease the cost of spaceflight enough to increase spaceflight activities by orders of magnitude. It addresses the enduring need to engage in scientific examination in order to establish the viability of space environments for human habitation. It also reaffirms the value of scientific exploration, knowledge, and understanding—which will only become more significant in space societies, if they are ever established. The Epilogue concludes by addressing the possible development of revolutionary technologies, the opportunity costs associated with prioritizing scientific exploration, and the future value of scientific exploration, knowledge, and understanding in space.
Google Rules
Authors: Gray Joanne Elizabeth
Published: March 2020

Google Rules traces the rise of Google through its legal, commercial, and political negotiations over copyright. The first part of the book shows how the public interest suffers in a digital copyright policy debate dominated by powerful industry stakeholders. The second part explores Google’s contributions to digital copyright and the copyright policies that Google enforces across its own platforms. Increasingly, Google self-regulates and negotiates with media and entertainment companies to privately devise copyright rules. Google then deploys algorithmic regulatory technologies to enforce those rules. Google’s private copyright rule-making and algorithmic enforcement limits transparency and accountability in digital copyright governance and privileges private interest and values over the public interest. Today, Google reigns over a technological and economic order that features empowered private actors and rapidly changing technological conditions. How to effectively regulate Google—in an evolving technological environment and in order to achieve public interest outcomes—is one of the most pressing policy questions of our time. Google Rules provides several strategies for taking up this challenge. While the parameters may be narrowly set upon one firm and one area of intellectual property law, ultimately, the book is a contribution to a much broader conversation about a new generation of monopolistic companies, born from the technological developments of the digital age, and the social, political, and economic influence they have acquired in contemporary society.
The Southern Key
Authors: Goldfield Michael
Published: March 2020

The South is today, as it always has been, the key to understanding American society, its politics, its constitutional anomalies and government structure, its culture, its social relations, its music and literature, its media focus, its blind spots, and virtually everything else. The Southern Key argues that much of what is important in American politics and society today was largely shaped by the successes and failures of the labor movements of the 1930s and 1940s, and most notably the failures of southern labor organizing during this period. It also argues that these failures, despite some important successes in organizing interracial unions, left the South (and consequentially much of the rest of the United States as well) racially backward and open to right-wing demagoguery. These failures have led to a nationwide decline in unionization, growing economic inequality, and overall failures to confront white supremacy head on. In an in-depth look at unexamined archival material and detailed data, The Southern Key challenges established historiography, both telling a tale of race, radicalism, and betrayal and arguing that the outcome was not at all predetermined.
Breathing for Nerve Force, Posing for Poise
Authors: Foxen Anya P.
Published: March 2020

Chapter 3 examines the relationship between lingering harmonial ideas and the nineteenth-century evolution of physical culture. Specifically it relates the development of Ling Swedish gymnastics, the Movement Cure, and American Delsarteism with the rise of alternative medical therapies and gender dynamics. In doing so, it points to two trends that speak to modern yoga’s form as well as its gender demographics. First, modern yoga—especially the vastly popular dance-like flow styles—looks most like the light calisthenics that would have been prescribed for women during this period. Second, these types of calisthenics were elaborated to address distinctly feminine concerns, such as dress reform, which led to a special focus being placed on elements that would become central to modern yoga practice in the West, namely a generalized emphasis on deep breathing (rather than the more specific techniques of pranayama) and attention to aesthetic form.
Adaptations, Appropriations, and Aerobics
Authors: Foxen Anya P.
Published: March 2020

Chapter 6 examines the effect of historical dynamics upon the development of modern yoga practice, in the United States and Europe as well as India. Indian yogis were intimately familiar not only with Western physical culture but also Western metaphysical traditions. For this reason, one finds a diffusion of Western harmonial language into the writings on Indian yogis, where such terms are used to express an entirely different school of metaphysical concepts. This is mirrored by the ways in which Sanskrit terms are being used in Euro-American sources to represent genealogically Western harmonial concepts. The chapter concludes by examining the multiple waves of synthesis affected by later teachers of this hybrid yoga, such as Indra Devi, who found themselves at pains to differentiate between the yogic teachings they brought from India and the naturalized content of the broader harmonial fitness movement.
The Innovation Complex
Authors: Zukin Sharon
Published: March 2020

The Innovation Complex shows how the new urban economy is being shaped by digital technology businesses and organizations, city government, and a tech-financial meritocracy. Looking closely at “innovation” in New York from the city’s fall in the dot-com crash of 2000 to its emergence as the second-largest startup ecosystem of the 2010s, the book examines the emergence of new organizational, geographical, and discursive spaces that literally root digital production in place, molding a tech-competent workforce, public-private-nonprofit partnerships, and a hegemonic, entrepreneurial culture. The Innovation Complex begins by exploring the city’s subculture of hackathons and meetups, describes the careers of New York–based startup founders and venture capitalists, and traces the transformation of the Brooklyn waterfront from industrial wasteland to “innovation coastline.” Analyzing connections between local networks and global capital, it shows how a Silicon Valley model of innovation is urbanized by big cities like New York, where an influential alliance between business, government, and university leaders recalls C. Wright Mills’s potent concept of the power elite. Paradoxically, while the 21st-century economy makes cities more successful, they also become less livable for those who cannot reap tech’s rewards.
Kant, Hume, and the Interruption of Dogmatic Slumber
Authors: Anderson Abraham
Published: March 2020

Kant, Hume, and the Interruption of Dogmatic Slumber offers an interpretation of Kant’s “confession,” in the Prolegomena, that “it was the objection of David Hume that first, many years ago, interrupted my dogmatic slumber.” It argues that Hume roused Kant not, as has often been thought, by challenging the principle “every event has a cause” that governs experience, but by attacking the principle of sufficient reason, the basis of rationalist metaphysics and of the cosmological proof of the existence of God. This proposal makes it possible to reconcile Kant’s declaration about Hume with his later assertion that it was the Antinomy of pure reason that first woke him from dogmatic slumber, because the Antinomy, like Hume’s challenge, is directed against the dogmatic use of the principle of sufficient reason. The proposal put forward here also makes it possible to understand why Kant speaks of “the objection of David Hume” after mentioning Hume’s attack on metaphysics; for the “objection” that Kant has in mind, it is argued here, is a challenge to metaphysics, rather than to the foundations of empirical knowledge. This work also leads to a new view of Hume himself—as primarily interested not in the foundations of experience but in the problem of metaphysics. It thereby lets us see both Kant and Hume as champions of the Enlightenment in its struggle with superstition.
Interpreting Hume on the Causal Principle
Authors: Anderson Abraham
Published: March 2020

Chapter 4 supports by means of collateral evidence the claim that Hume woke Kant by attacking the principle of sufficient reason. First, it considers Treatise 1.3.3, though without supposing that Kant knew this text, in order to show that there, where Kemp Smith and others thought Hume was attacking the principle that every event has a cause, he was actually attacking the principle of sufficient reason. Second, it explains Hume’s lack of explicitness in the Enquiry about the fact that he was attacking the principle of sufficient reason; he avoided explicitness on this score, I argue, in order to veil his antitheological intentions. Third, it examines Sulzer’s commentary on Enquiry Section 4, which Kant surely knew well, to show that Sulzer read Section 4 as attacking the principle of sufficient reason. The fact that Kant’s contemporaries such as Sulzer and Tetens read Hume in this way makes it plausible to suppose that Kant did too.
Humanity and the Incarnation
Authors: Peterson Michael L.
Published: March 2020

In presenting an exalted concept of humanity, Lewis endorses historic Christian orthodoxy, which corrects and transcends distorted versions of humanity that devalue it in order to accent God’s glory and our fallen condition. Lewis continues to explain how human nature is meant for relationship with God and how persons can find that relation through the historical person of Jesus Christ who, as Athanasius said, “assumed” our humanity in order to heal and redeem it. Lewis navigated early and mid twentieth-century criticisms of the historical Jesus, which are not greatly different from current criticisms by the Jesus Seminar and others, and Lewis concludes that the Gospels reliably reveal an underlying historical personality. Thus, we see the relevance of Lewis’s “Liar, Lunatic, or Lord” trilemma argument. In fact, in his own journey, he held some of these same criticisms and doubts, even after becoming a theist, such that it took a lengthy talk with J. R. R. Tolkien and Hugo Dyson to convince him that the Gospels contained some “myths” (conceived as symbolic stories that communicate higher truth) but that in the person of Jesus the higher truth had become uniquely manifested in our world.
Heaven, Hell, and the Trajectory of Finite Personality
Authors: Peterson Michael L.
Published: March 2020

This chapter focuses on Lewis’s book The Great Divorce. In this work, he imagines having had a dream about the irreconcilability of heaven and hell, the opposition of good and evil, and the necessity of choice. In that imaginary dream, Lewis witnesses deceased people who are allowed to visit the outskirts of heaven in order to consider whether they would like to stay. In many cases, the personalities involved are so trapped by their habits and desires that they justify their position and refuse to stay in heaven. As the chapter proceeds, it discusses hindrances to choosing God and heaven—such as desires that are out of balance (seeking a genuine good, but in a way disproportionate to other goods, such as God) and heretical ideas (identifying heaven and the good with an ethereal spirituality and evil and distance from God with the fact that we are physical material beings). The lesson surfaces that the Trinitarian God, who is Happiness itself and thus heaven, is our true good and ultimate fulfilment, the only way to human happiness. Hence, hell (and heaven too) is not a place or container: it is life apart from our True Source. Heaven, then, is life in proper relation to our True Source, which is ultimate happiness.
Ebb Tide of the West
Authors: Kilcullen David
Published: March 2020

This chapter explores the declining efficacy of the Western military model since 2003, canvasses various strategic responses to it—including doubling down on the current approach, embracing decline, and “going Byzantine”—and recommends a strategy of strategic delay. It argues that the high point of Western military dominance in the post–Cold War era—the “high tide of the West”—coincided with the failed decapitation strike against Saddam Hussein in March 2003, and that since then Western powers have acted as if they were still in a Woolseyan security environment (where the principal threats originated from weak states, failing states and nonstate actors) when actually the environment was post-Woolseyan; that is, characterized by a return of state-based threats and great-power military competition. The chapter considers three possible responses to this problem, evaluates their strengths and weaknesses, and concludes that our best bet (though by no means a certain solution) is to play for time, adopt a light footprint offshore balancing strategy, and attempt to create space for a potentially acceptable successor order to emerge.
Epilogue
Authors: Kilcullen David
Published: March 2020

The epilogue traces what happened to James Woolsey after 1993, explores issues of resilience and sustainability in the Western approach to war, and emphasizes the need to look beyond military victory to a better peace, which after all is the ultimate object of war. The epilogue looks at the key issues (including climate, energy, vulnerability to cyber and electronic attack, and political stability) that have become Woolsey’s primary focus since leaving government. It examines the issue of societal resilience, including against natural disasters and events beyond human agency, and emphasizes the need for societies—not just military strategists and planners—to adapt and respond to the changing environment.
Introduction
Authors: Brereton Joel P. , Jamison Stephanie W.
Published: March 2020

This chapter introduces the text, situating it in the textual universe of the Veda, briefly describing its structure and contents, as well as the language in it which it was composed. It locates the text between the literary tradition from which it derives, that of Indo-European praise poetry, and the religious tradition into which it feeds, that of Classical Hinduism. It also contextualizes the text in world literature as a whole, arguing that, though the Rigveda is the first attested Sanskrit text, it displays a mature mastery of poetic technique, and also argues that the ritual system it evinces shows a similar degree of sophistication.
The Gods
Authors: Brereton Joel P. , Jamison Stephanie W.
Published: March 2020

This chapter discusses both the nature of Ṛgvedic divinity and the qualities and characteristic deeds of the most important individual gods. It draws the distinction between the organized pantheons familiar from Classical sources and the more complex and less integrated collection of gods in the Ṛgveda. Older attempts to find organizing principles, such as associating each god with a cosmic region or a force of nature, were not successful. Some gods are associated with natural forces, while others belong to the social sphere and still others have primarily ritual analogues. Many of the prominent gods of later Hinduism, such as Viṣṇu and Śiva, have only a shadowy presence in the Ṛgveda, and later tropes, such as the enmity between the Devas and the Asuras, have not yet developed.
Canonical Status and the Reception of the R̥gveda
Authors: Brereton Joel P. , Jamison Stephanie W.
Published: March 2020

This chapter treats use and reception of the Ṛgveda from its collection through the Indian tradition to modern times. It starts with the formation of the canonical Ṛgveda, then the repurposing of the hymns in the middle Vedic śrauta ritual, and the formation of the priestly schools (śākhās), charged with preserving and transmitting the Vedic texts as well as interpreting them. It also discusses the recensions of the Ṛgveda, which differ minimally from each other, and the development of recitation traditions devoted to preserving every syllable of the text faithfully, as well as the development of interpretive tools. The Western reception of the text is also treated.
Building Roads, Designing Bridges (1825–29)
Authors: Haw Richard
Published: March 2020

John spent almost four years in Westphalia as a construction site supervisor laying roads, building bridges, and designing all manner of small buildings. In the process, he received an education in both the Prussian bureaucratic machine and the construction practices that were coming to define the Industrial Revolution. During his time there, John evolved into an excellent general contractor and engineer and received exactly the sort of hands-on apprenticeship he needed to complement his more theoretical university education. Despite working full-time for the state, John also found time to design and submit proposals for two separate suspension bridges, the details of which have only recently been discovered. Both were remarkably sophisticated designs for their time, especially as John had yet to see a suspension bridge in person. Neither proposal, unfortunately, was acceptable to the cautious and reactionary Prussian State Building Directorate, and John returned to Mühlhausen.
Across the Atlantic (1831)
Authors: Haw Richard
Published: March 2020

John and his band of emigrants set sail for the United States in May 1831. John kept a diary during the voyage. In its pages, we glimpse the young John “in full”: the science geek, the nature lover, the social animal, the intellectual omnivore, the natural philosopher, the strict organizer, the staunch champion of the steerage, and the comfortable member of the cabin. It is a startling portrait of a little known man, Johann Röbling—as distinct from John Roebling, the famous manufacturer, inventor, and engineer—the excited, hopeful young emigrant. The first thing the Mühlhausen Emigration Society did in the New World was head off in separate directions. The handful of followers that remained loyal to John spent two weeks fixing their priorities and principles (they sought to avoid the odious institution of slavery at all costs) in Philadelphia, before gathering themselves and moving off into the interior.
And out to Western Pennsylvania (1831–32)
Authors: Haw Richard
Published: March 2020

After a long and trying journey across the length of Pennsylvania, John found himself in Pittsburgh and decided to stay. “Pittsburgh meets all [our] demands more than any other [city],” John wrote home; “life and activity here are astonishing . . . it is the key to the West.” He began to look for a large parcel of land on which to begin a large-scale farming community. He found one about thirty miles north of Pittsburgh in Butler County and then started to write home to convince others to join him. That winter he composed a remarkable 101-page handwritten letter to a friend back in Mühlhausen. It is a remarkable record of his evolving thoughts on race, independence, freedom, equality, and the needs and aims and of his (as yet unbuilt and unplanned) utopian farming community.
Crossing Niagara (1846–51)
Authors: Haw Richard
Published: March 2020

Ellet’s time at Niagara was packed with incident. He built a pulley system between the two shores, to which he attached an iron basket so as to transfer men, materials, and paying tourists across the chasm. He then used his swinging basket to build a temporary suspension bridge, built of wood and wire. The plan was to turn the temporary bridge into a permanent structure, but relations between Ellet and the Bridge Company quickly deteriorated. The company fired Ellet during one of his scheduled absences and took command of his bridge. Ellet’s agents subsequently retook the span, posting an armed guard and cannon at the bridge’s entrance. The standoff was eventually resolved through the courts. Ellet was paid off. John, who had avidly followed the whole episode and spent his time writing a series of articles for the press on a range of subjects, from the Atlantic Cable to a national university for technical education, was brought in.
How I Think
Authors: Cassidy Parker Elizabeth
Published: March 2020

Chapter 3 examines adolescent brain growth, musical thinking, and motivation. Adolescents on music share how they think about music, how they view themselves, and what challenges they have faced in their musical development. Included in chapter 3 is an exploration of Ryan and Deci’s metatheory of motivation, titled self-determination, and Dweck and Molden’s self-theories or mindset. In the middle of the chapter, a brief discussion ensues of adolescents’ experiences as creative thinkers. At the end of the chapter, recommendations are proposed as to how educators’ regular and consistent communication and positive modeling represent critical supports to adolescent musical development.
The Problem
Authors: Purves Dale
Published: March 2020

Although understanding neural functions has progressed at a remarkable pace in recent decades, a fundamental question remains: How does the nervous system relate the objective world to the subjective domain of perception? Everyday experience implies that the neural connections on which we and other animals depend link physical parameters in the environment with useful responses. But that interpretation won't work: biological sensory systems cannot measure the physical world. Whereas something is linking sensory inputs to useful responses, it is not the physical world that instruments measure. How, then, have we animals met this challenge, and what is it that we end up perceiving? The purpose of this chapter is to suggest how nervous systems have evolved to deal with the inability to convey the objective properties of the real world.
Summing Up
Authors: Purves Dale
Published: March 2020

A major challenge in neuroscience today is to decipher the operating principle of the brain and the rest of the nervous system in the same straightforward way that biologists have come to understand the functions of other organs and organ systems (e.g., the cardiovascular system, the digestive system, and so on). The argument here has been that the function of nervous systems is to make, maintain, and modify neural associations that ultimately promote survival and reproduction in a world that sensory systems can’t apprehend. In this way, we and other animals can link the subjective domain of perception to successful behavior without ever recovering the properties of the world. Neural function on a wholly empirical basis may be the key to understanding how brains operate.
What Is Moral Grandstanding?
Authors: Tosi Justin , Warmke Brandon
Published: March 2020

Drawing on empirical research from psychology, this chapter gives an account of moral grandstanding. Grandstanding is a contribution to public moral discourse that is significantly motivated by the desire that others think one is morally respectable. This chapter then answers several important questions about moral grandstanding. Must grandstanders think they are morally great? Do grandstanders always know that they are trying to impress others? Can grandstanders speak the truth? Does grandstanding work? Is grandstanding just a left-wing problem? And are the authors themselves grandstanding? The chapter concludes by explaining the differences between moral grandstanding and virtue signaling.
Dark Skies
Authors: Deudney Daniel
Published: March 2020

Dark Skies is the first work to assess the full impacts of space expansion, past, present, and future. Thinking about space, and the visions fervently promoted by the global space movement, is dominated by geographic misperceptions and utopian illusions. The parts of space where almost all activity has occurred are part of the planet Earth, its astrosphere, and, in practical terms, are smaller than the atmosphere. Contrary to frontier visions, orbital space is already congested and degraded with dangerous space debris. The largest impact of actual space activities is an increased likelihood of catastrophic nuclear war stemming from the use of orbital space and space technology to lob nuclear weapons at intercontinental distances. Building large-scale orbital infrastructures will probably require or produce world government. The ultimate goal of space advocates, the colonization of Mars and asteroids, is promoted to guarantee the survival of humanity if major catastrophes strike Earth. But the spread of humanity into a multiplanet species will likely produce an interstate anarchy highly prone to total war, with Earth having many disadvantages. Altering the orbits of asteroids, a readily achievable technology vital for space colonization, also makes possible “planetoid bombs” with destructive potentials millions of times greater than all nuclear weapons. The biological diversification of humanity into multiple species, anticipated by space advocates, will further stoke interworld wars. Astrocide—the extinction of humanity resulting from significant space expansion—must join the lengthening list of potential threats to human survival. Large-scale space expansion should be relinquished in favor of an Earth-oriented space program of arms control and planetary security.
The Drive to Personalize
Authors: Kant Tanya
Published: March 2020

How did the ubiquitous tracking and commodification of web user interactions come to dominate as the primary form of revenue generation on the internet? Why is it that the once “free” and “public” service ethos championed as the underpinning rationale of the web is now a “free” but very-much “private” service ethos? This chapter considers these questions, by defining some overarching characteristics of personalization and charting a history of commercial data tracking. As this chapter argues, it is by historically mapping both the technological and discursive development of data tracking that it becomes possible to critically understand why algorithmic personalization both seeks to “dividuate” the user but also co-constitutes the individual outside of the algorithm. It also evaluates the development of discourses that champion algorithmic personalization as “aiding” users in their decision-making, even as the same practices also bring about a struggle for autonomy between user and system.
Validating the Self through Google
Authors: Kant Tanya
Published: March 2020

This chapter focuses on mobile app Google Assistant as an example of algorithmic personalization. The chapter draws on the accounts of six Google users who engaged with the app over the space of six weeks. The chapter explores participants’ framing of the app as “smart” and “impressive” even as the app failed to be “useful”; participants’ invocation of self-blame in order to explain the app’s failures; their faith that Google would uphold its side in the data-for-services exchange; and finally, participants’ expectations that the app could and should know them to an extraordinarily complex degree. The chapter proposes that the Google app’s interface constructs and evokes an ideologically normative “ideal user” in order to present “personalized” information. The author argues that participants articulated an enduring sense of trust to predict, construct, and legitimize identity articulation. This trust is embedded not only in the app itself, but also in Google as a broader technological, sociocultural, and commercial force.
An Integrative Framework for Evaluating the Impact of Career Pathways
Authors: Bragg Debra D.
Published: March 2020

During the past several years, career pathway systems have expanded to prepare adults for the workforce. Although career pathways are not new, numerous states, the federal government, and philanthropic foundations continue to advance the idea to offer more postsecondary education and workforce training opportunities for adults. Coordinated policies, programs, and services involving adult basic education, community colleges, and workforce development are viewed as vital to creating highly functioning career pathways systems. This chapter describes three core functions of career pathways systems—pathway entry, integrated training, and career progression—and advances the notion that evaluations should be aligned to these functions to inform future policy and practice. Recognizing the value that these functions play independently and collectively in implementation and evaluation is key to supporting continuing efforts to scale career pathways systems nationwide.
Exit from Hegemony
Authors: Cooley Alexander , Nexon Daniel
Published: March 2020

We live in a period of uncertainty about the fate of American global leadership and the future of international order. The 2016 election of Donald Trump led many to pronounce the death, or at least terminal decline, of liberal international order—the system of institutions, rules, and values associated with the American-dominated international system. But the truth is that the unraveling of American global order began over a decade earlier. Exit from Hegemony develops an integrated approach to understanding the rise and decline of hegemonic orders. It calls attention to three drivers of transformation in contemporary order. First, great powers, most notably Russia and China, contest existing norms and values while simultaneously building new spheres of international order through regional institutions. Second, the loss of the “patronage monopoly” once enjoyed by the United States and its allies allows weaker states to seek alternative providers of economic and military goods—providers who do not condition their support on compliance with liberal economic and political principles. Third, transnational counter-order movements, usually in the form of illiberal and right-wing nationalists, undermine support for liberal order and the American international system, including within the United States itself. Exit from Hegemony demonstrates that these broad sources of transformation—from above, below, and within—have transformed past international orders and undermine prior hegemonic powers. It provides evidence that all three are, in the present, mutually reinforcing one another and, therefore, that the texture of world politics may be facing major changes.
Situating Projection
Authors: Menotti Gabriel , Crisp Virginia
Published: March 2020

This introductory chapter situates the volume’s various investigations in projection practices within the broader context of visual culture and screen studies, striving to go beyond their moments of technological crisis. It seeks to present projection simultaneously as a process inherent to the territorialisation of film, a specialized effect of complex optical apparatus, and a mode of organising the world. In exploring these different definitions, the chapter argues for the importance of a materialist approach to moving-image technologies and a spatial understandings of time-based media. By providing an overview of the book chapters, it dwells on the significant role that projection has to play as a practice, technology, and expressive form across multiple cultural, temporal, and geographical contexts.
Imagistic Projection as Relational Becoming
Authors: Palazuelos Felix Rebolledo , Oliveira Andréia Machado
Published: March 2020

The geometry of projected images onto screens is rather simple and can be quite readily understood through basic optics and Euclidian geometry. As a result of the imagistic immersion of the spectacle of cinema, one shares in the experience of spectatorship through the common subjectivity of the moving pictures and a common point of view. All spectators are served the same relational proposition that enfolds them within the encompassing reach of the projection before them. Still, the shared subjectivity of the content on the screen is different from the becoming-one with the projected screen image that we like to think as inhabiting us: the milieu of imagistic encounter associates what we refer to as the inside and the outside of experience to simultaneously emerge as a singular becoming. In the interest of undoing the dualistic spectator/screen relationship that perpetuates the divide of the subject/object relation, this chapter looks at the nature of the relation between the spectator and the screen and the formation of the projected image as a compositional assemblage where the moving images that ‘live within us as consciousness’ encompass the world we live in. This chapter seeks to answer the question of how we become one with the screen through an articulation of Deleuze’s concept of the fold by way of the optical perspective models of Alberti and Viator, Kepler’s explorations of continuity through the generalized understanding of conics and perspective, as well as the implications of Desargues’s projective geometry and a final resolution through topology.
Voice
Authors: Bohlman Andrea F.
Published: March 2020

The symbols and rituals of Polish Catholicism structured much of the opposition’s work and discourse. When one cherished leader, Father Jerzy Popiełuszko, was violently murdered by the Security Service in late 1984, he became a martyr for the opposition across religious differences. The chapter presents a media archaeology of his voice to suggest that the priest’s power lies at the nexus of sound technology, sound theology, and sound musicology. Historical recordings offer intimate access to his sermons and Polish-language chant and intimate recollections of his person. His murder was commemorated in compositions by Krzysztof Knittel, Andrzej Panufnik, and Muslimgauze. The analysis of his voice also unpacks his 1984 burial through ethnographic encounter at the 2009 reenactment of his funeral. The portrait sprawls and shows how the opposition, as a media assemblage, was concerned with bodily vulnerability.
Chorus
Authors: Bohlman Andrea F.
Published: March 2020

The chapter presents the history of one patriotic and Catholic hymn, “God Save Poland” (1816), to take a long historical view and gesture toward the real power of imagined musical solidarity. The hymn was ubiquitous in Poland in the 1980s and exemplifies the saturation of symbols at the heart of Solidarity’s nationalist enterprise, even showing this nationalism to be driven by song. A performance history of the song reveals its constant position as both a hymn of Polish Catholicism and a galvanizing refrain at the secularized scenes of popular uprisings. At times the song has challenged Catholicism as normative for Polish identity, at times confirmed it. Collective song’s communicative power is also articulated in Krzysztof Meyer’s Polish Symphony (1982). The symphony, like other art music examples across Musical Solidarities, suggests that, despite their abnegation of political entanglement, composers, too, joined in the core musical strategies of the opposition.
The Past, Present, and Future of Performance Management
Authors: Murphy Kevin R.
Published: March 2020

Performance management developed out of, and in part in reaction to, traditional performance appraisal systems. Despite frequent claims in the business press that performance appraisal is dying, fairly traditional appraisal systems are still common in work organizations. However, there is evidence of an ongoing shift toward performance management systems that differ from traditional performance appraisal systems in several important ways. The types of performance management systems exemplified in the case studies included in this volume place more emphasis on frequent, informal evaluation; real-time feedback; and alignment with organizational strategies and goals than is common in traditional appraisal systems. These types of performance management systems have a lot to offer, and the case studies illustrate the potential advantage of modern approaches to performance management. Unfortunately, these case studies also exemplify a deeply worrying trend in performance management: a frequent failure to even ask whether (much less to demonstrate that) performance management has any real effect on performance or effectiveness. Some recommendations are made regarding research strategies for evaluating performance management; several of the most pressing challenges in this endeavor are identified, notably the problematic status of feedback and the trade-offs involved when moving from formal appraisal systems to systems built around informal feedback.
Assessment and Grading in Music Courses
Authors: Conway Colleen M.
Published: March 2020

Chapter 2 provides a detailed overview of approaches to assessing music teaching and learning in a higher education setting. The chapter begins with a discussion of music aptitude versus music achievement and clarifies the differences between these constructs as well as between assessment and grading. Types of measures such as multiple choice, essay tests, and performance assessments are provided with discussion of advantages and disadvantages of each. A focus on reliability and validity if assessments is included and sample student-generated rubrics for various music courses are provided. Performance rubrics are provided as well. The chapter concludes with discussion of departmental level assessment.
Understanding the Learners
Authors: Conway Colleen M.
Published: March 2020

Chapter 3 focuses on the cognitive and intellectual growth of college students and includes vignettes written by undergraduate students. The role of the professor in assisting the undergraduate in developing from dualism to relativism is discussed. A review of various learning styles and a discussion of multiple intelligences is provided. Various strategies for motivating students are discussed. Specific techniques for self-regulation are also examined. The chapter concludes with suggestions for differentiating instruction. Suggestions for underclassmen include autobiographical assignments, modeling and thinking aloud; while suggestions for upperclassmen include choice in assignments and recognition of the challenges of planning a future in the arts.
Teaching Applied Music
Authors: Conway Colleen M.
Published: March 2020

Chapter 10 is based on responses from applied music faculty around the country as well as responses from undergraduate students regarding applied lesson study. Quotes from both applied faculty and undergraduate students are included throughout the chapter. I have tried to represent the voice of the applied teacher in this chapter as a way of honoring the very specific culture that is created in each unique applied studio. Issues presented include scheduling logistics, pianists, choosing repertoire and materials, juries and auditions, practicing and motivation. Stories written by applied faculty as well as students from around the country are used to illustrate the characteristics of successful applied teachers.
Geographical Change and the Law of the Sea
Authors: Purcell Kate
Published: March 2020

This book examines the implications of geographical change for maritime jurisdiction under the law of the sea. In a multistranded intervention, it analyses and critiques both the explicit and implicit reasoning underpinning the familiar claim that maritime limits are, as a general rule, ambulatory—shifting with changes to the coast. The book examines and challenges related and analogous arguments regarding the implications of geographical change for maritime boundaries. It attempts to clarify the principles and presumptions bearing upon an assessment of the fluidity of boundaries generally. Finally, it considers and contests claims that entitlement to maritime space will be lost if the features generating such entitlement are submerged by rising seas. This analysis is extended in a comment on the implications of a loss of habitable land and large-scale population displacement for continuing territorial sovereignty and statehood. The in-depth analysis of the existing law in this book offers new answers to the question of the implications of geographical change for entitlement to maritime space, maritime limits, and international maritime boundaries. It also helps to clarify the circumstances in which either or both territorial sovereignty and statehood may be lost, explaining why the impacts of climate change upon land and population will not automatically have this result—even if the affected State is no longer ‘effective’ as a State or territorial sovereign. The book includes an analysis of the principle of intertemporal law that suggests a useful framework for considering questions of stability and change in international law more broadly.
Conclusion
Authors: Purcell Kate
Published: March 2020

This Conclusion brings together the results of the preceding analyses in an account of the limited legal significance of geographical change for maritime jurisdiction. It considers some final instances of State practice that may appear to support the ambulatory thesis. It is demonstrated that while the relevant practice is not unlawful, it does not show that maritime limits must be adjusted in response to geographical change under international law. More broadly, geographical change, including climate-related change, does not threaten the ‘legal order of the seas and oceans’ in the manner that some recent commentary on the implications of climate change for maritime jurisdiction suggests. The existing law does not provide for ambulatory maritime limits or condition continuing entitlement to maritime space on geographical circumstances remaining unchanged. States wishing to retain established entitlement to maritime space and unilaterally established maritime limits in the event of coastal change are permitted to so, unless they no longer possess territorial sovereignty over coastal land (which also depends on whether they intend to give it up). International boundaries, including maritime boundaries, may be fixed or ambulatory, but unless there is clear evidence that an ambulatory boundary was intended, there will be a presumption that established boundaries will not shift with subsequent changes to either the coast or territorial sea baselines. The law was not developed in ignorance of the changeability of coastal geography but makes use of geography in ways that do not leave sovereignty, sovereign rights, or legal limits and boundaries vulnerable to the vicissitudes of nature. The role of geography in the law of the sea contributes to rather than undermines the stability of a spatial and functional division of State rights in the sea. In this regard, it is not necessary to amend the existing law in response to the impacts of climate-related change on the oceans and coasts; instead, it is important to better understand it.
Coreference De Jure
Authors: Recanati François
Published: March 2020

In the recent literature, the relation of coreference de jure (the CDJ relation, for short) is characterized roughly as follows: that relation holds between two singular terms (tokens) in a discourse just in case whoever understands the discourse knows that the two terms corefer if they refer at all. In the mental file framework, adopted here, this is cashed out by saying that the two terms are associated with the same mental file. This chapter discusses various alleged properties of the CDJ relation: factivity, transparency, and transitivity. It is argued that (i) the CDJ relation can be both factive and transparent, while (ii) we need to distinguish between two sorts of coreference de jure, only one of which is a transitive relation.
The Development of European Human Rights and Freedom of Expression Law
Authors: Erdos David
Published: March 2020

This chapter explores the legal protection of freedom of expression across Europe and situates this within the broader development of protections for civil and political rights. It argues that such protections have deep philosophical and jurisprudential roots within the European tradition and were further formalized including through the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) after the Second World War. Nevertheless, it was not until the 1970s that legal enforcement of these protections became widespread. The chapter considers the extensive ECHR jurisprudence that has since developed, including its special protection of ʻpublic interestʼ and, to a lesser extent, artistic expression. It considers the claim that this case law privileges the Press, arguing instead that it accords respect for the vocational task of a range of professional actors including both academics and audio-visual media. It also elucidates the much more limited but deepening jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU). Finally, the chapter considers the extent to which European States have felt it necessary to codify the rights and limits of core instances of freedom of expression such as journalism. Great divergence on this issue are apparent. Such codification is common (but increasingly contested) in the audio-visual media sector throughout Europe and in a much wider area in several civil law jurisdictions. On the other hand, extensive legal codification has been seen as inappropriate in many other contexts, with preference being given instead to the elucidation of detailed norms through ʻsoftʼ guidance and self-regulation.