bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genotypic Variation under Fe Deficiency Results in Rapid Changes in Protein Expressions and Genes Involved in Fe Metabolism and Antioxidant Mechanisms in Tomato Seedlings (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
Authors: Muneer Sowbiya , Jeong Byoung
Published: November 2015

To investigate Fe deficiency tolerance in tomato cultivars, quantification of proteins and genes involved in Fe metabolism and antioxidant mechanisms were performed in “Roggusanmaru” and “Super Doterang”. Fe deficiency (Moderate, low and –Fe) significantly decreased the biomass, total, and apoplastic Fe concentration of “Roggusanmaru”, while a slight variation was observed in “Super Doterang” cultivar. The quantity of important photosynthetic pigments such as total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents significantly decreased in “Roggusanmaru” than “Super Doterang” cultivar. The total protein profile in leaves and roots determines that “Super Doterang” exhibited an optimal tolerance to Fe deficiency compared to “Roggusanmaru” cultivar. A reduction in expression of PSI (photosystem I), PSII (photosystem II) super-complexes and related thylakoid protein contents were detected in “Roggusanmaru” than “Super Doterang” cultivar. Moreover, the relative gene expression of SlPSI and SlPSII were well maintained in “Super Doterang” than “Roggusanmaru” cultivar. The relative expression of genes involved in Fe-transport (SlIRT1 and SlIRT2) and Fe(III) chelates reductase oxidase (SlFRO1) were relatively reduced in “Roggusanmaru”, while increased in “Super Doterang” cultivar under Fe deficient conditions. The H+-ATPase relative gene expression (SlAHA1) in roots were maintained in “Super Doterang” compared to “Roggusanmaru”. Furthermore, the gene expressions involved in antioxidant defense mechanisms (SlSOD, SlAPX and SlCAT) in leaves and roots showed that these genes were highly increased in “Super Doterang”, whereas decreased in “Roggusanmaru” cultivar under Fe deficiency. The present study suggested that “Super Doterang” is better tomato cultivar than “Roggusanmaru” for calcareous soils.
Dietary Protein Intake in Dutch Elderly People: A Focus on Protein Sources
Authors: Tieland Michael , Borgonjen-Van den Berg Karin , Van Loon Luc , De Groot Lisette
Published: November 2015

Introduction: Sufficient high quality dietary protein intake is required to prevent or treat sarcopenia in elderly people. Therefore, the intake of specific protein sources as well as their timing of intake are important to improve dietary protein intake in elderly people. Objectives: to assess the consumption of protein sources as well as the distribution of protein sources over the day in community-dwelling, frail and institutionalized elderly people. Methods: Habitual dietary intake was evaluated using 2- and 3-day food records collected from various studies involving 739 community-dwelling, 321 frail and 219 institutionalized elderly people. Results: Daily protein intake averaged 71 ± 18 g/day in community-dwelling, 71 ± 20 g/day in frail and 58 ± 16 g/day in institutionalized elderly people and accounted for 16% ± 3%, 16% ± 3% and 17% ± 3% of their energy intake, respectively. Dietary protein intake ranged from 10 to 12 g at breakfast, 15 to 23 g at lunch and 24 to 31 g at dinner contributing together over 80% of daily protein intake. The majority of dietary protein consumed originated from animal sources (≥60%) with meat and dairy as dominant sources. Thus, 40% of the protein intake in community-dwelling, 37% in frail and 29% in institutionalized elderly originated from plant based protein sources with bread as the principle source. Plant based proteins contributed for >50% of protein intake at breakfast and between 34% and 37% at lunch, with bread as the main source. During dinner, >70% of the protein intake originated from animal protein, with meat as the dominant source. Conclusion: Daily protein intake in these older populations is mainly (>80%) provided by the three main meals, with most protein consumed during dinner. More than 60% of daily protein intake consumed is of animal origin, with plant based protein sources representing nearly 40% of total protein consumed. During dinner, >70% of the protein intake originated from animal protein, while during breakfast and lunch a large proportion of protein is derived from plant based protein sources.
Optimization of Sample Preparation for the Identification and Quantification of Saxitoxin in Proficiency Test Mussel Sample using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Harju Kirsi , Rapinoja Marja-Leena , Avondet Marc-André , Arnold Werner , Schär Martin , Burrell Stephen , Luginbühl Werner , Vanninen Paula
Published: November 2015

Saxitoxin (STX) and some selected paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) analogues in mussel samples were identified and quantified with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Sample extraction and purification methods of mussel sample were optimized for LC-MS/MS analysis. The developed method was applied to the analysis of the homogenized mussel samples in the proficiency test (PT) within the EQuATox project (Establishment of Quality Assurance for the Detection of Biological Toxins of Potential Bioterrorism Risk). Ten laboratories from eight countries participated in the STX PT. Identification of PSP toxins in naturally contaminated mussel samples was performed by comparison of product ion spectra and retention times with those of reference standards. The quantitative results were obtained with LC-MS/MS by spiking reference standards in toxic mussel extracts. The results were within the z-score of ±1 when compared to the results measured with the official AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) method 2005.06, pre-column oxidation high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD).
Conflit et représentations du conflit au Pays basque : la fin de l’ETA
Authors: Loyer Barbara
Published: November 2015

Le 20 octobre 2011, ETA annonçait la suspension de la lutte armée après des années de tractations au sein du Mouvement de libération nationale basque (MLNV) où une forte rivalité opposait les tenants de l’usage du meurtre pour devenir indépendants et ceux qui voyaient dans le bulletin de vote une arme plus efficace. Aujourd’hui l’ETA poursuit sa communication médiatique sur la gestion d’une situation de transition qualifiée de « postconflit » par une « commission internationale de vérification » composée d’étrangers prestigieux, censée mettre en œuvre des interventions selon un phasage modélisé : négociations secrètes, conférence de paix, désarmement, comme si le Pays basque sortait d’une guerre. Pourquoi les terroristes basques ont-ils besoin de se conformer à ce modèle international de sortie de conflit, alors qu’il n’y a pas de régions dévastées, pas de réfugiés, pas de normalisation institutionnelle ni de state-building à mettre en œuvre ? De fait, deux représentations s’opposent sur l’interprétation des actions passées de l’ETA : d’un côté, les nationalistes basques essaient d’imposer un récit du conflit qui légitime le terrorisme au nom de la liberté du peuple basque contre un régime oppresseur, de l’autre, des groupes politiques ou civils luttent pour que l’ETA entre dans l’histoire comme une organisation totalitaire et terroriste défaite par une société démocratique.
Femmes du Sud-Kivu, victimes et actrices en situation de conflit et postconflit
Authors: Sheria Nfundiko Justin
Published: November 2015

Les femmes ont été victimes mais aussi actrices directes et indirectes des conflits à travers leur recrutement par les groupes armés. Certaines sont aussi impliquées dans l’organisation de la sortie de crise, à travers des actions de lobbying et un engagement associatif leur permettant une entrée sur la scène politique. Partant d’une approche « par le bas », la posture et le rôle des femmes dans la reconstruction postconflit sont étudiés avec les conséquences des violences subies sur leur capacité à entrer dans un processus de résilience : impacts sur leur statut, destruction de leur capital social et économique, possibilités de mobiliser leurs ressources dans le « relèvement des communautés » engagé par les instances internationales. Cette analyse s’intéresse ensuite aux réactions des femmes encore victimes de sévices et viols dans un contexte demeurant troublé avec la question pour elles de la démobilisation, du désarmement et de la réintégration dans la vie civile. Ces deux approches sont traitées en lien avec l’analyse critique d’interventions d’organisations en faveur des femmes. L’activisme féminin s’est manifesté à plusieurs occasions, surtout lors du processus de paix où elles ont joué un rôle de lobbying et de sensibilisation auprès des parties prenantes aux négociations intercongolaises. La posture des femmes engagées dans une participation aux activités de reconstruction postconflit et leur capacité à s’organiser en collectifs ont transcendé leur statut de victime et d’actrice. Elles les ont positionnées davantage dans des rôles assumés d’intervention aussi bien dans le processus de normalisation politique que dans celui de la consolidation de la paix. Au-delà des conséquences négatives des conflits sur les femmes, ces derniers auront permis leur ascension politique avec le soutien des organisations citoyennes et internationales.
Culture et performance de l’administration publique algérienne : cas de l’APC de la Wilaya de Tlemcen
Authors: Aoul Wassila Tabet , Mohammed Amine Zerrouki
Published: November 2015

La modernisation de l’administration publique Algérienne constitue depuis près de deux ans la pierre angulaire d’une politique ambitieuse menée par le gouvernement. Dans ce contexte, la culture organisationnelle peut constituer un levier de performance et un outil de motivation des fonctionnaires de l’administration publique pour une amélioration du service rendu aux citoyens. Dans le cadre de cet article, l’accent est mis sur les liens qui existent entre culture organisationnelle et mobilisation des énergies des fonctionnaires.
Entreprises informelles de transformation agroalimentaire au Burkina Faso : Entre impératifs sanitaires et réalités économiques
Authors: Song-Naba Florent
Published: November 2015

La reconnaissance graduelle du rôle de l’entrepreneuriat dans le processus du développement a suscité l’émergence d’une importante frange d’entreprises informelles évoluant dans des secteurs d’activité aussi variés que la transformation agroalimentaire. Si le rôle des entreprises informelles de transformation agroalimentaire n’est plus à démontrer, le débat se situe sur comment s’assurer que les aliments produits respectent un minimum de normes sanitaires et d’hygiène. La problématique de la protection de la santé du consommateur est d’autant plus cruciale que la caractéristique principale des entreprises informelles est de ne pas respecter les règles. S’appuyant sur l’exemple des entreprises informelles de transformation de la graine de coton en huile alimentaire au Burkina Faso, l’article montre comment il est difficile pour les pouvoirs publics de mettre ce type d’entreprises aux normes. En effet, ni les mesures incitatives ni les mesures répressives ne sont opérantes à elles seules. D’autres types d’instruments sont à envisager afin d’accompagner au mieux le développement de ce type d’entreprise.
La responsabilité sociale d’entreprise dans les P.M.E. africaines : bilan, enjeux et perspectives
Authors: Djoutsa Wamba Léopold , Simo Boniface , Takoudjou Nimpa Alain
Published: November 2015

L’objectif de cet article est d’une part de mesurer le degré d’engagement des PME aux pratiques socialement responsables et d’autre part de mettre en évidence les avantages ou les enjeux de telles pratiques pour les PME camerounaises. À travers une analyse qualitative des données recueillies par entretiens directs auprès de 10 dirigeants de PME camerounaises sur l’horizon 2006-2010, les résultats montrent d’une part qu’un nombre relativement important de PME , bien qu’à des degrés variables, sont déjà engagées dans les pratiques socialement responsables, même si leur orientation est davantage axée sur le respect des obligations légales et conventionnelles. D’autre part, que les bénéfices attendus de ces pratiques sont davantage intangibles : la volonté stratégique de maintenir une certaine image sociale, la fierté, le désir d’efficacité globale, le pur plaisir de donner, l’amélioration des relations avec la communauté locale et les autorités publiques.
Academic Entrepreneurship and Knowledge Transfer Networks
Authors: Pinto Hugo , Cruz Ana Rita , de Almeida Helena
Published: November 2015

This chapter underlines contributions that Science and Technology Studies (STS) can give to the analysis of the knowledge transfer process and academic entrepreneurship. The central objective of the chapter is to understand the challenges that an academic entrepreneur has to face to implement an innovative idea. To achieve this goal, the chapter presents two spin-off case studies from the Algarve region (Portugal). The case studies pay attention to academic entrepreneurship in the medical field (F1) and in eco-tourism (E1). It is given attention to the translation phases and to the network creation.
Fostering Entrepreneurship at the Spanish University
Authors: Pastor-Gosálbez Inmaculada , Blanco Ana Isabel , Rodríguez Adelina , Acosta Ana , Pontón Paloma , Belzunegui-Eraso Angel
Published: November 2015

In this chapter we discuss the policies for fostering entrepreneurship at Spanish universities and how these policies may be related with the low participation of women in university spin-offs. Using our results from the first part of the EQUASPIN project1, we also discuss the effects of the gender division of labour on the creation of freelance work within the specific framework of knowledge-transfer companies. We also present some of our findings with regard to gender differences in both the creation of spin-offs and the role of the university system in the production and reproduction of gender inequalities.
Entrepreneurship, Firm Internationalization and Regional Development
Authors: Gonçalves Tânia , Gouveia Sofia , Teixeira Mário Sérgio
Published: November 2015

The aim of this chapter is to provide a broad understanding of the relationship between entrepreneurship, the internationalization of firms and regional development. It will present a literature review of the internationalization process, attending to related concepts and internationalization theories, and examine the traditional approach versus new patterns of internationalization. In the field of entrepreneurship it will consider the entrepreneurial orientation as a measure of a firm´s entrepreneurship and the relationship with its internationalization. In sum, this chapter aims to reach an understanding of how the entrepreneurial ecosystem, including clusters and networks, as well as entrepreneurial orientation developed by firms, contribute to internationalization of the firm, and the possible regional impacts resulting from entrepreneurship and internationalization.
Start-Up
Authors: de Sousa Joana Coutinho , Gaspar Jorge
Published: November 2015

Nowadays, we are witnessing an increase of innovation both on start-up and SME. The implementation of innovation has a strong impact in the knowledge of economy. The ability of human being in creating it can be defined as a basic skill in a global economy, involving learning as an essential dynamism of the competition. Furthermore, the research and development activities are very important not only for universities and companies but also for the global economy. This paper presents a new conceptual approach for innovation process in start-ups and a new methodology to know how long the innovation process must take. The conceptual approach proposed is divided into seven interactive steps: 1) Have an idea (product, service, process, business/marketing; 2) Analyze the state-of-the-art and the market; 3) R&D activities and Intellectual Property; 4) Listen the market; 5) Define a flexible business plan; 6) Find a business partner; and 7) Go-to-market. Regarding the time of innovation, the presented methodology is based on five Porter's Forces.
Endothelial function as a marker of pre-clinical atherosclerosis: assessment techniques and clinical implications
Authors: Ruggiero Donatella , Paolillo Stefania , Della Ratta Giuseppe , Mariniello Antonio , Formisano Tiziana , Pellegrino Angela Maria , Perrone Filardi Pasquale
Published: November 2015

Endothelium plays a key role in maintenance of vascular homeostasis. Cardiovascular risk factors promote development of endothelial dysfunction, characterized by increased vasoconstriction and by procoagulant/pro-inflammatory endothelial activities. In coronary artery, endothelium-dependent dilation improves blood flow, while the occurrence of endothelial dysfunction reduces myocardial perfusion, so new methods have been developed for assessment of endothelial function in coronary and peripheral arteries. The quantitative angiography with intracoronary infusion of acetylcholine remains the “gold standard” to assess the endothelium-dependent vasodilatation. The use of this technique is restricted to patients who have a clinical indication for coronary angiography, so new imaging methods have been considered for noninvasive diagnosis of coronary microvascular disease, such as magnetic resonance imaging phase contrast and positron emission tomography. The advent of new techniques has facilitated testing of endothelial dysfunction in peripheral arteries with non-invasive methods. This review presents available invivo and ex-vivo methods for evaluating endothelial function with special focus on more recent ones. The diagnostic tools include local vasodilatation by venous occlusion plethysmography and assessment of flow-mediated dilatation, arterial pulse wave analysis and pulse amplitude tonometry, laser Doppler flowmetry. The possibility to detect endothelial dysfunction as an early marker of atherosclerosis makes these instruments useful for early stratification of patients at risk for cardiovascular events. Aim of this review is to summarize the characteristics of non-invasive assessment of endothelial function in order to optimize cardiovascular risk management.
From warfarin to new oral anticoagulants in clinical practice. What is the future of anticoagulant therapy in atrial fibrillation?
Authors: Colivicchi Furio
Published: November 2015

Not available.
Therapeutic Adherence: between saying and doing
Authors: Angelino Elisabetta
Published: November 2015

Not available.
Critical issues in megatrials on new oral anticoagulants. Rocket AF: applying results to low risk patients
Authors: Uguccioni Massimo , Napoletano Cosimo
Published: November 2015

Not available.
Health-promoting properties of artichoke in preventing cardiovascular disease by its lipidic and glycemic-reducing action
Authors: Rondanelli Mariangela , Monteferrario Francesca , Perna Simone , Faliva Milena Anna , Opizzi Annalisa
Published: November 2015

The artichoke, Cynara scolymus, is one of the most ancient plants grown in the world, and its extracts, obtained from different parts of the plant (leaves, fruits and roots), have been used as medicaments from time immemorial. The pharmacological and therapeutic effects of the artichoke on the liver had already been well known in the 17th century. Modern studies started in the last century confirmed the stimulating properties of artichoke extracts on the liver and gallbladder. The ensuing wave of research was initially focused on the patent liver-stimulating, diuretic and choleretic effects exerted by artichoke preparations on both animals and man, then discovering such other therapeutic properties as the hypolipemizing activity, antioxidant activity and hypoglycemizing activity. This review enumerates the most significant studies that have highlighted these therapeutic properties. Complementary medicine information needs to be incorporated into clinical practice and patient and professional education, in addition to adequate education about proper nutrition. Awareness of the widespread use of complementary and alternative medicine by people with metabolic disorders is crucial for healthcare professionals in order to prevent cardiovascular disease.
A drastic complex atheromatous aorta A case report
Authors: Bonadei Ivano , Vizzardi Enrico , D’Aloia Antonio , Sciatti Edoardo , Cervi Edoardo , Bonardelli Stefano , Metra Marco , Giulini Stefano Maria
Published: November 2015

Aortic atherosclerosis is the most common disease of the aorta. More than 50% of the plaques thicker than 4 mm are located along the descending aorta. The complex morphology of the plaque, such as ulceration or the presence of thrombi, is associated with increased embolic risk. The increasing use of transesophageal echocardiogram has enhanced the recognition of aortic atheromas. We describe a case of a male patient with complex atherosclerotic disease involving the coronary vessels and descending aortic tract with some embolic complications.
Anti remodeling therapy: new strategies and future perspective in post-ischemic heart failure: Part I
Authors: Sirico Domenico , Salzano Andrea , Celentani Dario , Arcopinto Michele , Marra Alberto Maria , Bobbio Emanuele , Russo Angelo , Giallauria Francesco , Vigorito Carlo
Published: November 2015

In recent years, the remarkable progress achieved in terms of survival after myocardial infarction have led to an increased incidence of chronic heart failure in survivors. This phenomenon is due to the still incomplete knowledge we possess about the complex pathophysiological mechanisms that regulate the response of cardiac tissue to ischemic injury. These involve various cell types such as fibroblasts, cells of the immune system, endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes and stem cells, as well as a myriad of mediators belonging to the system of cytokines and not only. In parallel with the latest findings on post-infarct remodeling, new potential therapeutic targets are arising to halt the progression of disease. In this review, we evaluate the results obtained from four new therapeutic strategies: in this part we evaluate gene therapy and novel aspect of stem cells therapy in remodeling; in the second part we will investigate, micro-RNA, posttranslational modification and microspheres based therapy.
Anti remodeling therapy: new strategies and future perspective in post-ischemic heart failure. Part II
Authors: Salzano Andrea , Sirico Domenico , Arcopinto Michele , Marra Alberto Maria , Guerra Germano , Rocca Aldo , Grieco Alessandra , Giallauria Francesco , Vigorito Carlo
Published: November 2015

In recent years, the remarkable progress achieved in terms of survival after myocardial infarction have led to an increased incidence of chronic heart failure in survivors. This phenomenon is due to the still incomplete knowledge we possess about the complex pathophysiological mechanisms that regulate the response of cardiac tissue to ischemic injury. These involve various cell types such as fibroblasts, cells of the immune system, endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes and stem cells, as well as a myriad of mediators belonging to the system of cytokines and not only. In parallel with the latest findings on post-infarct remodeling, new potential therapeutic targets are arising to halt the progression of disease. After the evaluation of the results obtained from gene therapy and stem cells, in this part we evaluate micro- RNA, post-translational modification and microspheres based therapy.
Usefulness of transthoracic echocardiogram in management of cardiac involvement in large B-Cell lymphoma: a case report
Authors: Ruzzolini Matteo , Panetta Gaetano Luca , Evangelista Antonietta , Peraldo Neja Carlo , Azzolini Paolo
Published: November 2015

Primary lymphoma often involve the heart, especially the right side. Prompt diagnosis is necessary to start the right therapy and decrease symptoms and death risk rate. Transthoracic echocardiogram is the first line exam to perform when symptoms are suspicious of mediastinal mass.
Pastoral care in the healing of moral injury: A case of the Zimbabwe National Liberation War Veterans
Authors: Moyo Herbert
Published: November 2015

This article is in the field of Practical theology with specific reference to pastoral care. The article is motivated by the growing number of conversions of members of the Zimbabwe National Liberation War Veterans Association (ex-combatants/war veterans), through miracle and spiritual healing Ministries under the leadership of Prophets. This article exposes the challenge of injured morals as a result of traumatic war experiences of ex-combatants during the war of liberation from colonialism in Zimbabwe. The violent acts in the political arena in Zimbabwe are linked to the military behaviour of the ex-combatants. This article also makes a critical analysis of the therapeutic narratives from ex-combatants, to conclude that violence in Zimbabwe is highly related to the injured morals of the ex-combatants. The war veterans are finding healing of moral injury from the miracles and exorcisms performed by Prophets.
Welcome to Country: Acknowledgement, Belonging and White Anti-racism
Authors: Kowal Emma
Published: November 2015

The Welcome to Country (WTC) ceremony and its twin, the Acknowledgement of Traditional Owners, have become prominent anti-racist rituals in the post-settler society of Australia. These rituals are rich in meaning. They are simultaneously emblems of colonisation and dispossession; of recognition and reconciliation; and a periodic focus of political posturing. This article analyses the multiple meanings of WTC ceremonies. In particular, I explore the politics of belonging elicited by WTC and Acknowledgement rituals. Drawing on ethnography of non-Indigenous people who work in Indigenous affairs, I argue that widespread enjoyment of these rituals among White anti-racists is explained because they paradoxically experience belonging through a sense of not belonging.
Renewing Film’s Public Emphasis
Authors: Hjort Mette
Published: November 2015

A review of Patricia White Women’s Cinema, World Cinema: Projecting Contemporary Feminisms (Duke University Press, 2015).
The interaction between nitrogen and phosphorous is a strong predictor of intra-plant variation in nitrogen isotope composition in a desert species
Authors: Zhang J. , Gu L. , Zhang J. , Wu R. , Wang F. , Lin G. , Wu B. , Lu Q. , Meng P.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Understanding intra-plant variations in δ15N, which can be large, is essential for fully utilizing the role of δ15N as an integrator of the terrestrial nitrogen cycle. Studying such variations can yield insights into nitrogen metabolisms by the plant as a whole or by specific plant organs. However, systematical evaluation of intra-plant variations in δ15N and their relationship with organ nutrient contents is rare. We excavated whole plant architectures of Nitraria tangutorum Bobrov, a C3 species that has an exceptional capability of fixing sands and building sand dunes, in two deserts in northwestern China. We systematically and simultaneously measured nitrogen isotope ratios and nitrogen and phosphorous contents of different parts of the excavated plants. We found that intra-plant variations in δ15N of N. tangutorum were positively correlated with corresponding organ nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) contents. However, it was the N × P interaction, not N and P individually or their linear combination, that was the strongest predictor of intra-plant δ15N. We hypothesized that this strong positive intra-plant δ15N–N/P relationship was caused by fractionating gaseous N losses (volatilization) from plants and that the volatilization depended on the interaction between organ N and P contents. We also showed that root δ15N increased with depth into soil. This pattern was similar to profiles of soil δ15N reported by previous studies in different ecosystems although the exact relationship between root and soil profiles in δ15N was not clear. Studies of intra-plant variations in δ15N in different species, ecosystems, and climates and measurements of plant nitrogen volatilization and associated isotope fractionation are needed in order to determine the exact mechanisms responsible for the significant patterns first reported in this study.
Lowering Foreign Language Anxiety through Self-Regulated Learning Strategy Use
Authors: Martirossian Armineh , Hartoonian Anahid
Published: November 2015

Foreign language classroom anxiety (FLCA) and self-regulated learning strategies (SRLSs) are two important factors that influence language learning process in negative and positive ways respectively. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between FLCA and SRLSs. To this end, 100 university students majoring in TEFL were selected. For collecting data, Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (Horwitz, Horwitz, & Cope, 1986) and Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (Pintrich & De Groot, 1990) were used. To analyze the data, Kendall correlation was run. The results revealed that there is a negative relationship between FLCA (communication apprehension, test anxiety, & fear of negative evaluation) and SRLSs (cognitive strategy use & self-regulation).
The Relationship of a Combination of Human Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells and Frozen Fat with the Survival Rate of Transplanted Fat
Authors: Ha Ki-Young , Park Hojin , Park Seung-Ha , Lee Byung-Il , Ji Yi-Hwa , Kim Tae-Yeon , Yoon Eul-Sik
Published: November 2015

Background The survival rate of grafted fat is difficult to predict, and repeated procedures are frequently required. In this study, the effects of the freezing period of harvested adipose tissue and the addition of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) on the process of fat absorption were studied.

Methods Adipose tissue was obtained from patients who underwent a lipoaspirated fat graft. The fat tissue was cryopreserved at -20℃ in a domestic refrigerator. A total of 40 nude mice were used. The mice in the experimental group received three different subcutaneous injections in the back: an injection of fresh fat and ASCs, an injection of fat that had been frozen for one month and ASCs, and an injection of fat that had been frozen for two months and ASCs. The control mice received fat grafts without ASCs. The mice were sacrificed at four or eight weeks after the procedure, and the grafted fat tissues were harvested. The extracted fat was evaluated using photographic analysis, volume measurements, and histological examination.

Results In the control group, the fat resorption rates four weeks after transplantation in the grafts of fresh fat, fat that had been frozen for one month, and fat that had been frozen for two months were 21.14%, 22.46%, and 42.56%, respectively. In the experimental group, the corresponding resorption rates were 6.68%, 13.0%, and 33.9%, respectively.

Conclusions ASCs can increase the fat graft survival rate. The use of ASCs in fat grafting can reduce the need for repeated fat grafts and provide good long term results.
The Vasodilator Effect of a Cream Containing 10% Menthol and 15% Methyl Salicylate on Random-Pattern Skin Flaps in Rats
Authors: Dölen Utku Can , Sungur Nezih , Koca Gökhan , Ertunç Onur , Bağcı Bosi Ayşe Tülay , Koçer Uğur , Korkmaz Meliha
Published: November 2015

Background It is still difficult to prevent partial or full-thickness flap necrosis. In this study, the effects of a cream containing menthol and methyl salicylate on the viability of randompattern skin flaps were studied.

Methods Forty female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two equal groups. Caudally based dorsal random-pattern skin flaps were elevated, including the panniculus carnosus. In the study group, 1.5 mL of a cream containing menthol and methyl salicylate was applied to the skin of the flap, and saline solution (0.9%) was used in the control group. Upon completion of the experiment, flap necrosis was analyzed with imaging software and radionuclide scintigraphy. Histopathological measurements were made of the percentage of viable flaps, the number of vessels, and the width of the panniculus carnosus muscle.

Results According to the photographic analysis, the mean viable flap surface area in the study group was larger than that in the control group (P=0.004). According to the scintigrams, no change in radioactivity uptake was seen in the study group (P>0.05). However, a significant decrease was observed in the control group (P=0.006). No statistically significant differences were observed between the groups in terms of the percentage of viable flaps, the number of vessels, or the width of the panniculus carnosus muscle (P>0.05).

Conclusions Based on these results, it is certain that the cream did not reduce the viability of the flaps. Due to its vasodilatory effect, it can be used as a component of the dressing in reconstructive operations where skin perfusion is compromised.
Gender Reassignment Surgery in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Patients: A Report of Two Cases
Authors: Kim Seok-Kwun , Choi Ji-An , Kim Myung-Hoon , Kim Min-Su , Lee Keun-Cheol
Published: November 2015

It is believed that surgery on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients is dangerous and should be avoided due to the possibility of postoperative infection of the patients or HIV occupational transmission to the medical staff. We discuss here the preparations and measures needed to conduct surgery safely on HIV-positive patients, based on our experience. We performed sex reassignment surgery on two HIV-positive patients from January 2013 to January 2015. Both of them were receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy and were asymptomatic, with a normal CD4 count (>500 cells/µL). The HIV-RNA was undetectable within the bloodstream. All the staff wore protective clothing, glasses, and three pairs of protective gloves in the operating room because of the possibility of transmission. Prophylactic antibiotics were administered to the patients, and antiviral therapy was performed during their perioperative course. Neither of the patients had postoperative complications, and none of the medical staff experienced accidental exposure. Both patients had satisfactory surgery outcomes without complications. HIV-positive patients can undergo surgery safely without increased risk of postoperative complications or HIV transmission to the staff through the proper use of antibiotics, active antiretroviral therapy, and supplemental protective measures with post-exposure prophylaxis for the staff in case of HIV exposure.
La convención de las discordias: Ocaña, 1828
Authors: Gutiérrez Ardila Daniel
Published: November 2015

Constituent congresses in pro-independence Spanish America were generally meetings that declared or ratified the existence of new States. In this sense, it can be said that they were basically characterized by the convergence of opinions and by the quest for unanimity. For that reasonl, when the agreements reached began to disintegrate, they naturally resorted to the procedure of convening a new constituent body to repair the fissures and ward off the threats of dissolution. But how were they to resolve irreconcilable differences? And what happened if, instead of settling the most heated disputes, all hope of compromise finally vanished and the corps of deputies failed in their essential mission? By analyzing the Ocaña Convention of 1928, the failure of which had a great deal to do with the final dissolution of the Republic of Colombia (1819-1831), this text poses such questions and seeks to analyze the moment in which the constituent assemblies became milestones for political boundaries and prepared the way for civil war. It does so by making use of the documentation available in the Archivo General de la Nación (AGN) and systematically confronting it with French and Chilean diplomatic sources. The article also seeks to challenge the widely disseminated idea of massive and spontaneous support of the Colombian peoples for the dictatorship of Bolivar.
El pasado es tan irreal como el futuro: Abad Faciolince y la nueva historia cultural
Authors: Javier Ortiz Cassiani
Published: November 2015

Based on the construction of a dialogue between the Colombian writer Hector Abad Faciolince’s book Traiciones de la memoria and the standpoints of certain theoreticians of world historiography, the article explores the methodological and conceptual contributions of this study for the craft of the historian. Despite having been created as a literary work, with no historical pretensions, Abad Faciolince’s text presents important suggestions and points of encounter with the ways of conceiving the historical mission of the new cultural history.
Effects of an Isolated Complete Right Bundle Branch Block on Mechanical Ventricular Function
Authors: Zhang Qin , Xue Minghua , Li Zhan , Wang Haiyan , Zhu Lei , Liu Xinling , Meng Haiyan , Hou Yinglong
Published: November 2015

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an isolated complete right bundle branch block on mechanical ventricular function.

Methods

Two groups of participants were enrolled in this study: a block group, consisting of 98 patients with isolated complete right bundle branch blocks without structural heart disease, and a control group, consisting of 92 healthy adults. The diameter, end‐diastolic area, end‐systolic area, and right ventricular (RV) fractional area change were obtained to evaluate morphologic and systolic function by 2‐dimensional sonographic technology. Systolic and diastolic velocities and time interval parameters were measured to assess mechanical ventricular performance using pulsed wave tissue Doppler imaging.

Results

Although there was no significant difference in the RV fractional area change between the patients with blocks and controls, the diameter, end‐diastolic area, and end‐systolic area of the RV were significantly larger in the patients with blocks (P < .05). In the patients with blocks, the peak velocities during systole and early diastole and the ratio of the peak velocities during early and late diastole decreased. The block group had a prolonged pre‐ejection period, electromechanical delay time, and isovolumic relaxation time, a decreased ejection time, and an increased pre‐ejection period/ejection time ratio, and the myocardial performance index (Tei index) at the basal RV lateral wall was significantly increased. There were no significant differences in any echocardiographic parameters at different sites of the left ventricle.

Conclusions

In patients with isolated complete right bundle branch blocks, systolic and diastolic functions are impaired in the RV, and follow‐up is needed.
Evaluation of Thyroid Nodules by a Scoring and Categorizing Method Based on Sonographic Features
Authors: Xu Shang-Yan , Zhan Wei-Wei , Wang Wen-Han
Published: November 2015

Objectives

To assess sonographic features of thyroid nodules associated with malignancy and to establish a scoring and categorizing method based on sonographic features.

Methods

A total of 2445 patients with 2445 thyroid nodules were included and divided into 2 groups: benign (1493 cases) and malignant (952 cases). First, 10 sonographic features, including shape, border, margin, internal content, echogenicity, microcalcifications, posterior echo, halo, vascularization distribution, and vascularization degree, were defined, and all nodules were retrospectively evaluated. Second, the features associated with malignancy were selected by statistical analysis and were assigned weightings according to their odds ratios. Third, a total score for each nodule was obtained after the assigned weightings of the suspicious features were summed. Fourth, the malignancy rate of each total score was calculated. Then a modified version of the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI‐RADS) was established with reference to the American College of Radiology's Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System.

Results

Seven independent features associated with malignancy were a taller‐than‐wide shape, an obscure border, an irregular margin, solid internal content, marked hypoechogenicity and hypoechogenicity, microcalcifications, and an internal vascularization distribution. The TI‐RADS included 5 categories with different malignancy rates: category 3 (<2%), 4A (2%–5%), 4B (5%–50%), 4C (50%–90%), and 5 (≥90%).

Conclusions

A modified version of TI‐RADS was established on the basis of the sonographic features with different weightings according to the relative risk of malignancy. This system could be of great use in predicting the nature of thyroid nodules in a quantified and standardized way and also helping clinicians decide on the clinical management.
Sonographic Diagnosis of Complicated Cholecystitis
Authors: Shapira-Rootman Mika , Mahamid Ahmad , Reindorp Nadir , Nachtigal Alicia , Zeina Abdel-Rauf
Published: November 2015

Objectives

Early detection of the complications of cholecystitis is important for clinical management, yet only a small percentage of patients have a correct diagnosis before surgery. The purpose of our study was to identify sonographic findings that are associated with complicated cholecystitis.

Methods

Sonographic, surgical, and pathologic reports were reviewed for 70 patients who underwent early cholecystectomies from January 2010 to August 2014. Sonograms were assessed for 16 independent variables. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate associations between various sonographic features and complicated cholecystitis.

Results

Sonographic signs associated with complicated cholecystitis (P< .05) were a greater short‐axis gallbladder diameter (mean, 4.4 versus 4.0 cm), a greater mean wall thickness (5.6 versus 4.2 mm), and the likelihood of wall striations, gallbladder echogenic content, pericholecystic free fluid, and local inflammatory fat changes. Specific sonographic signs, such as sloughed intraluminal membranes, were detected in a small percentage of cases (10%). None of the sonographic features evaluated in this study was found to be sensitive and specific enough to indicate complicated cholecystitis. In most cases, sonograms reflected severe inflammation, with multiple sonographic signs.

Conclusions

Although multiple sonographic signs are associated with complicated cholecystitis, none of them is sensitive and specific enough to definitively diagnose it. Sonograms usually reflect severe inflammation, with numerous sonographic signs. Thus, in the right clinical context, sonograms of severe cholecystitis should alert radiologists to the possibility of complications.
Sonographic Differentiation Between Schwannomas and Neurofibromas in the Musculoskeletal System
Authors: Ryu Jeong Ah , Lee Sang Hoon , Cha Eun-Young , Kim Tae Yeob , Kim Sung Moon , Shin Myung Jin
Published: November 2015

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to determine key features and define a strategy for differentiation between schwannomas and neurofibromas using sonography.

Methods

This retrospective study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at our hospital, and informed consent was waived. We reviewed sonograms of pathologically proven schwannomas and neurofibromas of the extremities and body wall. On grayscale images, tumors were evaluated on the basis of their size, maximum‐to‐minimum diameter ratio, shape, contour, margin, location, encapsulation, echogenicity, echo texture, cystic changes, presence of intratumoral calcifications, presence of a target sign, and presence of an entering or exiting nerve. If an entering or exiting nerve was identified, the nerve‐tumor position and nerve‐tumor transition were characterized. On color Doppler images, the presence and amount of vascularity were evaluated. Student t tests were used for analysis of continuous variables (size, maximum‐to‐minimum diameter ratio, and age); χ2 and Fisher exact tests were used for analysis of categorical variables.

Results

A total of 146 pathologically proven tumors, including 115 schwannomas and 31 neurofibromas of the extremities and body wall, were included. The maximum diameter, maximum‐to‐minimum diameter ratio, contour, cystic portion, nerve‐tumor position, nerve‐tumor transition, and vascularity were significantly different in schwannomas versus neurofibromas (P < .05), and a lobulated contour, fusiform shape, and hypovascularity of neurofibromas could be helpful for differentiation when a prediction model is considered. The nerve‐tumor position, nerve‐tumor transition, and maximum‐to‐minimum diameter ratio were also significantly different between groups (P < .05) and thus could be useful for differentiation of neurogenic tumors.

Conclusions

Sonographic findings are helpful in differentiating between schwannomas and neurofibromas.
Triiodothyronine (T3) supplementation in major depressive disorder
Authors: Morin Anna K.
Published: November 2015

Introduction

The use of thyroid hormones to enhance the effects of antidepressants is based on evidence supporting a link between thyroid function and Major Depressive Disorder. Thyroid abnormalities have been found in patients with Major Depressive Disorder and have been correlated with depression severity. Symptoms associated with clinical hypothyroidism include mood disturbances, primarily depression. In addition, an increase in antidepressant treatment resistance has been associated with thyroid abnormalities. This article reviews the existing data regarding triiodothyronine (T3) supplementation of antidepressants in the treatment of major depressive disorder.

Methods

Medline and EMBASE were searched from 1996 to November 2014 using the key terms triiodothyronine, T3, and treatment-resistant depression.

Results

T3 may increase serotonergic neurotransmission and has been studied as an add-on agent in patients with unipolar depression with and without thyroid dysfunction to accelerate, enhance, and augment the effects of tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

Discussion

Data support the use of T3 augmentation (25-50 μg/d) for the treatment of depressive symptoms in some patient populations without thyroid hormone abnormalities who do not respond to an adequate trial of a tricyclic antidepressant or a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Monitoring for adverse effects and conditions that may be exacerbated by T3 augmentation is recommended.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors for menopausal vasomotor symptoms
Authors: Holt Kathryn M. , Thompson Amy N.
Published: November 2015

Introduction

Some of the most bothersome symptoms associated with menopause are the vasomotor symptoms (VMS), characterized by transient elevations in body temperature associated with a narrowing of the thermoneutral zone and an abnormal firing rate of thermosensitive neurons in the hypothalamus. These VMS have traditionally been treated with hormone replacement therapy (HRT); however, after a trial suggesting an association between HRT and a number of serious adverse events, alternative therapies for VMS are being studied. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the available literature regarding the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for the alleviation of VMS associated with menopause.

Methods

PubMed and Ovid/MEDLINE keyword searches were conducted. Literature was reviewed for inclusion if it included any SSRI or SNRI for menopausal symptoms published prior to August 31, 2014.

Results

Seven studies were included in this review article. No articles were found directly comparing HRT to either SSRIs or SNRIs. Multiple agents within these two classes have been studied for VMS in menopausal and postmenopausal women.

Discussion

Vasomotor symptoms related to the perimenopausal and postmenopausal period can lead to significant physical distress, often requiring medical intervention. Traditional therapies for VMS of menopause have been dominated by the use of HRT. There are conflicting data regarding the use of SSRIs and SNRIs for patients with vasomotor symptoms related to menopause, and these agents may not be ideal for all patients. These agents may be considered as an alternative in patients who have a contraindication or are concerned about using hormonal therapies.