bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prenatal Stress Alters Hippocampal Neuroglia and Increases Anxiety in Childhood
Authors: Bennett Greer A. , Palliser Hannah K. , Shaw Julia C. , Walker David , Hirst Jonathan J.
Published: August 2015

Prenatal stress has been associated with detrimental outcomes of pregnancy, including altered brain development leading to behavioural pathologies. The neurosteroid allopregnanolone has been implicated in mediating some of these adverse outcomes following prenatal stress due to its potent inhibitory and anxiolytic effects on the brain. The aims of the current study were to characterise key markers for brain development as well as behavioural parameters, adrenocortical responses to handling and possible neurosteroid influences towards outcomes in guinea pig offspring in childhood. Pregnant guinea pig dams were exposed to strobe light for 2 h (9-11 a.m.) on gestational days 50, 55, 60, and 65 and were left to deliver spontaneously at term and care for their litter. Behavioural testing (open-field test, object exploration test) of the offspring was performed at postnatal day 18 (with salivary cortisol and DHEA measured), and brains were collected at post-mortem on day 21. Markers of brain development myelin basic protein (MBP) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were assessed via immunohistochemistry, and the neurosteroid allopregnanolone and its rate-limiting enzymes 5α-reductase types 1 and 2 (5αR1/2) were measured in neonatal brains by radioimmunoassay, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and Western blot, respectively. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein was measured as a marker of synaptic plasticity, and GABAA receptor subunit expression was also assessed using RT-PCR. Neonates born from mothers stressed during late pregnancy showed a reduction in both MBP (p < 0.01) and GFAP (p < 0.05) expression in the CA1 region of the hippocampus at 21 days of age. Pups of prenatally stressed pregnancies also showed higher levels of anxiety and neophobic behaviours at the equivalent of childhood (p < 0.05). There were no significant changes observed in allopregnanolone levels, 5αR1/2 expression, or GABAA receptor subunit expression in prenatally stressed neonates compared to controls. This study shows alterations in markers of myelination and reactive astrocytes in the hippocampus of offspring exposed to prenatal stress. These changes are also observed in offspring that show increased anxiety behaviours at the equivalent of childhood, which indicates ongoing structural and functional postnatal changes after prenatal stress exposure.
Bilingualism and Vocabulary Learning: A Comparison between Baluchi and Persian EFL Learners
Authors: Keikhaie Yahya , Khoshkhoonejad Amirali
Published: August 2015

Bilingualism can be broadly defined as the ability to speak 2 languages; however there are many grey areas when establishing which are the first language, second language and third language of a bilingual. The paper reports on a study exploring the effect of bilingualism on the learning of a vocabulary learning of two groups of Iranian male students: Baluchi bilinguals and Persian monolingual. The present study is based on data from 80 monolingual Persian-speaking learners of English and 80 bilingual Baluchi-Persian-speaking learners of English. All the participants were male studying English as a foreign language at pre-university of Sistan and Baluchestan in Iran. The results indicates that Baluchi-Persian bilingual speakers outperformed in general and in L3 recognition vocabulary learning. The findings of this paper also showed that no significant difference was seen between Persian-speaking learners and Baluchi-Persian-speaking in L3 production vocabulary learning.
Professionalization of Teaching in Nigeria: Strategies, Prospects and Challenges
Authors: Fareo Oluremi Dorcas
Published: August 2015

The teaching profession in Nigeria has gone through many stages and even today there are disagreements as to whether it should be called a profession; and this has been an issue of concern among educators, teachers, administrators, organizations and the public at large. This paper thus looked into the issue of professionalizing teaching for the development of the education sector in the country. The concepts of teaching   and profession were viewed; traits of professionalism; the teaching profession in Nigeria; strategies, prospects and challenges facing teaching profession were identified; The study recommended  that the government should look into the problem of general dissatisfaction with the teaching profession, such as poor teacher education programme; poor salaries and allowances; poor public image of the profession; and the desire of most teachers to enter another type of work with attractive remunerations,
Developing Critical Thinking Skills of Students in Mathematics Learning
Authors: Firdaus Firdaus , Kailani Ismail , Bakar Md. Nor Bin , Bakry Bakry
Published: August 2015

Critical thinking skills should be owned by students. Therefore, schools should be responsible to develop and  evaluate critical thinking skills through teaching and learning process in schools. This study aims to identify the effects of mathematical learning modules based on problem-based learning to critical thinking skills at secondary school students in District of Bone. Assessment of critical thinking skills in mathematical problem solving non-routine includes three parts;  the identification and interpretation of information, information analysis, and evaluate of evidence and arguments. This study involved a total of 68 students grade 12 science state secondary school (SMAN) in Bone District of South Sulawesi, Indonesia in academic year 2014-2015. The sample consists of 38 students in the city and 30 rural students. The design of the study was quasi experimental one group pretest-posttest. The data was analysed using the inferential t-test with SPSS 20.0 for windows. The study found that there are effects of the use of mathematical learning module based PBL to enhance the ability of critical thinking skills in mathematics students in all three components, namely, identifying and interpreting information, information analysis, and evaluate of evidence and argument.
The Application of School Watching Method to Increase the Earthquake Disaster Knowledge of Primary School Students
Authors: Sari Sri Adelila , Khatimah Husnul
Published: August 2015

The study entitled "The Application of School Watching to Increase the Earthquake Disaster Knowledge of Primary School Students, MIN Blang Mancung, Aceh" was aimed to describe the students' knowledge of the different dangerous objects in the face of an earthquake. The approach used in this study was qualitative and quantitative. The type of study was descriptive. Subjects used were as many as 30 students MIN Blang Mancung, Aceh. The method used was an experimental, which was divided into two classes, namely the experimental and control classes. Data collection technique was using questionnaires, which included the questions about common dangerous objects, dangerous objects in the class and also in the school yard. The results showed that there was a significant effect on students' knowledge before and after the implementation of the method School Watching. In addition, the knowledge of students toward the dangerous objects was found to be significant different between control and experimental class.
Serine Protease Activation Essential for Endothelial–Mesenchymal Transition in Vascular Calcification
Authors: Yao Jiayi , Guihard Pierre J. , Blazquez-Medela Ana M. , Guo Yina , Moon Jeremiah H. , Jumabay Medet , Boström Kristina I. , Yao Yucheng
Published: August 2015

Rationale:

Endothelial cells have the ability to undergo endothelial–mesenchymal transitions (EndMTs), by which they acquire a mesenchymal phenotype and stem cell–like characteristics. We previously found that EndMTs occurred in the endothelium deficient in matrix γ-carboxyglutamic acid protein enabling endothelial cells to contribute cells to vascular calcification. However, the mechanism responsible for initiating EndMTs is not fully understood.

Objective:

To determine the role of specific serine proteases and sex determining region Y-box 2 (Sox2) in the initiation of EndMTs.

Methods and Results:

In this study, we used in vivo and in vitro models of vascular calcification to demonstrate that serine proteases and Sox2 are essential for the initiation of EndMTs in matrix γ-carboxyglutamic acid protein–deficient endothelium. We showed that expression of a group of specific serine proteases was highly induced in endothelial cells at sites of vascular calcification in
Mgp
null aortas. Treatment with serine protease inhibitors decreased both stem cell marker expression and vascular calcification. In human aortic endothelial cells, this group of serine proteases also induced EndMTs, and the activation of proteases was mediated by Sox2. Knockdown of the serine proteases or Sox2 diminished EndMTs and calcification. Endothelial-specific deletion of Sox2 decreased expression of stem cell markers and aortic calcification in matrix γ-carboxyglutamic acid protein–deficient mice.

Conclusions:

Our results suggest that Sox2-mediated activation of specific serine proteases is essential for initiating EndMTs, and thus, may provide new therapeutic targets for treating vascular calcification.
Routing Ambulances to Designated Centers Increases Access to Stroke Center Care and Enrollment in Prehospital Research
Authors: Sanossian Nerses , Liebeskind David S. , Eckstein Marc , Starkman Sidney , Stratton Samuel , Pratt Franklin D. , Koenig William , Hamilton Scott , Kim-Tenser May , Conwit Robin , Saver Jeffrey L.
Published: August 2015

Background and Purpose—

Emergency medical services routing of patients with acute stroke to designated centers may increase the proportion of patients receiving care at facilities meeting national standards and augment recruitment for prehospital stroke research.

Methods—

We analyzed consecutive patients enrolled within 2 hours of symptom onset in a prehospital stroke trial, before and after regional Los Angeles County Emergency Medical Services implementation of preferentially routing patients with acute stroke to approved stroke centers (ASCs). From January 2005 to mid-November 2009, patients were transported to the nearest emergency department, whereas from mid-November 2009 to December 2012, patients were preferentially transported to first 9, and eventually 29, ASCs.

Results—

There were 863 subjects enrolled before and 764 after emergency medical service preferential routing, with implementation leading to an increase in the proportion cared for at an ASC from 10% to 91% (
P
<0.0001), with a slight decrease in paramedic on-scene to emergency department arrival time (34.5 [SD, 9.1] minutes versus 33.5 [SD, 10.3] minutes;
P
=0.045). The effects of routing were immediate and included an increase in proportion of receiving ASC care (from 17% to 88%;
P
<0.001) and a greater number of enrollments (18.6% increase) when comparing 12 months before and after regional stroke system implementation.

Conclusions—

The establishment of a regionalized emergency medical services system of acute stroke care dramatically increased the proportion of patients with acute stroke cared for at ASCs, from 1 in 10 to >9 in 10, with no clinically significant increase in prehospital care times and enhanced recruitment of patients into a prehospital treatment trial.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00059332.
Deep Sea Anarchy: Mining at the Frontiers of International Law
Authors: Fritz Jan-Stefan
Published: August 2015

For the first time, new sources of minerals are likely to be exploited in the deep seas in an area beyond national jurisdiction. Deep-sea mining encompasses the potential for cooperation and/or competition between the most technologically and economically advanced States and those aspiring to join this group. The community of States recognized this potential early on and signed new treaties, established new international institutions, and promised new levels of cooperation. Most importantly, they also set a standard according to which the exploration for and exploitation of these new resources are to be governed, namely in the context of the Common Heritage of Mankind. This article assesses what progress has been made in the past forty years on defining and implementing the Common Heritage of Mankind as a normative and legal framework for governing the exploration for and exploitation of marine minerals in the deep seas.
Exporting co2 for Sub-Seabed Storage: The Non-Effective Amendment to the London Dumping Protocol and Its Implications
Authors: Langlet David
Published: August 2015

The vast amounts of fossil fuels available and the forecasts regarding their future utilisation can make carbon capture and storage/sequestration (ccs) an attractive option, despite the various challenges associated with the technology. In order to be viable, many ccs projects will have to be transboundary, in the sense that co2 will be stored in a country other than from where it was captured. The most attractive, or even the only available, storage option is often offshore. However, export of co2 for sub-seabed storage is prohibited as dumping by the 1996 London Protocol. An amendment to the Protocol that enables export was adopted in 2009, but is unlikely to enter into force. The article analyses the implications of this situation and explores possible options for States that see export of co2 for sub-seabed storage as an important policy option.
Mahr as a Form of Economic Security: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Azahari Raihanah , Ali Hasbi Muh
Published: August 2015

This article discusses the practice of mahr, as a symbol of property ownership among Muslims in Malaysia. Islamic law requires that when they marry, the bridegroom give his bride mahr or a form of dower. The practice of mahr has not been complicated by prescribed forms or amounts required but should be exercised according to the society’s socio-cultural context. Empirical data are presented to examine whether the practice of mahr provides Malaysian Muslim women with economic security after the death of a husband or termination of marriage by divorce. This article concludes that 60.3% of women in Malaysia receive mahr between rm 22.50 and rm 350 and that this amount is not sufficient to provide economic security.
Legal Aspect of Islamic Finance
Authors: Seyadi Reyadh Mohamed
Published: August 2015

Nowadays, a number of Islamic banks look forward to compete with contemporary conventional financial institutions. However, conventional transactions, which are not recognized by the Sharīʿah (Islamic law), are totally rejected when relying on ribā (usury). Therefore, although in principle it would not necessarily be inappropriate to compete with conventional institutions, Islamic institutions should carefully uphold the spirit and purposes of the Sharīʿah. Transactions should not simply be designed to meet all Islamic requirements while at the same time deviate from the substance and spirit of the Sharīʿah.
The Muḍāraba Facility: Evolution, Stasis and Contemporary Revival
Authors: Ebrahim Muhammed-Shahid , Sheikh Mustapha
Published: August 2015

The age-old concept of partnership was seen by Muslim jurists from the 8th century Hijra onwards as a sacrosanct commercial arrangement—and, therefore, subjected to a form of fixity which is unparalleled in any other religious tradition. Since the formative period of Islamic law, the limited-liability partnership, or muḍāraba, a specific variation of the over-arching mushāraka partnership, has continued to hold central importance for Muslims. Yet, despite this centrality, it has not been examined with a view to reformulating it for contemporary Islamic banking and finance. This has led to its virtual neglect in modern Islamic banking operations. This article suggests that the revival of the muḍāraba facility requires the overcoming of key disadvantages inherent in its structure and that a restructuring on the basis of the hybrid facility called participating preferred ijāra is one possible way of achieving such an outcome.
Check list of the bryophytes of Réunion Island (France)

Authors: Ah-Peng Claudine , Bardat Jacques
Published: August 2015

A systematic, literature-based compilation of bryophytes of Réunion Island has been made, with the additional examination of herbarium specimens. The list of 148 genera and 404 species and infraspecific taxa of mosses and 87 genera and 241 species and infraspecific taxa of hepatics and hornworts are here reported, including four mosses reported as new to Réunion.
Two new species of Parasaveljevia Wieser, 1953 (Thoracostomopsidae, Nematoda) from Argentinean coasts (Chubut, Argentina)
Authors: PASTOR CATALINA , RUSSO VIRGINIA LO , VILLARES GABRIELA
Published: August 2015

Two new Parasavaljevia species are described, one from Puerto Madryn, and one from El Límite beach San Jorge Gulf, Chubut Province, Argentina. The two species are characterised by a combination of characters. Parasavaljevia uncinoa n. sp. is characterised by having a long rectangular cirrus, positioned at the level of the inner labial setae, rectangular mandibles with prominent lateral hooks bearing denticles in three lines of nine each and six cephalic setae of the same length, inserted at the anterior end of a small head capsule. Parasavaljevia limitense n. sp. is characterized by having a cirrus posterior positioned, between labial and cephalic setae, rectangular-arched mandibles bearing denticles in five lines of ten each in a gradient of sizes; small buccal cavity, small cephalic capsule and abundant cervical setae (4+10). An emendation of the genus diagnosis and a new key are given and discussed.
Validation of Automatic Cb Observations for METAR Messages without Ground Truth
Authors: Hyvärinen Otto , Saltikoff Elena , Hohti Harri
Published: August 2015

In aviation meteorology, METAR messages are used to disseminate the existence of cumulonimbus (Cb) clouds. METAR messages are traditionally constructed manually from human observations, but there is a growing trend toward automation of this process. At the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), METAR messages incorporate an operational automatic detection of Cb based solely on weather radar data, when manual observations are not available. However, the verification of this automatic Cb detection is challenging, as good ground truth data are not often available; even human observations are not perfect as Cb clouds can be obscured by other clouds, for example. Therefore, statistical estimation of the relevant verification measures from imperfect observations using latent class analysis (LCA) was explored. In addition to radar-based products and human observations, the convective rainfall rate from EUMETSAT’s Nowcasting Satellite Application Facility and lightning products from the Finnish lightning network were used for determining the existence of Cb clouds. Results suggest that LCA gives reasonable estimates of verification measures and, based on these estimates, the Cb detection system at FMI gives results comparable to human observations.
Observed and Modeled Warm Rainfall Occurrence and Its Relationships with Cloud Macrophysical Properties
Authors: King Joshua M. , Kummerow Christian D. , van den Heever Susan C. , Igel Matthew R.
Published: August 2015

Observed and modeled rainfall occurrence from shallow (warm) maritime clouds and their composite statistical relationships with cloud macrophysical properties are analyzed and directly compared. Rain falls from ~25% of warm, single-layered, maritime clouds observed by CloudSat and from ~27% of the analogous warm clouds simulated within a large-domain, fine-resolution radiative–convective equilibrium experiment performed using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS), with its sophisticated bin-emulating bulk microphysical scheme. While the fractional occurrence of observed and simulated warm rainfall is found to increase with both increasing column-integrated liquid water and cloud depth, calculations of rainfall occurrence as a joint function of these two macrophysical quantities suggest that the modeled bulk cloud-to-rainwater conversion process is more efficient than observations indicate—in agreement with previous research. Unexpectedly and in opposition to the model-derived relationship, deeper CloudSat-observed warm clouds with little column water mass are more likely to rain than their corresponding shallow counterparts, despite having lower cloud-mean water contents. Given that these composite relationships were derived from statically identified warm clouds, an attempt is made to quantitatively explore rainfall occurrence within the context of the warm cloud life cycle. Extending a previously established cloud-top buoyancy analysis technique, it is shown that rainfall likelihoods from positively buoyant RAMS-simulated clouds more closely resemble the surprising observed relationships than do those derived from negatively buoyant simulated clouds. This suggests that relative to the depiction of warm clouds within the RAMS output, CloudSat observes higher proportions of positively buoyant, developing warm clouds.
Results from the NASA GSFC and LaRC Ozone Lidar Intercomparison: New Mobile Tools for Atmospheric Research
Authors: Sullivan John T. , McGee Thomas J. , DeYoung Russell , Twigg Laurence W. , Sumnicht Grant K. , Pliutau Denis , Knepp Travis , Carrion William
Published: August 2015

During a 2-week period in May 2014, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center Tropospheric Ozone Differential Absorption Lidar (GSFC TROPOZ DIAL) was situated near the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) Mobile Ozone Lidar (LMOL) and made simultaneous measurements for a continuous 15-h observation period in which six separate ozonesondes were launched to provide reference ozone profiles. Although each of these campaign-ready lidars has very different transmitter and receiver components, they produced very similar ozone profiles, which were mostly within 10% of each other and the ozonesondes. The observed column averages as compared to the ozonesondes also agree well and are within 8% of each other. A robust uncertainty analysis was performed, and the results indicate that there is no statistically significant systematic bias between the TROPOZ and LMOL instruments. With the extended measurements and ozonesonde launches, this intercomparison has yielded an in-depth evaluation of the precision and accuracy of the two new lidars. This intercomparison is also the first (to the best of the authors’ knowledge) reported measurement intercomparison of two ground-based tropospheric ozone lidar systems within the United States.
Mechanical Modeling of the Human Cricoid Cartilage Using Computer-Aided Design
Authors: Johnson Christopher M. , Howell John T. , Mettenburg Donald J. , Rueggeberg Frederick A. , Howell Rebecca J. , Postma Gregory N. , Weinberger Paul M.
Published: August 2015

Objectives:

Balloon dilation is generally considered first-line treatment for airway stenosis. Some dilation systems utilize a compliant balloon that can conform around rigid structures. Others use a noncompliant balloon that does not conform, allowing for dilation of more rigid stenoses. We hypothesized that subglottic dilation with a noncompliant balloon increases the likelihood of fracture of the cricoid when compared to a compliant balloon.

Methods:

Three fresh human cricoid cartilages were placed in a universal testing system to determine the expansile force necessary for cricoid fracture. Using these data, a 3D printer was used to construct a synthetic cricoid model possessing near identical physical characteristics to the human cricoid. Simulated dilation was then performed on the model using a compliant and a noncompliant balloon.

Results:

Human cricoid fracture occurred at 97.25 N (SD = 8.34), and the synthetic cricoid model fractured at 100.10 N (SD = 7.32). Both balloons fractured the model in every replicate experiment. Mean balloon internal pressure at fracture was 7.67 ATM (SD = 1.21) for the compliant balloon and 11.34 ATM (SD = 1.29) for the noncompliant balloon.

Conclusions:

These data show that fracture of the cricoid is a valid concern in balloon dilation procedures where the balloon spans the subglottis. Furthermore, the hypothesis was rejected in that the compliant balloon system was at least as likely to fracture the cricoid model as the noncompliant.
The Political Power of Organized Labor and the Politics of Foreign Direct Investment in Developed Democracies
Authors: Owen Erica
Published: August 2015

How does organized labor shape restrictions on inward foreign direct investment (FDI)? Distributional consequences, drawn from heterogeneous firms theory, suggest that although inward FDI benefits a subset of workers, a greater number of workers is hurt by inward FDI, leading labor in the aggregate to support restrictions on inward FDI. I argue that the political power of labor is determined by the position of labor vis-à-vis other actors in society and the unity of labor’s policy preferences. The share of the labor force that is unionized determines the relative importance of labor interests, while union concentration determines whether the aggregate policy position of organized labor is unified or fragmented. In an analysis of 19 developed countries from 1971 and 2000, I find evidence that greater union density leads to more restrictions on inward investment when unions are concentrated.
Analysis of fit pattern of a hygiene mask for an opened mouth
Authors: Morishima Mika , Fujiyama Takimaru , Shimizu Yuki , Mitsuno Tamaki
Published: August 2015

A hygiene mask covers the wearer’s nose and mouth, and is intended to prevent exposure to viruses, pollen and so on. It is important to develop a mask that fits well as the user’s mouth closes and opens. How well the mask fits to the face when the user’s face shape changes, for example when speaking, was investigated. The three-dimensional (3D) coordinates of the face of a head mannequin with a wide open mouth were measured using a 3D analyzer. Following this, flat patterns with four different sizes were analyzed using a geometric triangle combination method, as was performed in a previous study. These analyzed patterns for the maximally opened mouth were confirmed to be valid using a statistical test with a draping pattern. No significant differences were detected between the analyzed pattern and draping pattern. Three-dimensional coordinates for 62 participants while they opened their mouths in different shapes were measured and then the flat patterns were analyzed. To allow for the shape variation of the face with the mouth open and to achieve good fitting performance for a larger population, a mask sheet made from knitted fabric was proposed. The extension percentage of the sheet with knitted fabric for the closed mouth was calculated for the open mouths. From the results, the necessary sizes of the mask sheet can be estimated for both the closed and opened mouth.
Contradictions in news epistemology: how modernism failed mainstream US journalism
Authors: Barnhurst Kevin G
Published: August 2015

The rise of interpretive news opened a gap between journalism and what people need from news. Modern journalism aims to provide a mature explanation for what happened, insight into what will come next, and a repeatable performance by reporters. With events placed in context, the public can pursue future action based on expert reporting. But US news has mainly proved callow, fallible, and hasty, despite a century of change. Reflections on a project tracking 125 years of news content suggest that flawed news opens more space for engagement than modern journalism can offer. Realism in news confronts the main problems of partisanism, sensationalism, and cynicism. Mainstream journalists resist lurid or partisan coverage to build public trust, but again appear to have failed, especially in the digital era. The implication is that all three could spur vigorous citizenship, partisanism teaching consensus-building, sensationalism teaching moderation, and untrustworthiness teaching self-reliance. The crisis of journalism seems to accompany perils for the people, but modern news at its height of power likely dampened public engagement, a danger itself. Only a different news philosophy can accommodate bottom-up knowledge for audiences resisting top-down journalism. Despite nostalgia for modernism, another news philosophy will not mark an end to democracy.
Giant thymolipoma: A rare case presentation
Authors: Goswami Atanu , Baruah Amarjyoti Rai
Published: August 2015

Thymolipoma is an unusual benign tumor of the mediastinum, comprising 2%–9% of thymic neoplasms. Most presentations are atypical. Here we present the case of a 68-year-old man with effort intolerance and fatigue for 4 months. Computed tomography of the chest revealed a lipomatous mass in the anterior mediastinum and bilateral hemithoraces. There were atelectatic changes in both lungs. The tumor was resected via a midline sternotomy. The patient had to be ventilated for 3 days postoperatively. The histopathological diagnosis was pleomorphic thymolipoma.
A framework for assessing governance capacity: An illustration from Vietnam's forestry reforms
Authors: Dang Thi Kim Phung , Visseren-Hamakers Ingrid J , Arts Bas
Published: August 2015

Over the last two decades, governance has become a central area of research in various disciplines of social sciences. Although scholars widely recognize the importance of governance in sustainable development, the quality of governance and how to measure it in a comprehensive way are still under discussion. In response to this, we developed a framework for assessing governance capacity that is based on the policy arrangement approach. The framework highlights three elements—enabling rules of the game, converging discourses, and facilitating resources—and their inter-linkages. To illustrate the use of the framework, we present its application to the policy of forest land allocation in Vietnam. Our findings indicate the complicated link between institutional capacity and governance performance and the effects of socioeconomic contexts on actors' interactions in a policy arrangement.
Knee Kinematics During Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury as Determined From Bone Bruise Location
Authors: Kim Sophia Y. , Spritzer Charles E. , Utturkar Gangadhar M. , Toth Alison P. , Garrett William E. , DeFrate Louis E.
Published: August 2015

Background:

The motions causing noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury remain unclear. Tibiofemoral bone bruises are believed to be the result of joint impact near the time of ACL rupture. The locations and frequencies of these bone bruises have been reported, but there are limited data quantifying knee position and orientation near the time of injury based on these contusions.

Hypothesis:

Knee position and orientation near the time of noncontact ACL injury include extension and anterior tibial translation.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods:

Magnetic resonance images of 8 subjects with noncontact ACL injuries were acquired within 1 month of injury and were subsequently analyzed. All subjects exhibited bruises on both the femur and tibia in both medial and lateral compartments. The outer margins of bone and the bone bruise surfaces were outlined on each image to create a 3-dimensional model of each subject’s knee in its position during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI position). Numerical optimization was used to maximize overlap of the bone bruises on the femur and tibia and to predict the position of injury. Flexion angle, valgus orientation, internal tibial rotation, and anterior tibial translation were measured in both the MRI position and the predicted position of injury. Differences in kinematics between the MRI position, which served as an unloaded reference, and the predicted position of injury were compared by use of paired t tests.

Results:

Flexion angle was near full extension in both the MRI position and the predicted position of injury (8° vs 12°; P = .2). Statistically significant increases in valgus orientation (5°; P = .003), internal tibial rotation (15°; P = .003), and anterior tibial translation (22 mm; P < .001) were observed in the predicted position of injury relative to the MRI position.

Conclusion:

These results suggest that for the bone bruise pattern studied, landing on an extended knee is a high risk for ACL injury. Extension was accompanied by increased anterior tibial translation (22 mm), internal tibial rotation (15°), and valgus rotation (5°) in the predicted position of injury relative to the MRI position.

Clinical Relevance:

This study provides novel data characterizing the motions associated with ACL injury, information critical to improving strategies aimed at injury prevention.
Gendered Pathways From Child Abuse to Adult Crime Through Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors in Childhood and Adolescence
Authors: Jung Hyunzee , Herrenkohl Todd I. , Lee Jungeun Olivia , Hemphill Sheryl A. , Heerde Jessica A. , Skinner Martie L.
Published: August 2015

Gender differences in externalizing and internalizing pathways from child abuse to adult crime were examined across four waves of an extended longitudinal study ( N = 186 males and 170 females) using multiple-group structural equation modeling. Results show that child abuse was associated with both internalizing and externalizing behaviors in the elementary school years for both males and females. However, gender differences were found such that internalizing behaviors increased the risk of adult crime for females only, and externalizing behaviors increased the risk of adult crime for males only. Internalizing behaviors among males actually lessened the risk of adult crime, and externalizing behaviors were unrelated to adult crime among females. Findings confirm distinct pathways leading from child abuse to later crime for males and females, which is important for prevention and intervention strategies.
A 2800-year multi-proxy sedimentary record of climate change from Lake Çubuk (Göynük, Bolu, NW Anatolia)
Authors: Ocakoğlu Faruk , Dönmez Emel Oybak , Akbulut Aydın , Tunoğlu Cemal , Kır Osman , Açıkalın Sanem , Erayık Celal , Yılmaz İsmail Ömer , Leroy Suzanne AG
Published: August 2015

The sediment of Lake Çubuk in NW Anatolia, which is situated very close to the climate boundary between the dry Central Anatolia and the wet Marmara region, is regarded as a suitable climate archive to test inward and outward movements of this boundary in accordance with past climate variations. Herein, we study the stratigraphic record of the last 2800 years of this landslide-dammed lake at 1030 m elevation, using multi-proxy tools (sedimentology, major and trace element geochemistry, stable isotopes, pollen, diatoms and ostracods) and compare the results with other contemporaneous Anatolian climatic records. Our findings indicate that Lake Çubuk recorded seven distinct climatic periods in the last 2800 years that have been previously revealed elsewhere in Anatolia. The most arid period occurred at the end of the Near-East Aridification Phase at approximately 200 BC when the δ18O shifted to very negative values, and the planktonic diatom ratio considerably decreased. The Dark Ages and the late Byzantine periods between AD 670 and 1070 are characterized by more positive δ18O values, increasingly higher lake levels and the most extensive arboreal cover of the entire record. The ‘Little Ice Age’ appeared suddenly, within 40 years, at AD 1350 and is reflected in all of the proxies, including a positive shift in δ18O, a sharp decrease in pollen of shrub and herb to the benefit of pine trees and a rapid increase in benthic diatom abundance indicating a lake level shallowing. In many parts of the record, a close match between the stable isotopes and the pollen assemblage zones in the last 2800 years demonstrates that climate rather than human activity was the primary driver of vegetation cover in this mid-altitude mountain of NW Anatolia.
Effective Growth Paths for SMEs
Authors: Wakkee Ingrid , Van Der Veen Marijke , Eurlings Willo
Published: August 2015

How firms grow forms a key question in the research on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Based on a survey amongst 1,535 SMEs, we show that the presence of growth capability factors, such as, innovation capacity, financing capacity and human capital, offers inadequate explanation for differences in the level of growth between SMEs in a specific period of time. The utilisation of different growth paths however does seem to elucidate differences between low and high growth. Remarkably, we found that growth paths that are most commonly used by SMEs (market penetration and increasing efficiency) hardly lead to growth. Rather growth paths that are infrequently utilised like setting up a new additional venture and entering foreign markets lead to significantly higher growth levels. It seems however that these growth paths are not attainable for SMEs due to the more extensive investments required. Increasing the firms’ brand awareness was found to be the only path to growth that was both used frequently and that yields actual growth. Therefore, investing in this path to growth seems to be a sensible investment choice for SMEs that want to grow.
Theorising Entrepreneurship in the Informal Sector in Urban Brazil: A Product of Exit or Exclusion?
Authors: Williams Colin C. , Youssef Youssef
Published: August 2015

This article evaluates critically the competing explanations for informal sector entrepreneurship that read such endeavours to result from either ‘exclusion’ from state benefits and the circuits of the modern economy or the voluntary ‘exit’ of workers from formal institutions. Reporting evidence from a 2003 survey in urban Brazil, it is revealed that similar proportions of informal sector entrepreneurs explain their participation to result from their involuntary exclusion and voluntary exit from the formal economy. The outcome is a call to shift from an either/or to a both/and approach when explaining informal sector entrepreneurship and for wider research on the relative weightings given to exit and exclusion in different contexts so as to develop a socio-spatially contingent explanation for participation in informal sector entrepreneurship across the globe.
Students’ game performance improvements during a hybrid sport education–step-game-approach volleyball unit
Authors: Araújo Rui , Mesquita Isabel , Hastie Peter , Pereira Cristiana
Published: August 2015

The purpose of this study was to examine a hybrid combination of sport education and the step-game-approach (SGA) on students’ gameplay performance in volleyball, taking into account their sex and skill-level. Seventeen seventh-grade students (seven girls, 10 boys, average age 11.8) participated in a 25-lesson volleyball season, in which the structural features followed those of sport education and the specific content followed the didactical framework of the SGA. Data were collected prior to the first lesson (pre-test), following the completion of the unit (post-test) and seven days after the post-test (retention). The game performance assessment instrument was used in a systematic observation of video records of students’ behaviours while playing a 10-minute 2vs2 game. A 2 (sex) × 3 (time) and a 2 (skill-level) × 3 (time) analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures across the three tests was used to compare the students’ performances on all indexes. Results showed that both boys and girls made improvements from the pre-test to the post-test and maintained those improvements to the retention test in almost all the indexes analysed. Further, the results also showed that lower skill-level students realized greater gains than those of higher skill during the unit, which reinforces the idea that future implementations of this hybrid approach should adjust content and learning task to different skill-levels.
Audiences out of the box: Diasporic sexual minorities viewing representations of sexual diversity
Authors: Dhoest Alexander
Published: August 2015

Much has been written about the representation of sexual minorities in the media, but the meanings of such representations for audiences have hardly been explored to date. Moreover, most of this writing only addresses Western representations and White, Western audiences, so the current picture is limited and culturally specific. This article draws on in-depth interviews with (children of) migrants living in Belgium, discussing their readings of representations of sexual diversity. In media from their country of origin, but also in Belgian and Western media, they identify many of the ‘old’ problems discussed in the literature on lesbian, gay and bisexual and transgender representation: invisibility, negativity and stereotyping. While they are also critical about the lack of diversity in the media, particularly in terms of non-White, non-Western representations, they generally ‘make do’ with what is available This research shows how patterns of representation are all but even across the world, and how strongly the meanings and implications of these representations depend on the readings of audiences, situated in particular cultural, social and media contexts.
Thoughts on racial democratic education and moral virtue
Authors: Lebron Chris
Published: August 2015

The taking of Black life by state authorities is a long-standing tragic tradition in America. However, in recent years, instances of Black death have gained wider media attention. This is a potentially important teaching moment, especially as it regards moral virtue and racism. In this article, I argue that Blacks have been put through a kind of educational regimen on account of racism and that moral imagination is crucial to the development of Whites’ moral virtue. I conclude by suggesting that radicalism broadly construed needs to return as part of Blacks’ political sensibilities.
Effects of solar radiation asymmetry on buildings’ cooling energy needs
Authors: Csáky Imre , Kalmár Ferenc
Published: August 2015

Over the last several years, the energy used for air conditioning in buildings increased in most European countries because of the high heat loads during the summer and the occupants’ increased comfort needs. The aim of our research was to determine the incident solar radiation on horizontal and vertical surfaces and to investigate the heat loads of buildings with different orientations of the glazed areas and different thermal masses in the building structures. Using the measured hourly global radiation data for the years 2009–2013, the diffuse and direct incident solar radiation was determined for the horizontal and vertical surfaces. A statistical analysis of the daily energy yield from solar radiation and the daily mean outdoor temperatures was conducted. The number of symmetric and asymmetric days was determined for torrid days. Using the methodology provided by standard EN ISO 13790:2008, the cooling energy demand and daily energy need for cooling was determined and evaluated for representative days of the analyzed years.
Drug coated balloon angioplasty in elderly patients with small vessel coronary disease
Authors: Sinaga Dasdo A. , Ho Hee Hwa , Zeymer Uwe , Waliszewski Matthias , Jafary Fahim H. , Ooi Yau Wei , Loh Jason K. K. , Tan Julian K. B. , Ong Paul J. L.
Published: August 2015

Background:

Coronary angioplasty in advanced age is associated with higher rate of comorbidities and complications. Drug coated balloon only angioplasty (DCBA) has emerged as an alternative to treat small vessel coronary disease (SVCD), of reference vessel diameters <2.8 mm, with shorter duration of dual antiplatelet (DAPT). This is the first study to assess the DCBA efficacy in an elderly population with SVCD.

Methods and results:

We performed a prospective study of 447 patients (334 patients aged <75 and 113 patients aged ⩾75 years old) acquired from the SeQuent Please Small Vessel ‘Paclitaxel-Coated Balloon Only’ registry. In the older age group, more patients have hypertension (89% versus 77%; p = 0.006), renal insufficiency (21% versus 6%; p < 0.001), atrial fibrillation (17% versus 7%; p = 0.001), and calcified lesions (33% versus 20%; p = 0.006). At 30 days, there was one myocardial infarction requiring target lesion revascularization (TLR) in the younger group. No major adverse cardiac event (MACE) was observed in the older group. At 9 months, the MACE rate in the younger group was 4.2% and 6.1% in the older group ( p = 0.453), with TLR rates at 3.9% and 3.0% ( p = 0.704) respectively. There was no cardiac death observed.

Conclusion:

DBCA in the elderly with SVCD is as safe and effective compared with younger patients despite more complex anatomy and comorbidities.
Choice architecture interventions for increased vegetable intake and behaviour change in a school setting: a systematic review
Authors: Nørnberg Trine Riebeling , Houlby Louise , Skov Laurits Rohden , Peréz-Cueto Federico Jose Armando
Published: August 2015

Aims:

The primary objective of this review is to assess the prevalence and quality of published studies on the effect of choice architectural nudge interventions promoting vegetable consumption among adolescents. Additionally, this review aims to identify studies estimating adolescents’ attitude towards choice architectural nudge interventions.

Methods:

Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed were searched systematically for experimental studies with a predefined search strategy in the period November–December 2013. Publications were included following predetermined inclusion criteria. Studies were evaluated as of high, moderate or weak quality. Finally, studies were grouped by the type of intervention and underwent a narrative synthesis.

Results:

The search showed that only very few studies investigated the effects of choice architectural nudging interventions on vegetable consumption, and none of them had attitude towards behavioural interventions as an outcome measure. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. The results of the 12 studies were inconclusive, and the majority of studies were of weak or moderate quality.

Conclusion:

This review uncovers a gap in knowledge on the effect of choice architectural nudge interventions aiming to promote the intake of vegetables among adolescents in a school context. It also highlights that no previous studies have considered the attitudes towards choice architectural nudge interventions as a potential factor for their success – or lack thereof – in achieving the desired goal of increased vegetable consumption.
Interphalangeal Arthrodesis of the Toe With a New Radiolucent Intramedullary Implant (Toegrip)
Authors: Averous Christophe , Leider Frederic , Rocher Hubert , Determe Patrice , Guillo Stephane , Cermolacce Christophe , Diebold Patrice
Published: August 2015

Background. Interphalangeal arthrodesis is a very common surgical treatment of rigid hammertoe and claw toe deformities. The K-wires habitually used in this procedure are sometimes complicated by pin tract infection, migration, discomfort, and breakage. The aim of this study is to evaluate the results of an interphalangeal arthrodesis with a new radiolucent angulated intramedullary implant. Methods. A total of 377 implants were placed in 297 patients between October 1, 2011, and October 1, 2012. In this study, 157 patients had more than 1 year follow-up and 142 patients were reviewed. The operation technique is explained in detail. Results. This intramedullary device offers a good immediate mechanical stability, adequate deformity correction, and a high rate of consolidation (83%). The satisfaction rate of patients in this series was 94%. Conclusions. This study demonstrates good results with a new generation of radiolucent implants.

Level of Evidence: Therapeutic, Level IV: Case series