bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Authority of Art: Cultural criticism and the idea of the Royal Academy in mid‐Victorian Britain
Authors: Trodd Colin
Published: December 2003

In mid‐Victorian Britain the Royal Academy was subject to detailed investigation and valuation by a number of cultural, social and governmental forces. Focusing on the relationship between professional status and cultural power, many of these examinations were concerned with the role played by the Royal Academy in the public exhibition of art and the national education of artists.

The purpose of this article is to survey and analyse the rhetorics which organized debates concerning the function and identity of the Royal Academy in the period between 1850 and 1880. Engaging with a range of primary sources – Select Committee Reports, exhibition reviews, critical essays and public speeches – this work addresses the following questions: How was the term ‘professional’ used in definitions of the Royal Academy? To what extent was its privileged position within the social, ceremonial and symbolic landscapes of Victorian culture dependent upon its exploitation of commercial markets? How could the Academy reject the claim that, in establishing the social status of its own membership, it had contrived to return art to the level of trade? Where was the Academy positioned in relation to the discourses of national culture which circulated within Victorian culture?
The Body and Difference: Anatomy training at the Ecole des Beaux‐Arts in Paris in the later nineteenth century
Authors: Callen Anthea
Published: December 2003

This article has two aims. Firstly, to augment the published information currently available on the teaching and learning of anatomy at the Ecole des Beaux‐Arts in Paris including an Appendix of the curriculum c. 1880 under Dr Mathias‐Marie Duval (1844–1907) and, secondly, to analyse some of the artistic anatomy’s roles and meanings in pictorial representations of the human body. The main foci for visual analysis are a Salon medal‐winning oil painting of 1888 by François Sall, (1839–99), The Anatomy Class at the Ecole des Beaux‐Arts (Sydney, Art Gallery of New South Wales), depicting Duval’s class, and the photographs of human morphology by Dr Paul Richer (1849–1933); Duval and Richer professed anatomy at the Ecole during the period 1873 to 1933. Positing a dynamic interaction between the professions of art, medicine and anthropology in the production of anatomy teaching and anatomy’s visual canons, analysis concentrates on decoding the constitution of historically specific social relationships of class and gender, as inscribed across representations of the anatomical body.
The Student Years of the Brücke and their Teachers
Authors: Lasko Peter
Published: December 2003

The student years 1901 to 1906 of the four founder members of the Brücke association of artists are analysed – Fritz Bleyl, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Erich Heckel and Karl Schmidt‐Rottluff – based on the unpublished ‘study’ files that survive in Dresden Technical University. Although they studied architecture, their education offered a wide range of courses, including architectural and interior design, freehand drawing and sketching, perspective drawing, the History of Art and Architecture, as well as the historical and practical aspects of the Applied Arts, which casts doubt on the often stated claim that the Brücke artists were entirely self‐taught. The courses they studied in Dresden are discussed, as well as Kirchner’s Winter Semester of 1903–04, which he spent at the progressive Debschitz and Obrist Art School in Munich. The writings of Hermann Obrist and the two best known of their Dresden professors, Cornelius Gurlitt and Fritz Schumacher, are examined, in an attempt to analyse what influence the ideas and theoretical positions of their teachers might have had on them. Appendices list all the surviving documents (A), the courses taken (B), courses taught by their teachers (C) and their addresses in Dresden (D).
Palladianism via Postmodernism: Constructing and deconstructing the ‘English Renaissance’
Authors: McKellar Elizabeth
Published: December 2003

Mowl, Timothy and Earnshaw, Brian Architecture Without Kings: The Rise of Puritan Classicism under Cromwell

Worsley, Giles Classical Architecture in Britain: The Heroic Age
The Krazy Kat Problem
Authors: Williams Richard J.
Published: December 2003

Guggenheim Museum, Soloman R. Robert Morris: The Mind/Body Problem

Morris, Robert Continuous Project Altered Daily: The Writings of Robert Morris

Morris, Robert Centre Georges Pompidou
Treading Blindly, or the Excessive Presence of the Object
Authors: Fer Briony
Published: December 2003

A metaphorics of blindness, which informs both theories of optics and psychoanalysis, finds perhaps its most compelling and frequent expression in the image of the blind man. This familiar image would seem immediately to circumvent the question of femininity and so reassert the Oedipal scenario and the father‐son axis which it privileges. The aim of this essay, on the other hand, is to re–imagine the place of ‘not seeing’ in an account of femininity and representation, and to insist on the place of disturbances of vision in such an account. Drawing upon Freud's discussion of ‘hysterical blindness’, I consider the implications of blotting out sections from the field of vision as they may figure in the excessive effects of the art object. The focus of the essay is the work of Eva Hesse and the younger British sculptor Rachel Whiteread and in particular their floor pieces (though I also discuss Andre, Nauman and others). I attempt to map out a terrain of fantasy and an uneasy psychic scenario which gets played out in the spaces of sculpture. Whiteread's work is preoccupied with forgotten or unseen spaces, the underside of a floor, for instance, and the essay speculates on such moves to make the invisible visible, or to turn an inside outside. The question of floor‐bound sculpture is addressed from the point of view of shifts in sculpture in the mid‐1960s and why such a format for sculpture should remain so compelling now.
Nostalgia in Black, White and Grey
Authors: Faulkner Simon
Published: December 2003

Goldstein, Ann and Rorimer, Anne (eds). Reconsidering the Object of Art: 1965–1975
Sonnet, Sculpture, Death: the Mediums of Michaelangelo's Self–Imaging
Authors: Agoston Laura Camille
Published: December 2003

This essay proposes a new reading of Michelangelo's sonnet 151, ‘Non ha l’ottimo artista’, emphasizing the text's insistence on death as the recalled condition of the self. Sonnet 151 begins with a conceit about the art of sculpture as a process of confronting a marble block and turns to recollections about the state of the self phrased in abstract, moral terms. Comparison with the artist's last sculptures, the Florence Deposition and the Rondanini Pietà reveals a coherent though unresolved project of the self representationally seeking a medium. These media are the marble block, death, and, arguably, the body of Christ. Exploring close intertextual relationships to Petrarch’s sonnet 170 and St Paul’s Letter to the Romans clarifies Michelangelo's distinctive conception of death as a medium of self–recognition. The implications of this recognition configure a stark division between exterior surface and interior reality and cast Michelangelo's professional identity as a sculptor functioning in a Christian framework of belief as fraught and threatened.
The Mesdag Panorama: Sheltering the all‐embracing view
Authors: Halkes Petra
Published: December 2003

The idyllic harmony of nature and culture, represented in the Mesdag Panorama (The Hague, 1881), is seen as a manifestation of a widespread late nineteenth‐century desire to screen out the fragmentary forces of modernity. Hendrik Willem Mesdag used photography as an aid to paint an icon of an idealized world in which the disembodied eye partakes of a unified Whole.

Disjunctive elements are found in the painting, however, that betray a repressed awareness that this harmonious world is a fiction, contrasting the temporal, historical perception of everyday life at the Dutch seaside of 1881.
Rethinking Architecture?
Authors: Williams Richard J.
Published: December 2003

Neil Leach(ed.), Rethinking Architecture: A Reader in Cultural Theory
Spiders, Spit and Frock Coats
Authors: Highmore Ben
Published: December 2003

Yve‐Alain Bois and Rosalind E. Krauss, Formless: A User’s Guide
Pleasurable Fear: Géricault and Uncanny Trends at the Opening of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Germer Stefan
Published: December 2003

Through examining three thematic groups of works within the oeuvre of Théodore Géricault, the author argues for the evocatively ephemeral as well as reception‐determined nature of their ‘uncanny’ quality as visually experienced. Drawing primary examples from among Géricault’s representations of decapitated heads and limbs (which seem still to be alive), horses (which resist domestication or control), and children (who appear to be uncomfortably adult‐like, particularly in their sexualization), he shows how the artist intentionally produced images characterized by a disturbing confusion or erasure of at‐that‐time accepted boundaries. The resulting ambivalences are demonstrated to be not only products of their specific early nineteenth‐century historical moment, but at the same time to have exceeded – through the introduction of a surplus of signification – contemporary expectations of the aesthetic. In this sense, it is argued, with the ‘unncanniness’ of Géricault’s pictures, we are confronted with the inherent limitations of interpretation.
Despoiled at the Source
Authors: Zorach Rebecca
Published: December 2003

This article argues for the possibility of combining psychoanalytic and materialist approaches to Rennaissance visual culture. It addresses the eroticism of both figure and facture of Titian’s Diana and Callisto, using Julia Kristeva’s and Judith Butler’s theories of the abject. It compares the positions of figures in the painting with contemporary representations of exorcism and examines the occluded associations of the goddess Diana with witchcraft and the mark of the painter with the mark of the witch. It concludes by arguing for a repressed identification between Titian’s painterly subjectivity and maternal (pro)creation.
Unchanging Obstinacy
Authors: Day Gail
Published: December 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Cacciari, Massimo, Posthumous People: Vienna at the Turning Point
Clearings
Authors: Fer Briony
Published: December 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Anne Middleton Wagner Three Artists (Three Women); Modernism and the Art of Hesse, Krasner and O’Keefe
Demystifying Aubrey Beardsley
Authors: Gruetzner Robins Anna
Published: December 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Stephen Calloway Three Artists (Three Women); Modernism and the Art of Hesse, Krasner and O’Keefe

Linda Gertner Zatlin Beardsley Japonisme and the Perversion of the Victorian Ideal

Jane Haville Desmarais The Beardsley Industry. The Critical Reception in England and France

Peter Raby Aubrey Beardsley and the Nineties

Matthew Sturgis Aubrey Beardsley. A Biography
Government and the Metropolitan Image: ministers, parliament and the concept of a capital city, 1840–1915
Authors: Port M.H.
Published: December 2003

The two basic obstacles to reconstructing Victorian London as a magnificent capital were its lack of effective local government, and the prevailing system of parliamentary government.

Fear of disease forced ministers to act on sanitary issues, but they were reluctant to outface those interests that resisted, on one hand, interference with the peculiar powers of the City of London, and on the other opposed spending any part of national taxation on London. Even necessary improvements in government buildings were attacked as misuse of public money.

Improvements in London’s image achieved in the Victorian era were largely the work of a handful of junior ministers influenced by developments in other European capitals, especially Paris. Only at the end of the nineteenth century was a means devised of safeguarding improvement schemes from capricious undermining.
Rebuilding ‘The Heart of the Empire’: bank headquarters in the City of London, 1919–1939
Authors: Black Iain S.
Published: December 2003

Between 1919 and 1939 the landscape of the City of London’s central financial district underwent a sustained transformation as the Bank of England and other major financial institutions rebuilt their headquarters in the heart of the City. Indeed, by the mid‐1930s the landscape captured in the foreground of Niels Lund’s celebrated painting The Heart of the Empire had radically changed. Surprisingly, given the immense historical important of the City in English cultural identity and economic life, this transformation of its built environment has received remarkably little attention. This paper presents a detailed evaluation of this changing landscape of finance within a conceptual framework that emphasizes important relationships between money, architecture and social power. Working through a series of ‘deep’ descriptions of the key rebuilding projects involved, the paper highlights how late‐imperial visions of finance and empire provided an unique cultural and ideological context for this new palatial landscape of finance.
History Painting/Painting History
Authors: Barker Emma
Published: December 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Christopher Prendergast, Napoleon and History Painting: Antoine‐Jean Gros’s, La Bataille d’Eylau

Beth S. Wright, Painting and History during the French Restoration: Abandoned by the Past

Steven Bann, Paul Delaroche: History Painted

Marc J. Gotlieb, The Plight of Emulation: Ernest Meissonier and French Salon Painting
An Extraordinary Primer
Authors: Åhr Johan
Published: December 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Richard R. Brettell, Modern Art, 1851–1929: Capitalism and Representation
Repossessions: Postcolonial Perspectives on the Politics of Culture
Authors: Rhodes Colin
Published: December 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Nicholas Thomas, Possessions: Indigenous Art/Colonial Culture

Nicholas Thomas and Diane Losche (eds.), Double Vision: Art Histories and Colonial Histories in the Pacific

Nicholas Thomas, Oceanic Art

Julie F. Codell and Dianne Sachko Macleod (eds.), Orientalism Transposed: The Impact of the Colonies on British Culture
Ruination
Authors: Wrigley Richard
Published: December 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Catharine Edwards (ed.), Roman Presences: Receptions of Rome in European Culture, 1789–1945
Ivory Lists: Consular diptychs, Christian appropriation and polemics of time in Late Antiquity
Authors: Bowes Kim
Published: December 2003

This article offers a new interpretation of the function of ivory consular diptychs. An examination of ancient texts and visual sources show that consular diptychs originally held fasti consulares, or consular lists, within their leaves. This function forces us to re‐evaluate the significance of the images displayed on diptych covers, and reveals that the consular diptych and even the consulate itself were connected to Late Antiquity’s abiding obsession with time and chronology. The article also considers how this chronological function affected later Christian appropriation of the diptychs to hold lists of saints and bishops, and how the intertwining of Christian and consular chronologies may have affected the iconographic programmes of Christian diptychs, particularly that of the enigmatic Carrand diptych.
Reassessing Two Renaissance Artists: Altichero and Cosmè Tura
Authors: Geddes Helen
Published: December 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

John Richards, Altichiero: An Artist and his Patrons in the Italian Trecento

Joseph Manca, Cosmè Tura, The Life and Art of a Painter in Estense Ferrara
Viewing, Desiring, Believing: confronting the divine in a Pompeian house
Authors: Platt Verity
Published: December 2003

This paper explores the interrelationships between a set of Pompeian wall‐paintings of the first century AD. Three mythological scenes inspired by Ovid’s Metamorphoses are arranged around a portico leading to a chamber decorated with imagery associated with the cult of Isis. The panels all depict a tragic meeting of desirous gazes, making them particularly receptive to a Lacanian reading, which explores the way in which each scene is triangulated with the male viewer, through the arousal of his own desire, and the scopic traps of illusionistic naturalism itself. Furthermore, the juxtaposition of naturalistic and religious modes of viewing collapses the categories of the secular and sacred, complicating the relationship between two supposedly different Greco‐Roman aesthetic traditions. The paper explores two potential readings – religious imagery as a ‘safe’ resting‐place for the potentially dangerous gaze, or a blurring of categories by which the sacred and secular are equally subject to that paranoia of the general gaze which imbued Imperial Roman society.
Public Concerns – Private Longings: Adolph Menzel’s Studio Wall (1872)
Authors: Forster‐Hahn Françoise
Published: December 2003

While this paper focuses on The Studio Wall (1872), one of the most intriguing paintings by Adolph Menzel, the critical analysis of this one image serves as a window onto central issues of modernity: the disjunction – even rupture – between the public and private spheres in an artist’s life and work, the fragmentation of, and ambiguity concerning, traditional aesthetic paradigms, and the reciprocal relation of nationalism to the ever‐shifting critical reception of art. Rather than insist on one fixed reading, I shall concentrate on the dynamic processes at work which have alternatively concealed or exposed specific layers of meaning.
Paintings, Films and Fast Cars: A Case Study of Hubert von Herkomer
Authors: Nead Lynda
Published: December 2003

In a recent conversation with Bruno Latour, the French philosopher Michel Serres visualized his concept of modernity through the image of the automobile. The car, Serres argued, could not be defined as uniquely of one period or as belonging exclusively to the modern, being ‘a disparate aggregate of scientific and technical solutions dating from different periods … The ensemble is only contemporary by assemblage.’ This metaphor offers a highly productive way of looking at the history and forms of visual culture in Britain in the early twentieth century, when the technological and commercial possibilities of nineteenth‐century optical developments were filtering into all aspects of cultural production and consumption. The article examines this moment via a case study of the artist Hubert von Herkomer; offering a reassessment through an examination of his paintings, films and fast cars and thereby proposing a reframing of the history of British visual culture through the integration of still and moving images.
Crucial achievements of Sienese painters
Authors: Cannon Joanna
Published: December 2003

Book reviewed:

Joanna Cannon The World of the Early Sienese Painter
Surrealism is born
Authors: Cox Neil
Published: December 2003

Book reviewed:

Peter Read Apollinaire et Les Mamelles de Tirésias: La revanche d’Éros
Vermeer’s Pregnant Women. On Human Generation and Pictorial Representation
Authors: Leonhard Karin
Published: December 2003

According to legend, Vermeer's canvas acts like a flawless mirror:

The picture is conjured onto it as though it is painted by Nature itself – the canvas reflects undistorted images of the real world. Vermeer seems to be a master in the art of describing; he paints with striking realism.

But is there any truth to this legend?

We well know that the female body was also seen as a speculum sine macula in the seventeenth century’s eyes. A two–thousand–year–old belief in human generation gave the power of procreation to men alone; the female body was a merely passive matter, a medium in which the embryo could grow.

– Vermeer has painted pregnant women.

But when we talk about Vermeer, we never ask about this belief, although it was in Delft, only a few streets away from Vermeer's home, that it was challenged and disproved for all time.
Great masters and exceptional women
Authors: King Catherine
Published: December 2003

Keith Christiansen and Judith W. Mann (eds), Orazio and Artemisia Gentileschi
Regarding pain
Authors: Mills Robert
Published: December 2003

Nigel Spivey Enduring Creation: Art, Pain and Fortitude
Prediction of infusion rates of rocuronium using the bolus test dose technique
Authors: Harrison M. J.
Published: December 2003

Twenty‐four patients were given a loading dose of rocuronium 1.0 mg.kg−1 intravenously followed by boluses of 20 mg (n = 19) and 10 mg (n = 24) after return of T1 of the train‐of‐four to 5% of control. Neuromuscular function was assessed using a Relaxograph. The time was recorded for the return of T1 to 5% after the administration of the boluses and subsequently an infusion of rocuronium was started. The aim was to maintain T1 between 3% and 7% of control for at least 40 min without a change of infusion rate. The correlations between the duration of the test doses and the infusion rates were −0.94 (10 mg) and −0.86 (20 mg). The predictive accuracy of the 10 mg bolus was assessed in a further 10 patients. At the termination of the infusion three patients had a T1% that was outside the desired range of 3–7%. A 10 mg bolus that lasts 6 min indicates a need for an infusion of at least 60 mg.h−1, 8 min (50 mg.h−1), 10 min (40 mg.h−1), 15 min (30 mg.h−1), 24 min (20 mg.h−1) and 34 min (15 mg.h−1).
Why do patients die on general wards after discharge from intensive care units?
Authors: Wallis C. B. , Davies H. T. O. , Shearer A. J.
Published: December 2003

The aim of this study was to determine the cause of death of those patients who died on general hospital wards after discharge from an intensive care unit. Of 1700 patients admitted over a 5‐year period, 341 (20%) died in intensive care but a further 153 (9%) died on general wards. From data recorded at discharge from intensive care, 54.2% of those who died on the wards were considered at risk of death, 25.5% were expected to die but 20.3% were expected to survive. The main causes of death were pneumonia, hypoxic or structural brain damage, cerebrovascular accident, malignancy, myocardial infarction, renal or multi‐organ failure and sepsis. Some of these may have been preventable with further intensive care or improved care on the wards.
Epidural blood patch for atypical headache following obstetric epidural analgesia
Authors: Yentis S. M. , Haire K.
Published: December 2003

A case of atypical headache presenting following otherwise unremarkable epidural analgesia in labour is presented. Although there was no suggestion of accidental dural puncture during insertion of the epidural catheter, and despite the unusual features of the headache and complicated case history, an epidural blood patch was performed 13 weeks post‐partum, with improvement of the patient’s symptoms. A repeat epidural blood patch 2 weeks later completely resolved her headache.
The effect of laryngeal mask airway insertion on the position of the internal jugular vein
Authors: Nandwani N. , Fairfield M. C. , Krarup K. , Thompson J.
Published: December 2003

A high‐quality ultrasound system (Dyasonics Prisma) was used to study the effect of laryngeal mask airway insertion and cuff inflation on the position and relations of the internal jugular vein in eight healthy young patients undergoing elective surgery. On insertion of the laryngeal mask, with the cuff pre‐inflated with 10 ml of air, some minor movement was discernible in the larynx. Neither the larynx nor surrounding structures changed significantly in position. However, on full inflation of the laryngeal mask cuff there was a more noticeable movement of the larynx, which visibly distended in an anterior direction. The mean anterior displacement was 0.8 cm (range 0.6–1.1 cm). There was no significant lateral displacement of the carotid artery or internal jugular vein and there was no significant compression of these structures. We conclude that in the presence of a laryngeal mask airway fixed landmarks such as the sternal notch and angle of the jaw should be used to identify the likely position of the internal jugular vein. Difficulty in cannulation may be experienced if the mobile laryngeal structures are used as landmarks.
Long‐term outcome after percutaneous dilational tracheostomy
Authors: Law R. C. , Carney A. S. , Manara A. R.
Published: December 2003

We studied 41 patients who had previously undergone percutaneous dilational tracheostomy at least 6 months following tracheal decannulation. The patients were examined using laryngotracheoscopy and spirometry to assess the long‐term anatomical and functional consequences of percutaneous dilational tracheostomy. Apart from one patient who had requested a scar revision, no patient was symptomatic. A significant (>10%) tracheal stenosis was identified in four asymptomatic patients, two of whom also had spirometric evidence of this obstruction. These results suggest that the long‐term outcome after percutaneous tracheostomy is at least as good as that following conventional surgical tracheostomy. Refinements of the percutaneous technique, such as endoscopic guidance, may further improve the results.
The effect of the National Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Deaths on clinical practice
Authors: Derrington M. C. , Gallimore S.
Published: December 2003

A postal survey was performed to investigate whether the National Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Deaths (NCEPOD) had influenced clinical practice. A short questionnaire was sent to 100 consultant anaesthetists from England, Wales and Northern Ireland. There was a 72% response rate. NCEPOD had influenced personal clinical practice in 74% of respondents, the inception of guidelines and protocols in 75% and had helped in the improvement of essential services, staff or equipment in 80%. Some individuals had tried and failed to establish improvements. Nearly 80% perceived current threats to standards of care that NCEPOD might investigate in the future. The replies indicated that NCEPOD is perceived by clinicians as influencing clinical practice and standards of care.
Carbon dioxide embolism during laser endometrial ablation
Authors: Kelly M. , Mathews H. M. L. , Weir P.
Published: December 2003

A patient undergoing endometrial ablation with an Nd‐YAG laser, a carbon‐dioxide‐cooled coaxial fibre and an exposed fibre tip suffered a carbon dioxide embolism resulting in cardiac arrest. A full recovery was made with no neurological deficit.
Tracheal dilatation complicating prolonged tracheal intubation
Authors: Rhodes A. , Lamb F. J. , Grounds R. M. , Bennett E. D.
Published: December 2003

A patient with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome requiring prolonged tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation is described. Tracheal dilatation was noted to have occurred following an elective surgical tracheostomy. Eventually, the patient was successfully weaned from mechanical ventilation and the tracheostomy tube removed.
The anaesthetist and the antiphospholipid syndrome
Authors: Madan R. , Khoursheed M. , Kukla R. , Al‐Mazidi M. , Behbehani A.
Published: December 2003

Antiphospholipid syndrome is a paradoxical disease state with in vitro prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time and a strong predilection for in vivo thrombosis. The syndrome can be associated with systemic lupus erythematosus or lupus‐like diseases or may be primary, presenting with thrombotic phenomena in young patients with no risk factors for thrombosis. We present two cases seen in two different settings in the hospital.
Selective depletion of rectal lamina propria rather than lymphoid aggregate CD4 lymphocytes in HIV infection
Authors: CLAYTON F , SNOW G , REKA S , KOTLER D P
Published: December 2003

The goal of this study was to examine the changes in lymphocyte populations in rectal mucosa during HIV infection and to study their relationship to mucosal immunity and to systemic depletion of CD4 lymphocytes. Rectal biopsies from 58 HIV-infected subjects and eight controls were studied. Frozen rectal tissue sections were stained with antibodies to CD4, CD3, CD8, and markers for macrophages. HIV-infected subjects were divided into early stage (no opportunistic infections) and AIDS groups. There was profound depletion of rectal lamina propria CD4 lymphocytes (16% and 6% of normal content in early and AIDS groups, respectively). However, lymphoid aggregate CD4 lymphocytes were far less severely depleted (69% and 40% of normal content, respectively). The extent of lymphoid aggregate CD4 lymphocyte depletion generally parallelled the CD4 lymphocyte depletion in the blood. CD8 lymphocyte content in both the lamina propria and lymphoid aggregates usually were increased, particularly in early-stage patients. Macrophage contents were usually normal in the HIV-infected groups. We conclude that rectal lamina propria and lymphoid aggregates are distinct compartments differing markedly in their CD4 lymphocyte content during HIV infection. In light of this and an increased number of apoptotic cells which were noted in rectal lamina propria in HIV-infected subjects, we hypothesize that intestinal lamina propria could be a site of rapid CD4 lymphocyte destruction during HIV infection.
High frequency of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) lymphoblastoid cell line-reactive lymphocytes in cord blood: evaluation of cytolytic activity and IL-2 production
Authors: MORETTA A , COMOLI P , MONTAGNA D , GASPARONI A , PERCIVALLE E , CARENA I , REVELLO M G , GERNA G , MINGRAT G , LOCATELLI F , RONDINI G , MACCARIO R
Published: December 2003

We investigated natural immunity towards autologous EBV lymphoblastoid cell lines (EBV-LCL) in the cord blood. Cord blood lymphocytes (CBL) from 20 healthy neonates were examined together with three EBV+ and one EBV− adult donors. We found that high frequencies of EBV-LCL-reactive cytotoxic lymphocytes, ranging from 1/190 to 1/12 205 were detectable in EBV− and EBV+ donors, as well as in the cord blood of 15 out of 20 neonates. Surface phenotype analysis, depletion experiments with MoAbs specific for T and natural killer (NK) lymphocyte subsets, and T lymphocyte cloning procedures strongly indicate virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) as the major population responsible for the lysis of autologous EBV-LCL in EBV+ donors. Conversely, a high frequency of NK cells seems to be involved in the killing activity observed in neonates and in the EBV− donor. Frequencies of EBV-LCL-induced IL-2-producing lymphocytes were high in EBV+ donors (range 1/2247–1/6633) and heterogeneous, but consistent, in cord blood (range 1/5072–1/57 819) and in the EBV− adult (1/17 148). CD8+ lymphocytes were responsible for IL-2 production in EBV+ individuals, while CD4+ T cells were charged with this role in cord blood and in the EBV− donor. These data demonstrate that CBL are able to develop a strong innate immunity, directed against autologous EBV-infected cells, mediated by both NK cells and CD4+ T lymphocytes. This characteristic may be relevant for protection against viral infections in both neonates and patients given cord blood transplantation (CBT).
Phenotypic characterization of T cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and peripheral blood of patients with diffuse panbronchiolitis; the importance of cytotoxic T cells
Authors: KAWAKAMI K , KADOTA J , IIDA K , FUJII T , SHIRAI R , MATSUBARA Y , KOHNO S
Published: December 2003

We investigated the contribution of T cells in diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB) by identifying T cell subsets in BALF of 36 patients with DPB, before and after long-term treatment with macrolide antibiotics, and 16 healthy control subjects. The percentages of lymphocytes and CD3+γδ+ cells in BALF of DPB patients and control subjects were similar, but the absolute number of these cells was higher in DPB patients. Treatment resulted in a significant reduction in the absolute number of these cells. A further two-colour analysis of T cell subsets in BALF showed a significantly higher ratio and number of CD8+HLA-DR+ cells in DPB patients. Treatment resulted in a significant reduction of activated T cells. Most BALF CD8+ cells were CD8+CD11b− cytotoxic T cells. The number of these cells in BALF of DPB patients (26.69 ± 5.86 × 103/ml) was higher than the control (2.02 ± 0.38 × 103/ml; P < 0.001), and a significant reduction was observed after treatment (7.69 ± 2.59 × 103/ml; P < 0.01). The number of CD4+ cells was also higher in DPB patients than in controls, and most were CD4+CD29+ memory T cells. However, treatment did not influence the number of these cells. The number of lymphocytes, CD3+γδ+, CD8+CD11b−, CD8+HLA-DR+, and CD4+CD29+ cells was higher in patients with bacterial infection than in those without bacterial infection, and interestingly, macrolide therapy reduced the number of lymphocytes, CD3+γδ+, CD8+CD11b− and CD8+HLA-DR+ cells, irrespective of bacterial infection. In peripheral blood, the percentage of CD8+HLA-DR+ cells was also higher in DPB patients than in healthy subjects, and significantly decreased after treatment. The percentage of CD8+CD11b− cells in peripheral blood was similar in DPB patients and normal subjects, and treatment significantly reduced the percentage of these cells. Finally, the expression of the adhesion molecules CD11a/CD18 (α/β-chains of LFA-1) on lung CD3+ cells and CD49d (α-chain of VLA) on lung CD4+ cells was enhanced compared with that on peripheral blood in DPB patients. Our results suggest that elevation of memory T cells and activation of CD8+ cells, mainly cytotoxic T cells, in the airway lumen of DPB patients may contribute to chronic bronchial inflammation, possibly through up-regulation of adhesion molecules. Our findings also indicate that macrolide antibiotics may have a direct or indirect suppressive effect on cytotoxic T cells, and as such, reduce inflammation and improve clinical condition.
The 80-kD fibronectin fragment increases the production of fibronectin and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in cultured mesangial cells
Authors: LOPEZ-ARMADA M J , GONZALEZ E , GOMEZ-GUERRERO C , EGIDO J
Published: December 2003

The presence of fibronectin (FN) fragments has been demonstrated in several inflammatory processes, and they have been implicated in the recruitment of mononuclear cells. However, the interaction of these FN fragments with resident cells has hardly been studied. We have hypothesized that the 80-kD FN fragment, which includes the RGD cell binding domain of FN, could contribute to the pathogenesis of glomerular damage through the interaction with mesangial cells (MC) via α5β1 integrin. Since an increase in the glomerular deposit of matrix components, particularly FN, is frequently observed in progressive glomerulonephritis, we studied whether its synthesis is modulated by the 80-kD FN fragment and the native FN molecule. While the 80-kD FN fragment stimulated FN in a dose-dependent manner, both at the mRNA and protein level, the whole FN molecule exerted a dual effect. High doses produced FN inhibition, while low doses elicited a certain increase. This stimulation was abrogated by the presence of Sam-1, a MoAb against the α-subunit of the α5β1 integrin. Since cytokines play a fundamental role in glomerular injury, we studied the production of TNF-α, one of the most powerful mediators of inflammation. TNF-α synthesis was induced by the 80-kD FN fragment, in a dose-dependent manner, but not by native FN. When MC were incubated with the 29- and 31-kD FN fragments, which lack the RGD cell binding domain, TNF-α secretion was not detected. These results strongly suggest that in cultured MC, the 80-kD FN fragment induces the synthesis of matrix proteins such as FN, and cytokines such as TNF-α, via α5β1 integrin. This mechanism could contribute to the perpetuation of renal injury.
Radiation damage and immune suppression in splenic mononuclear cell populations
Authors: HARRINGTON N P , CHAMBERS K A , ROSS W M , FILION L G
Published: December 2003

We have examined alterations in all of the major splenic mononuclear cell (SMNC) populations in C57Bl/6 mice following whole-body irradiation (0–700 cGy) in order to determine which populations may play a role in active immune suppression and/or haematopoietic recovery. A protocol has been established for characterization and differentiation by flow cytometric analysis (FCA) of the major MNC populations in the mouse spleen: T lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD8+ cells), B lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and monocytes/macrophages. Ionizing radiation caused decreased spleen cellularity and decreased ability of surviving SMNC to respond to mitogen. FCA revealed alterations in the relative composition of the constituent splenic cell populations following irradiation, reflecting differential radiosensitivity, with selective enrichment of NK cells (seven-fold) and CD4+ T lymphocytes (three-fold). Enrichment developed during the 7-day post-irradiation period. In addition, some MNC became activated in a dose- and time-dependent fashion following whole-body irradiation, as indicated by expression of CD71, the transferrin receptor. These cells were CD34+ and Thy1.2+, but were CD4− or CD8− as well as CD45− (B cell). The observed increase in NK cells corresponds with a previously reported increase in natural suppressor (NS) cells following total-lymphoid irradiation (TLI). The balance of recovery-inhibiting NK cells and recovery-enhancing CD4+ T lymphocytes following irradiation may reflect or influence the degree of haematopoietic recovery, and may provide an indication of the extent of damage (biological dosimetry).
Wild isolates of Plasmodium falciparum malaria show decreased sensitivity to in vitro inhibition of parasite growth mediated by autologous host antibodies
Authors: WÅHLIN FLYG B , PERLMANN H , PERLMANN P , ESPOSITO F , BERZINS K
Published: December 2003

Antigenic diversity in field populations of Plasmodium falciparum parasites may delay the acquisition of protective immunity to malaria, the development of which may thus require repeated exposure to infection over a prolonged period of time. In this study we show that P. falciparum parasites may vary in their sensitivity to antibody-mediated invasion/growth inhibition in vitro. Wild isolates of P. falciparum from children living in an endemic area of Burkina Faso were tested for their sensitivity to the growth inhibitory effects of antibodies originating from the same (autologous) and from other donors (heterologous). A significantly lower invasion inhibition activity was obtained when the isolates and antibodies were tested in autologous compared with heterologous combinations. The lower sensitivity to growth inhibition by autologous antibodies may be due to immune pressure in vivo, selecting from a heterogeneous parasite population those with a low expression of the antigens recognized by the host's antibodies. Alternatively, the parasites cultured from each child might represent expanding parasite populations, mainly constituting strains not earlier seen by the immune system of that specific host. The results reinforce the concern about Plasmodium antigenic diversity as a major obstacle towards the development of an effective malaria vaccine.
Mannoproteins of Cryptococcus neoformans induce proliferative response in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and enhance HIV-1 replication
Authors: ORENDI J M , VERHEUL A F M , DE VOS N M , VISSER M R , SNIPPE H , CHERNIAK R , VAISHNAV V V , RIJKERS G T , VERHOEF J
Published: December 2003

To investigate the possible role of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans in HIV disease progression, and to identify the responsible cryptococcal components, an in vitro cell culture model was set up to study the C. neoformans-induced enhancement of HIV replication in HIV-1-infected PBMC. Similar to whole C. neoformans, cell-wall membrane fraction and mannoproteins induced proliferation of PBMC and enhancement of lymphotropic HIV replication in HIV-infected PBMC, while galactoxylomannan did not. MoAbs capable of interfering with MHC class II-mediated antigen presentation prevented the induction of cell proliferation by whole C. neoformans or cryptococcal mannoproteins. MoAb binding to adhesion molecules intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) also inhibited C. neoformans-induced cell proliferation. In addition, anti-MHC class II MoAb inhibited the enhancement of HIV replication by C. neoformans. The results suggest that: (i) C. neoformans may accelerate HIV disease progression by stimulation of HIV replication through MHC class II-mediated antigen presentation; and (ii) cryptococcal mannoprotein may be one of the responsible components. The ability to enhance HIV replication in PBMC in vitro is not unique for C. neoformans. However, this is the first report to study in detail a yeast-induced enhancement of HIV replication in PBMC.
Serum amyloid A gene expression in rabbit, mink and mouse
Authors: MARHAUG G , HACKETT B , DOWTON S B
Published: December 2003

The expression of serum amyloid A (SAA) protein, a major acute-phase reactant in most species, was examined by in situ hybridization in multiple organs of rabbit, mink and mouse. In livers of unstimulated mice and rabbits a heterogeneous pattern of SAA expression in hepatocytes was observed. In all three species, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration resulted in extensive uniform hybridization of SAA probes to hepatocytes and in the rabbit SAA transcripts were detected in cells in the white pulp of the spleen, the adrenal cortex and ovary as well as in the mucosa and lymphatic vessels of the small intestine. Examination of hybridizing SAA signals in the rabbit myocardium showed a speckled distribution in myocytes. The rabbit endocardium was strongly positive, and in the kidney rabbit SAA mRNA was mainly confined to epithelial cells of the proximal and distal convoluted tubules. In the unstimulated mouse, SAA mRNA was detected in the liver and epithelial cells of the small and large intestine. After stimulation of an acute-phase response with LPS a strong response was seen in these organs as well as in the convoluted tubules of the kidney. In extrahepatic organs of the mink, no SAA mRNA was detectable in unstimulated animals, while the convoluted tubules of the kidney and uterine endometrium were strongly positive after systemic LPS injection.
Mercury-induced renal immune complex deposits in young (NZB × NZW)F1 mice: characterization of antibodies/autoantibodies
Authors: ABEDI-VALUGERDI M , HU H , MÖLLER G
Published: December 2003

It is well demonstrated that mercury induces a systemic autoimmune disease in susceptible mouse strains. One of the major characteristics of mercury-induced autoimmune disease in mice is the development of renal immune complex deposits. We have previously shown that continual injection of mercury into young autoimmune prone (NZB × NZW)F1 mice induced an increase in antibody/autoantibody production as well as development of early renal immune complex deposits. In the present study, we characterized the isotype, the specificity and the possible pathogenicity of deposited immunoglobulins in the kidneys of mercury-injected (NZB × NZW)F1 hybrids. We found that young (NZB × NZW)F1 mice injected with mercuric chloride (HgCl2) for 6 weeks developed intense antibody formation of all immunoglobulin isotypes (except for IgG2b) as well as high levels of granular deposits of IgM, IgG1, IgG2a and IgG3 antibodies in the renal mesangium. Increased levels of the same antibody isotypes were also found in the kidney eluate of mercury- but not saline-injected mice. The dominant antibody in the kidney eluate of mercury-injected mice was of IgG1 isotype and found to be directed against double-stranded DNA, collagen, cardiolipin, phosphatidylethanolamine, and the hapten trinitrophenol, but not against nucleolar antigens. Further studies demonstrated that mercury-induced renal immune complex deposits in young (NZB × NZW)F1 mice did not lead to a severe kidney injury. Thus, in response to mercury, young (NZB × NZW)F1 mice develop renal immunoglobulin deposits with an isotype and specificity pattern correlating with that seen in the spleen and in the serum.
An assessment of peripheral immunity in patients with sarcoidosis using measurements of serum vitamin D3, cytokines and soluble CD23
Authors: BANSAL A S , BRUCE J , HOGAN P G , ALLEN R K
Published: December 2003

The aetiology of the peripheral anergy in sarcoidosis is unclear. To investigate this further we measured the serum levels of several factors important in different aspects of immune regulation to obtain a profile of those factors which promote and inhibit immune activation in sarcoidosis. Thirty-seven patients with sarcoidosis and 20 healthy controls of similar sex and age comprised the study group. Serum IL-10, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), soluble CD23 (sCD23), IL-8, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-1β and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were measured using in-house ELISAs. Vitamin D3 was measured using a radioreceptor assay. Serum levels of sCD23 and IL-10 were significantly elevated in patients with sarcoidosis relative to controls (median 13.9 versus 9.5 arbitrary units/ml, P < 0.01 for sCD23, and 9.6 versus 5.0 pg/ml, P < 0.04 for IL-10). Regardless of steroid therapy or disease activity, serum levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, GM-CSF and IL-8 were no different in patients with sarcoidosis and controls. Vitamin D3 levels were significantly higher in patients with sarcoidosis versus normal controls (medians 78.0 versus 56.0, P < 0.001), active sarcoidosis (n = 20) versus inactive disease (n = 17) (medians 81.5 versus 66.0, P < 0.03) and active sarcoidosis versus controls (medians 81.5 versus 56.0, P < 0.0002). The levels were no different between patients with inactive sarcoidosis and controls. We suggest that IL-10 and vitamin D3 may contribute to the peripheral anergy in sarcoidosis. The elevated serum sCD23 suggests an increase in peripheral humoral immunity. Consistent with a quiescent peripheral immune system, factors capable of monocyte/macrophage activation (TNF-α, IFN-γ, GM-CSF and IL-8) were not elevated in the peripheral circulation.
In vitro measurement of cytotoxic T cell activity does not predict clinical progression in paediatric HIV disease—two case studies
Authors: FROEBEL K S , MOK J Y Q , ALDHOUS M C , ARMITAGE M P , ARNOTT M , REYNOLDS L M , PEUTHERER J F , BURNS S M
Published: December 2003

Cytotoxic T cells are believed to be an important immune response in HIV infection, both in the initial response to viraemia, and in controlling HIV replication and maintaining clinical stability. We report here the detailed findings in two vertically infected children, from the Edinburgh perinatal cohort. Both were clinically stable for the first 7 years of life. One had vigorous HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses, and non-lytic suppression, measured in vitro, while the second had no CTL activity against HIV. Despite her HIV-specific immunity, the first child had a declining CD4 count, and a high and fluctuating viral load, whereas the second child maintained a stable CD4 count, a low viral load and had a virus which could not be cultured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in vitro. The first child subsequently progressed to AIDS and has now died, while the second remains clinically well. More detailed investigations showed the clinically stable child to be heterozygous for the CCR5 receptor, and to be HLA-B49—both of which markers have been associated with slow HIV disease progression. These findings question the role of CTL in maintaining stable HIV disease, and stress the need for immunological investigations to be considered in the light of the genetic make-up of the patient. They may also reflect a different immunopathogenesis of HIV disease in children compared with adults.