bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Generalized identity in a successive matching‐to‐sample procedure in rats: Effects of number of exemplars and a masking stimulus
Authors: Galizio Mark , Mathews Michael , Prichard Ashley , Bruce Katherine E.
Published: November 2018

Two experiments examined the emergence of generalized identity matching in rats using a successive discrimination procedure with olfactory stimuli. Trials consisted of the presentation of two odors separated by a 1‐s interstimulus interval. Responses during the second odor presentation were reinforced only if the two odors were identical. In Experiment 1, rats were trained with two odors and then exposed to sessions that included unreinforced probe trials with novel odors. There was evidence of higher response rates on matching probe trials in some rats, but matching did not approach baseline levels. Additional training with four exemplars produced transfer to novel odors that was equivalent to baseline levels. Experiment 2 tested the possibility that detection of stimulus change, rather than generalized identity, was responsible for the transfer seen in Experiment 1. Thus, a masking odor was inserted during the 1‐s interstimulus interval so that stimulus change occurred on all trials. Although response rates on probe trials were lower than baseline rates, above chance transfer to novel stimuli was still observed in four of the five animals tested. These findings support the hypothesis that transfer of matching to novel odors in this successive matching‐to‐sample paradigm is based on a generalized identity relation.
Correlation of quantitative pancreatic T1 value and HbA1c value in subjects with normal and impaired glucose tolerance
Authors: Noda Yoshifumi , Goshima Satoshi , Tsuji Yusuke , Kajita Kimihiro , Kawada Hiroshi , Kawai Nobuyuki , Tanahashi Yukichi , Matsuo Masayuki
Published: November 2018

Background

Signal intensity on T1‐weighted images (T1WI) is associated with pancreatic fibrosis and HbA1c levels.

Purpose

To evaluate the feasibility of the pancreatic T1 value for assessment of subjects with normal and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).

Study Type

A prospective single‐institution study.

Population

In all, 95 consecutive patients with a known or suspected pancreatic disease.

Field Strength/Sequences

3T/fast pancreatic T1 mapping using a modified Look–Locker sequence.

Assessment

Following the American Diabetes Association criteria, patients were classified into three groups, as follows: no‐diabetes subject, HbA1c < 5.7%; prediabetes, 5.7% ≤ HbA1c < 6.5%; and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), HbA1c ≥ 6.5%. Pancreatic T1 value and signal intensity ratio (SIR = SIpancreas/SImuscle) using T1WI were compared with the HbA1c values.

Statistical Tests

Quantitative data were assessed with one‐way analysis of variance, Fisher's and Mann–Whitney U tests, and receiver‐operating characteristic analysis.

Results

The pancreatic T1 value was significantly longer in T2DM than in no‐diabetes and prediabetes subjects (P < 0.05) and was significantly longer in prediabetes than in no‐diabetes subjects (P < 0.05). The mean pancreatic T1 value was significantly lower in the low‐value group (HbA1c < 5.7%) (906.3 msec) compared with the high‐value group (HbA1c ≥ 6.5%) (993.8 msec) (P < 0.0001). SIR on T1WI was significantly higher in the low‐value group compared with the high‐value group (P = 0.029). The sensitivities, specificities, and area under the receiver‐operating characteristic curve (AUCs) for differentiating the low‐ and high‐value groups were 74.1%, 83.8%, and 0.82 in the pancreatic T1 values and 77.8%, 54.4%, and 0.63 in SIR on T1WI, respectively. The specificity (P < 0.0001) and AUC (P = 0.0020) were significantly higher in the pancreatic T1 values than in SIR on T1WI.

Data Conclusion

Pancreatic T1 value has the potential of being an imaging biomarker for the assessment of IGT.

Level of Evidence: 2

Technical Efficacy: Stage 2

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:711–718.
Brain abnormalities in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: Evaluation by diffusional kurtosis imaging and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging
Authors: Kimura Yukio , Sato Noriko , Ota Miho , Shigemoto Yoko , Morimoto Emiko , Enokizono Mikako , Matsuda Hiroshi , Shin Isu , Amano Keiko , Ono Hirohiko , Sato Wakiro , Yamamura Takashi
Published: November 2018

Background

Diffusional kurtosis imaging (DKI) and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) metrics provide more specific information regarding pathological changes than diffusion tensor imaging (DTI).

Purpose

To detect microstructural abnormalities in myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) / chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) patients by using DKI and NODDI metrics.

Study Type

Prospective.

Population

Twenty ME/CFS patients and 23 healthy controls were recruited.

Field Strength/Sequence

Three‐b value DWI (b‐values = 0, 1000, and 2000 sec/mm2) and 3D T1‐weighted images were at 3.0T.

Assessment

Mean kurtosis (MK), neurite density index (NDI), orientation dispersion index (ODI), fractional anisotropy (FA), and mean diffusivity (MD) were calculated.

Statistical Testing

The two‐sample t‐test analysis in SPM12 software was used to compare the differences between ME/CFS and control groups.

Results

In the ME/CFS patients, we observed significant FA decreases in the genu of the corpus callosum and the anterior limb of the right internal capsule (P < 0.05), but no significant difference in MD (P = 0.164); there were also significant MK decreases in the right frontal area, anterior cingulate gyrus, superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), and left parietal area (P < 0.05). Significant NDI decreases were observed in the right posterior cingulate gyrus, SLF, and left frontal area of the ME/CFS patients (P < 0.05). Significant ODI decreases were seen in the bilateral occipital areas, right superior temporal gyrus, the anterior limb of internal capsule, and the posterior cingulate gyrus (P < 0.05), and significant ODI increases were revealed in the bilateral occipital and right temporal areas (P < 0.05).

Data Conclusion

Right SLF abnormalities may be a diagnostic marker for ME/CFS.

Level of Evidence: 1

Technical Efficacy: Stage 2

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:818–824.
Polymorphism in interferon λ3/interleukin‐28B gene and risk to noncirrhotic chronic hepatitis C genotype 3 virus infection and its effect on the response to combined daclatasvir and sofosbuvir therapy
Authors: Khan Anwar Jamal , Saraswat Vivek Aanand , Ranjan Prabhat , Parmar Devendra , Negi Tajwar Singh , Mohindra Samir
Published: November 2018

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a considerable public‐health problem and an important cause of liver disease with about 71 million people infected worldwide and more than 399 000 people die every year from hepatitis C‐related liver diseases. The present study was, therefore, initiated to investigate the association of polymorphism in interferon λ3 (IFNL3) also known as interleukin‐28B (IL‐28B) gene with chronic HCV infection and association of these polymorphic variants with the combination daclatasvir and sofosbuvir HCV therapy response. Genotypes were determined by the polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) assay in a total of 250 chronic HCV genotype three patients and 500 number of healthy controls. Our data revealed that the TT (minor) genotype of IFNL3 (rs12979860) and GG (minor) genotype of IFNL3 (rs8099917) exhibited a significant association with chronic HCV genotype 3 infection when compared with controls. The results of treatment response showed that CC (major) genotype of IFNL3 (rs12979860) and TT (major) genotype of IFNL3 (rs8099917) are associated with the likelihood of achieving a higher sustained virological response (SVR), to combined daclatasvir and sofosbuvir therapy, in genotype 3‐infected HCV patients, whereas the individuals with TT (minor) genotype of IFNL3 (rs12979860) and GG (minor) genotype of IFNL3 (rs8099917) are more susceptible to chronic HCV infection and treatment relapse, suggesting a role of IFNL3 (rs12979860) and (rs8099917) in the treatment outcome of combined daclatasvir and sofosbuvir therapy in chronic HCV genotype 3 infection.
Hepatitis B virus genotype G and liver fibrosis progression in chronic hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection
Authors: Malagnino Vincenzo , Bottero Julie , Miailhes Patrick , Lascoux‐Combe Caroline , Girard Pierre‐Marie , Zoulim Fabien , Lacombe Karine , Boyd Anders
Published: November 2018

Introduction

Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype G has been associated with increased liver fibrosis levels compared with other genotypes in cross‐sectional studies, yet its role in fibrosis evolution remains to be established.

Methods

In this prospective cohort study, 158 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐HBV coinfected patients had available HBV genotyping at baseline. Liver fibrosis was assessed at baseline and every 6 to 12 months by the FibroTest (BioPredictive, Paris, France). Risk factors for fibrosis regression (F3‐F4 to F0‐F1‐F2) and progression (F0‐F1‐F2 to F3‐F4) between baseline and end of follow‐up were evaluated.

Results

Most patients were male (88.6%) with a median age of 39 years. HBV genotype A was more prevalent compared with other HBV genotypes (62.7% vs D = 10.8%, E = 10.8%, and G = 15.8%). Patients were followed up for a median of 83 months (IQR = 37‐97). In the 43 (27.2%) patients with F3‐F4 baseline liver fibrosis, 7 (16.2%) regressed to F0‐F1‐F2 fibrosis at the last follow‐up visit. In the 115 (72.8%) with F0‐F1‐F2 fibrosis at baseline, 19 (16.5%) progressed to F3‐F4 fibrosis at last visit. In multivariable analysis, fibrosis progression was independently associated with older age (P <0.005), baseline CD4+ cell count less than 350/mm
3 (
P <0.01), longer antiretroviral therapy duration (
P <0.03), and HBV genotype G infection (vs non‐G,
P <0.01). When examining averages over time, the rate of FibroTest increase was faster in genotype G vs non‐G–infected patients with baseline F0‐F1‐F2 fibrosis (
P for interaction = 0.002).

Conclusion

In HIV‐HBV coinfected patients, HBV genotype G is an independent risk factor for liver fibrosis progression as determined by noninvasive markers. HBV genotype G–infected patients with low initial liver fibrosis levels may require more careful monitoring.
Traumatic Stress Among Sexual and Gender Minority Refugees From the Middle East, North Africa, and Asia Who Fled to the European Union
Authors: Alessi Edward J. , Kahn Sarilee , Woolner Leah , Van Der Horn Rebecca
Published: November 2018

In 2015, more than 600,000 individuals from Syria, Iraq, and Afghanistan fled to Europe in search of protection. Among the most understudied of this population are individuals who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ). These individuals have not only fled war but also violence due to their sexual and/or gender identities. At the same time, LGBTQ individuals from other parts of the Middle East, Central and South Asia, and North Africa have also fled to Europe to escape persecution. The purpose of this multimethod study was to understand how traumatic stress shaped the experiences of 38 LGBTQ individuals who fled to Austria (n = 19) and the Netherlands (n = 19) from these regions. We assessed participants for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and conducted qualitative interviews to understand their migration experiences. Of the 37 participants assessed for PTSD, 33 (89.2%) reported that their most distressing event occurred prior to migration. For the 24 (64.9%) participants who met criteria for a provisional diagnosis of PTSD, 15 reported that the precipitating event was related to their sexual and/or gender identities and 9 reported that it was related to another type of event (e.g., war). Grounded theory was used to analyze qualitative data. Themes demonstrated that participants encountered targeted violence and abuse throughout migration and upon their arrival in Austria and the Netherlands. Findings indicate that LGBTQ refugees may be vulnerable to ongoing trauma from other refugees and immigration officials. Recommendations for protecting and supporting LGBTQ refugees during humanitarian emergencies are provided.
Quantum chemical and master equation study of OH + CH2O → H2O + CHO reaction rates in supercritical CO2 environment
Authors: Wait Elizabeth E. , Masunov Artëm E. , Vasu Subith S.
Published: November 2018

We investigated the reaction rates of OH + CH2O → H2O + CHO at CO2 pressures of up to 1000 atm with and without CO2 molecule included in a reactive complex. Both mechanisms begin with formation of the hydrogen‐bonded prereactive complexes. Our ab initio calculations indicate a possibility of catalytic effect, predicting an activation barrier that one order of magnitude lower when the CO2 molecule is involved. To verify this effect, we use the Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus theory and solve unimolecular master equations in the steady‐state approximation. We assume the equilibrium between prereactive complexes and reactants and compare the bimolecular reaction rates for the two mechanisms. The catalyzed reaction mechanism is found to be faster at higher CO2 pressures and lower temperatures, when prereactive complexes have nonnegligible concentration. Therefore, this catalytic effect may be important for this reactive process in room temperature supercritical CO2 solvent, but is unlikely to play a role during oxy‐combustion.
Assessment of combined fractional CO2 and tranexamic acid in melasma treatment
Authors: Tawfic Shereen O. , Abdel Halim Dalia M. , Albarbary Ameera , Abdelhady Mohamed
Published: November 2018

Background

Melasma continues to be a disease that is difficult to treat with no fully satisfactory results. The role of a fractional CO2 laser in its treatment is controversial. The addition of tranexamic acid (TXA) might be helpful.

Objectives

To assess the efficacy of a low‐power fractional CO2 laser alone versus its combination with tranexamic acid used either topically or intradermally for melasma treatment.

Methods

A randomized comparative split‐face study included a total of thirty female patients with bilateral, symmetrical melasma. The whole face was subjected to treatment via a low‐power (12 Watts) fractional ablative CO2 laser. One side was randomly assigned to topical application of tranexamic acid solution after the session immediately or intradermal microinjection of tranexamic acid prior to the laser session. Sessions were conducted every 4–6 weeks for five consecutive sessions. Assessments were done using the melasma area severity index MASI score, melanin index (MI), and erythema index (EI) before sessions and 2 weeks after the final session.

Results

After treatment, there was significant reduction in the MASI score on both sides of the face; the side treated with the fractional CO2 laser alone and the side treated with fractional CO2 laser combined with TXA (topically or intradermal injection) (P‐values 0.007, <0.001, and 0.016, respectively). MI was significantly lower on the side receiving fractional CO2 laser alone and the side receiving fractional CO2 laser combined with intradermal injection of TXA (P‐values <0.001 and 0.003, respectively), while the EI showed significant improvement only on the side receiving fractional CO2 laser alone (P‐value = 0.023). Although patients reported no differences in improvement on either treated side, the degree of improvement regarding the MASI score was better on the side receiving fractional CO2 laser alone. Regarding MI, the degree of improvement was higher on the side receiving fractional CO2 laser combined with intradermal injection of TXA than on the side receiving fractional CO2 laser alone; however, this improvement did not reach statistical significance. Minimal complications occurred in the form of mild pain.

Conclusion

A low‐power fractional CO2 laser is an effective, safe treatment for melasma. However, the addition of tranexamic acid (either topically or intradermally) to a fractional CO2 laser should be further studied. Lasers Surg. Med. 51:27–33, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Two‐Photon Polymerization as a Tool for Studying 3D Printed Topography‐Induced Stem Cell Fate
Authors: Worthington Kristan S. , Do Anh‐Vu , Smith Rasheid , Tucker Budd A. , Salem Aliasger K.
Published: November 2018

Geometric topographies are known to influence cellular differentiation toward specific phenotypes, but to date the range of features and type of substrates that can be easily fabricated to study these interactions is somewhat limited. In this study, an emerging technology, two‐photon polymerization, is used to print topological patterns with varying feature‐size and thereby study their effect on cellular differentiation. This technique offers rapid manufacturing of topographical surfaces with good feature resolution for shapes smaller than 3 µm. Human‐induced pluripotent stem cells, when attached to these substrates or a non‐patterned control for 1 week, express an array of genetic markers that suggest their differentiation toward a heterogeneous population of multipotent progenitors from all three germ layers. Compared to the topographically smooth control, small features (1.6 µm) encourage differentiation toward ectoderm while large features (8 µm) inhibit self‐renewal. This study demonstrates the potential of using two‐photon polymerization to study and control stem cell fate as a function of substrate interactions. The ability to tailor and strategically design biomaterials in this way can enable more precise and efficient generation or maintenance of desired phenotypes in vitro and in vivo.
BDNF provides many routes toward STN DBS‐mediated disease modification
Authors: Fischer D. Luke , Sortwell Caryl E.
Published: November 2018

The concept that subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN DBS) may be disease modifying in Parkinson's disease (PD) is controversial. Several clinical trials that enrolled subjects with late‐stage PD have come to disparate conclusions on this matter. In contrast, some clinical studies in early‐ to midstage subjects have suggested a disease‐modifying effect. Dopaminergic innervation of the putamen is essentially absent in PD subjects within 4 years after diagnosis, indicating that any neuroprotective therapy, including STN DBS, will require intervention within the immediate postdiagnosis interval. Preclinical prevention and early intervention paradigms support a neuroprotective effect of STN DBS on the nigrostriatal system via increased brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). STN DBS‐induced increases in BDNF provide a multitude of mechanisms capable of ameliorating dysfunction and degeneration in the parkinsonian brain. A biomarker for measuring brain‐derived neurotrophic factor‐trkB signaling, though, is not available for clinical research. If a prospective clinical trial were to examine whether STN DBS is disease modifying, we contend the strongest rationale is not dependent on a preclinical neuroprotective effect per se, but on the myriad potential mechanisms whereby STN DBS‐elicited brain‐derived neurotrophic factor‐trkB signaling could provide disease modification. © 2018 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Products of Early and Advanced Glycation in the Soy Milk Proteome
Authors: Milkovska‐Stamenova Sanja , Krieg Laura , Hoffmann Ralf
Published: November 2018

Scope

Thermal processing of soy milk kills pathogens and denatures anti‐nutrition factors warranting microbiological safety, better digestibility, and longer storage. Additionally, Maillard reactions are triggered, yielding glycated proteins (Amadori/Heyns products) and a heterogeneous group of advanced glycation end‐products (AGEs). These modifications alter the nutritional value, antigenicity, and digestibility of proteins. They also raise concerns about potentially toxic effects. This study aims at characterizing these modifications in proteins from different soy milk products.

Methods and results

Here, glycation and AGE‐modification sites in the proteome of ultrahigh‐temperature‐treated natural soy milk, soy milk sweetened with hexose (fructose)‐containing sweeteners (SSM), and sucrose as well as soy‐based infant formulas (SIFs) from different manufacturers are reported for the first time. A bottom‐up proteomic approach based on nano reversed‐phase high‐perfomance liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionization‐tandem mass spectrometry (nanoRP‐HPLC‐ESI‐MS/MS) (collision‐induced dissociation (CID) and electron transfer dissociation modes) identified 229 glycated peptides and 128 AGE‐modified peptides resembling 53 proteins. The glycation sites are mainly derived from hexoses, whereas Nδ‐carboxyethylarginine and methylglyoxal‐derived hydroimidazolone are the main AGEs in soy milk.

Conclusion

The qualitative and quantitative data obtained here indicate that early glycation increases with harsher processing conditions (SIFs) and the addition of hexose‐containing sweeteners (SSMs), whereas the latter sweeteners (but not the harsher processing) triggered more AGE modifications.
Follow best practices to recruit transfer students
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: November 2018

SALT LAKE CITY — When you're recruiting an adult student population, you regularly work with transfer students and returning students with some credits. But as demographic shifts mean the number of high school graduates will drop in many parts of the country, you're likely to be competing more fiercely than ever for these students. In fact, officials at 40 percent of institutions, public and private, plan to increase transfer enrollment in the next year, said David Follick, dean of admissions at Nassau Community College in New York, citing Ruffalo Noel Levitz's 2018 Cost of Recruiting and an Undergraduate Student Report.
Serve your students better by moving to centralized scheduling
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: November 2018

NASHVILLE — Is scheduling classes and classrooms an easy‐to‐manage function on your campus? If not, moving to a centralized scheduling model could restore order to your campus, while ensuring students can access the courses they need to complete their degree. In particular, moving to a centralized scheduling model can be important for meeting the needs of your adult learners and ensuring that your campus is offering enough courses each semester for those students who need to take evening classes.
Beyond concept analysis: Uses of mind mapping software for visual representation, management, and analysis of diverse digital data
Authors: Mammen Jennifer R. , Mammen Corey R.
Published: November 2018

Mind mapping is a visual‐spatial method of representing information using nodes (information segments) to show ideas and connecting lines to define relationships between content. As a critical thinking tool, it is applicable to a range of research activities, including information management, project development, and data analysis. The purposes of this manuscript are to describe the use of mapping for qualitative data analysis, provide step‐by‐step instructions of how to construct mind maps, and present examples specific to qualitative data analysis. An example from a recent study of patient and provider perceptions of virtual visits demonstrates the use of Xmind in conjunction with Atlas.ti for qualitative content analysis of open‐ended survey data. While coding in Atlas.ti, we used Xmind to develop dynamic memos, code networks, and themes. The memo map served to identify common coding patterns and informed subsequent coding stages. After coding in Atlas.ti, the entire code list was imported into a new map in Xmind and iteratively organized to identify conceptual groupings, similarities/differences, and key ideas. Themes were identified through pattern coding and refining code networks within the Xmind map. Map iterations formed part of the analytic trail and facilitated peer‐to‐peer discussions. The final map served as the model for publication. The use of mind mapping enhanced the rigor, credibility, and transparency of analyses and facilitated peer‐to‐peer communication. This technique can be used to manage diverse content (documents, audio/video file, image, web links, and personal notes) and thus has great potential to contribute to a variety of data management tasks.
Serbia: Interest groups in an unconsolidated pluralist democracy
Authors: Orlović Slaviša
Published: November 2018

Like Serbian politics in general, informal ways of conducting political business also characterize the country's contemporary interest group system. This is largely due to decades of authoritarian rule and less than 30 years' experience with pluralist democracy. Added to this, the period following the end of socialist Yugoslavia, particularly the authoritarian rule of Slobodan Milošević and Serbia's involvement in war, undermined the development of a pluralist group system. Despite these setbacks, and in the face of continuing constraints, several elements of a modern group system have begun to emerge. This development has contributed to the advancement of Serbia's brand of majoritarian democracy.
Single‐cell sequencing defines genetic heterogeneity in pancreatic cancer precursor lesions
Authors: Kuboki Yuko , Fischer Catherine G , Beleva Guthrie Violeta , Huang Wenjie , Yu Jun , Chianchiano Peter , Hosoda Waki , Zhang Hao , Zheng Lily , Shao Xiaoshan , Thompson Elizabeth D , Waters Kevin , Poling Justin , He Jin , Weiss Matthew J , Wolfgang Christopher L , Goggins Michael G , Hruban Ralph H , Roberts Nicholas J , Karchin Rachel , Wood Laura D
Published: November 2018

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) are precursors to pancreatic cancer; however, little is known about genetic heterogeneity in these lesions. The objective of this study was to characterize genetic heterogeneity in IPMNs at the single‐cell level. We isolated single cells from fresh tissue from ten IPMNs, followed by whole genome amplification and targeted next‐generation sequencing of pancreatic driver genes. We then determined single‐cell genotypes using a novel multi‐sample mutation calling algorithm. Our analyses revealed that different mutations in the same driver gene frequently occur in the same IPMN. Two IPMNs had multiple mutations in the initiating driver gene KRAS that occurred in unique tumor clones, suggesting the possibility of polyclonal origin or an unidentified initiating event preceding this critical mutation. Multiple mutations in later‐occurring driver genes were also common and were frequently localized to unique tumor clones, raising the possibility of convergent evolution of these genetic events in pancreatic tumorigenesis. Single‐cell sequencing of IPMNs demonstrated genetic heterogeneity with respect to early and late occurring driver gene mutations, suggesting a more complex pattern of tumor evolution than previously appreciated in these lesions. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha inhibitors during pregnancy among women who delivered live born infants
Authors: Eworuke Efe , Panucci Genna , Goulding Margie , Neuner Rosemarie , Toh Sengwee
Published: November 2018

Purpose

To describe the use of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha inhibitors (TNFis) among pregnancies ending in a live birth and with a diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis (AS), Crohn's disease (CD), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), psoriasis (PsO), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), or ulcerative colitis (UC).

Methods

We identified pregnancies among women aged 15 to 54 years between 01/01/2004 and 09/30/2015 from 16 health plans participating in Sentinel. We inferred indication using ICD‐9‐CM codes in the 183‐day period before conception. We assessed proportion of infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, and golimumab by calendar year, indication, and maternal age, and compared them to proportions in an age‐matched, indication‐matched, and date‐matched non‐pregnant cohort.

Results

Among 19 681 pregnancies with at least one chronic inflammatory condition, 2990 (15.2%) received a TNFi. In both pregnancies and matched non‐pregnant cohort, TNFi use was highest (34.4%; 55.8%) for PsA patients and lowest (6.2%; 13.4%) for PsO patients. Etanercept was most frequently used among AS/JIA/PsA/PsO/RA patients, while infliximab was the preferred TNFi for CD/UC patients. Except for infliximab and certolizumab, TNFi use during pregnancy decreased after the first trimester. Pregnancies among older pregnant women (45‐54 years) were more likely to be treated compared with the matched non‐pregnant cohort.

Conclusion

There was a preference for etanercept among pregnancies with AS/JIA/PsA/PsO/RA, despite the availability of other TNFis. Decline in TNFi use after the first trimester may be related to the desire to reduce TNFis transplacental transfer and to minimize infection risk to the fetus or baby associated with live vaccine immunizations after birth.
Elevation‐dependent thermal regime and dynamics of frozen ground in the Bayan Har Mountains, northeastern Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, southwest China
Authors: Luo Dongliang , Jin Huijun , Jin Xiaoying , He Ruixia , Li Xiaoying , Muskett Reginald R. , Marchenko Sergey S. , Romanovsky Vladimir E.
Published: November 2018

To investigate and monitor permafrost in the Bayan Har Mountains (BHM), north‐eastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, southwest China, 19 boreholes ranging from 20 to 100 m in depth were drilled along an elevational transect (4,221–4,833 m a.s.l.) from July to September 2010. Measurements from these boreholes demonstrate that ground temperatures at the depth of zero annual amplitude (TZAA) are generally higher than −2.0°C. The lapse rates of TZAA are 4 and 6 °C km−1, and the lower limits of permafrost with TZAA < −1°C are approximately 4,650 and 4,750 m a.s.l. on the northern (near Yeniugou) and southern (near Qingshui'he) slopes, respectively. TZAA changes abruptly within short distances from −0.2 to +1.2°C near the northern lower limits of permafrost and from about +0.5 to +1.5°C near the southern lower limits of permafrost. Thawing and freezing on the ground surface at Qingshui'he (4,413 m a. s. l.) are 13.3 d earlier and 26 d later than that at Chalaping (4,724 m a. s. l.), respectively. The temperature gradient at Qingshui'he is clearly larger than that at Chalaping. The changes of permafrost TZAA ranged from 0.03°C to 0.2°C from 2010 to 2017. A 3.5‐m‐thick permafrost near Qingshui'he was observed to disappear in summer 2013. There is no significant correlation between elevation and permafrost temperature changes in the study area, whereas the changes of very warm (close to 0°C) permafrost seem to be slow in the intermontane basins.
Effect of the Annular Multi‐Point Initiation Control Parameters on Jet Formation
Authors: Li Rui , Li Wei‐bing , Guo Xiao‐de , Liang Li , Li Wen‐bin , Wang Xiao‐ming
Published: November 2018

This work investigates the application of an annular multi‐point initiation explosive network to a jet‐shaped charge. The Whitham method was employed to calculate the pressure and region of the Mach wave zone at different initiation diameters. LS‐DYNA software was used to investigate the effects of the control parameters for the annular multi‐point initiation (i. e., number of initiation points, initiation diameter and initiation synchronicity error) on the performance of the jet (i. e., formation and tip velocity). Results indicated that when there are eight or more initiation points, the jet formed under the multi‐point initiation is similar to the result for a peripherally initiated charge. As the initiation diameter increased, the range of the Mach wave zone decreased in size, but the pressure of the Mach wave and the length and the tip velocity of the jet increased, aiding the formation of the jet, increasing the jet penetration capability and improving the utilization rate of the shaped charge.
Prevalence, identification and harms of alcohol use disorders
Authors: Parsons Graham
Published: November 2018

In the first of a two‐part series on the management of alcohol use disorders (AUDs), this article discusses the prevalence of AUDs, the harms associated with alcohol misuse and how to identify and assess patients in the primary care setting.
Tackling the growing problem of antifungal resistance
Authors: Titmarsh Steve
Published: November 2018

Until relatively recently, resistance to antifungal drugs has gone largely unreported in mainstream media, unlike the extensive coverage of resistance to antibiotics. However, we are now being warned that the consequences of antifungal resistance for human health, as well as our food supplies, could be serious unless action is taken. Here, we look at the extent of the problem and what is being done to combat it.
Introducing HPV vaccination for boys in the UK
Authors: Dowden Angela
Published: November 2018

In July 2018, the government announced that boys as well as girls will be offered the HPV vaccination, in response to a new recommendation from the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI). This article discusses the background to the decision, its implications and the likely rollout.
Three certified sugar reference materials for carbon isotope delta measurements
Authors: Chartrand Michelle M.G. , Meija Juris , Kumkrong Paramee , Mester Zoltan
Published: November 2018

Rationale

For isotope delta analysis, it is preferable to have at least two matrix‐matched reference materials whose isotope delta values encompass those of the samples to be analyzed. The National Research Council Canada (NRC) has developed three sugar Certified Reference Materials (CRMs), BEET‐1 (beet sugar), GALT‐1 (galactose), and FRUT‐1 (fructose), to be collectively used for carbon isotope delta measurements in sugars, and other organic materials.

Methods

All materials were homogenized and packaged in glass ampules. All three sugar materials were analyzed at the NRC using elemental analyzer/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA/IRMS). Six additional laboratories also provided EA/IRMS measurements. Data from all laboratories were re‐normalized using three international secondary reference materials (IAEA‐CH‐6, USGS40, and USGS62) included as blind samples in the inter‐laboratory comparison, thus providing added quality control and robustness to the study.

Results

Re‐normalized carbon isotope delta values from each laboratory were combined using a random laboratory effects statistical model with accounting of the correlations between the laboratory results due to the use of the same reference materials for calibration. The consensus δ(13C) values and combined standard uncertainties which include effects due to characterization, homogeneity, and stability for BEET‐1, GALT‐1, and FRUT‐1 are −26.02(7) ‰, −21.41(6) ‰, and −10.98(5) ‰, respectively, on the VPDB scale.

Conclusions

Three new δ(13C) sugar CRMs (BEET‐1, GALT‐1, and FRUT‐1) were developed and are available from NRC. These three CRMs can be utilized as a set for daily δ(13C) scale normalization of sugar‐based or other organic materials in order to produce reliable δ(13C) measurements.
Cytotoxicity and Cellular Responses of Gold Nanorods to Smooth Muscle Cells Dependent on Surface Chemistry Coupled Action
Authors: Sun Quanmei , Shi Xiaoli , Feng Jiantao , Zhang Qiang , Ao Zhuo , Ji Yinglu , Wu Xiaochun , Liu Dongsheng , Han Dong
Published: November 2018

Gold nanorods (AuNRs), with their unique physicochemical properties, are recognized as promising materials for biomedical applications. Chemical modification of their surfaces is attracting increasing attention with regard to cytotoxicity and cellular uptake. Herein, the toxicological effects of three types of polymer‐coated AuNRs, which are cetyltrimethylammonium bromide‐coated AuNRs, polystyrene sulphonate‐coated AuNRs, and poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride‐coated AuNRs (PDDAC‐AuNRs), on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are investigated. The results show significantly different effects on VSMCs with different surface coatings. PDDAC‐AuNRs, which were nontoxic in cancer cells in previous reports, display extreme toxicity to VSMCs. Initial contact between AuNRs and cell membranes is the important step in AuNRs cellular uptake. Force spectroscopy based on atomic force microscopy is exploited to study interactions between AuNRs and VSMCs membrane in the absence or presence of a corona on the AuNRs surface. The results show that the binding force and binding probability between AuNRs and membranes are closely related to cytotoxicity and cellular responses. These findings highlight the importance of assessing nanoparticle cytotoxicity in somatic cells for medical applications.
Electrochemical Scanning Probe Microscopies in Electrocatalysis
Authors: Liang Yunchang , Pfisterer Jonas H. K. , McLaughlin David , Csoklich Christoph , Seidl Lukas , Bandarenka Aliaksandr S. , Schneider Oliver
Published: November 2018

Improvements toward highly efficient electrochemical energy conversion require a detailed understanding of the underlying electrochemical processes at electrified solid–liquid interfaces. In situ and in operando studies by means of electrochemical scanning probe microscopy (EC‐SPM) have become indispensable experimental tools due to their capability of resolving surface topography down to the atomic level even within the harsh environment of electrolytes. EC‐SPM methodologies have thus contributed tremendously to the current understanding of electrocatalysis. In this review article, recent achievements in complementary EC‐SPM techniques, namely electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC‐STM), electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EC‐AFM), scanning electrochemical potential microscopy (SECPM), and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), are discussed with particular focus on electrochemical phenomena important for the field of electrocatalysis. The currently available options for obtaining insight on local chemical composition and local reactivity as well as important electrocatalytic model systems are considered. In addition, the application of EC‐SPM methods to metal ion batteries is addressed.
Simulation of Runout Table Cooling
Authors: Guedia Guemo Gilles , Prodanovic Vladan , Militzer Matthias
Published: November 2018

Accelerated cooling on the runout table of hot mills has become a key technology to produce thermo‐mechanically controlled processed (TMCP) steel plates and strips. During runout table cooling austenite decomposition takes place and determines the final microstructure and, hence, the properties of the hot‐rolled steel. There is an increased tendency to produce higher strength TMCP steels with complex microstructures including bainite and martensite. To tailor these microstructures, it is required to carefully design runout table cooling paths and lower the cooling stop and coiling temperature, respectively, for producing flat products with homogeneous mechanical properties. Thus, simulation of runout table cooling is a crucial aspect of process modeling. In the present paper, the status of runout table simulation approaches is reviewed. In particular, the three boiling mechanisms of water cooling, that is, nucleate, transition, and film boiling are discussed. The development of appropriate heat transfer coefficients is rather mature for nucleate and film boiling, respectively. Modeling and controlling the transition boiling regime below the Leidenfrost temperature remains a challenge as heat extraction rates increase with decreasing steel temperature. The status of heat transfer simulations for transition boiling is thus discussed in detail. Currently, the proposed heat transfer correlations, while increasingly based on the underlying physics, still contain a number of empirical parameters that require tuning with experimental and/or mill data. The review is limited to information in the open literature while recognizing that a number of proprietary in‐house runout table cooling models exist that are developed either by equipment makers or steel companies to control accelerated cooling to lower cooling stop or coiling temperatures.
Linear stability of f(R, ϕ, X) thick branes: tensor perturbations
Authors: Cui Zheng-Quan , Liu Yu-Xiao , Gu Bao-Min , Zhao Li
Published: November 2018

Abstract

We explore thick branes in f (R, ϕ, X) gravity. We obtain the linear tensor perturbation equation of f (R, ϕ, X) branes and show that the branes are stable against the tensor perturbations under the condition of

$$ \frac{\partial f\left(R,\phi, X\right)}{\partial R}>0 $$

∂
f

R
ϕ
X

∂
R

>
0

. In order to obtain thick brane solutions of the fourth-order field equations in this theory, we employ the reconstruction technique. We get exact solutions of the specific f (R, ϕ, X) thick brane generated by a noncanonical scalar field. It is shown that the zero mode of the graviton for the thick brane is localized under certain conditions. This implies that the four-dimensional Newtonian potential is recovered on the brane. The effects of the Kaluza-Klein modes of the graviton for the f (R, ϕ, X) thick brane are also discussed.
Correction to: Determining the long-term habitat preferences of the Duke of Burgundy butterfly, Hamearis lucina, on a chalk grassland reserve in the UK
Authors: Hayes M. P. , Hitchcock G. E. , Knock R. I. , Lucas C. B. H. , Chaney P. K. , Rhodes M. W. , Turner E. C.
Published: November 2018

In the original publication the order of author was published incorrectly. The correct order is given in this Correction.
How Should We Define Clinically Significant Outcome Improvement on the iHOT-12?
Authors: Nwachukwu Benedict U. , Chang Brenda , Beck Edward C. , Neal William H. , Movassaghi Kamran , Ranawat Anil S. , Nho Shane J.
Published: November 2018

Background

There is increased emphasis on efficiently administering patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). The International Hip Outcome Tool-12 (iHOT-12) is a short-form version of the iHOT-33, and relatively little is known about clinically significant outcomes using the iHOT-12.

Questions/Purposes

The purpose of this study was to define minimal clinically important difference (MCID) and patient acceptable symptomatic state (PASS) for the iHOT-12 and to identify predictors for achieving these psychometric end points in patients undergoing arthroscopic treatment of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI).

Methods

Data was prospectively collected and retrospectively analyzed as part of an institutional hip preservation repository. One hundred and twenty patients were included; mean age and body mass index (BMI) were 38.7 years and 25.9, respectively. A majority of patients were female (67.5%) and white (81.7%) and participated in recreational sports (79.2%). The iHOT-12 was administered pre-operatively and at 1-year follow-up to patients undergoing primary hip arthroscopy for FAI. The following anchor question was also asked at 1-year follow-up: “Taking into account all the activities you have during your daily life, your level of pain, and also your functional impairment, do you consider that your current state is satisfactory?” MCID was calculated using a distribution-based method. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis with area under the curve was used to confirm the significance of the PASS threshold.

Results

Mean iHOT-12 scores improved from 35.6 at pre-operative assessment to 70.7 at 1-year follow-up. Patients indicating satisfaction with their outcome improved from 37.5 pre-operatively to 79.0 at 1-year follow-up. MCID value for the iHOT-12 was 13.0. The PASS threshold was 63.0, indicating an excellent predictive value that patients scoring above this threshold were likely to have met an acceptable symptom state. Worker's compensation patients and those with increased BMI were less likely to achieve PASS; lower pre-operative iHOT-12 score was predictive for achieving MCID, and achieving MCID was predictive for achieving PASS.

Conclusion

This is the first study to define PASS and MCID for the iHOT-12, which measures clinically significant outcome improvement comparably to that of other commonly used hip PROMs. As its use becomes more widespread, the iHOT-12 data-points presented in this study can be used to determine clinically significant improvement of patient-reported outcomes.
Diets high in n-3 fatty acids are associated with lower arterial stiffness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a latent profile analysis
Authors: Woodman Richard J. , Baghdadi Leena R. , Shanahan E. Michael , de Silva Inushi , Hodgson Jonathan M. , Mangoni Arduino A.
Published: November 2018

Supplementation with n-3 fatty acids can influence inflammation and markers of arterial stiffness that are increased in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, it is unknown whether specific patterns of dietary fatty acid intake are similarly associated. In a longitudinal study, eighty-six RA patients reported their dietary intake and had arterial stiffness measured using the augmentation index (AIx) at baseline and 8 months. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was performed to characterise patterns of fatty acid intake using sixteen major fatty acids. Models for two to six profiles were compared using the Akaike and Bayesian information criteria. Associations between AIx and the profiles were adjusted for age, sex, disease activity, fish oil supplementation, medications, physical activity and socio-economic status. LPA identified five distinct profiles. Profile 1 subjects (n 7) reported significantly higher intake of palmitoleic acid (16 : 1), arachidonic acid (20 : 4n-6), EPA (20 : 5n-3), DHA (22 : 6n-3) and docosapentaenoic acid (22 : 5n-3) (P<0·001 for each) than profiles 2 (n 14), 3 (n 19), 4 (n 23) and 5 (n 23) and significantly higher grilled and tinned fish consumption. The AIx varied significantly across the five profiles (P=0·023); subjects in profile 1 had a significantly lower AIx than those in profile 3 (β=–7·2 %; 95 % CI –11·5, –2·9; P=0·001) who had the lowest reported intake of n-3 fatty acids. Fish oil supplementation was also independently associated with lower AIx (β=–4·15 %; 95 % CI –6·73, –1·56; P=0·002). A diet characterised by a higher reported intake of n-3 fatty acids, palmitoleic acid (16 : 1) and arachidonic acid (20 : 4n-6) is associated with a lower AIx in RA patients.
Diffusion Across International Organizations: Connectivity and Convergence
Authors: Sommerer Thomas , Tallberg Jonas
Published: November 2018

While extensive research shows that policies and institutions spread across states through processes of diffusion, we know little about diffusion among international organizations (IOs). We develop a novel approach for the study of diffusion among IOs. This approach consists of three components: a theoretical focus on connectivity among IOs as pathways for diffusion; a conceptual differentiation between alternative types of convergence effects; and a methodological strategy combining dyadic and spatial analysis of diffusion. We illustrate the usefulness of this approach through an empirical case: the diffusion of participatory governance arrangements among IOs from 1970 to 2010. The analysis shows that connectivity among IOs contributes to convergence, which typically is manifested through imitation of very specific institutional models. The article's findings have implications both for the study of IOs and for the general study of diffusion.