bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Midonymy: A Lexical Relation in Need of Two Extremes
Authors: Salman Muhammed Barjes
Published: November 2023

Lexical relations are important from the point of view of different fields as they are one of the tools that are used in formulating their theories and perspectives. Thus, whenever the list of lexical relations becomes more comprehensive, the theories and perspectives become more thorough. The current research is a try to add and coin a new lexical relation which is called midonymy. This lexical relation refers to a lexical item (midonym) that lies in the middle between two extremes such as the midonym warm which lies between the pair of extremes hot and cold. When one is asked about the meaning of the midonym B, the answer can be It is something between A and C. Midonyms can vary according to the nature of the midonym itself or according to its relation with the two extremes that surround it. Midonyms can be classified into: mixing, verbal, absolute-relative, transitive-intransitive and mutual-exclusive midonyms. The pair of extremes should surround each midonym and a midonym cannot be a midonym if one or both of them is/are missed, that’s why the title of this research shows that midonymy is in need of two extremes. The extremes also vary according to their nature into: antonymous extremes, sequential extremes, orientational extremes, hyponymous extremes and superiority of extremes. Concerning the terminology, the linguistic concept is midonymy, the noun that refers to the one element related to this lexical relation is midonym, and the adjective is midonymous which means something related to or a type of midonymy.
The Relatinship between Style and Vocabulary in Some Stories of Guy de Maupassant
Authors: Ali Qatran Bashar
Published: November 2023

Vocabulary and style are part of the mechanisms that writers adopt to embody their ideas and leave an impact on the reader. Vocabularies have a distinctive expressive property that allows the writer to depict reality and make the reader see what one can imagine of the world. In each tale, we see the author excel in the area he deals with, such as colloquial, warlike or religious vocabularies, and even the spelling of certain words is very similar to the way these words are pronounced by the characters. Themselves. This study attempts to research the impact of the relationship between style and vocabularies in certain tales of Guy de Maupassant, as well as the spelling of vocabularies in the tales.
The semantic Permission in Selected Poetic Evidences in Ibn Mandhur's Lisan Al- Arab (711 AH)
Authors: عليوي الجبوري موفق حسين
Published: November 2023

Linguistic permissibility is the permissibility and amplitude of speech, as the word may have more than one meaning, with some meanings being preferred over others in terms of context or origin of meaning. This is according to what appears in the poetic evidences in the lexicon of (Lisan al-Arab by Ibn Manzu:r d 711 AH), since it is known that poetic evidences are part of the other origins of linguistic with the conditions known by Arab linguistics.
Proverbs according to Ibn Salam A study in light of context theory
Authors: محمد السنجري رعد عباوي
Published: November 2023

Proverbs are a culture heritage and a picture of society, carrying with them customs, traditions, and customs that were passed down from generation to generation, as they are linguistic text and grammatical evidence that came as a result of certain events and context. Metonymy and the end of rhetoric, which is satisfactory to the public and the private, and because it is more used in conversations, and to be easy to trade The Arabs brought it out in the lightest of words and sentences, as it is full of meaning and suffices you. The statement, which is also a summary of the people’s heritage, wisdom, and experiences, and since it is indicative of the society’s culture, language, events, and attitudes, its connection and Proverb adherence to contextual theory with its main axes, the linguistic and cultural context, and the situation, is inevitable. Except in the light of the relationships of its vocabulary to each other, the Arabs preceded the West in this, even if they did not call them by the same names. It has a figurative and contextual connotation as well, and since social conditions as well as language are the basis on which the proverbs are said, I chose Firth's contextual theory. To show the value of proverbs and the effect of paving and systems in their semantics, he did not talk about the meaning in its general form, but rather talked about the functional meanings of the compound buildings in sentences according to the linguistic levels of phonetic, morphological, grammatical, and semantic, as well as the lexical coherence and consistency that bring words together.
Manifestations of fear in anovel"Washam Nasie Albayadh" astudy in the Semiotics of passions
Authors: سلمان النجار سلوى جرجيس
Published: November 2023

This research is based on the manifestations of the semiotics of emotions in the novel (Washm Nasie Albayadh) which means'' bright white tattoo''. It is written by the Iraqi novelist Ali Lafta Saeed. The aim is to reveal the importance of emotional interaction through the events of the novel. This is especially when any narrative act is only an inevitable result of the feelings and emotions experienced by the character. The novel (Washm Nasie Albayadh) introduces us to the subject of war, its tragedies, its impact on the individual, and the psychological state that it leaves behind. This includes suffering from anxiety, fear, tension, and looking for peace and tranquility. Since the semiotics of emotions investigates emotional states related to the self, we will adopt in our study a plan based on a preface and two sections: The first section: lexical and semantic manifestation, and the second section is characterized by “Emotional Chart” which includes formation, preparation, tropical phrasing, emotion, and moral correctness. After reading the novel and investigating the most prominent emotions in it, we conclude that the writer has intensely embodied the feelings of fear until it became the dominant identity phenomenon. Along with the emergence of emotions, anxiety and anger are the closest feelings that overlap with the emotion of fear. The writer used description and metaphor to express and magnify the passions.
The Cognitive Communication between the Grammatical and Fundamentalist Lessons Al-Kawkab Al-Durri by Al-Esnawi (772 A.H. ) as a Model
Authors: داود هديل عبد الحليم , داؤد سليمان كريم ذنون
Published: November 2023

The communication among sciences is considered a method of sustaining the scientific movement at the modern and ancient times . The fruits of this communication are reflected on many issues illustratively and understandingly . And, the communication between grammar and its origins and jurisprudence and its origins was and still is an important aspect of sciences reaction and integrity .The Holy Quran and the Prophetic tradition , the main sources of Islamic legislation , were a cause of establishing the linguistic sciences as grammar, morphology, rhetoric and dictionaries as well as they were a cause of establishing the Islamic law sciences like : doctrine, interpretation, and jurisprudence with its origins . Syntax was of the most important sciences for it is the most correlated to the Islamic jurisprudence and is considered a term to access the diligence rank in jurisprudence . The relationship between grammar and jurisprudence is based on affecting and being affected . The book ( Al-Kawkab Al-Durri fi ma yatakharraj ala al-Usoul al-Nahaweya min al-Fouroua’ al-faqheya ) by Imam Jamal-addin Al-Esnawi ( 772 A.H.) had a favour in revealing the great aspect of this relationship that we will attempt to examine its components and occurrences .
The effect of referral by pronouns on the cohesion of the textual structure of the Proverbs Complex as a model
Authors: حماش عزت إبراهيم
Published: November 2023

The research investigates the statement of the linking function performed by the reference to pronouns as one of the most important tools of grammatical cohesion for textual texts, who confirmed that pronouns are among the most prominent linguistic units that undertake the task of linking parts of the text, as they refer to previous or subsequent references mentioned in the text or located outside it . We have traced the reference points with the pronouns in the (Proverbs Complex) to Al-Maidani, as it is a heritage blog that was concerned with collecting the texts of Arabic proverbs; To show the role played by this type of reference in achieving textual coherence between the two ends of the reference, the referrer and the referent in the texts of proverbs, trying to prove a number of things, including: Confirming the authenticity of the heritage Arabic text by revealing the value of the referential links that led to its cohesion at the formal levels and The semantic, and the confirmation of the textual unity of the proverbs as well as their ability to textual analysis, and the statement of the value of the linguistic and diacritical contexts represented by the situation or occasion that necessitated the saying of the proverb, and the impact of this in revealing the relationship between the two referral parties. Which will be shown by the following sections: The first topic: referral with the first person pronouns, the second topic: referral with the second person pronouns, the third topic: referral with the third person pronouns.
The Female Narration in Shahd Al-Rawi’s “Baghdad Clock”
Authors: صالح عباد منجد رمضان
Published: November 2023

The novel responds to the female presence more than other literary genres, as its narrative elements contribute to receiving the female discourse and supplying it by expressing their thoughts, emotions, and gentle voices, and exploring their subconscious spaces by expressing their value. Women’s issues, and for this reason feminist writings rose to establish glory for women in parallel with what the man wrote, in addition to the importance of the central female presence in building the narrative space and her presence on the narration scene because the female narrator differs from the male narrator who dominated the scene by presenting the relationships of women through masks, and here this cry achieves a revolution Against the adoption of masculinity all the joints of life. The appearance of a woman and her call to live her world and express herself without feeling the dominance of the family (father/brother) was shaped when she observed perspectives that feed into her literary production through her relationship with her body or with the man, because writing about herself makes her more honest than the man, as this appeared through Feminist creativity in literary practice, so it seemed active and productive, and had a speciality with its awareness, language, independence of speech and thinking. The spontaneous dreaming child with a scene conveying the development of the life stages of women and the places mentioned in them and the relationships with family and friends, passing through the primary school stage and then university, which witnessed the great shift in her life, her ideas and her relations with others, as well as the transformation of the narrative language from its spontaneity to its maturity in proportion to age, and the novel showed Techniques in presentation and qualitative transitions transcended the linear narration in classic novels, mixing with imagination and activating the senses effectively and in a language that sought to sharpen The feminine atmosphere by conducting the tale obtained on the current real woman issue, because Shahd Al-Rawi is the character of the novel.
Anti-heroism in Children’s Literature: A Psychoanalytic Study of Jeff Kinney's Diary of a Wimpy Kid
Authors: Hussein Al-Jubouri Zainab Abdullah
Published: November 2023

Anti-heroism in children’s literature becomes one of the scholarly interests in recent times. Anti-heroism reveals the lack of heroic traits and imperfection of protagonists and emphasizes their failure as being ideals and icons for children. This research discusses Jeff Kinney’s Diary of a Wimpy Kid (2007) aiming to examine anti-heroism in Greg Heffley’s character, using Sigmund Fraud’s psychoanalysis theory and mind structure of Id, Ego, and Superego. The study argues the struggle of middle child in the family and his behavior in the school showing the problems faced by him as a protagonist who unexpectedly go through many shortcomings and downfalls. The study answers questions as why Greg Heffley is portrayed as an anti-hero and how does the psychoanalytic approach help to examine the structure of Greg’s personality? This study is divided into two sections and a conclusion. Section one sheds light on anti-heroism, children literature and Sigmund Fraud’s theory of psychoanalysis. Section two deals with the novel’s analysis according to Fraud’s theory of psychoanalysis showing antihero qualities in the protagonist’s behavior. The last part of the study is the conclusion that sums up the findings of the study.
Good disposal of the ghazal introductions in the poetry of Fetiyan al- Shaghouri
Authors: ياسين الطائي مصطفى إسماعيل , جاسم التكريتي أسماء صابر
Published: November 2023

This research seeks to identify the lyrical introductions in the poetry of Fetiyan al-Shaghouri (530 AH - 615 AH) and study these texts to find out the impact of the term “good disposal” on these introductions. And he dealt with the concept of this term according to ancient scholars and critics, such as Al-Hatami, Ibn Rashiq, and Ibn Hajjah Al-Hamawi. As for the first topic, it deals with the life of the poet Fetiyan al-Shaghouri and the stages of his life. As for the second topic, it studies some texts from the lyrical introductions in which the poet concluded the poem's main purpose as an analytical study. Then the conclusion and a list of sources and references.
Nickname in Rania territory
Authors: Hamasalih Tavga Omer
Published: November 2023

Nickname does exist in all natoons of the world, it has a big role in life of people and all individuals. This phenomenon has reflcted in the Kurdish nation. In some places this phenomenon is cleasrly felt. It is very common among people. This study is entitled (nickname in Rania territory). Nickname has a big role in the life of people and in language. Humans sometims except for their real names: Our research approach is a descriptive analysis. The tool of the investigation is the middle Kurdish language. We took examples of daily stories and speeches. The last part has taken examples of the daily life of the people of Rania territory and has been analysed. In the first part, is about the definition of the name and its analysis. Analysing the relationship between the name and the named with the definition of nichname, name, nickname and reasons for settin the nickname. The second part is about the types of naming in terms of psychology, public, private and the benefits and the importance of nickname, The effect of naming and nickname with the nicknames of Rania territory. Finally, the results,the list of resources, and the summary of the study were shown in Arabic and English languages.
Discoursal Functions of Minor Sentences in Selected Disney Children's Stories
Authors: Hasan Mustafa Flaih , Ali Al-Thalab Hasan Shaban
Published: November 2023

This study is intended to investigate the discoursal functions of minor sentences in Disney children’s stories. These sentences do not follow the regular clause structure patterns or the variants of those structures. Minor sentences are of two types: irregular sentences (henceforth IrrSs) and nonsentences (henceforth NonSs). The study aims at (i) identifying the discoursal functions of of IrrSs and NonSs in Disney stories, and (ii) investigating the most frequent discoursal functions of minor sentences in the selected data. Fulfilling the above aims, the study hypothesizes that the most discoursal functions of IrrSs and NonSs are used in Disney children’s stories. It is also hypothesized that surprise and summoning are the most frequent functions of those minor sentences in Disney children’s stories. The study examines the discoursal functions of irregular sentences and nonsentences in fifteen Disney children’s stories. The data are analyzed according to Quirk et al.'s (1985) model. The results show that (15) discoursal functions appear through using IrrSs, while (41) discoursal functions appear through using NonSs. The results also show that surprise and summoning are the most frequent functions of minor sentences that represent (11.25%) and (8.76%) respectively of the total number of minor sentences. The study concludes that the most discoursal functions of IrrSs and NonSs are used in Disney children’s stories. It is also concluded that surprise and summoning are the most frequent functions of minor sentences.
Argument Structure description in the Kurdish Language
Authors: Ahmed Sirwan Samen , Huseen Shelan Omar
Published: November 2023

This research is entitled (Argument Structure description in the Kurdish Language), an attempt to present the relationship between syntax and semantics. The purpose of argument structure is to show the relationship between predicates and arguments in a sentence. The data and samples of the study were taken from the Kurdish Lexicon. According to their Lexical information, the argument structure was presented and then tested in syntax to determine the relationship between the argument structure and the syntactic structures. In the result, the research indicates the argument structure is central between semantics and syntactic structures.
The Role of the Cognitive Research Trust (CORT) Program as a New Instructional Model For Developing Thinking Skills
Authors: Mousa Manal Omar
Published: November 2023

The present research aims at investigating the role of the CoRT (Cognitive Research Trust) program for the development of thinking skills on the achievement of Iraqi English language learners (ELLs). The researcher adopted the experimental design and used a sample of(60) female students at Al-Maysaloon school/ in Salah Al-deen Governorate during the academic year(2019-2020).The sample is divided into a control group with(30)students and experimental group with(30)students. The two groups are equalized according to certain variables. The students in the experimental group are taught by using CoRT program , whereas, those in the control group are taught by using conventional method. The researcher uses CoRT program post-test which is conducted on the sample at the end of the experimental which is(12)weeks. The obtained results have shown that there are significant differences between experimental and control groups, in favor of the experimental group.
The Conversational implication of the orderly construction methods in Surat Al-Ahzab
Authors: عثمان دلدار علي , قادر فخرية غريب
Published: November 2023

In sum, in this work and this study, which is tagged with (The Discourse Implication of the Deliberative Structural Methods in Surat Al-Ahzab), it seeks to monitor the contextually required implications of the required constructional methods in Surat Al-Ahzab, using the data provided by the deliberative, as it relied on one of its theories, which is the Conversational Implication Theory With its dimensions and data. And that according to a drawn plan, using a set of sources and references.
Politics of the Space: Drone War in Andrea Brady’s The Blue Split Compartments
Authors: Murad Ibrahim Ali
Published: November 2023

One of the outcomes of the non-stop race in the field of technology and especially the military technology, was the invention, or more accurately progression, that was achieved in the military industry in the modern age. The horror of the large range of losses in the battlefields through the military combats especially in the 20 years Vietnam War pushed the decision-makers in the US towards ways of reducing human losses in their abroad wars and this resulted in a great expansion of what the English called ‘unmanned aerial vehicle’. The American university lecturer and poet Andrea Brady (b.1974), is one of the people of letters who reacted to this development that caused an international horror and global aerial control over almost all the aerial spaces in the world by the grand powers, through a 59 poems volume titled The Blue Split Compartments (2021). The present study is an attempt to analyze and evaluate the range of her assessment of the human, physical, and psychological damages that this new technology produces. It also seeks to navigate in the different poetic techniques and styles used in composing the poems where sad and catastrophic scenes and scenarios are disclosed in order to show the possible effects that those poems create in their readers and listeners. Such poetic techniques aim to stress the poetic quality of the military language especially the language used around drone warfare.
Munshi (D. 1001 A.H) in his Book Muthanna Al-Munshi
Authors: منصور رنا عبد المجيد , أحمد مصطفى كامل
Published: November 2023

This study aims to clarify the concept of the term Dual (Al-Muthanna) according to Muhammad Bin Badr Al-Din Al-Manshi (died 1001 A.H) in his book: Muthanna Al-Manshi with its balance with the opinions of scholars
balaghat 'ahadith aleadad fi sahih albukharii (ktab al'iiman 'inmwdhjaan)
Authors: عبد ضحى لطيف , حسين مرعي الجبوري محمد سعيد
Published: November 2023

The research is concerned with the analysis of selected texts from the hadiths of the Prophet that include numbers in the chapter of knowledge in the Sahih of Al-Bukhari and Muslim (may God have mercy on them and enter them into a paradise to display the heavens and the earth prepared for the righteous) a rhetorical analysis according to the basic phonetic rules laid down by the scholars of Arabic rhetoric (may God have mercy on them). In revealing the aesthetic, artistic and rhetorical images of these prophetic hadiths, and clarifying the choice of the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, for words, giving preference to one expression over another, and one form over another, and the manifestation of the splendor and beauty of graphic and original images, With clarification of the distinctive characteristics of each type, and their effects in directing meanings in order to understand, persuade and influence the recipient, because the Prophet, peace be upon him, came to build man and organize the relationship of the servant with his Lord, and the relationship of servants with servants is based on acquaintance, the Almighty said: {O people, we created you. from male and female, and We made you into peoples and tribes, that you may know one another. Indeed, the most honorable of you in the sight of God is the most pious.
Comprehension Process and Alzheimer: A psycholinguistics Study
Authors: Hassan Jalal Sa’dullah , Amin Bahar Assi
Published: November 2023

The study is a psycholinguistics study which aims at explaining the process of comprehension and its connection with Alzheimer. It also investigates the impairment in comprehension which is caused by Alzheimer. To elaborate more, the part of the brain which is responsible for comprehending the spoken language is exposed by a figure. The research postulates as well how this process differs in those suffering from Alzheimer with the normal people in the process of comprehension. The work concludes that those suffering from damaged brain in the part responsible for comprehension (Wernicke’s area) face problems in the comprehension skill and they cannot communicate in an appropriate way which causes the sufferers finally to be disconnected to society and daily communications.
Translating the Multiple Meanings of the Lexical Item “Al-Haq” in the Glorious Qur'an into English
Authors: Ibrahim Qusai Basheer
Published: November 2023

Multiplicity of meaning is one of the most fundamental issues observed in the Quranic language. This phenomenon does not exist without ambiguity, which can be perceived by translators as a problem to be solved or a natural issue to be ignored. This study is an attempt to show how these multiple meanings are conveyed into English by four reputable translators, Hilali & khan, Pickthall, Sarwar, and Ali through an in- depth analysis of different ayahs containing the Quranic term “Al-Haq.” The main objective is to answer the following question: Should the translator use the same English word for the Arabic word Al-Haq which has different meanings? Driven by "faithfulness" and ethical motives, the translators maintain the original ambiguity out of respect to the text despite the possible loss of clarity. As a result, a literal translation is adopted and the ambiguity is retained or sometimes signaled by explanatory footnotes or paraphrasing. Despite the fact that linguists look at the situational and linguistic contexts as integrative and interrelated, the study shows that the situational context should take priority over the linguistic one in realizing the intended meaning.
Phonological and Morphological Correlation In (Atfa’el) Formula
Authors: فيصل محمود ابراهيم
Published: November 2023

Atfa’el) is a formula of the morphological formula used by the Holy Qur’an in words that were analyzed phonetically, and if this formula did not exist in the speech of the Arabs, the infidels of the Quraysh tribe who were known for eloquence would condemn it, especially since they searched in vain for a defect in the Holy Qur’an, and this formula was affected phonetically according to the law of phonetic similarity with letters close to it in terms of output and attributes, and this formula reappeared in the modern Egyptian vernacular, and it is linked to the same morphological formula (Atafa’el) in Eloquent Arabic.
Linguistic expressions and their semantic developments for modern scholars )Gerji Zeidan is a model(
Authors: حسن سعود الجبوري وليد فياض
Published: November 2023

The study is based on human thinking, which starts with human instinct, and expresses his different needs. The material of study is a language when the core of the language is the term (philosophy of language). It seeks about the reasons behind the formation of the languages, their relationships and their stages of development, from the eloquent origin to the everyday. The mother language converges with phonetic, morphological commonalities, and synthetic. These comparisons and linguistic approaches are based on the descriptive inductive method. They are restricted to the subject of regulations and laws that are regulated by it. The comparisons were made between the origins of the (Indian - European) and (Semitic - Hamitic) factions. The study is based on points in which linguistic axes converge, such as the diversity of words and their convergence, the significance of words, and the possibility of their response to dual origins that mimic the sounds of nature. Some of them vary from two origins, as well as the interpretation of the mental image that carries the sensory and metaphorical image and its impact on meaning. The study shows the extent of the connection of roots between languages and their convergence, as well as the effect of the environment on language when the modern philosophical and linguistic studies show the value of language and its connection with each other to end the study with great secrets about the reason behind the growth and permanence of the great language.
Al-Koran's Method of Linguistic Reasoning in his Interpetation (The Purpose of the Wishes)
Authors: عبدالله محمد لطيف , أحمد خليل رشيد
Published: November 2023

Interpretation is a great science, and scholars have competed to obtain it, and it is a science that has historical roots that go back to the era of the Prophethood. The Companions used to ask the Messenger (PBUH) about the interpretation of verses that were confusing to them, and the Messenger (PBUH) would answer them with what God had opened up to him. Hence a science arose that was later called the science of interpretation, and after that the Companions excelled in developing works that serve the Qur’anic text, and his interpretation. And Al-Korani, like other scholars, delved into this science and took in its aspects, so he had a distinctive approach in interpretation that stops all scholars and researchers to take into consideration, that he does not give in to opinions from the first sight, but rather presents them to the reasonable and the transmitted until he comes out with an opinion, so we wanted to show the characteristics of this approach from the linguistic point of view as much this is what our study is about.
Of the eloquence of the conversations of the relationship between spouses
Authors: حسن مهيدي سجى حكمت , حسين مرعي محمد سعيد
Published: November 2023

The research aims to study selected texts from family hadiths in the narrations of the Mothers of the Believers (may God be pleased with them), and related to the husband and wife, a rhetorical analysis based on the rules of rhetoric in revealing the rhetorical characteristics of these narrations, and revealing the accuracy in choosing vocabulary and formulas in building hadith systems, as well as Shedding light on the role of the various graphic and creative arts in the richness of texts and directing the meaning towards the purpose for which it was given, and touching the distinctive characteristics of each, and the role of the different displacements represented by the introduction, delay, remembrance, omission, separation, connection and others in demonstrating what is meant by the most eloquent phrases and the most beautiful compositions.
The way Arabs contradicts the rules of assimilation to Differentiate in semantic signals
Authors: محمد سارة جبير , نعمان أثير طارق
Published: November 2023

This research is concerned with the study the subject of assimilation for the sake of meaning within data that differs from rules analogy. A set of laws executes this process including the prevention of the assimilation of similar letters, and the prevention of the assimilation of close ones to differentiate in significance. This study deals with a number of issues. Firstly, some confusion and overlapping in the meaning as well as mentioning the analogy known to the Arabs. Then, it clarifies the source of disagreement, and explaining the reason for this violation. The meaning in any language represents the linguistic features. The present research consists of two axes: the first seeks to demonstrate the overlapping of semantics caused by the assimilation of the two similar letters. The second one showed the Arabs’ violation of their analogy by assimilating of the two convergent letters, and that this The violation was for semantic differentiation
The obstacles to word formation processes in Kurdish Language
Authors: Said Mina Rabar Kakarash
Published: November 2023

Word Formation is a wide and important process in Languages. Words can be coined in various ways and forms such as coining, inventing words, blending, etc. . These processes sometimes occur according to rules, but at other times they occur while violating the existing rules. In certain cases, some phonological, semantic, and usage factors hinder the process of word formation. Besides the introduction, conclusions, and the references list, this research consists of two major parts. In the first part, morphological structures in Kurdish language are explained; syntactic and lexicographical morphemes are introduced, roots and affixes are presented. In the second section, the morphology of word formation is generally discussed, then compounding, affixation, blending, and word borrowing processes are explained. In the second part, the classification of semantic features and in the second section, the word formation processes and rules are stated. In the third section the obstacles to word formation processes are analyzed. A summary about word formation based on rules and while violating rules is presented and finally, the concluding points and the references list are provided.
The Role of Teachers' Motivation in Developing EFL Students' Speaking Skill at University of Salahaddin
Authors: Salar Qurbani Shanga Ahmed , Haji Nawzar Mohammed
Published: November 2023

This study aims to investigate the role of motivated EFL teachers on developing students' speaking skill and boosting their confidence to speak in English at two colleges of Salahaddin University (Viz. College of Basic Education and College of Languages). To do so, a quantitative approach is adopted in the study. To find out the effect of teacher motivation on improving students' speaking skill, a survey questionnaire is distributed to 87 students. The results show that motivated teachers improve students' speaking skill since they give feedback on correct pronunciation of words, correct use of grammatical tenses and the use of appropriate vocabularies. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate that motivated teachers boost students' confidence to speak in English in class since they use praising words to encourage students to speak in English, build a good rapport with them, use innovative methods of teaching, and make sure nobody laughs when students make mistakes. The findings will improve all the EFL teachers who would like to know how important teacher motivation is in improving students' speaking skill and building their confidence.
Syntagmatic-Paradigmatic Relations in Charles Dickens` Hard Times
Authors: Madlool Nazeeha Khalaf
Published: November 2023

This research will be examined De Saussure`s syntagmatic-paradigmatic relations On Charles Dickens` Hard Times. Dickens in this novel uses a character and episodes that stand in paradigmatic relation to him and his surrounded society. A character turns to be a carrier of his views and philosophyand conveys many autobiographical events from his actual life. Besides, he depicts personal attitudes to be presented as events in the novel. Thus, the novel shows a literary substitution of a character as well as events with Dickens` real life. This seems a fertile arena to study a paradigmatic relation. At the same time, linear relation can be applied between characters and actions to have a horizontal reflection besides the vertical one.
Voluntary Exile and Deportation in Sebastian Barry's On Canaan's Side
Authors: Abdulaziz Hanan Talib , Shakir Luma Ibrahim
Published: November 2023

In recent times, exile and deportation have shaped the insights and works of many authors, because the current era is the era of political crises and immigration in which people migrate voluntarily or forcibly. Exile is often framed by the idea of disconnect. Thus, one of the key ideas that the study tries to prove is exile conceived as a connection rather than a separation. The experiences of voluntary exile and deportation, for political reasons, influence the human psyche and change the way humans perceive life. Therefore, the study sheds light on the psychological effects of these confusing experiences, and the way they were developed to be adapted in fiction. By analyzing the contemporary Irish novel Sebastian Barry's On Canaan Side (2011), the analysis provides insight into the psychological effects of voluntary exile and deportation from a psychopolitical point of view. This novel demonstrates how political events have an impact on people's lives even when they are not directly involved in any political conflicts but are nonetheless negatively affected by them. Thus, the study concludes that voluntary exile and deportation are primarily political phenomena, and innocent people become the first victims of these phenomena.
SHAKESPEARE’s VIEW OF WOMEN: A STUDY OF THE FEMALE CHARACTERS In His Comedy “As You Like It”
Authors: Hamad Hasan Salih
Published: November 2023

The present paper aims at studying Shakespeare’s view of women through the study of female characters in some of his comedies. The selection of the comedy is decided according to the nature and role these female characters play and according to the various stages of the playwright’s works. The female figures in Shakespeare’s comedies are believed to be prominent, vital and progressive following the writer’s mental and spiritual changes. This paper studies the middle or sunny comedies from which one play is selected: As You Like It. In this play, the female characters appear to have some impressing characteristics. They are portrayed as being impressive, beautiful, gentle, tender, passionate and of leading characters. They also show themselves to be loving, optimistic, courageous and the main plotters of the action.
The Effect of the Five-Year Strategy (E5) on the Acquisition of Literary Concepts Among Fourth-Grade Middle School Students by Creating their Imaginative Thinking
Authors: علي الرفيعي قيس ذياب عبد
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this current study is to determine the impact of the five dimensions (E5) on the acquisition of literary concepts among the fourth-grade preparatory students by stimulating their imaginative thinking. Its sample consisted of (44) students, with (22) students from group (A), the experimental group and (22) students from group (B), the control group of Al-Mughirah Preparatory School for Boys. The researcher prepared a test consisting of (30) paragraphs distributed according to the acquisition of literary concepts. Each skill consists of (5) paragraphs, and each paragraph consists of three multi-choice alternatives. The researcher also prepared a scale for imaginative thinking consisting of (20) paragraphs distributed according to the imaginative thinking skills of (3) skills, and each skill distributed into (4) paragraphs, and the scale is one of the following alternatives, the student has imaginative thinking to a degree (very large, large, medium, and a few). The researcher used statistical methods such as the t-test for two independent samples, chi-square, and the (Spss) for statistical review, and he reached: 1- There is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group students and the mean scores of the control group students in acquiring literary concepts in favor of the experimental group. 2- There is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group students and the mean scores of the control group students in the imaginative thinking test in favor of the experimental group. There is a statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group students in the pre and post-tests of the imaginative thinking in favor of the post test.
The vocal suggestion of the contexts of the verses of prostration in the Holy Qur’an
Authors: مِصطفى إِدريس سِليمان
Published: November 2023

The linguistic sound, the smallest unit from which the verbal chain is formed, has a space that cannot be ignored, how is that when it is the basic building block in the rest of the linguistic levels? Morphology, structure, and rhetoric, and just as the above three levels have connotations through which one can reach the realization of the nature of the text, the sounds of linguistic contexts have an impact and suggestions in depicting meanings that cannot be overlooked, and they are sought through the repetitions of sounds and their groupings in the same context and in the association of phonetic qualities with each other, as well as The syllables that make up those contexts, and no appeal to the singular phoneme; Because it cannot be judged by it alone. The research was based on seeking the sound allusions to the contexts of the verses of prostration from two sides; An aspect related to a number of the qualities of sounds that have a role in giving the characteristic of strength or weakness to the vocal context in which they occur, and the qualities are: loud, whispering, intensity, softness and moderation, and that is in the general proportion of their occurrence in the aforementioned verses on the one hand, and the focus of these verses represented by the text of prostration in them from On the other hand, this is in addition to stopping at a number of vocal characteristics that formed a phenomenon that attracted the ears.
Trust in Sibawayh's book (A Study in Concept and meaning)
Authors: حمود شلال عمار مجيد
Published: November 2023

Many words and phrases have been mentioned in the book that require standing and studying them , and I am trying here to find out the rule of trust in it, and for its use by those mentioned in the book from the Sibawayh sheikhs. The nature of the research necessitated that the plan in it be as follows: Preamble: First: the concept of trust, linguistically and idiomatically. Second: Trust in the grammarians, and its relationship to listening, and the words of trust in the book. Then the issues of trust in him were divided into three sections, the first: audio issues. The second: morphological issues. The third: grammatical issues. These three sections were followed by a conclusion stating the most important findings of this research. In conclusion, I relied in writing the research on sources and references.
Aesthetics (Importance and Philosophy) Some Aspects of The New Poets’ Poems as Samples
Authors: Azeez Gardi Zhwan Abdul-Salam
Published: November 2023

This study attempts to present the importance and philosophy of the aesthetics devices through the new poets’ poems, this is because aesthetics discipline is one of the significant aspects of rhetorics that the poets used in writing their poems. The aesthetics works and interacts with the music all the way up to create beauty and meaning inside and among the words and the lines, and finally to make miscellaneous images in the most beautiful style and possible ways either in the lexical aesthetics andor in the meaning one. This study comprises of a preface and two sections: the preface provides aesthetics theory. In the first section, those aesthetics devices have been examined that produce music in various ways. In the second section, those aesthetics devices have been investigated that strengthen meaning. After examining these roles and aspects of aesthetics, the main findings and the sources consulted in this study are presented.
"Evaluating word formation components apart from verbs in Mahwi's Persian poems"
Authors: Rahimi Layla Ali Rahman
Published: November 2023

This research is entitled " Evaluating word formation components apart from verbs in Mahwi's Persian poems" aiming at analyzing morphological aspects, word formation and its constituents in his poems. The study begins with a brief explanation of Mahwi's life, imagination and opinion. Regarding the data, Mahwi's own Persian poems are utilized as data to conduct the research. Moreover, the present study demonstrates morphological analysis and its role for conveying and introducing meaning and messages that have been implemented. Depending on the extent of the research and the basis of theory (literature review), the components of the compound, complex and compound complex have been illustrated through providing examples. Furthermore, Mahwi's poems have been analyzed from the perspective of word constituents in the current research. It is worth mentioning that a word by its compound, complex or a mixture of both components apart from verbs are the items and materials of the study. In this study, the stated concepts, different types of constituents and morphemes have been accurately referred to, analyzed, and illustrated via providing examples from the poems as an evidence. The Findings show that the poet has created, apart from common and used words and expressions, specific neologism in word constituents and expressions and introduced words in the morphology scope. The tables in the analysis of the study play a leading role through illustrating morphological types and most of constituents on the tables. The purpose behind utilizing abbreviations in this paper is to avoid repetition. In addition, the researcher has taken into consideration the economy of language though using symbols and intended terms in the study.
D. H. Lawrence's Lady Chatterley’s Lover and Kadhim Al- Ahmadi's Yesterday was a Tomorrow: A Comparative Study
Authors: Mahmood Elaf Tariq , Al.Douri Hamdi Hameed
Published: November 2023

The aims of comparative literature are manifested in liberating human thought and allowing the reader to delve deeper into the understanding of literary works by showing the convergence between them, regardless of their diversity and source, as these works are a product of human thought through the ages, as this literature evaluates texts according to cultures and eras. This paper is an attempt to explore the similarities and differences between D. H. Lawrence’s Lady Chatterley’s Lover and Kadhim Al-Ahmadi’s Yesterday was a Tomorrow as far as settings, characters, language, techniques, and themes are concerned. It also tries to find out whether Al-Ahmadi is influenced by Lawrence or not
Syntactic Deviation in Abdul-Wahhab Al-Bayyati Poetry With Reference to English Syntax A Functional Study
Authors: Abdul-Moujod Haamid Muhammed M. , Saeed Shireen Abdulmonim
Published: November 2023

This research is an attempt to study aspects of syntactic deviation in Abdul-Wahhab Al-Bayyati with reference to English. It reviews this phenomenon from an extra-linguistic viewpoint. It adopts a functional approach depending on the stipulates of systemic Functional Grammar as developed by M.A.K. Halliday and others adopting this approach. Within related perspective, fairly’s taxonomy (1975) has been chosen to analyze the types of syntactic deviation because it has been found suitable and relevant to describe this phenomenon. The research hypothesizes that syntactic deviation is pervasive in Arabic poetry, in general and in Abdul-Wahhab Al-Bayyati Poetry in specific, and can be analyzed in the light of systemic Functional Grammar. It also hypothesize that syntactic deviation intensifies cohesion in poetic texts and does not disrupt or dismantle links between the structures of the clause. The devices tackled in this research are: ellipsis, repetition, functional shift, and thematization.
Implications on Implied Negation In English and Arabic
Authors: Najm Hussein Khalaf , Ahmed Yassen Rabeea
Published: November 2023

This study sheds light on a certain grammatical and lexical phenomenon in both English and Arabic. It tackles implied negative process of some forms. Lexically, some nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs in both languages approach clearly the concept of implied negation. Grammatically speaking, some aspects related to questions, exceptions, conditional clauses and exclamatory wishes tend in certain occasions to behave in a way that captures the sense of intended negation. This study shows a clear aim represented by how this grammatical and lexical phenomenon is viewed in the languages concerned. So, certain points about the structure and meaning of this sort of negation are clearly underlined. The study continues to maintain the main objectives like relating aspects of implied negation in both languages and pointing out the interwoven orientation understudy.