bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The socio‐economic impact of mitigating the challenges at the artisanal palm oil mills in Ghana
Authors: Sarpong Frederick , Dery Eric Kuuna , Danso Isaac , Oduro‐Yeboah Charlotte
Published: September 2022

There has been tremendous demand for palm oil globally due to it varied used in the food, biofuel, and oleochemicals. Ghana is a net importer of palm oil despite producing some best yielding varieties. This is ascribed to operation of palm oil artisanal mills, which account for close to 80% of palm oil production. Artisans are bedeviled with enormous challenges in their processing activities but possess the key of increasing palm oil production by 6%, which is translated into 210,800 tons per annum. This review, being mindful of net importation reduction, focused on the efforts in addressing some of challenges at the artisanal mills in Ghana to achieving some sustainable development goals (SDGs) and placing emphasis on the social‐economic impact. An average free fatty acid and oil extraction ratio for Ghana was 15.55% and 9.55%, respectively. This paper revealed that through policy, research and extension service most of these challenges could be mitigated. Top among the challenge facing artisans were oil extraction ratio and quality of oil production, which demonstrated a positive correlation with a better access to premium market and working conditions, an increase in income and purchasing power, achieving food and energy security and prevention of ecosystem depletion.
Field Assessment—Survey Protocols and Data Collection
Authors: Floris Antonio , Di Cosmo Lucio , Rizzo Maria , Patrone Amato
Published: September 2022

The INFC2015 field campaign surveyed almost 9000 sample points and assessed and measured a relevant number of variables. This chapter describes the procedures adopted to retrieve the sample points marked in the previous NFI (INFC2005) and to reach and mark sample points never located before on the ground. The chapter also describes the protocol used for classifying and measuring the variables, either at a stand level or a single item level as well as the relevant sample unit (point or plot) for measuring each variable. Some sections of the chapter describe the electronic devices and procedures used for storing the field data and sending them to the central database. It also details the way in which crews were supported remotely and the way data quality assurance was applied during the campaign, both in the field and from a distance.
Biodiversity and Protected Wooded Lands
Authors: Di Cosmo Lucio , Floris Antonio
Published: September 2022

The importance of forests for their functions other than timber and wood production has dramatically increased in the last decades with the increased awareness of the risks deriving from deforestation and the acknowledgment of the great amount of goods and benefits forests provide. Consequently, national forest inventories have widened their objectives and nowadays include variables related to environmental aspects. Among these aspects, biodiversity plays a key role for forest ecosystems’ adaptation to climate change. This chapter details the INFC2015 estimates regarding tree species diversity. It also shows the estimates on the naturalness of the stands’ regeneration processes and those on the presence and type of deadwood in forests. In addition to carbon storage, standing dead trees, stumps and lying deadwood also have a great potential for biodiversity. Forest protection is also pursued through laws and policies that allow for the creation of protected areas of various type and protection degree. The main inventory statistics on wooded lands in protected areas are given in the last section of this chapter.
Outdoor Education
Authors: Fang Wei-Ta , Hassan Arba’at , LePage Ben A.
Published: September 2022

Environmental Education (EE) promotes the complex interrelationships between humanculture and ecosystems. Due to the political nature of environmental decision-making, the field of Environmental Education faces many disputes. For example: What is the correct definition and purpose of environmental education? Should the curriculum include environmental values and ethics, as well as ecological and economicconcepts and skills? What is the role of student environmental action in correcting environmental problems? What is the appropriate role for teachers in developing curricula on environmental education? At what age students should understand environmental issues? What types of Environmental Education should urban, suburban, and rural youth receive? What technology can be used to slow ecological damage? Among these problems, Outdoor Education and Environmental Education also face the problems mentioned above. Due to the political factors of human environmental decision-making, Outdoor Education and Environmental Education have been in an undefined state. Educators continually devise better ways to expand the definition of outdoor education to improve the philosophy and practical work of outdoor education. Outdoor education includes eartheducation, bio-regional education, expeditionlearning and expansion training, ecologicaleducation, natural awareness, naturalexperience, local-based teaching and education, and the use of environmental materials as learning to integrate the localenvironment.
Dynamical Minimal Flavour Violating inverse seesaw
Authors: Arias-Aragón Fernando , Martínez Enrique Fernández , González-López Manuel , Merlo Luca
Published: September 2022

Abstract

The Inverse Seesaw mechanism is dynamically realised within the Minimal Lepton Flavour Violation context. Lepton number, whose breaking is spontaneously realised, is generalised to a global Abelian factor of the whole flavour symmetry, that also plays the role of the Peccei-Quinn symmetry. The associated Goldstone boson is a Majoraxion that solves the Strong CP problem and represents a Dark Matter candidate.

Three distinct scenarios are identified in terms of flavour symmetry and transformation properties of the exotic neutral leptons that enrich the Standard Model spectrum. The associated phenomenology is studied, focusing on the deviations from unitarity of the PMNS mixing matrix. The strongest constraints arise from the determination of the number of active neutrinos through the invisible width of the Z, the comparison of the measured W boson mass with its prediction in terms of the Fermi constant from muon decay, and the null searches for the radiative rare muon decay and μ → e conversion in nuclei. The heavy neutral leptons may have masses of a few TeV, leaving open the possibility for a direct detection at future colliders.

The impact of the recent measurement of the W mass at the CDF II detector has also been considered, which, in one of the scenarios, points to a sharp prediction for the masses of the heavy neutral leptons at about 2 − 3 TeV.
Overall Survival in Patients with Stage IV Pan‐NET Eligible for Liver Transplantation
Authors: Kjaer Josefine , Smith Sara , Hellman Per , Stålberg Peter , Crona Joakim , Welin Staffan , Norlén Olov
Published: September 2022

Background

The use of liver transplantation (LT) in patients with stage IV neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors (pan‐NET) is under debate. Previous studies report a 5‐year survival of 27–53% after LT in pan‐NET and up to 92.7% in patients with mixed NETs. This study aimed to determine survival rates of patients with stage IV pan‐NET meeting criteria for LT while only subjected to multimodal treatment.

Methods

Medical records of patients with pan‐NET diagnosed from 2000 to 2021 at a tertiary referral center were evaluated for eligibility. Patients without liver metastases, who did not undergo primary tumor surgery, age > 75 years and with grade 3 tumors were excluded. The patients were divided into groups; all included patients, patients meeting the Milan, the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) or the European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS) criteria for LT. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was used to calculate overall survival.

Results

Out of 519 patients with pan‐NET, 41 patients were included. Mean follow‐up time was 5.4 years. Overall survival was 9.3 years (95% Cl 6.8–11.7), and 5‐year survival was 64.7% (95% CI 48.2–81.2). Patients meeting the Milan, ENETS and UNOS criteria for LT had a 5‐year survival of 64.9% (95% CI 32.2–97.6), 85.7% (95% CI 59.8–100.0) and 55.4% (95% CI 26.0–84.8), respectively.

Conclusions

In patients with stage IV pan‐NET, grade 1 and 2, with no extra abdominal disease, 5‐year survival was 64.7% (95% CI 48.2–81.2). As these survival rates exceed previously published series of LT for pan‐NET, the evidence base for this treatment is very weak.
Systematic Review of the Association Between Trauma Severity and Postinjury Symptoms of Depression
Authors: Versluijs Yvonne , van Ravens Thomas W. , Krijnen Pieta , Ring David , Schipper Inger B.
Published: September 2022

Background

Greater symptoms of depression are associated with greater symptom intensity during recovery from musculoskeletal injury. It is not clear that more severe trauma is associated with greater symptoms of depression as one might expect. The goal of this study was to systematically review the existing evidence regarding the association of Injury Severity Score (ISS) with symptoms of depression during recovery from musculoskeletal injury.

Methods

Two independent reviewers used PubMed and Embase to identify studies that measured both ISS and symptoms of depression. Among the 17 studies satisfying inclusion criteria, 5 studies assessed the correlation of symptoms of depression and ISS on their continuum; 3 studies compared the mean of symptoms of depression for people above and below a specific ISS level; five compared mean ISS above and below a threshold level of symptoms of depression; and four compared dichotomized ISS and dichotomized depression. Four of the 17 evaluated factors associated with symptoms of depression in multivariable analysis.

Results

In bivariate analysis, 12 of 17 studies (71%) found no association between ISS level and symptoms of depression. Three studies found a bivariate association that did not persist in multivariable analysis. Two studies reported slight associations in bivariate analysis, but did not perform multivariable analysis.

Conclusions

The knowledge that symptoms of depression are common during recovery, in combination with the finding of this review that they have little or no relationship with injury severity, directs clinicians to anticipate and address mental health during recovery from physical trauma of any severity.
High expression of cuproptosis-related gene FDX1 in relation to good prognosis and immune cells infiltration in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD)
Authors: Wang Lizong , Cao Yi , Guo Wei , Xu Jingyun
Published: September 2022

Background

Cuproptosis induced by FDX1 is a newly discovered mechanism regulating cell death. However, the role of FDX1 in the pathogenesis of colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) remains to be studied.

Methods

FDX1 expression was analyzed with The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database. Association between FDX1 expression and COAD prognosis was investigated via the Kaplan–Meier (KM) survival curve. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of FDX1 were screened with R packages and the PPI were constructed via STRING database. Cytoscape software was used to detect the most profound modules in the PPIs network. CancerSEA database was used to analyze the effect of FDX1 expression levels on different functional status of COAD cells. The relationship between FDX1 expression and immune infiltration of COAD was analyzed by TIMER2.0 database. The COAD patients with high expression of FDX1 by Western blot, and the levels of immune infiltration were measured by flow cytometry.

Results

FDX1 was low expressed in most cancers, such as BRCA, KICH, and COAD. The overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) of COAD with high FDX1 expression were better than that of the low expression group. GO-KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that FDX1 and its co-expressed genes played an important role in the pathogenesis of COAD. Moreover, FDX1 expression in COAD were positively associated with “quiescence” and “inflammation” but negatively correlated with “invasion”. FDX1 expression was positively correlated with infiltration levels of CD8+ T cells, NK cells, and neutrophils. Oppositely, FDX1 expression was negatively correlated with that of CD4+ T cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Finally, 6 COAD patients with high expression of FDX1 were screened, and the proportion of CD8+ T cells in cancer tissues of these patients was significantly higher than that in paracancerous, while the CD4+ T cells presented the opposite pattern.

Conclusion

FDX1 plays a role in inducing cuproptosis and modulating tumor immunity, which could be considered as potential therapeutic targets in COAD.
Lonely Points in Simplices
Authors: Jaroschek Maximilian , Kauers Manuel , Kovács Laura
Published: September 2022

Given a lattice $$L\subseteq \mathbb Z^m$$

L
⊆

Z
m

and a subset $$A\subseteq \mathbb R^m$$

A
⊆

R
m

, we say that a point in A is lonely if it is not equivalent modulo $$L$$
L
to another point of A. We are interested in identifying lonely points for specific choices of $$L$$
L
when A is a dilated standard simplex, and in conditions on $$L$$
L
which ensure that the number of lonely points is unbounded as the simplex dilation goes to infinity.
A multiplex real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for differentiation of classical and variant II strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus
Authors: Ameen Sara M. , Adel Amany , Selim Abdullah , Magouz Asmaa , AboElKhair Mohammed , Bazid AbdelHamid H.
Published: September 2022

Identification of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) genotypes is essential for controlling infectious bronchitis (IB) disease, because vaccines that differ from the circulating strains might not provide efficient cross-protection. In Egypt, IBV strain typing is a difficult process, due to the widespread distribution of four genotype lineages (GI-13, GI-23, GI-1, and GI-16), which may contribute to IBV vaccination failure. In this study, we developed a multiplex real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (mRT-qPCR) assay that targets highly conserved areas of the S1 gene in order to detect classical (G1) and Egyptian variant II (G23) strains in allantoic fluids and clinical samples. The viral genotyping technique was assessed using commercially available vaccines as well as local strains, and 16 field isolates were tested to investigate its clinical applicability. The assay was found to be specific for the detection of classical and VAR II strains and did not detect the VAR I strain or other avian pathogens such as Newcastle disease virus, avian influenza virus (H9N2 and H5N8), or infectious bursal disease virus. The results also showed that 28 out of 41 samples tested positive for IBV utilizing rt-qRT-PCR targeting the N gene and that 26 out of the 28 positive samples were genotyped by mRT-qPCR targeting the S1 gene, whereas the remaining two samples that were not genotyped were VAR 1 (4/91) and VAR I (793/B). Interestingly, the testing could identify combined infections in one sample, indicating a mixed infection with both genotypes. The real-time RT-PCR assay could detect viral RNA at concentrations as low as 102 EID50 /ml for both classical and variant II. This assay is rapid, specific, and sensitive. It appears to be a valuable tool for regular disease monitoring that can be used to differentiate as well as identify viruses.
Role of chemokines in the crosstalk between tumor and tumor-associated macrophages
Authors: Qin Rui , Ren Weihong , Ya Guoqi , Wang Bei , He Jiao , Ren Shaoxin , Jiang Lu , Zhao Shuo
Published: September 2022

Tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a dynamic network of non-tumoral stromal cells, including cancer-associated fibroblasts, endothelial cells, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), B and T cells. In the TME, TAMs support tumor initiation, progression, invasion and metastasis by promoting angiogenesis and immunosuppression of the tumor cells. There is close crosstalk between TAMs and tumor cells. Notably, chemokines are a significant messenger mediating the crosstalk between tumor cells and TAMs. TAMs can promote tumor progression via secretion of chemokines. Various chemokines secreted by tumors are involved in the generation and polarization of TAMs, the infiltration of TAMs in tumors, and the development of TAMs' suppressive function. This paper reviews CCL2-CCR2, CCL3/5-CCR5, CCL15-CCR1, CCL18-CCR8, CX3CL1/CCL26-CX3CR1, CXCL8-CXCR1/2, CXCL12-CXCR4/CXCR7 signaling pathways, their role in the recruitment, polarization and exertion of TAMs, and their correlation with tumor development, metastasis and prognosis. Furthermore, we present the current research progress on modulating the effects of TAMs with chemokine antagonists and discuss the prospects and potential challenges of using chemokine antagonists as therapeutic tools for cancer treatment. The TAMs targeting by chemokine receptor antagonists in combination with chemotherapy drugs, immune checkpoint inhibitors or radiotherapy appears to be a promising approach.
Fluid inclusion characteristics of the Jurassic reservoir and hydrocarbon accumulation process in the eastern Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin
Authors: Wan Jialin , Gong Yanjie , Zhuo Qingong , Lu Xuesong , Huang Wenhui
Published: September 2022

There has been significant progress in hydrocarbon exploration of the eastern Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin, whose Jurassic reservoir is a key area for abundant hydrocarbon with poorly understood accumulation mechanism. This study conducts an integrated investigation comprising petrographic observations, microthermometry measurements, and fluorescence spectroscopy analyses on fluid inclusions to reconstruct hydrocarbon accumulation history in the Jurassic reservoir. These conclusions are combined with biomarker characteristics to reveal the burial history and thermal evolution of the study area. The results show that (1) there were two episodes of oil charging that occurred at 6~4 Ma and 4~2 Ma, respectively. The QGF experiment response and yellow fluorescent oil inclusions indicated that low-maturity medium crude oil from the Triassic source rocks was expelled into the upper Ahe Formation. In the second charging stage, some mature oil generated from Jurassic source rocks was charged into the reservoir of the Kezilenuer and Yangxia formations, while the condensate from the Triassic source rocks was migrated upward to the Jurassic reservoir, consistent with smaller QGF-E intensity values and blue-white fluorescent petroleum inclusions. (2) There were two kinds of hydrocarbon accumulation models including the lower-generation and upper-storage and the self-generated and self-stored models. (3) It was noted that active faults were developed under the compression stress to provide channels for hydrocarbon vertical migration. Moreover, the early reservoir was destroyed resulting from the strata denudation and a large amount of crude oil was escaped to the surface. The findings of this study can help for better understanding of hydrocarbon accumulation mechanism in the eastern Kuqa Depression and provide theoretical guidance for further oil and gas exploration.
Harnessing Biomaterials for Immunomodulatory-Driven Tissue Engineering
Authors: Zhong Justin X. , Raghavan Preethi , Desai Tejal A.
Published: September 2022

The immune system plays a crucial role during tissue repair and wound healing processes. Biomaterials have been leveraged to assist in this in situ tissue regeneration process to dampen the foreign body response by evading or suppressing the immune system. An emerging paradigm within regenerative medicine is to use biomaterials to influence the immune system and create a pro-reparative microenvironment to instigate endogenously driven tissue repair. In this review, we discuss recent studies that focus on immunomodulation of innate and adaptive immune cells for tissue engineering applications through four biomaterial-based mechanisms of action: biophysical cues, chemical modifications, drug delivery, and sequestration. These materials enable augmented regeneration in various contexts, including vascularization, bone repair, wound healing, and autoimmune regulation. While further understanding of immune-material interactions is needed to design the next generation of immunomodulatory biomaterials, these materials have already demonstrated great promise for regenerative medicine.

Lay Summary

The immune system plays an important role in tissue repair. Many biomaterial strategies have been used to promote tissue repair, and recent work in this area has looked into the possibility of doing repair by tuning. Thus, we examined the literature for recent works showcasing the efficacy of these approaches in animal models of injuries. In these studies, we found that biomaterials successfully tuned the immune response and improved the repair of various tissues. This highlights the promise of immune-modulating material strategies to improve tissue repair.
Systematic Review of Virtual Reality in Behavioral Interventions for Individuals with Autism
Authors: Carnett Amarie , Neely Leslie , Gardiner Siobhan , Kirkpatrick Marie , Quarles John , Christopher Kameron
Published: September 2022

Objectives

Virtual reality technology is able to simulate real life environments and has been used to facilitate behavioral interventions for people with autism. This systematic review aims to evaluate the role of virtual reality (VR) technology in the context of behavioral interventions designed to increase behaviors that support more independent functioning (e.g., teach vocational skills, adaptive behavior) or decrease challenging behaviors that interfere with daily functioning for individuals with autism.

Methods

We conducted a systematic search in four databases followed by a reference search for those articles identified by the systematic database search. We also conducted a quality review using the evaluative method for evaluating and determining evidence-based practices in autism.

Results

We identified 23 studies with a majority of the studies (n = 18; 75%) utilizing group experimental or quasi-experiment research design and the remaining (n = 5; 21.74%) utilizing single-case research design. Of those studies, targeted behavior includes vocational skills (n = 10), safety skills (n = 4), functional behaviors (n = 2), and challenging behavior (n = 7). Of the 23 studies, 11 met the quality criteria to be classified as “strong” or “adequate” and can offer evidence on the integration of VR technology into behavioral interventions.

Conclusions

The use of VR to provide behavioral interventions to teach driving skills and to teach interview skills can be considered an evidence-based practice.
Using Implementation Science to Inform Workforce and Service Development in Youth Mental Health: An Australian Case Study
Authors: Zbukvic Isabel , Nicholas Jennifer , Hamilton Craig , Cruz-Manrique Paula , Crlenjak Caroline , Purcell Rosemary
Published: September 2022

Globally, mental illness and substance use disorders are the leading cause of disability and disease burden for young people. Orygen is an Australian youth mental health organisation with a mission to reduce the impact of mental ill health on young people, families and society, through research, clinical services, advocacy, and the design and delivery of youth mental health workforce and service development initiatives. Orygen is one of only a few known research and clinical centres with a dedicated knowledge translation division, which concentrates on growing the capacity of the systems, services, and professionals who support young people experiencing mental ill health. This paper provides a case study of the workforce development team within the Orygen knowledge translation, outlining how implementation science informs their work and how the division has adapted its model in the face of COVID-19. Since 2017, the team has delivered training to more than 4000 youth mental health workers across Australia, on the topics of trauma, psychosis, mood and anxiety disorders, brief interventions, cognition and other areas of youth mental health. The COVID-19 pandemic generated abrupt and dramatic changes to the delivery of workforce and service development initiatives in Australia due to significant restrictions to travel and in-person events. It also placed major delivery demands on youth mental health services. This paper outlines how the team at Orygen adapted their approach to youth mental health workforce development in response to COVID-19, offering reflections and future directions for implementation science that can support flexible models of support in a changing system.
Clinicopathological Correlations in Enucleated Globes of Late-Stage Coats Disease with a Review of the Literature
Authors: Helmi Hala A. , Jammah Abdullah , Maktabi Azza MY. , AlMesfer Saleh , Alkatan Hind M.
Published: September 2022

Background

Coats disease may cause diagnostic dilemma because of its variable clinical presentation that can be suspicious of retinoblastoma. Late sequelae of the disease are blinding with possible enucleation. We demonstrate the main histopathological findings of Coats enucleated eyes with literature review.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of all enucleated globes diagnosed as Coats disease over 30 years and were reviewed by two pathologists. The corresponding demographic data, clinical presentation, pre-operative clinical impression, and indication for enucleation were collected. Descriptive analysis of our own series data was performed. Our findings were then correlated to published data that were collected from 1983 to 2021 from the PUBMED database in English-written language. Shields classification was used as an inclusion criterion for the published reports to be analyzed.

Results

We had seven enucleated globes with Coats disease. Mean age at presentation was 3.2 years (range 3 months to 9 years). Male predominance was observed in 6 and all cases were unilateral. Strabismus was the most common initial presentation (57%, n = 4), followed by leukocoria (43%, n = 3). Indication for enucleation was mostly suspected retinoblastoma (57%, n = 4). Four eyes were classified as stage 4, and 2 had advanced stage 5 changes. Histopathologically, subretinal fluid with lipid-laden macrophages was seen in all cases, the anterior chamber was shallow in 5/7 with angle neovascularization in 2/7. Telangiectatic vessels were clearly observed in 4/7.

Conclusion

Coats disease is a potentially visually disabling disease that is mostly unilateral in 95%, has male predominance of 81%, and wide age range with a mean of 17 years. In Saudi Arabia, the disease seems to present at younger age, tends to be more advanced, and may be indistinguishable from retinoblastoma at the time of diagnosis. Shields staging of Coats is highly recommended to be followed clinically to unify the pathways for treatment and to correlate the concluded outcomes.
Global Gender Constitutionalism and Women's Citizenship
Authors: Rubio-Marin Ruth
Published: September 2022

Constitutions around the world have overwhelmingly been the creation of men, but this book asks how far constitutions have affirmed the equal citizenship status of women or failed to do so. Using a wealth of examples from around the world, Ruth Rubio-Marín considers constitutionalism from its inception to the present day and places current debates in their vital historical context. Rubio-Marín adopts an inclusive concept of gender and sexuality, and discusses the constitutional gender order as it has been shaped by debates such those around same-sex marriage and the rights of trans persons. Covering a wide range of themes, from reproductive rights to political gender quotas and violence against women, this book offers a comprehensive feminist account of constitutional law. Truly international in scope and ambitious in subject matter, this is an invaluable resource for students and scholars working on gender within multiple disciplines.
Comics as a body image intervention among adolescents in Indian Hindi medium schools: insights from an acceptability study
Authors: Ahuja L. , Hasan F. , Diedrichs P. C. , Lewis-Smith H.
Published: September 2022

Background

Indian adolescents experience body dissatisfaction. However, empirically supported interventions are lacking, particularly in lower socio-economic regions of India. This paper describes the acceptability testing of a six-session teacher-led comics-based intervention, aiming to improve body image and related outcomes among adolescents in Indian Hindi medium schools.

Methods

Thirty-five students (50% girls; Mage, girls = 12.3 years; Mage, boys = 13 years) and nine teachers (11% women) from Hindi medium schools in Rajasthan, India, completed a quantitative acceptability questionnaire regarding comics that target body dissatisfaction and associated risk factors. They also participated in online or telephone semi-structured interviews to share in-depth feedback, with teachers providing additional feedback on an accompanying teacher guide. The quantitative data were analysed descriptively, with the interviews analysed using qualitative codebook thematic analysis.

Results

Quantitative analyses revealed that 73% of students felt the comics made them feel good about themselves. Qualitative analyses revealed four themes: (1) body dissatisfaction is a concern; (2) the comics are powerful; (3) increasing ease of understanding; (4) a teacher guide to aid delivery.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates acceptability of a novel teacher-led comics-based body image intervention for adolescents in Indian Hindi medium schools from lower socio-economic settings. These findings are currently informing intervention optimizations, which will be evaluated in a randomized controlled effectiveness trial. If found to be effective, this intervention will be disseminated across eight Indian states by UNICEF. Trial registration. This trial has been registered with ClinicalTrials.gov; a database of privately and publicly funded studies conducted around the world. Registration date: 2nd May 2020; Registration ID: (NCT04317755). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04317755?term=NCT04317755&draw=2&rank=1.
Coffee consumption and skeletal muscle mass: WASEDA’S Health Study
Authors: Kawakami Ryoko , Tanisawa Kumpei , Ito Tomoko , Usui Chiyoko , Ishii Kaori , Muraoka Isao , Suzuki Katsuhiko , Sakamoto Shizuo , Higuchi Mitsuru , Oka Koichiro
Published: September 2022

Few studies have examined the association between coffee consumption and muscle mass; their results are conflicting. Therefore, we examined the association between coffee consumption and low muscle mass prevalence. We also performed an exploratory investigation of the potential effect modification by demographic, health status-related and physical activity-related covariates. This cross-sectional study included 2085 adults aged 40–87 years. The frequency of coffee consumption was assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. Muscle mass was assessed as appendicular skeletal muscle mass/height2 using a multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analyser. We defined low muscle mass using cut-offs recommended by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. Multivariable-adjusted OR for low muscle mass prevalence were estimated using a logistic regression model. The prevalence of low muscle mass was 5·4 % (n 113). Compared with the lowest coffee consumption group (< 1 cup/week), the multivariable-adjusted OR (95 % CI) of low muscle mass prevalence were 0·62 (0·30, 1·29) for 1–3 cups/week, 0·53 (0·29, 0·96) for 4–6 cups/week or 1 cup/d and 0·28 (0·15, 0·53) for ≥ 2 cups/d (P for trend < 0·001). There were no significant interactions among the various covariates after Bonferroni correction. In conclusion, coffee consumption may be inversely associated with low muscle mass prevalence.
MUSIC COMPOSITION AND EPISTEMIC INJUSTICE
Authors: Redhead Lauren
Published: September 2022

This article considers the implications of the consideration of epistemic justice within modes of composition pedagogy in higher education and is in part a manifesto, in part a reflection on my experiences of teaching composition in this setting. I ask how composition education can become, as described in 2015 by the North Macedonian dramatist and creative educator Goran Stefanovski, ‘the politics of the impossible’. I question how composition education could function without a canon of examples or assumed master–apprentice hierarchies and frame this as a question of epistemic justice, one that considers the composers themselves as individuals prior to the technical exercises that they may undertake. I describe why I believe that epistemic justice is a concept that is worthy of consideration in creative education in composition alongside the ways that current models of composition pedagogy might unintentionally cause students to experience epistemic injustice within their education experiences. Rather than a prescriptive model, I propose challenges that I hope can influence my educational approach now and in the future and conclude with some suggestions about what a model of hermeneutic epistemic justice might look like as a pedagogic model for music composition.
TEACHING COMPOSITION IN A FLIPPED CLASSROOM
Authors: Iddon Martin , McLaughlin Scott
Published: September 2022

In 2019 the present authors, along with our colleague Mic Spencer, began work on a project funded by the Leeds Institute for Teaching Excellence, designed to look at the ways in which we taught composition at the University of Leeds and how we might change them. Mic has focused on postgraduate teaching, and we have considered the earliest parts of the undergraduate curriculum, particularly the first two years of study, when the largest numbers of students with the least experience of the study of composition at tertiary level might be in a classroom (50 or so, in our case).
Making life and mind as clear as possible, but not clearer
Authors: Gomez-Marin Alex
Published: September 2022

Neuroscience needs theory. Ideas without data are blind, and yet mechanisms without concepts are empty. Friston's free energy principle paradigmatically illustrates the power and pitfalls of current theoretical biology. Mighty metaphors, turned into mathematical models, can become mindless metaphysics. Then, seeking to understand everything in principle, we may explain nothing in practice. Life can't live in a map.
Blankets, heat, and why free energy has not illuminated the workings of the brain
Authors: Spector Donald , Graham Daniel
Published: September 2022

What can we hope to learn about brains from the free energy principle? In adopting the “primordial soup” physical model, Bruineberg et al. perpetuate the unsupported notion that the free-energy principle has a meaningful physical – and neuronal – interpretation. We examine how minimization of free energy arises in physical contexts, and what this can and cannot tell us about brains.
Markov blankets: Realism and our ontological commitments
Authors: Williams Danielle J.
Published: September 2022

The authors argue that their target is orthogonal to the realism and instrumentalist debate. I argue that it is born directly from it. While the distinction is helpful in illuminating how some ontological commitments demand a theory of implementation, it's less clear whether different views cleanly map onto the epistemic and metaphysical uses defined in the paper.
Nothing but a useful tool? (F)utility and the free-energy principle
Authors: Colombo Matteo
Published: September 2022

Bruineberg and collaborators distinguish three philosophical positions about the status of Markov blankets in the context of active inference modelling, namely: literalism, realism, and instrumentalism. They criticize the first two positions and suggest that instrumentalism is “less problematic but also less interesting” (sect. 6.1.2, para. 5) Here, I sketch how literalists and realists might reply to Bruineberg et al.'s criticisms, and I explain why instrumentalism is more interesting and contentious than what Bruineberg and collaborators suggest.
Markov blankets and the preformationist assumption
Authors: Dengsø Mads , Robertson Ian , Constant Axel
Published: September 2022

Bruineberg and colleagues argue that a realist interpretation of Markov blankets inadvertently relies upon unfounded assumptions. However, insofar as their diagnosis is accurate, their prescribed instrumentalism may ultimately prove insufficient as a complete remedy. Drawing upon a process-based perspective on living systems, we suggest a potential way to avoid some of the assumptions behind problems described by Bruineberg and colleagues.
The Partition of India, Bengali “New Jews,” and Refugee Democracy: Transnational Horizons of Indian Refugee Political Discourse
Authors: Banerjee Milinda
Published: September 2022

This essay advocates “refugee political thought” as an autonomous category which needs to be centre-staged in global intellectual history. I concretise this by studying Bengali Hindu refugees who migrated from Muslim-majority eastern Bengal (after the Partition of British India in 1947 part of Pakistan, and after 1971, the sovereign state of Bangladesh) to the Hindu-majority Indian state of West Bengal, and occasionally their descendants as well. By studying the transnational horizons of Bengali refugees from the late 1940s to today, I posit them as part of modern global intellectual history. Bengali refugees and their descendants connected their experiences with those of refugees elsewhere in the world, seeing themselves, for example, as “new Jews.” Later, some of them aligned themselves with the Palestinian cause. Refugee politics became enmeshed with Cold War revolutionary currents. European, Soviet, and Chinese Marxist theory—and latent Lockean assumptions—propelled the everyday politics of refugee land occupation. Marxism, sometimes with Hegelian inflection, nourished the East Bengali-–origin founders of Subaltern Studies theory and Dalit (lower-caste) thought. Ultimately, this essay shows how Bengali refugees instrumentalised transnational thinking to produce new models of democratic political thought and practice in postcolonial India. I describe this as “refugee democracy.”
Regulation of the Respiration Quotient Across Ocean Basins
Authors: Moreno Allison R. , Larkin Alyse A. , Lee Jenna A. , Gerace Skylar D. , Tarran Glen A. , Martiny Adam C.
Published: September 2022

A key uncertainty for predicting future ocean oxygen levels is the response and feedback of organic matter respiration demand. One poorly constrained component of the respiration demand is the oxygen‐to‐carbon remineralization ratio—the respiration quotient. Currently, multiple biological hypotheses can explain variation in the respiration quotient of organic matter produced in the surface ocean. To test these hypotheses, we directly quantified the particulate respiration quotient in 715 samples along a meridional section of the Atlantic Ocean and compared to previous Pacific Ocean observations. We demonstrate significant regional shifts in the respiration quotient and a two‐basin average of 1.16. Possible diel oscillations were also observed in the respiration quotient. Basin and regional variation in the respiration quotient were positively linked to temperature, N versus P stress, and plankton size structure. These observations suggest a complex regulation of the respiration quotient with important implications for the regional coupling of carbon and oxygen cycling.
The Radial Anisotropy of the Continental Lithosphere From Analysis of Love and Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocities in Fennoscandia
Authors: Maupin Valérie , Mauerberger Alexandra , Tilmann Frederik
Published: September 2022

Radial anisotropy (RA) in the upper mantle of the Fennoscandian Shield is analyzed by joint inversion of Love and Rayleigh wave phase velocities measured from recordings of teleseismic events at the ScanArray network. The phase velocities are measured by beamforming using three geographical subsets of the network as well as the full network. We analyze how different procedures for determining the phase velocities influence the final result and uncertainty. Joint inversion of the phase velocities in the period range 22–100 s reveals the presence of similar RA in the three subregions, with an average ξ value of about 1.05 in the subcrustal lithosphere down to at least 200 km depth. This corresponds to SH waves faster than SV by 2%–3%, a value very similar to those found in other continental regions. Considering this anisotropy together with other observables pertaining to seismic anisotropy in the area, we cannot propose a unique model satisfying all data. We can show, however, in which conditions different types of olivine crystallographic preferred orientations (CPOs) commonly observed in natural samples are compatible with the observations. CPO types associated with the preferred orientation of the a‐axis, in particular the common A‐type CPO, require a‐axes dipping not more than 25° from the horizontal plane to explain our observations. AG‐type CPO, characterized by preferred orientation of the b‐axis and occurring in particular in compressional settings, can be considered as an interesting alternative interpretation of continental lithospheric anisotropy, provided the olivine b‐axis is dipping by at least 60°.
Long‐Term Fluid Injection Can Expedite Fault Reactivation and Development: Riedel Shear Structures Illuminated by Induced Earthquakes in Alberta, Canada
Authors: Yu Hongyu , Kao Honn , Wang Bei , Visser Ryan
Published: September 2022

Riedel shear structures (RSS) are often observed in the embryonic stage of strike‐slip fault development, which can be depicted in the field through outcrops and coseismic surface ruptures. It is a critical concept linking the geomechanical behavior of individual earthquakes to structural geology at both local and regional scales. However, the influence of long‐term fluid injections on the developing process of RSS, as manifested by the common occurrences of injection‐induced earthquakes, has been rarely addressed. Here we document for the first‐time subsurface RSS expedited by long‐term wastewater disposal injections in western Canada. We study an earthquake sequence consisting of 187 events (ML ranging 1.3–3.9) between 1 January 2018 and 15 July 2021 in an area without any previous seismic history. According to 31 well‐constrained focal mechanism solutions, the injection‐related earthquake sequence exhibits various faulting types with the vast majority (87%) being compatible with the background stress regime (SHmax azimuth = N38°E). The orientation of derived nodal planes collectively indicates a model of RSS that consists of four primary strike‐slip structures striking 19° (R′), 79° (R), 94° (PDZ), and 109° (P), respectively. Moreover, six fault segments delineated from the relocated local seismicity are parallel to the substructures of RSS. Mohr‐Coulomb failure analysis further suggests a cumulative stress perturbation of up to 10.0 MPa. Our observations suggest that long‐term fluid injection can expedite the development of local fault systems. Therefore, it is probably important to consider the dimension of local/regional RSS in the assessment of the overall seismic hazard due to fluid injections.
Defining the Timing, Extent, and Conditions of Paleozoic Metamorphism in the Southern Appalachian Blue Ridge Terranes of Tennessee, North Carolina, and Northern Georgia
Authors: Thigpen J. Ryan , Moecher David P. , Stowell Harold H. , Merschat Arthur , Hatcher Robert D. , Powell Nicholas E. , Spencer Brandon M. , Mako Calvin A. , Bollen Elizabeth M. , Kylander‐Clark Andrew
Published: September 2022

The tectonometamorphic evolution of the southern Appalachians, which results from multiple Paleozoic orogenies (Taconic, Neoacadian, and Alleghanian), has lacked a consensus interpretation regarding its thermal‐metamorphic history. The Blue Ridge terranes have remained the focus of the debate, with the interpreted timing of regional Barrovian metamorphism and associated deformation ranging from early (Taconic) to late Paleozoic (Alleghanian). New monazite U‐Pb geochronology and thermobarometric data are integrated with previously reported geo‐ and thermochronology to delimit the Paleozoic thermal‐metamorphic evolution of these terranes. Monazite compositional, textural, and U‐Pb age systematics are remarkably consistent for all samples, yielding a single dominant age mode for each sample. The western, central, and eastern Blue Ridge terranes yield weighted mean monazite U‐Pb ages of 450–441, 459–457, and 458–453 Ma, respectively. Thermodynamic modeling using mineral assemblages yields peak conditions of 600°C–650°C and 5.8–8.9 kbar for staurolite and kyanite grade western Blue Ridge units, including the stratigraphically youngest unit in the Murphy syncline, which also yields a weighted mean monazite U‐Pb age of 441 Ma. The Taconic metamorphic core of the central Blue Ridge yields peak conditions of 775°C and ∼11.5 kbar. Combined, these ages indicate that the relatively intact Barrovian metamorphic progression mapped across the Blue Ridge of Tennessee, North Carolina, and northern Georgia is solely of Ordovician (Taconic) age. Synthesis of this new data with existing geo‐ and thermochronology support a model of Barrovian metamorphism resulting from construction of a Taconic accretionary wedge and subduction complex, followed by post‐Taconic unroofing during Neoacadian and Alleghanian thrusting.
A NAC-EXPANSIN module enhances maize kernel size by controlling nucellus elimination
Authors: Sun Qin , Li Yunfu , Gong Dianming , Hu Aoqing , Zhong Wanshun , Zhao Hailiang , Ning Qiang , Tan Zengdong , Liang Kun , Mu Luyao , Jackson David , Zhang Zuxin , Yang Fang , Qiu Fazhan
Published: September 2022

Maize early endosperm development is initiated in coordination with elimination of maternal nucellar tissues. However, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we characterize a major quantitative trait locus for maize kernel size and weight that encodes an EXPANSIN gene, ZmEXPB15. The encoded β-expansin protein is expressed specifically in nucellus, and positively controls kernel size and weight by promoting nucellus elimination. We further show that two nucellus-enriched transcription factors (TFs), ZmNAC11 and ZmNAC29, activate ZmEXPB15 expression. Accordingly, these two TFs also promote kernel size and weight through nucellus elimination regulation, and genetic analyses support their interaction with ZmEXPB15. Importantly, hybrids derived from a ZmEXPB15 overexpression line have increased kernel weight, demonstrates its potential value in breeding. Together, we reveal a pathway modulating the cellular processes of maternal nucellus elimination and early endosperm development, and an approach to improve kernel weight.