bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cardiac Tamponade Physiology Secondary to Tense Ascites
Authors: Ahmad Saad , Jamali Hina K. , Waqar Fahad , Harris David M.
Published: April 2016

Cardiac tamponade is a common and often life-threatening process, which is typically associated with a pericardial effusion or, in rare cases, with a large pleural effusion. Theoretically, as reported in only a single prior case, it can be caused by extrinsic compression from tense ascites. We present a case in which dynamic inferior wall collapse was secondary to increased abdominal pressure from tense ascites. This phenomenon may be more common than previously diagnosed, especially in patients with liver disease. These patients often develop frequent ascites and present with clinical signs and symptoms similar to cardiac tamponade (tachycardia, hypotension and dyspnea). Presently, no formal practice guidelines exist regarding cardiac imaging for these patients. A high index of suspicion is required for timely diagnosis and management.
Functional Relevance of Relative Maintenance of Maximal Eccentric Quadriceps Torque in Healthy Old Adults
Authors: Waanders Jeroen , Beijersbergen Chantal , Murgia Alessio , Hortobágyi Tibor
Published: April 2016

Background: Old referenced to young adults show a relative maintenance of maximal eccentric (RELM) compared to concentric muscle torque: ∼76 and ∼59%, respectively. However, it is unknown if RELM affords functional benefits in old adults. Objective: We examined if there is specificity between the two types of peak quadriceps torque (i.e., concentric and eccentric) and timed gait performance measured during level, ramp, and stair walking and if gait performance was higher in old adults with high versus low RELM. Methods: We measured peak concentric and eccentric quadriceps torque at 60 and 120°/s and timed gait at habitual and safe-fast speeds in healthy young (age 22.7 years, n = 24) and old (age 70.0 years, n = 21) adults. Results: Comparable to previous studies, RELM was 21%, but instead of the anticipated specificity, we found that concentric compared with eccentric torque was more strongly associated with gait performance than eccentric torque, independently of walking direction and age (R2 = 0.16: eccentric vs. descending gaits; R2 = 0.17: eccentric vs. ascending gaits; R2 = 0.45: concentric vs. descending gaits; R2 = 0.56: concentric vs. ascending gaits, n = 45, all p < 0.01). Furthermore, old adults (n = 10) with ∼30% greater than normal levels of RELM (n = 11) ambulated at similar velocities measured on level and inclined surfaces. Conclusion: Normal and 30% above normal levels of RELM do not seem to increase or predict healthy old adults' gait performance on level and inclined surfaces. Future work should examine if RELM is associated with a heightened performance in other measures of neuromuscular function, such as gait biomechanics, muscle activation, as well as rate and control of voluntary force development in old adults with high or low mobility.
Investigating Respondents and Nonrespondents of a Postal Breast Cancer Questionnaire Survey Regarding Differences in Age, Medical Conditions, and Therapy
Authors: Frobeen Anna L. , Kowalski Christoph , Weiß Verena , Pfaff Holger
Published: April 2016

Background: Collecting patient-reported data via postal questionnaires is a common and frequently used technique. Selection bias may occur through lost data from nonrespondents. This study investigated differences in characteristics between respondents and nonrespondents of a postal breast cancer survey. Patients and Methods: The investigation was based on a cross-sectional postal questionnaire survey for the mandatory annual routine (re-)certification of accredited breast centers in North Rhine-Westphalia in 2010. Out of 4,444 patients meeting the inclusion criteria who gave their consent to participate, 3,856 respondents sent back a questionnaire and 588 nonrespondents did not. Using logistic regression, differences between respondents and nonrespondents regarding information gathered through hospital staff concerning age, affected breast, UICC (Union for International Cancer Control) staging and grading, ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) classification, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and type of surgery were assessed. Results: Very young and very old patients sent back their questionnaire significantly less frequently, as did patients who showed a later cancer stage and poorer general health and those who underwent mastectomy. Conclusion: Differences exist between respondents and nonrespondents with regard to age, disease, and therapy characteristics that need to be considered for the interpretation and generalizability of survey results due to selection bias.
ENTRE O SONHO E A MORTE: DESVELAMENTOS, REVELAÇÕES E CONTAMINAÇÕES NA NARRATIVA FICCIONAL DE MIA COUTO
Authors: Tavares Manuel
Published: April 2016

A perspectiva literária de Mia Couto representa um desafio ao pensamento lusófono contemporâneo. Os encontros e diálogos produzidos com autores brasileiros, especialmente com Guimarães Rosa, permitem enquadrar o seu pensamento no âmbito de uma estética literária pós-colonial que pensa a realidade moçambicana a partir da recuperação da tradição oral. Mia Couto, nas suas viagens narrativas, constrói, a partir da matriz linguística colonial, uma nova língua marcada pela influência das línguas de matriz bantu  para dizer o real numa relação indissociável com o sagrado. A reinvenção da língua portuguesa permite “mergulhar na oralidade e escapar à racionalidade dos códigos da escrita enquanto sistema único de pensamento”. Revitalizar o passado e, a partir dele, não deixar o sonho morrer, apesar das vicissitudes históricas, constitui um desafio da literatura mágica, desobediente e transgressiva de Mia Couto. É nesta reinvenção do passado pela escrita, adaptada a uma realidade africana, povoada pelo mistério, pelo maravilhoso, pelos mitos e pela crença, onde, entre o sonho e a morte, se vão revelando e desvelando  tempos e lugares que se entrelaçam, povoados por figuras que “nas margens dos rios inscrevem na pedra, teimosamente, os minúsculos sinais da esperança”.
Cardiac Fibro-Adipocyte Progenitors Express Desmosome Proteins and Preferentially Differentiate to Adipocytes Upon Deletion of the Desmoplakin Gene
Authors: Lombardi Raffaella , Chen Suet Nee , Ruggiero Alessandra , Gurha Priyatansh , Czernuszewicz Grazyna Z. , Willerson James T. , Marian Ali J.
Published: April 2016

Rationale:

Mutations in desmosome proteins cause arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC), a disease characterized by excess myocardial fibroadipocytes. Cellular origin(s) of fibroadipocytes in AC is unknown.

Objective:

To identify the cellular origin of adipocytes in AC.

Methods and Results:

Human and mouse cardiac cells were depleted from myocytes and flow sorted to isolate cells expressing platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α and exclude those expressing other lineage and fibroblast markers (CD32, CD11B, CD45, Lys76, Ly
−6c
and Ly
6c
, thymocyte differentiation antigen 1, and discoidin domain receptor 2). The PDGFRA
pos
:Lin
neg
:THY1
neg
:DDR2
neg
cells were bipotential as the majority expressed collagen 1 α-1, a fibroblast marker, and a subset CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α, a major adipogenic transcription factor, and therefore, they were referred to as fibroadipocyte progenitors (FAPs). FAPs expressed desmosome proteins, including desmoplakin, predominantly in the adipogenic but not fibrogenic subsets. Conditional heterozygous deletion of
Dsp
in mice using
Pdgfra-Cre
deleter led to increased fibroadipogenesis in the heart and mild cardiac dysfunction. Genetic fate mapping tagged 41.4±4.1% of the cardiac adipocytes in the
Pdgfra-Cre
:
Eyfp:Dsp

W
/F

mice, indicating an origin from FAPs. FAPs isolated from the
Pdgfra-Cre
:
Eyfp:Dsp

W
/F

mouse hearts showed enhanced differentiation to adipocytes. Mechanistically, deletion of
Dsp
was associated with suppressed canonical Wnt signaling and enhanced adipogenesis. In contrast, activation of the canonical Wnt signaling rescued adipogenesis in a dose-dependent manner.

Conclusions:

A subset of cardiac FAPs, identified by the PDGFRA
pos
:Lin
neg
:THY1
neg
:DDR2
neg
signature, expresses desmosome proteins and differentiates to adipocytes in AC through a Wnt-dependent mechanism. The findings expand the cellular spectrum of AC, commonly recognized as a disease of cardiac myocytes, to include nonmyocyte cells in the heart.
The Concept of Action and the Relevance of Intentional Collective Action in History
Authors: Gerber Doris
Published: April 2016

The article starts with the theses that it is the very concept of action that is at stake in many debates between philosophers and historians. Whereas in philosophy actions are conceptualized by reference to their beginning, namely their motives or intentions, in historiography the consequences of actions are much more in the focus of interest. Especially the debate about the dualism of structure and agency is characterized by different concepts of action. In the article it is argued that this dualism can be overcome by stressing the intentionality of collective actions. First, a concept of action is developed against the background of a theory of intentionality. Second, intentional collective action is distinguished from individual and social actions and an analysis of a collective we-intention is proposed. Third, it is argued that the development of social structures has to be understood by reference to intentional collective actions.
“Absolutized Logic is Ideology”
Authors: Goering D. Timothy
Published: April 2016

This essay wishes to probe why in the 1960s and 1970s the German historical discipline did not integrate debates promoted by analytic philosophy into its own debates about theory of history (Geschichtstheorie), even though the topics debated by both camps were strikingly similar. I concentrate on the so-called Positivism Dispute, the Ritter School and research group “Poetik und Hermeneutik” (Poetics and Hermeneutics) and show how some of the writings of analytic philosophers were received and discussed. I conclude by suggesting that most German historians and philosophers did not principally object to the assertions or philosophical arguments made by analytic philosophers, rather they rejected the ethical posture or intellectual deportment attributed to the practice of analytical philosophy. The ideal of systematizing the facts of the world into a coherent system was rejected on the grounds that it postulated a moral self, ill-suited to engage the modern world.
The Philosophy of Political History in Oakeshott and Collingwood
Authors: Alexander James
Published: April 2016

Every political philosopher has a philosophy of political history, if sometimes not a very good one. Oakeshott and Collingwood are two twentieth century political philosophers who were particularly concerned with the significance of history for political philosophy; and who both, in the 1940s, sketched what I call philosophies of political history: that is, systematic schemes which could make sense of the entire history of political philosophy. In this article I observe that Oakeshott depended for the political threefold sketched in his Introduction to Hobbes’s Leviathan on a threefold Collingwood had developed in relation to science in The Idea of Nature. This is, I think, a novel observation. I contrast this political threefold with Collingwood’s own political threefold in The New Leviathan. I then consider the neglect of these schemes, along with the rare attempts to defend such philosophies of history in the writings of Greenleaf and Boucher. My own claim is that these philosophies of political history are exemplary: and that the threefold is, for obvious Hegelian reasons, a still useful form for this sort of reflection. Political philosophy is likely to improve the more it takes the philosophy of political history seriously.
Hobbes’s Geometrical Optics
Authors: Médina José
Published: April 2016

Since Euclid, optics has been considered a geometrical science, which Aristotle defines as a “mixed” mathematical science. Hobbes follows this tradition and clearly places optics among physical sciences. However, modern scholars point to a confusion between geometry and physics and do not seem to agree about the way Hobbes mixes both sciences. In this paper, I return to this alleged confusion and intend to emphasize the peculiarity of Hobbes’s geometrical optics. This paper suggests that Hobbes’s conception of geometrical optics, as a mixed mathematical science, greatly differs from Descartes’s one, mainly because they do not share the same “mechanical conception of nature.” I will argue that Hobbes and Descartes also have in common the quest for a different kind of geometry for their optics, different from that of the Ancients. I will show that this departure is not recent since Hobbes’s approach is already evident in 1636, when he judges the demonstrations of his contemporary friends, Claude Mydorge and Walter Warner. Finally the paper broadly suggests what is noteworthy in Hobbes’s optics, that is, the importance of the idea of force in his mechanics, although he was not able to conceptualize it in other terms than “quickness.”
Hobbes on ‘Conatus’: A Study in the Foundations of Hobbesian Philosophy
Authors: Jesseph Douglas
Published: April 2016

This paper will deal with the notion of conatus (endeavor) and the role it plays in Hobbes’s program for natural philosophy. As defined by Hobbes, the conatus of a body is essentially its instantaneous motion, and he sees this as the means to account for a variety of phenomena in both natural philosophy and mathematics. Although I foucs principally on Hobbesian physics, I will also consider the extent to which Hobbes’s account of conatus does important explanatory work in his theory of human perception, psychology, and political philosophy. I argue that, in the end, there are important limitations in Hobbes’s account of conatus, but that Leibniz adapted the concept in important ways in developing his science of dynamics.
Police reforms in peace agreements, 1975–2011
Authors: Ansorg Nadine , Haass Felix , Strasheim Julia
Published: April 2016

This article presents new data on provisions for police reform in peace agreements (PRPA) between 1975 and 2011. The PRPA dataset complements past research on the determinants and effects of specific terms in agreements with detailed data on police reform provisions. The PRPA dataset also adds a quantitative dimension to the thus far largely qualitative literature on post-conflict security sector reform (SSR). It includes information on six subtypes of police reform: capacity, training, human rights standards, accountability, force composition and international training and monitoring. We show that there is currently a high global demand for the regulation of police reform through peace agreements: police reform provisions are now more regularly included in agreements than settlement terms that call for power-sharing or elections. We observe interesting variations in the inclusion of police reform provisions in relation to past human rights violations, regime type, or the scope of international peacekeeping prior to negotiations, and illustrate the implications of police reform provisions for the duration of post-conflict peace. Finally, we stimulate ideas on how scholars and policymakers can use the PRPA dataset in future to study new questions on post-conflict police reform.
Intimacy and Intergenerational Relations in Rural China
Authors: Liu Jieyu
Published: April 2016

This article applies the concept of intimacy to examine relationships between adult children and their parents in rural China – an area which has been predominantly located in an obligatory framework. I reveal a qualitative difference in support between relationships built on intimate ties and those bound by duty and obligation. A unilateral emphasis on obligation-based relationships can deprive both the parent and adult child generations of agency and autonomy, which can be disempowering for both. The complex relations between intimacy and obligation are the product of local socio-economic circumstances and gender norms. Although traditional patrilineal and patrilocal culture excludes married daughters from the filial discourse surrounding their own parents, they are often considered to have the most intimate relationship with their parents. Paradoxically, the practices of intimacy between aged parents and their married daughters strengthen the natal ties that facilitate modifications to patrilocal and patrilineal customs.
The use of oxygen in cluster headache treatment worldwide – a survey of the International Headache Society (IHS)
Authors: Evers Stefan , Rapoport Alan ,   on behalf of the International Headache Society
Published: April 2016

Background

Oxygen is recommended for the treatment of acute cluster headache attacks. However, it is not available worldwide.

Methods

The International Headache Society performed a survey among its national member societies on the availability and the restrictions for oxygen in the treatment of cluster headache.

Results

Oxygen is reimbursed in 50% of all countries responding ( n = 22). There are additional restrictions in the reimbursement of the facial mask and with respect to age.

Conclusion

Oxygen for the treatment of cluster headache attack is not reimbursed worldwide. Headache societies should pressure national/public health authorities to reimburse oxygen for cluster headache in all countries.
Sport Participation and the Risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Adolescents
Authors: Johnsen Marianne Bakke , Guddal Maren Hjelle , Småstuen Milada Cvancarova , Moksnes Håvard , Engebretsen Lars , Storheim Kjersti , Zwart John-Anker
Published: April 2016

Background:

An anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is a severe injury that may require ACL reconstruction (ACLR) to enable the return to sport. Risk factors for ACLR have not firmly been established in the general adolescent population.

Purpose:

To investigate the incidence and risk factors for ACLR in a population-based cohort of adolescents.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

We prospectively followed 7644 adolescents from the adolescent part of the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study, included from 2006 to 2008. The main risk factors of interest were the level of sport participation (level I, II, or III) and sport competitions. The endpoint was primary ACLR recorded in the Norwegian National Knee Ligament Registry between January 2006 and December 2013.

Results:

A total of 3808 boys and 3836 girls were included in the analyses. We identified 69 (0.9%) ACLRs with a median of 7.3 years of follow-up, providing an overall ACLR incidence of 38.9 (95% CI, 30.7-49.3) per 100,000 person-years. The hazard ratio (HR) for ACLR associated with level I sport participation was 3.93 (95% CI, 0.92-16.80) for boys and 3.31 (95% CI, 1.30-8.43) for girls. There was a stronger association related to participating in sport competitions. Girls had over 5 times a higher risk (HR, 5.42; 95% CI, 2.51-11.70) and boys over 4 times the risk (HR, 4.22; 95% CI, 1.58-11.30) of ACLR compared with those who did not compete.

Conclusion:

Participating in level I sports and sport competitions significantly increased the risk of undergoing primary ACLR. Preventive strategies should be implemented to reduce the incidence and future burden of ACLR.
Obesity and Sexuality Among Older Couples: Evidence From the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project
Authors: Kwon Soyoung , Schafer Markus H.
Published: April 2016

Objective: We investigate whether obesity is associated with sexual activity, sexual frequency, and the range of sexual behaviors in heterosexual older couples. We assess to what extent associations between obesity and sexuality are explained by physical, psychological, and sexual health, and by relationship quality. Method: We use data from 1,698 older adults in 849 partnered dyads in the 2010-2011 wave of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project and conduct couple-level analysis featuring women’s and men’s characteristics. Results: Women’s obesity—particularly at severe levels—is negatively associated with coupled sexual activity, but the association is not mediated by hypothesized mediators. Men’s obesity did not have any association with sexual activity. There was no significant difference between overweight and normal weight adults across all three sexuality measures. Discussion: The growing number of older adults with high levels of body mass index, particularly women, may face certain difficulties in maintaining active sexual lives.
Simultaneous Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, and Neoplasia in an 8 Year-Old Boxer Dog: A Case Report
Authors: Sitzman Clarence
Published: April 2016

Generalized gingiva hyperplasia and multiple gingival masses were observed in an 8 year-old boxer dog. The masses were removed surgically. Three of them were biopsied. Microscopic examination was reported as fibrous gingival hyperplasia, fibrous epulis with osseous metaplasia, and mast cell tumor. Twenty-two months following surgery, moderate generalized gingival hyperplasia was present, with no clinical evidence of regrowth of the neoplasms.
Morphologic Features of the Root Canal System of the Maxillary Fourth Premolar and the Mandibular First Molar in Dogs
Authors: Hernández Sabás Z. , Negro Viviana B. , Maresca Beatriz M.
Published: April 2016

Root canal morphology was evaluated in 72 maxillary fourth premolar and 59 mandibular first molar teeth. An apical delta was present in all roots (n = 334). The apical delta represented approximately 12 – 18 % of the total root length for all roots. Non-apical ramifications from the main canal were observed in 25.1 % of roots. Secondary canal(s) were present in 20.6% of roots, while lateral canal(s) were present in 6.9% of roots. The distal root of the maxillary fourth premolar had the highest incidence (47.2 %) of non-apical ramifications. Overall, 68.0 and 20.4 % of maxillary fourth premolar and mandibular first molar teeth had non-apical ramifications, respectively. The prevalence and location of non-apical ramifications may influence clinical decision making when performing endodontic therapy.
Dental Implant Replacement of the Mandibular First Molar Tooth in a Dog
Authors: Ruhnau Jens , Olsen Tom , Greven Vibeke , Nielsen Katarina , Herbild Kirsten
Published: April 2016

A new dental implant system was used to replace the mandibular right first molar tooth in an eleven-month-old mole/intact, utility trained German shepherd dog. The permanent mandibular right first molar tooth had been extracted as treatment for an extensive carious lesion when the dog was 9-months of age. There were no complications associated with placement of the dental implant. However, peri-implant osteomyelitis occurred secondary to a traumatic oral wound 6-months following implant placement. The 17-month postoperative examination indicated that the implant system used in this case could be maintained in a working dog that uses extreme bite forces. However, periodontal inflammation and vertical bone loss exposing the implant fixtures were noted during oral examination. Further clinical applications are required to determine if the periodontal inflammation and vertical bone loss noted in this case were complications associated with the implant, maturity of bone at the time of implant fixture placement, general biting/chewing forces placed on carnassial teeth, or the oral trauma that occurred 6-months following implant placement.
Surgical Extraction of a Fractured, Non-Vital Deciduous Tooth in a Tiger
Authors: Ulbricht Robert D. , Marretta Sandra Manfra , Klippert Linda S.
Published: April 2016

A 10-month-old, female/intact tiger (Panthra tigris) was presented for a fractured deciduous mandibular right canine tooth, mandibular swelling, and a cutaneous draining tract ventral to the apex of the fractured tooth. The tooth had chronic pulpal exposure and was considered non-vital with periapical osteomyelitis. This case report describes treatment to optimize normal development and eruption of the permanent mandibular right canine tooth.
Nasal Displacement of a Tooth Root in a Dog
Authors: Taylor Travis N. , Smith Mark M. , Snyder Laura
Published: April 2016

A ten-year-old miniature Dachshund dog was presented for chronic paroxysmal sneezing and unilateral nasal discharge. Extraction of the maxillary right fourth premolar tooth had been performed 2-weeks prior to the onset of clinical signs. Multiple diagnostic modalities were used to confirm the diagnosis and determine that the etiology was a nasally displaced mesiopalatal tooth root. A limited lateral rhinotomy was performed to remove the root. Postoperative examination 1-month following surgery indicated resolution of the clinical signs and uncomplicated healing of the surgery site. Oral examination indicated normal healing of the surgery site with continued absence of clinical signs 6-months after treatment.
The Effect of Occlusal Equilibration on Sport Horse Performance
Authors: Carmalt James L. , Carmalt Kathryn P. , Barber Spencer M.
Published: April 2016

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of routine dental occlusal equilibration treatment on dressage horse performance. Sixteen horses (11 treated; 5 untreated) ridden by a single rider performed a standardized dressage test twice and were scored by two experienced dressage judges according to recognized movements and rider cues. All horses were sedated and a full-mouth speculum was used to facilitate a complete oral examination. Treated horses had dental equilibration performed using a motorized dental instrument. The horses performed a second test 48-hours after dental equilibration, exactly as the baseline test, with the judges and rider blinded as to treatment group. The total test score as well as the individual movement scores were evaluated for equality of variance and statistical tests were applied to determine the influence of treatment. There was no significant improvement in the test score of horses that had received occlusal equilibration.
Crown Restoration of the Endodontically Treated Tooth: Literature Review
Authors: Coffman Curt R. , Visser Louis
Published: April 2016

Several terms have been used to describe crown restoration in veterinary patients including, full crown, full metal crown, and full jacket crown. In general terms, a crown is a cemented, extra-coronal restoration that covers the entire outer surface of the clinical crown. Prosthodontic treatment, and particularly crown restoration in veterinary patients has been the subject of general informational articles and veterinary dental texts. These publications have discussed techniques for crown preparation, fabrication, and cementation as well as the general principles of prosthodontic treatment. The purpose of this review is to present available information on this topic in an organized manner which will help veterinary dentists to use an evidence-based approach when deciding on a type of final restoration for their endodontic patients.
Validation of a New Dental Plaque Quantification Method in Dogs
Authors: Scherl Dale S. , Coffman Lori , Van Cleave Misty , Lowry Steve
Published: April 2016

Current methods for the quantification of plaque accumulation in cats and dogs are well-accepted adaptations of traditional human models, but have required substantial modifications in order to compensate for the inherent differences in compliance, cooperation, and temperament between animals and humans. While these modifications have sought to maintain or improve upon the accuracy and reproducibility of the original methods, they also have increased the complexity of the technique and have required additional scorer time and animal cooperation, which leads to increased cost of trials. Therefore, research was directed toward the development and validation of a new substrate scoring system that reduces resources while maintaining or increasing the reproducibility attributed to the more traditional methods. This new gingival contour plaque index was shown to be accurate and reproducible, but used fewer animals, required less time, and eliminated the need for many of the specialized procedures required by traditional methods.
Histological Evaluation of the Pulp in Teeth from Dogs with Naturally Occurring Periodontal Disease
Authors: Nemec Ana , Pavlica Zlatko , Draga Štiblar-Martinčič , Petelin Milan , Eržen Damjan , Crossley David
Published: April 2016

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the pulp of dog teeth affected by advanced periodontal disease. Histological examination was done on demineralized teeth extracted during clinical treatment of mature, client owned small and medium-size breed dogs with either good periodontal health or with advanced naturally occurring periodontal disease. Routinely stained sections from 5 clinically normal teeth and 22 teeth with advanced periodontitis from dogs between 5 and 12-years of age were examined using light microscopy. The pulp cavities of most teeth were narrow with low cellularity and some fibrosis of the pulp. Findings specific to periodontally affected teeth included acute and chronic pulpitis, vascular congestion, and pulp necrosis. A glomus body was identified in the pulp of one tooth and areas of poorly mineralized cementum were seen in both normal and diseased teeth. Age related changes in dog teeth appear similar to those reported for man and the rat. In addition to age related changes, the pulp of dog teeth with advanced periodontal disease were frequently inflamed or necrotic. This may reflect the advanced periodontitis affecting these teeth or a mechanical effect related to excessive tooth mobility. Further study is required to determine the etiology and significance of these findings and to investigate pulp status in less severely diseased teeth.
Oral Cavity Evaluation and Dental Chart Registration of Coati (Nasua Nasua) in Captivity
Authors: Freitas Elisângela P. , Rahal Sheila C. , Teixeira Carlos R. , Teixeira Rodrigo H.F. , Mendes Guilherme M. , Gioso Marco A.
Published: April 2016

The aims of this study were to develop a dental chart, evaluate any oral cavity disease, develop gypsum models of the dental arches, and to register the occlusions found in coatis (Nasua nasua) in captivity. Formulation of the dental chart was assisted by intraoral radiographs from the head of an adult coati cadaver of the same species with the following dental formula: I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/3, M 2/2. Seven live coatis of the Nasua nasua species were evaluated. Five of the seven coatis presented with various dental abnormalities as follows: dental plaque (71.4 %), gingivitis (71.4 %), periodontitis (57.1 %), dental stain (42.9 %), dental abrasion (57.1 %), dental fracture (57.1 %), pulp exposure (42.9 %), malocclusion (57.1 %) and supernumerary teeth (14.2 %).
Feline Tooth Resorption in a Colony of 109 Cats
Authors: Girard N. , Servet E. , Biourge V. , Hennet P.
Published: April 2016

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of clinical and/or radiographic tooth resorption in a standardized population of 109 healthy cats fed dry diets, with specific emphasis on the mapping and typing of the lesions, as well as the influence of variables including breed, sex, and age. Prevalence of tooth resorption was significantly higher in pure-breed cats (70.0 %) compared with mixed-breed cats (38.0 %). A total of 290 tooth resorption lesions were diagnosed radiographically. For all lesions, 60.0 % were Type 2 compared to 40.0 % Type 1. There was an increased frequency of tooth resorption observed in older mixed breed-cats and female pure-breed cats. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated a strong breed influence (pure-breed vs. mixed-breed) on the prevalence of tooth resorption, as well as an uneven oral distribution with regard to mapping and typing characteristics.
Observations on the Effects of Scaling and Polishing Methods on Enamel
Authors: Fichtel Tomáš , Crha Michal , Langerová Erika , Biberauer Gerhard , Ín Michal Vla
Published: April 2016

This study compared several techniques of manual and power instrument supragingival scaling and subsequent polishing with different methods. Observations were made to determine if there was an optimal method of enamel surface treatment based on the efficacy of the polishing and damage to the enamel. The maxillary fourth premolar and canine teeth were used as experimental teeth. These teeth were extracted after treatment and immersed in 10 % buffered formalin solution for further processing and evaluation using electron microscopy. Our observations indicated that the most effective method for scaling and enamel protection during periodontal treatment was provided by power instrumentation followed by polishing using a soft polishing wheel with pumice paste.
Alendronate Binds to Tooth Root Surfaces and Inhibits Progression of Feline Tooth Resorption: A Pilot Proof-of-Concept Study
Authors: Mohn Kenneth L. , Jacks Thomas M. , Schleim Klaus Dieter , Harvey Colin E. , Miller Bonnie , Halley Bruce , Feeney William P. , Hill Susan L. , Hickey Gerry
Published: April 2016

Tissue distribution, bioavailability, and efficacy of alendronate in preventing progression of resorption of teeth were evaluated in cats. [Butyl-4-14C-]-alendronate accumulates on subgingival tooth and alveolar bone surfaces adjacent to vascularized tissue resulting in concentration of the drug around tooth roots. Three cats were treated with a 0.03 mg/kg IV bolus of [butyl-4-14C-]-alendronate followed by blood, urine, and feces collection and euthanasia 24-hours later. Drug tissue distribution was accessed by autoradiography and sample combustion. To assess bioavailability, 12 cats were administered alendronate orally (3.0 or 9.0 mg/kg in water or 9.0 mg/kg in tuna water) and urine was collected for 24-hours. In these formulations, alendronate oral bioavailability in cats was approximately 3 %. In addition, 10 cats with radiographic evidence of pre-existing tooth resorption (14 affected teeth) were treated with vehicle or 3.0 mg/kg alendronate per os once weekly for 22-weeks and, then, 9.0 mg/kg per os twice weekly for 27-weeks in a random, masked study. Radiographic area of resorption was measured and progression scored every 3 to 4-months.

In placebo-treated cats, resorption progressed in five of six teeth (+ 97 % average increase in area of resorption), whereas progression of resorption was seen in only three of eight affected teeth in alendronate-treated cats with a – 22 % average change (decrease) in area (P < 0.01 difference in number of teeth showing progression; P < 0.001 difference in area of resorption).

Alendronate accumulated preferentially on subgingival tooth surfaces and adjacent alveolar bone and, at a dose of 9 mg/kg twice weekly, effectively slowed or arrested the progression of resorption.
Imaging and Management of a Caudal Mandibular Fracture in an Immature Dog
Authors: Snyder Christopher J. , Soukup Jason W. , Gengler William R.
Published: April 2016

Interfragmentary wire surgical technique was used to repair a caudal mandibular fracture in a 15-week-old Labrador Retriever dog. Computed tomographic imaging aided the diagnosis and treatment planning for the application of this method. Abnormal tooth development of caudal molar teeth was related to the traumatic event and/or surgical technique. The strategically important mandibular first molar tooth was maintained. The fracture fixation method used in this case provided early return to function and radiographic evidence of expected fracture healing during a 10-month period despite wire displacement secondary to tooth eruption.
Oral Pathology in Swedish Dogs: A Retrospective Study of 280 Biopsies
Authors: Svendenius L. , Warfvinge G.
Published: April 2016

The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the frequency of different types of oral lesions in biopsies sent to a department of human oral pathology for histologic examination. The impact of gender, age, and breed was assessed. The biopsy specimens were reviewed and diagnosed according to human pathology nomenclature and the classification of different diagnoses used in human and veterinary pathology is discussed. Reactive lesions were diagnosed in 39% of the biopsies, while benign and malignant neoplasms were diagnosed in 27%, and 15% of the biopsies, respectively. The most common diagnosis was reactive gingival hyperplasia (24%), followed by peripheral odontogenic fibroma (21%) and melanoma (8%). Epulides comprised 69% of all lesions. Dogs with malignant oral tumors were older than those with benign tumors, however there was no significant gender differences for any group of lesions. Pure-bred dogs were more prone to develop pathology than mixed-breeds. Of the larger breeds in Sweden, Boxer dogs had the highest prevalence (3.77/1000) of biopsies submitted.
Regional Odontodysplasia in a Juvenile Dog
Authors: Schamberger Gwenn , Marretta Sandra Manfra , Dubielzig Richard , Finn Misty
Published: April 2016

Regional odontodysplasia is a rare human dental anomaly. This non-hereditary developmental condition affects dental tissues derived from both the mesoderm and ectoderm. Diagnosis is based mainly on clinical and radiographic findings, although it is often supported with histopathology. This case report describes an extraction in a juvenile dog with a partially erupted, malformed canine tooth having clinical, radiographic, and histologic features consistent with regional odontodysplasia.
Molecular Detection of Human Periodontal Pathogens in Oral Swab Specimens from Dogs in Japan
Authors: Kato Yukio , Shirai Mitsuyuki , Murakami Masaru , Mizusawa Tetsuya , Hagimoto Atsuki , Wada Koichiro , Nomura Ryota , Nakano Kazuhiko , Ooshima Takashi , Asai Fumitoshi
Published: April 2016

Periodontal diseases are known to be major diseases in humans, and are also common in dogs. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the distribution of periodontitis-related bacterial species using oral swab specimens collected from 26 pet dogs. The distribution of an animal gingival organism Porphyromonas gulae, in addition to 10 human periodontitis-related bacterial species, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia, Capnocytophaga ochracea, Capnocytophaga sputigena, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Campylobacter rectus, and Eikenella corrodens, were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction with species-specific sets of primers. Porphyromonas gulae, Tannerella forsythia and Campylobacter rectus were detected in almost all dogs analyzed, all of which should be regarded as common members of oral flora in dogs. Then, isolation and identification of the Porphyromonas species in swab specimens were performed. There were 35 strains isolated from 22 dogs, and broad-range polymerase chain reaction and sequencing methods revealed that approximately 70 % of them were Porphyromonas gulae. In contrast, the frequency of Porphyromonas gingivalis was extremely low. These findings indicate the presence of specific periodontitis-related pathogens in pet dogs, especially Porphyromonas gulae.
Maxillary Osteomyelitis in Two Scottish Terrier Dogs with Chronic Ulcerative Paradental Stomatitis
Authors: Boutoille Florian , Hennet Philippe
Published: April 2016

Two Scottish terrier dogs were presented for recurrent oral problems. They were diagnosed with refractory chronic ulcerative paradental stomatitis and necrosis of the incisive and maxillary bones. Both dogs were treated with a combination of bilateral rostral maxillectomy and tooth extractions. The ostectomy was performed with a specific cutting device using piezoelectric bone surgery technology. These two cases show that a precise evaluation of dogs is essential for the diagnose of chronic ulcerative paradental stomatitis and its differentiation from mucocutaneous autoimmune diseases.
Efficacy of a Barrier Gel for Reducing the Development of Plaque, Calculus, and Gingivitis in Cats
Authors: Bellows Jan , Carithers Douglas S. , Gross Sheila J.
Published: April 2016

This study was performed to assess the field efficacy of a professional and home-care barrier gel against the development of plaque, calculus, gingival bleeding, and gingivitis in client-owned cats over a 56-day period compared with negative controls. In a randomized, negative-controlled, outcome evaluator-blinded, client-owned animal clinical field study, 31 cats were evaluated to assess if the barrier gel dental product was effective in cats. Following an enrollment-qualification assessment and enrollment of each cat, all cats received a professional dental cleaning, including polishing and irrigation. Following cleaning, a post-cleaning assessment was performed by the evaluator. Then, using a pre-developed randomization schedule, cats were assigned to the treated or control group. The professional version of the barrier gel was applied to the treated group on day 0. The negative-control group patients did not receive any applications of the barrier gel following dental cleaning. Treated-group cats were brought back to the clinic for subsequent applications of the home-care version of the barrier gel, applied by a non-blinded trained assistant. The home-care version product applications began on day 14 and then were applied weekly (days, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 and 56) through day 56. All cats enrolled in the study underwent full oral examinations and assessments by the blinded evaluator on or about their respective days 28 and 56. At these evaluations, the evaluator performed standardized assessments for plaque, calculus, gingivitis, and gingival bleeding. Numeric scores were assigned for each assessment using predetermined target teeth to ensure consistency. Using these assessment scores, statistical analyses were performed to determine the efficacies against plaque and calculus deposition; additionally, measurements of gingivitis and gingival bleeding were assessed. Change in plaque score from baseline, for all teeth assessed (all 4 canine teeth, and all 4 maxillary fourth premolar teeth), was significantly (P < 0.05) lower for treated cats than for control cats for both left side average and right side average on day 56. No statistical differences were seen for calculus, gingivitis, or gingival bleeding in this study. In cats with a history of developing plaque, application of the barrier gel dental product following dental cleaning reduced plaque deposition (P < 0.05) compared with control cats.
Complications Associated with Cheek Tooth Extraction in the Horse
Authors: Earley Edward T. , Rawlinson Jennifer E. , Baratt Robert M.
Published: April 2016

Common indications for cheek tooth extraction in the horse include dental fracture, periodontal disease, severe decay/caries, mandibular fracture with alveolar/tooth involvement, and periapical abscess. Complications secondary to extraction of cheek teeth are prevalent. Typical complications may include retained root tip(s), collateral damage of neighboring teeth and alveolar bone, mandibular fracture non-union or delayed union, cemental ankylosis, dilacerated root(s), oroantral/oronasal fistula, palatal deviation of cheek teeth, bone sequestration, sinus involvement, alveolar plug failure, and palatine artery laceration. This paper presents a series of cases that had complications following cheek tooth extraction. Anticipation of problematic extractions, recognition of complications, and appropriate treatment will aid the clinician in managing the inevitable cheek tooth extraction complication.
Dental Wax Decreases Calculus Accumulation in Small Dogs
Authors: Smith Mark M. , Smithson Christopher W.
Published: April 2016

A dental wax was evaluated after unilateral application in 20 client-owned, mixed and purebred small dogs using a clean, split-mouth study model. All dogs had clinical signs of periodontal disease including plaque, calculus, and/or gingivitis. The wax was randomly applied to the teeth of one side of the mouth daily for 30-days while the contralateral side received no treatment. Owner parameters evaluated included compliance and a subjective assessment of ease of wax application. Gingivitis, plaque and calculus accumulation were scored at the end of the study period. Owners considered the wax easy to apply in all dogs. Compliance with no missed application days was achieved in 8 dogs. The number of missed application days had no effect on wax efficacy. There was no significant difference in gingivitis or plaque accumulation scores when comparing treated and untreated sides. Calculus accumulation scores were significantly less (22.1 %) for teeth receiving the dental wax.
Elodontoma in Two Guinea Pigs
Authors: Capello Vittorio , Lennox Angela , Ghisleni Gabriele
Published: April 2016

Elodontoma was diagnosed in two pet guinea pigs, one involving a maxillary premolar tooth and the other affecting a mandibular incisor tooth. Diagnostic imaging, including radiographs, computed tomography, and oral endoscopy was performed in order to quantify dental disease. Diagnostic imaging was also used to guide treatment of acquired dental disease, which included intraoral restoration of normal occlusal plane and tooth extraction using an extraoral approach. These are the first histologically confirmed cases of elodontoma in guinea pigs.
Measurement of Incisor Overjet and Physiological Diastemata Parameters in Quarter Horse Foals
Authors: Omura Carla Michel , Drumond Bianca , Júnior João Luiz Rossi , Coelho Clarisse Simões , Gioso Marco Antônio
Published: April 2016

Cephalometric studies are important to quantify abnormalities of jaw length and positioning. In this study, 4 to 7-month-old Quarter horse foals (n = 51) were examined to determine overjet (horizontal overlap) prevalence and measure the size of the physiological diastemata. Results were analyzed in relation to age, sex, and lineage. Another aim of this study was to develop a simple field technique for measuring incisor malocclusion and physiological diastemata dimensions that could be used to monitor the growth of the rostral components of maxilla, incisive bone, and mandible. The overall prevalence of overjet lesions in these foals was 51%. Females were overrepresented (61.5%). Overjet occurred more commonly in show foals (50% prevalence) than other working (7.7%) and race (42.3%) lineage foals. Significant differences were found between maxillary and mandibular physiological diastemata lengths in foals of all ages and, as expected, there was a positive statistical correlation between age and maxillary and mandibular physiological diastemata measurements. Incisor overjet was present in 44.4% of 4-month-old foals, 45.5% of 5-month-old foals, 58.3% of 6-month-old foals, and 60% of 7-month-old foals. There was a weak positive correlation between age and the presence of incisor overjet. It was concluded that incisor overjet was common among Quarter horse foals, especially those from show and race lineages. The field technique for physiological diastema measurements was considered effective.
Evaluation of an Osseous Allograft Membrane for Guided Tissue Regeneration in the Dog
Authors: Stepaniuk Kevin S. , Gingerich Wade
Published: April 2016

Clinical application of a demineralized freeze-dried cortical bone membrane allograft (DFBMA) for treatment of intra(infra)bony periodontal pockets in dogs was evaluated. The mean pre-treatment periodontal probing depth equaled 7.2-mm. Post-treatment probing depths in all 11 cases were normal, with a mean periodontal probing gain of 5.4-mm. Guided tissue regeneration using a commercially available veterinary canine DFBMA and canine demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA) resulted in clinically significant periodontal attachment gains. The gain of new periodontal tissue attachment was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). The commercially available veterinary allograft products predictably increased new periodontal attachment without any identified membrane sequelae in these 11 cases.